,transcriber's notes ,this text is derived from http3_/_/www4archive4org_/details_/catho licworld#japauluoft ,several scanned pages are obscured by being too closely glued at the spine4 ,i have interpolated the missing text where it seemed obvious and left 88 where it was in doubt4 ,a few cases of inaccurate typesetting such as misplaced words or lines have been corrected4 ,although square brackets usually designate footnotes or transcriber's notes1 they do appear in the original text4 ,this text includes ,volume ,i2 ,number #a--;,april #ahfe ,number #b--,may #ahfe ,number #c--;,june #ahfe ,number #d--;,july #ahfe ,number #e--;,august #ahfe ,number #f--,september #ahfe ,end ,transcriber's notes ,fine ,binding ,,the ,,carswell ,,company ,,limited ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,a ,monthly ,eclectic ,magazine of ,,general ,,literature ,,and ,,science4 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,april ,,to ,,september1 #ahfe4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,lawrence ,,kehoe1 ,,publisher1 #g ,,beekman ,,street4 #ahfe4 ,,contents4 ,ancient ,saints of ,god1 ,the1 #ai4 ,ars1 ,a ,pilgrimage to1 #bd4 ,alexandria1 ,the ,christian ,schools of1 #cc1 #gba4 ,animal ,kingdom1 ,unity of ,type in the1 #ga4 ,art1 #acf1 #bhf1 #dbj4 ,art1 ,christian1 #bdf4 ,authors1 ,royal and ,imperial1 #cbc4 ,all-,hallow ,eve1 or the ,test of ,futurity1 #ejj1 #feg1 #ghe4 ,arks1 ,noah's1 #eac4 ,babou1 ,monsieur1 #ajf4 ,blind ,deaf ,mute1 ,history of a1 #hbf4 ,church in the ,united ,states1 ,progress of the1 #a4 ,constance ,sherwood1 #gh1 #afc1 #cdi1 #dhb1 #fjj1 #gdh4 ,catholicism1 ,the ,two ,sides of1 #if1 #ffi1 #gda4 ,cardinal ,wiseman in ,rome1 #aag ,catacombs1 ,recent ,discoveries in the1 #abi4 ,chastellux1 ,the ,marquis de1 #aha4 ,church of ,england1 ,workings of the ,holy ,spirit in the1 #bhi4 ,cochin ,china1 ,french1 #cfi4 ,consalvi's ,memoirs1 #cgg4 ,church ,history1 ,a ,lost ,chapter ,recovered1 #dad4 ,canova1 ,antonio1 #eih4 ,cathedral ,library1 ,the1 #fgi4 ,catholic ,philosophy in the ,thirteenth ,century1 #fhe4 ,de ,guerin1 ,eugenie and ,maurice1 #bad4 ,divina ,commedia1 ,dante's1 #bfh4 ,dinner by ,mistake1 ,a1 #ece4 ,dramatic ,mysteries of the ,fifteenth and ,sixteenth ,centuries1 #egg4 ,dublin ,may ,morning1 ,a1 #hbe4 ,extinct ,species1 #ebf4 ,experience1 ,wisdom by1 #hea4 ,falconry1 ,modern1 #dic4 ,fifth ,century1 ,civilization in the1 #gge4 ,guerin1 ,eugenie and ,maurice de1 #bad4 ,glacier1 ,a ,night in a1 #cde4 ,grand ,chartreuse1 ,a ,visit to the1 #hcj4 ,hedwige1 ,queen of ,poland1 #ade4 ,heart and the ,brain1 #fbc4 ,irish ,poetry1 ,recent1 #dff4 ,jem ,mc,gowan's ,wish1 #ef4 ,legends and ,fables1 ,the ,truth of1 #dcc4 ,london1 ,catholic ,progress in1 #gjc4 ,london1 #hcf4 ,laborers ,gone to their ,reward1 #hee4 ,mont ,cenis ,tunnel1 ,the1 #fj4 ,mongols1 ,monks among the1 #aeh4 ,mourne1 ,the ,building of1 #bbe4 ,memoirs1 ,consalvi's1 #cgg4 ,maintenon1 ,madame de1 #gii4 ,miscellany1 #acd1 #bhj1 #dbj1 #efg1 #gab1 #heh4 ,nick of ,time1 ,the1 #abd4 ,perilous ,journey1 ,a1 #aih4 ,poucette1 #bfj4 ,prayer1 ,what came of a1 #fig4 ,russian ,religious1 ,a1 #cjf4 ,saints of ,god1 ,the ,ancient1 #ai4 ,science1 #acd1 #bhj1 #gab4 ,streams1 ,the ,modern ,genius of1 #bcc4 ,stolen ,sketch1 ,the1 #cad4 ,swetchine1 ,madame1 and her ,salon1 #def4 ,shakespeare1 ,william1 #edh4 ,st4 ,sophia1 ,the ,church and ,mosque of1 #fda4 ,species1 ,the ,origin and ,mutability of1 #hde4 ,three ,wishes1 ,the1 #ca4 ,terrene ,phosphorescence1 #ggj4 ,upfield1 ,many ,years ,ago at1 #cic4 ,vanishing ,race1 ,a1 #gjh4 ,wiseman1 ,cardinal in ,rome1 #aag4 ,winds1 ,the1 #bjg4 ,women1 ,a ,city of1 #ead4 ,wisdom by ,experience1 #hea4 ,young's ,narcissa1 #gig4 ,,poetry ,a ,lie1 #bde4 ,avignon1 ,the ,bells of1 #ghc4 ,domine ,quo ,vadis8 #gf4 ,dream of ,gerontius1 ,the1 #eag1 #fcj4 ,dorothea1 ,saint1 #fff4 ,ex ,humo1 #cc4 ,gerontius1 ,the ,dream of1 #eag1 #fcj4 ,hans ,euler1 #bcg4 ,limerick ,bells1 ,legend of1 #aie4 ,mary1 ,queen of ,scots1 ,hymn by1 #ccg4 ,martin's ,puzzle1 #gci4 ,saint ,dorothea1 #fff4 ,speech1 #hbi4 ,twilight in the ,north1 #cdd4 ,unspiritual ,civilization1 #gdg4 iv ,contents4 ,,new ,,publications4 ,archbishop ,spalding's ,pastoral1 #add4 ,at ,anchor1 #bhg4 ,american ,annual ,cyclopaedia1 ,,us4 ,a ,man without a ,country1 #gbj4 ,banim's ,boyne ,water1 #bhf4 ,beatrice1 ,miss ,kavanagh's1 #egd4 ,cardinal ,wiseman's ,sermons1 #aci4 ,cummings' ,spiritual ,progress1 #adj4 ,christian ,examiner1 ,reply to the1 #add4 ,correlation and ,conservation of ,forces1 ,the1 #bhh1 #dbe4 ,confessors of ,connaught1 #egd4 ,cure of ,ars1 ,life of the1 #ege4 ,ceremonial of the ,church1 #gbj4 ,darras' ,history of the ,church1 #ada1 #ege1 #hfj4 ,england1 ,froude's ,history of1 #gae4 ,faith1 the ,victory1 ,bishop ,mc,gill's1 #dbh4 ,grace ,morton1 #egd4 ,heylen's ,progress of the ,age1 etc41 #adb4 ,household ,poems1 ,longfellow's1 #gai4 ,irvington ,stories1 #adc4 ,irish ,street ,ballads1 #gbj4 ,john ,mary ,decalogne1 ,life of1 #egf4 ,lamotte ,fouque's ,undine1 etc #adb4 ,la ,mere de ,dieu1 #dcb4 ,life of ,cicero1 #egc4 ,moral ,subjects1 ,card4 ,wiseman's ,sermons on #bhg4 ,mystical ,rose1 ,the1 #bhh4 ,mater ,admirabilis4 #dbi4 ,month of ,mary1 #gbj4 ,martyr's ,monument1 ,the1 #hfj4 ,new ,path1 ,the1 #bhh1 #egf4 ,our ,farm of ,four ,acres1 #adc4 ,protestant ,reformation1 ,abp4 ,spalding's ,history of the1 #gai4 ,real and ,ideal1 #dbg4 ,religious ,perfection1 ,bayma's1 #dca4 ,russo-,greek ,church1 ,the1 #egf4 ,retreat1 ,meditations and ,considerations for a1 #gbj4 ,songs for all ,seasons1 ,tennyson's1 #gai4 ,sybil1 ,a ,tragedy1 #hfj4 ,translation of the ,iliad1 ,lord ,derby's1 #egj4 ,truebner's ,american and ,oriental ,literature1 #egf4 ,william ,shakespeare1 #hfj4 ,whittier's ,poems2 #hfj4 ,young ,catholic's ,library1 #dcb4 ,year of ,mary1 #gai4 ---- ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,i41 ,,no4 #a4--;,,april1 #ahfe4 ,from ,le ,correspondant4 ,,the ,,progress ,,of ,,the ,,church ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states4 ,,by ,e4 ,,rameur4 ,the following article will no doubt be interesting to our readers1 not only for its intrinsic merit and its store of valuable information1 but also as a record of the impressions made upon an intelligent foreign ,catholic1 during a visit to this country4 ,as might have been expected1 the author has not escaped some errors in his historical and statistical statements--most of which we have noted in their appropriate places4 ,it will also be observed that while exaggerating the importance of the early ,french settlements in the development of ,catholicism in the ,united ,states1 he has not given the ,irish immigrants as much credit as they deserve4 ,but despite these faults1 which are such as a ,frenchman might readily commit1 the article will amply repay reading4--,,ed4 ,,catholic ,,world4 ,after the ,spaniards had discovered the ,new ,world1 and while they were fighting against the ,pagan civilization of the southern portions of the continent1 the ,french made the first permanent ,european settlement on the shores of ,america4 ,they founded ,port ,royal1 in ,acaclia1 in #afjd1 and from that time their missionaries began to go forth among the savages of the ,north4 ,it was not until #afbj that the first colony of ,english ,puritans landed in ,massachusetts1 and it then seemed not improbable that ,catholicism was destined to be the dominant religion of the ,new ,world2 but subsequent ,anglo-,saxon immigration and political vicissitudes so changed matters1 that by the end of the last century one might well have believed that ,protestantism was finally and completely established throughout ,north ,america4 ,god1 however1 prepares his ways according to his own good pleasure2 and he knows how to bring about secret and unforeseen changes1 which set at naught all the calculations of man4 ,the weakness and internal disorders of the ,catholic nations1 in the eighteenth century1 retarded only for a moment the progress of the ,catholic ,church2 and ,providence1 combining the despised efforts of those who seemed weak with the faults of those who seemed strong1 confounded the superficial judgments of philosophers1 and prepared the way for a speedy religious transformation of ,america4 ,this transformation is going on in our own times with a vigor which seems to increase every year4 ,the #b causes which have led to it were1 at the outset1 so trivial that no writer of the last century would have dreamed of making account of them4 ,yet1 already at that time1 ,canada1 where ,catholicism is now more firmly established than in any other part of ,america1 possessed that faithful and energetic population which has increased so wonderfully during the last half century2 and even in the ,united ,states might have been found many an obscure1 but a patient and stout-hearted little congregation--a relic of the old ,english ,church1 which after three centuries of oppression was to arise and spread itself with a new life4 ,but no one set store by the poor ,french colonists2 ,england and ,protestantism1 together1 it was thought1 would soon absorb them2 and as for the ,papists of the ,united ,states1 the wise heads did not even suspect their existence4 ,the writer who should have spoken of their future would only have been laughed at4 ,the ,english ,catholics1 like the ,puritans1 early learned to look toward ,america as a refuge from persecution1 and in #afcd1 under the direction of ,lord ,baltimore1 they founded the colony of ,maryland4 ,despite persecution from ,protestants whom they had freely admitted into their community1 they prospered1 increased1 and became the germ of the ,church of the ,united ,states1 now so large and flourishing4 ,in the colonial archives of the ,ministry of the ,navy we have found a curious manuscript memoir upon ,acadia1 by ,lamothe ,cadillac1 in which it is stated that in #afhf there were ,catholic inhabitants in ,new ,york1 and especially in ,maryland1 where they had seven or eight priests4 ,another paper preserved in the same archives mentions a ,catholic priest residing in ,new ,york2 and ,william ,penn1 who had established absolute toleration in the colony adjoining that of ,maryland1 speaks of an old ,catholic priest who exercised the ministry in ,pennsylvania4 ,the ,catholics at this time are said to have composed a thirtieth part of the whole population of ,maryland4 ,this estimate seems to us too low4 ,at all events1 the increase of our unfortunate brethren in the faith was retarded by persecution and difficulties of all kinds which surrounded them4 ,in the ,puritan colonies of the ,north1 they were absolutely proscribed4 ,in the ,southern colonies1 of ,virginia1 ,georgia1 and ,carolina1 their condition was but little better2 in ,new ,york they enjoyed a precarious toleration in the teeth of penal laws4 ,in ,maryland and ,pennsylvania alone they were granted freedom of worship1 and a legal status2 though even in those colonies they were exposed to a thousand wrongs and vexations4 ,maryland persecuted them from time to time and banished their priests2 and ,william ,penn1 in his tolerant conduct toward them1 was bitterly opposed by his own people4 ,nevertheless1 despite difficulties and violence1 the ,anglo-,american ,catholics increased by little and little1 wherever they got a foothold2 the descendants of the old settlers multiplied2 new ones came from ,england and ,ireland2 and a ,german immigration set in1 especially in ,pennsylvania1 where several congregations of ,german ,catholics were formed at a very early period4 ,in the archives of this province we have found several valuable indications of the state of the ,church in #agfj4 ,there were then two priests1 one a ,frenchman or an ,englishman1 named ,robert ,harding1 the other a ,german of the name of ,schneider4 ,it seems probable that they were both ,jesuits4 ,footnote #a ,in a letter to ,governor ,loudon1 in #ageg1 ,father ,harding estimates the number of ,catholics in ,philadelphia and its immediate neighborhood at two thousand--,english1 ,irish1 and ,german2 but in the absence of ,father ,schneider he could not be positive as to these figures4 ,a letter from ,gouverneur ,morris in #agef #c speaks of the ,catholics of ,maryland and ,pennsylvania as being very numerous and enjoying freedom of worship1 and adds1 that in ,philadelphia there is a ,jesuit who is a very able and talented man4 ,the ,abbe ,robin1 a chaplain in ,rochambeau's army in #agha1 informs us in his narrative that there were several ,catholic churches at ,fredericksburg1 ,va41 and even a ,catholic congregation at ,charleston1 ,s4,c4 ,footnote #a3 ,in ,de ,courcy and ,shea's ,catholic ,church in the ,united ,states pp4 #baa1 #bab1 an account will be found of both these missionaries4 ,the first mentioned was an ,englishman4 ,both were-- ,jesuits4 ,,ed4 ,c4 ,w4 ,the toleration accorded to the ,jesuits in the ,united ,states was precarious1 but it amounted in time to a pretty complete freedom2 and as they were not disturbed when the order was suppressed in ,europe1 some of their brethren from abroad took refuge with them2 so that in #aghd1 we find1 according to ,mr4 ,c4 ,moreau1 in his excellent work on the ,french emigrant priests in ,america1 ,footnote #b nineteen priests in ,maryland1 and five in ,pennsylvania4 ,to these we must add the priests of ,detroit1 ,mich41 ,vincennes1 ,ind41 and ,kaskaskia and ,cahokia1 ,ill41 all four originally ,french-,canadian settlements which were ceded to ,england along with ,canada1 and after the ,american ,revolution became parts of the ,united ,states4 ,counting1 moreover1 the missionaries scattered among the ,indian tribes1 we may safely say that the ,american ,republic contained at the period of which we are speaking not fewer than thirty or forty ecclesiastics4 ,the number of the faithful may be set down as #af1jjj in ,maryland1 #g1jjj or #h1jjj in ,pennsylvania1 #c1jjj at ,detroit and ,vincennes1 and about #b1ejj in southern ,illinois2 in all the other states together they hardly amounted to #a1ejj4 ,in a total population therefore of #c1jjj1jjj they numbered about #cj1jjj1 and of these #e1ejj were of ,french origin4 ,such was the condition of the ,church in the ,united ,states when it was regularly established in #aghi by the erection of an episcopal see at ,baltimore1 and the appointment1 as bishop1 of ,mr4 ,carroll1 an ,american priest1 born of one of the oldest ,catholic families of ,maryland4 ,the dispersion of the clergy of ,france1 in #agij1 soon afterward supplied ,america with numerous evangelical laborers1 who gave a new impulse to the development which was just becoming apparent in the infant ,church4 ,footnote #b3 ,one vol4 #abmo4 ,paris3 ,douniol4 ,a few years before the ,french ,revolution1 ,mr4 ,emery1 superior of ,saint ,sulpice1 guided by what we must term an extraordinary inspiration1 came to the assistance of the ,american ,church1 and with the help of his brother ,sulpitians and at the cost of the society1 founded a theological seminary at ,baltimore4 ,his plans were already well matured when ,bishop ,carroll1 soon after his appointment1 entering heartily into the project1 promised him a house and all the assistance he could give4 ,four ,sulpitians accordingly set out from ,paris in #agij1 taking with them five ,seminarians4 ,they were supplied with #cj1jjj francs to defray the cost of their establishment1 and to this modest sum the crisis which soon overtook the parent establishment allowed them to add but little2 but this mite1 bestowed by the ,church of ,france in the last days of her wealth1 was destined to become1 like the widow's mite1 the price of innumerable blessings4 ,between #agia and #agii the storm of revolution drove twenty-three ,french priests to the ,united ,states4 ,as the first apostles1 when they set out from ,rome1 portioned out ,germany and ,gaul among themselves1 so they divided this country1 and most of them organized new communities of ,christians1 or by their zeal awakened communities that slept4 ,six of them1 ,flaget1 ,cheverus1 ,dubourg1 ,marechal1 ,dubois1 and ,david1 became bishops4 ,the base of operations from which these peaceful but victorious invaders went forth was ,baltimore1 the episcopal see around which were gathered the old ,american clergy and the greater part of the ,catholic population4 ,it was here that the ,sulpitians #d had their seminary1 and this establishment became a centre of attraction for a great many of these exiled priests who belonged to the ,society of ,saint ,sulpice4 ,some 7as ,,mm4 ,ciquard1 ,matignon1 and ,cheverus7 bent their steps from ,baltimore toward the laborious missions among the intolerant and often fanatical ,puritans of the ,north1 where the ,catholics--a mere handful--were found scattered far and wide2 isolated in the midst of a ,protestant population2 deprived of priests and religious services1 and in danger of totally forgetting the faith in which they had been baptized4 ,nothing discouraged these apostolic men4 ,aided by divine grace1 they awakened the indifferent1 converted heretics1 gathered about them the few ,catholics who immigrated from ,europe1 attracted all men by their affable and conciliating manners1 their intelligence and education1 and the disinterestedness of their lives4 ,soon on this apparently sterile soil ,catholic parishes grew up and flourished in the midst of people who had never before seen a priest4 ,thus were founded the churches of ,massachusetts1 ,maine1 and ,connecticut--so quickly that1 in #ahaj 7that is to say1 only eighteen years after the beginning of the missions71 it was deemed advisable to erect for them another bishopric4 ,congregations had sprung up on every side as if by enchantment1 and the venerable ,abbe ,cheverus was appointed their first bishop4 ,others went westward4 ,the ,abbes ,flaget1 ,badin1 ,barriere1 ,fournier1 and ,salmon carried the faith into ,kentucky4 ,there they found a few ,catholic families who had emigrated from ,maryland4 ,with them they organized churches1 which increased with prodigious rapidity1 and were the origin of the present dioceses of ,louisville1 ,covington1 ,nashville1 and ,alton4 ,the ,abbes ,richard1 ,levadour1 ,dilhiet1 and several others1 passed through the forest and the wilderness1 and joined the old ,french colonies which still survived around the ruins of the ,french military posts in the ,northwest and in the valley of the ,mississippi4 ,they found there a few missionaries1 whom the ,canadian ,church still maintained in those distant countries2 but their ranks were thin1 and they were old and feeble4 ,this precious reinforcement enabled them to give a fresh impetus to the ,french ,catholic congregations over whom they kept watch in the forest4 ,detroit1 ,vincennes1 ,cahokia1 ,kaskaskia1 and afterward ,st4 ,genevieve and ,st4 ,louis in ,missouri1 ceded to the ,united ,states in #ahjc1 received the visits of these new apostles1 and experienced the benefits of their intelligence and zeal4 ,nearly all the places where they fixed themselves have since given their names to large and flourishing bishoprics4 ,several of the emigrant priests remained in ,maryland and ,virginia1 and enabled the ,sulpitians to complete the organization of their seminary1 while at the same time they assisted ,bishop ,carroll in providing more perfectly and regularly for the wants of those central provinces which might be called the first home of ,american ,catholicism4 ,the number of the faithful everywhere increased remarkably4 ,we can hardly estimate the extraordinary influence which these ,french missionaries exercised by their exemplary lives1 their learning1 their great qualities as men1 and their virtues as saints2 and the ,anglo-,saxon inhabitants 7who are thoroughly ,protestant if you will1 but for all that religious at bottom7 were struck by their character all the more forcibly because it was so totally different from what their prejudices had led them to expect of the ,catholic clergy4 ,there is something patriarchal and ,homeric in the lives of these men1 which read like the poetic legends in which nations have commemorated the history of their first establishment4 ,we have seen the journal of one of these missionaries--the ,abbe ,bourg1 #e who labored further ,north1 in ,new ,brunswick and ,nova ,scotia4 ,his life was one long1 perpetual ,odyssey4 ,in the spring he used to start from the ,bay of ,chaleur1 traverse the northern coasts of ,new ,brunswick1 pass down the ,bay of ,fundy1 make the entire circuit of the peninsula of ,nova ,scotia1 and after a journey of five hundred leagues1 performed in nine or ten months1 visit the islands in the ,gulf of ,st4 ,lawrence1 and so come back to his point of departure4 ,from place to place1 the news of his approach was sent forward by the settlers1 so that whenever he stopped he found the faithful waiting for him1 and whole families came fifteen or twenty leagues to meet him4 ,hardly had he arrived before he began the round of priestly labor1 of confession and baptism1 of burial and marriage4 ,he was the arbiter of private quarrels1 and often of public disputes4 ,he found time withal to look after the education of the children--at least to make sure that they were well taught at home4 ,thus he would stay fifteen days perhaps in one place1 a month in another1 according to the number of the inhabitants4 ,the first communion of the children crowned his visit4 ,then the man of ,god1 with a last blessing on his weeping flock1 disappeared for a whole year2 and when the apparition so long desired1 but so transitory1 had passed1 it left behind a halo of superhuman glory1 which seemed to these pious people the glory rather of a prophet than of an ordinary man4 ,in such ways the marks of a messenger from ,god seemed more and more clearly and unmistakably stamped upon the ,catholic missionary1 and ,protestants themselves began to yield to the subtle influence of so much real virtue and self-devotion4 ,conversions were frequent even among the descendants of the stern ,puritans4 ,many of the most fervent ,catholic families in the ,united ,states date from this period4 ,a rich ,presbyterian minister of ,boston 7,mr4 ,john ,thayer7 was converted1 and became a priest and an apostle4 ,so ,god scattered the seed of grace behind the footsteps of his poor1 persecuted children1 who1 despite their apparent misery1 bore continually with them the wealth of the soul1 the power of the ,word1 and the marvellous attraction of their sacrifices and virtues4 ,providence1 however1 had not deployed so strong a force for no purpose beyond the capture of these converts4 ,a very few missionaries might have sufficed for that2 but it was now time to prepare the land for the great ,european immigration which was to cause the astonishing growth of the ,united ,states4 ,spreading themselves over the vast area of the ,union1 the emigrants found everywhere these veteran soldiers whom the ,french ,revolution had sent forth into the ,new ,world as pioneers1 tried both by the pains of persecution and the labors of apostleship4 ,before this great human tide the old emigrant priests were like the primitive rocks which arrest and fix geological deposits1 ,the ,catholic part of the tossing flood invariably settled around them and their disciples4 ,all over the ,west the churches founded by the old ,french settlers increased1 and new ones sprang up wherever a ,catholic priest established himself4 ,from that moment the grand progressive movement has never ceased4 ,the blood of the martyrs of ,france1 the spirit of her banished apostles1 became fruitful of blessings1 of which the ,american churches are daily sensible4 ,the first bishop in the ,united ,states had been appointed in #aghi4 ,four years afterward another see was erected at ,new ,orleans1 ,la41 which1 ten years later1 became a part of the ,united ,states2 and in #ahjh1 so rapid had been the ,catholic development1 that three new bishops were consecrated--one for ,louisville1 ,ky41 another for ,new ,york1 and the third for ,boston1 ,mass4 ,two of these sees were occupied by the ,french missionaries who had founded them--,bishop #f ,flaget at ,louisville1 and ,bishop ,cheverus at ,boston4 ,that of ,new ,york was entrusted to a venerable priest of ,english ,irish origin--the ,rev4 ,luke ,concanen4 ,in the whole ,united ,states there were then sixty-eight priests and about #ajj1jjj ,catholics4 ,lei us now glance at the rapid increase of the ,american ,church up to our own day4 ,i4 ,from the ,states of ,maryland and ,pennsylvania the ,church was not long in spreading into ,virginia1 ,new ,york1 ,kentucky1 and ,ohio4 ,the establishment of sees at ,louisville and ,new ,york was followed by the erection of others at ,philadelphia in #ahji1 and ,richmond and ,cincinnati in #ahba4 ,the two ,carolinas1 in which the ,catholics had hitherto been an obscure and rigorously proscribed class1 received a bishop at ,charleston in #ahbj4 ,new ,orleans1 a diocese of ,french creation1 was divided in #ahbd by the erection of the bishopric of ,mobile4 ,the old ,french colonies in the far ,west were the nucleus around which were formed other churches4 ,the dioceses of ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 7organized in #ahbf71 ,detroit1 ,mich4 7#ahcb71 and ,vincennes1 ,ind4 7#ahcd71 all took their names from ancient ,french settlements1 and were peopled almost exclusively by descendants of the ,french ,canadians who were their first inhabitants4 ,thus1 in the course of twenty-six years1 we see eight new sees erected1 making the number of bishops in the ,united ,states thirteen4 ,the number of the clergy amounted in #ahcj to #bcb1 and in #ahcd probably exceeded #cjj4 ,at the date of the next official returns 7#ahdj7 there were #dhb priests and three more bishoprics--those of ,natchez1 ,miss41 and ,nashville1 ,tenn41 both established in #ahcg1 and that of ,monterey in ,california1 a country of ,spanish settlement which had recently been annexed to the ,united ,states4 ,footnote #c ,footnote #c3 ,monterey was not a part of the ,united ,states until #ahdh1 nor a bishop's see until #ahej4 ,in place of it we should substitute ,dubuque1 made a see in #ahcg4--;,,ed4 ,c4 ,w4 ,but this increase was not comparable to that which followed between #ahdj and #ahej4 ,in ten years the number of bishops was doubled by the erection of fifteen seventeen new sees4 ,in #ahdj there were sixteen2 in #ahej thirty-one thirty-three4 ,the growth during this period was most perceptible in the ,north and ,west4 ,among the new sees were ,hartford1 ,conn41 ,albany and ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y41 ,pittsburg1 ,penn41 ,cleveland1 ,o41 ,chicago1 ,ill41 ,milwaukee1 ,wis41 ,st4 ,paul1 ,minn41 ,oregon ,city and ,nesqualy1 ,oregon1 and ,wheeling in ,northern ,virginia4 ,the others were ,little ,rock1 ,ark41 ,savannah1 ,ga41 ,galveston1 ,texas1 and ,santa ,fe1 ,new ,mexico4 ,footnote #d ,the clergy in #ahej numbered #a1hjj1 having considerably more than doubled nearly quadrupled their number in ten years4 ,footnote #d3 ,and ,san ,francisco and ,monterey--,,ed ,c4 ,w4 ,thus we see that the ,church was pressing hard and fast upon the old ,new ,england ,puritans4 ,they soon began to feel uneasy1 and to oppose sometimes a violent resistance to her progress4 ,in some of the ,states1 especially ,connecticut and ,new ,hampshire1 there were laws against the ,catholics yet unrepealed2 so that the dominant party had more ways of showing their hatred of the ,church than by mere petty vexations4 ,in ,boston things went so far that a nunnery was pillaged and burned by a mob4 ,it is from this time that we must date the origin of the ,know-,nothing movement1 directed ostensibly against foreigners1 but undoubtedly animated in the main by hatred of ,catholicism and alarm at its progress4 ,the fretting and fuming of this political party was the last effort of ,puritan antipathy4 ,the ,church prospered in spite of it2 so the ,puritans resigned themselves to witness her gradual aggressions with the best grace they could assume4 #g ,ten new sees were established between #ahej and #ahfj1 and eight of these were in the ,north or ,west--viz41 ,erie1 ,newark1 ,burlington1 ,portland1 ,fort ,wayne1 ,sault ,st4 ,marie1 ,alton1 and ,brooklyn4 ,two were in the ,south--,covington and ,natchitoches4 ,there were thus in the ,united ,states1 in #ahfj1 forty-three bishoprics1 with #b1bce priests4 ,let us now see how many ,catholics were embraced in these dioceses1 and what proportion they bore to the total population4 ,the number of the faithful it is not easy to determine accurately2 for a false delicacy prevents the ,americans from including the statistics of religious belief in their census-tables4 ,estimates are very variable4 ,a work printed at ,philadelphia in #aheh by a ,protestant author sets down the number of ,catholics as #c1agg1adj4 ,dr4 ,baird1 a ,protestant minister1 published at ,paris in #aheg an essay on religion in the ,united ,states--an essay1 be it remarked1 which showed the ,catholics no favor--in which he estimated their number at #c1ejj1jjj4 ,but neither of these estimates rests upon trustworthy data4 ,they were certainly below the truth when they were made1 and are therefore far from large enough now1 for the yearly increase is very great4 ,our own calculations are drawn partly from our personal observation1 and partly from official documents published by various ecclesiastical authorities4 ,the best criterion is undoubtedly the rate of increase of the clergy4 ,it must be evident that in ,america1 more than in any other country1 there is a logical relation between the number of the faithful and the number of the priests4 ,as the clergy depend entirely upon the voluntary contributions of their people1 there must be a fixed ratio between the growth of the flocks and the multiplication of pastors4 ,if the clergy increase too fast1 they endanger their means of support4 ,now1 if priests cannot live in ,america without a certain number of parishioners to support them1 we may take this number as a basis for calculating the minimum of the ,catholic population2 and we may safely say that the population will be in reality much greater than this minimum2 because1 as we can testify from experience1 the churches never lack congregations1 and in most places the number of the clergy is insufficient to supply even the most pressing religious wants of the people4 ,one never sees a priest in the ,united ,states seeking for employment4 ,on the contrary1 the cry of spiritual destitution daily goes up from parishes and communities which have no pastors4 ,calculations founded upon the statistics of church accommodations given in the ,united ,states census--that is1 of the number of persons the churches are capable of holding--are not applicable to our case2 because the ,catholic churches1 especially in the large cities1 are thronged two or three times every ,sunday by as many distinct congregations1 while the ,protestant churches have only one service for all4 ,the capacity of the churches therefore gives us neither the actual number of worshippers nor the proportion between our own people and those of other denominations4 ,we have taken1 then1 as the basis of our estimate1 the ratio between the number of priests and the number of the faithful1 correcting the result according to the circumstances of particular places4 ,the first point is to establish this ratio1 and we are led by the concurrent results of careful estimates made in some of the ,states1 and special or general calculations which we have had opportunity of making in person1 to fix it at the average of one priest for every #b1jjj ,catholics4 ,but we have a very trustworthy method of verifying this estimate1 and that is by comparison between the ,united ,states and the contiguous ,british ,provinces1 in which the statistics of religious belief are included in the general census4 ,setting aside ,lower ,canada1 where the ,catholic population is as compact as it is in ,france1 we find that in ,upper #h ,canada1 a country which resembles the ,western ,united ,states1 the ratio in #ahfj was one priest for every #a1hej ,catholics1 and in ,new ,brunswick1 a territory very like ,new ,england1 one for every #b1djj4 ,our average ratio of one for every #b1jjj cannot1 therefore1 be far from the truth4 ,we have made due account of all data by which this ratio could be either raised or lowered in particular times and places4 ,we have ourselves made investigations in certain districts1 and persons well qualified to speak on the subject have given us information about others4 ,the result of our corrected calculation gives us #d1djj1jjj as the ,catholic population of the ,united ,states in #ahfj1 the date of the last general census4 ,we shall give presently the distribution of this total among the several states2 but we wish first to call attention to another fact of great importance which appears from our figures4 ,in #ahjh the ,catholics were #ajj1jjj in a total population of #f1ejj1jjj1 or #a_/feth of the whole2 in #ahcj they were #dej1jjj in #ac1jjj1jjj1 or #a_/bith of the whole2 in #ahdj1 #ifj1jjj in #ag1jgj1jjj1 or #a_/ahth2 in #ahej1 #b1aej1jjj in #bc1aia1jjj1 or #a_/aath2 and finally1 in #ahfj they were over #d1djj1jjj in #ca1jjj1jjj1 or #a_/gth of the total population4 ,it thus appears that for fifty years the ,catholics have increased much faster than the rest of the inhabitants1 and especially during the last two decades4 ,between #ahdj and #ahej their ratio of increase was #abe per cent41 while that of the whole population was only #cf2 and from #ahej to #ahfj their ratio of increase was #aji per cent41 while that of the whole people was #ce4ei4 ,these figures1 to be sure1 are not mathematically certain1 for they are deduced partly from estimates2 but we are confident that1 considering the imperfect materials at our disposal1 we have come as near the exact truth as possible1 both in the ratio of increase and in the total population4 ,official returns in the ,british ,provinces confirm our calculations in a most remarkable manner2 and we believe that1 estimating the future growth on the most moderate scale1 the ,catholics will number in #ahgj one-fifth of the whole population1 and in #aijj not far from one-third4 ,,ii4 ,having traced the progress of the ,church step by step in the ,united ,states1 it will now be equally interesting and instructive to see how this progress has been made in different places4 ,the ,catholics are by no means uniformly dispersed over the country1 and their increase has not been equally rapid in all the states4 ,it will be worth our while to see in which quarters they are settled with the most compactness and in which they are widely dispersed2 and thus we may predict without great risk which regions are destined to be the ,catholic strongholds in the ,new ,world4 ,we have already said that the proportion of the ,catholics to the whole people in #ahfj was as one to seven2 but if we divide the country into two parts we shall find that in the ,southern states there are only #a1bjj1jjj ,catholics in a population of #ab1jjj1jjj--that is1 they are #a_/ajth of the whole2 while in the ,north they number #c1bjj1jjj in #ai1jjj1jjj1 or more than #a_/fth4 ,even these figures give but a very general idea of the distribution of the faithful4 ,if we take the whole country1 state by state1 we shall find the proportions still more variable4 ,in some places the ,catholic element is already so strong that its ultimate preponderance can hardly be doubted1 while its slow development in other quarters promises little for the future4 ,the following tables will enable our readers to comprehend at once the distribution of the ,catholics among the various states3 #i ,,northern ,,states4 ,,southern ,,states4 ,illustration #aj ,these tables show at a glance the disproportion between the ,catholics of the ,north and those of the ,south4 ,in only one ,northern state 7that of ,maine7 is the proportion of ,catholics as small as #e4de per cent1 of the whole population2 while there are no fewer than five ,southern states in which it is less than three per cent4 ,if we leave out ,new ,mexico1 ,texas1 ,louisiana1 ,missouri1 and ,maryland1 where the preponderance of the faithful is due to special causes1 we find that in the other ,southern states the average proportion is not above four per cent4 ,in other words1 in these regions the ,church has little better than a nominal existence4 ,this is partly because the stream of ,european immigration has always flowed in other directions1 and partly because the negroes generally adhere to the ,baptist or ,methodist sects in preference to the ,church4 ,but when we examine the tables more in detail1 we see that in both sections the ratio of ,catholics varies greatly in different states4 ,it is easy to account for this difference in the ,south4 ,six states only have any considerable number of ,catholic inhabitants4 ,louisiana and ,missouri owe them to the old ,french colonies around which the ,catholic settlers clustered4 ,in ,new ,mexico1 more than three-fourths of the people are of ,spanish-,mexican origin4 ,texas derives a great number of her inhabitants from ,mexico1 and has received a large ,catholic emigration both from ,europe and from the ,united ,states4 ,maryland1 the germ of the ,american ,church1 owes her religious prosperity to the first ,english ,catholic settlers2 and the ,church in ,kentucky is an offshoot of that in ,maryland4 ,such are the special causes of the great differences between the churches of the various ,southern states4 ,in the ,north there is less disparity4 ,european immigration has produced a much more decided effect in this section than in the preceding4 ,from this source come most of the faithful of ,new ,york1 ,oregon1 ,california1 ,ohio1 and ,new ,jersey4 ,in ,ohio the ,germans have done the principal part1 and they have done much also in ,pennsylvania and ,wisconsin4 ,the effect of conversions is more perceptible in ,connecticut1 ,rhode ,island1 ,massachusetts1 and ,new ,york than elsewhere4 ,in many of the states1 however1 and especially in ,pennsylvania1 we find numerous descendants of ,english ,catholic settlers1 while the old ,french colonies of the ,west have had their influence upon the population of ,michigan1 ,wisconsin1 ,minnesota1 and ,illinois1 and also of the northern part of ,new ,york1 where the ,french ,canadians are daily spreading their ramifications across the frontier4 ,if we look now at the localities in which the proportion of ,catholics is greatest1 we shall notice several interesting points touching the laws which have determined the direction of the principal development of the ,church1 and which will probably promote it in the future4 ,in the ,south there are what we may call three groups of states in which the ,catholic element is notably stronger than in the others4 ,one belongs exclusively to the ,southern section1 and consists of ,louisiana1 ,texas1 and ,new ,mexico1 having an aggregate ,catholic population of #chj1jjj in #a1cfc1hjj1 or #bh per cent4 ,the other groups 7,missouri1 that is to say1 and ,maryland and ,kentucky7 form parts of much larger groups belonging to the ,northern states4 ,the first of these latter1 and that to which ,maryland and ,kentucky are attached1 consists of ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,jersey1 and ,ohio4 ,its aggregate population is #aa1fdg1dgg1 of whom the ,catholics are #b1bdj1jjj1 or nineteen per cent4 ,this group contains the ancient establishments of ,maryland and ,pennsylvania--good old ,catholic communities1 in which the zeal and piety of the faithful possess that firm and decided character which comes of long practice and time-honored traditions4 ,it contains1 too1 the magnificent seminary of ,baltimore1 founded and still directed by the ,sulpitians4 ,this is the largest and most complete #aa establishment of the kind in the ,united ,states1 and derives from its connection with the ,sulpitian house in ,paris special advantages for superintending the education of young ecclesiastics1 and training accomplished ministers for the sanctuary4 ,kentucky1 likewise1 has some important and noteworthy institutions1 such as the seminary of ,st4 ,thomas and the college of ,st4 ,mary1 both of which are in high repute at the ,west1 and the magnificent ,abbey of ,our ,lady of ,la ,trappe at ,new ,haven1 with sixty-four religious1 eighteen of whom are choir-monks4 ,the ,kentucky ,catholics deserve a few words of special mention4 ,the descendants1 for the most part1 of the first settlers of ,maryland1 who scattered1 about a century ago1 in order to people new countries1 they partake in an eminent degree of the peculiar characteristics which have given to ,kentuckians a reputation as the flower of the ,american people4 ,they are more decidedly ,american than the ,catholics of any other district1 and they are remarkable for their homogeneousness1 their education1 and their attachment to the faith and traditions of the ,church4 ,the most important and numerous ,catholic population is found in the state of ,new ,york1 where the faithful amount to no fewer than #hjj1jjj4 ,they have here religious establishments of every kind4 ,this condition of things is the result1 in great measure1 of the well-known ability of ,archbishop ,hughes1 whose death has left a void which the ,american clergy will find it hard to fill4 ,his reputation was not confined to the ,empire ,city4 ,he was as well known all over the ,union as at his own see1 and was everywhere regarded as one of the great men of the country4 ,although the progress of the faith in ,new ,york has been owing in a very great degree to immigration1 it is in this city and in ,boston that conversions have been most numerous2 and in effecting these1 ,archbishop ,hughes had a most important share4 ,it is not surprising1 then1 that his death should have caused a profound sensation in the city1 and that all religious denominations should have united in testifying respect for his memory4 ,it is difficult to apply a statistical table to the study of the question of conversions4 ,these are mental operations of infinite variety1 both in their origin and in their ways2 for the methods of ,providence are as many and as diverse as the shades of human thought upon which they act4 ,it may be remarked1 however1 that the different ,protestant sects furnish very unequal contingents to the little army of souls daily returning to the true faith2 and it is a curious fact that the two sects which furnish the most are the ,episcopalians1 who1 in their forms and traditions1 approach nearest to the ,catholic ,church1 and the ,unitarians1 who go to the very opposite extreme1 and appear to push their philosophical and rationalistic principles almost beyond the pale of ,christianity4 ,these two sects generally comprise the most enlightened and intellectual people of ,north ,america4 ,on the other hand1 the denominations which embrace the more ignorant portions of the population 7such as the ,baptists1 the ,wesleyan ,methodists1 etc41 etc47 furnish1 in proportion to their numbers1 but few converts4 ,the principal ,catholic review in the ,united ,states 7,brownson's ,review1 published in ,new ,york7 is edited by a well-known convert1 whose name it bears1 and who was formerly a ,unitarian minister4 ,further ,north--in ,new ,england--there is another ,catholic group1 of recent origin1 formed of the ,puritan states of ,connecticut1 ,massachusetts1 and ,rhode ,island4 ,the first see here was established by ,bishop ,cheverus only sixty years ago4 ,these bishoprics1 however1 have already acquired importance2 for in the diocese of ,hartford the ,catholics are now sixteen per cent1 of the whole population1 and the rapidity of their increase and the completeness of their church organization give us ground for bright hopes of their future progress4 ,immigration #ab here does much to promote conversions1 and it will not be extravagant to anticipate that in the course of a few years the number of the faithful will be doubled4 ,the ,pilot1 the most important ,catholic journal in the country1 is published in ,boston4 ,the far ,west1 only a few years ago1 was a great wilderness1 with only a few ,french posts scattered here and there in the ,indian forest1 like little islands in the midst of a great ocean4 ,now it is divided into several states1 and counts millions of inhabitants4 ,in this rapid transformation1 ,catholicism has not remained behind4 ,many dioceses have been established1 and the quickness of their growth has already placed this group in the second rank so far as regards numerical importance1 while all goes to show that ,catholicism is destined here to preponderate greatly over all other denominations4 ,the states of ,missouri1 ,illinois1 ,michigan1 ,wisconsin1 and ,minnesota contained1 in #ahfj1 #d1ege1jjj souls1 of whom #hij1jjj1 or #ai per cent41 were ,catholics4 ,this is as large a proportion as we find in the central group4 ,it is1 moreover1 rapidly rising1 and only one thing is necessary to make these states before long the principal seats of ,catholicism in the ,union--that is1 an adequate supply of priests4 ,it is of the utmost importance that the demand for missionaries in these diocese be supplied at whatever cost4 ,the principal causes of this remarkable increase are1 first1 the crowds of immigrants attracted by the great extent of fertile land thrown open to settlers2 and1 secondly1 the fact that the ,catholic immigrants on their arrival clustered1 so to speak1 around the old ,french settlements1 where the missionaries still maintained the discipline and worship of the ,church4 ,at first1 therefore1 it was easy to direct this great influx of people1 since they naturally tended toward the pre-existing centres of faith4 ,the consequence was that the ,church lost by apostacies fewer members than one might have supposed1 and fewer than were lost in other places4 ,but now the daily augmenting crowds of immigrants are dispersing themselves through less solitary regions4 ,they are coming under more direct and various influences2 and hence the necessity for increasing the number of churches and parish priests becomes daily more and more urgent4 ,at the same time1 the means at the disposal of the bishops become daily less and less adequate for supplying this want1 especially since the people of the country1 new and unsettled as they are1 and absorbed in material cares1 furnish but few candidates for the priesthood4 ,here we see a glorious field for the far-reaching benevolence of the ,society for the ,propagation of the ,faith4 ,nowhere1 we believe1 will the sending forth of pious and devoted priests produce fruits comparable to those of which the past gives promise to the future in this part of the ,united ,states4 ,we spoke just now of the old ,french colonies1 and our readers will perhaps be surprised that we should have made so much account of those poor little villages1 which numbered hardly more than from #ejj to #a1ejj souls each when the ,yankees began to come into the country4 ,nevertheless1 we have not exaggerated their importance4 ,it is not only that they served as centres and rallying-points2 but so rapid is the multiplication of families in ,america that this ,french population which1 if brought together in one mass in #ahjj1 would have counted at most #ad1jjj souls1 now numbers1 including both the original settlements and the swarms of emigrants who have gone from them to the ,west1 not fewer than #hj1jjj4 ,their descendants are always easily recognized4 ,detroit1 and its neighborhood in ,michigan1 ,vincennes 7,ind471 ,cahokia and ,kaskaskia 7,ill471 ,st4 ,louis1 ,st4 ,genevieve1 ,carondelet1 etc4 7,mo471 ,green ,bay and ,prairie du ,chien 7,wis471 ,st4 ,paul 7,minn47--all these old settlements have preserved the deep imprint of our race4 ,even in the new colonies which were afterward drawn from them1 the ,french population have uniformly kept up the practice of their religion1 #ac the use of their mother tongue1 and a lively recollection of their origin4 ,of this fact we have obtained proof in several instances from careful personal observation4 ,small and poor1 therefore1 as these settlements were1 they had a powerful moral influence upon the great immigration of the nineteenth century4 ,the ,catholic immigrants felt drawn toward them by the attraction of a community of thought and customs2 and ,god1 whose ,providence rules our lives1 directed the movement by his own inscrutable methods4 ,,iii4 ,while the ,catholic element was increasing at the rate of #hj1 #abe1 and #aji per cent1 every ten years1 other religious denominations showed an increase of only twenty or twenty-five per cent4 ,some remained stationary1 and a few even lost ground4 ,whence comes this continued and increasing disparity in the development of different portions of the same people8 ,the principal reason assigned for it is the immense emigration from ,ireland to ,america4 ,as the number of ,catholics in the ,united ,states when the emigration began was very small1 every swarm of fresh settlers added much more to their ratio of increase than to that of other denominations4 ,ten added to ten gives an increase of #ajj per cent42 but the same number added to #ajj gives only ten per cent4 ,at first sight1 this seems a sufficient explanation2 but we shall find1 when we come to examine it1 that it does not really account for our increase4 ,if the growth of the ,american ,catholic ,church were the result wholly of immigration1 we should find that as the number of ,catholic inhabitants increased1 the apparent effect of this immigration would be diminished4 ,in other words1 the ratio of increase would gradually fall to an equality with that of other denominations4 ,but1 so far from this being the case1 the difference between our ratio of increase and that of the ,protestant sects is as great as ever--is even growing greater4 ,the ratio which was ten per cent4 a year between #ahcj and #ahdj1 rose to #ab4ej per cent1 a year between #ahdj and #ahej1 and was #aj4ji per cent1 between #ahej and #ahfj4 ,there are other causes1 therefore1 beside ,european emigration to which we must look for an explanation of ,catholic progress in ,america4 ,if we study with a little attention the extent to which immigration has influenced the development of the whole population of the country1 and the exact proportion of the ,catholic part of this immigration1 we shall find confirmation of the conclusions to which we have been led by the simple testimony of figures4 ,immigration has never furnished more than six or seven per cent4 of the decennial increase of the population of the ,united ,states1 the growth of which has been at the rate of thirty-five per cent1 during the same period4 ,immigration1 therefore1 contributed to it only one-fifth4 ,again1 of these immigrants1 including both ,irish and ,germans1 not more than one-third have been ,catholics4 ,moreover1 we must take account of the considerable number of members that the ,church has lost in the course of their dispersion all over the country4 ,clearly1 then1 the influence of immigration is not enough to account for the rapid progress of the faith4 ,a careful analysis of the ,catholic population at different tunes1 and in different places1 enables us to specify two other causes4 #a4 ,the ,catholics are principally distributed at the ,north among the free states1 where the population increases much faster than it does at the ,south2 and the ,catholic families1 it has been observed1 multiply much faster than the others1 in consequence1 no doubt1 of their more active and regular habits of life1 sustained morality1 respect for the marriage tie1 and regard for domestic obligations4 ,this difference in fecundity is quite perceptible wherever the ,catholic element #ad is strong--as in ,canada1 and the states of ,new ,york1 ,pennsylvania1 ,ohio1 ,michigan1 ,illinois1 ,wisconsin1 etc41 and1 among the ,southern states1 in ,louisiana1 ,maryland1 and ,missouri4 #b4 ,another cause of increase is the conversion of ,protestants--a cause which operates slowly1 quietly1 and1 at first1 imperceptibly1 but with that constant and uniform power--reminding us of the great operations of nature--which is almost always the sign of a ,providential agency4 ,eloquent theorists and brilliant writers on statistics1 preferring salient facts and striking phenomena--what they call the great principles of science--too often overlook or despise those obscure movements which act quietly upon the human conscience4 ,yet how much more powerful is this mysterious action--like the continual dropping of water--than the showy effects which captivate so many thinkers1 whose organs of perception seem dazzled by the glow of their imagination6 ,such was the nature of the invisible operation which was inaugurated by the preaching of the martyrs of the faith whom the ,french ,revolution cast forth like seed all over the world4 ,the rules of political economy had nothing to do with it4 ,it acted in the secret chambers of men's hearts and the retirement of their meditative moments1 and it has gone on without interruption to the present moment1 increasing year by year4 ,the ,church seizes upon the convictions of grown men2 reaches the young by her admirable systems of education2 impresses all by her living1 persuasive propagandism1 made beautiful by the zeal and devotion and holiness of her missionaries4 ,simple and dignified1 without the affectation of dignity-- austere1 without fanaticism--their presence alone roots up old prejudices1 while their preaching and example fill the soul with new lights and with anxieties which nothing but their instructions can set at rest4 ,thus1 wherever they go1 the thoughts and comparisons which they suggest multiply conversions all around them4 ,you have only to question a few ,catholic families in the older states about their early religious history1 and you will see how important an element in the prosperity of the ,church is this force of attraction--so important1 that the following statement may almost be taken as a general law3 ,wherever a ,catholic priest establishes himself1 though there be not a ,catholic family in the place1 it is almost certain that by the end of a time which varies from five to ten years1 he will be surrounded by a ,catholic community large enough to form a parish and support a clergyman4 ,this rule seems to us to have no exception except in some of the southern states4 ,we have no hesitation in stating it broadly of even those parts of ,new ,england in which the anti-,catholic feeling is now strongest4 ,we shall presently have occasion to show that the only thing which prevents the ,american ,church from increasing1 perhaps doubling1 the rapidity of its progress1 is the scarcity of ecclesiastics and missionaries1 from which all the dioceses are suffering4 ,we have explained the important part which converts have played in this progress4 ,the inquiry naturally arises3 ,whence come so many conversions8 ,what are the causes which generally lead to them8 ,these are delicate and difficult questions4 ,we have no wish to speak ill of the ,protestant clergy4 ,most of them are certainly honorable men1 estimable husbands and good fathers2 but we cannot help observing that they lack the sacerdotal character so conspicuous in the ,catholic priest4 ,their ministry and their teaching cannot fully satisfy the soul2 and whenever a calm and unprejudiced comparison is drawn between them and the ,catholic clergy1 it is strange if the former do not suffer by the contrast1 and behold their flocks1 little by little1 passing over to the side of the ,church4 ,this comparison is one motive which often leads ,protestants1 not precisely into #ae the bosom of the faith1 but to the study of ,catholic doctrine2 and this is a step by no means easy to persuade them to take2 for1 of every ten ,protestants who honestly study the faith1 seven or eight end by becoming ,catholics4 ,the ,americans are a people of a strong religious bent4 ,nothing which concerns the great question of religion is indifferent to them4 ,they study and reflect upon such matters much more than we skeptical and critical ,frenchmen4 ,the conversions resulting from such frequent consideration of religious matters ought1 therefore1 to be far more numerous in ,america1 and even in ,england1 than in other countries4 ,there are doubtless many other causes which contribute to the same result4 ,among them are mixed marriages1 which generally turn out to the advantage of the ,church1 especially in the case of educated people in the upper ranks in society4 ,not only are the children of these marriages brought up ,catholics1 but almost always1 as experience has shown us1 the ,protestant parent becomes a ,catholic too4 ,the excellent houses of education directed by religious orders are another active cause of conversions4 ,if elementary education is almost universal in the ,united ,states1 it is nevertheless true that the higher institutions of learning are exceedingly defective4 ,the colleges and boarding-schools founded under the direction of the ,catholic clergy1 though inferior to those of ,france in the thoroughness of the education they impart and the amount of study required of their pupils1 are yet vastly superior to all other ,american establishments in their method1 their discipline1 and the attainments of their professors4 ,the consequence is that they are resorted to by numbers of ,protestant youth of both sexes4 ,no compulsion is used to make them ,catholics2 no undue influence is exerted2 the press1 free as it is1 rarely finds excuse for complaint on this score2 but facts and doctrines speak for themselves4 ,the good examples and affectionate solicitude which surround these young people1 and the friendships they contract1 leave a deep impression on their minds1 and plant the seed of serious thought1 which sooner or later bears fruit4 ,various circumstances may lead to the final development of this seed4 ,now perhaps a first great sorrow wakens it into life2 now it is quickened by new ideas born of study and experience2 in one case the determining influence may be a marriage2 in another1 intercourse with ,catholic society2 and not a few may be moved by the falsity of the notions of ,catholicism which they find current among ,protestants1 and which their own experience enables them to detect4 ,this motive operates oftener than people suppose1 and generally with those who at school or college seemed most bitterly hostile to the faith4 ,in tine1 those who have been educated at ,catholic institutions are less prejudiced and better prepared for the action of divine grace1 which ,providence may send through any one of a thousand channels4 ,and lastly1 ,catholicism acts upon the ,americans through the medium of the habits and customs to which it gradually attaches them1 the result of which is that in the growth of the population the ,church makes a constant1 an insensible1 and what we might call a spontaneous increase4 ,it is a well-known fact that the ,catholic families of ,north ,america1 as a general rule1 are distinguished by a character of stability1 good order1 and moderation which is often wanting in the ,yankee race4 ,now this turns to the advantage of the ,church2 for it is evident that a people which fixes itself permanently where it has once settled1 which concentrates itself1 so to speak1 has a better chance of acquiring a predominance in the long run than one of migratory habits1 always in pursuit of some better state which always eludes it4 ,this truth is nowhere more apparent than in a county of ,upper ,canada where we spent nearly three years4 ,the county of ,glengarry was settled #af in #ahae by ,scotchmen1 some of whom were ,catholics4 ,the colony increased partly by the natural multiplication of the settlers1 partly by immigration1 until about #ahdj1 when immigration almost totally ceased1 all the lands being occupied4 ,the population was then left to grow by natural increase alone4 ,the ,protestants at that time were considerably in the majority2 but by #ahej the proportions began to change1 and out of #ag1egf inhabitants #h1hgj were ,catholics4 ,in #ahfj the majority was completely reversed1 and in a population of #ba1ahg there were #aj1iai ,catholics2 in other words1 the latter1 by the regular operation of natural causes1 had gained every year from one to two per cent1 upon the whole4 ,it would not be easy to give a detailed explanation of this fact2 we are only conscious that some mysterious and irresistible agency is gradually augmenting the proportion of the ,catholic element in ,american society and weakening the ,protestant4 ,american society might be compared to a troubled expanse of water holding various substances in solution4 ,the solid bottom upon which the waters rest is formed by the deposit of these substances1 and day after day1 during the moments of rest which follow every agitation of the waves1 more and more of the ,catholic element is precipitated which the waters bring with them at each successive influx1 but fail to carry off again4 ,it is by this human alluvium that our religion grows and extends itself2 and if this growth is wonderful1 it may be that the effect of the infusion of so much sound doctrine into ,american society will prove equally astonishing and precious4 ,great stress has often been laid upon the good qualities of the ,american people1 but comparatively few have spoken of their faults2 not because they had none1 but because their faults were lost sight of in the brilliancy of their material prosperity4 ,but recent events have led to more reflection upon this point2 so it will not astonish our readers if we point oat one or two1 such as the decay of thoughtful1 systematic1 methodical intelligence among them1 in comparison with ,europeans2 their narrowness of mind2 their inaptitude for general ideas2 and their sensibly diminishing delicacy of mind4 ,these defects show an unsuspected but serious and rapid degeneracy of the ,anglo-,american race1 and the decline has already perhaps gone further than one would readily believe4 ,if ,catholicism1 which tends eminently to develop a spirit of method and order1 broadness of view and delicacy of sentiment1 should combat successfully these failings1 it would render a signal service to the ,united ,states in return for the liberty which they have granted it4 ,but ,catholics1 we should add1 are indebted to the ,united ,states for something more than simple liberty4 ,they have there learned to appreciate their real power4 ,they have learned by experience how little they have to fear from pure universal liberty1 how much strength and influence they can acquire in such a state of society4 ,there is this good and this evil in liberty--that it always proves to the advantage of the strong2 so that when there is question of the relations between man and man1 it must be a well-regulated liberty1 or it will result in the oppression of the weak4 ,but the case is different when it comes to a question of discordant doctrines3 man has everything to gain by the triumph of sound1 strong principles and the destruction of false and specious theories4 ,in such a contest1 let but each side appear in its true colors1 and we have nothing to fear for the cause of truth4 ,the ,united ,states will at least have had the merit of affording an opportunity for a powerful demonstration of the truth2 and great as are the advantages which the ,catholic ,church can confer upon the country1 she herself will reap still greater advantages by conferring them2 for it will turn to her benefit in her action upon the world at large4 ,in fact1 the experience of the ,church #ag in ,america has doubtless gone for something in the familiarity which religious minds are gradually acquiring with the principles of political liberty2 and thus the growth of ,american ,catholicism is allied to the world-wide reaction which is now taking place after the religious eclipse of the last century4 ,this transformation of the ,united ,states1 in truth1 is only one marked incident in the intellectual revolution which is drawing the whole world toward the ,catholic ,church--,england as well as ,america1 ,germany as well as ,england1 even ,bulgaria in the far ,east4 ,the foreign press brings us daily the signs of this progress2 and nothing can be easier than to point them out in ,france under our own eyes4 ,but unfortunately we have been too much in the habit1 for the last century1 of leading a life of continual mortification1 too conscious that we were laughed at by the leaders of public opinion4 ,we crawled along in fear and trembling1 creeping close to the walls1 dreading at every step to give offence1 or to cause scandal1 or to lose some of our brethren4 ,accustomed to see our ranks thinned and whole files carried off in the flower of their youth1 we stood in too great fear of the deceitful power of doctrines which seemed to promise everything to man and ask nothing from him in return4 ,and therefore many of us still find it hard to understand the new state of things in which we are making progress without external help4 ,this progress1 however1 inaugurated by the energy of a few1 the perseverance of all1 and the overruling hand of divine ,providence1 is unquestionably going on1 and may easily be proved4 ,we have only to visit our churches1 attend some of the special retreats for men1 or look at the ,easter communions1 to see what long steps faith and religious practice have taken within the last forty years4 ,the change is most perceptible among the educated classes and in the learned professions4 ,we have heard old professors express their astonishment in comparing the schools of the present time with those of their youth4 ,it was then almost impossible to find a young man at the ,ecole ,polytechnique1 at ,st4 ,cyr1 or at the ,ecole ,centrale1 with enough faith and enough courage openly to profess his religion2 now it may be said that a fifth or perhaps a fourth part of the students openly and unhesitatingly perform their ,easter duty4 ,we ourselves remember that no longer ago than #ahcj it required a degree of courage of which few were found capable to manifest any religious sentiment in the public lyceums4 ,voltairianism--or to speak better1 an intolerant fanaticism--delighted to cover these faithful few with public ridicule2 while now1 if we may believe the best authorized accounts1 it is only a small minority who openly profess infidelity4 ,we can affirm that in the ,school of ,law the change is quite as great1 and it has begun to operate even in that time-honored stronghold of materialism1 the ,school of ,medicine4 ,but what must strike us most forcibly in the examination of these questions is the fact1 already pointed out by the ,abbe ,meignan1 that the progress of religion has kept even pace with the extension of free institutions4 ,wherever the liberal regime has been established1 the reaction in favor of religion has become stronger1 no doubt because liberty places man face to face with the consequences of his own acts and the necessities of his feeble nature4 ,man is never so powerfully impelled to draw near to ,god as when he becomes conscious of his own weakness2 never so deeply impressed with the emptiness of false doctrines as when he has experienced their nothingness in the practical affairs of life4 ,the violence of external disorder soon leads him to1 reflect upon the necessity of solid1 methodical1 moral education1 such as regulates one's life1 and such as the ,church alone can impart4 ,and therefore the great change of sentiment of which we have spoken is perceptible chiefly among the educated and liberal classes1 while with the ignorant and #ah vulgar infidelity holds its own and is even gaining4 ,the educated classes1 more thoughtful1 knowing the world and having experience of men1 see further and calculate more calmly the tendency of events2 with the common people reason and plain sense are often overpowered by the violence of their temperament and the impetuosity of their passions4 ,ignorance and inordinate desires do the rest1 and they imagine that man will know how to conduct without knowing how to govern himself4 ,whatever demagogues may say1 history proves that the head always rules the body4 ,the period of discouragement and apprehension is past4 ,we shall yet1 no doubt1 have to go through trials1 and violent crises1 and perhaps cruel persecutions2 but we may hope everything from the future4 ,and why not8 ,if we study the history of the ,jewish people1 we shall see how ,god chastises his people in order to rouse them from their moral torpor1 and raise them up from apparent ruin by unforeseen means4 ,weakness1 in his hand1 at once becomes strength2 he asks of us nothing but faith and courage4 ,we have traced his ,providence in the methods by which he has stimulated the growth of the ,american ,church--methods all the more effectual because1 unlike our own vain enterprises1 they worked for a long time in silence and obscurity4 ,these ,western bishoprics remained almost unknown up to the day when1 the light bursting forth all at once1 the world beheld a ,church already organized1 already strong1 where it had not suspected even her existence4 ,there is a magnificent and instructive scene in ,athalie1 where the veil of the temple is rent1 and discloses to the eyes of the terrified queen1 ,joas1 whom she had believed dead1 standing in his glory surrounded by an army4 ,even so1 it seems to us1 was the ,american ,church suddenly revealed in all her vigor to the astonished world1 when her bishops came two years ago to take their place in the council at ,rome4 ,and the same progress is making all over the globe4 ,noiseless and unobtrusive1 it attracts no attention from the world2 it is overlooked by ,utopian theorists2 it goes on quietly in the domain of conscience2 but the day will come when its light will break forth and astonish mankind by its brightness4 ,such are the ways of ,god6 ,,note4--,the greater part of the materials for the preceding article were written or collected during the course of a journey which we made in the ,united ,states in #ahfj4 ,since then the progress of ,catholicism has necessarily been somewhat checked by the events of the lamentable civil war which is desolating the country2 but the check has been far less serious than might have reasonably been apprehended4 ,religion has been kept apart from political dissensions and public disorders2 it has only had to suffer the common evils which war1 mortality1 and general impoverishment have inflicted upon the whole people4 ,if all these things are to have any bad effect upon the progress of the ,church1 it will be in future years1 not now4 ,in fact1 all the documents which we have been able to collect show that the numbers of both the faithful and the clergy1 instead of falling off1 have gone on increasing4 ,in thirty-eight dioceses there are now #bge more priests than there were in #ahfj2 from the five other sees1 namely1 those of ,new ,orleans1 ,galveston1 ,mobile1 ,natchitoches1 and ,charleston1 we have no returns4 ,this increase is confined almost entirely to the regions in which the ,church was already strongest2 elsewhere matters have remained about stationary4 ,of this number of #bge priests added to the ,church in the course of three years1 #bea belong to the following fourteen dioceses1 namely3 ,baltimore1 ,pittsburg1 ,cincinnati1 ,cleveland1 ,brooklyn1 ,albany1 ,alton1 ,chicago1 ,milwaukee1 ,st4 ,paul1 ,detroit1 ,fort ,wayne1 ,vincennes1 and ,hartford4 ,the last-named belongs to the #ai ,northeastern or ,new ,england group1 all the others to the ,central and ,western4 ,thus fourteen dioceses alone show nine-tenths of the total increase1 and the others divide the remaining tenth among them in very minute fractions4 ,from some states1 it is true1 the returns are very meagre1 and from others they are altogether wanting2 but the disproportion is so strong as to leave no doubt that the future conquests of the ,church in the ,united ,states will be gained1 as we have already said1 principally in the ,middle and ,western ,states4 ,e4 ,r4 ---- ,from ,the ,month4 ,,the ,,ancient ,,saints ,,of ,,god4 ,a ,,french ,,officer',s ,,story4 ,,by ,,the ,,late ,,cardinal ,,wiseman4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,introduction4 ,we often practically divide the saints into three classes4 ,the ancient saints1 those of the primitive age of ,christianity1 we consider as the patrons of the universal ,church1 watching over its well-being and progress1 but1 excepting ,rome1 having only a general connection with the interests of particular countries1 still less of individuals4 ,the great saints of the middle age1 belonging to different races and countries1 have naturally become their patrons1 being more especially reverenced and invoked in the places of their births1 their lives1 and still more their deaths2 whence1 ,st4 ,willibrord1 ,st4 ,boniface1 and ,st4 ,walburga are more honored in ,germany1 where they died1 than in ,england1 where they were born4 ,the third class includes the more modern saints1 who spoke our yet living languages1 printed their books1 followed the same sort of life1 wore the same dress as we do1 lived in houses yet standing1 founded institutions still flourishing1 rode in carriages1 and in another generation would have traveled by railway4 ,such are ,st4 ,charles1 ,st4 ,ignatius1 ,st4 ,philip1 ,st4 ,teresa1 ,st4 ,vincent1 ,b4 ,benedict ,joseph1 and many others4 ,toward these we feel a personal devotion independent of country2 nearness of time compensating for distance of place4 ,there is indeed one class of saints who belong to every age and every country2 devotion toward whom1 far from diminishing1 increases the further we recede from their time and even their land4 ,for we are convinced that a ,chinese convert has a more sensitive and glowing devotion toward our ,blessed ,lady1 than a ,jewish neophyte had in the first century4 ,when ,i hear this growth of piety denounced or reproached by ,protestants1 ,i own ,i exult in it4 ,for the only question1 and there is none in a ,catholic mind1 is whether such a feeling is good in itself2 if so1 growth in it1 age by age1 is an immense blessing and proof of the divine presence4 ,it is as if one told me that there is more humility now in the ,church than there was in the first century1 more zeal than in the third1 more faith than in the eighth1 more charity than in the twelfth4 ,and so1 if there is more devotion now than there was #a1hjj years ago toward the ,immaculate ,mother of ,god1 toward #bj her saintly spouse1 toward ,st4 ,john1 ,st4 ,peter1 and the other ,apostles1 ,i rejoice2 knowing that devotion toward our divine ,lord1 his infancy1 his passion1 his sacred heart1 his adorable eucharist1 has not suffered loss or diminution1 but has much increased4 ,it need not be1 and it is not1 as ,john the ,baptist said1 ,he must increase1 and ,i diminish4 ,both here increase together2 the ,lord1 and those who best loved him4 ,but this is more than a subject of joy3 it is one of admiration and consolation4 ,for it is the natural course of things that sympathies and affections should grow less by time4 ,we care and feel much less about the conquests of ,william ,i41 or the prowess of the ,black ,prince1 than we do about the victories of ,nelson or ,wellington2 even ,alfred is a mythical person1 and ,boadicea fabulous2 and so it is with all nations4 ,a steadily increasing affection and intensifying devotion 7as in this case we call it7 for those remote from us1 in proportion as we recede from them1 is as marvellous--nay1 as miraculous--as would be the flowing of a stream from its source up a steep hill1 deepening and widening as it rose4 ,and such ,i consider this growth1 through succeeding ages1 of devout feeling toward those who were the root1 and seem to become the crown1 or flower1 of the ,church4 ,it is as if a beam from the sun1 or a ray from a lamp1 grew brighter and warmer in proportion as it darted further from its source4 ,i cannot but see in this supernatural disposition evidence of a power ruling from a higher sphere than that of ordinary providence1 the laws of which1 uniform elsewhere1 are modified or even reversed when the dispensations of the gospel require it2 or rather1 these have their own proper and ordinary providence1 the laws of which are uniform within its system4 ,and this is one illustration1 that what by every ordinary and natural course should go on diminishing1 goes on increasing4 ,but ,i read in this fact an evidence also of the stability and perpetuity of our faith2 for a line that is ever growing thinner and thinner tends1 through its extenuation1 to inanition and total evanescence2 whereas one that widens and extends as it advances and becomes more solid1 thereby gives earnest and proof of increasing duration4 ,when we are attacked about practices1 devotions1 or corollaries of faith--developments1 in other words--do we not sometimes labor needlessly to prove that we go no further than the ,fathers did1 and that what we do may be justified from ancient authorities8 ,should we not confine ourselves to showing1 even with the help of antiquity1 that what is attacked is good1 is sound1 and is holy2 and then thank ,god that we have so much more of it than others formerly possessed8 ,if it was right to say ,ora pro nobis once in the day1 is it not better to say it seven times a day2 and if so1 why not seventy times seven8 ,the rule of forgiveness may well be the rule of seeking intercession for it4 ,but whither am ,i leading you1 gentle reader8 ,i promised you a story1 and ,i am giving you a lecture1 and ,i fear a dry one4 ,i must retrace my steps4 ,i wished1 therefore1 merely to say that1 while the saints of the ,church are very naturally divided by us into three classes--holy patrons of the ,church1 of particular portions of it1 and of its individual members--there is one raised above all others1 which passes through all1 composed of protectors1 patrons1 and nomenclators1 of saints themselves4 ,for how many ,marys1 how many ,josephs1 ,peters1 ,johns1 and ,pauls1 are there not in the calendar of the saints1 called by those names without law of country or age6 ,but beyond this general recognition of the claims of our greatest saints1 one cannot but sometimes feel that the classification which ,i have described is carried by us too far2 that a certain human dross enters into the composition of our devotion2 we perhaps nationalize1 or even individualize1 #ba the sympathies of those whose love is universal1 like ,god's own1 in which alone they love4 ,we seem to fancy that ,st4 ,edward and ,st4 ,frideswida are still ,english2 and some persons appear to have as strong an objection to one of their children bearing any but a ,saxon saint's name as they have to ,italian architecture4 ,we may be quite sure that the power and interest in the whole ,church have not been curtailed by the admission of others like themselves1 first ,christians on earth1 then saints in heaven1 into their blessed society2 but that the friends of ,god belong to us all1 and can and will help us1 if we invoke them1 with loving impartiality4 ,the little history which ,i am going to relate serves to illustrate this view of saintly intercession2 it was told me by the learned and distinguished prelate whom ,i shall call ,monsig4 ,b4 ,he has1 ,i have heard1 since published the narrative2 but ,i will give it as ,i heard it from his lips4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,the ,,french ,,officer',s ,,first ,,appearance4 ,on the #cjth of last month--,i am writing early in ,august--we all commemorated the holy martyrs1 ,sts4 ,abdon and ,sennen4 ,this in itself is worthy of notice4 ,why should we in ,england1 why should they in ,america1 be singing the praises of two ,persians who lived more than fifteen hundred years ago8 ,plainly because we are ,catholics1 and as such in communion with the saints of ,persia and the martyrs of ,decius4 ,yet it may be assumed that the particular devotion to these two ,eastern martyrs is owing to their having suffered in ,rome1 and so found a place in the calendar of the catacombs1 the basis of later martyrologies4 ,probably after having been concealed in the house of ,quirinus the deacon1 their bodies were buried in the cemetery or catacomb of ,pontianus1 outside the present ,porta ,portese1 on the northern bank of the ,tiber4 ,in that catacomb1 remarkable for containing the primitive baptistery of the ,church1 there yet remains a monument of these saints1 marking their place of sepulture4 ,footnote #e ,painted on the wall is a floriated and jewelled cross2 not a conventional one such as mediaeval art introduced1 but a plain cross1 on the surface of which the painter imitated natural jewels1 and from the foot of which grow flowers of natural forms and hues2 on each side stands a figure in ,persian dress and ,phrygian cap1 with the names respectively running down in letters one below the other3 ,,sanctvs ,,abdon3 ,,sanctvs ,,sennen4 ,the bodies are no longer there4 ,they were no doubt removed1 as most were1 in the eighth century1 to save them from ,saracenic profanation1 and translated to the basilica of ,st4 ,mark in ,rome4 ,there they repose1 with many other martyrs no longer distinguishable2 since the ancient usage was literally to bury the bodies of martyrs in a spacious crypt or chamber under the altar1 so as to verify the apocalyptic description1 ,from under the altar of ,god all the saints cry aloud4 ,this practice has been admirably illustrated by the prelate to whom ,i have referred1 in a work on this very crypt1 or1 in ecclesiastical language1 ,confession of ,st4 ,mark's4 ,footnote #e3 ,see ,fabiola1 pp4 #cfb1 #cfc4 ,one #cjth of ,july1 soon after the siege of ,rome in #ahdh1 the chapter of ,st4 ,mark's were singing the office and mass of these ,persian martyrs1 as saints of their church4 ,most people on week-days content themselves with hearing early a low mass1 so that the longer offices of the basilica1 especially the secondary ones1 are not much frequented4 ,on this occasion1 however1 a young ,french officer was noticed by #bb the canons as assisting alone with great recollection4 ,at the close of the function1 my informant went up to the young man1 and entered into conversation with him4 ,what feast are you celebrating today8 asked the officer4 ,that of ,sts4 ,abdon and ,sennen1 answered ,monsignor ,b4 ,indeed6 how singular6 ,why8 ,have you any particular devotion to those saints8 ,oh1 yes2 they are my patron saints4 ,the cathedral of my native town is dedicated to them1 and possesses their bodies4 ,you must be mistaken there3 their holy relics repose beneath our altar2 and we have to-day kept their feast solemnly on that account4 ,on this explanation of the prelate the young officer seemed a little disconcerted1 and remarked that at ,p-- everybody believed that the saints' relics were in the cathedral4 ,the canon1 as he then was1 of ,st4 ,mark's1 though now promoted to the patriarchal basilica of ,st4 ,john1 explained to him how this might be1 inasmuch as any church possessing considerable portions of larger relics belonging to a saint was entitled to the privilege of one holding the entire body1 and was familiarly spoken of as actually having it2 and this no doubt was the case at ,p--4 ,but1 beside general grounds for devotion to these patrons of my native city1 ,i have a more particular and personal one2 for to their interposition ,i believe ,i owe my life4 ,the group of listeners who had gathered round the officer was deeply interested in this statement1 and requested him to relate the incident to which he alluded4 ,he readily complied with their request1 and with the utmost simplicity made the following brief recital4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,the ,,officer',s ,,narrative4 ,during the late siege of ,rome ,i happened to be placed in an advanced post1 with a small body of soldiers1 among the hillocks between our headquarters in the villa ,pamphily-,doria and the gate of ,st4 ,pancratius4 ,the post was one of some danger1 as it was exposed to the sudden and unsparing sallies made by the revolutionary garrison on that side4 ,the broken ground helped to conceal us from the marksmen and the artillery on the walls4 ,however1 that day proved to be one of particular danger4 ,without warning1 a sortie was made in force1 either merely in defiance or to gain possession of some advantageous post2 for you know how the church and convent of ,st4 ,pancratius was assailed by the enemy1 and taken and retaken by us several times in one day4 ,the same happened to the villas near the walls4 ,there was no time given us for speculation or reflection4 ,we found ourselves at once in presence of a very superior force1 or rather in the middle of it2 for we were completely surrounded4 ,we fought our best2 but escape seemed impossible4 ,my poor little picket was soon cut to pieces1 and ,i found myself standing alone in the midst of our assailants1 defending myself as well as ,i could against such fearful odds4 ,at length ,i felt ,i was come to the last extremity1 and that in a few moments ,i should be lying with my brave companions4 ,earnestly desiring to have the suffrages of my holy patrons in that my last hour1 ,i instinctively exclaimed1 ',sts4 ,abdon and ,sennen1 pray for me6' ,what then happened ,i cannot tell4 ,whether a sudden panic struck my enemies1 or something more important called off their attention1 or what else to me inexplicable--occurred1 ,i cannot say2 all that ,i know is1 that somehow or other ,i found myself alone1 unwounded #bc and unhurt1 with my poor fellows lying about1 and no enemy near4 ,do you not think that ,i have a right to attribute this most wonderful and otherwise unaccountable escape to the intercession and protection of ,sts4 ,abdon and ,sennen8 ,i need scarcely say that this simple narrative touched and moved deeply all its hearers4 ,no one was disposed to dissent from the young ,christian officer's conclusion4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,the ,,explanation4 ,it was natural that those good ecclesiastics who composed the chapter of ,st4 ,mark's should feel an interest in their youthful acquaintance4 ,his having accidentally1 as it seemed1 but really providentially1 strolled into their church at such a time1 with so singular a bond of sympathy with its sacred offices that day1 necessarily drew them in kindness toward him4 ,his ingenuous piety and vivid faith gained their hearts4 ,in the conversation which followed1 it was discovered that all his tastes and feelings led him to love and visit the religious monuments of ,rome2 but that he had no guide or companion to make his wanderings among them as useful and agreeable as they might be made4 ,it was good-naturedly and kindly suggested to him to come from time to time to the church1 when some one of the canons would take him with him on his ventidue ore walk after vespers1 and act the cicerone to him1 if they should visit some interesting religious object4 ,this offer he readily accepted1 and the intelligent youth and his reverend guides enjoyed pleasant afternoons together4 ,at last one pleasanter than all occurred1 when in company with ,monsignor ,b4 ,their ramble that evening led them out of the ,porta ,portuensis1 among the hills of ,monte ,verde1 between it and the gate of ,st4 ,pancratius-- perhaps for the purpose of visiting that interesting basilica4 ,be it as it may1 suddenly1 while traversing a vineyard1 the young man stopped4 ,here1 he exclaimed1 on this very spot1 ,i was standing when my miraculous deliverance took place4 ,are you sure8 ,quite4 ,if ,i lived a hundred years1 ,i could never forget it4 ,it is the very spot4 ,then stand still a moment1 rejoined the prelate2 we are very near the entrance to the cemetery of ,pontianus4 ,i wish to measure the distance4 ,he did so by pacing it4 ,now1 he said1 come down into the catacomb1 and observe the direction from where you stand to the door4 ,the key was soon procured4 ,they accordingly went down1 proceeded as near as they could judge toward the point marked over-head1 measured the distance paced above1 and found themselves standing before the memorial of ,sts4 ,abdon and ,sennen4 ,there1 said the canon to his young friend2 you did not know that1 when you were invoking your holy patrons1 you were standing immediately over their tomb4 ,the young officer's emotion may be better conceived than described on discovering this new and unexpected coincidence in the history of his successful application to the intercession of ancient saints4 ,,sancti ,,abdon ,,et ,,sennen1 ,,orate ,,pro ,,nobis4 ------ #bd ,from ,the ,lamp4 ,a ,,pilgrimage ,,to ,,ars4 ,i went to ,lyons for the express purpose of visiting the tomb of the ,cure of ,ars2 for ,i knew the village of ,ars was not very far from that city1 though ,i had but a vague idea as to where it was situated or how it was to be reached4 ,i trusted1 however1 to obtaining all needful information from the people at the hotel where ,i was to pass the night2 and ,i was not mistaken in my expectations2 but ,i must confess1 to my sorrow1 that ,i felt for a moment a very ,english sort of shamefacedness about making the inquiry4 ,put to the waiter of an ,english hotel1 such a question would simply have produced a stare of astonishment or a smile of pity4 ,a visit to the tomb of the ,duke of ,wellington at ,st4 ,paul's1 or a descent into kingly vaults for the wise purpose of beholding ,prince ,albert's coffin1 with its wreaths of flowers laid there by royal and loving hands these things he would have sympathized with and understood4 ,but a pilgrimage to the last resting-place of a man who1 even admitting he were at that moment a saint in heaven1 had been but a simple parish-priest upon earth1 would have been a proceeding utterly beyond his capacity to comprehend1 and he would undoubtedly have pronounced it either an act of insanity or one of superstition1 or something partaking of the nature of the two4 ,i forgot1 for a moment1 that ,i was in a ,catholic country1 and inquired my way to ,ars with an uncomfortable expectation of a sneering answer in return4 ,once1 however1 that the question was fairly put1 there was nothing left for me but to be ashamed of my own misgivings4 ,madame wished to visit the tomb of the sainted ,cure8--mais oui4 ,it was the easiest thing in the world4 ,only an hour's railway from ,lyons to ,villefranche2 and an omnibus at the latter station1 which had been established for the express purpose of accommodating the pilgrims1 who still flocked to ,ars from every quarter of the ,catholic world4 ,i listened1 and my way seemed suddenly to become smooth before me4 ,later on in the evening1 ,i found that the housemaid of the hotel had been there often2 and two or three times at least during the lifetime of the ,cure4 ,i asked her for what purpose she had gone there2 whether to be cured of bodily ailments or to consult him on spiritual matters8 ,for neither one nor the other1 she answered1 with great simplicity2 but she had had a great grief1 and her mother had taken her to him to be comforted4 ,there was something to me singularly lovely in this answer1 and in the insight which it gave me into the nature of that mission1 so human1 and yet so divine1 which the ,cure had accomplished in his lifetime4 ,god had placed him there1 like another ,john the ,baptist1 to announce penance to the world4 ,he preached to thousands--he converted thousands--he penetrated into the hidden consciences of thousands1 and laid his finger1 as if by intuition1 upon the hidden sore that kept the soul from ,god4 ,men1 great by wealth and station1 came to him and laid their burden of sin and misery at his feet4 ,men1 greater still by intellect1 and prouder and more difficult of conversion 7as sins of the intellect ever make men71 left his presence simple1 loving1 and believing as little children4 ,for these he had lightning glances and words of fire2 these by turns he reprimanded1 exhorted1 and encouraged2 but when the weak and sorrowful of ,god's flock came to him1 he paused in his apostolic task to weep over them and console them4 ,and so it was with #be ,jesus4 ,the great and wealthy of the earth came to him for relief1 and he never refused their prayers2 but how many instances do we find in the gospel of the gift of health bestowed1 unasked and unexpected1 upon some poor wanderer by the wayside1 or the yet greater boon of comfort given to some poor suffering heart1 for no other reason that we know of than that it suffered and had need of comfort6 ,the cripple by the pool of ,bethsaida received his cure at the very moment when he was heartsick with hope deferred at finding no man to carry him down to the waters2 and the widow of ,nain found her son suddenly restored to life because1 as the gospel expressly tells us1 he was the only son of his mother1 and she was a widow4 ,the heart of the ,cure of ,ars seems to have been only less tender than that of his divine ,master2 and in the midst of the sublime occupation of converting souls to ,god1 he never disdained the humble task of healing the stricken spirit1 and leading it to peace and joy4 ,my husband died suddenly1 the young woman went on to say1 in answer to my further questions2 and from affluence ,i found myself at once reduced to poverty4 ,i was stunned by the blow2 but my mother took me to the cure2 and almost before he had said a word1 ,i felt not only consoled1 but satisfied with the lot which ,god had assigned me4 ,and so indeed she must have been4 ,when ,i saw her1 she was still poor1 and earning her bread by the worst of all servitude1 the daily and nightly servitude of a crowded inn2 but gentle1 placid1 and smiling1 as became one who had seen and been comforted by a saint4 ,she evidently felt that she had been permitted to approach very near to ,god in the person of ,god's servant1 and every word she uttered was so full of love and confidence in the sainted cure that it increased 7if that were possible7 my desire to kneel at his tomb1 since the happiness of approaching his living person had been denied me4 ,the next morning ,i set off for ,villefranche4 ,it is on the direct line to ,paris1 and at about an hour's railroad journey from ,lyons4 ,when ,i reached it1 ,i found three omnibuses waiting at the station1 and ,i believe they were all there for the sole purpose of conveying pilgrims to ,ars4 ,one of the conductors tried every mode of persuasion--and there are not a few in the vocabulary of a ,frenchman--to inveigle me into his omnibus4 ,i should be at ,ars in half an hour1 and could return at two1 three1 four o'clock--in short1 at any hour of the night or day that might please me best4 ,it was with some difficulty ,i resisted the torrent of eloquence he poured out upon me2 but1 in the first place1 ,i felt that he was promising what he himself would have called the impossible1 since a public conveyance must necessarily regulate its movements by the wishes of the majority of its passengers2 and in the next1 ,i had a very strong desire to be alone in body as well as in mind during the few hours that ,i was to spend at ,ars4 ,at last ,i found an omnibus destined solely for visitors to ,villefranche itself1 and the conductor promised that he would provide me a private carriage to ,ars if ,i would consent to drive first to his hotel4 ,cabaret he might have called it with perfect truth1 for cabaret it was1 and nothing more--a regular ,french specimen of the article1 with a great public kitchen1 where half the workmen of the town assembled for their meals1 and a small cupboard sort of closet opening into it for the accommodation of more aristocratic guests4 ,into this1 bon gre1 mal gre1 they wished to thrust me1 but ,i violently repelled the threatened honor1 and with some difficulty carrying my point1 succeeded in being permitted to remain in the larger and cooler space of the open kitchen until my promised vehicle should appear4 ,it came at last1 a sort of half-cab1 half-gig1 without a hood1 but with a curiously contrived harness of loose ropes1 and looking altogether #bf dangerously likely to come to pieces on the road4 ,luckily1 ,i am not naturally nervous in such matters1 and1 consoling myself with the thought that if we did get into grief the bon cure was bound to come to my assistance1 seeing ,i had incurred it solely for the sake of visiting his tomb1 ,i was soon settled as comfortably as circumstances would permit1 and we set off at a brisk pace4 ,the country around ,villefranche is truly neither pretty nor picturesque2 and though we were not really an hour on the road1 the drive seemed tedious4 ,our ,jehu also1 as it turned out1 had never been at ,ars before2 so that he had not only to stop more than once to inquire the way1 but actually contrived at the very last to miss it4 ,he soon discovered the mistake1 however1 and retracing his steps1 a very few minutes brought us to the spot where the saint had lived forty years1 and where he now sleeps in death4 ,his house stands beside the church1 but a little in the rear1 so it does not immediately catch the eye2 and the church1 where his real life was spent1 is separated from the road by a small enclosure1 railed off1 and approached by a few steps4 ,we looked around for some person to conduct us1 but there was no one to be seen2 so1 after a moment's hesitation1 we ascended the steps and entered the church4 ,if you wish to know what kind of church it is1 ,i cannot tell you4 ,i do not know1 in fact1 whether it is ,greek or ,gothic1 or of no particular architecture at all2 ,i do not know even if it is in good taste or in bad taste4 ,the soul was so filled with a sense of the presence of the dead saint that it left no room for the outer sense to take note of the accidents amid which he had lived4 ,there are two or three small chapels--a ,lady chapel1 one dedicated to the ,sacred ,heart1 and another to ,st4 ,john the ,baptist4 ,there is also the chapel of ,st4 ,philomena1 with a large lifelike image of the bonne petite sainte to whom he loved to attribute every miracle charity compelled him to perform2 and there is the confessional1 where for forty years he worked far greater wonders on the soul than any of the more obvious ones he accomplished on the body4 ,all1 or most of all1 this ,i saw in a vague sort of way1 as one who saw not2 but the whole church was filled with such an aroma of holiness1 there was such a sense of the actual presence of the man who had converted it into a very tabernacle in the wilderness--a true ,holy of ,holies1 where1 in the midst of infidel ,france1 ,god had descended and conversed almost visibly with his people--that ,i had neither the will nor the power to condescend to particulars1 and examine it in detail4 ,my one thought as ,i entered the church was1 to go and pray upon his tomb2 but in the first moment of doubt and confusion ,i could not remember1 if indeed ,i had been told1 the exact spot where he was buried4 ,the chapel of ,st4 ,philomena was the first to attract my notice1 and feeling that ,i could not be far wrong while keeping close to his dear little patroness1 ,i knelt down there to collect my ideas4 ,the stillness of the church made itself felt4 ,there were indeed many persons praying in it1 but they prayed in that profound silence which spoke to the heart1 and penetrated it in a way no words could have ever done4 ,i was thirsting1 however1 to approach the tomb of the saint1 and at last ventured to whisper the question to a person near me4 ,she pointed to a large black slab nearly in the centre of the church1 and told me that he lay beneath it4 ,yes1 he was there1 in the very midst of his people1 not far from the chapel of ,st4 ,philomena1 and opposite to the altar whence he had so many thousands of times distributed the bread of life to the famishing souls who1 like the multitude of old1 had come into the desert1 and needed to be fed ere they departed to their homes4 ,yes1 he was there2 and with a strange mingling of joy and sorrow in the thought ,i went and knelt down beside him4 #bg ,had ,i gone to ,ars but a few years before1 ,i might have found him in his living person2 might have thrown myself at his feet1 and poured out my whole soul before him4 ,now ,i knelt indeed beside him1 but beside his body only1 and the soul that would have addressed itself to mine was far away in the bosom of its ,god4 ,humanly speaking1 the difference seemed against me1 and yet1 in a more spiritual point of view1 it might perhaps be said to be in my favor4 ,the graces which he obtained for mortals here he obtained by more than mortal suffering and endurance--by tears1 by fastings1 and nightly and daily impetrations2--now1 with his head resting1 like another ,st4 ,john1 on the bosom of his divine ,lord1 surely he has but to wish in order to draw down whole fountains of love and tenderness on his weeping flock below4 ,and certainly it would seem so2 for however numerous the miracles accomplished in his lifetime1 they have been multiplied beyond all power of calculation since his death4 ,later on in the day1 when the present cure showed me a room nearly half full of crutches and other mementos of cures wrought--,these are only the ones left there during his lifetime1 he observed1 in a tone which told at once how much more numerous were those which cure had made useless to their owners since his death4 ,i had not been many minutes kneeling before his tomb1 when the lady who had pointed it out to me asked if ,i would like to see the house which he had inhabited in his lifetime4 ,on my answering gladly in the affirmative1 she made me follow her through a side-door and across a sort of court to the house inhabited by the present cure4 ,this house had never been the abode of ,m4 ,vianney1 but had been allotted to the priests who assisted him in his missions4 ,the one which he actually inhabited is now a sort of sanctuary1 where every relic and recollection of him is carefully preserved for the veneration of the faithful4 ,we were shown into a sort of salle a manger1 sufficiently poor to make us feel we were in the habitation of men brought up in the school of a saint1 and almost immediately afterward the present cure entered4 ,he had been for many years the zealous assistant of the late cure2 and1 in trying to give me an idea of the influx of strangers into ,ars1 he told me that1 while ,m4 ,vianney spent habitually from fifteen to seventeen hours in the confessional1 he and his brother priest were usually occupied at least twelve hours out of the twenty-four in a similar manner4 ,even this was probably barely sufficient for the wants of the mission1 for the number of strangers who came annually to ,ars during the latter years of the cure's life was reckoned at about #hj1jjj1 and few1 if any1 of these went away without having made a general confession1 either to ,m4 ,vianney himself1 or1 if that were not possible1 to one or other of the assisting clergy4 ,it was pleasant to talk with one who had been living in constant communication with a saint2 and ,i felt as if something of the spirit of ,m4 ,vianney himself had taken possession of the good and gentle man with whom ,i was conversing4 ,among other things1 he told me that the devout wish of the saint had of late years been the erection of a new church to ,st4 ,philomena2 and he gave me a fac-simile of his handwriting in which he had promised to pray especially for any one aiding him in the work4 ,the surest way1 therefore1 ,i should imagine1 to interest him in our necessities--now that he is in heaven--would be to aid in the undertaking which he had in mind and heart while yet dwelling on earth4 ,even in his lifetime there had been a lottery got up for raising funds2 and as money is still coming in from all quarters1 his wish will doubtless soon be accomplished4 ,i saw a very handsome altar which has been already presented1 and which has been put aside in one of the rooms of the cure until the church1 for which it is #bh intended1 shall have been completed4 ,m4 le cure showed me one or two small photographs1 which had been taken without his knowledge during the lifetime of the saint2 and also a little carved image1 which he said was a wonderful likeness1 and far better than any of the portraits4 ,afterward he pointed out another photograph1 as large as life1 and suspended against the wall1 which had been procured after death4 ,it was calm and holy1 as the face of a saint in death should be1 and ,i liked it still better in its placid peace than the smile of the living photograph4 ,even the smile seemed to tell of tears4 ,you know that he who smiles is still doing battle--cheerfully and successfully indeed1 but still doing battle with the enemies of his soul2 while the grave calmness of the dead face tells you at once that all is over--the fight is fought1 the crown is won2 eternity has set its seal on the good works of time1 and all is safe for ever4 ,i could have looked at that photograph a long time1 and said my prayers before it--it seemed to repose in such an atmosphere of sanctity and peace--but the hours were passing quickly1 and there was still much to see and hear concerning the dead saint4 ,i took leave1 therefore1 of the good priest who had been my cicerone so far1 and sought the old housekeeper1 who was in readiness to show me the house where ,m4 ,vianney had lived4 ,we crossed a sort of court1 which led us to a door opposite the church4 ,when this was opened1 ,i found myself in a sort of half-garden1 half-yard1 in the centre of which the old house was standing4 ,it is hard to put upon paper the feelings with which a spot the habitation of a saint just dead is visited4 ,the spirit of love and charity and peace which animated the living man still seems brooding over the spot where his life was passed1 and you feel intensely that the true beauty of the ,lord's house was here1 and that this has been the place where his glory hath delighted to dwell4 ,the first room ,i entered was one in which the crutches left there by invalids had been deposited4 ,it was a sight to see4 ,the crutches were piled as close as they could be against the wall1 and yet the room was almost half full4 ,the persons who used those crutches must have been carried hither1 lame and suffering1 and helpless as young children2 and they walked away strong men and cured4 ,truly the lame walk and the blind see2 and the ,lord hath visited his people in the person of his servant4 ,my next visit was made to the salle a manger1 where ,m4 ,vianney had always taken the one scanty meal which was his sole support during his twenty-four hours of almost unbroken labor4 ,it was poverty in very deed--poverty plain1 unvarnished1 and unadorned--such poverty as an ,irish cabin might have rivalled1 but could scarcely have surpassed4 ,the walls were bare and whitewashed2 the roof was merely raftered2 and the floor1 which had once been paved with large round stones1 such as are used for the pavement of a street1 was broken here and there into deep holes by the removal of the stones4 ,during his forty years' residence at ,ars1 ,m4 ,vianney had probably never spent a single sou upon any article which could contribute to his own comfort or convenience2 and this room bore witness to the fact4 ,how1 indeed1 should he buy anything for himself1 who gave even that which was given to him away1 until his best friends grew well-nigh weary of bestowing presents1 which they felt would pass almost at the same instant out of his own possession into the hands of any one whom he fancied to be in greater want of them than he was8 ,i stood in that bare and desolate apartment1 and felt as if earth and heaven in their widest extremes1 their most startling contrasts1 were there in type and reality before me4 ,all that earth has of poor and miserable and unsightly was present to the eyes of the body2 all that heaven has of bright #bi and beautiful and glorious was just as present1 just as visible1 to the vision of the soul4 ,it was the very reverse of the fable of the fairy treasures1 which vanish into dust when tested by reality4 ,all that you saw was dust and ashes1 but dust and ashes which1 tried by the touchstone of eternity1 would1 you knew1 prove brighter than the brightest gold1 fairer than the fairest silver that earth ever yielded to set in the diadem of her kings6 ,my reflections were cut short by the entrance of one of the priests1 who invited us to come up stairs and inspect the vestments which had belonged to the late cure1 and which were kept1 ,i think1 apart from those in ordinary use in the church4 ,there was a great quantity of them1 and they were all in curious contrast with everything else we had seen belonging to ,m4 ,vianney4 ,nothing too good for ,god2 nothing too mean and miserable for himself--that had been the motto of his life2 and the worm-eaten furniture of the dining-room1 the gold and velvet of the embroidered vestments1 alike bore witness to the fidelity with which he had acted on it4 ,the vestments were more than handsome--some of them were magnificent4 ,one set ,i remember in particular which was very beautiful4 ,it had been given1 with canopy for the blessed sacrament and banners for processions1 by the present ,marquis ,d',ars1 the chief of that beloved family1 who1 after the death of ,mdlle4 ,d',ars1 became ,m4 ,vianney's most efficient aid in all his works of charity4 ,the priest who showed them to us1 and who had also been one of the late cure's missionaries1 told us that ,m4 ,vianney was absolutely enchanted with joy when the vestments arrived1 and that he instantly organized an expedition to ,lyons in order to express his gratitude at the altar of ,notre ,dame de ,fourriere4 ,the whole parish attended on this occasion4 ,they went down the river in boats provided for the purpose1 and with banners flying and music playing1 marched in solemn procession through the streets of ,lyons1 and up the steep sides of ,fourriere1 until they reached the church of ,notre ,dame4 ,there the whole multitude fell on their knees1 and ,m4 ,vianney himself prayed1 no doubt long and earnestly1 before the miraculous image of ,our ,lady1 seeking through her intercession to obtain some especial favor for the man who1 out of his own abundance1 had brought gifts of gold and silver to the altar of his ,god4 ,i asked the priest for some information about the granary which was said to have been miraculously filled with corn4 ,he told me he had been at ,ars at the time1 and that there could be no doubt that the granary had been quite empty the night before4 ,it was1 ,i think1 a time of scarcity1 and the grain had been set aside for the use of the poor4 ,m4 ,vianney went to bed miserable at the failure of his supplies2 but when he visited the granary again early the next morning1 he found it full4 ,it was at the top of his own house1 ,i believe1 and was kept1 of course1 carefully locked4 ,nobody knew how it had been filled1 or by whom4 ,in fact1 it seemed absolutely impossible that any one could have carted the quantity of grain needed for the purpose and carried it up stairs without being detected in the act4 ,the priest made no comment on the matter2 indeed1 he seemed anything but inclined to enlarge upon it1 though he made no secret of his own opinion as to the miraculous nature of the occurrence4 ,as soon as he had answered my inquiries1 he led us to the room which had been the holy cure's own personal apartment4 ,it was1 as well as ,i can remember1 the one over the dining-room4 ,no apostle ever lived and died in an abode more entirely destitute of all human riches4 ,it was kept exactly in the same state in which it had been during his lifetime--a few poor-looking books still on the small book-shelf1 a wooden table and a chair1 and the little bed in the corner1 smoothed and laid down1 as if only waiting his return from the confessional for the #cj few short hours he gave to slumber--if1 indeed1 he did give them2 for no one ever penetrated into the mystery of those hours1 or knew how much of the time set apart apparently for his own repose was dedicated to ,god1 or employed in supplicating ,god's mercies on his creatures4 ,the history of that room was the history of the saint4 ,a book-shelf filled with works of piety and devotion2 a stove1 left doubtless because it had been originally built into the room1 but left without use or purpose 7for who ever heard of his indulging in a fire872 a table and a chair--that was all2 but it was enough1 and more than enough1 to fill the mind with thought1 and to crowd all the memories of that holy life into the few short moments that ,i knelt there4 ,how often had he come back to that poor apartment1 his body exhausted by fasting1 and cramped by long confinement in the confessional1 and his heart steeped 7nay1 drowned1 as he himself most eloquently expressed it7 in bitterness and sorrow by the long histories of sins to which he had been compelled to listen--sins committed against that ,god whom he loved far more tenderly than he loved himself6 ,how often1 in the silence and darkness of the night1 has he poured forth his soul1 now in tender commiseration over ,jesus crucified by shiners1 now over the sinners by whom ,jesus had been crucified6 ,how often has he 7perhaps7 called on ,god to remove him from a world where ,god was so offended2 and yet1 moved by the charity of his tender human heart1 has besought1 almost in the same breath1 for the conversion of those sinners whose deeds he was deploring--the cure of their diseases and the removal or consolation of their sorrows6 ,like a mother who1 finding her children at discord1 now prays to one to pardon1 now to another to submit and be reconciled1 so was that loving1 pitying heart ever as it were in contradiction with itself--weeping still with ,jesus1 and yet still pleading for his foes4 ,the mere action of such thoughts upon the human frame would make continued life a marvel2 but when to this long history of mental woe we add the hardships of his material life--the fifteen or seventeen hours passed in the confessional1 in heat and cold1 in winter as in summer2 the one scanty meal taken at mid-day2 the four hours of sleep1 robbed often and often of half their number for the sake of quiet prayer--when we think of these things1 there is surely more of miracle in this life of forty years' duration than in the mere fact that it won miracles at last from heaven1 and that ,god1 seeing how faithfully this his servant did his will here on earth1 complied in turn with his1 and granted his desires4 ,no one1 ,i think1 can visit that spot1 or hear the history of that life1 as it is told by those who knew him as it were but yesterday1 without an increase of love1 an accession of faith1 a more vivid sense of the presence of ,god in the midst of his creatures1 and a more real comprehension of the extent and meaning of those words1 the communion of saints1 which every one repeats in the creed1 and yet which few take sufficiently to their heart of hearts to make it really a portion of their spiritual being--a means of working out their own salvation by constant and loving communication with those who have attained to it already4 ,thousands will seek the living saint for the eloquence of his words1 the sublimity1 of his counsels1 the unction of his consolations2 but1 once departed out of this life1 who visits him in his tomb8 who turns to him for aid8 who lift their eyes to heaven1 to ask for his assistance thence1 with the same undoubting confidence with which they would have sought it had he been still in the flesh beside them8 ,in one sense of the word1 many2 and yet few indeed compared to the number of those to whom the communion of saints is an article of faith1 or ought at least to be so1 in something more than the mere service of the lip4 ,it was amid some such #ca thoughts as these that ,i left the town of ,ars1 grieved indeed that ,i had not seen the holy cure in his lifetime1 and yet feeling that1 if ,i had but faith enough1 ,i was in reality rather a gainer than a loser by his death4 ,he who would have prayed for me on earth would now pray for me in heaven4 ,he who would have dived into my conscience and brought its hidden sins to light1 would obtain wisdom and grace for another to put his finger on the sore spot and give it healing4 ,he who would perhaps have cured me of my bodily infirmities1 could do so 7if it were for the good of my soul7 not less efficiently now that he was resting on the heart of his divine ,lord4 ,god had granted his prayers while he was yet upon earth--a saint indeed1 and yet liable at any moment to fall into sin--would he refuse to hear him now that he had received him into his kingdom1 and so rendered him for ever incapable of offending8 ,i hoped not1 ,i felt not2 and in this certainty ,i went on my way rejoicing1 feeling that it was well for this sinful world that it had yet one more advocate at the throne of its future ,judge1 and well especially for ,france that1 in this our nineteenth century1 she had given a saint to ,god who would have been the glory of the first4 ,for truly the arm of the ,lord is not shortened4 ,what he has done before1 he can do again2 and1 therefore1 we need not wonder if the miracles of the ,apostles are still renewed at the tomb of this simple and unlettered1 priest1 who taught their doctrines for forty years in the unknown and far-off village of which ,providence had made him pastor4 ------ ,from ,once ,a ,week4 ,,the ,,three ,,wishes4 ,the ,eastern origin of this tale seems evident2 had it been originally composed in a ,northern land1 it is probable that the king would have been represented as dethroned by means of bribes obtained from his own treasury4 ,in an ,eastern country the story-teller who invented such a just termination of his narrative would1 most likely1 have experienced the fate intended for his hero1 as a warning to others how they suggested such treasonable ideas4 ,herr ,simrock1 however1 says it is a ,german tale2 but it may have had its origin in the ,east for all that4 ,nothing is more difficult1 indeed1 than to trace a popular tale to its source4 ,cinderella1 for example1 belongs to nearly all nations2 even among the ,chinese1 a people so different to all ,european nations1 there is a popular story which reads almost exactly like it4 ,here is the tale of the ,three ,wishes4 ,there was once a wise emperor who made a law that to every stranger who came to his court a fried fish should be served4 ,the servants were directed to take notice if1 when the stranger had eaten the fish to the bone on one side1 he turned it over and began on the other side4 ,if he did1 he was to be immediately seized1 and on the third day thereafter he was to be put to death4 ,but1 by a great stretch of imperial clemency1 the culprit was permitted to utter one wish each day1 which the emperor pledged himself to grant1 provided it was not to spare his life4 ,many had already perished in consequence of this edict1 when1 one day1 a count and his young son presented themselves at court4 ,the fish was served as usual1 and when the #cb count had removed all the fish from one side1 he turned it over1 and was about to commence on the other1 when he was suddenly seized and thrown into prison1 and was told of his approaching doom4 ,sorrow-stricken1 the count's young son besought the emperor to allow him to die in the room of his father2 a favor which the monarch was pleased to accord him4 ,the count was accordingly released from prison1 and his son was thrown into his cell in his stead4 ,as soon as this had been done1 the young man said to his gaolers--,you know ,i have the right to make three demands before ,i die2 go and tell the emperor to send me his daughter1 and a priest to marry us4 ,this first demand was not much to the emperor's taste1 nevertheless he felt bound to keep his word1 and he therefore complied with the request1 to which the princess had no kind of objection4 ,this occurred in the times when kings kept their treasures in a cave1 or in a tower set apart for the purpose1 like the ,emperor of ,morocco in these days2 and on the second day of his imprisonment the young man demanded the king's treasures4 ,if his first demand was a bold one1 the second was not less so2 still1 an emperor's word is sacred1 and having made the promise1 he was forced to keep it2 and the treasures of gold and silver and jewels were placed at the prisoner's disposal4 ,on getting possession of them1 he distributed them profusely among the courtiers1 and soon he had made a host of friends by his liberality4 ,the emperor began now to feel exceedingly uncomfortable4 ,unable to sleep1 he rose early on the third morning and went1 with fear in his heart1 to the prison to hear what the third wish was to be4 ,now1 said he to his prisoner1 tell me what your third demand is1 that it may be granted at once1 and you may be hung out of hand1 for ,i am tired of your demands4 ,sire1 answered his prisoner1 ,i have but one more favor to request of your majesty1 which1 when you have granted1 ,i shall die content4 ,it is merely that you will cause the eyes of those who saw my father turn the fish over to be put out4 ,very good1 replied the emperor1 your demand is but natural1 and springs from a good heart4 ,let the chamberlain be seized1 he continued1 turning to his guards4 ,i1 sire6 cried the chamberlain2 ,i did not see anything--it was the steward4 ,let the steward be seized1 then1 said the king4 ,but the steward protested with tears in his eyes that he had not witnessed anything of what had been reported1 and said it was the butler4 ,the butler declared that he had seen nothing of the matter1 and that it must have been one of the valets4 ,but they protested that they were utterly ignorant of what had been charged against the count2 in short1 it turned out that nobody could be found who had seen the count commit the offence1 upon which the princess said3 ,i appeal to you1 my father1 as to another ,solomon4 ,if nobody saw the offence committed1 the count cannot be guilty1 and my husband is innocent4 ,the emperor frowned1 and forthwith the courtiers began to murmur2 then he smiled1 and immediately their visages became radiant4 ,let it be so1 said his majesty2 let him live1 though ,i have put many a man to death for a lighter offence than his4 ,but if he is not hung1 he is married4 ,justice has been done4 #cc ------ ,from ,the ,month4 ,,ex ,,humo4 ,,by ,,barry ,,cornwall4 ,should you dream ever of the days departed-- ,of youth and morning1 no more to return-- ,forget not me1 so fond and passionate-hearted2 ,quiet at last1 reposing ,under the moss and fern4 ,there1 where the fretful lake in stormy weather ,comes circling round the reddening churchyard pines1 ,rest1 and call back the hours we lost together1 ,talking of hope1 and soaring ,beyond poor earth's confines4 ,if1 for those heavenly dreams too dimly sighted1 ,you became false--why1 'tis a story old3 ,i1 overcome by pain1 and unrequited1 ,faded at last1 and slumber ,under the autumn mould4 ,farewell1 farewell6 ,no longer plighted lovers1 ,doomed for a day to sigh for sweet return3 ,one lives1 indeed2 one heart the green earth covers-- ,quiet at last1 reposing ,under the moss and fern4 ------ ,from ,the ,dublin ,review4 ,,the ,,christian ,,schools ,,of ,,alexandria4 ,s4 ,clementis ,alexandrini ,opera ,omnia4 ,lutetiae4 #afbi4 ,geschichte der ,christlicher ,philosophie1 von ,dr4 ,heinrich ,ritter4 ,hamburg3 ,perthes4 #ahda4 ,if any country under the sun bears the spell of fascination in its very name1 that country is ,egypt4 ,the land of the ,nile and the pyramids1 of the ,pharaohs and the ,ptolemies--the land where art and science had mysterious beginnings before the dawn of history1 where powerful dynasties held sway for long generations over the fertile river-valley1 and built for themselves mighty cities--,thebes1 the hundred-gated1 ,memphis1 with its palaces1 ,heliopolis1 with its temples-- and left memorials of themselves that are attracting men at this very day to ,luxor and ,carnak1 to the avenue of sphynxes and the pyramids-- ,egypt1 where learning ,uttered its oracles sublime ,before the ,olympiads1 in the dew ,and dusk of early time-- the land where1 #cd ,northward from its ,nubian springs1 ,the ,nile1 for ever new and old1 ,among the living and the dead ,its mighty1 mystic stream has rolled-- ,egypt seems destined to be associated with all the signal events of every age of the world4 ,israel's going into and going out of ,egypt is one of the epic pages of ,holy ,scripture2 ,sesostris1 ,king of ,egypt1 left his name written over half of ,asia2 ,alexander1 the greatest of the ,greeks1 laid in ,egypt the foundation of a new empire2 ,cleopatra1 the captive and the captor of ,julius ,caesar and ,mark ,antony1 killed herself as the old land passed away for ever from the race of ,ptolemy2 ,clement and ,origen1 ,porphyry and ,plotinus1 have left ,egypt the classic land of the ,church's battle against the purest form of heathen philosophy2 ,st4 ,louis of ,france has made ,egypt the scene of a glorious drama of heroism and devotion2 the pyramids have lent their name to swell the list of ,napoleon's triumphs2 and the ,nile is linked for ever with the deathless fame of ,nelson4 ,in the last decade of the second century1 about the time when the pagan virtues of ,marcus ,aurelius had left the ,roman empire to the worse than pagan vices of his son ,commodus1 ,egypt1 to the learned and wealthy1 meant ,alexandria4 ,what ,tyre had been in the time of ,solomon1 what ,sidon was in the days of which ,homer wrote1 that was ,alexandria from the reign of ,ptolemy ,soter to the days of ,mahomet4 ,in external aspect it was in every way worthy to bear the name of him who drew its plans with his own hands4 ,its magnificent double harbor1 of which the ,great ,port had a quay-side six miles in length1 was the common rendezvous for merchant ships from every part of ,syria1 ,greece1 ,italy1 and ,spain2 and its communications with the ,red ,sea and the ,nile brought to the warehouses that overlooked its quay the riches of ,arabia and ,india1 and the corn and flax of the country of which it was the capital4 ,the modern traveller1 who finds ,alexandria a prosperous commercial town1 with an appearance half ,european1 half ,turkish1 learns with wonder that its #fj1jjj inhabitants find room on what was little more than the mole that divided the ,great ,port from the ,eunostos4 ,but it should be borne in mind that old ,alexandria numbered #cjj1jjj free citizens4 ,the mosques1 the warehouses1 and the private dwellings of the present town are built of the fragments of the grand city of ,alexander4 ,the great conqueror designed to make ,alexandria the capital of the world4 ,he chose a situation the advantages of which a glance at the map will show2 and if any other proof were needed1 it may be found in the fact that1 since #ahja1 the population of the modern town has increased at the rate of one thousand a year4 ,he planned his city on such vast proportions as might be looked for from the conqueror of ,darius4 ,parallel streets crossed other streets1 and divided the city into square blocks4 ,right through its whole length1 from ,east to ,west--that is1 parallel with the sea-front--one magnificent street1 two hundred feet wide and four miles in length1 ran from the ,canopic gate to the ,necropolis4 ,a similar street1 shorter1 but of equal breadth1 crossed this at right angles1 and came out upon the great quay directly opposite the mole that joined the city with the island of ,pharos4 ,this was the famous ,heptastadion1 or ,street of the ,seven ,stadia1 and at its ,south end was the ,sun-gate2 at its ,north1 where it opened on the harbor1 the gate of the ,moon4 ,to the right1 as you passed through the ,moon-gate on to the broad quay1 was the exchange1 where merchants from all lands met each other1 in sight of the white ,pharos and the crowded shipping of the ,great ,port4 ,a little back from the gate1 in the ,heptastadion1 was the ,caesareum1 or temple of the deified ,caesars1 afterward a ,christian church4 ,near it was the ,museum1 the university of ,alexandria4 ,long marble colonnades connected the #ce university with the palace and gardens of the ,ptolemies4 ,on the opposite side of the great street was the ,serapeion1 the magnificent temple of ,serapis1 with its four hundred columns1 of which ,pompey's ,pillar is1 perhaps1 all that is left4 ,and then there was the mausoleum of ,alexander1 there were the courts of justice1 the theatres1 the baths1 the temples1 the lines of shops and houses--all on a scale of grandeur and completeness which has never been surpassed by any city of the world4 ,such a city necessarily attracted men4 ,alexandria was fitly called the many-peopled1 whether the epithet referred to the actual number of citizens or to the varieties of tongue1 complexion1 and costume that thronged its streets4 ,the ,greeks1 the ,egyptians1 and the ,jews1 each had their separate quarter2 but there were constant streams of foreigners from the remote ,india1 from the lands beyond the black rocks that bound the ,nile-valley1 and from the ,ethiopic races to which ,st4 ,matthew preached1 where the ,red ,sea becomes the ,indian ,ocean4 ,at the time we speak of1 these discordant elements were held in subjection by the ,roman conquerors1 whose legionaries trod the streets of the voluptuous city with stern and resolute step1 and were not without occasion1 oftentimes1 for a display of all the sternness and resolution which their bearing augured4 ,alexandria1 however1 in addition to the busy life of commerce and pleasure that went on among ,greeks1 ,egyptians1 ,jews1 and ,africans1 was the home of another kind of life1 still more interesting to us4 ,ptolemy ,soter1 who carried out ,alexander's plans1 was a man of no common foresight and strength of character4 ,he was not content with building a city4 ,he performed1 in addition1 two exploits1 either of which1 from modern experience1 we should be inclined to consider a title to immortality4 ,he invented a new god1 and established a university4 ,the god was ,serapis1 whom he imported from ,pergamus1 and who soon became popular4 ,the university was the ,museum1 in which lived and taught ,demetrius of ,phalerus1 ,euclid1 ,stilpo of ,megara1 ,philetas of ,cos1 ,apelles the painter1 ,callimachus1 ,theocritus1 ,eratosthenes1 ,apollonius ,rhodius1 and a host of others in philosophy1 poetry1 geometry1 astronomy1 and the arts4 ,here1 under successive ,ptolemies1 professors lectured in splendid halls1 amid honored affluence4 ,all that we have of the ,greek classics we owe to the learned men of the ,museum4 ,poetry bloomed sweetly and luxuriantly in the gardens of the ,ptolemies2 though1 it must be confessed1 not vigorously1 not as on ,ionic coast-lands1 nor as in the earnest life of ,athenian freedom--save when some ,theocritus appeared1 with his broad ,doric1 fresh from the sheep-covered downs of ,sicily4 ,the name of ,euclid suggests that geometry was cared for at the ,museum2 ,eratosthenes1 with his voluminous writings1 all of which have perished1 and his one or two discoveries1 which will never die1 may stand for the type of geography1 the science for which he lived2 and ,hipparchus1 astronomer and inventor of trigonometry1 may remind us how they taught at the ,museum that the earth was the centre of the universe1 and yet1 notwithstanding1 could foretell an eclipse almost as well as the astronomer royal4 ,in philosophy1 the university of ,alexandria has played a peculiar part4 ,as long as the ,ptolemies reigned in ,egypt1 the ,museum could boast of no philosophy save commentaries on ,aristotle and ,plato1 consisting1 in great measure1 of subtle obscurities to which the darkest quiddities of the deepest scholastic would appear to have been light reading4 ,but when the ,roman came in1 there sprang up a school of thought that has done more than any other thing to hand down the fame of ,ptolemy's university to succeeding ages4 ,alexandria was the birthplace of ,neo-,platonism1 and1 whatever we may think of the philosophy itself1 we must allow it has bestowed fame on its alma #cf mater4 ,at the dawn of the ,christian era1 ,philon the ,jew was already ransacking the great library to collect matter that should enable him to prove a common origin for the books of ,plato and of ,moses4 ,two hundred years afterward--that is1 just at the time of which we speak-- ,plotinus was listening to ,ammonius ,saccas in the lecture-hall of the ,museum1 and thinking out the system of emanations1 abysms1 and depths of which he is the first and most famous expounder4 ,porphyry1 the biographer and enthusiastic follower of ,plotinus1 was probably never at ,alexandria in person2 but his voluminous writings did much to make the ,neo-,platonist system known to ,athens and to the cities of ,italy4 ,in his youth he had listened to the lectures of ,origen1 and thus was in possession of the traditions both of the ,christian and the heathen philosophy of ,alexandria4 ,but his ,christian studies did not prevent him from being the author of that famous book1 ,against the ,christians1 which drew upon him the denunciations of thirty-five ,christian apologists1 including such champions as ,st4 ,jerome and ,st4 ,augustine4 ,the ,neo-,platonist school culminated and expired in ,proclus1 the young prodigy of ,alexandria1 the ascetic teacher of ,athens1 the inspired dogmatizer1 the heir of ,plato4 ,proclus died in #dhe1 and his chair at ,athens was filled by his foolish biographer ,marinus1 after which ,neo-,platonism never lifted up its head4 ,between the time when ,philon astonished the orthodox money-getting ,hebrews of the ,jews' quarter by his daring adoption of ,plato's ,logos1 and the day when poor old ,proclus--his once handsome and strong frame wasted by fasting and ,pythagorean austerities--died1 a drivelling old man1 in sight of the groves of the ,academe and the tomb of ,plato1 not far from whom he himself was to lie1 many a busy generation had trodden the halls of the ,museum of ,alexandria4 ,all that time the strife of words had never ceased1 in the lecture-hall1 in the gardens of the departed ,ptolemies1 round the banquet-table where the professors were feasted at the state's expense4 ,all that time the fame of ,alexandria had gathered to her ,museum the young generations that succeeded each other in the patrician homes and wealthy burghs of ,syria1 ,greece1 and ,italy4 ,they came in crowds1 with their fathers' money in their purses1 to be made learned by those of whose exploits report had told so much4 ,some came with an earnest purpose4 ,to the young medical student1 the ,alexandrian school of anatomy and the ,alexandrian diploma 7in whatever shape it was given7--not to mention the opportunity of perusing the works of the immortal ,hippocrates in forty substantial rolls of papyrus--were worth all the expense of a journey from ,rome or ,edessa4 ,to the lawyer1 the splendid collections of laws1 from those of the ,pentateuch to those of ,zamolxis the ,scythian1 were treasures only to be found in the library where the zeal of ,demetrius ,phalerius and the munificence of ,ptolemy ,philadelphus had placed them4 ,but the vast majority of the youth who flocked to the ,museum came with no other purpose than the very general one of finishing their education and fitting themselves for the world4 ,with these1 the agreeable arts of poetry and polite literature were in far greater request than law1 medicine1 astronomy1 or geography4 ,if they could get a sight of the popular poet of the hour in his morning meditation under the plane-trees of the gardens1 or could crush into a place in the theatre when he recited his new ,ode to the ,empress's ,hair2 or if they attended the lecture of the most fashionable exponent of the myths of the ,iliad1 and clapped him whenever he introduced an allusion to the divine ,plato1 it was considered a very fair morning's work1 and might be fitly rewarded by a boating party to ,canopus in the afternoon1 or a revel far into the night in any of those thousand palaces of vice #cg with which luxurious ,alexandria was so well provided4 ,and yet there is no doubt that the young men carried away from their university a certain education and a certain refinement--an education which1 though it taught them to relish the pleasures of intellect1 in no wise disposed them to forego the enjoyments of sense2 and a refinement which1 while imparting a graceful polish to the mind1 was quite compatible with the deepest moral depravity4 ,pagans as they were1 they were the fairest portion of the whole world1 for intellect1 for manliness1 for generosity1 for wit1 for beauty and strength of mind and body--natural gifts that1 like the sun and the rain1 are bestowed upon just and unjust4 ,their own intercourse with each other taught them far more than the speculations of any of the myth-hunting professors of the ,museum4 ,they crowded in to hear them1 they cheered them1 they would dispute and even fight for a favorite theory that no one understood1 with the doubtful exception of its inventor4 ,but it was not to be supposed that they really cared for abysms or mystical mathematics1 or that they were not a great deal more zealous for suppers1 and drinking bouts1 and boating parties4 ,these latter employments1 indeed1 may be said to have formed their real education4 ,greek intellect1 ,greek taste1 wit1 and beauty1 in the sunniest hour of its bloom1 mingled with its like in the grandest city that1 perhaps1 the earth has ever seen4 ,the very harbors1 and temples1 and palaces were an education4 ,the first rounding of the ,pharos--when the six-mile semicircle of granite quay and marble emporia burst on the view1 with the ,egyptian sun flashing from white wall and blue sea1 and glancing and sparkling amidst the dense picturesque multitude that roared and surged on the esplanade--disclosed a sight to make the soul grow larger4 ,the wonderful city itself was a teaching3 the assemblage of all that was best and rarest in old ,egyptian art1 and all that was freshest and most lovely in the art of ,greece1 left no corner of a street without its lesson to the eye4 ,indoors1 there was the ,museum1 with its miles of corridors and galleries1 filled with paintings and sculptures2 outside1 the ,serapeion1 the ,caesareum1 the exchange1 the palace1 the university itself1 each a more effective instructor than a year's course in the schools4 ,and after all this came the library1 with its #gjj1jjj volumes6 ,in the year of our ,lord #aha1 ships filled the ,great ,port1 merchants congregated in the exchange1 sailors and porters thronged the quays2 crowds of rich and poor1 high and low1 flocked through the streets2 youths poured in to listen to ,ammonius ,saccas1 and poured out again to riot and sin2 philosophers talked1 ,jews made money1 fashionable men took their pleasure1 slaves toiled1 citizens bought and sold and made marriages2 all the forms of busy life that had their existence within the circuit of the many-peopled city were noisily working themselves out4 ,in the same year1 ,pantaenus became the head of the catechetical school of the patriarchal ,church of ,alexandria4 ,it was the time when those who had lived and walked with the ,apostles had passed away1 and when the third generation of the ,church's rulers was already growing old4 ,st4 ,irenaeus was near his glorious end2 ,st4 ,eleutherius1 of memory dear to ,britain1 had just closed his pontificate by martyrdom1 and ,st4 ,victor sat in his place4 ,the echoes of the voice of ,peter had hardly died out in ,rome and ,antioch2 the traditions of ,paul's bodily presence were yet living in ,asia1 in ,greece1 and the ,islands2 and the sweet odor of ,john's life still hung about the places where his sojourning had been3 many a church of ,greece and ,egypt and of the far ,east had the sepulchre of its founder1 an ,apostle or an apostolic man1 round which to pray4 ,it was the age of the persecutions1 and the age of the apologies4 ,in every #ch city that was coming about which from the first had been inevitable4 ,the ,church was laying hold of human learning1 and setting it to do her own work4 ,in fixing upon ,alexandria as the spot where1 at this period1 the contest between ,christian science and ,gentile learning1 ,gentile ignorance and ,gentile brute force1 was most interesting and most developed1 we must pass by many other ,churches1 not in forgetfulness1 though in silence4 ,we must pass by ,rome1 the capital of the world1 not because there were not learned men there whom ,jesus ,christ had raised up to battle with heathen philosophy2 for it was but a few years since ,justin ,martyr had shed his blood for the faith1 and ,apollonius from his place in the senate had spoken his apology for his fellow ,christians4 ,but the enemies which the ,gospel had to meet at ,rome were not so much the learning and science of the heathen as his evil passions and vicious life2 and the sword of persecution1 at ,rome hardly ever sheathed1 kept down all attempts at regularity or organization in public teaching4 ,we must pass by ,athens1 still the intellectual capital of the world1 not because there were not at ,athens also worthy doctors of the wisdom of the cross--witness1 to the contrary1 ,athenagoras1 the ,christian philosopher1 who presented his apology to ,marcus ,aurelius4 ,but ,athens1 though at the end of the second century and long afterward she was the mother of orators1 poets1 and philosophers1 seems to have been too thoroughly steeped in the sensuous idolatry of ,greece to have harbored a school of ,christianity by the side of the ,porch and the ,lyceum4 ,if the same was true of ,athens then as a century afterward1 her smooth-tongued1 babbling sophists1 and her pagan charms1 must have had to answer for the soul of many a poor ,christian youth that went to seek learning and found perdition4 ,we pass by ,carthage1 in spite of ,tertullian's great name2 ,antioch1 notwithstanding ,theophilus1 whose labors against the heathen still bore fruit2 ,sardis1 in spite of ,melito1 then just dead1 but living still in men's mouths by the fame of his learning1 eloquence1 and miracles2 and ,hierapolis1 in spite of ,apollinaris1 who1 like so many others1 approached the emperor himself with an apology4 ,all over the ,church there were men raised up by ,god1 and fitted with learning to confront learning1 patience to instruct ignorance1 and unflinching fortitude to endure persecution--men in every way worthy to be the instruments of that great change which was being wrought out through the wide world of the ,roman empire4 ,but at ,alexandria1 the school of ,christianity existed under interesting and peculiar conditions4 ,st4 ,mark had landed on the granite quay of the ,great ,port with ,peter's commission2 he had been martyred1 and his successors had been martyred after him2 and for a long time ,christianity here1 as everywhere else1 had been contemptuously ignored4 ,it spread1 however1 as we know4 ,in time1 more than one student1 before he attended his lecture in the splendid halls of the ,museum1 had given ear to a far different lesson in a different school4 ,the ,christian catechetical school of ,alexandria is said to have been founded by ,st4 ,mark himself4 ,if so1 it is only what we might naturally expect2 for wherever heathens were being converted1 there a school of teachers had to be provided for their instruction2 and we read of similar institutions at ,jerusalem1 at ,antioch1 and at ,rome4 ,but the catechetical school of ,alexandria soon assumed an importance that no other school of those times ever attained4 ,whether it was that the influence of the university gave an impetus to regular and methodical teaching1 or that the converts in ,alexandria were in great measure from a cultivated and intellectual class1 it appears to have been found necessary from the earliest times to have an efficient school1 with a man of vigor and intellect at its head1 capable of maintaining his position even when compared #ci with the professors of the university4 ,the first of the heads or doctors of the school of whom history has left any account1 is ,pantaenus4 ,pantaenus is not so well known as his place in ,church history and his influence on his age would seem to warrant4 ,he was appointed to his important post at a time when ,christians all over the world must have been rejoicing4 ,the fourth persecution was just dying out4 ,for twenty years1 with the exception of the short interval immediately after the miracle of the ,thundering ,legion1 had ,marcus ,aurelius1 imperial philosopher of the ,stoic sort1 continued to command or connive at the butchery of his ,christian subjects4 ,what were the motives that led this paragon of virtuous pagans to lower himself to the commonplace practices of racking1 scourging1 and burning1 is a question that depends for its answer upon who the answerer is4 ,philosophers of a certain class1 from ,gibbon to ,mr4 ,mill1 are disposed to take a lenient1 if not a laudatory1 estimate of his conduct in this matter1 and think that the emperor could not have acted otherwise consistently with his principles and convictions1 as handed down to us in his ,meditations4 ,doubtless he had strong convictions on the subject of ,christianity1 though it might be questioned whether he came honestly by them4 ,but his convictions1 whatever they were1 would probably have ended in the harmless shape of philosophic contempt1 had it not been for the men by whom he was surrounded4 ,they were ,stoics1 of course1 like their master1 but their stoicism was far from confining itself to convictions and meditations4 ,they were practical ,stoics1 of the severest type which that old-world ,puritanism admitted4 ,as good ,stoics1 they were of all philosophers the most conceited1 and took it especially ill that any sect should presume to rival them in their private virtues of obstinacy and endurance4 ,it is extremely probable that the fourth persecution1 both in its commencement and its revival1 was owing to the good offices of ,marcus ,aurelius's solemn-faced favorites4 ,but1 whatever be the blame that attaches to him1 he has answered for it at the same dread tribunal at which he has answered for the deification of ,faustina and the education of ,commodus4 ,however1 about the year #ahj1 persecution ceased at ,alexandria1 and the ,christians held up their heads and revived again1 after the bitter winter through which they had just passed4 ,their first thoughts and efforts appear to have been directed to their school4 ,the name of ,pantaenus was already celebrated4 ,he was a convert from paganism1 born probably in ,sicily1 but certainly brought up in ,alexandria4 ,curiously enough1 he had been a zealous ,stoic1 and remained so1 in the ,christian sense1 after his conversion4 ,there is no doubt that he was well known among the ,gentile philosophers of ,alexandria4 ,perhaps he had lectured in the ,museum and dined in the ,hall4 ,probably he had spent many a day buried in the recesses of the great libraries1 and could give a good account of not a few of their thousands of volumes4 ,he must have known ,justin ,martyr--perhaps had something to say to the conversion of that brilliant genius1 not as a teacher1 but as a friend and fellow-student4 ,he may have come across ,galen1 when that lively medical man was pursuing his researches on the immortal ,hippocrates1 or entertaining a select circle1 in the calm of the evening1 under one of the porticos of the ,heptastadion4 ,no sooner was he placed at the head of the ,christian school than he inaugurated a great change1 or rather a great development4 ,formerly the instruction had been intended solely for converts1 that is1 catechumens1 and the matter of the teaching had corresponded with this object4 ,pantaenus changed all this4 ,the cessation of the persecution had1 perhaps1 encouraged bolder measures2 men would think there was no prospect of another1 as men generally think when a long and difficult trial is over2 so the ,christian schools were to be opened #dj to all the world4 ,if ,aristotle and ,plato1 ,epicurus and ,zeno1 had their lecturers1 should not ,jesus ,christ have schools and teachers too8 ,and what matter if the ,christian doctrine were somewhat novel and hard--was not ,ammonius the ,porter1 at that very time1 turning the heads of half the students in the city1 and filling his lecture-room to suffocation1 by expounding transcendental theories about ,plato's ,logos1 and actually teaching the doctrine of a ,trinity8 ,shame upon the ,christian name1 then1 if they who bear it do not open their doors1 now that danger is past1 and break the true bread to the hungry souls that eagerly snatch at the stones and dry sticks that others give6 ,so thought ,pantaenus4 ,of his teachings and writings hardly a trace or a record has reached us4 ,we know that he wrote valued commentaries on ,holy ,scripture1 but no fragment of them remains4 ,his teaching1 however1 as might have been expected1 was chiefly oral4 ,he met the philosophers of ,alexandria on their own ground4 ,he showed that the fame of learning1 the earnestness of character1 the vivid personal influence that were so powerful in the cause of heathen philosophy1 could be as serviceable to the philosophy of ,christ4 ,the plan was novel in the ,christian world--at least1 in its systematic thoroughness4 ,that ,pantaenus had great influence and many worthy disciples is evident from the fact that ,st4 ,clement of ,alexandria1 his successor1 was formed in his school1 and that ,st4 ,alexander of ,jerusalem1 the celebrated founder of the library which ,eusebius consulted at ,jerusalem1 writing half a century afterward to ,alexandria1 speaks with nothing less than enthusiasm of the happy memory of his old master4 ,if we could pierce the secrets of those long-past times1 what a stirring scene of reverend wisdom and youthful enthusiasm would the forgotten school of the ,sicilian convert unfold to our sight6 ,doubtless1 from amidst the confused jargon of all manner of philosophies1 the voice of the ,christian teacher arose with a clear and distinct utterance2 and the fame of ,pantaenus was carried to far countries by many a noble ,roman and many an accomplished ,greek1 zealous1 like all true academic sons1 for the glory of their favorite master4 ,after ten years of such work as this1 ,pantaenus vacated his chair1 and went forth as a missionary bishop to convert the ,indians4 ,before passing on to his successor1 a few words on this ,indian mission1 apparently so inopportune for such a man at such a time1 will be interesting1 and not unconnected with the history of the ,christian schools4 ,in the many-peopled city there were men from all lands and of all shades of complexion4 ,it was nothing strange1 then1 that an embassy of swarthy ,indians should have one day waited on the patriarch and begged for an apostle to take home with them to their countrymen4 ,no wonder1 either1 that they specified the celebrated master of the catechisms as their dignissimus4 ,the only wonder is that he was allowed to go4 ,yet he went2 he set out with them1 sailed to ,canopus1 the ,alexandrian ,richmond1 where the canal joined the ,nile2 sailed up the ancient stream to ,koptos1 where the overland route began2 joined the caravan that travelled thence1 from well to well1 to ,berenice1 ,philadelphus's harbor on the ,red ,sea2 embarked1 and1 after sailing before the monsoon for seventy days1 arrived at the first ,indian port1 probably that which is now ,mangalore1 in the presidency of ,bombay4 ,this1 in all likelihood1 was the route and the destination of ,pantaenus4 ,now those among whom his missionary labors appear to have lain were ,brahmins1 and ,brahmins of great learning and extraordinary strictness of life4 ,moreover1 there appears to be no reason to doubt that the ,church founded by ,st4 ,thomas still existed1 and even flourished1 in these very parts1 though its apostolic founder had been martyred a hundred years before4 ,it was not so unreasonable1 then1 that #da a bishop like ,pantaenus should have been selected for such a ,church and such a people4 ,let the reader turn to the story of ,robert de' ,nobili1 and of ,john de ,britto1 whose field of labor extended to within a hundred miles of master in human learning when the the very spot where ,pantaenus probably landed4 ,st4 ,francis ,xavier had already found ,christians in that region who bore distinct traces of a former connection with ,alexandria1 in the very points in which they deviated from orthodoxy4 ,de' ,nobili's transformation of himself into a ,brahmin of the strictest and most learned caste is well known4 ,he dressed and lived as a ,brahmin1 roused the curiosity of his adopted brethren1 opened school1 and taught philosophy1 inculcating such practical conclusions as it is unnecessary to specify4 ,de ,britto did the very same things4 ,if any one will compare the ,brahmins of ,de ,britto and ,de' ,nobili with those earlier ,brahmins of ,pantaenus1 as described1 for instance1 by ,cave from ,palladius1 he will not fail to be struck with the similarity of accounts2 and if we might be permitted to fill up the picture upon these conjectural hints1 we should say that it seems to us very likely that ,pantaenus1 during the years that he was lost to ,alexandria1 was expounding and enforcing1 in the flowing cotton robes of a venerable ,saniastes1 the same deep philosophy to ,indian audiences as he had taught to admiring ,greeks in the modest pallium of a ,stoic4 ,recent missionary experience has uniformly gone to prove that deep learning and asceticism are1 humanly speaking1 absolutely necessary in order to attempt the conversion of ,brahmins with any prospect of success3 and the mission of ,pantaenus seems at once to furnish an illustration of this fact1 and to afford an interesting glimpse of ,christian ,missions in the second century4 ,but we must return to ,alexandria4 ,the name that succeeds ,pantaenus on the rolls of the ,school of the ,catechisms is ,titus ,flavius ,clemens1 immortalized in history as ,clement of ,alexandria4 ,he had sat under ,pantaemus1 but he was no ordinary scholar4 ,like his instructor1 he was a convert from paganism4 ,he was already master in human learning when the grace came4 ,he had sought far and wide for the truth1 and had found it in the ,catholic ,church1 and into the lap of his new mother he had poured all the treasures of ,egyptian wisdom which he had gathered in his quest4 ,athens1 ,southern ,italy1 ,assyria1 and ,palestine had each been visited by the eager searcher2 and1 last of all1 ,egypt1 and ,alexandria1 and ,pantaenus had been the term of his travels1 and had given to his lofty soul the admirable light of ,jesus ,christ4 ,when ,pantaenus went out as a missioner to ,india1 ,clement1 who had already assisted his beloved master in the work of the schools1 succeeded him as their director and head4 ,it was to be ,clement's task to carry on and to develop the work that ,pantaenus had inaugurated--to make ,christianity not only understood by the catechumens and loved by the faithful1 but recognized and respected by the pagan philosophers4 ,unless we can clearly see the necessity1 or1 at least1 the reality of the philosophical side of his character1 and the influences that were at work to make him hold fast to ,aristotle and ,plato1 even after he had got far beyond them1 we shall infallibly set him down1 like his modern biographers1 as a half-converted heathen1 with the shell of ,platonism still adhering to him4 ,it cannot be doubted that in a society like that of ,alexandria in its palmy days there were many earnest seekers of the truth1 even as ,clement himself had sought it4 ,one might even lay it down as a normal fact1 that it was the character of an ,alexandrian1 as distinguished from an ,athenian1 to speculate for the sake of practising1 and not to spend his time in either telling or hearing some new thing4 ,if an ,alexandrian was a ,stoic1 never was ,stoic more demure or more intent on warring against his body1 after ,stoic #db fashion2 if a geometrican1 no disciple of ,bacon was ever more assiduous in experimentalizing1 measuring1 comparing1 and deducing laws2 if a ,platonist1 then geometry1 ethics1 poetry1 and everything else1 were enthusiastically pressed into the one great occupation of life--the realizing the ideal and the getting face to face with the unseen4 ,that all this earnestness did not uniformly result in success was only too true4 ,much speculation1 great earnestness1 and no grand objective truth at the end of it--this was often the lot of the philosophic inquirer of ,alexandria4 ,the consequence was that not unfrequently1 disgusted by failure1 he ended by rushing headlong into the most vicious excesses1 or1 becoming a victim to despair1 perished by his own hand4 ,so familiar1 indeed1 had this resource of disappointment become to the philosophic mind1 that ,hegesias1 a professor in the ,museum1 a little before the ,christian era1 wrote a book counselling self-murder2 and so many people actually followed his advice as to oblige the reigning ,ptolemy to turn ,grand ,inquisitor even in free-thinking ,egypt1 and forbid the circulation of the book4 ,yet all this1 while it revealed a depth of moral wretchedness which it is frightful to contemplate1 showed also a certain desperate earnestness2 and doubtless there were1 even among those who took refuge in one or other of these dreadful alternatives1 men who1 in their beginnings1 had genuine aspirations after truth1 mingled with the pride of knowledge and a mere intellectual curiosity4 ,doubtless1 too1 there was many a sincere and guileless soul among the philosophic herd1 to whom1 humanly speaking1 nothing more was wanting than the preaching of the faith4 ,their eyes were open1 as far as they could be without the light of revelation3 let the light shine1 and1 by the help of divine grace1 they would admit its beams into their souls4 ,there are many such1 in every form of error4 ,in ,clement's days1 especially1 there were many whom ,neo-,platonism1 the ,puseyism of paganism1 cast up from the ocean of unclean error upon the shores of the ,church4 ,take the case of ,justin ,martyr3 he was a young ,oriental of noble birth and considerable wealth4 ,in the early part of the second century1 we find him trying first one school of philosophers and then another1 and abandoning each in disgust4 ,the ,stoics would talk to him of nothing but virtues and vices1 of regulating the diet and curbing the passions1 and keeping the intellect as quiet as possible--a convenient way1 as experience taught them1 of avoiding trouble2 whereas ,justin wanted to hear something of the ,absolute ,being1 and of that ,being's dealings with his own soul--a kind of inquiry which the ,stoics considered altogether useless and ridiculous1 if not reprehensible4 ,leaving the ,stoics1 he devoted himself heart and soul to a sharp ,peripatetic1 but quarrelled with him shortly and left him in disgust2 the cause of disagreement being1 apparently1 a practical theory entertained by his preceptor on the subject of fees4 ,he next took to the disciples of ,pythagoras4 ,but with these he succeeded no better than with the others2 for the ,pythagoreans reminded him that no one ignorant of mathematics could be admitted into their select society4 ,mathematics1 in a ,pythagorean point of view1 included geometry1 astronomy1 and music--all those sciences1 in fact1 in which there was any scope for those extraordinary freaks of numbers which delighted the followers of the old vegetarian4 ,justin1 having no inclination to undergo a novitiate in mathematics1 abandoned the ,pythagoreans and went elsewhere4 ,the ,platonists were the next who attracted him4 ,he found no lack of employment for the highest qualities of his really noble soul in the lofty visions of ,plato and the sublimated theories of his disciples and commentators2 though it appears a little singular that1 with his propensities toward the ideal and abstract1 he should have tried so many masters before he #dc sat down under ,plato4 ,however1 be that as it may1 ,plato seems to have satisfied him for a while1 and he began to think he was growing a very wise man1 when these illusions were rudely dispelled4 ,one day he had walked down to a lonely spot by the sea-shore1 meditating1 probably1 some deep idea1 and perhaps declaiming occasionally some passage of ,plato's ,olympian ,greek4 ,in his solitary walk he met an old man1 and entered into conversation with him4 ,the event of this conversation was that ,justin went home with a wonderfully reduced estimate of his own wisdom1 and a determination to get to know a few things about which ,plato1 on the old man's showing1 had been woefully in the dark4 ,justin became a convert to ,christianity4 ,now1 ,justin had been at ,alexandria1 and1 whether the conversation he relates ever really took place1 or is merely an oratorical fiction1 the story is one that represents substantially what must have happened over and over again to those who thronged the university of ,alexandria1 wearing the black cloak of the philosopher4 ,justin lived and was martyred some half a century before ,clement sat in the chair of the catechisms4 ,but it is quite plain that1 in such a state of society1 there would not be wanting many of his class and temperament who1 in ,clement's time1 as well as fifty years before1 were in search of the true philosophy4 ,and we must not forget that in ,alexandria there were actually thousands of well-born1 intellectual young men from every part of the ,roman empire4 ,to the earnest among these ,clement was1 indeed1 no ordinary master4 ,in the first place1 he was their equal by birth and education1 with all the intellectual keenness of his native ,athens1 and all the ripeness and versatility of one who had seen many cities of men and their manners4 ,next1 he had himself been a ,gentile1 and had gone through all those phases of the soul that precede and accompany the process of conversion4 ,if any one knew their difficulties and their sore places1 it was he1 the converted philosopher4 ,if any one was capable of satisfying a generous mind as to which was the true philosophy1 it was he who had travelled the world over in search of it4 ,he could tell the swarthy ,syrian that it was of no use to seek the classic regions of ,ionia1 for he had tried them1 and the truth was not there2 he could assure him it was waste of time to go to ,athens1 for the ,porch and the ,garden were babbling of vain questions--he had listened in them all4 ,he could calm the ardor of the young ,athenian1 his countryman1 eager to try the banks of the ,orontes1 and to interrogate the sages of ,syria2 for he could tell him beforehand what they would say4 ,he could shake his head when the young ,egyptian1 fresh from the provincial luxury of ,antinoe1 mentioned ,magna ,graecia as a mysterious land where the secret of knowledge was perhaps in the hands of the descendants of the ,pelasgi4 ,he had tried ,tarentum1 he had tried ,neapolis2 they were worse than the ,serapeion in unnameable licentiousness--less in earnest than the votaries that crowded the pleasure-barges of the ,nile at a festival of the ,moon4 ,he had asked1 he had tried1 he had tasted4 ,the truth1 he could tell them1 was at their doors4 ,it was elsewhere1 too4 ,it was in ,neapolis1 in ,antioch1 in ,athens1 in ,rome2 but they would not find it taught in the chairs of the schools1 nor discussed by noble frequenters of the baths and the theatres4 ,he knew it1 and he could tell it to them4 ,and as he added many a tale of his wanderings and searchings--many an instance of genius falling short1 of good-will laboring in the dark1 of earnestness painfully at fault--many of those who heard him would yield themselves up to the vigorous thinker whose brow showed both the capacity and the unwearied activity of the soul within4 ,he was the very man to be made a hero of4 ,whatever there was in the circle of ,gentile philosophy he knew4 ,st4 ,jerome calls #dd him the most learned of the writers of the ,church1 and ,st4 ,jerome must have spoken with the sons of those who had heard him lecture--noble ,christian patricians1 perchance1 whose fathers had often told them how1 in fervent boyhood1 they had been spell-bound by his words in the ,christian school of ,alexandria1 or learned bishops of ,palestine1 who had heard of him from ,origen at ,caesarea or ,st4 ,alexander at ,jerusalem4 ,from the same ,st4 ,alexander1 who had listened to ,pantaenus by his side1 we learn that he was as holy as he was learned2 and ,theodoret1 whose school did not dispose him to admire what came from the catechetical doctors of ,alexandria1 is our authority for saying that his eloquence was unsurpassed4 ,in the fourth edition of ,cave's ,apostolici1 there is a portrait that we would fain vouch to be genuine4 ,the massive1 earnest face1 of the ,aristotelian type1 the narrow1 perpendicular ,grecian brow1 with its corrugations of thought and care1 the venerable flowing beard1 dignifying1 but not concealing1 the homely and fatherly mouth1 seem to suggest a man who had made all science his own1 yet who now valued a little one of ,jesus ,christ above all human wisdom and learning4 ,but we have no record of those features that were once the cynosure of many eyes in the many-peopled city2 we have no memorial of the figure that spoke the truths of the ,gospel in the words of ,plato4 ,we know not how he looked1 nor how he sat1 when he began with his favorite master1 and showed1 with inexhaustible learning1 where he had caught sight of the truth1 and1 again1 where his mighty but finite intellect had failed for want of a more admirable light2 nor how he kindled when he had led his hearers through the vestibule of the old philosophy1 and stood ready to lift the curtain of that which was at once its consummation and its annihilation4 ,but the philosophers of ,alexandria1 so-called1 were by no means1 without exception1 earnest1 high-minded1 and well-meaning4 ,leaving out of the question the mob of students who came ostensibly for wisdom1 but got only a very doubtful substitute1 and were quite content with it1 we know that the ,museum was the headquarters of an anti-,christian philosophy which1 in ,clement's time1 was in the very spring of its vigorous development4 ,exactly contemporary with him was the celebrated ,ammonius the ,porter1 the teacher of ,plotinus1 and therefore the parent of ,neo-,platonism4 ,ammonius had a very great name and a very numerous school4 ,that he was a ,christian by birth1 there is no doubt2 and he was probably a ,christian still when he landed at the ,great ,port and found employment as a ship-porter4 ,history is divided as to his behavior after his wonderful elevation from the warehouses to the halls of the ,museum4 ,st4 ,jerome and ,eusebius deny that he apostatized1 while the very questionable authority of the unscrupulous ,porphyry is the only testimony that can be adduced on the other side2 but1 even if he continued to be a ,christian1 his orthodoxy is rather damaged when we find him praised by such men as ,plotinus1 ,longinus1 and ,hierocles4 ,some would cut the knot by asserting the existence of two ,ammoniuses1 one a pagan apostate1 the other a ,christian bishop--a solution equally contradicted by the witnesses on both sides4 ,but1 whatever ,saccas was1 there is no doubt as to what was the effect of his teaching on1 at least1 half of his hearers4 ,if we might hazard a conjecture1 we should say that he appears to have been a man of great cleverness1 and even genius1 but too much in love with his own brilliancy and his own speculations not to come across the ecclesiastical authority in a more or less direct way4 ,he supplied many imposing premises which ,origen1 representing the sound half of his audience1 used for ,christian purposes1 whilst ,plotinus employed them for revivifying the dead body of paganism4 ,the brilliant sack-bearer seems to have been1 at the very least1 a liberal #de ,christian1 who was too gentlemanly to mention so very vulgar a thing as the ,christian superstition in the classic gardens of the palace1 or at the serene banquets of sages in the ,symposium4 ,the question1 then1 is1 ,how did ,christianity1 as a philosophy1 stand in relation to the affluent professors of ,ptolemy's university8 ,that they had been forced to see there was such a thing as ,christianity1 before the time of which we speak 7,a4,d4 #bjj71 it is impossible to doubt4 ,it must have dawned upon the comprehension of the most imperturbable grammarian and the most materialist surgeon of the ,museum that a new teaching of some kind was slowly but surely striking root in the many forms of life that surrounded them4 ,rumors must long before have been heard in the common hall that executions had taken place of several members of a new sect or society1 said to be impious in its tenets and disloyal in its practice4 ,no doubt the assembled sages had expended at the time much intricate quibble and pun1 after heavy ,alexandrian fashion1 on the subject of those wretched men2 more especially when it was put beyond doubt that no promises of reward or threats of punishment had availed to make them compromise their opinions in the slightest tittle4 ,then the matter would die out1 to be revived several times in the same way2 until at last some one would make inquiries1 and would find that the new sect was not only spreading1 but1 though composed apparently of the poor and the humble1 was clearly something very different from the fantastic religions or brutal no-religions of the ,alexandrian mob4 ,it would be gradually found out1 moreover1 that men of name and of parts were in its ranks2 nay1 some day of days1 that learned company in the ,hall would miss one of its own number1 after the most reverend the curator had asked a blessing--if ever he did--and it would come out that ,professor ,so-and-so1 learned and austere as he was1 had become a ,christian6 ,and some would merely wonder1 but1 that past1 would ask their neighbor1 in the equivalent ,attic1 if there were to be no more cakes and ale1 because he had proved himself a fool2 others would wonder1 and feel disturbed1 and think about asking a question or two1 though not to the extent of abandoning their seats at that comfortable board4 ,the majority1 doubtless1 at ,alexandria as elsewhere1 set down ,christianity as some new superstition1 freshly imported from the home of all superstitions1 the ,east4 ,there were some who hated it1 and pursued it with a vehemence of malignant lying that can suggest only one source of inspiration1 that is to say1 the father of all lies himself4 ,of this class were ,crescens the ,cynic1 the prime favorite of ,marcus ,aurelius1 and ,celsus1 called the ,epicurean1 but who1 in his celebrated book1 written at this very time1 appears as veritable a ,platonist as ,plotinus himself4 ,then1 again1 there were others who found no difficulty in recognizing ,christianity as a sister philosophy--who1 in fact1 rather welcomed it as affording fresh material for dialectics--good1 easy men of routine1 blind enough to the vital questions which the devil's advocates clearly saw to be at stake4 ,galen is pre-eminently a writer who has reflected the current gossip of the day4 ,he was a hard student in his youth1 and a learned and even high-minded man in his maturity1 but he frequently shows himself in his writings as the fashionable physician1 with one or two of the weaknesses of that well-known character4 ,he spent a long time at ,alexandria1 just before ,clement became famous1 studying under ,heraclian1 consulting the immortal ,hippocrates1 and profiting by the celebrated dissecting-rooms of the ,museum1 in which1 unless they are belied1 the interests of science were so paramount that they used to dissect--not live horses2 but living slaves4 ,he could not1 therefore1 fail to have known how ,christianity was regarded at the ,museum4 ,speaking of ,christians1 then1 in his works1 he of course retails a good deal of #df nonsense about them1 such as we can imagine him to have exchanged with the rich gluttons and swollen philosophers whom he had to attend professionally in ,roman society2 but when he speaks seriously1 and of what he had himself observed1 he says1 frankly and honestly1 that the ,christians deserved very great praise for sobriety of life1 and for their love of virtue1 in which they equalled or surpassed the greatest philosophers of the age4 ,so thought1 in all probability1 many of the learned men of ,alexandria4 ,the ,church1 on her side1 was not averse to appearing before the ,gentiles in the garb of philosophy1 and it was very natural that the ,christian teachers should encourage this idea1 with the aim and hope of gaining admittance for themselves and their good tidings into the very heart of pagan learning4 ,and was not ,christianity a philosophy8 ,in the truest sense of the word--and1 what is more to the purpose1 in the sense of the philosophers of ,alexandria--it was a philosophy4 ,the narrowed meaning that in our days is assigned to philosophy1 as distinguished from religion1 had no existence in the days of ,clement4 ,wisdom was the wisdom by excellence1 the highest1 the ultimate wisdom4 ,what the ,hebrew preacher meant when he said1 ,wisdom is better than all the most precious things1 the same was intended by the ,alexandrian lecturer when he offered to show his hearers where wisdom was to be found4 ,it meant the fruit of the highest speculation1 and at the same time the necessary ground of all-important practice4 ,in our days the child learns at the altar-rails that its end is to love ,god1 and serve him1 and be happy with him2 and after many years have passed1 the child1 now a man1 studies and speculates on the reasons and the bearings of that short1 momentous sentence4 ,in the old ,greek world the intellectual search came first1 and the practical sentence was the wished-for result4 ,a system of philosophy was1 therefore1 in ,clement's time1 tantamount to a religion4 ,it was the case especially with the learned4 ,serapis and ,isis were all very well for the old women and the sailors1 but the laureate and the astronomer royal of the ,ptolemies1 and the professors1 many and diverse1 of arts and ethics1 in the ,museum1 scarcely took pains to conceal their utter contempt for the worship of the vulgar4 ,their idols were something more spiritual1 their incense was of a more ethereal kind4 ,could they not dispute about the ,absolute ,being8 and had they not glimpses of something indefinitely above and yet indefinably related to their own souls1 in the ,logos of the divine ,plato8 ,so the ,stoic mortified his flesh for the sake of some ulterior perfectibility of which he could give no clear account to himself2 the ,epicurean contrived to take his fill of pleasure1 on the maxim that enjoyment was the end of our being1 and tomorrow we die2 the ,platonist speculated and pursued his air-travelling and cloud-questioning1 like ,socrates in the basket1 in a vain but tempting endeavor to see what ,god was to man and man to ,god2 the ,peripatetic1 the ,eclectic1 and all the rest1 disputed1 scoffed1 or dogmatized about many things1 certainly1 but1 mainly and finally1 on those questions that will never lie still3--,who are we8 and1 ,who placed us here8 ,philosophy included religion1 and therefore ,christianity was a philosophy4 ,when ,clement1 then1 told the philosophers of ,alexandria that he could teach them the true philosophy1 he was saying not only what was perfectly true1 but what was perfectly understood by them4 ,the catechetical school was1 and appeared to them1 as truly a philosophical lecture-room as the halls of the ,museum4 ,clement himself had been an ardent philosopher1 and he reverently loved his masters1 ,socrates and ,plato and ,aristotle1 whilst he had the feelings of a brother toward the philosophers of his own day4 ,he became a ,christian1 and his dearest object was to win his brethren to a participation in his own good fortune4 #dg ,he did not burn his philosophical books and anathematize his masters2 like ,st4 ,paul1 he availed himself of the good that was in them and commended it1 and then proclaimed that he had the key of the treasure which they had labored to find and had not found4 ,this explains how it is that1 in ,clement of ,alexandria1 the philosopher's mantle seems almost to hide the simple garb of the ,christian4 ,this also explains why he is called1 and indeed calls himself1 an ,eclectic in his system2 and this marks out the drift and the aim of the many allusions to philosophy that we find in his extant works1 and in the traditions of his teaching that have come down to us4 ,if ,christianity was truly called a philosophy1 what should we expect in its champion but that he should be a philosopher8 ,men in these days read the ,stromata1 and find that it is1 on the outside1 more like ,plato than like ,jesus ,christ2 and thus they make small account of it1 because they cannot understand its style1 or the reason for its adoption4 ,the grounds of questions and the forms of thought have shifted since the days of the catechetical school4 ,but ,clement's fellow-citizens understood him4 ,the thrifty young ,byzantine1 for instance1 understood him1 who had been half-inclined to join the ,stoics1 but had come1 in his threadbare pallium1 to hear the ,christian teacher1 and who was told that asceticism was very good and commendable1 but that the end of it all was ,god and the love of ,god1 and that this end could only be attained by a ,christian4 ,the languid but intellectual man of fashion understood him1 who had grown sick of the jargon of his ,platonist professors about the perfect man and the archetypal humanity1 and who now felt his inmost nature stirred to its depths by the announcement and description of the ,word made flesh4 ,the learned stranger from ,antioch or ,athens1 seeking for the truth1 understood him1 when he said that the ,christian dogma alone could create and perfect the true ,gnostic or ,knower2 he understood perfectly the importance of the object1 provided the assertion were true1 as it might turn out to be4 ,unless ,clement had spoken of asceticism1 of the perfect man1 and of the true ,gnostic1 his teaching would not have come home to the self-denying student1 to the thoughtful sage1 to the brilliant youth1 to all that was great and generous and amiable in the huge heathen society of the crowded city4 ,as it was1 he gained a hearing1 and1 having done so1 he said to the ,alexandrians1 ,your masters in philosophy are great and noble3 ,i honor them1 ,i admire and accept them2 but they did not go far enough1 as you all acknowledge4 ,come to us1 then1 and we will show what is wanting in them4 ,listen to these old ,hebrew writers whom ,i will quote to you4 ,you see that they treated of all your problems1 and had solved the deepest of them1 whilst your forefathers were groping in darkness4 ,all their light1 and much more1 is our inheritance4 ,the truth1 which you seek1 we possess4 ',what you worship1 without knowing it1 that ,i preach to you4' ,god's ,word has been made flesh--has lived on this earth1 the model man1 the absolute man4 ,come to us1 and we will show you how you may know ,god through him1 and how through him ,god communicates himself to you4 ,but here he stopped4 ,the discipline of the secret allowed him to go no further in public4 ,the listening ,christians knew well what he meant2 his pagan hearers only surmised that there was more behind4 ,and was it not much that ,christianity should thus measure strength and challenge a contest with the old ,greek civilization on equal terms1 and about those very matters of intellect and high ethics in which it especially prided itself8 ,but the contest1 never a friendly one1 save with the dullest and easiest of the pagan philosophers1 very soon grew to be war to the knife4 ,we have said that the quiet lovers of literature among the heathen men of science were perfectly ready to admit the ,christian philosophy to a fair share #dh in the arena of disputation and discussion1 looking upon it as being1 at worst1 only a foolish system of obtrusive novelties1 which might safely be left to their own insignificancy4 ,but1 quite unexpectedly and startlingly for easy-going philosophers1 ,christianity was found1 not merely to claim the possession of truth1 but to claim it wholly and solely4 ,and1 what was still more intolerable1 its doctors maintained that its adoption or rejection was no open speculative question1 but a tremendous practical matter1 involving nothing less than all morality here and all happiness hereafter2 and that the unfortunate philosopher1 who1 in his lofty serenity1 approved it as right1 and yet followed the wrong1 would have to undergo certain horrors after death1 the bare suggestion of which seemed an outrage on the dignity of the philosophical character4 ,this was quite enough for hatred2 and the philosophers1 as their eyes began to open1 saw that ,crescens and ,celsus were right1 and accorded their hatred most freely and heartily4 ,but ,christianity did not stop here4 ,with the old original schools and their offshoots it was a recognized principle that philosophy was only for philosophers2 and this was especially true of ,clement's most influential contemporaries1 the ,neo-,platonists4 ,the vulgar had no part in it1 in fact could not come within the sphere of its influence2 how could they8 ,how could the sailors1 who1 after a voyage1 went to pay their vows in the temple of ,neptune on the quay1 or the porters who dragged the grain sacks and the hemp bundles from the tall warehouses to the holds of ,syrian and ,greek merchantmen1 or the negro slaves who fanned the brows of the foreign prince1 or the armorers of the ,jews' quarter1 or the dark-skinned1 bright-eyed ,egyptian women of the ,rhacotis suspected of all evil from thieving to sorcery1 or1 more than all1 the drunken revellers and poor harlots who made night hideous when the ,egyptian moon looked down on the palaces of the ,brucheion--how could any of these find access to the sublime secrets of ,plato or the profound commentaries of his disciples8 ,even if they had come in crowds to the lecture-halls--which no one wanted them to do1 or supposed they would do--they could not have been admitted nor entertained2 for even the honest occupations of life1 the daily labors necessary in a city of #cjj1jjj freemen1 were incompatible with imbibing the divine spirit of philosophy4 ,so the philosophers had nothing to say to all these4 ,if they had been asked what would become of such poor workers and sinners1 they would probably have avoided an answer as best they could4 ,there were the temples and ,serapis and ,isis and the priests--they might go to them4 ,it was certain that philosophy was not meant for the vulgar4 ,in fact1 philosophy would be unworthy of a habitation like the ,museum--would deserve to have its pensions stopped1 its common hall abolished1 and its lecture-rooms shut up--if ever it should condescend to step into the streets and speak to the herd4 ,it was1 therefore1 with a disgust unspeakable1 and a swiftly-ripening hatred1 that the philosophers saw ,christianity openly proclaiming and practising the very opposite of all this4 ,true1 it had learned men and respected men in its ranks1 but it loudly declared that its mission was to the lowly1 and the mean1 and the degraded1 quite as much as to the noble1 and the rich1 and the virtuous4 ,it maintained that the true divine philosophy1 the source of joy for the present and hope for the future1 was as much in the power of the despised bondsman1 trembling under the lash1 as of the prince-governor1 or the ,caesar himself1 haughtily wielding the insignia of sovereignty4 ,we know what its pretensions and tenets were1 but it is difficult to realize how they must have clashed with the notions of intellectual paganism in the city of ,plotinus--how the hands that would have been gladly held out in friendship1 had it come in respectable #di and conventional guise1 were shut and clenched1 when they saw in its train the rough mechanic1 the poor maid-servant1 the negro1 and the harlot4 ,there could be no compromise between two systems such as these4 ,for a time it might have seemed as if they could decide their quarrel in the schools1 but the old ,serpent and his chief agents knew better3 and so did ,clement and the ,christian doctors1 at the very time that they were taking advantage of fair weather to occupy every really strong position which the enemy held4 ,the struggle soon grew into the deadly hand-to-hand grapple that ended in leaving the corpse of paganism on the ground1 dead but not buried1 to be gradually trodden out of sight by a new order of things4 ,it must not1 however1 be supposed that the ,christian school of ,alexandria was wholly1 or even chiefly1 employed in controversy with the schools of the heathen4 ,the first care of the ,church was1 as at all times1 the household of the faith3 a care1 however1 in the fulfilment of which there is less that strikes as novel or interesting at first sight than in that remarkable aggressive movement of which it has been our object to give some idea4 ,but even in the ,church's household working there is much that is both instructive and interesting1 as we get a glimpse of it in ,clement of ,alexandria4 ,the ,church in ,alexandria1 as elsewhere1 was made up of men from every lot and condition of life4 ,there were officials1 civil and military1 merchants1 shop-keepers1 work-people--plain1 hard-striving men1 husbands1 and fathers of families4 ,in the wake of the upper thousands followed a long and wide train--the multitude who compose the middle classes of a great city2 and it was from their ranks that the ,church was mainly recruited4 ,they might not feel much interest in the university1 beyond the fact that its numerous and wealthy students were a welcome stimulus to trade2 but still they had moral and intellectual natures4 ,they must have craved for some kind of food for their minds and hearts1 and cannot have been satisfied with the dry1 unnourishing scraps that were flung to them by the supercilious philosophers4 ,they must have felt no small content--those among them who had the grace to hearken to the teachings of ,clement--when he told them that the philosophy he taught was as much for them as for their masters and their betters4 ,they listened to him1 weighed his words1 and accepted them2 and then a great question arose4 ,it was a question that was being debated and settled at ,antioch1 at ,rome1 and at ,athens1 no less than at ,alexandria2 but at ,alexandria it was ,clement who answered it4 ,we believe your good tidings1 they said2 but tell us1 must we change our lives wholly and entirely8 ,is everything that we have been doing so far1 and our fathers have been doing before us1 miserably and radically wrong8 ,they had bought and sold2 they had married and given in marriage2 they had filled their warehouses and freighted their ships2 they had planted and builded1 and brought up their sons and daughters4 ,they had loved money1 and the praise of their fellow-men2 they had their fashions and their customs1 old and time-honored1 and so interwoven with their very life as to be almost identified with it4 ,some of their notions and practices the bare announcement of the ,gospel sufficiently condemned2 and these must go at once4 ,but where was the line to be drawn8 ,did the ,gospel aim at regenerating the world by forbidding marriage and laying a ban on human labor2 by making life intolerable with asceticism2 by emptying the streets and the market-places1 and driving men to ,nitria and the frightful rocks of the ,upper ,nile8 ,and what made the question doubly exciting was the two-fold fact1 first1 that in those very days men and women were continually fleeing from home and family1 and hiding1 in the desert2 and secondly1 that there were in that very city congregations of #ej men calling themselves ,christians1 who proclaimed that it was wrong to marry1 and that flesh-meat and wine were sinful indulgences4 ,the answer that ,clement gave to these questionings is found mainly in that work of his which is called ,paedagogus1 or ,the ,teacher4 ,the answer needed was a sharp1 a short1 and a decisive one4 ,it needed to be like a surgical operation--rapidly performed1 completed1 with nothing further to be done but to fasten the bandages1 and leave the patient to the consequences1 whatever they might be4 ,society had to be reset4 ,we need not repeat for the thousandth time the fact of the unutterable corruptness and rottenness of the whole pagan world4 ,it was not that there were wanting certain true ideas of duty toward the state1 the family1 the fellow-citizen3 the evil lay far deeper4 ,it was not good sense that was wanting2 it was the sense of the supernatural4 ,let us eat and drink1 for to-morrow we die1 was the formula that expressed the code of popular morality2 and because men could not eat and drink comfortably and luxuriously without some sort of law1 order1 and mutual compact1 it followed as a necessary consequence that there must be law1 order1 and compact4 ,it was not1 therefore1 that ,clement had merely to hold up the ,gospel and show them its meaning here and its application there4 ,he had to shift the very groundwork of morality1 to take up the very foundations of the moral acts that go to make up life as viewed in the light of right and wrong4 ,he had to substitute heaven for earth1 hereafter for here1 ,god for self4 ,and he did so--in a fashion not unknown in the ,catholic ,church since1 as indeed it had been not unknown to ,st4 ,paul long before4 ,he simply held up to them the crucifix4 ,let any one turn to the commencement of the ,paedagogus1 and he will find a description of what a teacher ought to be4 ,at the beginning of the second chapter he will read these words3 ,my children1 our teacher is like the ,father1 whose ,son he is2 in whom there is no sin1 great or small1 nor any temptation to sin2 ,god in the figure of a man1 stainless1 obedient to his ,father's will2 the ,word1 true ,god1 who is in the ,father1 who is at the ,father's right hand1 true ,god in the form of a man2 to whom we must strive with all our might to make ourselves like4 ,it sounds like the commencement of a children's retreat in one of our modern cities to hear ,clement proclaim so anxiously that the teacher and model of men is no other than ,jesus1 and that we must all become children1 and go and listen to him and study him2 yet it is a sentence that must have spoken to the very inmost hearts of all who had a thought or care for their souls in ,alexandria2 and one can perceive1 in the terms used in the original ,greek1 a conscious adaptation of epithets to meet more than one ,platonic difficulty4 ,it was the reconciliation of the true with the beautiful4 ,the ,alexandrians1 ,greek and ,egyptian1 with their ,greek longings for the beautiful1 and their ,egyptian tendings to the sensible1 were not put off by ,clement with a cold abstraction4 ,a mathematical deity1 formed out of lines1 relations1 and analogies1 such as ,neo-,platonism offered1 was well enough for the lecture-room1 but had small hold upon the heart4 ,christianity restored the thrilling sense of a personal ,god1 which ,neo-,platonism destroyed1 but for which men still sighed1 though they knew not what they were sighing for2 and ,christianity1 by ,clement's mouth1 taught that the living and lovely life of ,jesus was to be the end and the measure of the life of all4 ,they were to follow him3 ,my angel shall walk before you1 is ,clement's own quotation4 ,and having thus laid down the regenerating principle--,god through ,jesus ,christ--he descends safely and fearlessly into details4 ,minutely and carefully he handles the problems of life1 and sets them straight by the light of the life of ,jesus4 ,these details and these directions1 #ea as left to us by ,clement in the ,paedagogus1 are only what we might anticipate from a ,christian teacher to his flock2 and yet they are very interesting1 and disclose many facts that are full of suggestion to one who reads by the light of the ,catholic faith4 ,who would not like to hear what ,clement said to the ,church of ,alexandria about dress1 beauty1 feasting1 drinking1 furniture1 conversation1 money1 theatres1 sleep1 labor1 and housekeeping8 ,we know well that there must have been ample scope for discourse on all these topics4 ,the rich ,alexandrians1 like the rich ,romans1 and the rich ,corinthians1 and the rich everywhere1 were fearfully addicted to luxury1 and their poorer neighbors followed their example as well as they could4 ,but there were circumstances peculiar to ,alexandria that enabled it to outdo the rest of the world in this matter2 putting ,rome1 of course1 out of the question4 ,it was the market for ,india2 and seeing that almost everything in the way of apparel came from ,india1 ,alexandria had the pick of the best that the world could afford1 and seems not to have been behindhand in taking advantage of its privilege4 ,nobody enjoyed more than the ,alexandrian-- whether he were a descendant of the ,macedonian who came in with the ,conqueror1 or a parvenu of yesterday grown great by his wheat-ships or his silk-bales--to sweep the ,heptastadion1 or promenade the ,great ,quay1 or lounge in the gardens of the ,museum1 in what ancient tailors and milliners would call a synthesis of garments1 as ample1 and stiff1 and brilliant as ,indian looms could make them4 ,then1 again1 ,alexandria was a university town4 ,two hundred years of effeminate ,ptolemies and four hundred of wealthy students had been more than enough to create a tradition of high1 luxurious living4 ,the conjunction of all that was to be got for money1 with any amount of money to get it with1 had made ,alexandria a model city for carrying out the only maxim which the greater number even of the philosophers themselves really understood and practically followed3 ,let us eat and drink6 ,again1 a navigable river1 a rainless sky1 and a climate perhaps the finest in the world1 offered both inducements and facilities for parties of pleasure and conviviality in general4 ,it is true the river was only a canal3 one thing was wanting to the perfection of ,alexandria as a site for an empire city1 viz41 the ,nile2 but that the canal was a moderate success in the eyes of the ,alexandrians may be inferred from the fact that ,canopus1 where it finished its short course of thirteen or fourteen miles1 and joined the ,nile1 was a perfect city of river-side hotels1 to which the boats brought every day crowds of pleasure-seekers4 ,very gay were the silken and gilded boats1 with their pleasant canopies and soothing music2 and very gay and brilliant1 but not very reputable1 were the groups that filled them1 with their crowns of flowers1 their ,grecian attitudinizing1 and their ingenious arrangements of fan-working slaves4 ,this was the population which it was ,clement's work to convert to purity and moderation4 ,it is very common with ,clement's modern critics1 when making what our ,french allies would call an appreciation him1 to set him down as a solemn trifler4 ,they complain that they cannot get any system of theology out of his writings2 indeed1 they doubt whether he so much as had one4 ,they find him use the term faith first in one sense and then in another1 and they are especially offended by his minute instructions on certain matters pertaining to meat1 drink1 and dress4 ,to any one who considers what ,clement intended to do in his writings1 and especially in the ,paedagogus1 there is no difficulty in seeing an answer to a difficulty like this4 ,he did not mean to construct a system of theology1 and therefore it is no wonder if his critics cannot find one4 ,he did not even mean to state the broad1 general principles of the ,gospel3 his hearers knew these well enough4 ,what he did mean to do was1 #eb to apply these general rules and principles to a variety of cases occurring in everyday life4 ,and yet1 as a matter of fact1 it is to be observed that he always does lay down broad principles before entering into details4 ,in the matter of eating1 for instance1 regarding which he is very severe in his denunciations1 and not without reason1 he takes care to state distinctly the great ,catholic canon of mortification3 ,though all things were made for man1 yet it is not good to use all1 nor at all times4 ,again1 in the midst of his contemptuous enumeration of ancient wines1 he does not forget to say1 ,you are not robbed of your drink3 it is given to you1 and awaits your hand2 that which is blamed is excess4 ,he sums up what he has been saying against the voluptuous entertainments then so universal by the following sentence--a novelty1 surely1 to both extremes of pagan society in ,alexandria--,in one word1 whatever is natural to man must not be taken from him2 but1 instead thereof1 must be regulated according to fitting measure and time4 ,in deciding whether ,clement was a solemn trifler1 or not1 there is another consideration which must not be omitted1 and that is his sense of the humorous4 ,it may sound incongruous when speaking of a ,father of the ,church1 and much more of a reputed mystical ,father like ,clement1 but we think no one can deny that he often supplements a serious argument by a little stroke of pleasantry4 ,as many of his sentences stand1 a look or a smile would lighten them up and make them sparkle into humor4 ,paper and ink cannot carry the tone of the voice or the glance of the eye1 and ,clement's voice has been silent and his eye dimmed for many a century2 but may we not imagine that at times something of archness in the teacher's manner would impart to his weighty words a touch of quaintness1 and the habitually thoughtful eye twinkle with a gleam of pleasantry8 ,he would be no true follower of ,plato if it were not so4 ,who shall say he was not smiling when he gave out that formal list of wines1 of eatables1 and of scents most affected by the fashionables of those days8 ,he concludes an invective against scandalous feats by condemning the universal crown of roses as a nuisance3 it was damp1 it was cold2 it hindered one from using either his eyes or his ears properly4 ,he advises his audience to avoid much curious carving and ornamenting of bed-posts2 for creeping things1 he says1 have a habit of making themselves at home in the mouldings4 ,he asks if one's hands cannot be as well washed in a clay basin as in a silver one4 ,he wonders how one can dare to put a plain little loaf on a grand wing-footed table4 ,he cannot see why a lamp of earthenware will not give as good a light as one of silver4 ,he alludes with disgust to hissing frying-pans1 to spoon and pestle1 and even to the packed stomachs of their proprietors2 to ,sicilian lampreys1 and ,attican eels2 shell-fish from ,capo di ,faro1 and ,ascrean beet from the foot of ,helicon2 mullet from the ,gulf of ,thermae1 and pheasants from the ,crimea4 ,we hear him contemptuously repeat the phrases of connoisseurs about their wines1 the startling variety of which we know from other sources besides his writings3 he speaks of the scented ,thasian1 the aromatic ,lesbian1 the sweet wine of ,crete1 the pleasant ,syracusan4 ,the articles of plate which he enumerates to condemn would be more than sufficient to furnish out a modern wedding breakfast4 ,to scents he gives no quarter4 ,we have heard a distinguished professor of chemistry assert1 in a lecture1 that wherever there is scent on the surface there is sure to be dirt beneath2 and1 from the well-known fact that in ,capua there was one whole street occupied by perfumers1 he could draw no other inference than that ,capua must have been a very dirty city4 ,it would appear that ,clement of ,alexandria was much of this opinion4 ,he gives a picture of a pompous #ec personage in a procession1 going along marvellously scented1 for the purpose of producing a sensation1 and yet underneath as foul as he could be4 ,he enumerates the absurd varieties of ointments in fashion1 and orders them to be thrown away4 ,he is indignant at the saffron-colored scented robe that the gentlemen wore4 ,he will have no flowing or trailing vestments2 no ,attic buskins1 no ,persian sandals4 ,he complains that the ladies go and spend the whole day at the perfumer's1 the goldsmith's1 and the milliner's1 just as if he were speaking of shopping in the nineteenth century1 instead of ,a4,d4 #bjj4 ,he blames the men for frequenting the barbers' shops1 the taverns1 and the dicing-houses4 ,it is amusing in these days to read of his denunciations of shaving4 ,he has no patience with hair-haters3 a man without the hair that ,god gave him is a base sight4 ,god attached such importance to hair1 he says1 that he makes a man come to hair and sense at the same time4 ,but1 in reality1 this vehement attack on the smooth men1 as he calls them1 points to one of the most flagrant of heathen immoralities1 and reveals in the context a state of things to which we may not do more than allude4 ,he condemns luxury in furniture1 from beds with silver feet1 made of ivory and adorned with gold and tortoise-shell1 down to little table-daggers1 that ancient ladies and gentlemen used indifferently to their food and to their slaves4 ,all this is not very deep1 but it is just what ,clement wanted to say1 and a great deal more useful in its place and connection than a system of theology4 ,we may add that it is a great deal more interesting to us1 who know pretty well what ,clement's system of theology was1 but not so well what were the faults and failings of his ,christian men and women in those far-off ,alexandrian times4 ,there is another epithet bestowed upon ,clement1 more widely and with better authority than that of trifler4 ,he is called a mystic4 ,he deals in allegorical interpretations of ,holy ,scripture1 in fanciful analogies1 and whimsical reasonings2 he was carried away by the spirit of ,neo-,platonism1 and substituted a number of idle myths for the stern realities of the ,gospel4 ,it is not our business at present to show1 by references1 that this accusation is untrue2 but we may admit at once that it is not unfounded1 and we maintain that it points to an excellence1 rather than a defect1 in his teaching4 ,from the remarks made just now1 the reader will be prepared to expect that a teacher in ,alexandria in ,clement's days must have been a mystic4 ,it was simply the fashion2 and a fashion1 in thought and speech1 exacts a certain amount of compliance from those who think or speak for the good of its followers4 ,neo-,platonism was not extant in his time as a definite system1 but ever since the days of ,philon its spirit had been the spirit of the ,museum4 ,nature1 in its beauty and variety1 was an allegory of the soul so said the philosophers1 and the crowd caught it up with eagerness4 ,the natural philosopher could not lecture on ,aristotle ,de ,animalibus without deducing morals in the style of ,a,esop4 ,the moralist1 in his turn1 could hardly keep up his class-list without embodying his ,beautiful and his ,good in the aesthetical garb of a myth--the more like ,plato1 the better4 ,the mathematician discoursed of numbers1 of lines1 and of angles1 but the interesting part of his lecture was when he drew the analogy from lines and numbers to the soul and to ,god4 ,alexandria liked allegory1 and believed1 or thought she believed1 that the ,seen was always a type of the ,unseen4 ,such a belief was not unnatural1 and by no means hopelessly erroneous2 nay1 was it not highly useful to a ,christian teacher1 with the ,bible in his hand1 in which he would really have to show them so many things1 per allegoriam dicta8 ,clement took up the accustomed tone4 ,had he done otherwise1 he would have been strange and old-fashioned1 whereas he #ed wanted to get the ear of his countrymen1 and therefore thought it no harm to fall in with their humor for the mythical2 just as good ,father ,faber preached and wrote like a modern ,englishman1 and not like an antique ,douai controversialist1 or a well-meaning translator of ,sermons from the ,french4 ,but1 say the objectors1 ,clement's interpretation of ,scripture is so very forced and unnatural4 ,the whole subject of allegorical interpretation of ,sacred ,scripture is too wide to be entered upon here2 but that the ,bible1 especially the ,old ,testament1 has an allegorical sense1 no one denies1 and the decision of what is the true allegorical sense depends more upon the authority of the teacher than upon the interpretation itself4 ,in the time of ,clement1 when the ,gnostics were attributing the ,old ,testament to the ,evil ,principle1 there was a special necessity for a warm and loving acknowledgment that it was the voice and the teaching of ,god to man2 and it is no wonder1 therefore1 that he allows himself1 with the brilliant fancy of an ,athenian1 even if sometimes with the fantasticalness of an ,alexandrian1 to extract meanings out of the sacred text which our sober eyes could never have discovered4 ,as it is1 we owe to his mysticism no small portion of the eloquence and beauty of his writings2 we may instance that charming passage in the ,paedagogus where he alludes to the incident related in the twenty-sixth chapter of ,genesis--,abimelech1 ,king of the ,palestines1 looking out through a window1 saw ,isaac playing with ,rebecca his wife4 ,isaac represents1 the little one of ,christ1 and is interpreted to be joy2 ,rebecca is patience2 the royal ,abimelech signifies heavenly wisdom4 ,the child of ,jesus ,christ1 joyful with a joy that none but that blessed teacher can give1 lovingly sports with his helpmate1 patience1 and the wisdom that is from above looks on and wonderingly admires4 ,the beauty of conception and perfection of form that is inseparable from true ,greek art1 whether in a statue or a medal1 an epic or an epigram1 is by no means wanting to the first of the ,greek ,fathers4 ,a reader who should take up the ,paedagogus for no other than literary reasons would not be disappointed2 he would receive1 from his reading1 a very high idea of the wisdom1 the eloquence1 and1 above all1 the saintly unction of the great ,catholic doctor and philosopher who first made human science the handmaid of ,christian theology4 ,the witnessing to the truth before heathen philosophers and the teaching the children of the faith might have fully employed both the zeal and the eloquence of ,clement4 ,but there was another and a sadder use for words1 in the task of resisting the heresies that seemed to grow like foul excrescences from the very growth of the ,church herself4 ,alexandria1 the city of ,neo-,platonism1 was also with nearly as good a title the city of ,gnosticism4 ,to examine the history of ,gnosticism is not a tempting undertaking4 ,on the one side1 it is like walking into a fog1 as dense and unpleasant as ever marked a ,london ,november2 on the other1 it is to disturb a moral cess-pool1 proverbially better left alone4 ,of the five groups of the ,gnostic family1 which seem to agree in little beside worshipping the devil1 holding to emanations1 and owing their origin to ,simon ,magus1 the particular group that made ,alexandria its headquarters acknowledged as its leading names ,basilides1 ,valentine1 and ,mark1 each of whom outdid the other in the absurdity of his ravings about eons1 generations1 and the like1 and in the abominableness of his practical licentiousness4 ,valentine and ,mark were contemporaries of ,clement1 if not personally 7,valentine is said to have died ,a4,d4 #aej7 at least in their immediate influence4 ,no one can tell satisfactorily what made these precious followers of ,simon ,magus spend their days in patching up second-hand systems out of the rags of cast-off ,oriental mysticism4 ,no doubt their jargon appeared somewhat less #ee unnatural in their own days than it does in ours4 ,they lived nearer the times when the wrecks of primeval revelation and history had been wrought into a thousand fantastic shapes on the banks of the ,indus1 the ,euphrates1 and the ,nile1 and when1 in the absence of the true light1 men occupied themselves with the theatrical illuminations of ,bel1 ,isis1 and ,vishnu4 ,but these ,gnostics1 in the clear dawn of the ,gospel1 still stuck to the fulsome properties of the devil's play-house4 ,unsavory and dishonest1 they deserve neither respect for sincerity nor allowance for originality2 they were mere spinners of endless genealogies1 and1 with such a fig-leaf apron1 they tried to conceal for a while the rankness of the flesh that finally made the very pagans join in hounding them from the earth4 ,the infamous ,mark was holding his conventicles in ,alexandria about the very time that ,pantaenus and ,clement were teaching4 ,to read of his high-flown theories about eons and emanations1 his sham magic1 his familiarity with demons1 his impositions on the weaker sex1 and the frightful licentiousness that was the sure end of it all1 is like reading the history of the doings of the ,egyptian priests in the ,serapeion rather than of those who called themselves ,christians4 ,and yet these very men1 these deluded ,marcosians1 gave out to learned and unlearned ,alexandria that they alone were the true followers of ,christ4 ,we may conceive the heart-breaking work it would be for ,clement to repel the taunts that their doings brought upon his name and profession1 and to refute and keep down false brethren1 whose arguments and strength consisted in an appeal to curiosity and brute passion4 ,and yet how nobly he does it1 in that picture of the true ,gnostic1 or ,knower1 to which he so often returns in all his extant works6 ,but philosophers1 faithful1 and heretics do not exhaust the story of ,clement's doings4 ,it lends a solemn light to the memorable history we are noting1 to bear in mind that the ,church's intellectual war with ,neo-,platonist and ,gnostic was ever and again interrupted by the yells of the blood-thirsty populace1 the dragging of confessors to prison1 and all the hideous apparatus of persecution4 ,which of us would have had heart to argue with men who might next day deliver us to the hangman8 ,who would have found leisure to write books on abstract philosophy with such stern concrete realities as the scourge and the knife waiting for him in the street8 ,clement's master began to teach just as one persecution was ceasing2 ,clement himself had to flee from his schools before the burden and heat of another2 these were not times1 one would suppose1 for science and orderly teaching4 ,yet our own ,english ,catholic annals can1 in a manner1 furnish parallel cases in more than one solid book of controversy and deep ascetical tract1 thought out and composed when the pursuivants were almost at the doors4 ,so true it is that when the ,church's work demands scientific and written teaching1 science appears and books are written1 though the ,gentiles are raging and the peoples imagining their vain things4 ,here1 for the present1 we draw to a close these desultory notes on the ,christian ,schools of ,alexandria4 ,they will have served their purpose if they have but supplied an outline of that busy intellectual life which is associated with the names of ,pantaenus and ,clement4 ,there is another name that ought to follow these two--the name of ,origen1 suggesting another chapter on ,church history that should yield to none in interest and usefulness4 ,the mere fact that in old ,alexandria1 in the face of hostile science1 clogged and put to shame by pestilent heresies1 ruthlessly chased out of sight ever and again by brute force-- in spite of all this1 ,catholic science won respect from its enemies without for a moment neglecting the interests of its own children1 is a teaching that will never be out of date1 and least of all at a time like ours1 and in a country where learning #ef sneers at revelation1 where a thousand jarring sects invoke the sacred name of ,christ1 and where public opinion--the brute force of the modern world1 as the rack and the fagot were of the ancient--never howls so loudly as when it catches sight of the one true ,church of the living and eternal ,god4 ---- ,from ,the ,lamp4 ,,jem ,m',,gowan',s ,,wish4 ,i wish ,i were a lord1 said ,pat ,m',gowan1 a lazy young fellow1 as he stretched over his grandmother's turf-fire a pair of brawny fists that were as red as the blaze that warmed them4 ,you wish to be a lord6 answered ,granny ,m',gowan2 oh1 then1 a mighty quare lord you would make2 but1 as long as you live1 ,pat1 never wish again2 for who knows but you might wish in the unlucky minute1 and that it would be granted to you8 ,faix1 then1 granny1 ,i just wish ,i could have my wish this minute4 ,you're a fool1 ,pat1 and have no more sense in your head than a cracked egg has a chance of a chicken inside of it4 ,maybe you'd never cease repenting of your wish if you got it4 ,maybe so1 granny1 but for all that ,i'd like to be a lord4 ,tell me1 granny1 when does the unlucky minute come that a body may get their wish8 ,why1 you see1 ,pat1 there is one particular little bit of a minute of time in every twenty-four hours that1 if a mortal creature has the unlucky chance to wish on that instant1 his wish1 whether for good or for bad1 for life or death1 fortune or misfortune1 sickness or health1 for himself or for others1 the wish is granted to him2 but seldom does it turn out for good to the wisher1 because it shows he is not satisfied with his lot1 and it is contrary to what ,god in his goodness has laid down for us all to do and suffer for his sake4 ,but1 ,pat1 you blackguard1 ,i see you are laughing at your old granny because you think ,i am going to preach a sermon to you2 but you're mistaken4 ,i'll tell you what happened to an uncle of my own1 ,jem ,m',gowan1 who got his wish when he asked for it4 ,got his wish--oh1 the lucky old fellow6 cried ,pat4 ,do1 granny1 tell me all about him4 ,got his wish6 oh1 how ,i wish ,i was a lord6 ,listen to me1 ,pat1 and don't be getting on with any of your foolish nonsense4 ,my uncle1 ,jem ,m',gowan1 was then something like yourself1 ,pat-- a strapping1 able chap1 but one that1 like you too1 would sooner be scorching his shins over the fire than cutting the turf to make it1 and rather watching the potatoes boiling than digging them out of the ridge4 ,instead of working for a new coat1 he would be wishing some one gave it to him4 ,when he got up in the morning1 he wished for his breakfast2 and when he had swallowed it1 he wished for his dinner2 and when he had bolted down his dinner1 he began to wish for his supper2 and when he ate his supper1 he wished to be in bed2 and when he was in bed1 he wished to be asleep--in fact1 he did nothing from morning to night but wish1 and even in his dreams ,i am quite sure he wished to be awake4 ,unlucky for ,jem1 his cabin was convenient to the great big house of ,squire ,kavanagh2 and when ,jem went out in the morning1 shivering with cold1 and wishing for a glass of whisky to put spirits in him1 and he saw the bedroom windows of ,squire ,kavanagh closed1 and knew that the squire was lying warm and snug inside1 he always wished to be ,squire ,kavanagh4 ,then1 when he saw the #eg squire driving the horse and the hounds before him1 and he all the while working in the field1 he wished it still more2 and when he saw him dancing with the beautiful young ladies and illigant young gentlemen in the moonlight of a summer's evening1 in front of his fine hall-door and under the shade of the old oak-trees1 he wished it more than ever4 ,the squire was always coming before him2 and so happy a man did he seem that ,jem was always saying to himself1 ',i wish ,i was ,squire ,kavanagh1' from1 cockcrow to sunset1 until he at last hit upon the unfortunate minute in the twenty-four hours when his wish was to be granted4 ,he was just after eating his dinner of fine1 mealy potatoes1 fresh-churned buttermilk1 and plenty of salt and salt-butter to relish them1 when he stretched out his two legs1 threw up his arms1 and yawned out1 ',oh1 dear1 ,i wish ,i was ,squire ,kavanagh6' ,the words were scarce uttered when he found himself1 still yawning1 in the grand parlor of ,kavanagh ,house1 sitting opposite to a table laid out with china1 and a table-cloth1 silver forks1 and no end of silver spoons1 and a roaring hot beefsteak before him4 ,jem rubbed his eyes and then his hands with joy1 and thought to himself1 ',by dad1 my wish is granted1 and ,i'll lay in plenty of beefsteak first of all4' ,he began cutting away2 but1 before he had finished1 he was interrupted by some people coming in4 ,it was ,sir ,harry ,m',manus1 ,squire ,brien1 and two or three other grand gentlemen2 and says they to him1 ',kavanagh1 don't you know this is the day you're to decide your bet for five hundred pounds1 that you will leap your horse over the widest part of the pond outside8' ',is it me8 says ,jem4 ',why1 ,i never leaped a horse in my life6' ',bother6' says one2 'you're joking4 ,you told us yourself that you did it twenty times1 and there's the ,english colonel that made the bet with you1 and he'll be saying1 if you don't do it1 that the ,irish are all braggers2 so1 my dear fellow1 it just comes to this--you must either leap the pond or fight me2 for1 relying upon your word1 ,i told the colonel ,i saw you do it myself4' ',i must fight you or leap the pond1 is it8' answered ,jem1 trembling from head to foot4 ',certainly1 my dear fellow1' replied ,sir ,harry4 ',either ,i must shoot you or see you make the leap2 so take your choice4' ',oh6 then1 bring out the horse1' whimpered ,jem1 who was beginning to wish he wasn't ,squire ,kavanagh4 ,in a minute afterward1 ,jem found himself out in the lawn1 opposite a pond that appeared to him sixty feet wide at the least4 ',why1' said he1 'you might as well ask me to jump over the ocean1 or give a hop-step-and-a-leap from ,howth to ,holyhead1 as get any horse to cross that lake of a pond4' ',come1 ,kavanagh1' said ,sir ,henry1 'no nonsense with us4 ,we know you can do it if you like2 and now that you're in for it1 you must finish it4' ',faix1 you'll finish me1 ,i'm afeerd1' said ,jem1 seeing they were in earnest with him2 'but what will you do if ,i'm drowned8' ',do8' says ,sir ,henry4' ,oh1 make yourself aisy on that account4 ,you shall have the grandest wake that ever was seen in the country4 ,we'll bury you dacently1 and we'll all say that the bouldest horseman now in ,ireland is the late ,squire ,kavanagh4 ,if that doesn't satisfy you1 there's no pleasing you2 so bring out the horse immediately4' ',oh6 murder1 murder6 says ,jem to himself2 'isn't this a purty thing1 that ,i must be drowned to make a great character for a little spalpeen like ,squire ,kavanagh8 ,oh1 then1 it's ,i that wish ,i was ,jem ,m',gowan again6 ,going to be drowned like a rat1 or smothered like a blind kitten6 and all for a vagabond ,i don't care a straw about4 ,i1 that never was on a horse's back before1 to think of leaping over an ocean6 ,bad cess to you1 ,squire ,kavanagh1 for your boastin' and your wagerin'6' #eh ,well1 a fine1 dashing1 jumping1 rearing1 great big gray horse was led up by two grooms to ,jem's side4 ',oh1 the darling6' said ,sir ,harry2 'there he goes6 there's the boy that will win our bets for us6 ,clap him at once upon the horse's back1' says he to the grooms4 ,the sight left ,jem's eyes the very instant he saw the terrible gray horse1 well known as one of the most vicious bastes in the entire country4 ,if he could1 he'd have run away1 but fright kept him standing stock-still2 and1 before he knew where he was1 he was hoisted into the saddle4 ',now1 boys1' roared ,sir ,harry1 'give the horse plenty whip1 and my life for it he is over the pond4' ,jem heard two desperate slashes made on the flanks of the horse4 ,the creature rose on his four legs off the ground1 and came down with a soss that sent ,jem up straight from the saddle like a ball1 and down again with a crack fit to knock him into a hundred thousand pieces1 not one of them bigger than the buttons of his waistcoat4 ',murder6' he shrieked2 ',i wish ,i was ,jem ,m',gowan back again6' ,but there was no use in saying this1 for he had already got his wish4 ,the horse galloped away like lightning4 ,he felt rising one instant up as high as the clouds1 and the next he came with a plop into the water1 like a stone that you would make take a 'dead man's dive4' ,he remembered no more till he saw his two kind friends1 ,sir ,harry ,m',manus and ,squire ,brien1 holding him by the two legs in the air1 and the water pouring from his mouth1 nose1 and every stitch of his clothes1 as heavy and as constant as if it was flowing through a sieve1 or as if he was turned into a watering-pot4 ',i'm a dead man1' says he1 looking up in the face of his grand friends as well as he could1 and kicking at the same time to get loose from them4 ',i'm a dead man2 and1 what's worse1 ,i'm a murdered man by the two of you4' ',bedad1 you're anything but that1' said ,sir ,harry4 ',you're now the greatest man in the county1 for1 though you fell into the pond1 the horse leapt it2 and ,i have won my bet1 for which ,i am extremely obliged to you4' ,after shaking the water out of him1 they laid him down on the grass1 got a bottle of whisky1 and gave him as much as he chose of it4 ,jem's spirits began to rise a little1 and he laughed heartily when they told him he had won #ejj from the ,english colonel4 ,jem got on his legs1 and was beginning to walk about1 when who should he see coming into the demesne but two gentlemen--one dressed like an officer1 with under his arm a square mahogany box1 the other with a great big horsewhip4 ,jem rubbed his hands with delight1 for he made sure that the gentleman who carried the box was going to make ,squire ,kavanagh--that is1 himself--some mighty fine present4 ',kavanagh1' said ,sir ,harry1 'you will want some one to stand by you as a friend in this business2 would you wish me to be your friend8' ',in troth1 ,i would1' says ,jem4 ',i would like you to act as a friend to me upon all occasions4' ',oh1 that's elegant6' said ,sir ,harry4 ',we'll now have rare sport4' ',i'm mighty glad to hear it1' ,jem replied1 'for ,i want a little sport after all the troubles ,i had4' ',oh1 you're a brave fellow1' said ,sir ,harry4 ',to be sure ,i am1' answered ,jem4 ',didn't ,i leap the gray horse over the big pond8' ,the gentleman with the box and whip here came up to ,jem and his friends2 and the whip-gentleman took off his hat1 and says he1 ',might ,i be after asking you1 is there any one of the present company ,squire ,kavanagh8' ,jem did not like the looks of the gentleman1 and ,sir ,harry ,m',manus stepped before him1 and said--',yes2 he is here to the fore4 ,what is your business with him8 ,i am acting as his friend1 and ,i have a right to ask the question4' ',then1 ,i'll tell ye what it is1' said #ei the gentleman4 ',he insulted my sister at the ,naas races yesterday4' ',faix1' says ,jem1 'that's a lie6 ,sure1 ,i wasn't near ,naas races4' ,the word was hardly out of his mouth when he got a crack of a horsewhip across the face1 that cut1 he thought1 his head in two4 ,he caught hold of the gentleman1 and tried to take the whip out of his hand2 but1 instead of the strength of ,jem ,m',gowan1 he had only the weakness of ,squire ,kavanagh1 and he was in an instant collared2 and1 in spite of all his kicking and roaring1 lathered with the big whip from the top of his head to the sole of his foot4 ,the gentleman got at last a little tired of beating him1 and1 flinging him away from him1 said ',you and ,i are now quits about the lie1 but you must give me satisfaction for insulting my sister4' ',satisfaction6' roared out ,jem1 as lie twisted and turned about with the pain of the beating4 ',bedad1 ,i'll never be satisfied till every bone in your ugly body is broken4' ',very well1' said the gentleman4 ',my friend1 ,captain ,m',ginnis1 is come prepared for this4' ,upon that1 ,jem saw the square box opened that he thought was filled with a beautiful present for him2 and he saw four ugly-looking pistols lying beside each other1 and in one corner about two dozen of shining bran-new bullets4 ,jem's knees knocked together with fright when he saw ,captain ,m',ginnis and ,sir ,harry priming and loading the pistols4 ',oh6 murder1 murder6 this is worse than the gray horse1' he said4 ',now ,i am quite sure of being killed entirely4' ,so he caught hold of ,sir ,harry by the coat1 and stuttered out1 99,oh1 then1 what in the world are ye going to do with me8' ',do8' replied his friend2 'why1 you're going to stand a shot1 to be sure4' ',the devil a shot ,i'll stand1' said ,jem4 ',i'll run away this minute4' ',then1 by my honor and veracity1 if you do1' replied ,sir ,harry1 ',i'll stop you with a bullet4 ,my honor is concerned in this business4 ,you asked me to be your friend1 and ,i'll see you go through it respectably4 ,you must either stand your ground like a gentleman1 or be shot like a dog4' ,jem heartily wished he was no longer ,squire ,kavanagh2 and as they dragged him up in front of the gentleman1 and placed them about eight yards asunder1 he thought of the quiet1 easy life he led before he became a grand gentleman4 ,he never while a laboring boy was ducked in a pond1 or shot like a wild duck4 ,but now he heard something said about 'making ready2' he saw the gentleman raise his pistol on a level with his head2 he tried to lift his arm1 but it stuck as fast by his side as if it was glued there4 ,he saw the wide mouth of the wicked gentleman's pistol opened at his very eye1 and looking as if it were pasted up to his face4 ,he could even see the leaden bullet that was soon to go skelpin' through his brains6 ,he saw the gentleman's finger on the trigger6 ,his head turned round and round1 and in an agony he cried out--',oh1 ,i wish ,i was ,jem ,m',gowan back again6' ',jem1 you'll lose half your day's work1' said ,ned ,maguire1 who was laboring in the same field with him4 ',there you've been sleeping ever since your dinner1 while ,squire ,kavanagh1 that you are always talking about1 was shot a few minutes ago in a duel that he fought with some strange gentleman in his own demesne4' ',oh1 said ,jem1 as soon as he found that he really wasn't shot1 ',i wouldn't for the wealth of the world be a gentleman4 ,better to labor all day than spend half an hour in the grandest of company4 ,faix1 ,i've had enough and to spare of grand company and being a gentleman since ,i have gone to sleep here in the potato-field2 and ,squire ,kavanagh1 if he only knew it1 had much more reason1 poor man1 to wish he was ,jem ,m',gowan than ,i had to wish ,i was ,squire ,kavanagh4' #fj ,and ever after that1 ,pat1 concluded the old lady1 ,jem ,m',gowan went about his work like a man1 instead of wasting his time in nonsensical wishings4 ,thankee1 granny1 yawned ,pat ,m',gowan1 as he shuffled off to bed4 ,after that long story1 ,i don't think ,i'll ever wish to be a lord again4 ------ ,from ,chambers's ,journal4 ,,the ,,mont ,,cenis ,,tunnel4 ,the tunnel through the ,alps at present being pierced to connect the railway system of ,france and ,italy1 has acquired the title of the ,mont ,cenis ,tunnel2 but its real position and direction have very little in common with that well-known ,alpine pass4 ,on examining a chart of the district which has been selected for this important undertaking1 we shall observe that the main chain of the ,cottian ,alps extends in a direction very nearly ,east and ,west1 and that this portion of it is bounded on either side by two roughly parallel valleys4 ,on the ,north we have the valley of the ,arc1 and on the ,south the valley of the ,dora ,ripari1 or1 more strictly speaking1 the valley of ,rochemolles1 a branch of the ,dora4 ,the ,arc1 flowing from ,east to ,west1 descends from ,lanslebourg to ,modane1 and from thence1 after joining the ,isere1 empties itself into the ,rhone above ,valence4 ,the torrent ,rochemolles1 on the other hand1 flowing from ,west to ,east1 unites itself with the ,dora ,ripari at ,oulx1 descends through a narrow and winding valley to ,susa1 and thence along the plain to ,turin4 ,the postal road1 leaving ,st4 ,michel1 mounts the valley of the ,arc as far as ,lanslebourg1 then turns suddenly to the ,south1 passes the heights of the ,mont ,cenis1 and reaches ,susa by a very steep descent4 ,on mounting the valley of the ,arc1 and stopping about eighteen miles ,west of ,mont ,cenis1 and a mile and a half below the ,alpine village of ,modane1 we arrive at a place called ,fourneaux4 ,here1 at about three hundred feet above the level of the main road1 is the ,northern entrance of the tunnel2 the ,southern entrance is at the picturesque village of ,bardonneche1 situated at about twenty miles ,west of ,susa1 in the valley of ,rochemolles4 ,the considerations which decided the ,italian engineers upon selecting this position for the contemplated tunnel1 were principally the following3 first1 it was the shortest route that could be found2 secondly1 the difference of level between the two extremities was not too great2 and1 thirdly1 the construction of the connecting lines of railway--on the ,north1 from ,st4 ,michel to ,fourneaux1 and on the ,south1 from ,susa to ,bardonneche were1 as mountain railways go1 practicable1 if not easy4 ,the idea of a tunnel through the ,alps had long occupied the minds of engineers and of statesmen both in ,france and ,italy2 but it is to the latter country that we must give the credit of having worked the idea into a practical shape1 and of having inaugurated one of the most stupendous works ever undertaken by any people4 ,to pierce a tunnel seven and a half ,english miles long1 by ordinary means1 through a hard rock1 in a position where vertical shafts were impossible1 would be an exceedingly difficult1 if not1 in a practical point of view1 an impossible undertaking1 not only on account of the difficulties of ventilation1 but also on account of the immense time and consequent expense which it would entail4 ,it was evident1 #fa then1 that if the project of a tunnel through the ,alps was ever to be realized1 some extraordinary and completely new system of mining must be adopted1 by means of which not only a rapid and perfect system of ventilation could be insured1 enabling the miners to resume1 without danger1 their labors immediately after an explosion1 but which would treble1 or at least double1 the amount of work usually performed in any given time by the system hitherto adopted in tunnelling through hard rock4 ,to three ,piedmontese engineers1 ,messrs4 ,grandis1 ,grattoni1 and ,sommeiller1 is due the merit of having solved this most difficult problem2 for whether the opening of the ,alpine tunnel take place in ten or twenty years1 its ultimate success is now completely assured4 ,a short review of the history of this undertaking1 and a summary of the progress made1 together with a description of the works as they are conducted at the present time1 derived from personal observation1 cannot fail to be interesting to ,english readers4 ,early in #aheg1 at ,st4 ,pier d',arena1 near ,genoa1 a series of experiments was undertaken before a select government commission1 to examine into the practicability of a project for a mechanical perforating-engine1 proposed by ,messrs4 ,grandis1 ,grattoni1 and ,sommeiller1 for the more rapid tunnelling through hard rock1 and with a view to its employment in driving the proposed shaft through the ,alps4 ,this machine was to be worked by means of air1 highly compressed by hydraulic or other economical means2 which compressed air1 after performing its work in the perforating or boring machines1 would be an available and powerful source of ventilation in the tunnel4 ,these experiments placed so completely beyond any doubt the practicability of the proposed system1 that1 so soon as ,august of the same year1 the law permitting the construction of the tunnel was promulgated4 ,at this time1 absolutely nothing had been prepared1 with the exception of a very general project presented by the proposers1 and the model of the machinery with which the experiments had been made before the government commission2 we cannot1 therefore1 be much surprised on finding that some considerable time elapsed before the new machinery came into successful operation1 the more particularly when we consider the entire novelty of the system1 and the unusual difficulties naturally attending the first starting of such large works1 in districts so wild and uncongenial as those of ,fourneaux and ,bardonneche4 ,fourneaux was but a collection of mountain-huts1 containing about four hundred inhabitants1 entirely deprived of every means of supporting the wants of any increase of population1 and where outside-work could not be carried on for more than six months in the year1 owing to its ungenial climate4 ,nor was the case very different at ,bardonneche1 a small ,alpine village1 situated at more than thirteen hundred metres 7#d1bbe feet7 above the level of the sea1 and populated by about one thousand inhabitants1 who lived upon the produce of their small patches of earth1 and the rearing of sheep and goats1 and with their only road of communication with the outer world in a most wretched and deplorable condition4 ,under these circumstances1 we can imagine that the task of bringing together large numbers of workmen1 and their competent directing staff1 must have been by no means easy2 and that the first work of the direction1 although of a nature really most arduous and tedious 7requiring1 above all1 time and patience71 was also of a nature that could scarcely render its effects very apparent to the world at large for some considerable time4 ,again1 it was necessary in this time to make the detailed studies not only of the tunnel itself1 but of the compressing and perforating machinery on the large scale proposed to be used4 ,this machinery had to be made and transported through a country abounding in difficulties4 ,then1 as might be #fb expected1 actual trials showed serious defects in the new machines for the compression of air2 and1 in perfecting the mechanical perforators1 unexpected difficulties were encountered1 which often threatened to prove insurmountable4 ,the total inexperience and unskilfulness of the workmen1 and the necessity of giving to them the most tedious instruction2 accidents of most disheartening and discouraging kinds--all tended to delay the successful application of the new system4 ,the first important work to be undertaken was the tracing or setting out of the centre line of the proposed tunnel4 ,it was necessary first to fix on the summit of the mountain a number of points1 in a direct line1 which should pass through the two points chosen1 or rather necessitated by the conditions of the locality1 for the two ends of the tunnel in the respective valleys of the ,arc and of ,rochemolles2 secondly1 to determine the exact distance between these two ends2 and thirdly1 to know the precise difference of level between the same points4 ,these operations commenced toward the end of ,august1 #aheg4 ,starting from the ,northern entrance at ,fourneaux1 a line was set out roughly in the direction of ,bardonneche1 which line was found to cut the valley of ,rochemolles at a point considerably above the proposed ,southern entrance of the tunnel4 ,on measuring this distance1 however1 a second and corrected line could be traced1 which was found to be very nearly correct4 ,correcting this second line in the same manner1 always departing from the ,north end1 a third line was found to pass exactly through the two proposed and given points4 ,the highest point of this line was found to be very nearly at an equal distance from each end of the tunnel1 and at but a short distance below the true summit of the mountain-point1 called the ,grand ,vallon4 ,the line thus approximately determined1 it was necessary to fix definitely and exactly three principal stations or observatories--one on the highest or culminating point of the mountain1 perpendicularly over the axis of the tunnel2 and the other two in a line with each entrance1 in such a manner that1 from the centre observatory1 both the others could be observed4 ,at the ,southern end1 owing to the convenient conformation of the mountain1 the observatory could be established at a point not very far from the mouth of the tunnel2 but toward the ,north1 several projecting points or counterforts on the mountain necessitated the carrying of the ,northern observatory to a very considerable distance beyond the entrance of the gallery--not1 however1 so far as not to be discerned clearly and distinctly1 and without oscillation1 by the very powerful and excellent instrument employed4 ,these three points permanently established1 remain as a check for those intervening1 and serve as the base of the operations for the periodical testing of the accuracy of the line of excavation4 ,the first rough tracing out of the line was completed before the winter of the year #aheg1 and it was considered sufficiently correct to permit the commencement of the tunnel at each end by the ordinary means--manual labor4 ,in the autumn of #aheh1 the corrected line was traced1 and the observatories definitely fixed1 and all other necessary geodetic operations completed4 ,contemporaneously was undertaken a careful levelling between the two ends1 taken along the narrow path of the ,colle di ,frejus1 and bench-marks were established at intervals along the whole line4 ,all the data necessary for an exact profile of the work were now obtained4 ,the exact length of the future tunnel was found to be twelve thousand two hundred and twenty metres1 or about seven and a half ,english miles2 and the difference of level between the two mouths was ascertained to be two hundred and forty metres1 or seven hundred and eighty feet1 the ,southern or ,bardonneche end being the highest4 ,under these circumstances1 it would have been easy to have established a #fc single gradient from ,bardonneche down to ,fourneaux of about two centimetres per metre--that is1 of about one in fifty4 ,but a little reflection will show1 that in working both ends of the gallery at once1 in order to effect the proper drainage of the tunnel1 it would be necessary to establish two gradients1 each inclining toward the respective mouths1 and meeting in some point in the middle4 ,this1 in fact1 has been done1 and the two hundred and forty metres' difference of level has been distributed in the following manner3 ,from ,bardonneche1 the gradient mounts at the rate of #j4ej per one thousand metres--that is1 one in two thousand as far as the middle of the gallery2 here it descends toward ,fourneaux with a gradient of #bb4bj metres per one thousand1 or about one in forty-five4 ,the highest point of the ,grand ,vallon perpendicularly over the axis of the tunnel is #afae4h metres1 or #ebea4ca feet4 ,the difficulties encountered in the carrying out of these various geodetic operations can scarcely be exaggerated4 ,it is true that nothing is more easy than to picket out a straight line on the ground1 or to measure an angle correctly with a theodolite2 but if we consider the aspect of the locality in which these operations had to be conducted1 repeated over and over again1 and tested in every available manner with the most minute accuracy1 we shall be quite ready to accord our share of praise and admiration to the perseverance which successfully carried out the undertaking4 ,in these regions1 the sun1 fogs1 snow1 and terrific winds succeed each other with truly marvellous rapidity1 the distant points become obscured by clouds1 perhaps at the very moment when an important sight is to be taken1 causing most vexatious delays1 and often necessitating a recommencement of the whole operation4 ,these delays may in some cases extend for days1 and even weeks4 ,to these inconveniences add the necessity of mounting and descending daily with delicate instruments from three thousand to four thousand feet over rocks and rugged mountain-paths1 the time occupied in sending from one point to another1 and the difficulty of planting pickets on elevated positions often almost inaccessible4 ,all these inconveniences considered1 and we must admit the unusual difficulties of a series of operations which1 under other circumstances1 would have offered nothing peculiarly remarkable4 ,as has already been pointed out1 the excavation of the gallery at both ends had already been in operation1 by ordinary means1 since the latter part of the year #aheg2 this work continued without interruption until the machinery was ready2 and the progress made in that time affords a valuable standard by which to measure the effect of the new machinery4 ,in the interval between the end of #aheg and that to which we have now arrived1 namely1 the end of #aheh1 many important works had been pushed forward4 ,at ,bardonneche1 the communications had been opened1 and bridges and roads constructed for facilitating the transport of the heavy machinery4 ,houses for the accommodation of the workmen had been rapidly springing up1 together with the vast edifices for the various magazines and offices4 ,the canal1 more than a mile and a half in length1 for conveying water to the air-compressing machines1 was constructed1 and the little ,alpine village had become the centre of life and activity4 ,at ,fourneaux1 works of a similar character had been put in motion2 only here the transport of the water for the compressors was more costly and difficult1 the water being at a low level4 ,at first1 a current derived from the ,arc was used to raise water to the required height1 but afterward it was found necessary to establish powerful forcing-pumps1 new in their details1 which are worked by huge water-wheels driven by the ,arc itself4 ,early in the month of ,june1 #ahei1 the first erection of the compressing machinery was commenced at ,bardonneche4 ,the badness of the season1 however1 and #fd the ,italian campaign of this year1 delayed the rapid progress1 and even caused a temporary suspension of this work4 ,the results obtained by the experiments which had previously been made on a small scale at ,st4 ,pier d',arena1 failed completely in supplying the data necessary to insure a practical success to the first applications of the new system2 numberless modifications1 both in the compressing-engines and in the perforating-machines1 were found necessary2 and several months were consumed in experimenting with1 modifying1 and improving the huge machinery2 so that it was not before the #ajth of ,november1 #ahfj1 that five compressors were successfully and satisfactorily at work4 ,on the #abth1 however1 two of the large conducting-pipes burst1 and caused a considerable amount of damage1 without causing1 however1 any loss of life4 ,this accident revealed one or two very serious defects in the manner of working the valves of the engine2 and in order to provide against the possibility of future accidents of the same nature1 further most extensive modifications were undertaken4 ,by the beginning of ,january1 #ahfa1 the five compressors were again at work2 and on the #abth of this month the boring-engine was introduced for the first time into the tunnel4 ,very little useful result was1 however1 obtained for a long and anxious period1 beyond continually exposing defects and imperfections in the perforators4 ,the pipes conducting the compressed air from the compressing-machines to the gallery gave at first continued trouble and annoyance2 soon1 however1 a very perfect system of joints was established1 and this source of difficulty was completely removed4 ,after much labor and patience1 and little by little1 the perforating-machines became improved and perfected1 as is always the case in any perfectly new mechanical contrivance having any great assemblage of parts4 ,actual practice forced into daylight those numberless little defects which theory only too easily overlooks2 but there was no lack of perseverance and ingenuity on the part of the directing engineers2 one by one the obstacles were met1 encountered1 and eventually overcome1 and the machines at last arrived at the state of precision and perfection at which they may be seen to-day4 ,about the month of ,may1 #ahfa1 the work was suspended for about a month1 in consequence of a derangement in the canal supplying water to the compressors2 and it was considered necessary to construct a large reservoir on the flank of the mountain1 to act as a deposit for the impurities contained in the water1 and which often caused serious inconvenience in the compressors4 ,in the whole of the first year #ahfa1 the number of working days was two hundred and nine1 and the advance made was but one hundred and seventy metres 7five hundred and fifty feet71 or about eighteen inches per day of twenty-four hours1 an amount less than might have been done by manual labor in the same time4 ,in the year #ahfb1 however1 in the three hundred and twenty-five days of actual work1 the advance made was raised to three hundred and eighty metres 7one thousand two hundred and thirty-five feet71 giving a mean advance of #a4ag metres1 or about three feet nine inches per day4 ,in the year #ahfc1 the length done 7always referring to the ,south or ,bardonneche side7 was raised to above four hundred metres2 and no doubt this year a still greater progress will have been made4 ,at the ,fourneaux or ,northern end of the tunnel--owing to increased difficulties peculiar to the locality--the perforation of the gallery was much delayed4 ,a totally different system of mechanism for the compression of air was necessitated2 and it was not before the #beth of ,january1 #ahfc1 that the boring-machine was in successful operation on this side1 or two years later than at ,bardonneche4 ,the experience1 however1 gained at this latter place1 and the transfer of a few skilful workmen1 soon raised the advance #fe made per day to an amount equivalent to that effected at the ,southern entrance4 ,thus1 on the ,south side 7omitting the first year1 #ahfa7 since the beginning of #ahfb1 and on the ,north side since the beginning of #ahfc1 the new system of mechanical tunnelling may be said to have been in regular and successful operation4 ,in the beginning of ,september of this year were completed in all three thousand five hundred and seventy metres of gallery4 ,from this we deduct sixteen hundred metres done by manual labor1 leaving1 for the work done by the machines1 a length of nineteen hundred and seventy metres4 ,from this we can make a further deduction of the one hundred and seventy metres executed in the first year of experiment and trial at ,bardonneche1 so that we have eighteen hundred metres in length excavated by the machines in a time dating from the beginning of #ahfb at the ,south end1 and from the beginning of #ahfc at the ,north end of the tunnel4 ,thus1 up to the month of ,september1 #ahfd1 we have in all four years and six months2 and eighteen hundred metres divided by #d4e gives us four hundred metres as the rate of progress per year at each side1 or in total1 eight hundred metres per year4 ,basing our calculation1 then1 on this rate1 we find that the eight thousand six hundred and fifty metres yet to be excavated will require about ten and a half more years2 so that we may look forward to the opening of the ,mont ,cenis tunnel at about the year #ahge4 ,the directing engineers1 who have given good proof of competency and skill1 are1 however1 of opinion that this period may be considerably reduced1 unless some totally unlooked-for obstacles are met with in the interior of the mountain4 ,as has been indicated above1 sixteen hundred metres in length of the tunnel was completed by manual labor before the introduction of the mechanical boring-engines1 in a period of five years at the ,north and three years at the ,south side1 equal to four years at each end2 and eight hundred metres in four years gives us two hundred metres per year1 or just one-half excavated by the machine in the same period4 ,in using the machines1 up to the present time1 a perfect ventilation of the tunnel has been secured by the compressed air escaping from the exhaust of the boring-engines2 or by jets of air expressly impinged into the lower end of the gallery to clear out rapidly the smoke and vapor formed by the explosion of the mine4 ,it should be remembered1 moreover1 that in working a gallery of this kind1 where vertical shafts are impossible1 by manual labor1 a powerful and costly air-compressing apparatus would have been necessary for the ventilation of the tunnel alone1 so that the economy of the system1 as applied at the ,mont ,cenis over the general system of tunnelling in hard rock1 is evident4 ,i propose1 in the second portion of this article1 to give a short description of the machinery employed and the system of working adopted1 both at the ,south and ,north ends of the ,mont ,cenis gallery4 ,,ii4 ,travellers who are given to pedestrian exercises may easily visit the works being carried on for the perforation of the tunnel through the ,alps1 both at ,bardonneche and at ,modane1 passing from one mouth of the tunnel to the other by the ,colle di ,frejus2 and in fine weather1 the tourist would not repent the eight hours spent in walking from ,bardonneche to ,susa--a distance of about twenty-five miles4 ,the road descends the valley of the ,dora ,ripari1 and abounds in beautiful scenery4 ,the railway to be constructed along this narrow defile will be found to tax the skill of the engineer as much as any road yet attempted4 ,its total length1 from the terminus at ,susa to the mouth of the ,mont ,cenis tunnel1 will be forty kilometres1 #ff or about twenty-four miles2 and the difference of level between these two points is about two thousand five hundred feet1 the line having a maximum gradient of one in forty1 and a minimum of one in eighty-four4 ,there will be three tunnels of importance1 having a total length of about ten thousand feet2 three others of lesser dimensions1 having a total length of five thousand five hundred feet2 and twelve other small tunnels1 of lengths varying from two hundred and twenty to eight hundred and fifty feet1 their total length being five thousand four hundred feet4 ,thus1 the total length of tunnel on these twenty-four miles of railway will be nearly twenty-one thousand feet1 or about four miles--just one-sixth of the whole line4 ,there will also be several examples of bridges and retaining walls of unusual dimensions4 ,the works being carried on at ,bardonneche are on a larger scale than at ,modane2 so we will1 with our readers' permission1 suppose ourselves arrived in company at the former place1 and the first point which we will visit together will be the large house containing the air-compressing machinery4 ,before entering1 however1 we will throw a glance at the exterior of the building4 ,we find before us1 as it were1 two houses1 in a direct line one with the other--one situated at the foot of a steep ascent2 and the other at about seventy or eighty feet above it1 on the side of the mountain4 ,these two houses are1 however1 but one1 being joined by ten rows of inclined arch-work4 ,along the summit of each row of arches is a large iron pipe1 more than a foot in diameter4 ,these ten pipes1 inclined at an angle of about forty-five degrees1 come out of the side of the upper house1 and enter the side of the lower house1 and serve to conduct the water from the large reservoir above to the air-compressing machinery1 which is arranged in the house below1 exerting in this machinery the pressure of a column of water eighty-four feet six inches in height4 ,on entering the compression-room1 we have before us ten compressing-machines1 precisely the same in all their parts--five on the right hand1 and five on the left1 forming1 as it were1 two groups of five each4 ,in the centre of these two groups are two machines1 in every respect like a couple of small steam-engines1 only they are worked by compressed air instead of steam1 and which we will call aereomotori4 ,each of these aereomotori imparts a rotary motion to a horizontal axis extending along the whole length of the room1 and on which are a series of cams1 which regulate the movements of the valves of the great compressors4 ,this axis we will call the main shaft4 ,one group of five compressors is totally independent of the other1 and has its aereomotore with its main shaft2 but still1 with one single aereomotore1 by means of a simple connecting apparatus1 it is possible to work one or the other group separately1 or both together2 also1 any number of the ten compressors can be disconnected for repairs without affecting the action of the rest1 or may be injured without conveying any injury to the others4 ,in front of each of the ten compressors are placed cylindrical recipients1 in every respect like large steam-boilers1 except that they have no fire-grate or flues1 each having a capacity of seventeen cubic metres1 or five hundred and eighty-three cubic feet4 ,these recipients are put into communication one with the other by means of a tube similar to a steam-pipe connecting a series of steam-boilers2 and each connection is furnished with a stop-valve1 so that any one recipient can be isolated from the rest4 ,let us now examine the end and action of this machinery4 ,as the aereomotori which work the valves of the machines for forcing air into the recipients are themselves worked by compressed air coming from the recipients1 it is evident that before we can put the compressing-machines in motion1 we must have already some supply of compressed air in the #fg cylindrical vessels4 ,this supply of air1 compressed to a pressure of six atmospheres1 is obtained in the following manner3 ,each group of five recipients1 filled with air at the ordinary atmospheric pressure1 is put in communication with a large pipe which enters into a cistern placed in the side of the mountain at about one hundred and sixty-two feet above the floor of the compressing-room4 ,the first operation1 then1 is to open the equilibrium valves placed at the bottom of the two pipes 7one from each group of recipients72 water then rushes into the vessels1 compressing the ordinary air therein contained to about a pressure of six atmospheres4 ,a communication is now opened between this compressed air and the cylinders of the aereomotori1 which commence their action precisely as a steam-engine would do on the admission of steam2 a rotary motion is given to the main shaft2 and the equilibrium valves1 placed in chambers at the bottom of each of the ten pipes coming from the cistern of water placed in the house above1 are opened4 ,we will observe the operation in one of the ten lines of action1 as it were1 consisting of the pipe conducting the water from the cistern1 the compressing-machine1 and the cylindrical recipient4 ,the equilibrium valve at the bottom of the pipe being opened in the manner above explained1 the water1 with its head of eighty-four feet six inches1 rushes past it1 along a short length of horizontal pipe 7in which is an exhaust valve1 now closed71 and begins to mount a vertical column or tube of cast-iron about ten feet high and two feet in diameter3 the air in this column undergoes compression until it has reached a pressure sufficient to force open a valve in a pipe issuing from the summit of the tube1 and connecting it with the recipient4 ,this valve being already weighted with the pressure of the air compressed to six atmospheres by the means previously explained1 a certain quantity of air is thus forced into the vessel2 at this moment1 another revolution of the main shaft causes the equilibrium valve at the bottom of the conducting-pipe to be shut1 and at the same time opens the exhaust valve at the foot of the vertical column4 ,the head of water being now cut off1 and the exhaust open1 the water in the vertical column begins to sink by its own gravity1 leaving a vacuum behind it1 if it were not for a small clack-valve opening inward in the upper part of the compressing column1 which opens by the external pressure of the air1 so that by the time all the water has passed out of the exhaust valve1 the compressor is again full of atmospheric air2 the valve in connection with the recipient being closed by the compressed air imprisoned in the vessel4 ,the aereomotori continue their motion1 another revolution of the main shaft shuts the exhaust and opens the equilibrium or admission valve2 the column of water is again permitted to act1 and the same action is repeated1 more air being forced into the recipient at each round or pulsation of the machine4 ,now1 supposing no consumption of the compressed air to take place beyond that used for driving the aereomotori1 it seems evident that the water in the vessels would be gradually forced out1 owing to the growing pressure of the air inside1 above the pressure of the column of water coming from the higher cistern2 but the communication with this higher cistern is always kept open1 the column of water acting1 in fact1 as a sort of moderator or governor to the compressing-machine1 rising or falling according to the consumption of the compressed air1 and always insuring that there shall be a pressure of six atmospheres acting against the valve at the summit of the vertical column4 ,a water-tube placed on the outside of each group of recipients1 with a graduated scale marked on it1 indicates at a glance the consumption of air4 ,if the perforating-machines in the tunnel cease working1 the pressure augments in the recipients1 and the water in them falls until an equilibrium is established1 #fh between the pressure of the column of water and the force of the compressors1 until1 in fact1 these work without being able to lift the valve at the summit of the vertical compressing column4 ,on the other hand1 if more air than usual be used for ventilating the tunnel1 or by an accidental leakage in the conducting-pipes1 the water rises rapidly in the recipients1 and consequently in the water-gauge outside1 and in thus creating an equilibrium1 indicates the state of things4 ,by this means a continual compensation of pressure is kept up1 which prevents any shock on the valves1 and causes the machine to work with the regularity and uniformity of a steam-engine provided with a governor4 ,in every turn of the main shaft1 a complete circle of effects take place in the compressors2 and experience has shown that three turns a minute of the shaft--that is1 three pulsations of the compressing-machine per minute--are sufficient4 ,it will thus be seen that a column of water1 having the great velocity due to a head of eighty-four feet six inches1 acts upon a column of air contained in a vertical tube2 the effect of this velocity being to inject1 as it were1 a certain quantity of air into a recipient at each upward stroke of the column1 and at each downward stroke drawing in after it an equivalent quantity of atmospheric air as a fresh supply4 ,the ten recipients charged with air compressed to six atmospheres 7ninety pounds on the square inch7 in the manner above explained1 serve as a reservoir of the force required for working the boring-engines in the tunnel1 and for ventilating and purifying the gallery4 ,the air is conducted in pipes about eight inches in diameter1 having a thickness of metal of about three-eighths of an inch4 ,much doubt had previously been expressed as to the possibility of conveying compressed air to great distances without a very great and serious loss of power4 ,the experience gained1 however1 at the ,mont ,cenis has shown that1 conveyed to a distance of thirteen ,english miles1 the loss would be but one-tenth of the original force2 and that the actual measured loss of power in a distance of six thousand five hundred feet1 a little more than a mile and a quarter1 was less than #a-abgth of the original pressure in the recipients4 ,the mouth of the tunnel is but a few hundred yards from the air-compressing house--we will now proceed thither4 ,for nearly a mile in length the gallery is completed and lined with masonry4 ,at the first view1 we are struck with the bold outline of its section and its ample dimensions4 ,excepting1 perhaps1 the passage of an occasional railway-truck1 laden with pieces of rock and rubbish1 we find nothing to remind us of the numbers of busy workmen and of the powerful machines which are laboring in the tunnel4 ,all is perfectly quiet and solitary4 ,looking around us as we traverse this first and completed portion1 we observe nothing very different from an ordinary railway-tunnel1 with the exception of the great iron pipe which conveys the compressed air1 and is attached to the side of the wall4 ,at the end of about a quarter of an hour we begin to hear sounds of activity1 and little lights flickering in the distance indicate that we are approaching the scene of operations4 ,in a few moments we reach the second division of the tunnel1 or that part which is being enlarged from the comparatively small section made by the perforating-machine to its full dimensions1 previously to being lined with masonry4 ,in those portions where the workmen are engaged in the somewhat dangerous operation of detaching large blocks of stone from the roof1 the tunnel is protected by a ceiling of massive beams1 under which the visitor passes--not1 however1 without hurrying his pace and experiencing a feeling of satisfaction when the distance is completed4 ,gradually leaving behind us the bee-like crowd of busy miners1 with the eternal ring of their boring-bars against the hard rock1 we find the excavated gallery #fi getting smaller and smaller1 and the difficulties of picking our way increasing at every step2 the sounds behind us get fainter and fainter1 and in a short time we are again in the midst of a profound solitude4 ,the little gallery in which we are now stumbling our way over blocks of stone and rubbish1 only varied by long tracts of thick slush and pools of water1 is the section excavated by the boring-machine--in dimension about twelve feet broad by eight feet high4 ,the tramway which has accompanied us all the way is still continued along this small section4 ,in the middle portion underneath the rails is the canal1 inclined toward the mouth of the tunnel1 for carrying off the water2 and in this canal are now collected the pipes for conveying the compressed air to the machines1 and the gas for illuminating the gallery4 ,at the end of a few minutes1 a rattling1 jingling sound indicates that we are near the end of our excursion1 and that we are approaching the perforating-machines4 ,on arriving1 we find that nearly the whole of the little gallery is taken up by the engine1 the frame of which1 mounted upon wheels1 rests upon the main tramway1 so that the whole can be moved backward or forward as necessary4 ,on examining the arrangement a little closely1 we find that in reality we have before us nine or ten perforators1 completely independent of one another1 all mounted on one frame1 and each capable of movement in any direction4 ,attached to every one of them are two flexible tubes1 one for conveying the compressed air1 and the other the water which is injected at every blow or stroke of the tool into the hole1 for the purpose of clearing out the debris and for cooling the point of the jumper4 ,in front1 directed against the rock1 are nine or ten tubes 7according to the number of perforators71 very similar in appearance to large gun-barrels1 out of which are discharged with great rapidity an equal number of boring-bars or jumpers4 ,motion is given to these jumpers by the direct admission of a blast of compressed air behind them1 the return stroke being effected by a somewhat slighter pressure of air than was used to drive them forward4 ,we will suppose the machine brought up for the commencement of an attack4 ,the points most convenient for the boring of the holes having been selected1 the nine or ten perforators1 as the case may be1 are carefully adjusted in front of them4 ,the compressed air is then admitted1 and the boring of the holes commences4 ,on an average1 at the end of about three-quarters of an hour1 the nine or ten holes are pierced to a depth of two feet to two feet six inches4 ,another ten holes are then commenced1 and so on1 until about eighty holes are pierced4 ,the greater number of these holes are driven toward the centre of the point of attack1 and the rest round the perimeter4 ,the driving of these eighty holes to an average depth of two feet three inches1 is usually completed in about seven hours1 and the second operation is then commenced4 ,the flexible tubes conveying the compressed air and the water are detached from the machines1 and placed in security in the covered canal4 ,the perforating-machine1 mounted on its frame or truck1 is drawn back on the tramway behind two massive folding-doors of wood4 ,miners then advance and charge the holes in the centre with powder1 and adjust the matches2 fire is given1 and the miners retire behind the folding-doors1 which are closed4 ,the explosion opens a breach in the centre part of the front of attack4 ,powerful jets of compressed air are now injected1 to clear off the smoke formed by the powder4 ,as soon as the gallery is clear1 the other holes in the perimeter are charged and fired1 and more air is injected4 ,then comes the third operation4 ,gangs of workmen advance and clear away the debris and blocks of stone detached by the explosion of the mine1 in little wagons running on a pair of rails placed by the side of the main tramway4 ,this done1 the main line is #gj prolonged to the requisite distance1 and the perforating engine is again brought forward for a fresh attack4 ,thus1 we have three distinct operations--first1 the mechanical perforation of the holes2 secondly1 the charging and explosion of the mine2 and thirdly1 the clearing away of the debris4 ,by careful registers kept since the commencement of the work1 it is found that the mean duration of each successive operation is as follows3 for the perforation of the holes1 seven hours thirty-nine minutes2 for the charging and explosion of the mine1 three hours twenty-nine minutes2 for the clearing away of the debris1 two hours thirty-three minutes2 or1 in all1 nearly fourteen hours4 ,occasionally1 however1 the three operations may be completed in ten hours1 all depending upon the hardness of the rock4 ,it has been found practically more expeditious to make two series of operations in twenty-four hours4 ,whatever may be the nature of the rock1 if it is very hard1 the depth of the holes is reduced2 that is1 the perforation is only continued for a certain given time--about six and a half hours--which1 for the eighty holes with ten perforaters1 gives us about three-quarters of an hour for each hole4 ,the rock is generally of calcareous schist1 crystallized1 and exceedingly hard1 traversed by thick veins of quartz1 which often break the points of the boring-tools after a few blows4 ,each jumper gives about three blows per second1 and makes one-eighteenth of a revolution on its axis at each blow1 or one complete revolution every six seconds4 ,thus1 in the three-quarters of an hour necessary to drive a single hole to the depth of twenty-seven inches1 we have four hundred and fifty revolutions of the bar1 and eighteen hundred violent blows given by the point against the hard rock1 and that under an impulse of about one hundred and eighty pounds4 ,these figures will give us some idea of the wear and tear of the perforating-machines4 ,it is calculated that on an average one perforating-machine is worn out for every six metres of gallery1 so that more than two thousand will be consumed before the completion of the tunnel4 ,the total length completed at the ,bardonneche side at the present time is just two thousand three hundred metres1 or nearly a mile and a half4 ,at the north or ,modane end1 the mechanical perforators are precisely the same as at ,bardonneche1 as also is the system of working in the gallery4 ,the machinery for the compression of air1 however1 is very different1 more simple1 and in every way an improvement upon that at the ,south end4 ,not finding any convenient means of obtaining a head of eighty-four feet of water sufficient in quantity for working a series of compressors1 as at ,bardonneche1 there has been established at ,modane a system of direct compression1 the necessary force for which is derived from the current of the ,arc4 ,six large water-wheels moved by this current give a reciprocating motion to a piston contained in a large horizontal cylinder of cast iron4 ,this piston1 having a column of water on each side of it1 raises and lowers alternately these two columns1 in two vertical tubes about ten feet high1 compressing the air in each tube alternately1 and forcing a certain quantity1 at each upward stroke of the water1 to enter into a cylindrical recipient4 ,there is very little loss of water in this machine1 which in its action is very like a large double-barreled common air-pump4 ,it is a question open to science whether the employment of compressed air for driving the perforating engines in a work such as is in operation at the ,mont ,cenis1 could not be advantageously and economically exchanged for the employment of a direct hydraulic motive force1 the ventilation of the tunnel being provided for by other means4 ,the system1 however1 employed at ,modane has many advantages1 which it is impossible to overlook1 and its complete success has given a marked and decided impulse to the modern science of tunnelling through hard rock4 ------ #ga ,translated from the ,civilta ,cattolica4 ,,on ,,the ,,unity ,,of ,,type ,,in ,,the ,,animal ,,kingdom4 ,i4 ,the generation of a human creature takes place neither by the development of a being which is found in the germ1 sketched as it were like a miniature1 nor by a sudden formation or an instantaneous transition from potential to actual existence4 ,it is effected by the true production of a new being1 which pre-exists only virtually in the activity of the germ communicated by the conceiver1 and the successive transformation of the potential subject4 ,this truth1 an a priori postulate of philosophy1 and demonstrated by physiology a posteriori1 was illustrated by us in a preceding article4 ,here we must discard an error which has sprung from this truth4 ,for there have been materialists who maintained that there was but one type in the whole animal kingdom1 that is1 man1 as he unites in himself in the highest possible degree perfection of organism and delicacy of feelings2 and that all the species of inferior animals were so many stages in the development of that most perfect type4 ,this opinion is thus expressed by ,milne-,edwards in his highly esteemed lectures on the ,physiology and ,comparative ,anatomy of ,man and ,animals3 ,every organized being undergoes in its development deep and various modifications4 ,the character of the anatomical structure1 no less than its vital faculties1 changes as it passes from the state of embryo to that of a perfect animal in its own species4 ,now all the animals which are derived from the same type move during a certain time in the same embryonic road1 and resemble each other in that process of organization during a certain period of time1 the longer as their zoological relationship is closer2 afterward they deviate from the common road and each acquires the properties belonging to it4 ,those that are to have a more perfect structure proceed further than those whose organization is completed at less cost4 ,it results from this that the transitory or embryonic state of a superior animal resembles1 in a more or less wonderful manner1 the permanent state of another animal lower in the same zoological series4 ,some authors have thought right to conclude from this that the diversity of species proceeds from a series of stages of this kind taking place at different degrees of the embryonic development2 and these writers1 falling into the exaggerations to which imitators are especially liable1 have held that every superior animal1 in order to reach its definitive form1 must pass through the series of the proper forms of animals which are its inferiors in the zoological hierarchy2 so that man1 for instance1 before he is born1 is at first a kind of worm1 then a mollusk1 then a fish1 or something like it1 before he can assume the characters belonging to his species4 ,an eminent professor has recently expressed these views in a concise form1 saying that the embryology of the most perfect being is a comparative transitory anatomy1 and that the anatomic table of the whole animal kingdom is a fixed and permanent representation of the movable aspect of human organogeny4 ,thus1 according to this opinion1 man is the only type of animal life2 and every inferior species is but an imitation1 more or less perfect1 of the same2 an inchoation stopped in its course at a greater or shorter distance from the term to which the work of nature tends in its organization of the human embryo4 ,in short1 an #gb entoma in difetto1 to use the language of ,dante4 ,the doctrine is not new in the scientific world4 ,it was proclaimed in the last century by ,robinet1 who held that all inferior beings are but so many proofs or sketches upon which nature practises in order to learn how to form man4 ,in the beginning of the present century ,lamarck1 in ,germany1 following ,kielmayer1 reproduced the same theory4 ,according to him all the species of animals inferior to man are but so many lower steps at which the human embryo stops in its gradual development4 ,man1 on the contrary1 is the last term reached by nature after she has travelled all through the zoological scale1 to fit herself for that work4 ,about the same time the celebrated naturalist1 ,stephen ,geoffroy ,saint ,hilaire1 began to disseminate in ,france analogous ideas under the name of stages of development 7arret de developpement72 and these ideas1 exaggerated by some of his disciples1 amounted in their minds to the same doctrine of ,lamarck1 just alluded to4 ,among them ,professor ,serres holds the first rank1 and it is to him that ,milne-,edwards alludes in the passage just cited4 ,he expresses himself thus3 ,human organogeny is a comparative transitory anatomy1 as comparative anatomy is the fixed and permanent state of the organogeny of man2 and1 on the contrary1 if we reverse the proposition1 or method of investigation1 and study animal life from the lowest to the highest1 instead of considering it from the highest to the lowest1 we shall see that the organisms of the series reproduce incessantly those of the embryos1 and fix themselves in that state which for animals becomes the term of their development4 ,the long series of changes of form presented by the same organism in comparative anatomy is but the reproduction of the numerous series of transformations to which this organism is subjected in the embryo in the course of its development4 ,in the embryo the passage is rapid1 in virtue of the power of the life which animates it2 in the animal the life of the organism is exhausted1 and it stops there1 because it is not permitted to follow the course traced for the human embryo4 ,distinct stages on the one hand1 progressive advance on the other1 here is the secret of development1 the fundamental difference which the human mind can perceive between comparative anatomy and organogeny4 ,the animal series thus considered in its organisms is but a long chain of embryos which succeed each other gradually and at intervals1 reaching at last man1 who thus finds his physical development in comparative organogeny4 ,thus speaks ,serres4 ,and in another place3 ,the whole animal kingdom appears only like one animal in the course of formation in the different organisms4 ,it stops here sooner1 there later1 and thus at the time of each interruption determines1 by the state in which it then is1 the distinctive and organized characters of classes1 families1 genera1 and species4 ,,ii4 ,,this ,,opinion ,,refuted ,,by ,,philosophical ,,reasons4 ,the futility of the above doctrine is manifest1 in the first place1 from the weakness of the foundation on which it rests4 ,that foundation is no other than a kind of likeness which appears at first sight between the rudimental forms which1 in the first steps of its development1 are assumed by the human embryo1 and the forms of some inferior animals4 ,for the germ1 by the very reason that it has not1 as it was once believed1 all the organism of the human body in microscopic proportions1 but in order to acquire it must pass from potential to actual existence--by that very reason1 is #gc subjected to continual metamorphoses1 that is1 to successive transformations1 which give it different aspects1 from that of a little disc to the perfect human figure4 ,now1 it is clear that1 in this gradual transition from the mere power to the act of perfect organization1 a kind of analogy or likeness to some of the numberless forms of inferior organizations of the animal kingdom may1 and must1 be found in its intermediate and incomplete state4 ,but1 evidently1 between analogy and identity there is an immense difference2 and the fact of there being an analogy with some of those forms1 gives us no right to infer that there is one with all4 ,hence this theory is justly despised by the most celebrated naturalists as the whim of an extravagant fancy4 ,according to ,lamarck1 says ,fredault1 in speaking of this1 theory1 all the animals are but inferior grades at which the human germ stopped in its development1 and man is but the result of the last efforts of a nature which has passed successively through the grades of its novitiate1 and has arrived at the last term of its perfection4 ,presented in this view1 the doctrine of epigenesis raised against itself the most simple and scientific common sense1 as being manifestly erroneous4 ,numerous works on the development of the germ have demonstrated that appearances were taken for realities1 and that imagination had created a real romance4 ,it has been proved that if1 at certain epochs of its development1 the human germ has a distant resemblance either to a worm or a reptile1 such resemblance is very remote1 and that on this point we must believe as much as we would believe of the assertion of a man who1 looking at the clouds1 should say that he could discover the palaces and gardens of ,armida1 with horsemen and armies1 and all that a heated imagination might fancy4 ,however1 laying aside all that1 the opinion which we are now examining originates1 with those who uphold it1 in a total absence of philosophical conceptions4 ,that strange idea of the unity of type and of its stages1 in order to establish the forms of inferior animals1 would never have risen in the mind of any one who had duly considered the immutability of essences and the reason of the formation of a thing4 ,the act of making differs from the thing made only as the means differs from the end4 ,both belong to the same order--one implies movement1 the other rest4 ,their difference lies only in this3 that what in the term is unfolded and complete1 in its progress toward the term is found to be only sketched out1 and having a tendency to formation4 ,hence it follows that1 whatever the point of view from which we consider the embryo of each animal1 it is nothing else but the total organism of the same in the course of formation2 and1 therefore1 it differs as substantially from every other organism as the term itself toward which it proceeds4 ,and what we affirm of the whole organism must be said of each of its parts1 which are essentially related to the whole and follow the nature of the whole4 ,the first rudiments1 for instance1 of the hands of man could not properly be compared to the wings of a bird4 ,as they are hands after being made1 so they are hands in the process of formation2 as their structure is different1 so is their being immutable4 ,whatever may be the likeness between the first appearances of the human embryo and the forms of lower animals1 they are not the effect of a stable existence1 but of a transitory and shifting existence1 which does not constitute a species1 but is merely and essentially a movement toward the formation of the species4 ,on the contrary1 the forms presented by animals already constituted in their being belong to a stable and permanent existence1 which diversifies one species from another4 ,the difference1 then1 between the former and the latter is interior and substantial1 and cannot be changed into exterior and accidental1 as it would be if it consisted in #gd stopping or in travelling further on4 ,the movement or tendency which takes place in the germ to become another thing until the said germ assumes a perfect organization relative to the being it must produce1 is not a quality which can be discarded1 since it is intimately combined with the subject itself in which it is found4 ,the essence itself must be changed in it in order to obtain stability and consistency4 ,but if the essence be changed1 we are out of the question1 since in that case we should have1 not the human embryo arrested at this or that stage on its road1 but a different being substituted for it2 of analogous exterior appearance1 perhaps1 but substantially different1 which would constitute an annual of inferior degree4 ,in short1 each animal is circumscribed in its own species1 like every other being in nature4 ,if to reach to the perfection required by its independent existence it needs development1 every step in that journey is an inchoation of the next1 and cannot exist but as such4 ,to change its nature and to make it a permanent being1 is as impossible as to change one essence into another4 ,again3 ,from the opinion we are refuting it would follow that all animals1 man excepted1 are so many monsters1 since they are nothing else but deviations1 for want of ulterior development1 from what nature really intends to do as a term of its action4 ,thus anomaly is converted into law1 disorder into order1 an accidental case into a constant fact4 ,finally1 in that hypothesis we should have to affirm not only that the inferior and more imperfect species appeared on earth before the nobler and the more akin to the unique and perfect type1 but also that on the appearance of a more perfect species the preceding one had disappeared2 being inferior in the scale of perfection4 ,for what other reason could be alleged for nature's stopping at a bird when it intends to make a man1 but that the causes are not properly disposed1 or that circumstances are not quite favorable to the production of that perfect animal8 ,then when the causes are ready1 and the circumstances propitious1 it is necessary that man be fashioned and that the bird disappear4 ,now all that is contrary to experience4 ,for all the species1 together with the type1 are of the same date1 and we see them born constantly in the same circumstances which are common to all1 either of temperature or atmosphere or latitude1 etc4 ,the theory1 then1 of the unity of type in the animal kingdom and of stages of development falls to the ground1 if we only look at it from a philosophical point of view4 ,,iii4 ,,it ,,is ,,refuted ,,by ,,physiological ,,reasons4 ,however1 physiological arguments have more force in this matter than the philosophical2 since they are more closely connected with the subject1 and have in their favor the tangible evidence of fact4 ,we shall take our arguments from three celebrated naturalists as the representatives of an immense number1 whom want of space forbids us to quote4 ,flourens shows the error of that opinion by referring to the diversity of the nervous system4 ,the nervous system is the foundation of the animal organism2 it is the general instrument of vital functions1 of sensation1 and of motion4 ,if then one archetypal idea presides over the formation of the different organisms1 only one nervous system ought to appear in each1 more or less developed or arrested4 ,but experience teaches us the contrary4 ,it shows nervous systems differing in different animals ordained to different functions1 each perfect in its kind4 ,is there a unity of type8 asks this celebrated naturalist4 ,to say that there is but one type is to say that there is but one form of #ge nervous system2 because the form of the nervous system determines the type2 that is1 it determines the general form of the animal4 ,now1 can we affirm that there is but one form of nervous system8 ,can we hold that the nervous system of the zoophyte is the same as that of the mollusk1 and this latter the same as that of the articulata1 or this again the same as that of the vertebrata8 ,and if we cannot say that there is only one nervous system1 can we affirm that there is only one type8 ,he speaks likewise of the unity of plan4 ,every creature is built differently1 and the difference is especially striking between members of the several grand divisions of the animal kingdom4 ,the plan then of each is different1 and so is the typical idea which prescribes its formation4 ,no animal can then be considered as the proof or outline of another4 ,is there a unity of plan8 ,the plan is the relative location of the parts4 ,one can conceive very well the unity of plan without the unity of number2 for it is sufficient that all the parts1 whatever their number may be1 keep always relatively to each other the same place4 ,but can one say that the vertebrate animal1 whose nervous system is placed above the digestive canal1 is fashioned after the same plan as the mollusk1 whose digestive canal is placed above the nervous system8 ,can one say that the crustacean1 whose heart is placed above the spinal marrow1 is fashioned after the same pattern as the vertebrate1 whose spinal marrow is placed above the heart8 ,is the relative location of the parts maintained8 ,on the contrary1 is it not overthrown8 ,and if there is a change in the location of parts1 how is there a unity of plan8 ,mueller draws nearer to the consideration of the development of the human embryo1 and forcibly illustrates the falsehood of the pretended theory4 ,it is not long since it was held with great seriousness that the human foetus1 before reaching its perfect state1 travels successively though the different degrees of development which are permanent during the whole life of animals of inferior classes4 ,that hypothesis has not the least foundation1 as ,baer has shown4 ,the human embryo never resembles a radiate1 or an insect1 or a mollusk1 or a worm4 ,the plan of formation of those animals is quite different from that of the vertebrate4 ,man then might at most resemble these last1 since he himself is a vertebrate1 and his organization is fashioned after the common type of this great division of the animal kingdom4 ,but he does not even resemble at one time a fish1 at another a reptile1 a bird1 etc4 ,the analogy is no greater between him and a reptile or a bird1 than it is between all vertebrate animals4 ,during the first stages of their formation1 all the embryos of vertebrate animals present merely the simplest and most general delineations of the type of a vertebrate2 hence it is that they resemble each other so much as to render it very difficult to distinguish them4 ,the fish1 the reptile1 the bird1 the mammal1 and man are at first the simplest expression of a type common to all2 but in proportion as they grow1 the general resemblance becomes fainter and fainter1 and their extremities1 for instance1 after being alike for a certain time1 assume the characters of wings1 of hands1 of feet1 etc4 ,mr4 ,milne-,edwards takes the same view of embryonic generation3 ,i agree with ,geoffrey ,saint ,hilaire1 that often a great analogy is observed between the final state of certain parts of the bodies of some inferior animals1 and the embryonic state of the same parts of other animals belonging to the same type the organism of which is further developed1 and with the same philosopher1 ,i call the cause of the state of permanent inferiority arrests of development4 ,but ,i am far from thinking with some of his disciples that the embryo of man or of mammals exhibits in its different degrees of formation the species of the less perfect of animate creation4 ,no6 a #gf mollusk or an anhelid is not the embryo of a mammal1 arrested in its organic development1 any more than the mammal is a kind of fish perfected4 ,each animal carries within itself1 from the very origin1 the beginning of its specific individuality1 and the development of its organism1 in conformity to the general outline of the plan of structure proper to its species1 is always a condition of its existence4 ,there is never a complete likeness between an adult animal and the embryo of another1 between one of its organs and the transitory state of the same in the course of formation2 and the multiplicity of the products of creation could never be explained by a similar transmutation of species4 ,we shall see hereafter1 that in every zoological group composed of animals which seem to be derived from a common fundamental type1 the different species do not exhibit at first any marked difference1 but soon begin to be marked by various particularities of constructure always growing and numerous4 ,thus each species acquires a character of its own1 which distinguishes it from all others in the way of development1 and each of its organs becomes different from the analogous part of every other embryo4 ,but the changes which the organs and the whole being undergo after they have deviated from the common genesiac form1 are generally speaking the less considerable in proportion as the animal is destined to receive a less perfect organism1 and consequently they retain a kind of resemblance to those transitory forms4 ,reason then and experience1 theory and fact1 philosophy and physiology1 agree in protesting against the arbitrary doctrine of the unity of type in the animal kingdom2 a doctrine which has its origin in an absence of sound scientific notions and a superficial observation of the phenomena of nature4 ,through the former defect men failed to consider that if the end of each animal species is different1 different also must be its being1 and therefore a different type must preside as a rule and supreme law over the formation of the being4 ,by the latter1 some very slight and partial analogies have been mistaken for identity and universality1 and mere appearances have been assumed as realities4 ---- ,from ,blackwood's ,magazine4 ,,domine1 ,,quo ,,vadis8 ,footnote #f ,,by ,p4 ,s4 ,,worsley4 ,footnote #f3 ,see ,mrs4 ,jameson's ,sacred and ,legendary ,art1 p4 #ahj4 ,there stands in the old ,appian ,way1 ,two miles without the ,roman wall1 ,a little ancient church1 and grey3 ,long may it moulder not nor fall6 ,there hangs a legend on the name ,one reverential thought may claim4 ',tis written of that fiery time1 ,when all the angered evil powers ,leagued against ,christ for wrath and crime1 ,how ,peter left the accursed towers1 ,passing from out the guilty street1 ,and shook the red dust from his feet4 #gg ,sole pilgrim else in that lone road1 ,suddenly he was 'ware of one ,who toiled beneath a weary load1 ,bare-headed1 in the heating sun1 ,pale with long watches1 and forespent ,with harm and evil accident4 ,under a cross his weak limbs bow1 ,scarcely his sinking strength avails4 ,a crown of thorns is on his brow1 ,and in his hands the print of nails4 ,so friendless and alone in shame1 ,one like the ,man of ,sorrows came4 ,read in her eyes who gave thee birth ,that loving1 tender1 sad rebuke2 ,then learn no mother on this earth1 ,how dear soever1 shaped a look ,so sweet1 so sad1 so pure as now ,came from beneath that holy brow4 ,and deeply ,peter's heart it pierced2 ,once had he seen that look before2 ,and even now1 as at the first1 ,it touched1 it smote him to the core4 ,bowing his head1 no word save three ,he spoke--,quo vadis1 ,domine8 ,then1 as he looked up from the ground1 ,his ,saviour made him answer due-- ,my son1 to ,rome ,i go1 thorn-crowned1 ,there to be crucified anew2 ,since he to whom ,i gave my sheep ,leaves them for other men to keep4 ,then the saint's eyes grew dim with tears4 ,he knelt1 his ,master's feet to kiss-- ,i vexed my heart with faithless fears2 ,pardon thy servant1 ,lord1 for this4 ,then rising up--but none was there-- ,no voice1 no sound1 in earth or air4 ,straightway his footsteps he retraced1 ,as one who hath a work to do4 ,back through the gates he passed with haste1 ,silent1 alone and full in view2 ,and lay forsaken1 save of ,one1 ,in dungeon deep ere set of sun4 #gh ,then he who once1 apart from ill1 ,nor taught the depth of human tears1 ,girded himself and walked at will1 ,as one rejoicing in the years1 ,girded of others1 scorned and slain1 ,passed heavenward through the gates of pain4 ,if any bear a heart within1 ,well may these walls be more than stone1 ,and breathe of peace and pardoned sin ,to him who grieveth all alone4 ,return1 faint heart1 and strive thy strife2 ,fight1 conquer1 grasp the crown of life4 ------ ,from ,the ,month4 ,,constance ,,sherwood4 ,,an ,,autobiography ,,of ,,the ,,sixteenth ,,century4 ,,by ,,lady ,,georgiana ,,fullerton4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,i had not thought to write the story of my life2 but the wishes of those who have at all times more right to command than occasion to entreat aught at my hands1 have in a manner compelled me thereunto4 ,the divers trials and the unlooked-for comforts which have come to my lot during the years that ,i have been tossed to and fro on this uneasy sea--the world--have wrought in my soul an exceeding sense of the goodness of ,god1 and an insight into the meaning of the sentence in ,holy ,writ which saith1 ,his ways are not as our ways1 nor his thoughts like unto our thoughts4 ,and this puts me in mind that there are sayings which are in every one's mouth1 and therefore not to be lightly gainsayed1 which nevertheless do not approve themselves to my conscience as wholly just and true4 ,of these is the common adage1 ,that misfortunes come not alone4 ,for my own part1 ,i have found that when a cross has been laid on me1 it has mostly been a single one1 and that other sorrows were oftentimes removed1 as if to make room for it4 ,and it has been my wont1 when one trial has been passing away1 to look out for the next1 even as on a stormy day1 when the clouds have rolled away in one direction and sunshine is breaking overhead1 we see others rising in the distance4 ,there has been no portion of my life free from some measure of grief or fear sufficient to recall the words that ,man is born to trouble as the sparks fly upward2 and none so reft of consolation that1 in the midst of suffering1 ,i did not yet cry out1 ,the ,lord is my shepherd2 his rod and his staff comfort me4 ,i was born in the year #aeeg1 in a very fair part of ,england1 at ,sherwood ,hall1 in the county of ,stafford4 ,for its comely aspect1 commodious chambers1 sunny gardens1 and the sweet walks in its vicinity1 it was as commendable a residence for persons of moderate fortune and contented minds as can well be thought of4 ,within and without this my paternal home nothing was wanting which might please the eye1 or minister to #gi tranquillity of mind and healthful recreation4 ,i reckon it amongst the many favors ,i have received from a gracious ,providence1 that the earlier years of my life were spent amidst such fair scenes1 and in the society of parents who ever took occasion from earthly things to lead my thoughts to such as are imperishable1 and so to stir up in me a love of the ,creator1 who has stamped his image on this visible world in characters of so great beauty2 whilst in the tenderness of those dear parents unto myself ,i saw1 as it were1 a type and representation of his paternal love and goodness4 ,my father was of an ancient family1 and allied to such as were of greater note and more wealthy than his own4 ,he had not1 as is the manner with many squires of our days1 left off residing on his own estate in order to seek after the shows and diversions of ,london2 but had united to a great humility of mind and a singular affection for learning a contentedness of spirit which inclined him to dwell in the place assigned to him by ,providence4 ,he had married at an early age1 and had ever conformed to the habits of his neighbors in all lawful and kindly ways1 and sought no other labors but such as were incidental to the care of his estates1 and no recreations but those of study1 joined to a moderate pursuit of field-sports and such social diversions as the neighborhood afforded4 ,his outward appearance was rather simple than showy1 and his manners grave and composed4 ,when ,i call to mind the singular modesty of his disposition1 and the retiredness of his manners1 ,i often marvel how the force of circumstances and the urging of conscience should have forced one so little by nature inclined to an unsettled mode of life into one which1 albeit peaceful in its aims1 proved so full of danger and disquiet4 ,my mother's love ,i enjoyed but for a brief season4 ,not that it waxed cold toward me1 as happens with some parents1 who look with fondness on the child and less tenderly on the maiden2 but it pleased ,almighty ,god to take her unto himself when ,i was but ten years of age4 ,her face is as present to me now as any time of my life4 ,no limner's hand ever drew a more faithful picture than the one ,i have of her even now engraved on the tablet of my heart4 ,she had so fair and delicate a complexion that ,i can only liken it to the leaf of a white rose with the lightest tinge of pink in it4 ,her hair was streaked with gray too early for her years2 but this matched well with the sweet melancholy of her eyes1 which were of a deep violet color4 ,her eyelids were a trifle thick1 and so were her lips2 but there was a pleasantness in her smile and the dimples about her mouth such as ,i have not noticed in any one else4 ,she had a sweet womanly and loving heart1 and the noblest spirit imaginable2 a great zeal in the service of ,god1 tempered with so much sweetness and cordiality that she gave not easily offence to any one1 of howsoever different a way of thinking from herself2 and either won them over to her faith through the suavity of her temper and the wisdom of her discourse1 or else worked in them a personal liking which made them patient with her1 albeit fierce with others4 ,when ,i was about seven years of age ,i noticed that she waxed thin and pale1 and that we seldom went abroad1 and walked only in our own garden and orchard4 ,she seemed glad to sit on a bench on the sunny side of the house even in summer1 and on days when by reason of the heat ,i liked to lie down in the shade4 ,my parents forbade me from going into the village2 and1 through the perverseness common to too many young people1 on account of that very prohibition ,i longed for liberty to do so1 and wearied oftentimes of the solitude we lived in4 ,at a later period ,i learnt how kind had been their intent in keeping me during the early years of childhood from a knowledge of the woeful divisions which the late changes in religion had wrought in our country2 which ,i might easily have heard from #hj young companions1 and maybe in such sort as to awaken angry feelings1 and shed a drop of bitter in the crystal cup of childhood's pure faith4 ,if we did walk abroad1 it was to visit some sick persons1 and carry them food or clothing or medicines1 which my mother prepared with her own hands4 ,but as she grew weaker1 we went less often outside the gates1 and the poor came themselves to fetch away what in her bounty she stored up for them4 ,i did not notice that our neighbors looked unkindly on us when we were seen in the village4 ,children would cry out sometimes1 but half in play1 ,down with the ,papists6 but ,i witnessed that their elders checked them1 especially those of the poorer sort2 and ,god bless you1 ,mrs4 ,sherwood6 and ,god save you1 madam6 was often in their mouths1 as she whom ,i loved with so great and reverent an affection passed alongside of them1 or stopped to take breath1 leaning against their cottage-palings4 ,many childish heartaches ,i can even now remember when ,i was not suffered to join in the merry sports of the #ast of ,may2 for then1 as the poet ,chaucer sings1 the youths and maidens go ,to fetch the flowers fresh and branch and bloom1 ,and these1 rejoicing in their great delight1 ,eke each at other throw the blossoms bright4 ,i watched the merry wights as they passed our door on their way to the groves and meadows1 singing mirthful carols1 and bent on pleasant pastimes2 and tears stood in my eyes as the sound of their voices died away in the distance4 ,my father found me thus weeping one ,may-day1 and carried me with him to a sweet spot in a wood1 where wild-flowers grew like living jewels out of the green carpet of moss on which we sat2 and there1 as the birds sang from every bough1 and the insects hovered and hummed over every blossom1 he entertained me with such quaint and pleasant tales1 and moved me to merry laughter by his witty devices2 so that ,i set down that day in my book of memory as one of the joyfullest in all my childhood4 ,at ,easter1 when the village children rolled pasch eggs down the smooth sides of the green hills1 my mother would paint me some herself1 and adorned them with such bright colors and rare sentences that ,i feared to break them with rude handling1 and kept them by me throughout the year1 rather as pictures to be gazed on than toys to be played with in a wanton fashion4 ,on the morning of the ,resurrection1 when others went to the top of ,cannock ,chase to hail the rising sun1 as is the custom of those parts1 she would sing so sweetly the psalm which speaketh of the heavens rejoicing and of the earth being glad1 that it grieved me not to stay at home2 albeit ,i sometimes marvelled that we saw so little company1 and mixed not more freely with our neighbors4 ,when ,i had reached my ninth birthday1 whether it was that ,i took better heed of words spoken in my hearing1 or else that my parents thought it was time that ,i should learn somewhat of the conditions of the times1 and so talked more freely in my presence1 it so happened that ,i heard of the jeopardy in which many who held the ,catholic faith were1 and of the laws which were being made to prohibit in our country the practice of the ancient religion4 ,when ,protestants came to our house--and it was sometimes hard in those days to tell who were such at heart1 or only in outward semblance out of conformity to the queen's pleasure--,i was strictly charged not to speak in their hearing of aught that had to do with ,catholic faith and worship2 and ,i could see at such times on my mother's face an uneasy expression1 as if she was ever fearing the next words that any one might utter4 ,in the autumn of that year we had visitors whose company was so great an honor to my parents1 and the occasion of so much delight to myself1 that ,i can call to mind every little circumstance of their brief sojourn under our roof1 even as if it had taken place but #ha yesterday4 ,this visit proved the first step toward an intimacy which greatly affected the tenor of my life1 and prepared the way for the direction it was hereafter to take4 ,these truly honorable and well-beloved guests were my ,lady ,mounteagle and her son ,mr4 ,james ,labourn1 who were journeying at that time from ,london1 where she had been residing at her son-in-law the ,duke of ,norfolk's house1 to her seat in the country2 whither she was carrying the three children of her daughter1 the ,duchess of ,norfolk1 and of that lady's first husband1 the ,lord ,dacre of the ,north4 ,the eldest of these young ladies was of about my own age1 and the others younger4 ,the day on which her ladyship was expected1 ,i could not sit with patience at my tambour-frame1 or con my lessons1 or play on the virginals2 but watched the hours and the minutes in my great desire to see these noble wenches4 ,i had not hitherto consorted with young companions1 save with ,edmund and ,john ,genings1 of whom ,i shall have occasion to speak hereafter1 who were then my playmates1 as at a riper age friends4 ,i thought1 in the quaint way in which children couple one idea with another in their fantastic imaginations1 that my ,lady ,mounteagle's three daughters would be like the three angels1 in my mother's missal1 who visited ,abraham in his tent4 ,i had craved from my mother a holiday1 which she granted on the score that ,i should help her that forenoon in the making of the pasties and jellies1 which1 as far as her strength allowed1 she failed not to lend a hand to2 and also she charged me to set the bed-chambers in fair order1 and to gather fresh flowers wherewith to adorn the parlor4 ,these tasks had in them a pleasantness which whiled away the time1 and ,i alternated from the parlor to the store-room1 and the kitchen to the orchard1 and the poultry-yard to the pleasure-ground1 running as swiftly from one to the other1 and as merrily1 as if my feet were keeping time with the glad beatings of my heart4 ,as ,i passed along the avenue1 which was bordered on each side by tall trees1 ever and anon1 as the wind shook their branches1 there fell on my head showers of red and gold-colored leaves1 which made me laugh2 so easy is it for the young to find occasion of mirth in the least trifle when their spirits are lightsome1 as mine were that day4 ,i sat down on a stone bench on which the western sun was shining1 to bind together the posies ,i had made2 the robins twittered around me2 and the air felt soft and fresh4 ,it was the eve of ,martinmas-day--,hallowtide ,summer1 as our country folk call it4 ,as the sun was sinking behind the hills1 the tread of horses' feet was heard in the distance1 and ,i sprang up on the bench1 shading my eyes with my hand to see the approach of that goodly travelling-party1 which was soon to reach our gates4 ,my parents came out of the front door1 and beckoned me to their side4 ,i held my posies in my apron1 and forgot to set them down2 for the first sight of my ,lady ,mounteagle1 as she rode up the avenue with her son at her side1 and her three grand-daughters with their attendants1 and many richly-attired serving-men beside1 filled me with awe4 ,i wondered if her majesty had looked more grand on the day that she rode into ,london to be proclaimed queen4 ,the good lady sat on her palfry in so erect and stately a manner1 as if age had no dominion over her limbs and her spirits2 and there was something so piercing and commanding in her eye1 that it at once compelled reverence and submission4 ,her son had somewhat of the same nobility of mien1 and was tall and graceful in his movements2 but behind her1 on her pillion1 sat a small counterpart of herself1 inasmuch as childhood can resemble old age1 and youthful loveliness matronly dignity4 ,this was the eldest of her ladyship's grand-daughters1 my sweet ,mistress ,ann ,dacre4 ,this was my first sight of her who was hereafter to hold so great a place in my heart and #hb in my life4 ,as she was lifted from the saddle1 and stood in her riding-habit and plumed hat at our door1 making a graceful and modest obeisance to my parents1 one step retired behind her grandam1 with a lovely color tinging her cheeks1 and her long lashes veiling her sweet eyes1 ,i thought ,i had never seen so fair a creature as this high-born maiden of my own age2 and even now that time1 as it has gone by1 has shown me all that a court can display to charm the eyes and enrapture the fancy1 ,i do not gainsay that same childish thought of mine4 ,her sisters1 pretty prattlers then1 four and six years of age1 were led into the house by their governess4 ,but ere our guests were seated1 my mother bade me kiss my ,lady ,mounteagle's hand and commend myself to her goodness1 praying her to be a good lady to me1 and overlook1 out of her great indulgence1 my many defects4 ,at which she patted me on the cheek1 and said1 she doubted not but that ,i was as good a child as such good parents deserved to have2 and indeed1 if ,i was as like my mother in temper as in face1 ,i must needs be such as her hopes and wishes would have me4 ,and then she commanded ,mistress ,ann to salute me2 and ,i felt my cheeks flush and my heart beat with joy as the sweet little lady put her arms round my neck1 and pressed her lips on my cheek4 ,presently we all withdrew to our chambers until such time as supper was served1 at which meal the young ladies were present2 and ,i marvelled to see how becomingly even the youngest of them1 who was but a chit1 knew how to behave herself1 never asking for anything1 or forgetting to give thanks in a pretty manner when she was helped4 ,for the which my mother greatly commended their good manners2 and her ladyship said1 ,in truth1 good ,mistress ,sherwood1 ,i carry a strict hand over them1 never suffering their faults to go unchastised1 nor permitting such liberties as many do to the ruin of their children4 ,i was straightway seized with a great confusion and fear that this was meant as a rebuke to me1 who1 not being much used to company1 and something overindulged by my father1 by whose side ,i was seated1 had spoken to him more than once that day at table1 and had also left on my plate some victuals not to my liking2 which1 as ,i learnt at another time from ,mistress ,ann1 was an offence for which her grandmother would have sharply reprehended her4 ,i ventured not again to speak in her presence1 and scarcely to raise my eyes toward her4 ,the young ladies withdrew early to bed that night1 and ,i had but little speech with them4 ,before they left the parlor1 ,mistress ,ann took her sisters by the hand1 and all of them1 kneeling at their grandmother's feet1 craved her blessing4 ,i could see a tear in her eye as she blessed them2 and when she laid her hand on the head of the eldest of her grand-daughters1 it lingered there as if to call down upon her a special benison4 ,the next day my ,lady ,mounteagle gave permission for ,mistress ,ann to go with me into the garden1 where ,i showed her my flowers and the young rabbits that ,edmund ,genings and his brother1 my only two playmates1 were so fond of2 and she told me how well pleased she was to remove from ,london unto her grandmother's seat1 where she would have a garden and such pleasant pastimes as are enjoyed in the country4 ,prithee1 ,mistress ,ann1 ,i said1 with the unmannerly boldness with which children are wont to question one another1 have you not a mother1 that you live with your grandam8 ,i thank ,god that ,i have1 she answered2 and a good mother she is to me2 but by reason of her having lately married the ,duke of ,norfolk1 my grandmother has at the present time the charge of us4 ,and do you greatly love my ,lady ,mounteagle8 ,i asked1 misdoubting in my folly that a lady of so grave aspect and stately carriage should be loved by children4 #hc ,as greatly as heart can love1 was her pretty answer4 ,and do you likewise love the ,duke of ,norfolk1 ,mistress ,ann8 ,i asked again4 ,he is my very good lord and father1 she answered2 but my knowledge of his grace has been so short1 ,i have scarce had time to love him yet4 ,but ,i have loved you in no time1 ,i cried1 and threw my arms round her neck4 ,directly ,i saw you1 ,i loved you1 ,mistress ,ann4 ,mayhap1 ,mistress ,constance1 she said1 it is easier to love a little girl than a great duke4 ,and who do you affection beside her grace your mother1 and my lady your grandam1 ,mistress ,ann8 ,i said1 again returning to the charge2 to which she quickly replied3 ,my brother ,francis1 my sweet ,lord ,dacre4 ,is he a child8 ,i asked4 ,in truth1 ,mistress ,constance1 she answered1 he would not be well pleased to be called so2 and yet methinks he is but a child1 being not older1 but rather one year younger than myself1 and my dear playmate and gossip4 ,i wish ,i had a brother or a sister to play with me1 ,i said2 at which ,mistress ,ann kissed me and said she was sorry ,i should lack so great a comfort1 but that ,i must consider ,i had a good father of my own1 whereas her own was dead2 and that a father was more than a brother4 ,in this manner we held discourse all the morning1 and1 like a rude imp1 ,i questioned the gracious young lady as to her pastimes and her studies and the tasks she was set to2 and from her innocent conversation ,i discovered1 as children do1 without at the time taking much heed1 but yet so as to remember it afterward1 what especial care had been taken by her grandmother--that religious and discreet lady--to instill into her virtue and piety1 and in using her1 beside saying her prayers1 to bestow alms with her own hands on prisoners and poor people2 and in particular to apply herself to the cure of diseases and wounds1 wherein she herself had ever excelled4 ,mistress ,ann1 in her childish but withal thoughtful way1 chide me that in my own garden were only seen flowers which pleased the senses by their bright colors and perfume1 and none of the herbs which tend to the assuagement of pain and healing of wounds2 and she made me promise to grow some against the time of her next visit4 ,as we went through the kitchen-garden1 she plucked some rosemary and lavender and rue1 and many other odoriferous herbs2 and sitting down on a bench1 she invited me to her side1 and discoursed on their several virtues and properties with a pretty sort of learning which was marvellous in one of her years4 ,she showed me which were good for promoting sleep1 and which for cuts and bruises1 and of a third she said it eased the heart4 ,nay1 ,mistress ,ann1 ,i cried1 but that must be a heartsease2 at which she smiled1 and answered3 ,my grandam says the best medicines for uneasy hearts are the bitter herb confession and the sweet flower absolution4 ,have you yet made your first communion1 ,mistress ,ann8 ,i asked in a low voice1 at which question a bright color came into her cheek1 and she replied3 ,not yet2 but soon ,i may4 ,i was confirmed not long ago by the good ,bishop of ,durham2 and at my grandmother's seat ,i am to be instructed by a ,catholic priest who lives there4 ,then you do not go to ,protestant service8 ,i said4 ,we did1 she answered1 for a short time1 whilst we stayed at the ,charterhouse2 but my grandam has understood that it is not lawful for ,catholics1 and she will not be present at it herself1 or suffer us any more to attend it1 neither in her own house nor at his grace's4 ,while we were thus talking1 the two little ladies1 her sisters1 came from the house1 having craved leave from the governess to run out into the #hd garden4 ,mistress ,mary was a pale delicate child1 with soft loving blue eyes2 and ,mistress ,bess1 the youngest1 a merry imp1 whose rosy cheeks and dimpling smiles were full of glee and merriment4 ,what ugly sober flowers are these1 ,nan1 that thou art playing with8 she cried1 and snatched at the herbs in her sister's lap4 ,when ,i marry my ,lord ,william ,howard1 ,i'll wear a posy of roses and carnations4 ,when ,i am married1 said little ,mistress ,mary1 ,i will wear nothing but lilies4 ,and what shall be thy posy1 ,nan8 said the little saucy one again1 when thou dost wed my ,lord ,surrey8 ,hush1 hush1 madcaps6 cried ,mistress ,ann4 ,if your grandam was to hear you1 ,i doubt not but the rod would be called for4 ,mistress ,mary looked round affrighted1 but little ,mistress ,bess said in a funny manner1 ,prithee1 ,nan1 do rods then travel8 ,ay2 by that same token1 ,bess1 that ,i heard my lady bid thy nurse take care to carry one with her4 ,it was nurse told me ,i was to marry my ,lord ,william1 and ,madge my ,lord ,thomas1 and thee1 ,nan1 my ,lord ,surrey1 and brother pretty ,meg ,howard1 said the little lady1 pouting2 but ,i won't tell grandam of it an it would be like to make her angry4 ,i would be a nun6 ,mistress ,mary cried4 ,hush6 her elder sister said2 that is foolish talking1 ,madge2 my grandmother told me so when ,i said the same thing to her a year ago4 ,children do not know what ,almighty ,god intends them to do4 ,and now methinks ,i see ,uncle ,labourn making as if he would call us to the house1 and there are the horses coming to the door4 ,we must needs obey the summons4 ,prithee1 ,mistress ,constance1 do not forget me4 ,forget her6 ,no4 ,from that day to this years have passed over our heads and left deep scars on our hearts4 ,divers periods of our lives have been signalized by many a strange passage2 we have rejoiced1 and1 oftener still1 wept together2 we have met in trembling1 and parted in anguish2 but through sorrow and through joy1 through evil report and good report1 in riches and in poverty1 in youth and in age1 ,i have blessed the day when first ,i met thee1 sweet ,ann ,dacre1 the fairest1 purest flower which ever grew on a noble stem4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,a year elapsed betwixt the period of the so brief1 but to me so memorable1 visit of the welcomest guests our house ever received--to wit1 my ,lady ,mounteagle and her grand-daughters--and that in which ,i met with an accident1 which compelled my parents to carry me to ,lichfield for chirurgical advice4 ,four times in the course of that year ,i was honored with letters writ by the hand of ,mistress ,ann ,dacre2 partly1 as the gracious young lady said1 by reason of her grandmother's desire that the bud acquaintanceship which had sprouted in the short-lived season of the aforesaid visit should1 by such intercourse as may be carried on by means of letters1 blossom into a flower of true friendship2 and also that that worthy lady and my good mother willed such a correspondence betwixt us as would serve to the sharpening of our wits1 and the using our pens to be good servants to our thoughts4 ,in the course of this history ,i will set down at intervals some of the letters ,i received at divers times from this noble lady2 so that those who read these innocent pictures of herself1 portrayed by her own hand1 may trace the beginnings of those virtuous inclinations which at an early age were already working in her soul1 and ever after appeared in her4 ,on the #aeth day of ,january of the next year to that in which my eyes had feasted on this creature so embellished with rare endowments and #he accomplished gracefulness1 the first letter ,i had from her came to my hand2 the first link of a chain which knit together her heart and mine through long seasons of absence and sore troubles1 to the great comforting1 as she was often pleased to say1 of herself1 who was so far above me in rank1 whom she chose to call her friend1 and of the poor friend and servant whom she thus honored beyond her deserts4 ,in as pretty a handwriting as can well be thought of1 she thus wrote3 ,,my ,,sweet ,,mistress ,,constance1 --,though ,i enjoyed your company but for the too brief time during which we rested under your honored parents' roof1 ,i retain so great a sense of the contentment ,i received therefrom1 and so lively a remembrance of the converse we held in the grounds adjacent to ,sherwood ,hall1 that ,i am better pleased than ,i can well express that my grandmother bids me sit down and write to one whom to see and to converse with once more would be to me one of the chiefest pleasures in life4 ,and the more welcome is this command by reason of the hope it raises in me to receive in return a letter from my well-beloved ,mistress ,constance1 which will do my heart more good than anything else that can happen to me4 ',tis said that marriages are made in heaven4 ,when ,i asked my grandam if it were so1 she said1 ',i am of opinion1 ,nan1 they are made in many more places than one2 and ,i would to ,god none were made but such as are agreed upon in so good a place4' ,but methinks some friendships are likewise made in heaven2 and if it be so1 ,i doubt not but that when we met1 and out of that brief meeting there arose so great and sudden a liking in my heart for you1 ,mistress ,constance1--which1 ,i thank ,god1 you were not slow to reciprocate1--that our angels had met where we hope one day to be1 and agreed together touching that matter4 ,it suits ill a bad pen like mine to describe the fair seat we reside in at this present time--the house of ,mr4 ,james ,labourn1 which he has lent unto my grandmother4 ',tis most commodious and pleasant1 and after long sojourn in ,london1 even in winter1 a terrestrial paradise4 ,but1 like the garden of ,eden1 not without dangers2 for the too much delight ,i took in out-of-doors pastimes-- and most of all on the lake when it was frozen1 and we had merry sports upon it1 to the neglect of my lessons1 not heeding the lapse of time in the pursuit of pleasure--brought me into trouble and sore disgrace4 ,my grandmother ordered me into confinement for three days in my own chamber1 and ,i saw her not nor received her blessing all that time2 at the end of which she sharply reproved me for my fault1 and bade me hold in mind that 'twas when loitering in a garden ,eve met the tempter1 and threatened further and severe punishment if ,i applied not diligently to my studies4 ,when ,i had knelt down and begged pardon1 promising amendment1 she drew me to her and kissed me1 which it was not her wont often to do4 ',nan1' she said1 ',i would have thee use thy natural parts1 and improve thyself in virtue and learning2 for such is the extremity of the times1 that ere long it may be that many first shall be last and many last shall be first in this realm of ,england4 ,but virtue and learning are properties which no man can steal from another2 and ,i would fain see thee endowed with a goodly store of both4 ,that great man and true confessor1 ,sir ,thomas ,more1 had nothing so much at heart as his daughter's instruction2 and ,mistress ,margaret ,roper1 once my sweet friend1 though some years older than my poor self1 who still laments her loss1 had such fine things said of her by the greatest men of this age1 as would astonish thee to hear2 but they were what she had a right to and very well deserved4 ,and the strengthening of her mind through study and religious discipline served #hf her well at the time of her great trouble2 for where other women would have lacked sense and courage how to act1 she kept her wits about her1 and ministered such comfort to her father1 remaining near him at the last1 and taking note of his wishes1 and finding means to bury him in a ,christian manner1 which none other durst attempt1 that she had occasion to thank ,god who gave her a head as well as a heart4 ,and who knows1 ,nan1 what may befal thee1 and what need thou mayst have of the like advantages8' ,my grandmother looked so kindly on me then1 that1 albeit abashed at the remembrance of my fault1 ,i sought to move her to further discourse2 and knowing what great pleasure she had in speaking of ,sir ,thomas ,more1 at whose house in ,chelsea she had oftentimes been a visitor in her youth1 ,i enticed her to it by cunning questions touching the customs he observed in his family4 ',ah1 ,nan6' she said1 that house was a school and exercise of the ,christian religion4 ,there was neither man nor woman in it who was not employed in liberal discipline and fruitful reading1 although the principal study was religion4 ,there was no quarrelling1 not so much as a peevish word to be heard2 nor was any one seen idle2 all were in their several employs3 nor was there wanting sober mirth4 ,and so well-managed a government ,sir ,thomas did not maintain by severity and chiding1 but by gentleness and kindness4' ,methought as she said this1 that my dear grandam in that matter of chiding had not taken a leaf out of ,sir ,thomas's book2 and there was no doubt a transparency in my face which revealed to her this thought of mine2 for she straightly looked at me and said1 ',nan1 a penny for thy thoughts6' at the which ,i felt myself blushing1 but knew nothing would serve her but the truth2 so ,i said1 in as humble a manner as ,i could think of1 ',an if you will excuse me1 grandam1 ,i thought if ,sir ,thomas managed so well without chiding1 that you manage well with it4' ,at the which she gave me a light nip on the forehead1 and said1 ',go to1 child2 dost think that any but saints can rule a household without chiding1 or train children without whipping8 ,go thy ways1 and mend them too1 if thou wouldst escape chastisement2 and take with thee1 ,nan1 the words of one whom we shall never again see the like of in this poor country1 which he used to his wife or any of his children if they were diseased or troubled1 ,we must not look at our pleasures to go to heaven in feather-beds1 or to be carried up thither even by the chins4' ,and so she dismissed me2 and ,i have here set down my fault1 and the singular goodness showed me by my grandmother when it was pardoned1 not thinking ,i can write anything better worth notice than the virtuous talk with which she then favored me4 ,there is in this house a chapel very neat and rich1 and an ancient ,catholic priest is here1 who says mass most days2 at the which we1 with my grandmother1 assist1 and such of her servants as have not conformed to the times2 and this good father instructs us in the principles of ,catholic religion4 ,on the eve of the feast of the ,nativity of ,christ1 my lady stayed in the chapel from eight at night till two in the morning2 but sent us to bed at nine1 after the litanies were said1 until eleven1 when there was a sermon1 and at twelve o'clock three masses said1 which being ended we broke our fast with a mince-pie1 and went again to bed4 ,and all the ,christmas-time we were allowed two hours after each meal for recreation1 instead of one4 ,at other times1 we play not at any game for money2 but then we had a shilling a-piece to make us merry2 which my grandmother says is fitting in this time of mirth and joy for his birth who is the sole origin and spring of true comfort4 ,and now1 sweet ,mistress ,constance1 ,i must bid you farewell2 for the greatest of #hg joys has befallen me1 and a whole holiday to enjoy it4 ,my sweet ,lord ,dacre is come to pay his duty to my lady and tarry some days here1 on his way to ,thetford1 the ,duke of ,norfolk's seat1 where his grace and the duchess my good mother have removed4 ,he is a beauty1 ,mistress ,constance2 and nature has so profusely conferred on him privileges1 that when her majesty the queen saw him a short time back on horseback1 in the park at ,richmond1 she called him to her carriage-door and honored him with a kiss1 and the motto of the finest boy she ever beheld4 ,but ,i may not run on in this fashion1 letting my pen outstrip modesty1 like a foolish creature1 making my brother a looking-glass and continual object for my eyes2 but learn to love him1 as my grandam says1 in ,god1 of whom he is only borrowed1 and not so as to set my heart wholly on him4 ,so beseeching ,god bless you and yours1 good ,mistress ,constance1 ,i ever remain1 your loving friend and humble servant1 ,,ann ,,dacre4 ,oh1 how soon were my ,lady ,mounteagle's words exalted in the event6 and what a sad brief note was penned by that affectionate sister not one month after she writ those lines1 so full of hope and pleasure in the prospect of her brother's sweet company6 ,for the fair boy that was the continual object of her eyes and the dear comfort of her heart was accidentally slain by the fall of a vaulting horse upon him at the duke's house at ,thetford4 ,,my ,,good ,,mistress ,,constance 7she wrote1 a few days after his lamentable death71--,the lovingest brother a sister ever had1 and the most gracious creature ever born1 is dead2 and if it pleased ,god ,i wish ,i were dead too1 for my heart is well-nigh broken4 ,but ,i hope in ,god his soul is now in heaven1 for that he was so young and innocent2 and when here1 a short time ago1 my grandmother procured that he should for the first1 and as it has pleased ,god also for the only and the last1 time1 confess and be absolved by a ,catholic priest1 in the which the hand of ,providence is visible to our great comfort1 and reasonable hope of his salvation4 ,commending him and your poor friend1 who has great need of them1 to your good prayers1 ,i remain your affectionate and humble servant1 ,,ann ,,dacre4 ,in that year died also1 in childbirth1 her grace the ,duchess of ,norfolk1 ,mistress ,ann's mother2 and she then wrote in a less passionate1 but withal less comfortable1 grief than at her brother's loss1 and1 as ,i have heard since1 my ,lady ,mounteagle had her death-blow at that time1 and never lifted up her head again as heretofore4 ,it was noticed that ever after she spent more time in prayer and gave greater alms4 ,her daughter1 the duchess1 who at the instance of her husband had conformed to the times1 desired to have been reconciled on her deathbed by a priest1 who for that end was conducted into the garden1 yet could not have access unto her by reason of the duke's vigilance to hinder it1 or at least of his continual presence in her chamber at the time4 ,and soon after1 his grace1 whose wards they were1 sent for his three step-daughters to the ,charterhouse2 the parting with which1 and the fears she entertained that he would have them carried to services and sermons in the public churches1 and hinder them in the exercise of ,catholic faith and worship1 drove the sword yet deeper through my ,lady ,mounteagle's heart1 and brought down her gray hairs with sorrow to the grave1 notwithstanding that the duke greatly esteemed and respected her1 and was a very moral nobleman1 of exceeding good temper and moderate disposition4 ,but of this more anon1 as 'tis my own history ,i am writing1 and it is meet ,i should relate in the order of time what events came under my notice whilst in #hh ,lichfield1 whither my mother carried me1 as has been aforesaid1 to be treated by a famous physician for a severe hurt ,i had received4 ,it was deemed convenient that ,i should tarry some time under his care2 and ,mr4 ,genings1 a kinsman of her own1 who with his wife and children resided in that town1 one of the chiefest in the county1 offered to keep me in their house as long as was convenient thereunto a kindness which my parents the more readily accepted at his hands from their having often shown the like unto his children when the air of the country was desired for them4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,genings were of the religion by law established4 ,he was thought to be ,catholic at heart2 albeit he was often heard to speak very bitterly against all who obeyed not the queen in conforming to the new mode of worship1 with the exception1 indeed1 of my mother1 for whom he had always a truly great affection4 ,this gentleman's house was in the close of the cathedral1 and had a garden to it well stored with fair shrubs and flowers of various sorts4 ,as ,i lay on a low settle near the window1 being forbid to walk for the space of three weeks1 my eyes were ever straying from my sampler to the shade and sunshine out of doors4 ,instead of plying at my needle1 ,i watched the bees at their sweet labor midst the honeysuckles of the porch1 or the swallows darting in and out of the eaves of the cathedral1 or the butterflies at their idle sports over the beds of mignonette and heliotrope under the low wall1 covered with ivy1 betwixt the garden and the close4 ,mr4 ,genings had two sons1 the eldest of which was some years older and the other younger than myself4 ,the first1 whose name was ,edmund1 had been weakly when a child1 and by reason of this a frequent sojourner at ,sherwood ,hall1 where he was carried for change of air after the many illnesses incident to early age4 ,my mother1 who was some years married before she had a child of her own1 conceived a truly maternal affection for this young kinsman1 and took much pains with him both as to the care of his body and the training of his mind4 ,he was an apt pupil1 and she had so happy a manner of imparting knowledge1 that he learnt more1 as he has since said1 in those brief sojourns in her house than at school from more austere masters4 ,after ,i came into the world1 he took delight to rock me in my cradle1 or play with me as ,i sat on my mother's knee2 and when ,i first began to walk1 he would lead me by the hand into the garden1 and laugh to see me clutch marigolds or cry for a sunflower4 ,i warrant thou hast an eye to gold1 ,con1 he would say2 for 'tis the yellow flowers that please thee best4 ,there is an old hollow tree on the lawn at ,sherwood ,hall where ,i often hid from him in sport1 and he would make pretence to seek me elsewhere1 till a laugh revealed me to him1 and a chase ensued down the approach or round the maze4 ,he never tired of my petulance1 or spoke rude words1 as boys are wont to do2 and had a more serious and contemplative spirit than is often seen in young people1 and likewise a singular fancy for gazing at the sky when glowing with sunset hues or darkened by storms1 and most of all when studded at night with stars4 ,on a calm clear night ,i have noticed him for a length of time1 forgetting all things else1 fix his eyes on the heavens1 as if reading the glory of the ,lord therein revealed4 ,my parents did not speak to him of ,catholic faith and worship1 because ,mr4 ,genings1 before he suffered his sons to stay in their house1 had made them promise that no talk of religion should be ministered to them in their childhood4 ,it was a sore trial to my mother to refrain1 as the ,psalmist saith1 from good words1 which were ever rising from her heart to her lips1 as pure water from a deep spring4 ,but she instructed him in many things which belong to gentle learning1 and in ,french1 which she knew well2 and #hi taught him music1 in which he made great progress4 ,and this wrought with his father to the furtherance of these his visits to us4 ,i doubt not but that1 when she told him the names of the heavenly luminaries1 she inwardly prayed he might one day shine as a star in the kingdom of ,god2 or when she discoursed of flowers and their properties1 that he should blossom as a rose in the wilderness of this faithless world2 or whilst guiding his hands to play on the clavichord1 that he might one day join in the glorious harmony of the celestial choirs4 ,her face itself was a preachment1 and the tones of her voice1 and the tremulous sighs she breathed when she kissed him or gave him her blessing1 had1 ,i ween1 a privilege to reach his heart1 the goodness of which was readable in his countenance4 ,dear ,edmund ,genings1 thou wert indeed a brother to me in kind care and companionship whilst ,i stayed in ,lichfield that never-to-be-forgotten year6 ,how gently didst thou minister to the sick child1 for the first time tasting the cup of suffering2 now easing her head with a soft pillow1 now strewing her couch with fresh-gathered flowers1 or feeding her with fruit which had the bloom on it1 or taking her hand and holding it in thine own to cheer her to endurance6 ,thou wert so patient and so loving1 both with her who was a great trouble to thee and oftentimes fretful with pain1 and likewise with thine own little brother1 an angel in beauty and wit1 but withal of so petulant and froward a disposition that none in the house durst contradict him1 child as he was2 for his parents were indeed weak in their fondness for him4 ,in no place and at no time have ,i seen a boy so indulged and so caressed as this ,john ,genings4 ,he had a pretty wilfulness and such playful ways that his very faults found favor with those who should have corrected them1 and he got praise where others would have met with chastisement4 ,edmund's love for this fair urchin was such as is seldom seen in any save in a parent for a child4 ,it was laughable to see the lovely imp governing one who should have been his master1 but through much love was his slave1 and in a thousand cunning ways1 and by fanciful tricks1 constraining him to do his bidding4 ,never was a more wayward spirit enclosed in a more winsome form than in ,john ,genings4 ,never did childish gracefulness rule more absolutely over superior age1 or love reverse the conditions of ordinary supremacy1 than in the persons of these two brothers4 ,a strange thing occurred at that time1 which ,i witnessed not myself1 and on which ,i can give no opinion1 but as a fact will here set it down1 and let such as read this story deem of it as they please4 ,one night that1 by reason of the unwonted chilliness of the evening1 such as sometimes occurs in our climate even in summer1 a fire had been lit in the parlor1 and the family were gathered round it1 ,edmund came of a sudden into the room1 and every one took notice that his face was very pale4 ,he seemed in a great fear1 and whispered to his mother1 who said --,thou must have been asleep1 and art still dreaming1 child4 ,upon which he was very urgent for her to go into the garden1 and used many entreaties thereunto4 ,upon which1 at last1 she rose and followed him4 ,in another moment she called for her husband1 who went out1 and with him three or four other persons that were in the room1 and ,i remained alone for the space of ten or fifteen minutes4 ,when they returned1 ,i heard them speaking with great fear and amazement of what they had seen2 and ,edmund ,genings has often since described to me what he first1 and afterward all the others1 had beheld in the sky4 ,he was gazing at the heavens1 as was his wont1 when a strange spectacle appeared to him in the air4 ,as it were1 a number of armed men with weapons1 killing and murdering others that were disarmed1 and great store of blood running everywhere about them4 ,his parents and those with them witnessed the same thing1 and a great #ij fear fell upon them all4 ,i noticed that all that evening they seemed scared1 and could not speak of this appearance in the sky without shuddering4 ,but one that was more bold than the rest took heart1 and cried1 ,god send it does not forbode that the ,papists will murder us all in our beds6 ,and ,mistress ,genings1 whose mother was a ,french ,huguenot1 said1 ,amen6 ,i marked that her husband and one or two more of the company groaned1 and one made1 as if unwittingly1 the sign of the cross4 ,there were some ,i know in that town1 nay and in that house1 that were at heart of the old religion1 albeit1 by reason of the times1 they did not give over attending ,protestants' worship4 ,a few days later ,i was sitting alone1 and had a long fit of musing over the many new thoughts that were crowding into my mind1 as yet too childish to master them1 when ,edmund came in1 and ,i saw he had been weeping4 ,he said nothing at first1 and made believe he was reading2 but ,i could see tears trickling down through his fingers as he covered his face with his hands4 ,presently he looked up and cried out1 ,cousin ,constance1 ,jack is going away from us4 ,and if it please ,god1 not for a long time1 ,i answered2 for it grieved me to see him sad4 ,nay1 but he is going for many years1 ,i fear1 ,edmund said4 ,my uncle1 ,jean de ,luc1 has asked for him to be brought up in his house at ,la ,rochelle4 ,he is his godfather1 and has a great store of money1 which he says he will leave to ,jack4 ,alack6 cousin ,constance1 ,i would that there was no such thing in the world as money1 and no such country as ,france4 ,i wish we were all dead4 ,and then he fell to weeping again very bitterly4 ,i told him in a childish manner what my mother was wont to say to me when any little trouble fell to my lot--that we should be patient1 and offer up our sufferings to ,god4 ,but ,i can do nothing now for ,jack1 he cried4 ,it was my first thought at waking and my last at night1 how to please the dear urchin2 but now 'tis all over4 ,oh1 but ,edmund1 ,i cried1 an if you were to be as good as the blessed saints in heaven1 you could do a great deal for ,jack4 ,how so1 cousin ,constance8 he asked1 not comprehending my meaning2 and thereupon ,i answered3 ,when once ,i said to my sweet mother1 ',it grieves me1 dear heart1 that ,i can give thee nothing1 who gives me so much1' she bade me take heed that every prayer we say1 every good work we do1 howsoever imperfect1 and every pain we suffer1 may be offered up for those we love2 and so out of poverty1 and weakness1 and sorrow1 we have wherewith to make precious and costly and cheerful gifts4 ,i spoke as a child1 repeating what ,i had heard2 but he listened not as a child4 ,a sudden light came into his eyes1 and methinks his good angel showed him in that hour more than my poor lips could utter4 ,if it be as your sweet mother says1 he joyfully cried1 we are rich indeed2 and1 even though we be sinners and not saints1 we have somewhat to give1 ,i ween1 if it be only our heartaches1 cousin ,constance1 so they be seasoned with prayers4 ,the thought which in my simplicity ,i had set before him took root1 as it were1 in his mind4 ,his love for a little child had prepared the way for it2 and the great brotherly affection which had so long dwelt in his heart proved a harbinger of the more perfect gift of charity2 so that a heavenly message was perchance conveyed to him that day by one who likewise was a child1 even as the word of the ,lord came to the prophet through the lips of the infant ,samuel4 ,from that time forward he bore up bravely against his grief2 which was the sharper inasmuch that he who was the cause of it showed none in return1 but rather joy in the expectancy of the change which was to part them4 ,he #ia would still be a-prattling on it1 and telling all who came in his way that he was going to ,france to a good uncle2 nor ever intended to return1 for his mother was to carry him to ,la ,rochelle1 and she should stay there with him1 he said1 and not come back to ugly ,lichfield4 ,and art thou not sorry1 ,jack1 ,i asked him one day1 to leave poor ,edmund1 who loves thee so well8 ,the little madcap was coursing round the room1 and cried1 as he ran past me1 for he had more wit and spirit than sense or manners3 ,edmund must seek after me1 and take pains to find me1 if so be he would have me4 ,these words1 which the boy said in his play1 have often come back to my mind since the two brothers have attained unto a happy though dissimilar end4 ,when the time had arrived for ,mistress ,genings and her youngest son to go beyond seas1 as ,i was now improved in health and able to walk1 my father fetched me home1 and prevailed on ,mr4 ,genings to let ,edmund go back with us1 with the intent to divert his mind from his grief at his brother's departure4 ,i found my parents greatly disturbed at the news they had had touching the imprisonment of thirteen priests on account of religion1 and of ,mr4 ,orton being likewise arrested1 who was a gentleman very dear to them for his great virtues and the steadfast friendship he had ever shown to them4 ,my mother questioned ,edmund as to the sign he had seen in the heavens a short time back1 of which the report had reached them2 and he confirming the truth thereof1 she clasped her hands and cried3 ,then ,i fear me much this forebodes the death of these blessed confessors1 ,father ,weston and the rest4 ,upon which ,edmund said1 in a humble manner3 ,good ,mistress ,sherwood1 my dear mother thought it signified that those of your religion would murder in their beds such as are of the queen's religion2 so maybe in both cases there is naught to apprehend4 ,my good child1 my mother answered1 in regard of those now in durance for their faith1 the danger is so manifest1 that if it please not the ,almighty to work a miracle for their deliverance1 ,i see not how they may escape4 ,after that we sat awhile in silence2 my father reading1 my mother and ,i working1 and ,edmund at the window intent as usual upon the stars1 which were shining one by one in the deep azure of the darkening sky4 ,as one of greater brightness than the rest shone through the branches of the old tree1 where ,i used to hide some years before1 he pointed to it1 and said to me1 who was sitting nearest to him at the window3 ,cousin ,constance1 think you the ,star of ,bethlehem showed fairer in the skies than yon bright star that has just risen behind your favorite oak8 ,what and if that star had a message for us6 ,my father heard him1 and smiled4 ,i was even then1 he said1 reading the words of one who was led to the true religion by the contemplation of the starry skies4 ,in a ,southern clime1 where those fair luminaries shine with more splendor than in our ,northern heavens1 ,st4 ,augustine wrote thus2 and then he read a few sentences in ,latin from the book in his hand1--,raising ourselves up1 we passed by degrees through all things bodily1 even the very heavens1 whence sun and moon and stars shine upon the earth4 ,yea1 we soared yet higher by inward musing and discourse and admiring of ,god's works1 and we came to our own minds and went beyond them1 so as to arrive at that region of never-failing plenty where thou feedest ,israel for ever with the food of truth4 ,these words had a sweet and solemn force in them which struck on the ear like a strain of unearthly music1 such as the wind-harp wakes in the silence of the #ib night4 ,in a low voice1 so low that it was like the breathing of a sigh1 ,i heard ,edmund say1 ,what is truth8 ,but when he had uttered those words1 straightway turning toward me as if to divert his thoughts from that too pithy question1 he cried3 ,prithee1 cousin ,constance1 hast thou ended reading1 ,i warrant for the hundredth time1 that letter in thine hand8 and hast thou not a mind to impart to thy poor kinsman the sweet conceits ,i doubt not are therein contained8 ,i could not choose but smile at his speech2 for ,i had indeed feasted my eyes on the handwriting of my dear friend1 now no longer ,mistress ,dacre1 and learnt off1 as it were by heart1 its contents4 ,and albeit ,i refused at first to comply with his request1 which ,i had secretly a mind to2 no sooner did he give over the urging of it than ,i stole to his side1 and1 though ,i would by no means let it out of my hand1 and folded down one side of the sheet to hide what was private in it1 ,i offered to read such parts aloud as treated of matters which might be spoken of without hindrance4 ,with a smiling countenance1 then1 he set himself to listen1 and ,i to be the mouthpiece of the dear writer1 whose wit was so far in advance of her years1 as ,i have since had reason to observe1 never having met at any time with one in whom wisdom put forth such early shoots4 ,,dear ,,mistress ,,constance 7thus the sweet lady wrote71--,wherefore this long silence and neglect of your poor friend8 ,an if it be true1 which pains me much to hear1 that the good limb which1 together with its fellow1 like two trusty footmen1 carried you so well and nimbly along the alleys of your garden this time last year1 has1 like an arrant knave1 played fast and loose1 and failed in its good service1--wherein1 ,i am told1 you have suffered much inconvenience1--is it just that that other servant1 your hand1 should prove rebellious too1 refuse to perform its office1 and write no more letters at your bidding8 ,for ,i'll warrant 'tis the hand is the culprit1 not the will2 which nevertheless should be master1 and compel it to obedience4 ,so1 an you love me1 chide roundly that contumacious hand1 which fails in its duty1 which should not be troublesome1 if you but had for me one-half of the affection ,i have for you4 ,and indeed1 ,mistress ,constance1 a letter from you would be to me1 at this time1 the welcomest thing ,i can think of2 for since we left my grandmother's seat1 and came to the ,charterhouse1 ,i have new friends1 and many more and greater than ,i deserve or ever thought to have2 but1 by reason of difference of age or of religion1 they are not such as ,i can well open my mind to1 as ,i might to you1 if it pleased ,god we should meet again4 ,the ,duke of ,norfolk is a very good lord and father to me2 but when there are more ways of thinking than one in a house1 'tis no easy matter to please all which have a right to be considered2 and1 in the matter of religion1 'tis very hard to avoid giving offence4 ,but no more of this at present2 only ,i would to ,god ,mr4 ,fox were beyond seas1 and my lady of ,westmoreland at her home in the ,north2 and that we had no worse company in this house than ,mr4 ,martin1 my ,lord ,surrey's tutor1 who is a gentleman of great learning and knowledge1 as every one says1 and of extraordinary modesty in his behavior4 ,my ,lord ,surrey has a truly great regard for him1 and profits much in his learning by his means4 ,i notice he is ,catholic in his judgment and affections2 and my lord says he will not stay with him1 if his grace his father procures ministers to preach to his household and family1 and obliges all therein to frequent ,protestant service4 ,i wish my grandmother was in ,london2 for ,i am sometimes sore troubled in my mind touching ,catholic religion and conforming to the times1 of which an abundance of talk is ministered unto us1 to my exceeding great discomfort1 by my ,lady ,westmoreland1 his grace's #ic sister1 and others also4 ,an if ,i say aught thereon to ,mistress ,fawcett 7a grave and ancient gentlewoman1 who had the care of my ,lord ,surrey during his infancy1 and is now set over us his grace's wards71 and of misliking the duke's ministers and that pestilent ,mr4 ,fox--7,i fear me1 ,mistress ,constance1 ,i should not have writ that unbeseeming word1 and ,i will e'en draw a line across it1 but still as you may read it for indeed 'tis what he is2 but 'tis from himself ,i learnt it1 who in his sermons calls ,catholic religion a pestilent idolatry1 and ,catholic priests pestilent teachers and servants of ,antichrist1 and the holy ,pope at ,rome the man of sin7 she grows uneasy1 and bids me be a good child to her1 and not to bring her into trouble with his grace1 who is indeed a very good lord to us in all matters but that one of compelling us to hear sermons and the like4 ,my ,lord ,surrey mislikes all kinds of sermons1 and loves ,mr4 ,martin so well1 that he stops his ears when ,mr4 ,fox preaches on the dark midnight of papacy and the dawn of the gospel's restored light4 ,and it angers him1 as well it should1 to hear him call his majesty ,king ,philip of ,spain1 who is his own godfather1 from whom he received his name1 a wicked popish tyrant and a son of ,antichrist4 ,my ,lady ,margaret1 his sister1 who is a year younger than himself1 and has a most admirable beauty and excellent good nature1 is vastly taken with what she hears from me of ,catholic religion2 but methinks this is partly by reason of her misliking ,mr4 ,fulk and ,mr4 ,clarke's long preachments1 which we are compelled to hearken to2 and their fashion of spending ,sunday1 which they do call the ,sabbath-day1 wherein we must needs keep silence1 and when not in church sit still at home1 which to one of her lively disposition is heavy penance4 ,methinks when ,sunday comes we be all in disgrace2 'tis so like a day of correction4 ,my ,lord ,surrey has more liberty2 for ,mr4 ,martin carries him and his brothers after service into the pleasant fields about ,westminster ,abbey and the village of ,charing ,cross1 and suffers them to play at ball under the trees1 so they do not quarrel amongst themselves4 ,my ,lord ,henry ,howard1 his grace's brother1 always maintains and defends the ,catholic religion against his sister of ,westmoreland2 and he spoke to my uncles ,leonard1 ,edward1 and ,francis1 and likewise to my aunt ,lady ,montague1 that they should write unto my grandmother touching his grace bringing us up as ,protestants4 ,but the ,duke of ,norfolk1 ,mrs4 ,fawcett says1 is our guardian1 and she apprehends he is resolved that we shall conform to the times1 and that no liberty be allowed us for the exercise of ,catholic religion4 ,at this part of the letter ,i stopped reading2 and ,edmund1 turning to my father1 who1 though he before had perused it1 was also listening1 said3 ,and if this be liberty of conscience1 which ,protestants speak of1 ,i see no great liberty and no great conscience in the matter4 ,his cheek flushed as he spoke1 and there was a hoarseness in his voice which betokened the working of strong feelings within him4 ,my father smiled with a sort of pitiful sadness1 and answered3 ,my good boy1 when thou art somewhat further advanced in years1 thou wilt learn that the two words thou art speaking of are such as men have abused the meaning of more than any others that can be thought of2 and ,i pray to ,god they do not continue to do so as long as the world lasts4 ,it seems to me that they mostly mean by 'liberty' a freedom to compel others to think and to act as they have themselves a mind to2 and by 'conscience' the promptings of their own judgments moved by their own passions4 ,but 'tis hard1 ,edmund said1 'tis at times very hard1 ,mr4 ,sherwood1 to know whereunto conscience points1 in the midst of so many inward clamors as are raised in the soul by conflicting passions of dutiful affection #id and filial reverence struggling for the mastery4 ,ay1 and no visible token of ,god's will to make that darkness light4 ,tis that1 he cried1 more moved as he went on1 that makes me so often gaze upward4 ,would to ,god ,i might see a sign in the skies6 for there are no sign-posts on life's path to guide us on our way to the heavenly ,jerusalem1 which our ministers speak of4 ,if thou diligently seekest for sign-posts1 my good boy1 my father answered1 fear not but that he who said1 ',seek1 and you shall find1' will furnish thee with them4 ,he has not left himself without witnesses1 or his religion to be groped after in hopeless darkness1 so that men may not discern1 even in these troublous times1 where the truth lies1 so they be in earnest in their search after it4 ,but ,i will not urge thee by the cogency of arguments1 or be drawn out of the reserve ,i have hitherto observed in these matters1 which be nevertheless the mightiest that can be thought of as regards the soul's health4 ,and so1 breaking off this discourse1 he walked out upon the terrace2 and ,i withdrew to the table1 where my mother was sitting1 and once more conned over the last pages of my lady's letter1 which1 when the reader hath read1 he will perceive the writer's rank and her right to be thus titled4 ,and now1 ,mistress ,constance1 ,i must needs inform you of a matter ,i would not leave you ignorant of1 so that you should learn from strangers what so nearly concerns one whom you have a friendship to-- and that is my betrothal with my ,lord ,surrey4 ,the ceremony was public1 inasmuch as was needful for the solemnising of a contract which is binding for life--'until death us do part1' as the marriage service hath it4 ,how great a change this has wrought in my thoughts1 none knows but myself2 for though ,i be but twelve years of age 7for his grace would have the ceremony to take place on my birthday71 one year older than yourself1 and so lately a child that not a very long time ago my grandmother would chastise me with her own hands for my faults1 ,i now am wedded to my young lord1 and by his grace and all the household titled ,countess of ,surrey6 ,and ,i thank ,god to be no worse mated2 for my lord1 who is a few months younger than me1 and a very child for frolicksome spirits and wild mirth1 has1 notwithstanding1 so great a pleasantness of manners and so forward a wit1 that one must needs have pleasure in his company2 and ,i only wish ,i had more of it4 ,whilst we were only friends and playmates1 ,i used to chide and withstand him1 as one older and one more staid and discreet than himself2 but1 ah me6 since we have been wedded1 'tis grand to hear him discourse on the duty of wives1 and quote the ,bible to show they must obey their husbands4 ,he carries it in a very lordly fashion2 and if ,i comply not at once with his commands1 he cries out what he has heard at the play-house3 ',such duty as the subject owes the prince ,even such a woman oweth to her husband2 ,and when she's froward1 peevish sullen1 sour1 ,and not obedient to his honest will1 ,what is she but a foul contending rebel ,and graceless traitor to her loving lord8 ,i am ashamed that women are so simple ,to offer war where they should kneel for peace2 ,or seek for rule1 supremacy1 or sway1 ,where they are bound to serve1 love1 and obey4' ,he has a most excellent memory4 ,if he has but once heard out of any ,english or ,latin book so much read as is contained in a leaf1 he will forthwith perfectly repeat it4 ,my ,lord ,henry1 his uncle1 for a trial1 invented twenty long and difficult words a few days back1 which he had never seen or heard before2 yet did he recite them readily1 every one in the same order as they were written1 having only once read them over4 ,but1 touching that matter of obedience1 which ,i care not to gainsay1 'tis not easy at present to obey my lord my husband1 and his grace his father1 and ,mistress ,fawcett1 too1 who holds as strict a hand over the ,countess of ,surrey as over ,mistress ,ann ,dacre2 for the commands of these my rulers do not at all times accord3 but ,i pray to ,god ,i may do my duty1 and be a good wife to my lord2 and ,i #ie wish1 as ,i said before1 my grandmother had been here1 and that ,i had been favored with her good counsel1 and had had the benefit of shrift and spiritual advice ere ,i entered on this stage of my life1 which is so new to me1 who was but a child a few weeks ago1 and am yet treated as such in more respects than one4 ,my lord has told me a secret which ,higford1 his father's servant1 let out to him2 and 'tis something so weighty and of so great import1 that since he left me my thoughts have been truants from my books1 and ,monsieur ,sebastian1 who comes to practice us on the lute1 stopped his ears1 and cried out that the ,signora ,contessa had no mercy on him1 so to murther his compositions4 ,tis not the part of a true wife to reveal her husband's secrets1 or else ,i would tell you1 ,mistress ,constance1 this great news1 which ,i can with trouble keep to myself2 and ,i shall not be easy till ,i have seen my lord again1 which should be when we walk in the garden this evening2 but ,i pray to ,god he may not be off instead to the ,mall1 to play at kittlepins2 for then ,i have small chance to get speech with him to-day4 ,mr4 ,martin is my very good friend1 and reminds the earl of his duty to his lady2 but if my lord comes at his bidding1 when he would be elsewhere than in my company1 'tis little contentment ,i have in his visits4 ',tis yesterday ,i writ thus much1 and now 'tis the day to send this letter2 and ,i saw not my lord last night by reason of his grandfather my ,lord ,arundel sending to fetch me unto his house in the ,strand4 ,his goodness to me is so great1 that nothing more can be desired2 and his daughter my ,lady ,lumley is the greatest comfort ,i have in the world4 ,she showed me a fair picture of my lord's mother1 who died the day he was born1 not then full seventeen years of age4 ,she was of so amiable a disposition1 so prudent1 virtuous1 and religious1 that all who knew her could not but love and esteem her4 ,and ,i read a letter which this sweet lady had written in ,latin to her father on his birthday1 to his great contentment1 who had procured her to be well instructed in that language1 as well as in her own and in all commendable learning4 ,then ,i played at primero with my ,lord ,arundel and my ,lady ,lumley and my uncle ,francis4 ,the knave of hearts was fixed upon for the quinola1 and ,i won the flush4 ,my uncle ,francis cried the winning card should be titled ,dudley4 ',not so1' quoth the earl2 'the knave that would match with the queen in the suit of hearts should never win the game4' ,and further talk ensued2 from which ,i learnt that my ,lord ,arundel and the ,duke of ,norfolk mislike my ,lord ,leicester1 and would not he should marry the queen2 and my uncle laughed1 and said1 ',my lord1 no good ,englishman is there but must be of your lordship's mind1 though none have so good reason as yourself to hinder so base a contract2 for if my ,lord of ,leicester should climb unto her majesty's throne1 beshrew me if he will not remember the box on the ear your lordship ministered to him some time since2' at which the earl laughed1 too2 but my ,lady ,lumley cried1 ',i would to ,god my brother of ,norfolk were rid of my ,lord ,leicester's friendship1 which has1 ,i much fear me1 more danger in it than his enmity4 ,god send he does not lead his grace into troubles greater than can well be thought of6' ,alack1 ,mistress ,constance1 what uneasy times are these which we have fallen on6 for methinks 'troubles' is the word in every one's mouth4 ,as ,i was about to step into the chair at the hall-door at ,arundel ,house1 ,i heard one of my lord's guard say to another1 ',i trust the white horse will be in quiet1 and so we shall be out of trouble4' ,i have asked ,mr4 ,martin what these words should mean2 whereupon he told me the white horse1 which indeed ,i might have known1 was the ,earl of ,arundel's cognisance2 and that the times were very troublesome1 and plots were spoken of in the ,north anent the ,queen of ,scots1 her majesty the #if queen's cousin1 who is at ,chatesworth2 and when he said that1 all of a sudden ,i grew red1 and my cheeks burned like two hot coals2 but he took no heed1 and said1 ',a true servant might well wish his master out of trouble1 when troubles were so rife4' ,and now shame take me for taking up so much of your time1 which should be spent in more profitable ways than the reading of my poor letters2 and ,i must needs beg you to write soon1 and hold me as long as ,i have held you1 and love me1 sweet one1 as ,i love you4 ,my ,lady ,margaret1 who is in a sense twice my sister1 says she is jealous of ,mistress ,constance ,sherwood1 and would steal away my heart from her2 but1 though she is a winsome and cunning thief in such matters1 ,i warrant you she shall fail therein4 ,and so1 commending myself to your good prayers1 ,i remain ,your true friend and loving servant1 ,,ann ,,surrey4 ,as ,i finished and was folding up my letter the clock struck nine4 ,it was waning darker without by reason of a cloud which had obscured the moon4 ,i heard my father still pacing up and down the gravel-walk1 and ever and anon staying his footsteps awhile1 as if watching4 ,after a short space the moon shone out again1 and ,i saw the shadows of two persons against the wall of the kitchen garden4 ,presently the hall-door was fastened and bolted1 as ,i knew by the rattling of the chain which hung across it4 ,then my father looked in at the door and said1 ',tis time1 goodwife1 for young folks to be abed4 ,upon which my mother rose and made as if she was about to withdraw to her bed-chamber4 ,edmund followed us up stairs1 and1 wishing us both good-night1 went into the closet where he slept4 ,then my mother1 taking me by the hand1 led me into my father's study4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ------ ,translated from ,der ,katholik4 ,,the ,,two ,,sides ,,of ,,catholicism4 ,i4 ,the ,church is1 in a twofold respect1 universal or catholic4 ,while1 on the one hand1 she extends herself over the whole earth1 and encircles the entire human race with the bond of the same faith and an equal love1 on the other she makes known1 by this very act1 the most special inward character of her own being4 ,thus the ,church is the ,catholic ,church1 both in her interior being and in her exterior manifestation4 ,the ground of the well-known saying of ,st4 ,ambrose1 ,where ,peter is1 there is the ,church1 ,footnote #g lies in the thought1 that the nature of the ,church admits of only one form of historical manifestation4 ,the idea of the true ,church can only be realized where ,peter is1 in the communion of the legitimate ,pope as the successor of ,peter4 ,footnote #g3 ,ubi ,petrus ibi ecclesia4 ,in ,ps4 xl4 ,no4 #cj4 ,this proposition has its proximate justification in that clear expression of the will of ,jesus ,christ1 the founder of the ,church1 in which he designates the ,apostle ,peter as the rock on which he will build his ,church4 ,moreover1 it is precisely this rock-foundation which is to make the ,church indestructible4 ,footnote #h ,from this it follows that1 in virtue of the ordinance of ,jesus1 the office of ,peter1 or the primacy given him in the ,church1 was not to expire with the death of the apostle4 ,for1 if the #ig ,church is indestructible precisely on account of her foundation upon the rock-man ,peter1 he must remain for all time the support of the ,church1 and historical connection with him is the indispensable condition on which the ,church can be firmly established in any part of the earth4 ,this constant connection with the ,apostle ,peter is maintained through the bishop of ,rome for the time being4 ,for these two offices1 the episcopate of ,rome and the primacy1 were connected with each other in the person of the ,apostle ,peter4 ,consequently the same superior rank in the ,church which ,peter possessed is transmitted to the legitimate bishop of ,rome at the same time with the ,roman episcopal see4 ,thus the ,prince of the ,apostles remains in very deed the rock-foundation of the ,church1 continually1 in each one of his successors for the time being4 ,footnote #h3 ,matt4 xvi4 #ah4 ,in the view of ,christian antiquity1 the unity of the ,church was the particular object for which the papacy was established4 ,footnote #i ,this unity1 apprehended in its historical development1 gives us the conception of catholicity4 ,footnote #aj ,footnote #i3 ,st4 ,cyprian1 ,de ,unit ,eccl4 ,primatus ,petro dafur1 ut una ,christi ecclesia et cathedra una monstretur4 ,the primacy is given to ,peter1 that the ,church of ,christ may be shown to be one1 and the chair one4 ,footnote #aj3 ,ibid4 ,ecclesia quoque una est1 quae in multitudinem4 latius incremento faeccunditatis extenditur4444 ecclesia ,domini luce perfusa per obem totam radios suos porrigit4 ,unum tamen lumen est1 quod ubique diffunditur1 nec unitas corporis separatur4 ,the ,church also is one1 which is extended to a very great multitude by the increase of fruitfulness 4 4 4 the ,church of the ,lord pervaded with light extends its rays over the whole world4 ,nevertheless the light which is everywhere diffused is one1 and the unity of the body is never separated4 ,both these marks of the ,church must embody themselves in the form of an outwardly perceptible historical reality4 ,the ,church being indebted for her unity1 and by necessary consequence for her catholicity1 precisely to her historical connection with ,peter1 catholicity is thus rooted in the idea of the papacy4 ,but does its ultimate and most profound principle lie therein8 ,the argument1 briefly sketched above1 obliges us to rest the catholicity of the ,church on the actual institution of ,christ4 ,we can1 however1 inquire into the essential reason of this institution4 ,does this reason lie simply in a free1 voluntary determination of ,christ1 or in the interior essence of the ,church herself8 ,in the latter case1 the ,church would appear as ,catholic1 because the end of her establishment could be fulfilled under no other condition4 ,there would be in her innermost being a secret determination1 by force of which the idea of the ,church is completely incapable of realization under any other form than that of catholicity4 ,a ,christian ,church without the papacy were1 therefore1 entirely inconceivable4 ,if this is actually the case1 there lies hidden under the rind of the ,church's visible form of catholicity1 a still deeper catholicity1 in which we are bound to recognize the most profound principle of the outward1 historical side of catholicity4 ,but that inward principle1 the marrow of the ,church1 where are we to look for it8 ,our theologians1 following ,st4 ,augustine1 teach that the ,church1 like man1 consists of soul and body4 ,the theological virtues form the soul of the ,church1 and her body is constituted by the outward profession of the faith1 the participation of the sacraments1 and exterior connection with the visible head of the ,church4 ,footnote #aa ,st4 ,augustine1 indeed1 also designates the ,holy ,ghost as the soul or the inner principle of the ,church4 ,this is the same thought with the one which will be presently evolved1 in which the inner principle of catholicity will be reduced to the conception of the supernatural4 ,this1 however1 considered in itself1 is withdrawn from the region of historical manifestation4 ,in order that it may pass from the region of the invisible into that of apprehensible reality1 it needs a medium that may connect together both orders1 the invisible order of the supernatural and the order of historical manifestation4 ,it is only in this #ih way that catholicity can acquire for itself a historical shape1 and assume flesh and blood4 ,footnote #aa3 ,bellarm41 ,de ,eccl4 milit41 cap4 ii4 ,we might be disposed to regard the sacraments as this medium1 because they are the instruments by which grace is conferred1 in a manner apprehensible through the senses4 ,nevertheless1 we cannot find the constitutive principle of the ,church in the sacraments alone4 ,it is well known that ,protestantism has set forth the legitimate administration of the sacraments as a mark of the true ,church4 ,a searching glance at the ,protestant conception of the ,church will hereafter give us a proof that a bare communication in sacraments1 at least from the ,protestant stand-point1 cannot possibly verify itself as making a visible ,church4 ,according to the ,protestant doctrine of justification1 a sacrament is indebted for its grace-giving efficacy solely to the faith of the receiver4 ,in this view1 therefore1 the connection of the invisible element of the supernatural with the historically manifested reality1 and consequently the making visible of the true ,church1 is dependent on conditions where historical fulfilment is not provable4 ,who can prove whether the recipient of a sacrament has faith8 ,it is true that1 according to the ,catholic view1 an objective efficacy is ascribed to the sacrament1 i4e41 the outwardly perceptible completion of the sacramental action of itself permits the invisible element of the supernatural to penetrate into the sphere of the visible4 ,notwithstanding this1 the ,catholic sacrament is1 by itself alone1 no sufficient medium through which the being of the true ,church can be brought into visibility4 ,did she embody herself historically only in so far as a sensible matter and an outward action are endued with a supernatural efficacy1 the element of the supernatural would come to a historical manifestation only as the purely objective4 ,a profound view of the essence of the ,church would not find this satisfactory4 ,the ,church1 even on her visible side1 is not a purely objective1 or merely outward1 institution4 ,the ultimate principle of catholicity--and this statement will make our conception intelligible--although implanted in the world as a supernatural leaven from above1 has nevertheless its seat in the deepest interior of the human spirit4 ,thence it penetrates upward into the sphere of historical manifestation1 and thus proves itself a church-constitutive principle4 ,such a connection of the region of the interior and subjective with that of historical and visible reality is caused by the objective efficacy of a sacrament1 only in the case where the same is productive of its proper effect4 ,this1 however1 according to ,catholic doctrine1 presupposes an inward disposition on the part of the recipient1 the presence of which cannot be manifested to outward apprehension4 ,a ,church1 whose essence consisted merely in the bond established through the sacraments1 could either not be verified with certitude1 or would have an exclusively exterior character4 ,accordingly1 we have not yet found1 in the ,catholic sacramental conception1 the middle term we are seeking1 by which the essence of catholicity can be brought into visible manifestation4 ,rather1 this process has to be already completed and the conception of the ,church to be actualized1 before the sacrament can manifest its efficacy4 ,through this last1 the element of the supernatural1 i4e41 the invisible germ of the ,church1 must be originally planted or gradually strengthened in individual souls4 ,but this is effected by the sacrament as the organ and in the name of the ,church1 though in particular cases outside of her communion4 ,the continuous existence of ,catholicity is essentially the self-building of the body of ,christ4 ,it produces its own increase through the instrumentality of the sacraments4 ,footnote #ab ,the union between the supernatural and the historical actuality1 or the bond of #ii catholicity1 is not then first established in the sacraments4 ,these only mediate for individual souls the reception into the union1 or confirm them in their organic relation to it1 and are signs of fellowship4 ,in addition to what has been already said1 there is another reason1 and one of wider application1 to be considered1 as bearing on this point4 ,the principle of a new life which has to be infused into individual souls through the sacraments is sanctifying grace4 ,in this1 therefore1 by logical consequence1 we should be obliged to recognize the interior constitutive principle of the ,church1 if it were true that the connection between the inner being of the ,church and her historical manifestation were brought to pass through the efficacy of the sacraments4 ,according to this apprehension of the subject1 only the saints would belong to the true ,church4 ,footnote #ab3 ,eph4 iv4 #af4 ,one might seek to evade this last conclusion by averring that in the instance of baptism1 the sacrament produces in the soul of the recipient1 beside sanctifying grace1 still another effect1 independently of the disposition1 namely1 the baptismal character4 ,this character is an indelible mark impressed on the soul4 ,here1 then1 is given us a supernatural principle which penetrates the deepest interior of the human spirit1 and which is1 at the same time1 capable of verifying itself as a historical fact2 inasmuch as it is infallibly infused into the soul through an outward1 sensible action1 and thereby1 through the medium of the latter1 becomes visible4 ,beside this1 one might be still more inclined to regard the baptismal character as the ,church's formative principle1 because the same is stamped upon the soul through a sacrament1 whose special end is to incorporate with the body of ,christ its individual members2 for which reason1 also1 baptism is designated in the language of the ,church as the gate of the spiritual life1 vitae spiritualis janua4 ,footnote #ac ,footnote #ac3 ,decret4 pro ,armenia4 ,we must1 however1 in this immediate connection1 put in a reminder1 that it is a disputed point in theology1 whether baptism is really1 in all cases1 the indispensably necessary condition of becoming a member of the ,church4 ,in the opinion of prominent theologians1 a mere catechumen can1 under certain circumstances1 be a member of the ,church4 ,footnote #ad ,be that as it may1 no one will certainly dispute the fact that a catechumen1 whose soul is glowing with divine love1 belongs at least to the soul of the ,church4 ,in him1 therefore1 the inner germ of the ,church's life really exists before the reception of the baptismal character4 ,beside this1 it appears to us that the sacramental character1 precisely in view of its determinate end1 is not so qualified that we can put it forward as the interior principle of catholicity4 ,the baptismal character is intended for a distinctive mark2 by it the seal of ,church membership is stamped on the soul4 ,it is true that the same action by which the character is impressed on the soul also makes the baptized person a member of the ,church1 or1 that in the same act which plants the inner germ of the ,church's being in the heart1 the soul receives also the characteristic outward impress of that being4 ,but in so far as it is the immediate and proper faculty of the baptismal character to impress the stamp of the ,church in indelible features upon the soul1 the very conception of this character presupposes necessarily the conception of the ,church1 as prior to itself2 which shows that we cannot find the principle of the interior being of the ,church in the baptismal character4 ,this is confirmed by the additional consideration that the baptismal character is not effaced from those souls which have broken off every kind of connection with the ,church1 and have absolutely nothing remaining in them by which they communicate in her being4 ,finally1 the existence of the ,church1 at least so far as her inner being or soul is concerned1 #ajj does not date its origin from the institution of baptism4 ,we must1 therefore1 go one step further1 in order to discover the interior source of catholicity4 ,as has been heretofore pointed out1 this source lies in that region which we are usually wont to designate as the ,supernatural ,order4 ,let us1 therefore1 make a succinct exposition of the interior law of development in this order4 ,footnote #ad3 ,suarez1 ,de ,fide4 ,disp4 ix41 ,sec4 i41 ,no4 #ah4 ,according to the ,catholic doctrine1 faith is the beginning of human salvation1 the ground and root of justification1 ,footnote #ae i4e41 of the supernatural life of the soul4 ,st4 ,paul designates faith the substance of things hoped for4 ,footnote #af ,that is to say1 the beatific vision of ,god1 and with it the point toward which the whole supernatural order tends and in which it rests1 has its foundation laid in faith1 and is already in germ contained in it4 ,christ1 and with him the fountain of our supernatural life1 dwells in us through faith4 ,footnote #ag ,is ,christ1 therefore1 called the foundation1 beside which no other can be laid1 ,footnote #ah then is faith recognized in the basis of the supernatural order1 because by faith we are immediately brought into union with ,christ4 ,wherefore the apostle makes our participation in the fruits of the work of redemption precisely dependent on the condition1 ,if so ye continue in the faith1 grounded and settled4 ,footnote #ai ,the same portion as foundation1 which faith has in the inner life of grace in the soul1 is also accorded to it in relation to the exterior structure of the ,church4 ,the visibility of the true ,church is only the historical embodiment of the element of the supernatural4 ,the divine building of the ,church has for its foundation the apostles1 ,footnote #bj that is1 as the sense of the passage evidently is1 through the faith which they preached4 ,very remarkable is the form of expression in the well-known saying of the apostle3 ,one ,lord1 one faith1 one baptism4 ,footnote #ba ,here the unity of faith is given the precedence of the unity produced through baptism1 as being its necessary pre-requisite4 ,the one baptism is the bond of unity of the ,church only in the second line4 ,through it1 namely1 the fruitful germ of the one faith in which exclusively the unity of the ,church has its root1 is continually planted in individual souls1 an actual confession of that faith being also included in the ceremony of baptism itself4 ,footnote #ae3 ,trid4 ,sess4 vi41 cap4 #h4 ,footnote #af3 ,heb4 xi4 i4 ,footnote #ag3 ,eph iii4 #ag4 ,footnote #ah3 ,i ,cor4 iii4 #aa4 ,footnote #ai3 ,coloss4 i4 #bc4 ,footnote #bj3 ,eph4 ii4 #bj4 ,footnote #ba3 ,eph4 iv4 #e4 ,the ,church herself makes use of language which clearly shows that she regards faith as the deepest principle of her being4 ,footnote #bb ,the ,catechism of the ,council of ,trent defines the ,church as the faithful dispersed throughout the world4 ,footnote #bc ,footnote #bb3 ,concil4 ,lateran41 iv4 cap4 ,firmiter3 ,una fidelium universalis ecclesia4 ,footnote #bc3 ,catech4 ,rom41 pars #a1 cap4 x4 4 qu4 #b4 ,according to ,st4 ,thomas1 also1 the unity1 and consequently the catholicity of the ,church1 is radically grounded in faith4 ,the angelic doctor means here living faith1 or fides formata4 ,according to this view1 the principle of catholicity pervades the innermost depth of subjectivity4 ,at the same time it is clear how the same comes to an historical manifestation4 ,this takes place in the symbol of the ,church4 ,the faith which finds its historical expression in the ecclesiastical symbol is to be regarded as fides formata1 ,footnote #bd for this reason1 because it is a confession of faith made in the name and by the personality of the collective ,church1 which possesses its inward principle of unity in the fides formata1 or living faith4 ,moreover1 the symbol of the ,church is a constant warning for those of her members who have not the grace of sanctification to make their faith living through charity4 ,footnote #be ,footnote #bd3 ,that is1 faith made perfect by charity as it exists in a person who is in the state of grace1 in contradistinction from the faith of a sinner4--,,translator ,footnote #be3 ,secunda ,secundae1 qu4 #a4 a4 q4 ad #c4 ,in the foregoing doctrinal exposition ,st4 ,thomas has marked out for us the path to be followed in seeking #aja for the medium of union between the exterior and ulterior catholicity of the ,church4 ,our argument must start1 therefore1 from the position that the unity of the ,church in the first line is a unity in faith4 ,in this notion we have the speculative middle term between the inner being of the ,church and her historical form of manifestation4 ,from the blending of both these elements is formed the full1 adequate idea of catholicity4 ,this last exhibits itself as a force acting in two distinct spheres1 that of the inward subjectivity and that of historical objectivity4 ,consequently1 the exterior and interior catholicity of the ,church1 or the two sides of ,catholicism1 must be reduced to the same principle4 ,a further evolution of this thought will make it clear1 why the being of the true ,church can only find its true actualization in the historical form of ,catholicism4 ,the catholic visible form of the ,church1 as pointed out above1 is indicated in the papacy4 ,but in what relation does the latter stand to the interior catholicity of the ,church8 ,in order to find the right answer to this decisive question1 we must first more exactly define in what sense the papacy must be regarded as the bond of the historical unity of the ,church4 ,it must be so regarded1 precisely in so far as the primacy has been instituted for the special end of preserving the faith incorrupt4 ,according to the teaching of the ,fathers of the ,church1 ,peter is the ,church's foundation of rock1 in virtue of his faith4 ,footnote #bf ,by this1 of course1 is not meant the personal confession of the ,apostle ,peter1 but the object-matter of the same1 the contents of the faith to be preached by ,peter and his successors4 ,peter1 says ,leo the ,great1 is called by ,christ the ,rock1 on account of the solidity of the faith which he was to preach1 pro soliditate fidei quam erat praedicaturus4 ,footnote #bg ,this is not the place to develop further in what way the papacy proves itself in act the cement of the unity of faith4 ,we shall speak of that later4 ,it is enough for our purpose1 in the meanwhile1 to take note of the judgment of the ancient ,church4 ,according to the doctrine of the ,fathers of the ,church1 the fundamental significance which the papacy has for the ,church1 rests upon a relation of dependence between her faith and the faith of ,peter1 including by consequence that of his successors4 ,in this sense ,st4 ,hilarius distinctly calls the faith of the ,apostle ,peter the foundation of the ,church4 ,footnote #bh ,the same view is found in ,st4 ,ambrose1 ,footnote #bi expressed in nearly the same words4 ,but if ,peter is the ,church's foundation of rock precisely through his faith1 that mutual relation between the inner catholicity of the ,church and the papacy is no longer doubtful4 ,for that the ,church1 according to her inward essence1 verifies herself as the ,catholic ,church1 she owes precisely to her faith1 as likewise1 on the other side1 her catholic visible form is conditioned by the outward profession of the same faith4 ,consequently1 the papacy as guardian of the unity of faith1 stands also in a necessary connection with the inner being of the ,church4 ,here then we have the uniting member we have been seeking between inward and outward catholicity1 the essence and the manifestation of the ,church4 ,in so far as the historical connection with ,peter must be conceived as a bond of faith1 in this same connection or in the form of ,catholicism1 the true ,church1 even as to her inner being1 comes historically into visible manifestation4 ,footnote #bf3 ,see the relevant passages from the fathers in ,ballerini1 ,de vi ac rations primatus ,rom4 ,pont41 cap4 xii41 ,sec4 #a1 ,no4 #a4 ,footnote #bg3 ,serm4 #fb4 ,footnote #bh3 ,de ,trin41 vi4 #cg4 ,footnote #bi3 ,de ,incarn41 cap4 #e4 ,faith1 which we affirm to be the essential kernel of ,catholicism1 has two sides1 one which is interior and subjective1 and another which comes to outward manifestation4 ,with the heart we believe unto justification1 but with the mouth confession is made unto salvation4 ,footnote #cj ,a revealed truth #ajb corresponds to supernatural faith as its necessary object4 ,therefore1 it may be remarked in passing1 the subjective act of faith is equally infallible with the divine testimony itself1 upon which it is essentially based4 ,footnote #ca ,this revealed object of faith1 without which a supernatural faith is entirely inconceivable1 is mediated or set forth through an organ directly instituted by ,god for this purpose4 ,an individual1 who thinks that he has discovered1 through private investigation or in any other way1 a particular point of doctrine1 which hitherto has not been universally received as such1 to be a revealed truth1 can only make it an object of supernatural faith1 when he is able to judge with certainty that this supposed new doctrine of faith would be approved by the infallible1 divinely appointed organ of revealed truth4 ,footnote #cb ,footnote #cj3 ,rom4 x4 #aj4 ,footnote #ca3 ,st4 ,thomas1 ,secunda ,secunda1 q4 #a a4 #c4 ,footnote #cb3 ,suarez1 ,de ,fide4 ,disp4 iii41 ,sect1 xiii41 ,no4 #i4 ,this mediating organ is1 however1 as we shall fully show in the course of our further exposition1 no other than the ,apostle ,peter1 and through the relation which he bears to him1 his legitimate successor in office4 ,peter is the support and the strength of his brethren1 inasmuch as his faith1 to which the dogmatic utterance of his successors gives a new expression according to the needs of the ,church1 forms a criterion for the faith of the ,church4 ,peter1 preaching of the faith1 continually apprehensible through the papal definitions of faith1 gives to the faith of the ,church the specific form under which the same incorporates itself historically in an ecclesiastical confession4 ,but in the ,church-confession of faith1 as we have before shown1 its inner being comes into visible manifestation4 ,as medium of ,peter's preaching of the faith1 the papacy is consequently also a ,church-constitutive principle1 inasmuch as through the actualization of the supreme power delegated to him by ,christ1 the being of the ,church is made visible1 and obtains an historical form4 ,this is the sense of the words1 ,on this ,rock ,i will build my ,church4 ,as we have1 in the foregoing remarks1 conceived of the papacy as the angle at which the two sides of ,catholicism meet1 the uniting bond of the outward and inward catholicity of the ,church1 we are further bound to show why precisely the papacy is the appropriate organ to establish that union between the essence and the manifestation of ,catholicism1 and thereby to mediate the actualization of the true idea of the ,church4 ,for this purpose we must endeavor to penetrate somewhat deeper into the inner being or soul of the ,church4 ,we shall there find a tendency which makes the ,catholic form of manifestation of the ,church a postulate of her being4 ,this tendency lies in the character of the supernatural4 ,in the conception of the supernatural we shall endeavor to point out the radical conception of ,catholicism4 ,the papacy1 and the ,catholic visible form of the ,church mediated by it1 is1 in our opinion1 the necessary consequence of the supernaturality of her being4 ,thus far we have sketched in brief outlines the mutual relation of the two sides of ,catholicism4 ,we must reserve for a subsequent article the detailed theological proof of that which we have for the present suggested as a new theory4 ,meanwhile we would like to exhibit1 in a few words1 the interest which an investigation of this subject claims for itself at this particular period of time4 ,,ii4 ,the distinction between an exterior and interior catholicity of the ,church is but slightly touched upon in our books of dogmatic instruction4 ,no one need wonder at this circumstance4 ,it is well known that the controversy with ,protestantism gave occasion to the usual modern method of treating of the marks of the ,church4 ,the #ajc method of the great controversialists of the age of the ,reformation has1 at least in regard to the present question1 remained1 to a considerable extent1 the model for the dogmatic writers of the present time4 ,the theologians of a former time1 however1 found no necessity for expressly distinguishing between the catholicity of the being of the ,church and that of her manifestation4 ,it was enough for their purpose to prove that the ,church1 in her historical manifestation1 is the ,catholic ,church4 ,the ,protestantism of the epoch of the ,reformation claimed for its congregations the honor of having actualized the true idea of the ,church4 ,the churches of ,wittenberg1 ,zurich1 and ,geneva each pretended to be the true copy of the evangelical primitive ,church4 ,it was easy for ,catholic polemics to destroy this pretension4 ,it was only necessary to inspect the particular ,protestant churches a little closely4 ,such a reconnoissance conducted necessarily to the indubitable conclusion that none of those communions had the marks of the true ,church upon it1 and that these were realized only in the ,church in communion with the ,pope4 ,modern ,protestantism is much more modest in its pretensions4 ,the present champions of the ,protestant cause characterize1 without disguise1 the attempt of the ,reformers to bring the essence of the true ,church historically into manifestation in their communions as a gross error and a backsliding into ,catholicism4 ,they will have it1 that the characteristic principle of ,protestantism lies precisely in the acknowledgment that the true essence of the ,church can find its correlative expression in none of the existing churches4 ,the true ,church1 according to this notion1 remains an unattainable ideal as long as the world stands4 ,not to actualize the idea of the ,church1 only to strive after its actualization1 is the task of a religious communion4 ,the ,protestantism of the day accordingly recognizes it as its vocation to give ,christianity precisely the expression and form which best corresponds to the necessities of the time1 the demands of an advanced science and culture1 the grade of intellectual and moral development of the ,christian nations4 ,footnote #cc ,footnote #cc3 ,schenkel1 ,essence of ,prot41 p4 #d4 ,protestant polemic theology makes the following use of this view4 ,over against the magnificent historical manifestation of the ,catholic ,church1 the torn and rent condition of the ,protestant religious community presents a striking contrast4 ,the proximate conclusion that the true ,church can only be found within the circle of ,catholicism1 they seek now to anticipate on the ,protestant side by the observation that already from the outset one makes a false start who would wish to recognize the true ,church by her form of historical manifestation4 ,according to the ,protestant view1 the mark of catholicity verifies itself exclusively in the inner being of the ,church1 and not in her outward manifestation4 ,for1 owing to the constant progress of human development1 and the extremely diversified individuality of single nations1 the historical manifestation of the ,church must be multiform to the same extent as the intellectual and moral wants of the different peoples are various4 ,nevertheless1 in spite of the manifold differences which distinguish the particular churches in their historical manifestation1 the members of the same blend themselves together into a great invisible spiritual kingdom4 ,this is the ideal ,church4 ,this is the response which modern ,protestantism makes when ,catholic criticism places before its eyes the melancholy picture of its inward divisions and the history of its variations4 ,from the historical manifestation of a church to its inner being they say the conclusion is invalid4 ,in order1 therefore1 to make ,catholic polemics effective1 the relation between the essence and the manifestation of the ,church must be first of all theologically #ajd established4 ,it is only after this has been done that the comparison between the ,church and the churches can be exhibited in its entire argumentative force4 ,the theory of the ideal church is not yet effectively refuted1 when we on the ,catholic side content ourselves with proving that the true ,church must become visible4 ,this general proposition does not exclude the proposition of our opponents4 ,for1 according to the ,protestant doctrine1 also1 the creative power of the spirit of ,christianity exhibits itself in the construction of visible congregations1 and the gradual actualization of the ideal ,church is conditioned by a sensibly apprehensible mediation4 ,the final decision of this question must therefore be sought in the demonstration of the proposition that the inmost being of the ,church can only realize itself historically in the one specific form2 that a catholicity of the essence of the ,church without a catholicity in her manifestation is entirely inconceivable4 ,only by this demonstration will the retreat of ,protestant polemics into the ideal ,church be for ever cut off4 ,some have argued against the ,protestant view1 that as ,christian truth is one so the visible ,church can also be but one4 ,footnote #cd ,the argument is valid only in the prior supposition that there can be but a single form of historical manifestation for the inner being of the ,church4 ,this1 however1 ,protestantism denies in the sense1 that from its stand-point every particular church represents the idea of the ,church1 ,footnote #ce even though it may be on one side only4 ,according to the diversified stages of cultivation in the ,christian people1 so they say1 now one1 now another side of ,christian truth attains to its expression in the particular confessions1 but in none the full and entire truth4 ,the contradiction existing between these1 therefore1 in nowise falls back upon the ,christian verity itself4 ,this ,protestant evasion can also be alone met in the way above designated1 by establishing the relation between the essence and the manifestation of ,catholicism4 ,footnote #cd3 ,moehler1 ,symbolism4 ,footnote #ce3 ,this is also the theory of ,high-,church ,episcopalianism4 ,mr4 ,sewall has defined it more logically than any other writer of that school4 ,according to him1 the unity of the ,church consists in this1 that all churches are formed after one ideal model1 or on one principle1 and the separate churches of individual bishops are each a perfect organic whole4 ,that is1 ,catholic unity is an abstract unity1 concreted in each particular bishop and diocese4 ,hence there can be no organized unity of the universal ,church1 but only union or friendly communion of independent churches4 ,this notion was highly approved by ,bishop ,whittingham1 who expressed it in this way1 that the true communion of churches with each other is in speculo ,trinitatis4 ,it is pure ,congregationalism1 bating the difference between a diocese governed by a chief and inferior pastors1 and a single congregation under one pastor or several of the same order4 ,but it is the only logical conception of a visible church possible1 when the papacy1 or principle of universal organic unity1 is denied4 ,it is the logical result of the schismatical position of the ,greeks1 who have no unity among themselves except that which is national1 but are divided into several independent bodies4 ,hence1 the so-called union movement1 as clearly shown by ,cardinal ,patrizi in the ,decree sent to the ,english bishops1 is one which proceeds from a denial of ,catholic unity1 and therefore can never lead to unity1 but only aim at union1 or voluntary co-operation of distinct churches with each other4 ,the ,high-,church theory differs from that of the ,german ,protestants in this that the former requires that all churches should be alike1 and each one represent completely the ideal ,church2 but both are based on the same principle1 that of an abstract1 invisible unity and catholicity1 concreted in an individual and not a generic and universal mode4--,,translator4 ,it has been further argued that a ,church of the ,nations1 which the ,christian ,church must be1 according to its idea1 is entirely inconceivable without the papacy at its summit4 ,footnote #cf ,here1 also1 it is presupposed1 as already proved1 that the conception of universality which is essentially connected with the idea of the true ,church must also necessarily impress itself upon her actual explication of herself in time4 ,but it is precisely against this notion that modern ,protestantism contends4 ,therefore1 if our polemic arms are to bring down their man1 the affair must begin with a sharper delineation of the mutual relation between the essence and the visible form of the ,church4 ,footnote #cf3 ,doellinger1 ,the ,church and the ,churches4 ,beside the polemic advantages to be gained in the course which has been suggested1 there is another in the interest of pacification4 ,under the rubbish of the ,protestant ,church-idea there still lies buried a remnant of #aje ,catholic truth4 ,we ought not to shun the trouble of bringing this to light4 ,it is the ,christian truth contained in his confession which binds the believing ,protestant to it4 ,catholic theology has to reclaim this as its own property4 ,it has the mission intrusted to it to show how the religious satisfaction1 which the deeper ,protestant mind thinks it finds in the doctrinal conception of its confession1 is imparted to it in richer abundance and morally purified through the dogma of the ,church4 ,through this conciliatory method1 an understanding of the ,catholic truth can be much more easily and effectually imparted to the unprejudiced ,protestant mind than by a rough polemical method4 ,this end is most essentially served by the distinction between the essence and the manifestation of ,catholicism4 ,protestant piety makes a great boast of its deep spirituality4 ,the modern ideal theory of the ,church owes a great share of its popularity to its aptitude of application in this direction4 ,by means of this conception1 the ,protestant ,church is expected to exhibit itself in a new light as the church of the interior and spiritual life4 ,does one attain the same depth of view from the ,catholic stand-point8 ,all doubt on this point must disappear on thorough consideration of what we have above named1 the inner side of ,catholicism4 ,there is another ground for the favor with which this ideal theory of the ,church is at present received4 ,protestant theology regards it as a means of its own resuscitation4 ,the old doctrine of justification by faith alone has in great part lost the charm it once exercised over the hearts of the ,german people4 ,the once mighty battle-cry of inward1 subjective faith is no longer to the taste of our age4 ,therefore1 in our time1 instead of the antiquated idea of immediate union with ,christ1 the world-moving power of the mind1 the creative power of the idea1 is set up as the distinguishing principle of ,protestantism4 ,the latter is thus made to appear as the most powerful protector of the liberal aspirations of the age4 ,catholic controversy must take some cognizance of this1 if it would make its own proper principle prevail4 ,while ,protestantism seeks to gain the favor of the contemporary world by obsequiously yielding to the caprices of the spirit of the age1 the inner principle of ,catholicism raises it above the vacillations which sway particular periods4 ,only a ,church which1 thanks to its native principle1 is not borne along by intellectual and social periodical currents1 can effectually correct their movement4 ,in order1 therefore1 to measure accurately the influence which the ,church1 by virtue of her institution1 is called to exercise upon human society1 we must penetrate into her innermost essence1 to the very point where ,catholicism has its deepest principle4 ,first from this point can we correctly understand in how far the ,church is a social power4 ,from this point of view alone can we comprehend her aptitude to be the teacher of the nations4 ,and precisely of this social and instructive vocation have our contemporaries lost the right understanding to a great extent4 ,it is one of the mightiest tasks of our modern theology to make the minds of men once more capable of apprehending this truth4 ,footnote #cg ,footnote #cg3 ,a few sentences rather digressive from the main topic of the article are hero omitted4--,,translator4 ,the high importance of authority in the system of ,catholicism is well known4 ,this fundamental principle runs a danger of being placed in a false light1 when it is depressed to the level of the historical and exterior side of the ,church4 ,ecclesiastical authority1 separated from the ground which lies back of it and which is above the temporal order1 may appear even to the well-disposed as a mere brake for the stoppage of all intellectual progress4 ,this suggests a temptation to desire a compromise between the ,church and the spirit of the age4 ,when one takes a merely exterior and #ajf historical view of church authority1 the proper spirit of joyousness which ought to belong to faith is wanting in the submission which is rendered to its decrees4 ,it is very easy1 then1 to fall into a sort of diplomatic way of acting toward the ,church as teacher of doctrine4 ,one seeks to accommodate one's self to her doctrine through subtile distinctions4 ,on the contrary1 the boldest scientific mind frankly and cheerfully bows itself under the yoke of the obedience of faith1 when it sees that the ,church1 in her doctrinal decision1 is acting from her own interior principle4 ,our doctrinal exposition requires now that we should go into a more thorough argument respecting the immanent principle of ,catholicism1 which we shall first of all undertake to do on ,scriptural grounds4 ,this part of the subject will be treated in an ensuing article4 ------ ,from ,the ,cornhill ,magazine4 ,,monsieur ,,babou4 ,i4 ,in the immediate vicinity of the capital of the kingdom of ,lilliput there is a charming village called ,les ,grenouillettes4 ,this rural resort of the citizens of ,mildendo consists1 mainly1 of three hotels1 thirty public-houses1 and five ponds4 ,the population ,i should reckon at about ten millions1 inclusive of frogs1 who are the principal inhabitants1 and who make a great noise in the world there4 ,hither flock the jocund burgesses1 and dance to the sound of harp and viol4 4 4 4 ,it occurs to me that1 sprightly as ,i may think it to call ,belgium ,lilliput1 the mystification might possibly become tiresome and inconvenient if persisted in throughout this narrative1 beside becoming absolutely unnecessary4 ,as for the village in question1 ,i have a reason or two for not calling it by its right name4 ,about half-a-dozen years ago1 my brother 7,captain ,john ,freshe1 ,r4,n471 his wife1 and ,i had been wearily jogging all a summer's day in search of country lodgings for a few weeks in the immediate neighborhood of ,brussels4 ,now nothing can be more difficult to find in that locality1 except under certain conditions4 ,you can live at a village hotel1 and pay a maximum price for minimum comfort4 ,you can1 possibly1 lodge in a public-house1 where it will cost you dear1 however little you pay4 ,or you can1 in some villages1 hire empty rooms in an entirely empty house1 and hire furniture from ,brussels1 and servants1 if you have none1 by the month4 ,this last alternative has the advantage of ennobling your position into a quasi-martyrdom1 by1 in a measure1 compelling you to stay where you are1 whether you like it or not4 ,toward the end of that longest of the long days1 we began to regard life and circumstance with the apathy of despair1 and to cease to hope for anything further from them except dinner4 ,the capital of the kingdom of ,lilliput appeared to be partially surrounded by a vast and melancholy campagna of turnips4 ,these wilds1 immeasurably spread1 seemed lengthening as we went4 ,village after #ajg village had we reached1 and explored in vain4 ,judging by our feelings1 ,i should say we had ransacked at least half-a-hundred of those rural colonies4 ,almost all these villages possessed at least six public-houses and two ponds4 ,some few had no ponds1 but all had six public-houses4 ,rural1 dusty1 cracked public-houses2 with frowzy gardens1 with rotten1 sloppy tables and benches2 with beery gorillas playing at quoits and ninepins4 ,the names of none of these settlements seemed to us pronounceable by human beings1 with the exception of two1 which sounded like ,diggum and ,hittumontheback4 ,but our city driver appeared to be acquainted with the ,simian tongue1 and was directed from village to village by the good-natured apes whom he interrogated4 ,about sunset we came to a larger and quite civilized place1 with a ,french name1 signifying ,the ,tadpoles--the place ,i have described at the commencement of this narrative4 ,our dusty fly and dejected horse turned into the carriage entrance of the first little hotel we saw4 ,it stood sideways to a picturesque little lake1 with green shores4 ,the carriage entrance went through the house4 ,beyond1 we had caught sight of a paved yard or court1 and of a vista of green leafiness that looked cool and inviting4 ,we heard the noisy jangling of a barrel-organ playing a polka1 and we found a performance going on in the court that absorbed the attention of the whole household4 ,no one seemed to hear1 or at least to heed1 the sound of our wheels1 but1 when our vehicle fairly stopped in the paved yard1 a fishy-eyed waiter came toward us1 jauntily flipping time with his napkin4 ,we begged him to get us dinner instantly4 ,way1 ,mosou1 replied that official1 in the sweet ,belgian-,french language1 and let us out of the fly4 ,we had been so long cramped up in it that we were glad to walk1 and stand1 and look about the court while our food was got ready4 ,the organ-grinder had not ceased grinding out his polka for a moment4 ,the wiry screams of his infernal machine seemed to charm him as much as they did the rest of the company assembled4 ,he was the usual ,savoyard1 with a face like a burnt crust2 all fire-brown eyes1 sable ringlets1 and insane grimace4 ,he leaned against a low stone post1 and ground out that horrible bray1 like a grinning maniac4 ,we walked to a short distance1 and took in the scene4 ,a little sallow young man1 having a bushy mustache1 stood near a door into the house1 with a dish in his hand1 as if he had been transfixed in the act of carrying it somewhere4 ,beside him1 on the step of the door1 sat a blonde young woman1 with large blue eyes and a little mouth--as pretty and as fade as a ,carlo-,dolcian ,madonna4 ,evidently these were the landlord and his lady4 ,on a garden-bench1 by the low wall that divided the court from the garden beyond1 sat1 a little apart1 a young person of a decidedly ,french aspect1 dressed quite plainly1 but with ,parisian precision1 in black silk4 ,in her hand and on her lap lay some white embroidery4 ,she was not pretty1 but had neat1 small features1 that wore a pleasant though rather sad smile1 as she suspended her work to watch what was going on4 ,an old woman in a dark-blue gown and a clean cap1 with a pile of freshly-ironed linen in her arms1 stood at the top of some steps leading into a little building which was probably the laundry4 ,she was wagging her old head merrily to the dance tune4 ,other lookers-on lounged about1 but some of them had vanished since our arrival--for instance1 the fishy-eyed waiter and a burly individual in a white nightcap4 ,the centre of attraction remains to be described4 ,within a few paces of the organ-grinder1 a little girl and boy danced indefatigably on the stones1 to the unmusical music of his box4 ,the little boy was a small1 fair1 sickly child1 in a linen blouse1 and about four years old4 ,he jumped1 and stamped1 and #ajh laughed excitedly4 ,the little girl looked about a year older4 ,she was plump and rosy1 dressed in a full pink frock and black silk apron4 ,she had light brown hair1 cut short and straight1 like a boy's4 ,she danced very energetically1 but solemnly1 without a smile on her wee round mouth4 ,she poussetted1 she twirled--her pink frock spread itself out like a parasol4 ,her fat little bare arms akimbo1 she danced in a gravely coquettish1 thoroughly business-like way2 now crossing1 changing places with her partner2 now setting to him1 with little pattering feet2 now suddenly whisking and whirling off4 ,the little boy watched her1 and followed her lead3 she was the governing spirit of the dance4 ,both children kept admirable time4 ,they were dancing the tarantella1 though they had never heard of it2 but of all the poetry of motion1 the tarantella is the most natural measure to fall into4 ,the organ-grinder ground1 and grinned1 and nodded2 the landlord and his wife exchanged looks of admiration and complacency whenever they could take their eyes off the little dancing nymph3 it was easy to see they were her proud parents4 ,the quiet young lady on the bench looked tenderly at the tiny1 sickly boy1 as he frisked4 ,we felt sure she was his mother4 ,his eyes were light blue1 not hazel2 but he had the same neat little features4 ,all of a sudden1 down from an open window looking into the court1 there came an enormous voice-- ,ah1 ah6 ,bravo6 ,ah1 ah1 ,monsieur ,babebibo-,,bou6 ,the little boy stopped dancing2 so did the little girl1 and every one looked up at the window4 ,the little boy1 clapping his hands and screaming with glee1 ran under it4 ,no one could be seen at that aperture1 but we had caught a momentary glimpse of a big blond man in a blue blouse1 who had instantly dropped out of sight1 and who was crouching on the floor1 for we saw1 though the child below could not1 the top of his straw hat just above the window-edge4 ,the little boy screamed1 ,papa1 papa6 ,the great voice1 making itself preternaturally gruff1 roared out-- ,qui est la8 ,est-ce par chance ,monsieur ,babebibo-,,bou8 7,the first syllables very fast1 the final one explosive47 ,way1 way6 ,c'est ,mosou ,babi--bou6 cried the child1 trying to imitate the gruff voice1 and jumping and laughing ecstatically4 ,out of the window came flying a huge soft ball of many colors1 and then another roar3 ,avec les compliments du ,roi de tous les joujoux1 a ,monsieur ,babebibo-,,bou6 ,more rapture4 ,then a large white packet1 palpably sugar-plums1 ,avec les compliments de la ,reine de tous les bonbons1 a ,mademoiselle ,marie1 et a ,monsieur ,babebibo-,,bou6 ,rapture inexpressible1 except by shrill shrieks and capers4 ,the plump little girl gravely advances and assists at the examination of the packet1 popping comfits into her tiny mouth with a placid melancholy1 which ,i have often observed in fat and rosy faces4 ,meanwhile1 the organ-grinder has at last stopped grinding1 has lowered his box1 and is eating a plateful of cold meat and bread which the old woman has brought out to him4 ,the landlord and his wife have disappeared4 ,the young ,frenchwoman on the garden-bench has risen1 and come toward the children2 and now1 from a doorway leading into the house1 issues the big blond man we caught a momentary glimpse of at the window4 ,the little boy abandons the sugar-plums to his playfellow1 and crying ,papa6 papa6 darts to the new comer1 who stoops and gathers him up to his broad breast1 in his large arms and hands1 kissing him fondly and repeatedly4 ,the child responds with like effusion4 ,the father's great red face1 with its peaked yellow beard1 contrasts touchingly1 somehow1 with the wee pale phiz of his little son4 #aji ,the child's tiny white pads pat the jolly cheeks and pull the yellow beard4 ,then the man in the blouse sets his son carefully on the ground1 and kisses the young ,frenchwoman who stands by4 ,the big man has evidently been absent awhile from his family4 ,how goes it1 my sister8 says he4 ,well1 my brother1 she answers quietly4 ,thou hast seen ,auguste dance4 ,thou hast seen how well1 and strong1 and happy he is--the good ,god be thanked4 ,and after him1 thee1 my good sister1 says the big man1 affectionately4 ,we had been called in to dinner by this time1 but the open window of our eating-room looked into the court close to where the group stood4 ,we observed that ,mademoiselle ,marie had remained sole possessor of the packet of sweets2 and that the little boy1 content to have got his papa1 made no effort to assert his rights in them4 ,the big papa interfered1 saying1 ,mais1 mais1 la petite4444 ,give at least of the bonbons to thy comrade4 ,it is only fair4 ,let her eat them1 ,jean1 put in his sister1 with naive feminine generosity and justice4 ,they are so unwholesome for ,auguste1 seest thou8 ,the big man laughed1 lit his pipe1 and the three went away into the little garden1 where they strolled1 talking in the summer twilight4 ,we came happily to an anchor here1 in this foggy little haven1 and finding we could secure1 at tolerably moderate charges1 the accommodation we required1 made up our minds to stay at this little hotel for the few weeks of our absence from ,brussels4 ,,ii4 ,next morning we were breakfasting in the garden under a trellis of hop-leaves1 when the big man in the blouse came up the gravel-walk1 with his small son on his shoulder4 ,they were making a tremendous noise4 ,the little boy was pulling his father's great red ear2 he affected to bellow with anguish1 his roaring voice topped by the child's shrill1 gleeful treble4 ,we saluted the new comers in a neighborly manner4 ,a beautiful day1 ,madame1 said the big man1 in ,french1 taking off his hat and bowing politely to ,john's wife1 at the same time surrounding his son safely with his left arm4 ,madame and these ,messieurs are ,english1 is it not8 ,a pretty place1 we went on to say1 after owning our nationality1 and very pleasant in this hot weather after the glare of ,brussels4 ,it is that2 and ,i am here as often as possible1 returned our new acquaintance4 ,my sister is staying here for the advantage of this little man4 4 4 4 ,monsieur ,auguste1 at your service4 ,salute then the society1 ,auguste4 ,you must know he has the pretension to be a little delicate1 this young man4 ,an invalid1 if you please2 consequently his aunt spoils him6 ,it is a ruse on his part1 you perceive4 ,ah1 bah6 ,an invalid6 ,my word1 he fatigues my poor arm4 ,ah--h6 ,i cannot longer sustain him4 ,i faint--,i drop him down he goes4 4 4 la--a--a6 ,here1 lowering him carefully1 as if he were crystal1 he pretended to let his son suddenly tumble on a bit of grass-plot4 ,at present 7grumbling7 here he is1 broken to pieces probably2 we shall have the trouble of mending him4 ,his aunt must bring her needle and thread4 ,monsieur ,auguste was so enchanted with this performance that he encored it ecstatically4 ,his father obeyed1 and then sent him off running to call out his aunt to breakfast1 which was laid under a neighboring trellis4 ,he is strong on his legs1 is it not1 ,madame8 said the father1 looking after him2 his jolly face and light blue eyes a little grave1 and wistful4 ,his spirits are so high1 see you8 ,he is #aaj too intelligent1 too intellectual--he has a little exhausted his strength2 that says all4 ,he is well enough2 he has no malady2 and every day he is getting stouter1 plainly to the eye4 ,here the aunt and nephew joined us4 ,our new acquaintance introduced her4 ,ma belle-soeur4 ,ma chere1--,madame and these ,messieurs are ,english4 ,they are good enough to take an interest in this infant ,hercules of ours4 ,he tossed the child on his shoulder again2 established on which throne his little monarch amused himself by ornamenting the parental straw-hat with a huge flaring poppy and some green leaves1 beneath which the jovial face bloomed ,bacchic4 ,meanwhile the quiet young ,french-woman1 smiling affectionately at those playfellows as they went off together1 sat down on a chair we offered her1 and frankly entered into conversation4 ,in a few minutes we knew a great deal about this little family4 ,the man in the blouse was a ,belgian painter1 ,jean ,baudin1 and well seen in the expositions of ,paris and ,brussels4 ,his wife was my sister3 we were of ,paris4 ,when our little ,auguste was born1 my poor sister died4 ,she was always delicate4 ,the little one is very delicate4 ,ah1 so delicate1 also4 ,it is impossible to be over-careful of him4 ,and his father1 who is so strong--so strong6 ,but the little one resembles in every manner his mother4 ,his poor father adores him1 as you see4 ,poor ,jean6 he so tenderly loved his wife1 who died in her first youth4 4 4 4 ,she had but eighteen years--she had six years less than ,i4 ,in dying she begged me to be to her infant a mother1 and to her poor ,jean a sister4 ,jean is a good brother1 bon et brave homme4 ,and for the little one1 he is truly a child to be adored--judiciously1 it is understood1 madame3 ,i spoil him not1 believe me4 ,but he is clever to astonish you1 that child4 ,so spiritual1 and then such a tender little good heart--a disposition so amiable4 ,hardly he requires correction4 4 4 4 ,auguste6 how naughty thou art6 ,auguste6 dost thou hear8 ,jean6 take him then off the dusty wall1 and wipe him a little4 ,mon ami1 thou spoilest the child2 one must be judicious4 ,we presently left the garden1 and1 in passing1 beheld ,monsieur ,auguste at breakfast4 ,he was seated between his papa and aunt1 and was being adored by both 7judiciously and injudiciously7 to the heart's content of all three4 ,we stayed a month at this little hotel at ,the ,tadpoles4 ,the ,english family soon fraternized with that of ,jean ,baudin1 the ,flemish painter1 also sojourning there1 and the only other resident guests4 ,john's wife and ,mademoiselle became good friends and gossips1 and sat at work and chat many a summer hour under the hop trellises4 ,mademoiselle ,rose ,leclerc was the ,frenchwoman's name1 but her name of ceremony was simply ,mademoiselle4 ,john and ,i used to walked about the country1 among the lanes1 and woods1 and hamlets which diversify the flats on that side of ,brussels1 accompanying ,jean ,baudin and his paint-box4 ,we sat under a tree1 or on a stone fence1 smoking pipes of patience1 while ,jean made studies for those wonderful1 elaborate tiny pictures1 the work of his big hands1 by which he and his little son lived4 ,i remember1 in particular1 a mossy old cottage1 rough and grey2 the front clothed with vines1 the quaint long gable running down behind to within a yard of the ground4 ,baudin sketched that cottage very often2 and often used its many picturesque features4 ,sometimes it was the rickety1 black-timbered porch1 garlanded with vine2 a sonsy1 blond-haired young ,flemish maiden sat there1 and twirled the bobbins on a lace-cushion1 in a warm yellow flicker of sunshine4 ,sometimes ,jean went right into the porch and into the cottage itself1 and presently brought us out an old blue-gowned1 black-coifed creature1 knitting as she kicked the grand-babe's clumsy cradle #aaa with her clumsy sabot2--a ray through the leafy little window-hole found the crone's white hair1 and the infant cheek4 ,honest ,jean only painted what he saw with his eyes4 ,he could copy such simple poetry as this1 and feel it too1 though he could indite no original poems on his canvas pages4 ,he was a hearty good fellow1 and we soon got to like him1 and his kindly1 unpretentious1 but not unshrewd1 talk--that is1 when it could be got off the paternal grooves--which1 to say the truth1 was seldomer than we 7who were not ourselves at that period the parents of prodigies7 may have secretly desired4 ,in the summer evenings we used to sit in the garden all together1 the ladies graciously permitting us to smoke4 ,we liked to set the children a-dancing again on the grass-plot before us2 and ,i must here confess that they saltated to a mandolin touched by this hand4 ,i had studied the instrument under a ragged maestro of ,naples1 and flattered myself4 ,i performed on it with credit to both1 and to the general delight4 ,sometimes ,jean ,baudin would tie to his cane a little pocket-handkerchief of ,monsieur ,auguste1 and putting this ensign into his hand1 cause him to go through a certain vocal performance of a martial and defiant character4 ,the pale little man did it with much spirit1 and a truculent aspect1 stamping fiercely at particular moments of the strain4 ,i can only remember the effective opening of this entertainment4 ,thus it began--,les ,belges 7at this point the small performer threw up the staff and flag of his country1 and shouted ff7 ,,sont ,,braves66 ,papa and aunt regarded with pride that ferocious champion of his valiant compatriots1 looking round to read our astonishment and rapture in our faces4 ,we all got on excellently with the hotel folk1 ingratiating ourselves chiefly by paying a respectful court to the solid and rosy little princess of the house4 ,jean ,baudin painted her1 sitting placid1 a little open-mouthed1 heavy-lidded1 over-fed1 with a lapful of cherries4 ,we all made much of her and submitted to her4 ,john's wife presented her with a frock of ,english print1 of a charming apple-green2 out of which the fat pink face bloomed like a carnation-bud out of its calyx4 ,the young landlord would bring us out a dish to our garden dinner-table1 on purpose that he might linger and chat about ,england4 ,that country1 and some of its model institutions1 appeared to excite in his mind a mixture of awe and curiosity1 wonder and horror4 ,for instance1 he had heard--he did not altogether believe it 7deprecatingly7--that not only were the shops of ,london closed1 with shutters1 on the ,sunday1 but also the theatres2 and not only the theatres1 but also the expositions1 the gardens and salons of dance1 of music1 of play4 ,how6 it was actually the truth8 ,certainly1 what ,madame was good enough to affirm one must believe4 ,but then what do they8 ,no business1 no amusement what then do they1 mon ,dieu6-- ,they go to church1 read the ,bible1 and keep the ,sabbath day holy1 asserts ,mrs4 ,freshe1 in perfect good faith1 and severely and proudly1 as becomes a ,protestant ,britishwoman4 ,tiens1 tiens6 ,but it is triste1 that--4 ,is it not that it is triste1 ,madame8 ,tiens1 tiens6 ,and this is that which is the ,protestantism4 ,since ,madame herself affirms it1 one can doubt no longer4 ,and he goes pondering away1 to tell his wife2 with no increased tendency to the reformed faith4 ,even ,joseph1 the stolid and fishy-eyed waiter1 patronized us1 and gravely did us a hundred obliging services beyond his official duty4 ,on a certain evening1 ,mademoiselle1 ,john1 ,john's wife1 and ,i1 sat as usual at book or work under the trellises2 while the two children1 at healthful play1 prattled under the shade of the laurel-bushes hard by4 ,as usual1 the solid little ,flemish maiden was #aab tyrannizing calmly over her playfellow4 ,we constantly heard her small voice1 quiet1 slow1 and dominating3 ,je le veux4 ,je ne le veux pas4 ,they had for playthings a little handbell and a toy-wagon1 and were playing at railways4 ,auguste was the porter1 trundling up1 with shrill cries1 heavy luggage-trucks piled with gravel1 gooseberry-skins1 tin soldiers1 and bits of cork4 ,marie was a rich and haughty lady about to proceed by the next convoi1 and paying an immense sum1 in daisies1 for her ticket1 to ,auguste1 become a clerk4 ,a disputed point in these transactions appeared to be the possession of the bell2 the frequent ringing of which was indeed a principal feature of the performance4 ,auguste contended hotly1 but with considerable show of reason1 to this effect3--,that the instrument belonged to him1 in his official capacities of porter and clerk1 rather than to the rich and haughty lady1 who as a passenger was not1 and could not be1 entitled to monopolize the bell of the company4 ,indeed1 he declared himself nearly certain that1 as far as his experience went1 passengers never did ring it at all4 ,but ,marie's ,je le veux settled the dispute1 and carried her in triumph1 after the crushing manner of her sex1 over all frivolous masculine logic4 ,mademoiselle sat placid beside us1 doing her interminable and elaborate satin-stitch4 ,she was working at a broad white slip1 intended1 ,i understood1 to form the ornamental base of a petticoat4 ,it was at least a foot wide1 of a florid and labyrinthine pattern1 full of oval and round holes1 which appeared to have been cut out of the stuff in order that ,mademoiselle might be at the pains of filling them up again with thready cobwebs4 ,she would often with demure and innocent complacency display this fabric1 in its progress1 to ,john's wife 7who does not herself1 ,i fancy1 excel in satin-stitch71 and relate how short a time 7four months1 ,i think7 she had taken to bring it so near completion4 ,mrs4 ,freshe regarded this work of art with feminine eyes of admiration1 and slyly remarked that it was really beautiful enough meme pour un trousseau4 ,at the same time she with difficulty concealed her disapproval of the waste of precious time incurred by the authoress of the petticoat-border4 ,not that ,mademoiselle could be accused of neglecting the severer forms of her science2 such as the construction of frocks and blouses for ,monsieur ,auguste--adorned1 it must be admitted1 with frivolous and intricate convolutions of braid4 ,and the exquisite neatness of the visible portions of ,monsieur ,jean's linen also bore honorable testimony to ,mademoiselle's more solid labors4 ,into the midst of this peaceful garden-scene entered a new personage4 ,a man of middle height1 with a knapsack at his back1 came up the gravel-walk3 a handsome brown-faced fellow of five-and-thirty1 with a big black beard1 and a neat holland blouse1 and a grey felt hat4 ,mademoiselle and he caught sight of each other at the same instant4 ,both gave a cry4 ,her rather sallow little face flushed like a rose4 ,she started up2 down dropped her petticoat-work2 she ran forward1 throwing out her hands2 she stopped short--shy1 and bright1 and pretty as eighteen6 ,the man made a stride and took her in his arms4 ,ma ,rose6 ma ,rose6 ,enfin6 cried he in a strangled voice4 ,she said nothing1 but hung at his neck1 her two little hands on his shoulders1 her face on his breast4 ,but that was only for a moment4 ,then ,mademoiselle disengaged herself1 and glanced shamefacedly at us4 ,then she came quickly up--came to ,john's wife1 slid an arm round her neck1 and said rapidly1 tremulously1 with sparkling1 tearful eyes3 ,c'est ,jules1 ,madame4 ,c'est mon fiance depuis quatre ans4 ,ah1 ,madame1 j'ai honte--mais1--and ran back to him4 ,she was transformed4 ,in place of that staid1 almost old-maidish #aac little person we knew1 lo6 a bashful1 rosy1 smiling girl1 tripping1 skipping1 beside herself with happy love6 ,and her little collar was all rumpled1 and so were her smooth brown braids4 ,monsieur ,jules took off his felt hat1 and bowed politely when she came to us1 guessing that he was being introduced4 ,his brown face blushed a little1 too3 it was a happy and honest one1 very pleasant to see4 ,the children had left off playing1 and stared wide-eyed at these extraordinary proceedings4 ,mademoiselle ran to her little nephew1 and brought him to ,jules4 ,i recognize well the son of our poor ,lolotte1 said he1 softly1 lifting and kissing him4 ,and that dear ,jean1 where is he8 ,even as he spoke there came a familiar roar from that window overlooking the court-yard1 by which the painter sat at his easel almost all day4 ,ohe6 ,monsieur ,ba-,bou6 ,the little boy nearly jumped out of his new friend's arms4 ,papa6 papa6 ,laissez-moi1 done1 ,mosou6--,papa6 ,is it that thou art by chance this monsieur whom they call8 laughed ,jules1 as he put him down4 ,way1 way6 cried the little man as he pattered off1 with that gleeful shriek of his4 ,c'est moi1 ,mosou ,ba-,bou6 ,ba-,bou6 ,thou knowest that great voice of our ,jean1 said ,mademoiselle2 when he has finished his day's labor he always calls his child like that4 ,having worked all day for the little one1 he goes now to make himself a child to play with him4 ,he calls that to rest himself4 ,and truly the little one idolizes his father1 and for him will leave all other playfellows--even me4 ,come1 then1 ,jules1 let us seek ,jean4 ,and with a smiling salute to us the happy couple went arm-in-arm out of the garden4 ,,iii4 ,we did not see much of our friends the next day4 ,after their early dinner1 ,jean came up the garden all alone1 to smoke a pipe1 and stretch his legs before he returned to his work4 ,we thought his good-natured face was a little sad1 in spite of his cheerful abord1 as he came to our garden parlor and spoke to us4 ,it is a pleasure to see them1 is it not8 said he1 looking after the lovers1 just vanishing under the archway of the court-yard1 into the sunny village road4 ,mademoiselle had left off her sober black silk1 and floated in the airiest of chintz muslins4 ,my good little ,rose merits well her happiness4 ,she sent that brave ,jules marching four years ago1 because she had promised my poor wife not to abandon her helpless infant4 ,truly she has been the best of little mothers to my ,auguste4 ,jules went away angry enough2 but without doubt he must have loved her all the better when he came to reflect4 ,he has been to ,italy1 to ,switzerland1 to ,england--know ,i where8 ,he is artist-painter1 like me--of ,france always understood4 ,me1 ,i am ,flemish1 and very content to be the compatriot of ,rubens1 of ,vandyke4 ,but ,jules has very much talent3 he paints also the portraits1 and has made successes4 ,he is a brave boy1 and deserves his ,rose4 ,will the marriage take place now1 at last8 we ventured to ask4 ,as ,i suppose1 answered ,jean1 his face clouding perceptibly4 ,but you will not separate2 you will live together1 perhaps1 suggested ,john's wife4 ,ah1 ,madame1 how can that be8 ,jules is of ,france and ,i of ,belgium4 ,when ,i married ,i brought my wife to ,brussels2 naturally he will carry his to ,paris4 ,c'est juste4 ,poor little ,auguste will miss his aunt1 said ,john's wife1 involuntarily1 and she will hardly bear to leave him1 ,i think4 ,ah1 ,madame1 said ,jean1 with ever so little bitterness in his tone1 what would you8 ,the little one must come second now2 the husband will #aad be first4 ,yes1 yes1 and it is but fair6 ,auguste is strong now1 and ,i must find him a good bonne4 ,i complain not4 ,i am not so ungrateful4 ,my poor ,rose must not be always the sacrifice4 ,she has been an angel to us4 ,see you1 she has saved the life of us both4 ,the little one must have died without her1 and apparently ,i must have died without the little one4 ,c'est simple1 n'est ce pas8 smiling4 ,then he gave a sigh1 truly as if he could not repress it1 and walked away hastily4 ,we looked after him1 compassion in our hearts4 ,that sickly little boy will hardly live if his aunt leaves him1 said ,mrs4 ,freshe1 and his father knows it4 ,but what a cruel sacrifice if she stayed6 said ,john4 ,and can her lover be expected to wait till ,auguste has grown up into a strong man8 ,i put in4 ,the day after was ,sunday4 ,coming from an early walk1 ,i heard a tremendous clamor1 of woe or merriment1 proceeding from a small sitting-room that opened into the entrance passage4 ,the door was wide1 and ,i looked in4 ,jean ,baudin was jammed up in a corner1 behind a barricade of chairs1 and was howling miserably1 entreating to be let out4 ,his big sun-browned face was crowned by a white coif made of paper1 and a white apron was tied round his great waist over his blue blouse4 ,auguste and ,marie danced about the barricade with shrill screams1 frantic with joy4 ,when ,baudin saw me he gave a dismal yell1 and piteously begged me to come to his assistance4 ,see1 then1 my dear young gentleman1 how these bandits1 these rebels1 these demons1 maltreat their poor bonne6 ,help1 help6 and suddenly1 with a roar like a small ,niagara1 he burst out of his prison and took to his heels1 round and round the court and up the garden1 the children screaming after him--the noise really terrific4 ,presently it died away1 and he came back to the doorstep where ,i stood1 ,auguste on his shoulder and the little maiden demurely trotting after4 ,at present1 ,i am the bonne1 said he4 ,rose and her ,jules are gone to church2 so is our hostess4 ,in the meanwhile1 ,i undertake to look after the children4 ,have you ever seen a little bonne more pretty8 with my coquette cap and my neat apron--hein8 ,that evening the lovers went out in a boat on the great pond1 or little lake1 at the back of the hotel4 ,they carried ,auguste with them4 ,we all went to the water's edge2 the rest remained a while1 leaning over the rails that partly skirted the parapet wall except ,jean1 who strolled off with his tiny sketch-book4 ,a very peaceful summer picture was before us1 which ,i can see now if ,i shut my eyes--,i often see it4 ,a calm and lovely ,august evening near sunset2 a few golden feathers afloat in the blue sky4 ,below1 the glassy pond that repeats blue sky1 red-roofed cottages1 green banks1 and woody slopes--repeats1 also1 the solitary boat rowed by ,jules1 the three light-colored figures it contains1 and a pair of swans that glide stately after4 ,the little boy is throwing bits of bread or cake to them4 ,as we stood there and admired this pretty little bright panorama1 ,john's wife observed that the child was flinging himself dangerously forward1 in his usual eager1 excited way1 at every cast he made4 ,i wonder1 said she1 that his aunt takes no notice4 ,she is so absorbed in talk with ,jules she never turns her head4 ,look6 look6 ,a--h6 ,a dreadful shriek went up from lake and shore4 ,the poor little fellow1 had overbalanced himself1 and had gone headlong into the lake4 ,some one had flashed over the parapet wall at the same moment1 and struck the water with a splash and a thud4 ,some one was tearing through it like a steam-engine1 toward the boat4 ,it was my brother ,john4 ,we saw and heard ,jules1 frantic1 and evidently impotent to save2 we saw him make a vain clutch at something that rose to the surface4 ,at the same time we #aae perceived that he had scarce power to keep ,rose with his left hand from throwing herself into the water4 ,hardly three minutes had yet passed1 yet half the population seemed thronging to the lake-side1 here1 where the village skirted it4 ,and suddenly we beheld a terrible--a piteous sight4 ,a big1 bareheaded man1 that burst through the people1 pale1 furious1 awful2 his teeth set1 his light blue eyes flaring4 ,he seemed to crash through the crowd1 splintering it right and left1 like a bombshell through a wall1 and was going crazy and headlong over the parapet into the water4 ,he could swim no more than ,jules4 ,sauve6 sauve6 cried ,john's wife1 gripping his hand and hanging to it as he went rushing past4 ,my husband has found him4 ,see6 see there1 ,jean ,baudin6 ,he holds up the dear child4 ,she could not have kept him back a moment--probably he did not feel her touch2 he was only dragging her with him4 ,but his wild eyes1 fixed and staring forward1 had seen for themselves what he never heard her say4 ,fast1 fast as one arm could oar him1 my brother was bringing ,jean his little one1 held above water by the other hand4 ,then that poor huge body swayed and shivered2 the trembling hands went out1 the face unlocked a little1 there came a hoarse sob1 and like a thin1 strangled cry in a dream-- ,mon petit6 mon petit6 ,but strong again1 and savage with love1 how he snatched the pale little burden from ,john1 and tore up the bank to the hotel4 ,there were wooden back-gates that opened into the court on the lake-side1 but which were unused and locked4 ,at one mighty kick they yawned open before ,jean1 and he rushed on into the house4 ,here all had been prudently prepared1 and the little dripping body was quickly stripped and wrapped in hot blankets4 ,the village doctor was already there1 and two or three women4 ,jean ,baudin helped the doctor and the women with a touching docility4 ,all his noisy roughness was smoothed4 ,he tamed his big voice to a delicate whisper4 ,he spoke and moved with an affecting submissive gentleness1 watching what there was he could do1 and doing it exactly as he was bid4 ,now and then he spoke a word or two under his breath--,one must be patient1 ,i know1 ,monsieur le ,medecin2 yes1 yes4 ,and now and then he muttered piteously ,mon petit6 mon petit6 ,but he was as gentle as a lamb1 and touchingly eager to be helpful4 ,in half an hour his pain got the better of him a little4 ,mais1 mon ,dieu1 mon ,dieu6 he moaned1 how ,i suffer6 ,ah1 ,monsieur1 is it not that he breathes a little1 my dear little one8 ,ah1 my ,god1 save me him6 ,mon petit6 mon petit6 ,he went into a corner of the room1 and stood with his forehead against the wall1 his shoulders heaving with silent sobs4 ,then he came back quiet and patient again4 ,priez1 priez pour moi1 ,madame1 said he1 once1 to ,john's wife4 ,i am praying without ceasing1 my poor friend1 said she4 ,and once she hastily laid a handkerchief soaked in essence on his forehead1 for she thought he was surely going to faint1 when the hope1 long1 long deferred1 began to turn his heart sick4 ,all this time ,john and ,i lingered in the dusky passage1 in which that door ajar made a cleft of yellow light4 ,every now and then a dim figure stole up to us with an eager sad whisper1 asking1 ,how goes it8 how goes it8 and slipped away down-stairs with the comfortless answer4 ,it was poor ,jules1 who could do nothing for his ,rose but this4 ,she had thrown herself on the floor in a darkening room1 and lay there moaning4 ,her dire anguish1 sharp as a mother's for the little one1 was cruelly and unduly aggravated by self-reproach1 and by the self-inflicted agony of her exile from that room up-stairs4 ,she dared not enter ,jean's presence4 ,she felt that he must for ever abhor the sight of her2 she was afraid he #aaf might curse her6 ,she rejected all kindness1 all sympathy1 especially from ,jules1 whom she quite fiercely ordered to quit her4 ,but when it got quite dark1 the poor fellow took in a candle1 and set it on a table2 and he spent the time in going up and down-stairs to fetch her that whisper of news1 which1 perhaps1 he sweetened with a little false hope before he offered it to her4 ,at last we outside heard a movement--a stifled exclamation2 and then one of the women ran out4 ,the child has opened his eyes6 said she1 as she hurried down-stairs for some article required4 ,presently we heard a man sobbing softly2 and then--yes1 a faint tiny voice4 ,and after that--nothing1 for a long while4 ,but at last at last6 a miserable1 awful cry1 and a heavy1 heavy fall4 ,and then came out ,john's wife1 at sight of whose face we turned sick at heart1 and followed her silently down-stairs4 ,we knew what had happened3 the little one was dead4 ,he had opened his eyes1 and had probably known his father2 for the light that his presence always kindled there had come into the little white face4 ,jean1 too ready to clutch the delusive hope1 fell a-sobbing with rapture1 and kissing the little fair head4 ,the child tried to speak1 and did speak1 though but once4 ,he said1 ',ba-,bou' quite distinctly1 said ,john's wife1 and then such a pretty smile came2 and it's--it's there still1 on his little dear dead face1 ,john4 ,here she broke down1 and went into a passion of tears1 sobbing for poor ,jean6 poor ,jean6 ,he had fainted for the first time in his strong life1 and so that blessed unconsciousness was deadening the first insupportable agony of his dreadful wound4 ,they carried him out1 and laid him on his bed1 and ,i believe the doctor bled him4 ,they hoped he would sleep afterward from sheer exhaustion4 ,presently poor ,jules came to us1 crying like a child1 and begging us to go to his ,rose to try to rouse her1 if only to make her weep4 ,she had fallen into a dry depth and abyss of despair--an icy crevasse1 where even his love could not reach her4 ,since she had known the child was dead1 she had not stirred1 except to resist1 moaning1 every attempt to lift her from the floor1 where she had cast herself1 and except that she shuddered and repulsed ,jules1 especially1 whenever he went near her4 ,we went into the room where she lay4 ,my good brother stooped1 and spoke to her in his tender1 manly fashion1 and lifted her1 with a resolution to which she yielded1 and seated her on a sofa beside his wife1 whose kind arms closed round her suffering sister4 ,and suddenly some one had come in whom ,rose could not see1 for her eyes were pressed to that womanly bosom4 ,john's wife made a little warning gesture that kept us others silent4 ,it was poor ,jean himself2 he came in as if in search of somewhat2 he was deadly pale1 and perhaps half unconscious what he did4 ,he was without shoes1 and his clothes and blond hair and beard were tumbled and disordered--just as when they had laid him on his bed4 ,when he saw ,rose1 he came straight up to her1 and sat down on her other side4 ,ma pauvre ,rose1 said he piteously-- ,she gave a cry and start of terror1 and turned and saw him4 ,the poor fellow's broken heart was in his face2 she could not mistake the sweet-natured anguish there4 ,half bewildered by his inconceivable grief1 he had gone to her1 instinctively1 like a child1 for sympathy and comfort4 ,ma pauvre ,rose1 said he1 brokenly2 notre petit-- ,passionately she took his great head between her hands1 and drew it down on her bosom1 and kissed it passionately weeping at last4 ,and we all came out softly1 and left them--left them to that ,pity which sends us the wholesome agony of such tears4 ------ #aag ,,cardinal ,,wiseman ,,in ,,rome4 ,it was in the year #ahfc1 says ,monsignore ,manning1 in his funeral oration on the great prince of the ,church whose loss the whole ,catholic world is now deploring1 that the sovereign pontiff1 speaking of the cardinal1 described him as 'the man of divine ,providence for ,england4' ,and truly it seems to us that the direct inspiration of the ,holy ,ghost has seldom been so clearly apparent in the choice of a bishop as it was in the case of him who has filled the cathedral chair of ,westminster for the last fifteen years4 ,when we remember the peculiar circumstances under which he began his pastorship--the reaction which was steadily1 though as yet almost imperceptibly1 going on in favor of the ,church2 the doubt and perplexity and wavering with which a crowd of wandering souls were groping in darkness for the portals of divine truth2 and then the outburst of anger with which the nation at large read the bulls of the ,holy ,father1 raising up the ,english ,church from the humiliation in which she had lain for three hundred years1 we shall readily understand that a rare union of qualities was required in the man who should understand and direct those honest seekers after truth1 and breast successfully that storm of popular fury4 ,that ,nicholas ,wiseman1 who had left ,england at the age of sixteen1 and passed twenty years of his youth and early manhood at ,rome--absorbed1 just at the time when the character is most liable to be moulded by external associations1 in the theological studies and ceremonies and sacred traditions of the ecclesiastical capital--that he1 we say1 should have displayed such a remarkable fitness for both these works1 is not only an indication of the great qualities of the man1 but an instructive commentary on the school in which he had been formed4 ,it shows us that a ,roman education1 while it enlarges the view and sweeps away local prejudices1 yet leaves untouched the salient points of national character4 ,for his success in dealing with the ,catholic movement which followed the emancipation act of #ahbi1 ,cardinal ,wiseman was largely indebted to the quickness and accuracy of perception in theological matters which he had acquired during his long residence at the centre of the ,christian ,church2 what helped him most in his victory over the burst of ,protestant fury which followed the restoration of the ,english hierarchy1 and found official expression in the ecclesiastical titles bill1 was his thorough ,english boldness and honesty of speech and manly bearing4 ,he appealed to his countrymen's traditional love of fair-play2 they heard him2 and before long all classes learned to love and respect him4 ,of the twenty years' schooling by which he prepared himself for his work in ,england1 the cardinal has left us some admirable sketches1 scattered through his books4 ,dr4 ,manning alluded briefly to the influence of his ,roman education4 ,we propose to gather up what the cardinal himself has said about it2 to paint with his own pencil a picture of his life of preparation2 leaving other hands1 if they will1 to paint his subsequent life of labor4 ,nicholas ,wiseman was born at ,seville1 in ,spain1 on the second of ,august1 #ahjb4 ,his father was an ,english merchant1 his mother an ,irish lady4 ,he lost his father in infancy1 and at the age of six1 in consequence of those wars of invasion which for a time made ,spain no longer habitable1 was taken to ,ireland to be educated4 ,after spending one or two years at a boarding-school near ,waterford1 his mother went with him to ,england1 and #aah placed him at ,st4 ,cuthbert's college1 ,ushaw1 near ,durham4 ,dr4 ,lingard was then vice-president of the college1 and ,i have retained upon my memory1 wrote the cardinal1 nearly fifty years afterward1 the vivid recollection of specific acts of thoughtful and delicate kindness1 which showed a tender heart1 mindful of its duties amidst the many harassing occupations just devolved on him through the death of the president and his own literary engagements2 for he was reconducting his first great work through the press4 ,but though he went from college soon after1 and ,i later left the country1 and saw him not again for fifteen years1 yet there grew up an indirect understanding first1 and by degrees a correspondence and an intimacy which continued to the close of his life4 ,footnote #ch ,footnote #ch3 ,recollections of the ,last ,four ,popes4 ,leo ,,xii4 ,chap4 vii4 ,it was in the course of the eight years which he passed at this reverend seat of learning--lineal descendant of the old ,english college of ,douay--that he determined to become a priest4 ,here he first began to manifest that deep affection for the city of ,st4 ,peter which distinguished him down to the end of his life4 ,its history1 he says1 its topography1 its antiquities1 had formed the bond of a little college society devoted to this queen of cities1 while the dream of its longings had been the hope of one day seeing what could then only be known through hearsay tourists and fabulous plans4 ,but the hope was fulfilled soon and unexpectedly4 ,in #ahah1 ,pope ,pius ,,vii4 restored the ,english college at ,rome1 after it had been desolate and uninhabited during almost the period of a generation4 ,nicholas ,wiseman was one of a band of young men sent out to colonize it4 ,he gives a charming description of the arrival of the little party at their ,roman home1 and the delight and surprise with which they roamed1 alone and undirected1 through the solemn building1 with its wide corridors2 its neat and cheerful rooms2 its wainscotted refectory1 from whose groined ceiling looked down ,st4 ,george and the dragon2 its library heaped with tumultuous piles of unorganized volumes2 its garden1 glowing with the lemon and orange1 and presenting to one's first approach a perspective in fresco by ,pozzi2 and1 above all1 its chapel1 illuminated from floor to roof with saints of ,england and celestial glories2--or1 better still1 adjoining the college1 the old roofless church of the ,holy ,trinity1 where in generations long past many a pilgrim from the ,british ,isles had knelt to pray when the good priests of his nation fed and lodged him on his visit to the tomb of the apostles4 ,pleasant must have been the meeting1 on that ,december afternoon in the year #ahah1 between these six young men and their appointed rector ,dr4 ,gradwell1 who1 being absent when they arrived1 came home that evening and found himself at the head of a college1 and his frugal meal appropriated by the hungry students4 ,the happiness of that day casts a glow over the page on which1 when he was an old man1 the cardinal recorded the incidents4 ,on ,christmas eve he was presented1 with some of his companions1 to the venerable ,pius ,,vii4 ,we can imagine the feelings of awe with which he approached this saintly man1 released only a few years before from the ,french captivity4 ,there was the halo of a confessor round the tiara of ,pius that eclipsed all gold and jewels4444 ,instead of receiving us1 as was customary1 seated1 the mild and amiable pontiff rose to welcome us1 and meet us as we approached4 ,he did not allow it to be a mere presentation1 or a visit of ceremony4 ,it was a fatherly reception1 and in the truest sense our inauguration into the duties that awaited us4 4444 ,the friendly and almost national grasp of the hand1 after due homage had been willingly paid1 between the head of the ,catholic ,church1 venerable by his very age1 and a youth who had nothing even to promise2 #aai the first exhortation on entering a course of ecclesiastical study--its very inaugural discourse from him whom he believed to be the fountain of spiritual wisdom on earth2--these surely formed a double tie1 not to be broken1 but rather strengthened1 by every subsequent experience4 ,doubtless his early dreams of ,rome were now surpassed by the reality of his daily life4 ,it was unalloyed spiritual and intellectual enjoyment4 ,study was no task2 it was only a sort of pleasure2 and the hours of relaxation became a source of mental schooling1 even while he was pursuing the most delightful recreations4 ,it is not difficult to imagine how he must have spent his holidays--roaming through the field of art1 or resting at some seat of the ,muses1 or wandering along the stream of time1 bordered by monuments of past greatness--every footstep awakening the echoes of classic antiquity1 or calling up the most sacred memories of the early suffering ,church4 ,even the solitude of buried cemeteries1 where the tombs themselves are buried1 where the sepulchres are themselves things decayed and mouldering in rottenness1 is no solitude to him2 for he peoples it with the shadowy forms of the ,scipios and ,nasones whose ashes are there deposited4 ,how often1 in after years1 did he not recur with fond delight to the images of long delicious strolls1 in musing loneliness1 through the deserted ways of the ancient city2 of climbings among its hills1 over ruins1 to reach some vantage-ground for mapping the subjacent territory1 and looking beyond on the glorious chains of greater and lesser mountains1 clad in their imperial hues of gold and purple2 and then perhaps of solemn entrance into the cool solitude of an open basilica1 where the thought now rests1 as the body then did1 after the silent evening prayer1 and brings forward from many well-remembered nooks every local inscription1 every lovely monument of art1 the characteristic feature of each1 or the great names with which it is associated4444 ,thus does ,rome sink deep and deeper into the soul1 like the dew1 of which every separate drop is soft and weightless1 but which still finds its way to the root of everything beneath the soil1 imparting there to every future plant its own warm tint1 its own balmy fragrance1 and its own ever rejuvenescent vigor4 ,such were his hours of recreation3 still more delightful were his hours of study1 especially in the great public libraries1 where noiseless monks brought him and piled round him the folios which he required1 and he sat as still amidst a hundred readers as if he had been alone4 ,every day his love1 his enthusiasm1 for his work seemed to increase4 ,so he passed six or seven years1 lingering and lagging behind others1 and revelling in spiritual and intellectual luxury4 ,every school-fellow had passed on1 and was hard at his noble work at home1 was gaining a crown in heaven to which many have passed4 ,our young student had kissed the feet of the dead ,pius ,,vii41 as he lay in state in one of the chapels of ,st4 ,peter's2 had mourned over the departure of the great minister ,consalvi2 had presented himself to ,leo ,,xii41 and told him1 ,i am a foreigner who came here at the call of ,pius ,,vii41 six years ago2 my first patrons1 ,pius ,,vii41 ,cardinals ,litta1 ,de ,pietro1 ,fontana1 and now ,consalvi1 are dead4 ,i therefore recommend myself to your ,holiness's protection1 and hope you will be a father to me at this distance from my country4 ,he had obtained the ,holy ,father's promise4 ,already he was known for a youth of marvellous talents and learning4 ,he had maintained a public disputation in theology1 and been rewarded for his success by the title of ,d4,d4 ,at last came the jubilee-year of #ahbe4 ,the aim of years1 the goal of long preparation1 the longed-for crown of unwavering desires1 the only prize thought worthy of being aspired to1 was attained in the bright jubilee spring of ,rome4 ,it marks a blessed epoch in a #abj life to have had the grace of the priesthood superadded to the exuberant benedictions of that year4 ,fortunately for the ,english college1--and fortunately1 perhaps we should add1 for ,england1--he was not yet to depart for the field of his great labor4 ,to use his own modest words1 he was found to be at hand in #ahbf1 when some one was wanted for the office of vice-rector of the ,english college1 and so was named to it2 and when1 in #ahbh1 the worthy rector1 ,dr4 ,gradwell1 was appointed bishop1 ,dr4 ,wiseman was1 by almost natural sequence1 named to succeed him4 ,thus he continued to drink in the spirit of catholicity1 and devotion1 and steadiness in faith1 of which ,rome is the fountain on earth4 ,with reverent affection he traced out the mementos of primitive ,christianity1 the tombs of the martyrs and saints1 the altars and hiding-places and sacred inscriptions of the catacombs4 ,these holy retreats had for him a fascination such as no other spot even in ,rome possessed4 ,again and again he recurs to them in his writings1 lingering fondly around the hallowed precincts1 and inspiring his readers with the love for them that burned so ardently in his own breast4 ,one of the last pieces that came from his pen was the little story of a martyr's tomb1 which we have placed in this number of our magazine4 ,other studies were not neglected4 ,while his companions were indulging in the mid-day sleep1 which almost everybody takes in ,rome1 he was at his books4 ,often he passed whole nights in study1 or walking to and fro1 in meditation1 through the corridors of the ,english college4 ,the seasons of vacation he would often spend collating ancient manuscripts in the ,vatican library1 and one of the fruits of that labor was his ,horae ,syriacae1 published when he was only twenty-five years old4 ,in the same year 7#ahbg71 he was appointed--though without severing his connection with the ,english college--professor of oriental languages in the ,roman university4 ,it is no doubt to these two events that he alludes in the following extract from his ,recollections of ,leo ,,xii41 though he tells the story as if he had been only a witness of the circumstances3 ,it so happened1 he says1 that a person connected with the ,english college was an aspirant to a chair in the ,roman university4 ,he had been encouraged to compete for it1 on its approaching vacancy1 by his professors4 ,having no claims of any sort1 by interest or connection1 he stood simply on the provision of the papal bull1 which threw open all professorships to competition4 ,it was but a secondary and obscure lectureship at best2 one concerning which1 it was supposed1 few would busy themselves or come forward as candidates4 ,it was1 therefore1 announced that this rule would be overlooked1 and a person every way qualified1 and of considerable reputation1 would be named4 ,the more youthful aspirant unhesitatingly solicited an audience1 at which ,i was present4 ,he told the ,pope frankly of his intentions and of his earnest wish to have carried out1 in his favor1 the recent enactments of his ,holiness4 ,nothing could be more affable1 more encouraging1 than ,leo's reply4 ,he expressed his delight at seeing that his regulation was not a dead letter1 and that it had animated his petitioner to exertion4 ,he assured him that he should have a fair chance1 'a clear stage and no favor1' desiring him to leave the matter in his hands4 ,time wore on2 and as the only alternative given in the bull was proof1 by publication of a work1 of proficiency in the art or science that was to be taught1 he quietly got a volume through the press--probably very heavy2 but sprightliness or brilliancy was not a condition of the bull4 ,when a vacancy arrived1 it was made known1 together with the announcement that it had been filled up4 ,all seemed lost1 except the honor of the pontiff1 to which alone lay any appeal4 ,another audience was asked1 and #aba instantly granted1 its motive being1 of course1 stated4 ,i was again present1 and shall not easily forget it4 ,it was not necessary to re-state the case4 ',i remember it all1' the ,pope said most kindly2 ',i have been surprised4 ,i have sent for ,c----1 through whom this has been done2 ,i have ordered the appointment to be cancelled1 and ,i have reproved him so sharply that ,i believe it is the reason why he is laid up to-day with fever4 ,you have acted fairly and boldly1 and you shall not lose the fruits of your industry4 ,i will keep my word with you and the provisions of my constitution4' ,with the utmost graciousness he accepted the volume--now treasured by its author1 into whose hands the copy has returned--acknowledged the right to preference which it had established1 and assured its author of fair play4 ,the ,pope had1 in fact1 taken up earnestly the cause of his youthful appellant2 instead of annoyance1 he showed earnestness and kindness2 and those who had passed over his pretensions with contempt were obliged to treat with him and compromise with him on terms that satisfied all his desires4 ,another audience for thanksgiving was kindly accorded1 and ,i witnessed the same gentle and fatherly temper1 quietly cheerful1 and the same earnest sympathy with the feelings of him whose cause had been so graciously carried through4 ,if this young client gained no new energies1 gathered no strength from such repeated proofs of interest and condescension2 if these did not both direct and impel1 steer and fill1 the sails of his little bark through many troubled waters2 nay1 if they did not tinge and savor his entire mental life1 we may write that man soulless and incapable of any noble emotions4 ,we must not suppose1 however1 that all this while he was so lost among his books as to have forgotten that land for whose conversion he was destined to labor through the best part of his life4 ,he told a dear friend how1 having to wait one day at the ,sapienza for the ,hebrew lecture1 he went into the ,church of ,st4 ,eustachio to pray2 and there1 before the altar of the ,blessed ,sacrament and the altar of the ,holy ,virgin ,mother1 the thought came into his mind that1 as his native country1 in the oath which she imposes upon the chief personages of the state1 solemnly abjures these sacred mysteries1 it was his duty to devote himself to the defense and honor of those very doctrines in ,england4 ,and no one who has read his sermons and lectures and pastorals can have failed to notice the burning love for the ,eucharist and the ,blessed ,virgin which inspired him4 ,the time was not yet for his mission to ,england2 and it is so hard1 when the mind has been long running in one groove1 to break out of it and take a totally different course1 that perhaps he might have come in time to look upon the ,roman theological schools as the ultimate sphere of usefulness for which ,god had destined him1 had he not been suddenly called forth from his studious retirement by the voice of the supreme pontiff4 ,it was in #ahbg that ,leo ,,xii4 determined to institute in the church of ,gesu e ,maria a course of ,english sermons1 to be attended by all colleges and religious communities that spoke the language1 and by as many other persons as chose to listen4 ,it was intended1 of course1 principally for the benefit of strangers4 ,his ,holiness appointed ,dr4 ,wiseman preacher4 ,the burden was laid there and then1 says the cardinal1 describing the audience at which he received this commission1 with peremptory kindness1 by an authority that might not be gainsaid4 ,and crushingly it pressed upon the shoulders4 ,it would be impossible to describe the anxiety1 pain1 and trouble which this command cost for many years after4 ,nor would this be alluded to were it not to illustrate what has been kept in view through this volume--how the most insignificant life1 temper1 and mind may be moulded by the action of a #abb great and almost unconscious power4 ,leo could not see what has been the influence of his commission1 in merely dragging from the commerce with the dead to that of the living one who would gladly have confined his time to the former1--from books to men1 from reading to speaking4 ,nothing but this would have done it4 ,yet supposing that the providence of one's life was to be active1 and in contact with the world1 and one's future duties were to be in a country and in times where the most bashful may be driven to plead for his religion or his flock1 surely a command overriding all inclination and forcing the will to undertake the best and only preparation for those tasks1 may well be contemplated as a sacred impulse and a timely direction to a mind that wanted both4 ,had it not come then1 it never more could have come2 other bents would have soon become stiffened and unpliant2 and no second opportunity could have been opened after others had satisfied the first demand4 ,from this time it would seem as if ,england had a stronger hold upon his heart than ever4 ,the noble purpose--which worldly men have since laughed at as a wild dream--of devoting himself to the conversion of ,england1 became the ruling idea of his life4 ,and often alone at night in the college chapel he would pour out his heart in prayer and tears1 full of aspirations and of a firm trust2 of promptings to go1 but fear to outrun the bidding of our divine ,master4 ,he offered himself to the ,pope for this great work2 but still the time was not come2 and he was told to wait4 ,but if he was not to go yet himself1 he had his part to perform in making others ready4 ,he well knew that to fit his pupils for their work1 he must teach them something beside theology4 ,englishmen were a sort of ,brahmins2 the missionary who went among them must go as one versed in all learning1 or he would not be listened to4 ,he saw how the natural sciences were growing to be the favorite pursuit--we may almost say the hobby--of modern scholars1 and in a preface to a thesis by a student of the ,english college he insisted on the necessity of uniting general and scientific knowledge to theological pursuits4 ,as another instance of the personal influence which several successive pontiffs exercised over his studies1 and the many kind marks of interest which contributed to attach him so strongly to their persons1 we may repeat an anecdote which he tells in reference to this little essay4 ,he went to present it to ,pius ,,viii41 but the ,holy ,father had it already before him1 and said1 ,you have robbed ,egypt of its spoil1 and shown that it belongs to the people of ,god4 ,the same idea which he briefly exposed in this essay1 he developed more fully and with great wealth of illustration in a course of lectures on the ,connection between ,science and ,revealed ,religion1 delivered first to his pupils and afterward to a distinguished audience at the apartments of ,cardinal ,weld4 ,it was partly with a view to the revision and publication of these lectures that he visited ,england in #ahce4 ,during his stay in ,london1 he preached a series of controversial discourses in the ,sardinian chapel during the ,advent of #ahce1 and another in ,st4 ,mary's1 ,moorfields1 in ,lent1 #ahcf4 ,the latter were published under the title of ,lectures on the ,principal ,doctrines and ,practices of the ,catholic ,church4 ,they exhibit in a remarkable degree the qualities1 so rare in polemical literature1 of kindness1 moderation1 and charity for all men4 ,the odium theologicum1 indeed1 has less place at ,rome than anywhere else in the ,christian world4 ,it was at the very centre and chief school of the science of divinity that he learned to fight against error without temper1 and expose falsehood without hard language4 ,i will certainly bear willing testimony1 he says1 to the absence of all harsh words and uncharitable insinuations against others in public lectures or private teaching1 or even #abc in conversation at ,rome4 ,one grows up there in a kinder spirit1 and learns to speak of errors in a gentler tone than elsewhere1 though in the very centre of highest orthodox feeling4 ,dr4 ,wiseman went back to the ,english college1 leaving among his countrymen at home an enviable reputation for honesty1 learning1 and good sense4 ,a few years more passed in frequent contact with the ,holy ,father1 and under the continuous influence of the sacred associations with which eighteen centuries have peopled the ,christian capital1 and ,nicholas ,wiseman was then ready to go forth to his work4 ,the recollection of numberless favors and kind words from the supreme pontiff went with him1 and strengthened him1 and colored his thoughts4 ,he has told of the cordial and paternal treatment with which he was honored by ,gregory ,,xvi4 in particular4 ,an embrace would supply the place of ceremonious forms on entrance4 ,at one time a long1 familiar conversation1 seated side by side2 at another a visit to the penetralia of the pontifical apartment 7a small suite of entresols1 communicating by an internal staircase7 occupied the time4 44444 ,what it has been my happiness to hear from him in such visits1 it would be betraying a sacred trust to reveal2 but many and many words there spoken rise to the mind in times of trouble1 like stars1 not only bright in themselves1 but all the brighter in their reflection from the brightness of their mirror4 ,they have been words of mastery and spell over after events1 promises1 and prognostics which have not failed1 assurances and supports that have never come to naught4 ,footnote #ci ,footnote #ci3 ,he gives an amusing account of a perplexing situation from which this same ,pope once unwittingly delivered him1 while he was engaged in his course of lectures on ,science and ,revealed ,religion at the apartments of ,cardinal ,weld4 ,on one of the days of delivery1 says he1 ,i had been prevented from writing the lecture in time1 and was laboring to make up for my delay1 but in vain4 ,quarter after quarter of each hour flew rapidly on1 and my advance bore no proportion to the matter before me4 ,the fatal hour of twelve was fast approaching1 and ,i knew not what excuse ,i could make1 nor how to supply1 except by a lame recital1 the important portion yet unwritten of my task--for an index to the lectures had been printed and circulated4 ,just as the last moment arrived1 a carriage from the palace drove to the door1 with a message that ,i would step into it at once1 as ,his ,holiness wished to speak to me4 ,this was1 indeed1 a deus ex machina--the only and least thought of expedient that could have saved me from my embarrassment4 ,a messenger was despatched to inform the gathering audience of the unexpected cause of necessary adjournment of our sitting till the next day4 ,the object of my summons was one of very trifling importance1 and ,gregory little knew what a service he had unintentionally rendered me4 ,in #ahdj it was determined to increase the number of vicars apostolic in ,england from four to eight1 and ,dr4 ,wiseman1 at the same time1 was appointed coadjutor to ,bishop ,walsh at ,wolverhampton4 ,it was a sorrowful evening1 he says1 at the beginning of autumn1 when1 after a residence in ,rome prolonged through twenty-two years1 till affection clung to every old stone there1 like the moss that grew into it1 this strong but tender tie was cut1 and much of future happiness had to be invested in the mournful recollections of the past4 ,here we leave him4 ,it was not until ten years later that he became cardinal1 but though from #ahdj to #ahej he filled only a subordinate position1 he was working hard and well during this period1 and fast rising to be the foremost man of all the ,catholics of ,england4 ,and his work never ceased4 ,he lived to see the hierarchy established1 and the conversion of his countrymen making steady if not rapid progress2 but his energy never flagged when a part of his task was done2 he passed on from one labor to another1 until that last day1 when he entered into the sanctuary of ,god's presence1 from which he never again came forth4 ------ #abd ,from ,all ,the ,year ,bound4 ,,the ,,nick ,,of ,,time4 ,let us suppose a case that might occur if it has not occurred4 ,john ,mullet1 immersed 7say7 in the button trade at ,birmingham1 has made money in business4 ,he bequeaths his property by will1 and is in due time gathered to his fathers4 ,his two sons1 ,jasper and ,josiah1 take certain portions2 and other portions are to go either to the family of ,jasper or to that of ,josiah1 according as either one of those brothers survives the other4 ,jasper remains in ,england2 but ,josiah goes out to ,australia1 to establish something that may make his children great people over there4 ,both brothers1 twelve thousand miles apart1 die on the same day1 ,may #ast1 one at noon 7,greenwich time71 the other at noon 7,sydney time74 ,jasper's children have been on pleasant cousinly terms with ,josiah's2 but they are aware of the fact that it would be better for them that ,josiah should die before their own father1 ,jasper4 ,josiah's children1 on the other hand1 be they few or many1 although they always liked uncle ,jasper1 cannot and do not ignore the fact that their interests would be better served by the survivorship of ,josiah than that of ,jasper4 ,the two sets of cousins1 therefore1 plunge into a contest1 to decide the question of survivorship between the two sons of old ,john ,mullet4 ,this is one variety of a problem which the courts of law and equity are often called upon to settle4 ,occasionally the question refers to two persons who die at the same time1 and in each other's company4 ,for instance3 ,toward the close of the last century1 ,george ,netherwood1 his children by his first wife1 his second wife1 and her son1 were all wrecked during a voyage from ,jamaica to ,england4 ,eight thousand pounds were left by will1 in such a way that the relations of the two wives were greatly interested in knowing whether the second ,mrs4 ,netherwood did or did not survive her husband1 even by one single minute--a matter which1 of course1 could not be absolutely proved4 ,again1 in #ahjf1 ,mr4 ,mason and one son were drowned at sea2 his remaining eight children went to law1 some of them against the others2 because1 if the father died before the son1 ,l#e1jjj would be divided equally among the other eight children2 whereas1 if the son died before the father1 the brothers only would get it1 the sisters being shut out4 ,a few years afterward ,job ,taylor and his wife were lost in a ship wrecked at sea2 they had not much to leave behind them2 but what little there was was made less by the struggles of two sets of relatives1 each striving to show that one or other of the two hapless persons might possibly have survived the other by a few minutes4 ,in #ahai ,major ,colclough1 his wife1 and four children1 were drowned during a voyage from ,bristol to ,cork2 the husband and wife had both made wills2 and there arose a pretty picking for the lawyers in relation to survivorships and next of kin1 and trying to prove whether the husband died first1 the wife first1 or both together4 ,two brothers1 ,james and ,charles ,corbet1 left ,demerara on a certain day in #ahbh1 in a vessel of which one was master and the other mate2 the vessel was seen five days afterward1 but from that time no news of her fate was ever received4 ,their father died about a month after the vessel was last seen4 ,the ultimate disposal of his property depended very much on the question whether he survived his two sons or they survived him4 ,many curious arguments were used in court4 ,two or three captains stated that from ,august to ,january are hurricane #abe months in the ,west ,indian seas1 and that the ship was very likely to have been wrecked quite early in her voyage4 ,there were1 in addition1 certain relations interested in ,james's dying before ,charles2 and they urged that1 if the ship was wrecked1 ,charles was likely to have outlived by a little space his brother ,james1 because he was a stronger and more experienced man4 ,alas for the glorious uncertainty6 ,one big-wig decided that the sons survived the father1 and another that the father survived the sons4 ,about the beginning of the present reign1 three persons1 father1 mother1 and child1 were drowned on a voyage from ,dublin to ,quebec2 the husband had made a will1 leaving all his property to his wife2 hence arose a contest between the next of kin and the wife's relations1 each catching at any small fact that would 7theoretically7 keep one poor soul alive a few minutes longer than the other4 ,about ten years ago1 a gentleman embarked with his wife and three children for ,australia3 the ship was lost soon after leaving ,england2 the mate1 the only person who was saved among the whole of the crew and passengers1 deposed that he saw the hapless husband and wife locked in each other's arms at the moment when the waves closed over them4 ,there would seem to be no question of survivorship here2 yet a question really arose2 for there were two wills to be proved1 the terms of which would render the relatives much interested in knowing whether husband or wife did really survive the other by ever so small a portion of time4 ,these entangled contests may rest in peace1 so far as the actual decisions are concerned4 ,and so may others of a somewhat analogous nature4 ,such1 for instance1 as the case of an old lady and her housekeeper at ,portsmouth4 ,they were both murdered one night4 ,the lady had willed all her property to the housekeeper1 and then1 the lawyers fought over the question as to which of the women died first4 ,or1 the case of a husband who promised1 on his marriage-day1 to settle ,l#a1bjj on his wife in three or four years4 ,they were both drowned about three years after the marriage2 and it was not until after a tough struggle in chancery that the husband's relatives conquered those of the wife--albeit1 the money had nearly vanished in law expenses by that time4 ,or1 the case of a man who gave a power of attorney to sell some property4 ,the property was sold on the #hth of ,june1 but the man was never seen after the #hth of the preceding ,march1 and was supposed to have been wrecked at sea2 hence arose a question whether the man was or was not dead on the day when the property was sold--a question in which the buyer was directly interested4 ,the decisions in these particular cases we pass over2 but it is curious to see how the law sometimes tries to guess at the nick of time in which either one of two persons dies4 ,sometimes the onus of proof rests on one of the two sets of relations4 ,if they cannot prove a survivorship1 the judgment is that the deaths were simultaneous4 ,sometimes the law philosophizes on vitality and decay4 ,the ,code ,napoleon lays down the principle that of two persons who perish by the same calamity1 if they were both children1 the elder probably survived the younger by a brief space1 on account of having superior vital energy2 whereas1 if they were elderly people1 the younger probably survived the elder4 ,the code also takes anatomy and physiology into account1 and discourses on the probability whether a man would or would not float longer alive than a woman1 in the event of shipwreck4 ,the ,english law is less precise in this matter4 ,it is more prone to infer simultaneous death1 unless proof of survivorship be actually brought forward4 ,counsel1 of course1 do not fail to make the best of any straw to catch at4 ,according to the circumstances of the case1 they argue that a man1 being usually stronger than a woman1 probably survives her a little in a case of #abf simultaneous drowning2 that1 irrespective of comparative strength1 her greater terror and timidity would incapacitate her from making exertions which would be possible to him2 that a seafaring man has a chance of surviving a landsman1 on account of his experience in salt-water matters2 that where there is no evidence to the contrary1 a child may be presumed to have outlived his father2 that a man in good health would survive one in ill health2 and so forth4 ,the nick of time is not less an important matter in reference to single deaths1 under various circumstances4 ,people are often very much interested in knowing whether a certain person is dead or not4 ,unless under specified circumstances1 the law refuses to kill a man--that is1 a man known to have been alive at a certain date is presumed to continue to live1 unless and until proof to the contrary is adduced4 ,but there are certain cases in which the application of this rule would involve hardship4 ,many leases are dependent on lives2 and both lessor and lessee are concerned in knowing whether a particular life has terminated or not4 ,therefore1 special statutes have been passed1 in relation to a limited number of circumstances1 enacting that if a man were seen alive more than seven years ago1 and has not since been seen or heard of1 he may be treated as dead4 ,the nick of time occasionally affects the distribution or amount of property in relation to particular seasons4 ,some years ago the newspapers remarked on the fact that a lord of broad acres1 whose rent-roll reached something like ,l#dj1jjj a year1 died about midnight between the #ajth and #aath of ,october2 and the possible consequences of this were thus set forth3 ,his rents are payable at 'old time1' that is1 old ,lady-day and old ,michaelmas-day4 ,old ,michaelmas-day fell this year on ,sunday1 the #aath instant4 ,the day begins at midnight4 ,now1 the rent is due upon the first moment of the day it becomes due2 so that at one second beyond twelve o'clock of the #ajth instant1 rent payable at old ,michaelmas-day is in law due4 ,if the lord died before twelve1 the rents belong to the parties taking the estates2 but if after twelve1 then they belong to and form part of his personal estate4 ,the difference of one minute might thus involve a question on the title to about ,l#bj1jjj4 ,we do not know that a legal difficulty did arise2 the facts only indicate the mode in which one might have arisen4 ,sometimes that ancient ,british institution1 the house clock1 has been at war with another ,british institution1 the parish church clock4 ,a baby was born1 or an old person died1 just before the house clock struck twelve on a particular night1 but after the church clock struck4 ,on which day did the birth or death take place--yesterday or to-day8 ,and how would this fact be ascertained1 to settle the inheritance of an estate8 ,we know an instance 7not involving1 however1 the inheritance to property7 of a lady whose relations never have definitely known on which day she was born2 the pocket watch of the accoucheur who attended her mother pointed to a little before twelve at midnight1 whereas the church clock had just struck twelve4 ,of course a particular day had to be named in the register2 and as the doctor maintained that his watch was right1 there were the materials for a very pretty quarrel if the parties concerned had been so disposed4 ,it might be that the nick of time was midnight exactly1 as measured by solar or sun-dial time3 that is1 the sun may have been precisely in the nadir at that moment2 but this difficulty would not arise in practice1 as the law knows only mean time1 not sun-dial time4 ,if ,greenwich time were made legal everywhere1 and if electric clocks everywhere established communication with the master clock at the observatory1 there might be another test supplied2 but under the conditions stated1 it would be a nice matter of ,tweedledum and ,tweedledee #abg to determine whether the house clock1 the church clock1 or a pocket watch1 should be relied upon4 ,all the pocket watches in the town might be brought into the witness-box1 but without avail2 for if some accorded with the house clock1 others would surely be found to agree better with the church clock4 ,this question of clocks1 as compared with time measured by the sun1 presents some very curious aspects in relation to longitude4 ,what's o'clock in ,london will not tell you what's o'clock in ,falmouth1 unless you know the difference of longitude between the two places4 ,the sun takes about twenty minutes to go from the zenith of the one to the zenith of the other4 ,local time1 the time at any particular town1 is measured from the moment of noon at that town2 and noon itself is when the sun comes to the meridian of that place4 ,hence ,falmouth noon is twenty minutes after ,london noon1 ,falmouth midnight twenty minutes after ,london midnight2 and so on4 ,when it is ten minutes after midnight1 on the morning of ,sunday1 the #ast of ,january1 in ,london1 it is ten minutes before midnight1 on ,saturday1 the #cast of ,december1 at ,falmouth4 ,it is a ,sabbath at the one place1 a working-day at the other4 ,that particular moment of absolute time is in the year #ahfe at the one1 and #ahfd at the other4 ,therefore1 we see1 it might become a ticklish point in what year a man died1 solely on account of this question of longitude1 irrespective of any wrong-going or wrong-doing of clocks1 or of any other doubtful points whatever4 ,sooner or later this question will have to be attended to4 ,in all our chief towns1 nearly all our towns indeed1 the railway-station clocks mark ,greenwich time1 or1 as it is called1 railway time2 the church clocks generally mark local time2 and some commercial clocks1 to serve all parties1 mark both kinds of time on the same dial-face1 by the aid of an additional index hand4 ,railway time is gradually beating local time2 and the law will by-and-by have to settle which shall be used as the standard in determining the moment of important events4 ,some of the steamers plying between ,england and ,ireland use ,greenwich time in notifying the departures from the ,english port1 and ,dublin time in notifying those from the ,irish port2 a method singularly embarrassing to a traveller who is in the habit of relying on his own watch4 ,does a sailor get more prog1 more grog1 more pay1 within a given space of absolute time when coming from ,america to ,england1 or when going from ,england to ,america8 ,the difference is far too slight to attract either his attention or that of his employers2 yet it really is the case that he obtains more good things in the former of these cases than in the latter4 ,his days are shorter on the homeward than on the outward voyage2 and if he receive so much provisions and pay per day1 he interprets day as it is to him on shipboard4 ,when in harbor1 say at ,liverpool1 a day is1 to him as to every one else who is stationary like himself1 a period of definite length2 but when he travels ,eastward or ,westward1 his days are variable in length4 ,when he travels ,west1 he and the sun run a race2 the sun of course beats2 but the sailor accomplishes a little1 and the sun has to fetch up that little before he can complete what foot-racers call a lap4 ,in other words1 there is a longer absolute time between noon and noon to the sailor going ,west1 than to the sailor ashore4 ,when he travels ,east1 on the contrary1 he and the sun run toward each other2 insomuch that there is less absolute time in the period between his ,monday's noon and ,tuesday's noon than when he was ashore4 ,the ship's noon is usually dinner-time for the sailors2 and the interval between that and the next noon 7measured by the sun1 not by the chronometer7 varies in length through the causes just noticed4 ,once now and then there are facts recorded in the newspapers which bring this #abh truth into prominence--a truth demonstrable enough in science1 but not very familiar to the general public4 ,when the ,great ,eastern made her first veritable voyage across the ,atlantic in ,june1 #ahfj1 she left ,southampton on the #agth1 and reached ,new ,york on the #bhth4 ,as the ship was going ,west1 more or less1 all the while1 she was going with or rather after the sun2 the interval was greater between noon and noon than when the ship was anchored off ,southampton2 and the so-called eleven days of the voyage were eleven long days4 ,as it was important1 in reference to a problem in steam navigation1 to know how many revolutions the paddles made in a given time1 to test the power of the mighty ship1 it was necessary to bear in mind that the ship's day was longer than a shore day2 and it was found that1 taking latitude and longitude into account1 the day on which the greatest run was made was nearly twenty-four and a half hours long2 the ship's day was equal to half an hour more than a landsman's day4 ,the other days varied from twenty-four to twenty-four and a half4 ,on the return voyage all this was reversed2 the ship met the sun1 the days were less than twenty-four ordinary hours long1 and the calculations had to be modified in consequence4 ,the sailors1 too1 got more food in a homeward week than an outward week1 owing to the intervals between the meals being shorter albeit1 their appetites may not have been cognizant of the difference4 ,and this brings us back to our hypothetical ,mullets4 ,josiah died at noon 7,sydney time71 and ,jasper died on the same day at noon 7,greenwich time74 ,which died first8 ,sydney1 although not quite at the other side of the world1 is nearly so2 it is ten hours of longitude ,eastward of ,greenwich2 the sun rises there ten hours earlier than with us4 ,it is nearly bed-time with ,sydney folks when our artisans strike work for dinner4 ,there would1 therefore1 be a reasonable ground for saying that ,josiah died first4 ,but had it been ,new ,zealand1 a curious question might arise4 ,otago1 and some other of the settlements in those islands1 are so near the antipodes of ,greenwich1 that they may either be called eleven and three-quarter hours ,east1 or twelve and a quarter hours ,west1 of ,greenwich1 according as we suppose the navigator to go round the ,cape of ,good ,hope or round ,cape ,horn4 ,at six in the morning in ,london1 it is about six in the evening at ,new ,zealand4 ,but of which day8 ,when it is ,monday morning in ,london1 is it ,sunday evening or ,monday evening in ,new ,zealand8 ,this question is not so easy to solve as might be supposed4 ,when a ship called at ,pitcairn ,island several years ago1 to visit the singular little community that had descended from the mutineers of the ,bounty1 the captain was surprised to find exactly one day difference between his ship's reckoning and that of the islanders2 what was ,monday1 the #bfth1 to the one1 was ,tuesday1 the #bgth1 to the other4 ,a voyage ,east had been the origin of one reckoning1 a voyage ,west that of the other4 ,not unlikely we should have to go back to the voyage of the ,bounty itself1 seventy-seven years ago1 to get to the real origin of the ,pitcairners' reckoning4 ,how it may be with the ,english settlers in ,new ,zealand1 we feel by no means certain4 ,if the present reckoning began with some voyage made round ,cape ,horn1 then our ,monday morning is ,new ,zealand ,sunday evening2 but if with some voyage made round the ,cape of ,good ,hope1 then our ,monday morning is ,new ,zealand ,monday evening4 ,probabilities are perhaps in favor of the latter supposition4 ,we need not ask1 ,what's o'clock at ,new ,zealand8 for that can be ascertained to a minute by counting the difference of longitude2 but to ask1 ,what day of the week and of the month is it at ,new ,zealand8 is a question that might1 for aught we can see1 involve very important legal consequences4 ------ #abi ,from the ,dublin ,review4 ,,recent ,,discoveries ,,in ,,the ,,catacombs4 ,the chromo-lithographic press1 established at ,rome by the munificence of ,pius ,,ix41 has issued its first publication1 four sheets in large folio1 ,imagines ,selectae ,deiparae ,virginis in ,caemeteriis ,suburbanis ,udo depictae1 with about twenty pages of text from the pen of the ,cavaliere ,g4 ,b4 de ,rossi4 ,the subject and the author are amply sufficient to recommend them to the ,christian archaeologist1 and the work of the artists employed is in every way worthy of both4 ,it is by no means an uncommon idea1 even among ,catholics who have visited ,rome and done the catacombs1 that our ,blessed ,lady does not hold any prominent place in the decorations of those subterranean cemeteries4 ,protestant tourists often boldly publish that she is nowhere to be found there4 ,the present publication will suffice to show1 even to those who never leave their own homes1 the falsehood of this statement and impression4 ,de ,rossi has here set before us a selection of four different representations of ,holy ,mary1 as she appears in that earliest monument of the ,christian ,church2 and1 in illustrating these1 he has taken occasion to mention a score or two of others4 ,moreover1 he has vindicated for them an antiquity and an importance far beyond what we were prepared to expect2 and those who have ever either made personal acquaintance with him1 or have studied his former writings1 well know how far removed he is from anything like uncritical and enthusiastic exaggerations4 ,even such writers as ,mr4 ,burgon 7,letters from ,rome7 cannot refrain from bearing testimony to his learning1 moderation1 and candor2 they praise him1 often by way of contrast with some ,jesuit or other clerical exponent of the mysteries of the catacombs1 for all those qualities which are calculated to inspire us with confidence in his interpretations of any nice points of ,christian archaeology4 ,but we fear his ,protestant admirers will be led to lower their tone of admiration for him1 and henceforward to discover some flaw in his powers of criticism1 when they find him1 as in these pages1 gravely maintaining1 concerning a particular representation of the ,madonna in the catacombs1 that it is of ,apostolic1 or quasi-,apostolic antiquity4 ,it is a painting on the vaulted roof of an arcosolium in the cemetery of ,st4 ,priscilla1 and it is reproduced in the work before us in its original size4 ,the ,blessed ,virgin sits1 her head partially covered by a short slight veil1 holding the ,divine ,infant in her arms2 opposite to her stands a man1 holding in one hand a volume1 and with the other pointing to a star which appears between the two figures4 ,this star almost always accompanies our ,blessed ,lady in ancient paintings or sculptures1 wherever she is represented either with the ,magi offering their gifts1 or by the manger's side with the ox and the ass2 but with a single figure1 as in the present instance1 it is unusual4 ,archaeologists will probably differ in their interpretation of this figure2 the most obvious conjecture would1 of course1 fix on ,st4 ,joseph2 there seem to be solid reasons1 however1 for preferring 7with ,de ,rossi7 the prophet ,isaias1 whose predictions concerning the ,messias abound with imagery borrowed from light1 and who may be identified on an old ,christian glass by the superscription of his name4 ,but this question1 interesting as it is1 is not so important as the probable date of the painting itself2 and here no abridgment or analysis of' ,de ,rossi's arguments can do justice to the moderation1 yet irresistible force1 with which he accumulates proofs of #acj the conclusion we have already stated1 viz41 that the painting was executed1 if not in ,apostolic times and as it were under the very eyes of the ,apostles themselves1 yet certainly within the first #aej years of the ,christian era4 ,he first bids us carefully to study the art displayed in the design and execution of the painting2 he compares it with the decorations of the famous ,pagan tombs discovered on the ,via ,latina in #aheh1 and which are referred to the times of the ,antoninuses2 with the paintings in the pontifical cubiculum in the cemetery of ,st4 ,callixtus1 and with others more recently discovered in the cemetery of ,pretextatus1 to both of which a very high antiquity is conceded by all competent judges2 and he justly argues that the more classical style of the painting now under examination obliges us to assign to it a still earlier date4 ,next1 he shows that the catacomb in which it appears was one of the oldest1--,st4 ,priscilla1 from whom it receives its name1 having been the mother of ,pudens and a contemporary of the ,apostles 7the impress of a seal1 with the name ,pudens ,felix1 is repeated several times on the mortar round the edge of a grave in this cemetery72 nay1 further still1 it can be shown that the tombs of ,sts4 ,pudentiana and ,praxedes1 and therefore1 probably1 of their father ,st4 ,pudens himself1 were in the immediate neighborhood of the very chapel in which this ,madonna is to be seen2 moreover1 the inscriptions which are found there bear manifest tokens of a higher antiquity than can be claimed by any others from the catacombs3 there is the complete triple nomenclature of pagan times1 e4g41 ,titus ,flavius ,felicissimus2 the epitaphs are not even in the usual form1 in pace1 but simply the ,apostolic salutation1 ,pax tecum1 ,pax tibi2 and finally1 the greater number of them are not cut on stone or marble slabs1 but written with red paint on the tiles which close the graves--a mode of inscription of which not a single example1 we believe1 has hitherto been found in any other part the catacombs4 ,this is a mere outline of the arguments by which ,de ,rossi establishes his conclusion respecting the age of this painting1 and they are not even exhibited in their full force in the present publication at all4 ,for a more copious induction of facts1 and a more complete elucidation both of the history and topography of the catacombs1 we must be content to wait till the author's larger work on ,roma ,sotterranea shall appear4 ,the most recent painting of the ,madonna which ,de ,rossi has here published is that with which our readers will be the most familiar4 ,it is the one to which the late ,father ,marchi1 ,s4,j41 never failed to introduce every visitor to the catacomb of ,st4 ,agnes1 and has been reproduced in various works2 the ,holy ,mother with her hands outstretched in prayer1 the ,divine ,infant on her bosom1 and the ,christian monogram on either side of her and turned toward her4 ,this last particular naturally directs our thoughts to the fourth century as the date of this work2 and the absence of the nimbus and some other indications lead our author to fix the earlier half of the century in preference to the later4 ,between these two limits1 then1 of the first or second1 and the fourth century1 he would place the two others which are now published2 he distinguishes them more doubtfully1 as belonging respectively to the first and second half of the third century4 ,in one1 from the cemetery of ,domitilla1 the ,blessed ,virgin sits holding the ,holy ,child on her lap1 whilst four ,magi offer their gifts2 the other1 from the catacomb of ,sts4 ,peter and ,marcellinus1 represents the same scene1 but with two ,magi only4 ,in both there is the same departure from the ancient tradition of the number of the wise men1 and from the same cause1 viz41 the desire to give a proper balance and proportion to the two sides of the picture1 the ,virgin occupying the middle place4 ,indeed1 in one of them1 it is still possible to trace #aca the original sketch of the artist1 designing another arrangement with the three figures only2 but the result did not promise to be satisfactory1 and he did what thousands of his craft have continued to do ever since1 sacrificed historic truth to the exigencies of his art4 ,we trust our readers will be induced to get this valuable work and to study it for themselves2 the text may be procured either in ,french or in ,italian1 so that it is readily accessible to all4 ,at the same time we would take the opportunity of introducing to them another work by the same indefatigable author1 which is also published both in ,french and in ,italian4 ,at least1 such is the announcement of a prospectus now lying before us1 which states that the ,french translation is published by ,vives1 in ,paris4 ,we have ourselves only seen the original ,italian4 ,it is a short monthly periodical1 illustrations1 ,bollettino di ,archeologia ,cristiana1 and is addressed not merely to savans1 ,fellows of ,royal ,societies1 and the like1 but rather to all educated men who care for the history of their religion and are capable of appreciating its evidences4 ,de ,rossi claims for the recent discoveries in the ,roman catacombs the very highest place among the scientific events of the day which have an important religious bearing1 and we think that the justice of his plea must be admitted4 ,unfortunately1 however1 the vastness of the subject1 the multiplied engagements of the author1 and 7not least7 the political vicissitudes of the times1 have hitherto prevented the publication of these discoveries in a complete and extended form4 ,we are happy to know that the work is satisfactorily progressing2 but meanwhile he has been persuaded by the suggestions of many friends1 and by the convenience of the thing itself1 to publish this monthly periodical1 which will keep us au courant with the most important additions that are being made from time to time to our knowledge of those precious memorials of primitive ,christianity1 and also supply much interesting information on other archaeological matters4 ,in these pages the reader is allowed to accompany1 as it were1 the author himself in his subterranean researches1 to assist at his discoveries1 to trace the happy but doubtful conjecture of a moment through all its gradual stages1 until it reaches the moral certainty of a conclusion which can no longer be called in question2 e4g41 the author gives us a portion of a lecture which he delivered on ,july #c1 #aheb1 to the ,roman ,pontifical ,academy of ,archaeology4 ,in this lecture he maintained1 in opposition to the usual nomenclature of the catacombs1 and entirely on the strength of certain topographical observations1 that a particular cemetery1 into which a very partial opening had been made in #ahdh1 was that anciently called by the name of ,pretextatus1 and in which were buried ,st4 ,januarius1 the eldest of the seven sons of ,st4 ,felicitas1 ,felicissimus and ,agapitus1 deacons of ,st4 ,sixtus1 ,pope ,urban1 ,quirinus1 and other famous martyrs4 ,five years passed away1 and this opinion had been neither confirmed nor refuted2 but in #aheg1 excavations undertaken for another purpose introduced our author into a crypt of this cemetery1 of unusual size and richness of ornament1 where one of the loculi bore an inscription on the mortar which had secured the grave-stone1 invoking the assistance of ,januarius1 ,agatopus 7for ,agapitus71 and ,felicissimus1 martyrs6 ,this1 of course1 was a strong confirmation of the conjecture which had been published so long before2 but this was all which he could produce in the first number of his ,bollettino in ,january1 #ahfc4 ,in the second number he could add that1 as he was going to press 7,february #ba71 small fragments of an inscription on marble had been disinterred from the same place1 of which only single letters had yet been found1 but which1 he did not hesitate to say1 had been written by ,pope ,damasus and contained his name1 as well as the name of #acb ,st4 ,januarius4 ,in ,march he published the twelve or fourteen letters which had been discovered1 arranging them in the place he supposed them to have occupied in the inscription1 which he conjecturally restored1 and which consisted altogether of more than forty letters4 ,in ,april he was able still further to add1 that they had now recovered other portions2 amongst the rest1 a whole word1 or rather the contraction of a word 7episcop4 for episcopus71 exactly in accordance with his conjecture1 though1 at the time he made the conjecture1 only half of one of the letters had yet come to light4 ,we need not pursue the subject further4 ,enough has been said to satisfy those of our readers who have any acquaintance with the catacombs1 both as to the kind and the degree of interest and importance which belong to this publication4 ,its intelligence1 however1 is by no means confined to the catacombs4 ,the basilica of ,san ,clemente2 the recent excavations at ,san ,lorenzo1 fuori le mura2 the postscript of ,st4 ,pamphilus the ,martyr at the end of one of his manuscript copies of the ,bible1 reproduced in the ,codex ,sinaiticus lately published by ,tischendorf2 the arch of ,constantine2 ancient scribblings on the wall 7graffiti7 of the palace of the ,caesars on the ,palatine1 etc41 etc41 are subjects of able and learned articles in the several numbers we have received4 ,with reference to the graffiti1 one singular circumstance mentioned by ,de ,rossi is worth repeating here4 ,most of our readers are probably acquainted with the graffiti from this place1 published by ,p4 ,garrucci1 in which one ,alessamenus is ridiculed for worshipping as his ,god the figure of a man1 but with the head of an ass1 nailed to a cross4 ,p4 ,garrucci had very reasonably conjectured that this was intended as a blasphemous caricature of the ,christian worship2 and recently other graffiti in the very same place have been discovered with the title ,episcopus1 apparently given in ridicule to some ,christian youth2 for that the room on whose walls these scribblings appear was used for educational purposes is abundantly proved by the numerous inscriptions announcing that such or such a one exit de paedagogio4 ,we seem1 therefore1 in deciphering these rude scrawls1 to assist1 as it were1 at one of the minor scenes of that great struggle between paganism and ,christianity1 whereof the sufferings of the early martyrs1 the apologies of ,justin ,martyr1 etc41 were only another but more public and historical phase4 ,history tells us that ,caracalla1 when a boy1 saw one of his companions beaten because he professed the ,christian faith4 ,these graffiti seem to teach us that there were many others of the same tender age1 de domo ,caesaris1 who suffered more or less of persecution for the same cause4 ,other interesting details of the same struggle have been brought together by ,de ,rossi1 carefully gleaned from the patrician names which appear on some of the ancient grave-stones1 sometimes as belonging to young virgins or widows who had dedicated themselves to the service of ,christ under the discipline of a religious community4 ,that such a community was to be found early in the fifth century1 in the immediate neighborhood of ,s4 ,lorenzo fuori le mura1 or1 at least1 that the members of such a community were always buried about that time in that cemetery1 is one of the circumstances which may be said to be clearly proved by the recent discoveries4 ,the proofs are too numerous and minute for abridgment1 but the student will be interested in examining them as they appear in the ,bollettino4 ,another feature in this archaeological publication is its convenience as a supplement to the volume of ,christian ,inscriptions published by the same author4 ,that volume1 as our readers are already aware1 contains only such inscriptions of the first six centuries as bear a distinct chronological note by the names of the chief magistrates1 or in some other way4 ,additional specimens of these are not unfrequently discovered in the excavations still #acc in progress on various sides of the city2 and these ,de ,rossi is careful to chronicle1 and generally also to illustrate by notes1 in the pages of his ,bollettino4 ,the chief value of these additions1 perhaps1 is to be found in the corroboration they uniformly give to the conclusions which ,de ,rossi had already deduced1 the canons of chronological distinction and distribution which he had established1 from the larger collection of inscriptions in the work referred to--whether as to the style of writing or of diction and sentiments1 etc4--canons1 the full importance of which will only be recognized when he shall have published the second volume of the collection of epitaphs bearing upon questions of ,christian doctrine and practice4 ,in the earlier numbers of the ,bollettino for the present year there is a very interesting account of the recent discoveries in the ,ambrosian basilica of ,milan1 where there seems no room to doubt but that they have brought to light the very sarcophagus in which the relics of the great ,st4 ,ambrose1 as well as those of the martyrs ,sts4 ,gervasius and ,protasius1 have rested for more than ten centuries4 ,the history of the discovery is too long to be inserted here1 and too interesting to be abridged4 ,one circumstance1 however1 connected with it is too important to be omitted4 ,the sarcophagus itself has not yet1 we believe1 been opened2 but1 from the two sepulchres below and on either side of it1 where the bishop and the martyrs were originally deposited1 and where they remained until their translation in the ninth century1 many valuable relics have been gleaned4 ,we will only mention one of them--viz41 portions of an ampulla such as are found in the catacombs1 and concerning which ,dr4 ,biraghi1 the librarian of the ,bibliotheca ,ambrosiana 7to whose zeal we are indebted for the whole discovery1 and for the account of it to his learning71 assures us that it has been subjected to a chemical examination1 and is shown to have contained blood4 ,this1 as ,de ,rossi truly remarks1 is the most notable instance which has yet come before us of this ampulla having been placed in the sepulchre of famous and historical martyrs1 and it is of very special importance as throwing a flood of light on those words of ,st4 ,ambrose about these relics so often quoted in the controversy on this subject--,sanguine1 tumulus madet2 apparent cruoris triumphales notae2 inviolatae reliquiae loco suo et ordine repertae4 ,and it is certainly singular that this discovery should have been made at a moment when the validity of these ampullae1 as sure signs of martyrdom1 has been so much called in question4 ,the ,sacred ,congregation of ,rites had only recently reaffirmed their former sentence on this matter2 and this fact now comes most opportunely from ,milan to add further weight to their decision1 by giving a historical basis to an opinion which before had been thought by some rather to rest upon theory and conjecture4 ,it will go far1 we should think1 toward rehabilitating in the minds of ,christian archaeologists the pious belief of former ages upon this subject1 wherever it may have been shaken4 ------ #acd ,,miscellany4 ,,science4 ,the ,mason-,spider of ,corfu4--,a correspondent of a ,london journal gives an interesting account of certain habits of this insect1 which belongs to the mygalidae family4 ,the mygales are chiefly found in hot climates1 and include the largest specimens of spiders known4 ,they are called mason-spiders1 from the curious manner in which they build their houses4 ,the mygale nest1 says the correspondent1 varies much in size1 from one inch in length to three or four1 and even six or seven inches4 ,in the ,west ,indies1 where the spiders are crab-like1 the insects measure six inches over4 ,one nest1 especially mentioned and minutely described by ,mr4 ,oudouin1 was three inches and a quarter long and eight-tenths of an inch wide4 ,the nest1 of cylindrical form1 is made by boring into the earth2 making his excavation1 the next thing1 having decided upon the dimensions of his habitation1 is to furnish it1 and most beautiful are his paper-hangings4 ,the whole of the interior is lined with the softest possible silk1 a tissue which the 'major domo' spins all over the apartment until it is padded to a sufficient thickness and made soft enough4 ,silk lining like this gives the idea of the mygale having a luxurious turn4 ,this done1 and the interior finished1 the mygale shows his peculiarity by taking steps to keep out the ,greek text of intruders by making not only a door1 and that self-closing1 but a door with swinging hinge1 and sometimes one at each end of his nest1 which shows that he has a very good opinion of his own work within1 and knows how to take care of it4 ,not having met with any case where any one had seen the positive operation of making the door of these nests1 ,i thought the details would be interesting1 the more so as they corroborated preconceived ideas of their construction1 and were noticed by a friend quartered at ,corfu1 who brought home the nest with him4 ,the following is the description he gave me3 ,lying out in one of the sandy plateaux covered with olive groves with which ,corfu abounds1 enjoying his cigar and lounging about in the sandy soil1 he came to a spider's nest4 ,examining it1 he found the lid or door would not open1 and seemed held firmly within by the proprietor--as if ,jack were at home--so he applied forthwith the leverage of a knife-blade1 upon which the inmate retired to his inner chamber4 ,the aggressor decided not to disturb him any more that day1 but marking the place--most necessary thing to do--thought he would explore further the next day1 if fine4 ,accordingly1 the next day my friend called early1 intending to take off the door and to watch the progress of restoration1 and how it would be accomplished4 ,after waiting a long time1 out came ,monsieur ,mygale1 and looking carefully round1 and finding all quiet1 commenced operations by running his web backward and forward across the orifice of his nest1 till there was a layer of silken web2 upon this he ejected a gluten1 over which he scratched the fine sand in the immediate neighborhood of his nest2 this done1 he again set to work--webbing1 then gluten1 sand2 then again web1 gluten1 sand1 about six times2 this occupied in all about eight hours4 ,but the puzzling part was that this time he was cementing and building himself out from his own mansion1 when1 to the astonishment and delight of his anxious looker-on1 he began the finishing stroke by cutting and forming the door by fixing his hind legs in the centre of the new covering1 and from these as a centre he began cutting with his jaws right through the door he had made1 striking a clear circle round1 and leaving about one-eighth of the circumference as a hinge4 ,this done1 he lifted the door up and walked in4 ,my friend then tried to open the door with a knife1 but the insect pulled it tight from the inside4 ,he therefore dug round him and took him off bodily--mygale and nest complete4 ,the hinge is most carefully and beautifully formed2 and there appears to be an important object in view when the spider covers over the whole of the orifice1 for immediately the door is raised it springs back as soon as released2 and this is caused by the elasticity of the web on the hinge and the peculiar formation of the lid or door1 which is made thicker on the lower side1 so that its #ace own weight helps it to be self-closing1 and the rabbeting of the door is wonderfully surfaced4 ,bolts and ,chub locks with a latch-key the mygale family do not possess1 but as a substitute the lower part of the door has clawholding holes1 so that a bird's beak or other lever being used1 ,mons4 ,mygale holds on to the door by these1 and with his legs against the sides of his house1 offers immense resistance against all comers4 ,instinct of ,insects4--,one of the regular course of free scientific lectures delivered at the ,paris ,sorbonne this last winter1 under the auspices of the ,minister of ,public ,instruction1 was by the distinguished naturalist ,m4 ,milne-,edwards1 on the instinct and intelligence of animals4 ,taking for his text the saying of ,linnaeus1 ,natura maxime miranda in minimis1 he spoke principally of the instinct of insects1 and especially of solitary bees4 ,these hymenoptera1 in fact1 afford one of the most striking examples known of that faculty which impels an animal1 either for its own preservation or for the preservation and development of its offspring1 to perform the most complicated and intelligent actions1 readily and skilfully1 yet without having learned how to do them4 ,one species1 the carpenter-bee 7xylocopa71 bores in the trunks of trees galleries running first horizontally and then vertically to a considerable depth4 ,she then collects a quantity of wax and honey4 ,the honey she kneads into a little ball of alimentary matter1 in the midst of which she deposits her first egg4 ,with the wax she constructs a horizontal partition1 formed of concentric annular layers2 this encloses the cell4 ,on this partition she deposits a second egg1 enclosed like the first in the provision destined for the support of the future larva2 and over it builds another partition of wax2 and so on1 to the top of the vertical cavity4 ,then she dies2 she never sees her offspring4 ,the latter1 so long as they remain larvae1 feed upon the honey which the maternal foresight provided for them2 and so soon as they have passed through their second metamorphosis and become winged insects1 issue forth from their retreat1 to perform in their turn a similar labor4 ,another species of solitary bee1 whose larva is carnivorous1 resorts to a still more wonderful1 but1 it must be confessed1 very cruel1 expedient to supply the worm-like progeny with food4 ,she constructs a gallery or tunnel in the earth1 and crowns it with a chimney curved somewhat like a crosier1 so as to keep out the rain4 ,then she goes a-hunting1 and brings back to her den a number of caterpillars4 ,if she kills them at once1 they will spoil before her eggs are hatched2 if she lets them alone1 they will run away4 ,what shall she do8 ,she pierces the caterpillars with her venomous little dart1 and injects into them a drop of poison1 which ,mr4 ,claude ,bernard no doubt will analyze some day4 ,it does not kill1 it only paralyzes them2 and there they lie1 torpid and immovable1 till the larvae come into the world and feast off the sweet and succulent flesh at their leisure4 ,everybody is familiar with the habits and wonderful industry of hive-bees1 wasps1 and ants4 ,these insects seem to be governed by something more than blind instinct3 it is hardly too much to say that they give indubitable signs of intelligence4 ,they know how to modify their course according to circumstances1 to provide against unexpected wants1 to avert dangers1 and to notify to each other whatever is of consequence to be known by their whole community4 ,huber1 the celebrated bee-keeper of ,geneva1 relates the following anecdote3 ,one of his hives having been devastated one night by a large sphinx-moth1 the bees set to work the next morning and plastered up the door1 leaving only a small opening which would just admit them1 one at a time1 but which the sphinx1 with its big body and long wings1 could not pass4 ,as soon as the season arrived when the moths terminate their short lives1 the bees1 no longer fearing an invasion1 pulled down their rampart4 ,the next season1 as no sphinx appeared to trouble them1 they left their door wide open4 ,ostrich-keeping4--,by late news from the ,cape of ,good ,hope we learn that the farmers of that colony are beginning to find it profitable to keep flocks of ostriches1 for the feathers of those birds are worth ,l#be sterling the pound4 ,for thirty-five ostriches1 there must be three hundred acres of grazing-ground4 ,the plucking takes place once in six months2 the yield of feathers from each bird being worth from ,l#aj to ,l#ab1 #ajs4 ,the original cost of the young ostriches is said to be ,l#e each4 ,some of the #acf farmers who have tried the experiment are of opinion that ostrich-feathers will pay better than any other produce of the colony4 ,extraordinary ,inland ,navigation4--,we hear from ,south ,america that a steamer built in ,england for the ,peruvian government1 for the exploration of rivers1 has penetrated the great continent from the ,atlantic side to a distance of ninety-five leagues only from the ,pacific1 or nearly all across4 ,the vessel1 which draws seven feet water1 steamed seven hundred leagues up the ,amazon1 two hundred up the ,ucayati1 and thence into the ,pachitea1 which had never before been navigated except by native canoes4 ,what a magnificent extent of inland navigation is here opened to commercial enterprise6 ,the mind becomes somewhat bewildered in imagining the future of those vast river-valleys when hundreds of steamers shall navigate the streams1 trading among millions of population dwelling on their banks4 ,is the ,sun getting ,bigger8--,it is known that various speculations have been put forward as to the cause or source of the sun's heat4 ,among those who consider that it consists in the falling of asteroids or meteorites into the sun1 is ,mr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,mayer1 of ,heilbronn1 who states that the surface of the sun measures #aae1jjj million square miles1 and that the asteroids falling thereon form a mass every minute equal in weight to from #id1jjj to #ahh1jjj billion kilogrammes4 ,it might be supposed that this enormous shower would increase the mass and weight of the sun1 and by consequence produce an appreciable effect on the motion of the planets which compose our system4 ,for instance1 it would shorten our year by a second or something less4 ,but the calculations of astronomers show that this effect does not take place2 and ,mr4 ,mayer states that to increase the apparent diameter of the sun a single second by the shower of asteroids would require from #cc1jjj to #ff1jjj years4 ,teaching the ,deaf and ,dumb to ,speak4--,dr4 ,houdin1 director of an institution for the deaf and dumb at ,passy1 lately announced to the ,french ,academy1 that after twenty-five years' experience he had proved the possibility of communicating the faculty of speech1 in a certain degree1 to deaf mutes4 ,a commission appointed by the ,academy and the ,faculty to investigate the subject1 reports that the learned doctor has really succeeded in several instances in teaching these unfortunate beings to speak and even comprehend spoken language so well that it is difficult to believe that they are not guided by the ear4 ,the patients conversed with the members of the commission1 and answered the different questions put to them4 ,they were found to be perfectly familiar with the use and mechanism of speech1 though destitute of the sense of hearing1 and they comprehended what was said to them1 reading the words upon the lips of the speaker with a marvellous facility4 ,thus they become fit to enter into society and capable of receiving all manner of instruction4 ,but here is another case still more wonderful4 ,what would you do if you had to instruct and prepare for first communion a child who was at the same time deaf1 dumb1 and blind8 ,the case is not an imaginary one2 it has occurred in an asylum for deaf-mutes at ,notre ,dame de ,larnay1 in the diocese of ,poitiers4 ,a nun was there charged with the instruction of a child in this unfortunate state1 to whom she could appeal only by the sense of touch4 ,yet the child1 who astonishes everybody by her sensibility and intelligence1 has come by that means to a knowledge of the spiritual life1 of ,god and his divine ,son1 of religion and its mysteries and precepts--has been prepared1 in fine1 for a worthy reception of the ,eucharist4 ,,art4 ,the past winter in ,new ,york has scarcely kept pace with its immediate predecessor in the number and merit of the collections of pictures opened to public inspection or disposed of at auction4 ,the unprecedented prices obtained for the really excellent collection of ,mr4 ,wolfe1 in ,christmas week of #ahfc1 seemed to have inoculated art collectors and dealers with what may be called a cacoethes vendendi1 and until far into the succeeding summer the picture auctioneers were called upon to knock down dozens of galleries of private gentlemen about to leave the country1 varying in merit from respectable to positively bad4 ,in these sales the moderns had decidedly the best of it1 the few #acg old masters who ventured to appeal to the sympathies and pockets of our collectors being at last treated with proper contempt4 ,but the prices realized by the ,wolfe gallery1 even when reduced to a specie basis1 were too high to become a recognized standard of value1 and gradually the interest in such sales1 as well as the bids1 declined1 until the sellers became aware 7the purchasers had become aware some time previous7 that the market was overstocked and the demand for pictures had ceased4 ,the contributions of the foreign artists to the ,new ,york ,sanitary ,fair brought probably less than a third of the money that would have been obtained for them had they been sold in ,january instead of ,june1 and such collections as have been scraped together for sale during the present season have met with but moderate pecuniary success4 ,it is gratifying to know1 however1 that our resident artists1 both native and foreign-born1 have for the most part been busily and profitably employed1 and that in landscape1 and in some departments of genre1 their works have not suffered in competition with similar ones by reputable ,european painters4 ,without wishing in any respect to recommend or suggest a protective system for fostering native art1 we cannot but rejoice that the overthrow of the late exaggerated prices for foreign works will tend to encourage and develop ,american artists4 ,the principal art event in anticipation is the opening of next exhibition of the ,national ,academy of ,design in the building now hastening to completion at the corner of ,fourth avenue and ,twenty-third streets4 ,it is to be hoped that the contributions will be worthy of the place and the occasion4 ,recent exhibitions have not been altogether creditable to the ,academy4 ,durand1 the late president of the ,academy1 and one of our oldest and most careful landscape painters1 has a characteristic work on exhibition at ,avery's ,art ,agency1 corner of ,fourth street and ,broadway4 ,it is called ,a ,summer ,afternoon1 and is pervaded by a soft1 pensive sentiment of rural repose4 ,in the elaboration of the trees and in the soft1 mellow distances the artist shows his early skill1 albeit in some of his later pieces the timid handling inseparable from age is discernible4 ,a collection of several hundred sketches and studies of no special merit1 by ,hicks1 has recently been disposed of at auction4 ,the essays of this gentleman in landscape are not happy1 and the specimens in this collection had better1 perhaps1 have been excluded4 ,rossiter's pictures representing ,adam and ,eve in ,paradise1 now on exhibition in ,new ,york1 have excited more remark than commendation4 ,it may be said briefly1 that they fail to do justice to the subject4 ,curnmings's ,historic ,annals of the ,academy of ,design have been published1 and constitute an interesting addition to the somewhat meagre collection of works illustrating ,american art history4 ,mr4 ,thomas ,ball1 the well-known sculptor of ,boston1 is about to depart for ,italy1 with the intention of remaining several years in ,florence1 and executing there in marble a number of plaster models4 ,among these are a life-size statue of ,edwin ,forrest in the part of ,coriolanus1 and busts of the late ,rev4 ,thomas ,starr ,king and ,edward ,everett4 ,the latter is said to be an admirable likeness4 ,m4 ,j4 ,heade1 an ,american artist1 formerly of ,boston and ,providence1 is publishing in ,london a work upon the humming-birds of ,brazil1 illustrated from designs by himself4 ,the ,united ,states ,senate was recently the scene of a somewhat animated debate on art matters1 arising out of a proposition to authorize the artist ,powell to paint a picture for the ,capitol at a cost not to exceed #be1jjj4 ,the scheme was defeated1 chiefly through the opposition of ,senator ,sumner1 who thought the present an improper time to devote so large a sum to such a purpose4 ,a very remarkable picture by ,gerome1 the most original1 and realistic of living ,french painters1 is now on exhibition at ,goupil's1 in this city4 ,it is entitled ,the ,prayer of the ,arab in the ,desert1 and in a small space presents a complete epitome of ,oriental life4 ,in ,london the ,general ,exhibition of water-color drawings1 and collections of works of ,holman ,hunt1 ,madox ,brown1 and the late ,david ,roberts1 have recently been opened4 ,the last named contains #ijj pictures1 drawings1 and sketches1 showing the amazing industry of the artist1 and his skill as a draughtsman4 #ach ,a monument to ,shakespeare1 from penny subscriptions1 is to be erected on ,primrose ,hill1 near ,london4 ,the sale of the celebrated ,pourtales collection at ,paris has been the all-absorbing art topic abroad4 ,the gallery1 at last accounts1 was daily crowded with representatives from all parts of ,europe1 and the prices surpassed the estimates of the experts4 ,the value set upon the whole collection was upward of #c1jjj1jjj francs1 but that sum will probably fall far short of the real total4 ,the bronzes and terra-cotta occupied four days1 and produced over #aej1jjj francs4 ,the following are among the most remarkable items3 ,a very small statuette of ,jupiter1 found at ,besancon in #ahbj1 #h1jjj francs2 another small statuette of the same1 seated1 formerly in the ,denon collection1 #ab1jjj francs2 the celebrated statuette of ,apollo1 supposed to date from the sixth century ,b4,c41 from the ,neri collection1 #e1jjj francs2 small statuette of ,minerva1 arms missing1 found at ,besancon1 #ai1bjj francs2 armor found at ,herculaneum1 and presented by the ,queen of ,naples to ,josephine1 purchased by the ,emperor for #ac1jjj francs2 a small ,roman bust1 supposed by ,visconti to be a ,balbus1 bought for the ,louvre for #d1eej francs2 a tripod1 found in the ruins of the town of ,metapont1 and described by ,panofka1 purchased for the ,berlin gallery1 #aj1jjj francs2 fine old ,roman seat1 in bronze1 bought for the ,louvre1 #e1cjj francs2 vase from ,locres1 #g1jjj francs2 another vase1 found in one of the tombs of the ,vulci1 #i1jjj francs4 ,at the sale of the collection of the ,marquis de ,lambertye1 in ,paris1 a charming work by ,meissonier1 ,reynard in his ,study1 reading a ,manuscript1 was purchased for #ab1fjj francs2 had it not been for the effect of the ,pourtales sale on the art market1 the work would have fetched considerably more money4 ,it was purchased of the artist himself1 for #af1jjj francs1 by the late marquis4 ,another and smaller picture1 not six inches by four1 also by ,meissonier1 was sold on the same occasion--subject1 ,van de ,velde in his ,atelier--for #g1jbj francs4 ,in the same collection were four works by ,decamps1 whose pictures are in great request4 ,one of these1 an ,eastern landscape1 sold for #ae1ejj francs2 another1 a small work1 a peasant girl in the forest1 for #d1bdj francs2 and two still smaller and less important works1 ,tide ,out1 with ,sunset1 and ,gorges d',ollioule1 for #a1ejj francs each4 ,three small works by ,eugene ,delacroix1 a ,tiger attacking a ,serpent1 ,combat between ,moors and ,arabs1 and ,the ,scotch ,ballad1 sold1 respectively1 for #a1hbj francs1 #a1cjj francs1 and #b1cjj francs4 ,a minute picture by ,paul ,delaroche1 ,jesus on the ,mount of ,olives1 sold for #b1bjj francs2 ,diogenes sitting on the edge of an immense jar1 holding his lantern1 by ,gerome1 #a1iej francs2 and ,arnauts at ,prayer1 by the same1 #c1ijj francs4 ,the ,beach at ,trouville1 by the lately deceased painter1 ,troyon1 #d1jjj francs1 and ,feeding the ,poultry1 by the same1 #d1hej francs4 ,at the sale of a collection of the works of ,m4 ,cordier1 the sculptor1 who has earned considerable popularity by his variegated works1 composed of marbles1 onyx and bronze1 and variously tinted and decorated1 a marble statue1 called ,la ,belle ,gallinara1 sold for #d1ajj francs2 a young ,kabyle child carrying a branch loaded with oranges1 in ,algerian onyx and bronze1 and partly colored1 #c1jjj francs2 an ,arab woman1 a statue of the same materials as the preceding1 intended to support a lamp or candelabrum1 purchased by the ,due de ,morny for #f1hbe francs4 ,there is a report that the collections of pictures and curiosities belonging to the ,comte de ,chambord will shortly be dispersed by the hammer in ,paris4 ,the scaffolding before the north front of the cathedral of ,notre ,dame1 in ,paris1 has been removed1 and the facade1 with the magnificent ,gothic window1 forty feet in diameter1 can now be seen to great perfection1 all the rich sculptures having been admirably restored4 ,a ,paris letter says3 ,the celebrated painting of the ',assassination of the ,bishop of ,liege1' by ,eugene ,delacroix1 was recently sold at auction at #ce1jjj francs4 ,the ',death of ,ophelia1' in pencil1 by the same painter1 was knocked down for #b1jbj francs1 which was considered a large sum for a sketch4 ',st4 ,louis at the ,bridge of ,taillebourg1' in water-colors1 fetched #c1ajj francs4 ,some copper-plates engraved by ,eugene ,delacroix himself were likewise sold4 ,at the sale of the collection of the ,chevalier de ,knyff1 at ,brussels1 the ,virgin with the host and surrounded by angels1 by ,ingres1 was withdrawn at #bh1ejj francs4 #aci ,among the works of art destroyed in the recent conflagration of the ducal palace at ,brunswick was the colossal bronze figure of ,brunonia1 the patron goddess of the town1 standing in a car of victory1 drawn by four horses4 ,it was executed by ,professor ,howaldt and his sons1 after a design by ,rietschel4 ,the colossal bronze statue of ,hercules1 lately exhumed at ,rome1 has been safely deposited in the ,vatican4 ------ ,,book ,,notices4 ,,sermons ,,on ,,our ,,lord ,,jesus ,,christ1 ,,and ,,on ,,his ,,blessed ,,mother4 ,by his ,eminence ,cardinal ,wiseman4 #hvo41 pp4 #dba4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,j4 ,sadlier ,co4 ,coming to us almost in the same moment in which we hear of ,cardinal ,wiseman's death1 these sermons will be read with a deep and peculiar interest1 now that the eloquent lips which uttered them are closed for ever4 ,most of them were preached in ,rome1 some so long ago as #ahbg4 ,these were addressed to congregations composed partly of ecclesiastics1 partly of ,catholic sojourners in the ,eternal ,city1 and partly of ,protestants4 ,at least one was delivered in ,ireland in #aheh4 ,but although some of the discourses belong to the period of the author's noviceship in the pulpit1 and between some there is an interval of more than thirty years1 we are struck by no incongruity of either thought or style4 ,the earliest have the finish and elegance of maturity2 the latest all the vigor and enthusiasm of youth4 ,they are not controversial1 and hardly any of them can even be called dogmatic sermons4 ,they are addressed more to the heart than directly to the understanding1 although reasoning and exhortation are often so skilfully blended that it is hard to say where one begins and the other ends4 ,they are the outpourings1 in fact1 of a warm and loving heart and a full brain4 ,the argument is all the more effective because the cardinal covers his frame-work of logic with the rich drapery of his brilliant rhetoric4 ,and yet1 with all their gorgeous phraseology1 they are characterized by a simplicity of thought which brings them down to the level of the commonest intellect4 ,the greater part of them were preached during the seasons of ,lent and ,advent1 and the subjects will therefore be found especially appropriate to the present period4 ,here is a beautiful passage in reference to our ,lord's agony in the garden3 ,there are plants in the luxurious ,east1 my dearly beloved brethren1 which men gash and cut1 that from them may distil the precious balsams they contain2 but that is ever the most sought and valued which1 issuing forth of its own accord1 pure and unmixed1 trickles down like tears upon the parent tree4 ,and so it seems to me1 we may without disparagement speak of the precious streams of our dear ,redeemer's blood4 ,when forced from his side1 in abundant flow1 it came mixed with another mysterious fluid2 when shed by the cruel inflictions of his enemies1 by their nails1 their thorns1 and scourges1 there is a painful association with the brutal instruments that drew it1 as though in some way their defilement could attaint it4 ,but here we have the first yield of that saving and life-giving heart1 gushing forth spontaneously1 pure and untouched by the unclean hand of man1 dropping as dew upon the ground4 ,it is the first juice of the precious vine2 before the wine-press hath bruised its grapes1 richer and sweeter to the loving and sympathizing soul1 than what is afterward pressed out4 ,it is every drop of it ours2 and alas1 how painfully so6 ,for here no lash1 no impious palm1 no pricking thorn hath called it forth2 but our sins1 yes1 our sins1 the executioners not of the flesh1 but of the heart of ,jesus1 have driven it all out1 thence to water that garden of sorrows6 ,oh1 is it not dear to us2 is it not gathered up by our affections1 with far more reverence and love than by virgins of old was the blood of martyrs1 to be placed for ever in the very sanctuary1 yea1 within the very altar of our hearts8 ,from the discourse on the ,triumphs of the ,cross1 we select the closing paragraph3 #adj ,o blessed ,jesus1 may the image of these sacred wounds1 as expressed by the cross1 never depart from my thoughts4 ,as it is a badge and privilege of the exalted office1 to which1 most unworthy1 ,i have been raised1 to wear ever upon my breast the figure of that cross1 and in it1 as in a holy shrine1 a fragment of that blessed tree whereon thou didst hang on ,golgotha1 so much more let the lively image of thee crucified dwell within my bosom1 and be the source from which shall proceed every thought1 and word1 and action of my ministry6 ,let me preach thee1 and thee crucified1 not the plausible doctrines of worldly virtue and human philosophy4 ,in prayer and meditation let me ever have before me thy likeness1 as thou stretchest forth thine arms to invite us to seek mercy and to draw us into thine embrace4 ,let my ,thabor be on ,calvary2 there it is best for me to dwell4 ,there thou hast prepared three tabernacles2 one for such as1 like ,magdalen1 have offended much1 but love to weep at thy blessed feet2 one for those who1 like ,john1 have wavered in steadfastness for a moment1 but long again to rest their head upon thy bosom2 and one whereinto only she may enter whose love burns without a reproach1 whose heart1 always one with thine1 finds its home in the centre of thine1 fibre intertwined with fibre1 till both are melted into one in that furnace of sympathetic love4 ,with these favorites of the cross1 let me ever1 blessed ,saviour1 remain in meditation and prayer1 and loving affection for thy holy rood4 ,i will venerate its very substance1 whenever presented to me1 with deep and solemn reverence4 ,i will honor its image1 wherever offered to me1 with lowly and respectful homage4 ,but still more ,i will hallow and love its spirit and inward form1 impressed on the heart1 and shown forth in the holiness of life4 ,and oh6 divine ,redeemer1 from thy cross1 thy true mercy-seat1 look down in compassion upon this thy people4 ,pour forth thence abundantly the streams of blessing1 which flow from thy sacred wounds4 ,accomplish within them1 during this week of forgiveness1 the work which holy men have so well begun1 ,footnote #dj that all may worthily partake of thy ,paschal feast4 ,plant thy cross in every heart2 may each one embrace it in life1 may it embrace him in death2 and may it be a beacon of salvation to his departing soul1 a crown of glory to his immortal spirit6 ,amen4 ,footnote #dj3 ,alluding to the mission just closed by the ,fathers of the ,institute of ,charity4 ,what follows is from the sermon on the ,veneration of the ,blessed ,virgin3 ,if1 then1 any one shall accuse me of wasting upon the mother of my ,saviour feelings and affections which he hath jealously reserved for himself4 ,i will appeal from the charge to his judgment1 and lay the cause before him1 at any stage of his blessed life4 ,i will go unto him at the crib of ,bethlehem1 and acknowledge that1 while1 with the kings of the ,east1 ,i have presented to him all my gold and frankincense and myrrh1 ,i have ventured1 with the shepherds1 to present an humbler oblation of respect to her who was enduring the winter's frost in an unsheltered stable1 entirely for his sake4 ,or ,i will meet him1 as the holy fugitives repose on their desert-path to ,egypt1 and confess that1 knowing from the example of ,agar1 how a mother cast forth from her house into the wilderness1 for her infant's sake1 only loves it the more1 and needs an angel to comfort her in her anguish 7,gen4 xxi4 #ag71 ,i have not restrained my eyes from her whose fatigues and pain were a hundred-fold increased by his1 when ,i have sympathized with him in this his early flight1 endured for my sins4 ,or ,i will approach a more awful tribunal1 and step to the foot of his cross1 and own to him1 that while ,i have adored his wounds1 and stirred up in my breast my deepest feelings of grief and commiseration for what ,i have made him suffer1 my thoughts could not refrain from sometimes glancing toward her whom ,i saw resignedly standing at his feet1 and sharing his sorrows2 and that1 knowing how much ,respha endured while sitting opposite to her children justly crucified by command of ,god 7#b ,kings xxi4 #aj71 ,i had felt far greater compassion for her1 and had not withheld the emotions1 which nature itself dictated1 of love1 and veneration1 and devout affection toward her4 ,and to the judgment of such a son ,i will gladly bow1 and his meek mouth shall speak my sentence1 and ,i will not fear it4 ,for ,i have already heard it from the cross1 addressed to me1 to you1 to all1 as he said3 ',woman1 behold thy son2' and again3 ',behold thy mother4' 7,john xix4 #bf1 #bg47 ,an appendix to the volume contains six beautiful pastorals1 on devotion to the ,sacred ,heart of ,jesus1 in connection with education4 ,,spiritual ,,progress4 ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,cummings1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 of ,st4 ,stephen's ,church1 ,new ,york ,city4 #abmo41 pp4 #ccj4 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,o',shea4 ,we cannot better state the purpose of this excellent little book than in the words of the author's preface3 ,spiritual ,progress is a familiar exposition of ,catholic morality1 which has for its object to tell people of common intelligence what they are expected to do in #ada order to be good ,christians1 and how they shall do it1 and the results that will follow4 ,it is written not for those strong1 heroic souls1 whose faith is firm1 whose devotion is ardent1 and who crave strong spiritual food2 but for that numerous class of weak ,christians1 recent converts1 honest inquirers1 and fervent but uninstructed ,catholics1 who are not yet prepared to accept the more difficult counsels of perfection2 who are ready perhaps to do what ,god says they must do2 but need a little training before they can be brought to do any more4 ,to put an ascetic work into the hands of such persons would often be like giving beef to a young baby3 it would hurt1 not help them4 ,dr4 ,cummings's book1 in fact1 is a sort of spiritual primer for the use of those who are just beginning their spiritual education4 ,it is simple1 straightforward1 and practical4 ,there is a charm in the style--so clear1 so terse1 often almost epigrammatic1 and sometimes rising to the poetical--which carries the reader along in spite of himself4 ,the tone is not conversational2 yet when you read1 it seems as if you were not so much reading as listening4 ,and that argues great literary merit4 ,here is an extract from the chapter on ,faults of ,conversation3 ,gossip is the bane of conversation1 for it is the name under which injustice makes her entrance into society4 ,there is an element in the breast of the most civilized communities1 even in times of great refinement1 that explains how man may1 under certain circumstances1 become a cannibal4 ,it is exhibited in the turns our humor takes in conversation4 ,we are not ill-natured1 nor disposed to lay a straw in the way of any one who has not injured us1 and yet1 when spurred on by the stimulus of talking and being talked to1 we can bring ourselves to mimic1 revile1 and misrepresent others1 traduce and destroy their good name1 reveal their secrets1 and proclaim their faults2 and all this merely to follow the lead of others1 or for the sake of appearing facetious and amusing1 or for the purpose of building up ourselves by running down those whom in our hearts we know and believe to be better than we are4444 ,but as the gossip attacks the absent because the absent cannot defend himself or herself1 shall not we1 dear readers1 form a society to assist the weak and the persecuted8 ,shall we not enter into a compact to defend those who cannot defend themselves8 ,let us answer as a love of fair play suggests4 ,if we are at all influenced by regard for ,christian charity1 let us remember that it takes two to carry on a conversation against our neighbor1 and that if our visitor is guilty of being a gossip1 a false witness1 or a detractor1 we are also guilty by consenting to officiate as listeners4 ,in a chapter on the ,schooling of the ,imagination1 ,dr4 ,cummings shows how the imaginative faculty may be made to serve the cause of religion1 especially in the practice of meditation1 and how dangerous it becomes when it is not held in check3 ,we hear songs and the flutters of many wings at ,bethlehem1 and see the light streaming from heaven upon the face of the new-born ,saviour4 ,we look out over the blue waters of the ,lake of ,genesareth1 and see the quaint little bark of ,peter as it lay near the shore when ,jesus preached to the people from its side1 or as it flew before the wind when the sea waxed wroth1 and a great storm arose1 he meanwhile sleeping and they fearing they would perish4 ,with the aid of this wonderful faculty we see him before us in the hour of his triumph1 surrounded by the multitudes singing1 ',hosanna to the son of ,david1' and in that sad day of his final sorrow1 when the same voices swelled the fearful cry1 ',crucify him1 crucify him4' ,a ,,general ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,catholic ,,church1 ,,from ,,the ,,commencement ,,of ,,the ,,christian ,,era ,,until ,,the ,,present ,,time4 ,by ,m4 ,l',abbe ,j4 ,e4 ,darras4 ,first ,american from the last ,french edition4 ,with an ,introduction and ,notes1 by the ,most ,rev4 ,m4 ,j4 ,spalding1 ,d4,d41 ,archbishop of ,baltimore4 ,parts #a1 #b1 and #c4 #hvo4 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,o',shea4 ,this valuable work1 which ,mr4 ,o',shea1 with a laudable spirit of enterprise1 is giving us by instalments1 is intended for just that class of readers who stand most in need of a readable and pretty full ,church history4 ,when completed it will fill four portly volumes1 imperial octavo2 yet it is a work adapted more especially to family reading than to the use of the scholar in his closet4 ,the ,abbe ,darras has judiciously refrained from obstructing the flow of his narrative by minute references and quotations1 nor has he suffered his pen to run away into long discussions of controverted questions4 ,what he says of the chronology which he has followed1 he might have said1 if we have read him #adb aright1 of his whole work3 ,we have adopted a system already completed1 not that it may perhaps be the most exact in all its details1 but because it is the one most generally followed4 ,this seems to be the principle which he has kept before his eyes throughout2 and considering the purpose for which he wrote1 we think it a good one4 ,with all the simplicity and modesty of his style1 however1 he shows a thorough knowledge of the intricacies of his subject1 and an acquaintance with what the best scholars have written before him4 ,his history1 therefore1 fills a void which has long been aching4 ,the translation1 made by a lady well known and respected by the ,catholics of the ,united ,states1 reads smoothly1 and we doubt not is accurate4 ,it has been revised by competent theologians1 and has the special sanction of the ,archbishop of ,baltimore1 beside the approbation of the ,archbishops of ,new ,york and ,cincinnati4 ,the work in the original ,french received the warmest encomiums from the ,european clergy1 and the author was honored1 at the conclusion of his labors1 by a kind letter from the ,pope4 ,the mechanical execution of the book is beautiful4 ,the paper is good1 and the type large and clear4 ,we thank ,mr4 ,o',shea for giving us so important a work in such a rich and appropriate dress4 ,,the ,,progress ,,of ,,the ,,age1 ,,and ,,the ,,danger ,,of ,,the ,,age4 ,two lectures delivered before the ,st4 ,xavier ,conference of the ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul ,brotherhood in the ,hall of ,st4 ,louis ,university4 ,by the ,rev4 ,louis ,heylen1 ,s4 ,j4 #abmo41 pp4 #ajg4 ,cincinnati3 ,john ,p4 ,walsh4 ,these two lectures formed parts of a course delivered during the winter of #ahfb-fc1 by some of the professors of the ,st4 ,louis ,university4 ,they are admirable compositions1 redolent of good sense1 learning1 and ripe thought1 and deeply interesting4 ,the style has a true oratorical ring4 ,in the first lecture ,father ,heylen1 after adverting to the fact that every age since the days of ,adam has been marked by some special characteristic1 examines the claim set forth by our own century to be emphatically the age of progress4 ,in part he admits and in part he denies it4 ,in material progress1 and in the natural sciences1 especially as applied to the purposes of industry and commerce1 it stands at the head of ages4 ,but moral progress is not one of its characteristics4 ,here ,i feel1 says he1 that ,i am entering upon a difficult question4 ,has there been1 in the last fifty years1 any marked increase of crime8 ,is our age1 all things considered1 really worse than preceding ages8 ,this question ,i shall not undertake to decide2 but there are some forms of crime which appear to me decidedly peculiar to our age4 ,a brief review of these sins of the day leads naturally to the subject of the second lecture4 ,father ,heylen sees our greatest danger in that practical materialism which places material interests and materialistic passions above the interests of the soul and the claims of virtue4 ,he considers successively its extent1 its effects1 and the means to avert it--the last being1 of course1 the ennobling and spiritualizing influence of ,catholicism4 ,we advise those who wish to see how a scholar and an orator can throw a fresh charm into a stale subject1 to read ,father ,heylen's review of the startling discoveries of modern science in the first lecture1 and his brilliant description in the second of the ruins with which materialism has spread the pages of history and the new life which ,catholicism has infused into effete civilizations4 ,prefixed to the little volume before us is a short biographical sketch of ,father ,heylen1 who died in #ahfc4 ,,undine1 ,,or ,,the ,,water-,,spirit4 ,also ,,sintram ,,and ,,his ,,companions4 ,from the ,german of ,friedrich de la ,motte ,fouque4 ,i vol4 #abmo41 pp4 #bch4 ,new ,york3 ,james ,miller4 ,,thiodolf1 ,,the ,,icelander4 ,a ,romance4 ,from the ,german of the ,baron de la ,motte ,fouque4 #abmo41 pp4 #cjh4 ,new ,york3 ,james ,miller4 ,for a man of refined and cultivated taste we know of hardly any more delightful literary recreation than to turn from the novels of our own day to one of the exquisite romances of ,la ,motte ,fouque4 ,there is a nobleness of sentiment in his wild and beautiful fancies which seems to lift us out of this world into a higher sphere4 ,all his writings are pervaded by an ideal ,christian chivalry1 #adc spiritualizing and refining the supernatural machinery which he is so fond of borrowing from the old ,norse legends4 ,no other author has ever treated the ,northern mythology so well2 because no other has attempted to give us its beauties without its grossness4 ,the gods and heroes of the ,norsemen have been very much in fashion of late years2 but take almost any of the ,scandinavian tales recently translated--tales which1 if they have any moral1 seem to inculcate the morality of lying and cheating1 and the virtue of strong muscles and how immeasurably finer and more beautiful by the side of them appear the fairy legends which ,fouque interweaves with his romances1 mingling old superstitions with ,christian faith and virtues1 in so delicate a manner that we see no incongruity in the association4 ,this mutual adaptation1 if we may call it so1 he effects partly by transporting us back to those early times when the faith was as yet only half-rooted in the ,northern soil1 and when even many ,christian converts clung almost unconsciously to some of their old pagan beliefs2 partly by the genuine religious spirit which inspires every page of his books1 no matter what their subject2 and partly by the allegorical significance which his romances generally convey4 ,so from tales of water-sprites and evil spirits1 devils1 dwarfs1 and all manner of supernatural appearances1 we rise with the feeling that we have been reading a lesson of piety1 truth1 integrity1 and honor4 ,carlyle calls the chivalry of ,fouque more extravagant than that which we supposed ,cervantes had abolished2 but we are far from agreeing in such a judgment4 ,a chivalry which rests upon wise and pious thoughts1 treasured in a pure heart1 deserves something better to be said of it4 ,the three tales whose titles are given above are specimens of three somewhat different styles in which ,fouque treats his darling subject of ,christian knighthood4 ,the story of ,undine has always been a pet in every language of ,europe4 ,sir ,walter ,scott called it ravishing2 ,coleridge expressed unbounded admiration of it2 the author himself termed it his darling child4 ,for the tale of ,sintram we have a particular affection4 ,as a work of art1 it is not to be compared with the former3 it has but little of that tender aerial fancy which makes the story of the #add water-sprite so inexpressibly graceful2 but there is a sombre beauty in it which is not less captivating4 ,it is a story of temptation and trial1 of battle with self and triumph over sin4 ,its allegorical meaning is more distinct than that of ,undine2 it speaks more unmistakably of faith and heroic virtue4 ,thiodolf1 the ,icelander1 is a picture of ,norse and ,byzantine manners in the tenth century1 and presents an interesting contrast between the rough manliness of the former and the luxury of the court of ,constantinople4 ,to the merits of wealth of imagination1 skilful delineation of character1 and dramatic power of narration1 it is said to add historical accuracy4 ,,our ,,farm ,,of ,,four ,,acres1 ,,and ,,the ,,money ,,we ,,made ,,by ,,it4 #abmo41 pp4 #abh4 ,new ,york3 ,james ,miller4 ,it is no slight proof of the merit of this little book that it has gone through at least twelve editions in ,england1 and had so many imitators that it may almost be called the founder of a school of literature4 ,its popularity is still undiminished1 and promises long to continue so4 ,hardly any one can fail of being interested in this simple narrative of the blunders1 mishaps1 and final triumphs of two city-bred sisters1 in their effort to keep a little farm and make it pay2 but to those who1 either for health's sake or economy1 are about entering on a similar enterprise1 we cannot too strongly recommend it4 ,it is so practical that we cannot doubt it is all true--indeed its directness and air of truth and good sense are the secrets of its remarkable success4 ,we commend it to our readers as an interesting exemplification of a truth which ought to be more widely known than it is--that with proper management a small family on a small place in the country can raise all their own vegetables1 not only to their great comfort1 but with considerable pecuniary profit4 ,men who spend half-a-year's income in the rent of a city house would do well to take to heart the lessons of this little book4 ,,the ,,irvington ,,stories4 ,by ,m4 ,e4 ,dodge4 ,illustrated by ,f4 ,o4 ,c4 ,darley4 #afmo41 pp4 #bef4 ,new ,york3 ,james ,o',kane4 ,this is a collection of tales for young people1 manufactured with considerable #ade taste and neatness4 ,some of the stories bear a good moral1 distinctly brought out4 ,,reply ,,to ,,the ,,christian ,,examiner ,,on ,,catholicity ,,and ,,naturalism4 #hvo41 pp4 #bd4 ,boston3 ,patrick ,donahoe4 ,the ,christian ,examiner for ,january1 #ahfe1 contained an article on ,the ,order of ,st4 ,paul the ,apostle1 and the ,new ,catholic ,church1 in which the writer1 after describing a visit to the ,paulist establishment in ,fifty-ninth street1 and representing ,father ,hecker and his companions as being engaged in the attempt to found a new ,catholic ,church1 passed on to the consideration of the question what form of religion is best adapted to the wants of the ,american people4 ,it was a remarkable article--remarkable not only for its graceful diction1 but for its curious admissions of the failure of ,protestantism as a religious system4 ,the process of disintegration1 says the ,examiner1 is going forward with immense rapidity throughout ,protestant ,christendom4 ,organizations are splitting asunder1 institutions are falling into decay1 customs are becoming uncustomary1 usages are perishing from neglect1 sacraments are deserted by the multitude1 creeds are decomposing under the action of liberal studies and independent thought4 ,but from these falling ruins mankind will seek refuge not in the bosom of the ,catholic ,church1 says the ,christian ,examiner1 but in ,naturalism4 ,the object of the pamphlet before us is to show1 after correcting certain misstatements concerning the congregation of ,paulists1 that ,naturalism is utterly unable to satisfy those longings of the heart which1 as the ,examiner confesses1 no ,protestant sect can appease4 ,,pastoral ,,letter ,,of ,,the ,,most ,,rev4 ,,martin ,,john ,,spalding1 ,d4 ,d41 ,,archbishop ,,of ,,baltimore1 ,,etc41 ,,together ,,with ,,the ,,late ,,encyclical ,,of ,,the ,,holy ,,father1 ,,and ,,the ,,syllabus ,,of ,,errors ,,condemned4 #hvo41 pp4 #dc4 ,baltimore3 ,kelly ,piet4 ,in promulgating the jubilee lately proclaimed by the sovereign pontiff1 the ,most ,rev4 ,archbishop ,spalding takes occasion to make a few timely remarks on the ,encyclical1 the character of ,pius ,,ix41 the temporal power of the ,popes1 and the errors recently condemned4 ,he explains the true purport of the much-abused ,encyclical1 shows against whom it is directed--namely1 the ,european radicals and infidels--and proves that it never was the intention of the ,pope1 as has been alleged1 to assail the institutions of this country4 ,in view of the absurd mistranslations of the ,encyclical which have been published by the ,protestant press1 ,catholics will be glad to have the correct ,english version of that important document1 which is given by way of appendix to the pastoral4 ,we have received the ,first ,supplement to the ,catalogue of the ,library of the ,young ,men's ,association of the ,city of ,milwaukee1 with the annual report of the ,board of ,directors for #ahfc4 ------------------ ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,i41 ,,no4 #b4 ,,may1 #ahfe4 ,from the ,dublin ,review4 ,,hedwige1 ,,queen ,,of ,,poland4 ,hedwige was the youngest daughter of ,lewis1 nephew and successor to ,casimir the ,great1 who1 on account of the preference he evinced for his ,hungarian subjects1 drew upon himself the continued ill-will of the nation he was called upon to govern4 ,finding he was unable to cope with the numerous factions everywhere ready to oppose him1 he1 not without many humiliating concessions to the nobles of ,poland1 induced them to elect as his successor his daughter ,maria1 wife of ,sigismund1 ,marquis of ,brandenburg 7afterward emperor71 and having appointed the ,duke of ,oppelen regent of the kingdom1 retired to his native ,hungary1 unwilling to relinquish the shadow of the sceptre which continually evaded his grasp4 ,on his death1 which happened in #achb1 ,poland became the theatre of intestine disorders fomented by the turbulent nobles1 who1 notwithstanding the allegiance they had sworn to the ,princess ,maria1 refused to allow her even to enter the kingdom4 ,sigismund was not1 however1 inclined thus easily to forego his wife's claims2 and as the ,lord of ,mazovia at the same time aspired to the vacant throne1 many of the provinces became so desolated by civil war that the leaders of the adverse factions threw down their arms1 and simultaneously agreed to offer the crown to the ,princess ,hedwige1 then residing in ,hungary under the care of her mother ,elizabeth4 ,by no means approving of a plan which thus unceremoniously excluded her eldest daughter from the throne1 the queen dowager endeavored to oppose injustice by policy4 ,hedwige was at the time only fourteen years of age1 and the deputies were informed that1 as the princess was too young to undertake the heavy responsibilities of sovereignty1 her brother-in-law ,sigismund must act in her stead until such time as she herself should be considered capable of assuming the reins of government4 ,this stratagem did not succeed2 the duke was not allowed to cross the frontiers of ,poland1 and ,elizabeth found herself compelled to part with her daughter1 if she would not see the crown placed on the brow of whomever the diet might elect4 ,now commenced the trials of the young ,hedwige1 who was thus early called upon to exercise those virtues of heroic fortitude1 patient endurance1 and self-denial which rendered her life a sort of continual martyrdom1 a sacrifice daily offered up at the shrines of religion and patriotism4 ,at the early age of four years she had been affianced to ,william1 ,duke of ,austria1 #adf who1 in accordance with the custom of the times1 had been educated in ,hungary2 his affection for his betrothed growing with his growth1 and increasing with his years4 ,ambition had no charms for ,hedwige2 her fervent piety1 shrinking modesty1 and feminine timidity sought to conceal1 not only her extraordinary beauty1 but those rare mental endowments of which she was possessed4 ,bitter were the tears shed by this gentle girl1 when her mother1 alarmed at the menaces of the ,polish nobles1 informed her she must immediately depart for ,cracow1 under the protection of ,cardinal ,demetrius1 ,bishop of ,strigonia1 who was pledged to deliver her into the hands of those whom she was disposed to regard rather as her masters than as her subjects4 ,there had been one stipulation made1 which1 had she been aware of its existence1 would have added a sharper pang to the already poignant anguish of ,hedwige3 the ,poles required that their young sovereign should marry only with the consent of the diet1 and that her husband should not only reside constantly in ,poland1 but pledge himself never to attempt to render that country dependent on any other power4 ,although aware of the difficulties thus thrown in the way of her union with ,duke ,william1 her mother had subscribed to these conditions2 and ,hedwige1 having been joyfully received by the prelates and nobles of her adopted country1 was solemnly crowned in the cathedral at ,cracow1 ,october #ae1 #ache1 being the festival of her patron1 ,st4 ,hedwige4 ,her youth1 loveliness1 grace1 and intellectual endowments won from the fierce chieftains an enthusiastic affection which had been denied to the too yielding ,lewis2 their national pride was flattered1 their loyalty awakened1 by the innocent fascinations of their young sovereign1 and they almost sought to defer the time which1 in her husband1 would necessarily give them a ruler of sterner mould4 ,nor was ,hedwige undeserving of the exalted station she had been compelled to fill3 a worthy descendant of the sainted ,lewis1 her every word and action waa marked by a gravity and maturity which bore witness to the supernatural motives and heavenly wisdom by which it was inspired2 and yet1 in the silence of her chamber1 many were the tears she shed over the memory of ties severed1 she feared1 for ever4 ,amongst the earliest candidates for her hand was ,ziemovit1 ,duke of ,mazovia1 already mentioned as one of the competitors for the crown after the death of her father2 but the ,poles1 still smarting from the effects of his unbridled ambition1 dismissed his messengers with a refusal couched in terms of undisguised contempt4 ,the question of her marriage once agitated1 the mind of ,hedwige naturally turned to him on whom her heart was unalterably fixed1 and whom from her childhood she had been taught to consider as her future husband2 but an alliance with the house of ,austria formed no part of ,polish policy1 and neither the wishes nor the entreaties of their queen could induce the diet to entertain the idea for a moment2 in short1 their whole energy was employed in bringing about a union which1 however disagreeable to the young sovereign1 was likely to be in every way advantageous to the country and favorable to the interests of religion4 ,jagello1 the pagan ,duke of ,lithuania1 was from his proximity and the extent of his possessions 7comprising ,samogitia and a large portion of ,russia ,footnote #da7 a formidable enemy to ,poland4 ,fame was not slow in wafting to his ears rumors of the beauty and accomplishments of ,hedwige1 which being more than corroborated by ambassadors employed to ascertain the truth1 the impetuous ,jagello determined to secure the prize1 even at the cost of national independence4 ,the idolatry of the ,lithuanians and the early betrothal of ,hedwige to ,duke ,william were the chief obstacles with which he had to contend2 but1 after a brief #adg deliberation1 an embassy was despatched1 headed by ,skirgello1 brother to the grand-duke1 and bearing the most costly presents2 ,jagello himself being with difficulty dissuaded from accompanying them in person4 ,the envoys were admitted into the presence of the council1 at which the queen herself presided1 and the prince proceeded to lay before the astonished nobles the offers of the barbarian suitor1 offers too tempting to be weighed in the balance against such a trifle as a girl's happiness1 or the violation of what these overbearing politicians were pleased to term a mere childish engagement1 contracted before the parties were able to judge for themselves4 ,after a long harangue1 in which ,skirgello represented how vainly the most illustrious potentates and the most powerful rulers had hitherto endeavored to effect the conversion of ,lithuania1 he offered as a tribute to the charms of the queen that ,jagello and his brothers1 together with the princes1 lords1 and people of ,lithuania and ,samogitia1 should at once embrace the ,catholic faith2 that all the ,christian captives should be restored unransomed2 and the whole of their extensive dominions be incorporated with ,poland2 the grand-duke also pledging himself to reconquer for that country ,pomerania1 ,silesia1 and whatever other territories had been torn from ,poland by neighboring states2 and1 finally1 promising to make good to the ,poles the sum of two hundred thousand florins1 which had been sent to ,william of ,austria as the dowry forfeited by the non-fulfilment of the engagement entered into by their late king ,lewis4 ,a murmur of applause at this unprecedented generosity ran through the assembly2 the nobles hailed the prospect of so unlooked-for an augmentation of national power and security2 and the bishops could not but rejoice at the prospect of rescuing so many souls from the darkness of heathenism1 and securing at one and the same time the propagation of the ,catholic faith and the peace of ,poland4 ,but the queen herself shared not these feelings of satisfaction3 no sooner had ,skirgello ceased than she started from her seat1 cast a hasty glance round the assembly1 and1 as if reading her fate in the countenances of the nobles1 buried her face in her hands and burst into a flood of tears4 ,all attempts to soothe and pacify her were in vain3 in a strain of passionate eloquence1 which was not without its effect1 she pleaded her affection for ,duke ,william1 the sacred nature of the engagement by which she was pledged to become his wife1 pointed to the ring on her finger1 and reminded an aged prelate who had accompanied her from ,hungary that he had himself witnessed their being laid in the same cradle at the ceremony of their betrothal4 ,it was impossible to behold unmoved the anguish of so gentle a creature2 not a few of the younger chieftains espoused the cause of their sovereign2 and1 at the urgent solicitation of ,hedwige1 it was finally determined that the ,lithuanian ambassadors1 accompanied by three ,polish nobles1 should repair to ,buda for the purpose of consulting her mother1 the ,queen of ,hungary4 ,footnote #da3 ,the territories of many of the ,russian or ,ruthenian dukes which were conquered by the ,lithuanian pagans4 ,but ,elizabeth1 though inaccessible to the temptations of worldly ambition1 was too pious1 too self-denying1 to allow maternal affection to preponderate over the interests of religion4 ,aware that the betrothal of her daughter to the ,duke of ,austria had never been renewed from the time of their infancy1 she1 without a moment's hesitation1 replied that1 for her own part1 she desired nothing1 but that the queen ought to sacrifice every human feeling for the glory of ,christianity and the welfare of ,poland4 ,to ,hedwige herself she wrote affectionately1 though firmly1 bidding her lay every natural inclination at the foot of the cross1 and desiring her to praise that ,god who had chosen so unworthy an instrument as the means by which the pure splendor of ,catholicity should penetrate the darkness of ,lithuania and the other pagan nations4 ,elizabeth was aware #adh of the real power of religion over the mind of her child1 and doubted not but that1 after the first paroxysm of grief had subsided1 she should be able to overcome by its means the violence of her daughter's repugnance to the proposed measure4 ,in order to give a color of impartiality to their proceedings1 a diet was convoked at ,cracow1 immediately on the return of the embassy1 to deliberate on the relative claims of ,jagello1 ,william of ,austria1 and the ,dukes of ,mazovia and ,oppelen1 all of whom aspired to the hand of ,hedwige and the crown of ,poland4 ,the discussion was long and stormy1 for amongst those nobles more immediately around the queen's person there were many1 including a large body of ecclesiastics1 who1 although convinced that no lawful impediment existed to the marriage1 yet shrank from the cruelty of uniting the gentle princess to a barbarian2 and these failed not to insist upon the insult which would be implied by such a choice to the native ,catholic princes4 ,the majority1 however1 were of a different opinion1 and at the close of the diet it was decided that an ambassador should be despatched to ,jagello1 inviting him to ,cracow for the purpose of continuing the negotiations in his own person4 ,but ,william of ,austria was too secure in the justice of his cause and the affection of his betrothed to resign his pretensions without an effort2 and his ardor being by no means diminished by a letter which he received from the queen herself1 imploring him to hasten to her assistance1 he placed himself at the head of a numerous retinue1 and1 with a treasure by which he hoped to purchase the good-will of the adverse faction1 appeared so suddenly at ,cracow as to deprive his opponents of their self-possession4 ,the determination of ,hedwige to unite herself to the object of her early and deep affection was loudly expressed1 and1 as there were many powerful leaders--among others1 ,gniewosz1 ,vice-chamberlain of ,cracow--who espoused her cause1 and rallied round ,duke ,william1 the ,polish nobles1 not daring openly to oppose their sovereign1 were on the point of abandoning the cause of ,jagello1 when ,dobeslas1 ,castellain of ,cracow1 one of the staunchest supporters of the ,lithuanian alliance1 resolved at any risk to prevent the meeting of the lovers1 and actually went so far as to refuse the young prince admission into the castle1 where the queen at the time was residing1 not only drawing his sword1 but dragging the duke with him over the drawbridge1 which he commanded to be immediately lowered4 ,william1 thus repulsed1 fixed his quarters at the ,franciscan monastery2 and ,hedwige1 fired by the insult1 rode forth accompanied by a chosen body of knights and her female attendants1 determined by the completion of her marriage to place an insuperable bar between her and ,jagello4 ,in the refectory of the monastery1 the queen and the prince at length met2 and1 after several hours spent in considering how best to avert the separation with which they were threatened1 it was arranged that ,william should introduce himself privately into the castle of ,cracow1 where they were to be united by the queen's confessor4 ,some time elapsed before this plan could be carried into execution2 for although even ,dobeslas hesitated to confine his sovereign within her own palace1 the castle gates were kept shut against the entrance of the ,duke of ,austria4 ,exasperated at this continued opposition1 and her affection augmented by the presence of its object1 from whom the arrival1 daily expected1 of ,jagello would divide her for ever1 ,hedwige determined to admit the prince disguised as one of her household1 and a day was accordingly fixed for the execution of this romantic project4 ,by some means or other the whole plan came to the knowledge of the vigilant castellain2 the adventurous prince was seized in a passage leading to the royal apartments1 loaded with insult1 and driven from the palace1 within the walls of which the queen now found herself a prisoner4 #adi ,it was in vain she wept1 and implored to be allowed to see her betrothed once more1 if only to bid him farewell2 her letters were intercepted1 her attendants became spies on her movements1 and1 on the young prince presenting himself before the gates1 his life was threatened by the barons who remained within the fortress4 ,this was too much2 alarmed for her lover's safety1 indignant at the restraint to which she was subjected1 the passion of the girl triumphed over the dignity of the sovereign4 ,quitting her apartment1 she hurried to the great gate1 which1 as she apprehended1 was secured in such a manner as to baffle all her efforts2 trembling with fear1 and eager only to effect her escape1 she called for a hatchet1 and1 raising it with both hands1 repeatedly struck the locks and bolts that prevented her egress4 ,the childish simplicity of the attempt1 the agony depicted in the beautiful and innocent countenance of their mistress1 so touched the hearts of the rude soldiery1 that1 but for their dread of the nobles1 ,hedwige would through their means have effected her purpose4 ,as it was1 they offered no opposition1 but stood in mournful and respectful silence2 when the venerable ,demetrius1 grand-treasurer of the kingdom1 approached1 and falling on his knees1 implored her to be calm1 and to sacrifice her own happiness1 if not to the wishes of her subjects and the welfare of her country1 at least to the interests of religion4 ,at the sight of that aged man1 whose thin white hairs and sorrowful countenance inspired both reverence and affection1 the queen paused1 and1 giving him her hand1 burst into an agony of tears2 then1 hurrying to her oratory1 she threw herself on the ground before an image of the ,blessed ,virgin1 where1 after a sharp interior conflict1 she succeeded in resigning herself to what she now believed to be the will of ,god--embracing for his sake the heavy cross which she was to bear for the remainder of her life4 ,meanwhile ,duke ,william1 to escape the vengeance of the wrathful barons1 was compelled to quit ,poland1 leaving his now useless wealth in the charge of the vice-chamberlain1 who still apparently continued his friend4 ,not long after his departure1 ,jagello1 at the head of a numerous army1 and attended by his two brothers1 crossed the frontiers1 determined1 as it seemed1 to prosecute his suit4 ,at the first rumor of his approach1 the most powerful and influential among the nobles repaired to ,cracow1 where prayers1 remonstrances1 and even menaces were employed to induce the queen to accept the hand of the barbarian prince4 ,but to all their eloquence ,hedwige turned a deaf ear3 in vain did agents1 despatched for the purpose1 represent the duke as handsome in person1 princely and dignified in manner2 her conscience was troubled1 duty had enlisted on the same side as feeling1 and the contest again commenced4 ,setting inclination aside1 how dared she break the solemn compact she had made with the ,duke of ,austria8 ,she persisted in regarding her proposed marriage with ,jagello as nothing short of an act of criminal infidelity2 and1 independently of the affliction of her heart1 her soul became a prey to the most violent remorse4 ,to obtain the consent of ,duke ,william to their separation was of course out of the question2 and before the puzzled council could arrive at any decision1 ,jagello entered ,cracow1 more in the style of a conqueror than a suitor1 and repaired at once to the castle1 where he found the queen surrounded by a court surpassing in beauty and magnificence all that his imagination had pictured4 ,pale as she was from the intensity of her sufferings1 he was dazzled1 almost bewildered1 by the childlike innocence and winning loveliness of ,hedwige2 and his admiration was expressed the following day by the revenues of a province being laid at her feet in the shape of jewels and robes of the most costly description4 ,but the queen was more obdurate than ever4 ,with her knowledge and consent ,duke ,william had returned to ,cracow1 though compelled #aej to resort to a variety of disguises to escape the fury of the barons1 now determined to put an end to his pretensions and his existence together2 and it is said that1 in order to avoid his indefatigable enemy1 ,dobeslas1 he was once compelled to seek refuge in a large chimney4 ,forced eventually to quit the capital without seeing ,hedwige1 he still loitered in the environs2 nor did he return to ,austria until her marriage with ,jagello terminated those hopes which he had cherished from his earliest infancy4 ,in order to quiet the queen's religious scruples1 a letter is said to have arrived from ,rome1 in which1 after pronouncing that the early betrothal involved no impediment to the marriage1 the ,holy ,father placed before her the merits of the offering she was called upon to make1 reminding her of the torments so cheerfully suffered by the early martyrs for the honor of ,god1 and calling upon her to imitate their example4 ,this statement1 however1 is not sufficiently authenticated4 ,after the severest interior trials1 days spent in tears1 fasting1 and the most earnest petitions to the throne of ,divine grace1 the queen received strength to consummate the sacrifice demanded from her4 ,naturally ardent and impulsive1 and at an age when every sentiment is freshest and most keen1 she was called upon to extirpate from her heart an affection not only deep but legitimate1 to inflict a wound on the object of her tenderest love1 and1 finally1 to transfer her devotion to one whom she had hitherto regarded with feelings of unqualified aversion4 ,the path of highest1 because self-sacrificing duty1 once clear before her1 she determined to act with generosity toward a ,god from whom she had received so much3 her beauty1 talents1 the virtues with which she was adorned1 were so many precious gifts to be placed at the disposal of him by whom they had been bestowed4 ,covering herself with a thick black veil1 she proceeded on foot to the cathedral of ,cracow1 and1 repairing to one of the side chapels1 threw herself on her knees1 where for three hours1 with clasped hands and streaming eyes1 she wrestled with the violent feeling that struggled in her bosom4 ,at length she rose with a detached heart1 having laid at the foot of the cross her affections1 her will1 her hopes of earthly happiness2 offering herself1 and all that belonged to her1 as a perpetual holocaust to her crucified ,redeemer1 and esteeming herself happy so that by this sacrifice she might purchase the salvation of those precious souls for whom he had shed his blood4 ,before leaving the chapel she cast her veil over the crucifix1 hoping under that pall to bury all of human infirmity that might still linger round her heart1 and then hastened to establish a foundation for the perpetual renewal of this type of her soul's sorrow4 ,this foundation yet exists3 within the same chapel the crucifix still stands1 covered by its sable drapery1 being commonly known as the ,crucifix of ,hedwige4 ,the queen's consent to the ,lithuanian alliance endeared her still more to the hearts of her subjects1 who regarded her as a martyr to the peace of ,poland4 ,on the #adth of ,february1 #achf1 her marriage was celebrated with becoming solemnity1 ,jagello having previously received the sacrament of baptism2 shortly afterward he was crowned1 in the presence of ,hedwige1 under his ,christian name of ,wladislas1 which he had taken in deference to the wishes of the ,poles4 ,the unassuming piety1 gentle disposition1 and great learning of the young queen commanded at once the respect and admiration of her husband4 ,so great1 indeed1 was his opinion of her prudence1 that1 being obliged to march into ,upper ,poland to crush the rebellion of the ,palatine of ,posnia1 he took her with him in the capacity of mediatrix between himself and the disaffected leaders who had for months desolated that province4 ,this mission of mercy was most acceptable to ,hedwige2 after the example of the sainted #aea ,elizabeth of ,hungary1 her generosity toward the widows1 orphans1 and those who had lost their substance in this devastating war1 was boundless2 whilst ministering to their wants1 she failed not1 at the same time1 to sympathize with their distress2 and1 like an angel of peace1 she would stand between her husband and the objects of his indignation4 ,on one occasion1 to supply the necessities of the court1 so heavy a contribution had been laid upon the peasants that their cattle did not escape2 watching their opportunity1 they1 with their wives and children1 threw themselves in the queen's path1 filling the air with their cries1 and conjuring her to prevent their utter ruin4 ,hedwige1 deeply affected1 dismounted from her palfrey1 and1 kneeling by their side1 besought her husband not to sanction so flagrant an act of oppression2 and when the satisfied peasants retired fully indemnified for their loss1 she is said to have exclaimed1 ,their cattle are restored1 but who will recompense them for their tears8 ,having reduced the country to obedience1 it was time for ,wladislas to turn his attention to his ,lithuanian territories1 more especially ,russia ,nigra1 which1 although governed by its own princes1 was compelled to do homage to the house of ,jagello4 ,pomerania1 which by his marriage articles he was pledged to recover for ,poland1 had been usurped by the ,teutonic ,knights1 who1 sensible with how formidable an opponent they had to contend1 endeavored to frustrate his intentions1 first by carrying fire and sword into ,lithuania1 and then by exciting a revolution in favor of ,duke ,andrew1 to whom1 as well as to the heathen nobles1 the alliance 7by which their country was rendered dependent on ,poland7 was displeasing4 ,olgerd1 the father of ,wladislas1 was a fierce pagan1 and his thirteen sons1 if we except the elder1 inherited his cruelty1 treachery1 and rapacity4 ,the promised revolution in religion was offensive to the majority of the people2 and1 to their shame be it spoken1 the ,teutonic ,knights 7whose order was first established to defend the ,christian faith against the assaults of infidels7 scrupled not to adopt a crooked policy1 and1 by inciting the ,lithuanians against their sovereign1 threw every impediment in the way of their conversion4 ,before the king had any suspicion of his intentions1 the grand-master had crossed the frontiers1 the duchy was laid waste1 and many important fortresses were already in the hands of the order4 ,wladislas1 then absent in ,upper ,poland1 despatched ,skirgello into ,lithuania1 who1 though haughty1 licentious1 and revengeful1 was a brave and skilful general4 ,duke ,andrew fled before the forces of his brother1 and the latter attacked the ,knights with an impetuosity that compelled them speedily to evacuate their conquests4 ,the arrival of the king1 with a number of learned prelates1 and a large body of clergy1 proved he was quite in earnest regarding the conversion of his subjects1 hitherto immersed in the grossest and most degrading idolatry4 ,trees1 serpents1 vipers1 were the inferior objects of their adoration2 gloomy forests and damp caverns their temples2 and the most disgusting and venomous reptiles were cherished in every family as household gods4 ,but1 as with the eastern ,magi1 fire was the principal object of the ,lithuanian worship2 priests were appointed whose office it was to tend the sacred flame1 their lives paying the penalty if it were allowed to expire4 ,at ,wilna1 the capital of the duchy1 was a temple of the sun2 and should that luminary chance to be eclipsed1 or even clouded1 the people fled thither in the utmost terror1 eager to appease the deity by rivers of human blood1 which poured forth at the command of the ,ziutz1 or high priest1 the victims vying with each other in the severity of their self-inflicted torments4 ,as the most effectual method of at once removing the errors of this infatuated people1 ,wladislas ordered the forests to be cut down1 the serpents to #aeb be crushed under the feet of his soldiers1 and1 after extinguishing with his own hand the sacred fires1 he caused the temples to be demolished2 thus demonstrating to the ,lithuanians the impotency of their gods4 ,with the cowardice ever attendant on ignorance and superstition1 the pagans cast themselves with their faces to the earth1 expecting to see the sacrilegious strangers blasted by the power of the profaned element2 but1 no such results following1 they gradually lost confidence in their deities1 and of their own free will desired to be instructed in the doctrines of ,christ4 ,their theological knowledge was necessarily confined to the ,lord's ,prayer and the ,creed1 and a day was fixed for the commencement of the ceremony of baptism4 ,as1 on account of the number of catechumens1 it was impossible to administer the sacrament to each individual separately1 the nobles and their families1 after leaving the sacred font1 prepared to act as sponsors to the people1 who1 being divided into groups of either sex1 were sprinkled by the bishops and priests1 every division receiving the same name4 ,hedwige had accompanied her husband to ,lithuania1 and was gratified by witnessing the zeal with which he assisted the priests in their arduous undertaking2 whilst ,wladislas1 aware of the value of his young auxiliary1 was not disappointed by the degree of enthusiastic veneration with which the new ,christians regarded the sovereign who1 at the age of sixteen1 had conferred upon them peace and the light of the true faith4 ,hedwige was admirably adapted for this task3 in her character there was no alloy of passion1 pride1 or frivolity2 an enemy to the luxury and pomp which her sex and rank might have seemed to warrant1 her fasts were rigid and her bodily mortifications severe4 ,neither did her fervor abate during her sojourn in the duchy4 ,by her profuse liberality the cathedral of ,st4 ,stanislas of ,wilna was completed4 ,nor did she neglect the other churches and religious foundations which1 by her advice1 her husband commenced in the principal cities of his kingdom4 ,before quitting ,lithuania1 the queen's heart was wrung by the intelligence she received of a domestic tragedy of the deepest dye4 ,her mother1 the holy and virtuous ,elizabeth of ,hungary1 had during a popular insurrection been put to a cruel death2 whilst her sister ,maria1 who had fallen into the power of the rebel nobles1 having narrowly escaped the same fate1 was confined in an isolated fortress1 subject to the most rigorous and ignominious treatment4 ,paganism being at length thoroughly rooted out of ,lithuania1 a bishopric firmly established at ,wilna1 and the seven parishes in its vicinity amply supplied with ecclesiastics1 ,wladislas1 preparatory to his return to ,poland1 appointed his brother ,skirgello viceroy of the duchy4 ,this was a fatal error4 ,the proud barbarians1 little disposed to dependence on a country they had been accustomed to despoil at pleasure1 writhed under the yoke of the fierce tyrant1 whose rule soon became odious1 and whose vices were rendered more apparent by the contrast which his character presented to that of his cousin ,vitowda1 whom1 as a check upon his well-known ferocity1 ,wladislas had designated as his colleague4 ,scarcely had the court returned to ,poland1 when the young prince1 amiable1 brave1 and generous1 by opposing his cousin's unjust and cruel actions1 drew upon himself the vengeance of the latter1 and1 in order to save his life1 was obliged to seek refuge in ,pomerania1 from whence1 as his honor and patriotism alike forbade his assisting the ,teutonic ,knights in their designs upon his country1 he applied to the king for protection4 ,wladislas1 of a weak and jealous disposition1 was1 however1 at the time too much occupied in attending to foul calumnies uttered against the spotless virtue of his queen to give heed to the application4 ,notwithstanding the prudence of her general conduct1 and #aec the tender devotion evinced by ,hedwige toward her husband1 the admiration which her beauty and sweetness of disposition commanded from all who approached her was a continual thorn in his side4 ,her former love for the ,duke of ,austria and repugnance to himself haunted him night and day1 until he actually conceived suspicions injurious to her fidelity4 ,in the polluted atmosphere of a court there were not wanting those who1 for their own aggrandizement1 were base enough to resort to falsehood in order to destroy an influence at which the wicked alone had cause to tremble4 ,it was whispered in the ear of the unfortunate monarch that his queen had held frequent1 and of course clandestine1 interviews with ,duke ,william1 until1 half frantic1 he one day publicly reproached her1 and1 turning to the assembled bishops1 wildly demanded a divorce4 ,the proud nobles indignantly interposed1 many a blade rattled in its sheath1 eager to vindicate the innocence of one who1 in their eyes1 was purity itself2 but ,hedwige calmly arose1 and with matronly dignity demanded the name of her accuser1 and a solemn trial1 according to the custom of her country4 ,there was a dead silence1 a pause2 and then1 trembling and abashed before the virtue he had maligned1 the ,vice-chamberlain ,gniewosz1 before mentioned as the friend of ,duke ,william 7whose wealth he had not failed to appropriate71 stepped reluctantly forward4 ,a murmur of surprise and wrath resounded through the council-chamber3 many a sword was drawn1 as though eager for the blood of the offender2 but the ecclesiastics having at length calmed the tumult1 the case was appointed to be judged at the diet of ,wislica4 ,the queen's innocence was affirmed on oath by herself and her whole household1 after which the castellain1 ,john ,tenczynski1 with twelve knights of noble blood and unsullied honor1 solemnly swore to the falsehood of the accusation1 and1 throwing down their gauntlets1 defied to mortal combat all who should gainsay their assertion4 ,none1 however1 appeared to do battle in so bad a cause2 and the convicted traitor1 silenced and confounded1 sank on his knees1 confessed his guilt1 and implored the mercy of her he had so foully aspersed4 ,the senate1 in deference to the wishes of ,hedwige1 spared his life2 but he was compelled to crouch under a bench1 imitate the barking of a dog1 and declare that1 like that animal1 he had dared to snarl against his chaste and virtuous sovereign4 ,footnote #db ,this done1 he was deprived of his office1 and banished the court2 and ,wladislas hastened to beg the forgiveness of his injured wife4 ,footnote #db3 ,this was a portion of the punishment specially awarded by the penal code of ,poland to the crime of calumny4 ,like many other punishments of those ages1 it was symbolical in its character4 7,see the valuable work of ,albert du ,boys1 ,histoire du ,droit ,criminel des ,peuples ,modernes1 liv4 ii42 chap4 vii47 ,similar penalties had been common in ,poland from early times4 ,thus we find ,boloslas the ,great inviting to a banquet and vapor bath nobles who had been guilty of some transgression2 after the bath he administered a paternal reproof and castigation4 ,hence the ,polish proverb1 to give a person a bath4 ,meanwhile ,prince ,vitowda1 despairing of assistance and pressed on all sides1 after much hesitation joined the ,teutonic ,knights in an incursion against ,lithuania4 ,the country was invaded by a numerous army1 the capital taken by storm1 abandoned to pillage1 and finally destroyed by fire2 no less than fourteen thousand of the inhabitants perishing in the flames1 beside numbers who were massacred without distinction of sex or age4 ,fortunately the upper city was garrisoned by ,poles1 who determined to hold out to the last4 ,the slight fortifications were speedily destroyed2 but1 being immediately repaired1 the siege continued so long that ,skirgello had time to assemble an army before which the besiegers were eventually obliged to retreat4 ,vitowda1 now too deeply compromised to draw back1 though thwarted in his designs on ,upper ,wilna1 gained possession of many of the frontier towns1 and1 encouraged by success1 aimed at nothing less than the independent sovereignty of ,lithuania4 ,he was1 however1 opposed during #aed two or three campaigns by ,wladislas person1 until1 wearied of the war1 the king had the weakness not only to sue for peace1 but to invest ,vitowda with the government of the duchy4 ,this1 as might be expected1 gave great umbrage to ,skirgello1 and to another brother1 ,swidrigal1 so that ,lithuania1 owing to the ambition of the rival princes1 became for some time the theatre of civil discord4 ,among her other titles to admiration1 we must not omit to mention that ,hedwige was a munificent patroness of learning4 ,she hastened to re-establish the college built by ,casimir ,,ii41 founded and endowed a magnificent university at ,prague for the education of the ,lithuanian youth1 and superintended the translation of the ,holy ,scriptures into ,polish1 writing with her own hands the greater part of the ,new ,testament4 ,her work was interrupted during her husband's absence by the attack of the ,hungarians on the frontiers of ,poland2 and it was then that1 laying aside the weakness of her sex1 she felt herself called upon to supply his place4 ,a powerful army was levied1 of which this youthful heroine assumed the command1 directing the councils of the generals1 and sharing the privations of the meanest soldier4 ,when she appeared on horseback in the midst of the troops1 nothing could exceed the enthusiasm of these hardy warriors2 and the simplicity with which they obeyed the slightest order of their queen was touching in the extreme4 ,hedwige led her forces into ,russia ,nigra1 and1 partly by force of arms1 partly by skilful negotiations1 succeeded in reconquering the whole of that vast province1 which her father ,lewis had detached from the ,polish crown in order to unite it to that of his beloved ,hungary4 ,this act of injustice was repaired by his daughter1 who thus endeared her name to the memory of succeeding generations4 ,the conquering army proceeded to ,silesia1 then usurped by the ,duke of ,oppelen1 where they were equally successful2 so that ,wladislas was indebted for the brightest trophies of his reign to the heroism of his wife4 ,encouraged by her past success1 he determined to reconduct her into ,lithuania1 in hopes by her means to settle the dissensions of the rival princes4 ,accordingly1 in the spring of #acic1 they proceeded thither1 when the disputants1 subdued by the irresistible charm of her manners1 agreed to refer their claims to her arbitration4 ,of a solid and mature judgment1 ,hedwige succeeded in pacifying them2 and then1 by mutual consent1 they entered into a solemn compact that in their future differences1 instead of resorting to arms1 they would submit their cause unreservedly to the arbitration of the young ,queen of ,poland4 ,notwithstanding its restoration to internal tranquillity1 this unfortunate duchy was continually laid waste by the ,teutonic ,knights2 and ,wladislas1 determined to hazard all on one decisive battle1 commanded forces to be levied not only in ,lithuania1 but in ,poland4 ,before the preparations were completed1 an interview was arranged to take place between the king and the grand-master1 ,conrad de ,jungen2 but the nobility1 fearing lest the irritable temper of ,wladislas would prove an insurmountable obstacle to all accommodation1 implored him to allow the queen to supply his place4 ,on his consent1 ,hedwige1 accompanied by the ecclesiastics1 the barons1 and a magnificent retinue1 proceeded to the place of rendezvous1 where she was met by ,conrad and the principal knight-commanders of the order4 ,the terms she proposed were equitable1 and more lenient than the ,teutonic ,knights had any reason to expect2 but1 under one trifling pretext or another1 they refused the restitution of the usurped territories on which the king naturally insisted1 and the queen was at length obliged to return1 prophesying1 says the chronicler1 that1 after her death1 their perversity would receive its deserved punishment at the hands of her husband4 ,her prediction was fulfilled4 ,some years afterward1 on the plains #aee between ,grunnervaldt and ,tannenberg1 the grand-master1 with fifty thousand knights1 was slain1 and by this decisive victory the order was placed at the mercy of ,poland1 though1 from the usual indecision of its king1 the fruits of this splendid action were less than might have been expected4 ,until her early death1 ,hedwige continued the guardian angel of that beloved country for which she had made her first and greatest sacrifice2 and it is likely that but for her watchfulness1 its interests would have been frequently compromised by the ,lithuanian union4 ,acting on this principle1 she refused to recognize the investiture of her husband's favorite1 the ,palatine of ,cracow1 with the perpetual fief of ,podolia2 and1 undazzled by the apparent advantages offered by an expedition against the ,tartars headed by the great ,tamerlane1 she forbade the ,polish generals to take part in a campaign which1 owing to the rashness of ,vitowda1 terminated so fatally4 ,it was shortly after her unsuccessful interview with the ,teutonic ,knights that1 by the death of her sister ,maria1 the crown of ,hungary 7which ought to have devolved on her husband ,sigismund7 became again an object of contention4 ,the ,hungarians1 attracted by the report of her moderation1 wisdom1 and even military skill--not an uncommon accomplishment in females of those times--determined to offer it to ,hedwige2 but her brother-in-law1 trusting to her sense of justice1 hastened to ,cracow1 praying her not to accept the proposal1 and earnestly soliciting her alliance4 ,the queen1 whom ambition had no power to dazzle1 consented1 and a treaty advantageous to ,poland was at once concluded4 ,hedwige was a good theologian1 and well read in the fathers and doctors of the ,church2 the works of ,st4 ,bernard and ,st4 ,ambrose1 the revelations of ,st4 ,bridget1 and the sermons of holy men1 being the works in which she most delighted4 ,in ,church music she was an enthusiast2 and not long after the completion of the convent of the ,visitation1 which she had caused to be erected near the gates of ,cracow1 she founded the ,benedictine abbey of the ,holy ,cross1 where office was daily recited in the ,selavonian language1 after the custom of the order at ,prague4 ,she also instituted a college in honor of the ,blessed ,virgin1 where the ,psalms were daily chanted1 after an improved method1 by sixteen canons4 ,it was toward the close of the year #acih that1 to the great delight of her subjects1 it became evident that the union of ,wladislas and ,hedwige would at length be blessed with offspring4 ,to see the throne filled by a descendant of their beloved sovereign had been the dearest wish of the ,polish people1 and fervent had been the prayers offered for this inestimable blessing4 ,the enraptured ,wladislas hastened to impart his expected happiness to most of the ,christian kings and princes1 not forgetting the ,supreme ,pontiff1 ,boniface ,,ix41 by whom the merits of the young queen were so well appreciated that1 six years after her accession1 he had addressed to her a letter1 written with his own hand1 in which he thanked her for her affectionate devotion to the ,catholic ,church1 and informed her that1 although it was impossible he could accede to all the applications which might be transmitted to the ,holy ,see on behalf of her subjects1 yet1 by her adopting a confidential sign-manual1 those requests to which she individually attached importance should be immediately granted4 ,the ,holy ,father hastened to reply in the warmest terms to the king's communication1 promising to act as sponsor to the child1 who1 if a boy1 he desired might be named after himself4 ,unfortunately1 some time before the queen's delivery1 it became necessary for her husband to quit ,cracow1 in order to direct an expedition against his old enemies the ,teutonic ,knights4 ,during his absence1 he wrote a long letter1 in which1 after desiring that the happy event might be attended with all possible magnificence1 he entered #aef into a minute detail of the devices and embroidery to be used in the adornment of the bed and chamber1 particularly requesting that the draperies and hangings might not lack gold1 pearls1 or precious stones4 ,this ostentatious display1 though excusable in a fond husband and a powerful monarch about to behold the completion of his dearest wishes1 was by no means in consonance with ,hedwige's intense love of ,christian simplicity and poverty4 ,we find her addressing to her husband these few touching words1 expressing1 as the result proved1 that presentiment of her approaching end which has often been accorded to saintly souls3 ,seeing that ,i have so long renounced the pomps of this world1 it is not on that treacherous couch--to so many the bed of death--that ,i would willingly be surrounded by their glitter4 ,it is not by the help of gold or gems that ,i hope to render myself acceptable to that ,almighty ,father who has mercifully removed from me the reproach of barrenness1 but rather by resignation to his will1 and a sense of my own nothingness4 ,it was remarked after this that the queen became more recollected than ever1 spending whole hours in meditation1 bestowing large alms1 not only on the distressed of her own country1 but on such pilgrims as presented themselves1 and increasing her exterior mortifications2 wearing a hair shirt during ,lent1 and using the discipline in a manner which1 considering her condition1 might have been deemed injudicious4 ,she had ever made a point of spending the vigil of the anniversary of her early sacrifice at the foot of the veiled crucifix1 but on this occasion1 not returning at her usual hour1 one of her ,hungarian attendants sought her in the cathedral1 then but dimly lighted by the massy silver lamp suspended before the tabernacle4 ,it was bitterly cold1 the wind was moaning through the long aisles1 but there1 on the marble pavement1 in an ecstacy which rendered her insensible to bodily sufferings1 lay ,hedwige1 she having continued in this state of abstraction from the termination of complin1 at which she invariably assisted4 ,at length1 on the #abth of ,june1 #acii1 this holy queen gave birth to a daughter1 who was immediately baptized in the cathedral of ,cracow1 receiving from the ,pope's legate1 at the sacred font1 the name of ,elizabeth ,bonifacia4 ,the babe was weak and sickly1 and the condition of the mother so precarious that a messenger was despatched to the army urging the immediate return of ,wladislas4 ,he arrived in time to witness the last sigh of his so ardently desired child1 though his disappointment was completely merged in his anxiety for his wife4 ,by the advice of the physicians it had been determined to conceal the death of the infant1 but their precautions were vain4 ,at the very moment it occurred1 ,hedwige herself announced it to her astonished attendants1 and then humbly asked for the last sacraments of the ,church1 which she received with the greatest fervor4 ,she1 however1 lingered until the #agth of ,july1 when1 the measure of her merits and good works being full1 she went to appear before the tribunal of that ,god whom she had sought to glorify on earth4 ,she died before completing her twenty-ninth year4 ,a few days previously she had taken a tender leave of her distracted husband2 and1 mindful to the last of the interests of ,poland1 she begged him to espouse her cousin ,anne1 by whose claim to the throne of the ,piasts his own would be strengthened4 ,she then drew off her nuptial ring1 as if to detach herself from all human ties1 and placed it upon his finger1 and although1 from motives of policy1 ,wladislas successively espoused three wives1 he religiously preserved this memorial of her he had valued the most2 bequeathing it as a precious relic 7and a memento to be faithful to the land which ,hedwige had so truly loved7 to the ,bishop of ,cracow1 who had saved his life in battle4 ,immediately after her funeral1 he retired to his ,russian #aeg province1 nor could he for some time be prevailed upon to return and assume the duties of sovereignty4 ,there was another mourner for her loss1 ,william of ,austria1 who1 notwithstanding the entreaties of his subjects1 had remained single for her sake4 ,he was at length prevailed upon to espouse the ,princess ,jane of ,naples1 but did not long survive the union4 ,the obsequies of ,hedwige were celebrated by the ,pope's legate with becoming magnificence4 ,all that honor and respect from which she had sensitively shrunk during life was lavished on her remains2 she was interred in the cathedral of ,cracow on the left of the high altar2 her memory was embalmed by her people's love1 and was sanctified in their eyes4 ,numerous miracles are said to have been performed at her tomb3 thither the afflicted in mind and body flocked to obtain through her intercession that consolation which during her life she had so cheerfully bestowed4 ,contrary to the general expectation1 she was never canonized2 ,footnote #dc her name1 however1 continued to be fondly cherished by the ,poles1 and by the people who under ,god were indebted to her for their first knowledge of ,christianity1 and of whom she might justly be styled the apostle4 ,on her monument was graven a ,latin inscription styling her the ,star of ,poland1 enumerating her virtues1 lamenting her loss1 and imploring the ,king of ,glory to receive her into his heavenly kingdom4 ,footnote #dc3 ,polish writers give her the title of saint1 though her name is not inserted in the ,martyrologies4--,butler's ,lives of the ,saints1 ,october #agth4 ,the life of ,hedwige is her best eulogium4 ,as it has been seen1 she combined all the qualities not only of her own1 but of a more advanced age4 ,the leisure which she could snatch from the affairs of government she employed in study1 devotion1 and works of charity4 ,true to her principles1 she at her death bequeathed her jewels and other personal property in trust to the bishop and castellain of ,cracow1 for the foundation of a college in that city4 ,two years afterward her wishes were carried into effect1 and the first stone was laid of the since celebrated university4 ,wladislas survived his wife thirty-five years4 ,in his old age he was troubled by a return of his former jealousy1 thereby continually embittering the life of his queen1 a ,lithuanian princess1 who1 although exculpated by oath1 as ,hedwige had formerly been1 was less fortunate1 inasmuch as she was the continual victim of fresh suspicions4 ,the latter years of his reign were much disturbed by the hostilities of the ,emperor ,sigismund1 and by the troubles occasioned in ,lithuania by the rebels1 who had again combined with the ,teutonic ,knights4 ,wladislas died in #adcd1 at the age of eighty years4 ,it is said that he contracted his mortal sickness by being tempted to remain exposed too long to the night air1 captivated by the sweet notes of a nightingale4 ,notwithstanding his faults1 this monarch had many virtues2 his piety was great1 and he practised severe abstinences2 and although he at times gave way to a suspicious temper1 his general character was trusting1 frank1 and generous even to imprudence4 ,his suspicions1 in fact1 did not originate with himself4 ,they sprang1 in the case of both his wives1 from the tongues of calumniators1 to whom he listened with a hasty credulity4 ,he raised the glory and extended and consolidated the dominion of ,poland4 ,he was succeeded by his son1 a child of eleven years1 who had previously been1 elected to the throne1 but not until ,jagello had confirmed and even enlarged the privileges of the nobles4 ,his tardy consent1 at the diet of ,jedlin1 roused their pride1 so that it was not until four years later that they solemnly gave their adhesion4 ,it has not been our purpose to give more than a page out of the ,polish annals illustrative of the patriotic and ,christian spirit of sacrifice for which ,poland's daughters have1 down to the #aeh present day1 been no less noted than her sons4 ,the mind naturally reverts to the late cruel struggle in which this generous people has once more succumbed to the overwhelming power of ,russia1 and her unscrupulous employment of the gigantic forces at her command4 ,europe has looked on apathetically1 and1 after a few feeble diplomatic remonstrances1 has allowed the sacrifice to be completed4 ,but the cause of ,poland is essentially the cause of ,catholicism and of the ,church2 and this1 perhaps1 may account for the small degree of sympathy it has awakened in ,european governments4 ,russia's repression of her insurgent subjects became from the first a religious persecution4 ,her aim is not to ,russify1 but to decatholicize ,poland4 ,the insurrection1 quenched in blood1 has been followed by a wholesale deportation of ,poles into the eastern ,russian provinces1 where1 with their country1 it is hoped they will1 ere long1 lose also their faith4 ,these are replaced by ,russian colonists transplanted into ,poland4 ,to crush1 extirpate1 and deport the nobility--to leave the lower class alone upon the soil1 who1 deprived of their clergy--martyred1 exiled1 or in bonds--may become an easy conquest to the dominant schism--such is the plan of the autocrat1 as we have beheld it actively carried out with all its accompanying horrors of sacrilege and ruthless barbarity4 ,one voice alone--that of the ,father of ,christendom--has been raised to stigmatize these revolting excesses1 and to reprove the iniquity of persecuting ,catholicism in order to put down rebellion4 ,footnote #dd ,the same voice has exhorted us to pray for our ,polish brethren1 and has encouraged that suffering people to seek their deliverance from the just and compassionate ,lord of all4 ,footnote #dd3 ,the terms of the ,holy ,father's address have been strangely exaggerated in many continental journals1 where he is made to refer to the subject politically1 and loudly to proclaim the justice of the ,polish insurrection in that regard4 ,the ,pope entirely restricted his animadversions on the ,czar to his persecution of the faith of his subjects4 ------ ,from ,the ,lamp4 ,,monks ,,among ,,the ,,mongols4 ,in tracing the progress of the various branches of science during the ,middle ,ages1 there is nothing more striking than the slow stages by which a knowledge of the truth was reached on the subject of the earth's form1 and the relative positions of the various countries which compose it4 ,though from the very earliest period the subject necessarily occupied a considerable amount of attention1 and though facts began to be observed bearing upon it in the first ages after the diffusion of mankind1 and were largely multiplied in proportion as the formation of colonies and intercommunication for purposes of commerce or war became more frequent1 yet we find very little advance made in geographical knowledge from the days of ,ptolemy1 when the observations of the ancients were most systematically collected and arranged1 till some centuries after1 when the maritime enterprise of the ,portuguese impelled them to the series of discoveries which led to the doubling of the ,cape of ,good ,hope1 and incited the genius of ,columbus to the discovery of a new world4 ,the cause of this slow advance of geographical1 in comparison with other branches of knowledge1 was owing in some measure to the absence of any exact records of the discoveries made1 by which they might have been communicated to others1 and become the #aei starting-point for further investigations2 but still more to the imperfect means of navigation in existence1 and to those barbarian uprisings and migrations which for centuries1 at least1 were perpetually changing the state of ,europe and ,asia1 and1 by removing the landmarks of nations1 obliging geography to begin as it were anew4 ,during the whole of this period1 however1 we find evidences of the patient cultivation of this1 as of all other branches of human knowledge1 within the walls of those monastic institutions which ignorant prejudice still regards as the haunts of idleness1 but to which the learned of all creeds and countries acknowledge their deep debt of obligation4 ,formal accounts of some distant land1 either written by the traveller himself or recorded from the oral information he communicated2 historical chronicles1 in which not alone the events1 but all that was known of the country is recorded1 and maps in which the position of various places is attempted to be laid down1 were to be found in every monastery both on the continent and in our own island4 ,the holy men1 too1 who preached the gospel to pagan nations were usually careful also to enlarge their contemporaries' knowledge concerning the places and the people among whom they labored4 ,thus the great ,st4 ,boniface not only converted the ,sclavonic nations to ,catholic truth1 but1 at the special injunction of the ,pope1 wrote an account of them and of their country4 ,st4 ,otho1 bishop of ,bamberg1 did the same for the countries upon the shores of the ,baltic2 the holy monk ,anscaire for ,scandinavia1 where he carried on his apostolic labors2 and many others might be mentioned4 ,among the most valuable of the contributions to the geography of the ,middle ,ages were those furnished by some monks of the order of ,st4 ,francis1 who in the middle of the thirteenth century penetrated into the remote east1 on special missions to the barbarian hordes that then threatened the very existence of religion and civilization1 and whose enterprises1 embarked in at the call of duty1 are in many respects interesting4 ,history1 whether ancient or modern1 has few chapters so remarkable as that which records the rise of the ,mongol power4 ,a great chief1 who had ruled over an immense horde of this hitherto pastoral people1 died1 leaving his eldest son an infant1 and unable to command the adhesion of his rude subjects4 ,the young chief1 as he grew to man's estate1 found his horde dispersed1 and only a few families willing to acknowledge his sway4 ,determined1 however1 to regain his power and carry out the ambitious design which he had formed of conquering the world1 he caused an assembly of the whole people to be summoned on the banks of the ,selinga4 ,at this assembly one of the wise men of the tribes announced that he had had a vision1 in which he saw the great ,god1 the disposer of kingdoms1 sitting upon his throne in council1 and heard him decree that the young chief should be ,zingis ,khan1 or ,greatest ,chief of the earth4 ,the shouts of the ,mongols testified their readiness to accept the decree2 ,zingis ,khan was raised to supreme power over the whole ,mongol race4 ,he soon subdued the petty opposition of his neighbors1 and1 establishing the seat of his empire at ,karakorum1 spread his conquests in every direction with extraordinary rapidity1 and died the ruler of many nations1 bequeathing his power to sons and grandsons as warlike and ambitious as himself4 ,one of these1 ,batoo ,khan1 invaded ,europe with an immense army4 ,he overran ,russia1 taking ,moscow and its other principal places2 subdued ,poland and burnt ,cracow2 defeated the king of ,hungary in a great battle2 penetrated to ,breslau1 which he burned2 and defeated1 near ,liegnitz1 an army composed of ,christian volunteers from all lands2--one of the bloodiest battles ever fought against the eastern hordes4 ,it was four years after this great battle1 namely1 in #abdf1 and when all #afj ,europe was trembling at the expectation of another invasion of the ,mongols 7who1 having devastated the country with fire and sword1 had retired loaded with spoils71 that two embassies were despatched by the ,pope1 ,innocent ,,iv41 to endeavor to induce them to stop their progress into ,europe1 and to embrace ,christianity4 ,these important missions were intrusted to monks of the ,franciscan order2 ,jean du ,plan ,carpini being despatched toward the north-east1 where the camp of ,batoo was fixed1 and ,nicholas ,ascelin1 the year after1 sent into ,syria and ,persia4 ,ascelin's mission1 which comprised three other monks of the same order beside himself1 was the most rapidly terminated4 ,following the south of the ,caspian ,sea1 the party traversed ,syria1 ,mesopotamia1 and ,persia1 and at length reached the ,mongol or ,tatar encampment of ,baiothnoy ,khan4 ,being asked their object as they approached1 the holy men boldly but undiplomatically declared that they were ambassadors from the head of the ,christian world1 and that their mission was to exhort the ,tatars to repent of their wicked and barbarous attacks upon ,god's people4 ,being asked what presents they brought to the khan1 according to eastern custom1 they further replied that the ,pope1 as the vicar of ,god1 was not accustomed to purchase a hearing or favor by such means1 especially from infidels4 ,the ,mongols were astonished at this bold language used toward a race accustomed to strike terror into all who came into contact with them4 ,they were still more astonished when the holy men refused1 as a reprehensible act of idolatry1 to make the usual genuflexions on being admitted to the presence of the khan1 unless he first became a ,catholic and acknowledged the ,pope's supremacy1 when they offered to do so for the honor of ,god and the ,church4 ,hitherto the barbarians had borne patiently the display of what they doubtless regarded as the idiosyncrasies of the good friars1 but this last refusal incited their rage2 the ambassadors and their master the ,pope were insulted and threatened1 and it was debated in council whether they should not be flayed alive1 their skins stuffed with hay1 and sent back to the ,pope4 ,the interposition of the khan's mother saved their lives1 however2 but the ,mongols could never understand how the ,holy ,father1 who they found from ,ascelin kept no army and had gained no battles1 could have dared to send such a message to their victorious master1 whom they styled the ,son of ,heaven4 ,ascelin and his companions were treated during their stay with scant courtesy1 and were dismissed with a letter to the ,pope from ,baiothnoy ,khan1 commanding him1 if he wished to remain in possession of his land and heritage1 to come in his own person and do homage to him who held just sway over the whole earth4 ,they reached as speedily as possible the nearest ,syrian port1 and embarked for ,france4 ,they brought back to ,europe some valuable information respecting the country of the ,mongols1 though small compared with that of the other ambassadors whom we have to mention4 ,carpini was a man better fitted the office of ambassador1 and able1 without sacrificing his principles or his dignity1 to become all things to all men4 ,he travelled with a numerous suite through ,bohemia and ,poland to ,kiow1 then the ,russian capital4 ,a quantity of skins and furs was given him in the northern capitals1 as presents to the ,tatar chiefs1 and all ,europe watched with interest the result of the embassy4 ,on the banks of the ,dnieper they first encountered the barbarians4 ,the purpose of their journey being demanded1 they replied that they were messengers from the ,pope to the chief of the ,tatar people1 to desire peace and friendship between them1 and request that they would embrace the faith of ,christ1 and desist from the slaughter of the ,pope's subjects1 who had never injured or attempted to injure them4 ,their #afa bearing made a very favorable impression4 ,they were conducted to the tent of the chief1 where they did not hesitate to make the usual salutations2 and by his command post-horses and a ,mongol escort were given them to conduct them to ,batoo ,khan4 ,they found him at a place on the borders of the ,black ,sea2 and1 before being admitted to an audience1 had to pass between two fires1 as a charm to nullify any witchcraft or evil intention on their parts4 ,they found ,batoo seated on a raised throne with one of his wives1 and surrounded by his court4 ,they again made the usual genuflexions1 and then delivered their letters1 which ,batoo ,khan read attentively1 but without giving them any reply4 ,for some months they were trotted about1 with a view to show them the wealth1 power1 and magnificence of the people they were among2 and in order that they might communicate at home what they saw4 ,the holy men passed ,lent among the ,mongols2 and1 notwithstanding the fatigues they had passed through1 observed a strict fast1 taking1 as their only food for the forty days1 millet boiled in water1 and drinking only melted snow4 ,they witnessed the imposing ceremony of the investiture of a ,tatar chief1 at which a large number of feudatory princes were present1 with no less than four thousand messengers bearing tribute or presents from subdued or submitted states4 ,after the investiture1 they also were ushered into the presence2 but1 alas1 the gifts intrusted to them and their whole substance were already consumed4 ,the ,tatars1 however1 considerately dispensed with this usual part of the proceedings2 for the coarse garb of the monks1 contrasting as it did with the rich silks and garments of gold and silver which they describe as being worn generally during the ceremonies1 must have marked them as men who possessed little of this world's goods4 ,the ceremonials of investiture over1 ,carpini was at length called upon to deliver his message to the newly-appointed khan2 and a reply was given1 which he was desired to translate into ,latin1 and convey to the ,pope4 ,it contained only meaningless expressions of good-will2 but the fact was1 that the khan intended to carry the war into ,europe1 though he did not desire to give notice of his intent4 ,he offered to send with them an ambassador to the ,pope2 but ,carpini seems to have surmised his purpose1 and that this ambassador would really be only a spy2 and he therefore found means to evade the offer4 ,they returned homeward through the rigors of a ,siberian winter1 accompanied by several ,genoese1 ,pisan1 and ,venetian traders1 who1 following the papal envoys1 had found their way1 in pursuit of commerce1 to the ,tatar encampment4 ,the hardships the good men endured on the return journey were of the most fearful kind4 ,often1 in crossing the extensive steppes of that country1 they were forced to sleep all night upon the snow1 and found themselves almost buried in snow-drifts in the morning4 ,kiow was at length reached2 and its people1 who had given up the adventurous travellers as lost1 turned out to welcome them1 as men returned from the grave4 ,the rest of ,carpini's life was spent in similar hardships1 while preaching the gospel to the savage peoples of ,bohemia1 ,hungary1 ,denmark1 and ,norway2 and death came to him with his reward1 at an advanced age1 in the midst of his apostolic labors4 ,a few years after the missions of ,ascelin and ,carpini1 another ,franciscan1 named ,william ,van ,ruysbroeck1 better known as ,rubriquis1 a native of ,brabant1 was sent by ,saint ,louis of ,france on a similar errand to the ,mongols1 one of whose khans1 it was reported1 had embraced ,christianity4 ,he found the rumor void of foundation2 and1 though received courteously1 as ,carpini had been1 could perceive not the slightest disposition among the barbarians to receive or even hear the truth4 ,at the camp of ,sartach ,khan1 ,rubriquis was commanded to appear before the chief in his priestly vestments1 and did so1 carrying a missal #afb and crucifix in his hands1 an attendant preceding him with a censer1 and singing the ,salve ,regina4 ,everything he had with him was examined very attentively by the khan and his wives1 especially the crucifix2 but nothing came of this curiosity4 ,like ,carpini1 the party were frequently exposed to great privations1 both at the encampments and on their journeys2 and on one occasion ,rubriquis piously records3 ,if it had not been for the grace of ,god1 and the biscuit which we had brought with us1 we had surely perished4 ,on one journey from camp to camp1 they travelled for five weeks along the banks of the ,volga1 nearly always on foot1 and often without food4 ,rubriquis' companion ,barthelemi broke down under the fatigues of the return journey2 but ,rubriquis persevered alone1 and traversed an immense extent of country1 passing through the ,caucasus1 ,armenia1 and ,syria1 before he took ship for ,france1 to report the failure of his mission to the pious king4 ,bootless as these journeys proved1 so far as their main object was concerned1 there is no doubt that in many ways they effected a large amount of good4 ,the religious creed of the ,mongols appears to have been confined to a belief in one ,god1 and in a place of future rewards and punishments4 ,for other doctrines1 or for ceremonies of religion1 they appear to have cared little4 ,they trampled the ,caliph of ,bagdad1 the successor of the ,prophet1 beneath their horses' hoofs at the capture of that city2 and they tolerated at their camps our ,christian monks1 as well as a number of professors of the ,nestorian heresy4 ,it was only on becoming ,mohammedans that they1 and the kindred but rival race of ,ottomans1 became intolerant4 ,but it is to be observed that ,islamism1 which allowed polygamy1 and avoided interference with their other national habits and customs1 would be likely to attract them1 in consequence of their religious indifference1 as naturally as ,christianity1 which sought to impose restraints upon their ferocity and sensualism1 would repel them4 ,it is no wonder1 therefore1 that the efforts of the zealous ,franciscans were unsuccessful4 ,but their zeal and disinterestedness1 their irreproachable lives and simple manners1 were not without producing an effect upon the savage men with whom their embassies brought them into contact2 and by their intercourse1 and that mercantile communication for which their travels pioneered the way1 the conduct of the ,mongols toward the ,christian races was sensibly affected beneficially1 while on the other side they taught ,europe to regard the ,mongols as a people to be feared indeed1 and guarded against1 but not as the demons incarnate they had been pictured by the popular imagination4 ,the benefit these devoted monks conferred upon the progress of science and civilization is scarcely to be over-estimated2 as not only did they acquaint ,europe with a number of minute1 and in the main accurate1 details respecting a vast tract of country previously unknown1 and the peoples by whom it was inhabited1 but they opened up new realms to commerce1 in the exploring of which ,marco ,polo1 ,clavijo1 and subsequent travellers1 pushed onward to ,china1 ,japan1 and ,india1 and prepared the way for the great maritime discoveries of the succeeding century4 ------ #afc ,from ,the ,month4 ,,constance ,,sherwood4 ,,an ,,autobiography ,,of ,,the ,,sixteenth ,,century4 ,,by ,,lady ,,georgiana ,,fullerton4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,as ,i entered the library1 which my father used for purposes of business as well as of study1 ,i saw a gentleman who had often been at our house before1 and whom ,i knew to be a priest1 though he was dressed as a working-man of the better sort and had on a riding coat of coarse materials4 ,he beckoned me to him1 and ,i1 kneeling1 received his blessing4 ,what1 up yet1 little one8 he said2 and yet thou must bestir thyself betimes to-morrow for prayers4 ,these are not days in which priests may play the sluggard and be found abed when the sun rises4 ,at what hour must you be on foot1 reverend father8 my mother asked1 as sitting down at a table by his side she filled his plate with whatever might tempt him to eat1 the which he seemed little inclined to4 ,before dawn1 good ,mrs4 ,sherwood1 he answered2 and across the fields into the forest before ever the laboring men are astir2 and you know best when that is4 ,an if it be so1 which ,i fear it must1 my father said1 we must e'en have the chapel ready by two o'clock4 ,and1 goodwife1 you should presently get that wench to bed4 ,nay1 good mother1 ,i cried1 and threw my arms round her waist1 prithee let me sit up to-night2 ,i can lie abed all to-morrow4 ,so wistfully and urgently did ,i plead1 that she1 who had grown of late somewhat loth to deny any request of mine1 yielded to my entreaties1 and only willed that ,i should lie down on a settle betwixt her chair and the chimney1 in which a fagot was blazing1 though it was summer-time1 but the weather was chilly4 ,i gazed by turns on my mother's pale face and my father's1 which was thoughtful1 and on the good priest's1 who was in an easy-chair1 wherein they had compelled him to sit1 opposite to me on the other side of the chimney4 ,he looked1 as ,i remember him then1 as if in body and in mind he had suffered more than he could almost bear4 ,after some discourse had been ministered betwixt him and my father of the journey he had been taking1 and the friends he had seen since last he had visited our house1 my mother said1 in a tremulous voice1 ,and now1 good ,mr4 ,mush1 an if it would not pain you too sorely1 tell us if it be true that your dear daughter in ,christ1 ,mrs4 ,clitherow1 as indeed won the martyr's crown1 as some letters from ,york reported to us a short time back8 ,upon this ,mr4 ,mush raised his head1 which had sunk on his breast1 and said1 ,she that was my spiritual daughter in times past1 and now1 as ,i humbly hope1 my glorious mother in heaven1 the gracious martyr ,mrs4 ,clitherow1 has overcome all her enemies1 and passed from this mortal life with rare and marvellous triumph into the peaceable city of ,god1 there to receive a worthy crown of endless immortality and joy4 ,his eye1 that had been before heavy and dim1 now shone with sudden light1 and it seemed as if the cord about his heart was loosed1 and his spirit found vent at last in words after a long and painful silence4 ,more eloquent still was his countenance than his words as he exclaimed1 ,torments overcame her not1 nor the sweetness of life1 nor her vehement affection for #afd husband and children1 nor the flattering allurements and deceitful promises of the persecutors4 ,finally1 the world1 the flesh1 and the devil overcame her not4 ,she1 a woman1 with invincible courage entered combat against them all1 to defend the ancient faith1 wherein both she and her enemies were baptized and gave their promise to ,god to keep the same until death4 ,o sacred martyr6 and1 with clasped hands and streaming eyes1 the good father went on1 remember me1 ,i beseech thee humbly1 in thy perfect charity1 whom thou hast left miserable behind thee1 in time past thy unworthy father and now most unworthy servant1 made ever joyful by thy virtuous life1 and now lamenting thy death and thy absence1 and yet rejoicing in thy glory4 ,a sob burst from my mother's breast1 and she hid her face against my father's shoulder4 ,there was a brief silence1 during which many quickly-rising thoughts passed through my mind4 ,of ,daniel in the lions' den1 and the ,machabees and the early ,christians2 and of the great store of blood which had been shed of late in this our country1 and of which amongst the slain were truly martyrs1 and which were not2 of the vision in the sky which had been seen at ,lichfield2 and chiefly of that blessed woman ,mrs4 ,clitherow1 whose virtue and good works ,i had often before heard of1 such as serving the poor and harboring priests1 and loving ,god's ,church with a wonderful affection greater than can be thought of4 ,then ,i heard my father say1 ,how was it at the last1 good ,mr4 ,mush8 ,i oped my eyes1 and hung on the lips of the good priest even as if to devour his words as he gave utterance to them4 ,she refused to be tried by the country1 he answered1 in a tremulous voice2 and so they murthered her4 ,how so8 my mother asked1 shading her eyes with her hand1 as if to exclude the mental sight of that which she yet sought to know4 ,they pressed her to death1 he slowly uttered2 and the last words she was heard to say were ',jesu1 ,jesu1 ,jesu6 have mercy on me6' ,she was in dying about a quarter of an hour1 and then her blessed spirit was released and took its flight to heaven4 ,may we die the death of the righteous1 and may our last end be like hers6 ,again my mother hid her face in my father's bosom1 and methought she said not ,amen to that prayer2 but turning to ,mr4 ,mush with a flushed cheek and troubled eye1 she asked1 ,and why did the blessed ,mrs4 ,clitherow refuse to be tried by the country1 reverend father1 and thereby subject herself to that lingering death8 ,these were her words when questioned and urged on that point1 he answered1 which sufficiently clear her from all accusation of obstinacy or desperation1 and combine the rare discretion and charity which were in her at all times3 ',alas6' quoth she1 'if ,i should have put myself on the country1 evidence must needs have come against me touching my harboring of priests and the holy sacrifice of the mass in my house1 which ,i know none could give but only my children and servants2 and it would have been to me more grievous than a thousand deaths if ,i should have seen any of them brought forth before me1 to give evidence against me in so good a cause and be guilty of my blood2 and1 secondly1' quoth she1 ',i know well the country must needs have found me guilty to please the council1 who so earnestly seek my blood1 and then all they had been accessory to my death and damnably offended ,god4 ,i therefore think1 in the way of charity1 for my part to hinder the country from such a sin2 and seeing it must needs be done1 to cause as few to do it as might be2 and that was the judge himself4' ,so she thought1 and thereupon she acted1 with that single view to ,god's glory and the good of men's souls that was ever the passion of her fervent spirit4 ,her children8 my mother murmured in a faint voice1 still hiding her face from him4 ,that little ,agnes #afe you used to tell us of1 that was so dear to her poor mother1 how has it fared with her8 ,mr4 ,mush answered1 ,her happy mother sent her hose and shoes to her daughter at the last1 signifying that she should serve ,god and follow her steps of virtue4 ,she was committed to ward because she would not betray her mother1 and there whipped and extremely used for that she would not go to the church and hear a sermon4 ,when her mother was murthered1 the heretics came to her and said that unless she would go to the church1 her mother should be put to death4 ,the child1 thinking to save the life of her who had given her birth1 went to a sermon1 and thus they deceived her4 ,god forgive them6 my father ejaculated2 and ,i1 creeping to my mother's side1 threw my arms about her neck1 upon which she1 caressing me1 said3 ,now thou wilt be up to their deceits1 ,conny1 if they should practice the same arts on thee4 ,mother1 ,i cried1 clinging to her1 ,i will go with thee to prison and to death2 but to their church ,i will not go who love not our ,blessed ,lady4 ,so help thee ,god6 my father cried1 and laid his hand on my head4 ,take heart1 good ,mrs4 ,sherwood1 ,mr4 ,mush said to my mother1 who was weeping2 ,god may spare you such trials as those which that sweet saint rejoiced in1 or he can give you a like strength to hers4 ,we have need in these times to bear in mind that comfortable saying of holy writ1 ',as your day shall your strength be4' ',tis strange1 my father observed1 how these present troubles seem to awake the readiness1 nay the wish1 to suffer for truth's sake4 ,it is like a new sense in a soul heretofore but too prone to eschew suffering of any sort3 'tis even as the keen breezes of our own ,cannock ,chase stimulate the frame to exertions which it would shrink from in the duller air of the ,trent ,valley4 ,ah6 and is it even so with you1 my friend8 exclaimed ,mr4 ,mush4 ,from my heart ,i rejoice at it3 such thoughts are oftentimes forerunners of ,god's call to a soul marked out for his special service4 ,my mother1 against whom ,i was leaning since mention had been made of ,mrs4 ,clitherow's daughter1 began to tremble2 and rising said she would go to the chapel to prepare for confession4 ,taking me by the hand1 she mounted the stairs to the room which was used as such since the ancient faith had been proscribed4 ,one by one that night we knelt at the feet of the good shepherd1 who1 like his ,lord1 was ready to lay down his life for his sheep1 and were shriven4 ,then1 at two of the clock1 mass was said1 and my parents and most of our servants received1 and likewise some neighbors to whom notice had been sent in secret of ,mr4 ,mush's coming4 ,when my mother returned from the altar to her seat1 ,i marvelled at the change in her countenance4 ,she who had been so troubled before the coming of the ,heavenly ,guest into her breast1 wore now so serene and joyful an aspect1 that the looking upon her at that time wrought in me a new and comfortable sense of the greatness of that divine sacrament4 ,i found not the thought of death frighten me then2 for albeit on that night ,i for the first time fully arrived at the knowledge of the peril and jeopardy in which the ,catholics of this land do live2 nevertheless this knowledge awoke in me more exultation than fear4 ,i had seen precautions used1 and reserves maintained1 of which ,i now perceived the cause4 ,for some time past my parents had prepared the way for this no-longer-to-be-deferred enlightenment4 ,the small account they had taught me to make of the wealth and comforts of this perishable world1 and the histories they had recounted to me of the sufferings of ,christians in the early times of the ,church1 had been directed unto this end4 ,they had1 as it were1 laid the wood on the altar of my heart1 which they prayed might one day burn into #aff a flame4 ,and now when1 by reason of the discourse ,i had heard touching ,mrs4 ,clitherow's blessed but painful end for harboring of priests in her house1 and the presence of one under our roof1 ,i took heed that the danger had come nigh unto our own doors1 my heart seemed to beat with a singular joy4 ,childhood sets no great store on life3 the passage from this world to the next is not terrible to such as have had no shadows cast on their paths by their own or others' sins4 ,heaven is not a far-off region to the pure in heart2 but rather a home1 where ,god1 as ,st4 ,thomas sings1 ,vitam sine termino ,nobis donet in patria4 ,but1 ah me6 how transient are the lights and shades which flit across the childish mind6 and how mutable the temper of youth1 never long impressed by any event1 however grave6 ,not many days after ,mr4 ,mush's visit to our house1 another letter from the ,countess of ,surrey came into my hand1 and drove from my thoughts for the time all but the matters therein disclosed4 ,,sweet ,,mistress ,,constance 7my lady wrote71--,in my last letter ,i made mention1 in an obscure fashion1 of a secret which my lord had told me touching a matter of great weight which ,higford1 his grace's steward1 had let out to him2 and now that the whole world is speaking of what was then in hand1 and that troubles have come of it1 ,i must needs relieve my mind by writing thereof to her who is the best friend ,i have in the world1 if ,i may judge by the virtuous counsel and loving words her letters do contain4 ',tis like you have heard somewhat of that same matter1 ,mistress ,constance2 for much talk has been ministered anent it since ,i wrote1 amongst people of all sorts1 and with various intents to the hindering or the promoting thereof4 ,i mean touching the marriage of his grace the ,duke of ,norfolk with the ,queen of ,scots1 which is much desired by some1 and very little wished for by others4 ,my lord1 as is reasonable in one of his years and of so noble a spirit1 and his sister1 who is in all things the counterpart of her brother1 have set their hearts thereon since the first inkling they had of it2 for this queen had so noted a fame for her excellent beauty and sweet disposition that it has wrought in them an extraordinary passionate desire to title her mother1 and to see their father so nobly mated1 though not more than he deserves2 for1 as my lord says1 his grace's estate in ,england is worth little less than the whole realm of ,scotland1 in the ill state to which the wars have reduced it2 and when he is in his own tennis-court at ,norwich1 he thinks himself as great as a king4 ,as a good wife1 ,i should wish as my lord does2 and indeed this marriage1 ,mistress ,constance1 would please me well2 for the ,queen of ,scots is ,catholic1 and methinks if his grace were to wed her1 there might arise some good out of it to such as are dependent on his grace touching matters of religion2 and since ,mr4 ,martin has gone beyond seas1 'tis very little ,i hear in this house but what is contrary to the teaching ,i had at my grandmother's4 ,my lord saith this queen's troubles will be ended if she doth marry his grace1 for so ,higford has told him2 but when ,i spoke thereof to my ,lady ,lumley1 she prayed ,god his grace's might not then begin1 but charged me to be silent thereon before my ,lord ,arundel1 who has greatly set his heart on this match4 ,she said words were in every one's mouth concerning this marriage which should never have been spoken of but amongst a few4 ',nan1' quoth she1 'if ,phil and thou do let your children's tongues wag anent a matter which may well be one of life and death1 more harm may come of it than can well be thought of4' ,so prithee1 ,mistress ,constance1 do you be silent as the grave on what ,i have herein written1 if so be you have not heard #afg of it but from me4 ,my lord had a quarrel with my ,lord ,essex1 who is about his own age1 anent the ,queen of ,scots1 a few days since1 when he came to spend his birthday with him2 for my lord was twelve years old last week1 and ,i gave him a fair jewel to set in his cap1 for a love-token and for remembrance4 ,my lord said that the ,queen of ,scots was a lady of so great virtue and beauty that none else could be compared with her2 upon which my lord of ,essex cried it was high treason to the queen's majesty to say so1 and that if her grace held so long a time in prison one who was her near kinswoman1 it was by reason of her having murthered her husband and fomented rebellion in this kingdom of ,england1 for the which she did deserve to be extremely used4 ,my lord was very wroth at this1 and swore he was no traitor1 and that the ,queen of ,scots was no murtheress1 and he would lay down his head on the block rather than suffer any should style her such2 upon which my lord of ,essex asked1 ',prithee1 my ,lord ,surrey1 were you at ,thornham last week when the queen's majesty was on a visit to your grandfather1 my ,lord ,arundel8' ',no1' cried my lord1 'your lordship being there yourself in my ,lord ,leicester's suite1 must needs have noticed ,i was absent2 for if ,i had been present1 methinks 'tis ,i and not your lordship would have waited behind her majesty's chair at table and held a napkin to her4' ',and if you had1 my lord1' quoth my ,lord ,essex1 waxing hot in his speech1 'you would have noticed how her grace's majesty gave a nip to his grace your father1 who was sitting by her side1 and said she would have him take heed on what pillow he rested his head4' ',and ,i would have you take heed1' cries my lord1 'how you suffer your tongue to wag in an unseemly manner anent her grace's majesty and his grace my father and the ,queen of ,scots1 who is kinswoman to both1 and even now a prisoner1 which should make men careful how they speak of her who cannot speak in her own cause2 for it is a very inhuman part1 my lord1 to tread on such as misfortune has cast down4' ,there was a nobleness in these words such as ,i have often taken note of in my lord1 though so young1 and which his playmate yielded to2 so that nothing more was said at that time anent those matters1 which indeed do seem too weighty to be discoursed upon by young folks4 ,but ,i have thought since on the lines which 'tis said the queen's majesty wrote when she was herself a prisoner1 which begin1 ',o ,fortune6 how thy restless1 wavering state ,hath fraught with cares my troubled wit2 ,witness this present prison1 whither fate ,could bear me1 and the joys ,i quit'-- and wondered she should have no greater pity on those in the same plight1 as so many be at this time4 ,ah me6 ,i would not keep a bird in a cage an ,i could help it1 and 'tis sad men are not more tender of such as are of a like nature with themselves6 ,my lord was away some days after this at ,oxford1 whither he had been carried to be present at the queen's visit1 and at the play of ,palamon and ,arcite1 which her majesty heard in the common hall of ,christ's ,church4 ,one evening1 as my lady ,margaret and ,i 7like two twin cherries on one stalk1 my lord would say1 for he is mightily taken with the stage-plays he doth hear1 and hath a trick of framing his speech from them7 were sitting at the window near unto the garden practising our lutes and singing madrigals1 he surprised us with his sweet company1 in which ,i find an ever increasing content1 and cried out as he approached1 ',ladies1 ,i hold this sentence of the poet as a canon of my creed1 that whom ,god loveth not1 they love not music4' ,and then he said that albeit ,italian was a very harmonious and sweet language which pleasantly tickleth the ear1 he for his part loved ,english best1 even in singing4 ,upon which1 finding him in the humor for discreet #afh and sensible conversation1 which1 albeit he hath good parts and a ready wit1 is not always the case1 by reason of his being1 as boys mostly are1 prone to wagging1 ,i took occasion to relate what ,i had heard my ,lord of ,arundel say touching his visit to the court of ,brussels1 when the ,duchess of ,parma invited him to a banquet to meet the ,prince of ,orange and most of the chief courtiers4 ,the discourse was carried on in ,french2 but my lord1 albeit he could speak well in that language1 nevertheless made use of an interpreter4 ,at the which the ,prince of ,orange expressed his surprise to ,sir ,john ,wilson1 who was present1 that an ,english nobleman of so great birth and breeding should be ignorant of the ,french tongue1 which the earl presently hearing1 said1 ',tell the prince that ,i like to speak in that language in which ,i can best utter my mind and not mistake4' ,and ,i perceive1 my lord1' ,i said1 'that you are of a like mind with his lordship1 and no lover of new-fangled and curious terms4' ,upon which my dear earl laughed1 and related unto us how the queen had been pleased to take notice of him at ,oxford1 and spoke merrily to him of his marriage4 ',and prithee1 ,phil1 what were her highness's words8' quoth his prying sister1 like a true daughter of ,eve4 ,at which my lord stroked his chin1 as if to smooth his beard which is still to come1 and said her majesty had cried1 ',god's pity1 child1 thou wilt tire of thy wife afore you have both left the nursery4' ',alack1' cried ,meg1 'if any but her highness had said it1 thy hand would have been on thy sword1 brother1 and ,i'll warrant thou didst turn as red as a turkey-cock1 when her majesty thus titled thee a baby4 ,nay1 do not frown1 but be a good lord to us1 and tell ,nan and me if the queen said aught else4' ,then my lord cleared his brow1 and related how in the hunting scene in the play1 when the cry of the hounds was heard outside the stage1 which was excellently well imitated1 some scholars who were seated near him1 and he must confess himself also1 did shout1 ',there1 there--he's caught1 he's caught6' upon which her grace's majesty laughed1 and merrily cried out from her box1 ',those boys in very troth are ready to leap out of the windows6' ',and had you such pleasant sports each day1 brother8' quoth our ,meg4 ',no1 by my troth1' my lord answered2 'the more's the pity2 for the next day there was a disputation held in physic and divinity from two to seven2 and ,dr4 ,westphaling held forth at so great length that her majesty sent word to him to end his discourse without delay1 to the great relief and comfort of all present4 ,but he would not give over1 lest1 having committed all to memory1 he should forget the rest if he omitted any part of it1 and be brought to shame before the university and the court4' ',what said her highness when she saw he heeded not her commands8' ,meg asked4 ',she was angered at first1' quoth my lord1 'that he durst go on with his discourse when she had sent him word presently to stop1 whereby she had herself been prevented from speaking1 which the ,spanish ,ambassador had asked her to do2 but when she heard the reason it moved her to laughter1 and she titled him a parrot4' ',and spoke not her majesty at all8' ,i asked2 and my lord said1 ',she would not have been a woman1 ,nan1 an she had held her tongue after being once resolved to use it4 ,she made the next day an oration in ,latin1 and stopped in the midst to bid my ,lord ,burleigh be seated1 and not to stand painfully on his gouty feet4 ,beshrew me1 but ,i think she did it to show the poor dean how much better her memory served her than his had done1 for she looked round to where he was standing ere she resumed her discourse4 ,and now1 ,meg1 clear thy throat and tune thy pipe1 for not another word will ,i speak till thou hast sung that ditty good ,mr4 ,martin set to music for thee4' ,i have set it down here1 ,mistress ,constance1 with the notes as #afi she sung it1 that you may sing it also2 and not like it the less that my quaint fancy pictures the maiden the poet sings of1 in her 'frock of frolic green1' like unto my sweet friend who dwells not far from one of the fair rivers therein named4 ,a knight1 as antique stories tell1 ,a daughter had named ,dawsabel1 ,a maiden fair and free2 ,she wore a frock of frolic green1 ,might well become a maiden queen1 ,which seemly was to see4 ,the silk well could she twist and twine1 ,and make the fine ,march pine1 ,and with the needle work2 ,and she could help the priest to say ,his matins on a holy day1 ,and sing a psalm in kirk4 ,her features all as fresh above ,as is the grass that grows by ,dove1 ,and lythe as lass of ,kent2 ,her skin as soft as ,leinster wool1 ,and white as snow on ,penhisk ,hull1 ,or swan that swims on ,trent4 ,this maiden on a morn betime ,goes forth when ,may is in its prime1 ,to get sweet setywall1 ,the honeysuckle1 the hurlock1 ,the lily and the lady-smock1 ,to deck her father's hall4 ',ah1' cried my lord1 when ,meg had ended her song1 beshrew me1 if ,monsieur ,sebastian's madrigals are one-half so dainty as this ,english piece of harmony4' ,and then1--for his lordship's head is at present running on pageants such as he witnessed at ,nonsuch and at ,oxford1--he would have me call into the garden ,madge and ,bess1 whilst he fetched his brothers to take part in a ,may game1 not indeed in season now1 but which1 he says1 is too good sport not to be followed all the year round4 ,so he must needs dress himself as ,robin ,hood1 with a wreath on his head and a sheaf of arrows in his girdle1 and me as ,maid ,marian2 and ,meg1 for that she is taller by an inch than any of us1 though younger than him and me1 he said should play ,little ,john1 and ,bess ,friar ,tuck1 for that she looks so gleesome and has a face so red and round4 ',and ,tom1' he cried1 'thou needst not be at pains to change thy name1 for we will dub thee ,tom the piper4' ',and what is ,will to be8' asked my ,lady ,bess1 who1 since ,i be titled ,countess of ,surrey1 must needs be styled ,my ,lady ,william ,howard4' ',why1 there's only the fool left1' quoth my lord1 'for thy sweetheart to play1 ,bess4' ,at the which her ladyship and his lordship too began to stamp and cry1 and would have sobbed outright1 but sweet ,madge1 whose face waxes so white and her eyes so large and blue that methinks she is more like to an angel than a child1 put out her little thin hands with a pretty gesture1 and said1 ',i'll be the fool1 brother ,surrey1 and ,will shall be the dragon1 and ,bess ride the hobby-horse1 an it will please her4' ',nay1 but she is ,friar ,tuck1' quoth my lord1 'and should not ride4' ',and prithee wherefore no8' cried the forward imp1 who1 now she no more fears her grandam's rod1 has grown very saucy and bold2 'why should not the good friar ride1 an it doth pleasure him8' ,at the which we laughed and fell to acting our parts with no little merriment and noise1 and sundry reprehensions from my lord when we mistook our postures or the lines he would have us to recite4 ,and at the end he set up a pole on the grass-plat for the ,maying1 and we danced and sung around it to a merry tune1 which set our feet flying in time with the music3 ,now in the month of maying1 ,when the merry lads are playing1 ,fa1 la1 la4 ,each with his bonny lasse1 ,upon the greeny grasse1 ,fa1 la1 la4 ,madge was not strong enough to dance1 but she stole away to gather white and blue violets1 and made a fair garland to set on my head1 to my lord's great content1 and would have me unloose my hair on my shoulders1 which fell nearly to my feet1 and waved in the wind in a wild fashion2 which he said was beseeming for a bold outlaw's bride1 and what he had seen in the ,maid ,marian1 who had played in the pageant at ,nonsuch4 ,mrs4 ,fawcett misdoubted that this sport of ours should be approved by ,mr4 ,charke1 who calls all #agj stage-playing ,satan's recreations1 and a sure road unto hell2 and that we shall hear on it in his next preachment2 for he has held forth to her at length on that same point1 and upbraided her for that she did suffer such foolish and profane pastimes to be carried on in his grace's house4 ,ah me6 ,i see no harm in it2 and if1 when my lord visits me1 ,i play not with him as he chooses1 'tis not a thing to be expected that he will come only to sing psalms or play chess1 which ,mr4 ,charke holds to be the only game it befits ,christians to entertain themselves with4 ',tis hard to know what is right and wrong when persons be of such different minds1 and no ghostly adviser to be had1 such as ,i was used to at my grandmother's house4 ,all1 ,mistress ,constance6 when ,i last wrote unto you ,i said troubles was the word in every one's mouth1 and ere ,i had finished this letter--which ,i was then writing1 and have kept by me ever since--what1 think you1 has befallen us8 ',tis anent the marriage of his grace with the ,queen of ,scots2 which ,i now do wish it had pleased ,god none had ever thought of4 ,some weeks since my lord had told me1 with great glee1 that the ,spanish ambassador was about to petition her majesty the queen for the release of her highness's cousin2 and ,higford and ,bannister1 and the rest of his grace's household--whom1 since ,mr4 ,martin went beyond seas1 my lord spends much of his time with1 and more of it methinks than is beseeming or to the profit of his manners and advancement of his behavior--have told him that this would prepare the way for the greatly-to-be-desired end of his grace's marriage with that queen2 and my lord was reckoning up all the fine sports and pageants and noble entertainments would be enacted at ,kenninghall and ,thetford when that right princely wedding should take place2 and how he should himself carry the train of the queen-duchess when she went into church2 who was the fairest woman1 he said1 in the whole world1 and none ever seen to be compared with her since the days of ,grecian ,helen4 ,but when1 some days ago1 ,i questioned my lord touching the success of the ambassador's suits1 and the queen's answer thereto1 he said3 ',by my troth1 ,nan1 ,i understand that her highness sent away the gooseman1 for so she entitled ,senor ,guzman1 with a flea in his ear2 for she said he had come on a fool's errand1 and gave him for her answer that she would advise the ,queen of ,scots to bear her condition with less impatience1 or she might chance to find some of those on whom she relied shorter by a head4' ,oh1 my lord1' ,i cried2 'my dear ,phil6 ,god send she was not speaking of his grace your father6' ',nan1' quoth he1 'she looked at his grace the next day with looks of so great anger and disdain1 that my lord of ,leicester--that false and villainous knave--gave signs of so great triumph as if his grace was even on his way to the ,tower4 ,beshrew me1 if ,i would not run my rapier through his body if ,i could6' ',and where is his grace at present8' ,i asked4 ',he came to town night1' quoth my lord1 'with my ,arundel1 and this morning went ,kenninghall4' ,after this for some days ,i heard no more1 for a new tutor came to my lord1 who suffers him not to stay in the waiting-room with his grace's gentlemen1 and keeps so strict a hand over him touching his studies1 that in his brief hours of recreation he would rather play at quoits1 and other active pastimes1 than converse with his lady4 ,alack6 ,i wish he were a few years older1 and ,i should have more comfort of him than now1 when ,i must needs put up with his humors1 which be as changeful1 by reason of his great youth1 as the lights and shades on the grass 'neath an aspen-tree4 ,i must be throwing a ball for hours1 or learning a stage-part1 when ,i would fain speak of the weighty matters which be on hand1 such as ,i have told you of4 ,howsoever1 as good luck would have it1 my ,lady ,lumley sent for me to spend #aga the day with her2 and from her ladyship ,i learnt that his grace had written to the queen that he had withdrawn from the court because of the pain he felt at her displeasure1 and his mortification at the treatment he had been subjected to by the insolence of his foes1 by whom he has been made a common table talk2 and that her majesty had laid upon him her commands straightway to return to court4 ,that was all was known that day2 but at the very time that ,i was writing the first of these woeful tidings to you1 ,mistress ,constance1 his grace-- whom ,i now know that ,i do love dearly1 and with a true daughter's heart1 by the dreadful fear and pain ,i am in--was arrested at ,burnham1 where he had stopped on his road to ,windsor1 and committed to the ,tower4 ,alack6 alack6 what will follow8 ,i will leave this my letter open until ,i have further news to send4 ,his grace was examined this day before my ,lord-keeper ,bacon1 and my ,lords ,northampton1 ,sadler1 ,bedford1 and ,cecil2 and they have reported to her majesty that the duke had not put himself under penalty of the law by any overt act of treason1 and that it would be difficult to convict him without this4 ,my ,lord of ,arundel1 at whose house ,i was when these tidings came1 said her majesty was so angered at this judgment1 that she cried out in a passion1 ',away6 what the law fails to do my authority shall effect2' and straightway fell into a fit1 her passion was so great2 and they were forced to apply vinegar to restore her4 ,i had a wicked thought come into my mind1 ,mistress ,constance1 that ,i should not have been concerned if the queen's majesty had died in that fit1 which ,i befear me was high treason1 and a mortal sin1 to wish for one to die in a state of sin4 ,but1 alack6 since ,i have left going to shrift ,i find it hard to fight against bad thoughts and naughty tempers2 and when ,i say my prayers1 and the old words come to my lips1 which the preachments ,i hear do contradict1 ,i am sometimes well-nigh tempted to give over praying at all4 ,but ,i pray to ,god ,i may never be so wicked2 and though ,i may not have my beads 7which were taken from me71 that the good ,bishop of ,durham gave me when ,i was confirmed1 ,i use my fingers in their stead2 and whilst his grace was at the ,tower ,i did say as many ',hail ,maries' in one day as ,i ever did in my life before2 and promised him1 who is ,god's own dear ,son and hers1 if his grace came out of prison1 never to be a day of my life without saying a prayer1 or giving an alms1 or doing a good turn to those which be in the same case1 near at hand or throughout the world2 and ,i ween there are many such of all sorts at this time4 ,your loving servant to command1 whose heart is at present heavier than her pen1 ,,ann ,,surrey4 ,p4 ,s4 ,my ,lord of ,westmoreland has left ,london1 and his lady is in a sad plight4 ,i hear such things said on all sides touching ,papists as ,i can scarce credit1 and ,i pray to ,god they be not true4 ,but an if they be so bad as some do say1 why does his grace run his head into danger for the sake of the ,popish queen1 as men do style her8 ,they have arrested ,higford and ,bannister last night1 and they are to taste of the rack to-day1 to satisfy the queen1 who is so urgent on it4 ,my lord is greatly concerned thereat1 and cried when he spoke of it1 albeit he tried to hide his tears4 ,i asked him to show me what sort of pain it was2 whereupon he twisted my arm till ,i cried out and bade him desist4 ,god help me6 ,i could not have endured the pain an instant longer2 and if they have naught to tell anent these plots and against his grace1 they needs must speak what is false when under the rack4 ,oh1 'tis terrible to think what men do suffer and cause others to suffer6 ,this letter came into my hand on a day when my father had gone into ,lichfield touching some business2 and #agb he brought with it the news of a rising in the north1 and that his ,grace of ,northumberland and my ,lord of ,westmoreland had taken arms on hearing of the ,duke of ,norfolk's arrest2 and the ,catholics1 under ,mr4 ,richard ,norton and ,lord ,latimer1 had joined their standard1 and were bearing the cross before the insurgents4 ,my father was sore cast down at these tidings2 for he looked for no good from what was rebellion against a lawful sovereign1 and a consorting with troublesome spirits1 swayed by no love of our holy religion but rather contrary to it1 as my ,lord of ,westmoreland and some others of those leading lords4 ,and he hence foreboded fresh trials to all such as were of the ancient faith all over ,england2 which was not long in accruing even in our own case2 for a short time after1 we were for the first time visited by pursuivants1 on a day and in such a manner as ,i will now briefly relate4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,on the ,sunday morning which followed the day on which the news had reached us of the rising in ,northumberland1 ,i went1 as was my wont1 into my mother's dressing-room1 to crave her blessing1 and ,i asked of her if the priest who came to say mass for us most ,sundays had arrived4 ,she said he had been1 and had gone away again1 and that she greatly feared we should have no prayers that day1 saving such as we might offer up for ourselves2 together1 she added after a pause1 with a bitter sacrifice of tears and of such sufferings as we have heard of1 but as yet not known the taste of ourselves4 ,again ,i felt in my heart a throbbing feeling1 which had in it an admixture of pain and joy--made up1 ,i ween1 of conflicting passions--such as curiosity feeding on the presentment of an approaching change2 of the motions of grace in a soul which faintly discerns the happiness of suffering for conscience sake2 and the fear of suffering natural to the human heart4 ,why are we to have no mass1 sweet mother8 ,i asked1 encircling her waist in my arms2 and wherefore has good ,mr4 ,bryan gone away8 ,we received advice late last evening1 she answered1 that the queen's pursuivants have orders to search this day the houses of the most noted recusants in this neighborhood2 and 'tis likely they may begin with us1 who have never made a secret of our faith1 and never will4 ,and will they kill us if they come8 ,i asked1 with that same trembling eagerness ,i have so often known since when danger was at hand4 ,not now1 not to-day1 ,conny1 she answered2 but ,i pray to ,god they do not carry us away to prison2 for since this rising in the north1 to be a ,catholic and a traitor is one and the same in their eyes who have to judge us4 ,we must needs hide our books and church furniture2 so give me thy beads1 sweet one1 and the cross from thy neck4 ,i waxed red when my mother bade me unloose the string1 and tightly clasped the cross in both my hands ,let them kill me1 mother1 ,i cried2 but take not off my cross4 ,maybe1 she said1 the queen's officers would trample on it1 and injure their own souls in dishonoring a holy symbol4 ,and as she spoke she took it from me1 and hid it in a recess behind the chimney2 which no sooner was done1 than we heard a sound of horses' feet in the approach2 and going to the window1 ,i cried out1 ,here is a store of armed men on horseback6 ,ere ,i had uttered the words1 one of them had dismounted and loudly knocked at the door with his truncheon2 upon which my mother1 taking me by the hand1 went down stairs into the parlor where my father was4 ,it seemed as if those knocks had struck on her heart1 so great a trembling came over her4 ,my father bade the servants throw #agc open the door2 and the sheriff came in1 with two pursuivants and some more men with him1 and produced a warrant to search the house2 which my father having read1 he bowed his head1 and gave orders not to hinder them in their duty4 ,he stood himself the while in the hall1 his face as white as a smock1 and his teeth almost running through his lips4 ,one of the men came into the library1 and pulling down the books1 scattered them on the floor1 and cried3 ,look ye here1 sirs1 what ,popish stuff is this1 fit for the hangman's burning6 ,at the which another answered3 ,by my troth1 ,sam1 ,i misdoubt that thou canst read4 ,methinks thou dost hunt ,popery as dogs do game1 by the scent4 ,prithee spell me the title of this volume4 ,i will have none of thy gibing1 ,master ,sevenoaks1 returned the other4 ,whether ,i be a scholar or not1 ,i'll warrant no honest gospeller wrote on those yellow musty leaves1 which be two hundred years old1 if they be a day4 ,and ,i'll warrant thee in that credence1 ,master ,samuel1 by the same token that the volume in thy hand is a treatise on field-sports1 writ in the days of ,master ,caxton2 a code of the laws to be observed in the hunting and killing of deer1 which ,i take to be no ,popish sport1 for our most gracious queen--,god save her majesty6--slew a fat buck not long ago in ,windsor ,forest with her own hand1 and remembered his grace of ,canterbury with half her prey2 and so saying1 he drew his comrade from the room2 ,i ween with the intent to save the books from his rough handling1 for he seemed of a more gentle nature than the rest and of a more moderate disposition4 ,when they had ransacked all the rooms below1 they went upstairs1 and my father followed4 ,breaking from my mother's side1 who sat pale and still as a statute1 unable to move from her seat1 ,i ran after him1 and on the landing-place ,i heard the sheriff say somewhat touching the harboring of priests2 to the which he made answer that he was ready to swear there was no priest in the house4 ,nor has been8 quoth the sheriff2 upon which my father said3 ,good sir1 this house was built in the days of ,her majesty's grandfather1 ,king ,henry ,,vii42 and on one occasion his majesty was pleased to rest under my grandfather's roof1 and to hear mass in that room1 he said1 pointing to what was now the chapel1 the church being too distant for his majesty's convenience3 so priests have been within these walls many times ere ,i was born4 ,the sheriff said no more at that time1 but went into the room1 where there were only a few chairs1 for that in the night the altar and all that appertained to it had been removed4 ,he and his men were going out again1 when a loud knocking was heard against the wall on one side of the chamber2 at the sound of which my father's face1 which was white before1 became of an ashy paleness4 ,ah6 cried one of the pursuivants1 the lying ,papist6 ,the egregious ,roman6 an oath is in his mouth that he has no priest in his house1 and here is one hidden in his cupboard4 ,mr4 ,sherwood6 the sheriff shouted1 greatly moved1 lead the way to the hiding-place wherein a traitor is concealed1 or ,i order the house to be pulled down about your ears4 ,my father was standing like one stunned by a sudden blow1 and ,i heard him murmur1 ',tis the devil's own doing1 or else ,i am stark1 staring mad4 ,the men ran to the wall1 and knocked against it with their sticks1 crying out in an outrageous manner to the priest to come out of his hole4 ,we'll unearth the ,jesuit fox1 cried one2 we'll give him a better lodging in ,lichfield gaol1 shouted another2 and the sheriff kept threatening to set fire to the house4 ,still the knocking from within went on1 as if #agd answering that outside1 and then a voice cried out1 ,i cannot open3 ,i am shut in4 ',tis ,edmund6 ,i exclaimed2 'tis ,edmund is in the hiding-place4 ,and then the words were distinctly heard1 ',tis ,i2 'tis ,edmund ,genings4 ,for ,god's sake1 open2 ,i am shut in4 ,upon which my father drew a deep breath1 and hastening forward1 pressed his finger on a place in the wall1 the panel slipped1 and ,edmund came out of the recess1 looking scared and confused4 ,the pursuivants seized him2 but the sheriff cried out1 surprised1 ,god's death1 sirs6 but 'tis the son of the worshipful ,mr4 ,genings1 whose lady is a mother in ,israel1 and ,m4 ,jean de ,luc's first cousin6 ,and how came ye1 ,mr4 ,edmund1 to be concealed in this ,popish den8 ,have these recusants imprisoned you with some foul intent1 or perverted you by their vile cunning8 ,edmund was addressing my father in an agitated voice4 ,i fear me1 sir1 he cried1 clasping his hands1 ,i befear me much ,i have affrighted you1 and ,i have been myself sorely affrighted4 ,i was passing through this room1 which ,i have never before seen1 and the door of which was open this morn4 ,by chance ,i drew my hand along the wall1 where there was no apparent mark1 when the panel slipped and disclosed this recess1 into which ,i stepped1 and straightway the opening closed and ,i remained in darkness4 ,i was afraid no one might hear me1 and ,i should die of hunger4 ,my father tried to smile1 but could not4 ,thank ,god1 he said1 'tis no worse2 and sinking down on a chair he remained silent1 whilst the sheriff and the pursuivants examined the recess1 which was deep and narrow1 and in which they brandished their swords in all directions4 ,then they went round the room1 feeling the walls2 but though there was another recess with a similar mode of aperture1 they hit not on it1 doubtless through ,god's mercy2 for in it were concealed the altar furniture and our books1 with many other things besides1 which they would have seized on4 ,before going away1 the sheriff questioned ,edmund concerning his faith1 and for what reason he abode in a ,popish house and consorted with recusants4 ,edmund answered he was no ,papist1 but a kinsman of ,mrs4 ,sherwood1 unto whose house his father had oftentimes sent him4 ,upon which he was counselled to take heed unto himself and to eschew evil company1 which leads to horrible defections1 and into the straight road to perdition4 ,whereupon they departed2 and the officer who had enticed his companion from the library smiled as he passed me1 and said3 ,and wherefore not at prayers1 little mistress1 on the ,lord's day1 as all ,christian folks should be8 ,i ween he was curious to see how ,i should answer1 albeit not moved thereunto by any malicious intent4 ,but at the time ,i did not bethink myself that he spoke of ,protestant service2 and being angered at what passed1 ,i said3 ,because we be kept from prayers by the least welcome visit ever made to ,christian folks on a ,lord's morning4 ,he laughed and cried3 ,thou hast a ready tongue1 young mistress2 and when tried for recusancy ,i warrant thou'lt give the judge a piece of thy mind4 ,and if ,i ever be in such a presence1 and for such a cause1 ,i answered1 ,i pray to ,god ,i may say to my lord on the bench what the blessed apostle ,st4 ,peter spoke to his judges3 ',if it be just in the sight of ,god to hear you rather than ,god1 judge ye4' ,at which he cried3 ,why1 here is a marvel indeed--a ,papist to quote ,scripture6 ,and laughing again1 he went his way2 and the house was for that time rid of these troublesome guests4 ,then ,edmund again sued for pardon to my father1 that through his rash conduct he had been the occasion of so great fear and trouble to him4 #age ,i warrant thee1 my good boy1 quoth my father1 thou didst cause me the most keen anguish1 and the most sudden relief from it1 which can well be thought of2 and so no more need be said thereon4 ,and as thou must needs be going to the public church1 'tis time that thou bestir thyself2 for 'tis a long walk there and back1 and the sun waxing hot4 ,when ,edmund was gone1 and ,i alone with him1 my father clasped me in his arms1 and cried3 ,god send1 my wench1 thou mayest justify thy sponsors who gave thee thy name in baptism2 for 'tis a rare constancy these times do call for1 and such as is not often seen1 saving in such as be of a noble and religious spirit2 which ,i pray to ,god may be the case with thee4 ,my mother did not speak1 but went away with her hand pressed against her heart2 which was what of late ,i had often seen her to do1 as if the pain was more than she could bear4 ,one hour later1 as ,i was crossing the court1 a man met me suited as a farmer2 who1 when ,i passed him1 laid his hand on my shoulder2 at the which ,i started1 and turning round saw it was ,father ,bryan2 who1 smiling as ,i caught his hand1 cried out3 ,dost know the shepherd in his wolf's clothing1 little mistress8 and hastening on to the chapel he said mass1 at the which only a few assisted1 as my parents durst not send to the ,catholics so late in the day4 ,as soon as mass was over1 ,mr4 ,bryan said he must leave1 for there was a warrant issued for his apprehension2 and our house famed for recusancy1 so as he might not stay in it but with great peril to himself and to its owners4 ,we stood at the door as he was mounting his horse1 and my father said1 patting its neck3 ,tis a faithful servant this1 reverend father2 many a mile he has carried thee to the homes of the sick and dying since our troubles began4 ,ah6 good ,mr4 ,sherwood1 ,mr4 ,bryan replied1 as he gathered up the bridle1 thou hast indeed warrant to style the poor beast faithful4 ,if ,i were to shut my eyes and let him go1 no doubt but he would find his way to the doors of such as cleave to the ancient faith1 in city or in hamlet1 across moor or through thick wood4 ,if a pursuivant bestrode him1 he might discover through his means who be recusants a hundred miles around4 ,but ,i bethink me he would not budge with such a burthen on his back2 and that he who made the prophet's ass to speak1 would1 give the good beast more sense than to turn informer1 and to carry the wolf to the folds of the lambs4 ,and prithee1 ,mistress ,constance1 said the good priest1 turning to me1 canst keep a secret and be silent1 when men's lives are in jeopardy8 ,aye1 cried my father quickly1 'tis as much as worthy ,mr4 ,bryan's life is worth that none should know he was here to-day4 ,more than my poor life is worth1 he rejoined2 that were little to think of1 my good friends4 ,for five years ,i have made it my prayer that the day may soon come--and ,i care not how soon--when ,i may lay it down for his sake who gave it4 ,but we must e'en have a care for those who are so rash as to harbor priests in these evil times4 ,so ,mistress ,constance must e'en study the virtue of silence1 and con the meaning of the proverb which teacheth discretion to be the best part of valor4 ,if ,edmund ,genings asketh me1 reverend father1 if ,i have heard mass to-day1 what must ,i answer8 ,say the queen's majesty has forbidden mass to be said in this her kingdom2 and if he presseth thee more closely thereon1 why then tell him the last news from the poultry-yard1 and that the hares have eat thy mignonette2 which they be doing even now1 if my eyes deceive me not1 said the good father1 pointing with his whip to the flower-garden4 ,so1 smiling1 he gave us a last blessing1 and rode on toward the ,chase1 and ,i went to drive the hares away #agf from the flower-beds1 and then to set the chapel in fair order4 ,and ever and anon1 that day and the next1 ,i took out of my pocket my sweet ,lady ,surrey's last letter1 and pictured to myself all the scenes therein related2 so that ,i seemed to live one-half of my life with her in thought1 so greatly was my fancy set upon her1 and my heart concerned in her troubles4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,not many days after the sheriff and the pursuivants had been at our house1 and ,mr4 ,bryan1 by reason of the bloody laws which had been enacted against ,papists and such as harbor priests1 had left us1-- though intending to return at such times as might serve our commodity1 and yet not affect our safety1--,i was one morning assisting my mother in the store-room1 wherein she was setting aside such provisions as were to be distributed to the poor that week1 together with salves1 medicines1 and the like1 which she also gave out of charity1 when a spasm came over her1 so vehement and painful1 that for the moment she lost the use of speech1 and made signs to me to call for help4 ,i ran affrighted into the library for my father1 and brought him to her1 upon which1 in a little time1 she did somewhat recover1 but desired he would assist her to her own chamber1 whither she went leaning on his arm4 ,when laid on her bed she seemed easier2 and smiling1 bade me leave them for awhile1 for that she desired to have speech with my father alone4 ,for the space of an hour ,i walked in the garden1 with so oppressive a grief at my heart as ,i had never before experienced4 ,methinks the great stillness in the air added thereunto some sort of physical disorder2 for the weather was very close and heavy2 and if a leaf did but stir1 ,i started as if danger was at hand2 and the noise of the chattering pies over my head worked in me an apprehensive melancholy1 foreboding1 ,i doubt not1 what was to follow4 ,at about eleven o'clock1 hearing the sound of a horse's feet in the avenue1 ,i turned round1 and saw ,edmund riding from the house2 upon which ,i ran across the grass to a turning of the road where he would pass1 and called to him to stop1 which he did2 and told me he was going to ,lichfield for his father1 whom my mother desired presently to see4 ,then thou shouldst not tarry1 ,i said2 and he pushed on and left me standing where ,i was2 but the bell then ringing for dinner1 ,i went back to the house1 and1 in so doing1 took notice of a bay-tree on the lawn which was withered and dried-up1 though the gardener had been at pains to preserve it by sundry appliances and frequent watering of it4 ,then it came to my remembrance what my nurse used to say1 that the dying of that sort of tree is a sure omen of a death in a family2 which thought sorely disturbed me at that time4 ,i sat down with my father to a brief and silent meal2 and soon after the physician he had sent for came1 whom he conducted to my mother's chamber1 whereunto ,i did follow1 and slipped in unperceived4 ,sitting on one side of the bed1 behind the curtains1 ,i heard her say1 in a voice which sounded hollow and weak1 ,good ,master ,lawrenson1 my dear husband was fain to send for you1 and ,i cared not to withstand him1 albeit persuaded that ,i am hastening to my journey's end1 and that naught that you or any other man may prescribe may stay what is ,god's will4 ,and if this be visible to you as it is to me1 ,i pray you keep it not from me1 for it will be to my much comfort to be assured of it4 ,when she had done speaking1 he did feel her pulse2 and the while my heart beat so quick and1 as it seemed to me1 so loud as if it must needs impede my hearing2 but in a moment ,i heard him say3 ,god defend1 good madam1 ,i should deceive you4 ,while there is life1 there is hope4 ,greater #agg comfort ,i dare not urge4 ,if there be any temporal matter on your mind1 'twere better settled now1 and likewise of your soul's health1 by such pious exercises as are used by those of your way of thinking4 ,at the hearing of these his words1 my father fetched a deep sigh2 but she1 as one greatly relieved1 clasped her hands together1 and cried1 ,my ,god1 ,i thank thee6 ,then1 stealing from behind the curtain1 ,i laid my head on the pillow nigh unto hers1 and whispered1 ,sweet mother1 prithee do not die1 or else take me with thee4 ,but she1 as one not heeding1 exclaimed1 with her hands uplifted1 ,o faithless heart6 ,o selfish heart6 to be so glad of death6 ,the physician was directing the maids what they should do for her relief when the pain came on1 and he himself stood compounding some medicine for her to take4 ,my father asked of him when he next would come2 and he answered1 ,on the morrow2 but methinks 'twas even then his belief that there would be no morrow for her who was dying before her time1 like the bay-tree in our garden4 ,she bade him farewell in a kindly fashion2 and when we were alone1 ,i lying on the bed by her side1 and my father sitting at its head1 she said1 in a low voice1 ,how wonderful be ,god's dealings with us1 and how fatherly his care2 in that he takes the weak unto himself1 and leaves behind the strong to fight the battle now at hand6 ,my dear master1 ,i had a dream yesternight which had somewhat of horror in it1 but more methinks of comfort4 ,my father breaking out then in sighs and tears as if his heart would break1 she said1 ,oh1 but thou must hear and acknowledge1 my loved master1 how gracious is ,god's providence to thy poor wife4 ,when thou knowest what ,i have suffered--not in body1 though that has been sharp too1 but in my soul--it will reconcile thine own to a parting which has in it so much of mercy4 ,thou dost remember the night when ,mr4 ,mush was here1 and what his discourse did run on8 ,surely do ,i1 sweet wife1 he answered2 for it was such as the mind doth not easily lose the memory of2 the sufferings and glorious end of the blessed martyr ,mrs4 ,clitherow4 ,i perceived what sorrowful heed thou didst lend to his recital2 but has it painfully dwelt in thy mind since8 ,by day and by night it hath not left me2 ever recurring to my thoughts1 ever haunting my dreams1 and working in me a fearful apprehension lest in a like trial ,i should be found wanting1 and prove a traitor to ,god and his ,church1 and a disgrace and heartbreak to thee who hast so truly loved me far beyond my deserts4 ,i have bragged of the dangers of the times1 even as cowards are wont to speak loud in the dark to still by the sound of their own voices the terrors they do feel4 ,i have had before my eyes the picture of that cruel death1 and of the children extremely used for answering as their mother had taught them1 till cold drops of sweat have stood on my brow1 and ,i have knelt in my chamber wringing my hands and praying to be spared a like trial4 ,and then1 maybe an hour later1 sitting at the table1 ,i spake merrily of the gallows1 mocking my own fears1 as when ,mr4 ,bryan was last here2 and ,i said that priests should be more welcome to me than ever they were1 now that virtue and the ,catholic cause were made felony2 and the same would be in ,god's sight more meritorious than ever before3 upon which1 ',then you must prepare your neck for the rope1' quoth he1 in a pleasant but withal serious manner2 at the which a cold chill overcame me1 and ,i very well-nigh faulted1 though constraining my tongue to say1 ',god's will be done2 but ,i am far unworthy of so great an honor4' ,the cowardly heart belied the confident tongue1 and fear of my own weakness affrighted me1 by the which ,i must needs have offended ,god1 who helps such as trust #agh in him4 ,but ,i hope to be forgiven1 inasmuch as it has ever been the wont of my poor thoughts to picture evils beforehand in such a form as to scare the soul1 which1 when it came to meet with them1 was not shaken from its constancy4 ,when ,conny was an infant ,i have stood nigh unto a window with her in my arms1 and of a sudden a terror would seize me lest ,i should let her fall out of my hands1 which yet clasped her2 and methinks 'twas somewhat of alike feeling which worked in me touching the denying of my faith1 which1 ,god is my witness1 is dearer to me than aught upon earth4 ',tis even so1 sweet wife1 quoth my father2 the edge of a too keen conscience and a sensitive apprehension of defects visible to thine own eyes and ,god's--never to mine1 who was ever made happy by thy love and virtue--have worn out the frame which enclosed them1 and will rob me of the dearest comfort of my life1 if ,i must lose thee4 ,she looked upon him with so much sweetness1 as if the approach of death had brought her greater peace and joy than life had ever done1 and she replied3 ,death comes to me as a compassionate angel1 and ,i fain would have thee welcome with me the kindly messenger who brings so great relief to the poor heart thou hast so long cherished4 ,now1 thou art called to another task2 and when the bruised1 broken reed is removed from thy side1 thou wilt follow the summons which even now sounds in thine ears4 ,ah1 cried my father1 clasping her hand1 art thou then already a saint1 sweet wife1 that thou hast read the vow slowly registered as yet in the depths of a riven heart8 ,then his eyes turned on me2 and she1 who seemed to know his thoughts1 that sweet soul who had been so silent in life1 but was now spending her last breath in never-to-be-forgotten words1 answered the question contained in that glance as if it had been framed in a set speech4 ,fear not for her1 she said1 laying her cheek close unto mine4 ,as her days1 so shall her strength be4 ,methinks ,almighty ,god has given her a spirit meet for the age in which her lot is cast4 ,the early training thou hast had1 my wench2 the lack of such memories as make the present twofold bitter2 the familiar mention round thy cradle of such trials as do beset ,catholics in these days1 have nurtured thee a stoutness of heart which will stand thee in good stead amidst the rough waves of this troublesome world4 ,the iron will not enter into thy soul as it hath done into mine4 ,upon which she fell back exhausted and for a while no sound was heard in or about the house save the barking of our great dog4 ,my father had sent a messenger to a house where we had had notice days before ,father ,ford was staying but with no certain knowledge he still there1 or any other priest in neighborhood1 which occasioned him no small disquietude1 for my mother's strength seemed to be visibly sinking which was what the doctor's words had led him to expect4 ,the man he sent returned not till the evening2 in the afternoon ,mr4 ,genings and son came from ,lichfield1 which1 when my mother heard1 she said ,god was gracious to permit her once more to see ,john1 which was ,mr4 ,genings' name4 ,they had been reared in the same house2 and a kindness had always continued betwixt them4 ,for some time past he had conformed to the times2 and since his marriage with the daughter of a ,french ,huguenot who lived in ,london1 and who was a lady of very commendable character and manners1 and strenuous in her own way of thinking1 he had left off practising his own religion in secret1 which for a while he used to do4 ,when he came in1 and saw death plainly writ in his cousin's face1 he was greatly moved1 and knelt down by her side with a very sorrowful countenance2 upon which she straightly looked at him1 and said3 ,cousin ,john1 my #agi breath is very short1 as my time is also like to be4 ,but one word ,i would fain say to thee before ,i die4 ,i was always well pleased with my religion1 which was once thine and that of all ,christian people one hundred years ago2 but ,i have never been so well pleased with it as now1 when ,i be about to meet my ,judge4 ,mr4 ,genings' features worked with a strange passion1 in which was more of grief than displeasure1 and grasping his son's shoulder1 who was likewise kneeling and weeping1 he said3 ,you have wrought with this boy1 cousin1 to make him a ,catholic4 ,as heaven is my witness1 she answered1 not otherwise but by my prayers4 ,hast thou seen a priest1 cousin ,constance8 he then asked3 upon which my mother not answering1 the poor man burst into tears1 and cried3 ,oh1 cousin--cousin ,constance1 dost count me a spy1 and at thy death-bed8 ,he seemed cut to the heart2 whereupon she gave him her hand1 and said she hoped ,god would send her such ghostly assistance as she stood in need of2 and praying ,god to bless him and his wife and children1 and make them his faithful servants1 so she might meet them all in perpetual happiness1 she spoke with such good cheer1 and then bade him and ,edmund farewell with so pleasant a smile1 as deceived them into thinking her end not so near4 ,and so1 after a while1 they took their leave2 upon which she composed herself for a while in silence1 occupying her thoughts in prayer2 and toward evening1 through ,god's mercy1 albeit the messenger had returned with the heavy news that ,father ,ford had left the county some days back1 it happened that ,mr4 ,watson1 a secular priest who had lately arrived in ,england1 and was on his way to ,chester1 stopped at our house1 whereunto ,mr4 ,orton1 whom he had seen in prison at ,london1 had directed him for his own convenience on the road1 and likewise our commodity1 albeit little thinking how great our need would be at that time of so opportune a guest1 through whose means that dear departing soul had the benefit of the last sacraments with none to trouble or molest her1 and such ghostly aid as served to smooth her passage to what has proved1 ,i doubt not1 the beginning of a happy eternity1 if we may judge by such tokens as the fervent acts of contrition she made both before and after shrift1 such as might have served to wash away ten thousand sins through his blood who cleansed her1 and her great and peaceable joy at receiving him into her heart whom she soon trusted to behold4 ,her last words were expressions of wonder and gratitude at ,god's singular mercy shown unto her in the quiet manner of her death in the midst of such troublesome times4 ,and methinks1 when the silver cord was loosed1 and naught was left of her on earth save the fair corpse which retained in death the semblance it had had in life1 that together with the natural grief which found vent in tears1 there remained in the hearts of such as loved her a comfortable sense of the ,divine goodness manifested in this her peaceable removal4 ,how great the change which that day wrought in me may be judged of by such who1 at the age ,i had then reached to1 have met with a like affliction1 coupled with a sense of duties to be fulfilled1 such as then fell to my lot1 both as touching household cares1 and in respect to the cheering of my father in his solitary hours during the time we did yet continue at ,sherwood ,hall1 which was about a year4 ,it waxed very hard then for priests to make their way to the houses of ,catholics1 as many now found it to their interest to inform against them and such as harbored them2 and mostly in our neighborhood1 wherein there were at that time no recusants of so great rank and note that the sheriff would not be lief to meddle with them4 ,we had oftentimes had secret advices to beware of such and such of our servants who might betray our hidden conveyances of safety2 and my father scarcely durst #ahj be sharp with them when they offended by slacking their duties1 lest they might bring us into danger if they revealed1 upon any displeasure1 priests having abided with us4 ,edmund we saw no more since my mother's death2 and after a while the news did reach us that ,mr4 ,genings had died of the small-pox1 and left his wife in so distressed a condition1 against all expectation1 owing to debts he had incurred1 that she had been constrained to sell her house and furniture1 and was living in a small lodging near unto the school where ,edmund continued his studies4 ,i noticed1 as time went by1 how heavily it weighed on my father's heart to see so many ,catholics die without the sacraments1 or fall away from their faith1 for lack of priests to instruct them1 like so many sheep without a shepherd2 and ,i guessed by words he let fall on divers occasions1 that the intent obscurely shadowed forth in his discourse to my mother on her deathbed was ripening to a settled purpose1 and tending to a change in his state of life1 which only his love and care for me caused him to defer4 ,what ,i did apprehend must one day needs occur1 was hastened about this time by a warning he did receive that on an approaching day he would be apprehended and carried by the sheriff before the council at ,lichfield1 to be examined touching recusancy and harboring of priests2 which was what he had long expected4 ,this message was1 as it were1 the signal he had been waiting for1 and an indication of ,god's will in his regard4 ,he made instant provision for the placing of his estate in the hands of a friend of such singular honesty and so faithful a friendship toward himself1 though a ,protestant1 that he could wholly trust him4 ,and next he set himself to dispose of her whom he did term his most dear earthly treasure1 and his sole tie to this perishable world1 which he resolved to do by straightway sending her to ,london1 unto his sister ,mistress ,congleton1 who had oftentimes offered1 since his wife's death1 to take charge of this daughter1 and to whom he now despatched a messenger with a letter1 wherein he wrote that the times were now so troublesome1 he must needs leave his home1 and take advantage of the sisterly favor she had willed to show him in the care of his sole child1 whom he now would forthwith send to ,london1 commending her to her good keeping1 touching her safety and religious and virtuous training1 and that he should be more beholden to her than ever brother was to sister1 and1 as long as he lived1 as he was bound to do1 pray for her and her good husband4 ,when this letter was gone1 and order had been taken for my journey1 which was to be on horseback1 and in the charge of a maiden gentlewoman who had been staying some months in our neighborhood1 and was now about in two days to travel to ,london1 it seemed to me as if that which ,i had long expected and pictured unto myself had now come upon me of a sudden1 and in such wise as for the first time to taste its bitterness4 ,for ,i saw1 without a doubt1 that this parting was but the forerunner of a change in my father's condition as great and weighty as could well be thought of4 ,but of this howbeit our thoughts were full of it1 no talk was ministered between us4 ,he said ,i should hear from him in ,london2 and that he should now travel into ,lancashire and ,cheshire1 changing his name1 and often shifting his quarters whilst the present danger lasted4 ,the day which was to be the last to see us in the house wherein himself and his fathers for many centuries back1 and ,i his unworthy child1 had been born1 was spent in such fashion as becometh those who suffer for conscience sake1 and that is with so much sorrow as must needs be felt by a loving father and a dutiful child in a first and doubtful parting1 with so much regret as is natural in the abandonment of a peaceful earthly home1 wherein ,god had been served in a ,catholic manner for many generations and up to that time without discontinuance1 only of late years as it were by #aha night and stealth1 which was linked in their memories with sundry innocent joys and pleasures1 and such griefs as do hallow and endear the visible scenes wherewith they be connected1 but withal with a stoutness of heart in him1 and a youthful steadiness in her whom he had infected with a like courage unto his own1 which wrought in them so as to be of good cheer and shed no more tears on so moving an occasion than the debility of her nature and the tenderness of his paternal care extorted from their eyes when he placed her on her horse1 and the bridle in the hand of the servant who was to accompany her to ,london4 ,their last parting was a brief one1 and such as ,i care not to be minute in describing2 for thinking upon it even now 'tis like to make me weep2 which ,i would not do whilst writing this history1 in the recital of which there should be more of constancy and thankful rejoicing in ,god's great mercies1 than of womanish softness in looking back to past trials4 ,so ,i will even break off at this point2 and in the next chapter relate the course of the journey which was begun on that day4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ------ ,abridged from ,le ,correspondant4 ,,the ,,marquis ,,de ,,chastellux4 ,in the bleak region of ,upper ,burgundy1 not far from the domain of ,vauban1 stands the old manor of ,chastellux1 famous since the fifteenth century as the birth-place of two brothers1 one of whom became an admiral1 the other a marshal of ,france4 ,from this feudal stronghold came forth one of the most amiable of the courtiers of ,louis ,,xvi4--a disciple of ,voltaire and ,hume1 a rival of ,turgot and ,adam ,smith1 a friend of ,washington and ,jefferson1 a forerunner of the revolutionists of #aghi1 a philosopher1 an historian1 a political economist1 something of a poet1 something of a naturalist1 something of an artist1 a man of taste1 an enthusiastic student1 a brilliant talker1 and an elegant writer4 ,the rude ,sieurs de ,chastellux would have been not a little astonished could they have foreseen what character of man was destined to inherit their title4 ,francois ,jean de ,beauvoir1 first known as ,chevalier and afterward ,marquis de ,chastellux1 was born at ,paris in #agcd4 ,he was a son of the ,count de ,chastellux1 lieutenant-general of the armies of the king1 by ,mlle4 d',aguesseau1 daughter of the chancellor4 ,his mother1 being left a widow at an early period1 withdrew thereupon into the privacy of domestic life1 and the young marquis had the good fortune to be brought up under the eyes of the ,chancellor d',aguesseau himself4 ,he entered the army at sixteen1 and was hardly twenty-one before he had risen to be colonel4 ,he distinguished himself highly during the campaigns of the ,seven ,years' ,war1 and it was as a reward of his gallantry no less than out of compliment to his hereditary rank that he was selected on one occasion to present to the king the flags of a conquered city4 ,it is hard to understand how1 in the midst of such an active life1 he could find time for study2 but for all that he knew ,greek1 ,latin1 ,english1 and ,italian1 and had some acquaintance with every branch of science cultivated in his time4 ,from boyhood he showed a zealous interest in every sort of invention or discovery which promised to be of practical use #ahb to mankind4 ,when the principle of inoculation for small-pox was first broached in ,europe1 everybody shrank in alarm from the experiment4 ,the young marquis had himself inoculated without his mother's knowledge1 and then1 running to ,buffon1 who knew his family1 exclaimed joyfully1 ,i am saved1 and my example will be the means of saving many others4 ,when peace was declared in #agfc1 he was not yet thirty4 ,with his eminent gifts of mind and person1 a brilliant career in society lay open to him1 but he aimed to be something more than a mere man of fashion4 ,his first literary productions were biographical sketches of two of his brother officers1 ,,mm4 de ,closen and de4 ,belsunce1 which appeared in the ,mercure1 in #agfe4 ,he wrote a lively and graceful little essay on the ,union of ,poetry and ,music1--the same subject which ,marmontel afterward treated in his poem of ,polymnie4 ,the great quarrel between the schools of ,gluck and ,piccini did not break out until ten years later2 but mutterings of the coming tempest were heard already4 ,italian music had its enthusiastic admirers and its implacable foes1 and in the midst of their disputes ,monsigny and ,gretry had just given to ,france a lyric school of her own by creating the comic opera4 ,m4 de ,chastellux1 like everybody else in those days1 was passionately fond of the theatre1 and he espoused the cause of ,italian music with the ardor that characterized everything he did4 ,about the same time he fell into the society of the ,encyclopoedists1 and allied himself with ,helvetius1 d',alembert1 ,turgot1 and the rest of the philosophical party1 who received the illustrious recruit with open arms4 ,about the same time that ,m4 de ,chastellux left the army1 and made his debut in civil life1 the ,scottish historian and philosopher1 ,david ,hume1 arrived in ,paris1 with the ,british ambassador1 ,lord ,hertford4 ,he became the lion of the day4 ,courtiers and philosophers fell down and worshipped him2 his skeptical opinions were eagerly imbibed1 and the three years that he spent in the ,french capital became1 owing to his extraordinary influence1 one of the most important epochs in the literary history of the eighteenth century4 ,m4 de ,chastellux shared in the general enthusiasm2 and the ,essays and ,political ,discourses of ,hume1 together with the ,essai sur les moeurs et l'esprit des nations of ,voltaire1 which had appeared a few years before1 wrought upon his mind a deep and lasting impression4 ,the united influence of these two authors led him to a course of study which resulted in a work upon which his reputation was finally established4 ,this was his celebrated treatise1 ,on ,public ,felicity2 or1 ,considerations on the ,condition of ,man at different ,periods of his ,history1 in two volumes4 ,it bears a resemblance to both its parents4 ,it is historical1 like the ,essai sur les moeurs1 and dogmatic1 like the ,essays and ,discourses4 ,and that is one of its defects4 ,the ,considerations on the condition of man at various periods serve by way of introduction to the author's theory of public felicity2 but the second part is inferior to the first4 ,the body of the book is sacrificed to the introduction4 ,this was four years before the appearance of ,adam ,smith's ,wealth of ,nations4 ,the ,marquis de ,mirabeau and others of his school had begun to write2 but their notions of political economy were still unfamiliar to the public4 ,m4 de ,chastellux may therefore be regarded as one of the first supporters of that doctrine of human perfectibility which lies at the bottom of all the prevailing opinions of the eighteenth century4 ,to this he added another theory1 that the only end of government ought to be the greatest happiness of the greatest possible number4 ,nearly one hundred years ago1 therefore1 he discovered and developed the principle which is now one of the most popular epitomes of social science4 ,his style is good1 #ahc but neither very concise nor very brilliant4 ,it is now and then obscure1 sometimes digressive1 sometimes declamatory2 but for the most part clear1 lively1 and abounding in those happy touches which show the writer to be a man of the world as well as an author4 ,it is said that the immediate occasion of his writing the book was a conversation with ,mably1 the author of ,observations on the ,history of ,france1 who maintained that the world was constantly degenerating1 and that the men of to-day were not half so good as their grandfathers4 ,the young philosopher1 his head full of the new ideas1 resolved to demonstrate the superiority of the present over the past4 ,the first edition of his work appeared in #aggb1 two years before the death of ,louis ,,xv4 ,it was printed anonymously in ,holland4 ,everywhere it was read with avidity1 abroad as well as in ,france4 ,it was translated into ,english1 ,german1 and ,italian4 ,voltaire read it at ,ferney1 and was so much struck by it that he covered his copy with marginal notes--not always of approbation--which were reproduced in a new edition of the work by the author's son1 in #ahbb4 ,despite great merits1 which cannot be denied it1 the essay ,on ,public ,felicity is now almost forgotten4 ,in the historical portion1 ,m4 de ,chastellux passes in review all the nations of ancient and modern times1 for the purpose of showing that the general condition of man has never before been so good as it is now4 ,the fundamental principle of his work is disclosed in the following profession of faith3 ,to say that man is born to be free1 that his first care is to preserve his liberty when he enjoys it1 and to recover it when he has lost it1 is to attribute to him a sentiment which he shares with the whole animal kingdom1 and which cannot be called in question4 ,and if we add that this liberty is by its very nature indefinite1 and that the liberty of one individual can only be limited by that of another1 we do but express a truth which few in this enlightened age will be found to contradict4 ,look at society from this point of view1 and you will see nothing but a series of encroachments and resistances2 and if you want to form a just idea of government1 you must consider it as the equilibrium which ought to result from these opposing struggles4444 ,government and legislation are only secondary and subordinate objects4 ,they ought to be regarded merely as means through which men may preserve in the social state the greatest possible portion of natural liberty4 ,it is melancholy to see how1 in a work that has so much to recommend it1 the chapter which treats of the establishment of ,christianity is disfigured by the skeptical philosophy of the age4 ,our regret at this is perhaps the more keen because the fault was altogether without excuse4 ,turgot had argued before the ,sorbonne1 only a few years previously1 that a belief in the progress of the human race1 so far from being incompatible with the doctrine of redemption1 is its necessary consequence4 ,de ,chastellux might have shown that1 if the coming of our ,lord did not immediately effect a sensible reformation throughout the civilized world1 it was because the vices and bad passions of the old pagan society long survived the overthrow of the old pagan gods4 ,but there is this to be said for him3 if he does not evince an adequate appreciation of the great moral revolution effected by ,christianity1 he at least does not speak of it in the same insolent tone that was fashionable in his day4 ,when he comes down to modern times1 and treats of density of population in its relation to national prosperity1 he repeats the popular fallacy that the multiplication of religious orders exerts a pernicious influence upon the progress of population4 ,but when from general views he descends to statistics1 he refutes his own arguments4 ,the number of monks in ,france1 he says1 according to a careful enumeration #ahd made by order of government1 a few years ago1 was #bf1fgd1 and it certainly is not less now4 ,in point of fact1 the real number when the property of the clergy was confiscated in #agij was only #ag1jjj2 and what is that in a population of #bd1jjj1jjj or #bf1jjj1jjj8 ,the army withdraws from the marriage state twenty times that number of men1 in the vigor of their age2 whereas the greater part of the monks are men in the decline of life4 ,it is a matter of astonishment that a work which professes to treat of public felicity should devote itself entirely to the material well-being of society1 and have nothing to say of the moral condition of mankind1 which is the more important element of the two in making up the sum of human happiness4 ,every author1 of course1 has a right to fix the limits of his subject2 but then he must not promise on the title-page more than he means to perform4 ,the authorship of the essay on ,public ,felicity was not long a secret2 but de ,chastellux received perhaps as much annoyance as glory from the discovery4 ,his ideas did not please everybody1 and among those who fell foul of him for his philosophical errors were some of his own family4 ,he made little account of their opposition1 and in #aggd came out boldly with an eulogy on ,helvetius1 with whom he had lived for a long time on the most intimate terms4 ,two years later1 he published a second edition of his previous treatise1 with the addition of a chapter of ,ulterior ,views1 in which he points out the danger of some of the revolutionary opinions which were then coming more and more into vogue1 and the futility of trying to realize in actual life that form of government which might be theoretically the best4 ,if he had been alive in #aghi1 he would have belonged to the monarchical party in the ,constituent ,assembly2 and1 after having done his part in paving the way for the revolution1 he would have perished as one of its victims4 ,among political and social reformers1 he must be classed with the school of ,montesquieu rather than with that of ,rousseau4 ,the attention of ,france1 however1 was now fixed more and more firmly upon the contest going on in ,america between ,great ,britain and her rebellious colonies4 ,louis ,,xvi41 after some resistance1 yielded to the demand of public opinion1 and1 in #aggh1 not only recognized the independence of the ,united ,states1 but sent a fleet under ,count d',estaing to help them4 ,a second expedition was despatched under ,count de ,rochambeau4 ,m4 de ,chastellux1 who then held the grade of marechal de camp equivalent to something between brigadier and major-general in the present ,united ,states army--,,ed41 obtained permission to join it1 and was appointed major-general4 ,the expeditionary corps arrived at ,newport1 capital of the state of ,rhode ,island1 ,july #aj1 #aghj4 ,it consisted of eight ships of the line1 two frigates1 two gunboats1 and over #e1jjj troops4 ,the next year came a reenforcement of #c1jjj men4 ,lord ,cornwallis1 who commanded the ,english force was shut up in ,yorktown1 ,va41 and1 being closely besieged by the allies and invested by land and sea1 was compelled to surrender in ,october1 #agha4 ,this forced ,england to conclude a peace1 and the auxiliary corps re-embarked at ,boston on their return to ,france at the close of #aghb4 ,it had been two years and a half in ,america1 and during this time the republic had achieved its independence4 ,during his visit to ,america1 ,m4 de ,chastellux employed the brief periods of leisure left him from military occupations in making three tours through the interior4 ,he wrote down as he travelled a journal of his observations1 and printed at a little press on board the fleet some twenty copies of it1 ten or twelve of which found their way to ,europe4 ,so great was the eagerness #ahe with which people there seized upon every book relating to ,america1 that a number of copies were surreptitiously printed1 and a publisher at ,cassel brought out an imperfect edition4 ,the author then published the book himself in #aghf 7#b vols41 #abmo1 ,paris71 under the title1 ,voyages de ,m4 le ,marquis de ,chastellux dans l',amerique septentrionale en #aghj1 #agha1 et #aghb4 ,though written originally only for his friends1 it has a general interest1 and presents a curious picture of the condition of ,north ,america at the period of which it treats4 ,the author set out from ,newport1 where the troops had landed and gone into winter-quarters1 in order to visit ,pennsylvania4 ,accompanied by two aides-de-camp1 one of whom was the ,baron de ,montesquieu1 grandson of the author of the ,esprit des lois1 and by five mounted servants1 he started1 ,november #aa1 #aghj1 on horseback1 for that was the only means of travelling that the country afforded4 ,the ground was frozen hard1 and already covered with snow4 ,the little party directed their steps first toward ,windham1 where ,lauzun's hussars1 forming the advance-guard of the army1 were encamped4 ,they found the ,duke de ,lauzun at the head of his troops1 and this meeting between the grandsons of d',aguesseau and ,montesquieu1 and a descendant of the ,lauzuns and ,birons1 all three fighting for the cause of liberty in the wilds of ,america1 was a curious beginning of their adventures4 ,it was this same ,duke de ,lauzun1 a friend of ,mirabeau and ,talleyrand1 who became ,duke de ,biron after the death of his uncle1 was chosen a member of the ,states ,general in #aghi1 commanded the republican army of ,la ,vendee1 and finished his career on the scaffold4 ,the travellers crossed the mountains which separated them from the ,hudson1 and1 after passing through a wild and almost desert country1 arrived at ,west ,point1 a place celebrated at that time for the most dramatic incidents of the war of independence 7the treason of ,general ,arnold and the execution of ,major ,andre71 and now famous as the seat of the great military school of the ,united ,states4 ,the ,american army occupying the forts of ,west ,point1 which ,arnold's treachery had so nearly given over to the enemy1 saluted the ,french major-general with thirteen guns--one for each state in the confederation4 ,never1 says he1 was honor more imposing or majestic4 ,every gun was1 after a long interval1 echoed back from the opposite bank with a noise nearly equal to that of the discharge itself4 ,two years ago1 ,west ,point was an almost inaccessible desert4 ,this desert has been covered with fortresses and artillery by a people who1 six years before1 had never seen a cannon4 ,the well-filled magazines1 and the great number of guns in the different forts1 the prodigious labor which must have been expended in transporting and piling up on the steep rocks such huge trunks of trees and blocks of hewn stone1 give one a very different idea of the ,americans from that which the ,english ministry have labored to convey to ,parliament4 ,a ,frenchman might well be surprised that a nation hardly born should have spent in two years more than #ab1jjj1jjj francs in this wilderness2 but how much greater must be his surprise when he learns that these fortifications have cost the state nothing1 having been constructed by the soldiers1 who not only received no extra allowance for the labor1 but have not even touched their regular pay6 ,it will be gratifying for him to know that these magnificent works were planned by two ,french engineers1 ,m4 du ,portail and ,m4 ,gouvion1 ,footnote #de who have been no better paid than their workmen4 ,footnote #de3 ,,mm4 du ,portail and ,gouvion went to ,america with ,lafayette1 and returned with him4 ,each rose afterward to the rank of lieutenant-general in the ,french army4 ,the former1 through the influence of ,lafayette1 was appointed minister-of-war in #agij2 he fled to the ,united ,states during the ,reign of ,terror4 ,the other was created major-general of the ,national ,guard of ,paris in #agfi2 he fell in battle in #agib4 ,west ,point stands on the bank of #ahf the ,hudson1 in a situation which may well be compared with the most beautiful scenery of the ,rhine4 ,m4 de ,chastellux describes it with the liveliest admiration2 but he remained there only a short time1 because he was in haste to reach the head-quarters of ,washington4 ,after passing thick woods1 ,i found myself in a small plain1 where ,i saw a handsome farm4 ,a small camp which seemed to cover it1 a large tent pitched in the yard1 and several wagons around it1 convinced me that ,i was at the head-quarters of ,his ,excellency1 for so ,mr4 ,washington is called1 in the army and throughout ,america4 ,m4 de ,lafayette was conversing in the yard with a tall man about five feet nine inches high1 of a noble and mild aspect3 it was the general himself4 ,i was soon off my horse and in his presence4 ,the compliments were short2 the sentiments which animated me and the good-will which he testified for me were not equivocal4 ,he led me into his house1 where ,i found the company still at table1 although dinner had long been over4 ,he presented me to the generals and the aides-de-camp1 adjutants1 and other officers attached to his person1 who form what is called in ,england and ,america the family of the general4 ,a few glasses of claret and madeira accelerated the acquaintances ,i had to make1 and ,i soon felt at my ease in the presence of the greatest and best of men4 ,the goodness and benevolence which characterize him are evident from everything about him2 but the confidence he inspires never gives occasion to familiarity1 for it originates in a profound esteem for his virtues and a high opinion of his talents4 ,the next day ,washington offered to conduct his guest to the camp of the marquis3 this was the appellation universally bestowed in ,america upon ,lafayette1 who commanded the advance of the army4 ,we found his troops in order of battle1 and himself at their head1 expressing by his air and countenance that he was better pleased to receive me there than he would be at his estate in ,auvergne4 ,footnote #df ,the confidence and attachment of his troops are invaluable possessions for him1 well-earned riches of which nobody can deprive him2 but what1 in my opinion1 is still more flattering for a young man of his age 7he was not more than twenty-three7 is the influence and consideration he has acquired in political as well as military matters4 ,i do not exaggerate when ,i say that private letters from him have often produced more effect upon some of the states than the most urgent recommendations of the ,congress4 ,on seeing him1 one is at a loss to decide which is the stranger circumstance--that a man so young should have given such extraordinary proofs of ability1 or that one who has been so much tried should still give promise of such a long career of glory4 ,happy his country1 should she know how to make use of his talents6 happier still1 should she never stand in need of them6 ,footnote #df3 ,m4 de ,chastellux was cousin-german by the mother's side to the ,duchess of ,ayen1 the mother of ,madame de ,lafayette4 ,this last remark shows that ,m4 de ,chastellux1 with all his enthusiasm for the present1 was not without anxiety for the future4 ,he spent three days at head-quarters1 nearly all the while at table1 after the ,american fashion4 ,at the end of each meal nuts were served1 and ,general ,washington sat for several hours1 eating them1 toasting1 and conversing4 ,these long conversations only increased his companion's admiration4 ,the most striking characteristic of this respected man is the perfect accord which exists between his physical and moral qualities4 ,this idea of a perfect whole cannot be produced by enthusiasm1 which would rather reject it1 since the effect of proportion is to diminish the idea of greatness4 ,brave without rashness1 laborious without ambition1 generous without prodigality1 noble without pride1 virtuous without severity1 he seems always to have #ahg confined himself within those limits where the virtues1 by clothing themselves in more lively but more changeable and doubtful colors1 may be mistaken for faults4 ,the city of ,philadelphia was the capital of the confederation and the seat of the ,congress4 ,m4 de ,chastellux did not fail to visit it4 ,he enjoyed there the hospitality of the ,chevalier de la ,luzerne1 ,french minister to the ,united ,states1 and had the pleasure of meeting several young ,french officers1 some in the service of the ,united ,states1 others belonging to the expeditionary corps1 whom the interruption of military operations had left at liberty1 like himself4 ,among them were ,m4 de ,lafayette1 the ,viscount de ,noailles1 the ,count de ,damas1 the ,count de ,custine1 the ,chevalier de ,mauduit1 and the ,marquis de la ,rouerie4 ,let us give a few particulars about these ,gallo-,americans1 as our author calls them4 ,the ,viscount de ,noailles1 brother-in-law of ,lafayette1 and colonel of the chasseurs of ,alsace1 was afterward a member of the ,states ,general1 and principal author of the famous deliberations of the #dth of ,august4 ,the ,count ,charles de ,damas1 an aide-de-camp of ,rochambeau1 in after years took part1 on the contrary1 against the revolutionists1 and1 attempting to rescue ,louis ,,xvi4 at ,varennes1 was arrested with him4 ,the ,count de ,custine1 colonel of the regiment of ,saintonge infantry1 is the same who was general-in-chief of the republican armies in #agib1 and who died by the guillotine the next year1 like ,lauzun4 ,the ,chevalier de ,mauduit commanded the ,american artillery4 ,at the age of fifteen1 with his head full of dreams of classical antiquity1 he ran away from college1 walked to ,marseilles1 and shipped as cabin-boy on board a vessel bound for ,greece1 in order to visit the battle-fields of ,plataea and ,thermopylae4 ,the same spirit of enthusiasm carried him1 at the age of twenty1 to ,america4 ,appointed1 after the war1 commandant at ,port au ,prince1 he was assassinated there by his own soldiers in #agia4 ,the history of the ,marquis de la ,rouerie1 or ,rouarie1 is still more romantic4 ,in his youth he fell violently in love with an actress1 and wanted to marry her4 ,compelled by his family to break off this attachment1 he determined to become a ,trappist2 but he soon threw aside the monastic habit and went to ,america1 where he commanded a legion armed and equipped at his own cost4 ,he abandoned his surname and title1 and would only be known as ,colonel ,armand4 ,after his return to ,france1 he was concerned1 with others of the nobility of ,brittany1 in the troubles which preceded the revolution4 ,he was one of the twelve deputies sent in #aghg to demand of the king the restoration of the privileges of that province1 and as such was committed to the ,bastile4 ,the next year he had occasion to claim the same privileges1 not from the king1 but from the ,third ,estate4 ,in #agia he placed himself at the head of the disaffected1 and organized the royalist insurrection in the west4 ,denounced and pursued1 he saved himself by taking to the forest1 lay hid in one chateau after another1 fell sick in the middle of winter1 and died in a fit of despair on hearing of the execution of ,louis ,,xvi4 ,the ,chevalier de la ,luzerne1 brother of the ,bishop of ,langres1 afterward cardinal1 so distinguished for his noble conduct in #aghi1 was a man of more coolness and deliberation1 but not less devoted to the cause of the ,united ,states4 ,he had given abundant proof of his friendship by contracting a loan on his own responsibility for the payment of the ,american troops4 ,m4 de la ,luzerne1 says de ,chastellux1 is so formed for the station he occupies1 that one would be tempted to imagine no other could fill it but himself4 ,noble in his expenditure1 like the minister of a great monarchy1 but plain in his manners1 like a republican1 he is equally fit to represent the king with the ,congress1 or the ,congress with the king4 ,he loves the #ahh ,americans1 and his own inclination attaches him to the duties of his administration4 ,he has accordingly obtained their confidence1 both as a private and a public man2 but in both these respects he is inaccessible to the spirit of party which reigns but too much around him4 ,he is anxiously courted by all parties1 and1 espousing none1 he manages all4 ,in acknowledgment of his services in ,america1 the ,chevalier was appointed1 after the peace1 minister at ,london2--rather an audacious action on the part of the government of ,louis ,,xvi4 to choose as their representative in ,england the very man who had contributed most of all to the independence of the ,united ,states4 ,the state of ,pennsylvania1 in gratitude for his acts of good-will1 gave the name of ,luzerne to one of her counties4 ,the principal occupation of these officers1 during their stay at ,philadelphia1 was to visit1 notwithstanding the inclemency of the weather1 the scenes of the recent conflicts near that city1 or to discuss the causes which had turned the fortune of war1 now in favor of the ,americans1 and now against them4 ,our author here shows himself in a new light1 as a tactician who1 with a thorough knowledge of the art of war1 points out the circumstances which have led to the success or failure of this or that manoeuvre4 ,those affairs in which the ,french figured especially attracted his attention4 ,bravery1 generosity1 disinterestedness1 all the national virtues were conspicuous in these volunteers who had crossed the ocean to make war at their own expense1 and who softened the asperity of military operations by the charm of their elegant manners and chivalric bearing4 ,among the battle-fields which these young enthusiasts1 while a waiting something better to do1 loved to trace out was that of ,brandywine1 where ,m4 de ,lafayette1 almost immediately after his landing in ,america1 received the wound in the leg of which he speaks so gaily in a letter to his wife4 ,lafayette himself acted as their guide1 and recounted to his friends1 on the very scene of action1 the incidents of this day1 which was not a fortunate one for the ,americans4 ,he did the honors of another expedition to the heights of ,barren ,hill1 where he had gained an advantage under rather curious circumstances4 ,he had with him there about two thousand infantry with fifty dragoons and an equal number of ,indians1 when the ,english1 who occupied ,philadelphia1 endeavored to surround and capture him4 ,general ,howe ,sir ,henry ,clinton--,,ed4 thought he had now fairly caught the marquis1 and even carried his gasconade so far as to invite ladies to meet ,lafayette at supper the next day2 and1 whilst the principal part of the officers were at the play1 he put in motion the main body of his forces1 which he marched in three columns4 ,the first was not long in reaching the advanced posts of ,m4 de ,lafayette1 which gave rise to a laughable adventure4 ,the fifty savages he had with him were placed in ambuscade in the woods1 after their own manner2 that is to say1 lying as close as rabbits4 ,fifty ,english dragoons1 who had never seen any ,indians1 entered the wood where they were hid4 ,the ,indians on their part1 had never seen dragoon4 ,up they start1 raising a horrible cry1 throw down their arms1 and escape by swimming across the ,schuylkill4 ,the dragoons1 on the other hand1 as much terrified as they were1 turned tail1 and fled in such a panic that they did not stop until they reached ,philadelphia4 ,m4 de ,lafayette1 finding himself in danger of being surrounded1 made such skilful dispositions that he effected his retreat1 as if by enchantment1 and crossed the river without losing a man4 ,the ,english army1 finding the bird flown1 returned to ,philadelphia1 spent with fatigue1 and ashamed of having done nothing4 ,the ladies did not see ,m4 de ,lafayette1 and ,general ,howe ,clinton himself arrived too late for supper4 ,by the side of these admirable military sketches1 we have an account of a ball at the ,chevalier de la ,luzerne's4 ,there were near twenty women1 #ahi twelve or fifteen of whom danced1 each having her 'partner1' as the custom is in ,america4 ,dancing is said to be at once the emblem of gaiety and of love2 here it seems to be the emblem of legislation and of marriage3 of legislation1 inasmuch as places are marked out1 the country-dances named1 and every proceeding provided for1 calculated1 and submitted to regulation2 of marriage1 as it furnishes each lady with a partner1 with whom she must dance the whole evening1 without being permitted to take another4 ,strangers have generally the privilege of being complimented with the handsomest women2 that is to say1 out of politeness1 the prettiest partners are given to them4 ,the ,count de ,damas led forth ,mrs4 ,bingham1 and the ,viscount de ,noailles1 ,miss ,shippen4 ,both of them1 like true philosophers1 testified a great respect for the custom of the country by not quitting their partners the whole evening2 in other respects they were the admiration of the whole assembly from the grace and dignity with which they danced4 ,to the honor of my country1 ,i can affirm that they surpassed that evening a chief justice of ,carolina1 and two members of ,congress1 one of whom 7,mr4 ,duane7 passed for being by ten per cent4 more lively than all the other dancers4 ,at ,philadelphia1 as in camp1 a great part of the day was passed at table4 ,the ,congress having met1 ,m4 de ,chastellux was invited to dinner successively by the representatives from the ,north and the representatives from the ,south2 for the political body was even then divided by a geographical line1 each side having separate reunions at a certain tavern which they used to frequent3 so we see the differences between ,north and ,south are as old as the confederation itself4 ,he made the acquaintance of all the leading members1 and especially of ,samuel ,adams1 one of the framers of the ,declaration of ,independence4 ,footnote #dg ,he saw also the celebrated pamphleteer1 ,thomas ,paine1 who ten years afterward came to ,france1 and was chosen a member of the ,national ,convention4 ,together with ,lafayette1 our author was elected a member of the ,academy of ,philadelphia4 ,despite so many circumstances to prepossess him in favor of the ,americans1 he appears not a very ardent admirer of what he witnesses about him4 ,he shows but little sympathy with the ,quakers1 whose smooth and wheedling tone disgusts him1 and whom he represents as wholly given up to making money4 ,philadelphia he calls the great sink in which all the speculations of the ,united ,states meet and mingle4 ,the city then had #dj1jjj inhabitants2 it now contains #fjj1jjj4 ,footnote #dg3 ,a mistake of the reviewer's4 ,samuel ,adams had no hand in writing the ,declaration1 nor does de ,chastellux say that he had4--,,ed4 ,c4 ,w4 ,we can easily conceive that1 in contrasting the appearance of this republican government with the great ,french monarchy1 he should have found abundant food for study and reflection4 ,he speaks with great reserve1 but what little he says is enough to show that he was not so much enamored of republican ideas as ,lafayette and most of his friends4 ,the disciple of ,montesquieu loses much of his admiration for the ,american constitutions when he sees them in operation1 and seems especially loath to introduce them into his own country4 ,the constitution of ,pennsylvania strikes him as particularly defective4 ,the state of ,pennsylvania is far from being one of the best governed of the members of the confederation4 ,the government is without force2 nor can it be otherwise4 ,a popular government can never have any whilst the people are uncertain and vacillating in their opinions2 for then the leaders seek rather to please than to serve them1 and end by becoming the slaves of the multitude whom they pretended to govern4 ,this constitution had one capital defect3 it provided only for a single legislative chamber4 ,after a disastrous trial1 ,pennsylvania was #aij compelled to change her laws1 and adopt the system of two chambers1 like the other states of the ,union4 ,our author betrays his misgivings most clearly in his narrative of an interview with ,samuel ,adams4 ,his report of the conversation is especially curious1 as it shows how entirely the two speakers were preoccupied by different ideas4 ,samuel ,adams1 who has been called the ,american ,cato1 bent himself to prove the revolution justifiable1 by arguments drawn not only from natural right but from historical precedent4 ,the thoroughly ,english character of mind of these innovators led them to make it a sort of point of honor to find a sanction for their conduct in tradition4 ,m4 de ,chastellux1 like a true ,frenchman1 made no account of such reasonings4 ,i am clearly of opinion that the parliament of ,england had no right to tax ,america without her consent2 but ,i am still more clearly convinced that1 when a whole people say1 ',we will be free6' it is difficult to demonstrate that they are in the wrong4 ,be that as it may1 ,mr4 ,adams very satisfactorily proved to me that ,new ,england was peopled with no view to commerce and aggrandizement1 but wholly by individuals who fled from persecution1 and sought an asylum at the extremity of the world1 where they might be free to live and follow their own opinions2 that it was of their own accord that these colonists placed themselves under the protection of ,england2 that the mutual relationship springing from this connection was expressed in their charters1 and that the right of imposing or exacting a revenue of any kind was not comprised in them4 ,there was no question between the two speakers of the ,federal ,constitution1 for it did not yet exist4 ,the states at that time formed merely a confederation of sovereign states1 with a general congress1 like the ,german confederation4 ,they had no president or central administration4 ,the constitutions spoken of in this conversation were simply the separate constitutions of the individual states1 and ,samuel ,adams1 being from ,massachusetts1 referred particularly to that state4 ,m4 de ,chastellux1 accustomed to the complex social systems of ,europe1 was surprised that no property qualification should be required of voters2 the ,americans1 on the contrary1 who had always lived in a democratic community1 both before and since the declaration of independence1 could not comprehend the necessity of such a restriction4 ,both were doubtless right2 for it is equally difficult to establish political inequality where it does not already exist1 and to suddenly abolish it where it does exist4 ,the constitution of ,massachusetts1 superior in this respect to that of ,pennsylvania1 provided for a moderating power by creation of a governor's council1 elected by property-holders4 ,our author's first journey terminates in the north1 near the ,canada frontier4 ,he crosses the frozen rivers in a sleigh1 in order to visit the battle-field of ,saratoga1 the scene1 three years before1 the capitulation of ,general ,burgoyne1 the most important success which the ,americans had achieved previous to the arrival of the ,french4 ,returning to ,newport in the early part of #agha1 after having travelled1 in the course of two months1 more than three hundred leagues1 on horseback or in sleighs1 he passed the rest of the year solely occupied in the duties of the glorious campaign which put an end to the war4 ,he wrote a journal of this campaign1 but it has not been published4 ,he speaks of it in the narrative of his travels4 ,from the ,memoires of ,rochambeau1 however1 we learn something of his gallant behavior at the siege of ,yorktown1 where1 at the head of the reserve1 he repulsed a sortie of the enemy4 ,his second journey was made immediately after the surrender of ,cornwallis1 and was directed toward ,virginia1 the most important of the southern1 as ,pennsylvania was of the northern1 states4 ,it was the birth-place of ,washington1 of ,jefferson1 of ,madison1 and #aia of ,monroe2 the state which shared most actively in the war of independence1 and which is now the principal battle-field of the bloody struggle between ,north and ,south4 ,this second journey did not partake of the military and political character of the first4 ,now that the destiny of ,america seemed settled1 the author gave his attention1 principally1 to natural history4 ,in every phrase we recognize the pupil and admirer of ,buffon4 ,his chief purpose was to visit a natural bridge of rock across one of the affluents of the ,james river1 in the ,appalachian mountains4 ,he describes this stupendous arch with great care1 and illustrates his narrative with several drawings which he caused to be made by an officer of engineers4 ,a propos of this subject1 he indulges in speculations upon the geological formation of the ,new ,world1 quite after the manner of the author of ,epoques de la nature4 ,on the road he amused himself by hunting4 ,he describes the animals that he kills1 and gives an account of the mocking-bird1 which almost equals ,buffon's in vivacity1 and excels it in accuracy4 ,he gives several details respecting the opossum1 that singular animal which almost seems to belong to a different creation4 ,all natural objects interest him1 and he studies them with the zeal of a first discoverer4 ,his description of the mocking-bird is well worth reproducing3 ,i rose with the sun1 and1 while breakfast was preparing1 took a walk around the house4 ,the birds were heard on every side1 but my attention was chiefly attracted by a very agreeable song1 which appeared to proceed from a neighboring tree4 ,i approached softly1 and perceived it to be a mocking-bird1 saluting the rising sun4 ,at first ,i was afraid of frightening it1 but my presence1 on the contrary1 gave it pleasure2 for1 apparently delighted at having an auditor1 it sang better than before1 and its emulation seemed to increase when it saw a couple of dogs1 which followed me1 draw near to the tree on which it was perched4 ,it kept hopping incessantly from branch to branch1 still continuing its song2 for this extraordinary bird is not less remarkable for its agility than its charming notes4 ,it keeps perpetually rising and sinking1 so as to appear not less the favorite of ,terpsichore than ,polyhymnia4 ,this bird cannot certainly be reproached with fatiguing its auditors1 for nothing can be more varied than its song1 of which it is impossible to give an imitation1 or even to furnish any adequate idea4 ,as it had every reason to be satisfied with my attention1 it concealed from me none of its talents2 and one would have thought that1 after having delighted me with a concert1 it was desirous of entertaining me with a comedy4 ,it began to counterfeit different birds2 those which it imitated the most naturally1 at least to a stranger1 were the jay1 the raven1 the cardinal1 and the lapwing4 ,it appeared desirous of detaining me near it2 for1 after ,i had listened for a quarter of an hour1 it followed me on my return to the house1 flying from tree to tree1 always singing1 sometimes its natural song1 at others those which it had learned in ,virginia and in its travels2 for this bird is one of those which change climate1 although it sometimes appears here during the winter4 ,continuing his journey1 the traveller visited ,jefferson at his country-home1 situated deep in the wilderness1 on the skirts of the ,blue ,ridge4 ,this visit gives him opportunity for a new historical portrait3 ,it was ,jefferson himself who built his house and chose the situation4 ,he calls it ,monticello 'little mountain'1 a modest title1 for it is built upon a very high mountain2 but the name indicates the owner's attachment to the language of ,italy1 and above all to the fine arts1 of which that country was the cradle4 ,he is a man not yet forty1 of tall stature and a mild and pleasant countenance2 but his mind and understanding are ample substitutes for every external grace4 #aib ,an ,american who1 without having ever quitted his own country1 is skilled in music and drawing2 a geometrician1 an astronomer1 a natural philosopher1 a jurist and a statesman2 a senator who sat for two years in the congress which brought about the revolution1 and which is never mentioned without respect1 though unhappily not without regret2 ,footnote #dh a governor of ,virginia1 who filled this difficult station during the invasions of ,arnold1 of ,phillips1 and of ,cornwallis2 in fine1 a philosopher in voluntary retirement from the world and public affairs1 because he only loves the world so long as he can flatter himself with the conviction that he is of some use to mankind4 ,a mild and amiable wife1 charming children1 of whose education he himself takes charge1 a house to embellish1 great possessions to improve1 and the arts and sciences to cultivate--these are what remain to ,mr4 ,jefferson after having played a distinguished part on the theatre of the ,new ,world4 ,before ,i had been two hours in his company1 we were as ultimate as if we had passed our whole lives together4 ,walking1 books1 but above all a conversation always varied and interesting1 sustained by that sweet satisfaction experienced by two persons whose sentiments are always in unison1 and who understand each other at the first hint1 made four days seem to me only so many minutes4 ,no object had escaped ,mr4 ,jefferson's attention2 and it seemed as if from his youth he had placed his mind1 as he has done his house1 on an elevation from which he might contemplate the universe4 ,footnote #dh3 ,the ,united ,states were then passing through a crisis of anarchy1 which lasted until the adoption of the ,federal ,constitution in #aghh1 and the elevation of ,washington to the presidency4 ,at the period of this visit1 ,mr4 ,jefferson thought only of retirement2 but when ,m4 de ,chastellux's ,voyages en ,amerique appeared1 three years afterward1 he was minister-plenipotentiary of the ,united ,states in ,paris4 ,the death of his wife had determined him to return to public life4 ,he formed a solid friendship for ,m4 de ,chastellux1 of which his correspondence contains abundant proof4 ,the brilliant ,french soldier introduced the solitary of ,monticello1 the ,american wild-man of the mountains1 to the salons of ,paris2 and the republican statesman1 with the manners of an aristocrat1 entered1 nothing loath1 into the society of the gay and polished capital1 where he received the same welcome and honors that were accorded to ,franklin4 ,this portion of the ,journal closes with some general remarks upon ,virginia1 which possess a new interest now that the people of that state reappear upon the scene in the same bellicose and indomitable character which they bore of old4 ,the ,virginians differ essentially from the people of the ,north1 not only in the nature of their climate1 soil1 and agriculture1 but in that indelible character which is imprinted on every nation at the moment of its origin1 and which1 by perpetuating itself from generation to generation1 justifies the great principle that 'everything which is partakes of that which has been4' ,the settlement of ,virginia took place at the commencement of the seventeenth century4 ,the republican and democratic spirit was not then common in ,england2 that of commerce and navigation was scarcely in its infancy4 ,the long wars with ,france and ,spain had perpetuated the military spirit1 and the first colonists of ,virginia were composed in great part of gentlemen who had no other profession than that of arms4 ,it was natural1 therefore1 for these colonists1 who were filled with military principles and the prejudices of nobility1 to carry them even into the midst of the savages whose lands they came to occupy4 ,another cause which operated in forming their character was the institution of slavery4 ,it may be asked how these prejudices have been brought to coincide with a revolution founded on such different principles8 ,i answer #aic that they have perhaps contributed to produce it4 ,while the insurrection in ,new ,england was the result of reason and calculation1 ,virginia revolted through pride4 ,the third and last journey of ,m4 de ,chastellux led him through ,new ,hampshire1 ,massachusetts1 and northern ,pennsylvania4 ,this was during the months of ,november and ,december1 #aghb1 on the eve of his return to ,france4 ,he started from ,hartford1 the capital of ,connecticut1 and1 after visiting several other places1 went to ,boston1 for he could not leave ,america without seeing this city1 the cradle of the revolution4 ,he found at this port the ,french fleet1 under command of ,m4 de ,vaudreuil1 which was to carry back the expeditionary corps to ,france4 ,he closes his ,journal with an interesting account of the university at ,cambridge1 which ,ampere1 who was1 like him1 a member of the ,french ,academy1 visited and described seventy years afterward4 ,in the appendix to his book he gives a letter written by himself on board the frigate l',emeraude1 just before sailing1 to ,mr4 ,madison1 professor of philosophy in ,william and ,mary ,college4 ,it is upon a subject which has not yet lost its appropriateness--the future of the arts and sciences in ,america4 ,a democratic and commercial society1 always in a ferment1 seemed to him hardly compatible with scientific1 and still less with artistic1 progress4 ,but1 in his solicitude for the welfare of the country he had been defending1 he would not allow that the difficulty was insuperable4 ,some of his remarks upon this subject are extremely delicate and ingenious4 ,the question which troubled him is not yet fully answered1 but it is in a fair way of being settled4 ,the ,united ,states have really made but little progress in the arts1 though they have produced a few pictures and statues which have elicited admiration even in ,europe at recent industrial exhibitions4 ,they are beginning1 however1 to have a literature4 ,even in the days of the revolution they could boast of the writings of ,franklin1 which combined the-most charming originality with refinement and solid good sense4 ,now they can show1 among novelists1 ,fenimore ,cooper and the celebrated ,mrs4 ,beecher ,stowe1 whose book gave the signal for another revolution2 among story-tellers1 ,washington ,irving and ,hawthorne2 among critics1 ,ticknor2 among historians1 ,prescott and ,bancroft2 among economists1 ,carey2 among political writers1 ,everett2 among moralists1 ,emerson and ,channing2 among poets1 ,bryant and ,longfellow4 ,in science they have done still more4 ,they have adopted and naturalized one of the first of modern geologists1 ,agassiz2 and the hydrographical labors of ,maury1 late director of the ,washington ,observatory1 are the admiration of the whole world4 ,their immense development in industrial pursuits implies a corresponding progress in practical science4 ,it was ,fulton1 an ,american1 who invented the steamboat1 and carried out in his own country the idea which he could not persuade ,europe to listen to2 and only lately the reaping-machine has come to us from the shores of the great lakes and the vast prairies of the ,far ,west4 ,when the ,voyages en ,amerique appeared1 the revolutionary party in ,france were still more dissatisfied with the book than they had been with the ,felicite publique4 ,they were angry at the wise and unprejudiced judgments which the author passed upon men and things in the ,new ,world2 they were angry that he found some things not quite perfect in republican society1 that his praises of democracy were not louder1 his denunciations of the past not more sweeping4 ,brissot de ,warville1 whose caustic pen was already in full exercise1 published a bitter review of the book4 ,some of the hostile criticisms found their way to the ,united ,states1 and ,m4 de ,chastellux1 in sending a copy of his work to ,general ,washington1 took occasion to #aid defend himself4 ,he received from the general a long and affectionate reply1 written at ,mount ,vernon1 in ,april1 #aghf4 ,m4 de ,chastellux also wrote a ,discourse on the ,advantages and ,disadvantages which have resulted to ,europe from the ,discovery of ,america1 and edited the comedies of the ,marchioness de ,gleon4 ,this lady1 celebrated for her wit and beauty1 was the daughter of a rich financier4 ,at her house1 ,la ,chevrette1 near ,montmorency1 she entertained all the literary world1 and gave representations of her own plays4 ,her friend1 ,m4 de ,chastellux1 was himself the author of a few dramatic pieces1 performed either at ,la ,chevrette or at the ,prince de ,conde's1 at ,chantilly2 but they have never been published4 ,we shall respect his reserve1 and refrain from giving our readers a taste either of these compositions or of his ,plan for a general ,reform of the ,french ,infantry1 and other unpublished writings4 ,after his return from ,america1 de ,chastellux was appointed governor of ,longwy4 ,he had reached the age of nearly fifty and was still unmarried1 when he met at the baths of ,spa1 which were still the resort of all the good company in ,europe1 a young1 beautiful1 and accomplished ,irish girl1 named ,miss ,plunkett1 with whom he fell over head and ears in love4 ,he married her in #aghg1 but did not long enjoy his happiness1 for he died the next year4 ,like most men who devote themselves to the public welfare1 he had sadly neglected his private affairs4 ,being the youngest of five children1 his fortune was not large1 and it gave him little trouble to run through it4 ,general officers in those days took a pride in their profuse expenditures in the field3 he ruined himself by his ,american campaign4 ,his widow was attached in the capacity of maid of honor to the person of the estimable daughter of the ,duke de ,penthievre1 the ,duchess of ,orleans1 mother of ,king ,louis ,philippe4 ,this princess adopted1 after a certain fashion1 his posthumous son1 who became one of the chevaliers d'honneur of ,madame ,adelaide1 the daughter of his patroness4 ,he was successively a deputy and peer of ,france after the revolution #ahcj4 ,he published a short memoir of his father1 prefixed to an edition of the ,felicite publique4 ------ #aie ,from ,the ,month4 ,,the ,,legend ,,of ,,limerick ,,bells4 ,,by ,,bessie ,,rayner ,,parkes4 ,there is a convent on the ,alban hill1 ,round whose stone roots the gnarled olives grow2 ,above are murmurs of the mountain rill1 ,and all the broad ,campagna lies below2 ,where faint gray buildings and a shadowy dome ,suggest the splendor of eternal ,rome4 ,hundreds of years ago1 these convent-walls ,were reared by masons of the ,gothic age3 ,the date is carved upon the lofty halls1 ,the story written on the illumined page4 ,what pains they took to make it strong and fair ,the tall bell-tower and sculptured porch declare4 ,when all the stones were placed1 the windows stained1 ,and the tall bell-tower finished to the crown1 ,only one want in this fair pile remained1 ,whereat a cunning workman of the town 7,the little town upon the ,alban hill7 ,toiled day and night his purpose to fulfil4 ,seven bells he made1 of very rare devise1 ,with graven lilies twisted up and down2 ,seven bells proportionate in differing size1 ,and full of melody from rim to crown2 ,so that1 when shaken by the wind alone1 ,they murmured with a soft ,a,eolian tone4 ,these being placed within the great bell-tower1 ,and duly rung by pious skilful hand1 ,marked the due prayers of each recurring hour1 ,and sweetly mixed persuasion with command4 ,through the gnarled olive-trees the music wound1 ,and miles of broad ,campagna heard the sound4 ,and then the cunning workman put aside ,his forge1 his hammer1 and the tools he used ,to chase those lilies2 his keen furnace died2 ,and all who asked for bells were hence refused4 ,with these his best1 his last were also wrought1 ,and refuge in the convent-walls he sought4 ,there did he live1 and there he hoped to die1 ,hearing the wind among the cypress-trees ,hint unimagined music1 and the sky ,throb full of chimes borne downward by the breeze2 ,whose undulations1 sweeping through the air1 ,his art might claim as an embodied prayer4 #aif ---- ,but those were stormy days in ,italy3 ,down came the spoiler from the uneasy ,north1 ,swept the ,campagna to the bounding sea1 ,sacked pious homes1 and drove the inmates forth2 ,whether a ,norman or a ,german foe1 ,history is silent1 and we do not know4 ,brothers in faith were they2 yet did not deem ,the sacred precincts barred destroying hand4 ,through those rich windows poured the whitened beam1 ,forlorn the church and ruined altar stand4 ,as the sad monks went forth1 that self-same hour ,saw empty silence in the great bell-tower4 ,the outcast brethren scattered far and wide2 ,some by the ,danube rested1 some in ,spain3 ,on the green ,loire the aged abbot died1 ,by whose loved feet one brother did remain ,faithful in all his wanderings3 it was he ,who cast and chased those bells in ,italy4 ,he1 dwelling at ,marmontier1 by the tomb ,of his dear father1 where the shining ,loire ,flows down from ,tours amidst the purple bloom ,of meadow-flowers1 some years of patience saw4 ,those fringed isles 7where poplars tremble still7 ,swayed like the olives of the ,alban hill4 ,the man was old1 and reverend in his age2 ,and the ,great ,monastery held him dear4 ,stalwart and stern1 as some old ,roman sage ,subdued to ,christ1 he lived from year to year1 ,till his beard silvered1 and the fiery glow ,of his dark eye was overhung with snow4 ,and being trusted1 as of prudent way1 ,they chose him for a message of import1 ,which the ,great ,monastery would convey ,to a good patron in an ,irish court2 ,who1 by the ,shannon1 sought the means to found ,st4 ,martin's off-shoot on that distant ground4 ,the old ,italian took his staff in hand1 ,and journeyed slowly from the green ,touraine ,over the heather and salt-shining sand1 ,until he saw the leaping crested main1 ,which1 dashing round the ,cape of ,brittany1 ,sweeps to the confines of the ,irish ,sea4 #aig ,there he took ship1 and thence with laboring sail ,he crossed the waters1 till a faint gray line ,rose in the northern sky2 so faint1 so pale1 ,only the heart that loves her would divine1 ,in her dim welcome1 all that fancy paints ,of the green glory of the ,isle of ,saints4 ,through the low banks1 where ,shannon meets the sea1 ,up the broad waters of the ,river ,king 7,then populous with a nation71 journeyed he1 ,through that old ,ireland which her poets sing2 ,and the white vessel1 breasting up the stream1 ,moved slowly1 like a ship within a dream4 ,when ,limerick towers uprose before his gaze1 ,a sound of music floated in the air-- ,music which held him in a fixed amaze1 ,whose silver tenderness was alien there2 ,notes full of murmurs of the southern seas1 ,and dusky olives swaying in the breeze4 ,his chimes6 the children of the great bell-tower1 ,empty and silent now for many a year1 ,he hears them ringing out the vesper hour1 ,owned in an instant by his loving ear4 ,kind angels stayed the spoiler's hasty hand1 ,and watched their journeying over sea and land4 ,the white-sailed boat moved slowly up the stream2 ,the old man lay with folded hands at rest2 ,the ,shannon glistened in the sunset beam2 ,the bells rang gently o'er its shining breast1 ,shaking out music from each lilied rim3 ,it was a requiem which they rang for him4 ,for when the boat was moored beside the quay1 ,he lay as children lie when lulled by song2 ,but never more to waken4 ,tenderly ,they buried him wild-flowers and grass among1 ,where on the cross alights the wandering bird1 ,and hour by hour the bells he loved are heard4 ------ #aih ,from ,london ,society4 ,a ,,perilous ,,journey4 ,a ,,tale4 ,there is a tide in the affairs of men1 ,which1 taken at the flood1 leads on to fortune-- ,so says the sage1 and it is not to be gainsayed by any man whom forty winters have chilled into wisdom4 ,ability and opportunity are fortune4 ,opportunity is not fortune2 otherwise all were fortunate4 ,ability is not fortune1 else why does genius slave8 ,why8 ,but because it missed the opportunity that fitted it8 ,what ,i have--wife1 position1 independence--,i owe to an opportunity for exercising the very simple and unpretending combination of qualities that goes by the name of ability4 ,but to my story4 ,my father was a wealthy country gentleman1 of somewhat more than the average of intelligence1 and somewhat more than the average of generosity and extravagance4 ,his younger brother1 a solicitor in large practice in ,london1 would in vain remonstrate as to the imprudence of his course4 ,giving freely1 spending freely1 must come to an end4 ,it did2 and at twenty ,i was a well educated1 gentlemanly pauper4 ,the investigation of my father's affairs showed that there was one shilling and sixpence in the pound for the whole of his creditors1 and of course nothing for me4 ,the position was painful4 ,i was half engaged--to that is1 ,i had gloves1 flowers1 a ringlet1 a carte de visite of ,alice ,morton4 ,that1 of course1 must be stopped4 ,mr4 ,silas ,morton was not ill-pleased at the prospect of an alliance with his neighbor ,westwood's son while there was an expectation of a provision for the young couple in the union of estates as well as persons2 but now1 when the estate was gone1 when ,i1 ,guy ,westwood1 was shillingless in the world1 it would be folly indeed4 ,nevertheless ,i must take my leave4 ,well1 ,guy1 my lad1 bad job this2 very bad job2 thought he was as safe as the ,bank4 ,would not have believed it from any one--not from any one4 ,of course all that nonsense about you and ,alice must be stopped now2 ,i'm not a hard man1 but ,i can't allow ,alice to throw away her life in the poverty she would have to bear as your wife2 can't do it2 wouldn't be the part of a father if ,i did4 ,i suggested ,i might in time4 ,time1 sir6 time6 ,how much8 ,she's nineteen now4 ,you're brought up to nothing2 know nothing that will earn you a sixpence for the next six months2 and you talk about time4 ,time1 indeed6 ,keep her waiting till she's thirty1 and then break her heart by finding it a folly to marry at all4' ,ah6 ,alice1 my dear1 ,guy's come to say ',good by3' he sees1 with me1 that his altered position compels him1 as an honorable man1 to give up any hopes he may have formed as to the future4 ,he left us alone to say ',farewell6'--a word too hard to say at our ages4 ,of course we consulted what should be done4 ,to give each other up1 to bury the delicious past1 that was not to be thought of4 ,we would be constant1 spite of all4 ,i must gain a position1 and papa would then help us4 ,two ways were open2 a commission in ,india1 a place in my uncle's office4 ,which8 ,i was for the commission1 ,alice for the office4 ,a respectable influential solicitor2 a position not to be despised2 nothing but cleverness wanted2 and my uncle's name1 and no one to wait for2 no liver #aii complaints2 no sepoys2 no sea voyages2 and no long separation4 ,oh1 ,i'm sure it is the best thing4 ,i agreed1 not unnaturally then1 that it was the best4 ,now1 you young people1 you've had time enough to say ',good by1' so be off1 ,guy4 ,here1 my lad1 you'll need something to start with1 and the old gentleman put into my hands a note for fifty pounds4 ,i must beg1 sir1 that you will not insult-- ,god bless the boy6 ',insult6' ,why ,i've danced you on my knee hundreds of times4 ,look you1 ,guy1--and the old fellow came and put his hand on my shoulder1--it gives me pain to do what ,i am doing4 ,i believe1 for both your sakes1 it is best you should part4 ,let us part friends4 ,come now1 ,guy1 you'll need this2 and if you need a little more1 let me know4 ,but1 sir1 you cut me off from all hope2 you render my life a burden to me4 ,give me some definite task2 say how much you think we ought to have2 ,i mean how much ,i ought to have to keep ,alice--,i mean ,miss ,morton--in such a position as you would wish4 ,alice added her entreaties1 and the result of the conference was an understanding that if1 within five years from that date1 ,i could show ,i was worth ,l#ejj a year1 the old gentleman would add another ,l#ejj2 and on that he thought we might live for a few years comfortably4 ,there was to be no correspondence whatever2 no meetings1 no messages4 ,we protested and pleaded1 and finally he said-- ,well1 well1 ,guy2 ,i always liked you1 and liked your father before you4 ,come to us on ,christmas day1 and you shall find a vacant chair beside ,alice4 ,there1 now2 say ',good by1' and be off4 ,i went off4 ,i came to ,london to one of the little lanes leading out of ,cannon street4 ,five hundred a year in five years6 ,i must work hard4 ,my uncle took little notice of me2 ,i fancied worked me harder than the rest1 and paid me the same4 ,seventy-five pounds a year is not a large sum4 ,i had spent it in a month before now1 after the fashion of my father3 now1 ,i hoarded2 made clothes last2 ate in musty1 cheap1 little cook-shops2 and kept my enjoying faculties from absolute rust by a weekly half-price to the theatres--the pit4 ,the year passed4 ,i went down on ,christmas1 and for twenty-four hours was alive2 came back1 and had a rise of twenty pounds in salary for the next year4 ,i waited for opportunity1 and it came not4 ,this jog-trot routine of office-work continued for two years more1 and at the end of that time ,i was worth but my salary of ,l#ace per year--,l#ace6 a long way from ,l#ejj4 ,oh1 for opportunity8 ,i must quit the desk1 and become a merchant2 all successful men have been merchants2 money begets money4 ,but1 to oppose all these thoughts of change1 came the memory of ,alice's last words at ,christmas1 ,wait and hope1 ,guy1 dear2 wait and hope4 ,certainly2 it's so easy to4 ,governor wants you1 ,westwood4 ,he's sharp this morning2 very sharp2 so look out1 my dear nephy4 ,you understand a little ,italian1 ,i think8 said my uncle4 ,a little1 sir4 ,you will start to-night for ,florence1 in the mail train4 ,get there as rapidly as possible1 and find whether a ,colonel ,wilson is residing there1 and what lady he is residing with4 ,learn all you can as to his position and means1 and the terms on which he lives with that lady4 ,write to me1 and wait there for further instructions4 ,mr4 ,williams will give you a cheque for ,l#ajj2 you can get circular notes for ,l#ej1 and the rest cash4 ,if you have anything to say1 come in here at five o'clock2 if not1 good morning4 ,by-the-by1 say nothing in the office4 ,i need not say that hope made me believe my opportunity was come4 ,i hurried to ,florence and discharged my mission2 sent home a #bjj careful letter1 full of facts without comment or opinion1 and in three weeks' time was summoned to return4 ,i had done little or nothing that could help me1 and in a disappointed state of mind ,i packed up and went to the railway station at ,st4 ,dominico4 ,a little row with a peasant as to his demand for carrying my baggage caused me to lose the last train that night1 and so the steamer at ,leghorn4 ,the station-master1 seeing my vexation1 endeavored to console me3 ,there will be a special through train to ,leghorn at nine o'clock1 ordered for ,count ,spezzato3 he is good-natured1 and will possibly let you go in that4 ,it was worth the chance1 and ,i hung about the station till ,i was tired1 and then walked back toward the village4 ,passing a small wine-shop1 ,i entered1 and asked for wine in ,english4 ,i don't know what whim possessed me when ,i did it1 for they were unable to understand me without dumb motions4 ,i at length got wine by these means1 and sat down to while away the time over a railway volume4 ,i had been seated about half an hour1 when a courier entered1 accompanied by a railway guard4 ,two more different examples of the human race it would be difficult to describe4 ,the guard was a dark1 savage-looking ,italian1 with 'rascal' and 'bully' written all over him2 big1 black1 burly1 with bloodshot eyes1 and thick1 heavy1 sensual lips1 the man was utterly repulsive4 ,the courier was a little1 neatly-dressed man1 of no age in particular2 pale1 blue-eyed1 straight-lipped1 his face was a compound of fox and rabbit that only a fool or a patriot would have trusted out of arm's length4 ,this ill-matched pair called for brandy1 and the hostess set it before them4 ,i then heard them ask who and what ,i was4 ,she replied1 ,i must be an ,englishman1 and did not understand the ,italian for wine4 ,she then left4 ,they evidently wanted to be alone1 and my presence was decidedly disagreeable to them2 and muttering that ,i was an ,englishman1 they proceeded to try my powers as a linguist4 ,the courier commenced in ,italian1 with a remark on the weather4 ,i immediately handed him the ,newspaper4 ,i didn't speak ,italian1 that was clear to them4 ,the guard now struck in with a remark in ,french as to the fineness of the neighboring country4 ,i shrugged my shoulders1 and produced my cigar case4 ,french was not very familiar to me1 evidently4 ,those beasts of ,english think their own tongue so fine they are too proud to learn another1 said the guard4 ,i sat quietly1 sipping my wine1 and reading4 ,well1 my dear ,michael ,pultuski1 began the guard4 ,for the love of ,god1 call me by that name4 ,my name is ,alexis ,alexis ,dzentzol1 now4 ,oh6 oh6 laughed the guard2 you've changed your name1 you fox2 it's like you4 ,now ,i am the same that you knew fifteen years ago1 ,conrad ,ferrate--to-day1 yesterday1 and for life1 ,conrad ,ferrate4 ,come1 lad1 tell us your story4 ,how did you get out of that little affair at ,warsaw8 ,how they could have trusted you1 with your face1 with their secrets1 ,i can't for the life of me tell2 you look so like a sly knave1 don't you1 lad8 ,the courier1 so far from resenting this familiarity1 smiled1 as if he had been praised4 ,my story is soon said4 ,i found1 after my betrayal to the police of the secrets of that little conspiracy which you and ,i joined1 that ,poland was too hot for me1 and my name too well known4 ,i went to ,france1 who values her police1 and for a few years was useful to them4 ,but it was dull work2 very dull2 native talent was more esteemed4 ,i was to be sent on a secret service to ,warsaw2 ,i declined for obvious reasons4 ,good6 ,michael--,alexis2 good1 #bja ,alexis4 ,this fox is not to be trapped4 ,and he slapped the courier on the shoulder heartily4 ,and1 resumed the other1 ,i resigned4 ,since then ,i have travelled as courier with noble families1 and ,i trust ,i give satisfaction4 ,good6 ,alexis2 good ,mich--good ,alexis6 ,to yourself you give satisfaction4 ,you are a fine rascal6--the prince of rascals6 ,so decent2 so quiet2 so like the cure of a convent4 ,who would believe that you had sold the lives of thirty men for a few hundred roubles8 ,and who1 interrupted the courier1 would believe that you1 bluff1 honest ,conrad ,ferrate1 had run away with all the money those thirty men had collected during ten years of labor1 for rescuing their country from the ,russian8 ,that was good1 ,alexis1 was it not8 ,i never was so rich in my life as then2 ,i loved--,i gamed--,i drank on the patriots' money4 ,for how long8 ,three years8 ,more--and now have none left4 ,ah6 ,times change1 ,alexis2 behold me4 ,and the guard touched his buttons and belt1 the badges of his office4 ,never mind--here's my good friend1 the bottle--let us embrace--the only friend that is always true--if he does not gladden1 he makes us to forget4 ,tell me1 my good ,alexis1 whom do you rob now8 ,who pays for the best1 and gets the second best8 ,whose money do you invest1 eh6 my little fox8 ,why are you here8 ,come1 tell me1 while ,i drink to your success4 ,i have the honor to serve his ,excellency the ,count ,spezzato4 ,ten thousand devils6 ,my accursed cousin6 broke in the guard4 ,he who has robbed me from his birth2 whose birth itself was a vile robbery of me--me1 his cousin1 child of his father's brother4 ,may he be accursed for ever6 ,i took most particular pains to appear only amused at this genuine outburst of passion1 for ,i saw the watchful eye of the courier was on me all the time they were talking4 ,the guard drank off a tumbler of brandy4 ,that master of yours is the man of whom ,i spoke to you years ago1 as the one who had ruined me2 and you serve him6 ,may he be strangled on his wedding night1 and cursed for ever4 ,be calm1 my dearest ,conrad1 calm yourself2 that beast of an ,englishman will think you are drunk1 like one of his own swinish people1 if you talk so loud as this4 ,how can ,i help it8 ,i must talk4 ,what he is1 that ,i ought to be3 ,i was brought up to it till ,i was eighteen2 was the heir to all his vast estate2 there was but one life between me and power--my uncle's--and he1 at fifty1 married a girl1 and had this son1 this son of perdition1 my cousin4 ,and after that1 ,i1 who had been the pride of my family1 became of no account2 it was ',julian' sweet ,julian6' ,i heard1 said the courier1 that some one attempted to strangle the sweet child1 that was----8 ,me--you fox--me4 ,i wish ,i had done it2 but for that wretched dog that worried me1 ,i should have been ,count ,spezzato now4 ,i killed that dog1 killed him1 no not suddenly2 may his master die like him6 ,and you left after that little affair8 ,oh yes6 ,i left and became what you know me4 ,a clever man1 my dear ,conrad4 ,i know no man who is more clever with the ace than yourself1 and1 as to bullying to cover a mistake1 you are an emperor at that4 ,is it not so1 ,conrad8 ,come1 drink good health to my master1 your cousin4 ,you miserable viper1 ,i'll crush you if you ask me to do that again4 ,i'll drink--here1 give me the glass--,here's to ,count ,spezzato3 ,may he die like a dog6 ,may his carcase bring the birds and the wolves together6 ,may his name be cursed and hated while the sun lasts6 ,and may purgatory keep him till ,i pray for his release6 #bjb ,the man's passion was something frightful to see1 and ,i was more than half inclined to leave the place2 but something1 perhaps a distant murmur of the rising tide1 compelled me to stay4 ,i pretended sleep1 allowing my head to sink1 down upon the table4 ,he sat still for a few moments1 and then commenced walking about the room1 and abruptly asked3 ,what brought you here1 ,alexis8 ,my master's horse1 ,signor ,conrad4 ,good1 my little fox2 but why did you come on your master's horse8 ,because my master wishes to reach ,leghorn to-night1 to meet his bride1 ,conrad4 ,then his is the special train ordered at nine1 that ,i am to go with8 exclaimed the guard eagerly4 ,that is so1 gentle ,conrad2 and now1 having told you all1 let me pay our hostess and go4 ,pay6 ,no one pays for me1 little fox2 no1 no1 go2 ,i will pay4 ,the courier took his departure1 and the guard kept walking up and down the room1 muttering to himself3 ,to-night1 it might be to-night4 ,if he goes to ,leghorn1 he meets his future wife2 another life1 and perhaps a dozen4 ,no1 it must be to-night or never4 ,does his mother go8 ,fool that ,i am not to ask6 ,yes2 it shall be to-night2 and he left the room4 ,what should be to-night8 ,some foul play of which the count would be the victim1 no doubt4 ,but how8 when8 ,that must be solved4 ,to follow him1 or to wait--which8 ,to wait4 ,it is always best to wait2 ,i had learned this lesson already4 ,i waited4 ,it was now rather more than half-past eight1 and ,i had risen to go to the door when ,i saw the guard returning to the wine-shop with a man whose dress indicated the stoker4 ,come in1 ,guido2 come in1 said the guard2 and drink with me4 ,the man came in1 and ,i was again absorbed in my book4 ,they seated themselves at the same table as before1 and drank silently for a while2 presently the guard began a conversation in some patois ,i could not understand2 but ,i could see the stoker grow more and more interested as the name of ,beatrix occurred more frequently4 ,as the talk went on1 the stoker seemed pressing the guard on some part of the story with a most vindictive eagerness1 repeatedly asking1 ,his name8 ,the accursed6 ,his name8 ,at last the guard answered1 ,the ,count ,spezzato4 ,the ,count ,spezzato6 said the stoker1 now leaving the table1 and speaking in ,italian4 ,yes1 good ,guido2 the man who will travel in the train we take to-night to ,leghorn4 ,he shall die6 ,the accursed6 ,he shall die to-night6 said the stoker4 ,if ,i lose my life1 the betrayer of my sister shall die6 ,the guard1 returning to the unknown tongue1 seemed to be endeavoring to calm him2 and ,i could only catch a repetition of the word ,empoli at intervals4 ,presently the stoker took from the seats beside him two tin bottles1 such as you may see in the hands of mechanics who dine out2 and ,i could see that one of them had rudely scratched on it the name ,william ,atkinson4 ,i fancied the guard produced from his pocket a phial1 and poured the contents into that bottle2 but the action was so rapid1 and the corner so dark1 that ,i could not be positive2 then rising1 they stopped at the counter1 had both bottles filled with brandy1 and went out4 ,it was now time to get to the station2 and1 having paid my modest score1 ,i went out4 ,a little in front of me1 by the light from a small window1 ,i saw these two cross themselves1 grip each other's hands across right to right1 left to left1 and part4 ,the stoker had set down the bottles1 and now taking them up followed the guard at a slower pace4 #bjc ,arrived at the station1 ,i found the count1 his mother1 a female servant1 and the courier4 ,the count came up to me1 and said1 in broken ,english1 ,you are the ,english to go to ,leghorn with me8 ,very well1 there is room4 ,i like the ,english4 ,you shall pay nothing1 because ,i do not sell tickets2 you shall go free4 ,is that so8 ,i thanked him in the best ,italian ,i could muster4 ,do not speak your ,italian to me2 ,i speak the ,english as a native2 ,i can know all you shall say to me in your own tongue4 ,see1 here is the train special1 as you call it4 ,enter1 as it shall please you4 ,the train drew up to the platform2 and ,i saw that the stoker was at his post1 and that the engine-driver was an ,englishman4 ,i endeavored in vain to draw his attention to warn him1 and was compelled to take my seat1 which ,i did in the compartment next the guard's break--the train consisting of only that carriage and another1 in which were the count1 his mother1 and the servant4 ,the guard passed along the train1 locked the doors1 and entered his box4 ,the ,florence goods is behind you1 and the ,sienna goods is due at ,empoli ,junction four minutes before you2 mind you don't run into it1 said the station-master1 with a laugh4 ,no fear2 we shall not run into it1 said the guard1 with a marked emphasis on the we and it that ,i recalled afterward4 ,the whistle sounded1 and we were off4 ,it was a drizzling dark night2 and ,i lay down full length on the seat to sleep4 ,as ,i lay down a gleam of light shot across the carriage from a small chink in the wood-work of the partition between the compartment ,i was in and the guard's box4 ,i was terribly anxious for the manner of the guard2 and this seemed to be a means of hearing something more4 ,i lay down and listened attentively4 ,how much will you give for your life1 my little fox8 said the guard4 ,to-day1 very little2 when ,i am sixty1 all ,i have1 ,conrad4 ,but you might give something for it1 to-night1 sweet ,alexis1 if you knew it was in danger8 ,i have no fear2 ,conrad ,ferrate has too often conducted a train for me to fear to-night4 ,true1 my good ,alexis2 but this is the last train he will ride with as guard1 for to-morrow he will be the ,count ,spezzato4 ,how8 ,to-morrow8 ,you joke1 ,conrad4 ,the brandy was strong2 but you who have drunk so much could hardly feel that4 ,i neither joke1 nor am ,i drunk2 yet ,i shall be ,count ,spezzato to-morrow1 good ,alexis4 ,look you1 my gentle fox1 my sweet fox2 if you do not buy your life of me1 you shall die tonight4 ,that is simple1 sweet fox4 ,ay2 but1 ,conrad1 ,i am not in danger4 ,nay1 ,alexis2 see1 here is the door 7,i heard him turn the handle74 ,if you lean against the door1 you will fall out and be killed4 ,is it not simple8 ,but1 good ,conrad1 ,i shall not lean against the door4 ,oh1 my sweet fox1 my cunning fox1 my timid fox1 but not my strong fox2 you will lean against the door4 ,i know you will1 unless ,i prevent you2 and ,i will not prevent you1 unless you give me all you have in that bag4 ,the mocking tone of the guard seemed well understood1 for ,i heard the click of gold4 ,good1 my ,alexis2 it is good2 but it is very little for a life4 ,come1 what is your life worth1 that you buy it with only your master's money8 it has cost you nothing4 ,i see you will lean against that door1 which is so foolish4 ,what1 in the name of all the devils in hell1 will you have8 said the trembling voice of the courier4 ,only a little more2 just that belt #bjd that is under your shirt1 under everything1 next to your skin1 and dearer to you2 only a little soft leather belt with pouches in4 ,is not life worth a leather belt8 ,wretch6 ,all the earnings of my life are in that belt1 and you know it4 ,is it possible1 sweet fox1 that ,i have found your nest8 ,i shall give ,marie a necklace of diamonds1 then4 ,why do you wait8 ,why should you fall from a train1 and make a piece of news for the papers8 ,why8 ,take it2 and be accursed in your life and death6 and ,i heard the belt flung on the floor of the carriage4 ,now1 good ,alexis1 ,i am in funds2 there are three pieces of gold for you2 you will need them at ,leghorn4 ,will you drink8 ,no8 ,then ,i will tell you why1 without drink4 ,do you know where we are8 ,yes2 between ,st4 ,dominico and ,signa4 ,and do you know where we are going8 ,yes2 to ,leghorn4 ,no1 sweet ,alexis1 we are not2 we are going to ,empoli3 the train will go no further4 ,look you1 little fox2 we shall arrive at the junction one minute before the ,sienna goods train1 and there the engine will break down just where the rails cross2 for two blows of a hammer will convert an engine into a log2 ,i shall get out to examine it2 that will take a little time2 ,i shall explain to the count the nature of the injury2 that will take a little time2 and then the goods train will have arrived2 and as it does not stop there1 this train will go no further than ,empoli1 and ,i shall be ,count ,spezzato to-morrow4 ,how do you like my scheme1 little fox8 ,is it not worthy of your pupil8 ,oh1 it will be a beautiful accident2 it will fill the papers4 ,that beast of an ,english who begged his place in the train will be fortunate2 he will cease1 for goods trains are heavy4 ,eh6 but it's a grand scheme-- the son1 the mother1 the servant1 the stranger1 the engine-driver1 all shall tell no tales4 ,and the stoker8 said the courier4 ,oh1 you and he and ,i shall escape4 ,we shall be pointed at in the street as the fortunate4 ,it is good1 is it not1 ,alexis1 my fox8 ,i have told him that the count is the man who betrayed his sister4 ,he believes it1 and is my creature4 ,but1 little fox1 it was not my cousin1 it was myself1 that took his ,beatrix from her home4 ,is it not good1 ,alexis8 ,is it not genius8 ,and ,atkinson--he1 the driver--is now stupid3 he has drunk from his can the poppy juice that will make him sleep for ever4 ,i will be a politician4 ,i am worthy of office4 ,i will become the ,minister of a ,bourbon when ,i am count1 my dear fox1 and you shall be my comrade again1 as of old4 ,i was1 for a time1 lost to every sensation save that of hearing4 ,the fiendish garrulity of the man had all the fascination of the serpent's rattle4 ,i felt helplessly resigned to a certain fate4 ,i was aroused by something white slowly passing the closed window of the carriage4 ,i waited a little1 then gently opened it and looked out4 ,the stoker was crawling along the foot-board of the next carriage1 holding on by its handles1 so as not to be seen by the occupants1 and holding the signal lantern that ,i had noticed at the back of the last carriage in his hand4 ,the meaning of it struck me in a moment3 if by any chance we missed the goods train from ,sienna1 we should be run into from behind by the train from ,florence4 ,the cold air that blew in at the open window refreshed me1 and ,i could think what was to be done4 ,the train was increasing its pace rapidly4 ,evidently the stoker1 in sole charge1 was striving to reach ,empoli before the other train1 which we should follow1 was due3 he had to make five minutes in a journey of forty-five1 and1 at the rate we were going1 we should do it4 ,we stopped nowhere1 and the journey was more than half over4 ,we were now between ,segua and #bje ,montelupo2 another twenty minutes and ,i should be a bruised corpse4 ,something must be done4 ,i decided soon4 ,unfastening my bag1 ,i took out my revolver1 without which ,i never travel1 and looking carefully to the loading and capping1 fastened it to my waist with a handkerchief4 ,i then cut with my knife the bar across the middle of the window1 and carefully looked out4 ,i could see nothing2 the rain was falling fast1 and the night as dark as ever4 ,i cautiously put out first one leg and then the other1 keeping my knees and toes close to the door1 and lowered myself till ,i felt the step4 ,i walked carefully along the foot-board by side steps1 holding on to the handles of the doors1 till ,i came to the end of the carriages1 and was next the tender4 ,here was a gulf that seemed impassable4 ,the stoker must have passed over it2 why not ,i8 ,mounting from the foot-board on to the buffer1 and holding on to the iron hook on which the lamps are hung1 ,i stretched my legs to reach the flat part of the buffer on the tender4 ,my legs swung about with the vibration1 and touched nothing4 ,i must spring4 ,i had to hold with both hands behind my back1 and stood on the case of the buffer-spring1 and1 suddenly leaving go1 leaped forward1 struck violently against the edge of the tender1 and grasped some of the loose lumps of coal on the top4 ,another struggle brought me on my knees1 bruised and bleeding1 on the top4 ,i stood up1 and at that moment the stoker opened the door of the furnace1 and turned toward me1 shovel in hand1 to put in the coals4 ,the bright red light from the fire enabled him to see me1 while it blinded me4 ,he rushed at me1 and then began a struggle that ,i shall remember to my dying day4 ,he grasped me round the throat with one arm1 dragging me close to his breast1 and with the other kept shortening the shovel for an effective blow4 ,my hands1 numbed and bruised1 were almost useless to me1 and for some seconds we reeled to and fro on the foot-plate in the blinding glare4 ,at last he got me against the front of the engine1 and1 with horrible ingenuity1 pressed me against it till the lower part of my clothes were burnt to a cinder4 ,the heat1 however1 restored my hands1 and at last ,i managed to push him far enough from my body to loosen my pistol4 ,i did not want to kill him1 but ,i could not be very careful1 and ,i fired at his shoulder from the back4 ,he dropped the shovel1 the arm that had nearly throttled me relaxed1 and he fell4 ,i pushed him into a corner of the tender1 and sat down to recover myself4 ,my object was to get to ,empoli before the ,sienna goods train1 for ,i knew nothing of what might be behind me4 ,it was too late to stop1 but ,i might1 by shortening the journey seven minutes instead of five1 get to ,empoli three minutes before the goods train was due4 ,i had never been on an engine before in my life1 but ,i knew that there must be a valve somewhere that let the steam from the boiler into the cylinders1 and that1 being important1 it would be in a conspicuous position4 ,i therefore turned the large handle in front of me1 and had the satisfaction of finding the speed rapidly increased1 and at the same time felt the guard putting on the break to retard the train4 ,spite of this1 in ten minutes ,i could see some dim lights2 ,i could not tell where1 and ,i still pressed on faster and faster4 ,in vain1 between the intervals of putting on coals1 did ,i try to arouse the sleeping driver4 ,there ,i was1 with two apparently dead bodies1 on the foot-plate of an engine1 going at the rate of forty miles an hour1 or more1 amidst a thundering noise and vibration that nearly maddened me4 ,at last we reached the lights1 and ,i saw1 as ,i dashed by1 that we had passed the dread point4 ,as ,i turned back1 ,i could see the rapidly-dropping cinders from the train which1 had the guard's break been sufficiently powerful to have made me #bjf thirty seconds later1 would have utterly destroyed me4 ,i was still in a difficult position4 ,there was the train half a minute behind us1 which1 had we kept our time1 would have been four minutes in front of us4 ,it came on to the same rails1 and ,i could hear its dull rumble rushing on toward us fast4 ,if ,i stopped there was no light to warn them4 ,i must go on1 for the ,sienna train did not stop at ,empoli4 ,i put on more fuel1 and after some slight scalding1 from turning on the wrong taps1 had the pleasure of seeing the water-gauge filling up4 ,still ,i could not go on long2 the risk was awful4 ,i tried in vain to write on a leaf of my note-book1 and after searching in the tool-box1 wrote on the iron lid of the tank with a piece of chalk1 ,stop everything behind me4 ,the train will not be stopped till three red lights are ranged in a line on the ground4 ,telegraph forward4 ,and then1 as we flew through the ,empoli station1 ,i threw it on the platform4 ,on we went2 the same dull thunder behind warning me that ,i dare not stop4 ,we passed through another station at full speed1 and at length ,i saw the white lights of another station in the distance4 ,the sound behind had almost ceased1 and in a few moments more ,i saw the line of three red lamps low down on the ground4 ,i pulled back the handle1 and after an ineffectual effort to pull up at the station1 brought up the train about a hundred yards beyond ,pontedera4 ,the porters and police of the station came up and put the train back1 and then came the explanation4 ,the guard had been found dead on the rails1 just beyond ,empoli1 and the telegraph set to work to stop the train4 ,he must have found out the failure of his scheme1 and in trying to reach the engine1 have fallen on the rails4 ,the driver was only stupefied1 and the stoker fortunately only dangerously1 not fatally1 wounded4 ,another driver was found1 and the train was to go on4 ,the count had listened most attentively to my statements1 and then1 taking my grimed hand in his1 led me to his mother4 ,madam1 my mother1 you have from this day one other son3 this1 my mother1 is my brother4 ,the countess literally fell on my neck1 and kissed me in the sight of them all2 and speaking in ,italian said-- ,julian1 he is my son2 he has saved my life2 and more1 he has saved your life4 ,my son1 ,i will not say much2 what is your name8 ,guy ,westwood4 ,guy1 my child1 my son1 ,i am your mother2 you shall love me4 ,yes1 my mother2 he is my brother1 ,i am his4 ,he is ,english too2 ,i like ,english4 ,he has done well4 ,blanche shall be his sister4 ,during the whole of this time both mother and son were embracing me and kissing my cheeks1 after the impulsive manner of their passionate natures1 the indulgence of which appears so strange to our cold blood4 ,the train was delayed1 for my wounds and bruises to be dressed1 and ,i then entered their carriage and went to ,leghorn with them4 ,arrived there1 ,i was about to say ,farewell4 ,what is farewell1 now8 ,no2 you must see ,blanche1 your sister4 ,you will sleep to my hotel3 ,i shall not let you go4 ,who is she that in your great book says1 ',where you go1 ,i will go8' ,that is my spirit4 ,you must not leave me till--till you are as happy as ,i am4 ,he kept me1 introduced me to ,blanche1 and persuaded me to write for leave to stay another two months1 when he would return to ,england with me4 ,little by little he made me talk about ,alice1 till he knew all my story4 ,ah6 that is it2 you shall be unhappy because you want ,l#ejj every year1 and ,i have so much as that4 ,i am a patriot to get rid of my money4 ,so it is that you will not take money4 ,you have saved my life1 and you will #bjg not take money2 but ,i shall make you take money1 my friend1 ,english ,guy2 you shall have as thus4 ,and he handed me my appointment as secretary to one of the largest railways in ,italy4 ,now you shall take money2 now you will not go to your fogland to work like a slave2 you shall take the money4 ,that is not all4 ,i am one of the practice patriots--no1 the practical patriots--of ,italy4 ,they come to me with their conspiracies to join1 their secret societies to adhere to1 but ,i do not4 ,i am director of ever so many railways2 ,i make fresh directions every day4 ,i say to those who talk to me of politics1 ',how many shares will you take in this or in that8' ,i am printer of books2 ,i am builder of museums2 ,i have great share in docks1 and ,i say to these1 ',it is this that ,i am doing that is wanted4' ,this is not conspiracy2 it is not plot2 it is not society with ribbons2 but it is what ,italy1 my country1 wants4 ,i grow poor2 ,italy grows rich4 ,i am not wise in these things2 they cheat me1 because ,i am an enthusiast4 ,now1 ,guy1 my brother1 you are wise2 you are deep2 long in the head2 in short1 you are ,english6 ,you shall be my guardian in these things--you shall save me from the cheat1 and you shall work hard as you like for all the money you shall take of me4 ,come1 my ,guy1 is it so8 ,need ,i say that it was so8 ,the count and his ,blanche made their honeymoon tour in ,england4 ,they spent ,christmas day with ,alice and myself at ,mr4 ,morton's1 and when they left1 ,alice and ,i left with them1 for our new home in ,florence4 ------ ,from ,the ,cornhill ,magazine4 ,,the ,,winds4 ,o wild raving west winds4444 ,oh6 where do ye rise from1 and where do ye die8 ,the question which is put in these lines is one which has posed the ingenuity of all who have ever thought on it2 and though theories have repeatedly been propounded to answer it1 yet one and all fail1 and we again recur to the words of him who knew all things and said1 ,the wind bloweth where it listeth1 and thou hearest the sound thereof1 but canst not tell whence it cometh or whither it goeth4 ,however1 though we cannot assign exactly the source whence the winds rise or the goal to which they tend1 the labors of meteorologists have been so far successful as to enable us to understand the causes of the great currents of air1 and even to map out the winds which prevail at different seasons in the various quarters of the globe4 ,the problem which has thus been solved is one vastly more simple than that of saying why the wind changes on any particular day1 or at what spot on the earth's surface a particular current begins or ends4 ,were these questions solved1 there would be an end to all uncertainty about weather4 ,there need be no fear that the farmer would lose his crops owing to the change of weather1 if the advent of every shower had been foretold by an unerring guide1 and the precise day of the break in the weather predicted weeks and months before4 ,this is the point on which weather-prophets--'astro-meteorologists' they call themselves now-a-days--still venture their predictions1 undismayed by their reported and glaring failures4 #bjh ,it has been well remarked that not one of these prophets foretold the dry weather which lasted for so many weeks during the last summer2 yet1 even at the present day1 there are people who look to the almanacs to see what weather is to be expected at a given date2 and even the prophecies of ,old ,moore find1 or used to find within a very few years1 an ample credence4 ,in fact1 if we are to believe the opinions propounded by the positive philosophers of the present day1 we must admit that it is absurd to place any limits on the possibility of predicting natural phenomena1 inasmuch as all operations of nature obey fixed and unalterable laws1 which are all discoverable by the unaided mind of man4 ,true science1 we may venture to say1 is more modest than these gentlemen would have us to think it2 and though in the particular branch of knowledge of which we are now treating daily prophecies 7or 'forecasts1' as ,admiral ,fitzroy is careful to call them7 of weather appear in the newspapers1 yet these are not announced dogmatically1 and no attempt is made in them to foretell weather for more than forty-eight hours in advance4 ,we are not going to discuss the question of storms and storm-signals at present1 so we shall proceed to the subject in hand--the ordinary wind-currents of the earth2 and in speaking of these shall confine ourselves as far as possible to well-known and recorded facts1 bringing in each case the best evidence which we can adduce to support the theories which may be broached4 ,what1 then1 our readers will ask1 is the cause of the winds8 ,the simple answer is--the sun4 ,let us see1 now1 how this indefatigable agent1 who appears to do almost everything on the surface of the earth1 from painting pictures to driving steam-engines1 as ,george ,stephenson used to maintain that he did1 is able to raise the wind4 ,if you light a fire in a room1 and afterward stop up every chink by which air can gain access to the fire1 except the chimney1 the fire will go out in a short time4 ,again1 if a lamp is burning on the table1 and you stop up the chimney at the top1 the lamp will go out at once4 ,the reason of this is that the flame1 in each case1 attracts the air1 and if either the supply of air is cut off below1 or its escape above is checked1 the flame cannot go on burning4 ,this explanation1 however1 does not bear to be pushed too far4 ,the reason that the fire goes out if the supply of air is cut off is1 that the flame1 so to speak1 feeds on air2 while the sun cannot be said1 in any sense1 to be dependent on the earth's atmosphere for the fuel for his fire4 ,we have chosen the illustration of the flame1 because the facts are so well known4 ,if1 instead of a lamp in the middle of a room1 we were to hang up a large mass of iron1 heated1 we should find that currents of air set in from all sides1 rose up above it1 and spread out when they reached the ceiling1 descending again along the walls4 ,the existence of these currents may be easily proved by sprinkling a handful of fine chaff about in the room4 ,what is the reason of the circulation thus produced8 ,the iron1 unless it be extremely hot1 as it is when melted by ,mr4 ,bessemer's process1 does not require the air in order to keep up its heat2 and1 in fact1 the constant supply of fresh air cools it1 as the metal gives away its own heat to the air as fast as the particles of the latter come in contact with it4 ,why1 then1 do the currents arise8 ,because the air1 when heated1 expands or gets lighter1 and rises1 leaving an empty space1 or vacuum1 where it was before4 ,then the surrounding cold air1 being elastic1 forces itself into the open space1 and gets heated in its turn4 ,from this we can see that there will be a constant tendency in the air to flow toward that point on the earth's surface where the temperature is highest--or1 all other things being equal1 to that point where the sun may be at that moment in the zenith4 ,accordingly1 if the earth's surface were either #bji entirely dry land1 or entirely water1 and the sun were continually in the plane of the equator1 we should expect to find the direction of the great wind-currents permanent and unchanged throughout the year4 ,the true state of the case is1 however1 that these conditions are very far from being fulfilled4 ,every one knows that the sun is not always immediately over the equator1 but that he is at the tropic of ,cancer in ,june1 and at the tropic of ,capricorn in ,december1 passing the equator twice every year at the equinoxes4 ,here1 then1 we have one cause which disturbs the regular flow of the wind-currents4 ,the effect of this is materially increased by the extremely arbitrary way in which the dry land has been distributed over the globe4 ,the northern hemisphere contains the whole of ,europe1 ,asia1 and ,north ,america1 the greater part of ,africa1 and a portion of ,south ,america2 while in the southern hemisphere we only find the remaining portions of the two last-named continents1 with ,australia and some of the large islands in its vicinity4 ,accordingly1 during our summer there is a much greater area of dry land exposed to the nearly vertical rays of the sun than is the case during our winter4 ,let us see for a moment how this cause acts in modifying the direction of the wind-currents4 ,we shall find it easier to make this intelligible if we take an illustration from observed facts4 ,it takes about five times as much heat to raise a ton weight of water through a certain range of temperature1 as it does to produce the same effect in the case of a ton of rock4 ,again1 the tendency of a surface of dry land to give out heat1 and consequently to warm the air above it1 and cause it to rise1 is very much greater than that of a surface of water of equal area4 ,hence we can at once see the cause of the local winds which are felt every day in calm weather in islands situated in hot climates4 ,during the day the island becomes very hot1 and thus what the ,french call a courant ascendant is set in operation4 ,the air above the land gets hot and rises1 while the colder air which is on the sea all round it flows in to fill its place1 and is felt as a cool sea-breeze4 ,during the night these conditions are exactly reversed3 the land can no longer get any heat from the sun1 as he has set1 while it is still nearly as liberal in parting with its acquired heat as it was before4 ,accordingly1 it soon becomes cooler than the sea in its neighborhood2 and the air1 instead of rising up over it1 sinks down upon it1 and flows out to sea1 producing a land-wind4 ,these conditions are1 apparently1 nearly exactly fulfilled in the region of the monsoons1 with the exception that the change of wind takes place at intervals of six months1 and not every twelve hours4 ,in this district--which extends over the southern portion of ,asia and the ,indian ocean--the wind for half the year blows from one point1 and for the other half from that which is directly opposite4 ,the winds are north-east and south-west in ,hindostan2 and in ,java1 at the other side of the equator1 they are south-east and north-west4 ,the cause of the winds--monsoons they are called1 from an ,arabic word1 mausim1 meaning season--is not quite so easily explained as that of the ordinary land and sea breezes to which we have just referred4 ,their origin is to be sought for in the temperate zone1 and not between the tropics4 ,the reason of this is that the districts toward which the air is sucked in are not those which are absolutely hottest1 but those where the rarefaction of the air is greatest4 ,when the air becomes lighter1 it is said to be rarefied1 and this rarefaction ought apparently to be greatest where the temperature is highest4 ,this would be the case if the air were the only constituent of our atmosphere4 ,there is1 however1 a very important disturbing agent to be taken into consideration1 viz41 aqueous vapor4 ,there is always1 when it is not actually raining1 a quantity of water rising from the surface of #baj the sea and from every exposed water-surface1 and mingling with the air4 ,this water is perfectly invisible3 as it is in the form of vapor1 it is true steam1 and its presence only becomes visible when it is condensed so as to form a cloud4 ,the hotter the air is1 the more of this aqueous vapor is it able to hold in the invisible condition4 ,we shall naturally expect to find a greater amount of this steam in the air at places situated near the coast1 than at those in the interior of continents1 and this is actually the case4 ,the amount of rarefaction which the dry air on the sea-coast of ,hindostan undergoes in summer1 is partially compensated for by the increased tension of the aqueous vapor1 whose presence in the air is due to the action of the sun's heat on the surface of the ,indian ocean4 ,in the interior of ,asia there is no great body of water to be found1 and the winds from the south lose most of the moisture which they contain in passing over the ,himalayas4 ,accordingly the air is extremely dry1 and a compensation1 similar to that which is observed in ,hindostan1 cannot take place4 ,it is toward this district that the wind is sucked in1 and the attraction is sufficient to draw a portion of the south-east trade-wind across the line into the northern hemisphere4 ,in our winter the region where the rarefaction is greatest is the continent of ,australia2 and accordingly1 in its turn1 it sucks the north-east trade-wind of the northern hemisphere across the equator4 ,thus we see that in the region which extends from the coast of ,australia to the centre of ,asia we have monsoons1 or winds which change regularly every six months4 ,as to the directions of the different monsoons1 we shall discuss them when we have disposed of the trade-winds--which ought by rights1 as ,professor ,dove observes1 rather to be considered as an imperfectly developed monsoon1 than the latter to be held as a modification of the former4 ,the origin of the trade-winds is to be sought for1 as before1 in the heating power of the sun1 and their direction is a result of the figure of the earth1 and of its motion on its axis4 ,when the air at the equator rises1 that in higher latitudes on either side flows in1 and would be felt as a north wind or as a south wind respectively1 if the earth's motion on its axis did not affect it4 ,the figure of the earth is pretty nearly that of a sphere1 and1 as it revolves round its axis1 it is evident that those points on its surface which are situated at the greatest distance from the axis1 will have to travel over a greater distance in the same time than those which are near it4 ,thus1 for instance1 ,london1 which is nearly under the parallel of #ej1 has only to travel about three-fifths of the distance which a place like ,quito1 situated under the equator1 has to travel in the same time4 ,a person situated in ,london is carried1 imperceptibly to himself1 by the motion of the earth1 through #ae1jjj miles toward the eastward in the twenty-four hours2 while another at ,quito is carried through #be1jjj miles in the same time4 ,accordingly1 if the ,londoner1 preserving his own rate of motion1 were suddenly transferred to ,quito1 he would be left #aj1jjj miles behind the other in the course of the twenty-four hours1 or would appear to be moving in the opposite direction1 from east to west1 at the rate of about #djj miles an hour4 ,the case would be just as if a person were to be thrown into a railway carriage which was moving at full speed2 he would appear to his fellow-passengers to be moving in the opposite direction to them1 while in reality the motion of progression was in the train1 not in the person who was thrown into it4 ,the air is transferred from high to low latitudes1 but this change is gradual1 and the earth1 accordingly1 by means of the force of friction1 is able to retard its relative velocity before it reaches the tropics so that its actual velocity1 though still considerable1 is far below #djj miles an hour4 ,this wind comes from high latitudes and becomes more and more easterly #baa reaching us as a nearly true north-east wind2 and as it gets into lower latitudes becoming more and more nearly east1 and forming a belt of north-east wind all round the earth on the northern side of the equator4 ,in the southern hemisphere1 there is a similar belt of permanent winds1 which are1 of course1 south-easterly instead of north-easterly4 ,these belts are not always at equal distances at each side of the equator1 as their position is dependent on the situation of the zone of maximum temperature for the time being4 ,when we reach the actual district where the air rises1 we find the easterly direction of the wind no longer so remarkable1 as has been noticed by ,basil ,hall and others4 ,the reason is1 that by the time that the air reaches the district where it rises1 it has obtained by means of its friction with the earth's surface a rate of motion round the earth's axis nearly equal to that of the earth's surface itself4 ,the trade-wind zones1 called1 by the ,spaniards1 the ,ladies' ,sea--,el ,golfo de las ,damas--because navigation on a sea where the wind never changed was so easy1 shift their position according to the apparent motion of the sun in the ecliptic4 ,in the ,atlantic the north-east trade begins in summer in the latitude of the ,azores2 in winter it commences to the south of the ,canaries4 ,in the actual trade-wind zones rain very seldom falls1 any more than it does in these countries when the east wind has well set in4 ,the reason of this is1 that the air on its passage from high to low latitudes is continually becoming warmer and warmer4 ,according as its temperature rises1 its power of dissolving 7so to speak7 water increases also1 and so it is constantly increasing its burden of water until it reaches the end of its journey1 where it rises into the higher regions of the atmosphere1 and there is suddenly cooled4 ,the chilling process condenses1 to a great extent1 the aqueous vapor contained in the trade-wind air1 and causes it to fall in constant discharges of heavy rain4 ,throughout the tropics the rainy season coincides with that period at which the sun is in the zenith1 and in this region the heaviest rain-fall on the globe is observed4 ,the wettest place in the world1 ,cherrapoonjee1 is situated in the ,cossya hills1 about #bej miles northeast of ,calcutta1 just outside the torrid zone4 ,there the ram-fall is upward of #fjj inches in the year1 or twenty times as much as it is on the west coasts of ,scotland and ,ireland4 ,however1 in such extreme cases as this1 there are other circumstances to be taken into consideration1 such as the position of the locality as regards mountain chains1 which may cause the clouds to drift over one particular spot4 ,to return to the wind3 ,when the air rises at the equatorial edge of the trade-wind zone1 it flows away above the lower trade-wind current4 ,the existence of an upper current in the tropics is well known4 ,volcanic ashes1 which have fallen in several of the ,west ,indian islands on several occasions1 have been traced to volcanoes which lay to the westward of the locality where the ashes fell1 at a time when there was no west wind blowing at the sea-level4 ,to take a recent instance3 ashes fell at ,kingston1 ,jamaica1 in the year #ahce1 and it is satisfactorily proved that they had been ejected from the volcano of ,coseguina1 on the ,pacific shore of ,central ,america1 and must consequently have been borne to the eastward by an upward current counter to the direction of the easterly winds which were blowing at the time at the sea-level4 ,captain ,maury supposes that when the air rises1 at either side of the equator1 it crosses over into the opposite hemisphere1 so that there is a constant interchange of air going on between the northern and southern hemispheres4 ,this he has hardly sufficiently proved1 and his views are not generally accepted4 ,one of the arguments on which he lays great stress in support of his theory is that on certain occasions dust has fallen in #bab various parts of western ,europe1 and that in it there have been discovered microscopical animals similar to those which are found in ,south ,america4 ,this appears to be scarcely an incontrovertible proof2 as ,admiral ,fitzroy observes3 ,certainly1 such insects may be found in ,brazil2 but does it follow that they are not also in ,africa1 under nearly the same parallel8 ,this counter-current1 or anti-trade1 as ,sir ,j4 ,herschel has called it1 is at a high level in the atmosphere between the tropics1 far above the top of the highest mountains2 but at the exterior edge of the trade-wind zone1 it descends to the surface of the ground4 ,the ,canary islands are situated close to this edge1 and accordingly we find that there is always a westerly wind at the summit of the ,peak of ,teneriffe1 while the wind at the sea-level1 in the same island1 is easterly throughout the summer months4 ,professor ,piazzi ,smyth1 who lived for some time on the top of that mountain1 making astronomical observations1 has recorded some very interesting details of the conflicts between the two currents1 which he was able to observe accurately from his elevated position4 ,in winter the trade-wind zone is situated to the south of its summer position in latitude1 and at this season the southwest wind is felt at the sea-level in the ,canary islands4 ,similar facts to these have been observed in other localities where there are high mountains situated on the edge of the trade-wind zone1 as1 for instance1 ,mouna ,loa1 in the ,sandwich islands4 ,there can1 therefore1 be no doubt that the warm1 moist west wind1 which is felt so generally in the temperate zones1 is really the air returning to the poles from the equator1 which has now assumed a south-west direction on its return journey1 owing to conditions the reverse of those which imparted to it a north-east motion on its way toward the equator4 ,this1 then1 is our south-west wind1 which is so prevalent in the ,north ,atlantic ocean that the voyage from ,europe to ,america is not unfrequently called the up-hill trip1 in contradistinction to the down-hill passage home4 ,these are the brave west winds of ,maury1 whose refreshing action on the soil he never tires of recapitulating4 ,the south-west monsoons of ,hindostan1 which blow from ,may to ,october1 and the north-west monsoons of the ,java seas1 which are felt between ,november and ,april1 owe their westerly motion to a cause similar to that of the anti-trades which we have just described4 ,to take the case of the monsoons of ,hindostan3 we have seen above how the rarefaction of the air in ,central ,asia attracts the southeast trade-wind of the southern hemisphere across the equator4 ,this air1 when it moves from the equator into higher latitudes1 brings with it the rate of motion1 to the eastward1 of the equatorial regions which it has lately left1 and is felt as a south-west wind4 ,accordingly1 the directions of the monsoons are thus accounted for4 ,in the winter months the true north-east trade-wind is felt in ,hindostan2 while in the summer months its place is taken by the south-east trade of the southern hemisphere1 making its appearance as the south-west monsoon4 ,in ,java1 conditions exactly converse to these are in operation1 and the winds are south-east from ,april to ,november1 and north-west during the rest of the year4 ,the change of one monsoon to the other is always accompanied by rough weather1 called in some places the breaking out of the monsoon2 just as with us the equinox1 or change of the season from summer to winter1 and vice versa1 is marked by windy weather1 or equinoctial gales4 ,the question may1 however1 well be asked1 why there are no monsoons in the ,atlantic ,ocean8 ,in the first place1 the amount of rarefaction which the air in ,africa and in ,brazil undergoes1 in the respective hot seasons of those regions1 is far less considerable than that which is #bac observed in ,asia and ,australia at the corresponding seasons4 ,secondly1 in the case of the ,atlantic ocean1 the two districts toward which the air is attracted are situated within the torrid zone1 while in the ,indian ocean they are quite outside the tropics1 and in the temperate zones4 ,accordingly1 even if the suction of the air across the equator did take place to the same extent in the former case as in the latter1 the extreme contrast in direction between the two monsoons would not be perceptible to the same extent1 owing to the fact that the same amount of westing could not be imparted to the wind1 because it had not to travel into such high latitudes on either side of the equator4 ,a tendency to the production of the phenomena of the monsoons is observable along the coast of ,guinea1 where winds from the south and south-west are very generally felt4 ,these winds are not really the south-east trade-wind1 which has been attracted across the line to the northern hemisphere1 ,they ought rather to be considered as of the same nature as the land and sea breezes before referred to1 since we find it to be very generally the case1 that in warm climates the ordinary wind-currents undergo a deflection to a greater or less extent along a coast-line such as that of ,guinea1 ,brazil1 or north of ,australia4 ,our readers may perhaps ask why it is1 that when we allege that the whole of the winds of the globe owe their origin to a regular circulation of the air from the ,polar regions to the equator1 and back again1 we do not find more definite traces of such a circulation in the winds of our own latitudes8 ,the answer to this is1 that the traces of this circulation are easily discoverable if we only know how to look for them1 ,in the ,mediterranean sea1 situated near the northern edge of the trade-wind zone1 the contrast between the equatorial and polar currents of air is very decidedly marked4 ,the two conflicting winds are known under various names in different parts of the district4 ,the polar current1 on its way to join the trade-wind1 is termed the tramontane1 in other parts the bora1 the maestral1 etc42 while the return trade-wind1 bringing rain1 is well known under the name of the sirocco4 ,in ,switzerland the same wind is called the ,fohn1 and is a warm wind1 which causes the ice and snow to melt rapidly1 and constantly brings with it heavy rain4 ,in these latitudes the contrast is not so very striking1 but even here every one knows that the only winds which last for more than a day or two at a time are the north-east and the south-west winds1 the former of which is dry and cold1 the latter moist and warm4 ,the difference between these winds is much more noticeable in winter than in summer1 inasmuch as in the latter season ,russia and the northern part of ,asia enjoy1 relatively to the ,british ,islands1 a much higher temperature than is the case in winter2 so that the air which moves from those regions during the summer months does not come to us from a climate which is colder than our own1 but from one which is warmer4 ,so far1 then1 we have attempted to trace the ordinary wind-currents1 but as yet there are very many questions connected therewith which are not quite sufficiently explained4 ,to mention one of these1 we hear from many observers on the late ,arctic expeditions1 that the most marked characteristic of the winds in the neighborhood of ,baffin's ,bay1 is the great predominance of north-westerly winds4 ,it is not as yet1 nor can it ever be satisfactorily1 decided how far to the northward and westward this phenomenon is noticeable4 ,the question then is1 ,whence does this north-west wind come8 ,as to the causes of the sudden changes of wind1 and of storms1 they are as yet shrouded in mystery1 and we cannot have much expectation that in our lifetime1 at least1 much will be done to unravel the web4 ,meteorology is a very young science--if it deserves #bad the title of science at all--and until observations for a long series of years shall have been made at many stations1 we shall not be in the possession of trustworthy facts on which to ground our reasoning4 ,it is merely shoving the difficulty a step further off to assign these irregular variations to atmospheric waves4 ,it will be time enough to reason accurately about the weather and its changes when we ascertain what these atmospheric waves are1 and what causes them4 ,until the astro-meteorologists will tell us the principles on which their calculations are based1 we must decline to receive their predictions as worthy of any credence whatever4 ------ ,from ,the ,month4 ,,eugenie ,,and ,,maurice ,,de ,,guerin4 ,the life of ,eugenie de ,guerin forms a great contrast with those which are generally brought before the notice of the world4 ,not only did she not seek for fame1 but the circumstances of her life were the very ones which generally tend to keep a woman in obscurity4 ,her life was passed in the deepest retirement of a country home4 ,the society even of a provincial town was not within her reach4 ,poverty placed a bar between her and the means for study in congenial society4 ,the routine of her life shut her out from great deeds or unusual achievements4 ,in fact1 her life1 so far from being a deviation from the ordinary track which women have to tread1 was a very type of the existence which seems to be marked out for the majority of women1 and at which they are so often wont to murmur4 ,the want of an aim in life1 the necessity of some fixed1 engrossing occupation1 and the ennui which follows on the deprivation of these1 forms the staple trial of thousands of women1 especially in ,england1 where there is much intellectual vigor with so little power for its exercise4 ,that the reaction from this deprivation is shown by fastness1 or an excessive love of dress and amusement1 is acknowledged by the most keen observers of human nature4 ,but to the large class of women who1 disdaining such means of distraction1 bear their burden patiently1 ,eugenie de ,guerin's ,journal et ,lettres possess an intense interest4 ,her life was so uneventful that it absolutely affords no materials for a biography1 but her character is so full of interest that her name is now a familiar one in ,england and ,france4 ,far away in the heart of sunny ,languedoc stands the chateau of ,le ,cayla1 the home of the de ,guerins4 ,they were of noble blood4 ,the old chateau was full of reminiscences of the deeds of their ancestors4 ,de ,guerin1 ,bishop of ,senlis and ,chancellor of ,france1 had gone forth1 with a valor scarcely befitting his episcopal character1 to animate the troops at the battle of ,bouvines2 and from the walls of ,le ,cayla looked down from his portrait de ,guerin1 ,grand ,master of the ,knights of ,malta in #abjf4 ,a cardinal1 a troubadour1 and countless gallant and noble soldiers filled up the family rolls--the best blood in ,france had mingled with theirs2 but now the family were obscure1 forgotten1 and poor4 ,but these circumstances were no hindrances to the happiness of ,eugenie's early life4 ,my childhood passed away like one long summer-day1 said she #bae afterward4 ,thirteen happy years fled by4 ,there was the father1 cherished with tender1 self-forgetting love2 the brother ,eranbert2 the sister ,marie1 the youngest pet of the household2 the beautiful and precocious ,maurice2 and the mother1 the centre of all1 loving and beloved4 ,but a shadow suddenly fell on the sunny landscape1 and ,madame de ,guerin lay on her death-bed1 when1 calling to her ,eugenie1 her eldest child1 she gave to her especial charge ,maurice1 then aged seven1 and his mother's darling4 ,the dying lips bade ,eugenie fill a mother's place to him1 and the sensitive and enthusiastic girl received the words into her heart1 and never forgot them4 ,from that day her childhood1 almost her youth1 ended2 and it is without exaggeration we may say that the depth of maternal love passed into her heart4 ,henceforth ,maurice was the one object and the absorbing thought of her heart1 second only to one other1 and that no love of earth4 ,sometimes1 indeed1 that passionate devotion to ,maurice disputed the sway of the true ,master1 as we shall hereafter see1 but it was never ultimately victorious4 ,it was not likely that their lives should for long run side by side4 ,the extraordinary brilliancy of ,maurice's gifts made his father determine upon cultivating his mind4 ,as soon as possible1 he was sent first to the petit seminaire at ,toulouse1 and then to the college ,stanislaus at ,paris4 ,maurice de ,guerin was a singularly endowed being4 ,he possessed that kind of personal beauty so very rare among men1 and which is so hard to describe--a spiritual beauty1 which insensibly draws the hearts of others to its possessor4 ,added to this1 he had that sweetness of tone and manner1 that instinctive power of sympathy1 that sparkling brilliance which made him idolized by those who knew him1 which rendered him literally the darling of his friends4 ,il etait leur vie1 said those who spoke of him after he was gone from earth4 ,the early and ardent aspirations of this gifted being were turned heavenward4 ,his youthful head was devoutly bowed in prayer4 ,the country people called him le jeune saint2 and his conduct at the petit seminaire gave such satisfaction that the ,archbishop of ,toulouse1 and also the ,archbishop of ,rouen1 offered to take the whole charge of his future education on themselves2 but his father refused both4 ,the temptations of a college life had left him scathless1 and the longing of his soul was for the consecration of the priesthood4 ,what he might have been1 had he fallen into other hands1 cannot now be known4 ,whether there was an inherent weakness and effeminacy in the character which would have unfitted him for the awful responsibilities of the priestly office1 we know not4 ,at all events1 he was attracted1 as many minds of undoubted superiority were at that time1 by the extraordinary brilliancy and commanding genius of de ,lamennais2 and ,maurice de ,guerin found himself in the solitude of ,la ,chesnaie1 a fellow-student with ,hippolyte ,lacordaire1 ,montalembert1 ,saint-,beuve1 and a group of others4 ,here some years of his life were spent1 divided between prayer1 study1 and brilliant conversation1 led and sustained by ,m4 de ,lamennais4 ,maurice1 of a shy and diffident disposition1 does not seem to have attached himself to ,lamennais1 although he admired and looked up to him1 and although the insidious portion of his teaching was making havoc with his faith4 ,and now1 it may be asked1 what of ,eugenie8 ,dwelling in an obscure province1 with no other living guide than a simple parish cure1 with a natural enthusiastic reverence for genius1 and a predilection for all ,maurice's friends1 was she not dazzled from afar off by this great teacher of men's minds1 this earnest reformer of abuses8 ,the instinct of the single in heart was hers4 ,long ere others had discerned the canker eating away the fruit so fair to look on1 ,eugenie1 with prophetic voice1 was warning ,maurice4 #baf ,lacordaire's noble soul was yet ensnared4 ,madam ,swetchine's remonstrances had not yet prevailed2 while this young girl in the country1 whose name no one knew1 was watching and praying for the issue of the deliberations at ,la ,chesnaie4 ,at length the break-up came--the memorable journey to ,rome was over4 ,submission had been required1 and ,lacordaire had given it4 ,silence is the second power in the world1 he had said to ,lamennais2 and he had withdrawn with him to ,la ,chesnaie for a time of retreat1 where he was soon undeceived as to ,lamennais' intentions4 ,and these two great men parted--one to reap the fruits of patient obedience in the success of one of the greatest works wrought in his century1 to gain a mastery over the men of his age1 and to die at last worn out by labors before his time1 the beloved child of the ,church1 whose borders he had enlarged1 whose honor he had defended2 the other1 to follow the course of self-will1 and to quench his light in utter darkness4 ,the students of ,la ,chesnaie went away1 and ,maurice was thrown on the world with no definite employment4 ,an unsuccessful attachment deepened the natural melancholy of his sensitive nature4 ,he went to ,paris1 and was soon in the midst of the literary world4 ,he wrote1 and obtained fame2 he was admired and sought after2 but the beautiful faith of his youth faded away like a flower1 and the innocent pleasures of his childhood1 and the passionate love of his sister1 had no attractions for him compared to the brilliant circles of ,parisian society4 ,and thus was ,eugenie's fate marked out4 ,from afar off her heart followed him2 and1 partly for his amusement1 partly to relieve the outpourings of her intensely-loving heart1 she kept a journal1 intended for ,maurice's eye only4 ,a few letters to ,maurice and one or two intimate friends make up the rest of the volume1 which was1 after her death1 most fortunately given to the world4 ,in these pages her character stands revealed1 and no long description of her mode of life could have made us more thoroughly acquainted with her than these words1 written sometimes in joy1 sometimes in sorrow1 in weariness and depression1 in all weathers1 and at all times2 for1 believing that she pleased her brother1 nothing would prevent her from keeping her promise of a daily record of her life and thoughts4 ,its chief beauty lies in that she made so much out of so little4 ,i have just come away very happy from the kitchen1 where ,i stood a long time this evening1 to persuade ,paul1 one of our servants1 to go to confession at ,christmas4 ,he has promised me1 and he is a good boy and will keep his word4 ,thank ,god1 my evening is not lost6 ,what a happiness it would be if ,i could thus every day gain a soul for ,god6 ,walter ,scott has been neglected this evening2 but what book could have been worth to me what ,paul's promise is8 4 4 4 ,the #bjth4--,i am so fond of the snow6 ,its perfect whiteness has something celestial about it4 ,to-day ,i see nothing but road-tracks1 and the marks of the feet of little birds4 ,lightly as they rest1 they leave their little traces in a thousand forms upon the snow4 ,it is so pretty to see their little red feet1 as if they were all drawn with pencils of coral4 ,winter has its beauties and its enjoyments1 and we find them every-where when we know how to see them4 ,god spreads grace and beauty everywhere4 444 ,i must have another dish to-day for ,s4,r41 who is come to see us4 ,he does not often taste good things--that is why ,i wish to treat him well2 for it is to the desolate that1 it seems to me1 we should pay attentions4 ,no reading to-day4 ,i have made a cap for a little child1 which has taken up all my time4 ,but1 provided one works1 be it with the head or the fingers1 it is all the same in the eyes of ,god1 who takes account of every work done in his name4 ,i hope1 then1 that my cap has been a charity--,i have given my time1 a little material1 and a thousand interesting lines that ,i could #bag have read4 ,papa brought me yesterday ,ivanhoe1 and the ,siecle de ,louis ,,xiv4 ,here are provisions for some of our long winter evenings4 ,then she had a keen sense of enjoyment1 and a wonderful faculty of making the best of things4 ,thus a simple pleasure to her was a source of delight4 ,here is her description of ,christmas night in ,languedoc3 ,dec4 #ca4 ,i have written nothing for a fortnight4 ,do not ask me why4 ,there are times when we cannot speak1 things of which we can say nothing4 ,christmas is come--that beautiful fete which ,i love the most1 which brings me as much joy as the shepherds of ,bethlehem4 ,truly our whole soul sings at the coming of the ,lord1 which is announced to us on all sides by hymns and by the pretty nadalet4 ,footnote #di ,nothing in ,paris can give an idea of what ,christmas is4 ,you have not even midnight mass4 ,footnote #ej ,we all went to it1 papa at our head1 on a most charming night4 ,there is no sky more beautiful than that of midnight3 it was such that papa kept putting his head out of his cloak to look at it4 ,the earth was white with frost1 but we were not cold1 and1 beside1 the air around us was warmed by the lighted fagots that our servants carried to light us4 ,it was charming1 ,i assure you1 and ,i wish ,i could have seen you sliding along with us toward the church on the road1 bordered with little white shrubs1 as if they were flowering4 ,the frost makes such pretty flowers6 ,we saw one wreath so pretty that we wanted to make it a bouquet for the ,blessed ,sacrament1 but it melted in our hands2 all flowers last so short a time4 ,i very much regretted my bouquet2 it was so sad to see it melt drop by drop4 ,i slept at the presbytery4 ,the cure's good sister kept me1 and gave me an excellent reveillon of hot milk4 ,then1 again1 the grave part of her nature prevails1 and she continues3 ,footnote #di3 ,a particular way of ringing the bells during the fifteen days which precede the feast of ,christmas1 called in patois nodal4 ,footnote #ej3 ,since the period at which ,mdlle4 de ,guerin wrote1 midnight mass has been resumed in ,paris4 ,these are1 then1 my last thoughts2 for ,i shall write nothing more this year2 in a few hours it will be over1 and we shall have begun a new year4 ,oh1 how quickly time passes6 ,alas1 alas1 can ,i say that ,i regret it8 ,no1 my ,god1 ,i do not regret time1 or anything that it brings2 it is not worth while to throw our affections into its stream4 ,but empty1 useless days1 lost for heaven1 this causes me regret as ,i look back on life4 ,dearest1 where shall ,i be at this day1 at this hour1 at this minute1 next year8 ,will it be here1 elsewhere2 here below1 or above8 ,god only knows2 ,i am before the door of the future1 resigned to all that can come forth from it4 ,to-morrow ,i will pray for your happiness1 for papa1 ,mimi1 ,eran her other brother and sister1 and all those whom ,i love4 ,it is the day for presents2 ,i will take mine from heaven4 ,i draw all from thence1 for truly there are few things which please me on earth4 ,the longer ,i live1 the less it pleases me1 and ,i see the years pass by without sorrow1 because they are but steps to the other world4 ,do not think it is any sorrow or trouble which makes me think this4 ,i assure you it is not1 but a home-sickness comes over my soul when ,i think of heaven4 ,the clock strikes2 it is the last ,i shall hear when writing to you4 ,the following is an account of what she called a happy day3 ,god be blessed for a day without sorrow4 ,they are rare in this life1 and my soul1 more than others1 is soon troubled4 ,a word1 a memory1 the sound of a voice1 a sad face1 nothing1 ,i know not what1 often troubles the serenity of my soul--a little sky1 darkened by the smallest cloud4 ,this day ,i received a letter from ,gabrielle1 the cousin whom ,i love so for her sweetness and beautiful mind4 ,i was uneasy about her health1 which is so delicate1 having heard nothing of her for more than a month4 ,i was so pleased to see a letter from her1 that ,i read it before my prayers4 ,i was so eager to read it4 ,to see a letter1 and not to open it1 is #bah an impossible thing4 ,another letter was given to me at ,cahuzac4 ,it was from ,lili1 another sweet friend1 but quite withdrawn from the world2 a pure soul--a soul like snow1 from its purity so white that ,i am confounded when ,i look at it--a soul made for the eyes of ,god4 ,i was coming from ,cahuzac1 very pleased with my letter1 when ,i saw a little boy1 weeping as if his heart were broken4 ,he had broken his jug1 and thought his father would beat him4 ,i saw that with half a franc ,i could make him happy1 so ,i took him to a shop1 where we got another jug4 ,charles ,x4 could not be happier if he regained his crown4 ,has it not been a beautiful day8 ,here is another instance of the way she had of beautifying the most simple incidents3 ,i must notice1 in passing1 an excellent supper that we have had--papa1 ,mimi1 and ,i--at the corner of the kitchen-fire1 with the servants3 soup1 some boiled potatoes1 and a cake that ,i made yesterday with the dough from the bread4 ,our only servants were the dogs ,lion1 ,wolf1 and ,tritly1 who licked up the fragments4 ,all our people were in church for the instruction which is given for confirmation2 and1 she adds1 it was a charming meal4 ,the daily devotions of the month of ,mary were very recently established when ,eugenie wrote2 she speaks thus of them3 on one first of ,may when absent from home1 she writes3 ,on this day1 at this moment1 my holy ,mimi 7a pet name for her sister7 is on her knees before the little altar for the month of ,mary in my room4 ,dear sister1 ,i join myself to her1 and find a chapel here also4 ,they have given me for this purpose a room filled with flowers2 in it ,i have made a church1 and ,marie1 with her little girls1 servants1 shepherds1 and all the household1 assemble together every evening before the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,they came at first only to look on1 for they had never kept the month of ,mary before4 ,some good will result to them of this new devotion1 if it is only one idea1 a single idea1 of their ,christian duties1 which these people know so little of1 and which we can teach them while amusing them4 ,these popular devotions please me so1 because they are so attractive in their form1 and thereby offer such an easy method of instruction4 ,by their means1 salutary truths appear most pleasing1 and all hearts are gained in the name of our ,lady and of her sweet virtues4 ,i love the month of ,mary1 and the other little devotions which the ,church permits2 which she blesses2 which are born at the feet of the ,faith like flowers at the mountain-foot4 ,speaking of ,st4 ,teresa1 to whom she had a great devotion1 she says3 ,i am pleased to remember that1 when ,i lost my mother1 ,i went1 like ,st4 ,teresa1 to throw myself at the feet of the ,blessed ,virgin1 and begged her to take me for her daughter4 ,at another time she says3 ,to-day1 very early1 ,i went to ,vieux1 to visit the relics of the saints1 and1 in particular1 those of ,st4 ,eugenie1 my patron4 ,i love pilgrimages1 remnants of the ancient faith2 but these are not the days for them2 in the greater number of people the spirit for them is dead4 ,however1 if ,m4 le ,cure does not have this procession to ,vieux1 there will be discontent4 ,credulity abounds where faith disappears4 ,we have1 however1 many good souls1 worthy to please the saints1 like ,rose ,drouille1 who knows how to meditate1 who has learnt so much from the rosary2 then ,francon de ,gaillard and her daughter ,jacquette1 so recollected in church4 ,this holy escort did not accompany me2 ,i was alone with my good angel and ,mimi4 ,mass heard1 my prayers finished1 ,i left with one hope more4 ,i had come to ask something from ,st4 ,eugene8 ,the saints are our brothers4 ,if you were all-powerful1 would you not give me all that ,i desired8 ,this is what ,i was thinking of while invoking ,st4 ,eugene1 who is also my patron4 ,we have so little in this world1 at least let us hope in the other4 ,those who are not of the same faith as ,eugenie de ,guerin have not failed #bai to be attracted by the depth and ardor of her faith and piety4 ,a writer in the ,cornhill ,magazine observes1 ,the relation to the priest1 the practice of confession assume1 when she speaks of them1 an aspect which is not that under which ,exeter ,hall knows them4 ,in my leisure time ,i read a work of ,leitniz1 which delighted me by its catholicity and the pious things which ,i found in it--like this on confession3 ',i regard a pious1 grave1 and prudent confessor as a great instrument of ,god for the salvation of souls2 for his counsels serve to direct our affections1 to enlighten us about our faults1 to make us avoid the occasions of sin1 to dissipate our doubts1 to raise up our broken spirit2 finally1 to cure or to mitigate all the maladies of the soul2 and1 if we can never find on earth anything more excellent than a faithful friend1 what happiness is it not to find one who is obliged1 by the inviolable law of a divine sacrament1 to keep faith with us and to succor souls8' ,this celestial friend ,i have in ,m4 ,bories1 and therefore the news of his departure has deeply affected me4 ,i am sad with a sadness which makes the soul weep4 ,i should not say this to any one else2 they would not1 perhaps1 understand me1 and would take it ill4 ,in the world they know not what a confessor is--a man who is a friend of our soul1 our most intimate confidant1 our physician1 our light1 our teacher--a friend who binds us to him1 and is bound to us2 who gives us peace1 who opens heaven to us1 who speaks to us while we1 kneeling1 call him1 like ,god1 our father2 and faith truly makes him ,god and father4 ,when ,i am at his feet1 ,i see nothing else in him than ,jesus listening to ,magdalen1 and pardoning much because she has loved much4 ,confession is but an expansion of repentance in love4 ,again she writes3 ,i have learnt that ,m4 ,bories is about to leave us-- this good and excellent father of my soul4 ,oh1 how ,i regret him6 ,what a loss it will be to me to lose this good guide of my conscience1 of my heart1 my mind1 of my whole self1 which ,god had confided to him1 and which ,i had trusted to him with such perfect freedom6 ,i am sad with the sadness which makes the soul weep4 ,my ,god1 in my desert to whom shall ,i have recourse8 ,who will sustain me in my spiritual weakness8 who will lead me on to great sacrifices8 ,it is in this last1 above all1 that ,i regret ,m4 ,bories4 ,he knew what ,god had put into my heart4 ,i needed his strength to follow it4 ,the new cure cannot replace him2 he is so young2 then he appears so inexperienced1 so undecided4 ,it is necessary to be firm to draw a soul from the midst of the world1 and to sustain it against the assaults of flesh and blood4 ,it is ,saturday--the day of pilgrimage to ,cahuzac4 ,i will go there2 perhaps ,i shall come back more tranquil4 ,god has always given me some blessing in that chapel1 where ,i have left so many miseries444 ,i was not mistaken in thinking that ,i should come back more tranquil4 ,m4 ,bories is not going6 ,how happy ,i am1 and how thankful to ,god for this favor4 ,it is such a great blessing to me to keep this good father1 this good guide1 this choice of ,god for my soul1 as ,st4 ,francis de ,sales expresses it4 ,confession is such a blessed thing1 such a happiness for the ,christian soul2 a great good1 and always greater in measure when we feel it to be so2 and when the heart of the priest1 into which we pour our sorrow1 resembles that ,divine ,heart which has loved us so much4 ,this is what attaches me to ,m4 ,bories2 you will understand it4 ,nevertheless1 when the trial of parting with this beloved friend did come1 at length1 it was borne with gentle submission4 ,our pastor is come to see us4 ,i have not said much to you about him4 ,he is a simple and good man1 knowing his duties well1 and speaking better of ,god than of the world1 which he knows little of4 ,therefore1 he does not shine in conversation4 #bbj ,his conversation is ordinary1 and those who do not know what the true spirit of a priest is would think little of him4 ,he does good in the parish1 for his gentleness wins souls4 ,he is our father now4 ,i find him young after ,m4 ,bories4 ,i miss that strong and powerful teaching which strengthened me2 but it is ,god who has taken it from me4 ,let us submit and walk like children1 without looking at the hand which leads us4 ,eugenie's life revolved round that of ,maurice4 ,no length of separation could weaken her affection1 nor make her interest in his pursuits less engrossing4 ,his letters1 so few and so scanty1 were treasured up and dwelt upon in many a lonely hour4 ,she suffered with him1 wept over his disappointments1 and prayed for his return to the faith of his youth with all the earnestness of her soul4 ,with exquisite tact she avoided preaching to him4 ,it was rather by showing him what religion was to her that she strove to lead him back to its practice4 ,holy ,thursday4--,i have come back all fragrant from the chapel of moss1 in the church where the ,blessed ,sacrament is reposing4 ,it is a beautiful day when ,god wills to rest among the flowers and perfumes of the springtime4 ,mimi1 ,rose1 and ,i made this reposoir1 aided by ,m4 le ,cure4 ,i thought1 as we were doing it1 of the supper-room1 of that chamber well furnished1 where ,jesus willed to keep the pasch with his disciples1 giving himself for the ,lamb4 ,oh1 what a gift6 ,what can one say of the ,eucharist8 ,i know nothing to say4 ,we adore2 we possess2 we live2 we love4 ,the soul is without words1 and loses itself in an abyss of happiness4 ,i thought of you among these ecstasies1 and ardently desired to have you at my side1 at the holy table1 as ,i had three years ago4 ,mademoiselle de ,guerin occasionally composed2 her brother was very anxious she should publish her productions1 but she shrank from the responsibility4 ,st4 ,jean de ,damas1 she remarks1 was forbidden to write to any one1 and for having composed some verses for a friend he was expelled from the convent4 ,that seemed to me very severe2 but one sees the wisdom of it1 when1 after supplication and much humility1 the saint had been forgiven1 he was ordered to write and to employ his talents in conquering the enemies of ,jesus ,christ4 ,he was found strong enough to enter the lists when he had been stripped of pride4 ,he wrote against the iconoclasts4 ,oh1 if many illustrious writers had begun by a lesson of humility1 they would not have made so many errors nor so many books4 ,pride has blinded them1 and thus see the fruits which they produce1 into how many errors they lead the erring4 ,but this chapter on the science of evil is too wide for me4 ,i should prefer saying that ,i have sewn a sheet4 ,a sheet leads me to reflect1 it will cover so many people1 so many different slumbers--perhaps that of the tomb4 ,who knows if it will not be my shroud1 and if these stitches which ,i make will not be unpicked by the worms8 ,while ,i was sewing1 papa told me that he had sent1 without my knowledge1 some of my verses to ,bayssac1 and ,i have seen the letter where ,m4 de ,bagne speaks of them and says they are very good4 ,a little vanity came to me and fell into my sewing4 ,now ,i tell myself the thought of death is good to keep us from sin4 ,it moderates joy1 tempers sadness1 makes us see that all which passes by us is transitory4 ,again she writes3 ,dear one1 ,i would that ,i could see you pray like a good child of ,god4 ,what would it cost you8 ,your soul is naturally loving1 and prayer is nothing else but love2 a love which spreads itself out into the soul as the water flows from the fountain4 999999999999 ,ash-,wednesday4--,here ,i am1 with ashes on my forehead and serious thoughts in my mind4 ,this ',remember thou art dust6' is terrible to me4 ,i hear it all day long4 ,i cannot banish #bba the thought of death1 particularly in your room1 where ,i no longer find you1 where ,i saw you so ill1 where ,i have sad memories both of your presence and your absence4 ,one thing only is bright--the little medal of ,our ,lady1 suspended over the head of your bed4 ,it is still untarnished and in the same place where ,i put it to be your safeguard4 ,i wish you knew1 dearest1 the pleasure ,i have in seeing it--the remembrances1 the hopes1 the secret thoughts that are connected with that holy image4 ,i shall guard it as a relic2 and1 if ever you return to sleep in that little bed1 you shall sleep again near the medal of the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,take from1 me this confidence and love1 not to a bit of metal1 but to the image of the ,mother of ,god4 ,i should like to know1 if in your new room ,i should see ,st4 ,teresa1 who used to hang in your other room near the benitier3 ',ou toi1 necessiteux ,defaillant1 tu prenais l'aumone dans ce creux4' ,you will no longer1 ,i fear1 seek alms there4 ,where will you seek them8 ,who can tell8 ,is the world in which you live rich enough for all your necessities8 ,maurice1 if ,i could but make you understand one of these thoughts1 breathe into you what ,i believe1 and what ,i learn in pious books--those beautiful reflections of the ,gospel--if ,i could see you a ,christian1 ,i would give life and all for that4 999999999999 ,maurice's absence was the great trial of ,eugenie's life2 but there were minor trials also1 concerning the little things that make up the sum of our happiness4 ,she suffered intensely and constantly from ennui4 ,her active1 enterprising mind had not sufficient food to sustain it1 and bravely did she fight against this constant depression and weariness4 ,a duller life than hers could hardly be found2 she had literally nothing to do4 ,she had no society1 for she lived at a distance from her friends4 ,sometimes the cure called1 sometimes a priest from a neighboring parish1 and then the monotonous days went on without a single incident4 ,there was no outward sign of the struggle going on4 ,speaking of her father1 she says3 ,a grave look makes him think there is some trouble1 so ,i conceal the passing clouds from him2 it is but right that he should only see and know my calm and serene side4 ,a daughter should be gentle to her father4 ,we ought to be to them something like the angels are to ,god4 ,nor would she distract her thoughts by any means which might injure her soul4 ,i have scarcely read the author whose work you sent1 though ,i admired him as ,i do ,m4 ,hugo2 but these geniuses have blemishes which wound a woman's eye4 ,i detest to meet with what ,i do not wish to see2 and this makes me close so many books4 ,i have had ,notre ,dame de ,paris under my hands a hundred times to-day2 and the style1 ,esmeralda1 and so many pretty things in it1 tempt me1 and say to me1 ',read--look4' ,i looked2 ,i turned it over2 but the stains here and there stopped me4 ,i read no more1 and contented myself with looking at the pictures4 ,at another time1 when she is staying at a deserted house1 rather duller than her own1 she writes3 ,the devil tempted me just now in a little room1 where ,i found a number of romances4 ',read a word1' he said to me2 'let us see that2 look at this2' but the titles of the books displeased me4 ,i am no longer tempted now1 and will go only to change the books in this room1 or rather to throw them into the fire4 ,there was one sovereign remedy for her ills1 and she sought for it with fidelity1 and reaped her reward4 ,this morning ,i was suffering4 ,well1 at present1 ,i am calm2 and this ,i owe to faith1 simply to faith1 to an act of faith4 ,i can think of death and eternity without trouble1 without alarm4 ,over a deep of sorrow there floats a divine calm1 a serenity1 which is the work of ,god only4 ,in vain have ,i tried other things at a time like this2 #bbb nothing human comforts the soul1 nothing human upholds it4 ',a l'enfant il faut sa mere1 ,a mon ame il faut mon ,dieu4' ,at another time of suffering she writes3 ,god only can console us when the heart is sorrowful3 human helps are not enough2 they sink beneath it1 it is so weighed down by sorrow4 ,the reed must have more than other reeds to lean on4 999999999999 ,to distract my thoughts1 ,i have been turning over ,lamartine1 the dear poet4 ,i love his hymn to the nightingale1 and many other of his ',harmonies' but they are far from having the effect on me that his ',meditations' used to have4 ,i was ravished and in ecstacy with them4 ,i was but sixteen1 and time changes many things4 ,the great poet no longer makes my heart vibrate2 to-day he has not even power to distract my thoughts4 ,i must try something else1 for ,i must not cherish ennui1 which injures the soul4 ,what can ,i do8 ,it is not good for me to write1 to communicate trouble to others4 ,i will leave pen and ink4 ,i know something better1 for ,i have tried it a hundred times2 it is prayer--prayer which calms me when ,i say to my soul before ,god1 ',why art thou sad1 and wherefore art thou troubled8' ,i know not what he does in answering me1 but it quiets me just like a weeping child when it sees its mother4 ,the ,divine compassion and tenderness is truly maternal toward us4 999999999999 ,and1 further on3 ,now ,i have something better to do than write3 ,i will go and pray4 ,oh1 how ,i love prayer6 ,i would that all the world knew how to pray4 ,i would that children1 and the old1 and the poor1 the afflicted1 the sick in soul and body--all who live and suffer--could know the balm that prayer is4 ,but ,i know not how to speak of these things4 ,we cannot tell what is ineffable4 ,she had said once1 as we have seen1 that she would give life and all to see ,maurice once more serving ,god4 ,she had written to him thus1 not carelessly indeed1 but as we are too wont to write--not counting the cost1 because we know not what the cost is4 ,she wrote thus1 and ,god took her at her word1 and he asked from her not life1 as she then meant it1 but her life's life4 ,first came the trial of a temporary estrangement4 ,her journal suddenly stops2 she believed it wearied him1 and1 without a word of reproach1 she silenced her eager pen4 ,maurice1 however1 declared she was mistaken1 and she joyfully resumed her task with words which would evidence1 if nothing else were left1 us1 the intense depth of her love for her brother4 ,i was in the wrong4 ,so much the better2 for ,i had feared it had been your fault4 ,then ,maurice's health1 which had always been delicate1 began to fail1 and her heart was tortured at the thought of him suffering1 away from her loving care1 unable to send her news of him4 ,i have1 been reading the epistle about the child raised to life by ,elias4 ,oh1 if ,i knew some prophet1 some one who would give back life and health1 ,i would go1 like the ,shunamite1 and throw myself at his feet4 ,and again1 most touchingly1 she says3 ,a letter from ,felicite1 which tells me nothing better about you4 ,when will those who know more write8 ,if they knew how a woman's heart beats1 they would have more pity4 ,maurice recovered from these attacks1 and in the autumn of #ahcf married a young and pretty ,creole lady4 ,he had not the violent attachment as to the ,louise of his early youth2 but the union seemed a suitable one on both sides4 ,one of ,eugenie's brief visits to ,paris was made for the purpose of being present at her brother's marriage4 ,it was a romantic scene4 ,it took place in the chapel of the old and quaint ,abbaye aux ,bois4 ,the church was filled with brilliant and admiring friends4 ,the bride and bridegroom1 both so beautiful1 knelt before the altar2 the ,pere ,bugnet1 who had #bbc known ,maurice as a boy1 blessed the union4 ,the gay procession passed from the church1 and met a funeral cortege6 ,it fell like an omen on ,eugenie's heart4 ,six short months went by1 and ,eugenie was again summoned to ,paris1 to ,maurice's sick-bed--his dying-bed it indeed was1 but his sister's passionate love would not relinquish hope4 ,the physicians1 catching at a straw1 prescribed native air1 and the invalid caught at the proposal with feverish impatience4 ,that eager longing sustained him through the long and terrible journey of twenty days2 for1 the moment he revived1 he would be laid in the salon1 and see the home-faces gathered round him4 ,then he was carried to his room1 and soon the end came4 ,at last ,eugenie knew that he must go1 and all the powers of her soul were gathered into that one prayer1 that he might die at peace with ,god4 ,calmly she bent over him1 and kissed the forehead1 damp with the dews of death4 ,dearest1 ,m4 le ,cure is coming1 and you will confess4 ,you have no difficulty in speaking to ,m4 le ,cure8 ,not at all1 he answered4 ,you will prepare for confession1 then8 ,he asked for his prayer-book1 and had the prayers read to him4 ,when the priest came1 he asked for more time to prepare4 ,at last the cure was summoned4 ,never have ,i heard a confession better made1 said the priest afterward4 ,as he was leaving the room1 ,maurice called him back1 and made a solemn retraction of the doctrines of ,m4 de ,lamennais4 ,then came the ,viaticum and the last anointing4 ,life ebbed away2 he pressed the hand of the cure1 who was by him to the last1 he kissed his crucifix1 and died4 ,eugenie's prayer was heard4 ,he died1 but at home2 a wanderer come back2 an erring child1 once more forgiven1 resting on his ,father's breast4 ,and he was gone6--king of my heart6 my other self6 as she had called him--and ,eugenie was left behind4 ,she had loved him too well for her eternal peace1 and it was necessary that she should be purified in the crucible of suffering4 ,very gradually she parted from him2 the gates of the tomb closed not on her love2 slowly she uprooted the fibres of her nature which had been entwined in his4 ,her journal did not end1 and she wrote still to him--to ,maurice in heaven3 ,oh1 my beloved ,maurice6 ,maurice1 art thou far from me8 hearest thou me8 ,sometimes ,i shed torrents of tears2 then the soul is dried up4 ,all my life will be a mourning one2 my heart is desolate4 ,then1 reproaching herself1 she turns to her only consolation3 ,do ,i not love thee1 my ,god8 only true and ,eternal ,love6 ,it seems to me that ,i love thee as the fearful ,peter1 but not like ,john1 who rested on thy heart--divine repose which ,i so need4 ,what do ,i seek in creatures8 ,to make a pillow of a human breast8 ,alas6 ,i have seen how death can take that from us4 ,better to lean1 ,jesus1 on thy crown of thorns4 999999999999 ,this day year1 we went together to ,st4 ,sulpice1 to the one o'clock mass4 ,to-day ,i have been to ,lentin in the rain1 with bitter memories1 in solitude4 ,but1 my soul1 calm thyself with thy ,god1 whom thou hast received to-day1 in that little church4 ,he is thy brother1 thy friend1 the well-beloved above all2 whom thou canst never see die2 who can never fail thee1 in this world or the next4 ,let us console ourselves with this thought1 that in ,god we shall find again all we have lost4 ,one great desire was1 however1 left to her2 that of publishing the letters and writings of ,maurice1 and of winning for her beloved one the fame which she so despised for herself4 ,a tribute to his memory appeared the year after his death1 in the ,revue des deux ,mondes1 from the brilliant pen of ,madame ,sand2 but it was the source of more pain than pleasure to ,eugenie4 ,with the want of candor which is so often a characteristic of the class of writers to whom ,madame ,sand #bbd belongs1 she represented ,maurice as a man totally without faith4 ,eugenie believed that he had never actually lost it1 although it had been darkened and obscured2 and she was certainly far more in his confidence than any of his friends4 ,for some time before his death he had gradually been returning to religious exercises2 and1 as we have seen1 on his death-bed1 he had most fully retracted and repented of whatever errors there had been in his life4 ,but ,madame ,sand was not very likely to trouble herself about the dying moments of her friend1 while it was another triumph to infidelity to let the world think this brilliant young man lived and died in its ranks4 ,madame ,sand makes ,maurice a skeptic1 a great poet1 like ,byron1 and it afflicts me to see the name of my brother--a name which was free from these lamentable errors--thus falsely represented to the world4 ,and again3 ,oh1 ,madame ,sand is right when she says that his words are like the diamonds linked together1 which make a diadem2 or1 rather1 my ,maurice was all one diamond4 ,blessed be those who estimated his price2 blessed be the voice which praises him1 which places him so high1 with so much respect and enthusiasm6 ,but on one point this voice is mistaken--when she says he had no faith4 ,no2 faith was not wanting in him4 ,i proclaim it1 and attest it by what ,i have seen and heard2 by his prayers1 his pious reading2 by the sacraments he received2 by all his ,christian actions2 by the death which opened life unto him--a death with his crucifix4 ,this article of ,madame ,sand only increased ,eugenie's desire to vindicate her brother1 by letting the world judge from his own writings and letters what ,maurice really was4 ,many projects were set on foot for publishing this work4 ,rather than leave it undone1 ,eugenie would have undertaken it herself1 though her broken spirit shrank more than ever from any sort of notoriety1 or communication with the busy world outside her quiet home4 ,but she would greatly have preferred the task should be accomplished by one of his friends2 and much of her correspondence was devoted to the purpose4 ,time passed1 and plan after plan fell to the ground4 ,this last satisfaction was not to be hers4 ,she was to see1 as she thought1 the name of her beloved one gradually fading away1 and forgotten as years went on4 ,to the very last drop she was to drain the cup of disappointment and loss4 ,her journal ceased1 and its last sentence was1 ,truly did the saint speak who said1 ',let us throw our hearts into eternity4' ,there are a few fragments and letters1 which carry us on some years later2 and in one of the last of these letters1 dated #aeth of ,june1 #ahde1 we find these consoling words3 ,i have suffered2 but ,god teaches us thus1 and leads us to willingly place our hearts above4 ,you are again in mourning1 and ,i have felt your loss deeply4 ,i mean the death of your poor brother4 ,alas6 what is life but a continual separation8 ,but you will meet in heaven1 and there will be no more mourning nor tears2 and there the society of saints will reward us for what we have suffered in the society of men4 ,and1 while waiting1 there is nothing else to do than to humble one's self1 as the ,apostle says1 'under the mighty hand of ,god1 that he may exalt you in the time of visitation2 casting all your care upon him1 for he hath care of you4' ,these are almost her closing words2 and thus we see ,god comforted her4 ,three years more passed1 of which we have no record2 and we cannot but deeply regret the determination of ,m4 ,trebutien not to give any account of her beyond her own words4 ,as long as they lasted1 they are indeed sufficient2 but we would have fain followed her into the silence of those last years1 and have seen the soul gradually passing to its rest4 ,we would have liked to know if the friends she loved soothed her dying hours--whether ,m4 ,bories1 with his strong #bbe and powerful words1 was by her side in her last earthly struggle4 ,but a veil falls over it all4 ,we feel assured1 as we close the volume1 that whatever human means were wanting1 the ,god she had faithfully served consoled his child to the last1 and sustained her mortal weakness till she reposed in him4 ,after her death1 her heart's wish was fulfilled1 and abundant honor has been rendered to ,maurice de ,guerin4 ,nay1 more2 for homage is ever given to the majesty of unselfish love2 and from henceforth1 if ,maurice the poet shall be forgotten1 ,maurice the brother of ,eugenie will never be4 ,she has embalmed his memory with her deep and fond devotion2 and she has left a living record of how1 in the midst of a wearisome1 an objectless1 a monotonous life1 a woman may find work to do1 and doing it1 like ,eugenie1 with all her might1 leave behind her a track of light by which others may follow after her1 encouraged and consoled4 ,f4 ------ ,,the ,,building ,,of ,,mourne4 ,a ,,legend ,,of ,,the ,,blackwater4 ,,by ,,robert ,d4 ,,joyce4 ,rome1 according to the old aphorism1 was not built in a day4 ,neither was the old town of ,mourne1 although it was destroyed in a day1 and made fit almost for the sowing of salt upon its foundations1 by the great ,lord of ,thomond1 ,murrough of the ,ferns1 when he gathered around it his rakehelly kerns1 as ,spenser in his spleen called them1 and his fierce galloglasses and roving hobbelers4 ,but the present story has naught to do with the spoliation and burning of towns4 ,far different1 indeed1 was the founding of ,mourne1 to the story of the disastrous termination of its prosperity4 ,you will look in vain to the histories for a succinct or circumstantial account of the building of this ancient town2 but many a more famous city has its early annals involved in equal obscurity--,rome1 for instance4 ,what tangible fact can be laid hold of with regard to its early history1 save the will-o'-the-wisp light emanating from the traditions of a more modern day8 ,a cimmerian cloud of darkness overhangs its founding and youthful progress1 through which the double-distilled microscopic eyes of the historian are unable to penetrate with any degree of certainty4 ,mourne1 however1 though it cannot boast of a long-written history1 possesses an oral one of remarkable perspicuity and certainty4 ,the men are on the spot who1 with a mathematical precision worthy of ,archimedes or ,newton1 will relate everything about it1 from its foundation to its fall4 ,the only darkness cast upon their most circumstantial history is the elysian cloud from their luxuriant dudheens1 as they whiff away occasionally1 and relate-- ,that there was long ago a certain ,dhonal1 a nobleman of the warlike race of ,mac ,caurha1 who ruled over ,duhallow1 and the wild mountainous territories extending downward along the banks of the ,blackwater4 ,this nobleman1 after a long rule of prosperity and peace1 at length grew weary of inaction1 and manufactured in his pugnacious brain some cause of mortal affront and complaint against a neighboring potentate1 whose territory extended in a westerly direction on the opposite shore of the river4 ,so he mustered his vassals with all imaginable speed1 and prepared to set out for the domains of his foe on a foray of unusual ferocity and magnitude4 ,before departing from his castle1 which stood some miles above ,mallow1 on the banks of the river1 he held a long and confidential parley with his wife1 in which he told her1 if he were defeated or slain1 and if the foe should cross the ,blackwater to make reprisals1 that she should hold out the fortress while one stone would stand upon another1 and especially that she should guard their three young sons well1 whom1 he doubted not1 whatever might happen1 would one day gain prosperity and renown4 ,after this1 he set out on his expedition1 at the head of a formidable array of turbulent kerns and marauding horsemen4 ,but his neighbor was not a man to be caught sleeping2 for1 at the crossing of a ford near ,kanturk1 he attacked ,dhonal1 slew him in single combat1 and put his followers to the sword1 almost to a man4 ,after this he crossed the ,blackwater1 laid waste the territories of the invader1 and at length besieged the castle1 where the widowed lady and her three sons had taken refuge4 ,for a long time she held her own bravely against her enemy2 but in the end the castle was taken by assault1 and she and her three young sons narrowly escaped with their lives out into the wild recesses of the forest4 ,after wandering about for some time1 the poor lady built a little hut of brambles on the shore of the ,clydagh1 near the spot where stand the ruins of the preceptory of ,mourne1 or ,ballinamona1 as it is sometimes called4 ,here she dwelt with her children for a long time1 in want and misery4 ,her sons grew up without receiving any of those accomplishments befitting their birth1 and gained their subsistence1 like the children of the common people around1 by tilling a little plot of land before their hut1 and by the products of the chase in the surrounding forest4 ,one day1 as ,diarmid1 the eldest1 with his bow and arrows ready for the chase1 was crossing a narrow valley1 he met a kern1 one of the followers of the great lord who had slain his father4 ,now1 neither ,diarmid nor his brothers recollected who had killed their father1 nor the high estate from which they had fallen1 for their mother kept them carefully in ignorance of all1 fearing that they might become known1 and that their enemies would kill them also4 ,so the kern and himself wended their way for some time together along the side of the valley4 ,at length they started a deer from its bed in the green ferns4 ,each shot his arrow at the same moment1 and each struck the deer1 which ran downward for a short space1 and at last fell dead beside the little stream in the bottom of the valley4 ,the deer is mine6 said the strange kern1 as they stood over its body4 ,no6 answered ,diarmid1 it is not4 ,see6 your arrow is only stickin' in the skin of his neck1 an' mine is afther rattlin' into his heart1 through an' through6 ,no matther1 exclaimed the kern1 with a menacing look4 ,i don't care how he kem by his death1 but the deer ,i must have1 body an' bones1 whatever comes of it6 ,do you think sich a sprissawn as you could keep me from it1 an' ,i wantin' its darlin' carkiss for the table o' my lord1 the ,mac ,donogh8 ,now ,diarmid recollected that his mother and brothers were at the same time almost dying in their little hut for want of food4 ,so without further parley he drew his long skian from its sheath4 ,very well1 said he1 take it1 if you're a man2 but before it goes1 my carkiss must lie stiff an' bloody in its place6 ,the kern drew his skian at the word1 and there1 over the body of the fallen deer1 ensued a combat stern and fierce1 which at last resulted in ,diarmid's plunging his skian through and through the body of his foe into the gritty sand beneath them4 #bbg ,diarmid then took the spear and other weapons of the dead kern1 put the deer upon his broad shoulders1 and marching off in triumph1 soon gained his mother's little hut4 ,there1 after eating a comfortable meal1 and telling his adventure1 ,diarmid began to lay down his future plans4 ,mother1 he said1 the time is come at last when this little cabin is too small for me4 ,i'm a man now1 an' able to meet a man1 body to body1 as ,i met him to-day2 so ,i'll brighten up my weapons1 an' set off on my adventures1 that ,i may gain renown in the wars4 ,donogh here1 too1 has the four bones of a man1 continued he1 turning to his second brother2 so let him prepare1 an' we'll thramp off together as soon as we can1 an' perhaps afther all we'd have a castle of our own1 where you could reign in glory1 as big an' grand as ,queen ,cleena o' the ,crag6 ,well1 then1 answered his mother1 if you must go1 before you leave me1 you and your brothers must hunt in the forest for a month1 and bring in as much food as will do me and ,rory here for a year and a day4 ,but1 said ,rory1 the youngest1 or ,roreen ,shouragh1 or the ,lively1 as he was called1 in consequence of the 'cute and merry temperament of his mind--but1 ,diarmid1 you know ,i am now beyant fifteen years of age1 an' so1 if you go1 ,i'll folly you to the worldt's end6 ,you presumptious little atomy of a barebones1 answered his eldest brother1 if ,i only see the size of a thrush's ankle of you follyin' us on the road1 ,i'll turn back an' bate that wiry an' freckled little carkiss o' yours into frog's jelly6 ,so stay at home in pace an' quietness1 an' perhaps when ,i come back ,i might give you a good purse o' goold to begin your forthin with4 ,that for your mane an' ludiacrous purse o' goold6 exclaimed ,roreen ,shouragh1 at the same time snapping his fingers in the face of his brother4 ,arrah6 do you hear him1 mother8 ,but never mind4 ,let us be off into the forest to-morrow1 an' we'll see who'll bring home the most food before night6 ,well1 said his mother1 whether he stays at home or goes away1 ,i fear he'll come to some bad end with that sharp tongue of his1 and his wild capers4 ,with all jonteel respect1 mother1 answered ,shouragh again1 ,i mane to do no such thing4 ,i think myself as good a hairo this minnit--because ,i have the sowl an' heart o' one as ,king ,dathi1 who was killed in some furrin place that ,i don't recklect the jography of1 or as ,con o' the ,hundhert ,battles1 or as the best man amongst them1 ,fion himself--an' ,i'll do as great actions as any o' them yet6 ,this grandiloquent boast of ,roreen ,shouragh's set his mother and brothers into a fit of laughter1 from which they only recovered when it was time to retire to rest4 ,in the morning the three brothers betook themselves to the forest1 and at the fall of night returned with a great spoil of game4 ,from morning till night they hunted thus every day for a month1 at the end of which time ,diarmid said that they had as much food stored in as would last his mother and ,rory for a year and a day4 ,on a hot summer noon the two brothers left the little hut1 with their mother's blessing on their heads1 and set off on their adventures4 ,after crossing a few valleys1 they came at length to the shore of the ,blackwater1 and sat down in the shade of a huge oak-tree on the bank to rest themselves4 ,beneath them1 in a clear1 shady pool1 a huge pike1 with his voracious jaws ready for a plunge1 was watching a merry little speckled trout1 which in its turn was regarding with most affectionate eyes a bright blue fly1 that was disporting overhead on the surface of the water4 ,suddenly the trout darted upward into the air1 catching the ill-starred fly1 but1 in its return to the element beneath1 unfortunately plumped itself into the ,charybdis-like jaws of the villanous #bbh pike1 and was from that in one moment quietly deposited in his stomach4 ,look at that6 said ,diarmid to his brother4 ,that's the way with a man that works an' watches everything with a keen eye4 ,he'll have all in the end1 just as the pike has both fly and throut--an' just as ,i have both fly1 an' throut1 an' pike6 continued he1 giving his spear a quick dart into the deep pool1 and then landing the luckless pike1 transfixed through and through1 upon the green bank4 ,that's the way to manage1 and the divvle a betther sign o' good luck we could have in the beginning of our journey1 than to get a good male so aisy6 ,hooray6 exclaimed a voice behind them4 ,that's the way to manage most galliantly4 ,what a nate dinner the thurminjous monsther will make for the three of us6 and on turning round1 the two brothers beheld ,roreen ,shouragh1 accoutred like themselves1 and dancing with most exuberant delight at the feat beside them on the grass4 ,an' so you have follied us afther all my warnin'1 you outragious little vagabone6 exclaimed ,diarmid1 making a wrathful dart at ,roreen1 who1 however1 eluding the grasp1 ran and doubled hither and thither with the swiftness of a hare1 around the trunks of the huge oak-trees on the shore4 ,in vain ,diarmid tried every ruse of the chase to catch him4 ,roreen ,shouragh could not be captured4 ,at length the elder brother1 wearied out1 returned to ,donogh1 who1 during the chase1 was tumbling about on the grass in convulsions of laughter4 ',tis no use1 ,donogh1 he said1 we must only let him come with us4 ,he'll never go back4 ,come here1 you aggravatin' young robber1 continued he1 calling out to ,roreen1 who was still dancing in defiance beneath a tree1 some distance off--come here1 an' you'll get your dinner1 an' may folly us if you wish4 ,roreen knew that he might depend on the word of his brother4 ,i towld ye both1 said he1 coming up to the spot1 that ,i'd folly ye to the worldt's end2 so let us have pace1 an' ,i may do ye some service yet4 ,but may ,i supplicate to know where ye're preamblin' to at present2 for if ye sit down that way in every umberagious coolin' spot1 as the song says1 the divvle a much ye'll have for yeer pains in the ind8 ,i'll tell you then1 answered ,donogh1 now recovered from his fit of laughing4 ,we're goin' off to ,corrig ,cleena1 to see the ,queen o' the ,fairies1 an' to ask her advice what to do so as to win wealth an' renown4 ',tis aisier said than done1 said ,roreen1 to see ,queen ,cleena4 ,but howsomdever1 when we're afther devourin' this vouracious thief of a pike here1 we'll peg off to the ,corrig as swift as our gambadin'-sticks will carry us6 ,after the meal the three brothers swam across the river1 and proceeded on their way through the forest toward ,corrig ,cleena4 ,on gaining the summit of a little height1 a long1 straight road extended before them4 ,on and on the straight road they went1 till1 turning up a narrow path in the forest1 they beheld the great grey boulders of ,corrig ,cleena towering before them4 ,they searched round its base several times for an entrance1 but could find none4 ,at length1 as they were turning away in despair1 they saw an extremely small1 withered old atomy of a woman1 clad all in sky blue1 and sitting beside a clump of fairy thimbles1 or foxgloves1 that grew on a little knoll in front of the rock4 ,they went up and accosted her3 ,could you tell us1 ould woman1 asked ,diarmid1 how we can enter the ,corrig8 ,we want to speak to the queen4 ,ould woman1 inagh6 answered the little atomy in a towering passion4 ,how daar you call me an ould woman1 you vagabone8 ,off wid you--thramp1 ,i say1 for if you sted there till your legs would root in the ground1 you'd get no information from me6 #bbi ,be aisy1 mother1 said ,donogh1 in a soothing voice2 sure1 if you can tell us1 you may as well serve us so far1 an' we'll throuble you no more4 ,ould woman an' mother1 both6 screamed the little hag1 starting up and shaking her crutch at the brothers2 this is worse than all4 ,you dirty an' insultin' spalpeens1 how daar ye again1 ,i say call me sich names8 ,what for should ,i be decoratin' my fingers wid the red blossoms o' the ,lusmore1 if ,i was as ould as you say8 ,be off out o' this1 or be this an' be that1 ,i ruinate ye both wid a whack o' this wand o' mine6 ,young leedy1 said ,roreen ,shouragh1 stepping up cap in hand at this juncture1 and making the old hag an elaborately polite bow--young1 an' innocent1 an' delightful creethur1 p'r'aps you'd have the kindness to exercise that lily-white hand o' yours in pointin' out the way for us into ,queen ,cleena's palace6 ,yes1 young man1 answered the crone1 greatly mollified at the handsome address of ,roreen4 ,for your sake1 ,i'll point out the way4 ,you at laste know the respect that should be paid to youth an' beauty6 ,allow me1 my sweet young darlint1 said ,roreen at this1 as he stepped up and offered her his arm--allow me to have the shuprame pleasure of conductin' you4 ,i'm sure ,i must have the honor an' glory of ladin' on my arm one of the queen's maids of honor4 ,may those enticin' cheeks o' yours for ever keep the bloomin' an' ravishin' blush they have at the present minnit1 an' may those riglar ivory teeth o' yours1 that are as white as the dhriven snow1 never make their conjay from your purty an' delightful mouth6 ,the delightful young creethur allowed herself1 with many a gratified smirk1 to be conducted downward by the gallant ,roreen toward the rock1 where1 striking the naked wall with her crutch1 or wand as she was pleased to call it1 a door appeared before them1 and the three brothers were immediately conducted into the presence of the fairy queen4 ,it would be long1 but pleasant1 to tell the gallant compliments paid by ,roreen to the queen1 and the queen's polite and gracious acceptance of them2 merry to relate the covert laughter of the lovely maids of honor1 as ,roreen occasionally showered down praises on the head of the young leedy who so readily gained him admittance to the palace1 and who was no other than the vain old nurse of the queen2 but1 despite all such frivolities1 this history must have its course4 ,at length the queen gave them a gentle hint that their audience had lasted the proper time1 and as they were departing she cast her bright but love-lorn eyes upon them with a kindly look4 ,young man1 she said1 you ask my advice how to act so as to gain wealth and renown4 ,i could give you wealth1 but will not1 for wealth thus acquired rarely benefits the possessor4 ,but ,i will give you the advice you seek4 ,always keep your senses sharp and bright1 and your bodies strong by manly exercise4 ,look sharply round you1 and avail yourselves honorably of every opportunity that presents itself4 ,be brave1 and defend your rights justly2 but1 above all1 let your hearts be full of honor and kindness1 and show that kindness ever in aiding the poor1 the needy1 and the defenceless4 ,do all this1 and ,i doubt not but you will yet come to wealth1 happiness1 and renown4 ,farewell6 ,and in a moment1 they knew not how1 they found themselves sitting in the front of the ,rock of ,cleena1 upon the little knoll where ,roreen had so flatteringly accosted the young leedy4 ,away they went again down to the shore1 swam back across the river1 and wandered away over hill and dale1 till they ascended ,sliabh ,luchra1 and lost themselves in the depths of the great forest that clothed its broad back4 ,here they sat down in a green glade1 and began to consider what they should further do with themselves4 ,at length #bcj they agreed to build a little hut1 and remain there for a few days1 in order to look about the country4 ,no sooner said than done4 ,to work they went1 finished their hut beneath a spreading tree1 and were soon regaling themselves on a young fawn they had killed as they descended the mountain4 ,next day they went out into the forest1 killed a deer1 brought him back to the hut1 in order to prepare part of him for their dinner4 ,diarmid undertook the cooking for the first day1 while his two younger brothers went out along the back of the mountain to kill more game4 ,with the aid of a small pot1 which they had borrowed from a forester at the northern part of the mountain1 and a ladle that accompanied it1 ,diarmid began to cook the dinner1 stirring the pieces of venison round and round over the fire1 in order to have some broth ready at the return of his brothers4 ,as he was stirring and tasting alternately with great industry1 he heard a light footstep behind him1 and on looking round1 beheld sitting on one of the large mossy stones they used for a seat a little crabbed-looking boy1 with a red head almost the color of scarlet1 a red jacket1 and tight-fitting trowsers of the same hue1 which1 reaching a little below the knee1 left the fire-bedizened and equally rubicund legs and feet exposed in free luxury to the air4 ,his face was handsomely formed1 but brown and freckled1 and he had a pair of dark1 keen eyes1 which seemed to pierce into the very soul of ,diarmid as he sat gazing at him4 ,there was a wild1 elfish look about him altogether1 as1 with a vivacious twinkle of his acute eye1 he saluted ,diarmid politely1 and asked him for a ladleful of the broth4 ,diarmid1 however1 in turning round from the pot1 had spilt the contents of the ladle on his hand1 burning it sorely1 and was in consequence not in the most amiable humor4 ,give you a ladle of broth1 indeed1 you little weasel o' perdition6 exclaimed he4 ,peg off out o' my house this minute1 or ,i'll catch you by one o' them murtherin' legs o' yours1 an' bate your brains out against one o' the stones6 ,i'm well acquainted with the cozy an' indestructible fact1 that a man's house is his castle1 said the little fellow1 at the same time thrusting both his hands into his pockets1 inclining his head slightly to one side1 and looking up coolly at ,diarmid2 but some o' that broth ,i must have1 for three raisons4 ,first1 that all the wild-game o' the forest are mine as well as yours2 second1 that ,i'm a sthranger1 an' you know that hospitality is a virthue in ould ,ireland2 an'1 third an' best1 because you darn't refuse me6 ,so1 sit down there an' cool me a good rich ladleful1 or1 be the hole o' my coat6 there'll be wigs on the green bethune you an' me afore you're much ouldher6 ,ther's for your impidence1 you gabblin' little riffin6 said ,diarmid1 making a furious kick at the imperturbable little intruder1 who1 however1 evaded it by a nimble jump to one side2 and then leaping up suddenly1 before his assailant was aware1 hit him right and left two stunning blows with his hard and diminutive fists in the eyes4 ,round and round hopped redhead1 at each hop striking the luckless ,diarmid right in the face1 till at length1 with one finishing blow1 he brought him to the ground1 stunned and senseless4 ,there1 he said1 as he took a ladleful o' broth and began to cool it deliberately1 that's the most scientific facer ,i ever planted on a man's forehead in my life4 ,i think he'll not refuse me the next time ,i ask him4 ,with that he drank off the broth at a draught1 laid the ladle carefully in the pot1 stuck his hands in his pockets1 and jovially whistling up1 ,the cricket's rambles through the hob1 he left the hut1 and strutted with a light and cheerful heart into the forest4 ,when ,diarmid's brothers returned1 they found him just recovering from his swoon1 with two delightful black eyes1 and a nose of unusual dimensions4 #bca ,he told them the cause of his mishap1 at which they only laughed heartily1 saying that he deserved it for allowing himself to be beaten by such an insignificant youngster4 ,next day1 ,diarmid and ,roreen went out to hunt1 leaving ,donogh within to cook the dinner4 ,when they returned1 they found the ill-starred ,donogh lying almost dead on the floor1 with two black eyes far surpassing in beauty and magnitude those received on the preceding evening by his brother4 ,let me stay within to-morrow1 said ,roreen1 for 'tis my turn2 an' if he has the perliteness o' payin' me a visit1 ,i'll reward him for his condescension4 ,arrah6 said both his brothers1 is it a little traneen like you to be able for him1 when he bate the two of us8 ,no matther1 answered ,roreen2 tis my turn1 an' stay ,i will1 if my eyes were to be oblitherated in my purricranium6 ,and so1 when the morrow came1 ,diarmid and ,donogh went out to hunt1 and ,roreen ,shouragh stayed within to cook the dinner4 ,as the pot commenced boiling1 ,roreen kept a sharp eye around him for the expected visitor1 whom he at length descried coming up the glade toward the door of the hut1 whistling cheerfully as he came4 ,good-morrow1 youngster6 said the chap as he entered1 and made a most hilarious bow2 you seem to have the odor o' charity from your handsome face here1 at laste it comes most aromatically from the pot1 anyhow4 ,ah1 then6 good-morrow kindly1 my blushin' little moss-rose6 said ,roreen1 answering the salutation with an equally ornamental inclination of his head--welcome to the hall o' my fathers4 ,p'r'aps you'd do me the thurminjous honor o' satin' that blazin' little carkiss o' yours on the stone fornent me there4 ,with all the pleasure in the univarse1 answered the other1 seating himself2 but as the clay is most obsthreporously hot an' disthressin' to the dissolute traveller1 p'r'aps you'd have the exthrame kindness o' givin' me a ladleful o' broth to refresh myself4 ,well1 said ,roreen1 ,i was always counted a livin' respectacle o' the hospitality of ould ,ireland4 ,yet1 although the first law is not to ask the name of a guest1 in regard to the unmerciful way you thrated my brothers1 ,i must make bowld1 before ,i grant your request1 to have the honor an' glory of hearin' your cognomen4 ,with shuprame pleasure1 answered the visitor4 ,my name1 accordin' to the orthography o' ,ogham characters1 is ,shaneen cus na ,thinne1 which1 larnedly expounded1 manes ,john with his ,feet to the ,fire4 ,but the ferlosophers an' rantiquarians of ould ,ireland1 thracin' effect from cause1 call me ,fieryfoot1 an' by that name ,i shall be proud to be addhressed by you at present4 ,well1 rejoined ,roreen1 it only shows their perfound knowlidge an' love for truth1 to be able to make out such a knotty ploberm in derivations2 an' so1 out o' compliment to their oceans o' larnin'1 you'll get the broth2 but1 continued he1 as he took up a ladleful and held it to cool1 as there are a few questions now and then thrublin' my ruminashins1 p'r'aps you may be so perlite as to throw a flash o' lightnin' on them1 while we're watin'4 ,one is in nathral history4 ,i've heerd that of late the hares sleep with one eye shut an' th' other open4 ,what on earth is the raison of it8 ,that1 answered ,fieryfoot1 is aisily solvoluted4 ,tis on account o' the increase o' weasels1 and their love for suckin' the blood o' hares in their sleep4 ,so the hares1 in ordher to be on their guard an' prevent it1 sleep with only one eye at a time1 an' when that's rested an' has slept enough1 they open it an' shut the other6 ,the other1 said ,roreen1 is in asthronomy1 an' thrubbles me most of all1 sleepin' an' noddin'1 aitin' an' dhrinkin'4 ,why is it that the man in the moon always keeps a rapin'-hook in his hand1 and never uses it8 #bcb ,because1 answered ,fieryfoot1 getting somewhat impatient1 because1 you poor benighted crathure1 he's not a man at all1 but the image of a man painted over the door of ,brian ,airach's shebeen there1 where those that set off on a lunarian ramble go in to refresh themselves1 as ,i want to refresh myself with that ladle o' broth you're delayin' in your hand6 ,oh6 you'll get it fresh an' fastin'6 exclaimed ,roreen1 and with that he dashed the ladleful of scalding broth right into the face of ,fieryfoot1 who started up with a wild cry1 and rushed half-blinded from the hut4 ,away went ,roreen in hot pursuit after him1 with the ladle in his hand1 and calling out to him1 with the most endearing names imaginable1 to come back for another supply of broth--away down the glades1 till at length1 on the summit of a smooth1 green little knoll1 ,fieryfoot suddenly disappeared4 ,roreen went to the spot1 and found there a square aperture1 just large enough to admit his body4 ,he immediately went and cut a sapling with his knife1 stuck it by the side of the aperture1 and placed his cap on it for a mark1 and then returned to the hut1 and found his brothers just after coming in4 ,he related all that happened1 and they agreed to go together to the knoll after finishing their dinner4 ,when the dinner was over1 the three brothers went down to the knoll1 and easily found out the aperture through which ,fieryfoot had disappeared4 ,an' now1 what's to be done8 asked ,diarmid4 ,what's to be done1 is it8 said ,roreen2 why just to have me go down1 as ,i'm the smallest--smallest in body ,i mane--for1 to spake shupernathrally1 my soul is larger than both of yurs put together2 an'1 in the manetime1 to have ye build another hut over the spot an' live there till ,i return with a power o' gold an' dimons1 and oceans o' renown an' glory6 ,with that he crept into the aperture1 while his brothers busied themselves in drawing brambles and sticks to the spot in order to build a hut as he had directed4 ,as ,roreen descended1 the passage began to grow more broad and lightsome1 and at length he found himself on the verge of a delightful country1 far more calm and beautiful than the one he had left4 ,here he took the first way that presented itself1 and travelled on till he came to the crossing of three roads4 ,he saw a large1 dark-looking house1 part of which he knew to be a smith's forge1 from the smoke1 and from the constant hammering that resounded from the inside4 ,roreen entered1 and the first object that presented itself was ,fieryfoot1 as fresh and blooming as a trout1 and roasting his red shins with the utmost luxuriance and happiness of heart before the blazing fire on the hob4 ,wisha1 ,roreen ,shouragh1 exclaimed ,fieryfoot1 starting from his seat1 spitting on his hand for good luck1 and then offering it with great cordiality1 you're as welcome as the flowers o' ,may6 ,allow me to offer you my congratulations1 ad infinitum1 for your superior cuteness in the art of circumwentin' your visitors4 ,i prizhume you'll have no objection to be presented to the three workmen ,i keep in the house--the smith there1 the carpenter1 an' the mason4 ,roreen ,shouragh1 gentlemin1 the only man in the world above that was able to circumwint your masther6 ,a cead mille failte1 young gintleman6 said the three workmen in a breath4 ,roreen bowed politely in acknowledgment4 ,any news from the worldt above8 asked the smith1 as he rested his ponderous hammer on the anvil4 ,things are morthially dull1 answered ,roreen1 giving a sly wink at ,fieryfoot4 ,i've heard that the ,danes are making a divarshin in ,ireland2 that a shower o' dimons fell in ,dublin2 that the moon is gettin' mowldy for want o' shinin'2 and that there's a say in the west that is gradually becoming transmogrified into whiskey4 ,i humbly hope that the latther intelligence #bcc is unthrue1 for if not1 ,i'm afraid the whole worldt will become drunk in the twinklin' of a gooldfrinch's eye6 ,mile1 mile gloire6 exclaimed the three workmen1 but that's grate an' wondherful intirely6 ,p'r'aps masther1 continued they1 addressing ,fieryfoot1 and smacking their lips at the thought of whiskey1 p'r'aps you'd have the goodness o' givin' us a few days' lave of absence6 ,not at present1 answered ,fieryfoot2 industry is the soul o' pleasure1 as the hawk said to the sparrow before he transported him to his stomach1 so ye must now set to work an' make a sword1 for ,i want to make my frind here a present as a compliment for his superior wisdom4 ,to work they went4 ,the smith hammered out1 tempered1 and polished the blade1 the carpenter fashioned the hilt1 which the mason set with a brilliant row of diamonds2 and the sword was finished instantly4 ,an' now1 said ,fieryfoot1 presenting the sword to ,roreen1 let me have the immorthial pleasure o' presenting you with this4 ,take it and set off on your thravels4 ,let valior and magnanimity be your guide1 and you'll come to glory without a horizintal bounds4 ,in the manetime ,i'll wait here till you return4 ,i accept it with the hottest gratitudinity an' gladness1 said ,roreen1 taking the sword and running his eye critically along hilt and blade4 ',tis a darlin'1 handy sword2 'tis sharp1 shinin'1 an' killin'1 as the sighin' lover said to his sweetheart's eyes1 an' altogether 'tis the one that matches my experienced taste1 for 'tis tough1 an' light1 and lumeniferous1 as ,nero said to his cimitar1 whin he was preparin' to daycapitate the univarsal worldt wid one blow6 ,saying this1 ,roreen buckled the sword to his side1 bade a ceremonious farewell to the polite ,fieryfoot and his workmen1 left the house1 and proceeded on his adventures4 ,he took the west and broader road that led by the forge1 and travelled on gaily till night4 ,for seven days he travelled thus1 meeting various small adventures by the way1 and getting through them with his usual light-heartedness1 till at length he saw a huge dark castle before him1 standing on a rock over a solitary lake4 ,he accosted an old man by the way-side1 who told him that a huge giant of unusual size1 strength1 and ferocity dwelt there1 and that he had kept there in thrall1 for the past year and a day1 a beautiful princess1 expecting that in the end she'd give her consent to marry him4 ,the old peasant told him also that the giant had two brothers1 who dwelt far away in their castles1 and that they were the strangest objects ever seen by mortal eyes2 one being a valiant dwarf as broad as he was long1 and the other longer than he was broad1 for he was tall as the giant1 but so slightly formed that he was designated by the inhabitants of the country round ,snohad na ,dhial1 or the ,devil's ,needle4 ,roreen thanked the old man with great urbanity1 and proceeded on his way toward the castle4 ,when he came to the gate1 he knocked as bold as brass1 and demanded admittance4 ,he was quickly answered by a tremendous voice from the inside1 which demanded what he wanted4 ,let me in1 ould steeple1 said ,roreen2 ,i'm a poor disthressed boy that's grown wary o' the worldt on account o' my fatness1 an' ,i'm come to offer myself as a volunthary male for your voracious stomach6 ,at this the gate flew open with a loud clang1 and ,roreen found himself in the great court-yard of the castle1 confronting the giant4 ,the giant was licking his lips expectantly while opening the gate1 but seemed now not a little disappointed as he looked upon the spare1 wiry form standing before him4 ,if you're engaged1 ould cannibal1 said ,roreen again1 in calkalatin' a gasthernomical ploberm1 as ,i'm aweer you are1 by the way you're lookin' at me1 allow me perlitely to help you in hallucidatin' it4 ,in the first place1 if #bcd you intend to put me in a pie1 ,i must tell you that you'll not get much gravy from my carkiss1 an' in the next1 if you intend to ate me on the spot1 raw1 ,i must inform you that you'll find me as hard as a ,kerry dimon1 an' stickin' in your throat1 before you're half acquainted with the politics of your abdominal kingdom6 ,as an answer to this the giant did precisely what ,roreen ,shouragh expected he would do4 ,he stooped down1 caught him up with his monstrous hand1 intending to chop off his head with the first bite2 but ,roreen1 the moment he approached his broad1 hairy chest1 pulled suddenly out the sword presented to him by ,fiery foot1 and drew it across the giant's windpipe1 with as scientific a cut as ever was given by any champion at the battle of ,gaura1 ,clontarf1 or of any other place on the face of the earth4 ,the giant did not give the usual roar given by a giant in the act of being killed4 ,how could he1 when his windpipe was cut8 ,he only fell down simply by the gate of his own castle1 and died without a groan4 ,roreen1 by way of triumph1 leaped upon his carcass1 and with a light heart cut a few nimble capers thereon1 and then proceeded on his explorations into the castle4 ,there he found the beautiful princess sad and forlorn1 whom he soon relieved from her apprehensions of further thraldom4 ,she told him that she was not the only lady whose wrongs were unredressed in that strange country1 for that the two remaining brothers of the giant1 to wit1 the dwarf and the ,devil's ,needle1 had kept1 during her time of thrall1 her two younger sisters in an equally cruel bondage4 ,an' now1 my onrivalled daisy1 said ,roreen1 after some conversation had passed between them1 allow me1 while ,i'm in the humor for performin' deeds o' valior1 to thramp off an' set them free6 ,but1 said the princess1 am ,i to be left behind pining in this forlorn dungeon of a castle8 ,refulgint leedy1 answered ,roreen1 a pair of eyes like yours1 when purferrin' a request1 are arrisistible1 but this ,kerry-dimon' heart o' mine is at present onmovable2 and in ferlosophy1 when an arrisistible affeer conglomerates against an onmovable one1 nothin' occurs1 an' so ,i must have the exthrame bowldness of asking you to stay where you are till ,i come back1 for 'tis always the maxim of an exparienced an' renowned gineral not to oncumber himself with too much baggage when settin' out on his advinthures6 ,and so the young princess consented to stay1 and ,roreen1 with many bows and compliments1 took his leave4 ,for three days he travelled1 till at length he espied the castle of the dwarf towering on the summit of a great hill4 ,he climbed the hill as fast as his nimble legs could carry him1 blew the horn at the gate1 and defied the dwarf to single combat4 ,to work they went4 ,the skin of the dwarf was as hard and tough as that of a rhinoceros1 but at length ,roreen's sword found a passage through it1 and the dwarf fell dead by his own gate4 ,roreen went in1 brought the good news of her sister's liberation to the lady1 and after directing her to remain where she was till his return1 set forward again4 ,for three days more he travelled1 till he came to the shore of a sea1 where he saw the castle of ,snohad na ,dhial towering high above the waves4 ,he climbed up the rock on which the castle stood1 found the gate open1 and whistling the romantic pastoral of ,the piper in the meadow straying1 he jovially entered the first door he met4 ,on he went1 through room after room1 and saw no one1 till at last he came before an exceedingly lofty door1 with a narrow and perpendicular slit in it1 extending almost from threshold to lintel4 ,he peeped in through the open slit1 and beheld inside the most beautiful young lady his eyes ever rested upon4 ,she was weeping1 and seemed sorely troubled4 ,roreen opened the door1 presented himself before her1 and told her how he had liberated her #bce sisters4 ,in return she told him how that very day she was to be married to ,snohad na ,dhial1 and wept1 as she further related that it was out of the question to think of vanquishing him1 for that he was as tall as the giant1 yet so slight that the slit in the door served him always for an entrance1 but then he was beyond all heroes strong1 and usually killed his antagonist by knotting his long limbs around him and squeezing him to death4 ,no matther1 said ,roreen4 ,i'll sing a song afther my victory1 as the gamecock said to the piper4 ,an' now1 most delightful an' bloomin' darlint o' the worldt1 this purriliginious heart o' mine is melted at last with the conshumin' flame o' love4 ,say1 then1 the heart-sootherin' an' merlifluous word that you'll have me1 an' your thrubbles are over in the twinklin'-- ,not over so soon6 interrupted a loud1 shrill voice behind them1 and ,roreen1 turning round1 beheld ,snohad na ,dhial entering at the slit1 with deadly rage and jealousy in his fiery eyes4 ,snohad1 however1 in his haste to get in and fall upon ,roreen1 got his middle in some way or other entangled in the slit1 and in his struggles to free himself1 his feet lilted upward1 and there he hung for a few moments1 inward and outward1 like the swaying beam of a balance4 ,for a few moments only2 for ,roreen1 running over1 with one blow of his faithful sword on the waist cut him in two1 and down fell both halves of ,snohad na ,dhial as dead as a door-nail4 ,after this ,roreen got the heart-sootherin' answer he so gallantly implored4 ,he then bethought himself of returning4 ,after a few weeks he found himself with the three sisters1 and with a cavalcade of horses laden with the most precious diamonds1 pearls1 and other treasures belonging to the three castles1 in front of the forge where he had met ,fieryfoot1 and talking merrily to that worthy4 ,an' now1 said ,fieryfoot1 after he had complimented the ladies on their beauty1 and ,roreen on his success and bravery1 ,i am about to give my three workmen lave of absence4 ,but they must work seven days for you first4 ,then they may go on their peregrinations about ould ,ireland4 ,farewell4 ,give my ondeniable love to the ladle1 and remember me to your brothers balligerently6 ,with that the two friends embraced1 on which ,fieryfoot drew out a small whistle and blew a tune1 which set ,roreen ,shouragh and the three princesses into a pleasant sleep2 on awakening from which they found themselves by the side of the little hut on the knoll1 with the three workmen beneath them1 holding the horses and guarding their loads of treasure4 ,roreen's two brothers had just returned from the chase1 and were standing near them in mute wonderment at the spectacle4 ,after some brief explanations1 the whole cavalcade set out on their journey home1 and travelled on till they came to the hut of the lonely widow on the banks of the ,clydagh4 ,it was nightfall when they reached the place4 ,roreen told the three workmen that he wanted to have a castle built on the meadow beside the hut1 and then went in and embraced his mother4 ,the workmen went to the meadow1 and when the next morning dawned1 had a castle of unexampled strength and beauty built for ,roreen and his intended bride4 ,the two succeeding mornings saw two equally splendid castles built for the two brothers and their brides elect1 for they were about to be married to the two elder princesses4 ,by the next morning after that they had a castle finished for ,roreen's mother4 ,on the second morning afterward they had a town built1 and at length1 on the seventh morning1 when ,roreen went out1 he found both castles and town' enclosed by a strong wall1 with ramparts1 gateways1 and every other necessary appliance of defence4 ,the three workmen then took their leave1 and by the loud smacking of their lips as they departed1 ,roreen knew that they were going off to the west in search of the say of whiskey4 ,after this the three #bcf brothers were married to the three lovely princesses1 mercenary soldiers flocked in from every quarter1 and took service under their banners2 the inhabitants of the surrounding country removed into the town1 and matters went on gaily and prosperously4 ,the name of ,roreen's wife was ,mourne ,blanaid1 or the ,blooming1 and on a great festival day got up for the purpose1 he called the town ,mourne1 in honor of her4 ,in a pitched battle they defeated and killed the slayer of their father1 and drove his followers out of their patrimony1 and after that they lived in glory and renown till their death4 ,for centuries after the town of ,mourne flourished1 still remaining in possession of the race of the ,mac ,carthys4 ,at length the ,normans came and laid their mail-clad hands upon it4 ,in the reign of ,king ,john1 ,alexander de ,st4 ,helena founded a preceptory for ,knights ,templars near it1 the ruins of which stand yet in forlorn and solitary grandeur beside the little river4 ,still the town flourished and throve1 though many a battle was fought within it1 and around its gray walls1 till at length1 according to ,spenser1 ,murrogh na ,ranagh1 prince of ,thomond1 burst out like a fiery flame from his fastnesses in ,clare1 overran all ,munster1 burnt almost every town in it that had fallen into the possession of the ,english1 and among the rest ,mourne1 whose woeful burning did not content him1 for he destroyed it altogether1 scarcely leaving one stone standing there upon another4 ,and now only a few mounds remain to show the spot where ,roreen ,shouragh got his town built1 and where he ruled so jovially4 ,and so1 gentle reader1 if you look with me to the history of ,troy1 ,rome1 the battle of ,ventry ,harbor1 the ,pyramids1 or ,tadmor in the ,desert1 ,i think you will say that there is none of them so clear1 so circumstantial1 and so trustworthy as the early history of the old town of ,mourne4 ---- #bcg ,,hans ,,euler4 ,,from ,,the ,,german ,,of ,j4 ,g4 ,,seidl4 ,hark1 child--again that knocking6 ,go1 fling wide the door1 ,i pray2 ,perchance 'tis some poor pilgrim who has wandered from his way4 ,now save thee1 gallant stranger6 ,sit thou down and share our cheer3 ,our bread is white and wholesome see6 our drink is fresh and clear4 ,i come not here your bread to share1 nor of your drink to speak4 ,your name8--,hans ,euler4--,so6 'tis well3 it is your blood ,i seek4 ,know that through many a weary year ,i've sought you for a foe3 ,i had a goodly brother once3 'twas you who laid him low4 ,and as he bit the dust1 ,i vowed that soon or late on you ,his death should be avenged2 and mark6 that oath ,i will keep true4 ,i slew him2 but in quarrel just4 ,i fought him hand to hand3 ,yet1 since you would avenge his fall1--,i'm ready2 take your stand4 ,but ,i war not in my homestead1 by this hearth whereon ,i tread2 ,not in sight of these--my dear ones--for whose safety ,i have bled4 ,my daughter1 reach me down yon sword1--the same that laid him low2 ,and if ,i ne'er come back again1 ,tyrol has sons enow4 ,so forth they fared together1 up the glorious ,alpine way1 ,where newly now the kindling east led on the golden day4 ,the sun that mounted with them1 as he rose in all his pride1 ,still saw the stranger toiling on1 ,hans ,euler for his guide4 ,they climbed the mountain summit2 and behold6 the ,alpine world ,showed clear and bright before them1 'neath the mists that upward curled4 ,below them1 calm and happy1 lay the valley in her rest1 ,with the chalets in her arms1 and with their dwellers on her breast4 ,amidst were sparkling waters2 giant chasms1 scarred and riven2 ,vast1 crowning woods2 and over all1 the pure1 blest air of heaven3 ,and1 sacred in the sight of ,god1 where peace her treasures spread1 ,on every hearth1 on every home1 the soul of freedom shed6 ,both gazed in solemn silence down4 ,the stranger stayed his hand4 ,hans ,euler gently pointed to his own beloved land3 ',twas this thy brother threatened2 such a wrong might move me well4 ',twas in such a cause ,i struggled3--'twas for such a fault he fell4 ,the stranger paused3 then1 turning1 looked ,hans ,euler in the face2 ,the arm that would have raised the sword fell powerless in its place4 ,you slew him4 ,was it1 then1 for this--for home and fatherland8 ,forgive me6 ',twas a righteous cause4 ,hans ,euler1 there's my hand6 ,,eleanora ,l4 ,,hervey4 #bch ,from ,all the ,year ,round4 ,,the ,,modern ,,genius ,,of ,,the ,,streams4 ,water to raise corn from the seed1 to clothe the meadow with its grass1 and to fill the land with fruit and flowers2 water to lie heaped in fantastic clouds1 to make the fairy-land of sunset1 and to spread the arch of mercy in the rainbow2 water that kindles our imagination to a sense of beauty2 water that gives us our meat1 and is our drink1 and cleans us of dirt and disease1 and is our servant in a thousand great and little ways--it is the very juice and essence of man's civilization4 ,and so1 whether we shall drag over cold water1 or let hot water drag us1 is one way of putting the question between canal and steam communication for conveyance of our heavy traffic4 ,the canal-boat uses its water cold without1 the steam-engine requires it hot within4 ,before hot water appeared in its industrial character to hiss off the cold1 canals had all the glory to themselves4 ,they are not yet hissed off their old stages and cat-called into contempt by the whistle of the steam-engine1 for canal communication still has advantages of its own1 and canal shares are powers in the money market4 ,little more than a century ago1 not only were there neither canals nor railroads in this country1 but the common high-roads were about the worst in ,europe4 ,corn and wool were sent to market over those bad roads on horses' or bullocks' backs1 and the only coal used in the inland southern counties was carried on horseback in sacks for the supply of the blacksmiths' forges4 ,water gave us our over-sea commerce1 that came in and went out by way of our tidal rivers2 and the step proposed toward the fostering of our home industries was a great one when it occurred to somebody to imitate nature1 by erecting artificial rivers that should flow whereever we wished them to flow1 and should be navigable along their whole course for capacious1 flat-bottomed carrying-boats4 ,the first ,english canal1 indeed1 was constructed as long as three hundred years ago1 at ,exeter1 by ,john ,trew1 a native of ,glamorganshire1 who enabled the traders of ,exeter to cancel the legacy of the spite of an angry ,countess of ,devon1 who had1 nearly three hundred years before that time1 stopped the ascent of sea-going vessels to ,exeter by forming a weir across the ,exe at ,topham4 ,trew contrived1 to avoid the obstruction1 a canal from ,exeter to ,topham1 three miles long1 with a lock to it4 ,john ,trew ruined himself in the service of an ungrateful corporation4 ,after this time1 improvements went no further than the clearing out of some channels of natural water-communication1 until the time of ,james ,brindley1 the father of the ,english canal system4 ,james ,brindley was born in the year #agaf1 the third of the reign of ,george the ,first1 in a cottage in the parish of ,wormhill1 midway between the remote hamlets of the ,high ,peak of ,derby4 ,there his father1 more devoted to shooting1 hunting1 and bull-running1 than to his work as a cottier1 cultivated the little croft he rented1 got into bad company and poverty1 and left his children neglected and untaught4 ,the idle man had an industrious wife1 who taught the children1 of whom ,james was the eldest1 what little she knew2 but they must all help to earn as soon as they were able1 and ,james ,brindley earned wages at any ordinary laborer's work that he could get until he was seventeen years old4 #bci ,he was a lad clever with his knife1 who made little models of mills1 and set them to work in mill-streams of his own contrivance4 ,the machinery of a neighboring grist-mill was his especial delight1 and had given the first impulse to his modellings4 ,he and his mother agreed that he should bind himself1 whenever he could1 to a millwright2 and at the age of seventeen he did1 after a few weeks' trial1 become apprentice for seven years to ,abraham ,bennett1 wheelwright and millwright1 at the village of ,sutton1 near ,macclesfield1 which was the market-town of ,brindley's district4 ,the millwrights were then the only engineers2 they worked by turns at the foot-lathe1 the carpenter's bench1 and the anvil2 and1 in country places where there was little support for division of labor1 they had to find skill or invention to meet any demand on mechanical skill4 ,bennett was not a sober man1 his journeymen were a rough set1 and much of the young apprentice's time was at first occupied in running for beer4 ,he was taught little1 and had to find out everything for himself1 which he did but slowly2 so that1 during some time1 he passed with his master for a stupid bungler1 only fit for the farm-work from which he had been taken4 ,but1 after two years of this sort of pupilage1 a fire having injured some machinery in a small silk-mill at ,macclesfield1 ,brindley was sent to bring away the damaged pieces2 and1 by his suggestions on that occasion1 he showed to ,mr4 ,milner1 the mill superintendent1 an intelligence that caused his master to be applied to for ,brindley's aid in a certain part of the repairs4 ,he was unwillingly sent1 worked under the encouragement of the friendly superintendent with remarkable ability1 and was surprised that his master and the other workmen seemed to be dissatisfied with his success4 ,when they chaffed him1 at the supper celebrating the completion of the work1 his friend ,milner offered to wager a gallon of the best ale that1 before the lad's apprenticeship was out1 he would be a cleverer workman than any of them there present1 master or man4 ,this was a joke against ,brindley among his fellow-workmen2 but in another year they found the young man ,brindley specially asked for when the neighboring millers needed repairs of machinery1 and sometimes he was chosen in preference to the master himself4 ,bennett asked the young man ,briudley where he had learnt his skill in mill-work1 but he could tell no more than that it came natural like4 ,he even suggested and carried out improvements1 especially in the application of the water-power1 and worked so substantially well1 that his master said to him one day1 ,jem1 if thou goes on i' this foolish way o' workin'1 there will be very little trade left to be done when thou comes oot o' thy time3 thou knaws firmness o' wark's h' ruin o' trade4 ,but presently ,jem's firmness o' wark was the saving of his master4 ,bennett got a contract to set up a paper-mill on the river ,dane1 upon the model of a mill near ,manchester4 ,bennett went to examine the ,manchester mill1 brought back a confused and beery notion of it1 and1 proceeding with the job1 got into the most hopeless bewilderment4 ,an old hand1 who had looked in on the work1 reported1 over his drink at the nearest public-house1 that the job was a farce1 and that ,abraham ,bennett was only throwing away his employer's money4 ,next ,saturday1 after his work1 young ,jem ,brindley disappeared4 ,he was just of age1 and it was supposed he had taken it into his head to leave his master and begin life on his own account4 ,but on ,monday morning1 there he was at his work1 with his coat off1 and the whole duty to be done clear in his head4 ,he had taken on ,saturday night a twenty-five mile walk to the pattern mill1 near ,manchester4 ,on ,sunday morning he had asked leave of its proprietor to go in and examine it4 ,he had spent #bdj some hours on ,sunday in the study of its machinery1 and then had walked the twenty-five miles back1 to resume his work and save his master from a failure that would have been disastrous to his credit4 ,the conduct of the work was left to him2 he undid what was amiss1 and proceeded with the rest so accurately1 that the contract was completed within the appointed time1 to the complete satisfaction of all persons concerned4 ,after that piece of good service1 ,bennett left to ,james ,brindley the chief care over his business4 ,when ,bennett died1 ,brindley carried on to completion all work then in hand1 and wound up the accounts for the benefit of his old master's family4 ,that done1 he set up in business on his own account at the town of ,leek1 in ,staffordshire2 he was then twenty-six years old1 having served seven years as an apprentice and two years as journeyman4 ,leek was then but a small market-town1 with a few grist-mills1 and ,brindley had no capital2 but he made himself known beyond ,leek as a reliable man1 whose work was good and durable1 who had invention at the service of his employers1 and who always finished a job within the stipulated time4 ,he did not confine himself to mill-work1 but was ready to undertake all sorts of machinery connected with the draining of mines1 the pumping of water1 the smelting of iron and copper1 for which a demand was then rising1 and became honorably known to his neighbors as the ,schemer4 ,at first he had no journeyman or apprentice1 and he cut the tree for his own timber4 ,while working as an apprentice1 he had taught himself to write in a clumsy1 half-illegible way--he never learnt to spell--and when he had been thirteen years in business1 he would still charge an employer his day's work at two shillings for cutting a big tree1 for a mill-shaft or for other use4 ,when he was called to exercise his skill at a distance upon some machinery1 he added a charge of sixpence a day for extra expenses4 ,when the brothers ,john and ,thomas ,wedgwood1 potters in a small way at the outset of their famous career1 desired to increase the supply of flint-powder1 they called the ,schemer to their aid1 and the success of the flint-mill ,brindley then erected brought him business in the potteries from that time forward4 ,about this time1 also1 a ,manchester man was being married to a young lady of mark in the potteries1 and1 during the wedding festivities1 conversation once turned on the cleverness of the young millwright of ,leek4 ,the ,manchester man wondered whether he was clever enough to get the water out of some hopelessly drowned coal mines of his1 and thought he should like to see him4 ,brindley was sent for1 told the case and its hitherto insuperable difficulties1 went into a brown study1 then suddenly brightened up1 and told in what way he thought that1 without great expense1 the difficulty might be conquered4 ,the gist of his plan was to use the fall of the river ,irwell1 that formed one boundary of the estate1 and pump the water from the pits by means of the greater power of the water in the river4 ,his suggestion was thought good1 and1 being set to work upon this job1 he drove a tunnel through six hundred yards of solid rock1 and by the tunnel brought the river down upon the breast of an immense water-wheel1 fixed in a chamber thirty feet below the surface of the ground2 the water1 when it had turned the wheel1 was carried on into the lower level of the ,irwell4 ,that wheel1 with its pumps1 working night and day1 soon cleared the drowned outworkings of the mine2 and for the invention and direction of this valuable engineering work1 he seems only to have charged his workman's wages of two shillings a day4 ,an engineer from ,london had been brought down to superintend the building of a new silk-mill at #bda ,congleton1 and ,brindley was employed under him to make the water-wheel and do the common work of his trade4 ,the engineer from ,london got his work into a mess1 and at last was obliged to confess his inability to carry out his plan4 ,the ,schemer ,brindley was applied to by the perplexed proprietor4 ,could he put the confusion straight8 ,james ,brindley asked to see the plans2 but the great engineer refused to show them to a common millwright4 ,well1 then1 said ,brindley to the proprietor of the mill1 tell me exactly what you want the machinery to do1 and ,i will try to contrive what will do it4 ,but you must leave me free to work in my own way4 ,he was told the results desired1 and not only achieved them1 but achieved much more1 adding new contrivances1 which afterward proved of the greatest value4 ,after this achievement1 ,brindley was employed by the now prospering potters to build flint-mills of more power upon a new plan of his own4 ,one of the largest was that built for ,mr4 ,baddely1 of which work there is record in such trade entries of his as ,march #ae1 #ageg4 ,with ,mr4 ,baddely to ,matherso about a now 7new7 flint-mill upon a windey day #a day #cs4 #f;d4 ,march #ai draing a plann #a day #bs4 #f;d4 ,march #bc draing a plann and to sat out the wheelrace #a day #ds4 ,at this time ,brindley is also exercising his wit on an attempt at an improved steam-engine2 but though his ideas are good1 it is hard to bring them into continuously good working order1 and after the close of entries about it in his memorandum-book1 when it seems to have broken down for a second time1 he underlines the item to ,run about a ,drinking ,is4 #f;d4 ,but he confined his despair to the loss of a day and the expenditure of eighteen pence4 ,not long afterward he had developed a patent of his own1 and erected1 in #agfc1 for the ,walker ,colliery at ,newcastle1 a steam-engine wholly of iron1 which was pronounced the most complete and noble piece of iron-work that had up to that time been produced4 ,but the perfecting of the steam-engine was then safe in the hands of ,watt1 and ,brindley had already turned into his own path as the author of our ,english canal system4 ,the young ,duke of ,bridgewater1 vexed in love by the frailty of fair woman1 had abjured interest in their sex1 had gone down to his estate of ,worsley1 on the borders of ,chat ,moss1 and1 to give himself something more wholesome to think about than the sisters ,gunning and their fortunes1 conferred with ,john ,gilbert1 his land steward1 as to the possibility of cutting a canal by which the coals found upon his ,worsley estate might be readily taken to market at ,manchester4 ,manchester then was a rising town1 of which the manufacturers were yet unaided by the steam-engine1 and there was no coal smoke but that which arose from household fires4 ,the roads out of ,manchester were so bad as to be actually closed in winter1 and in summer the coal1 sold at the pit mouth by the horse-load1 was conveyed on horses' backs at an addition to its cost of nine or ten shillings a ton4 ,when the duke discussed with ,gilbert old abandoned and new possible schemes of water conveyance for his ,worsley coal1 ,gilbert advised the calling in of the ingenious ,james ,brindley of ,leek1 the ,schemer4 ,when the duke came into contact with ,brindley1 he at once put trust in him1 and gave him the direction of the proposed work2 whereupon he was requested to base his advice upon what he enters in his memorandum-book of jobs done1 as an ochilor1 7ocular7 servey or a ricconitering4 ,brindley examined the ground1 and formed his own plan4 ,he was against carrying the canal down into ,irwell by a flight of locks1 and so up again on the other side to the proposed level1 but counselled carrying the canal by solid embankments and a stone aqueduct right over the river upon one #bdb level throughout4 ,the duke accepted his opinion1 and had plans prepared for a new application to parliament1 ,brindley often staying with him at work and in consultation for weeks together1 while still travelling to and fro in full employment upon mills1 water-wheels1 cranes1 fire-engines1 and other mechanical work4 ,small as his pay was1 he lived frugally4 ,he had by this time even saved a little money1 and gained credit enough to be able1 by borrowing from a friend at ,leek1 to pay between five and six hundred pounds for a fourth share of an estate at ,turnhurst1 in ,staffordshire1 supposed by him to be full of minerals4 ,the ,duke of ,bridgewater obtained his act in the year #agfj1 but the bold and original part of ,brindley's scheme1 which many ridiculed as madness1 caused the duke much anxiety4 ,in ,england there had never been so great an aqueduct1 but the scheme was not only for the carrying of water in a water-tight trunk of earth over an embankment1 but also for the carrying of ships on a bridge of water over water4 ,brindley had no misgivings4 ,to allay the duke's fears1 he suggested calling in and questioning another engineer1 who surprised the man of genius by ending an adverse report thus3 ,i have often heard of castles an the air2 but never before saw where any of them were to be erected4 ,the duke1 however1 with all his hesitation1 had most faith in the head of ,james ,brindley1 bade him go on in his own way1 and resolved to run the risk of failure4 ,and so1 on a bridge of three arches1 the canal was carried over the ,irwell by the ,barton aqueduct1 thirty-nine feet above the river4 ,the water was confined within a puddled channel1 to prevent leakage1 and the work is at this day as sound as it was when first constructed4 ,for the safe carrying of water along the top of an earthen embankment1 ,brindley had relied upon the retaining powers of clay puddle4 ,it was by help also of clay puddle that he carried the weight of the embankment safe over the ooze of ,trafford ,moss4 ,with great ingenuity1 also1 ,brindley provided for the crossing of his canal by streams intercepting its course1 without breach of his rule that it is unsafe to let such waters freely mix with the canal stream4 ,thus1 to provide for the free passage of the ,medlock without causing a rush into the canal1 an ingenious form of weir was contrived1 over which its waters flowed into a lower level1 and thence down a well several yards deep1 leading to a subterranean passage by which the stream was passed into the ,irwell1 near at hand4 ,arthur ,young1 who saw ,brindley's canal soon after it was opened1 said that the whole plan of these works shows a capacity and extent of mind which foresees difficulties1 and invents remedies in anticipation of possible evils4 ,the connection and dependence of the parts upon each other are happily imagined2 and all are exerted in concert1 to command by every means the wished-for success4 ,at the ,worsley end ,brindley constructed a basin1 into which coal was brought from different workings of the mine by a subterranean water channel4 ,brindley also invented cranes for the more ready loading of the boats1 laid down within the mines a system of underground railways leading from the face of the coal where the miners worked1 to the wells that he had made at different points in the tunnels for shooting the coal down into the boats waiting below4 ,he drained and ventilated with a water-bellows the lower parts of the mine4 ,he improved the barges1 invented water-weights1 raising dams1 riddles to wash the coal for the forges4 ,at the ,manchester end ,brindley made equally ingenious arrangements for the easy delivery of the coal at the top of ,castle ,hill4 ,at every turn in the work his inventive genius was felt4 ,when the want of lime for the masonry was a serious impediment1 ,brindley discovered how to make1 of a useless1 unadhesive lime-marl1 by tempering it and casting it in #bdc moulds before burning1 an excellent lime1 a contrivance that alone saved the duke several thousands of pounds cost4 ,when the water was let in1 and the works everywhere stood firm1 people of fashion flocked to see ,brindley's canal1 as perhaps the greatest artificial curiosity in the world3 and writers spoke in glowing terms of the surprise with which they saw several barges of great burden drawn by a single mule or horse along a river hung in the air1 over another river flowing beneath4 ,as for ,manchester1 with the price of coal reduced one half1 it was ready to make the best use of the steam-engine when it was established as the motive-power in our factories4 ,within two months of the day1 seventeenth of ,july1 #agfa1 when the first boat-load of coals travelled over the ,barton viaduct1 ,brindley's notes testify that he was at ,liverpool recconitoring and by the end of ,september he was levelling for a proposed extension of his canal from ,manchester to ,liverpool1 by joining it with the ,mersey1 eight miles below ,warrington ,bridge1 whence there is a natural tideway to ,liverpool1 about fifteen miles distant4 ,at that time there was not even a coach communication over the bad roads between ,manchester and ,liverpool1 the first stage-coach having been started six years later1 when it required six1 and sometimes eight horses to pull it the thirty miles along the ruts and through the sloughs4 ,the coach started from ,liverpool early in the morning1 breakfasted at ,prescot1 dined at ,warrington1 and reached ,manchester by supper-time4 ,from ,manchester to ,liverpool it made the return journey next day4 ,the ,duke of ,bridgewater's proposed canal was strongly opposed as an antagonist interest by the ,mersey and ,irwell ,navigation ,company4 ,the canal promised to take freights at half the price charged by the ,navigation ,company4 ,a son of the ,earl of ,derby took the part of the ,old ,navigators1 and as the ,duke of ,bridgewater was a ,whig1 ,brindley had to enter in his note-book that the ,toores 7,tories7 had mad had 7made head7 agane ye ,duk4 ,but at last his entry was3 ad a grate ,division of #abg fort ,duk #ih nos for t e ,duke #bi ,me ,jorete1 and the ,duke's cause prospered during the rest of the contest4 ,brindley bought a new suit of clothes to grace his part as principal engineering witness for the canal1 and having upset his mind for some days by going to see ,garrick play ,richard the ,third1 7wherefore he declared against all further indulgence in that sort of excitement71 he went to the committee-room duly provided with a bit of chalk in his pocket1 and made good the saying that originated from his clear way of showing what he meant1 upon the floor of the committee-room1 that ,brindley and chalk would go through the world4 ,when asked to produce a drawing of a proposed bridge1 he said he had none1 but could immediately get a model4 ,whereupon he went out and bought a large cheese1 which he brought into the committee-room and cut into two equal parts1 saying1 ,here is my model4 ,the two halves of the cheese represented the two arches of his bridge1 the rest of the work connected with them he built with paper1 with books1 or with whatever he found ready to hand4 ,once when he had repeatedly talked about puddling1 some of the members wished to know what puddling was4 ,brindley sent out for a lump of clay1 hollowed it into a trough1 poured water in1 and showed that it leaked out4 ,then he worked up the clay with water1 going through the process of puddling in miniature1 again made a trough of the puddled clay1 filled it with water1 and showed that it was water-tight4 ,thus it is1 he said1 that ,i form a water-tight trunk to carry water over rivers and valleys1 wherever they cross the path of the canal4 ,and so the battle was fought1 and the canal works completed at a total #bdd cost of two hundred and twenty thousand pounds1 of which ,brindley was content to take as his share a rate of pay below that of an ordinary mechanic at the present day4 ,the canal yielded an income which eventually reached eighty thousand pounds a year2 but three and sixpence a day1 and for a greater part of the time half a crown a day1 was the salary of the man of genius by whom it was planned and executed4 ,yet ,brindley was then able to get a guinea a day for services to others1 though from the ,duke of ,bridgewater he never took more than a guinea a week1 and had not always that4 ,the duke was investing all the money he could raise1 and sometimes at his wit's end for means to go on with the work4 ,brindley gave his soul to the work for its own sake1 and if he had a few pence to buy himself his dinner with--one day he enters only ating and drinking #f;d4--he could live1 content with having added not a straw's weight of impediment to the great enterprise he was bent with all the force of his great genius upon achieving4 ,it gave him the advantage1 also1 of being able1 as was most convenient1 to treat with the duke on equal terms4 ,he was invited as a canal maker to ,hesse by offers of any payment he chose to demand1 but stuck to the duke1 who is said even to have been in debt to him for travelling and other expenses1 which he had left unpaid with the answer1 ,i am much more distressed for money than you2 however1 as soon as ,i can recover myself1 your services shall not go unrewarded4 ,after ,brindley's sudden death his widow applied in vain for sums which she said were due to her late husband4 ,the ,staffordshire ,grand ,trunk ,canal1 ,brindley's other great work1 started from the duke's canal1 near ,runcorn1 passed through the salt-making districts of ,cheshire and the ,pottery district1 to unite the ,severn with the ,mersey by one hundred and forty miles of water-way4 ,this canal went through five tunnels1 one of them1 that at ,harecastle1 being nearly three thousand yards long1 a feature in the scheme accounted by many to be as preposterous as they had called his former castle in the air4 ,the work was done2 bringing with it traffic1 population1 and prosperity into many half-savage midland districts4 ,it gave comfort and ample employment in the ,pottery district1 while trebling the numbers of those whom it converted1 from a half-employed and ill-paid set of savages1 into a thriving community4 ,once1 when ,brindley was demonstrating to a committee of the ,house of ,commons the superior reliableness and convenience of equable canals as compared with rivers1 liable to every mischance of flood and drought1 he was asked by a member1 ,what1 then1 he took to be the use of navigable rivers8 and replied1 ,to make canal navigations1 to be sure6 ,from the ,grand ,trunk1 other canals branched1 and yet others were laid out by ,brindley before he died4 ,he found time when at the age of fifty to marry a girl of nineteen1 and the house then falling vacant on the estate of ,turnhurst1 of which he had1 for the sake of its minerals1 bought a fourth share1 and by that time had a colliery at work1 he took his wife home as the mistress of that old1 roomy dwelling4 ,he was receiving better pay then as the engineer of the ,grand ,trunk ,canal1 and his new home was conveniently near to the workings of its great ,harecastle ,tunnel1 into which he and his partners sent a short branch canal--of a mile and a half long--from their coal mine1 which was only a few fields distant from his house4 ,water1 that made his greatness1 was at last the death of ,brindley4 ,he got drenched one day while surveying a canal1 went about in his wet clothes1 and when he went to bed at the inn was put between damp sheets4 ,this produced the illness of which he died1 at the age of fifty-six4 ,it was not the first time that he had taken to his bed4 ,scarcely able to read1 and if he could have read1 engaged on work so new that no book precedents could have #bde helped him1 whenever ,brindley had some difficulty to overcome that seemed for a time insuperable1 he went to bed upon it1 and is known to have stopped in bed two or three days1 till he had quietly thought it all over1 and worked his way to the solution4 ,it is said that when he lay on his death-bed some eager canal undertakers urged to see him and seek from him the solution of a problem4 ,they had met with a serious difficulty in the course of their canal1 and must see ,mr4 ,brindley and get his advice4 ,they were admitted1 and told him how at a certain place they had labored in vain to prevent their canal from leaking4 ,then puddle it1 murmured ,brindley4 ,sir1 but we have puddled it4 ,then--and they were almost his last words in life--puddle it again--and again4 ,as he had wisely invested his savings in ,grand ,trunk shares1 they and his share in the colliery enabled him to leave ample provision for his widow and two daughters4 ,as for the canal system that he established1 it has not been made obsolete by its strong younger brother1 the railway system4 ,the duke's canal is as busy as ever4 ,not less than twenty million tons of traffic are at this date carried yearly upon the canals of ,england alone1 and this quantity is steadily increasing4 ,we have taken the facts in this account of ,brindley1 from a delightful popular edition of that part of ,mr4 ,smiles's ,lives of the ,engineers which tells of him and of the earlier water engineers4 ,of ,mr4 ,smiles's ,lives of ,george and ,robert ,stephenson there is a popular edition as a companion volume1 and therein all may read1 worthily told1 the tale of the foundation and of the chief triumphs of that new form of engineering which dealt with water1 not by the riverful1 but by the bucketful1 and made a few buckets of water strong as a river to sweep men and their goods and their cattle in a mighty torrent from one corner of the country to another4 ---- ,from ,chambers's ,journal4 ,a ,,lie4 ,a thistle grew in a sluggard's croft1 ,rough and rank with a thorny growth1 ,with its spotted leaves1 and its purple flowers 7,blossoms of ,sin1 and bloom of ,sloth72 ,slowly it ripened its baneful seeds1 ,and away they went in swift gray showers4 ,but every seed was cobweb winged1 ,and they spread o'er a hundred miles of land4 ',tis centuries now since they first took flight1 ,in that careless1 gay1 and mischievous band1 ,yet still they are blooming and ripening fast1 ,and spreading their evil by day and night4 #bdf ,from ,the ,dublin ,review4 ,,christian ,,art4 ,the ,history of our ,lord as exemplified in ,works of ,art2 with that of the ,types1 ,st4 ,john the ,baptist and other persons of the ,old and ,new ,testament4 ,commenced by the late ,mrs4 ,,jameson2 continued and completed by ,lady ,,eastlake4 #b vols4 ,london3 ,longman4 #ahfd4 ,the series of works on ,christian ,art brought out by the late ,mrs4 ,jameson1 and which earned for her so high a reputation as an art critic1 was conceived upon a plan of progressive interest and importance4 ,from ,sacred and ,legendary ,art1 published in #ahdh1 she passed to the special legends connected with ,monastic ,orders1 and in #aheb gave to the public her most charming volume1 entitled ,legends of the ,madonna4 ,the series was to have closed with the subject of the volume now before us1 and some progress had been made by ,mrs4 ,jameson in collecting notes on various pictures1 when1 in the spring of #ahfj1 death cut her labors short4 ,the work1 however1 has passed into hands well able to complete it worthily4 ,we may miss some of the freshness and genuine simplicity with which ,mrs4 ,jameson was wont to transfer to paper rare impression made on her mind and heart2 but ,lady ,eastlake1 while bringing to her task the essential qualification of earnestness and exhibiting considerable grace and force of style1 is possessed of a far wider and more critical acquaintance with the history of art than her amiable predecessor either had or pretended to have4 ,it is pleasant to find in these pages1 as in those which preceded them1 the evidence of a desire to avoid controversial matter2 and that1 without compromise of personal conviction1 care has been generally taken not to wound the feelings of those who differ from the writer in religious belief4 ,the primary object of the work is aesthetic and artistic1 not religious2 and it is seldom that the laws of good taste are transgressed in its pages by gratuitous attacks upon the tenets of the great body of artists who are the immediate subject of criticism4 ,indeed1 considering that these volumes are the production of a ,protestant1 we think that less of ,protestant animus could hardly be shown1 at all consistently with honesty of purpose and frankness of speech4 ,that no traces of the ,protestant spirit should appear1 would be next to an impossibility2 and the affectation of ,catholic feeling1 where it did not exist1 would be offensive from its very unreality4 ,so much self-control in traversing a vast extent of delicate and dangerous ground deserves all the more hearty acknowledgment1 as it must have been peculiarly difficult to a person of ,lady ,eastlake's ardent temperament and evident strength of conviction4 ,if1 therefore1 in the course of our remarks1 we feel bound to point out the evil influence which ,lady ,eastlake's religious views seem to us to have exercised on her critical appreciations1 it will be understood that theories1 not persons1 are the object of our animadversions4 ,it is at all times an ungrateful task to expose the weak points of an author2 it would be especially ungenerous to be hard upon the shortcomings of one who has done such good service to the cause of truth1 in proving1 however unconsciously1 by the mere exercise of persistent candor1 the identity of ,christian and ,catholic art4 ,catholics1 indeed1 do not ordinarily stand in need of such proof4 ,if they know anything of art1 the fact of this identity must be with them an early discovery2 but it is gratifying1 especially in a time and country in which scant justice on such matters is too often dealt out to us1 to be able to adduce a #bdg testimony the more valuable because given in despite of an adverse bias4 ,it is quite possible1 indeed1 that the writer has not perceived the full import of her work2 but no one1 we think1 can study her examples or weigh the force of her criticism with out coming to the true conclusion upon this subject4 ,but1 before establishing the correctness of this assertion1 we must draw attention to one point upon which we are at issue with ,lady ,eastlake3 a point1 moreover1 of no small importance1 as it vitally affects the value of a large part of her criticisms4 ,a question arises at the outset1 what standard or test of ,christian art is to be set up2 and ,lady ,eastlake makes an excellent start in the investigation4 ,there is1 perhaps1 no principle so steadily kept in view throughout the work1 or so often and earnestly insisted on1 as this3 that genuine ,christian art and true ,christian doctrine are intimately and essentially connected4 ,art is bound to depict only the truth in fact or doctrine 7vol4 ii41 p4 #bff1 note74 ,departure from sound theology involves heresy in art4 ,now1 no principle can be more true than this1 or of greater importance toward forming a correct judgment upon works professing to belong to ,christian art4 ,beauty and truth are objectively identical1 for beauty is only truth lighted up and harmonized by the reason2 and to supernatural beauty1 which ,christian art essentially aims at expressing1 supernatural truth must necessarily correspond4 ,for here we have nothing to do with mere material beauty1 the glories of color1 the feats of anatomical skill1 the charms of chiaroscuro1 the revels of free handling4 ,admirable as these are in themselves1 and by no means1 theoretically at least1 injurious to ,christian art1 they belong properly to art as art1 and are more or less separable from art as ,christian4 ,christian art is never perfect as art1 unless material beauty enters into the composition2 but as ,christianity is above art1 and the soul superior to the body1 so material beauty must never forget its place1 never strive to obtain the mastery1 or constitute itself the chief aim of the artist1 upon pain of total destruction of the ,christian element4 ,the soul of ,christian art is in the idea--the shadowing out by symbol or representation1 under material forms and conditions1 of immaterial1 supernatural1 even uncreated beauty1 the beauty of heavenly virtue1 or heavenly mystery or divinity itself4 ,but how are these objects1 in all their harmony1 proportion1 and splendor1 to be realized--how is supernatural beauty to be conceived--except by a soul gifted with supernatural perceptions8 ,faith1 at least1 is indispensably requisite to the truthfulness of any artistic work intended to represent the supernatural4 ,without faith1 distortion and caricature are inevitable4 ,with faith--the foundation of all knowledge of the supernatural in this life--much1 very much1 may be accomplished4 ,but it is when faith1 enlivened and perfected by supernatural love1 exercises itself in contemplation1 that the spiritual sight becomes keen1 and the soul1 from having simply a just appreciation1 passes to a vision of exquisite beauty1 sublimity1 and tenderness1 which a higher perception of divine mysteries has laid open to its gaze4 ,the hand may falter1 and be faithless to the mental conception1 so as to produce imperfect execution and inadequate artistic result4 ,faith and love do not make a man an artist4 ,but1 amidst deformity or poverty of art in the material element1 if there is any1 however slight1 artistic power employed1 the outward defects will be qualified1 and almost transformed1 to the eye of an appreciating spectator1 through the inner power which speaks from the painter's soul to his own3 just as we learn to overlook1 or even to admire1 plain features1 and anything short of positive ugliness of outline1 in those whose mental greatness and moral beauty we have learned to venerate and to love4 ,on the other hand1 any amount of material perfection in contour and color is insipid as a doll1 #bdh a mere mask of nothingness1 incapable of arresting attention or captivating the heart1 unless within there be a soul of beauty--that inward excellence which subordinates to itself1 while it gives life and meaning to1 the outward form4 ,on the side of the object1 truth2 on the part of the spectator1 faith and love--these are the palmary conditions of ,christian art and its appreciation4 ,for it must ever be remembered that supernatural truth lies beyond the ken of any but souls elevated by faith2 and1 what is of equal importance1 that faith can have no other object than the truth4 ,its object is infallible truth1 or it is not faith4 ,no wonder1 then1 that1 when we see a prodigality of manual skill and grace of form1 and even moral beauty of the natural order1 devoid of the inspiration of supernatural faith and love1 we are forced to exclaim with ,st4 ,gregory1 as he gazed on the fair ,saxon youths1 ,heit proh dolor6 quod tam lucidi vultus homines tenebrarum auctor possideret1 tantaque gratia frontis conspicui mentem ab aeterna gratia vacuam gestarent4 ,footnote #ea ,alas6 that so much physical beauty should embody nothing but a pagan idea6 ,it were as unreasonable to look for ,christian art as the product of an heretical imagination1 as to demand ,christian eloquence or ,christian poetry from an heretical preacher or a free-thinking poet4 ,the vision is wanting1 the appreciation is not there--how1 then1 is the expression possible8 ,footnote #ea3 ,alas6 what pain it is to think that men of such bright countenance should be the possession of the ,prince of ,darkness2 and that though conspicuous for surprising grace of feature1 they should bear a soul within untenanted by everlasting grace4 ,nor is this a mere abstract theory1 erected on a priori principles4 ,it would be easy to verify our position by a large induction from the history of art4 ,is there a picture whose mute eloquence fills the soul with reverential awe1 or holy joy1 or supernatural calm1 or deep1 deep sympathy with the sufferings of our ,lord1 or the sorrows of his ,immaculate ,mother1 we may be sure the painter was some humble soul1 ascetical and pious1 who1 like ,juan de ,joanes1 or ,zurbaran1 spent his days in lifelong seclusion1 given up to the grave and holy thoughts which their pictures utter to us2 or that other ,spaniard1 ,luis de ,vargas1 famed alike for his austerity and amiable ,christian gaiety2 or a ,sassoferrato1 or a ,van ,eyck1 seeking in1 holy communion the peace of soul which can alone reflect the calmness of sanctity1 or the bliss of celestial scenes2 or the holy friar1 ,john of ,fiesoli1 known to all as the ,angelic whose heroic humility and ,christian simplicity1 learned in a life of prayer and contemplation1 invest his pictures with an unearthly charm4 ,these1 and many another pious painter1 known or unknown by name to men1 looked on their vocation as a holy trust1 and sought to keep themselves unspotted from the world4 ,theirs was the practical maxim so dear to the blessed ,angelico1 that those who work for ,christ must dwell in ,christ4 ,on the other hand1 does a picture1 albeit ,christian in subject and in name1 offend us by false sentiment1 or cold conventionalism1 or sensuality1 or affectation1 or strain after theatrical effect1 or any of the hundred forms which degraded art exhibits when it has wandered from the ,christian type--we know that we are looking on the handiwork of some schismatic ,greek1 or modern ,protestant2 or that1 if the painter be a ,catholic1 he lived in the days or wrought under the influence of the ,renaissance1 when paganism made its deadly inroads upon art1 substituting the spirit of voluptuousness for the sweet and austere graces that spring of divine charity2 or under the blighting influence of ,jansenism1 which killed alike that queenly virtue and her sister humility by false asceticism and pharisaic rigor4 ,we might even trust the decision as to the truthfulness of our view to an inspection of the examples with which ,lady ,eastlake has so abundantly illustrated her volumes4 ,indeed1 hitherto her principle and ours are one4 #bdi ,but unfortunately1 though the major premise of the art-syllogism is granted on both sides1 ,lady ,eastlake adopts a minor1 from which we utterly dissent4 ,it is implied in one and all of the following statements1 and is more or less interwoven with the whole staple of her work4 ,she tells us that the materials for this history in art are only properly derivable from ,scripture1 and therefore referable back to the same source for verification 7vol4 i41 p4 #c74 ,and again3 ,it may be at once laid down as a principle1 that the interests of art and the integrity of ,scripture by integrity is meant literal adherence to the text of ,scripture are indissolubly united4 ,where superstition mingles1 the quality of ,christian art suffers2 where doubt enters1 ,christian art has nothing to do4 ,it may even be averred that1 if a person could be imagined1 deeply imbued with aesthetic instincts and knowledge1 and utterly ignorant of ,scripture1 he would yet intuitively prefer1 as art1 all those conceptions of our ,lord's history which adhere to the simple text4 4 4 4 ,all preference for the simple narrative of ,scripture he would arrive at through art--all condemnation of the embroideries of legend through the same channel 7vol4 i41 p4 #f74 ,and again3 ,the simplicity of art and of the ,gospel stand or fall together4 ,the literal narrative of the agony in the garden lost sight of1 all became confusion and error 7vol4 ii41 p4 #cj74 ,now1 whatever obscurity and confusion these passages contain--and they do contain a great deal--one thing is unmistakably clear1 that the orthodoxy of the ultra-,protestant maxim1 ,the ,bible and the ,bible only1 is a fixed principle with ,lady ,eastlake4 ,and the consequence is1 that1 whenever she looks at a religious picture1 she refers to the ,gospel narrative for its verification4 ,if it does not stand this test1 it is nowhere in her esteem4 ,what is not in ,scripture is legendary and unartistic1 because necessarily at variance with scriptural truth4 ,thus whole provinces of art in connection with our ,lord are banished from her pages4 ,surely such a canon of taste is not only narrow1 but arbitrary3 narrow1 as excluding whatever comes down to us hallowed by tradition1 considered apart from or beyond the limits of scriptural statement2 arbitrary1 because it leaves art at the mercy of the sects1 with their manifold dissensions as to the extent of ,scripture1 or its true interpretation4 ,thus1 ,lady ,eastlake1 being herself no believer in the doctrine of the real presence1 does not recognize its enunciation in the sacred pages1 and loses1 apparently1 all interest in the great pictures which symbolize or relate to the most holy sacrament of the altar4 ,so1 too1 most of the special devotions to the person of our ,lord1 which have sprung out of the living faith of the church1 and have furnished subjects for pictures incontestably of a high order1 are totally omitted from her classification of devotional compositions4 ,we can hardly imagine it possible for her to adhere consistently to her rule in other departments of ,christian art4 ,the ,immaculate ,conception1 for instance1 the ,assumption1 the ,coronation of our ,lady1 the marriage of ,st4 ,catherine1 the stigmata of ,st4 ,francis1 the vision of ,st4 ,dominic1 the miracles of the saints--subjects1 many of which have inspired some of the noblest productions of her favorite ,fra ,angelico1 or of ,raphael1 or ,murillo1 or ,velasquez--undoubtedly do violence to her criteria of artistic merit1 though we cannot believe that she would contest their universally acknowledged claim to the highest honors in ,christian art4 ,indeed1 fidelity to this narrow ,protestant maxim would have rendered these two volumes an impossibility4 ,strange1 then1 that it should not have occurred to the mind of the authoress that by far the larger part1 and1 on her own showing1 the most glorious part1 of the fraternity of ,christian artists have been men full to overflowing of the spirit of a church which has never adopted her standard of orthodoxy4 #bej ,the ,catholic ,church is at once the parent1 historically1 of all ,christian art and the upholder of that grand principle of tradition which gives to art1 no less than to doctrine1 a range far wider and more ample than the mere letter of the biblical records4 ,of course1 contradiction of ,scripture1 or alterations of the text1 which1 however slight1 affect the revealed character of our ,lord1 must give offence to every judicious critic2 but it is tradition and the voice of the living ,church--together with that instinctive sense of the faithful which1 so long as they live in submission to their divinely-appointed teachers1 is so marvellously true and unerring--that must be the criteria of orthodoxy1 and determine when the artist's conceptions or mode of treatment are contrary to1 or in accordance with1 the spirit of the sacred text4 ,lady ,eastlake does not like the notion of our ,lord's falling under the cross4 ,it is not in the ,bible1 and she pronounces it to be counter to the spirit and purport of the ,gospel narrative4 ,she grows positively angry with some painters for having represented an angel holding the chalice1 surmounted by a cross or host1 before the eyes of our blessed ,redeemer in his agony4 ,she has her own standard of feeling1 abstract and arbitrary1 to which she refers the decision of such points4 ,but where is the guarantee for the correctness of that standard1 or the security for its general acceptance8 ,the ,bible does not tell us what its own spirit and purport are1 and outside the ,bible ,lady ,eastlake1 at least1 cannot point to any infallible authority4 ,she is1 therefore1 imposing her own judgment1 unsupported by any assigned reason1 upon the world1 as a rule to be followed4 ,so1 too1 ,st4 ,veronica to her is always de trop1 morally and pictorially1 in the ,way of the ,cross2 and scholastic interpretations1 seemingly because they are scholastic1 of the types of the ,old ,testament1 are invariably pronounced by her to be strained1 unreal1 and superstitious4 ,so effectually does ,protestantism interfere with the capacity of a critic to appreciate the higher developments and fuller expression of ,christian art4 ,not that a ,protestant or a free-thinker can have no sense at all of the supernaturally beautiful4 ,if they are trained to a high degree of moral and intellectual cultivation in the natural order1 and in proportion to the height of their attainments in that order1 they will not fail to be affected by beauty of a superior order4 ,for there is no contradiction between the truth of nature and the truth which is above nature4 ,the ,protestant1 indeed1 as sincerely holding large fragments of ,christian truth1 will necessarily have much sympathy with many exhibitions of supernatural beauty4 ,but he lacks the clue to it as a whole2 and if he can often admire1 rarely1 if ever1 can he create4 ,both ,protestant and unbeliever must therefore labor under much vagueness and uncertainty of judgment1 inasmuch as they can have no fixity of principle4 ,often they will not know what they want2 they will praise in one page what they condemn in the next2 or1 when moved1 will be at a loss to account for their emotion4 ,they will exhibit phenomena not unlike those so often presented in this country by unbelievers1 who1 entering our churches1 are one while overawed by a presence they cannot define1 and which bewilders their intellect1 whilst it captivates their imagination2 and another while1 as unaccountably1 are moved to disgust and derision by what to them is an insoluble riddle1 a perplexity1 and an annoyance4 ,to such critics some phases of the supernatural will never be welcome4 ,the tortures of the martyrs1 the self-inflicted macerations of ascetics1 the sublime self-abandonment of heroic charity--whatever1 in a word1 embodies and brings home the grand1 sacred1 but1 to the natural man1 repugnant idea of the cross1 will always be offensive1 and produce a sense of irritation1 such as even ,lady ,eastlake1 with all her #bea self-mastery and good taste1 cannot wholly suppress or conceal4 ,so true is it in the sphere of ,christian art1 as in that of ,christian doctrine and devotion1 ,nisi credideritis1 non intelligetis4 ,casual excitement1 transient enthusiasm1 unmeaning admiration1 are at best the pitiful substitutes for an intelligent and abiding appreciation of excellence1 in those who are not possessed of supernatural ideas in common with the subjects and authors of the works of genuine ,christian art4 ,it would be unfair1 however1 not to mention that ,lady ,eastlake admits many important modifications of this rigid principle of adherence to the letter of ,scripture4 ,the following secondary canons go far to soften down the asperity of her ,protestantism4 ,they shall be stated in her own words3 ,on the other hand1 additions to ,scripture given in positive images1 if neither prejudicial to art nor inconsistent with our ,lord's character1 are not in themselves necessarily objectionable2 but will1 according to their merits1 be looked upon with indulgence or admiration4 ,the pictures1 for instance1 representing the disrobing of our ,lord--a fact not told in ,scripture1 yet which must have happened--will be regarded with pathetic interest4 ,the same will be felt of ,paul ,delaroche's exquisite little picture1 where ,st4 ,john is leading the ,virgin home2 for such works legitimately refresh and carry on the narrative in a scriptural spirit4 ,nay1 episodes which are more purely invention--such as the ancient tradition of the ,mother of ,christ wrapping the cloth round her son1 previous to his crucifixion2 or1 again1 the picture by ,paul ,delaroche1 of the agony of her and of the disciples1 represented as gathered together in a room while ,christ passes with his cross--even such imaginary episodes will silence the most arrant ,protestant criticism1 by their overpowering appeal to the feelings2 since in neither case is the great duty of art to itself or to its divine object tampered with4 ,the same holds good where symbolical forms1 as in ,christian art of classic descent1 are given1 which embody the idea rather than the fact4 ,for instance1 where the ,jordan is represented as a river god1 with his urn under his arm1 at the baptism of our ,lord2 or when1 later1 the same event is accompanied by the presence of angels1 who hold the ,saviour's garments4 ,such paraphrases and poetical imaginings in no way affect the truth of the facts they set forth1 but rather1 to mortal fancy1 swell their pomp and dignity4 ,still less need the lover of art and adorer of ,christ care about inconsistencies in minor matters4 ,as1 for example1 that the entombment takes place in a renaissance monument1 in the centre of a beautiful ,italian landscape1 and not in a cave in a rock in the arid scenery of ,judea4 ,on the contrary1 it is right that art should exercise the utmost possible freedom in such circumstances1 which are the signs and handwriting of different schools and times1 and enrich a picture with sources of interest to the historian and the archaeologist4 ,it is the moral expression which touches the heart and adorns the tale1 not the architecture or costume2 and whether our ,lord be in the garb of a ,roman citizen or of a ,german burgher 7though his dress is usually conventional in color and form71 it matters not1 if he be but ,god in all4 ,the arbitrariness of the principles set forth in the earlier portion of this passage1 and the quiet assumption that all ancient traditions are pure inventions1 may well be excused by the reader for the sake of the inconsistency which saves from condemnation not a few glorious pictures1 which could never otherwise have been made to square with the rule of literal adherence to the ,gospel narrative4 ,another principle essential to the right appreciation of art is admirably stated by ,lady ,eastlake3 ,all will agree that the duty of the ,christian artist is to give not only the #beb temporary fact1 but the permanent truth4 ,yet this entails a discrepancy to which something must be sacrificed4 ,for1 in the scenes from our ,lord's life1 fact and truth are frequently at variance4 ,that the ,magdalen took our ,lord for a gardener1 was the fact2 that he was ,christ1 is the truth4 ,that the ,roman soldiers believed him to be a criminal1 and therefore mocked and buffeted him without scruple1 is the fact2 that we know him through all these scenes to be the ,christ1 is the truth4 ,nay1 the very cruciform nimbus that encircles ,christ's head is an assertion of this principle4 ,as visible to us1 it is true2 as visible even to his disciples1 it is false4 ,there are1 however1 educated people so little versed in the conditions of art1 as to object even to the nimbus1 as a departure from fact1 and1 therefore1 an offence to truth2 preferring1 they say1 to see our ,lord represented as he walked upon earth4 ,but this is a fallacy in more than one sense4 ,our ,lord1 as he walked upon earth1 was not known to be the ,messiah4 ,to give him as he was seen by men who knew him not1 would be to give him not as the ,christ4 ,it may be urged that the cruciform nimbus is a mere arbitrary sign1 nothing in itself more than a combination of lines4 ,this is true2 but there must be something arbitrary in all human imaginings 7we should prefer to say symbolizings7 of the supernatural4 ,art1 for ages1 assumed this sign as that of the ,godhead of ,christ1 and the world for ages granted it4 ,it served various purposes2 it hedged the rudest representations of ,christ round with a divinity1 which kept them distinct from all others4 ,it pointed him out to the most ignorant spectator1 and it identified the sacred head1 even at a distance4 ,this principle may1 indeed1 be legitimately extended much further4 ,the purpose of ,christian art is instruction1 either in morals or in dogma1 or in both4 ,it is not1 therefore1 a sin in art to sacrifice upon occasion some portion of historical truth1 in subservience to this end4 ,nor in fact1 in ,catholic ages1 was there danger of the people being led into error on the fundamental facts of religion4 ,the ,gospel narrative was too familiar to them for that4 ,they seem1 as is well remarked by ,father ,cahier1 to have had hearts more elevated than ours1 and more attuned by meditation and habitual catholicity of spirit to mystery1 and its sublimer lessons2 and therefore1 whenever we find in early paintings what seems to us anomalous in an historic point of view1 we may conclude with safety that there was a dogmatic intention4 ,there are1 however1 limits to liberties of this kind1 which may not be transgressed without incurring censure4 ,overbold speculation has ere now betrayed even orthodox theologians into accidental error4 ,and a ,catholic artist may depict1 as a ,catholic schoolman may enunciate1 views which deserve to be stigmatized as rash1 offensive1 erroneous1 scandalous1 or even1 in themselves1 heretical4 ,there have been occasions in which the ,church has felt herself bound to interfere with wanderings of the artistic imagination1 as injurious1 morally or doctrinally1 to the faithful committed to her charge4 ,nor have theologians failed to protest from time to time against similar abuses4 ,bellarmine frowned upon the muse in ,christian art4 ,savonarola1 in his best days1 made open war upon the pagan corruptions which in his time had begun to abound in ,florentine paintings4 ,father ,canisius denounces those painters as inexcusable who1 in the face of ,scripture1 represent our ,lady as swooning at the foot of the cross2 and ,father de ,ligny reprobates1 on the same grounds1 the introduction of ,st4 ,joseph into pictures of the meeting between the ,blessed ,virgin and ,st4 ,elizabeth4 ,for--whatever we may think as to his having accompanied our ,lady on the journey--had he been present at the interview1 he would have been enlightened upon the mystery1 his ignorance of which afterward threw him into such perplexity4 #bec ,as to the order of the work1 ,lady ,eastlake gives ample explanation in the preface3 ,in the short programme left by ,mrs4 ,jameson1 the ideal and devotional subjects1 such as the ,good ,shepherd1 the ,lamb1 the ,second ,person of the ,trinity1 were placed first2 the scriptural history of our ,lord's life on earth next2 and1 lastly1 the types from the ,old ,testament4 ,there is reason1 however1 to believe1 from the evidence of what she had already written1 that she would have departed from this arrangement4 ,after much deliberation1 ,i have ventured to do so1 and to place the subjects chronologically4 ,the work commences1 therefore1 with that which heads most systems of ,christian art--,the ,fall of ,lucifer and ,creation of the ,world--followed by the types and prophets of the ,old ,testament4 ,next comes the history of the ,innocents and of ,john the ,baptist1 written by her own hand1 and leading to the ,life and ,passion of our ,lord4 ,the abstract and devotional subjects1 as growing out of these materials1 then follow1 and the work terminates with the ,last ,judgment4 ,mrs4 ,jameson's own share in the work is confined mainly to some of the types1 the histories specified above1 and familiar scenes in the earlier portions of the ,gospel narrative1 including a few of the miracles and parables of our ,lord4 ,the notes are fragmentary1 but written in her usual interesting and lively style4 ,how refreshing1 for instance1 and characteristic are the following comments upon some pictures representing the dismissal of ,hagar and ,ishmael at the imperious request of ,sarah3 ,i believe the most celebrated example is the picture by ,guercino1 in the ,brera2 but ,i do not think it deserves its celebrity--the pathetic is there alloyed with vulgarity of character4 ,i remember that1 when ,i first saw this picture1 ,i could only think of the praises lavished on it by ,byron and others1 as the finest expression of deep1 natural pathos to be found in the whole range of art4 ,i fancied1 as many do1 that ,i could see in it the beauties so poetically described4 ,some years later1 when ,i saw it again1 with a more cultivated eye and taste1 my disappointment was great4 ,in fact1 ,abraham is much more like an unfeeling old beggar than a majestic patriarch1 resigned to the divine will1 yet struck to the heart by the cruel necessity under which he was acting4 ,hagar cries like a housemaid turned off without wages or warning1 and ,ishmael is merely a blubbering boy4 ,for expression1 the picture by ,govaert ,hiricke 7,berlin ,gallery1 #hae7 seems to me much superior2 the look of appealing anguish in the face of ,hagar as she turns to ,abraham1 and points to her weeping boy1 reaches to the tragic in point of conception1 but ,ishmael1 if very natural1 with his fist in his eye1 is also rather vulgar4 ,rembrandt's composition is quite dramatic1 and1 in his manner1 as fine as possible4 ,hagar1 lingering on the step of the dwelling whence she is rejected1 weeps reproachfully2 ,ishmael1 in a rich ,oriental costume1 steps on before1 with the boyish courage of one destined to become an archer and a hunter in the wilderness1 and the father of a great and even yet unconquered nation2 in the background ,sarah is seen looking out of the window at her departing rival1 with exultation in her face4 ,those who are acquainted with ,italian paintings of the #aeth century must have remarked the frequency with which the great masters of the ,tuscan school in that era treat the subject of ,the ,massacre of the ,innocents4 ,though our ,lord is not an actor in the scene1 it is intimately connected with his history4 ,the ,innocents were the first martyrs in his cause1 and from the earliest times attracted the veneration and tender affection of ,christians4 ,painful as the subject is1 it affords scope for the exercise of the highest tragic power4 ,the mere fact that ,herod's sword swept the nurseries of ,bethlehem1 though necessarily entering into the picture1 becomes subordinate to the #bed sorrow which then started into life in so many mothers' hearts4 ,that is the point made most prominent in the ,gospel by the citation of the pathetic words of ,jeremias in the prophecy3 ,in ,rama was there a voice heard1 lamentations1 and weeping1 and great mourning4 ,rachel weeping for her children1 and would not be comforted1 because they are not4 ,the mind is carried back to the time when the very sound of those tottering feet sufficed to waken the pulses of love in the mother's bosom2 when those confiding hands were ever locked in hers4 ,how dear had been the pretty prattle of those little ones1 the first stammerings of the tongue1 the silvery laughter1 even the cries of passion or of pain6 ,hitherto all had bsen sunshine1 or once and again the shadow of some light cloud had drifted across the face of heaven2 but now agony comes on the wings of the whirlwind--a pitiless storm that leaves nothing but blank1 broken hearts behind4 ,here we see a bereaved mother1 wildly passionate1 tossing her frantic arms heavenward2 we almost fancy we hear her rave and moan4 ,there we mark the wandering footsteps1 no longer obedient to the helm of reason4 ,another1 with clasped hands1 kneels1 gazing on the purple stains which dye the ivory limbs of her slaughtered darling4 ,or the eye rests with awful compassion on a standing figure1 another speechless ,niobe1 pale and unconscious as a statue1 still pressing her dead infant to her breast4 ,upon one or two upturned faces a light has broken2 the grand thought seems just to have flashed upon their souls--that the purple stains are the dye of martyrdom1 destined by a loving ,providence to adorn a robe of unfading glory4 ,and so sorrow passes almost into joy1 and the imagination reaches forward to another sorrowful ,mother --,mother of sorrows--who is to sit in desolation1 yet mastering her deep woe1 and1 with a sacrificing love that transcends resignation1 entering into and uniting herself with the mysterious designs of ,god4 ,in spite1 however1 of the interest of the subject1 for ages it was rarely depicted4 ,mrs4 ,jameson gives the following account of its sudden rise into general favor3 ,all at once1 however1 in the latter half of the #aeth century--that is1 after #adej--we find the subject of the ,holy ,innocents assuming an extraordinary degree of popularity and importance4 ,then1 for the first time1 we find chapels dedicated to them1 and groups of martyred children in altar-pieces round the throne of ,christ or the ,virgin4 ,from this period we have innumerable examples of the terrible scene of the massacre at ,bethlehem1 treated as a separate subject in pictures and prints1 while the best artists vied with each other in varying and elaborating the details of circumstantial cruelty and frantic despair4 ,for a long time1 ,i could not comprehend how this came about1 nor how it happened that through all ,italy1 especially in the ,tuscan schools1 a subject so ghastly and so painful should have assumed this sort of prominence4 ,the cause1 as it gradually revealed itself1 rendered every picture more and more interesting2 connecting them with each other1 and showing how intimately the history of art is mixed up with the life of a people4 ,there had existed at ,florence1 from the #acth century1 a hospital for foundlings1 the first institution of the kind in ,europe4 ,it was attached to the ,benedictine monastery of ,san ,gallo1 near one of the gates of the city still bearing the name4 ,in the #aeth century1 when the population and extent of the city had greatly increased1 it was found that this hospital was too small1 and the funds of the monastery quite inadequate to the purpose4 ,then ,lionardo ,buruni1 of ,arezzo1 who was twice chancellor of ,florence--the same ,lionardo who gave to ,ghiberti the subjects of his famous gates--filled with compassion for the orphans and neglected children1 addressed the senate on the subject1 and made such an affecting appeal in their behalf1 that not the senate only1 but the whole people of #bee ,florence1 responded with enthusiasm1 frequently interrupting him with cries of ',viva ,messer ,lionardo d',arezzo6' ',and1' adds the historian1 'never was a question of importance carried with such more quickness and unanimity' 7mai con maggior celerita e pienezza de' voti fu vinto partito di cosa grave come questa74 ,large sums were voted1 offerings flowed in1 a superb hospital was founded1 and ,brunelleschi was appointed architect4 ,when finished1 which was not till #addd1 it was solemnly dedicated to the ',holy ,innocents4' ,the first child consigned to the new institution was a poor little female infant1 on whose breast was pinned the name ',agata1' in remembrance of which an altar in the chapel was dedicated to ,st4 ,agatha4 ,we have proof that the foundation1 progress1 and consecration of this refuge for destitute children excited the greatest interest and sympathy1 not only in ,florence1 but in the neighboring states1 and that it was imitated in ,pisa1 ,arezzo1 and ,siena4 ,the union of the two hospitals of ,san ,gallo and the ',innocenti' took place in #adfc4 ,churches and chapels were appended to the hospitals1 and1 as a matter of course1 the painters and sculptors were called upon to decorate them4 ,such are the circumstances which explain1 as ,i think1 the popularity of the story of the ,innocents in the #aeth century1 and the manner in which it occupied the minds of the great cotemporary artists of the ,tuscan school1 and others after them4 ,we cannot pretend to decide upon the truth of this supposed connection between the establishment of an institution to minister to the wants of the forsaken and the development of a special branch of ,christian art4 ,whether true or not1 this much is certain1 that it is in keeping with a multitude of instances which go to prove how favorable the practice of ,catholic charity is to the progress of the arts4 ,love ever pours itself around in streams of radiance1 lighting up whole regions which lie beyond its immediate object4 ,it copies the creative liberality of ,god1 who1 in providing us with what is necessary for subsistence1 surrounds us at the same time with a thousand superfluous manifestations of beauty4 ,but it is time to pass on to the second volume of this history1 which we owe almost entirely to the pen of ,lady ,eastlake4 ,it is mainly occupied with the ,passion of our ,lord2 and certainly the diligent attention paid by the authoress to this subject1 and the judgment displayed in the arrangement of the narrative and the selection of examples1 cannot be too highly commended4 ,the style is generally clear1 simple1 and earnest4 ,always dignified1 it sometimes rises to eloquence1 as in the description of ,rembrandt's etching of the ,ecce ,homo1 and in the following criticism of ,leonardo da ,vinci's celebrated ,last ,supper4 ,after a clever disquisition on the difficulties of the subject1 and the conditions essential to its effective treatment1 she thus proceeds3 ,we need not say who did fulfil these conditions1 nor whose ,last ,supper it is--all ruined and defaced as it may be--which alone arouses the heart of the spectator as effectually as that incomparable shadow in the centre has roused the feelings of the dim forms on each side of him4 ,leonardo da ,vinci's ,cena1 to all who consider this grand subject through the medium of art1 is the ,last ,supper--there is no other4 ,various representations exist1 and by the highest names in art1 but they do not touch the subtle spring4 ,compared with this chef d'oeuvre1 their ,last ,suppers are mere exhibitions of well-drawn1 draped1 or colored figures1 in studiously varied attitudes1 which excite no emotion beyond the admiration due to these qualities4 ,it is no wonder that ,leonardo should have done little or nothing more after the execution1 in his forty-sixth year1 of that stupendous picture4 ,it was not in man not to be fastidious1 who had such an unapproachable standard of his own #bef powers perpetually standing in his path4 ,let us now consider this figure of ,christ more closely4 ,it is not sufficient to say that our ,lord has just uttered this sentence1 viz41 ',verily1 verily1 ,i say unto you1 one of you shall betray me2' we must endeavor to define in what1 in his own person1 the visible proof of his having spoken consists4 ,the painter has cast the eyes down--an action which generally detracts from the expression of a face4 ,here1 however1 no such loss is felt4 ,the outward sight1 it is true1 is in abeyance1 but the intensest sense of inward vision has taken its place4 ,our ,lord is looking into himself--that self which knew 'all things1' and therefore needed not to lift his mortal lids to ascertain what effect his words had produced4 ,the honest indignation of the apostles1 the visible perturbation of the traitor1 are each right in their place1 and for the looker-on1 but they are nothing to him4 ,thus here at once the highest power and refinement of art is shown1 by the conversion of what in most hands would have been an insipidity into the means of expression best suited to the moment4 ,the inclination of the head1 and the expression of every feature1 all contribute to the same intention4 ,this is not the heaviness or even the repose of previous silence4 ,on the contrary1 the head has not yet risen1 nor the muscles of the face subsided from the act of mournful speech4 ,it is just that evanescent moment which all true painters yearn to catch1 and which few but painters are wont to observe--when the tones have ceased1 but the lips are not sealed--when1 for an instant1 the face repeats to the eye what the voice has said to the ear4 ,no one who has studied that head can doubt that our ,lord has just spoken3 the sounds are not there1 but they have not travelled far into space4 ,much1 too1 in the general speech of this head is owing to the skill with which1 while conveying one particular idea1 the painter has suggested no other4 ,beautiful as the face is1 there is no other beauty but that which ministers to this end4 ,we know not whether the head be handsome or picturesque1 masculine or feminine in type--whether the eye be liquid1 the cheek ruddy1 the hair smooth1 or the beard curling--as we know with such painful certainty in other representations4 ,all we feel is1 that the wave of one intense meaning has passed over the whole countenance1 and left its impress alike on every part4 ,sorrow is the predominant expression--that sorrow which1 as we have said in our ,introduction1 distinguishes the ,christian's ,god1 and which binds him1 by a sympathy no fabled deity ever claimed1 with the fallen and suffering race of ,adam4 ,his very words have given himself more pain than they have to his hearers1 and a pain he cannot expend in protestations as they do1 for this1 as for every other act of his life1 came he into the world4 ,but we must not linger with the face alone2 no hands ever did such intellectual service as those which lie spread on that table4 ,they1 too1 have just fallen into that position--one so full of meaning to us1 and so unconsciously assumed by him--and they will retain it no longer than the eye which is down and the head which is sunk4 ,a special intention on the painter's part may be surmised in the opposite action of each hand3 the palm of the one so graciously and bountifully open to all who are weary and heavy-laden2 the other averted1 yet not closed1 as if deprecating its own symbolic office4 ,or we may consider their position as applicable to this particular scene only2 the one hand saying1 ',of those that thou hast given me none is lost1' and the other1 which lies near ,judas1 'except the son of perdition4' ,or1 again1 we may give a still narrower definition1 and interpret this averted hand as directing the eye1 in some sort1 to the hand of ,judas1 which lies nearest it1 ',behold1 the hand of him that #beg betrayeth me is with me on the table4' ,not that the science of ,christian iconography has been adopted here1 for the welcoming and condemning functions of the respective hands have been reversed--in reference1 probably1 to ,judas1 who sits on our ,lord's right4 ,or we may give up attributing symbolic intentions of any kind to the painter--a source of pleasure to the spectator more often justifiable than justified--and simply give him credit for having1 by his own exquisite feeling alone1 so placed the hands as to make them thus minister to a variety of suggestions4 ,either way1 these grand and pathetic members stand as preeminent as the head in the pictorial history of our ,lord1 having seldom been equalled in beauty of form1 and never in power of speech4 ,thus much has been said upon this figure of our ,lord1 because no other representation approaches so near the ideal of his person4 ,time1 ignorance1 and violence have done their worst upon it2 but it may be doubted whether it ever suggested more overpowering feelings than in its present battered and defaced condition1 scarcely now to be called a picture1 but a fitter emblem of him who was 'despised and rejected of men4' ,perhaps there is no other passage in the work so lovingly elaborated as this4 ,rivalling in energy1 it surpasses in delicate discrimination even such brilliant criticisms as that of the eloquent ,count de ,montalembert on ,fra ,angelico's ,last ,judgment--a criticism which must have struck all readers of ,vandalism and ,catholicism in ,art as worthy of the painting it describes4 ,but the mention of the blessed friar of ,fiesoli reminds us that he is a special favorite with ,lady ,eastlake also4 ,the spell of his tender and reverent contemplations has told upon her with considerable power1 to an extent1 indeed1 which makes her scarcely just toward ,raphael himself4 ,several graphic pages are devoted to a description of ,fra ,angelico's ,last ,judgment4 ,his ,adoration of the ,cross also is dwelt upon with much affection1 and in great detail4 ,but our readers will be enabled1 we hope1 to form some idea of the feelings with which ,lady ,eastlake regards this most ,christian of all artists1 from the shorter extracts which we subjoin4 ,after criticizing a fine fresco by ,giotto of ,christ washing the ,disciples' feet1 she thus comments upon ,fra ,angelico's treatment of the same subject3 ,of all painters who expressed the condescension of the ,lord by the impression it produced upon those to whom it was sent1 ,fra ,angelico stands foremost in beauty of feeling4 ,not only the hands1 but the feet of poor shocked ,peter protest against his ,master's condescension4 ,it is a contest for humility between the two2 but our ,lord is more than humble1 he is lovely and mighty too4 ,he is on his knees2 but his two outstretched hands1 so lovingly offered1 begging to be accepted1 go beyond the mere incident1 as art and poetry of this class always do1 and link themselves typically with the whole gracious scheme of redemption4 ,true ,christian art1 even if theology were silent1 would1 like the very stones1 cry out and proclaim how every act of our ,lord's course refers to one supreme idea4 ,and1 once more1 speaking of the same artist's picture of the ,descent from the ,cross1 she thus contrasts his conception with those of ,luca ,signorelli1 ,michael ,angelo1 ,raphael1 ,razzi1 ,da ,volterra1 and other ,italian versions of the #aeth and #afth centuries3 ,after contemplating these conceptions of the deposition in which a certain parade of idle sorrow1 vehement action1 and pendent impossibilities are conspicuous1 it is a relief to turn to one who here1 as ever1 stands alone in his mild glory4 ,fra ,angelico's ,descent1 painted for the ,sta4 ,trinita at ,florence1 now in the ,accademia there1 is the perfect realization of the most pious idea4 ,no more ,christian conception of the subject1 and no more probable #beh setting forth1 of the scene1 can perhaps be attained4 ,all is holy sorrow1 calm and still2 the figures move gently1 and speak in whispers4 ,no one is too excited to help1 or not to hinder4 ,joseph and ,nicodemus1 known by their glories1 are highest in the scale of reverential beings who people the ladder1 and make it almost look as if it lost itself1 like ,jacob's1 in heaven4 ,they each hold an arm close to the shoulder4 ,another disciple sustains the body as he sits on the ladder1 a fourth receives it under the knees2 and ,st4 ,john1 a figure of the highest beauty of expression1 lifts his hands and offers his shoulder to the precious burden1 where in another moment it will safely and tenderly repose4 ,the figure itself is ineffably graceful with pathetic helplessness1 but ,corona gloriae1 victory over the old enemy1 surrounds a head of divine peace4 ,he is restored to his own1 and rests among them with a security as if he knew the loving hands so quietly and mournfully busied about him4 ,and his peace is with them already3 ',peace ,i leave with you1 my peace ,i give unto you4' ,in this picture it is as if the pious artist had sought first the kingdom of ,god1 and all things1 even in art1 had been added unto him4 4 4 4 ,we have taken only the centre group 7the size forbidding more71 leaving out the sorrowing women on the right1 with the ,mother piously kneeling with folded hands1 as if so alone she could worthily take back that sacred form4 ,such a picture might have been supposed to be the source of ,father ,faber's most pathetic description of the same scene in his ,foot of the ,cross1 did we not know that there is sure to be a strong family likeness between the conceptions of two gentle1 humble souls1 deriving their inspiration from the same exercise of prayerful and compassionate contemplation4 ,it would be a pity to mar the impression made upon our readers by passages such as we have quoted1 and of which there are many kindred examples scattered throughout ,lady ,eastlake's volume1 by the painful contrast of a sad passage upon the ,agony in the ,garden 7vol4 ii41 p4 #cj74 ,though not the sole1 it is the most serious1 blot upon her work4 ,misconceiving altogether the symbolic intention of ,catholic artists in placing the chalice and host in the hand of the ministering angel1 ,lady ,eastlake for once allows the ,protestant spirit within to break through all bounds of decorum4 ,in what sense the eucharistic chalice1 introduce it where you will1 can be a profane representation1 it is impossible to conceive4 ,good taste1 not to say reverence1 should have proscribed the employment of such an epithet4 ,a little patient reflection1 or the still easier and surer method of inquiry at some ,catholic source1 would1 we venture to think1 have overcome her repugnance1 and have saved her ,catholic readers some unnecessary pain4 ,but we are willing to let this offence pass1 and to leave the logic of the accompanying strictures1 bad as it is1 unchallenged1 in consideration of the eminent service rendered by the work1 as a whole1 to the cause of ,christian art4 ,few could have brought together a larger amount of instructive and interesting matter4 ,few1 perhaps no one1 at least among ,protestants1 could have undertaken the task with so much to qualify1 so little to disqualify1 them for the office of historian and critic of the glorious series of monuments which ,christian artists have bequeathed to us4 ,one lesson1 above all1 every unprejudiced reader ought to derive from these volumes--that ,christian art and ,catholic art are identical4 ,not to every ,catholic artist is it given to produce true ,christian art2 but he1 caeteris paribus1 is most certain of attaining the true standard who is most deeply imbued with true ,catholic principles1 most highly gifted with the ,catholic virtues of supernatural faith and love4 ,looking at the whole range of ,christian art1 it may be safely averred that whatever shortcomings there have been within the ,church have been owing to #bei the influence of principles foreign to her spirit2 and that1 outside the ,church 7we say it in spite of ,lady ,eastlake's admiration of ,rembrandt71 there has simply never existed any ,christian art at all4 ,in our own days the rule is not reversed4 ,whom have ,protestants to set against ,overbeck1 ,cornelius1 ,deger1 ,molitor1 and we are proud to add our own illustrious countryman1 ,herbert8 ,not surely the ,pre-,raphaelite school in ,england1 though it is the only one that has the least pretensions to the cultivation of ,christian art4 ,no1 it is the ,catholic ,church alone that can stamp upon the painter's productions the supernatural impress of those notes by which she herself is recognizable as true4 ,there is a unity of intention1 scope1 and spirit in ,catholic art of every age and clime4 ,like the doctrines and devotions of the ,church1 ,catholic art1 in all its various forms--symbolical1 historical1 devotional1 ideal--ever revolves round one centre1 and is referable to one exemplar4 ,divine beauty manifest in the flesh--the image of the ,father clothed in human form and living in the ,church--he is the inspirer of ,christian art4 ,deum nemo vidit unquam3 unigenitus ,filius1 qui est in sinu ,patris1 ipse narravit4 ,footnote #eb ,the ,god-man is the primary object of artistic contemplation4 ,as in doctrine1 so in aestheticism1 every truly ,catholic artist may exclaim1 ,verbum caro factum est1 et habitavit in nobis2 et vidimus gloriam ejus1 gloriam quasi unigeniti a ,patre1 plenum gratia et veritatis4 ,footnote #ec ,footnote #eb3 ,no man hath seen ,god at any time3 the only-begotten ,son who is in the bosom of the ,father1 he hath declared him4--,john i4 #ah4 ,footnote #ec3 ,the ,word was made flesh and dwelt among us2 and we saw his glory1 the glory as it were of the only-begotten of the father1 full of grace and truth4--,john i4 #ad4 ,but this unity1 how exuberant in its fertility6 ,the unity of the ,church is the source of her catholicity4 ,the two stand or fall together4 ,and1 so1 too1 the oneness of ,catholic art is the secret of its universality4 ,it admits of no partial view1 excludes no variety or difference4 ,unity of spirit binds all together in perfect harmony1 just as diversity of race and multiplicity of individual gifts1 in her members1 are fitted together1 organized1 and held in balance by the unity of the ,church4 ,unity is the basis and safeguard of catholicity2 catholicity the glory and crown of unity4 ,nor is the note of apostolicity wanting4 ,for the ,bible1 and the ,bible only1 as the rule and standard of art1 substitute ,catholic tradition handed down from the apostles1 inclusive of all that is in ,scripture1 but reaching beyond the limits of the written word1 and ever interpreted to the artist1 no less than to the rest of the faithful1 by the living voice of the teaching ,church1 and then the principle which identifies orthodoxy with ,christian art may safely be applied as a test to religious painting4 ,lastly--we had almost said above all--the beauty of holiness is stamped exclusively upon all art created after the mind of the ,church4 ,for ,catholic art is nothing else than the product of contemplation in souls gifted with artistic capacities2 and contemplation is only another word for the gaze of supernatural faith1 quickened and perfected by supernatural love1 upon one or other of those mysteries which the ,church sets before the minds of her children4 ,so at least we have learned from the ,angelic ,doctor2 who tells us ,footnote #ed that beauty is found primarily and essentially in the contemplative life4 ,for1 although ,st4 ,gregory teaches that contemplation consists in the love of ,god1 we are to understand this rather of the motive than of the precise act4 ,the will inflamed with love desires to behold the beauty of the beloved object1 either for its own sake--the heart always being where the treasure is--or for the sake of the knowledge itself which results from the act of vision4 ,sometimes it is the senses which are thus compelled to act1 sometimes the intellect which is prompted to this gaze1 according as the object is material or spiritual4 ,but how is the beauty of the object #bfj perceived8 ,what is the faculty whose office it is to light up and reduce to order and due proportion what is seen8 ,evidently1 the reason4 ,for reason is light1 and where there is reason there is harmony and proportion4 ,and so beauty1 whose essence is brightness and due proportion1 is1 as we have said1 primarily and necessarily found in the contemplative life2 or1 which is the same thing1 in the exercise of the reason--its natural exercise1 if the beauty contemplated be in the natural order2 its supernatural exercise1 if revealed mystery be that which attracts and occupies the soul4 ,footnote #ed3 #b4 #b4 ,q4 clxxx4 a4 #a1 and a4 #b4 ad #c4 ---- ,from ,chambers's ,journal4 ,,poucette4 ,nearly seven years ago1 ,i was walking hurriedly along the boulevards of ,paris one winter's evening2 it was ,christmas-eve1 and had been ushered in by thick fog and miserable drizzling rain1 which provoked the inhabitants of the gay capital to complain loudly of the change which they fancied had taken place in the seasons of late years1 whereby the detested brouillards de ,londres had been introduced into their once clear1 pure atmosphere4 ,the weather was certainly most unseasonable1 and took away almost entirely the small remnant of ,christmas-like feeling1 which an ,englishman1 with all his efforts1 can manage to keep up in a foreign land4 ,i had sat chatting with a friend over a cosey fire until dusk2 and1 on leaving his house1 neither a remise nor a fiacre was to be met with empty2 so ,i made up my mind to a wet walk1 and amused myself1 as ,i went on1 by observing the various groups of passengers1 some of them suddenly benighted like myself1 as they sped on their way along the crowded thoroughfare4 ,the brilliant lamps hung from the shops threw a glare over each face as it flitted past1 or paused to look in at the windows2 and the noise of hammers resounded incessantly from the edge of the pavement1 where workmen were busy erecting small wooden booths for the annual ,new-,year's fair4 ,some were already completed1 and their owners hovered about1 ever and anon darting forth from behind their small counters1 to pounce upon a likely customer1 to whom they extolled the beauty and cheapness of their wares in tempting terms4 ,tenez1 monsieur6 cries an old woman1 whose entire stock-in-trade consists of a few pairs of doll's shoes of chocolate1 displayed upon a tin tray1 over which she carefully holds a weather-beaten umbrella4 ,two sous the pair1 two sous6 ,voila1 mesdames1 bawls a youth of ten1 who1 in ,london1 would probably execute an unlimited number of ,catherine-wheels under the feet of paterfamilias1 as he crosses a crowded street2 here he is carefully watching a basinful of water1 in which float a number of glass ducks of the most brilliant and unnatural colors4 ,pour un sou6 and he holds up one tiny image between his finger and thumb1 with a business-like air4 ,fi done6 answers a sharp-visaged elderly woman1 as she withdraws six of the ducks from their watery bed1 and places them gently in a corner of her capacious basket1 offering the owner at the same time four sous1 #bfa which he accepts with the invariable ,merci1 madame1 and the polite ,parisian bow2 and depositing the coins in some deep recess of his huge trouser-pockets1 he resumes his cry of ,un sou1 mesdames1 pour un sou1 with unblushing mendacity4 ,just at the corner of the boulevard1 where the ,rue de la ,paix joins it1 stood a lively1 wiry-looking little man1 whose bows and cries were incessant1 holding something in his outstretched hands carefully wrapped in wet grass1 which he entreats the bystanders to purchase4 ,as ,i approach him1 he uncovers it1 and discloses a small tortoise1 who waves his thin neck from side to side deprecatingly1 and looks appealingly out of his dark eyes4 ,buy him1 monsieur1 cries the little owner3 he is my last2 he will be your best friend for many years1 and afterward he will make an excellent soup6 ,a laugh from some of the passers-by rewarded this very naive definition of a pet2 and leaving the lively bustle of the boulevard1 ,i turned down the ,rue de la ,paix1 and into the dark-looking ,rue ,neuve ,st4 ,augustin2 a little way down which1 ,i perceived a small knot of people gathered under the arched entrance to a hotel4 ,there were not many--a few bloused workmen returning from their daily toil1 two or three women1 and the usual amount of active gamins darting about the outskirts2 within1 ,i could perceive the cocked-hat of the ever-watchful sergent de ville4 ,prompted by that gregarious instinct which leads most men toward crowds1 ,i went up to it2 and1 by the help of a tolerably tall figure1 ,i looked over the heads of the people into the centre1 at a group1 the first sight of whom ,i shall not soon forget4 ,there1 before me1 on the cold pavement1 now wet with wintry rain1 lay a little1 a very little girl1 fainting4 ,her face1 which was deadly pale1 looked worn and pinched by want into that aged1 hard look so touching to see in the very young1 because it tells of a premature exposure to trial and care1 if not of a struggle literally for life4 ,her jet-black hair1 of which she had a profusion1 lay unbound over her shoulders like a mantle4 ,her dress was an old black velvet frock1 covered with spangles1 with a piece of something red sewn on the skirt1 and a scarlet bodice4 ,her neck and arms were bare2 and the gay dress1 where it had been opened in front1 showed nothing underneath it but the poor thin body4 ,her legs were blue and mottled with cold2 and the tiny feet were thrust into wooden sabots1 one of which had dropped off1 a world too wide for the little foot it was meant to protect4 ,a kind-looking elderly woman knelt on the pavement1 and supported the child's head in her arms1 chafing her cold hands1 and trying1 by every means in her power1 to restore animation2 and wandering uneasily up and down beside them1 was a curious-looking non-descript figure1 such as one can rarely meet with out of ,paris4 ,it was a poodle--at least so its restless1 bead-like1 black eyes and muzzle betokened1 and also a suspicious-looking tuft of hair1 now visible1 waving above its garments--but the animal presented a most ludicrous appearance1 from being dressed up in a very exact imitation of the costume of a fine lady during the century of ,louis le ,grand4 ,the brilliant eyes were surmounted by a cleverly contrived wig1 frizzed1 powdered1 and sparkling with mock jewels2 the body decked out in a cherry-colored satin bodice1 with a long peaked stomacher1 trimmed with lace1 and a stiff hoop1 bell-like in shape1 but1 in proportion1 far within the dimensions of a modern crinoline2 even the high-heeled shoes of scarlet leather were not forgotten2 and the strange anomaly between the animal and its disguise was irresistibly ludicrous4 ,the dog was perfectly aware that something was going on--something strange1 pitiful1 and1 what was more to the purpose1 nearly concerning himself2 and clever as he was1 he could not yet see a way through his difficulties4 ,his misery was extreme2 he pattered piteously up and down the space #bfb round the fainting child1 and raised himself up anxiously on his hind-legs to peer into her little wan face1 presenting thus a still more ludicrous aspect than before4 ,with his wise doggish face peeping out curiously from the ridiculous human head-dress1 he sniffed all over the various feet which encircled his precious mistress1 suspiciously2 and finally placing himself1 still on his hind-legs1 close by her side1 he laid his head lovingly to her cheek1 and uttered a low dismal howl1 followed1 after an instant's pause1 by an impatient bark4 ,the child stirred--roused apparently by the familiar sound--gasped for breath once or twice2 and presently opening her eyes1 she cried feebly1 ,mouton1 ou es tu done8 ,he leaped up in an ecstacy1 trying1 in the height of his joy1 to lick her face2 but this was not to be3 she pushed him away as roughly as the little feeble hand had strength to do4 ,ah1 wicked dog1 go away2 you do mischief1 she said1 fixing a pair of eyes as round and almost as black as his own upon the unfortunate animal4 ,he dropped instantly1 and with a subdued1 sorrowful air1 lay down1 licking diligently1 in his humility1 the little foot from which the sabot had fallen3 he had evidently proved that submission was the only plan to pursue with his imperious mistress4 ,the girl was stronger now1 and able to sit up with the help of the good woman's knee1 and she drank off a cup of milk which the compassionate wife of the concierge handed to her4 ,thanks1 madame1 said the child1 with native politeness2 ,i am better now4 ,you are a good ,christian1 she added1 turning her head so as to look in the face of the woman who supported her4 ,what are you called1 my child8 asked her friend4 ,where do you live8 ,antoinette ,elizabeth is my baptismal name1 answered the child1 with odd gravity2 but ,i am generally called ,poucette1 because1 you see1 ,i am small2 and a faint tinge of color came into her pale cheeks4 ,no wonder the name was bestowed upon her1 for we could see that she was small1 very small2 and1 from the diminutive size of her limbs1 she seemed likely to remain so till the end of her days4 ,will you go home now8 asked the woman1 after a moment's pause4 ,no1 not just yet1 said the tiny being4 ,i have had no supper4 ,i shall go to ,emile1 but ,mouton may go home4 ,go6 she cried1 imperiously1 to the dog1 as she swiftly slid off the marvellous dress and wig1 out of which casing ,mouton came forth an ordinary looking and decidedly dirty poodle4 ,he hesitated for an instant1 when she raised her little clenched fist1 and shook it fiercely at him1 repeating ,go6 in louder tones4 ,he wagged his tail deprecatingly1 licked his black lips1 looked imploringly at her out of his loving eyes1 and seemed to beg permission to remain with her2 but in vain2 then1 seeing her endeavor to rise1 he turned1 fled up the street with the swiftness of a bird1 and disappeared round the corner4 ,his mistress1 in the meantime1 folded up the dog's finery carefully1 and deposited it inside her own poor garments2 then1 after an instant's pause1 she rose to her feet1 and looked round at us4 ,she was well named ,poucette3 in stature she did not exceed a child of four years old2 but she was perfectly made1 and the limbs were in excellent proportion with the stature1 only her face showed age4 ,there was a keen1 worldly look about the mouth1 with its thin scarlet lips2 and a vindictive expression shining in the bold1 black eyes--altogether a hard-looking face1 not at all attractive in its character2 and yet ,i felt myself drawn to the poor child4 ,she was evidently half-starved1 fighting her own hard battle with the world1 and keeping her struggle as much to herself as she could2 and when1 scanning curiously over the faces surrounding her1 her eyes rested on mine1 ,i stepped forward1 and offered her a five-franc piece4 ,to my surprise1 she threw the money on the pavement #bfc with the bitterest scorn4 ,i don't want money1 she shrieked1 passionately--,i want my supper4 ,go away1 canaille6 ,i stooped down toward her1 and took her hand4 ,come with me1 ,i said to her1 and you shall have some supper4 ,i live close by4 ,she stood on tiptoe even then1 and peered into my face with her sharp eyes4 ,apparently1 however1 a short inspection satisfied her1 for she said softly1 ,thank you1 and tried to hold my hand4 ,finding it too much for her small grasp1 she clung to my trousers with one hand1 and with the other she waved off the wondering bystanders with a most majestic air4 ,i offered payment for the milk1 which the good woman civilly refused2 and then ,i sent for a fiacre in which to get to my lodgings in the ,rue ,rivoli1 shrinking1 ,i must confess1 from the idea of the ridiculous figure ,i should cut walking along the streets with this absurd though unfortunate creature4 ,presently the concierge arrived with one1 and we stepped in1 ,poucette entering majestically first4 ,i gave the word1 and we started4 ,hardly had we turned out of the street1 when the impulsive child beside me seized me with both hands1 and in an ecstacy of gratitude thanked me with streaming eyes for what ,i was doing for her4 ,i am starving1 she sobbed--,i fainted from hunger4 ,i have been dancing on the boulevards all day with ,mouton1 who is hungry1 too1 poor fellow1 for he only ate a small bit of bread which a good little gentleman gave him this morning4 ,why did you not take the money1 then8 ,i asked4 ,you might have bought food for yourself and ,mouton4 ,i did not want money1 said the girl proudly--,i don't beg4 ,but you say you are hungry4 ,that is nothing4 ,i never beg2 ,i dance2 and tonight1 when ,i have had some supper1 ,i shall dance for you1 and you shall see1 drawing herself up4 ,at this speech ,i hesitated4 ,what in the world had ,i to do with a dancing-girl in my quiet bachelor rooms8 ,did she intend taking them by storm1 and quartering herself upon me1 whether ,i liked it or not8 ,the question was a difficult one2 but yet1 when ,i looked down at the tiny figure1 with its poor1 woe-begone face1 so thin and weary-looking1 its utter weakness and dependence1 ,i felt that1 come what might1 ,i could not act otherwise than ,i was doing4 ,there1 go up stairs1 au troisieme said ,i to my charge1 as the fiacre stopped1 and we got out2 when lo6 from behind a large stone close by the entrance to the porte-co-chere1 the black round eyes of ,mouton glanced furtively out upon us4 ,his behavior was exceedingly reserved2 he durst not even wag his tail for fear of giving offence1 but he glanced at me in the meekest1 humblest entreaty ever dog did4 ,don't send him away1 ,i said to ,poucette3 take him up stairs with you2 ,i wish him to remain4 ,she made no reply1 but snapped her fingers encouragingly at him1 and he followed her closely1 as she walked up stairs4 ,i paused a moment with the concierge1 to ask her to provide some dinner for my unexpected guests2 and then mounted the stairs after them4 ,i found ,antoinette ,elizabeth and her faithful follower seated at my door1 gravely awaiting my arrival4 ,mouton recognized me as a friend1 and faintly wagged his tail2 evidently he was careful1 in the presence of his mistress1 upon whom he bestowed his favors4 ,we entered my room1 all three of us2 and presently the dinner arrived1 and was done ample justice to4 ,poucette ate heartily1 but not ravenously2 and after the meal was over1 we drew our chairs round the fire1 and sat eating walnuts4 ,she asked then1 with more timidity than she had yet shown3 ,when shall we have the honor of dancing for monsieur8 raising her large black eyes1 which had lost their fierce look1 to my face4 ,not just yet1 ,poucette1 ,i replied4 ,tell me something about yourself first1 and eat more walnuts4 #bfd ,she looked up sharply at this1 as if to say1 ,what business is that of yours8 then away into the fire1 which was evidently a novel luxury to her2 and finally her glance rested on ,mouton1 who1 having devoured every superfluous piece of meat1 and gnawed the only bone at table1 had now stretched himself on the hearth-rug1 and slumbered peacefully at her feet4 ,monsieur is very good1 she said presently1 with a sigh1 still with her eyes fixed on ,mouton4 ,my history is nothing very great4 ,i am not a ,parisian2 my father was a ,norman4 ,is he alive now8 ,i asked1 as she paused here4 ,i don't know about that1 she answered haughtily4 ,he was a wicked man4 ,monsieur understands me8 she said questioningly1 with a piercing look4 ,yes1 poor child4 ,and your mother1 what of her8 ,she is an angel1 faltered the girl4 ,she went up to heaven last ,christmas2 and the tears filled her eyes as she said it4 ,how have you lived since8' ,oh1 that was at ,marseilles2 and ,i came on here with ,mouton4 ,we dance1 she continued in a firmer voice2 we go out with a man called ,emile1 who plays the organ very well1 and he has another dog like ,mouton1' only not at all clever3 the stupid creature can only hold a basket in his mouth1 and beg for sous2 he has no talent4 ,she shrugged her shoulders1 and continued1 ,we live with ,emile and his wife2 they are not always kind to me2 but ,i love ,jean4 ,who is this ,jean8 ,i asked4 ,ah6 he is a poor boy1 she replied2 the whole expression of her countenance softening at his name1 and her sallow cheeks crimsoning with a tender flush4 ,he is lame2 he cannot walk1 and is pulled about in a little carriage2 but he does not like to beg1 so ,emile will not take him out with us4 ,is ,emile his father8 ,i asked4 ,no1 monsieur2 his father is dead but his mother is ,emile's wife4 ,i take care of ,jean myself4 ,are they good to you8 ,yes1 pretty well4 ,you see ,i dance for them1 and people give more money because ,i am there2 and then ,mouton is so clever2 one does not easily meet with a dog like that1 who will stand on his hind-legs for an hour together1 and dance as he does4 ,look at his dress too2 and she pulled out of the bosom of her frock ,mouton's paraphernalia1 and displayed it with evident pride4 ,in my opinion now1 there is no such dress as that for a dog in all ,paris1 she said1 as she held it up admiringly to the lamp4 ,jean made those shoes2 ar'n't they droll8 ,and the wig2 look1 that is superb6 ,who made the wig8 ,i asked4 ,ah6 it was a little boy who is apprenticed to a wigmaker1 she answered4 ,monsieur1 it was a bargain between us2 he wanted something from me1 and--and ,i said ,i would give it him if he made a wig for ,mouton2 and this is the wig4 ,he is not bad himself1 that little boy2 but he is not at all so good as ,jean4 ,how old is ,jean8 ,i asked4 ,he is twelve years old1 monsieur4 ,and you8 ,i am ten1 she replied1 with a little sigh and a blush4 ,but ,i may grow still1 may ,i not8 she asked timidly1 looking up into my face so pathetically1 that ,i had hardly sufficient gravity to answer1 ,yes1 of course2 you will doubtless grow for a long time yet4 ,ah6 that is exactly what ,jean says1 she exclaimed gaily2 then added in a lower voice1 ,jean says he likes little people best2 but1 you see1 he may say that because he likes me4 ,i answered nothing to this2 and presently she roused herself from a little reverie1 and said1 ,now we shall dance for you1 because it gets late1 and ,i must go home4 ,if you like to remain here all night1 ,i said1 the wife of the concierge will let you sleep in a little #bfe room off theirs1 down stairs2 and when you have had some breakfast1 you can then return4 ,no1 no1 she repeated sharply2 ,i will not sleep here2 ,i go home to ,jean4 ,will ,emile be glad to see you8 ,that depends2 if he is cross1 he will beat me for staying so long2 but it does not matter2 ,i wished to stay1 and ,i liked my dinner1 and this warm fire 7she looked wistfully at it74 ,monsieur is very good4 ,come1 ,mouton1 my friend2 wake yourself up4 ,the dog rose1 shook himself1 and patiently allowed himself to be dressed once more4 ,he took an unfair advantage of his mistress1 however1 when she knelt down to put on his shoes1 and licked her face4 ,ah1 cochon1 how often must ,i box your ears for that trick6 she said1 as she gave him a tap on the side of his head1 for the liberty4 ,come now1 walk along4 ,the dog paced soberly toward the door on his hind-legs4--,that is the ancien regime1 she explained to me4--,now1 ,mouton1 show us how people walk at the present day4 ,the dog stopped1 and at once imitated the short1 mincing step of a ,parisian belle1 shaking his hoop from side to side in most ludicrous fashion2 and as he reached his mistress1 he dropped a little awkward courtesy4 ,that is well1 she said4 ,now sing for us like ,madame ,g----1 naming a famous opera-singer1 whose fame was then at its height1 and she laid a light piece of music-paper across his paws4 ,the dog looked closely down on the paper for an instant1 licked his lips1 looked round at an imaginary audience1 and then throwing back his head1 and fixing his black eyes on the ceiling1 he uttered a howl so shrill and piercing that ,i stopped my ears2 he then ceased for an instant1 looked at his music attentively1 then at his audience1 and again uttered that ear-piercing howl4 ,that is enough1 said ,poucette2 bow to the company4 ,the dog rose and sank with the grace almost of the prima donna herself4 ,now1 ,mouton1 we are going to dance2 and taking the animal by its paw1 she put the other arm round it1 and the two whirled round in a waltz1 keeping admirable time to a tune which ,poucette whistled4 ,now read a book1 and rest yourself whilst ,i dance2 and again the piece of music was laid on ,mouton's paws1 and he bent his eyes on it1 apparently with the most devoted attention1 whilst ,poucette slipped off her heavy sabots1 and with naked feet thrust into a pair of old satin slippers1 which she produced from some pocket in her dress1 she executed a sort of fancy dance1 half ,cachuca1 half ,bolero1 throwing herself into pretty1 graceful attitudes1 with a step as light as a fairy's2 then1 as she approached ,mouton in the figure1 she lifted the music1 and taking him by one paw1 she led him forward to the front of my chair on the points of her toes1 the two courtesying nearly to the ground1 when ,mouton affectionately kissed his mistress on the cheek4 ,there1 it is over now1 said ,poucette2 that is all4 ,he does not know the minuet perfectly yet3 next week1 perhaps1 we shall try it for the ,jour de l',an4 ,well done6 ,i exclaimed1 and clapped my hands4 ,he is a famous dog2 and you--you dance beautifully4 ,mouton came to be patted and made much of2 and his mistress now announced her intention of going home at once4 ,finding it useless to try and induce her to stay1 ,i offered to go with her myself1 and see her safely through the still crowded streets2 but this she firmly declined4 ,no1 not to-night1 she said4 ,you may come to-morrow1 if you will be so kind1 but not to-night4 ,you have been very good1 monsieur2 ,i am not ungrateful4 ,you may come to-morrow2 ,rue----1 ,no4----1 quite close to ,notre ,dame4 ,she took my hand1 raised it to her lips1 courtesied1 and was gone4 #bff ,i followed her down stairs1 and watched the little figure hurrying along with a firm step1 upright as a dart1 the light from the gas-lamps falling now and then on the spangles of her dress1 and making them twinkle for an instant2 and the dark outline of ,mouton following closely behind her1 under the shadow of the houses4 ,presently they crossed the street1 and disappeared in the distance2 and ,i turned and walked up stairs to my cosey well-lighted room1 to think over the strange life of a street dancing-girl4 ,after this1 ,i made inquiries about ,poucette in the part of the town where she lived1 and visited the man ,emile and his wife often4 ,here ,i found the cripple boy ,jean1 to whom ,poucette clung with a tenacity of affection that was touching to witness4 ,he had had a fall as an infant1 so his mother said1 and never had walked2 but his fingers were skilful in making toys1 baskets1 and small rush-mats1 which ,poucette sold during her daily rounds4 ,to him she devoted her affections1 her life1 with a steady ardor not often met with at her age4 ,toward others1 she was always grave1 distant1 often haughty and bitter in her expressions of anger1 but to him never4 ,however tired she might return home after dancing or selling his wares on the boulevard1 she never showed him that she was so2 if he wished to go out1 she drew him in a rude wooden sledge to the gardens of the ,luxembourg2 and the two would sit there by the hour together on ,sundays1 criticising the passers-by as they walked about in their gay dresses4 ,at night1 if the invalid was restless or in pain1 ,poucette sat beside him1 sometimes till day dawned1 with a sympathizing cheerful face1 ready to attend upon every want4 ,there she shone2 but take away ,jean out of her world1 and ,poucette stood forth a vixen4 ,madame ,emile1 who was herself somewhat of a shrew1 vowed that if it were not that she and ,jean were so bound up together1 and nothing could separate them1 she must have sent away ,poucette long ago4 ,no one could endure her temper1 monsieur1 she would declare to me2 and when she began upon this subject1 madame waxed eloquent4 ,she is a girl such as there is not besides in ,paris4 ,for ,jean1 she will give up dress1 company1 the theatre1 everything2 but except for him1 she would not go one step out of her way to be made an empress4 ,it is not natural that4 ,after she first came here1 we had a great deal of trouble with her1 and ,emile beat her well2 but then she would run away in a rage1 and come back again during the night1 for fear ,jean should want something4 ,now we are more used to her1 and we let her have her own way pretty much4 ,jean ,i could get nothing out of except a ,bonjour1 monsieur at entering and on leaving his house4 ,he sat silently plaiting his mats or carving toys with his long fingers1 looking as if he neither heard nor understood what we were talking about2 but he carefully repeated all the conversation afterward to his friend ,poucette1 for she told me so often when we were together4 ,she used to come and see me at my rooms1 when it was wet1 or business was slack2 and ,i succeeded in finding a customer for her wares in a toy-merchant1 who promised to take all ,jean's work at a reasonable price1 and was liberal toward the two children4 ,poucette was thus able to give up her public dancing1 and stay more at home2 and the toyman's daughter taught her dainty embroidery1 in which her skilful fingers soon excelled4 ,she tamed down wonderfully that winter1 and even made some efforts to learn reading1 as ,i suggested to her what a source of pleasure it would be to ,jean1 whose thirst for hearing stories related was intense1 if he could read them for himself4 ,but she was very slow at this2 the letters proved a heavy task to learn1 and when we came to spelling1 ,i often despaired2 still she toiled on1 and when ,i left ,paris in ,may1 she could read a very little4 #bfg ,six months passed1 and again ,i turned my steps to my old winter-quarters4 ,the summer and autumn had been spent by me partly in ,england1 partly in ,switzerland4 ,my protege was unable to write1 and ,i had heard nothing of her since ,i left ,paris4 ,i had not returned there longer than a week1 when ,i set off into the cite1 to discover again my little pupil4 ,it was much the same sort of a day as that on which we had first met2 cold1 dank1 misty rain kept falling1 and streets were wet and sloppy4 ,the part of the town where ,poucette lived was wretchedly poor1 dingy1 and dirty-looking1 especially in such weather as ,i now visited it1 and the reputed haunt of thieves and evil-doers of various kinds4 ,i picked my way along narrow ill-paved streets1 with the gutters in the middle1 and at last ,i reached her old abode4 ,there was no one stirring about2 but the door was ajar4 ,i pushed it open1 and walked in4 ,the dwelling had once been some nobleman's hotel in bygone days1 and its rooms were large and lofty1 and at present each inhabited by different poor families4 ,emile's was on the ground floor--a long room1 formerly used either as a guard-room or for playing billiards in4 ,it had one large window1 opening in the center1 and crossed outside with thick iron bars1 which partially excluded the light4 ,i was confused on entering from the outer air1 and at first could only perceive that the room was filled with a crowd of people1 of various ages and sexes1 but all of the lowest order1 some sitting1 some standing4 ,a woman came forth to meet me1 whom ,i recognized as ,madame ,emile1 sobbing and holding her apron to her eyes4 ,ah1 mon ,dieu1 mon ,dieu6 she whispered1 as she looked at me and clasped her hands piteously2 the poor ,poucette1 how hard it is6 ,monsieur1 you are welcome2 but this is a sorrowful time2 she is much hurt4 ,she led me gently through the various groups1 all sorrowfully silent1 toward a low pallet1 at the head of the room1 where1 crushed1 bleeding1 and now insensible from pain1 lay the form of poor ,poucette4 ,what is this8 ,i asked in a whisper4 ,how did it happen8 ,ah1 it was a vile remise1 eagerly answered a dozen voices4 ,she was returning home yesterday from selling the mats1 and the driver was drunk4 ,she fell in crossing1 and he did not see her4 ,the wheel crushed her poor chest4 ,ah1 she will die1 the unhappy child6 ,where is ,jean8 ,i asked4 ,his mother silently pointed out what looked like a bundle of clothes huddled up in the bed beside the dying child4 ,she was dying1 my poor ,poucette4 ,one of the kind-hearted surgeons from the hopital had been to see her early that morning1 and pronounced that beside the blow on her chest1 which was of itself a dangerous one1 severe internal injuries had taken place1 which must end her life in a few hours4 ,poor ,poucette6 ,i seated myself by the little couch in the dark room1 which was so soon to be filled by the presence of death1 and presently the surgeon came again4 ,all eyes turned anxiously toward him as he walked to the bed1 and kneeling down beside it1 carefully examined the poor little sufferer1 whose only sign of consciousness was a groan of anguish now and then4 ,can nothing be done for her8 ,i asked1 as he rose to his feet and stood by the bed1 looking pityingly down at the two children4 ,nothing whatever1 he said1 with a mournful shake of his head4 ,she will not last through the night4 ,does she suffer8 ,i asked4 ,acutely1 but it will not be for long4 ,mortification is setting in rapidly4 ,he paused1 then added3 ,she will probably regain consciousness at the last2 and left the room4 ,slowly the weary hours glided on2 gradually the moans became weaker1 and the pulse quick and fitful4 ,suddenly she opened her eyes1 and looked at me inquiringly2 then her eyes fell #bfh on ,jean1 who lay at her side1 and uttered an exclamation of joy4 ,i am not in pain now1 she said faintly2 that is over4--,ah1 my good monsieur1 you said you would return4 ,i am glad4 ,i am grieved to find you thus1 ,poucette1 ,i whispered4 ,can ,i do anything for you8 ,perhaps you would like to have ,mouton1 she said calmly1 as if thinking aloud4 ,i will keep him1 if you like it1 ,i replied4 ,is there anything else you would like8 ,only ,jean1 dear ,jean1 and her soft dark eyes were fixed timidly yet imploringly on my face4 ,i will take care of ,jean4 ,the good ,god reward you1 my kind monsieur6 ,that is all that ,i want4-- ,adieu1 madame4 ,adieu1 my good friends4 ,it is over4 ,just then ,mouton raised himself on his hind-legs by the bed1 and peered anxiously into her face4 ,she put out her little right hand1 and gently patted his head2 then1 with a last effort1 she turned round from us1 and flung one tiny arm round the crippled boy at her side4 ,je t'aime toujours1 she whispered1 as she bent over and kissed him4 ,it was a last effort4 ,a slight shiver passed over the little figure2 one long-drawn sigh escaped the white lips4 ,poucette was gone to her mother2 the wanderer had been taken home2 the desolate one was comforted6 ,my tale is ended1 except to say that1 from that evening1 ,mouton has been my inseparable companion4 ,he is by no means1 however1 as complaisant to me as he was to his mistress2 on the contrary1 ,mouton1 like many other nouveaux riches1 is rather a spoiled dog1 and the tyrant of my small household4 ,jean became a basket-maker1 and it is not improbable that my fair readers may have in their possession some of the productions of his skilful fingers4 ,such was the fruit of my ,christmas-eve in ,paris six years ago4 ,i have never spent one there since4 ---- ,translated from ,der ,katholik4 ,,dante',s ,,divina ,,commedia4 ,there is none of the ,christian poets who has exercised so great an influence in the intellectual world as ,dante ,alighieri4 ,his ,vision of ,hell1 ,purgatory1 and ,paradise has been1 ever since its appearance1 a mine in which artists1 poets1 philosophers1 theologians1 historians1 and statesmen have found treasures4 ,in ,italy1 immediately after his death1 professors were appointed in the universities to explain his work1 and numbers of both lay and clerical savants1 among them even princes1 bishops1 and archbishops1 took delight in its study and exposition4 ,with the spread of the ,italian language1 on which ,dante has stamped for ever the impress of his genius1 and with the progress of ,italian culture1 all ,europe became acquainted with the ,commedia1 and learned to admire its beauty and its grandeur4 ,it was translated into other tongues2 learned foreigners undertook to fathom its depths2 and even the spirit of religious unity in the sixteenth century did not check its influence over the ,roman-,germanic nations4 ,protestant translators and expositors contended with the ,catholic writers who made of the work of ,dante a special study4 ,the ,germans especially have #bfi not been backward in this respect1 and to prove it we need only name ,kannegieser1 ,strecksufs1 ,kofisch1 ,witte1 ,wegele1 and ,philalethes 7the present king of ,saxony74 ,when we wish to assign ,dante his proper place in ,christian art and poetry1 by comparison with antiquity1 we are reminded at once of ,homer and the veneration in which he was held by the ,greeks4 ,but how has the ,florentine poet merited such high consideration8 ,is it by the might of his genius and the peculiarity of his chosen theme8 ,by the perfection and the poetic charm of his expression and language8 ,by his deep knowledge of life and of human nature8 ,by the philosophic and moral truths which he has woven into his poem8 ,by his religious and political views8 ,or by his judgment of historical personages and facts8 ,no doubt all these have been helping causes to establish ,dante's fame and give him the position which he holds4 ,but the true reason of all the singular prerogatives of the poet and of the poem1 the reason which gives us the key to the right understanding of the ,divine ,comedy1 and of the various and discrepant explanations of it1 must be sought deeper4 ,there is a principal cause of ,dante's greatness1 from which the secondary causes1 just named1 diverge1 as rays of light from a common centre1 and to the knowledge of which only a philosophical comprehension of history1 and especially of poetry1 can lead us4 ,we shall endeavor in this essay to discover this cause1 after having given a brief sketch of the contents and the scope of the great poem4 ,i4 ,the ,commedia1 which1 in the form of a vision1 paints the condition of the soul after death1 is divided into three parts1 ,hell1 ,purgatory1 and ,paradise4 ,each part consists of thirty-three cantos1 which1 with the introductory canto1 make the round number one hundred4 ,surrounded by trials and troubles of various kinds1 ,dante is guided into the regions of the invisible by his favorite poet ,virgil1 who comes to his assistance4 ,virgil here represents poetry and the idea of the poem4 ,it was through him that ,dante was first led to the serious study of truth1 and to direct his mind to the philosophical consideration of the condition of mankind4 ,our poet now proceeds into the realm of the damned souls1 into the regions of night and hell1 which he represents in the form of a funnel having nine gradually narrowing eddies1 in which the souls of the damned are revolving to the throne of ,satan1 who sits at the top of the cone4 ,the narrower grow the circles1 the more intense become the punishments inflicted1 in proportion to the increasing guilt of the culprits4 ,the lowest place among the lost souls is occupied by the traitors1 ,brutus1 ,cassius1 and ,judas4 ,the power of the devil over men1 and the inexorable character of the ,christian idea of retributive justice1 is grandly portrayed in this part of the work1 by interweaving the most moving and striking episodes1 in which well-known characters are described as receiving punishment equal to their crimes4 ,even paganism is made to lend its graces to increase the sublimity of the picture1 and clothe the thoughts of the writer in poetic garments4 ,both poets then leave the darkness and horror of hell behind them1 and approach the regions of purification or purgatory1 over which perpetual twilight reigns4 ,this realm of temporary suffering is supposed by the poet to be on the opposite side of the earth1 where the antipodes dwell4 ,this abode of those souls who are being purified and doing penance for minor offences1 and whose pains are lessened by the hope of future happiness1 is represented in the form of a mountain1 to whose summit one ascends by nine successive degrees1 as the descent through the #bgj funnel of hell was by nine lessening circles4 ,at the top of the mountain is placed that earthly paradise which was lost by the sins of our first parents1 and from which the way to heaven leads4 ,having arrived in the terrestrial paradise1 ,dante suddenly finds himself deserted by ,virgil1 who from the beginning had promised to guide him only so far4 ,but ,beatrice meets our poet here1 ,beatrice the beloved of his youth4 ,she teaches him the science of ,god1 and1 aided by the light of faith and revelation1 which ,virgil had not1 she shows him the higher knowledge given to human reason under the influence of ,christianity4 ,at her voice and teaching1 ,dante is moved to repentance for his transgressions1 and she becomes his future guide4 ,dante paints in the most lively colors1 and describes with the greatest beauty1 in episodes and conversations1 the intimate relation of the souls in purgatory with each other1 and with those they left behind them on earth1 and with the blessed in heaven4 ,this latter point is illustrated by the frequent appearance of angels1 who descend from time to time into the dusky realms of purgatory4 ,led by his beloved ,beatrice1 our poet now mounts to heaven1 and traverses its various spheres1 which are represented according to the system of ,ptolemy4 ,beginning by the moon1 the poet travels through ,mercury1 ,venus1 the ,sun1 ,mars1 ,jupiter1 and ,saturn1 the glory and happiness of the beatified increasing as he advances1 in proportion with their virtues and holiness1 till he arrives at the so-called ,empyrean1 at the very throne of ,god4 ,in the highest sphere ,dante beholds the mystical rose1 that is1 the glory of the ,blessed ,virgin1 who is surrounded by the highest saints and angels in the form of a rose2 and among these glorified spirits he sees with delight his ,beatrice near the ,mother of ,god1 who gives an honorable place to those who had been her fervent followers during life4 ,the ,vision of ,heaven ends by a glance at the mysteries of the ,holy ,trinity and the ,incarnation1 which mortal eye1 though supernaturally strengthened1 is unable to dwell upon for excess of light4 ,dante in this part of his work treats the most difficult questions1 not only of philosophy1 which he had also done in the preceding cantos1 but also of theology1 with the greatest clearness1 depth1 and poetic grace4 ,he treats in it of the fundamental ideas of ,christianity1 of faith1 hope1 and charity4 ,the spirits that he represents to the reader in hell1 purgatory1 and paradise are by no means the mere wilful creations of his fancy1 but for the most part are historical characters1 some of them but little removed from his own time1 others contemporary2 and even those which he borrows from ,judaism or paganism to embellish his poem are symbolical1 and have an intimate connection with some reality4 ,on this very account we should not judge the ,vision as an allegory1 although in many respects it has the peculiarities of an allegorical poem4 ,it is1 rather1 a mystic poem1 in which the deepest religious and philosophical truths are represented under the shadow of visionary forms and ethereal similitudes2 and realities are raised to an ideal sphere1 where the mind's eye can penetrate through their misty covering and contemplate them to satiety4 ,but what is the cause of the great influence which this poem has exerted on mankind8 ,this is the question which we have undertaken to answer1 and which we shall now endeavor to solve4 ,,ii4 ,as in the history of nations and of mankind there are certain epochs in which the elements that had formed the groundwork of society1 and of national life1 in their gradual development1 culminate in a certain point1 where the mental powers of the people put forth all their strength in the production of facts1 or works of various kinds that give expression to the spirit #bga of the age2 so in the history of poetry there are poets and poems in which the ruling ideas of their time and nation appear in all their truth and power4 ,in the works of great poets we have1 as it were1 a copy of ,god's creative power4 ,he seems to lend it to the poet4 ,of all the productions of the human mind1 the poem has the greatest similarity with the works of ,almighty power1 and both offer to human contemplation beauties ever varying and ever new4 ,but between the works of divine and of human skill there is an essential difference4 ,the works of ,god express the thoughts of the ,creator1 whose glory and invisibility1 according to the ,psalmist1 the heavens declare1 and whose eternal might and divinity creatures proclaim2 but with the effects of human genius it is entirely different4 ,every individual is but a member of the great whole1 which we call the human family2 he can do nothing alone1 but depends on others both for his material and spiritual support2 and the degree of culture which he attains1 the aim which he proposes to himself in life1 and the germ of his future progress1 are as much the result of the influences exercised on him from the cradle to the grave1 by the family circle1 by the school1 and by the associations of society1 as they are the effects of his own independent strength and originality4 ,hence the work of the poet1 no matter how great he may be1 is not to be considered the exclusive product of the individual1 for it must bear on it the stamp of his education1 and of the people among whom he dwells1 and of the age in which he lives4 ,as the waters of a lake do not merely reflect their own color1 but also the green shore of the surrounding woods and hills1 the passing clouds1 the deep blue of the heavens above1 and of the stars that glitter in it2 so in the poem we see not only the soul of its creator1 but every great emotion that swelled in the breast of the men of his age and nation4 ,in a word1 we see the whole circle of contemporary ideas more or less vividly expressed in it4 ,nor are the productions of human genius lessened by this fact2 they are1 on the contrary1 enhanced in value4 ,for it is no longer one person1 with his subjective views of his own world and life1 who speaks to us in them1 but it is the spirit of a portion of mankind1 expressing to us the ideas of a certain stage in the progress of civilization4 ,now1 if such a work of genius be at the same time the foundation of a further development in the future1 and of such a character that it represents the condition not only of one nation1 but of several2 and if the ideas which it contains and which sway men be such as by their truth and universality overleap the limits of time and space2 then such a power will maintain its hold upon the admiration and esteem of men1 not only in a certain epoch and among a certain people1 but for ever and among all nations where the same order of civilization reigns4 ,poets who are distinguished above others by the creative power and superiority of their genius in the production of such a work1 are not merely the poets of one age1 or of one nation1 but they belong to all times and to all nations4 ,they will not be merely read once1 and then thrown aside2 but they will be reperused and studied with ever increasing pleasure4 ,the age of ,dante was an epoch of this character among the ,christian nations4 ,he has hardly his superior as a poet1 either among the ancients or the moderns4 ,hence1 if we contemplate the ,commedia from this point of view1 we shall be able not only to understand the general scope of the work1 but even to comprehend with ease all its details and peculiarities4 ,but in order to show that the period at which ,dante appeared 7the second half of the thirteenth and the beginning of the fourteenth century7 was one like that which we have described1 we must briefly recall to mind the condition of the ,church1 of the state of science and art1 and give #bgb expression to the spirit of the age in a scientific formula4 ,if we then look at the ,church1 we find her displaying such fecundity and power as we shall hardly find at any other period in her history4 ,she is not only busy in the work of converting the still pagan nations of ,europe1 especially in the north1 and strengthening the faith among believers by missions1 voyages1 and diplomacy2 by the foundation of new congregations and bishoprics2 by councils2 by stringency of external discipline1 and greater solemnity in the public worship2 but also by the internal reformation effected by such men as popes ,alexander ,,iii41 ,innocent ,,iii41 and ,innocent ,,iv41 who continued the good work begun by ,gregory ,,vii41 of freeing the ,church from the oppressions of secular power4 ,they succeeded at length in propagating and realizing among the ,christian nations of the ,west the idea of one vast spiritual community1 under the headship of one spiritual ruler1 who1 instead of destroying national diversity and independence1 protected and favored them4 ,this idea prevailed through the agency of the supreme pontiffs over the pagan idea so cherished by the emperors of a universal monarchy4 ,the crusades1 too1 fostered and led by the ,church1 and which are the clearest expression of the thoroughly ,christian spirit of those centuries1 bring the ,west into closer intimacy with the ,east1 and enrich the former with all the material and spiritual treasures of the latter4 ,then arise those great orders which--half religious and half secular1 as the ,knights ,hospitallers and the ,templars1 or entirely religious1 like the ,dominicans and ,franciscans--defended the ,church1 cared for the sick and the poor1 sacrificed themselves in spreading ,christian faith and morality1 and gave birth to countless institutions of charity4 ,if we now glance at the political condition of the people1 a spectacle equally grand as that just described offers itself to our view4 ,on the imperial throne of ,germany appear those powerful princes of the house of ,hohenstaufen1 who contended so heroically with the papacy for the success of the ,ghibelline idea of a universal monarchy1 but who in the end were worsted in the fight2 while in ,france a ,st4 ,louis ,,ix41 and in ,england a ,richard the ,lion-hearted1 excite the admiration of the world4 ,in ,italy1 even in the midst of the struggle between the secular and the spiritual powers1 and between the ,guelphs and ,ghibellines1 mighty republics spring up under the protection of the ,church2 and in the other nations also we see a powerful effort for national independence and freedom appearing in the many guilds1 corporations1 free cities1 states1 and parliaments which were everywhere rising into a dignified existence4 ,but above all1 the order of chivalry in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries--an order which even yet throws such a halo of poetry and romance around the middle ages in which it nourished1 walking hand in hand with religion1 which had consecrated it--helped much to civilize the barbarian character of the age1 and improve the moral condition of society4 ,as to science in the epoch of which we write1 it was mostly occupied in the investigation of those subjects which lay next the ,christian heart of the people2 namely1 in theology1 philosophy1 and ethics4 ,and how great has been its success6 ,what great results has not mediaeval science effected6 ,i need only mention the immortal names of ,anselem of ,canterbury1 of ,st4 ,bernard1 ,albert the ,great1 ,thomas ,aquinas1 ,bonaventure1 ,roger ,bacon1 and ,vincent of ,beauvais2 men whose works in theology1 philosophy1 history1 and in the natural sciences1 remain to the present time as monuments of genius1 hardly equalled by ancient or modern productions4 ,at this period1 too1 sprang up the universities1 which realize in their conception the universal idea of catholicity4 ,they were founded in every land1 and all the sciences were taught in #bgc them4 ,the ,church herself1 in the ,council of ,vienne1 in #acaa1 decreed that1 beside the chairs of theology1 philosophy1 medicine1 and jurisprudence1 there should be in the four principal universities1 and wherever the papal court should be held1 professors of ,hebrew1 ,chaldaic1 ,arabic1 and ,greek4 ,but what especially shows the intellectual bent of this age is the zeal and youthful ardor manifested in every rank for all the different branches of science4 ,popes1 emperors1 kings1 and nobles emulated each other in this respect1 and consecrated their energies to the furtherance of learning4 ,if we now turn to the state of art and poetry1 on every side the old cathedrals and monuments erected in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries meet our eyes1 and in their various styles of ,gothic and ,roman architecture excite our admiration1 fill us with holy awe1 and1 as they lift their spires to heaven1 speak more eloquently of the greatness of the spirit and aesthetic feeling of the people than any words of ours could do4 ,in the suite of architecture the other arts followed and were elevated to its height2 and even before ,dante1 and contemporaneously with him1 lived the founders of the ,italian schools of painting and sculpture1 which so soon after attained to such perfection4 ,as for poetry1 we need only remember that at this time most of the modern languages began to be developed and become the mediums of literature4 ,it was the gay time of the troubadours and incense-singers1 says ,vilmar1 in his ,history of ,german ,national ,literature1 in which the melody of song rang out from hamlet to hamlet1 from city to city1 from castle to castle1 and court to court1 and a thousand harmonious echoes1 near and far1 from hill and valley1 answered out of the people's heart4 ,it was the first classic period of ,german literature1 in which the national and artistic epic appear well developed in such works as the ,nibelungen1 ,gudrun1 ,parceval1 and others4 ,no doubt there are shadows on the picture of the age just described1 as there are in our own4 ,but still1 whoever considers the facts we have alleged1 cannot fail to admit the age as a real epoch in the history of the ,christian world1 unless he is blind or wilfully shuts his eyes to the light4 ,in view of these facts1 also1 he must perceive that the civilization of the various western nations was most intimately connected2 that it rested on the same common foundation2 and that the ideas which ruled them and constituted their vital principle were eternally and universally true1 and became the platform of succeeding intellectual evolution4 ,hence1 those nations1 though differing in origin and political independence1 made but one grand spiritual community1 bound together by a common faith and a common church4 ,but if we would now express the spirit of this epoch in a philosophical formula1 we should say that it was the period in which the ,roman and ,germanic races were converted to ,christianity after the decease of the old world and of pagan civilization2 and after these races had become a spiritual community under the hierarchy of the popes1 and become bound together under the government of one worldly empire1 after various combats with outward enemies and triumphs over internal elements of discord2 when these races had appropriated to themselves ,christianity as their vital element1 and recognized it as the power which moved and governed the world1 and sought to produce1 realize1 and use ,christian ideas in every direction1 in the sciences1 in arts1 in society1 in the state1 and in the ,church4 ,the ,protestant1 ,vilmar1 whom we have already cited1 agrees with this assertion1 when he writes3 ,it was the spirit of ,christianity which had become the spirit of the western nations1 and which inspired1 in the highest degree1 the higher ranks of society1 the nobility1 and the clergy2 and which penetrated into the masses1 not so much as a theory1 but as a fact--not as a science1 but as an element of their life2 it was ,christianity1 not as a simple doctrine or idea1 but as a practical #bgd boon and benefit2 it was a joy to the ,christian ,church and to its internal and external glory1 and a blessing with its gifts1 more general than it has been since1 and so strong that even the struggle between the popes and the emperors1 for over two centuries1 could not affect the great happiness of men whose social and individual existence was actuated by the spirit of ,christianity4 ,,iii4 ,taking1 therefore1 this comprehensive view of the state of society2 considering the triumph of the ,christian idea in history1 the consciousness of ,christianity as the principle of life in the newly-organized world1 and the struggle of this element to mould and fashion everything according to its nature1 we may easily answer the question as to the character of a poem which should thoroughly express the spirit of the age4 ,it would not be hard to show that the ,divine ,comedy of ,dante derived its matter1 its form1 its name1 and its sentiment from the peculiar condition of the epoch4 ,in fact1 any poem that represents1 the conquest of the ,christian idea in all conditions of private and public life must ever exercise great influence over men4 ,but in order to give a poetical representation of this thought1 the poet should choose a framework sufficiently large to contain the vast picture in which ,god and man1 heaven and earth1 nature and grace1 creation and redemption1 past1 present1 and future1 science and life1 church and state1 appear2 and such a framework was offered to him in the ,christian idea of the judgment1 of ,god1 and of the existence of the other world1 in its three divisions of hell1 purgatory1 and paradise4 ,now1 only by carrying up ordinary facts to this higher1 ideal sphere was it possible to overleap the limits of time and space1 and give greater unity to the picture1 and make it a masterpiece4 ,but he who lives here below is ignorant of the future1 and of the condition of the departed souls4 ,only by a supernatural revelation can we know their lot4 ,consequently1 the form of a wonderful vision1 in which the poet enters into communion with the spirits of the dead1 and wanders through their regions1 is the most natural manner of representing his idea in the poem2 consequently1 it should be called by right a divine drama1 a ,divina ,commedia1 as the most appropriate title4 ,the true scope of the poem1 therefore1 must not be sought for either in a purely religious1 or a purely political1 or a purely scientific or personal point of view2 but in the prosecution of a far more general1 comprehensive1 higher1 philosophic1 theological1 and particularly moral or ethical object1 to which all the details of the work are subordinated4 ,hence1 he who examines these details from this or that stand-point may give them the most different explanations1 as in fact many commentators of the poem do--not having fathomed its depths and perceived the general object of the sacred epic4 ,dante himself leaves us no reason to doubt on this point4 ,in his dedicatory epistle to ,cardinal ,grande della ,scala1 he speaks thus3 ,the meaning of this poem is not simple1 but multiple4 ,the first sense is in the words1 the second in the things expressed3 the one is called literal1 the other moral or allegorical4 ,taken literally1 the whole work is simple1 and expresses the condition of souls after death1 for this is expressed by the whole tenor of the poem4 ,but taken in the higher sense1 its object is man1 either deserving rewards or chastisements through the exercise of his free will4 ,and if we wish to name the kind of philosophy contained in the work1 we must call it moral1 or ethics4 ,for the whole tends to practice and action1 and is not content with simple contemplation and speculation4 ,giacomo di ,dante1 the son of the poet1 develops more clearly the scope of the work1 in the preface to his #bge commentary4 ,the whole work1 says he1 is divided into three parts2 the first of which treats of hell1 the second of purgatory1 and the third of paradise4 ,in order to understand the general allegorical bearing1 ,i say that the object of the poet is to represent to us in figurative language the three several divisions of mankind4 ,the first part considers vice in man1 and is called hell1 to show us that mortal sin by its depth of iniquity is directly opposed to the sublimity of virtue4 ,the second contemplates those who detach themselves from vice and strive after virtue4 ,his place for such persons he calls purgatory1 or place of purification1 to show the condition of the soul1 which cleanses itself from its sins in time1 for time is the medium in which all changes happen4 ,the third considers perfect man1 and is called paradise1 in order to express the greatness of its bliss1 and the elevation of mind connected with it2 two things without which a knowledge of the supreme good cannot be attained4 ,and thus the poet pursues his object through the three several parts of his poem by means of the figures and representations with which he surrounds himself4 ,but the poet1 in order to realize his grand idea1 should be gifted not only with the highest poetical genius in order to represent the philosophical principles of ,christianity in the peculiar characters and types of ,christian art1 and give them a new1 independent1 and majestic appearance2 but he should be also possessed1 on the one hand1 of a clear and perfect knowledge of ,christian doctrine and ethics1 and a deep and extensive knowledge of philosophy and theology2 and1 on the other1 of a profound and extensive acquaintance with men and human life1 as well as with the history of the human race4 ,both these requisites are found in ,dante in the highest degree4 ,christian faith and morality is as well and correctly explained by him as by the best approved theologians4 ,but this fact will not excite our surprise if we consider that1 in his ,vision1 without however sacrificing his individuality1 he adheres strictly to the great doctors of the age1 ,saints ,thomas ,aquinas and ,bonaventure1 as ,king ,john of ,saxony clearly proves in his commentary on the ,divine ,comedy4 ,hence1 at an early period ,dante's work became a favorite theme of scholastic study1 and under the portal of the cathedral at ,florence there is seen an old statue of the poet near that of the patron saint of the city1 with this inscription3 ,theologus ,dante1 nullius dogmatis expers--,dante the theologian1 to whom no dogma was unknown4 ,in the ,raphael chamber in the ,vatican1 he is represented crowned with laurel on the famous painting of the disputa1 among the popes1 bishops1 and doctors assembled round the holy sacrament of the altar4 ,an occasional writer has suspected the faith of ,dante1 because in his poem he deplores several abuses in the ,church1 such as the corruption of some of the clergy and monks1 and lashes some of the popes and the relation of the papacy to the secular power in his time4 ,but such a suspicion is unwarranted when we consider that many ,catholic reformers1 even saints like ,peter ,damien1 ,saint ,thomas of ,canterbury1 ,saint ,bernard1 ,saint ,hildegard1 ,jacopone1 and others1 have spoken even more strongly than ,dante against abuses2 and that he never confounds the use with the abuse1 excrescences of an institution with the institution itself1 or persons with principles4 ,dante's thorough knowledge of human life and of history is fully shown in his surprising explanations1 and by the manner in which with one trait he paints the famous characters and facts in the ,commedia1 as well as by the examples and narrations which he takes from all times1 regions1 and nations of the earth4 ,but in his judgment of persons and facts in the past and present1 ,dante is not always impartial or just1 for1 being #bgf subject to human frailties and prejudices1 he is often guilty of great injustice to those against whom he had motives of hatred4 ,consequently1 in order to appreciate ,dante's poem on this point1 we must consider the character of his life and fortunes1 as well as the history of his native city and country4 ,dante ,alighieri was born at ,florence in the year #abfe1 and received in baptism the name of ,durante1 which was shortened to that of ,dante4 ,early in his youth an event happened which determined his life1 and to which posterity is indebted for his great work4 ,in the year #abgd1 in the ninth year of his age1 ,dante saw1 at a church festival1 the daughter of ,falco ,portinari1 ,beatrice1 a child eight years old1 whom he says1 in one of his poems1 no one could see without crying out1 ,this is not a woman1 but one of the most beautiful of the heavenly angels6 ,he conceived for her1 on the spot1 the most violent passion1 but1 at the same time1 one so pure and holy that ,beatrice1 even on earth and wedded to another1 became for him and his muse a perfect ideal that inspired all his first and tenderest poems1 and moved him to high and holy thoughts4 ,but after ,beatrice's untimely death1 she became1 in the imagination of the poet1 a holy spirit1 whose glory he undertook to exalt after a wonderful vision which he had1 and who became1 in all the sorrows of his life1 a star of hope and anchor of safety to him4 ,a few years after the decease of his beloved1 ,dante espoused ,gemma di ,donati1 a lady of a noble family in ,florence1 and through this marriage1 as well as by his profound theological and philosophical studies1 he was drawn into the vortex of the politics of his native city1 in which1 after many struggles1 the ,guelph party gained the ascendency1 toward the end of the thirteenth century4 ,sprung from a ,guelph family and surrounded by ,guelph influences1 and prominent by his genius in the party1 although keeping clear of its excesses1 ,dante1 from #abic to #abii1 filled many posts of honor1 especially many places of ambassador1 and was elected1 with five others1 in the year #acjj1 to the priorate1 the highest office in the republic4 ,but soon after his prosperous career was changed to one of misfortune4 ,in #abib a division was made in the ,guelph party1 when1 under the tribune ,giano della ,bella1 the constitution of the state was changed1 the nobles driven from the magistracy1 and the government of the city given entirely into the hands of the plebeians2 and this division led gradually to an open rupture between the parties called the ,blacks and the ,whites ,neri and ,bianchi4 ,the latter were by far the more moderate1 and the ,ghibellines1 both nobles and plebeians1 joined them4 ,dante belonged to the ,whites1 who stood at the head of affairs4 ,but by the interference of ,charles of ,valois1 whom the ,blacks called to ,florence in order to seize the government with his aid1 the ,whites lost their power1 and ,dante1 who was then on an embassy to ,rome1 together with the other chiefs of the party1 was exiled by a decree1 which was repealed in the year #acjb4 ,this trial was important in two ways to our poet4 ,it excited his hatred against one party of the ,guelphs1 and then against them all2 and evoked his inclination for the ,ghibellines and his dislike toward the popes1 who gave assistance to the ,guelph party1 and finally made him a strong partisan of the ,ghibellines and their operations against ,florence1 and of the empire against the papacy4 ,on the other hand1 he became1 by his misfortunes1 more devoted to virtue1 his studies1 and his poem1 from the prosecution of which he had been distracted by political cares2 so that the whole history of his exile is nothing else than the history of his scientific life and the execution of the ,divine ,comedy4 ,after having wandered from city to city1 from country to country1 to ,verona1 ,bologna1 ,padua1 ,paris1 and ,england1 and dwelt for a time in ,pisa1 and in #bgg ,lucca at the monastery of ,fonteavelluna and in ,udine1 and after having finished his great works--,the ,banquet1 ,de ,vulgari ,eloquio1 ,de ,monarchia--and the three parts of his great poem1 he rested at last in ,ravenna1 where1 in the year #acba1 he fell sick and died1 in the #efth year of his age1 after having received1 as ,boccacio tells us1 the last sacraments with humility and piety1 and become reconciled to ,god by true repentance for all he had done contrary to his holy will4 ,the poet was buried in the ,franciscan church1 where his ashes still repose4 ,this sketch of his life and fortunes gives us the key to the solution of many peculiarities of the ,divine ,comedy4 ,we can now understand why politics play so conspicuous a role in the great poem1 in spite of its higher philosophico-theological and ethical scope2 and why some should have considered the work as of a purely political character4 ,this sketch of his life also shows the partial truth contained in the assertion of ,wegele1 a ,german commentator on ,dante4 ,this writer says the leading thought of the poet was to work out his own salvation by considering the state of the world at his time2 and in fact ,dante found consolation and strength against earthly misfortune1 found the way of virtue and eternal salvation1 in the execution of his poem4 ,for similar reasons1 others considered the poem as purely didactic1 and this view has a foundation in the confession of the poet himself4 ,but above all1 the life of ,dante explains his ideas about the relations between the papacy and the empire1 expressed not only in his book on monarchy1 but also in the ,divine ,comedy2 and his strange judgments about persons and circumstances1 especially of his own age4 ,it is true ,dante never for a moment disputes the primacy and divine appointment of the popes in the ,church2 and even in hell he describes those pontiffs whom he condemns to it as having certain distinctions4 ,he maintains in the clearest manner the freedom and independence of the divine power in regard to the secular1 and acknowledges a certain superiority in the former1 for he requires that ,caesar should have that reverence for ,peter which the first-born son should have to his father1 so that ,caesar1 illuminated by the light of paternal grace1 might shine more brilliantly over the earth4 ,but as ,dante was possessed with the ,ghibelline idea1 and as he saw in the temporal power of the popes1 who were the head of the ,guelph party1 the greatest obstacle to the success of his principles1 we must not be surprised to find him the enemy of the pope's temporal power1 and1 in his judgment of men and things1 to see him frequently led away by party rage and revenge for injuries received4 ,dante1 however1 was noble and ,christian enough to keep his eyes open even to the faults of his own party1 and he spared not even the heads of the ,ghibellines1 as ,frederic ,,ii4 and other noble and popular persons1 if they seemed to him deserving of blame4 ,nor must we imagine that ,dante really thought all those were in hell whom he places there1 any more than he thought the real pains of hell were such as he described them3 only the vulgar could believe this4 ,those persons were only such as in his eyes were guilty of mortal sins2 and the punishments inflicted were such as his fancy conceived to be adequate to the guilt4 ,but we must bear in mind that his judgments must always be received with caution when there is question of facts1 persons1 and circumstances connected with the opposite party2 and we have the right to examine and correct the criticisms of ,dante by the light of history4 ,dante1 for instance1 goes so far as to put in hell even ,pope ,celestine1 who1 after governing the ,church for six months1 tired of the tiara1 went into solitude2 because1 in the opinion of the poet1 ,celestine renounced the pontificate through timidity and weakness1 and made way #bgh for the hated ,boniface1 ,,viii4 ,the ,church1 on the contrary1 puts ,celestine among the saints on account of his extraordinary virtues4 ,but let us now turn from the dark side of the picture1 and from the weakness of the great man1 to take a view of the fortunes of the ,commedia in the course of six centuries4 ,we have already in the beginning of this essay spoken of the great number of editions1 translations1 and commentaries on the great work1 and in this respect no other work can compare with it except the ,holy ,scripture and the ,following of ,christ4 ,but these proofs of admiration and study of the ,divine ,comedy are not equally divided among the centuries1 and the recent and renowned writer of ,dante's life1 ,count ,caesar ,balbo1 justly remarks that1 at those periods in which an earnest religious and truly patriotic feeling pervaded the fatherland of the poet and ,christian ,europe in general1 those proofs are to be found in greater number than when the knowledge and study of supreme truth had grown less1 love of religion and country had died or gone astray1 and the minds of men sunk in the earthly and the sensible4 ,thus1 in the fifteenth century1 after the invention of the art of printing1 nineteen or twenty editions of ,dante appeared2 in the sixteenth century1 forty2 in the seventeenth1 only three2 in the eighteenth1 thirty-four2 in the nineteenth1 up to #ahci1 over seventy1 and perhaps up to the present year one hundred4 ,this is a striking proof of the increasing love of the spiritual in our century1 in spite of the great influence of materialism4 ,but in this age of surprises and contradictions1 a new glory of which he had never dreamt has been added to ,dante's name4 ,for some time in ,italy that political party which aims at the subversion of the existing order of things1 and the establishment of a single republic or monarchy1 and which finds in the papacy or ,states of the ,church the principal obstacle to the carrying out of its plans1 has made use of commentaries on the ,divine ,comedy1 among other means1 to spread its principles among the people4 ,hence1 two ,italian refugees1 ,ugo ,foscolo and ,rosetti1 during their sojourn in ,england1 undertook the dreary task of explaining ,dante's poem in a purely political point of view1 and with learning and wit they have attempted to prove that the poet was opposed to the temporal power of the pope1 and the head1 or at least a member1 of a secret society4 ,in ,italy1 however1 and in ,germany1 especially by the great critic1 ,schlegel1 this theory has been refuted4 ,it falls to the ground by the simple consideration of the fact1 that if the ,divine ,comedy was as clear in every point as where he speaks against the popes of his time and their earthly possessions1 no commentary on the poem would be necessary4 ,yet1 no sooner was war against ,rome proclaimed at ,paris and ,turin1 than recourse was had to ,dante1 and an attempt made to conjure up his spirit as a partisan in the fight4 ,rosetti already occupies a chair in the ,sardinian capital1 from which he expounds ,dante in the interest of ,italian unity1 and in ,germany the secret societies applaud his course2 so that1 if in #ahfe there be in ,italy a celebration of ,dante's six hundredth birthday1 as in ,germany there is of ,schiller1 we may expect to find the politicians make use of it to further their ends4 ,so then we have lived to see the day when ,dante1 the ,ghibelline and fanatical adherent of the ,german empire2 who was opposed to the temporal power of the pope only because it stood in the way of a universal secular monarchy2 who invoked the wrath of heaven on the ,german ,albert because he delayed coming to subjugate ,italy2 and who wrote the famous letter to the ,emperor ,henry ,,vii41 inviting him to come and chastise his native city2 when that ,dante1 ,i say1 has become the herald and standard-bearer of a party which calls itself the old national ,guelph party1 whose #bgi watch-word is ,death to the ,germans and foreign rulers1 and which1 like the ancient ,guelphs1 is aided by ,french soldiers in its struggle against the ,german emperors4 ,in spite of his ,ghibelline proclivities1 ,dante was filled with lively faith1 and he had so great a veneration for the power of the keys entrusted by ,christ to ,peter and his successors that even in hell he bowed with respect before one of those who had borne them1 and even in his narration of the arrest and ill-treatment of ,boniface ,,viii41 whom he hated and placed in hell1 he breaks out into the following strains3 ,lo6 the flower de luce ,enters ,alagna2 in his ,vicar ,christ8 ,himself a captive1 and his mockery ,acted again4 ,lo6 to his holy lip ,the vinegar and gall once more applied2 ,and he 'twixt living robbers doomed to bleed4 ,lo6 the new ,pilate1 of whose cruelty ,such violence cannot fill the measure up1 ,with no decree to sanction1 pushes on ,into the temple his yet eager sails4 ,o sovereign ,master6 when shall ,i rejoice ,to see the vengeance1 which thy wrath1 well pleased1 ,in secret silence broods8 7,purg4 xx4 #he-ig4 ,carey's translation47 ,so we have lived to see the day when the author of the above lines is represented as the herald of a party which has treated so shamefully the gentle successor of ,boniface ,,viii41 ,pius ,,ix41 whose only fault was to have opened the prison doors to his enemies1 and recalled them from exile with too great indulgence4 ,they have made him drink the chalice of humiliation to the dregs1 and1 leagued with a ,french despot1 they renew in the ,vicar of ,christ all the insults heaped of old on the ,saviour by the ,roman soldiers1 when1 putting on him the mantle of purple and the crown of thorns1 they mocked him1 saying1 ,hail1 ,king of the ,jews6 ,dante was no such ,christ-killer4 ,and what folly is it not to imagine ,dante1 the haughty aristocrat1 whose pride of birth shows itself everywhere in his poem1 a partisan of a faction which1 like that which governed ,florence during the middle ages1 is made up of the rabble and of levelers1 haters of all nobility4 ,in another age1 when it was not the principle of public life to have no principle at all1 such contradictions as those of which we write would have been incomprehensible2 but in our own century1 in which truth wages an unequal conflict with falsehood1 not so much because men do not know how to separate truth from falsehood1 as because men find truth less useful for their purposes than falsehood1 the conduct of the so-called national party in ,italy is easily explained4 ,but if ,dante were to rise up from the grave1 how strongly he would rebuke those who are making such an unwarrantable use of his name6 ,he would quote for them1 perhaps1 as he does in many parts of his great work1 an apt text of the ,holy ,scriptures2 and none1 probably1 would come sooner to his mind than the following3 ,why have the ,gentiles raged1 and the people devised vain things8 ,the kings of the earth stood up1 and the princes met together1 against the ,lord and against his ,christ4 ,let us break their bonds asunder3 and let us cast away their yoke from us4 ,he that dwelleth in heaven shall laugh at them2 and the ,lord shall deride them4 ,then shall he speak to them in his anger1 and trouble them in his rage4 ------ #bhj ,,miscellany4 ,,science4 ,important ,geological ,discovery4--,sir ,charles ,lyell1 in his address to the ,british ,association a few months ago1 mentioned the discovery of a fossil animal much more ancient than any previously supposed to exist4 ,heretofore1 as is well known1 an immense series of rocks below the silurians have been termed azoic1 as exhibiting no remains of animal life2 but this term must now be dismissed4 ,it is well known that a staff of competent geologists1 under the direction of ,sir ,william ,e4 ,logan1 have been engaged for some years in a geological survey of ,canada4 ,the oldest rocks in that country are granite1 described as upper and lower ,laurentian1 their thickness being #dj1jjj feet1 with bands of limestone intervening4 ,in one of these bands in the lower series of rocks1 which are the most ancient1 there were discovered1 in #aheh1 certain flattish rounded masses1 which seemed to be of organic origin4 ,these were examined under the microscope by ,dr4 ,dawson of ,montreal1 who1 from their structure1 declared them to be foraminifera1 similar in character1 but by no means in size1 to the foraminifera living at the present day in vast multitudes at the bottom of the sea2 and to this newly-discovered and wonder-exciting creature he gave the significant name ,eozoon ,canadense1 or the ,dawn-animal of ,canada4 ,the foraminifer of the present day is a microscopic creature2 the eozoon was enormous in comparison1 about twelve inches diameter1 and from four to six inches in thickness1 presenting the general form of a much flattened globe4 ,its growth was by the process technically known as gemmation1 or the continued development of cells upon the surface2 hence1 these cells form successive layers of chambers1 separated by exceedingly thin walls or laminae of calcareous matter4 ,they are now all filled with solid matter1 mineral silicates1 serpentine1 and others2 but sections or slices cut from the mass1 and examined1 show the form of the cells still perfect1 and what is more remarkable1 the very minute tubes 7tubuli7 by which communication was maintained from one to the other throughout the entire animal4 ,mr4 ,sterry ,hunt1 the chemist employed on the ,canadian survey1 is of opinion that the silicates and solid matters were directly deposited in waters in the midst of which the eozoon was still growing1 or had only recently perished1 and that these solid matters penetrated1 enclosed1 and preserved the structure of the animals precisely as carbonate of lime might have done4 ,here1 then1 we have an example of fossilization1 accomplished by reactions going on at the earth's surface1 not by slow metamorphism in deeply-buried sediments4 ,papers on this subject and one by ,sir ,w4 ,logan himself--have been read before the ,geological ,society1 and will shortly be published2 and at a recent meeting of the ,royal ,society1 a highly1 interesting communication in further elucidation of the matter was made by ,dr4 ,carpenter1 who has devoted himself for some years to the study of foraminifera4 ,he confirms ,dr4 ,dawson's general conclusions1 and identifies among living foraminifera the species which has most affinity with this very ancient dawn-animal4 ,he makes out the identification in an ingenious way1 resting his proof on the peculiar structure of the cell-walls1 and of the minute tubuli by which1 as before observed1 communication between the cells was maintained4 ,henceforth1 we shall have to regard the silurian fossils as modern4 ,since this discovery was made public1 it has been ascertained that there are fossil remains of the eozoon in the serpentine rocks of ,great ,britain4 ,the importance of this of course depends on the age of serpentine1 and that is a question which geologists have not yet settled2 but some of them are of opinion that the ,british serpentines are of the same age as the ,laurentian rocks in which the ,canadian eozoon was found4 ,pending their decision of the question1 keen explorers are on the search for other specimens4 ,curious and ,delicate ,experiments4--,dr4 ,bence ,jones recently communicated to the ,royal ,society of ,great ,britain the result of a series of experiments by #bha which he had attempted to ascertain the time required for certain crystallized substances to reach the textures of the body after being taken into the stomach4 ,in other words1 he proposed to solve these problems3 ,if a dose of medicine be given1 what becomes of it1 and does it arrive quickly or slowly at the parts for which it is intended8 ,it is obvious1 that if these questions could be accurately determined1 medical men would have a better knowledge than at present of the action and progress1 so to speak1 of medicine within the body4 ,substances1 when taken into the stomach1 pass into the blood1 which may be supposed to distribute them to all parts of the body4 ,if1 in ordinary circumstances1 no trace of a particular substance can be found in a body1 but is found after doses of the substance have been administered1 it is clear that the doses are the source from which that trace is derived4 ,lithium is a substance sometimes given as medicine4 ,dr4 ,jones gave half a grain of chloride of lithium to a guinea-pig1 on three successive days2 and1 by means of the spectrum analysis1 he found lithium in every tissue of the animal's body1 even in the cartilages1 the cornea1 and the crystalline lens of the eye4 ,in another experiment1 the lithium was found in the eye eight hours after the dose had been administered2 and in another1 four hours after4 ,in another1 the lithium was found after thirty-two minutes1 in the cartilage of the hip1 and in the outer part of the eye4 ,these cases show that chemical substances do find their way very quickly into the tissues of the body2 and a similar result appears from experiments on the human subject4 ,a patient1 dying of diseased heart1 took fifteen grains of nitrate of lithia thirty-six hours before death1 and a similar quantity six hours before death4 ,lithium was afterward found distinctly in the cartilage of one of the joints1 and faintly in the eye and the blood4 ,a like result was obtained with a patient who had taken ten grains of carbonate of lithia five and a half hours before death4 ,and to this ,dr4 ,bence ,jones adds1 that he expects to find lithium in the lens of the eye after operation for cataract4 ,giant ,trees of ,california4--,some time ago1 much regret was expressed that the giant trees 7,wellingtonia7 of ,california had been recklessly cut down4 ,their fall was a loss to the world4 ,but ,sir ,william ,hooker has received a letter in which ,professor ,brewer1 of the ,california ,state ,geological ,survey1 reports that an interesting discovery has been made this year of the existence of the big trees in great abundance on the western flanks of the ,sierra ,nevada4 ,they abound along a belt at #e1jjj-g1jjj feet of altitude for a distance of more than twenty-five miles1 sometimes in groves1 at others scattered through the forest in great numbers4 ,you can have no idea of the grandeur they impart to the scenery1 where at times a hundred trees are in sight at once1 over fifteen feet in diameter1 their rich foliage contrasting so finely with their bright cinnamon-colored bark4 ,the largest ,i saw was #ajf feet in circumference at four feet from the ground1 and #bgf feet high4 ,there seems no danger of the speedy extinction of the species1 as it is now known in quite a number of localities2 and1 contrary to the popular notion1 there are immense numbers of younger trees of all sizes1 from the seedling up to the largest4 ,there has been much nonsense and error published regarding them4 ,photographing the ,interior of the ,great ,pyramid4--,our readers may remember that some time last winter a distinguished ,english savant1 ,professor ,piazzi ,smyth1 went out to ,egypt for the purpose of taking photographic views of the interior chambers of the great pyramid4 ,the impossibility of lighting these vast halls had hitherto proved an insuperable bar to the undertaking2 ordinary methods of illumination seemed1 if we may so speak1 to make no impression upon the thick darkness4 ,but with the discovery of the wonderful powers of the magnesium wire light1 this difficulty was removed4 ,professor ,smyth writes as follows to the ,london ,chemical ,news2 his letter is dated ,east ,tomb1 ,great ,pyramid1 ,february #b;d3 ,we are settled down at last to the measuring2 the chief part of the time hitherto 7about three weeks7 having been occupied in concert with a party of laborers1 furnished by the ,egyptian government1 in clearing away rubbish from important parts of the interior1 #bhb and in cleansing and preparing it for nice observation4 ,the magnesium wire light is something astounding in its power of illuminating difficult places4 ,with any number of wax candles which we have yet taken into either the king's chamber or the grand gallery1 the impression left on the mind is merely seeing the candles and whatever is very close to them1 so that you have small idea whether you are in a palace or a cottage2 but burn a triple strand of magnesium wire1 and in a moment you see the whole apartment and appreciate the grandeur of its size and the beauty of its proportions4 ,this effect1 so admirably complete1 too1 as it is1 and perfect in its way1 probably results from the extraordinary intensity of the light1 apart from its useful photographic property2 for side by side with the magnesium light the wax candle flame looked not much brighter than the red granite of the walls of the room4 444 ,whatever can be reached by hand is chipped1 and hammered1 and fractured to a frightful degree2 and this maltreatment by modern men1 combined with the natural wear and tear of some of the softer stones under so huge a pressure as they are exposed to1 and for so long duration1 has made the measuring of what is excessively tedious and difficult1 and the concluding what was1 in some cases1 rather ambiguous4 ,,art4 ,domestic4--,the ,national ,academy exhibition will probably be open before our readers receive these pages2 and from those cognizant of the internal arrangements of the new building1 and of the preparations making by our resident artists1 we learn that the collection will exceed in the number1 and probably in the merit of the pictures1 any of its predecessors4 ,the make-shift character and unsuitableness of the rooms in which the ,academy has of late years held its annual exhibitions1 have deterred many of its most prominent members from sending in contributions1 which they were satisfied could not be seen to advantage2 and this sin of omission was so evident in the last two or three exhibitions1 that one of the leading objects of the ,academy--the improvement of public taste by the display of the annual productions of our best artists--seemed in danger of being defeated4 ,the new galleries1 it is said1 can exhibit to advantage more than fifteen hundred pictures1 and a capacity so ample1 in conjunction with the prestige attending the opening of the new building1 ought to cover the walls to their fullest extent4 ,the public will not be surprised then to learn that an unusual number of artists have been1 and are still1 busily applying the final touches to their works1 in anticipation of opening day 7to borrow a phrase from the milliners72 and it is to be hoped that the ,academy1 having now ample room and verge enough to satisfy fastidious members1 may soon become the fostering abode of art which its projectors intended to make it4 ,a slight foretaste of what the exhibition is likely to contain was afforded at the recent reception of the ,brooklyn ,art ,association1 where an elaborate and effective work by ,grignoux1 entitled ,among the ,alps1 and several by ,leutze1 ,gifford1 ,huntington1 ,stone1 ,white1 ,hart1 ,beard1 and others1 were on view4 ,a number of pictures destined for the ,academy were also exhibited at the monthly social gatherings of the ,century and ,athenaeum clubs of this city in the beginning of ,april4 ,we propose to give an extended notice of the new building and its art collections in our next number4 ,the inaugural ceremonies of the ,new ,york association for ,the ,advancement of ,science and ,art took place at the ,cooper ,institute on the evening of ,march #cast4 ,one of the objects of the association is the collection and preservation of works of art1 and one of the fifteen sections into which it is divided is devoted to the fine arts4 ,amid the multiplicity of special branches1 which the association proposes to investigate and promote1 from jurisprudence and the prevention of pauperism down to chronology1 the fine arts must necessarily receive but a limited share of attention2 but even this1 if guided by taste and intelligence1 is better than the indifference to aesthetic matters which is too often characteristic of a commercial metropolis2 and the association will find plenty of well-wishers1 and1 we trust1 some who will add substantial aid to their sympathy4 ,among the attractions of the ,central ,park will be a hall of statuary1 now in the course of preparation in the old #bhc arsenal building near the ,fifth ,avenue1 which is not yet open to public inspection4 ,it will contain1 what ought to prove a boon to all students of form1 a collection of casts from ,crawford's principal works4 ,the ,park ,commissioners have1 in this instance1 shown an enlightened enterprise which might be imitated by wealthy private individuals4 ,a few bronze statues of ,american statesmen1 soldiers1 or authors1 placed on appropriate sites in the park1 would add greatly to its attractions4 ,and if it should be thought desirable to illustrate a national era1 what one more worthy than the memorable epoch through which we are now passing1 the termination of which will be coeval with the completion of the park8 ,a new group by ,rogers1 entitled ,the ,home ,guard--,midnight on the ,border1 attracts throngs of gazers before the windows of ,williams and ,stevens's art emporium in ,broadway4 ,the story is naturally and effectively told4 ,a mother and her daughter1 the only inmates1 probably1 of some lonely farm-house1 have been aroused from their slumbers by marauding bushwhackers1 and tremblingly prepare to repel the assailants1 or sell their lives dearly4 ,the elder of the two females1 with her body slightly poised on one foot1 stands in attitude of rapt attention1 while mechanically cocking a revolver1 her sole weapon of defence4 ,the daughter1 less resolute in expression and action1 cowers at her side4 ,as a work of art1 it is perhaps inferior to the ,wounded ,scout or ,one ,shot ,more1 which exhibit the artist's highest efforts in characteristic expression and the management of details2 but it presents a vivid idea of a scene we fear only too frequently enacted along the border1 and will speak to aftertimes of the horrors of civil war4 ,the steady improvement which ,mr4 ,rogers has shown in his groups1 illustrating the episodes of our great struggle1 can be readily seen by an inspection of his collected works1 the earliest of which were scarcely better than clever caricatures2 and it is not surprising to learn that there is a demand for them in ,europe1 whither the artist himself proposes going during the present season4 ,foreign critics may now obtain a correct notion of the outward aspects of the participators in the war1 if they cannot appreciate its motives or character4 ,mr4 ,rogers is at present engaged upon a group entitled ,the ,bushwhacker1 which he will finish before his departure4 ,according to one of the daily newspapers it represents a wife in the act of drawing away from her husband--an old1 grizzled1 and care-worn fighter--his gun1 and at the same time appealing to him to leave his perilous vocation4 ,the ,bushwhacker clasps in his arms his little child1 who is toying with his shaggy beard4 ,if we may judge from the half-relenting expression of his countenance1 we can safely conclude that the wife will not sue in vain1 although he still resistingly grasps his musket with one hand4 ,the pose and execution of the figures are carefully attended to1 and the work is one of the most spirited and successful of ,mr4 ,rogers' productions4 ,among other ,american artists who intend to visit ,europe the present season1 are ,ives1 the sculptor1 and ,haseltine and ,dix1 painters of coast and marine scenery4 ,the last named gentleman four years ago forsook his profession1 in which he had begun to attain some skill1 to accept a place on the military staff of his father1 ,major ,general ,dix1 and now1 with renewed ardor1 resumes his pencil4 ,he will study principally along the ,mediterranean coasts4 ,a very miscellaneous collection of pictures1 containing a vast deal of rubbish1 and a few good specimens of foreign artists1 was disposed of at auction by ,messrs4 ,leeds ,miner1 in the latter part of ,march1 at tolerably fair prices4 ,the following will serve as examples3 ,snow ,scene by ,gignoux1 #ijj 7quite as much as it was worth72 ,lady with ,flowers1 by ,plassan1 #gej2 ,a ,reverie1 by ,chavet1 #hej2 ,evening ,prayer1 by ,e4 ,frere1 #a1jjj2 ,the ,alchemyst1 by ,webb1 #chj4 ,a curious essay of ,col4 ,trumbull in the perilous regions of high art1 entitled ,the ,knighting of ,de ,wilton1 fetched the moderate sum of #aej4 ,as an example of the style of composition and treatment affected by the painters who illustrated ,boydell's ,shakespeare ,gallery1 it was both amusing and instructive4 ,fortunately for his reputation1 the painter of ,bunker ,hill and the ,sortie from ,gibraltar did not often recur to ,walter ,scott for subjects4 ,quite recently there has been on exhibition at ,goupil's gallery a remarkable picture by the ,french artist ,jean ,leon ,gerome1 entitled ,l',almee1 which #bhd may be thus briefly described3 ,scene1 a dilapidated ,egyptian ,khan or coffee shop2 in the foreground and centre of the picture a ,ghawazee1 or dancing girl1 performing a striking but immodest dance1 which consists wholly of movements of the body from the hips1 the legs remaining stationary2 a group of fierce looking and fantastically bedizened ,bashi-,bazouks1 sitting cross-legged on a divan1 spectators of the performance2 and in the background some musicians and an attendant or two4 ,it would be almost impossible to over-praise the marvellous finish of this work1 the skilful blending of the colors1 the subdued yet appropriate tone1 or the dramatic force of the composition4 ,if these qualities were all that are demanded in a work of art1 we might stop here2 but when the subject is repulsive1 they prove a source of aggravation rather than of pleasure1 and few1 we think1 will deny that the scene depicted by ,gerome1 though illustrating a peculiar and perhaps important phase of ,oriental life1 is one of too gross a character to subserve the purposes of true art4 ,a vast deal of sentiment has been wasted upon the moral significance of pictures of this type4 ,the less said upon that score1 the better4 ,we do not instruct children to abstain from vice by putting immoral books into their hands1 trusting that some innate sense of propriety may prompt them thereby to see virtue in a clearer light4 ,if disposed to criticise the technical part of this work1 we should say that the finish is too elaborate4 ,everything1 to the smallest minutiae1 is polished almost to the degree of hardness1 and one instinctively longs for an occasional roughness or evidence of the brush--something of that manual movement which indicates the passing thought of the painter4 ,where all is of so regular and level a merit1 the contrasts which should give strength and spirit to a painting are sure to be wanting4 ,in this respect ,gerome compares unfavorably with ,meissonier4 ,both finish with scrupulous exactness2 but the latter never makes finish paramount to the proper expression of his subject4 ,hence the life and action1 so to speak1 of his most nicely elaborated figures4 ,in the ,almee1 on the other hand1 the group of soldiers1 though wearing an admirable expression of stoical sensuality1 are too rigid and immovable1 too much like well painted copies of the lay figures which served as models for them4 ,so1 too1 of many of the details1 excepting always the draperies1 which could not be improved4 ,a little more attention to the ars celare artem would render ,gerome almost unapproachable in his peculiar style4 ,before leaving ,goupil's1 we cannot avoid drawing attention to some studies of trees and foliage1 by ,richards1 of ,philadelphia1 now exhibited there4 ,one of them1 representing the interior of a wood in early autumn1 is the best delineation of that phase of nature we have recently seen4 ,generally1 the pictures of this artist are wanting in relief2 his foliage lies flat upon the canvas2 the trunks of his trees have no rounded outline1 nor can the eye penetrate through the recesses of the wood2 there is1 in fact1 no atmosphere to speak of4 ,these defects have been happily overcome in the present instance1 and1 with no lack of ,pre-,raphaelite power in delineating the outward aspect of nature1 there is a pervading tone of melancholy appropriate to the scene and the season4 ,less remarkable than this1 but of considerable merit1 is a mountain landscape1 in which the season depicted is also the autumn4 ,foreign4--,abroad there seems to be a perfect fever to buy and sell works of art4 ,everybody1 says the ,london ,athenaeum1 who has a collection1 seems determined to dispose of it1 and accident has thrown a large number of works on the art-market2 but as those who have taste and means seem just as eager to buy as the collectors are to sell1 the activity of the art-marts is but a natural consequence of the law of supply and demand1 the natural limit having been extended in several instances by the accidental re-appearance of many works twice or three times during the season4 ,this has been the case especially with respect to the pictures of ,delacroix4 ,it is always dangerous to assume the prophetic character2 but it appears very improbable that1 on the average1 works of art will fetch higher sums than they have during the present season4'' ,in ,paris the ,pourtales sale continues1 and is daily crowded by eager virtuosi1 whose competition runs up prices to an extent bordering on the extravagant4 ,the proceeds of the third portion of the sale1 which occupied three days1 and included the engraved #bhe gems1 antique jewelry and glass1 were #de1gdc francs2 those of the fourth section1 the coins and medals1 #ah1dcj francs2 and of the fifth1 which comprised the sculpture in ivory and wood1 the renaissance bronzes1 arms1 faiences1 glass1 and some miscellaneous articles1 #eje1fdj francs4 ,the following are some of the prices obtained for the sculptures in ivory1 of which there was a magnificent collection of #gj pieces3 ,a statuette of ,hercules resting on his club1 one foot on the head of the ,hydra1 purchased for ,england1 #c1bhj4--,venus with ,cupid at her side1 left by ,fiamingo as security in the house at ,leghorn wherein he died1 #a1ahj4--;,a renaissance bronze bust of ,charles ,,ix41 of ,france1 life size1 artist unknown1 formerly the property of the ,duc de ,berri1 brought #i1jjj4--;,henry ,,ii4 ware1 the well-known biberon1 with cover bearing the arms of ,france1 surmounted by a coronet1 and bearing the arms and initials of ,diane de ,poitiers1 uninjured1 just over ten inches in height1 #e1ejj4--,the celebrated ,marie ,stuart cup1 presented to her when affianced to the ,dauphin1 was disposed of for #e1dbj4 ,it is but a few inches in height1 but is covered1 inside and out1 with designs illustrating classical mythology and allegory1 and with profuse ornamentation1 all in exquisite taste and of perfect workmanship4 ,it was executed by ,jean ,court dit ,vigier1 about #aeef4--;,a round basin1 in grisaille1 by ,pierre ,raymond 7#aeeh71 representing the history of ,adam and ,eve1 in enamel on a black ground1 brought #d1jdj2 a large oval salver1 by ,jean ,courtois1 enamelled in the richest manner1 representing the passage of the ,red ,sea1 with borders decorated with figures1 medallions1 etc41 #f1jjj4 ,these prices1 it may be observed1 were considered by competent judges to be rather low6 ,the vases and goblets of rock crystal were also well contested4 ,a magnificent head1 of ,apollo1 in marble1 formerly in the ,justiniani gallery1 was bought1 it is said1 for the ,british ,museum1 for #i1jjj2 and the celebrated ,pallas vase1 the most perfect specimen of ,greek work in porphyry extant1 fetched #c1djj4 ,the new chapel of the ,palais de l',elysee has just been completed1 and is said to be a perfect gem of artistic decoration4 ,the style is ,byzantine1 the mosaic work of the altar being executed in marbles of the rarest kinds2 but the pillars and vaulted roof are in stucco1 imitating porphyry1 vert antique1 and gold1 in such perfection that it is difficult to believe that the mines of ,sweden and ,russia had not been ransacked to produce the rich coloring and massive effect which strikes the eye of the visitor4 ,the twelve patron saints of ,france are represented--including ,charlemagne and ,st4 ,louis4 ,the ,aguado pictures were announced for sale1 in ,paris1 on the #ajth of ,april4 ,they include the famous ,death of ,sainte ,claire1 by ,murillo1 brought from the convent of ,saint ,francois d',asrise in ,seville1 by ,mathieu ,fabirer1 ,commissary-,general of ,napoleon's army--a very large canvas1 including no less than twenty-eight figures4 ,the collection of ancient and modern pictures and water-color drawings formed by ,mr4 ,thomas ,blackburn1 of ,liverpool1 was recently disposed of at auction in ,london for ,l#h1gfc4 ,some of the water-color drawings by ,copley ,fielding1 ,louis ,haghe1 ,john ,gilbert1 ,prout1 ,birket ,foster1 and others1 realized very large sums4 ,theed's colossal statue of the ,prince ,consort1 which has been cast in bronze at ,nuremberg1 has recently arrived in ,london4 ,the model of this figure was originally executed by command of her majesty1 and sent as a present to ,coburg1 where it at present remains1 a bronze cast having been taken from it4 ,the town of ,sydney being desirous of erecting a statue of the prince1 this second cast was executed by command of the ,duke of ,newcastle1 on the ground that of all the numerous likenesses now extant this was the best4 ,the figure is ten feet high1 and represents the prince in a commanding attitude1 dressed in the robes of the garter4 ,the alterations in progress in the ,wolsey ,chapel1 at ,windsor ,castle1 have brought to light three full-length portraits of knights of the garter1 attired in the military costume of the order1 capped with helmets1 and wearing cloaks with the insignia4 ,these were hidden by stone slabs1 and as there are upwards of twenty similar slabs1 it is probable that other similar paintings may be discovered4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,t4 ,doo's large line-engraving from ,sebastiano del ,piombo's ,resurrection of ,lazarus1 in the ,national ,gallery1 by far the most important of its kind produced for many years past1 is #bhf now finished4 ,the figure of ,christ is #ac inches high1 that of ,lazarus is still larger1 and1 being naked1 invoked the utmost care and knowledge of the engraver to deal with its superbly drawn forms and perfect surface4 ,the execution1 if not the whole design1 of this figure has been1 on good grounds1 attributed to ,michael ,angelo4 ,mr4 ,doo has rendered these with great success1 even to giving the somewhat hard and positive tone of the original2 and with one or two exceptions1 the drawing is described as admirable throughout4 ,in view of the few really good line-engravings now produced1 and of the prospect of the art perhaps becoming extinct within the present century1 the production of such a work possesses a genuine though somewhat melancholy interest4 ,kaulbach1 it is said1 will finish his paintings in the ,berlin ,museum this spring4 ,the price he has received for them is given at #ahg1jjj1 with an addition of #ah1gjj for the cost of materials4 ,one of the smaller pictures for the series represents ,germany absorbed in reading ,humboldt's ,cosmos1 and letting the imperial crown fall off her head in the abstraction caused by her studies4 ,underneath1 the various small states that compose the confederation are poking out their heads as far as possible to escape from under a hat which is coming down upon them--an illusion to the popular phrase of uniting the whole of ,germany under one hat4 ,the ,pontifical ,academy of ,roman ,archaeology has decreed that the collossal statue of ,hercules in gilt bronze1 recently discovered among the ruins of ,pompey's theatre1 and sent to the ,vatican1 shall bear the name of ,the ,hercules ,mastai1 in honor of ,pius ,,ix4 ------ ,,new ,,publications4 ,,the ,,boyne ,,water3 ,a ,,tale4 ,by ,john ,banim4 ,post #hvo41 pp4 #egh1 ,boston3 ,patrick ,donahoe4 ,for sale in ,new ,york by ,p4 ,o',shea1 ,bleecker street4 ,this story is reprinted from ,the ,boston ,pilot1 of whose columns it has formed for some months past a principal attraction4 ,it is one of the earliest of ,banim's works1 and the favorable judgment which it received on its first appearance has now a success of forty years to confirm it4 ,it is a novel of the historical school which ,scott made so popular in the last generation1 the incidents upon which it is founded belonging to the revolution of #afhh1 which established ,william of ,orange on the throne of ,great ,britain4 ,it gives a graphic picture of the siege and capitulation of ,limerick1 and brings upon the scene ,james and ,william1 ,sarsfield1 ,tyrconnel1 ,ginkell1 and other familiar characters of that stirring epoch4 ,banim delights1 also1 in descriptions of natural scenery4 ,in these he is spirited1 and1 we believe1 accurate4 ,he spared no pains to make himself thoroughly familiar with the localities of which he wrote4 ,while he was engaged upon his novels he used to journey1 in company with his brother1 through the theatre of action1 and study each historical spot with the care of an antiquary4 ,the perfect acquaintance thus obtained with the places of which he wrote had1 of course1 no little effect upon the vivacity of his narrative4 ,his pictures of ,irish life are vivid and truthful1 though he is happier in narrative or description than in dialogue4 ,his heroes and heroines are too much addicted to stilted conversation and to sentimental remarks1 which look very well in print1 but are never heard in ordinary life4 ,the minor characters1 especially those of the peasant class1 such as ,rory na ,choppell1 the whisperer1 or horse-tamer1 have the gift of speech in a much more natural and agreeable manner4 ,the subordinate parts of the book1 in fact1 are its best parts4 ,the ,gaelic chieftain1 reduced to poverty by the ,english conquerors1 but retaining all his pride of spirit and #bhg authority over his people1 in a sequestered hut among the mountains2 the blind harper2 the old priest2 the mad woman of the cavern2 the fanatical soldier of ,cromwell2 and the lawless ,rapparees1 are depicted with great skill4 ,the heroes of the story--for there are two--are the one a ,catholic1 the other a ,protestant4 ,they fight on opposite sides1 and in the delineation of their characters1 and the division of fine sentiments between them1 ,banim holds an even hand4 ,he wrote for an ,english public1 and fearful of offending by too warm an avowal of his religious convictions1 he seems to us to have gone occasionally to the opposite extreme1 and penned several passages which ,catholics cannot read without displeasure4 ,but1 despite these faults1 which are neither very many nor very serious1 ,the ,boyne ,water ranks among the best of ,irish novels1 and ,banim as a worthy companion of ,carleton and ,gerald ,griffin4 ,,sermons ,,on ,,moral ,,subjects4 ,by his ,eminence ,cardinal ,wiseman4 #hvo41 pp4#dcd4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,j4 ,sadlier ,co4 ,the discourses contained in this volume form an appropriate supplement to the ,sermons on our ,lord and on ,his ,blessed ,mother which we noticed last month4 ,they were delivered under the same circumstances as the previous collection--that is1 for the most part1 at the ,english ,college in ,rome--and ought not1 therefore1 to be considered as a regular course4 ,but if they do not pretend to be a complete series of moral instructions1 they will1 nevertheless1 be found to touch upon nearly all the fashionable sins1 and to afford ample food for reflection to all classes of persons4 ,they have the same characteristics of thought and expression which mark the cardinal's other writings--the same kind tone of remonstrance with sinners and encouragement for the penitent1 the same earnest love of ,god and man1 and the same1 rich1 sometimes exuberant1 diction4 ,cardinal ,wiseman ranged through a great variety of subjects1 and touched nothing that he did not adorn1 but his style never varied much2 from one of his books you can easily judge of all4 ,there is little difference between the style of the ,sermons on ,moral ,subjects and that1 for instance1 of ,fabiola1 or the ,lectures on ,science and ,revealed ,religion4 ,it is an ornate mode of writing which accommodates itself to a diversity of subjects1 and never1 in the cardinal's pages1 seems out of place4 ,the sermons now before us are eminently practical2 and1 although a large proportion of them are addressed directly to irreligious persons1 and treat of such subjects as ,the ,love of the ,world1 ,scandal1 ,detraction1 ,unworthy ,communion1 ,unprepared ,death1 and the ,hatefulness of ,sin1 they display1 in a very marked manner1 that affectionateness to which we have elsewhere alluded as a characteristic of the cardinal's discourses4 ,he seems to love rather to expostulate than to upbraid2 rather to remind us of the happiness we have lost by sin than to threaten us with the punishment of impenitence2 and even when his subject calls for stern language1 the kindly spirit continually breaks out4 ,the last sermon in the volume is entitled ,conclusion of a ,course4 ,it contains the following passage1 explanatory of the purpose of the whole collection3 ,these instructions1 my dear brethren1 have obviously one tendency2 they are all directed to expound what the law of ,god commands us to believe and to practice1 in order to reach those rewards which he has prepared for his faithful servants4 ,they are directed to suggest such motives as may induce us to fulfil these commands2 to encourage those who are already on the path to persevere in it2 to bring back those who have wandered2 to impart strength to the weak and resolution to the wavering and undecided4 ,,at ,,anchor2 ,a ,,story ,,of ,,our ,,civil ,,war4 ,by an ,american4 #abmo41 pp4 #caa4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,company4 ,the writer of this novel is evidently a ,catholic1 but the story is political1 not religious4 ,it purports to be the autobiography of a loyal ,massachusetts woman4 ,she marries a ,carolinian whom she does not love1 and accompanies him to his plantation-home4 ,at the breaking out of the war1 the husband accepts a commission in the ,confederate service4 ,he is reported killed1 and the wife1 having learned during his absence to love him1 devotes herself to the sick and wounded in ,richmond4 ,after a time she makes her way back to ,massachusetts1 and there1 at the end of the book1 the missing lord turns up2 not only safe and sound1 but converted from the political errors of his ways1 and eager to fight under the ,federal #bhh flag4 ,he enlists as a private1 and has risen to be sergeant when a wound disables him for further service1 and husband and wife are at last united and happy in each other4 ,this plot1 if it is a plot1 is interwoven--we cannot say complicated--with several interesting incidents4 ,the heroine has another lover1 toward whom she leans a willing ear1 both in maiden life and during her supposed widowhood2 and he1 on his part1 has another mistress1 who turns out to be our heroine's half-sister4 ,of course he marries this lady2 and so both couples1 after much tossing about1 are peacefully at anchor4 ,this is something far better than the common sort of sensational war-stories4 ,it contains neither a guerrilla nor a spy2 narrates no thrilling deed of blood or hair's-breadth escape2 describes no battle2 and admits that both parties embrace many noble and honorable men4 ,the writer 7it needs little penetration to see that she is a woman7 expresses herself fearlessly1 but without undue bitterness1 on political matters1 and scatters over her pages many excellent reflections4 ,,the ,,mystical ,,rose2 ,,or1 ,,mary ,,of ,,nazareth1 ,,the ,,lily ,,of ,,the ,,house ,,of ,,david4 ,by ,marie ,josephine4 #abmo41 pp4 viii41 #bij4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,company4 ,the authoress of this work is a ,vermont lady of some literary experience4 ,her book gives ample evidence of a cultivated and well-stored mind4 ,it is an attempt to present1 in irregular verse1 a legendary narrative of the life of the ,blessed ,virgin2 and if the poetry is not all of the first order1 it is at least devotional1 or perhaps we should1 say consistent with devotional ideas--for the writer deals more with the poetical than the religious aspect of her subject4 ,she has drawn the rough materials for her poem from a great variety of sources1 to which she gives reference in copious notes4 ,she claims to have appropriated every coveted relic or tradition handed down by historian1 ,christian or pagan1 from the archives of ,latin ,church1 ,hebrew1 or ,greek1 coming within scope of her original plan4 ,she has certainly succeeded in bringing together a great number of beautiful legends1 which she handles in the most affectionate manner4 ,,the ,,correlation ,,and ,,conservation ,,of ,,forces3 ,a series of ,expositions1 by ,prof4 ,grove1 ,prof4 ,helmholtz1 ,dr4 ,mayer1 ,dr4 ,faraday1 ,prof4 ,liebig1 and ,dr4 ,carpenter4 ,with an ,introduction and brief ,biographical ,notices of the ,chief ,promoters of the ,new ,views4 ,by ,edward ,l4 ,youmans1 ,m4 ,d4 #abmo41 pp4 xlii41 #dch4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,company4 ,this excellent work reached us too late for an extended notice in the present number4 ,we shall speak of it at greater length next month4 ,in the meantime we warmly recommend our readers to buy it4 ,we have received the ,april number of ,the ,new ,path3 a ,monthly ,art ,journal1 the publication of which1 after an interval of several months1 is resumed under the auspices of ,james ,miller1 #ebb ,broadway4 ,this little periodical represents radical and peculiar views or art1 ,being allied in opinions to the ,pre-,raphaelite school2 but its independent and out-spoken1 and often valuable1 criticisms must have struck the limited circle of readers to whom it formerly appealed4 ,we hope under its new management it will exercise a healthful influence on ,american art4 ,the present number contains articles on ,miss ,hosmer's ,statue of ,zenobia1 ,our ,furniture1 notices of recent exhibitions1 etc41 etc4 ,murphy ,co41 ,baltimore1 send us ,the ,mysteries of the ,living ,rosary1 printed in sheets1 and accompanied by appropriate instructions1 prayers1 and meditations4 ---------------- #bhi ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 ,,vol4 ,i41 ,,no4 #c4 ,,june1 #ahfe4 ,,the ,,workings ,,of ,,the ,,holy ,,spirit ,,in ,,the ,,church ,,of ,,england4 ,a ,,letter ,,to ,,the ,,rev4 ,e4 ,b4 ,,pusey1 ,d4,d4 ,,by ,,henry ,,edward ,,manning1 ,d4,d4 ,,my ,,dear ,,friend1--,i do not know why twelve years of silence should forbid my calling you still by the name we used both to give and to accept of old4 ,aristotle says indeed-- ,greek text but he did not know the basis and the affections of a ,christian friendship such as that to which--though ,i acknowledge in myself no claim to it--you were so kind as to admit me4 ,silence and suspension of communications cannot prevail against the kindliness and confidence which springs from such years and such events as once united us4 ,contentions and variances might indeed more seriously try and strain such a friendship4 ,but1 though we have been both parted and opposed1 there has been between us neither variance nor contention4 ,we have both been in the field indeed where a warfare has been waging1 but1 happily1 we have not met in contest4 ,sometimes we have been very near to each other1 and have even felt the opposition of each other's will and hand2 but ,i believe on neither side has there ever been a word or an act which has left a needless wound4 ,that ,i should have grieved and displeased you is inevitable4 ,the simple fact of my submitting to the ,catholic ,church must have done so1 much more the duties which bind me as a pastor4 ,if1 in the discharge of that office1 ,i have given you or any one either pain or wound by personal faults in the manner of its discharge1 ,i should be open to just censure4 ,if the displeasure arise only from the substance of my duties1 necessity is laid upon me1 and you would be the last to blame me4 ,you will perhaps be surprised at my beginning thus to write to you4 ,i will at once tell you why ,i do so4 ,yesterday ,i saw1 for the first time1 your pamphlet on the legal force of the ,judgment of the ,privy ,council1 and ,i found my name often in its pages4 ,i have nothing to complain of in the way you use it4 ,and ,i trust that in this reply you will feel that ,i have not forgotten your example4 ,but your mention of me1 and of old days1 kindled in me a strong desire to pour out many things which have been for years rising in my mind4 ,i have long wished for the occasion to do so1 but ,i #bij have always felt that it is more fitting to take than to make such an occasion3 and as your kindness has made it1 ,i will take it4 ,but before ,i enter upon the subject of this letter ,i wish to say a few words of yourself1 and of some others whom ,i am wont to class with you4 ,among the many challenges to controversy and public disputation which it has been my fortune to receive1 and1 ,i may add1 my happiness to refuse1 in the last twelve or thirteen years1 one was sent me last autumn at ,bath4 ,it was the only one to which1 for a moment1 ,i was tempted to write a reply4 ,the challenger paid me compliments on my honesty in leaving the ,church of ,england1 denouncing those who1 holding my principles1 still eat its bread4 ,i was almost induced to write a few words to say that my old friends and ,i are parted because we hold principles which are irreconcileable2 that ,i once held what they hold now1 and was then united with them2 that they have never held what ,i hold now1 and therefore we are separated2 that they are as honest in the ,church of ,england now as ,i was once2 and that our separation was my own act in abandoning as untenable the ,anglican ,church and its rule of faith1 ,scripture and antiquity1 which you and they hold still1 and in submitting to the voice of the ,catholic and ,roman ,church at this hour1 which ,i believe to be the sole authoritative interpreter of ,scripture and of antiquity4 ,this principle no friend known to me in the ,church of ,england has ever accepted4 ,in all these years1 both in ,england and in foreign countries1 and on occasions both private and public1 and with persons of every condition1 ,i have borne this witness for you and for others4 ,i felt no little indignation at what seemed to me the insincerity of my correspondent1 but on reflection ,i felt that silence was the best answer4 ,i will now turn to your pamphlet1 and to the subject of this letter4 ,you speak at the outset of the jubilee of triumph among half-believers on the occasion of the late ,judgment of the ,crown in ,council2 and you add1 ,a class of believers joined in the triumph4 ,and while ,i know that a very earnest body of ,roman ,catholics rejoice in all the workings of ,god the ,holy ,ghost in the ,church of ,england 7whatever they think of her71 and are saddened in what weakens her who is1 in ,god's hands1 the great bulwark against infidelity in this land1 others seemed to be in an ecstasy of triumph at this victory of ,satan4 ,footnote #ee ,now1 ,i will not ask where you intended to class me4 ,but as an anonymous critic of a pamphlet lately published by me accused me of rejoicing in your troubles1 and another more recently--with a want of candor visible in every line of the attack-- accused me of being merry over these miseries of the ,church of ,england1 ,i think the time is made for me to declare how ,i regard the ,church of ,england1 and events like these2 and ,i know no one to whom ,i would rather address what ,i ,have to say than to yourself4 ,footnote #ee3 ,legal ,force of the ,judgment of the ,privy ,council1 by the ,rev4 ,e4 ,b4 ,pusey1 ,d4,d41 pp4 #c1 #d4 ,i will1 then1 say at once3 #a4 ,that ,i rejoice with all my heart in all the workings of the ,holy ,ghost in the ,church of ,england4 #b4 ,that ,i lament whensoever what remains of truth in it gives way before unbelief4 #c4 ,that ,i rejoice whensoever what is imperfect in it is unfolded into a more perfect truth4 #d4 ,but that ,i cannot regard the ,church of ,england as the great bulwark against infidelity in this land1 for reasons which ,i will give in their place4 #a4 ,first1 then1 ,i will say what ,i believe of the ,church of ,england1 and why ,i rejoice in every working of the ,holy ,spirit in it4 ,and ,i do this the more gladly because ,i have been sometimes grieved at hearing1 and once at even seeing in a handwriting which ,i reverence with affection1 the #bia statement that ,catholics--or at least the worst of ,catholics called converts--deny the validity of ,anglican baptism1 regard our own past spiritual life as a mockery1 look upon our departed parents as heathen1 and deny the operations of the ,holy ,spirit in those who are out of the ,church4 ,i do not believe that those who say such things have ever read the ,condemned ,propositions1 or are aware that a ,catholic who so spoke would come under the weight of at least two pontifical censures1 and the decrees of at least two general councils4 ,i need not1 however1 do more than remind you that1 according to the faith and theology of the ,catholic ,church1 the operations of the ,holy ,spirit of ,god have been from the beginning of the world co-extensive with the whole human race4 ,footnote #ef ,footnote #ef3 ,suarez1 ,de ,divina ,gratia4 ,pars ,secunda1 lib4 iv41 c4 viii4 xi4 xii4 ,ripalda1 ,de ,ente ,supenaturali1 lib4 i41 disp4 xx41 s4 xii4 and s4 xxii4 ,viva1 ,cursus ,theol41 pars iii41 disp4 i41 quaest4 v4 iii4 ,believing1 then1 in the operations of the ,holy ,spirit1 even among the nations of the world who have neither the revelation of the faith nor the sacraments1 how much more must we believe his presence and grace in those who are regenerate by water and the ,holy ,ghost8 ,it would be impertinent for me to say to you--whose name first became celebrated for a tract on baptism1 which1 notwithstanding certain imperfections inseparable from a work written when and where you wrote it1 is in substance deep1 true1 and elevating--that baptism1 if rightly administered with the due form and matter1 is always 'valid by whatsoever hand it may be given4 ,footnote #eg ,footnote #eg3 ,concil4 ,florent4 ,decretum ,eugenii ,,iv4 ,mansi ,concil41 tom1 xviii4 #edg4 ,in casu autem necessitatis non solum sacerdos vel diaconus sed etiam laicus vel mulier1 immo etiam paganus et haereticus baptizare potest1 dummodo formam servet ,ecclesiae1 et facere intendat quod facit ,ecclesia4 ,the ,council of ,trent repeats this under anathema1 ,sess4 vii41 can4 iv43 ,si quis dixerit ,baptismum qui etiam datur ab haereticis in ,nomine ,patris1 et ,filii1 et ,spiritus ,sancti1 cum intentione esse verum ,baptismum1 anathema sit4 ,see also ,bellarm4 ,controversial1 ,de ,baptismo1 lib4 i41 c4 ,let me1 then1 say at once #a4 ,that in denying the ,church of ,england to be the ,catholic ,church1 or any part of it1 or in any divine and true sense a church at all1 and in denying the validity of its absolutions and its orders1 no ,catholic ever denies the workings of the ,spirit of ,god or the operations of grace in it4 #b4 ,that in affirming the workings of grace in the ,church of ,england1 no ,catholic ever thereby affirms that it possesses the character of a church4 ,they who most inflexibly deny to it the character of a church affirm most explicitly the presence and the operations of grace among its people1 and that for the following reasons3 ,in the judgment of the ,catholic ,church1 a baptized people is no longer in the state of nature1 but is admitted to a state of supernatural grace4 ,and though ,i believe the number of those who have never been baptized to be very great in ,england1 and to be increasing every year1 nevertheless ,i believe the ,english people1 as a mass1 to be a ,baptized people4 ,i say the number of the unbaptized is great1 because there are many causes which contribute to produce this result4 ,first1 the imperfect1 and therefore invalid1 administration of baptism through the carelessness of the administrators4 ,you1 perhaps1 think that this is exaggerated1 through an erroneous belief of ,catholics as to the extent of such carelessness among the ,protestant ministers1 both in and out of the ,church of ,england4 ,it is1 however1 undeniable1 as ,i know from the evidence of eye-witnesses1 that such carelessness has1 in times past1 been great and frequent4 ,this ,i consider the least1 but a sufficient1 reason for believing that many have never been baptized4 ,add to this1 negligence caused by the formal disbelief of baptismal regeneration in a large number of ,protestant ministers4 ,there are1 however1 two other reasons far more direct4 ,the one is the studied rejection1 as a point of religious profession1 of the practice of infant baptism4 ,many therefore grow up without baptism who in adult life1 for various causes1 never seek it4 #bib ,the other1 the sinful unbelief and neglect of parents in every class of the ,english people1 who often leave whole families of children to grow up without baptism4 ,of the fact that many have never been baptized1 ,i1 or any ,catholic priest actively employed in ,england1 can bear witness4 ,there are few among us who have not had to baptize grown people of every condition1 poor and rich2 and1 of children1 often whole families together4 ,there has indeed been1 in the last thirty years1 a revival of care in the administration of baptism on the part of the ,anglican ministers1 and of attention on the part of parents in bringing their children to be baptized2 but this reaction is by no means proportionate to the neglect1 which on the other side has been extending4 ,my fear is that1 after all1 the number of persons unbaptized in ,england is greater at this moment than at any previous time4 ,still the ,english people as a body are baptized1 and therefore elevated to the order of supernatural grace4 ,every infant1 and also every adult baptized1 having the necessary dispositions1 is thereby placed in a state of justification2 and1 if they die without committing any mortal sin1 would certainly be saved4 ,they are also1 in the sight of the ,church1 ,catholics4 ,st4 ,augustine says1 ,ecclesia etiam inter eos qui foris sunt per baptismum generat suos4 ,a mortal sin of any kind1 including prava voluntatis electio1 the perverse election of the will1 by which in riper years such persons chose for themselves1 notwithstanding sufficient light1 heresy instead of the true faith1 and schism instead of the unity of the ,church1 would indeed deprive them of their state of grace4 ,but before such act of self-privation all such people are regarded by the ,catholic ,church as in the way of eternal life4 ,with perfect confidence of faith1 we extend the shelter of this truth over the millions of infants and young children who every year pass to their ,heavenly ,father4 ,we extend it also in hope to many more who grow up in their baptismal grace4 ,catholic missionaries in this country have often assured me of a fact1 attested also by my own experience1 that they have received into the ,church persons grown to adult life1 in whom their baptismal grace was still preserved4 ,now how can we then be supposed to regard such persons as no better than heathens8 ,to ascribe the good lives of such persons to the power of nature would be ,pelagianism4 ,to deny their goodness1 would be ,jansenism4 ,and1 with such a consciousness1 how could any one regard his past spiritual life in the ,church of ,england as a mockery8 ,i have no deeper conviction than that the grace of the ,holy ,spirit was with me from my earliest consciousness4 ,though at the time1 perhaps1 ,i knew it not as ,i know it now1 yet ,i can clearly perceive the order and chain of grace by which ,god mercifully led me onward from childhood to the age of twenty years4 ,from that time the interior workings of his light and grace1 which continued through all my life1 till the hour in which that light and grace had its perfect work1 to which all its operations had been converging1 in submission to the fulness of truth of the ,spirit of the ,church of ,god1 is a reality as profoundly certain1 intimate1 and sensible to me now as that ,i live4 ,never have ,i by the lightest word breathed a doubt of this fact in the divine order of grace4 ,never have ,i allowed any one who has come to me for guidance or instruction to harbor a doubt of the past workings of grace in them4 ,it would be not only a sin of ingratitude1 but a sin against truth4 ,the working of the ,holy ,spirit in individual souls is1 as ,i have said1 as old as the fall of man1 and as wide as the human race4 ,it is not we who ever breathe or harbor a doubt of this4 ,it is rather they who accuse us of it4 ,because1 to believe such an error possible in others shows how little consciousness there must be of the true doctrine of grace in themselves4 ,and such1 ,i am forced #bic to add1 is my belief1 because ,i know by experience how inadequately ,i understood the doctrine of grace until ,i learned it of the ,catholic ,church4 ,and ,i trace the same inadequate conception of the workings of grace in almost every ,anglican writer ,i know1 not excepting even those who are nearest to the truth4 ,but1 further1 our theologians teach1 not only that the state of baptismal innocence exists1 and may be preserved out of the ,church1 but that they who in good faith are out of it1 if they shall correspond with the grace they have already received1 will receive an increase or augmentation of grace4 ,footnote #eh ,i do not for a moment doubt that there are to be found among the ,english people individuals who practise in a high degree the four cardinal virtues1 and in no small degree1 though with the limits and blemishes inseparable from their state1 the three theological virtues of faith1 ,footnote #ei hope1 and charity1 infused into them in their baptism4 ,i do not think1 my dear friend1 in all that ,i have said or written in the last fourteen years1 that you can find a word implying so much as a doubt of the workings of the ,holy ,spirit among all the baptized who are separated from the ,catholic ,church4 ,footnote #eh3 ,suarez1 ,de ,div4 ,gratia1 lib4 iv41 c4 xi4 ,ripalda1 ,de ,ente ,supernaturali1 lib4 i41 disp4 xx41 sect4 xii4 et seq4 ,s4 ,alphonsi ,theol4 ,moral41 lib4 i41 tract1 #a4 #e1 #f4 ,footnote #ei3 ,de ,lugo1 ,de ,virtute divinae ,fidei1 disp4 xvii41 sect4 iv1 v4 ,viva1 ,cursus ,theol41 p4 iv41 disp4 iv41 quaest4 iii4 #g4 ,i will go further still4 ,the doctrine1 ,extra ecclesiam nulla salus is to be interpreted both by dogmatic and by moral theology4 ,as a dogma1 theologians teach that many belong to the ,church who are out of its visible unity2 ,footnote #fj as a moral truth1 that to be out of the ,church is no personal sin1 except to those who sin in being out of it4 ,that is1 they will be lost1 not because they are geographically out of it1 but because they are culpably out of it4 ,and they who are culpably out of it are those who know--or might1 and therefore ought to1 know--that it is their duty to submit to it4 ,the ,church teaches that men may be inculpably out of its pale4 ,now they are inculpably out of it who are and have always been either physically or morally unable to see their obligation to submit to it4 ,and they only are culpably out of it who are both physically and morally able to know that it is ,god's will they should submit to the ,church2 and either knowing it will not obey that knowledge1 or1 not knowing it1 are culpable for that ignorance4 ,i will say then at once1 that we apply this benign law of our ,divine ,master as far as possible to the ,english people4 ,first1 it is applicable in the letter to the whole multitude of those baptized persons who are under the age of reason4 ,secondly1 to all who are in good faith1 of whatsoever age they be3 such as a great many of the poor and unlettered1 to whom it is often physically1 and very often morally1 impossible to judge which is the true revelation or ,church of ,god4 ,i say physically1 because in these three hundred years the ,catholic ,church has been so swept off the face of ,england that nine or ten generations of men have lived and died without the faith being so much as proposed to them1 or the ,church ever visible to them2 and ,i say morally1 because the great majority of the poor1 from lifelong prejudice1 are often incapable of judging in a question so far removed from the primary truths of conscience and ,christianity4 ,of such simple persons it may be said that1 infantibus aequiparantur1 they are to be classed morally with infants4 ,again1 to these may be added the unlearned in all classes1 among whom many have no contact with the ,catholic ,church1 or with ,catholic books4 ,under this head will come a great number of wives and daughters1 whose freedom of religious inquiry and religious thought is unjustly #bid limited or suspended by the authority of parents and husbands4 ,add1 lastly1 the large class who have been studiously brought up1 with all the dominant authority of the ,english tradition of three hundred years1 to believe sincerely1 and without a doubt1 that the ,catholic ,church is corrupt1 has changed the doctrines of the faith1 and that the author of the ,reformation is the ,spirit of holiness and truth4 ,it may seem incredible to some that such an illusion exists4 ,but it is credible to me1 because for nearly forty years of my life ,i was fully possessed by this erroneous belief4 ,to all such persons it is morally difficult in no small degree to discover the falsehood of this illusion4 ,all the better parts of their nature are engaged in its support3 dutifulness1 self-mistrust1 submission1 respect for others older1 better1 more learned than themselves1 all combine to form a false conscience of the duty to refuse to hear anything against the religion of their fathers1 the church of their baptism1 or to read anything which could unsettle them4 ,such people are told that it is their duty to extinguish a doubt against the ,church of ,england1 as they would extinguish a temptation against their virtue4 ,a conscience so subdued and held in subjection exercises true virtues upon a false object1 and renders to a human authority the submissive trust which is due only to the divine voice of the ,church of ,god4 ,footnote #fj3 ,see ,perrone ,praelect4 ,theolog41 pars i41 c4 ii4 #a1 #b3 ,omnes et soli justi pertinent ad ,ecclesiae animam4 ,ad ,christi ,ecclesiae corpus spectant fideles omnes tam justi quam peccatores4 ,st4 ,augustine expresses these two propositions in six words1 ,multae oves foris1 multi lupi intus4 ,st4 ,aug41 tom1 iii41 p4 ii4 #fjj4 ,one last point ,i will add4 ,i believe that the people of ,england were not all guilty of the first acts of heresy and schism by which they were separated from the ,catholic unity and faith4 ,they were robbed of it4 ,in many places they rose in arms for it4 ,the children1 the poor1 the unlearned at that time1 were certainly innocent3 much more the next generation4 ,they were born into a state of privation4 ,they knew no better4 ,no choice was before them4 ,they made no perverse act of the will in remaining where they were born4 ,every successive generation was still less culpable1 in proportion as they were born into a greater privation1 and under the dominion of a tradition of error already grown strong4 ,for three centuries they have been born further and further out of the truth1 and their culpability is perpetually diminishing2 and as they were passively borne onward in the course of the ,english separation1 the moral responsibility for the past is proportionately less4 ,the divine law is peremptory--to him who knoweth to do good1 and doeth it not1 to him it is sin4 ,footnote #fa ,every divine truth1 as it shines in upon us1 lays its obligation on our conscience to believe and to obey it4 ,when the divine authority of the ,church manifests itself to our intellect1 it lays its jurisdiction upon our conscience to submit to it4 ,to refuse is an act of infidelity1 and the least act of infidelity in its measure expels faith2 one mortal act of it will expel the habit of faith altogether4 ,footnote #fb ,every such act of infidelity grieves the ,holy ,ghost by a direct opposition to his divine voice speaking through the ,church2 the habit of such opposition is one of the six sins against the ,holy ,ghost defined as impugning the known truth4 ,all that ,i have said above in no way modifies the absolute and vital necessity of submitting to the ,catholic ,church as the only way of salvation to those who know it1 by the revelation of ,god1 to be such4 ,but ,i must not attempt now to treat of this point4 ,footnote #fa3 ,st4 ,james iv4 #ag4 ,footnote #fb3 ,de ,lugo1 ,de ,virtute ,fidel ,divinae1 disp4 xvii41 sect4 iv4 #ec et seq4 ,nevertheless for the reasons above given we make the largest allowance for all who are in invincible ignorance2 always supposing that there is a preparation of heart to embrace the truth when they see it1 at any cost1 a desire to know it1 and a faithful use of the means of knowing it1 such as study1 docility1 prayer1 and the like4 ,but ,i do not now enter into the case of the educated or the learned1 or of those who have liberty of mind and means of inquiry4 ,i cannot class them under #bie the above enumeration of those who are inculpably out of the truth4 ,i leave them1 therefore1 to the only ,judge of all men4 ,lastly1 ,i will not here attempt to estimate how far all ,i have said is being modified by the liberation and expansion of the ,catholic ,church in ,england during the last thirty years4 ,it is certain that the restoration of the ,catholic hierarchy1 with the universal tumult which published it to the whole world1 still more by its steady1 wide-spread1 and penetrating action throughout ,england1 is taking away every year the plea of invincible ignorance4 ,it is certain1 however1 that to those who1 being in invincible ignorance1 faithfully co-operate with the grace they have received1 an augmentation of grace is given2 and this at once places the ,english people1 so far as they come within the limits of these conditions1 in a state of supernatural grace1 even though they be out of the visible unity of the ,church4 ,i do not now enter into the question of the state of those who fall from baptismal grace by mortal sin1 or of the great difficulty and uncertainty of their restoration4 ,this would lead me too far2 and it lies beyond the limits of this letter4 ,it must not1 however1 be forgotten1 for a moment1 that this applies to the whole ,english people1 of all forms of ,christianity1 or1 as it is called1 of all denominations4 ,what ,i have said does not recognize the grace of the ,church of ,england as such4 ,the working of grace in the ,church of ,england is a truth we joyfully hold and always teach4 ,but we as joyfully recognize the working of the ,holy ,spirit among ,dissenters of every kind4 ,indeed1 ,i must say that ,i am far more able to assure myself of the invincible ignorance of ,dissenters as a mass than of ,anglicans as a mass4 ,they are far more deprived of what survived of ,catholic truth2 far more distant from the idea of a ,church2 far more traditionally opposed to it by the prejudice of education2 ,i must add1 for the most part1 far more simple in their belief in the person and passion of our ,divine ,lord4 ,their piety is more like the personal service of disciples to a personal ,master than the ,anglican piety1 which has always been more dim and distant from this central light of souls4 ,witness ,jeremy ,taylor's works1 much as ,i have loved them1 compared with ,baxter's1 or even those of ,andrews compared with ,leighton's1 who was formed by the ,kirk of ,scotland4 ,i do not here forget all you have done to provide ascetical and devotional books for the use of the ,church of ,england1 both by your own writings1 and1 may ,i not say it1 from your neighbor's vineyard8 ,with truth1 then1 ,i can say that ,i rejoice in all the operations of the ,holy ,spirit out of the ,catholic ,church1 whether in the ,anglican or other ,protestant bodies2 not that those communions are thereby invested with any supernatural character1 but because more souls1 ,i trust1 are saved4 ,if ,i have a greater joy over these workings of grace in the ,church of ,england1 it is only because more that are dear to me are in it1 for whom every day ,i never fail to pray4 ,these graces to individuals were given before the ,church was founded1 and are given still out of its unity4 ,they are no more tokens of an ecclesiastical character1 or a sacramental power in the ,church of ,england1 than in the ,kirk of ,scotland1 or in the ,wesleyan connexion2 they prove only the manifold grace of ,god1 which1 after all the sins of men1 and in the midst of all the ruins he has made1 still works in the souls for whom ,christ died4 ,such1 then1 is our estimate of the ,church of ,england in regard to the grace that works not by it1 nor through it1 but in it and among those who1 without faults of their own1 are detained by it from the true ,church of their baptism4 ,and here it is necessary to guard against a possible misuse of what ,i have said4 ,let no one imagine that he may still continue in the ,church of ,england because ,god has hitherto mercifully bestowed his grace upon #bif him4 ,as ,i have shown1 this is no evidence that salvation is to be had by the ,church of ,england4 ,it is an axiom that to those who do all they can ,god never refuses his grace4 ,he bestows it that he may lead them on from grace to grace1 and from truth to truth1 until they enter the full and perfect light of faith in his only true fold4 ,the grace they have received1 therefore1 was given1 not to detain them in the ,church of ,england1 but to call them out of it4 ,the grace of their past life lays on them the obligation of seeking and submitting to the perfect truth4 ,god would have all men to be saved1 and to come to the knowledge of the truth4 ,footnote #fc ,but his ,church is an eminent doctrine1 and member of that truth2 and all grace given out of the ,church is given in order to bring men into the ,church1 wheresoever the ,church is present to them4 ,if they refuse to submit to the ,church they resist the divine intention of the graces they have hitherto received1 and are thereby in grave danger of losing them1 as we see too often in men who once were on the threshold of the ,church1 and now are in rationalism1 or in states of which ,i desire to say no more4 ,footnote #fc3 #a ,tim4 ii4 #d4 #b4 ,let me next speak of the truths which the ,church of ,england still retains4 ,i have no pleasure in its present trials2 and the anonymous writer who describes me as being positively merry over its disasters little knows me4 ,if ,i am to speak plainly1 he seems to me to be guilty of one of the greatest offences--a rash accusation against one whom he evidently does not know4 ,i will further say that ,i lament with all my heart whensoever what remains of truth in the ,anglican system gives way before unbelief4 ,i do not1 indeed1 regard the ,church of ,england as a teacher of truth1 for that would imply that it teaches the truth in all its circumference1 and in all its divine certainty4 ,now this is precisely what the ,church of ,england does not1 and1 as ,i will show presently1 has destroyed in itself the power of doing4 ,i am willing to call it a teacher of truths1 because many fragmentary truths1 shattered1 disjointed from the perfect unity of the ,christian revelation1 still survive the ,reformation1 and1 with much variation and in the midst of much contradiction1 are still taught in it4 ,i have been wont always to say1 and to say with joy1 that the ,reformation1 which has done its work with such a terrible completeness in ,germany1 was arrested in ,england2 that here much of the ,christian belief and ,christian order has survived4 ,until lately ,i have been in the habit of saying that there are three things which missionaries may take for granted in ,england3 first1 the existence of a supernatural world2 secondly1 the revelation of ,christianity2 and thirdly1 the inspiration of ,scripture4 ,the ,church of ,england has also preserved other doctrines with more or less of exactness1 such as the doctrine of the ,holy ,trinity1 the incarnation1 baptism1 and the like4 ,i will not now enter into the question as to what other doctrines are retained by it1 because a few more or a few less would make little difference in the final estimate a ,catholic must make of it4 ,a teacher of ,christian truths ,i gladly admit it to be4 ,a teacher of ,christian truth--no1 because it rejects much of that truth1 and also the divine principle of its perpetuity in the world4 ,nevertheless1 ,i rejoice in every fragment of doctrine which remains in it2 and ,i should lament the enfeebling or diminution of any particle of that truth4 ,i have ever regarded with regret the so-called ,low-,church and ,latitudinarian schools in the ,anglican ,church1 because ,i believe their action and effect is to diminish what remains of truth in it4 ,i have always regarded with joy1 and ,i have never ceased to regard with sympathy1 notwithstanding much which ,i cannot either like or respect1 the labors of the ,high-,church or ,anglo-,catholic party1 because ,i believe that their action and effect are to strengthen the things which remain1 which were ready #big to die4 ,for myself1 ,i am conscious how little ,i have ever done in my life2 but as it is now drawing toward its end1 ,i have at least this consolation1 that ,i cannot remember at any time1 by word or act1 to have undermined a revealed truth2 but that1 according to my power1 little enough as ,i know1 ,i have endeavored to build up what truth ,i knew1 truth upon truth1 if only as one grain of sand upon another1 and to bind it together by the only bond and principle of cohesion which holds in unity the perfect revelation of ,god4 ,a very dear friend1 whose friendship has been to me one of the most instructive1 and the loss of which was to me one of the hardest sacrifices ,i had to make1 has often objected to me1 with the subtlety which marks his mind1 that my act in leaving the ,church of ,england has helped forward the unbelief which is now invading it4 ,no doubt he meant to say that the tendency of such an act helped to shake the confidence of others in the ,church of ,england as a teacher of truth4 ,this objection was1 like his mind1 ingenious and refined4 ,but a moment's thought unravelled it1 and ,i answered it much in these words3 ,i do not believe that by submitting to the ,catholic ,church any one can weaken the witness of the ,church of ,england for the truth which it retains4 ,so far as it holds the truth1 it is in conformity to the ,catholic ,church4 ,in submitting to the ,catholic ,church1 ,i all the more strongly give testimony to the same truths which the ,church of ,england still retains4 ,if ,i give testimony against the ,church of ,england1 it is in those points in which1 being at variance with the truth1 the ,church of ,england is itself undermining the faith of ,christianity4 ,it was for this reason ,i always lamented the legalizing of the sacramentarian errors of the ,low-,church party by the ,gorham ,judgment2 and that ,i lament now the legalizing of the heresies of the ,essays and ,reviews1 and the spreading unbelief of ,dr4 ,colenso4 ,i believe that anything which undermines the ,christianity of ,england is drawing it further and further from us4 ,in proportion as men believe more of ,christianity1 they are nearer to the perfect truth4 ,the mission of the ,church in the world is to fill up the truth4 ,our ,divine ,lord said1 ,i am not come to destroy1 but to fulfil2 and ,st4 ,paul did not overthrow the altar of the ,unknown ,god1 but gave to it an object of divine worship and a true adoration4 ,for this cause ,i regard the present downward course of the ,church of ,england and the ,christianity of ,england with great sorrow and fear4 ,and ,i am all the more alarmed because of those who are involved in it so many not only refuse to acknowledge the fact1 but treat us who give warning of the danger as enemies and accusers4 ,one of my critics has imagined1 that ,i propose to myself and others the alternative of ,catholicism or atheism4 ,i have never attempted to bring any one to the perfect truth by destroying or by threatening the imperfect faith they might still possess4 ,i do not believe that the alternative before us is ,catholicism or atheism4 ,there are lights of the natural order1 divine witnesses of himself inscribed by the ,creator on his works1 characters engraven upon the conscience1 and testimonies of mankind in all the ages of the world1 which prove the existence and perfections of ,god1 the moral nature and responsibility of man anterior to ,catholicism1 and independently of revelation4 ,if a man1 through any intellectual or moral aberration1 should reject ,christianity1 that is ,catholicism1 the belief of ,god and of his perfections stands immutably upon the foundations of nature4 ,catholicism1 or deism1 is indeed the only ultimately logical and consistent alternative1 though1 happily1 few men in rejecting ,catholicism are logically consistent enough to reject ,christianity4 ,atheism is an aberration which implies not only an intellectual blindness1 but a moral insensibility4 ,the theism #bih of the world has its foundation on the face of the natural world1 and on the intellect and the heart of the human race4 ,the old paganism and modern pantheism are reverent1 filial1 and elevating compared with the atheism of ,comte and of our modern secularists4 ,it would be both intellectually and morally impossible to propose to any one the alternative of ,catholicism or atheism4 ,not only then do ,i lament to see any truth in the ,church of ,england give way before unbelief1 but ,i should regard with sorrow and impatience any attempt to promote the belief of the whole revelation of ,christianity by a mode of logic which undermines even the truths of the natural order4 ,the ,holy ,see has authoritatively declared that the existence of ,god may be proved by reason and the light of nature1 ,footnote #fd and ,alexander ,,viii4 declared that men who do not know of the existence of ,god are without excuse4 ,footnote #fe ,atheism is not the condition of man without revelation4 ,as ,viva truly says in his comment on this declaration1 atheists are anomalies and exceptions in the intellectual tradition of mankind4 ,footnote #fd3 ,ratiocinatio ,dei existentiam1 animae spiritualitatem1 hominis libertatem1 cum certitudine probare potest4 ,theses a ,,ss4 ,d4 ,n4 ,pio ,,ix4 approbatae1 #aa ,junii #ahee4 ,denzinger's ,enchiridion1 p4 ,,ms4 ,ed4 #ahef4 ,footnote #fe3 ,viva1 ,propos4 damnatae1 p4 #cgb4 ,ripalda1 ,de ,ente ,supernaturali4 disp4 xx41 s4 #ab1 #ei4 ,nay1 ,i will go further4 ,i can conceive a person to reject ,catholicism without logically rejecting ,christianity4 ,he would indeed reject the divine certainty which guarantees and proposes to us the whole revelation of the day of ,pentecost4 ,but1 as ,catholic theologians teach1 the infallible authority of the ,church does not of necessity enter into the essence of an act of faith4 ,footnote #ff ,it is1 indeed1 the divine provision for the perfection and perpetuity of the faith1 and in hac providentia1 the ordinary means whereby men are illuminated in the revelation of ,god2 but the known and historical evidence of ,christianity is enough to convince any prudent man that ,christianity is a divine revelation4 ,it is quite true that by this process he cannot attain an explicit faith in all the doctrines of revelation1 and that in rejecting ,catholicism he reduces himself to human and historical evidence as the maximum of extrinsic certainty for his religion1 and that this almost inevitably resolves itself in the long run into rationalism4 ,it is an inclined plane on which1 if individuals may stand1 generations cannot4 ,nevertheless1 though the alternative in the last analysis of speculation be ,catholicism or deism1 the practical alternative may be ,catholicism and fragmentary ,christianity4 ,footnote #ff3 ,de ,lugo1--,de ,virtute ,fidei ,divinae1 disp4 i41 sect4 xii4 #bej-ec4 ,viva1 ,cursus ,theol41 p4 iv41 disp4 i41 quaest4 iv41 art4 iii4 ,ripalda1 ,de ,ente ,supern41 disp4 xx41 seet4 xxii4 #aag4 ,i have said this to show how far ,i am from sympathizing with those1 if any there be1 and ,i can truly say ,i know none such1 who regard the giving way of any lingering truth in the ,church of ,england under the action of unbelief with any feeling but that of sorrow4 ,the ,psalmist lamented over the dying out of truths4 ,diminutae sunt veritates a filiis hominum1 and ,i believe that every one who loves ,god1 and souls1 and truth must lament when a single truth1 speculative or moral1 even of the natural order1 is obscured2 much more when any revealed truth of the elder or of the ,christian revelation is rejected or even doubted4 ,allow me also to answer1 not only for myself1 which is of no great moment1 but for an eminent personage to whom you have referred in your pamphlet4 ,i can say1 with a personal and perfect knowledge1 that no other feeling has ever arisen in ,his ,eminence's mind1 in contemplating the troubles of the ,anglican ,church1 than a sincere desire that ,god may use these things to open the eyes of men to see the untenableness of their positions2 coupled with a very sincere sorrow at the havoc which the advance of unbelief is making among the truths which yet linger in the ,church of ,england4 #c4 ,it is1 however1 but reason that ,i #bii should rejoice when whatsoever remains in it of imperfect truth is unfolded into a more perfect faith3 and that therefore ,i desire to see not only the conversion of ,england1 but the conversion of every soul to whom the more perfect truth can be made known4 ,you would not respect me if ,i did not4 ,your own zeal for truth and for souls here speaks in my behalf4 ,there are two kinds of proselytism4 ,there are the ,jews whom our ,lord condemned4 ,there are also the ,apostles whom he sent into all the world4 ,if by proselytizing be meant the employing of unlawful and unworthy means1 motives1 or influences to change a person's religion1 ,i should consider the man who used such means to commit lese-majeste against truth1 and against our ,lord who is the truth4 ,but if by proselytizing be meant the using all the means of conviction and persuasion which our divine ,master has committed to us to bring any soul who will listen to us into the only faith and fold1 then of this ,i plead guilty with all my heart4 ,i do heartily desire to see the ,church of ,england dissolve and pass away1 as the glow of lingering embers in the rise and steady light of a reviving flame4 ,if the ,church of ,england were to perish to-morrow under the action of a higher and more perfect truth1 there would be no void left in ,england4 ,all the truths hitherto taught in fragments and piecemeal would be still more vividly and firmly impressed upon the minds of the ,english people4 ,all of ,christianity which survives in ,anglicanism would be perfected by the restoration of the truths which have been lost1 and the whole would be fixed and perpetuated by the evidence of divine certainty and the voice of a divine ,teacher4 ,no ,catholic desires to see the ,church of ,england swept away by an infidel revolution1 such as that of #aghi in ,france4 ,but every ,catholic must wish to see it give way year by year1 and day by day1 under the intellectual and spiritual action of the ,catholic ,church3 and must watch with satisfaction every change1 social and political1 which weakens its hold on the country1 and would faithfully use all his power and influence for its complete removal as speedily as possible4 #d4 ,but lastly1 ,i am afraid we have reached a point of divergence4 ,hitherto ,i hope we may have been able to agree together2 but now ,i fear every step of advance will carry us more wide of each other4 ,i am unable to consider the ,church of ,england to be in ,god's hands the great bulwark against infidelity in this land4 ,and my reasons are these3 #a47 ,first1 ,i must regard the ,anglican ,reformation1 and therefore the ,anglican ,church1 as the true and original source of the present spiritual anarchy of ,england4 ,three centuries ago the ,english people were in faith unius labii3 they were in perfect unity4 ,now they are divided and subdivided by a numberless multiplication of errors4 ,what has generated them8 ,from what source do they descend8 ,is it not self-evident that the ,reformation is responsible for the production of every sect and every error which has sprung up in ,england in these three hundred years1 and of all which cover the face of the land at this day8 ,it is usual to hear ,anglicans lament the multiplication of religious error4 ,but what is the productive cause of all8 ,is it not ,anglicanism itself which1 by appealing from the voice of the ,church throughout the world1 has set the example to its own people of appealing from the voice of a local and provincial authority8 ,i am afraid1 then1 that the ,church of ,england1 so far from1 a barrier against infidelity1 must be recognized as the mother of all the intellectual and spiritual aberrations which now cover the face of ,england4 #b47 ,it is true1 indeed1 that the ,church of ,england retains many truths in it4 ,but it has in two ways weakened the evidence of these very truths which it retains4 ,it has detached them from #cjj other truths which by contact gave solidity to all by rendering them coherent and intelligible4 ,it has detached them from the divine voice of the ,church1 which guarantees to us the truth incorruptible and changeless4 ,the ,anglican ,reformation destroyed the principle of cohesion1 by which all truths are bound together into one4 ,the whole idea of theology1 as the science of ,god and of his revelation1 has been broken up4 ,thirty-nine ,articles1 heterogeneous1 disjointed1 and mixed with error1 is all that remains instead of the unity and harmony of ,catholic truth4 ,surely this has been among the most prolific causes of error1 doubt1 and unbelief4 ,so far from the bulwark against it1 ,anglicanism appears to me to be the cause and spring of its existence4 ,as ,i have already said1 the ,reformation placed the ,english people upon an inclined plane1 and they have steadily obeyed the law of their position1 by descending gradually from age to age1 sometimes with a more rapid1 sometimes with a slower motion1 but always tending downward4 ,surely it would be unreasonable to say of a body always descending1 that it is the great barrier against reaching the bottom4 ,i do not1 indeed1 forget that the ,church of ,england has produced writers who have vindicated many ,christian truths4 ,i am not unmindful of the service rendered by ,anglican writers to ,christianity in general1 nor1 in particular1 of the works of ,bull and ,waterland in behalf of the ,holy ,trinity2 of ,hammond and ,pearson in behalf of ,episcopacy2 of ,butler and ,warburton in behalf of ,revelation1 and the like4 ,but whence came the errors and unbeliefs against which they wrote8 ,were they not generated by the ,reformation abroad and in ,england8 ,this is like the spear which healed the wounds it had made4 ,but it is not the divine office of the ,church to make wounds in the faith that it may use its skill in healing4 ,they were quelling the mutiny which ,protestantism had raised1 and arresting the progress of the ,reformation which1 like ,saturn1 devours its own children4 ,moreover1 to be just ,i must say that if the ,church of ,england be a barrier against infidelity1 the ,dissenters must also be admitted to a share in this office and commendation4 ,and in truth ,i do not know among the ,dissenters any works like the ,essays and ,reviews1 or any ,biblical criticism like that of ,dr4 ,colenso4 ,they may not be very dogmatic in their teaching1 but they bear their witness for ,christianity as a divine revelation1 for the ,scriptures as an inspired book1 and1 ,i must add further1 for the personal ,christianity of conversion and repentance1 with an explicitness and consistency which is not less effectual against infidelity than the testimony of the ,church of ,england4 ,i do not think the ,wesleyan ,conference or the authorities of the three denominations would accept readily this assumed superiority of the ,anglican ,church as a witness against unbelief4 ,they would not unjustly point to the doctrinal confusions of the ,church of ,england as causes of scepticism1 from which they are comparatively free4 ,and ,i am bound to say that ,i think they would have an advantage4 ,i well remember that while ,i was in the ,church of ,england ,i used to regard ,dissenters from it with a certain1 ,i will not say aversion1 but distance and recoil4 ,i never remember to have borne animosity against them1 or to have attacked or pursued them with unkindness4 ,i always believed many of them to be very earnest and devoted men4 ,i did not like their theology1 and ,i believed them to be in disobedience to the ,church of ,england2 but ,i respected them1 and lived at peace with them4 ,indeed1 ,i may say that some of the best people ,i have ever known out of the ,church were ,dissenters or children of ,dissenters4 ,nevertheless1 ,i had a dislike of their system1 and of their meeting-houses4 ,they seemed to me to be rivals of the ,church of ,england1 and my loyalty to it made me look somewhat impatiently upon them4 ,but ,i remember1 from #cja the hour ,i submitted to the ,catholic ,church1 all this underwent a sensible change4 ,i saw that the whole revelation was perpetuated in the ,church alone1 and that all forms of ,christianity lying round about it were but fragments more or less mutilated4 ,but with this a sensible increase of kindly feeling grew upon me4 ,the ,church of ,england and the dissenting communions all alike appeared to me to be upon the same level4 ,i rejoiced in all the truth that remains in them1 in all the good ,i could see or hope in them1 and all the workings of the ,holy ,spirit in them4 ,i had no temptation to animosity toward them2 for neither they nor the ,church of ,england could be rivals of the imperishable and immutable ,church of ,god4 ,the only sense1 then1 in which ,i could regard the ,church of ,england as a barrier against infidelity1 ,i must extend also to the dissenting bodies2 and ,i cannot put this high1 for reasons ,i will give4 #c47 ,if the ,church of ,england be a barrier to infidelity by the truths which yet remain in it1 ,i must submit that it is a source of unbelief by all the denials of other truths which it has rejected4 ,if it sustains a belief in two sacraments1 it formally propagates unbelief in five2 if it recognizes an undefined presence of ,christ in the sacrament1 it formally imposes on its people a disbelief in transubstantiation and the sacrifice of the altar2 if it teaches that there is a church upon earth1 it formally denies its indissoluble unity1 its visible head1 and its perpetual divine voice4 ,it is not easy to see how a system can be a barrier against unbelief when by its ,thirty-nine ,articles it rejects1 and binds its teachers to propagate the rejection1 of so many revealed truths4 #d47 ,but this is not all4 ,it is not only by the rejection of particular doctrines that the ,church of ,england propagates unbelief4 ,it does so by principle1 and in the essence of its whole system4 ,what is the ultimate guarantee of the divine revelation but the divine authority of the ,church8 ,deny this1 and we descend at once to human teachers4 ,but it is this that the ,church of ,england formally and expressly denies4 ,the perpetual and ever-present assistance of the ,holy ,spirit1 whereby the ,church in every age is not only preserved from error1 but enabled at all times to declare the truth1 that is the infallibility of the living ,church at this hour--this it is that the ,anglican ,church in terms denies4 ,but this is the formal antagonist of infidelity1 because it is the evidence on which ,god wills that we should believe that which his veracity reveals4 ,do not be displeased with me4 ,it appears to me that the ,anglican system1 by this one fact alone1 perpetually undoes what it strives to do in behalf of particular doctrines4 ,what are they1 one by one1 when the divine certainty of all is destroyed8 ,now1 for three hundred years the ,anglican clergy have been trained1 ordained1 and bound by subscriptions to deny not only many ,christian truths1 but the divine authority of the ,greek text1 the living ,church of every age4 ,the barrier against infidelity is the divine voice which generates faith4 ,but this the ,anglican clergy are bound to deny4 ,and this denial opens a flood-gate in the bulwark1 through which the whole stream of unbelief at once finds way4 ,seventeen or eighteen thousand men1 educated with all the advantages of the ,english schools and universities1 endowed with large corporate revenues1 and distributed all over ,england1 maintain a perpetual protest1 not only against the ,catholic ,church1 but against the belief that there is any divine voice immutably and infallibly guiding the ,church at this hour in its declaration of the ,christian revelation to mankind4 ,how can this be regarded as the great bulwark in ,god's hand against infidelity8 ,it seems to me that the ,church of ,england1 so far from being a bulwark against the flood1 has floated before it4 ,every age has exhibited an advance to a more indefinite and heterogeneous state of religious opinion within its #cjb pale4 ,i will not go again over ground ,i have already traversed4 ,even in our memory the onward progress of the ,church of ,england is manifest4 ,that ,i may not seem to draw an unfavorable picture from my own view1 ,i will quote a very unsuspected witness4 ,dr4 ,irons1 in a recent pamphlet1 says3 ,the religion of the ,church has sunk far deeper into conscience now than the surviving men of #ahcc-ahdc are aware of4 ,and all that ,churchmen want of their separated brethren is that they accept nothing1 and profess nothing1 and submit to nothing which has 'no root' in their conscience4 ,footnote #fg ,if this means anything1 it means that objective truth has given place to subjective sincerity as the ,anglican rule of faith4 ,you will know better than ,i whether this be the state of men's minds among you4 ,to me it is as strange as it is incoherent1 and a sign how far men have drifted4 ,this certainly was not the faith or religion that we held together in the years when ,i had the happiness of being united in friendship with you4 ,latitudinarian sincerity was not our basis1 and if the men of #ahcc and #ahdc have arrived at this1 it is very unlike the definite1 earnest1 consistent belief which animated us at that time4 ,you say in your note 7page #ba7 kindly1 but a little upbraidingly1 that my comment on your letter to the ,record was not like me in those days3 forasmuch as ,i used then to join with those with whom even then you could not4 ,it was this that made me note your doing so now4 ,it was this which seemed to me to be a drifting backward from old moorings4 ,for myself1 it is true1 indeed1 that ,i have moved likewise4 ,i have been carried onward to what you then were1 and beyond it4 ,what ,i might have done then1 ,i could not do now4 ,what you do now seems to me what you would not have done then4 ,i did not note this unkindly1 but with regret1 because1 as ,i rejoice in every truth1 and in every true principle retained in the ,church of ,england1 it would have given me great joy to see you maintaining with all firmness1 not only all the particular truths you held1 but also the impossibility of uniting with those who deny both those truths and the principles on which you have rested through your laborious life of the last thirty years4 ,footnote #fg3 ,apologia pro vita ,ecclesias ,anglicanae1 p4 #bb4 ,and now ,i will add only a few more words of a personal sort1 and then make an end4 ,it was not my fate in the ,church of ,england to be regarded as a contentious or controversial spirit1 nor as a man of extreme opinions1 or of a bitter temper4 ,i remember indeed that ,i was regarded1 and even censured1 as slow to advance1 somewhat tame1 cautious to excess1 morbidly moderate1 as some one said4 ,i remember that the ,catholics ,greek text used to hold me somewhat cheap1 and to think me behindhand1 uncatholic1 over-,english1 and the like4 ,but now1 is there anything in the extreme opposite of all this which ,i am not8 ,ultramontane1 violent1 unreasoning1 bitter1 rejoicing in the miseries of my neighbors1 destructive1 a very ,apollyon1 and the like4 ,some who so describe me now are the same who were wont then to describe me as the reverse of all this4 ,they are yet catholicizing the ,church of ,england1 without doubt more catholic still than ,i am4 ,well1 what shall ,i say8 ,if ,i should say that ,i am not conscious of these changes1 you would only think me self-deceived4 ,i will therefore only tell you where ,i believe ,i am unchanged1 and then where ,i am conscious of a change1 which1 perhaps1 will account for all you have to say of me4 ,i am unconscious1 then1 of any change in my love to ,england in all that relates to the natural order4 ,i am no politician1 and ,i do not set up for a patriot2 but ,i believe1 as ,st4 ,thomas teaches1 that love of country is a part of charity1 and assuredly ,i have ever loved ,england with a very filial love4 ,my love for ,england #cjc begins with the ,england of ,st4 ,bede4 ,saxon ,england1 with all its tumults1 seems to me saintly and beautiful4 ,norman ,england ,i have always loved less1 because1 though more majestic1 it became continually less ,catholic1 until the evil spirit of the world broke off the light yoke of faith at the so-called ,reformation4 ,still1 ,i loved the ,christian ,england which survived1 and all the lingering outlines of dioceses and parishes1 cathedrals and churches1 with the names of saints upon them4 ,it is this vision of the past which still hovers over ,england and makes1 it beautiful1 and full of memories of the kingdom of ,god4 ,nay1 ,i loved the parish church of my childhood1 and the college chapel of my youth1 and the little church under a green hillside1 where the morning and evening prayers1 and the music of the ,english ,bible1 for seventeen years1 became a part of my soul4 ,nothing is more beautiful in the natural order1 and if there were no eternal world ,i could have made it my home4 ,but these things are not ,england1 they are only its features1 and ,i may say that my love was and is to the ,england which lives and breathes about me1 to my countrymen whether in or out of the ,church of ,england4 ,with all our faults as a race1 ,i recognize in them noble ,christian virtues1 exalted characters1 beautiful examples of domestic life1 and of every personal excellence which can be found1 where the fulness of grace and truth is not1 and much1 too1 which puts to shame those who are where the fulness of grace and truth abounds4 ,so long as ,i believed the ,church of ,england to be a part of the ,church of ,god ,i loved it1 how well you know1 and honored it with a filial reverence1 and labored to serve it1 with what fidelity ,i can affirm1 with what1 or if with any utility1 it is not for me to say4 ,and ,i love still those who are in it1 and ,i would rather suffer anything than wrong them in word or deed1 or pain them without a cause4 ,to all this ,i must add1 lastly1 and in a way above all1 the love ,i bear to many personal friends1 so dear to me1 whose letters ,i kept by me till two years ago1 though more than fifty of them are gone into the world unseen1 all these things are sweet to me still beyond all words that ,i can find to express it4 ,you will ask me then1 perhaps1 why ,i have never manifested this before8 ,it is because when ,i left you1 in the full1 calm1 deliberate1 and undoubting belief that the light of the only truth led me from a fragmentary ,christianity into the perfect revelation of the day of ,pentecost1 ,i believed it to be my duty to walk alone in the path in which it led me1 leaving you all unmolested by any advance on my part4 ,if any old friend has ever written to me1 or signified to me his wish to renew our friendship1 ,i believe he will bear witness to the happiness with which ,i have accepted the kindness offered to me4 ,but ,i felt that it was my act which had changed our relations1 and that ,i had no warrant to assume that a friendship1 founded upon agreement in our old convictions1 would be continued when that foundation had been destroyed by myself1 or restored upon a foundation altogether new4 ,and ,i felt1 too1 a jealousy for truth4 ,it was no human pride which made me feel that ,i ought not to expose the ,catholic ,church to be rejected in my person4 ,therefore ,i held on my own course1 seeking no one1 but welcoming every old friend--and they have been many--who came to me4 ,this has caused a suspension of nearly fourteen years in which ,i have never so much as met or exchanged a line with many who till then were among my nearest friends4 ,this1 too1 has given room for many misapprehensions4 ,it would hardly surprise me if ,i heard that my old friends believed me to have become a cannibal4 ,but perhaps you will say1 ,this does not account for your hard words against us and the ,church of ,england4 ,when ,i read your late pamphlet ,i said to myself1 ,have ,i ever written such hard words as these8 ,i will not quote them1 but truly ,i do not think #cjd that1 in anything ,i have ever written1 ,i have handled at least any person as you1 my dear friend1 in your zeal1 which ,i respect and honor1 have treated certain very exalted personages who are opposed to you4 ,but let this pass4 ,it would not excuse me even if ,i were to find you in the same condemnation4 ,one of my anonymous censors writes that as in times past ,i had written violently against the ,church of ,rome1 so now ,i must do the same against the ,church of ,england4 ,now ,i wish he would find1 in the books ,i published when out of the ,church1 the hard sayings he speaks of4 ,it has been my happiness to know that such do not exist4 ,i feel sure that my accuser had nothing before his mind when he risked this controversial trick4 ,i argued1 indeed1 against the ,catholic and ,roman ,church1 but ,i do not know of any railing accusations4 ,how ,i was preserved from it ,i cannot tell1 except by the same divine goodness which afterward led me into the perfect light of faith4 ,but ,i have written1 some say1 hard things of the ,church of ,england4 ,are they hard truths or hard epithets8 ,if they are hard epithets1 show them to me1 and ,i will erase them with a prompt and public expression of regret2 but if they be hard facts1 ,i cannot change them4 ,it is true1 indeed1 that ,i have for the last fourteen years incessantly and unchangingly1 by word and by writing1 borne my witness to the truths by which ,god has delivered me from the bondage of a human authority in matters of faith4 ,i have borne my witness to the presence and voice of a divine1 and therefore infallible1 teacher1 guiding the ,church with his perpetual assistance1 and speaking through it as his organ4 ,i have also borne witness that the ,church through which he teaches is that which ,st4 ,augustine describes by the two incommunicable notes--that it is spread throughout the word and united to the ,chair of ,peter4 ,footnote #fh ,i know that the corollaries of these truths are severe1 peremptory1 and inevitable4 ,if the ,catholic faith be the perfect revelation of ,christianity1 the ,anglican ,reformation is a cloud of heresies2 if the ,catholic ,church be the organ of the ,holy ,ghost1 the ,anglican ,church is not only no part of the ,church1 but no church of divine foundation4 ,it is a human institution1 sustained as it was founded by a human authority1 without priesthood1 without sacraments1 without absolution1 without the real presence of ,jesus upon its altars4 ,i know these truths are hard4 ,it seems heartless1 cruel1 unfilial1 unbrotherly1 ungrateful so to speak of all the beautiful fragments of ,christianity which mark the face of ,england1 from its thousand towns to its green villages1 so dear even to us who believe it to be both in heresy and in schism4 ,you must feel it so4 ,you must turn from me and turn against me for saying it2 but if ,i believe it1 must ,i not say it8 ,and if ,i say it1 can ,i find words more weighed1 measured1 and deliberate than those ,i have used8 ,if you can1 show them to me1 and so that they are adequate1 ,i will use them always hereafter4 ,god knows ,i have never written a syllable with the intent to leave a wound4 ,i have erased1 ,i have refrained from writing and speaking1 many1 lest ,i should give more pain than duty commanded me to give4 ,i cannot hope that you will allow of all ,i say4 ,but it is the truth4 ,i have refrained from it1 not only because it is a duty1 but because ,i wish to disarm those who divert men from the real point at issue by accusations of bitterness and the like4 ,it has been my lot1 more than of most1 to be in these late years on the frontier which divides us4 ,and--why ,i know not--people have come to me with their anxieties and their doubts4 ,what would you have done in my place8 ,that which you have done in your own2 which1 mutato nomine1 has been my duty and my burden4 ,footnote #fh3 ,s4 ,aug4 ,op41 tom1 ii41 pp4 #aai1 #abj2 torn1 x41 p4 #ic ,and now ,i have done4 ,i have a hope that the day is coming when all #cje in ,england who believe in the supernatural order1 in the revelation of ,christianity1 in the inspiration of ,holy ,scripture1 in the divine certainty of dogmatic tradition1 in the divine obligation of holding no communion with heresy and with schism1 will be driven in upon the lines of the only stronghold which ,god has constituted as the pillar and ground of the truth4 ,this may not be1 perhaps1 as yet2 but already it is time for those who love the faith of ,christianity1 and look with sorrow and fear on the havoc which is laying it waste among us1 to draw together in mutual kindness and mutual equity of judgment4 ,that ,i have so ever treated you ,i can truly say2 that ,i may claim it at your hands ,i am calmly conscious2 but whether you and others accord it to me or not1 ,i must leave it to the ,disposer of hearts alone to determine4 ,though we are parted now1 it may not be for ever2 and morning by morning1 in the holy ,sacrifice1 ,i pray that the same light of faith which so profusely fell upon myself1 notwithstanding all ,i am1 may in like manner abundantly descend upon you who are in all things so far above me1 save only in that one gift which is not mine1 but his alone who is the ,sovereign ,giver of all grace4 ,believe me1 my dear friend1 ,always affectionately yours1 ,,henry ,,edward ,,manning4 ,,st4 ,,mary',s1 ,,bayswater1 ,sept4 #bg1 #ahfd4 ,p4,s4--,my attention has just been called to the concluding pages of the last number of the ,quarterly ,review1 in which ,i am again described by a writer who evidently has abilities to know better1 to be in ecstasies4 ,the writer represents1 as the sum or chief argument of my ,second ,letter to an ,anglican ,friend1 the passing reference ,i there made to the ,lord ,chancellor's speech4 ,i quoted this to prove that the late judgment is a part of the law1 both of the land and of the ,church of ,england4 ,but the whole of the letter1 excepting this single point1 is an argument to show that the vote of the ,convocation carries with it no divine certainty1 and resolves itself into the private judgment of the majority who passed it4 ,for all this argument the writer has not a word4 ,i cannot be surprised that he fills out his periods with my ecstasies1 shouts of joy1 wild paeans1 a quotation from ,shylock1 and other things less fitting4 ,this is not to reason1 but to rail4 ,is it worthy8 ,is it love of truth8 ,is it good faith8 ,is it not simply the fallacy of evasion8 ,i can assure him that this kind of controversy is work that will not stand4 ,we are in days when personalities and flimsy rhetoric will not last long4 ,neither will it bear to be tried by the fire1 nor will it satisfy1 ,i was about to say1 nor will it mislead1 men who are in earnest for truth or for salvation4 ,i had hoped that this style of controversy had been cured or suppressed by a greater sincerity and reality of religious thought in these days of anxiety and unbelief4 ,there either is1 or is not1 a divine ,person teaching perpetually through the ,church in every age1 and therefore now as always1 generating faith with divine certainty in the minds of men4 ,this question must be answered2 and1 as men answer it1 we know where to class them1 and how to deal with them4 ,all the evasions and half-arguments of such writers are becoming daily more and more intolerable to those of the ,english people--and they are a multitude--who would give all that they count dear1 and life itself1 to know and to die in the full and certain light of the revelation of ,god in ,jesus ,christ4 ,h4 ,e4 ,m4 ---- #cjf ,translated from ,le ,correspondant4 ,a ,,russian ,,religious4 ,,by ,,prince ,,augustin ,,galitzin4 ,on the #fth of ,may1 #ahdj1 in a little hut upon the slope of that chain of mountains which separates the northern from the southern states of the ,american ,union1 died an old man who had spent his life in spreading the faith through those distant regions4 ,a crowd of persons surrounded his bed in tears2 for during half a century he had been the depositary of public misfortunes1 domestic troubles1 and spiritual distress4 ,though known by the humble name of ,father ,smith1 this priest was not a native of the land which received his last breath3 he was a ,russian by birth1 and his name was ,galitzin4 ,on the #ast of ,september in the same year eight women landed at ,new ,york1 clad all in black1 and wearing no ornament but a cross on the breast4 ,they came to educate new generations in the ,new ,world4 ,the eldest of them was not1 like her sisters1 a ,frenchwoman2 the same blood ran in her veins as in those of the missionary just dead1 and her heart beat with the same love4 ,she too was a ,russian1 and her name was ,madame ,elizabeth ,galitzin4 ,born at ,st4 ,petersburg in #agie1 the ,princess ,elizabeth was the daughter of a woman of whom it is praise enough to say that she was the worthiest and most intimate friend of ,madame ,swetchine1 who called her her second conscience4 ,footnote #fi ,on the day when ,elizabeth reached her fifteenth year1 her mother confided to her the secret that she had become a ,catholic1 and told the reasons which had induced her not1 as is still supposed in ,russia1 to abandon the faith of her fathers1 but to return to it in all its integrity4 ,elizabeth thus describes the emotion which she felt in listening to this disclosure1 and the influence which it had upon her own future4 ,footnote #gj ,footnote #fi3 ,lettres de ,mme4 ,swetchine1 ,i4 #cba4 ,footnote #gj3 ,this extract and the details that follow are taken from or confirmed by the ,rev4 ,a4 ,guidee's ,vie du ,p4 ,rozaven and the ,rev4 ,j4 ,gagarin's notice of ,madame ,galitzin in his ,etudes de theologie1 de philosophie et d'histoire1 vol4 ii4 ,the secret which my mother confided to me filled me with despair2 ,i burst into tears1 without uttering a word4 ,for several days ,i wept bitterly whenever ,i was alone1 and during the night4 ,i believed that my mother had committed a great sin1 because the government punished so severely those who forsook the religion of the country4 ,the reasons which she gave made no impression on me2 ,i did not even understand them3 the moment of the fiat lux was not yet come4 ,from that day ,i felt an implacable hatred of the ,catholic religion and its ministers1 especially of the ,jesuits1 who1 as ,i supposed1 had effected my mother's conversion4 ,one night1 as ,i was lamenting my isolated condition1 separated from my mother by this division of sentiments1 ,i was struck by the sudden thought1 ',if the ,jesuits have gained over so excellent a woman as mamma1--a woman so reasonable1 so well-informed1 and of so much experience1 what will they not do with an ignorant1 unsophisticated girl like me8 ,i must protect myself against their persecutions4 ,i firmly believe that the ,greek ,church is the true church2 ,i am resolved to be faithful to it unto death4 ,to withdraw myself effectually from the seductions of the ,jesuits1 ,i will write down a vow that ,i will never change my religion4' ,no sooner said than #cjg done4 ,i rose at once1 and despite the darkness wrote out my vow in due form1 invoking the wrath of ,god if ,i ever broke it4 ,then ,i went back to bed1 feeling much more composed1 and believing that ,i had gained a great victory over the devil4 ,alas6 it was he that guided my pen4 ,for four years ,i repeated that vow every day when ,i said my prayers2 ,i never omitted it4 ,i gloried in my obstinacy1 and took every opportunity to show my aversion to the ,catholic religion1 and above all to the ,jesuits4 ,in this ,i was encouraged by my confessor4 ,he asked me one day if ,i had any leaning toward ,catholicism4 ',i1 father6 ,i detest the ,catholic religion and the ,jesuits6' ',good1 good6' said he2 'that is as it should be4' ,i let slip no occasion of defaming these holy men4 ,i delighted in repeating all the absurd stories that ,i heard against them1 and believed them as much as if they were articles of faith4 ,but about the middle of the fourth year an excellent ,italian priest1 who had given me lessons1 died4 ,my mother sometimes requested me to go to the ,catholic church on days of great ceremony1 and ,i durst not refuse1 though ,i used to go with rage in my heart4 ,when she invited me1 however1 to go with her to the funeral of the poor priest1 ,i consented willingly1 out of gratitude1 and respect for the memory of the deceased4 ,as soon as ,i entered the church a voice within me seemed to say1 ',you hate this church1 but you will one day belong to it yourself4' ,the words sank into my heart4 ,i was deeply moved1 and shed abundance of tears all the while ,i remained in the church--,i could not tell why4 ,a thought all at once occurred to me3 ',you hate the ,jesuits1' said ,i to myself2 'is not hatred a sin8 ,when did you learn to consider this feeling a virtue8 ,if it is a sin1 ,i must not commit it again3 ,i will not hate the ,jesuits then2 ,i will pray for them4' ,and so1 in fact1 ,i did1 every day from that moment4 ,i struggled against my dislike for them4 ,in the meanwhile we went to pass the summer away from home4 ,in this retirement our good ,lord vouchsafed to speak to my heart and inspire me with such a lively sorrow for my sins that ,i often passed part of the night in weeping4 ,i watered my couch with tears1 and judging myself unworthy to sleep on a bed1 ,i cast myself on the ground1 and used to lie there until fatigue obliged me to return to my pillow4 ,at the end of three months we went back to ,st4 ,petersburg1 and ,i there learned that a cousin of mine ,footnote #ga had become a convert4 ,i was deeply pained4 ,i accused the ,jesuits of being the cause of the step1 and had hard work not to yield to my old hatred of them4 ,i avoided speaking with my cousin alone1 because ,i did not want to receive the confidence which ,i knew she was anxious to give me4 ,but at last1 to my great regret1 ,i had to listen to her4 ,when she had told me what ,i was so unwilling to know1 ,i burst into tears1 and replied3 ,footnote #ga3 ,the lady here mentioned was the mother of ,monseigneur de ,segur4 ',if you believe that the ,catholic religion is the true one1 you were right to embrace it2 but ,i do not understand how you could believe it4' ',oh1' said she1 'if you would only read something that my mother ,footnote #gb has written on the ,greek schism and the truth of the ,catholic ,church1 you would be persuaded as ,i was4' ,footnote #gb3 ,the ,countess ,rostopchine1 whom ,madame de ,stael mentions with so much praise in her ,dix annees d'exil4 ',you may send me whatever you wish1' ,i answered1 'but you may be certain that it will not affect me4 ,i am too firmly convinced that truth lives in the ,greek ,church4' ,i went home in great distress of mind4 ,for the first time in four years ,i omitted to repeat my vow before going to bed2 it seemed to me rash4 ,i retired1 but ,god would not let me sleep2 he filled my mind with salutary thoughts4 ',i must examine this matter1' said ,i1 'it is certainly worth the #cjh trouble2 it is something of too much consequence to be deceived about4' ,i thought over all that ,i knew about the ,catholic faith1 and at that moment ,god opened my eyes4 ,i saw as clear as day that hitherto ,i had been in the wrong1 and the truth was to be found only in the ,catholic ,church4 ',it is our pride1' ,i exclaimed1 'which prevents our acknowledging the supremacy of the ,pope3 to-morrow ,i will embrace the truth4 ,yet how can ,i8 ,and my vow8 ,ah1 but the vow is null2 it can be no obstacle to the fulfilment of my resolution4 ,if ,i had taken an oath to commit a murder1 the oath would have been a sin1 and to fulfil it would be another4 ,i will not commit the second sin4 ,i will not put off being a ,catholic beyond to-morrow4' ,i waited impatiently for day that ,i might read my aunt's little treatise1--not because ,i needed arguments to convince me1 but ,i wanted to have it to say that ,i had read something4 ,at day-break ,i wrote to my cousin these words3 ',send me the manuscript1 pray for me1 and hope4' ,i read it quickly2 it consisted of not more than thirty pages4 ,i found in it all that ,i had said to myself during the night4 ,i hesitated no longer1 but hastened to my mother1 declared myself a ,catholic1 and begged her to send for ,father ,rozaven4 ,he came the same morning4 ,he was not a little surprised at the unexpected intelligence1 and asked me if ,i was ready to suffer persecution1 even death itself1 if need were1 for the love of the religion which ,i was going to embrace4 ,my blood froze in my veins1 but ,i answered3 ',i hope everything from the grace of ,god4' ,the good father doubted no longer the sincerity of my conversion1 and promised to hear my confession the next day but one1 that is1 the #ahth of ,october4 ,it was during the night of the #aeth and #afth of ,october1 #ahae1 that ,god spoke for me the words fiat lux4 ,after she had been received into the ,church1 ,father ,rozaven said to her3 ,i wish to establish in your heart a great love of ,god which shall manifest itself not by fine sentiments but by practical results1 and shall lead you to fulfil with zeal and courage all your duties without exception4 ,i want you to strive ardently to acquire the solid virtues of humility1 love of your neighbor1 patience and conformity to the will of ,god4 ,i want to see in you a grandeur1 an elevation1 and a firmness of soul1 and to teach you to seek and find your consolation in ,god4 ,the princess became all that her wise director wished her to be2 and the constant practice of the fundamental ,christian virtues soon led her to aim at a still more perfect life4 ,even her mother for a long time opposed her design4 ,her friends ridiculed her for wanting to lead what they called a useless life4 ,sensitive to this reproach1 so constantly made by people who themselves do nothing at all1 she begged the learned ,jesuit to furnish her with weapons to repel it4 ,her request called forth the following excellent reply1 which may be read with especial profit just now1 when so much is said about the uselessness of nuns3 ,tell me1 my child1 have you read the catechism8 ,one of the first questions is1 ,why has ,god created us and placed us in this world8 ,to know him1 love him1 and serve him1 and by this means to obtain everlasting life4 ,it does not say1 to be 'useful4' ,even when a nun is of no use to others1 she is useful to herself1 and to be so is her first duty2 she labors to sanctify herself and to save her soul4 ,is not this the motive which led ,st4 ,paul1 ,st4 ,anthony1 and so many thousands of anchorets into the desert8 ,these saints were certainly not fools4 ,beside1 is it true that nuns are useless8 ,was it not the story of the virtues of ,st4 ,anthony which determined the conversion of ,st4 ,augustine8 and certainly this conversion was something far greater than all that ,st4 ,anthony could have done by remaining in the world4 ,but to say nothing of the example of the saints1 are not nuns useful to each #cji other8 ,do you see no advantage in the union of twenty or thirty persons1 more or less1 who incite each other to the acquisition of virtue1 and take each other by the hand in their journey to the same goal1 the salvation of their souls8 ,and then again1 many religious communities devote themselves to the education of youth2 and surely there are few occupations more useful than bringing up in the knowledge and practice of religion young girls who are destined to become mothers of families1 and to fulfil all the duties of society that belong to their sex4 ,a devotion of this sort commended itself especially to our young convert4 ,she made choice of the new order of the ,sacred ,heart1 and after eleven years' delay finally entered it at ,metz in #ahbf4 ,she made her vows in #ahbh at ,rome1 and remained there until she was ordered to ,france in #ahcd and made general secretary of the congregation4 ,in #ahci she was chosen assistant mother1 and appointed to visit the houses of the ,sacred ,heart in ,america1 and to found some new ones4 ,her correspondence during this period with her mother is now before me1 and will show1 far better than any words of mine1 not only her piety1 but the serenity of her soul and that love of country and kindred1 which religion1 far from extinguishing1 can alone purify by carrying it beyond the narrow boundaries of this life4 ,like those austere ,christians whose lives ,count de ,montalembert has written1 she kept a large place in her heart for love and friendship1 and clung ardently to those natural ties which she did not feel called upon to break when she gave herself to ,god4 ,i shall then leave ,madame ,elizabeth to speak in her own words2 and in so doing1 it seems to me that ,i am fulfilling the wish of ,madame ,swetchine1 who wrote thus to ,father ,gagarin 7ii4 #cfj73 ,there are many details respecting her life which might be found and authenticated1 and ,i am convinced that many interesting particulars might be obtained from her correspondence during her two journeys in ,america4 ,,new ,,york1 ,sept4 #a1 #ahdj4 ,,my ,,dearest ,,mamma1--,i arrived at ,new ,york a few hours ago1 after a voyage of forty-five days4 ,our voyage1 thank ,god1 was a good one1 despite thirty-two days of contrary winds4 ,we had neither storms nor rough weather2 the trip was a long one1 that is all4 ,having two priests with us1 we had mass often2 you may imagine what a consolation it was to us4 ,i was sea-sick only one week2 after that1 so well that ,i passed a great part of my time in drawing4 ,i am here for only four days2 at least ,i trust that the business which ,i have to transact with the bishop will not keep me longer4 ,then ,i shall go with my seven companions and a worthy priest who has us in charge1 to ,st4 ,louis in the state of ,missouri1 #b1jjj versts from ,new ,york4 ,they say that we shall reach there in twelve days2 by this reckoning we shall arrive at our first house about the #bjth of ,september4 ,i believe that ,i shall die of joy when ,i get there2 for here in the midst of the world1 though surrounded by excellent people1 who show us a thousand attentions1 ,i am like a fish out of water4 ,i will write to you as soon as ,i reach ,st4 ,louis4 ,i cannot remain with our family of the ,sacred ,heart there more than a fortnight1 for ,i must then visit two other establishments not far distant4 ,i shall return to ,st4 ,louis1 and leave there about the middle of ,november for our house at ,st4 ,michael1 near ,new ,orleans1 which is #a1ejj versts from ,st4 ,louis4 ,after a few days' rest ,i shall then go to our house at ,grand ,coteau1 also in ,louisiana2 and after staying there three weeks ,i shall return to pass the winter at ,st4 ,michael4 ,i hope to do well there1 for the climate is warmer than that of ,rome4 ,in the spring ,i shall make another visitation of the houses in ,missouri1 and then go back to ,new ,york to begin the foundation #caj of a new establishment there4 ,so you see ,i shall not be very long in any one place4 ,what a consolation it will be for me if ,i find a letter from you at ,st4 ,louis6 ,i am impatient for news of you and my brothers4 ,how did they take the news of my departure for ,america8 ,with indifference perhaps2 but they are far from being indifferent to me4 ,god knows what wishes ,i form for them1 and how sweet it is to me to be able to offer up for them the fatigues and petty sufferings which divine ,providence sends us4 ,when you write to my brothers do not fail to remember me to them1 for1 they are dearer to me than ever in our ,lord4 ,i was in hopes of finding our relative in ,america2 but he is dead4 ,he died universally regretted4 ,everybody looked upon him as a saint4 ,i will make it a point to obtain his works and send them to you4 ,st4 ,louis1 ,nov4 #i1 #ahdj4 ,i have had the consolation of receiving your letter dated the #aeth of ,july4 ,write to me now at ,st4 ,louis1 at the ,academy of the ,ladies of the ,sacred ,heart1 for so they call here those religious houses which receive pupils as boarders4 ,for my part1 ,i am determined to send you this letter at once1 because ,i am afraid that ,paris will be turned topsy-turvy by the remains of ,bonaparte1 which are to be removed thither in the month of ,november4 ,it is too true that our ',american uncle' is dead4 ,you may suppose how deeply ,i regret it4 ,he was not a bishop2 only a simple missionary4 ,he invariably refused all dignities1 and devoted himself for more than forty years to the missions1 in which he displayed a zeal worthy of an apostle4 ,he died at the age of seventy-two1 like a saint as he had lived1 having given himself to ,god since his seventeenth year4 ,the whole country in which he preached the gospel weeps for him as for a father4 ,his memory is revered in ,america among ,protestants as well as ,catholics4 ,i have been shown an article about him in the ,gazette3 it gives his whole history1 and it would be impossible to write a more touching eulogy of him4 ,i have some of his works2 they are excellent4 ,i expected that my departure for ,america would have but little effect upon my brothers4 ,our good ,lord permits it to be so1 and we must wish whatever he wishes4 ,a day will come1 ,i trust1 when their hearts will be touched4 ,let us wait and pray1 and suffer with more fervor than ever4 ,remember me to them and to my aunts4 ,beg for me the light of the ,holy ,ghost3 ,i need it sorely1 for my post is a very difficult one4 ,,st4 ,,michael1 ,dec4 #f1 #ahdj41 ,here ,i am1 near ,new ,orleans2 but ,i shall soon start on another journey1 and not be at rest again before the month of ,june4 ,i am now in the land of the sugar-cane2 it is very nice to eat1 or rather to suck4 ,as if ,i brought the cold with me in all my travels1 ,i had scarcely arrived here when bitter cold weather set in1 and the ice was as thick as a good fat finger4 ,the weather has moderated since then--to my great satisfaction1 for ,i have not enough of the spirit of mortification to bear cold very well4 ,i begin to believe that there is not a single warm country under the sun1 and that the reputation of those lands that are called so is not well-founded4 ,i send you only these few words1 that you may not be uneasy about me2 for ,i have no leisure4 ,remember me to my brothers4 ,bless me1 and believe1 dear mamma1 in my tender and respectful attachment4 ,,st4 ,,michael1 ,feb4 #bh1 #ahda4 ,i leave this place on the #aeth of ,march1 and shall be in ,st4 ,louis for the feast of the ,annunciation4 ,i shall remain three weeks at three of our houses in ,missouri1 and then go to ,cincinnati and ,philadelphia2 so ,i hope to be in ,new ,york by the beginning of ,may4 ,do not fear on my #caa account the dangers of railroads and steamboats4 ,those who are sent on a mission are under the special protection of divine ,providence4 ,i have never met with the slightest accident2 and this constant journeying about has moreover rid me of my fever4 ,i am perfectly well4 ,i rise every morning at twenty minutes after four2 ,i fast and abstain2 and nothing hurts me4 ,so don't be uneasy about me4 ,i think ,i shall stay in ,new ,york until ,november1 if ,god opposes no obstacle to my doing so2 ,i shall then make a last visit to our houses in ,louisiana and ,missouri1 and sail for ,europe probably during the summer of #ahdb4 ,in fifteen months ,i shall be afloat again on the great ocean4 ,i hope ,alexander will not be off again before that1 so that ,i may have the consolation of seeing him once more4 ,he is the only one of my brothers whom ,i may never see again1 and he was my ,benjamin4 ,tell them ,i do not forget them in my prayers1 and ,i wish they would also remember me before ,god3 that will come some day1 ,i hope4 ,pray have some masses said for me2 ,i have great need of them4 ,if you only knew what it was to hold such an office as mine6 ,the responsibility is enough to make one tremble4 ,,louisiana1 ,march #bi1 #ahda4 ,before starting on my journey ,i must send you a few lines4 ,it is a little before my accustomed time for writing2 but ,i shall be nearly two months on the route before reaching ,new ,york1 and ,i am afraid ,i shall have no opportunity of writing except on my arrival in that city1 and after my return here4 ,so do not be anxious on account of my future silence3 it will not be a sign of anything bad4 ,i am better than ever4 ,make your mind at rest about my health4 ,our ,lord gives me astonishing strength4 ,fatigue has no effect upon me4 ,,new ,,york1 ,may #ae1 #ahda4 ,i arrived here without accident1 and take comfort in thinking that ,i shall be stationary now until ,october4 ,since ,i left ,rome ,i have not been six weeks at a time in any one place4 ,i am about founding an establishment here1 and the task is no easy one1 in any point of view4 ,the expenses to be incurred are enormous1 and our resources1 to say the best of them1 are very moderate4 ,so ,i have begged our mother-general to allow the #bjj francs which you were so good as to send us for postage1 to be devoted to the first expenses of the chapel4 ,you have no idea how deeply our 'relative' is regretted here4 ,he was universally loved and respected4 ,people look upon me with favor1 because ,i bear the same name4 ,,new ,,york1 ,june #bj1 #ahda4 ,the climate of ,new ,york is very disagreeable4 ,it was so cold yesterday that even with a woollen coverlid ,i had hard work to keep warm through the night4 ,it is not cold two days in succession4 ,the temperature varies even between morning and evening--that is1 when it is not continually raining4 ,i believe after all that the climate of ,st4 ,petersburg is the best4 ,oar summers at least are superb1 and we have long days2 but here it is hardly light1 this time of year1 at half after four in the morning1 and by half after seven in the evening we need lamps4 ,in fact1 you must go to a cold climate if you want to keep warm and to see well6 ,i have had an agreeable surprise here1 and you would never guess what it is4 ,it is to have klioukva ,footnote #gc to eat nearly every day2 it is the first time ,i have seen them since ,i left ,russia4 ,this is absurd1 ,i know1 but ,i cannot tell you what pleasure it gave me4 ,footnote #gc3 ,cranberries4 ,new ,york is an immense city2 it has nearly #djj1jjj inhabitants1 and is as noisy as ,paris4 ,there are some #hj1jjj ,catholics and only eight churches1 but religion is making progress4 ,the next time ,i write to you1 it will be from our house of the ,sacred #cab ,heart4 ,i am burning with impatience to be in it2 for though we are extremely comfortable with the good ,sisters of ,charity1 who are truly sisters to us1 we nevertheless long to be at home1 where we can live in conformity to our rule and customs4 ,what news of my brothers8 ,how happy ,i shall be when you can tell me that all is well with them6 ,i would give a thousand lives for that4 ,the day and hour of ,god will come2 let us be patient and pray4 ,say a thousand affectionate things to them for me4 ,,new ,,york1 ,aug4 #b1 #ahda4 ,i dare say you will be pleased to learn1 dear mamma1 that ,i have just opened a little mission among the ,indian savages in ,missouri1 #cjj miles beyond ,st4 ,louis4 ,four of our community have been established there4 ,the population consists of #ijj ,indians1 all converted by the ,jesuits4 ,thanks be to ,god1 his kingdom is extending itself1 and what it loses on one side through the wiles of the enemy1 it gains on another4 ,i never let a month pass without writing to you1 despite my many occupations1 because ,i know your anxiety2 but do not distress yourself4 ,i am1 if possible1 but too well1 in every respect4 ,our houses here are like those in ,europe2 while within doors we never could suspect that we had been transplanted into the new world 7that used to be74 ,don't be afraid about crocodiles4 ,the country abounds in them1 as it does in snakes2 but nobody thinks of them1 and ,i have never even seen one4 ,several1 however1 have been pointed out to me2 but as my eyes were cast down1 ,i saw nothing4 ,,new ,,york1 ,sept4 #ac1 #ahda4 ,our establishment is well under way2 the house is finished1 and we have already twelve pupils4 ,i have no doubt their number will increase next month to twenty1 and perhaps more1 for there have been already at least forty applications4 ,beside this1 ,i have just established a mission among the ,potawatamie ,indians in the ,indian ,territory4 ,there is a population of #c1jjj ,indians in the place where our ladies are1 #a1jjj of whom are fervent ,catholics2 the others are pagans1 but to some extent civilized4 ,we have there already a school of fifty little girls1 and a great many women come to learn from us how to work4 ,i shall leave ,new ,york and pass the winter in ,louisiana4 ,i am quite well--better than in ,europe2 but ,i am over-burdened with work4 ,you may readily believe it when ,i tell you that beside governing this house1 and my province1 which comprises seven houses1 ,i have had to paint three large pictures for the chapel1 and to finish them in six weeks4 ,at last1 thank ,god1 they are done1 and our chapel is really charming4 ,what a pity that you cannot come and hear mass in it6 ,en route1 between ,st4 ,michael and ,grand ,coteau1 ,dec4 #d1 #ahda4 ,from a tavern on the banks of the ,mississippi ,i write to wish you and all the family a happy ,new ,year6 ,i pray devoutly that it may be fertile in graces and divine blessings2 everything else is superfluous and valueless1 and therefore unnecessary4 ,i have travelled a good deal since ,i wrote you from ,harrisburg1 ,penn4 ,i am now going to our house at ,grand ,coteau1 where ,i shall stay about five weeks2 then ,i shall spend an equal time at ,st4 ,michael4 ,this will bring me to the end of ,february2 after which ,i shall start for ,st4 ,louis1 and visit our other establishments in ,missouri1 including our new mission among the ,potawatamie savages4 ,don't let the word 'savages' frighten you4 ,they won't eat me2 for they are more than civilized4 ,one thousand of them are ,catholics1 in the place to which ,i have sent our sisters1 who are only four in number1 and have a school which succeeds admirably4 ,our good savages are so fervent that they come every day to church at half-past five in the morning4 ,they say their prayers1 meditate for half an hour1 and then hear mass1 #cac during which they sing canticles in their savage fashion4 ,after mass one of the ,indians teaches the catechism to about thirty little boys and a like number of girls2 that over1 they go off to their respective employments1 and about six in the evening they come back to the church to say their prayers together4 ,it was the ,jesuits who converted this tribe1 and they are still doing a vast amount of good out there4 ,i shall probably go there in ,april2 it will be a three-weeks' journey4 ,after that ,i mean to return to ,new ,york1 and probably about the #ast of ,june ,i shall sail for ,havre4 ,so there you have my route2 you see that ,i lead the life of a regular courier more than ever4 ,but fortunately1 to one who has the happiness of being a religious1 all things are indifferent1 provided they are in accordance with holy obedience4 ,i am very much afraid ,i shall miss some of your letters1 for they must follow me at a gallopping pace or they will not overtake me4 ,assure yourself1 my dear mamma1 that ,russia is not the coldest country in the world4 ,the so-called burning ,louisiana is colder4 ,from the #beth to the #cjth of ,november we had hard frosts which chilled us through and through4 ,perhaps ,i am mistaken1 but ,i have a pleasant recollection that in ,november at ,st4 ,petersburg we have more rain than frost4 ,in a word1 now that ,i have tried1 so to speak1 all climates1 ,i am firmly persuaded that there is not a warm country on the face of the earth1 and ,i have resigned myself to look for pleasant and eternal warmth only in the next world4 ,what news of my brothers and my sisters-in-law8 ,are they as great vagabonds as ,i8 ,ah1 if their hearts and minds could only be composed and settled in ,god alone6 ,it will come1 some day or other2 we must hope1 even against all hope4 ,our ,lord is the master of hearts1 and he wills from all eternity that these hearts shall be wholly his4 ,a touch of his grace will soften those of my brothers2 the day of illusions will pass away1 and we shall sing eternally with them that ,god is good and his mercies are unspeakable4 ,a thousand kisses1 dear mamma2 bless your dutiful and grateful daughter ,,elizabeth4 ,in #ahdb ,madame ,elizabeth went to ,rome to give an account of her fruitful mission to her superiors4 ,i have before me a last letter of hers1 written to her mother1 whom she had just lost at ,st4 ,petersburg almost at the same hour in which her eldest brother died in ,paris in the bosom of the ,catholic ,church4 ,i confess to you1 she says1 that for several months past1 ,i have continually felt impelled to make a sacrifice of my life for my brothers4 ,perhaps you will think this presumptuous on my part1 so ,i will explain myself4 ,when ,i am making my preparation for death1 according to custom1 the thought often comes into my mind to offer the sacrifice of my life in advance1 and to beseech our ,lord to accept it1 as well as all the sufferings ,i may have to undergo1 especially at that terrible moment when the soul is separated from the body1 in order that ,i may obtain the conversion of my brothers4 ,i have asked permission to transfer to them all the merit which1 by ,god's grace1 ,i may acquire through resignation or suffering--not only in my last sickness1 but even during the period of life which yet remains to me--so that1 accumulating no more merits by way of satisfaction for my own sins1 ,i may have1 for my part1 purgatory without any alleviation2 for in that place of propitiation and peace ,i can no longer be of any use to them4 ,i hope our ,lord will grant my request3 all ,i know is that since that time my habitual gladness of heart is increased a hundred-fold1 and that ,i think of death with unspeakable consolation4 ,this sacrifice1 which reminds one of a similar incident in the life of ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul1 ,footnote #gd seems to have been #cad accepted by ,god4 ,returning to ,america in #ahdc1 ,madame ,elizabeth had not time to enjoy the fruits of her labors4 ,she was attacked at ,st4 ,michael by the yellow fever1 and there fell asleep in the ,lord on the feast of the ,immaculate ,conception1 saying3 ,i do not fear death2 ,i long for it1 if it is ,god's will4 ,footnote #ge ,footnote #gd3 ,one day1 moved with compassion at the state of an unfortunate priest1 a doctor of theology1 who had lost his faith1 because he had ceased to study the science of divinity1 ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul besought ,god to restore to this man the liveliness of his faith1 offering to take up himself1 if necessary1 the burden which this poor brother was unable to bear4 ,his prayer was heard at once1 and for four years this great saint remained as it were deprived of that faith which was nevertheless his life4 ,do you know how he passed through this trial8 says an admirable master of the spiritual life4 ,he passed through it by becoming ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul2 that is to say1 all that this name signifies4--,,gratry1 ,les ,sources1 p4 #hb4 ,footnote #ge3 ,writing from ,lyons to ,bishop ,hughes in ,september1 #ahdb1 ,madame ,galitzm said3 ,i avail myself of this opportunity to write a few lines1 although detained in my bed with the fever for upward of three weeks4 ,my health is in a poor state1 and if ,i go on as ,i did these two months1 there is more prospect for me to go to heaven next year than to return to ,america4 ,the letter is in ,english1 which she wrote with apparent ease and considerable approach to purity4 ,,ed4 ,,cath4 ,,world4 ,what more glorious title of nobility1 says ,monseigneur the ,duke d',aumale1 than to count saints and martyrs among one's ancestors8 ,my object is not so much to lay claim to this distinction1 as to show1 for the honor of my country1 the part which some of her children have taken in the genesis of civilization and ,catholicism in ,america4 ,and this ambition will perhaps seem excusable to those who admit that every gift of ,god ought to be an object of our most religious care4 ---- ,from ,the ,month4 ,,the ,,stolen ,,sketch4 ,i was sitting in the ,national ,gallery1 copying one of ,murillo's glorious little beggar-boys4 ,a tube of color fell from my box and rolled out upon the floor4 ,a gentleman passing picked it up1 and restored it to me4 ,i thanked him2 and then he lingered some minutes by my chair1 watching my work and giving me some useful hints with the air of a person who thoroughly understands the art4 ,i was striving to be an artist1 struggling through difficult uphill labor4 ,i was not acquainted with any one of the profession4 ,i had no one to give me counsel4 ,those few friendly words of advice from a stranger fell on my ear like so many pearls1 and ,i gathered them gratefully and stored them fast in memory's richest jewel-casket4 ,after that he seemed to take an interest in my progress1 gave me valuable lessons1 and occasionally lent me colors or brushes4 ,i wondered at myself for conversing with him fearlessly1 for ,i was usually shy of strangers2 but his manner was so quiet and easy1 his tone so deferential1 and he spoke so well on the subjects which interested me most1 that ,i forgot to be nervous1 and listened and answered with delight4 ,he was copying a picture quite near to me1 and ,i felt humbled when returning to my own effort after glancing at his masterly work4 ,but he cheered me with kind words of encouragement1 which had a different effect upon me from my mother's fond admiration and ,hessie's eloquent praises4 ,it was so new to be told to expect success by one whose words might be hailed as a prophecy4 ,i grew to look forward with increased interest to my long day's work in the gallery1 and to think the place lonely when the kind artist #cae was not there4 ,before my picture was finished ,i felt that ,i had gained a friend4 ,one afternoon on leaving the gallery ,i was dismayed to find that it rained heavily4 ,quite unprepared for the wet1 ,i yet shrank from the expense of a cab4 ,while standing irresolute upon the steps1 ,i presently saw my artist friend at my side4 ,he shot open his umbrella1 and remarked on the unpleasant change in the weather4 ,perhaps he saw my distress in my face1 for he asked me how far ,i had to go4 ,he also was going to ,kensington1 he said1 and begged permission to shelter me4 ,i was obliged to accept his offer1 for it was getting late4 ,it was one of those evenings so dreaded by women who are forced to walk alone in ,london1 when the light fades quickly out1 and darkness drops suddenly upon the city4 ,tying my thick veil over my face1 and wondering at myself1 ,i took his arm and walked by his side through the twilight streets4 ,i thought of a time long ago when ,i used to get upon tiptoe to clasp my father's arm1 he laughing at my childish pride1 while we sauntered up and down the old garden at home1 far away4 ,never1 since that dear arm had been draped in the shroud1 had my hand rested on a man's sleeve4 ,memory kept vexing me sorely2 and ,i1 who seldom cried1 swallowed tears behind my veil and went along in silence4 ,still ,i liked the walk4 ,as we passed on1 sliding easily through those rough crowds which at other times ,i dreaded so much1 ,i felt keenly how good it is to be taken care of4 ,i seemed to be moving along in a dream4 ,even when it began to thunder1 and lightning flashed across our eyes1 the storm could not rouse me from my reverie4 ,i felt no fear1 stoutly protected as ,i was4 ,,ii4 ,when we reached my home1 a violent gust of rain made my friend step inside the open doorway4 ,i asked him to come into the parlor till the shower should lighten2 and he did so4 ,my mother sat by the fender in her armchair1 the fire burned blithely1 the tea-things were on the table4 ,the room looked very cosy after the stormy streets4 ,my mother received the unexpected visitor cordially4 ,she had heard of his kindness to me before4 ,hessie came in with the bread and butter1 in her brown housefrock1 with her bright curls a little tossed1 and her blue eyes wondering wide at sight of a stranger4 ,my mother asked him to stay for tea1 and ,i went upstairs to take off my bonnet4 ,never before had ,i felt so anxious to have my hair neat1 and to find an immaculate collar and cuffs4 ,my hands trembled as ,i tied my apron and drew on my slippers4 ,this was always to me a pleasant hour1 when my return made ,hessie and my mother glad1 when ,i got refreshingly purified from the stains and odor of paint1 and when we all had tea together4 ,to-night a certain excitement mingled with my usual quiet thankful satisfaction4 ,i hurried down to the parlor4 ,hessie was filling the cups1 and ,edward ,vance 7our new friend7 was talking pleasantly to my mother4 ,he looked up as ,i came in1 and when ,i reached my seat a sensation of gladness was tingling from my heart's core to my finger-ends4 ,my mother took my hand and fondled it in hers1 and thanked him for his kindness to her good child4 ,i felt that he could not but sympathize with my dear1 sick1 uncomplaining mother1 and ,i somehow felt it sweet that she should give me that little word of praise while speaking to him4 ,after tea ,hessie played us dreamy melodies from ,mozart in the firelight1 and ,i sat by mother's side tracing pictures in the burning coals4 ,after that first evening ,edward ,vance often came to our house4 ,at these times our conversation was chiefly upon art-subjects4 ,hessie and my mother were deeply interested in them for my sake2 ,i1 for their own1 and for #caf the hopes which were entwined about them4 ,i thought him an ambitious man1 one whose whole soul was bent upon success4 ,i liked him for it4 ,i thought1 ,the noblest man is he who concentrates all his powers upon one worthy aim1 and wins a laurel-crown from his fellow-men as the reward of his stead-fastness4 ,yet he seemed often troubled when we asked him about his own works4 ,a remark ,i overheard one day in the gallery puzzled me4 ,some one said1 ,vance8 ,oh1 yes6 he's a clever copyist--a determined plodder2 but he originates nothing4 ,i don't know that ,i had any right to be indignant2 but ,i was4 ,that very evening ,i asked him to show us some of his designs4 ,his face got a dark troubled look upon it1 and he evaded the promise4 ,meantime he took a keen interest in my work4 ,he taught me how to finish my etchings more delicately1 and his remarks on my compositions were always most useful4 ,his suggestions were peculiarly happy4 ,the drawing was ever enhanced in strength or beauty by his advice4 ,his ideas were just and true2 his taste daintily critical4 ,this convinced me that the remark overheard in the gallery was made either in ignorance or ill-nature2 or perhaps that there were more artists called ,vance than one4 ,he came often now1 very often4 ,i ceased to feel angry at myself for starting when his knock came4 ,many small things1 too trivial to be mentioned1 filled my life with a delicious calm1 and breathed a rose-colored atmosphere around me4 ,everything in my inner and outer world had undergone a change4 ,i grew subject to idle fits at my work2 but then the suspended energy came back with such a rush of power1 almost like inspiration1 that ,i accomplished far more than ,i ever had done in the former quiet days when there was little sunshine to be had1 and ,i thought ,i had been born to live contentedly under a cloud all my life4 ,art seemed glorified a thousandfold in my eyes4 ,the galleries had looked to me before like dim treasuries of phantom beauty1 shadowy regions of romance and perfection1 through the gates of which ,i might peer1 though the key was not mine4 ,now they teemed with a ripe meaning2 the meaning which many glorious souls that once breathed and wrought on this earth have woven into their creations2--a meaning which unlocked for me the world of love1 and gave me long bright visions of its beautiful vistas4 ,my mother looked from ,edward ,vance to me1 and from me to him2 and ,i knew her thought4 ,it sweetened yet more that food of happiness on which ,i lived4 ,something said to me1 ,you may meet his eye fearlessly1 place your hand frankly in his clasp1 follow his feet gladly4 ,one evening after he had gone my mother stroked my head lying on her knee4 ,you are very happy1 ,grace8 she said4 ,i am1 mother1 ,i whispered4 ,ah6 your life is set to music1 my love1 she murmured2 the old tune4 ,,iii4 ,never was one sister so proud of another as ,i of ,hessie4 ,she was only seventeen1 three years younger than ,i1 and ,i felt almost a motherly love for her4 ,she was slight and fair1 and childish both in face and disposition4 ,i gloried in her beauty2 her head reminded me of ,raffaelle's angels4 ,i thought that one day ,i should paint a picture with ,hessie for my model--a picture which should win the love and admiration of all who gazed4 ,one leisure time1 in the midst of my happiness1 ,i suddenly resolved to commence the work4 ,i chose a scene from our favorite poem of ,enid--the part where the mother goes to her daughter's chamber1 bearing ,geraint's message1 and finds #cag ',half disarrayed1 as to her rest1 the girl1 ,whom first she kissed on either cheek1 and then ,on either shining shoulder laid a hand1 ,and kept her off1 and gazed into her face1 ,and told her all their converse in the hall1 ,proving her heart4 ,but never light and shade ,coursed one another more on open ground1 ,beneath a troubled heaven1 than red and pale ,across the face of ,enid1 hearing her2 ,while slowly falling1 as a scale that falls ,when weight is added only grain by grain1 ,sank her sweet head upon her gentle breast4 ,nor did she lift an eye1 nor speak a word1 ,rapt in the fear1 and in the wonder of it4 ,i made a sketch4 ,never had ,i been so happy in any attempt4 ,my own mother1 worn1 sad1 dignified--,i gave her face and form to the poet's conception of ,enid's mother4 ,and ,hessie made a very lovely ,enid1 with the white drapery clinging to her round shoulders1 and her golden head drooped4 ,i wrought out all the accessories with scrupulous care--the shadowy old tower-chamber2 the open window1 and the dim drifts of cloud beyond2 the stirring tapestry2 the lamp upon the table1 flinging its yellow light on the rich faded dress of the mother and on ,enid's glistening hair4 ,i toiled at the sketch almost as if ,i had meant to make it a finished picture4 ,it was large4 ,i lavished labor upon it with a passionate energy4 ,i never wearied of conjuring up ideas of beauty1 to lay them in luxurious profusion under my brush4 ,i gloried in the work of my hands2 and yet ,i felt impatient when others praised it4 ,i burned to show them what the finished picture should prove to be4 ,this sketch1 much as ,i prized it as an earnest of future success1 ,i held only as the shadow of that which must one day live in perfection on the canvas4 ,so ,i raved in my dreams4 ,i had resolved not to speak of it to ,edward ,vance till ,i had completed the sketch4 ,i had ,hessie's promise not to show it1 not to tell him4 ,i worked at it daily1 not feeling that ,i worked1 but only that ,i lived--only that my soul was accomplishing its appointed task of creation2 that it breathed in its element1 revelled in its ,god-given power2 that it was uttering that which should stir many other souls with a myriad blessed inspirations1 long after the worn body had refused to shelter it longer1 and eternity had summoned it from the world of endeavor to that rest which1 in the fever of its earnestness1 it knew not yet how to appreciate4 ,and ,hessie stood for me1 patient day after day4 ,but never light and shade ,coursed one another more on open ground1 ,beneath a troubled heaven1 than red and pale ,across the face of ,enid1 hearing her4 ,i read aloud the passage again and again1 that ,hessie might feel it as well as ,i4 ,and truly1 as ,i worked1 the color on ,hessie's cheek changed and changed under my eyes1 till ,i forgot my purpose in wondering at her4 ,one day1 while ,i laid down my brush questioning her1 she burst into tears1 and sobbed in childish impetuous distress4 ,she would not answer my anxious questions2 she shunned my sympathy4 ,but that night1 before ,i slept1 ,i had my little sister's secret4 ,she worshipped ,edward ,vance as simple childish natures worship heroes whom they exalt to the rank of gods4 ,,iv4 ,i had no more joy1 no more heart to work4 ,i laid my sketch in my portfolio1 and said that it was finished1 and that ,i should not commence the picture at present4 ,i could not work looking at ,hessie's changed face4 ,what should ,i do8 ,how should ,i restore happiness to my little sister8 ,this was the question which haunted me4 ,night or day it would give me no peace4 ,i could not rest at home4 ,i undertook a work once more at the ,national ,gallery1 and stayed away all day4 ,often ,i sat for hours1 and did nothing1 thinking with painful pertinacity of that one question1 ,how should ,i restore happiness to my little sister8 ,edward ,vance had never asked me to be his wife4 ,perhaps ,hessie did not guess that ,i had believed and hoped that he would4 ,my mother--but then a mother's eye will see where others are blind4 ,i sat in my deserted corner of the gallery1 dropping tears into my lap1 #cah and pondering my question4 ,if my mother were dead1 if ,i were married1 how lonely would not ,hessie be in her misery6 ,but if ,hessie were a happy wife1 why1 ,i could support myself and live in peace and independence1 blessed with congenial occupation1 solaced by the love and joy of my art4 ,edward ,vance must never ask me to be his wife4 ,i repeated the words again and again1 till the resolve burnt itself into my heart4 ,i believe that he has loved me1 that he loves me now2 but ,i can so wrap myself up in my work1 so seem to forget him in my art1 that ,i shall cease to be loveable2 and then he must1 he will1 perceive ,hessie's affection1 and take her to his heart4 ,he cannot help it1 beautiful and fresh and simple as she is4 ,so ,i looked at her face as she lay dreaming1 sullen and grieved like a vexed child1 even in sleep2 and ,i vowed to carry out my strange resolve--to crush my love for ,edward1 to destroy his for me1 to link the two dear ones together1 and go on my life alone1 with no comforter but ,god and my toil4 ,it was but a short time since ,i had contemplated such a prospect with calm content2 and why could ,i not forget all that had lately been1 and return to my serene quiet8 ,i said it should be so4 ,but in this ,i assumed a power over my own destiny and the destinies of others which none but ,god had a right to sway1 and he had entered it against me in the great book of good and evil4 ,he had planted in my heart a natural affection1 and laid at my feet a treasure of happiness4 ,i had stretched forth my hand to uproot that beautiful flower which should have borne me joy4 ,i had turned aside from the rich gift1 and thought to sweep it from my path4 ,i had vowed to do evil1 that good might come of it2 and a mighty hand was already extended to punish my presumption4 ,v4 ,in pursuance of my resolve1 ,i absented myself from home as much as possible1 leaving ,hessie to entertain ,edward ,vance when he came4 ,i did not intend to quarrel with him--,i could not have done that2 but ,i wanted him to see more of ,hessie and less of me4 ,i had so much faith in her superior beauty and loveableness1 that in the morbid frame of mind into which ,i had fretted myself1 ,i believed my object would soon be accomplished4 ,i had succeeded in obtaining some tuitions2 and between the time which they occupied and the hours spent in the galleries1 ,i was very little at home4 ,my mother looked at me uneasily2 but ,i smiled and deceived her with pleasant words4 ,on coming home late1 ,i sometimes heard that ,mr4 ,vance had been there2 my mother always told me--,hessie never4 ,i longed to lay my head on my mother's knee and say1 ,did he ask for me8 but the voice never would come4 ,sometimes he came1 as of old1 to spend the whole evening4 ,i would not notice how he bore my altered ways4 ,i sat all the time apart by the window1 seemingly absorbed1 puzzling out some difficult design1 or working up some careful etching4 ,i did not ask his advice2 ,i did not claim his sympathy with my occupation4 ,i sat wrapped up within myself1 grave and ungenial1 while he lingered by ,hessie at the piano1 and asked her to play her soft airs again4 ,and all the time ,i sat staring from my paper into the little patch of garden under the window1 twining my sorrow about the old solitary tree1 building my unhealthy purpose into the dull wall of discolored brick1 which shut us and our troubles from our neighbors4 ,i sat listening to the plaintive tunes with which so many associations were inwoven1 hearing ,hessie's musical prattle--she was always gay while he stayed--and ,edward's rich voice and pleasant laugh1 contrasting with them as a deep wave breaks in among the echoes of a rippling creek4 ,i sat and listened in silence1 while all my life #cai rebelled in every vein and pulse at the false part ,i acted4 ,but it was too late now to retract4 ,though every day proved to me that the task ,i had undertaken was too difficult1 the step had been made and could not be retraced4 ,i had lifted my burden1 and ,i must bear it even to the end4 ,i had no doubt from ,hessie's shy happy face that at least my object must be attained1 whatever it might cost myself4 ,i had never shown ,edward ,vance the dear sketch for which ,i had once so keenly coveted his approval4 ,so absorbed had ,i lately been in other thoughts1 that it lay by forgotten4 ,one evening my mother desired ,hessie to bring it out and show it to him4 ,i seldom looked at him1 but for a moment ,i now glanced at his face4 ,his eyelids flickered1 and a strange expression passed over his countenance4 ,it was admiration1 surprise1 and something else--,i knew not what2 something strange and unpleasant4 ,the admiration1 ,i jealously believed1 was for ,hessie's face in its downcast beauty4 ,he gazed at it long1 but put it aside with a few cold words of commendation4 ,i felt1 with an intolerable pang1 that even so he had put me aside1 and thought no more about me4 ,but at different times afterward ,i saw him glance to where the sketch lay4 ,that night my mother kept me with her after ,hessie had gone to bed4 ,she questioned me anxiously2 asked me if ,i had quarrelled with ,edward ,vance4 ,i said1 ,no1 mother1 why should we quarrel8 ,by-and-by she said1 ,grace1 can it be that he has not asked you to be his wife8 ,i answered quickly1 ,oh1 no2 it is ,hessie whom he loves4 ,my mother looked puzzled and grieved1 though ,i smiled in her face4 ,,vi4 ,one evening ,i came home and found ,hessie dull and out of humor4 ,my mother told me that ,mr4 ,vance had called and mentioned that he was about to leave town for some weeks4 ,he had left his regards for me4 ,i knew by ,hessie's face that he had said nothing to make her happy during his absence4 ,some evenings after1 ,i found my mother sitting alone in the parlor1 and on going upstairs ,hessie curled up on our bed with her face in the pillows4 ,i so loved this little sister1 that ,i could not endure to see her grieve without sharing her vexation4 ,so ,i sat down by her side and drew her head upon my shoulder4 ,sitting thus ,i coaxed her trouble from her4 ,she had been out walking1 and had met ,edward ,vance in ,kensington4 ,he had seen her4 ,he had pretended not to see her4 ,he had avoided her4 ,at first this seemed so very unlikely1 ,i jested with her1 laughed at her1 said she must have been mistaken4 ,he had been delayed in ,london1 and had not recognized her4 ,but ,hessie declared vehemently that he had purposely avoided her1 and cried as though her heart would break4 ,then ,i said3 ,hessie1 if he be a person to behave so1 we need neither of us trouble ourselves about him4 ,we lived before we knew him1 and ,i dare say we shall get on very well now that he has gone4 ,but ,hessie only stared and turned her face from me4 ,she could not understand such a view of the case4 ,she thought ,i did not feel for her4 ,after that the weeks passed drearily4 ,we heard no news of ,edward ,vance2 but he had not left ,london1 for ,i saw him once in the street4 ,i told ,hessie1 for ,i thought it right to rouse her a little rudely from the despondent state into which she had fallen4 ,i tried1 gently but decidedly1 to make her understand that we had looked on as a steadfast friend one who for some reason had been tired of us1 and made an excuse to drop our acquaintance2 and that she would be doing serious injury to her self-respect did she give him one more thought4 ,for myself ,i mused much upon his #cbj strange conduct4 ,it remained an enigma to me4 ,a dull listlessness hung upon me1 which was more terrible than physical pain4 ,i spent the days at home1 because ,i could not leave ,hessie to mope her life away1 and damp my mother's spirits with her sad face4 ,so ,i had not even the obligation of going out to daily work to stimulate me to healthful action4 ,now1 indeed1 was my life weary and burdensome for one dark space1 which1 thank ,god and his gift of strong energy1 was not of vast compass4 ,so long as we sacrifice ourselves for those we love1 whether in reality or in imagination1 something sublime in the idea of our purpose--whether that purpose be mistaken or not--is yet a rock to lean on in the weakest hour of anguish4 ,but when our eyes are opened1 and we see that we have only dragged others as well as ourselves deeper into misery1 then indeed it is hard to suffer and be strong4 ,,vii4 ,i had done nothing of late--nothing1 although ,i had toiled incessantly2 for ,i did not dignify with the name of work the soulless mechanical drudgery which had kept me from home during the past months4 ,my spirit had grovelled in a state of prostration1 stripped of its wings and its wand of power4 ,i now knelt and cried3 ,give1 oh1 give me back my creative impulse6 ,i had never since looked at the beloved sketch4 ,i longed now to draw it forth1 and commence the picture while ,i stayed at home4 ,but ,hessie shuddered when ,i spoke of it1 and looked so terrified1 pleading that she could not stand for me1 that ,i gave up the idea for the time4 ,i thought she had distressing memories connected with it1 and ,i tried to rid her of them by speaking cheerfully of how successful ,i expected the picture to be1 and what pleasure we should have in working at it4 ,i regretted bitterly that ,i had not commenced it long before1 just after ,i had made the sketch4 ,i should then1 perhaps1 have had it finished in time for the ,exhibition drawing near4 ,but that was impossible now4 ,i must wait in patience for another year4 ,i did not at that time even look between the leaves of the portfolio4 ,though ,i thought it right to talk briskly and cheerily about it for both our sakes1 ,i had sickening associations with that work of my short1 brilliant day of happiness which ,hessie1 with all her childish grieving1 could hardly have comprehended4 ,i allowed some time to pass1 and at last ,i thought ,hessie's whim had been indulged long enough4 ,she must learn how to meet a shock and outlive it4 ,i did not like the idea of having ghosts in the house-- skeletons of unhealthy sentiment hidden away in unapproachable chambers4 ,the shadow should be hunted from its corner into the light4 ,the sketch must grow into a picture1 which a new aspect of things must despoil of all stinging associations4 ,i went to seek the sketch2 but the sketch was gone4 ,i sought it in every part of the house2 but to no purpose4 ,it had quite disappeared4 ,i mentioned the strange circumstance to my mother in ,hessie's presence1 and ,hessie suddenly left the room4 ,then it struck me for the first time that my sister had either destroyed it 7which ,i could hardly believe71 or that some accident had happened to it in her hands4 ,i observed that she never alluded to it1 never inquired if ,i had found it4 ,i did not question her about it4 ,indeed ,i felt too much vexed to speak of it4 ,i grieved more for its loss than ,i had believed it remained in me to grieve at any fresh trial4 ,i loved it as we do love the creation on which we have lavished the most precious riches of our mind1 on which we have spent our toil1 in which we have conquered difficulty1 striven and achieved1 struggled and triumphed4 ,i should have loved it all my life1 hanging in my own chamber1 if no one might ever see it but myself2 and borne my #cba sorrows with a better spirit1 and tasted keener joys1 while thanking ,god that ,i had been permitted to call it into existence4 ,i gloried too much in the work of my own hands1 and ,i was punished4 ,never since have ,i tasted that vivid sense of delight in any achievement of my own4 ,i have worked as zealously1 and more successfully1 but it has been with a humbler heart4 ,and looking backward1 ,i now believe that it was my inner happiness which haloed my creation with a beauty that was half in my own glad eyes4 ,,viii4 ,the succeeding few months were quiet1 in the dullest sense of the word4 ,strive as ,i would1 the sunshine had gone from our home4 ,hessie was no longer the bright ,hessie of old days4 ,i tried to forget my dear sketch of ,enid1 and made several attempts to paint some other picture2 but the ,exhibition drew near1 and ,i had nothing done4 ,one bright ,may morning ,i read in the newspaper an account of the ,academy ,exhibition4 ,the list of artists and their works stirred me with a strange trouble4 ,tears rose in my eyes and blotted out the words4 ,i spread the paper on the table before me1 pressed my temples with my fingers1 and travelled slowly through the criticisms and praises which occupied some columns4 ,why was there no work of mine mentioned there8 ,why had ,i lost my time so miserably during the past months8 ,and questioning myself thus1 ,i was conscious of two sins upon my own head4 ,the first was in glorying in and worshipping the creation of my own labor3 the second1 in exalting myself upon an imaginary pinnacle of heroism by a fancied self-sacrifice1 and having brought deeper trouble upon the sister whose happiness ,i thought to compass4 ,i wept the choking tears out of my throat and read on4 ,something dazzled my eyes for a moment1 and brought the blood to my forehead4 ,a picture was mentioned with enthusiastic praise2 a picture by ,e4 ,vance4 ,it was called ,enid1 and was interpreted by a quotation from the poem2 my passage--the subject of my lost sketch6 ,a strange idea glanced across my mind4 ,i half smiled at it and put it away4 ,but all day ,i was restless2 and that evening ,i proposed to ,hessie an expedition early next morning to see the pictures4 ,my mother longed to go with us2 but as she could not1 ,i promised to bring home a catalogue1 and describe each painting to the best of my memory4 ,with a feverish haste ,i sought out the picture of ,enid by ,e4 ,vance4 ,was ,i dreaming8 ,i passed my hand across my eyes as though some imaginary scene had come between me and the canvas4 ,i did not feel ,hessie's hand dropping from my arm4 ,i stood transfixed1 grasping the catalogue1 and staring at the picture before me4 ,it was my ,enid4 ,my own in form1 attitude1 tint1 and expression4 ,it was the ,enid of my dreams realized2 the ,enid of my labor wrought to completion2 the ,enid of my lost sketch ennobled1 perfected1 glorified4 ,my work on which ,i had lavished my love and toil was there1 and it was not mine4 ,another1 a more skilled1 a subtler hand1 had brought out its meaning with delicate appreciation1 ripened its original purpose1 enriched the subdued depths of its coloring1 etherealized the whole by the purest finish4 ,but that hand had robbed me1 with cruel cowardly deliberation4 ,it had stolen my mellow fruit2 taken my sweetest rose and planted it in a strange garden4 ,i felt the wrong heavy and sore upon me4 ,i resented it fiercely4 ,i could not endure to look at the admiring faces around me4 ,i turned away sick and trembling1 while the blood pulsed indignantly in my throat and beat painfully at my temples4 ,why should he who had already so troubled my life enjoy success and gold which should have been mine8 #cbb ,o mother1 mother6 ,i inwardly cried1 how much would the price of this picture have done for you6 ,and ,i thought of her yearnings for the scent of sea spray1 and the taste of sea breath1 which the scanty purse forbade to be satisfied4 ,i sought ,hessie1 and found her sitting alone and very pale4 ,i said1 ,come home1 ,hessie2 and she followed me1 obeying like a child4 ,when we reached our house1 ,i was thankful that my mother slept upon the couch1 for ,i needed a time to calm myself1 and think and pray4 ,i threw away my bonnet1 and sat down by our bedside4 ,hessie came and crept to my feet4 ,grace1 she sobbed1 can you ever forgive me8 ,i gave him the sketch2 but ,i declare on my knees that ,i did not know why he wanted it4 ,for a moment ,i felt very harsh and stern1 but my woman's nature conquered4 ,what were all the pictures in the world compared with my little sister's grief8 ,i bent over her1 and wiped away the tears from her face4 ,don't say any more about it1 ,hessie1 ,i said2 ,i'd rather not hear any more4 ,i know that you meant to do me no wrong4 ,it is with him that the injustice lies4 ,but1 ,hessie1 ,i will only ask you one question3 ,can you--do you think you ought to waste a regret on such a person8 ,hessie dried up her tears with more resolution than ,i had ever seen her show before1 and answered3 ,no1 no1 ,grace dear2 ,i am cured now4 ,and then she put her arms about my neck1 asking my pardon for all her past wilful conduct2 and in one long embrace all the estrangement was swept away1 and we two sisters were restored to one another4 ,hessie went off to get tea ready with a cheerful step1 and ,i to make the room cosy and kiss my mother awake1 when the fire glowed and the pleasant meal was on the table4 ,we both sat by her with bright faces1 and told her all about the pictures we could remember2 all except one4 ,,ix4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,i have outlived all that trouble about the picture of ,enid1 and many troubles beside2 ,i have kissed my mother's dear face in her coffin4 ,i have won success1 and ,i have won gold2 and neither seem to me quite the boons some hold them to be4 ,hessie's early grief passed away like a spring shower4 ,she is now a happy wife2 and ,i have at this moment by my side a little gold-haired fairy thing1 her child4 ,my dear sister's happiness is secured2 her boat of life is safe at anchor4 ,edward ,vance's shadow only crossed her path and passed away4 ,she never met him since the old days2 ,i but once4 ,his career has strangely disappointed his friends4 ,for me1 my life is calm and contented4 ,i think the healthy-spirited always make for themselves happiness out of whatever materials may be around them2 and ,i find rich un-wrought treasure on every side1 whithersoever ,i turn my eyes4 ,my sister's glad smile is a blessing on my life2 and one rare joy is the bright-faced little lisper at my side1 who peers over my shoulder with spiritual eyes1 and asks mysterious questions about my work4 ,and1 standing always by my side like an angel1 bearing the wand of power and the wings of peace1 ,i have my friend1 my beautiful art4 ,she fills my days with purpose and my nights with sweet rest and dreams4 ,she places in my hands the means of doing good to others4 ,while illumining my upward path1 she seems to beckon me higher and yet higher4 ,looking ever in her dear eyes1 ,i bless ,god for the abundance of his gifts2 and ,i muse serenely on the time when she1 the interpreter of the ideal here on earth1 will conduct me to the gates of eternal beauty4 ------ #cbc ,from ,once a ,week4 ,,imperial ,,and ,,royal ,,authors4 ,,by ,s4 ,,baring ,,gould4 ,is the present ,emperor of the ,french aware that in publishing his ,vie de ,cesar1 he is treading a beaten path8 that his predecessors on the ,french throne have1 from a remote age1 sought to unite the fame of authorship with the glory of regal position8 and is he aware of the fact1 that their efforts in this quarter have not unfrequently been accounted dead failures8 ,julius ,caesar has already been handled by one of them1 and with poor success1 for ,louis ,,xiv41 at the age of sixteen1 produced a translation of the first book of the ,commentaries of ,caesar1 under the title ,guerre des ,suisses1 traduite dupremier livre des ,commentaires de ,jules ,cesar1 par ,louis ,,xi ,v41 ,dieu-,donne1 roi de ,france et de ,navarre4 ,this work1 consisting of eighteen pages1 was printed at the royal press in folio1 #afea4 ,louis ,,xiv41 however1 was not the first ,french monarch to try his hand upon ,julius ,caesar2 he had been preceded by ,henry ,,iv41 who translated the whole work1 and did not give it up after the first book4 ,will the present ,vie de ,cesar reach a second volume8 and1 if it does1 will it extend to a fourth8 ,those who know best the occupations of the imperial writer1 say that it might be rash to feel sure beyond the first volume1 or to calculate on more than a second4 ,let us see whether there is much novelty in the circumstance of a monarch becoming an author4 ,we shall only look at the emperors of ,rome and the kings of ,france4 ,we know well enough that our own ,alfred translated ,boethius1 ,orosius1 and ,bede1 and that ,henry ,,viii4 won the title of ,defender of the ,faith by his literary tilt with ,luther2 and that ,james ,i4 wrote against tobacco2 and we are not disposed to revive the dispute about the ,eikon ,basilike4 ,let us then turn to the ,roman emperors after ,caesar1 who was an author himself1 or neither ,henry ,,iv41 nor ,louis ,,xiv41 nor ,louis ,napoleon1 would have had much to say about him4 ,augustus1 we are told by ,suetonius1 composed several works1 which he was wont to read to a circle of friends4 ,among these were1 ,exhortations to the ,study of ,philosophy1 which we have no doubt the select circle listened to with possible edification1 and probable ennui4 ,he wrote likewise his own memoirs in thirteen books1 but he never finished them1 or brought them beyond the ,cantabrian war4 ,his epigrams were written in his bath4 ,he commenced a tragedy upon ,ajax1 but1 little pleased with it1 he destroyed it2 and in answer to the select circle which asked1 ,what had become of ,ajax8 ,ah6 poor fellow6 replied the emperor1 he fell upon the sponge1 and perished2 meaning that he had washed the composition off his papyrus4 ,tiberius1 says the same author1 composed a lyric poem on the death of ,julius ,caesar1 but his style was full of affectation and conceits4 ,claudius suffered from the same passion for becoming an author1 and composed several books of history1 as well as memoirs of his own life1 and these were read in public1 for the friendly circle was too narrow for his ambition4 ,he also invented three letters1 which he supposed were necessary for the perfection of the alphabet1 and he wrote a pamphlet on the subject1 before assuming the purple4 #cbd ,after having become emperor1 he enforced their use4 ,he wrote also1 in ,greek1 twenty books of ,tyrian1 and eight of ,carthaginian history1 which were read publicly every year in ,alexandria4 ,nero composed verses1 ,domitian a treatise on hair-dressing1 ,adrian his own life2 ,marcus ,aurelius wrote his commentaries1 which are lost1 and his moral reflections1 and letters to ,fronto1 which are still extant4 ,julian the ,apostate was the author of a curious work1 the ,misopogon1 or ,foe to the ,beard1 a clever and witty squib directed against the effeminate inhabitants of ,antioch4 ,a few passages from this work will not be out of place4 ,i begin at my face1 which is wanting in all that is agreeable1 noble1 and good2 so ,i1 morose and old1 have tacked on to it this long beard1 to punish it for its ugliness4 ,in this dense beard perhaps little insects stroll1 as do beasts in a forest2 ,i leave them alone4 ,this beard constrains me to eat and to drink with the utmost circumspection1 or ,i should infallibly make a mess of it4 ,as good luck will have it1 ,i am not given to kissing1 or to receiving kisses1 for a beard like mine is inconvenient on that head1 as it does not allow the contact of lips4 4444 ,you say that you could twine ropes out of my beard2 try it1 only take care that the roughness of the hair does not take the skin off your soft and delicate hands4 ,valentinian ,i4 is said to have emulated ,ausonius in licentious poetry4 ,of the later emperors some have obtained celebrity by their writings4 ,leo ,,vi41 surnamed the ,wise1 was the author of a very interesting and precious treatise on the art of warfare4 ,he also composed some prophecies1 sufficiently obscure to make the ,greeks in after ages find them apply to various events as they occurred4 ,constantine ,,vi4 was also an eminent contributor to literature4 ,this prince had been early kept from public affairs by his uncle ,alexander1 and his mother ,zoe1 so that he had sought pleasure and employment in study4 ,after having collected an enormous library1 which he threw open to the public1 he employed both himself and numerous scribes in making collections of extracts from the principal classic authors4 ,the most important of these1 and that to which he attached his own name1 consisted of a mass of choice fragments1 gathered into fifty-three books4 ,this vast work is lost1 together with many of the books cited1 except only two parts3 one treating of embassies1 the other of virtues and vices4 ,constantine also wrote a curious geographical account of the provinces of the ,greek empire1 a treatise on the administration of government1 and another on the ceremonies observed in the ,byzantine ,court2 a life of the ,emperor ,basil1 an account of the famous image of ,edessa1 and a few other trifles4 ,let us now turn to the ,french monarchs1 and we shall find that they began early to take the pen in hand2 and1 unfortunately1 the very first royal literary work in ,france was a blunder4 ,king ,chilperic wrote a treatise on the ,trinity1 under the impression that he had a gift for theological definition1 and he signalized his error by asserting that the word person should not be used in speaking of the three members of the ,trinity4 ,having burned his fingers by touching theology1 the semi-barbarian king attempted poetry with like success4 ,but his pretensions did not end there4 ,he added the ,greek letter u to the ,latin alphabet1 and three characters of his own invention1 so as to introduce into that language certain ,teutonic sounds4 ,he sent orders1 writes ,gregory of ,tours1 into every city of his kingdom1 that all children should be taught in this manner1 and that ancient written books should be effaced1 and rewritten in the new style4 ,the great and wise ,charlemagne1 perceiving the glories of his native tongue1 and the beauties of his national poetry1 carefully collected the ,teutonic national poems1 and commenced a grammar of the language4 ,robert ,,ii4 #cbe was not only a scholar1 but a musician2 he composed some of the ,latin hymns still in use in the ,church1 with their accompanying melodies4 ,his queen1 ,constantia1 seeing him engaged on his sacred poetry1 one day1 in joke1 asked him to write something in memory of her4 ,he at once composed the hymn1 ,o constantia martyrum1 which the queen1 not understanding ,latin1 but hearing her name occurring in the first line1 supposed to be a poem in her honor4 ,louis ,,xi4 is supposed to have contributed to the ,cent ,nouvelles nouvelles1 which collection1 however much credit it may do him in a literary point of view1 is inexcusably wanting in decency4 ,a volume of poems by ,francis ,i4 exists in ,,ms4 in the ,imperial ,library4 ,it contains1 among other interesting matter1 a prose letter1 and another in verse1 written from his prison to one of his mistresses4 ,the king was bad in his orthography1 as may be judged from the following portion of a letter written by him to his mother at the raising of the siege of ,mezieres3-- ,madame1 tout asetheure 7a cette heure71 yn sy 7ainsi7 que je me vouloys mettre o lyt 7au lit71 est aryce 7arrive7 ,laval1 lequel m'a aporte la sertenete 7certitude7 deu levemant du syege de ,mesyeres4 ,i presume a schoolboy would be whipped if he wrote as bad a letter as this king4 ,louis ,,xiii4 had1 says his epitaph1 a hundred virtues of a valet1 not one of a master2 but he could write sonnets1 and compose the music for them4 ,the best1 perhaps1 is that composed on1 or for1 ,madame de ,hautefort1-- ,tu crois1 bean soleil6 ,qu'a ton eclat rien n'est pareil2 ,mais quoi6 tu palis ,aupres d',amaryllis1 --set to music which is charming4 ,but ,louis ,,xiii4 was more of a barber1 gardener1 pastrycook1 and farmer1 than an author4 ,louis ,,xiv41 beside his translation of ,caesar's ,commentaries1 ,book ,i41 composed ,memoires historiques1 politiques1 et militaires2 but his writings were not remarkable1 as his education had been so neglected by his mother and ,mazarin1 that1 according to ,la ,porte1 his valet1 he was not allowed to have the history of ,france read to him1 even for the sake of sending him to sleep4 ,louis ,,xv4 wrote a little treatise on the course of the rivers of ,europe1 and printed it with his own hands4 ,it consisted of sixty-two pages1 and contained nothing which was not perfectly well known before1 as1 for instance1 that the ,thames ran into the ,north ,sea or ,german ,ocean1 and that the ,rhone actually fell into the ,mediterranean4 ,in #agff appeared a description of the forest of ,compiegne1 and guide to the forest1 by ,louis1 afterward ,louis ,,xvi41 composed by the unfortunate prince at the age of twelve4 ,louis ,,xviii4 wrote an account of a journey from ,paris to ,coblentz1 which was published in #ahbc4 ,this work was full of inaccuracies and mistakes1 so that it became the prey of critics4 ,finally1 ,napoleon ,i4 wrote much1 but not in the way of bookmaking1 though he began a history of ,corsica1 which remained in ,,ms4 ,his writings have been collected and published in five volumes1 under the title1 ,o,euvres de ,napoleon ,bonaparte4 #hvo4 #ahba4 ---- #cbf ,from ,the ,lamp4 ,,history ,,of ,a ,,blind ,,deaf-,,mute4 ,,translated ,,from ,,the ,,french ,,of ,m4 ,,carton1 ,,head ,,of ,,the ,,institute ,,for ,,the ,,deaf ,,and ,,dumb ,,at ,,bruges1 ,,by ,,cecilia ,,caddell4 ,anna1 the deaf1 dumb1 and blind girl1 whose story ,i am about to relate1 was born at ,ostend1 of poor but honest parents1 in the year #ahah4 ,she was blind from her birth1 but during the first years of her infancy appeared to have some sense of hearing4 ,this1 unfortunately1 soon vanished1 leaving her blind1 deaf1 and dumb2 one of the three persons thus trebly afflicted existing at this moment in the province of ,west ,flanders4 ,losing both her parents while still an infant1 she was brought up by her grandmother1 who received aid for the purpose from the ,commission des ,hospices of the town4 ,to the good offices of these gentlemen she is likewise indebted for the education she has since received2 for when ,i first proposed taking her into my establishment1 both her aunt and her grandmother were most unwilling to part with her1 fearing1 very naturally1 that strangers would never give her the affectionate care which1 in her helpless condition1 she so abundantly required2 they only yielded at last to the representations and entreaties of their charitable friends4 ,their love for this poor child1 who could never have been anything but an anxiety and expense to them1 was indeed most touching2 and they wept bitterly when they parted from her2 declaring1 in their simple but expressive language1 that ,i was taking away from them the blessing of their house4 ,they were soon satisfied1 however1 that they had acted for the best2 and having once convinced themselves of her improvement both in health and happiness1 they never1 to the day of their death1 ceased to rejoice at the decision which they had come to in her regard4 ,when ,anna was first entrusted to my care1 her relations1 and every one else who knew her1 supposed her to be an idiot1 and this had been their principal reason for opposing me in my first efforts for her instruction4 ,poor themselves and ignorant1 and earning their bread by the labor of their own hands1 they had had neither time nor thought to bestow on the development of this intellect1 closed as it was against all the more ordinary methods of instruction2 and the child had been left1 of necessity1 to her own resources for occupation and amusement4 ,few1 indeed1 and trivial these resources were6 ,blind1 and fearing even to move without assistance2 deaf1 and incapable of hearing a syllable of the conversation that was going on around her2 dumb1 and unable to communicate her most pressing wants save by that unearthly and unwilling cry which the deaf mutes are compelled to resort to1 like animals in the moment of their utmost need1--the child had remained day after day seated in the same corner of the cottage4 ,knowing nothing of the bright sunshine1 or the green field1 or the sweet smell of flowers2 nothing of the sports of childhood or its tasks2 night the same as day in her estimation1 excepting for its sleep2 winter only distinguished from summer by the sharper air without1 and the increased heat of the wood-piled fire within--no wonder that she seemed an idiot4 ,her only amusement--the only thing approaching to occupation which her friends had been able to procure her--consisted1 at first1 in a string of glass beads4 ,these ,anna amused herself by taking off and #cbg putting on again at least twenty times a day2 and this and the poor meals1 which she seemed to take without appetite or pleasure1 were the only breaks in the twelve long hours of her solitary days4 ,some charitable person at last made her a present of a doll2 and with this doll she played1 after her own fashion1 until she was twenty years of age4 ,she never1 in fact1 lost her taste for it until she had succeeded in learning to knit2 then it was cast from her with disdain1 and she never afterward recurred to it for amusement4 ,notwithstanding her enforced inaction1 she managed to tear her clothes continually4 ,perhaps1 poor child1 she found some relief from the tedium of her daily life in this semblance of an occupation1 for she had an insuperable objection to changing her tattered garments2 and it was a long time before we could induce her to do so with a good grace4 ,once1 however1 accustomed to the change1 she seemed to take pleasure in it1 delighted in new clothes1 and used often to come of her own accord to beg that the old ones might be washed4 ,there was nothing very prepossessing in her external appearance2 at first it was almost repulsive4 ,she was of the ordinary height of a girl of her age2 but her hands were small and thin1 from want of use1 as those of a little child4 ,when she first came to my establishment her head was bowed down on her neck from weakness2 she had sore eyes2 her face was covered with a cutaneous eruption2 she walked with difficulty1 and appeared to dislike the exertion excessively4 ,afterward1 care and good feeding improved her very much4 ,she acquired strength2 and the skin disease which had been her chief disfigurement entirely disappeared4 ,i have no intention of describing all that she did and said 7by signs71 or all the pains and trouble that she cost us in the early months of her residence among us4 ,during that time1 however1 ,i kept a journal of her conduct2 which1 as a history of her mental development1 is so curious1 that ,i venture to lay some extracts from it before my readers1 the remainder being reserved for future publication4 ,i must begin by explaining my ideas as to the proper method to be pursued in instructing these unfortunates4 ,i try1 in the first place1 to put myself in the place of a person deaf1 blind1 and dumb2 and then ask myself1 ,what do ,i know1 what can ,i know1 in such a state8 ,in my first course of instruction1 therefore1 ,i make it a rule never to give the word until certain that the thing which that word expresses has been clearly understood4 ,in the case of ,anna there was an additional difficulty4 ,not only had she no' preconceived idea of the use or nature of a word1 but her blindness prevented her seeing the connection between it and the substance it was intended to represent4 ,nor would it be sufficient for her full instruction that she should learn by the touch to distinguish one word from another2 she would also require to be taught the elements of which words were themselves composed4 ,if ,i began by giving her words alone1 she would never have learned to distinguish letters4 ,if1 on the other hand1 ,i commenced with letters1 without attaching any especial idea to them1 she would have been disgusted1 and have left off at the second lesson4 ,a letter1 in fact1 would have been nothing but a letter to her2 for there would be no means of making her comprehend that it was but the first step toward the knowledge ,i was desirous of imparting4 ,i resolved1 therefore1 neither to try letters by themselves nor whole words in the first lesson which ,i gave her4 ,it was in the ,flemish language1 of course2 but the method ,i pursued would be equally applicable to any other4 ,in order to give1 at one and the same moment1 the double idea of a letter and a word1 ,i chose a letter which had some resemblance to the form ,i intended it to express1 and gave it the significance of an entire word4 ,for #cbh this purpose ,i fixed upon the letter ,o1 and made her understand that this letter signified mouth1 in fact it is one of the four letters which express the word in ,flemish--mond1 mouth4 ,afterward ,i took a double o7#jj71 which are the first letters in the ,flemish1 oog1 eye4 ,one ,o1 then1 signified mouth2 two meant eyes4 ,the lesson was easy2 she caught it in a moment2 and thus1 with two words and two ideas attached to them1 her dictionary was commenced4 ,it was quite possible1 however1 that as these letters represented1 to a certain extent1 the objects of which they were the expression1 she might fall into the error of supposing that all letters did the same2 and in order to prevent this mistake1 ,i immediately added the letter ,r to her collection4 ,this not only became a new acquisition for her dictionary1 but1 by forming with the two previous letters the ,flemish word oor 7ear71 it became an easy transition between the natural expression dependent on the form1 which she had already acquired1 and the arbitrary1 dependent on the spelling1 which it was my object she should acquire4 ,proceeding on this principle1 and always taking care to commence the lesson from a point already known1 we lessened the difficulties1 and made rapid progress4 ,a cap1 an apron1 a ribbon1 or gown1 always interest the sex2 and1 like any other girl1 ,anna valued them extremely4 ,i took care likewise often to choose words expressive of anything she liked1 especially to eat2 and it was by the proper use of these words that she first convinced me how completely she had seized upon the meaning of my lessons4 ,whenever she was desirous of obtaining any little dainty1 she used to point to the word in her collection2 and of course it was given to her immediately4 ,poor child6 her joy1 when she found she could really make herself understood1 was very touching2 and her surprise was nearly equal to her joy4 ,a person born blind does not naturally make signs2 for a sign addresses itself to the sight1 and of the faculty of sight they have no conception4 ,a sign in relief1 however--a sign which they can distinguish by the touch1 and by means of which they can communicate with their fellow-men--must come to these benighted intelligences like a message of mercy from ,god himself4 ,we always gave ,anna the object1 in order to make her comprehend the word--the substance1 to explain the substantive4 ,one day1 not long after her arrival1 her instructress gave her the word egg1 placing one at the same time before her2 and ,anna immediately made signs that she wished to eat it4 ,she offered me at the same moment a small piece of money1 which some one had given her1 as if for the purpose of buying the food4 ,the bargain was made at once2 and she ate the egg1 while ,i pocketed the money4 ,i quite expected she would try this over again1 for she had some money1 and was fond of eggs4 ,the very next day1 in fact1 she searched the word out in her vocabulary1 and brought it to her instructress1 with an air that quite explained her meaning4 ,i placed an egg before her2 she touched it--touched the word2 coaxed and patted the egg2 and at last burst into a fit of laughter1 caused1 no doubt1 by pleasant astonishment at having so easily obtained her wish4 ,i hoped and expected that she would propose to purchase1 for ,i was anxious to find out if she had any real notion of the use of money4 ,my hopes were fulfilled1 for she offered at once her price of two centimes1 with the evident intention of making a purchase4 ,much to her astonishment1 however1 this time ,i took both the money and the egg4 ,at first she laughed1 evidently thinking that ,i was only joking4 ,i gave her time to comprehend that ,i was serious1 and that1 having taken both1 ,i meant to keep them4 ,she acquiesced at last with regard to the egg2 it was mine1 and ,i had a right to keep it if ,i liked2 but she was indignant that ,i did not return the money4 ,she asked for it in #cbi every way she was capable of asking1 and grew at last both red and angry at the delay4 ,i had tried her sufficiently4 ,it was high time to prove myself an honest man2 so ,i gave her back her money1 and she restored me to her good graces4 ,i was happy indeed to find so clear a sense of justice1 so complete a knowledge of the value of mine and thine1 in a creature so defective in her animal organization4 ,once in possession of a little stock of words1 ,anna was never weary of augmenting it1 and she soon found out a way of compelling us1 almost1 to satisfy her wish4 ,she would take the hand of her mistress1 and with it imitate the action of writing1 by making points upon the paper with the finger4 ,if her wishes were complied with1 she was delighted2 but if1 to try her1 the mistress pretended to hesitate1 then ,anna took the matter into her own hands1 and positively refused to do anything else4 ,every other employment suggested to her would be indignantly rejected1 and she would persist in asking over and over again for the word she wanted1 never resting or letting any one else rest until she got it4 ,the nuns1 of course1 always ended by complying with her desires2 and it would be hard to say which felt most delight1--the blind girl1 who had succeeded in adding to her small stock of knowledge1 or the religious1 who by the aid of ,providence had enabled her to do so4 ,a mother who hears for the first time the low stammering of her child can alone form a conception of all one feels at such a moment1 for ,god is very good2 and when he imposed upon society the task of instructing the ignorant1 he attached an ineffable delight to the accomplishment of that duty4 ,when ,anna knew how to read and understand about forty substantives1 ,i taught her the manual alphabet1 and from that moment ,i could test her knowledge with unfailing exactitude4 ,she first read the word with her fingers1 and then repeated it by means of the dactology2 it was a lesson in reading and writing both4 ,she was soon sufficiently advanced to venture upon verbs4 ,i began with the imperative mood2 not only because it is the simplest form of the verb1 but also because ,i myself would have to use it in giving her the lesson4 ,she seized with wonderful facility upon the relative positions of the substantive and verb4 ,i always made her perform the action signified by the verb which she had learned1 and thus the lesson became quite an amusement to her4 ,however silly in appearance might be the association between the verb and substantive1 she never failed to apprehend it2 and when told to do anything ridiculous or out of the common way1 she enjoyed the fun1 and never failed to execute the commission to the best of her ability4 ,if ,i told her to walk upon the table1 she would take off her shoes1 climb up1 and walk cautiously upon it2 if told to eat the chair1 after a minute's hesitation as to the best manner of complying with the order1 she would take it up and pretend to devour it4 ,one day she was terribly embarrassed by some one writing the following phrase3 ,throw your head on the floor4 ,she read the sentence over and over again to make sure that she was not mistaken1 laughed very much1 and then suddenly growing serious1 shook her head1 as much as to say1 the thing was absolutely impossible4 ,at last1 however1 and as if to finish the business1 she took her head in both her hands1 and made a gesture1 as if to fling it on the floor4 ,having done this1 she evidently felt that nothing more could be expected from her1 and showed herself both pleased and proud at having understood the phrase1 and found so easy a method of getting out of the difficulty4 ,she distinguished very readily between the verbs to lay down and to throw down1 clearly comprehending that the one action was to be #ccj done with vivacity1 the other with caution2 and it was curious to watch her perplexity when commanded to throw down anything liable to be broken4 ,she knew well what would be the consequence of the command1 and you could see the questioning that went on in her own mind as to how it could be accomplished with least damage to the article in question4 ,she would begin by feeling all along the ground1 and trying to form an exact idea of the distance it would have to fall2 and then at last she would throw it down with a mixture of care and yet of caution1 which showed she was perfectly aware of the mischief she was doing4 ,the moment she thoroughly understood the imperative1 we had only to add her name or that of one of the sisters to produce the indicative2 and then1 by changing ,anna into ,i1 she passed easily to the pronouns1 as thus3 ,strike the table2 ,anna strikes the table2 ,i strike the table4 ,i had at first omitted the article2 but ,i soon perceived my mistake4 ,we have no means of teaching a deaf-mute the reason for preceding a substantive by an article2 and still more impossible would it be to give any plausible explanation of the distinction between the genders4 ,habit does this for each of us when we learn our mother tongue2 and habit and frequent repetition did it so well for ,anna1 that now she rarely1 if ever1 makes any mistake4 ,when she had advanced thus far1 ,i made her observe that by adding the letters en1 which constitute our ,flemish plural1 several of the same sort of substantives were intended to be expressed2 and passing from this to numbers1 ,i gave her a lesson in numeration4 ,she readily seized upon both ideas2 and constant practice soon made her perfect in their application4 ,verbs such as jeter1 to throw down1 poser1 to lay down1 naturally introduced the use of prepositions to express the mode in which the verb acts upon the substantive4 ,this enabled me to make various combinations with words known to her already2 and ,i found it of great use to place the same word in such different positions in a phrase as to alter entirely1 or at least modify1 the meaning4 ,the last lesson which she received was to make use of and understand the meaning of the pronouns my1 your1 our1 and the conjunction and4 ,we have also made her comprehend the use and meaning of adjectives expressive of forms1 as square1 round1 etc41 as well as the physical and mental state of being implied in the words good1 bad1 sick1 well1 etc4 ,she makes such phrases as the following1 and reads them easily when they are given to her in writing3 ,give me my knitting2 ,my work is on the table2 ,my apron is square4 ,one last observation ,i must make about the pronouns4 ,the third person singular or plural would have been difficult to ,anna1 since1 being blind1 she could not have distinguished whether the action spoken of had been done by one person or by several2 by him1 in fact1 or by they4 ,the pronouns which she can most readily comprehend are the first and second2 and to these ,i generally confine her4 ,for he or they ,i have substituted one3 ,one strikes the table4 ,anna might have been taught the others2 but she would often probably have been mistaken in their application1 and would perhaps have ended by supposing that there was no positive rule in their regard1 and that they might be used as it were at random4 ,people only learn willingly what they can clearly comprehend2 and if children dislike instruction1 the fault is almost always with the master4 ,if the latter would but bring his intelligence to the level of his pupils1 he might be almost certain of their attention4 ,to sum up the whole1 ,i will give the order in which ,i taught her the different parts of speech necessary for the knowledge of a language4 ,the substantive1 because1 being itself an object1 it falls more immediately beneath the #cca recognition of the senses2 the verb1 because by the verb alone we speak1 and without it there could be no language2 the preposition1 because it indicates the nature of the action expressed by the verb2 and finally1 the adjective and the adverb4 ,i had many reasons for keeping back these two last to the end4 ,neither of them is essential to a phrase which can be complete without them4 ,anna would have been much retarded in her progress if ,i had stopped to teach her the attributes of words1 when words themselves were what she wanted4 ,she could learn language only by use and habit2 and it was of the highest importance that she should acquire that habit as speedily as possible4 ,i threw aside1 therefore1 without hesitation1 all that could embarrass her progress1 and confined myself1 in the first instance1 to such things as it was absolutely essential she should know1 in order to be able to converse at all4 ,it may be asked why ,i taught her to make phrases by means of whole words1 instead of giving her the letters of the alphabet and teaching her to make words themselves4 ,the result of the mode ,i did adopt must be my answer4 ,anna has already a clear idea of language2 all her acquisitions in the way of words are classed in her mind as in a dictionary1 and ready to come forth at a moment's notice4 ,the reason for this rapid progress is very plain4 ,it is far less troublesome to take a whole word1 and put it in the grammatical order it ought to occupy1 than to be obliged to make the word itself by means of separate letters4 ,she had need of all her attention to learn the elements of a phrase2 and it would have been imprudent to weaken that attention by directing it also to learn the elements of words4 ,i divided difficulties in order to overcome them3 this was the secret of my method1 and the cause of its success4 ,my lessons were also almost or entirely an amusement to her2 and sometimes ,i composed a phrase which she first read1 and acted afterward4 ,sometimes it was ,i who performed the action1 while she gave me an account of what ,i had done in writing4 ,it was a lesson at once in reading and in writing1 in hearing and in speaking2 and the moment we had got thus far1 communication by means of language was established between us4 ,i had given my lessons at first by words or phrases written in a book2 but now1 to test more perfectly the knowledge she had acquired1 and to prevent her reading becoming a mere matter of form and guess-work1 ,i cut all her phrases into words1 gummed them upon cardboard1 and threw them pell-mell into a box1 from which she had to take out every separate word that she required for a phrase4 ,this new exercise vexed her very much at first2 but if it was tedious1 it was also sure4 ,by degrees she became accustomed to it1 and at last seemed to prefer it to the book1 probably because it admitted of greater facilities for varying her phrases4 ,nevertheless it was troublesome work2 and ,i was curious to see if ,anna would seek1 of her own accord1 to arrange her words in such a way as to avoid the trouble of hunting through the whole mass for every separate one she wanted4 ,it seemed not unlikely1 for she was very ingenious2 and so1 in fact1 it happened4 ,from time to time ,i observed that she put aside certain words1 and kept them separate from the others2 and it was impossible to mistake her exultation when these selected words were called for in her lesson4 ,of course ,i saw them as she put them by2 and1 in order to encourage her1 ,i managed to introduce them pretty often into our conversations4 ,acting also upon this hint1 ,i had a drawer divided into small compartments placed in the table at which she took her lessons4 ,each compartment was intended for a separate class of words1 but she was permitted to arrange them according to her own ideas2 and the moment a word had been examined and understood1 she placed it in the compartment to which she imagined it belonged4 ,nouns1 pronouns1 verbs1 articles--each #ccb had their separate partition2 but ,i observed1 with delight1 that when ,i gave her the verb to drink1 instead of placing it with the other verbs1 she put it at once into the compartment she had destined for liquids4 ,having remarked that it was always employed with these substantives1 it naturally struck her that its proper place would be among them4 ,to casual observers this may seem but a trifling thing to mention1 but it was an act of reasoning2 and in their half-mutilated natures the whole power of instruction hangs so entirely on the capacity for passing by an act of reason from one fact to another1 from the known to that which is still unknown1 that every indication which a pupil gives of possessing such capacity is hailed with delight by her teacher as an assurance of further progress4 ,without it he knows that instruction would be impossible4 ,when ,anna was first introduced into my establishment1 she evidently comprehended that she had fallen among strangers4 ,she brought us her poor playthings1 and insisted on our examining them attentively1 for she was a baby still2 a baby of twenty years of age indeed1 but as anxious to be caressed and as requiring of notice as a child of two years old4 ,when led in the evening to her bedside1 she immediately began to undress herself1 and the next morning rose gaily1 showing herself much pleased with the good bed in which she had passed the night4 ,she made a little inclination of the head to the sister who waited on her1 as if to salute her4 ,at breakfast we observed that she ate with more cleanliness and propriety than is usual among the blind4 ,her first regular lesson was to knit2 and we found it far less difficult to teach her the stitch itself than to habituate her to work steadily for a long time together4 ,she had evidently no idea of making it the regular occupation of the day4 ,she would begin by knitting a little2 then she would undo or tear up all that was already done2 and this would happen regularly over and over again at least twenty times a day4 ,it was weary work at first2 but after a time we managed to turn this dislike for continuous occupation into a means of teaching her more important things4 ,the moment she threw aside her work1 we took it up1 and pretended to insist upon her continuing it2 and then at last1 when we saw that she was quite vexed and wearied out by our solicitations1 we used to offer her her letters4 ,she would take them1 and1 evidently to avoid further worry1 begin to study them2 but the letters1 like the knitting1 were soon flung aside1 and then the work once more was put into her hands4 ,in this way1 and while she fancied she was only indulging in her own caprices1 we were advancing steadily toward our object--training her to occupation1 and giving her the means of future communication with her fellow-creatures4 ,we also discovered that it was quite possible to pique her out of her idle habits2 for one day in the earlier period of her education1 when she happened to be more than usually idle and inattentive1 her mistress led her toward a class of children busily employed in working1 and said to her by signs1 ,these little children work2 and you1 who are twice their size1 do you wish to sit there doing nothing8 ,from that time we had less trouble with her2 and once she had learned to knit well and easily1 this kind of work seemed to become a positive necessity to her4 ,she delighted in feeling with her fingers the progress she was making1 and the needles were scarcely ever out of her hands4 ,when ,sunday came1 she asked as usual for her knitting1 and was terribly disappointed when she found that it was withheld4 ,i took the opportunity to give her an idea of time--a very important point in her future education2 so ,i said to her1 ,you shall not knit to-day2 but after having slept once more--to-morrow in fact--the needles shall be given to you again4 ,i foresaw this to be an explanation that would need repeating2 and #ccc accordingly1 the very next ,sunday1 she asked again for her knitting1 and was again refused4 ,she was vexed at first1 but grew calm directly ,i had assured her she should have it on the morrow4 ,many weeks afterward1 and when she seemed quite to understand that work on this day was forbidden1 she came with a very serious countenance and demanded her knitting2 then bursting into a fit of laughing1 made signs that she knew she was not to knit on that day1 but that to-morrow she should have her work again4 ,she obtained a knowledge of the past and future much sooner than she did of the present1 using the signs expressive of the two first long before she made an attempt even at the latter4 ,it was a matter of great importance that she should understand them all2 therefore ,i not only introduced them over and over again in our conversations1 in order to render her familiar with them1 but ,i watched her carefully to see that she made a right use of them in her communications with her companions4 ,a circumstance at last occurred which satisfied me that she was perfect in the lesson4 ,on the feast of ,st4 ,aloysius ,gonzaga she went with the other children to a church where the festival was being celebrated4 ,on her return she expressed her gratitude for the pleasure she had received1 and the next morning ,i observed that she told every one she met that yesterday she had been to such a church2 while the day afterward ,i perceived that in telling the same story she made the sign of yesterday twice over--a proof how perfectly she comprehended the nature and division of time4 ,for a long time after she began to reside with us1 she never mentioned either her grandmother or aunt1 probably because she was so completely absorbed by the lessons of her new existence as to have no time to think of them4 ,gradually1 however1 they came back to her recollection1 and then she spoke of them with gratitude and affection4 ,she began also to compare her present state with her past1 evidently considering the change for the better in her physical and mental being as due to the care that has been bestowed on her here4 ,she has twenty little ways of expressing her gratitude4 ,my face was all over blotches1 she says by signs2 ,i could neither write nor walk2 now ,i can hold myself upright1 and ,i can read1 and know how to knit4 ,this consciousness1 however1 does not at all interfere with her affection for her grandmother2 and when the old woman died she grieved for some time bitterly4 ,what idea does the word death bring to the mind of this child8 ,i know not2 but when we told her about her grandmother1 her mistress made her lie down on the floor1 and then reminded her of a child who had died in the establishment about a year before2 after which we explained to her that the body would be laid in the ground1 and be seen upon earth no more4 ,she wept a great deal at first2 but suddenly drying her tears knelt down1 making signs to her mistress and companions that they should do the same2 and1 that there might be no mistake about her meaning1 she held up her rosary1 to show them they must pray4 ,she did not forget her poor grandmother for a considerable time1 and every morning made it a point to inquire from her companions if they also had remembered her that day4 ,one of her aunts died about the same time1 leaving to ,anna as a legacy a portion of her wardrobe4 ,anna's attention instantly became concentrated upon this new acquisition1 and gowns and handkerchiefs underwent a minute and searching examination4 ,the gowns pleased her exceedingly2 so also did some woollen pelerines1 which she instantly observed must be intended for the winter4 ,at that moment she was a complete woman1 with all a woman's innate love of dress and desire for ornamentation4 ,are there not also ear-rings8 she asked1 anxiously2 and being answered in the negative1 she expressed clearly1 by her gestures1 that it was a pity3 it was quite a pity4 #ccd ,anna soon came to understand that ,i was her master1 and she attached herself in consequence more strongly to me than to any one else1 for she perfectly appreciated the service she has received4 ,one day after a lesson1 at which ,i had kept her until she thoroughly understood it1 she showed herself more than usually grateful4 ,she took my hand and kissed it repeatedly1 gratitude and affection beaming in her face1 and then1 drawing her mistress toward her1 she made her write1 ,i love ,m4 ,carton4 ,i1 on my part1 was enchanted to find that she thus1 of her own accord1 asked for words to express the sentiments of the heart2 and ,i felt not a little proud of being the object by whom this latent feeling had first been called into expression4 ,but if ,anna loves me1 she also fears me4 ,in the beginning of her education1 ,i was the only person about her who had strength enough to prevent her scratching or kicking--exercises to which she was rather addicted when put in a passion4 ,she likewise knew that it was ,i who imposed any penance on her1 and that when she was compelled to remain without handkerchief or cap in the schoolroom1 it was to ,m4 ,carton she was indebted for the humiliation4 ,one day1 in a fit of anger1 she tore her cap2 and her mistress1 as soon as she was calm enough to understand her1 remonstrated with her1 telling her at the same time that ,i should be informed of her misdeeds4 ,to escape the punishment which she knew must follow1 she had recourse to the other children1 acknowledged her fault to them1 and begged them to kneel down and join their hands1 in order to obtain her pardon4 ,not one of the children1 whether among the blind or deaf mutes1 misunderstood her signs1 and this was one of the actions of ,anna which astonished me the most4 ,some one was foolish enough once to tell her that ,i was going away for some days1 and she took advantage of the chance to behave extremely bad4 ,they made the sign by which she understands that they mean me1 and by which they generally contrived to frighten her into submission2 but it was all in vain4 ,she laughed in the face of her mistress1 and told her she was quite aware that ,i should not be back for three days4 ,they have taken good care ever since not to let her know when ,i am absent1 though it probably would make no difference now1 for her character has completely changed since those early days1 and it is six months at least since she has indulged in anything like a fit of passion4 ,after me1 her greatest affection is reserved for my friend1 ,m4 ,cauwe4 ,she is quite delighted when he comes1 and feels his face all over to make sure that it is he4 ,if she has a new dress1 he must feel and remark it2 if she learns a new phrase1 or a new kind of work1 it must be shown to him immediately1 in order that she may receive his praise2 and if by any chance his visit has been delayed1 she is sure to perceive it1 and to inquire into the cause of his absence4 ,anna is also very fond of all the younger deaf and dumb children4 ,she takes them on her knees1 carries them in her arms1 pets and punishes them1 and adopts a general and motherly air of kindness and protection toward them4 ,one of them the other day happened to be in an exceedingly troublesome and tormenting mood4 ,anna could not keep her quiet1 or prevent her teasing2 and at last1 rather than lose her temper1 and strike her1 as she would formerly have done1 she left her usual place1 and went to sit at the opposite side of the room4 ,in fact1 she never now attempts to attack any of her companions1 though she does not fail in some way or other to pay back any provocation she has received4 ,she takes nothing belonging to others1 but attaches herself strongly to her own possessions1 and is particularly indignant if they attempt to meddle with her objects for instruction4 ,one of the blind children happened to take a sheet of her writing in points1 in order to try and read it2 but ,anna was no #cce sooner aware of the theft than she angrily reclaimed it4 ,the next day the same child begged as a favor that she would lend her a sheet1 in order to practise her reading2 but ,anna curtly refused1 observing1 that yesterday she had taken it without leave1 and that to-day she certainly should not have it1 even for the asking4 ,anna's chief pet and charge among the little children is a child1 blind1 and maimed of one arm1 called ,eugenie4 ,when this little thing was coming first to the establishment ,anna was told of it1 and the expected day named for her arrival4 ,she immediately set to work and made all sorts of arrangements in her own mind for the reception of the new child4 ,the mistress would1 of course1 teach it to read2 but it would have a seat beside ,anna1 and with the companion whom she already had1 there would be three to walk and amuse themselves together4 ,it so happened that ,eugenie did not arrive on the expected day4 ,anna was quite downcast in consequence2 and when at last it did appear1 it instantly became the object of all her tenderest petting and endearment4 ,she led it to its seat1 tried to make it understand all that it would have to do and learn1 and at last1 when she touched its little arm1 and found that it was maimed1 and incapable of being used1 she burst into tears1 and was for a long time inconsolable4 ,i tried to find out the cause of her grief1 and in what she considered the greatness of the child's misfortune to consist1 and she immediately directed my attention to the fact that the child would never be able to learn to knit4 ,the power of occupation had been such an inestimable boon to herself1 that she naturally felt any inability on that score to be the most intolerable misfortune that could befall a human being4 ,when we assured her that ,eugenie would be able to knit as well and easily as she did herself1 she became calm4 ,the next day1 however1 she was discovered trying to knit with both hands shut1 as if they had been maimed like the blind child's1 and she immediately made her mistress observe that in such a state she could neither knit1 blow her nose1 nor dress herself1 ending all by expressing the immense happiness she felt at possessing the free use of her hands4 ,providence has provided an antidote to every misfortune4 ,the blind child pities the deaf-mute1 the deaf-mute sighs over the blind1 and the blind1 deaf1 and dumb girl feels her heart filled with inexpressible compassion for one deprived of the free use of her hands4 ,anna kept her word1 and took great care of the little ,eugenie4 ,she placed herself indeed somewhat in the position of a mother to the child1 watched over its conduct1 examined its work1 and went so far as occasionally to administer a slight correction4 ,if the weather was cold1 she never went to bed herself without feeling that ,eugenie was well covered up1 and giving her her blessing2 a good deed she always took care to make known to me in the morning4 ,when first the little thing came it was rather refractory and disinclined to submit to rules1 and the mistress acquainted ,anna with the fact4 ,does not she like to knit8 asked ,anna4 ,it is not with that1 answered the mistress1 but with her reading lesson1 that she will not take pains4 ,anna immediately went over to the child1 to try and persuade her to fulfil her duty4 ,she took her hand1 laid it on the book1 remained for at least a quarter of an hour persuading and encouraging her2 and then1 perceiving that she had begun to be really attentive1 bade her get up and ask pardon of her mistress for her past disobedience4 ,another day she examined the child's knitting1 and finding it badly done1 shook her head gravely1 in sign of disapprobation4 ,she then took ,eugenie's hand1 made her feel with her own fingers the long loose stitches she had made2 and making her kneel down in the middle of the room1 pinned the work to her back1 with threats of even more serious punishment in the future4 ,just then the #ccf mistress joined the class1 and found ,eugenie in tears1 and on her knees1 with her work pinned behind her4 ,eugenie1 she asked1 what are you doing there1 and why do you cry8 ,the deaf and dumb girl has punished me because my knitting was badly done1 said the child2 and she says1 when ,m4 ,carton comes in1 he will throw a glass of water in my face4 ,in order to prevent this terrible assault1 the mistress advised her to ask pardon of ,anna1 which she immediately did2 but the latter felt it due to the dignity of the situation to allow herself to be entreated a long time before she consented to grant it4 ,but though ,anna considered it a part of her duty to punish ,eugenie for her idleness1 she was always otherwise very gentle to the child4 ,in giving her a lesson1 her mistress1 with a view of testing her knowledge of the verb in question1 once bade her strike ,eugenie4 ,anna behaved very prettily on this occasion4 ,before she would perform the act required1 she took the blind child's hand and laid it on the letters1 in order to show her that if she struck her1 it was not because she was angry with her1 but simply because that phrase had been given to her as an exercise in language4 ,on another occasion one of the blind children disturbed the arrangement of her words in their separate cases1 and one or two of them were lost4 ,anna wept bitterly2 and not content with doing everything in her own power to discover the author of the mischief1 she asked her mistress to assist in her researches4 ,the guilty one was found out at last1 and1 in the heat of the moment1 ,anna demanded that she should be punished2 but yielding afterward to the natural goodness of her heart1 she went herself and interceded for the little criminal4 ,she is blind1 like myself1 she said1 by way of excuse2 and then embraced her with great cordiality in token of forgiveness4 ,from that time1 however1 she became suspicious1 and scarcely dared to leave her place for fear of a similar misfortune4 ,some one1 seeing this1 advised her to keep her letters in her pocket4 ,very pleasant indeed6 she answered1 bursting into a fit of laughter2 and a nice way1 certainly1 of preventing confusion6 ,no2 ,i will ask ,m4 ,carton to give me a lock and key for my box1 and then no one can touch them without my knowing it4 ,this was accordingly done2 and the key once safe in her pocket1 ,anna could leave her property in perfect security that it would not be injured or stolen in her absence4 ,anna likes dainty food1 and is very fond of fruit4 ,i suspected1 however1 when first she came1 that she had not an idea of the way in which it was procured4 ,she had been so shut up in her old home1 that nature was still an unexplored page to her2 and blind1 deaf1 and dumb as she was1 it was only through the fingers that even now this poor child could ever be taught to read and comprehend it4 ,it is not difficult1 therefore1 to imagine her astonishment and joy at each new discovery of this kind which she makes4 ,one day ,i led her to an apricot tree1 and made her feel and examine it all over4 ,she dislikes trees extremely1 probably because in her solitary excursions she must have often hurt herself against them4 ,she obeyed me1 however1 though very languidly and unwillingly at first2 but ,i never saw such astonishment on any face before as ,i did on hers1 when1 after a short delay1 ,i took her hand and laid it on an apricot4 ,she clasped her hands delightedly together1 then made me touch the fruit1 as if she expected that ,i also would be astonished2 and then recommenced her examination of the tree1 returning over and over again1 with an expression of intense joy over all her person1 to the fruit she had so unexpectedly discovered4 ,i permitted her at last to pull the fruit and eat it1 and she kissed my hand most affectionately1 in token of gratitude for the immense favor ,i had conferred upon her4 ,after classtime she returned alone to the garden2 #ccg and as ,i foresaw that the discovery of the morning would not be sterile1 but that1 once put on the track1 she would continue her explorations on her own account1 ,i watched her closely4 ,so1 in fact1 it happened4 ,she was no sooner in the garden than she began carefully to examine all the plants and trees around her1 and it was amusing beyond anything to watch her making her way cautiously among the cabbages1 touching the leaves and stems1 and trying with great care and prudence to discover if this plant also produced apricots4 ,i suffered her to continue this exercise for a little time in vain2 then coming to the rescue1 after making her comprehend that cabbages1 though good in themselves to be eaten1 did not bear apricots1 ,i led her to various kinds of fruit-trees growing in the garden4 ,i did not name any of them to her then1 for ,i knew that in time she would learn to distinguish one from the other1 and she had still so much to discover of nature and her ways1 that ,i did not like to delay her by dwelling on distinctions which were1 comparatively speaking1 of little consequence to her in that early stage of her education4 ,this little course of botany we continued throughout the year4 ,she was taught to observe the fall of the leaf1 encouraged to examine the tree when entirely bereft of foliage1 and when the spring-buds began to swell she was once more brought to touch them1 and made to understand that they were about to burst again into leaf and flowers4 ,the moment the leaves were visible she inquired of one of her companions if the tree was going to bear fruit likewise2 and received for answer that it would certainly do so whenever the weather should become sufficiently warm4 ,satisfied with this information1 she waited some time with patience2 but a few very warm days chancing to occur in the month of ,may1 she reminded her companion of what she had been told1 and inquired eagerly if the fruit was at last come4 ,in this way1 during all that summer1 she found constant amusement in watching the progress of the different fruit-trees1 and ,i found her one day examining a pear with great attention4 ,she had not met with one before1 so it was quite a discovery to her1 and she begged me to let her have it in order that she might show it to her mistress and learn its name4 ,with all her love of fruit1 however1 ,i must record it to the honor of this poor child that she never attempted to touch it without permission2 and that having been guided once to a tree by one of her deaf-mute companions1 and incited to gather the fruit1 she made a very intelligible sign that it must not be done without an order from me4 ,on another occasion ,i gave her a bunch of currants and told her to eat them1 but the moment she touched them she discovered that they were not ripe1 and made signs to me that she must wait for a few days longer1 and that then they would be good to eat4 ,her delicacy of touch is in fact surprising4 ,i have often effaced her letters1 and flattened them with my nail until it seemed impossible to discover even a trace of them1 and yet with her finger she has never failed in following out the form4 ,she often also finds pins and small pieces of money1 and picks them up when walking4 ,she is very proud on these occasions1 and takes good care to inform any one who comes near her of the fact4 ,she is very active now1 and always ready to go and look for any thing or person that she wants2 and if she does not succeed in finding them1 she engages one of her companions to aid her in the search4 ,she seemed indeed always to suspect that we knew better than she did what was passing around us2 though it was probably some time before she asked herself what the nature of her own deficiency might be4 ,a day came1 however1 upon which she obtained some clearer knowledge on the subject2 and this was the way it happened4 ,she had dropped one of her knitting-needles1 and after a vain attempt to #cch find it for herself1 she was obliged to have recourse to her mistress1 who immediately picked it up and gave it back to her4 ,anna appeared to reflect earnestly for a moment1 and then drawing the sister toward her writing-table1 she wrote3 ,theresa1 naming one of the pupils of the institution--,theresa is deaf2 ,lucy is deaf2 ,jane is blind2 ,i am blind and deaf2 you are--2 and then she presented her tablets to the sister1 in order that the latter might explain to her the nature of that other faculty which she possessed1 and which enabled her to find so easily anything that was lost4 ,this was a problem which had evidently occupied her for a long time2 and with her head bent forward and fingers ready to seize the slightest gesture1 ,anna waited eagerly for the answer by which she hoped the mystery would be solved to her at last4 ,in a second or two the embarrassment of the mistress was nearly equal to the eagerness of the pupil2 but after a minute's hesitation she1 with great tact1 resolved to repeat the action which had caused ,anna's question4 ,making the blind-mute walk down the room with her1 she desired her once more to drop her needle and then to pick it up again1 after which she wrote upon the board1 ,the needle falls2 you touch the needle with your hand2 you pick it up with your fingers4 ,anna read these words with an air which seemed to say1 ,i know all that already2 but there must be something more2 and so there was4 ,her mistress made her once more drop her needle2 and then1 just as ,anna was stooping to pick it up1 she dragged her1 in spite of the poor girl's resistance1 so far from it that she could not touch it either with her hands or feet4 ,it is ever so far away1 ,anna said1 in her mute language2 and stooping down to the floor1 she stretched out her hand as far as ever it would go in a vain attempt to reach it4 ,the sister waited until she was a little pacified1 and then wrote3 ,the needle falls4 ,anna answered3 ,yes4 ,the needle is far off1 the sister wrote again2 and ,anna replied3 ,alas1 it is4 ,sister ,n4 cannot touch the needle with her hand4 ,nor ,i either1 ,anna wrote in answer4 ,sister ,n4 can touch the needle with her eyes4 ,then followed a mimic scene1 in which the thing expressed by words was put into action4 ,anna understood at last2 but1 evidently in order to make certain that she did1 she desired the sister to guide her hand once more to the fallen needle4 ,her mistress complied with her request1 and ,anna was convinced4 ,the experiment was repeated over and over again4 ,anna threw her needle into various places1 and then asked the sister if she could touch it without stooping4 ,yes1 replied her mistress2 ,i touch the needle with my eyes4 ,can you pick it up with your eyes8 asked ,anna4 ,the sister made her feel that her eyes were not fingers2 and then once more picking up the needle she gave it to ,anna1 to be satisfied that she at last understood the nature of the faculty which her instructress possessed and which was wanting in herself4 ,from that time she invariably made a distinction between the blind children and those who were merely deaf-mutes4 ,she had always hitherto been ready enough to avenge herself on any of her companions who struck her1 whether accidentally or on purpose4 ,now if she found it was a blind child who had done so1 she would of her own accord excuse her1 saying1 ,she is blind2 she cannot touch me with her eyes when ,i am at a distance from her4 ,in the same manner1 if she lost anything1 she would ask the first deaf-mute whom she met to help her to look for it1 while she never attempted to seek a similar service from any of the children whom she knew to be blind4 ,she showed her knowledge of the difference between the two classes most distinctly upon one occasion1 when her knitting having got irretrievably out of order1 she communicated her perplexity to the #cci blind child at her side4 ,the latter wanted to take it from her in order to arrange it2 but ,anna drew it back1 and1 touching first the eyes of the child and then her own1 as if she would have said1 ,you also are blind1 and can do no better than myself1 she waited quietly until she could give it to the mistress to disentangle for her4 ,anna delights in telling her companions all her adventures1 though she takes care never to mention her faults or their punishment4 ,she will acknowledge the former if taxed with them1 but she does not like to be reminded either of the one or of the other4 ,i have done my penance1 she says3 it is past2 you must not speak of it any more4 ,with this exception she tells all that she has done or intends to do2 and she is enchanted beyond measure when she can inform them that she has succeeded in playing a trick on her mistress4 ,she will tell the story with infinite glee1 and always contrives exceedingly well to put the thing in its most ridiculous light before them4 ,she was fond of milk1 and observed1 or was told1 one day that a cup of milk had been given to a child who was sick4 ,the next morning1 while in chapel1 she burst into tears4 ,her mistress led her from the class1 and asked what was the matter4 ,she coughed1 showed her tongue1 held out her hand1 that the mistress might feel her pulse2 in fact she was as ill as she could be1 and excessively thirsty4 ,a cup of milk was brought2 and the medicine was so good1 that five minutes afterward she managed to eat her breakfast with an excellent appetite4 ,during the recreation that followed1 she took care to explain to her companions the means by which she had procured herself the milk4 ,a few days afterward she recommenced the comedy1 and played it so well1 that1 thinking she really was ill1 her mistress desired her to go to bed4 ,this was more than she wished for2 but she went upstairs1 trusting1 no doubt1 that something would happen to extricate her from the dilemma4 ,her mistress went to see her2 and finding her sitting on the side of the bed1 asked why she did not get into it1 as she had been desired4 ,madame1 said ,anna1 it is very cold1 but ,i should get warm if you would give me a cup of milk2 that would cure me in no time2 and a little bread and butter with it would also do me good4 ,the sister then perceived how the case really stood1 and answered promptly1 ,if you will get into bed you shall have the milk1 but not the bread and butter4 ,if1 on the contrary1 you prefer to go downstairs1 you shall have the bread and butter1 but not the milk4 ,which do you choose8 ,both1 quoth ,anna4 ,but as both were not to be had1 she was obliged to content herself with the amusement of telling her intended trick to her companions1 which she did with many regrets that it had not been successful4 ,but though ,anna likes to tell all these little schemes and adventures to any one who will listen to her2 and though1 if taxed with them by her mistress1 she is quite ready to acknowledge them with a laugh1 it is far otherwise when the action itself contains anything seriously contrary to honesty or justice4 ,in that case she takes good care to be silent on the subject2 and if silence is impossible1 she endeavors1 in all manner of ways1 to explain it away or excuse it4 ,one day she entered the schoolroom before any of the other pupils1 and finding that a piece of wire1 belonging to the pedal of the piano1 was loose1 she broke it quite off1 put it into her pocket1 and returned triumphantly to her place4 ,her mistress1 happening to be in the room at the moment1 saw the whole affair1 and placed herself in her way1 in order that ,anna might know she had been observed4 ,she then asked her what she had put in her pocket1 and ,anna instantly replied that it was her beads4 ,her mistress gave her to understand that she was trying to deceive her1 and made her touch1 as a #cdj proof1 the other end of the wire which she had broken4 ,she was evidently confused1 and became as red as fire1 but with marvellous adroitness managed to let the wire slip out of her pocket to the ground4 ,she had1 of course1 no idea that it would make a noise in falling2 and fancying that she had concealed the theft1 continued positively to deny it4 ,in order still better to prove her innocence1 she then knelt down and began feeling all over the floor1 until she had found the wire which she had dropped1 and holding it up in triumph1 said1 by signs1 ,i will ask ,m4 ,carton to give it to me that ,i may make it into a cross for my beads4 ,in this way she is always being ingenious in finding excuses for her faults4 ,her mistress once complained of her knitting1 and she immediately held up her needles1 which were bent1 as if she would have said1 ,how is it possible to knit with such needles as these8 ,another day1 feeling more idle than usual1 and wishing to remain in bed1 she made them count her pulse1 and begged by signs that they would send immediately for ,m4 ,verte1 the physician of the house4 ,we knew well it was only a trick to stay a little longer in bed1 and she was the first to acknowledge it as soon as she had risen4 ,i like to watch her when she fancies herself alone1 as ,i then often find in her most trivial actions a something interesting or suggestive for her future improvement4 ,i discovered her once alone in the class-room and busily engaged in examining every corner of the desks4 ,all at once she went toward the black table on which the deaf-mutes write their exercises1 and taking a piece of chalk1 began to trace lines upon it at random4 ,i was curious to know what discovery she was trying to make1 and in a few minutes ,i perceived it4 ,as soon as she had traced her lines1 she passed her hands over them to see if she could read them4 ,she was aware that her companions read upon this board2 and as she knew of no other method of reading than by letters in relief1 she naturally supposed that the lines she had traced would be sufficiently raised to enable her to do so4 ,for a few minutes she continued thus trying to follow with her finger the chalk-lines she had made2 but finding considerable difficulty in doing so1 she at last returned to her book1 compared the letters in it with the lines on the board1 and evidently pronounced a verdict in favor of the former4 ,i could see1 in fact1 that she was quite delighted with its apparent superiority1 and she never attempted to write on the black-board again4 ,she often makes signs that seem to indicate an inexplicable knowledge of things of which it is impossible she can naturally have any real perception4 ,she was born blind2 she can look at the sun without blinking1 and the pupil of the eye is as opaque as the skin4 ,nevertheless her mistress happening to ask her one night why she had left off her work1 she answered that it was too dark to work any longer1 and that she must wait for a light4 ,footnote #gf ,in chapel1 also1 she has evidently impressions which she does not receive elsewhere4 ,she likes to go there2 often asks to be permitted to do so1 and while in it always remains in an attitude and with an expression of face which would indicate a profound consciousness of the presence of ,god4 ,one of her companions once told her that ,i was ill4 ,anna perceived that the child was crying3 ,i will not cry1 she said immediately1 but ,i will pray2 and she actually did go down on her knees1 and remained in that position for nearly a quarter of an hour4 ,she told me this herself1 and ,i was enchanted2 for who can doubt that ,god held himself honored by the supplicating attitude of his poor mutilated creature8 ,and yet what passes in the mind of this child during the moments which she spends in the attitude of prayer8 ,what is her idea of #cda ,god8 ,what is the language of her heart when she thus places herself in solemn adoration in his presence8 ,what is1 in fact1 her prayer8 ,i know not2 it is a mystery yet a mystery--which ,i trust she will some day find words to explain to me herself4 ,one thing alone is certain2--there is that in her heart and mind which has not been placed there by man1 and which tells her there is a ,father and a ,god for her in heaven4 ,footnote #gf3 ,she possibly may have learned the expression from some of the deaf-mutes not blind4--,,tr4 ,,conclusion4 ,extract of a letter from ,m4 ,carton1 announcing the death of the blind mute1 ,anna ,timmermans1 after a residence of twenty-one years in his establishment at ,bruges3 ,,bruges1 ,sept4 #bf1 #ahei4 ,,gentlemen1--,i write to you in deep affliction1 for death hath this day deprived me of my blind mute1 ,anna ,timmermans1 whom you may remember to have seen at my establishment last year4 ,she was just forty-three years of age2 and twenty-one of these had been passed at my asylum4 ,god has taken her from this life to bestow upon her a better1 and his holy will be done6 ,it was a great mercy to her1 but ,i shall regret her all my lifetime1 even while rejoicing at her present happiness1 and feeling most thankful for that love and knowledge of ,almighty ,god to which1 through all the physical difficulties of her position1 he enabled her to attain4 ,she loved him indeed with all the naivete1 and invoked him with the simple confidence of a child2 and the last weeks of her life were almost entirely devoted to earnest entreaties that he would call her to himself4 ,you are the first to whom ,i announce my loss1 because of all those persons who have visited my house1 you seem best to have comprehended the painful position of a deaf-mute1 and the exquisite sensibility which they are capable of feeling toward any one who shows them sympathy and affection4 ,i have already described ,anna as she was when she came first among us--a girl twenty-one years of age1 with the stature of a woman and the habits of a child4 ,i need not recall her to your remembrance as she appeared to you last year1 a woman thoughtful beyond the common1 and endowed with such true knowledge of ,god and of religion1 that you deemed it no indignity to ask her prayers1 and were pleased by her simple promise never to forget you4 ,thanks be to ,god for his great goodness toward his poor1 afflicted child6 ,she not only learned to know him and to love him1 but we were enabled by degrees to place her in still closer communication with him1 by means of those sacraments which he has appointed to convey grace to the soul4 ,the last confession which she made previous to receiving extreme unction reminds me of all the difficulty we had long ago experienced in persuading her to make her first4 ,it will soon be ,easter1 said one day to her the sister appointed to prepare her for this duty4 ,it will soon be ,easter1 and then you and all of us will have to go to confession4 ,what is confession8 asked ,anna4 ,it is to tell our sins to the priest1 explained the sister2 and to ask pardon of them from ,god4 ,but why should we do that8 quoth ,anna4 ,because1 replied the sister1 ,god himself has commanded us to confess our sins4 ,you will have to do it1 therefore1 like the rest of us2 and when you go to confession1 you must say in your heart to ,god1 ',i am sorry for my sins4 ,forgive me1 ,o my ,god2 and ,i promise ,i will sin no more4' ,and what are the sins ,i must confess8 asked ,anna4 ,she was standing in the midst of her class1 who had all assembled to receive instruction1 at the moment when she put the question4 ,you have been in a passion1 replied the sister2 you must confess #cdb that4 ,you have broken ,m4 ,carton's spectacles4 ,you have torn the cap of ,sister ,so-and-so4 ,you have scratched one of the blind children2--and you must mention all these things when you go to confession4 ,all these things are past and gone1 replied ,anna1 resolutely2 when ,i broke ,m4 ,carton's spectacles1 ,i was made1 for my punishment1 to kneel down2 and1 she continued1 lightly passing one hand over the other1 as if rubbing out something1 that was effaced4 ,when ,i tore ,sister ,so-and-so's cap1 ,i was not allowed any coffee2 and1 repeating the action with her hands1 that was effaced4 ,when ,i scratched the blind child1 ,i went to bed without supper2 and that was effaced4 ,i will not1 therefore1 confess any of these things4 ,but1 ,anna1 replied the sister1 we are all obliged to go to confession4 ,i am going myself1 as well as you4 ,oui da6 ,have you1 then1 also1 been in a passion1 my sister8 ,have you broken ,m4 ,carton's spectacles1 torn our sister's cap1 and scratched a blind child8 ,anna asked these questions with an immense air of triumph1 and waited the answer with a wicked smile1 which seemed to say she had put the sister in a dilemma4 ,not one of the class misunderstood the little malice of her questions4 ,indeed1 the uncharitable surmise as to the nature of their mistress's conduct appeared so piquant to all of them1 that they unanimously insisted on its receiving a reply4 ,it is not difficult1 indeed1 to imagine their amusement1 for they were all daughters of ,eve2 and1 beside1 the best of children have an especial delight in embarrassing their superiors4 ,altogether it was a scene for a painter4 ,i have not been in a passion2 ,god forbid6 replied the poor sister1 gently4 ,and ,i have not scratched or done injury to any one2 but ,i have done so-and-so1 and so-and-so4 ,and here1 with the greatest naivete and humility1 the sister mentioned some of her own shortcomings4 ,i have done so-and-so and so-and-so1 and am going to confess them2 for ,i know ,i have sinned by doing these things2 but ,i hope ,god will pardon me1 and give me grace not to offend him again in like manner4 ,when the children heard this humble confession1 they one by one quietly left the class1 like those in the gospel1 beginning with the eldest2 but ,anna1 even while acknowledging herself defeated1 could not resist the small vengeance of giving the sister a lecture on her peccadilloes4 ,remember1 my sister1 you are never again to do so-and-so and so-and-so4 ,you must be very sorry1 and promise to be wiser another time4 ,and above all other things1 you must go to confession to obtain ,god's pardon4 ,and you8 asked the sister1 as her only answer to this grave exhortation4 ,and ,i also will go to confession1 replied ,anna1 completely vanquished at last by the tenderness and humility of the good religious4 ,from that time1 in fact1 ,anna went regularly to confession2 and so far from having any difficulty in persuading her to do so1 she often reminded us herself when the time was approaching for the performance of that duty4 ,during the winter preceding her death she grew weaker from day to day2 and her loss of appetite1 extreme emaciation1 and inability to exert herself1 all convinced us that we were about to lose her4 ,she herself often spoke about dying1 though for a long time she would not permit any one else to address her on the subject4 ,if any of the sisters even hinted at her danger1 she would grow quite pale1 and turn off the conversation2 and even when she alluded of her own accord to the symptoms that alarmed her1 it seemed as if1 like many other invalids1 she did so in order to be reassured as to her state4 ,she became convinced at last1 however1 that she could not recover1 and from that moment her life was one uninterrupted act of resignation #cdc to the will of ,god1 submission to his providence1 and hope and confidence in his mercy4 ,these sentiments never forsook her even for a moment4 ,i suffer1 she used to say1--,i suffer a great deal2 but ,jesus suffered more2 and1 embracing her crucifix1 she would renew all her good resolutions to suffer patiently1 and her earnest entreaties for grace to do so4 ,previous to receiving the last sacraments1 ,anna disposed of everything belonging to her in favor of her companions1 and then causing them all to be brought to her bedside1 she kissed each one affectionately1 and bade her adieu4 ,after that she refused to see any of them again1 seeking only the company of the sisters1 and of that one in particular who best understood the silent language of the fingers4 ,let us speak a little1 the poor sufferer would often say1 of ,god and heaven2 and then would follow long and earnest conversations full of faith and hope and love1 confidence in the mercies of ,almighty ,god1 and gratitude for his goodness4 ,during these communications ,anna would become quite absorbed1 as it were1 in the love of ,god2 her poor face would brighten into an expression of absolute beauty2 and she seemed to lose all sense of present suffering in her certain hope and expectation of the joy that was about to come in on her soul4 ,a little more1 she would often say1 when she fancied the conversation was about to finish2 speak to me a little more of ,god4 ,i love him and he loves me4 ,o my dear sister1 will you not also come soon to heaven1 and love him for evermore8 ,her agony commenced on the morning of the #bfth of ,september1 and she expired about noon1 so quietly that we scarce perceived the moment in which she passed away 7safe and happy1 as ,i trust7 to the presence of her ,god4 ,i recommend her to your good prayers2 and ,i trust that she also will sometimes think of us and pray for us in heaven4 ---- #cdd ,from ,macmillan's ,magazine4 ,,twilight ,,in ,,the ,,north4 ,,until ,,the ,,day ,,break1 ,,and ,,the ,,shadows ,,flee ,,away4 ,oh the long northern twilight between the day and the night1 ,when the heat and the weariness of the world are ended quite2 ,when the hills grow dim as dreams2 and the crystal river seems ,like that ,river of ,life from out the ,throne where the blessed walk in white4 ,oh the weird northern twilight1 which is neither night nor day1 ,when the amber wake of the long-set sun still marks his western way2 ,and but one great golden star in the deep blue east afar ,warns of sleep and dark and midnight--of oblivion and decay4 ,oh the calm northern twilight1 when labor is all done1 ,and the birds in drowsy twitter have dropped silent one by one2 ,and nothing stirs or sighs in mountains1 waters1 skies-- ,earth sleeps--but her heart waketh1 till the rising of the sun4 ,oh the sweet1 sweet twilight1 just before the time of rest1 ,when the black clouds are driven away1 and the stormy winds suppressed3 ,and the dead day smiles so bright1 filling earth and heaven with light-- ,you would think 'twas dawn come back again--but the light is in the west4 ,oh the grand solemn twilight1 spreading peace from pole to pole6-- ,ere the rains sweep o'er the hill-sides1 and the waters rise and roll1 ,in the lull and the calm1 come1 ,o angel with the palm-- ,in the still northern twilight1 ,azrael1 take my soul4 ---- #cde ,from ,chambers's ,journal4 ,a ,,night ,,in ,a ,,glacier4 ,nothing is more common than to hear the wish expressed among ordinary tourists to see ,switzerland in the winter2 and nothing is more disappointing than its fulfilment4 ,to see ,switzerland then is just what you cannot do2 all that is visible is one vast sheet of blinding snow1 unrelieved by a particle of color2 and the view is not even grand--it is simply monotonous4 ,however1 in ,april1 #ahfd1 ,i made the experiment of choosing that month1 instead of the conventional ,august1 for a mountaineering ramble2 and having been weather-bound at least half a dozen times1 in various places1 found myself in the same miserable predicament1 at the hospice of the ,great ,st4 ,bernard4 ,it was terribly wearisome work4 ,we had exhausted all our small-talk1 had discussed all the celebrated passages of the ,alps1 from that of ,hannibal with his vinegar-cruets to that of ,macdonald with his dragoons2 had worked the piano to death by playing derisive waltzes2 had elicited fearful wheezings from the harmonium1 and blundered inappropriate marches on the organ--when1 early on the third morning1 two momentous events occurred4 ,in the first place1 the weather had become suddenly fine2 and in the second1 the news had arrived that a party of ,italian wood-carvers had reached ,st4 ,remy1 on their passage to the ,rhone valley1 and that two of their number had left the main body on the previous evening1 avowing their intention of making their way to a little stone hut1 which is used in summer as a dairy for the supply of the hospice1 and passing the night there4 ,this hut1 however1 had been visited that morning1 and found to be untenanted2 and as the traces of the two wanderers had been obliterated by the snow during the night1 the messenger had been sent forward to obtain assistance in the search for them4 ,though the unusually large fall of snow in the winter of #ahfc-fd made mountain-climbing singularly easy in the past autumn 7,mont ,blanc was ascended by more than seventy tourists in the latter year71 yet in the spring the passes were rendered more than usually difficult by the loose snow which the sun had not yet been powerful enough to solidify by regelation4 ,most travellers who cross in summer must have noticed a line of stout posts about ten or twelve feet high1 which are placed on the most elevated points of the path1 so that their summits1 which the snow rarely reaches1 may serve as landmarks in the winter2 but at this time the posts were entirely covered1 and it was not without great difficulty that the man who brought the news had been able to find his way to the ,hospice4 ,there was no time to be lost4 ,abandoning their usual costume for a dress more suited to do battle with the elements1 four of the fathers were soon ready to start1 two of them shouldering knapsacks of provisions1 one bearing a stout rope1 and the fourth carrying an axe1 with which to cut steps1 if necessary1 in the ice4 ,just as they were leaving1 it was discovered that the last-named implement had a crack in its handle1 which would most probably cause it to break short off when brought into active service2 and as some delay would be caused by fitting a fresh handle1 ,pere ,christophe1 to whose cordial politeness few travellers are not indebted1 came to ask for the loan of my axe for the day4 ,perhaps1 however1 he said1 as monsieur is used to glacier expeditions1 he would like to accompany us in our search1 and so to carry his axe himself8--a proposal #cdf with which ,i eagerly closed1 promising that my preparations should not delay them above five minutes4 ,the messenger had arrived at eight in the morning2 and in less than half an hour afterward1 we were making our way over the lake on the ,italian side of the pass4 ,two of the renowned dogs were with us2 but their proceedings did not confirm the idea which had long ago been produced on my childish mind by the well-known print of a ,st4 ,bernard dog1 with a bottle of wine and a basket of food round its neck1 scratching away the snow under which a wayfarer was supposed to lie buried4 ,for finding lost travellers1 indeed1 they are1 as ,i was assured by the monks1 in no-wise adapted2 their function1 and a most important one it is1 is to find the direct path up and down the pass1 when it is covered with snow1 and in this duty they are unrivalled4 ,fortunately1 the frosts had been very severe1 so that we were able to tramp cheerily over the crisp snow1 instead of having to undergo the fatigue of sinking up to our knees at every step4 ,but probably the poor fellows down below wished that the frost had been lighter1 and our walk heavier4 ,the scene was grand in its wildness4 ,huge clouds hung along the mountain-sides at our feet1 now whirling boisterously1 now creeping sullenly along2 and rough gusts of wind dashed the snow with blinding coldness into our faces1 and produced on ears and nose a tingling terribly suggestive of frost-bites4 ,it was unusual1 ,m4 ,christophe said1 for the fathers themselves to go out in search of travellers2 the latter generally waited at the house of refuge near the ,cantine1 or that near ,st4 ,remy1 and a servant was sent down with a dog to lead them up2 but in cases like the present1 where search must be made in different directions1 it was of advantage to have three or four people with local knowledge to join in it4 ,beside1 the expedition was a relief to the ordinary monotony of convent life2 though the kindness of ,english travellers had done much for the comfort of the brethren1 in supplying them with musical instruments1 books1 and similar means of recreation4 ,the circumstances under which the ,prince of ,wales sent them their piano were curious enough4 ,he had bought one of the dogs1 which1 being quite young and very fat1 was given into the charge of a porter to carry down4 ,the man stupidly let it fall1 and it was killed on the spot4 ,the prince 7this was some time ago7 burst into tears1 and was almost inconsolable2 but the monks1 on hearing of the loss1 sent another dog1 which the prince received while at ,martigny2 and when he reached ,paris1 he forwarded1 as a royal acknowledgment for the gift1 one of ,erard's best piano-fortes1 which has been the great cheerer of their winter evenings1 and on which they set no small store4 ,pleasantly chatting after this fashion1 my friend beguiled the way to the house of refuge1 which we reached before ten o'clock1 and where we found collected about five-and-twenty people1 waiting to be led up to the hospice4 ,leaving them in charge of one of the monks1 we proceeded along the valley where the vacherie of the hospice is situated1 toward the ,col de la ,fenetre1 in search of the man and woman who were missing4 ,it appeared that they were natives of the ,val de ,lys1 which descends from ,monte ,rosa toward ,italy1 and the inhabitants of which have1 from time immemorial1 held themselves aloof from all communication with their neighbors1 and have formed of their little community a sort of nation within a nation1 to which a native of ,alagna or ,st4 ,martin would have no more chance of being admitted by marriage1 than a reformer of the franchise would of being elected a member of the ,carlton ,club4 ,so we discovered that the two lost sheep1 presuming on their fortunate accident of birth1 had been sneering at the others as having been raised in the country of cretins and lean pigs1 and had excited such a storm of abuse about their ears1 that1 finding themselves only two to twenty1 they #cdg had beaten a retreat1 and decided to sleep at the cow-hut4 ,at this we arrived in about half an hour2 but it was evident that it had not been tenanted for some weeks by anything but marmots1 of which we saw a couple scudding along with that awkward mixture of scratch and shuffle which is their ordinary mode of locomotion4 ,from here we each made casts1 to use the hunting phrase1 in different directions1 especially trying places which lay on the leeward side of rocks1 and on which1 therefore1 any tracks might not have been effaced by the night's snow4 ,a diabolical yell1 which was the result of an attempt to imitate the joedel of the ,oberland guides1 met with no human response1 but was taken up1 as it seemed1 by a chorus of imps in the depths of the mountain2 and by the multiplying echoes so common in ,switzerland was carried on from crag to crag1 till it appeared to be lost only at the top of the valley4 ,we fixed on a point about a mile off at which to reunite1 as what was snow in the lower part of the valley would be ice higher up1 and would probably be crossed by crevasses1 among which it would be dangerous to go singly1 and without the protection of the rope4 ,presently there came a shout from the extreme left of our quartett1 and we saw the young marronnier 7that is1 a half-fledged monk or deacon7 standing on the top of some rocks1 and indulging in various contortions and gesticulations1 which we interpreted as a summons for our help2 and when we reached him1 he wanted it badly enough1 for right before him were the objects of our search2 but how to get at them was a problem which required all our skill and all our strength for its solution4 ,he had come to where the glacier joined the rocks over which our course had hitherto been1 when his progress was stopped by a bergschrund or deep chasm between a nearly perpendicular wall of rock on one side1 and a wall of ice on the other1 inclined at an angle of probably sixty-five degrees4 ,on reaching this1 we could see the fugitives about fifty feet below us1 and were relieved by the assurance that they were neither of them seriously injured1 except by the cold1 which had made them unable to do anything to extricate themselves4 ,it was evident that nothing could be done from the side of the rocks1 so we made our way as quickly-as-possible along the side of the bergschrund1 to cross on to the glacier4 ,this involved a long detour2 but the bergschrund was too wide to be jumped1 and far too steep to be scaled1 while the insecurity of the snow-bridges over it was apparent4 ,at last we found one that seemed solid1 and ,m4 ,christophe led the way upon it boldly1 but had scarcely reached the middle1 when it suddenly broke down2 and but for the rope--that great protection of mountaineers--he would have had very little chance of seeing the hospice again4 ,as it was1 ,i was the chief sufferer1 for ,i happened to be second in line1 and had my waist 7round which the rope was tied in a slip-knot7 reduced to wasp-like proportions by the jerk of a man of fourteen stone falling in front1 and the counteracting strain which my rear-rank man forthwith put on behind4 ,at last we crossed1 and hastily made our way to the scene of action4 ,i have estimated the angle of the ice-wall at sixty-five degrees1 and tremendous as that inclination is1 ,i believe ,i have rather understated it1 though1 as my clinometer was left behind1 ,i could only compare it mentally with the well-known ice-wall on the ,strahleck1 which seemed about fifteen degrees less4 ,our rope was about ten feet too short to reach the bottom1 so the axe was brought into requisition to cut steps for that distance1 and to carve out a ledge which should give us secure hand-hold as well4 ,this done1 we let down the rope2 but the man's fingers were so benumbed with the night's exposure1 that he was unable to tie it round his wife2 and though she offered to attach it to him first1 he refused to be drawn up until after her4 ,this punctilio seemed rather misplaced1 as it involved #cdh the descent of one of our number2 but you cannot argue with a man who has spent the night in the heart of a glacier2 so the lightest of our party lost no time in descending1 which was only difficult from the piercing cold that was beginning to get the better of us1 and which was so benumbing1 that cutting the five-and-fifty steps for the descent was a rather formidable task4 ,the appearance of the girl's face--she was scarcely more than a girl-- was one to fix itself in the memory4 ,it was white--almost as white as the snow which had so nearly formed her cold winding-sheet2 stains of blood were on the blue lips1 which she had involuntarily bitten through in that night's agony4 ,her large ,italian eyes seemed fascinated by the wall of snow at which she glared2 and even now1 when rescue was certain1 she could only burst into a flood of tears1 and repeatedly ejaculate gerettet6 7saved67 having again sunk into the crouching position from which the question as to the rope had roused her4 ,the tears indeed gave relief to the heart over which a shadow of a terrible death had for long hours been brooding4 ,the shortness of our rope caused the only difficulty in the ascent2 but we managed to hew out a sort of stage on the ice at which we could rest with her1 while the two younger monks carried the rope to the top1 and then completed her restoration to the upper day4 ,the husband's ascent was rather harder of achievement1 as his chilled limbs made him as helpless as a child in arms1 without reducing his weight in the same proportion2 but after some awkward slips1 it was managed2 and having refreshed the inner man1 we made our way painfully toward the hospice1 obliging the husband to walk1 in spite of the agony which it caused him1 as the only means of saving his limbs4 ,we then learned that on the previous evening they had started for the chalet1 the situation of which was well known to them1 but had been completely enveloped in a cloud of thick mist which had risen from the valley1 and had obscured their way2 that after numerous turnings1 they had decided1 just before darkness came on1 to make their way up the ,st4 ,bernard valley1 knowing that in time they must come to the hospice1 but that they had actually mistaken for it the valley leading up to the ,col de la ,fenetre1 which is nearly at right angles to the other1 and had come upon the bergschrund at a point where there was fortunately a huge cornice of snow4 ,on this they must have unwittingly walked1 as they believed1 for many yards1 when it suddenly gave way with that terrible rushing sound at which most explorers of the great ice-world have shuddered once or twice in their lives4 ,fortunately1 an immense mass of snow gave way1 and its bulk broke their fall1 and saved them from being dashed with fatal violence against the rocks4 ,they were warmly clad1 and had the courage to keep in motion during nearly the whole night1 performing an evolution corresponding to the goose-step of the volunteers1 as they dared not change their ground in the darkness4 ,when the gray morning showed that there was no possibility of their extricating themselves1 and the snow fell1 which they knew would hide their track1 the husband sank down in despair1 saying3 ,nun bedeckt mich mien ,grabtuch 7,now my shroud is covering me7--and two hours of inaction were sufficient to allow the cold to seize his hands and feet4 ,it was curious to observe how1 as we gleaned the story from husband and wife1 each praised the other's endurance1 and depreciated his or her own4 ,they had only been married at ,gressonnay ,st4 ,giacomo four days before1 and were on their way to the celebrated wood-carving manufactory at ,freyburg4 ,we had nearly reached the hospice1 having had hard work in helping our friend to walk1 and in beating his fingers smartly to restore circulation1 when the girl1 who had refused our aid en route1 suddenly gave a shriek and fainted away4 ,the cause of this had not to be sought for long4 ,our path had led #cdi us close by the ,morgue1 in which1 as is well known1 the rarity of the air preserves the corpses so thoroughly that they retain for years the appearance of only recent death4 ,there1 placed upright against the wall1 is the ghastly row2 and one figure--that of a woman with a child in her arms-- is especially noticeable for having preserved not only the features1 but even the expression which marked the last agony of despair4 ,to see these1 you must generally wait some moments before your eyes get accustomed to the dim light in which they are2 but on this occasion1 the glare reflected from the snow threw the whole interior of the charnel-house into full view1 and the revulsion of feeling was too much for the poor girl1 who had so narrowly escaped a similar fate4 ,she was borne into the hospice1 and soon recovered2 and on the following morning1 both were able to resume their journey1 though it was feared by the monks1 who had had large experience of frostbites1 that one of the man's fingers would be sacrificed4 ,they were profuse in their gratitude1 and left1 determined that the superiority of the inhabitants of the ,val de ,lys over all other ,piedmontese1 ,italians1 and ,savoyards1 was not best maintained by spending a night in a bergschrund4 ---- ,from ,the ,month4 ,,constance ,,sherwood4 ,,an ,,autobiography ,,of ,,the ,,sixteenth ,,century4 ,,by ,,lady ,,georgiana ,,fullerton4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,i was to travel1 as had been ordered for our mutual convenience and protection1 with ,mistress ,ward1 a gentlewoman who resided some months in our vicinity1 and had heard mass in our chapel on such rare occasions as of late had occurred1 when a priest was at our house1 and we had commodity to give notice thereof to such as were ,catholic in the adjacent villages4 ,we had with us on the journey two serving-men and a waiting-woman1 who had been my mother's chambermaid2 and so accompanied1 we set out on our way1 singing as we went1 for greater safety1 the litanies of our ,lady2 to whom we did commend ourselves1 as my father had willed us to do1 with many fervent prayers4 ,the gentlewoman to whose charge ,i was committed was a lady of singular zeal and discretion1 as well as great virtue2 albeit1 where religion was not concerned1 of an exceeding timid disposition2 which1 to my no small diversion then1 and great shame since1 ,i took particular notice of on this journey4 ,much talk had been ministered in the county touching the number of rogues and vagabonds which infested the public roads1 of which sundry had been taken up and whipped during the last months1 in ,lichfield1 ,stafford1 and other places4 ,i did perceive that good ,mistress ,ward glanced uneasily as we rode along at every foot-passenger or horseman that came in sight4 ,albeit my heart was heavy1 and may be also that when the affections are inclined to tears they be likewise prone to laughter1 ,i scarce could restrain from smiling at these her fears and the manner of her showing them4 ,mistress ,constance1 she said at last1 as we came to the foot of a steep #cej ascent1 methinks you have a great heart concerning the dangers which may befall us on the road1 and that the sight of a robber would move you not one whit more than that of an honest pedler or hawker1 such as ,i take those men to be who are mounting the hill in advance of us4 ,doth it not seem to you that the box which they do carry betokens them to be such worthy persons as ,i wish them to prove8 ,now surely1 ,i answered1 good ,mistress ,ward1 'tis my opinion that they be not such honest knaves as you do suppose4 ,i perceive somewhat ,i mislike in the shape of that box4 ,what an if it be framed to entice travellers to their ruin by such displays and shows of rare ribbons and gewgaws as may prove the means of detaining them on the road1 and a-robbing of them in the end8 ,mistress ,ward laughed1 and commended my jesting1 but was yet ill at ease2 and1 as a mischievous and thoughtless creature1 ,i did somewhat excite and maintain her fears1 in order to set her on asking questions of our attendants touching the perils of the road1 which led them to relate such fearful stories of what they had seen of this sort as served to increase her apprehensions1 and greatly to divert me1 who had not the like fears2 but rather entertained myself with hers1 in a manner such as ,i have been since ashamed to think of1 who should have kissed the ground on which she had trodden4 ,the fairness of the sky1 the beauty of the fields and hedges1 the motion of the horse1 stirred up my spirits2 albeit my heart was at moments so brimful of sorrow that ,i hated my tongue for its wantonness1 my eyes for their curious gazing1 and my fancy for its eager thoughts anent ,london and the new scenes ,i should behold there4 ,what mostly dwelt in them was the hope to see my ,lady ,surrey1 of whom ,i had had of late but brief and scanty tidings4 ,the last letter ,i had from her was writ at the time when the ,duke of ,norfolk was for the second time thrown in the ,tower1 which she said was the greatest sorrow that had befallen her since the death of my ,lady ,mounteagle1 which had happened at his grace's house a few months back1 with all the assistance she desired touching her religion4 ,she had been urged1 my ,lady ,surrey said1 by the duke some time before to do something contrary to her faith2 but though she much esteemed and respected him1 her answer was so round and resolute that he never mentioned the like to her any more4 ,since then ,i had no more tidings of her1 who was dearer to me than our brief acquaintance and the slender tie of such correspondence as had taken place between us might in most cases warrant2 but whether owing to some congeniality of mind1 or to a presentiment of future friendship1 'tis most certain my heart was bound to her in an extraordinary manner2 so that she was the continual theme of my thoughts and mirror of my fancy4 ,the first night of our journey we lay at a small inn1 which was held by persons ,mistress ,ward was acquainted with1 and by whom we were entertained in a decent chamber1 looking on unto a little garden1 and with as much comfort as the fashion of the place might afford1 and greater cleanliness than is often to be found in larger hostelries4 ,after supper1 being somewhat weary with travel1 but not yet inclined for bed1 and the evening fine1 we sat out of doors in a bower of eglantine near to some bee-hives1 of which our hostess had a great store2 and methinks she took example from them1 for we could see her through the window as busy in the kitchen amongst her maids as the queen-bee amidst her subjects4 ,mistress ,ward took occasion to observe1 as we watched one of these little commonwealths of nature1 that she admired how they do live1 laboring and swarming1 and gathering honey together so neat and finely1 that they abhor nothing so much as uncleanliness1 drinking pure and clear water1 even the dew-drops on the leaves and flowers1 #cea and delighting in sweet music1 which if they hear but once out of tune they fly out of sight4 ,they live1 she said1 under a law1 and use great reverence to their elders4 ,every one hath his office2 some trimming the honey1 another framing hives1 another the combs4 ,when they go forth to work1 they mark the wind and the clouds1 and whatsoever doth threaten their ruin2 and having gathered1 out of every flower1 honey1 they return loaded in their mouths and on their wings1 whom they that tarried at home receive readily1 easing their backs of their great burthens with as great care as can be thought of4 ,methinks1 ,i answered1 that if it be as you say1 ,mistress ,ward1 the bees be wiser than men4 ,at the which she smiled2 but withal1 sighing1 made reply3 ,one might have wished of late years rather to be a bee than such as we see men sometimes to be4 ,but1 ,mistress ,constance1 if they are indeed so wise and so happy1 'tis that they are fixed in a condition in which they must needs do the will of him who created them2 and the like wisdom and happiness in a far higher state we may ourselves enjoy1 if we do but choose of our free will to live by the same rule4 ,then1 after some further discourse on the habits of these little citizens1 ,i inquired of ,mistress ,ward if she were acquainted with mine aunt1 ,mistress ,congleton2 at the which question she seemed surprised1 and said1 ,methought1 my dear1 you had known my condition in your aunt's family1 having been governess for many years to her three daughters1 and only by reason of my sister's sickness having stayed away from them for some time4 ,at the which intelligence ,i greatly rejoiced2 for the few hours we had rode together1 and our discourse that evening1 had wrought in me a liking for this lady as great as could arise in so short a period4 ,but ,i minded me then of my jests at her fears anent robbers1 and also of having been less dutiful in my manners than ,i should have been toward one who was like to be set over me2 and ,i likewise bethought me this might be the cause that she had spoken of the bees having a reverence for their elders1 and doubted if ,i should crave her pardon for my want of it4 ,but1 like many good thoughts which we give not entertainment to by reason that they be irksome1 ,i changed that intent for one which had in it more of pleasantness1 though less of virtue4 ,kissing her1 ,i said it was the best news ,i had heard for a long time that ,i should live in the same house with her1 and1 as ,i hoped1 under her care and good government4 ,and she answered1 that she was well pleased with it too1 and would be a good friend to me as long as she lived4 ,then ,i asked her touching my cousins1 and of their sundry looks and qualities4 ,she answered1 that the eldest1 ,kate1 was very fair1 and said nothing further concerning her4 ,polly1 she told me1 was marvellous witty and very pleasant1 and could give a quick answer1 full of entertaining conceits4 ,and is she1 then1 not fair8 ,i asked4 ,neither fair nor foul1 was her reply2 but well favored enough1 and has an excellent head4 ,then1 ,i cried1 letting my words exceed good behavior1 ,i shall like her better than the pretty fool her sister4 ,for the which speech ,i received the first1 but not the last1 chiding ,i ever had from ,mistress ,ward for foolish talking and pert behavior1 which was what ,i very well deserved4 ,when she had done speaking1 ,i put my arm round her neck--for it put me in mind of my mother to be so gravely yet so sweetly corrected--and said1 ,forgive me1 dear ,mistress ,ward1 for my saucy words1 and tell me somewhat ,i beseech you touching my youngest cousin1 who must be nearest to mine own age4 ,she is no pearl to hang at one's ear1 quoth she1 yet so gifted with a well-disposed mind that in her grace #ceb seems almost to supersede nature4 ,muriel is deformed in body1 and slow in speech2 but in behavior so honest1 in prayer so devout1 so noble in all her dealings1 that ,i never heard her speak anything that either concerned not good instruction or godly mirth4 ,and doth she not care to be ugly8 ,i asked4 ,so little doth she value beauty1 quoth ,mistress ,ward1 save in the admiring of it in others1 that ,i have known her to look into a glass and smiling cry out1 ',this face were fair if it were turned and every feature the opposite to what it is2' and so jest pleasantly at her own deformities1 and would have others do so too4 ,oh1 she is a rare treasure of goodness and piety1 and a true comfort to her friends6 ,with suchlike pleasant discourse we whiled away the time until going to rest2 and next day were on horseback betimes on our way to ,coventry1 where we were to lie that night at the house of ,mr4 ,page1 a ,catholic1 albeit not openly1 by reason of the times4 ,this gentleman is for his hospitality so much haunted1 that no news stirs but comes to his ears1 and no gentlefolks pass his door but have a cheerful welcome to his house2 and 'tis said no music is so sweet to his ears as deserved thanks4 ,he vouchsafed much favor to us1 and by his merry speeches procured us much entertainment1 provoking me to laughter thereby more than ,i desired4 ,he took us to see ,st4 ,mary's ,hall1 which is a building which has not its equal for magnificence in any town ,i have seen1 no1 not even in ,london4 ,as we walked through the streets he showed us a window in which was an inscription1 set up in the reign of ,king ,richard the ,second1 which did run thus3 ,i1 ,luriche1 for the love of thee ,do make ,coventry toll free4 ,and further on1 the figure of ,peeping ,tom of ,coventry1 that false knave ,i was so angry with when my father 7ah1 me6 how sharp and sudden was the pain which went through my heart as ,i called to mind the hours ,i was wont to sit on his knee hearkening to the like tales7 told me the story of the ,lady ,godiva1 who won mercy for her townsfolk by a ride which none had dared to take but one so holy as herself4 ,and1 as ,i said before1 being then in a humor as prone to tears at one moment as laughter at another1 ,i fell to weeping for the noble lady who had been in so sore a strait that she must needs have chosen between complying with her savage lord's conditions or the misery of her poor clients4 ,when ,mr4 ,page noticed my tears1 which flowed partly for myself and partly for one who had been long dead1 but yet lived in the hearts of these citizens1 he sought to cheer me by the recital of the fair and rare pageant which doth take place every year in ,coventry1 and is of the most admirable beauty1 and such as is not witnessed in any other city in the world4 ,he said ,i should not weep if ,i were to see it1 which he very much desired ,i should2 and he hoped he might be then alive1 and ride by my side in the procession as my esquire2 at the which ,i smiled1 for the good gentleman had a face and figure such as would not grace a pageant1 and methought ,i might be ashamed some years hence to have him for my knight2 and ,i said1 ,good ,mr4 ,page1 be the shutters closed on those days as when the ,lady ,godiva rode8 at the which he laughed1 and answered1 ,no2 and that for one ,tom who then peeped1 there were a thousand eyes to gaze on the show as it passed4 ,then if it please you1 sir1 when the time comes1 ,i said1 ,i would like to look on and not to ride2 and he replied1 it should be as ,i pleased2 and with such merry discourse we spent the time till supper was ready4 ,and afterward that good gentleman slackened not his efforts in entertaining us2 but related so many laughable stories1 and took so great notice of me1 that ,i was moved to answer him sometimes in a manner too forward for my years4 ,he told us of the queen's visit to that #cec city1 and that the mayor1 who had heard her grace's majesty considered poets1 and herself wrote verses1 thought to commend himself to her favor by such rare rhymes as these1 wherewith he did greet her at her entrance into the town3 ,we1 the men of ,coventry1 ,be pleased to see your majesty1 ,good ,lord6 how fair you be6 at the which her highness made but an instant's pause1 and then straightway replied1 ,it pleaseth well her majesty ,to see the men of ,coventry4 ,good ,lord6 what fools you be6 ,but1 quoth ,mr4 ,page1 the good man was so well pleased that the ,queen had answered his compliment1 that 'tis said he has had her majesty's speech framed1 and hung up in his parlor4 ,pity 'tis not in the town-hall1 ,i cried2 and he laughing commended me for sharpness2 but ,mistress ,ward said3 ,a sharp tongue in a woman's head was always a stinging weapon2 but in a queen's she prayed ,god it might never prove a murtherous one4 ,which words somewhat checked our merriment1 for that they savored of rebuke to me for forward speech1 and ,i ween awoke in ,mr4 ,page thoughts of a graver sort4 ,when we rode through the town next day1 he went with us for the space of some miles1 and then bade us farewell with singular courtesy1 and professions of good will and proffered service if we should do him the good at any time to remember his poor house2 which we told him he had given us sufficient reason not to forget4 ,toward evening1 when the sun was setting1 we did see the towers of ,warwick ,castle2 and ,i would fain have discerned the one which doth bear the name of the great earl who in a poor pilgrim's garb slew the giant ,colbrand1 and the cave 'neath ,guy's ,cliff where he spent his last years in prayer4 ,but the light was declining as we rode into ,leamington1 where we lay that night1 and darkness hid from us that fair country1 which methought was a meet abode for such as would lead a hermit's life4 ,the next day we had the longest ride and the hottest sun we had yet met with2 and at noon we halted to rest in a thicket on the roadside1 which we made our pavilion1 and from which our eyes did feast themselves on a delightful prospect4 ,there were heights on one side garnished with stately oaks1 and a meadow betwixt the road and the hill enamelled with all sorts of pleasing flowers1 and stored with sheep1 which were feeding in sober security4 ,mistress ,ward1 who was greatly tired with the journey1 fell asleep with her head on her hand1 and ,i pulled from my pocket a volume with which ,mr4 ,page had gifted me at parting1 and which contained sundry tales anent ,amadis de ,gaul1 ,huon de ,bordeaux1 ,palmerin of ,england1 and suchlike famous knights1 which he said1 as ,i knew how to read1 for which he greatly commended my parents' care1 ,i should entertain myself with on the road4 ,so1 one-half sitting1 one-half lying on the grass1 ,i reclined in an easy posture1 with my head resting against the trunk of a tree1 pleasing my fancy with the writers' conceits2 but ever and anon lifting my eyes to the blue sky above my head1 seen through the green branches1 or fixed them on the quaint patterns the quivering light drew on the grass1 or else on the valley refreshed with a silver river1 and the fair hills beyond it4 ,and as ,i read of knights and ladies1 and the many perils which befel them1 and passages of love betwixt them1 which was new to me1 and what ,i had not met with in any of the books ,i had yet read1 ,i fell into a fit of musing1 wondering if in ,london the folks ,i should see would discourse in the same fashion1 and the gentlemen have so much bravery and the ladies so great beauty as those my book treated of4 ,and as ,i noticed it was chiefly on the high-roads they did come into such dangerous adventures1 #ced ,i gazed as far as ,i could discern on the one ,i had in view before me with a foolish kind of desire for some robbers to come and assail us1 and then a great nobleman or gallant esquire to ride up and fall on them1 and to deliver us from a great peril1 and may be to be wounded in the encounter1 and ,i to bind up those wounds as from my mother's teaching ,i knew how to do1 and then give thanks to the noble gentleman in such courteous and well-picked words as ,i could think of4 ,but for all my gazing ,i could naught perceive save a wain slowly ascending the hill loaden with corn1 midst clouds of dust1 and some poorer sort of people1 who had been gleaning1 and were carrying sheaves on their heads4 ,after an hour ,mistress ,ward awoke from her nap2 and methinks ,i had been dozing also1 for when she called to me1 and said it was time to eat somewhat1 and then get to horse1 ,i cried out1 ,good sir1 ,i wait your pleasure2 and rubbed my eyes to see her standing before me in her riding-habit1 and not the gentleman whose wounds ,i had been tending4 ,that night we slept at ,northampton1 at ,mistress ,engerfield's house4 ,she was a cousin of ,mr4 ,congleton's1 and a lady whose sweet affability and gravity would have extorted reverence from those that least loved her4 ,she was then very aged1 and had been a nun in ,king ,henry's reign2 and1 since her convent had been despoiled1 and the religious driven out of it1 having a large fortune of her own1 which she inherited about that time1 she made her house a secret monastery1 wherein ,god was served in a religious manner by such persons as the circumstances of the time1 and not their own desires1 had forced back into the world1 and who as yet had found no commodity for passing beyond seas into countries where that manner of life is allowed4 ,they dressed in sober black1 and kept stated hours of prayer1 and went not abroad unless necessity compelled them thereunto4 ,when we went into the dining-room1 which ,i noticed ,mistress ,engerfield called the refectory1 grace was said in ,latin2 and whilst we did eat one lady read out loud out of a book1 which methinks was the life of a saint2 but the fatigue of the journey1 and the darkness of the room1 which was wainscotted with oak-wood1 so overpowered my senses with drowsiness1 that before the meal was ended ,i had fallen asleep1 which was discovered1 to my great confusion1 when the company rose from table4 ,but that good lady1 in whose face was so great a kindliness that ,i never saw one to be compared with it in that respect before or since1 took me by the hand and said1 ,young eyes wax heavy for lack of rest1 and travellers should have repose4 ,come to thy chamber1 sweet one1 and1 after commending thyself by a brief prayer to him who sleepeth not nor slumbereth1 and to her who is the ,mother of the motherless1 get thee to bed and take thy fill of the sleep thou hast so great need of1 and good angels will watch near thee4 ,oh1 how ,i did weep then1 partly from fatigue1 and partly from the dear comfort her words did yield me1 and1 kneeling1 asked her blessing1 as ,i had been wont to do of my dear parents4 ,and she1 whose countenance was full of majesty1 and withal of most attractive gentleness1 which made me deem her to be more than an ordinary woman1 and a great servant of ,god1 as indeed she was1 raised me from the ground1 and herself assisted to get me to bed1 having first said my prayers by her side1 whose inflamed devotion1 visible in her face1 awakened in me a greater fervor than ,i had hitherto experienced when performing this duty4 ,after ,i had slept heavily for the space of two or three hours ,i awoke1 as is the wont of those who be over-fatigued1 and could not get to sleep again1 so that ,i heard the clock of a church strike twelve2 and as the last stroke fell on my ear1 it was followed by a sound of chanting1 as if close unto my chamber1 which resembled what on rare occasions ,i had heard performed #cee by two or three persons in our chapel2 but here1 with so full a concord of voices1 and so great melody and sweetness1 that methought1 being at that time of night and every one abed1 it must be the angels that were singing4 ,but the next day1 questioning ,mrs4 ,ward thereupon as of a strange thing which had happened to me1 she said1 the ladies in that house rose always at midnight1 as they had been used to do in their several convents1 to sing ,god's praises and give him thanks1 which was what they did vow to do when they became religious4 ,before we departed1 ,mistress ,engerfield took me into her own room1 which was small and plainly furnished1 with no other furniture in it but a bed1 table1 and kneeling-stool1 and against the wall a large crucifix1 and she bestowed upon me a small book in ,french1 titled ,the ,spiritual ,combat1 which she said was a treasury of pious riches1 which she counselled me by frequent study to make my own2 and with many prayers and blessings she then bade us ,god-speed1 and took leave of us4 ,our last day's lodging on the road was at ,bedford2 and there being no ,catholics of note in that town wont to entertain travellers1 we halted at a quiet hostelry1 which was kept by very decent people1 who showed us much civility2 and the landlady1 after we had supped1 the evening being rainy 7for else she said we might have walked through her means into the fair grounds of the ,abbey of ,woburn1 which she thanked ,god was not now a hive for drones1 as it had once been1 but the seat of a worthy nobleman2 which did more credit to the town1 and drew customers to the inn71 brought us for our entertainment a huge book1 which she said had as much godliness in each of its pages as might serve to convert as many ,papists--,god save the mark6--as there were leaves in the volume4 ,my cheeks glowed like fire when she thus spoke1 and ,i looked at ,mistress ,ward1 wondering what she would say4 ,but she only bowed her head1 and made pretence to open the book1 which1 when the good woman was gone1 ,mistress ,constance1 quoth she1 this is a book writ by ,mr4 ,fox1 the ,duke of ,norfolk's old schoolmaster1 touching those he doth call martyrs1 who suffered for treason and for heresy in the days of ,queen ,mary1--,god rest her soul6--and if it ever did convert a ,papist1 ,i do not say on his deathbed1 but at any time of his life1 except it was greatly for his own interest1 ,i be ready4 4 4 ,to be a martyr yourself1 ,mistress ,ward1 ,i cried1 with my ever too great proneness to let my tongue loose from restraint4 ,the color rose in her cheek1 which was usually pale1 and she said3 ,child1 ,i was about to say1 that in the case ,i have named1 ,i be ready to forego the hope of that which ,i thank ,god ,i be wise enough to desire1 though unworthy to obtain2 but for which ,i do pray each day that ,i live4 ,then would you not be afraid to die on a scaffold1 ,i asked1 or to be hanged1 ,mistress ,ward8 ,not in a good cause1 she said4 ,but before the words were out of her mouth our landlady knocked at the door1 and said a gentleman was in the house with his two sons1 who asked to pay their compliments to ,mistress ,ward and the young lady under her care4 ,the name of this gentleman was ,rookwood1 of ,rookwood ,hall in ,suffolk1 and ,mistress ,ward desired the landlady presently to bring them in1 for she had often met them at my aunt's house1 as she afterward told me1 and had great contentment we should have such good company under the same roof with us2 whom when they came in she very pleasantly received1 and informed ,mr4 ,rookwood of my name and relationship to ,mistress ,congleton2 which when he heard1 he asked if ,i was ,mr4 ,henry ,sherwood's daughter2 which being certified of1 he saluted me1 and said my father was at one time1 when both were at college1 the closest friend that ever he had1 and his esteem for him was so great that he would be better #cef pleased with the news that he should see him but once again1 than if any one was to give him a thousand pounds4 ,i told him my father often spake of him with singular affection1 and that the letter ,i should write to him from ,london would be more welcome than anything else could make it1 by the mention of the honor ,i had had of his notice4 ,mistress ,ward then asked him what was the news in ,london1 from whence he had come that morning4 ,he answered that the news was not so good as he would wish it to be2 for that the queen's marriage with monsieur was broke off1 and the ,king of ,france greatly incensed at the favor ,m4 de ,montgomeri had experienced at her hands2 and that when he had demanded he should be given up1 she had answered that she did not see why she should be the ,king of ,france's hangman2 which was what his father had replied to her sister1 when she had made the like request anent some of her traitors who had fled to ,france4 ,her majesty1 he said1 was greatly incensed against the ,bishop of ,ross1 and had determined to put him to death2 but that she was dissuaded from it by her council2 and that he prayed ,god ,catholics should not fare worse now that ,ridolfi's plot had been discovered to declare her highness illegitimate1 and place the ,queen of ,scots on the throne1 which had moved her to greater anger than even the rising in the north4 ,and touching the ,duke of ,norfolk1 ,mistress ,ward did ask1 what is like to befal him8 ,mr4 ,rookwood said1 ,his grace had been removed from the ,tower to his own house on account of the plague2 but it is reported the queen is more urgent against him than ever1 and will have his head in the end4 ,if her majesty will not marry monsieur1 ,mistress ,ward said1 it will fare worse with recusants4 ,upon which one of the young gentlemen cried out1 ',tis not her majesty will not have him2 but monsieur will not have her4 ,my ,lord of ,oxford1 who is to marry my ,lord ,burleigh's daughter1 said yesterday at the tennis court1 that that matter of monsieur is grieviously taken on her grace's part2 but that my lord is of opinion that where amity is so needful1 her majesty should stomach it2 and so she doth pretend to break it off herself by reason of her religious scruples4 ,at the which both brothers did laugh1 but ,mr4 ,rookwood bade them have a care how they did suffer their tongues to wag anent her grace and such matters as her grace's marriage2 which although in the present company might be without danger1 was an ill habit1 which in these times was like to bring divers persons into troubles4 ,hang it6 cried the eldest of his sons1 who was of a well-pleasing favor and exceeding goodly figure2 recusants be always in trouble1 whatsoever they do2 both taxed for silence and checked for speech1 as the play hath it4 ,for good ,mr4 ,weston was racked for silence last week till he fainted1 for that he would not reveal what he had heard in confession from one concerned in ,ridolfi's plot2 and as to my ,lord ,morley1 he hath been examined before the council1 touching his having said he would go abroad poorly and would return in glory1 which he did speak concerning his health2 but they would have it meant treason4 ,methinks1 ,master ,basil1 said his father1 thou art not like to be taxed for silence2 unless indeed on the rack1 which the freedom of thy speech may yet bring thee to1 an thou hast not more care of thy words4 ,see now1 thy brother keeps his lips closed in modest silence4 ,ay1 as if butter would not melt in his mouth1 cried ,basil1 laughing4 ,and ,i then noticed the countenance of the younger brother1 who was fairer and shorter by a head than ,basil1 and had the most beautiful eyes imaginable1 and a high forehead betokening thoughtfulness4 ,mr4 ,rookwood drew his chair further from the table1 and conversed in a low voice with ,mrs4 ,ward1 #ceg touching matters which ,i ween were of too great import to be lightly treated of4 ,i heard the name of ,mr4 ,felton mentioned in their discourse1 and somewhat about the ,pope's ,bull1 in the affixing of which at the ,bishop of ,london's gate he had lent a hand2 but my ears were not free to listen to them1 for the young gentlemen began to entertain me with divers accounts of the shows in ,london2 which1 as they were some years older than myself1 who was then no better than a child1 though tall of mine age1 ,i took as a great favor1 and answered them in the best way ,i could4 ,basil spoke mostly of the sights he had seen1 and a fight between a lion and three dogs1 in which the dogs were victorious2 and ,hubert of books1 which he said1 for his part1 he had always a care to keep handsome and well bound4 ,ay1 quoth his brother1 gilding them and stringing them like the prayer-books of girls and gallants1 which are carried to church but for their outsides4 ,i do hate a book with clasps1 'tis a trouble to open them4 ,a trouble thou dost seldom take1 quoth ,hubert4 ,thou art ready enough to unclasp the book of thy inward soul to whosoever will read in it1 and thy purse to whosoever begs or borrows of thee2 but with such clasps as shut in the various stores of thought which have issued forth from men's minds thou dost not often meddle4 ,beshrew me if ,i do6 ,the best prayer-book ,i take to be a pair of beads2 and the most entertaining reading1 the ',rules for the ,hunting of ,deer2' which1 by what ,i have heard from ,sir ,roger ,ashlon1 my ,lord ,stafford hath grievously transgressed by assaulting ,lord ,lyttleton's keepers in ,teddesley ,haye4 ,what have you here8 ,hubert asked1 glancing at ,mr4 ,fox's ,book of ,martyrs1 and another which the landlady had left on the table2 ,a profitable ,new ,year's ,gift to all ,england4 ,they are not mine1 ,i answered1 nor such as ,i do care to read2 but this1 ,i said1 holding out ,mr4 ,page's gift1 which ,i had in my pocket1 is a rare fund of entertainment and very full of pleasant tales4 ,but1 quoth he1 you should read the ,morte d',arthur and the ,seven ,champions of ,christendom4 ,which ,i said ,i should be glad to do when ,i had the good chance to meet with them4 ,he said1 ,my cousin ,polly had a store of such pleasant volumes1 and would1 no doubt1 lend them to me4 ,she has such a sharp wit1 he added1 that she is ever exercising it on herself or on others2 on herself by the bettering of her mind through reading2 and on others by such applications1 of what she thus acquires as leaves them no chance in discoursing with her but to yield to her superior knowledge4 ,methinks1 ,i said1 if that be her aim in reading1 may be she will not lend to others the means of sharpening their wits to encounter hers4 ,at the which both of them laughed1 and ,basil said he hoped ,i might prove a match for ,mistress ,polly1 who carried herself too high1 and despised such as were slower of speech and less witty than herself4 ,for my part1 he cried1 ,i am of opinion that too much reading doth lead to too much thinking1 and too much thinking doth consume the spirits2 and often it falls out that while one thinks too much of his doing1 he leaves to do the effect of his thinking4 ,at the which ,hubert smiled1 and ,i bethought myself that if ,basil was no book-worm neither was he a fool4 ,with such like discourse the evening sped away1 and ,mr4 ,rookwood and his sons took their leave with many civilities and pleasant speeches1 such as gentlemen are wont to address to ladies1 and hopes expressed to meet again in ,london1 and good wishes for the safe ending of our journey thither4 ,ah1 me6 'tis passing strange to sit here and write in this little chamber1 after so many years1 of that first meeting with those brothers1 ,basil and ,hubert2 to call to mind how they did look and speak1 and of the pretty kind #ceh of natural affection there was betwixt them in their manner to each other4 ,ah1 me6 the old trick of sighing is coming over me again1 which ,i had well-nigh corrected myself of1 who have more reason to give thanks than to complain4 ,good ,lord1 what fools you be6 sighing heart and watering eyes6 ,as great fools1 ,i ween1 as the ,mayor of ,coventry1 whose foolish rhymes do keep running in my head4 ,the day following we came to ,london1 which being1 as it were1 the beginning of a new life to me1 ,i will defer to speak of until ,i find myself1 after a night's rest and special prayers unto that end1 less heavy of heart than at present4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,upon a sultry evening which did follow an exceeding hot day1 with no clouds in the sky1 and a great store of dust on the road1 we entered ,london1 that great fair of the whole world1 as some have titled it4 ,when for many years we do think of a place we have not seen1 a picture forms itself in the mind as distinct as if the eye had taken cognizance thereof1 and a singular curiosity attends the actual vision of what the imagination hath so oft portrayed4 ,on this occasion my eyes were slow servants to my desires1 which longed to embrace in the compass of one glance the various objects they craved to behold4 ,albeit the sky was cloudless above our heads1 ,i feared it would rain in ,london1 by reason of a dark vapor which did hang over it2 but ,mistress ,ward informed me that this appearance was owing to the smoke of sea-coal1 of which so great a store is used in the houses that the air is filled with it4 ,and do those in ,london always live in that smoke8 ,i inquired1 not greatly contented to think it should be so2 but she said ,mr4 ,congleton's house was not in the city1 but in a very pleasant suburb outside of it1 close unto ,holborn ,hill and ,ely ,place1 the bishop's palace1 in whose garden the roses were so plentiful that in ,june the air is perfumed with their odor4 ,i troubled her not with further questions at that time1 being soon wholly taken up with the new sights which then did meet us at every step4 ,so great a number of gay horsemen1 and litters carried by footmen with fine liveries1 and coaches drawn by horses richly caparisoned and men running alongside of them1 and withal so many carts1 that ,i was constrained to give over the guiding of mine own horse by reason of the confusion which the noise of wheels and men's cries and the rapid motion of so many vehicles did cause in me1 who had never rode before in so great a crowd4 ,at about six o'clock of the afternoon we did reach ,ely ,place1 and passing by the bishop's palace stopped at the gate of ,mr4 ,congleton's house1 which doth stand somewhat retired from the high-road1 and the first sight of which did greatly content me4 ,it is built of fair and strong stone1 not affecting fineness1 but honorably representing a firm stateliness1 for it was handsome without curiosity1 and homely without negligence4 ,at the front of it was a well-arranged ground cunningly set with trees1 through which we rode to the foot of the stairs1 where we were met by a gentleman dressed in a coat of black satin and a quilted waistcoat1 with a white beaver in his hand1 whom ,i guessed to be my good uncle4 ,he shook ,mistress ,ward by the hand1 saluted me on both cheeks1 and vowed ,i was the precise counterpart of my mother1 who at my age1 he said1 was the prettiest ,lancashire witch that ever he had looked upon4 ,he seemed to me not so old as ,i did suppose him to be1 lean of body and something low of stature1 with a long visage and a little sharp beard upon the chin of a brown color2 a countenance not very grave1 and1 for his age1 wanting the authority of gray hairs4 ,he conducted me to mine aunt's chamber1 who was seated in an easy-chair near unto the window1 with a cat upon her knees and #cei a tambour-frame before her4 ,she oped her arms and kissed me with great affection1 and ,i1 sliding down1 knelt at her feet and prayed her to be a good mother to me1 which was what my father had charged me to do when ,i should come into her presence4 ,she raised me with her hand and made me sit on a stool beside her1 and stroking my face gently1 gazed upon it1 and said it put her in mind of both of my parents1 for that ,i had my father's brow and eyes1 and my mother's mouth and dimpling smiles4 ,mr4 ,congleton1 she cried1 you do hear what this wench saith4 ,i pray you to bear it in mind1 and how near in blood she is to me1 so that you may show her favor when ,i am gone1 which may be sooner than you think for4 ,i looked up into her face greatly concerned that she was like so soon to die4 ,methought she had the semblance of one in good health and a reasonable good color in her cheeks1 and ,i perceived ,mr4 ,congleton did smile as he answered3 ,i will show favor to thy pretty niece1 good ,moll1 ,i promise thee1 be thou alive or be thou dead2 but if the leeches are to be credited1 who do affirm thou hast the best strength and stomach of the twain1 thou art more like to bury me than ,i thee4 ,upon which the good lady did sigh deeply and cast up her eyes and lifted up her hands as one grievously injured1 and he cried3 ,prithee1 sweetheart1 take it not amiss1 for beshrew me if ,i be not willing to grant thee to be as diseased as will pleasure thee1 so that thou wilt continue to eat and sleep as well as thou dost at the present and so keep thyself from dying4 ,upon which she said that she did admire how a man could have so much cruelty as to jest and jeer at her ill-health1 but that she would spend no more of her breath upon him2 and turning toward me she asked a store of questions anent my father1 whom for many years she had not seen1 and touching the manner of my mother's death1 at the mention of which my tears flowed afresh1 which caused her also to weep2 and calling for her women she bade one of them bring her some hartshorn1 for that sorrow1 she said1 would occasion the vapors to rise in her head1 and the other she sent for to fetch her case of trinkets1 for that she would wear the ring her brother had presented her with some years back1 in which was a stone which doth cure melancholy4 ,when the case was brought she displayed before my eyes its rich contents1 and gifted me with a brooch set with turquoises1 the wearing of which1 she said1 doth often keep persons from falling into divers sorts of peril4 ,then presently kissing me she said she felt fatigued1 and would send for her daughters to take charge of me2 who1 when they came1 embraced me with exceeding great affection1 and carried me to what had been their schoolroom and was now ,mrs4 ,ward's chamber1 who no longer was their governess1 they said1 but as a friend abode in the house for to go abroad with them1 their mother being of so delicate a constitution that she seldom left her room4 ,next to this chamber was a closet1 wherein ,kate said ,i should lie1 and as it is one ,i inhabited for a long space of time1 and the remembrance of which doth connect itself with very many events which1 as they did take place1 ,i therein mused on1 and prayed or wept1 or sometimes laughed over in solitude1 ,i will here set down what it was like when first ,i saw it4 ,the bed was in an alcove1 closed in the day by fair curtains of taffety2 and the walls1 which were in wood1 had carvings above the door and over the chimney of very dainty workmanship4 ,the floor was strewn with dried neatly-cut rushes1 and in the projecting space where the window was1 a table was set1 and two chairs with backs and seats cunningly furnished with tapestry4 ,in another recess betwixt the alcove and the chimney stood a praying stool and a desk with a cushion for a book to lie on4 ,ah1 me6 how often has my head #cfj rested on that cushion and my knees on that stool when my heart has been too full to utter other prayers than a ,god ha' mercy on me6 which at such times broke as a cry from an overcharged breast4 ,but1 oh6 what a vain pleasure ,i did take on that first day in the bravery of this little chamber1 which ,kate said was to be mine own6 ,with what great contentment ,i viewed each part of it1 and looked out of the window on the beds of flowers which did form a mosaical floor in the garden around the house1 in the midst of which was a fair pond whose shaking crystal mirrored the shrubs which grew about it1 and a thicket beyond1 which did appear to me a place for pleasantness and not unfit to flatter solitariness1 albeit so close unto the city4 ,beyond were the bishop's grounds1 and ,i could smell the scent of roses coming thence as the wind blew4 ,i could have stood there many hours gazing on this new scene1 but that my cousins brought me down to sup with them in the garden1 which was not fairer in natural ornaments than in artificial inventions4 ,the table was set in a small banqueting-house among certain pleasant trees near to a pretty water-work2 and now ,i had leisure to scan my cousins' faces and compare what ,i did notice in them with what ,mistress ,ward had said the first night of our journey4 ,kate1 the eldest of the three1 was in sooth a very fair creature1 proportioned without any fault1 and by nature endowed with the most delightful colors2 but there was a made countenance about her mouth1 between simpering and smiling1 and somewhat in her bowed-down head which seemed to languish with over-much idleness1 and an inviting look in her eyes as if they would over-persuade those she spoke to1 which betokened a lack of those nobler powers of the mind which are the highest gifts of womanhood4 ,polly's face fault-finding wits might scoff at as too little for the rest of the body1 her features as not so well proportioned as ,kate's1 and her skin somewhat browner than doth consist with beauty2 but in her eyes there was a cheerfulness as if nature smiled in them1 in her mouth so pretty a demureness1 and in her countenance such a spark of wit that1 if it struck not with admiration1 filled with delight4 ,no indifferent soul there was which1 if it resisted making her its princess1 would not long to have such a playfellow4 ,muriel1 the youngest of these sisters1 was deformed in shape1 sallow in hue1 in speech1 as ,mistress ,ward had said1 slow2 but withal in her eyes1 which were deep-set1 there was lacking neither the fire which betokens intelligence1 nor the sweetness which commands affection1 and somewhat in her plain face which1 though it may not be called beauty1 had some of its qualities4 ,methought it savored more of heaven than earth4 ,the ill-shaped body seemed but a case for a soul the fairness of which did shine through the foul lineaments which enclosed it4 ,albeit her lips opened but seldom that evening1 only twice or thrice1 and they were common words she uttered and fraught with hesitation1 my heart did more incline toward her than to the pretty ,kate or the lively ,polly4 ,an hour before we retired to rest1 ,mr4 ,congleton came into the garden1 and brought with him ,mr4 ,swithin ,wells and ,mr4 ,bryan ,lacy1 two gentlemen who lived also in ,holborn2 the latter of which1 ,polly whispered in mine ear1 was her sister ,kate's suitor4 ,talk was ministered among them touching the queen's marriage with ,monsieur2 which1 as ,mr4 ,rookwood had said1 was broken off2 but that day they had heard that ,m4 de la ,motte had proposed to her majesty the ,due d',alencon1 who would be more complying1 he promised1 touching religion than his brother4 ,she inquired of the prince's age1 and of his height2 to the which he did answer1 ,about your majesty's own height4 ,but her highness would not be so put off1 and willed the ambassador to write for the precise measurement of the prince's stature4 ,she will never marry1 quoth ,mr4 ,wells1 but only amuse the ,french #cfa court and her council with further negotiations touching this new suitor1 as heretofore anent the archduke and ,monsieur4 ,but ,i would to ,god her majesty were well married1 and to a ,catholic prince2 which would do us more good than anything else which can be thought of4 ,what news did you hear1 sir1 of ,mr4 ,felton8 ,mistress ,ward asked4 ,upon which their countenances fell2 and one of them answered that that gentleman had been racked the day before1 but steadily refused1 though in the extremity of torture1 to name his accomplices2 and would give her majesty no title but that of the ,pretender2 which they said was greatly to be regretted1 and what no other ,catholic had done4 ,but when his sentence was read to him1 for that he was to die on ,friday1 he drew from his finger a ring1 which had diamonds in it1 and was worth four hundred pounds1 and requested the ,earl of ,sussex to give it to the queen1 in token that he bore her no ill-will or malice1 but rather the contrary4 ,mr4 ,wells said he was a gentleman of very great heart and noble disposition1 but for his part he would as lief this ring had been sold1 and the money bestowed on the poorer sort of prisoners in ,newgate1 than see it grace her majesty's finger2 who would thus play the hangman's part1 who inherits the spoils of such as he doth put to death4 ,but the others affirmed it was done in a ,christian manner1 and so greatly to be commended2 and that ,mr4 ,felton1 albeit he was somewhat rash in his actions1 and by some titled ,don ,magnifico1 by reason of a certain bravery in his style of dress and fashion of speaking1 which smacked of ,monsieur ,traveller1 was a right worthy gentleman1 and his death a blow to his friends1 amongst whom there were some1 nevertheless1 to be found who did blame him for the act which had brought him into trouble4 ,mistress ,ward cried1 that such as fell into trouble1 be the cause ever so good1 did always find those who would blame them4 ,mr4 ,lacy said1 one should not cast himself into danger wilfully1 but when occasion offered take it with patience4 ,polly replied1 that some were so prudent1 occasions never came to them4 ,and then those two fell to disputing1 in a merry but withal sharp fashion4 ,as he did pick his words1 and used new-fangled terms1 and she spoke roundly and to the point1 methinks she was the nimblest in this encounter of wit4 ,meanwhile ,mr4 ,wells asked ,mr4 ,congleton if he had had news from the north1 where much blood was spilt since the rising2 and he apprehended that his kinsmen in ,richmondshire should suffer under the last orders sent to ,sir ,george ,bowes by my ,lord ,sussex4 ,but ,mr4 ,congleton did minister to him this comfort1 that if they were noted wealthy1 and had freeholds1 it was the queen's special commandment they should not be executed1 but two hundred of the commoner sort to lose their lives in each town2 which was about one to each five4 ,but none of note8 quoth ,mr4 ,wells4 ,none which can pay the worth of their heads1 ,mr4 ,congleton replied4 ,and who1 then1 doth price them8 asked ,kate1 in a languishing voice4 ,nay1 sister1 quoth ,polly1 ,i warrant thee they do price themselves2 for he that will not pay well for his head must needs opine he hath a worthless one4 ,upon which ,mr4 ,lacy said to ,kate1 ,one hundred angels would not pay for thine1 sweet ,kate4 ,then she must needs be an archangel1 sir1 quoth ,polly1 if she be of greater worth than one hundred angels4 ,ah1 me6 cried ,kate1 very earnestly1 ,i would ,i had but half one hundred gold-pieces to buy me a gown with6 ,hast thou not gowns enough1 wench8 asked her father4 ,methought thou wert indifferently well provided in that respect4 ,ah1 but ,i would have1 sir1 such a #cfb velvet suit as ,i did see some weeks back at the ,italian house in ,cheapside1 where the ladies of the court do buy their vestures4 ,it had a border the daintiest ,i ever beheld1 all powdered with gold and pearls4 ,ruffiano said it was the rarest suit he had ever made2 and he is the ,queen of ,france's tailor1 which ,sir ,nicholas ,throgmorton did secretly entice away1 by the queen's desire1 from that court to her own4 ,and what fair nymph owns this rare suit1 sweetest ,kate8 ,mr4 ,lacy asked4 ,i'll warrant none so fair that it should become her1 or rather that she should become it1 more than her who doth covet it4 ,i know not if she be fair or foul1 quoth ,kate1 but she is the ,lady ,mary ,howard1 one of the maids of honor of her majesty1 and so may wear what pleaseth her4 ,by that token of the gold and pearls1 cried ,mr4 ,wells1 ,i doubt not but 'tis the very suit anent which the court have been wagging their tongues for the last week2 and if it be so1 indeed1 ,mistress ,kate1 you have no need to envy the poor lady that doth own it4 ,kate protested she had not envied her1 and taxed ,mr4 ,wells with unkindness that he did charge her with it2 and for all he could say would not be pacified1 but kept casting up her eyes1 and the tears streaming down her lovely cheeks4 ,upon which ,mr4 ,lacy cried3 ,sweet one1 thou hast indeed no cause to envy her or any one else1 howsoever rare or dainty their suits may be2 for thy teeth are more beauteous than pearls1 and thine hair more bright than the purest gold1 and thine eyes more black and soft than the finest velvet1 which nature so made that we might bear their wonderful shining1 which else had dazzled us3 and so went on till her weeping was stayed1 and then ,mr4 ,wells said3 ,the lady who owned that rich suit1 which ,i did falsely and feloniously advance ,mistress ,kate did envy1 had not great or long comfort in its possession2 for it is very well known at court1 and hence bruited in the city1 what passed at ,richmond last week concerning this rare vesture4 ,it pleased not the queen1 who thought it did exceed her own4 ,and one day her majesty did send privately for it1 and put it on herself1 and came forth into the chamber among the ladies4 ,the kirtle and border was far too short for her majesty's height1 and she asked every one how they liked her new fancied suit4 ,at length she asked the owner herself if it was not made too short and ill-becoming2 which the poor lady did presently consent to4 ,upon which her highness cried3 ',why1 then1 if it become me not as being too short1 ,i am minded it shall never become thee as being too fine1 so it fitteth neither well4' ,this sharp rebuke so abashed the poor lady that she never adorned her herewith any more4 ,ah1 cried ,mr4 ,congleton1 laughing1 her majesty's bishops do come by reproofs as well as her maids4 ,have you heard how one ,sunday1 last ,april1 my ,lord of ,london preached to the queen's majesty1 and seemed to touch on the vanity of decking the body too finely4 ,her grace told the ladies after the sermon1 that if the bishop held more discourse on such matters she would fit him for heaven1 but he should walk thither without a staff and leave his mantle behind him4 ,nay1 quoth ,mr4 ,wells1 but if she makes such as be ,catholics taste of the sharpness of the rack1 and the edge of the axe1 she doth then treat those of her own way of thinking with the edge of her wit and the sharpness of her tongue4 ',tis reported1 ,mr4 ,congleton1 ,i know not with what truth1 that a near neighbor of yours has been served with a letter1 by which a new sheep is let into his pastures4 ,what1 cried ,polly1 is ,pecora ,campi to roam amidst the roses1 and go in and out at his pleasure through the bishop's gate8 ,the 'sweet lids' have then danced away a large slice of the ,church's acres4 ,but what1 ,i pray you1 sir1 did her majesty write8 ,even this1 quoth her father1 ,i #cfc had it from ,sir ,robert ,arundell3 ',proud ,prelate6 you know what you were before ,i made you1 and what you are now4 ,if you do not immediately comply with my request1 ,i will unfrock you1 by ,god6--,,elizabeth ,r4' ,our good neighbor1 saith ,polly1 must show a like patience with ,job1 and cry out touching his bishopric1 ',the queen did give it2 the queen doth take it away2 the will of the queen be done4' ,he is like to be encroached upon yet further by yon cunning ,sir ,christopher1 ,mr4 ,wells said2 ,i'll warrant ,ely ,place will soon be ,hatton ,garden4 ,well1 for a neighbor1 answered ,polly1 ,i'd as soon have the queen's lids as her hedge-bishop1 and her sheep as her shepherd4 ',tis not all for love of her sweet dancer her majesty doth despoil him4 ,she never1 'tis said1 hath forgiven him that he did remonstrate with her for keeping a crucifix and lighted tapers in her own chapel1 and that her fool1 set on by such as were of the same mind with him1 did one day put them out4 ,in suchlike talk the time was spent2 and when the gentlemen had taken leave1 we retired to rest2 and being greatly tired1 ,i slept heavily1 and had many quaint dreams1 in which past scenes and present objects were curiously blended with the tales ,i had read on the journey1 and the discourse ,i had heard that evening4 ,when ,i awoke in the morning1 my thoughts first flew to my father1 of whom ,i had a very passionate desire to receive tidings4 ,when my waiting-woman entered1 with a letter in her hand1 ,i foolishly did fancy it came from him1 which could scarcely be1 so soon after our coming to town2 but ,i quickly discerned1 by the rose-colored string which it was bounden with1 and then the handwriting1 that it was not from him1 but from her whom1 next to him1 ,i most desired to hear from1 to wit1 the ,countess of ,surrey4 ,that sweet lady wrote that she had an exceeding great desire to see me1 and would be more beholden to my aunt than she could well express1 if she would confer on her so great a benefit as to permit me to spend the day with her at the ,charter ,house1 and she would send her coach for to convey me there1 which should never have done her so much good pleasure before as in that service4 ,and more to that effect1 with many kind and gracious words touching our previous meeting and correspondence4 ,when ,i was dressed1 ,i took her ladyship's letter to ,mrs4 ,ward1 who was pleased to say she would herself ask permission for me to wait upon that noble lady2 but that her ladyship might not be at the charge of sending for me1 she would herself1 if my aunt gave her license1 carry me to the ,charter ,house1 for that she was to spend some hours that day with friends in the city1 and it would greatly content her1 she added1 to further the expressed wish of the young countess1 whose grandmother1 ,lady ,mounteagle1 and so many of her kinsfolk1 were ,catholics1 or at the least1 good friends to such as were so4 ,my aunt did give leave for me to go1 as she mostly did to whatsoever ,mrs4 ,ward proposed1 whom she trusted entirely1 with a singular great affection1 only bidding her to pray that she might not die in her absence1 for that she feared some peaches she had eaten the day before had disordered her1 and that she had heard of one who had died of the plague some weeks before in the ,tower4 ,mrs4 ,ward exhorted her to be of good cheer1 and to comfort herself both ways1 for that the air of ,holborn was so good1 the plague was not likely to come into it1 and that the kernels of peaches being medicinal1 would rather prove an antidote to pestilence than an occasion to it2 and left her better satisfied1 insomuch that she sent for another dish of peaches for to secure the benefit4 ,before ,i left1 ,kate bade me note the fashion of the suit my ,lady ,surrey did wear1 and if she had on her own hair1 and if she dyed it1 and if she covered her bosom1 or wore plaits1 and if her stomacher was straight #cfd and broad1 or formed a long waist1 extending downward1 and many more points touching her attire1 which ,i cannot now call to mind4 ,as ,i went through the hall to the steps where ,mistress ,ward was already standing1 ,muriel came hurrying toward me1 with a faint color coming and going in her sallow cheek1 and twice she tried to speak and failed4 ,but when ,i kissed her she put her lips close to my ear and whispered1 ,sweet little cousin1 there be in ,london prisoners in a very bad plight1 in filthy dungeons1 because of their religion4 ,the noble young ,lady ,surrey hath a tender heart toward such if she do but hear of them4 ,prithee1 sweet coz1 move her to send them relief in food1 money1 or clothing4 ,then ,mistress ,ward called to me to hasten1 and ,i ran away1 but ,muriel stood at the window1 and as we passed she kissed her hand1 in which was a gold angel1 which my father had gifted me with at parting4 ,mrs4 ,ward1 ,i said1 as we went along1 my cousin ,muriel is not fair1 and yet her face doth commend itself to my fancy more than many fair ones ,i have seen2 it is so kindly4 ,i have even from her infancy loved her1 she answered1 and thus much ,i will say of her1 that many have been titled saints who had not1 methinks1 more virtue than ,i have noticed in ,muriel4 ,doth she herself visit the prisoners she spoke of8 ,she and ,i do visit them and carry them relief when we can by any means prevail with the gaolers from compassion or through bribing of them to admit us4 ,but it is not always convenient to let this be known1 not even at home1 but ,i ween1 ,constance1 as thou wilt have me to call thee so1 that ,muriel saw in thee--for she has a wonderful penetrative spirit--that thou dost know when to speak and when to keep silence4 ,and may ,i go with you to the prisons8 ,i asked with a hot feeling in my heart1 which ,i had not felt since ,i had left home4 ,thou art far too young1 she answered4 ,but ,i will tell thee what thou canst do4 ,thou mayst work and beg for these good men1 and not be ashamed of so doing4 ,none may visit them who have not made up their minds to die1 if they should be denounced for their charity4 ,but ,muriel is young1 ,i answered4 ,hath she so resolved8 ,muriel is young1 was the reply2 but she is one in whom wisdom and holiness have forestalled age4 ,for two years that she hath been my companion on such occasions1 she has each day prepared for martyrdom by such devout exercises as strengthen the soul at the approach of death4 ,and ,kate and ,polly1 ,i asked1 are they privy to the dangers that you do run1 and have they no like ambition8 ,rather the contrary1 she answered2 but neither they nor any one else in the house is fully acquainted with these secret errands save ,mr4 ,congleton1 and he did for a long time refuse his daughter license to go with me1 until at last1 by prayers and tears1 she won him over to suffer it4 ,but he will never permit thee to do the like1 for that thy father hath intrusted thee to his care for greater safety in these troublesome times4 ,pish6 ,i cried pettishly1 safety has a dull mean sound in it which ,i mislike4 ,i would ,i were mine own mistress4 ,wish no such thing1 ,constance ,sherwood1 was her grave answer4 ,wilfulness was never nurse to virtue1 but rather her foe2 nor ever did a rebellious spirit prove the herald of true greatness4 ,and now1 mark my words4 ,almighty ,god hath given thee a friend far above thee in rank1 and ,i doubt not in merit also1 but whose faith1 if report saith true1 doth run great dangers1 and with few to advise her in these evil days in which we live4 ,peradventure he hath appointed thee a work in a palace as weighty as that of #cfe others in a dungeon4 ,set thyself to it with thy whole heart1 and such prayers as draw down blessings from above4 ,there be great need in these times to bear in remembrance what the ,lord says1 that he will be ashamed in heaven before his angels of such as be ashamed of him on earth4 ,and many there are1 ,i greatly fear1 who though they be ,catholics1 do assist the heretics by their cowardice to suppress the true religion in this land2 and ,i pray to ,god this may never be our case4 ,yet ,i would not have thee to be rash in speech1 using harsh words1 or needlessly rebuking others1 which would not become thy age1 or be fitting and modest in one of inferior rank1 but only where faith and conscience be in question not to be afraid to speak4 ,and now ,god bless thee1 who should be an ,esther in this house1 wherein so many true confessors of ,christ some years ago surrendered their lives in great misery and torments1 rather than yield up their faith4 ,this she said as we stopped at the gate of the ,charter ,house1 where one of the serving-men of the ,countess of ,surrey was waiting to conduct me to her lodgings1 having had orders to that effect4 ,she left me in his charge1 and ,i followed him across the square1 and through the cloisters and passages which led to the gallery1 where my lady's chamber was situated4 ,my heart fluttered like a frightened caged bird during that walk1 for there was a solemnity about the place such as ,i had not been used to1 and which filled me with apprehension lest ,i should be wanting in due respect where so much state was carried on4 ,but when the door was opened at one end of the gallery1 and my sweet lady ran out to meet me with a cry of joy1 the silly heart1 like a caught bird1 nestled in her embrace1 and my lips joined themselves to hers in a fond manner1 as if not willing to part again1 but by fervent kisses supplying the place of words1 which were lacking1 to express the great mutual joy of that meeting1 until at last my lady raised her head1 and still holding my hands1 cried out as she gazed on my face3 ,you are more welcome1 sweet one1 than my poor words can say4 ,i pray you1 doff your hat and mantle1 and come and sit by me1 for 'tis a weary while since we have met1 and those are gone from us who loved us then1 and for their sakes we must needs love one another dearly1 if our hearts did not of themselves move us unto it1 which indeed they do1 if ,i may judge of yours1 ,mistress ,constance1 by mine own4 ,then we kissed again1 and she passed her arm around my neck with so many graceful endearments1 in which were blended girlish simplicity and a youthful yet matronly dignity1 that ,i felt that day the love which1 methinks1 up to that time had had its seat mostly in the fancy1 take such root in mine heart1 that it never lost its hold on it4 ,at the first our tongues were somewhat tied by joy and lack of knowledge how to begin to converse on the many subjects whereon both desired to hear the other speak1 and the disuse of such intercourse as maketh it easy to discourse on what the heart is full of4 ,howsoever1 ,lady ,surrey questioned me touching my father1 and what had befallen us since my mother's death4 ,i told her that he had left his home1 and sent me to ,london by reason of the present troubles2 but without mention of what ,i did apprehend to be his further intent4 ,and she then said that the concern she was in anent her good father the ,duke of ,norfolk did cause her to pity those who were also in trouble4 ,but his grace1 ,i answered1 is1 ,i hope1 in safety at present1 and in his own house8 ,in this house1 indeed1 she did reply1 but a strait prisoner in ,sir ,henry ,neville's custody1 and not suffered to see his friends without her majesty's especial permission4 ,he did send for his son and me last evening1 having obtained leave for to see us1 which he had not done since the day my lord and ,i were married again1 by #cff his order1 from the ,tower1 out of fear lest our first marriage1 being made before ,phil was quite twelve years old1 it should have been annulled by order of the queen1 or by some other means4 ,it grieved me much to notice how gray his hair had grown1 and that his eyes lacked their wonted fire4 ,when we entered he was sitting in a chair1 leaning backward1 with his head almost over the back of it1 looking at a candle which burnt before him1 and a letter in his hand4 ,he smiled when he saw us1 and said the greatest comfort he had in the world was that we were now so joined together that nothing could ever part us4 ,you see1 ,mistress ,constance1 she said1 with a pretty blush and smile1 ,i now do wear my wedding-ring below the middle joint4 ,and do you live alone with my lord now in these grand chambers8 ,i said1 looking round at the walls1 which were hung with rare tapestry and fine pictures4 ,bess is with me1 she answered1 and so will remain ,i hope until she is fourteen1 when she will be married to my ,lord ,william1 my lord's brother4 ,our ,moll is likewise here1 and was to have wedded my ,lord ,thomas when she did grow up2 but she is not like to live1 the physicians do say4 ,the sweet lady's eyes filled with tears1 but1 as if unwilling to entertain me with her griefs1 she quickly changed discourse1 and spoke of my coming unto ,london1 and inquired if my aunt's house were a pleasant one1 and if she was like to prove a good kinswoman to me4 ,i told her how comfortable had been the manner of my reception1 and of my cousins' goodness to me2 at the which she did express great contentment1 and would not be satisfied until ,i had described each of them in turn1 and what good looks or what good qualities they had2 which ,i could the more easily do that the first could be discerned even at first sight1 and touching the last1 ,i had warrant from ,mrs4 ,ward's commendations1 which had more weight than my own speerings1 even if ,i had been a year and not solely a day in their company4 ,she was vastly taken with what ,i related to her of ,muriel1 and that she did visit and relieve poor persons and prisoners1 and wished she had liberty to do the like2 and with a lovely blush and a modest confusion1 as of one who doth not willingly disclose her good deeds1 she told me all the time she could spare she did employ in making clothes for such as she could hear of1 and also salves and cordials 7such as she had learnt to compound from her dear grandmother71 and privately sent them by her waiting-maid1 who was a young gentlewoman of good family1 who had lost her parents1 and was most excellently endowed with virtue and piety4 ,come to my closet1 ,miss ,constance1 she said1 and ,i doubt not but we shall find ,milicent at work1 if so be she has not gone abroad to-day on some such errand of charity4 ,upon which she led the way through a second chamber1 still more richly fitted up than the first1 into a smaller one1 wherein1 when she opened the door1 ,i saw a pretty living picture of two girls at a table1 busily engaged with a store of bottles and herbs and ointments1 which were strewn upon it in great abundance4 ,one of them was a young maid1 who was measuring drops into a phial1 with a look so attentive upon it as if that little bottle had been the circle of her thoughts4 ,she was very fair and slim1 and had a delicate appearance1 which minded me of a snow-drop2 and indeed1 by what my lady said1 she was a floweret which had blossomed amidst the frosts and cold winds of adversity4 ,by her side was the most gleesome wench1 of not more than eight years1 ,i ever did set eyes on2 of a fatness that at her age was comely1 and a face so full of waggery and saucy mirth1 that but to look upon it drove away melancholy4 ,she was compounding in a cup a store of various liquids1 which she said did cure shrewishness1 and said she would pour some into her nurse's night-draught1 to mend her of that disorder4 #cfg ,ah1 ,nan1 she cried1 as we entered1 ,i'll help thee to a taste of this rare medicine1 for methinks thou art somewhat shrewish also and not so conformable to thy husband's will1 my lady1 as a good wife should be4 ,by that same token that my lord willed to take me behind him on his horse a gay ride round the square1 and1 forsooth1 because ,i had not learnt my lesson1 thou didst shut me up to die of melancholy4 ,ah1 me6 ,my mother had a maid called ,barbara-- ',sing willow1 willow1 willow4' ,that is one of ,phil's favorite songs4 ,milicent1 methinks ,i will call thee ,barbara1 and thou shalt sing with me-- ',the poor soul sat sighing by a sycamore tree1-- ,sing all a green willow2 ,her hand on her bosom1'-- ,there1 put thy hand in that fashion-- 'her head on her knee1'-- ,nay1 prithee1 thou must bend thy head lower-- ',sing willow1 willow1 willow4' ,my lady1 said the gentlewoman1 smiling1 ,i promise you ,i dare not take upon me to fulfil my tasks with credit to myself or your ladyship1 if ,mistress ,bess hath the run of this room1 and doth prepare cordials after her fashion from your ladyship's stores4 ,ah1 ,bess6 quoth my lady1 shaking her finger at the saucy one2 ,i'll deliver thee up to ,mrs4 ,fawcett1 who will give thee a taste of the place of correction2 and ,phil is not here to-day to beg thee off4 ,and now1 good ,milicent1 prithee make a bundle of such clothes as we have in hand1 and such comforts as be suitable to such as are sick and in prison1 for this sweet young lady hath need of them for some who be in that sad plight4 ,and1 my lady1 quoth the gentlewoman1 ,i would fain learn how to dress wounds when the flesh is galled2 for ,i do sometimes meet with poor men who do suffer in that way1 and would relieve them if ,i could4 ,i know1 ,i cried1 of a rare ointment my mother used to make for that sort of hurt2 and if my ,lady ,surrey gives me license1 ,i will remember you1 mistress1 with the receipt of it4 ,my lady1 with a kindly smile and expressed thanks1 assented2 and when we left the closet1 ,i greatly commending the young gentlewoman's beauty1 she said that beauty in her was the worst half of her merit4 ,but1 ,mistress ,constance1 she said1 when we had returned to the saloon1 ,i may not send her to such poor men1 and above all1 priests1 who be in prison for their faith1 as ,i hear1 to my great sorrow1 there be so many at this time1 and who suffer great hardships1 more than can be easily believed1 for she is ,protestant1 and not through conforming to the times1 but so settled in her way of thinking1 and earnest therein1 having been brought up to it1 that she would not so much as open a ,catholic book or listen to a word in defence of papists4 ,but how1 then1 doth she serve a ,catholic lady8 ,i asked1 with a beating heart2 and oh1 with what a sad one did hear her answer1 for it was as follows3 ,dear ,constance1 ,i must needs obey those who have a right to command me1 such as his grace my good father and my husband2 and they are both very urgent and resolved that by all means ,i shall conform to the times4 ,so ,i do go to ,protestant service2 but ,i use at home my prayers1 as my grandmother did teach me2 and ,phil says them too1 when ,i can get him to say any4 ,then you do not hear mass1 ,i said1 sorrowfully1 or confess your sins to a priest8 ,no1 she answered1 in a sad manner2 ,i once asked my ,lady ,lumley1 who is a good ,catholic1 if she could procure ,i should see a priest with that intent at ,arundel ,house2 but she turned pale as a sheet1 and said that to get any one to be reconciled who had #cfh once conformed to the ,protestant religion1 was to run danger of death2 and albeit for her own part she would not refuse to die for so good a cause1 she dared not bring her father's gray hairs to the block4 ,as we were holding this discourse--and she so intent in speaking1 and ,i in listening1 that we had not heard the door open--,lord ,surrey suddenly stood before us4 ,his height made him more than a boy1 and his face would not allow him a man2 for the rest1 he was well-proportioned1 and did all things with so notable a grace1 that nature had stamped him with the mark of true nobility4 ,he made a slight obeisance to me1 and ,i noticed that his cheek was flushed1 and that he grasped the handle of his sword with an anger which took not away the sweetness of his countenance1 but gave it an amiable sort of fierceness4 ,then1 as if unable to restrain himself1 he burst forth1 ,nan1 an order is come for his grace to be forthwith removed to the ,tower1 and ,i'll warrant that was the cause he was suffered to see us yesterday4 ,god send it prove not a final parting6 ,is his grace gone8 cried the countess1 starting to her feet1 and clasping her hands with a sorrowful gesture4 ,he goes even now1 answered the earl2 and both went to the window1 whence they could see the coach in which the duke was for the third time carried from his home to the last lodging he was to have on this earth4 ,oh1 what a sorrowful sight it was for those young eyes which gazed on the sad removal of the sole parent both had left6 ,how her tears did flow silently like a stream from a deep fount1 and his with wild bursts of grief1 like the gushings of a torrent over rocks6 ,his head fell on her shoulder1 and as she threw her arms round him1 her tears wetted his hair4 ,methought then that in the pensive tenderness of her downcast face there was somewhat of motherly as well as of wifely affection4 ,she put her arm in his1 and led him from the room2 and ,i remained alone for a short time entertaining myself with sad thoughts anent these two young noble creatures1 who at so early an age had become acquainted with so much sorrow1 and hoping that the darkness which did beset the morning of their lives might prove but as the clouds which at times deface the sky before a brilliant sunshine doth take possession of it1 and dislodge these deceitful harbingers1 which do but heighten in the end by contrast the resplendency they did threaten to obscure4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 #cfi ,from ,temple ,bar4 ,,french ,,cochin ,,china4 ,between ,india and the ,chinese empire lies the peninsula of ,indo-,china1 jutting out far into the ,indian ,ocean4 ,the south-eastern portion of this peninsula is occupied by the empire of ,anam1 of which the chief maritime province is known to ,europeans as ,cochin ,china1 but to the natives as ,dang-trong1 or the outer kingdom4 ,it is in lower ,cochin ,china that the ,french have succeeded in recently establishing a military settlement4 ,in extent these new territorial acquisitions of our somewhat ambitious neighbors may be compared to ,brittany1 though in no other respect can any resemblance be detected4 ,the country is1 in fact1 a strictly alluvial formation4 ,not only is it watered by the ,dong-nai and ,saigon rivers1 but it also embraces the delta of the ,mekong1 at the mouth of which noble stream the ,portuguese poet ,camoens was ship-wrecked in the year #aeef1 swimming to the shore with his left hand1 while in his right he held above the waters his manuscript copy of the ,lusiad4 ,it is almost needless to add that a level plain spreads far and wide1 except quite in the north1 and that fevers and dysentery prevail throughout the greater part of the year4 ,the climate is certainly not a healthy one for ,europeans4 ,the rainy season lasts from ,april to ,december1 during which the inhabitants live in a vapor-bath4 ,the consequence is1 that the ,french soldiers die off with such frightful rapidity that it has been urgently recommended that every regiment should be relieved after two years' service4 ,the authorities1 however1 have lost no time in improving the sanitary condition of the new settlement4 ,by means of native labor large tracts of marsh-land have been drained1 and good roads made in lieu of the shallow tidal canals which previously constituted the sole channels of traffic and mutual intercourse4 ,formerly every villager owned a small boat1 in which he moved about from place to place1 taking with him his small merchandise1 or conveying home to his family the proceeds of his marketing4 ,the town of ,saigon itself is estimated to contain one hundred thousand inhabitants4 ,the houses are exceedingly mean1 being constructed either of wood or of palm-leaves fastened together4 ,though situated seventy miles inland1 ,ghia-din1 as it is called by the natives1 is a very flourishing port1 and exhibits a very active movement at all seasons of the year4 ,it is frequented by a large number of ,chinese vessels1 and is now rising into importance as the head of the ,french possessions in the ,east4 ,so far back1 indeed1 as the ninth century ,saigon was noted for its muslin manufactures1 the fineness of which was such that an entire dress could be drawn through the circumference of a signet-ring4 ,owing to the comparative absence of noxious insects it is regarded by ,europeans as a not altogether unpleasant residence4 ,the population of the empire of ,anam has been estimated at thirty millions2 but on this point there are not sufficient data to form a very accurate opinion4 ,but whatever may be their exact number1 the inhabitants are derived from three sources4 ,the ,anamites proper--that is1 the ,cochin ,chinese and the ,tonkinese--are of a ,chinese origin2 while the people of ,camboge are descended from ,hindoo ancestors2 and those in the interior--such as the ,lao1 ,moi1 and others--claim to be the sons of the soil1 with ,malay blood flowing in their veins4 ,of the early history of the ,anamites few authentic details have reached us1 nor #cgj are these of a nature to interest the general reader4 ,although from an early date ,european missionaries appear to have labored in their self-denying task of converting these disciples of ,buddhism to the purer tenets of ,christianity1 it was not until the latter part of the eighteenth century that their influence was sensibly appreciated4 ,even then they were indebted to an accident for the increased importance they have since continued to possess4 ,fleeing from a formidable and partially successful insurrection1 the only survivor of the royal family and heir to the throne--afterward the celebrated ,ghia-loung--took refuge in the house of ,father ,pigneau1 a ,french missionary of unblemished life and reputation4 ,that worthy man bravely afforded shelter not only to the fugitive1 but also to his wife1 his sister1 and his son1 and even encouraged him to make a strenuous effort to recover his rights4 ,foiled1 however1 for a time by the superior forces of the rebels1 the prince and his faithful counsellor were compelled to flee for their lives to a small island in the ,gulf of ,siam4 ,yielding to the advice of the missionary1 ,ghia-loung now resolved to despatch an embassy to ,france1 in the hope of obtaining sufficient assistance to place himself on the throne of his ancestors4 ,accordingly1 in the year #aghg1 ,father ,pigneau1 accompanied by the youthful son of the unfortunate prince1 proceeded to ,versailles1 and actually prevailed upon ,louis ,,xvi4 to conclude an alliance1 offensive and defensive1 with his royal client4 ,the terms of this treaty are so far curious that they illustrate the practical and realistic notion of an idea which characterized the old ,french monarchy quite as much as it does the second ,napoleonic empire4 ,convinced of the justice of the ,anamite prince's claim to the crown1 and moved by a desire to afford him a signal mark of his friendship1 as well as of his love of justice1 his most ,christian majesty agreed to despatch immediately to the coasts of ,cochin ,china a squadron consisting of four frigates1 conveying a land force of #a1bjj foot-soldiers1 #bjj artillerymen1 and #bej ,caffres1 thoroughly equipped for service1 and supported by an efficient field-battery4 ,in return for--or rather in expectation of receiving--this succor1 the king of ,cochin ,china surrendered the absolute ownership and sovereignty of the islands of ,hoi-nan and ,pulo ,condor1 together with a half-share in the port of ,touron1 where the ,french were authorized to establish whatever works and factories they might deem requisite for their safety and commercial advantage4 ,they were further to enjoy the exclusive privilege of trading with the ,cochin ,chinese1 and of introducing their merchandise free of all charges and imposts4 ,neither was any trading vessel or ship of war to be permitted to enter any port on the ,cochin ,china coast save only under the ,french flag4 ,and in the event of his most ,christian majesty becoming involved in hostilities with any other power1 whether ,asiatic or ,european1 his faithful ally undertook to fit out at his own expense both naval and land forces to co-operate with the ,french troops anywhere in the ,indian seas1 but not beyond the ,moluccas or the ,straits of ,malacca4 ,in consideration of his services in negotiating this treaty1 the ratifications of which were to be exchanged within twelve months at the latest1 ,father ,pigneau was raised to the dignity of ,bishop of ,adran1 and appointed ambassador extraordinary from the court of ,versailles to that of ,cochin ,china4 ,the next step was to select a commander for the projected expedition2 and on the new prelate's urgent solicitation the king consented1 though with marked reluctance1 to confer that distinction upon the ,count de ,conway1 at that time governor of the ,french establishments in ,india4 ,the selection proved an unfortunate one4 ,bishop ,pigneau had omitted one very important element from his calculation4 ,he had made no allowance for the disturbing influences of an improper #cga connection with a lovely woman4 ,he may even have been ignorant of ,m4 de ,conway's misplaced devotion to ,mdme4 de ,vienne4 ,be this as it may1 on his arrival at ,pondicherry he refused to wait upon that all-potent lady1 and offered her such slights that she became his avowed and bitter enemy4 ,it was through her1 indeed1 that the expedition was never organized1 and that the king of ,cochin ,china was left to his own resources to bring about his restoration4 ,this he at length accomplished1 and in some small degree by the aid of a handful of volunteers whom the ,bishop of ,adran had induced to accompany him to ,saigon4 ,a sincere friendship appears to have existed between the ,french prelate and the ,anamite prince1 which terminated only with the death of the former in the last year of the eighteenth century4 ,but though ,ghia-loung was fully sensible of the advantages to be derived from maintaining a friendly intercourse with ,european nations1 he was not blind to the inconveniences likely to arise from allowing the subjects of a foreign power to form independent settlements within his dominions4 ,feeling that his end was at hand1 the aged monarch emphatically warned his son not to allow the ,french to possess a single inch of land in his territories2 but at the same time advised him to cultivate amicable relations with that people4 ,his successor obeyed the paternal counsels only in part4 ,he took care1 indeed1 to prevent the ,french from settling permanently in his country2 but he went very much further1 for he actively persecuted the ,christian converts1 and exerted himself to the utmost to oppose the introduction of western ideas and civilization4 ,in the year #ahbe ,min-mang--for so was this emperor called--refused even to receive a letter and presents forwarded by ,louis ,,xviii41 and expressed his determination to keep aloof from all intercourse with ,european powers4 ,as ,captain de ,bougainville was provided neither with instructions how to act under such circumstances1 nor with a sufficient force to compel the acceptance of what was declined to be taken with a good grace--we quote from ,m4 ,leon de ,rosny's ,tableau de ,cochinchine1 to which we are indebted for the matter of this article he formed the wise resolution of withdrawing from those inhospitable shores4 ,but before he did so1 he succeeded in landing ,father ,regereau1 a ,french priest who had devoted himself to the work of making ,christians of the ,anamites1 whether they would or not4 ,no sooner did this unwelcome news reach the ears of the monarch1 than it caused an edict to appear enjoining the mandarins to exercise the utmost vigilance in preventing the ingress of the teachers of the perverse religion of the ,europeans1 which is described as prejudicial to the rectitude and right-mindedness of mankind4 ,the doctrine of the missionaries was further represented1 in a petition said to have been inspired by the emperor himself1 as of a nature to corrupt and seduce the common people by abusing their credulity4 ,they employ1 it was said1 the fear of hell and eternal punishment to terrify the timid2 while1 to attract individuals of a different temperament1 they promise the enjoyment of heavenly bliss as the reward of virtue4 ,by degrees the ill-feeling entertained by the emperor toward the missionaries grew in intensity1 until they became the object of his bitter aversion2 and as his subordinates1 according to custom1 were anxious to recommend themselves to favor by their demonstrative zeal1 it was not long before the church of ,cochin ,china was enriched by the crown of numerous martyrs4 ,the first of these martyrs was the ,abbe ,gagelin1 who was strangled on the #agth ,october1 #ahcc2 but then his offence was twofold1 for he had not only preached the forbidden doctrines1 but1 in contravention of the king's commands1 had quitted the town of ,dong-nai to do so4 ,a very naive letter from a missionary named ,jacquard conveyed to the abbe the tidings of his forthcoming martyrdom4 ,your sentence1 #cgb he wrote1 has been irrevocably pronounced4 ,as soon as you have undergone the punishment of the cord1 your head will be cut off and sent into the provinces in which you have preached ,christianity4 ,behold you1 then1 a martyr6 ,how fortunate you are6 ,to this pious effusion the abbe replied in a similar strain3 ,the news you announce of my being irrevocably condemned to death penetrates my very heart's core with joy4 ,no2 ,i do not hesitate to avow it1 never did any news give me so much pleasure4 ,in the following year another missionary was tortured to death1 not merely as a teacher of the new religion1 but because he was found in the company of some rebels who had seized upon a fort4 ,no other martyrdom occurred after this until #ahcg1 in which year the ,abbe ,cornay was beheaded and quartered1 after being imprisoned for three months2 and1 in #ahch1 ,m4 ,jacquard himself escaped by strangulation from the insults and outrages to which he had been for some time subjected4 ,nor was it the missionaries alone who shared the fate and emulated the calm heroism of the early apostles4 ,the native neophytes were not a whit less zealous to suffer in their ,master's cause1 and to bear witness to the truth1 in death as in life4 ,the common people eagerly flocked to behold their execution1 not indeed to taunt and revile the patient victims1 but to secure some relic1 however trifling or otherwise disgusting1 and to dip their garments in the still-flowing blood4 ,pagans and ,christians alike yielded to this superstition or veneration1 while the soldiers on duty drove a lucrative trade in selling to the scrambling crowd fragments of the dress and person of the yet-quivering martyr4 ,even the executioners are reported to have affirmed that at the moment the head was severed from the body a certain perfume exhaled from the gushing blood1 as if anticipating glorification in heaven4 ,m4 de ,rosny1 however1 frankly admits that ,min-mang was chiefly moved by political considerations to persecute the followers of the new religion1 whom he believed to be in league with his worst enemies1 especially after the capture of a missionary in one of the rebel forts4 ,his policy1 whatever may have been its real springs1 was adopted by his son ,thieou-tri1 one of whose first public acts was to command the governors of provinces to track out the ,christians to their most secret asylums4 ,these orders were only too faithfully obeyed4 ,the ,french missionaries were ferreted out of their lurking-places1 thrown into prison1 and otherwise ill-treated1 throughout this reign1 which did not terminate before the end of #ahdg4 ,the new monarch1 commonly known as ,tu-,duk1 walked in the footsteps of his father4 ,an edict was issued almost immediately after his accession to the throne1 commanding that every ,european missionary found in ,anam should be thrown into the sea with a rope round his neck4 ,and when the mandarins hesitated to execute such sanguinary orders1 a second edict appeared enjoining that whosoever concealed in his house a propagator of the ,christian faith should be cut in two and thrown into the river4 ,the fiendish work then began in earnest4 ,the sword of the executioner was again called into request1 and several most estimable men suffered death on the scaffold4 ,at last even a bishop1 ,monseigneur ,diaz1 experienced the fate of his humbler brethren1 on the #bjth ,july1 #aheg2 and as this prelate happened to be a ,spaniard1 his death was avenged by an allied ,franco-,spanish expedition1 which resulted in the conquest of ,lower ,cochin ,china1 and the cession of the provinces of ,saigon1 ,bien-hoa1 and ,myt-ho to the ,french4 ,let us now see what manner of men were these ,anamites whom the ,french1 failing to convert1 were compelled1 by their sense of spiritual duty1 to conquer and subjugate4 ,m4 de ,rosny shall continue to be our guide4 ,the people of ,anam ,proper are evidently of ,mongol extraction4 ,their complexion is of a dark sallow hue1 varying from a dirty white to a yellowish #cgc olive color4 ,in stature they are short1 but thickset1 and remarkably active4 ,their features are by no means beautiful according to the ,european idea of beauty4 ,they have short square noses1 prominent cheek-bones1 thin lips1 an small black eyes--the eyeball being rather yellow than white4 ,their teeth1 which are naturally of a pure white1 are stained almost black and otherwise disfigured by the excessive use of betel-nut4 ,their countenances are chiefly marked by the breadth and height of the cheek-bones1 and are nearly of the shape of a lozenge4 ,the women are better-looking1 and decidedly more graceful1 than the men1 even in the lower classes1 but both sexes are particularly cheerful and vivacious4 ,the upper classes1 however1 affect the solemn air and grave deportment of the ,chinese1 and are consequently much less agreeable to strangers than are the less-dignified orders4 ,corpulence is considered a great beauty--a fat face and a protuberant stomach constituting the ideal of an ,adonis4 ,both men and women wear their hair long1 but gathered up at the back of the head in a knot4 ,it is never cut save in early youth1 when it is all shaved off with the exception of a small tuft on the top of the crown4 ,a close-cropped head of hair1 indeed1 is looked upon as a badge of infamy1 and is one of the distinguishing marks of a convicted criminal4 ,the beard is allowed to grow naturally1 but consists of little more than a few scattered hairs at the end of the chin2 the upper lip being as scantily furnished4 ,the nails should be very long1 thin1 and sharp-pointed1 and by the women are usually stained of a red color4 ,the ,anamites dress themselves in silk or cotton according to their means2 but whatever the material1 the form of their garb is always the same4 ,in addition to wide trousers fastened round the waist by a silken girdle1 they wear a robe descending to the knees1 and occasionally a shorter one over that2 both equally opening on the right side1 but closed by five or six buttons4 ,the men's sleeves are very wide1 and so long that they descend considerably lower than the ends of the fingers4 ,the women1 however1 who in other respects dress precisely as do the men1 have their sleeves somewhat shorter1 in order to display their metal or pearl bracelets4 ,the under-garment is generally made of country cotton1 but the upper one1 as worn by the higher classes1 is invariably of silk or flowered muslin1 of ,chinese manufacture4 ,cotton trousers are often dyed brown1 but even the laboring population make use of silk as much as possible4 ,for mourning garments cotton alone is employed1 white being the funereal color4 ,out of doors men and women alike wear varnished straw hats1 upward of two feet in diameter1 fastened under the chin1 and very useful as a protection against sun and rain1 though somewhat grotesque in appearance4 ,within doors the women go bareheaded1 not unfrequently allowing their fine black tresses to hang loose down their backs almost to the ground4 ,ear-rings1 bracelets1 and rings on their fingers are favorite objects of female vanity2 but a modest demeanor is a thing unknown2 a bold1 dashing manner being most admired by the men4 ,they are certainly not good-looking2 but their natural gaiety and liveliness amply compensate for the absence of personal charms4 ,old men and persons of distinction alone wear sandals1 the people generally preferring to go barefooted4 ,a pair of silken purses1 or bags1 to carry betel1 money1 and tobacco1 may be seen in the hand1 or hanging over the shoulder1 of every man and woman not actually employed in hard labor4 ,they are1 for the most part1 of blue satin1 and sometimes richly embroidered4 ,like their neighbors the ,chinese1 the ,anamites are scrupulous observers of the distinctive insignia of rank1 but pay no regard to personal cleanliness4 ,notwithstanding their frequent ablutions1 their clothes1 their hair1 their fingers and nails1 are disgustingly filthy4 ,even wealthy persons wear dirty cotton dresses within doors1 over which #cgd they throw their smart silken robes when they go out4 ,taste is proverbially a matter beyond dispute2 but it would be very hard for any ,european to agree with an ,anamite as to what constituted a delicacy and what an abomination4 ,a ,cochin ,chinese epicure delights1 for instance1 in rotten eggs1 and is especially fond of them after they have been under a hen for ten or twelve days4 ,from stale fish1 again1 he extracts his choicest sauce1 and feasts greedily upon meat in a state of putrefaction4 ,vermin of all sorts is highly appreciated4 ,crocodile's flesh is also greatly prized2 though boiled rice and a little fish fresh1--smoked1 or salted--are the ordinary food of the poor4 ,among delicacies may be mentioned silk-worms fried in fat1 ants and ants' eggs1 bees1 insects1 swallows'-nests1 and a large white worm found in decayed wood2 but no dainty is more dearly relished than a still-born calf served up whole in its skin and almost raw4 ,in the way of pastry the women greatly affect beignets made of herbs1 sugar1 and clay4 ,among the rich the dishes are placed on low tables a foot or two in height1 round which the diners seat themselves on the ground in the attitude of tailors4 ,forks and spoons are equally unknown1 but chop-sticks are used after the ,chinese fashion4 ,the dinner usually begins1 instead of ending1 with fruit and pastry4 ,during the meal nothing liquid is taken1 but before sitting down it is customary to take a gulp or two of strong spirits distilled from fermented rice1 and after dinner several small cups of tea are drunk by those who can afford to do so4 ,cold or unadulterated water is thought unwholesome1 and is therefore never taken by itself4 ,betel-nut mixed with quicklime is constantly chewed by both men and women1 and of late years the use of opium has partially crept in4 ,the houses of the ,anamites are only one story high1 and very low in the roof4 ,they are1 in fact1 mere halls1 the roof of which is usually supported on bamboo pillars1 on which are pasted strips of many-colored paper inscribed with ,chinese proverbs4 ,the roof slopes rather sharply1 and consists of reed or straw4 ,neither windows nor chimneys are seen4 ,the smoke escapes and the light enters by the door4 ,the walls are made of palm leaves1 though rich people often employ wood for that purpose4 ,in either case they are filthily dirty and swarm with insects4 ,at the further end of the house is a raised platform1 which serves as a bed for the entire family4 ,the floor is of earth1 not unfrequently traversed by channels hollowed out by the rain which descends through the roof4 ,in every household one member remains awake all night1 to give the alarm in case of thieves attempting to come in4 ,it is usual for the men to marry as soon as they have the means to purchase a wife4 ,the price of such an article varies1 according to circumstances1 from two to ten shillings1 though rich people will give as much as twice or three times that sum for anything out of the common run4 ,polygamy is permitted by the laws2 but practically it is a luxury confined to the wealthy1 and even with them the first wife reigns supreme over the household4 ,the privilege of divorce is reserved exclusively for the husbands1 who can put away a disagreeable partner by breaking in twain a copper coin or a piece of wood1 in the presence of a witness4 ,parents cannot dispose of their daughters in marriage without their free consent4 ,previous to marriage the ,cochin ,chinese are perfectly unrestrained2 but as chastity is nothing thought of1 this is not a matter of much moment4 ,infanticide is punished as a crime1 but not so abortion4 ,adultery is a capital offense4 ,the guilty woman is trampled to death under the feet of an elephant1 while her lover is strangled or beheaded2 but these sentences are frequently commuted into exile4 ,wives are not locked up as in ,mohammedan countries1 but with that exception they are quite as badly treated1 being altogether at the mercy of their husbands4 ,they are1 in truth1 little better than slaves or #cge beasts of burden4 ,it is they who build the houses1 who cultivate the ground1 who manufacture the clothes1 who prepare the food1 who1 in short1 do everything4 ,they have nine lives1 say their ungrateful husbands1 and can afford to lose one without being the worse for it4 ,they are described as being less timid than the men1 more intelligent1 more gay1 and quite ready to adapt themselves to the manners and customs of their ,french rulers4 ,the men1 though by no means destitute of strength and courage1 are lazy1 indolent1 and averse to bodily exercise1 and chiefly at home in the petty intrigues of an almost retail commerce4 ,great importance is attached to the funeral ceremonies4 ,the dead are interred--not burnt1 according to the custom of neighboring nations-- and much taste is displayed in their burial-places4 ,there is no more acceptable present than a coffin1 and thus it usually happens that one is provided years before it can be turned to a proper account4 ,the deceased is clothed in his choicest apparel1 and in his coffin is placed an abundant supply of whatever he is likely to want in the new life upon which he has entered through the portals of death4 ,the obsequies are generally deferred for six months1 or for even a whole year1 in order to give more time for the necessary preparations4 ,on such occasions friends and relatives flock from afar to the funeral baked meats2 for a handsome banquet forms an essential part of the otherwise melancholy details4 ,from twenty to thirty bearers convey the corpse to its last abode1 amid the deafening discord of drums1 cymbals1 and tom-toms4 ,the procession moves with slow and measured step1 and on the coffin is placed a shell filled with water1 which enables the master of the ceremonies to ascertain that the coffin is borne with becoming steadiness4 ,mourning is worn for twenty-seven months for a father1 mother1 or husband2 but only twelve months for a wife4 ,during this period it is forbidden to be present at any spectacle1 to attend any meeting1 or to marry4 ,at various intervals after the interment1 offerings of eatables are presented to the dead1 but which are scrupulously consumed by the offerers themselves4 ,respect1 bordering on reverence1 is shown to old age2 but then old people are a rarity1 few individuals attaining to half a century4 ,sickness of all kinds is rife1 including the whole cohort of fevers4 ,the want of cleanliness is undoubtedly at the bottom of most of the complaints from which the natives suffer4 ,the system of medicine most in vogue is borrowed from the ,chinese4 ,every well-to-do family maintains its own physician1 who physics all its members to their heart's content4 ,doctors1 however1 agree no more in ,cochin ,china than in any other region of the globe4 ,there are two schools of medicine--the one employing nothing but stimulants1 the other adhering solely to refrigerants1 and both citing in favor of their respective systems the most astounding and well-nigh miraculous cures4 ,the rules of politeness and etiquette are distinctly drawn and rigidly observed4 ,an inferior meeting a superior prostrates himself at full length upon the ground1 and repeats the act again and again according to the amount of deference he wishes to exhibit4 ,to address one by the title of great-grand-father is to show the highest possible respect1 while grandfather1 father1 uncle1 and elder brother mark the downward gradations from that supreme point4 ,there is1 in truth1 somewhat too much of veneering visible in all that pertains to the private life and character of the ,anamites4 ,their moral code1 based on the precepts of ,confucius1 is irreproachable1 but they seldom pause to regulate their conduct after its wholesome doctrines4 ,pleasure1 indeed1 is more thought of than morality1 and gambling is a raging passion with all classes4 ,cock-fighting1 and even the combats of red-fishes1 fill them with especial delight2 and when thoroughly excited they will stake on any chance their wives and children1 and even #cgf themselves4 ,music1 dancing1 and theatrical exhibitions are likewise much to their taste1 though the dancers are invariably women hired for the purpose4 ,the laws and police regulations are for the most part wise and sensible1 but are more frequently neglected than observed4 ,here1 as in other ,asiatic countries1 a gift in the hand perverteth the wisdom of the wise1 and thus only the poor and the stingy need suffer for their sins4 ,for most offences the bastinado is inflicted1 but for heinous crimes capital punishments are enforced4 ,there is a sufficient variety in the modes of execution4 ,sometimes the criminal is sentenced to be strangled2 at other time's he is decapitated1 or trampled to death by an elephant1 or even hacked to pieces if his crime has been in any way extraordinary4 ,for minor delinquencies recourse is had to transportation in irons to a distant province1 or to hard labor1 such as cutting grass for the emperor's elephants4 ,society is divided into two classes--the people and the mandarins4 ,nobility is hereditary1 but the son of a mandarin of the first order ranks only with the second until he has done something to merit promotion to his father's rank4 ,in like manner the son of a second-class mandarin belongs to the third rank1 and so on to the lowest grade2 and there are nine of these--the highest two sitting in the imperial council4 ,but the most exalted honors are open to the most humble4 ,no man is so low born as to despair of becoming one of the pillars of the empire4 ,the competition system prevails here in its full vigor4 ,everything depends upon the passing certain examinations2 but for all that the mandarins are described as oppressors of the poor1 evil advisers of the sovereign1 addicted to fraud1 given up to their appetites1 wasting their time in sensual and frivolous pursuits1 corrupt and venal in the administration of justice4 ,the patrimony is distributed equally among all the sons1 whether legitimate or otherwise1 except that the eldest receives one-tenth of the entire property in addition to his own share2 in return for which he is expected to guard the interests of the family1 and above all to look after his sisters1 who cannot marry without his consent4 ,the daughters have no part in the inheritance save in the absence of male heirs1 but in that case they are treated as if they were sons4 ,through extreme poverty children are often sold as slaves by their parents4 ,an insolvent debtor likewise becomes the bondsman of his creditor2 and as the legal rate of interest is thirty per cent41 a debt rapidly accumulates4 ,an ,anamite hour is twice the length of a ,european one1 and the night is divided into five watches4 ,a year consists of twelve lunar months2 so that every two or three years it becomes necessary to add another month3 in nineteen years there are seventeen of these intercalated months4 ,the lapse of time is marked by periods of twelve years1 five of which constitute a grand cycle2 but in historical narratives the dates are calculated from the accession of the reigning monarch4 ,the year begins with the month of ,february4 ,the decimal system of enumeration is the one adopted by the ,cochin ,chinese4 ,the religion of the people is a superstitious ,buddhism2 that of the lettered classes a dormant belief in the moral teachings of ,confucius4 ,whatever temples there are1 are of a mean order1 and are served by an ignorant and ill-paid priesthood4 ,the malignant spirits are propitiated by offerings of burnt paper inscribed with prayers1 of bundles of sweet-scented wood1 and of other articles of trifling value2 the good spirits are mostly neglected4 ,sincere veneration1 however1 is shown to the manes of deceased ancestors4 ,the priests take a vow of celibacy1 to which they occasionally adhere4 ,they abstain entirely from animal food1 and affect a yellow or red hue in their apparel4 ,after death their bodies are burned1 and not buried as is the case with the laity4 #cgg ,the inhabitants of ,cochin ,china are naturally industrious1 and possess considerable skill as carpenters and upholsterers4 ,they also work in iron with some success1 and display no mean taste in their pottery4 ,their cotton and silk manufactures are1 however1 coarse and greatly inferior to the ,chinese4 ,their lackered boxes are famous throughout the world1 nor are their filigree ornaments unworthy of admiration4 ,but though skilful and intelligent as artisans1 and abundantly endowed with the faculty of imitation1 they are wretchedly deficient in imagination1 and have no idea of invention4 ,this defect is perhaps of less consequence now that they have the benefit of receiving their impulses from the most inventive nation in the world4 ,without doubt1 their material prosperity will be largely augmented by the ,french domination1 nor have they anything to lose in moral and social respects4 ,the conquest of ,cochin ,china may therefore be regarded as an advantage to the people themselves2 but how far it is likely to yield any profit to the ,french is altogether another question1 and one which at present we are not called upon to discuss4 ,sufficient for the day is the evil thereof4 ------ ,from ,the ,dublin ,review4 ,,consalvi',s ,,memoirs4 ,memoires du ,cardinal ,consalvi1 ,secretaire d',etat du ,pape ,pie ,,vii41 avec une ,introduction et des ,notes4 ,par ,j4 ,,cretineau-,,joly4 #b vols4 #hvo4 ,paris3 ,plon4 #ahfd4 ,m4 ,cretineau-,joly is a ,vendean1 and there seems to be in his blood something of that pugnacious and warlike quality which so distinguished his forefathers4 ,each of his former publications betrays this combative propensity1 and the introduction which accompanies ,cardinal ,consalvi's ,memoirs is worthy of its predecessors4 ,m4 ,cretineau-,joly is well known on the continent by his ,history of the ,jesuits--a work containing a considerable amount of valuable information concerning that celebrated and much maligned order2 but1 at the same time1 it may be considered in the light of an ,armstrong gun1 which batters and reduces to dust the bastions of an enemy4 ,indeed1 it was ushered forth at the very height of the warfare which raged against the ,church in ,france1 a few years previous to the downfall of ,louis ,philippe4 ,in #aheh the same writer produced a brochure bearing the following title1 ,the ,church versus the ,revolution1 another broadside fired against crowned revolutionists1 no less than against the sectarian hordes of a ,mazzini and a ,garibaldi4 ,hardly a year had elapsed when the ,french emperor invaded ,lombardy1 with what result the whole world is aware4 ,so ,m4 ,cretineau-,joly had taken time by the forelock4 ,and now1 again1 he comes forth with these highly interesting and authentic memoirs1 written by the cardinal and prime minister of ,pius ,,vii4 ,in every respect they may be proclaimed the most important1 if not the most voluminous1 of the editor's publications4 ,no one1 at the same time1 will fail to perceive that between the actual situation of the ,holy ,see and that which marked its history in the eventful years between #agii and #ahaa1 there underlies a startling similarity4 ,singularly enough1 the second half of the nineteenth #cgh century begins with the same picture of violence1 the same hypocrisy1 the same contempt of right by might1 that characterized the dawn of the present age4 ,on the one side1 an all-powerful ruler1 intoxicated by success1 backed by a host of servile demagogues1 and hardly less servile1 though royal infidels2 on the other1 a weak old man1 backed by a calm1 deliberate1 truly ,christian genius--both wielding no other weapons but faith1 hope1 and charity--both torn from their home and judgment-seat by the iron hand of revolutionary despotism--and yet both riding triumphant over the seething waves1 whilst the grim corpses of their enemies are washed to the shore1 or startle the traveller as he comes suddenly upon them in his wanderings through ,russian wilds4 ,ay1 there she goes1 that tiny ship of ,peter's1 with a ,pius at her helm2 now1 as in bygone days1 with an ,antonelli as a commander--much about the same man as a ,consalvi4 ,blow fair1 thou breeze6 ,she anchors ere the dark4 ,already doubled is the cape--our bay ,receives that prow which proudly spurns the spray4 ,how gloriously her gallant course she goes6 ,her white wings flying--never from her foes-- ,she walks the waters like a thing of life1 ,and seems to dare the elements to strife4 ,setting aside metaphors and poetry1 these memoirs are certainly one of the most remarkable instances of calm self-possession and confidence in a just cause that are to be met with in any time or country4 ,here is a man1 and prime minister of a captive sovereign1 himself a prisoner1 who undertakes to write the history of the important events in which he had played a most conspicuous part4 ,he is closely watched1 and consequently obliged to write by fits and starts2 he is deprived of every source of documentary information1 and consequently must trust to his own memory4 ,will these hasty yet truthful sheets escape his jailer's eye8 ,he cannot tell4 ,will he ever recover his liberty1 be restored to his dear master's bosom and confidence8 ,he cannot tell3 but nevertheless the great cardinal--for great he was universally acknowledged--goes on bringing forth certain facts1 known to himself alone1 and which throw more light on the true character of the first ,napoleon than the ponderous and garbled evidence of a ,thiers1 or even the more trustworthy pages of ,m4 ,artaud1 in his ,life of ,pius ,,vii4 ,indeed1 there are few comparisons of higher interest than to open those two works at the parts which refer to the events narrated in these memoirs4 ,a labor of this kind1 first originating in a spirit of fair play1 soon becomes a labor of love1 so strong is the contrast between the worldly1 scheming1 truckling1 infidel historian of the first empire1 and the unassuming and conscientious1 though bold and resolute cardinal4 ,one may safely say1 that ,m4 ,thiers would have never dreamt of bearding the headstrong ,bonaparte1 as ,consalvi did on a memorable occasion1 which reminds us of those legates of old1 who daunted by their steady looks and unruffled patience the burly violence of a ,richard1 or unveiled the cunning of a ,frederic ,hohenstaufen4 ,at the very outset of these memoirs1 the cardinal gives us their true and solemn character4 ,his last will1 which accompanies them1 and may be considered as a sort of preface1 contains the following lines3 ,my heir and trustee1 as well as those who may hereafter take charge of my inheritance1 are bound to bestow the greatest care on my personal writings relative to the conclave held at ,venice in #agii and #ahjj2 to the concordat of #ahja2 to the marriage of the ,emperor ,napoleon with the ,archduchess ,maria ,louisa of ,austria2 and1 lastly1 to the papers on different periods of my life and ministry4 ,these five papers1 some of which are nearly finished1 and the others in course of preparation1 are not to be published before the death of those eminent personages who are mentioned therein4 ,in this way many disputes may be avoided1 for1 though utterly unfounded1 as my own writings rest on truth alone1 still #cgi they might injure that very truth1 and the interests of the ,holy ,see1 to which ,i am desirous of leaving the means of repelling any false attack published hereafter on these matters4 ,these memoirs on the conclave1 the concordat of #ahja1 the marriage1 and the ministry1 belonging more especially to the ,holy ,sec1 and to the pontifical government1 my heir and trustee shall present them to the reigning pontiff1 and beseech the ,holy ,father to preserve them carefully within the archives of the ,vatican4 ,they may be of use to the ,holy ,see on many occasions1 but more particularly if any future history be published of the events which form the object of the present writings1 or if it should become necessary to refute any false statement4 ,in regard to the memoirs concerning the different periods of my own life1 as the extinction of my family will leave behind me no one directly interested in the following pages1 they are to remain in the hands of my heir and trustee1 or in those of the successive administrators of my fortune2 or1 again1 they may be likewise handed over to the archives of the ,vatican1 if they be deemed worthy of preservation4 ,my only desire is1 that in case of the biography of the cardinals being continued1 my heir and executors shall cause these memoirs to be known1 so that nothing may be published contrary to truth about myself2 for ,i am ambitious of maintaining immaculate my own reputation--a wish grounded on the prescriptions of ,scripture4 ,as for the truth of the facts brought forward in my writings1 ,i may make bold to say1 ,deus scit quia non mentior4 ,cardinal ,consalvi was born at ,rome1 of a noble family1 in #ageg1 and was the eldest of five children1 two of whom died at an early age4 ,his father bore the title of marquess1 and his mother1 the ,marchioness ,claudia ,carandini1 was of ,modenese origin4 ,the family itself1 on the father's side1 had sprung up in ,tuscany at ,pisa1 though not under the same name2 but emigrated about a century and a half ago to the ,roman ,states1 where it expanded1 and gradually grew into political1 or rather ecclesiastical importance4 ,consalvi's forefathers still1 however1 held in ,tuscany some property1 to which he would have been entitled had he felt disposed to dispute the equity of certain ,leopoldine laws concerning trustees4 ,but1 with characteristic disinterestedness the future cardinal never gave the matter a second thought4 ,i never felt 7says he7 a passion for riches2 beside1 my resources1 though far from opulent1 were sufficient for a modest way of living1 thanks to the income arising out of the different offices which ,i held successively4 ,and thus being lifted1 by ,divine ,providence1 above vanity and ambition1 ,i never was tempted to prove that ,i was descended from the ,brunaccis and not from the ,consalvis1 whenever envy or ignorance represented me as belonging to a stock unblessed with old nobility4 ,it would have been an easy matter to dispel these imputations or errors4 ,being fully convinced that the best nobility springs from the heart and from good deeds2 knowing1 likewise1 that ,i was a genuine ,brunacci and not a ,consalvi1 ,i despised all such rumors4 4 4 4 ,nor did ,i alter my views when the high position which ,i afterward attained afforded so many opportunities for putting an end to those idle reports4 ,in the above passage we have already the whole man4 ,during his long and chequered life he never once exposed himself to the charge of making his own fortune out of the numerous and even honorable occasions which would have tempted a less exalted soul4 ,it would be useless to follow the young ,consalvi through his course of studies1 which were brilliant1 and partly gone through under the eye of ,cardinal ,york1 the last of a fated race1 who entertained for the future minister an affectionate friendship that never cooled until his death4 ,hercules ,consalvi had hardly finished his academical curriculum at #chj ,rome when he was called to the prelature1 in #aghc1 as reporter to the tribunal of the ,curia4 ,his talents and deep knowledge1 though so young1 in canon and civil law1 soon made him conspicuous among his competitors4 ,in #aghf1 the ,pope ,pius ,,vi4 appointed him ,ponente del buono govemo1 a board1 or congregation1 charged with giving its opinion on all municipal questions4 ,this promotion was due to his merit1 but the cardinal himself confesses that it was a tardy one1 not on account of any neglect on the part of the pontifical government1 but merely because he did not avail himself of favorable opportunities4 ,on the one hand1 observes he1 my own disposition never inclined to ask for favor1 and still less to court the patronage of those placed in high positions2 whilst1 on the other hand1 ,i had before my eyes1 in such respects1 the fine example of my own guardian1 the ,cardinal ,negroni4 4 4 4 ,he was wont to say1 ',we never ought to ask for anything2 we must never flatter to obtain preferment2 but manage in such a way as to overcome every obstacle1 through a most punctual fulfilment of our duties1 and the enjoyment of a sound reputation4' ,to this piece of advice ,i strictly adhered through life4 ,to those who are so prone to malign the pomp and splendor of the ,roman prelature1 it will be a matter of surprise to learn that at this very time the only benefice conferred upon ,consalvi amounted to the paltry stipend of ,l#ab a year4 ,the ,pope1 however1 who seems to have been an excellent judge of true merit1 soon placed the young prelate at the head of the hospital of ,san ,michele1 the largest and most important in ,rome4 ,the establishment required a thorough reform2 and ,consalvi soon worked wonders1 being led on by his own innate ardor1 and by a strong predilection for the management of charitable institutions4 ,but he had hardly realized his intended labor of reformation1 when he was superseded by another prelate4 ,pius ,,vi41 in fact1 did not wish ,consalvi to wear out his energies in the routine of administrative bureaucracy4 ,the incident which led to his promotion is so truly characteristic of both personages1 that we cannot refrain from a copious quotation3 ,the sudden death of one of the votanti di segnatura1 or ,supreme ,court of ,cassation1 made a vacancy in that court4 ,all my friends engaged me not to lose a moment in applying for it4 ,i did not yield to their entreaties1 nor1 indeed1 did the ,pope allow me time for that purpose4 ,the above death had taken place on ,maunday ,thursday4 ,the very next morning1 though it was ,good ,friday1 and the sacred services of the day were about to be solemnized2 though all the public offices were closed1 according to custom1 the ,pope sent to the ,secretary of ,state an order to forward my immediate appointment as votanti di segnatura4 ,as soon as it arrived1 ,i hastened to the ,pope to thank him4 ,his ,holiness was not in the habit of receiving any one merely for the sake of hearing expressions of gratitude2 still less did ,i expect to be introduced on such a day1 when the ,pope1 after attending at the holy function1 had retired to his apartments1 with a view of coming back for ,tenebra1 and was in the very act of reciting ,complin1 which was to be followed by his dinner4 ,on learning that ,i was in the antechamber1 where he had previously given orders that ,i should not be sent away in case ,i should come1 he admitted me at once4 ,after finishing ,complin in my presence1 he addressed me so kindly that ,i shall remember his words as long as ,i live4 ',my dear ,monsignor1' said he1 'you are well aware that we receive no one merely to hear thanksgivings2 and yet we have gone against our usual custom1 notwithstanding this busy day1 and though our dinner has just been served up1 in order that we may have the pleasure of making you the present communication4 ,if you were not included in the last promotion1 it was #cha because we were obliged to hand over to another the post really destined to yourself2 and in doing so we felt as much aggrieved as we are now delighted to offer you immediately the vacant charge of votanti di segnatura4 ,we do it to show you the satisfaction which you afford us by your conduct1 ,we took you away from an administrative station merely to place you on higher ground4' ,the ,holy ,father then added a few words concerning the opinion which his kindness1 and by no means my own merit1 suggested to him relatively to my future career4 ,indeed1 the knowledge which ,i have of myself would not allow me to transcribe those words4 ,he then continued as follows3 ',what we now bestow upon you is really not worth much1 but ,i have nothing else for the present4 ,take it1 however1 as a positive pledge of what ,i am disposed to do as soon as an opportunity offers4' ,it is easy to understand that after such a speech1 uttered in that easy1 affable1 and yet majestic manner so peculiar to ,pius ,,vi41 ,i was at a loss for expressions to answer him4 ,i could hardly stammer out1 that after the language he had just used about my promotion--language showing that ,i had not incurred his disapproval by my conduct at ,san ,michele--my mind was quite at ease as to the future4 ,indeed1 ,i had no other ambition but to please him1 and to fulfil my duty in any station he might think fit to confer upon me4 ,here ,i was interrupted4 ',i am satisfied--nay1 highly satisfied'--said the ,pope1 'by your behavior at ,san ,michele2 but ,i again say that ,i destine you to other purposes4 ,what ,i promised formerly was sincere1 but still it was but empty words4 ,this is something matter of fact2 not much1 indeed1 but yet better than words4 ,so don't refuse it2 and now be off1 for1 you see1 our dinner is getting cold1 and we must soon go back to chapel4' ,it would be doubtless congenial to our feelings to dwell upon these touching details2 but we are already in the year #agij1 and the knell of the old ,french monarchy is tolling4 ,let us plunge1 therefore1 at once in medias res1 and skip over the eight intervening years between the time which saw ,rome invaded by a revolutionary army1 the ,pope torn from his throne1 and led a prisoner1 first to ,florence1 then to ,valence1 where he was to die a martyr4 ,on reading this part of the memoirs1 one is particularly struck with the similarity which it presents with the history of ,piedmontese invasion--the same hypocrisy1 the same attempts at provoking to insurrection the inhabitants at ,rome1 and1 these failing1 the same recourse to violence4 ,the accidental death of ,general ,duphot at last appears in its true colors1 but of course it supplied the ,directory with a pretence for seizing the ,papal ,states1 an act of spoliation it had been long preparing4 ,footnote #gg ,thanks to the energy of ,consalvi1 to whom had been entrusted the maintenance of public order1 previous to the entry of the ,french troops into the capital1 no insurrection took place2 but for that very reason he was obnoxious to the government of the invaders4 ,after the ,pope's departure he was thrown into prison1 with the prospect of being transported1 together with many ,roman ecclesiastical and pontifical officers1 to the fatal colony of ,cayenne4 #chb ,to the honor of the ,french commander it must be said1 that he did all in his power to defend the energetic prelate against his contemptible enemies1 and to alleviate his captivity4 ,the ,paris ,directory had first banished him to ,civita ,vecchia1 and then altered his destination to ,naples4 ,but the ,roman demagogues were determined upon wreaking their vengeance on ,consalvi3 ,footnote #gg3 ,as a proof of this1 we may produce the secret instructions forwarded1 two months and a half before the general's death and the ,roman insurrection1 by the ,french government to ,joseph ,bonaparte1 their plenipotentiary at ,rome3 ,you have two things to bear in mind3 7#a7 ,to prevent the ,king of ,naples from coming to ,rome2 7#b7 ,to help1 instead of opposing1 the favorable dispositions of those who believe that it is time for the ,papal dominion to come to an end4 ,in short1 you must encourage the impulse toward freedom by which the people of ,rome seems to be animated4 ,instructions like these 7observes1 very justly1 ,m4 ,cretineau-,joly7 could have no other object but to lay a diplomatical snare1 or to provoke an insurrection4 ,the fact is so clear that ,cacault1 who succeeded to ,joseph ,bonaparte at ,rome1 wrote in #ahja to the ,first ,consul--,you know1 quite as well as ,i do1 the details of this melancholy event4 ,nobody in ,rome ordered either to fire or to kill any one4 ,general ,duphot was imprudent2 nay1 more--let us out with the word--he was guilty4 ,there is a law of nations at ,rome not a whit less than elsewhere4 ,the admission does credit to the honest man who contributed so largely to bring about the concordat of #ahja4 ,i had been detained 7says he7 about four or five and twenty days1 when ,i was visited in my prison by my dear brother ,andrea1 as well as by my two friends1 the ,princes ,chigi and ,teano4 ,this piece of good fortune ,i owed to the kind commander of the fortress4 ,they informed me that they were bearers of both good and bad news4 ,i was at last to be transported1 not1 indeed1 to ,tuscany1 but to ,naples1 so that ,i might not join the ,pope4 ,at the same time1 it had been ordained that ,i was to ride through the streets of the city mounted on an ass1 escorted by policemen1 and lashed all along with a horsewhip4 ,many a window under which ,i was to pass by was already hired2 and our ,jacobins1 as well as the wives of our consuls1 promised themselves much pleasure at the sight of this execution4 ,my friends were quite amazed at my indifference on receiving this last piece of news1 which1 indeed1 caused me but little pain2 for ,i really considered it rather as a source of triumph and glory4 ,on the contrary1 ,i was deeply vexed at not being able to proceed to ,tuscany1 where ,i was so desirous of meeting the ,pope4 ,the humanity of the ,french general prevented the ,roman demagogues from carrying into execution the latter part of the sentence2 but he remained inflexible as to ,consalvi's removal to ,naples4 ,the latter had1 therefore1 but to obey2 and started for his destination1 in company with a band of eighteen convicts1 and several political prisoners like himself4 ,after many difficulties1 arising out of ,acton's tortuous policy1 he succeeded at length in reaching ,leghorn1 where he had to encounter obstacles of a different nature4 ,his very first step was to proceed to ,florence1 in hopes that the ,duke of ,tuscany would facilitate his access to the captive ,pontiff1 who was detained in a neighboring ,carthusian monastery4 ,but the jealous watchfulness of the ,french plenipotentiary struck terror into the heart of the ,tuscan minister1 who peremptorily refused to have anything to do with the matter4 ,consalvi was not1 however1 to be daunted when on the path of duty2 he consequently set out on foot for the ,chartreuse1 situated at about three miles from ,florence1 and contrived his visit so secretly that he baffled detection4 ,on approaching the foot of the hill1 the faithful servant could hardly repress his emotions4 ,but let us hear him in his own words3 ,every step which brought me nearer to the ,holy ,father increased the strong feelings that welled up from my soul4 ,the poverty and solitude of the place1 the sight of the two or three unfortunates who attended him1 brought tears to my eyes4 ,at last ,i was introduced into his presence4 ,o ,god6 what were my emotions at that moment2 my heart throbbed almost to breaking6 ,pius ,,vi4 was seated before a table1 a posture which concealed his weakness1 for he had almost lost the use of his legs1 and he could not move without the help of two strong men4 ,the beauty and majesty of his features were still the same as at ,rome2 he still inspired a deep veneration and a most ardent attachment4 ,i fell prostrate at his feet1 which ,i bathed with my tears2 ,i told him the difficulties ,i had to encounter1 and how ardently ,i desired to remain with him1 in order to serve him1 assist him--in fact1 share his fate4 ,i promised not to spare any effort for the furtherance of this object4 ,a full hour quickly fled in thus communing with each other1 and ,consalvi was obliged to take his leave4 ,the aged ,pope foresaw that this prop of #chc his declining and martyred life would not be allowed him2 but still he clung fondly to the idea1 and when his faithful adherent1 on a second and last visit1 admitted that he had failed in every endeavor to gain his end1 and had even been ordered out of the country1 ,pius evinced a strong feeling of regret1 though no surprise4 ,this farewell visit is related in terms no less touching than the former3 ,during this audience1 which lasted also a full hour1 he bestowed upon me the greatest marks of kindness1 exhorting me successively to practise resignation1 wisdom1 and those acts of firmness of which his own life and his whole demeanor set such a fine example4 ,he appeared to me quite as great1 and even far greater1 than when he reigned at ,rome4 ,i besought him to give me his blessing4 ,he laid his hands on my head1 and1 like the most venerable among the patriarchs of old1 raising his eyes toward heaven1 he prayed unto the ,lord1 and blessed me1 with an attitude so resigned1 so august1 so holy1 so full of real tenderness1 that to the last day of my life the remembrance will remain graven on my heart in indelible characters4 ,when ,i retired1 my eyes were swimming with tears2 ,i was beside myself with grief2 and yet ,i felt both encouraged and re-assured by the inexpressible calmness of my sovereign1 and the sweet serenity of his features4 ,it was indeed the greatness of a good man struggling against misfortune4 ,four-and-twenty hours afterward1 ,consalvi was obliged to leave ,florence for ,venice2 the ,pope was hurried through ,alpine snows to ,valence1 in ,dauphine1 where he died of his sufferings on the #bith of ,august1 #agii4 ,and what a time for the election of a new pope6 ,italy overrun by the ,french revolutionary armies1 ,rome in their possession1 and ruled by a horde of incendiary demagogues2 the ,russians1 headed by ,suwarow1 pouring into the ,peninsula to oppose the ,french2 whilst ,austria1 governed by a ,thugut1 was watching her opportunity to get hold of the new ,pope--if there should be a ,pope--and make him the pliant tool of her ambition4 ,nor let us forget that ,bonaparte was on his way back from ,egypt1 preparing to swoop down1 eagle-like1 on those very ,austrian possessions wherein the conclave was to meet4 ,and yet the conclave did meet at ,venice1 on an island of that famous republic1 which had so often defied the bans and interdicts of the ,roman pontiffs2--the cardinals hurried from their neighboring cities or secret abodes1 though with views and intentions not perhaps exactly in accordance with the solemnity and urgency of the occasion4 ,it is1 indeed1 a curious picture of human passions1 though blended with higher motives and purposes1--that truthful memoir drawn up by ,consalvi on the conclave of #ahjj1 wherein he was unanimously elected secretary to the assembly4 ,the election lasted more than three long months1 on account of the two contending factions1 headed by ,cardinal ,herzan1 on the part of ,austria1 and by the celebrated ,maury1 then ,bishop of ,montefiascone in the ,papal ,states4 ,consalvi1 notwithstanding his wonted moderation1 boldly proclaims these divisions to have been scandalous in such circumstances1 and animadverts severely on the intrigues of the imperial court4 ,and yet he cannot help observing that1 on such occasions1 the ,sacred ,college seem led on1 little by little1 as it were1 by some higher power1 to sacrifice their own private views and interests to the common weal of ,christendom4 ,so it was1 indeed1 in the present juncture1 thanks to the extraordinary ability1 to the self-renouncement1 prudence1 and true ,catholic spirit displayed throughout by the youthful secretary4 ,the votes were gradually won over to ,cardinal ,chiaramonti1 so well known afterward by the name of ,pius ,,vii4 ,consalvi had truly displayed a master-mind2 and the new pontiff immediately showed how highly he appreciated his merit1 by appointing him ,secretary of ,state4 ,we can easily believe the surprise and #chd alarm of the new minister2 for doubtless his was no easy task4 ,the ,austrians possessed nearly all the ,papal ,states1 whilst the ,king of ,naples held ,rome itself4 ,the court of ,vienna1 intent upon keeping at least the three legations1 which had recently been wrested from the ,french1 offered at the same time to restore to the ,pope the remaining parts of his dominions4 ,to such a proposal the latter could but oppose a flat denial1 accompanied by a firm resolution to return to ,rome without delay4 ,the imperial negotiator1 ,ghislieri1 then reduced his demands to the two legations of ,bologna and ,ferrara2 but he met with no better success4 ,the spoliation of the ,holy ,see1 as the reader may now perceive1 is after all an old story4 ,the ,pope1 indeed1 went so far as to write to the emperor a letter1 in which he formally demanded the restitution of all his provinces4 ,no notice whatsoever was taken of the ,papal missive4 ,at last1 utterly worn out by ,austrian duplicity1 ,pius one day addressed ,ghislieri in the following terms3 ,since the emperor refuses obstinately a restitution1 which both religion and equity require1 ,i really do not see what new argument ,i can produce to convince him4 ,let his majesty take care1 however1 not to lay by in his wardrobe any clothes belonging1 not to himself1 but to the ,church4 ,for not only will his majesty be unable to wear them1 but most probably they will pester with the grub his own hereditary dominions1 which may be worm-eaten in a short time4 ,the ,marquess ,ghislieri hurried out of the ,papal presence in a rage1 which found vent when he met ,consalvi4 ,the new ,pope1 he exclaimed1 has hardly donned his own clothes2 he is not yet accustomed to his own craft1 and he talks of the ,austrian wardrobe being worm-eaten6 ,he knows but little of our power2 it would require thousands of moths to nibble it to dust4 ,two months after1 the battle of ,marengo had been fought and won3 the legations1 ,lombardy1 ,venetia1 the hereditary ,german states1 the capital itself1 had fallen a prey to the ,corsican conqueror6 ,pius ,,vii4 had scarcely set his foot on the shore of his own dominions when the news of the famous defeat arrived3 ,ah6 exclaimed ,ghislieri1 a religious man1 after all1 ,i now see fulfilled the ,pope's prediction3 our wardrobe has truly been worm-eaten to tatters4 ,pius ,,vii4 had but just returned to ,rome1 in the midst of a delighted and grateful population1 when he received the astounding news that the conqueror of the ,austrians was desirous of negotiating with the ,holy ,see for the restoration of religion in ,france4 ,whilst at ,vercelli1 ,bonaparte had met with ,cardinal ,martiniana1 who was returning from the conclave at ,venice2 and he expressed himself so clearly1 so pointedly1 as to his future plans1 that both ,consalvi and the ,pope were taken by surprise4 ,their approbation was immediately given1 and the ,pope himself wrote to ,martiniana3 ,you may tell the ,first ,consul that we will readily enter into a negotiation tending to an object so truly honorable1 so congenial to our apostolical administration1 and so thoroughly conformable to our own views4 ,the history of this celebrated treaty1 on which so much hangs in ,france even in our own time1 has been often related1 and yet many a detail of the intricate negotiations which preceded its conclusion had remained secret until the publication of the present memoirs4 ,three personages stand out in strong relief on that occasion1 each with his individual character3 ,cacault1 the ,french ambassador at ,rome1 ,bonaparte1 and ,consalvi himself4 ,of the second1 little need be said2 but ,m4 ,cacault is1 we believe1 hardly known in ,england4 ,he was a ,breton by birth1 and1 as such1 had imbibed those religious feelings which stamp so strongly the most western province of ,france4 ,as a republican representative of the ,directory1 he did all in his power to avert from the ,papal ,see those evils and that invasion which #che ended in the captivity of ,pius ,,vi4 ,when ,napoleon's star was in the ascendant1 ,m4 ,cacault quickly discovered the depth and extent of his genius1 and thenceforward abetted his plans4 ,at the same time1 he was by no means a flatterer1 but ever plain-spoken to bluntness4 ,a time came1 indeed1 when the greatest conqueror of modern times found the noble-hearted ,breton rather too sincere1 and consigned him to the peaceful life of a seat in his new-fangled senate4 ,but that day was yet to come4 ,in #ahja1 ,m4 ,cacault enjoyed the whole confidence of the ,first ,consul4 ,on leaving ,bonaparte1 the ambassador heard him utter those famous words1 which have been so often quoted3 ,mind you treat the ,pope as if he had #bjj1jjj men at his back4 ,remember1 also1 that in ,october1 #agif1 ,i wrote to you how much ,i wished to save the ,holy ,see1 not to overthrow it1 and that both you and ,i entertained the same feelings in this respect4 ,with credentials like these1 ,m4 ,cacault should have found it an easy matter to negotiate with ,rome2 but1 singularly enough1 the conservative government of ,austria threw many an obstacle in the way4 ,the very idea of a reconciliation between revolutionary ,france and the ,papacy seems to have disquieted ,m4 de ,thugut1 and he did all in his power to breed a feeling of distrust1 on the part of ,rome at least4 ,the court of ,naples was animated by the same policy2 and even ,bonaparte himself1 at one time1 appeared to waver between the impulse of his own good sense and the suggestions of his infidel advisers4 ,in the eyes of ,m4 ,cacault1 the ,pope stood too much on theological tenets and opinions1 when dealing with a victorious adventurer4 ,at any rate1 matters soon grew from bad to worse4 ,in a fit of impatience1 the consul ordered his ambassador to leave ,rome in five days1 if the concordat sent from ,paris was not signed at the expiration of that short time4 ,at this critical juncture1 the ,breton came to a determination so truly characteristic of the man1 that we must allow him to speak for himself4 ,we borrow the following narrative from his secretary1 ,m4 ,artaud3 ,we are bound to obey our government1 said he1 addressing himself to me2 but then a government must be guided by a head capable of understanding negotiations1 by ministers capable of advising him properly1 and lastly1 all must agree together4 ,every government ought to have a plan1 a will1 an aim of its own4 ,but this is no easy matter with a new government4 ,now1 though in a secondary station1 ,i am really master of this business2 but if we go on in ,rome as they are going on in ,paris1 nothing can come out of it but a sort of chaos4 4444 ,it is fully understood that the head of the state wished for a concordat2 he wished for it so far back as ,tolentino1 and even before1 when he called himself the best friend of the ,pope4444 ,in fact1 he has sent me here to negotiate a concordat1 and for that purpose has given me in yourself the prop ,i myself desired4 ,but then his ministers probably don't wish for a concordat1 and they have constant access to his ear4 ,now the character most easy to irritate and to deceive1 is that of a warrior1 who as yet understands nothing about politics1 and is ever returning to military orders and to the sword4444 ,shall we1 like two fools1 leave ,rome in this way because the despatch orders us to do so1 and give up ,france to irreligiosity--a word no less barbarous than the thing itself8 ,shall we leave her to a sort of spurious ,catholicism1 or that hybrid system which advises the establishment of a patriarch8 ,god knows1 then1 that the future destinies of the ,first ,consul will probably never be fulfilled4444 ,i am fond of ,bonaparte1 fond of the general2 but this patch-work name of a ,first ,consul is in itself ridiculous2 he borrowed it from ,rome1 where he has never set his foot4 ,but in my eyes he is still nothing more than an #chf ,italian general4 ,as for the fate of this terrible general1 it is now in my hands more than in his own2 he is turning into a sort of ,henry the ,eighth1 flattering and scaring the ,holy ,see by turns2 but how many sources of true glory will be dried up for him1 if he merely mimics ,henry the ,eighth6 ,the measure is full2 nations now-a-days will not allow their rulers to dispose of them in regard to religious matters4 ,with concordats1 on the contrary1 miracles may be wrought1 more especially by him1 or if not by him1 supposing him to be unwise1 by ,france herself4 ,be sure1 my dear sir1 that great deeds brought about at the proper moment1 and bearing fruitful results1 no matter by what genius they are accomplished1 are a wealthy dowry for any country4 ,in case of embarrassments1 that country may ward off many an attack by pointing to its history4 ,france1 with all her faults1 requires true grandeur4 ,our consul jeopardizes all by this pistol-shot fired in time of peace1 merely for the sake of pleasing his generals whom he loves1 but whose soldierlike jokes he fears1 because he himself now and then gives way to them4 ,he thus breaks off a negotiation which he wishes to succeed1 and goes on casting rotten seed4 ,what can really be a religious concordat1 that most solemn of all human undertakings1 if it is to be signed in five days8 ,it reminds one of the twelve hours granted by a general to a besieged town1 which can hope for no succor4 ,the result of the above conversation on the part of ,m4 ,cacault was a determination to quit ,rome1 but to leave his secretary in that city1 whilst ,consalvi himself was to set out immediately for ,paris1 as the only means of preventing a positive rupture between the two courts1 for ,bonaparte had already both a court and courtiers4 ,the ,french minister was by no means blind to the consequences of his boldness in undertaking to correct the false steps of his own government2 but1 to his credit be it said1 the fear of those consequences did not make him swerve one minute from his purpose4 ,his very first step was1 therefore1 to request an interview with ,consalvi1 and an audience from the ,pope4 ,on meeting the cardinal1 he began by reading in extenso the angry despatch which he had received1 not even omitting the epithets turbulent and guilty priest which the ,consul applied to his eminence4 ,m4 ,cacault then resumed as follows3 ,there must be some misunderstanding2 the ,first ,consul is unacquainted with your person1 and still more with your talents1 your ability1 your precedents1 your adroitness1 and your anxiety to terminate this business4 ,so you must start for ,paris4 ,when8 ,to-morrow3 you will please him2 you are fit to understand each other2 he will then learn to know a statesmanlike cardinal1 and you will draw up the concordat together4 ,but if you don't go to ,paris1 ,i shall be obliged to break off all intercourse with you2 and there are yonder certain ministers1 who advised the ,directory to transport ,pius ,,vi4 to ,guyana4444 ,i again repeat it1 you must go to ,paris1 you will draw up the concordat yourself--nay more1 you will dictate a part of it1 obtaining at the same time far better conditions than ,i could ever do1 fettered as ,i am by so many shackles4444 ,one word more3 ,in a place like this1 where there is so much gossipping1 ,i can't allow you to bear alone the responsibility of this action4 ,i consider it as something truly grand2 but as it may turn out a false step1 to-morrow ,i must see the ,pope1 and take the whole upon my shoulders4 ,i shall not bore the ,pope1 having but a few words to tell him1 in order to fulfil the ,consul's former instructions4 ,consalvi1 fired at the boldness of the plan1 hurried to the ,pope1 rather to prepare him for this unforeseen separation than to ask for permission4 ,when1 on the other hand1 the ,french diplomatist was admitted to his presence1 #chg he showed so much candor1 such a true spirit of ,christian feeling1 such a total forgetfulness of self1 that the pontiff could not refrain from shedding tears1 and ended by breaking out into these words3 ,indeed1 indeed1 you are a true friend1 and we love you as we loved our own mother4 ,at this very moment1 we will retire to our oratory1 in order to implore ,god's blessing on this journey1 as well as for the successful issue of an undertaking1 which may afford us some consolation in the midst of so much affliction4 ,it was indeed a bereavement for the ,pope1 who1 having hardly ascended the throne1 was accustomed to consider ,consalvi as his main prop and right hand in every affair of any importance4 ,he1 however1 readily consented to the separation1 and on the following day the cardinal left ,rome1 accompanied by ,m4 ,cacault1 in an open carriage1 to show the gossipping ,romans that no real coolness existed between the two governments4 ,this1 in fact1 strengthened the hands of the ,papal administration1 as reports were already rife that a ,french army was about to march once more into ,rome1 with a view of restoring the republic4 ,at the distance of more than half a century ,consalvi's determination scarcely seems an act of daring2 but1 at that period1 it was considered in a different light4 ,we must remember that ,france had been for ten long years the scene of anarchy and bloodshed within1 while she had proved the terror of ,europe on the field of battle4 ,she was but just emerging from that anarchy1 thanks to the iron grasp of a fortunate soldier1 who might yet1 for aught the world knew1 turn out to be a bloody tyrant quite as well as a sagacious ruler4 ,for a priest1 and still more for a cardinal1 to venture alone of his own accord into the lair of those beasts of prey1 as they were then termed1 certainly showed an extraordinary degree of moral courage1 however ,m4 ,thiers may taunt ,consalvi with his fears4 ,those fears the ,papal minister did really entertain1 as is proved by a few unwary lines which he addressed before his departure to ,acton at ,naples1 and which were betrayed to ,bonaparte in ,paris4 ,but then the cardinal1 prompted by a strong feeling of duty1 overcame these apprehensions1 which is more perhaps than ,m4 ,thiers would vouch to have done on a similar occasion1 if we may judge from the infidel spirit and intriguing disposition that are conspicuous alike throughout his own career and writings4 ,success1 not principle1 ever appears to be his leading star4 ,once in ,paris1 ,consalvi was not long in conquering that position which the keenness of his friend ,cacault foresaw that he was destined to assume4 ,bonaparte approved in every respect the conduct of his ambassador at ,rome1 appeared even flattered at being feared1 at first received the cardinal with affected coolness1 but little by little yielded to better feelings1 and ended by turning into ridicule that fool ,acton1 who thought that he could stop the rush of a torrent with cobwebs4 ,to these friendly dispositions soon succeeded on both sides a sincere confidence1 and on one occasion the ,first ,consul laughingly inquired of ,consalvi whether he was not considered as a priest-eater in ,italy2 and then suddenly launched into one of those splendid expositions of his future plans1 by which he endeavored to fascinate and charm those he aimed at winning over to his own views4 ,in this sparkling conversation the concordat held a foremost place4 ,napoleon developed1 just as he pleased1 opinions half ,protestant1 half ,jansenist--in other words1 exactly what he wanted the concordat to be1 and exactly what ,consalvi could not allow4 ,the contest between those two rival spirits may well detain us a few moments longer4 ,and why not say at once that by degrees the master-genius of the age was obliged to modify his own views1 yielding1 nolens volens1 as he himself admitted1 to the graceful bearing and sound good sense of the man whose countrymen had named him the ,roman ,syren8 #chh ,we may gather from ,m4 ,thiers' work that ,consalvi had undertaken a most arduous task4 ,paris itself must have offered a strange sight to a ,roman cardinal in the very first year of the present century4 ,the churches were still shut1 and bore upon their porches such inscriptions as savored more of heathenism than of ,christianity4 ,wherever the legate's eye fell he was sure to meet with a temple of plenty1 of fraternity1 of liberty1 of trade1 of abundance1 and so forth4 ,and then when he went to court he found a ruler disposed to break out into the most violent fits of anger if his will was disputed1 whilst on every hand he had to encounter a host of scoffers and infidels1 belonging to every hue and grade4 ,the army1 the bench1 the schools1 the savants1 and the very clergy1 all vied in showing off ,rome as the hotbed of an obsolete superstition which it was high time to do away with altogether4 ,and when we mention the clergy1 we mean the remains of that schismatic body which had hailed the civil constitution so formally condemned by the ,holy ,see in #agia4 ,they were active1 intriguing1 influential1 and had the ear of ,bonaparte himself4 ,he was intent upon distributing among them a portion of the new sees about to be erected1 and it required all the firmness of ,consalvi to ward off this impending danger4 ,if we may believe ,m4 ,thiers1 many among them were by no means of dissolute lives2 yet he cannot disguise the fact that they were ambitious1 servile1 and disposed to bend to every caprice of the ruling power4 ,but that power was fully aware that the ,french population had no confidence whatever in their ministrations2 the non-jurors1 or priests who had unflinchingly remained faithful to their duty1 were1 on the contrary1 sought out and held in high esteem4 ,in this strange society the functions of ,catholicism and the rites of our religion were openly resumed by believers1 who attended them in back streets1 in by-ways1 in dark warehouses1 whither some aged priest repaired at dawn1 after escaping but shortly before from the dungeons of the ,directory or the scaffolds of the ,revolutionary ,committee4 ,the writer of these lines has known more than one man who was baptized at that period in a miserable garret by some ecclesiastic disguised as a common laborer1 before the eyes of his parents1 though without any sponsors1 for fear of detection4 ,that such men should turn round in the streets of ,paris and stare with wonder at the sight of a cardinal publicly making for the ,tuileries in one of the ,consul's carriages is by no means surprising2 but the fact increases our admiration for the two eminent statesmen who both cast such a firm glance into the depths of futurity4 ,consalvi had only been a few hours in ,paris when he was summoned before the ,first ,consul1 who sent him word that he was to show off as much of a cardinal as possible4 ,the able diplomatist was1 however1 not in the least disposed to show off1 and contented himself with wearing the indispensable insignia of his dignity4 ,it will be well to remember that1 at the time we are speaking of1 no priest would have ventured to put on the clerical costume in the ,french capital4 ,this first audience took place in public1 in the midst of all the high functionaries of the state4 ,on the cardinal approaching1 ,bonaparte rose and said abruptly3 ,i am aware of the object of your journey to ,france4 ,my will is1 that the conferences shall begin immediately4 ,i give you five days for the purpose1 and tell you beforehand that1 if on the fifth day the negotiations have not come to a conclusion1 you may return to ,rome2 for1 within my own mind1 ,i have come to a determination should such an event take place4 ,by sending his prime minister to ,paris 7replied coolly the cardinal7 ,his ,holiness proves at any rate the interest he takes in the conclusion of a concordat with the ,french government1 and ,i fully hope to terminate this business in the time you have marked4 #chi ,apparently satisfied with this answer1 ,bonaparte immediately broke forth into one of those eloquent displays for which he was remarkable--the concordat1 the ,holy ,see1 the interests of religion1 the articles which had been rejected by the ,pope1 all became1 on his part1 the subject of a most vehement and exhaustive speech1 which was silently listened to by the surrounding audience4 ,one of the most amusing and almost ludicrous instances of the ,consul's ignorance in regard to religious matters took place on this occasion4 ,he bore a bitter hatred to the ,jesuits1 and was constantly harping on the subject4 ,i am quite astounded and scandalized 7said he all of a sudden7 that the ,pope should be allied to a non-,catholic power like ,russia1 as is evident by the restoration of the ,jesuits in that country4 ,such a union ought surely to wound and irritate a ,catholic sovereign1 since it contributes to please a schismatical monarch4 ,i must answer candidly 7resumed the cardinal7 that your informations are incorrect on this matter4 ,doubtless the ,pope has deemed it advisable not to refuse the request of the ,russian emperor for the restoration of the ,jesuits in his own states1 but1 at the same time1 ,his ,holiness has shown no less fatherly affection and deference for the ,king of ,spain1 since an interval of several months has elapsed between ,paul's request and the bull1 which was not sent before the court of ,spain had expressly stated that it would in no way complain of the act4 ,when ,bonaparte had fixed such a short term for the conclusion of the concordat1 he fully intended that not a single jot of his own plan should be rejected by ,rome4 ,that plan1 as we have already observed1 was half schismatic1 and would have bound over the ,french ,church to the supreme will and power of the ruling government4 ,but ,consalvi showed himself equally firm as to essentials1 whilst he gracefully yielded to every demand of minor importance4 ,as to the wisdom of this conduct1 the present circumstances bear ample testimony2 for1 had the cardinal been less firm1 what might not be in #ahfe the painful situation of the ,french episcopacy8 ,but the negotiations1 instead of ending in five days1 were prolonged for more than three weeks1 during which the ,abbe ,bernier1 who represented his government1 was constantly starting new difficulties1 and threatening ,consalvi with some new outbreak of violence on the part of the ,first ,consul4 ,at last1 toward the middle of ,july1 every difficulty being overcome1 and ,bonaparte having formally promised to accept every article of the concordat as it had been agreed to at ,rome1 nothing remained but to copy and sign that famous treaty4 ,the ,first ,consul was to give a grand dinner on the #adth of ,july to foreigners of distinction1 and to men of high standing in the country4 ,his intention was to inform publicly his guests of this happy event1 and on the #acth the ,moniteur published the following laconic piece of news3 ,cardinal ,consalvi has succeeded in the object which brought him to ,paris4 ,bonaparte had selected his brother ,joseph1 a councillor of state1 and ,bernier to sign the deed1 whilst on the other side were ,consalvi1 ,monsignor ,spina1 and a theologian named ,father ,caselli4 ,but at the last moment there occurred one of the most astounding incidents contained in the history of diplomacy4 ,as it has never been mentioned in any memoirs or documents of those times1 we cannot do better than let the cardinal relate it in his own words3 ,toward four o'clock in the afternoon1 ,bernier arrived with a roll of paper1 which he did not unfold1 but stated to be a copy of the concordat that we were about to sign4 ,we took our own with us1 and set out all together for the house of citizen ,joseph1 as was the slang of the day1 the brother to the ,first ,consul4 ,he received me with the utmost politeness4 ,though he had been ambassador at ,rome1 ,i had not been introduced to him1 being yet but #cij a prelate4 ,during the few days ,i passed in ,paris1 ,i had not met him on a formal visit which ,i paid him1 for he often resided in the country4 ,this was1 therefore1 the first time we saw each other4 ,after the usual compliments1 he bade us to sit down round a table1 adding3 ',we shall have soon done1 having but to sign the compact1 as all is concluded4' ,on being seated round the table1 the question arose who should sign first4 ,joseph ,bonaparte claimed the right as brother to the head of the government4 ,i observed with great mildness and firmness1 that both as a cardinal and a legate of the ,holy ,see1 ,i could not consent to assume the second rank in signing2 beside1 under the old regime in ,france1 as well as everywhere else1 the cardinals enjoyed a right of precedence1 which ,i could not give up1 not indeed from any personal motive1 but on account of the dignity with which ,i was invested4 ,it is but due to ,joseph to state1 that after a momentary hesitation1 he yielded with very good grace1 and begged of me to sign first4 ,he himself was to come after1 followed by the prelate ,spina1 ,councillor ,cretet1 ,father ,caselli1 and the ,abbe ,bernier4 ,we set to work at once1 and ,i had taken up the pen1 when to my great surprise the ,abbe ,bernier presented to me his copy1 with the view of making me sign it without examining its contents4 ,on casting my eyes upon it in order to ascertain its identity with my own copy1 ,i perceived that this ecclesiastical treaty was not the one agreed to by the respective commissioners1 not the one adopted by the ,first ,consul himself1 but another totally different6 ,the difference existing at the very first outset induced me to examine the whole with the most scrupulous attention1 and ,i soon found out that this copy contained the draught which the ,pope had refused to accept without his correction1 the very refusal that had provoked an order to the ,french agent to leave ,rome2 nay more1 that this self-same draught was modified in many respects by the insertion of certain clauses1 previously declared to be inacceptable even before it had been sent to ,rome4 ,a proceeding of this character1 so truly incredible1 and yet so real1 which ,i shall not venture to qualify--for the fact speaks sufficiently for itself--a proceeding of this kind literally paralyzed my hand4 ,i expressed my astonishment1 declaring positively that on no condition could ,i give my approval to such a deed4 ,the ,first ,consul's brother did not appear less surprised than myself1 pretending not to understand the matter4 ,the ,first ,consul1 he added1 had assured him that1 everything being agreed to1 nothing remained but to sign4 ,as for himself1 he had just come up from the country1 where he was busy with ,count ,cobenzel about the affairs of ,austria1 being called upon merely for the formality of signing the treaty4 ,concerning the matter itself1 he absolutely knew nothing about it4 ,cardinal ,consalvi1 even when writing the above lines1 does not seem to doubt ,joseph's sincerity1 nor that of ,councillor ,cretet1 who affirmed his own innocence in terms equally strong4 ,the latter could hardly believe his own eyes1 when the legate pointed out to him the glaring discrepancies between both copies4 ,the ,pope's minister then turning suddenly to ,bernier3 ,nobody better than yourself1 said he1 can attest the truth of what ,i affirm2 ,i am highly astonished at the studied silence which you maintain1 and ,i must therefore call upon you positively to communicate to us what you must know so pertinently4 ,then1 with an air of confusion and an embarrassed countenance1 he faltered out that doubtless my language was but too true1 and that he would not deny the difference of the documents now proposed for our signatures4 ',but the ,first ,consul has so ordained1' continued he1 'telling me that as long as no signature has been given1 one is always at liberty to make any alteration4 ,so he requires these alterations1 #cia after duly considering the whole matter1 he is not satisfied with the previous stipulations4' ,the doctrine was so contrary to all precedents1 that ,consalvi had no difficulty in convincing his auditors of its futility4 ,he moreover maintained his ground steadfastly1 and refused to make any further concession contrary to his duties4 ,they cajoled him1 they threatened him with the violence and fury of the omnipotent ,consul2 he remained unshaken4 ,joseph entreated him at least to go over the same ground once more1 following the ,papal copy1 and to this the cardinal consented1 firmly resolved not to give up one single point of importance1 but to modify such expressions as might induce ,bonaparte to accept the original treaty4 ,so these six men sat down again at five o'clock in the afternoon to discuss the whole question4 ,the discussion was laborious1 precise1 searching1 and heated on both sides4 ,it lasted nineteen long hours1 without interruption1 without rest1 without food1 without even sending away the servants or the carriages1 as will often happen when people hope to conclude at every minute some important business4 ,on one article alone they could never agree1 and it was specially reserved to the ,pope's own decision4 ,it was twelve o'clock the next day before they came to a conclusion4 ,but would the ,first ,consul adopt this plan8 ,would he not break all bounds1 on finding his duplicity discovered1 and himself balked by the cardinal's firmness8 ,joseph hurried to the ,tuileries1 in order to lay the whole before his imperious brother1 and in less than one hour came back1 his features evidently showing the grief of his soul4 ,says ,consalvi3 ,he told us that the ,first ,consul had broken forth into the greatest fury on being apprised of what had taken place4 ,in his fit of anger he had torn to pieces the concordat we had drawn up among us2 but at last1 yielding to ,joseph's entreaties and arguments1 he had promised1 though with the most extreme repugnance1 to accept every article we had agreed to1 except the one we had reserved1 and about which he was no less inflexible than irritated4 ,the ,first ,consul1 added ,joseph1 had closed the interview by telling him to inform me that he 7,bonaparte7 was decided upon maintaining this article as it was expressed in ,bernier's copy3--consequently ,i had but two ways before me3 either to adopt this article just as it was in the concordat1 or to give up the negotiations4 ,as for him1 he had made up his mind to announce either the signature or the rupture of the affair at the grand dinner he was to give on that day4 ,the reader will easily imagine our consternation at this message4 ,we had yet three hours until five o'clock1 the time appointed for the dinner1 at which we were all to attend4 ,i really am unable to repeat all the ,consul's brother and the two other commissioners said1 to conquer my resistance4 ,the picture of the consequences likely to ensue upon the rupture was indeed of the darkest color2 they gave me to understand that ,i alone should become responsible for those evils in the face of ,france and ,europe1 as well as to my own sovereign and ,rome4 ,i should be accused of an unreasonable stiffness1 and of having brought on the results of such a refusal4 ,i felt a death-like anguish1 on conjuring up before my eyes the realization of these prophecies1 and ,i was--if ,i may be allowed such words--like unto the man of sorrow4 ,but my duty won the victory3 thanks to heaven1 ,i did not betray it4 ,i persisted in my refusal during the two hours of this contest1 and the negotiation was broken off4 ,such was the ending of this sad debate1 which had lasted four-and-twenty hours1 having begun at four o'clock on the preceding day1 and closed toward the same hour of this unfortunate one4 ,our bodily sufferings were doubtless very great1 but they were nothing when compared to our moral anxiety1 which rose to such a pitch that one must really have undergone #cib such tortures to form an idea of them4 ,i was condemned--and this was indeed a most cruel circumstance at such a moment--to appear in an hour after at the famous banquet4 ,i was bound to front in public the very first shock of that headstrong anger which the ,general ,bonaparte would feel on being apprised by his brother of the rupture4 ,we hastened back to our hotel1 in order to make a few rapid preparations1 and then hurried all three to the ,tuileries4 ,we had hardly entered the saloon where the ,first ,consul was standing--a saloon filled with a crowd of magistrates1 officers1 state grandees1 ministers1 ambassadors1 and illustrious foreigners1 who had been invited to the dinner--when we were greeted in a way which may easily be imagined1 as he had already seen his brother4 ,as soon as he perceived me1 he exclaimed1 his face flushed with anger1 and in a loud and indignant tone3 ',well1 ,monsieur le ,cardinal1 you have had your fling2 you have broken off3 be it so6 ,i don't stand in need of ,rome4 ,i will act for myself4 ,i don't stand in need of the ,pope4 ,if ,henry the ,eighth1 who had not one-twentieth part of my power1 was enabled to change the religion of his country1 and to succeed in his plans1 far better shall ,i know how to do it1 and to will it4 ,by changing the religion in ,france1 ,i shall change it throughout the best part of ,europe--everywhere1 in fact1 where my power is felt4 ,rome will soon perceive her own faults2 she will rue them1 but it will then be too late4 ,you may take your leave2 it is the best thing you can do4 ,you have willed a rupture3 be it so6 ,when do you intend setting out8' ',after dinner1 general1' replied ,i1 with the greatest calmness4 ,these few words acted as an electric shock on the ,first ,consul4 ,he stared at me for a few minutes2 and1 taking advantage of his surprise1 ,i replied to his vehement outbreak1 that ,i neither could nor would go beyond my instructions on matters which were positively opposed to the maxims of the ,holy ,see4 ,here the ,consul interrupted ,consalvi1 though in a milder tone1 to tell him that he insisted upon having the concordat signed according to his own views1 or not at all4 ,well1 then1 retorted the cardinal1 in that form ,i neither shall nor will ever subscribe to it2 no--never4 ,and that is the very reason1 cried out ,bonaparte1 why ,i tell you that you are bent upon breaking off1 and why ,rome will shed tears of blood on this rupture4 ,what a scene6 and how finely the bold1 calm demeanor of the ,pope's legate shows in strong relief against that dark1 passionate1 and ominous1 though intelligent face of ,napoleon ,bonaparte6 ,what a splendid subject for a painter1 and how it calls up at once to our mind those barbaric chieftains of old1 fit enough to wield the sword--fit enough even to lay the snares of a savage1 but unable to cope with the spiritual strength of a ,christian bishop1 and utterly cowed by the meek sedateness of some missionary monk1 just wafted over from the shores of ,ireland6 ,write the seventh1 or the thirteenth1 instead of the nineteenth century1 and say if the incident would be clothed in different colors2 for1 in fact1 what was ,bonaparte himself but the ,hohenstaufen of his age--a strange mixture of real grandeur1 of seething passions1 and of mean1 crafty1 fox-like cunning8 ,the ,french editor of these memoirs very justly observes that some vestige of the above scene must still exist in the documents of the ,imperial archives1 and expresses the wish that the charge of duplicity so terribly brought home to the first ,bonaparte may be properly sifted and repelled4 ,of the existence of such information we have scarcely any doubt1 but we hardly believe that the select committee1 headed by ,prince ,napoleon1 who have already so unscrupulously tampered with #cic the correspondence of the great founder of the present dynasty1 will ever rebut the accusation1 or even take notice of the narrative4 ,and yet it bears the stamp of truth in every line1 so prone was ,napoleon to those fits of anger1 which he sometimes used1 ,thiers himself admits it1 as tools for his policy1 and to serve his end4 ,after all1 the ,first ,consul was glad to escape from the consequences of his own violence1 since1 on the personal interference of the ,austrian ambassador1 he again consented that the conferences should be renewed4 ,the two cardinal points on which1 in the eyes of ,rome1 the whole fabric of the concordat rested1 were the freedom and publicity of the ,catholic worship4 ,without these two essential conditions1 the ,pope and his ministers deemed that the ,church obtained no compensation for the numerous sacrifices which she consented to undergo in other respects4 ,the ,french government1 on the contrary1 admitted that freedom and publicity1 only so far as they were allowed to other forms of worship1 and saddled the article with the following rider3 ,the public worship shall be free1 as long as it conforms to the police regulations4 ,such was the final difficulty against which ,consalvi maintained a most obstinate opposition1 and it must be admitted that his grounds were of a very serious nature4 ,taught by the experience of other times and countries1 he considered the obnoxious condition as a bold attempt to enslave the ,church by subjecting her to the secular power4 ,on the flimsy pretext of acting as the protector and defender of the ,church1 a government was enabled to lord it over her1 and cripple her best endeavors for the fulfilment of her divine mission4 ,if such had been the case1 even under the old ,french monarchy1 notwithstanding the strong ,catholic dispositions of the ,bourbon sovereigns in general1 as well as in the times of a ,joseph ,,ii4 and a ,leopold of ,tuscany1 what greater changes were to be feared on the part of the revolutionary powers1 which now swayed over ,france8 ,the cardinal readily admitted that1 in the present state of the country1 it might be proper for the government to restrict on certain occasions the publicity of the ,catholic worship1 for the very sake of protecting its followers against the outbreaks of popular frenzy2 but why lay down such a sweeping and such an elastic rule8 ,with a clause of this kind1 said the legate1 the police1 or rather the government1 will be enabled to lay their hands on everything1 and may subject all to their own will and discretion1 whilst the ,church1 constantly fettered by the words1 ',as long as it conforms1' will have no right even to complain4 ,to these arguments the ,consul constantly replied1 ,well1 if the ,pope can't accept such an indefinite and mild restriction1 let him omit the article1 and give up publicity of worship altogether4 ,as a curious specimen of sincerity and candor1 we must observe that ,consalvi was not even allowed to consult with his own court1 nor to send a courier1 the ,french government refusing to supply him with the necessary passports4 ,so much for the international privileges of ambassadors4 ,who can be astonished that the ,papal minister should feel but little confidence in the good faith of those he had to deal with8 ,their attitude1 indeed1 seems to have strengthened his own unbending firmness4 ,in the course of these everlasting debates1 he clenched the subject in the following terms3 ,either you are sincere in maintaining that the government is obliged to impose a restriction upon the publicity of the religious worship1 being impelled thereunto by the necessity of upholding the public peace and order1 and in that case the government cannot and ought not to hesitate as to asserting the fact in the article itself2 or the government does not wish it to be so expressed2 and in that case they show their bad faith1 as also that the only object of the aforesaid restriction is #cid the enslavement of the ,church to their own will4 ,the commissioners found nothing to reply to this dilemma2 for1 in fact1 ,consalvi only asked that the reserve itself should be laid down as a temporary restriction4 ,at last they yielded1 despairing of ever overcoming1 on this subject1 their unflinching and powerful antagonist4 ,the concordat1 duly signed and authenticated1 was sent up for approval to the ,first ,consul1 who1 after another fit of anger1 gave his consent2 but1 as ,consalvi himself presumes1 from that hour he resolved to annul the intrinsic and most beneficial effects of the concordat by those celebrated organic articles which are even at this moment a bone of contention between the ,french clergy and the ,imperial government4 ,it is1 indeed1 a most remarkable fact that the same man who imperiously prescribed that the concordat should be drawn up and signed in the course of five days1 allowed a full year to elapse before he published it and sent the official ratifications to ,rome4 ,when he did fulfil these formalities1 he coupled them with the promulgation of those famous laws which1 in reality1 tended to cut off all free communication between the ,holy ,see and the ,gallican clergy1 and to spread throughout ,europe the false belief that the ,pope himself had concurred in the adoption of these obnoxious measures4 ,in vain did ,pius ,,vii4 protest against them--in vain1 at a later period1 was he induced to crown the emperor in ,paris1 in hopes of obtaining the fulfilment of his own promises4 ,napoleon turned a deaf ear to the most touching importunities4 ,on considering the whole of his conduct1 it is hardly possible to refrain from concluding that ,bonaparte ever looked upon the ,pope's supremacy and power as an appendage and satellite of his own paramount omnipotence4 ,viewed by this light1 many of his acts in latter years will appear at least consistent1 though by no means justifiable on any principle whatsoever4 ,is there not often a certain consistency in madness8 ,and if so in ordinary life1 why not in the freaks and starts of despotism8 ,and again1 is not despotism itself madness in disguise8 ,but why indulge in our own speculations and surmises1 when we have before us positive evidence that in #ahja1 as well as ten years afterward1 ,napoleon entertained and maintained a plan for arrogating to himself both the spiritual and temporal power8 ,the examples set by ,henry ,,viii41 ,albert of ,brandenburg1 and ,peter ,i4 of ,russia1 were ever before his eyes1 blinding his own innate good sense1 and exerting a sort of ominous fascination over his best impulses4 ,the reader has doubtless heard of1 if not perused1 those wonderful pages in which the fallen giant whiled away his tedious hours at ,st4 ,helena1 pretending to write his own history1 but in reality veiling truth under fiction1 and endeavoring to palm upon the world certain far-fetched views of benevolence or civilization1 which he never dreamt of whilst he was on the throne4 ,still1 that strange ,memorial of ,st4 ,helena often contains many a startling proof of candor1 as if the mask suddenly fell1 and revealed to our astonished gaze the inner man4 ,among such passages1 none perhaps are so remarkable as those referring to the concordat and to the religious difficulties of later years4 ,one day ,napoleon dictated to ,general ,montholon these lines1 which so strongly justify ,consalvi's fears and opposition3 ,when ,i seized the helm1 ,i already held the most precise and definite ideas on all those principles which cement together the social body4 ,i fully weighed the importance of religion--on that head ,i was convinced--and had resolved to restore it4 ,but one can hardly realize the difficulties ,i had to contend with when about to bring back ,catholicism4 ,i should have been readily supported had ,i unfurled the ,protestant standard4 ,this feeling went so far that1 in the #cie council of state1 where ,i met with the strongest opposition against the concordat1 many a man tacitly determined to plot its destruction4 ',well1' used they to say1 'let us turn ,protestants at once1 and then we may wash our hands of the business4' ,it is1 indeed1 quite true that1 in the midst of so much confusion and so many errors1 ,i was at liberty to choose between ,catholicism and ,protestantism2 and still truer that everything favored the latter4 ,but1 beside my own personal bias inclining toward my national religion1 ,i had most weighty reasons to decide otherwise4 ,i should thus have created in ,france two great parties of equal strength1 though ,i was determined to do away with every party whatsoever2 ,i should have conjured up all the frenzy of religious warfare1 whilst the enlightenment of the age and my own will aimed at crushing it altogether4 ,by their mutual strife these two parties would have torn ,france asunder1 and made her a slave to ,europe1 whilst my ambition was to make her its mistress4 ,through ,catholicism ,i was far surer of attaining all my great objects4 ,at home1 the majority absorbed the minority1 which ,i was disposed to treat with so much equity that any difference between both would soon disappear2 abroad1 ,catholicism kept me on good terms with the ,pope4 ,beside1 thanks to my own influence and to our forces in ,italy1 ,i did not despair1 sooner or later1 by some means or other1 to obtain the direction and guidance of the ,pope2 and then what a new source of influence6 what a lever to act upon public opinion1 and to govern the world6 ,a few moments after the emperor resumed3 ,francis ,i4 had a capital opportunity to embrace ,protestantism1 and to become its acknowledged head throughout ,europe4 ,his rival1 ,charles ,v41 resolutely sided with ,rome1 because he considered this the best way to subject ,europe4 ,this alone should have induced ,francis to defend ,european independence4 ,instead of that1 he left a reality to run after a shadow1 following up his pitiful quarrels in ,italy1 allying himself with the ,pope1 and burning the reformers in ,paris4 ,had ,francis ,i4 embraced ,lutheranism1 which is so favorable to the royal supremacy1 he would have spared ,france those dreadful convulsions which were afterward brought on by the ,calvinists1 whose republican organization was so near ruining both the throne and our fine monarchy4 ,unfortunately1 ,francis was unable to understand anything of the kind4 ,as to his scruples1 they are quite out of the question1 since this self-same man made an alliance with the ,turks1 whom he introduced among us4 ,oh1 those stupid times6 ,oh1 that feudal intellect6 ,after all1 ,francis ,i4 was but a tilting king--a drawing-room dandy--a would-be giant1 but a real pigmy4 ,it is scarce necessary to add1 that at the time ,napoleon is speaking of he was an unbeliever1 though a lurking respect for his national religion still lingered at the bottom of his heart4 ,but then1 how fully does he admit that religion was but a tool of his ambition6 ,how openly does he confess his plan to get hold of the ,pope by some means or other6 ,how glaringly true must now appear in our eyes that narrative of ,consalvi's in which he exposes the mean trick that ,napoleon endeavored to play upon his vigilance6 ,lastly1 how faithfully does the emperor adhere to the plans secretly laid within the dark mind of the ,first ,consul6 ,for1 as if to leave no doubt as to the fulfilment of those plans1 he related to ,montholon the most minute details of what took place during the ,pope's captivity at ,fontainebleau3 ,the ,english1 said ,napoleon1 plotted an escape for him from ,savona2 the very thing ,i could have wished for4 ,i had him brought to ,fontainebleau1 where his misfortunes were to end1 and his splendor to be restored4 ,all my grand views had been thus fulfilled under disguise and in secrecy4 ,i had so managed that #cif success was infallible1 even without an effort4 ,indeed1 the ,pope adopted the famous concordat of ,fontainebleau1 notwithstanding my reverses in ,russia4 ,but how far different had ,i returned triumphant and victorious6 ,so at last ,i had obtained the long-wished-for separation of the spiritual and temporal powers2 whilst their confusion is so fatal to the former1 by causing trouble and disorder within society in the name of him who ought to become a centre of union and harmony4 ,henceforward ,i intended to place the ,pope on a pinnacle2 we would not even have regretted his temporal power1 for ,i would have made an idol of him1 and he would have dwelt close to me4 ,paris should have become the capital of the ,christian world1 and ,i would have governed the spiritual as well as the political world4 ,by this means ,i should have been enabled to strengthen the federative portions of the empire1 and to maintain peace in such parts as were beyond its limits4 ,i should have had my religious sessions1 just the same as my legislative sessions3 my councils would have represented1 all ,christendom1 and the popes would have merely acted as their presidents4 ,i should myself have opened their assemblies1 approved and promulgated their decrees1 as was the case under ,constantine and ,charlemagne4 ,in fact1 if the emperors lost this kind of supremacy1 it was because they allowed the spiritual ruler to reside at a distance from them2 and those rulers took advantage of this act of weakness1 or this result of the times1 to escape from the prince's government1 and even to overrule it4 ,what words of ours could add to the bold significance of these8 ,how the proud spirit of the despot towers even within his prison6 and how little had he profited by the bitter lessons of experience6 ,never before1 do we believe1 since the advent of ,christianity1 did any king or conqueror profess such a barefaced contempt for the deepest feelings of a ,christian soul--the freedom of his spiritual being6 ,this pretended liberation from the court of ,rome1 this religious government concentrated within the hands of the sovereign1 became1 indeed1 at one time1 the constant object of ,napoleon's thoughts and meditations3 ,england1 ,russia1 ,sweden1 a large part of ,germany 7was he wont to say71 are in possession of it2 ,venice and ,naples enjoyed it in former times4 ,indeed1 there is no doing without it1 for otherwise a nation is ever and anon wounded in its peace1 in its dignity1 in its independence4 ,but then such an undertaking is most arduous2 at every attempt ,i was beset with new dangers2 and1 once thoroughly embarked in it1 the nation would have abandoned me4 ,more than once ,i tried to awaken public opinion2 but all was in vain1 and ,i was obliged to acknowledge that the people would not follow me4 ,on reading these last words1 who will not remember ,cacault's apothegm1 uttered in #ahja3 ,nations now-a-days will not allow their rulers to dispose of them in regard to religious matters4 ,we hope that the reader will not accuse us of prolixity for having related rather fully the negotiations which proceeded the concordat of #ahja4 ,hitherto the main facts of this important event have been gleaned from ,french sources of information4 ,no voice had been raised1 we believe1 on the part of ,rome1 and no one1 it must be admitted1 had a better right to speak of that celebrated treaty than the man who contributed so largely1 so exclusively1 we might almost say1 to its final adoption4 ,and then1 throughout the whole of his simple and unpretending1 yet clear and spirited memoirs1 the great cardinal reads us a grand lesson1 which may be felt and understood by every human soul4 ,during the perusal of these two volumes1 we have ever before our eyes the struggle of right against might1 of duty against tyranny1 of a true ,christian soul against the truckling1 shuffling1 intriguing spirit of the world4 ,ever #cig and anon1 this able1 firm1 and yet amiable diplomatist allows some expression to escape him which shows that his heart and soul are elsewhere1 that his beacon is on high1 and that he views everything and all things in this nether world from the light of the gospel4 ,and this1 perhaps1 is the very reason why1 throughout a long career of such numerous difficulties and dangers1 he moved serene1 undaunted1 unblemished in his honor1 proclaimed wisest amongst the wise1 until kings1 princes1 warriors1 and statesmen1 ,protestants and ,catholics1 counted his friendship and esteem of priceless value4 ---- ,from ,once a ,week4 ,,hymn ,,by ,,mary ,,queen ,,of ,,scots4 ,o ,domine ,deus1 speravi in te6 ,o care mi ,jesu1 nunc libera me6 ,in dura catena1 in misera pcena1 ,desidero te2 ,languendo1 gemendo et genuflectendo1 ,adoro1 imploro1 ut liberes me6 7,,translation47 ,o ,lord1 ,o my ,god1 ,i have hoped but in thee2 ,jesu1 my dearest1 now liberate me3 ,in hard chains1 in fierce pains1 ,i am longing for thee3 ,languishing1 groaning and bending the knee1 ,i adore1 ,i implore thou wouldst liberate me6 ,,astley ,h4 ,,baldwin4 ---- #cih ,from ,the ,lamp4 ,,many ,,years ,,ago ,,at ,,upfield4 ,in the last decade of the last century1 ,upfield was a very healthy1 pretty1 prosperous town in ,suffolk4 ,its centre was a green2 undulating1 irregular1 and from four to five acres in area4 ,round it were laborers' cottages1 a forge1 the inn1 the veterinary surgeon's house1 the doctor's1 the vicarage1 and the ,grey ,house1 each with land proportioned to its character4 ,a little1 very little way off1 was the church2 belonging anciently to a ,carthusian monastery1 of which some ruins still existed2 and beyond that1 but within a quarter of a mile of ,upfield1 was ,edward's ,hall1 the fine baronial residence of the ,scharderlowes1 who had owned it since the reign of ,henry ,,iv41 and never forsaken the ,catholic faith4 ,upfield was eloquent about the past1 as well as actually charming4 ,the church1 early ,english1 was little injured exteriorly4 ,inside it reminded one of a nun compelled to wear a masquerade dress4 ,the beautiful arches and lofty roof had defied time and the vulgar rage of vicious fanaticism2 so had the pavement1 rich in slabs imploring humbly prayers for the repose of the dead who lay under it2 but devotion and taste mourned over the changed use of the sacred building1 and the characteristics thereof2 for instance1 a singing-gallery in the western end1 with the royal arms done in red and gilded plaster1 fastened to it2 high deal pews for the mass of the congregation1 and the squire's praying-made-comfortable one within the carved oak screen in the south transept1 where had been the chapel of the ,blessed ,sacrament4 ,the ,grey ,house was low1 rambling1 picturesque2 the beau-ideal of a happy1 hospitable old ,english home4 ,it had been built by instalments1 at distant intervals2 and had derived its name from a ,lord ,grey1 of ,codnoure1 who had formerly possessed lands in the neighborhood4 ,at the time whence this story starts1 it had been for a hundred years or more in the family of the ,wickhams1 who claimed to be descended collaterally from ,william of ,wykeham--whether they were or not1 had never been discussed1 and therefore never formally established2 nor did any one in the neighborhood1 except ,mr4 ,scharderlowe and his family1 know that a former ,wickham had bartered his religion for a wealthy ,protestant wife1 and allowed her to bring up their children in her own way4 ,in ,january1 #agij1 ,george ,wickham1 the head of the family1 died at the ,grey ,house1 of inflammation of the lungs1 in his forty-second year1 and no one was ever more regretted4 ,a kinder-hearted man had never breathed4 ,his attachments had been warm and numerous2 he had helped every one whom he could help1 been peculiarly gentle to the poor and his dependents1 hated nothing but wickedness1 and believed in that only when it was impossible to be blind to it4 ,poor dear ,mr4 ,wickham1 said ,mrs4 ,scharderlowe1 when her husband told her the news2 ,i'm heartily sorry4 ,i always thought he would become a ,catholic--he was so liberal in all his feelings2 only the last time we met1 conversation taking that turn--,i forget why--he said it was too bad that we could not worship ,god as we pleased1 without suffering for it2 and that he was ashamed of ,englishmen who forgot that their noblest laws were made1 and their most glorious victories won1 in ,catholic times4 ,what a loss he will be to ,upfield and his family6 ,yes1 returned her husband1 that poor pretty little widow is about as helpless and ignorant of the world as possible2 she never had occasion to think of anything but how to make #cii home happy1 which ,i believe she did2 they were a particularly united family4 ,i hope he made a will2 but ,i think it is likely he did not2 his illness was short and painful1 and previously to it no one ever had a fairer prospect of long life than he had4 ,mr4 ,wickham's funeral was talked of in ,upfield and the neighborhood many years afterward4 ,mr4 ,scharderlowe sent his carriage2 the county member1 and persons of every class1 attended4 ,the clergyman from an adjacent parish1 who had been requested to perform the burial-service1 because the vicar1 ,mr4 ,wickham's nephew1 felt unequal to it1 burst into tears1 and had to pause some minutes to recover himself4 ,the widow fainted2 and her eldest son ,robert1 a youth in his nineteenth year1 tried to jump into the vault when his father's coffin was lowered4 ,there was a will1 made during ,mr4 ,wickham's last illness1 and the vicar was sole executor and trustee1 with a legacy of ,l#ejj4 ,there was ample provision for the younger children2 and ,robert was1 when of age1 to succeed to a brewery1 which his father had started many years previously1 and which was the most lucrative in the county4 ,he was to learn its management from ,james ,deane1 the confidential clerk1 whose salary was to be raised1 and to whom ,l#ajj was left in token of ,mr4 ,wickham's appreciation of his services4 ,the ,grey ,house1 and everything in it1 with ,l#bjj a year1 was to be ,mrs4 ,wickham's1 and at her disposal at death4 ,the brewery was half a mile from ,upfield2 ,mr4 ,wickham had built it where it would not injure the prospect1 and ,deane had a pretty cottage attached to it1 where he1 a widower1 lived with his sister and only child1 a daughter4 ,he was a ,catholic1 son of a former steward of ,mr4 ,scharderlowe's1 and extremely attached to ,mr4 ,wickham1 who had taken him when a boy into the brewery1 and advanced him steadily4 ,he was a well-principled1 intelligent man1 who had improved himself by taking lessons in geography1 grammar1 and algebra1 as the opportunities offered2 and he was1 from his position1 well-known in the neighborhood4 ,he told his sister that he feared that ,mr4 ,wickham's death was only the beginning of trouble for his family2 for he distrusted ,mr4 ,william1 the vicar4 ,it isn't that he's a dishonorable man1 ,lizzy2 but it isn't likely that a crack shot1 a bold rider after the hounds1 a gentleman who is as fond of a ball as anyone1 and who takes no trouble about his own affairs1 will do justice to a dead man's1 though ,i don't doubt he means it now4 ,but what harm can he do1 ,james8 ,why1 he can ruin the younger children4 ,everything except the brewery and what is left to ,mrs4 ,wickham is as much in his power as it was in his uncle's4 ,i doubt if the poor dear gentleman wouldn't have arranged differently if he'd had longer time3 it's an awful lesson to be always prepared for death2 ,i'm sure ,i thought ,mr4 ,wickham might live to be a hundred4 ,no doubt pain and sorrow confused his mind1 and anyhow it was natural that he should trust his own relations4 ,he had better have trusted you1 ,james4 ,that was not to be expected1 ,lizzy1 and ,i mightn't have been fit for it4 ,there's plenty on my hands4 ,it is a large1 increasing business1 and ,i have to teach it to ,mr4 ,robert2 and one can't tell how he'll take to it2 ,i've been afraid he would be unsteady1 but he has taken his father's death to heart uncommonly1 and ,i hope he'll try to be as good a man4 ,about this time people had begun to remark that ,polly ,deane1 then in her fifteenth year1 was growing up a remarkably pretty girl2 she was an old established pet of the ,wickhams2 her mother had been the daughter of a tenant1 and so great a favorite that when she married ,deane1 the wedding was celebrated at the ,grey ,house4 ,when1 two years later1 she was dying of fever1 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,wickham promised to watch over her child4 ,all that #djj they undertook they carried out generously1 and ,polly lived as much with them as with ,aunt ,lizzie1 who did her part toward her well--loving her fondly1 keeping her fresh1 healthy1 and merry1 checking her quick temper1 teaching her her prayers1 and taking her often to ,mr4 ,scharderlowe's1 to get his chaplain's--,father ,armand's--blessing2 and when she was old enough1 to mass and the sacraments4 ,the fact of the ,wickhams having no daughter increased their tenderness for her1 and her father was delighted and flattered by ,mrs4 ,wickham's watchfulness over her dress and manner1 and ,mr4 ,wickham's care for her education2 it was the best that could be had in ,upfield1 and good enough to make her as charming as she need be4 ,she did plain sewing extremely well1 and some quaint embroidery of hideous designs in wool and floss silks2 she had worked a cat in tent-stitch1 and a parrot of unknown species in cross2 her sampler was believed to be the finest in the county2 she could read aloud very pleasantly1 spell wonderfully1 write a clear1 stiff hand1 which one might decipher without glasses at eighty2 she could not have gone up for honors in grammar1 but she talked very prettily2 she had never had occasion to write a letter2 as to geography1 she believed that the world was round1 for her father and ,mr4 ,wickham said so1 and she had heard that ,captain ,cook had been round it2 but only that she was ashamed1 she would have liked to ask some one how it could be1 and how it was found out2 it was such a contradiction of observation1 if only because of the sea2 she had never seen the sea1 but she believed in it1 and could understand water remaining on level ground2 there was the horse-pond1 for instance1 but that thousands of miles of roaring1 angry1 deep water should hold on to a round world was too much for her4 ,you could not puzzle her in the multiplication table1 but she did not take kindly to weights and measures4 ,she had learned no history1 her father could not get a ,catholic to teach her1 and would trust no one else1 but she had picked up a few facts and notions2 for instance1 she had heard of ,alfred the ,great and his lanterns2 of ,st4 ,edward the ,confessor1 and that he made good laws2 of ,king ,charles ,i41 and those wicked men--she fancied ,guy ,fawkes was one of them--had cut his head off2 when he lived she was not sure1 and she hoped ,mr4 ,wickham would never ask her1 for she should not like to say that she did not know1 and she was sometimes afraid that he would when he talked of ,carlo's being a ,king ,charles spaniel4 ,it was puzzling1 because she remembered ,carlo a puppy1 and she was sure that the king's name had been ,george ever since she was born4 ,she had an exquisite ear for music1 and a voice of great promise4 ,mr4 ,wickham was passionately fond of music1 and therefore1 appreciating peculiarly this talent of ,polly's1 had engaged a good master from the county-town to teach her to play on the piano4 ,she had profited well by his instructions1 and only a few days before ,mr4 ,wickham was taken ill1 she had played the accompaniment when he sang ,from the white-blossomed thorn my dear ,chloe requested1 ,o lady fair1 and ,oh life is a river1 and man is the boat2 and he had patted her head and kissed her1 and asked her for the ,slow movement in ,artaxerxes and ,the harmonious ,blacksmith1 and--she was so glad--she had played them without one mistake4 ,of course she danced1 and made cakes and pastry1 beauty-washes1 elder-wine1 and various preserves and salves2 knitted her father's stockings and her aunt's mittens1 and read a romance whenever she could get one1 but that was very rarely4 ,the vicar made1 at any rate1 a good start1 fulfilling his uncle's instructions exactly2 apprenticed his second son1 ,alfred1 to the ,college of ,surgeons--that was the most liberal way in those days of entering the medical profession--and placed him #dja to board with an old family friend1 an opulent practitioner4 ,the third son was articled to an eminent attorney2 the others were sent to school4 ,the void made by the death of those even most important and most fondly loved is soon filled up externally2 how otherwise could justice be done to the living8 ,the widow acquiesced in the separation from her children2 it was her husband's plan1 and for their advantage4 ,she was sure she could not long survive him2 she might even be sinful enough to wish to die1 but for her sons' sakes1 she was so utterly lonely4 ,they loved her truly1 the darlings2 but they could not understand her1 never would1 unless--which ,god in his great mercy forbid--they ever came to suffer as she suffered4 ,to lose such a husband6 so manly1 yet so tender and thoughtful4 ,she had always looked forward to his nursing her in her last illness1 and receiving her last breath4 ,he would have grieved for her truly1 she was sure of that2 but he could have borne it better2 he would have been of more use to the boys4 ,thus she mused often1 weeping plentifully2 but she never denied that she had many consolations4 ,no one could have suited her better than ,polly1 and she was never more than a day or two absent from her4 ,they were alike in character--simple1 self-sacrificing1 and affectionate in an uncommon degree4 ,polly's caresses seldom failed to arouse her2 the gentle girl felt how much more she could have done had ,mrs4 ,wickham been accessible to the comfort in which her own1 the dear old faith1 abounded2 and prayed daily that it might soon be hers1 and did her best4 ,she never attempted direct consolation1 but interested the mourner in some trifle1 or coaxed her into conversation or employment4 ,sometimes she really could not arrange some obstinate flowers2 sometimes her work was all wrong1 and no one but ,mrs4 ,wickham could show her how to put it right1 and ,mary ,hodge's baby ought to have the garment that evening4 ,once1 when all her ingenuity failed1 she was actually delighted by ,betty's running in with her darling kitten1 wet to the skin1 just saved out of the water-butt2 ,mrs4 ,wickham dried her eyes1 and pitied it1 and watched ,polly wiping it1 and arranging a cushion inside the fender for it2 and at last smiled at the endearing nonsense she talked1 and told her she was more than a mother to it4 ,robert was quite steady2 regular at the brewery1 pleasant at home4 ,of course it would have been dull for him without ,polly3 her youth1 beauty1 and sisterly at-homeness made a glow in the dear old house4 ,did he or his mother ever calculate on what was likely to come of that near companionship8 ,no3 their actual life engrossed them4 ,he first drew his mother to look on while he and ,polly played cribbage or backgammon1 and then to play herself a little4 ,he took in the ,gentleman's ,magazine1 and showed her the curious old prints1 and read the odds and ends of news aloud4 ,music was unendurable to her for some months2 but she conquered herself by degrees1 and came to enjoy it4 ,then ,robert and ,polly sang every evening1 she playing the accompaniments4 ,summer brought the boys home for holidays1 and that did good4 ,when the anniversary of the father's death came round1 its melancholy associations pressed evidently on the widow1 and she spent the greater portion of the day in her room2 but she was resigned1 and better than those who watched her lovingly expected her to be4 ,the great feature of those ,christmas holidays was ,alfred's return in an altered character4 ,he had left ,upfield a lout--the despair of his mother and the maids2 who were the more provoked1 because he was undeniably the handsomest of the family4 ,to keep him clean1 or make him put on his clothes properly1 had been impossible4 ,he had credit for talent2 for1 when sufficiently excited1 he wrote what were deemed wonderfully pretty #djb verses1 and he was quick at repartee and sarcasm2 but he had been in perpetual disgrace at school1 and silent and awkward--sulky as a bear1 his brothers called him at home4 ,he made a great sensation on the first evening of his return from ,london3 he was fluent in conversation1 perfectly well dressed1 and--chief marvel--had clean1 carefully-shaped nails4 ,polly smiled1 wondered1 and said to herself that he was really very handsome1 and sang beautifully4 ,all the ,wickhams sang1 but none of them1 she thought1 could be compared to him4 ,the change was not agreeable to ,robert1 and he showed it2 grumbled in an undertone about fops2 and asked his brother if he could play cricket or quoits1 or skate1 or take a five-barred gate1 or shoot snipe4 ,alfred yawned1 and replied3 ,my dear ,bob1 don't you remember that ,i was never fond of trouble8 ,those rough amusements are very well for country gentlemen and farmers2 and ,i give them up to them with all my heart4 ,as to skating1 you none of you know anything about it2 you should see the gentlemen1 and elegant ladies too1 cutting out flowers1 and other complicated figures1 on the ,serpentine4 ,then addressing himself to his mother and ,polly--,robert's countenance lowering as he observed the innocent girl's natural interest in such-topics--he talked about the last drawing-room and the fashionable plays4 ,he had seen ,the ,school for ,scandal and ,the ,haunted ,tower1 at ,drury ,lane2 ,othello and ,the ,conscious ,lovers1 at ,covent ,garden1 and he recited--really well--some of the tender passages in ,othello4 ,next he described the lying-in-state of the ,duke of ,cumberland2 the trial and execution of ,jobbins and ,lowe for arson2 the recent storms1 which had not touched ,upfield1 but had been terrible elsewhere--chimneys killing people in their beds1 the lightning flowing like a stream of fluid from a glasshouse4 ,and no one interrupted him1 till ,robert said1 savagely3 ,that fellow will talk us all deaf4 ,not this time1 ,bob3 you and ,i will sing ',love in thine eyes' now4 ,i know ,polly will play for us4 ,they did it2 ,alfred directing the sentiment to her1 so as to make her feel shy and uncomfortable1 and his brother vowing inwardly that he'd give that puppy a good thrashing before he went back to ,london1 if he didn't mind what he was about4 ,alfred had seen a good deal of what country folk call finery in ,london2 but he declared that breakfast at home was unrivalled1 particularly in winter4 ,there was the superb fire of coal and oak blocks1 throwing a glow on the massive family plate and fine1 spotless damask3 such a silver urn and teapot were not often seen4 ,further1 the young gentleman inherited a family predilection for an abundant show of viands2 liked to see--as was usual at an everyday breakfast there--a ham just cut1 a cold turkey1 round of beef1 and delicate clear honey1 with other sweet things1 for which his mother's housekeeping was famed4 ,this was not all4 ,the room formed one side of a light angle in the picturesque old house1 and from two sides of the table one could see a magnificent pyrocanthus1 the contrast between its scarlet berries and the table-cloth positively delicious4 ,robert and ,alfred lingered one morning after the rest of the family had left this room4 ,alfred was considering that it might be possible to enjoy life in the country2 ,robert was watching him1 half-curiously1 half-jealously3 he did not believe that his brother was handsomer than himself2 but he detested the ease of manner and ready wit that gave him ascendancy disproportioned to his years4 ,he threw himself back in a large armchair1 stretched his legs1 and said3 ,i'm not sure that ,i don't envy you1 ,bob1 after all4 ,your condescension is great certainly4 ,have you been all this time finding out that it is a good thing to be ,george ,wickham's eldest son8 #djc ,ah1 yes6--eldest son4 ,well1 it's a comfort for the younger ones that there's no superior merit in being born first4 ,but ,i'm not going to philosophize2 it's too much trouble1 and not your line4 ,but1 really1 to breakfast here every morning in all this splendid comfort1 the prettiest and gentlest of mothers pressing you to eat and drink more than is good for you2 and that lovely fairy1 ,polly--that perfect ,hebe --flitting about--is more than even an eldest son ought to enjoy4 ,how sorry you will be next year1 when you come of age1 unless--and he looked searchingly1 through half-closed eyes1 at ,bob4 ,why1 pray8 ,and unless what8 ,only that ,i conclude you will then set up a house of your own1 unless-- as it is evident my mother could not part from pretty ,polly--unless you arrange to live here1 and marry our pet4 ,strange flushings and palenesses passed over ,robert's face1 and he had to master a choking in his throat and heaving of his chest before he spoke4 ,he had never had his hidden feelings put into words before--he had not even any definite intention about the young girl whom his eye followed stealthily every where1 and whose voice1 the rustling of whose dress even1 was music to him4 ,he only knew that he should throttle any one who laid a finger on her4 ,he had not guessed that any one connected him with her1 even in thought2 and now here was all that was most secret and sacred in his heart dragged out1 and held mockingly before him by a boy two years younger than himself4 ,it seemed to him hours instead of seconds before he spoke1 and his voice had the passionate tremulousness which betrays great interior tumult2 he was sure that he should say something he would rather not say1 but conscious every moment's delay gave an advantage to his abhorred tormentor4 ,without raising his eyes1 he said hoarsely1 ,the ,wickhams are proud--they don't make low marriages4 ,upon my word1 ,bob1 returned his brother patronizingly1 ,i respect you2 ,i did not give you credit for so much good sense4 ,the girl's a perfect beauty1 no doubt4 ,what a sensation she'd make in ,london6 ,but1 after all1 she's our servant's daughter1 and old ,molly ,brown's grandchild4 ,then1 again1 that unlucky religion of hers6 ,the ,scharderlowes throw a respectability over it here1 for they are well-born and wealthy1 but anywhere else it would be extremely awkward for you4 ,i confess ,i had a motive for sounding you4 ,farmer ,briggs's eldest son hinted to me yesterday that he should be happy to lay ,west ,hill at ,polly's feet4 ,he 's an insolent rascal6 said ,robert furiously4 ,my dearest ,bob1 why8 ,the poor fellow has eyes1 and uses them2 and one would not wish our ,hebe to be an old maid4 ,i say1 reiterated ,robert1 deadly pale1 and stamping1 he's an insolent rascal2 and if ,i catch him coming to this house ,i'll tell him so4 ,a rustic boor like that to hint at marrying a girl who has always been my parents' pet1 and is my mother's favorite companion-- ,he stopped abruptly2 and his brother1 who was a perfect mimic1 continued in precisely his tone1 ,and is so dear to ,robert ,wickham1 that he will not hear her name coupled with another man's-- ,he had gone too far2 ,robert's indignation boiled over--he sprang at him--and before he had time to stir1 struck him a blow between the eyes1 which brought sparks from them1 and blood from his nose4 ,a crash and struggle followed1 which ,polly heard4 ,she ran to the room1 anticipating nothing more than that some of the large dogs1 privileged to roam about the house1 were quarrelling over the cold meat4 ,amazed1 beyond all power of words1 she stood silent and very pale4 ,then1 feeling1 young as she was1 instinctive womanly power over the disgraced young men1 and holding herself #djd so erect that she looked a head taller than usual1 she said1 coldly and firmly1 ,i am ashamed of you6 ,by that time they were ashamed of themselves4 ,alfred1 covering his disfigured face with his handkerchief1 left the room slowly4 ,robert1 who had received no visible hurt1 threw up a sash1 jumped out1 and when he turned to shut the window1 looked earnestly and sadly at ,polly1 so as to bring a strange unwelcome sensation to her heart4 ,there was an awkwardness at dinner that day4 ,polly had removed the traces of the fray1 and kept her counsel2 but ,alfred's features defied concealment4 ,he stayed in his room with raw beef on them1 and mutton-broth and barley-water for his regimen4 ,his mother and ,betty could get nothing out of him but that ,bob was a fool1 and had licked him for teasing him4 ,he was by no means given to repentance2 but his bruises1 and a message from the vicar1 desiring to see him early next morning1 led him to the conclusion that he had better have kept his tongue within his teeth4 ,he was sufficiently humbled to receive silently unusually severe reproofs from his guardian1 who had informed him that he had sent for him in order to avoid the risk of paining his excellent mother4 ,it was not only that he knew all that ,betty could tell of the row between the brothers1 and that he denounced the ruffianliness of brawling in a widowed mother's house1 but that ,mr4 ,kemp1 in whose house in ,london he lived1 had inclosed bills of disgraceful amount1 in a letter complaining that ,alfred's taste for pleasure threatened to be his ruin2 and regretting that justice to his own family compelled him to decline retaining him as an inmate after the approaching midsummer4 ,the young man's unusual power of pleasing1 he said1 made his example peculiarly dangerous4 ,and now1 said the vicar1 ,i ask you if your heart is not touched by the thought of the pain that this letter would give your dead father1 were he living2 and if you could bear your mother to know it8 ,it is only for her sake that ,i spare you4 ,i will beg ,mr4 ,kemp to retract his resolution to dismiss you1 if you become steadier1 and ,i shall charge him to let it be known that ,i will not pay any bills that exceed the limit of your very handsome allowance3 and ,i warn you that my natural easiness and indolence shall not prevent my being severe if you require it4 ,as to the affair yesterday1 ,i shall not inquire into it2 but ,i warn you that the recurrence of anything so disgraceful shall prevent your spending your vacations at home2 and ,i am sorry to say to one of my good uncle's sons1 that ,i am glad he must return to town the day after to-morrow4 ,alfred was surprised and alarmed1 and made professions of penitence1 and promises of amendment4 ,there was a visible change thenceforward in ,robert4 ,he became more manly in his bearing2 and variable in his manner to ,polly1 saying even at times very sharp things to her4 ,the sweet-tempered girl gave no provocation1 and felt no resentment2 but hid sometimes a tear4 ,she did not like to displease any one whom ,mrs4 ,wickham loved4 ,robert attended to business1 took his proper place in society1 and was popular2 and she felt it a relief when he was out1 and she had not to play for him4 ,it was within three months of his twenty-first birthday1 when1 on one of the frequent occasions of his dining with the vicar1 that gentleman asked him what were his plans4 ,he replied that he hadn't any4 ,but1 my dear boy1 my authority over you is near its end1 and so is your enforced residence with your mother4 ,it is time to think where you will live4 ,i don't think my mother will turn me out4 ,no2 but as her allowance for you ceases with your minority1 you must1 in fairness to her1 either contribute to #dje the household income1 or get a home of your own4 ,i don't anticipate any difficulty about it4 ,merton ,paddocks is to be let1 continued ,william4 ,it is a nice little place1 and suitable to you in many ways4 ,if you let it slip1 you may regret it4 ,your marrying is to be calculated on1 and in that event your living with your mother might not be agreeable to all parties4 ,i don't think of marrying4 ,oh1 nonsense6 every man's turn comes2 and why should you escape8 ,as you escaped1 perhaps4 ,me6--one old bachelor in a family is enough in two generations2 and my case may not be obstinate4 ,i'm not actually too old4 ,may ,i ask whom you think of elevating to the vicarage8 asked ,robert1 laughing2 but there was a pause which1 he could not imagine why1 made him uncomfortable1 before his cousin said3 ,i have thought of ,polly--do you forbid the banns8 ,the room seemed turning round with ,robert2 but he swallowed a glass of wine hastily1 and said1 as carelessly as he could1 ,that child6 ,child6 ,i don't know--she's seventeen1 and ,i'm thirty-two--the difference there was between your parents' ages when they married2 and ,polly is two years older than your mother was then4 ,perhaps ,i'm no judge of the matter1 ,william1 but as you have broached the subject1 excuse me if ,i ask if you have any notion that ,polly is attached to you4 ,none whatever2 but any man can marry any woman provided he have a fair field and no favor4 ,what has really kept me doubtful has been a distinct difficulty about pretty ,polly's birth4 ,it is awkward2 and the ,wickhams have always been sensitive on such points2 but ,i've nearly resolved to sacrifice pride to ,polly's charms4 ,her beauty and grace would adorn any position2 and as soon as my guardianship1 and consequent business relations with her father1 ceases1 ,i shall probably ask my aunt's consent and blessing4 ,it will be great promotion for her pet1 and insure her having her near her for life4 ,meanwhile1 ,bob1 ,i rely on your silence4 ,certainly4 ,poor ,robert6 ,here was one of his own family seeing no difficulty about marrying the girl of whom he had spoken as beneath himself6 another man talking with assurance of being ,polly's husband as soon as he thought fit6 while he1 who had been domesticated with her from her infancy--had never dared to give her a playful kiss since they had ceased to be children--had never ventured on the least demonstration of the fondness that tormented him for expression4 ,he made an excuse to go home early2 walked in the shrubbery1 wretched and irresolute1 till midnight2 went to his room1 threw himself undressed on the bed1 had some uneasy sleep1 rose early1 walked again1 and appeared at breakfast haggard and irritable4 ,his mother observed it1 and was distressed4 ,he had sat up too late1 he said2 and1 for once1 ,william's wine was bad4 ,he would not go to the brewery that day2 but1 if she liked1 he would drive her and ,polly in the phaeton to ,larchton1 and they could give ,betty a treat by taking her4 ,she was always glad to visit her native place1 and he knew she had not been there for a long time4 ,his mother was willing4 ,larchton was a two hours' drive2 and they put up the horses there4 ,mrs4 ,wickham and ,betty went to see some old people2 and ,robert proposed to ,polly to take a walk4 ,she remembered afterward that she had had an unusual feeling about that walk4 ,they had often walked together before1 as a brother and sister might4 ,for the first time1 however1 ,robert said1 ,take my arm1 ,polly4 ,she took it2 and they proceeded in silence in the fields for some minutes4 ,then he said abruptly1 ,do you #djf ever think of getting married1 ,polly8 ,no1 she replied with an innocent laugh2 what would ,mrs4 ,wickham do without me8 ,and do you expect never to love any one better than my mother8 ,i really don't think it would be possible4 ,but1 ,polly1 you're not a child4 ,you know there's a different--love the love my father had for my mother4 ,i have never thought about it1 she said carelessly4 ,her manner gave him courage2 it was so easy and unconscious4 ,taking the little hand that was on his arm1 and holding it so firmly that he could not feel her effort to withdraw it1 he went on3 ,polly1 ,i made an excuse to come here that ,i might talk to you without interruption4 ,the love that my father had for my mother1 ,i have for you4 ,i cannot tell when it began2 but ,i first knew how strong it was when ,alfred came home first from ,london4 ,i was madly jealous of him because he was forward and ,i was bashful4 ,do you remember the morning you found us fighting in the breakfast-parlor8 ,he had provoked me so much by something that he said about you1 that ,i could not help striking him4 ,i don't know what ,i might have done if you hadn't come in then2 and ,i've never been happy since4 ,i've been irritable1 and sometimes1 ,i know1 cross and disagreeable4 ,something occurred last night which ,i can't tell you now--,i may another time--which made me wretched2 and ,i made up my mind this morning to put myself out of suspense1 and ask you1 ,polly1 to be my wife4 ,he had been too full of his story to look at her while he was speaking1 but he looked then eagerly for her answer4 ,he could not read the lovely countenance which new and various feelings made different from anything he had ever seen4 ,the soft eyelids down1 the lashes moist1 the lips trembling1 the flush so deep that it would have spoiled a less delicate skin4 ,she was surprised to find how much he loved her2 grateful to him2 sorry she had made him unhappy1 and believed him ill-tempered4 ,then came a rapid thought of how handsome he was2 but1 sweeping everything away1 perplexity followed4 ,what would ,mrs4 ,wickham and her father wish her to do8 ,what would ,father ,armand say8 ,robert could not guess all this2 and there was almost agony in his voice as he said1 ,oh1 ,polly1 ,polly1 do speak to me6 ,she made a great effort1 and replied1 ,i don't know what to say1 or what ,i ought to do6 ,say1 at any rate1 that you don't dislike me4 ,oh1 no6 she said readily1 almost laughing to think that he could suppose that possible4 ,one thing more1 ,polly2 do you prefer any one else8 ,she hesitated a minute1 for her quick wit told her that the question involved a great deal2 but she answered firmly1 though shyly1 ,no2 ,i do not4 ,distrustful as he had been of his power to please her1 this was enough for the time to make him almost beside himself with delight4 ,he said ,god bless you6 heartily2 and was silent awhile because he could not command his voice4 ,he resumed1 ,as to your 'ought to do1' don't say anything to any one till ,i've spoken to my mother4 ,we'll go and look for her now4 ,he talked a great deal of nonsense on the way1 and ,polly said very little then1 or during the drive4 ,she was ashamed to look at ,mrs4 ,wickham1 and was glad that her attention was drawn from her to ,robert4 ,he touched up the young horses so wildly1 that she declared he should never drive her again1 if he did not behave better4 ,directly they got home1 he told her that he wanted to speak to her that moment alone2 and he poured out his story4 ,such an old1 old story6 ,so like what her own dead and buried ,george had told her long1 long ago4 ,she stand in the way of an innocent love1 and between two of the creatures dearest to her on earth6 ,she would be very glad #djg to have ,polly as a daughter--she loved her as one4 ,as to pride and such nonsense1 people who had loved and lost1 as she had1 knew all its profound folly4 ,polly's beauty and goodness might make any husband proud1 any home happy4 ,as to ,william1 there was no injustice done him4 ,in the first place1 she was sure that ,polly could never be brought to think of him as a husband4 ,she looked on him as quite an old man--he was getting very bald2 and in the next place1 if he had had any real love for her1 he could not have spoken so coolly and confidently of winning her4 ,robert said that the last observation was corroborated by his own experience1 and that his mother was a remarkably sensible woman4 ,thereupon she smiled1 and kissed and blessed him1 and advised him to go directly and tell the simple truth to the vicar4 ,polly1 meanwhile1 sat alone in her pretty bedroom--her face buried in her hands1 her rich golden hair unbound and falling loosely over her shoulders1 dreading to go down to dinner4 ,not that she was ashamed of dear1 dear ,mrs4 ,wickham4 ,no2 she could throw her arms around her neck and hide her face there1 and make her a confidante without any fear of being repulsed2 but how could she look at ,robert1 much less speak to him8 and of course the servant would see and understand all about it4 ,she wished she might stay in her room4 ,if she had but a headache6 but she was really perfectly well2 and false excuses she never dreamed of making4 ,robert would be talking to her again as he had talked in the fields4 ,really1 really she did not know what to say to him4 ,indeed she had never thought of getting married4 ,she had looked forward to living between the ,grey ,house and her father's1 beloved and welcome in both2 adding to his and ,mrs4 ,wickham's happiness more and more as they grew older and wanted greater care4 ,why could not this go on1 with only the difference that ,robert should never be displeased with her8 ,that had made her unhappy4 ,she did like him very much2 better than any one1 next to her father and ,mrs4 ,wickham2 better than good old ,aunt ,lizzy4 ,he was very handsome1 and sang well1 and so attentive to his mother2 and ever since his father's death he had been quite fond of home4 ,how could he ever have supposed that she preferred any one else8 ,but as to being his wife--he was a ,protestant4 ,how she should feel his never going to mass with her1 his thinking confession useless1 his not believing in the dear ,lord in the ,blessed ,sacrament6 ,she had often felt it hard that conversation about these things must be avoided in the dear ,grey ,house1 and that her friends there1 fond as they were of her1 wished her religion different4 ,if she married ,robert1 it would be worse1 for she should love him better than any one on earth then2 her anxiety about his salvation would be so great as to make her quite wretched1 and he might not like her to talk to him about it4 ,from her earliest childhood1 she prayed for the conversion of the ,wickhams4 ,she began by saying one ,hail ,mary daily for the intention2 and since she had been older1 she had said many novenas1 and offered many communions for it4 ,she really did not think her father would give his consent2 and ,father ,armand would at any rate look grave and sad4 ,she had heard him tell pitiful stories of the unhappiness that had come of mixed marriages among persons whom he knew4 ,she did feel truly unhappy4 ,she walked to her window2 she could see thence dear venerable ,edward's ,hall1 and knew exactly where the chapel was4 ,she knelt down1 fixing her eyes there1 and her heart on her divine ,lord in the tabernacle1 and asked him that1 for the love of his blessed mother1 he would help and direct her1 and convert her friends4 ,robert had not expected to feel it formidable to tell his story to his cousin1 and he was equally grieved and surprised by the way in which he received it4 ,he changed countenance so that he looked ten years older2 walked rapidly up and down the room2 #djh threw himself into a great chair1 and buried his face in his hands2 asked ,robert to ring2 ordered sherry1 and drank several glasses4 ,robert1 utterly mystified1 was trying to say something soothing1 when he interrupted him4 ,my dear fellow1 ,i'm not simply love-sick2 but circumstances1 which ,i will explain another time1 do make this a terrible shock to me4 ,i have been such a fool6 ,to any one but myself1 your falling in love with ,polly would have seemed the most natural thing in the world2 but ,i was blinded1 stultified1 as men who have--never mind now--go away--,i'm not fit to talk--,i will call or write to you tomorrow4 ,blame you6 ,certainly not4 ,give my love to your mother and ,polly4 ,god bless you all6 ,next morning early came a note stating that he was going from home for a few days2 and that if he did not return1 he would explain himself fully in the following week4 ,worthy of a peerage as ,polly ,deane seemed to ,robert1 he could not be ignorant that to marry him was great promotion for her2 and though delicacy in her regard1 and real respect for her father1 made him ask his consent with the utmost deference1 he felt that this was a mere matter of good manners4 ,mr4 ,deane was visibly gratified2 said that he could never have expected a proposal so complimentary to his child1 though he might be pardoned for saying that he thought any one might be proud of her4 ,his obligations to the ,wickham family were of many years' standing2 in fact1 he owed everything to ,mr4 ,wickham4 ,he could never1 making all due allowance for ,polly's beauty and goodness1 express how honored he felt himself and her on that occasion2 but--and he made a long pause in evident difficulty how to express himself2 and ,robert was mute with surprise and alarm4 ,but is it possible1 ,mr4 ,robert1 that ,mrs4 ,wickham and you don't see one very great objection8 ,in the name of heaven1 what is it8 gasped ,robert4 ,why1 surely1 sir1 the dear child's religion4 ,now is it possible1 ,deane1 that you think we would ever interfere with that8 ,have we ever done so by word1 or look1 or deed1 in all the years we've known you8 ,have not you1 ever since you came into this business1 been free to observe your holy days in your own way8 ,have we not always been ready--even when my mother's spirits were at the lowest--to spare ,polly to go to mass or confession8 ,i am really hurt1 and feel that we don't deserve this8 ,it is all true1 ,mr4 ,robert1 and the ,lord reward you1 as he will2 but don't you see it might be different--,i don't say that it would2 but ,i'm bound to do my best for my girl's soul no less than her body--if she was your wife1 and so completely in your power8 ,there's no doubt that a young man in love will promise anything1 and mean to keep his word too2 but ours is a despised religion 7,god be praised for it6'72 it is one among many signs that it is the true one2 and you might come to be ashamed that one so near and dear to you belonged to it1 and that would breed great unhappiness4 ,then1 again1 you might have children1 and ,i should not dare give my consent to their being reared ,protestants4 ,perhaps1 if some ancestor of yours had been firm in such a case as this1 you and yours might be still of the old faith4 ,i'm sure1 as far as ,i'm concerned1 ,deane1 ,i wish we were4 ,no one will go to heaven1 if ,polly doesn't2 and the religion that would take her there can't be bad for any one4 ,she might make a ,catholic of me4 ,god grant it1 sir2 but don't you see that ,i must not act on chance8 ,if the child was breaking her heart for you1 and--smiling--it's not come to that yet1 ,i could not let her risk her soul1 and perhaps her children's souls4 ,look here1 ,mr4 ,deane3 ,i'm quite ready to give you a written promise #dji that ,i will never interfere in any way with ,polly's practising her religion1 and that all her children--boys as well as girls--shall be brought up in it2 and ,i'm sure my mother will make no difficulty4 ,you cannot say more1 ,mr4 ,robert2 but still1 if you please1 ,i will take a week to think the matter over1 and talk about it to ,father ,armand and ,polly1 and for that time ,i think she'd better come home4 ,she must feel awkward in the same house with you under present circumstances4 ,will you give my respects to ,mrs4 ,wickham1 and say that ,i will call for the child this evening8 ,numerous1 and all wide of the truth1 were ,mrs4 ,wickham's and ,robert's conjectures respecting the vicar4 ,they began even to consider whether he had ever shown any symptoms of insanity1 and were thankful to know that it was not hereditary in the family4 ,the week stipulated for by ,mr4 ,deane passed2 and after consulting ,father ,armand and ,mr4 ,scharderlowe1 he agreed to give his consent to ,polly's marrying ,robert at the end of a year1 if he were then equally willing to bind himself by a written promise to respect her faith1 and have his children brought up in it4 ,they said they thought that the kind1 liberal1 honorable character of the ,wickhams being considered1 and having been proved in all their conduct to the ,deanes1 and the difficulty of ,catholic marrying ,catholic 7which was far1 far greater in ,england then than it is now7 being weighed1 the case was as hopeful as a mixed marriage could be4 ,robert grumbled about the delay1 every one else approved of it4 ,his mother thought a man young to even at twenty-two2 and the time seemed to ,polly none too long for becoming accustomed to new feelings and new prospects4 ,two days after all this was arranged came the vicar's anxiously-expected letter1 dated ,scarborough4 ,it said3 ,,my ,,dear ,,robert1--,the punishment of my youthful sins and follies1 which has been pursuing me for years1 has at last fallen so heavily upon me1 that ,i feel inclined to cry out1 like ,cain1 that it is greater than ,i can bear4 ,try to believe1 as you read my humiliating confession1 that the bitterest portion of my suffering is the fact that ,i have injured my uncle's family2 and that ,i shall regret my pangs less if they prove a useful warning to you and your brothers4 ,i can hardly remember when ,i was not in debt4 ,before ,i was eight years old ,i owed pence continually for fruits1 sweets1 toys4 ,i suffered torture for fear of detection while these trifles were owing1 but directly they were paid1 ,i began a fresh score4 ,at school ,i borrowed money of every one who would lend it1 and had a bill at every shop to which a boy would be attracted4 ,the misery ,i continued to endure while ,i could not pay was always forgotten directly ,i had paid2 and ,i was in the same difficulty over and over again4 ,i must own1 moreover1 that ,i was absolutely without excuse4 ,i had as much money and indulgence of every kind as any boy of my age and position4 ,i went to the university4 ,my allowance was liberal1 but my debts became tremendous4 ,i gave endless wine-parties2 drove to ,london frequently2 entered into all its pleasures1 made expensive presents1 bought horses1 and betted2 and was of course done2 finally1 ,i got into the hands of ,jews4 ,it is singular that my father never suspected my delinquencies1 and that ,i was wonderfully helped by circumstances4 ,i was young when ,i succeeded to the living and a large amount of ready money4 ,all was swallowed up in the dreadful gulf that my unprincipled extravagance had made4 ,year after year the greater portion of my income has gone in payment of exorbitant interest4 ,your dear father's legacy went that way2 and my infamous creditors1 having ascertained that his will placed a great deal in my power1 threatened me with exposure--which would have #daj been fatal to a man in my position--till ,i had pacified them with thousands not my own--with1 in fact1 a considerable portion of your brothers' inheritance4 ,at first ,i stifled my conscience by representing to myself that being released from pressure which had worried me for years1 ,i should have a clear head for business2 and recover1 by judicious speculation1 the sums that ,i had appropriated--as ,i hoped--but for a time4 ,i have speculated unfortunately1 and made matters infinitely worse2 for whereas my previous creditors were rapacious rascals to whom1 in justice1 nothing was due1 my present ones are the helpless children of my warm-hearted1 trustful1 dead uncle4 ,by this time old ,smith is1 ,i suppose1 dead1 and you are aware of his will--as singular as all we know of his life--but he is necessary to my story4 ,a day or two before ,i told you that ,i thought of marrying ,polly he sent for me1 said that he felt himself breaking1 and wished me to witness his will1 and be aware of its purport1 that it might not be said1 when he was gone1 that he had acted at the priest's instigation4 ,he said that at that moment no one knew he was a ,catholic1 that he had led a godless life for years1 but he meant to make his peace with ,god before he died4 ,he had no relations who had any claim on him2 he had left ,l#ajj to ,mr4 ,armand for religious uses1 and the rest of his money--nearly ,l#bj1jjj--to ,polly4 ,i thought the man mad1 and humored him4 ,he understood me1 and said so2 told me that existence had ceased to be more than endurable when1 twenty years ago1 he entered ,upfield a stranger2 and that therefore he had confined himself to the necessaries of life1 and been glad to be believed poor4 ,that he had thought of leaving his money to a hospital2 but that ,polly had become so like the only woman he had ever loved--and whom he had lost by death--that he had grown to feel very fatherly toward her2 and his intention to make her his heiress had been decided by a little fact very characteristic of ,polly4 ,she was walking with your mother one very windy day1 when he was out for nearly the last time1 and his hat blew off4 ,he was too infirm to follow it1 and every one but ,polly was too lazy or too much amused to do so4 ,she ran for it1 and brought it to him with a kindness which seems to have thoroughly melted him4 ,if he be still living1 this must not be mentioned2 but1 as ,i said before1 ,i think it is impossible4 ,it is an old saying that 'drowning men catch at straws4' ,oppressed as ,i was by hopeless remorse1 ,i caught at the notion that ,i would marry ,polly4 ,her father1 ,i thought1 would be pleased with her elevation4 ,i did not anticipate any difficulty in making such a gentle creature love me4 ,i intended to do my utmost to make her life happy2 and ,i knew that she would give up anything to do good to your family4 ,i calculated that1 living moderately1 my income would be ample1 and that ,i could appropriate ,polly's fortune to repaying what ,i had misused1 and still without wronging her--for that1 as my wife1 she would have advantages far beyond her father's expectations4 ,how all this scheming is defeated1 you know4 ,the only reparation now in my power1 ,i make willingly4 ,deducting a curate's stipend and eighty pounds a year for myself1 ,i will furnish you with full powers to receive the residue of my income1 and apply it to your brothers' use4 ,i will appoint ,deane guardian in my stead1 and furnish him with all necessary documents4 ,if ,i live--and ,i pray that ,i may live for that object--your brothers will not suffer ultimately4 ,i have made my will1 and left them whatever property ,i may possess when ,i die4 ,i have1 you know1 expectations from the ,heathcotes4 ,there is1 ,i hope1 some guarantee for my reform in the willingness with which ,i accept my punishment4 ,i am glad that1 with luxurious tastes1 ,i must exist on very narrow means for years2 #daa that with sturdy ,english prejudices ,i must live among foreigners4 ,i had not courage to make my shameful confession verbally1 or to see any of you afterward4 ,i cross hence to ,hamburg to-morrow4 ,my further course is undecided1 but ,i will write to you2 and ,hangham and ,hunt1 ,fleet street1 will forward letters to me4 ,think of all ,i have lost1 of all ,i have suffered secretly1 for years1 of my dreary prospects1 and try to be merciful to your miserable cousin1--,,william ,,wickham4 ,polly had returned to the ,grey ,house4 ,mrs4 ,wickham fretted1 and ,robert--to be candid--was disagreeable in her absence4 ,shy and conscious though she felt1 she was quite willing to go back4 ,her father was never at home till the evening--not always then4 ,aunt ,lizzie wanted no help or cheering up1 and ,polly's happiness depended mainly on her being necessary to some one4 ,there is1 moreover1 no denying that1 differently educated as she had been1 her aunt's habits and notions were not hers2 and ,i could not say positively that she did not miss ,robert1 and admit to herself that it was pleasant to expect him at certain times1 and to spend a good deal of time in his society4 ,when the vicar's letter arrived1 she was at the breakfast-table1 doing the duties of president deftly and satisfactorily1 as she did everything--housewifely genius as she was4 ,what a long affair6 exclaimed ,robert1 as he glanced at the letter4 ,what can he have to say8 ,i can't wait to read it now2 ,i must be off to the brewery4 ,here1 my mother1 you take it1 and tell me all about it when ,i come back4 ,she put it in her pocket1 remembering that ,polly was concerned in it1 and not liking to read it before her without mentioning its purport4 ,the thoughtful1 methodical damsel soon departed for an hour's duty among birds and flowers1 and then the thunderbolt fell on poor ,mrs4 ,wickham4 ,her darling younger sons were not only fatherless1 but almost dependent on their brother4 ,she was no woman of business2 but she guessed that there would not be more than ,l#cjj a year to come from the vicar1 when the deductions he mentioned had been made4 ,she could of course spare ,l#ajj4 ,what did she want with money8 ,this would meet all the expenses of education1 supposing the vicar lived--and if he died6 ,in any case there was no capital to start her sons in their professions2 and1 unluckily1 ,alfred1 who would want it first1 had never been a favorite of ,robert's4 ,his assumption of superiority and his sarcasm had nettled him extremely2 and he dropped expressions occasionally which showed he had not forgiven him4 ,but ,robert would be very well able to help4 ,even supposing that--as she hoped he would-- he did marry ,polly1 and have a family1 his brothers would be off his hands before his children became expensive4 ,if the story about poor old ,mr4 ,smith proved true1 he would be a rich man4 ,polly would of course do something handsome for her father and aunt1 and yet have a large fortune4 ,that incident about the hat ,mrs4 ,wickham remembered perfectly2 the poor old man looked enraptured when1 lovelier even than usual1 glowing from her running and good-nature1 she gave it to him4 ,it was1 however1 very wonderful4 ,how much had happened in quiet ,upfield during the last two years6 ,then she began to pity the vicar heartily2 to make excuses for him1 and forgive him4 ,the sacrifices he made proved the sincerity of his repentance3 how miserable he would be for years1 poor and lonely in a foreign land6 ,in those days anywhere abroad seemed to simple inland folk something terrible4 ,he might get yellow fever1 or the plague4 ,she believed them to be imminent anywhere out of the ,british ,isles4 ,she must talk to ,polly1 and have her for a staunch ally before ,robert came home4 ,he had not his father's noble impulsiveness1 but he was just and honorable1 and she and ,polly could do a great deal with him4 ,of #dab course she should omit telling her about the vicar's having thought of marrying her1 and the story about old ,smith4 ,one fact would be painful to her2 the other might be untrue4 ,the two guileless creatures agreed fully that ,robert must be worked upon to forgive his cousin1 and do all that was necessary for his brothers4 ,they were so radiant with hope and charity that their countenances struck ,robert peculiarly when he returned1 and he said he saw plainly that they had good news to tell him4 ,it was an awkward beginning3 his mother feared that the contrary character of her intelligence would displease him the more1 and said timidly1 ,you had really better read ,william's letter yourself1 my dear boy2 he tells his story much better than ,i can4 ,the rush of events at ,upfield seemed1 for a few days1 overpowering to those whom it concerned2 and those whom it concerned not were very much excited4 ,there was the vicar gone--no one knew wherefore or whither1 or for how long2 and a curate with a wife and seven children had taken possession of his trim bachelor's hall4 ,then there was ,mr4 ,smith1 not very old1 probably not more than fifty1 dead4 ,and he had turned out to be a rich man6 why who could have guessed it8 ,he had appeared one day at the inn1 as suddenly as if he had dropped from the clouds--had evidently come a long way afoot--had no luggage but a valise2 and was altogether so equivocal-looking that ,mr4 ,mogg1 the veterinary surgeon1 would not take him as a lodger without his paying six months' rent in advance4 ,he had paid his way regularly1 certainly2 but no one could have supposed that he had anything to spare4 ,he would never talk of his affairs except to say that he had out-lived all his near relations1 and been a great deal in foreign parts4 ,people had suggested that he might be an escaped felon1 a man resuscitated after hanging1 a deserter1 a ,jew4 ,on the strength of the last notion ,mr4 ,mogg tested him with roast pig2 and he liked it4 ,then he never went to church4 ,to be sure he was not the only person in ,upfield of whom that might be said2 but no one guessed that he was a papist4 ,they had1 at last1 no proof that he was2 but it was understood1 though not formally acknowledged1 that the librarian at ,edward's ,hall was a ,catholic priest1 and that persons of his communion could and did benefit by his ministrations4 ,such things were winked at1 in spite of penal enactments1 in the case of some ,catholics of high social standing1 like ,mr4 ,scharderlowe4 ,now this librarian1 ,mr4 ,armand1 had been sent for by ,mr4 ,smith when he was taken ill1 had visited him frequently1 and been with him when he died4 ,no doubt he was a papist4 ,that might be the reason he left his money to ,polly ,deane4 ,well1 well6 what luck some people had6 ,upfield wouldn't be surprised if ,robert ,wickham married her2 and the neighborhood supposed it must call upon her1 whether he did or not4 ,it wondered if ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,wickham had known all along of ,mr4 ,smith's intention2 it wouldn't be surprised2 there was something odd in the way they had educated the girl1 and taken her out of her sphere4 ,but1 after all1 ,mrs4 ,pogram said1 she mightn't like ,robert ,wickham2 and with such a fortune as hers1 she could afford to please herself4 ,mrs4 ,pogram's own sons were decidedly finer young men1 had more dash1 and were in the army--every one knew that girls liked red coats4 ,lancaster would be coming home soon1 on leave4 ,she would call at once2 let others do as they pleased4 ,deane was a highly-respectable man1 and no one could be ashamed of his daughter4 ,a year later there was a large family-gathering at the ,grey ,house at dinner1 and ,mrs4 ,wickham presided4 ,her grief had settled into a placid1 subdued character1 which1 with the weeds1 gave a kind of moonlight tone to her appearance1 and became her so #dac well that no one could wish to see her ever otherwise4 ,robert and ,polly1 man and wife1 had returned that day from a bridal excursion to the ,english lakes4 ,the younger brothers were assembled to meet them4 ,aunt ,heathcote was there with her ear-trumpet2 and queer-tempered ,mrs4 ,trumball1 all smiles4 ,mr4 ,deane1 of the firm of ,wickham and ,deane1 urbane in shorts1 black-silk stockings1 and silver knee and shoe buckles1 was a father of whom the lovely bride felt proud1 as she did too of ,aunt ,lizzie2 who looked as if she had worn silks and laces1 and kept her soft white large hands in mittens all her life4 ,deep in every one's heart was the memory of warm-hearted1 generous ,george ,wickham1 gone for ever from those whose meeting there1 and in their mutual relations1 he would have made more joyous2 but no one named him1 for no one could have done it then and there in a voice which would not have been thick with emotion4 ,tears must have followed any mention of him2 and who would have caused their flow at such a happy gathering8 ,every one knew what every one was feeling and what a long pause meant1 which ,robert broke by saying with a sigh1 ,well1 ,i do wish that poor dear ,william were here2 ,i am so happy that ,i wish every one else was2 and ,i hate to think of him1 hospitable1 affectionate creature1 dragging out his days among fat phlegmatic ,dutch boors1 without a single soul to speak to4 ,polly1 at his side1 contrived to give him1 under the table1 a little squeeze expressive of the fullest approbation4 ,i'm glad you have forgiven him1 ,bob1 said his mother4 ,well1 really1 mother1 it was but natural that ,i should be savage at first4 ,men can't be quite as tender-hearted as women1 ,i suppose2 and they see the consequences of pecuniary frailties more clearly1 and suffer more from them1 than they do2 but ,i must be a brute if1 happy as ,i am1 ,i didn't wish well to everybody1 especially to that good fellow4 ,now don't cry1 ,polly4 ,her father observed that there were great excuses for the vicar1 and that every one must admit that he had done his utmost to make reparation4 ,yes1 said ,alfred1 with mock gravity4 ,it was his delight to puzzle ,aunt ,lizzie2 she never could make out whether he were joking or oracular4 ,i have learned wisdom through the rudiments of a painful experience2 and1 steady reformed man of mature years as ,i find myself1 ,i pronounce that ,william might have done much worse4 ,shall ,i write and urge him to come back8 asked ,robert4 ,do6 do6 do6 resounded in various voices all around the table4 ,very well2 ,i'm more than willing4 ,polly told me confidentially a few days ago that she had no turn for extravagance2 and ,i feel so domestic and moderate1 that ,i fancy we may manage to provide for the fine young family that ,william's indiscretions have thrown on our hands1 though he will be able to give less help than if he remained at ,rotterdam4 ,mr4 ,ridlem's stipend would be saved1 you know1 ,bob4 ,not exactly1 mother4 ,william couldn't live at home as he lives now2 that would be painful to us and impossible for him4 ,true2 ,i forgot that4 ,it is difficult for me to put in a word1 said ,alfred1 because ,i've been a great expense to ,bob1 and he hasn't done with me yet2 in fact ,i've no right to make a suggestion2 but it is my full intention to reimburse him one of these days4 ,i shouldn't have said so1 only the chance of helping to bring ,william back-- ,you're a good fellow1 ,alfred2 ,i believe you2 and must confess that ,i have found you less trouble than ,i expected4 ,the result of the consultation was a letter to the vicar1 signed by every one present1 entreating him to return forthwith2 a letter over which he cried like #dad a girl4 ,it brought him back speedily1 a wiser and not a sadder man4 ,he said indeed that1 though down among the dykes1 he had never been so happy as since he made all square with his conscience4 ,to follow the affairs of ,upfield and the ,wickhams further would involve a series of stories4 ,it must suffice to say that ,robert's marriage turned out really well2 and that from the day of her betrothal1 the dearest wish of ,polly's heart was gratified2 for he1 unasked1 joined her and the other stragglers who--the laws notwithstanding--made their way on ,sundays and holidays to a side-entrance in venerable old ,edward's ,hall1 and were admitted to mass in the little well-loved chapel2 ,mr4 ,armand the librarian1 identical with ,father ,armand the priest1 thanking ,god devoutly for the addition to the fold4 ------ ,from ,the ,month4 ,a ,,lost ,,chapter ,,of ,,church ,,history ,,recovered4 ,,by ,,james ,,spencer ,,northcote1 ,d4,d4 ,if we set before a skilful professor of comparative anatomy a few bones dug out of the bowels of the earth1 he will re-construct for us the whole form of the animal to which they belonged2 and it sometimes happens that these theoretical constructions are singularly justified by later discoveries4 ,it is the province of an archaeologian to attempt something of the same kind4 ,a historian transcribes for our use annals more or less fully composed and faithfully transmitted by his predecessors4 ,he may have to gather his materials from various sources2 he must distinguish the true from the false2 and he gives shape1 consistency1 and life to the whole2 but1 for the most part at least1 he has little to supply that is new from any resources of his own4 ,the archaeologian1 on the contrary1 if he be really a man of learning and science1 and not a mere collector of old curiosities1 aims at discovering and restoring annals that are lost1 by means of a careful and intelligent use of every fragment of most heterogeneous materials that happens to come across him4 ,and there is certainly nobody in the present age whose talent and industry in this branch of learning1 so far at least as ,christian archaeology is concerned1 can at all compare with that of ,cavaliere ,g4 ,b4 de ,rossi4 ,for more than twenty years he has devoted himself to the study of the ,roman catacombs1 and at length we begin to enter upon the fruit of his labors4 ,he has just published 7by order of the ,pope1 and at the expense1 we believe1 of the ,commission of ,sacred ,archaeology1 instituted by his ,holiness in #ahea7 the first volume of ,roma ,sotteranea2 a magnificent volume1 splendidly illustrated1 and full of new and varied information4 ,an abstract of its contents would hardly be suitable to our pages2 but none1 we think1 can fail to be interested in what we may venture to call the first chapter of the ,history of the ,catacombs--a chapter that had certainly never before been written1 even if it had been attempted4 ,all earlier authors upon subterranean ,rome1 so far as our experience goes1 whilst describing fully1 and it may be illustrating with considerable learning1 the catacombs as they now exist1 and all the monuments they #dae contain1 have been content to pass over with a few words of apology and conjecture the question of their origin and early history4 ,they have told us that the ,jewish residents in ,rome had burial-places of a similar character2 and they have shown how natural and probable it was that the first ,roman ,christians1 unwilling to burn their dead in pagan fashion1 should have imitated the practices of the ancient people of ,god4 ,when pressed to explain how so gigantic a work1 as the ,roman catacombs undoubtedly are1 could have been carried on by the ,christians under the very feet of their bitter persecutors1 yet without their knowledge1 they have pointed to the rare instance of a cemetery entered by a staircase hidden within the recesses of a sand-pit2 they have guessed that here or there some ,christian patrician1 some senator or his wife1 may have given up a garden or a vineyard for use as a burial-ground2 and then they have passed on to the much easier task of enumerating the subterranean chapels1 tracing the intricacies of the galleries1 or describing the paintings1 sculptures1 and inscriptions4 ,the work of ,de ,rossi is of a very different character4 ,it begins ab ovo1 and proceeds scientifically4 ,it shows not only how these wonderful cemeteries may have been made1 but also--as far as is practicable1 and a great deal further than nine-tenths even of the most learned archaeologians ever supposed to be practicable--how and when each cemetery really was made4 ,from the few scattered bones1 so to speak1 which lay buried1 and for the most part broken1 partly in the depths of the catacombs themselves1 partly in the ,acts of the ,martyrs1 the ,liber ,pontificalis1 and a few other records of ecclesiastical history1 he has reconstructed with consummate skill the complete skeleton1 if we should not rather say has reproduced the whole body1 and set it full of life and vigor before us4 ,not that he has indulged in hasty conjectures1 or given unlimited scope to a lively imagination2 far from it4 ,on the contrary1 we fear many of his less learned readers will be disposed to find fault with the slow and deliberate1 almost ponderous1 method of his progress1 and to grow impatient under the mass of minute criticisms with which some of his pages are filled1 and by which he insists upon justifying each step that he takes4 ,indeed1 we have some scruple at presenting our readers with the sum and substance of his argument1 divested of all these pieces justificatives1 as our neighbors would call them1 lest they should suspect us of inventing rather than describing4 ,however1 we think it is too precious a page of ,church history to be lost1 and we therefore proceed to publish it1 only premising that nobody must pretend to judge of its truth merely from the naked abstract of it which we propose to give1 but that all who are really interested in the study should examine for themselves in detail the whole mass of evidence by which1 in ,de ,rossi's pages1 it is supported1 most of which is new1 and all newly applied4 ,to tell our story correctly1 it is necessary we should step back into pagan times1 and first take a peep at their laws and usages in the matter of burials4 ,no classical scholar need be told how strictly prohibited by old ,roman law was all intra-mural interment4 ,indeed every traveller knows that all the great roads leading into ,rome were once lined on either side with sepulchral monuments1 many of which still remain2 and the letters inscribed upon them tell us how many feet of frontage1 and how many feet at the back 7into the field71 belonged to each monument1 ,,in4 ,,fr4 ,p4 so many4 ,,in4 ,,ag4 ,p4 so many4 ,in fronte1 pedum--4 ,in agro1 pedum--4 ,m4 de ,rossi 7the brother of our author7 has published a very interesting plan of one of these monuments with all its dependencies1 as represented on an ancient marble slab dug up on the ,via ,lavicana4 ,on this slab1 not only are the usual measurements of frontage and depth carefully recorded1 but also the private or public roads which crossed the #daf property1 the gardens and vineyards of which it consisted1 the swampy land on which grew nothing but reeds 7it is called ,harundinetum71 and the ditch by which1 on one side at least1 it was bounded4 ,unfortunately the slab is not perfect1 so that we cannot tell the exact measurement of the whole4 ,enough1 however1 remains to show that the property altogether was not less than twelve ,roman jugera1 or nearly #cej1jjj square feet2 and other inscriptions are extant1 specifying an amount of property almost equal to this as belonging to a single monument 7e4g4 ,huic monumento cedunt agri puri jugera decem74 ,the necessity for so large an assignment of property to a single tomb was not so much the vastness of the mausoleum to be erected1 as because certain funeral rites were to be celebrated there year by year1 on the anniversary of the death1 and at other times2 sacrifices to be offered1 feasts to be given1 etc42 and for these purposes exedrae were provided1 or semi-circular recesses1 furnished with sofas and all things necessary for the convenience of guests4 ,a house also 7custodia7 was often added1 in which a person should always live to look after the monument1 for whose support these gardens1 vineyards1 or other hereditaments were set apart as a perpetual endowment4 ,it only remains to add1 that upon all these ancient monuments may be found these letters1 or something equivalent to them1 ,h4,m4,h4,,ex4,t4,n4,s4 7,hoc monumentum haeredes ex testamento ne sequatur72 in other words1 ,this tomb and all that belongs to it is sacred2 henceforth it can neither be bought nor sold2 it does not descend to my heirs with the rest of my property2 but must ever be retained inviolate for the purpose to which ,i have destined it1 viz41 as a place of sepulchre for myself and my family1 or certain specified members only of the family2 or1 in some rare instances1 others also external to the family4 ,the same sacred character which attached to the monuments themselves belonged also to the area in which they stood1 the hypogeum or subterranean chamber1 which not unfrequently was formed beneath them2 but it is a question whether it extended to the houses or other possessions attached to them4 ,nor were these monuments confined to the noblest and wealthiest citizens4 ,even in the absence of all direct evidence upon the subject1 we should have found it hard to believe that any but the very meanest of the slaves were buried 7or rather were thrown without any burial at all7 into those open pits 7puticoli7 of which ,horace and others have told us4 ,and in fact1 a multitude of testimonies have come down to us of the existence1 both in republican and imperial ,rome1 of a number of colleges1 as they were called1 or corporations 7clubs or confraternities1 as we should more probably call them71 whose members were associated1 partly in honor of some particular deity1 but far more with a view to mutual assistance for the performance of the just funeral rites4 ,inscriptions which are still extant testify to nearly fourscore of these collegia1 each consisting of the members of a different trade or profession4 ,there are the masons and carpenters1 soldiers and sailors1 bakers and cooks1 corn-merchants and wine-merchants1 hunters and fishermen1 goldsmiths and blacksmiths1 dealers in drugs and carders of wool1 boatmen and divers1 doctors and bankers1 scribes and musicians--in a word1 it would be hard to say what trade or employment is not here represented4 ,not1 however1 that this is the only bond of fellowship upon which such confraternities were built2 sometimes1 indeed generally1 the members were united1 as we have already said1 in the worship of some deity2 they were cultores ,jovis1 or ,herculis1 or ,apollinis et ,diana2 sometimes they merely took the title of some deceased benefactor whose memory they desired to honor2 e4 g4 cultores statuarum et clipeorum ,l4 ,abulli ,dextri2 and sometimes the only bond of union seems to have been service in the same house or family4 ,a long #dag and curious inscription belonging to one of these colleges1 consisting mainly of slaves1 and erected in honor of ,diana and ,antinous1 and for the burial of the dead1 in the year #acc of our era1 reveals a number of most interesting particulars as to its internal organization1 which are worth repeating in this place4 ,so much was to be paid at entrance1 and a keg of good wine beside1 and then so much a month afterward2 for every member who has regularly paid up his contribution1 so much to be allowed for his funeral1 of which a certain proportion to be distributed amongst those who assist2 if a member dies at a distance of more than twenty miles from ,rome1 three members are to be sent to fetch the body1 and so much is to be allowed them for travelling expenses2 if the master 7of the slave7 will not give up the body1 he is nevertheless to receive all the funeral rites2 he is to be buried in effigy2 if any of the members1 being a slave1 receives his freedom1 he owes the college an amphora of good wine2 he who is elected president 7magister71 must inaugurate his accession to office by giving a supper to all the members2 six times a year the members dine together in honor of ,diana1 ,antinous1 and the patron of the college1 and the allowance of bread and of wine on these occasions is specified2 so much to every mess of four2 no complaints or disputed questions may be mooted at these festivals1 to the end that our feasts may be merry and glad2 finally1 whoever wishes to enter this confraternity is requested to study all the rules first before he enters1 lest he afterward grumble or leave a dispute as a legacy to his heir4 ,we are afraid we have gone into the details of this ancient burial club more than was strictly necessary for our purpose2 but we have been insensibly drawn on by their extremely interesting character1 reminding us 7as the ,count de ,champagny1 from whom we have taken them1 most justly remarks7 both of the ancient ,christian ,agapae1 or love-feasts1 and 7we may add7 the mediaeval guilds4 ,this1 however1 suggests a train of thought which we must not be tempted to pursue4 ,de ,rossi has been more self-denying on the subject2 he confines himself to a brief mention of the existence of the clubs1 refers us to other authors for an account of them1 and then calls our attention to this very singular1 and for our purpose most important fact concerning them3 viz41 that at a time when institutions of this kind had been made a cover for political combinations and conspiracies1 or at least when the emperors suspected and feared such an abuse of them1 and therefore rigorously suppressed them1 nevertheless an exception was expressly made in favor of those which consisted of poorer members of society1 who met together every month to make a small contribution toward the expenses of their funeral2 and then he puts side by side with this law the words of ,tertullian in his ,apology1 written about the very same time1 where he speaks of the ,christians contributing every month1 or when and as each can and chooses1 a certain sum to be spent on feeding and burying the poor4 ,the identity of language in the two passages1 when thus brought into juxtaposition1 is very striking2 and we suppose that most of our readers will now recognize the bearing of all we have hitherto been saying upon the history of the ,christian catacombs1 from which we have seemed to be wandering so1 far4 ,we have already said that one of the first questions which persons are inclined to ask when they either visit1 or begin to study1 the catacombs1 is this3 ,how was so vast a work ever accomplished without the knowledge and against the will of the local authorities8 ,and we answer 7in part at least71 as the ,royal ,scientific ,society should have answered ,king ,charles the ,second's famous question about the live fish and the dead fish in the tub of water1 ,are you quite sure of your facts8 ,don't call upon us to #dah find the reason of a problem which1 after all1 only exists perhaps in your own imagination4 ,and so in truth it is4 ,the arguments of the ,cavaliere de ,rossi have satisfied us that the ,christians of the first ages were under no necessity of having recourse to extraordinary means of secrecy with reference to the burial of their dead2 it was quite possible for them to have cemeteries on every side of ,rome1 under the protection of the ordinary laws and practices of their pagan neighbors4 ,but is not this to revolutionize the whole history of these wonderful excavations8 ,we cannot help it1 if it be so2 it is at least one of those revolutions which are generally accepted as justifiable1 and certainly are approved in their consequences2 for when it is complete1 everything finds its proper place2 books and grave-stones1 the cemeteries and their ancient historians1 every witness concerned gives its own independent testimony1 all in harmony with one another1 and with the presumed facts of the case4 ,let us see how the early history of the catacombs runs1 when reconstructed according to this new theory4 ,the first ,christian cemeteries were made in ground given for that very purpose by some wealthier member of the community1 and secured to it in perpetuity in accordance with the laws of the country4 ,there was nothing to prevent the erection of a public monument in the area thus secured1 and the excavation of chambers and galleries beneath4 ,and history tells us of several of the most ancient catacombs that they had their origin from this very circumstance1 that some pious ,christian1 generally a ,roman matron of noble rank1 buried the relics of some famous martyr on her own property 7in praedio suo47 ,the oldest memorial we have about the tomb of ,st4 ,peter himself is this1 that ,anacletus memoriam construxit ,b4 ,petri1 and places where the bishops 7of ,rome7 should be buried2 and this language is far more intelligible and correct1 if spoken of some public tomb1 than of an obscure subterranean grave2 memoria1 or cella memoriae1 being the classical designation of such tombs4 ,how much more appropriate also does the language of ,caius the presbyter1 preserved to us by ,eusebius1 now appear1 wherein he speaks 7in the days of ,zephyrinus7 of the trophies of the apostles being to be seen at the ,vatican and on the ,ostian way8 ,tertullian1 too1 speaks of the bodies of the martyrs lying in mausoleums and monuments1 awaiting the general resurrection4 ,from the same writer we learn that the areae of the ,christian burials were known to and were sacrilegiously attacked by the enraged heathens in the very first years of the third century2 and quite recently there has reached us from this same writer's country a most valuable inscription1 discovered among the ruins of a ,roman building1 not far from the walls of the ancient ,caesarea of ,mauritania1 which runs in this wise3 ,euelpius1 a worshipper of the word 7cultor ,verbi2 mark the word1 and call to mind the cultores ,jovis1 etc471 has given this area for sepulchres1 and has built a cella at his own cost4 ,he left this memoria to the holy church4 ,hail1 brethren3 ,euelpius1 with a pure and simple heart1 salutes you1 born of the ,holy ,spirit4 ,it is true that this inscription1 as we now have it1 is not the original stone2 it is expressly added at the foot of the tablet1 that ,ecclesia fratrum has restored this titulus at a period subsequent to the persecution during which the original had been destroyed2 but both the sense and the words forbid us to suppose that any change had been made in the language of the epitaph1 to which we cannot assign a date later than the middle of the third century4 ,but1 finally1 and above all1 let us descend into the catacombs themselves1 and put them to the question4 ,michael ,stephen de ,rossi1 the constant companion of his brother's studies1 having invented some new mechanical contrivance for taking plans of subterranean excavations1 ,footnote #gh has made exact #dai plans of several catacombs1 not only of each level 7or floor1 so to speak7 within itself1 but also in its relations to the superficial soil1 and in the relations of the several floors one with another4 ,a specimen of these is set before us by means of different colors or tints1 representing the galleries of the different levels1 in the map of the cemetery of ,st4 ,callixtus1 which accompanies this volume2 and a careful study of this map is sufficient to demonstrate that the vast net-work of paths in this famous cemetery originally consisted of several smaller cemeteries1 confined each within strict and narrow limits1 and that they were only united at some later1 though still very ancient period4 ,for it cannot have been without reason that the subterranean galleries should have doubled and re-doubled upon themselves within the limits of a certain well-defined area2 that they should never have overstepped a certain boundary-line in this or that direction1 though the nature of the soil and every other consideration would have seemed to invite them to proceed2 that they should have been suddenly interrupted by a flight of steps1 penetrating more deeply into the bowels of the earth1 and there been reproduced exactly upon the same scale and within the same limits4 ,these facts can only be fully appreciated by an actual examination of the map1 where they speak for themselves2 but even those who have not this advantage will scarcely call in question the conclusion that is drawn from them1 when they call to mind how exactly it coincides with all the ancient testimonies we have already adduced on the subject1 and when they learn the singular and most interesting fact1 that the ,cav4 de ,rossi has been able in more than one instance1 by means of the sepulchral inscriptions1 to identify the noble family by whom the site of the cemetery was originally granted4 ,footnote #gh3 ,it was highly commended and received a prize at the ,international ,exhibition of #ahfb4 ,it will be of course understood that we have been speaking of the earliest ages of the ,church's history1 and that we are far from denying that there were other periods during which secrecy was an essential condition of the ,christian cemeteries2 on the contrary1 did our space allow1 we could show what parts of the catacombs belonged to the one period1 and what to the other1 and what are the essential characteristics of each4 ,we might unfold also1 with considerable minuteness1 the economy of these cemeteries1 even during the ages of persecution2 under whose management they were administered1 whether they were parochial or otherwise1 together with many other highly interesting particulars4 ,but we have already exceeded the limits assigned us1 and we hope that those of our readers who wish to know more on the subject will take care to possess themselves of the book from which we have drawn our information1 that so funds may not be wanting for the completion of so useful a work4 ,nothing but a deficiency of funds1 in the present condition of the pontifical treasury1 hinders the immediate issue of other volumes of this and its kindred work1 the ,inscriptiones ,christianae1 by the same author4 ,he announces his intention to bring out the volumes of ,roma ,sotterranea and of the ,inscriptions alternately1 for they mutually explain and illustrate one another1 and are in fact parts of the same whole2 and the public has been long impatient for the volume which is promised next1 viz41 the ancient inscriptions which illustrate ,christian dogma4 ------ #dbj ,,miscellany4 ,,art4 ,domestic4--,the fortieth annual exhibition of the ,national ,academy of ,design was opened to the public on the evening of ,april #bgth1 under circumstances which may well mark an era in the history of that institution4 ,after drifting from place to place through forty long years1 now deficient in funds1 and now in danger of losing public sympathy or support1 sometimes unable to carry out its specific purposes1 and almost always cramped for space1 or otherwise perplexed in the details of its public exhibitions1 the ,academy1 like ,noah's ark1 long buffetted by waves and driven by tempests1 finds a resting place1 not on ,mount ,ararat1 but at the corner of ,fourth avenue and ,twenty-third street4 ,and as the world's gray fathers1 after their troubled voyage1 regarded with infinite satisfaction terra firma and the blue sky1 so doubtless the older of the academicians1 those who have accompanied the institution in all its wanderings1 are doubtless both pleased and amazed to find themselves arrived at a goodly haven with secure anchorage4 ,to drop the figure1 the ,academy is now permanently established in an attractive and convenient building1 well situated in a central locality1 and bids fair to enter upon a career of usefulness far beyond the results of its previous experience4 ,the new building has been for so long a time completed externally1 that its merits have been canvassed with every shade of opinion1 from enthusiastic commendation to quite as decided disapprobation4 ,the majority of critics1 having their reputation at stake1 are afraid to hazard an opinion1 and prudently remain neutral1 until some authoritative decision shall be made4 ,as an architectural effort it may be called an experiment1 on which account it presents perhaps as many claims to critical notice as the works of art which adorn its walls4 ,the style1 singularly enough1 is assigned to no special era or country1 but is described to be of that revived ,gothic1 now the dominant style in ,england1 which combines those features of the different schools of architecture of the ,middle ,ages which are most appropriate to our nineteenth-century buildings1 which means probably that the building is of an eclectic ,gothic pattern4 ,all modern styles since the renaissance may be said to be eclectic1 whether founded on antique or mediaeval models1 and the building in question differs from other ,gothic edifices1 of more familiar aspect to us1 chiefly in form1 external decoration1 and the arrangement of its component parts4 ,in the ,american mind ,gothic architecture is associated chiefly with ecclesiastical structures and is popularly supposed to be subject to no fixed laws1 beyond an adherence to the irregular and picturesque4 ,given a cruciform ground-plan1 a pointed spire1 steep roof1 narrow arched windows1 buttresses1 and pinnacles ad libitum1 and you have as good a ,gothic building as the public taste can appreciate4 ,here1 however1 is a nearly square building1 covering an area of eighty by about a hundred feet1 which is neither a church nor a college1 and is without steep roof1 spire1 buttresses1 or pinnacles4 ,the public evidently do not fathom the mystery at present1 and those whose praise of the new ,academy borders on the extravagant1 are perhaps as much astray in their adherence to the omne ignotum pro magnifico principle as those wiseacres who tell you knowingly that the architect has tried to palm off upon us a palpable imitation of the doge's palace in ,venice4 ,if the latter class of critics will refresh their memory a little1 or consult any good print of ,venetian architecture1 they will find about as much resemblance between the two buildings as exists between the old ,custom ,house in ,wall street and the ,parthenon4 ,the plain fact is that we are so unused to ,gothic architecture1 applied to secular purposes1 and to any other forms of it than the ecclesiastical1 as to be without sufficient data to form a correct idea of the present edifice4 ,and yet1 such is the conceit of criticism1 that thousands of persons pronounce their judgment upon it with as much confidence as they would upon a trivial matter perfectly #dba familiar to them4 ,these may yet find that hasty opinions are dangerous4 ,the ,academy1 as has been hinted above1 is of rectangular shape1 having three stories1 of which the first is devoted to the life school and the school of design1 the second to the library1 reception rooms1 council room1 and similar apartments1 and the third to the exhibition galleries1 five in number1 with which at present we have specially to deal4 ,the main entrance to the building is on ,twenty-third street4 ,passing up a double flight of marble steps and through a magnificent ,gothic portal into a vestibule1 the visitor next enters the great hall1 in the centre of which commences a broad stairway1 consisting at first of a double flight of steps1 and ultimately of a single flight1 leading to the level of the exhibition floor4 ,running all around the open space on this story caused by the stairway is a corridor1 two sides of which1 parallel with the stairway1 comprise a double arcade1 supported on columns of variegated and polished marble1 the capitals of which1 of white marble1 are hereafter to be sculptured in delicate leaf-and-flower work from nature4 ,opening from this corridor are the exhibition rooms1 which also communicate with each other1 and of which the largest is thirty by seventy-six feet1 and the smallest1 used as a gallery of sculpture1 is twenty-one feet square4 ,these are all lighted by sky-lights1 and are intended for the purposes of the annual exhibitions4 ,in the corridor surrounding the stairway are to be hung the works of art belonging to the ,academy1 although at present its walls are covered with pictures contributed to this year's exhibition4 ,the several rooms described are well-lighted1 and though smaller perhaps than the large outlay upon the building might have led the public to expect1 seem excellently adapted for their purposes4 ,the largest of them is a model exhibition gallery in respect to proportions and light1 and all are tastefully finished and pannelled with walnut from floor to ceiling4 ,throughout the building the same costly and durable style prevails1 the wood-work being of oak and walnut1 and the vestibules floored with mosaic of tiles4 ,so much for the interior1 against which no serious complaint has been uttered4 ,externally the walls of the basement story are of gray marble relieved by bands of graywacke1 those of the story above of white marble with similar bands1 while the uppermost story is of white marble with checker-work pattern of oblong gray blocks1 laid stair-fashion4 ,the whole is surmounted by a rich arcaded cornice of white marble4 ,the double flight of white marble steps on ,twenty-third street1 leading to the main entrance1 is1 perhaps1 the most marked feature of the building1 at once graceful1 rich1 and substantial1 and may fairly challenge comparison with any similar structure of like pattern in the country4 ,under the platform is a triple arcade1 inclosing a drinking-fountain1 and profusely decorated with sculpture1 and from the upper landing springs the great arched ,gothic portal1 large enough almost for the entrance to a cathedral4 ,on either side of this are two columns of red ,vermont marble with white marble capitals and bases1 on which rests a broad archivolt enriched with sculpture and varied by voussoirs1 alternately white and gray4 ,the tympanum above the door is to be filled with an elaborate mosaic of colored tile work4 ,the basement windows1 on ,fourth avenue1 are double1 with segmental arches1 each pair of which is supported in the middle on a clustered column with rich carved capital and base4 ,all the other windows in the building have pointed arches1 and the archivolts of those in the first story are decorated like that of the doorway4 ,in the place of windows on the gallery floor are circular openings for ventilation1 filled with elaborate tracery4 ,the building was designed by ,mr4 ,p4 ,b4 ,wight1 and erected at a cost of over two hundred thousand dollars4 ,without attempting to inquire whether this or that portion of the building is correctly designed1 or even whether the whole is entirely satisfactory1 or the reverse1 we may say that in the opinion of most persons the external flight of steps and the entrance are too large and elaborate for the building1 reminding one of those remarkable edifices for banking or other public purposes occasionally to be seen in this city1 which are all portico1 as if the main structure had walked away1 or had not been considered of sufficient importance to be added to the entrance4 ,it is partly owing to this defect1 and partly to the insufficient area on which it is built1 #dbb that the ,academy seems wanting in height and depth1 and therefore devoid of just proportions--has in fact an unmistakable dumpy look4 ,many an architect before ,mr4 ,wight has been prevented by want of space from effectively developing ideas intrinsically good1 and perhaps the severest criticism that can be pronounced against him in the present instance is that ambition has led him to attempt what his better judgment might have taught him was impossible4 ,cut your coat according to your cloth1 is a maxim of which the applicability is not yet exhausted4 ,again1 the obtrusive ugliness of the skylights1 rising clear above the sculptured cornices1 can hardly fail to offend the eye1 and suggests the idea of an encumbered or even an overloaded roof4 ,if to these defects be added the curious optical delusion by which the gray marble checker-work on the upper story appears uneven and awry1 and which denotes a radical error in design1 we believe we have mentioned the chief features of the building which even those who profess to admire it unite in condemning4 ,the objection that the building is of unusual form and appearance1 and out of keeping with the styles of architecture in vogue with us1 is not worthy of serious consideration4 ,having said so much in depreciation of the ,academy1 we must also say that it conveys on the whole an elegant1 artistic1 and even cheerful impression to the mind1 relieving1 with its beautiful contrasts of white and gray and slate1 the sombre blocks of red or brown buildings which surround it1 and actually lightening up the rather prosaic quarter in which it stands4 ,too much praise cannot be accorded to the architect for the combinations of color which he has infused into his design2 and1 granting that in this respect he has committed some errors of detail1 they are trifling in comparison with the good effects which will probably result from the future employment of this means of embellishment4 ,what if the idea1 imperfectly embodied in this experimental building1 should in the end compass the overthrow of that taste which leads us to build gloomy piles of brown houses1 overlaid with tawdry ornamentation1 and pronounce them beautiful8 ,when such an innovation is attempted and finds even a moderate degree of favor1 there is hope that the era of architectural coldness and poverty may yet pass away4 ,the carving profusely distributed on both the exterior and interior of the building1 and of which1 we are told1 the flowers and leaves of our woods have furnished the models1 is for the most part exquisite in design and execution4 ,here1 at least1 is naturalistic art1 against which the sticklers for idealism can offer no objection1 so beautiful and appropriate are the designs1 and so suggestive of the necessity of going back to nature for inspiration4 ,if the new ,academy possessed no other merit than this1 it would nevertheless subserve a useful purpose in the development of taste4 ,having devoted so much space to the building1 we can only allude generally to the contents of its galleries1 of which we propose to speak more at length in a future notice4 ,the exhibition1 though inferior to those of some years in the number1 exceeds them all in the quality of its pictures1 and presents on the whole a creditable and encouraging view of the progress of ,american art4 ,if the capacity of the galleries is not so great as was expected1 there is on the other hand less danger that the eye will be offended by a long array of unsightly works1 and we may probably bid good-bye to the monstrosities of composition and color which the ,academy was formerly compelled to receive1 in order to eke out its annual exhibitions4 ,such has been the increase in the number of our resident artists of late years1 that but a limited number of pictures1 and those consequently their best efforts1 can henceforth be contributed by each4 ,this fact alone will ensure a constantly increasing improvement to succeeding exhibitions4 ,as usual1 landscape predominates1 with every variety of treatment and motive1 from ,academic generalization and pure naturalism down to ,pre-,raphaelitism and hopeful though somewhat imperfect attempts at ideal sentiment4 ,portraiture and genre are also well represented1 with a fair proportion of animal1 flower1 and still-life pieces1 and of the numerous family of miscellaneous subjects which defy classification4 ,history is even less affected than usual1 the dramatic episodes of the great rebellion failing to suggest subjects to our painters other than those of an indirect or merely probable character4 ,so far as the present exhibition may be supposed to afford an #dbc indication1 high art1 and particularly that branch of it which illustrates sacred history1 is defunct among--us a circumstance which those who have witnessed previous efforts by contemporary ,american painters in that department will not perhaps regret4 ,the pictures are generally hung with judgment1 and in a spirit of fairness which ought to satisfy1 though it will not probably in every instance1 the demands of exhibitors4 ,and it may be added that they appear to good effect1 and are daily admired1 using the word in its derived as well as its more common sense1 by throngs of visitors4 ,church1 the landscape painter1 has recently gone to the ,west ,indies1 with the intention of passing the summer in the mountain region of ,jamaica1 where he will doubtless find abundant materials for study4 ,he leaves behind a large unfinished work of great promise1 ,the ,rainbow in the ,tropics1 and some completed ones of less dimensions4 ,augero1 an ,italian artist1 has recently completed for a church in ,boston a picture of ,st4 ,andrew bearing the cross1 of which a contemporary says3 ,mr4 ,augero has departed from the traditional types that have descended to him1 and has treated the picture in a manner entirely his own4 ,the head of the saint is finely handled1 and1 without being too much spiritualized1 has sufficient of the ideal to give it value both as a church picture and a work of art4 ,in general arrangement and color the work is especially to be admired4 ,this artist is said to have received quite a number of commissions for ecclesiastical decoration4 ,palmer is completing a bust of ,washington ,irving1 which has been pronounced by the friends of the latter a successful likeness4 ,an essay on ,gustave ,dore1 by ,b4 ,p4 ,g4 ,hamilton1 will soon be published by ,leypoldt of ,philadelphia4 ,the spring exhibition of the ,pennsylvania ,academy of ,fine ,arts is now open in ,philadelphia4 ,the collections are said to be large and to represent all departments of painting4 ,foreign4--,the ,exhibition of the ,society of ,british ,artists and the ,general ,exhibition of ,water ,color ,drawings opened in ,london in the latter part of ,april4 ,the former contains more than a thousand pictures1 few of which1 it is said1 rise above the most common average of picture-making1 while the greater part fall below it4 ,there is something very depressing1 says the ,reader1 about such a large display of commonplace art4 ,it is almost painful to have the fact forced upon one's mind1 that the thought and labor represented in all these pictures is misapplied1 if not wasted2 for to this conclusion we must come1 if we bring the display in ,suffolk street to the test of comparison with any real work of art4 ,a fine picture by ,landseer or ,millais would outweigh1 in intrinsic value1 the whole collection4 ,denude the ,royal ,academy exhibition of the works of ,landseer1 ,millais1 ,philip1 and other of its most accomplished contributors1 and subtract from it at the same time the works of promise which lend to it so great an interest1 and we should have a second ,suffolk street exhibition1 characterized by a similar dead level of mediocrity and insipidity2 for neither highly accomplished work nor sign of promise is to be seen in this the forty-second annual exhibition of the ,society of ,british ,artists4 ,from which it would appear that contemporary art in ,england gives no remarkable promise4 ,a large collection of the late ,john ,leech's sketches1 etc41 was lately sold in ,london4 ,it comprised the original designs for the political cartoons and pictures of life and character which have appeared in ,punch during the last twenty years2 the designs for the ,ingoldsby ,legends1 ,jorrock's ,hunt1 ,ask ,mamma1 ,mr4 ,facey ,romford's ,hounds1 and other sporting novels1 and several pictures in oil4 ,the prices ran very high1 the net result being ,l#d1jhi4 ,the collection of paintings and water color drawings by the best modern ,british artists1 formed by ,mr4 ,john ,knowles1 of ,manchester1 was recently disposed of in ,london at very handsome prices4 ,the chief attraction was ,rosa ,bonheur's ,muleteers ,crossing the ,pyrenees1 which brought #b1jjj guineas4 ,the collection realized ,l#ba1gej4 ,preparations are making to remove the cartoons of ,raphael from ,hampton ,court to the new north fire-proof gallery in the ,south ,kensington ,museum1 formerly occupied by the ,british pictures of the ,national ,gallery4 ,the ,great ,pourtales sale has closed #dbd after lasting upward of a month and realizing a sum total of nearly three millions of francs4 ,a ,paris paper states that1 considering the interest of the sums expended in forming the collection as money lost1 the sale will give a profit on the outlay of a million and a half of francs1 or about a hundred per cent4--a notable illustration of the mania for picture buying now prevailing in ,europe4 ,the owner died ten years ago1 leaving directions that the collection should not be sold until #ahfd1 for which his heirs and representatives are doubtless properly grateful4 ,the following will give an idea of the prices fetched by the best pictures3 ,campagne1 ,ph4 de3 ,the ,marriage of the ,virgin1 formerly the altar-piece of the chapel of the ,palais ,royal1 sold for #dc1ejj;f4 ,hals1 ,francis3 ,an unknown portrait of a man2 his left hand leaning on his hip and touching the handle of his sword1 #ea1jjj;f4 ,rembrandt3 ,portrait of a ,burgomaster1 #cd1ejj;f4 ,by the same3 ,portrait of a veteran soldier seated at a table1 #bg1jjj;f4 ,murillo3 ,the ,triumph of the ,eucharist2 with the words ,in finem dilexit eos1 #fg1ejj;f42 bought for the ,louvre4 ,by the same3 ,the ,virgin bending over the infant ,christ1 whom she presses to her bosom1 #ah1jjj;f4 ,by the same3 ,st4 ,joseph holding the infant ,christ by the hand1 #ae1jjj;f4 ,velasquez3 ,the ,orlando ,muerto1 a bare-headed warrior1 in a black cuirass1 lying dead in a grotto strewn with human bones1 his right hand on his breast1 his left on the guard of his sword2 from the roof of the grotto hangs a lamp1 in which the flame is flickering1 #cg1jjj;f4 ,albert ,durer3 ,a pen drawing1 representing ,samson1 of colossal size1 routing the ,philistines with the jaw-bone of an ass1 #d1ejj;f4 ,a portrait by ,antonelli di ,messina1 bought years ago in ,florence by ,pourtales for #a1ejj;f41 and appraised in his inventory at #bj1jjj;f41 was sold to the ,louvre1 where it now hangs in the salon carre1 for #aac1jjj;f4 ,gustave ,dore is announced to have undertaken to illustrate ,shakespeare and the ,bible4 ,the sale of the ,due de ,moray's gallery of paintings will take place in ,june4 ,it contains six ,meissoniers1 which cost1 at the utmost1 not above #fj1jjj francs1 but which will now probably fetch more than double that price4 ,a picture by ,ribera1 representing ,st4 ,luke taking the likeness of the ,virgin1 was sold recently in ,paris for #ba1jjj;f4 ,french landscape art has lost one of its chief illustrators in the person of ,constant ,troyon1 who died in the latter part of ,march1 aged about fifty-two4 ,he has been called the creator of the modern ,french school of landscape1 and delighted in cheerful aspects of nature1 which he rendered with masterly skill4 ,rural life1 with its pleasing accessories of winding streams1 picturesque low banks1 groups of cattle1 and shady hamlets1 formed the favorite subjects of his pencil2 and though his style was not always exact1 he succeeded in infusing an unusual degree of physical life into his pictures1 without ever degenerating into mere naturalism4 ,as a colorist he excelled all contemporary animal and landscape painters1 and used his brush with a freedom rivalling that of ,delacroix4 ,he died insane1 and is said to have left a fortune of #a1bjj1jjj francs4 ,some of his pictures are owned in ,new ,york4 ,a painting by ,murillo1 from the collection of the late ,marquis ,aguado1 representing the death of ,santa ,clara1 has been sold to the ,royal ,gallery of ,madrid for #ge1jjj francs4 ---- #dbe ,,new ,,publications4 ,,the ,,correlation ,,and ,,conservation ,,of ,,forces3 ,a ,,series ,,of ,,expositions1 by ,prof4 ,grove1 ,prof4 ,helmholtz1 ,dr4 ,mayer1 ,dr4 ,faraday1 ,prof4 ,liebig1 and ,dr4 ,carpenter4 ,with an ,introduction and brief ,biographical ,notices of the chief ,promoters of the new views4 ,by ,edward ,l4 ,youmans1 ,m4,d4 #abmo41 pp4 xlii41 #dch4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,company4 ,religious writers have repeatedly deplored the materialistic tendency of modern scientific research1 and in many cases1 no doubt1 the complaint is a just one4 ,but we must not forget that the bad tendency is in the philosophical system which is sought to be built upon the facts of discovery1 not in the facts themselves4 ,every development1 of truth1 every fresh unveiling of the mechanism of the universe1 must of necessity redound to the greater glory of ,god4 ,and it seems to us that no scientific theory which has been broached for many years speaks more gloriously of the disposing and over-ruling hand of an all-wise ,creator than the one to which the volume now before us is devoted4 ,if there could be any place for comparison in speaking of the exercise of omnipotence1 we might say that the new view of the nature and mode of action of the physical forces represents creation as a far more marvellous act than the old one did4 ,we speak of the correlation and conservation of force as a new theory because it is only lately that it has attracted much attention beyond the higher scientific circles1 and indeed it would perhaps be going too far to say that it is yet firmly established4 ,it has been developing however for a number of years1 and the most distinguished experts in physical science have for some time accepted it with remarkable unanimity4 ,in the book whose title we have given above1 ,dr4 ,yournans has brought together eight of the most valuable essays in which the theory has been maintained or explained by its founders and chief supporters4 ,he has made his selection with excellent judgment1 and prefixed to the whole a clear and well-written introduction1 by the aid of which any reader of ordinary education will be able to appreciate what follows4 ,the longest and most important essay is that by ,professor ,grove on ,the ,correlation of ,physical ,forces4 ,force is defined by ,professor ,grove as that active principle inseparable from matter which induces its various changes4 ,in other words1 it is the agent or producer of change or motion4 ,the modifications of this general agent--heat1 light1 electricity1 magnetism1 chemical affinity1 gravity1 cohesive attraction1 etc4--are called the physical forces4 ,in many cases1 where one of these is excited all the others are set in motion3 thus when sulphuret of antimony is electrified1 at the moment of electrization it becomes magnetic2 at the same time it is heated2 if the heat is raised to a certain intensity1 light is produced2 the compound is decomposed1 and chemical action is thereby brought into play2 and so on4 ,moreover1 we cannot magnetize a body without electrizing it1 and vice-versa4 ,this necessary reciprocal production is what is understood by the term correlation of forces--or in other words1 we may say that any one of the natural forces may be converted into another mode of force1 and may be reproduced by the same force4 ,a striking example of the conversion of heat into electricity is furnished by an experiment of ,seebeck's4 ,two dissimilar metals are brought together and heated at the point of contact4 ,a current of electricity flows through the metals1 having a definite direction according to the metals employed2 continues as long as an increasing temperature is pervading the metals2 ceases when the temperature is stationary2 and flows backward when the heat begins to decrease4 ,the immediate convertibility of heat into light is not yet established beyond question1 although these two forces exhibit many curious analogies with each other4 ,but heat through the medium of electricity may easily be turned into light1 chemical affinity1 magnetism1 etc4 ,electricity directly produces heat1 as in the ignited wire1 the electric spark1 and the #dbf voltaic arc4 ,the last-named phenomenon--the flame which plays between the terminal points of a powerful voltaic battery produces the most intense heat with which we are acquainted2 so intense1 in fact1 that it cannot be measured1 as every sort of matter is dissipated by it4 ,for instance1 it actually distils or volatilizes iron1 a metal which by ordinary means is fusible only at a very high temperature4 ,the voltaic arc also produces the most intense light that we know of4 ,instances of the conversion of electricity into magnetism and chemical action are familiar to everybody4 ,the reciprocal relations of light with other modes of force are thus far very imperfectly known4 ,professor ,grove however describes an experiment by which light is made to produce simultaneously chemical action1 electricity1 magnetism1 heat1 and motion4 ,the conversion of light into chemical force in photography is another exemplification of the law of correlation1 and ,bunsen and ,roscoe have experimentally shown that certain rays of light are extinguished or absorbed in doing chemical work4 ,a familiar example of the change of light into heat is seen in the phenomena of what is termed the absorption of light4 ,place different colored pieces of cloth on snow exposed to sunshine3 black will absorb the most light1 and will also develop the most heat1 as may be seen by its sinking deepest in the snow2 white1 which absorbs little or no light1 will not sink at all4 ,the evolution of one force or mode of force into another has naturally induced many to regard all the different natural agencies as reducible to unity1 and much ingenuity has been expended on the question which force is the efficient cause of all the others4 ,one says electricity1 another chemical action1 another gravity4 ,professor ,grove believes that all are wrong3 each mode of force may produce the others1 and none can be produced except by some other as an anterior force4 ,we can no more determine which is the efficient cause than we can determine whether the chicken is the cause of the egg1 or the egg the cause of the chicken4 ,the tendency of recent researches however is toward the conclusion that all the physical forces are simply modes of motion2 that as1 in the case of friction1 the gross or palpable motion which is arrested by the contact of another body1 is subdivided into molecular motions or vibrations 7or as ,helmholtz expresses it1 peculiar shivering motions of the ultimate particles of bodies71 which motions are only heat or electricity1 as the case may be2 so the other affections are only matter moved or molecularly agitated in certain definite directions4 ,the identity of motion with heat was established in the last century by our countryman1 ,count ,rumford1 and has lately been beautifully illustrated by ,professor ,tyndall in his charming lectures on ,heat considered as a ,mode of ,motion4 ,dr4 ,mayer1 of ,heilbronn1 and ,mr4 ,joule1 of ,manchester1 independently of each other1 established the exact ratio between heat and motive power1 showing that a quantity of heat sufficient to raise one pound of water one degree ,fahrenheit in temperature is able to raise to the height of one foot a weight of #ggb pounds2 and conversely1 that a weight of #ggb pounds falling from a height of one foot evolves enough heat to raise the temperature of a pound of water one degree4 ,that is1 this quantity of force1 expressed as #ggb foot-pounds1 is to be regarded as the mechanical equivalent of #a deg4 of temperature4 ,professor ,grove considers at some length the identity of motion with other forms of force1 especially electricity and magnetism1 and alludes briefly to the inevitable consequence of this theory1 that the different forces must bear an exact quantitative relation to each other4 ,the great problem which remains to be solved1 he says1 in regard to the correlation of physical forces1 is this establishment of their equivalents of power1 or their measurable relation to a given standard4 ,the doctrine of the conservation or persistence of force seems to flow naturally from what has been said above4 ,it means simply that force is never destroyed3 when it ceases to exist in one form it only passes into another4 ,power or energy1 like matter1 is neither created nor annihilated3 ,though ever changing form1 its total quantity in the universe remains constant and unalterable4 ,every manifestation of force must have come from a pre-existing equivalent force1 and must give rise to a subsequent and equal amount of some other force4 ,when1 therefore1 a force or effect appears1 we are not at liberty to assume that it was self-originated1 or #dbg came from nothing2 when it disappears we are forbidden to conclude that it is annihilated3 we must search and find whence it came and whither it has gone2 that is1 what produced it1 and what effect it has itself produced4 7,introduction1 p4 xiii47 ,this branch of the subject will be found clearly and concisely treated in ,professor ,faraday's paper on ,the ,conservation of ,force 7pp4 #cei-chc74 ,dr4 ,carpenter carries the new theory into the higher realms of nature1 and shows the applicability of the principle of correlation and conservation to the vital phenomena of growth and development4 ,these forces1 he says1 are generated in living bodies by the transformation of the light1 heat1 and chemical action supplied by the world around1 and are given back to it again1 either during their life1 or after its cessation1 chiefly in motion and heat1 but also1 to a less degree1 in light and electricity4 ,vital force is that power by virtue of which a germ endowed with life is developed into an organization of a type resembling that of its parents1 and which subsequently maintains that organism in its integrity4 ,the prevalent opinion until lately has been that this force is inherent in the germ1 which has been supposed to derive from its parent not merely its material substance1 but a germ-force1 in virtue of which it develops and maintains itself1 beside imparting a fraction of the same force to each of its descendants4 ,in this view of the question1 the aggregate of all the germ-forces appertaining to the descendants1 however numerous1 of a common parentage1 must have existed in the original progenitors4 ,take the case of the successive viviparous broods of ,aphides1 which 7it has been calculated7 would amount in the tenth brood to the bulk of five hundred millions of stout men3 a germ-force capable of organizing this vast mass of living structure must have been shut up in the single individual1 weighing perhaps the #a-ajjjth of a grain1 from which the first brood was evolved6 ,so1 too1 in ,adam must have been concentrated the germ-force of every individual of the human race1 from the creation to the end of the world4 ,this1 says ,dr4 ,carpenter1 is a complete reductio ad absurdum4 ,according to his theory1 the germ supplies not the force1 but the directive agency4 ,the vital force of an animal or a plant is supplied by the same physical agencies which we have considered above4 ,dr4 ,youmans in his introduction is disposed to push this part of the subject yet further1 and to identify physical with intellectual force2 but into this dangerous region it is unnecessary to follow him4 ,some of the explanations of natural phenomena which are drawn as corollaries from the new theory of forces are in the highest degree curious and beautiful4 ,many of our readers will find ,dr4 ,mayer's paper ,on ,celestial ,dynamics one of the most interesting portions of the book4 ,he applies the principle of the convertibility of heat and motion to the question of the origin of the sun's heat1 which he ascribes to the fall of asteroids upon the sun's surface4 ,that an immense number of cosmical bodies are moving through the heavens and streaming toward the solar surface1 is well known to all physicists4 ,now it is calculated that a single asteroid falling into the sun generates from #d1fjj to #i1bjj times as much heat as would be generated by the combustion of an equal mass of coal1 and the mass of matter which in the form of asteroids falls into the sun every minute is from two to four hundred thousand billions of pounds6 ,the enormous heat which must be evolved by such a bombardment is almost inconceivable4 ,,real ,,and ,,ideal4 ,by ,john ,w4 ,montclair4 #abmo41 pp4 #aai4 ,philadelphia3 ,frederick ,leypoldt4 ,new ,york3 ,hurd ,houghton4 ,this is a dainty little volume of poems1 partly translated from the ,german1 partly the offspring of the native muse4 ,they are simple1 unpretending1 and as a general thing melodious4 ,the author probably has not aspired to a very high place in the temple of fame2 without the ambition to produce anything very striking or very original1 he has been satisfied with the endeavor which he pithily expresses in his ,prologue3 ,clearer to think what others thought before-- ,keenly to feel th' afflictions of our race-- ,better to say what others oft have said-- and if he does not always think clearer and speak better than those in whose footsteps he treads1 there is at all events that in his verse which promises better #dbh things after more practice4 ,his faults are chiefly those of carelessness and inexperience4 ,his metaphors are superabundant1 and sometimes incongruous4 ,he has a good ear for rhythm2 but we often find him tripping in his prosody4 ,often too the requirements of the metre lead him to eke out a line with expletives1 or weaken it with unnecessary epithets4 ,but we can commend the book for its healthy tone4 ,mr4 ,montclair has no tendency toward the morbid psychological school of poetry4 ,he delights rather in the contemplation of nature1 and in moralizing on the life and aspirations of man4 ,in neither does he discover much that is new2 but the natural beauties which he sings are those of which we do not easily tire1 and his moral reflections are just though they may not be profound4 ,for the matter of his translations he has chosen some of the simplest and shortest of the ,german legendary ballads4 ,several of them are rendered with considerable neatness and delicacy4 ,the following version of a ballad to which attention has been particularly called of late1 is a favorable specimen of ,mr4 ,montclair's powers3 ,,lenore4 ,above the stars are twinkling-- ,the moon is shining bright-- ,and the dead they ride by night4 ',my love1 wilt ope thy window8 ,i cannot long remain1 ,and may not come again4 ',the cock already crows-- ,tells of the dawning day1 ,and warns me far away4 ',my journey distant lies2 ,afar with thee1 my bride1 ,a hundred leagues we'll ride4 ',in ,hungary's fair land ,i've found a tranquil spot1 ,a little garden plot4 ',and there1 within the green1 ,a little cottage rests1 ,befitting bridal guests4' ',oh1 thou hast lingered long2 ,beloved1 welcome here-- ,lead on1 ,i'll never fear4' ',so1 wrap my mantle 'round2 ,the moon will be our guide1 ,and quick by night we'll ride4' ',when will our journey end8 ,for heavy grows my sight1 ,and lonely is the night4' ',yon gate leads to our home3 ,our bridal tour is done-- ,my purpose now is won4 ',dismount we from our steed2 ,here lay thy aching head-- ,this tomb's our bridal bed4 ',now art thou truly mine3 ,i rode away thy breath-- ,thou art the bride of death6' ,,faith1 ,,the ,,victory2 ,,on ,a ,,comprehensive ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,principal ,,doctrines ,,of ,,the ,,christian ,,religion4 ,by ,rt4 ,rev4 ,john ,mc,gill1 ,d4,d41 ,bishop of ,richmond4 #abmo41 pp4 viii41 #ccf4 ,richmond3 ,j4 ,w4 ,randolph4 ,this work is a curiosity as a specimen of the literature of the late ,confederate ,states of ,america1 and of course its typography and general execution are plain and unpretending4 ,the work itself is the production of a prelate of high character and reputation for his thorough theological erudition and ability as a writer1 and as a clear logical expounder of ,catholic doctrine4 ,it is written in a very systematic and exact manner2 the style is terse1 the treatment of topics brief but comprehensive2 and yet1 so lucid are the statements and so simple the language1 that it is throughout intelligible to the ordinary reader1 and in great part so to any one of good common sense who can read ,english and is able to understand a plain1 simple treatise on religious doctrine4 ,it may be characterized as an elementary treatise on theology for the laity1 and as such is adapted to be very useful to ,catholics1 and also to those non-,catholics who retain the doctrine of the old orthodox ,protestant tradition4 ,the right reverend author is throughout careful to discriminate between the defined doctrine of the ,church and the teaching of theologians1 and is extremely cautious in expounding his opinion on those topics which are controverted between the different schools4 ,the authority of the ,catholic ,church is established by the usual plain and irresistible deductions from the premises admitted by those who fully accept ,christianity as a divine revelation and the ,scripture as the infallible word of ,god4 ,the dogmas of the #dbi ,catholic faith are stated in the plain ordinary language of the ,church1 with some account of the principal methods of explaining difficulties in vogue among theologians1 and with proofs derived from ,scriptures and tradition4 ,the stress of the entire argument rests principally on the evidence that the ,catholic dogmas have been revealed by ,god and clearly deduced by the infallible authority of the ,church1 consequently must be believed as certain truths4 ,the line of fracture1 where that fragment of ,christianity called orthodox ,protestantism was broken off from the integral system of ,christian doctrine at the ,reformation1 is distinctly traced1 and orthodox ,protestants are shown that they are logically compelled to complete their own belief by becoming ,catholics4 ,the old ,protestant tradition has a far more extensive sway in the southern states than among ourselves1 and this excellent treatise will no doubt be the means of bringing numbers of those who are well-disposed1 and need only to be taught what the revealed doctrines of ,christianity really are1 into the bosom of the ,church4 ,in this section of the ,united ,states1 the greater portion of those who are willing to examine the evidences of the ,catholic religion have floated far away from their old land-marks4 ,in order to reach their minds1 it is necessary to present the rational arguments which will solve their difficulties much more fully than is done in this treatise1 and to interpret for them ecclesiastical and theological formulas in which divine truths are embodied in language which is intelligible to their intellect in its present state4 ,they are either extreme rationalists or moderate rationalists2 that is1 they either reject the supernatural revelation entirely1 or admit only so much of it as can be proved to them to be true on grounds of pure reason4 ,hence1 we are obliged to begin with the intrinsic evidence of the truth and reasonableness of the ,catholic faith1 before we can bring the force of extrinsic revelation by the authority of the ,church to bear upon their mind4 ,we welcome the present of this treatise from the ,bishop of ,richmond for another reason1 as well as for its intrinsic value4 ,it is a sign of the renewal of that ecclesiastical intercourse with our brethren of the southern states which has so long been interrupted4 ,and1 in conclusion1 we desire to call particular attention to the ensuing extract1 as an evidence of the falsehood of the charge which our enemies are at present disposed to make against the ,catholic ,church of sanctioning some of the worst enormities of slavery3 ,and here we would take occasion to deplore the conduct of the civil government in this country1 regarding the matrimonial contract of slaves1 which1 though the rulers profess ,christianity1 is completely ignored even as a civil contract1 and left entirely to the caprice of owners1 who frequently without scruple or hesitation1 and for the sake of interest or gain1 part man and wife1 separate parents from their children1 and treat the matrimonial union among them as if it were really no more than the chance association of unreasoning animals4 ,often1 also1 some of these marriages are indissoluble by the sacramental bond1 as well as by the original design of the ,creator1 and by the action of ,christian proprietors and the neglect of a ,christian government1 these separated parties are subjected to the temptation to form criminal and forbidden alliances1 from which frequency1 custom1 and the condition of servitude have removed1 in the public view1 the shame and stigma which they possess before ,god1 and according to the maxims of the gospel4 ,christian proprietors will know and tolerate these alliances in their slaves1 even when made without any formality1 and where they are aware that one or both is under the obligation of other ties4 ,it is not certain that the present dreadful calamities which afflict the country are not the scourge of ,god1 chiefly for this sin1 among the many that provoke his anger1 in our people4 ,he is not likely to leave long unpunished in a nation the palpable and flagrant contempt of his holy laws1 such as is evinced in this neglect or refusal to respect in slaves the holiness1 the unity1 and the indissolubility of marriage4 ,it would appear that by the present convulsions his providence is preparing for them at least a recognition of those rights as immortal beings which are required for the observance of the paramount laws of ,god4 ,and if citizens desire to see the nation prosper and enjoy the blessing of ,god1 let all unite to procure from the civil government1 for the slaves1 that their marriages be esteemed as ,god intends1 and not be dealt with in future as they have been hitherto4 ---- #dcj ,,mater ,,admirablis2 ,,or1 ,,first ,,fifteen ,,years ,,of ,,mary ,,immaculate4 ,by ,rev4 ,alfred ,monnin1 author of ,the ,life of the ,cure d',ars4 ,translated from the ,french by the ,sisters of ,charity1 ,mount ,st4 ,vincent1 ,,ky4 #abmo41 pp4 #ece4 ,new ,york3 ,james ,b4 ,kirker4 ,on the wall of a corridor in the convent of ,trinita del ,monti1 at ,rome1 there is a fresco representing the ,blessed ,virgin1 ,mater admirabilis1 at the age of fifteen4 ,she is depicted spinning flax within the precincts of the temple1 with her work-basket and an open book beside her4 ,the picture was painted some twenty years ago by a young postulant of the community of ,ladies of the ,sacred ,heart1 to whom the ,trinita belongs4 ,it is not said that it is in any way remarkable as a work of art2 but it has acquired a celebrity among pious ,catholics second to that of hardly any picture in the world4 ,since the year #ahdf1 when the ,holy ,father gave his solemn blessing to the picture1 remarking that it was a pious thought to represent the most ,holy ,virgin at an age when she seemed to have been forgotten1 signal favors have repeatedly been bestowed upon persons who have prayed before it4 ,the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,blampin1 a missionary from ,oceanica1 recovered his voice at the feet of the ,mater admirabilis1 in #ahdf1 after having been deprived of it for twenty-one months4 ,in a transport of gratitude he obtained permission to say mass before the fresco1 and from that day the corridor became a real sanctuary4 ,a great number of miraculous cures were reported as having been wrought there1 and multitudes of sinners who came out of mere curiosity to gaze upon a picture of which so much had been said1 were converted by an instantaneous infusion of divine grace4 ,in #ahdi ,pope ,pius ,,ix41 by an apostolic brief1 granted permission for the celebration of the festival of the ,mater admirabilis on the #bjth of ,october1 and enriched the sanctuary with indulgences4 ,in #ahed1 by a second rescript1 he confirmed an indulgence of three hundred days1 which he had previously granted verbally to all the faithful who should recite three ,hail ,maries before this holy painting1 adding the invocation1 ,mater admirabilis1 ora pro nobis2 and in the following year the indulgences were extended to the entire order of the ,sacred ,heart4 ,the devotion to the ,mother most admirable spread rapidly1 and copies of the painting at the ,trinita were soon to be found in various parts of ,europe and ,america4 ,there is one in the ,convent of the ,sacred ,heart at ,manhattanville1 ,n4 ,y41 from which the frontispiece to the volume before us has been engraved4 ,i admit1 says ,father ,monnin1 speaking of the original1 that of all the different ways by which art has represented this ,virgin by excellence1 there is not one which better corresponds with the beau ideal which1 as a priest1 ,i had loved to form in my mind4 ,like the chaste ,madonnas of the most fervent ages--those of ,beato in particular--this ,madonna of the ,lily makes one feel and understand that its designer had prayed before painting it1 and that her imagination1 fed by faith and the love of ,god1 has delineated the most holy virgin child by interior lights derived from her meditations4 ,by means of a constant communion with things divine1 the disciples of ,fiesole have succeeded in placing themselves as so many mediums between the ,creator and the creature1 by transmitting a ray of that eternal light amidst which they live2 we may say that ,mater admirabilis is of the school of ,fra ,angelico1 although several centuries have elapsed since his time4 ,there is1 as it were1 the image of a pure soul preserved ever from all stain1 sent into the world to be joined to a perfect and immaculate body1 and to become1 in this twofold perfection and purity1 the ineffable instrument of our salvation6 ,it is thus the prophet deserved to see her1 brilliantly resplendent with grace and innocence1 with the clearness of eternal light1 and the splendor of eternal or perpetual virginity4 ,the ineffable peace which took possession of me1 made me understand that beauty of which ,st4 ,thomas speaks1 the sight whereof purifies the senses4 4 4 4 ,there in the wall1 within a niche contiguous to the great church of the monastery1 is the most holy ,virgin1 painted in fresco at full size4 4 4 4 ,the pilgrim looks in surprise1 and very soon feels as if the air around this fair flower of the field and lily of the valley were embalmed with the perfumes of silence and recollection4 ,he sees her occupied in simply spinning flax2 near her1 on the right1 is a distaff resting upon a slender standard1 and on the left a lily rising out of a crystal vase1 and bending its flexible stalk toward ,mary4 4444 ,absorbed in her meditation1 the most holy child has suspended her work2 her shuttle1 become motionless1 falls from her hand1 while her left hand still holds #dca a light thread which remains joined to the flax in the distaff2 one foot of this most holy spinner rests upon a stool1 near which lies an open book1 spread out on a work-basket1 filled with shuttles and skeins4 ,the features of the youthful ,mary express a purity in which there is nothing of earth2 her countenance is modestly tinged1 the ringlets of her golden hair are just perceptible through the wavings of a transparent veil which covers her neck2 her pure virginal brow1 slender figure1 and delicate limbs give her a youthful appearance1 full of grace and truthfulness4 ,it is truly the ,virgin of virgins2 it is truly ,mary1--and ,mary at an age when but few works of art have sought to represent her4 ,the little chapel was soon decorated with votive offerings from all parts of the world4 ,it became a venerated shrine1 and few devout travellers now leave ,rome without having prayed at it4 ,the archives of ,mater admirabilis1 preserved at the ,trinita1 contain records of the conversions1 vocations1 and cures effected at this consecrated spot2 and these1 together with some devotional writings composed by the pupils of the convent1 form the groundwork of ,father ,monnin's book4 ,the matter is arranged in such a way that the work may be used for the devotions of the month of ,may4 ,it is divided into thirty-one chapters1 or days1 each of which contains a meditation having special reference either to some virtue indicated by the picture1 or to ,mary's childhood2 this is followed by an appropriate prayer1 and a narrative taken from the archives4 ,having explained the purpose of ,father ,monnin's book1 we do not know that we need say more by way of recommending it4 ,whatever tends to foster love and veneration for the ,blessed ,virgin must commend itself strongly to every pious ,catholic2 and in the new devotion1 which is here explained and illustrated1 there is something so beautiful and touching1 that we believe it has only to be known in this country to be embraced with the same eager affection as in ,europe4 ,the external appearance of the volume is very attractive4 ,we hail with great pleasure the improvement in taste and liberality evinced by the manufacture of such books as ,kirker's ,mater ,admirabilis and ,o',shea's edition of ,dr4 ,curnmings's ,spiritual ,progress4 ,there is no sufficient reason why ,catholics should not print and bind books as well as other people4 ,,the ,,love ,of ,,religious ,,perfection2 ,,on1 ,,how ,,to ,,awaken1 ,,increase1 ,,and ,,preserve ,,it ,,in ,,the ,,religious ,,soul4 ,by ,father ,joseph ,bayma1 of the ,society of ,jesus4 ,translated from the ,latin by a ,member of the same ,society4 #bdmo41 pp4 #bed4 ,baltimore3 ,john ,murphy ,company4 ,the style and method of this little treatise are modelled upon those of ,the ,imitation of ,christ4 ,the style is clear and severely simple1 not above the plainest comprehension1 and not without attraction for those who are somewhat fastidious in literary matters4 ,father ,bayma professes in his preface to have disregarded all ornaments of composition1 having written his little book not so much for the edification of others as for the profit of his own soul4 ,our readers can readily understand that it is for that very reason all the more searching in its mental examinations and practical in its precepts4 ,father ,bayma divides his work into three books4 ,the first treats of the motives which should urge us toward religious perfection2 the second1 of the means by which perfection is most easily obtained2 and the third1 of the virtues in which it consists4 ,the chapters are short1 and broken up into verses1 and open where we will1 we find something to turn our thoughts toward ,god4 ,nor must it be supposed that1 because the book was written by a religious for his own instruction1 it contains only those more difficult counsels of perfection which few people in the world are found strong enough to follow4 ,like its prototype1 ,the ,imitation of ,christ is a work for all classes--for the easy-going ,christian no less than for the saint4 ,here is an extract from the chapter on ,the ,choice and ,perfection of ,virtues2 we choose it because it illustrates how well even those passages which are directly addressed to religious persons are adapted to the use of persons in the world3 #a4 ,so long as we are weighed down by our mortal flesh1 we cannot acquire the perfection of all virtues2 and therefore1 we have need of selection that we may not labor in vain4 ,choose then a virtue to practise1 until1 #dcb by the assistance of ,god1 thou become most perfect in it4 ,some virtues are continually called for in our daily actions1 and are necessary for all2 and therefore1 should be acquired with particular industry4 ,the more thou shalt make progress in meekness1 patience1 modesty1 temperance1 humility1 and others1 that come into more frequent use1 the sooner wilt thou become holy4 #b4 ,some seek after virtues which have a greater appearance of nobility1 and are reckoned amongst men to be more glorious4 ,they instruct with pleasure1 but it must be in famous churches1 and to a large assembly of noble and learned men4 ,they visit the sick with pleasure1 and hear confessions1 but only of those that are conspicuous for riches or honors4 ,see that thou set not a high value upon these things3 it is more perfect and safer to imitate ,christ our ,lord1 and to go about villages1 than to hunt for the praise of eloquence and learning in cities4 ,it is more useful to thee to visit and console the poor and the rude1 than the rich and noble1 who1 moreover1 are less prepared to listen to and obey thy words4 #c4 ,some are content with the virtues that agree with their natural inclinations2 because they seem easier1 and require not any1 or a less violent struggle4 ,but when they have need of self-denial and mortification1 they have not the courage to practise virtue2 but they lose heart1 turn faint-hearted1 and think it is best to spare themselves4 ,do thou follow them not1 for they that are such make no progress1 but rather fall away from the way of perfection1 because they follow not the teaching and example of ,christ4 ,for it was not those who spare themselves1 and fear the hardship of the struggle1 whom ,christ declared blessed1 but those that mourn1 and fight manfully for justice sake4 ---- ,,la ,,mere ,,de ,,dieu4 ,from the ,italian of ,father ,alphonse ,capecelatro1 of the ,oratory of ,naples4 #bdmo41 pp4 #ahj4 ,philadelphia3 ,peter ,f4 ,cunningham4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,j4 ,sadlier ,company4 ,why not say ,the ,mother of ,god8 ,and why should ,father ,capecelatro1 being an ,italian1 figure with the ,french name of ,alphonse8 ,if we cannot have the title of the book in ,english1 at least let us have it in ,italian--the language in which it was written--not in ,french4 ,but despite the bad taste displayed on the title-page1 this is a very good little book4 ,it exhales a genuine aroma of piety2 it is written with great simplicity2 and it is devoted to a subject which is dear to all of us4 ,it is supposed to be addressed by a ,tuscan priest to his sister4 ,the first part treats of the respect to which the ,blessed ,virgin is entitled2 the second traces her life1 principally in the pages of the ,holy ,scriptures2 and the third is devoted to an exhibition of the marks of veneration which she has received from the ,church since the very beginning of ,christianity4 ,it is charmingly1 almost plaintively sweet1 says ,father ,gratry1 of the ,oratory of ,paris4 ,it is written as a prayer1 not as a book2 it is learned and affectionate1 religious and instructive4 ,,count ,,leslie2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,triumph ,,of ,,filial ,,piety4 ,a ,catholic ,tale4 ,from the ,french4 #bdmo41 pp4 #ajh4 ,,philip ,,hartley2 ,,or1 ,a ,,boy',s ,,trials ,,and ,,triumphs4 ,a ,tale for ,young ,people4 ,by the author of ,the ,confessors of ,connaught4 #bdmo41 pp4 #abb4 ,,the ,,children ,,of ,,the ,,valley2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,ghost ,,of ,,the ,,ruins4 ,translated from the ,french4 #bdmo41 pp4 #abc4 ,,may ,,carleton',s ,,story2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,catholic ,,maiden',s ,,cross4 ,,the ,,miller',s ,,daughter4 ,catholic ,tales4 #bdmo41 pp4 #aae4 ,,cottage ,,evening ,,tales ,,for ,,young ,,people4 ,compiled by the author of ,grace ,morton4 #bdmo41 pp4 #abf4 ,philadelphia3 ,peter ,f4 ,cunningham4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,j4 ,sadlier ,company4 ,the above five volumes are portions of ,cunningham's ,young ,catholic's ,library4 ,they seem to have an excellent moral tendency1 and as a general thing are well written--better written1 we believe1 than the majority of tales intended1 as these are1 for sodality and ,sunday-school libraries4 ,the first mentioned1 however1 ,count ,leslie1 is not rendered into irreproachable ,english4 ,what respect can we expect children to entertain for the ,english grammar if our school libraries give them such cruel sentences to read as the following3 ,it was this young man1 and him1 only1 who knew the cause of his mother's sadness8 ,with this exception we can honestly recommend so much as we have seen of the ,young ,catholic's ,library to public favor4 ,mr4 ,cunningham has other volumes in preparation4 ---------- #dcc ,,the ,,catholic ,,world ,,vol4 ,i41 ,,no4 #d4 ,,july1 #ahfe4 ,,the ,,truth ,,of ,,supposed ,,legends ,,and ,,fables4 ,,by ,h4 ,e4 ,,cardinal ,,wiseman4 ,footnote #gi ,footnote #gi3 ,from ,essays on ,religion and ,literature4 ,by ,various ,writers4 ,edited by ,h4 ,e4 ,manning1 ,d4,d4 ,london2 ,longman1 ,green ,co4 #ahfe4 ,the subject of the address which ,i am about to deliver is as follows3 ,events and things which have been considered legendary1 or even fabulous1 have been proved by further research to be historical and true4 ,before coming directly to the subject upon which ,i wish to occupy your attention1 ,i will give a little account of a very extraordinary discovery which may throw some light upon the general character and tendency of our investigation4 ,in the year #agge ,pius ,,vi4 laid the foundation of the sacristy of ,st4 ,peter's4 ,of course1 as is the case whenever the ground is turned up in ,rome1 a number of inscriptions came to light2 these were carefully put aside1 and formed the lining1 if ,i may so say1 of the corridor which unites the sacristy with the church4 ,it was observed1 however1 that a great many of these inscriptions referred to the same subject1 and a subject which was totally unknown to antiquarians3 they all spoke of certain ,arval ,brethren--,fratres ,arvales4 ,some were mere fragments1 others were entire inscriptions4 ,these1 to the number of sixty-seven1 were carefully put together and illustrated by the then librarian of the ,vatican1 ,mgr4 ,marini4 ,it was an age when in ,rome antiquarian learning abounded4 ,there were many1 perhaps1 who could have undertaken the task1 but it naturally belonged to him as being attached to the church near which the inscriptions were found4 ,he put the fragments together1 collated them one with another1 and with the entire inscriptions4 ,he procured copies at least1 when he could not examine the originals1 of such other slight fragments as seemed to have reference to the subject1 the key having now been found1 and the result was two quarto volumes1 ,footnote #hj giving us the entire history1 constitution1 and ritual of this singular fraternity4 ,before this period two brief notices in ,varro1 one passage in ,pliny1 and allusions in two later writers1 ,minutius ,felix and ,fulgentius1 were all that was known concerning it4 ,one merely told the origin of it from the time of the kings1 and the others only stated that it had something to do with questions about land2 and there the matter ended4 ,now1 out of this ignorance1 out of this darkness1 there springs1 through the researches of ,mgr4 ,marini1 perhaps the most #dcd complete account or history that we have of any institution of antiquity4 ,so complete was the work1 in fact1 that only two inscriptions relating to this subject have been found since2 one by ,melchiorri1 who undertook to write an appendix to the work2 and the other in #ahee in excavating the ,dominican garden at ,santa ,sabina1 which indeed threw great light upon the subject4 ,from these inscriptions we learn that this was one of the most powerful bodies of augurs or priests in ,rome4 ,yet neither ,pliny1 nor ,livy1 nor ,cicero1 when expressly enumerating all the classes of augurs1 ever alludes to them4 ,now1 we know how they were elected4 ,on one tablet is an order of ,claudius to elect a new member1 so to fill up their number of twelve1 in consequence of the death of one4 ,they wrote every year1 and published1 at least put up in their gardens1 a full and minute account of all the sacrifices and the feasts celebrated by them4 ,they were allied to the imperial family1 and all the great families in ,rome took part in their assemblies4 ,they had a sacred grove1 the site of which was perfectly unknown until the last inscription1 found in #ahee1 revealed it4 ,it was out of ,porta ,portese1 on the road to the ,english vineyard at ,la ,magliana4 ,there they had sacrifices to the ,dea ,dia1 whose name occurs nowhere else among all the writers on ancient mythology4 ,it is supposed to be ,ceres4 ,they had magnificent sacrifices at the beginning of the year4 ,there are tablets which say where the meetings will be held1 whether at the house of the rector or pro-rector1 leaving the date in blank1 to be filled in the course of the year4 ,we are told who were at the meetings1 especially who among the youths from the first families--four of whom acted somewhat as acolytes2 and we are told how they were dressed1 which of their two dresses they wore4 ,then there is a most minute ritual given4 ,we are told how each victim was slain2 how the brethren took off the toga praetexta1 their crowns and golden ears of corn1 then put them on again1 and examined the entrails of the sacrifices2 all as minutely detailed as the rubrics of any office of unction and coronation could possibly be4 ,then we are told how many baskets of fruit they carried away1 and what distribution there was of sweetmeats at the end1 every one taking a certain quantity4 ,all this is recorded1 and with it their song in barbarous ,oscan or early ,etruscan1 perfectly unintelligible1 in which their acclamations were made4 ,so that now we know perfectly everything about them4 ,i may mention as an interesting fact1 that ,marini's own copy of his work on the ,arval ,brethren1 two quarto volumes1 having their margins covered with notes for a second edition1 which was never published1 and filled with slips of paper with annotations and new inscriptions of other sorts1 which he subsequently found1 is now in the library at ,oscott4 ,footnote #hj3 ,atti e ,monumenti dei ,fratelli ,arvali4 ,da ,mgr4 ,marini4 #b tom4 ,roma1 #agie4 ,what do ,i wish to draw from this account8 ,it is that history may have remained silent upon points which it seems impossible1 in the multiplicity of writers that have been preserved to us1 should not have cropped out1 not have been mentioned in some way1 not even have been made known to us through innumerable anterior discoveries4 ,one fortunate circumstance brought to light the whole history of this body4 ,how unfair1 then1 is it1 on the reticence of history1 at once to condemn anything1 or to say1 ,we should have heard of it2 writers who ought to have told us would not have concealed it from us4 ,for a circumstance may arise which will bring out the whole history of a thing1 and make that plain and clear before us which has been scouted completely by others1 or of which we have been kept in the completest ignorance4 ,i could illustrate this by several other examples which ,i have collected together1 but ,i foresee that ,i shall not get anything like through the subject ,i propose to myself4 ,but here is one such instance bearing on ,scripture truth4 ,it was said by infidel writers #dce of the last century1 ,how is it that there could have been such a remarkable occurrence as the massacre of the ,innocents without a single profane historian ever mentioning it--,josephus1 if no one else8 ,of course the answer was1 ,we do not know why1 except that we might give plausible reasons why it should not have been noticed4 ,that is all we need say4 ,it is our duty to accept the fact4 ,we must not reject things because we cannot find corroboration of them all at once4 ,we may have to wait with patience2 the world has had to wait centuries even before some doubted truth has come out clearly4 ,i4 ,the subject which ,i wish to bring before you is one of those which1 perhaps beyond any other1 may be said to be considered thoroughly legendary1 and even perhaps worse3--it is the history of ,st4 ,ursula and her eleven thousand companions1 virgins and martyrs4 ,at first sight it may appear bold to undertake a vindication of that narrative1 or to bring it within the compass of history by detaching from it what has been embellishment1 what has been perhaps even wilful invention1 and bringing out in its perfect completeness a history corroborated on all sides by every variety of research4 ,such1 however1 is the object at which ,i aim to-day2 other instances may occupy us afterward4 ,it has1 in fact1 been treated as fabulous by ,protestants1 beginning with the ,centuriators of ,magdeburg down to the present time4 ,there is hardly any story more sneered at than this1 that an ,english lady1 with eleven thousand companions1 all virgins1 should have met with martyrdom at ,cologne1 and should have even gone to ,rome on their journey by some route which is very difficult to comprehend2 for they are always represented in ships4 ,hence the whole thing has been treated as a fable4 ,but the more refined ,germanism of later times takes what is perhaps meant to be a mitigated view1 and treats it as a myth1 that is1 a sort of mythological tale4 ,thus the writer of a late work1 ,footnote #ha entitled the ,history1 or fable1 of ,st4 ,ursula and the ,eleven ,thousand ,virgins1 printed in ,hanover1 in #ahed1 considers that ,st4 ,ursula is the ancient ,german goddess ,rehalennia1 and explains the history by the mythology of that ancient divinity4 ,footnote #ha3 ,die ,sage von der heilige ,ursula und den1 #aa1jjj ,jungfrauen4 ,von ,oskar ,schade4 ,hanover1 #ahed4 ,but let us come to ,catholics4 ,a great number have been staggered completely by this history1 and have said1 ,it is incredible2 it is impossible to believe it2 we must reject it3 what foundation is there for it8 ,some have tried to search one out2 and perhaps one of the most ingenious explanations1 though the most devoid of any foundation1 is that which ,sirmondus and ,valesius ,footnote #hb and several other ,catholics have brought forward--that there were only two saints1 ,st4 ,ursula and ,st4 ,undecimilla1 and that this last has been turned into the eleven thousand4 ,this name ,undecimilla has nowhere been found2 there have been some like it1 but that name is not known4 ,the explanation is the purest conjecture1 and has now been completely rejected4 ,but still many find it very difficult to accept the history4 ,if they were interrogated1 and required to answer distinctly the question1 ,what do you think about ,st4 ,ursula8 there are very few who would venture to face the question and say1 ,i believe there is a foundation for it in truth4--,for that is all one might be expected to say about a matter which has come down to us through ages1 probably with additions4--,i believe the substance of it2 it has been so altered by time as to reach us clogged with difficulties2 still ,i believe there were martyrs in great number who had come from ,england that were martyred at ,cologne4 ,but there are few who like to talk about it3 most say it is a legendary story4 ,even ,butler only gives about two pages of history4 ,he rejects the explanation which ,i have #dcf just mentioned2 but he throws the whole narrative into the shade1 and passes it over with one of those little sermons which he gives us1 to make up for not knowing much about a saint2 so that his readers are left quite in the dark4 ,footnote #hb3 ,acta ,sanct4 ,bolland1 ,oct4 tom4 ix4 p4 #add4 ,then unfortunately while many ,catholics have been inclined to look at it as more legendary than historical1 they have been badly served by those who have undertaken the defence or explanation of the event4 ,there may be many here who have gone into what is called the golden chamber in the church of ,st4 ,ursula at ,cologne1 and have seen that multitude of skulls and bones that line the walls1 and have been inclined to give an incredulous shrug and to say1 ,how could these martyrs have been got together8 where did they come from8 how do we know they were martyrs8 ,we generally content ourselves with looking at such things through the eyes of ,mr4 ,murray's traveller who tells us about them4 ,accordingly we look round at these startling objects1 and say1 ,it is very singular2 it is very extraordinary4 ,but there is very little awe1 very little devotion felt by us2 while1 to a good native of ,cologne1 it is the most venerable1 sacred1 and holy place almost in ,christendom4 ,he prays earnestly to the virgins of ,cologne1 and considers that they are his powerful patrons and intercessors4 ,however1 little has been done to help us4 ,works have been published in favor of the truth of this history1 but then they have run into excess4 ,the most celebrated of all is one by a ,jesuit named ,crombach1 who was led to compose it by ,bebius1 another learned ,jesuit1 whose papers were unfortunately burned in a conflagration at the college in ,cologne4 ,crombach in #afdg published two large volumes entitled ,st4 ,ursula vindicata4 ,in them he has included an immense variety of things4 ,he has accepted with scarce any discrimination works that are entitled to little or no credit--contradictory works2 he has mingled them all up2 and he insists upon the story or the history being true with all details4 ,the consequence is that the work has been very much thrown aside1 or severely attacked4 ,yet it is acknowledged that it contains a great deal of valuable information1 together with an immense quantity of documents which may be made good use of when properly examined1 when the chaff is separated from the wheat4 ,on the whole1 however1 it has not been favorable to the cause of the martyrs4 ,now1 however1 there has appeared such a vindication1 such a wonderful re-examination of the whole history1 as it is impossible to resist4 ,it is impossible to read the account of ,st4 ,ursula given in the #ith volume for ,october of the ,bollandists1 published in #aheh1 without being perfectly amazed at the quantity of real knowledge that has been gained upon the subject1 and still more at the powerful manner in which this knowledge has been handled2--an erudition which1 merely glancing over the pages and notes1 reminds us of the scholars of three hundred years ago1 in whom we have often wondered at the learning which they brought to bear on any one point4 ,this treatise occupies from page #gc to #cjc1 #bcj pages of closely printed folio in two columns4 ,i acknowledge that it is not quite a recreation to read it1 but still it is very well worth reading4 ,all documents are printed at full length4 ,now1 it so happened1 that just after the volume had come out1 ,i was at ,brussels1 and called at the library of the ,bollandists1 and had a most interesting conversation with ,father ,victor de ,buck1 the author of this history4 ,he gave me an interesting outline of what he had been enabled to do4 ,he told me that when they came to ,october #ba1 and he had to write a life of ,st4 ,ursula and her companions1 his provincial wrote to him from ,cologne and said1 ,take care what you say1 for the people are tremendously alarmed lest you should knock down all their traditions1 and ,i #dcg do not know what will be the case if you do4 ,he replied1 ,don't be at all afraid2 ,i shall confirm every point1 and ,i am sure they will be pleased with what ,i have to say4 ,he was kind enough to put down in a letter the chief points of his vindication for me2 but ,i have lost it1 and so there was nothing left but to read through the whole of this great work4 ,but1 beside1 a very excellent compendium has appeared1 which takes pretty nearly the same view on every point1 and approves of everything the author has said2 indeed some points are perhaps put more popularly in it1 though the history is reduced to a much smaller compass4 ,i have the work before me4 ,it is entitled1 ,st4 ,ursula and her ,companions3 ,a ,critical1 ,historical ,monograph4 ,by ,john ,hubert ,kessel4 ,cologne1 #ahfc4 ,it is a work which is not too long to be translated and made known4 ,what ,i have to say1 after having gone through this preliminary matter1 is1 that ,i lay claim to nothing whatever beyond having been diligent1 and having endeavored to grasp all the points in question1 and reduce them to a moderate compass4 ,i have changed the order altogether1 taking that which seems to me most suitable to the subject1 and co-ordinating the different parts and facts so as to make it popularly intelligible4 ,in this ,i have the satisfaction to find that in a chapter at the end of the book1 in which the history is summed up1 exactly the same order is taken which ,i have adopted here4 ,it will not be necessary to give a reference for every assertion that ,i shall have occasion to make2 but ,i may say that ,i have the page carefully noted where the subject is fully drawn out and illustrated4 ,now1 let me first of all give1 in a brief sketch1 what ,father de ,buck considers the real history1 which has been wrapt up in such a quantity of legendary matter--that which comes out from the different documents laid before us1 as the kernel or the nucleus of the history1 as ,kessel calls it4 ,he supposes that this army of martyrs1 as we may well call them1 was composed of two different bodies3 a body of virgins who happened1 under circumstances which ,i shall describe to you1 to be at ,cologne1 and a body of the inhabitants1 citizens of ,cologne1 and others1 very probably many ,english and other virgins who had there sought safety4 ,it may be asked how came these ,english to be there8 ,about the year #ddf the ,britons began to be immensely annoyed by the incursions of the ,picts and ,scots1 which led to their calling in 7after the manner of the old fable1 about the man calling in the dogs to hunt the hare in his garden7 the ,anglo-,saxons1 who in return took possession of the country2 and the inhabitants that they did not exterminate they made serfs4 ,at this period we know the ,english were put to sad straits4 ,having so long lain quiet and undisturbed under the ,roman dominion1 they had almost lost their natural valor1 and were unable to defend themselves4 ,there was1 therefore1 a natural tendency to emigrate and get away4 ,they had already done this before2 for as ,de ,buck shows1 with extraordinary erudition1 the occupation of ,brittany or ,armorica was a quiet emigration from ,england1 which sought the continent1 and also established colonies in ,holland and ,batavia1 and by that means obtained a peace which they could not have at home4 ,we have a very interesting document upon this subject4 ,the celebrated senator ,aetius was at that time governor of ,gaul2 the ,britons sent to him for help1 and this is one passage of a most touching letter which has been preserved by ,gildas3 ,repellunt nos barbari ad mare1 repellit nos mare ad barbaros2 oriuntur duo genera funerum2 aut jugulamur aut mergimur4 ,footnote #hc ,they were tossed backward and forward by the sea to the barbarians1 and by the barbarians to the sea2 when they fell upon the barbarians they were cut to pieces1 and when they were driven into the #dch sea mergimur--we go to the bottom4 ,it does not mean that they ran into the sea1 but that they went to their ships1 and many of them perished in the sea by shipwreck or by sinking--aut jugulamur aut mergimur4 ,that shows that the ,english were leaving ,england to go to the continent4 ,i am only giving you the web of the history1 without its proofs2 but ,i quote this passage to show it is not at all unlikely that at that moment1 when they were in a manner straitened between the barbarians of the north and those coming upon them in the south1 a great many of them went out of the country1 and that especially being ,christians they would wend their way to ,catholic countries4 ,religious and other persons of a like character1 we know1 in every invasion of barbarians1 were the first to suffer a double martyrdom4 ,this is a supposition1 therefore1 about which there is no improbability1 that a certain number1 ,i do not say how many1 of ,christian ladies of good family1 some of them1 perhaps1 royal1 got over to ,batavia or ,holland 7where there have been always traditions and names of places in confirmation of this71 and made their way to ,cologne1 which was a capital and a seat of the ,roman government1 a ,christian city1 and in every probability considered a stronghold1 both on account of its immense fortifications1 and on account of the river4 ,footnote #hc3 ,gildas de ,excidio ,britanniae1 pars i41 cap4 xvii4 ,ed4 ,migne3 ,patrologia1 tom4 lxix41 p4 #cdb4 ,well1 then comes the history1 very difficult indeed to reconcile1 of a pilgrimage to ,rome1 which it is said they made2 but let us suppose that instead of the whole of them a certain number of them might go there4 ,it is not at all improbable that at that time1 as ,de ,buck observes1 a deputation1 or a certain number of citizens and others1 did go to ,rome to obtain assistance there1 as their only hope against the invasion1 which ,i shall describe just now4 ,there is no great difficulty in supposing this2 and assuming that some of the ,english virgins also went1 that would be a foundation for the great legendary history1 ,i might say the fabulous history1 which has been built upon it4 ,now1 there is a strong confirmation of such a thing being done4 ,st4 ,gregory of ,tours ,footnote #hd mentions that at this very time ,bishop ,servatius did go to ,rome to pray the ,apostles ,sts4 ,peter and ,paul to protect his country and city against the coming invasion1 and he saw no other hope of safety4 ,he must have passed through ,cologne exactly at that time1 and1 therefore1 there is nothing absurd or improbable in supposing that some inhabitants of ,cologne went with him as a deputation to ,rome1 and that some of the ,english virgins may have accompanied them4 ,in the year following1 ,attila1 the scourge of ,god1 the most cruel of all the leaders of barbaric tribes who invaded the ,roman empire1 was marching along the ,rhine with the known view of invading ,gaul1 and not only invading it1 but1 as he said1 of completely conquering and destroying it2 for his maxim was1 ,where ,attila sets his foot no more grass shall ever grow--nothing but destruction and devastation4 ,i will say a little more about the ,huns later4 ,in the meantime we leave them1 in #dej1 on their way to cross the ,rhine1 with the intention of invading and occupying ,france4 ,attila united great cunning with his barbarity2 he pretended to the ,goths that he was coming to help them against the ,romans1 and to the ,romans that he was going to help them to expel the ,goths4 ,by that means he paralyzed both for a time1 until it was too well seen that he was the enemy of all4 ,it is most probable1 knowing the character as we shall see just now of the ,huns1 that the inhabitants of the neighboring towns would seek refuge in the capital1 and that all living in the country would get within the strong walls of cities4 ,we have important confirmation1 at this very time1 in the history of ,st4 ,genevieve1 ,footnote #fe who was #dci a virgin living out in the country1 but who1 upon the approach of the ,huns1 hastened1 we are told1 immediately to seek safety in ,paris1 and was there the means of saving the city1 by exhorting the inhabitants to build up walls1 to close their gates1 and to fight4 ,this they did1 and so saved themselves4 ,that is just an example4 ,when it is known that throughout his march ,attila destroyed every city1 committing incredible barbarities 7ruins of some of the places remaining to this day71 not sparing man1 woman1 or child1 it is more than probable that there would be a great conflux and influx to the city of ,cologne1 where the ,roman government still kept its seat1 and where1 of course1 there was something like order1 although we have unfortunate proofs1 in the works of ,salvianus1 ,footnote #hf that the morality of the city had become so very corrupt that it deserved great chastisement4 ,however1 so far all is coherent4 ,in #dea1 after ,attila had gone to ,france1 and had been completely defeated1 he made his way back1 greatly exasperated1 burning and destroying everything in his way1 sparing no one4 ,then he appeared before ,cologne2 and this is the invasion in which it is supposed the martyrdom took place4 ,footnote #hd3 ,s4 ,greg4 ,turon41 ,hist4 ,franc41 lib4 ii41 cap4 v4 ,ed4 ,migne3 ,patrologia4 tom4 lxviii41 pp4 #aig1 #egf4 ,footnote #he3 ,vid4 ,tillemont1 ,hist4 des ,emp41 vi4 p4 #aea4 ,acta ,sanct4 ,boll41 ,jan4 tom4 i4 in vit4 ,s4 ,genovevae4 ,footnote #hf3 ,de ,gubernatione ,dei1 ,ed4 ,baluzii1 ,paris1 #ahfd1 pp4 #adj1 #ada4 ,having given you what the ,bollandist considers the historical thread1 every part of which can be confirmed and made most probable1 ,i will now1 before going into proofs of the narrative1 direct your attention for a few minutes to what we may call the legendary parts of the history4 ,when we speak of legends we must not confound them with fables1 that is1 with pure inventions4 ,we must not suppose that people sat down to write a lie under the idea that they were edifying the ,church or anybody4 ,there have been such cases1 no doubt2 for ,tertullian mentions the delinquency of a person's writing false acts of ,st4 ,paul1 and being suspended from his office of priest in consequence4 ,such follies have happened in all times4 ,we have had many instances in our own day of attempts at forging documents1 and committing the worst of social crimes2 but old legends as we have them1 and even the false acts as they were called1 were no doubt written without any intention of actually deceiving1 or of passing off what was spurious for genuine4 ,the person who first suggested this was a man certainly no friend of ,catholics1 ,le ,clerc1 better known by his literary name of ,clericus2 who observes that school exercises were sometimes drawn from martyrdoms1 as in our day from a classical subject1 as ,juvenal says of ,hannibal3 ,i demens et saevas curre per ,alpes ,ut pueris placeas et declamatio flas4 ,not that students professed to write a real history1 but they gave wonderful descriptions of deeds of valor and marvellous events which had never occurred1 and were never intended to be believed4 ,in the same way1 at a time when nothing but a religious subject could create interest1 that sort of composition came to be applied to acts of saints and martyrs2 so that many books and narratives which we have of that description may be thus accounted for4 ,it is much like our historical novels1 or the historical plays of ,shakespeare1 for instance4 ,nobody imagines that their authors wished to pass them off for history1 but they did not contradict history2 they kept to history1 so that you may find it in them2 and you might almost write a history from some of those books which are called historical works of fiction4 ,in early times such compositions were of a religious character4 ,then came times of greater ignorance1 and those works came to be regarded as true historical accounts4 ,but1 are we to reject them on that ground altogether8 ,are we to say1 any more than we should with regard to the fictitious works of which ,i have just spoken1 that there is no truth in them8 ,we should proceed in the same way as people do who seek for gold4 ,a #ddj man goes to a gold-field1 and tries to obtain gold from auriferous sand4 ,now suppose he took a sieve full1 and said at once1 ,it's all rubbish1 and threw it away2 he might go on for a long time and never get a grain of gold4 ,but if he knows how to set to work1 if he washes what he obtains1 picks out grain by grain1 and puts by1 he gets a small hoard of real genuine gold2 and nobody denies that when1 many such supplies are put together they make a treasure of sterling metal4 ,so it is with these legendary accounts4 ,they are never altogether falsehoods--,i will not say never1 but rarely4 ,whenever they have an air of history about them1 the chances are that1 by examining and sifting them well1 we may get out a certain amount of real and solid material for history4 ,the legendary works upon these virgins are numerous and begin early4 ,the first is one which ,i shall call1 as all our writers do1 by its first words1 ,regnante ,domino4 ,this is an account of traditions1 evidently written between the ninth and eleventh centuries4 ,it is impossible to determine more closely than this4 ,but we know that it cannot have been written earlier than the ninth century1 nor later than the eleventh4 ,it contains a long history of these virgins while in ,england1 who they were1 and what they were2 of a certain marriage contract that was made with the father of ,st4 ,ursula1 a very powerful king2 how it was arranged that she should have eleven companions1 and each of these a thousand followers2 how they should embark for three years and amuse themselves with nautical exercises2 how the ships went to the other side of the channel4 ,it is an absurd story and full of fable1 but there are three or four most important points in it4 ,geoffrey of ,monmouth comes next4 ,he gives another history1 totally different from that of the ,regnante ,domino2 but retains two or three points of identity4 ,his is evidently a ,british tradition1 which1 of course1 it is most important to compare with the ,german one2 and we shall find how singularly they agree4 ,then1 after these1 come a number of legends called ,passiones1 long accounts filled with a variety of incongruous particulars which may be safely put aside2 but in the same way germs or remnants of something good1 which have been thus preserved1 are found in them all1 and when brought together may give us some valuable results4 ,we next meet with what is more difficult to explain--the supposed revelations of ,st4 ,elizabeth of ,schoenau1 and of ,blessed ,hermann of ,steinfeld4 ,it is not for us to enter into the discussion1 which is a very subtle one1 of how persons who are saints really canonized and field in immense veneration--one of them1 ,hermann1 singularly so--can be supposed to have been allowed to follow their own imaginations on some points1 while at the same time there seems no doubt that they lived in an almost ecstatic state4 ,this question is gone into fully2 and the best authorities are quoted by the ,bollandist4 ,it would require a long discussion1 and it would not be to our purpose1 to pursue it further4 ,these supposed revelations are rejected altogether4 ,now we come to positive forgeries1 consisting of inscriptions1 or of engraved stones with legends carved upon them4 ,one of these mentions a pope who never existed1 and also a bishop of ,milan who never lived1 beside a number of other imaginary people4 ,from the texture and state of these inscriptions there can be no doubt whatever that they are absolute forgeries1 and the author of them is pretty well discovered4 ,he was a sacristan of the name of ,theodorus4 ,in order to enhance the glory of these virgins1 they are represented1 as you see in legendary pictures1 as being in a ship accompanied by a pope1 bishops1 abbots1 and persons of high dignity1 who are supposed to have come from ,rome with them4 ,all this we discard1 making out what we can from the sounder traditions4 ,and this is the result4 ,there are #dda two or three points on which1 whether we take the ,english or the ,german traditions1 all are agreed4 ,first1 we have that a great many of these virgins were ,english3 that the ,germans all agree upon2 the earliest historical documents say the same4 ,secondly1 that they were martyred by the ,huns3 that we are told both by the ,english and the ,german writers4 ,it is singular that they should agree on such a point as this2 and you will see how--,i do not say corroborated1 but absolutely proved it is4 ,the third fact is1 that there was a tremendous slaughter at the time1 a singular slaughter of people committed at ,cologne by these ,huns4 ,this comes out from all the legendary histories1 which agree upon this point1 and we can hardly know how they should do so except through separate traditions2 for they evidently have nothing else in common4 ,their separate narratives we may reject as legendary4 ,thus we come to an investigation of the true history1 and see how it is proved4 ,and first ,i must put before you what ,i may call the foundation-stone of the whole history on which it is based--the inscription now kept in the church of ,st4 ,ursula4 ,it had remained very much neglected1 though it had been given by different authors1 until1 when the ,bollandists were going to write their history1 they took three casts of it2 one they gave to the archbishop of ,cologne1 another they kept for themselves2 the third--,i cannot say what became of it1 but ,i think it went to ,rome1 having been taken by ,de ,rossi4 ,i could not afford to have a cast brought here1 but ,i have had a most accurate tracing made of it4 ,those of you who are judges of graphic character will see the nature of the letters2 they are capital1 or uncial letters4 ,first1 you may ask what is the age of this inscription8 ,it is pretty well agreed that it cannot be later than the year #ejj--that would be fifty years after that assigned to the martyrdom of the virgins4 ,de ,buck1 who is really almost hypercritical in rejecting1 says he does not see a single objection to the genuineness of this inscription4 ,there is not a trace of ,lombard or later character about it2 it is purely ,roman4 ,the union of some of the letters is just what we find about that time in ,roman inscriptions4 ,it is then1 as nearly as one can judge1 of the age ,i have mentioned--about the year #ejj4 ,de ,rossi1 passing through ,cologne three or four years ago1 examined it and pronounced it to be genuine1 and said it could not be of a later period than that4 ,dr4 ,enner1 a layman of ,cologne1 when writing his ,history of ,cologne1 could not bring himself to believe that the inscription was so old1 and he sent an exact copy in plaster 7perhaps that was the third7 to ,professor ,ritschl1 the well-known editor of ,plautus1 and a ,protestant1 at ,bonn4 ,i have a copy of the ,professor's letter here1 in which he says that he has minutely examined the inscription1 and that he cannot see anything in it to make it more modern than the date assigned to it1 and that it contains peculiarities which no forger would ever hit upon1 such as the double i1 and other forms4 ,he says1 ,i am not sufficiently acquainted with the history of ,st4 ,ursula to connect it in any way2 but ,i have no hesitation in saying that the inscription cannot be later than the beginning of the sixth century2 which1 you see1 takes us back very nearly to the time when the martyrdom is supposed to have occurred4 ,then ,i may mention that the very inscription is copied in the next historical document that we have1 as being already in the church4 ,this is the translation of the inscription1 of which ,i present an exact copy3 ,clematius came from the ,east2 he was terrified by fiery visions1 and by the great majesty and the holiness of these virgins1 and1 according to a vow that he made1 he rebuilt at his own expense1 on his own land1 this basilica4 ,then follows a commination at the end1 which is not unusual in such cases4 ,now1 every expression here is to be found in inscriptions of the time4 #ddb ,illustration3 #ddc ,for instance1 de proprio2 votum2 loco suo 7sometimes it is loco empto71 meaning of course land which one made his own1 or which was his own before4 ,there had been then a basilica--not the church that now exists1 but a basilica--at the tombs where these saints were buried1 which we shall have to describe later4 ,he rebuilt the basilica fifty years after the martyrdom1 destroyed no doubt during the constant incursions of barbarians4 ,it was probably a very small one2 for we know that at ,rome every entrance to the tombs of martyrs had its basilica4 ,de ,rossi has been successful in finding one or two4 ,one was built by ,st4 ,damasus1 who wrote3 ,not daring to put my ashes among so many martyrs1 ,i have built this basilica for myself1 my mother and sister2 and there are three niches at the end for three sarcophagi4 ,it is universally allowed that there never was a catacomb without its basilica4 ,in fact1 in that of ,pope ,st4 ,alexander1 and ,sts4 ,evantius and ,theodulus1 found lately1 there is a basilica completely standing1 and the bodies of these saints were found--one under the altar--and the others near it4 ,then from the basilica you go into the catacomb4 ,so that nothing is more natural than that in the place where these martyrs were buried1 ,clematius should rebuild their basilica4 ,after this monument we proceed to the next genuine document1 though one of a later date1 and by an unknown author--the ,sermo in ,natali4 ,this1 there is no doubt1 was written between the years #gea and #hci2 and ,i will give the ingenious argument by which this date is proved4 ,but first it quotes the inscription ,i have read1 with the exception of the threat at the end2 in the second place it mentions that the virgins were probably ,britons--that it was not certain1 but the general opinion was that they had come from ,britain2 thirdly1 it attributes the martyrdom to the ,huns2 fourthly1 it insinuates what is of great importance in filling up the history1 that it is by no means to be supposed that they were all virgins1 but that many were widows and married people4 ,the reason for fixing the earliest date at #gea is1 that it quotes ,bede's ,ecclesiastical ,history1 which was written in that year1 giving apparently his account of the conversion of ,lucius2 though one cannot say that it is certainly a copy from ,bede1 because ,bede himself copied from more ancient books1 and both may have drawn from the same source4 ,then it could not have been written after #hci for two reasons4 ,in #hcd there was a tremendous incursion of other barbarians--of ,normans2 and it is plain from our book that there had been no such invasion when it was written2 nothing was known of it1 because the writer speaks of countries1 particularly ,holland1 as being flourishing1 which were completely destroyed by them4 ,there is also this singular circumstance4 ,in speaking of the great devotion to the virgins in ,batavia1 the writer states that this happened at a time when ,batavia was an island formed by the two branches of the ,rhine4 ,now in #hci an inundation completely destroyed it1 one of the horns or arms being entirely obliterated4 ,therefore that gives us a certain compass within which the book was written4 ,the author himself was a native of ,cologne--for in referring to the inhabitants he once or twice speaks of us--and he would therefore be familiar with the traditions of the people4 ,he says there was no written history at that time2 he defends the traditions1 and shows how natural it was that the people should have kept them4 ,i ought to mention that he calls the head of the band of martyrs ,pinnosa4 ,he says1 ,she is called in her own country ,vinosa1 in ours ,pinnosa2 and there is evidence that this was the name first given to the leader2 how1 by what transformation1 it came to be ,st4 ,ursula1 we cannot tell2 it is certain that up to that time hers was not the name of the leader4 ,afterward ,pinnosa appears on the list1 but not as the chief1 ,st4 ,ursula being the prominent name4 #ddd ,after that period there comes a mass of historical proofs that one can have no difficulty about4 ,from #heb there are an immense number of diplomas giving grants of land to the nuns of the monastery of ,st4 ,ursula1 at her place of burial4 ,there is no doubt of the existence of that church1 from other documents4 ,then the martyrologies repeat the whole tradition again and again4 ,thus1 then1 we fill up that gap of four hundred years 7from ,a4,d4 #djj to ,a4,d4 #hjj74 ,there is the inscription2 there is the ,sermo in ,natali1 which quotes it1 and gives old traditions2 and afterward there are diplomas and other testimonies which are abundant4 ,we now proceed to compare the whole tradition with history1 with known history1 for after all this is our chief business4 ,when we possess a tradition of a country and people1 we ask1 ,what confirmation1 what corroboration1 have we8 what does history tell us8 ,let us then see what history does tell4 ,it tells us1 in the first place1 that in the year #dej ,attila was known to be coming to invade and take possession of ,gaul1 having been ejected from ,italy4 ,his army is said by contemporary writers to have been composed of #gjj1jjj men4 ,it was a hostile emigration4 ,they brought their women and children in carts1 as the ,huns always used to do1 and they of course marched but slowly4 ,they went along both sides of the ,danube1 and got at length into ,france4 ,de ,buck1 by a most interesting series of proofs1 makes it almost as evident as anything can be that they crossed over at ,coblentz1 therefore not coming near ,cologne4 ,they entered1 as ,i have said1 into ,gaul1 destroying everything in their march4 ,some of their barbarities and massacres are almost incredible4 ,after devastating nearly the whole of the country1 they besieged ,orleans4 ,the inhabitants having been encouraged to resist1 at last succeeded in obtaining certain terms2 that is1 ,attila and his chiefs went into the city and took what they liked1 but left the city standing4 ,after this they were pursued by the general whom ,i have mentioned--,aetius1 a ,gaul1 but who got together all the troops he could1 ,goths1 ,visigoths1 ,franks1 and others1 who saw what the design of these horrible barbarians was4 ,a most tremendous battle was now fought1 that of ,catalaunia 7,chalons-sur-,marne71 in which contemporary historians tell us #cjj1jjj men were left on the field2 but that number has been reduced to #bjj1jjj4 ,such battles1 thank ,god6 we seldom hear of now-a-days4 ,attila1 routed1 immediately took to flight1 and got clear away from his pursuers4 ,he went through ,belgium1 destroying city after city1 leaving nothing standing1 and massacring the people in the most barbarous way4 ,here comes the most difficult knot of the whole history4 ,authors agree that ,attila now made his way into ,thuringia1 that is to the heart of ,germany2 he must therefore be supposed to have got clear over the ,rhine1 and marched a long way through the country4 ,on this subject ,de ,buck has one of the most exquisite and beautiful geographical investigations1 ,i should think1 that have ever appeared4 ,he proves1 so that you can no more doubt it than you can doubt my having this paper before me1 that there was ,thuringia which lay on this side of the ,rhine2 he proves it by a series documents taken from mediaeval writers1 and from inscriptions1 that there was a ,thuringia which stretched from ,louvain to the ,rhine4 ,indeed1 it is impossible to conceive how ,attila could have got1 as by a leap1 into the very midst of ,germany4 ,he traces the natural course of march 7which you can follow by any map71 taking the cities destroyed as landmarks1 and brings him to this province2 and when there1 there was no possible way of crossing the ,rhine but by ,cologne2 there was the only bridge1 the only military pass of any sort4 ,so there can be no doubt that the ,huns1 exasperated by their tremendous losses1 and by being driven #dde out of ,gaul1 which they intended to occupy1 having revenged themselves as they went on1 were obliged to go through ,cologne2 and if you calculate the date of the victory1 and consider the country through which ,attila passed1 destroying everything as he went1 you bring him almost to a certainty to ,cologne about the #bast of ,october1 nearly the day of the martyrdom4 ,the ,regnante ,domino1 which attributes the martyrdom to the ,huns1 corroborates all this account1 which is the result of a most painstaking examination1 extending over many pages4 ,next we come to another important point4 ,why attribute this massacre to the ,huns8 ,because there was no other invasion and passage of savages except that one4 ,it accords1 then1 both with geographical and chronological facts4 ,we have the martyrs at ,cologne at the very time when these barbarians came4 ,but we must needs say something about the ,huns4 ,there is no question that the ,huns were the most frightful1 cruel1 and licentious barbarians that ever invaded the ,roman empire4 ,they were not of a northern race1 ,germans or ,scandinavians2 they were1 no doubt1 ,mongols or ,tartars2 they came from ,tartary1 from ,scythia1 and settled on the ,caspian sea2 they then moved on to the mouths of the ,danube1 and again to ,hungary1 and rolled on in this way toward the richer countries of the west4 ,there are several authors of that period--,jornandes1 ,procopius1 and others--who describe them to us4 ,footnote #hg ,they tell us that when they were infants their mothers bound down their noses1 and flattened them in such a way that they should not come beyond the cheek-bones2 that their eyes were so sunk that they looked like two caverns2 that they scarified all the lower part of the face with hot irons when young1 so that no hair could grow2 that they had no beard1 and were more hideous than demons2 that they wore no dress except a shirt fabricated by the women in the carts in which they entirely lived2 it was never changed1 but was worn till it dropped off1 under a mantle made entirely of wild-rat skins4 ,their chaussure consisted of kid skins round their legs1 with most extraordinary shoes or sandals1 which had no shape whatever1 and did not adapt themselves to the form2 the consequence was that they could not walk1 and they fought entirely on their wretched horses4 ,they had no cuisine except between the saddle and the back of the horse1 where they put their steaks and softened them a little before eating2 but as to drink1 they could take any amount of it4 ,with regard to their morality it cannot be described4 ,the writers of that age tell us that no ,roman woman would allow herself to be seen by a ,hun4 ,they were licentious to a degree1 and they carried off all the women they could into captivity2 probably they destroyed a great many2 which was their custom when they became a burden to them4 ,these1 then1 were the sort of savages that reached ,cologne4 ,footnote #hg3 ,ammianua ,marcellinus1 lib4 xxxi41 cap4 ii4 ,they had another peculiarity2 of all the hordes of savages that invaded the ,roman empire1 they are the only ones that used the bow and arrow4 ,the ,germans hardly made any use of the bow1 except a few men who mixed in the ranks2 as a body their execution was with the sword1 the lance1 and the pike4 ,the use of the bow was distinctly ,tartar1 or ,scythian4 ,then we are told that their aim from horseback was infallible2 that when flying from a foe they could turn round and shoot with perfect facility2 that they rode equally well astride or seated sideways like a woman2 in fact that they flew and turned just like the ,parthians and ,scythians from whom they were descended4 ,in this great battle of ,catalaunia they either lost heart or steadiness1 and they could not fire upon their enemies1 so that they were pursued and tremendously routed4 ,that their mode of fighting was by the bow and arrow1 you #ddf will see in the representations given in the beautiful shrine at ,hamelink1 where the martyrs are fired into by the barbarians with bows and arrows4 ,let us see what this has to do with our question4 ,the ,regnante ,domino1 which we have mentioned as legendary1 gives a most beautiful description of the mode of dealing with the bodies4 ,the writer says that when the inhabitants saw that the enemy were gone they came out1 and in a field they found this great number of virgins lying on the ground4 ,they collected their blood1 got sarcophagi1 or made graves1 and put them in2 and there they lay1 as they were placed1 the writer says1 as any one can tell who has seen them1 evidently suggesting that he had seen them4 ,now1 in the year #afdj1 on ,july #b1 ,papebroch1 an authority beyond all question1 and ,crombach1 whose word may be relied on as that of a most excellent and holy man1 were at the opening of the tombs4 ,from all tradition this was no doubt the place of the stone of ,clematius2 there has always been a convent there2 and you remember that part of the inscription which threatens eternal punishment to those who should bury any but virgins there4 ,it is now called ,st4 ,ursula's ,acker1 a sort of sacred field where the basilica was4 ,here they were buried1 and so they remained undisturbed except by some translations of the middle ages1 which do not concern us4 ,in #afdj there was a formal exhumation1 and eye-witnesses tell us what they saw4 ,a nuncio came afterward to verify the facts4 ,i will give you the account of how these bodies were found4 ,many of them were in graves1 in rows1 but each body separate1 there being a space of a foot between them4 ,in other places there were stone sarcophagi in which they were laid separately4 ,then ,crombach describes that there were some large fosses1 sixty feet long1 eight feet deep1 and sixteen wide1 containing a large number of bodies4 ,they were placed in a row with a space between them2 at their feet was another row2 then a quantity of earth was thrown on1 and another row was placed1 and so on1 until you came to the fourth4 ,every skeleton in the three rows was entire1 and they all looked toward the east4 ,they had their arms crossed upon their bosoms1 and almost every one had a vessel containing blood1 or sand tinged with blood4 ,the fourth1 or upper stratum1 consisted of disjointed bones1 and with these also there were vessels containing blood or colored sand4 ,in this way1 the writer says1 he saw a hundred bodies4 ,then there was this remarkable circumstance about their clothes4 ,eutychianus1 ,footnote #hh the pope1 had published a decree that no body of a martyr was ever to be buried without having a dalmatic put upon it2 and clothes in abundance were found upon these bodies4 ,footnote #hh3 ,acta ,,ss4 ,bolland4 ,octob41 tom1 ix41 p4 #aci4 ,constant4 ,rom4 ,pont4 ,epist4 ,paris1 #agba1 p4 #bii4 ,another important discovery was1 that immense quantities of arrows were found mingled with the bones2 some sticking in the skull1 others in the breast1 others in the arms--right in the bones4 ,so it was clear that all these bodies had been put to death by means of arrows1 and there was no other tribe but the ,huns which made use of the arrow as its instrument of death4 ,i may add that there were no signs of burning1 or of any heathen burial about them4 ,this also is most important4 ,i have said that there had been other exhumations in the eleventh and twelfth centuries4 ,there are pictures of these1 and there are sarcophagi preserved in which bodies were found4 ,these are laid in exactly the same manner as others were found in #afdj4 ,crombach says the whole had been done most scientifically1 that the distances were all arranged by measure1 so that there was not a quarter of a foot difference anywhere4 ,now1 ,i ask1 could these bodies have been put there in consequence of a plague1 or an earthquake1 or any event of that kind8 ,putting aside the arrows found in immense quantities1 and the #ddg vessels containing blood1 we know that when people die in a plague to the number of hundreds1 a foss is made1 and they are thrown in1 and there is an end of them4 ,this could not have been a common cemetery4 ,it contained nothing but the bodies of these women 7,i will speak of their physical characteristics later71 all laid in studied order1 with great care1 and with such peculiarities1 and all evidently buried at the same time4 ,after reading all this1 may we not exclaim with ,st4 ,ambrose1 ,we have found the signs of martyrdom1 and with ,st4 ,gaudentius1 ,what can you desire more to show that they were all martyred8 ,footnote #hi ,and who does not see here confirmed the history of ,clematius8 ,comparing the whole with traditions1 both ,english and ,german1 it seems to me that you have as much proof as you can reasonably require4 ,footnote #hi3 ,s4 ,ambros41 class1 i41 epist4 xxii ,ed ,ben41 tom1 iii41 p4 #ibg4 ,s4 ,gaud41 ,serm4 in ,dedic4 ,,ss4 ,,xl4 ,martyr1 ap4 ,migne1 tom1 xx41 col4 #ifc4 ,having given you concisely the facts and corroborations of history1 let me now proceed to answer objections4 ,and1 first there is the question1 ,were all these martyrs8 ,well1 if they were to be tried by the rules established very justly in the modern ,church1 it would no doubt be difficult to say2 because how can you prove that each of these women laid down her life voluntarily for ,christ8 ,the tradition of ,cologne is that they would not sacrifice their virtue to those heathens1 and that they were surrounded and shot4 ,but in those times a wider meaning was sometimes attached to the word martyr4 ,there were what are called martyres improprie dicti1 where there could not be the same kind of evidence as in the case of others2 or martyres latiore sensu4 ,a person was called a martyr when he was put to death without his will being consulted1 as in the case of our own ,st4 ,edmund1 and in the case of ,st4 ,wenceslaus1 who was put to death without being interrogated as to whether he would remain a ,christian or not1 and many others4 ,de ,buck shows that there was nothing more common4 ,we have the remarkable case of the ,theban legion--another instance of a large number of men being surrounded and cut down by soldiers without being questioned as to whether they were in a state of grace1 or whether they were prepared to die4 ,the deed was done in odium religionis1 by people who merely looked to the gratification of their own passions and their desire for revenge4 ,in those days the question of such persons being martyrs would be a very simple one1 if it were known that they were killed by the ,huns in hatred1 as was supposed1 of their virginity and because of their resistance4 ,we have in martyrologies the account of ,nicomedia and its twelve thousand martyrs4 ,de ,buck supposes that the number included all the martyrs of the persecution4 ,and the #f1gjj of the ,theban legion are explained in the same way4 ,the next question is1 ,were these persons all virgins8 ,who can know8 ,it is quite certain that even married persons1 when martyred1 had sometimes the title of virgins given to them4 ,many instances are supplied by the martyrologies and offices4 ,st4 ,sabina1 ,footnote #ij;for instance1 is called a virgin martyr1 though she was a married person4 ,it was considered that martyrdom raised all women to a higher degree of excellence4 ,there are some curious questions1 too1 arising1 which would not very well do for a discussion here4 ,it is1 however1 sufficiently proved that when there was a great number of virgins1 and others were mixed with them1 the nobler title was given to all4 ,just as1 if you have a great many martyrs and some confessors united1 the title of martyrs is applied to all1 as they are included in one office1 each sharing in the glory of martyrdom4 ,the ,sermo in ,natali expressly tells us that it was not supposed at its early period that all were virgins1 but that there were ladies of all ranks and children amongst them4 ,indeed1 some remains of children were found4 ,footnote #ij3 ,acta ,,ss4 ,bolland4 ,octob41 tom1 ix41 p4 #adc4 #ddh ,then comes the question1 ,were there eleven thousand8 ,certainly not as all one company4 ,it is supposed1 and there appears nothing unreasonable in it1 that when once the rage of the ,huns was excited they would give way to an indiscriminate massacre1 and that the eleven thousand most probably included persons who had sought refuge1 perhaps their own captives1 and probably a great number of the inhabitants of the city4 ,but does it not seem a frightful number of persons to be massacred8 ,not by the ,huns4 ,in the year #dcf these same ,huns slaughtered at once in ,burgundy #cj1jjj men4 ,they were of the same race1 the same family of men1 as ,tamerlane1 who had #gj1jjj heads cut off in ,ispahan4 ,and the ,turks1 when they took the island of ,chios1 reduced the population of #abj1jjj to #h1jjj4 ,so that those slaughters1 which to us seem so fearful1 are not to be considered in the same light when occurring in those times4 ,we have a frightful example in the case of ,theodosius and the inhabitants of ,thessalonica4 ,it is said that #ae1jjj persons were put to death in the theatre for a simple insult4 ,the most moderate calculation is that by ,st4 ,ambrose1 who gives the number as #g1jjj4 ,human life1 of course1 was not then regarded as by us1 especially by men who devastated whole cities and burned them to the ground4 ,hence the difficulty as to the number of persons1 including among them not merely the followers of ,st4 ,ursula1 but the bulk of the female inhabitants1 is explained4 ,another question arises1 ,were they ,english1 or were there ,english amongst them8 ,that is answered unhesitatingly1 ,yes4 ,all the traditions1 ,english and ,german1 agree that these ladies had come from ,england and sought refuge4 ,i have mentioned the facilities for emigration1 and the way in which many went out of the country2 so that there would be nothing wonderful in a certain number of ,british women being at ,cologne at that time4 ,now there is this curious fact illustrating the subject4 ,very lately the ,golden ,chamber1 as it is called1 adjoining the church1 where the chief remains are deposited1 was visited by ,dr4 ,braubach and ,dr4 ,gortz of ,cologne1 ,dr4 ,buschhausen of ,ratingen1 and others1 who examined the skulls and pronounced them to be ,celtic1 not ,german4 ,the ,celtic characteristics1 as given by ,blumenbach and other writers1 are quite distinct--the chin falls back considerably1 the skull is very long1 and the vertex of the head goes far behind--quite distinct from the ,romans or ,germans4 ,moreover1 with the exception of ten or fifteen out of from eighty to a hundred1 they were all the bodies of females4 ,now all the writers--all that ,i have seen at least--say that there could not have been an emigration of some hundreds of women without some men1 some persons to guard them1 and these would be with them and would share their martyrdom4 ,then1 in the next place1 they were all young people1 there was no sign of their having died of a plague or any other casualty1 but they appeared to be strong1 healthy young women2 which of course1 as far as we can judge1 verifies the narrative to the utmost4 ,i now leave you to judge how very different historical research has made this legend1 as it is called1 appear1 and how much we have a right to regard it in a devotional spirit1 as the inhabitants of ,germany certainly do4 ,i do not say that there have not been many exaggerations1 false relics1 and stories2 but critical investigation enables us to put all these aside1 and to sift their evidence4 ,but certainly we have a strong historical verification of what has been considered until within the last few years as legendary1 not only by real discoveries which have come to light1 but also by a right use of evidence which before had been overlooked and neglected4 ,the whole of what ,i have said relates to events4 ,but my subject embraces events and things4 ,the latter part remains untouched1 and ,i have #ddi yet to show how things or objects which have been looked upon as fabulous have been proved to be real and genuine4 ,,ii4 ,i proceed1 therefore1 to objects which have been1 or may be1 easily misrepresented1 as if asserted to be what they are not1 and involving an imputation of imposture on the part of those who propose them to the notice or veneration of ,catholics4 ,i will begin with a rather singular example1 but one which1 ,i trust1 will verify the assertion which ,i have made2 and if time permits1 ,i will multiply the examples by giving two or three other instances4 ,i do not know whether any of you in your foreign travels have visited the cathedral of ,chartres2 ,i have not seen it myself1 but ,i believe that it is one of the most noble1 most majestic1 and most inspiring of all ,gothic buildings on the continent4 ,the ,french always speak of it as combining the great effects of a mediaeval church1 more perhaps than any other in their country2 and as my address will relate to that cathedral1 ,i think it is necessary to give a little preliminary account of it2 at the same time warning you that ,i do not by any means intend to plunge into the depths of the singular mystery in which the origin of that cathedral is involved4 ,it takes its rise from a ,druidical cavern which was for some time the only church or cathedral4 ,over that the ,christians--for the town was early converted to ,christianity--built a church1 of course modest1 and simple1 and poor1 as the early churches of the ,christians were2 but in this was preserved1 with the greatest jealousy1 and with the deepest devotion1 what was called a ,druidical image of ,our ,lady1 which was always kept in the crypt1 for it was over the crypt that the church was built4 ,it was said to have existed there before the building of the church2 but into that part of the history it is not necessary to enter4 ,in the year #ajbj this poor old church was struck by lightning1 was set on fire1 and entirely consumed4 ,the bishop at that time was one of the most remarkable men in the ,french ,church--,fulbert1 who has left us a full account of what was done in his time there4 ,he immediately set to work to build another church1 proposing that it should be perfectly magnificent according to all the ideas of the age2 and to enable him to do so1 he had recourse to our modern practice of collecting money on all sides4 ,among others ,canute1 king of ,england and ,denmark1 and ,richard1 duke of ,normandy1 and almost all the sovereigns of the north contributed largely4 ,the result was the beginning of a very magnificent church4 ,the singularity of the building was this1 that everybody labored with his hands1 not only men1 but women1 not only the poor1 but the noble4 ,these furnished with their own hands provisions or whatever was necessary for the workmen4 ,however1 after ,fulbert's death1 like most undertakings of that class1 the work became more languid2 and before it was completed 7that was in #ajid71 the building1 in which there was a great quantity of wood used1 was again burnt to the ground4 ,well1 this time it was determined that there should be a splendid church1 such as had never been seen before2 and here1 again1 that same plan of working with their hands was adopted to an extent which1 as stated in an account given us by ,haymon and one or two others1 seems incredible4 ,the laborers relieved one another day and night1 lighting up the whole place with torches2 provisions were abundantly furnished to all the workmen without their having to move from their places4 ,in fact1 the writer says that you might see noblemen1 not a few1 but hundreds and thousands1 dragging carts or drawing materials and provisions2 in fact1 not resting until1 in #aafj1 seventy years after the destruction1 the church was consecrated2 and there it remains1 the grand cathedral church of ,chartres at this day4 ,now1 it may be asked1 what was #dej there which most particularly made ,chartres a place of such great devotion1 and so attached the inhabitants to its cathedral that they thus sacrificed their ease and comfort so many years to build a church worthy of their object8 ,it was a relic--a relic which had existed for several hundred years at that time in the church1 which made it a place of pilgrimage1 and which was considered most venerable4 ,what was this relic8 ,the name which it has always borne in the mouths of the simple1 honest1 and devoted people of ,chartres and its neighborhood1 and in fact of all ,france1 is ,la ,chemise de la ,sainte ,vierge--that is1 a tunic which was supposed and believed to have been worn by the ,blessed ,virgin1 her under-clothing1 and was of course considered most venerable from having been in contact with her pure virginal flesh4 ,however1 you may suppose that you require strong proof of such a relic at all1 and you will remember that my object is to show how things which may have been doubtful1 and perhaps considered almost incredible1 have received great proof and elucidation by research4 ,i do not pretend to say that in all respects you can prove the relic3 the research to which ,i allude is modern1 but it may guide us back1 may confirm a tradition1 may give us strong reasons in its favor1 showing that it has not been received without good ground1 though it may not be able to penetrate the darkness which sometimes surrounds the beginning of anything in very remote antiquity4 ,i am not going1 then1 to prove the relic1 but ,i am going to show you the grounds on which it had been accepted1 and then come to the modern verification of it4 ,the history is this4 ,a ,byzantine writer of the fourteenth century1 ,nicephorus ,calixtus1 ,footnote #ia tells us that this very relic was in the possession of persons in ,judaea1 to whom it was left by our ,blessed ,lady before her death2 that it fell1 in the course of time1 into the hands of a ,jew in ,galilee2 that two patricians of ,constantinople1 ,galbius and ,candidus1 traced it1 purchased it1 and took it to ,constantinople1 where1 considering themselves in possession of a great treasure1 they concealed it1 and would not let it be known 7this was in the middle of the fifth century72 that the ,emperor ,leo1 in consequence of the miracles which were wrought1 and by which this relic was discovered1 in spite of those who possessed it1 immediately entered into negotiations1 obtained it1 and built a splendid church in ,constantinople expressly to keep it2 and that the church so built was considered as the safety1 the palladium as it were1 of the city of ,constantinople4 ,he mentions another fact which is important2 that is1 that there were at that time in ,constantinople three other churches1 each built expressly for the preservation of one relic of our ,lady4 ,i mention these facts for this purpose3 there is a very prevalent idea1 ,i believe among ,catholics as well as certainly among ,protestants1 that what may be called the great tide of relics came into ,europe through the crusades2 that the poor ignorant crusaders1 who were more able to handle a sword than to use their discretion1 were imposed upon1 and bought anything that was offered to them at any price1 and so deluged ,europe with spurious and false relics4 ,now1 you will observe1 that all that ,i have been relating is referred to an age quite anterior to the crusades1 or to any movement of the west into the east4 ,it is true that ,nicephorus ,calixtus is a comparatively modern writer1 but he could bear testimony to churches that were existing1 and tell by whom they were built4 ,the mere writer of a hand-book can trace out the history of a church or any other public monument which is before the eyes of all3 but he was not of that character3 he was a historian1 and he tells us that there were ,footnote #ib three churches in ,constantinople1 just as we might say that #dea in ,rome there is the church of ,santa ,croce1 built by ,constantine to preserve the relics of the cross4 ,nobody can doubt that the church was built for the relic1 that the relic was deposited there1 and that earth from the ,holy ,land was put into its chapel4 ,monuments like that preserve their own history4 ,therefore1 when this writer tells us that these churches existed from that period1 we can hardly doubt that he could arrive at a knowledge of such facts2 and at any rate it removes the impression that these wonderful relics were merely the sweepings1 as it were1 of ,palestine during a fervent and pious but at the same time ignorant and unenlightened age4 ,footnote #ia3 ,hist4 ,eccles41 lib4 xv41 cap4 xxiv4 ,footnote #ib3 ,hist4 ,eccles41 lib4 xv41 cap4 xxv41 xxvi4 ,thus1 we get the history so far4 ,now1 we know that there was no one who valued relics to such an extent as ,charlemagne4 ,we see1 by ,aix-la-,chapelle and other places1 what exceedingly curious relics he collected4 ,i am not here to defend them individually1 because ,i do not know their history2 nor is it to our purpose4 ,he was in close correspondence with the east1 from which he received large presents2 for it was very well known what he valued most4 ,there was a particular reason for this4 ,the ,empress ,irene at that time 7,charlemagne died in #had7 wished to have his daughter ,rothrude in marriage for her son ,porphyrogenitus1 and later offered her own hand to himself4 ,many relics existed at the time of this correspondence2 and as presents are now made of ,arab horses and ,china services1 so were they then made of relics1 which1 if true1 monarchs preferred to anything else4 ,now1 there is every reason to suppose that among the presents sent by ,irene to ,charlemagne was this veil or tunic4 ,footnote #ic ,there is in the cathedral of ,chartres a window expressly commemorating the passage of this relic from the east to ,chartres4 ,secondly1 the relic1 as you will see later1 was1 up to a few years ago1 wrapped in a veil of gauze1 which was entirely covered with ,byzantine work in gold and in silk1 which had never been taken off2 and it was wrapped up in it till the last time it was verified4 ,we have every reason to suppose that it had come from ,constantinople1 and that it was delivered at ,chartres in that covering4 ,in the third place1 it is historical--there is no question about it1 for all chronicles and authorities agree upon the point--that ,charles the ,bald1 the grandson of ,charlemagne1 being obliged to leave ,aix-la-,chapelle1 in consequence of going to settle in ,france1 which was the portion of the empire allotted to him1 took the relic away1 and deposited it in the cathedral of ,chartres4 ,so that1 as far as we can trace a transaction of this sort1 there seems to be as much evidence as would be accepted in respect to the transmission of any object of a profane character from one country to another4 ,there is the correspondence of the workmanship2 there are the records of the place2 and there is the fact that the relics were brought from ,aix-la-,chapelle1 where ,charlemagne had collected so many relics that he had received from ,constantinople4 ,mabillon1 who certainly is an authority in matters of ecclesiastical history1 says it would be the greatest rashness to deny the genuineness of this relic4 ,who will presume to deny that it is real and genuine8 ,this is in a letter to the bishop of ,blois1 in which he is expressly treating the subject of discerning true relics4 ,everything so far1 therefore1 helps to give authenticity to this extraordinary relic which made ,chartres a place of immense pilgrimage4 ,footnote #ic3 ,see note at p4 #dee4 ,bringing it down so far1 we may ask1 what was the common1 and we may say the vulgar1 opinion of the people regarding it8 ,it had never been opened1 and was never seen until the end of the last century4 ,the consequence was1 that it was called by the name ,i have mentioned4 ,it was represented as a sort of tunic4 ,it was the custom to make tunics of that form1 which were laid upon the shrine and #deb worn in devotion2 they were sent specially to ladies of great rank1 and were so held in veneration that it was the rule1 that if any person going to fight a duel had on one of these chemisettes1 as they were called1 he must take it off2 as it was supposed his rival had not fair play so long as he carried it upon him4 ,in giving an account of the building ,i forgot to mention the wonderful miracles in connection with the relic there1 which are believed by everybody to have taken place4 ,it is even on record that the ,chevalier sans peur et sans reproche went to ,chartres pour se faire enchemiser before he went to war4 ,in #agab1 we find that the relic was in a cedar case richly ornamented with gold and jewels--the original case in which it had arrived4 ,the wood being worm-eaten and crumbling1 it was thought proper to remove and clean it1 and put it in some better place4 ,the cedar case had no opening by which it could in any way be examined1 and the bishop of the time1 ,mgr4 de ,merinville1 proposed to open it4 ,he chose a jury of the most respectable inhabitants of the town1 clergy and laity1 to assist4 ,the box was unclosed1 and the relic was found wrapped up1 as ,i have said1 in the veil of ,byzantine work4 ,the veil was not unclosed1 so that they did not see the relic itself4 ,the debris of the box was swept away1 and the relic1 as it was1 was put into a silver case that had been prepared2 this was locked up1 and then deposited in a larger shrine distinct from all the other relics4 ,the proces verbal still exists in the archives of ,chartres giving an account of all that took place1 from which the account ,i have given you is taken4 ,infidelity was then spreading in ,france1 and1 as you may know1 a great deal of ridicule was thrown on this relic4 ,it was said that such a garment was not worn in those days1 that the system of dress was quite different1 and that it was absurd to imagine any article like this4 ,now1 as no one had seen the relic1 there was no way of answering these reproaches4 ,in #agic1 three commissioners came from the ,french government1 went into the sacristy1 and imperiously desired to look at the relic2 it was very richly enshrined1 and they intended to carry it off4 ,the shrine was brought to them1 as the proces verbal of the second examination relates1 when they seemed to be seized with a certain awe1 and said1 ,we will not touch it2 let it be opened by priests4 ,two priests were ordered to open the box1 and they did so4 ,these men had come prepared to have a good laugh1 and scoffing at this wonderful relic4 ,for antiquarians had been saying that such inward clothing was not known so early as the first century1 but that instead a long veil used to be wrapped round the body4 ,well1 they found a long piece of cloth four and a half ells in length--exactly what had been said should be the proper garment4 ,the commissioners were startled and amazed1 and said1 ,it is clear that this is not the relic the people have imagined2 perhaps it is all an imposture4 ,they then cut off a considerable piece and sent it to the ,abbe ,barthelemy1 author of the ,travels of ,anacharsis and member of the ,institute--a man who had made the customs and usages of antiquity his study2 they did not tell him where it came from1 but desired him to give an opinion of what it might be4 ,he returned this answer3 that it must be about #b1jjj years old1 and that from the description given him it appeared to be exactly like what the ladies in the ,east wear at this day1 and always have worn--that is1 a veil which went over the head1 across the chest1 and then involved the whole body1 being the first dress worn4 ,i ask1 could a verification be more complete than this8 ,and1 recollect1 it comes entirely from enemies4 ,it was not the bishop or clergy that sought it4 ,the relic was in the hands of those three infidel commissioners1 who sent a portion to ,paris without saying or giving any hint of what it was 7they #dec wanted to make out that the whole was an imposture71 and the answer was returned which ,i have mentioned1 and which is contained in the proces in the archives of the episcopal palace at ,chartres4 ,if any one wants to read the whole history1 ,i refer him to a most interesting book just published by the cure of ,st4 ,sulpice 7,abbe ,hamon71 entitled ,notre ,dame de ,france1 ou ,histoire du ,culte de la ,sainte ,vierge en ,france4 ,the first volume1 the only one out1 contains the history of the dioceses of the province of ,paris4 ,i will proceed to a second popular charge1 and it is one the opportunity of easily verifying which may never occur again4 ,it refers to the head of ,st4 ,john the ,baptist1 or1 shall ,i say1 to the three heads of ,st4 ,john the ,baptist8 ,because1 if you read ,english travellers of the old stamp1 like ,forsyth1 you will find that they make coarse jokes about it4 ,forsyth1 ,i think1 says something about ,cerberus2 but more gravely it has been said1 that ,st4 ,john must have had three heads--one being at ,amiens1 one at ,genoa1 and another at ,rome2 that at each place they are equally positive in their claims2 and that there is no way of explaining this but by supposing that ,st4 ,john was a triceps4 ,when we speak of a body you can easily imagine that one piece may be in one place1 another in another1 a third elsewhere1 and so on4 ,that is the common way in which we say that the bodies of saints are multiplied2 because the ,church considers that the place which contains the head or one of the larger limbs of a saint1 or the part in which1 if a martyr1 he was killed or received his death-wound1 has the right of keeping his festival and honoring him just as if it had the whole body4 ,therefore1 in cathedrals and places where festivals are held in honor of a particular saint1 where they have relics1 which have perhaps been sealed up for years1 and never examined1 they often speak as if they have the entire body4 ,this is a common practice1 and if ,i had time ,i might give you an interesting exemplification of it4 ,footnote #id ,suffice it to say1 that according to travellers there are three heads of ,st4 ,john4 ,now as ,i have said1 a body can be divided1 but you can hardly imagine this to be the case with a head4 ,footnote #id3 ,since published in ,the ,month1 ,story of a ,french ,officer4 7,see ,,cath4 ,,world1 ,no4 #a47 ,a very interesting old ,english traveller--,sir ,john ,mandeville--went into the ,east very early1 and returned in #acff2 soon after which1 almost as soon as any books were published1 his travels appeared4 ,he is a very well-known writer4 ,of course you must not expect that accuracy in his works which a person would now exhibit who has books at his command and all the conveniences for travelling4 ,he was not a profound scholar3 he believes almost whatever is told him1 so what we must do is to let him guide us as well as he can1 and endeavor to judge how far he is right4 ,i will read you an extract1 then1 from ,sir ,john ,mandeville3 ,footnote #ie ,footnote #ie3 ,travels1 chap1 ix41 p4 #ahb4 ,ed4 ,bohn4 ,from thence we go up to ,samaria1 which is now called ,sebaste2 it is the chief city of that country4 ,there was wont to be the head of ,st4 ,john the ,baptist inclosed in the wall2 but the ,emperor ,theodosius had it drawn out1 and found it wrapped in a little cloth1 all bloody2 and so he carried it to ,constantinople2 and the hinder part of the head is still at ,constantinople2 and the fore part of the head to under the chin1 under the church of ,st4 ,silvester1 where are nuns2 and it is yet all broiled1 as though it were half burnt2 for the ,emperor ,julian above mentioned1 of his wickedness and malice1 burned that part with the other bones1 as may still be seen2 and this thing hath been proved both by popes and emperors4 ,and the jaws beneath which hold to the chin1 and a part of the ashes1 and the platter on which the head was laid when it was smitten off1 are at ,genoa2 and the ,genoese make a great feast in honor of it1 and so do the ,saracens also4 ,and some men say that the #ded head of ,st4 ,john is at ,amiens in ,picardy2 and other men say that it is the head of ,st4 ,john the bishop4 ,i know not which is correct1 but ,god knows2 but however men worship it1 the blessed ,st4 ,john is satisfied4 ,this is a true ,catholic sentiment4 ,right or wrong1 all mean to honor ,st4 ,john1 and there is an end of it4 ,we could not expect a traveller going through the country like ,sir ,john1 not visiting every place1 but hearing one thing from one and another from another1 to tell us the exact full truth4 ,but we have here two very important points gained4 ,first1 we have the singular fact of the division of the head at all4 ,we occasionally hear of the head of a saint being at a particular place1 but seldom of a part of a head being in one place and a part in another4 ,here we have an unprejudiced traveller going into the ,east2 he comes to the place where the head of ,st4 ,john used to be kept1 and he finds there the tradition that it was divided into three parts1 one of which was at ,constantinople1 one at ,genoa1 and another at ,rome4 ,then he adds1 ,other people say that the head is at ,amiens4 ,so much ,sir ,john ,mandeville further informs us3 he mentions the places where it was reported the head was1 telling us that it was divided into three4 ,this is a statement worthy of being verified4 ,it was made a long time ago1 and yet the tradition remains the same4 ,it was as well believed in the thirteenth century in the ,east1 at ,sebaste1 as it is in ,europe at the present moment4 ,the church of ,s4 ,silvestro in ,capite1 which many of you remember1 is a small church on the east side of the ,corso1 entered by a sort of vestibule3 it has an atrium or court1 with arches round1 and dwellings for the chaplains2 the outer gates can be shut at night so as to prevent completely any access to the church4 ,the rest is an immense building1 belonging to the nuns1 running out toward the ,propaganda4 ,when the republicans in the late invasion got hold of ,rome1 the first thing1 of course1 which they did was to turn out the monks and nuns right and left1 to make barracks2 and the poor nuns of ,s4 ,silvestro were ordered to move4 ,the head of ,st4 ,john is in a shrine which looks very brilliant1 but is poor in reality4 ,i think it is exposed high beyond the altar1 and the nuns kept it in jealous custody in their house4 ,the republicans sent away the nuns in the middle of the night1 at ten or eleven o'clock1 just as they were1 with what clothes they could get made into bundles3 there were carriages at the door to send them off to some other convent1 without the slightest warning or notice4 ,the poor creatures were ordered to take up their abode in the convent of ,st4 ,pudentiana4 ,the only thing they thought of was their relic1 and that they carried with them4 ,the good nuns received them though late at night1 and did what they could to give them good cheer2 they gave up one of their dormitories to them1 putting themselves to immense inconvenience4 ,when the ,french came to ,rome1 they found ,s4 ,silvestro so useful a building for public purposes that they continued to hold it1 but permitted the nuns to occupy some rooms near the church4 ,i was in ,rome while they were still at my titular church1 and went to visit the nuns attached to it4 ,their guests asked1 ,would you not like to see our relic of ,st4 ,john8 ,i said1 ,certainly ,i should2 perhaps ,i shall never have another opportunity4 ,i do not suppose it had been out of their house for hundreds of years4 ,there is a chapel within the convent which the nuns of ,st4 ,pudentiana consider a sacred oratory1 having a miraculous picture there1 to which they are much attached2 and in this they kept the shrine4 ,on examination ,i found that there was no part of the head except the back4 ,it is said in the extract ,i have read to you that the front part of the head is at ,rome2 but it is the back of the skull merely2 the rest is filled up with some stuffing #dee and silk over it4 ,the nuns have but a third of the head2 and the assertion that they pretend to possess the head1 which travellers make1 is clearly false4 ,i can say from my own ocular inspection that it is but the third part--the back part1 which is the most interesting1 because there the stroke of martyrdom fell4 ,i was certainly glad of this fortunate opportunity of verifying the relic4 ,some time afterward ,i was at ,amiens4 ,i was very intimate with the late bishop1 and spent some days with him4 ,one day he said to me1 ,would you wish to see our head of ,st4 ,john8 ,yes1 ,i replied1 ,i should much desire it4 ,well1 he said1 we will wait till the afternoon2 then ,i will have the gates of the cathedral closed1 that we may examine it at leisure4 ,we dined early1 and went into the chapel of the ,blessed ,sacrament1 where the relic was exposed1 with candles4 ,after saying prayers1 it was brought1 and ,i had it in my hands2 it was nothing but the mask1 the middle and back portions being totally wanting4 ,you could almost trace the expression and character of the countenance in the bony structure4 ,it was of the same size and color as the portion which ,i had seen at ,st4 ,pudentiana2 but the remarkable thing about it is that there are stiletto marks in the face4 ,we are told by ,fathers1 that ,herodias stabbed the head with a bodkin when she got it into her hand1 and here are the marks of such an operation visible4 ,you could almost say that you had seen him as he was alive4 ,i have not seen the third fragment1 but ,i can hardly doubt that it is a portion of the same head1 and that it would comprise the parts1 the chin and the jaw1 because there is no lower jaw in the front part1 which is a mere mask4 ,the only other claimant is ,genoa1 and its relic ,i have not seen4 ,but this is exactly the portion allotted by ,mandeville to that city4 ,i have1 however1 had the satisfaction of personally verifying two of the relics1 each of which comprises a third part of the head1 leaving for the other remainder exactly the place which our old traveller allots to it4 ,mr4 ,cashel ,hoey1 one of our learned contributors1 has kindly furnished me with a most interesting corroboration of this account4 ,it is an extract from the ,revue ,archeologique1 new series1 ,jan4 #ahfa1 p4 #cf1 in a paper by ,m4 ,louis ,moland1 entitled ,charlemagne a ,constantinople1 etc41 giving an account of a ,,ms4 in the library of the ,arsenal1 anterior to the thirteenth century4 ,the following is the account of the relic which the emperor is stated to have brought from ,constantinople to ,aix-la-,chapelle3 ,li empereres prist les saintuaires tot en disant ses orisons1 si les mist en eskerpes 7echarpes7 totes de drap de soie et si les enporta molt saintement avoec lui trosqu ,ais la ,capele en l'eglise ,nostre ,dame qu'il avoit ediflie4 ,la fu establis par l'apostolie 7,le ,pape7 et par les archevesques et les evesques as pelerins li grans pardons1 qui por ,deu i venoient4 ,oies une partie des reliques1 que li empereres ot aportees3 il i fu la moities de la corone dont ,nostre ,sires fu corones des poignans espines4 ,et si i ot des claus dont ,nostre ,sires fu atachies en la crois al jor que li ,jui le crucifierent4 ,et si i ot de la vraie crois une pieche et del suaire ,nostre ,segnor1 ,o le chemise ,nostre ,dame4 ---- #def ,from ,the ,month4 ,,madame ,,swetchine ,,and ,,her ,,salon4 ,the salons of ,paris form a distinctive feature of ,french society4 ,nowhere else is the same thing exactly to be found4 ,frenchwomen have a peculiar gift for conversation1 due in a great measure to their graceful language1 with its delicate shades of expression4 ,we are prone to smile at ,french sentimentality1 or to apply their own word verbiage1 prefacing it with unmeaning4 ,but when the epithet does truly fit1 it is because the real thing has been abused1 not because it does not exist4 ,conversation in ,france is cultivated as an art1 just the same as epistolary style3 both form an important branch of female education4 ,when the soil is bad1 the attempt at culture only betrays more clearly native poverty2 in other words1 a mind of little thought or taste becomes ridiculous in straining after the expression of what it can neither conceive nor feel4 ,but when a well-informed and cultivated intelligence blossoms into keen appreciation of the beautiful1 no language so delicately as ,french conveys minute shades of thought and feeling4 ',tis not repetition1 then1 but variety2 and when such an instrument is handled with feminine tact1 perfection in its kind is achieved4 ,no wonder that salons are exclusively ,french from the days of ,julie de ,rambouillet down to ,madame ,recamier4 ,no wonder at the influence exercised by a woman who really has a salon4 ,few1 very few1 arrive at this result4 ,thousands may receive2 hundreds glitter in the gay world of fashion1 renowned for beauty1 wit1 good dressing1 or good parties2 two or three at most in a century are the presiding spirits of their social circles1 and that is what constitutes having a salon4 ,no one quality alone will do it2 a combination is required2 not always the same1 but one or two together1 whichsoever1 attracting sympathy and producing influence4 ,influence--the effect1 not the quality itself--can never be absent4 ,strangers settling in ,paris have had their salon2 but we do not know that they could transport it with them to any other atmosphere4 ,beside ,madame ,recamier--whose rare beauty1 joined to her goodness and her tact1 helped to form her salon--two other women in our day1 or just before it1 have been the leading stars of their circles4 ,others1 no doubt1 there are2 but the names of these three have escaped beyond ,paris4 ,strange to say1 two are foreigners1 and both of these ,russians4 ,except1 however1 as regards country and influence1 no comparison can of course be established between the ,princess ,lieven and ,madame ,swetchine4 ,one sought and gained a political object2 the other accepted circumstances1 and found them fame4 ,madame ,swetchine was already thirty-four years of age when she arrived in ,paris4 ,she had no beauty1 and no pretensions to wit2 indeed1 her timidity was such that her expressions were always obscure when she began to speak2 and it was only by degrees1 as she went on1 that she gathered confidence1 and then her language flowed with ease1 betraying1 rather than fully revealing1 the deep current of thought beneath4 ,still her advantages were many4 ,as regards outward circumstances1 she possessed good birth and high position2 her manners were such as the early culture of a polished court bestows2 she was accustomed to wield a large fortune1 and to hold a prominent place in the social world4 ,these were advantages that might be fairly set against the absence of beauty1 wondrous as is that charm3 beside1 her person was not unpleasing4 ,though #deg small1 she was graceful in her motions2 despite little blue eyes1 rather irregular1 and a nose of ,calmuck form1 her face wore a soft kindly expression that attracted sympathy4 ,her complexion was remarkably fresh and clear4 ,but ,madame ,swetchine possessed innate qualities of heart and mind of the rarest description1 that only unfolded themselves gradually the more closely she could be observed4 ,unlike mankind in general1 the better she was known1 the more was she beloved and admired4 ,her intelligence of richly-varied powers had been carefully cultivated2 what she acquired in youth1 with the aid of masters1 had been since matured by her own unceasing study1 and by reading of the most widely-discursive character4 ,not only was she familiar with ancient and modern literatures1 perusing them in their originals1 but she also conversed fluently in all the languages of ,europe4 ,her imagination1 enthusiastic and wild almost1 as belongs to the north1 successfully sought for outpourings1 both in music and painting4 ,by a strange combination1 no natural quality of mind was more remarkable in ,madame ,swetchine than her good sense3 the only feature that shone above it was her eminent gift of piety4 ,but virtues1 and particularly religious virtues1 proceed from the heart quite as much as from the intelligence2 often1 indeed1 far more especially4 ,madame ,swetchine possessed the warmest feelings1 a nature both loving and expansive4 ,as daughter1 wife1 and friend she evinced rare devotion2 but the sentiment and thought that most filled heart and mind was undoubtedly her love for ,god4 ,what a rich assemblage of qualities is here6 how strange that they should go to make up a ,parisian woman of fashion6 ,such1 however1 in its most usual acceptation1 ,madame ,swetchine never was3 she never mingled in the light brilliant world2 but she did form the centre of attraction to a large circle she had her salon4 ,general ,swetchine1 deeply wounded by the emperor1 who lent too ready credence to unfounded reports whispered against so faithful a subject1 would not stoop to justify himself1 but quitted ,russia in disgust1 accompanied by his wife4 ,when they reached ,paris1 in the spring of #ahaf1 ,louis ,,xviii4 was on the throne of ,france4 ,madame ,swetchine found now restored to their high positions those friends of her youth whom as exiles she had known and loved at ,st4 ,petersburg4 ,her place was naturally amongst them2 new intimacies were soon added to the old4 ,the ,duchesse de ,duras1 authoress of ,ourika1 and friend of ,madame de ,stael1 gained a strong hold on her affections4 ,yet it did not seem at first as if ,madame ,swetchine were destined to so much influence in ,french society4 ,modesty made her reserved4 ,madame de ,stael had been invited to meet her at a small dinner-party2 and ,madame ,swetchine1 though seated opposite1 was intimidated1 and allowed the meal to pass over without speaking or scarcely raising her eyes4 ,afterward ,madame de ,stael came up and said1 ,i had been told that you desired my acquaintance2 was ,i misinformed8 ,by no means1 was the reply2 but it is customary for royalty to speak first4 ,such was the homage she paid to genius4 ,at first it had seemed uncertain how long ,general and ,madame ,swetchine might remain absent from ,russia2 but after the lapse of a few years they took up their definite residence in ,paris4 ,their hotel1 ,rue ,st4 ,dominique1 was hired on a long lease1 and fitted up as a permanent abode4 ,they sent for their pictures and other articles from ,st4 ,petersburg4 ,the general occupied the ground-floor2 ,madame ,swetchine took the rooms above4 ,her apartments consisted of a salon and a library commanding an extensive view of gardens4 ,here it was that her friends used to assemble2 not many at a time1 but successively4 ,she never gave soirees1 and her dinner-parties consisted of a few intimates round a small table4 ,her hours for #deh reception were every day from three till six1 and then from nine till midnight4 ,debarred by her health from paying visits1 she contented herself with receiving in this manner2 and for thirty years a continuous stream of persons was for ever passing on through her rooms4 ,she had not sought to form it2 but there was her salon1 and one of a peculiar character4 ,two features distinguished it3 the religious tone that prevailed1 and the absence of party spirit4 ,madame ,swetchine herself was eminently religious1 and she had a large way of viewing all things4 ,her influence1 though partly moral and intellectual1 was ever chiefly religious2 and she gave that presiding characteristic to the atmosphere around4 ,so long as faith and morality were not attacked1 all other points she considered secondary1 and admitted the widest diversity of opinion on them4 ,her own views on all subjects were firmly held1 and she expressed them with freedom4 ,there could be no mistake about it4 ,in religion she was a strict ,catholic1 and in philosophy ,christian2 in politics she preferred a liberal monarchy2 but far from seeking to give that color to her salon1 she would not allow any friend holding the same views to try to impose them on others4 ,this was equally the case in matters of art and taste2 she tolerated nothing exclusive2 but the principle is much more difficult to be followed out when applied to politics1 which involve interests of such magnitude1 appealing to all the passions1 and especially in such an excitable atmosphere as that of ,paris4 ,nothing better shows ,madame ,swetchine's tact and gentleness of temper than her intimacies with men of such different stamps1 and the way in which she made them to a certain extent amalgamate4 ,but the above qualities would have failed to do it1 had their spring been a worldly one2 hers flowed truly from the ,christian charity with which her whole soul was full4 ,in this she and her salon were unique4 ,she lived to see two great revolutions in ,france3 the one of #ahcj1 and that which substituted the republic for ,louis ,philippe1 ending with the empire4 ,members of all these regimes were among her visitors4 ,ministers of state under the ,restoration1 those who embraced the ,orleans cause1 men belonging to the republican government1 ambassadors from most of the foreign courts in ,europe2 all these in turn enjoyed her conversation1 some her esteem or affection1 according to the degrees of intimacy and sympathy4 ,her own feelings1 as well as convictions1 lay with legitimists2 but others were no less welcomed1 and some of various parties were highly valued4 ,true1 however1 to religion1 she never gave her friendship to men not devoted to the interests of the ,church4 ,her great object was to do good to souls1 but in a quiet1 unostentatious1 womanly way2 gently leading to virtue1 never inculcating it4 ,this of course became more exclusively her province as she grew older4 ,she was truly liberal in all her sentiments2 not assuredly from indifference1 but through a large philosophy of spirit that allowed for diversities of opinion in all things not essential4 ,at the same time her own convictions were unflinchingly avowed1 as well as her ideas and tastes in smaller matters4 ,the men with whom she was most intimate have all more or less been known to fame1 and are eminent also for their religious spirit4 ,we might begin a list with ,monsieur de ,maistre at ,st4 ,petersburg1 when she was but twenty-five2 then following her to ,paris1 see her make acquaintance with his friend ,monsieur de ,bonald2 exercise maternal influence over ,,mm4 de ,falloux1 de ,montalembert1 and ,lacordaire2 and finally wind up with ,donoso ,cortes1 the ,marquis de ,valdegamas1 ,prince ,albert de ,broglie1 and ,alexis de ,tocqueville4 ,each one of the distinguished personages above has figured prominently on the great stage1 more or less renowned in politics and letters1 and #dei always holding a high moral character4 ,it may seem fastidious to recall their titles to fame4 ,in our day1 when all are acquainted with continental literature1 who is not familiar with the witty author of the ,soirees de ,st4 ,petersbourg1 although it be permitted somewhat to ignore the rather dry philosophical works of his friend de ,bonald8 ,monsieur de ,falloux1 with filial love1 has raised a monument to ,madame ,swetchine that will endure beside his life of ,pope ,pius ,v41 and jointly with the remembrance of his political integrity4 ,who that has followed the late history of ,europe does not know ,donoso ,cortes1 the great orator1 whose famous three discourses in the ,spanish chambers instantaneously reached so far and wide1 whose written style is the very music of that rich ,castilian idiom1 and whose liberal political views kept pace with his large ,catholic heart8 ,soeur ,rosalie and ,madame ,swetchine together soothed his dying hours4 ,the author of ,la ,democratic en ,amerique has been indiscreetly praised1 but none can deny his ability1 ,prince ,albert de ,broglie1 doctrinaire in his views1 still advocates with talent the cause of religion and of constitutional monarchy4 ,these two latter were among the latest acquisitions to ,madame ,swetchine's salon4 ,,mm4 de ,montalembert and de ,falloux were like her sons2 she knew them from their early manhood1 called them by their ,christian names1 loved and counselled them as any mother might4 ,but if her influence over them was so salutary1 we cannot help admiring most the unswerving attachment of these young men to her2 ,madame ,swetchine's letters show her expostulating with ,comte de ,montalembert1 then little past twenty1 and endeavoring to convince him he is wrong4 ,he will not yield2 but acknowledges afterward the justness of her views1 and allows now these letters to be published4 ,alfred de ,falloux is the son sent for when danger seems impending2 he tends her dying couch in that same salon where he had so often and for so many years walked with her conversing2 to him she confides her papers and last wishes4 ,the celebrated ,pere ,lacordaire was very dear to her2 and she certainly acted the part of a mother toward him4 ,monsieur de ,montalembert presented him to her when ,abbe ,lacordaire was but twenty-eight1 and quite unknown4 ,his genius--which she immediately discerned--and his ardent soul interested her wonderfully4 ,soon after he became connected1 through ,abbe de ,lamennais1 with the journal ,l',avenir2 by his own generous and oft-repeated avowal she kept him from any deviation at this trying moment4 ,you appeared to me as the angel of the ,lord1 writes he1 to a soul floating between life and death1 between earth and heaven4 ,nor was this the only time4 ,her letters show her following him with breathless interest through his chequered career1 and assuring him of her warm undying friendship1 so long as he remains faithful to ,god and his ,church4 ,and this was a beautiful affection1 whichever side we view it4 ,for more than twenty years it lasted2 that is1 for the rest of her life4 ,the ardent young man is seen with the erratic impulses of his glowing intellect1 yet docile to the motherly admonitions of his old friend2 and by degrees1 as time mellows him somewhat--though it never could subdue nature altogether--he sinks into a calmer strain1 still asking advice1 and taking it1 with language more respectful1 though not a whit less tender4 ,madame ,swetchine brought to bear on him a species of idolatry2 she admired his genius to excess1 and loved his fine nature as any doting parent might2 but these sentiments never rendered her blind to his faults2 and she constantly blended reproof with admiration1 while strenuously endeavoring to keep him ever in the most perfect path4 ,she had the satisfaction of seeing him1 ere she departed this life1 safely anchored in a religious order1 and the ,dominicans fairly re-established in ,france2 one of her pre-occupations on her death-bed1 after bidding him adieu1 was to secure #dfj that his letters should be one day given to the public4 ,for thus she knew he would be better appreciated4 ,other names of men well-known in the ,parisian world of letters1 or for their deeds of charity1 might here be added as having adorned her salon4 ,there was the ,vicomte de ,melun1 connected with every good work 7literary or other7 in the ,french capital2 and her two relatives1 ,prince ,augustin ,galitzin and ,prince 7afterward ,pere7 ,gagarin4 ,the former still writes2 the latter1 erst a gay man of fashion and then metamorphosed into a zealous ,jesuit1 is now devoting his missionary labors to ,syria4 ,and lastly may be named one who1 though he never mingled in the world of her salon1 yet visited ,madame ,swetchine and esteemed her greatly4 ,pere de ,ravignan presided at one time in her house over meetings of charitable ladies1 who were afterward united with the ,enfants de ,marie at the convent of the ,sacre ,coeur4 ,nor were her friendships exclusively confined to men4 ,madame ,swetchine had not that foible into which many superior women fall of affecting to despise their own sex2 and which always shows that they innately1 unconsciously often1 separate their individual selves from all the rest of womankind as alone superior to it4 ,hers was a larger view3 she loved souls2 and souls1 says one of her aphorisms1 have neither age nor sex4 ,when shall we in general begin to live here as we are to do for ever hereafter8 ,she had had her early friendships in ,russia1 and most passionate they were2 too girlish in their romantic enthusiasm1 too wordily tender in expression2 but time mellowed these affections1 without wearing them out4 ,the two principal women-friends of her youth in ,russia1 after her sister1 were ,roxandre ,stourdja1 a ,greek by birth1 afterward ,comtesse ,edlinz1 and the ,comtesse de ,nesselrode4 ,both of these in later years visited her ,paris salon4 ,but she also formed several new ,french intimacies4 ,her grief for the loss of ,madame de ,duras1 when death deprived her of that friend1 was a little softened by her warm sympathy for the two daughters left1 ,mesdames de ,rauzan and de la ,rochejacquelain4 ,if she saw most of the former1 the latter had for ,madame ,swetchine a second tie through her early marriage with a grandson of the ,princesse de ,tarente1 whom ,madame ,swetchine had so revered in her girlish days at ,st4 ,petersburg4 ,both the ,duchesse de ,rauzan and ,comtesse de la ,rochejacquelain were very beautiful2 and ,madame ,swetchine dearly loved beauty1 especially when combined1 as in them1 with grace and elegance1 cleverness and piety4 ,for both the sisters were remarkable3 one had more fascinating softness united with good sense2 the other was more witty and brilliant4 ,the last country-house visited by ,madame ,swetchine shortly before her death was the chateau de ,fleury1 belonging to ,madame de la ,rochejacquelain1 where we read that she loved to find still mementos of the ,princesse de ,tarente4 ,madame ,swetchine was very intimate with ,madame ,recamier1 her fellow-star as leader of a contemporary salon4 ,she greatly prized her worth4 ,another friend much loved was the ,comtesse de ,gontant ,biron1 in youth eminent for her beauty1 and always for her many virtues4 ,among younger women distinguished by ,madame ,swetchine were ,mrs4 ,craven1 nee la ,ferronaye2 the ,princess ,wittgenstein1 lovely as clever1 a ,russian by birth1 and a convert to the ,catholic ,church2 and quite at the last period1 the ,duchess of ,hamilton4 ,she was always partial to youth1 taking a warm interest in anything that might minister to the welfare or pleasures of that age4 ,thus she liked the young women of her acquaintance to be well dressed1 and would admire their taste or try to improve it1 even in that respect1 with perfectly motherly solicitude4 ,those going to balls frequently stopped on their way to show their toilettes to ,madame ,swetchine2 and not seldom1 too1 they would #dfa return in the morning to ask advice on graver matters1 or to display the progress of their children4 ,the good ,madame ,swetchine did to persons of the world by quiet friendly counsel is incalculable2 she never spared the truth when she thought it could be of use1 and as she had great perspicacity1 she was not often deceived4 ,beside1 her natural penetration became yet keener1 not only by long experience1 but also by the numerous confidences she received from the many souls in a measure laid bare before her4 ,m4 de ,falloux has well said that she possessed the science of souls1 as savants do that of bodies4 ,however one might be pained at what she said1 it was impossible to feel wounded2 her manner was so kind1 and her rectitude of intention so evident4 ,and thus did she render her salon useful3 living in public1 as it might appear1 surrounded chiefly by the great ones of earth1 her thought was yet ever with ,god1 and she positively worked for him day by day without even quitting those few rooms4 ,nay1 so completely is ,madame ,swetchine identified with her salon for those who knew her through any part of the thirty years spent in ,paris1 that it is difficult for our idea to separate her from it4 ,even materially speaking she seldom left it4 ,with a simplicity that seems strange indeed to our ,english notions1 she caused her little iron bedstead to be set up every night in one of her reception-rooms2 each morning it was doubled up again and consigned to a closet4 ,during her last illness it was just the same2 she lay in her salon1 the only difference being that then the bed remained permanently4 ,not an iota else was changed in the aspect of her apartment2 no table was near the sick-couch with glass or cup ready to hand2 what she wanted in this way she signed for to a deaf-and-dumb attendant1 ,parisse1 whose grateful eyes were ever fixed upon her benefactress1 to divine or anticipate what might be wished4 ,and there1 too1 she died4 ,to us with our exclusive family feelings1 or indeed to the general human sentiment that courts the utmost privacy for that solemn closing scene1 there is something which jars in the account of ,madame ,swetchine's last days on earth4 ,doubtless all the consolations of religion were there to hallow her dying moments2 she continued to the last to devote long hours to prayer2 and by an enviable privilege she possessed a domestic chapel blessed with the perpetual presence of the ,blessed ,sacrament2 but what strikes us strangely is1 that her salon had chanced to remain open while extreme unction was being administered2 and so1 as it was her usual reception hour1 the few friends in ,paris at that season 7,september7 continued to drop in one by one1 and kneeling1 each new-comer behind the other1 prayed with and for her4 ,those last visitors were ,pere ,chocarn1 prior of the ,dominicans2 ,pere ,gagarin2 ,mesdames ,fredro1 de ,meyendorf1 and ,craven2 ,messieurs de ,broglie1 de ,falloux1 de ,melun1 and ,zermolof4 ,but the strange feeling we cannot help experiencing must be reasoned with4 ,her salon and her friends were to ,madame ,swetchine home and family4 ,and now it might seem that nothing more could be said of her2 but1 in truth1 a very small portion has yet been expressed4 ,beside the six hours devoted to reception1 the day counted eighteen more4 ,there were religious duties to be performed1 and home duties no less imperative2 there were the poor to be visited1 and there were the claims of study1 which ,madame ,swetchine never neglected up to the latest period of existence4 ,all these calls upon her time were recognized by conscience1 and therefore duly responded to4 ,madame ,swetchine was1 of course1 an early riser2 by eight or nine o'clock she had heard mass1 visited her poor1 and was ready to commence the business of the day4 ,after breakfast1 an hour or two were devoted to ,general ,swetchine1 who liked her to read to him4 ,during the #dfb last fifteen years of his life1 and his death only preceded hers seven years1 he had become so deaf as to enjoy general society but little2 but he would not allow her to give up her receptions on that account1 as she wished to do4 ,the rest of the morning was employed in study with strictly closed doors1 only opened to cases of misfortune1 and these ,madame ,swetchine never considered as intrusions4 ,her confidential servant knew it well1 and did not scruple to disturb her when real want or sorrow begged for admittance4 ,her persevering love of study is well illustrated by her own assurance1 but a few months before her death1 that even then she never sat down to her writing-table without feeling her heart beat with joy4 ,she advised ,mrs4 ,craven always to reserve a few morning hours for study1 saying the quality of time was different at that period of day4 ,several hours in the evening were again spent with the general4 ,at midnight1 when all visitors departed1 ,madame ,swetchine retired to rest2 but her repose never lasted much beyond two in the morning4 ,painful infirmities made her suffer all day long1 and at night debarred her from sleep4 ,motion alone brought comparative ease1 and therefore it was that1 with intimate friends1 she carried on conversation walking up and down her rooms4 ,at night1 suffocation increased1 as also a nervous kind of excitement4 ,it was at these hours1 during the intervals snatched from pain1 that she mostly composed the writings which ,m4 de ,falloux has given to the world4 ,no wonder that they bear the impress of the cross2 nor can we marvel that she speaks feelingly and scientifically of resignation1 for good need had she to practise that4 ,such were usually her twenty-four hours in ,paris4 ,if we look back to the past1 religion had not always been the guiding principle with ,madame ,swetchine4 ,her father1 ,m4 ,soymonof1 was a disciple of ,voltaire1 and he brought her up without any pious training4 ,she never even repeated morning or evening prayers2 simply attended the imperial chapel as a matter of course4 ,but ,voltaire did not excite her admiration2 his infidelity was too cold1 his immorality too coarse2 it was ,rousseau who charmed her4 ,his passionate language pleased her imagination1 and the pages of ,la ,nouvelle ,heloise were almost entirely transcribed1 to be again and again dwelt on4 ,she could not detect the sophistry beneath4 ,but the first deep sorrow of her youth taught her prayer1 and brought her to the feet of ,god1 never to abandon him4 ,m4 ,soymonof was suddenly snatched from his children by death1 and ,madame ,swetchine1 the anguish of this bereavement1 turned to heaven for help and consolation4 ,another sorrow1 the nature of which we ignore1 overtook her at this period2 and1 to use her own expression1 she threw herself then into the arms of ,god with such enthusiasm as naught else ever awakened4 ,the first effect was to render her a fervent adherent of ,russian orthodoxy2 but her mind was too philosophic to rest long satisfied with half conclusions4 ,she was struck with the piety of ,french ,catholics at ,st4 ,petersburg2 especially the modest merit of the ,chevalier d',augard won her highest esteem4 ,finally1 after much voluminous study1 and despite the resistance her rebellious spirit loved to oppose to what she at first called ,m4 de ,maistre's dogmatic absolutism1 she entered the ,catholic ,church4 ,the absurd idea that religion renders the heart cold has been too often refuted to need any comment here4 ,but it may be said that ,madame ,swetchine affords another example of how much devotion1 by purifying human feeling1 intensifies it also4 ,god had given her a loving nature2 and as her piety deepens with years1 so does her tender affection for family ties1 for friends1 country1 and finally for all the poor1 suffering1 helpless ones of earth4 ,her first great attachment was for her father1 and so her first great sorrow was at his loss2 for thus intimately #dfc are love and pain ever conjoined in this world4 ,another deep affection of childhood and early youth1 extending through life1 was for her sister4 ,madame ,swetchine was quite a mother to this child1 ten years her junior4 ,when she married1 she still kept her with her2 and when the young sister also married1 becoming the wife of ,prince ,gagarin1 ,madame ,swetchine became a mother also to the five boys who were successively brought into the world4 ,they are all my nephews1 would she say2 but the two eldest are especially my children4 ,and well did they respond to the feelings of their aunt1 scarcely separating her from their own parent4 ,when she shut herself up for study1 it was their amusement to try and get her out to play with them2 if she remained deaf to entreaties1 the little boys would besiege her door1 making deafening noises with their playthings1 until she mostly yielded and let them in4 ,a very short time before her death1 when ,madame ,swetchine could hardly sit or speak1 she assembled a large family party of young nephews and nieces1 with their preceptors and governesses1 to dine at her house1 and was greatly diverted with their innocent mirth4 ,there is something disappointing in ,madame ,swetchine's marriage4 ,the favor enjoyed by ,monsieur ,soymonof at court1 her own position as maid-of-honor to the ,empress ,marie1 her birth1 fortune1 extreme youth1 and many individual qualifications1 all alike rendered her a fitting match for any man in the empire4 ,she certainly could have chosen4 ,several asked her hand4 ,amongst them was ,count ,strogonof1 young1 rich1 noble1 and talented4 ,but ,monsieur ,soymonof preferred his own friend ,general ,swetchine2 and ,sophie1 we are told1 accepted with affectionate deference her father's choice4 ,the general was twenty-five years her senior1 and though a fine military-looking man1 with noble soldier-like feelings1 scrupulously honorable1 and with much to win esteem1 yet he does not appear the sort of person suited to her ardent enthusiastic temperament4 ,he possessed qualities fitted to command the respect of a young wife2 but not exactly those that win her to admiration and love4 ,wherever honor was not concerned1 he lapsed into his natural apathy3 neither intellect nor imagination were by any means on a par with hers4 ,and the girl of seventeen who prematurely linked her fate with his was full of romance3 nurtured as she had been by a fond ill-judging father1 with ,rousseau to guide her opening thought1 her early dreams probably had fed on some chivalrous ,st4 ,preux with whom to course the stream of life4 ,perhaps she was dreaming of wedding some stern military personification of the same4 ,what an awakening there must have been6 ,was this the second deep sorrow that clouded her nineteenth summer8 ,was there a struggle then8 ,then did she fling herself into the arms of ,god victorious4 ,there is no clue to trace aught of this save that which guides to the usual windings of the human heart4 ,madame ,swetchine was far too nice in her sense of duty1 and far too delicate in feeling1 to allow any such admissions to escape4 ,the devotion of a life-time was given unreservedly to ,general ,swetchine4 ,she never knew the happiness of becoming a mother1 the tie that would of all others have been dearest to her heart4 ,but the general had bestowed paternal affection on a young girl called ,nadine ,staeline1 and ,madame ,swetchine also generously insisted on adopting her4 ,nadine1 welcomed to their roof1 was treated by ,madame ,swetchine like her own child4 ,her attentions to the general continued unremitting4 ,when he quitted ,russia1 she accompanied him to ,paris2 when he was summoned to return1 though condemned to banishment from ,st4 ,petersburg and ,moscow1 she profited by the respite gained to go alone in her old age and infirmity to plead his cause herself with the emperor4 ,nor did she complain of the illness in ,russia that followed such fatigue1 for #dfd her suit was granted4 ,still less did she regret the yet more serious malady that overtook her on returning to ,paris with the glad tidings that brought such relief to his declining years4 ,he lived to the age of ninety-two1 and her grief at his loss was intense4 ,then indeed it was the long companion of a life-time that was taken from her2 and we all know the tender attachment that strengthens with years between two persons who pass them together1 and mutually esteem each other4 ,the general1 on his part1 always showed ,madame ,swetchine affection that had gradually become mixed up with a species of veneration4 ,though he never thwarted her religious views1 he did not himself embrace them2 he liked to see her ,catholic friends1 even priests1 and especially ,pere de ,ravignan2 but remained satisfied with the ,greek ,church4 ,beside her duties as a wife1 we have seen ,madame ,swetchine embrace those of a mother toward young ,nadine4 ,she never slackened in them until ,nadine by her marriage ceased to require their exercise4 ,then she contrived to gratify her maternal instincts by undertaking the charge of ,helene de ,nesselrode1 the daughter of her friend1 just aged fourteen1 and whose health demanded a warmer climate than that of ,russia4 ,nor did she give her up till ,helene married4 ,faithful to all the sentiments she experienced1 and warm in her friendships1 ,madame ,swetchine's most enthusiastic attachment appears to have been for ,mademoiselle ,stourdja4 ,it dated from her early married life1 and continued through the whole of existence4 ,at first it well-nigh provokes a smile to see how1 scarcely parted for a few hours from her friend1 she rushes to her pen1 that it may express the pangs of separation4 ,but girlhood has not passed over1 ere thought1 reason1 duty1 figure largely in the letters of ,madame ,swetchine4 ,her correspondence was extensive1 and portrays herself just as she appeared in daily life--a wise1 gentle1 and affectionate friend or counsellor1 as circumstances might dictate4 ,nowhere does this show her to greater advantage than in the letters--too few1 unfortunately--that we possess from ,madame ,swetchine to ,pere ,lacordaire4 ,the difference between the two minds is striking4 ,her good sense and exquisite judgment contrast with his fiery impetuosity of thought and feeling2 it is evident that her soul moves in the serene atmosphere of near union with ,god2 while he1 the religious of already some years' standing1 is yet battling with strong human torrents4 ,how gently she calls him up a higher path1 never forgetting her womanhood nor his priestly character4 ,his tone becomes much more religious2 with rare candor and simplicity he sees and owns past imperfections4 ,patriotism was one of her ardent sentiments1 and she considered the feeling as a duty incumbent on women no less than men3 of course1 conduct was to be in accordance4 ,like many ,russians1 love of country centred for her in devotion to the sovereign2 and of this her letters afford curious exemplification4 ,she calls ,alexander the hero of humanity1 and1 after enumerating his many perfections1 rejoices that this young sage is our emperor6 ,when her husband was harshly summoned back to ,russia1 that the disgrace of exile from court might be inflicted1 she exclaims3 ,god knows that ,i have never uttered a word of complaint against my sovereigns1 nor so much as blamed them in heart6 ,strange loyalty this to our modern western notions6 ,her tender charity toward the poor began to show itself at an early age4 ,at twenty-five in ,st4 ,petersburg she was already the soul of all good works there3 nor did she content herself with merely giving alms1 nor even with seeking to promote moral improvement2 her ingenious kindness displayed itself also in endeavouring to procure pleasure or innocent amusements4 ,she took flowers to those she visited1 or tried to adorn their rooms with pictures4 ,the #dfe friendless deaf-and-dumb girl whom she had adopted became her constant attendant2 and ,madame ,swetchine bore with her violence of temper until the defect was partly overcome4 ,she undertook the charge of a poor boy at ,vichy1 because his many maladies and their repulsive nature rendered him an object almost of disgust4 ,each summer that she returned there1 he was among the first to greet her1 sure of the kindest welcome4 ,for years all his wants were supplied at her expense2 and when he died1 she said he had now become her benefactor4 ,to know ,madame ,swetchine thoroughly1 her writings must be read4 ,they were never meant for publication1 but are either self-communings1 or thoughts poured out before ,god4 ,some of her aphorisms are touchingly delicate in sentiment4 ,loving hearts are like paupers2 they live on what is given them4 ,our alms form our sole riches1 and what we withhold constitutes our real poverty4 ,her prayers and meditations may be used with advantage for spiritual reading4 ,her unfinished treatise on ,old ,age is very beautiful2 but more exquisite still is that more complete one on ,resignation4 ,any passage chosen at random would show elevated thought4 ,the first degree of submission produces respectful acquiescence to ,god's will2 then this sentiment becomes transformed into a pious and sincere acceptation full of confidence2 until confidence itself gradually acquires a filial character4 ,faith1 she says1 makes resignation reasonable1 and hope renders it easy4 ,the love of ,god draws us away from our long love of self4 ,patience is so near to resignation1 that it often seems one and the same thing4 ,she acknowledges that the hardest trials of resignation are found in those misfortunes irreparable here on earth4 ,such are death1 old age1 physical infirmity1 loss of worldly honor1 final impenitence4 ,but the death of those we love1 she says1 may be deeply mourned in the midst of resignation2 and our own certain death affords not only a counterbalance to such affliction1 but also to the other evils of life4 ,old age is a halt between the world overcome1 and eternity about to begin4 ,physical infirmities make us live in the atmosphere of the gospel beatitudes2 we are then truly the poor ones of ,christ1 or rather poverty itself4 ,the world sometimes forgets1 but never pardons2 what matters1 provided virtue remain unscathed1 or that it be restored through repentance8 ,suffering teaches us how to suffer2 suffering teaches us how to live2 suffering teaches us how to die4 ,and here we take our leave of this remarkable woman1 who offers such a bright example to our generation4 ---- #dff ,from ,the ,dublin ,review4 ,,recent ,,irish ,,poetry4 ,lays of the ,western ,gael and other ,poems4 ,by ,,samuel ,,ferguson4 ,london3 ,bell ,daldy4 #ahfe4 ,poems4 ,by ,,speranza 7,,lady ,,wilde74 ,dublin3 ,duffy4 #ahfd4 ,laurence ,bloomfield in ,ireland4 ,a modern ,poem4 ,by ,,william ,,allingham4 ,london3 ,macmillan ,co4 #ahfd4 ,inisfail1 a ,lyrical ,chronicle of ,ireland4 ,by ,,aubrey ,,de ,,vere4 ,dublin3 ,duffy4 #ahfd4 ,in the palmy days of ,young ,ireland1 its writers and speakers were particularly prone to the quotation of that strange saying of ,fletcher of ,saltoun3 ,if a man were permitted to make all the ballads1 he need not care who should make the laws of a country4 ,it has been the destiny of ,young ,ireland to make and to administer the laws of other countries than that for which its hot youth hoped to legislate4 ,but it has certainly left ,ireland a legacy of excellent ballads4 ,a glance at the fortunes of some of the more prominent members of this brilliant but ill-fated party1 as they present themselves to view at this moment1 suggests curious contrasts and strange reflections4 ,mr4 ,gavan ,duffy1 who was assuredly the source of its noblest and wisest inspirations1 after having within ten years occupied high office in three ,victorian ministries1 and laid the impress of his organizing genius deep on the constitutional foundations of that most rising of the ,australian states1 is on his way home from ,melbourne for a brief ,european vacation4 ,mr4 ,john ,mitchel1 ,footnote #if who represented the more violent and revolutionary section of ,young ,ireland1 was1 before the ,american war commenced1 editor of the ,richmond ,enquirer1 one of the most extreme organs of secession1 and afterward visited ,paris with the hope of inducing the ,emperor ,napoleon to invade ,ireland2 but since the war was declared1 he has resumed his post at ,richmond--sometimes writing articles that are supposed more particularly to forecast ,president ,davis's policy2 sometimes serving in the ranks of ,general ,lee's army as the driver of an ambulance wagon4 ,his eldest son fired the first shot that struck ,fort ,sumter1 and afterward was himself struck at the heart in its command by a northern bullet4 ,mitchel's favorite lieutenant1 ,devin ,reilly1 on the other hand1 died in office at ,washington1 and his illness was attributed at the time to over-fatigue in one of the earliest of those great electioneering contests in which the supremacy of ,mr4 ,lincoln finally came to be established over ,mr4 ,stephen ,douglas1 the little giant of the west1 and the only man1 in ,mr4 ,reilly's ardent conviction1 who could have saved the ,american ,union4 ,mr4 ,d',arcy ,mc,gee1 whose character bore to that of ,devin ,reilly about the same relation as ,mr4 ,duffy's did to that of ,mr4 ,mitchel1 is at present a leading member of the executive council of ,canada1 and 7the ,duke of ,newcastle was of opinion7 the ablest statesman of ,british ,america2 in proof of which it may suffice to say1 that the project of the ,canadian confederation was in a great degree originated and elaborated by him4 ,the handsome young orator1 whose fiery eloquence surpassed in its influence on an ,irish audience in the ,rotunda even the most brilliant effects of ,sheil at the old ,catholic ,association1 is now to be recognized in a bronzed and war-worn soldier1 under #dfg the style and title of ,major-,general ,thomas ,francis ,meagher1 of the ,united ,states army1 commanding a division1 which1 after ,sherman commenced his marvellous march on ,savannah1 was sent forward to hold the southern section of ,tennessee1 and was last heard of in camp at ,chattanooga4 ,one of this orator's favorite disciples1 ,eugene ,o',reilly1 holds an equivalent rank2 but his line of service has lain not in ,america1 but in ,asia--his allegiance is not to the ,president ,abraham ,lincoln1 but to the ,sultan ,abdul ,aziz2 he is known to all true believers under the style of ,o',reilly ,bey1 one of the earliest of the ,christian officers who took rank under the ,hatti ,hamayoun2 and his sword's avenging justice was freely felt among the ,mohammedan mob who horrified ,christendom five years ago by the massacres of ,syria4 ,what region of the earth is not full of the labors of this party1 sect1 and school of all the ,irish talents1 of whom may well be sung the antique ,milesian elegy1 to which their prophet and guide gave words that complain they have left but few heirs of their company8 ,footnote #ig ,the rabid violence and the underbred vulgarity of style which belong to so many of the ,irish ,nationalist party of the present day1 are all unlike even the errors of ,young ,ireland4 ,that party1 though it tragically failed in fulfilling its hopes at home1 has at all events justified its ambition abroad2 and it was always and everywhere singularly true to its ideas4 ,scattered as it is1 broken1 and often apparently divided against itself1 its members have not failed to yield loyal1 valiant1 and signal service to whatever cause they espoused or country they adopted4 ,its poets have had a principal hand in framing the constitutions of states manifestly destined to future greatness4 ,its orators have led forlorn hopes against fearful odds2 and1 whether in the marshes of the ,chickahominy or in ,syrian defiles1 have not known how to show their backs to the enemy4 ,it would be easy to trace over a far wider range the fortunes of its members since the great emigration that scattered them in the years that followed their catastrophe in '#dh4 ,it is possible any day to find a ,young ,irelander1 who at a more or less brief period after ,ballingarry abiit1 evasit1 erupit1 in the red baggy breeches of the ,zouave1 or in judicial crimson and ermine at the antipodes2 in the black robe of a ,passionist father or the silk gown of a queen's counsel2 surveying a railroad in ,dakotah1 or organizing brigands in ,sicily2 helping in some subordinate way the ,emperor ,maximilian to found the ,mexican empire1 or on the high road to make himself a ,yellow ,button at ,peking4 ,as for ,american generals north and south1 and colonial law-givers east and west1 their names are legion and the legion's name very much begins with ,mac or ,o'4 ,may they make war and law to good advantage6 ,it was not given to them to make either for ,ireland2 but1 if ,fletcher of ,saltoun was a wise man in his generation1 they in theirs have left their country a far more precious heritage4 ,footnote #if3 ,our ,american readers need hardly be reminded that some of the biographical statements which follow are very wide of the truth4--,ed4 ,c4 ,w4 ,footnote #ig3 ,as truagh gan oidir 'n-a bh-farradk--literally1 ,what a pity that there is no heir of their company4 ,see the ,lament for the ,milesians1 in ,the ,poems of ,thomas ,davis4 ,dublin3 ,duffy4 ,irish poetry certainly existed before ,young ,ireland1 and was even considered1 like oratory1 to be a quality naturally and easily indigenous to the ,irish genius4 ,moore had not unworthily sustained the reputation of his country in an age of great poets2 and it was ,moore's own avowed belief that his ,irish ,melodies were the very flowering of his inspiration1 and were indeed alone warranted to preserve his fame to future ages4 ,but neither ,moore1 nor any other poet of ,irish birth1 had attempted to give to the ,irish that poetry racy of the soil1 wherein every image and syllable smacks of their own native nationality1 which ,burns and ,scott1 and a host of minor poets1 had created for the ,scotch4 ,this is the work which ,young ,ireland deliberately and avowedly attempted1 and in which it has assuredly succeeded4 ,when the effort was first made1 it is #dfh told that several of the writers who afterward wrote what1 in its order of ballad poetry1 is unexcelled in the language--and notably ,mr4 ,davis-- were quite unaware of any possession of the poetic faculty1 and took to the task as a boy takes to his tale of ,latin spondees and dactyls at college4 ,but the stream was in the rock1 and when the rock was tapped the stream flowed4 ,in the course of less than a year ,the ,spirit of the ,nation was published1 in which1 with much undeniable rubbish1 there appeared a number of ballads and songs that won the admiration of all good critics2 and to which the far more important testimony of their popular acceptance is still given in the form of continuously recurring and increasing editions4 ,a ,scotch publisher-- ,mr4 ,griffin1 of ,glasgow--ten years ago had heard such accounts of this curious flood-tide of ,irish verse1 that he thought it might be a safe speculation to try whether1 despite its politics1 it might not make its way in the ,british market4 ,the edition was very soon exhausted1 and the book is now1 we believe1 out of print4 ,these facts are of even more value than the high opinion which so experienced and accomplished a critic as ,lord ,jeffrey expressed about the same time of the poetic gifts of ,davis and ,duffy2 for by universal consent the test of sale loses all its vulgarity when applied to that most ethereal compound of the human intellect1 poetry4 ,the poet is born1 and not made1 according to ,horace2 but in so far as he is made anything by man1 it is by process of universal suffrage over the counter4 ,gradual1 growing1 general recognition1 testified by many editions1 at last1 in the course of thirty years1 establishes the irrefragable position of a ,tennyson2 against which a ,tupper1 long struggling1 in the end finds his level1 and lines trunks4 ,much of the poetry of this time was1 consciously or unconsciously1 mimetic--mainly of ,sir ,walter ,scott and of ,lord ,macaulay1 whose ,lays of ,ancient ,rome had recently been published4 ,scott1 indeed1 more distinctly suggested the elements out of which the ,young ,ireland poetry grew4 ,burns wrote in a peculiar provincial dialect1 and with the exception of a few glorious lyrics1 which will occur to every reader's recollection1 he wrote for a district and for a class4 ,but in ,scott's mind all the elements of the ,scottish nationality were equally confluent and homogeneous--the ,highlander1 the ,lowlander1 and the ,islander2 the ,celt1 the ,saxon1 and the ,dane2 the laird1 the presbyter1 and the peasant2 and his imagination equally vivified all times--from those of the ,varangians at ,constantinople to those of the ,jacobites at ,culloden4 ,but in ,ireland there was no formed dialect like the ,lowland ,scotch1 with a settled vocabulary and a concrete form4 ,the language of the peasantry in many parts of the country was the same sort of base ,english that a foreigner speaks--scanty in its range of words1 ill-articulated and aspirated1 loose in the use of the liquid letters1 formed according to alien idioms1 and flavored with alien expletives4 ,the language of the best of the ballads of the peasantry was that of a period in which the people still thought in ,irish1 and expressed themselves in broken ,english1 uttered with the deep and somewhat guttural tones of the ,celt1 and garnished now and then with the more racy epithets1 or endearments1 or shibboleths1 of their native speech4 ,for a time the example of ,lord ,macaulay's ballad poetry prevailed1 with its long rolling metre1 its picturesque nomenclature1 its contrasts rather rhetorical than poetical4 ,it was possible to describe that decisive charge of the ,irish brigade at ,fontenoy1 which ,mr4 ,carlyle treats as a mere myth1 in strains which instantly suggest those of the ,battle of ,ivry4 ,and so did ,davis in a very memorable ballad2 but the likeness was mainly in the measure1 and ,lord ,macaulay had no copyright in lines of fourteen feet4 ,the poem itself was ,irish to the manor born2 and1 it might be pleaded1 was only as like the verse of ,lord ,macaulay as the prose of ,lord ,macaulay is like the prose of ,edmund ,burke4 #dfi ,beyond this task-work1 however1 which1 although very ingeniously and fluently done1 was still as much task-work as college themes1 there arose a difficulty and a hope4 ,was it possible to transfuse the peculiar spirit of the ,irish native poetry into the ,english tongue8 ,the researches of the ,archaeological ,society were at this time rapidly disentombing the long-hidden historical and poetical treasures of the ,irish language4 ,many of these had been translated by ,clarence ,mangan1 in a style which did not pretend to be literally faithful1 but which so expanded1 illustrated1 and harmonized the original that the poem1 while losing none of its idiosyncrasy1 gained in every quality of grace1 freedom1 and force4 ,the rich1 the sometimes redundant array of epithets1 the mobile1 passionate transitions1 the tender and melancholy spirit of veneration for a vanishing civilization1 for perishing houses1 scattering clans1 and a persecuted ,church--some even of the more graceful of the idioms and more musical of the metres--might surely be naturalized in the ,english language2 and so an ,irish poetical dialect be absolutely invented in the middle of the nineteenth century4 ,it was known how an ,irish peasant spoke broken ,english1 and put it into rhyme that did not want a strange wild melody1 that was to more finished and scholarly verse as the flavor of poteen is to the flavor of ,burgundy4 ,but how would an ,irish bard1 drawing his inspiration from the primeval ,ossianic sources1 and thinking in the true ecstatic spirit of the ,irish muse1 speak1 if he were condemned to speak1 in the speech of the ,saxon8 ,this was the bold conception2 and no one who is familiar with the poetry of ,ireland during the last twenty years1 will deny that it has been in great part fulfilled4 ,the poet to whom its execution is especially due can hardly be called a ,young ,irelander in the political sense of the word4 ,but ,young ,ireland was a literary school as well as a political sect2 and any one who remembers1 or may read1 ,mr4 ,ferguson's wonderful ,lament for ,thomas ,davis1 which it is to be greatly regretted he has not included in the present edition of his poems1 will recognize the strong elective affinities which attached him to their action and influence4 ,as it is1 this volume is by far the most remarkable recent contribution of the ,irish poetical genius to ,english literature4 ,mr4 ,ferguson has accomplished the problem of conveying the absolute spirit of ,irish poetry into ,english verse1 and he has done so under the most difficult conceivable conditions--for he prefers a certain simple and unluxuriant structure in the plan of his poems1 and he uses in their composition the most strictly ,saxon words he can find4 ,but all the accessories and figures1 and still more a certain weird melody in the rhythm that reminds the ear of the wild grace of the native music1 indicate at every turn what ,mr4 ,froude has half-reproachfully called the subtle spell of the ,irish mind4 ,it is not surprising to find even careful and accomplished ,english critics unable to reach to the essential meaning of this poetry1 which1 to many1 evidently appears as bald as the style of ,burns first seemed to southron eyes when he became the fashion at ,edinburgh eighty years ago4 ,and yet to master the dialect of ,burns is at least as difficult as to master the dialect of ,chaucer1 while ,mr4 ,ferguson rarely uses a word that would not be passed by ,swift or ,defoe4 ,before one of the most beautiful1 simple1 and graceful of his later poems a recent critic paused1 evidently dismayed by the introduction1 of which1 however1 not willing to dispute the beauty1 he quoted a few lines4 ,it was an old ,irish legend1 versified with surpassing grace and spirit1 of which this is the argument4 ,fergus ,mac,roy1 king of ,ulster in the old pagan times1 was a very good king of his kind4 ,he loved his people and they loved him4 ,he was handsome1 and strong1 and tall4 ,he bore himself well in war and in the chase4 ,he drank with discretion4 #dgj ,nevertheless his life had two troubles4 ,he did not love the law2 and he did love a widow4 ,to listen as chief justiciary to the causes1 of which a constant crop sprang up at ,emania1 tares and corn thickly set together1 troubled him sorely4 ,to make verses to the widow1 on the other hand1 came as easy as sipping usquebaugh or metheglin4 ,he proposed1 and though a king was refused2 but not discouraged1 pressed his suit again and again4 ,and at last ,nessa the fair yielded1 but she made a condition that her son ,conor should sit on the judgment-seat daily by his stepfather's side44 ,this easily agreed1 ,nessa became queen1 while1 as ,fergus tells the tale3 ,while in council and debate ,conor daily by me sate2 ,modest was his mien in sooth1 ,beautiful the studious youth1 ,questioning with eager gaze1 ,all the reasons and the ways ,in the which1 and why because1 ,kings administer the laws4 ,in this wise a year passed1 the youth diligently observant1 with faculties ripening and brightening as his majesty's grew more consciously rusty and slow2 and then a crisis came1 which ,mr4 ,ferguson describes in verses of which it is hard to say whether they best deserve the coif or the laurel1 for in every line there is the sharp wit of the lawyer as well as the vivid fancy of the poet3 ,till upon a day in court ,rose a plea of weightier sort1 ,tangled as a briery thicket ,were the rights and wrongs intricate ,which the litigants disputed1 ,challenged1 mooted1 and confuted1 ,till when all the plea was ended ,naught at all ,i comprehended4 ,scorning an affected show ,of the thing ,i did not know1 ,yet my own defect to hide1 ,i said1 ,boy judge1 thou decide4 ,conor with unalter'd mien1 ,in a clear sweet voice serene1 ,took in hand the tangled skein1 ,and began to make it plain4 ,as a sheep-dog sorts his cattle1 ,as a king arrays his battle1 ,so the facts on either side ,he did marshal and divide4 ,every branching side-dispute ,traced he downward to the root ,of the strife's main stem1 and there ,laid the ground of difference bare4 ,then to scope of either cause1 ,set the compass of the laws1 ,this adopting1 that rejecting1-- ,reasons to a head collecting1-- ,as a charging cohort goes ,through and over scatter'd foes1 ,so1 from point to point he brought ,onward still the weight of thought ,through all error and confusion1 ,till he set the clear conclusion1 ,standing like a king alone1 ,all things adverse overthrown1 ,and gave judgment clear and sound3-- ,praises filled the hall around2 ,yea1 the man that lost the cause ,hardly could withhold applause4 ,in these exquisite verses1 the language is as strict to the point as if it were taken from ,mr4 ,smith's ,action at ,law2 but the reader will remark how every figure reminds him1 and yet not in any mere mimetic fashion1 of the spirit and illustrations of the ,ossianic poetry4 ,nevertheless each word taken by itself is simple ,saxon4 ,its ,celtic character only runs like a vein through the poem1 but it colors and saturates it through and through4 ,the greatest of ,mr4 ,ferguson's poems1 however1 is undoubtedly ,the ,welshmen of ,tirawley1 a ballad which1 we do not fear to say1 is unsurpassed in the ,english language1 or perhaps in even the ,spanish4 ,its epic proportion and integrity1 the vivid picturesqueness of its phraseology1 its wild and original metre1 its extraordinary realization of the laws and customs of an ,irish clan's daily life1 the stern brevity of its general narrative1 and the richness of its figures1 though all barbaric pearl and gold1 give it a pre-eminent place among ballads4 ,scott would have devoted three volumes to the story1 were it not for the difficulty of telling some of its incidents4 ,mr4 ,ferguson exhibits no little skill in the way that he hurries his readers past what he could not altogether omit4 ,for the facts upon which the ballad is founded are simply horrible1 and they are historically true4 ,after the time of ,strongbow1 several ,welsh families who had followed his flag settled in ,connaught4 ,among #dga these kindly ,britons of ,tirawley1 were the ,walshes or ,wallises1 the ,heils 7a quibus ,mac,hale1 and1 possibly1 that most perfect instance of the ,hibernis ipsis ,hibemior1 the archbishop of ,tuam72 also the ,lynotts and the ,barretts1 with whom we are at present more particularly concerned4 ,these last claimed descent from the high steward of the manor of ,camelot1 and their end is a story fit for the ,round ,table4 ,the great toparch of the territory was the ,mac,william ,burke1 as the ,irish called the head of the de ,burgos1 descended from ,william ,fitz,adelm de ,burgo1 conqueror of ,connaught1 and therein commonly called ,william ,conquer--of whom the ,marquis of ,clanricarde is the present lineal representative2 being to ,connaught even still somewhat as the ,mac,callummore is to ,argyle1 more especially when he happens to be in the cabinet1 and to have the patronage of the post-office4 ,now the ,lynotts were subject to the ,barretts1 and the ,barretts were subject to the ,burkes4 ,but when the ,barretts' bailiff1 ,scorna ,boy1 came to collect the ,lynotts' taxes1 he so demeaned himself that the whole clan rose as one man1 even as ,jack ,cade1 and slew him4 ,whereupon the vengeful ,barretts gave to all mankind among the ,lynott clan a terrible choice--of which one alternative was blindness2 and the bearded men were all of their own preference blinded1 and led to the river ,duvowen1 and told to walk over the stepping stones of ,clochan-na-n'all2 and they all stumbled into the flood and were drowned1 except old ,emon ,lynott1 of ,garranard--whom accordingly the ,barretts brought back and blinded over again1 by running needles through his eyeballs4 ,but with prompt-projected footsteps1 sure as ever1 ,emon ,lynott again crossed the river1 ,though ,duvowen was rising fast1 ,and the shaking stones o'ercast1 ,by cold floods boiling past2 ,yet you never1 ,emon ,lynott1 ,faltered once before your foemen of ,tirawley4 ,but turning on ,ballintubber bank1 you stood ,and the ,barretts thus bespoke o'er the flood-- ,oh1 ye foolish sons of ,wattin1 ,small amends are these you've gotten1 ,for1 while ,scorna ,boy lies rotten1 ,i am good ,for vengeance6 ,sing the vengeance of the ,welshmen of ,tirawley4 ,for 'tis neither in eye nor eyesight that a man4 ,bears the fortunes of himself and his clan1 ,but in the manly mind ,these darken'd orbs behind1 ,that your needles could never find1 ,though they ran ,through my heartstrings4 ,sing the vengeance of the ,welshmen of ,tirawley4 ,but little your women's needles do ,i reck1 ,for the night from heaven never fell so black1 ,but ,tirawley and abroad ,from the ,moy to ,cuan-an-fod1 ,i could walk it1 every sod1 ,path and track1 ,ford and togher1 ,seeking vengeance on you1 ,barretts of ,tirawley6 ,and so leaving loud-shriek-echoing ,garranard1 the ,lynott1 with his wife and seven children1 abandons his home1 and takes refuge in ,glen ,nephin1 where1 in the course of a year1 a son is born to him1 whom he dedicates from the first breath to his vengeance4 ,he trains this boy with assiduous care to all the accomplishments of a ,celtic cavalier2 ,and1 as ever the bright boy grew in strength and size1 ,made him perfect in each manly exercise1 ,the salmon in the flood1 ,the dun deer in the wood1 ,the eagle in the cloud1 ,to surprise1 ,on ,ben ,nephin1 ,far above the foggy fields of ,tirawley4 ,with the yellow-knotted spear-shaft1 with the bow1 ,with the steel1 prompt to deal shot and blow1 ,he taught him from year to year1 ,and trained him1 without a peer1 ,for a perfect cavalier1 ,hoping so-- ,far his forethought-- ,for vengeance on the ,barretts of ,tirawley4 ,and when mounted on his proud-bounding steed1 ,emon ,oge sat a cavalier indeed2 ,like the ear upon the wheat1 ,when the winds in autumn beat ,on the bending stems his seat2 ,and the speed ,of his courser ,was the wind from ,barna-na-gee o'er ,tirawley6 ,fifteen years have passed and the youth is perfected in all the accomplishments of sport and war1 and the ,lynott thinks it is time to return to the world and work out the scheme of his vengeance4 ,so the father and son quit their mountain solitude1 and journey southward to the bailey of ,castlebar2 and in a few fine touches the picture of ,mac ,william's grandeur1 as it strikes #dgb the boy's wondering eyes1 rises before us2 the stone house1 strong and great1 and the horse-host at the gate and their captain in armor1 and the beautiful ,bantierna by his side with her little pearl of a daughter4 ,who should this be but the mighty ,mac,william6 ,into his presence ride the ,lynotts2 and1 after salutations1 the old man declares his business4 ,he has come to claim1 as gossip-law allows1 the fosterage of ,mac,william's son4 ,ever since ,william ,conquer's time1 his race were wont to place a ,mac,william ,oge in the charge of a ,briton of ,tirawley2 and the young ,lynott was a pledge for his father's capacity in such tutelage4 ,when ,mac,william saw the young ,lynott ride1 run1 and shoot1 he said he would give the spoil of a county to have his son so accomplished4 ,when ,lady ,mac,william heard him speak1 and scanned his fresh and hardy air1 she said she would give a purse of red gold that her ,tibbot had such a nurse as had reared the young ,briton4 ,the custom was allowed4 ,the young ,mac,william was sent under the guidance of old ,lynott into ,tirawley1 and ,emon ,oge remained as a hostage in ,castlebar4 ,so back to ,garranard1 no longer the loud-shriek-echoing1 old ,lynott returns-- ,so back to strong-throng-gathering ,garranard1 ,like a lord of the country with his guard1 ,came the ,lynott before them all1 ,once again o'er ,clochan-ua-n'all1 ,steady-striding1 erect1 and tall1 ,and his ward ,on his shoulders2 ,to the wonder of the ,welshmen of ,tirawley4 ,and then the young ,tibbot was taught all manner of feats of body1 to swim1 to shoot1 to gallop1 to wrestle1 to fence1 and to run1 until he grew up as deft and as tough as ,emon ,oge4 ,but he was taught other lessons as well1 which were not in the bond of his foster-father4 ,the lesson of hell he taught him in heart and mind2 ,for to what desire soever he inclined1 ,of anger1 lust1 or pride1 ,he had it gratified1 ,till he ranged the circle wide ,of a blind ,self-indulgence1 ,ere he came to youthful manhood in ,tirawley4 ,shame and rage track his passage1 till one night the young ,barretts of the ,bac fell upon him at ,cornassack and slew him4 ,his body was borne to ,castlebar4 ,the ,brehons were summoned to judgment2 and over the bier of ,mac,william ,oge began the plea for an eric to be imposed upon the ,barretts for their crime2 and the ,brehons decreed the mulct1 and ,lynott's share of it was nine ploughlands and nine score of cattle4 ,and now the ultimate hour of the blind old man's vengeance had come1 not to be sated with land and kine4 ,rejoice1 he cried1 in your ploughlands and your cattle1 which ,i renounce throughout ,tirawley4 ,but1 expert in all the rules and customs of the clans1 he asks the ,brehons1 ,is it not the law that the foster-father may1 if he please1 applot the short eric8 ,and they say it is so4 ,whereupon1 formally rejecting his own share of the mulct1 he makes his award--that the land of the ,barretts shall be equally divided on every side with the ,burkes1 and that ,mac,william shall have a seat in every ,barrett's hall1 a stall in every ,barrett's stable1 and needful grooming from every hosteler for every ,burke who shall ride throughout ,tirawley for ever4 ,and then1 in a speech full of barbaric sublimity and tragic concentration of passion1 he confesses the patient search and vigil long of his vengeance4 ,it is almost unjust to break the closely-wrought chain of this speech by a single quotation1 and we have been already unduly tempted to extract from this extraordinary poem2 but1 perhaps1 this one verse may be separated from the rest as containing the very culmination of the old man's hideous rage4 ,i take not your eyesight from you as you took ,mine and ours3 ,i would have you daily look ,on one another's eyes1 ,when the strangers tyrannize ,by your hearths1 and blushes rise ,that ye brook ,without vengeance ,the insults of troops of ,tibbots throughout ,tirawley4 ,another moment and he has done4 ,father and son1 says ,mac,william1 #dgc hang them high6 and old ,lynott they hanged forthwith2 but young ,lynott had eloped with ,mac,william's daughter to ,scotland1 and there changed his name to ,edmund ,lindsay4 ,the judgment of the short eric was1 however1 held good2 and the ,burkes rode rough-shod over the ,barretts1 until1 as ,mr4 ,ferguson1 almost verbally versifying the ,chronicle of ,duald ,mac ,firbis1 says3 ,till the ,saxon ,oliver ,cromwell1 ,and his valiant ,bible-guided ,free heretics of ,clan ,london ,coming in1 in their succession1 ,rooted out both ,burke and ,barrett2 a process of eviction which ,mr4 ,ferguson1 not merely for the sake of poetical justice1 but out of the invincible ignorance of pure puritanical ,protestantism1 appears on the whole very highly to approve4 ,this ballad is indeed unique in its order3 no ,irish ballad approaches its wild sublimity and the thoroughness of detail with which it is conceived and executed4 ,the only ,irish narrative ballad which can bear a general comparison with it is ,mr4 ,florence ,mac,carthy's ,foray of ,con ,o',donnell1 a poem as perfect in its historical reality1 in the aptness of all its figures1 illustrations1 and feats of phrase to a purely ,celtic ideal1 and which even surpasses ,the ,welshmen in a certain easy and lissome grace of melody1 that falls on the ear like the delicately drawn notes of ,carolan's music4 ,but this grace is disdained by the grim and compressed character which animates every line of ,mr4 ,ferguson's ballad4 ,his other works1 fine of fancy and ripe of phrase as they are1 fall far below it1 ,the ,tain-,quest does not on the whole enthral the reader1 or magnetize the memory4 ,the ,healing of ,conall ,carnach1 and ,the ,burial of ,king ,cormac are poems that will hold their place in many future ,books of ,irish ,ballads2 they are unusually spirited versifications of passages from the more heroic period of early ,irish history2 but excepting occasional lines1 they only appear to be the versifications of already written legends4 ,the ballad of ,grace ,o',malley1 commonly called ,grana ,uaile1 may be advantageously contrasted with these1 and it contains some verses of singular power--as1 for example1 where the poet denies the imputation of piracy against this lady who loved to roam the high seas under her own commission-- ,but no3 'twas not for sordid spoil ,of barque or sea-board borough1 ,she plough'd with unfatiguing toil ,the fluent-rolling furrow2 ,delighting on the broad-back'd deep ,to feel the quivering galley and sweep ,strain up the opposing hill1 and sweep ,down the withdrawing valley4 ,aideen's ,grave is a poem of a different kind1 full of an exquisite melancholy grace2 and where ,ossian is supposed to apostrophise his future imitator1 it is as if he thought after the manner of the ,fenians1 but was withal master of every symphony of the ,english tongue3 ,imperfect in an alien speech ,when wandering here some child of chance1 ,through pangs of keen delight shall reach4 ,the gift of utterance1-- ,to speak the air1 the sky to speak1 ,the freshness of the hill to tell1 ,who roaming bare ,ben ,edar's peak1 ,and ,aideen's briery dell1 ,and gazing on the ,cromlech vast1 ,and on the mountain and the sea1 ,shall catch communion with the past1 ,and mix himself with me4 ,there are lines in this poem that a little remind us of ,gray1 as-- ,at ,gavra1 when by ,oscar's side ,she rode the ridge of war2 and again in the ,farewell to ,deirdre there is something in the cast and rhythm of the poem1 rather than in any individual word or line1 that recalls ,scott's ,farewell to ,north ,maven4 ,but to say so is not to hit blots4 ,mr4 ,ferguson's is beyond question the most thoroughly original vein of poetry that any ,irish bard of late days has wrought out2 and in laying down this volume we can only regret that the specimens he has thought worthy of collection are so few in comparison not merely with what he might have done1 but with what he actually has done4 ,for #dgd this modesty1 let us hope that the prompt penance of a second and enlarged edition may atone4 ,we have said that though ,mr4 ,ferguson could hardly be called a ,young ,irelander in politics1 all the elective affinities of his genius tended toward that school of thought4 ,but ,lady ,wilde1 then known if she wrote prose as ,mr4 ,john ,fanshawe ,ellis1 and if she wrote verse as ,speranza1 had an extraordinary influence on all the intellectual and political activities of ,young ,ireland4 ,it was a favorite phantasy of that time1 when ,lamartine's book was intoxicating all ,young ,europe with the idea of a grand coming revolutionary epopoeia1 and the atrocities of socialism in ,france and ,mazzinianism in ,italy had not yet horrified all ,christendom1 to find the model men for a modern ,plutarch in the ranks of the ,girondists4 ,notably ,meagher was supposed to be gifted with all the qualities of ,vergniaud1 and ,speranza to have more than the genius of ,madame ,roland4 ,but when we come to real comparisons of character1 the parallel easily gives way4 ,if ,smith ,o',brien was like any ,frenchman of the first revolution1 it was ,lafayette4 ,mitchel had in certain respects a suspicious resemblance to the earlier and milder phases of ,robespierre's peculiar intellectual idiosyncrasy4 ,the base of ,carnot's character was that faculty for organization which was the mainspring of ,gavan ,duffy's various and powerful genius4 ,the parallel was1 even so far as it went1 intrinsically unjust4 ,lamartine's glowing imagination gave to the ,girondists a grandeur largely ideal4 ,it is fair to say that ,meagher's oratory was on the whole of a higher order than ,vergniaud's2 and certainly ,madame ,roland1 great as may have been the influence of her character and her conversation1 has left us no example of her talent that will bear comparison with ,lady ,wilde's poems or prose4 ,these poems1 however1 if full justice is to be done to them1 ought to be read from first to last with a running commentary in the memory from the history of those few tragic years whose episodes they in a manner mark4 ,one poem is a mournfully passionate appeal to ,o',connell against the alliance with the ,whigs1 which was charged as one of the causes of the secession4 ,another is a ballad of the famine1 with lights as ghastly as ever glowed in the imagination of ,euripides or ,dante1 and founded on horrors such as ,greek or ,italian never witnessed4 ,there is then a picture of the young patriot leader-- which an artist would characterize as a decidedly idealized portrait of ,meagher--that ,american general who has since proved his title to be called of the sword4 ,again1 a gloomy series of images recalls to us the awful state of the country--the corpses that were buried without coffins1 and the men and women that walked the roads more like corpses than living creatures1 spectres and skeletons at once2 the little children out of whose sunken eyes the very tears were dried1 and over whose bare little bones the hideous fur of famine had begun to grow2 the cholera cart1 with its load of helpless huddled humanity1 on its way to the hospital2 the emigrant ship sending back its woeful wail of farewell from swarming poop to stern in the offing2 and1 far as the eye could search the land1 the blackened potato-fields1 filling all the air with the fetid odors of decay4 ,again and again such pictures are contrasted with passionate lyrics full of rebellious fire1 urging the people to die1 if die they must1 by the sword rather than by hunger--and sometimes1 too1 with an angry1 unreasonable1 readily-forgiven reproach to the priesthood1 who bore with such noble fortitude and self-immolating charity the very cross of all the crosses of that terrible time4 ,it is a curious fact1 and reminds one of the myth of ,achilles' heel1 that ,o',connell1 who marched among his myriad foes like one clad in panoply of mail from head to foot1 with a sort of inexpugnable vigor and endurance1 not to be wounded1 not to be stunned1 with his buckler ready for every #dge thrust1 and a blow for every blow that rained on his casque1 was weak as a child under the influence of verse4 ,any one who may count over the number of times his favorite quotations1 such as the lines beginning ,hereditary bondsmen from ,childe ,harold for example1 crop up in the course of his speeches1 will be inclined to say that his fondness for poetry was almost preposterous4 ,it was always tempting him1 indeed1 into dangerous ways--for while his prose preached the ethereal principles of moral force1 and the tenet that no political amelioration is worth the shedding of a single drop of human blood1 his favorite quotations were strictly in favor of fighting4 ,the hereditary bondsmen were to strike the blow2 and the ,irish are a nation only too well disposed to interpret such a precept literally4 ,moore's melodies were always at the tip of his tongue2 and ,moore's ,slave so lowly is indignantly urged not to pine in his chains1 but to raise the green flag forthwith1 and do or die4 ,some verses of ,o',connell's own1 of which he was at least equally fond1 began3 ,oh ,erin6 shall it e'er be mine ,to see thy sons in battle line8 ,it was not altogether politic1 especially when ,young ,ireland was gaining the ascendant1 to use such quotations habitually2 but the temptation seems to have been irresistible4 ,so1 on the other hand1 may be conceived his excessive sensitiveness to anything sounding like a reproach that reached him through the vehicle of verse4 ,when ,brougham or ,stanley or ,peel struck their hardest1 they got in return rather more than they gave--when the whole ,house of ,commons tried to stifle his voice1 over all the din ,mr4 ,speaker heard himself with horror called upon to stop this beastly bellowing4 ,but when ,moore wrote those lines--so cruelly touching1 so terribly caustic--,the dream of those days1 which appeared in the last number of the ,melodies1 the ,liberator was1 it is said1 so deeply affected that he shed tears4 ,so again1 these lines of ,speranza1 which appeared in the ,nation at the time of the secession1 stung him to the very heart3 ,gone from us--dead to us--he whom we worshipped so6 ,low lies the altar we raised to his name2 ,madly his own hand hath shattered and laid it low-- ,madly his own breath hath blasted his fame4 ,he whose proud bosom once raged with humanity4 ,he whose broad forehead was circled with might2 ,sunk to a time-serving1 driveling inanity-- ,god6 why not spare our loved country the sight8 ,was it the gold of the stranger that tempted him8 ,ah6 we'd have pledged to him body and soul-- ,toiled for him--fought for him--starved for him--died for him-- ,smiled though our graves were the steps to hi s goal4 ,breathed he one word in his deep1 earnest whispering8 ,wealth1 crown1 and kingdom were laid at his feet2 ,raised he his right hand1 the millions would round him cling-- ,hush6 'tis the ,sassenach ally you greet4 ,it is a curious and1 indeed1 a very touching trait in ,o',connell's character that an imputation conveyed in this form had a power to wound him which all the articles of the morning papers and all the speeches of the evening debates had not4 ,this redoubtable master of every weapon of invective1 whose weighty words sometimes fell on his adversary like one of ,ossian's ,titans hurling boulders1 or again burst into a motley cascade of quip1 and crank1 and chaff1 and wild1 rampant ridicule1 that 7sometimes rather coarse and personal7 was at its best1 to other rhetoric1 as the music of an ,irish jig is to all other music1 nevertheless had his ,achilles' tendon4 ,the man who loved to call himself the best abused man in the universe was as weak before the enemy who attacked him according to the rules of prosody as if he lived in the age when every ,celt in ,kerry piously believed that a man1 if the metre were only made sufficiently acrid1 might be rhymed to death1 in the same manner #dgf as an ancestor of ,lord ,derby was1 according to the ,four ,masters4 ,footnote #ih ,footnote #ih3 ,john ,stanley came to ,ireland as the king of ,england's viceroy--a man who gave neither toleration nor sanctuary to ecclesiastics1 laymen1 or literary men2 but all with whom he came in contact he subjected to cold1 hardship1 and famine2 and he it was who plundered ,niall1 the son of ,hugh ,o',higgin1 at ,uisneach of ,meath2 but ,henry ,d',alton plundered ,james ,tuite and the king's people1 and gave to the ,o',higgins a cow in lieu of each cow of which they had been plundered1 and afterward escorted them into ,connaught4 ,the ,o',higgins1 on account of ,niall1 then satirized ,john ,stanley1 who only lived live weeks after the satirizing1 having died from the venom of their satires4 ,this was the second instance of the poetical influence of ,niall ,o',higgin's satires1 the first having been the ,clan ,conway turning gray the night they plundered ,niall at ,clodoin1 and the second the death of ,john ,stanley4--,annals of the ,four ,masters4 ,a4,d4 #adad4 ,lady ,wilde's verse has not at all the same distinctively ,celtic character as ,mr4 ,ferguson's4 ,he aspires to be ,kindly ,irish of the ,irish1 ,neither ,saxon nor ,italian2 and his choice inspirations come from the life of the clans4 ,speranza's verse1 so far as it has a specially ,irish character1 is of the most ancient type of that character4 ,it is full of oriental figures and illustrations4 ,it is1 when it is most ,irish1 rather cognate to ,persian and ,hebrew ways of thinking1 forms of metaphor1 redundance of expression--in its tendency to adjuration1 in its habit of apostrophe1 in its very peculiar and powerful but monotonous rhythm1 which seems to pulsate on the ear with the even1 strident stroke of a ,hindoo drum4 ,where this peculiar poetry at all adapts itself to the vogue of the modern muse1 it is easy to see that ,miss ,barrett had very great influence in determining the mere manner of ,lady ,wilde's genius4 ,when in the midst of one very powerful poem1 ,the ,voice of the ,poor1 these lines come in-- ,when the human rests upon the human1 ,all grief is light2 ,but who lends one kind glance to illumine ,our life-long night8 ,the air around is ringing with their laughter-- ,god has only made the rich to smile1 ,but we--in our rags1 and want1 and woe--we follow after1 ,weeping the while4 --we are tempted to note an unconscious homage to the author of ,aurora ,leigh4 ,but the character of ,lady ,wilde's verse is far more colored by the range of her studies than by the influence of any special style4 ,the general reader1 who may not breathe at ease the political atmosphere of the earlier part of this volume1 will pause with pleasure to observe the spirit1 grace1 and fidelity of the translations which succeed4 ,they are from almost every language in ,europe1 whether of ,latin or ,teutonic origin1 ,french1 ,spanish1 ,portuguese1 ,italian1 ,german1 ,swedish1 ,danish1 and ,russian4 ,among these may be mentioned in particular two hymns of ,savonarola1 which are rendered so exquisitely that one is tempted to suggest that the ,carmina ,sedulii1 with much more of the ancient ,irish hymnology1 are as yet untranslated into the tongue now used in ,ireland4 ,it is a work peculiarly adapted to her genius4 ,the first quality of ,lady ,wilde's poetry is that lyrical power of which the hymn is the finest development2 and her most striking poems are those which assume the character of the older and more regular form of ode4 ,the readers of ,mr4 ,william ,allingham's early writings were in general gratefully surprised when it was announced that he was the author of a very remarkable poem1 of the order of eclogue1 which appeared by parts in ,fraser's ,magazine in #ahfc4 ,his earlier poems1 chiefly songs and verse of society1 were pleasing from a certain airy grace and lightness2 but on the whole their style was thin and jejune4 ,of late1 his faculties have evidently mellowed very rapidly1 and his language has become more animated1 more concentrated1 and more sustained4 ,laurence ,bloomfield in ,ireland has had1 as it were1 a triple success--the success of a pamphlet1 the success of a novel of ,irish life1 and its own more proper and legitimate success1 as a regular pastoral1 skilfully conceived1 carefully executed1 in which the flow of thought is sustained at a very even1 if not a very lofty level throughout1 #dgg and whose language is on the whole admirably harmonized1 full of happy allusional effects1 of quaint1 minute1 picturesque delineation1 and of a certain graceful and easy energy4 ,mr4 ,gladstone has quoted some of its lines in a speech on the budget as an excuse for maintaining the duty on whisky2 and he is not the only ,englishman who has derived from its perusal an unexpected insight into some of the more perplexing problems of ,irish life4 ,certainly1 ,mr4 ,allingham's views of ,irish society1 when he touches on questions of religion and politics1 are not our views4 ,he is an ,ulster ,protestant by religion1 and an advanced liberal 7we take it7 in politics4 ,but making those allowances1 it must be admitted that he shows the poet's many-sided sympathetic mind in every page of this very remarkable poem4 ,it is1 as he fairly says1 free from personalities1 and neither of an orange nor a green complexion2 but it is ,irish in phraseology1 character1 and local color--with as little use as might be of a corrupt dialect1 and with no deference at all to the stage traditions of ,paddyism4 ,it is divided into twelve chapters1 and it is written in pleasantly modulated pentameters4 ,the story is of the life of a young squire1 who was on the point of declaring himself a ,young ,irelander in his youth4 ,his guardian1 to cut the folly short1 sent him incontinently to ,cambridge1 thence to the continent4 ,he returns to ,ireland in his twenty-sixth year1 and finds the population decimated by the famine1 and agitated by agrarian conspiracy4 ,the neighboring gentry are bent1 as conacre has ceased to pay1 on supplanting the population by cattle4 ,the population suppurates into secret societies4 ,laurence ,bloomfield1 long revolving the difficulties of his lot1 and abhorring pretty equally the crimes of each class against the other--determined1 moreover1 to be neither exterminator1 demagogue1 nor absentee--resolves to live among the people of his estate like a modern patriarch1 and see what patience1 kindness1 a good understanding1 and enlightened management may be able to effect4 ,he extinguishes the ,ribbon lodge1 fastens his tenantry by equitable leases to the glebe1 and gradually finds in the management of his estate a career of easy1 pleasant1 and even prosperous power4 ,in the course of ten years1 ,lisnamoy has become an ,irish ,arcadia1 and ,mr4 ,allingham's honest muse rises accordingly to sing a hero even more memorable in his way than the ,man of ,ross4 ,bloomfield first promulgates his peculiar views of territorial administration at a dinner of his landlord neighbors in ,lisnamoy ,house1 where the wholesale eviction of the tenantry of a large neighboring district is proposed on the plea that-- ,this country sorely needs ,a quicker clearance of its human weeds2 ,but still the proper system is begun1 ,and forty holdings we shall change to one4 ,bloomfield his inexperience much confessed1 ,doubts if the large dispeopled farms be best1-- ,best in a wide sense1 best for all the world 7,at this expression sundry lips were curl'd71-- ,i wish but know not how each peasant's hand ,might work1 nay1 hope to win1 a share of land2 ,for ownership1 however small it be1 ,breeds diligence1 content1 and loyalty1 ,and tirelessly compels the rudest field1 ,inch after inch1 its very most to yield4 ,wealth might its true prerogatives retain2 ,and no man lose1 and all men greatly gain4 ,it is from the ill-concealed contempt of his class for such thoughts as these1 that ,bloomfield's resolution to remain in ,ireland and administer his own estate arises4 ,the story1 as it is evolved1 presents some charming sketches of character4 ,hardly even ,carleton has delineated so admirably the nature and habits of the ,irish peasant family as ,mr4 ,allingham has done in his picture of the ,dorans4 ,how easy and natural1 for example1 is the portrait of ,bridget ,doran3 ,mild oval face1 a freckle here and there1 ,clear eyes1 broad forehead1 dark abundant hair1 ,pure placid look that show'd a gentle nature1 ,firm1 unperplex'd1 were hers2 the maiden's stature ,graceful arose1 and strong1 to middle height1 ,with fair round arms1 and footstep free and light2 ,she was not showy1 she was always neat ,in every gesture1 native and complete1 ,disliking noise1 yet neither dull nor slack1 ,could throw a rustic banter briskly back1 ,reserved but ready1 innocently shrewd1-- ,in brief1 a charming flower of womanhood4 #dgh ,the occasional sketches of ,irish scenery are also very vividly outlined4 ,this of ,lough ,braccan is not perhaps the best1 but it is the most easily detached from the text3 ,among those mountain skirts a league away1 ,lough ,braccan spread1 with many a silver bay ,and islet green2 a dark cliff1 tall and bold1 ,half-muffled in its cloak of ivy old1 ,bastioned the southern brink1 beside a glen1 ,where birch and hazel hid the badger's den1 ,and through the moist ferns and firm hollies play'd ,a rapid rivulet1 from light to shade4 ,above the glen1 and wood1 and cliff1 was seen1 ,majestically simple and serene1 ,like some great soul above the various crowd1 ,a purple mountain-top1 at times in cloud ,or mist1 as in celestial veils of thought1 ,abstracted heavenward4 ,we may give another specimen of ,mr4 ,allingham's power of delineation1 which shows that he has studied ,irish country life as well as ,irish scenery and ,irish physiognomy4 ,mud hovels fringe the fair green of this town1 ,a spot misnamed1 at every season brown1 ,o'erspread with countless man and beast to-day1 ,which bellow1 squeak1 and shout1 bleat1 bray1 and neigh4 ,the jobbers there each more or less a rogue1 ,noisy or smooth1 with each his various brogue1 ,cool1 wiry ,dublin1 ,connaught's golden mouth1 ,blunt northern1 plaintive sing-song of the south1 ,feel cattle's ribs1 or jaws of horses try4 ,for truth1 since men's are very sure to lie1 ,and shun1 with parrying blow and practised heed1 ,the rushing horns1 the wildly prancing steed4 ,the moistened penny greets with sounding smack ,the rugged palm1 which smites the greeting back2 ,oaths fly1 the bargain like a quarrel burns1 ,and oft the buyer turns1 and oft returns3 ,now mingle ,sassenach and ,gaelic tongue2 ,on either side are slow concessions wrung2 ,an anxious audience interfere2 at last ,the sale is closed1 and whisky binds it fast1 ,in case of quilting upon oziers bent1 ,with many an ancient patch and breezy rent4 ,this is as true a picture in its way as ,mdlle4 ,rosa ,bonheur's ,horse-fair4 ,mr4 ,aubrey de ,vere's ,inisfail comes last on our list1 but certainly not least in our estimation4 ,no poet of ,young ,ireland has like him seized and breathed the spirit of his country's ,catholic nationality1 its virginal purity of faith1 its invincible patience of hope1 and all the gentle sweetness of its charity4 ,young ,ireland rather studied the martial muse1 and that with an avowed purpose4 ,the ,irish harp1 said ,davis1 too much loves to weep4 ,let us1 while our strength is great and our hopes high1 cultivate its bolder strains1 its raging and rejoicing2 or if we weep1 let it be like men whose eyes are lifted though their tears fall4 ,mr4 de ,vere has tried every mood of the native lyre1 and proved himself master of all4 ,his ,inisfail is a ballad chronicle of ,ireland1 such as ,young ,ireland would have thought to be a worthy result of all its talents1 and such as1 in fact1 ,mr4 ,duffy at one time proposed4 ,but it must be said that its heroic ballads are not equal to those of ,young ,ireland4 ,some one said of a very finished1 but occasionally frigid1 ,irish speaker1 fifteen years ago1 that he spoke like ,sheil with the chill on4 ,a few of ,mr4 de ,vere's ballads have the same effect of ,young ,ireland with the chill on4 ,they want the verve1 the glow1 the energy1 the resonance1 which belong to the best ballads of ,the ,spirit of the ,nation4 ,of the writers of that time1 ,mr4 ,d',arcy ,mc,gee is perhaps1 on the whole1 the most kindred genius to his4 ,mr4 de ,vere has an insight into all the periods of ,irish history in their most poetical expression which ,mr4 ,mc,gee alone of his comrades seems to have equally possessed4 ,indeed1 if ,mr4 ,me ,gee's poems were all collected and chronologically arranged--as it is to be hoped they may be some day soon--it would be found that he had unconsciously and desultorily traversed very nearly the same complete extent of ground that ,mr4 de ,vere has systematically and deliberately gone over4 ,but though no one has written more nobly of the dimly glorious ,celtic ages1 and many of his battle-ballads are instinct with life1 and wonderfully picturesque1 it is easy to see that ,mr4 ,mc,gee's best desire was to follow the footsteps of the early saints1 and the ,via ,dolorosa of the period of the penal laws4 ,these1 #dgi too1 are the passages over which ,mr4 de ,vere's genius most loves to brood1 and his prevailing view of ,ireland is the supernatural view of her destiny to carry the cross and spread the faith4 ,young ,ireland wrote its bold1 brilliant ballads as a part of the education of the new nationality that it believed was growing up1 and destined to take possession of the island--a nationality that1 to use ,davis's words again1 must contain and represent all the races of ,ireland4 ,it must not be ,celtic2 it must not be ,saxon2 it must be ,irish4 ,the ,brehon law and the maxims of ,westminster1 the cloudy and lightning genius of the ,gael1 the placid strength of the ,saxon1 the marshalling insight of the ,norman2 a literature which shall exhibit in combination the passions and idioms of all1 and which shall equally express our mind1 in its romantic1 its religious1 its forensic1 and its practical tendencies4 ,finally1 a native government1 which shall know and rule by the might and right of all1 yet yield to the arrogance of none2--these are the components of such a nationality4 ,and such was the dream that seemed an easy eventuality twenty years ago4 ,but ,mr4 de ,vere writes after the famine and in view of the exodus4 ,his mind goes from the present to the past by ages of sorrow--of sorrow1 nevertheless1 illumined1 nurtured1 and sustained by divine faith and the living presence of the ,church4 ,so in the most beautiful poem of this volume1 he sees the whole ,irish race carrying an inner spiritual life through all their tribulation in the guise of a great religious order of which ,england is the foundress1 and the rules are written in the statute-book4 ,we cannot select a better specimen of the thorough ,catholic tone of ,mr4 de ,vere's genius1 and of the vivid power and finished grace of his poetry1 than this3 ,there is an order by a northern sea ,far in the west1 of rule and life more strict ,than that which ,basil rear'd in ,galilee1 ,in ,egypt ,paul1 in ,umbria ,benedict4 ,discalced it walks2 a stony land of tombs1 ,a strange ,petraea of late days1 it treads6 ,within its court no high-tossed censer fumes2 ,the night-rain beats its cells1 the wind its beds4 ,before its eyes no brass-bound1 blazon'd tome ,reflects the splendor of a lamp high hung3 ,knowledge is banish'd from her earliest home ,like wealth3 it whispers psalms that once it sung4 ,it is not bound by the vow celibate1 ,lest1 through its ceasing1 anguish too might cease2 ,in sorrow it brings forth2 and death and fate ,watch at life's gate1 and tithe the unripe increase4 ,it wears not the ,franciscan's sheltering gown2 ,the cord that binds it is the strangers chain2 ,scarce seen for scorn1 in fields of old renown ,it breaks the clod2 another reaps the grain4 ,year after year it fasts2 each third or fourth ,so fasts that common fasts to it are feast2 ,then of its brethren many in the earth ,are laid unrequiem'd like the mountain beast4 ,where are its cloisters8 ,where the felon sleeps6 ,where its novitiate8 ,where the last wolf died6 ,from sea to sea its vigil long it keeps-- ,stern foundress6 is its rule not mortified8 ,thou that hast laid so many an order waste1 ,a nation is thine order6 ,it was thine ,wide as a realm that order's seed to cast1 ,and undispensed sustain its discipline6 ,it is another curious illustration of the ,hibernis ipsis ,hibernior that a de ,vere1 who is1 moreover1 of the caste of ,vere de ,vere1 should have so intimate a comprehension of the ,celtic spirit as is often shown in these poems1 especially in the use of those allegories which are so characteristic of the period of persecution1 and in some of his metres that appear to be instinct with the very melody of the oldest ,irish music4 ,here1 indeed1 we seem to taste1 in a certain vague and dreamy sensation1 which the mere murmur of such verses even without strict reference to the words produces1 all the charm of which that ancient poetry might have been capable1 if it were still cultivated in a language of living civilization4 ,several of these poems1 if translated into ,irish verse1 would probably pass back without the change of an idiom--so completely ,celtic is the whole conception of the language4 ,the dirges1 for example1 appear on a first reading to be only ,english versions of ,irish poems belonging to the time of the ,jacobites and the ,brigade--until1 as we examine more carefully1 we observe that the allegory is #dhj wrought out with all the finish of more modern art1 and that the metaphors are brought into a more just inter-dependence than the native bard usually thought necessary4 ,the tenderness that approaches to a sort of worship of ,ireland under the poetical personification of a mother wailing for her children1 again and again breaks out in ,mr4 de ,vere's verse2 and in all the range of ,irish poetry it is nowhere more exquisitely expressed4 ,the solemn beauty of the following verses is like that of some of those earliest of the melodies1 whose long lines1 with their curious rippling rhythm1 were evidently meant for recitation as well as for musical effect3 ,in the night1 in the night1 ,o my country1 the stream calls out from afar2 ,so swells thy voice through the ages1 sonorous and vast2 ,in the night1 in the night1 ,o my country1 clear flashes the star3 ,so flashes on me thy face through the gloom of the past4 ,i sleep not2 ,i watch3 in blows the wind ice-wing'd and ice-fingered3 ,my forehead it cools and slakes the fire in my breast2 ,though it sighs o'er the plains where oft thine exiles look'd back1 and long lingered1 ,and the graves where thy famish'd lie dumb and thine outcasts find rest4 ,hardly less sad1 but in so different a spirit as to afford a contrast that brings us to a fair measure of the variety of ,mr4 de ,vere's powers1 is a poem of the days of the brigade4 ,the wife of one of the soldiers who followed ,sarsfield to ,france after the capitulation of ,limerick1 and entered the ,irish brigade of ,louis ,,xiv41 is supposed1 sitting by the banks of the ,shannon1 to speak3 ,river that through this purple plain ,toilest 7once redder7 to the main1 ,go1 kiss for me the banks of ,seine6 ,tell him ,i loved1 and love for aye1 ,that his ,i am though far away-- ,more his than on the marriage-day4 ,tell him thy flowers for him ,i twine ,when first the slow sad mornings shine ,in thy dim glass2 for he is mine4 ,tell him when evening's tearful light ,bathes those dark towers on ,aughrim's height1 ,there where he fought1 in heart1 ,i fight4 ,a freeman's banner o'er him waves6 ,so be it6 ,i but tend the graves ,where freemen sleep whose sons are slaves4 ,tell him ,i nurse his noble race1 ,nor weep save o'er one sleeping face ,wherein those looks of his ,i trace4 ,for him my beads ,i count when falls ,moonbeam or shower at intervals ,upon our burn'd and blacken'd walls3 ,and bless him6 bless the bold brigade-- ,may ,god go with them1 horse and blade1 ,for faith's defense1 and ,ireland's aid6 ,here the abrupt transition of tone in the last verse from the subdued melancholy of those which precede it is very fine and very ,irish4 ,one can fancy the widowed wife1 in all her desolation1 starting1 even from her beads1 as she thinks of ,lord ,clare's dragoons coming down on the enemy with their ,viva la for ,ireland's wrong6 ,twenty years have now passed since ,the ,spirit of the ,nation gave some glimpses of the mine of poetry then latent in the ,irish mind4 ,in #ahde ,mr4 ,gavan ,duffy published his ,ballad ,poetry of ,ireland--a book which had the largest sale of any published in ,ireland since the union and probably the widest influence4 ,upon this common and neutral ground ,orange-man and ,ribbon-man1 ,tory1 and ,nationalist1 were perforce brought into harmonious contact2 and ,the ,boyne ,water lost half its virus as a political psalm when it was embalmed side by side with the ,wild ,geese or ,willy ,reilly4 ,behind the produce of his own immediate period1 ,mr4 ,duffy1 in arranging his materials1 could only find a few ballads by ,moore1 a few by ,gerald ,griffin1 a few by ,banim1 ,callanan1 ,furlong1 and ,drennan1 that could be accounted legitimate ballad poetry4 ,the rest was fast cropping up while he was actually compiling his collection1 under the hot breath of the ,national movement1 in a lavish and luxuriant growth4 ,this impulse seems to have spent itself some years ago4 ,anything of real merit in the way of ,irish poetry does not now appear in periodical literature more than once or twice in a year2 and ,mr4 ,thomas ,irwin is the only recent writer whose verse may fairly be named in the same breath with that which we have now noticed4 ,a rich grace and finish of #dha expression1 a most quaint and delicate humor1 and a fine-poised aptness of phrase1 distinguish his poetry1 which is more according to the taste that ,mr4 ,tennyson has established in ,england than that of any ,irish writer of the day4 ,irish poetry seems now1 therefore1 to have passed into a new and more advanced stage of development4 ,here are four volumes1 by four separate writers1 of poems1 old and new--all published within a year2 and all1 we believe1 decidedly successful1 and in satisfactory course of sale4 ,mr4 ,florence ,mac,carthy's poems had previously gone through several editions1 and won enduring fame--perhaps more widely spread in ,america than even at home1 on account of a quality somewhat kindred to the peculiar genius of the best ,american poets1 and especially ,longfellow1 ,poe1 and ,irving1 that the reader will readily recognize in his finely-finished and most melodious verse4 ,nor should we omit to mention1 in cataloguing the library of recent ,irish poets1 ,the ,monks of ,kilcrea1 a long romantic poem in the style of ,the ,lady of the ,lake1 which contains many a passage that ,scott might own1 but of which the writer remains unknown4 ,thus ,irish national poetry is accumulating1 as it were1 in strata4 ,mr4 ,duffy set on the title-page of his ,ballad ,poetry the ,irish motto1 ,bolg an dana1 which not all his readers clearly understood2 but which1 to all who did1 seemed extremely appropriate at the time4 ,this man1 say the ,four ,masters1 speaking of a great bard of the fifteenth century1 was called the ,bolg an dana1 which signifies that he was a common budget of poetry4 ,and this was all that ,mr4 ,duffy's ,ballad ,poetry professed to be4 ,but what was only a budget of desultory jetsam and flotsam in #ahde is taking the shape of a solid literature in #ahfe2 and those twenty golden years have at all events been well filled with ranks of rhyme4 ---- #dhb ,from ,the ,month4 ,,constance ,,sherwood4 ,,an ,,autobiography ,,of ,,the ,,sixteenth ,,century4 ,,by ,,lady ,,georgiana ,,fullerton4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,after ,i had been musing a little while1 ,mistress ,bess ran into the room1 and cried to some one behind her3 ,nan's friend is here1 and she is mine too1 for we all played in a garden with her when ,i was little4 ,prithee1 come and see her4 ,then turning to me1 but yet holding the handle of the door1 she said3 ,will is so unmannerly1 ,i be ashamed of him4 ,he will not so much as show himself4 ,then1 prithee1 come alone1 ,i answered4 ,upon which she came and sat on my knee1 with her arm round my neck1 and whispered in mine ear3 ,moll is very sick to-day2 will you not see her1 ,mistress ,sherwood8 ,yea1 if so be ,i have license1 ,i answered2 and she1 taking me by the hand1 offered to lead me up the stairs to the room where she lay4 ,i1 following her1 came to the door of the chamber1 but would not enter till ,bess fetched the nurse1 who was the same had been at ,sherwood ,hall1 and who1 knowing my name1 was glad to see me1 and with a curtsey invited me in4 ,white as a lily was the little face resting on a pillow1 with its blue eyes half shut1 and a store of golden hair about it1 which minded me of the glories round angels' heads in my mother's missal4 ,sweet lamb6 quoth the nurse1 as ,i stooped to kiss the pale forehead4 ,she be too good for this world4 ,ofttimes she doth babble in her sleep of heaven1 and angels1 and saints1 and a wreath of white roses wherewith a bright lady will crown her4 ,kiss my lips1 the sick child softly whispered1 as ,i bent over her bed4 ,which when ,i did1 she asked1 ,what is your name8 ,i mind your face4 ,when ,i answered1 ,constance ,sherwood1 she smiled1 as if remembering where we had met4 ,i heard my grandam calling me last night1 she said2 ,i be going to her soon4 ,then a fit of pain came on1 and ,i had to leave her4 ,she did go from this world a few days after2 and the nurse then told me her last words had been ,jesu6 ,mary6 ,that day ,i did converse again alone with my ,lady ,surrey after dinner1 and walked in the garden2 and when we came in1 before ,i left1 she gave me a purse with some gold pieces in it1 which the earl her husband willed to bestow on ,catholics in prison for their faith4 ,for she said he had so tender and compassionate a spirit1 that if he did but hear of one in distress he would never rest until he had relieved him2 and out of the affection he had for ,mr4 ,martin1 who was one while his tutor1 he was favorably inclined toward ,catholics1 albeit himself resolved to conform to the queen's religion4 ,when ,mistress ,ward came for me1 the countess would have her shown into her chamber1 and would not be contented without she ordered her coach to carry us back to ,holborn1 that we might take with us the clothes and cordials which she did bestow upon us for our poor clients4 ,she begged ,mrs4 ,ward's prayers for his grace1 that he might soon be set at liberty2 for she said in a pretty manner1 ,it must needs be that ,almighty ,god takes most heed of the prayers of #dhc such as visit him in his affliction in the person of poor prisoners2 and she hoped one day to be free to do so herself4 ,then she questioned of the wants of those ,mistress ,ward had at that time knowledge of2 and when she heard in what sore plight they stood1 it did move her to so great compassion1 that she declared it would be now one of her chiefest cares and pleasures in life to provide conveniences for them4 ,and she besought ,mistress ,ward to be a good friend to her with mine aunt1 and procure her to permit of my frequent visits to ,howard ,house1 as the ,charter ,house is now often called3 which would be the greatest good she could do her2 and that she would be most glad also if she herself would likewise favor her sometimes with her company2 which1 if it be not for mine own sake1 ,mistress ,ward1 she sweetly said1 let it be for his sake who1 in the person of his afflicted priests1 doth need assistance4 ,when we reached home1 we hid what we had brought under our mantles1 and then in ,mistress ,ward's chamber1 where ,muriel followed us4 ,when the door was shut we displayed these jewelled stores before her pleased eyes1 which did beam with joy at the sight4 ,ah1 ,muriel1 cried ,mistress ,ward1 we have found an ,esther in a palace2 and ,i pray to ,god there may be other such in this town we ken not of1 who in secret do yet bear affection to the ancient faith4 ,muriel said in her slow way3 ,we must needs go to the ,clink to-morrow2 for there is there a priest whose flesh has fallen off his feet by reason of his long stay in a pestered and infected dungeon4 ,mr4 ,roper told my father of him1 and he says the gaoler will let us in if he be reasonably dealt with4 ,we will essay your ointment1 ,mistress ,sherwood1 said ,mistress ,ward1 if so be you can make it in time4 ,i care not if ,i sit up all night1 ,i cried1 if any one will buy me the herbs ,i have need of for the compounding thereof4 ,which ,muriel said she would prevail on one of the servants to do4 ,the bell did then ring for supper2 and when we were all seated1 ,kate was urgent with me for to tell her how my ,lady ,surrey was dressed2 which ,i declared to her as follows3 ,she had on a brown juste au corps embroidered1 with puffed sleeves1 and petticoat braided of a deeper nuance2 and on her head a lace cap1 and a lace handkerchief on her bosom4 ,and1 prithee1 what jewels had she on1 sweet coz8 ,a long double chain of gold and a brooch of pearls1 ,i answered4 ,and his grace of ,norfolk is once more removed to the ,tower1 said ,mr4 ,congleton sorrowfully4 ',tis like to kill him soon1 and so save her majesty's ministers the pains to bring him to the block4 ,his physician1 ,dr4 ,rhuenbeck1 says he is afflicted with the dropsy4 ,polly said she had been to visit the ,countess of ,northumberland1 who was so grievously afflicted at her husband's death1 that it was feared she would fall sick of grief if she had not company to divert her from her sad thoughts4 ,which ,i warrant none could effect so well as thee1 wench1 her father said2 for1 beshrew me1 if thou wouldst not make a man laugh on his way to the scaffold with thy mad talk4 ,and was the poor lady of better cheer for thy company8 ,yea1 for mine1 ,polly answered2 or else for ,m4 de la ,motte's1 who came in to pay his devoirs to her1 for the first time1 ,i take it1 since her lord's death4 ,and after his first speech1 which caused her to weep a little1 he did carry on so brisk a discourse as ,i never noticed any but a ,frenchman able to do4 ,and she was not the worst pleased with it that the cunning gentleman did interweave it with anecdotes of the queen's majesty2 which1 albeit he related them with gravity1 did carry somewhat of ridicule in them4 ,such as of her grace's dancing on ,sunday before last at ,lord ,northampton's wedding1 and calling him to witness #dhd her paces1 so that he might let monsieur know how high and disposedly she danced2 so that he would not have had cause to complain1 in case he had married her1 that she was a boiteuse1 as had been maliciously reported of her by the friends of the ,queen of ,scots4 ,and also how1 some days since1 she had flamed out in great choler when he went to visit her at ,hampton ,court2 and told him1 so loud that all her ladies and officers could hear her discourse1 that ,lord ,north had let her know the queen-mother and the ,duke of ,guise had dressed up a buffoon in an ,english fashion1 and called him a ,milor du ,nord2 and that two female dwarfs had been likewise dressed up in that queen's chamber1 and invited to mimic her1 the queen of ,england1 with great derision and mockery4 ',i did assure her1' ,m4 de la ,motte said1 'with my hand on my heart1 and such an aggrieved visage1 that she must needs have accepted my words as true1 that ,milor ,north had mistaken the whole intent of what he had witnessed1 from his great ignorance of the ,french tongue1 which did render him a bad interpreter between princes2 for that the queen-mother did never cease to praise her ,english majesty's beauty to her son1 and all her good qualities1 which greatly appeased her grace1 who desired to be excused if she1 likewise out of ignorance of the ,french language1 had said aught unbecoming touching the queen-mother4' ',tis a rare dish of fun1 fit to set before a king1 to hear this ,monsieur ,ambassador speak of the queen when none are present but such as make an idol of her1 as some do4 ,for my part1 said her father1 when she paused in her speech1 ,i mislike men with double visages and double tongues2 and methinks this monseer hath both1 and withal a rare art for what courtiers do call diplomacy1 and plain men lying4 ,his speeches to her majesty be so fulsome in her praise1 as ,i have heard some say who are at court1 and his flattery so palpable1 that they have been ashamed to hear it2 but behind her back he doth disclose her failings with an admirable slyness4 ,if he be sly1 answered ,polly1 ,i'll warrant he finds his match in her majesty4 ,yea1 cried ,kate1 even as poor ,madge ,arundell experienced to her cost4 ,ay1 quoth ,polly1 she catcheth many poor fish1 who little know what snare is laid for them4 ,and how did her highness catch ,mistress ,arundell8 ,i asked4 ,in this way1 coz1 quoth ,polly3 she doth often ask the ladies round her chamber1 ',if they love to think of marriage8' and the wise ones do conceal well their liking thereunto1 knowing the queen's judgment in the matter4 ,but pretty1 simple ,madge ,arundell1 not knowing so deeply as her fellows1 was asked one day hereof1 and said1 ',she had thought much about marriage1 if her father did consent to the man she loved4' ',you seem honest1 i' fait said the queen2 ',i will sue for you your father4' ,at which the dam was well pleased2 and when father1 ,sir ,robert ,arundell1 came court1 the queen questioned him his daughter's marriage1 and pressed him to give consent if the match were discreet4 ,sir ,robert1 much astonished1 said1 ',he never had heard his daughter had liking to any man2 but he would give his free consent to what was most pleasing to her highness's will and consent4' ,then ,i will do the rest1' saith the queen4 ,poor ,madge was called in1 and told by the queen that her father had given his free consent4 ',then1' replied the simple one1 ',i shall be happy1 an' it please your grace4' ',so thou shalt2 but not to be a fool and marry1' said the queen4 ',i have his consent given to me1 and ,i vow thou shalt never get it in thy possession4 ,so go-to about thy business4 ,i see thou art a bold one to own thy foolishness so readily4' ,ah me6 cried ,kate1 ,i be glad not to be a maid to her majesty2 for ,i would not know how to answer her #dhe grace if she should ask me a like question2 for if it be bold to say one hath a reasonable desire to be married1 ,i must needs be bold then1 for ,i would not for two thousand pounds break ,mr4 ,lacy's heart2 and he saith he will die if ,i do not marry him4 ,but1 ,polly1 thou wouldst never be at a loss to answer her majesty4 ,no more than ,pace her fool1 quoth ,polly1 who1 when she said1 as he entered the room1 ',now we shall hear of our faults1' cried out1 ',where is the use of speaking of what all the town doth talk of8' ,the fool should have been whipped1 ,mistress ,ward said4 ,for his wisdom1 or for his folly1 good ,mistress ,ward8 asked ,polly4 ,if for wisdom1 'tis hard to beat a man for being wise4 ,if for folly1 to whip a fool for that he doth follow his calling1 and as ,i be the licensed fool in this house--which ,i do take to be the highest exercise of wit in these days1 when all is turned upside down--,i do wish you all good-night1 and to be no wiser than is good for your healths1 and no more foolish than suffices to lighten the heart2 and so laughing she ran away1 and ,kate said in a lamentable voice1 ,i would ,i were foolish1 if it lightens the heart4 ,content thee1 good ,kate1 ,i said2 but in so low a voice none did hear4 ,and she went on1 ,mr4 ,lacy is gone to ,yorkshire for three weeks1 which doth make me more sad than can be thought of4 ,i smiled2 but ,muriel1 who had not yet oped her lips whilst the others were talking1 rising1 kissed her sister1 and said1 ,thou wilt have1 sweet one1 so great a contentment in his letters as will give thee patience to bear the loss of his good company4 ,at the which ,kate brightened a little4 ,to live with ,muriel was a preachment1 as ,i have often had occasion since to find4 ,on the first ,sunday ,i was at ,london1 we heard mass at the ,portuguese ambassador's house1 whither many ,catholics of his acquaintance resorted for that purpose from our side of the city4 ,in the afternoon a gentleman1 who had travelled day and night from ,staffordshire on some urgent business1 brought me a letter from my father1 writ only four days before it came to hand1 and about a week after my departure from home4 ,it was as follows3 ,,mine ,,own ,,dear ,,child1--,the bearer of this letter hath promised to do me the good service to deliver it to thee as soon as he shall reach ,london2 which1 as he did intend to travel day and night1 ,i compute will be no later than the end of this week1 or on ,sunday at the furthest4 ,and for this his civility ,i do stand greatly indebted to him2 for in these straitened times 'tis no easy matter to get letters conveyed from one part of the kingdom to another without danger of discovering that which for the present should rather be concealed4 ,i received notice two days ago from ,mistress ,ward's sister of your good journey and arrival at ,london2 and ,i thank ,god1 my very good child1 that he has had thee in his holy keeping and bestowed thee under the roof of my good sister and brother2 so that1 with a mind at ease in respect to thee1 my dear sole earthly treasure1 ,i may be free to follow whatever course his providence may appoint to me1 who1 albeit unworthy1 do aspire to leave all things to follow him4 ,and indeed he hath already1 at the outset of my wanderings1 sweetly disposed events in such wise that chance hath proved1 as it were1 the servant of his providence2 and1 when ,i did least look for it1 by a divine ordination furnished me1 who so short a time back parted from a dear child1 with the company of one who doth stand to me in lieu of her who1 by reason of her tender sex and age1 ,i am compelled to send from me4 ,for being necessitated1 for the preservation of my life1 to make seldom any long stay in one place1 ,i had need of a youth to ride with me on those frequent journeys1 and keep me company in such places #dhf as ,i may withdraw unto for quietness and study4 ,so being in ,stafford some few days back1 ,i inquired of the master of the inn where ,i did lay for one night1 if it were not possible to get in that city a youth to serve me as a page1 whom ,i said ,i would maintain as a gentleman if he had learning1 nurture1 and behavior becoming such a person4 ,he said his son1 who was a schoolmaster1 had a youth for a pupil who carried virtue in his very countenance2 but that he was the child of a widow1 who1 he much feared1 would not easily be persuaded to part from him4 ,thereupon ,i expressed a great desire to have a sight of this youth and charged him to deal with his master so that he should be sent to my lodgings2 which1 when he came there1 lo and behold1 ,i perceived with no small amazement that he was no other than ,edmund ,genings1 who straightway ran into my arms1 and with much ado restrained himself from weeping1 so greatly was he moved with conflicting passions of present joy and recollected sorrow at this our unlooked-for meeting2 and truly mine own contentment therein was in no wise less than his4 ,he told me that his mother's poverty increasing1 she had moved from ,lichfield1 where it was more bitter to her1 by reason of the affluence in which she had before lived in that city1 to ,stafford1 where none did know them2 and she dwelt in a mean lodging in a poor sort of manner4 ,and whereas he had desired to accept the offer of a stranger1 with a view to relieve his mother from the burden of his support1 and maybe yield her some assistance in her straits1 he now passionately coveted to throw his fortune with mine1 and to be entered as a page in my service4 ,but though she had been willing before1 from necessity1 albeit averse by inclination1 to part with him1 when she knew me it seemed awhile impossible to gain her consent4 ,methinks she was privy to ,edmund's secret good opinion of ,catholic religion1 and feared1 if he should live with me1 the effect thereof would follow4 ,but her necessities were so sharp1 and likewise her regrets that he should lack opportunities for his further advance in learning1 which she herself was unable to supply1 that at length by long entreaty he prevailed on her to give him license for that which his heart did prompt him to desire for his own sake and hers4 ,and when she had given this consent1 but not before1 lest it should appear ,i did seek to bribe her by such offers to so much condescension as she then evinced1 ,i proposed to assist her in any way she wished to the bettering of her fortunes1 and said ,i would do as much whether she suffered her son to abide with me or no3 which did greatly work with her to conceive a more favorable opinion of me than she had heretofore held1 and to be contented he should remain in my service1 as he himself so greatly desired4 ,after some further discourse1 it was resolved that ,i should furnish her with so much money as would pay her debts and carry her to ,la ,rochelle1 where her youngest son was with her brother1 who albeit he had met with great losses1 would nevertheless1 she felt assured1 assist her in her need4 ,thus has ,edmund become to me less a page than a pupil1 less a servant than a son4 ,i will keep a watchful eye over his actions1 whom ,i already perceive to be tractable1 capable1 willing to learn1 and altogether such as his early years did promise he should be4 ,i thank ,god1 who has given me so great a comfort in the midst of so great trials1 and to this youth in me a father rather than a master1 who will ever deal with him in an honorable and loving manner1 both in respect to his own deserts and to her merits1 whose prayers have1 ,i doubt not1 procured this admirable result of what was in no wise designed1 but by ,god's providence fell out of the asking a simple question in an inn and of a stranger4 ,and now1 mine only and very dear child1 ,i commend thee to ,god's holy keeping2 and ,i beseech thee to be as mindful of thy duty to him as thou #dhg hast been 7and most especially of late7 of thine to me2 and imprint in thy heart those words of holy writ1 ',not to fear those that kill the body1 but cannot destroy the soul2' but withal1 in whatever is just and reasonable1 and not clearly against ,catholic religion1 to observe a most exact obedience to such as stand to thee at present in place of thy unworthy father1 and who1 moreover1 are of such virtue and piety as ,i doubt not would move them rather to give thee an example how to suffer the loss of all things for ,christ his sake than to offend him by a contrary disposition4 ,i do write to my good brother by the same convenience to yield him and my sister humble thanks for their great kindness to me in thee1 and send this written in haste2 for ,i fear ,i shall not often have means hereafter4 ,therefore ,i desire ,almighty ,god to protect1 bless1 and establish thee4 ,so in haste1 and in visceribus ,christi1 adieu4 ,the lively joy ,i received from this letter was greater than ,i can rehearse1 for ,i had now no longer before my eyes the sorrowful vision of my dear father with none to tend and comfort him in his wanderings2 and no less was my contentment that ,edmund1 my dearly-loved playmate1 was now within reach of his good instructions1 and free to follow that which ,i was persuaded his conscience had been prompting him to seek since he had attained the age of reason4 ,i note not down in this history the many visits ,i paid to the ,charter ,house that autumn1 except to notice the growing care ,lady ,surrey did take to supply the needs of prisoners and poor people1 and how this brought her into frequent occasions of discourse with ,mistress ,ward and ,muriel1 who nevertheless1 as ,i also had care to observe1 kept these interviews secret1 which might have caused suspicion in those who1 albeit ,catholic1 were ill-disposed to adventure the loss of worldly advantages by the profession of what ,protestants do term perverse and open papistry4 ,kate and ,polly were of this way of thinking--prudence was ever the word with them when talk of religion was ministered in their presence2 and they would not keep as much as a prayer-book in their chambers for fear of evil results4 ,they were sometimes very urgent with their father for to suffer them to attend ,protestant service1 which they said would not hinder them from hearing mass at convenient times1 and saying such prayers as they listed2 and ,polly the more so that a young gentleman of good birth and high breeding1 who conformed to the times1 had become a suitor for her hand1 and was very strenuous with her on the necessity of such compliance1 which nevertheless her father would not allow of4 ,much company came to the house1 both ,protestant and ,catholic2 for my aunt1 who was sick at other times1 did greatly mend toward the evening4 ,when ,i was first in ,london for some weeks1 she kept me with her at such times in the parlor1 and encouraged me to discourse with the visitors2 for she said ,i had a forwardness and vivacity of speech which1 if practised in conversation1 would in time obtain for me as great a reputation of wit as ,polly ever enjoyed4 ,i was nothing loth to study in this new school1 and not slow to improve in it4 ,at the same time ,i gave myself greatly to the reading of such books as ,i found in my cousins' chambers2 amongst which were some ,m4 de la ,motte had lent to ,polly1 marvellous witty and entertaining1 such as ,les ,nouvelles de la ,reine de ,navarre and the ,cents ,histoires tragiques2 and others done in ,english out of ,french by ,mr4 ,thomas ,fortescue2 and a poem1 writ by one ,mr4 ,edmund ,spenser1 very beautiful1 and which did so much bewitch me1 that ,i was wont to rise in the night to read it by the light of the moon at my casement window2 and the ,morte d' ,arthur1 which ,mr4 ,hubert ,rookwood had willed me to read1 whom ,i met at ,bedford1 and which so filled my head with fantastic images and imagined scenes1 that ,i did1 as it were1 fall in love with #dhh ,sir ,launcelot1 and would blush if his name were but mentioned1 and wax as angry if his fame were questioned as if he had been a living man1 and ,i in a foolish manner fond of him4 ,this continued for some little time1 and methinks1 had it proceeded further1 ,i should have received much damage from a mode of life with so little of discipline in it1 and so great incitements to faults and follies which my nature was prone to1 but which my conscience secretly reproved4 ,and among the many reasons ,i have to be thankful to ,mistress ,ward1 that never-to-be-forgotten friend1 whose care restrained me in these dangerous courses1 partly by compulsion through means of her influence with my aunt and her husband1 and partly by such admonitions and counsel as she favored me with1 ,i reckon amongst the greatest that1 at an age when the will is weak1 albeit the impulses be good1 she lent a helping hand to the superior part of my soul to surmount the evil tendencies which bad example on the one hand1 and weak indulgence on the other1 fostered in me1 whose virtuous inclinations had been1 up to that time1 hedged in by the strong safeguards of parental watchfulness4 ,she procured that ,i should not tarry1 save for brief and scanty spaces of time1 in my aunt's parlor when she had visitors1 and so contrived that it should be when she herself was present1 who1 by wholesome checks and studied separation from the rest of the company1 reduced my forwardness with just restraints such as became my age4 ,and when she discovered what books ,i read1 oh1 with what fervent and strenuous speech she drove into my soul the edge of a salutary remorse2 with what tearful eyes and pleading voice she brought before me the memory of my mother's care and my father's love1 which had ever kept me from drinking such empoisoned draughts from the well-springs of corruption which in our days books of entertainment too often prove1 and if not altogether bad1 yet be such as vitiate the palate and destroy the appetite for higher and purer kinds of mental sustenance4 ,sharp was her correction1 but withal so seasoned with tenderness1 and a grief the keenness of which ,i could discern was heightened by the thought that my two elder cousins 7one time her pupils7 should be so drawn aside by the world and its pleasures as to forget their pious habits1 and minister to others the means of such injury as their own souls had sustained1 that every word she uttered seemed to sink into my heart as if writ with a pen of fire2 and mostly when she thus concluded her discourse3 ,there hath been times1 ,constance1 when men1 yea and women also1 might play the fool for a while1 without so great danger as now1 and dally with idle folly like children who do sport on a smooth lawn nigh to a running stream1 under their parents' eyes1 who1 if their feet do but slip1 are prompt to retrieve them4 ,but such days are gone by for the ,catholics of this land4 ,i would have thee to bear in mind that 'tis no common virtue--no convenient religion--faces the rack1 the dungeon1 and the rope2 that wanton tales and light verses are no viaticum for a journey beset with such perils4 ,and thou--thou least of all--whose gentle mother1 as thou well knowest1 died of a broken heart from the fear to betray her faith--thou1 whose father doth even now gird himself for a fight1 where to win is to die on a scaffold--shouldst scorn to omit such preparation as may befit thee to live1 if it so please ,god1 or to die1 if such be his will1 a true member of his holy ,catholic ,church4 ,o ,constance1 it doth grieve me to the heart that thou shouldst so much as once have risen from thy bed at night to feed thy mind with the vain words of profane writers1 in place of nurturing thy soul by such reasonable exercises and means as ,god1 through the teaching of his ,church1 doth provide for the spiritual growth of his children1 and by prayer and penance make ready for coming conflicts4 ,bethink thee of the many holy priests1 yea and laymen also1 who be in uneasy #dhi dungeons at this time1 lying on filthy straw1 with chains on their bruised limbs1 but lately racked and tormented for their religion1 whilst thou didst offend ,god by such wanton conduct4 ,count up the times thou hast thus offended2 and so many times rise in the night1 my good child1 and say the psalm ',miserere1' through which we do especially entreat forgiveness for our sins4 ,i cast myself in her arms1 and with many bitter tears lamented my folly2 and did promise her then1 and1 ,i thank ,god1 ever after did keep that promise1 whilst ,i abode under the same roof with her1 to read no books but such as she should warrant me to peruse4 ,some days after she procured ,mr4 ,congleton's consent1 who also went with us1 to carry me to the ,marshalsea1 whither she had free access at that time by reason of her acquaintanceship with the gaoler's wife1 who1 when a maid1 had been a servant in her family1 and who1 having been once ,catholic1 did willingly assist such prisoners as came there for their religion4 ,there we saw ,mr4 ,hart1 who hath been this long while confined in a dark cell1 with nothing but boards to lie on till ,mistress ,ward gave him a counterpane1 which she concealed under her shawl1 and the gaoler was prevailed on by his wife not to take from him4 ,he was cruelly tortured some time since1 and condemned to die on the same day as ,mr4 ,luke ,kirby and some others on a like charge1 that he did deny the queen's supremacy in spiritual matters2 but he was taken off the sledge and returned to prison4 ,he did take it very quietly and patiently2 and when ,mr4 ,congleton expressed a hope he might soon be released from prison1 he smiled and said3 ,my good friend1 my crosses are light and easy2 and the being deprived of all earthly comfort affords a heavenly joy1 which maketh my prison happy1 my confinement merciful1 my solitude full of blessings4 ,to ,god1 therefore1 be all praise1 honor1 and glory1 for so unspeakable a benefit bestowed upon his poor1 wretched1 and unworthy servant4 ,so did he comfort those who were more grieved for him than he for himself2 and each in turn we did confess2 and after ,i had disburdened my conscience in such wise that he perceived the temper of my mind1 and where to apply remedies to the dangers the nature of which his clearsightedness did foresee1 he thus addressed me3 ,the world1 my dear daughter1 soon begins to seem insipid1 and all its pleasures grow bitter as gall2 all the fine shows and delights it affords appear empty and good for nothing to such as have tasted the happiness of conversing with ,christ1 though it be amidst torments and tribulations1 yea and in the near approach of death itself4 ,this joy so penetrates the soul1 so elevates the spirit1 so changes the affections1 that a prison seems not a prison but a paradise1 death a goal long time desired1 and the torments which do accompany it jewels of great price4 ,take with thee these words1 which be the greatest treasure and the rarest lesson for these times3 ',he that loveth his life in this world shall lose it1 and he that hateth it shall find it2' and remember the devil is always upon the watch4 ,be you also watchful4 ,pray you for me4 ,i have a great confidence that we shall see one another in heaven1 if you keep inviolable the word you have given to ,god to be true to his ,catholic ,church and obedient to its precepts1 and he gives me the grace to attain unto that same blessed end4 ,these words1 like the sower's seed1 fell into a field where thorns oftentimes threatened to choke their effect2 but persecution1 when it arose1 consumed the thorns as with fire1 and the plant1 which would have withered in stony ground1 bore fruit in a prepared soil4 ,as we left the prison1 it did happen that1 passing by the gaoler's lodge1 ,i saw him sitting at a table drinking ale with one whose back was to the door4 ,a suspicion came over me1 the most unlikely in the world1 for it was against all credibility1 and ,i had not seen so much as that person's face2 but in the shape of his head and the manner of #dij his sitting1 but for a moment observed1 there was a resemblance to ,edmund ,genings1 the thought of which ,i could not shake off4 ,when we were walking home1 ,mr4 ,congleton said ,mr4 ,hart had told him that a short time back a gentleman had been seized1 and committed to close confinement1 whom he believed1 though he had not attained to the certainty thereof1 to be ,mr4 ,willisden2 and if it were so1 that much trouble might ensue to many recusants1 by reason of that gentleman having dealt in matters of great importance to such persons touching lands and other affairs whereby their fortunes and maybe their lives might be compromised4 ,on hearing of this1 ,i straightway conceived a sudden fear lest it should be my father and not ,mr4 ,willisden was confined in that prison2 and the impression ,i had received touching the youth who was at table with the gaoler grew so strong in consequence1 that all sorts of fears founded thereon ran through my mind1 for ,i had often heard how persons did deceive recusants by feigning themselves to be their friends1 and then did denounce them to the council1 and procured their arrest and oftentimes their condemnation by distorting and false swearing touching the speech they held with them4 ,one ,eliot in particular1 who was a man of great modesty and ingenuity of countenance1 so as to defy suspicion 7but a very wicked man in more ways than one1 as has been since proved71 who pretended to be ,catholic1 and when he did suspect any to be a ,jesuit1 or a seminary priest1 or only a recusant1 he would straightway enter into discourse with him1 and in an artful manner cause him to betray himself2 whereupon he was not slow to throw off the mask1 whereby several had been already brought to the rope4 ,and albeit ,i would not credit that ,edmund should be such a one1 the evil of the times was so great that my heart did misgive me concerning him1 if indeed he was the youth whom ,i had espied on such familiar terms with that ruffianly gaoler4 ,i had no rest for some days1 lacking the means to discover the truth of that suspicion2 for ,mrs4 ,ward1 to whom ,i did impart it1 dared not adventure again that week to the ,marshalsea1 by reason of the gaoler's wife having charged her not to come frequently1 for that her husband had suddenly suspected her to be a recusant1 and would by no means allow of her visits to the prisoners2 but that when he was drunk she could sometimes herself get his keys and let her in1 but not too often4 ,mr4 ,congleton would have it the prisoner must be ,mr4 ,willisden and no other1 and took no heed of my fears1 which he said had no reasonable grounds1 as ,i had not so much as seen the features of the youth ,i took to be my father's page4 ,but ,i could by no means be satisfied1 and wept very much2 and ,i mind me how1 in the midst of my tears that evening1 my eyes fell on the frontispiece of a volume of the ,morte d' ,arthur which had been loosened when the book was in my chamber1 and in which was picture of ,sir ,launcelot1 the present mirror of my fancy4 ,i had pinned it to my curtain1 and jewelled it as a treasure and fund of foolish musings1 even after yielding up1 with promise to read no more therein1 the book which had once held it4 ,and thus were kept alive the fantastic imaginings wherewith ,i clothed a creature conceived in a writer's brain1 whose nobility was the offspring of his thoughts and the continual entertainment of mine own4 ,but1 oh1 how just did ,i now find the words of a virtuous friend1 and how childish my folly1 when the true sharp edge of present fear dispersed these vapory clouds1 even as the keen blast of a north wind doth drive away a noxious mist6 ,the sight of the dismal dungeon that day visited1 the pallid features of that true confessor therein immured1 his soul-piercing words1 and the apprehensions which were wringing my heart--banished of a sudden an idle dream engendered by vain readings and vainer musings1 and ,sir ,launcelot held henceforward no higher1 or not so high1 a #dia place in my esteem as the good ,sir ,guy of ,warwick1 or the brave ,hector de ,valence4 ,a day or two after1 my ,lady ,surrey sent her coach for me2 and ,i found her in her dressing-room seated on a couch with her waiting-women and ,mistress ,milicent around her1 who were displaying a great store of rich suits and jewels and such-like gear drawn from wardrobes and closets1 the doors of which were thrown open1 and little ,mistress ,bess was on tiptoe on a stool afore a mirror with a diamond necklace on1 ribbons flaring about her head1 and a fan of ostrich-feathers in her hand4 ,ah1 sweet one1 said my lady1 when ,i came in1 thou must needs be surprised at this show of bravery1 which ill consorts with the mourning of our present garb or the grief of our hearts2 but1 i' faith1 ,constance1 strange things do come to pass1 and such as ,i would fain hinder if ,i could4 ,make ready thine ears for great news1 good ,constance1 cried ,bess1 running toward me encumbered with her finery1 and tumbling over sundry pieces of head-gear in her way1 to the waiting-woman's no small discomfiture4 ,the queen's majesty doth visit upon next ,sunday the ,earl and ,countess of ,surrey2 and as her highness cannot endure the sight of dool1 they and their household must needs put it off and array themselves in their costliest suits2 and ,nan is to put on her choicest jewels1 and my ,lady ,bess must be grand too1 to salute the queen4 ,hush1 ,bessy1 said my lady2 and leading me into the adjoining chamber1 'tis hard1 quoth she1 holding my hand in hers1--'tis hard when his grace is in the ,tower and in disgrace with her majesty1 and only six weeks since our ,moll died1 that she must needs visit this house1 where there be none to entertain her highness but his grace's poor children2 'tis hard1 ,constance1 to be constrained to kiss the hand which threatens his life who gave my lord his1 and mostly to smile at the queen's jesting1 which my ,lord ,arundel saith we must of all things take heed to observe1 for that she as little can endure dool in the face as in the dress4 ,a few tears fell from those sweet eyes upon my hand1 which she still held1 and ,i said1 ,comfort you1 my sweet lady4 ,it must needs be that her majesty doth intend favor to his grace through this visit4 ,her highness would never be minded to do so much honor to the children if she did not purpose mercy to the father4 ,i would fain believe it were so1 said the countess1 thoughtfully2 but my ,lord ,arundel and my ,lady ,lumley hold not1 ,i fear1 the same opinion4 ,and ,i do hear from them that his grace is much troubled thereat1 and hath written to the ,earl of ,leicester and my ,lord ,burleigh to lament the queen's determination to visit his son1 who is not of age to receive her4 ,footnote #ii ,footnote #ii3 ,calendar of ,state ,papers1 ,domestic ,series1 #aedg to #aehj3 ,duke of ,norfolk to the ,earl of ,leicester and ,lord ,burleigh2 laments the queen's determination to visit his son's house1 who is not of age to receive her4 ,and doth my ,lord of ,surrey take the matter to heart8 ,my lord's disposition doth incline him to conceive hope where others see reason to fear1 she replied4 ,he saith he is glad her majesty should come to this house1 and that he will take occasion to petition her grace to release his father from the ,tower2 and he hath drawn up an address to that effect1 which is marvellous well expressed2 and1 since 'tis written1 he makes no more doubt that her majesty will accede to it than if the upshot was not yet to come1 but already past4 ,and he hath set himself with a skill beyond his years1 and altogether wonderful in one so young1 to prepare all things for the queen's reception2 so that when his grandfather did depute my ,lord ,berkeley and my ,lady ,lumley to assist us 7he himself being too sick to go out of his house7 in the ordering of the collation in the banqueting-room1 and the music wherewith to greet her highness on her arrival1 as well as the ceremonial to be observed during her visit1 they did find that my lord had so #dib disposedly and with so great taste ordained the rules to be observed1 and the proper setting forth of all things1 that little remained for them to do4 ,and he will have me to be richly dressed1 and to put on the jewels which were his mother's1 which1 since her death1 have not been worn by the two ,duchesses of ,norfolk which did succeed her4 ,ah me1 ,mistress ,constance1 ,i often wish my lord and ,i had been born far from the court1 in some quiet country place1 where there are no queens to entertain1 and no plots which do bring nobles into so great dangers4 ,alack1 ,i cried1 dear lady1 'tis not the highest in the land that be alone to suffer4 ,their troubles do stand forth in men's eyes2 and when a noble head is imperilled all the world doth know of it2 but blood is spilt in this land1 and torments endured1 which no pen doth chronicle1 and of which scant mention is made in palaces4 ,there is a passion in thy speech1 my lady said1 which betrayeth a secret uneasiness of heart4 ,hast thou had ill news1 my ,constance8 ,no news1 ,i answered1 but that which my fears do invent and whisper2 and then ,i related to her the cause of my disturbance1 which she sought to allay by kind words1 which nevertheless failed to comfort me4 ,before ,i left she did propose ,i should come to the ,charter ,house on the morning of the queen's visit1 and bring ,mistress ,ward and my cousins also1 as it would pleasure them to stand in the gallery and witness the entertainment1 and albeit my heart was heavy1 methought it was an occasion not to be overpast to feast my eyes with the sight of majesty1 and to behold that great queen who doth hold in her hands her subjects' lives1 and who1 if she do but nod1 like the god of the heathen which books do speak of1 such terrible effects ensue1 greater than can be thought of2 and so ,i gave my lady mine humble thanks1 and also for that she did gift me with a dainty hat and a well-embroidered suit to wear on that day2 which1 when ,kate saw1 she fell into a wonderful admiration of the pattern1 and did set about to get it copied afore the day of the royal visit to ,howard ,house4 ,as ,i returned to ,holborn in my lady's coach there was a great crowd in the ,cornhill1 and the passage for a while arrested by the number of persons on their way to what is now called the ,royal ,exchange1 which her majesty was to visit in the evening4 ,i sat very quietly with mine eyes fixed on the foot-passengers1 not so much looking at their faces as watching their passage1 which1 like the running of a river1 did seem endless4 ,but at last it somewhat slackened1 and the coach moved on1 when1 at the corner of a street1 nigh unto a lamp over a shop1 which did throw a light on his face1 ,i beheld ,edmund ,genings4 ,oh1 how my heart did beat1 and with what a loud cry ,i did call to the running footmen to stop6 ,but the noise of the street was so great they did not hear me1 and ,i saw him turn and pursue his way down another street toward the river4 ,my good uncle1 when he heard ,i had verily seen my father's new page in the city1 gave more heed to my suspicions1 and did promise to go himself unto the ,marshalsea on the next day1 and seek to verify the name of the prisoner ,mr4 ,hart had made mention of4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ------ #dic ,from ,the ,cornhill ,magazine4 ,,modern ,,falconry4 ,hunting and hawking were1 as every one knows1 the great sports of our forefathers4 ,angling was but little understood before the time of ,walton and ,cotton1 and not thoroughly even by those great masters themselves4 ,in the olden time1 the bow and arrow1 being scarcely adapted for fowling1 were used almost exclusively against large game1 such as deer2 the crossbow was perhaps not a very efficient weapon2 and the art of shooting flying with a fowling-piece may be said to be of recent invention4 ,it is true that1 a couple of hundred years ago1 men 7the sportsmen of those days7 might have been seen1 armed with a match-lock1 or some such wonderful contrivance1 crawling toward a covey of basking partridges1 with the intention of shooting them on the ground2 and ,dame ,juliana ,berners1 who wrote upon falconry in the middle of the fifteenth century1 invented a fly-rod of such excessive weight that the strongest salmon-fisher in these days would be unwilling to wield it4 ,but this was sorry work1 and we can well understand that1 of itself1 it was very far from satisfying a sport-loving people4 ,they still held by the old sports4 ,hunting and hawking were in their glory when what we now call shooting and fishing were scarcely understood at all4 ,deer were in abundance1 and so was other game1 especially if we consider the few people privileged to kill it4 ,in those days1 though not in these1 the most sportsmanlike way was the most profitable2 and more quarry could be taken with dogs and hawks than in any other1 and perhaps less legitimate1 manner4 ,hunting we retain1 as our great and national sport1 though circumstances1 rather than choice1 have led to our exchanging the stag for the fox4 ,but falconry1 the great sport of chivalry1 once the national sport of these islands1 has been permitted so nearly to die out that but few people are aware of its existence amongst us4 ,that it does still live1 however1 though under a cloud1--to what extent and in what manner it is carried out1--it is the purport of this paper to show4 ,the causes of the decrease1 and almost the loss1 of this sport are obvious enough4 ,amongst the chief are1 the present enclosed state of the country2 the perfection--or what is almost perfection--of modern gunnery1 and of the marksman's skill1 and the desire to make large bags4 ,add to these1 perhaps1 the trouble and expense attendant upon keeping hawks4 ,but the links have at no time absolutely been broken which1 in ,england1 unite falconry in the time of ,ethelbert to falconry of the present day4 ,lord ,orford and ,colonel ,thornton took them up and strengthened them at the end of the last1 and the beginning of the present1 century4 ,later still1 the ,loo ,club in ,holland saved falconry from extinction in ,england1 because its ,english members brought their falcons to this country1 and flew them here4 ,the ,barrs1 first-rate ,scotch falconers1 and ,john ,pells1 of ,norfolk1 helped the course by training and selling hawks2 and a work entitled ,falconry in the ,british ,isles1 published in #ahee1 together with some chapters which appeared rather later in one of the leading sporting newspapers 7and were afterward collected in a volume71 served to create or encourage a love for falconry4 ,it was said that the present ,duke of ,st4 ,albans1 the grand falconer1 would take to the sport con amore1 and not as a mere form2 but this is very far indeed from being the case4 #did ,the ,maharajah ,dhuleep ,singh was perhaps the most considerable falconer of the present day2 and last season but one he killed #aai grouse with his young hawks2 but he has lately given up the greater part of his hawking establishment4 ,in ,ireland there are some good falcons1 flown occasionally at herons1 and frequently1 and with great success1 at other quarry2 many officers in the army are falconers2 and1 in the wilds of ,cheshire1 there lives a poor gentleman who has flown hawks for fifteen years1 and contrives1 through the courtesy of his friends1 to make a bag on the moors with his famous grouse-hawk ,the ,princess1 and one or two others4 ,those who have been accustomed to regard falconry as entirely a thing of the past1 and the secret of hawk-training as utterly lost as that of ,stonehenge or the ,pyramids1 will be surprised to hear that there are1 at the present time1 hawks in ,england of such proved excellence1 that it is impossible to conceive even princes in the olden time1 notwithstanding the monstrous prices they are said to have paid for some falcons1 ever possessing better4 ,when a peregrine falcon will wait on1 as it is called1 at the height of a hundred or a hundred and fifty yards above her master1 as he beats the moors for her1 and1 when the birds rise1 chase them with almost the speed of an arrow2 when she is sure to kill1 unless the grouse escapes in cover2 when she will not attempt to carry her game1 even should a dog run by her1 and when she is ready to fly two or three times in one morning--it can easily be imagined1 even by those who know nothing of falconry1 that she has reached excellence4 ,and so1 in heron-hawking4 ,if a cast of falcons1 unhooded at a quarter of a mile from a passing heron 7especially a light heron1 i4 e41 a heron going to feed1 and therefore not weighted71 capture him in a wind1 and after a two-mile flight1 it is difficult to suppose1 caeteris paribus1 that any hawks could possibly be superior to them4 ,and1 as such hawks as we have described exist1 the inevitable conclusion is1 that where falconry is really understood1 it is understood as well as it ever was2 or1 in other words1 that modern falconry1 as far as the perfection of individual hawks is concerned1 is equal to ancient4 ,our forefathers1 excellent falconers as they were1 chose to make a wonderful mystery of their craft2 and when they did publish a book on the subject of their great sport1 its directions could only avail the gentry of those exclusive times4 ,in examining these books1 one is sometimes almost tempted to doubt whether the writers really offered the whole of their contents in a spirit of good faith2 at any rate1 some of the advice is very startling to modern ears2 and no sane man of the present day would dream of following it4 ,perhaps the reader would like an extract4 ,here1 then1 is a recipe for a sick hawk1 extracted from ,the ,gentleman's ,recreation1 published #afgg3 ,take germander1 pelamountain1 basil1 grummel-seed1 and broom-flowers1 of each half an ounce2 hyssop1 sassafras1 polypodium1 and horse-mints1 of each a quarter of an ounce1 and the like of nutmegs2 cubebs1 borage1 mummy1 mugwort1 sage1 and the four kinds of mirobolans1 of each half an ounce2 of aloes soccotrine the fifth part of an ounce1 and of saffron one whole ounce4 ,to be put into a hen's gut1 tied at both ends4 ,what was supposed to be the effect of this marvellous mixture1 it is somewhat hard to divine2 but our modern pharmacopoeia would be content with a little rhubarb and a few peppercorns4 ,with regard to food1 we are told1 in the same work1 that cock's flesh is proper for falcons that are melancholick2 and that phlegmatick birds are to be treated in a different way--possibly fed on pullets4 ,were this paper intended as a notice of ancient1 instead of modern falconry1 we might multiply instances to show the extreme faddiness of the old falconers4 #die ,simply to tame a hawk is excessively easy4 ,to train it1 up to a certain point1 is not at all difficult4 ,but it requires an old and practised hand to produce a bird of first-rate excellence4 ,the modern routine of training the peregrine falcon is shortly as follows3 ,young birds are procured1 generally from ,scotland1 either just before they can fly1 or just after4 ,they are placed in some straw1 on a platform1 in an outhouse1 which ought to open to the southeast4 ,they are furnished each with a large bell 7the size of a very small walnut7 for the leg2 and each with a couple of jessies 7short straps of leather7 for both legs4 ,if they are unable to fly1 the door of the coach-house 7or whatever the outhouse may be7 should be left open2 but if they have tolerable use of their wings1 it will be necessary to close it for the first few days4 ,they are fed twice a day with beefsteak--changed1 occasionally1 for rabbit1 rook1 or pigeon2 and1 if the birds are very young1 the food must be cut up small2 but it is improper to take them from the nest until the feathers have shown themselves thoroughly through the white down4 ,a lure is then used4 ,this instrument need be nothing more than a forked and somewhat heavy piece of wood 7sometimes covered with leather71 to which is fastened a strap and a couple of pigeons' wings4 ,to this meat is tied2 and the young hawks are encouraged to fly down from their platform1 at the stated feeding times1 to take their meals from it1 the falconer either loudly whistling or shouting to them the while4 ,presently1 and as they become acquainted with the lures1 they are permitted to fly at large for a fortnight or three weeks2 and1 if the feeding-times be kept1 the lures well furnished with food1 and the shout or whistle employed1 the hawks will certainly return when they are due2 unless1 indeed1 they have been injured or destroyed when from home1 by accident or malice4 ,this flying at liberty is termed flying at hack4 ,when the young hawks show any disposition to prey for themselves 7though the heavy bells are intended slightly to delay this71 they are taken up from hack1 either with a small net1 or with the hand4 ,they are then taught to wear the hood1 and are carried on the fist4 ,in a few days they are sufficiently tame to be trusted at large1 and may be flown at young grouse or pigeons1 the heavy bells having been changed for the lightest procurable4 ,at this period great pains are taken by the falconer to prevent his bird carrying her game2 for it is obvious that1 were the hawk to move when he approached her1 he would be subject constantly to the greatest trouble and disappointment4 ,the tales told in books about hawks bringing quarry to their master are absurd2 the falconer must go to his hawk4 ,such is a sketch of the training in modern times of the eyas or young bird4 ,wild-caught hawks1 however1 called haggards1 are occasionally used4 ,these1 though excellent for herons and rooks1 are not good for game-hawking1 as it is difficult to make them wait on about the falconer1 and all game must be flown from the air1 and not from the hood2 i4e41 by a hawk from her pitch1 and not from the fist of her master4 ,haggards1 of course1 are never flown at hack4 ,the tiercel1 or male peregrine1 is excellent for partridges and pigeons2 but the female bird only can have a chance with herons1 and is to be preferred also for grouse and rooks4 ,we have in this country several trained goshawks1 which are flown at rabbits2 also sometimes at hares and pheasants4 ,the merlin1 too1 is occasionally trained3 the present writer flew these beautiful little birds at larks for years2 but gave them up in #aheg1 and confined himself entirely to peregrines and goshawks4 ,the sparrow-hawk1 the wildest of hawks1 is sometimes used for small birds4 ,the hobby is hardly to be procured4 ,the ,iceland and ,greenland falcons are prized1 but are rarely met with4 ,these large birds are called gerfalcons2 and1 when very white1 and good in the field1 fetched extravagant prices in the old times4 ,they may now sometimes be procured untrained for ,l#e or ,l#f each2 but the peregrine is large enough for the game of this country4 #dif ,it may be interesting to know1 in something like detail1 what a flight at game1 rooks1 pigeons1 or magpies is like how it is conducted1 and to what extent the sagacity of hawks may be developed4 ,to this end1 we will give a sketch or two of what is being done now1 and what will be done in the game season4 ,at this season of the year1 and in this country1 falconers are obliged to be content with rook1 pigeon1 or magpie flying4 ,such quarry is flown out of the hood1 and not from the air2 i4e4 the hawk1 instead of waiting on over the falconer in expectation of quarry being sprung1 is unhooded as it rises1 and is cast off from the fist4 ,at least the only exception to this is when pigeons are thrown from the hand in order to teach a hawk to wait on4 ,it will be understood that1 in the following description1 the peregrine is supposed to be used1 for a long-winged hawk is necessary for the flights about to be described1 and the merlin is too small to be depended upon for anything larger than a black-bird1 or a young partridge2 though the best females are good for pigeons4 ,let us go out to-day1 then1 and try to kill a rook or two on the neighboring common4 ,the hawks are in good condition2 not indeed as fat as though they were put up to moult1 but with plenty of flesh and muscle1 and wind kept good by almost daily exercise4 ,we have a haggard tiercel and a haggard falcon2 also two eyas falcons2 all are up to their work and have been well entered to rooks4 ,we shall not trouble ourselves to take out the cadge to-day1 for our party is quite strong enough to carry the hawks on the fist4 ,only two of us are mounted1 a lady and a gentleman2 the rest will run4 ,the lady would carry the little tiercel1 but she is afraid lest she should make a blunder in unhooding him1 as her mare is rather fresh this morning2 but her companion1 who has flown many a hawk1 willingly takes charge of him4 ,we are well on the common now2 and lo6 a black mass on the ground there1 with a few black spots floating over4 ,hark to the distant caw6 ,a clerical meeting4 ,let us give them a bishop1 then1 says the bearer of the tiercel1 which is called by that name4 ,the wind is from them to us4 ,the horseman and his companion canter onward2 we follow at a slow run4 ,the horses approach the flock2 the black mass becomes disturbed and rises2 the bishop is thrown off with a shout of ,hoo1 ha6 ha6 and rushes amongst his clergy with even more than episcopal energy4 ,there is full enough wind2 the rooks are soon into it1 and ringing up in a compact body with a pace which1 for them1 is very good4 ,his lordship1 too1 is mounting3 he rose in a straight line the moment he left the fist1 but he is now making a large circle to get above his quarry4 ,he has reached them1 but he does not grapple with the first bird he comes near1 though he seems exceedingly close to it4 ,but there is something so thoroughly systematic in his movements1 something which so suggests a long and deadly experience1 that even the uninitiated of the party feel certain that he is doing the right thing4 ,he is nearly above them4 ,a rook has left the flock--the very worst thing he could possibly do for his own sake3 he has saved the bishop the trouble of selection4 ,he makes for some trees in the distance1 but it is inconceivable that he can reach them4 ,there6 and there6 ,now again6 ,he is clutched at the third stoop1 and both birds1 in a deadly embrace1 flap and twist to the ground together4 ,the rest are high in the air1 and a long way off4 ,it must not be considered that this tiercel did not dash at once into the whole flock because he was afraid to do so4 ,he had no fear whatever2 but nature or experience taught him that a stoop from above was worth half-a-dozen attempts to fly level and grapple4 ,it's poor work after all1 said one of the party1 who had run for it notwithstanding2 these brutes can't fly1 #dig and it's almost an insult to a first-rate hawk to unhood him at such quarry4 ,even the hawks don't fly with the same dash that one sees when a strong pigeon is on the wing4 ,beside1 it's spoiling the eyases for game-hawking2 when they ought to be 'waiting on' over grouse1 they will be starting after the first rook that passes4 ,my good fellow1 answered another1 you must hawk rooks now1 or be content with pigeons1 unless you can find magpies 7we will try that presently73 there are no herons anywhere near 7and ,i don't know that the eyases would fly them if there were72 and1 as for flying a house-pigeon1 which has been brought to the field in a basket1 though ,i grant the goodness of the flight1 ,i don't see the sport4 ,if we could find wood-pigeons far enough from trees1 ,i should like that4 ,as for the game next season1 there are not many rooks on the moors2 and1 as these falcons would fly rooks even if they had not seen them for a year1 ,i don't think we are losing much by what we are doing4 ,it is exercise at any rate2 and1 beside1 ,i assure you that ,i have seen an old cock-rook1 in a wind like this1 live for a mile1 before one of the best falcons in the world1 where there was not a single tree to shelter him4 ,we are compelled to go some distance before we can see a black feather2 for rooks1 once frightened1 are very careful2 or rather1 we should have been so compelled had it not happened that an old carrion-crow1 perhaps led near the spot by curiosity1 is seen passing at the distance of about two hundred yards4 ,the passage-falcon is instantly unhooded and cast off2 and1 as we are now in the neighborhood of a few scattered trees1 it takes ten minutes to kill him2 and a short time1 too1 for he has treed himself some eight or ten times in spite of our efforts to make him take the open4 ,our time is short to-day2 but let us get a magpie1 if possible1 before we go home4 ,our fair companion is fully as anxious for the sport as we are4 ,only a mile off there is a nice country2 large grass fields1 small fences1 with a bush here and there4 ,we have reached it4 ,a magpie has flown from the top of that single tree in the hedgerow1 and is skimming down the field4 ,off with the young falcons3 wait till the first sees him2 now unhood the second4 ,ah6 he sees them1 and flies along the side of the hedge4 ,let us ride and run6 ,get him out of cover as fast as possible1 while the hawks wait on above4 ,pray1 sir1 jump the fence a little lower down1 and help to get him out from the other side4 ,hoo-ha-ha6 there he goes4 ,well stooped1 ,vengeance1 and nearly clutched1 ,guinevere1 but he has reached the tree in the hedgerow1 and is moving his long tail about in the most absurd manner4 ,a good smack of the whip1 and he is off again4 ,and so we go on for a quarter of an hour1 riding1 running1 shouting1 till ,guinevere clutches him just as he is about to enter a clump of trees4 ,who-whoop6 ,such is rook-hawking and magpie-hawking4 ,in an open plain1 and on a tolerably still day1 a great number of rooks may be killed with good hawks4 ,either eyas or passage-falcons may be used4 ,last year1 one hundred and fifty-two rooks and two carrion-crows were killed by some officers1 on the finest place for rook-flying in ,england1 with some passage-hawks and two eyases4 ,in #ahfc1 ninety rooks were killed1 near the same spot1 with eyases4 ,tiercels are better than falcons for magpie-hawking1 as they are unquestionably quicker amongst hedgerows1 and can turn in a smaller compass4 ,one tiercel has been known to kill eight magpies in a day2 but this is extraordinary work4 ,to prevent confusion1 it may be as well to mention here that the term haggard and passage-hawk both mean a wild-caught hawk2 while eyas signifies a bird taken from the nest or eyrie4 ,heron-hawking requires an open country1 with a heronry in the neighborhood4 ,the quarry is flown at generally by passage-hawks2 but a few #dih very good eyases have been found equal to the flight4 ,game-hawking is conducted in the following manner3 ,let us suppose1 in the first instance1 that the falconer is living in the immediate neighborhood of grouse-moors1 and that he wishes1 on some fine morning at the end of ,october or the beginning of ,november1 to show his friend a flight or two at grouse1 without going very far for the sport4 ,the old pointer is summoned2 ,the ,princess1 an eyas falcon in the second plumage1 is hooded2 and the walk is commenced4 ,now1 very early in the season on the moors1 and through the whole of ,september with partridges1 it is better to wait for a point before the hawk is cast oft1 for this saves time1 and you know that you have game under you2 but at that period of the season which we have named1 grouse rise the moment man or dog is seen1 and you would have a bad chance indeed were you to fly your hawk out of the hood 7i4e41 from the fist7 at them4 ,the best way is to keep your dog to heel1 not to talk1 and1 just before you show yourself in some likely place1 to throw up the falcon4 ,when she has reached her pitch1 which she will soon do1 hurry the dog on1 run1 clap your hands1 and get the birds up as soon as may be4 ,the hill is ascended1 ,the ,princess is at her pitch--where she would remain1 following her master and ,shot the pointer1 for ten minutes if necessary4 ,some minutes pass3 an old cock-grouse1 put up by a shepherd-dog1 rises a couple of hundred yards off4 ,hoo-ha-ha-ha6 ,the ,princess vanishes from her post1 more rapidly than the knights in ,ivanhoe left theirs4 ,she does not droop or fly near the ground 7she has had too much experience for that71 but almost rises as she shoots off after him4 ,had he risen under her1 she would have cut him over2 but this is a different affair4 ,they are soon out of sight down the hill2 but a marker has been placed that way4 ,i think she has killed him1 sir1 he shouts presently2 but it's a long way4 ,no1 she's coming back2 she must have put him into cover4 ,up and down hill1 it would take us twenty minutes to get there2 and see6 she is over our heads1 waiting on again1 and telling us1 as well as she can1 to spring another4 ,a point6 how is that8--only that there are some more which dare not rise because they have seen her4 ,hi in1 ',shot6' ,again the falconer's shout startles his friend2 again ,the ,princess passes through the air like an arrow4 ,all right this time1 sir1 cries the marker2 ,i see her with it under yon wall4 ,she has scarcely begun to eat the head as we reach her4 ,one more flight4 ,she is lifted on the grouse2 the leash is passed through the jesses1 and then she is hooded4 ,let us rest for ten minutes4 ,again1 she is waiting on1 again she flies2 but this time1 though we see the flight for three-quarters of a mile1 the birds top a hill1 and we are an hour in finding them4 ,the grouse1 however1 is fit for cooking even then2 only the head1 neck1 and some of the back have vanished3 it is plucked nearly as well as though it had been in the hands of a cook4 ,that will do1 and very good sport1 too1 considering we had but one hawk4 ,let us now feed her up on beef1 and hood her4 ,in the very early part of the season1 with grouse1 and commonly with partridges1 it is usual 7as we have hinted7 to wait for a point2 the hawk is then cast off1 and the birds are sprung when she has reached her pitch4 ,goshawks1 which may be occasionally procured from the ,regent's ,park ,zoological ,gardens1 or directly from ,sweden or ,germany1 are considered by some falconers to be difficult birds to manage4 ,that they are sulkily disposed is certain2 but in hands accustomed to them1 and when they are constantly at work1 they are exceedingly trustworthy1 even affectionate1 and will take as many as eight or ten rabbits in a day4 ,they are short-winged hawks1 and have no chance with anything faster than a rising pheasant2 they are #dii excellent for rabbits1 and a few large ones will sometimes hold a hare4 ,in modern practice they are never hooded1 except in travelling1 and are always flown from the fist1 or from some tree in which they may have perched after an unsuccessful flight4 ,there are probably1 in these islands1 about fifteen practical falconers1 three or four of whom are professional2 of the latter1 ,john ,pells and the ,barrs are well worthy of mention4 ,john ,pells was born at ,lowestoft in #ahae1 and went1 when he was thirteen1 with his father to ,valkneswaard to take passage-hawks for the ,didlington ,subscription ,club2 so that he was very soon in harness4 ,the elder ,pells commenced his career at the age of eleven1 and was in every respect a perfect falconer2 he was presented by ,napoleon ,i4 with a falconer's bag1 which is now in possession of the ,duke of ,leeds4 ,he died in #ahch4 ,the present ,john ,pells has had all possible advantages in his calling1 and has made every use of them4 ,he was falconer to the ,duke of ,leeds1 to ,mr4 ,o',keeffe1 to ,mr4 ,e4 ,c4 ,newcome1 to the late ,duke of ,st4 ,albans1 and now attends to the hawks which the present duke is bound1 either by etiquette or necessity1 to maintain4 ,pells also sells trained hawks1 and gives lessons in the art of falconry4 ,he was at one time an exceedingly active man1 and spent six months in ,iceland1 catching ,iceland falcons4 ,after enduring a good deal of cold and fatigue1 he brought fifteen of these birds to ,brandon1 in ,norfolk1 in ,november1 #ahde4 ,he is now too stout and too gouty for strong exercise1 but his experience is very valuable4 ,too much can hardly be said in raise of ,john and ,robert ,barr 7brothers74 ,their father1 a gamekeeper in ,scotland1 taught them1 in a rough way1 the rudiments of falconry1 ,they are now1 and have been for a long time1 most accomplished falconers1 ,when in the employment of the ,indian prince ,dhuleep ,singh1 ,john ,barr was sent to ,india to learn the ,indian system of falconry4 ,there is some notion now of his being placed at the head of a hawking club about to be established in ,paris2 and ,english falconry might well be proud of such a representative4 ,beside the ,pells and the ,barrs1 we have ,paul ,moellen1 ,gibbs1 and ,bots--and one or two more--all good4 ,in consequence of the great rage for game-preserving which obtains in the present day1 it does not seem unlikely that the peregrine falcon may1 in time1 be as thoroughly exterminated in ,scotland and ,ireland as the goshawk has already been4 ,at present1 however1 falconers find no difficulty in procuring these birds1 if they are willing to pay for them4 ,in a selfish point of view1 therefore1 they have nothing of which to complain4 ,but it might become a question1 at least of conscience1 whether mankind have the right1 though they possibly may have the power1 of blotting out from the face of creation--so long as there is no danger to human life and limb--any conspicuous type of strength or of beauty4 ,the kingfisher is sought to be exterminated on our rivers1 the eagle and the falcon on our hills2 and it is brought forward in justification of this slaughter--at least it is brought forward in effect--that the sportsman's bag and the angler's creel are of much more importance than the wonderful works of ,god4 ,to all that is selfish in these strict preservers of fish and of game it may be opposed that part of the food of the kingfisher consists in minnows2 that the fry of trout and salmon1 when not confined in breeding-boxes1 are rarely procured by this bird1 which constantly feeds upon the larvae of the ,dytiscce and ,libelluae1 the real foes of the fry2 that the peregrine falcon1 though she undoubtedly kills very many healthy grouse1 purges the moors of diseased ones1 and drives away the egg-stealing birds4 ,and to all that is generous in these martinets of preservation it may be submitted that true sport has other elements than those of acquisition and slaughter2 that the pleasure of a ramble on the hills #ejj or by the river is sadly dashed if you have struck out some of the beauty of the landscape2 and that the incident of a flight made by a wild hawk1 or the flash of a kingfisher near the angler's rod1 is as lively and as well worth relating as the fall of an extra grouse to the gun1 or the addition of another trout to the basket4 ------ ,from ,the ,lamp4 ,,all-,,hallow ,,eve2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,test ,,of ,,futurity4 ,,by ,,robert ,,curtis4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,i could have wished that the incidents which ,i am about to describe in the following tale had taken place in some locality with a less ,celtic1 and to ,english tongues a more pronounceable1 name than ,boher-na-,milthiogue4 ,i had at first commenced the tale with the word itself1 thus3 ,boher-na-,milthiogue1 though in a wild and remote part of ,ireland1 etc4 ,but ,i was afraid that1 should an ,english reader take up and open the book1 he would at the very first word slap it together again between the palms of his hands1 saying1 ,oh1 that is quite enough for me6 ,now1 as my ,english readers have done me vastly good service on former occasions1 ,i should be sorry to frighten them at the outset of this new tale2 and ,i have therefore endeavored to lead them quietly into it4 ,with my ,irish friends no such circumlocution would have been necessary4 ,perhaps1 if ,i dissever and explain the word1 it may enable even my ,english readers in some degree to approach a successful attempt at its pronunciation4 ,i am aware1 however1 of the difficulty they experience in this respect1 and that their attempts at some of our easiest names of ,irish places are really laughable--laughable1 at least1 to our ,celtic familiarity with the correct sound4 ,boher is the ,irish for bridge1 and milthiogue for a midge2 ,boher-na-,milthiogue1 the midge's bridge4 ,there now1 if my ,english friends cannot yet pronounce the word properly1 which ,i still doubt1 they can at least understand what it means4 ,it were idle1 ,i fear to hope1 that they can see any beauty in it2 and yet that it is beautiful there can be no ,celtic doubt whatever4 ,perhaps it might have been well to have written thus far in the shape of a preface2 but as nobody nowadays reads prefaces1 the matter would have been as bad as ever4 ,i shall therefore continue now as ,i had intended to have commenced at first4 ,boher-na-,milthiogue1 though in a wild and remote part of ,ireland1 is not without a certain degree of natural and romantic beauty1 suiting well the features of the scene in which it lies4 ,towering above a fertile and well-cultivated plain frown and smile the brother and sister mountains of ,slieve-dhu and ,slieve-bawn1 the solid masonry of whose massive and perpendicular precipices was built by no human architect4 ,the ponderous and scowling rocks of ,slieve-dhu1 the brother1 are dark and indistinct2 while1 separated from it by a narrow and abrupt ravine1 those of ,slieve-bawn1 the sister1 are of a whitish spotted gray1 contrasting cheerfully with those of her gloomy brother4 #eja ,there is generally a story in ,ireland about mountains or rivers or old ruins which present any peculiarity of shape or feature4 ,now it is an undoubted fact1 which any tourist can satisfy himself of1 that although from sixty to a hundred yards asunder1 there are huge bumps upon the side of ,slieve-bawn1 corresponding to which in every respect as to size and shape are cavities precisely opposite them in the side of ,slieve-dhu4 ,the story in this case is1 that although formerly the mountains were1 like a loving brother and sister1 clasped in each other's arms1 they quarrelled one dark night 7,i believe about the cause of thunder71 when ,slieve-dhu in a passion struck his sister a blow in the face1 and staggered her back to where she now stands1 too far for the possibility of reconciliation2 and that she1 knowing the superiority of her personal appearance1 stands her ground1 as a proud contrast to her savage and unfeeling relative4 ,deep straight gullies1 worn by the winter floods1 mark the sides of both mountains into compartments1 the proportion and regularity of which might almost be a matter of surprise1 looking like huge stripes down the white dress of ,slieve-bawn1 while down that of ,slieve-dhu they might be compared to black and purple plaid4 ,far to the north1 in the bosom of the minor hills1 lies a glittering lake--glittering when the sun shines2 dark1 sombre1 and almost imperceptible when the clouds prevail4 ,the origin of the beautiful name in which the spot itself rejoices ,i believe to be this2 but why do ,i say believe8 ,it is a self-evident and well-known fact4 ,along the base of ,slieve-bawn there runs a narrow roadeen1 turning almost at right angles through the ravine already mentioned1 and leading to the flat and populous portion of the country on the other side of the mountains1 and cutting the journey1 for any person requiring to go there1 into the sixteenth of the distance by the main road4 ,in this instance the proverb would not be fulfilled1 that the longest way round was the shortest way home4 ,across one of the winter-torrent beds which runs down the mountain side1 almost at the entrance of the ravine1 is a rough-built rustic bridge1 at a considerable elevation from the road below4 ,to those approaching it from the lower level1 it forms a conspicuous and exceedingly picturesque object1 looking not unlike a sort of castellated defence to the mouth of the narrow pass between the mountains4 ,this bridge1 toward sunset upon a summer's evening1 presents a very curious and 7except in that spot7 an unusual sight4 ,whether it arises from any peculiarity of the herbage in the vicinity1 or the fissures in the mountains1 or the crevices in the bridge itself1 as calculated to engender them1 it would be hard to say2 but it would be impossible for any arithmetician to compute at the roughest guess the millions1 the billions of small midges which dance in the sunbeams immediately above and around the bridge1 but in no other spot for miles within view4 ,the singularity of their movements1 and the peculiarity of their distribution in the air1 cannot fail to attract the observation of the most careless beholder4 ,in separate and distinct batches of some hundreds of millions each1 they rise in almost solid masses until they are lost sight of1 as they attain the level of the heathered brow of the mountain behind them1 becoming visible again as they descend into the bright sunshine that lies upon the white rocks of ,slieve-bawn4 ,in no instance can you perceive individual or scattered midges2 each batch is connected and distinct in itself1 sometimes oval1 sometimes almost square1 but most frequently in a perfectly round ball4 ,no two of these batches rise or fall at the same moment4 ,i was fortunate enough to see them myself upon more than one occasion in high perfection4 ,they reminded me of large balls thrown up and caught successively by some distinguished #ejb acrobat4 ,during the performance1 a tiny little sharp whir of music fills the atmosphere1 which would almost set you to sleep as you sit on the battlement of the bridge watching and wondering4 ,by what law of creation1 or what instinct of nature1 or1 if by neither1 by what union of sympathy the movements of these milthiogues are governed--for ,i am certain there are millions of them at the same work in the same spot this fine summer's evening--would be a curious and proper study for an entomologist2 but ,i have no time here to do more than describe the facts1 were ,i even competent to enter into the inquiry4 ,fancy say fifty millions of midges in a round ball1 so arranged that1 under no suddenness or intricacy of movement1 any one touches another4 ,there is no saying amongst them1 ,keep out of my way1 and don't be pushin' me1 as ,larry ,doolan says4 ,so far1 the thing in itself appears miraculous2 but when we come to consider that their motions1 upward to a certain point1 and downward to another1 are simultaneous1 that the slightest turn of their wings is collectively instantaneous1 rendering them at one moment like a black target1 and another turn rendering them almost invisible1 all their movements being as if guided by a single will--we are not only lost in wonder1 but we are perfectly unable to account for or comprehend it4 ,i have often been surprised1 and so1 no doubt1 may many of my readers have been1 at the regularity of the evolutions of a flock of stares in the air1 where every twist and turn of a few thousand pairs of wings seemed as if moved by some connecting wire2 but even this fact1 surprising as it is1 sinks into insignificance when compared with the movements of these milthiogues4 ,but putting all these inquiries and considerations aside1 the simple facts recorded have been the origin of the name with which this tale commences4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,winifred ,cavana was an only daughter1 indeed an only child4 ,her father1 old ,ned ,cavana of ,rathcash1 had been always a thrifty and industrious man4 ,during the many years he had been able to attend to business--and he was an experienced farmer--he had realized a sum of money1 which1 in his rank of life and by his less prosperous neighbors1 would be called unbounded wealth1 but which1 divested of that envious exaggeration1 was really a comfortable independence for his declining years1 and would one of those days be a handsome inheritance for his handsome daughter4 ,not that ,ned ,cavana intended to huxter the whole of it up1 so that she should not enjoy any of it until its possession might serve to lighten her grief for his death--no2 should ,winny marry some likely boy1 of whom her father could in every respect approve1 she should have six hundred pounds1 ,r4,m4,d42 and at his death by which time ,ned hoped some of his grandchildren would make the residue more necessary--she should have all that he was able to demise1 which was no paltry matter4 ,in the meantime they would live happily and comfortable1 not niggardly4 ,with this view--a distant one1 he still hoped--before him1 and knowing that he had already sown a good crop1 and reaped a sufficient harvest to live liberally1 die peacefully1 and be berrid dacently1 he had set a great portion of his land upon a lease during his own life1 at the termination of which it was to revert to his son-in-law1 of whose existence1 long before that time1 he could have no doubt1 and for whose name a blank had been left in his will1 to be filled up in due time before he died1 or1 failing that event--not his death1 but a son-in-law--it was left solely to his daughter ,winifred4 ,winny ,cavana was1 beyond doubt or question1 a very handsome girl and she knew it4 ,she knew1 too1 #ejc that she was a catch2 the only one in that side of the country2 and no person wondered at the many admirers she could boast of1 though it was a thing she was never known to do2 nor did she wonder at it herself4 ,without her six hundred pounds1 ,winny could have had scores of bachelors2 and it was not very surprising if she was hard to be pleased4 ,indeed1 had ,winny ,cavana been penniless1 it is possible she would have had a greater number of open admirers1 for her reputed wealth kept many a faint heart at a distance4 ,it was not to be wondered at either1 if a wealthy country beauty had the name of a coquette1 whether she deserved it or not2 nor was it to be expected that she could give unmixed satisfaction to each of her admirers2 and we all know what censoriousness unsuccessful admiration is likely to cause in a disappointed heart4 ,amongst all those who were said to have entered for the prize of ,winny's heart1 ,thomas ,murdock was the favorite--not with herself1 but the neighbors4 ,at all events he was the likely boy whom ,winny's father had in his eye as a husband for his daughter2 and in writing his will1 he had lifted his pen from the paper at the blank already mentioned1 and written the name ,thomas ,murdock in the air1 so that1 in case matters turned out as he wished and anticipated1 it would fit in to a nicety4 ,the townlands of ,rathcash and ,rathcashmore1 upon which the ,cavanas and ,murdocks lived1 was rather a thickly populated district1 and they had some well-to-do neighbors1 beside many who were not quite so well-to-do1 but were yet decent and respectable4 ,there were the ,boyds1 the ,beattys1 and the ,brennans1 with the ,cahils1 the ,cartys1 and the ,clearys beyond them2 the ,doyles1 the ,dempseys1 and the ,dolans not far off2 with the ,mulveys1 the ,mooneys1 and the ,morans quite close4 ,the people seemed to live in alphabetical batches in that district1 as if for the convenience of the county cess-collector and his book4 ,many others lived still further off1 but not so far 7in ,ireland7 as not to be called neighbors4 ,kate ,mulvey1 one of the nearest neighbors1 was a great friend and companion of ,winny's4 ,if ,kate had six hundred pounds she could easily have rivalled ,winny's good looks1 but she had not six hundred pence2 and notwithstanding her magnificent eyes1 her white teeth1 and her glossy brown hair1 she could not look within miles as high into the clouds as ,winny could4 ,still ,kate had her admirers1 some of whom even ,winny's fondest glance1 with all her money1 could not betray into treachery4 ,but it so happened that the person at whom she had thrown her cap had not 7as yet1 at least7 picked it up4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,it was toward the end of ,october1 #ahbf4 ,there had been an early spring1 and the crops had been got in favorably1 and in good time4 ,there had been a wet and a windy ,may2 a warm1 bright summer had succeeded it2 and the harvest had been now all gathered in1 except the potatoes1 which were in rapid progress of being dug and pitted4 ,it was a great day for ,ireland1 let the advocates for breadstuffs say what they will1 before the blight and yellow meal had either of them become familiar with the poor4 ,there were the ,cork reds and the cups1 the benefits and the ,brown's fancies1 for half nothing in every direction1 beside many other sorts of potatoes1 bulging up the surface of the ridges--there were no drills in those days2 mehils in almost every field1 with their coats off at the digging-in4 ,bill1 don't lane on that boy on the ridge wid you2 he's not much more nor a gossoon2 give him a start of you4 ,gossoon aniow2 be gorra1 he's as smart a chap on the face of a ridge as the best of us1 ,tom4 #ejd ,ay2 but don't take it out of him too soon1 ,bill4 ,work away1 boys1 said the gossoon in question2 ,i'll engage ,i'll shoulder my loy at the end of the ridge as soon as some of ye that's spaking4 ,it was wan word for the gossoon1 as he calls him1 an' two for himself1 ,bill1 chimed in the man on the next ridge4 ,don't hurry ,tom ,nolan2 his feet's sore afther all he danced with ,nelly ,gaffeny last night4 ,here there was a loud and general laugh at poor ,tom ,nolan's expense1 and the pickers women and girls1 with handkerchiefs tied over their heads looked up with one accord1 annoyed that they were too far off to hear the joke4 ,it was well for one of them that they had not heard it1 for ,nelly ,gaffeny was amongst them4 ,it's many a day1 ,pat1 since you seen the likes of them turned out of a ridge4 ,they bate the world4 ,they bang ,banagher2 and ,banagher1 they say-- ,whist1 ,larry2 don't be dhrawing that chap down at all4 ,i seen but wan betther the year1 said ,tim ,meaney4 ,i say you didn't1 nor the sorra take the betther1 nor so good4 ,arra1 didn't ,i8 ,i say ,i did though4 ,where1 avic ma cree8 ,beyant at ,tony ,kilroy's4 ,ay1 ay2 ,tony always had a pet acre on the side of the hill toward the sun4 ,he has the best bit of land in the parish4 ,you may say that1 ,micky1 with your own purty mouth4 ,i led his mehil1 come this hollintide will be three years2 an' there wasn't a man of forty of us but turned out eight stone of cup off every ten yards a a' four-split ridge4 ,devil a the like of them ,i ever seen afore or since4 ,lumpers you mane1 ,andy2 wasn't ,i there8 ,is it you1 ,darby8 no1 nor the sorra take the foot2 we all know where you were that same year4 ,down in the lower part of ,cavan1 ,phil4 ,in throth1 it wasn't cup potatoes was throublin' him that time2 but cups and saucers4 ,he dhrank a power of tay that harvest1 boys4 ,here there was another loud laugh1 and the women with the handkerchiefs upon their heads looked up again4 ,well1 ,i brought her home dacent1 boys2 an' what can ye say to her8 ,be gor1 nothing1 ,darby avic1 but that she's an iligant purty crathur1 and a credit to them that owns her1 an' them that reared her4 ,the sorra word of lie in that1 echoed every man in the mehil4 ,thus the merry chat and laugh went on in every potato-field4 ,the women1 finding that they had too much to do to enable them to keep close to the men1 and that they were losing the fun1 of course got up a chat for themselves1 and took good care to have some loud and hearty laughs1 which made the men in their turn look up1 and lean upon their loys4 ,everything about ,rathcash and ,rathcashmore was prosperous and happy1 and the farmers were cheerful and open-hearted4 ,that's grand weather1 glory be to ,god1 ,ned1 for the time of year1 said ,mick ,murdock to his neighbor ,cavana1 who was leaning1 with his arms folded1 on a field-gate near the mearing of their two farms4 ,the farms lay alongside of each other one in the town-land of ,rathcash1 and the other in ,rathcashmore4 ,couldn't be bet1 ,mick4 ,i'm upward of forty years stannin' in this spot1 an' ,i never seen the batin' of it4 ,be gorra1 you have a right to be tired1 ,ned2 that's a long stannin'4 ,the sorra tired1 ,mick a wochal4 ,you know very well what ,i mane1 an' you needn't be so sharp4 ,i'd never be tired of the same spot4 ,them's a good score of calves1 ,ned2 ,god bless you an' them6 said ,mick1 making up for his sharpness4 ,an' you too1 ,mick4 ,they are a fine lot of calves1 an' all reared since ,candlemas4 #eje ,there's no denying1 ,ned1 but you med the most of that bit of land of yours4 ',tis about the same as your own1 ,mick2 an' ,i think you med as good a fist of yours4 ,well1 maybe so1 indeed2 but ,i doubt it is going into worse hands than what yours will1 ,ned4 ,why that1 ,mick8 ,ah1 that ,tom of mine is a wild extravagant hero4 ,he doesn't know much about the value of money1 and never paid any attention to farming business1 only what he was obliged to pick up from being with me4 ,he thinks he'll be rich enough when ,i'm in my clay1 without much work4 ,an' so he will1 ,ned1 so far as that goes2 but it's only of book-larnin' an' horse-racin' an' coorsin' he's thinkin'1 by way of being a sort of gentleman one of those days2 but he'll find to his cost1 in the lather end1 that there's more wantin' to grow good crops than ',the ,farmer's ,calendar of ,operations4' ,he's young1 ,mick1 an' no doubt he'll mend4 ,i hope you don't discourage him4 ,not at all1 ,ned4 ,the book-larnin 's all well enough1 as far as it goes1 if he'd put the practice along with it1 an' be studdy4 ,so he will1 ,mick4 ,his wild-oats will soon be all sown1 an' then you'll see what a chap he'll be4 ,faix1 ,i'd rather see him sowing a crop of yallow ,aberdeens1 ,ned1 next ,june2 an' maybe it's what it's at the ,curragh of ,kildare he'll be1 as ,i can hear4 ,my advice to him is to get married to some dacent nice girl1 that id take the wildness out of him1 and lay himself down to business4 ,you know1 ,ned1 he'll have every penny and stick ,i have in the world2 and the lease of my houlding in ,rathcashmore is as good as an estate at the rent ,i pay4 ,if he'd give up his meandherin'1 and take a dacent liking to them that's fit for him1 ,i'd set him up all at wanst1 an' not be keeping him out of it until ,i was dead an' berrid4 ,the above was not a bad feeler1 nor was it badly put by old ,mick ,murdock to his neighbor4 ,them that's fit for him could hardly be mistaken2 yet there was a certain degree of disparagement of his own son calculated to conceal his object4 ,it elicited nothing1 however1 but a long thoughtful silence upon old ,ned ,cavana's part1 which ,mick was not slow to interpret1 and did not wish to interrupt4 ,at last ,ned stood up from the gate1 and smoothing down the sleeves of his coat1 as if he supposed they had contracted some dust1 he observed1 ,i'm afear'd1 ,mick1 you're puttin' the cart before the horse2 come until ,i show you a few ridges of red apples ,i'm diggin' out to-day4 ,you'd think ,i actially got them carted in1 an' threune them upon the ridges3 the like of them ,i never seen4 ,and the two old men walked down the lane together4 ,but ,mick ,murdock's feeler was not forgotten by either of them4 ,mick was as well pleased--perhaps better--that no further discussion took place upon the subject at the time4 ,he knew ,ned ,cavana was not a man to commit himself to a hasty opinion upon any matter1 much less upon one of such importance as was so plainly suggested by his observations4 ,ned ,cavana1 too1 brooded over the conversation in silence1 determined to throw out a feeler of his own to his daughter4 ,ned had himself more than once contemplated the possibility as well as the prudence of a match between ,tom ,murdock and his daughter4 ,the union1 not of themselves alone1 but of the two farms1 would almost make a gentleman of the person holding them4 ,both farms were held upon unusually long leases1 and at less than one-third of their value4 ,if joined1 there could be no doubt but1 with the careful and industrious management of an experienced man1 they would turn in a clear income of between five and six hundred a year2 quite sufficient in that part of the world to entitle #ejf a person of even tolerably good education to look up to the grand-jury list and a justice of the pace4 ,the only question with ,ned ,cavana was1 ,did ,tom ,murdock possess the attributes required for success in all or any of the above respects8 ,ned1 although he had taken his part with his father1 feared not4 ,ay1 there was another question1 ,was ,winny inclined for him8 ,he feared not also4 ,the other old man had not forgotten the feeler he had thrown out either1 nor the thoughtful silence with which it had been received2 for ,mick ,murdock could not believe that a man of ,ned ,cavana's penetration had misunderstood him4 ,indeed1 he was inclined to think that the same matter might have originated in ,ned's own mind1 from some words he had once or twice dropped about poor ,winny's prospects when he was gone1 and the suspense it would be to him if she were not settled in life before that day2 snaffled perhaps by some good-for-nothing1 extravagant fortune-hunter1 with a handsome face1 when she had no one to look after her4 ,there was but one word in the above which ,mick thought could be justly applied to ,tom2 extravagant he undoubtedly was1 but he was neither handsome--at least not handsome enough to be called so as a matter of course--nor was he good-for-nothing4 ,he was a well-educated sharp fellow1 if he would only lay himself down to business4 ,he was not a fortune-hunter1 for he did not require it2 but idleness and extravagance might make him one in the end4 ,yet old ,mick was by no means certain that the propriety of a match between these only and rich children had not suggested itself to his neighbor ,ned as well as to himself4 ,he hoped that if ,tom had a dacent hankerrin' afther any one1 it was for ,winny ,cavana2 but1 like her father1 he doubted if the girl herself was inclined for him4 ,he knew that she was proud and self-willed4 ,he was determined1 however1 to follow the matter up1 and throw out another feeler upon the subject to his son4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,it was now the #beth of ,october1 just six days from ,all-,hallow ,eve4 ,mick would ask a few of the neighbors to burn nuts and eat apples1 and then1 perhaps1 he might find out how the wind blew4 ,tom1 said he to his son1 ,i believe this is a good year for nuts4 ,well1 father1 ,i met a couple of chaps ere yesterday with their pockets full of fine brown shellers1 coming from ,clonard ,wood4 ,i dare say they are not all gone yet1 ,tom2 an' ,i wish you would set them to get us a few pockets full1 and we would ask a few of the neighbors here to burn them on ,all-,hallow ,eve4 ,that's easy done1 father2 ,i can get three or four quarts by to-morrow night4 ,those two very chaps would be glad to earn a few pence for them2 they wanted me to buy what they had2 and if ,i knew your intentions at the time1 ,i should have done so2 but it's not too late4 ,who do you intend to ask1 father8 ,why1 old ,cavana and his daughter1 of course1 and the ,mulveys2 in short1 you know1 all the neighbors4 ,i won't leave any of them out1 ,tom4 ,the ,cavanas1 you know1 are all as wan as ourselves1 livin' at the doore with us2 and they're much like us too1 ,tom1 in many respects4 ,old ,ned is rich1 an' has but one child--a very fine girl4 ,i'm old1 an' as rich as what ,ned is1 and ,i have but one child2 ,i'll say though you're to the fore1 ,tom--a very fine young man4 ,old ,mick paused4 ,he wanted to see if his son's intelligence was on the alert4 ,it must have been very dull indeed had it failed to perceive what his father was driving at2 but he was silent4 ,that ,winny ,cavana is a very fine girl1 ,tom1 he continued2 and ,i often wonder that a handsome young fellow like you doesn't make more of her4 ,she'll have six hundred pounds fortune1 as round as a hoop2 beside1 whoever gets her will fall in for that farm at her #ejg father's death4 ,there's ninety-nine years of it1 ,tom1 just like our own4 ,she's a conceited proud piece of goods1 father2 and ,i suspect she would rather give her six hundred pounds to some skauhawn than to a man of substance like me4 ,maybe not now4 ,did you ever thry8 ,no1 father1 ,i never did4 ,people don't often hold their face up to the hail4 ,na-bockleish1 ,tom1 she'd do a grate dale for her father1 for you know she must owe everything to him2 an' if she vexes him he can cut her out of her six hundred pounds1 and lave the interest in his farm to any one he likes2 and ,i know what he thinks about you1 ,tom4 ,ay1 and he's so fond of that one that she can twist him round her finger4 ,wait now1 father1 until you see if ,i'm not up to every twist and turn of the pair of them4 ,but you never seem to spake to her or mind her at all1 ,tom2 and ,i know1 when ,i was your age1 ,i always found that the girls liked the man best that looked afther them most4 ,i'm purty sure too1 ,tom1 that there's no one afore you there4 ,i'm not so sure of that1 father4 ,but ,i'll tell you what it is3 ,i have not been either blind or idle on what you are talking about2 but up to this moment she seems to scorn me1 father2 there's the truth for you4 ,and as for there being no one before me1 all ,i can say is that she manages1 somehow or other1 to come out of the chapel-door every ,sunday at the same moment with that whelp1 ,edward ,lennon1 from the mountain2 ,emon-a-knock1 as they call him1 and as ,i have heard her call him herself4 ,rathcash chapel is not in his parish at all1 and ,i don't know what brings him there4 ,is it that poor penniless pauper1 depending on his day's labor8 ,ah1 ,tom1 she's too proud for that4 ,yes1 that very fellow2 and there's no getting a word with her where he is4 ,well1 ,tom1 all ,i can say is this1 an' it's to my own son ,i'm sayin' it--that if you let that fellow pick up that fine girl with her six hundred pounds and fall into that rich farm1 an' you livin' at the doore with her1 you're not worth staggering-bob broth1 with all your book-larnin' an' good looks1 to say nothin' of your manners1 ,tom avic4 ,and he left him1 saying to himself1 ,he may put that in his pocket to balance his knife4 ,thus ended what old ,murdock commenced as a feeler1 but which became very plain speaking in the end4 ,but the ,all-,hallow ,eve party was to come off all the same4 ,a word or two now of comparison1 or perhaps1 more properly speaking1 of contrast1 between these two aspirants to ,winny ,cavana's favor1 though young ,lennon was still more hopeless than the other1 from his position4 ,thomas ,murdock was more conspicuous for the manliness of his person than for the beauties of his mind or the amiability of his disposition4 ,although manifestly well-looking in a group1 take him singly1 and he could not be called very handsome4 ,there was a suspicious fidgetiness about his green-spotted eyes1 as if he feared you could read his thoughts2 and at times1 if vexed or opposed1 a dark scowl upon his heavy brow indicated that these thoughts were not always amiable4 ,this unpleasing peculiarity of expression marred the good looks which the shape of his face and the fit of his curly black whiskers unquestionably gave him4 ,in form he was fully six feet high1 and beautifully made4 ,at nineteen years of age he had mastered not only all the learning which could be attained at a neighboring national school1 but had actually mastered the master himself in more ways than one1 and was considered by the eighty-four youngsters whom he had outstripped as a prodigy of valor as well as learning4 ,but ,tom turned his schooling to a bad account2 it was too superficial1 and served more to set his head astray than to correct his heart2 and there were some respectable #ejh persons in the neighborhood who were not free from doubts that he had already become a parish-patriot1 and joined the ,ribbon ,society4 ,he was high and overbearing toward his equals1 harsh and unkind to his inferiors1 while he was cringing and sycophantic toward his superiors4 ,there was nothing manly or straightforward1 nothing ingenuous or affectionate1 about him4 ,in fact1 if ever a man's temper and disposition justified the opinion that he had the two ways in him1 they were those of ,thomas ,murdock4 ,his father was a rich farmer1 whose land joined that of old ,ned ,cavana1 of whom he was a contemporary in years1 and with whom he had kept pace in industry and wealth4 ,thomas ,murdock was an only son1 as ,winny ,cavana was an only daughter1 and the two old men were of the same mind now as regarded the future lot of their children4 ,a few words now of ,edward ,lennon1 and we can get on4 ,he was the eldest of five in the family4 ,they lived upon the mountain-side in the parish of ,shanvilla1 about two short miles from the ,cavanas and ,murdocks4 ,his father and mother were both alive4 ,they were respectable so far as character and conduct can make people respectable who are unquestionably poor4 ,their marriage was what has been sarcastically1 but perhaps not inaptly1 called by an ,english newspaper a potato marriage2 that is--but no1 it will not bear explanation4 ,the result1 however1 after many years' struggling1 may be stated4 ,the ,lennons had lived1 and were still living1 in a small thatched house upon the side of a mountain1 with about four acres of reclaimed ground4 ,it had been reclaimed gradually by the father and his two sons--for ,emon had a younger brother--and they paid little or no rent for it4 ,the second son and eldest daughter were now at service1 doin' for theirselves2 and those at home consisted of the father1 the mother1 the eldest son1 and two younger daughters1 mere children4 ,for the house and garden they paid a small rent1 which a slip of a pig was always ready to realize in sufficient time2 while a couple of goats1 staggering through the furze1 yoked together by the necks1 gave milk to the family4 ,edward1 though not so well-looking as to the actual cut of his features1 nor so tall by an inch and a half1 as our friend ,murdock1 was far more agreeable to look upon4 ,there was a confident good-nature in his countenance which assured you of its reality1 and the honesty of his heart4 ,his figure1 from his well-shaped head1 which was beautifully set upon his shoulders1 to his small1 well-turned feet1 was faultless4 ,in disposition and character young ,lennon was a full distance before the man to whom he was a secret rival1 while in talent and learning he had nothing to fear by a comparison4 ,he had commenced his education when a mere gossoon at a poor-school with his turf an' his read-a-ma-daisy1 and as he progressed from ,a-b-e-l1 bel1 a man's name2 ,a-b-l-e1 ble1 ,able1 powerful1 strong1 until finally he could spell ,antitrinitarian pat1 he then cut the concern1 and was promoted by his parish-priest--of whom more anon1 as they say to ,rathcash national school1 where he soon stood in the class beside ,tom ,murdock1 and ere a week had passed he took him down a peg4 ,this1 added to his supposed presumptuous thoughts in the quarter which ,tom had considered almost his exclusive right1 sowed the seed of hatred in ,murdock's heart against ,lennon1 which one day might bear a heavy crop4 ,that young ,lennon was devotedly but secretly attached to ,winny ,cavana there was no doubt whatever in his own mind1 and there were few who did not agree with him1 although he had never told his love2 and as we ,irish have leave to say1 there was still less that his love was more disinterested than that of his richer rival4 ,there was another point upon which there was still less doubt than either1 and that was that ,winny ,cavana's heart secretly leaned to ,emon-a-knock1 as #eji young ,lennon was familiarly called by all those who knew and loved him4 ,one exception existed to this cordial recognition of ,emon's good qualities1 and that was1 as may be anticipated1 by ,thomas ,murdock1 who always called him that ,lennon1 and on one occasion1 as we have seen1 substituted the word whelp4 ,winny1 however1 kept her secret in this matter to herself4 ,she knew her father would go tanterin' tearin' mad1 if he suspected such a thing4 ,she conscientiously endeavored to hide her preference from young ,lennon himself1 knowing that it would only get them both into trouble4 ,beside1 he had never 7yet7 shown a decided preference for her above ,kate ,mulvey4 ,whether she succeeded in her endeavors is another question2 women seldom fail where they are in earnest4 ,it is not considered amongst the class of ,irish to which our dramatis persona belong as any undue familiarity1 upon even a very short acquaintance1 for the young persons of both the sexes to call each other by their ,christian names4 ,it is the admitted custom of the country1 and ,winny ,cavana1 rich and proud as she was1 made no exception to the general rule4 ,she even went further1 and sometimes called young ,lennon by his pet name4 ,as regarded ,tom ,murdock1 although she could have wished it otherwise1 she would not make herself particular by acting differently4 ,the first three letters of his name1 coupled with the scowl she had more than once detected on his countenance1 sounded unpleasantly upon her ear1 ,mur-dock4 ,she always thought people were going to say murder before the dock was out4 ,she never could think well of him2 and although she called him ,tom1 it was more to be in keeping with the habit of the country1 and as a refuge from the other name1 than from a friendly feeling4 ,these were the materials upon which the two old men had to work1 to bring about a union of their landed interests and their only children4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,the invitations for ,all-,hallow ,eve were forthwith issued in person by old ,murdock1 who went from house to house in his ,sunday clothes1 and asked all the respectable neighbors in the politest manner4 ,edward ,lennon1 although he could scarcely be called a neighbor1 and moreover was not considered as belonging to their set1 was nevertheless asked to be of the party4 ,old ,murdock had his reasons for asking him2 although1 to tell the truth1 he and his son had a difference of opinion upon the subject4 ,tom thought to put a spoke in his wheel1 but was overruled by the old man1 who said it would look as if they were afraid to bring him and ,winny ,cavana together2 that it was much better to let the young fellow see at once that he had no chance1 which would no doubt be an easy matter on that night3 it was betther to humiliate him at wanst4 ,tom was ashamed not to acquiesce1 but wished nevertheless that he might have had his own way4 ,edward ,lennon lived too far from the ,murdocks for the old man to go there specifically upon the mission of invitation2 and the moment this difficulty was hinted by his father1 ,tom1 who was not in the habit of making such offers1 was ready at once to go over to ,shanvilla1 and save his father the walk3 he would deliver the message4 ,there was an anxiety in ,tom's manner which betrayed itself2 and old ,mick was not the man to miss a thing of the kind4 ,no1 ,tom a wochal he observed1 ,i won't put such a thramp upon you4 ,sure ,i'll see him a ,sunda'2 he always comes to our chapel4 ,fitter for him stick to his own1 said ,tom4 ,it answers well this turn1 at all events1 replied the old man4 ,upon the following ,sunday he was as good as his word4 ,he watched young ,lennon coming out of the chapel1 and asked him1 with more cordiality than ,tom1 who happened to be by1 approved of4 #eaj ,had nothing else been necessary to secure an acceptance1 the fact of ,tom ,murdock being present would have been sufficient4 ,the look which he caught from under the rim of ,tom's hat roused ,lennon's pride1 and he accepted the old man's invitation with unhesitating civility4 ,lennon on this1 as on all ,sunday occasions1 was dressed in all his best2 and that look seemed to say1 ,i wonder where that fellow got them clothes1 and if they're paid for3 he understood the look very well4 ,but the clothed were paid for1--perhaps1 too1 more promptly than ,tom's own2 and a better fitting suit1 from top to toe1 was not to be met with in the whole parish4 ,a ,caroline hat1 smooth and new1 set a wee taste jauntily upon his well-shaped head2 a shirt like the drifted snow1 loose at the throat1 but buttoned down the breast with tiny blue buttons round as sweet-pea seeds2 a bright plaid waistcoat1 with ditto buttons to match1 but a size larger2 a pair of spic-an'-span knee-breeches of fine kersey-mere1 with unexceptionable steel buttons and blue silk-ribbon strings1 tied to perfection at the knee2 while closely-fitting lamb's-wool long stockings showed off the shape of a pair of legs which1 for symmetry1 looked as if they had been turned in a lathe4 ,of his feet ,i have already spoken2 and on this occasion they did not belie what ,i said4 ,old ,mick desired ,edward ,lennon to bring ,phil ,m',dermot the smith's son with him4 ,he was a fine young man1 a good dancer1 and had mended a couple of ploughs for him in first-rate style1 an' very raisonable1 for the winther plowing4 ,tom ,murdock did not want for fine clothes1 of course4 ,two or three suits were at his command2 and as this was ,sunday1 he had one of his best on4 ,it was given up to him by most of the girls that he was the handsomest and best-dressed man in the parish of ,rathcash1 and some would have added ,shanvilla2 yet he now felt1 as he stole envious glances at young ,lennon1 that his case with ,winny ,cavana might not be altogether a walk over4 ,all ,tom's comparisons and metaphors had reference to horse-racing4 ,this little incident1 however1 cut young ,lennon out of his usual few words with ,winny2 for1 as a girl with a well-regulated mind1 she could not venture to dawdle on the road until old ,murdock had done speaking to ,emon3 she knew that would be remarked4 ,she had never happened to see old ,murdock speaking to ,emon before1 and her secret wonder now was ,could it be possible that he was asking ,edward ,lennon for ,all-,hallow ,eve8 ,quite possible1 ,winny2 but you scarcely have time to find out before you meet him there1 for another ,sunday will not intervene before the party4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,the last day of ,october came round apace1 and about six o'clock in the evening the company began to arrive at old ,mick ,murdock's4 ,winny ,cavana and her father took their time4 ,they were near enough to make their entree at any moment2 and ,winny had some idea1 like her betters1 that it was not genteel to be the first4 ,she now delayed1 however1 to the other extreme1 and kept her father waiting1 under the pretence that she was finishing her toilet1 until1 on their arrival1 they found all the guests assembled4 ,winny flaunted in1 leaning upon her father's arm1 the admired of all admirers4 ,not being very learned in the mysteries of the toilet1 ,i shall not attempt to describe the dresses of the girls upon this occasion1 nor the elaborate manner in which their heads were set out1 oiled1 and bedizened to an amazing extent1 while the roses above their left ears seemed to have been all culled from the same tree4 #eaa ,altogether there were about sixteen young persons1 pretty equally divided as to boys and girls1 beside some--and some only--of their fathers and mothers4 ,soon after the arrival of ,ned ,cavana and his daughter1 who were the guests of the evening1 supper was announced1 and there was a general move into the large parlor1 where a long table was set out with a snow-white cloth1 where plates 7if not covers7 were laid for at least twenty-four4 ,in the middle of the table stood a smoking dish of calcannon1 which appeared to defy them1 and as many more2 while at either end was a raking pot of tea1 surrounded with cups and saucers innumerable1 with pyramids of cut bread-and-butter nearly an inch thick4 ,the company having taken their seats1 it was announced by the host that there were two goold weddin'-rings in the calcannon2 but whereabouts1 of course1 no one could tell4 ,he had borrowed them from two of the married women present1 and was bound to restore them2 so he begged of his young friends1 for his sake as well as their own1 to be careful not to swallow them4 ,it was too well known what was to be the lot of the happy finders before that day twelvemonth for him to say anything upon that part of the subject4 ,he would request of ,mrs4 ,moran1 who had seen more ,all-,hallow ,eves than any woman there present--he meant no offence--to help the calcannon4 ,after this little introduction1 ,mrs4 ,moran1 who by previous arrangement was sitting opposite the savory volcano1 distributed it with unquestionable impartiality4 ,it was a well-known rule on all such occasions that no one commenced until all were helped1 when a signal was given1 and a simultaneous plunge of spoons took place4 ,another rule was that all the married persons should content themselves with tea and bread-and-butter1 in order that none of them might possibly rob the youngsters of their chance of the ring4 ,upon this occasion1 however1 this restriction had been neatly obviated by ,mrs4 ,moran's experience in such matters2 and there was a knock-oge of the same delicious food without any ring1 which she called the married dish4 ,the tea was handed up and down from each end of the table until it met in the middle1 and for some time there was a silent onslaught on the calcannon1 washed down now and then by a copious draught of tea4 ,i have it6 ,i have it6 shouted ,phil ,m',dermott1 taking it from between his teeth and holding it up1 while his cheeks deepened three shades nearer to the color of the rose in ,kate ,mulvey's hair1 nearly opposite4 ,a lucky man1 observed ,mrs4 ,moran1 methodically1 who seemed to be mistress of the mysteries4 ,now for the lucky girl2 and lucky everybody will say she must be4 ,the words were scarcely finished when ,kate ,mulvey coughed as if she were choking2 but pulling the other ring from her mouth1 she soon recovered herself1 declaring that she had nearly swallowed it4 ,matters1 as ,mrs4 ,moran thought1 had so far gone quite right1 and a hearty quizzing the young couple got2 but1 to tell the truth1 one of them did not seem to be particularly satisfied with the result4 ,the attack upon the calcannon from this point waxed very weak1 for the charm was broken1 and the tea and bread-and-butter came into play4 ,apples and nuts were now laid down in abundance1 and the young girls might be seen picking a couple of pairs of nice nuts out of those on the plate1 as nearly as fancy might suggest1 to match the figures of those whom they were intended to represent upon the bar of the grate4 ,almost as if by magic a regiment of nuts in pairs were seen smoking1 and some of them stirring and purring on the flat bar at the bottom of the grate1 which had been swept1 and the fire brightened up1 for the purpose4 ,of course ,mrs4 ,moran insisted upon openly putting down ,phil ,m',dermott and ,kate ,mulvey of the rings2 for in general there is a secrecy observed as to who the nuts are1 in order to save #eab the constant girl from a laugh at the fickleness of her bachelor1 should he go off in a shot from her side1 and vice versa4 ,and here the mistress of the mysteries was not at fault4 ,kate ,mulvey1 without either smoking or getting red at one end 7which was a good sign71 went off like the report of a pistol1 and was actually heard striking against the door as if to get out4 ,there was a general laugh at ,mrs4 ,moran's expense1 who was told that it was a strong proof in favor of putting the pairs down secretly4 ,but ,mrs4 ,moran was too experienced a mistress of her position to be taken aback1 and quietly said1 ,not at all1 my dears4 ,i have three times to burn them1 if he does not follow her2 but he has three minutes to do so4 ,as she spoke there was another shot4 ,phil ,m',dermott could not stand the heat by himself1 and was off to the door after ,kate ,mulvey4 ,this was a crowning triumph to ,mrs4 ,moran1 who quietly put back the second pair of nuts which she had just selected for another test of the same couple1 and remarked that it was all right now4 ,the couples1 generally speaking1 seemed to answer the expectations of their respective match-makers better than perhaps the results in real life might subsequently justify4 ,it is not to be supposed that on this occasion ,tom ,murdock and ,winny ,cavana did not find a place upon the bar of the grate4 ,but as ,winny had given no encouragement to any one to put her down with him1 and as the mistress of the mysteries alone could claim a right to do so openly1 as in the case of the rings1 their place1 with the result1 could be known only to those who put them down1 and perhaps a confidant4 ,there were a few pops occasionally1 calling forth exclamations of ,the good-for-nothing fellow6 or ,the fickle lass6 while some burned into bright balls--the admiration of all the true and constant lovers present4 ,the next portion of the mysteries were three plates1 placed in a row upon the table2 one contained earth1 another water1 and the third a gold ring4 ,this was1 by some1 considered rather a nervous test of futurity1 and some objections were whispered by the timid amongst them4 ,the fearless and enthusiastic1 however1 clamored that nothing should be left out1 and a handkerchief to blind the adventurers was produced4 ,the mystery was this3 a young person was taken outside the door1 and there blindfolded2 he1 or she1 was then led in again1 and placed opposite to the plates1 sufficiently near to touch them2 when told that all was right1 he1 with his fore-finger pointed1 placed it upon one of the plates4 ,that with the earth symbolled forth sudden1 or perhaps violent1 death2 that with the water1 emigration or ship-wreck2 while that with the ring1 of course a wedding and domestic happiness4 ,young people were not generally averse to subject themselves to this ordeal1 as in nine cases out of ten they managed either to be previously acquainted with the position of the plates1 or1 having been blindfolded by their own bachelor1 to have a peep-hole down by the corner of their nose1 which enabled them to secure the most gratifying result of the three4 ,with this usual course before his mind1 ,tom ,murdock1 as junior host1 presented himself for the test1 hoping that ,winny ,cavana1 whom he had asked to do so1 would blindfold him4 ,but in this instance he had presumed too far2 and while she hesitated to comply1 the mistress of the mysteries came to her relief4 ,no1 no1 ,tom1 she said1 folding the handkerchief2 that is my business1 and ,i'll transfer it to no one2 come outside with me4 ,tom was ashamed to draw back1 and retired with ,mrs4 ,moran to the hall4 ,he soon returned1 led in by her1 with a handkerchief tied tightly over his eyes2 there was no peep-hole by the side of his nose1 let him hold back #eac his head as he might1 ,mrs4 ,moran took care of that4 ,having been placed near the table1 he was told that he was exactly opposite the plates4 ,he pointed out his fore-finger1 and threw back his head as much as possible1 as if considering1 but in fact to try if he could get a peep at the plates2 but it was no use4 ,mrs4 ,moran had rendered his temporary blindness cruelly secure4 ,at length his hand descended1 and he placed his finger into the middle of the earth4 ,pshaw1 said he1 pulling the handkerchief off his eyes1 it is all humbug6 ,let ,lennon try it4 ,certainly1 certainly1 ran from one to the other4 ,it might have been remarked1 however1 if any one had been observing1 that ,winny ,cavana had not spoken4 ,young ,lennon then retired to the hall with ,mrs4 ,moran1 and was soon led in tightly blindfolded1 for the young man was no more to her than the other2 beside1 she was strictly honorable4 ,the plates had been re-arranged by ,tom ,murdock himself1 which most people remarked1 as it was some time before he was satisfied with their position4 ,lennon was then placed1 as ,tom had been1 and told that all was right4 ,there was some nervousness in more hearts than one as he pointed his finger and brought down his hand4 ,he also placed his finger in the centre of the plate with the earth1 and pulled the handkerchief from his eyes4 ,now1 you see1 said ,tom1 others can fail as well as me2 and he seemed greatly pleased that young ,lennon had been as unsuccessful as himself4 ,a murmur of dissatisfaction now ran through the girls4 ,the two favorites had been unfortunate in their attempts at divination1 and there was one young girl there who1 when she saw ,emon-a-knock's finger fall on the plate with the earth1 felt as if a weight had been tied round her heart4 ,it was unanimously agreed by the elderly women present1 ,mrs4 ,moran amongst the number1 that these tests had turned out directly contrary to what the circumstances of the locality1 and the characters of the individuals1 would indicate as probable1 and the whole process was ridiculed as false and unprophetic4 ,time will tell1 jewel1 said one old croaking crone4 ,a loud burst of laughter from the kitchen at this moment told that the servant-boys and girls1 who had also been invited1 were not idle4 ,the matches having been all either clenched or broken off in the parlor1 and the test of the plates1 as if by mutual consent1 having been declared unsatisfactory1 old ,murdock thought it a good opportunity to move an adjournment of the whole party1 to see the fun in the kitchen1 which was seconded by ,mrs4 ,moran1 and carried nem4 con4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ---- #ead ,translated from ,etudes ,religieusea1 ,historiques1 et ,litteraires1 par des ,peres de la ,compagnie de ,jesus4 ,a ,,city ,,of ,,women4 ,,the ,,ancient ,,beguinage ,,of ,,ghent4 ,,by ,,the ,,rev4 ,a4 ,,nampon1 ,s4,j4 ,according to some authors1 ,st4 ,begghe1 daughter of ,pepin1 ,duke of ,brabant1 and sister of ,st4 ,gertrude1 must have given her name to those pious assemblages of ,christian virgins and widows called from very remote times beguinages4 ,these holy women1 united under the protection and the rule of ,st4 ,begghe1 had nothing in common except the name with those ,beguines whose errors were condemned by the council of ,vienne4 ,beguinages exist at ,ghent1 ,antwerp1 ,mechlin1 ,alost1 ,louvain1 ,bruges1 etc41 etc4 ,the rule is not in all places the same1 but everywhere these pious establishments are places of refuge open to devout women1 wherein they may sanctify themselves by prayer1 labor1 and retirement from the distractions of the world4 ,let us transport ourselves to the capital of ,flanders4 ,from the centre of that tumultuous city1 in which industry1 commerce1 activity1 and pleasure reign supreme1 are separated two other smaller towns of venerable aspect--closed to the world1 destitute of shops1 coaches1 public criers1 and all modern inventions4 ,these two towns are the ,great and the ,little ,beguinage4 ,these places are delightful oases1 wherein you breathe a pure air1 where1 in the noonday of the nineteenth century1 you find the simplicity of the faith and customs of antiquity4 ,they are surrounded1 as they were five or six centuries ago1 by a ditch and a wall2 you enter them by a single gate carefully closed at night1 and not less carefully watched all day4 ,this gate1 surmounted by the cross1 was formerly protected by a drawbridge4 ,as soon as you have passed through this gateway1 you are forcibly struck with the calm and pious atmosphere of this peaceful city1 and with the grave and edifying looks of its female inhabitants4 ,i say female inhabitants1 for no man has ever dwelt in this enclosure4 ,the priests who serve the beguinages only enter to fulfil their sacred offices1 and have no place therein save the pulpit1 the altar1 and the confessional4 ,the dress of the inmates is not elegant1 but it is in strict conformity with the model traced in their thirteenth century rule4 ,all the streets1 which are at right angles1 are named after saints4 ,the houses are also distinguished by the names1 and frequently by the statue1 of some saint1 under whose protection they are placed2 thus you may read1 gate of ,st4 ,martha1 gate of ,st4 ,mary-,magdalen1 etc41 etc4 ,the houses1 which are whitewashed annually1 display in their furniture1 as in their construction1 no other luxury but a charming cleanliness4 ,they are of two kinds1 convents and hermitages4 ,the convents are inhabited by communities1 each governed by a superior4 ,the hermitages1 which resemble very much the dwellings of the ,carthusians1 consist of two or three bed-rooms1 a parlor1 a kitchen1 and a small garden4 ,prominent among the convents is the dwelling of the superior-general1 called ,grande ,dame1 who has charge of the infirmary1 and who is conservator of the documents1 traditions and pictures1 which date from five or six centuries ago4 ,lastly1 in the midst of this peaceful city rises the house of ,god1 a large church1 very commodious and clean1 surrounded by a #eae cemetery1 in conformity with an ancient custom1 which all the beguinages1 however1 have not been able to retain4 ,the object of these societies is very clearly stated in a paragraph of the rule of the beguinage of ,notre ,dame du ,pre'1 founded at ,ghent in #abcd4 ,we retain the old style3 ,louis1 ,count of ,flanders1 of ,nevers1 and of ,rethel1 etc41 etc41 to all present and to come makes known1 that ,dame ,jane1 and ,margaret1 her sister of happy memory1 who were successively ,countesses of ,flanders and of ,hainault 7as we are1 ,footnote #ajj by the grace of ,god71 having remarked that in the ,flemish territory there were a great number of women1 who1 from their condition in life and that of their parents1 were unable to find a fitting match2 observing that honorable persons1 the daughters of nobles and burgesses1 who desired to live in a state of chastity1 could not all enter into convents of women1 by reason of their too great number1 or for want of means2 remarking1 moreover1 that many young ladies of noble extraction and others had fallen into a state of decadence1 so that they were reduced to mendicity1 or to a painful existence1 to the dishonor of their families1 unless they could be provided for in a discreet and becoming manner2 incited by ,god1 and with the advice1 knowledge1 and consent of several bishops and other persons of probity1 the aforesaid countesses founded1 in several cities of ,flanders1 establishments with spacious dwellings and lands1 called beguinages1 where noble young ladies and children of good families were received1 to live therein chastely in community1 with or without vows1 without humiliation to themselves or their families1 and where they might1 by applying themselves to reasonable labor1 procure their food and clothing4 ,they founded among others a beguinage in our city of ,ghent1 called the beguinage of ,notre ,dame du ,pre1 enclosed by the river ,scheldt1 and by walls4 ,in the centre is a church1 a cemetery1 and a hospital for infirm or invalid beguines1 the whole given by the before-mentioned princesses1 etc4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,this bull is in the original ,french3 ,comteses de ,flandre et de ,hainault1 comme nous aussi1 par la grace de ,dieu4 ,those young persons who desire to be admitted to the beguinage must first become postulants1 and afterward make their noviciate in the convents or communities4 ,they remain there even after their profession up to thirty years of age4 ,thus are they protected during the most stormy period of life by the watchfulness of their superior and their companions1 by prayer and labor in common4 ,later they can enjoy without danger a larger measure of freedom4 ,they then live two or three together in one of the hermitages1 where they pass their time in exercises of prayer and labor1 to which the early years of their cenobitical life have accustomed them4 ,the great beguinage at ,ghent1 says ,m4 ,chantrel1 contains four hundred small houses1 eighteen common halls1 one large and one small church4 ,there are sometimes as many as seven hundred beguines assembled in the church4 ,the assembly of these pious women1 in their ancient ,flemish black dresses1 and white bonnets1 is very solemn and impressive4 ,the novices are distinguished by their dress4 ,those who have recently taken the veil have their heads encircled by a crown4 ,the beguines admit within their enclosure1 as boarders1 persons of the gentler sex1 of every age and condition1 who find in these establishments an asylum for the inexperience of youth1 or a calm and peaceful sojourn where those who are tired of the world may pass their days without any other rule than that of a ,christian life4 ,in the great beguinage at ,ghent there are nearly two hundred secular boarders1 who live either privately or in community with the nuns4 ,among the novices of the great beguinage at ,ghent there lived1 fifteen years ago1 a ,mlle1 de ,soubiran1 the niece of a former vicar of ,carcassonne4 ,for twenty years this worthy ecclesiastic had communed with ,almighty ,god1 in incessant prayers1 to obtain an #eaf answer to this question3 ,would it be a useful work to introduce1 or rather to resuscitate1 beguinages in ,france8 ,monseigneur de la ,bouillerie1 whose eloquence and zeal for good works have made him famous1 interpreted in a favorable sense the signs furnished by a concurrence of providential circumstances2 and a small establishment was opened twelve years ago1 in a suburb of ,castelnaudary1 under the direction of the ,abbe de ,soubiran4 ,since #ahef1 it has had its postulants1 novices1 and professed sisters4 ,the buildings of the new beguinage were too small and poor4 ,this defect was remedied by a great fire which consumed them1 and compelled their reconstruction on a larger plan1 and with better materials than the planks and bricks of the original buildings4 ,there is doubtless a vast distance between this feeble beginning and the extensive beguinage in ,belgium1 which so many centuries have enlarged and brought to perfection4 ,but ,mlle1 de ,soubiran and her first companions brought with them from ,flanders the old traditions1 with the spirit of fervor and of poverty and humble labor4 ,the trials which they have undergone have only improved their work4 ,they are happy in the blessing of their bishop1 and his alms would not be wanting in case of need4 ,the ,castelnaudary beguinage is already fruitful4 ,a second establishment is forming at ,toulouse1 on the ,calvary road4 ,those of our readers who are acquainted with the capital of ,languedoc know the situation of that road1 but all ,christians have long since learnt that the road to ,calvary is the way of salvation4 ,suffice it for the present that we notice the existence of these two establishments4 ,we shall have at a future time to narrate their progress and development4 ---- #eag ,from ,the ,month4 ,,the ,,dream ,,of ,,gerontius4 ,,by ,,john ,,henry ,,newman1 ,d4,d4 ,sec4 #a4 ,,gerontius4 ,,jesu1 ,,maria--,i am near to death1 ,and thou art calling me2 ,i know it now4 ,not by the token of this faltering breath1 ,this chill at heart1 this dampness on my brow1-- 7,jesu1 have mercy6 ,mary1 pray for me67 ',tis this new feeling1 never felt before1 7,be with me1 ,lord1 in my extremity67 ,that ,i am going1 that ,i am no more4 ',tis this strange innermost abandonment1 7,lover of souls6 great ,god6 ,i look to thee17 ,this emptying out of each constituent ,and natural force1 by which ,i come to be4 ,pray for me1 ,o my friends2 a visitant ,is knocking his dire summons at my door1 ,the like of whom1 to scare me and to daunt1 ,has never1 never come to me before4 ',tis death1--loving friends1 your prayers6--'tis he6 4444 ,as though my very being had given way1 ,as though ,i was no more a substance now1 ,and could fall back on naught to be my stay1 7,help1 loving ,lord6 ,thou my sole refuge1 thou17 ,and turn no whither1 but must needs decay ,and drop from out this universal frame ,into that shapeless1 scopeless1 blank abyss1 ,that utter nothingness1 of which ,i came3 ,this is it that has come to pass in me2 ,o horror6 this it is1 my dearest1 this2 ,so pray for me1 my friends1 who have not strength to pray4 ,,assistants4 ,kyrie eleison1 ,christe eleison1 ,kyrie eleison4 ,holy ,mary1 pray for him4 ,all holy angels1 pray for him4 ,choirs of the righteous1 pray for him4 ,holy ,abraham1 pray for him4 ,st4 ,john ,baptist1 ,st4 ,joseph1 pray for him4 ,st4 ,peter1 ,st4 ,paul1 ,st4 ,andrew1 ,st4 ,john1 ,all apostles1 all evangelists1 pray for him4 ,all holy disciples of the ,lord1 pray for him4 ,all holy innocents1 pray for him4 ,all holy martyrs1 all holy confessors1 ,all holy hermits1 all holy virgins1 ,all ye saints of ,god1 pray for him4 #eah ,,gerontius4 ,rouse thee1 my fainting soul1 and play the man2 ,and through such waning span ,of life and thought as still has to be trod1 ,prepare to meet thy ,god4 ,and while the storm of that bewilderment ,is for a season spent1 ,and1 ere afresh the ruin on thee fall1 ,use well the interval4 ,,assistants4 ,be merciful1 be gracious2 spare him1 ,lord4 ,be merciful1 be gracious2 ,lord1 deliver him4 ,from the sins that are passed2 ,from thy frown and thine ire2 ,from the perils of dying2 ,from any complying ,with sin1 or denying ,his ,god1 or relying ,on self1 at the last2 ,from the nethermost fire2 ,from all that is evil2 ,from power of the devil2 ,thy servant deliver1 ,for once and for ever4 ,by thy birth1 and by thy cross1 ,rescue him from endless loss2 ,by thy death and burial1 ,save him from a final fall2 ,by thy rising from the tomb1 ,by thy mounting up above1 ,by the ,spirit's gracious love1 ,save him in the day of doom4 ,,gerontius4 ,sanctus fortis1 ,sanctus ,deus1 ,de profundis oro te1 ,miserere1 judex meus1 ,parce mihi1 ,domine4 ,firmly ,i believe and truly ,god is ,three1 and ,god is ,one2 ,and ,i next acknowledge duly ,manhood taken by the ,son4 ,and ,i trust and hope most fully ,in that manhood crucified2 ,and each thought and deed unruly ,do to death1 as he has died4 ,simply to his grace and wholly ,light and life and strength belong1 ,and ,i love supremely1 solely1 ,him the holy1 him the strong4 #eai ,sanctus fortis1 ,sanctus ,deus1 ,de profundis oro te1 ,miserere1 judex meus1 ,parce mihi1 ,domine4 ,and ,i hold in veneration1 ,for the love of him alone1 ,holy ,church1 as his creation4 ,and her teachings1 as his own4 ,and ,i take with joy whatever ,now besets me1 pain or fear1 ,and with a strong will ,i sever ,all the ties which bind me here4 ,adoration aye be given1 ,with and through the angelic host1 ,to the ,god of earth and heaven1 ,father1 ,son1 and ,holy ,ghost4 ,sanctus fortis1 ,sanctus ,deus1 ,de profundis oro te1 ,miserere1 judex meus1 ,mortis in discrimine4 ,i can no more2 for now it comes again1 ,that sense of ruin1 which is worse than pain1 ,that masterful negation and collapse ,of all that makes me man2 as though ,i bent ,over the dizzy brink ,of some sheer infinite descent2 ,or worse1 as though ,down1 down for ever ,i was falling through ,the solid framework of created things1 ,and needs must sink and sink ,into the vast abyss4 ,and1 crueller still1 ,a fierce and restless fright begins to fill ,the mansion of my soul4 ,and1 worse and worse1 ,some bodily form of ill ,floats on the wind1 with many a loathsome curse ,tainting the hallowed air1 and laughs and flaps ,its hideous wings1 ,and makes me wild with horror and dismay4 ,o ,jesu1 help6 pray for me1 ,mary1 pray6 ,some angel1 ,jesu6 such as came to thee ,in thine own agony444444 ,mary1 pray for me4 ,joseph1 pray for me4 ,mary1 pray for me4 ,,assistants4 ,rescue him1 ,o ,lord1 in this his evil hour1 ,as of old so many by thy gracious power3--,amen4 ,enoch and ,elias from the common doom2 ,amen4 ,noe from the waters in a saving home2 ,amen4 ,abraham from th' abounding guilt of heathenesse2 ,amen4 ,job from all his multiform and fell distress2 ,amen4 ,isaac1 when his father's knife was raised to slay2 ,amen4 ,lot from burning ,sodom on its judgment-day2 ,amen4 #ebj ,moses from the land of bondage and despair2 ,amen4 ,daniel from the hungry lions in their lair2 ,amen4 ,and the children three amid the furnace-flame2 ,amen4 ,chaste ,susanna from the slander and the shame2 ,amen4 ,david from ,golia and the wrath of ,saul2 ,amen4 ,and the two apostles from their prison-thrall2 ,amen4 ,thecla from her torments2 ,amen3 --so1 to show thy power1 ,rescue this thy servant in his evil hour4 ,,gerontius4 ,novissima hora est2 and ,i fain would sleep4 ,the pain has wearied me4 4 4 4 ,into thy hands1 ,lord1 into thy hands4 4 4 4 4 ,,the ,,priest4 ,proficiscere1 anima ,christiana de hoc mundo6 ,go forth upon thy journey1 ,christian soul6 ,go from this world6 ,go1 in the name of ,god1 ,the omnipotent ,father1 who created thee6 ,go1 in the name of ,jesus ,christ our ,lord1 ,son of the ,living ,god1 who bled for thee6 ,go1 in the name of th' ,holy ,spirit1 who ,hath been poured out on thee6 ,go1 in the name ,of angels and archangels2 in the name ,of thrones and dominations2 in the name ,of princedoms and of powers2 and in the name ,of cherubim and seraphim1 go forth6 ,go1 in the name of patriarchs and prophets2 ,and of apostles and evangelists1 ,of martyrs and confessors2 in the name ,of holy monks and hermits2 in the name ,of holy virgins2 and all saints of ,god1 ,both men and women1 go6 ,go on thy course2 ,and may thy place to-day be found in peace1 ,and may thy dwelling be the holy mount ,of ,sion3 through the same1 through ,christ1 our ,lord4 ,sec4 #b4 ,,soul ,of ,,gerontius4 ,i went to sleep2 and now ,i am refreshed4 ,a strange refreshment3 for ,i feel in me ,an inexpressive lightness1 and a sense ,of freedom1 as ,i were at length myself1 ,and ne'er had been before4 ,how still it is6 ,i hear no more the busy beat of time1 ,no1 nor my fluttering breath1 nor struggling pulse2 ,nor does one moment differ from the next4 ,i had a dream2 yes3--some one softly said ,he's gone2 and then a sigh went round the room4 ,and then ,i surely heard a priestly voice ,cry ,subvenite2 and they knelt in prayer4 #eba ,i seem to hear him still2 but thin and low1 ,and fainter and more faint the accents come1 ,as at an ever-widening interval4 ,ah6 whence is this8 ,what is this severance8 ,this silence pours a solitariness ,into the very essence of my soul2 ,and the deep rest1 so soothing and so sweet1 ,hath something too of sternness and of pain4 ,for it drives back my thoughts upon their spring ,by a strange introversion1 and perforce ,i now begin to feed upon myself1 ,because ,i have naught else to feed upon4 ,am ,i alive or dead8 ,i am not dead1 ,but in the body still2 for ,i possess ,a sort of confidence1 which clings to me1 ,that each particular organ holds its place ,as heretofore1 combining with the rest ,into one symmetry1 that wraps me round1 ,and makes me man2 and surely ,i could move1 ,did ,i but will it1 every part of me4 ,and yet ,i cannot to my sense bring home1 ,by very trial1 that ,i have the power4 ',tis strange2 ,i cannot stir a hand or foot1 ,i cannot make my fingers or my lips ,by mutual pressure witness each to each1 ,nor by the eyelid's instantaneous stroke ,assure myself ,i have a body still4 ,nor do ,i know my very attitude1 ,nor if ,i stand1 or lie1 or sit1 or kneel4 ,so much ,i know1 not knowing how ,i know1 ,that the vast universe1 where ,i have dwelt1 ,is quitting me1 or ,i am quitting it4 ,or ,i or it is rushing on the wings ,of light or lightning on an onward course1 ,and we e'en now are million miles apart4 ,yet 4 4 is this peremptory severance ,wrought out in lengthy measurements of space1 ,which grow and multiply by speed and time8 ,or am ,i traversing infinity ,by endless subdivision1 hurrying back ,from finite toward infinitesimal1 ,thus dying out of the expanded world8 ,another marvel2 some one has me fast ,within his ample palm2 'tis not a grasp ,such as they use on earth1 but all around ,over the surface of my subtle being1 ,as though ,i were a sphere1 and capable ,to be accosted thus1 a uniform ,and gentle pressure tells me ,i am not ,self-moving1 but borne forward on my way4 ,and hark6 ,i hear a singing2 yet in sooth #ebb ,i cannot of that music rightly say ,whether ,i hear or touch or taste the tones4 ,oh what a heart-subduing melody6 ,,angel4 ,my work is done1' ,my task is o er1 ,and so ,i come1 ,taking it home1 ,for the crown is won4 ,alleluia1 ,for evermore4 ,my ,father gave ,in charge to me ,this child of earth ,e'en from its birth1 ,to serve and save1 ,alleluia1 ,and saved is he4 ,this child of clay ,to me was given1 ,to rear and train ,by sorrow and pain ,in the narrow way1 ,alleluia1 ,from earth to heaven4 ,,soul4 ,it is a member of that family ,of wondrous beings1 who1 ere the worlds were made1 ,millions of ages back1 have stood around ,the throne of ,god3--he never has known sin2 ,but through those cycles all but infinite1 ,has had a strong and pure celestial life1 ,and bore to gaze on th' unveiled face of ,god1 ,and drank from the eternal fount of truth1 ,and served him with a keen ecstatic love4 ,hark6 he begins again4 ,,angel4 ,lord1 how wonderful in depth and height1 ,but most in man1 how wonderful thou art6 ,with what a love1 what soft persuasive might1 ,victorious o'er the stubborn fleshly heart1 ,thy tale complete of saints thou dost provide1 ,to fill the throne which angels lost through pride6 #ebc ,he lay a grovelling babe upon the ground1 ,polluted in the blood of his first sire1 ,with his whole essence shattered and unsound1 ,and1 coiled around his heart1 a demon dire1 ,which was not of his nature1 but had skill ,to bind and form his opening mind to ill4 ,then was ,i sent from heaven to set right ,the balance in his soul of truth and sin1 ,and ,i have waged a long relentless fight1 ,resolved that death-environed spirit to win1 ,which from its fallen state1 when all was lost1 ,had been repurchased at so dread a cost4 ,oh what a shifting parti-colored scene ,of hope and fear1 of triumph and dismay1 ,of recklessness and penitence1 has been ,the history of that dreary1 lifelong fray6 ,and oh the grace1 to nerve him and to lead1 ,how patient1 prompt1 and lavish at his need6 ,o man1 strange composite of heaven and earth6 ,majesty dwarfed to baseness6 fragrant flower ,running to poisonous seed6 and seeming worth ,cloaking corruption6 weakness mastering power6 ,who never art so near to crime and shame1 ,as when thou hast achieved some deed of name2 ,how should ethereal natures comprehend ,a thing made up of spirit and of clay1 ,were we not tasked to nurse it and to tend1 ,linked one to one throughout its mortal day8 ,more than the seraph in his height of place1 ,the angel-guardian knows and loves the ransomed race4 ,,soul4 ,now know ,i surely that ,i am at length ,out of the body3 had ,i part with earth1 ,i never could have drunk those accents in1 ,and not have worshipped as a god the voice ,that was so musical2 but now ,i am ,so whole of heart1 so calm1 so self-possessed1 ,with such a full content1 and with a sense ,so apprehensive and discriminant1 ,as no temptation can intoxicate4 ,nor have ,i even terror at the thought ,that ,i am clasped by such a saintliness4 ,,angel4 ,all praise to him1 at whose sublime decree ,the last are first1 the first become the last2 ,by whom the suppliant prisoner is set free1 ,by whom proud first-borns from their thrones are cast2 ,who raises ,mary to be queen of heaven1 ,while ,lucifer is left1 condemned and unforgiven4 #ebd ,sec4 #c4 ,,soul4 ,i will address him4 ,mighty one1 my ,lord1 ,my guardian spirit1 all hail6 ,,angel4 ,all hail1 my child6 ,my child and brother1 hail6 what wouldest thou8 ,,soul4 ,i would have nothing but to speak with thee ,for speaking's sake4 ,i wish to hold with thee ,conscious communion2 though ,i fain would know ,a maze of things1 were it but meet to ask1 ,and not a curiousness4 ,,angel4 ,you cannot now ,cherish a wish which ought not to be wished4 ,,soul4 ,then ,i will speak4 ,i ever had believed ,that on the moment when the struggling soul ,quitted its mortal case1 forthwith it fell ,under the awful presence of its ,god1 ,there to be judged and sent to its own place4 ,what lets me now from going to my ,lord8 ,,angel4 ,thou art not let2 but with extremest speed ,art hurrying to the just and holy ,judge3 ,for scarcely art thou disembodied yet4 ,divide a moment1 as men measure time1 ,into its million-million-millionth part1 ,yet even less than that the interval ,since thou didst leave the body2 and the priest ,cried ,subvenite1 and they fell to prayer2 ,nay1 scarcely yet have they begun to pray4 ,for spirits and men by different standards mete ,the less and greater in the flow of time4 ,by sun and moon1 primeval ordinances-- ,by stars which rise and set harmoniously-- ,by the recurring seasons1 and the swing1 ,this way and that1 of the suspended rod ,precise and punctual1 men divide the hours1 ,equal1 continuous1 for their common use4 ,not so with us in th' immaterial world2 ,but intervals in their succession #ebe ,are measured by the living thought alone1 ,and grow or wane with its intensity4 ,and time is not a common property2 ,but what is long is short1 and swift is slow1 ,and near is distant1 as received and grasped ,by this mind and by that1 and every one ,is standard of his own chronology4 ,and memory lacks its natural resting-points1 ,of years1 and centuries1 and periods4 ,it is thy very energy of thought ,which keeps thee from thy ,god4 ,,soul4 ,dear angel1 say1 ,why have ,i now no fear at meeting him8 ,along my earthly life1 the thought of death ,and judgment was to me most terrible4 ,i had it aye before me1 and ,i saw ,the ,judge severe e'en in the crucifix4 ,now that the hour is come1 my fear is fled2 ,and at this balance of my destiny1 ,now close upon me1 ,i can forward look ,with a serenest joy4 ,,angel4 ,it is because ,then thou didst fear1 that now thou dost not fear4 ,thou hast forestalled the agony1 and so ,for thee the bitterness of death is passed ,also1 because already in thy soul ,the judgment is begun4 ,that day of doom1 ,one and the same for the collected world-- ,that solemn consummation for all flesh1 ,is1 in the case of each1 anticipate ,upon his death2 and1 as the last great day ,in the particular judgment is rehearsed1 ,so now too1 ere thou comest to the throne1 ,a presage falls upon thee1 as a ray ,straight from the ,judge1 expressive of thy lot4 ,that calm and joy uprising in thy soul ,is first-fruit to thee of thy recompense1 ,and heaven begun4 ,sec4 #d4 ,,soul4 ,but hark6 upon my sense ,comes a fierce hubbub1 which would make me fear1 ,could ,i be frighted4 7,,to ,,be ,,continued47 ------ #ebf ,from ,the ,st4 ,james ,magazine ,,extinct ,,species ,the study of geology teaches us that our planet1 has undergone many successive physical revolutions1 the crust of it being made up of layer upon layer1 after the manner of the successive peels of an onion4 ,each of these successive depositions constitutes the tomb of animal forms that have lived and passed away4 ,now it is a fresh-water or a marine shell that the exploratory geologist discloses2 now the skeleton1 or parts of a skeleton1 from the evidence of which a comparative anatomist can reproduce1 by model or picture1 the exact forms4 ,occasionally science has to build up her presentment of animals that were1 from the scanty evidence of their mere footfalls4 ,as the poacher is guided to the timid hare1 crouching in her seat1 by the vestiges of her footprints on the snow1 so the geologist can in many cases arrive at tolerably certain conclusions relative to the size and aspect of an extinct animal by the evidence of footsteps on now solid rock4 ,and if it be demanded how it happens that now solid rocks can bear the traces of such soft impressions1 the reply is simple4 ,there evidently was a time when these rocks1 now so hard and solid1 were mere agglomerations of plastic matter1 comparable for consistence to ordinary clay4 ,it needs not even the weight of a footfall to impress material of temper so soft as this4 ,the plashes of rain are distinctly visible upon many rocks now hard1 and which have only acquired their consistence with the lapse of countless ages4 ,the geologist's notion of the word recent comprehends a span of time of beginning so remote that the oldest records of human history fade to insignificance by comparison4 ,since this world of ours acquired its final surface settlement1 so to speak1 numerous species have become extinct4 ,the process of exhaustion has gone steadily on4 ,it has been determined by various causes1 some readily explicable1 others involved in doubt4 ,it is a matter well established1 for example1 that all northern ,asia was at one time1 not geologically remote1 overrun by herds of mammoth creatures which1 as to size1 dwarf the largest elephants now existing2 and which1 among other points distinguishing them from modern elephants1 were1 unlike these1 covered by a crop of long hair4 ,very much of the ivory manufactured in ,russia consists of the tusks of these now extinct mammoths1 untombed from time to time4 ,tilesius declares his belief that mammoth skeletons still left in northern ,russia exceed in number all the elephants now existing upon the globe4 ,doubtless the process of mammoth extinction was very gradual1 and extended over an enormous space of time4 ,this circumstance is indicated by the varying condition in which the tusks and teeth are found4 ,whereas the gelatine1 or soft animal matter1 of many specimens remains1 imparting one of the characteristics necessary to the being of ivory1 other specimens have lost this material1 and mineral substances1 infiltrating1 have taken its place4 ,the gem turquoise is pretty generally conceded to be nothing else than the fossilized tooth of some extinct animal--probably the mammoth4 ,curiosity of speculation prompts the mind to imagine to itself the time when the last of these gigantic animals succumbed to influences that were finally destined to sweep them all from the earth4 ,had men come upon the scene when they roamed their native wilds8 ,were those wilds the same as now as to climate and vegetable growths8 #ebg ,testimony is mute4 ,time silently unveils the sepulchred remains1 leaving fancy to expatiate as she will on a topic wholly beyond the scope of mortal intelligence4 ,inasmuch as bones and tusks of the mammoth are dug up in enormous quantities over tracts now almost bare of trees1 and scanty as to other vegetation1 certain naturalists have assumed that in times coeval with mammoth or mastodonic life the vegetation of these regions must have been richer than now1 otherwise how could such troops of enormous beasts have gained their sustenance8 ,on this point ,sir ,charles ,lyell bids us not to be too confident affirmatively4 ,he remarks that luxuriance of vegetable growth is not seen at the time being to correspond with the prevalence of the associated fauna4 ,the northern island of the ,new ,zealand group1 at the period when ,europeans first set foot there1 was mostly covered by a luxuriant growth of forest trees1 of shrubs and grasses4 ,admirably adapted to the being of herbivorous animals1 the land was wholly devoid of the same4 ,brazilian forests offer another case in illustration2 a stronger case than the wilds of ,new ,zealand1 inasmuch as the climate may be assumed as more congenial to the development of animal life4 ,nowhere on earth does nature teem with an equal amount of vegetable luxuriance2 yet ,brazilian forests are remarkable for almost the total absence of large animals4 ,perhaps no present tract is so densely endowed with animal life as that of ,south ,africa1 a region where sterility is the prevailing characteristic2 where forest trees are rare and other vegetation scant2 where water1 too1 is infrequent4 ,present examples1 such as these1 should make a naturalist hesitate before coming to the conclusion that ,siberian wilds1 even as now1 were wholly incompatible with the existence and support of troops of mammoths or mastodons4 ,speculating now as to the latest time of the existence of mastodons in ,siberia1 a circumstance has to be noted that would seem to countenance the belief in the existence of it up to a not very remote period of historic times4 ,in the year #ahdc1 the season being warmer than usual1 a mass of ,siberian ice thawed1 and1 in thawing1 untombed one of these animals1 perfect in all respects1 even to the skin and hair4 ,the flesh of this creature furnished repast to wolves and bears1 so little alteration had it undergone4 ,another mastodon was disentombed on the ,tas1 between the ,obi and ,yenesei1 near the arctic circle1 about lat4 #ff deg4 #cj' ,n41 with some parts of its flesh in so perfect a state that the bulb of the eye now exists preserved in the ,moscow museum4 ,another adult carcass1 accompanied by an individual of the same species1 was found in #ahdc1 in lat4 #ge deg4 #ae' ,n41 near the river ,taimyr1 the flesh being decayed4 ,associated with it1 ,middendorf observed the trunk of a larch tree 7,pinus larix71 the same wood that now grows in the same neighborhood abundantly4 ,it is no part of our intention to discuss the causes of mammoth extinction4 ,this result has assuredly not been caused by any onslaught of the destroyer man4 ,the ,siberian wilds are scantily populated now1 and it has never been suggested that at any anterior period their human denizens were more plentiful4 ,nature often establishes the balance of her organic life through a series of agencies so abstrusely refined1 and acting1 beside1 over so long a period1 that they altogether escape man's cognizance4 ,the believer in the ,god of nature's adaptation of means to ends will see no reason to make an exception in animal species to what is demonstrated by examples in so many other cases to be a general law4 ,the dogma1 that no general law is without exceptions1 though one to which implicit credence has been given1 may nevertheless be devoid of the universality commonly imputed4 ,on the contrary1 the application of this dogma may extend over a very narrow field2 may be only referable to the codifications1 artificial and wholly #ebh conventional1 which mankind for their convenience establish1 and under a false impression elevate to the position of laws4 ,if logical proof in syllogistic form be demanded as to the proposition that laws established by nature have no exceptions1 the fulfilment of demand would not be possible2 inasmuch as human reason is too impotent for grasping1 and too restricted in its energies for investigating1 the multifarious issues which the discussion of such a thesis would involve4 ,as coming events1 however1 are said by the poet to cast their shadows in advance1 so1 as heralds and harbingers of truths beyond logical proof1 come beliefs1 faiths1 even moral convictions4 ,of this sort is the assurance of the balance established by nature at each passing epoch of being in the world4 ,the naturalist is impressed with the firm belief that the number of animal species existing on the earth1 and the number of individuals in each species1 are balanced and apportioned in some way and by some mysterious co-relation to the needs of the universe4 ,some presumptive testimony in favor of this belief is afforded by the discussion1 barely yet concluded1 relative to the effect of small bird destruction4 ,without any more elaborate reasoning on this topic than follows necessarily as the result of newspaper reading1 the general concession will be made by any one of unbiased mind1 that if small bird destruction could be enacted to its exhaustive limits--if every small bird could be destroyed--the aggregate of vitality thus disposed of would be balanced through the increase of other organisms4 ,insect life would teem and multiply to an extent proportionate with the removal of an anterior restraining cause4 ,the nature of the topic on which we are engaged does not force upon us the question whether such proportionate increase of insect life be advantageous or disadvantageous4 ,what we are wholly concerned in placing in evidence is the balance kept up between vital organisms of different species by nature4 ,nor is the balance of vitality established between different animal species4 ,it also may be traced1 and even more distinctly1 between the vegetable and animal kingdoms2 each regarded in its entirety4 ,vegetables can only grow by the assimilation of an element 7carbon7 which animals evolve by respiration1 as being a poison4 ,consideration of this fact well-nigh forces the conclusion upon the mind--if1 indeed1 the conclusion be not inevitable--that if through any vast cataclysm animated life were to become suddenly extinct throughout the world1 vegetable life would languish until the last traces of atmospheric carbon had become exhausted1 and then perish4 ,in maintenance of her vital balance through the operation of some occult law1 it often happens that animals that have ceased to be obviously useful1 as taking part in a general economy around them1 are seen to die out4 ,whilst wolves and elks roamed over ,ireland the magnificent ,irish wolf-dog was common4 ,with the disappearance of wolves the breed of wolf-dogs languished1 and has ultimately become extinct4 ,as a matter of zoological curiosity many an ,irish gentleman would have desired to perpetuate this gigantic and interesting race of dogs2 but the operation1 the tendency to vital equilibrium has been over-strong to be contravened--the race of ,irish wolf-dogs has fleeted away4 ,speaking now of the huge ,siberian mammoths1 from which we diverged1 of these faith in nature's balanced adaptation assures us that they died out so soon as they ceased to be necessary as a compensation to some unknown force in the vital economy4 ,spans and periods of time1 such as those comprehended by the human mind1 and compared with the normal period of individual human existence1 dwindle to nothingness when attempted to be made the units of measurement in calculations involving the duration of species4 ,perhaps the data are not available for enabling the most careful investigator to come to an approximate #ebi conclusion as to the number of years that must elapse before the race of existing elephants1 ,african and ,indian1 will become extinct1 departing from the earth as mammoths have departed4 ,the time1 however1 must inevitably arrive for that consummation under the rule of the present course of things4 ,without forest for shade and sustenance the race of wild elephants cannot exist2 and1 inasmuch as elephants never breed in captivity1 each tame elephant having been once reclaimed from the forests1 it follows1 from the consideration of inevitable results1 that sooner or later1 but some day1 nevertheless1 one of two possible issues must be consummated--either that man shall cease to go on subduing the earth1 cutting down forests and bringing the land into cultivation1 or else elephants must become extinct4 ,who can entertain a doubt as to the alternative issue8 ,man has gone on conquering and to conquer from the time he came upon the scene4 ,animals1 save those he can domesticate1 have gone on fleeting and fleeting away4 ,it is most probable1 nevertheless1 that one proportionate aggregate of vitality has at every period been maintained4 ,the most marked examples of the passing away of animal species within periods of time1 in some cases not very remote1 pronounced of even in a historical sense1 is seen in the record of certain gigantic birds4 ,the largest individuals of the feathered tribes now extant are ostriches2 but the time was when these plumed denizens of the ,sahara were small indeed by comparison with existing species4 ,some idea of the bulk of the epiornis--an extinct species--may be gathered from a comparison of the bulk of one of its eggs with that of other birds4 ,according to ,m4 ,isidore ,geoffroy1 who some time since presented one of these eggs to the ,french ,academy of ,sciences1 the capacity of it was no less than eight litres and three-fourths4 ,this would prove it to be about six times the size of the ostrich's egg1 #adh times that of an ordinary fowl1 and no less than #ej1jjj times the size of the egg of the humming-bird4 ,the egg exhibited was one of very few that have been discovered2 hence nothing tends to the belief that it was one of the largest4 ,the first knowledge of the existence of this gigantic bird was acquired in #ahea4 ,the sole remains of the species hitherto found are some egg-shells and a few bones4 ,these suffice1 however1 for an ideal reproduction of the creature under the synthetical treatment of comparative anatomy4 ,the epiornis inhabited ,madagascar4 ,the creature's height could not have been less than from nine to twelve feet1 and the preservation of its remains is such as to warrant the belief in its comparatively recent existence4 ,of a structure as large as the epiornis1 probably larger1 though differing from the latter in certain anatomical particulars1 according to the belief of ,professor ,owen1 is a certain ,new ,zealand giant bird1 called by him the dinornis4 ,as in the case of the ,madagascar bird1 the evidence relating to this is very recent4 ,some few years ago an ,english gentleman received from a relative settled in ,new ,zealand some fragments of large bones that had belonged to some creature of species undetermined4 ,he sent them to ,professor ,owen for examination1 and was not a little surprised at the assurance that the bones in question1 although seemingly having belonged to an animal as large as an ox1 were actually those of a bird4 ,the comparative anatomist was guided in coming to this conclusion by a certain cancellated structure possessed by the bony fragments1 a characteristic of the bones of birds4 ,for a time ,professor ,owen's dictum was received with hesitation1 not to say disbelief1 on the part of some people4 ,the subsequent finding of more remains1 eggs as well as bones1 soon justified the naturalist's verdict1 however4 ,not the slightest doubt remains now upon the mind of any zoologist relative to the past existence of the dinornis2 nay1 the #ecj impression prevails that this feathered monster may be living in some of the more inaccessible parts of the southern island of ,new ,zealand at the present time4 ,be that as it may1 the dinornis can only have become extinct recently1 even using this word in a historical sense1 as the following testimony will make manifest3-- ,a sort of mummification prevailed amongst the ,maories until ,christianity had gained ground amongst them4 ,the process was not exactly similar to that by which ,egyptian mummies were formed1 but resembled it1 nevertheless1 in the particular of desiccation4 ,smoking was the exact process followed2 and smoked ,maori heads are common enough in naturalists' museums4 ,in a general way ,maori heads alone were smoked1 certain principles of food economy prompting a more utilitarian treatment for entire bodies4 ,nevertheless1 as a mark of particular respect to some important chief now and then1 affectionate survivors exempted his corpse from the oven1 and smoking it entire1 set it up amongst the ,maori lares and penates as an ornament4 ,this explanation is not altogether par parenthese1 for it brings me to the point of narrating some evidence favorable to the opinion that the dinornis cannot have been extinct in ,new ,zealand even at a recent historical period4 ,not long ago the body of a ,maori was found in a certain remote crypt1 and resting on one hand was an egg of this bird giant4 ,contemplate now the bearings of the testimony4 ,the ,maori race is not indigenous to ,new ,zealand1 but arrived there by migration from ,hawai4 ,not alone do the records of the two groups of ,pacific islands in question advert to such migration1 but certain radical coincidences of language lend confirmation4 ,it is further a matter of tradition that the migration took place about three hundred years ago4 ,now1 even if the recently discovered specimen of ,maori mummy art had been executed on the very first advent of the race1 the period elapsed would be1 historically speaking1 recent4 ,the laws of chance1 however1 are adverse to any such assumption2 and1 moreover1 the degree of civilization--if the expression may be used--implied by the dedication of an entire human body to an aesthetic purpose1 instead of devoting it to one of common utility--could only have been achieved after a certain lapse of time4 ,according to ,professor ,owen1 there must have been many species of dinornis4 ,the largest individuals of one species1 according to him1 could not have been less than four yards high4 ,according to the same naturalist1 moreover1 these birds were not remarkable by their size alone2 they had1 he avers1 certain peculiarities of form establishing a link between them and the cassowary and apteryx3 the latter a curious bird still found in ,new ,zealand1 but very rare nevertheless4 ,of colossal dimensions as were the dinornis and epiornis1 the size of both sinks into insignificance by comparison with another giant bird1 traces of which1 and only traces1 are discoverable in ,north ,america1 at the epoch when the deposit of the conchylian stage of ,massachusetts was yet soft enough to yield under the feet of creatures stepping upon its surface4 ,footsteps1 indeed1 are the only traces left of these giant birds1 and they are found side by side with the imprints of drops of rain which fell on the yielding surface in those early times4 ,mostly the footmarks only correspond with three toes1 but occasionally there are traces of a fourth--a toe comparable to a thumb1 only directed forward1 not backward4 ,marks of claws are occasionally found4 ,every trace and lineament of the ,massachusetts bird is marvellously exceptional4 ,the feet must have been no less than fifteen inches long1 without reckoning the hinder claw1 the length of which alone is two inches4 ,the width must have been ten inches4 ,the intervals between these footmarks correspond evidently with the stride of the monster1 which got over the ground by covering successive stages of from #eca four to five feet6 ,when we consider that the stride of an ostrich is no more than from ten to twelve inches1 the application of this record will be obvious4 ,here closes the testimony already revealed in respect of this bird1 except we also refer to it--which is apocryphal--certain coprolites or excrementitious matters found in the same formation4 ,for the preceding facts naturalists are indebted to the investigations of ,mr4 ,hitchcock4 ,the evidence adduced leaves no place for doubt as to the previous existence of a giant bird to which the traces are referable4 ,naturalists1 however1 were slow to come to this conclusion2 so extraordinary did it seem that a bird should have lived at a period so remote as that when these geological formations were deposited4 ,to gain some idea of the antiquity of that formation1 one has only to remember that the conchylian stage is only the fifth in the order of time of the twenty-eight stages of which1 according to ,alcide ,d',orbigny1 the crust of the earth is made up1 from the period of primitive rocks to the present date4 ,however1 many recent facts have tended to prove that several animals1 mammalians and saurians amongst others1 are far more ancient than had been imagined2 after which evidence these giant bird footprints have lost much of the improbability which once seemed to attach to them4 ,pass we on now to the traces of another very curious bird1 the existence of which has been demonstrated by ,professor ,owen1 according to whom the creature must have lived at the epoch of the schists of ,sobenhofen4 ,the name given by ,professor ,owen to this curious extinct bird is archeopterix4 ,its peculiarities are so numerous that for some time naturalists doubted whether it should be considered a reptile or a bird2 between which two there exist numerous points of similarity4 ,and now1 whilst dealing with bird-giants1 it would be wrong not to make some reference to a discovery made in #ahee1 at ,bas ,meudon1 of certain osseous remains1 referable to a bird that must have attained the dimensions of a horse2 that floated on water like a swan1 and poised itself at roost upon one leg4 ,monsieur ,constant ,prevost1 the naturalist who has most studied the bird1 gave to it the name of gastornis ,parisiensis4 ,the bony remains of this creature were found in the tertiary formation in a conglomerate associated with chalk1 which refers the gastornis to a date more remote than any yet accorded to any other bird4 ,from a bare record of facts contemplate we now our planet as it must have been when inhabited by the monstrous birds and reptiles and quadrupeds which preceded the advent of man4 ,these were times when animated forms attained dimensions which are now wholly exceptional4 ,that may be described as the age when physical and physiological forces were dominant1 as the force of moral agency dominates over the present1 and is destined1 as appearances tend to prove1 to rule even more fully hereafter4 ,might it not seem that in nature an economy is recognizable similar to the economy of human existence8 ,can we not recognize an antagonism between the development of brute force and of the quality of mind8 ,would it not even seem that nature could not at one and the same time develop mental and corporeal giants8 ,the physiological reign has only declined to prepare the advent of moral ascendancy4 ,giant bodies seem fading from the earth1 and giant spirits commencing to rule4 ,humanity is progressive2 is not its progression made manifest by these zoological revelations8 ,the first bone traces of human beings range back to an epoch posterior to the monstrous quadrupeds entombed in the diluvium4 ,hereafter giants1 probably1 will only be seen in the moral world1 grosser corporeal giant forms having become extinct4 ,the physical gigantesque is not yet indeed banished from the earth1 but the period of its #ecb banishment would seem to be at hand4 ,the probability is that all the great birds to which reference has been made were1 like the ostrich1 incapable of flight4 ,this defect1 when contemplated from the point of view suggested by modern classifications1 seems one of the most remarkable aberrations of nature of which we have cognizance4 ,for a bird to be deprived of what seems the most essential characteristic of bird-life--to be banished from the region that we have come to regard as the special domain of bird-life--bound to the earth1 forced to mingle with quadrupeds--seems to the mind the completest of all possible departures from established type4 ,thoughts such as these result from our artificial systems and classifications4 ,apart from these1 the conditions of giant walking birds that were1 and to a limited extent are1 will be found to harmonize well with surrounding conditions4 ,suppose we take the case of the ostrich for example2 this bird being the chief living representative of giant bird-life remaining to us from the past4 ,in the ostrich1 then1 do we view a creature so perfectly adapted to conditions which surround it that no need falls short and no quality is in excess4 ,a complete bird in most anatomical characteristics1 it borrows others from another type4 ,the sum of the vital elements which normally1 had the ostrich been like flying birds1 should have gone to endow the wings1 has been directed toward the legs and feet1 and thereupon concentrated4 ,bird qualities and beast qualities have mingled1 and1 as we now perceive1 have harmonized4 ,if to the ostrich flying is denied--if it can only travel on foot1 yet is it an excellent pedestrian4 ,a quality of which it has been deprived we now find to have been transmuted into another quality--the ostrich has found its equivalent4 ,reflecting thus1 we cease to pity the ostrich2 we begin to see that nature has been supremely wise1 our classifications only having led us into error4 ,a new thought dawns upon our apprehension2 instead of longer regarding the ostrich as furnishing an example of nature's bird-creative power gone astray1 we come to look upon this creature as designed upon the type of ordinary walking animals1 and having some bird characteristics added4 ,assuredly this point of view is better than the other2 for whereas the first reveals nature to us through the distorting medium of an abstraction1 the other shows us nature herself4 ,it is not a matter of complete certainty that the bird-type1 as naturalists explain and define it in their systems1 exists2 but there can be no doubt as to the existence of the ostrich4 ,in this mode of expression there is nothing paradoxical2 and doubtless1 when we come to reflect upon it1 the case will not fail to seem a little strange that we are so commonly in the habit of testing the inequalities of beings by reference to systems1 instead of following the opposite course1 viz41 that of testing the value and completeness of systems by reference to the qualities of individuals they embrace4 ,naturalists invent a system and make it their touchstone of truth2 whereas the real touchstone would be the creature systematized4 ,the ostrich simply goes to prove that the zoological types imagined by naturalists are endowed with less of the absolute than philosophers in their pride of science had imagined4 ,animal types are not the strangers to each other that artificial classifications would make them appear4 ,nor is flexibility of bird-type only manifested by the examples wherein a bird acquires characteristics of quadrupeds and other walking animals4 ,wings may even become metamorphosed into a sort of fins1 thus establishing a connection between bird-life and fish-life4 ,this occurs in the manchot1 a bird not less aquatic in its habits than the seal--of flying and walking almost equally incapable--a bird the natural locomotive condition of which is to be plunged #ecc in water up to the neck4 ,assuredly nothing can be more absurd than the attempt to recognize1 in these ambiguous organizations1 so many attempts of nature to pass from one type to another4 ,no matter what religious system one may have adopted1 or what philosophical code3 the interpretation of nature 7according to which she is represented as making essays--trying experiments7 is alike inadmissible4 ,neither ,god omniscient1 nor nature infallible1 can be assumed by the philosopher as trying experiments4 ,there are1 indeed1 no essays in nature but degrees--transitions4 ,wherefore these transitions8 is a question that brings philosophy to bay1 and demonstrates her weakness4 ,it is a question that cannot be pondered too deeply4 ,therein lies the germ of some great mystery4 ,reverting to bird-giants1 past and present1 it is assuredly incorrect to assume1 as certain naturalists have assumed1 that flying would have been incompatible with their bulk4 ,there exist birds of prey1 of whose bodies the specific gravity does not differ much from that of the ostrich1 and are powerful in flight nevertheless4 ,then another class of facts rises up in opposition to the hypothesis1 that mere grandeur of dimensions is the limit to winged flying4 ,neither the apteryx nor the manchot fly any more than the ostrich4 ,neither is a large bird1 nor1 relatively to size1 a heavy bird4 ,as regards the epiornis1 the position is not universally acceded to by naturalists that the creature was like the ostrich1 the apteryx1 and cassowary1 a mere walking bird4 ,an ,italian naturalist1 ,signor ,bianconi1 has noted a certain peculiarity in the metatarsal bones of the creature which induces him to refer it to the category of winged birds of prey4 ,if this hypothesis be tenable1 then a sort of giant vulture the epiornis would have been3 one in whose imposing presence the condor of the ,andes would have dwindled to the dimensions of a buzzard4 ,further1 if ,signor ,bianconi's assumption hold good1 then may we not have done amiss in banishing the roc to the realms of fiction8 ,old ,marco ,polo1 writing in the thirteenth century1 described the roc circumstantially1 and the account has been long considered as either a fiction or a mistake4 ,signor ,bianconi1 coming to the rescue of his fellow-countryman1 thinks that the ,italian traveller may have actually described a giant bird of prey extant at the time when he wrote1 but which has now become extinct4 ,a notice of extinct birds would be incomplete without reference to the dodo1 the very existence of which had been lately questioned2 so completely has it fleeted away from the earth4 ,messrs4 ,broderip1 ,strickland1 and ,melville1 however1 have amply vindicated the dodo's claim to be regarded a former denizen of the world we live in4 ,the dodo was first seen by the ,dutch when they landed on the ,isle of ,france1 at that time uninhabited1 immediately subsequent to the doubling of ,cape ,horn by the ,portuguese4 ,these birds were described as having no wings1 but in the place of them three or four black feathers4 ,where the tail should be1 there grew instead four or five curling plumes of a grayish color4 ,in their stomachs they were said to have commonly a stone as big as a fist1 and hard as the gray ,bentemer stone4 ,the boat's crew of the ,jacob ,van ,neck called them ,walgh-vogels 7surfeit birds71 because they could not cook them or make them tender1 or because they were able to get so many turtle-doves1 which had a much more pleasant flavor1 so that they took a disgust to these birds4 ,likewise1 it is said that three or four of these birds were enough to afford a whole ship's company one full meal4 ,indeed1 the sailors salted down some of them1 and carried them on the voyage4 ,many descriptions of the dodo were given by naturalists after the commencement of the seventeenth century2 and the ,british ,museum contains a painting said to have been copied #ecd from a living individual4 ,underneath the painting is a leg still finely preserved2 and in respect of this leg naturalists are agreed that it cannot belong to any existing species4 ,the dodo must have been a curious bird1 if ,mr4 ,strickland's notion of him be correct2 and ,professor ,reinhardt1 of ,copenhagen1 holds a similar opinion4 ,the dodo1 these naturalists affirm1 was a vulture-like dove--a sort of ugly giant pigeon--but with beak and claws like a vulture4 ,he had companions or neighbors1 at least1 not dissimilar in nature4 ,thus a bird called the solitaire inhabited the small island of ,roderigues1 three hundred miles east of the ,mauritius4 ,man has exterminated the solitaire1 as well as other birds nearly allied1 formerly denizens of the ,isle of ,bourbon4 ,the dodo will be seen no more2 the race has fleeted away4 ,among birds1 the emeu1 the cassowary1 and the apteryx are species rapidly vanishing2 amongst quadrupeds1 the kangaroo--the platypus3 others slowly1 but not less surely4 ,after a while they will be gone from the earth wholly1 as bears1 wolves1 mammoths1 and hyenas have gone from our own island4 ,the ,bos primigenius1 or great wild bull1 was common in ,germany when ,julius ,caesar flourished4 ,the race has become wholly extinct1 if1 indeed1 not incorporated with the breed of large tame oxen of northern ,europe4 ,the urus would have become extinct but for the care taken by ,russian emperors to preserve a remnant in ,lithuanian forests4 ,the beaver built his mud huts along the ,saone and ,rhone up to the last few generations of man2 and when ,hannibal passed through ,gaul on his way to ,italy1 beavers in ,gaul were common4 ,thus have animals migrated or died out1 passed away1 but the balance of life has been preserved4 ,man has gone on conquering3 now exterminating1 now subjecting4 ,save the fishes of the sea and the birds of the air1 the time will perhaps come when creatures will have to choose between subjection and death4 ,ostriches would seem to be reserved for the first alternative1 seeing that in ,south ,africa1 in southern ,france1 and ,italy1 these birds have lately been bred1 domiciled into tame fowls1 in behalf of their feathers4 ,very profitable would ostrich farming seem to be4 ,these giant birds want no food but grass1 and the yearly feather yield of each adult ostrich realizes about twenty-five pounds sterling4 ---- #ece ,from ,chambers's ,journal4 ,a ,,dinner ,,by ,,mistake4 ,only one poun'-ten a week1 sir1 and no extras2 and ,i may say you won't find such cheap airy lodgings anywhere else in the place2 not to speak of the sea-view2 and the bustling landlady threw open the door of the tiny sitting-room with an air which would have become a ,belgravian lackey4 ,it certainly was a cosy1 sunny little apartment1 with just such a view of the sea1 and of nothing else whatsoever1 as is the delight of an inland heart1 ,i was revolving in my mind how to make terms on one most important point1 when she again broke forth3 ,i can assure you1 sir1 ,i could have let these same rooms again and again in the last two days1 if ,i had not given my promise to ,mrs4 ,johnson that she should have them next ,friday fortnight1 and ,i would never go from my word1 sir--never6 though this month is our harvest1 and it's hard for me to have the rooms standing empty4 ,as ,i told my niece only yesterday1 ,i won't let forward again1 not to please anybody1 for it don't answer1 and it worrits me out of my life4 ,and ,i'm sure1 sir1 if you like to come for the fortnight1 ,i'll do my utmost to make you comfortable2 and ,i always have given satisfaction2 and you could not get nicer rooms nowhere4 ,no1 said ,i1 taking advantage of her pause for breath2 these are very nice4 ,i--,i suppose you don't object to smoking8 ,the good woman's face assumed a severe expression1 though ,i detected a comical twinkle in her eye4 ,why1 sir1 we always do say--but if it's only a cigar1 and not one of them nasty pipes-- ,i smiled3 ,to tell the truth1 it generally is a pipe4 ,is it now8 ,well1 sir1 if you please1 we won't say anything about it now4 ,we have a lady-lodger upstairs1 and if she should complain1 ,i can but say that it is against my rules1 and that ,i'll mention it to you4 ,and so1 sir1 if you please1 ,i'll go now1 and see to your portmanteau being taken up2 and thereupon she vanished1 leaving me in sole possession4 ,i threw my bag and rug on to the sofa1 pushed a slippery horsehair armchair up to the window1 and sat down to rest and inhale the sea-breezes with a certain satisfaction at being in harbor4 ,as ,i before remarked1 the prospect was in the strictest sense of the words a sea-view4 ,far away to east and west stretched the blue ocean2 and beside it1 ,i could see only a steep grass-bank just beneath my window1 with a broad shingly path running at its base1 evidently designed for an esplanade1 though no human form was visible thereon4 ,away to the right1 ,i just caught a glimpse of shelving beach1 dotted with fishermen's boats2 and of a long wooden jetty1 with half-a-dozen figures slowly pacing from end to end1 while the dismal screeching of a brass band told of an attempt at music more ambitious than successful4 ,it was not a lively look-out for a solitary man1 and ,i half wished myself back in my mother's comfortable house at ,brompton4 ,however1 ,i was in for it now2 and ,i could but try how far a fortnight of open air and exercise would recruit my wasted strength4 ,i had been reading really hard at ,oxford through the last term1 and my very unusual industry had been followed by a languor and weariness which so awakened my dear mother's solicitude that she never rested till she had persuaded ,dr4 ,busby to prescribe sea-air and a total separation from my books4 ,she could not come #ecf with me1 as she longed to do1 kind soul6 but she packed my properties1 and gave endless instructions as to diet1 all of which ,i had forgotten before ,i had accomplished the first mile of my journey4 ,i don't know why ,i came to that out-of-the-way watering-place1 except that ,i was too languid to have a will of my own1 or to care for the noisy life of country-houses full of sportsmen4 ,so1 on the following morning1 behold me in gray travelling suit and wide-awake1 strolling along the beach1 watching the pretty bathers as they dipped their heads under water1 and then reappeared1 shaking the dripping tresses from their eyes4 ,then there were the fishermen1 brawny1 bare-legged ,goliahs1 setting forth on their day's toil1 and launching their boats with such shouts and cries as1 to the uninitiated1 might indicate some direful calamity4 ,the beach was alive now1 for the whole visiting population1 such as it was1 seemed to have turned out this bright ,september morning1 and were scattered about1 sketching1 working1 and chattering4 ,i scanned each group1 envying them their merry laughter and gay talk1 and half hoping to recognize some familiar face among those lazy lounging youths and sun-burned damsels2 but my quest was fruitless1 and ,i pursued my lonely way apart4 ,really1 though1 the little place improved upon acquaintance4 ,there were fine bold cliffs1 just precipitous enough to make a scramble to the top almost irresistible2 there were long stretches of yellow sand and shallow pools glittering in the sunlight2 and there was a breeze coming straight from the north pole1 which quickened my blood1 and brought the color into my sallow cheeks1 even as ,i drank it in4 ,i bathed1 ,i walked1 ,i climbed1 ,i made friends with the boatmen1 and got them to take me out in their fishing-smacks2 but still1 with returning vigor1 ,i began to crave not a little for some converse with more congenial spirits than these honest tars and my loquacious landlady4 ,i inscribed my name on the big board at the library2 ,i did all that man could do to make my existence known1 but nearly a week passed away1 and still my fellow-creatures held aloof4 ,i had been out for the whole of one windy afternoon tossing on the waves1 watching the lobster-fishing1 and came in at sunset tolerably drenched with spray1 and with a terrific appetite4 ,as ,i opened the door of my little sitting-room1 ,i beheld--most welcome sight--the white dinner-cloth1 and lying upon it a card--a large1 highly-glazed1 most unmistakable visiting-card4 ,with eager curiosity1 ,i snatched it up1 but curiosity changed to amazement when ,i read the name1 ,sir ,philip ,hetherton1 ,grantham ,park4 ,sir ,philip ,hetherton6 ,why1 in the name of all that's incomprehensible1 should he call on me8 ,i had never even heard his name2 ,i knew no more of him than of the man in the moon4 ,could he be some country magnate who made it a duty to cultivate the acquaintance of every visitor to ,linbeach8 ,if so1 he must have a hard time of it1 even in this little unfrequented region4 ,my impatience could not be restrained till ,mrs4 ,plumb's natural arrival with the chops2 and an energetic pull at the bell brought her at once courtesying and smiling4 ,i suppose1 began ,i1 holding the card with assumed carelessness between my finger and thumb--,i suppose this gentleman1 ,sir ,philip ,hetherton1 called here to-day8 ,oh yes1 sir1 this afternoon2 not an hour ago4 ,he inquired for me8 ,yes1 sir2 he asked particularly for young ,mr4 ,olifant1 and said he was very sorry to miss you4 ,he's a very pleasant-spoken gentleman1 is ,sir ,philip4 ,ah1 ,i see4 ,is he often in ,linbeach8 ,does he know many people living in the place8 ,well1 ,i don't think he has many friends here1 sir2 at least1 ,i never understood so2 but he owns some of the #ecg houses in the town1 and he is very kind to the poor4 ,no one is ever turned away empty-handed from his door1 and ,i've a right to say so1 sir1 for my brother's widow lives in one of the lodges at ,grantham4 ,he put her into it when her husband was drowned at sea1 and he's been a good friend to her ever since4 ,all this was not what ,i wanted to find out1 but ,i had learned by experience that ,mrs4 ,plumb's tongue must have its swing4 ,i now mildly brought her back to the point3 ,does he see anything of the visitors8 ,not to my knowledge1 sir4 ,he sometimes rides in of an afternoon1 for ,grantham is only four miles from ,linbeach2 but ,i don't think he ever stays long4 ,so it was not apparently an eccentric instance of universal friendliness1 but a special mark of honor paid to me4 ,it grew more and more mysterious4 ,however1 there was nothing to be gained by pumping ,mrs4 ,plumb further2 and as ,i was discreetly minded to keep my own counsel1 ,i dismissed her4 ,but meditating long and deeply over my solitary dinner1 ,i came at length to the unwelcome conclusion1 that ,sir ,philip ,hetherton must have been laboring under some strange delusion1 and that ,i should see and hear no more of him4 ,i was rather in the habit of priding myself on my judgment and discrimination2 but in this instance they were certainly at fault1 for within three days1 ,i met him face to face4 ,i was strolling slowly along one of the shady country lanes which led inland between cornfields and hedge-rows1 when ,i encountered a portly1 gray-haired gentleman1 mounted on an iron-gray cob1 and trotting soberly toward ,linbeach4 ,he surveyed me so inquisitively out of his merry blue eyes1 that the thought crossed me1 could this be the veritable ,sir ,philip8 ,i smiled at my own vivid imagination2 but ,i must confess that before ,i had proceeded another half mile1 ,i faced round1 and returned to ,linbeach for more briskly than ,i had left it4 ,i had scarcely stepped into ,mrs4 ,plumb's passage1 when that personage herself met me open-mouthed1 with a pencil-note in her hand4 ,oh1 ,mr4 ,olifant1 ,i wish you had come in rather sooner4 ,sir ,philip has been here again1 and as he could not see you1 he wrote this note1 for he had not time to wait4 ,i was quite vexed that it should happen so4 ,evidently the good woman was fully impressed with the dignity of the event1 and not a little flattered at the honor paid to her lodger4 ,i opened the note1 and it contained--oh marvel of marvels6--an invitation to dinner for the following day1 coupled with many warm expressions of regard for my family1 and regrets at having been hitherto unable to see me4 ,i told ,sir ,philip that ,i thought you had only gone down to the beach1 sir2 but he laughed1 and said he should not know you if he met you4 ,i suppose you don't know him1 do you1 sir8 ,mrs4 ,plumb added insinuatingly4 ,no4 said ,i2 thinking within myself that the baronet need not have been quite so communicative4 ,however1 this confession of his1 at any rate1 threw same light upon the subject1 and suggested a solution4 ,he might have known my father or mother4 ,of course1 indeed1 he must have known them1 or somebody belonging to me4 ,his own apparent confidence began to infect me1 and ,i wrote off an elaborate and gracefully-worded acceptance2 and then sat down to my pipe1 and a complacent contemplation of all the benefits that might accrue to me through his most praiseworthy cordiality4 ,after all1 ,i reflected1 'tis no matter where one goes2 friends are sure to turn up everywhere2 and thereon arose visions of partridge-shooting in the dewy mornings1 to be followed by pleasant little dinners with my host and a bevy of lovely daughters4 ,but on the morrow certain misgivings revisited me1 and ,i came to the conclusion that it would only be the civil thing to ride over to ,grantham in the afternoon1 and get through #ech the first introductions and explanations before appearing there as a guest4 ,accordingly1 ,i hired a long-legged1 broken-winded hack1 the only one to be got for love or money1 and set forth upon my way4 ,it was a fruitless journey2 the fatal not at home greeted my ears1 and ,i could only drop a card1 turn the ,roman nose of my gallant steed toward home1 and resign myself to my fate4 ,seven o'clock was the hour named for dinner1 and ,i had intended to be particularly punctual1 but misfortunes crowded thick upon me4 ,the first white tie that came to hand was a miserable failure4 ,my favorite curl would not be adjusted becomingly upon my brow2 and the wretched donkey-boy who had solemnly promised to bring the basket-carriage punctually to the door1 did not appear till ten minutes after the time4 ,last of all1 when ,i had descended got up to perfection1 and was on the point of starting1 ,i discovered that ,i was minus gloves1 and the little maid-of-all-work had to be sent fleeing off to the corner shop1 where haberdashery and grocery were picturesquely combined4 ,so it fell out that1 despite hard driving1 it was several minutes past the hour when we drew up under the portico at ,grantham4 ,i had no time to compose my nerves or prepare my opening address4 ,a gorgeously-arrayed flunkie appeared at the hall-door2 a solemn butler1 behind1 waved me on to the guidance of another beplushed and bepowdered individual2 and before ,i fully realized my position1 ,i stood in a brilliantly-lighted drawing-room1 full of people1 and heard my name proclaimed in stentorian tones4 ,the next moment1 the florid gentleman whom ,i had encountered on the previous day came forward with outstretched hands and a beaming face1 and a perfect torrent of welcomes burst upon me4 ,glad to see you at last1 ,mr4 ,olifant1 very glad to see you2 ,i began to think there was a fate against our meeting4 ,let me introduce you4 ,lady ,hetherton--my daughter--my son ,fred4 ,come this way1 this way4 ,and ,i was hurried along helpless as an infant in the jovial baronet's hands4 ,how could ,i--,i appeal to any reasonable being--how could ,i stand stock-still1 and1 under the eyes of all that company1 cross-examine my host as to the why and wherefore of his hospitality8 ,it will be owned1 ,i think1 that in what afterward occurred ,i was not wholly to blame4 ,lady ,hetherton was a quiet well-bred woman1 with a mild face and soft voice2 she greeted me with a certain sleepy warmth1 and after a few placid commonplaces1 resumed her conversation with the elderly lady by her side1 and left me to the care of her son1 a bright1 frank young ,harrovian1 with whom ,i speedily made friends4 ,really it was very pleasant to drop in this way into the centre of a genial circle1 and ,i found my spirits rising fast as we talked together1 con amore1 of cricket1 boating1 hunting4 ,a fresh arrival1 however1 soon disturbed the party1 and1 directly afterward1 dinner was announced4 ,sir ,philip1 who had been busily engaged in welcoming the last comers1 led off a stately dame upon his arm1 and we followed in procession1 a demure young daughter of the house being assigned to me4 ,we were slowly making our way round the dining-room1 when1 just as we passed the end of the table1 ,sir ,philip turned and laid his hand upon my shoulder4 ,i have scarcely had time for a word yet1 he said2 but how are they all in ,yorkshire8 ,i don't know what answer ,i gave2 some one from behind begged leave to pass1 and ,i was borne on utterly bewildered4 ,yorkshire6 what had ,i to do with ,yorkshire8 ,and then1 all at once1 the appalling truth burst on me like a thunder-clap--,i was the wrong man6 ,yes2 now ,i recalled a certain ,captain ,olifant1 whom ,i had once met at a mess-dinner1 and who1 as ,i had then heard1 belonged to an old ,yorkshire family4 ,we could count no sort of kinship with them #eci but here ,i was1 for some inexplicable reason1 assumed as one of them1 perhaps as the eldest son and heir of their broad acres1 and regaled accordingly4 ,my situation was sufficiently unpleasant1 and in the first impulse of dismay1 ,i made a dash at a central seat where ,i might be as far as possible from both host and hostess4 ,but my manoeuvre failed4 ,lady ,hetherton's soft tones were all too audible as she said3 ,mr4 ,olifant1 perhaps you will come up here2 the post of honor2 and of danger too1 in my case2 but there was no help for it1 and ,i went4 ,as ,i unfolded my napkin1 striving hard for a cool and easy demeanor1 ,i mentally surveyed my position1 and decided on my tactics4 ,i could not and would not there and then declare myself an embodied mistake2 ,i must trust to chance and my own wits to carry me through the evening1 and leave my explanations for another season4 ,alas6 my trials full soon began4 ,we had hardly been seated three minutes1 when ,lady ,hetherton turned to me4 ,we were so very glad you were able to come to-night1 ,mr4 ,olifant2 ,sir ,philip had quite set his heart upon seeing you here4 ,it is such a great pleasure to him to revive an old friendship2 and he was saying that he had almost lost sight of your family4 ,i murmured something not very coherent about distance and active life4 ,ah1 yes1 country gentlemen have so much to do that they really are greatly tied at home4 ,i think1 though1 that ,i once had the pleasure of meeting a sister of yours in town--,margaret her name was1 and she was suffering from some affection of the spine4 ,i hope she is better now8 ,much better1 thank you4 ,and then1 in the faint hope of turning the conversation1 ,i asked if they were often in town4 ,not so often as ,i should wish4 ,sir ,philip has a great dislike to ,london2 but ,i always enjoy it1 for one meets everybody there4 ,by-the-by1 ,olifant1 the ,fordes must be near neighbors of yours4 ,i am sure ,i have heard them speak of ,calveston4 ,i did not dare to say they were not1 lest inquiries should follow which might betray my extreme ignorance of ,yorkshire geography in general1 and the locality of ,calveston in particular2 so ,i chose the lesser peril1 and answered cheerfully2 ,oh yes1 quite near within an easy walk of us4 ,what charming people they are6 said ,lady ,hetherton1 growing almost enthusiastic4 ,the two eldest girls were staying here last spring1 and we all lost our hearts to them1 they were so bright and pleasant2 and ,katie1 too1 is growing so very pretty4 ,she isn't out yet1 is she8 ,no2 ,i fancy she is to be presented next year1 ,i responded1 reflecting that while ,i was about it ,i might as well do it thoroughly4 ,she ought to make a sensation4 ,ah1 then1 said ,lady ,hetherton eagerly1 you agree with me about her beauty4 ,oh1 entirely4 ,i expect she will be quite the belle of our country balls4 ,and then1 in the same breath1 ,i turned to the shy ,miss ,hetherton beside me1 and startled her by an abrupt inquiry whether she liked balls4 ,she must have thought1 at any rate1 that ,i liked talking1 for her timid1 orthodox reply was scarcely uttered1 before ,i plied her with fresh questions1 and deluged her with a flood of varied eloquence4 ,races1 archery1 croquet1 ,switzerland1 ,paris1 ,garibaldi1 the ,american war1 ,mueller's capture1 and ,tennyson's new poem1 all played their part in turn4 ,for why8 ,was ,i not aware that ,lady ,hetherton's conversation with the solemn old archdeacon opposite flagged from time to time1 and that1 at every lull1 she looked toward me1 as though concocting fresh means of torture4 ,but ,i gained the day2 and at length1 with secret exultation1 watched the ladies slowly defiling from the room4 ,poor innocent6 ,i little knew what was impending4 ,the last voluminous skirt had scarcely disappeared1 when ,sir ,philip left his chair1 and advancing #edj up the table1 glass in hand1 seated himself in his wife's place at my elbow4 ,i tried to believe that he might intend to devote himself to the arch-deacon1 but that good gentleman was more than half inclined to nod1 and my left-hand neighbor was deep in a geological discussion2 so ,i sat on1 spell-bound1 like the sparrow beneath the awful shadow of the hawk4 ,certainly1 there was not much outward resemblance between that bird of prey and ,sir ,philip's comely1 smiling visage1 as he leaned forward1 and said cheerily3 ,well1 now1 ,i want to hear all about them4 ,it was not an encouraging beginning for me1 but ,i had committed myself with ,lady ,hetherton too far for a retreat4 ,like ,cortes1 ,i had burned my ships4 ,before ,i had framed my answer1 the baronet proceeded3 ,i don't know any of you young ones1 but your father and ,i were fast friends once upon a time4 ,many's the lark we've had together at ,harrow1 ay1 and at ,oxford too2 for he was a wild-spirited fellow then1 was ,harry ,olifant1 though1 ,i daresay1 he has settled down into a sober country squire long ago4 ,it was plain that ,sir ,philip liked to hear himself talk1 and my courage revived4 ,why1 yes1 ,i said2 years and cares do work great changes in most men2 ,i daresay you would hardly know him now4 ,i daresay not4 ,but he is well1 and as good a shot as in the old ,oxford days8 ,just as good4 ,he is never happier than among his turnips4 ,and then ,i shuddered at my own audacity1 as ,i pictured my veritable parent1 a hard-worked barrister1 long since dead1 and with about as much notion of firing a gun as one of his own briefs4 ,quite right1 quite right1 exclaimed ,sir ,philip energetically1 and we can find you some fair sport here1 my boy1 though the birds are wild this year4 ,come over as often as you like while you are at ,linbeach2 or1 better still1 come and slay here4 ,i thanked him1 and explained that ,i was staying at ,linbeach for the sea-air1 and that ,i must be in town in a few days4 ,i'm sorry for that4 ,we ought to have found you out sooner2 but ,i only chanced to see your name at the library last ,friday4 ,and so you are at ,merton8 ,yes1 ,i'm at ,merton1 said ,i1 feeling it quite refreshing to speak the truth4 ,ah1 ,i'm glad your father's stuck to the old college2 you could not be at a better one4 ,that boy of mine is wild for soldiering1 or ,i should have sent him there4 ,the mystery stood revealed4 ,i had recorded my name on the visitors' board as ,h4 ,olifant1 ,merton ,college1 ,oxford2 and by a strange coincidence1 ,sir ,philip's former friend had belonged to the same college1 and owned the same initial4 ,the coincidence was indeed so complete1 that it had evidently never dawned upon the baronet that ,i could be other than the son of his old chum4 ,he sat now sipping his wine1 with almost a sad expression on his honest face4 ,ah1 my lad1 he said presently1 when you come to my age1 you'll look back to your old college and your old friends as ,i do now4 ,but what was ,i going to ask you8 ,oh1 ,i remember4 ,have you seen any of the ,fordes lately8 ,i glanced round despairingly at the geologists1 but they were lost to everything except blue lias and old red sandstone1 and there was no hope of effecting a diversion in that quarter4 ,well1 no--not very lately1 ,i responded slowly1 as though trying to recall the exact date when ,i last had that felicity4 ,to tell the truth1 ,i don't go down into those parts so often as ,i ought to do4 ,there's a family for you6 ,sir ,philip went on triumphantly2 how well they are doing4 ,that young ,george ,forde will distinguish himself one of these days1 or ,i'm much mistaken2 and ,willie1 too--do you know #eda whether he has passed for ,woolwich yet8 ,i could not say that ,i did1 but the good baronet's confidence in ,forde genius was as satisfactory as certainty4 ,he's sure to pass1 quite sure2 never knew such clever lads2 and as for beauty--that little ,katie--,but here the slumbering archdeacon came to my aid by waking up with a terrific start and a loud ,eh6-- what6 time to join the ladies4 ,there was a general stir1 and ,i contrived to make my escape to the drawing-room4 ,if ,i could only have escaped altogether2 but it was not yet half-past nine4 ,the tall footmen and severe butler were lounging in the hall1 and ,i felt convinced that if ,i pleaded illness1 ,sir ,philip would lay violent hands on me1 and insist on my spending the night there4 ,after all1 the worst was over1 and in the crowded drawing-room1 ,i might with slight dexterity avoid all shoals and quicksands4 ,so ,i ensconced myself in a low chair1 guarded by a big table on one side1 and on the other by a comfortable motherly-looking woman in crimson satin1 to whom ,i made myself agreeable4 ,we got on very well together1 and ,i breathed and chatted freely in the delightful persuasion that she at least knew no more of the ,fordes than ,i did4 ,but my malignant star was in the ascendant4 ,i was in the midst of a glowing description of the charms of a reading-party at the lakes1 when ,sir ,philip again assailed me3 ,well1 ,mrs4 ,sullivan1 he said1 addressing my companion1 have you been asking after your little favorite8 ,my little favorite8 repeated ,mrs4 ,sullivan inquiringly4 ,she did not know whom he meant1 but ,i did2 ,i knew quite well4 ,katie ,forde1 ,i mean2 the little black-eyed girl who used to go into such ecstasies over your roses and ferns--you have not forgotten her yet1 have you8 ,no1 unluckily for me1 ,mrs4 ,sullivan had not forgotten her4 ,i was charged with a string of the fond1 unmeaning messages which ladies love to exchange2 and it was only by emphatically declaring that ,i should not be in ,yorkshire for many months1 that ,i escaped being made the bearer of sundry curious roots and bulbs to the fair ,katharine4 ,but ,sir ,philip soon interrupted us3 ,there's a cousin of yours in the next room1 ,mr4 ,olifant1 he said1 evidently thinking that he was making a most agreeable announcement3 she would like to see you1 if you will let me take you to her4 ,i heard and trembled4 ,a cousin4 ,oh1 the ,fordes were nothing to this6 ,why did people have cousins2 and why1 oh why1 should every imaginable evil befal me on this disastrous evening6 ,such were my agonized reflections while with unwilling steps ,i followed my host to execution4 ,he led me to a young lady who was serenely examining some prints4 ,i have brought him to you1 ,miss ,hunter2 here's your cousin1 ,mr4 ,olifant4 ,she looked at me1 but there was no recognition in her eyes4 ,how could there be1 indeed1 when we had never met before6 ,what would she do next8 ,what she did do was to hold out her hand with a good-humored smile1 and at the same time ,sir ,philip observed complacently3 ,you don't know one another1 you know4 ,not know one another2 of course we didn't2 but ,i could have hugged him for telling me so2 and in the joy of my reprieve1 ,i devoted myself readily to my supposed cousin1 a bright1 pleasant girl1 happily as benighted regarding her real relatives as ,i was about my imaginary ones4 ,the minutes slipped fast away1 the hands of the clock pointed at ten1 the guests were beginning to depart1 and ,i was congratulating myself that the ordeal was safely passed1 when1 happening to turn my head1 ,i saw ,sir ,philip once more advancing upon me1 holding in his hand a photograph book4 ,my doom was sealed6 ,my relentless persecutor was resolved to expose me1 and with diabolical craft had planned the certain #edb means4 ,horrible visions of public disgrace1 forcible ejection1 nay1 even of the pump itself1 floated before my dizzy brain1 while on he came nearer and ever nearer4 ,there6 he exclaimed1 stopping just in front of me1 and holding out the ill-omened book--,there6 you can tell me who that is1 can't you8 ,it was a baby--a baby of a year old1 sitting on a cushion1 with a rattle in its hand1 and it was of course unlike any creature ,i had ever beheld4 ,hm1 haw1 murmured ,i1 contemplating it in utter desperation2 children are so much alike that really--but--as a brilliant idea suddenly flashed on me3 surely it must be a ,forde6 ,of course it is1 and ,sir ,philip clapped me on the back in a transport of delight4 ,i thought you would recognize it4 ,capital6 isn't it8 ,the little thing must be exactly like its mother2 and ,i fancy ,i see a look of ,willie in it too4 ,i could endure no more4 ,another such victory would be almost worse than a defeat2 and while my cousin was rhapsodizing over the infantine charms so touchingly portrayed1 ,i started up1 took an abrupt farewell of my host1 and despite his vehement remonstrances1 went off in search of ,lady ,hetherton1 and beat a successful retreat4 ,as ,i stepped out into the portico1 the pony-trap which ,i had ordered drove up to the door1 and jumping in1 ,i rattled away toward ,linbeach1 exhausted in body and mind1 yet relieved to feel that each succeeding moment found me further and further from the precincts of ,grantham4 ,not till ,i was snugly seated in the arm-chair in ,mrs4 ,plumb's parlor1 watching the blue smoke-wreaths wafted up from my best beloved pipe --not till then could ,i believe that ,i was thoroughly safe1 and begin to review calmly the events of the evening4 ,and now arose the very embarrassing inquiry3 ,what was next to be done8 ,sir ,philip's parting words had been an energetic exhortation to come over and shoot1 the next day1 or1 in fact1 whenever ,i pleased4 ,we can't give you the grouse of your native moors1 he said as a final thrust1 but we can find you some partridges1 ,i hope2 and ,i had agreed with a hypocritical smile1 while internally resolving that no mortal power should take me to ,grantham again4 ,of one thing there could be no doubt--an explanation was due to the kind-hearted baronet1 and it must be given4 ,of course ,i might have stolen off from ,linbeach still undiscovered1 but ,i dismissed the notion instantly4 ,i had gone far enough already--too far1 ,sir ,philip might not unnaturally think4 ,no2 ,i must write to him1 and it had best be done at once4 ,heigh-ho1 ,i sighed1 as ,i rummaged out ink and paper1 and sat down to the great work2 so ends my solitary friendship at ,linbeach4 ,it took me a long time to concoct the epistle1 but it was accomplished at last4 ,in terms which ,i would fain hope were melting and persuasive1 ,i described my birth and parentage1 related how ,i had only discovered my mistaken identity after my arrival at ,grantham1 and made a full apology for having then1 in my embarrassment1 perpetuated the delusion4 ,i wound up by the following eloquent and dignified words3 ,of course1 ,i can have no claim whatever to continue an acquaintance so formed1 and ,i can only tender my grateful thanks for the warm hospitality of which ,i have accidentally been the recipient4 ,the letter was sealed and sent1 and ,i was left to speculate how it might be received4 ,would ,sir ,philip vouchsafe a reply1 or would he treat me with silent contempt8 ,i could fancy him capable of a very tolerable degree of anger1 in spite of his bonhomie1 and ,i blushed up to my brows when ,i pictured quiet ,lady ,hetherton recalling my remarks about ,miss ,katie ,forde4 ,the second day's post came in and brought me nothing2 and now ,i began to be seized with a nervous dread of encountering any of the ,grantham ,park party by chance1 and this dread grew so #edc unpleasant that ,i determined to cut short my visit1 and return to town at once4 ,my resolution was no sooner made than acted on4 ,i packed my portmanteau1 settled accounts with ,mrs4 ,plumb1 and went off to take my place by the next morning's coach4 ,coming hastily out of the booking-office in the dusk1 ,i almost ran against somebody standing by the door4 ,it was ,sir ,philip1 and ,i stepped hastily back2 but he recognized me at once1 and held out his hand with a hearty laugh4 ,ah1 ,mr4 ,olifant1 is it you8 ,i was on my way to your lodgings1 so we'll walk together2 and not noticing my confusion1 he linked his arm in mine1 and continued3 ,i got your letter last evening1 when ,i came in from a long day's shooting1 and very much amazed ,i was1 that ,i must own4 ,i did not answer it at once1 for ,i was half-dead with walking1 and1 beside1 ,i always like talking better than writing1 ,so now ,i have come to tell you that ,i think you've behaved like an honest man and a gentleman in writing that letter2 and ,i'm very glad to have made your acquaintance1 though you are not ,harry ,olifant's son4 ,as for the mistake1 why1 'twas my own fault for taking it for granted you must be the man ,i fancied you4 ,my lady is just the least bit vexed that we should have made such geese of ourselves2 but come over and shoot to-morrow1 and we'll give you a quiet dinner and a bed in your own proper person2 and she will be very glad to see you4 ,mind ,i expect you4 ,after all my resolutions1 ,i did go to ,grantham on the following day2 and my dinner by mistake was the precursor of a most pleasant acquaintance1 which became in time a warm and lasting friendship4 ------ ,from ,all the ,year ,round4 ,,noah',s ,,arks4 ,in ,kew ,gardens is a seldom-visited collection of all the kinds of wood which we have ever heard of1 accompanied by specimens of various articles customarily made of those woods in the countries of their growth4 ,tools1 implements1 small articles of furniture1 musical instruments1 sabots and wooden-shoes1 boot-trees and shoe-lasts1 bows and arrows1 planes1 saw-handles--all are here1 and thousands of other things which it would take a very long summer day indeed even to glance at4 ,the fine display of colonial woods1 which were built up into fanciful trophies at the ,international ,exhibition of eighteen hundred and sixty-two1 has been transferred to one of these museums2 and a noble collection it makes4 ,we know comparatively little in ,england of the minor uses of wood4 ,we use wood enough in building houses and railway structures2 our carriage-builders and wheelwrights cut up and fashion a great deal more2 and our cabinet-makers know how to stock our rooms with furniture1 from three-legged stools up to costly cabinets2 but implements and minor articles are less extensively made of wood in ,england than in foreign countries--partly because our forests are becoming thinned1 and partly because iron and iron-work are so abundant and cheap4 ,in ,america1 matters are very different4 ,there are thousands of square miles of forest which belong to no one in particular1 and the wood of which may be claimed by those who are at the trouble of felling the trees4 #edd ,nay1 a backwoodsman would be very glad to effect a clearing on such terms as these1 seeing that the trees encumber the ground on which he wishes to grow corn crops4 ,the wood1 when the trees have been felled and converted into boards and planks1 is applied to almost countless purposes of use4 ,of use1 we say2 for the ,americans are too bustling a people to devote much time to the fabricating of ornaments2 they prefer to buy these ready made from ,britishers and other ,europeans4 ,pails1 bowls1 washing-machines1 wringing-machines1 knife-cleaning boards1 neat light vehicles1 neat light furniture1 dairy vessels1 kitchen utensils1 all are made by the ,americans of clean1 tidy-looking wood1 and are sold at very low prices4 ,machinery is used to a large extent in this turnery and wood-ware3 the manufacturers not having the fear of strikes before their eyes1 use machines just where they think this kind of aid is likely to be most serviceable4 ,the way in which they get a little bowl out of a big bowl1 and this out of a bigger1 and this out of a bigger still1 is a notable example of economy in workmanship4 ,on the continent of ,europe the wood-workers are mostly handicraftsmen1 who niggle away at their little bits of wood without much aid from machinery4 ,witness the briar-root pipes of ,st4 ,claude4 ,smart young fellows who sport this kind of smoking-bowl in ,england1 neither know nor care for the fact that it comes from a secluded spot in the ,jura mountains4 ,men and women1 boys and girls1 earn from threepence to four shillings a day in various little bits of carved and turned work2 but the crack wages are paid to the briar-root pipe-makers4 ,england imports many more than she smokes1 and sends off the rest to ,america4 ,m4 ,audiganne says that in those monster armies which have sprung up so suddenly on the soil of the great republic1 there is scarcely a soldier but has his ,st4 ,claude briar-root pipe in his pocket4 ,the truth is1 that1 unlike cutties and meerschaums1 and other clay and earthen pipes1 these briar-root productions are very strong1 and will bear a great deal of knocking about4 ,the same ,french writer says that when his countrymen came here to see our ,international ,exhibition1 some of them bought and carried home specimens of these pipes as ,english curiosities3 not aware that the little ,french town of ,st4 ,claude was the place of their production4 ,in ,germany the wood-work1 so far as ,english importers know anything of it1 is mostly in the form of small trinkets and toys for children4 ,the production of these is immense4 ,in the ,tyrol1 and near the ,thuringian ,forest1 in the middle states of the ill-organized confederacy1 and wherever forests abound1 there the peasants spend much of their time in making toys4 ,in the ,tyrol1 for example1 there is a valley called the ,groednerthal1 about twenty miles long1 in which the rough climate and barren soil will not suffice to grow corn for the inhabitants1 who are rather numerous4 ,shut out from the agricultural labor customary in other districts1 the people earn their bread chiefly by wood carving4 ,they make toys of numberless kinds 7in which ,noah's ,ark animals are very predominant7 of the soft wood of the ,siberian pine--known to the ,germans as ziebelnusskiefer4 ,the tree is of slow growth1 found on the higher slopes of the valley1 but now becoming scarce1 owing to the improvidence of the peasants in cutting down the forests without saving or planting others to succeed them4 ,for a hundred years and more the peasants have been carvers4 ,nearly every cottage is a workshop4 ,all the occupants1 male and female1 down to very young children1 seat themselves round a table1 and fashion their little bits of wood4 ,they use twenty or thirty different kinds of tools1 under the magic of which the wood is transformed into a dog1 a lion1 a man1 or what not4 ,agents represent these carvers in various cities of ,europe1 to dispose of the wares2 but they nearly all find their way back again #ede to their native valleys1 to spend their earnings in peace4 ,many of the specimens shown at the ,kew museums are more elaborate than those which could be produced wholly by hand4 ,a turning-lathe of some power must have been needed4 ,indeed1 the manner in which these zoological productions are fabricated is exceedingly curious1 and is little likely to be anticipated by ordinary observers4 ,who1 for instance1 would imagine for a moment that a wooden horse1 elephant1 or tiger1 or any other member of the ,noah's ,ark family1 could be turned in a lathe1 like a ball1 bowl1 or bedpost8 ,how could the turner's cutting tool1 while the piece of wood is rotating in the lathe1 make the head stick out in the front1 and the ears at the top1 and the tail in the rear1 and the legs underneath8 ,and how could the animal be made longer than he is high1 and higher than he is broad8 ,and how could all the ins and outs1 the ups and downs1 the swellings and sinkings1 be produced by a manipulation which only seems99 suitable for circular objects8 ,these questions are all fair ones1 and deserve a fair answer4 ,the articles1 then1 are not fully made in the lathe2 they are brought to the state of flat pieces1 the outline or contour of which bears an approximate resemblance to the profile of an animal4 ,these flat pieces are in themselves a puzzle2 for it is difficult to see how the lathe can have had anything to do with their production4 ,the truth is1 the wood is first turned into rings4 ,say that a horse three inches long is to be fabricated4 ,a block of soft pine wood is prepared1 and cut into a slab three inches thick1 by perhaps fifteen inches in diameter2 the grain running in the direction of the thickness4 ,out of this circular slab a circular piece is cut from the center1 possibly six inches in diameter1 leaving the slab in the form of a ring1 like an extra thick india-rubber elastic band4 ,while this ring is in the lathe1 the turner applies his chisels and gouges to it in every part1 on the outer edge1 on the inner edge1 and on both sides4 ,all sorts of curves are made1 now deep1 now shallow2 now convex1 now concave2 now with single curvature1 now with double4 ,a looker-on could hardly by any possibility guess what these curvings and twistings have to do with each other1 for the ring is still a ring1 and nothing else2 but the cunning workman has got it all in his mind's eye4 ,when the turning is finished1 the ring is bisected or cut across1 not into two slices1 but into two segments or semicircular pieces4 ,looking at either end of either piece1 lo6 there is the profile of a horse--without a tail1 certainly1 but a respectably good horse in other respects4 ,the secret is now divulged4 ,the turner1 while the ring or annulus is in the lathe--a ,saturn's ring without a ,saturn--turns the outer edge into the profile of the top of the head and the back of a horse1 the one flat surface into the profile of the chest and the fore legs1 and the other flat surface into the profile of the hind quarters and hind legs1 and the inner edge of the ring into the profile of the belly1 and the deep recess between the fore and hind legs4 ,the curvatures are really very well done1 for the workmen have good models to copy from1 and long practice gives them accuracy of hand and eye4 ,an endless ring of tailless horses has been produced1 doubtless the most important part of the affair2 but there is much ingenuity yet to be shown in developing from this abstract ring a certain number of single1 concrete1 individual1 proper ,noah's ,ark horses1 with proper ,noah's ,ark tails4 ,the ring is chopped or sawn up into a great many pieces4 ,each piece is thicker at one end than the other1 because the outer diameter of the ring was necessarily greater than the inner2 but with this allowance each piece may be considered flat4 ,the thick end is the head of the horse1 the thin end the hind quarter2 one projecting piece represents the position and profile of the fore legs1 but they are not separated2 and similarly of the hind #edf legs4 ,now is the time for the carver to set to work4 ,he takes the piece of wood in hand1 equalizes the thickness where needful1 and pares off the sharp edges4 ,he separates into two ears the little projecting piece which juts out from the head1 separates into two pairs of legs the two projecting pieces which jut out from the body1 and makes a respectable pair of eyes1 with nostrils and mouth of proper thorough-bred character2 he jags the back of the neck in the proper way to form a mane1 and makes1 not a tail1 but a little recess to which a tail may comfortably be glued4 ,the tail is a separate affair4 ,an endless ring of horses' tails is first turned in a lathe4 ,a much smaller slab1 smaller in diameter and in thickness than the other1 is cut into an annulus or ring2 and this ring is turned by tools on both edges and both sides4 ,when bisected1 each end of each half of the ring exhibits the profile of a horse's tail2 and when cut up into small bits1 each bit has the wherewithal in it for fashioning one tail4 ,after the carver has done his work1 each horse receives its proper tail2 and they are all proper long tails too1 such as nature may be supposed to have made1 and not the clipped and cropped affairs which farriers and grooms produce4 ,this continuous ring system is carried faithfully through the whole ,noah's ,ark family4 ,one big slab is for an endless ring of elephants2 another of appropriate size for camels2 others for lions1 leopards1 wolves1 foxes1 dogs1 donkeys1 ducks1 and all the rest4 ,sometimes the ears are so shaped as not very conveniently to be produced in the same ring as the other part of the animal2 in this case an endless ring of ears is made1 and chopped up into twice as many ears as there are animals4 ,elephant's trunks stick out in a way that would perplex the turner somewhat2 he therefore makes an endless ring of trunks1 chops it up1 and hands over the pieces to the carver to be fashioned into as many trunks as there are elephants4 ,in some instances1 where the animal is rather a bullet-headed sort of an individual1 the head is turned in a lathe separately1 and glued on to the headless body4 ,if a carnivorous animal has a tail very much like that of one of the graminivorous sort1 the carver says nothing about it1 but makes the same endless ring of tails serve both2 or they may belong to the same order but different families--as1 for instance1 the camel and the cow1 which are presented by these ,noah's ,ark people with tails cut from the same endless ring4 ,other toys are made in the same way4 ,those eternal soldiers which ,german boys are always supposed to love so much1 as if there were no end of ,schleswig-,holsteins for them to conquer1 are--if made of wood 7for tin soldiers are also immensely in request7--turned separately in a lathe1 so far as their martial frames admit of this mode of shaping2 but the muskets and some other portions are made on the endless ring system4 ,all this may be seen very well at ,kew2 for there are the blocks of soft pine1 the slabs cut from them 7with the grain of the wood in the direction of the thickness71 the rings turned from the slabs1 the turnings and curvatures of the rings1 the profile of an animal seen at each end1 the slices cut from each ring1 the animal fashioned from each slice1 the ring of tails1 the separate tails for each ring1 the animal properly tailed in all its glory1 and a painted specimen or two to show the finished form in which the loving couples go into the ark--pigs not so much smaller than elephants as they ought to be1 but piggishly shaped nevertheless4 ,all the ,english toy-makers agree1 with one accord1 that we cannot for an instant compete with the ,germans and ,tyrolese in the fabrication of such articles1 price for price4 ,we have not made it a large and important branch of handicraft2 and our workmen have not studied natural history with sufficient assiduity to give the proper distinctive forms to the animals4 #edg ,the more elaborate productions--such as the baby-dolls which can say mamma1 and make their chests heave like any sentimental damsels--are of ,french1 rather than ,german manufacture1 and are not so much wooden productions as combinations of many different materials4 ,papier-mache1 moulded into form1 is becoming very useful in the doll and animal trade2 while india-rubber and gutta-percha are doing wonders4 ,the real ,noah's ,ark work1 however1 is thoroughly ,german1 and is specially connected with wood-working4 ,some of the more delicate and elaborate specimens of carving--such as the groups for chimney-piece ornaments1 honored by the protection of glass shades--are made of lime-tree or linden-wood1 by the peasants of ,oberammergau1 in the mountain parts of ,bavaria4 ,there were specimens of these kinds of work at our two exhibitions which could not have been produced in ,england at thrice the price2 our good carvers are few1 and their services are in request at good wages for mediaeval church-work4 ,we should be curious to know what an ,english carver would require to be paid for a half-guinea ,bavarian group now before us--a ,tyrolese mountaineer seated on a rock1 his rifle resting on his arm1 the studded nails in his climbing shoes1 a dead chamois at his feet1 his wife leaning her hand lightly on his shoulder1 his thumb pointing over his shoulder to denote the quarter where he had shot the chamois1 his wooden bowl of porridge held on his left knee1 the easy fit and flow of the garments of both man and woman-- all artistically grouped and nicely cut1 and looking clean and white in linden-wood4 ,no ,english carver would dream of such a thing at such a price4 ,however1 these are not the most important of the productions of the peasant carvers1 commercially speaking2 like as our ,mintons and ,copelands make more money by everyday crockery than by beautiful ,parian statuettes1 so do the ,german toy-makers look to the ,noah's ,ark class of productions as their main stay in the market1 rather than to more elegant and artistic works4 ------ #edh ,,william ,,shakespeare4 ,,by ,,cardinal ,,wiseman4 ,in the autumn of last year a communication was made to his eminence the late ,cardinal ,wiseman by ,h4 ,bence ,jones1 ,esq41 ,m4,d41 as ,secretary of the ,royal ,institution of ,great ,britain1 requesting him to deliver a lecture before that society4 ,the cardinal1 with the prompt kindness usual to him1 at once assented4 ,the ,shakespeare ,tercentenary seemed to prescribe the subject1 which his eminence therefore selected4 ,the following pages were dictated by him in the last weeks of his life4 ,the latter part was taken down in the beginning of ,january2 the earlier part was dictated on ,saturday the fourteenth of that month4 ,it was his last intellectual exertion1 and it overtaxed his failing strength4 ,the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,clifford1 chaplain to the ,hospital of ,st4 ,john and ,st4 ,elizabeth1 who acted as his amanuensis1 states1 from the lips of his eminence1 that the matter contained in these pages is the beginning and the ending of what he intended to deliver4 ,we have1 therefore1 only a fragment of a whole which was never completed except in the author's mind4 ,i4 ,there have been some men in the world's history--and they are necessarily few--who by their deaths have deprived mankind of the power to do justice to their merits1 in those particular spheres of excellence in which they had been pre-eminent4 ,when the immortal ,raphael for the last time laid down his palette1 still moist with the brilliant colors which he had spread upon his unfinished masterpiece1 destined to be exposed to admiration above his bier1 he left none behind him who could worthily depict and transmit to us his beautiful lineaments3 so that posterity has had to seek in his own paintings1 among the guards at a sepulchre1 or among the youthful disciples in an ancient school1 some figure which may be considered as representing himself4 ,when his mighty rival1 ,michelangelo1 cast down that massive chisel which no one after him was worthy or able to wield1 none survived him who could venture to repeat in marble the rugged grandeur of his countenance2 but we imagine that we can trace in the head of some unfinished satyr1 or in the sublime countenance of his ,moses1 the natural or the idealized type from which he drew his stern and noble inspirations4 ,and1 to turn to another great art1 when ,mozart closed his last uncompleted score1 and laid him down to pass from the regions of earthly to those of heavenly music1 which none had so closely approached as he1 the science over which he ruled could find no strains in which worthily to mourn him except his own1 and was compelled to sing for the first time his own marvelous requiem at his funeral4 ,footnote #aja ,footnote #aja3 ,the same may be said of the celebrated ,cimarosa4 ,no less can it be said that when the pen dropped from ,shakespeare's hand1 when his last mortal illness mastered the strength of even his genius1 the world was left powerless to describe in writing his noble and unrivalled characteristics4 ,hence we turn back upon himself1 and endeavor to draw from his own works the only true records of his genius and his mind4 ,footnote #ajb ,footnote #ajb3 ,even in his lifetime this seems to have been foreseen4 ,in #affd1 in an epigram addressed to ,master ,william ,shakespeare1 and first published by ,mr4 ,halliwell1 occurred the following lines3 ,besides in places thy wit windes like ,maeander4 ,when 7whence7 needy new composers borrow more ,thence 7than7 ,terence doth from ,plautus or ,menander1 ,but to praise thee aright ,i want thy store4 ,then let thine owne words thine owne worth upraise ,and help t' adorne thee with deserved baies4 ,halliwell's ,life of ,shakespeare1 p4 #afj4 #edi ,we apply to him phrases which he has uttered of others2 we believe that he must have involuntarily described himself1 when he says1 ,take him all in all1 ,we shall not look upon his like again2 or that he must even consciously have given a reflection of himself when he so richly represents to us the poet's eye in a fine phrenzy rolling4 7,midsummer-,night's ,dream1 act v41 scene #a47 ,but in fact1 considering that the character of a man is like that which he describes1 as compounded of many simples extracted from many objects 7,as ,you ,like ,it1 act iv41 scene #a71 we naturally seek for those qualities which enter into his composition2 we look for them in his own pages2 we endeavor to cull from every part of his works such attributions of great and noble qualities to his characters1 and unite them so as to form what we believe is his truest portrait4 ,in truth1 no other author has perhaps existed who has so completely reflected himself in his works as ,shakespeare4 ,for1 as artists will tell us that every great master has more or less reproduced in his works characteristics to be found in himself1 this is far more true of our greatest dramatist1 whose genius1 whose mind1 whose heart1 and whose entire soul live and breathe in every page and every line of his imperishable works4 ,indeed1 as in these there is infinitely greater variety1 and consequently greater versatility of power necessary to produce it1 so must the amount of elements which enter into is composition represent changeable yet blending qualities beyond what the most finished master in any other art an be supposed to have possessed4 ,the positive and directly applicable materials which we possess for constructing a biography of this our greatest writer1 are more scanty than have been collected to illustrate the life of many an inferior author4 ,his contemporaries1 his friends1 perhaps admirers1 have left us but few anecdotes of his life1 and have recorded but few traits of either his appearance or his character4 ,those who immediately succeeded him seem to have taken but little pains to collect early traditions concerning him1 while yet they must have been fresh in the recollections of his fellow-countrymen1 and still more of his fellow-townsmen4 ,footnote #ajc ,footnote #ajc3 ,as evidence of this neglect we may cite the ,journal of the ,rev4 ,john ,ward1 ,incumbent of ,stratford-upon-,avon1 to which he was appointed in #affb4 ,this diary1 which has been published by ,doctor ,severn1 from the original ,,mss41 preserved in the library of the ,medical ,society of ,london1 contains but two pages relating to ,shakespeare1 and those contain but scanty and unsatisfactory notices4 ,i will quote only two sentences3 ,remember to peruse ,shakespeare's ,plays--bee much versed in them1 that ,i may not bee ignorant in that matter1 whether ,dr4 ,heylin does well1 in reckoning up the dramatick poets which have been famous in ,england1 to omit ,shakespeare 7p4 #ahd74 ,shakespeare's daughter was still alive when this was written1 as appears from the sentence that immediately follows3 it seems to us wonderful that so soon after the poet's death a shrewd and clever clergyman and physician 7for ,mr4 ,ward was both7 should have known so little about his celebrated townsman's works or life4 ,it appears as though they were scarcely conscious of the great and brilliant luminary of ,english literature which was shining still1 or had but lately passed away2 and as though they could not anticipate either the admiration which was to succeed their duller perceptions of his unapproachable grandeur1 or the eager desire which this would generate of knowing even the smallest details of its rise1 its appearance1 its departure4 ,for by the biography of ,shakespeare one cannot understand the records of what he bought1 of what he sold1 or the recital of those acts which only confound him with the common mass which surrounded him1 and make him appear as the worthy burgess or the thrifty merchant2 though even about the ordinary commonplace portions of his life such uncertainty exists1 that doubts have been thrown on the very genuineness of that house which he is supposed to have inhabited4 ,now1 it is the characteristic individualizing quality1 actions1 and mode of executing his works1 to whatever class of excellence he may belong1 that we long to be familiar with in order to say that we know the man4 ,what matters it to us that he paid so many marks or #eej shillings to purchase a homestead in ,stratford-upon-,avon8 ,the simple autograph of his name is now worth all the sums that he thus expended4 ,one single line of one of his dramas1 written in his own hand1 would be worth to his admirers all the sums which are known to have passed between him and others4 ,what has become of the goodly folios which must have once existed written in his own hand8 ,where are the books annotated or even scratched by his pen1 from which he drew the subjects and sometimes the substance of his dramas8 ,what vandalism destroyed the first1 or dispersed the second of these valuable treasures8 ,how is it that we know nothing of his method of composition8 ,was it in solitude and sacred seclusion1 self-imprisoned for hours beyond the reach of the turmoil of the street or the domestic sounds of home8 ,or were his unrivalled works produced in scraps of time and fugitive moments1 even perhaps in the waiting-room of the theatre1 or the brawling or jovial sounds of the tavern8 ,was he silent1 thoughtful1 while his fertile brain was seething and heaving in the fermentation of his glorious conceptions2 so that men should have said--,hush6 ,shakespeare is at work with some new and mighty imaginings6 or wore he always that light and careless spirit which often belongs to the spontaneous facility of genius2 so that his comrades may have wondered when1 and where1 and how his grave characters1 his solemn scenes1 his fearful catastrophes1 and his sublime maxims of original wisdom1 were conceived1 planned1 matured1 and finally written down1 to rule for ever the world of letters8 ,almost the only fact connected with his literary life which has come down to us is one which has been recorded1 perhaps with jealousy1 certainly with ill-temper1 by his friend ,ben ,jonson--that he wrote with overhaste1 and hardly ever erased a line1 though it would have been better had he done so with many4 ,this almost total absence of all external information1 this drying-up of the ordinary channels of personal history1 forces us to seek for the character and the very life of ,shakespeare in his own works4 ,but how difficult1 in analyzing the complex constitution of such a man's principles1 motives1 passions1 and affections1 to discriminate between what he has drawn for himself1 and what he has created by the force of his imagination4 ,dealing habitually with fictions1 sometimes in their noblest1 sometimes in their vilest forms--here gross and even savage1 there refined and sometimes ethereal1 how shall we discover what portions of them were copied from the glass which he held before himself1 what from the magic mirrors across which flitted illusive or fanciful imagery8 ,the work seems hopeless4 ,it is not like that of the printer1 who1 from a chaotic heap of seemingly unmeaning lead1 draws out letter after letter1 and so disposes them that they shall make senseful and even brilliant lines4 ,it is more like the hopeless labor of one who1 from the fragments of a tesselated pavement1 should try to draw the elegant and exquisitely tinted figure which once it bore4 ,this difficulty of appreciating1 and still more of delineating1 the character of our great poet1 makes him1 without perhaps an exception1 the most difficult literary theme in ,english letters4 ,how to reduce the subject to a lecture seems indeed a literal paradox4 ,but when to this difficulty is added that of an impossible compression into narrow limits of the widest and vastest compass ever embraced by any one man's genius1 it must appear an excess of rashness in any-one to presume that he can do justice to the subject on which ,i am addressing you4 ,it seems1 therefore1 hardly wonderful that even the last year1 dedicated naturally to the tercentenary commemoration of ,william ,shakespeare1 should have passed over without any public eulogy of his greatness in this our metropolis4 ,it seemed1 indeed1 as if the magnitude of that one man's genius was too oppressive for this generation4 ,it was not1 ,i believe1 an undervaluing #eea of his merits which produced the frustration of efforts1 and the disappointment of expectations1 that seemed to put to rout and confusion1 or rather to paralyze1 the exertions so strenuously commenced to mark the year as a great epoch in ,england's literary history4 ,i believe1 on the contrary1 that the dimensions of ,shakespeare had grown so immeasurably in the estimation of his fellow-countrymen1 that the proportions of his genius to all that had followed him1 and all that surround us1 had grown so enormously in the judgment and feeling of the country1 from the nobleman to the workman1 that the genius of the man oppressed us1 and made us feel that all our multiplied resources of art and speech were unequal to his worthy commemoration4 ,no plan proposed for this purpose seemed adequate to attain it4 ,nothing solid and permanent that could either come up to his merits or to our aspirations seemed to be within the grasp either of the arts or of the wealth of our country4 ,the year has passed away1 and ,shakespeare remains without any monument1 except that which1 by his wonderful writings1 he has raised for himself4 ,even the research after a site fit for the erection of a monument to him1 in the city of squares1 of gardens1 and of parks1 seemed only to work perplexity and hopelessness4 ,presumptuous as it may appear1 the claim to connect myself with that expired and extinct movement is my only apology for my appearing before you4 ,if1 a year after its time1 ,i take upon myself the eulogy of ,shakespeare1 if ,i appear to come forward as with a funeral oration1 to give him1 in a manner1 posthumous glory1 it is because my work has dropped out of its place1 and not because ,i have inopportunely misplaced it4 ,in the course of the last year1 it was proposed to me1 both directly and indirectly1 to deliver a lecture on ,shakespeare4 ,i was bold enough to yield my assent1 and thus felt that ,i had contracted an obligation to the memory of the bard1 as well as to those who thought that my sharing what was done for his honor would possess any value4 ,a task undertaken becomes a duty unfulfilled4 ,when1 therefore1 it was proposed to me to perform my portion of the homage which ,i considered due to him1 though it was to be a month too late1 ,i felt it would be cowardice to shrink from its performance4 ,for in truth the undertaking required some courage2 and to retire before its difficulties might be stigmatized as a dastardly timidity4 ,it is a work of courage at any time and in any place to undertake a lecture upon ,shakespeare1 more in fact than to venture on the delivery of a series4 ,the latter gives scope for the thousand things which one would wish to say--it affords ample space for apposite illustration--and it enables one to enrich the subject with the innumerable and inimitable beauties that are flung like gems or flowers over every page of his magnificent works4 ,but in the midst of public1 or rather universal1 celebration of a national and secular festival in his honor1 in the presence probably of the most finished literary characters in this highly-educated country1 still more certainly before numbers of those whom the nation acknowledges as deeply read in the works of our poet as the most accomplished critic of any age has been in the writings of the classics--men who have introduced into our literature a class-name--that of ,shakespearian scholars--to have ventured to speak on this great theme might seem to have required1 not courage1 but temerity4 ,why1 it might have been justly asked1 do none of those who have consumed their lives in the study of him1 not page by page1 but line by line1 who have pressed his sweet fruits between their lips till they have absorbed all their lusciousness1 who have made his words their study1 his thoughts their meditation1--why does not one at least among them stand forward now1 and leave for posterity the record of his matured observation8 ,perhaps ,i may assign the reason which ,i have before1 that they #eeb know1 too1 the unapproachable granduer of the theme1 and the rare powers which are required to grasp and to hold it4 ,be it so2 but at any rate1 if in the presence of others so much more capable it would have been rash to speak1 to express one's thoughts1 when there is no competition1 may be pardonable at least4 ,and yet1 when everybody else is silent1 it may be very naturally asked1 ,have ,i a single claim to put forward upon your attention and indulgence8 ,i think ,i may have one2 though ,i fear that when ,i mention it1 it may be considered either a paradox or a refutation of my pretensions4 ,my claim1 then1 to be heard and borne with is this--that ,i have never in my life seen ,shakespeare acted2 ,i have never heard his eloquent speeches declaimed by gifted performers2 ,i have not listened to his noble poetry as uttered by the kings or queens of tragedy2 ,i have not witnessed his grand1 richly-concerted scenes endowed with life by the graceful gestures1 the classical attitudes1 the contrasting emotions1 and the pointed emphasis of those who in modern times may be considered to have even added to that which his genius produced2 ,i know nothing of the original and striking readings or renderings of particular passages by masters of mimic art2 ,i know him only on his flat page1 as he is represented in immovable1 featureless1 unemotional type4 ,nor am ,i acquainted with him surrounded1 perhaps sometimes sustained1 but1 at any rate1 worthily adorned and enhanced in accessory beauty1 by the magic illusion of scenic decorations1 the splendid pageantry which he simply hints at1 but which1 ,i believe1 has been now realized to its most ideal exactness and richness--banquets1 tournaments1 and battles1 with the almost deceptive accuracy of costume and of architecture4 ,when ,i hear of all these additional ornaments hung around his noble works1 the impression which they make upon my mind creates a deeper sense of amazement and admiration1 how dramas written for the ,globe ,theatre1 wretchedly lighted1 incapable of grandeur even from want of space1 and without those mechanical and artistical resources which belong to a later age1 should be capable of bearing all this additional weight of lustre and magnificence without its being necessary to alter a word1 still less a passage1 from their original delivery4 ,footnote #ajd ,this exhibits the nicely-balanced point of excellence which is equally poised between simplicity and gorgeousness2 which can retain its power and beauty1 whether stript to its barest form or loaded with exuberant appurtenances4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,the chorus which serves as a prologue to ,king ,henry ,v41 shows how ,shakespeare's own mind keenly felt the deficiencies of his time1 and almost anticipatingly wrote for the effects which a future age might supply3 ,but pardon1 gentles all1 ,this flat unraised spirit that hath dar'd1 ,on this unworthy scaffold1 to bring forth ,so great an object4 ,can this cock-pit hold ,the vasty fields of ,france8 ,or may we cram ,within this wooden ,o the very casques ,that did affright the air at ,agincourt4 4 4 4 4 ,piece out our imperfections with your thoughts2 ,into a thousand parts divide one man1 ,and make imaginary puissance3 ,think1 when we talk of horses1 that ye see them ,printing their proud hoofs i' the receiving earth2 ,for 'tis your thoughts that now must deck our kings4 ,after having said thus much of my own probably unenvied position1 ,i think ,i shall not be wrong in assuming that none of ,shakespeare's enthusiastic admirers1 one of whom ,i profess myself to be1 and that few of my audience1 are in this exceptional position4 ,they will probably consider this a disadvantage on my side2 and to some extent ,i must acknowledge it--for ,shakespeare wrote to be acted1 and not to be read4 ,but1 on the other hand1 is it not something to have approached this wonderful man1 and to have communed with him in silence and in solitude1 face to face1 alone with him alone2 to have read and studied and meditated on him in early youth1 without gloss or commentary1 or preface or glossary8 ,for such was my good or evil fortune2 not during the still hours of night1 but during that stiller portion of an ,italian #eec afternoon1 when silence is deeper than in the night1 under a bright and sultry sun when all are at rest1 all around you hushed to the very footsteps in a well-peopled house1 except the unquelled murmuring of a fountain beneath orange trees1 which mingled thus the most delicate of fragrance with the most soothing of sounds1 both stealing together through the half-closed windows of wide and lofty corridors4 ,is there not more of that reverence and that relish which constitute the classical taste to be derived from the concentration of thought and feelings which the perusal of the simple unmarred and unoverlaid text produces2 when you can ponder on a verse1 can linger over a word1 can repeat mentally and even orally with your own deliberation and your own emphasis1 whenever dignity1 beauty1 or wisdom invite you to pause1 or compel you to ruminate8 ,in fact1 were you desired to give your judgment on the refreshing water of a pure fountain1 you would not care to taste it from a richly-jewelled and delicately-chased cup2 you would not consent to have it mingled with the choicest wine1 nor flavored by a single drop of the most exquisite essence2 you would not have it chilled with ice1 or gently attempered by warmth4 ,no1 you would choose the most transparent crystal vessel1 however homely2 you would fill at the very cleft of the rock from which it bubbles fresh and bright1 and drink it yet sparkling1 and beading with its own air-pearls the walls of the goblet4 ,nay1 is not an opposite course that which the poet himself censures as wasteful1 ridiculous excess8 ,to gild refined gold1 to paint the lily2 ,to throw a perfume on the violet4 4 4 4 4 ,or with a taper light ,to seek the beauteous eye of heaven to varnish4 7,king ,john act iv41 scene #b47 ,you will easily understand1 from long and almost apologetic preamble1 in the first place1 that ,i take it for granted that ,i am addressing an audience which is not assembled to receive elementary or new information concerning ,england's greatest poet4 ,on the contrary1 ,i believe myself to stand before many who are able to judge1 rather than merely accept1 my opinions1 and in the presence of an assembly exclusively composed of his admirers1 thoroughly conversant with his works4 ,a further consequence is this1 that my lecture will not consist of extracts--still less of recitations of any of those beautiful passages which occur in every play of ,shakespeare4 ,the most celebrated of these are present to the mind of every ,english scholar1 from his school-boy days to his maturer studies4 ,,ii4 ,it would be superfluous for a lecturer on ,shakespeare to put to himself the question1 ,what place do you intend to give to the subject of your discourse in the literature of ,england or of ,europe8 ,whatever difference of opinion may exist elsewhere1 ,i believe that in this country only one answer will be given4 ,among our native writers no one questions that ,shakespeare is supremely pre-eminent1 and most of us will probably assign him as lofty a position in the whole range of modern ,european literature4 ,perhaps no other nation possesses among its writers any one name to which there is no rival claim1 nor even an approximation of equality1 to make a balance against it4 ,were we to imagine in ,england a ,walhalla erected to contain the effigies of great men1 and were one especial hall to contain those of our most eminent dramatists1 it must needs be so constructed as to have one central niche4 ,were a similar structure prepared in ,france1 it would be natural to place in equal prominence at least two figures1 or1 in classical language1 two different muses of ,tragedy and of ,comedy would have to be separately represented4 ,but in ,england1 assign what place we may to those who have excelled in either branch in mimic art1 #eed the highest excellence in both would be found centered in one man2 and from him on either side would have to range the successful cultivators of the drama4 ,but this claim to so undisputed an elevation does not rest upon his merits only in this field of our literature4 ,shakespeare has established his claim to the noblest position in ,english literature on a wider and more solid basis than the mere composition of skilful plays could deserve4 ,as the great master of our language1 as almost its regenerator1 quite its refiner--as the author whose use of a word stamps it with the mark of purest ,english coinage--whose employment of a phrase makes it household and proverbial--whose sententious sayings1 flowing without effort from his mind1 seem almost sacred1 and are quoted as axioms or maxims indisputable--as the orator whose speeches1 not only apt1 but natural to the lips from which they issue1 are more eloquent than the discourses of senators or finished public speakers--as the poet whose notes are richer1 more wondrously varied than those of the greatest professed bards--as the writer who has run through the most varied ways and to the greatest extent through every department of literature and learning1 through the history of many nations1 their domestic manners1 their characteristics1 and even their personal distinctives1 and who seems to have visited every part of nature1 to have intuitively studied the heavens and the earth--as the man1 in fine1 who has shown himself supreme in so many things1 superiority in any one of which gains reputation in life and glory after death1 he is preeminent above all1 and beyond the reach of envy or jealousy4 ,and if no other nation can show us another man whose head rises above all their other men of letters1 as ,shakespeare does over ours1 they cannot pretend1 by the accumulation of separated excellences1 to put in competition with him a type rather than a realization of possible worth4 ,until1 therefore1 some other writer can be produced1 no matter from what nation1 who unites in himself personally these gifts of our bard in an equally sublime degree1 his stature overtops them all1 wherever born and however celebrated4 ,the question1 however1 may be raised1 ,is he so securely placed upon his pedestal that a rival may not one day thrust him from it8--is he so secure upon his throne that a rebel may not usurp it8 ,to these interrogations ,i answer unhesitatingly1 ,yes4 ,in the first place1 there have only been two poets in the world before ,shakespeare who have attained the same position with him4 ,each came at the moment which closed the volume of the period past and opened that of a new epoch4 ,of what preceded ,homer we can know but little2 the songs by bards or rhapsodists had1 no doubt1 preceded him1 and prepared the way for the first and greatest epic4 ,this1 it is acknowledged1 has never been surpassed2 it became the standard of language1 the steadfast rule of versification1 and the model of poetical composition4 ,his supremacy1 once attained1 was shaken by no competition2 it was as well assured after a hundred years as it has been by thousands4 ,dante again stood between the remnants of the old ,roman civilization and the construction of a new and ,christian system of arts and letters4 ,he1 too1 consolidated the floating fragments of an indefinite language1 and with them built and thence himself fitted and adorned that stately vessel which bears him through all the regions of life and of death1 of glory1 of trial1 and of perdition4 ,a word found in ,dante is classical to the ,italian ear2 a form1 however strange in grammar1 traced to him1 is considered justifiable if used by any modern sonneteer4 ,footnote #aje ,he holds the place in his own country which ,shakespeare does in ours2 not only is his terza rima considered inimitable1 #eee but the concentration of brilliant imagery in our words1 the flashes of his great thoughts and the copious variety of his learning1 marvellous in his age1 make his volume be to this day the delight of every refined intelligence and every polished mind in ,italy4 ,footnote #aje3 ,any one acquainted with ,mastrofini's ,dictionary of ,italian ,verbs will understand this4 ,and he1 too1 like ,homer1 notwithstanding the magnificent poets who succeeded him1 has never for a moment lost that fascination which he alone exercises over the domain of ,italian poetry4 ,he was as much its ruler in his own age as he is in the present4 ,in like manner1 the two centuries and more which have elapsed since ,shakespeare's death have as completely confirmed him in his legitimate command as the same period did his two only real predecessors4 ,no one can possibly either be placed in a similar position or come up to his great qualities1 except at the expense of the destruction of our present civilization1 the annihilation of its past traditions1 the resolution of our language into jargon1 and its regeneration1 by a new birth1 into something more rich and strange than the powerful idiom which so splendidly combines the ,saxon and the ,norman elements4 ,should such a devastation and reconstruction take place1 whether they come from ,new ,zealand or from ,siberia1 then there may spring up the poet of that time and condition who may be the fourth in that great series of unrivalled bards1 but will no more interfere with his predecessor's rights than ,dante or ,shakespeare does with those of ,homer4 ,but further1 we may truly say that the legislator of a people can be but one1 and1 as such1 can have no rival beyond his own shores4 ,solon1 ,lycurgus1 and ,numa are the only three men in profane history who have reached the dignity of this singular title4 ,the first seized on the character of the bland and polished ,athenians1 and framed his code in such harmony with it1 that no subsequent laws1 even in the periods of most corrupt relaxation1 could efface their primitive stamp1 cease to make the republic proud of their lawgiver's name4 ,lycurgus understood the stern and almost savage hardihood and simplicity of the ,spartan disposition1 and perpetuated it and regulated it by his harsh and unfeeling system1 of which1 notwithstanding1 the ,lacedaemonian was proud4 ,and so ,numa ,pompilius comprehended the readiness of the infant republic1 sprung from so doubtful and discreditable a parentage1 to discover a noble descent1 and connect its birth and education with gods and heroes2 took hold of this weakness for the sanction of his legislation2 and feigned his conferences with the nymph ,egeria as the sources of his wisdom4 ,no2 whatever may become of kings1 legislators are never dethroned4 ,and so is ,shakespeare the unquestioned legislator of modern literary art4 ,no one will contend that1 without certain detriment1 it would be possible for a modern writer1 especially of dramatic fiction1 to go back beyond him and endeavor to establish a pre-,shakespearian school of ,english literature1 as we have the pre-,raphaelite in art4 ,struggle and writhe as any genius may--even if endowed with giant strength it--will be but as the battle of the ,titans against ,jove4 ,huge rocks will be rolled down upon him1 and the lightning from ,shakespeare's hand will assuredly tear his laurels1 if it do not strike his head4 ,byron could not appreciate the dramatic genius of ,shakespeare2 perhaps his sympathies ranged more freely among corsairs and ,suliotes than among purer and nobler spirits4 ,certainly he speaks of him with a superciliousness which betrays his inability fully to comprehend him4 ,footnote #ajf ,and yet1 would ,manfred have existed if the romantic drama and the spirit-agency of ,shakespeare #eef had not given it life and rule8 ,so in other nations4 ,i shall probably quote to you the sentiments of foreign writers of highest eminence concerning ,shakespeare1 not as authorities1 but as illustrations of what ,i may say4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,lord ,byron thus writes to ,mr4 ,murray1 ,july #ad1 #ahba3 ,i trust that ,sardanapalus will not be mistaken for a political play 4 4 4 4 ,you will find all this very unlike ,shakespeare2 and so much the better1 in one sense1 for ,i look upon him to be the worst of models1 though the most extraordinary of writers4--,moore's ,life of ,lord ,byron4 ,singularly enough1 the greatest of ,german modern writers has nowhere recorded a full and deliberate opinion on our poet4 ,but who can doubt that ,goetz von ,berlichingen with the ,iron ,hand1 and even the grand and tender ,faust1 and no less ,schiller's ,wallenstein1 belong to the family of ,shakespeare1 are remotely offsprings of his genius1 and have to be placed as tributary garlands round his pedestal4 ,to imagine ,shakespeare even in intention removed from his sovereignty would be a treachery parallel only to that of ,lear dethroned by his own daughters4 ,but still more may we say that1 in all such positions as that which we have assigned to ,shakespeare1 there has always been a culminating point to which succeeds decline--if not downfall4 ,it is so in art4 ,immediately after the death of ,raphael1 and the dispersion of his school1 art took a downward direction1 and has never risen again to the same height4 ,and while he marks the highest elevation ever reached in the arts of ,europe1 a similar observation will apply to their particular schools4 ,leonardo and ,luini in ,lombardy2 the ,carracci in ,bologna2 ,fra ,angelico in ,umbria2 ,garofalo in ,ferrara1 not only take the place of chiefs in their respective districts1 but mark the period from which degeneracy has to date4 ,and so surely is it in our case1 whatever may have been the course of literature which led up to ,shakespeare1 without pronouncing judgment on ,spenser1 or rare ,ben ,jonson1 it is certain that after him1 although ,england has possessed great poets1 there stands not one forward among them as ,shakespeare's competitor4 ,milton1 and ,dryden1 and ,addison1 and ,rowe have given us specimens of high dramatic writing of no mean quality2 others as well1 and even these have written much and nobly1 in lofty as in familiar verse2 yet not one has the public judgment of the nation placed on a level with him4 ,the intermediate space from them to our own times has left only the traces of a weak and enervated school4 ,it would be unbecoming to speak disparagingly of the poets of the present age2 but no one1 ,i believe1 has ventured to consider them as superior to the noble spirits of our ,augustan age4 ,the easy descent from the loftiest eminence is not easily reclimbed4 ,surely1 then1 we may consider ,shakespeare1 as an ancient mythologist would have done1 as enskied among the invulnerable clouds1 where no shaft1 even of envy1 can assail him4 ,from this elevation we may safely predict that he never can be plucked4 ,,iii4 ,the next point which seems to claim attention is the very root of all that ,i have said or shall have still to say4 ,to what does ,shakespeare owe this supremacy1 or whence flow all the extraordinary qualities which we attribute to him8 ,you are all prepared with the answer in one single word his ,,genius4 ,the genius of ,shakespeare is our familiar thought and ready expression when we study him1 and when we characterize him4 ,nevertheless1 simple and intelligible as is the word1 it is extremely difficult to analyze or to define it4 ,yet everything that is great and beautiful in his writings seems to require an explanation of the cause to which it owes its origin4 ,one great characteristic of genius1 easily and universally admitted1 is1 that it is a gift1 and not an acquisition4 ,it belongs inherently to the person possessing it2 it cannot be transmitted by heritage2 it cannot be infused by parental affection2 it cannot be bestowed by earliest care2 neither can it be communicated by the most finished #eeg culture or the most studied education4 ,it must be congenital1 or rather inborn to its possessor4 ,it is as much a living1 a natural power1 as is reason to every man4 ,as surely as the very first germ of the plant contains in itself the faculty of one day evolving from itself leaves1 flowers1 and fruit1 so does genius hold1 however hidden1 however unseen1 the power to open1 to bring forth1 and to mature what other men cannot do1 but what to it is instinctive and almost spontaneous4 ,it may begin to manifest itself with the very dawn of reason2 it may remain asleep for years1 till a spark1 perhaps accidentally1 kindles up into a sudden and irrepressible splendor that unseen intellectual fuel which has been almost unknown to its unambitious owner4 ,in our own minds we easily distinguish between the highest abilities or the most rare attainments1 when the fruit of education and of application1 and what we habitually distinguish as the manifestation of genius4 ,but still we do not find it so easy to reduce to words this mental distinction2 the one1 after all1 however gracefully and however brightly1 walks upon the earth1 adorning it by the good or fair things which it scatters on its way2 the other has wings1 and flies above the surface--it is like the aurora of ,homer or of ,thorwaldsen1 which1 as it flies above the plane of mortal actions1 sheds down its flowers along its brilliant path upon those worthy to gaze upward toward it4 ,we connect in our minds with genius the ideas of flashing splendor and eccentric movement4 ,it is an intellectual meteor1 the laws of which cannot be defined or reduced to any given theory4 ,we regard it with a certain awe1 and leave it to soar or to droop1 to shine or disappear1 to dash irregularly first in one direction and then in another2 no one dare curb it or direct it2 but all feel sure that its course1 however inexplicable1 is subject to higher and controlling rule4 ,but in order to define more closely what we in reality understand by genius1 it may be well to consider its action in divided and more restricted spheres of activity4 ,for although we habitually attribute this singular quality to many1 and often but on light grounds1 it is seldom that we do so seriously and deliberately without some qualifying epithet4 ,we speak of a military genius1 of a mechanical genius1 of a poetical genius1 of a musical genius1 or of an artistic genius4 ,all these expressions contain a restrictive clause4 ,we do not understand when we use them that the person to whom they were attributed possessed any power beyond the limits of a particular sphere4 ,we do not mean by the use of the word genius that the soldier knew anything of poetry1 or the printer of mechanism4 ,we understand that each in his own profession or stage of excellence possessed a complete elevation over the bulk of those who followed the same pursuits2 a superiority so visible1 so acknowledged1 and so clearly individual1 that no one else considered it inferiority1 still less felt shame at not being able to rise to the same level4 ,they gather round them acknowledged disciples and admirers1 who rather glory to have been guided by their teaching1 and formed on their example4 ,and in what consisted that complete though limited excellence8 ,if ,i might venture to express a judgment1 ,i would say that genius in these different courses of science or art may be defined a natural sympathy with all that relates to each of them1 with the power of giving full and certain execution to the mental conception4 ,the military genius is one who1 either untrained by studious preparation1 or else starting out of the lines in which many were ranged level with himself1 seizes the staff of command1 and receives the homage of comrades and superiors4 ,while others have been plodding through the long drill of theory and of practice1 he is found to have discovered a new system of the science1 bold1 irregular1 but successful4 ,but to possess this genius1 there must be a universal sympathy with all that relates #eeh to its own peculiar province4 ,the military genius of which we are speaking must embrace or acquire that which relates to the soldier's life and duty1 from the dress of a single soldier1 from his duties in the sentry-box1 or on the picquet1 to the practice of the regiment and the evolutions of a field-day2 from the complete command of tens of thousands on the battle-field1 with an eagle's eye and a lion's heart1 to the scientific planning1 on the chessboard of an empire1 of the campaign1 which he meditates1 move by move and check by check1 till the final victory is crowned in the capital city4 ,he who has not given proof of his being equal to all this1 has not made good his claim to military genius4 ,but such a one will find1 wherever he puts his hand1 generals and marshals1 each able to command a host1 or to take his place in his roughest of enterprises4 ,i need not pass through other forms of genius to reach similar results2 ,stephenson1 from the labor of the mine1 creating that system of mechanical motion1 which may be said to have subdued the world1 and bound the earth in iron links2 ,mozart giving concerts at the age of seven that astonished gray-headed musicians2 ,raphael1 before the ordinary age of finished pupilage1 master of every known detail in art of oil or fresco1 drawing1 expression1 and grand composition2 ,giotto1 caught in the field as a young shepherd by ,cimabue1 drawing his sheep upon a stone1 and soon becoming the master of modern art4 ,footnote #ajg ,these and many others repeat to us what ,i have said of the military genius--an inborn capacity1 comprehensive and complete1 with the power of fully carrying out the suggestions of mind4 ,had there been a single portion of their pursuits in which they did not excel1 if the result of their work had not exhibited the happy union and concord of the many qualities requisite for its perfection1 they never would have attained the attribution of genius4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,the early manifestation of artistic power is so frequent and well known1 that it would be superfluous to enumerate other instances4 ,the expression anch' io son pittore is become proverbial4 ,one of the ,carracci1 on being translated from an inferior profession to the family studio1 was found at once to possess the pictorial skill of his race4 ,at the present1 ,mintropp at ,duesseldorf1 and ,ackermann at ,berlin1 are both instances of very high artists1 the one in drawing1 the other in sculpture1 both originally shepherds4 ,if this sympathy with one branch of higher pursuits passes beyond it and associates with it a similar facility of acquisition and execution in some other and distinct art or science1 it is clear that the claim to genius is higher and more extensive4 ,raphael was before the world a painter1 but he could scarcely have been so without embracing every other department of art4 ,before the science of perspective was matured or popularly known1 when1 in consequence1 defects are to be found in the disposition of figures1 and in the adjustment of aerial distances1 ,footnote #ajh his architecture shows an instinctive familiarity with its rules and proportions2 a proof that he possessed an architectural eye4 ,and consequently the one statue which he is supposed to have carved1 and the one palace which he is said to have built1 show how easily he could have undertaken and executed beautiful works in either of those two classes of art4 ,in ,orcagna and ,michelangelo we have the three branches of art supremely united2 and the second of these adds poetry and literature to his artistic excellence4 ,in like manner1 ,leonardo has left proof of most varied and accurate mechanical as well as literary genius4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,see ,mr4 ,lloyd's article on ,raphael's ,school of ,athens1 in ,mr4 ,woodward's ,fine ,art ,quarterly ,review1 ,january1 #ahfd1 p4 #fg4 ,it is evident1 however1 that while a genius has its point of concentration1 every remove from this1 though wider1 will be fainter and less complete4 ,we may describe it as ,shakespeare himself describes glory1 and say3 ,genius is like a circle in the water1 ,which never ceaseth to enlarge itself1 ,till1 by broad spreading1 it disperse to naught4 7,henry ,,vi41 act i41 scene #c47 ,the sympathies with more remote subjects and pursuits will be rather the means of illustration1 adornment1 and #eei pleasing variety1 than for the essential requirements of the principal aim4 ,but though less minute in their application1 in the hand of genius they will be wonderfully accurate and apt4 ,,iv4 ,all that ,i have been saying is applicable in the most complete and marvellous way to ,shakespeare's genius4 ,his sympathies are universal1 perfect in their own immediate use1 infinitely varied1 and strikingly beautiful1 when they reach remoter objects4 ,and hence1 though at first sight he might be classified among those who have displayed a literary genius1 he stretches his mind and his feelings so beyond them on every side1 that to him1 almost1 perhaps1 beyond any other man1 the simple distinctive1 without any qualification1 belongs4 ,no one need fear to call ,shakespeare simply a grand1 a sublime genius4 ,the centre-point of his sympathies is clearly his dramatic art4 ,from this they expand1 for many degrees1 with scarce perceptible diminution1 till they lose themselves in far distant1 and1 to him1 unexplored space4 ,this nucleus of his genius has certainly never been equalled before or since4 ,its essence consists in what is the very soul of the dramatic idea1 the power to throw himself into the situation1 the circumstances1 the nature1 the acquired habits1 the feelings1 true or fictitious1 of every character which he introduces4 ,this forms1 in fact1 the most perfect of sympathies4 ,we do not1 of course1 use the word in that more usual sense of harmony of affection1 or consent of feeling4 ,shakespeare has sympathy as complete for ,shylock or ,iago as he as for ,arthur or ,king ,lear4 ,for a time he lives in the astute villain as in the innocent child2 he works his entire power of thought into intricacies of the traitor's brain2 he makes his heart beat in concord with the usurer's sanguinary spite1 and then1 like some beautiful creature in the animal world1 draws himself out of the hateful evil1 and is himself again2 and able1 even1 often to hold his own noble and gentle qualities as a mirror1 or exhibit the loftiest1 the most generous1 and amiable examples of our nature4 ,and this is all done without study1 and apparently without effort4 ,his infinitely varied characters come naturally into their places1 never for a moment lose their proprieties1 their personality1 and the exact flexibility which results from the necessary combination in every man of many qualities4 ,from the beginning to the end each one is the same1 yet reflecting in himself the lights and shadows which flit around him4 ,this extraordinary versatility stands in striking contrast with the dramatic productions of other countries4 ,the ,greek tragedian is ,greek throughout--his subjects1 his mythology1 his sentences1 play wonderfully indeed1 but yet restrictedly1 within a given sphere4 ,and ,rome is but the imitator in all its literature of its great mistress and model4 ,graiis eloquium1 ,gratis dedit ore rotundo1 ,musa loqui4 ,even through the ,french school1 with the strict adhesion to the ancient rule of the unities1 seems to have descended the partiality for what may be called the chastely classical subjects4 ,not so with ,shakespeare4 ,who1 a stranger might ask1 is the man1 and where was he born1 and where does he live1 that not only his acts and scenes are placed in any age1 or in any land1 but that he can fill his stage with the very living men of the time and place represented2 make them move as easily as if he held them in strings2 and make them speak not only with general conformity to their common position1 but with individual and distinctive propriety1 so that each is different from the rest8 ,did he live in ancient ,rome1 strolling the ,forum1 or climbing the ,capitol2 hear ancient matrons converse with modest dignity2 listen to conspirators among the columns of its porticos2 mingle among senators around ,pompey's #efj statue2 or with plebeians crowding to hear ,brutus or ,anthony harangue8 ,was he one accustomed to idle in the piazza of ,st4 ,mark1 or shoot his gondola under the ,rialto8 ,or was he a knight or even archer in the fields of ,france or ,england during the period of the ,plantagenets or ,tudors1 and witnessed and wrote down the great deeds of those times1 and knew intimately and personally each puissant lord who distinguished himself by his valor1 by his wisdom1 or even by his crimes8 ,did he live in the courts of princes1 perchance holding some office which enabled him to listen to the grave utterances of kings and their counsellors1 or to the witty sayings of court jesters8 ,did he consort with banished princes1 and partake of their sports or their sufferings8 ,in fine1 did he live in great cities1 or in shepherds' cottages1 or in fields and woods2 and does he date from ,john and live on to the eighth ,henry--a thread connecting in himself the different epochs of mediaeval ,england8 ,one would almost say so2 or multiply one man into many1 whose works have been united under one man4 ,this ubiquity1 if we may so call it1 of ,shakespeare's sympathies1 constitutes the unlimited extent and might of his dramatic genius4 ,it would be difficult to imagine where a boundary line could at length have been drawn1 beyond which nothing original1 nothing new1 and nothing beautiful1 could be supposed to have come forth from his mind4 ,we are compelled to say that his genius was inexhaustible4 ,v4 ,this rare and wonderful faculty becomes more interesting if we follow it into further details4 ,i remember an anecdote of ,garrick1 who1 in company with another performer of some eminence1 was walking in the country1 and about to enter a village4 ,let us pass off1 said the younger comedian to his more distinguished companion1 as two intoxicated fellows4 ,they did so1 apparently with perfect success1 being saluted by the jeers and abuse of the inhabitants4 ,when they came forth at the other end of the village1 the younger performer asked ,garrick how he had fulfilled his part4 ,very well1 was the reply1 except that you were not perfectly tipsy in your legs4 ,now1 in ,shakespeare there is no danger of a similar defect4 ,whatever his character is intended to be it is carried out to its very extremities4 ,nothing is forgotten1 nothing overlooked4 ,many of you1 no doubt1 are aware that a controversy has long existed whether the madness of ,hamlet is intended by ,shakespeare to be real or simulated4 ,if a dramatist wished to represent one of his persons as feigning madness1 that assumed condition would be naturally desired by the writer to be as like as possible to the real affliction4 ,if the other persons associated with him could at once discover that the madness was put on1 of course the entire action would be marred1 and the object for which the pretended madness was designed would be defeated by the discovery4 ,how consummate must be the poet's art1 who can have so skilfully described1 to the minutest symptoms1 the mental malady of a great mind1 as to leave it uncertain to the present day1 even among learned physicians versed in such maladies1 whether ,hamlet's madness was real or assumed4 ,this controversy may be said to have been brought to a close by one of the ablest among those in ,england who have every opportunity of studying the almost innumerable shades through which alienation of mind can pass4 ,footnote #aji ,and so delicate are the changeful characteristics which ,shakespeare describes1 that ,dr4 ,conolly considers that a twofold form of #efa disease is placed before us in the ,danish prince4 ,he concludes that he was laboring under real madness1 yet able to put on a fictitious and artificial derangement for the purposes which he kept in view4 ,passing through act by act and scene by scene1 analyzing1 with experienced eye1 each new symptom as it occurs1 dividing and anatomatizing1 with the finest scalpel1 every fibre of his brain1 he exhibits1 step by step1 the transitionary characters of the natural disease in a mind naturally1 and by education1 great and noble1 but thrown off his pivot by the anguish of his sufferings and the strain of aroused passion4 ,and to this is superadded another and not genuine affection1 which serves its turn with that estranged mind when it suits it to act1 more especially that part which the natural ailment did not suffice for4 ,now1 ,dr4 ,conolly considers these symptoms so accurately as well as minutely described1 that he throws out the conjecture that ,shakespeare may have borrowed the account of them from some unknown papers by his son-in-law1 ,dr4 ,hall4 ,footnote #aji3 ,a ,study of ,hamlet1 by ,john ,conolly1 ,m4,d41 ,london1 #ahfc4 ,in p4 #eb the author quotes ,mr4 ,coleridge and ,m4 ,killemain as holding the opinion that ,shakespeare has contrived to blend both 7feigned and real madness7 in the extraordinary character of ,hamlet2 and to join together the light of reason1 the cunning of intentional error1 and the involuntary disorder of a soul4 ,but let it be remembered that in those days mental phenomena were by no means accurately examined or generally known4 ,there was but little attention paid to the peculiar forms of monomania1 or to its treatment1 beyond restraint and often cruelty4 ,the poor idiot was allowed1 if harmless1 to wander about the village or the country1 to drivel or gibber amidst the teasing or ill-natured treatment of boys or rustics4 ,the poor maniac was chained or tied in some wretched out-house1 at the mercy of some heartless guardian1 with no protector but the constable4 ,shakespeare could not be supposed1 in the little town of ,stratford1 nor indeed in ,london itself1 to have had opportunities of studying the influence and the appearance of mental derangement of a high-minded and finely-cultivated prince4 ,how then did ,shakespeare contrive to paint so highly-finished and yet so complex an image8 ,simply by the exercise of that strong sympathetic will which enabled him to transport1 or rather to transmute1 himself into another personality4 ,while this character was strongly before him he changed himself into a maniac2 he felt intuitively what would be his own thought1 what his feelings1 were he in that situation2 he played with himself the part of the madman1 with his own grand mind as the basis of its action2 he grasped on every side the imagery which he felt would have come into his mind1 beautiful even when dislorded1 sublime even when it was grovelling1 brilliant even when dulled1 and clothed it in words of fire and of tenderness1 with a varied rapidity which partakes of wildness and of sense4 ,he needed not to look for a model out of himself1 for it cost him no effort to change the angle of his mirror and sketch his own countenance awry4 ,it was but little for him to pluck away the crown from reason and contemplate it dethroned4 ,before taking leave of ,dr4 ,conolly's most interesting monography1 ,i will allow myself to make only one remark4 ,having determined to represent ,hamlet in this anomalous and perplexing condition1 it was of the utmost importance to the course and end of this sublime drama1 that one principal incident should be most decisively separated from ,hamlet's reverse of mind4 ,had it been possible to attribute the appearance of the ,ghost1 as the ,queen1 his mother1 does attribute it in the fifth act1 to the delusion of his bewildered phantasy1 the whole groundwork of the drama would have crumbled beneath its superincumbent weight4 ,had the spectre been seen by ,hamlet1 or by him first1 we should have been perpetually troubled with the doubt whether or not it was the hallucination of a distracted1 or the invention of a deceitful brain4 ,but ,shakespeare felt the necessity of making this apparition be held for a reality1 and therefore he makes it the very first incident in his tragedy1 antecedent to the slightest symptom #efb of either natural or affected derangement1 and makes it first be seen by two witnesses together1 and then conjointly by a third unbelieving and fearless witness4 ,it is the testimony of these three which first brings to the knowledge of the incredulous prince this extraordinary occurrence4 ,one may doubt whether any other writer has ever made a ghost appear successively to those whom we may call the wrong persons1 before showing himself to the one whom alone he cared to visit4 ,the extraordinary exigencies of ,shakespeare's plot rendered necessary this unusual fiction4 ,and it serves1 moreover1 to give the only color of justice to acts which otherwise must have appeared unqualified as mad freaks or frightful crimes4 ,what ,dr4 ,conolly has done for ,hamlet and ,ophelia1 ,dr4 ,bucknill had previously performed on a more extensive scale4 ,in his ,psychology of ,shakespeare ,footnote #aaj he has minutely investigated the mental condition of ,macbeth1 ,king ,lear1 ,timon1 and other characters4 ,on ,hamlet he seems inclined to take a different view from ,dr4 ,conolly2 inasmuch as he considers the simulated madness the principal feature1 and the natural unsoundness which it is impossible to overlook as secondary4 ,but this eminent physician1 well known for his extensive studies of insanity1 bears similar testimony to the extraordinary accuracy of ,shakespeare's delineations of mental diseases2 the nicety with which he traces their various steps in one individual1 the accuracy with which he distinguishes these morbid affections in different persons4 ,he seems unable to account for the exact minuteness in any other way than by external observation4 ,he acknowledges that indefinable possession of genius1 call it spiritual tact or insight1 or whatever term may suggest itself1 by which the great lords of mind estimate all phases of mind with little aid from reflected light1 as the mental instrument through which ,shakespeare looked upon others at a distance or within reach of minute observation4 ,still he seems to think that ,shakespeare must have had many opportunities of observing mental phenomena4 ,i own ,i am more inclined to think that the process by which the genius of ,shakespeare reached this painful yet strange accuracy was rather that of introversion than of external observation4 ,at any rate1 it is most interesting to see eminent physicians maintaining by some means or other that ,shakespeare arrived by some sort of intuition at the possession of a psychological or even medical knowledge1 fully verified and proved to be exact by the researches two centuries later of distinguished men in a science only recently developed4 ,mrs4 ,jameson has well distinguished the different forms of mental aberration in ,shakespeare's characters1 when she says that ,constance is frantic1 ,lear is mad1 ,ophelia is insane4 ,footnote #aaa ,footnote #aaj3 ,pages #eh and #ajj4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,characteristics of ,women4 ,new ,york #ahcc1 p4 #adb4 ,,vi4 ,this last quotation may serve to introduce a further and a more delicate test of ,shakespeare's insight into character4 ,that a man should be able to throw himself into a variety of mind and characters among his fellow-men1 may be not unreasonably expected4 ,he has naturally a community of feelings1 of passions1 of temptations1 and of motives with them4 ,he can understand what is courage1 what ambition1 what strength or feebleness of mind4 ,inward observation and matured experience help much to guide him to a conception and delineation of the character of his fellow-men4 ,but of the stronger emotions1 the wilder passions1 the subdued gentleness and tenderness1 the heroic endurance1 the meek bearing1 and the saintly patience of the woman1 he can have had no experience4 ,looking into himself for a reflection1 he will probably find a blank4 #efc ,it has often been said that in his female characters ,shakespeare is not equal to himself4 ,the work to which ,i have just alluded meets1 ,i think completely1 this objection1 which1 ,i believe1 even ,schlegel raises4 ,it required a lady1 with mind highly cultivated1 with the nicest powers of discrimination1 and with happiness of expression1 to vindicate at once ,shakespeare and her sex4 ,the difficulty of this task can hardly be appreciated without the study of its performance4 ,its great difficulty consists in the almost family resemblance of the different portraits which make up ,shakespeare's female gallery4 ,there is scarcely any room for events1 even for incident1 still less for actions1 say for bold and unfeminine deeds4 ,several of the heroines of ,shakespeare are subjected to similar persecutions1 and almost the same trials4 ,in almost every one the affections and their expression have alone to interest us4 ,from ,miranda1 the desert-nurtured child in the simplicity of untempted innocence1 to ,isabella in her cloistered virtue1 or ,hermione in her unyielding fortitude--there are such shades1 such varying yet delicate tints1 that not two of these numerous conceptions can be said to resemble another4 ,and whence did ,shakespeare derive his models8 ,some are lofty queens1 others most noble ladies1 some foreigners1 some native2 different types in mind and heart1 as in the lineament or complexion4 ,where did he find them8 ,where did he meet them8 ,in the cottages of ,stratford1 or in the purlieus of ,blackfriars8 ,among the ladies of the court1 or in the audience in his pit8 ,no one can say--no one need say4 ,they were the formations of his own quickened and fertile brain1 which required but one stroke1 one line1 to sketch him a portrait to which he would give immortality4 ,far more difficult was this success1 and not less completely was it achieved1 in that character which medical writers seem hardly to believe could be but a conception4 ,we may compare the mind of ,shakespeare to a diamond pellucid1 bright1 and untinted1 cut into countless polished facets1 which1 in constant movement1 at every smallest change of direction or of angle caught a new reflection1 so that not one of its brilliant mirrors could be for a moment idle1 but by a power beyond its control was ever busy with the reflection of innumerable images1 either distinct or running into one another1 or repeated each so clearly as to allow him1 when he chose1 to fix it in his memory4 ,,vii4 ,we may safely conclude that1 in whatever constitutes the dramatic art in its strictest sense1 ,shakespeare possessed matchless sympathies with all its attributes4 ,the next and most essential quality required for true genius is the power to give outward life to the inward conception4 ,without this the poet is dumb4 ,he may be a mute1 inglorious ,milton2 he cannot be a speaking1 noble ,shakespeare4 ,i should think that ,i was almost insulting such an audience1 were ,i to descant upon ,shakespeare's position among the bards and writers of ,england1 and of the modern world4 ,upon this point there can scarcely be a dissentient opinion4 ,his language is the purest and best1 his verses the most flowing and rich2 and as for his sentiments1 it would be difficult without the command of his own language to characterize them4 ,no other writer has ever given such periods of sententious wisdom4 4 4 4 4 4 ,i have spoken of genius as a gift to an individual man4 ,i will conclude by the reflection that that man becomes himself a gift2 a gift to his nation2 a gift to his age2 a gift to the world of all times4 ,that same ,providence which bestows greatness1 majesty1 abundance1 and grace1 no less presents1 from time to time1 to a people or a race1 these few transcendent men who mark for it #efd periods no less decisively1 though more nobly1 than victories or conquests4 ,on ,england that supreme power has lavished the choicest blessings of this worldly life2 it has made it vast in dominion1 matchless in strength2 it has made it the arbiter of the earth1 and mistress of the sea2 it has made it able to stretch its arm for war to the savage antipodes1 and1 if it chose1 its hand for peace to the utter civilized west2 it has brought the produce of north and south to its feet with skill and power1 to transform and to refashion in forms graceful or useful1 to send them back1 almost as new creations1 to its very source4 ,industry has clothed its most barren plains with luxuriant crops1 and with ,titan boldness hollowed its sternest rocks1 to plunder them of their ever-hidden treasures4 ,its gigantic strength seems but to play with every work of venturesome enterprise1 till its cities seem to the stranger to overflow with riches1 and its country to be overspread with exuberant prosperity4 ,well1 these are great and magnificent favors of an over-ruling1 most benignant ,power2 and yet there is a boast which belongs to our country that may seem to be overlooked4 ,yet it is a double gift that that same creating and directing rule has made this country the birthplace and the seat of the two men who1 within a short period1 were made the rulers each of a great and separate intellectual dominion1 never to be deposed1 never to be rivalled1 never to be envied4 ,to ,newton was given the sway over the science of the civilized world2 to ,shakespeare the sovereignty over its literature4 ,the one stands before us passionless and grave1 embracing in his intellectual grandeur every portion of the universe1 from the stars1 to him invisible1 to the rippling of the tiny waves which the tide brought to his feet4 ,the host of heaven1 that seemed in causeless dispersion1 he marshalled into order1 and bound in safest discipline4 ,he made known to his fellow-men the secret laws of heaven1 the springs of movement1 and the chains of connection1 which invariably and unchangeably impel and guide the course of its many worlds4 ,in this aspect one's imagination figures him as truly the director of what he only describes--as the leader of a complicated army1 who1 with his staff1 seems to draw or to send forward the wheeling battalions1 intent on their own errands1 combining or resolving movements far remote2 or1 under a more benign and pleasing form1 we may contemplate him1 like a great master in musical science1 standing in the midst of a throng1 in which are mingled together the elements of sublimest harmonies1 confused to the eye1 but sweetly attuned to the ear1 mingling into orderly combination and flowing sequence1 as they float through the air1 which1 though he elicit not nor produce1 he seems by his outstretched hand to direct1 or1 at least1 he proves himself fully to understand4 ,for what each one separately does1 unconscious of what even his companion is doing1 he from afar knows1 and almost beholds1 understanding from his centre the concerted and sure results of their united action4 ,and so ,newton1 from his chamber on this little earth1 without being able more than the most helpless insect to add power or give guidance to one single element in the composition of this universe1 could trace the orbits of planet or satellite1 and calculate the oscillations and the reciprocal influences of celestial spheres4 ,then his directing wand seems to contract itself to a space within his grasp4 ,it becomes that magic prism with which he intercepts a ray from the sun on his passage to earth2 and as a bird seizes in its flight the bee laden with its honey1 and robs it of its sweet treasure--even so he compels the messenger of light to unfold itself before us1 and lay bare to our sight the rich colors which the rainbow had exhibited to man since the deluge1 and which had lain concealed since creation1 in every sunbeam that had passed through our atmosphere4 ,and further still1 he bequeathes that wonderful alembic of light #efe to succeeding generations1 till1 in the hand of new discoverers1 it has become the key of nature's laboratory1 in which she has been surprised melting and compounding1 in crucibles huge as ocean1 the rich hues with which she overlays the surfaces of suns and stars1 yet1 at the same time1 breathes its delicate blush upon the tenderest petals of the opening rose4 ,and all the laws and all the rules which form his code of nature seem engraved1 as with a diamond point1 upon a granite surface of the primitive rocks--inflexible1 immovable1 unchangeable as the system which they represent4 ,beside him stands the ,ruler of that world1 which1 though even sublimely intellectual1 is governed by him with laws in which the affections1 even the passions1 the moralities1 and the anxieties of life have their share2 in which there is no severity but for vice1 no slavery but for baseness1 no unforgivingness but for calculating wickedness4 ,in his hand is not the staff of authority1 whether it take the form of a royal sceptre or of a knightly lance1 whether it be the shepherdess's crook or the fool's bauble1 it is still the same1 the magician's wand4 ,whether it be the divining rod with which he draws up to light the most hidden streams of nature's emotions1 or the potential instrument of ,prospero's spells1 which raises storms in the deep or works spirit-music in the air1 or the wicked implement with which the witches mingle their unholy charm1 its cunning and its might have no limit among created things4 ,but it is not a world of stately order which he rules1 nor are the laws of unvarying rigor by which it is commanded4 ,the wildest paroxysms of passion2 the softest delicacy of emotions2 the most extravagant accident of fortune2 the tenderest incidents of home2 the king and the beggar1 the sage and the jester1 the tyrant and his victim2 the maiden from the cloister and the peasant from the mountains2 the ,italian school-child and the ,roman matron2 the princes of ,denmark and the lords of ,troy--all these and much more are comprised in the vast embrace of his dominions4 ,scarcely a rule can be drawn from them1 yet each forms a model separately1 a finished group in combination4 ,unconsciously as he weaves his work1 apparently without pattern or design1 he interlaces and combines in its surface and its depth images of the most charming variety and beauty2 now the stern mosaic1 without coloring1 of an ancient pavement1 now the flowing and intertwining arabesque of the fanciful east2 now the rude scenes of ancient mediaeval tapestry like that of ,beauvais1 and then the finished and richly tinted production of the ,gobelins loom4 ,and yet through this seeming chaos the light permeates1 and that so clear and so brilliant as equally to define and to dazzle4 ,every portion1 every fragment1 every particle1 stands forth separate and particular1 so as to be handled1 measured1 and weighed in the balance of critic and poet4 ,each has its own exact form and accurate place1 so that1 while separately they are beautiful1 united they are perfect4 ,hence their combinations have become sacred rules1 and have given inviolable maxims not only to ,english but to universal literature4 ,germany1 as we have seen1 studies with love and almost veneration every page of ,shakespeare2 national sympathies and kindred speech make it not merely easy but natural to all people of the ,teutonic family to assimilate their literature to that its highest standard4 ,france has departed1 or is fast departing1 from its favorite classical type1 and adopting1 though with unequal power1 the broader and more natural lines of the ,shakespearian model4 ,his practice is an example1 his declarations are oracles4 ,still1 as ,i have said1 the wide region of intellectual enjoyment over which our great bard exerts dominion1 is not one parcelled out or divided into formal and state-like provinces4 ,while the student of science is reading in his #eff chamber the great ,principia of ,newton1 he must keep before him the solution of only one problem4 ,on that his mind must undistractedly rest1 on that his power of thought be intensely concentrated4 ,woe to him if imagination leads his reason into truant wanderings2 woe if he drop the thread of finely-drawn deductions6 ,he will find his wearied intelligence drowsily floundering in a sea of swimming figures and evanescent quantities1 or floating amidst the fragments of a shipwrecked diagram4 ,but over ,shakespeare one may dream no less than pore2 we may drop the book from our hand and the contents remain equally before us4 ,stretched in the shade by a brook in summer1 or sunk in the reading chair by the hearth in winter1 in the imaginative vigor of health1 in the drooping spirits of indisposition1 one may read1 and allow the trains of fancy which spring up in any scene to pursue their own way1 and minister their own varied pleasure or relief2 and when by degrees we have become familiar with the inexhaustible resources of his genius1 there is scarcely a want in mind or the affections that needs no higher than human succor1 which will not find in one or other of his works that which will soothe suffering1 comfort grief1 strengthen good desires1 and present some majestic example to copy1 or some fearful phantom4 ,but when we endeavor to contemplate all his infinitely varied conceptions as blended together in one picture1 so as to take in1 if possible1 at one glance the prodigious extent of his prolific genius1 we thereby build up what he himself so beautifully called the fabric of a vision1 matchless in its architecture as in the airiness of its materials4 ,there are forms fantastically sketched in cloud-shapes1 such as ,hamlet showed to ,polonius1 in the midst of others rounded and full1 which open and unfold ever-changing varieties1 now gloomy and threatening1 then tipped with gold and tinted with azure1 ever-rolling1 ever-moving1 melting the one into the other1 or extricating each itself from the general mass4 ,dwelling upon this maze of things and imaginations1 the most incongruous combinations come before the dreamy thought1 fascinated1 spell-bound1 and entranced4 ,the wild ,ardennes and ,windsor ,park seem to run into one another1 their firs and their oaks mingle together2 the boisterous ocean boiling round the still vexed ,bermoothes runs smoothly into the lagoons of ,venice2 the old gray porticos of republican ,rome1 like the transition in a dissolving view1 are confused and entangled with the slim and fluted pillars of a ,gothic hall2 here the golden orb1 dropped from the hand of a captive king1 rolls on the ground side by side with a jester's mouldy skull--both emblems of a common fate in human things4 ,then the grave chief-justice seems incorporated in the bloated ,falstaff2 ,king ,john and his barons are wassailing with ,poins and ,bardolph at an inn door2 ,coriolanus and ,shylock are contending for the right of human sensibilities2 ,macbeth and ,jacques are moralizing together on tenderness even to the brute4 ,and so of other more delicate creations of the poet's mind--,isabella and ,ophelia1 ,desdemona and the ,scotch ,thane's wife1 produce respectively composite figures of inextricable confusion4 ,and around and above is that filmy world1 ,ariel and ,titania and ,peas-blossom and ,cobweb and ,moth1 who weave as a gossamer cloud around the vision1 dimming it gradually before our eyes1 in the last drooping of weariness1 or the last hour of wakefulness4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 #efg ,,miscellany4 ,,art4 ,domestic4--,the south gallery of the new academy is the largest and best lighted of the several exhibition rooms1 and contains some of the most ambitious pictures of the year4 ,as the visitor1 pausing for a moment to survey the paintings1 drawings1 studies1 architectural designs1 and miscellanea which are hung around the four sides of the open corridor at the head of the grand staircase1 turns naturally into the great gallery1 through whose wide entrance he catches glimpses of the art treasures within1 so do we propose to conduct the reader thither without further parley4 ,here confront us specimens of almost every subject legitimate to the art1 and of some not legitimate--great pictures and little pictures1 grave pictures and gay pictures1 landscape and genre1 history and portraiture1 beasts1 birds1 fishes1 and flowers4 ,at either end of the room hangs a full-length portrait of a gentleman of note1 which challenges the visitor's attention1 be he never so reluctant4 ,no4 #dfd1 the late ,governor ,gamble1 of ,missouri1 by ,f4,t4,l4 ,boyle1 belongs to a family only too numerous among us 7we speak of the picture only71 and whose acquaintance one feels strongly inclined to cut in the present instance4 ,but that is impossible4 ,there stands the familiar lay-figure in the old conventional attitude1 which we feel sure the governor never assumed of his own accord4 ,the marble columns1 the draped curtain1 the library table and the books--all the stock accessories in fine--are there2 and either for the purpose of pointing a moral1 of instituting a personal comparison1 or of calling attention to its workmanship1 the governor blandly directs your attention to a bust of ,washington4 ,he might be intending to do any one or all of these things so far as the expression of his face affords an indication4 ,the idea on which the portrait is painted is thoroughly false1 and ought to be by this time discarded2 but year after year artists continue to mint these modish1 stiff1 and ridiculous figures1 when with a little regard to common sense they could produce portraits which all would recognize as natural and effective4 ,especially is this the case with the present picture1 which evinces considerable executive ability4 ,the other portrait to which we alluded1 ,no4 #dab1 a full length of ,ex-,governor ,morgan1 painted by ,huntington1 for the ,governor's ,room in the ,city ,hall1 is one of the least creditable works ever produced by that artist1 cold and repulsive in color1 awkward in attitude1 and unsatisfactory as a likeness4 ,occupying a less prominent position than either of these pictures1 but conspicuous enough to attract a large share of attention1 is the full-length portrait of ,archbishop ,mc,closkey1 ,no4 #dch1 by ,g4,p4,a4 ,healy4 ,mr4 ,healy1 though never very happy as a colorist and often disposed to sacrifice characteristic expression to a passion for painting brocades and draperies1 has generally succeeded in imparting a refined air to his portraits1 however feeble they might be as likenesses4 ,the present work is coarse in expression1 and untrue as a likeness4 ,it is a mistake to suppose that a free1 rapid touch is adapted to every style of face4 ,the small and delicate features of the archbishop1 with their shrewd1 yet refined and benevolent expression1 cannot be dashed off with a few strokes of the brush1 but require careful painting1 and1 above all1 patient painting4 ,mr4 ,healy's portrait of ,dr4 ,brownson in last year's exhibition1 though of little merit as a painting1 was much better than this4 ,no4 #ddh1 a portrait of the late ,peletiah ,perit1 by ,hicks1 is one of the most creditable specimens of that very unequal painter that we have recently seen4 ,mr4 ,perit is sitting easily and naturally in his library chair1 and is not made to assume the attitude of a posture-master for the time being1 in order that posterity may know how he did not look in life4 ,the likeness is not remarkable2 but the accessories are carefully painted and agreeably colored4 ,no4 #dbc1 portrait of a lady1 by ,r4,m4 ,staigg1 is exactly what it assumes to be--a lady4 ,in the refined air of the gentlewoman which the artist has so happily conveyed1 he recalls some of the female heads of ,stuart1 though in the present instance he had no wide scope for the display #efh of ,stuart's charming gift of color4 ,the resemblance is more in the general sentiment than in any technical qualities4 ,almost adjoining this work is another portrait of a lady1 ,no4 #dbe1 by ,w4,h4 ,furness1 a forcible example of the naturalistic school1 of great solidity of texture and purity of color4 ,there is intelligence1 earnestness1 and strength in this face1 and in the attitude1 though the latter1 as well as the accessories1 is studiously simple4 ,baker and ,stone contribute some attractive portraits to this room4 ,no4 #ded1 a lady1 by the latter1 is a good specimen of a style neither strong nor founded on true principles1 but which1 on account of a certain conventional gracefulness1 which amply satisfies those who look no deeper than the surface of the canvas1 will always find admirers4 ,no4 #deh1 a portrait of ,capt4 ,riblett1 of the ,new ,york #gth ,regiment1 by ,baker1 is a clever work1 noticeable for the easy pose of the figure1 the clear fresh coloring1 and the firm handling4 ,two other portrait pieces may be noticed in this room1 of very opposite degrees of merit4 ,they illustrate a method of treating this branch of the art which has become popular of late years1 and which seeks to combine portraiture with genre2 that is to say1 the figures represent real personages1 but to the uninitiated seem merely the actors in some little domestic scene4 ,any subject verging on the dramatic is of course inappropriate to this method4 ,thus the stiffness too often inseparable from portraiture and its unsympathetic character to a stranger are avoided1 and the gentlemen and ladies who have monopolized so much space on the walls awaken an interest in a wider circle than when appearing simply in their proper persons4 ,no4 #dda1 ,a ,picnic in the ,highlands1 by ,rossiter1 presents us with portraits of some twenty ladies and gentlemen1 including a fair proportion of generals1 who have been ruthlessly summoned from the pleasures of the rural banquet or of social intercourse to place themselves in attitudes which a travelling photographer would blush to copy1 and be thus handed down to posterity4 ,in submitting to this dreadful process ,generals ,warren and ,seymour afforded a new proof of courage under adverse circumstances2 and one scarcely knows whether they deserve most to be pitied1 or the artist to be denounced for putting brave men in so ridiculous a position4 ,the picture is simply disgraceful1 and would naturally be passed over in silence had it not been hung in a position to challenge attention1 while many works of merit are placed far above the line4 ,thirty or forty years ago1 when the academy was glad to enroll painters of the calibre of ,mr4 ,rossiter among its members1 such productions were perhaps acceptable on the line4 ,but have hanging committees no appreciation that there is such a thing as progress8 ,the other picture above alluded to is ,no4 #dce1 ,claiming the ,shot1 by ,j4,g4 ,brown4 ,it represents a hunting scene in the ,adirondacks1 and though thinly painted1 with no merit in the landscape1 and of a general commonplace character1 tells its story with humor and point4 ,we have not the pleasure of knowing the party of amateur hunters whose good-natured altercation forms the subject of ,mr4 ,brown's picture1 but their faces are perfectly familiar to us1 and may be seen any day on ,broadway1 until the shooting season summons them to a purer atmosphere than our civic rulers permit us to breathe4 ,that good-looking and well-dressed young man1 with the incipient aristocratic baldness1 and the languid1 gentleman-like air1 reclining in a not ungraceful attitude on a stump1 and whose incredulous shake of the head denotes that he will not resign his claim to the successful shot--is he not a type of our jeunesse doree8 ,and who has not met the portly1 florid gentleman1 his face beaming with good nature and good living1 who claps our young friend on the back and advises him to give it up8 ,the earnest expression of the half-kneeling hunter1 clinching the argument as he identifies his bullet-hole in the side of the slain buck1 is well rendered1 as is also that of another florid gentleman who looks on1 a quiet but highly amused witness of the dispute4 ,in the background are a party of guides and boatmen engaged in preparing supper for the disputants1 over whose perplexity they appear to be indulging in a little quiet chaff4 ,we imagine that the faces of the principal actors in this group are good likenesses1 and we feel sure that to see them thus depicted amidst scenes suggesting healthful out-door sports will be pleasant to their friends4 #efi ,from portraits we pass naturally to figure pieces1 and first pause with astonishment before ,no4 #cid1 ,the ,two ,marys at the ,sepulchre1 by ,r4,w4 ,weir4 ,here is a work which has doubtless cost much thought and patient labor1 but which is so hopelessly beneath the dignity of the subject as to seem almost like a caricature4 ,when will modern painters recognize that sacred history is a branch of their art not to be attempted except under very peculiar and favorable circumstances8--that the artist must feel and believe what he paints1 unless he wishes to degenerate into insipidity8 ,we do not desire to impugn ,mr4 ,weir's sincerity1 but a work so cold1 lifeless1 and void of propriety shows that he is either hiding his light under a bushel1 or is incapable of feeling1 perhaps we should say of reflecting1 the religious fervor which should be associated with so awful a scene4 ,had he even stuck to the conventional forms and accessories which have satisfied six centuries of ,christian painters1 he might have produced something of respectable mediocrity4 ,but modern realism would not permit this1 and therefore the ,virgin is represented as a commonplace middle-aged woman1 who might as well be ,mr4 ,weir's housekeeper1 and whose mawkish expression is positively repulsive4 ,of ,st4 ,mary ,magdalen the attitude1 figure1 and expression are not less inappropriate4 ,surely these personages are raised above the level of ordinary women--no believer in ,christianity will deny that--and cannot the painter so represent them8 ,in other respects the picture has little merit1 being stiff and mannered in the drawing and of a mixture of dull gray and salmon in its local coloring4 ,the most conspicuous landscape in this room is ,bierstadt's immense view of the ,yo ,semite ,valley in ,california1 ,no4 #dcf1 which occupies the place of honor in the middle of the south wall4 ,for months past the artist has been announced as at work on this picture1 and in view of the great merits recognized in his ,rocky ,mountains1 public expectation has been raised to a high pitch4 ,but public expectation has been doomed to disappointment this time1 for the ,yo ,semite is much inferior to its predecessor1 though1 in several respects1 both works show the same characteristics in equal perfection4 ,they have breadth of drawing1 admirable perspective1 and convey an idea of the solemn grandeur of nature in the virgin solitudes of the west4 ,but while in the older work ,mr4 ,bierstadt succeeded in forgetting for a time the academic mannerisms which he brought with him from ,germany1 in the present one he has1 unconsciously1 perhaps1 lapsed into them again1 and produced something of great mechanical excellence1 and with about as much nature as can be seen through the atmosphere of a ,duesseldorf studio4 ,yellow appears to be his weakness1 and the canvas is accordingly suffused with yellow tints of every gradation of tone2 not a luminous yellow which the eye may rest upon with pleasure1 but a hard1 dusty-looking pigment1 without warmth1 or transparency1 or depth2 such a yellow as never tinged the skies of ,california or any other part of the world1 but is begotten of men who derive their ideas of nature from copying pictures of landscapes1 instead of going directly to nature4 ,the grass and the foliage which receive the sunlight are of a dirty1 yellowish green1 those in the shadow of the great mountain ridge on the right of the scene of a yellowish black1 the very rocks and water are yellow1 and if ,indians or emigrants had been introduced into the foreground1 we feel convinced they would have received the prevailing hue4 ,only in the mountain peaks1 checkered with sunlight and shadow1 does the artist seem to escape from this thraldom to one color1 and paint with force and truthfulness4 ,the picture is therefore a failure2 and yet viewed from the head of the great stair-case1 across the open space1 and through the entrance to the exhibition-room1 it has a mellowness of tone and truthfulness of perspective which almost induce us to retract our criticism4 ,approach it1 however1 and the illusion vanishes4 ,another ,californian scene by ,bierstadt1 in this room1 ,no4 #dgb1 the ,golden ,gate1 shows the artist's predominant fault even more conspicuously1 and is not only unworthy of him1 but absolutely unpleasant to look at4 ,no4 #dhg1 ,among the ,alps1 by ,gignoux1 is a solidly1 though coarsely painted work1 and notwithstanding a prevalent cold1 leaden tone1 tolerably effective4 ,the idea of solemn repose is well conveyed1 although scarcely one of the details is truthfully rendered4 ,the water of the mountain lake is not water1 but an opaque mass1 the trees and rocks are so slurred in the drawing as to be #egj unrecognizable by the naturalist1 and the shadows are unnecessarily deep and sombre4 ,such painting1 however1 pleases the multitude1 who do not care much for absolute truth1 provided effect is obtained2 and ,mr4 ,gignoux's picture is considered very fine indeed4 ,no4 #dff1 ,a ,mountain ,lake in the ,blue ,ridge1 by ,sonntag1 is a fine piece of scene painting1 and1 if properly enlarged1 would form an excellent design for a stage drop-curtain4 ,as a representation of nature it is false in nearly every detail4 ,and yet no landscape painter deals more readily and dexterously with the external forms of ,american forest scenery1 or perhaps has more neatness of touch2 and none1 it may be added1 has wandered further from the true path4 ,no4 #dfe1 ,greenwood ,lake1 by ,cropsey1 is a pleasanter picture than we commonly see from this artist1 who1 to judge from his productions1 scarcely ever saw a cloudy day1 and has a very indifferent acquaintance with shadows4 ,here is a still1 serene summer afternoon1 in the foreground a newly-mown hayfield1 with a group of mowers and rakers1 just pausing from their labor1 and beyond the placid bosom of the lake4 ,despite its somewhat monotonous uniformity of tone1 the picture is pervaded by an agreeable sentiment of repose1 characteristic of midsummer2 and as an honest attempt to portray a pleasing phase of nature it is welcome4 ,no4 #dic1 ,afternoon in the ,housatonic ,valley1 by ,j4,b4 ,bristol1 represents the period of the day selected by ,mr4 ,cropsey1 but the tone of his picture is lower and cooler1 and the coloring more harmonious4 ,its most noticeable feature is a noble mountain in the background1 whose wooded sides afford fine contrasts of light and shadow4 ,no4 #did1 ,a ,foggy ,morning--,coast of ,france1 by ,dana1 evinces more desire to catch the secret of rich coloring than success4 ,it is not by scattering warm pigments about1 without regard to harmony or gradation1 that ,mr4 ,dana can attain his end2 and so far as color is concerned he shows no improvement upon his work of former years4 ,in composition he wields1 as usual1 a graceful pencil1 and his children are pleasingly and naturally drawn4 ------ ,,new ,,publications4 ,,the ,,iliad ,,of ,,homer ,,rendered ,,into ,,english ,,blank ,,verse4 ,by ,edward1 ,earl of ,derby4 #b vols4 #hvo41 pp4 #dcj and #deg4 ,new ,york3 ,charles ,scribner ,company4 ,there have been several translations of the ,iliad into ,english verse1 but1 practically1 only three have hitherto been much in vogue4 ,the first of these1 by ,chapman1 is a work of considerable spirit1 of a rude1 fiery kind2 but it is unfaithful1 and has long been antiquated4 ,pope's brilliant and thoroughly un-,homeric version will always be popular as a poem1 though anything more widely different from the original was probably never published as a translation4 ,cowper is verbally accurate1 but tame and tiresome4 ,a translation in blank verse1 by ,william ,munford1 of ,richmond1 ,va41 appeared in ,boston some twenty years ago1 but does not seem to have attracted the attention it deserved4 ,lord ,derby appears to have avoided nearly all the defects and combined nearly all the merits of his predecessors4 ,he has aimed to produce a translation and not a paraphrase2 not1 indeed1 such a translation as would satisfy1 with regard to each word1 the rigid requirements of accurate scholarship1 but such as would fairly and honestly give the sense and spirit of every passage and of every line1 omitting nothing and expanding nothing1 and adhering as closely as our language will allow1 even to every epithet which is capable of being translated1 and which has1 in the particular passage1 anything of a special and distinctive character4 ,the testimony of critics is almost unanimous as to the success with which he has carried out his design4 ,his translation is incomparably more faithful than either of those we have mentioned4 ,he almost invariably perceives the delicate shades of meaning which ,pope was #ega not scholar enough to notice1 and he is often wonderfully happy in expressing them in ,english4 ,his language is dignified and pure2 his style animated and idiomatic2 and his verse has more of the majestic flow of ,homer than that of any previous translator4 ,he has produced by all odds the best version of the ,iliad in the ,english language4 ,that a statesman should have succeeded in a task of this sort1 where ,pope and ,cowper failed1 is strange indeed4 ,but let our readers judge for themselves3 we give first a somewhat celebrated passage from ,pope--the bivouac of the ,trojans1 at the end of the eighth book--premising that ,pope prefixes to it four lines which have no equivalent in the ,greek1 and which are not only an interpolation but a positive injury to the sense3 ,the troops exulting sat in order round1 ,and beaming fires illumined all the ground4 ,as when the moon1 refulgent lamp of night1 ,o'er heaven's clear azure spreads her sacred light1 ,when not a breath disturbs the deep serene1 ,and not a cloud o'ercasts the solemn scene2 ,around her throne the vivid planets roll1 ,and stars unnumbered gild the glowing pole1 ,o'er the dark trees a yellower verdure shed1 ,and tip with silver every mountain's head2 ,then shine the vales1 the rocks in prospect rise1 ,a flood of glory bursts from all the skies2 ,the conscious swains1 rejoicing in the sight1 ,eye the blue vault1 and bless the useful light4 ,so many flames before proud ,ilion blaze1 ,and lighten glimmering ,xanthus with their rays3 ,the long reflections of the distant fires ,gleam on the walls1 and tremble on the spires2 ,a thousand piles the dusky horrors gild1 ,and shoot a shady lustre o'er the field1 ,full fifty guards each flaming pile attend1 ,whose umbered arms1 by fits1 thick flashes send1 ,loud neigh the coursers o'er their heaps of corn1 ,and ardent warriors wait the rising morn4 ,this is not a faultless passage1 but no one can help admiring the felicitous imagery1 the vivid word-painting1 the wonderful harmony of the versification4 ,yet what reader of ,homer will hesitate to prefer ,lord ,derby's simpler and almost strictly literal rendering8 ,full of proud hopes1 upon the pass of war1 ,all night they camped2 and frequent blazed their fires4 ,as when in heaven1 around the glittering moon ,the stars shine bright amid the breathless air2 ,and every crag1 and every jutting peak ,stands boldly forth1 and every forest glade2 ,ev'n to the gates of heaven is opened wide ,the boundless sky2 shines each particular star ,distinct2 joy fills the gazing shepherd's heart4 ,so bright1 so thickly scattered o'er the plain1 ,before the walls of ,troy1 between the ships ,and ,xanthus' stream1 the ,trojan watchfires blazed4 ,a thousand fires burnt brightly2 and round each ,sat fifty warriors in the ruddy glare2 ,with store of provender before them laid1 ,barley and rye1 the tethered horses stood ,beside the cars1 and waited for the morn4 ,take now the description of ,vulcan serving the gods at a banquet1 from the conclusion of the first book4 ,cowper gives it as follows3 ,so he2 then ,juno smiled1 goddess white-armed1 ,and smiling still1 from his unwonted hand ,received the goblet4 ,he from right to left ,footnote #aab ,rich nectar from the beaker drawn1 alert ,distributed to all the powers divine4 ,heaven rang with laughter inextinguishable1 ,peal after peal1 such pleasure all conceived ,at sight of ,vulcan in his new employ4 ,so spent they in festivity the day1 ,and all were cheered2 nor was ,apollo's harp ,silent1 nor did the muses spare to add ,responsive melody of vocal sweets4 ,but when the sun's bright orb had now declined1 ,each to his mansion1 wheresoever built ,by the same matchless architect1 withdrew4 ,jove also1 kindler of the fires of heaven1 ,his couch ascending as at other times ,when gentle sleep approached him1 slept serene1 ,with golden-sceptred ,juno by his side4 ,footnote #aab3 ,just the reverse1--from left to right1 ,greek text ,cowper's blunder is serious1 because to proceed from right to left was looked upon by the ,greeks as unlucky4 #egb ,cowper is better than ,pope here2 but ,lord ,derby is the most literal and by far the best of the three4 ,his lines have a dignified simplicity not unworthy the father of poetry himself2 yet the translation is nearly verbatim3 ,thus as he spoke1 the white-armed goddess smiled1 ,and smiling from his hand received the cup1 ,then to th' immortals all in order due ,he ministered1 and from the flagon poured ,the luscious nectar2 while among the gods ,rose laughter irrepressible1 at sight ,of ,vulcan hobbling round the spacious hall4 ,thus they till sunset passed the festive hours2 ,nor lacked the banquet aught to please the sense1 ,nor sound of tuneful lyre1 by ,phoebus touched1 ,nor muses' voice1 who in alternate strains ,responsive sang2 but when the sun was set1 ,each for his home departed1 where for each ,the cripple ,vulcan1 matchless architect1 ,with wondrous skill a noble house had reared4 ,to his own couch1 where he was wont of old1 ,when overcome by gentle sleep1 to rest1 ,olympian ,jove ascended2 there he slept1 ,and by his side the golden-throned queen4 ,if our space permitted we might easily extend these comparisons1 and show that ,lord ,derby excels other translators in every phase of his undertaking--in the rude shock of war1 the touching emotions of human sentiment1 the debates of the gods1 and the beauties and phenomena of nature4 ,we cannot refrain1 however1 from quoting a few passages of conspicuous excellence4 ,hector's assault on the ships in the fifteenth book is thus spiritedly rendered3 ,fiercely he raged1 as terrible as ,mars ,with brandished spear2 or as a raging fire ',mid the dense thickets on the mountain side4 ,the foam was on his lips2 bright flashed his eyes ,beneath his awful brows1 and terribly ,above his temples waved amid the fray ,the helm of ,hector2 ,jove himself from heaven ,his guardian hand extending1 him alone ,with glory crowning 'mid the host of men1 ,but short his term of glory2 for the day ,was fast approaching1 when1 with ,pallas' aid ,the might of ,peleus' son should work his doom4 ,oft he essayed to break the ranks1 where'er ,the densest throng and noblest arms he saw2 ,but strenuous though his efforts1 all were vain2 ,they1 massed in close array1 his charge withstood2 ,firm as a craggy rock1 upstanding high ,close by the hoary sea1 which meets unmoved ,the boist'rous currents of the whistling winds1 ,and the big waves that bellow round its ,so stood unmoved the ,greeks1 and undismayed4 ,at length1 all blazing in his arms1 he sprang ,upon the mass2 so plunging down as when ,on some tall vessel1 from beneath the clouds ,a giant billow1 tempest-nursed1 descends3 ,the deck is drenched in foam2 the stormy wind ,howls in the shrouds2 th' affrighted seamen quail ,in fear1 but little way from death removed2 ,footnote #aac ,so quailed the spirit in every ,grecian breast4 ,footnote #aac3 ,we are particularly struck with the excellence of ,lord ,derby's translation of this magnificent image when we contrast it with ,mr41 ,munford's3 ,as on a ship a wat'ry mountain falls1 ,driven from the clouds by all the furious winds2 ,with foam the deck is covered1 pitiless ,the deafening tempest roars among the shrouds2 ,the sailors1 whirled along by raging waves4 ,tremble1 confused and faint2 immediate death ,appears before them4 ,yet1 no less an authority than the late ,president ,felton1 of ,harvard1 pronounced ,munford's the best of all ,english metrical versions of the ,iliad4 ,in book sixth ,hector is accosted by his mother on his return from the battle-field4 ,she offers him wine1 wherewith to pour a libation to ,jove and then to refresh himself4 ,lord ,darby's translation of his answer is very neat and very close to the original3 #egc ,no1 not for me1 mine honored mother1 pour ,the luscious wine1 lest thou unnerve my limbs ,and make me all my wonted prowess lose4 ,the ruddy wine ,i dare not pour to ,jove ,with hands unwashed2 nor to the cloud-girt son ,of ,saturn may the voice of prayer ascend ,from one with blood bespattered and defiled4 ,we close our extracts with a few lines from book third4 ,priam1 sitting with the sage chiefs and councillors of ,troy at the ,scaean gate watching the hostile armies1 thus addresses ,helen3 ',come here1 my child1 and sitting by my side1 ,from whence thou canst discern thy former lord1 ,his kindred and his friends 7not thee ,i blame1 ,but to the gods ,i owe this woful war71 ,tell me the name of yonder mighty chief ,among the ,greeks a warrior brave and strong3 ,others in height surpass him2 but my eyes ,a form so noble never yet beheld1 ,nor so august2 he moves1 a king indeed4' ,to whom in answer1 ,helen1 heav'nly fair3 ',with rev'rence1 dearest father1 and with shame ,i look on thee3 oh1 would that ,i had died ,that day when hither with thy son ,i came1 ,and left my husband1 friends1 and darling child1 ,and all the loved companions of my youth3 ,that ,i died not1 with grief ,i pine away4 ,but to thy question2 ,i will tell thee true2 ,yon chief is ,agamemnon1 ,atreus' son1 ,wide-reigning1 mighty monarch1 ruler good1 ,and valiant warrior2 in my husband's name1 ,lost as ,i am1 ,i called him brother once4' ---- ,,life ,,of ,,marcus ,,tullius ,,cicero4 ,by ,william ,forsyth1 ,m4,a41 ,q4,c41 author of ,hortensius1 ,napoleon at ,st4 ,helena and ,sir ,hudson ,lowe1 ,history of ,trial by ,jury1 etc41 and late fellow of ,trinity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,two volumes1 #hvo41 pp4 #cfd and #cda4 ,new ,york3 ,charles ,scribner ,co4 ,mr4 ,forsyth has a very correct notion of the business of a biographer4 ,his object has been not only to tell ,cicero's history but to describe his private life--to make us acquainted with minute details of his domestic habits1 and to represent him as far as possible in the same manner as he would a man of the present generation4 ,the more we accustom ourselves1 he says1 to regard the ancients as persons of like passions as ourselves1 and familiarize ourselves with the idea of them as fathers1 husbands1 friends1 and gentlemen1 the better we shall understand them4 ,he has therefore carefully gathered up from the letters and other writings of the ,roman orator those little bits of personal allusion1 domestic history1 and unconsidered trifles which indicate1 more clearly sometimes than important actions1 the bent of one's mind or the inmost character of one's heart2 and he has arranged them with great skill1 and a good eye for effect4 ,he shows but slight literary polish2 his style is not elegant1 nor always clear1 nor even dignified2 but he has a logical way of putting things1 a happy knack of arrangement1 and a habit of keeping to the point and throwing aside superfluous matter1 for which we dare say he is indebted to his training as a pleader in the courts4 ,as a lawyer1 too1 he is specially qualified to give the history of the causes in which ,cicero's orations were delivered2 and this he does better than we have ever seen it done before1 explaining the narrative by copious illustrations from modern jurisprudence4 ,but if in some respects he writes like a lawyer1 in another very important point his practice as an advocate seems not to have affected him4 ,he is thoroughly impartial4 ,he sums up ,cicero's character more like a judge than a queen's counsel4 ,he admires him but not blindly2 holding the safe middle path between the excessive veneration shown by ,middleton and ,niebuhr and the unreasonable animosity of ,drumann and ,mommsen4 ,he admits that ,cicero was weak1 timid1 and irresolute2 but these defects were counter-balanced by the display1 at critical periods of his life1 of the very opposite qualities4 ,in the contest with ,catiline and the final struggle with ,antony he was as firm and brave as a man need be4 ,one principal cause of his irresolution was an anxiety to do what was right4 ,if he knew that he had acted wrongly1 he instantly felt all the agony of remorse4 ,his standard of morality was as high as it was perhaps possible to elevate it by the mere light of nature4 ,the chief fault of his moral character was a want of sincerity4 ,in a different sense of the words from that expressed by ,st4 ,paul1 he wished to become all things to all men1 if by any means he might win some4 ,his private correspondence and #egd his public speeches were often in direct contradiction with each other as to the opinions he expressed of his contemporaries4 ,his foible was vanity4 ,he was never tired of speaking of himself4 ,as a philosopher he had no pretensions to originality1 but he was the first to make known to his countrymen the philosophy of ,greece1 which until he appeared may be said to have spoken to the ,romans in an unknown tongue4 ,he adhered to no particular sect1 but affected chiefly the school of the new academy4 ,he was a firm believer in a providence and a future state4 ,as an orator his faults are coarseness in invective1 exaggeration in matter1 and prolixity in style4 ,many of his sentences are intolerably long1 and he dwells upon a topic with an exhaustive fulness which leaves nothing to the imagination4 ,the pure gold of his eloquence is beaten out too thin1 and what is gained in surface is lost in solidity and depth4 ,the position of ,cicero with respect to the political parties into which the republic was divided in his time is not so well described as his personal character4 ,while ,mr4 ,forsyth displays industry and good judgment in collecting and arranging the little traits which go to make up a life-like portrait1 he lacks the comprehensive and philosophical view with which ,merivale has recently surveyed the same period of history4 ,forsyth writes as one who1 having mingled with the busy crowd in the forum1 should come away and tell us what he had seen and heard1 and describe the men with whom he had talked4 ,merivale surveys the scene from a distance2 and though his perception of individual objects is less distinct than ,forsyth's1 his view is broader and takes in better the relative situations and proportions of the various features spread out before him4 ,both are excellent in their kind3 the historian is the more instructive1 the biographer the more entertaining4 ,,beatrice4 ,by ,julia ,kavanagh1 author of ,nathalie1 ,adele1 ,queen ,mab1 etc41 etc4 ,three volumes in one4 #abmo41 pp4 #ebj4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,company4 ,the readers of ,adele and ,nathalie will hardly be prepared for what awaits them in the novel now upon our table4 ,miss ,kavanagh has won a high reputation by her delicate pictures of quiet home life1 and thorough analyses of female character4 ,but lately the prevailing thirst for sensational stories appears to have enticed her away from the old path1 and led her to attempt a style of novel which will no doubt please the majority of readers better than her earlier efforts1 though as a work of art it is inferior to them4 ,it is by no means however a merely sensation story4 ,the heroine is painted with all ,miss ,kavanagh's accustomed clearness and skill2 although the uninterrupted series of plots and counterplots1 the dramatic terseness of the dialogue1 and the effectiveness of the situations1 tempt one to forget sometimes1 in the absorbing interest of the narrative1 the higher merit of vivid and truthful drawing of character4 ,that of ,beatrice is charmingly conceived1 and admirably worked out1 recalling those delightful heroines who first gave ,miss ,kavanagh a hold upon the popular heart4 ,beatrice is a spirited1 proud1 natural1 warm-hearted girl1 born in poverty and fallen heiress unexpectedly to great wealth4 ,her guardian and step-father1 ,mr4 ,gervoise1 subjects her to innumerable wrongs in order that he may get possession of the property4 ,poison even and a mad-house are hinted at4 ,the book is principally a narrative of battle between the defenceless girl and this villain4 ,our readers who may wish to know how the struggle ends are referred to the book itself2 they will have no reason to regret the time they may spend in reading it4 ,,grace ,,morton2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,inheritance4 ,a ,catholic ,tale4 ,by ,m4,l4,m4 #abmo41 pp4 #cbd4 ,,the ,,confessors ,,of ,,connaught2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,tenants ,,of ,a ,,lord ,,bishop4 ,a ,tale of our ,times4 ,by ,m4 ,l4 ,m41 author of ,grace ,morton1 etc4 #abmo41 pp4#cai4 ,philadelphia3 ,peter ,f4 ,cunningham4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,j4 ,sadlier ,company4 ,these are both religious stories4 ,the first is inscribed to the ,catholic youth of ,america1 and the scene is laid in ,pennsylvania4 ,the second is founded upon the evictions in #ahfj1 in the parish of ,partry1 ,ireland1 of a number of tenants of the ,protestant bishop of ,tuam1 who had refused to send their children to proselytizing schools4 ,the well-known missionary1 ,father ,lavelle1 is a #ege prominent figure in the book1 slightly disguised under the name of ,father ,dillon4 ,a ,,general ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,catholic ,,church3 ,,from ,,the ,,commencement ,,of ,,the ,,christian ,,era ,,until ,,the ,,present ,,time4 ,by ,m4 l',abbe ,j4,e4 ,darras4 ,first ,american from the last ,french edition4 ,with an ,introduction and ,notes1 by the ,most ,rev4 ,m4,j4 ,spalding1 ,d4,d41 ,archbishop of ,baltimore4 ,numbers #f1 #g1 and #h4 #hvo4 pp4 7each7 #dh4 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,o',shea4 ,we are pleased to learn that two valuable appendices are to be added to the ,american translation of this important work2 one by an eminent ,jesuit on the history of the ,church in ,ireland1 the other by the ,rev4 ,c4,i4 ,white1 ,d4,d41 on the history of the ,church in ,america4 ,the ,english version of the book ought thus to be far superior to the original ,french4 ,the numbers appear with great promptness1 and present the same neat and tasteful appearance which we took occasion to praise in noticing some of the earlier parts4 ,,life ,,of ,,the ,,cure ,d',,ars4 ,from the ,french of the ,abbe ,alfred ,monnin4 #abmo41 pp4 #cee4 ,baltimore3 ,kelly ,piet4 ,it is only six years since ,jean ,baptist ,marie ,vianney1 better known as the ,cure of ,ars1 closed his mortal life in that little village near ,lyons which will probably be henceforth for ever associated with his name4 ,a common consent1 says ,dr4 ,manning1 in a preface to the book before us1 seems to have numbered him1 even while living1 among the servants of ,god2 and an expectation prevails that the day is not far off when the ,church will raise him to veneration upon her altars4 ,he was the son of a farmer of ,dardilly1 near ,lyons1 and appears to have inherited virtue from both his parents4 ,god gave him neither graces of person nor gifts of intellect4 ,his face was pale and thin1 his stature low1 his gait awkward1 his manner shy and timid1 his whole air common and unattractive4 ,his education was so defective that his teachers hesitated to recommend him for ordination4 ,but the want of human learning seems to have been supplied by supernatural illumination4 ,when he went to ,ars1 virtue was little known there4 ,to say that he speedily wrought an entire reformation is but a faint expression of the extraordinary effect of his ministry4 ,drunkenness and quarreling were soon unknown4 ,at the sound of the midday ,angelus the laborers would stop in their work to recite the ,ave ,maria with uncovered head4 ,men and women used to repair to the church after their work was done1 and often came again to pray at two or three o'clock in the morning4 ,the cure himself1 it may be said1 never left the church except to discharge some function of his ministry1 to take one scanty meal a day1 of bread or potatoes1 and to sleep two or three hours4 ,in the seventh year of his ministry he founded an asylum for orphan or destitute girls which he called ,the ,providence4 ,it is believed that he was miraculously assisted in providing food and clothing for these poor children4 ,once the stock of flour was exhausted1 except enough to make two loaves4 ,put your leaven into the little flour you have1 said the cure to the baker1 and to-morrow go on with your baking as usual4 ,the next day1 says this person1 ,i know not how it happened1 but as ,i kneaded1 the dough seemed to rise and rise under my fingers2 ,i could not put in the water quick enough2 the more ,i put in1 the more it swelled and thickened1 so that ,i was able to make1 with a handful of flour1 ten large loaves of from twenty to twenty-two pounds each1 as much1 in fact1 as could have been made with a whole sack of flour4 ,it was in consequence partly of circumstances of this nature connected with the ,providence1 and partly of the reputation of ,m4 ,vianney as a spiritual director1 that a stream of pilgrims set in toward ,ars that has continued to flow ever since4 ,before the close of his life1 as many as eighty thousand persons are said to have visited him in a single year1 by a single route4 ,most of them came to confess2 many to be cured of deformities or disease2 others to ask advice in special difficulties4 ,the number of cures effected at his hands was prodigious4 ,his labors in the confessional were almost beyond belief2 for thirty years he spent in this severest of all the duties of a parish priest sixteen or eighteen hours a day4 ,penitents were content to await their turn in the church all night1 all the next day--even two #egf days4 ,devout persons were so eager to get relics of him during his life1 that whenever he laid aside his hat or his surplice the garment was immediately appropriated4 ,so after a time he never put on a hat1 and never took off his surplice4 ,it seemed at last that his humility could no longer endure the veneration that was paid him4 ,he resolved to retire to a quiet place1 and spend the rest of his life in prayer4 ,he attempted to escape secretly by night2 but one of his assistant priests discovered his purpose1 and contrived to delay him1 until the alarm was sounded through the village4 ,the inhabitants were roused at the first stroke4 ,the clangor of the bell was soon mingled with confused cries of ,m4 le cure6 ,the women crowded the market-place and prayed aloud in the church2 the men armed themselves with whatever came first to hand2 guns1 forks1 sticks1 and axes4 ,m4 ,vianney made his way with difficulty to the street door1 but the villagers would not let him open it4 ,he went from one door to another1 says his old servant1 without getting angry2 but ,i think he was weeping4 ,at last he reached the street1 and stood still for a moment1 considering how to escape4 ,his assistant made a last effort to persuade him to remain4 ,the populace fell at his feet1 and cried1 with heart-rending sobs1 ,father1 let us finish our confession2 do not go without hearing us6 ,and thus saying1 they carried rather than led him to the church4 ,he knelt before the altar and wept for a long time4 ,then he went quietly into his confessional as if nothing had happened4 ,we would gladly quote the whole of the beautiful scene of which we have attempted to give an outline2 but our space forbids4 ,we must pass over also the graphic description of the abbe's death and funeral1 as well as the narrative of the extraordinary sufferings which made his life one long purgatory4 ,let our readers get the book1 and they will find it as interesting as a romance4 ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,john ,,mary ,,decalogne1 ,,student ,,in ,,the ,,university ,,of ,,paris4 ,translated from the ,french4 #ahmo41 pp4 #afb4 ,baltimore3 ,kelly ,piet4 ,this edifying narrative of the short and almost angelic career of a school-boy who died in the odor of sanctity1 in his seventeenth year1 was a great favorite with our fathers and grandfathers1 but we believe has long been out of print4 ,its re-publication is a praiseworthy adventure1 which we hope will have the success it deserves4 ,the book is especially recommended to lads preparing for their first communion4 ,the ,new ,path1 for ,june 7,new ,york3 ,james ,miller1 publisher71 is devoted wholly to the fortieth annual exhibition of the ,national ,academy of ,design4 ,our spicy little contemporary has no mercy on the artists4 ,truebner's ,american and ,oriental ,literary ,record1 the first number of which was published in ,london last ,march1 is a monthly register of the most important works published in ,north and ,south ,america1 in ,india1 ,china1 and the ,british ,colonies2 with occasional notes on ,german1 ,dutch1 ,danish1 ,french1 ,italian1 ,spanish1 ,portuguese1 and ,russian books4 ,we believe it is the first systematic attempt to bring the young literature of ,america and the ,east before the public of ,europe4 ,we commend it to the attention of our book-writing and publishing friends4 ,the ,american ,news ,company issue a little pamphlet on ,the ,russo-,greek ,church1 by a former resident of ,russia4 ,its aim is to expose the absurdity of the attempts at union between the ,russian and ,protestant ,episcopal ,churches4 ---- ,,books ,,received4 ,history of ,england from the fall of ,wolsey to the death of ,elizabeth4 ,by ,james ,anthony ,froude1 ,m4,a4 ,new ,york3 ,charles ,scribner ,company4 ,the ,history of the ,protestant ,reformation1 etc4 ,by ,m4,j4 ,spalding1 ,d4,d41 ,archbishop of ,baltimore4 ,fourth revised edition4 ,baltimore3 ,john ,murphy ,company4 ,ceremonial for the use of the ,catholic ,churches in the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,third edition1 revised and enlarged4 ,baltimore3 ,kelly ,piet4 ,meditations and ,considerations for a ,retreat of ,one ,day in each ,month4 ,compiled from the writings of ,fathers of the ,society of ,jesus4 ,baltimore3 ,kelly ,piet4 ,the ,year of ,mary4 ,translated from the ,french of the ,rev4 ,m4 d',arville1 ,apostolic ,prothonotary4 ,edited and in part translated by ,mrs4 ,j4 ,sadlier4 ,philadelphia3 ,peter ,f4 ,cunningham4 ------ #egg ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 ,,vol4 ,i41 ,,no4 #e4 ,,august1 #ahfe4 ,translated from ,etudes ,religieuses1 ,historiques1 et ,litteraires1 par des ,peres de la ,compagnie de ,jesus4 ,,dramatic ,,mysteries ,,of ,,the ,,fifteenth ,,and ,,sixteenth ,,centuries4 ,,by ,a4 ,,cahour1 ,s4 ,j4 ,the drama of the ,middle ,ages ends with a sort of theatrical explosion4 ,everything disappears at once1 under all forms and on every side4 ,it included1 like that of earlier times1 mysteries drawn from the ,old and the ,new ,testament2 miracles and plays borrowed from legends1 tragedies inspired by the acts of the martyrs and by chivalric romances1 by ancient history and by modern history2 moralities whose allegorical impersonations represent the vices and the virtues2 pious comedies like those of ,marguerite de ,valois1 ,queen of ,navarre1 upon the ,nativity of ,jesus ,christ1 upon the ,adoration of the ,magi1 upon the ,holy ,family in the desert2 profane comedies like those of the ,two ,daughters and the ,two ,wives by the same princess2 ludicrous farces like that of ,patelin the ,advocate2 licentious farces ad nauseam2 finally1 the ,soties1 satirical plays in which the ,clercs de la ,basoche and the ,enfants sans souci renewed the audacity of ,aristophanes without reviving his talent4 ,there were representations for all solemn occasions1 for the patron-feasts of cities and parishes1 for the assemblies of a whole country1 for the joyous entry of kings and princes4 ,there were also scenic entremets for banquets2 and nearly all these displays were made with proportions so gigantic1 with so much pomp and expense1 that everybody must have participated in them1 priests and magistrates1 lords and citizens1 carpenters and minstrels4 ,the representation of a mystery became the affair of a whole city1 of a whole province4 ,the hangings of the theatre1 the costume of the actors1 exhibited the most beautiful tapestries1 the richest dresses1 the most precious jewels of the neighboring chateaux1 and even the ornaments of the churches--copes for the eternal ,father1 dalmatics for the angels4 ,one of our most ingenious and learned critics1 whom it is impossible not to cite frequently when writing upon the dramatic poetry of the sixteenth century1 ,m4 ,sainte-,beuve1 in speaking of this prodigious fecundity1 has remarked1 that when things are close to their end they often have a final season of remarkable brilliancy--it is their autumn--their vintage2 #egh or it is like the last brilliant discharge in a piece of fireworks4 ,perhaps there is no better illustration of this phenomenon than that of a pyrotechnic display1 which multiplying its jets of light1 and illuminating the entire horizon at the very moment of its extinction1 disappears into the night and leaves naught behind but its smoke4 ,what is there left1 in fact1 after all this theatrical effervescence8 ,one natural and truly ,french inspiration alone--the immortal farce of ,patelin1 dating from the second half of the fifteenth century1 and revived at the commencement of the eighteenth by ,brueys and ,palaprat4 ,however1 despite its poverty1 this dramatic epoch merits our close attention4 ,in giving us a picture of the public amusements of our forefathers1 it will indicate1 on the one hand1 the nature of their morality and their literary tastes1 and on the other1 the causes of the decline of the old ,christian drama at the verge of the revolution which delivered over the ,french stage to the ideas and the philosophy of paganism4 ,if we wished to give a catalogue of the productions of the fifteenth and the sixteenth centuries1 we might easily compile it from the history of the brothers ,parfait1 the ,recherches of ,beauchamps1 and the ,bibliotheque of the ,duke de la ,valliere4 ,such a task1 however abridged1 would require a long chapter1 and we neither have time to undertake it nor are we sorry at being obliged to omit it4 ,passing straight to our goal1 let us occupy ourselves with the tragic dramas alone1 and even here we must put bounds to our inquiry under penalty of losing ourselves in endless and uninteresting details4 ,all that which characterizes the ,melpomene of the fifteenth and the commencement of the sixteenth centuries is found in the two great works1 ,the ,mystery of the ,passion1 and ,the ,mystery of the ,acts of the ,apostles4 ,in these1 and we may almost say in these only1 shall we study its power and its originality4 ,the ,mystery of the ,passion is the work of two ,angevin poets1 named alike ,jehan ,michel4 ,the first1 born toward the end of the fourteenth century1 after having been a canon and at the same time secretary of ,queen ,yolande of ,aragon1 mother of the good ,king ,rene1 ,count of ,anjou and of ,provence1 became bishop of ,angers1 ,february #ai1 #adch1 and died in the odor of sanctity1 ,september #ab1 #addg4 ,the second ,jehan ,michel1 a very eloquent and scientific doctor1 as la ,croix du ,maine informs us1 was the chief physician of ,king ,charles ,,viii41 and died in ,piedmont1 ,august #bb1 #adic4 ,he edited and printed1 in #adhf1 the work of his namesake4 ,this mystery was played at ,metz and at ,paris in #adcg1 and at ,angers three years afterward upon the commencement of the episcopacy of its first author4 ,it is a gigantic trilogy1 into which are fused and co-ordinated all the dramatic representations borrowed for three centuries from the canonical and apocryphal gospels4 ,it is1 remarks ,m4 ,douhaire1 in his eleventh lecture on the ,history of ,christian ,poetry before the ,renaissance1--it is a great central sea into which flow all the streams of a common poetic region4 ,from the refreshing pictures of the patriarchal life of ,joachim and ,ann to the sublime scenes of the resurrection of ,jesus ,christ and the saints of the ancient law1 all1 or nearly all1 that has caught our eyes before is here found anew1 sometimes as a reminiscence1 sometimes in the lifelike and spirited form of a dialogue4 ,the legend of the death of the ,holy ,virgin1 the legends of the apostles1 of ,pilate1 and of the ,wandering ,jew1 have alone been omitted2 whether because they appeared to the authors of the mystery to break the theological unity of their work1 or because their length excluded them from a composition already swollen far beyond reasonable limits4 ,the mystery opens with a council held in heaven upon the redemption #egi of the human race4 ,on the one side ,mercy and ,peace1 in allegorical character1 implore pardon for our first parents and their posterity4 ,on the other1 ,justice and ,truth demand the eternal condemnation of the guilty4 ,to conciliate them1 there must be found a man without sin who will freely die for the salvation of all4 ,they go forth to seek him on the earth4 ,to the council of heaven succeeds that of hell4 ,lucifer in terror convokes his demons to oppose the redemption of the world4 ,during their tumultuous deliberation the four virtues return in despair to heaven4 ,they have failed to find the generous and pure victim necessary for expiation4 ,the ,son of ,god offers himself1 and the mystery of the incarnation is decreed4 ,footnote #aad ,st4 ,joachim espouses ,st4 ,ann1 and ,mary is born of the union so long sterile4 ,then follows the scenic display of all the legendary and gospel narratives of her education1 her marriage with ,st4 ,joseph1 the incarnation of the ,word1 the birth of ,jesus ,christ1 and all the wonders of his infancy up to his dispute in the temple with the doctors4 ,it is at this point that the great drama completes its first part1 which is entitled ,the ,mystery of the ,conception4 ,it is adapted1 after the style of the time1 for ninety-seven persons4 ,footnote #aad3 ,this is the idea of ,st4 ,bernard dramatized4 ,in festo ,annunciationis ,b4,m4,v4 ,sermo primus1 ,no4 #i2 vol4 i41 p4 #igd4 ,the second part1 which has given its name to the entire drama1 is the ,mystery of the ,passion of ,jesus ,christ4 ,it is divided into four days1 each of which has its appropriate actors4 ,the first day1 which is for eighty-seven persons1 extends from the preaching of ,st4 ,john the ,baptist1 in the wilderness1 to his beheading4 ,the second requires a hundred persons4 ,it comprises the sermons and miracles of our ,saviour1 and ends with the resurrection of ,lazarus4 ,the third commences with the triumphal entry of ,jesus ,christ into ,jerusalem and ends with ,annas and ,caiphas4 ,this day is for eighty-seven persons1 like the first4 ,the fourth requires five hundred4 ,it is the representation of all the scenes in the tribunal of ,pilate and at the court of ,herod1 at ,calvary and at the holy sepulchre4 ,the third part1 entitled ,the ,resurrection1 represents ,jesus ,christ manifesting himself to his disciples in different places after he has risen from the tomb2 then his ascension and entrance into heaven in the midst of concerts of angels2 and finally1 the descent of the ,holy ,spirit upon the apostles assembled together in an upper chamber4 ,we have two different forms of this third part4 ,one is in three days2 the other in one4 ,the former has only forty-five persons2 one hundred and forty are needed for the latter4 ,these three dramas1 of which the trilogy of the ,passion is composed1 were played for a century and a half1 sometimes together1 sometimes separately4 ,when represented at ,paris1 in #adcg1 at the entrance of ,charles ,,vii41 they closed with a spectacle of the final judgment4 ,footnote #aae ,there are even found amplifiers who carry it back as far as the origin of the world4 ,it will be difficult to say how much time the performance of this agglomeration of dramas required4 ,some idea1 however1 can be formed from a representation of the ,old ,testament1 arranged about #aejj1 which set out with the creation of the angels and did not arrive at the nativity of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ until after twenty-two days4 ,was the trilogy of the two ,angevin poets sometimes preceded by this immense prelude8 ,we cannot tell4 ,but the length of the spectacle would render this conjecture incredible1 since the ,triumphant ,mystery of the ,acts of the ,apostles1 played at ,bruges1 in #aecf1 lasted forty days1 morning and afternoon4 #ehj ,these spectacles commenced ordinarily at nine in the morning4 ,then at eleven o'clock the people went to dinner1 and returned again two hours after4 ,footnote #aae3 ,all along the great ,rue ,st4 ,denis1 according to ,alain ,chartier1 to the distance of a stone's throw on both sides1 were erected scaffoldings of great and costly construction1 where were played ,the ,annunciation of ,our ,lady1 ,the ,nativity of our ,lord1 his ,passion1 his ,resurrection1 ,pentecost1 and the ,last ,judgment1 the whole passing off quite well4 7,beauchamps' ,recherches sur les theaters de ,france1 t4 i41 p4 #bed-bef74 ,this drama1 thirty or forty times longer than our longest classical tragedies1 contains1 at the least1 sixty-six thousand verses4 ,it was printed for the first time1 in #aecg1 in two volumes folio1 and proved its popularity by three different editions within four years4 ,the emphasis of its title attests1 moreover1 the immense success of its representation at ,bruges the year before4 ,it was the composition of two brothers1 ,arnoul and ,simon ,greban1 born at ,compiegne4 ,arnoul1 by whom it was conceived and commenced about #adej1 was a canon of ,mans4 ,he died before he had finished versifying it4 ,simon1 monk of ,st4 ,riquier1 in ,ponthieu1 completed it during the reign of ,charles ,,vii41 and1 consequently1 before #adfa4 ,their dramatic composition is divided into nine books4 ,they have left to the directors of the spectacle the care of dividing it into more or fewer days1 according to circumstances4 ,the first book commences with the assembling of the disciples in the upper chamber1 and represents the election of ,st4 ,matthias1 the descent of the ,holy ,spirit1 and the earlier preaching of the apostles when braving the persecutions of the synagogue4 ,the second book extends from the martyrdom of ,st4 ,stephen to the conversion of ,st4 ,paul4 ,the third is filled with the legendary traditions concerning the apostleship of ,st ,thomas in ,india4 ,the fourth brings back the spectacle to ,jerusalem1 where ,herod dies after having cut off the head of ,st4 ,james the ,greater2 then the scene is transferred to ,antioch1 where ,st4 ,peter1 at the solicitation of ,simon the ,magician1 is put into prison1 and obtains his liberty by restoring to life the son of the prince of that city who had been dead ten years4 ,the fifth book contains1 first1 the preaching of ,st4 ,paul at ,athens1 where he converts ,st4 ,denis1 the future apostle of ,france2 then1 the death of the ,blessed ,virgin1 at which the apostles are present1 brought together suddenly by a miracle4 ,the sixth book is consecrated to the apostleship and martyrdom of ,st4 ,matthew in ,ethiopia1 of ,st4 ,barnabas in the ,isle of ,cyprus1 of ,st4 ,simon and ,st4 ,jude at ,babylon1 and1 finally1 of ,st4 ,bartholomew1 whom ,prince ,astyages flayed alive4 ,in the seventh book1 ,st4 ,thomas ends his apostleship in ,india1 slain by the sword2 ,st4 ,matthias is stoned to death by the ,jews2 ,st4 ,andrew is crucified by the provost of ,achaia2 the ,emperor ,claudius dies and ,nero succeeds him4 ,in the eighth book1 ,st4 ,philip and ,st4 ,james the ,less suffer martyrdom at ,hierapolis4 ,the two princes combine with the apostles against ,simon the ,magician and bring his miracles to naught4 ,st ,paul recalls ,patroclus to life1 who had fallen from a high window while sleeping over the apostolic sermon4 ,in the ninth and last book1 ,simon the ,magician1 availing himself of his most powerful enchantments in order to deceive the ,romans1 having caused himself to be lifted into the air by the demons1 falls at the voice of ,st4 ,peter and is killed4 ,nero avenges him by imprisoning ,st4 ,peter and ,st4 ,paul--puts to death ,proces and ,martinian1 their gaolers1 whom they had converted and by whom they were set at liberty--arrests the two apostles anew1 and condemns one to be crucified1 the other to be beheaded4 ,then1 terrified by the successive apparitions of the two martyrs1 who announce to him the vengeance of heaven1 he invokes the demons1 demands their counsel1 kills himself1 and the devils bear away his soul to hell4 ,when we add that each book is filled with striking conversions1 that some terminate with the baptism of a whole city or a whole people1 and that the apostles insure the triumph of the gospel even in death1 a sufficient idea will have been given of the historic procession and the moral unity of this drama1 or rather of this epic worked up in dialogue and arranged for the #eha stage4 ,but in order to get a clearer notion of its theatrical power and poetic features1 it is necessary to direct our attention1 in the first place1 to the interest of the legends which are here blended constantly with history2 and1 in the second place1 to the fairy art and the magnificence of the spectacle4 ,here1 for instance1 is an example of the legendary poetry interwoven in the piece4 ,we borrow it from the third book4 ,gondoforus1 king of ,india1 wishes to build a magnificent palace2 but he is in want of architects1 and therefore sends his provost ,abanes to ,rome in search of one4 ,the messenger mounts at once on a dromedary3 he is followed by a servant leading a camel4 ,in three and a half hours they are at ,caesarea in ,palestine1 where the apostle ,st4 ,james is dwelling4 ,st4 ,michael had descended from heaven to anticipate the arrival of ,abanes1 and commands the apostle1 in the name of our ,lord1 to offer himself as architect4 ,directed by the archangel1 he accosts ,abanes and tells him that he is the man he seeks4 ,they breakfast together and set out1 not this time on a dromedary and a camel1 but in a ship conducted by ,palinurus1 who had just arrived1 bringing ,st4 ,james1 the son of ,zebedee1 from ,spain to ,palestine4 ,while they are making the voyage1 the king of ,andrinopolis is holding counsel upon the manner of celebrating the nuptials of his daughter ,pelagia1 who is espoused to the young chevalier ,denis2 and the result of this deliberation is that he must invite everybody who can come4 ,the apostle and the ,provost disembark at ,andrinopolis at very moment when the herald the proclamation1 in the name of the king1 summoning to the banquet citizens of all conditions and even rangers--pilgrims and wayfarers4 ,st4 ,thomas consequently is present at the nuptial feast4 ,a young ,jewess chants a roundelay3 ,there is a ,god of ,hebrew story4 ,dwelling in eternal glory ,who first of all things claims our love3 ,who made the earth1 sea1 sky above1 ,and taught the morning stars to sing4 ,high would ,i laud this virtuous king1 ,and blaming naught1 his praises ring ,through every hall1 through every grove4 ,there is a ,god of ,hebrew story1 ,dwelling in eternal glory1 ,who first of all things claims our love4 ,footnote #aaf ,footnote #aaf3 ,she commences in ,hebrew3 ,a sarahel zadab aheboin1 ,aga sela tanmeth thavehel ,elyphaleth a der deaninin1 etc4 ,then she translates her roundelay into ,french4 ,st4 ,thomas1 charmed with this song1 begs that it may be repeated1 and the king's butler boxes his ears4 ,ere the morrow shall be through1 ,thy hand its fault will sorely rue1 says the apostle1 adding-- ',twere better for thy purgatory1 ,to suffer anguish transitory4 ,this prediction is not tardy of accomplishment4 ,the butler is sent to the fountain by the cup-bearer4 ,a lion comes up1 and with a snap of his teeth bites off the guilty hand1 while the poor man dies repentant and commending his soul to ,god4 ,in the banquet hall all is gay confusion1 when presently a dog enters with the dissevered hand4 ,the king1 informed of the prophecy and its accomplishment1 prostrates himself with his whole family at the feet of the apostle1 who blesses him4 ,all at once there appears a branch of palm covered with dates4 ,the wedded couple eat of it and then fall asleep4 ,in their dreams angels counsel them to preserve their virginity4 ,after having baptized the king of ,andrinopolis and all his household1 ,st4 ,thomas renews his journey with his guide1 and arrives in ,india4 ,gondoforus and his brother ,agatus salute the architect whom ,abanes has brought4 ,well1 master1 at what school did you study your art8 ,my master surpasses all others in excellence4 ,and of whom did he learn his science8 ,master and teacher had he none1 ,he learneth from himself alone4 ,where is he8 ,in a country far away1 ,he lives and ruleth regally3 ,the sons of men his servants be1 ,his twelve apprentices are we4 #ehb ,the king1 amazed at the knowledge of the stranger1 gives him a vast sum of gold1 for the construction of his palace4 ,but it was not an earthly edifice that the apostle proposed to build--it was a heavenly and spiritual edifice whose materials were alms and good works4 ,he therefore distributes among the beggars whom he meets all the money which has been given him4 ,at the end of two years1 ,gondoforus comes to see the building1 and not finding it1 he thus addresses ,st4 ,thomas and ,abanes3 ,scoundrels without conscience born1 ,where has all my money gone8 ,my trust in you has cost me dear4 ,,thomas ,sire1 therewith ,i did uprear ,a palace fair1 of rare device ,for you-- ,,agatus4 ,where is't8 ,,thomas4 ,in ,paradise4 ,the ,indian king1 who does not understand that style of architecture1 throws ,st4 ,thomas and ,abanes into prison4 ,scarcely has he returned home with his followers1 when ,agatus suddenly dies4 ,the angels descend in haste to bear his soul to heaven4 ,footnote #aag ,what do ,i see8 he cries4 ,the palace which ,thomas has made for thy brother1 replies ,raphael4 ,great ,god1 but ,i am not pure enough to be its porter6 ,thy brother1 said ,uriel1 has made himself unworthy of it4 ,but if thou desirest1 we will supplicate our ,lord to restore thee to earth1 and this palace shall be thine when thou hast repaid the king his money4 ,the soul of ,agatus joyfully agreed to this1 and was restored to its body by ,uriel4 ,then ,agatus1 as soon as life returned1 arose and told ,gondoforus all that he had seen1 proposing to reimburse him for all the expenses of this heavenly palace the possession of which he desired4 ,the amazed king1 wishing to secure the beautiful palace for himself1 goes and flings himself at the feet of ,st4 ,thomas1 beseeching baptism for himself and court4 ,footnote #aag3 ,although the arts of the middle ages1 says ,father ,cahier1 did not adopt an absolutely invariable form for the representation of souls1 the most ordinary symbol is that of a small1 nude figure escaping from the mouth1 like a sword drawn from the sheath4 ,monagraphie de la ,cathedrale de ,bourges1 p4 #aeh1 note #b4 ,when the ,mystery of the ,acts of the ,apostles was played at ,bruges in #aecf1 so perfect was the representation of this legend and the other marvels of the piece1 says the old historian ,du ,berry1 that many of the hearers thought it real and not feigned4 ,they saw1 among a thousand other wondrous sights1 the provost of the king of the ,indies enter riding on a huge dromedary1 very well constructed1 which moved its head1 opened its mouth1 and ran out its tongue4 ,when the butler was punished1 they saw a lion steal up and bite off the hand1 and a dog who bore it still bleeding into the midst of the feasters4 ,these were not the only animal prodigies that passed under the eyes of the spectators4 ,in the representation of the sixteenth book1 for example1 two sorcerers1 irritated against ,st4 ,matthew1 caused a multitude of serpents to appear1 and the apostle summoned forth from the earth a very terrible dragon which devoured them4 ,in another part of this same book1 ,st4 ,philip1 having been led before the god ,mars1 makes a dragon leap forth from the mouth of the idol1 which kills the son of the pagan bishop1 two tribunes1 and two varlets4 ,in the course of the seventh book1 a still more extraordinary automaton appears4 ,st4 ,andrew delivers ,greece from a monstrous serpent fifty cubits long4 ,here1 says the note introduced for the ordering of the mystery1 an oak must be planted1 and a serpent must be coiled beneath the said oak1 glaring1 and must vomit forth a great quantity of blood and then die4 ,the marvels of the art multiply themselves infinitely and in all directions4 ,we see1 for example1 idols crumbling into powder at the voice of the apostles1 and temples crushing the pagans in their fall4 ,we see ,saul #ehc struck down from his horse by a great light out of heaven2 ,st4 ,thomas walking over red-hot iron2 ,st4 ,barnabas fast bound upon a cart-wheel over a pan of live coals1 which burn him to cinders4 ,footnote #aah ,we see1 also1 the apostles borne through the air to assist at the death of the ,virgin4 ,here lightning must be made in a white cloud1 and this cloud must float around ,st4 ,john1 who is preaching at ,ephesus1 and he must be borne in the cloud to the gates of ,notre ,dame4 ,a moment after1 thunder and lightning must burst forth from a white cloud which shall veil over the apostles as they preach in different countries1 and bear them before the gates of ,notre ,dame4 ,while the apostles are carrying the body of the ,holy ,virgin to the tomb1 chanting ,in exitu ,israel de ,egypto1 a rosy cloud in shape like a coronet must descend1 on which should be many holy saints holding naked swords and darts4 ,a mob of ,jews come to lay hands on the shrine4 ,as soon as they touch it1 their hands must be glued to the litter and become withered and black2 and the angels in the cloud must cast down fire upon them and a storm of darts4 ,the sacrilegious ,jews are struck with blindness4 ,some of them are converted and recover their sight4 ,five remain obstinate4 ,the devils come to torment them1 and finally strangle them4 ,here their souls rise in the air and the devils bear them away4 ,lastly1 we have the ,assumption of the ,holy ,virgin4 ,here ,gabriel puts a soul into the body of ,mary1 after ,michael has rolled away the stone4 ,and the ,virgin ,mary rises to her knees1 a halo of glory round her like the sun4 ,then a grand pause of the organ or anthem1 while ,mary is being placed in the cloud on which she will ascend4 ,the angels should sing as they disappear ,venite ascendamus1 and the angels ought to surround the ,virgin and bear her above ,gabriel and the other angels4 ,lifted thus above nine choirs of angels1 she elicits vast admiration1 and beholding from the height of heaven ,st4 ,thomas1 who could not arrive in time to assist at her death and receive her last benediction1 she throws him her girdle4 ,footnote #aah3 ,daru will pretend to burn ,barnabas1 and will burn a feigned body1 and will lower ,barnabas under the earth4 ,thus in this drama1 requiring forty days and five hundred and thirty persons ,footnote #aai for its performance1 heaven1 air1 earth1 hell1 all participated in the movement and the spectacle4 ,what kind of a theatre was required for such scenic action8 ,in the sixteenth century men saw theatres with two stages for the miracles of ,notre ,dame4 ,the ,mysteries of the ,acts of the ,apostles and of the ,passion required three4 ,heaven was on high1 hell below1 earth in mid-space4 ,let us attempt to build anew these theatres before the eyes of our readers4 ,footnote #aai3 ,this is the number of actors employed in the representation made at ,bruges in #aecf1 according to the calculation of ,m4 ,chevalier de ,saint-,amand4 ,cahier1 ,monographie de la ,cathedrale de ,bourges1 p4 #aec4 ,we find only #dhd persons in the ,repertoire1 des noms contenus au jeu des actes des apotres4 ,see the edition of this ,mystery published at ,paris in #aeda by ,arnoul and ,charles les ,angliers1 under this title3 ,les catholiques ,o,euvres et ,actes des ,apotres4 ,paradise was an amphitheatre in form4 ,high above appeared the ,deity1 seated upon a golden throne and overlooking all--the stage and the audience4 ,at the four corners of his throne sat four persons representing ,peace1 ,mercy1 ,justice1 ,truth4 ,at their feet were nine choirs of angels ranged by hierarchies upon the steps4 ,there was space also for the blessed spirits and for the organ which accompanied the celestial chants4 ,everything flashed and glittered4 ,the painter and the carver were prodigal of their wonders4 ,of this we can form a judgment from a description of the paradise displayed at ,bruges on the representation of the ,triumphant ,mystery of the ,acts of the ,apostles4 ,according to a contemporary narrative1 five hundred and odd actors1 sallying forth from the abbey of ,st4 ,sulpice on ,sunday afternoon1 ,april #cj1 #aecf1 bore with them in great pomp the apparatus of a spectacle which they were about to give at the amphitheatre of the ,arenes4 #ehd ,they had a paradise twelve feet long1 and eight feet wide4 ,it had all around it open thrones painted to resemble passing clouds1 and both without and within were little angels as cherubim and seraphim1 powers and dominations1 in bas-relief1 their hands joined and always moving4 ,in the middle was a seat fashioned like a rainbow1 upon which was seated the ,godhead--,father1 ,son1 and ,holy ,ghost2 and behind were two gold suns revolving continuously in opposing orbits4 ,at the four corners were seats on which reposed ,justice1 ,peace1 ,truth1 and ,mercy1 richly clothed2 and beside the said ,godhead were two small angels chanting hymns and canticles to the music of the players on the flute1 the harp1 the lute1 the rebec1 and the viol1 who circled about the paradise4 ,the same account describes a hell fourteen feet in length and eight in width4 ,it was made in the fashion of a rock1 upon which was raised a tower always burning and sending forth flames4 ,at the four corners of the said rock were four small towers1 within which appeared spirits undergoing diverse torments1 and on the fore-edge of the rock writhed a great serpent1 hissing and emitting fire from his mouth and ears and nostrils2 and along the passages of the said rock twined and crawled all kinds of serpents and great toads4 ,the form and dimensions of this fiery cavern varied according to the exigencies of the dramatic action2 but its place was invariably in the lower part of the theatre4 ,in this were assembled all the diablerie1 usually comprising a dozen principal personages2 and from thence issued a terrible storm of howls and shrieks4 ,lucifer was there1 and ,satan1 ,belial1 ,cerberus1 ,astaroth1 ,burgibus1 ,leviathan1 ,proserpine1 and other devils great and small4 ,the gate through which they passed when coming to earth to torment mankind1 appeared in shape like the enormous jaws of a dragon1 and was called hell's mouth4 ,footnote #abj ,footnote #abj3 ,at the representation of the ,mystery of the ,passion at ,metz1 in ,july1 #adcg4 ,the mouth of hell was exceedingly well made1 for it opened and shut when the devils wished to enter or go forth1 and it had a great steel under-work4 ,chronique de ,metz1 ,,ms42 composed by a cure of ,st4 ,eustache1 cited by ,beauchamps1 in the ,recherches sur les theatres4'' ,limbo1 when demanded by the peculiar features of the play1 as in the ,mystery of the ,resurrection1 was placed below hell1 and was symbolized by a huge tower with slits and gratings on all sides1 in order that the spectators might catch glimpses of the spirits confined there4 ,as these spirits were only statuettes1 there was stationed behind the tower a body of men who howled and shrieked in concert1 and when anything was to be said to the audience1 a strong and lusty voice spoke in the name of all4 ,footnote #aba ,when a purgatory was needed1 it was located and constructed after nearly the same manner4 ,footnote #aba3 ,mysteres inedits du ,x,ve siecle published by ,achille ,jubinal1 t4i41 preface1 p4 xlii4 7,paris1 #ahcg74 ,let us remark here in passing1 that ,m4 ,jubinal1 who is better acquainted with the manuscripts of the middle ages than with his catechism1 has confounded limbo with purgatory4 ,the stage1 properly so called1 which was on a level with the audience1 represented earth--that is1 the different countries to which the dramatic action was successively transferred4 ,it therefore required a vastly greater space than hell or paradise2 the one symbolized by a cavern1 and the other by an amphitheatre4 ,it was divided into compartments1 and inscriptions indicated the countries and the cities4 ,this division was effected by scaffolds entirely separate1 when there was room enough4 ,thus at the ,mystery of the ,passion1 represented at ,paris in #adcg1 at the entrance of ,king ,charles ,,vii41 the scaffolds occupied the whole of the ,rue ,st4 ,denis for a distance of a stone's throw on either side1 and the more remote stage1 on which the last judgment was exhibited1 was before ,le ,chatelet4 ,the spectators were obliged to travel from one part to the other with the actors4 ,but they remained seated1 and could see the whole without change of place1 at the performance of the same mystery1 given the same year at ,metz1 in the #ehe plain of ,veximiel4 ,for the vast semicircle destined for the assembly had nine rows of seats1 and behind were the grand chairs for the lords and dames assembled from all parts of the province1 and even from ,germany4 ,it was the same at ,bruges on the preceding year at the representation of the ,acts of the ,apostles4 ,the enclosure occupied the whole space of the ancient amphitheatre1 commonly called the ,ditch of the ,arenes4 ,it had two stages1 and vast pavilions protected the spectators from the inclemency of the weather and the heat of the sun4 ,but three years after1 in #aeda1 when the burgesses of ,paris played that immense drama in the hall of l',hotel de ,flandre1 or when the ,fraternity of the ,passion gave their representations for a century and a half1 at their theatre of the ,trinity1 in a hall one hundred and twenty-nine feet long and thirty-six feet deep1 how were local distinctions indicated8 ,then the stage1 in default of space1 was divided by simple partitions1 and inscriptions1 indicating beyond mistake the houses1 cities1 and diverse countries1 were more indispensable than ever4 ,we may remark1 finally1 that in the great mysteries1 divided by days1 it was easy during the temporary suspension of the play to give a new aspect to the stage by a change of scenery4 ,sometimes1 also1 as in the preceding century1 the actors were obliged to inform the audience that they were transported from one place to another by saying1 ,here we come to ,bethlehem--to ,jerusalem4 ,we are making sail for ,rome--for ,athens1 etc4 ,and the illusion was kept up1 as far as could be1 by the cessation of the music1 in the interval during which1 to use an expression of ,m4 ,sainte-,beuve1 the mighty train swept on across space and time4 ,passing from the architecture of the theatre to the physiognomy of the actors1 let us study the manner in which they were recruited4 ,there were stock companies1 and extemporized companies4 ,of the first description were the ,fraternity of the ,passion1 so celebrated in the history of the representations of the mysteries at the end of the middle ages4 ,there were also the burgesses of ,paris1 artisans of all handicrafts1 who1 at the end of the fourteenth century1 assembled at the village of ,st4 ,maur1 near ,vincennes1 to give on festal days their pious spectacles4 ,interdicted ,june #c1 #acih1 by ordinance of the provost of ,paris1 who mistrusted this novelty1 they obtained from ,king ,charles ,,vi41 by letters patent of ,december #d1 #adjb1 permission to play even at ,paris1 and at the same time their society was elevated into a permanent fraternity1 under the title of ,de la ,passion de ,notre ,seigneur1 and was installed near the gate ,st4 ,denis in the ancient hospital of the ,trinity1 then for some time disused4 ,it would appear that in certain provinces1 cities1 and even parishes1 had1 like ,paris1 their association of miracle-players4 ,but1 most commonly1 these companies were improvised1 and consisted of volunteers4 ,this was the case at the gigantic representations of the ,mystery of the ,acts of the ,apostles at ,bruges and at ,paris4 ,we have still the cry and public proclamation made at ,paris1 ,thursday1 the sixteenth of ,december1 #aedj1 by the command of our lord the king1 ,francis ,i4 by name1 and monsieur the provost of ,paris1 summoning the people to fill the parts necessary for the playing of said mystery4 ,at eight o'clock of the morning there were assembled at the ,hotel de ,flandre1 where the mystery was to be performed1 all those who were charged with its management1 rhetoricians1 gentlemen of the long robe and the short1 lawyers and commoners1 clergymen and laity1 in vast numbers4 ,they paraded through the streets in fine apparel1 all well mounted according to their estate and capacity1 preceded by six trumpeters and escorted by numerous sergeants of the provost1 who kept the crowd in check4 ,they halted at every square1 and1 after a triple flourish of trumpets1 a public crier made the proclamation1 which was in bad rhyme4 ,ten days #ehf after1 on ,st4 ,stephen's day1 the large hall of the ,hotel de ,flandre--the usual place1 says the narrative1 for making the records and holding the rehearsals of the mysteries1 was filled with a crowd of burgesses and merchants1 clergy and laity1 who came to exhibit their talents in the presence of the commissioners and lawyers deputed to hear the voice of each person1 retaining and remunerating them according to the measure of their excellence in the parts required4 ,the selections having been made1 the rehearsals commenced and continued every day until the performance of the mystery1 which was played at the beginning of the next year4 ,whoever deemed himself of any value responded generously to these appeals1 not only among the bourgeois and gentlemen--artisans and magistrates--but also the cures and their vicars1 the canons1 and sometimes even the friars4 ,women alone were excluded1 the female parts being always filled by men4 ,the participation of the clergy in these scenic diversions is readily accounted for1 when one considers the moral aim and the religious character of the plays4 ,all these dramas represent the mysteries and history of ,christianity4 ,all commence1 either with readings from the ,holy ,scripture or by the chanting of the hymns of the ,church1 or by the recitation of the ,ave ,maria--the whole assemblage kneeling and joining in the services4 ,all ended1 moreover1 as in preceding centuries1 with the ,te ,deum4 ,the spectacle was frequently interrupted by preaching1 and more than once1 at the end of a dramatic day1 actors and spectators might be seen wending their way to church to offer up thanks to heaven4 ,beside1 did not the clergy find themselves on their own ground1 in these plays1 instituted in order to increase the solemnity of their sacred days1 and evincing unquestionable traces of a liturgic origin8 ,let us add finally1 with ,dom ,piolin1 that a distinction was rigorously maintained between profane pieces and those whose aim was the edification and the instruction of the faithful2 that while zealously keeping in check all acting which could possibly be turned to license1 the clergy furthered with all their power the exhibiting of the mysteries4 ,the learned ,benedictin presents to us the chapter of ,st4 ,julien at ,mans preventing1 in #aeci1 the ringing of the cathedral bells in order not to interrupt a representation of the ,miracle of ,theophilus2 and stopping them again1 in #aeef1 and1 in addition1 hastening the morning offices and delaying those of evening1 in order to accommodate them to the time of the performance of the ,mystery of the ,conception of the most ,holy ,virgin4 ,after the distribution of parts1 all the actors were obliged on the spot to pledge themselves by oath and under penalty of a fine never to be absent from the rehearsals4 ,a second appeal to the public good-will was necessary to secure a wardrobe for the hundreds of players1 who on the day of exhibition wore sometimes the richest jewels and the most beautiful stuffs of a whole province4 ,the magnificence of the spectacle at ,bruges1 in #aecf1 would strike us as incredible1 if the author of the narrative which has preserved us the details1 had not taken the precaution to forewarn his readers at the start that he kept within the truth4 ,as illustrating its splendor1 take the following examples1 gathered here and there from the volume4 ,st4 ,james the ,lesser wore a scarf estimated at #dej gold crowns4 ,the girdle of ,st4 ,matthew was valued at more than #ejj crowns sterling4 ,queen ,dampdeomopolis1 who was mounted on an ambling pad which was covered with a housing of black velvet and had a gold fringed harness1 wore a petticoat of cloth of gold1 beneath a robe of crimson damask bordered with gold chains1 while down the front ran a rich beading of precious stones1 rubies and diamonds1 of the value of more than #b1jjj crowns4 ,this is not all4 ,from head to foot gold and jewels glittered #ehg on her person4 ,her head-dress was surmounted by a white feather1 and on her forehead hung by a little thread of black silk a huge oriental pearl4 ,the wife of ,herod ,agrippa had for her girdle a great gold chain of more than #a1jjj crowns in value2 from which hung chaplets carved in facets4 ,she had on her neck another great chain and a collar of pearls1 whence hung a ring and sprig of four diamonds1 and on her stomacher was a dorure which bore a gold dog having a great ruby hanging from its neck1 and a great pearl suspended to the tail4 ,all these princesses--and they could be counted by dozens--had with them their maids1 their squires1 and their pages1 handsomely clothed4 ,there were likewise princes1 kings1 and emperors1 who came from all quarters of the world4 ,nothing approaches to the magnificence of ,nero4 ,it would carry us too far out of our way if we should mention in detail the numerous and brilliant cortege which preceded the formidable emperor when the actors issued from the abbey of ,st4 ,sulpice1 where they robed themselves before entering the theatre4 ,first came a troop of musicians composed of a fifer1 six trumpeters1 and four players on the tamborine2 next the grand provost of ,rome1 mounted on a splendid horse caparisoned with violet-colored satin1 fringed with white silk2 then four cavaliers attending the ensign-bearer of ,nero2 presently four companies of ,moors crowned with laurels and bearing1 some1 masses of gilded silver1 others1 vases of silver and gold or cornucopiae filled with fleurs de lis--or the armorial bearings of the empire inter-worked on triumphal hats4 ,lastly1 a horse appeared covered to the ground with flesh-colored velvet1 bordered with tracery of gold1 into which were woven the devices of ,nero4 ,this horse1 conducted by two lackeys clothed also with flesh-colored velvet1 bore a cushion of silk and cloth-of-gold in ,turkish work1 on which lay three crowns1 the first1 solid gold2 the second1 all pearls2 the third1 composed of every kind of precious stone of marvellous beauty and richness--and these three crowns formed the imperial head-gear4 ,next there came into sight another horse1 whose harness and caparison were of blue satin1 fringed with gold and bestrewn with stars made of embroidery of gold stuff on a violet field4 ,the two lackeys who led it by the bridle1 had their heads uncovered and were clothed with velvet of a violet crimson1 purfled with gold1 slashed with broad slashes1 through which the lining of white satin showed itself in folds4 ,this was the saddle-horse of the emperor4 ,afterward came six players on the hautboy clothed in sarcinet of a violet crimson4 ,nero appeared last1 borne on a high tribunal eight feet wide and ten long1 and covered to the earth with cloth-of-gold1 strewn with large embroidered eagles1 copied as closely as possible from the life4 ,the chair on which he was seated was entirely covered with another cloth-of-gold crimped4 ,his sagum1 or military cloak1 was of blue velvet all purfled with gold1 with large flowers in needle-work after the antique2 the sleeves slashed1 and displaying beneath the undulating folds of the lining1 which was of gold stuff on a violet field4 ,his robe1 a crimson velvet1 adorned with flowers and interlaced with gold thread1 was lined with velvet of the same color4 ,the cape was serrated1 the points interblending1 and was bestrewn with a profusion of great pearls1 and at each point hung a great tassel of other pearls4 ,his hat1 of ,persian velvet and of a tyrannical fashion1 was bordered with chains of gold and strewn with a great quantity of rings4 ,his gold crown1 with its triple branches1 was filled with gems so numerous1 so varied1 and of so great a price that it is impossible to specify them4 ,and his collar was not less garnished4 ,his buskins1 of ,persian velvet1 with small slashes1 were laced with chains of gold1 and some rings hung from his #ehh garters4 ,he placed one of his feet upon a casket which enclosed the imperial seal and was covered with silver cloth sown with gems1 thus symbolizing that the power of the empire was his1 and that all things were submissive to him4 ,in his hand was a battle-axe well gilded4 ,his port was haughty and his mien very magnificent4 ,the tribunal1 with the monarch upon it1 was borne by eight captive kings1 the drapery concealing from the audience everything save their heads1 on which rested crowns of gold4 ,a troupe of musicians followed with trumpets1 clarions1 tamborines1 and fifes4 ,the procession was closed by twenty-four cavaliers1 captains1 chevaliers1 squires1 cup-bearers--some wearing the imperial livery1 others clad according to their pleasure2 and by chariots which were loaded with the emperor's baggage and vivanderie1 and were drawn by eighteen or twenty horses4 ,nero's sagum1 with its splendid flower-work after the antique1 his hat of tyrannical fashion1 his battle-axe1 the eagles embroidered on the drapery which covered his tribunal1 the laurel crowns which begirt the brows of his ,moorish guards1 the cornucopiae1 the vases of gold and silver which they carried1 all indicate a tendency toward historical costume4 ,this is also seen in the robes of the seventy-two disciples approaching the ancient manner--the caps of the high priests1 ,josephus and ,abiachar1 made according to the ,jewish manner--the dagger of ,polemius1 king of ,armenia1 the golden handle of which was prepared after the antique--the robe1 fashioned after the ,hebrew manner1 which was worn by the young ,jew whom we saw singing at the marriage of ,pelagia and ,denis4 ,but apart from these examples and some others which are found here and there in the pompous catalogue of the actors of ,bruges1 everybody used great liberty and much fancifulness in the choice of habiliments4 ,each person took the most beautiful things he could lay hands on4 ,the cortege of ,nero closed1 as we have seen1 by cavaliers dressed after their own pleasure4 ,the marechal of ,migdeus1 king of ,greater ,ynde1 and his valet1 had taffeta clothes while bearing on their shoulders bars of iron and mallets4 ,the lord of ,quantilly1 author of the relation from which we have derived our details1 after having spoken of a group of eighteen or twenty persons blind1 halt1 demoniac1 lepers and vagabonds1 confesses that they were too well clad to accord with their condition4 ,thus far we have concerned ourselves with the history of the mysteries and their representation2 we shall now proceed to a critical retrospect of the subject4 ,the trilogy of the ,mystery of the ,passion and the ,triumphant ,mystery of the ,acts of the ,apostles1 deserve an important place in the history of ,french dramatic art1 not only because they characterize the epoch of which they were the two chief works1 but also because they have an intimate and an essential connection with the tragic masterpieces of the eighteenth century--a connection also which has been little noticed4 ,we propose to consider the literary value and the influence of those two plays1 commencing with an estimate of the mise en scene and the spectacle whose fairy-like pomp and immense popularity we have just taken in view4 ,the dramatic writers and the managers of the mysteries were well aware that to move the multitude the eye is of greater power than the ear4 ,we have seen that they directed all their energies to the marvels of stage effect4 ,but they did not listen to the precept of the poet1 a precept founded on the very nature of art1 which enjoins that only those things should be interwoven into the composition which can be witnessed without incredulity and without disgust4 ,if the devils intervene1 they must be introduced with their bat-shaped wings ever moving1 and fire issuing from their nostrils1 their mouth1 and their ears1 while they held in their hands #ehi fiery distaffs shaped like serpents2 that ,cerberus1 porter of hell1 should have on his helmet three heads emitting flame1 and that the keys he carried in his hand should seem to have just issued from a furnace1 they sparkled so2 that the long and hideous breasts of ,proserpine should drip incessantly with blood1 and with jets of fire at intervals2 that ,lucifer should have a casque vomiting forth flames unceasingly1 and should hold in his grasp handfuls of vipers which moved in fiery twists4 ,it was then everywhere fire1 and1 above all1 real fire--for the contemporary authority who furnishes us with the details is particular to tell us1 two several times1 that there were people employed to feed this fire4 ,the fire thus carried about by the devils in all their goings and comings1 and ever bursting from the mouth of hell when opened1 became naturally the occasion of numerous accidents4 ,we have an example of this nature which might have been tragical1 but by good luck was only ludicrous1 in the performance of the ,mystery of ,st4 ,martin at ,seurre1 in #adif4 ,at the commencement of the spectacle1 which lasted three days1 and opened with a scene of diablerie1 the man who held the role of ,satan having wished1 says an official report of this epoch1 to ascend to earth1 caught fire in his nether garments1 and was severely burnt4 ,but he was so suddenly rescued and reclothed1 that1 without any one being aware of the accident1 he went through with his part and then retired to his house4 ,the affair had occurred in the morning between seven and eight o'clock4 ,when he returned at one in the afternoon1 the interval allowed1 according to usage1 for the audience to dine in being now over1 he addressed to ,lucifer1 who was the cause of his misadventure1 four impromptu verses that the public applauded exceedingly1 but their grossness prevents our reproducing them4 ,these material imitations of physical nature and these exaggerations of the spectacle appear everywhere4 ,when they wished1 for example1 to represent a martyr1 it was necessary that the victim should be visibly tortured4 ,we have even1 in the representation of the ,mystery of the ,acts of the ,apostles1 ,st4 ,barnabas disappearing adroitly and leaving his counterfeit presentment in the hands of the executioner1 who binds it upon a wheel and sets it revolving over a burning brazier before the eyes of the spectators4 ,when ,st4 ,paul was decapitated1 it was requisite that his head1 as it fell to the ground1 should leap three times1 and that at each bound1 in accordance with the tradition1 a fountain should gush forth4 ,when they represented the crucifixion of our ,lord1 and the despair of ,judas1 it was necessary that the ,saviour of the world should be seen nailed to the cross for the space of three hours1 and that the traitor be hung miserably from a tree4 ,on the performance of the ,mystery of the ,passion before the people of ,lorraine in #adcg1 ,god1 according to a chronicler of the time1 was impersonated by ,sir ,nicole don ,neuf-,chastel1 who was cure of ,st4 ,victor at ,metz1 and would have nearly died on the cross1 had he not been succored2 and another priest had to be put in his place to perfect the representation of the crucifixion4 ,the next day the said cure1 after having reposed1 played the resurrection and bore his part superbly4 ,another priest1 who was called ,messire ,jehan de ,nicey1 and who was chaplain of ,metrange1 acted ,judas1 and was almost killed by hanging1 for his heart failed him1 and he was right speedily cut down4 ,the taste of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries for these materialistic representations was such that for the scenic features of the longer mysteries they contented themselves sometimes with a simple pantomime4 ,indeed1 on ,september #h1 #adbd1 at the solemn entry of the ,duke of ,bedford1 the ,english ,regent of ,france1 the children of ,paris1 to adopt the expression of ,sauval1 played the ,mystery of the ,old and ,new ,testament without #eij speech or sign1 as if they had been images carved on a frieze4 ,the infancy of art1 which appeared everywhere at this epoch in the representation of the ,mysteries1 was especially visible in their style and in their composition4 ,a rapid examination of its literary faults will suffice to show that the ,french drama of the middle ages1 progressive1 if not as regards its truthfulness1 at least in the pomp of its spectacle1 was in rapid decline in respect to poetry4 ,the first and gravest literary fault of this drama in its decadence--that which includes all the others--is the absence of all that makes the soul and life of the drama--of everything which distinguishes it most essentially from history4 ,there is neither plot1 nor peripetia1 nor characters1 nor passions4 ,in the thirteenth century1 ,ruteboeuf1 in the ,miracle of ,theophilus1 bestows on his hero a passionate nature1 and develops the action not by events in their ordinary sequence1 but by the stormy struggles of the heart and the agitations of conscience4 ,one principal personage is put upon the stage1 and a single incident carries the play rapidly forward to a unique denouement4 ,jean ,bodel1 in the ,play of ,st4 ,nicholas1 less skilled than his contemporaries in making his intrigue keep step to the movements of passion1 consoled himself with laying violent hands on the legend1 to which he gives an entirely new form4 ,in the fourteenth century we find no longer1 it is true1 in the anonymous authors of the ,miracles of ,notre ,dame either that creating power1 or those passionate intrigues1 or that simple and rapid movement1 but at least we meet with some true pathos in certain scenes1 and in a great number of monologues there are pronounced and well-sustained characters in the female parts1 especially while the dramatic interest concentrates on one person4 ,open the two most celebrated works of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries--the ,mystery of the ,passion of the two ,jehan ,michels1 and the ,triumphant ,mystery of the ,acts of the ,apostles of the brothers ,greban--there is nothing more than a pure and simple mise en scene of history or of legend1 unrolling itself slowly as the events arrive in their chronological order4 ,there is no unity either of time or of place1 as in the past2 nor is there unity of action4 ,personal interest has ceased2 the passions have ceased2 vigorous characterizations have ceased4 ,everybody speaks frigidly from one end of the piece to the other1 and for forty days1 and one can scarcely find throughout the plays a terse or impassioned line4 ,there is no progression in the movement2 no advance in intrigue2 no fresh complication2 the tiresome dramatist jogs along without troubling himself about denouement4 ,this drama1 which has no longer a dramatic art save in its dialogue and its spectacle--is it then absolutely without poetry8 ,some critics seem to have thought so1 since they dwelt only on its absurdities and its literary poverty4 ,and it must be avowed that puerility1 triviality1 indecency even1 so dominate there1 that it is easy1 when approaching it1 to give one's self over to a universal disgust4 ,others1 recognizing its poverty as a whole1 have found some redeeming features4 ,of this number are ,m4 ,onesime ,le ,roy1 whose patriotic admiration of the ,artesian works has perhaps led him too far1 and ,m4 ,douhaire1 who has better controlled his enthusiasm4 ,m4 ,douhaire is1 in our opinion1 the critic who was not only the first to study1 but has also most clearly comprehended the religious beauties of the later mediaeval mysteries4 ,we appeal1 he says in #ahdj1 in his lectures on the ,history of ,christian ,poetry1--we appeal to the memory and the emotions of the reader4 ,who is there that does not recall with the most ineffable sentiments of joy those graceful scenes of the gospel of the ,nativity of our ,lady1 the interior of the house of ,joachim1 his retirement among the shepherds1 the triumphal song of ,st4 ,ann after the birth of ,mary1 the life of the #eia ,virgin in the temple8 ,who has not present in his memory the grand pictures of the ,gospel of ,nicodemus1 the conversations of the patriarchs in limbo1 the descent of ,jesus ,christ into hell1 the silent apparition of ,charinus and ,leucius in the ,sanhedrim1 the terrible portrayal of the last days of ,pilate1 and that personification of the ,jew in ,ahasuerus whose grandeur surpasses the loftiest conceptions of profane poetry8 ,but it is not alone for its depth1 it is also for its form1 or at least for the arrangement and effect of its combinations1 that our mysteries are remarkable4 ,doubtless in respect to theatrical art they are more than defective4 ,they have indeed1 to speak truly1 no art at all4 ,the events are not co-ordinated with a preconceived idea1 and distributed in a manner to lead forward to a catastrophe or to a final peripetia4 ,the order of facts is habitually that of time4 ,they are historic dialogues and nothing more4 ,but as in history the divine and the human1 the supernatural and the real1 are almost always blended together1 the composers of the 'mysteries' have diligently worked out this interrelation4 ,aided by the construction of their theatres1 which permitted them to move many scenes1 they combined these actions in a manner to elicit extraordinary effects1 unfolding simultaneously to the eye of the spectator heaven1 earth1 hell4 ,they initiated him into the secret of life1 showed to him the mysterious warfare of souls1 and by this spectacle made his spirit pass through terrors that any other drama would be powerless to produce4 ,subscribing entirely1 and it is an easy thing for us1 to the judgment of the author of the ,course upon ,christian ,poetry1 let us guard ourselves from going too far by extending the conclusion beyond the premises4 ,where does ,m4 ,douhaire find these poetical beauties which he offers for our admiration8 ,in the trilogy of the ,mystery of the ,passion4 ,now this vast dramatic composition is nothing more1 in fact1 than an agglomeration of the mysteries which preceded the work of the two ,jehan ,michels4 ,these charming scenes1 these grand pictures1 which are met with here and there1 are only the fragments of a more ancient poetry1 that have been gathered up anew4 ,when the dramatists of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries enter upon original composition1 the decline of poetry is seen everywhere1 in the detail as well as in the whole1 in the style as in the conception4 ,we know of but one merit which truly belongs to them--it is the happy development they have given to stage effect by a simultaneous presentation of heaven1 hell1 and the earth--shadowing forth by this triple theatrical action the incessant intervention of the supernatural powers in the destinies of humanity4 ,but while this conception is majestic1 its literary execution is wretched4 ,we have a proof in the ,triumphant ,mystery of the ,acts of the ,apostles1 written from beginning to end without verve1 or coloring1 or nobleness1 by the two most celebrated dramatic poets of their age1 whom ,marot calls-- ,the two ,grebans of high-resounding line4 ,having noticed the literary poverty of the dramatic poetry of this epoch1 we will now point out the principal sources of its faults4 ,they are two4 ,the first is a misconception of the dramatists respecting the nature of the types proposed for the imitation of art4 ,the second is a consequence of the popularity and the indefinite length of their spectacles4 ,it is impossible to compare the meagreness1 the languor1 and the stupidity of the two brothers ,greban with the bright and graceful vivacity of the writer who praises them1 without being amazed at the eulogies he bestows1 and demanding what can be the reason of this misjudgment on the part of a poet1 the most spiritual and the most delicate of the reign of ,francis ,i4 ,it comes from the false idea which the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries formed of the dramatic style1 or1 to speak more #eib exactly1 of the entire dramatic art4 ,in place of seeking the ideal1 they sought reality1 and1 what is worse1 it was in the commonest realities that the dramatists of that time searched after the type of their language and the morals of their heroes4 ,we have already remarked the same aberration of public taste in the far too materialistic imitations of the spectacle4 ,under a literary and dramatic point of view1 says ,m4 ,sainte-,beuve1 that which is the essential characteristic of the mysteries of the sixteenth century is its low vulgarity and its too minute triviality4 ,the authors had but one aim4 ,they sought to portray in the men and events of other times the scenes of the common life which went on under their eyes4 ,with them the whole art was reduced to this imitation1 or rather to this faithful facsimile4 ,if they exhibited a populace1 it was recognizable at once as that of the market-places or of the city4 ,every tribunal was a copy of the ,chatelet or of the ,parliament4 ,the headsmen of ,nero1 of ,domitian1 ,daru1 ,pesart1 ,torneau1 ,mollestin1 seemed taken from the ,place du ,palais de ,justice or from ,montfaucon4 4 4 4 ,what the public above all admired1 was the perfect conformity of the dialogue1 and of the other features of the play1 with everyday realities4 ,the good townsmen could not cease gazing at and listening to so natural an imitation of their daily customs and their domestic bickerings4 ,all contemporary praise bears upon this exact resemblance4 ,it is in this way that common and uncultured minds--strangers to the intimate and profound joys of art--readily accept false coin1 and content themselves with pleasures at a low price4 ,this habitual imitation of the common life and of everything trivial is found even in scenes of a wholly ideal nature in heaven and in hell4 ,the language of ,god and of paradise is vulgar2 that of the devils is grotesque1 sometimes even indecent4 ,at the commencement of the mysteries of the brothers ,greban1 while the apostles have assembled together in an upper chamber to elect ,st4 ,matthias1 ,lucifer orders the demons to wander over the earth1 and before going the evil spirits request his benediction4 ,he replies to them3 ,devils damned1 in malediction ,o'er you each1 with power blighted1 ,my paw ,i stretch1 of ,god accursed1 ,from sins and misdeeds all absolving1 ,up6 ,set forth6 etc4 ,when ,satan and ,astaroth bring the souls of ,ananias and ,saphira to hell1 ,lucifer is so transported with joy that he bids the demon hosts exult3 ,let the crowd of the damned1 ,here1 before my tribunal1 ,sing an anthem infernal6 ,belial and ,burgibus1 he adds1 will lead the treble3 ,berits1 ,cerberus1 and some others1 the tenor2 ,astaroth and ,leviathan1 the bass4 ,at once they all begin to chant in chorus3 ,the more he has1 the more he asks for ,our grand devil1 ,lucifer4 ,does he wish the sky to pour ,souls by thousands running o'er8 ,the more they come1 he longs for more1 ,for his appetite is sore4 ,the more he has1 the more he asks for1 ,our grand devil1 ,lucifer4 ,lucifer1 deafened by their hubbub1 stops his ears1 and tries to silence them4 ,impossible6 ,on with the song6 cries ,belial1 and the uproar continues4 ,the ,mystery of the ,passion also commences with a scene in hell1 the tone of which appears still more singular4 ,god is in consultation with the heavenly court upon the redemption of the human race4 ,lucifer1 alarmed1 convokes his assembly4 ,devils of hell-fire1 horned and terrible1 ,infamous dogs1 why sit ye idle8 ,start up1 ye fat ones1 young1 old1 and naked2 ,serpents atrocious1 hump-backed and twisted4 ,the devils hastily assemble4 ,satan is the first to respond to the gracious appeal4 ,what is't thou wishest1 bull-dog outrageous-- ,fetid1 infected1 abhorrent1 mendacious8 ,for thee we have forfeited heaven and all1 ,to suffer such evils as no one can measure-- ,and now1 is cursing your only pleasure8 ,belial calls ,lucifer a bag full of rottenness1 whose only food is toads1 and #eic complains also that it is his nature to torment them4 ,this constant habit with the mystery-makers of representing the demons as insulting each other in their colloquies1 says ,m4 ,douhaire1 is born of a profound thought4 ,we are told that the wicked despise each other4 ,it is this which the ,christian dramatists put into action4 ,nothing can give a more terrible idea of hell than these disputes1 where the demons mutually accuse each other of sufferings which cannot be abated4 ,here is a reflection full of justice1 and indispensable for a right interpretation of the moral aim of the mysteries4 ,but there still remains the literary and philosophical remark of ,m4 ,saint-,beuve upon the general tendency of this epoch to a reproduction of the morals and language of the most common and vulgar life4 ,for the dramatists might have represented the wickedness of the demons--the horror and disorder of hell--without seeking their phrases in a vocabulary of the lowest stamp4 ,the frequent change from seriousness to buffoonery1 from the beautiful to the burlesque1 has a similar origin in the tastes of our ancestors for the actualities of ordinary life1 where these transitions are habitual4 ,but it also rose out of the necessity of keeping up the interest of a spectacle which continued many days1 sometimes many weeks4 ,variety was a necessity4 ,that popular assembly would consent to weep or even to be serious morning and evening for a month8 ,let us take an example where triviality1 liveliness1 and morality are all united together1 ,we borrow it from ,m4 ,onesime ,le ,roy1 who found it in an unedited ,mystery of the ,passion4 and published it in #ahcg4 ,the anonymous dramatist1 after having depicted in beautiful and touching scenes the sweet virtues and good deeds of ,st4 ,joachim and ,st4 ,ann1 brings on the stage two knaves who wish to make experiments on their pious simplicity4 ,the fellow1 who has more than one trick in his bag1 says the learned critic from whom we transcribe the analysis1 pretending that cold weather makes him insane1 styles himself ,claquedent chatterer2 and the other is called ,babin1 which word1 according to the lexicographer ,rouchi1 signifies 'foolish1' 'imbecile4' ,babin1 despite his name and simple air1 is more artful than even ,claquedent1 whom he persuades to imitate madness and to let himself be bound1 the better to excite compassion4 ,claquedent1 tied up with cords by ,babin1 begins to gnash his teeth and to utter piteous cries1 which bring the wife of ,joachim4 ,this holy woman wishes to relieve him4 ,babin shouts out not to touch him3 ,ha1 good dame6 be wary1 ,touch him not1 ,i pray thee1 ,lest1 perchance1 he slay thee6 ,after a long scene of horrible contortions on one side1 and of tender compassion on the other1 ,babin says he is going to lead away ,claquedent1 and receives money from the charitable dame1 who bids him take good care of his friend1 and to return when the money is gone4 ,babin1 upon the latter part of this advice1 replies pleasantly1 ,o madame1 without fail6 ,as soon as ,ann has gone away1 ,claquedent says to ,babin1 ,quick1 untie me6 ,but the latter1 wishing to profit1 like ,raton1 from the misfortune which another ,bertrand has brought on himself1 says to him1 ,wait awhile1 ,i beg you1 do2 ,you have what is best for you2 ,and since ,i am a trifle clever1 ,i will manage all this silver4 ,claquedent1 who sees himself caught in a snare1 fills the air with his shrieks1 which have no sham in them now4 ,babin is not at all frightened1 and tells him1 with a remarkable allusion to the fable of the fox and the goat1 ,adieu1 good ,claquedent4 ,in the well ,till to-morrow you must dwell4 ,murder6 a thief1 a thief6 cries the entrapped rogue1 while the other1 as he runs off1 doubtless tells #eid everybody he meets on the way not to approach the infuriated man4 ,don't touch him4 ,he will bite you6 ,finally1 they come to ,claquedent's assistance1 and when they inquire who put him in this condition1 he replies3 ,un laroncheau1 plein de malfalct4 7,a roguish fellow full of mischief74 ,all the comedy of this scene1 says ,m4 ,onesime ,le ,roy1 lies in this single word1 un laroncheau a diminutive of larron 7rogue71 who has taken in a triple scamp1 who thinks himself past mastery6 ,it is thus that ,patelin says of another scamp1 his younger brother1 ,he has deceived me1 who have deceived so many others4 ,is there not1 adds ,m4 ,douhaire1--is there not1 moreover1 in this burlesque and merry episode1 a lesson for those very foolish persons who from excess of goodness are so easily victimized by the ruses of professional beggars8 ,these gay scenes quite naturally turn to farce1 and these moralities degenerate into satires4 ,this occurs1 and in a deplorable manner1 even in the representation of the gravest and most solemn mysteries4 ,the ,fraternity of the ,passion1 perceiving that the people grew tired of their pious spectacles1 called to their rescue a mischievous and merry troupe1 whose duty it was to attract the crowd to their hall at the ,hospital de la ,trinite4 ,it was the ,enfants sans souci company1 celebrated at the end of the fourteenth century1 and composed of young gentlemen of family1 who1 having invented a kingdom founded on the faults and vices of the human race1 called it the ,fool's ,kingdom1 named as its king the ,prince of ,fools1 and styled their plays ,fooleries 7sotties7--plays which they made upon everybody1 in a fantastic and allegorical form4 ,at the court and among the subjects of the prince figure his well-beloved son1 the ,prince of ,jollity1 the ,mother ,fool1 the ,affianced ,fool1 the ,fool ,occasion1 the ,dissolute ,fool1 the ,boasting ,fool1 the ,cheating ,fool1 the ,ignorant ,fool1 the ,corrupt ,fool1 and twenty other personages whose names and qualities vary according to the requirements of the farce1 and of a satire which spared none4 ,in a sottie played on ,shrove ,tuesday1 in #aeaa1 and directed against ,pope ,julius ,,ii41 then at war with ,louis ,,xii41 the ,mother ,fool represents the ,church4 ,in another sottie where l'ancien monde is introduced1 the ,dissolute ,fool is dressed as a churchman1 the ,boasting ,fool as a gendarme1 and the ,lying ,fool as a merchant4 ,it was the scandalous conduct of these young ,aristophaneses1 whose licentiousness equalled their boldness1 which1 in #aedg1 provoked the order of the ,parliament against the representation of mysteries4 ,the ,hospital de la ,trinite reverted to its first destination1 and the ,fraternity of the ,passion1 driven from their theatre after a century and a half of popularity1 could only obtain permission on the following year to construct a new stage at the ,hotel de ,bourgogne1 on the express condition that they would play only profane subjects1 which should also be lawful and proper4 ,they accepted this new mode of existence2 but their time was past1 and their glory was constantly in a decline4 ,however1 they held out bravely till #aehh1 at which period they leased their theatre to a company of travelling comedians1 who for some years had been trying to establish themselves in ,paris4 ,the cleverest of them1 we are told by the brothers ,parfait1 attempted to preserve their fame by giving out that the religious title of their fraternity did not permit them to play profane pieces4 ,they had realized this a trifle late in the day2 some forty years too late indeed6 ,the resuscitation of the ,greek theatre1 four years after the parliamentary decree1 completed the ruin of the medieval spectacles4 ,they still played the miracles in the provinces1 they even composed new ones4 ,but the pious representations went out1 changing more and more2 and the #eie next century1 which was that of ,boileau1 merely amused itself with ridiculing them4 ,however1 in the very simplicity of the miracles there was something too popular to be completely forgotten1 in countries where the faith and the innocent manners of our good ancestors survived4 ,on ,may #ah1 #ahce1 ,m4 ,guizot1 then minister1 recommended to the attention of his historical correspondents the still surviving traditions of the moralities and mysteries of the middle ages4 ,there are yet preserved on festal days1 in certain districts of ,france1 said he1 certain popular dramatic performances4 ,it will not be a useless labor to examine and note down these relics of the past1 before modern civilization and the usages of the common language cause their disappearance4 ,the author of ,researches into the ,mysteries which have been represented in ,maine1 ,dom ,piolin1 has traced these performances from the end of the sixteenth century up to the present time4 ,he finds the last one at ,laval1 during the procession of ,corpus ,christi4 ,at its origin1 he says1 one of the principal features of this fete1 the one1 at least1 which peculiarly attracted the attention of the mob1 consisted in scenes from the ,old and ,new ,testament which were represented on theatres erected along the route of the procession1 but chiefly at the main court of the ,convent des ,cordeliers1 they belonged1 unquestionably1 to the miracles' proper1 having retained that characteristic simplicity and brevity which is found in the most ancient pieces4 ,we know that ,king ,rene established a similar custom in the city of ,aix4 ,afterward1 when the marionettes were introduced into ,france by ,catharine de ,medicis1 puppets were substituted for the players4 ,this theatre--a remnant of the ancient manners--continued until the end of the restoration1 the last performance being in 88#cg4 ,m4 ,douhaire closes his ,course upon the ,history of ,christian ,poetry by account of a foreign performance1 extending from the creation of the world to the resurrection of the dead1 of which he was an eye-witness4 ,it was in #ahcj1 at a small town on the banks of the ,loire4 ,what ,i came to see1 he adds1 was the ',mystery of the ,passion' played by puppets4 ,i did not suppose1 before this curious adventure1 that there could be any existing trace of the scenic plays of the middle ages2 but ,i have since learnt that there still remain many considerable vestiges in our western and southern provinces--where not only professional actors and puppets represent the principal scenes of both ,testaments1 but even families amuse themselves with this holy recreation on days of solemn feasts4 ,permit us to mention1 in our turn1 the performance of a mystery witnessed by men still alive1 and whose simplicity carries one quite back to the middle ages4 ,we get the fact from the president of the modern ,bollandists4 ,at the commencement of our century a good priest of ,french ,hainaut took upon himself to bring out the ,mystery of the ,passion1 for the welfare of his flock4 ,an appeal was made to all well-disposed people1 and1 as at ,paris in #adcg1 for the ,mystery of the ,acts of the ,apostles1 the parts were distributed to the burgesses and artisans of every description1 according to the measure of their talent in such case required4 ,a ,judas was wanting4 ,the priest at once hit upon the apothecary of the place1 whose modesty kept him in his laboratory1 and he went in search of him4 ,my friend1 said he1 we are going1 as you know1 to represent a fine 'mystery1' and it is necessary1 for the common good1 that you should do something4 ,i have found your place4 ,your role is ,judas4 ,but ,m4 le cure1 my memory is not worth a sou1 and you would never be able to stuff so many words into my head4 ,exactly so1 my friend4 ,i have selected for you the shortest part1 and ,i pledge myself to teach you it in no time4 ,straightway our man is enrolled in the #eif company4 ,the solemn day arrives4 ,the parish and all the country round are there4 ,the spectacle commences1 and the actors1 duly costumed and seated on benches along each side of the stage1 rise in turn to go through with what they have to say4 ,the moment of the kiss of ,judas is at hand4 ,the poor apothecary remains glued to his chair1 pale with terror4 ,the priest1 who is all eyes1 hastens to him1 and forces him to get up4 ,arrived before the person who represents ,jesus ,christ1 he falls on his knees1 trembling in every limb1 and crying with joined hands1 ,oh ,lord6 thou well knowest it was not my fault6 ,it is monsieur the cure who forces me4 ,this grand trilogy of the ,mystery of the ,passion--which history exhibits as closely connected with puppet shows and village performances1 naive even to the grotesque--has quite another importance and quite another destiny in the eyes of philosophy1 which discerns therein the principal features of the modern dramatic art4 ,let us not quit this subject before presenting a confirmation of the thesis which the readers of these essays have already seen maintained in an article where ,corneille1 ,racine1 and even ,voltaire himself were shown to be unconsciously the lineal successors of our old dramatists far more than of ,a,eschylus1 of ,sophocles1 and of ,euripides4 ,the father of ,french tragedy1 who discoursed upon his art with so much philosophy and toiled night and day to make our poetry ,aristotle's--,pierre ,corneille1 after having for half a century attempted himself1 and seen attempted around him1 every possible denouement1 was led to recognize the necessity in this particular of going contrary to the tragic art of the ,greeks4 ,the ancients1 he wrote at the close of his career1 very often content themselves in their tragedies with depicting vices in such a manner as to cause us to hate them1 and virtues so as to cause us to love them1 without troubling themselves with recompensing good actions or punishing bad ones4 ,clytemnestra and her paramour slay ,agamemnon1 and go free4 ,medea does the same with her children1 and ,atreus with those of her brother4 ,it is true that by carefully studying the actions which were selected for the catastrophe of their tragedies1 there were some criminals whom they punished1 but by crimes greater than their own4 4 4 4 ,our drama hardly tolerates such subjects4 4 4 4 4 ,it is the interest which we love to extend to the virtuous that has obliged us to resort to this other mode of finishing the dramatic poem by punishing the bad actions and by recompensing the good4 ,it is not a precept of art1 but a custom1 which we have observed4 ,whence originated this custom ,corneille gave his own century the credit of it2 but it is from the middle ages that it dates4 ,what tragic drama was it which was the most important--the most popular--the longest played--of that first epoch of the modern theatre8 ,was it not the ,mystery of the ,passion1 which we have seen commencing with a simple dramatizing of the gospel--growing century by century--and ending with an immense trilogy1 extending from the fall of man to the birth of our ,saviour1 from the passion and the death of the ,saviour to his resurrection1 from the establishment of the ,church to the last judgment--that solution of human doctrines which regulates all things retribution for the wicked and recompense for the good1 and by making virtue rise victorious from its battle with the passions8 ,what the middle ages show us in the mystery which was its masterpiece1 appears without exception in all those dramatic compositions which have come down to us4 ,we have already remarked1 and it is moreover a fact recognized by all scholars1 that there is not a tragic drama of this epoch1 whatever may be its subject1 which does not close with the ,te ,deum or with some other chant of joy1 of triumph1 or of forgiveness4 ,its denouement is always homage rendered by the justice #eig heaven avenging innocence1 or by mercy bestowing on the guilty repentance and pardon4 ,in speaking three years ago upon the liturgic origin of the modern tragedy1 and the influence of ,christianity on the dramatic passions1 we ended by saying that we need no longer seek1 as has been too often done1 in ,corneille or ,racine for the restorers of the ancient tragedy2 that those great dramatists1 it is true1 received from ,greece the science of the pageant and the mise en scene2 but that as much as they approach the ,greek art in their literary form1 so much they depart from it not only by their denouement but also by the moral character of their intrigue4 ,it was impossible1 in fact1 to change the nature of the tragic denouement without changing that of the passions and of the events which led to them4 ,let us develop this conclusion of our essay by showing what it is that prevents our comprehending ,french tragedy and defining it4 ,voltaire has said1 ,to compress an illustrious and interesting event into the space of two or three hours1 to introduce the personae only when they ought to appear1 to never leave the stage empty1 to construct an intrigue which shall be probable as well as striking1 to say nothing useless1 to instruct the mind and to move the heart1 to be always eloquent in verse1 and with an eloquence appropriate to each character represented1 to make the dialogue as pure as the choicest prose1 without the constraint of the rhyme appearing to fetter the thoughts1 and never to admit an obscure or harsh or declamatory verse--these are the conditions which are exacted from a tragedy of our day1 before it can pass to posterity with the approbation of critics1 without which it can never have a true reputation4 ,this definition1 or rather this exposition1 otherwise so clear and so elegant1 of the demands of our ,melpomene1 are far from being complete4 ,in the time of ,euripides1 a ,greek could have said almost as much4 ,it is because ,voltaire has only taken into account the style and the mise en scene1 the laws of which were at ,athens what they are at ,paris4 ,the difference between the ancient tragedies and the modern tragic art consists essentially in their moral character and in that alone4 ,christianity1 by modifying the passions of the human heart1 has been able to modify them on the stage likewise4 ,it is1 then1 from the philosophy of the drama that we ought to set out with ,aristotle to study its nature4 ,the ,french tragedy1 such as our own great century has made it1 is the representation of an action more probable than real1 more ideal than historic1 wholly noble1 serious1 and becoming1 restricted to one place1 accomplished in a few hours1 without any interruption1 except the interval of the acts1 constructed with the majestic simplicity of the epic1 drawing its startling changes from the play of passions rather from that of events1 and leading forward the mind by admiration and enthusiasm to emotions of pity and of terror4 ,it is not the ,greek tragedy--although the ancient ,melpomene has transmitted to our time its cothurnus1 its mise en scene1 its triple unity1 its heroes themselves1 with their terrors and their tears4 ,the poetic form is the same1 the moral force is entirely different4 ,on the ,athenian stage1 the will was subjugated by a brutal fatality2 upon ours1 the will makes the destiny4 ,vice becomes more terrible1 virtue more magnanimous1 and the struggles of the soul hold a larger place than the tricks of fortune4 ,the heroes of the ancient tragedy1 to become endurable with us1 would have not only to take on something of our character1 of our manners1 of our sentiments1 and1 above all1 of our conscience1 but it would be necessary to change their mode of action1 and to lead them to a denouement by paths wholly new4 ,returning to the trilogy of the ,passion1 let us conclude this essay with a #eih reflection which appears to us of a nature to throw great light upon the popularity and the gigantic proportions of this mystery4 ,the middle age1 so penetrated with ,christian beliefs and ideas1 loved it only because it found there the supreme manifestation of ,divine ,providence1 at once merciful and just4 ,it had been induced to thus represent the whole history of the human race1 only to give to that manifestation all the development demanded by the religious conscience and the ethics of nations4 ,there was needed the representation of sin and the fall of the first man to explain the justice and the pardon of ,cavalry3 there was needed the spectacle of a universal judgment to solve the grand tragedy of human destinies4 ,we may blame the literary tastes of our good ancestors1 but not their philosophy4 ,it has established on an immovable basis the fundamental laws of our dramatic art4 ,we may laugh at the puerile simplicity of their theatre1 but let us laugh reverently1 since we find in their literary infancy the germ1 the strength1 the character of the manhood of the great century4 ------ ,translated and ,abridged from the ,civilta ,cattolica4 ,,antonio ,,canova4 ,memorie di ,antonio ,canova1 scritte da ,antonio d',este1 e publicate per cura1 di ,alessandro d',este4 ,firenze3 ,felice ,le ,monnier4 #ahfd4 ,it must be known1 says ,signor ,antonio d',este1 that when the learned ,missirini undertook to publish the artist-life of ,canova1 he had recourse to me as the only person living who could inform him thoroughly and truly of the principles of the ,venetian artist1 and instruct him in some details of a life which ,i had known intimately for the space of fifty years4 4 4 4 ,i put upon paper whatever might serve to illustrate not only the disposition and character of my friend1 but also the excellent qualities of his heart4 4 4 4 ,i was disappointed when the illustrious writer1 in sending back my manuscript1 said3 ',i have made use of many things1 and of some anecdotes1 but not of all1 since they appeared to me too familiar4' ,to tell the truth1 such an answer hurt my self-love1 and offended the unquenchable affection which ,i felt for ,canova4 ,hence the book before us4 ,the author has apparently endeavored chiefly to exhibit ,canova the artist as a model for the studious1 but he has not overlooked ,canova the citizen and the ,christian4 ,he begins with him in the humble ,possagno1 and shows us his life in ,venice1 where his genius first displayed itself1 even in the degenerate school with which alone he was then acquainted4 ,it was in ,rome that the young sculptor saw the ancient purity in its full splendor4 ,it burst upon him like a sudden revelation4 ,for several days he was like one in a trance4 ,then1 with his conceptions enlightened1 his manner fixed1 and his aim determined1 he threw himself into his work4 ,yet he was never a servile copyist of ,greek or ,roman models4 ,he imbibed the spirit of the classical school1 but his genius never was trammelled by imitation4 ,the last group which he carved under the inspiration drawn from the ancient masterpieces1--his ,daedalus and ,icarus1--compared with his ,theseus1 the first work which he executed in ,rome1 shows in a marked #eii manner the change in his style--we might almost say his conversion to the true principles of art4 ,from this time ,canova1 though endowed with rare modesty1 and always ready to take advice1 showed a fixed resolution to free sculpture from the mannerism then so common2 and neither the advice of friends nor the abuse of evil-minded critics could shake his purpose4 ,nature undoubtedly lavished talents upon him with unsparing hand2 but he was without a parallel in the industry and care with which he fostered the divine flame4 ,his whole time not passed in labor was devoted to monuments and museums of art4 ,with his friend d',este he often paid a reverential visit to the famous horses at the ,quirinal1 before which he gave free vent to his fancy4 ,he used to spend many hours in contemplating these masterpieces4 ,long before sunrise he would spring from his bed and shut himself up in his studio4 ,he took no relaxation--scarcely even food and rest4 ,after hammering at the marble all day1 he examined it by candlelight1 and dreamed about it at night4 ,he so consumed himself in work that his friends had to wrench the tools from his hands by force4 ,but if he laid down the chisel1 it was only to return to the study of ancient masterpieces4 ,not content with contemplating the works themselves under every possible aspect1 he tried to study out what instruments the artists probably made use of4 ,he would throw open his studio1 and then hide or disguise himself in order to overhear the honest opinions of his visitors4 ,extravagant praise always made him suspicious4 ,once he was so much pained at a lavish eulogium upon one of his works that he ran1 all trembling1 to his friend ,hamilton1 and begged him to point out some defect in it2 and having obtained the criticism that he asked1 he ran home again in great glee to correct the fault4 ,he gladly accepted criticism from the ignorant as well as the learned4 ,one day1 when he was quite old1 and recognized as the first sculptor of the time1 he begged d',este to move to a certain spot a beautiful group that he had finished4 ,several laborers were called in to move it4 ,when they had done their task1 one of them1 with that connoisseur-air which the ,roman laborer knows so well how to assume1 shrugged his shoulders and exclaimed3 ,well1 perhaps the marchese 7,canova bore this title in his later years7 knows best2 but to me this statue seems to have the goitre4 ,the pupils in the studio sprang up in a rage and loaded the poor man with abuse1 and in the midst of the noisy dispute ,canova rushed into the room1 and with some difficulty learned what was the laborer's offence4 ,he darted a glance of fire at the marble4 ,bravo6 he exclaimed after a moment's pause4 ,you are right4 ',take this watch--it is yours--you have done me a great service4 ,so saying1 he threw his watch and chain upon the man's neck2 and taking up a chisel began immediately to retouch the statue4 ,at the age of twenty-five1 ,canova was selected by ,volpato to execute the monument of ,clement ,,xiv41 and it is not too much to say that the restoration of the art of sculpture dates from this immortal work4 ,the governments of ,venice1 ,russia1 ,austria1 and ,france invited him to take up his residence in their respective capitals2 but he was never happy out of ,rome2 the ground seemed to burn under his feet whenever he was away from his beloved studio and the great works of the ancient sculptors4 ,few artists ever enjoyed so high a reputation in ,europe during their lifetime as ,canova1 and few certainly ever sought it less4 ,he was wholly absorbed in love for his art4 and eagerness for its advancement4 ,but the character of a great artist1 according to the ,italian ideal1 is not complete without a touch of oddity1 and ,canova was not free from some amiable eccentricities4 ,his love passage with the ,signorina ,volpato1 and the #fjj way he got out of it1 will perhaps furnish the subject for a poem by some future ,goldoni2 but we have no space to tell of it here4 ,d',este describes the moral character of ,canova extremely well4 ,he was upright1 brave1 and sincere1 an ardent patriot1 and a sensible1 practical ,christian4 ,in the midst of his labors he was not insensible to the dark clouds which obscured the political horizon1 and he felt so deeply the misfortunes which threatened his country that he took the pains to retouch his ,dancing ,girls because their expression was too joyful to accord with his own sadness of heart4 ,he was still employed on this work when the pope was carried into captivity4 ,he felt the misfortune as a personal affliction1 and on the statue wrote these words3 ,modelled in the most unhappy days of my life1 ,june1 #ahji4 ,a few weeks after the establishment of the ,roman republic1 a ,national ,institute was erected1 and ,canova was chosen a member4 ,he accepted the appointment willingly1 in the hope of being useful to ,rome and to her artists2 but when1 on the evening appointed for his formal admission1 the oath of membership was tendered to him1 and he heard the words1 ,i swear hatred to princes1 etc41 he sprang to his feet1 cried out in his ,venetian dialect1 ,mi non odio nessun6 7,i hate no one71 and left the hall4 ------ ,from ,the ,month4 ,,constance ,,sherwood4 ,,an ,,autobiography ,,of ,,the ,,sixteenth ,,century4 ,,by ,,lady ,,georgiana ,,fullerton4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,on the next morning ,mr4 ,congleton called me into the library from the garden1 where ,i was gathering for ,muriel a few of such hardy flowers as had survived the early frost4 ,she was wont to carry them with her to the prisons2 for it was one of her kindly apprehensions of the sufferings of others to divide the comfort wherewith things seemingly indifferent do affect those that be shut out of all kinds of enjoyments2 and where a less tender nature should have been content to provide necessaries1 she1 through a more delicate acquaintanceship and light touch1 as it were1 on the strings of the human heart1 ever bethought herself when it was possible to minister if but one minute's pleasure to those who had often well-nigh forgotten the very taste of it4 ,and she hath told me touching that point of flowers1 how it had once happened that the scent of some violets she had concealed in her bosom with a like intent did move to tears an aged man1 who for many years past had not seen1 no not so much as one green leaf in his prison2 which tears1 he said1 did him more good than anything else which could have happened to him4 ,i threw down on a bench the chrysanthemums and other bold blossoms ,i had gathered1 and running into the house1 opened the door of the library1 where1 lo and behold1 to my no small agitation and amaze1 ,i discovered ,edmund ,genings1 who cried out as ,i entered3 ,o my dear master's daughter and well-remembered playmate1 ,i do greet you with all mine heart2 and ,i thank ,god that ,i see you in so good a condition1 as ,i may with infinite gladness #fja make report of to your good father1 who through me doth impart to you his paternal blessing and most affectionate commendations4 ,edmund1 ,i cried1 scarce able to speak for haste1 is he in ,london8 is he in prison8 ,no1 forsooth1 quoth ,mr4 ,congleton4 ,no1 verily1 quoth ,edmund2 both at the same time4 ,thy fears1 silly wench1 added the first1 have run away with thy wits1 and ,i do counsel thee another time to be at more pains to restrain them2 for when there be so many occasions to be afraid of veritable evils1 'tis but sorry waste to spend fears on present fancies4 ,by which ,i did conjecture my uncle not to be greatly pleased with ,edmund's coming to his house1 and noticed that he did fidget in his chair and ever and anon glanced at the windows which opened on the garden in an uneasy manner4 ,and wherefore art thou then in ,london8 ,i asked of ,edmund2 who thus answered3 ,because ,mr4 ,james ,fenn1 who is also called ,williesden1 was taken and committed close prisoner to the ,marshalsea a short time back2 which1 when my dear master did hear of1 he was greatly disturbed and turmoiled thereby1 by reason of weighty matters having passed betwixt him and that gentleman touching lands belonging to recusants1 and that extraordinary damage was likely to ensue to several persons of great merit1 if he could not advertise him in time how to answer to those accusations which would be laid against him2 and did seek if by any means he could have access to him2 but could find no hope thereof without imminent danger not to himself only1 but to many beside1 if he had come to ,london and been recognized4 ,wherein he did judge rightly1 quoth my uncle2 and then ,edmund-- ,so1 seeing my master and others of a like faith with him in so great straits touching their property and their lives also1 ,i did most earnestly crave his licence1 being unknown and of no account in the world1 and so least to be suspected1 to undertake this enterprise1 which he could not himself perform2 which at last he did grant me1 albeit not without reluctance4 ,and thus resolved ,i came to town4 ,and has your hope been frustrated8 ,mr4 ,congleton asked4 ,to whom ,edmund--,i thank ,god1 the end hath answered my expectations4 ,i committed the cause to him to whom nothing is impossible1 and determined1 like a trusty servant1 to do all that in me did lie thereunto4 ,and thinking on no other means1 ,i took up my abode near to the prison1 hoping in time to get acquainted with the keeper2 for which purpose ,i had to drink with him each day1 standing the cost1 beside paying him well1 which ,i was furnished with the means to do4 ,at last ,i did1 by his means1 procure to see ,mr4 ,fenn1 and not only come to speak to him1 but to have access to his cell three or four times with pen and ink and paper to write his mind4 ,so ,i have furnished him with the information he had need of1 and likewise brought away with me such answers to my master's questions as should solve his doubts how to proceed in the aforesaid matters4 ,god reward thee1 my good youth1 ,mr4 ,congleton said1 for this thing which thou hast done2 for verily1 under the laws lately set forth1 recusants be in such condition that1 if not death1 beggary doth stare them in the face1 and no remedy thereunto except by such assistance as well-disposed ,protestants be willing to yield to them4 ,and where doth my father stay at this present time8 ,i asked2 and ,edmund answered3 ,not so much as to you1 ,mistress ,constance1 am ,i free to reply to that question2 for when ,i left1 ',edmund1' quoth my master1 'it is a part of prudence in these days to guard those that be dear to us from dangers ensuing on what men do call our perversity2 and as these new laws enact #fjb that he which knoweth any one which doth hear mass1 be it ever so privately1 or suffers a priest to absolve him1 or performs any other action appertaining to ,catholic religion1 and doth not discover him before some public magistrate within the space of twenty days next following1 shall suffer the punishment of high treason1 than which nothing can be more horrible2 and that neither sex nor age be a cause of exemption from the like penalties1 so that father must accuse son1 and sister brother1 and children their parents2--it is1 ,i say1 a merciful part to hide from our friends where we do conceal ourselves1 whose consciences do charge us with these novel crimes1 lest theirs be also burdened with the choice either to denounce us if called upon to testify thereon1 or else to speak falsely4 ,therefore ,i do charge thee1 my son ,edmund' 7for thus indeed doth my master term me1 his unworthy servant71 'that thou keep from my good child1 and my dear sister1 and her no less dear husband1 the knowledge of my present1 but indeed ever-shifting1 abode2 and solely inform them1 by word of mouth1 that ,i am in good health1 and in very good heart also1 and do most earnestly pray for them1 that their strength and patience be such as the times do require4' ,and art thou reconciled1 ,edmund8 ,i asked1 ever speaking hastily and beforehand with prudence4 ,mr4 ,congleton checked me sharply2 whereupon1 with great confusion1 ,i interrupted my speech2 but ,edmund1 albeit not in words yet by signs1 answered my question so as ,i should be certified it was even as ,i hoped4 ,he then asked if ,i should not be glad to write a letter to my father1--which he would carry to him1 so that it was neither signed nor addressed1--which letter ,i did sit down to compose in a hurried manner1 my heart prompting my pen to utter what it listed1 rather than weighing the words in which those affectionate sentiments were expressed4 ,mr4 ,congleton likewise did write to him1 whilst ,edmund took some food1 which he greatly needed2 for he had scarce eaten so much as one comfortable meal since he had been in ,london1 and was to ride day and night till he reached his master4 ,i wept very bitterly when he went away2 for the sight of him recalled the dear mother ,i had lost1 the sole parent whose company ,i was likewise reft of1 and the home ,i was never like to see again4 ,but when those tears were stayed1 that which at the time did cause sadness ministered comfort in the retrospect1 and relief from worse fears made the present separation from my father more tolerable4 ,and on the next ,sunday1 when ,i went to the ,charter ,house1 with my cousins and ,mistress ,ward1 ,i was in such good cheer that ,polly commended my prating2 which she said for some days had been so stayed that she had greatly feared ,i had caught the infectious plague of melancholy from ,kate1 whom she vowed did half kill her with the sound of her doleful sighing since ,mr4 ,lacy was gone1 which she said was a dismal music brought into fashion by love-sick ladies1 and such as she never did intend to practise2 for1 quoth she1 ,i hold care to be the worst enemy in life2 and to be in love very dull sport1 if it serve not to make one merry4 ,this she said turning to ,sir ,ralph ,ingoldby1 the afore-mentioned suitor for her hand1 who went with us1 and thereupon cried out1 ,mercy on us1 fair mistress1 if we must be merry when we be sad1 and by merriment win a lady's love1 the lack of which doth so take away merriment that we must needs be sad1 and so lose that which should cure sadness2 and much more he in that style1 and she answering and making sport of his discourse1 as was her wont with all gentlemen4 ,when we reached the house1 ,mrs4 ,milicent was awaiting us at the door of the gallery for to conduct us to the best place wherein we could see her majesty's entrance4 ,there were some seats there and other persons present1 some of which were of ,polly's acquaintance1 with whom she did keep up a #fjc brisk conversation1 in which ,i had occasion to notice the sharpness of her wit1 in which she did surpass any woman ,i have since known1 for she was never at a loss for an answer2 as when one said to her-- ,truly1 you have no mean opinion of yourself1 fair mistress4 ,as one shall prize himself1 quoth she1 so let him look to be valued by others4 ,and another3 ,you think yourself to be ,minerva4 ,whereupon she3 ,no1 sir1 not when ,i be at your elbow2 meaning he was no ,ulysses4 ,and when one gentleman asked her of a book1 if she had read it3 ,the epistle1 she said1 and no more4 ,and wherefore no more1 quoth he1 since that hath wit in it8 ,because1 she answered1 an author who sets all his wit in his epistle is like to make his book resemble a bankrupt's doublet4 ,how so8 asked the gentleman4 ,in this wise1 saith she1 that he sets the velvet before1 though the back be but of buckram4 ,for my part1 quoth a foppish young man1 ,i have thoughts in my mind should fill many volumes4 ,alack1 good sir1 cries she1 is there no type good enough to set them in8 ,he1 somewhat nettled1 declares that she reads no books but of one sort1 and doats on ,sir ,bevis and ,owlglass1 or ,fashion's ,mirror1 and such like idle stuff1 wherein he himself had never found so much as one word of profitable use or reasonable entertainment4 ,i have read a fable1 she said1 which speaks of a pasture in which oxen find fodder1 hounds1 hares1 storks1 lizards1 and some animals nothing4 ,to deliver you my opinion1 said a lady who sat next to ,polly's disputant1 ,i have no great esteem for letters in gentlewomen4 ,the greatest readers be oft the worst doers4 ,letters6 cries ,polly2 why1 surely they be the most weighty things in creation2 for so much as the difference of one letter mistaken in the order in which it should stand in a short sentence doth alter the expression of a man's resolve in a matter of life and death4 ,how prove you that1 madam8 quoth the lady4 ,by the same token1 answered ,polly1 that ,i once did hear a gentleman say1 ',i must go die a beggar1' who willed to say1 ',i must go buy a dagger4' ,they all did laugh1 and then some one said1 ,there was a witty book of emblems made on all the cardinals at ,rome1 in which these scarlet princes were very roughly handled4 ,bellarmine1 for instance1 as a tiger fast chained to a post1 and a scroll proceeding from the beast's mouth--',give me my liberty2 you shall see what ,i am4' ,i wish1 quoth the speaker1 he were let loose in this island4 ,the queen's judges would soon constrain him to eat his words4 ,peradventure1 answered ,polly1 his own words should be too good food for a recusant in her majesty's prisons4 ,maybe1 madam1 you have tasted of that food1 quoth the aforesaid lady1 that you be so well acquainted with its qualities4 ,then ,i perceived that ,mistress ,ward did nudge ,polly for to stay her from carrying on a further encounter of words on this subject2 for1 as she did remind us afterward1 many persons had been thrown into prison for only so much as a word lightly spoken in conversation which should be supposed even in a remote manner to infer a favorable opinion of ,catholic religion2 as1 for instance1 a bookseller in ,oxford1 for a jest touching the queen's supremacy in ecclesiastical matters1 had been a short time before arrested1 pilloried1 whipped1 and his ears nailed to a counter1 which with a knife he had himself to cut through to free himself2 which maybe had not been taken much notice of1 as nothing singular in these days1 the man being a ,catholic and of no great note1 but that much talk had #fjd been ministered concerning a terrible disease which broke out immediately after the passing of that sentence1 by which the judge which had pronounced it1 the jury1 and many other persons concerned in it1 had died raving mad2 to the no small affright of the whole city4 ,i ween1 howsoever1 no nudging should have stopped ,polly from talking1 which indeed was a passion with her1 but that a burst of music at that time did announce the queen's approach1 and we did all stand up on the tiptoe of expectation to see her majesty enter4 ,my heart did beat as fast as the pendulum of a clock when the cries outside resounded1 ,long live ,queen ,elizabeth6 and her majesty's voice was distinctly heard answering1 ,i thank you1 my good people2 and the ushers crying out1 ,la ,royne6 as the great door was thrown open2 through which we did see her majesty alight from her coach1 followed by many nobles and lords1 and amongst them one of her bishops1 and my ,lord and my ,lady ,surrey1 kneeling to receive her on the steps1 with a goodly company of kinsfolks and friends around them4 ,oh1 how ,i did note every lineament of that royal lady1 of so great power and majesty1 that it should seem as if she were not made of the same mould as those of whom the ,scriptures do say1 that dust they are1 and to dust must they return4 ,very majestic did she appear2 her stature neither tall nor low1 but her air exceedingly stately4 ,her eyes small and black1 her face fair1 her nose a little hooked1 and her lips narrow4 ,upon her head she had a small crown1 her bosom was uncovered2 she wore an oblong collar of gold and jewels1 and on her neck an exceeding fine necklace4 ,she was dressed in white silk bordered with pearls1 and over it a mantle of black silk shot with silver threads2 her train1 which was borne by her ladies1 was very long4 ,when my lord knelt1 she pulled off her glove1 and gave him her right hand to kiss1 sparkling with rings and jewels2 but when my lady1 in as sweet and modest a manner as can be thought of1 advanced to pay her the same homage1 she did withdraw it hastily and moved on4 ,i can even now1 at this distance of time1 call to mind the look of that sweet lady's face as she rose to follow her majesty1 who leant on my lord's arm with a show of singular favor1 addressing herself to him in a mild1 playful1 and obliging manner4 ,how the young countess's cheek did glow with a burning blush1 as if doubting if she had offended in the manner of her behavior1 or had anyways merited the repulse she had met with6 ,how she stood for one moment irresolute1 seeking to catch my lord's eye1 so as to be directed by him2 and failing to do so1 with a pretty smile1 but with what ,i1 who loved her1 fancied to be a quivering lip1 addressed herself to the ladies of the queen1 and conducted them through the cloisters to the garden1 whither her highness and my lord had gone4 ,in a brief time ,mistress ,milicent came to fetch us to a window which looked on the square1 where a great open tent was set for a collation1 and seats all round it for the concert which was to follow4 ,as we went along1 ,i took occasion to ask of her the name of a waiting-gentleman1 who ordered about the servants with no small alacrity1 and met her majesty with many bows and quirks and a long compliment in verse4 ,tis ,mr4 ,churchyard1 she said2 a retainer of his grace's1 and a poet withal4 ,not a grave one1 ,i hope1 said ,polly4 ,nay1 answered the simple gentlewoman1 but one well versed in pageants and tournaments and suchlike devices1 as well as in writing of verses and epigrams very fine and witty4 ,her majesty doth sometimes send for him when any pageant is on hand4 ,ah1 then1 ,i doubt not1 quoth ,polly1 he doth take himself to be no mean personage in the state1 and so behaves accordingly4 #fje ,pretty ,milicent left us to seek for ,mistress ,bess1 whom she had charge of that day2 and now our eyes were so intent on watching the spectacle before us that even ,polly for a while was silent4 ,the queen did sit at table with a store of noblemen waiting on her2 and a more goodly sight and a rarer one is not to be seen than a store of men famed for so much bravery and wit and arts of state1 that none have been found to surpass them in any age1 who be so loyal to a queen and so reverent to a woman as these to this lady1 who doth wear the crown of so great a kingdom1 so that all the world doth hold it in respect1 and her hand sought by so many great princes4 ,but all this time ,i could not perceive that she so much as once did look toward my ,lady ,surrey1 or spoke one single word to her or to my ,lady ,lumley1 or little ,bess1 and took very scanty notice also of my ,lady ,berkeley1 his grace's sister1 who was a lady of so great and haughty a stomach1 and of speech so eloquent and ready1 that ,i have heard the queen did say1 that albeit ,lady ,berkeley bent her knee when she made obeisance to her1 she could very well see she bent not her will to love or serve her1 and that she liked not such as have a man's heart in a woman's body4 ',tis said that parity breedeth not affection1 or affinity respect1 of which saying this opinion of the queen's should seem a notable example4 ,but to see my ,lady ,surrey so treated in her own husband's father's house worked in me such effects of choler1 mingled with sadness1 that ,i could scarce restrain my tears4 ,methought there was a greater nobleness and a more true queenly greatness in her meek and withal dignified endurance of these slights who was the subject1 than in the sovereign who did so insult one who least of all did deserve it4 ,what the queen did1 others took pattern from2 and neither my ,lord ,burleigh1 nor my ,lord ,leicester1 or ,sir ,christopher ,hatton1 or young ,lord ,essex 7albeit my lord's own friend 71 or little ,sir ,john ,harrington1 her majesty's godson1 did so much as speak one civil word or show her the least attention2 but she did bear herself with so much sweetness1 and1 though ,i knew her heart was full almost to bursting1 kept up so brave an appearance that none should see it except such as had their own hearts wounded through hers1 that some were present that day who since have told me that1 for promise of future distinction and true nobility of aspect and behavior1 they had not in their whole lives known one to be compared with the young ,countess of ,surrey4 ,polly did point out to us the aforesaid noblemen and gentlemen1 and also ,dr4 ,cheney1 the bishop of ,gloucester1 who had accompanied her majesty1 and ,m4 de la ,motte1 the ,french ambassador1 whom she did seem greatly to favor2 but none that day so much as my ,lord ,surrey1 on whom she let fall many gracious smiles1 and used playful fashions with him1 such as nipping him once or twice on the forehead1 and shaking her fan1 as if to reprove him for his answers to her questions1 which nevertheless1 if her countenance might be judged of1 did greatly content her2 albeit ,i once observed her to frown 7and methought1 then1 what a terror doth lie in a sovereign's frown7 and speak sharply to him2 at the which a high color came into his cheek1 and rose up even to his temples1 which her majesty perceiving1 she did again use the same blandishments as before2 and when the collation was ended1 and the concert began1 which had been provided for her grace's entertainment1 she would have him sit at her feet1 and gave him so many tokens of good-will1 that ,i heard ,sir ,ralph ,ingoldby1 who was standing behind me1 say to another gentleman3 ,if that young nobleman's father is like to be shorter by the head1 his father's son is like to have his own raised higher than ever his father's was1 so he doth keep clear of papistry and overmuch fondness for his wife1 which be the two things her #fjfmajesty doth most abhor in her courtiers4 ,my heart moving me to curiosity1 ,i could not forbear to ask3 ,i pray you1 sir1 wherefore doth not her majesty like her courtiers to love their wives8 ,at the which question he laughed1 and said3 ,by reason1 ,mistress ,constance1 that when they be in that case they do become stayers at home1 and wait not on her majesty with a like diligence as when they are unmarried1 or leastways love not their ladies4 ,the ,bible saith a man cannot serve ,god and mammon4 ,now her grace doth opine men cannot serve the queen and their wives also4 ,then1 ,i warmly cried1 ,i hope my ,lord ,surrey shall never serve the queen6 ,i' faith1 say it not so loud1 young ,mistress ,papist1 said ,sir ,ralph1 laughing1 or we shall have you committed for high treason4 ,some are in the ,tower1 ,i warrant you1 for no worse offence than the uttering of such like rash words4 ,how should you fancy to have your pretty ears bored with a rougher instrument than ,master ,anselm's the jeweller8 ,and so he2 but ,polly1 who methinks was not well pleased that he should notice mine ears1 which were little and well-shaped1 whereas hers were somewhat larger than did accord with her small face1 did stop his further speech with me by asking him if he were an enemy to papists2 for if so1 she would have naught to say to him1 and he might become a courtier to the queen1 or any one else's husband1 for anything she did care1 yea1 if she were to lose her ears for it4 ,and he answered1 he did very much love some papists1 albeit he hated papistry when it proved not conformable to reason and the laws of the country4 ,and so they fell to whispering and suchlike discourses as lovers hold together2 and ,i1 being seated betwixt this enamored gentleman and the wall on the other side1 had no one then to talk with4 ,but if my tongue and mine ears also1 save for the music below1 were idle1 not so mine eyes2 for they did stray from one point to another of the fair spectacle which the garden did then present1 now resting on the queen and those near unto her1 and anon on my ,lady ,surrey1 who sat on a couch to the left of her majesty's raised canopy1 together with ,lady ,southwell1 ,lady ,arundell 7,sir ,robert's wife71 and other ladies of the queen1 and on one side of her the bishop of ,gloucester1 whom1 by reason of his assiduous talking with her1 ,i took more special note of than ,i should otherwise have done2 albeit he was a man which did attract the eye1 even at the first sight1 by a most amiable suavity of countenance1 and a sweet and dignified behavior both in speech and action such as ,i have seldom observed greater in any one4 ,his manners were free and unconstrained2 and only to look at him converse1 it was easy to perceive he had a most ready wit tempered with benevolence4 ,he seemed vastly taken with my ,lady ,surrey2 and either had not noticed how others kept aloof from her1 or was rather moved thereby to show her civility2 for they soon did fall into such eager1 and in some sort familiar1 discourse1 as it should seem to run on some subject of like interest to both4 ,her color went and came as the conversation advanced2 and when she spoke1 he listened with such grave suavity1 and1 when she stayed her speech1 answered in so obliging a manner1 and seemed so loth to break off1 that ,i could not but admire how two persons1 hitherto strangers to each other1 and of such various ages and standing1 should be so companionable on a first acquaintanceship4 ,when the queen rose to depart1 in the same order in which she came1 every one kneeling as she passed1 ,i did keenly watch to see what visage she would show to my ,lady ,surrey1 whom she did indeed this time salute2 but in no gracious manner1 as one who looks without looking1 notices without #fjg heeding1 and in tendering of thanks thanketh not4 ,as my lord walked by her majesty's side through the cloisters to the door1 he suddenly dropped on one knee1 and drawing a paper from his bosom1 did present it to her highness1 who started as if surprised1 and shook her head in a playful manner--7oh1 what a cruel playfulness methought it was1 who knew1 as her majesty must needs also have done1 what that paper did contain7--as if she would not be at that time troubled with such grave matters1 and did hand it to my ,lord ,burleigh2 then gave again her hand to my lord to kiss1 who did kneel with a like reverence as before2 but with a shade of melancholy in his fair young face1 which methought became it better than the smiles it had worn that day4 ,after the queen had left1 and all the guests were gone save such few as my lord had willed to stay to supper in his private apartments1 ,i went unto my lady's chamber1 where ,i found ,mistress ,milicent1 who said she was with my lord1 and prayed me to await her return2 for that she was urgent ,i should not depart without speaking with her1 which was also what ,i greatly desired4 ,so ,i took a book and read for the space of an hour or more1 whilst she tarried with my lord4 ,when she came in1 ,i could see she had been weeping4 ,but her women being present1 and likewise ,mistress ,bess1 she tried to smile1 and pressed my hand1 bidding me to stay till she was rid of her trappings1 as she did term them2 and1 sitting down before her mirror1--though ,i ween she never looked at her own face1 which that evening had in it more of the whiteness of a lily than the color of the rose1--she desired her women to unbraid her hair1 and remove from her head the diamond circlet1 and from her neck the heavy gold chain with a pearl cross1 which had belonged to her husband's mother4 ,then stepping out of her robe1 she put on a silk wrapper1 and so dismissed them1 and likewise little ,bess1 who before she went whispered in her ear3 ,nan1 methinks the queen is foul and red-haired1 and ,i should not care to kiss her hand for all the fine jewels she doth wear4 ,and so hugged her round the neck and stopped her mouth with kisses4 ,when they were gone1 ,constance1 quoth she1 we be full young1 ,i ween1 for the burden laid upon us1 my lord and me4 ,ay1 sweet one1 ,i cried2 and ,god defend thou shouldst have to carry it alone2 for my heart was sore that she had had so little favor shown to her and my lord so much4 ,a faint color tinged her cheek as she replied3 ,god knows ,i should be well cotent that ,phil should stand so well in her majesty's good graces as should be convenient to his honor and the furtherance of his fortunes1 if so be his father was out of prison2 and 'tis little ,i should reck of such slights as her highness should choose to put upon me1 if ,i saw him not so covetous of her favor that he shall think less well of his poor ,nan hereafter by reason of the lack of her majesty's good opinion of her1 which was so plainly showed to-day4 ,for1 good ,constance1 bethink thee what a galling thing it is to a young nobleman to see his wife so meanly entreated2 and for her majesty to ask him1 as she did1 if the pale-faced chit by his side1 when she arrived1 was his sister or his cousin4 ,and when he said it was his wife who had knelt with him to greet her majesty--,wife6 quoth the queen2 i' faith1 ,i had forgotten thou wast married--if indeed that is to be called a marriage which children do contract before they come to the age of reason2 and said she would take measures for that a law should be passed which should make such foolish marriages unlawful4 ,and when my lord tried to tell her we had been married a second time a few months since1 she pretended not to hear1 and asked ,m4 de la ,motte if1 in his country1 children were made to marry in their infancy4 ,to which he gave answer1 that the like practice did sometimes take place #fjh in ,france2 and that he had himself been present at a wedding where the bridegroom was whipped because he did refuse to open the ball with the bride4 ,at the which her majesty very much laughed1 and said she hoped my lord had not been so used on his wedding-day4 ,i promise you ,phil was very angry2 but the wound these jests made was so salved over with compliments1 which pleasantly tickle the ears when uttered by so great a queen1 and marks of favor more numerous than can be thought of1 in the matter of inviting him to hunt with her in ,marylebone and ,greenwich park1 and telling him he deserved better treatment than he had1 as to his household and setting forward in the world1 that methinks the scar was not long in healing2 albeit in the relating of these passages the pain somewhat revived4 ,but what doth afflict me the most is the refusal her highness made to read my lord's letter1 lamenting the unhappy position of the duke his father1 and hoping the queen1 by his means and those of other friends1 should mitigate her anger4 ,i would have had ,phil not only go down on his knees as he did1 but lie on the threshold of the door1 so that she should have walked over the son's body if she refused to show mercy to the father2 but he yet doth greatly hope from the favor showed him that he may sue her majesty with better effect some other time2 and ,i pray ,god he may be right4 ,here did the dear lady break off her speech1 and1 hiding her face in her hands1 remained silent for a short space2 and ,i1 seeing her so deeply moved1 with the intent to draw away her thoughts from painful musings1 inquired of her if the good entertainment she had found in conversing with the bishop had been attributable to his witty discourse1 or to the subjects therein treated of4 ,ah1 good ,constance1 she answered1 our talk was of one whom you have often heard me speak of--,mr4 ,martin's friend1 ,master ,campion1 ,footnote #abb who is now beyond seas at ,douay1 and whom this bishop once did hold to be more dear to him than the apple of his eye4 ,he says his qualifications were so excellent1 and he so beloved by all persons in and outside of his college at ,oxford1 that none more so2 and that he did himself see in him so great a present merit and promise of future excellence1 that it had caused him more grief than anything else which had happened to him1 and been the occasion of his shedding more tears than he had ever thought to have done1 when he who had received from him deacon's orders1 and whom he had hoped should have been an honor and a prop to the ,church of ,england1 did forsake it and fly in the face of his queen and his country3 first1 by going into ,ireland2 and then1 as he understood1 beyond seas1 to serve the bishop of ,rome1 against the laws of ,god and man4 ,but that he did yet so dearly affection him that1 understanding we had sometimes tidings of ,mr4 ,martin1 by whose means he had mostly been moved to this lamentable defection1 he should be contented to hear somewhat of his whilom son1 still dear to him1 albeit estranged4 ,i told him we did often see ,master ,campion when ,mr4 ,martin was here2 and that1 from what ,i had heard1 both were like to be at ,douay1 but that no letters passed between ,mr4 ,martin and ourselves2 for that his grace did not allow of such correspondence since he had been reconciled and gone beyond seas4 ,which the bishop said was a commendable prudence in his grace1 and the part of a careful father2 and added1 that then maybe he knew more of what had befallen ,master ,campion than ,i did2 for that he had a long epistle from him1 so full of moving arguments and pithy remonstrances as might have shaken one not well grounded and settled in his religion1 and which also contained a recital of his near arrest in ,dublin1 where the queen's officers would have arrested him1 if a friend had not privately warned him of his danger4 ,and ,i do know1 good #fji ,constance1 who that friend was2 for albeit ,i would not tell the bishop we had seen ,master ,campion since he was reconciled1 he1 in truth1 was here some months ago3 my lord met him in the street1 disguised as a common travelling man1 and brought him into the garden1 whither he also called me2 and we heard then from him how he would have been taken in ,ireland1 if the viceroy himself1 ,sir ,henry ,sydney1 who did greatly favor him1--as indeed all who know him incline to do1 for his great parts1 and nobleness of mind and heart1 and withal most attractive manners1--had not sent him a message1 in the middle of the night1 to the effect that he should instantly leave the city1 and take measures for to escape abroad4 ,so1 under the name of ,patrick1 and wearing the livery of the ,earl of ,kildare1 he travelled to a port twenty miles from ,dublin1 and there embarked for ,england4 ,the queen's officers1 coming on board the ship whereon he had taken his passage1 before it sailed1 searched it all over2 but through ,god's mercy1 he said1 and ,st4 ,patrick's prayers1 whose name he had taken1 no one did recognize him1 and he passed to ,london2 and the day after1 my lord sent him over to ,flanders4 ,so much as the bishop did know thereon1 he related unto me1 and stinted not in his praise of his great merits1 and lamentations for what he called his perversion2 and hence he took occasion to speak of religion4 ,and when ,i said ,i had been brought up in the ,catholic religion1 albeit ,i now conformed to the times1 he said he would show me the way to be ,catholic and still obey the laws1 and that ,i might yet believe for the most part what ,i had learnt from my teachers1 so be ,i renounced the ,pope1 and commended my saying the prayers ,i had been used to2 which1 he doubted not1 were more pleasing to ,god than such as some ministers do recite out of their own heads1 whom he did grieve to hear frequented our house1 and were no better than heretics1 such as ,mr4 ,fox and ,mr4 ,fulke and ,mr4 ,charke1 and the like of them4 ,but what did much content me was1 that he mislikes the cruel usage recusants do meet with2 and he said1 not as if boasting of it1 but to declare his mind thereon1 that he had often sent them alms who suffered for their conscience' sake1 as many do at this time4 ,but that ,i was to remember many ,protestants were burnt in the late queen's time1 and that if ,papists were not kept under by strict laws1 the like might happen again4 ,footnote #abb3 ,state ,papers4 ,you should have told him1 ,i cried1 who had been silent longer than ,i liked1 that ,protestants are burnt also in this reign1 by the same token that some ,anabaptists did so suffer a short time back1 to your ,mr4 ,fox's no small disgust1 who should will none but ,catholics to be put to death4 ,content thee1 good ,constance1 my lady answered2 ,i be not so furnished with arguments as thou in a like case wouldst be4 ,so ,i only said1 ,i would to ,god none were burnt1 or hanged1 or tortured any more in this country1 or in the world at all1 for religion2 and my lord of ,gloucester declared he was of the same mind1 and would have none so dealt with1 if he could mend it1 here or abroad4 ,then the queen rising to go1 our discourse came to an end2 but this good bishop says he will visit me when he next doth come to ,london1 and make that matter plain to me how ,i can remain ,catholic1 and obey the queen1 and content his grace4 ,then he will show you1 ,i cried1 how to serve ,god and the world1 which the gospel saith is a thing not to be thought of1 and full of peril to the soul4 ,my ,lady ,surrey burst into tears1 and ,i was angered with myself that ,i had spoken peradventure over sharply to her who had too much trouble already2 but it did make me mad to see her so beset that the faith which had been once so rooted in her1 and should be her sure and only stay in the dangerous path she had entered on1 should be in such wise shaken as her words did indicate4 #faj ,but she was not angered1 the sweet soul2 and drawing me to herself1 laid her head on my bosom1 and said3 ,thou art a true friend1 though a bold one2 and ,i pray ,god ,i may never lack the benefit of such friendship as thine1 for he knoweth ,i have great need thereof4 ,and so we parted with many tender embraces1 and our hearts more strictly linked together than heretofore4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,in the month of ,november of the same year in which the queen did visit ,lord and ,lady ,surrey at the ,charter ,house1 a person1 who mentioned not his name1 delivered into the porter's hands at our gate a letter for me1 which ,i found to be from my good father1 and which ,i do here transcribe1 as a memorial of his great piety toward ,god1 and tender love for me his unworthy child4 ,,my ,,dearly ,,beloved ,,daughter 7so he71--,your comfortable letter has not a little cheered me2 and the more so that this present one is like to be the last ,i shall be able to write on this side of the sea1 if it so happen that it shall please ,god to prosper my intent1 which is to pass over into ,flanders at the first convenient opportunity3 for the stress of the times1 and mine own earnest desire to live within the compass of a religious life1 have moved me to forsake for a while this realm1 and betake myself to a place which shall afford opportunity and a sufficiency of leisure for the prosecution of my design4 ,the comfortable report ,edmund made of thy health1 increased height1 and good condition1 as also of thy exceeding pleasant and affectionate behavior to him1 as deputed from thy poor father to convey to thee his paternal blessing1 together with such tokens as a third person may exhibit of that most natural and tender affection which he bears to thee1 his sole child1 whom next to ,god he doth most entirely value and love1--of which charge this good youth assured me he did acquit himself as my true son in ,christ1 which indeed he now is1--and my good brother's letter and thine1 which both do give proof of the exceeding great favor shown toward thee in his house1 wherein he doth reckon my ,constance not so much a niece 7for such be his words7 as a most cherished daughter1 whose good qualities and lively parts have so endeared her to his family1 that the greatest sorrow which could befal them should be to lose her company2 which ,i do not here recite for to awaken in thee motions of pride or a vain conceit of thine own deserts1 but rather gratitude to those whose goodness is so great as to overlook thy defects and magnify thy merits2--,edmund's report1 ,i say1 coupled with these letters1 have yielded me all the contentment ,i desire at this time1 when ,i am about to embark on a perilous voyage1 of which none can foresee the course or the end2 one in which ,i take the cross of ,christ as my only staff2 his words1 ,follow me1 for my motto2 and his promise to all such as do confess him before men1 as the assured anchor of my hope4 ,our ingenuous youth informed thee 7albeit ,i doubt not in such wise as to conceal1 if it had been possible1 his own ability1 which1 with his devotedness1 do exceed praise7 how he acquitted both me and others of much trouble and imminent danger by his fortunate despatch with that close prisoner4 ,i had determined to place him with some of my acquaintance1 lest perhaps he should return1 not without some danger of his soul1 to his own friends2 but when he understood my resolution1 he cried out with like words to those of ,st4 ,lawrence1 ',whither goeth my master without his servant8 ,whither goeth my father without his son8' and with tears distilling from his eyes1 he humbly entreated he might go together with me1 saying1 as it were with ,st4 ,peter1 ',master1 ,i am #faa ready to go with you to prison1 yea to death2' but1 forecasting his future ability1 as also to try his spirit a little further1 ,i made him answer it was impossible2 to which our ,edmund replied1 ',alas6 and is it impossible8 ,shall my native soil restrain free will8 or home-made laws alter devout resolutions8 ,am ,i not young8 ,can ,i not study8 ,may ,i not in time get what you now have got--learning for a scholar8 yea1 virtue for a priest1 perhaps2 and so at length obtain that for which you now are ready8 ,direct me the way1 ,i beseech you2 and let me1 if you please1 be your precursor4 ,tell me what ,i shall do1 or whither ,i must go2 and for the rest1 ,god1 who knows my desire1 will provide and supply the want4 ,can it be possible that he who clothes the lilies of the field1 and feeds the fowls of the air1 will forsake him who forsakes all to fulfil his divine precept1 ,seek first the kingdom of ,god and his justice1 and all other things shall be given to you8' ,finally1 he ended1 to my no small admiration1 by reciting the words of our ,saviour1 ',whosoever shall forsake home1 or brethren1 or sisters1 or father1 or mother1 for my sake and the gospel's1 shall receive a hundredfold and possess life everlasting4' ,by these impulses1 often repeated with great fervor of spirit1 ,i perceived ,god ,almighty's calling in him1 and therefore at last condescended to let him take his adventures1 procuring him commendations to such friends beyond seas as should assist him in his purpose1 and furnishing him with money sufficient for such a journey2 not judging it to be prudent to keep him with me1 who have not ability to warrant mine own passage2 and so noted a recusant1 that ,i run a greater risk to be arrested in any port where ,i embark4 ,and so1 in all love and affection1 we did part2 and ,i have since had intelligence1 for the which ,i do return most humble and hearty thanks to ,god1 that he hath safely crossed the seas1 and has now reached a sure harbor1 where his religious desires may take effect4 ,and now1 daughter ,constance1 mine own good child1 fare thee well6 ,pray for thy poor father1 who would fain give thee the blessing of the elder as of the younger son--,jacob's portion and ,esau's also4 ,but methinks the blessings of this world be not at the present time for the ,catholics of this land2 and so we must needs be content1 for our children as for ourselves 7and a covetous man he is which should not therewith be satisfied71 with the blessings our ,lord did utter on the mountain1 and mostly with that in which he doth say1 ',blessed are ye when men shall persecute you1 and revile you1 and say all manner of evil against you falsely1 for my name's sake2 for great is your reward in heaven4' ,your loving father in natural affection and ten thousand times more in the love of ,christ1 ,h4 ,s4 ,oh1 what a gulf of tenfold separation did those words beyond seas suggest betwixt that sole parent and his poor child6 ,thoughts travel not with ease beyond the limits which nature hath set to this isle2 and what lies beyond the watery waste wherewith ,providence hath engirdled our shores offers no apt images to the mind picturing the invisible from the visible1 as it is wont to do with home-scenes1 where one city or one landscape beareth a close resemblance to another4 ,and if1 in the forsaking of this realm1 so much danger did lie1 yea1 in the very ports whence he might sail1 so that ,i1 who should otherwise have prayed that the winds might detain him1 and the waves force him back on his native soil1 was constrained to supplicate that they should assist him to abandon it1--how much greater1 methought1 should be the perils of his return1 when1 as he indeed hoped1 a mark should be set on him which in our country dooms men to a cruel death6 ,many natural tears ,i shed at this parting1 which until then had not seemed so desperate and final2 #fab and for a while would not listen to the consolations which were offered by the good friends who were so tender to me1 but continued to wander about in a disconsolate manner in the garden1 or passionately to weep in my own chamber1 until ,muriel1 the sovereign mistress of comfort to others1 albeit ever ailing in her body1 and contemned by such as dived not through exterior deformity into the interior excellences of her soul1 with sweet compulsion and authoritative arguments drawn from her admirable faith and simple devotion1 rekindled in mine the more noble sentiments sorrow had obscured1 not so much through diverting1 as by elevating and sweetening1 my thoughts to a greater sense of the goodness of ,god in calling my father1 and peradventure ,edmund also1 to so great an honor as the priesthood1 and never more honorable than in these days1 wherein it oftentimes doth prove the road to martyrdom4 ,in ,december of that year my ,lord and my ,lady ,surrey1 by the ,duke of ,norfolk's desire1 removed for some weeks to ,kenninghall for change of air1 and also ,lady ,lumley1 his grace judging them to be as yet too young to keep house alone4 ,my lord's brothers and ,mistress ,bess1 with her governess1 were likewise carried there4 ,lady ,surrey wrote from that seat1 that1 were it not for the duke's imprisonment and constant fears touching his life1 she should have had great contentment in that retirement1 and been most glad to have tarried there1 if it had pleased ,god1 so long as she lived1 my lord taking so much pleasure in field-sports1 and otherwise so companionable1 that he often offered to ride with her2 and in the evenings they did entertain themselves with books1 chiefly poetry1 and sometimes played at cards4 ,they had but few visitors1 by reason of the disgrace and trouble his grace was in at that time2 only such of their neighbors as did hunt and shoot with the earl her husband2 mostly ,sir ,henry ,stafford and ,mr4 ,rookwood's two sons1 whom she commended2 the one for his good qualities and honest carriage1 and the other for wit and learning2 as also ,sir ,hammond l',estrange1 a gentleman who stayed no longer away from ,kenninghall1 she observed1 than thereunto compelled by lack of an excuse for tarrying if present1 or returning when absent4 ,he often procured to be invited by my lord1 who used to meet him out of doors1 and frequently carried him back with him to dine or to sup1 and often both4 ,and albeit 7so my lady wrote7 ,i doubt not but he doth set a reasonable value on my lord's society1--who1 although young enough to be his son1 is exceedingly conversable and pleasant1 as every one who knows him doth testify1--and mislikes not1 ,i ween1 the good cheer1 or the wine from his grace's cellar2 yet ,i warrant thee1 good ,constance1 'tis not for the sake only of our poor company or hospitable table that this good knight doth haunt us1 but rather from the passion ,i plainly see he hath conceived for our ,milicent since a day when he hurt his arm by a fall not far from hence1 and ,i procured she should dress it with that rare ointment of thine1 which verily doth prove of great efficacy in cases where the skin is rubbed off4 ,methinks the wound in his arm was then transplanted into his heart1 and the good man so bewitched with the blue eyes and dove-like countenance of his chirurgeon1 that he has fallen head-over-ears in love1 and is1 as ,i hope1 minded to address her in a lawful manner4 ,his wound did take an exceeding long time in healing1 to the no small discredit of thy ointment2 for he came several days to have it dressed1 and ,i could not choose but smile when at last our sweet practitioner did ask him1 in an innocent manner1 if the wound did yet smart1 for indeed she could see no appearance in it but what betokened it to be healed4 ,he answered1 ',there be wounds1 ,mistress ,milicent1 which smart1 albeit no outward marks of such suffering do show themselves4' #fac ',ay1' quoth ,milicent1 'but for such ,i be of opinion further dressing is needless2 and with my lady's licence1 ,i will furnish you1 sir1 with a liquid which shall strengthen the skin1 and so relieve the aching1 if so you be careful to apply it night and morning to the injured part1 and to cork the bottle after using it4' ',my memory is so bad1 fair physician1' quoth the knight1 'that ,i am like to forget the prescription4' ,she answered1 he should stand the bottle so as it should meet his eyes when he rose1 and then he must needs remember it4 ,and so broke off the discourse4 ,but when he is here ,i notice how his eyes do follow her when she sets the table for primero1 or works at the tambour-frame1 or plays with ,bess1 to whom he often talks as she sits on her knees1 who1 if ,i mistake not1 shall be1 one of these days1 ,lady l',estrange1 and is as worthy to be so well married as any girl in the kingdom1 both as touching her birth and her exceeding great virtue and good disposition4 ,he is an extreme ,protestant1 and very bitter against ,catholics2 but as she1 albeit mild in temper1 is as firmly settled in the new religion as he is1 no difference will exist between them on a point in which 'tis most of all to be desired husbands and wives should be agreed4 ,thou mayst think that ,i have been over apt to note the signs of this good knight's passion1 and to draw deductions from such tokens as have appeared of it1 visible maybe to no other eyes than mine2 but1 trust me1 ,constance1 those who do themselves know what 'tis to love with an engrossing affection are quick to mark the same effects in others4 ,when ,phil is in the room1 ,i find it a hard matter at times to restrain mine eyes from gazing on that dear husband1 whom ,i do so entirely love that ,i have no other pleasure in life but in his company4 ,and not to seem to him or to others too fond1 which is not a beseeming thing even in a wife1 ,i study to conceal my constant thinking on him by such devices as cunningly to provoke others to speak of my lord1 and so appear only to follow whereunto my own desire doth point1 or to propose questions1--a pastime wherein he doth excel1--and so minister to mine own pride in him without direct flattery1 or in an unbecoming manner setting forth his praise4 ,and thus ,i do grow learned in the tricks of true affection1 and to perceive in such as are in love what mine own heart doth teach me to be the signals of that passion4 ,so far my lady2 and not long after1 on the first day of ,february1 ,i had a note from her1 written in great distraction of mind at the ,charter ,house1 where she and all his grace's children had returned in a sudden manner on the hearing that the queen had issued a warrant for the duke's execution on the next ,monday4 ,preparations were made with the expectation of all ,london1 and a concourse of many thousands to witness it1 the tread of whose feet was heard at night1 like to the roll of muffled drums1 along the streets2 but on the ,sunday1 late in the night1 the queen's majesty entered into a great misliking that the duke should die the next day1 and sent an order to the sheriffs to forbear until they should hear further4 ,his grace's mother1 the dowager countess1 and my ,lady ,berkeley his sister 7now indeed lowering her pride to most humble supplication71 and my ,lord ,arundel from his sick-bed1 and the ,french ambassador1 together with many others1 sued with singular earnestness to her majesty for his life1 who1 albeit she had stayed the execution of his sentence1 would by no means recall it4 ,i hasted to the ,charter ,house1 ,mistress ,ward going with me1 and both were admitted into her ladyship's chamber1 with whom did sit that day the fairest picture of grief ,i ever beheld--the ,lady ,margaret ,howard1 who for some months had resided with the ,countess of ,sussex1 who was a very good lady to her and all these afflicted children4 ,albeit ,lady ,surrey had often greatly commended this young lady1 and styled her so rare a piece of perfection that no one #fad could know and not admire her1 the loveliness of her face1 nobility of her figure1 and attractiveness of her manners exceeded my expectations4 ,the sight of these sisters minded me then of what ,lady ,surrey had written when they were yet children1 touching my ,lord ,surrey1 styling them two twin cherries on one stalk2 and methought1 now that the lovely pair had ripened into early maturity1 their likeness in beauty 7though differing in complexion7 justified the saying4 ,lady ,margaret greeted us as though we had not been strangers1 and in the midst of her great and natural sorrow showed a grateful sense of the share we did take in a grief which methinks was deeper in her than in any other of these mourners4 ,oh1 what a period of anxious suspense did follow that first reprieve6 what alternations of hope and fear6 what affectionate letters were exchanged between that loving father and good master and his sorrowful children and servants2 now writing to ,mr4 ,dyx1 his faithful steward3 ,farewell1 good ,dyx6 your service hath been so faithful unto me1 as ,i am sorry that ,i cannot make proof of my good-will to recompense it4 ,i trust my death shall make no change in you toward mine1 but that you will faithfully perform the trust that ,i have reposed in you4 ,forget me1 and remember me in mine4 ,forget not to counsel and advise ,philip and ,nan's unexperienced years2 the rest of their brothers' and sisters' well-doing resteth much upon their virtuous and considerate dealings4 ,god grant them his grace1 which is able to work better in them than my natural well-meaning heart can wish unto them4 ,amen4 ,and so1 hoping of your honesty and faithfulness when ,i am dead1 ,i bid you this my last farewell4 ,t4 ,h4 ,now to another trusty friend and honest dependent3 ,good friend ,george1 farewell4 ,i have no other tokens to send my friends but my books2 and ,i know how sorrowful you are1 amongst the rest1 for my hard hap1 whereof ,i thank ,god2 because ,i hope his merciful chastisement will prepare me for a better world4 ,look well throughout this book1 and you shall find the name of duke very unhappy4 ,i pray ,god it may end with me1 and that others may speed better hereafter4 ,but if ,i might have my wish1 and were in as good a state as ever you knew me1 yet ,i would wish for a lower degree4 ,be a friend1 ,i pray you1 to mine2 and do my hearty commendations to your good wife and to gentle ,mr4 ,dennye4 ,i die in the faith that you have ever known me to be of4 ,farewell1 good friend4 ,yours dying1 as he was living1 ,,norfolk4 ,these letters and some others did pass from hand to hand in that afflicted house2 and sometimes hope and sometimes despair prevailed in the hearts of the great store of relatives and friends which often assembled there to confer on the means of softening the queen's anger and moving her to mercy2 one time through letters from the king of ,france and other princes1 which was an ill shot1 for to be so entreated by foreign potentates did but inflame her majesty's anger against the duke2 at others1 by my ,lord ,sussex and my ,lord ,arundel1 or such persons in her court as nearly approached her highness and could deal with her when she was merry and chose to condescend to their discourse4 ,but the wind shifts not oftener than did the queen's mind at that time1 so diverse were her dispositions toward this nobleman1 and always opposed to such as appeared in those who spoke on this topic1 whether as pressing for his execution1 or suing for mercy to be extended to him4 ,i heard much talk at that time touching his grace's good qualities3 how noble had been his spirit2 how moderate his disposition2 how plain his attire2 how bountiful his alms4 #fae ,as the fates of many do in these days hang on the doom of one1 much eagerness was shown amongst those who haunted my uncle's house to learn the news afloat concerning the issue of the duke's affair4 ,some ,catholics of note were lying in prison at that time in ,norwich1 most of them friends of these gentlemen2 of which four were condemned to death at that time1 and one to perpetual imprisonment and loss of all his property for reconcilement2 but whilst the ,duke of ,norfolk was yet alive1 they held the hope he should1 if once out of prison1 recover the queen's favor and drive from their seats his and their mortal enemies1 my ,lords ,burleigh and ,leicester4 ,and verily the axe was held suspended on the head of that duke for four months and more1 to the unspeakable anguish of many2 and1 amongst others1 his aged and afflicted mother1 the ,dowager ,countess of ,surrey1 who came to ,london from the country to be near her son in this extremity4 ,three times did the queen issue a warrant for his death and then recalled it2 so that those trembling relatives and well-wishers in and out of his house did look each day to hear the fatal issue had been compassed1 ,in the month of ,march1 when her majesty was sick with a severe inflammation and agonizing pain1 occasioned1 some said1 by poison administered by papists1 but by her own physicians declared to arise from her contempt of their prescriptions1 there was a strange turmoil1 ,i ween1 in some men's breasts1 albeit silent as a storm brewing on a sultry day4 ,under their breath1 and with faces shaped to conceal the wish which bred the inquiry1 they asked of the queen's health2 whilst others tore their hair and beat their breasts with no affected grief1 and the most part of the people lamented her danger4 ,oh1 what five days were those when the shadow of death did hover over that royal couch1 and men's hearts failed them for fear1 or else wildly whispered hopes such as they durst not utter aloud1--not so much as to a close friend1--lest the walls should have ears1 or the pavement open under their feet6 ,my ,god1 in thy hands lie the issues of life and death4 ,thou dost assign to each one his space of existence1 his length of days4 ,thy ways are not as our ways1 nor thy thoughts as our thoughts4 ,she lived who was yet to doom so many princely heads to the block1 so many saintly forms to the dungeon and the rack4 ,she lived whose first act was to stretch forth a hand yet weakened by sickness to sign1 a fourth time1 a warrant for a kinsman's death1 and once again recalled it4 ,each day some one should come in with various reports touching the queen's dispositions4 ,sometimes she had been heard to opine that her dangers from her enemies were so great that justice must be done4 ,at others she vehemently spoke of the nearness of blood to herself1 of the superiority in honor of this duke2 and once she wrote to ,lord ,burleigh 7a copy of this letter ,lord ,surrey saw in ,lord ,oxford's hands71 that she was more beholden to the hinder part of her head than she dared trust the forward part of the same2 and expressed great fear lest an irrevocable deed should be committed4 ,but she would not see ,lord ,surrey1 or suffer him to plead in person for his father's life4 ,yet there were good hopes amongst his friends he should yet be released1 till one day--,i mind it well1 for ,i was sitting with ,lady ,surrey1 reading out loud to her1 as ,i was often used to do--my ,lord ,berkeley burst into the chamber1 and cried1 throwing his gloves on the table and swearing a terrible oath3 ,that woman has undone us6 ,what1 the queen8 said my lady1 white as a smock4 ,verily a queen1 he answered gloomily4 ,i warrant you the ,queen of ,scots hath ended as she did begin1 and dragged his grace into a pit from whence ,i promise you he will never now rise4 ,a letter writ in her cipher to the ,duke of ,alva hath been intercepted1 in which that luckless royal #faf wight1 ever fatal to her friends as to herself1 doth say1 'that she hath a strong party in ,england1 and lords who favor her cause2 some of whom1 albeit prisoners1 so powerful1 that the ,queen of ,england should not dare to touch their lives4' ,alack6 those words1 'should not dare1' shall prove the death-warrant of my noble brother4 ,cursed be the day when he did get entangled in that popish siren's plots6 ,speak not harshly of her1 good my lord1 quoth ,lady ,surrey1 in her gentle voice4 ,her sorrows do bear too great a semblance to our own not to bespeak from us patience in this mishap4 ,nan1 said ,lord ,berkeley1 thou art of too mild a disposition4 ',tis the only fault ,i do find with thee4 ,beshrew me1 if my wife and thee could not make exchange of some portion of her spirit and thy meekness to the advantage of both4 ,i warrant thee ,phil's wife should hold a tight hand over him4 ,i read not that precept in the ,bible1 my lord1 quoth she1 smiling4 ,it speaketh roundly of the duty of wives to obey1 but not so much as one word of their ruling4 ,thou hadst best preach thy theology to my ,lady ,berkeley1 he answered2 and then she-- ,but ,i pray you1 my lord1 is it indeed your opinion that the queen will have his grace's life8 ,i should not give so much as a brass pin1 ,nan1 for his present chance of mercy at her hands1 he replied sadly4 ,and his words were justified in the event4 ,those relentless enemies of the duke1 my ,lords ,burleigh and ,leicester1 --who1 at the time of the queen's illness1 had stood three days and three nights without stirring from her bedside in so great terror lest she should die and he should compass the throne through a marriage with the ,queen of ,scots1 that they vowed to have his blood at any cost if her majesty did recover1--so dealt with parliament as to move it to send a petition praying that1 for the safety of her highness and the quieting of her realm1 he should be forthwith executed4 ,and from that day to the mournful one of his death1 albeit from the great reluctance her majesty had evinced to have him despatched1 his friends1 yea unto the last moment1 lived in expectancy of a reprieve2 he himself made up his mind to die with extraordinary fortitude1 not choosing to entertain so much as the least hope of life4 ,one day at that time ,i saw my ,lady ,margaret mending some hose1 and at each stitch she made with her needle tears fell from her eyes4 ,i offered to assist her ladyship2 but she said1 pressing the hose to her heart1 ,i thank thee1 good ,constance2 but no other hands than mine shall put a stitch in these hose1 for they be my father's1 who hath worn them with these holes for many months1 till poor ,master ,dyx bethought himself to bring them here to be patched and mended1 which task ,i would have none perform but myself4 ,my father would not suffer him to procure a new pair1 lest it should be misconstrued as a sign of his hope or desire of a longer life1 and with the same intent he refuseth to eat flesh as often as the physicians do order2 'for1' quoth he1 'why should ,i care to nourish a body doomed to such near decay8' ,then1 after a pause1 she said1 ,he will not wear clothes which have any velvet on them1 being1 he saith1 a condemned person4 ,lady ,surrey took one of the hose in her hand1 but ,lady ,margeret1 with a filial jealousy1 sadly smiling1 shook her head3 ,nay1 ,nan1 quoth she1 not even to thee1 sweet one1 will ,i yield one jot or tittle of this mean1 but1 in relation to him who doth own these poor hose1 exalted labor4 ,then she asked her sister if she had heard of the duke's request that ,mr4 ,fox1 his old schoolmaster1 should attend on him in the ,tower1 to whom he desired to profess that faith he did first ground him in4 ,and my ,lady ,surrey answered yea1 that my lord had informed her of #fag it1 and many other proofs beside that his grace sought to prepare for death in the best manner he could think of4 ,some ill-disposed persons have said1 quoth ,lady ,margaret1 that it is with the intent to propitiate the queen that my father doth show himself to be so settled in his religion1 and that he is not what he seems2 but tis a slander on his grace1 who hath been of this way of thinking since he attained to the age of reason1 and was never at any time reconciled1 as some have put forth4 ,this was the last time ,i did see these afflicted daughters until long after their father's death1 who was beheaded in the chapel of the ,tower shortly afterward4 ,when the blow fell which1 striking at him1 struck a no less fatal blow to the peace and well-doing of his children1 they all left the ,charter ,house1 and removed for a time into the country1 to the houses of divers relatives1 in such wise as before his death the duke had desired4 ,a letter which ,i received from ,lady ,surrey a few weeks after she left ,london doth best serve to show the manner of this disposal1 and the temper of the writer's mind at that melancholy time4 ,my ,,own ,,dear ,,constance1--,it may like you to hear that your afflicted friend is improved in bodily health1 and somewhat recovered from the great suffering of mind which the duke1 their good father's death1 has caused to all his poor children--mostly to ,megg and ,phil and me2 for their brothers and my sister are too young greatly to grieve4 ,my ,lord ,arundel is sorely afflicted1 ,i hear1 and hath writ a very lamentable letter to our good ,lady ,sussex concerning this sad mishap4 ,my ,lady ,berkeley and my ,lady ,westmoreland are almost distracted with grief for the death of a brother they did singularly love4 ,that poor lady 7of ,westmoreland7 is much to be pitied1 for that she is parted from her husband1 maybe for ever1 and has lost two fair daughters in one year4 ,my lord hath shown much affection for his father1 and natural sorrow in this sad loss2 and when his last letters written a short time before he suffered1 and addressed ,to my loving children1 specially the one to ,philip and ,nan1 reached his hands1 he wept so long and bitterly that it seemed as if his tears should never cease4 ,my lord is forthwith to make his chief abode at ,cambridge for a year or two2 and ,meg and ,i1 with ,lady ,sussex1 and ,i do hope ,bess also--albeit his grace doth appear in his letter to be otherwise minded4 ,but methinks he apprehended to lay too heavy a charge on her1 who is indeed a good lady to us all in this our unhappy condition1 and was loth ,megg should be out of my company4 ,the parting with my lord is a sore trial1 and what ,i had not looked to2 but ,god's will be done2 and if it be for the advantage of his soul1 as well as the advancement of his learning1 he should reside at the university1 it should ill befit me to repine4 ,and now methinks ,i will transcribe1 if my tears do not hinder me1 his grace's letters1 which will inform thee of his last wishes better than ,i could explain them2 for ,i would have thee know how tender and forecasting was his love for us1 and the good counsel he hath left unto his son1 who1 ,i pray to ,god1 may always follow it4 ,and ,i would have thee likewise note one point of his advice1 which indeed ,i should have been better contented he had not touched upon1 forasmuch as his having done so must needs hinder that which thy fond love for my poor self1 and resolved adherence to what he calls 'blind papistry1' doth so greatly prompt thee to desire2 for if on his blessing he doth charge us to beware of it1 and then ,i should move my lord to so much neglect of his last wishes as at any time to be reconciled1 bethink thee with what an ill grace ,i should urge on him1 in other respects1 obedience to his commands1 which indeed are such as do commend themselves to any ,christian soul as most wise and profitable4 #fah ,and now1 breaking off mine own discourse to transcribe his words--a far more noble and worthy employment of my pen--and praying ,god to bless thee1 ,i remain thy tender and loving friend1 ,,ann ,,surrey4 ,the ,duke of ,norfolk's letters to his children3 ,,dear ,,children1--,this is the last letter that ever ,i think to write to you2 and therefore1 if you loved me1 or that you will seem grateful to me for the special love that ,i have ever borne unto you1 then remember and follow these my last lessons4 ,oh1 ,philip1 serve and fear ,god1 above all things4 ,i find the fault in myself1 that ,i have 7,god forgive me67 been too negligent in this point4 ,love and make much of your wife2 for therein1 considering the great adversity you are now in1 by reason of my fall1 is your greatest present comfort and relief1 beside your happiness in having a wife which is endued with so great towardness in virtue and good qualities1 and in person comparable with the best sort4 ,follow these two lessons1 and ,god will bless you2 and without these1 as you may see by divers examples out of the ,scripture1 and also by ordinary worldly proof1 where ,god is not feared1 all goeth to wreck2 and where love is not between the husband and wife1 there ,god doth not prosper4 ,my third lesson is1 that you show yourself loving and natural to your brothers and sister and sister-in-law4 ,though you be very young in years1 yet you must strive with consideration to become a man2 for it is your own presence and good government of yourself that must get friends2 and if you take that course1 then have ,i been so careful a father unto you1 as ,i have taken such order as you1 by ,god's grace1 shall be well able1 beside your wife's lands1 to maintain yourself like a gentleman4 ,marry6 the world is greedy and covetous2 and if the show of the well government of yourself do not fear and restrain their greedy appetite1 it is like that1 by undirect means1 they will either put you from that which law layeth upon you1 or else drive you to much trouble in trying and holding your right4 ,when my grandfather died1 ,i was not much above a year elder than you are now2 and yet1 ,i thank ,god1 ,i took such order with myself1 as you shall reap the commodity of my so long passed travel1 if you do now imitate the like4 ,help to strengthen your young and raw years with good counsel4 ,i send you herewith a brief schedule1 whom ,i wish you to make account of as friends1 and whom as servants2 and ,i charge you1 as a father may do1 to follow my direction therein2 my experience can better tell what is fit for you than your young years can judge of4 ,i would wish you for the present to make your chief abode at ,cambridge1 which is the place fittest for you to promote your learning in2 and beside1 it is not very far hence1 whereby you may1 within a day's warning1 be here to follow your own causes1 as occasion serveth4 ,if1 after a year or two1 you spend some time in a house of the law1 there is nothing that will prove more to your commodity1 considering how for the time you shall have continual business about your own law affairs2 and thereby also1 if you spend your time well1 you shall be ever after better able to judge in your own causes4 ,i too late repent that ,i followed not this course that now ,i wish to you2 for if ,i had1 then my case perchance had not been in so ill state as now it is4 ,when ,god shall send you to those years as that it shall be fit for you to keep house with your wife 7which ,i had rather were sooner1 than that you should fall into ill company71 then ,i would wish you to withdraw yourself into some private dwelling of your own4 ,and if your hap may be so good as you may so live without being called to higher degree1 oh1 ,philip1 ,philip1 then shall you enjoy that blessed life which your woful father would fain have done1 and never could be so happy4 ,beware of high degree4 ,to a vain-glorious1 proud stomach it seemeth at the first sweet4 ,look into all #fai chronicles1 and you shall find that in the end it brings heaps of cares1 toils in the state1 and most commonly in the end utter overthrow4 ,look into the whole state of the nobility in times past1 and into their state now1 and then judge whether my lessons be true or no4 ,assure yourself1 as you may see by the book of my accounts1 and you shall find that my living did hardly maintain my expenses2 for all the help that ,i had by ,tom's lands1 and somewhat by your wife's and sister's-in-law1 ,i was ever a beggar4 ,you may1 by the grace of ,god1 be a great deal richer and quieter in your low degree1 wherein ,i once again wish you to continue4 ,they may1 that shall wish you the contrary1 have a good meaning2 but believe your father1 who of love wishes you best1 and with the mind that he is at this present fully armed to ,god1 who sees both states1 both high and low1 as it were even before his eyes4 ,beware of the court1 except it be to do your prince service1 and that1 as near as you can1 in the lowest degree1 for that place hath no certainty2 either a man1 by following thereof1 hath too much of worldly pomp1 which1 in the end1 throws him down headlong1 or else he liveth there unsatisfied2 either that he cannot attain for himself that he would1 or else that he cannot do for his friends as his heart desireth4 ,remember these notes1 and follow them2 and then you1 by ,god's help1 shall reap the commodity of them in your old years4 ,if your brothers may be suffered to remain in your company1 ,i would be most glad thereof1 because continuing together should still increase love between you4 ,but the world is so catching of everything that falls1 that ,tom being1 as ,i believe1 after my death1 the queen's majesty's ward1 shall be begged by one or another4 ,but yet you are sure to have your brother ,william left still with you1 because1 poor boy1 he hath nothing to feed cormorants withal2 to whom you will as well be a father as a brother2 for upon my blessing ,i commit him to your charge to provide for1 if that which ,i have assured him by law shall not be so sufficient as ,i mean it4 ,if law may take place1 your sister-in-law will be surely enough conveyed to his behoof1 and then ,i should wish her to be brought up with some friend of mine2 as for the present ,i allow best of ,sir ,christopher ,heydon1 if he will so much befriend you as to receive her to sojourn with him2 if not there in some other place1 as your friends shall best allow of4 ,and touching the bestowing of your wife and ,megg1 who ,i would be loth should be out of your wife's company2 for as she should be a good companion for ,nan1 so ,i commit ,megg of especial trust to her4 ,i think good1 till you keep house together1 if my ,lady of ,sussex might be entreated to take them to her as sojourners1 there were no place so fit considering her kindred unto you1 and the assured friend that ,i hope you shall find of her2 beside she is a good lady4 ,if it will not be so brought to pass1 then1 by the advice of your friends1 take some other order2 but in no case ,i would wish you to keep any house except it be together with your wife4 ,thus ,i have advised you as my troubled memory can at present suffer me4 ,beware of pride1 stubbornness1 taunting1 and sullenness1 which vices nature doth somewhat kindle in you2 and therefore you must with reason and discretion make a new nature in yourself4 ,give not your mind too much and too greedily to gaming2 make a pastime of it1 and no toil4 ,and lastly1 delight to spend some time in reading of the ,scriptures2 for therein is the whole comfort of man's life2 all other things are vain and transitory2 and if you be diligent in reading of them1 they will remain with you continually1 to your profit and commodity in this world1 and to your comfort and salvation in the world to come1 whither1 in grace of ,god1 ,i am now with joy and consolation preparing myself4 ,and1 upon my blessing1 beware of blind papistry1 which brings nothing but bondage to men's consciences4 #fbj ,mix your prayers with fasting1 not thinking thereby to merit2 for there is nothing that we ourselves can do that is good1--we are but unprofitable servants2 but fast1 ,i say1 thereby to tame the wicked affection of the mind1 and trust only to be saved by ,christ's precious blood2 for without a perfect faith therein1 there is no salvation4 ,let works follow your faith2 thereby to show to the world that you do not only say you have faith1 but that you give testimony thereof to the full satisfaction of the godly4 ,i write somewhat the more herein1 because perchance you have heretofore heard1 or perchance may hereafter hear1 false bruits that ,i was a papist2 ,footnote #abc but trust unto it1 ,i never1 since ,i knew what religion meant 7,i thank ,god7 was of other mind than now you shall hear that ,i die in2 although 7,i cry ,god mercy7 ,i have not given fruits and testimony of my faith as ,i ought to have done2 the which is the thing that ,i do now chiefliest repent4 ,footnote #abc3 ,there would seem to be no doubt that the ,duke of ,norfolk was a sincere ,protestant4 ,the strenuous advice to his children to beware of ,popery affords evidence of it4 ,greatly1 however1 as it would have tended to their worldly prosperity to have followed their father's last injunctions in this respect1 all but one of those he thus counselled were subsequently reconciled to the ,catholic ,church4 ,the ,duke's letters in this chapter are all authentic4 ,see the ,rev4 ,m4 ,tierney's ,history of ,arundel1 and the ,appendix to ,nott's edition of ,lord ,surrey's poems4 ,when ,i am gone1 forget my condemning1 and forgive1 ,i charge you1 my false accusers1 as ,i protest to ,god ,i do2 but have nothing to do with them if they live4 ,surely1 ,bannister dealt no way but honestly and truly4 ,hickford did not hurt me in my conscience1 willingly2 nor did not charge me with any great matter that was of weight otherways than truly4 ,but the ,bishop of ,ross1 and specially ,barber1 did falsely accuse me1 and laid their own treasons upon my back4 ,god forgive them1 and ,i do1 and once again ,i will you to do2 bear no malice in your mind4 ,and now1 dear ,philip1 farewell4 ,read this my letter sometimes over2 it may chance make you remember yourself the better2 and by the same1 when your father is dead and rotten1 you may see what counsel ,i would give you if ,i were alive4 ,if you follow these admonitions1 there is no doubt but ,god will bless you2 and ,i1 your earthly father1 do give you ,god's blessing and mine1 with my humble prayers to ,almighty ,god that it will please him to bless you and your good ,nan2 that you may both1 if it be his will1 see your children's children1 to the comfort of you both2 and afterward that you may be partakers of the heavenly kingdom4 ,amen1 amen4 ,written by the hand of your loving father4 ,t4 ,h4 ,and to ,tom his grace did write3 ,tom1 out of this that ,i have written to your brother1 you may learn such lessons as are fit for you4 ,that ,i write to one1 that ,i write to all1 except it be somewhat which particularly touches any of you4 ,to fear and serve ,god is generally to you all2 and1 on my blessing1 take greatest care thereof1 for it is the foundation of all goodness4 ,you have1 even from your infancy1 been given to be stubborn4 ,beware of that vice1 ,tom1 and bridle nature with wisdom4 ,though you be her majesty's ward1 yet if you use yourself well to my ,lord ,burleigh1 he will1 ,i hope1 help you to buy your own wardship4 ,follow your elder brother's advice1 who1 ,i hope1 will take such a course as may be to all your comforts4 ,god send him grace so to do1 and to you too6 ,i give you ,god's blessing and mine1 and ,i hope he will prosper you4 ,and to ,will he saith 7whom methinks his heart did incline to1 as ,jacob's did to ,benjamin73 ,will1 though you be now young1 yet ,i hope1 if it shall please ,god to send you life1 that you will then consider of the precepts heretofore written to your brethren4 ,i have committed the charge of your bringing-up to your elder brother2 and therefore ,i charge you to be obedient to him1 as you would have been to me if ,i had been #fba living4 ,if you shall have a liking to my daughter-in-law1 ,bess ,dacres1 ,i hope you shall have it in your own choice to marry her4 ,i will not advise you otherways than yourself1 when you are of fit years1 shall think good2 but this assure yourself1 it will be a good augmentation to your small living1 considering how chargeable the world groweth to be4 ,as you are youngest1 so the more you ought to be obedient to your elders4 ,god send you a good younger brother's fortune in this world1 and his grace1 that you may ever be his1 both in this world and in the world to come4 ,to me1 his unworthy daughter1 were these lines written1 which ,i be ashamed to transcribe1 but that his goodness doth appear in his good opinion of me rather than my so poor merits3 ,well-beloved ,nan1 that hath been as dear to me as if you had been my own daughter1 although1 considering this ill hap that has now chanced1 you might have had a greater marriage than now your husband shall be2 yet ,i hope that you will remember that1 when you were married1 the case was far otherways2 and therefore ,i hope your dutiful dealings shall be so to your husband1 and your sisterly love to your brothers-in-law and sister-in-law1 as my friends that shall see it may think that my great affection to you was well bestowed4 ,thanks be to ,god1 you have hitherto taken a good course2 whereby all that wish you well take great hope rather of your going forward therein than backward--which ,god forbid6 ,i will request no more at your hands1 now that ,i am gone1 in recompense of my former love to you1 but that you will observe my three lessons3 to fear and serve ,god1 flying idleness2 to love faithfully your husband2 and to be kind to your brothers and sisters--specially committing to your care mine only daughter ,megg1 hoping that you will not be a sister-in-law to her1 but rather a natural sister1 yea even a very mother2 and that as ,i took care for the well bestowing of you1 so you will take care for the well bestowing of her1 and be a continual caller on your husband for the same4 ,if this mishap had not chanced1 you and your husband might have been awhile still young1 and ,i would1 by ,god's help1 have supplied your wants4 ,but now the case is changed1 and you must1 at your years of fifteen1 attain to the consideration and discretion of twenty2 or else1 if ,god send you to live in your age1 you shall have cause to repent your folly in youth1 beside the endangering the casting away of those who do wholly depend upon your two well-doings4 ,i do not mistrust that you will be mindful of my last requests2 and so doing ,god bless you1 and send you to be old parents to virtuous children1 which is likeliest to be if you give them good example4 ,farewell6 for this is the last that you shall ever receive from your loving father4 ,farewell1 my dear ,nan6 ,and to his own sweet ,megg he subjoined in the same letter these words3 ,megg1 ,i have1 as you see1 committed you to your loving sister4 ,i charge you therefore1 upon my blessing1 that you obey her in all things1 as you would do me or your own mother1 if we were living2 and then ,i doubt not but by her good means you shall be in fit time bestowed to your own comfort and contentment4 ,be good2 no babbler1 and ever be busied and doing of somewhat2 and give your mind to reading in the ,bible and such other good books1 whereby you may learn to fear ,god2 and so you shall prove1 by his help1 hereafter the better wife1 and a virtuous woman in all other respects4 ,if you follow these my lessons1 then ,god's blessing and mine ,i give you1 and pray that you may both live and die his servant4 ,amen4 ,when ,i read these letters1 and my ,lady ,surrey's comments upon them1 what pangs seized my heart6 ,her #fbb messenger was awaiting an answer1 which he said must be brief1 for he had to ride to ,bermondsey with a message for my ,lord ,sussex1 and had been long delayed in the city4 ,i seized a pen1 and hastily wrote3 ,oh1 my dear and honored lady1 what grief1 what pain1 your letter hath caused me6 ,forgive me if1 having but brief time in which to write a few lines by your messenger1 ,i dwell not on the sorrow which doth oppress you1 nor on the many excellences apparent in those farewell letters1 which give token of so great virtue and wisdom in the writer1 that one should be prompted to exclaim he did lack but one thing to be perfect1 that being a true faith1--but rather direct my answer to that passage in yours which doth work in me such regret1 yea such anguish of heart1 as my poor words can ill express4 ,for verily there can be no greater danger to a soul than to be lured from the profession of a true ,catholic faith1 once firmly received and yet inwardly held1 by deceptive arguments1 whereby it doth conceal its own weakness under the garb of respect for the dead and duty to the living4 ,for1 ,i pray you1 mine own dear lady1 what respect and what duty is owing to men which be not rather due to him who reads the heart1 and will ask a strict account of such as1 having known his will1 yet have not done it8 ,believe me1 'tis a perilous thing to do evil that good may come4 ,is it possible you should resolve never to profess that religion which1 in your conscience1 you do believe to be true1 nor to move your lord thereunto1 for any human respect1 however dear and sacred8 ,i hope other feelings may return1 and ,god's hand will support1 uphold1 and never fail you in your need4 ,i beseech him to guard and keep you in the right way4 ,your humble servant and truly loving poor friend1 ,,constance ,,sherwood4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ------ #fbc ,from ,the ,fortnightly ,review4 ,,the ,,heart ,,and ,,the ,,brain4 ,,by ,,george ,,henry ,,lewes4 ,heart and brain are the two lords of life4 ,in the metaphors of ordinary speech and in the stricter language of science1 we use these terms to indicate two central powers1 from which all motives radiate1 to which all influences converge4 ,they rule the moral and the physical life3 the moral owes to them its continuous supply of feelings and ideas2 the physical its continuous supply of food and stimulus4 ,all the composite material which serves to build up the bodily fabric1 and repair its daily waste1 is only so much carted material awaiting the architect1 until it has twice passed through the heart--until having been sent by the heart to the lungs it has there received its plastic virtues1 and returns to the heart to be thence distributed throughout the organism4 ,so much is familiar to every one2 but less familiar is the fact that this transmission of the blood from heart to lungs1 and its distribution throughout the organism1 are rendered possible and made effective only under the influence of the brain4 ,life is sustained by food and stimulus4 ,the operation of nutrition itself is indissolubly connected with sensibility4 ,life is a plexus of nutrition and sensation1 the threads of which may ideally be separated1 but which in reality are so interwoven as to be indissoluble4 ,this is a paradox which even many physiologists will reject2 but it is only a paradox because biological questions have constantly been regarded from a chemical point of view4 ,to render my proposition free from ambiguity1 it is needful to premise that the term heart1 by a familiar device of rhetoric1 here expresses the whole of that great circulatory apparatus of which it is only a part2 and in like manner the term brain here expresses the whole of the sensory apparatus4 ,the reader knows perfectly well that in strict anatomical language the heart is only one organ having a definite function2 and that the brain--although the term is used with considerable laxity--is only one portion of the complex nervous mechanism1 having also its definite functions4 ,but ,i am not here addressing anatomists1 and for purposes of simplification ,i shall generally speak of the heart as if it were the whole of the vascular system1 and of the brain as if it were the whole of the nervous system4 ,and there is a philosophic truth suggested by this departure from the limitations of anatomical definition1 namely1 that if the brain as a nervous centre requires to be distinguished from all other nervous centres1 it also requires to be affiliated on them3 it has its special functions as an organ1 but it has also a community of property--i4e41 sensibility--with all other nervous centres4 ,in the study of animal organisms1 the scientific artifice called analysis1 which separates ideally what nature has indissolubly united1 isolating each portion of a complex whole to study it undisturbed by the influences of other portions1 has established a division of life into animal and vegetable4 ,the division is as old as ,aristotle1 but has become the common property of science only since the days of ,bichat4 ,it is not exact1 but it is convenient4 ,as an artifice it has proved its utility1 but like all such distinctions it has a tendency to divert the mind from contemplation of the real synthesis of nature4 ,even as an artifice the classification is not free from ambiguities2 and perhaps it would be less exceptionable if #fbd instead of vegetal and animal we were to substitute nutritive and sensitive4 ,all the phenomena of growth1 development1 and decay--phenomena common to plants as to animals--may range under the laws of nutrition4 ,all the phenomena of feeling and motion which specially distinguish animals1 will range under the laws of sensibility4 ,plants1 it is true1 manifest motion1 some few of them even locomotion2 but in them it is believed that these phenomena are never due to the stimulus of sensibility4 ,viewing the animal organism as thus differentiated1 we see on the one hand a complex system of organs--glands1 membranes1 vessels--all harmoniously working to one end1 which is to build up the body1 and silently repair its continual waste4 ,they evolve the successive phases of development4 ,they prepare successive generations4 ,on the other hand1 we see a complex system of organs--muscles1 tendons1 bones1 nerves1 and nerve-centres--also harmoniously co-operative4 ,they stimulate the organs of nutrition4 ,they work first for the preservation of the individual in the struggle of existence2 next1 for the perfection of the individual in the development of his highest qualities4 ,but it is important to remember that this division is purely ideal--a scientific artifice1 not a reality4 ,nature knows of none such4 ,in the organism the two lives are one4 ,the two systems interlace1 interpenetrate each other1 so that the slightest modification of the one is followed by a corresponding change in the other4 ,the brain is nourished by the heart1 and were it not for the blood which is momently pumped into it by the heart1 its sensibility would vanish4 ,and the heart in turn depends upon the brain1 not for food1 but for stimulus1 for motive power1 without which food is inert4 ,that we may feel1 it is necessary we should feed2 that we may feed1 it is necessary we should feel4 ,nutrition cannot be dissociated from sensation4 ,the blood which nourishes the brain1 giving it impulse and sustaining power1 could never have become arterial blood1 could never have reached the brain1 had not the heart which sent it there been subjected to influences from the brain4 ,the blood itself has no locomotive impulse4 ,the heart has no spontaneous power3 it is a muscle1 and like all other muscles must be stimulated into activity4 ,unless the sensitive mechanism were in action1 the lungs could not expand1 the blood would not become oxygenated1 the heart would not pump4 ,look on the corpse from which the life has just vanished4 ,why is it inert8 ,there is food within it4 ,it has blood in abundance4 ,there is air in the lungs4 ,the muscles are contractile1 and the tendons elastic4 ,so little is the wondrous mechanism impaired1 that if by any means we could supply a stimulus to awaken the dormant sensibility1 the chest would expand1 the heart would beat1 the blood would circulate1 the corpse would revive4 ,it is unnecessary to point out in detail how dependent the brain is upon the heart2 but mention may be made of the fact that more blood is sent to the brain than to any other organ in the body3 according to some estimates a fifth of the whole1 according to others a third4 ,not only is a large quantity of blood demanded for the continuous activity of the brain1 but such is the peculiar nature of this great nervous centre1 that of all organs it is the most delicately susceptible to every variation in the quality of the blood sent to it4 ,if the heart pumps feebly1 the brain acts feebly4 ,if the blood be vitiated1 the brain is lethargic2 and when the brain is lethargic1 the heart is weak4 ,thus do the two great centres interact4 ,they are both lords of life1 and both mutually indispensable4 ,there are two objections which it may be well to anticipate3 ,nutrition1 it may be objected1 cannot be so indissolubly blended with sensation as ,i have affirmed1 because1 in the first place1 most of the nutritive processes go on without the intervention of #fbe sensibility2 and in the second place1 the nutritive life of plants is confessedly independent of sensation1 since in plants there is no sensitive mechanism whatever4 ,nutrition is simply a chemical process4 ,the answers to these objections may be very brief4 ,nutrition is a biological not a chemical process3 it involves the operation of chemical laws1 but these laws are themselves subordinated to physiological laws2 and one of these laws is the necessary dependence of organic activity on a nervous mechanism wherever such a mechanism exists4 ,although popular language1 and the mistaken views 7as ,i conceive7 of physiologists1 allow us to say1 without any apparent absurdity1 that the processes of respiration1 digestion1 circulation1 and secretion go on without feeling or sensation--because these processes do not habitually become distinct in consciousness1 but are merged in the general feeling of existence--we have only to replace the word feeling1 or sensation1 by the phrase nervous influence1 and it then becomes a serious biological error to speak of nutrition as dissociated from the stimulus of nervous centres1 as capable of continuance without the intervention of sensibility4 ,the chemical combinations and decompositions do not of course depend on this intervention1 but the transport of materials does4 ,all the disputes which have been waged on this subject would have been silenced had the disputants borne in mind this distinction between the chemical and organic elements in every nutritive process4 ,it is not the stoker who makes the steam2 but if the stoker were not to supply the fire with coals1 and the safety-valve were not to regulate the amount of pressure1 steam might indeed be generated1 but no steam-engine would perform its useful work4 ,in like manner1 it is not the vascular system which makes a secretion2 but if the blood did not supply the gland with materials1 the secreting process would quickly end1 and the blood can only be brought to the gland through the agency of muscular contractions stimulated by nervous influence4 ,granting that plants have no sensibility1 and that in them the process of nutrition must go on without such an intervention1 we are able to demonstrate that in animals in whose organism the sensitive apparatus is an integral portion1 the processes of nutrition are more or less under the influence of this apparatus4 ,in saying more or less1 ,i indicate the greater or less perfection of the organism2 for1 as every one knows1 the perfection of each type is due to the predominance of its sensitive mechanism4 ,in some of the lowest types1 no trace of a nervous mechanism can be discovered4 ,a little higher in the scale1 the mechanism is very slight and simple4 ,still higher1 it becomes complex and important4 ,it culminates in man4 ,corresponding with this scale of complexity in the sensitive life is the scale of complexity in the nutritive life4 ,as the two rise in importance they rise in the scale of dependence4 ,thus a frog or a triton will live long after its brain is removed4 ,i have kept frogs for several weeks without their brains1 and tritons without their heads4 ,redi1 the illustrious ,italian naturalist1 kept a turtle alive five months after the removal of its brain4 ,now it is needless to say that in higher animals death would rapidly follow the loss of the brain4 ,a somewhat similar parallelism is seen on the removal of the heart4 ,none of the higher animals can survive a serious injury to the heart2 but that organ may be removed from a reptile1 and the animal will crawl away seemingly as lively as ever4 ,a frog will live several hours without a heart1 and will hop1 swim1 and struggle as if uninjured4 ,stilling once removed all the viscera from a frog1 which1 however1 continued for one hour to hop1 defend itself1 and in various ways manifest its vivacity4 ,footnote #abd ,footnote #abd3 ,stilling1 ,untersuchungen ueber die ,functionen des ,rueckenmarks1 p4 #ch4 #fbf ,in spite of these evidences of a temporary independence of brain and heart1 as individual organs1 there is nothing more certain than the intimate interdependence of the sensitive and circulating systems2 and if in lower animals the interdependence of the two great central organs is less energetic than in the higher1 the law of the intervention of sensibility in all processes of nutrition is unaffected4 ,in fact1 wherever the motor mechanism is muscular1 as it is in all but the simplest animals1 the necessary intervention of sensibility is an a priori axiom4 ,every action in the organs of such animals is a manifestation of muscular contractility1 and there is no known means of exciting this contractility except by the stimulus of a nerve4 ,the heart is a muscle4 ,some years ago there was a school of physiologists advocating the hypothesis that the action of the heart was due to the irritability of its muscular tissue1 which was stimulated by the presence of blood4 ,the great ,haller was the head of this school1 and his ,memoires sur la nature sensible et irritable des parties ,footnote #abe is still worthy the attention of experimentalists4 ,and1 indeed1 when men saw the heart continue its pulsations some time after death1 and even after removal from the body1 and saw1 moreover1 that after pulsation had ceased it could be revived by the injection of warm blood1 there seemed the strongest arguments in favor of the hypothesis4 ,unhappily for the hypothesis1 the heart continues to beat long after all the blood has been pumped out of it1 consequently its beating cannot be due to the stimulus of the blood4 ,footnote #abe3 ,lausanne1 #agef1 in #d vols4 ,in our own day the difficulty has to a considerable extent been removed by the discovery of a small nervous system specially allotted to the heart1--nerves and ganglia imbedded in its substance1 which there do the work of nerves and ganglia everywhere else4 ,cut the heart into pieces1 and each piece containing a ganglion will beat as before2 the other pieces will be still4 ,beside this special cardiac system which influences the regular pulsations1 there is the general nervous system1 which accelerates and arrests these pulsations at every moment of our lives4 ,the heart is thus connected with the general organism through the intervention of the great sensory apparatus4 ,filaments of what are called the pneumogastric nerves connect the heart with the spinal chord and cerebral masses2 but it is not the influence of these filaments which causes the regular beatings of the heart 7as physiologists formerly supposed71 and the proof is that these filaments may all be cut1 thus entirely isolating the heart from all connection with the great nervous centres1 and yet the heart will continue tranquilly beating4 ,what causes this8 ,obviously the stimulus comes from the heart's own nerves2 and these are1 presumably1 excited by the molecular changes going on within it4 ,physiologists1 as we said just now1 supposed that the filaments of the pneumogastric nerves distributed to the heart caused its beating4 ,what then was their surprise1 a few years since1 when ,weber announced that the stimulation of these fibres1 instead of accelerating the heart's action1 arrested it6 ,here was a paradox4 ,all other muscles1 it was said 7but erroneously said71 are excited to increased action when their nerves are stimulated1 and here is a muscle which is paralyzed by the stimulation of its nerves4 ,the fact was indisputable2 an electric current passed through the pneumogastric did suddenly and invariably arrest the heart4 ,physiologists were interested4 ,the frogs and rabbits of ,europe had a bad time of it1 called upon to answer categorically such questions put to their hearts4 ,in a little while it appeared that although a strong electric current arrested the pulsations--and in mammals instantaneously--yet a feeble current accelerated instead of arresting them4 ,the same opposite results followed a powerful and a gentle excitation of the upper region of the spinal chord4 #fbg ,to these very important and suggestive facts1 which throw a strong light on many phenomena hitherto obscure1 let us add the interesting facts that in a healthy1 vigorous animal1 the heart quickly recovers its normal activity after the withdrawal of the electric stimulus2 but in a sickly or highly sensitive animal the arrest is final4 ,who does not read here the physiological explanation of the familiar fact that powerful mental shocks momently arrest the heart1 and sometimes arrest it for ever8 ,that which a powerful current will do applied to the pneumogastric nerve1 will be done by a profound agitation of grief or joy--truly called a heart-shaking influence4 ,the agitation of the great centres of thought is communicated to the spinal chord1 and from it to the nerves which issue to various parts of the body3 the limbs are violently moved1 the glands are excited to increased activity1 the tears flow1 the facial muscles contract1 the chest expands1 laughter or sobs1 dances of delight and shouts of joy1 these and the manifold expressions of an agitated emotion1 are the after results--the first effect is an arrest1 more or less fugitive1 followed by an increase of the heart's action4 ,if the organism be vigorous1 the effect of a powerful emotion is a sudden paleness1 indicating a momentary arrest of the heart4 ,this may be but for an instant2 the heart pauses1 and the lungs pause with it--the breath is taken away4 ,this is succeeded by an energetic palpitation2 the lungs expand1 the blood rushes to face and brain with increased force4 ,should the organism be sickly or highly sensitive1 the arrest is of longer duration1 and fainting1 more or less prolonged1 is the result4 ,in a very sensitive or very sickly organism the arrest is final4 ,the shock of joy and the shock of grief have both been known to kill4 ,the effects of a gentle stimulus we may expect to be very different1 since we know that a feeble electric current stimulates the heart's action4 ,the nature of the stimulus is always the same1 no matter on what occasion it arises4 ,it may arise from a dash of cold water on the face--as we see in the revival of the heart's action when we throw water on the face of a fainting person4 ,it may arise from inhaling an irritant odor4 ,it may arise from the pleasurable sight of a dear friend1 or the thrill of delight at the new birth of an idea4 ,in every case the brain is excited1 either through an impression on a sensitive nerve1 or through the impulses of thought2 and the sensibility thus called into action necessarily discharges itself through one or more of the easiest channels2 and among the easiest is that of the pneumogastric nerve4 ,but the heart thus acted on in turn reacts4 ,its increased energy throws more blood into the brain1 which draws its sustaining power from the blood4 ,experimentalists have discovered another luminous fact connected with this influence of the brain upon the heart1 namely1 that although a current of a certain intensity 7varying of course with the nature of the organism7 will infallibly arrest the heart1 if applied at once1 yet if we begin with a feeble current and go on gradually increasing its intensity1 we may at last surpass the degree which would have produced instantaneous arrest1 and yet the heart will continue to beat energetically4 ,the effect of repetition in diminishing a stimulus is here very noticeable4 ,it will serve to explain why1 according to the traditions of familiar experience1 we are careful to break the announcement of disastrous news1 by intimating something much less calamitous1 wherewith to produce the first shock1 and then1 when the heart has withstood that1 we hope it may have energy to meet the more agitating emotions4 ,the same fact will also serve1 partly1 to explain why from repetition the effect of smoking is no longer as it is at first to produce paleness1 sweating1 and sickness4 ,the heart ceases to be sensibly affected by the stimulus4 #fbh ,returning to the effects of a gentle stimulus1 we can read therein the rationale of change of scene1 especially of foreign travel1 in restoring the exhausted energies4 ,the gentle excitement of novel and pleasurable sights is not1 as people generally suppose1 merely a mental stimulus--a pleasure which passes away without a physical influence2 on the contrary1 it is inseparably connected with an increased activity of the circulation1 and this brings with it an increased activity of all the processes of waste and repair4 ,if the excitement and fatigue be not too great1 even the sickly traveller finds himself stronger and happier1 in spite of bad food1 irregular hours1 and many other conditions which at home would have enfeebled him4 ,i have heard a very distinguished physician 7,sir ,henry ,holland7 say that such is his conviction of the beneficial influence of even slight nervous stimulus on the nutritive processes1 that when the patient cannot have change of scene1 change of room is of some advantage--nay1 even change of furniture1 if there cannot be change of room6 ,to those who have thoroughly grasped the principle of the indissoluble conjunction of nutrition and sensation1 such effects are obvious deductions4 ,they point to the great importance of pleasure as an element of effective life4 ,they lead to the question whether much of the superior health of youth is not due to the greater amount of pleasurable excitement which life affords to young minds4 ,certain it is that much of the marvellous activity of some old men1 especially of men engaged in politics or in interesting professions1 may be assigned to the greater stimulus given to their bodily functions by the pleasurable excitement of their minds4 ,men who vegetate sink prematurely into old age4 ,the fervid wheels of life revolve upon excitement4 ,if the excitement be too intense1 the wheels take fire2 but if the mental stimulus be simply pleasurable1 it is eminently beneficial4 ,every impression reacts on the circulation1 a slight impression producing a slight acceleration1 a powerful impression1 producing an arrest more or less prolonged4 ,the shock of a wound and the pain of an operation cause faintness1 sometimes death4 ,indeed1 it is useful to know that many severe operations are dangerous only because of the shock or pain1 and can be performed with impunity if the patient first be rendered insensible by chloroform4 ,on the other hand1 the mere irritation of a nerve so as to produce severe pain will produce syncope or death in an animal which is very feeble or exhausted4 ,it is possible to crush the whole of the upper part of the spinal chord 7the medulla oblongata7 without arresting the action of the heart1 if the animal has been rendered insensible by chloroform2 whereas without such precautions a very slight irritation of the medulla suffices to arrest the heart4 ,a moment's reflection will disclose the reason of the remarkable differences observed in human beings in the matter of sensitiveness4 ,the stupid are stupid1 not simply because their nervous development is below the average1 but also because the connection between the two great central organs1 brain and heart1 is comparatively languid2 the pneumogastric is not in them a ready channel for the discharge of nervous excitement4 ,the sensitive are sensitive because in them the connection is rapid and easy4 ,all nervous excitement must discharge itself through one or more channels2 but what channels1 will depend on the native and acquired tendencies of the organism4 ,in highly sensitive animals a mere prick on the skin can be proved to affect the beating of the heart2 but you may lacerate a reptile without sensibly affecting its pulse4 ,in like manner1 a pleasurable sight or a suggestive thought will quicken the pulse of an intelligent man1 whereas his stupid brother may be the spectator of festal or solemn scenes and the auditor of noble eloquence with scarcely a change4 #fbi ,the highly sensitive organism is one in which the reactions of sensibility on the circulation1 and of the circulation on the sensibility1 are most direct and rapid4 ,this is often the source of weakness and inefficiency--as we see in certain feminine natures of both sexes1 wherein the excessive sensitiveness does not lie in an unusual development of the nervous centres1 but in an unusual development of the direct connection between brain and heart4 ,there are men and women of powerful brains in whom this rapid transmission of sensation to the heart is not observable2 the nervous force discharges itself through other channels4 ,there are men and women of small brains in whom the irritability is so great that almost every sensation transmits its agitating influence to the heart4 ,and now we are in a condition to appreciate the truth which was confusedly expressed in the ancient doctrine respecting the heart as the great emotional organ4 ,it still lives in our ordinary speech1 but has long been banished from the text-books of physiology1 though it is not1 in my opinion1 a whit more unscientific than the modern doctrine respecting the brain 7meaning the cerebral hemispheres7 as the exclusive organ of sensation4 ,that the heart1 as a muscle1 is not endowed with the property of sensibility--a property exclusively possessed by ganglionic tissue--we all admit4 ,but the heart1 as the central organ of the circulation1 is so indissolubly connected with every manifestation of sensibility1 and is so delicately susceptible to all emotional agitations1 that we may not improperly regard it as the ancients regarded it1 in the light of the chief centre of feeling2 for the ancients had no conception of the heart as an organ specially endowed with sensibility--they only thought of it as the chief agent of the sensitive soul4 ,and is not this the conception we moderns form of the brain8 ,we do not imagine the cerebral mass1 as a mere mass1 and unrelated to the rest of the organism1 to have in itself sensibility2 but we conceive it as the centre of a great system1 dependent for its activity on a thousand influences1 sensitive because sensibility is the form of life peculiar to it1 but living only in virtue of the vital activities of the whole organism4 ,thus the heart1 because its action is momently involved in every emotion1 and because every emotion reacts upon it1 may1 as truly as the brain1 be called the great emotional centre4 ,neither brain nor heart can claim that title exclusively4 ,they may claim it together4 ---- #fcj ,transcriber3 ,read this section with a fixed pitch font so the two columns are correctly aligned4 ,from ,the ,month4 ,,the ,,dream ,,of ,,gerontius4 ,,by ,,john ,,henry ,,newman1 ,d4,d4 ,concluded4 ,sec4#d4 ,,soul4 ,but hark6 upon my sense ,comes a fierce hubbub1 which would make me fear1 ,could ,i be frighted4 ,,angel4 ,we are now arrived ,close on the judgment-court2 that sullen howl ,is from the demons who assemble there4 ,it is the middle region1 where of old ,satan appeared among the sons of ,god1 ,to cast his jibes and scoffs at holy ,job4 ,so now his legions throng the vestibule1 ,hungry and wild1 to claim their property1 ,and gather souls for hell4 ,hist to their cry4 ,,soul4 ,how sour and how uncouth a dissonance6 ,,demons4 ,low-born clods ,of brute earth1 ,they aspire ,to become gods1 ,by a new birth1 ,and an extra grace1 ,and a score of merits1 ,as if ought ,could stand in place ,of the high thought1 ,and the glance of fire ,of the great spirits1 ,the powers blest1 ,the lords by right1 ,the primal owners ,of the proud dwelling ,and realm of light1 ,dispossessed1 ,aside thrust1 ,chucked down1 ,by the sheer might ,of a despot's will1 ,of a tyrant's frown1 ,who after expelling ,their hosts1 gave1 ,triumphant still1 ,and still unjust1 ,each forfeit crown ,to psalm-droners ,and canting groaners1 ,to every slave1 ,and pious cheat1 ,and crawling knave1 ,who licked the dust ,under his feet4 #fca ,,angel4 ,it is the restless panting of their being2 ,like beasts of prey1 who1 caged within their bars1 ,in a deep hideous purring have their life1 ,and an incessant pacing to and fro4 ,,demons4 ,the mind bold ,and independent1 ,the purpose free1 ,so we are told1 ,must not think ,to have the ascendant1 ,what's a saint8 ,one whose breath ,doth the air taint ,before his death2 ,a bundle of bones1 ,which fools adore1 ,ha6 ha6 ,when life is o'er1 ,which rattle and stink1 ,e'en in the flesh4 ,we cry his pardon6 ,no flesh hath he2 ,ha6 ha6 ,for it hath died1 ',tis crucified ,day by day1 ,afresh1 afresh1 ,ha6 ha6 ,that holy clay1 ,ha6 ha6 ,and such fudge1 ,as priestlings prate1 ,is his guerdon ,before the judge1 ,and pleads and atones ,for spite and grudge1 ,and bigot mood1 ,and envy and hate ,and greed of blood4 ,,soul4 ,how impotent they are6 and yet on earth ,they have repute for wondrous power and skill2 ,and books describe1 how that the very face ,of th' evil one1 if seen1 would have a force ,to freeze the very blood1 and choke the life ,of him who saw it4 #fcb ,,angel4 ,in thy trial state ,thou hadst a traitor nestling close at home1 ,connatural1 who with the powers of hell ,was leagued1 and of thy senses kept the keys1 ,and to that deadliest foe unlocked thy heart4 ,and therefore is it1 in respect of man1 ,those fallen ones show so majestical4 ,but1 when some child of grace1 angel or saint1 ,pure and upright in his integrity ,of nature1 meets the demons on their raid1 ,they scud away as cowards from the fight4 ,nay1 oft hath holy hermit in his cell1 ,not yet disburdened of mortality1 ,mocked at their threats and warlike overtures2 ,or1 dying1 when they swarmed like flies1 around1 ,defied them1 and departed to his judge4 ,,demons4 ,virtue and vice1 ,a knave's pretence4 ',tis all the same2 ,ha6 ha6 ,dread of hell-fire1 ,of the venomous flame1 ,a coward's plea4 ,give him his price1 ,saint though he be1 ,ha6 ha6 ,from shrewd good sense ,he'll slave for hire2 ,ha6 ha6 ,and does but aspire ,to the heaven above ,with sordid aim1 ,not from love4 ,ha6 ha6 ,,soul4 ,i see not those false spirits2 shall ,i see ,my dearest ,master1 when ,i reach his throne8 ,or hear1 at least1 his awful judgment-word ,with personal intonation1 as ,i now ,hear thee1 not see thee1 angel8 ,hitherto ,all has been darkness since ,i left the earth2 ,shall ,i remain thus sight-bereft all through ,my penance-time8 if so1 how comes it then ,that ,i have hearing still1 and taste1 and touch1 ,yet not a glimmer of that princely sense ,which binds ideas in one1 and makes them live8 #fcc ,,angel4 ,nor touch1 nor taste1 nor hearing hast thou now2 ,thou livest in a world of signs and types1 ,the presentations of most holy truths1 ,living and strong1 which now encompass thee4 ,a disembodied soul1 thou hast by right ,no converse with aught else beside thyself2 ,but1 lest so stern a solitude should load ,and break thy being1 in mercy are vouchsafed ,some lower measures of perception1 ,which seem to thee1 as though through channels brought1 ,through ear1 or nerves1 or palate1 which are gone4 ,and thou art wrapped and swathed around in dreams1 ,dreams that are true1 yet enigmatical2 ,for the belongings of thy present state1 ,save through such symbols1 come not home to thee4 ,and thus thou tell'st of space and time and size1 ,of fragrant1 solid1 bitter1 musical1 ,of fire1 and of refreshment after fire2 ,as 7let me use similitude of earth1 ,to aid thee in the knowledge thou dost ask7-- ,as ice which blisters may be said to burn4 ,nor hast thou now extension1 with its parts ,correlative1--long habit cozens thee1-- ,nor power to move thyself1 nor limbs to move4 ,hast thou not heard of those1 who after loss ,of hand or foot1 still cried that they had pains ,in hand or foot1 as though they had it still8 ,so is it now with thee1 who hast not lost ,thy hand or foot1 but all which made up man4 ,so will it be1 until the joyous day ,of resurrection1 when thou wilt regain ,all thou hast lost1 new-made and glorified4-- --,how1 even now1 the consummated saints ,see ,god in heaven1 ,i may not explicate3-- ,meanwhile let it suffice thee to possess ,such means of converse as are granted thee1 ,though till the beatific vision thou art blind2 ,for e'en thy purgatory1 which comes like fire1 ,is fire without its light4 ,,soul4 ,his will be done6 ,i am not worthy e'er to see again ,the face of day2 far less his countenance1 ,who is the very sun4 ,natheless1 in life1 ,when ,i looked forward to my purgatory1 ,it ever was my solace to believe1 ,that1 ere ,i plunged into th' avenging flame1 ,i had one sight of him to strengthen me4 ,,angel4 ,nor rash nor vain is that presentiment2 ,yes1--for one moment thou shalt see thy ,lord4 ,thus will it be3 what time thou art arraigned ,before the dread tribunal1 and thy lot ,is cast for ever1 should it be to sit ,on his right hand among his pure elect1 ,then sight1 or that which to the soul is sight1 ,as by a lightning-flash1 will come to thee1 ,and thou shalt see1 amid the dark profound1 ,whom thy soul loveth1 and would fain approach1 ,one moment2 but thou knowest not1 my child1 ,what thou dost ask3 that sight of the ,most ,fair ,will gladden thee1 but it will pierce thee too4 #fcd ,,soul4 ,thou speakest darkly1 angel2 and an awe ,falls on me1 and ,i fear lest ,i be rash4 ,,angel4 ,there was a mortal1 who is now above ,in the mid glory2 he1 when near to die1 ,was given communion with the ,crucified1-- ,such1 that the ,master's very wounds were stamped ,upon his flesh2 and1 from the agony ,which thrilled through body and soul in that embrace1 ,learn that the flame of the ,everlasting ,love ,doth burn1 ere it transform4 4 4 4 ,sec4 #e4 4 4 4 ,hark to those sounds6 ,they come of tender beings angelical1 ,least and most childlike of the sons of ,god4 ,,first ,,choir ,,of ,,angelicals4 ,praise to the ,holiest in the height1 ,and in the depth be praise3 ,in all his words most wonderful2 ,most sure in all his ways6 ,to us his elder race he gave ,to battle and to win1 ,without the chastisement of pain1 ,without the soil of sin4 ,the younger son he willed to be ,a marvel in his birth3 ,spirit and flesh his parents were2 ,his home was heaven and earth4 ,the ,eternal blessed his child and armed1 ,and sent him hence afar1 ,to serve as champion in the field ,of elemental war4 ,to be his vice-roy in the world ,of matter1 and of sense2 ,upon the frontier1 toward the foe1 ,a resolute defence4 ,,angel4 ,we now have passed the gate1 and are within ,the house of judgment2 and whereas on earth ,temples and palaces are formed of parts ,costly and rare1 but all material1 ,so in the world of spirits nought is found1 ,to mould withal and form a whole1 ,but what is immaterial2 and thus ,the smallest portions of this edifice1 ,cornice1 or frieze1 or balustrade1 or stair1 ,the very pavement is made up of life-- ,of holy1 blessed1 and immortal beings1 ,who hymn their ,maker's praise continually4 #fce ,,second ,,choir ,,of ,,angelicals4 ,praise to the ,holiest in the height1 ,and in the depth be praise3 ,in all his words most wonderful2 ,most sure in all his ways6 ,woe to thee1 man6 for he was found ,a recreant in the fight2 ,and lost his heritage of heaven1 ,and fellowship with light4 ,above him now the angry sky1 ,around the tempest's din ,who once had angels for his friends1 ,has but the brutes for kin4 ,o man6 a savage kindred they3 ,to flee that monster brood ,he scaled the sea-side cave and clomb ,the giants of the wood4 ,with now a fear and now a hope1 ,with aids which chance supplied1 ,from youth to old1 from sire to son1 ,he lived1 and toiled1 and died4 ,he dreed his penance age by age2 ,and step by step began ,slowly to doff his savage garb1 ,and be again a man4 ,and quickened by the ,almighty's breath1 ,and chastened by his rod1 ,and taught by angel-visitings1 ,at length he sought his ,god2 ,and learned to call upon his name1 ,and in his faith create ,a household and a fatherland1 ,a city and a state4 ,glory to him who from the mire1 ,in patient length of days1 ,elaborated into life ,a people to his praise6 ,,soul4 ,the sound is like the rushing of the wind-- ,the summer wind--among the lofty pines2 ,swelling and dying1 echoing round about1 ,now here1 now distant1 wild and beautiful2 ,while scattered from the branches it has stirred1 ,descend ecstatic odors4 ,,third ,,choir ,,of ,,angelicals4 ,praise to the ,holiest in the height1 ,and in the depth be praise3 ,in all his words most wonderful2 ,most sure in all his ways6 ,the angels1 as beseemingly ,to spirit-kind was given1 ,at once were tried and perfected1 ,and took their seats in heaven4 ,for them no twilight or eclipse2 ,no growth and no decay3 ,twas hopeless1 all-engulfing night1 ,or beatific day4 ,but to the younger race there rose ,a hope upon its fall2 ,and slowly1 surely1 gracefully1 ,the morning dawned on all4 ,and ages1 opening out1 divide ,the precious and the base1 ,and from the hard and sullen mass ,mature the heirs of grace4 ,o man6 albeit the quickening ray ,lit from his second birth1 ,takes him at length what once he was1 ,and heaven grows out of earth2 ,yet still between that earth and heaven-- ,his journey and its goal-- ,a double agony awaits ,his body and his soul4 ,a double debt he has to pay-- ,the forfeit of his sins3 ,the chill of death is past1 and now ,the penance-fire begins4 ,glory to him1 who evermore ,by truth and justice reigns2 ,who tears the soul from out its case1 ,and burns away its stains6 #fcf ,,angel4 ,they sing of thy approaching agony1 ,which thou so eagerly didst question of3 ,it is the face of the incarnate ,god ,shall smite thee with that keen and subtle pain2 ,and yet the memory which it leaves will be ,a sovereign febrifuge to heal the wound2 ,and yet withal it will the wound provoke1 ,and aggravate and widen it the more4 ,,soul4 ,thou speakest mysteries2 still methinks ,i know ,to disengage the tangle of thy words3 ,yet rather would ,i hear thy angel voice1 ,than for myself be thy interpreter4 ,,angel4 ,when then--if such thy lot--thou seest thy ,judge1 ,the sight of him will kindle in thy heart ,all tender1 gracious1 reverential thoughts4 ,thou wilt be sick with love1 and yearn for him1 ,and feel as though thou couldst but pity him1 ,that one so sweet should e'er have placed himself ,at disadvantage such1 as to be used ,so vilely by a being so vile as thee4 ,there is a pleading in his pensive eyes ,will pierce thee to the quick1 and trouble thee4 ,and thou wilt hate and loathe thyself2 for1 though ,now sinless1 thou wilt feel that thou hast sinned1 ,as never thou didst feel2 and wilt desire ,to slink away1 and hide thee from his sight2 ,and yet wilt have a longing aye to dwell ,within the beauty of his countenance4 ,and these two pains1 so counter and so keen1-- ,the longing for him1 when thou seest him not2 ,the shame of self at thought of seeing him1-- ,will be thy veriest1 sharpest purgatory4 ,,soul4 ,my soul is in my hand3 ,i have no fear1-- ,in his dear might prepared for weal or woe4 ,but hark6 a deep1 mysterious harmony ,it floods me1 like the deep and solemn sound ,of many waters4 #fcg ,,angel4 ,we have gained the stairs ,which rise toward the presence-chamber2 there ,a band of mighty angels keep the way ,on either side1 and hymn the incarnate ,god4 ,,angels ,,of ,,the ,,sacred ,,stair4 ,father1 whose goodness none can know1 but they ,who see thee face to face1 ,by man hath come the infinite display ,of thine all-loving grace2 ,but fallen man--the creature of a day-- ,skills not that love to trace4 ,it needs1 to tell the triumph thou hast wrought1 ,an angel's deathless fire1 an angel's reach of thought4 ,it needs that very angel1 who with awe ,amid the garden shade1 ,the great ,creator in his sickness saw1 ,soothed by a creature's aid1 ,and agonized1 as victim of the law ,which he himself had made2 ,for who can praise him in his depth and height1 ,but he who saw him reel in that victorious fight8 ,,soul4 ,hark6 for the lintels of the presence-gate ,are vibrating and echoing back the strain4 ,,fourth ,,choir ,,of ,,angelicals4 ,praise to the ,holiest in the height1 ,and in the depth be praise ,in all his words most wonderful2 ,most sure in all his ways6 ,the foe blasphemed the holy ,lord1 ,as if he reckoned ill1 ,in that he placed his puppet man ,the frontier place to fill4 ,for even in his best estate1 ,with amplest gifts endued1 ,a sorry sentinel was he1 ,a being of flesh and blood4 ,as though a thing1 who for his help ,must needs possess a wife1 ,could cope with those proud rebel hosts1 ,who had angelic life4 ,and when1 by blandishment of ,eve1 ,that earth-born ,adam fell1 ,he shrieked in triumph1 and he cried1 ,a sorry sentinel4 ,the ,maker by his word is bound1 ,escape or cure is none2 ,he must abandon to his doom1 ,and slay his darling ,son4 ,,angel4 ,and now the threshold1 as we traverse it1 ,utters aloud its glad responsive chant4 #fch ,,fifth ,,choir ,,of ,,angelicals4 ,praise to the ,holiest in the height1 ,and in the depth be praise3 ,in all his words most wonderful2 ,most sure in all his ways6 ,o loving wisdom of our ,god6 ,when all was sin and shame1 ,a second ,adam to the fight ,and to the rescue came4 ,o wisest love6 that flesh and blood ,which did in ,adam fail1 ,should strive afresh against the foe1 ,should strive and should prevail4 ,and that a higher gift than grace ,should flesh and blood refine1 ,god's presence and his very self1 ,and essence all-divine4 ,o generous love6 that he who smote ,in man for man the foe1 ,the double agony in man ,for man should undergo2 ,and in the garden secretly1 ,and on the cross on high1 ,should teach his brethren and inspire ,to suffer and to die4 ,sec4 #f4 ,,angel4 ,the judgment now is near1 for we are come ,into the veiled presence of our ,god4 ,,soul4 ,i hear the voices that ,i left on earth4 ,,angel4 ,it is the voice of friends around thy bed1 ,who say the ,subvenite with the priest4 ,hither the echoes come2 before the throne ,stands the great angel of the agony1 ,the same who strengthened him1 what time he knelt ,lone in the garden shade1 bedewed with blood4 ,that angel best can plead with him for all ,tormented souls1 the dying and the dead4 ,,angel ,,of ,,the ,,agony4 ,jesu6 by that shuddering dread which fell on thee2 ,jesu6 by that cold dismay which sickened thee2 ,jesu6 by that pang of heart which thrilled in thee2 ,jesu6 by that mount of sins which crippled thee2 ,jesu6 by that sense of guilt which stifled thee2 ,jesu6 by that innocence which girdled thee2 ,jesu6 by that sanctity which reigned in thee2 ,jesu6 by that ,godhead which was one with thee2 ,jesu6 spare these souls which are so dear to thee1 ,who in prison1 calm and patient1 wait for thee2 ,hasten1 ,lord1 their hour1 and bid them come to thee1 ,to that glorious home1 where they shall ever gaze on thee4 #fci ,,soul4 ,i go before my ,judge4 ,ah6 4 4 4 4 ,,angel4 4444 ,praise to his name6 ,the eager spirit has darted from my hold1 ,and1 with the intemperate energy of love1 ,flies to the dear feet of ,emmanuel2 ,but1 ere it reach them1 the keen sanctity1 ,which with its effluence1 like a glory1 clothes ,and circles round the ,crucified1 has seized1 ,and scorched1 and shrivelled it2 and now it lies ,passive and still before the awful throne4 ,o happy1 suffering soul6 for it is safe1 ,consumed1 yet quickened1 by the glance of ,god4 ,,soul4 ,take me away1 and in the lowest deep ,there let me be1 ,and there in hope the lone night-watches keep1 ,told out for me4 ,there1 motionless and happy in my pain1 ,lone1 not forlorn1-- ,there will ,i sing my sad perpetual strain1 ,until the morn4 ,there will ,i sing1 and soothe my stricken breast1 ,which ne'er can cease ,to throb1 and pine1 and languish1 till possessed ,of its sole peace4 ,there will ,i sing my absent ,lord and love3-- ,take me away1 ,that sooner ,i may rise1 and go above1 ,and see him in the truth of everlasting day4 ,sec4 #g4 ,,angel4 ,now let the golden prison ope its gates1 ,making sweet music1 as each fold revolves ,upon its ready hinge4 ,and ye1 great powers1 ,angels of purgatory1 receive from me ,my charge1 a precious soul1 until the day1 ,when1 from all bond and forfeiture released1 ,i shall reclaim it for the courts of light4 #fdj ,,souls ,,in ,,purgatory4 #a4 ,lord1 thou hast been our refuge3 in every generation2 #b4 ,before the hills were born1 and the world was3 from age to age thou art ,god4 #c4 ,bring us not1 ,lord1 very low3 for thou hast said1 ,come back again1 ye sons of ,adam4 #d4 ,a thousand years before thine eyes are but as yesterday3 and as a watch of the night which is come and gone4 #e4 ,though the grass spring up in the morning2 yet in the evening it shall shrivel up and die4 #f4 ,thus we fail in thine anger2 and in thy wrath we are troubled4 #g4 ,thou hast set our sins in thy sight3 and our round of days in the light of thy countenance4 #h4 ,come back1 ,o ,lord6 how long8 and be entreated for thy servants4 #i4 ,in thy morning we shall be filled with thy mercy3 we shall rejoice and be in pleasure all our days4 #aj4 ,we shall be glad according to the days of our humiliation2 and the years in which we have seen evil4 #aa4 ,look1 ,o ,lord1 upon thy servants and on thy work2 and direct their children1 #ab4 ,and let the beauty of the ,lord our ,god be upon us3 and the work of our hands direct thou it4 ,glory be to the father and to the ,son3 and to the ,holy ,ghost4 ,as it was in the beginning1 is now1 and ever shall be2 world without end4 ,amen4 ,,angel4 ,softly and gently1 dearest1 sweetest soul ,in my most loving arms ,i now enfold thee1 ,and1 o'er the penal waters1 as they roll1 ,i poise thee1 and ,i lower thee1 and hold thee4 ,and carefully ,i dip thee in the lake1 ,and thou1 without a sob or a resistance1 ,dost through the flood thy rapid passage take ,sinking deep1 deeper1 into the dim distance4 ,angels1 to whom the willing task is given1 ,shall tend1 and nurse1 and lull thee1 as thou liest2 ,and masses on the earth1 and prayers in heaven1 ,shall aid thee at the throne of the ,most ,highest4 ,farewell1 but not for ever6 brother dear1 ,be brave and patient on thy bed of sorrow2 ,swiftly shall pass thy night of trial here1 ,and ,i will come and wake thee on the morrow4 ---- #fda ,from ,the ,edinburgh ,review4 7,abridged47 ,,the ,,church ,,and ,,mosque ,,of ,,st4 ,,sophia4 #a4 ,byzantine ,architecture2 illustrated by ,examples of ,edifices erected in the ,east during the earliest ages of ,christianity4 ,with ,historical and ,archaeological ,descriptions4 ,by ,c4 ,,texier and ,e4 ,p4 ,,pullan4 ,folio4 ,london3 #ahfd4 #b4 ,epigraphik von ,byzantium und ,constantinopolis1 von den aeltesten ,zeiten bis zum ,j4 #adec4 ,von ,dr4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,dethier und ,dr4 ,a4 ,d4 ,,mordtmann4 #dto4 ,wien3 #ahfd4 #c4 ,acta ,patriarchates ,constantinopolitani1 #acje-adjb1 e ,codice ,,ms4 ,bibliothecae ,palat4 ,vindobonensis2 edentibus ,d4 ,d4 ,,miklovisch et ,,muller4 #hvo4 #b vols4 ,viennse3 #ahfj-b4 #d4 ,die alt-christliche ,baudenkmale ,konstantinopels von ,v4 bis ,,xii4 ,jahrhundert4 ,auf ,befehl seiner ,majestaet des ,koenigs aufgenommen und historisch erlaeutert von ,w4 ,,salzenberg4 ,im ,anhange des ,silentiarius ,paulus ,beschreibung der heiligen ,sophia und der ,ambon1 metrisch uebersetzt und mit ,anmerkungen versehen1 von ,dr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,k,o,r,t,ue,m4 ,fol4 ,berlin3 #ahed4 #e4 ,aya ,sofia1 ,constantinople1 as recently restored by ,order of ,h4 ,m4 the ,sultan ,abdul ,medjid4 ,from the original ,drawings of ,chevalier ,,gaspard ,,fossati4 ,lithographed by ,louis ,,haghe1 ,esq4 ,imperial folio4 ,london3 #ahed4 ,there is not one among the evidences of ,moslem conquest more galling to ,christian associations than the occupation of ,justinian's ancient basilica for the purposes of ,mohammedan worship4 ,the most commonplace sight-seer from the west feels a thrill when his eye falls for the first time upon the flaring cresent which surmounts ,sophia's cupola with golden gleam2 and this emotion deepens into a feeling of awe at the mysterious dispensations of ,providence1 when he has stood beneath the unaltered and still stately dome1 and surveyed ,the sanctuary1 the while the usurping ,moslem prayed4 ,for oriental ,christians1 this sense of bitterness is hardly second to that with which they regard the ,turkish occupation of ,jerusalem itself4 ,in the latter1 however they may writhe under the political supremacy of their unbelieving master1 still1 as the right of access to those monuments which form the peculiar object of ,christian veneration is practically undisturbed1 they are spared the double indignity of religious profanation super-added to social wrong4 ,but the mosque of ,st4 ,sophia is1 in ,christian eyes1 a standing monument at once of ,moslem sacrilege and of ,christian defeat1 the sense of which is perpetuated and embittered by the preservation of its ancient1 but now desecrated name4 ,to an imaginative visitor of the modern mosque1 it might seem as if the structure itself were not unconscious of this wrong4 ,the very position of the building is a kind of silent protest against the unholy use to which its ,turkish masters have perverted it4 ,like all ancient ,christian churches1 it was built exactly in the line of east and west2 and1 as the great altar1 which stood in the semicircular apse1 was directly at the eastern point of the building1 the worshippers in the old ,st4 ,sophia necessarily faced directly eastward2 and all the appliances of their worship were arranged with a view to that position4 ,now1 in the exigencies of ,mohammedan ecclesiology1 since the worshipper must turn to the ,kibla at ,mecca 7that is1 in ,constantinople1 to the south-east71 the mihrab1 or sacred niche1 in the modern ,st4 ,sophia is #fdb necessarily placed out of the centre of the apse2 and thus the mimber 7pulpit71 the prayer carpets1 and the long ranks of worshippers themselves1 present an appearance singularly at variance with every notion of architectural harmony1 being arranged in lines1 not parallel1 but oblique1 to the length of the edifice1 and out of keeping with all the details of the original construction4 ,it is as though the dead walls of this venerable pile had retained more of the spirit of their founder than the degenerate sons of the fallen ,rome of the east1 and had refused to bend themselves at the will of that hateful domination before which the living worshippers tamely yielded or impotently fled6 ,the mosque of ,st4 ,sophia had long been an object of curious interest to travellers in the east4 ,their interest1 however1 had seldom risen beyond curiosity2 and it was directed rather toward ,st4 ,sophia as it is1 than to the ,christian events and traditions with which it is connected4 ,for those1 indeed1 who know the grudging and capricious conditions under which alone a ,christian visitor is admitted to a mosque1 and the jealous scrutiny to which he is subjected during his visit1 it will be easy to understand how rare and how precarious have been the opportunities for a complete or exact study of this1 the most important of all the monuments of ,byzantine art2 and1 notwithstanding its exceeding interest for antiquarian and artistic purposes1 far more of our knowledge of its details was derived from the contemporary description of ,procopius ,footnote #abf or ,agathias1 ,footnote #abg from the verses of ,paulus ,silentiarius1 ,footnote #abh from the casual allusions of other ancient authorities1 and1 above all1 from the invaluable work of ,du ,gauge1 which is the great repertory of everything that has been written upon ancient or mediaeval ,byzantium1 than from the observation even of the most favored modern visitors of ,constantinople1 until the publication of the works named at the head of these pages4 ,footnote #abf3 ,de ,edificiis1 lib4 i4 c4 i4 ,footnote #abg3 ,pp4 #aeb-c4 ,footnote #abh3 ,a very good ,german version1 with most valuable notes1 is appended to the text of ,saltzenberg's ,baudenkmale4 ,for the elaborate account of the present condition of the mosque of ,st4 ,sophia which we now possess1 we are indebted to the happy necessity by which the ,turkish officials1 in undertaking the recent restoration of the building1 were led to engage the services of an eminent ,european architect1 ,chevalier ,fossati1 in whose admirable drawings1 as lithographed in the ,aya ,sofia1 every arch and pillar of the structure is reproduced4 ,the archaeological and historical details1 which lay beyond the province of a volume mainly professional in its object1 are supplied in the learned and careful work of ,m4 ,salzenberg1 who during the progress of the restoration was sent to ,constantinople at the cost of the late ,king of ,prussia1 for the express purpose of copying and describing exactly every object which might serve to throw light on ,byzantine history1 religion1 or art1 or on the history and condition of the ancient church of ,st4 ,sophia1 the most venerable monument of them all4 ,nor is it possible to imagine1 under all the circumstances of the case1 a combination of opportunities more favorable for the purpose4 ,from long neglect and injudicious or insufficient reparation1 the mosque had fallen into so ruinous a condition1 that1 in the year #ahdg1 the late sultan1 ,abdul ,medjid1 found it necessary to direct a searching survey of the entire building1 and eventually a thorough repair4 ,in the progress of the work1 while engaged near the entrance of the northern transept1 ,m4 ,fossati discovered1 beneath a thin coat of plaster 7evidently laid on to conceal the design from the eyes of true believers7 a beautiful mosaic picture1 almost uninjured1 and retaining all its original brilliancy of color4 ,a further examination showed that these mosaics extended throughout the building2 and1 with a liberality which every lover of art must gratefully applaud1 the sultan at once acceded to the suggestion of ,m4 ,fossati1 #fdc and ordered that the plaster should be removed throughout the interior2 thus exposing once more to view the original decorations of the ancient basilica4 ,it was while the mosque was still crowded with the scaffolding erected to carry on this most interesting work1 that ,m4 ,salzenberg arrived in ,constantinople4 ,he thankfully acknowledges the facilities afforded to him1 as well by the ,turkish officials as by the ,chevalier ,fossati2 and1 although the specimens of the purely pictorial decorations of the ancient church which he has published are not as numerous as the reader may possibly expect1 yet they are extremely characteristic1 and full of religious as well as of historical and antiquarian interest4 ,notwithstanding the beauty and attractiveness of ,m4 ,louis ,haghe's magnificent lithographs of ,chevalier ,fossati's drawings published in the ,aya ,sofia1 the subject has received in ,england far less attention than it deserves4 ,there is not an incident in ,byzantine history with which the church of ,st4 ,sophia is not associated4 ,there is not a characteristic of ,byzantine art of which it does not contain abundant examples4 ,it recalls in numberless details1 preserved in monuments in which time has wrought little change and which the jealousy or contempt of the conquerors has failed to destroy or even to travesty1 interesting illustrations of the doctrine1 the worship1 and the disciplinary usages of the ancient ,eastern ,church1 which are with difficulty traced1 at present1 in the living system of her degenerate representative4 ,to all these researches the wider cultivation of art and of history1 which our age has accepted as its calling1 ought to lend a deeper significance and a more solemn interest4 ,st4 ,sophia ought no longer to be a mere lounge for the sightseer or a spectacle for the lover of the picturesque4 ,the history of this venerable church may be said to reach back as far as the first selection of ,byzantium by ,constantine as the new capital of his empire4 ,originally1 the pretensions of ,byzantium to ecclesiastical rank were sufficiently humble1 its bishop being but a suffragan of the metropolitan of ,heraclea4 ,but1 from the date of the translation of the seat of empire1 ,constantine's new capital began to rise in dignity4 ,the personal importance which accrued to the bishop from his position at the court of the emperor1 was soon reflected upon his see4 ,the first steps of its upward progress are unrecorded2 but within little more than half a century from the foundation of the imperial city1 the celebrated fifth canon of the council which was held therein in #cha not only distinctly assigned to the ,bishop of ,constantinople the primacy of honor1 next after the ,bishop of ,rome1 but1 by alleging as the ground of this precedence the principle that ,constantinople is the new ,rome1 laid the foundation of that rivalry with the older ,rome which had its final issue in the complete separation of the ,eastern from the ,western ,church4 ,the dignity of the see was represented in the beauty and magnificence of its churches1 and especially of its cathedral4 ,one of the considerations by which ,constantine was influenced in the selection of ,byzantium for his new capital1 lay in the advantages for architectural purposes which the position commanded4 ,the rich and various marbles of ,proconnesus2 the unlimited supply of timber from the forests of the ,euxine2 the artistic genius and the manual dexterity of the architects and artisans of ,greece--all lay within easy reach of ,byzantium2 and1 freely as ,constantine availed himself of these resources for the embellishment of the new city in its palaces1 its offices of state1 and its other public buildings1 the magnificence which he exhibited in his churches outstripped all his other undertakings4 ,of these churches by far the most magnificent was that which forms the subject of the present notice4 ,its title is often a subject of misapprehension to those who1 being accustomed to regard #fdd ,sophia merely as a feminine name1 are led to suppose that the church of ,constantine was dedicated to a saint so called4 ,the calendar1 as well of the ,greek as of the ,latin ,church1 does1 it is true1 commemorate more than one saint named ,sophia4 ,thus one ,sophia is recorded as having suffered martyrdom under ,adrian1 in company with her three daughters1 ,faith1 ,hope1 and ,charity4 ,another is said to have been martyred in one of the latter persecutions together with ,st4 ,irene2 and a third is still specially venerated as a martyr at ,fermo 7the ancient ,firmum74 ,but it was not any of these that supplied the title of ,constantine's basilica4 ,that church was dedicated to the ,greek text--the ,,holy ,,wisdom2 that is1 to the ,divine ,logos1 or ,word of ,god1 under the title of the ,holy ,wisdom1 borrowed by adaptation from the well-known prophetic allusion contained in the eighth chapter of ,proverbs1 and familiar in the theological language of the fourth century4 ,the original church1 however1 which ,constantine erected in #cbe-f was but the germ out of which the latter ,st4 ,sophia grew4 ,the early history of ,st4 ,sophia is marked by many vicissitudes1 and comprises1 in truth1 the history of four distinct churches1 that of ,constantine1 that of ,constantius1 that of ,theodosius1 and finally that of ,justinian4 ,thirty-four years after the foundation of ,st4 ,sophia by the first ,christian emperor1 his son1 ,constantius1 either because of its insufficient size1 or owing to some injury which it had sustained in an earthquake1 rebuilt it1 and united with it the adjoining church of the ,irene1 or peace 7also built by his father71 forming both into one grand edifice4 ,and1 although the church of ,constantius was not much longer lived than that of his father1 it is memorable as the theatre for several years of the eloquence of ,st4 ,john ,chrysostom1 while its destruction was a monument at once of the triumph and of the fall of that great father4 ,it was within the walls of this church that his more than human eloquence was wont to draw1 even from the light and frivolous audiences of that pleasure-loving city1 plaudits1 the notice of which in his own pages reads so strange to modern eyes4 ,it was here that he provoked the petty malice of the imperial directress of fashion1 by his inimitable denunciation of the indelicacy of female dress4 ,here1 too1 was enacted that memorable scene1 which1 for deep dramatic interest1 has seldom been surpassed in history--the fallen minister ,eutropius clinging to the altar of ,st4 ,sophia for protection against the popular fury1 while ,chrysostom1 in a glorious exordium on the instability of human greatness1 ,footnote #abi disarms the rage of the populace by exciting their commiseration for their fallen enemy4 ,nor can we wonder that those who had hung entranced upon that eloquent voice should1 when it was silenced by his cruel and arbitrary banishment1 have recognized a ,nemesis in the destruction of the church which had so often echoed with the golden melody of its tones4 ,st4 ,sophia1 by a divine judgment1 as the people believed1 was destroyed for the second time in #djd1 in the tumult which followed the banishment of ,st4 ,john ,chrysostom4 ,footnote #abi3 ,horn1 in ,eutropium ,patricium4 ,opp4 tom iii41 p4 #cii et seq4 7,migne ed47 ,the third ,st4 ,sophia was built in #dae by ,theodosius the ,younger4 ,the church of ,theodosius lasted longer than either of those which went before it4 ,it endured through the long series of controversies on the ,incarnation4 ,it witnessed their first beginning1 and it almost survived their close4 ,it was beneath the golden roof of the ,theodosian basilica that ,nestorius scandalized the orthodoxy of his flock1 and gave the first impulse to the controversy which bears his name1 by applauding the vehement declaration of the preacher who denied to the ,virgin ,mary the title of mother of ,god4 ,and it was from its ambo or #fde pulpit that the ,emperor ,zeno promulgated his celebrated ,henoticon--the decree of union by which he vainly hoped to heal the disastrous division4 ,the ,st4 ,sophia of ,theodosius was the scene of the first act in the long struggle between ,constantinople and ,rome1 the great ,acacian schism2 when1 at the hazard of his life1 an impetuous monk1 one of the fiery ,sleepless ,brotherhood1 pinned the papal excommunication on the cope of ,acacius as he was advancing to the altar4 ,and it witnessed the close of that protracted contest1 in the complete and unreserved submission to ,rome which was exacted by the formulary of ,pope ,hormisdas as the condition of reconciliation4 ,the structure of ,theodosius stood a hundred and fourteen years--from #dae to #ebi1 but perished at length in the fifth year of ,justinian1 in a disaster which1 for a time1 made ,constantinople all but a desert--the memorable battle of the blue and green factions of the hippodrome1 known in history as the ,nika sedition4 ,the restoration of ,st4 ,sophia1 which had been destroyed in the conflagration caused by the violence of the rioters1 became1 in the view of ,justinian1 a duty of ,christian atonement no less than of imperial munificence4 ,there is no evidence that the burning of the church arose from any special act of impiety directed against it in particular2 but it is certain that the ancient feuds of the religious parties in the east entered vitally as an element of discord into this fatal sedition2 and even the soldiers who had been engaged on the side of the civil power in the repression of the tumult1 and who were chiefly legionaries enlisted from among the ,heruli1 the most savage of the barbarian tribes of the empire1 had contributed largely to the sacrilegious enormities by which1 even more than by the destruction of human life1 the religious feelings of the city had been outraged4 ,the entire history of the reconstruction exhibits most curiously the operation of the same impulse4 ,it was undertaken with a large-handedness1 and urged on with an energy1 which bespeak for other than merely human motives4 ,scarce had ,constantinople begun to recover after the sedition from the stupor of its alarm1 and the affrighted citizens to steal back from the ,asiatic shore to which they had fled in terror with their families and their most valuable effects1 when ,justinian commissioned ,anthemius of ,tralles to prepare the plans of the new basilica1 on a scale of magnificence till then unknown4 ,on the #bc;d of ,february1 #ecb1 within forty days from the catastrophe1 the first stone of the new edifice was solemnly laid4 ,orders1 to borrow the words of the chronicler1 ,footnote #acj were issued simultaneously to all the dukes1 satraps1 judges1 quaestors1 and prefects throughout the empire1 to send in from their several governments pillars1 peristyles1 bronzes1 gates1 marbles1 and all other materials suitable for the projected undertaking4 ,how efficiently the order was carried out may yet be read in the motley1 though magnificent array of pillars and marbles which form the most striking characteristic of ,st4 ,sophia1 and which are for the most part1 as we shall see1 the spoil of the older glories of ,roman and ,grecian architecture4 ,we shall only mention here eight porphyry columns from the ,temple of the ,sun at ,baalbec1 which ,aurelian had sent to ,rome1 and which1 having come into the possession of a noble ,roman widow1 named ,marcia1 as her dowry1 were presented by that pious lady to ,justinian1 as an offering ,greek text1 for the ,salvation of her soul4 ,footnote #aca ,footnote #acj3 ,anonymi de ,antiquit4 ,constantinop4 7in ,banduri's ,imperium ,orientale71 p4 #ee4 ,footnote #aca3 ,anonymi1 p4 #ee4 ,indeed1 some of the incidents of the undertaking are so curious in themselves1 and illustrate so curiously the manners and feelings of the age1 that we are induced to select a few of them from among a mass of more or less legendary details1 supplied by the anonymous #fdf chronicler already referred to1 whose work ,banduri has printed in his ,imperium ,orientals ,footnote #acb and who1 if less trustworthy than ,procopius or the ,silentiary1 has preserved a much greater amount of the traditionary gossip connected with the building4 ,footnote #acb3 ,under the title ,anonymi de ,antiquitatibus ,constantinopoleos4 ,the third part is devoted entirely to a ,history and ,description of the ,church of ,st4 ,sophia4 ,for the vastly enlarged scale of ,justinian's structure1 it became necessary to make extensive purchases in the immediate circuit of the ancient church2 and1 as commonly happens1 the demands of the proprietors rose in proportion to the necessity in which the imperial purchaser was placed4 ,it is interesting to contrast the different spirit in which each sought to use the legal rights of a proprietor4 ,the first was a widow1 named ,anna1 whose tenement was valued by the imperial commissaries at eighty-five pounds of gold4 ,this offer on the part of the commissary the widow unhesitatingly refused1 and declared that she would consider her house cheap at fifty hundred-weight of gold2 but when ,justinian1 in his anxiety to secure the site1 did not hesitate to wait upon the widow herself in person1 she was so struck by his condescension1 and so fired by the contagion of his pious enthusiasm1 that she not only surrendered the required ground1 but refused all payment for it in money3 only praying that she might be buried near the spot1 in order that1 from the site of her former dwelling itself1 she might claim the purchase-money on the day of judgment4 ,she was buried1 accordingly1 near the ,skeuophylacium1 or treasury of the sacred vessels4 ,footnote #acc ,footnote #acc3 ,anonymi1 p4 #eh4 ,very different1 but yet hardly less characteristic of the time1 was the conduct of one ,antiochus1 a eunuch1 and ostiarius of the palace4 ,his house stood on the spot now directly under the great dome1 and was valued by the imperial surveyor at thirty-five pounds of gold4 ,but ,antiochus exacted a far larger sum1 and obstinately refused to abate his demand4 ,justinian1 in his eagerness1 was disposed to yield2 but ,strategus1 the prefect of the treasury1 begged the emperor to leave the matter in his hands1 and proceeded to arrest the obdurate proprietor and throw him into prison4 ,it chanced that ,antiochus was a passionate lover of the sports of the hippodrome1 and ,strategus so timed the period of his imprisonment that it would include an unusually attractive exhibition in the hippodrome--what in the language of the modern turf would be called the best meeting of the season4 ,at first ,antiochus kept up a determined front2 but1 as the time of the games approached1 the temptation proved too strong2 his resolution began to waver2 and1 at length1 when the morning arrived1 he bawled out lustily from the prison1 and promised that1 if he were released in time to enjoy his favorite spectacle1 he would yield up possession on the emperor's own terms4 ,by this time the races had begun1 and the emperor had already taken his seat2 but ,strategus did not hesitate to have the sport suspended1 led ,antiochus at once to the emperor's tribunal1 and1 in the midst of the assembled spectators1 completed the negotiation4 ,footnote #acd ,footnote #acd3 ,anonymi p4 #ei4 ,a third was a cobbler1 called by the classic name of ,xenophon4 ,his sole earthly possession was the stall in which he exercised his trade1 abutting on the wall of one of the houses doomed to demolition in the clearance of the new site4 ,a liberal price was offered for the stall2 but the cobbler1 although he did not refuse to surrender it1 whimsically exacted1 as a condition precedent1 that the several factions of the charioteers should salute him1 in the same way as they saluted the emperor1 while passing his seat in the hippodrome4 ,justinian agreed2 but took what must be considered an ungenerous advantage of the simple man of leather4 ,the letter of ,xenophon's4 condition was fulfilled4 ,he was placed #fdg in the front of the centre tribune1 gorgeously arrayed in a scarlet and white robe4 ,the factions1 as they passed his seat in procession1 duly rendered the prescribed salute2 but the poor cobbler was balked of his anticipated triumph1 being compelled1 amid the derisive cheers and laughter of the multitude1 to receive the solute with his back turned to the assembly6 ,footnote #ace ,footnote #ace3 ,anonymi1 p4 #ei4 ,but it is around the imperial builder himself that the incidents of the history of the work1 and still more its legendary marvels1 group themselves in the pages of the anonymous chronicler4 ,for although the chief architect1 ,anthemius1 was assisted by ,agathias1 by ,isidorus of ,miletus1 and by a countless staff of minor subordinates1 ,justinian1 from the first to the last1 may be truly said to have been the very life and soul of the undertaking1 and the director even of its smallest details4 ,from the moment when1 at the close of the inauguratory prayer1 he threw the first shovelful of mortar into the foundation1 till its solemn opening for worship on ,christmas-day1 #ech1 his enthusiasm never abated1 nor did his energy relax4 ,under the glare of the noon-day sun1 while others were indulging in the customary siesta1 ,justinian was to be seen1 clad in a coarse linen tunic1 staff in hand1 and his head bound with a cloth1 directing1 encouraging1 and urging on the workmen1 stimulating the industrious by liberal donations1 visiting the loiterers with his displeasure4 ,some of his expedients1 as detailed by the chronicler1 are extremely curious4 ,we shall mention only one4 ,in order to expedite the work1 it was desirable to induce the men to work after-hours4 ,the natural way of effecting this would have been to offer them a proportionate increase of pay2 but ,justinian chose rather to obtain the same result indirectly4 ,accordingly1 he was accustomed--if our authority can be relied on--to scatter a quantity of coins about the building2 and the workmen1 afraid to search for them in the open day1 were led to continue their work till the shades of evening began to fall1 in order that they might more securely carry off the spoil under cover of the darkness6 ,some of the building operations which this writer describes are equally singular4 ,the mortar1 to secure greater tenacity1 was made with barley-water2 the foundations were filled up with huge rectangular masses1 fifty feet long1 of a concrete of lime and sand1 moistened with barley-water and other glutinous fluid1 and bound together by wicker framework4 ,the tiles or bricks of which the cupola was formed were made of ,rhodian clay1 so light that twelve of them did not exceed the weight of one ordinary tile4 ,the pillars and buttresses were built of cubical and triangular blocks of stone1 with a cement made of lime and oil1 soldered with lead1 and bound1 within and without1 with clamps of iron4 ,it is plain1 however1 that these particulars1 however curious they may seem1 are not to be accepted implicitly1 at least if they are judged by the palpable incredibility of some of the other statements of the writer4 ,the supernatural appears largely as an element in his history4 ,on three several occasions1 according to this chronicler1 the emperor was favored with angelic apparitions1 in which were imparted to him successive instructions1 first as to the plan of the building1 again as to urging on its progress1 and finally as to finding funds for its completion4 ,one of these narratives is extremely curious1 as showing the intermixture of earth and heaven in the legendary notions of the time4 ,a boy1 during the absence of the masons1 had been left in charge of their tools1 when1 as the boy believed1 one of the eunuchs of the palace1 in a resplendent white dress1 came to him1 ordered him at once to call back the masons1 that the work of heaven might not be longer retarded4 #fdh ,on the boy's refusing to quit the post of which he had been left in charge1 the supposed eunuch volunteered to take his place1 and swore by the wisdom of ,god that he would not depart from the place till the boy should return4 ,justinian ordered all the eunuchs of the palace to be paraded before the boy2 and on the boy's declaring that the visitor who had appeared to him was not any of the number1 at once concluded that the apparition was supernatural2 but1 while he accepted the exhortation to greater zeal and energy in forwarding the work1 he took a characteristic advantage of the oath by which the angel had sworn not to leave the church till the return of his youthful messenger4 ,without permitting the boy to go back to the building where the angel had appeared to him1 ,justinian sent him away to the ,cyclades for the rest of his life1 in order that the perpetual presence and protection of the angel might thus be secured for the church1 which that divine messenger was pledged never to leave till the boy should return to relieve him at his post6 ,footnote #acf ,footnote #acf3 ,anonymi1 p4 #fa4 ,without dwelling further1 however1 on the legendary details1 we shall find marvels enough in the results1 such as they appear in the real history of the building4 ,and perhaps the greatest marvel of all is the shortness of the period in which so vast a work was completed1 the new church being actually opened for worship within less than seven years from the day of the conflagration4 ,ten thousand workmen were employed on the edifice1 if it be true that a hundred master-builders1 each of whom had a hundred men under him1 were engaged to accelerate and complete the undertaking4 ,for the philosophical student of history1 there is a deep subject of study in the bare enumeration of the materials brought together for this great ,christian enterprise1 and of the various quarters from which they were collected4 ,it is not alone the rich assortment of precious marbles--the spotless white of ,paros2 the green of ,croceae2 the blue of ,libya2 together with parti-colored marbles in a variety hardly ever equalled before--the costly cipolline1 the rose-veined white marble of ,phrygia1 the curiously streaked black marble of ,gaul1 and the countless varieties of ,egyptian porphyry and granite4 ,far more curious is it to consider how the materials of the structure were selected so as to present in themselves a series of trophies of the triumphs of ,christianity over all the proudest forms of worship in the old world of paganism4 ,in the forest of pillars which surround the dome and sustain the graceful arches of the gynaeconitis1 the visitor may still trace the spoils of the ,temple of the ,sun at ,baalbec1 of the famous ,temple of ,diana at ,ephesus1 or that of the ,delian ,apollo1 of ,minerva at ,athens1 of ,cybele at ,cyzicus1 and of a host of less distinguished shrines of paganism4 ,when the mere cost of the transport of these massive monuments to ,constantinople is taken into account1 all wonder ceases at the vastness of the sums which are said to have been expended in the work4 ,it is easy to understand how1 before the walls had risen two cubits from the ground1 forty-five thousand two hundred pounds were consumed4 ,footnote #acg ,it is not difficult to account for the enormous general taxation1 the oppressive exactions from individuals1 the percentages on prefects' incomes1 and the deductions from the salaries of judges and professors1 which went to swell the almost fabulous aggregate of the expenditure2 and there is perhaps an economical lesson in the legend of the apparition of the angel1 who1 when the building had risen as far as the cupola1 conducted the master of the imperial treasury to a subterranean vault in which eighty hundred weight of gold were discovered ready for the completion of the work6 ,footnote #ach ,footnote #acg3 ,gibbon's ,decline and ,fall1 vol4 iii4 p4 #fcc4 ,footnote #ach3 ,anonymi1 p4 #fb4 ,even independently of the building itself and its artistic decorations1 the value of the sacred furniture and appliances exceeded all that had ever before been devised4 ,the sedilia of the #fdi priests and the throne of the patriarch were of silver gilt4 ,the dome of the tabernacle was of pure gold1 ornamented with golden lilies1 and surmounted by a gold cross seventy-five pounds weight and encrusted with precious stones4 ,all the sacred vessels--chalices1 beakers1 ewers1 dishes1 and patens1 were of gold4 ,the candelabra which stood on the altar1 on the ambo1 and on the upper gynaeconitis2 the two colossal candelabra placed at either side of the altar2 the dome of the ambo2 the several crosses within the bema2 the pillars of the iconastasis2 the covers of the sacred books--all were likewise of gold1 and many of them loaded with pearls1 diamonds1 and carbuncles4 ,the sacred linens of the altar and the communion cloths were embroidered with gold and pearls4 ,but when it came to the construction of the altar itself1 no single one of these costly materials was considered sufficiently precious4 ,pious ingenuity was tasked to its utmost to devise a new and richer substance1 and the table of the great altar was formed of a combination of all varieties of precious materials4 ,into the still fluid mass of molten gold were thrown pearls and other gems1 rubies1 crystals1 topazes1 sapphires1 onyxes1 and amethysts1 blended in such proportions as might seem best suited to enhance to the highest imaginable limit the costliness of what was prepared as the throne of the ,most ,high on earth6 ,and to this combination of all that is most precious in nature1 art added all the wealth at its disposal1 by the richness of the chasing and the elaborateness and beauty of the design4 ,the total cost of the structure has been variously estimated4 ,it amounted1 according to the ancient authorities1 to three hundred and twenty thousand pounds2 but whether these were of silver or of gold is not expressly stated4 ,gibbon ,footnote #aci leaves it to each reader1 according to the measure of his belief1 to estimate it in one or the other metal2 but ,mr4 ,neale ,footnote #adj is not deterred by the sneer of ,gibbon from expressing his belief that gold must be intended4 ,according to this supposition the expenditure1 if this can be believed possible1 would have reached the enormous sum of thirteen millions sterling6 ,footnote #aci3 ,decline and ,fall1 vol4 iii41 p4 #ebc4 ,footnote #adj3 ,eastern ,church1 vol4 i41 p4 #bcg4 ,it was1 no doubt1 with profound self-gratulation that1 at the end of almost six years of anxious toil1 ,justinian received the intelligence of the completion of this great labor of love4 ,at his special entreaty1 the last details had been urged forward with headlong haste1 in order that all might be ready for the great festival of ,christmas in the year #ech2 and his architect had not disappointed his hopes4 ,there is some uncertainty as to the precise date of the dedication2 and indeed it is probable that the festival may have extended over several days1 and thus have been assigned to different dates by different writers4 ,but when it came 7probably on ,christmas eve1 ,december #bd1 #ech7 it was a day of triumph for ,justinian4 ,a thousand oxen1 a thousand sheep1 a thousand swine1 six hundred deer1 ten thousand poultry1 and thirty thousand measures of corn1 were distributed to the poor4 ,largesses to a fabulous amount were divided among the people4 ,the emperor1 attended by the patriarch and all the great officers of state1 went in procession from his palace to the entrance of the church4 ,but1 from that spot1 as though he would claim to be alone in the final act of offering1 ,justinian ran1 unattended1 to the foot of the ambo1 and with arms outstretched and lifted up in the attitude of prayer1 exclaimed in words which the event has made memorable3 ,glory to ,god1 who hath accounted me worthy of such a work6 ,i have conquered thee1 ,o ,solomon6 ,justinian's works in ,st4 ,sophia1 however1 were not destined to cease with this first completion of the building4 ,notwithstanding the care bestowed on #fej the dome1 the selection of the lightest materials for it1 and the science employed in its construction1 an earthquake which occurred in the year #eeh overthrew the semi-dome at the east end of the church4 ,its fall was followed by that of the eastern half of the great dome itself2 and in the ruin perished the altar1 the tabernacle1 and the whole bema1 with its costly furniture and appurtenances4 ,this catastrophe1 however1 only supplied a new incentive to the zeal of ,justinian4 ,anthemius and his fellow-laborers were now dead1 but the task of repairing the injury was entrusted to ,isidorus the ,younger1 nephew of the ,isidorus who had been associated with ,anthemius in the original construction of the church4 ,it was completed1 and the church rededicated1 at the ,christmas of the year #efa2 nor can it be doubted that the change which ,isidorus now introduced in the proportions of the dome1 by adding twenty-five feet to its height1 contributed materially as well to the elegance of the dome itself as to the general beauty of the church and the harmony of its several parts4 ,the church of ,justinian thus completed may be regarded as substantially the same building which is now the chief temple of ,islam4 ,the few modifications which it has undergone will be mentioned in the proper place2 but it may be convenient to describe the building1 such as it came from the hands of its first founder1 before we proceed to its later history4 ,st4 ,sophia1 in its primitive form1 may be taken as the type of ,byzantine ecclesiology in almost all its details4 ,although its walls enclose what may be roughly ,footnote #ada called a square of #bda feet1 the internal plan is not inaptly described as a ,greek cross1 of which the nave and transepts constitute the arm1 while the aisles1 which are surmounted by the gynaeconitis1 or women's gallery1 may be said to complete it into a square1 within which the cross is inscribed4 ,the head of the cross is prolonged at the eastern extremity into a slightly projecting apse4 ,the aisle is approached at its western end through a double narthex or porch1 extending over the entire breadth of the building1 and about #ajj feet in depth2 so that the whole length of the structure1 from the eastern wall of the apse to the wall of the outer porch1 is about #cdj feet4 ,in the centre1 from four massive piers1 rises the great dome1 beneath which1 to the east and to the west1 spring two great semi-domes1 the eastern supported by three1 the western by two1 semi-domes of smaller dimensions4 ,the central of the three lesser semi-domes1 to the east1 constitutes the roof of the apse to which allusion has already been made4 ,the piers of the dome 7differing in this respect from those of ,st4 ,peter's at ,rome7 present from within a singularly light and elegant appearance2 they are nevertheless constructed with great strength and solidity1 supported by four massive buttresses1 which1 in the exterior1 rise as high as the base of the dome1 and are capacious enough to contain the exterior staircases of the gynaeconitis4 ,the lightness of the dome-piers is in great part due to the lightness of the materials of the dome itself already described4 ,the diameter of the dome at its base is #ajj feet1 its height at the central point above the floor is #agi feet1 the original height1 before the reconstruction in #efa1 having been twenty-five feet less4 ,footnote #adb ,the effect of this combination of domes1 semi-domes1 and plane arches1 on entering the nave1 is singularly striking4 ,it constitutes1 in the opinion of the authors of ,byzantine ,architecture1 what may regarded as the characteristic beauty be of ,st4 ,sophia2 and the effect is heightened in the modern mosque by the nakedness of the lower part of the #fea building1 and by the absence of those appurtenances of a ,christian church1--as the altar1 the screen1 and the ambo1--which1 by arresting the eye in more minute observation1 withdrew it in the ,christian times from the general proportions of the structure4 ,this effect of lightness is also increased by numerous window's1 which encircle the tympanum4 ,they are twenty-four in number1 small1 low1 and circular-headed2 and in the spaces between them spring the twenty-four groined ribs of the dome1 which meet in the centre and divide the vault into twenty-four equal segments4 ,the interior was richly decorated with mosaic work4 ,at the four angles beneath the dome were four colossal figures of winged seraphim2 and from the summit of the dome looked down that majestic face of ,christ the ,sovereign ,judge1 which still remains the leading type of our ,lord's countenance in the school of ,byzantine art1 and even in the ,latin reproductions of it fills the mind with a feeling of reverence and awe1 hardly to be equalled by any other production of ,christian art4 ,the exterior of the dome is covered with lead1 and it was originally surmounted by a stately cross1 which in the modern mosque is replaced by a gigantic crescent fifty yards in diameter2 on the gilding of this ornament ,murad ,,iii4 expended #ej1jjj ducats1 and the glitter of it in the sunshine is said to be visible from the summit of ,mount ,olympus--a distance of a hundred miles4 ,to an eye accustomed to the convexity of the cupola of western churches1 the interior height of the dome of ,sophia is perhaps somewhat disappointing1 especially considering the name aerial1 by which it is called by the ancient authorities4 ,this name1 however1 was given to it1 not so much to convey the idea of lightness or airiness in the structure1 as because its proportions1 as designed by the architect1 were intended to represent or reproduce the supposed convexity of the aerial vault itself4 ,footnote #ada3 ,this is not exactly true4 ,the precise dimensions of the building 7excluding the apse and narthex7 are #bda feet by #bbf feet4 ,footnote #adb3 ,later ,greek authorities1 for the purpose of exalting the glories of the older church1 allege that the second dome is fifteen feet lower than the first2 and even ,von ,hammer 7,constantinople und der ,bosporus1 vol4 i41 p4 #cdf7 adopts this view4 ,but ,zonaras and the older writers agree that the height was increased by twenty-five feet4 ,see ,neale's ,eastern ,church1 vol4 i41 p4 #bci4 ,with ,justinian's ,st4 ,sophia begins what may be called the second or classic period of ,byzantine archaeology4 ,it is proper1 therefore1 that we should describe1 although of necessity very briefly1 its general outline and arrangements4 ,with very few exceptions1 the ,greek churches of the earlier period 7including the older church of ,st4 ,sophia1 whether as originally built by ,constantine and restored by his son1 or as rebuilt by ,theodosius7 were of that oblong form which the ,greeks called dromic and which is known in the west as the type of the basilica4 ,the present ,st4 ,sophia1 on the contrary1 may be regarded as practically the type of the cruciform structure4 ,this cruciform appearance1 however1 is1 as has been already explained1 confined to the internal arrangement1 the exterior presenting the appearance of a square1 or if the porch be regarded as part of the church1 of an oblong rectangle4 ,to begin with the narthex or porch3--,that of ,st4 ,sophia is double1 consisting of an outer 7exonarthcx7 as well as an inner 7esonarthex7 porch4 ,most ,byzantine churches have but a single narthex--often a lean-to against the western wall2 and in some few churches the narthex is altogether wanting4 ,but in ,st4 ,sophia it is a substantive part of the edifice2 and1 the roof of the inner compartment being arched1 it forms the substructure of the western gynaeconitis1 or women's choir1 which is also carried upon a series of unrivalled arches supported by pillars1 most of which are historical1 around the northern and southern sides of the nave4 ,the outer porch is comparatively plain1 and communicates with the inner one by five marble doorways 7of which one is now walled up71 the doors being of bronze1 wrought in floriated crosses1 still distinguishable1 although much mutilated by the ,turkish occupants4 ,the inner porch is much more rich1 the floor of watered marble1 and the walls lined with marbles of various colors and with richly carved alabaster4 ,it opens on #feb the church by nine gates of highly-wrought bronze2 over the central portal is a well-preserved group in mosaic1 bearing the inscription3 ,greek text--and representing our ,lord1 with the ,virgin and ,st4 ,john the ,baptist on either hand1 in the act of giving with uplifted right hand his benediction to an emperor 7no doubt ,justinian7 prostrate at his feet4 ,this group is represented in one of ,m4 ,salzenberg's plates2 and it is specially interesting for the commentary1 explanatory of the attitude of our ,lord1 given in the poem of ,paul the ,silentiary1 according to whom the position of our ,lord's fingers represents1 in the language of signs then received1 the initial and final letters of the sacred name1 ,greek text3 ,greek text ,the outstretched forefinger meant ,i2 the bent second finger1 ,c or sigma2 the third finger applied to the thumb1 ,x2 and the little finger1 sigma4 ,it may also be noted that ,justinian in this curious group is represented with the nimbus4 ,during the progress of the restoration of the building in #ahdg1 this mosaic was uncovered1 and exactly copied2 but like all the other mosaics which contain representations of the human form1 it has been covered with canvas1 and again carefully coated with plaster4 ,it was on the phiale or fountain of the outer court of this narthex that the famous palindromic inscription was placed3 ,greek text ,wash thy sins1 not thy countenance only4 ,the interior of ,st4 ,sophia1 exclusive of the women's choir1 consisted of three great divisions--the nave1 which was the place of the laity2 the soleas1 or choir1 which was assigned to the assisting clergy of the various grades2 and the bema1 or sanctuary1 the semi-circular apse at the eastern end in which the sacred mysteries were celebrated1 shut off from the soleas by the inconastasis or screen1 and flanked by two smaller1 but similar1 semicircular recesses2 the diaconicon1 corresponding with the modern vestry2 and the prothesis1 in which the bread and wine were prepared for the eucharistic offering1 whence they were carried1 in the procession called the ,great ,entrance1 to the high altar within the bema4 ,the position of these several parts is still generally traceable in the modern mosque1 although1 the divisions having been all swept away1 there is some controversy as to details4 ,the nave1 of course1 occupies the western end1 and is entered directly from the porch4 ,it was separated from the soleas1 or choir1 at the ambo--the pulpit1 or more properly gallery1 which was used not only for preaching1 but also for the reading or chanting of the lessons and the gospel1 for ecclesiastical announcements or proclamations1 and in ,st4 ,sophia for the coronation of the emperor4 ,the ambo of ,st4 ,sophia was a very massive and stately structure of rich and costly material and of most elaborate workmanship2 it was crowned by a canopy or baldachin1 surmounted by a solid golden cross a hundred pounds in weight4 ,all trace of the ambo has long disappeared from the mosque2 but from the number of clergy1 priests1 deacons1 subdeacons1 lectors1 and singers 7numbering1 even on the reduced scale prescribed by ,justinian1 #che7 which the soleas was designed to accommodate1 as well as from other indications1 it is believed that the ambo1 which was at the extreme end of the soleas1 must have stood under the dome1 a little to the east of the centre4 ,the seat of the emperor was on the left side of the soleas1 immediately below the seats of the priests1 close to the ambo1 and opposite to the throne of the patriarch4 ,the seats assigned in the present patriarchal church to the princes of ,wallachia and ,moldavia correspond in position to those formerly occupied by the throne of the emperor and are directly opposite that of the patriarch4 ,beside its sacred uses1 the ambo of ,st4 ,sophia was #fec the scene of many a striking incident in ,byzantine history4 ,the reader of ,gibbon will recall the graphic picture of ,heracleonas compelled by the turbulent multitude to appear in the ambo of ,st4 ,sophia with his infant nephew in his arms for the purpose of receiving their homage to the child as emperor2 ,footnote #adc or his still more vivid description of the five sons of ,copronimus1 of whom the eldest1 ,nicephorus1 had been made blind1 and the other four had their tongues cut out1 escaping from their dungeon and taking sanctuary in ,st4 ,sophia4 ,there are few more touching stories in all the bloody annals of ,byzantium than that which presents the blind ,nicephorus employing that faculty of speech which had been spared in him alone1 by appealing from the ambo on behalf of his mute brothers to the pity and protection of the people6 ,footnote #add ,footnote #adc3 ,decline and ,fall1 vol4 iv44 p4 #djc4 ,footnote #add3 ,ibid41 vol4 iv41 p4 #dac4 ,but it was upon the bema of ,st4 ,sophia1 as we have already seen1 that the wealth and pious munificence of ,justinian were most lavishly expended4 ,it was shut off from the soleas by the inconastasis1 which in ,byzantine art is a screen resembling1 in all except its position1 the rood-screen of western architecture1 and derived its name from the sacred pictures 7,greek text7 represented upon it4 ,in that of ,st4 ,sophia the material was silver1 the lower part being highly wrought with arabesque devices1 and the upper composed of twelve pillars1 twined two and two1 and separated by panels on which were depicted in oval medallions the figures of our ,lord1 his ,virgin ,mother1 and the prophets and apostles4 ,it had three doors2 the central one 7called ,greek text1 sacred door7 leading directly to the altar1 that on the right to the diaconicon1 and that on the left to the prothesis4 ,the figures on either side of the central door1 following what appears to have been the universal rule1 were those of our ,lord and the ,virgin1 and above the door stood a massive cross of gold4 ,the altar1 with its canopy or tabernacle1 has been already described4 ,the synthronus1 or bench with stalls1 for the officiating bishop and clergy1 are at the back of the altar along the circular wall of the bema4 ,the seats were of silver gilt4 ,the pillars which separated them were of pure gold4 ,all this costly and gorgeous structure has of course disappeared from the modern mosque4 ,the eye now ranges without interruption from the entrance of the royal doors to the very extremity of the bema2--the only objects to arrest observation being the sultan's gallery 7maksure71 which stands at the left or north side of the bema2 the mimber1 or pulpit for the ,friday prayer1 which is placed at the right or southern end of the ancient inconastasis2 the mahfil1 or ordinary preaching pulpit1 in the centre of the mosque2 and the mihrab1 or sacred niche1 which is at the south-east side of the bema4 ,it was more difficult1 in converting the church into a mosque1 to get rid of the numerous sacred pictures in gold and mosaic which adorned the walls and arches4 ,accordingly1 instead of attempting to remove or destroy them1 the ,moslem invaders of the church were content with covering all these ,christian representations with a coat of plaster2 and thus in the late reparation of the mosque1 the architect1 having removed the plaster1 was enabled to have copies made of all the groups which still remained uninjured4 ,of the principal of them ,m4 ,salzenberg has given fac-similes4 ,on the great western arch was represented the ,virgin ,mary1 with ,sts4 ,peter and ,paul4 ,on the side walls of the nave1 above the women's choir upon either side1 were figures1 in part now defaced1 of prophets1 martyrs1 and other saints4 ,m4 ,salzenberg has reproduced in his volume ,sts4 ,anthemius1 ,basil1 ,gregory1 ,dionysius the ,areopagite1 ,nicolas of ,myra1 ,gregory the ,armenian apostle1 and the prophets ,jeremiah1 ,isaiah1 and ,habakkuk4 ,on the great eastern arch was a group consisting of the ,virgin ,mary1 ,st4 ,john the ,baptist1 and #fed the ,emperor ,john ,palaeologus1 the last ,christian restorer of the building2 but these figures--and still more the group which decorated the arch of the bema1 our ,lord1 the ,virgin1 and the ,archangel ,michael--are now much defaced4 ,much to the credit of the late sultan1 however1 he not only declined to permit the removal of these relics of ancient ,christian art1 but gave orders that every means should be taken to preserve them2 at the same time directing that they should be carefully concealed from ,moslem eyes1 as before1 by a covering of plaster1 the outer surface of which is decorated in harmony with those portions of the ancient mosaic1 which1 not containing any object inconsistent with the ,moslem worship1 have been restored to their original condition4 ,accordingly1 the winged seraphim at the angles of the buttresses which support the dome have been preserved1 and1 to a ,christian visitor1 appear in strange contrast with the gigantic ,arabic inscriptions in gold and colors which arrest the eye upon either side of the nave and within the dome1 commemorating the four companions of the ,prophet1 ,abu-bekr1 ,omar1 ,osman1 and ,ali4 ,but there is one characteristic of ,st4 ,sophia which neither time nor the revolutions which time has brought have been able to efface or even substantially to modify--the strikingly graceful and elegant1 although far from classically correct1 grouping of the pillars which support the lesser semidomes and the women's choir4 ,it would be impossible1 without the aid of a plan1 to convey any idea of the arrangement of this matchless assemblage of columns1 which1 as we have already observed1 are even less precious for the intrinsic richness and beauty of their material than for the interesting associations which their presence in a ,christian temple involves4 ,most of these may still be identified4 ,the eight red porphyry pillars standing1 two and two1 under the semi-domes at either end of the nave1 are the celebrated columns from the ,temple of the ,sun1 already recorded as the gift of ,marcia1 offered by her for the salvation of her soul4 ,the eight pillars of green serpentine which support the women's choir1 at either side of the nave1 are from the ,temple of ,diana at ,ephesus2 and among the remaining pillars on the ground floor1 twenty-four in number1 arranged in groups of four1 are still pointed out representatives of almost every form of the olden worship of the ,roman empire--spoils of the pagan temples of ,athens1 ,delos1 ,troas1 ,cyzicus1 and other sanctuaries of the heathen gods4 ,less grand1 but hardly less graceful1 are the groups of pillars1 sixty-seven in number1 in the women's choir above the aisles and the inner porch4 ,the occasional absence of uniformity which they present1 differing from each other in material1 in color1 in style1 and even in height1 although it may offend the rules of art1 is by no means ungrateful to the eye4 ,in the total number of the pillars of ,st4 ,sophia1 which is the broken number one hundred and seven1 there is supposed to be a mystic allusion to the seven pillars of the ,house of ,wisdom4 ,footnote #ade ,footnote #ade3 ,proverbs ix4 #a4 ,such was ,st4 ,sophia in the days of its early glory--a fitting theatre for the stately ceremonial which constituted the peculiar characteristic of the ,byzantine court and ,church4 ,on all the great festivals of the year--,christmas1 ,epiphany1 ,palm ,sunday1 ,easter1 ,pentecost1 and the ,ascension2 at the ceremony of the emperor's coronation2 at imperial marriages2 and on occasions1 more rare in the inglorious annals of the ,lower ,empire1 of imperial triumphs1--the emperor1 attended by the full array of his family ,i and court1 went in state to ,st4 ,sophia and assisted at the celebration of the divine mysteries4 ,the emperor himself1 with his distinctive purple buskins and close tiara2 the ,caesar1 #fee and1 in later times1 the ,sebastocrator1 in green buskins and open tiara2 the ,despots1 the ,panhypersebastos1 and the ,protosebastos2 the long and carefully graduated line of functionaries1 civil and military--the ,curopalata1 the ,logothete and ,great ,logothete1 the ,domestic and ,great ,domestic1 the ,prostostrator1 the ,stratospedarch1 the ,protospatharius1 the ,great ,a,eteriarch1 and the ,acolyth1 with the several trains of attendants in appropriate costume which belonged to each department1--combined to form an array for which it would be difficult to find a parallel in the history of ceremonial2 and when to these are added the purely ecclesiastical functionaries1 for whose number even the munificent provision of space allotted by ,justinian's architect was found at times insufficient1 some idea may be formed of the grandeur of the service1 which1 for so many ages1 lent to that lofty dome and these stately colonnades a life and a significance now utterly lost in the worship which has usurped its place4 ,as a purely ecclesiastical ceremony1 probably some of the great functions at ,st4 ,peter's in ,rome surpass in splendor such a ceremonial as the ,great ,entrance at ,st4 ,sophia on one of the emperor's days4 ,but the latter had the additional element of grandeur derived from the presence of a court unrivalled for the elaborate stateliness and splendor of its ceremonial code4 ,we have said that the church of ,justinian is1 in all substantial particulars1 the ,st4 ,sophia of the present day4 ,in an architectural view the later history of the building is hardly worth recording4 ,the eastern half of the dome1 in consequence of some settling of the foundation of the buttresses1 having shown indications of a tendency to give way1 it became necessary in the reign of ,basil the ,macedonian1 toward the end of the ninth century1 to support it by four exterior buttresses1 which still form a conspicuous object from the ,seraglio ,place4 ,the ,emperor ,michael1 in #hif1 erected the tower still standing at the western entrance1 to receive a set of bells which were presented by the doge of ,venice1 but which the ,turks have melted down into cannon4 ,about half a century later1 a further work for the purpose of strengthening the dome was undertaken by the ,emperor ,romanus2 and in the year #ihg a complete reparation and re-strengthening of the dome1 within and without1 was executed under ,basil the ,bulgaricide1 in which work the cost of the scaffolding alone amounted to ten hundred weight of gold4 ,no further reparations are recorded for upward of two centuries4 ,but1 to the shame of the founders of the ,latin empire of ,constantinople1 the church of ,st4 ,sophia suffered so much in their hands1 that1 after the recovery of the city by the ,greeks1 more than one of the later ,greek emperors is found engaged in repairing the injuries of the building4 ,andronicus the ,elder1 ,cantacuzenus1 and ,john ,,iv4 ,palaeologus1 each had a share in the work2 and1 by a curious though fortuitous coincidence1 ,palaeologus1 the last of the ,christian emperors who are recorded as restorers of ,st4 ,sophia1 appears to be the only one admitted to the same honor which was accorded to its first founder ,justinian--that of having his portrait introduced into the mosaic decorations of the building4 ,john ,palaeologus1 as we saw1 is represented in the group which adorned the eastern arch supporting the great dome4 ,the figures1 however1 are now much defaced4 ,how much of the injury which1 from whatever cause1 the mosaic and other decorations of ,st4 ,sophia have suffered1 is due to the fanaticism of the ,turkish conquerors of ,constantinople it is impossible to say with certainty4 ,probably1 however1 it was far less considerable than might at first be supposed4 ,owing to the peculiar discipline of the ,greek ,church1 which1 while it freely admits painted images1 endures no sculptured ,christian representations except that of the cross itself1 there was little in the marble or bronze of ,st4 ,sophia to provoke ,moslem #fef fanaticism4 ,the crosses throughout the building1 and especially in the women's choir1 have been modified1 rather than completely destroyed2 the mutilator being generally satisfied with merely chiselling off the head of the cross 7the cruciform character being thus destroyed71 sparing the other three arms of the ,christian emblem4 ,for the rest1 as we have already said1 the change consisted in simply denuding the church of all its ,christian furniture and appliances1 whether movable objects or permanent structures1 and in covering up from view all the purely ,christian decorations of the walls1 roof1 and domes4 ,the mosaic work1 where it has perished1 seems to have fallen1 less from intentional outrage or direct and voluntary defacement1 than from the long-continued neglect under which the building had suffered for generations1 down to the restoration by the late sultan4 ,the alterations of the exterior under ,moslem rule are far more striking1 as well as more considerable4 ,much of the undoubtedly heavy and inelegant appearance of the exterior of ,st4 ,sophia is owing to the absence of several groups of statues and other artistic objects which were designed to relieve the massive and ungraceful proportions of the buttresses and supports of the building as seen from without4 ,of these groups the most important was that of the celebrated horses now at ,st4 ,mark's in ,venice4 ,on the other hand1 the addition of the four minarets has1 in a different way1 contributed to produce the same effect of heaviness and incongruity of proportion4 ,of these minarets1 the first1 that at the south-east angle1 was built by ,mahomet ,,ii4 ,the second1 at the north-east1 was erected by ,selim1 to whose care the mosque was indebted for many important works1 intended as well for its actual restoration as for its prospective maintenance and preservation4 ,the north-western and south-western minarets are both the work of ,amurath ,,iii4 ,these structures1 although exceedingly light and elegant in themselves1 are altogether out of keeping with the massive structure to which they were intended as an appendage1 and the pretentious style of their decoration only heightens by the contrast the bald and unarchitectural appearance of the exterior of the church4 ,it is not too much to say that the effect of these peculiarly ,mohammedan additions to the structure is externally to destroy its ,christian character4 ,but whatever may be said of the works of former sultans1 it is impossible not to regard the late ,sultan ,abdul ,medjid as a benefactor to ,christian art1 even in the works which he undertook directly in the interest of his own worship4 ,from the time of ,amurath ,,iii4 the building had been entirely neglected4 ,dangerous cracks had appeared in the dome1 as well as in several of the semi-domes4 ,the lead covering of all was in a ruinous condition2 and the apertures not only admitted the rain and snow1 but permitted free entrance to flocks of pigeons and even more destructive birds4 ,the arches of the gynaeconitis were in many places split and in a tottering condition ,the pillars1 especially on the upper floor1 were displaced and thrown out of the perpendicular2 and the whole structure1 in all its parts and in all its appointments1 presented painful evidence of gross and long-continued neglect4 ,m4 ,louis ,haghe has represented1 in two contrasted lithographed sketches1 the interior of the mosque such as it was and such as it now is since the restoration4 ,the contrast in appearance1 even on paper1 is very striking2 although this can only be realized by those who have had the actual opportunity of comparing the new with the old4 ,but the substantial repairs are far more important1 as tending to the security of a pile so venerable and the object of so many precious associations4 ,the great dome1 while it is relieved from the four heavy and unsightly buttresses1 is made more permanently secure by a double girder of wrought iron around the base4 ,the lead of the dome and the roof has been #feg renewed throughout4 ,the tottering pillars of the women's choir have been replaced in the perpendicular1 and the arches which they sustain are now shored up and strengthened4 ,the mosaic work throughout the building has been thoroughly cleaned and restored1 the defective portions being replaced by a skilful imitation of the original4 ,all the fittings and furniture of the mosque--the sultan's gallery1 the pulpits1 the mihrab1 and other appurtenances of its worship--have been renewed in a style of great splendor4 ,the work of reparation extended over two years1 and owed much of its success1 as well as of the spirit in which it was executed1 to the enlightened liberality of ,redschid ,pacha4 ,an effort is said to have been made by the fanatical party in ,constantinople to induce the sultan to order the complete demolition of the mosaic pictures on the walls1 as being utterly prohibited by the ,koran4 ,but he firmly refused to accede to the demand2 and it was with his express permission that the king of ,prussia commissioned ,m4 ,salzenberg to avail himself of the occasion of their being uncovered1 in order to secure for the students of the ,christian art of ,byzantium the advantage of accurate copies of every detail of its most ancient as well as most characteristic monument4 ------ ,from ,the ,lamp4 ,,all-,,hallow ,,eve2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,test ,,of ,,futurity4 ,,by ,,robert ,,curtis4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,here it was that the real fun was going on6 ,from the centre of the veiling hung a strong piece of cord1 with cross sticks1 about eighteen inches long1 at the end4 ,on each end of one of these sticks was stuck a short piece of lighted candle1 while on the ends of the other were stuck small apples of a peculiarly good kind4 ,the cross was then set turning1 when some plucky hero snapped at the apples as they went round1 but as often caught the lighted candle in his mouth1 when a hearty laugh from the circle of spectators proclaimed his discomfiture4 ,on the other hand1 if fortunate enough to secure one of the apples1 a clapping of hands1 and shouts of ,well done6 proclaimed his victory4 ,a little to one side of this merry-go-round was a huge tub of spring-water1 fresh from the pump1 and as clear as crystal4 ,it was intended that the performers at this portion of the fun should1 stripped to the waist1 dive for pence or whatever silver the by-standers chose to throw in4 ,up to this it had not come into play1 for until their betthers came down from the parlor no silver was thrown in2 and the youngsters were loth to wet theirsel's for nothin'4 ,now1 however1 a tenpenny-bit from ,tom ,murdock soon glittered on the bottom of the tub1 a full foot and a half under water4 ,forthwith two or three young fellows peeled off1 to prove their abilities as divers4 ,the first1 a black-haired fellow1 with a head as round as a cannon-ball1 after struggling and bubbling until the people began to think he was smothering1 came up without the prize4 ,he was handed a kitchen towel to rub himself with2 while one of the other young gladiators adjusted the tenpenny-bit in the middle of the tub1 drew #feh in a long breath1 and down he went like a duck4 ,he was not nearly so long down as the other had been2 he neither struggled nor bubbled1 and came up with the money between his teeth4 ,it wasn't your first time1 ,jamesy1 anyhow1 said one4 ,how did you get a hoult of it1 ,jamesy avic8 said another4 ,but he kept drying his head1 and never minding them4 ,another tenpenny was then thrown in by old ,ned ,cavana2 it withstood repeated efforts1 but was at last fairly brought up4 ,jamesy seemed to be the most expert1 for having lifted this second tenpenny1 his abilities were finally tested with a fippenny-bit1 which after one or two failures he brought up triumphantly in his teeth2 all the other divers having declined to try their powers upon it4 ,by this time the kitchen floor was very wet1 and it was thought1 particularly by the contributors to the tub1 that there had been enough of that sort of fun4 ,the girls1 who were standing in whatever dry spots of the flags they could find1 thought so too2 they1 did not wish to wet their shoes before the dance1 and there was another move back to the parlor4 ,here the scene was completely changed1 as if indeed by magic1 as nobody had been missed for the performance4 ,the long table was no where to be seen1 while the chairs and forms were ranged along the walls1 and old ,murrin the piper greeted their entrance with an enlivening jig4 ,partners were of course selected at once1 and as young ,lennon happened to be coming in from the kitchen with ,winny ,cavana at the moment1 they were soon with arms akimbo footing it to admiration opposite each other4 ,not far from them another couple were exhibiting in like manner4 ,they were ,tom ,murdock and ,kate ,mulvey2 while several other pairs were footing it through the room4 ,to judge from the self-satisfied smile upon ,kate ,mulvey's handsome lips1 she was not a little proud or well pleased at having taken ,tom ,murdock from the belle of the party2 for she had too much self-esteem to think that it was the belle of the party had been taken from ,tom ,murdock4 ,i need not pursue the several sets which were danced1 nor particularize the pairs who were partners on the occasion4 ,of course ,tom ,murdock took the first opportunity possible to claim the hand of ,winifred ,cavana for a dance4 ,indeed1 he was ill-pleased that in his own house he had permitted any chance circumstance to prevent his having opened the dance with her1 and apologized for it--but it happened in a manner over which he had no control4 ,he had picked up that expression at a race-course4 ,with all his bitterness he had the good sense not to make a scene by endeavoring to frustrate that which he had not the tact to obviate by pre-arrangement4 ,winny had made no reply to his apology1 and he continued1 ,i did not ask ,kate ,mulvey to dance until ,i saw you led out by young ,lennon4 ,that is a bad compliment to ,kate1 she observed4 ,i can't help that1 said he gruffly2 some people take time d-mn-bly by the forelock4 ,that cannot apply to either him or me in this case2 there were two pairs dancing before he asked me4 ,now although this was certainly not said by way of reproach to ,tom for not himself being sooner1 it was unanswerable1 and he did not try to answer it4 ,he was not however in such good humor as to forward himself much in ,winny's good opinion1 and ,emon-a-knock1 who watched him closely1 was content that he should be her sole beau for the rest of the evening4 ,refreshments were now brought in2 cold punch for the boys and nagus for the girls2 for old ,murdock could afford to make a splash1 and this he thought was his time to do it4 ,if any one was hungry1 there was plenty #fei of cold mate and bread on the kitchen dresser4 ,but after the calcannon and tea1 nobody seemed to hear him4 ,after the liquor on the first tray was disposed of1 and the glasses collected for a replenish1 a solo jig was universally called for4 ,the two best dancers in the province were present--,tom ,murdock and ,edward ,lennon1 so there could be no failure4 ,old ,murdock had never seen young ,lennon dance until that night1 and so far as he could judge1 he was not the man that ,tom need be afraid of4 ,he had often seen ,tom's best dancing1 and certainly nothing which young ,lennon had exhibited there up to that time could at all touch it4 ,come1 ,tom1 said he1 give the girls a specimen of what you can do1 your lone1 and he laid the poker and tongs across each other in the middle of the floor4 ,paddy ,murrin struck up a spirit-stirring jig1 which no one could resist4 ,the girls were all dancing it to themselves1 and young ,lennon's feet were dying to be at it1 but of course he must wait4 ,indeed he was not anxious to exhibit in opposition to his host's son1 but feared his reputation as a dancer would put him in for it4 ,tom ,murdock having been thus called on1 was tightening the fung of one of his pumps1 to begin4 ,turning then to ,murrin1 he called for the fox-hunter's jig4 ,he now commenced1 and like a knowing professor of his art took it easy at the commencement1 determined however to astonish them ere he had done4 ,he felt that he was dancing well1 but knew that he could dance much better1 and would presently do so4 ,he had often tried the poker and tongs jig1 but hitherto never quite to his satisfaction4 ,he had sometimes come off perfectly victorious1 without touching them1 but as often managed to kick them about the floor4 ,he was now on his mettle1 not only on account of ,winny ,cavana1 but also because that whelp1 ,lennon1 was looking on1 which he had no right to be4 ,for a while he succeeded admirably4 ,he had tipped each division of the cross with both heel and toe1 several times with rapid and successful precision2 but becoming enthusiastic1 as the plaudits passed round1 he called to ,murrin to play faster1 when after a few moments of increased speed1 he tripped in the tongs1 and came flat on his back upon the floor4 ,he was soon up again1 and a few touches of the clothes-brush set all to rights1 except the irrepressible titter that ran round the room4 ,of course there was an excuse one of the fungs of his pump had again loosened and caught in the tongs4 ,this was not merely an excuse1 but a fact1 upon which ,tom ,murdock built much consolation for his partial failure1 as he himself jocosely called it2 but he was savage at heart4 ,there was a general call now from the girls for young ,lennon1 and ,emon-a-knock1 ,emon-a-knock1 resounded on all sides4 ,he would not rise1 however2 he was now more unwilling than ever to dance a match1 as he called it to himself1 with his host's son4 ,the partial failure of his rival--and he was honest enough to admit that it was but partial1 and could not have been avoided--gave him well-founded hopes of a triumph4 ,he too had tried his powers of agility by the poker and tongs test1 and oftener with success than otherwise4 ,it was some time now since he had tried it1 as latterly he had not much time to spare for such amusements4 ,he was unwilling1 but not from fear of failure1 to get up2 but no excuse would be taken2 he was caught by the collar of his coat by two sturdy handsome girls1 and dragged into the middle of the room4 ,thus placed before the spectators1 he could not refuse the ordeal1 as it might be called4 ,he had his wits about him1 however4 ,he had seen ,tom ,murdock whisper something to the piper when he was first called on to stand up1 and it #ffj proved that he was not astray as to its purport4 ,recollecting the jig he was in the habit of dancing the poker and tongs to1 he asked the piper to play it4 ,murrin hesitated1 and at last came out with a stammer that he hadn't it1 but he'd give him one as good1 striking up the most difficult jig in the ,irish catalogue to dance to4 ,no1 said ,lennon stoutly1 ,i heard you play the jig ,i called for a hundred times1 and no later than last night1 ,pat1 at ,jemmy ,mullarky's1 as ,i passed home from work1 and ,i'll have no other4 ,i took whatever jig he happened to strike up1 said ,tom with a sneer4 ,you might have had your choice1 for that matter1 and ,i daresay you had1 replied ,lennon1 and ,i'll have mine6 ,it is my right4 ,if a man can dance1 continued ,tom1 he ought to be able to dance to any jig that's given him2 it's like a man that can only say his prayers out of his own book4 ,and there was a suppressed smile at ,lennon's expense4 ,he saw it1 and his blood was up in a moment4 ,he may play any jig he chooses now1 exclaimed ,lennon1 except one1 and that is the one you told him to play1 taking his chance that his suspicions were correct as to the purport of the whisper4 ,i'll play the one ,i pled for the young masther himself2 an' if that doesn't shoot you1 you needn't dance at all1 said ,murrin1 apparently prompted again by ,tom ,murdock4 ,this was a decision from which no impartial person could dissent1 and ,lennon seemed perfectly satisfied1 but after all this jaw and interruption he felt in no great humor to dance1 and almost feared the result4 ,as he stood up he caught a glance from ,winny's eye which banished every thought save that of complying with that look4 ,if ever a look planted an undying resolve in a man's heart it was that4 ,it called him ,emon as plain as if she had spoken it1 and said1 ,don't let that fellow put you down1 and quick as the glance was it added1 he's a nasty fellow4 ,to it now ,emon went with his whole heart4 ,he cared not what jig ,pat ,murrin played1 or any other piper1 he was able for them4 ,at first the quiet tipping of his heel and toe upon the floor1 with now and then a flat stamp which threw up the dust1 was inimitable4 ,as he got into the merits of the thing1 the music was obliged to vie with him in activity4 ,it seemed as much as if he was dancing for the piper to play to1 as that the piper was playing for him to dance4 ,those who were up to the merits of an ,irish jig1 could have told the one he was dancing to if there had been no music at all4 ,there was a tip1 a curl1 or a stamp for every note in the tune4 ,in fact he played the jig upon the floor with his feet4 ,he now closed the poker and tongs with confidence1 while ,tom ,murdock looked on with a malicious hope that he too would bungle the business2 and ,winny ,cavana looked on with a timid fear of the same result4 ,but he danced through and amongst them as if by magic--a toe here1 and a heel there1 in each compartment of the crossed irons with the rapidity of lightning1 but he never touched one of them4 ,quicker6 quicker1 cried ,murdock to the piper1 seeing that ,lennon was perfect master of his position4 ,aye1 as quick as you like1 stammered ,lennon1 almost out of breath2 and the increased speed of the music brought forth more striking performance1 testified to by the applause which greeted his finishing bow4 ,he caught a short glance again from ,winny's eye1 as he passed to a vacant seat4 ,thank you1 ,emon1 from my heart1 it said1 as plainly as the other had spoken when he stood up4 ,it was now well on in the small hours1 and as old ,murdock and his son had both ceased in a manner to do any more honors1 their silence was accepted as a sort of notice to quit1 #ffa and there was a general move in search of bonnets and cloaks4 ,tom ,murdock knew that he was in the dumps1 and wisely left ,winny to her father's escort4 ,lennon's way lay by the ,mulveys1 and he was that far with ,kate and some others4 ,indeed1 all the branch roads and pathways were echoing to the noisy chat and opinions of the scattered party on their several ways home4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,the after-reflections of those most interested in the above gathering were various1 and it must be admitted to some extent unsatisfactory4 ,first of all1 old ,murdock was keen enough to perceive that he had not furthered his object in the least by having given the party at all4 ,from what ,tom had told him he had kept a close watch upon young ,lennon1 of whose aspirations toward ,winny ,cavana he had now no doubt1 and if he was not sure of a preference upon her part toward him1 he was quite certain that she had none toward ,tom4 ,this was the natural result of old ,murdock's observations of ,winny's conduct during the evening1--who1 while she could and did hide the one1 could not1 and did not1 hide the other4 ,tom ,murdock was the least satisfied of them all with the whole business1 and sullenly told his father1 who had done it all to serve him1 that he had done more harm than good1 and that he knew he would1 by asking that whelp ,lennon2 and he hoped he might never die till he broke every bone in his body4 ,by hook or by crook1 by fair means or foul1 he must put a stop to his hopes in that quarter4 ,his father was silent4 ,he felt that he had not advanced matters by his party4 ,old ,cavana was not the sharp old man in these matters1 either to mind or divine from how many points the wind blew1 and quietly supposed all had gone on smoothly1 as he and old ,murdock wished4 ,winifred had been more than confirmed in her dislike to ,tom ,murdock1 while her secret preference for ,emon-a-knock had been in no respect diminished4 ,she had depth enough also to perceive that ,kate ,mulvey was anxious enough to propitiate the good opinion1 to which she had taken no pains to hide her indifference4 ,she was aware that ,kate ,mulvey's name had been associated with young ,lennon's by the village gossips1 but she had seen nothing on that night to justify any apprehension1 if she chose to set herself to work4 ,she would take an opportunity of sounding her friend upon this momentous subject1 and finding out how the land really lay4 ,if that was the side of her head ,kate's cap was inclined to lean to1 might they not strike a quiet and confidential little bargain between them1 as regarded these two young men8 ,kate ,mulvey's thoughts were not very much at variance with those of her friend ,winny4 ,she1 not having the same penetration into the probable results of sinister looks and scowling brows2 or not1 perhaps1 having ever perceived them1 had thrown one of the nicest caps that ever came from a smoothing-iron at ,tom ,murdock1 but she feared he had not yet picked it up4 ,she was afraid1 until the night of the party1 that her friend and rival--yes1 it is only in the higher ranks of society that the two cannot be united--had thrown a still more richly trimmed one at him2 but on that night1 and she had watched closely1 she had formed a reasonable belief that her fear was totally unfounded4 ,she was not quite sure that it had not been let drop in ,emon-a-knock's way1 if not actually thrown at him4 ,these girls1 in such cases1 are so sharp6 ,the very same thought had struck her4 ,she also had determined upon sounding her friend ,winny1 and would #ffb take the first favorable opportunity of having a confidential chat with her upon the subject4 ,the girls were very intimate1 and were not rivals1 only they did not know it4 ,we shall see by-and-by how they sounded each other4 ,young ,lennon's after-thoughts1 upon the whole1 were more satisfactory than perhaps those of any of the other principal persons concerned4 ,if ,winny ,cavana had not shown him a decided preference over the general set of young men there1 she had certainly been still less particular in her conduct and manner toward ,tom ,murdock4 ,these matters1 no doubt1 are managed pretty much the same in all ranks of society1 though1 of course1 not with the same refinement2 and to young ,lennon1 whose heart was on the watch1 as well as his eyes1 one or two little incidents during the night gave him some faint hopes that1 as yet at least1 his rich rival had not made much way against him4 ,hitherto1 young ,lennon had looked upon the rich heiress of ,rathcash as a fruit too high for him to reach from the low ground upon which he stood1 and had given more of his attention to her poorer neighbor ,kate ,mulvey4 ,he1 however1 met with decided reluctance in that quarter1 and being neither cowardly1 ignorant1 nor shy1 he had improved one or two favorable occasions with ,winny ,cavana at the party1 whom he now had some1 perhaps delusive1 notion was not so far above his reach after all4 ,these are the only persons with whose after-thoughts we are concerned4 ,there may have been some other by-play on the part of two or three fine young men and handsome girls1 who burned themselves upon the bar1 and danced together after they became cinders1 but as they are in no respect mixed up with our story1 we may pass them by without investigating their thoughts1 further than to declare that they were all well pleased1 and that the praises of old ,murdock's munificence rang from one end of the parish to the other4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,i must now describe a portion of the garden which stretched out from the back of old ,ned ,cavana's premises4 ,a large well-enclosed farmyard1 almost immediately at the rear of the house1 gave evidence of the comfort and plenty belonging not only to the old man himself1 but to everything living and dead about the place2 and as we shall be obliged to pass through this farm-yard to get into the garden1 we may as well describe it first4 ,stacks of corn1 wheat1 oats1 and barley1 in great variety of size1 pointed the pinnacles of their finishing touch to the sky4 ,sticking up from some of these were sham weather-cocks1 made of straw1 in the shape of fish1 fowl1 dogs1 and cats1 the handiwork of ,jamesy ,doyle1 the servant boy1--the same black-headed urchin who lifted the tenpenny-bit out of the tub at old ,murdock's party4 ,they were fastened upon sticks1 which did not turn round1 and were therefore put up more to frighten away the sparrows than for the purpose of indicating which way the wind blew1 or1 more likely still1 as mere specimens of ,jamesy ,doyle's ingenuity4 ,the whole yard was covered a foot deep with loose straw1 for the double purpose of giving comfort to two or three litters of young pigs1 and that of being used up1 by the constant tramping1 into manure for the farm2 for cows1 heifers1 and calves strayed about it without interruption4 ,a grand flock of geese1 as white as snow and as large nearly as swans1 marched in from the fields1 headed by their gander1 every evening about the same hour1 to spend their night gaggling and watching and sleeping by turns under the stacks of corn1 which were raised upon stone pillars with mushroom metal-caps1 to keep out the rats and mice4 ,a big black cock1 with a hanging red comb and white jowls1 and innumerable hens belonging to him1 something on the ,brigham ,young system1 marched triumphantly about1 calling his favorites #ffc every now and then with a quick melancholy little chuckle as often as he found a tit-bit amongst the straw4 ,ducks1 half as large as the geese1 coming home without a feather raffled1 in a mottled string of all colors1 from the stream below the hill1 diving1 for variety1 into the clean straw1 emerging now and then1 and smattering with their flat bills in any little puddle of water that lay between the pavement in the bare part of the yard4 ,bullydhu1 the watch-dog1 as evening closed1 taking possession of a small wooden house upon wheels1--,jamesy ,doyle's handiwork too1--that it might be turned to the shelter1 whichever way the wind blew4 ,it was a miracle to see ,bully getting into it1 the door was so low2 another piece of consideration of ,jamesy's for the dog's comfort4 ,you could only know when he was in it by seeing his large soft paws under the arch of the low door4 ,beyond this farm-yard--farm in all its appearance and realities--was the garden4 ,a thick1 high1 furze hedge1 about sixty yards long1 ran down one side of it1 from the corner of the farmyard wall2 and at the further end of this hedge1 which was the square of the garden1 and facing the sun1 was certainly the most complete and beautiful summer-house in the parish of ,rathcash1 or ,jamesy ,doyle was very much mistaken4 ,it also was his handiwork4 ,in fact1 there was nothing ,jamesy could not turn his hands to1 and his heart was as ready as his hands1 so that he was always successful1 but here he had outstripped all his former ingenuity4 ,the bower was now of four years' standing1 and every summer ,jamesy was proud to see that nature had approved of his plan by endorsing it with a hundred different signatures4 ,with the other portions of the garden or its several crops1 we have nothing to do2 we will therefore linger for a while about the furze hedge and in ,jamesy's bower to see what may turn up4 ,but ,i must describe another item in the locality4 ,immediately outside the hedge there was a lane1 common to a certain extent to both farms4 ,it might be said to divide them4 ,it lay quite close to the furze hedge1 which ran in a straight line a long distance beyond where ,jamesy's bower formed one of the angles of the garden4 ,there was a gate across the lane precisely outside the corner where the bower had been made1 and this was the extent of ,murdock's right or title to the commonalty of the lane4 ,passing through this gate1 ,murdock branched off to the left with the produce of his farm4 ,it is a long lane1 they say1 that has no turning1 and although the portion of this one with which we are concerned was only sixty yards long1 ,i have not1 perhaps1 brought the reader to the spot so quickly as ,i might4 ,i certainly could have brought him through the yard without putting even the word farm before it1 or without saying a word about the stacks of corn and the weather-cocks1 the pigs1 cows1 heifers1 and calves1 the geese1 ducks1 cock1 and hens1 ,bullydhu and his house1 etc41 and with a hop1 step1 and a leap ,i might have placed him in ,jamesy's bower if he had been the person to occupy it--but he was not4 ,with every twig1 however1 of the hedge and the bower it is necessary that my readers should be well acquainted2 and ,i hope ,i have succeeded in making them so4 ,winny ,cavana was a thoughtful1 thrifty girl1 an experienced housekeeper1 never allowing one job to overtake another where it could be avoided4 ,of course incidental difficulties would sometimes arise2 but in general she managed everything so nicely and systematically that matters fell into their own time and place as regularly as possible4 ,when ,winny got the invitation for ,mick ,murdock's party1 which was only in the forenoon of the day before it came off1 her first thought was1 that she would be very tired and ill-fitted for business the day after it was over4 ,she therefore called ,jamesy ,doyle to her assistance1 and on that day and #ffd the next1 she got through whatever household jobs would bear performance in advance1 and instructed ,jamesy as to some little matters which she used to oversee herself1 but which on this occasion she would entrust solely to his own intelligence and judgment for the day after the party4 ,she could not have committed them to a more competent or conscientious lad4 ,anything ,jamesy undertook to do1 he did it well1 as we have already seen both in the haggard1 the garden1 and the tub--for it was he who brought up the fippenny-bit at ,murdock's1 and he would lay down his life to serve or even to oblige ,winny ,cavana4 ,having thus purchased an idle day after the party1 ,winny was determined to enjoy it1 and after a very late breakfast1 for her father1 poor soul1 was dead tired1 she called ,jamesy1 and examined him as to what he had done or left undone4 ,finding that1 notwithstanding he had been up as late as she had been herself the night before1 he had been faithful to the trust reposed in him1 and that everything was in trim order1 she then complimented him upon his snapping and diving abilities4 ,how much did you take up out of the tub1 ,jamesy8 she asked4 ,be gorra1 ,miss ,winny1 ,i took up two tenpenny-bits an' a fippenny4 ,and what will you do with all that money1 ,jamesy8 it is nearly a month's wages4 ,be gorra1 my mother has it afore this1 ,miss ,winny4 ,that is a good boy1 ,jamesy1 but you shouldn't curse4 ,be gorra1 ,i won't1 miss2 but ,i didn't think that was cursing1 at all1 at all4 ,well1 it is swearing1 ,jamesy1 and that is just as bad4 ,well1 ,miss ,winny1 you'll never hear me say it agen4 ,that's right1 ,james4 ,is the garden open8 ,it is1 miss2 ,i'm afther bringing out an armful of leaves to bile for the pigs4 ,winny passed on through the yard into the garden4 ,it was a fine1 mild day for the time of year1 and she was soon sitting in the bower with an unopened story-book in her lap4 ,it was a piece of idle folly her bringing the book there at all4 ,in the first place1 she had it by heart--for books were scarce in that locality1 and were often read--and in the next1 she was more in a humor to think than to read4 ,it was no strange thing1 under the circumstances1 if1 like some heroines of a higher stamp1 she fell into a reverie4 ,how long she remained thus1 to use the patent phrase in such a case1 must be a mere matter of surmise2 but a step at the gate outside the hedge1 and her own name distinctly pronounced1 caused her to start4 ,eaves-dropping has been universally condemned1 and listeners1 they say1 never hear good of themselves4 ,but where is the young girl1 or indeed any person1 hearing their own name pronounced1 and being in a position to listen unobserved1 who would not do so8 ,our heroine1 at all events1 was not above that sort of thing1 and instead of hemming1 or coughing1 or shuffling her feet in the gravel1 she cocked her ears and held her breath4 ,we would be a little indulgent to a person so sorely tempted1 whatever our readers may think4 ,if ,winny ,cavana1 she heard1 was twice as proud1 an' twice as great a lady1 you may believe me1 ,tom1 she wouldn't refuse you4 ,she'll have six hundred pounds as round as the crown of your hat2 an' that fine farm we're afther walkin' over2 like her1 or not like her1 take my advice an' don't lose the fortune an' the farm4 ,not if ,i can help it1 father4 ,there's more reason than you know of why ,i should secure the ready money of her fortune at any rate2 as to herself1 if it wasn't for that1 she might marry ,tom ,naddy th' aumadhawn if she had a mind4 ,had you any chat with her last night1 ,tom8 ,oh then1 wasn't she lookin' elegant6 #ffe ,as elegant as you please1 father1 but as proud as a peacock4 ,no1 ,i had no chat with her1 except what the whole room could hear2 she was determined on that1 and ,i'm still of opinion that you did more harm than good4 ,not if you were worth a thrawncen1 ,tom4 ,arrah avic machree1 you don't undherstand her2 that was all put on1 man alive4 ,i'm afeerd she'll think you haven't the pluck in you2 she's a sperited girl herself1 and depend upon it she expects you to spake1 an' its what she's vexed at1 your dilly-dallyin'4 ,why did you let that fellow take her out for the first dance8 ,i heerd ,mrs4 ,moran remark it to ,kitty ,mulvey's mother4 ,that was a mistake1 father2 he had her out before ,i got in from the kitchen4 ,they don't like them mistakes1 ,tom1 an' that's the very thing ,i blame you for2 you should have stuck to her like a leech the whole night2 they like a man that's in earnest4 ,take my advice1 ,tom avic1 an put the question plump to her at wanst fore ,shraftide4 ,tell her ,i'll lay down a pound for you for every pound her father gives her1 and ,i'll make over this place to you out an out4 ,old ,ned an ,i will live together while we last1 an that can't be long1 ,tom avic4 ,i know he'll settle ,rathcash upon ,winny1 and he'll have the interest of her fortune beside-- ,interest be d--d6 interrupted ,tom2 won't he pay the money down8 ,he might do that same1 but ,i think not2 he's afeerd it might be dribbled away1 but with ,rathcash1 an ,rathcashmore joined1 the devil's in it and she can't live like a lady2 at all events1 ,tom1 you can live like a gentleman2 ould ,ned's for you entirely1 ,tom1 ,i can tell you that4 ,that is all very well1 father1 and ,i wish that you could make me think that your words would come true1 but ,i'm not come to four-and-twenty years of age without knowing something of the way girls get on2 and if that one is not set on young ,lennon1 my name is not ,tom ,murdock2 and ,i'll tell you what's more1 that if it wasn't for her fortune and that farm1 he might have her and welcome4 ,there are many girls in the parish as handsome1 and handsomer for that matter1 than what she is1 that would just jump at me4 ,i know that1 ,tom agra1 but maybe it's what you'll only fix her on that whelp1 as you call him1 the stronger1 if you be houldin' back the way you do4 ,they like pluck1 ,tom2 they like pluck1 ,i tell you1 and in my opinion she's only makin' b'lief1 to dhraw you out4 ,try her1 ,tom1 try her4 ,i will1 father1 and if ,i fail1 and ,i find that that spalpeen ,lennon is at the bottom of it1 let them both look out1 that's all4 ,for his part1 ,i have a way of dealing with him that he knows nothing about1 and as for her-- ,here ,jamesy ,doyle came out into the lane from the farm-yard1 and father and son immediately branched off in the direction of their own house1 leaving ,tom ,murdock's second part of the threat unfinished4 ,but ,winny had heard enough4 ,her heart1 which had been beating with indignation the whole time1 had nearly betrayed itself when she heard ,emon-a-knock called a spalpeen4 ,one thing she was now certain of1 and the certainty gave her whole soul relief1--that if ever ,tom ,murdock could have had any chance of success through her father's influence1 and her love for him1 it was now entirely at an end for ever4 ,should her father urge the match upon her1 she had1 as a last remedy1 but to reveal this conversation1 to gain him over indignantly to her side4 #fff ,winny was seldom very wrong in her likings or dislikings1 although perhaps both were formed in some instances rather hastily1 and she often knew not why4 ,in ,tom ,murdock's case1 she was glad1 and now rather proud out of herself1 that she had never liked him4 ,i knew the dirt was in him1 she said to herself as she returned to the house4 ,i wish he did not live so near us1 for ,i foresee nothing but trouble and vexation before me on his account4 ,i'm sorry ,jamesy ,doyle came out so soon4 ,i'd like to have heard what he was going to say of myself1 but sure he said enough4 ,em-on-a-knock may despise himself and his threat4 ,and she went into the house to prepare the dinner4 ,tom ,murdock1 notwithstanding his shortcomings1 and they were neither few nor far between1 was a shrewd1 clever fellow in most matters4 ,it was owing to this shrewdness that he resolved to watch for some favorable opportunity1 rather than seek a formal meeting with ,winny ,cavana at wanst as had been 'advised by his father4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ------ ,from ,once a ,week4 ,,saint ,,dorothea4 ,the sun blazed fiercely out of cloudless blue1 ,and the deep sea flung back the glare again1 ,as though there were indeed another sun ,within the mimic sky reflected there2 ,not steadily and straight1 as from above1 ,but all athwart the little rippling waves ,the broken daybeams sparkling leapt aloft ,in glittering ruin2 scarce a breath of air ,to stir the waters or to wave the trees2 ,the flowers hung drooping1 and the leaves lay close ,against their branches1 as if sick and faint ,with the dull heat and needing strong support4 ,the city walls1 the stones of every street1 ,the houses glow'd1 you would have thought that none ,would venture forth1 till that the gracious night ,should come with sable robe and wrap the earth ,in softest folds1 and shade men from the day4 ,but see1 from every street the seething crowds ,pour out1 and all along the way they stand1 ,and ribald jest and song resound aloud1 ,and light accost and careless revelry3 ,what means this1 wherefore flock the people forth8 ,ceases the hum1 a sudden silence falls ,on all around1 the tramp of armed men ,rings through the air2 and hark1 what further sound8 ,a girl's fresh voice1 a sad sweet song is heard ,above the clank of arms1 men hold their breath2 ,yet not all sadness is that wondrous chant1 ,that hushes the wild crowd with sudden awe4 ,as when the nightingale's mellifluous tones ,rise in the woodland1 ere the other birds #ffg ,have ceased their vesper hymn1 that moment drops ,each fluttering songster's wild thanksgiving lay1 ,so for awhile did silence fall on all ,within the seething crowd at that sweet voice4 ,she comes1 they bring her forth to die1 for she ,this day must win the martyr's palm1 this day ,must witness for her faith1 this day must reap ,the fruit of all her pains1 long rest in heaven6 ,long had they spared her1 for the governor ,was loth that she should suffer1 and her race ,was noble1 so they hoped to make her yield1 ,and waited still and waited2 but at length ,they grew enraged at her calm steadfastness1 ,they knew not whence a resolution such ,as made a young maid baffle aged men1 ,so she must die4 ,now as she went along ',midst all her guards1 again burst forth the mob ,into such bitter taunts1 such foul wild words1 ,as sent the hot blood mantling to her cheek ,for shame that she1 a maid1 must hear such things2 ,and yet was no remorse within their hearts1 ,no light of pity in their savage eyes1 ,like hungry wolves that scent the blood from far ,they howled with joy1 expectant of their prey4 ,there was one there1 he in old days had loved ,her fair young face1 but he too now1 with scorn ,written in his dark eyes and on his brow1 ,and in the curl of his short lip1 stood by2 ,it 'seemed not such a face1 that bitter smile1 ,for he was passing fair1 in youth's heyday2 ,but if contemptuous was his mien1 his words ,were worse for her to bear1 for he cried out-- ,he1 whom her heart yet own'd its only love6 ,he1 whom she held first of all living men6 ,he1 whom she honor'd yet1 though left by him ,in her distress and danger6--this man cried1 ,ho1 ,dorothea6 doth the bridegroom wait8 ,and goest thou to his arms8 ,joy go with thee6 ,but yet when in his palace courts above1 ,whereof thou tellest1 fair one1 think on us ,who toil in this sad world below2 on me ,think thou before all others1 thine old love1 ,and send me somewhat for a token1 send ,of that same heavenly fruit and of those flowers ,that fade not6 ,then she turn'd and answer'd him1 ,as thou hast said1 so be it1 thy request ,is granted6 and she pass'd on to her death4 ,she died3 her soul was rapt into the skies4 ,the vulgar horde who watch'd her torture1 knew ,nought of the great unfathomable bliss #ffh ,which waited her1 and when her spirit fled ,none saw the angel bands receive her1 none ,heard the long jubilant sweet sound that burst ,through heaven's high gates1 swept from ten thousand harps ,by seraph choirs1 for she had died on earth ,only to enter on the life above4 ,night fell upon the earth1 the city lay ,slumb'ring in cool repose1 the restless sea1 ,weary with dancing all day 'neath the sun1 ,was hushed to sleep by the faint whisp'ring breeze ,that1 wanting force to sport1 but rose and fell ,with soothing murmur1 like to pine boughs stirr'd ,by the north wind3 sleep held men's eyelids close4 ,and he1 that youth1 slept1 aye1 slept peacefully1 ,nor reck'd of the vile insult he had pour'd ,upon the head of one whom once he swore ,to love beyond all others4 ,as he lay1 ,wrapt in the dreamless slumber of young health1 ,sudden a light unearthly clear hath fill'd ,the chamber1 and he starts up from his couch1 ,gazing in troubled wonder3 by his side ,what sees he8 ,a young boy he deems him first1 ,but when had mortal such a calm pure smile ,since our first father lost his purity8 ,a radiant angel1 rather1 should he be1 ,who stands all glorious1 bearing in his hands ,such fruit and flowers as surely never grew ,on this dull earth2 their fragrance fill'd the air1 ,and smote the senses of ,theophilus1 ,that a sad yearning rose within his heart1 ,such as at times a strain of song will raise1 ,or some chance word will bring 7we know not why71 ,flooding the inmost soul with that strange sense1 ,half pain1 half pleasure1 of some bygone time-- ,some far off and forgotten happiness1 ,we know not where nor what4 ,the stranger spoke1 ,and thus he said1 ,rise up1 ,theophilus6 ,and take these gifts which ,i from heaven bring4 ,fair ,dorothea1 mindful of her words1 ,hath sent thee these1 and bids thee that henceforth ,thou scoff not1 but believe6 ,with those same words ,vanish'd the cherub1 and the room was dark1 ,save where the moonbeams made uncertain light1 ,and where remain'd those blossoms and that fruit1 ,for from each leaf and stem there stream'd a ray ,as of the morning4 ,down upon his couch ,theophilus sank prone1 with awe oppress'd2 #ffi ,but for a moment4 ,starting wildly up1 ,he cried1 ,my love1 my ,dorothea1 list6 ,if thou canst hear me in those starry halls ,where now thou dwellest1 ,i accept thy gift4 ,do thou take mine1 for ,i do give myself ,up to the service of thy ,lord2 thy faith ,shall from this hour be mine1 for ,i believe6 ------ ,translated from ,der ,katholik4 ,,the ,,two ,,sides ,,of ,,catholicism4 ,second ,article4 ,i4 ,,the ,,problem4 ,neither1 says ,jesus ,christ1 do they put new wine into old bottles2 otherwise the bottles break1 and the wine runneth out4 ,the parable teaches that the new spirit of ,christianity requires a new form1 corresponding to its essence4 ,the essence and the form of ,christianity are1 therefore1 intimately connected4 ,what is thus generally enunciated in regard to the essential connection of the spirit of ,christianity with the forms of its expression1 is equally true of the mutual relations subsisting between the substance and the manifestation of the ,church4 ,christianity and the ,church are virtually identical4 ,the former1 considered as a source of union and brotherhood1 constitutes the ,church1 ,in a former article we have recognized ,catholicism as the type of the ,church ,founded by ,christ4 ,hence the interdependence of the essence with the form of ,christianity in general is not more thorough than that of the spirit of the ,church with the historical development of ,catholicism4 ,these remarks will be found to designate the object of the present essay4 ,an inquiry into the fundamental principle of ,catholicism must address itself to the elucidation of the cause of the necessary connection between the spirit and the outer shape of the ,church just mentioned4 ,the direction in which the light is to be sought appears by the parable cited above4 ,the new wine requires new bottles1 because they only correspond with its nature4 ,by the same induction it is affirmed that if the true ,church is realized only in the form of ,catholicism1 the reason is to be found in the inmost nature of the ,church1 in the catholicity of her spirit4 ,this idea of the inherent catholicity of the ,church1 as well as the foregoing assertion of a necessary inter-dependence of the essence with the image of ,catholicism1 is to be established on scriptural authority by the following disquisition4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,kingdom ,,of ,,god ,,on ,,earth4 ,the shape and form in which ,catholicism appears in history has its root in the papacy4 ,it is certainly deserving of attention1 that precisely in the institution of the papacy the ,church is designated by a name which affords an insight into her inmost nature4 ,on that occasion the ,church--meaning the ,church as apparent in history--is called the kingdom of heaven4 ,footnote #adf ,the ,lord says to ,peter1 ,i will give #fgj unto thee the keys of the kingdom of heaven2 a promise substantially the same with that given in the same breath to the same apostle1 though under a different metaphor1 when ,jesus calls him the rock upon which he will build his ,church4 ,the primate is the subject of both predictions4 ,the apostle ,peter is to be the foundation of the ,church1 and he is to receive the keys of the same edifice1 that is to say1 he is to be the master of the house4 ,footnote #adf3 ,matt4 xvi4 #ah1 #ai4 ,that the epithet of kingdom of heaven expresses the essential character of the ,church1 is easily shown by a glance at the passages of ,scripture in which the ,church is mentioned4 ,such is always the case where the kingdom of ,god or of heaven is represented as in course of realization on earth4 ,in this respect the parables of ,jesus are especially significant4 ,they address themselves principally to the spirit1 the organization1 and the most essential peculiarities of the new order of things which ,jesus ,christ had come into the world to establish4 ,in these discourses the new foundation is constantly brought forward as the kingdom of ,god or of heaven4 ,thus we cannot but recognize in this expression a designation of the inner essence of the institution of ,jesus4 ,at a time when his destined kingdom had not yet become historically manifest1 ,jesus might still say1 in the same acceptation of the term1 that it was already present1 and palpable to all who sought to grasp it4 ,this actual presence of the kingdom is deduced by the ,lord from the efficacy of his miracles4 ,in them the vital principle of ,catholicism was already at work4 ,it had entered the world at the same instant with the person of the ,son of ,man4 ,but not until after ,christ was exalted did it assume a historical palpability4 ,no less does the declaration of ,jesus1 that from the days of ,john the ,baptist the kingdom of heaven suffereth violence1 display ,catholicism as a power even before it came to figure in history4 ,for this very forwardness with which even then the violent took it by force1 was a product of the ,christ-like power which had entered humanity simultaneously with the person of the ,messiah4 ,and where the ,jews are called sons of the kingdom1 it is likewise in reference to this elementary principle of ,catholicism4 ,it had been planted in the first instance on the historical soil of ,judaism1 thence1 of course1 to spread its benign influence over the earth1 and thus to make historically manifest the vital substance of the ,church in its only adequate expression4 ,many shall come from the east and the west1 and shall sit down with ,abraham1 and ,isaac1 and ,jacob1 in the kingdom4 ,on the other hand1 the kingdom shall be taken from the ,jews1 because they have made it unfruitful4 ,no ,christian sermon should omit to give this inner view of ,catholicism1 or of the advent of the kingdom4 ,therein lies its peculiar force4 ,the preacher of the gospel has no more effective word of consolation for the pious souls who give him a ready hearing1 than the assurance that the kingdom of ,god has come nigh unto them4 ,in this word1 also1 the apostle of ,christ has his most potent weapon against the assailants of the ,church4 ,if they receive you not1 says the ,lord unto his disciples1 go your ways out into the streets of the same city1 and say1 ,even the very dust of your city1 which cleaveth on us1 we do wipe off against you2 yet know this1 that the kingdom of ,god is at hand4 ,the invincibility of ,catholicism grows out of the power of its principle4 ,as of old in enabling the apostles to heal the sick1 so at the present day in her varied fortunes the ,church approves herself the kingdom of ,god4 ,but how is the interior of the ,church related to the exterior8 ,the word of the kingdom is the seed of ,catholicism4 ,according to the quality of the hearers of the word1 the growing grain is fruitful or empty1 the members genuine or spurious4 ,again1 the kingdom of heaven is like to a net1 cast into the sea1 and gathering together all kind of fishes4 ,the kingdom of the ,son of ,man is not without scandals1 and them that work #fga iniquity4 ,footnote #adg ,hence the kingdom of ,god on earth embraces the entire ,church in her temporal existence4 ,the latter is shown to be a kingdom of long-suffering1 in preserving her connection even with ingredients estranged from her in spirit1 leaving the ultimate separation of the false members to the final judgment4 ,even these erring ones carry on their souls the impress of the kingdom1 the signature of baptism4 ,nevertheless their adhesion to the kingdom is external and objective merely4 ,in the more accurate sense of the word1 the idea of the kingdom applies only to the marrow1 the soul of the ,church4 ,the good seed only are the real children of the kingdom4 ,footnote #adg3 ,matt4 xiii4 #da4 ,this account of the formation of the kingdom of ,god explains how the essence of the true ,church becomes a historical reality in the actual condition of ,catholicism1 notwithstanding its imperfections4 ,the position1 therefore1 that the spirit of the ,church is inseparable from her temporal existence by no means denies that this historical exterior of ,catholicism may be infected with elements having nothing in common with1 and even hostile to1 the character of the true ,church4 ,this results from the fact that the true ,church1 though always preserving a unitary organization1 realizes herself by degrees only4 ,the form of ,catholicism is gradually purified and disclosed by the sanctifying virtue of its inner life4 ,thus it is that parasites take root in the soil of the ,church4 ,it is therefore a shifting of the real issue when ,mr4 ,hase defines the ,catholic antagonism to the ideal ,church of ,protestantism as consisting in a notion of ,catholicism that in all essential attributes there is a perfect congruity between the idea of the ,church and the concrete ,church of ,rome2 or in other words1 that the latter ,church is at all tunes the perfect type of ,christianity4 ,two distinct things are here confounded4 ,the position of ,catholicism--that the essence of the true ,church1 so far as realized at all1 exists only within the ,catholic ,church1 where alone1 therefore1 a further development of this essence can be accomplished or the ideal of the ,church attained--is by no means equivalent to the pretension1 attributed to ,catholicism by ,hase1 that ,catholicism has already attained the ideal1 or that it is at all times the most perfect representation of ,christianity4 ,after this misrepresentation of the position of ,catholicism1 ,hase has no difficulty in distorting the well-known ,catholic doctrine that sinners also belong to the ,church into an unconscious acknowledgment of the ideal ,church of ,protestantism4 ,while the toleration of spurious members is a mandate of the educational mission of the ,church1 it involves1 moreover1 a special dispensation of ,divine ,providence4 ,like her divine principle1 the ,church appears as a servant among men4 ,the beauty of her inner life is veiled beneath an exterior covered with manifold imperfections4 ,this serves as a constant admonition to the ,church not to rely upon externals4 ,yet even these shadows on the image of the ,church are evidences of her vitality4 ,how superhuman must be an organization which outlasts all enemies in spite of many deficiencies6 ,it is error1 therefore1 to infer from the undeniable1 practical incongruity between the essence of the ,church and her outward form that there cannot be an exclusive1 concrete realization of the true ,church in history4 ,to make the growth of ,catholicism intelligible to his hearers1 ,jesus compares the kingdom of heaven with a grain of mustard1 which unfolds the least of all seeds to a stately tree4 ,immediately thereafter it is said that the kingdom of heaven penetrates the mass of humanity like leaven4 ,the law of development of ,catholicism is further illustrated by the following parable3 ,the earth1 says ,jesus1 bringeth forth fruit2 first the blade1 then the ear1 afterward the full corn in the ear2 man has but to cast the seed into the earth2 then he may sleep1 and the seed shall #fgb spring and grow up1 he knoweth not how4 ,even so is the kingdom of ,god4 ,the ,church therefore carries the germs of her growth in her inmost nature4 ,catholicism is gradually developed out of itself1 from within4 ,thanks to the energy of her own principle1 the ,church with her arms encircles nation after nation4 ,the faculty of being all things unto all men she owes to her being the kingdom of ,god4 ,here is the root of ,catholicism4 ,as the kingdom of ,god1 the ,church is fraught with a wealth adequate to the mental requirements of all individuals and all nations4 ,as the kingdom of ,god1 the ,church is adapted to every age and clime4 ,the word ,church is used by ,jesus ,christ far more rarely than that of the kingdom of heaven2 indeed but twice1 and on each occasion in direct reference to the external form of the ,church4 ,that this historical exterior of ,catholicism1 designated the ,church1 is the manifestation of the kingdom of ,god1 ,we have already deduced from ,matt4 xvi4 #ah1 #ai1 and xiii4 #da4 ,the same truth is expressed in the parable of the treasure hid in the field4 ,he who would possess the treasure1 that is to say1 the kingdom of heaven1 or the vital principle of ,catholicism1 must buy the field in which the gem is concealed4 ,the field1 the ,catholic exterior of the ,church1 is not the inner life2 but the latter is realized only in the historical form of ,catholicism4 ,it now behooves us to more precisely expound this relation between the spirit and the outer form of the ,church from the words of ,jesus4 ,the way to do this is indicated by our ,lord himself4 ,it consists in an extended analysis of the biblical idea of the kingdom of ,god4 ,in it is disclosed the inmost nature of the ,church and thereby the ultimate origin of her historical figure as instituted by ,christ1 or the principle of ,catholicism1 which is the object of our search4 ,my kingdom1 says the ,lord1 is not of this world2 that is to say1 its origin is not here1 and it is not established by the exercise of worldly power4 ,regnum meum non est hinc4 ,true1 the kingdom of ,christ is established in the midst of the world1 but it was not generated there3 from above1 from heaven1 it was planted in the world as a supernatural realm of grace4 ,therefore its existence and its extension is in no wise dependent on worldly power2 its foundations lie deeper1 in the principle of truth which has entered the world with ,christ4 ,for this cause came he into the world1 that he should bear witness unto the truth4 ,all they that are of the truth1 do him homage as their king1 and hear his kingly voice4 ,the same principle works in them as that of a new worship2 they worship the ,father in spirit and in truth4 ,but this elevated sense of truth in individual souls is the fruit of a higher form of being4 ,he that is of ,god heareth the words of ,god2 but they hear them not who are not of ,god4 ,the entrance into the kingdom of ,god therefore necessarily presupposes a new beginning of man's life1 a new birth of water and of the ,spirit4 ,wherever the kingdom of ,god obtains a foothold1 it assumes the form of an entirely new state of things1 of a new creation1 of the principle of a new mental activity1 a new nature of the spirit4 ,a transmutation of our souls1 such as just described1 necessarily involves a rupture with the natural man1 a discarding of the original individuality4 ,without this alteration we are impervious to the new light which is to enter our souls together with the kingdom of ,god4 ,this indispensable self-denial is accomplished by a two-fold instrumentality--by the love of ,god1 which is the first commandment1 and by the love of our neighbor as ourselves4 ,whoever is in this frame of mind is pronounced by ,jesus to be not far from the kingdom of ,god4 ,what has been said reveals another peculiarity of the kingdom of ,god on earth4 ,it is a supernatural kingdom4 ,at this point only do we fully comprehend the title of the ,church to #fgc the designation of the kingdom of heaven4 ,the kingdom of ,god historically manifested in the ,church is intimately connected with the intro-divine relations or the inmost life of the ,deity4 ,by admission into the ,church ,god the ,father translates us into the kingdom of his beloved ,son4 ,this is not merely an exercise of the creative love common to the three persons of the ,trinity4 ,on the contrary1 it is an evidence what manner of love the ,father hath bestowed upon us that we should be called the sons of ,god4 ,precisely in this is the peculiar supernatural character of this dispensation made manifest4 ,it is this supernatural characteristic of the ,church which accounts for the bestowal upon the ,church of the name of the coming realm of glory4 ,the germ of the latter is already contained in the existing ,church4 ,while1 for this reason1 the ,church visible is called the kingdom of heaven1 so the latter continues to bear the name of the ,church even in the splendor of its eternal glory4 ,this circumstance warrants the bold utterance of the apostle that our conversation is in heaven4 ,in the same sense it is laid down in the catechism of the council of ,trent that the ,church militant and the ,church triumphant are but two parts of the one ,church1 not two churches2 and with entire consistency the same authority speaks of the ,church militant as synonymous with the kingdom of heaven4 ,it is but another expression for the supernatural character of the ,church if she is called the ,jerusalem which is above1 even in her historical form and figure4 ,and precisely because this epithet applies to her1 she is free and is our mother4 ,the catholicity of the ,church1 her faculty of enfolding all mankind1 of being the spiritual mother of us all1 is owing to her supernatural character4 ,this doctrine of the supernaturalness of the ,church is the connecting link between the essence and the form of ,catholicism4 ,as the latter is supernatural in its character1 so must the form of its establishment bear a supernatural impress4 ,how can anything utterly supernatural attain an adequate form of expression by mere natural development8 ,it assumes a historical reality in so far only as it assumes simultaneously with its supernatural essence a corresponding supernatural image4 ,the form as well as the substance of the ,church must needs be the fruit of an immediate interposition of ,god1 because the substance must needs exercise its supernatural functions4 ,the idea just expressed may have been dimly present to the mind of ,moehler when he wrote3 ,but it is the conviction of ,catholics that this purpose of the divine revelation in ,christ ,jesus would not have been attained at all1 or at least would have been attained but very imperfectly1 if this embodiment of the truth had been but momentary1 and if the personal manifestation of the ,word had not been sufficiently powerful to give its tones the highest degree of intensified animation1 and the most perfect conceivable efficacy1 that is to say1 to breathe into it the breath of life1 and to create a union once more setting forth the truth in its vitality1 and remaining emblematically the conclusive authority for all time1 or1 in other words1 representing ,christ himself4 ,viewed in this light1 the historical manifestation of the ,church1 instituted ,matt4 xvi4 #ah1 #ai1 presents itself as a postulate of her essence4 ,because the ,church was essentially destined historically to manifest the kingdom of ,god1 the ,lord built her upon ,peter1 the rock4 ,a temporal establishment of the kingdom of heaven in the midst of this world required the divine installation of an individual keeper of the keys4 ,thus the idea of the papacy flows from that of a kingdom of ,god on earth4 ,if1 then1 this explanation presents ,catholicism as a supernatural kingdom1 and if this very attribute constitutes the characteristic feature of its being1 its inmost life and fundamental #fgd principle1 it is manifestly inadmissible to place the kingdom of ,god as established in the ,church on the same footing with the works of creation4 ,a juxtaposition like this would entirely ignore the vital essence of the ,church1 that is to say1 her superiority to nature4 ,the same distinction is overlooked by those who regard ,church and state as simply two manifestations of the same kingdom of ,god4 ,such is the point of view of a system of moral theology1 the influence of which upon the opinions prevailing among a considerable fraction of the present generation of theologians is not to be mistaken4 ,in the eye of that doctrine ,mosaism and ,christianism--state and ,church--both externally represent the kingdom1 and both represent one and the same kingdom2 the former the state rather in its negative1 the latter the ,church rather in its positive aspect4 ,and thus we have two great formations in which the kingdom on earth is made manifest1 ,church and state4 ,could ,hirscher have reached any other conclusion8 ,he regards it as his task to dispose of the question whether the germs of the divine kingdom1 like seeds1 are implanted in the character of man as in a fruitful soil1 and whether they can spring forth from it i4e41 from the character or nature of man himself and blossom as the kingdom of ,god4 ,although it is here said that ,god abode in man with his ,holy ,spirit and with its sanctifying grace1 yet the ,holy ,spirit or his grace is not made the foundation upon which the kingdom is erected2 that foundation is sought1 on the contrary1 in the divine powers infused into man at his creation4 ,god only assists at the upraising of the kingdom through them by dwelling in them for ever as the principle of divine guidance4 ,the logical inference from these premises1 which seek the germs of the kingdom of ,god as established on earth in human nature itself1 that is to say1 in the heavenly faculties inherent in man1 is well disclosed in the definition of the kingdom of ,god on earth given by ,petersen1 a theologian reared in the school of ,schleiermacher4 ,the kingdom of ,god on earth1 says he1 is at once ,church1 state1 and civilization1 i4e41 it is an organism of community in religion1 morals1 and society1 and by these three special organisms it essentially approaches1 develops1 and perfects its organic unity1 in organizing its religious principle in the ,church1 its moral framework in the state1 and its natural base in civilization1 thus in the unity of all three rounding its proportions as a universal organism of genuine humanity4 ,if the germs of the divine kingdom1 like seeds1 are implanted in the character of man as in a fruitful soil1 it is entirely consistent to regard the kingdom of ,god on earth as substantially identical with the idea of the human race1 as the realization of that idea4 ,it gives us pleasure to state that the notion of the kingdom of ,god on earth just alluded to has been declared unscriptural even in a ,protestant exegesis of greater thoroughness4 ,footnote #adh ,footnote #adh3 ,hofman1 ,schriftbeweis1 #ahee4 ,,iii4 ,,the ,,body ,,of ,,christ4 ,next to the idea of the kingdom of ,god1 the most significant expression for the inner essence of ,catholicism is found in the scriptural conception of the body of ,christ4 ,as his body1 the ,church is intimately connected with him4 ,christ and the ,church belong together as the head and the body2 both constitute a single whole4 ,this intimate relation between ,christ and the ,church is described by the ,scriptures in animated terms4 ,the ,church1 it says1 is for ,christ what our own body is for us2 as members of the ,church we are members of the body of ,christ1 of his flesh1 and of his bones4 ,on one occasion1 indeed1 the apostle uses the word ,christ as synonymous with the ,church1 so intimate is their relation4 #fge ,and it is the ,son of ,man1 or ,christ in his human capacity1 as whose body the ,church is regarded4 ,for as the head thereof the apostle designates him who was raised from the dead4 ,the ,church here enters into a profoundly intimate relation to the sacred humanity of ,christ4 ,we shall seek further profit from this idea in the sequel4 ,immediately after having called the ,church the body of ,christ1 he calls her the ,greek text4 ,this epithet results from the foregoing4 ,it is because she is the body of ,christ that the ,church is the ,greek text4 ,i translate these difficult words1 the fulness of him who filleth all in all4 ,god who filleth all things with his essential presence1 in whom we live1 and move1 and have our being1 hath his fulness in the ,church4 ,the ,church is entirely filled with ,god4 ,but how8 ,is not ,god1 in his very nature1 present everywhere8 ,how then can the ,church be filled with ,god in a greater degree than the world without8 ,as the body of ,christ1 she has this capacity4 ,for if the ,church1 as ,christ's body1 assumes a special relation1 peculiar to herself1 to his sacred humanity1 then1 by that very assumption1 she acquires a share in the ,greek text of the ,deity which dwells bodily in that sacred humanity4 ,she thereby becomes the spot where ,god is especially revealed and glorified4 ,for while ,god1 in the fulness of his nature1 is present over all the world1 nevertheless this presence is more largely apparent in the ,church than elsewhere4 ,by the ,church alone the manifold wisdom of ,god is known unto the principalities and powers in heavenly places4 ,in him is glory in the ,church by ,christ ,jesus throughout all ages1 world without end4 ,thus she stands approved as his pleroma1 as entirely filled with ,god4 ,but how are we to understand this repletion of the ,church with ,god8 ,it is well known that ,moehler sees in the visible ,church the ,son of ,god continually appearing among men in human form1 constantly re-creating1 eternally rejuvenating himself1 his perpetual incarnation4 ,in this sense he apprehends the scriptural conception of the body of ,christ1 the interpretation of the divine and the human in the ,church4 ,this proposition1 which has become celebrated1 was intended1 in the first instance1 to afford a more profound insight into the visibility of the ,church1 in addition to which it is inseparable from ,moehler's views on the subject of the means of grace4 ,in this twofold light we must make it the subject of examination4 ,moehler goes on to argue that1 if the ,church is a continuance of the incarnation1 she must be1 like the latter1 a visible one4 ,this can mean no more than that even as the ,son of ,god during his stay upon earth wrought visibly for mankind in the flesh1 so also the saving efficacy of ,christ1 abiding after his departure from the earth1 requires a visible medium4 ,such a point1 however1 ,protestantism is far from disputing4 ,in the separate congregations1 in their visible means of grace1 and in the audible exposition of the word of ,god1 even ,protestants admit that the efficacy of ,christ is visibly perpetuated1 and the idea of ,christianity and the ,church gradually realized4 ,every ,protestant denomination aspires to be the palpable image1 the living presentment1 of the ,christian religion4 ,moehler's conception of the ,son of ,god continually appearing among men in human form has even become a favorite theme of modern ,protestant theology4 ,this will appear from the mere perusal of the disquisitions on this head of the so-called ,christological school4 ,the advantage gained for the ,catholic interpretation amounts to nothing4 ,for the point is not that the efficacy of ,christ is perpetually exercised among men in a visible manner1 but it is in question whether this continued exercise ensues only in the fold of a particular institution1 and by particular means of grace4 ,moehler arrived at his doctrine in #fgf reference to the ,church through the medium of his views regarding the means of grace4 ,in his opinion the ,eucharistic descent of the ,son of ,god 7and the same must be inferred to apply to all the means of grace which it is the function of the ,church to administer ,footnote #adi7 is a part of the totality of his merit1 wherewith we are redeemed4 ,the sacramental offering of ,christ is the conclusion of his great sacrifice for us1 and in it all the other parts of the same sacrifice are to be bestowed upon us2 in this final portion of the objective offering1 the whole is to become subjective1 a part of our individual being4 ,but the incarnation of ,god1 or1 in other words1 the work of our salvation accomplished by ,christ during his walk upon earth1 stands in need of no continuation or completion by a posthumous labor of ,christ1 constituting a part of the totality of his merit1 wherewith we are redeemed4 ,the perpetual condescension of ,christ1 administered by the ,church1 to our helplessness1 does not form a complement to the objective work of salvation2 it is not an integral part of it1 but only its continued application4 ,christus says ,suarez1 jam vero nos non redimit1 sed applicat nobis redemptionem suam ,footnote #aej ,if this work of redemption were even now in progress--that is to say1 if the ,eucharistic descent of the ,son of ,god were a part of the totality of his merits1 wherewith we are redeemed1 then ,christ would not have fully taken away the sin of the world once for all on ,golgotha4 ,who would maintain such a proposition8 ,moehler would be the last man to do so4 ,he would therefore undoubtedly have renounced the opinion in question if these1 its logical results1 had presented themselves to his mind4 ,the sacramental offering of ,christ1 as indeed the whole of his perennial saving efficacy in the sacraments of the ,church1 wherewith we are saved1 is only the means by which it is applied to our salvation4 ,the ground of salvation for all mankind was perfected in the sufferings and death of ,christ4 ,the realization of salvation for individuals is accomplished by their appropriating to themselves the salvation purchased or achieved for all mankind by the precious blood of ,jesus ,christ2 a work in which1 undoubtedly1 ,christ himself co-operates as the head of the ,church4 ,footnote #adi3 ,for1 according to ,st4 ,thomas1 the ,eucharist is the perfectio omnis sacramenti1 habens quasi in capitulo et summo omnia1 quae alia sacramenta continent singillatim2 the perfection of the whole sacrament1 having as it were in an epitome and a summary all the virtues which1 other sacraments contain singly4--,,iv4 ,sent4 a4 #h4 q4 #a1 a4 #b1 solut4 #b ad4 #d4 ,footnote #aej3 ,at present ,christ does not redeem us1 but applies to us his redemption4 ,de ,incarnat41 ,par4 ,i41 ,disp4 #ci1 ,sec4 #c4 ,in this sense the apostle says that he fills up those things that are wanting of the sufferings of ,christ in his flesh4 ,by faithfully following ,christ1 we partake more and more of the fruits of redemption4 ,thus is ,christ likewise gradually fulfilled in the individual ,christians--that is to say1 he finds in them a more and more ample expression4 ,and in the same degree in which ,christ stamps himself upon the single members of the ,church1 the latter also is more and more filled with him4 ,scarce has the apostle declared of ,christ1 in ,col4 ii4 #i1 that in him dwelleth all the ,greek text of the ,godhead corporally1 when he turns to the ,colossians with the words1 ,and you are filled in--,god that is to say1 in him1 i4e4 in ,christ1 in so far as ye stand in communion with him1 which is the head of all principality and power4 ,this communion of individuals with ,christ1 and their attendant participation in the fulness of the ,godhead which dwelleth in him1 is accomplished by the instrumentality of the ,church1 particularly by the sacrament of baptism1 which incorporates the individual with the ,church4 ,verse #aj-ab3 ,et estis in illo repleti4 ,in quo et circumcisi estis1 circumcisione non manu facta1 sed in circumcisione ,christi1 consepulti ei in baptismo4 ,thus the ,church is seen to be the pleroma of the ,godhead in a twofold #fgg point of view4 ,first1 in her members1 which1 being gradually filled with ,god1 become partakers of the divine nature4 ,in the second place1 in the active cooperation of the ,church herself in the performance of this work4 ,in the first regard1 the repletion of the ,church with ,god is not a state attained once for all4 ,it is rather a process of measured growth ,greek text4 ,the measure of the age of the fulness of ,christ is the goal and the objective point of the entire development of the ,church4 ,it will be attained when every individual shall have become complete in ,christ1 and therewith also in his own person a pleroma of ,christ4 ,in the edifying of the body of ,christ1 or in the establishment of the ,church1 therefore1 we must work without repose till we all meet in the unity of the faith and of the knowledge of the ,son of ,god4 ,in this sense only can it be said that there is a progress in the ,church4 ,this continued development of ,catholicism the apostle regards as a gradual repletion of the single members of the ,church with all the fulness of ,god1 ,greek text4 ,we have as yet1 however1 come to know but the one phase of this relation of the ,church to ,christ1 or to the pleroma of the ,godhead4 ,the ,church is not only destined to present herself at the close of her historical development as the pleroma of him that filleth all in all2 she is even now entitled to this attribute1 by virtue of her essential character4 ,on this head we derive instruction from a nearer contemplation of the process of development in which the erection of the ,church is completed4 ,the whole body1 says the apostle1 meaning the body of ,christ himself1 maketh increase of the body unto the edifying of itself in charity4 ,the ,church therefore carries within herself1 in the inmost recesses of her being1 the principle and the germinal power of her whole development4 ,this fundamental principle of ,catholicism is ,christ himself1 who pervades the ,church as his body4 ,there is a subjective and an objective repletion of the ,church with ,christ4 ,the former progresses gradually1 in so far as the single members of the ,church assimilate themselves more and more to ,christ4 ,the latter is a given state of things from the first4 ,in it consists the most subtle essence of the ,church4 ,this objective presence of ,christ in her approves itself as the vital power of her growth4 ,the gradual ripening of the ,church therefore grows up into ,christ 7,greek text1 ,eph4 iv4 #ae7 on the one hand1 and proceeds from him 7,greek text7 on the other4 ,from him--that is to say1 by means of the vivifying influence of the ,son of ,god1 present in the ,church1 she maketh increase of herself unto the edifying of herself in charity4 ,it is the same idea1 when the apostle characterizes the growth of the ,church as an ,greek text1 an augmentum ,dei1 i4e41 a growth emanating from ,god4 ,god effects it1 but by the instrumentality of the ,church1 within her and as issuing from her4 ,for this purpose ,god hath installed her as his pleroma4 ,precisely because the ,church is filled with ,god1 or is his pleroma1 the members of the ,church may gradually become complete in him4 ,thus there is a development and a progress only for the individual members of the ,church4 ,she herself1 by virtue of her essential character1 is superior to development1 and acts as the impelling force of this development4 ,christianity has a history1 but it is not itself a history4 ,the essence of ,christianity1 which is that of the ,church1 is not a thing in process of formation1 it is a thing accomplished and perfect from the beginning4 ,the scriptural idea of the body of ,christ presents the principle of ,catholicism in a new light4 ,the ,church alone has ,christ for her head4 ,it is her exclusive privilege to be the body of ,christ4 ,this gives her a fellowship of life with ,christ1 by which she is distinguished from the world1 the #fgh latter sustaining to him no relation but that of subjection and dependence4 ,but upon what rests this privilege of the ,church8 ,why is she alone the body of ,christ1 the pleroma of the ,god-head8 ,christology must supply the fundamental reason4 ,according to the ,catholic dogma of the person of ,christ1 he filleth the universe only by virtue of his ,godhead4 ,with his life as the ,son of ,man he filleth only the ,church1 his body4 ,but how much more largely does ,god reveal himself by his personal inhabitation of the sacred humanity of ,christ than by the creative power wherewith he penetrateth and filleth all in all6 ,here a single ray1 a faint reflection of his glory1 flutters through the veil of created nature1 there the fulness of the ,godhead dwelleth bodily4 ,the idea of ,catholicism1 therefore1 coincides with that of fulness4 ,as the pleroma of him who filleth all in all1 the ,church harbors in her bosom a treasure1 the richness of which is inexhaustible4 ,every created thing1 every single period1 every particular phase of the culture of the human mind1 has some good attribute4 ,yet this attribute is a mere special advantage1 a peculiar quality1 a feeble reflex of the chief good1 a single ray of the shining sea of goodness inclosed in the unfathomable abyss of the divine essence1 of the fulness of the ,godhead4 ,the completeness of the revelation of ,god's goodness is found only in the sacred humanity of ,christ1 and therefore in the ,church4 ,hence the ,church is the highest good that is to be found on earth4 ,let the productions of the human mind1 at a given stage of its development1 be ever so glorious and sublime1 they can never supplant the pleroma of the ,church4 ,her wealth is fraught with all the possible results of the human intellect and imagination2 and these1 in the fulness of the ,church1 are intensified1 raised1 as it were1 to a higher power of goodness4 ,every production of the human mind is more or less in danger of falling short of the requirements of later ages4 ,the metal of all such fabrics needs to be recast from time to time1 as forms and fashions change4 ,in default of this1 it gradually degenerates into mere antiquity1 or1 in the most fortunate event1 it preserves only the character of an honored relic4 ,from this fate of all that comes into existence the ,church is exempt4 ,she alone is ever young1 and always on a level with the times4 ,this qualifies her to be the teacher of the world from age to age4 ,hence1 also1 she is enabled to minister an appropriate remedy for the disease of every generation4 ,how1 then1 can a movement which makes war on the ,church claim to be an advance of the human mind in the right direction8 ,the interests of true civilization will never interfere with those of the ,church4 ,as well that the ,church is the body of ,christ as that in her is the fulness of him who filleth all in all--both of these attributes adhere to her in virtue of her divine foundation4 ,thus ,catholicism1 whose fundamental principle we have contemplated in this twofold scriptural aspect1 is not the product of the combination of any external circumstances4 ,it is grounded in the very idea of the ,church1 in the inmost depths of her being4 ,therefore she remains the ,catholic ,church in every vicissitude of her external condition1 whether in the splendor of princely honors1 or under the crushing weight of ,neronic persecution4 ,if1 then1 ,catholicism is of the essence of the ,church1 the momentous conclusion is irresistible1 that the true ,church is capable of realization in such an image only as enables her to present herself in her essential feature of catholicity4 ,it follows that the papacy1 as necessary to the ,catholic manifestation of the ,church1 is imperatively demanded by the law of her being4 ------ #fgi ,from ,once a ,week4 ,,the ,,cathedral ,,library4 ,it is now between forty and fifty years ago that ,i obtained leave from the dean and chapter of ,winterbury ,cathedral to read for some weeks in their cathedral library4 ,the editions of the fathers and of some important middle-age writers which are preserved in that quiet library boast of peculiar excellence1 and ,i well remember the exultation with which ,i1 then a very young man1 received news of the desired information to ransack those treasures4 ,having secured a small lodging in the close1 or cathedral enclosure1 ,i set out for ,winterbury early in the year #ahb-4 ,through the kindness of one of the canons1 who seldom had to consult the library on his own account1 ,i was provided with a key to the library buildings1 and allowed to keep undisturbed possession of it as long as my visit lasted4 ,this key gave access not only to the library1 but to all parts of the cathedral likewise1 including even the cloisters1 so that ,i was able to let myself in and out of the noble edifice at all hours of the day or night1 and to ramble unchallenged through aisle1 crypt1 stalls1 triforium1 and organ-loft4 ,i have never forgotten1 and shall never forget1 the day on which ,i first took my seat in the room which was to be the special scene of my labors4 ,the library lay on the south side of the cathedral1 being a lower continuation of the south transept1 and forming one side of the cloister court4 ,it was obviously1 therefore1 raised above the height of the cloister vaulting1 and it was reached by a flight of stairs opening into the cathedral itself4 ,narrowness 7it measured about eighty feet by thirty71 and a certain antique collegiate air 7and smell1 too1 to be perfectly accurate7 about the bindings of the books and the coverings of the chairs1 were its chief characteristics4 ,there was a bust of ,cicero at one end1 and of ,seneca at the other4 ,some smaller busts of the principal ,greek fathers adorned the side-shelves1 and a dingy portrait of the judicious ,hooker abode in a musty frame over the heavy stone mantelpiece4 ,the fender itself was of stone1 or rather the fireplace was not protected by a fender at all1 but by a small stone wall1 about three inches thick and six inches high1 which afforded blissful repose to the outstretched foot4 ,one ,april evening1 shortly after sunset1 when there was still daylight enough to read the titles on the backs of books1 ,i walked across the close in order to fetch and bring away with me a couple of volumes of which ,i stood in need4 ,it was an hour when the grand old cathedral is accustomed to put on its very best appearance4 ,the heaven-kissing spire and the far lower1 but beautiful1 western towers are tinted with the faint rose color which suits old stonework so admirably2 and the deep gloom of the cloisters1 tempered by the glow from the noble piles of masonry overhead1 makes it possible and easy to realize some of the rapturous visions of the recluse4 ,i passed as usual down the nave1 and having ascended the little staircase1 let myself into the library1 and was on the point of attacking the necessary bookshelf1 when instead of placing the key in my pocket1 as it was my habit to do1 ,i tossed it carelessly on to the sill of an adjoining window4 ,the woodwork of the library was by no means in a sound condition1 and between the inner edge of the sill and the wall there was a wide chink1 opening down into unseen depths of distance4 ,into this chink1 impelled by my evil genius1 or by one of the ghostly beings that 7as #fhj ,i was assured by the verger7 haunt the library and cloisters1 down tumbled my unlucky key4 ,i saw it disappear with a sharp twinge of vexation1 principally1 however1 at the thought of the time and trouble that would be consumed in bringing it to light again4 ,to-morrow1 ,i said to myself1 ,i shall be forced to get a carpenter to remove this sill1 and rake up the key from heaven knows where2 while smirking ,mr4 ,screens1 the verger1 will watch the whole proceeding1 and insinuate with silent suavity a doubt whether ,i am a fit person to be entrusted with ,canon ,doolittle's key4 ,it was not until ,i had come down from the short ladder with the books under my arm1 and1 warned by the deepening shades1 was about to leave the library1 that the full effect of the key's disappearance presented itself to my mind4 ,the outer gate and inner door of the nave had been carefully shut by me1 according to custom1 on entering the cathedral4 ,all the gates and doors were fitted with a spring-lock1 so that without my key ,i was double-locked into the building4 ,my first thought was one of amusement1 and ,i fairly laughed aloud at my own perplexity4 ,it seemed an impossible and inconceivable thing that one might really have to pass the entire night in this situation4 ,presently ,i left the library1 the door of which ,i had not shut on entering1 and went down the staircase into the transept1 and then into the nave4 ,i carefully tried the inner door1 but without effect4 ,i had done my duty on entering1 and it was hopelessly and mercilessly fastened against me4 ,resolved on maintaining unbroken self-possession1 ,i returned to the library4 ,it was now quite dark1 the only light being that reflected from the shafts of the cloisters1 on which the moonbeams were now beginning to fall4 ,i sat down in a large arm-chair which stood at one end of the library table1 and thought over all the possible means of extricating myself from an unexpected durance4 ,should ,i go up to the belfry in the north-western tower and toll one of the bells until the verger1 roused from his first sleep1 should come to see what was the matter8 but even this ,i could not do without the key1 which would be required to open the door at the entrance of the tower4 ,or should ,i make my way into the organ-loft1 and filling the bellows quite full1 strike a succession of loud chords1 until the music might attract the attention of some passer-by8 this might be done1 but it would be a perilous experiment4 ,half ,winterbury would be seized with the belief that their old cathedral was haunted4 ,the organ-loft would be invaded by vergers1 beadles1 and constables--there were no blue-coated police in those days-- and ,i should move about the ancient city ever after with the stigma of a madcap on my head4 ,people would nod knowingly to one another as ,i passed1 and significantly tap their foreheads1 by way of hinting that ,i was a little touched4 ,canon ,doolittle would recall his key1 and abstain from inviting me to his hospitable table4 ,gradually1 therefore1 ,i gave up the scheme of saving myself by means of the organ2 and the belfry being already set aside1 no other resource remained but to stay where ,i was1 and quietly to pass the hours as best ,i could until ,mr4 ,screens should open the doors at about half-past six in the morning1 ready for the seven o'clock prayers in the ,lady chapel4 ,i was luckily undisturbed by any fears arising from the possible anxiety of my landlady4 ,winterbury is near the sea2 and ,i had on more than one occasion spent the greater part of the night on the cliffs1 watching the glorious moonlit effects upon the romantic coast scenery of that district4 ,these ,mrs4 ,jollisole was accustomed to call my coast-guard nights2 and ,i made no doubt that1 should ,i fail to appear1 the sensible old lady would go contentedly to bed1 supposing me to have mounted guard on the cliffs4 ,i therefore lost no time in composing myself1 if not to sleep1 at any rate to an attempt at sleep4 ,the library table was always surrounded by an #fha array of solemn old oak chairs1 padded with cushions of yellowish leather1 and looking as though--if their own opinion were consulted--no mortal man of lower degree than a prebendary should ever be allowed to seat himself upon them4 ,at each end of the table there was a chair of a superior order--a couple of deans1 as it were1 keeping high state amidst the surrounding canons4 ,these chairs were made of precisely the same kind of oak1 and covered with leather of exactly the same yellowish tinge as the others1 but their whole design was larger and more imposing1 and what was of the most consequence to me in my present position--they were arm-chairs1 affording opportunity for all manner of easy and sleep-inviting postures4 ,throwing myself into one of these dignified receptacles1 ,i soon fell asleep1 and soon afterward took to dreaming4 ,leaning in my dream on the sill of the library window1 ,i fancied myself to be gazing down into a peaceful church-yard4 ,one by one1 like gleams of moonlight in the dark shade of the surrounding cloisters1 ,i saw a number of young girls assemble1 and fall with easy exactitude into rank1 as if about to take part in a procession4 ,each slender figure was draped in the purest white muslin1 with a veil of the same material arranged over the head1 and partially concealing the face4 ,just as one sees at the present day in ,roman ,catholic churches at the more important fetes1 the procession was arranged according to the gradations of height4 ,the very young children were in the front1 and as the other end of the line was approached1 the pretty white figures grew gradually taller1 until girls of eighteen or nineteen brought up the rear4 ,they presently began to move1 and it was clear that they were about to take part in some solemn office for the dead4 ,with two priests at their head1 they made the circuit of the cloisters1 moving along with graceful regularity of step4 ,between each pair of the slender columns of the cloister building1 ,i imagined that a small stone basin 7or benitier7 was set1 standing on a low pedestal1 and filled with holy water4 ,each girl walking on the side next to these basins was furnished with a small broom of feathers1 like those which may at any time be seen in the ,continental churches4 ,dipping these brooms from time to time into the basins of water1 they waved them in beautiful harmony with their own harmonious movements1 sprinkling the ancient monumental slabs over which they were stepping4 ,they sang to a strain of rare melody the familiar words of ,requiem ,a,eternam4 ,presently they seemed to change time and tune1 and to sing a hymn of many verses1 each verse ending with a refrain4 ,a single voice would give the verse1 but all joined together in the plaintive music of the refrain3 ,through life's long day and death's dark night1 ,o gentle ,jesus6 be our light6 ,i have heard much music1 secular and sacred1 since then2 but ,i know of no musical effect which abides with me so constantly as that imagined chanting of young voices heard long ago4 ,one girl in particular attracted my attention as ,i dreamt4 ,she was one of the pair who closed the procession1 and was of a commanding height and extremely elegant figure4 ,she had1 as it seemed to me1 taken excessive precaution in drawing her ample veil closely around her head and face1 99 99 99 99 ,on a sudden ,i awoke4 ,there1 in one of the decanal arm-chairs1 ,i was sitting--in an easy1 familiar posture1 as if ,i had been myself a dean-- and there beside me1 close at hand1 within reach of my outstretched arm1 was a tall figure in white1 clearly a female form1 and the precaution had been taken of drawing an ample veil closely around the head and face4 ,any one but an imbecile would have acted as ,i did1 though ,i remember taking some credit to myself at the time for my coolness and presence of mind4 ,i simply sat still and stared2 and by degrees ,i observed1 ,i conned4 ,years before1 in my boyhood1 ,i had walked a good #fhb deal on the stretch2 and ,i had known what it was in ,north ,devon to wake up upon the middle of the night1 to feel the hard1 unyielding turf underneath one's back1 and see and gaze1 gaze wistfully upon the bright unanswering stars above one's head4 ,even then one could divine the true value of a bed4 ,but to wake on the downs in the small hours is a trifle compared with waking in a cathedral any time between dew and dawn4 ,more especially when1 as was my case1 you have a ghost at your elbow4 ,not that my ghost remained long stationary4 ,she did not4 ,starting from my arm-chair1 she began a survey of the shelves by moonlight in so active and business-like a manner that ,i felt no doubt1 given her quondam or present mortality1 she was or had been a blue4 ,in five minutes1 my powers of decision were wide awake1 and the question of her mortality was settled4 ,she was not a thing of the past1 but alive as ,i myself was2 and the only scruple was1 how or how soon to awaken her from her somnambulist's dream4 ,while ,i was debating with myself the best means to pursue1 she suddenly passed out of the library door on to the stone staircase4 ,my alarm was now fairly excited4 ,she had two courses to pursue in her sensational career--,i employ the word in a more correct use than it is commonly put to4 ,she might either turn downward toward the floor of the church itself1 in which case she could do herself little or no harm2 or she could mount the ascending staircase1 and reach an outward parapet1 with heaven knew what mad scheme in view1 before ,i had time to overtake her4 ,she chose the second alternative1 and--she leading1 ,i following--we mounted the lofty staircase that leads to the base of the spire4 ,i was aware that the door at the top of this particular ascent was not furnished with a lock2 it was fastened by a simple bolt1 and ,i had little doubt that my sleep-walking friend would shoot that bolt back as readily as she had taken down and replaced the books on the library shelves4 ,my greatest fear was that she might begin playing some mad prank upon the parapet before ,i was sufficiently near to arrest her movements4 ,i need hardly add that1 influenced by the dread of consequences commonly said to follow on a sudden awakening from a fit of somnambulism1 ,i inwardly resolved to try every means of humoring and coaxing my companion down again to terra firma1 and only as a last resort to attempt arousing her4 ,in a few moments we stood side by side on the platform looking down on ,winterbury1 which lay outstretched in the white moonlight4 ,it was a tranquil and beautiful scene4 ,there was the church of ,st4 ,werburgh1 a noble monument of thirteenth century building1 which would attract instantaneous admiration anywhere but under the shadow of ,winterbury cathedral4 ,there was the fine old market-place1 with the carved stone pump at which ,cromwell drank as he passed through the city2 and the charmingly quaint guildhall1 and the ruins of the abbey skirting the river in the distance4 ,i was not permitted1 however1 long to enjoy the prospect4 ,before ,i could lift a finger to arrest her rapid movements1 my mysterious companion had stepped lightly on to the parapet1 and began a quick and perfectly unembarrassed walk around it4 ,dreading the experiment of forcible rescue1 it occurred to me to try the effect of quietly accosting her1 and endeavoring--by humoring her present mental condition--to decoy her away from her perilous amusement4 ,it was an awful moment of suspense4 ,should she lose her balance and her life1 it would be next to impossible for me ever totally to clear up the enigmatical circumstance of my having been actually present by her side during that weird moonlit dance upon the parapet4 ,if1 on the other hand1 ,i were to seize and lift her from the top-stone1 she might rouse the whole close with frightful screams1 she might faint--might even die--in my arms1 or from the shock of sudden awakening she might lose her reason4 #fhc ,but there was no time to stand balancing chances4 ,accordingly1 ,i gently drew toward her side1 and said1 in as easy and collected a tone as ,i could command1 ,i think we left the library door unlocked2 before you complete your rounds1 had we not better go down the stairs and secure it8 ,having been allowed the entry of the cathedral1 ,i think we are bound in honor to shut doors after us4 ,to be sure1 she replied1 and instantly1 to my intense relief1 dropped cleverly down into the space between the parapet and the lower courses of the spire4 ,to be sure1 the door should be locked at once4 ,let us go down4 ,i cannot make out who you are4 ,in none of my former visits to the cathedral have ,i met you2 but you seem to be no intruder1 and ,i will certainly go down and secure the door as you suggest4 ,all this was uttered quickly and easily1 but with an abstracted air1 and without the slightest motion of her steadfast eyes4 ,while still speaking1 she stooped under the low door-way at the stair-head1 and began to descend4 ,i followed1 busily devising plans for preventing any fresh ascent1 and yet still avoiding the necessity of breaking the curious spell which bound her4 ,we reached the library door4 ,to my surprise1 she produced a key of her own1 and was about to turn the lock1 when ,i remembered that at this rate ,i should be deprived for the rest of the night of my only comforts1 the warm atmosphere of the library and the decanal arm-chair4 ,i therefore extemporized a bold stroke4 ,excuse me1 ,i said1 ,i have left my hat and a few papers inside1 and having a canon's key1 ,i will save you the trouble of locking up4 ,but permit me to suggest that it is still very early in ,april and the night is cold4 ,why not give up the rest of your walk for to-night1 and return again on one the glorious nights in ,may or ,june8 ,without uttering a syllable in reply1 she turned on her heel1 and began slowly descending the staircase into the transept4 ,my curiosity was now fairly on the alert1 and ,i resolved to unravel the mystery1 at least so far as to discover by what means she would leave the cathedral1 and in what direction she would go4 ,stepping for a moment inside the library1 ,i hastily but quietly slipped off my shoes on the matting of the floor1 and followed her barefoot and silent4 ,she was just stepping from the staircase into the transept1 when ,i caught sight of her again4 ,with the same steady and self-possessed action which she had displayed throughout1 she crossed the transept1 and made straight for a small postern door which led1 as ,i knew1 into the garden of the bishop's palace4 ,this she unlocked1 and ,i made sure that1 having passed through1 she would lock it again behind her4 ,whether1 however1 she was a little forgetful that night1 or whether the unexpected rencontre with a stranger had ruffled the tranquil serenity of her trance1 it so happened that she omitted to turn the lock1 and ,i was able1 after gently reopening the door1 to trace her progress still further4 ,under the noble cedars of the episcopal gardens1 past long flower-beds and fresh-mown lawns1 ,i followed her barefoot1 until we arrived within a few yards of the hinder buildings of the palace4 ,here ,i stopped under the dark shade of a cedar1 and watched my companion walk coolly up to a little oaken1 iron-clamped door1 open it1 and disappear within the house4 ,then of course ,i retraced my steps toward the cathedral4 ,but stopping again under one of the magnificent cedars1 ,i could not avoid a few moments' reflection on the exceedingly odd position into which accident had brought me4 ,here was ,i1 alone and barefooted1 standing1 at two o'clock in the morning1 on the lawn of the palace1 where ,i had no more business than ,i had at the top of the spire2 and the only place in which ,i could find shelter for the night was the cathedral itself1 a building #fhd that most people would rather avoid than enter during the small hours4 ,the queerness of my situation1 however1 did not prevent me from enjoying to the full the extreme loveliness of the gardens1 and the glorious view of the splendid edifice1 rising white and clear in the moonlight above their shady alleys and recesses4 ,on regaining the library1 ,i dozed away the remainder of the dark hours in the same commodious arm-chair1 and as soon as the bell began to toll for the seven o'clock prayers1 ,i passed unnoticed out of the building and regained my lodgings4 ,been keeping a coast-guard night1 sir8 said ,mrs4 ,jollisole1 as she set the breakfast things in order4 ,why1 yes1 ,mrs4 ,jollisole1 ,i answered2 ,i did enjoy some rather extensive prospects last night4 ,and that was all that passed4 ,i had fixed it in my own mind that ,i would keep my own counsel strictly until ,i should have called at the palace1 and communicated the whole of the circumstances in confidence to the bishop1 with whom ,i was slightly acquainted4 ,this plan ,i carried into effect in the course of the morning4 ,his lordship was at home1 and listened with his customary kindness and courtesy to the whole of my romantic recital4 ,just as ,i was finishing1 his study door opened1 and a young lady entered1 dressed in black1 tall1 and strikingly beautiful1 though looking pale and fagged4 ,glancing at me she gave a slight start1 and taking a book from one of the shelves1 instantly left the room1 after a few muttered words of apology for disturbing the bishop4 ,it was my companion of the library and the tower4 ,i see1 said his lordship1 that you have recognized the ghost4 ,that young lady is an orphan niece of mine1 and has been brought up in my house from her infancy4 ,never strong1 she has reduced what vigor she possesses by her ardent love of books1 and her intellectual interest is awake to all kinds of subjects4 ,she is equally unwearied in visiting amongst the poor1 and often returns home from her rounds in a state of exhaustion from which it is difficult to rouse her4 ,about a twelvemonth ago we first noticed the appearance of a tendency to somnambulism4 ,she was removed for several weeks to the sea-side1 and we began to hope that a permanent improvement had set in4 ,a severe loss1 however1 which she has lately sustained1 has1 ,i fear1 done her great injury1 and here is proof of the old malady returning4 ,we are indebted to you1 sir1 added the kind old man1 for your judicious and thoughtful way of proceeding under the circumstances of last night1 and for at once putting me in possession of the details1 which will enable me to take the necessary precautions4 ,before leaving the bishop's company1 ,i begged him to go with me into the cathedral1 and to be present while a carpenter removed the woodwork of the library window in order to recover the key4 ,this he consented at once to do1 and we crossed the gardens by the very route which the ghost and ,i had traversed during the night4 ,on removing the panelling1 we found that the depth of the chink was comparatively trifling1 and the key was soon seen shining among the dust4 ,i was further gratified by another discovery1 which1 together with the extreme pleasure that it gave the bishop1 quite indemnified me for my night's imprisonment4 ,we noticed1 partially concealed by rubbish in a niche of the wall below the panelling1 the corner of a vellum covering4 ,on further examination1 this proved to be a ,,ms4 copy of ,st4 ,matthew's ,gospel1 not indeed of the most ancient date1 but adorned with very rare and curious illumination1 and making an excellent addition to the stores of the library4 ,after a tete-a-tete dinner that evening with the friendly bishop1 we spent a pleasant hour or two in a thorough inspection of the newly-found treasure4 ,it was little more than a month afterward that ,i heard the great bell in the western tower toll the tidings #fhe of a death4 ,one week more1 and a sorrowing procession of school-children and women of the alms-houses filed from the transept into the quiet cloister-ground1 there to bury the last remains of one who would seem to have been to them in life a loving and much-loved friend4 ,it was so4 ,the eager brain and the yearning heart1 worn out with unequal labors1 were laid to rest for ever4 ,the bishop's frail nursling was dead4 ---- ,from ,the ,month4 ,,catholic ,,philosophy ,,in ,,the ,,thirteenth ,,century ,the errors of the present day are generally the consequences of some false principle admitted long ago1 and many may be traced clearly to the calamities of the sixteenth century4 ,one of these is1 that the mediaeval learning preserved 7as was declared at the ,council of ,trent7 chiefly among the monks was in its nature useless and trifling1 fitted only to amuse ignorant and narrow-minded men in the darkness of the middle ages1 and consisted in certain metaphysical speculations and logical quibbles1 called scholastic teaching4 ,several ,french writers have done much to disabuse men of this prejudice1 by making known the amount of knowledge and science attained by mediaeval scholars1 whose works are despised because they are too scarce to be read1 and perhaps too deep to be understood in a less studious age4 ,one of these champions of he truth is ,ozanam1 who has traced with a master-hand the preservation of all that was valuable in antiquity1 through the downfall of the empire2 and he has rendered a subject which otherwise it would have been presumption to approach a plain matter of history1 which the reader has only to receive1 like other facts2 so that we see how1 under the safeguard of the ,church1 the same powers which were formerly used in vain by the philosophers for the discovery of truth1 were successfully used for the attainment its deeper mysteries4 ,but all that is human is marked by imperfection2 and the very instinct which led philosophers to feel after their ,creator1 and seek that supreme good for which we were created1 was misled by errors which all ultimately ended in infidelity4 ,it is not necessary to dwell on these4 ,a few words will remind the classical scholar that the ,ionian school1 which sought truth by experiment1 through the perception of the senses1 leads to fatalism and pantheism2 while ,pythagoras1 who sought by reason and the sciences him who is above and beyond their sphere1 left the disappointed reason in a state of doubt and indifference1 or else despair4 ,plato alone pursued a course of safety4 ,taking the existence of ,god as a truth derived perhaps from patriarchal teaching1 he used the ,socratic method of induction only for the destruction of falsehood1 and received with fearless candor all that the poets taught of superhuman goodness and beauty2 for though the symbolism of the poets degenerated into disgusting idolatry1 they have been called the truest of heathen teachers4 ,it is well known how ,aristotle strengthened the reasoning power2 but the mighty power had no object on which to put forth its strength1 and the more noble minds rejected at once both reasoning and experiment1 and sought for religion in the mysticism of ,alexandria4 ,such was the wreck and waste of all that man could do without revelation1 #fhf and so sickening was the disappointment1 that ,st4 ,augustin would fain have closed the ,christian schools to ,virgil and ,cicero1 which he loved once too well2 but ,st4 ,gregory1 brought up as he was a ,roman and a ,christian1 had nothing to repent of or to destroy1 and classic letters were preserved by ,christians4 ,ozanam found pleasure in believing that ,christianity1 while as yet concealed in the catacombs1 was in all senses undermining ancient ,rome1 and that it had an ameliorating effect on the ,stoic1 which was then the best sect of the philosophers2 so that ,seneca1 instead of following the lantern of ,zeno1 who confused the natures of ,god and man1 learnt from ,st4 ,paul not only to distinguish them1 but also the relation in which man regards his ,creator and ,father1 whom he serves with free-will and love1 by subduing his body to the command of his soul4 ,but the pride of philosophy may be modified without being subdued4 ,the principle of heathenism is the antagonist of ,christianity3 one is from man1 and for man2 the other from ,god1 and for ,god4 ,it was the object of ,st4 ,paul and the first fathers of the ,church to liberate the intellect as well as the affections from perversion1 and to teach how the treasures of antiquity might be used by ,christians for religion1 as the spoils of ,egypt and the luxurious perfumes of the ,magdalen4 ,and after the fierce battle of ,christianity with paganism was over1 the triumph of the ,church was completed under ,constantine by the ,christianization of literature2 that is1 by using in the service of truth all those powers which had been wasted in the ineffectual efforts for its discovery4 ,a mixed mass of ancient learning was saved from the wreck of the ,roman world2 and as ,pope ,boniface preserved the splendid temple of the ,pantheon1 and dedicated it to the worship of ,god glorified in his saints1 so the doctors of the ,church employed the logic and eloquence of the philosophers without adopting their theories4 ,this was not always easy1 and some1 like ,origen and ,tertullian1 fell into error2 for the distinctive character of ,christian teaching is to be dogmatic1 not argumentative1 submitting the conclusions of reason to the decisions of inspired authority1 and the province of reason has bounds which it cannot pass4 ,gradually a ,christian literature arose4 ,not only in the still classical ,roman schools1 but in those of ,constantinople1 ,asia1 and ,africa1 pagan writings were used as subservient to the training of ,christian authors1 and the fourth century was the golden age of intellect as well as sanctity4 ,the fathers employed their classical training in the study of the ,holy ,scriptures2 but1 according to the true principle of sacred study1 they sought from ,almighty ,god himself the grace which alone can direct the use of the intellectual powers4 ,from the three senses of ,holy ,scripture 7says ,st4 ,bonaventure1 in a passage quoted by ,ozanam out of his ,redactio ,artium ad ,theologiam7 descended three schools of ,scriptural teaching4 ,the allegorical1 which declares matters of faith1 in which ,st4 ,augustin was a doctor1 and in which he was followed by ,st4 ,anselm and others1 who taught by discussion4 ,the moral1 on which ,st4 ,gregory founded his preaching and taught men the rule of life1 in which he was followed by ,st4 ,bernard who belongs also to the mystical school and by a host of preachers4 ,while from the third or analogical sense1 ,st4 ,dionysius taught by contemplation the manner in which man may unite himself to ,god4 ,ozanam names a chain of authors as belonging to this school of ,boethius1 who on the eve of martyrdom wrote the consolations of that sorrow which is concealed under the illusions of the world2 ,isidore1 ,bede1 ,rabanus1 ,anselm1 ,bernard1 ,peter ,damian1 ,peter the ,lombard1 who rejoiced 'to cast his sentences like the widow's mite into the treasury of the temple1 ,hugo1 and ,richard of ,st4 ,victor1 ,peter the ,spaniard1 ,albert1 ,st4 ,bonaventure1 and ,st4 ,thomas4 #fhg ,under the barbarian rule1 all the intellectual1 an well as the devout1 took sanctuary in the cloister2 so that when the ,arian ,lombards attacked the centre of ,christendom1 they were opposed only by the teaching and discipline of the ,church as perfected by ,st4 ,gregory2 and the power of these must have been supernatural1 as the influence of letters was nearly lost in ,rome4 ,then1 in defence of the faith1 ,st4 ,benedict marshalled a new band of devoted champions in the mountains of ,subiaco1 and he made it a part of their duty to preserve the treasures of learning1 and to employ them in the service of religion2 and these monks1 says ,ozanam1 who spent six hours in choir1 transcribed in their cells the historians and even the poets of ,greece and ,rome1 and bequeathed to the middle ages the most valuable writings of antiquity4 ,it is agreed by all that ,charlemagne was the founder of the middle ages2 and he opened the schools in which theology was formed into a science1 and gained the title of scholastics4 ,alcuin was the instrument by whom ,charlemagne remodelled ,european literature1 with the authority of the ,church and councils1 tradition and the fathers4 ,of these the ,greek were little known west of ,constantinople2 and the chief representative of the ,latin fathers was ,st4 ,augustin4 ,there were a few later writers1 as ,boethius on the ,consolation of ,philosophy1 and ,cassidorus1 who wrote ,de ,septem ,disciplinis4 ,every one knows1 says ,ozanam1 that when ,europe was robbed of ancient literature by the invasion of barbarians1 the remains of science1 saved by pious hands1 were divided into seven arts1 and enclosed in the ,trivium and ,quadrivium4 ,these arts were grammar1 rhetoric1 logic1 and mathematics1 which last comprehended arithmetic and geometry1 music and astronomy4 ,the establishment of public schools in cent1 ix41 says ,ozanam1 assisted the progress of reasoning1 till it became in itself an art capable of being employed indifferently to prove either side of an argument4 ,the science of words was no longer that of grammar1 but became dialectics2 and words were used lightly as a mere play of the intellect1 or as a mechanical process to analyze truth4 ,but it can never be lawful for a ,christian to discuss what has been revealed1 as though it were possible that those who reject it may be right2 nor to consider truth as an open question1 which is still to be decided1 and may be sought by those rules of reasoning which had been laid down by ,aristotle for the discovery of what was as yet unknown4 ,it was for this reason that1 as ,ozanam says1 ,tertullian called ,aristotle the patriarch of heretics2 yet his rules of reasoning were right1 and the error lay in using them amiss4 ,thus the ,manichaeans reasoned when they should have believed1 and the ,paulicians subjected the ,holy ,scriptures to their own interpretation1 and rejected all that was above their comprehension2 and thus in after-times did the ,albigenses1 and then the ,protestants of the sixteenth1 and the ,liberals of the nineteenth1 century4 ,it was in #hia that ,paschasius wrote1 for the instruction of his convent1 a treatise on the ,holy ,eucharist1 in which he proved by reasoning that doctrine which the whole world believes and confesses2 but he was contradicted by ,ratram1 who first put forth the heresy that the real presence is only figurative1 and then the ,church pronounced the dogma of transubstantiation4 ,from that time theologians were obliged to confute the intellectual heresies of philosophers by fighting1 as on common ground1 with the weapons of argument which were used by both1 in order to defend the doctrines which had been hitherto declared simply and by authority1 as by our ,lord himself4 ,now1 says ,ozanam1 mysteries were subjected to definitions1 and revelation was divided into syllogisms4 ,and as the love of argument 'increased1 the disputants took up the question which #fhh had been discussed among heathen philosophers as to the abstract existences which are called universal forms or ideas2 types of created things eternally existing in the mind of ,god1 according to the teaching of ,st4 ,bonaventure4 ,and when these were discovered by metaphysics1 logic was exercised upon them2 and a dispute arose as to whether truth exists independently of the perceptions of man4 ,the ,platonists asserted that it does1 and this belief1 which they called idealism1 was held by the divines1 and was called realism1 while those who denied that it exists independently of man were said to be nominalists4 ,in modern days the dispute of realism and nominalism is laughed at as an idle war of words2 but the war is1 in truth1 on principles1 and still divides the orthodox and unbeliever1 and the names of realism and nominalism are only changed for objective and subjective truth4 ,a painful experience had long prevailed that the spirit of controversy is destructive of devotion2 and the more devout1 weary of the wars of philosophers1 rejected logic1 and found in the mystic school that repose which had been sought even by heathens in a counterfeit mysticism1 in which the evil powers deluded men by imitating divine inspirations4 ,according to ,ozanam1 ,christian mysticism is idealism in its most brilliant form1 which seeks truth in the higher regions of spontaneous inspiration2 and he goes on to explain1 from the writings of ,st4 ,dionysius1 that its nature is contemplative1 ascetic1 and symbolical4 ,it is contemplative1 as it brings man into the presence of the immense indivisible ,god1 from whom all power1 life1 and wisdom descend upon man through the hierarchies of the angels and through the ,church1 and whose divine influences act in nine successive spheres through all the gradations between existence and nothing4 ,it is ascetic1 as it acts on the will through the link which connects the body with the mind1 and regulates the passions through the inferior part of the soul4 ,this medicine of souls was taught by the fathers of the desert1 who were followed by all the mystic doctors2 and it was on this reciprocal action of physics and morals that ,st4 ,bonaventure afterward wrote the ,compendium4 ,it is symbolic1 because it takes the creation as a symbol of spiritual things1 and the external world as the shadow of what is invisible4 ,the union of man with ,god is the object and fullness of the knowledge which regards both the divine and human nature1 and levels all intellects in the immediate presence of ,god4 ,this was imparted to ,adam1 and restored by ,christ our ,lord1 who left it in the keeping of the ,church4 ,the first uninspired teacher of this mystic theology is thought to have been ,dionysius the ,areopagite1 and the martyred ,bishop of ,athens1 or1 as some say1 of ,paris4 ,in the festival of his martyrdom it is declared that he wrote books1 which are admirable and heavenly1 concerning the divine names1 the heavenly and ecclesiastical hierarchy1 and on mystical theology4 ,ozanam quotes a fragment from his writings1 which teaches that the indivisibility of ,god is intangible by mathematical abstractions of quantity1 and indefinable by logic1 because definition is analysis2 and it is incomparable1 because there are no terms of comparison4 ,the teaching of ,st4 ,dionysius was not forgotten when the knowledge of ,greek was lost in the west4 ,he was succeeded in this religious and ,christian philosophy by ,st4 ,anselm in the eleventh century4 ,in his ,monologium1 ,de ,ratione ,fidei1 he supposes an ignorant man to be seeking the truth with the sole force of his reason1 and disputing in order to discover a truth hitherto unknown4 ,every one1 for the most part1 he says1 if he has moderate understanding1 may persuade himself1 by reason alone1 as to what we necessarily believe of ,god2 and this he may do in many ways1 each according to that best suited to himself2 #fhi and he goes on to say that his own mode consists in deducing all theological truths from one point--the being of ,god4 ,all the diversity of beautiful1 great1 and good things supposes an ideal one or unity of beauty1 and this unity is ,god4 ,hence ,st4 ,anselm derives the attributes of ,god--the creation1 the ,holy ,trinity1 the relation of man to ,god1 in a word1 all theology4 ,the ,proslogium1 or truth demonstrating itself1 is a second work1 in which ,st4 ,anselm proposes to demonstrate truth which has been already attained4 ,as in the first he had1 at the request of some brothers1 written ,de ,ratione ,fidei in the person who seeks by reasoning what he 'does not know1 so he now seeks for some one of these many arguments which should require no proof but from itself4 ,he was the first to use the famous argument1 that from the sole idea of ,god is derived the demonstration of his existence4 ,he thus begins the ,proslogium3 ',the fool hath said in his heart1 there is no ,god4 ,wherefore the most foolish atheist has in his mind the idea of the sovereign good1 which good cannot exist in thought only1 because a yet greater good can still be conceived4 ,this sovereign good therefore exists independently of the thought1 and is ,god4' ,it is not worth while to follow out the errors which arose in the middle ages from nominalism4 ,in the eleventh century ,roscelin carried it to the absurdity of saying that ideas are only words1 and that nothing real exists except in particulars4 ,and ,philip of ,champeaux asserted the opposite extreme1 and denied the existence of all but universals2 as that humanity alone exists1 of which men are mere parts or fragments4 ,it was in the twelfth century that ,abelard1 who had been trained in both these systems1 came forth in the pride of his vast intellect to reconcile them by a new theory1 but his search after truth was by a mere intellectual machinery1 to be employed by science in order to construct general scheme of human knowledge2 while it led to the rejection of that simple faith which believes without examination1 and substituted the system of rationalism1 so fruitful to this day of error and unbelief4 ,it was while men were constructing this intellectual tower of ,babel that ,almighty ,god raised up as the champion of the truth the meek and holy ,st4 ,bernard4 ,like ,david he laid aside his weapons of reasoning1 and left his cloister to overthrow the gigantic foe4 ,in the cowl of ,st4 ,benedict1 he declared that the truth1 which men sought by human efforts1 was to be received in faith as the gift of ,god1 from whom all knowledge and light proceeds4 ,and it was not the powers of his well-trained faculties1 nor his classical and poetical studies1 but his prayers1 which gained the victory2 so that1 as by miracle1 ,abelard1 the most eloquent disputant of his age1 stood mute before the saint1 who taught that faith is no opinion attained by reasoning1 but a conviction beyond all proof that truth is revealed by ,god4 ,this had been the teaching of ,st4 ,gregory1 who said that faith which is founded on reason has no merit2 and of ,st4 ,augustin1 who said that faith is no opinion founded on reflection1 but an interior conviction2 and of the apostle1 who said that faith is the certainty of things unseen4 ,it is consoling to read that the holy influence of ,st4 ,bernard did not only silence his adversary2 the heart of ,abelard was melted1 he laid aside the studies in which he had so nearly lost his soul1 and he made his submission to the ,church1 and sought the forgiveness of ,st4 ,bernard4 ,soon afterward he died a penitent1 sorrowing for his moral and intellectual offences4 ,but evil does not end with the guilty2 and his school has continued brilliant in intellect and taste1 but presumptuous in applying them to the examination of truth4 ,on the other hand1 the two folio volumes of ,st4 ,bernard have been always a treasury of devotion1 where the saints and pious of all succeeding ages have been trained4 ,it is impossible for words to #fij contain more thought2 and he had the gift of penetrating thoughts contained in the inspired writings2 as when he wrote twenty-four sermons on the three first verses of the ,canticles4 ,ozanam says that ,st4 ,pierre perceived a fresh world of insects each day that he examined a single strawberry-leaf2 and thus in the spiritual world the intellect of ,st4 ,bernard contemplated and beheld wonders with a sort of microscopic infinity1 while his vast comprehension was analogous in its discoveries to the telescope4 ,such were the gifts conferred by ,god on the humble abbot of ,clairvaux4 ,there were in the time of ,st4 ,bernard other great teachers3 ,peter the ,venerable1 ,st4 ,norbert1 ,godfrey1 ,richard1 and ,hugo1 all monks of ,st4 ,victor4 ,ozanam says that he embraced the three great modes of teaching--that is1 the allegorical1 moral1 and analogical2 and preceded ,st4 ,bonaventure in a gigantic attempt to form an encyclopaedia of human knowledge1 based on the truth declared by ,st4 ,james1 that every good and perfect gift descends from the ,father of light1 who is above4 ,with a vast amount of literary treasures the crusaders had brought from the east1 in the twelfth century1 the ,greek authors1 with their ,arab commentators4 ,they brought the physics1 metaphysics1 and morals of ,aristotle2 and they brought also the pantheism1 which1 says ,ratisbon1 the ,saracens1 like the early ,stoics1 had learnt from the ,brahmins1 who believe that men have two souls--one inferior and led by instinct1 the other united and identical with ,god4 ,this fatal error was received by a daring school1 to which ,frederic of ,sicily was suspected to belong4 ,it was to confute this school that ,st4 ,bernard had taught in his sermons on the ,canticles that union with ,god is not by confusion of natures1 but conformity of will4 ,the poison entered ,europe from the west as well as the east2 the ,arabs in ,spain mixed the delusions of ,alexandria with the subtleties of ,aristotle1 and the result was such men as ,averroes and ,avicenna4 ,gerbert1 afterward ,silvester ,,ii41 had himself studied in ,spain1 and brought back into the ,european schools not only the philosophy of ,aristotle1 but the ,jewish translations of ,averroes4 ,the unlearned monks of the west were naturally alarmed at the new works on physics1 astronomy1 and alchemy1 and especially at the logic of ,aristotle1 and the terrible eruption of pantheism4 ,it was then that the ,church exercised her paternal authority1 and condemned the confusion of the limits between faith and opinion1 and the degradation of the sciences to mere worldly purposes4 ,ozanam gives the bull issued in #abed by ,innocent ,,iv41 in which he complains that the study of civil law was substituted for that of philosophy1 and that theology itself was banished from the education of priests4 ,we desire to bring back men's minds to the teaching of theology1 which is the science of salvation2 or at least to the study of philosophy1 which1 though it does not possess the gentle pleasures of piety1 yet has the first glimpses of that eternal truth which frees the mind from the hindrance of covetousness1 which is idolatry4 ,the tendency of philosophical errors was now rendered apparent by their development1 so that what was at first a vague opinion was now a broad and well-defined system4 ,those who were firm in the teaching of the ,church found it necessary to use every means for opposing such multiplied evils1 and they boldly ventured on a ,christian eclecticism1 which should employ all the faculties and all the modes of using them in the service of religion2 but it was not like the eclecticism of ,alexandria1 where the ideas of ,plato were united with the forms of ,aristotle1 and adorned by the delusions of magic4 ,the strength of ,christian eclecticism lay in the pure unity of faith1 defended by all the powers of man4 #fia ,both analysis and synthesis1 says ,ozanam1 are harmonized in true science3 they are the two poles of the intellectual world1 and have the same axis and horizon4 ,the intersecting point of the two systems was the union of what is true in realism and nominalism with mystic teaching1 and the eclectic admitted the experience of the senses as well as the deductions of reason and the intuition of mysticism with the testimony of learning4 ,thus were united in the study of truth the four great powers of the soul1 reason1 tradition1 experience1 and intuition4 ,but it has been remarked that some of the masters who taught by experiment and tradition were persecuted as magicians1 and some of those who used reason and intuition were canonized4 ,both1 however1 observed the ascetic life1 of which the abstinence of ,pythagoras and the endurance of the ,stoics were imitations1 and all practised the virtues most opposite to heathen morality1 namely1 humility and charity4 ,the first attempt at uniting the different opinions of the learned was made by ,peter ,lombard1 who collected the sentences of the fathers into a work1 which gained him the title of ,master of the ,sentences1 and which was afterward perfected in the ,summa of ,st4 ,thomas4 ,albert the ,great left the palace of his ancestors for the ,dominican cloister4 ,he studied at ,cologne1 and was unequalled in learning and psychology4 ,while he reasoned on ideas1 he made experiments on matter2 nay1 he used alchemy1 to discover unknown powers and supernatural agents4 ,it is said that his twenty-one folio volumes have never been sufficiently studied by any one to pronounce on their merits4 ,his work on the universe was written against pantheism1 and declares the presence of ,god in every part of creation1 without being confused with it4 ,that divine presence is the source of all power4 ,he was1 says ,ozanam 7p4 #cc71 an ,atlas1 who carried on his shoulders the whole world of science1 and did not bend beneath its weight4 ,he was familiar with the languages of the ancients and of the east1 and had imbibed gigantic strength at these fountains of tradition4 ,he believed in the title of magician1 which his disciples gave him2 and he is remembered by posterity rather as a mythological being than as a man4 ,the contemporary of ,albert1 says ,ozanam1 was ,alexander ,hales1 who wrote the ,summa of ,universal ,theology4 ,william of ,auvergne was a ,dominican and preceptor of ,st4 ,louis2 he wrote ,specimen ,doctrinale1 ,naturale1 ,historiale2 a division of the sciences and their end1 containing--#a1 theology1 physics1 and mathematics2 #b1 practice1 monastic1 economic1 and politic2 #c1 mechanics and arts2 #d1 logic and words4 ,duns ,scotus1 a ,franciscan1 was more accurate in learning than ,albert himself2 sound1 though no discoverer in physics1 and deep in mathematics4 ,he commented on ,aristotle and ,peter ,lombard4 ,from his strength1 sagacity1 and precision1 he was named the ,doctor ,subtilis4 ,he wrote on free will1 and says that its perfection is conformity to the will of ,god2 and derives the moral law from the will of ,god1 according to ,st4 ,paul1 ,sin is the transgression of the law4 ,when ,st4 ,thomas taught that the moral law is necessarily good because ,god is good1 and this question divided the learned into the schools of ,scotists and ,thomists1 ,roger ,bacon1 an ,english ,franciscan1 was the pupil of ,scotus2 but he was eclectic1 and admitted both exterior and interior experience1 and the deductions of reason1 into the intercourse of the soul with ,god4 ,though he condemned magic as an imposture1 he wrote on alchemy1 and with the simplicity of enthusiasm he hoped to find the philosopher's stone1 and to read the fall of empires in the stars4 ,he believed in the powers of human science1 and he hints at the possibility of a vessel moving without sails or oars2 and imagined a balloon1 a diving-bell1 a suspension bridge1 and other miracles of art1 especially a telescope and a multiplying-glass4 ,speaking of ,greek #fib fire and unquenchable lamps1 he says that art as well as nature has its thunders1 and describes the effect of gun-powder1 the attraction of the loadstone1 and the sympathies between minerals1 plants1 and animals2 and says1 ,when ,i see the prodigies of nature1 nothing startles my faith either in the works of man or in the miracles of ,god2 concluding1 that ,aristotle may not have penetrated the deepest secrets of nature1 and that the sages of his own time will be surpassed by the novices of future days4 ,he had the same clear and sound views of supernatural things1 and wrote on the secret works of art and nature1 and the falsehood of magic4 ,man cannot influence the spiritual world except by the lawful use of prayer addressed to ,god and the angels1 who govern not only the world of spirits1 but the destinies of man4 ,though called the ,doctor ,mirabilis1 he was suspected of magic1 and died neglected in a prison1 where he had no light to finish his last works4 ,his manuscripts were burned at the ,reformation1 in a convent of his order1 by men who professed1 says ,ozanam1 to restore the torch of reason1 which had been extinguished by the monks of the middle ages4 ,raymond ,lulli1 the ,doctor ,illuminatus1 was a ,franciscan1 the great inventor of arts2 but he was a philosophical adventurer1 whose cast of mind was ,spanish1 ,arabian1 ,african1 and eastern4 ,his youth was licentious1 his life turbulent1 and his imagination restless2 but he died as a saint and a martyr on his return from liberating the ,christian slaves in ,spain4 ,the glory of the ,franciscan order is the ,seraphical ,doctor1 ,st4 ,bonaventure4 ,he was educated under ,hales1 the ,irrefragable ,doctor4 ,his genius was keen and his judgment just1 and he was a master of scholastic theology and philosophy4 ,but when he studied1 it was at the foot of a crucifix1 with eyes drowned in tears from incessant meditation on the passion of ,christ4 ,his life was dedicated to the glory of ,god and his own sanctification2 yet he spent much time in actual prayer1 because he knew from mystic theology that knowledge and obedience are the gifts of ,god2 and devoted himself to mortifications1 because they alone prepare the soul for the reception of divine grace and intuition4 ,yet though he obtained the gift of ecstacy and the grace of crucifying the human nature1 he placed ,christian perfection not in heroic acts of virtue1 but in performing ordinary actions well4 ,ozanam quotes his words3 ,a constant fidelity in small things is a great and heroic virtue2 it is a continued crucifixion of self-love1 a complete sacrifice of self1 an entice submission to grace4 ,and his own pale and worn countenance shone with a happiness and peace which exemplified his maxim that spiritual joy is a sign that grace is present in the soul4 ,though his desire for sacramental communion was intense1 yet we are told his great humility once kept him at a distance from the altar1 till an angel bore to him the consecrated host2 and the raptures with which he always received his ,god are expressed1 though doubtless imperfectly1 in the burning words1 ,transfige ,domine1 etc41 which he was wont to utter after he had himself offered the holy sacrifice4 ,his devotional works1 written for ,st4 ,louis and others in his court1 fill the heart with their unction1 and rank him as the great master of spiritual life4 ,it was during the intervals of ecstasies that he wrote2 and while he was occupied on the life of ,st4 ,francis1 ,st4 ,thomas beheld him in his cell raised above the earth1 and the future saint exclaimed3 ,leave a saint to write the life of a saint4 ,it is with profound reverence that we must inquire what was the intellectual teaching of so holy a man2 and it is1 indeed1 so vast and yet so deep that it exhausts all the human powers in contemplating the nature of ,god and the end of man1 which is his union to ,god4 ,ozanam gives a passage from his work on the ,reduction of ,arts to ,philosophy1 in which he #fic says that philosophy is the medium by which the theologian forms for himself a mirror 7speculum7 from created things1 which serve him as steps by which he may ascend to heaven4 ,he begins by the revealed truth1 that every good and perfect gift descends from the ,father of light1 and teaches of its descent by these four ways--exterior1 inferior1 interior1 and superior--through successive irradiations1 namely1 ,holy ,scripture1 experimental mechanics1 and philosophy1 which succeed each other like the days of creation1 all converging in the light of ,holy ,scripture1 and all succeeded by that seventh day in which the soul will rest in the perfect knowledge of heaven4 #a4 ,exterior light1 or tradition1 relates to the exterior forms of matter1 and produces the mechanical arts1 which were divided by ,hugo into seven--weaving1 work in wood and in stone1 agriculture1 hunting1 navigation1 theatricals1 and medicine4 #b4 ,inferior light1 or that of the senses1 awakens in the mind the perceptions of the five senses1 as ,st4 ,augustin says1 by that fine essence whose nature and whose seat baffles all our discoveries4 #c4 ,interior light1 or reason1 teaches us by the processes of thought those intellectual truths which are fixed in the human mind by physics1 logic1 and ethics1 through rational1 natural1 and moral action on the will1 the conduct1 and the speech1 which are the triple functions of the understanding1 and on the three faculties of the reason--apprehension1 judgment1 and action2 this interior light acts on outward things by physics1 mathematics1 and metaphysics1 and perceives ,god in all things by logic1 by physics1 and by ethics4 ,and he goes on to consider truth as it is in the essence of words1 things1 and actions4 #d4 ,the superior light proceeds from grace and from the ,holy ,scriptures1 and reveals the truths relating to salvation and sanctification4 ,it is named from its raising us to the knowledge of things above us1 and because it descends from ,god by way of inspiration and not by reflection4 ,this light also is threefold4 ,holy ,scripture contains1 under the literal sense of the words1 the allegorical1 which declares what must be believed concerning ,god and man2 the moral1 which teaches us how to live2 the analogical1 which gives the laws by which man may unite himself to ,god4 ,and the teaching of ,holy ,scripture contains three points--faith1 virtue1 and beatitude4 ,the course by which knowledge must be sought is by1 #a1 tradition2 #b1 experiment2 #c1 reason2 and #d1 a descent as it were by the same road1 so as to find the stamp of the divinity on all which is conceived1 or felt1 or thought4 ,all sciences are pervaded by mysteries2 and it is by laying hold of the clue of the mystery that all the depths of each science are explored4 ,it was to ,mount ,alvernia1 where his master1 ,st4 ,francis1 so lately received the stigmata1 that ,st4 ,bonaventure retired to write the ,itinerarium ,mentis ad ,deum1 in which he treats on the divine nature1 and considers ,god as manifesting himself in three modes1 and man as receiving the knowledge of him by the three functions of memory1 understanding1 and will4 ,ozanam says3 ,to these triple functions of the mind ,god manifests himself in three ways3 #a1 by the traces of his creation in the world2 #b1 by his image in human nature2 #c1 by the light which he sheds on the superior region of the soul4 ,those who contemplate him in the first are in the vestibule of the tabernacle2 those who rise to the second are in the holy place2 those who reach the third are within the holy of holies1 where the two cherubim figured the unity of the divine essence and the plurality of divine persons4 ,he likens the invisible existence of ,god to the light1 which1 though unseen1 enables the eye to perceive colors2 and proves from his existence his unity1 eternity1 and perfection2 and from the eternal action of his goodness he deduces the doctrine of the ,trinity4 #fid ,the ,breviloquium treats on the nature of man1 who exists not of himself1 nor by emanation from ,god1 but was called into life out of nothing by the ,creator1 and lives by no mortal life borrowed from the outer world1 but by its own and immortal life1 intelligent and free4 ,these attributes of ,god are communicated by him to his creatures according to his own law1 that the superior shall be the medium of grace to the inferior4 ,the happiness of the soul must be immortal and is in ,god1 and she can exist separated from this body which she inhabits and moves4 ,ozanam says3 ,the ,compendium ,theologies ,veritatis treats of the connection between physics and morals1 and inquires how the body indicates the variations of the soul by that mysterious link on which the scientific speculate1 but which the saint treats as a subject not for dogmatizing but for contemplation1 assisted by the mortification which alone brings the passions into subserviency4 ,but the ,seraphic ,doctor left his teaching unfinished4 ,some of his spiritual works have been translated by the ,abbe ,berthaumier2 and the reader will find that what has been said gives an imperfect idea of the writings of this doctor of the ,church1 which fill six folio volumes1 and have scarcely been mastered by a few1 though they have warmed the devotion of many2 and one short treatise1 called the ,soliloquy1 is of such a nature as to include the whole science of devotion4 ,it represents the soul contemplating ,god1 not in his creatures1 but within itself1 and asking what is her own position in his presence3 created by him1 and sinning against him2 redeemed by him1 and yet sinning2 full of contrition1 yet firm in the hope of glory4 ,the teaching of ,st4 ,paul is continued by ,st4 ,augustin1 ,st4 ,ambrose1 and ,st4 ,bernard2 and it seems as if no other book were needful4 ,one passage1 and one only1 may show the treasures it contains4 ,the soul is convinced of the vanity of created things1 and asks how men are so blinded as to love them4 ,because the soul is created with so glorious and sensitive a nature1 that it cannot live without love2 and while the elect find nothing in created things which can satisfy their desire of happiness1 and therefore rest in the contemplation of ,god1 the deluded multitude neglect themselves for passing objects1 and love their exile as if it were their home4 ,but ,ozanam does not leave his history of intellectual progress to treat of spiritual gifts4 ,st4 ,thomas was born nearly at the same time as ,st4 ,bonaventure1 in the same wild valleys of the ,apennines4 ,they studied together at ,paris2 they lived and died and were canonized together4 ,it was said by ,pallavicini that when1 in the twelfth century1 the ,arabs made ,cordova a second ,athens1 and ,averroes used the philosophy of ,aristotle as a weapon against the faith1 ,god raised up the intellect of ,st4 ,thomas1 who1 by deep study of ,aristotle1 found in his own principles a solution of the arguments used by infidels2 and the scholastics1 following him1 have so employed ,aristotle to defend ,christianity1 that whosoever rebels against the ,vatican rebels also against the ,lycaeum4 ,st4 ,thomas had1 however1 to confute the errors of ,aristotle1 and of ,abelard and others who had followed them1 while he set forth the great truths of reason which he taught4 ,it was in #abdh that he published a comment on the ,ethics4 ,he had himself1 says ,ozanam1 the learning and the weight of ,aristotle2 his power of analysis and classification1 and the same sobriety of language4 ,he had also studied the ,timaeus of ,plato1 the doctrines of ,albert1 ,alexander ,hales1 and ,john of ,salisbury4 ,he followed the school of ,st4 ,augustin1 and drew from ,st4 ,gregory his rule of morals4 ,his comments on the ,sentences contain a methodical course of philosophy1 as his ,summa contains an abridgment of divinity4 ,in an extract given by ,ozanam1 ,st4 ,thomas says1 faith considers beings in relation to ,god2 philosophy1 as they #fie are in themselves4 ,philosophy studies second causes2 faith1 the first cause alone4 ,in philosophy the notion of ,god is sought from the knowledge of creatures1 so that the notion of ,god is second to that of his creatures2 faith teaches first the notion of ,god1 and reveals in him the universal order of which he is the centre1 and so ends by the knowledge of creatures2 and this is the most perfect method1 because human understanding is thus assimilated to the divine2 which contemplating itself contemplates all things in itself4 ,theology1 therefore1 only borrows from philosophy illustrations of the dogmas she offers to our faith4 ,it was in #abfe that1 at the request of ,st4 ,raymond de ,pennafort1 ,st4 ,thomas wrote the ,summa ,theologies against the infidels in ,spain2 a book which has ever since been considered as a perfect body of theology and the manual of the saints4 ,in the philosophy of ,st4 ,bonaventure1 says ,ozanam1 the leading guide was perhaps rather the divine love than the researches of intellect4 ,st4 ,thomas combined all the faculties under the rule of a lofty meditation and a solemn reason1 uniting the abstract perceptions beheld by the understanding with the images of external things received by the senses4 ,it was a vast encyclopaedia of moral sciences1 in which was said all that can be known of ,god1 of man and his relations to ,god2 in short1 ,summa totius theologies4 ,this monument1 harmonious though diverse1 colossal in its dimensions1 and magnificent in its plan1 remained unfinished1 like all the great political1 literary1 and architectural creations of the middle age1 which seem only to be shown and not suffered to exist4 ,and the ,doctor ,angelicus left the vast outline incomplete4 ,that outline is to be appreciated only by the learned2 the ignorant may guess its greatness by a catalogue1 however meagre1 of its contents4 ,in the first part1 or the natural1 ,st4 ,thomas treats of the nature of ,god and of creatures2 his essence1 his attributes1 and the mystery of the ,holy ,trinity2 then1 in relation to his creatures1 as their ,creator and ,preserver4 ,in the second1 or moral1 part he treats of general principles1 of virtues and vices1 of the movement of the reasonable creature toward ,god1 of his chief end1 and on the qualities of the actions by which he can attain it1 of the theological and moral virtues4 ,in the third1 or theological1 part he examines the means of attaining ,god1 the incarnation and the sacraments4 ,in the ,summa1 says ,ozanam1 the notions of things lead to the attributes of the divinity1 unity1 goodness1 and truth2 thus1 natural theology arrived at the unity as well as the attributes of ,god1 while from his action is deduced his ,personality and ,trinity4 ,then follows the nature of good and bad angels1 of souls in a separate state2 and then the science of man considered as a compound being of soul and body1 endowed with intellect for receiving impressions from the divine light above1 and from its reflection on things below4 ,he is also endowed with desire1 by which he is formed to seek goodness and happiness1 but is free in will to chose vice or virtue2 and the rejection of sin1 and acquisition of virtue1 in a life regulated by divine human law1 is a shadow of life in heaven4 ,enough has been said to show how lofty was the teaching of the saint2 to whose invocation large indulgences are attached1 and who had the task of composing the office used on the festival of ,corpus ,domini4 ,the great object of his adoration and contemplation was the mystery of the real presence2 and his ,adoro ,te devote may be used as an act of worship at the holiest moment of the sacrifice of the altar4 ,the ecstasy of his joy in communion is expressed in the ,gratias ,tibi ago2 and he declared his faith in the mystery as he lay on the ashes where he died4 ,and this pure faith is recorded by ,raphael1 who represents him in his picture of the ',dispute on the ,blessed ,eucharist' among the doctors of all ages before the miraculous host4 #fif ,like all other saints1 he sought detachment by mortification1 and the love of ,god by prayer4 ,his principle was1 that prayer must precede study1 because more is learnt from the crucifix than from books2 and his last maxim was1 that in order to avoid being separated from ,god by sin1 a man must walk as in the sight of ,god and prepared for judgment4 ,when he laid aside his religious studies to prepare for eternity1 he used the words of ,st4 ,augustin3 ,then shall ,i truly live when ,i am full of thee and thy love2 now am ,i a burden to myself1 because ,i am not entirely full of thee4 ,mystic theology was now carried to perfection by ,gersen1 abbot of the ,benedictine monastery of ,verceuil from #abbj to #abdj4 ,many attribute to him the authorship of the ,imitation of ,christ2 there are1 however1 a number of others who do not agree with this opinion4 ,the ,imitation is generally ranked as coming very close after the inspired writings4 ,what is said of the interior life is more or less intelligible to those who are endeavoring after perfection1 but must be unintelligible to any who have not the faith3 ,una vox librorum 7iii4 #dc71 says the author2 but the one voice does not teach all alike1 for he who is within is the teacher of truth4 ,the four books are in the hands of all4 ,the contents of the first are on the conduct of men as to the exterior world1 and the qualities necessary for the following of ,christ--humility1 detachment1 charity1 and obedience2 then grace will be found1 not in external things1 but within1 in a mind calm1 obedient1 and seeking not to adapt but to master circumstances4 ,the second teaches him who turns from creatures that the kingdom of ,god is within1 and that the government of this inner world is the science of perfection3 ,give room to ,christ and refuse entrance to others2 then will man be free amid the chaos1 and creatures will be to him only the speculum vitae4 ,seek ,christ in all1 and you will find him in all2 seek self1 and you will find it everywhere3 one thing is above all1 that leaving all you leave self4 ,in the third book the soul listens to the internal voice of ,god1 who makes known to her that he is her salvation2 and she therefore prays for the one gift of divine love4 ,it is impossible1 perhaps not desirable1 to repeat the devout aspirations of this divine love4 ,may those who read the holy words receive their import through the light of grace6 ,the fourth book relates to the union of the soul with her ,lord through sacramental communion2 and this can only be read in the hours of devotion4 ,it is presumptuous to say even thus much of the great saints who lived in the thirteenth century1 how is it possible to undervalue the progress they made in all the highest powers of the soul8 or who can speak of the schools of the middle ages as deserving of contempt in days which cannot comprehend them8 ,ozanam desires to show that ,dante was trained in this exalted learning1 and has embodied what he learnt in his ,divina ,commedia4 ,he speaks of the full development attained by scholastic teaching in those great teachers1 after whom no efforts were made to extend the limits of human knowledge2 and he speaks of the perplexities which arose with the anti-papal schism4 ,it was to the calm and majestic philosophy of the thirteenth century1 says ,ozanam1 that ,dante turned his eyes2 and his great poem declared to an age1 which understood him not1 the contemplative1 ascetic1 and symbolical teaching of the mystic school1 which he had studied in the ,compendium of ,st4 ,bonaventure and the ,summa of ,st4 ,thomas2 and he proves by an analysis of that wonderful poem that it contains not only the great truths of revelation1 but the spirit of the decaying mediaeval philosophy3 ,o voi che avete gli intelletti sani1 ,mirate la dottrina che ascende ,sotto 'l velame del versi strani4 ------ #fig ,translated from the ,revue du ,monde ,catholique4 ,,what ,,came ,,of ,a ,,prayer4 ,in the fifth story of an old house in the ,rue du ,four-,saint-,germain1 lay a sick woman whose pale emaciated face bore traces of age and sorrow4 ,beside her bed was a young man1 whose tender care showed him to be her son4 ,the furniture of the apartment1 though of the plainest kind1 was neatly and carefully arranged1 while the crucifix at the head of the bed and a statue of the ,blessed ,virgin marked the ,christian family4 ,the youth had just given his mother a spoonful of gruel1 and she had fallen asleep smiling on her son--that quiet sleep attendant on recovery from severe illness4 ,he knelt to thank ,god for having saved his mother's life1 and while he prays1 and she sleeps1 without disturbing the prayer of the one1 or the sleep of the other1 ,i will tell you their story in a few words4 ,the father was a printer at ,sceaux4 ,industrious1 prudent1 of scrupulous integrity1 loving justice and fearing ,god1 he acquired by his honest labor a competence for his old age and a fair prospect for his son4 ,losses1 failures1 and unforeseen misfortunes ruined him1 and he found himself bankrupt4 ,this blow sensibly affected him1 but did not overwhelm him4 ,he was offered a situation as compositor in a printing office in ,paris1 resumed the workman's dress1 and courageously began to work4 ,his wife1 as strong as he1 never uttered a complaint or regret4 ,their son was withdrawn from college to learn his father's trade1 and although so young1 his heart was penetrated with profound religious faith4 ,thus lived this humble household1 resigned and happy1 because they loved each other1 feared ,god1 and accepted trials4 ,several years elapsed1 years of toil in their endeavors to liquidate the debts of the past3 fruitful1 however1 in domestic joys4 ,the child became a young man1 and fulfilled the promises of his childhood4 ,god blessed these afflicted parents in their son4 ,suddenly the father fell sick and died4 ,those of us who have wept at the death-bed of a father1 know the anguish of those hours when we contemplate for the last time the beloved features which we are to see no more on earth2 the impressions of which grief time softens but can never efface4 ,for those who live entirely in the domestic circle1 the separation1 in breaking the heart1 breaks at the same time the tie to life4 ,left thus alone1 the mother and son were more closely united1 each gave to the other the love formerly bestowed upon him who was no more4 ,jacques ,durand was now twenty-five years old4 ,his countenance was frank and open1 but serious and grave4 ,he had the esteem of his employer1 the respect of his companions1 and the sympathy of all who knew him4 ,he was not ashamed to be a mechanic1 knowing the hidden charm of labor when that labor is offered to ,god4 ,during the month of his mother's illness he did not leave her pillow4 ,the physician pronounced her1 the day before our story opens1 out of danger4 ,you understand now why the young man prayed with so much fervor while his mother slept4 ,his devotions were interrupted by a knock at the door4 ,it was ,mme4 ,antoine1 the porter's wife1 a little loquacious1 but obliging to her tenants1 in a word1 such a portress as we find only in books4 ,jacques1 who was going out1 had requested her to take his place beside his mother4 ,she entered quietly for fear of disturbing the patient1 received the directions which the young man gave her in a low voice1 and seating herself near the bedside1 busied her skilful fingers with her knitting4 ,old ,antoine1 the porter1 stopped our friend ,jacques at the foot #fih of the staircase4 ,he was polite1 benevolent1 attached to his tenants1 did not despise them if they were poor1 and rendered them a service if he could4 ,he was an old soldier of #ahad4 ,he delighted to speak of the ,french campaign1 wore with pride the medal of ,st4 ,helena1 and showed a seal which he received at ,champaubert4 ,in remembrance of ,napoleon1 he says1 raising his hat and straightening his bent figure4 ,i don't know of any fault that he had except relating too often the battle of ,champaubert4 ,well1 said he1 how is ,mme4 ,durand8 ,much better1 replied the youth1 she has just fallen into a quiet sleep1 which the doctor declares favorable to her recovery4 ,god be praised1 resumes ,antoine4 ,beg pardon1 ,m4 ,jacques1 ,i can tell you now ,mme4 ,durand has made us very uneasy4 ,in saying this he gave the young man a cordial shake of the hand1 which the latter heartily returned4 ,in going out ,jacques took the ,rue du ,vieux-,colembier1 and entered the office of the ,mont-de-piete at the corner of ,la ,croix-,rouge4 ,during his mother's illness he had spent many hard-earned savings1 for you already know he had imposed on himself the obligation of paying the debts of the failure1 and beside1 detained at home with his mother1 he had been unable to earn anything during the month4 ,still the doctor had to be paid1 and medicines bought2 the small sum advanced by his employer was nearly exhausted1 and he was now on his way to pawn a silver fork and spoon4 ,a young girl stood beside him in the office1 and as there were many to be served before himself1 he relieved the weariness of waiting by watching her4 ,her cap had no ribbons1 but was gracefully placed on her light hair2 a woollen dress1 not new1 nor of the latest fashion1 but clean and well kept1 a wedding ring 7doubtless her mother's legacy71 and a plain shawl1 completed her poor toilette4 ,jacques was attracted by her modest air4 ,some industrious seamstress1 he said to himself4 ,as his turn had now come1 he presented the fork and spoon--the value was ascertained--and the sum paid4 ,the girl1 following him1 drew from a napkin a half worn cloak1 which she offered with a timid air4 ,ten francs1 says the clerk4 ,oh6 said she blushing1 if you could give me fifteen for it6 ,see1 sir1 the cloak is still good4 ,well1 twelve francs2 will you trade at that price8 ,having given her assent1 she took the money and the receipt1 and went out4 ,jacques preceded her1 and before passing out the door1 he saw her dry a tear4 ,she is weeping1 he said to himself2 ,i suppose the rent is unpaid4 ,poor girl6 ,stupid clerk6 ,with these reflections he arrived at the druggist's2 he bought the remedies prescribed by the doctor2 then certain that ,mme4 ,antoine was taking good care of his charge1 he thought he should have time to say a prayer at the church of ,st4 ,sulpice4 ,jacques had a particular devotion to the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,it is to her intercession he attributed his mother's cure3 it is before her altar that he knelt4 ,his prayer was an act of thanksgiving and a petition for a new favor4 ,his mother wished him to marry2 he had often dreamed of cheering her old age by the affection of a daughter1 and he asked the ,virgin to guide him in his choice4 ,happiness disposes the soul to charity4 ,he thought of the motherless1 the suffering1 and the sorrowful1 and prayed for them4 ,he remembered the young girl he had just seen weeping1 and prayed for her4 ,at this moment1 a woman kneeling in front of him rose1 and as she passed him to leave the church he recognized the young girl4 ,prayer has the secret of drying our tears2 her face had resumed its usual serenity4 ,he still prayed for her3 ,holy ,virgin1 watch over that child1 grant that she may be ever pious and chaste1 and all else shall be added to her4 ,as he prepared to leave1 he saw a letter beside the chair where #fii the girl had knelt4 ,he made haste to rejoin her in order to restore it2 but she had already left the church4 ,he put it in his pocket1 intending to burn it when he reached home4 ,that evening1 as he sat by his mother's side while she slept1 here-viewed the events of the day1 according to his custom1 preparatory to his examination of conscience4 ,thus he recalled the incidents of the morning1 and having drawn the letter from his pocket prepared to burn it4 ,he approached the fire and was about to throw it in4 ,what restrains his hand8 ,in the letter he feels something--a piece of gold1 perhaps4 ,it was not sealed2 he opened it1 and drew out a medal of the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,the open letter excited his curiosity2 he was tempted to read it4 ,do not blame him too severely1 reader1 if he yields to the temptation4 ,he has finished his perusal1 and ,i see he is affected4 ,his emotion excites my curiosity1 and ,i am tempted to read it in my turn4 ,will you be angry with me1 or will you be accomplices in my fault8 ,here are the contents of the letter3 ,,to ,m4 ,,lucien ,,rigaut1 ,,corporal ,,in ,,the #aaj,,th ,,regiment1 ,,metz4 ,,my ,,dear ,,brother3--,i cannot send you the hundred francs you ask me for4 ,do not blame me1 it is not my fault2 work is not well paid1 and everything is very dear in ,paris1 and you must know last month ,i had to pay something to the man who takes care of mamma's tomb4 ,when you return ,i am sure you will be much grieved if that is neglected4 ,you shall receive fifty francs4 ,here are thirty from me2 the remainder is from the good ,abbe ,garnier whom ,i went to see1 and who wishes also to assist his extravagant child4 ,at the same time he gave me for you a medal of the ,blessed ,virgin1 which you will find in my letter1 and which you must wear on your neck4 ,that1 my naughty brother1 will preserve you from danger and keep you from sin4 ,promise me never more to associate with bad companions1 who lead you to the cafes and who are not too pious1 ,i am sure4 ,you must say your prayers morning and night1 go to mass on ,sunday1 confess1 and live like a good ,christian4 ,i will not reproach you for having neglected your duties1 but ,i am grieved1 and if you could have seen your poor sister weep ,i am sure you would reform4 ,do you remember when mamma was about to leave us1 and we were beside her bed restraining our tears that she might have as a last joy in this world the smile of her children1 how she made us promise to be always good and religious8 ,never forget that promise1 ,lucien1 for the good ,god punishes perjured children4 ,what will you think of my letter8 ,oh1 you will call me a little scold4 ,you will be angry at first1 then you will pardon me2 you will put the medal around your neck1 and you will write me a good letter to restore gaiety to my heart4 ,you do not know how well ,i have arranged my room4 ,when you return you will recognize our old furniture4 ,mamma's portrait hangs over the bureau1 and ,i have placed our first communion pictures on each side4 ,when ,i have money ,i buy flowers1 and for four sous ,i give to my abode the sweet odor of the country4 ,shall ,i tell you how ,i employ my time8 ,i am an early riser4 ,first my housekeeping1 then my breakfast2 afterward ,i hear mass1 and from the church to my day's work4 ,thanks to the recommendation of the ,abbe ,garnier and of the sister at the ,patronage1 ,i do not want for work4 ,in the evening1 before returning1 ,i say a prayer in the church2 then my supper1 and a little reading or mending till bed-time4 ,on ,sunday after mass ,i go to the cemetery to pray at mamma's tomb1 afterward to the ,patronage1 where we enjoy ourselves much4 ,i wish you could see how good the sister is1 how she spoils me1 how gently she scolds me when ,i am not good1 for in spite of all my sermons it sometimes happens that ,i deserve to be scolded4 ,you see1 brother1 that ,i have no time to be sad4 ,if in the evening ,i feel #gjj lonely1 ,i think of ,god1 who is always near us1 of my good friends1 of you1 whom ,i shall see next year1 and these sweet thoughts make me forget the isolation of my little room4 ,how proud ,i shall be to go out leaning on your arm1 and to walk with you on ,sunday in the ,luxembourg6 ,with the corporal's ribbons and the ,italian medal1 ,i am sure everybody will turn round to look at you4 ,do you know ,i have made a novena that you may be made sergeant before the beginning of next year8 ,i will send you every month ten francs to finish paying your debt4 ,have no scruples in accepting them2 it is superfluous money which would have served to buy gew-gaws4 ,you do me a favor in taking it1 as ,i shall be prevented from becoming a coquette4 ,what shall ,i say more to you8 ,be good1 be a ,christian2 but ,i have already said that4 ,do not forget me1 but write often4 ,we must love one another1 since each of us is all the family of the other4 ,farewell1 ,lucien4 ,your affectionate sister1 ,,madeleine4 ,i do not regret having been curious4 ,i understand the emotion of ,jacques4 ,i am also moved4 ,this letter from a sister to a brother1 so simple and naive1 breathes in every word the perfume of sincere piety1 and in each line is found the candor of an innocent heart4 ,when ,jacques had finished reading it1 he still lingered before throwing it into the fire4 ,he wished to read it again4 ,he read it several times2 then he shut it up in a drawer1 and put the medal around his neck4 ,he was charmed4 ,he loved this simple letter1 and he loved1 almost without knowing it1 this child whose thoughts had been accidentally made known to him4 ,he guessed what the sister did not tell her brother1 the pawning of the cloak to complete the fifty francs1 the privations to which she submits in order to send every month the promised ten francs4 ,i understand now1 said he1 the secret of her tears4 ,three francs are wanting for the required sum4 ,he was still more moved by her tears now that he had the secret of them4 ,a good ,christian girl1 thought he4 ,in his evening prayer she was not forgotten4 ,the following day1 as his mother was tolerably restored1 he returned to the printing office4 ,as he worked he thought of ,madeleine1 and was sad that he should see her no more4 ,it was a folly1 but who has not been foolish8 ,a little folly is the poetry of youth4 ,time passed1 the impression grew fainter1 but was not effaced4 ,it was like a dream we try to retain on awakening1 but whose brilliant colors fade by the light of day4 ,mme4 ,durand was fully restored1 but although occupied with the care of the household1 she did not go out1 and this explains why on ,easter ,sunday ,jacques was alone at high mass in the church of ,st4 ,sulpice4 ,this festival1 when the faithful are united in one common joy1 disposes the heart to serene impressions4 ,after having thanked ,god for his mother's recovery1 he dreamed of a new affection1 and begged the blessed ,virgin to guide him in his choice4 ,mass being ended1 a young girl on her knees in front of him rose to leave the church1 and he recognized ,madeleine4 ,he left in his turn1 and during the day he thought of that sweet face1 which had twice appeared to him1 as if in answer to his prayer4 ,it is ,madeleine whom he will marry1 her smile shall make the joy of his ,christian fireside2 still1 how is he to see her again8 ,he knows not2 the ,blessed ,virgin1 when she chooses1 will bring him back to her4 ,in their evening chats1 when his mother made plans of marriage for him1 he never uttered ,madeleine's name4 ,again1 on one of those mild days which are the charm of the month of ,april1 he was walking in the ,luxembourg4 ,it was a beautiful ,sunday1 the lilacs were in flower1 and the old garden seemed rejuvenated in its new dress4 ,as he thought of ,madeleine1 #gja two verses from ,brizeux recurred to his memory3 ,vienne ,avril1 et jeunesse1 amours1 fleurs sont ecloses2 ,dieu sous la meme loi mit les plus belles choses4 ,at the turn of a walk1 in a fresh1 simple dress1 he saw her once more4 ,when she had passed he followed her4 ,he knew not why himself1 but an indescribable charm attracted and retained him near her4 ,he left the ,luxembourg1 went down the ,boulevard ,mont ,parnasse1 and saw her enter a house which he recognized as an asylum for young work-women4 ,one morning1 as he stopped at ,antoine's lodging1 he saw on his face traces of sorrow4 ,you seem sad1 he said to him2 has any misfortune happened to you8 ,no1 replied ,antoine1 but ,i am grieved4 ,a young woman1 beg pardon1 who has lived above for two months1 has just fallen ill1 of bad fever1 the doctor says4 ,she is a good girl1 ,m4 ,jacques--a good industrious girl4 ,she has worked hard and sat up late1 which brought on fever1 and when ,i think of it ,i am troubled4 ,is she alone8 asked ,jacques4 ,entirely alone2 but so gay1 of a disposition so sweet1 that though poorly fed and overworked she never complained4 ,when she passed1 morning and night1 she had always a pleasant word for old ,antoine4 ,you will not believe it1 but for three days she has not been down4 ,i have been as much afflicted as if she were my own child4 ,so saying1 he wiped a tear which fell on his white mustache4 ,during the day ,jacques recalled the words of the old man4 ,he was sad at the thought of the poor girl1 sick without a friend near her1 for even ,antoine was detained at the lodge during his wife's absence4 ,he did not know her 7and that was not surprising1 as in ,paris two neighbors often live strangers to each other7 and had never seen her3 he was troubled that she suffered1 and that no one was near her to alleviate her suffering4 ,he resolved to speak to his mother in the evening of her case1 that she might go and take care of her4 ,he thought how ,madeleine might fall sick1 and have no one near her4 ,he determined to confide to his mother the secret of his love1 and to beg her to see ,madeleine and obtain her consent to their marriage4 ,in the evening he informed his mother of their neighbor's illness1 and the next day ,mme4 ,durand took her place at her bedside4 ,it was a dangerous illness1 but youth1 good care1 prayer1 and a novena to the ,blessed ,virgin triumphed1 and at the end of fifteen days she began to improve4 ,during this time ,mme4 ,durand devoted herself to this sweet1 patient child4 ,when her care was no longer necessary she continued to go every morning to her patient's room4 ,they worked and talked together4 ,mme4 ,durand spoke of her son and she of her mother whom she had lost1 and insensibly a mutual affection sprang up between them4 ,jacques listened with interest to his mother's praise of the sick child1 and was for a moment distracted from his remembrance of ,madeleine4 ,he had1 moreover1 that modesty of true love which shrank from the avowal of its tenderness4 ,his mother knew nothing of his love1 and touched by the sweetness and patience of the young girl whom she had nursed1 hoped she might yet become her son's wife4 ,one evening in the month of ,june he was walking with his mother in the gardens of the ,luxembourg4 ,he remembered his last meeting with ,madeleine1 which recalled these verses of ,brizeux3 ,un jeune homme ,natlf du meme eudroit1 travailleur1 econome ,en voyant sa belle ame1 en voyant sou beau corps ,l'airnee3 les vieilles gens firent lea deux accords4 ,he was about to speak to his mother of ,madeleine when she said to him1 ,my son1 you are entering your #gjb twenty-sixth year1 it is time for you to marry1 and if you wish1 ,i should like to call our neighbor1 the young girl whom ,i have nursed1 my daughter4 ,mother1 said ,jacques1 ,i cannot marry her1 ,i love another4 ,he then related his simple story1 and pronounced for the first time ,madeleine's name4 ,mme4 ,durand listened much moved4 ,she understood and shared the trusting faith of her son4 ,my child1 said she1 it shall be as you desire4 ,i will go on ,sunday to the ,patronage4 ,the week passed4 ,mme4 ,durand continued to see her patient often1 and she1 nearly restored1 came sometimes to her apartment at the time ,jacques was at the printing office1 for his mother wished to prevent a meeting which might perhaps trouble an innocent heart4 ,but on ,saturday1 having returned sooner than usual1 he found the young girl in his mother's room4 ,they conversed a moment1 and she withdrew4 ,in the pallid face he recognized the sweet countenance of ,madeleine4 ,when she had gone1 he embraced his mother1 weeping and smiling at the same time4 ,it is she1 it is my sweet ,madeleine4 ,his mother1 returning his embrace1 exclaimed1 ,she shall be your wife and my daughter4 ,i must tell you how1 on ,jacques' return from work1 ,mme4 ,durand went for ,madeleine1 how they passed many a pleasant evening in conversation or in reading a good book1 and under their mother's eye loved each other with a pure and earnest love4 ,at the end of a month ,mme4 ,durand obtained the consent of ,madeleine1 but she said nothing to her of her son's secret1 of their meeting1 of the letter1 of the feelings so long cherished1 nor of the protection of ,mary1 who had brought together these two ,christian souls4 ,this she left for him to relate one day when he was alone with his betrothed4 ,she listened much affected1 and you may be surprised to learn that she forgot to ask for the lost letter and the medal of the ,virgin4 ,mme4 ,durand saw the good abbe and the sister at the ,patronage1 and they approved the marriage4 ,the consent of the soldier brother was asked and obtained4 ,the marriage was to take place in a few days4 ,beg pardon1 says ,antoine1 these two young people were made for each other--a fine match really4 ,you will not believe me1 but ,i love them as if they were my own children4 ,lucien came to ,paris for the wedding4 ,from the first he made a conquest of ,antoine4 ,it turned out that ,antoine too had served in the #aajth4 ,the two heroes talked of their campaigns4 ,one related the battle of ,champaubert1 the other that of ,solferino4 ,the medal of ,st4 ,helena fraternized with the ,italian medal2 they drank to the laurels of the old #aajth1 to the triumphs of the new4 ,the veteran and the conscript became the best friends in the world4 ,the great day arrived4 ,the abbe blessed the union and ,antoine gave away the bride4 ,he straightened his bent figure2 he put a new ribbon in his medal4 ,he was prouder than on the evening of ,champaubert1 when ,napoleon said1 ,soldiers of the #aajth1 you are heroes8 ,brother ,lucien1 with his corporal's badge and his ,italian medal1 added much to the brilliancy of the cortege4 ,mesdames ,durand and ,antoine put on their richest dresses4 ,what shall we say of ,madeleine in her bridal dress8 of her veil1 and the wreath upon her auburn tresses8 of the sweet face reflecting the purity of an innocent heart and a chaste love8 of the tears which flow when the heart is too full8 of the sacred hour when this ,christian couple unite in a common prayer8 ,now they are married they do not seek pleasures abroad4 ,their happiness is found in their daily labor1 their evening conversation1 or reading2 on ,sunday1 after mass1 a walk to the ,tuileries1 while their mother at their side smiles on their love4 ,their hearts are drawn so near together that #gjc they beat in unison1 they think and feel at the same time4 ,at last a child makes one more joy in this joyous house--one stronger bond between these united souls4 ,such is their pure affection3 a love which age can never wither1 a love born of a prayer1 and blest by ,god4 ,jacques has reaped the fruit of his labor2 he has paid all the debts of the past1 and ease and plenty have returned to the household4 ,he hopes to be soon taken into partnership with his employer4 ,they do not wish to leave the old house in the ,rue du ,four-,saint-,germain1 so filled with sweet memories1 but they have taken a lower floor1 they have a large apartment1 and are almost rich4 ,the poor have their share of their riches4 ,lucien1 the soldier1 has entirely reformed1 and has risen to the rank of sergeant4 ,perhaps he may yet wear an officer's epaulettes4 ,old ,antoine grows old1 but his heart remains young2 his figure is more bent1 but he still straightens it when he speaks of ,napoleon1 and relates to our friends the battle of ,champaubert4 ,he was the godfather of the little boy4 ,a fine child1 said he ,beg pardon1 we will make a general of him4 ,i am willing1 ,i am sure1 said ,madeleine1 but we must first make him a ,christian4 ------ ,from ,the ,london ,review4 ,,catholic ,,progress ,,in ,,london4 ,there are few questions upon which there exists a greater variety of opinion1 and with regard to which such contradictory statements are published1 as upon the increase of ,roman ,catholicism in the metropolis4 ,there are those on one hand who believe that it has made no progress at all1 and that the rumors of conversions1 and even those ,roman ,catholic buildings which have of late years sprung up in such abundance around us1 are not to be taken as proofs of such an increase in the numbers of ,roman ,catholics as the latter at least seem to indicate4 ,others believe without doubting that the ,catholic ,church is silently and energetically spreading its ramifications over the metropolis1 and that there is hardly a household of any respectability in which its agents1 in some form or other1 have not contrived to get a footing2 while there are persons who go so far as to assert that many of the ,protestant clergy themselves are the direct emissaries of ,rome1 doing her work1 and doing it consciously--nay1 doing it under compact--while receiving the pay of the ,national ,church4 ,we believe that the truth will be found to lie between these extreme views4 ,not only has the ,church of ,rome gained ground in ,london1 but it is steadily progressing1 even at the present time1 though by no means at such a rate1 except in certain parishes1 as to occasion the slightest danger to the ,protestant cause1 if only a moderate amount of energy and good will is shown by the ,reformed denominations in securing their flocks within their own folds4 ,we have already stated our belief that the fact of a clergyman holding ,high or ,low ,church views is not in any manner whatever necessarily connected with the increase of ,catholicism among his congregation1 but that such increase is owing either to the lack of a sufficient staff of the ,protestant clergy to #gjd repel its advances1 or to the apathy or inefficiency of the incumbent1 or1 as may be especially shown in some wealthy districts1 to that mysterious want of power in the clergy of the ,church of ,england over the minds of the rich and influential of their parishioners4 ,and that this view is not without some basis in fact1 will be seen when we have described the present relative position of the ,catholic and ,anglican ,churches in the wealthy1 aristocratic1 and populous parish of ,kensington1 comprising as it does the three wards of ,notting-hill1 ,kensington1 and ,brompton4 ,formerly1 for the accommodation of the whole of the ,roman ,catholics of the parish of ,kensington1 there was but one small chapel near the ,high street1 which appeared amply sufficient for the members of that creed4 ,but ten or twelve years ago a ,roman ,catholic builder purchased1 at an enormous price1 a plot of ground about three acres in extent beside the church of the ,holy ,trinity1 ,brompton4 ,for a time considerable mystery prevailed as to the uses it was to be applied to2 but1 shortly after the buildings were commenced1 they were discovered to be for the future residence and church of the ,oratorian fathers1 then established in ,king ,william street1 ,strand4 ,as soon as a portion of the building was finished1 the fathers removed to it from their former dwelling2 and the chapel1 a small and commodious erection1 was opened for divine service4 ,at first the congregation was of the scantiest description2 even on ,sundays at high mass1 small as the chapel was1 it was frequently only half filled1 while1 on week days1 at many of the services1 it was no uncommon circumstance to find the attendances scarcely more numerous than the number of priests serving at the altar4 ,by degrees the congregation increased1 till the chapel was found too small for their accommodation1 and extensive additions were made to it2 but these1 again1 were soon filled to overflowing1 and further alterations had to be made1 till at last the building was capable of holding without difficulty from #b1jjj to #b1ejj persons4 ,it is now frequently so crowded at high mass that it is difficult for an individual entering it after the commencement of the service to find even standing room4 ,in the meantime the monastery itself1 if that is the proper term1 was completed--a splendid appearance it presents-- and we believe is now fully occupied4 ,the ,roman ,catholic population in the parish1 or mission1 under the spiritual direction of the fathers of the ,oratory1 now comprises between #g1jjj and #h1jjj souls4 ,the average attendance at mass on ,sundays is about #e1jjj1 and the average number of communions for the last two years has been about #de1jjj annually4 ,but in addition to this church1 ,kensington has three others1 ,st4 ,mary's1 ,upper ,holland street1 ,st4 ,simon ,stock1 belonging to the ,carmelite ,friars1 and the church of ,st4 ,francis ,assissi in ,notting ,hill4 ,of monasteries1 or religious communities of men1 it has the ,oratorians before mentioned1 and the ,discalced ,carmelites1 in ,vicarage place4 ,of convents of ladies1 it has the ,assumption in ,kensington square1 the ,poor ,clares ,convent in ,edmond terrace1 the ,franciscan ,convent in ,portobello road1 the ,sisters of ,misericorde1 #aie ,brompton road1 and the ,sisters of ,jesus1 #d ,holland villas4 ,of schools1 the ,roman ,catholics possess1 in the parish of ,kensingtion1 the ,orphanage in the ,fulham road1 the ,industrial ,school of ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul1 as well as the large ,industrial ,schools for girls in the southern ward4 ,all these schools are very numerously attended1 the gross number of pupils amounting to #a1bjj1 those of the ,oratory alone being #a1jjj4 ,the kindness and consideration shown by the ,roman ,catholic teachers to the children of the poor is above all praise1 not only in ,kensington1 but in all localities where they are under their charge4 ,it might be imagined from this account of the ,roman ,catholic institutions in ,kensington1 that a general #gje rush had been made upon that parish1 and that the surrounding districts were comparatively free from ,roman ,catholics4 ,such1 however1 is very far from being the case4 ,in the union of ,fulham and ,hammersmith we have the ,roman ,catholic church of ,st4 ,thomas of ,canterbury1 the church of the ,holy ,trinity1 ,brook-green1 and the church of ,our ,lady of ,grace1 ,turnham-green4 ,of monasteries there are the ,st4 ,mary's ,training ,college and the ,brothers of ,mercy1 and for ladies there is the order of the ,good ,shepherd4 ,of charities and schools they have the ,holy ,trinity alms-houses on ,brook-green1 a home for aged females1 a refuge for female penitents1 most admirably managed and producing a most beneficial effect1 an excellent reformatory for criminal boys1 the large industrial schools of ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul1 and a home1 ,st4 ,joseph's1 for destitute boys4 ,in ,bays-water there is the cathedral of ,st4 ,mary's of the ,angels 7of which the celebrated ,dr4 ,manning is the superior7 and the convent of ,notre ,dame de ,sion4 ,in ,chelsea there is the church of ,st4 ,mary's1 ,cadogan terrace1 a convent for the ,sisters of ,mercy1 another for the ,third ,order of ,servites1 as well as two well conducted and numerously attended schools4 ,in the united parishes of ,st4 ,margaret's and ,st4 ,john's1 ,westminster1 a few years since1 the priests opened their campaign with considerable energy4 ,in addition to their church in the ,horsferry road1 which was opened in #ahac1 they erected those of ,st4 ,peter's and ,st4 ,edmond's in ,palace street1 the superior priest of the latter being the celebrated ,father ,roberts1 a man not only respected for the energy he shows in the cause of his religion1 but beloved by all classes for his philanthropy4 ,to these some schools and convents were added1 the most celebrated of the latter being that of the ,sisters of ,charity in ,victoria street4 ,at first the priests seemed to be sanguine of success in the parish2 but their advance was met by men of as much ability1 courage1 and energy as themselves4 ,on the ,surrey side of the water the ,catholic ,church has the magnificent cathedral dedicated to ,st4 ,george1 in ,st4 ,george's ,fields2 the church of the ,most ,holy ,trinity1 ,parker's road1 ,dockhead1 ,bermondsey2 the church of ,our ,lady of the ,immaculate ,conception1 ,trinity road1 ,rotherithe2 that of ,our ,lady of ,la ,salette and ,st4 ,joseph1 ,melior street1 ,southwark2 and the church of the ,sacred ,heart of ,jesus1 ,windham street1 ,camberwell2 beside several others in ,peckham1 ,clapham1 ,lambeth1 and the surrounding districts4 ,of communities of men there are the ,capuchines at ,peckham and at ,clapham1 the ,redemptorists1 and the ,brothers of the ,christian ,schools4 ,of convents they have the ,religious of the ,faithful ,virgin at ,norwood1 which also comprises an orphanage2 the order of the ,sisters of ,mercy in ,bermondsey2 the order of the ,sisters of the ,christian ,retreat1 ,st4 ,joseph's1 ,kennington2 the ,little ,sisters of the ,poor1 ,fentiman road1 ,lambeth2 beside one or two others of minor importance4 ,it should also be remarked that all these establishments1 with one or two exceptions1 have sprung up within the last ten or twenty years4 ,of the numbers of the congregations of the different churches it would be difficult to form a just idea1 but they are certainly very great2 that properly attached to ,st4 ,george's cathedral alone we have been assured1 on most reliable ,roman ,catholic authority1 amounting to #ab1jjj or #ac1jjj4 ,the number of children attending the schools is doubtless proportionably great4 ,in the north-eastern portion of the metropolis1 we find the ,roman ,catholics1 although they have lately built several new churches1 are fully occupied in holding their own ground without exerting themselves to make converts4 ,and here1 opposed as we are to their creed on doctrinal points1 it would be unjust to withhold our meed of praise to the exertions of the priests in relieving the temporal miseries of #gjf their poor4 ,it would be difficult to imagine charitable efforts carried on more indefatigably or nobly4 ,few who have not visited and personally inspected the different courts and alleys in the neighborhood of ,spitalfields1 ,bethnal-green1 ,st4 ,george's-in-the-,east1 and ,ratcliffe ,highway1 inhabited as they are by the poor ,irish1 can have an idea of the abject poverty which reigns in them1 or the amount of patience1 courage1 and ,christian feeling necessary to relieve it4 ,yet all this is cheerfully performed by the ,roman ,catholic priesthood1 their energies appearing to increase in proportion as the difficulties and dangers before them become greater4 ,it would perhaps be an injustice to their body in this district to select any for notice in preference to the rest2 but we cannot refrain from making special mention of the labors of the ,rev4 ,father ,kelley1 of ,ratcliffe ,highway1 and the ,rev4 ,father ,chaurain1 of ,spitalfields1 into the results of whose exertions we have made personal investigation4 ,in the northern districts of the metropolis1 especially in ,islington and its surrounding neighborhoods1 the ,roman ,catholics appear to have made considerable progress4 ,they have lately built several new churches as well as houses for religious communities1 both for men and women4 ,that their progress in the metropolis is not solely the result of the ,high-,church practices in the establishment may be presumed from the fact that1 although the inhabitants of ,islington and its vicinity are particularly noted for their attachment to ,low-,church principles1 ,catholicism has gained more ground there than in localities where ,puseyism is dominant4 ,in the north-western districts it does not appear to have increased1 though the churches are well attended1 and the congregations apparently very numerous4 ,that of one of the largest1 ,our ,lady's church1 in ,st4 ,john's ,wood1 is #f1jjj1 and the children in the schools #fjj4 ,in the central districts of ,london ,roman ,catholic churches are very numerous and proportionately well attended2 those in ,moorfields1 and those in the neighborhood of ,covent ,garden and ,piccadilly1 being particularly so4 ,one of the most effective means employed by the ,roman ,catholics to make the conversions is the opening of schools for the education of children of the poor2 nor do they hesitate to admit that these schools are not only open to the children of their own persuasion1 but to all who may choose to avail themselves of them4 ,this is clear from the speech of the late ,cardinal ,wiseman at the ,roman ,catholic ,congress held at ,malines in the autumn of #ahfc4 ,speaking of the hundreds of ragged children1 scarcely knowing their parents1 he had been accustomed to meet in the different lanes and alleys of the poorer ,london localities1 he says3 ,we are doing all we can to gather these poor little outcasts together1 and to give them ,christian training4 ,the schools in which they are taught1 and to which ,i am at present alluding1 are themselves situated in a truly fearful spot1 ,charles street1 ,drury lane4 ,we owe them in a great measure to the great zeal of the fathers of the ,oratory4 ,their cost has been no less than ,l#ab1jjj4 ,the ,religious ,sisters from ,tournay1 with a devotion truly heroic1 have undertaken the care of the girls' school4 ,for some time past we have had the consolation of seeing increased1 by #a1jjj a year1 the number of children attending our schools for the poor2 there still remain #ag1jjj poor children who attend no school4 ,the ,catholic ,church judges rightly that a few years hence the children under its care will not only augment the number of adult members of its faith1 but will proportionately swell their ranks in the next generation4 ,nor is this danger to the ,protestant cause to be despised4 ,all their schools are admirably managed1 and the children in them are treated with the greatest kindness and consideration4 ,we have visited several1 and in all we remarked a great affection and #gjg respect existing in the minds of the pupils for their teachers1 the latter not considering that their duties are over when the classes are dismissed1 but afterward entering into their amusements and occupations with great patience and good humor4 ,we lately visited unexpectedly the school alluded to by ,cardinal ,wiseman1 and although lessons were over we found one of the masters in the large play-room busily employed in instructing a dozen of the most ragged urchins it would be possible to find in that squalid and impoverished locality in the mysteries of spinning peg-tops4 ,such acts of kindness to children are not forgotten when they grow up1 and a better means of binding them to their faith when adults it would be impossible to imagine4 ,in ,gate street1 ,lincoln's ,inn-fields1 is another school of the same description4 ,we have watched its progress since its establishment1 and marked the great increase in the number of its scholars4 ,it commenced with very few1 but must now number several hundreds4 ,those in ,drury-lane have more than four hundred children1 among whom1 perhaps1 not ten before the buildings were erected were receiving any instruction whatever4 ,all the ,roman ,catholic charities appear to be admirably managed2 their orphanages especially so4 ,those of the ,sisters of ,charity in ,victoria street1 ,westminster1 and ,norwood1 considering the comparatively small means at the disposal of their priesthood1 are perfect models of what institutions of the kind ought to be2 at the same time1 it must not be imagined that the ,roman ,catholic charities in ,london are solely of a description calculated to obtain converts to their creed4 ,their reformatories for fallen women and their exertions for the relief of the sick are worthy of the highest praise4 ,an hospital1 with a church attached1 solely for chronic and incurable diseases1 has for some time been established in ,great ,ormond street1 at the expense of a gentleman of wealth4 ,the hospital is under the care of the prioress and sisters of the ,order of ,st4 ,john of ,jerusalem1 and we never saw an infirmary of the kind better managed4 ,a large staff of nuns nurse the sick2 and not only are their numbers greater in proportion to those of the patients than in any of our metropolitan hospitals1 but their attention and kindness to those under their charge might serve as a model to many of our ,protestant institutions of a similar character4 ---- #gjh ,from ,chambers's ,journal4 ,a ,,vanishing ,,race4 ,the residence of ,captain ,c4 ,f4 ,hall in the arctic regions1 and his explorations among the solemn and majestic wastes surrounded by the hyperborean seas1 have invested the ,esquimaux with a degree of interest which they had never previously excited4 ,the savage inhabitants of the more beautiful and fertile regions of the earth have been observed by travellers with close and careful attention1 which leads to hopeful efforts for their civilization4 ,as the map of the world is opened up to our comprehension1 new schemes and prospects for the advance of the human race are opened with it2 savans1 artists1 missionaries1 merchants1 gird themselves to the contest with the material and moral conditions of the peoples yet1 though the world's day has lasted so long1 in their infancy1 whose unknown future may contain histories as brilliant as those of the civilizations of the present and the past4 ,but there is a race who have not excited such hopes1 who have not given rise to such exertions--a race whose life of unimaginable hardship gives them a mysterious resemblance to the phantoms of mythological belief1 and places them beyond the reach of the sympathies of civilization by its physical conditions1 the amelioration of which is impossible4 ,beyond the stern barrier which nature has set in the northernmost part of her awful realm1 behind the terrible rampart of snow and ice1 and storm and darkness1 these creatures of her wrath1 rather than of her bounty1 dwell4 ,to reach their land1 the traveller must leave behind him every familiar object1 and abandon every habit or need of ordinary life4 ,he must bid farewell to green trees1 to fertile fields1 to the crops which give food to man and beast1 to the domestic animals1 to every mode of conveyance1 to every implement of common use1 to food and clothing such as even the poorest and roughest sons of a less terrible clime may command2 to the thousand voices of nature1 even in its secluded nooks1 ,it is a mockery to speak of the arctic regions as the land of the ,esquimaux1 for nowhere on the earth is man less sovereign4 ,here nature is indeed grand beyond conception1 but also terrible1 implacable1 and impenetrable4 ,she sets man aside in her awful scorn2 he is a thing of no moment1 a cumberer of the ice-fields1 learning the simple lessons whereby he supports his squalid existence from the brutes1 which are lordlier than he1 inasmuch as the ice-slavery is no chain of servitude to them2 and heedless of him1 of his terrible hunger and destitution1 of his hopeless isolation1 she builds her ice-palaces upon the seas1 and locks the land in her glittering ice-chains1 and flings her terrific banners of flame wide against the northern sky2 and sends her voice abroad1 without a tone of pity in its vibrations1 sounding through the troubled depths of the waters and the rent masses of the many-tinted icebergs4 ,nature is indeed beautiful in her northern strongholds1 but her beauty shows only its terrible aspects1 its dread grandeur4 ,the face of the mighty mother does not soften into a smile for the feebleness of her youngest-born offspring1 but is fixed in its awful sublimity4 ,there is no point of contact between this ice-kingdon and ,european civilization1 and men of our race and tongue shrink from it with an appalled sadness1 for has it now been the tomb of many of our brave and beloved8 ,three centuries ago it earned that evil reputation1 which1 in the then elementary state of geographical knowledge1 and the general prevalence of superstition1 assumed a weird and baleful form4 ,it has but increased #gji in degree1 though differing in kind1 in our days1 and we think of the arctic regions as the sepulchre of the beloved dead1 the land toward which the heart of ,england yearned1 and which kept pitiless silence through long years of hope deferred4 ,but of its people we do not think2 we are satisfied to have but a vague notion of them2 to wonder1 amid the many marvels of that mighty problem--the distribution of the human race--how human beings ever found their way to those dreadful fastnesses1 more cruel in their exaction of human suffering than the desert and the forest4 ,this indifference gives way when we learn what manner of people these are whom we call ,esquimaux1 a word which signifies eaters of raw food1 but who call themselves ,innuit1 or the people1 and explain their own origin by a story which is a pleasing testimony to the common possession of self-conceit by all nations4 ,they say that the ,creator made white men first1 but was dissatisfied with them1 regarded them as worthless unfinished creatures1 and straightway set about making the ,innuit people1 who proved perfectly satisfactory4 ,captain ,hall lived among this strange race for two years and a half1 and he is about to return and prosecute his researches in ,boothia and ,king ,william's ,land4 ,this time1 his object is to trace the remnants of the ,franklin expedition1 which--as he finds the history of the few events which have ever marked the progress of time in that distant land handed down by oral tradition with extraordinary distinctness--he has no doubt of being able to do4 ,his first journey was in search of relics of the ,frobisher expedition1 and was as successful as it was daring1 patient1 and persevering4 ,his experiences were strange in all respects1 and in many most revolting2 but we owe much to this cheerful1 courageous1 simple-hearted ,american gentleman1 who has revealed the ,esquimaux to us as ,captain ,grant has revealed the ,african tribes1 and oriental tourists the dwellers in the deserts4 ,there is poetical harmony in the stern conditions of life among the ,innuits2 there is the impress of sadness and of sterility upon them all4 ,time itself changes its meaning in a land where ,the sun starts redly up ,to shine for half a year1 and dim wintry twilight lasts throughout the other half1 and hunger is the normal state of the people4 ,the traveller's route is to be traced on the map1 which is mere guess-work hitherto1 up the western side of ,davis's ,strait2 and once away from ,holsteinborg1 the journey assumes all its savage features4 ,the terrible icebergs rear their menacing masses in the track of the ship2 the sun pours its beams upon them1 and bathes them in golden light2 they appear in fantastic shapes of ,gothic cathedral1 of battlemented tower1 of clear single-pierced spire1 of strong fenced city1 of jewel-mountain1 of vast crystal hills2 and so1 as the voyager leaves art and civilization behind1 their most supreme forms flash a mirage-like reminiscence upon him1 intensifying the contrast of the prospect1 and luring him to a frantic and futile regret4 ,a grand and terrible confusion reigns around2 the voyager shrinks from the overwhelming scene1 where ranges of mountains1 islands1 rocks1 castles1 huge formless masses1 and gorgeous prismatic lights1 surround that laboring speck upon the mystic sea1 of whose littleness he is so small an atom2 and a strange sense1 which is not fear1 but awe1 comes to him with the knowledge that nothing of this sublime confusion is real1 on the horizon or beyond it4 ,for all the time of his stay in the arctic regions he is to be surrounded by contradictions1 by the sublimest manifestations of nature1 by the lowest conditions of humanity1 by gorgeous and majestic optical delusions1 and by the hardest and most grovelling facts of daily existence2 he must share1 to their fullest extent1 the relentless physical needs of the #gaj people1 and live1 if he would live at all1 in close contact with them--and yet his solitude must be inwardly profound and unapproachable2 his purposes unintelligible to his associates2 and their language1 elementary in itself1 dimly and scantily comprehended by him even in its most sparing forms4 ,all this without any of the alleviations of life among savages in southern countries--without the warmth1 which1 if sometimes oppressive1 is ordinarily grateful--without the rich and genial beauties of nature--without the resources of sport without the natural fruits of the earth--without the intellectual occupation of speculating upon development1 of ascertaining capabilities1 or of investigating sources of wealth4 ,the civilized dweller in arctic regions has none of these4 ,he beholds1 with admiration so solemn as to be painful1 the unapproachable dignity and hard implacable stillness of nature2 but he never dreams of treasure to be wrested from the cells of the ice-prison2 he seeks the dead--the dead of centuries ago--the dead of a decade since1 to be found1 it may be1 incorporated with their frozen resting place2 for the fiat of nature arrests decay in these terrible regions1 where death and life are always at close gripes with one another4 ,while the mind is ceaselessly impressed with sadness and solemnity1 the body asserts its claim to superiority2 it will not be forgotten or neglected1 for cold encompasses it with unrelaxing menace of death1 and hunger preys upon the vitals1 whose heat wanes rapidly in the pitiless climate1 and which crave for the nutriment so hard to procure1 so repulsive when procured4 ,toil is the law of the ice-clad land--toil1 not to wrest from the bosom of the earth her children's sustenance1 but to tear from the amphibious creatures1 from whom they have learned how to shelter themselves from the cold1 and whose skins cover them1 the unctuous flesh1 which they devour raw in enormous quantities4 ,the ,innuit are1 on the whole1 a gentle people1 driven by the relentless need and severity of their lives into close and peaceful companionship4 ,they have no king1 no government1 no law1 no defined religion1 no property2 they have1 for all these1 custom--the oldest law2 they are animated by the same spirit that dictated the reply once made to one who sat by ,jacob's well3 ,our fathers worshipped in this mountain1 and we worship4 ,as the old ,innuits did1 so do their successors4 ,they have no bread1 no medicine1 no household furniture2 they are poor human waifs upon the wide white bosom of the frozen seas2 and they have1 no help or resource but in the seal1 the walrus1 the white bear1 the rein-deer1 and the wonderful ,esquimaux dogs1 which are by far the noblest living creatures in all those sterile wastes4 ,from the seal they have learned to make the igloo1 which is the house of the ,innuit4 ,they eat the flesh of this animal1 and drink its fresh warm blood2 they kill its young1 and eagerly swallow the milk of the mother1 found in the stomach of the baby seal4 ,when the sudden summer comes1 and the snow melts1 and leaves the surface of the ice bare1 they are houseless2 the igloo melts away2 their home is but of frozen water1 and suddenly it disappears4 ,then they have recourse to the tupic1 which is a huge sheet of skins hung across a horizontal pole1 supported at either end4 ,their bed is a snow platform1 strewn with the moss which is the rein-deer's food1 and covered with skins4 ,their choicest dainties are the fat of the tuktoo1 or rein-deer1 the marrow procured by mashing the bones of the legs1 and the thick1 white1 unctuous lining of the whale-hide4 ,the interior of an igloo presents a picture more repulsive than that of any ,african hut or ,indian wigwam1 more distressing to human feelings and degrading to human pride4 ,the igloo is a dome-shaped building1 made of ice-blocks1 with an aperture in the roof1 and a rude doorway at one side1 closed #gaa with ice-blocks1 when the inmates are assembled4 ,the snow platform which forms the bed is occupied by the women and the stranger4 ,men and women are clad in skins1 put together with neatness and ingenuity4 ,the dress of the sexes differs only in two particulars2 that of the women is furnished with a long tail1 depending from the jacket1 and has a sort of hood1 in which loads and children are carried4 ,the life of the infant is preserved by its naked body being kept in contact with that of the mother4 ,one household implement they possess--it is a stone lamp2 something like a trough1 with a deep groove in it1 in which the dried moss1 used as a wick1 floats in the seal oil1 expressed by the teeth of the women from lumps of blubber1 which they patiently mill until the precious unguent is all procured4 ,but this lamp too often fails them1 and darkness and hunger take up frequent abode with the ,innuit4 ,days and nights are passed by the men1 sitting singly1 in death-like stillness and silence1 by the hole which they have found1 far under the snow1 at which the seal will blow4 ,it is strange and terrible to think of those watches1 in the midst of the desolation1 under that arctic sky1 with the cold dense fog now swooping1 now lifting1 in the enforced stillness1 with famine gnawing the watcher1 and famine at home in the igloo1 and the chance of food depending on the sureness of one instantaneous stroke1 down through the snow1 through the narrow orifice in the ice1 into the throat of the animal with the sleek skin1 and the mournful human eyes1 which vainly implore mercy from raging hunger4 ,when the ,innuit brings the seal to the igloo1 a crowd invades the narrow space1 for the simplest hospitality prevails1 and the long watch1 the skilful stroke1 do not constitute sole ownership of the prize4 ,the skin is stripped off the huge unsightly carcass1 and a horrible scene ensues4 ,the flesh is torn or cut with the stone knives in large lumps1 and having been first licked by the women1 to remove any hairs or other adhesive matter1 is distributed to the party1 and devoured raw2 the blood is drunk1 the bones are mashed1 the entrails are greedily eaten1 the dogs sharing in all2 and the blubber is made to yield its oil by the disgusting process already described4 ,one turns silenced from the picture2 from the sights1 and sounds1 and scents2 from the vision of dark faces1 eager with gluttonous longing1 gathered round the red1 flaring light2 from the skin-clothed bodies1 reeking with grease and filth1 and the foul exhalations of the mutilated animal2 from the lumps of flesh torn by savage hands1 and crammed dripping into distended mouths2 from the steaming blood1 and the human creatures who rapturously quaff it in the presence of the white man1 who sits among them and feeds with them1 whose heart yearns with dumb compassion for them1 who has wonderful scientific instruments in his pockets1 and his ,bible in his breast4 ,as the seal teaches the ,innuits the art of housing themselves1 so the white bear teaches them how to kill the walrus1 their most plentiful and frequent food1 when the ice is drifting1 and the unwieldy creatures lie upon the blocks close inshore2 then the bear climbs the overhanging precipice1 and taking a heavy block in his deft forepaws1 he hurls it with rare skill and nicety of aim upon the basking monster below4 ,so brutes train men in those dreadful regions1 and not men brutes4 ,the life of the ,innuits is full of such contradictions4 ,and their deaths8 ,from the contemplation of these one turns away appalled1 for they die in utter solitude4 ,when ,captain ,hall first heard of this horrible custom1 he started off at once to see its truth2 and having removed the blocks with which the doorway had been built up1 entered an igloo1 and found a woman who had yet many days to linger thus fastened up in her living tomb4 ,again1 hearing that a woman had been abandoned to die1 at a great distance1 he set forth1 #gab and having reached the spot with immense difficulty and danger1 he managed to remove the snow and the block which closed the hole in the top of the igloo1 lowered himself into it1 and found the woman dead1 and frozen as hard as her bier and her tomb1 with a sweet serene smile upon the marble face4 ,so this is the close of a life of toil and privation--the withdrawal of every kindred face1 the fearful solitude of the ice-walls1 the terrible arctic darkness and silence1 and the frozen corpse lying unshrouded1 naked1 beneath the frozen skins1 until the resurrection4 ,surely the angel of death is an angel of mercy there1 and does his errand gently1 bearing away the lonely1 terrified spirit to the city of gold1 the gates of pearl1 the jasper sea1 the land where there is no darkness1 physical or mental1 for evermore4 ,the earth1 always pitiless to them1 which never feeds them from her bosom1 does not suffer her dead children of the ,innuit people to sleep their last sleep in her lap4 ,their graves are only blocks of ice piled around and above the corpses1 which remain unharmed1 unless when the blocks melt1 as they sometimes do1 and the wolves1 dogs1 or bears gain access to the frozen remains4 ,the ,innuits are dying out2 disease is making havoc among them2 consumption1 formerly unknown1 is thinning their numbers by its slow1 furtive1 murderous advance2 their children are few1 and fewer still are reared2 and the long story of awful desolation draws to a close4 ,who can regret it8 ,who can do aught but desire that the giant wastes of the arctic regions should be left to the soulless creatures of ,god2 that the great discord between them and human life has ceased to trouble the harmony of creation2 that the mystery of such an existence is quietly laid at rest1 among the things which we know not now1 but which we shall know hereafter8 -------- ,,miscellany4 ,,science4 ,a ,new ,kind of ,mirror4--,the ,chemical ,news states that ,m4 ,dode1 a ,french chemist1 has introduced platinum mirrors1 which are greatly admired1 and which present this advantage1 that the reflecting metal is deposited on the outer surface of the glass1 and thus any defect in the latter is concealed4 ,the process1 which is patented in ,paris1 is described as follows3 ,chloride of platinum is dissolved in water1 and a certain quantity of oil of lavender is added to the solution4 ,the platinum immediately leaves the aqueous solution and passes to the oil1 which holds it in suspension in a finely divided state4 ,to the oil so charged the author adds litharge and borate of lead1 and paints a thin coat of this mixture over the surface of the glass1 which is then carried to a proper furnace4 ,at a red heat the litharge and borate of lead are fused1 and cause the adhesion of the platinum to the softened glass4 ,the process is very expeditious4 ,a single baking1 ,m4 ,dode says1 will furnish #bjj metres of glass ready for commerce4 ,it would take fifteen days1 he says1 to coat the same extent with mercury by the ordinary plan4 ,african ,silkworm4--,a silkworm before unknown in ,europe has been introduced into ,france from ,senegal1 and without suffering from change of climate4 ,it yields a richer silk than that of any other worm known to naturalists1 and its cocoons are twice the ordinary weight4 ,it is to be tried in ,algiers1 and if successful there1 this new and rich silk may become in time an important article of commerce4 ,science in a ,balloon4--,mr4 ,glaisher has #gac given1 in a lecture at the ,royal ,institution1 a resume of his scientific experiments in balloons4 ,tables recording the decline of temperature with elevation1 show that when the sky was clear a more rapid decline took place than when the sky was cloudy4 ,under a clear sky1 a fall of #a deg4 takes place within #ajj feet of the earth1 but at heights exceeding #be1jjj feet it is necessary to pass through #a1jjj feet of vertical height to obtain a fall of #a deg4 in temperature4 ,at extreme elevations1 in both states of the sky1 the air became very dry1 but as far as his experiments went1 was never quite free from water4 ,from ascents made before and after sunset1 ,mr4 ,glaisher concludes that the laws which hold good by day do not hold good by night2 indeed1 it seemed probable that at night1 for some little distance1 the temperature may increase with elevation1 instead of decreasing4 ,from experiments made on solar radiation with a blackened bulb thermometer1 and with ,herschel's actinometer1 it was inferred that the heat rays from the sun pass through space without loss1 and become effective in proportion to the density or the amount of water present in the atmosphere through which they pass4 ,if this be so1 the proportion of heat received at ,mercury1 ,venus1 ,jupiter1 and ,saturn may be the same as that received at the earth1 if the constituents of their atmospheres be the same as that of the earth1 and greater if the amount of aqueous vapor be greater1 so that the effective solar heat at ,jupiter and ,saturn may be greater than at either the inferior planets1 ,mercury or ,venus1 notwithstanding their far greater distances from the sun4 ,this conclusion is most important as corroborating ,professor ,tyndall's experiments on aqueous vapor4 ,experiments on the wind showed that the velocity of the air at the earth's surface was very much less than at a high elevation4 ,a comparison of the temperature of the dew point1 as shown by different instruments1 gave results proving that the temperatures of the dew point1 as found by the use of the dry and wet bulb thermometers1 and ,daniell's hygrometer1 are worthy of full confidence as far as the experiments went4 ,the ,eruption of ,mount ,etna4--,at a recent meeting of the ,paris ,academy of ,sciences1 an important letter was read from ,m4 ,fouque to ,m4 ,saint-,claire ,deville on the eruption of ,etna1 which has presented several phenomena of great scientific interest4 ,the eruption commenced at half-past ten on the evening of ,january #ca4 ,on the previous day two successive shakings of the earth had been noticed4 ,just before the eruption began a violent earthquake was felt1 the wave travelling to the north-east2 after this1 slight oscillations continued until about #d ,a4,m4 ,large flames now rose from a point on the north-east side of ,etna #e1ejj feet above the snow line1 and lava began to flow rapidly4 ,in two or three days the lava traversed a space of #ai1jjj feet1 with a width of from #aj1jjj to #ab1jjj1 and a variable thickness1 but often reaching to the depth of #cj or #fj feet4 ,after destroying for some distance everything in its passage1 the current of lava struck one of the old craters1 and then bifurcated4 ,the stream on the west side moved very slowly1 and1 becoming subdivided1 it nearly ceased to move2 the stream on the east side fell over a deep and precipitous valley1 which it soon filled1 being then able to continue its progress1 until finally it was stopped by a lava mound of a previous eruption4 ,the number of the craters is seven2 of these five form a vast elliptical enclosure1 the major axis of which is directed toward the north-east4 ,a deep fissure1 #a1ejj feet in length1 opened from the base of a former crater1 ,frumento1 to the nearest of the present cones4 ,this chasm1 ,m4 ,fouque shows1 was probably formed by the shock at the commencement of the eruption4 ,this fissure1 and also a depression of the crater ,frumento1 is in a right line with the major axis of the ellipse formed by the craters4 ,the same general fact has been several times noticed in previous eruptions4 ,the vapors attending an eruption have been divided into the dry1 containing chiefly chloride of sodium and no water1 the acid1 which contain a large amount of watery vapor1 the alkaline1 and the carbonic4 ,the first indicates the maximum1 and the last the minimum of volcanic action4 ,each of these varieties of vapor1 succeeding in their order1 were noticed at this eruption4 ,m4 ,fouque found the dry vapor upon the still incandescent lava2 the acid vapor in those parts where the temperature was over #gad #djj deg42 the alkaline1 where the temperature was lower1 but generally over #ajj deg42 and finally1 carbonic acid has been detected in one of the adjacent old craters1 which was at the ordinary temperature4 ,the first three varieties of vapor were thus found upon the same transverse section of the lava1 less than #aej feet distant from each other4 ,in all these vapors the atmospheric air which accompanied them was deprived of part of its oxygen1 generally containing only from #ah to #ai per cent41 and in some alkaline vapors the proportion was still less4 ,in this eruption there was a remarkable absence of sulphur and its compounds2 chemical tests as well as the sense of smell could detect no trace of them4 ,the eruption indeed was characterized by the absence of the compounds of sulphur and the abundance of the compounds of chlorine4 ,hydro-chlorate of ammonia1 which was found in abundance1 has generally been regarded as exclusively belonging to the alkaline vapors2 but here it has been discovered among the other varieties1 whilst the alkaline vapors were distinguished by the carbonate rather than by the hydrochlorate of ammonia4 ,at the present time1 ,m4 ,fouque writes1 the eruption is most active in the four lowest craters2 these throw liquid lava into the air1 and emit a nearly colorless smoke2 the three superior craters eject solidified lava and black stones1 at the same time pouring out a dense smoke charged with aqueous vapor and brown-colored ashes4 ,the three higher craters produce every two or three minutes a very loud report resembling the rolling of thunder2 the four lower craters1 on the contrary1 send forth a rapid succession of ringing sounds1 which it is impossible to count4 ,these sounds follow each other without any cessation1 and are only to be compared to the noise produced by a series of blows from a hammer falling on an anvil4 ,if the ancients heard these noises in former eruptions1 it is easily conceivable how they imagined a forge to exist in the centre of the volcano1 with ,cyclops for the master workman4 ,the lava is black1 rich in pyroxene1 and strongly attracted by a magnet4 ,since the commencement of the eruption1 the central crater of ,etna has emitted white vapors1 which continually cover its summit4 ,several good photographs of the eruption have been taken by ,m4 ,berthier1 who accompanied ,m4 ,fouque in his explorations1 which were by no means unattended with danger4 ,m4 ,saint-,claire ,deville then made some observations on this paper4 ,he explained the almost entire absence of sulphur by the fact that ,m4 ,fouque only examined the vapors from the lava4 ,these nearly always contain chlorine for their electro-negative element1 and scarcely show1 and that not until later1 sulphuretted and carbonic vapors4 ,after the eruption of ,vesuvius in #ahfa1 very light deposits of sulphur were found covering the hydrochlorate of ammonia1 which shows that the former body is not absent from the lava4 ,the existence of hydrochlorate of ammonia in the emanations does not necessarily exclude that of the vapors of hydrochloric and sulphuric acids4 ,magnetism of ,iron-clad ,ships4--,staff-,commander ,evans1 of the ,british navy1 and ,mr4 ,archibald ,smith1 who have devoted themselves for several years to investigations into the character of the magnetism of iron-built and armor-plated ships1 have embodied the results of their studies in an interesting paper read at a recent meeting of the ,royal ,society4 ,it is well known that iron ships have been very difficult to navigate because of the disturbing effect of the iron upon the compass1 and serious accidents have happened in consequence4 ,but underwriters1 and the whole naval profession1 will be glad to hear that the difficulty and risk are now greatly lessened1 if not entirely removed4 ,for the results established by the paper in question are--,that it is no longer necessary to swing a ship in order to ascertain the compass deviation1 or error1 seeing that it is possible to determine the various forms of error by mathematics2 that an iron ship should always be built with her head to the south2 if built head north1 there is such a confused amount of magnetism concentrated in the stern as to have a violent disturbing effect on the compass2 that if1 after building1 a ship is to be armor-plated1 the head1 during the fixing of the plates1 should be turned in the opposite direction-- that is1 to the north2 and that especial pains should be taken while building an iron ship to provide a #gae suitable place for the standard-compass4 ,beside these particulars1 the shot and shell stowed in the vessel1 the iron water-tanks1 and1 indeed1 all the iron used in her interior fittings1 are to be taken into account2 and it is satisfactory to know that the influence exerted on the compass by any one or all of these conditions can be ascertained1 and allowed for1 as in the other cases above mentioned4 ,gyges ,explained4--,the ,london ,reader gives the following explanation of a curious experiment in optics which has been performed at one of the ,london theatres under the name of ,eidos ,a,eides1 and reproduced in ,new ,york under the appellation of ,gyges4 ,it consists in causing an actor or an inanimate object which is in full view of the audience at one moment to disappear instantly1 and then to reappear with the same rapidity4 ,the means by which this is accomplished are very simple1 and are to some extent similar to those used in exhibiting ,pepper's ,ghost4 ,a sheet of plain unsilvered glass is placed upon the stage1 either upright or inclined at a suitable angle1 at the place where the actor or object is to disappear4 ,this glass is not perceived by the audience1 and it does not interfere with their view of the scenery1 etc41 behind the plate4 ,a duplicate scene representing that part of the back of the stage covered by the glass is placed at the wing1 out of sight of the spectators4 ,with the ordinary lighting of the stage the reflection of this counterfeit scene in the glass is too faint to be observed2 but when a strong light is thrown upon the scene1 the stage lights being lowered at the same time1 the image becomes visible4 ,this duplicate scene being an exact fac-simile of the background of the stage1 the change is not noticed by the audience1 the only difference being that they now see by reflection that which they saw a moment previously by direct vision4 ,the actor1 standing a sufficient distance behind the glass1 is completely hidden from view1 and he is again rendered visible by turning down the light on the false scene and allowing the stage lights to predominate4 ,when ,eidos ,a,eides was being performed at ,her ,majesty's ,theatre1 it was1 however1 possible1 with a good opera-glass1 to distinguish the outline of the figure behind the plate4 ,the effects produced may of course be modified4 ,an actor may be made to appear walking or flying in the air1 or dancing on a tight-rope1 by eclipsing or obscuring a raised platform on which he may be placed4 ------ ,,new ,,publications4 ,,history ,,of ,,england ,,from ,,the ,,fall ,,of ,,wolsey ,,to ,,the ,,death ,,of ,,elizabeth4 ,by ,james ,anthony ,froude1 ,m4,a41 late fellow of ,exeter ,college1 ,oxford4 ,volumes ,i4 and ,,ii4 #hvo41 pp4 #ddg and #eja4 ,new ,york3 ,charles ,scribner ,company4 ,in these two luxurious volumes we have the first instalment of an important work upon the most important period of ,english history4 ,six other volumes are to follow4 ,mr4 ,froude is a thorough good ,protestant4 ,his main purpose in this history seems to have been the glorification of the ,english reformers4 ,for the worst sovereigns of the house of ,tudor he displays an enthusiastic admiration which1 one is tempted to believe1 is half genuine sentiment1 and half love of paradox4 ,catholics1 of course1 he could not have expected to satisfy2 but he has gone too far to please even the members of his own ,church4 ,of ,henry ,,viii41 whose apologist he has appropriately been called1 he draws a flattering portrait3 ,if ,henry ,,viii41 he says1 had died previous to the first agitation of the divorce1 his loss would have been deplored as one of the heaviest misfortunes which had ever befallen the country2 and he would have left a name which would have taken its place in history by the side of that of the ,black #gaf ,prince or of the conqueror of ,agincourt4 ,left at the most trying age1 with his character unformed1 with the means at his disposal of gratifying every inclination1 and married by his ministers when a boy to an unattractive woman far his senior1 he had lived for thirty-six years almost without blame1 and bore through ,england the reputation of an upright and virtuous king4 ,nature had been prodigal to him of her rarest gifts4 ,in person he is said to have resembled his grandfather1 ,edward ,,iv41 who was the handsomest man in ,europe4 ,his form and bearing were princely2 and amidst the easy freedom of his address1 his manner remained majestic4 ,no knight in ,england could match him in the tournament except the ,duke of ,suffolk2 he drew with ease as strong a bow as was borne by any yeoman of his guard2 and these powers were sustained in unfailing vigor by a temperate habit and by constant exercise4 ,his state papers and letters lose nothing by comparison with those of ,wolsey and ,cromwell4 ,he was an accomplished musician2 he wrote and spoke in four languages2 he was one of the best physicians of his age1 an engineer1 and a theologian4 ,he was 'attentive1' as it is called1 'to his religious duties1' being present at the services in the chapel two or three times a day with unfailing regularity1 and showing to outward appearance a real sense of religious obligation in the energy and purity of his life4 ,in private he was good-humored and good-natured4 ,but like all princes of the ,plantageuet blood1 he was a person of a most intense and imperious will4 ,his impulses1 in general nobly directed1 had never known contradiction2 and late in life1 when his character was formed1 he was forced into collision with difficulties with which the experience of discipline had not fitted him to contend4 ,he had capacity1 if his training had been equal to it1 to be one of the greatest of men4 ,with all his faults about him he was perhaps the greatest of his contemporaries4 ,mr4 ,froude does not believe that the king's scruples respecting the validity of his marriage with ,catharine of ,aragon were inspired by his affection for ,anne ,boleyn4 ,they had arisen to their worst dimensions before he had ever seen ,anne ,boleyn4 ,but ,mr4 ,froude's narrative of the king's early intercourse with ,anne is extremely unsatisfactory1 not to say disingenuous4 ,how long ,henry may have cherished his scruples in secret1 our author affords us no means of guessing2 but the earliest intimation which he finds of an intended divorce was in ,june1 #aebg4 ,it was in #aebe1 he says1 that ,anne came back from ,france and appeared at the ,english court4 ,this is an error1 and is inconsistent with other statements in the same chapter2 the date was #aebb2 and almost immediately afterward the king began to pay ,anne marked attention4 ,her celebrated love-passage with ,lord ,percy took place in #aebc4 ,mr4 ,froude speaks of it as follows3 ,lord ,percy1 eldest son of ,lord ,northumberland1 as we all know1 was said to have been engaged to her4 ,he was in the household of ,cardinal ,wolsey2 and ,cavendish1 who was with him there1 tells a long romantic story of the affair1 which1 if his account be true1 was ultimately interrupted by ,lord ,northumberland himself4 ,now what will be thought of our author's honesty when we say that ,cavendish repeats again and again that the match was broken off by command of the king8 ,lord ,northumberland did not appear in the matter at all until ,wolsey1 by his majesty's orders1 had remonstrated with the young nobleman1 and threatened him with dire consequences if he should persist in a pursuit which was displeasing to his sovereign4 ,mr4 ,froude carefully suppresses all allusion to intercourse between the king and his fair favorite1 until the project of the divorce was well advanced1--not discussing or discrediting the statements of other historians respecting ,henry's early passion for ,anne ,boleyn2 but simply putting them behind his back1 as matters of which it did not suit his purpose to take notice4 ,this fashion of writing may do for romance1 but not for history4 ,in demanding a divorce from his first queen1 ,henry has1 as we might suppose1 ,mr4 ,froude's full approval3 ,it may be admitted1 or it ought to be admitted1 that if ,henry ,,viii4 had been contented to rest his demand for a divorce merely on the interests of the kingdom2 if he had forborne1 while his request was pending1 to affront the princess who had for many years been his companion and his queen2 if he had shown her that respect which her #gag high character gave her a right to demand1 and which her situation as a stranger ought to have made it impossible to him to refuse1 his conduct would have been liable to no imputation1 and our sympathies would without reserve have been on his side4 4 4 4 4 ,his kingdom demanded the security of a stable succession2 his conscience1 it may not be doubted1 was seriously agitated by the loss of his children2 and looking upon it as the sentence of heaven upon a connection the legality of which had from the first been violently disputed1 he believed that he had been living in incest and that his misfortunes were the consequence of it4 ,under these circumstances he had a full right to apply for a divorce4 ,with all its faults1 ,mr4 ,froude's book tells many wholesome truths in a very forcible manner4 ,here is an admission which from such an out-and-out ,protestant we should hardly have looked for2 he is speaking of religious persecution3 ,we think bitterly of these things1 and yet we are but quarrelling with what is inevitable from the constitution of the world4 4 4 4 ,the value of a doctrine cannot be determined on its own apparent merits by men whose habits of mind are settled in other forms2 while men of experience know well that out of the thousands of theories which rise in the fertile soil below them1 it is but one here and there which grows to maturity2 and the precarious chances of possible vitality1 where the opposite probabilities are so enormous1 oblige them to discourage and repress opinions which threaten to disturb established order1 or which1 by the rules of existing beliefs1 imperil the souls of those who entertain them4 ,persecution has ceased among ourselves1 because we do not any more believe that want of theoretic orthodoxy in matters of faith is necessarily fraught with the tremendous consequences which once were supposed to be attached to it4 ,if1 however1 a school of ,thugs were to rise among us1 making murder a religious service2 if they gained proselytes1 and the proselytes put their teaching in execution1 we should speedily begin again to persecute opinion4 ,what teachers of ,thuggism would appear to ourselves1 the teachers of heresy actually appeared to ,sir ,thomas ,more1 only being as much more hateful as the eternal death of the soul is more terrible than the single and momentary separation of it from the body4 ,there is1 ,i think1 no just ground on which to condemn conscientious ,catholics on the score of persecution1 except only this3 that as we are now convinced of the injustice of the persecuting laws1 so among those who believed them to be just1 there were some who were led by an instinctive protest of human feeling to be lenient in the execution of those laws2 while others of harder nature and more narrow sympathies enforced them without reluctance1 and even with exultation4 ,the following extract from an account of the feelings of the mass of the ,english people during the early stages of the divorce affair1 must be rather unpalatable to the ,high-,church ,episcopalians3 ,they believed--and ,wolsey was1 perhaps1 the only leading member of the privy council1 except ,archbishop ,warham1 who was not under the same delusion--that it was possible for a national church to separate itself from the unity of ,christendom1 and at the same time to crush or prevent innovation of doctrine2 that faith in the sacramental system could still be maintained1 though the priesthood by whom those mysteries were dispensed should minister in golden chains4 ,this was the ,english historical theory handed down from ,william ,rufus1 the second ,henry1 and the ,edwards2 yet it was and is a mere phantasm1 a thing of words and paper fictions1 as ,wolsey saw it to be4 ,wolsey knew well that an ecclesiastical revolt implied1 as a certainty1 innovation of doctrine2 that plain men could not and would not continue to reverence the office of the priesthood1 when the priests were treated as the paid officials of an earthly authority higher than their own4 ,he was not to be blamed if he took the people at their word2 if he believed that1 in their doctrinal conservatism1 they knew and meant what they were saying2 and the reaction which took place under ,queen ,mary1 when the ,anglican system had been tried and failed1 and the alternative was seen to be absolute union with ,rome1 or a forfeiture of ,catholic orthodoxy1 proves after all that he was wiser than in the immediate event he seemed to be2 that if his policy had succeeded1 and if1 #gah strengthened by success1 he had introduced into the ,church those reforms which he had promised and desired1 he would have satisfied the substantial wishes of the majority of the nation4 ,from an introductory chapter on the social condition of ,england in the early part of the sixteenth century1 we extract the following graphic passage1 as an example of ,mr4 ,froude's fascinating style4 ,doubtless most of our readers will agree with us in wishing that so graceful a pen had been more worthily employed3 ,the habits of all classes were open1 free1 and liberal4 ,there are two expressions1 corresponding one to the other1 which we frequently meet with in old writings1 and which are used as a kind of index1 marking whether the condition of things was or was not what it ought to be4 ,we read of 'merry ,england'2--when ,england was not merry1 things were not going well with it4 ,we hear of the 'glory of hospitality1' ,england's pre-eminent boast1--by the rules of which all tables1 from the table of the twenty-shilling freeholder to the table in the baron's hall and abbey refectory1 were open at the dinner hour to all comers1 without stint or reserve1 or question asked3 to every man1 according to his degree1 who chose to ask for it1 there was free fare and free lodging2 bread1 beef1 and beer for his dinner2 for his lodging1 perhaps1 only a mat of rushes in a spare corner of the hall1 with a billet of wood for a pillow1 but freely offered and freely taken1 the guest probably faring much as his host fared1 neither worse nor better4 ,there was little fear of an abuse of such licence1 for suspicious characters had no leave to wander at pleasure2 and for any man found at large1 and unable to give a sufficient account of himself1 there were the ever-ready parish stocks or town gaol4 ,the 'glory of hospitality' lasted far down into ,elizabeth's time2 and then1 as ,camden says1 'came in great bravery of building1 to the great beautifying of the realm1 but to the decay' of what he valued more4 ,in such frank style the people lived1 hating three things with all their hearts3 idleness1 want1 and cowardice2 and for the rest1 carrying their hearts high1 and having their hands full4 ,the hour of rising1 winter and summer1 was four o'clock1 with breakfast at five1 after which the laborers went to work1 and the gentlemen to business1 of which they had no little4 ,in the country every unknown face was challenged and examined1--if the account given was insufficient1 he was brought before the justice2 if the village shopkeeper sold bad wares1 if the village cobbler made 'unhonest' shoes1 if servants and masters quarrelled1 all was to be looked to by the justice2 there was no fear lest time should hang heavy with him4 ,at twelve he dined2 after dinner he went hunting1 or to his farm1 or to do what be pleased4 ,it was a life unrefined1 perhaps1 but colored with a broad1 rosy ,english health4 ,,the ,,american ,,annual ,,cyclopedia ,,and ,,register ,,of ,,important ,,events ,,of ,,the ,,year #ahfd4 #hvo41 pp4 #hch4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,company4 ,the ,annual ,cyclopedia grows more and more valuable and interesting every year4 ,the present volume is a great improvement upon all that have gone before it4 ,the course of events has been unusually varied and startling1 and the topics suggested by it appear to have been for the most part selected with good judgment and treated by competent writers4 ,we have under the head of ,army ,operations an admirable history of ,sherman's great march and of ,grant's campaign in the wilderness1 both illustrated with maps4 ,the article on the ,army of the ,united ,states abounds in information respecting the number of troops1 organization1 supplies1 department and corps commanders1 etc41 such as everybody wants to have1 but nobody knows where to look for4 ,under the titles of ,confederate and ,united ,states ,congress we have a complete political history of our country during the last year1 while the condition and progress of the several foreign states are treated in their proper places4 ,a great deal of interesting matter is given in the articles on the ,anglican and ,greek ,churches1 ,commerce and ,commercial ,intercourse1 ,diplomatic ,correspondence and ,foreign ,relations1 ,finances of the ,united ,states1 ,freedmen1 ,freedom of the ,press1 ,geographical ,explorations and ,discoveries1 ,literature and ,literary ,progress1 ,military ,surgery and ,medicine 7profusely illustrated71 ,navy1 ,ordnance1 ,petroleum1 etc41 etc4 #gai ,under the head of ,public ,documents is the most correct translation of the ,pope's ,encyclical and syllabus of errors condemned that has yet appeared in this country4 ,biographical sketches are also given of the most distinguished men who died during the course of the year4 ,,songs ,,for ,,all ,,seasons4 ,by ,alfred ,tennyson4 ,with illustrations by ,d4 ,maclise1 ,t4 ,creswick1 ,s4 ,eytinge1 ,c4 ,a4 ,barry1 ,h4 ,fenn1 and ,g4 ,perkins4 #afmo41 pp4 #hd4 ,boston3 ,ticknor ,fields4 ,,household ,,poems4 ,by ,henry ,w4 ,longfellow4 ,with illustrations by ,john ,gilbert1 ,birket ,foster1 and ,john ,absolon4 #afmo41 pp4 #if4 ,boston3 ,ticknor ,fields4 ,the series of ,companion ,poets for the ,people1 of which these two volumes are the first issues1 deserves special commendation as an example of the way in which cheapness and elegance may be combined4 ,for half a dollar ,messrs4 ,ticknor ,fields offer us a neat little book1 printed in the best style of typography1 on rich tinted paper1 with a clean broad margin1 and some twelve or fifteen wood-cuts by reputable artists4 ,the selections appear to have been made with good judgment1 and include some late pieces of both ,tennyson and ,longfellow which are not to be found in previous editions of their works4 ,,the ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,protestant ,,reformation ,,in ,,germany ,,and ,,switzerland1 ,,and ,,in ,,england1 ,,ireland1 ,,scotland1 ,,the ,,netherlands1 ,,france1 ,,and ,,northern ,,europe4 ,,in ,a ,,series ,,of ,,essays1 ,,reviewing ,d',,aubigne1 ,,menzel1 ,,hallam1 ,,bishop ,,short1 ,,prescott1 ,,ranke1 ,,fryxell1 ,,and ,,others4 ,by ,m4,j4 ,spalding1 ,d4,d41 ,archbishop ,baltimore4 ,fourth revised edition1 ,two volumes in one4 #hvo41 pp4 #did and #eji4 ,baltimore3 ,john ,murphy ,company4 ,we welcome this new and improved edition of the best antidote that has yet been prepared for ,english readers to the common misrepresentations of ,protestant historians of the reformation4 ,archbishop ,spalding's book has been so long before the public1 and has been received with such general favor1 that it would be superfluous at this late day to enter upon a general examination of its merits4 ,it will prove a valuable guide to the student of ,english and continental history2 he will find here the chief points made against the ,church1 by the long list of writers named in the title-page1 taken up and answered by a prelate of high reputation for sound and thorough scholarship4 ,dr4 ,spalding of course does not deny that there were abuses in the #afth century which ought to have been abolished2 but he contends that the gravity and extent of these disorders have been greatly exaggerated2 that they generally originated in the world and its princes1 not in the ,church2 most of them being due to the fact that bad men were thrust into high ecclesiastical places by worldly-minded and avaricious sovereigns2 that there was a lawful and efficacious remedy for all such evils1 which consisted in giving to the popes their due power and influence in the nomination of bishops and in the deliberations of general councils2 in a word1 that reformation within the ,church1 and not revolution outside of it1 was the only proper1 lawful1 and efficacious remedy for existing evils2 and finally1 that the fact of ,christians having at length felt prepared to resort to the desperate and totally wrong remedy of revolution was owing to a train of circumstances which had caused faith to wane and grow cold1 and which now appealed more to the passions than to reason1 more to human considerations than to the principles of divine faith and the interests of eternity4 ,,the ,,year ,,of ,,mary2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,true ,,servant ,,of ,,the ,,blessed ,,virgin4 ,translated from the ,french of ,rev4 ,m4 d',arville1 ,apostolic ,prothonotary4 ,edited1 and in part translated1 by ,mrs4 ,j4 ,sadlier4 #abmo4 ,philadelphia3 ,peter ,f4 ,cunningham4 ,this is a work intended for the use either of private persons or of confraternities1 sodalities1 and similar associations formed in honor of the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,the matter is distributed into exercises1 the number of which is fixed at seventy-two1 because our ,lady is supposed to have lived seventy-two years on earth4 ,one exercise is appropriated to each of the ,sundays and principal festivals of the year4 #gbj ,the reverend author writes with simplicity and unction1 and has given us a really devout book4 ,the translation seems to be very well done4 ,,ceremonial1 ,,for ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,the ,,catholic ,,churches ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,of ,,america4 ,published by order of the ,first ,council of ,baltimore1 with the approbation of the ,holy ,see4 ,third edition1 carefully revised and considerably enlarged4 ,with illustrations4 #abmo41 pp4 #ecd4 ,baltimore3 ,kelly ,piet4 ,this book is almost indispensable to clergymen1 and very convenient for laymen who wish to understand the beautiful ceremonies which the ,church has appointed for the various festivals and services of the ecclesiastical year4 ,it was originally compiled by ,bishop ,rosati1 of ,st4 ,louis1 and formally adopted by the council of ,baltimore in #aheb4 ,the extensive additions which are now published with it were made by direction of the late ,archbishop ,kenrick1 of ,baltimore4 ,they consist of the ceremonies of low mass1 low mass for the dead1 and the manner of giving holy communion within the mass or at other times2 instructions for the priest who is obliged to say two masses1 from the decrees of the sacred congregation of rites1 approved under the present pope2 the manner of singing mass without deacon and sub-deacon1 and the vespers without cope-bearers1 in accordance with approved usages of the best-regulated churches in ,italy2 the mode of giving benediction with the blessed sacrament1 in which the ceremonial of bishops and the various decrees of the sacred congregation of rites are strictly followed2 ,gregorian notes to guide the celebrant and sacred ministers in singing the prayers1 gospel1 epistle1 confiteor1 etc4 ,the illustrations1 intended to show the proper form of various church utensils1 church furniture1 etc41 constitute a valuable feature of the book4 ,,meditations ,,and ,,considerations ,,for ,a ,,retreat ,,of ,,one ,,day ,,in ,,each ,,month4 ,compiled from the writings of ,fathers of the ,society of ,jesus1 by a ,religious4 ,published with the approbation of the ,most ,rev4 ,archbishop of ,baltimore4 #ahmo41 pp4 viii41 #aed4 ,baltimore3 ,kelly ,piet4 ,this little book is designed for the use not only of religious communities1 but of persons in the world who may feel disposed to devote a day now and then exclusively to the affairs of their souls4 ,the exercises consist of three meditations and a consideration1 for each month in the year1 arranged after the manner of the exercises of ,st4 ,ignatius4 ,,street ,,ballads1 ,,popular ,,poetry1 ,,and ,,household ,,songs ,,of ,,ireland4 #afmo41 pp4 #cab4 ,boston3 ,patrick ,donahoe4 ,the poems contained in this little volume are by a great number of authors1 and of course of very different degrees of merit4 ,most of them are of a patriotic nature2 a good many are amatory2 and two or three seem to have no business in the collection at all4 ,for example1 ,lieut-,colonel ,halpine's ,april #bj1 #ahfd1 is a poem of the ,american rebellion4 ,mr4 ,john ,savage's ,at ,niagara is certainly neither a street ballad nor a household song1 nor is it part of the popular poetry of ,ireland any more than of our own country4 ,we dare say1 however1 that nobody will feel disposed to quarrel with the editor for including these spirited pieces1 as well as others we might mention1 which do not properly belong under the categories mentioned in the title-page4 ,among the best known writers whose names appear in the table of contents are ,william ,allinghain1 ,aubrey ,de ,vere1 ,samuel ,fergusson1 ,lady ,wilde1 ,gerald ,griffin1 and ,clarence ,mangan4 ,,the ,,month ,,of ,,mary1 ,,for ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,ecclesiastics4 ,translated from the ,french4 #cbmo41 pp4 #bjg4 ,baltimore3 ,john ,murphy ,company4 ,this little manual is intended exclusively for ecclesiastics1 especially students in theological seminaries4 ,it sets forth1 for each day of the month1 some trait of the life of the ,blessed ,virgin1 first as an object of veneration and love1 secondly1 as a model of some virtue of the clerical state1 and finally1 as a motive of confidence4 ,it is brief1 suggestive1 and practical4 ,the ,man without a ,country 7,boston3 ,ticknor ,fields7 is a reprint in pamphlet form of a remarkable narrative which appeared originally in ,the ,atlantic ,monthly4 ---------- #gba ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,i41 ,,no4 #f4 ,,september1 #ahfe4 ,from ,the ,dublin ,review4 ,,the ,,christian ,,schools ,,of ,,alexandria4--,,origen4 ,origenis ,opera ,omnia4 ,ed4 ,de la ,rue1 accurante ,j4 ,p4 ,,migne4 ,paris4 ,origenes1 ,eine ,darstellung seines ,lebens und seiner ,lehre1 von ,dr4 ,,redepenning4 7,origen3 ,a ,history of his ,life and ,doctrine4 ,by ,dr4 ,,redepenning74 #ahda4 ,bonn4 ,in a former article we have given some account of the labors and teaching of ,pantaenus and ,clement in the twenty years after the death of ,marcus ,aurelius 7#ahj-bjb71 during which the ,church enjoyed comparative peace4 ,commodus was not a persecutor1 like his philosophic father4 ,personally1 he was a signal instance of the total break-down of philosophy as a training for a prince imperial2 for whatever advantages the most enlightened methods and the most complete establishment of philosophic tutors could afford were his1 probably to his great disgust4 ,but the ,church has often found that an imperial philosopher is something even worse than an imperial debauchee4 ,pertinax and ,didius ,julianus1 who succeeded ,commodus1 had little time either for philosophy or pleasure1 for they followed their predecessor1 after the violent fashion so popular with conspirators and ,praetorians1 in less than a twelvemonth4 ,septimius ,severus1 the first1 and1 with one exception1 the only ,roman emperor who was a native ,african1 during the earlier years of his reign protected the ,christians rather than otherwise4 ,how and why he saw occasion to change we shall have to consider further on4 ,during these twenty years of tranquillity the great ,church of ,alexandria had been making no little progress4 ,her children had not been entirely undisturbed4 ,the populace1 and sometimes the magistrates1 often did not wait for an imperial edict to set upon the ,christians1 and the commotions that followed the death of ,commodus were the occasion of more than one martyr's crown4 ,we learn from ,clement of ,alexandria1 speaking of this very time of comparative quiet1 that burnings1 beheadings1 and crucifixions took place daily2 whereby he seems to point to some particular local persecutions4 ,but the ,alexandrian ,church1 on the whole1 was left in peace1 and was rapidly extending herself among the student population of the city1 among the ,greeks1 but1 above all1 among the poorer classes of the native ,egyptians4 ,christianity seems to have spread in ,egypt with a #gbb rapidity almost unexampled elsewhere1 and historians have taken much pains to point out that this was the effect of the considerable agreement there is between the asceticism of the early ,church and that of the native worship4 ,without discussing the point1 we may note that rapidity of extension was the rule1 not the exception1 when an apostle was the missionary2 and that the ,alexandrian ,church was founded by direct commission from ,st4 ,peter1 and1 therefore1 shared with ,rome and ,antioch the distinction of being the mother-city of ,christianity4 ,moreover1 the ,nile valley1 which above the ,delta is nowhere more than eleven miles in width1 contained a teeming population1 the whole of which was thoroughly accessible by means of the river itself4 ,for nearly five hundred miles every city and town1 every least village and hamlet1 stood right on the banks of the great water-way2 and it is probable that half the inhabitants of ,upper ,egypt and the ,thebaid were often floating on its bosom at one and the same time4 ,the high road that was so serviceable for traffic and pleasure could be made of equal service to religion4 ,how unweariedly the successors of ,st4 ,mark must have traversed it from end to end may be read in the history of those lauras and hermitages that at one time were to be found wherever its rocky barriers were indented by a sandy valley1 and wherever the old builders of ,thebes and ,memphis had left a quarried opening in the limestone4 ,there was not a stronger contrast between these monastic dwellings and the bosom of the gay river than there was between ,egyptians ,christian and ,egyptians pagan4 ,if the ,church's converts rushed into the deserts and the caves1 it was not especially because they liked them1 but because there was absolutely no other means of getting out of a society not to be matched for immorality except1 perhaps1 by pagan ,rome at its very worst4 ,of the number of ,christians in ,alexandria itself at the commencement of the third century we can only form an approximate judgment4 ,on the one hand1 ,eusebius tells us that the ,church had spread over the whole ,thebaid4 ,as the ,thebaid was the southern division of ,egypt proper1 and1 therefore1 the most distant from ,alexandria1 we may safely say as much1 at least1 for the ,delta and ,middle ,egypt4 ,on the other hand1 we are told by ,origen that the ,christians in the city were not so numerous as the pagans1 or even the ,jews4 ,this will not appear surprising if we recollect that the ,alexandrian ,jews were more numerous1 as well as richer and more powerful1 than any other ,jewish community in the world4 ,we know enough to be quite sure that the ,alexandrian ,church was working quietly but vigorously4 ,from the heads of the ,catechetical school down to the humblest little child that was marked out by baptism in the great city of sin1 there was a great work going on4 ,the impulse that ,pantaenus and ,clement were giving was felt downward and around1 and when ,origen begins to rise on the scene1 we can mark what an advance there has been even in the short twenty years since the death of ,marcus ,aurelius4 ,septimus ,severus had reigned for ten years1 as we said above1 before he began to persecute4 ,he was undoubtedly an able and vigorous emperor2 he could meet his enemies and get rid of his friends1 bribe the ,praetorians and slaughter his prisoners of war1 with equal coolness and generally with equal success4 ,in the course of a reign of twenty years he seems to have visited with hostile intent the greater part of his extensive empire1 from the ,syrtes of ,africa1 where he was born1 to the banks of the ,euphrates1 and thence to ,britain1 where he died1 at ,york1 ,a4,d4 #baa4 ,at the time we speak of 7#aih7 he had just concluded a brilliant campaign against those pests of the ,roman soldiery1 the ,parthians2 and having then engaged the ,arabs1 still in arms for a chief whose head he had had the pleasure #gbc of sending to ,rome twelve months before1 had got rather the worst of it in two battles4 ,it was between this and the year #bjb that he visited ,alexandria4 ,there can be no doubt he must have been received at ,alexandria with no little triumph by one class of its citizens4 ,some six years before1 he had restored to the ,greek inhabitants their senate and municipal privileges4 ,the ,greeks1 who1 as far as intellect went1 were the indisputable rulers of ,alexandria1 must have been highly elated at being now restored to civil importance2 for though their senate was little more than an ornament1 and their municipal rights confined to holding certain assemblies for the discussion of grievances1 still1 to have a recognized machinery of wards and tribes1 and to be called men of ,macedon1 as of old1 was not without advantage1 and was1 indeed1 all that their fathers had presumed to seek for1 even in the days of the lamented ,ptolemies4 ,we cannot doubt1 therefore1 that by the ,greeks ,severus was received with much enthusiasm1 and he1 on his part1 seems to have been equally satisfied with his reception1 for we find that he enriched ,alexandria with a temple of ,rhea1 and with public baths which he named after himself4 ,but more came of this visit than compliments or temples4 ,it was an hour of favor for the ,greeks2 the chief among them were also the chiefs and ruling spirits of the university2 we know they must have come across ,christianity during the preceding twenty years in many ways1 but chiefly as a teaching that was gaining ground yearly among their best men2 as philosophers1 we know they loathed it2 as worshippers of the immortal myths1 they were burning to put it down4 ,does it seem in any way connected with these facts that ,severus at this very time changes his policy of mildness1 and issues a decree forbidding1 under severest penalties1 all conversions to ,christianity or ,judaism8 ,there is something suggestive in the juxtaposition of facts1 and it is not at all impossible that the commencement of the fifth persecution was a compliment to ,clement of ,alexandria4 ,severus1 indeed1 must have frequently come into contact with ,christianity himself during the three or four years he spent in ,syria and the ,east2 he could not have visited ,antioch1 ,edessa1 and ,caesarea without being obliged to notice the development of the ,church4 ,the ,jews1 too1 had given him a great deal of trouble1 which may account for that part of the edict which affected them1 and perhaps the ,montanist fanatics had helped to irritate him against the name of ,christian4 ,however these things may be1 the prohibition1 though apparently moderate in its scope1 was the signal for the outburst of a tremendous persecution4 ,laetus1 the prefect of ,alexandria1 was so zealous in his work1 that it is impossible not to suspect that he was acting under the very eye of his imperial master4 ,he was not content with torturing and slaying in the city itself1 but sent his emissaries up the ,nile to the very extremity of the ,thebaid to hunt up the ,christians and send them by boatloads to the capital for judgment and punishment4 ,numbers of the ,alexandrian ,christians fled to ,palestine and elsewhere on the first intimation of danger4 ,pantaenus1 who had returned from his ,indian mission1 had perhaps already left ,alexandria2 but ,clement was at the head of the ,catechisms1 and he was of the number of those who fled4 ,the great school was for a time broken up4 ,the functions of the ,church were suspended for want of ministers1 or prevented by the impossibility of meeting in safety4 ,it was taught in the ,alexandrian ,church that if they were persecuted in one city1 they should flee into another2 and1 just at this time1 the ,motanist error1 that it was unlawful to flee from persecution1 caused this teaching to be acted upon with less hesitation than usual2 and so1 in the year #bjb1 ,christians in ,alexandria1 from being a comparatively flourishing community1 became a proscribed and secret sect4 #gbd ,it would be very far from the truth1 however1 to suppose that the teachings of the ,catechetical school had not been able to form martyrs4 ,we know that multitudes stood up for their faith and shed their blood for it at ,alexandria1 during the first years of this persecution1 and this amidst horrors so unusual even with persecutors1 that it was thought they portended the coming of the last day4 ,the name of ,potamiana alone will serve to raise associations sufficient to picture both the heroism of the confessors and the enormities of the tyrants4 ,but there is another name with which we are more nearly concerned at present4 ,leonides1 the father of ,origen1 was one of those ,christians who had not fled from the persecution4 ,he was an inhabitant of ,alexandria1 a man of some position and substance1 and when the troubles began he was living in ,alexandria with his wife and family4 ,it was not long before he was marked down by ,laetus and dragged to prison4 ,the martyr's crown was now within his grasp2 but he left behind him in his desolate home another who was burning to share it by his side4 ,his son1 ,origen1 was not yet seventeen when his father was torn away by the ,roman soldiers1 and1 in spite of the entreaties of his mother1 he insisted upon following him to prison4 ,his mother finally kept him beside her by a device which may raise a smile in this generation4 ,she hid all his clothes1 says ,eusebius1 and so compelled him to stop at home4 ,but his zeal was all aroused and on fire1 and1 indeed1 in this1 the earliest incident known to us of his life1 we seem to read the zeal and fire of the man that was to be4 ,he sent a message to his father in these words1 ,be sure not to waver on our account4 ,the exact words seem to have been handed down to us1 and ,eusebius1 who gives them1 probably received them from ,origen's own disciples in ,caesarea of ,palestine4 ,the boy well knew what would be the martyr's chief and only anxiety in his prison4 ,the thought of the wife and seven young children whom he was leaving desolate would be a far bitterer martyrdom than the ,roman prisons4 ,but ,leonides gloriously persevered1 confessed the faith1 and was beheaded1 while the whole of his property was confiscated to the emperor4 ,origen1 as we have said1 was not quite seventeen years old at his father's martyrdom1 having been born about the year #ahe4 ,both his father and mother were ,christians1 and apparently had dwelt a long time in ,alexandria4 ,he had therefore been brought up from his infancy in that careful ,christian training which it is the pride and joy of a good and earnest ,christian father to bestow upon his son4 ,the traces of this training1 as we find them in ,eusebius1 are touching in the extreme4 ,leonides1 to whom the teachings of ,clement had made the ,holy ,scriptures a very fountain of life and sweetness1 made them the principal means of the education of his son4 ,every day the child repeated to his father a portion of the holy books1 and was instructed according to his capacity4 ,knowing what1 in after life1 was to be ,origen's connection with the ,holy ,scriptures1 we are not surprised to find that his father soon began to experience some difficulty in answering his questions4 ,the boy1 with true ,alexandrian instinct1 was not content with the bare letter of the book2 he would know its hidden meaning and prophetic sense4 ,leonides discouraged these questions and speculations1 not1 it would seem1 because he disapproved of them1 but because he sensibly thought them premature in so young a child4 ,but in the secret of his heart he was full of joy to see the ardor1 eagerness1 and amazing quickness of his dear child1 and often1 when the boy was asleep1 would he uncover his breast and reverently kiss it1 as the temple of the ,holy ,spirit4 ,it is of very great importance for the right comprehension of the great ,origen to bear in view this picture of his tender youth1 and to reflect that he was no convert from heathenism1 no #gbe ,christianized philosopher1 whose early notions might from time to time be expected to crop up in the field of his orthodoxy1 but a ,christian child1 born and bred in the ,church's bosom1 brought up by a father of unquestioned ability1 who died a martyr and is honored as a saint4 ,origen began to think rightly as soon as he could think at all2 his early education left him nothing to forget4 ,as he grew up and began to be familiar with ,alexandria the beautiful1 he received that subtle education of the eye and imagination that every ,alexandrian1 like every ,athenian1 succeeded to as an heirloom4 ,but with the heathen philosophers he had nothing to do1 and it may be questioned whether he ever entered the walls of the ,museum4 ,his father had not neglected to teach him the ordinary branches of ,greek learning4 ,he attended the lectures of ,clement1 those brilliant and winning discourses1 half apology1 half exhortation1 that he himself was afterward to emulate so well4 ,he heard ,pantaenus1 also1 after the venerable teacher had returned from his ,indian mission4 ,we may be sure that he dreaded worse than poison the society of the pagan youth of the university2 this his subsequent conduct proves4 ,but he had his circle of friends1 and among them was a young man1 somewhat older than himself1 who was hereafter to leave an undying name as ,st4 ,alexander of ,jerusalem4 ,thus1 by ear and eye1 by master and by fellow-student1 by his father's labor1 and by the workings of his own wonderful intellect and indomitable will1 he was formed into a man4 ,his education came to a premature end2 but his father's martyrdom1 though to outward seeming it left him a destitute orphan1 really hardened the boy of seventeen into the man and the hero4 ,when his father was martyred1 continues ,eusebius1 writing1 in all probability1 from the relation of those who had heard ,origen's own account1 he was left an orphan1 with his mother and six young brothers and sisters1 being of the age of seventeen4 ,all his father's property was confiscated to the emperor's treasury1 and they were in the utmost destitution2 but ,god's providence took care of ,origen4 ,a rich and illustrious lady of ,alexandria received him into her house4 ,whether this lady was professedly a ,christian1 a pagan1 or a heretic1 history does not say4 ,she can hardly have been a pagan1 though it is not impossible that a philosophic and liberal pagan lady should have taken a fancy to help such a youth as ,origen4 ,it is not likely that she was a heretic1 for in that case ,origen would never have entered her door4 ,thanks to the ,gnostics1 heretics in those days were looked upon in ,alexandria as more to be dreaded than pagans4 ,she was probably1 by outward profession at least1 a ,christian1 illustrious1 says the historian1 for what she had done1 and illustrious in every other way4 ,what she had done we are not permitted even to guess2 but one fact in her history we do know1 and it is very significant4 ,she had living in her house1 on the footing of an adopted son1 one ,paul1 a native of ,antioch1 and one of the chiefs of the ,alexandrian heretics4 ,it is certain that ,origen's patroness must have had either very uncertain or very easy notions of ,christianity1 if she could lend her house1 her money1 and her influence to an arch-heretic1 who had come from ,syria to trouble the ,church of ,alexandria1 as ,basilides and ,valentine had come before him4 ,gnosticism had probably lost ground in the city1 under the eloquent attacks of ,st4 ,clement4 ,this ,paul was a man of great eloquence1 and his reputation attracted great numbers to hear him1 not only of heretics1 but also of ,christians4 ,he came from ,antioch1 the headquarters of an unknown number of ,gnostic sects1 and1 with the usual instinct of false teachers1 he had led captive this ,alexandrian lady4 ,mark1 of infamous memory1 had already done the same thing by others1 and perhaps by her1 and ,paul had succeeded to his position and was now #gbf the rival of the head of the ,catechisms4 ,such a state of things makes it easier to understand why ,st4 ,clement1 in his ,stromata1 calls those who lean to heresy traitors to ,christ1 and compares perverts to the companions of ,ulysses in the sty of ,circe1 and why he makes the very treating with heretics to be nothing less than desertion in the soldier of ,christ4 ,it does seem a little strange1 at first sight1 that the uncompromising ,origen should have consented to receive assistance from one whose orthodoxy must have been in such bad odor4 ,the difficulty grows less1 however1 if we consider the circumstances4 ,it was in the very heat of a terrible persecution1 when the canons of the ,church must have been suspended4 ,origen had lost his father1 and had nowhere to turn for bare subsistence4 ,we can hardly wonder if1 in such a strait as this1 he asked few questions when the charitable lady wished to take him in4 ,but when the grief and agitation of his orphaned state had somewhat subsided1 and when the persecutors had begun to slacken their fury1 we may suppose that he began to examine the harbor of his refuge1 and that it pleased him not4 ,he was under the same roof as ,paul of ,antioch1 a heretic and a leader of heretics2 but never1 young as he was1 could he be induced to associate with him in prayer1 or in any way that could violate the canons of the ,church1 as far as it was possible to keep them in such times4 ,from his childhood1 says his biographer1 he kept the canons1 and execrated the teachings of heretics2 and he tells us that this last phrase is ,origen's own4 ,and it seems that he took the most energetic measures to get away from a companionship that he must have loathed4 ,he had been well instructed1 as we have said1 by his father in the ordinary branches of education4 ,after his father's death he again applied himself to study with greater ardor than before1 for he had an object in view now4 ,it was not long before he was offering himself as a public teacher of those sciences that are designated by the general term ,grammatica4 ,it was the first public step in a life that was afterward to be little less than the entire history of the ,eastern ,church4 ,he was not yet eighteen1 but there was no help for it4 ,he must have bread1 and he could not eat of the loaf that was shared by ,paul of ,antioch4 ,early writers lay much stress on this first exhibition of orthodox zeal in him who was afterward to be the hammer of heretics1 from ,egypt to ,greece4 ,certain it is that his conduct as a boy was the same as his sentiments when he was in his sixtieth year4 ,to err in morals1 he wrote in his commentary on ,matthew1 at ,caesarea1 forty years after his first essay as a teacher of grammar1--to err in morals is bad1 but to err in dogma and to contradict ,holy ,writ is much worse4 ,if in after life he was to be so singularly earnest and so unaffectedly devout1 so enthusiastic for the ,gospel1 so eager in exploring the depths of sacred science1 and so unwavering in his faith1 all this was but the growth and development of what was already springing in his soul in those early years of his trials and zeal4 ,the strong will was already trying its first flights1 the sensitive heart was being schooled to throw all its motive power into duty1 and the quick1 clear apprehension and the wonderful memory for which he was to be so famous1 were already beginning to show what they would one day be4 ,origen was now a teacher of grammar and the sciences1 but he had not kept school for many months when his teachings took a turn that he can hardly have anticipated4 ,his text-books were the common pagan historians1 poets1 and philosophers that have been thumbed by the school-boy from that generation to this4 ,it was no part of ,origen's character to leave his hearers in error when plain speaking would prevent it2 and so it happened that his exposition of his author often took in hand not merely the parts of speech1 but the doctrine4 ,though he was only #gbg school-master by profession1 his scholars soon found out he was a ,christian1 and a ,christian of uncommon power and clear-sightedness4 ,the ,catechetical school was closed2 masters and scholars were scattered in flight or in concealment4 ,it was not long1 therefore1 before the young teacher found himself applied to by first one heathen and then another1 who1 under other circumstances1 would have applied to the school of the ,catechisms4 ,among these were ,plutarchus1 who soon afterward showed how a young ,alexandrian student could die a glorious martyr2 and ,heraclas1 his brother1 who1 after his conversion1 left everything to remain with his master1 became his assistant and successor in his catechetical work1 and finally died ,patriarch of ,alexandria4 ,these were the first-fruits of his zeal for souls4 ,many others followed2 and as the persecution was somewhat abating1 ,demetrius1 bishop of ,alexandria1 looking round for men to resume the work of the schools1 saw no one better fitted to be intrusted with its direction than ,origen himself4 ,he was accordingly1 though not yet eighteen1 appointed the successor of ,clement4 ,laetus1 prefect of ,alexandria1 who had exerted himself so strenuously to please ,severus when the persecution commenced1 had now been recalled2 probably he had reaped the reward of his zeal1 and was promoted4 ,his successor1 ,aquila1 signalized his entering upon office by an activity that outdid that of ,laetus himself4 ,the persecution that had calmed down a little toward the end of the first year and when ,laetus was leaving1 now raged with redoubled fury4 ,we have already said that the authoritative tradition1 and1 in great measure1 also the practice1 of the ,alexandrian ,church was flight at a time like this4 ,origen1 however1 was very far from fleeing2 never at any time of his life did he display such fearless baldness1 such energetic contempt for the enemy1 as during these years of blood1 from #bjd to #baa4 ,there was no prison so well-guarded1 no dungeon so deep1 that he could not hold communication with the confessors of ,christ4 ,he went up to the tribunals with them1 and stood beside them at the interrogatory and at the torture4 ,he went back with them in a sort of defiant triumph1 after sentence of death had been pronounced4 ,he walked undauntedly by their side up to the stake and the beheading block1 and kissed them and bade them adieu when it was time for them to die4 ,it is no wonder that ,eusebius sets down his own safety to a miraculous interposition of the right hand of ,god4 ,once1 as he stood by a dying martyr1 embracing him as he expired1 the ,alexandrian mob set on him with stones and nearly killed him2 how he escaped none could tell4 ,again and again the persecutors tried to seize him2 as often 7it is impossible1 says the historian1 to tell how often7 was he delivered from their hands4 ,he was nowhere safe3 no sooner did the mob get a suspicion of where he was than they surrounded the house1 and hounded in the soldiers to drag him out4 ,he fled from house to house2 perhaps he was assisted to escape by some of his numerous friends2 perhaps he hid himself1 as ,st4 ,athanasius in the next century did1 in some of those underground wells and cisterns with which every house in ,alexander's city was provided1 and then sought other quarters when the mob had gone off4 ,but it was not long before he was again discovered4 ,the numbers that came to hear him soon let the infuriated pagans know where their victim was1 and he was again besieged and hunted out4 ,once1 ,st4 ,epiphanius relates1 he was caught1 apparently by a street-mob1 and some of the low ,egyptian priests as their leaders4 ,it was near the ,egyptian quarter of the city2 perhaps1 even1 he was visiting some poor native convert in the dirty streets of the ,rhacotis itself4 ,if so1 the name of ,origen would have been enough to empty the whole quarter of its pariah race1 and bring them yelling and cursing into the #gbh ,heptastadion4 ,they showed him no mercy2 they abused him horribly2 they beat him and bruised him2 they dragged him along the ground4 ,but before killing him outright1 the idea seized them that they should make him deny his religion1 and at the same time make a shameful exhibition of himself4 ,there must have been ,greeks in the crowd1 for ,egyptians would never have had patience to spare him so long4 ,the ,serapeion1 however1 was at hand1 and thither they dragged him4 ,as they hauled him along1 they shaved his head1 says ,st4 ,epiphanius--that is1 they tried to make him look like the ,egyptian priests1 who were distinguished by a womanish smoothness of face2 and we may imagine that they did it with no gentle hands4 ,when at length the rushing mob had surged up the steps of the great temple1 their victim in the midst of them1 they set him on his feet1 and gave him some palm branches1 telling him to act the priest and distribute them to the votaries of ,serapis4 ,the palm1 we know1 was a favorite tree with the ,egyptian priests2 it was sculptured and painted on the walls of their huge temples1 and it was borne in the hands of worshippers on solemn festivals4 ,on the present occasion there were1 probably1 priests of one rank or another standing before the vestibule of the ,serapeion1 ready to supply those who should enter4 ,it was1 therefore1 the work of a moment to seize the stock of one of these ministers1 and force ,origen to take his place4 ,if they anticipated the pleasure of seeing the hated ,christian teacher humiliated to the position of an ostiarius of an idolatrous temple1 they were never more mistaken in their lives4 ,origen took the palms1 and began without hesitation to distribute them2 but1 as he did so1 he cried out in a voice as loud and steady as if neither suffering nor danger could affect him1 ,take the palms1 good people6--not the palms of idols1 but the palms of ,christ6 ,how he escaped after this piece of daring1 we are only left to conjecture4 ,perhaps the ,roman troops came suddenly on the scene to quell the riot2 and as they hated the dwellers in the ,rhacotis almost as much as the latter hated ,origen1 the neighborhood of the ,serapeion would have been speedily cleared of ,egyptians4 ,however it came about1 ,origen was saved4 ,meanwhile1 he saw his own scholars daily going to death4 ,the young student ,plutarchus fell among the first victims of ,aquila's new vigor2 ,origen was by his side when he was led to execution1 was recognized by the mob1 and once more narrowly escaped with his life4 ,serenus1 another of his disciples1 was burnt2 ,heraclides1 a catechumen1 and ,hero1 who had just been baptized1 were beheaded2 a second ,serenus1 after enduring many torments1 suffered in the same way4 ,a woman named ,heraeis1 one of his converts1 was burned before she could be baptized1 receiving the baptism of fire1 as her instructor said4 ,another who is numbered among his disciples is ,basilides1 the soldier who protected ,st4 ,potamiana from the insults of the mob1 and whom she converted by appealing to him three nights afterward4 ,we are told that the brethren1 and we know who would be foremost among the brethren in such a case1 visited him in prison as soon as they heard of his wonderful and unexpected confession4 ,he told them his vision1 was baptized1 and the following day died a martyr4 ,probably it was ,origen who addressed to him the few hurried words of instruction there was time to say4 ,all the martyrs1 says ,eusebius1 whether he knew them or knew them not1 he ministered to with the most eager affection4 ,his reputation1 it may well be conceived1 suffered no diminution as these things came to be known4 ,the horrors of the persecution could not keep scholars away from him1 nor prevent increasing numbers from coming to seek him4 ,many of the unbelieving pagans1 full of admiration for a holiness of life and a heroism they could not comprehend1 came to his #gbi instructions2 and even literary ,greeks who had gone through the curriculum of the ,museum1 and were deeply versed in ,platonic myths and ,pythagorean theories of mortification1 came to listen to this fearless young philosopher1 in whom they found a learning that could not be gainsaid1 combined with a practical contempt for the things of the body that was quite unknown in their own schools4 ,the persecution seems to have died down and gone out toward the year #baa1 nine years after its commencement4 ,origen's labors became the more extraordinary in proportion as he had freer scope for pursuing them4 ,the feature in his life at this time1 which is most characteristic of the time and the city1 and which more than anything else attracted the cultivated heathens to listen to him1 was his severe asceticism4 ,times of persecution may be considered to dispense with asceticism2 but ,origen did not think so4 ,it was a saying of his master1 ,st4 ,clement1 and1 indeed1 appears to have been a common proverb in that reformed school of heathen philosophy which resulted in ,neo-,platonism1 ,as your words1 so be your life4 ,a philosopher in ,alexandria at that time1 if he would not be thought to belong to an effete race of thinkers who had long been left behind1 or who only survived in the well-paid and well-fed professorships of the university1 was of necessity a man whose strict and sober living corresponded to the high and serious truths which he considered it his mission to utter4 ,st4 ,clement did not forget this1 either in principle or in practice1 when he undertook to win the heathen men of science to ,christ4 ,origen1 born a ,christian1 made a teacher apparently by chance and in the confusion of a persecution1 cared little1 in the first instance1 for what pagan philosophy would think of him4 ,the fact that all who pretended to be philosophers pretended also to asceticism may1 indeed1 have caused him to embrace a life of denial more as a matter of course4 ,but the holy gospels and the teachings of ,clement were the reasons of his asceticism4 ,it is amazing that ,protestant writers1 when they write of the asceticism of the early ,church1 can see in it nothing but the reflection of ,buddhism1 or ,judaism1 or of the tenets of ,pythagoras1 and that they always seem nervously glad to prove by the assistance of the ,egyptian climate or the ,platonic hatred of matter1 that it was not the carrying out of the law of ,christ1 but merely a self-imposed burden4 ,climate1 doubtless1 has great influence on food1 and ,english dinners would no more suit an ,egyptian sun than would the two regulation paximatia of the ,abbot ,moses in ,cassian be enough for even the most willing of ,english ,cistercians4 ,but why go to climate1 to ,plato1 to ,pythagoras1 and to ,buddha1 to account for what is one of the most striking recommendations of the gospels8 ,we need not stop to inquire the reason1 but we may be sure that a child who had been taught the ,holy ,scriptures by heart would not be unlikely to know something of their teaching4 ,his biographer tells us expressly1 with regard to several of his acts of mortification1 that they were done in the endeavor to carry out literally our ,lord's commands4 ,and yet it is very remarkable1 and a trait of the times1 that ,eusebius1 in describing his mode of life1 uses the word philosophy three times where we should use asceticism4 ,origen1 soon after being appointed head of the ,catechetic school1 found he could not do his duty by his hearers as thoroughly as he could wish1 on account of his other occupation of teacher of grammar4 ,he therefore resolved to give it up4 ,it was his only means of subsistence1 but he might reasonably have expected to live by the gospel as long as he was in such a post as chief catechist4 ,if he had expected this he would not have been disappointed1 for there would have been no lack of charity4 ,but he had an entirely different view of the matter4 ,he would be a burden #gcj to no one1 and would live a life of the strictest poverty4 ,simple1 straightforward1 and great1 here as ever1 we may conceive how he would appreciate the fetters of a rich man's patronage4 ,but1 if we may trust the utterances of his whole life1 his love for holy poverty was such that1 while it makes some refer once more to ,pythagoras1 to a ,catholic it rather suggests ,st4 ,francis of ,assisi4 ,i tremble1 he said thirty years afterward1 when ,i think how ,jesus commands his children to leave all they have4 ,for my own part1 ,i plead guilty to my accusers and ,i pronounce my own sentence2 ,i will not conceal my guiltiness lest ,i become doubly guilty4 ,i will preach the precepts of the ,lord1 though ,i am conscious of not having followed them myself4 ,let us now at least lose no time in becoming true priests of the ,lord1 whose inheritance is not on earth but in heaven4 ,such language from one who can hardly be said to have possessed anything during his whole life can only be explained on one hypothesis4 ,in order1 therefore1 at once to secure his independence in ,god's work1 and to oblige himself to practise rigorous poverty1 he made a sacrifice which none but a poor student can appreciate4 ,he sold his manuscripts1 and secured to himself1 from the sale1 a sum of four oboli a day1 which was to be his whole income4 ,this sum1 which was about the ordinary pay of a common sailor1 who had his food and lodging provided for him1 was little enough to live upon2 but miserable as it was1 ,origen must have paid a dear premium to obtain it4 ,those manuscripts of ancient authors were probably the fruits and the assistance of his early studies2 he must have written many of them under the eye of his martyred father4 ,he had labored with care and love to write them out fairly1 we are told1 and doubtless he prized them at once as a scholar prizes his library and a laborious worker the work of his hands4 ,for many years1 probably until he went to ,rome in #baa1 he continued to receive his twopence or threepence every day from the person who had bought his books4 ,but we cease in great part to wonder how little he lived on when we know how he lived4 ,in obedience to our ,lord's command1 and in opposition to the prevailing practice of all but the poorest classes1 he wore the tunic single1 and as for the pallium1 he seems either to have dispensed with it altogether1 or only to have worn it whilst teaching4 ,for many years he went entirely barefoot4 ,he fasted continually from all that was not absolutely necessary to keep him alive2 he never touched wine2 he worked hard all day in teaching and visiting the poor2 and after studying what we should call theology the greater part of the night1 he did not go to bed1 but took a little rest on the floor4 ,this vehemently philosophic life1 as ,eusebius calls it1 reduced him in time1 as might have been expected1 to a mere wreck2 insufficient food and scanty clothing brought on severe stomachic complaints1 which nearly caused his death4 ,it is not to be supposed that his disciples and the ,church in general looked on with indifference whilst he practised these austerities4 ,on the contrary1 he was solicited over and over again to receive assistance and to take care of himself2 and many were even somewhat offended because he refused their well-meant offers4 ,but ,origen had chosen to put his hand to the plough1 and he would not have been ,origen if he had turned back4 ,it is probable1 indeed1 that he somewhat moderated his austerities when his health began to give way seriously2 but hard work and hard living were his lot to the end1 and the name of ,adamantine1 which he received at this time1 and which all ages and countries have confirmed to him1 shows what the popular impression was of what he actually went through4 ,as might have been expected1 a man of such singleness and determination had many imitators4 ,we have seen that the very pagan philosophers came to listen to him4 #gca ,the young scholars whom he instructed1 and many of whom he converted1 did more than listen to him2 they joined him1 and imitated as nearly as they could what ,eusebius again calls the philosophy of his life4 ,it was no barren aping of externals1 such as might have been seen going on a little way off at the ,museum2 he1 on his part1 taught them deep and earnest lessons in the deepest and most earnest of all philosophies2 they1 on theirs1 proved that his words were power by the severest of all tests--they stood firm in the horrors of a fearful persecution1 and more than one of them witnessed to them by a cruel death4 ,as long as the persecution lasted1 anything like regularity and completeness in a work like that of ,origen was clearly impossible4 ,but a persecution at ,alexandria1 though generally furious as long as it lasted1 happily seldom lasted very long4 ,popular opinion was1 no doubt1 very bitter against ,christianity4 ,but popular opinion was one thing2 the will of the prince-governor another4 ,moreover1 the popular opinion of the ,greek philosophers was generally diametrically opposed to that of their ,roman masters1 and the beliefs and traditions of the ,rhacotis tended to the instant extermination of the ,jews2 and though these four antagonistic elements could1 upon occasion1 so far forget their differences as to unite in an onslaught against the ,christians1 yet1 before long1 quarrels arose and riots ensued among the allied parties to such an extent that the legionaries had no choice but to clear the streets in the most impartial manner4 ,again1 it is quite certain that the ,christian party included in it not a few men of rank2 and1 what is more important1 of power and authority4 ,this we know from the trouble ,st4 ,dionysius1 one of ,origen's scholars1 afterward had with many such persons who had lapsed in the ,decian persecution4 ,as everything1 therefore1 depended on the humor of the governor1 and as the governor was1 as other men1 liable to be influenced by bribes suggestions1 and caprice1 a furious persecution might suddenly die out1 and the ,church begin to enjoy comparative peace at the very time when things looked worst4 ,until the year #baa1 ,adamantius taught1 studied1 prayed1 and fasted amidst disturbance1 martyrdoms1 and fleeings from house to house2 but that year wrought a change1 not only in ,alexandria1 but over the whole world4 ,it was simply the year of the death of ,septimus ,severus at ,york1 and of the accession of ,caracalla and ,geta2 but this was an event which1 if precedents were to be trusted1 invited all the nations that recognized the ,roman eagle to be ready for any change1 however unreasonable1 beginning with the senate1 and ending with the ,christians4 ,it was1 probably1 in this same year1 #baa1 that ,origen took advantage of the restoration of tranquillity to visit the city and ,church of ,rome4 ,it would seem that this episode of his journey to ,rome has not been sufficiently considered in the greater part of the accounts of his life4 ,protestant writers1 as may be expected1 pass it over quietly1 either barely mentioning it1 or1 if they do put a gloss upon it1 confining themselves to generalities about the interchange of ideas or the antiquity and renown of the ,roman ,church4 ,but there is evidently more in it than this4 ,origen was just twenty-six years of age3 though so young1 he was already famous as a teacher and a holy liver in the most learned of cities1 and one of the most ascetical of churches4 ,his work was immense1 and daily increasing4 ,on the cessation of the persecution1 the great school was to be reorganized1 and put once more into that thorough working order which had made it so effective under ,pantaenus and ,clement4 ,yet1 just at this busy crisis1 he hurries off to ,rome1 stays there a short time1 and hurries back again4 ,in the first place1 why go at all8 ,what could ,rome or any other church give him that he had not already at ,alexandria8 ,not scientific learning1 certainly2 not a systematic #gcb organization of work2 not reverence for ,holy ,scripture2 not the method of confuting learned philosophy4 ,again3 why go specially to ,rome8 ,was there not a high road1 easy and comparatively short1 to ,caesarea of ,palestine1 and would he not find there facilities enough for the interchange of thought8 ,for there1 about fifteen years before1 had assembled one of the first councils ever held since the council of ,jerusalem4 ,was there not ,jerusalem1 the cradle of the ,church8 ,it was then1 indeed1 shorn of its glory1 both spiritual and historical2 for it was subject1 at least not superior1 to ,caesarea1 and was known to the empire by the name of ,aelia ,capitolina2 but its aged bishop was a worker of miracles4 ,was there not ,antioch1 the great central see of busy1 intellectual ,syria1 the see of ,st4 ,theophilus1 wherein saintly bishops on the one hand1 and ,marcionite heresy and ,paschal schism on the other1 kept the traditions of the faith bright and polished8 ,were there not the ,seven ,churches8 ,was there not many a mother-city between the ,mediterranean and the mountain ranges where apostolic teachings were strong yet1 and apostolic men yet ruled8 ,origen's motive in going to see ,rome is given us by himself1 or1 rather1 by his biographer in his words2 but1 unfortunately1 in such an ambiguous way that it is almost useless as an argument2 he wished1 says ,eusebius1 to see the very ancient ,church of ,rome4 ,the word we have translated very ancient 7,greek text7 may also mean1 as we need not say1 first in dignity4 ,it is hardly worth while to argue upon it1 but it will not fail to strike the reader that ,jerusalem and ,antioch1 not to mention other sees1 were both older than ,rome1 if age was the only recommendation4 ,origen's visit to ,rome1 then1 is a very remarkable event in his life1 for it shows undoubtedly that the chief of the greatest school of the ,church found he required something which could only be obtained in ,rome1 and that something can only have been an approach to the chief and supreme depositary of tradition4 ,he was at the very beginning of his career1 and he could begin no better than by invoking the blessing of that rock of the ,church of whom his master1 ,clement1 had taught him to think so nobly and lovingly4 ,we shall see that1 many a year after this1 in the midst of troubles and calumnies1 when his great life was nearly closed1 the same see of ,peter received the professions and obedience of his failing voice1 as it had witnessed and blessed the ardor of his youth4 ,he was not1 indeed1 the first who1 though already great in his own country1 had been drawn toward a greatness which something told them was without a rival4 ,three-quarters of a century before ,rome had attracted from far-off ,jerusalem that great ,st4 ,hegesippus1 the founder of church history1 whose works are lost1 but whose fame remains4 ,a convert from ,judaism1 he left his native city1 travelled to ,rome1 and sojourned there for twenty years1 busily learning and committing to writing those practices and traditions of the ,roman ,church which he afterward appears to have disseminated all over the ,east1 and which he conveyed1 toward the end of his life1 to his own ,jerusalem1 where he died4 ,from ,assyria and beyond the ,tigris the perfume of ,rome had enticed the great ,tatian--happy if1 on his return1 he had still kept pure that faith which1 at ,rome1 he defended so well against ,crescens the cynic4 ,a great mind and a widely cultivated genius found the sphere of its rest in ,rome1 when ,st4 ,justin finished his wanderings there and sealed the workings of his active intellect by shedding his blood at the bidding of the ruling clique of ,stoics--philosophus et martyr as the old martyrologies call him4 ,a famous name1 too1 is that of ,rhodon1 of ,asia1 well known for his steady and able defence of the faith against ,marcionites and other heretics4 ,these1 and such as these1 had come from the world's ends to visit the great apostolic see before ,origen's day dawned4 ,but there were others1 and as great1 whom #gcc he may actually have met in the city1 either on a visit like himself1 or because they were members of the ,roman clergy4 ,there was the great ,carthaginian1 ,tertullian1 who1 for many years1 lived1 learned1 and wrote in ,rome2 his works show how well he knew the ,roman ,church1 and how often afterward he had occasion1 in his polemical battles1 to allude to the ,ecclesia transmarina as ,africa called ,rome4 ,a meeting between ,origen and ,tertullian is a very suggestive idea2 the only misfortune is1 that we have no warrant whatever for supposing it beyond the bare possibility4 ,but by naming ,tertullian we suggest one view1 at least1 of the ecclesiastical society which ,origen would meet when he visited ,rome4 ,another celebrated man1 whom there is more likelihood that ,origen did meet1 is the convert ,roman lawyer1 ,minucius ,felix1 who employed his recognized talents and trained skill in vigorous apologetic writings1 one of which we still possess4 ,a third was the priest ,caius1 one of the ,roman clergy1 famed as the adversary of ,proclus the ,montanist1 unless he had already started on his missionary career as regionary bishop4 ,finally1 there was ,st4 ,hippolytus1 who1 like ,caius1 was from the school of ,st4 ,irenaeus1 and had come from ,lyons to ,rome1 where he seems to have been no unworthy representative of his teacher's zeal against heretics4 ,nearly every step of the life of ,st4 ,hippolytus is encumbered by the ruin of a learned theory or the useless rubbish of an abandoned position2 but he as far as we can conjecture1 the chief scientific adviser of the ,roman pontiffs in the measures they took at this time regarding ,easter and against the ,noetians4 ,until scientific men have settled their disputes as to who was the author of the ,philosophumena1 or ,treatise against ,all ,heresies1 little more can be said about ,st4 ,hippolytus4 ,the ,treatise itself1 however1 whose recovery some twenty years ago excited so much interest1 must have had an author1 and it is nearly certain the author must have been one of the ,roman clergy at this very time4 ,it is still more certain that the matters therein discussed must represent very completely one view of ,church matters at ,rome in the early part of the third century2 and1 therefore1 even if ,origen did not meet the author in person1 he must have met many who thought as he did4 ,now it is rather interesting to read the ,philosophumena in this light1 and to conjecture what ,origen would think of some of its views4 ,the leading idea of the work1 which is not even yet extant complete1 is to prove that all heresies have sprung from ,greek philosophy4 ,this it attempts to do by detailing1 first1 the systems of the philosophers1 then those of the heretics1 and showing their mutual connection4 ,the scandalous attack on ,st4 ,callistus1 in the ninth book1 may or may not be an interpolation by a later hand2 if not1 the author must have been much more ingenious than reputable4 ,there is no denying the historical and literary value of the ,treatise2 but where it professes to draw deductions and to give philosophical analyses of systems1 it seems of comparatively moderate worth4 ,for instance1 the author's analysis and appreciation of the philosophy of ,aristotle is little better than a libel on the great maestro di lor chi sanno2 and ,basilides1 though doubtless a clever personage in his way1 can hardly have taken the trouble to go so far for the small amount of philosophy that seasons his fantastical speculations4 ,but a general opinion resembling the opinion maintained in the ,treatise seems to have been common in the ,west2 and when ,tertullian says of the philosophy of ,plato that it was haereticorum omnium condimentarium1 he was doubtless expressing the idea of many beside himself4 ,to ,origen1 fresh from the school of ,clement and the atmosphere of ,alexandria1 such language must have sounded startling1 to say the least1 and we cannot help feeling he would be rather #gcd sorry1 if not indignant1 to hear the great names he had been taught to think of with so much admiration and compassion unfeelingly caricatured into a relationship of paternity with such men as the founders of ,gnosticism4 ,he does not appear to have been very familiar yet with the ,greek systems2 they had not come specially in his way1 though he had heard of them in the ,christian schools1 and there is little doubt that he had already seen the necessity of studying them more closely1 as he actually did on his return to ,alexandria4 ,what effect the views of the ,western ,church had on his teaching1 and how he treated the philosophers1 we shall have to consider in the sequel4 ,meanwhile1 his stay at ,rome was over2 he had studied the faith and heresy1 discipline and schism1 church organization and sectarian rebellion1 in the most important centre of the whole ,church1 and his school at ,alexandria was awaiting him1 to reap the benefit of his journey4 ,on the return of ,origen to ,alexandria1 it would almost appear as if he had wished to decline1 for a time1 the office of chief of the ,catechisms4 ,the historian tells us that he only resumed it at the strongly expressed desire of his bishop1 ,demetrius1 who was anxious for the profit and advantage of the brethren4 ,perhaps he wished for greater leisure than such a post would permit of1 in order to carry into execution certain projects that were forming in his mind4 ,but neither the patriarch nor his scholars would hear of his giving up1 and so he had to settle to his work again2 which he did1 says ,eusebius1 with the greatest zeal1 as he did everything4 ,from this time1 with one or two short interruptions1 he lived and taught in ,alexandria for twenty years4 ,his life as an authoritative teacher and master in ,israel may be said to commence from this point4 ,it was an epoch resembling in some degree that other epoch1 thirty years before1 when ,pantaenus had been called upon to take the charge of chief teacher in the ,alexandrian ,church4 ,now1 as then1 the winter of a persecution had passed1 and the season was sunny and promising4 ,now1 as then1 men were high in hope1 and set to work with valiant hearts to repair the breaches the straggle had left1 and to restore to the rock-built fortress that glory and comeliness that became her so well2 but with which1 if need was1 she could securely dispense4 ,but there was no slight difference between #ahj and #baa4 ,the tide of ,christianity had risen perceptibly all over the ,church2 most of all on the shores of its greatest scientific centre4 ,the possibility of appealing to those who had heard the apostles had long been past1 but now even the disciples of ,polycarp1 ,simeon1 and ,ignatius had disappeared2 instead of ,irenaeus there was ,hippolytus1 and ,demetrius of ,alexandria was the eleventh successor of ,st4 ,mark4 ,heretics had multiplied1 questions had been asked1 tradition was developing itself1 dogma was being fixed4 ,the form of teaching was1 therefore1 in process of change as other things changed4 ,greater precision1 more positive theology1 a more constant look-out for what authority had said or might say--these necessities would make the teacher's office more difficult1 even if more definite4 ,the position of the ,church toward its enemies1 also1 was sensibly changing4 ,the gain-sayers were not of the same class as had been addressed by ,st4 ,theophilus or ,st4 ,justin4 ,the state of things had grown more distinctly marked4 ,christianity was no longer an idea that might1 in a burst of noble rhetoric1 be made to set on fire1 for a moment1 even the camp of the enemy4 ,it was now known to the ,gentile world as a stern and unyielding praxis2 susceptible1 perhaps1 of scientific and literary treatment1 but quite distinct from both science and letters4 ,enthusiastic but timid dilettanti had lost their enthusiasm1 and gave full scope to their fears4 ,amiable philosophers took back the right hand of fellowship1 and retreated behind those who1 by a #gce special instinct1 had always refused to be amiable1 and now thought themselves more justified than ever4 ,on the ,christian side the war had lost much of the adventure which accompanies the first dashing inroads into an enemy's country4 ,surprises were not so easy1 systematic opposition was frequent1 and their writers were obliged to fight by tactics1 and in the prosaic array of argument for argument4 ,documents1 moral testimony1 institutions1 were the objects of attack from without4 ,the apostles were vilified1 faith was proved to be irrational1 the ,bible was ranked with ,syrian impostures and ,jewish charm-books4 ,and here1 in the matter of the ,bible1 was a mighty enterprise for the ,christian teacher4 ,the canon had not yet been officially promulgated4 ,a generation that would despise an apocryphal book of ,homer or a false ,orphic hymn would not be easily satisfied with the credentials of a religion4 ,great1 then1 would be that ,christian teacher who should at once teach the faithful1 and yet not take away from the faith2 win the philosophers1 and yet fight them hand to hand2 and give to the world a critical edition of the ,bible1 yet hold fast to ancient tradition4 ,such was the work of ,origen4 ,he began by external organization2 he divided the multitudes that flocked to the ,catechisms into two grand classes2 one of those who were commencing1 another of those who were more advanced4 ,the former class he gave to his first convert1 ,heraclas2 the latter he kept to himself4 ,heraclas was skilled in theology1 and in other respects a very eloquent man2 and1 moreover1 he was fairly conversant with philosophy1 three qualifications in an ,alexandrian catechist none of which could be dispensed with4 ,in any case1 the division was a matter of absolute necessity1 for these extraordinary ,alexandrian scholars1 models and patterns that deserve to be imitated more extensively than they have been1 gave him no respite and kept no regular school-hours1 but crowded in and out from morning till night2 not even a breathing-space did they afford him1 says his biographer4 ,in such circumstances theological study and scriptural labors were out of the question1 even if he had been the man of adamant that his admirers1 with the true ,alexandrian passion for nicknames1 had already begun to call him4 ,he therefore looked about among his familiars1 those of his disciples who had attached themselves to him and lived with him a life of study and asceticism2 and from them he chose out ,heraclas1 the brother of the martyred ,plutarchus1 to be the chief associate of his work4 ,it need not be again mentioned that ,origen's work1 as that of ,pantaenus and of ,clement before him1 had three classes of persons to deal with--catechumens1 heretics1 and philosophers4 ,his dealings with the heretics and philosophers will be treated of more appropriately when we come to consider his journeys1 the most important of which occurred after the expiration of the twenty years with which we are now concerned4 ,as the school of ,alexandria was chiefly and primarily connected with the catechumens1 the account of the twenty years of his presidency will naturally be concerned chiefly and primarily with the latter1 that is to say1 with those whom that great school undertook to instruct in faith and discipline4 ,and here we approach and stand close beneath one side of that monumental fane that bears upon it for all generations the name of ,origen4 ,the neophytes of ,alexandria were chiefly taught out of one book2 it was the custom handed from teacher to teacher2 each held up the book and explained it1 according to the unvarying tradition of the ancients4 ,for two hundred and ten years the work had gone on2 but time has destroyed nearly every trace of what was written and spoken4 ,for the first time since ,st4 ,mark wrote the gospel1 ,alexandria speaks now in history with a voice that shall commence a new era in the history of #gcf ,holy ,scripture4 ,pantaemus had written ,commentaries on the whole of the ,bible2 ,clement had left1 in the ,hypotyposes1 a summary exposition of all the canonical ,scripture1 not forgetting a glance at the ,contradictions of heretics4 ,both these writings have perished long ago4 ,when ,origen came1 in his turn1 to take the same work in hand1 a pressing want soon forced itself upon his mind4 ,there was no authentic version of the sacred ,word4 ,the ,new ,testament canon was still uncertain1 one ,church upholding a greater number of books1 another less4 ,the ,roman canon was1 indeed1 from the first identical with the ,tridentine 7see ,perrone1 ,de ,locis ,theologicis74 ,but the ,church of ,antioch1 e4g41 ignored no less than five of the canonical books4 ,alexandria1 well supplied with learned expositors1 and not a little influenced by the native ,alexandrian instinct for criticism and grammar1 had got further in the development of the canon than the majority of its sisters4 ,yet1 so far1 there had hardly been any distinct interference on the part of authority1 and though1 as we shall see1 ,origen's ,new ,testament canon was the same as that of the ,council of ,trent1 yet there were not wanting private writers who expressed doubts about the ,epistle to the ,hebrews or the ,apocalypse4 ,one thing1 however1 is very clear in all these somewhat troublesome disputes about the canon2 whether we turn to ,tertullian in ,africa1 to ,st4 ,jerome in ,italy1 to ,st4 ,irenaeus in the ,west1 or to ,clement and ,origen in the ,east1 we find one grand and large criterion put forth as the test of all authenticity1 viz41 the tradition of the ancients4 ,go to the oldest churches1 says ,st4 ,irenaeus4 ,the truest1 says ,tertullian1 is the oldest2 the oldest is what always was2 what always was is from the apostles2 go therefore to the churches of the apostles1 and find what is there held sacred4 ,we must not transgress the bounds set by our fathers1 says ,origen4 ,it took several centuries to complete this process2 but the principle was a strong and a living one1 and its working out was only a matter of time4 ,it was worked out something in this fashion4 ,a provincial presbyter1 we will say from ,pelusium1 or ,syene1 or ,arsinoe1 came up to ,alexandria 7he may easily have done so1 thanks to the police arrangements and engineering enterprise of ,ptolemy ,philadelphus72 having much ecclesiastical news to communicate1 and perhaps important business to arrange on the part of his bishop1 he would be thrown into close contact with the presbytery of the metropolitan ,church4 ,let us suppose that1 in order to support some point of practical morality1 touching the lapsed or the converts1 he quoted ,hermas' ,shepherd as canonical ,scripture4 ,the archdeacon with whom he was arguing would demur to such an authority2 let him quote ,paul1 or ,jude1 or ,peter1 or ,john1 but not ,hernias2 ,hernias was not in the canon4 ,the presbyter from the provinces would be a little amazed and even ruffled2 how could he say it was not in the canon when he himself had heard it read on the ,lord's day before the sacred mysteries in the patriarchal ,church1 in the presence of the very patriarch himself1 seated on his throne1 and surrounded by the clergy8 ,a canonical book meant a book within the ,church's general rule 7,greek text71 and the rule of the ,church was that a book read at such a time was thereby declared true ,scripture4 ,the archdeacon would reply that the presbyter was right in the main1 both as to facts and principles2 but would point out that at ,alexandria they had a set of books which were read at the solemn time he mentioned1 beside regular ,scripture2 and if he had known their usages better1 or if he had asked any of the clergy1 or the patriarch1 he would be aware that such writings were only read to the people as pious exhortations1 not defined as the repository of the faith4 ,the presbyter would consider this inconvenient1 and would doubtless be right in thinking so4 ,the practice was #gcg condemned by various councils in the next century4 ,but he would at once admit that if the tradition were so1 then the ,alexandrian ,church certainly appeared to reject ,hernias4 ,but he would have another difficulty4 ,did not ,clement1 of blessed memory1 consider ,hernias as authentic1 or1 at any rate1 the ,epistle of ,barnabas1 which was quite a parallel case8 ,and did not ,origen 7whom we suppose to be then teaching7 call the ,shepherd divinely inspired8 ,it was true1 the archdeacon would rejoin1 that both ,clement in former years and ,origen then spoke very highly of several writings of this class2 but he must refer him once more to the authoritative tradition of the ,alexandrian ,church1 to be learned1 in the last instance1 from the lips of ,demetrius himself3 this would at once show that ,clement and ,origen could not mean to put ,hernias on a level with ,paul1 and ,origen himself would certainly admit so much1 if he were asked4 ,the presbyter would inquire1 during his stay1 of the heads of the ,catechetical school1 of the ancient priests1 and of the patriarch2 he would be satisfied that what the archdeacon said was true2 and he would return to his city on the ,red ,sea1 or at the extremity of the ,thebaid1 or on the north-western coast of the continent1 with authentic intelligence that the ,apostolic ,church of ,alexandria rejected ,hermas from the ,scripture canon1 and that1 therefore1 it certainly ought to be rejected by his own ,church4 ,he would1 perhaps1 in addition to this1 bring the information that the metropolitan ,church1 so he had found out in his researches1 upheld the ,epistle to the ,hebrews1 or the ,apocalypse of the ,apostle ,john1 to be true and genuine ,scripture2 would it not1 therefore1 be well to consider whether these also should not be admitted by themselves8 ,in this way1 or in some way analogous1 the ,churches that lay within the circumscription of a patriarchal or apostolic see would by degrees be led to conform their canon to the canon of the principal ,church4 ,as time went on1 the great metropolitan sees themselves became grouped round the three grand centres of ,alexandria1 ,antioch1 and ,rome2 and1 finally1 in the process of the development of tradition1 at least as early as ,a4,d4 #hjj1 the whole ,church had adopted the canon as approved by ,rome in the decretal of ,innocent ,i4 ,it is1 therefore1 a remarkable fact that ,origen quotes the canon of the ,new ,testament precisely as it now stands in the ,vulgate4 ,it would hardly be true to say that he formally states as exclusively authentic the complete list of the ,catholic canon2 but that he does enumerate it is certain4 ,moreover1 in addition to the remarkable correctness of his investigations on the canon1 ,origen did much1 in other ways1 for a book that was emphatically the textbook of his school4 ,the exemplars in general use were in a most unsatisfactory state3 there were hardly two alike4 ,writers had been careless1 audacious innovators had inserted their interpolations1 honest but mistaken bunglers had added and taken away whenever the sense seemed to require it4 ,it is ,origen himself who makes these complaints1 and nobody had better occasion to know how true they were4 ,the manuscript used in the great ,church probably differed from that used by the chief catechist2 his1 again1 differed from every one of those brought to class by the wealthier of his scholars4 ,one would bring up a copy of ,st4 ,matthew's ,gospel1 which1 on investigation1 would turn out to be full of ,nazarite or ,ebionite improvements--another would have an ,acts of the ,apostles1 which had been bequeathed to him by some venerable ,judaizant1 and wherein ,st4 ,james of ,jerusalem would be found to have assumed more importance than ,st4 ,luke was generally supposed to have given him4 ,a third would have a copy so full of monstrous corruptions in the way of mutilation and deliberate heretical glossing1 that the orthodox ears of the #gch master would certainly have detected a quotation from it in two lines3 it would be one of ,valentine's editions4 ,a fourth1 newly arrived from some place where ,tertullian had never been heard of1 would appear with a bulky set of volumina1 which ,origen would find to his great disgust to be the ,new ,testament according to ,marcion4 ,that first and chief of reckless falsifiers had circumcised the ,new ,testament1 as ,st4 ,irenaeus calls it1 to such an extent that he had to invent a quantity of new ,acts and ,apocalypses to keep up appearances1 and what he retained he had freely cut and tortured into ,marcionism2 for he said openly that the apostles were moderately well-informed1 but that his lights were far in advance of them4 ,such examples as these are1 of course1 extremes2 but even in orthodox copies there must have been a bewildering number of variantes4 ,origen's position would bring him into contact with exemplars from many distant churches4 ,the work of copying fresh ones for the missions1 or to supply the wants of the provinces1 would necessitate some choice of manuscripts2 and in a matter so important1 we may be sure that his catechists1 fellow-townsmen of ,aristarchus1 rather enjoyed than otherwise the vigorous critical disputes which the collation of ,,mss4 has a special tendency to engender4 ,it is nearly established--indeed1 we may say1 it is certain--that ,origen wrote a copy of the ,new ,testament with his own hand4 ,it was not a new edition1 apparently1 but a corrected copy of the generally received version4 ,he corrected the blunders of copyists2 he struck out of the text everything that was evidently a mere gloss2 he re-inserted what had clearly dropped out by mischance1 and adopted a few readings that were unmistakable improvements4 ,but he made no alteration of the text on mere conjecture4 ,however faulty a reading might seem1 he never changed it without authority2 he had too much reverence for ,holy ,scripture1 and probably1 also1 too bitter an experience of conjectural emendations1 to sanction such dangerous proceedings by his own practice4 ,this precious copy1 the fruit of his labors and study1 the depositary of his wide experience1 and the record of his adamantine industry1 was apparently the one from which he himself always quoted1 and1 therefore1 we may conclude1 which he always used4 ,it lay1 after his death1 in the archives of ,caesarea of ,palestine1 with his other ,biblical ,,mss4 ,pamphilus the ,martyr is related to have copied it2 and in the time of ,constantine1 ,eusebius sent many transcripts of it to the imperial city4 ,eusebius himself copied it with all the reverence he would necessarily feel for his hero1 ,origen2 and by means of his copy1 or of copies made by his direction1 it became the basis of that recension of the ,new ,testament known as the ,alexandrine4 ,st4 ,jerome was well acquainted with the library of ,caesarea1 and often mentions the ,codices ,adamantii which he was privileged to consult there2 and we need not remind the reader of the well-known agreement of the ,latin versions with those of ,palestine and ,alexandria4 ,now ,palestine meant--first1 ,jerusalem1 where was the celebrated library formed by ,st4 ,alexander1 ,origen's own college friend and an ,alexandria man1 as we should say1 and partly under ,origen's influence2 and1 secondly1 ,caesarea1 which inherited ,origen's traditions and teaching1 at least equally with ,alexandria1 as we shall see later on1 and in which the originals of his works were preserved with religious veneration1 until war and sack of ,persian or ,moslem destroyed them4 ,thus the work of ,origen on the ,new ,testament1 begun and mainly carried out during those twenty years at ,alexandria1 is living and active at this very day4 ,but if the ,new ,testament needed setting to rights1 it was correct and accurate in comparison with the ,old4 ,how he treated the ,septuagint1 and how the ,hexapla and the ,tetrapla grew under nimble hands and learned heads1 we must for the present defer to tell4 #gci ,from ,the ,fortnightly ,review4 ,,martin',s ,,puzzle4 ,i4 ,there she goes up the street with her book in her hand1 ,and her ,good morning1 ,martin6 ,ay1 lass1 how d'ye do8 ,very well1 thank you1 ,martin6 ,i can't understand2 ,i might just as well never have cobbled a shoe6 ,i can't understand it4 ,she talks like a song3 ,her voice takes your ear like the ring of a glass2 ,she seems to give gladness while limping along2 ,yet sinner ne'er suffered like that little lass4 ,,ii4 ,now1 ,i'm a rough fellow--what's happen'd to me8 ,since last ,i left ,falmouth ,i've not had a fight ,with a miner come down for a dip in the sea2 ,i cobble contented from morning to night4 ,the ,lord gives me all that a man should require2 ,protects me1 and cuddles me up1 as it were4 ,but what have ,i done to be saved from the fire8 ,and why does his punishment fall upon her8 ,,iii4 ,first1 a fool of a boy ran her down with a cart4 ,then1 her fool of a father--a blacksmith by trade-- ,why the deuce does he tell us it hah broke his heart8 ,his heart6--where's the leg of the poor little maid6 ,well1 that's not enough2 they must push her downstairs1 ,to make her go crooked3 but why count the list8 ,if it's right to suppose that our human affairs ,are all order'd by heaven--there1 bang goes my fist6 ,,iv4 ,for if angels can look on such sights--never mind6 ,when you're next to blaspheming1 it's best to be mum4 ,the parson declares that her woes weren't design'd2 ,but1 then1 with the parson it's all kingdom-come4 ,lose a leg1 save a soul --a convenient text2 ,i call it ,tea doctrine1 not savoring of ,god4 ,when poor little ,molly wants chastening1 why1 next-- ,the ,archangel ,michael might taste of the rod4 #gdj ,v4 ,but1 to see the poor darling go limping for miles ,to read books to sick people6--and just of an age ,when girls learn the meaning of ribbons and smiles1-- ,makes me feel like a squirrel that turns in a cage4 ,the more ,i push thinking1 the more ,i resolve3 ,i never get further3--and as to her face1 ,it starts up when near on my puzzle ,i solve1 ,and says1 ,this crush'd body seems such a sad case4 ,,vi4 ,not that she's for complaining3 she reads to earn pence2 ,and from those who can't pay1 simple thanks are enough4 ,does she leave lamentation for chaps without sense8 ,howsoever1 she's made up of wonderful stuff4 ,ay1 the soul in her body must be a stout cord2 ,she sings little hymns at the close of the day1 ,though she has but three fingers to lift to the ,lord1 ,and only one leg to kneel down with to pray4 ,,vii4 ,what ,i ask is1 ,why persecute such a poor dear1 ,if there's law above all8 ,answer that if you can6 ,irreligious ,i'm not2 but ,i look on this sphere ,as a place where a man should just think like a man4 ,it isn't fair dealing6 ,but1 contrariwise1 ,do bullets in battle the wicked select8 ,why1 then it's all chance-work6 ,and yet1 in her eyes1 ,she hold's a fixed something by which ,i am check'd4 ,,viii4 ,yonder ribbon of sunshine aslope on the wall1 ,if you eye it a minute1 'll have the same look3 ,so kind6 and so merciful6 ,god of us all6 ,it's the very same lesson we get from thy book4 ,then is life but a trial8 ,is that what is meant8 ,some must toil1 and some perish1 for others below3 ,the injustice to each spreads a common content2 ,ay6 ,i've lost it again1 for it can't be quite so4 ,,ix4 ,she's the victim of fools3 that seems nearer the mark4 ,on earth there are engines and numerous fools4 ,why the ,lord can permit them1 we're still in the dark2 ,he does1 and in some sort of way they're his tools4 ,it's a roundabout way1 with respect let me add1 ,if ,molly goes crippled that we may be taught3 ,but1 perhaps1 it's the only way1 though it's so bad2 ,in that case we'll bow down our heads1 as we ought4 #gda ,x4 ,but the worst of me is1 that when ,i bow my head1 ,i perceive a thought wriggling away in the dust1 ,and ,i follow its tracks1 quite forgetful1 instead ,of humble acceptance3 for1 question ,i must6 ,here's a creature made carefully--carefully made ,put together with craft1 and then stampt on1 and why8 ,the answer seems nowhere3 it's discord that's play'd4 ,the sky's a blue dish6--an implacable sky6 ,,xi4 ,stop a moment4 ,i seize an idea from the pit4 ,they tell us that discord1 though discord1 alone1 ,can be harmony when the notes properly fit3 ,am ,i judging all things from a single false tone8 ,is the universe one immense organ1 that rolls ,from devils to angels8 ,i'm blind with the sight4 ,it pours such a splendor on heaps of poor souls6 ,suppose ,i try kneeling with ,molly to-night4 ,,george ,,meredith4 ------ ,translated from ,der ,katholik4 ,,the ,,two ,,sides ,,of ,,catholicism4 ,third and concluding ,article4 ,,iv4 ,,the ,,heart ,,of ,,the ,,church4 ,christ approves himself as the head of the ,church inasmuch as her individual members are subject to his guidance1 and live and move in him4 ,footnote #aea ,this protracted influence of ,christ is exercised by means of an innate harmonizing and vivifying principle of the ,church4 ,we have arrived at the heart of the ,church4 ,our ancient theology bestows this epithet on the ,holy ,ghost4 ,footnote #aeb ,the ,church receives the ,holy ,ghost through ,christ4 ,such is the doctrine of ,scripture1 clearly expressed4 ,jesus promises his disciples to send them after his departure the ,holy ,spirit1 the ,spirit of truth1 in whom they will find a compensation for the ,master4 ,for it is the function of the ,spirit to testify of ,christ1 and to bring all things to the remembrance of the ,church1 whatsoever ,jesus has said4 ,thus are all things taught unto the ,church4 ,this efficacy1 which has the glory of ,christ for its aim1 the ,holy ,ghost derives from the fulness of ,christ's ,godhead1 de meo accipiet4 ,the ,holy ,ghost was not given until after ,jesus was glorified4 ,christ being exalted1 and having received the ,holy ,ghost promised of the ,father1 sheds forth the ,spirit upon the ,church4 ,even the prior inspiration of the apostles was the result of an act of ,christ4 ,jesus breathed on them and said unto them1 ,receive ye the ,holy ,ghost4 ,footnote #aea3 ,st4 ,thomas1 iii4 #ic1 a4 #f4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,ibid1 a4 #a1 ad4 ,s3 ,caput habet manifestam eminentiam respectu caeterorum exteriorum membrorum2 sed cor habet quandam influentiam occultam4 ,et ideo cordi comparatur ,spiritus sanctus1 qui invisibiliter ecclesiam viviflcat et unit4 ,the ,spirit acts as the heart of the ,church under the control and influence of the head4 ,the fundamental theological reason of this is not difficult of demonstration4 ,the external relations #gdb of the several divine persons1 or their relations to the works of ,god1 such as the one just described of the ,holy ,ghost to the ,church1 are intimately connected with the intro-divine relations of the members of the most ,holy ,trinity to each other4 ,it is in this sense that ,holy ,writ makes mention of a mission of the ,son and of the ,spirit4 ,the expression implies that the person concerning whom it is used1 occupies toward the remaining divine persons a position admitting of the giving of a mission by them or one of them1 that is to say1 of a particular work done by the one by the power and at the delegation of the other4 ,for one person of the ,trinity to act in a mission1 therefore1 it is requisite that the power and the will to act must emanate from the person conferring the mission4 ,thus ,jesus says that his doctrine is not his own1 but the doctrine of him by whom he was sent4 ,but one person of the ,trinity can be a recipient from another in so far only as the recipient issues from the giver for ever and ever1 or only in respect of the eternal procession4 ,it follows that a divine person can receive a mission only in emanating from another1 that is to say1 none but the personae productae1 the ,son and the ,holy ,ghost1 can be sent2 while1 on the other hand1 only the personae producentes1 the ,father and the ,son1 can confer a mission4 ,hence the fundamental reason why the sway of the ,spirit in the ,church is exercised under the influence of ,christ1 is to be found in the manner of the eternal procession1 i4e41 in the coming of the ,spirit from the ,father and the ,son4 ,the essence of ,christianity consists in spiritual intercourse and spiritual influence4 ,as distinguished from the old covenant1 the characteristic of the ,new ,testament dispensation consists in this3 that it is done by the agency of the ,holy ,ghost1 sent down from heaven4 ,the ,spirit of ,christ was in the prophets2 but the same ,spirit manifests a new activity since the mission from heaven4 ,when the apostle desires to make the true foundation of faith clear to the ,galatians1 he contents himself with asking them whence they had received the ,spirit8 ,by its descent the blessing of ,abraham came on the ,gentiles through ,jesus ,christ1 in fulfilment of the prophecies4 ,the pouring out of the ,holy ,ghost is the crowning work of ,christ's mediation4 ,but what is the badge of this more profuse dispensation of the ,spirit1 thus recognized in ,scripture as the peculiar mark of ,christianity8 ,under the ancient covenant1 answers ,st4 ,gregory of ,naziance1 the ,holy ,ghost was present only by its efficacy 7,greek text72 now it abides among us ,greek text i4e41 in its essence1 or substantialiter1 as our theologians phrase it4 ,the efficacy of the ,spirit in the prophets is described by ,st4 ,cyril of ,alexandria as a mere irradiation ,greek text2 they received only the effulgence of the light1 as those who follow a torch-bearer ,greek text2 while the ,spirit in proper person enters into the souls of those who believe in ,christ1 and dwells therein ,greek text4 ,it is only since the ascension of ,christ that the inhabitation of the ,spirit in the souls of men has reached its completion as ,greek text4 ,this is the reason assigned by ,st4 ,cyril for the declaration of the ,lord that he that is least in the kingdom of heaven is greater than ,john the ,baptist1 than whom there hath not risen a greater among them that are born of women4 ,he interprets the kingdom of heaven here referred to to be the impartment ,greek text of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,from this interpretation he deduces the reason wherefore the humblest citizen of the kingdom of heaven is above the ,baptist4 ,for the latter is born of woman1 the former of ,god4 ,in consequence of this regeneration we are partakers of the divine nature1 which ,st4 ,cyril interprets to mean neither more nor less than the dwelling of the ,holy ,ghost in our souls4 ,footnote #aec ,footnote #aec3 ,comment1 in ,joann4 ,evangel41 lib4 #e4 ,oper ,lutet1 #afch1 ,a4 ,,iv41 p4 #dgd et seq4 ,as the head of the ,church1 the ,son #gdc of man1 being lifted up from the earth1 draws all men unto him4 ,the ,scripture concludes the narration of the miraculous events of the first ,christian ,passover and of their immediate results with the remark that the ,lord added to the ,church daily such as should be saved4 ,therefore1 immediately after the outpouring of the ,holy ,ghost1 began the daily increase of the ,church through the fructifying influence of the grace of its head4 ,they were multiplied in proportion as they walked in the comfort1 the ,greek text1 of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,by one ,spirit the ,church of ,christ is baptized into one body1 which ,spirit overflows it and saturates it with its essence4 ,in him we were sealed as the possession of ,christ1 and we know that he abideth in us by the ,spirit which he hath given us4 ,on being received into the ,church the members are built into an edifice1 the foundation of which has its cornerstone in ,christ4 ,by this incorporation they are united into a mansion of ,god in the ,spirit4 ,in so far as we are joined unto the ,lord we are one spirit with him1 and our bodies are temples of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,on account of its intimate relations with ,christ1 the ,spirit is called the ,spirit of ,christ4 ,even the ,lord himself is directly called the ,spirit4 ,by him1 the ,spirit of the ,lord1 we are transformed into his image1 the image the ,lord4 ,thereby the ,spirit evinces itself the principle of our liberty4 ,the main result of the action of the ,spirit in the ,church is1 therefore1 the union of the latter and of her individual members with ,christ1 the ,christ who is within us4 ,the union between ,christ and the ,church is effected by the ,spirit1 who acts as the connecting link1 while ,christ himself is the efficient cause of the union1 in so far as he sends his ,spirit to accomplish it4 ,how1 then1 is the inhabitation of the ,spirit1 which is identical with that of ,christ1 in the ,church brought about8 ,the answer to this question involves results decisive of the present investigation4 ,if the ,church were an unattained ideal1 according to the ,protestant acceptation1 the promise of ,christ to be with his followers even unto the end of the world would admit of no more profound interpretation than that1 after his personal departure1 the ,lord would continue to occupy the minds of his disciples1 thus giving their thoughts a right direction through all time4 ,the presence of ,christ in the visible ,church would no longer be vouchsafed by a substantial pledge1 making the repletion of the ,church with ,christ1 which is the ideal of that institution1 a historical reality even at the present day1 in so far as the pledge is actually present4 ,if1 on the other hand1 the latter view is the only scriptural one1 then the true ,church is not to be handed over exclusively to the future and to the realm of ideas4 ,she is herself within the sphere of reality1 she belongs to the living present1 if the inmost principle of her being is even now actually at work1 as a gift coeval with her establishment1 not the mere object of search and speculation4 ,the idea of ,catholicism presupposes one thing more4 ,such a principle dwelling in the ,church as a reality must necessarily exercise its functions in a single individual image only4 ,both of these positions are the necessary results of the teachings of ,holy ,writ4 ,the ,scriptures describe the ,holy ,ghost1 by whom the love of ,god is shed abroad in our hearts1 as something conferred upon us1 per spiritum sanctum qui datus est nobis4 ,in the capacity of abiding in our souls as something bestowed upon us1 as donum1 the fathers distinguish a personal attribute of the ,holy ,ghost1 having its foundation in the peculiar manner of its eternal emanation from the ,father and ,son4 ,this emanation is wrought as a common infusion of being from ,father and ,son1 as an intro-divine overflowing of love4 ,footnote #aed ,together #gdd with the ,holy ,ghost that is given unto us1 that is to say1 by means of the love shed abroad in our hearts through him1 the two other persons of the ,trinity likewise come and take up their abode within our souls4 ,the unity of the three divine persons is not only the antetype of the unity of the ,church1 but is at the same time its fundamental principle4 ,in his high sacerdotal invocation the ,lord prays that all those who believe through the word may be one1 even as the ,father is in him and he in the ,father2 and that we may be one in the ,father and the ,son1 ut et ipsi eis nolis unum sint4 ,the unity of the ,father and the ,son1 who take up their abode within us simultaneously with the ,holy ,ghost1 is the foundation of our own ecclesiastical unity4 ,there is the fundamental1 the ultimate principle of ,catholicism4 ,in it1 through the ,holy ,ghost1 we have a fellowship with the ,father and with his ,son ,jesus ,christ4 ,footnote #aed3 ,st4 ,augustinus1 de ,trinit41 lib4 v41 cap4 #ad3 ,exiit enim non quomodo natus1 sed quomodo datus2 et ideo non dicitur filius4 ,cap4 #ae3 ,quia sic procedebat ut esset donabile1 jam donum erat et antequam esset cui daretur4 ,cap4 #aa3 ,spiritus sanctus ineffabilis est quaedam ,patris ,filiique communio4 4 4 4 hoc ipse proprie dicitur1 quod illi communiter3 quia et ,pater spiritus et ,filius spiritus et ,pater sanctus et ,filius sanctus4 ,ut ergo ex nomine1 quod utrique convenit1 utriusque communio significetur1 vocatur donum amborum ,spiritus sanctus4 ,the other functions ascribed to the ,spirit by ,holy ,writ are also of such a nature as to constrain us to assume that the essence of the true ,church is a reality even at this day4 ,by the ,holy ,ghost we receive even now an earnest of the inheritance in store for us4 ,its testimony assures us that we are the children of ,god4 ,we have become such even now1 and through him4 ,we are born of the ,spirit4 ,the renewal accomplished by him is a bath of regeneration1 the putting on of a new man4 ,in the hearts of believers he is a well of water springing up into everlasting life4 ,in this sense our justification may be regarded as a glorification in the germ4 ,christ has anointed the ,church with a chrism which abides and exerts itself in her as a permanent teacher4 ,it is an entire misapprehension of the creative power of ,christianity to ascribe to the ,spirit of ,christ which governs the ,church no more profitable efficacy than the barren1 resultless chase of an ideal which constantly eludes realization4 ,the very idea that a law of steady development is to be traced in ,christianity itself1 this very favorite view of all the advocates of an ideal ,church1 ought to have led to a more profound appreciation of the essence and history of the ,church4 ,if the ,church is to undergo a development1 the realization of her ideal should not be postponed to the end of time4 ,what is its course in history8 ,this point is decisive of our position respecting the ideal ,church4 ,the doctrine relies upon ,matt1 xviii4 #bj4 ,here the ,catholic acceptation of a realization of the essence of the ,church1 historically manifested1 would appear to be directly excluded4 ,the passage adduced makes ,christ abide among us1 and accordingly makes the true ,church come into being simply in consequence of the casual assemblage of two or three1 so that it takes place in his name--a condition the performance or breach of which is a matter by no means patent to the senses4 ,but these words are to be read in connection with what precedes them4 ,verses #ag and #ah allude to the authority of' the ,church as historically manifest4 ,the resolutions of that authority are ratified in heaven1 and are valid before ,god4 ,for--such is the logical thread of the discourse of ,jesus--what the ,church1 as historically manifested1 ordains1 is at the same time ordained by the ,holy ,ghost dwelling within her4 ,that such is actually the case1 the ,lord then proceeds to show by the concluding illustration4 ,the agreement of two is alone sufficient to secure a fulfilment of the prayer3 for where two or three are assembled together in the name of ,christ1 there is he in the midst of them3 how much more amply then is the presence and the countenance of ,christ assured to the entire ,church1 and to the organ intrusted with the execution of her #gde power6 ,footnote #ee ,true1 ,christ is present even where only two or three are assembled in his name2 but the result of his presence corresponds to the extent of the assembly4 ,there ,christ simply effects the fulfilment of the common prayer4 ,that the arbitrary concourse of a few individuals in the name of ,christ is the realization of the essence of the ,church1 nowhere in the whole passage is there a word to confirm such an interpretation4 ,footnote #aee3 ,this is the interpretation of this passage by the council of ,chalcedon1 in its missive to ,pope ,leo the ,great4 ,compare ,ballerini1 op4 ,s4 ,leonis t4 i41 p4 #ajhg4 ,the advocates of the ideal ,church also cite ,eph4 v4 #bg4 ,footnote #aef ,there the ,church is called holy and without blemish1 not having spot or wrinkle2 a description supposed to be applicable exclusively to the ,church that is to be1 and by no means to the ,church as it is4 ,the remark is an idle one1 and does not touch the real question4 ,in our view it is the work of the present to lay the foundation for the future glory of the ,church4 ,this position is fully borne out by the words of ,scripture4 ,for in verse #bf the apostle points out the sanctification of the ,church as the immediate object of the sacrifice of ,christ1 and at the same time indicates the means by which the ,church is to be sanctified4 ,this is done by the washing of water1 which owes its purifying efficacy to the simultaneous utterance of the word4 ,the presentation of the ,church in unblemished holiness and glory1 the object of the sacrificial death of ,christ1 is therefore gradually effected in the present world in proportion as the purification by the sacrament1 under the continued influence of ,christ1 exerts its efficacy in he ,church4 ,footnote #aef3 ,hase1 ,handbuch der prot4 ,polemik 7,manual of ,protestant ,polemics71 p4 #db4 ,if the apostle were here speaking simply of a remote future holiness of the ,church1 his whole course of reasoning would lose its point4 ,the love of ,christ is here presented to husbands and wives as a model for their own connubial relations4 ,as the self-sacrifice of ,christ for the ,church has for its object the sanctification of the latter1 so the mutual self-devotion of husbands and wives is to invest their lives with a higher grace4 ,it is not the mere act of the self-sacrifice of ,christ which is to be emulated in marriage4 ,no admonition would be needed for such a purpose4 ,marriage is necessarily a type of this relation4 ,the discourse of the apostle tends1 on the contrary1 to recommend the motive of the sacrifice of ,christ1 and its influence upon the sanctification of the ,church1 to husbands and wives for imitation4 ,how feeble1 how little calculated to fortify the admonition of the apostle1 would be their reference to the relation of ,christ to the ,church1 if the sanctification of the ,church by ,christ1 thus held up to husbands and wives for emulation1 were something totally unreal1 a mere creature of reflection6 ,if the purpose of the sacrifice of ,christ1 the sanctification of the ,church1 were still unattained1 how could husbands and wives be expected to make their intercourse bear those moral fruits by which it is to approve itself a type of the relation of ,christ to the ,church8 ,the holiness of the ,church1 then1 has its origin in the sacraments4 ,but that which makes the ,church holy appertains to her essential character4 ,it follows that this character also is evolved by means of the sacraments4 ,this proves1 finally1 that this evolution of the character of the true ,church is only possible in a single1 individual historical manifestation1 that is to say1 only within1 or at least by the agency ,footnote #aeg of1 that visible body politic which is in possession of the sacraments4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,the means of grace administered by the ,church sometimes exert their influence beyond the pale1 i4e41 outside of1 her historical image4 ,this is seen in the validity of the baptism of heretics4 ,protestantism is untrue to its own principle in representing the administration of the sacraments according to their institution as an index of the true ,church4 ,the whole force of this position lies in the presumption of a #gdf distinct historical organization as the necessary exponent of the inward essence of the true ,church4 ,a contrary doctrine is in danger of bestowing the name of the true ,church on a society which may possibly be composed exclusively of hypocrites4 ,the inference is obvious4 ,if the essence of the true ,church is only to be found in the domain of the mind1 or if it even remains a mere ideal1 where is the guarantee that the mantle of the sacramental organization covers that silent1 invisible congregation of spirits in which alone the ,protestant looks for the essence of the true ,church8 ,the reformer's idea of the ,church is here entangled in a contradiction in terms4 ,on the principle of justification by faith alone1 the character of the true ,church must be wholly expressed in something incorporeal4 ,and yet the true ,church is to be recognized by the use of the sacraments according to their institution4 ,where is the connecting link between the external and the internal ,church8 ,the congruence of the ,spirit and the body of the ,church1 if it occurs1 is purely accidental4 ,the visible ,church1 taken by itself1 is a mere external thing1 possibly void of all substantial essence4 ,the doctrine of sola fides is incapable of a profound appreciation of the visible ,church4 ,this1 taken in connection with the old ,protestant theory that the phase of the ,church manifested in preaching and in the sacraments is of the essence of the ,church1 makes it clear that the attempt of the reformers to spiritualize ,christianity leads on the contrary to a materialization of the idea of the ,church4 ,the modern ,protestant theology was far from being deterred by its reverence for the reformers from laying bare this unsound portion of their system4 ,they attempted to make up for it by the well known theory of the ideal ,church1 which begins by renouncing1 in entire consistency with the ,protestant principle of justification by faith alone1 every outward manifestation of the essence of the ,church4 ,the manifold forms in which ,christianity becomes palpable as a power in history are here treated as something purely accidental1 easily capable of severance from the essence of the true ,church4 ,how does this explanation comport with the doctrine of ,scripture just expounded8 ,the ,church of ,christ1 says ,holy ,writ1 receives her unseen bridal ornaments by means of the palpable sacraments4 ,in consequence of their efficacy she conceals the germs of her future glory under the guise of her temporal image4 ,the most profound and super-sensual characteristic of the ,church is1 therefore1 closely though mysteriously allied with the palpable exterior4 ,it is not our present task to show how this alliance is formed4 ,we simply inquire into the foundation of this necessary combination of the spirit and the form of the ,church4 ,this foundation we claim to discover in the sublimity of the principle heretofore recognized by us as the marrow1 the heart of the ,church4 ,if that which constitutes the heart of the ,church is supernatural1 and beyond the reach of the natural powers of the human mind1 its impartment and preservation necessarily presuppose a peculiar influence of ,god upon man1 different from the creative power4 ,under these circumstances1 the precise method of the divine influence pervading the ,church is only to be learned with certainty from revelation4 ,and here we find the most explicit teachings on this subject4 ,according to the testimony of ,scripture1 the ,lord promotes the growth of the ,church by means palpable to the senses4 ,this suggests inquiry into the laws under which these means of grace find their application4 ,those laws are derived from the object of their institution4 ,it consists in the adhibition of instrumentalities in the production of a divine effect4 ,consequently the means employed1 or the sacraments1 can manifest their efficacy only under certain conditions divinely ordained4 ,the correct understanding of the #gdg mutual relations subsisting between the spirit and the body of the ,church is further assisted by reference to another idea also derived from the ,church4 ,the regular growth of the ,church is made intelligible to us as a self-edification in love4 ,the means required for the attainment of this purpose have been given into the hands of the ,church herself4 ,for this end ,peter received the keys of the kingdom of heaven4 ,he is not only the thread of the historical development of the ,church1 but the interior organization also necessarily presupposes a union with ,peter4 ,the organs of this organization are the sacraments4 ,but they manifest their saving efficacy on those only who have not knowingly interrupted the chain of union between themselves and ,peter1 and their use is totally void of effect if the party by whom they are administered is not actuated by the desire of doing that which is done in sacramental ceremonies by the ,church1 united with ,peter 7intentio faciendi quod facit ecclesia47 ,the inmost principle1 the heart of the ,church1 is inseparably connected with these visible actions1 which are efficaciously administered only according to the intention and in the name of the visible ,church1 and in virtue of their efficacy the latter approves herself as holy4 ,thus the present inquiry leads to the same result already reached by other investigations4 ,the spirit and the body of ,catholicism are not to be separated4 ,the connecting link which binds them together is ,peter1 the bearer of the keys of the kingdom of heaven1 who still lives in his successors4 ,but the fountain-head of this necessary relationship is in the vital principle of the ,church1 in her supernatural principle4 ,the idea of a supernatural principle1 and that of the papacy1 together constitute the principle of ,catholicism4 ,in the former we behold its fundamental essence1 in the latter the cement of its historical unity1 as well as the connecting link between the interior and the exterior catholicity of the ,church4 ------ ,from ,the ,month4 ,,sonnet4 ,,unspiritual ,,civilization4 ,we have been piping1 ,lord2 we have been singing2 ,five hundred years have passed o'er lawn and lea1 ,marked by the blowing bud and falling tree1 ,while all the ways with melody were ringing3 ,in tented lists1 high-stationed and flower-flinging1 ,beauty looked down on conquering chivalry2 ,science made wise the nations2 laws made free2 ,art1 like an angel ever onward winging1 ,brightened the world4 ,but1 ,o great ,lord and ,father6 ,have these1 thy bounties1 drawn to thee man's race1 ,that stood so far aloof8 ,have they not rather ,his soul subjected8 with a blind embrace ,gulfed it in sense8 ,prime blessings changed to curse ',twixt ,god and man can set ,god's universe4 ,,aubrey ,,de ,,vere4 ------ #gdh ,from ,the ,month ,,constance ,,sherwood4 ,,an ,,autobiography ,,of ,,the ,,sixteenth ,,century4 ,,by ,,lady ,,georgiana ,,fullerton4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,during the two years which followed the ,duke of ,norfolk's death ,i did only see my ,lady ,surrey once1 which was when she came to ,arundel ,house1 on a visit to her lord's grandfather2 and her letters for a while were both scanty and brief4 ,she made no mention of religion1 and but little of her husband2 and chiefly touched on such themes as ,lady ,margaret's nuptials with ,mr4 ,sackville 7,lord ,dorset's heir7 and ,mistress ,milicent's with ,sir ,hammond l',estrange4 ,she had great contentment1 she wrote1 to see them both so well married according to their degree2 but that for herself she did very much miss her good sister's company and her gentlewoman's affectionate services1 who would now reside all the year at her husband's seat in ,norfolk2 but she looked when my lord and herself should be at ,kenninghall1 when he left the university1 that they might yet1 being neighbors1 spend some happy days together1 if it so pleased ,god4 ,once she wrote in exceeding great joy1 so that she said she hardly knew how to contain herself1 for that my lord was coming in a few days to spend the long vacation at ,lord ,sussex's house at ,bermondsey4 ,but when she wrote again1 methought--albeit her letter was cheerful1 and she did jest in it somewhat more than was her wont--that there was a silence touching her husband1 and her own contentment in his society1 which betokened a reserve such as ,i had not noticed in her before4 ,about that time it was bruited in ,london that my ,lord ,surrey had received no small detriment by the bad example he had at ,cambridge1 and the liberty permitted him4 ,and now1 forsaking for a while the theme of that noble pair1 whose mishaps and felicities have ever saddened and rejoiced mine heart almost equally with mine own good or evil fortune1 ,i here purpose to set down such occurrences as should be worthy of note in the more obscure sphere in which my lot was cast4 ,when ,i was about sixteen1 my cousin ,kate was married to ,mr4 ,lacy2 first in a secret manner1 in the night1 by ,mr4 ,plasden1 a priest1 in her father's library1 and the next day at the parish church at ,holborn4 ,methinks a fairer bride never rode to church than our ,kate4 ,her mother went with her1 which was the first time she had been out of doors for a long space of time1 for she feared to catch cold if the wind did blow from the north or the east2 and if from the south she feared it should bring noxious vapors from the river2 and the west1 infection from the city1 and so stayed at home for greater safety4 ,but on ,kate's wedding day we did all protest the wind blew not at all1 so that from no quarter of the sky should mischief arise2 and in a closed litter1 which she reckoned to be safer than a coach1 she consented to go to church4 ,marry1 good wife1 cried ,mr4 ,congleton1 when she had been magnifying all the dangers she mostly feared1 thou dost forget the greatest of all in these days1 which doth hold us all by the neck1 as it were4 ,for hearing mass1 as we did in this room last night1 we do all run the risk of being hanged1 which should be a greater peril methinks than a breath of foul air4 #gdi ,she1 being in a merry mood1 replied3 ,twittle twattle1 ,mr4 ,congleton2 the one may be avoided1 the other not4 ',tis no reason ,i should get a cold to-day because ,i be like to be hanged to-morrow4 ,i' faith1 cried ,polly1 my mother hath well parried your thrust1 sir2 and methinks the holy ,bishop of ,rochester was of the same mind with her4 ,how so1 ,polly8 quoth her father2 and she1 ,there happened a false rumor to rise suddenly among the people when he was in the prison1 so ,i have heard ,mr4 ,roper relate1 that he should be brought to execution on a certain day2 wherefore his cook1 that was wont to dress his dinner and carry it daily unto him1 hearing of his execution1 dressed him no dinner at all that day4 ,wherefore1 at the cook's next repair unto him1 he demanded the cause why he brought him not his dinner4 ',sir1' said the cook1 'it was commonly talked all over the town that you should have died to-day1 and therefore ,i thought it but vain to dress anything for you4' ',well1' quoth the bishop merrily1 'for all that report1 thou seest me yet alive2 and therefore1 whatsoever news thou shalt hear of me hereafter1 prithee let me no more lack my dinner1 but make it ready2 and if thou see me dead when thou comest1 then eat it thyself4 ,but ,i promise thee1 if ,i be alive1 by ,god's grace1 to eat never a bit the less4' ,and on the day he was verily executed1 said ,mistress ,ward1 when the lieutenant came to fetch him1 he said to his man1 ',reach me my furred tippet1 to put about my neck4' ',o my lord6' said the lieutenant1 'what need you be so careful of your health for this little time1 being not much above in hour8' ',i think no otherwise1' said this blessed father2 'but yet1 in he mean time1 ,i will keep myself as well as ,i can2 for ,i tell you truth1 though ,i have1 ,i thank our ,lord1 a very good desire and a willing mind to die at this present1 and so ,i trust of his infinite mercy and goodness he will continue it1 yet ,i will not willingly hinder my health one minute of an hour1 but still prolong the same as long as ,i can by such reasonable ways as ,almighty ,god hath provided for me4' ,upon which my good aunt fastened her veil about her head1 and said the holy bishop was the most wise saint and reasonablest martyr she had yet heard of4 ,kate was dressed in a kirtle of white silk1 her head attired with an habiliment of gold1 and her hair1 brighter itself than gold1 woven about her face in cunningly wrought tresses4 ,she was led to church between two gentlemen--,mr4 ,tresham and ,mr4 ,hogdson--friends of the bridegroom1 who had bride-laces and rosemary tied about their silken sleeves4 ,there was a fair cup of silver gilt carried before her1 wherein was a goodly branch of rosemary1 gilded very fair1 and hung about with silken ribbons of all colors4 ,musicians came next2 then a group of maidens bearing garlands finely gilded2 and thus we passed on to the church4 ,the common people at the door cheered the bride1 whose fair face was a passport to their favor2 but as ,muriel crept along1 leaning on my arm1 ,i caught sound of murmured blessings4 ,sweet saint1 quoth an aged man1 leaning on his staff1 near the porch1 ,i ween thine espousals be not of earth4 ,a woman1 with a child in her arms1 whispered to her as she past1 ,he thou knowest of is dead1 and died praying for thee4 ,a man1 whose eyes had watched her painfully ascending the steps1 called her an angel2 whereupon a beggar with a crutch cried out1 ,marry1 a lame angel6 ,a sweet smile was on her face as she turned toward him2 and drawing a piece of silver from her pocket1 she bestowed it on him1 with some such words as these--that she prayed they might both be so happy1 albeit lame1 as to hobble to heaven1 and get there in good time1 if it should please ,god4 ,then he fell to blessing her so loud1 that she hurried me into the church1 not content to be thanked in so public a manner4 #gej ,after the ceremony1 we returned in the same order to ,ely ,place4 ,the banquet which followed1 and the sports succeeding it1 were conducted in a private and somewhat quiet fashion1 and not many guests invited1 by reason of the times1 and ,mr4 ,congleton misliking to draw notice to his house1 which had hitherto been but little molested1 partly for that ,sir ,francis ,walsingham had a friendship for him1 and also for his sister1 ,lady ,egerton of ,ridley1 which procured for them greater favor1 in the way of toleration1 than is extended to others2 and likewise the ,portuguese ambassador was his very good friend1 and his chapel open to us at all times2 so that priests did not need to come to his house for the performance of any religious actions1 except that one of the marriage1 which had taken place the night before in his library4 ,howsoever1 he was very well known to be a recusant1 for that neither himself1 nor any belonging to him1 attended ,protestant worship2 and ,sir ,francis sometimes told him that the clemency with which he was treated was shown toward him with the hope that1 by mild courses1 he might be soon brought to some better conformity4 ,mr4 ,lacy's house was in ,gray's ,inn ,lane1 a few doors from ,mr4 ,swithin ,wells's2 and through this proximity an intimate acquaintanceship did arise between that worthy gentleman and his wife and ,kate's friends4 ,he was very good-natured1 pleasant in conversation1 courteous1 and generous2 and ,mrs4 ,wells a most virtuous gentlewoman4 ,although he 7,mr4 ,swithin7 much delighted in hawking1 hunting1 and other suchlike diversions1 yet he so soberly governed his affections therein1 as to be content to deprive himself of a good part of those pleasures1 and retire to a more profitable employment of training up young gentlemen in virtue and learning2 and with such success that his house has been1 as it were1 a fruitful seminary to many worthy members of the ,catholic ,church4 ,among the young gentlemen who resided with him at that time was ,mr4 ,hubert ,rookwood1 the youngest of the two sons of ,mr4 ,rookwood1 of ,euston1 whom ,i had seen at the inn at ,bedford1 when ,i was journeying to ,london4 ,we did speedily enter into a somewhat close acquaintanceship1 founded on a similarity of tastes and agreeable interchange of civilities1 touching the lending of books and likewise pieces of music1 which ,i did make fair copies of for him1 and which we sometimes practiced in the evening2 for he had a pleasant voice and an aptness to catch the trick of a song1 albeit unlearned in the art1 wherein he styled me proficient2 and ,i1 nothing loth to impart my knowledge1 became his instructor1 and did teach him both to sing and play the lute4 ,he was not much taller than when ,i had seen him before2 but his figure was changed1 and his visage had grown pale1 and his hair thick and flowing1 especially toward the back of the head1 discovering in front a high and thoughtful forehead4 ,there was a great deal of good young company at that time in ,mr4 ,wells's house2 for some ,catholics tabled there beside those that were his pupils1 and others resorted to it by reason of the pleasant entertainment they found in the society of ingenuous persons1 well qualified1 and of their own religion4 ,i had most days opportunities of conversing with ,hubert1 though we were never alone2 and1 by reason of the friendship which had existed between his father and mine1 ,i allowed him a kindness ,i did not commonly afford to others4 ,mr4 ,lacy had had his training in that house1 and1 albeit his natural parts did not title him to the praise of an eminent scholar1 he had thence derived a great esteem for learning1 a taste for books1 of the which he did possess a great store 7many hundred volumes71 and a discreet manner of talking1 though something tinctured with affectation1 inasmuch as he should seem to be rather enamored of the words he uttered1 than careful of the #gea substance4 ,hubert was wont to say that his speech was like to the drawing of a leaden sword out of a gilded sheath4 ,he was a very virtuous young man2 and his wife had never but one complaint to set forth1 which was that his books took up so much of his time that she was almost as jealous of them as if they had been her rivals4 ,she would have it he did kill himself with study2 and1 in a particular manner1 with the writing of the life of one ,thomas a ,kempis1 which was a work he had had a long time on hand4 ,one day she comes into his library1 and salutes him thus3 ,mr4 ,lacy1 ,i would ,i were a book2 and then methinks you would a little more respect me4 ,polly1 who was by1 cried out1 ,madam1 you must then be an almanac1 that he might change every year2 whereat she was not a little displeased4 ,and another time1 when her husband was sick1 she said1 if ,mr4 ,lacy died1 she would burn ,thomas a ,kempis for the killing of her husband4 ,i1 hearing this1 answered that to do so were a great pity2 to whom she replied1 ,why1 who was ,thomas a ,kempis8 to which ,i answered1 ,one of the saintliest men of the age wherein he lived4 ,wherewith she was so satisfied1 that she said1 then she would not do it for all the world4 ,methinks ,i read more in that one year than in all the rest of my life beside4 ,mine aunt was more sick than usual1 and ,mistress ,ward so taken up with the nursing of her1 that she did not often leave her room4 ,polly was married in the winter to ,sir ,ralph ,ingoldby1 and went to reside for some months in the country4 ,muriel prevailed on her father to visit the prison with her1 in ,mistress ,ward's stead1 so that sometimes they were abroad the whole of the day2 by reason of which1 ,i was oftener in ,gray's ,inn ,lane than at home1 sometimes at ,kate's house1 and sometimes at ,mistress ,wells's mansion1 where ,i became infected with a zeal for learning1 which ,hubert's example and conversation did greatly invite me to4 ,he had the most winning tongue1 and the aptest spirit in the world to divine the natural inclinations of those he consorted with4 ,the books he advised me to read were mostly such as ,mistress ,ward1 to whom ,i did faithfully recite their titles1 accounted to be not otherwise than good and profitable1 having learned so much from good men she consulted thereon1 for she was herself no scholar2 but they bred in me a great thirst for knowledge1 a craving to converse with those who had more learning than myself1 and withal so keen a relish for ,hubert's society1 that ,i had no contentment so welcome as to listen to his discourse1 which was seasoned with a rare kind of eloquence and a discursive fancy1 to which1 also1 the perfection of his carriage1 his pronunciation of speech1 and the deportment of his body lent no mean lustre4 ,naught arrogant or affected disfigured his conversation1 in which did lie so efficacious a power of persuasion1 and at times1 when the occasion called for it1 so great a vehemency of passion1 as enforced admiration of his great parts1 if not approval of his arguments4 ,i made him at that time judge of the new thoughts which books1 like so many keys opening secret chambers in the mind1 did unlock in mine2 and ,i mind me how eagerly ,i looked for his answers--how ,i hung on his lips when he was speaking1 not from any singular affection toward his person1 but by reason of the extraordinary fascination of his speech1 and the interest of the themes we discoursed upon2 one time touching on the histories of great men of past ages1 at another on the changes wrought in our own by the new art of printing books1 which had produced such great changes in the world1 and yet greater to be expected4 ,and as he was well skilled in the ,italian as well as the ,french language1 ,i came by his means to be acquainted with many great writers of those nations4 ,he translated for me sundry passages from the divine play of ,signor ,dante ,alighieri1 in which #geb hell and purgatory and heaven are depicted1 as it were by an eye-witness1 with so much pregnancy of meaning and force of genius1 that it should almost appear as if some special revelation had been vouchsafed to the poet beyond his natural thoughts1 to disclose to him the secrets of other spheres4 ,he also made me read a portion of that most fine and sweet poem on the delivery of the holy city ,jerusalem1 composed by ,signor ,torquato ,tasso1 a gentleman who resided at that time at the court of the ,duke of ,ferrara1 and which one ,mr4 ,fairfax has since done into ,english verse4 ,the first four cantos thereof were given to ,mr4 ,wells by a young gentleman1 who had for a while studied at the ,university of ,padua4 ,this fair poem1 and mostly the second book thereof1 hath remained imprinted in my memory with a singular fixity1 by reason that it proved the occasion of my discerning for the first time a special inclination on ,hubert's side toward myself1 who thought nothing of love1 but was only glad to have acquired a friend endowed with so much wit and superior knowledge1 and willing to impart it4 ,this book1 ,i say1 did contain a narration which bred in me so great a resentment of the author's merits1 and so quick a sympathy with the feigned subjects of his muse1 that never before or since methinks has a fiction so moved me as the story of ,olindo and ,sophronisba4 ,methinks this was partly ascribable to a certain likeness between the scenes described by the poet and some which take place at this time in our country4 ,in the maiden of high and noble thoughts1 fair1 but heedless of her beauty1 who stood in the presence of the soldan1 once a ,christian1 then a renegade1 taking on herself the sole guilt1--,o virtuous guilt6 ,o worthy crime6--of which all the ,christians were accused1 to wit1 of rescuing sacred ,mary's image from the hands of the infidels who did curse and blaspheme it1 and1 when all were to die for the act of one unknown1 offered herself a ransom for all1 and with a shamefaced courage1 such as became a maid1 and a bold modesty befitting a saint--a bosom moved indeed1 but not dismayed1 a fair but not pallid cheek--was content to perish for that the rest should live2--in her1 ,i say1 ,i saw a likeness in spirit to those who suffer nowadays for a like faith with hers1 not at the hands of infidels1 but of such whose parents did for the most part hold that same belief which they do now make out to be treason4 ,hubert1 observing me to be thus moved1 smiled1 and asked if1 in the like case1 ,i should have willed to die as ,sophronisba4 ,yes1 ,i answered1 if ,god did give me grace2 and then1 as ,i uttered the words1 ,i thought it should not be lawful to tell a lie1 not for to save all the lives in the world2 which doubt ,i imparted to him1 who laughed and said he was of the poet's mind1 who doth exclaim1 touching this lie1 ,o noble deceit6 worthier than truth itself6 and that he thought a soul should not suffer long in purgatory for such a sin4 ,maybe not1 ,i answered2 yet1 ,i ween1 there should be more faith in a sole commitment to ,god of the events than in doing the least evil so that good should come of it4 ,he said1 ,i marvel1 ,mistress ,constance1 what should be your thoughts thereon if the life of a priest was in your hands1 and you able to save him by a lie4 ,verily1 ,i answered1 ,i know not1 ,master ,rookwood2 but ,i have so much trust in ,almighty ,god that he would1 in such a case1 put words into my mouth which should be true1 and yet mislead evil-purposed men1 or that he shall keep me from such fearful straits1 or forgive me if1 in the stress of a great peril1 ,i unwittingly should err4 ,and ,i pray you1 ,hubert then said1 as if not greatly caring to pursue the theme1 what be your thought concerning the unhappy youth ,olindo1 who did so dote on this maiden that1 fearful of offending there where above #gec all he desired to please1 had1 greatly as he loved1 little hoped1 nothing asked1 and not so much as revealed his passion until a common fate bound both to an equal death8 ,i thought not at all on him1 ,i answered2 but only on ,sophronisba4 ,at which he sighed and read further3 ,that all wept for her who1 albeit doomed to a cruel death1 wept not for herself1 but in this wise secretly reproved the fond youth's weeping3 ',friend1' quoth she1 'other thoughts1 other tears1 other sighs1 do beseem this hour4 ,think of thy sins1 and ,god's great recompense for the good4 ,suffer for his sole sake1 and torment shall be sweet4 ,see how fair the heavens do show1 the sun how bright1 as it were to cheer and lure us onward6' ,ah6 ,i exclaimed1 shame on him who did need to be so exhorted1 who should have been the most valiant1 being a man6 ,to the which he quickly replied3 ,he willed to die of his own free will rather than to live without her whom he jewelled more than life3 but in the matter of grieving love doth make cowards of those who should else have been brave4 ,me thinks1 rather1 ,i answered1 that in noble hearts love's effects should be noble4 ,bethink you1 ,mistress ,constance1 he then asked1 that ,sophronisba did act commendably1 insomuch that when an unlooked-for deliverance came1 she refused not to be united in life to him that had willed to be united to her in death4 ,you may think me ungrateful1 sir1 answered2 but other merits methinks than fondness for herself should have won so great a heart4 ,you be hard to content1 ,mistress ,constance1 he answered somewhat resentfully4 ,to satisfy you1 ,i perceive one should have a hard as well as a great heart4 ,nay1 ,i cried1 ,i praise not hardness1 but love not softness either4 ,you that be so learned1 ,i pray you find the word which doth express what pleaseth me in a man4 ,i know not the word1 he answered2 ,i would ,i knew the substance of your liking1 that ,i might furnish myself with it4 ,whereupon our discourse ended that day2 but it ministered food to my thoughts1 and ,i fear me also to a vain content that one so gifted with learning and great promise of future greatness should evince something of regard beyond a mutual friendship for one as ignorant and young as ,i then was4 ,some months after ,kate's marriage1 matters became very troublesome1 by reason of the killing of a great store1 as was reported1 of ,french ,huguenots in ,paris on ,st4 ,bartholomew's day1 and afterward in many cities of ,france1 which did consternate the ,english ,catholics for more reasons than one1 and awoke so much rage in the breasts of ,protestants1 that the ,french ambassador told ,lady ,tregony1 a friend1 of ,mistress ,wells1 that he did scarce venture to show his face2 and none1 save only the queen herself1 who is always his very good friend1 would speak to him4 ,i was one evening at the house of ,lady ,ingoldby1 ,polly's mother-in-law1 some time after this dismal news had been bruited1 and the company there assembled did for the most part discourse on these events1 not only as deploring what had taken place1 and condemning the authors thereof1--which1 indeed1 was what all good persons must needs have done1--but took occasion thence to use such vile terms and opprobrious language touching ,catholic religion1 and the cruelty and wickedness of such as did profess it1 without so much as a thought of the miseries inflicted on them in ,england1 that--albeit ,i had been schooled in the hard lesson of silence--so strong a passion overcame me then1 that ,i had well nigh1 as the ,psalmist saith1 spoken with my tongue1 yea1 young as ,i was1 uttered words rising hot from my heart1 in the midst of that adverse company1 which ,i did know1 them to be1 if one had not at #ged that moment lifted up his voice1 whose presence ,i had already noted1 though not acquainted with his name2 a man of reverent and exceedingly benevolent aspect2 aged1 but with an eye so bright1 and silvery hair crowning a noble forehead1 that so much excellence and dignity is seldom to be observed in any one as was apparent in this gentleman4 ,good friends1 he said1 and at the sound of his voice the speakers hushed their eager discoursing1 ,god defend ,i should in any way differ with you touching the massacres in ,france2 for verily it has been a lamentable and horrible thing that so many persons should be killed1 and religion to be the pretence for it2 but to hear some speak of it1 one should think none did suffer in this country for their faith1 and bloody laws did not exist1 whereby ,papists are put to death in a legal1 cold-blooded fashion1 more terrible1 if possible1 than the sudden bursts of wild passions and civil strife1 which revenge for late cruelties committed by the ,huguenots1 wherein many thousand ,catholics had perished1 the destruction of churches1 havoc of fierce soldiery1 and apprehension of the like attempts in ,paris1 had stirred up to fury2 so that when the word went forth to fall on the leaders of the party1 the savage work once begun1 even as a fire in a city built of wood1 raged as a madness for one while1 and men in a panic struck at foes1 whose gripe they did think to feel about their throats4 ,here the speaker paused an instant4 ,this so bold opening of his speech did seem to take all present by surprise1 and almost robbed me of my breath2 for it is well known that nowadays a word1 yea a piece of a word1 or a nod of the head1 whereby any suspicion may arise of a favorable disposition toward ,catholics1 is often-times a sufficient cause for a man to be accused and cast into prison2 and ,i waited his next words 7which every one1 peradventure from curiosity1 did likewise seem inclined to hear7 with downcast eyes1 which dared not to glance at any one's face1 and cheeks which burned like hot coals4 ,it is well known1 quoth he1 that the sufferings which be endured by recusants at this time in our country are such1 that many should prefer to die at once than to be subjected to so constant a fear and terror as doth beset them4 ,i speak not now of the truth or the falsity of their religion1 which1 if it be ever so damnable and wicked1 is no new invention of their own1 but what all ,christian people did agree in1 one hundred years ago2 so that the aged do but abide by what they were taught by undoubted authority in their youth1 and the young have received from their parents as true4 ,but ,i do solely aver that ,papists are subjected to a thousand vexations1 both of bonds1 imprisonments1 and torments worse than death1 yea and oftentimes to death itself2 and that so dreadful1 that to be slain by the sword1 or drowned1 yea even burned at the stake1 is not so terrible2 for they do hang a man and then cut him down yet alive1 and butcher him in such ways--plucking out his heart and tearing his limbs asunder--that nothing more horrible can be thought of4 ,they be traitors who are so used1 cried one gentleman1 somewhat recovering from the surprise which these bold words had caused4 ,if to be of a different religion from the sovereign of the country be a proof of treason1 continued the venerable speaker1 then were the ,huguenots1 which have perished in ,france1 a whole mass and nest of traitors4 ,a gentleman seated behind me1 who had a trick of sleeping in his chair1 woke up and cried out1 ,not half a one1 sirs2 not so much as half a one is allowed1 meaning the mass1 which he did suppose to have been spoken of4 ,and if so1 deserved all to die1' continued the speaker4 ,ay1 and so they do1 sir1 quoth the sleeper4 ,i pray you let them all be hanged4 ,upon which every one #gee laughed1 and the aged gentleman also2 and then he said1 ,good my friends1 ,i ween 'tis a rash thing to speak in favor of recusants nowadays1 and what few could dare to do but such as cannot be suspected of disloyalty to the queen and the country1 and who1 having drunk of the cup of affliction in their youth1 even to the dregs1 and held life for a long time as a burden which hath need to be borne day by day1 until the wished for hour of release doth come--and the sooner1 the more welcome--have no enemies to fear1 and no object to attain4 ,and if so be that you will bear with me for a few moments1 yea1 if ye procure me to be hanged to-morrow 7this he said with a pleasant smile2 and1 ,marry1 fear not1 ,mr4 ,roper1 and ,i' faith1 speak on1 sir1 was bruited round him by his astonished auditors71 ,i will recite to you some small part of the miseries which have been endured of late years by such as cannot be charged with the least thought of treason1 or so much as the least offence against the laws1 except in what touches the secret practice of their religion4 ,women have1 to my certain knowledge1 been hung up by the hands in prisons 7which do overflow with recusants1 so that at this time there remaineth no room for common malefactors71 and cruelly scourged1 for that they would not confess by which priest they had been reconciled or absolved1 or where they had heard mass4 ,priests are often tortured to force them to declare what they hear in confession1 who harbor priests and ,papists1 where such and such recusants are to be found1 and the like questions2 and in so strenuous a manner1 that needles have been thrust under their nails1 and one man1 not long since1 died of his racking4 ,o sirs and gentle ladies1 ,i have seen with mine own eyes a youth1 the son of one of my friends--young ,mark ,typper1 born of honest and rich parents1 skilful in human learning1 having left his study for a time1 and going home to see his friends--whipped through the streets of ,london1 and burnt in the ear1 because1 forsooth1 a forward judge1 to whom he had been accused as a ,papist1 and finding no proof thereof1 condemned him as a vagabond4 ,and what think you1 good people1 of the death of ,sir ,robert ,tyrwit's son1 who was accused for hearing of a mass at the marriage of his sister1 and albeit at the time of his arrest in a grievous fever1 was pulled out of the house and thrust into prison1 even as he then was1 feeble1 faint1 and grievously sick8 ,his afflicted parents entreat1 make intercession1 and use all the means they can to move the justices to have consideration of the sick2 not to heap sorrow upon sorrow1 nor affliction on the afflicted2 not to take away the life of so comely a young gentleman1 whom the physicians come and affirm will certainly die if he should be removed4 ,all this is nothing regarded4 ,they lay hold on the sick man1 pull him away1 shut him up in prison1 and within two days next after he dies4 ,they bury him1 and make no scruple or regard at all4 ,o sirs1 bethink you what these parents do feel when they hear ,englishmen speak of the murders of ,protestants in ,france as an unheard of crime4 ,if1 in these days1 one in a family of recusants doth covet the inheritance of an elder brother--yea1 of a father--he hath but to conform to the now established religion 7,i leave you to think with how much of piety and conscience71 and denounce his parent as a ,papist1 and straightway he doth procure him to be despoiled1 and his lands given up to him4 ,thus the seeds of strife and bitter enmity have been sown broadcast through the land1 the bands of love in families destroyed1 the foundations of honor and beneficence blown up1 the veins and sinews of the common society of men cut asunder1 and a fiendly force of violence and a deadly poison of suspicion used against such as are accused of no other crime than their religion1 which they yet adhere to2 albeit their fortunes be ruined by fines and their lives in #gef constant jeopardy from strenuous laws made yet more urgent by private malice4 ,my friends1 ,i would that not one hair of the head of so much as one ,huguenot had been touched in ,france2 that not one ,protestant had perished in the flames in the late queen's reign1 or in that of her present majesty2 and also that the persecution now framed in this country against ,papists1 and so handled as to blind men's eyes and work in them a strange hypocrisy1 yea and in some an innocent belief that freedom of men's souls be the offspring of ,protestant religion1 should pass away from this land4 ,i care not how soon 7as mine honored father-in-law1 and in ,god too1 ,i verily might add1 was wont to say71--,i care not how soon ,i be sewn up in a bag and cast into the ,thames1 if so be ,i might first see religious differences at an end1 and men of one mind touching ,god's truth4 ,here this noble and courageous speaker ceased1 and various murmurs rose among the company4 ,one lady remarked to her neighbor3 ,a marvellous preacher that of seditious doctrines1 methinks4 ,and one gentleman said that if such talk were suffered to pass unpunished in her majesty's subjects1 he should look to see massing and ,popery to rear again their heads in the land4 ,and many loudly affirmed none could be ,papists1 or wish them well1 and be friends to the queen's government1 and so it did stand to reason that ,papists were traitors4 ,and another said that1 for his part1 he should desire to see them less mercifully dealt with2 and that the great clemency shown to such as did refuse to come to church1 by only laying fines on them1 and not dealing so roundly as should compel them to obedience1 did but maintain them in their obstinacy2 and he himself would as lief shoot down a seminary priest as a wolf1 or any other evil beast4 ,i noticed this last speaker to be one of those who had spoken with most abhorrence of the massacres in ,france4 ,one lady called out in a loud voice that ,papists1 and such as take their part1 among which she did lament to see ,mr4 ,roper1 should be ashamed so much as to speak of persecution2 and began to relate the cruelties practised upon ,protestants twenty years back1 and the burning at ,oxford of those excellent godly men1 the bishops of ,london and ,worcester4 ,mr4 ,roper listened to her with an attentive countenance1 and then said3 ,i' faith1 madam1 ,i cannot choose but think ,dr4 ,latimer1 if it be he you speak of1 did somewhat approve of such a method of dealing with persons obstinate touching religion1 when others than himself and those of his own way of thinking were the subjects of it1 if we judge by a letter he wrote in #aech to his singular good friend the ,lord ,privy ,seal ,cromwell1 at the time he was appointed to preach at the burning at ,smithfield of ,friar ,forest of ,greenwich1 a learned divine ,i often did converse with in my young years4 ,what wrote the good bishop8 two or three persons asked2 and the lady who had spoken before said she should warrant it to be something pious1 for a more virtuous ,protestant never did live than this holy martyr4 ,whereupon ,mr4 ,roper3 ,this holy bishop did open his discourse right merrily1 for in a pleasant manner he thus begins his letter3 ',and1 sir1 if it be your pleasure1 as it is1 that ,i shall play the fool in my customable manner when ,forest shall suffer1 ,i would wish my stage stood near unto ,forest2 for ,i would endeavor myself so to content the people that therewith ,i might also convert ,forest1 ,god so helping4' ,and further on he doth greatly lament that the ,white ,friars of ,doncaster had access to the prisoner1 and through the fault of the sheriff or jailers1 or both1 he should be allowed to hear mass and receive the sacrament1 by which he is rather comforted in his way than discouraged4 ,and such is his foolishness1 this good #geg doth humbly say1 that if ,forest would abjure his religion1 he should yet 7for all his past obstinacy7 wish him pardoned4 ,o sirs1 think you that when at ,oxford this aged man1 seventeen years after1 did see the flames gather round himself1 that he did not call to mind what time he preached1 playing the fool1 as he saith1 before a man in like agonies1 and never urged so much as one word against his sentence8 ,marry1 if he did not1 said one1 whom ,i take to have been ,sir ,christopher ,wray1 who had been a silent listener until then1 if his conscience pricked him not thereon1 it must needs have been by the same rule as the lawyer used to the countryman1 who did put to him this question3 ',sir1 if my cow should stray into your field and feed there one whole day1 what should be the law touching compensation therefor8' ',marry1 friend1 assuredly to pay the damage to the full1 which thou art bounden at once to do4' ',ay1' quoth the countryman2 'but 'tis your cow hath strayed into my field4' ,upon which1 ',go to1 go to1' cries the lawyer2 'for ,i warrant thee that doth altogether alter the law4' ,some smiled1 and others murmured at this story2 and meanwhile one of the company1 who from his dress ,i perceived to be a minister1 and moreover to hold some dignity in the ,protestant ,church1 rose from his place1 and crossing the room1 came up to ,mr4 ,roper 7for that bold speaker was no other than ,sir ,thomas ,more's son-in--law1 whose great charity and goodness ,i had often heard of71 and1 shaking hands with him1 said3 ,i be of the same mind with you1 friend ,roper1 in every word you have uttered tonight4 ,and ,i pray to ,god my soul may be with yours after this life1 and our end in heaven1 albeit ,i should not sail there in the same boat with thou4 ,good ,mr4 ,dean1 quoth ,mr4 ,roper1 ,i do say amen to your prayer4 and then he added somewhat in a low voice1 and methinks it was that there is but one ship chartered for safety in such a voyage4 ,at the which the other shook his head and waved his hand1 and then calling to him a youth not more than twelve or thirteen years old1 his son1 he did present him to ,mr4 ,roper4 ,i had observed this young gentleman to listen1 with an eagerness betokening more keenness for information than is usually to be found in youths of his years1 to the discourses held that evening4 ,his father told ,mr4 ,roper that this his son's parts and quick apprehension in learning did lead him to hope he should be one day1 if it pleased ,god1 an ornament to the church4 ,mr4 ,roper smiled as he saluted the youth1 and said a few words to him1 which he answered very readily4 ,i never saw again that father or that son4 ,the one was ,dr4 ,mathews1 whom the queen made ,bishop of ,durham2 and the other1 ,toby ,mathews1 his son1 who was reconciled some years ago1 and1 as ,i have heard from some1 is now a ,jesuit4 ,the venerable aspect of the good ,mr4 ,roper so engaged my thoughts1 that ,i asked ,lady ,tregony1 by whose side ,i was sitting1 if she was acquainted with him1 and if his virtue was as great as his appearance was noble4 ,she smiled1 and answered that his appearance1 albeit honorable and comely1 was not one half so honorable as his life had been1 or so comely as his mind4 ,that he had been the husband of ,sir ,thomas ,more's never-to-be-forgotten daughter1 ,margaret1 whose memory he so reverently did cherish that he had never so much as thought of a second marriage2 and of late years1 since he had resigned the office of sub-notary in the ,queen's ,bench to his son1 he did give his whole substance and his time to the service of the poor1 and especially to prisoners1 by reason of which he was called the staff of the sorrowful1 and sure refuge of the afflicted4 ,now1 then1 ,i looked on the face of this good aged man with a deeper reverence than heretofore4 ,now ,i longed to be favored with so #geh much of his notice as one passing word4 ,now ,i watched for an opportunity to compass my desire1 and ,i thank ,god not without effect2 for ,i do count it as a chief blessing to have been honored1 during the remaining years of this virtuous gentleman's life1 with so much of his condescending goodness1 that if the word friendship may be used in regard to such affectionate feelings as can exist between one verging on four-score years of age and of such exalted merit1 and a foolish creature yet in her teens1 whom he honored with his notice1 it should be so in this instance2 wherein on the one side a singular reverence and humble great affection did arise almost on first acquaintance1 and on the other so much benignity and goodness shown in the pains taken to cultivate such good dispositions as had been implanted in this young person's heart by careful parents1 and to guard her mind against the evils of the times1 that nothing could be greater4 ,mr4 ,roper chancing to come near us1 ,lady ,tregony said somewhat1 which caused him to address me in this wise3 ,and are there1 then1 maidens in these days not averse to the sight of gray hairs1 and who mislike not to converse with aged men8 ,this was said with so kindly a smile that timidity vanished1 and confidence took its place4 ,oh1 sir1 ,i cried1 when ,i was not so much as five years old1 my good father showed me a picture of ,sir ,thomas ,more1 and told me he was a man of such angelic wit as ,england never had the like before1 nor is ever like to have again1 and of a most famous and holy memory2 and methinks1 sir1 that you1 being his son-in-law1 who knew his doings and his mind so well1 and lived so long in his house1 must needs in many things resemble him4 ,as to his doings and his mind1 ,mr4 ,roper replied1 no man living knoweth them so well1 and if my mean wit1 memory1 and knowledge could serve me now1 could declare so much thereof4 ,but touching resemblance1 alas6 there was but one in all the world that represented the likeness of his virtues and perfections2 one whom he loved in a particular manner1 and who was worthiest of that love more than any creature ,god has made4 ,here the good man's voice faltered a little1 and he made a stop in his discourse2 but in a little while said that he had thought it behoved him to set down in writing such matters concerning ,sir ,thomas's life as he could then call to remembrance1 and that he would lend me the manuscript to read1 which ,i did esteem an exceeding great favor1 and one ,i could not sufficiently thank him for4 ,then he spoke somewhat of the times1 which were waxing every day more troublesome1 and told me he often called to mind a conversation he once had with ,sir ,thomas1 walking along the side of the ,thames at ,chelsea1 which he related in these words3 ',now would to ,god1 my son ,roper1' quoth ,sir ,thomas1 ',i were put in a sack1 and presently cast into the ,thames1 upon condition that three things were well established throughout ,christendom4' ',and what mighty things are those1 sir8' ,i asked4 ,whereupon he3 ',wouldst thou know1 son ,roper1 what they be8' ',yea1 marry1 sir1 with a good will1 if it please you1' quoth ,i4 ',i' faith1 son1 they be these1' he said3 ',the first is that1 whereas the most part of ,christian princes are at mortal wars1 they were all at peace2 the second that1 whereas the church of ,christ is at present sorely afflicted with so many heresies1 it were settled in perfect uniformity of religion2 the third that1 where the matter of the king's marriage is now come in question1 it were1 to the glory of ,god and the quietness of all parties1 brought to a good conclusion4' ',ay1 sir1' quoth ,i1 'those were indeed three things greatly to be desired2 but'--,i continued with a certain joy--'where shall one see a happier state than in this realm1 that has so ,catholic a prince that no heretic #gei durst show his face2 so virtuous and learned a clergy2 so grave and sound a nobility2 and so loving1 obedient subjects1 all in one faith agreeing together8' ',truth it is indeed1 son ,roper1' quoth he2 and in all degrees and estates of the same went far beyond me in commendation thereof4 ',and yet1 son ,roper1 ,i pray ,god1' said he1 'that some of us1 as high as we seem to sit on the mountains1 treading heretics under our feet like ants1 live not the day that we would gladly be at league and composition with them1 to let them have their churches quietly to themselves1 so that they would be contented to let us have ours quietly to ourselves4' ,after ,i had told him many considerations why he had no cause to say so3 ',well1' said he1 ',i pray ,god1 son ,roper1 some of us will live not to see that day4' ,to whom ,i replied3 ',by my troth1 sir1 it is very desperately spoken4' ,these vile terms1 ,i cry ,god mercy1 did ,i give him1 who1 perceiving me to be in a passion1 said merrily unto me1 ',it shall not be so2 it shall not be so4' ,in sixteen years and more1 being in the house conversing with him1 ,i could not perceive him to be so much as once out of temper4 ,this was the first of many conversations ,i held1 during the years ,i lived in ,holborn1 with this worthy gentleman1 who was not more pleased to relate1 than ,i to hear1 sundry anecdotes concerning ,sir ,thomas ,more1 his house1 and his family4 ,before he left me that day1 ,i did make bold to ask him if he feared not ill consequences from the courageous words he had used in a mixed1 yea rather1 with few exceptions1 wholly adverse1 company4 ,not much1 he answered4 ,mine age2 the knowledge that there are those who would not willingly see me roughly handled1 and have power to prevent it2 and withal no great concern1 if it should be so1 to have my liberty constrained1 yea1 my life shortened by a few years1 or rather days1--doth move me to a greater freedom of speech than may generally be used1 and a notable indifference to the results of such freedom4 ,having whispered the like fears ,i had expressed to him to ,lady ,tregony1 she did assure me his confidence was well based1 and that he had connexions which would by no means suffer him to be thrown into prison1 which should be the fate of any one else in that room who had spoken but one half1 yea one tenth part1 as boldly as he had ventured on4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,it was some time before ,i could restore myself to my countenance1 after so much moving discourse1 so as to join with spirit in the sports and the dancing which did ensue among the young people that evening4 ,but sober thoughts and painful themes after a while gave place to merriment2 and the sound of music1 gay tattle1 and cheerful steps lured me to such enjoyment as youth is wont to take in these kinds of pastimes4 ,it was too much my wont to pursue with eagerness the present humor1 and drink deeply of innocent pleasure wherein no harm should exist if enjoyed with moderation4 ,but like in a horse on whose neck the bridle is cast1 what began in a gentle ambling ends in wild gallopping2 so lawful merriment1 if unrestrained1 often ends in what is unbeseeming1 and in some sort blameable4 ,so this time1 when dancing tired1 a ring was formed for conversation1 and the choice of the night's pastime yielded to my discretion2 alack1 rather to my imprudence and folly1 methinks ,i might style it4 ,i chose that arguments should be held by two persons of the company1 turn by turn1 and that a judge should be named to allot a reward to the worthiest1 and a penance to the worst4 ,this liked them all exceedingly1 and by one consent they appointed me to be judge1 and to summon such as should dispute4 #gfj ,there were there two young gentlemen which haunted our house1 and ,lady ,ingoldby's also4 ,one was ,martin ,tregony1 ,lady ,tregony's nephew1 an ill-favored young man1 with manners worse than his face1 and so apish and foppish in his dress and behavior1 that no young woman could abide him1 much less would receive his addresses1 or if she did entertain him in conversation1 it was to make sport of his so great conceit4 ,he had an ill-natured kind of wit1 more sharp than keen1 more biting than sarcastic4 ,he studied the art of giving pain1 and oftentimes did cause shamefaced merit to blush4 ,the other was ,mr4 ,thomas ,sherwood1 who1 albeit not very near in blood to my father1 was1 howsoever1 of the same family as ourselves4 ,he had been to the ,english ,college in ,douay1 and had brought me tidings a short time back of my father and ,edmund ,genings' safe arrival thither1 and afterward came often to see us1 and much frequented ,lady ,tregony's house4 ,he had exceedingly good parts1 but was somewhat diffident and bashful4 ,martin ,tregony was wont to make him a mark1 as it were1 of his ill-natured wit1 and did fancy himself to be greatly his superior in sharpness1 partly because ,mr4 ,sherwood's disposition was retiring1 and partly that he had too much goodness and sense to bandy words with so ill-mannered a young man4 ,i pray you who read this1 could aught be more indiscreet than1 in a thoughtless manner1 to have summoned these two to dispute8 which nevertheless ,i did1 thinking some sport should arise out of it1 to see ,master ,martin foisted in argument by one he despised1 and also from his extravagant gestures and affected countenances4 ,so ,i said3 ,master ,tregony1 your task shall be to dispute with ,master ,sherwood2 and this the theme of your argument1 ',the ,art of ,tormenting4' ,he who shall describe the nicest instances of such skill1 when exercised by a master toward his servant1 a parent to his child1 a husband to his wife1 a wife to her husband1 a lover to his mistress1 or a friend to his friend1 shall be proclaimed victorious2 and his adversary submit to such penance as the court shall inflict4 ,master ,sherwood shook his head for to decline to enter these lists2 but all the young gentlemen and ladies cried1 he should not be suffered to show contempt of the court1 and forced him to stand up4 ,master ,martin was nothing loth1 and in his ill-favored countenance there appeared a made smile1 which did indicate an assurance of victory2 so he began3 ,the more wit a man hath1 the better able he shall be at times to torment another2 so ,i do premise1 and at the outset of this argument declare1 that to blame a man for the exercise of a talent he doth possess is downright impiety1 and that to wound another by the pungency of home-thrusts in conversation is as just a liberty in an ingenious man1 as the use of his sword in a battle is to a soldier4 ,mr4 ,sherwood upon this replied1 that he did allow a public disputation1 appointed by meet judges1 to come under the name of a fair battle2 but even in a battle 7he said7 generous combatants aim not so much at wounding their adversaries1 as to the disarming of them2 and that he who in private conversation doth make a weapon of his tongue is like unto the man who provokes another to a single combat1 which for ,christians is not lawful1 and pierces him easily who has less skill in wielding the sword than himself4 ,marry1 sir1 quoth ,master ,martin1 if you dobring piety into your discourse1 methinks the rules of just debate be not observed2 for it is an unfair thing for to overrule a man with arguments he doth not dare to reply to under pain of spiritual censures4 ,i cry you mercy1 ,master ,martin1 quoth the other2 you did bring in impiety1 and so methought piety should not be excluded4 ,at the which we all applauded1 and ,martin began to perceive his adversary to be less #gfa contemptible than he had supposed4 ,now to the point1 ,i cried2 for exordiums be tedious4 ,i pray you1 gentlemen1 begin1 and point out some notable fashion wherewith a master might torment his servant4 ,upon which quoth ,martin3 ,if a man hath a sick servant1 and doth note his fancy to be set on some indulgence not of strict necessity1 and should therefore deny it to him1 methinks that should be a rare opportunity to exercise his talent4 ,nay1 cried ,master ,sherwood1 a nicer one1 and ever at hand afterward1 should be to show kindness once to a dependent when sick1 and to use him ten times the worse for it when he is well1 upbraiding him for such past favors1 as if one should say3 ',alack1 be as kind as you will1 see what return you do meet with6' ,this last piece of ingenuity was allowed by the court to surpass the first4 ,now1 ,i cried1 what should be the greatest torment a parent could inflict on a child8 ,martin answered3 ,if it should be fond of public diversion1 to confine it in-doors4 ,if retirement suits its temper1 to compel it abroad4 ,if it should delight in the theatre1 to take it to see a good play1 and at the moment when the plot shall wax most moving1 to say it must be tired1 and procure to send it home4 ,or1 in more weighty matters1--a daughter's marriage1 for instance1--to detect if the wench hath set her heart on one lover1 and if so1 to keep from her the knowledge of this gentleman's addresses2 and when she hath accepted another1 to let her know the first had sued for her hand1 and been dismissed4 ,here all the young gentlewomen did exclaim that ,master ,sherwood could by no means think of a more skilful torment than this should prove4 ,he thought for an instant1 and then said3 ,it should be a finer and more delicate torment to stir up in a young gentlewoman's mind suspicions of one she loved1 and so work on her natural passions of jealousy and pride1 that she should herself1 in a hasty mood1 discard her lover2 and ever after1 when the act was not recallable1 remind her she herself had wrought her own unhappiness1 and wounded one she loved4 ,yea1 that should be worse than the first torment1 all but one young lady cried out2 who1 for her part1 could better endure1 she said1 to have injured herself than to be deceived1 as in the first case4 ,then do come husbands1 quoth ,mr4 ,martin2 and ,i vow1 he cried1 ,i know not how to credit there be such vile wretches in the world as should wish to torment their wives2 but if such there be1 methinks the surest method they may practise is1 to loving wives to show indifferency2 to such as be jealous1 secrecy2 to such as be pious1 profaneness2 and the like in all the points whereon their affections are set4 ,alack6 cried ,mistress ,frances ,bellamy1 what a study the man hath made of this fine art6 ,gentlewomen should needs beware of such a one for a husband4 ,what doth ,master ,sherwood say8 ,whereupon he3 ,methinks the greatest torment a husband might inflict on a worthy wife should be to dishonor her love by his baseness2 or if he had injured her1 to doubt her proneness to forgive4 ,and wives1 quoth ,mistress ,southwell1--what of their skill therein1 gentlemen8 ,it be such1 cried ,martin1 as should exceed men's ability thereof to speak4 ,the greatest instance of talent of this sort ,i have witnessed is in a young married lady1 whose husband is very willing to stay in his house or go abroad1 or reside in town1 or at his seat in the country1 as should most please her1 so she would let him know her wishes4 ,but she is so artful in concealing them1 that the poor man can never learn so much as should cause him to guess what they may be2 but with a meek voice she doth reply to his asking1 ',an it please you1 sir1 let it #gfb be as you choose1 for you very well know ,i never do oppose your will4' ,then if he resolve to leave town1 she maketh not much ado till they have rode twenty or thirty miles out of ,london4 ,then she doth begin to sigh and weep1 for that she should be a most ill-used creature1 and her heart almost broken for to leave her friends1 and be shut up for six months in a swamp1 for such she doth term his estate2 and if she should not have left ,london that same day1 she should have been at the ,lord ,mayor's banquet1 and seen the ,french princes1 which1 above all things1 she had desired4 ,but some husbands be so hard-hearted1 if they can hunt and hawk1 'tis little count they make of their wives' pleasures4 ,then when she hath almost provoked the good man to swear1 she hangeth down her head and saith1 ',content you1 sir--content you2 'tis your good fortune to have an obedient wife4' ,and so mopes all the time of the journey4 ,whilst ,martin was speaking1 ,i noted a young gentlewoman who did deeply blush whilst he spoke1 and tears came into her eyes4 ,i heard afterward she had been lately married1 and that he counterfeited her voice in so precise a manner1 so that all such as knew her must needs believe her to be the wife he spoke of2 and that there was so much of truth in the picture he had drawn1 as to make it seem a likeness1 albeit most unjust toward one who1 though apt to boast of her obedience1 and to utter sundry trifling complaints1 was a fond wife and toward lady to her dear husband2 and that this malice in ,mr4 ,tregony1 over and above his wonted spite1 was due to her rejection of his hand some short time before her marriage4 ,master ,sherwood1 seeing the ungracious gentleman's ill-nature and the lady's confusion1 stood up the more speedily to reply1 and so cut him short4 ,i will relate1 he said1 a yet more ingenious practice of tormenting1 which should seem the highest proof of skill in a wife1 albeit also practised by husbands1 only not so aptly1 or peradventure so often4 ,and this is when one hath offered to another a notable insult or affront1 so to turn the tables1 even as a conjuror the cards he doth handle1 that straightway the offended party shall seem to be the offender1 and be obliged to sue forgiveness for that wherein he himself is hurt4 ,i pray you1 gentlemen and ladies1 can anything more ingenious than this practice be thought on8 ,all did admit it to be a rare example of ability in tormenting2 but some objected it was not solely exercised by wives and husbands1 but that friends1 lovers1 and all sorts of persons might use it4 ,then one gentleman called for some special instance of the art in lovers4 ,but another said it was a natural instinct1 and not an art1 in such to torment one another1 and likewise their own selves1 and proposed the behavior of friends in that respect as a more new and admirable theme4 ,ah1 quoth ,master ,martin1 with an affected wave of his hand1 first show me an instance of a true friendship betwixt ladies1 or a sincere affection betwixt gentlemen2 and then it will be time for to describe the arts whereby they do plague and torment each other4 ,mr4 ,sherwood answered1 ,a ,french gentleman said1 a short time since1 that it should be a piece of commendable prudence to live with your friend as looking that he should one day be your enemy4 ,now we be warranted1 by ,master ,tregony's speech1 to conclude his friendships to be enmities in fair disguise2 and the practices wherewith friends torment each other no doubt should apply to this case also2 and so his exceptions need in no wise alter the theme of our argument4 ,i pray you1 sir1 begin1 and name some notable instance in which1 without any apparent breach of friendship1 the appearance of which is in both instances supposed1 one may best wound his friend1 or1 as ,mr4 ,tregony hath it1 the disguised object of his hatred4 ,i noticed that ,master ,martin glanced #gfc maliciously at his adversary1 and then answered1 ,the highest exercise of such ability should be1 methinks1 to get possession of a secret which your friend1 or disguised enemy1 has been at great pains to conceal1 and to let him know1 by such means as shall hold him in perpetual fear1 but never in full assurance of the same1 that you have it in your power to accuse him at any time of that which should procure him to be thrown into prison1 or maybe hanged on a gibbet4 ,a paleness spread over ,master ,sherwood's face1 not caused1 ,i ween1 by fear so much as by anger at the meanness of one who1 from envy and spite1 even in the freedom of social hours1 should hint at secrets so weighty as would touch the liberty1 yea1 the life1 of one he called his friend2 and standing up1 he answered1 whilst ,i1 now too late discerning mine own folly in the proposing of a dangerous pastime1 trembled in every limb4 ,i know1 quoth he1--,i know a yet more ingenious instance of the skill of a malicious heart4 ,to hang a sword over a friend's head1 and cause him to apprehend its fall1 must needs be a well-practised device2 but if it be done in so skilful a manner that the weapon shall threaten not himself alone1 but make him1 as it were1 the instrument of ruin to others dearer to him than his own life1--if1 by the appearance of friendship1 the reality of which such a heart knoweth not1 he hath been to such confidence as shall be the means of sorrow to those who have befriended him in another manner than this false friend1 this true foe1--the triumph is then complete4 ,malice and hatred can devise naught beyond it4 ,martin's eyes glared so fearfully1 and his voice sounded so hoarse1 as he hesitated in answering1 that1 in a sort of desperation1 ,i stood up1 and cried1 ,long enough have these two gentlemen had the talk to themselves4 ,verily1 methinks there be no conqueror1 but a drawn game in this instance4 ,but a murmur rose among the company that ,master ,sherwood was victorious1 and ,master ,tregony should do penance4 ,what shall it be8 was asked2 and all with one voice did opine ,master ,sherwood should name it1 for he was as much beloved as ,master ,tregony was misliked4 ,he 7,sherwood71 albeit somewhat inwardly moved1 ,i ween1 had restrained his indignation1 and cried out merrily1 ,marry1 so will ,i6 ,look me in the face1 ,martin1 and give me thy hand4 ,this shall be thy penance4 ,the other did so2 but a fiendly look of resentment was in his eyes2 and methinks ,thomas ,sherwood must needs have remembered the grasp of his hand to forgive it1 ,i doubt not1 even at the foot of the scaffold4 ,from that day ,martin ,tregony conceived an implacable hatred for ,master ,sherwood1 whom he had feigned a great friendship for on his first arrival in ,london1 because he hoped1 by his means and influence with his aunt1 to procure her to pay his debts4 ,but after he had thrown off the mask1 he only waited for an opportunity to denounce him1 being privy to his having brought a priest to ,lady ,tregony's house1 who had also said mass in her chapel4 ,so one day meeting him in the streets1 he cried out1 ,stop the traitor6 stop the traitor6 and so causing him to be apprehended1 had him before the next justice of the peace2 where1 when they were come1 he could allege nothing against him1 but that he suspected him to be a ,papist4 ,upon which he was examined concerning his religion1 and1 refusing to admit the queen's church-headship1 he was cast into a dungeon in the ,tower4 ,his lodgings were plundered1 and ,l#be1 which he had amassed1 as ,i knew1 who had assisted him to procure it1 for the use of his aged and sick father1 who had been lately cast into prison in ,lancaster1 was carried off with the rest4 ,he was cruelly racked1 we heard1 for that he would not reveal where he had heard mass2 and kept #gfd in a dark filthy hole1 where he endured very much from hunger1 stench1 and cold4 ,no one being allowed to visit him--for the ,tower was not like some other prisons where ,mistress ,ward and others could sometimes penetrate--or afford him any comfort1 ,mr4 ,roper had1 by means of another prisoner1 conveyed to his keeper some money for his use2 but the keeper returned it the next day1 because the lieutenant of the ,tower would not suffer him to have the benefit of it4 ,all he could be prevailed upon to do was to lay out one poor sixpence for a little fresh straw for him to lie on4 ,about six months after1 he was brought to trial1 and condemned to die1 for denying the queen's supremacy1 and was executed at ,tyburn1 according to sentence1 being cut down whilst he was yet alive1 dismembered1 bowelled1 and quartered4 ,poor ,lady ,tregony's heart did almost break at this his end and her kinsman's part in it2 and during those six months--for she would not leave ,london whilst ,thomas ,sherwood was yet alive--,i did constantly visit her1 almost every day1 and betwixt us there did exist a sort of fellowship in our sorrow for this worthy young man's sufferings2 for that she did reproach herself for lack of prudence in not sufficient distrust of her own nephew1 whom now she refused to see1 at least1 she said1 until he had repented of his sin1 which he1 glorying in1 had told her1 the only time they had met1 he should serve her in the same manner1 and if he could ever find out she heard mass1 should get her a lodging in the ,tower1 and for himself her estate in ,norfolk1 whither she was then purposing to retire1 and did do so after ,master ,sherwood's execution4 ,for mine own part1 as once before my father's apprehended danger had diverted my mind from childish folly1 so did the tragical result of an entertainment1 wherein ,i had been carried away by thoughtless mirth1 somewhat sicken me of company and sports4 ,i went abroad not much the next year2 only was often at ,mr4 ,wells's house1 and in ,hubert's society1 which had become so habitual to me that ,i was almost persuaded the pleasure ,i took therein proceeded from a mutual inclination1 and ,i could observe with what jealousy he watched any whom ,i did seem to speak with or allow of any civility at their hands4 ,even ,master ,sherwood he would jalouse1 if he found me weeping over his fate2 and said he was happier in prison1 for whom such tears did flow1 than he at liberty1 for whom ,i showed no like regard4 ,oh1 ,i would answer1 he is happy because1 ,master ,rookwood1 his sufferings are for his ,god and his conscience' sake1 and not such as arise from a poor human love4 ,envy him his faith1 his patience1 his hope1 which make him cry out1 as ,i know he doth1 ',o my ,lord ,jesu6 ,i am not worthy that ,i should suffer these things for thee2' and not the compassionate tears of a paltry wench that in some sort was the means to plunge him in these straits4 ,in the spring of the year which did follow1 ,i heard from my father1 who had been ordained at the ,english ,college at ,rheims1 and was on the watch1 he advertised me1 for an opportunity to return to ,england1 for to exercise the sacred ministry amongst his poor ,catholic brethren4 ,but at which port he should land1 or whither direct his steps1 if he effected a safe landing1 he dared not for to commit to paper4 ,he said ,edmund ,genings had fallen into a most dangerous consumption1 partly by the extraordinary pains he took in his studies1 and partly in his spiritual exercises1 insomuch that the physicians had almost despaired of his recovery1 and that the president had in consequence resolved to send him into ,england1 to try change of air4 ,that he had left ,rheims with great regret1 and went on his journey1 as far as ,havre de ,grace1 and1 after a fortnight's stay in that place1 having prayed to ,god very heartily for the recovery of his health1 so that he might return1 and1 without further #gfe delay1 continue his studies for the priesthood1 he felt himself very much better1 almost as well as ever he was in his life2 upon which he returned to his college1 and took up again1 with exceeding great fervor1 his former manner of life2 and1 my father added1 his common expression1 as often as talk is ministered of ,england and martyrdom there1 is this3 ',vivamus in spe6 ,vivamus in spe6' ,this letter did throw me into an exceeding great apprehension that my father might fall into the hands of the queen's officers at any time he should land1 and the first news ,i should hear of him to be that he was cast into prison4 ,and as ,i knew no ,catholic priest could dwell in ,england with out he did assume a feigned name1 and mostly so one of his station1 and at one time well noted as a gentleman and a recusant1 ,i now never heard of any priest arrested in any part of ,england but ,i feared it should be him4 ,hubert ,rookwood was now more than ever at ,mr4 ,lacy's house1 and in his library1 for they did both affection the same pursuits1 albeit with very different abilities2 and ,i was used to transcribe for them divers passages from manuscripts and books1 taking greater pleasure1 so to spend time1 than to embroider in ,kate's room1 the compass of whose thoughts became each day more narrow1 and her manner of talk more tasteless4 ,hubert seemed not well pleased when ,i told him my father had been ordained abroad4 ,i gathered this from a troubled look in his eyes1 and an increasing paleness1 which betokened1 to my now observant eyes1 emotions which he gave not vent to in words at all1 or leastways in any that should express strong resentment4 ,his silence always frighted me more than anger in others4 ,he had acquired a great influence over me1 and1 albeit ,i was often ill at ease in his company1 ,i ill brooked his absence4 ,he was a zealous ,catholic1 and did adduce arguments and proofs in behalf of his religion with rare ability4 ,some of his writings which ,i copied at that time had a cogency and clearness in their reasons and style1 which in my poor judgment betokened a singular sharp understanding and ingenuity of learning2 but in his conversation1 and writings also1 was lacking the fervency of spirit1 the warmth of devout aims1 the indifferency to worldly regards1 which should belong to a truly ,christian soul1 or else the nobleness and freedom of speech which some do possess from natural temper4 ,but his attainments were far superior to those of the young men ,i used to see at ,mr4 ,wells's1 and such as gave him an extraordinary reputation amongst the persons ,i was wont to associate with1 which contributed not a little to the value ,i did set on his preference1 of which no proofs were wanting1 save an open paying of his addresses to me1 which by reason of his young age and mine1 and the poorness of his prospects1 being but a younger son of a country gentleman1 was easy of account4 ,he had a great desire for wealth and for all kind of greatness1 and used to speak of learning as a road to it4 ,in the spring of that year1 my ,lord ,surrey left ,cambridge1 and came to live at ,howard ,house with his lady4 ,they were then both in their eighteenth years1 and a more comely pair could not be seen4 ,the years that had passed since she had left ,london had greatly matured her beauty4 ,she was taller of stature than the common sort1 and very fair and graceful4 ,the earl was likewise tall1 very straight1 long-visaged1 but of a pleasant and noble countenance4 ,i could not choose but admire her perfect carriage1 toward her lord1 her relatives1 and her servants2 the good order she established in her house2 the care she took of her sister's education1 who in two years was to be married to ,lord ,william ,howard2 and her great charity to the poor1 which she then began to visit herself1 and to relieve in all sorts of ways1 and was wont to say the angels of that old house where ,god had been served by so many prayers and alms must needs assist her in her care for #gff those in trouble4 ,my lord appeared exceedingly fond of her then4 ,one day when ,i was visiting her ladyship1 he asked me if ,i had read the life of that sweet holy ,queen ,elizabeth of ,hungary2 and as ,i said ,i had not met with it1 he gifted me with a copy fairly printed and well ornamented1 which ,mr4 ,martin had left behind him when he went beyond seas1 and said3 ,mistress ,sherwood1 see if in this book you find not the likeness of a lady which you mislike not any more than ,i do4 ,beshrew me1 but ,i fear ,i may find some day strange guests in mine house if she do copy the pattern herein set down2 and so ,i will e'en send the book out of the house1 for my lady is too good for me already1 and ,i be no fitting husband for a saint1 which a very little more of virtue should make her4 ,and so he laughing1 and she prettily checking his wanton speech1 and such sweet loving looks and playful words passing between them as gladdened my heart to see4 ,some time after1 ,i found one day my ,lady ,surrey looking somewhat grave and thoughtful4 ,she greeted me with an affectionate kiss1 and said1 ,ah1 sweet ,constance1 ,i be glad thou art come2 for methinks we shall soon leave ,london4 ,so soon8 ,i answered4 ,not too soon1 dear ,constance1 she said somewhat sadly4 ,i did look wistfully in her sweet face4 ,methought there was trouble in it1 and doubt if she should further speak or not2 for she rested her head on her hand1 and her dark eyes did fix themselves wistfully on mine1 as if asking somewhat of me1 but what ,i knew not4 ,constance1 she said at last1 ,i have no mother1 no sister of mine own age1 no brother1 no ghostly father1 to speak my mind to4 ,methinks it should not be wrong to unbosom my cares to thee1 who1 albeit young1 hast a thoughtful spirit1 and1 as ,i have often observed1 an aptness to give good counsel4 ,and then thou art of that way of thinking wherein ,i was brought up1 and though in outward show we now do differ1 ,i am not greatly changed therein1 as thou well knowest4 ,alack6 ,i cried1 too well ,i do know it1 dear lady2 and1 albeit my tongue is silent thereon1 my heart doth grieve to see you comfortless of that which is the sole source of true comfort4 ,tis not that troubles me1 she answered1 a little impatiently4 ,thou art unreasonable1 ,constance4 ,my duty to my lord shapes my outward behavior2 but ,i have weighty cares1 nevertheless4 ,dost thou mind that passage in the late duke our father's letter to his son and me8--that we should live in a lower degree1 and out of ,london and from the court4 ,methinks a prophetic spirit did move him thus to write4 ,my lord has a great heart and a generous temper1 and loves to spend money in all sorts of ways1 profitable and unprofitable1 as ,i too well observe since we have been in ,london4 ,and the queen sent him a store of messages by my ,lord ,essex1 and others of his friends1 that she was surprised not to see him at court2 and that it was her highness's pleasure he should wait upon her1 and she shall show him so much favor as he deserves1 and such like inducements4 ,and hath my lord been to court8 ,i asked4 ,yea1 he hath been1 she answered1 sighing deeply4 ,he hath been forced to kiss the hand which signed his father's death-warrant4 ,constance1 it is this which doth so pain me1 that her majesty should think he hath in his heart no resentment of that mishap4 ,she said to my ,lady ,berkeley some days since1 when she sued for some favor at her hands1 ',no1 no1 my ,lady ,berkeley2 you love us not1 and never will4 ,you cannot forgive us your brother's death4' ,why should her grace think a son hath less resentment of a father's loss than a sister8 ,willing to minister comfort to her touching that on which ,i did1 nevertheless1 but too much consent to her thinking1 ,i said1 ,in my lord's case1 he must have needs appeared to mislike #gfg the queen and her government if he stayed away from court1 and his duty to his sovereign compelleth him to render her so much homage as is due to her majesty4 ,yea1 cried my lady1 ,i be of the same mind with thee1 that if my lord do live in ,london he is in a manner forced to swim with the tide1 and ,god only knoweth into what a flood of troubles he may thus be led4 ,but ,i have prevailed on him to go to ,kenninghall1 and there to enjoy that retired life his father passionately wished him to be contented with4 ,so ,i do look1 if it please ,god1 to happy days when we leave this great city1 where so many and great dangers beset us4 ,have you been to court likewise1 dear lady8 ,i asked2 and she answered1 ,no2 her majesty doth deny me that privilege which the wife of a nobleman should enjoy without so much as the asking for it4 ,my ,lord ,arundel and my ,lord ,sussex are mad thereon1 and swear 'tis the gipsy's doing1 as they do always title ,lord ,leicester1 and a sign of his hatred to my lord4 ,but ,i be not of their mind2 for methinks he doth but aid my lord to win the queen's favor by the slights which are put on his wife1 which1 if he doth take patiently1 must needs secure for him such favor as my ,lord ,leicester should wish1 if report speaks truly1 none should enjoy but himself4 ,but surely1 ,i cried1 my lord's spirit is too noble to stomach so mean a treatment of his lady8 ,a burning blush spread over the countess's face1 and she answered1 ,constance1 nobility of soul is shaped into action by divers motives and influences4 ,and1 ,i pray thee1 since his father's death and the loss of his first tutor1 who hath my lord had to fashion the aims of his eager spirit to a worthy ambition1 and teach him virtuous contentment with a meaner rank and lower fortunes than his birth do entitle him to8 ,he chafes to be degraded1 and would fain rise to the heights his ancestors occupied2 and1 alas6 the ladder which those who beset him--for that they would climb after him--do ever set before his eyes is the queen's majesty's favor4 ',tis the breath of their nostrils1 the perpetual theme of their discourse4 ,mine ears sometimes ache with the sound of their oft-repeated words4 ,then she broke off her speech for an instant1 but soon asked me if to consult fortune-tellers was not a sin4 ,yea1 ,i answered1 the ,church doth hold it to be unlawful4 ,ah6 she replied1 ,i would to ,god my lord had never resorted to a person of that sort1 which hath filled his mind with an apprehension which will work us great evil1 if ,i do mistake not4 ,alas6 ,i said1 hath my lord been so deluded8 ,thou hast heard1 ,i ween1 my lady continued1 of one ,dr4 ,dee1 whom the queen doth greatly favor1 and often charge him to cast her horoscope4 ,some time ago my lord was riding with her majesty and the most part of her court near unto this learned gentleman's house at ,mortlake1 which her highness1 taking notice of1 she must needs propose to visit him with all her retinue1 in order1 she said1 to examine his library and hold conference with him4 ,but learning that his wife had been buried only four hours1 her majesty would not enter1 but desired my ,lord ,leicester to take her down from her horse at the church-wall at ,mortlake and to fetch the doctor unto her1 who did bring out for her grace's inspection his magic-glass1 of which she and all those with her did see some of the properties4 ,several of the noblemen thereunto present were greatly contented and delighted with this cunning witchery1 and did agree to visit again1 in a private manner1 this learned man1 for to have their nativities calculated2 and my lord1 ,i grieve to say1 went with them4 ,and this cheat or wizard1 for methinks one or other of those names must needs belong to him1 predicted to my lord that he should be in great danger to be overthrown by a woman4 ,and1 ,i #gfh ween1 good ,constance1 there was a craft in this most deep and deceptive1 for doth it not tend1 whichever way it be understood1 to draw and urge onward my lord to a careful seeking to avoid this danger by a diligent serving and waiting on her majesty1 if she be the woman like to undo him1 or else to move him to the thought that his marriage--as ,i doubt not many endeavor to insinuate into his mind--should be an obstacle to her favor such as must needs mar his fortunes8 ,not that my lord hath breathed so much as one such painful word in my hearing1 or abated in his kind behavior2 but there are others who be not slow to hint so much to myself2 and1 ,i pray you1 shall they not then deal with him in the same manner1 albeit he is too noble and gentle to let me hear of it8 ,but since that day he is often thoughtful when we are alone1 and his mind ever running on means to propitiate her majesty1 and doth send her many presents1 the value of which should rather mark them as gifts from one royal person to another than from a subject to his prince4 ,o ,constance1 ,i would ,kenninghall were a thousand miles from ,london1 and a wild sea to run between it and the court1 such as could with difficulty be crossed2 but 'tis vain wishing2 and ,i thank ,god my lord should be willing to remove there1 and so we shall be in quiet4 ,god send it6 ,i answered2 and that you1 my sweet lady1 may find there all manner of contentment4 ,then ,i asked her ladyship if she had tidings of my ,lady l',estrange4 ,yea1 she answered2 excellent good tidings1 for that she was a contented wife to a loving husband4 ,sir ,hammond1 she said1 hath a most imperious temper1 and1 as ,i hear1 doth not brook the least contradiction2 so that a woman less mild and affectionate than ,milicent should not1 ,i ween1 live at peace with him4 ,but her sweet temper doth move her to such strict condescension to his humors1 that she doth style herself most fortunate in marriage and a singular happy wife4 ,dost mind ,master ,chaucer's tale of the patient ,grizzel1 which ,phil read to me some years back1 soon after our first marriage1 for to give me a lesson on wifely duty1 and which ,i did then write to thee the story of8 ,yea1 well1 ,i cried2 and that ,i was so angered at her patience1 which methought was foolish1 yea1 wicked in its excess1 that it did throw me into a passion4 ,my lady laughed and said1 indeed she thought so too2 but ,milicent1 in her behavior and the style of her letters1 did mind her so much of that singular obedient wife1 that she did sometimes call her ,grizzel to her face4 ,she is now gone to reside with her husband1 she said1 at a seat of his not very far from ,lynn4 ',tis a poor and wild district2 and the people1 ,i hear1 do resort to her in great numbers for assistance in the way of medicine and surgery1 and for much help of various sorts4 ,she is greatly contented that her husband doth in nowise impede her in these charitable duties1 but rather the contrary4 ,she is a creature of such natural good impulses and compassionate spirit that must needs show kindness to all who do come in her way4 ,then my lady questioned me touching ,muriel and ,mistress ,ward1 and ,kate and ,polly1 who were now both married2 and ,i told her ,kate had a fair son and ,polly a little daughter1 like to prove as sharp as her mother if her infant vivacity did not belie her4 ,as to ,muriel and her guide and friend1 ,i told her ladyship that few were like to have speech with them1 save such as were in so destitute a condition that nothing could exceed it4 ,now that my two elder cousins had left home1 mine uncle's house was become a sort of refuge for the poor1 and an hospital for distressed ,catholics4 ,and thou1 ,constance1 my lady said1 dost thou not think on marriage8 ,i smiled and answered ,i did sometimes2 but had not yet met with any one altogether conformable to my liking4 #gfi ,not ,mr4 ,hubert ,rookwood8 she said smiling2 ,i have been told he haunts ,mrs4 ,lacy's house1 and would fain be admitted as ,mistress ,sherwood's suitor4 ,i will not deny1 ,i answered1 but that he doth testify a vast regard for me1 or that he is a gentleman of such great parts and exceedingly winning speech that a gentlewoman should be flattered to be addressed by him2 but1 dear lady1 ,i continued1 opening my heart to her1 albeit ,i relish greatly his society1 mine heart doth not altogether incline to his suit2 and ,mr4 ,congleton hath lately warned me to be less free in allowing of his attentions than hath hitherto been my wont2 for1 he said1 his means be so scanty1 that it behoveth him not to think of marriage until his fortunes do improve2 and that his father would not be competent to make such settlements as should be needful in such a case1 or without which he should suffer us to marry4 ,as ,hubert had never opened to me himself thereon in so pointed a fashion as to demand an answer from me1 ,i was somewhat surprised at mine uncle's speech2 but ,i found he had often ministered talk of his passion for me--for so he termed it--to ,kate and her husband4 ,and did it work in thee1 sweet one1 no regrets1 my lady asked1 that the course of this poor gentleman's true love should be marred by his lack of wealth8 ,in truth no1 dear lady1 ,i replied2 except that ,i did notice1 with so much of pain as a good heart must needs feel in the sufferings of another1 that he was both sad and wroth at the change in my manner4 ,and indeed ,i had always seen--and methinks this was the reason that my heart inclined not warmly toward his suit--that his affection was of that sort that doth readily breed anger2 and that if he had occasion to misdoubt a return from me of such-like regard as he professed1 his looks of love sometimes changed into a scowl1 or something nearly resembling one4 ,yet ,i had a kindness toward him1 yea1 more than a kindness1 an attachment1 which methinks should have led me to correspond to his affection so far as to be willing to marry him1 if mine uncle had not forbade me to think on it2 but since he hath laid his commands upon me on that point1 methinks ,i have experienced a freedom of soul and a greater peace than ,i had known for some time past4 ',tis well then as it is1 my lady said2 and after some further discourse we parted that day4 ,it had been with me even as ,i had said to her4 ,my mind had been more at ease since the contending would and would not1 the desire to please ,hubert and the fear to be false in so doing1 had been stayed1--and mostly since he had urged me to entertain him as a friend1 albeit defended to receive him as a lover4 ,and that peace lasted until a day--ay1 a day which began like other days with no perceptible presentiment of joy or sorrow1 the sun shining as brightly1 and no more1 at its rise than on any other morning in ,june2 and the thunder-clouds toward noon overshadowing its glory not more darkly than a storm is wont to do the clear sky it doth invade2 nor yet evening smiling again more brightly and peacefully than is usually seen when nature's commotion is hushed1 and the brilliant orb of day doth sink to rest in a bed of purple glory2 and yet that day did herald the greatest joys1 presage the greatest anguish1 mark the most mighty beginnings of most varied endings that can be thought of in the life of a creature not altogether untried by sorrow1 but on the brink of deeper waters than she had yet sounded1 on the verge of such passages as to have looked forward to had caused her to tremble with a two-fold resentment of hope and of fear1 and to look back to doth constrain her to lay down her pen awhile for to crave strength to recount the same4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued -------- #ggj ,from ,chambers's ,journal4 ,,terrene ,,phosphorescence4 ,it has been suggested that light1 heat1 magnetism1 and electricity are only the effects of motion among the molecules of matter4 ,our earth is but an aggregation of atoms1 and every substance upon which we lay our hands is in like manner formed of infinitesimal particles1 so small as to baffle microscopic investigation4 ,when we consider that animalcula have been discovered so minute that it would take a million of them to form a grain of sand1 it is evident that motion as motion among the ultimate particles of matter is beyond man's powers of observation4 ,physical investigations have led us to believe that these atoms have an action or circulation of their own1 and as this action of necessity escapes our eye1 it is not irrational1 when looking for some evidence of this disturbance1 to attribute to it physical forces for which we cannot satisfactorily account1 yet which appertain to the earth4 ,thus has arisen the hypothesis above stated2 and intimately connected with those forces 7heat1 electricity1 etc47 is phosphorescence1 a power on which the examinations of twenty years have thrown little light1 and which still remains of doubtful origin4 ,the power in minerals1 plants1 and animals of producing light is apparently a consequence of these objects being under the direct influence1 permanently1 or for a time1 of heat1 light1 or electricity1 as some substances become phosphorescent after insolation1 or exposure to the sun's rays2 others1 from heat3 others1 by having an electric current passed through them2 and lastly1 some give forth a phosphoric light of their own1 without any appreciable warmth4 ,whatever may be the cause of this property1 it is found to pervade all parts of creation3 the atmosphere1 the common stones by the wayside1 the flowers in cottage gardens1 and the humble insects or worms crawling at our feet1 can shed around a faint glimmer of light4 ,the earth itself is occasionally1 if not always1 self-luminous1 as are other of the heavenly bodies4 ,venus1 ,jupiter1 the moon1 and comets1 are conjectured to have a certain portion of phosphoric light1 which is independent of and unborrowed from the sun4 ,the luminosity of the earth is made evident to us on starless1 moonless nights4 ,we may not have thought of it1 but still it is certain that light surrounds us from some source or other in varying quantities1 on such nights as are above described2 for our movements are very different1 even when walking in the open air on the darkest nights1 from what they would be in a cave1 or when groping in a room with closed shutters4 ,this phase of phosphorescence1 and also that of faint flickering clouds against the horizon1 is distinct from meteorological phosphorescence1 which branch of the subject includes luminous rain1 fog1 dust1 ignis-fatuus1 northern and southern lights4 ,a shower of dust which fell during an eruption of ,vesuvius in #agid1 had a faint luminosity in the dark1 distinctly visible on the sails of vessels on which it had fallen4 ,many instances are recorded of rain producing sparks as it touched the ground1 and ,arago collected the authentic accounts of this phenomenon4 ,in ,june1 #agca1 an ecclesiastic near ,constance described the rain during a thunder-storm as falling like drops of red-hot liquid metal2 and it is observable that most of these sparkling showers seem to have occurred during thunder-storms1 or when the air was highly charged with electricity4 ,but complete mystery still surrounds the cause of luminous fogs and mists1 #gga which are of rare occurrence4 ,of these there are few well founded accounts1 and the most recent instance of one was1 we believe1 in #ahei1 continuing for a succession of nights4 ,it lasted from then #ahth to the #bfth of ,november1 and1 in the absence of any moon1 so illuminated the heavens as to render small objects distinctly visible in the sitting room of ,m4 ,wartenan of ,geneva1 whose description of it will be found in the ,comptes ,rendus of the ,academy of ,sciences1 ,paris1 for ,december1 #ahei4 ,it was not a wet fog1 but a sort of dry mist1 so impenetrable as to render invisible the banks of the river ,leman1 but at the same time diffusing sufficient phosphoric light to make small objects clear as on a moonlight night4 ,this was also testified by persons travelling on foot from ,geneva to ,annemasse1 between the hours of #aj and #ab ,p4,m4 ,another famous instance was in #aghc1 when a dry fog1 lasting for a month1 covered the northern parts of ,america1 and ,europe from ,sweden to ,africa4 ,it resembled moonlight through a veil of clouds1 and was equally diffused on all sides1 making objects visible at a distance of six hundred yards4 ,being1 as it were1 a deep mass of phosphoric vapor1 reaching to the summit of the highest mountains1 no storms of rain or wind seemed to affect it2 but in ,europe it was thought to emit an unpleasant sulphurous smell4 ,another feature of meteorological phosphorescence is that of luminous appearances at sea1 quite distinct from the luminosity of the ocean itself as produced by marine animalcula4 ,mrs4 ,somerville gives the following interesting description of one of these phosphoric phenomena3 ,captain ,bonnycastle1 coming up the ,gulf of ,st4 ,lawrence on the #gth of ,september1 #ahbf1 was roused by the mate of the vessel in great alarm from an unusual appearance4 ,it was a starlight night1 when suddenly the sky became overcast in the direction of the highland of ,cornwallis country1 and an instantaneous and intensely vivid light1 resembling the aurora1 shot out of the hitherto gloomy and dark sea on the lee-bow1 which was so brilliant that it lighted every thing distinctly1 even to the mast-head4 ,the light spread over the whole sea between the two shores1 and the waves1 which before had been tranquil1 now began to be agitated4 ,captain ,bonnycastle describes the scene as that of a blazing sheet of awful and most brilliant light4 ,a long and vivid line of light1 superior in brightness to the parts of the sea not immediately near the vessel1 showed the base of the high1 frowning1 and dark land abreast2 the sky became lowering and more intensely obscure4 ,long tortuous lines of light showed immense numbers of very large fish darting about1 as if in consternation4 ,the sprit-sail-yard and mizzen-boom were lighted by the glare1 as if gas-lights had been burning directly below them2 and until just before daybreak1 at four o'clock1 the most minute objects were distinctly visible4 ,day broke very slowly1 and the sun rose of a fiery and threatening aspect4 ,rain followed4 ,captain ,bonnycastle caused a bucket of this fiery water to be drawn up3 it was one mass of light when stirred by the hand1 and not in sparks1 as usual1 but in actual coruscations4 ,a portion of the water preserved its luminosity for seven nights4 ,on the third night1 scintillations of the sea reappeared2 in the evening the sun went down very singularly1 exhibiting in its descent a double sun2 and when only a few degrees high1 its spherical figure changed into that of a long cylinder1 which reached the horizon4 ,in the night the sea became nearly as luminous as before2 but on the fifth night the appearance entirely ceased4 ,captain ,bonnycastle does not think it proceeded from animalcula1 but imagines it might be some compound of phosphorus1 suddenly evolved1 and disposed over the surface of the sea2 perhaps from the exuviae or secretions of fish connected with the oceanic salts1 muriate of soda and sulphate of magnesia4 #ggb ,quite distinct from luminous mists is another species of phosphoric phenomenon in the shape of luminous bodies of considerable size and brilliancy4 ,we find ,arago saying1 in #ahch1 that great luminous meteors1 similar to lightning in their nature1 show themselves sometimes at the surface of the globe1 even when the sky does not appear stormy4 ,an instance of this is given by a ,mr4 ,edwards1 as having been seen by him when crossing ,loch ,scavig in a boat at night4 ,in this instance1 a light swept rapidly over the face of the water1 resembling the light in a cabin window1 but moving with great rapidity4 ,it passed near the boat1 and caused much consternation among the boatmen1 who viewed it as something supernatural2 but it was soon out of sight1 following a curved course4 ,a far more startling occurrence was seen by the ship ,montague when a few minutes before mid-day1 and in perfectly serene weather1 a large bluish globe of fire rolled up to the ship1 the ,montague1 and exploded1 shattering one of the masts4 ,this globe of fire appeared as large as a millstone4 ,this appearance does not seem to have had the swiftness of motion we should expect if it had been a species of globular lightning1 but rather resembled a gigantic ignis-fatuus1 which sometimes takes a globular form1 and although generally attributed to the combustion of phosphuretted hydrogen gas1 may and does arise from certain electrical conditions of the atmosphere4 ,a remarkable ignis-fatuus is described by ,dr4 ,shaw in his travels in the ,holy ,land4 ,he observed it on ,mount ,ephraim1 and it followed him for more than an hour4 ,sometimes it appeared globular1 at others it spread itself to such a degree as to involve the whole company in a pale inoffensive light2 then it contracted itself1 and suddenly disappeared1 but in less than a minute would appear again2 sometimes running swiftly along1 it would expand itself over two or three acres of the adjacent mountains4 ,we will not dwell on other instances of ignis-fatuus1 a phenomenon so common as to be known to all4 ,but although this form of gas--phosphuretted hydrogen--has been long known as luminous1 it is only since #ahei that gases in general have been discovered to possess phosphoric qualities when exposed to the sun's light4 ,it is a remarkable fact1 but one which has been proved1 that1 with the exception of metals1 nearly all terrestrial bodies appear luminous when taken into the dark after insolation or exposure to the sun4 ,they absorb so much light as to give it back again when removed from its influence1 and this property is opposed to electricity1 for we find that good conductors of that fluid are not liable to insolated phosphorescence4 ,the first discovery of this property was made by ,viscenzo ,cascariolo1 a shoemaker of ,bologna1 who1 loving alchemy1 and seeking gold1 found in his ramble a heavy stone1 from which he hoped and longed to produce the precious metal4 ,failing in this1 he found what till then was unknown1 that sulphuret of baryta would absorb the sun's rays by day1 to emit them by night4 ,from him this substance has received the name of ,bologna stone2 and this first discovery has been followed by others1 which prove that phosphoric light may be produced by heat1 friction1 cleavage1 and many other forces beside insolation4 ,some diamonds shine in the dark after a few minutes' exposure to the sun2 others cannot be made phosphorescent by heat if uncut1 but when polished1 or submitted to two or three electric discharges1 easily become luminous4 ,so slight a heat is required to call forth this light-giving property in some substances1 that rare kinds of clorophane shine in a dark room from the mere warmth of the hand2 and other substances are phosphorized by the slightest friction4 ,thus ,dana says3 ,merely the rapid motion of a feather across some specimens of sulphuret of zinc will often elicit light more or less intense from this metal4 ,several simple and amusing experiments may be made to show the #ggc phosphorescence of minerals4 ,the power of cleavage to produce light is seen when sugar is broken in a mortar4 ,if a sufficient quantity is ground rapidly in the dark1 the whole will appear a mass of fire4 ,if phosphuretted hydrogen is evolved by throwing phosphuret of calcium into water1 each bubble as if rises will fire spontaneously on combining with the air4 ,but the most elegant production of light is the result of an experiment by ,professor ,pontus in #ahcc3 ,he showed that a vivid spark is produced when water is made to freeze rapidly4 ,a small glass1 terminating in a short tube1 is filled with water2 the whole is covered with a sponge or cotton-wool imbibed with ether1 and placed in an air pump4 ,as soon as the experimenter begins to produce a vacuum1 the ether evaporates1 and the sponge or cotton-wool descends1 the temperature of the water rises rapidly4 ,but some instants before congelation takes place1 a brilliant spark1 perfectly visible in the daytime1 is suddenly shot out of the little tube that terminates the glass globe4 ,before passing on to the consideration of animal phosphorescence1 let us glance at the luminosity of plants4 ,this is found in many phanerogams and cryptogams4 ,in the latter1 it is well known1 from being found frequently in mines1 where the fungus mycelium is seen spreading its web-like growth1 and diffusing a tranquil light1 sufficiently strong to read by1 as some have affirmed4 ,the most beautiful instance of this is found in the mines in ,hesse1 where the galleries for supplying air are illumined with this soft phosphoric light4 ,no example of phosphorescence among sea-weed has been known1 but the delicate little moss ,schistostega osmundacea is luminous4 ,among phanerogams1 or ordinary plants1 are many examples of phosphorescence4 ,several kinds of garden nasturtiums1 sun-flowers1 ,french and ,african marigolds1 yellow lilies1 and poppies1 have been seen to emit either sparks or a steady light4 ,by some it is thought that it is produced when the pollen flies off and is scattered over the petals1 but it is invariably noticed on warm tranquil evenings1 when there is electricity in the atmosphere4 ,it is observed that nearly all the flowers proved to be phosphoric are of a yellow color1 but the cause of this has not been ascertained4 ,the leaves of an ,american plant 7,o,enothera macrocapa7 have been seen1 during a severe storm of thunder and lightning1 to emit brilliant flashes of light1 and this is1 we believe1 the only plant as yet discovered with phosphoric foliage4 ,m4 ,martins of ,montpellier has noticed that the juice of the ,euphorbia phosphorea1 when rubbed on paper1 appears luminous in the dark1 or when heated4 ,but the most remarkable instance is that of the common potato emitting a brilliant light3 ,mr4 ,phipson states that a soldier of ,strasburg thought that the barracks were1 on one occasion1 on fire1 from the light which was found to proceed from a cellar full of potatoes4 ,it is a question whether they were in a state of decomposition1 and if so1 it differs slightly from the luminosity of decaying wood1 which is usually caused by the presence of phosphoric fungi4 ,to attempt to enumerate the animals of inferior organism which are phosphoric would be impossible1 as almost every known zoophyte is possessed of this light-giving quality2 and perhaps no branch of the subject has received so much attention as that which concerns animals1 from the fact of the phosphorescence of dead animal matter and insects being phenomena of daily occurrence4 ,on the former1 very early observations were made4 ,in #aeib1 ,fabricius d',acquapendente relates the astonishment of three ,roman youths who found the remains of their ,easter lamb shining like candles in the dark4 ,nearly a century later1 ,robert ,boyle described the phosphorescence of a neck of veal as a very splendid show1 and in a paper in the ,philosophical ,transactions tried to #ggd account for it4 ,it is found that flesh will continue luminous about four days4 ,among the insect-world there are numerous light-giving members4 ,the common glowworm needs no description1 and the lantern flies of the tropics are almost as well known4 ,tropical regions abound with these fire-flies1 seventy kinds of which are found in ,south ,america and the southern states of the northern continent4 ,some of them emit the light from the abdomen1 others from the head4 ,the famous ,fulgora lanternaria1 or lantern-fly of ,linnaeus1 produces the light from the long transparent horn or proboscis curving upward from the head4 ,the light of one of these is sufficiently bright to read a newspaper by1 and two or three of them in a bottle is the common form of lamp4 ,the natives also light their way on a dark night by tying one or two at the end of a stick4 ,the ,noctua psi1 a little gray night-flying moth1 is luminous1 as also are some kinds of caterpillars2 and the cricket and daddy long-legs have the same property attributed to them by some naturalists4 ,the reader cannot fail to have noticed that there is no instance recorded of any larger animal producing phosphoric light4 ,invisible animalcula and insects are numerous1 and of late years the common earthworm1 or ,lambricus1 has been proved beyond doubt to have a phosphoric power2 but beyond this1 and the crawling centipede 7,scolopendra71 there is no animal with light-giving power4 ,the gleaming light seen in the eyes of cats1 dogs1 and wild animals has been called phosphoric2 but this is doubtful1 and more nearly resembles some phase of reflected light4 ,humboldt1 and later the natural historian1 ,reuger1 speak of a monkey1 ,nyctipithecus trivirgatus as having eyes so brilliant as to illumine objects some inches off4 ,but this is the only case of at all probable phosphoric light4 ,perhaps1 in this very instance1 it arose from some peculiar physical condition of the animal2 in the same way as the scintillation in the eyes of one or two human beings was found connected with extreme delicacy of constitution4 ,the phenomenon of brilliant colors being perceived on a person pressing his eye1 or on the injury of the optic nerve1 is called by ,mr4 ,phipson subjective phosphorescence1 but this is only an undeveloped hypothesis4 ,old dames and superstitious northerners speak of ,elf-candles as preceding death2 and of the fact of human bodies during life exhibiting phosphoric light there is no doubt1 but it also depends on the state of the body1 and does not signify the sure approach of death4 ,a lady in ,italy is described by ,bartholin as producing phosphoric radiation when her body was gently rubbed with dry linen1 and more than one instance of pale light surrounding sick persons is recorded on good authority4 ,this portion of the science of phosphorescence is involved in the same mystery as the previously described branches2 theories are suggested2 but no real satisfactory explanation is found for the different kinds of luminosity4 ,we will close this article with an account given by ,dr4 ,kane of an extraordinary case of phosphorescence on the human body which occurred in the polar regions4 ,it was on the night of ,january #b1 #ahed1 that the party sought shelter from an icy death-dealing wind in an ,esquimaux hut4 ,exhaustion1 added to the intense cold1 induced sleep1 but as the doctor was composing himself for the night1 he was aroused by an exclamation that the fire was out4 ,to try and relight it was the instant endeavor of ,dr4 ,kane and his man4 ,the latter failing1 the doctor1 in despair1 sought to do so himself4 ,it was so intensely dark1 says he1 that ,i had to grope for it 7the pistol with which they strove to produce a spark71 and in doing so touched his hand4 ,at that instant1 the pistol became distinctly visible4 ,a pale bluish light1 slightly tremulous1 but not broken1 covered the metallic parts of it--the barrel1 lock1 and trigger4 ,the #gge stock1 too1 was clearly discernible1 as if by the reflected light1 and to the amazement of both of us1 the thumb and two fingers with which ,petersen was holding it1 the creases1 wrinkles1 and circuit of the nails clearly defined upon the skin4 ,the phosphorescence was not unlike the ineffectual fire of the glowworm4 ,as ,i took the pistol1 my hand became illuminated also1 and so did the powder-rubbed paper when ,i raised it against the muzzle4 ,the paper did not ignite at the first trial2 but the light from it continuing1 ,i was able to charge the pistol without difficulty4 ------ ,from ,the ,month4 ,,civilization ,,in ,,the ,,fifth ,,century4 ,the name of ,ozanam was already celebrated in the world of letters1 and he had published some portions of his historical course1 when he died1 in the midst of his unfinished labors4 ,his early death is a fresh proof of the truth of the old adage1 ,ars longa1 vita brevis1 and the interest of his short autobiography is intense4 ,he tells us of himself3 ,in the midst of an age of scepticism ,god gave me the blessing of having a ,christian father and a religious mother2 and he gave me for my first instructress a sister full of intelligence1 and devout1 like the angels whom she has gone to join4 ,but1 in the course of time1 the rumors of an infidel world reached even to me1 and ,i knew all the horror of those doubts which weigh down the heart during the day1 and which return at night upon the pillow moistened with tears4 ,the uncertainty of my eternal destiny left me no repose4 ,i clung with despair to the sacred dogmas1 and ,i thought ,i felt them give way in my grasp4 ,it was then that ,i was saved by the teaching of a priest well versed in philosophy4 ,he arranged and cleared up my ideas4 ,i believed from that time with a firm faith1 and1 penetrated with the sense of so rare a blessing1 ,i vowed to ,god that ,i would devote my life to the service of that truth which had given me peace4 ,twenty years have passed away since that time4 ,providence has done everything to snatch me from business and to fix me in intellectual labors4 ,the combination of circumstances has led me to study chiefly religion1 law1 and letters4 ,i have visited the places which could afford me information4 ,the historian ,gibbon1 as he wandered on the capitol1 beheld issuing from the gates of the basilica of ,ara ,coeli a long procession of ,franciscans1 who marked with their sandals the pavement trodden by so many triumphs4 ,it was then that1 inspired by indignation1 he formed the design of avenging antiquity thus outraged by ,christian barbarism1 and he conceived the plan of a ,history of the ,fall of the ,roman ,empire4 ,i too have seen the monks of ,ara ,coeli tread the ancient pavement of ,jupiter ,capitolinus1 and ,i rejoiced at it1 as the victory of love over strength2 and ,i resolved to write the history of progress in those ages where philosophy finds only decadence2 the history of civilization in barbarous times1 the history of thought escaping the shipwreck of letters1 forti tegente brachio 7,pref41 pp4 #b1 #e47 ,the professor relates himself1 with all the vigor of his intellect1 the great and glorious plan of history which was the object of his life1 in a letter dated ,jan4 #be1 #ahdh3 ,this will be the literary history of barbarous times1 the history of letters1 and consequently #ggf of civilization1 from the ,latin decadence1 and the first beginning of ,christian genius1 to the end of the thirteenth century4 ,i shall make it the subject of my lectures during ten years1 if it is necessary1 and if ,god prolongs my life4 ,the subject would be admirable1 for it would consist in making known this long and laborious education which the ,church bestowed on modern nations4 ,he then marks the salient points of his picture--the intellectual state of the world at the commencement of ,christianity--the monde barbare and its irruption into civilized society1 and met by the labors of ,boethius1 ,isidore of ,seville1 ,ven4 ,bede1 and ,st4 ,boniface1 who carried the torch of learning from one country to another1 and handed it down to ,charlemagne4 ,then follow the crusades1 and then the three glorious centuries of the middle ages1 when ,st4 ,anselm1 ,st4 ,bernard1 ,peter ,lombard1 ,albert the ,great1 ,st4 ,thomas1 and ,st4 ,bonaventure achieved for the world of intellect all that the ,church and state acquired from ,gregory ,,vii41 ,alexander ,,iii41 ,innocent ,,iii4 and ,,iv41 ,frederic ,,ii41 ,st4 ,louis1 and ,alfonso ,x4 ,he gives a resume of the events which influenced modern history1 and ends by saying1 ,my labors would be completed by la ,divina ,commedia1 the greatest monument of a period1 of which it may be called an abridgment1 and of which it is the glory4 ,this is proposed to himself by a man who was near dying1 a year and a half ago1 and who is not yet wholly recovered4 ,but ,i depend entirely on the goodness of ,god1 in case he is pleased to restore my health and preserve to me the love for these noble studies with which he has inspired me4 7,pref41 pp4 #c-f47 ,such was the object and occupation of his life from the age of eighteen1 when he was an obscure student1 to the time when he pronounced1 as professor1 the lectures which contained the labors of twenty years4 ,happily for himself1 he had learnt early the result of labor4 ,when he was twenty years of age1 he wrote1 ,we exist on earth only to accomplish the will of ,god4 ,this will is fulfilled day by day2 and he who dies1 leaving his task unfinished1 is1 in the sight of the divine maker1 as far advanced as he who has had time to bring his to completion4 ,it was at ,pisa1 ,april #bc1 #ahec1 that ,m4 ,ozanam wrote a prayer so solemn1 as well as so touching1 that his friend1 ,father ,ampere1 seems to hesitate whether it ought to be laid before the public4 ,his hesitation was conquered by the desire of making what is so excellent known1 and he publishes the soliloquy of the dying man3 ,i have said1 ',in the midst of my days ,i shall go down to the gates of death1' etc4 7,canticle ,ezek47 ,this day is completed my fortieth year3 more than half the ordinary span of life4 ,i am1 however1 dangerously ill4 ,must ,i1 then1 quit all these possessions which thou thyself hast given me1 my ,god8 ,wilt thou not1 ,o ,lord1 accept a part of the sacrifice8 ,which of my ill-regulated affections shall ,i offer up to thee8 ,wilt not thou accept the holocaust of my literary self-love1 my academical ambition1 my prospects for study1 in which1 perhaps1 there is mingled more pride than zeal for truth8 ,if ,i sold the half of my books and gave the price of them to the poor1 and if ,i restricted myself to fulfilling the duties of my office1 and consecrated the rest of my life to visiting the poor and instructing apprentices and soldiers1 ,lord1 would this be a sufficient satisfaction1 and wouldst thou leave me the happiness of living to old age with my wife1 and completing the education of my child8 ,perhaps1 ,o my ,god1 this is not thy will4 ,thou wilt not accept these selfish offerings4 ,thou rejectest my holocaust and my sacrifices4 ,it is myself whom thou requirest4 ,it is written in the commencement of the book that ,i must do thy will1 and ,i have said1 ,o ,lord1 ,i come4 ,it is with a solemn interest that we turn to the fragments of that work to which ,ozanam devoted his life and #ggg energies1 and we find it to be the history of modern ,europe4 ,he himself lays down the three elements of history4 ,first1 chronology1 which preserves the general succession of events2 then legend1 which gives them life and color2 and then philosophy1 which fills them1 as it were1 with soul and intelligence4 ,in the childhood of the world1 when the desire of knowledge was fresh and strong1 all pagan histories began with the siege of ,troy1 and all ,christian histories from ,adam and ,eve4 ,authors gained fame by chronicles of all past events1 because it satisfied the natural curiosity of man to know the antecedents of his country or race4 ,as time went on1 history became the expression of popular feelings2 and what took place generally may be inferred from what we know of our own country4 ,the ,british monk1 ,geoffrey of ,monmouth1 wrote of ,arthur1 the champion of the faith and the model of chivalry2 and the ,venerable ,bede wrote of the saints among his own ,saxon countrymen2 then came1 with the evils of the reformation1 a reverence for what was ancient1 and ,stow wrote of ,catholic ,england with a fidelity which ranked him among the benefactors of his country4 ,but then also egotism began4 ,each must think for himself1 and appropriate the results of former labors2 each must analyze1 or generalize1 or criticise2 and perhaps it is true that the original writer is he who gives to the world his own view of things1 and not the things themselves4 ,if he is unselfish and loves truth for itself1 he is a poet2 if he subjects truth to his own views1 he writes of history1 but he does not write history2 facts become subservient to theories1 and he mentions only a few1 as necessary illustrations of his own system4 ,the reader yawns over the succession of kings and events1 and chooses for his guide the infidel ,hume1 the philanthropic ,mackintosh1 or the ,hanoverian ,macaulay4 ,the fashion of the present day is the idolization of nature4 ,this has made art pre-,raphaelite1 and poetry euphuistic4 ,history1 too1 is perhaps becoming a laborious restoration of the past4 ,with a taste for detail which is truly ,gothic1 the popular historian must reproduce his characters with their own features1 costume1 and entourage1 and the long forgotten personages1 as if restored to life by the genius of ,sir ,walter ,scott1 must walk about the stage in mediaeval garb4 ,history has gone through nearly the same phases on the continent until the period of the reformation4 ,then in ,catholic countries--as ,france1 ,spain1 and ,italy--arose a more reasoning but a grave and instructive school of history1 which preserved past events as a deposit of the ages of faith2 and latterly1 since excitement is become necessary to all1 and the speculations of ,german literature have taught almost all to think1 the ,french and ,german historians have adopted the philosophy of history4 ,the ,german school takes a naked problem and proves it by a series of abstractions4 ,we read ,schlegel and ,guizot1 and we find1 instead of facts or dates or persons1 a sort of allegorical personification of civilization1 liberty1 progress1 etc4 ,this is rather declamation than narration1 and those among the learned who value antiquity have found the art of realizing not the externals but the spirit of the past4 ,thus when ,ozanam1 as the professor of foreign literature at ,paris1 writes of the middle ages1 the persons whom he names are1 for the moment1 living1 not petrified1 as in the stereoscope1 but thinking1 speaking1 and acting1 as if the writer could open a bright glimpse into the eternal world1 where ,st4 ,denys1 ,st4 ,bernard1 ,st4 ,bonaventure1 and ,st4 ,thomas still contemplate the author and giver of all they knew4 ,and when he speaks of the succession of events1 it seems as if we passed from the midst of a crowded procession1 jostling along the dusty highway1 to an eminence from which we see the points of its departure and arrival1 the distinguished persons1 the great objects1 and the direction of the march1 and that we #ggh not only see but understand and sympathize with the spirit of the undertaking4 ,the thought is from above1 but it becomes our own4 ,for he not only classifies and generalizes1 but he christianizes his glimpses into history4 ,his pictures are indeed only illustrative of his principles2 but when he introduces a person or a fact1 he speaks of them with such intimacy of knowledge that it creates a keen curiosity as well as a consciousness of ignorance in the reader4 ,but the reader of ,ozanam must be already a historian before he can appreciate the benefit of having his knowledge classified and animated by a living principle1 as well as vivified and rendered distinct1 as the objects in a dull landscape by a beam of sunshine4 ,the mission of ,ozanam seems to be the destruction of those errors as to the value of the knowledge possessed in the middle ages1 which have existed since the renaissance4 ,it was natural that when the calamities of ,europe were so far past as to permit the development of the intellectual faculties1 men should be elated by their new powers1 and undervalue the painful labors of men interrupted by violence and crime4 ,maitland1 by the evidence of his own reading1 saw the injustice of this1 and said wittily1 that by the dark ages were meant the ages about which we are in the dark4 ,but he could see only the outward face of mediaeval knowledge1 and missed its vivifying spirit--the faith of the ,church4 ,ozanam had the gift of faith1 and traces with a firm hand the progress of human intellect1 often concealed and limited1 but always advancing1 and often breaking out in power and glory when some sainted pope or doctor of the ,church explained the principles of religion and philosophy4 ,but it would be presumptuous to anticipate ,ozanam himself1 whose own words as well as his very life itself have given a resume of his great object4 ,it is at the conclusion of a lecture that he thus addresses the students3 ,it is not my intention to follow out into its minor details the literary history of the fifth century4 ,i only seek in it that light which will clear up the obscurity of the following ages4 ,travellers tell us of rivers which flow underneath rocks1 and which reappear at a distance from the place where they were lost to the view4 ,i trace up the stream of these traditions above the point where it seems to be lost1 and ,i shall endeavor to descend with the stream into the abyss1 in order to assure myself that ,i really behold the same waters at their outlet4 ,historians have opened a chasm between antiquity and barbarism4 ,i have attempted to replace the connections which ,providence has never suffered to fail in time any more than in space1 etc4 ,i should not brave the difficulties of such a study1 gentlemen1 if ,i were not supported1 nay1 urged onwards1 by you4 ,i call to witness these walls1 that if ever1 at rare intervals1 ,i have been visited by inspiration1 it was within their circuit2 whether they have given back some of the glorious echoes with which they have formerly rung1 or whether ,i have felt myself carried away by your ardent sympathies4 ,perhaps my design is rash2 but you must share the responsibility4 ,you will make up the deficiency of my strength4 ,i shall grow old and gray-haired in the labor1 if ,god permits2 but the coldness of age shall not gain upon me so far as that ,i shall not be able to return1 as this day1 in order to renew the young vigor of my heart in the warmth of your youthful days4 ,it is in his lecture on pagan empires that ,ozanam lays down the principle on which his views of mediaeval history are based3 ,each epoch has a ruin and a conquest--a decadence and a renaissance4 ,the greatest epoch of the world's history is that when all that was given to man at his creation was exchanged for a better nature at his redemption4 ,this truth of destruction and regeneration is repeated over and over again through all created things--the seed must die before the #ggi new grain can live4 ,as each individual must be changed from the excellence of what he is still by nature to a heavenly model1 so nations must be changed1 and institutions perish and revive1 and the great republic of letters1 founded before the flood and perfected in ,greece and ,rome1 must die and be regenerated in the ,christian ,church4 ,the first decadence is that of pagan ,rome4 ,it is impossible to represent by quotations the grand but terrible picture which ,ozanam draws of paganism1 in its glory1 its worldly splendor1 and its spiritual darkness4 ,he does full justice to the excellence of every art and science which the heathens attained2 but he shows that while the court of ,augustus was the model of refinement and civilization1 the altars were smoking with incense to devils1 who were the personifications of every vice1 and the rites of the temples were incantations and abominations4 ,an audience of ,christian students could not bear the too revolting details4 ,his object was the same as that of the great author of ,callista--to destroy the prestige which still invests all that is classical4 ,rome was in truth a majestic empire1 and even ,st4 ,jerome trembled at its fall3 ,elle est captive la cite qui mit en captivite le monde4 ,st4 ,augustin was not a ,roman1 and was less overpowered by the terror of its fall4 ,in the midst of the outcries which accused ,christianity as the cause of the ruin which involved the world by the evident vengeance of heaven1 the saint wrote his ,city of ,god1 and developed from the creation of the world to the times in which he lived the great ,christian law of progress4 ,a new empire--that of conscience--was to rule all nations4 ,in this new empire strength and courage were of no avail1 and women were as powerful as men in converting the world4 ,clotilde converted the heathen ,franks1 and ,theodolind the ,arian ,lombards4 ,the holy bishop ,st4 ,patrick converted in his lifetime the whole ,irish nation2 and the holy monk ,st4 ,benedict founded in the desert of ,cassino the monastic armies of the ,church2 while ,st4 ,gregory1 from his bed of sickness1 headed the battle of civilization against barbarism4 ,the victory was complete1 and every converted country sent forth its missionaries to form ,christian colonies4 ,thus fell the power of ,rome1 but not her influence1 for the great influence of paganism was the excellence of its literature4 ,though the ,augustan writers were no more1 yet ,ammianus ,marcellinus wrote history with the spirit of a soldier1 and ,vegetius wrote the precepts of the art of conquering4 ,symmachus was thought to rival ,pliny in his letters2 and1 at the same time1 ,claudian1 the last and not the least of ,latin poets1 succeeded ,lucan in those historical epics so popular at ,rome4 ,he celebrated the war of ,gildo and the victories of ,stilicho over the ,goths in verses equal to the ,pharsalia2 and his invectives against ,eutropius and ,rufinus1 in defense of ,stilicho his patron1 are still considered masterpieces4 ,he ignored not only ,christianity but ,christian writers1 though ,st4 ,ambrose was at ,milan and ,st4 ,augustin at ,carthage1 and wrote gravely of mythology in an age when few pagans believed its fables4 ,he was an ,egyptian by birth1 and trained in the schools of ,alexandria1 and was patronized by the ,christian emperor ,honorius1 who erected to him--as to the best of poets-- a statue in ,trajan's ,forum4 ,yet ,claudian had truly pagan morals2 he praised the vices of his patron ,stilicho1 and when he was murdered he wrote a poem to his enemy2 he misused both panegyric and satire1 the powers of a good understanding and a rich fancy and flowing versification1 which place him1 after an interval of three hundred years1 among the poets of ancient ,rome4 ,but while ,claudian celebrated the conflict of ,rome with the barbarians1 he perceived not the mighty war between ,christianity and paganism2 and while our ,lord and his blessed ,mother #ghj triumphed over the idols and their temples1 he wasted his poetry in their praise2 and when he recited a poem in the presence of ,honorius and the senate1 he spoke to them as if they believed in mythology4 ,ozanam gives one remarkable proof of the hold over men's minds retained by paganism4 ,when ,honorius took possession of the palace of ,augustus on ,mount ,palatine1 he assembled the senate1 and in the presence of all these great persons1 many of whom were ,christian1 ,claudian unrolled the parchment whereon his verses were written in letters of gold1 and addressed ,honorius as resembling ,jupiter conquering the giants4 ,and again1 when he had the office of showing the splendors of ,rome to ,honorius1 when he visited it for the first time 7#djd71 he spoke of the city as a pagan in the language of idolatry4 ,and the poet ,rutilius1 though born in ,gaul1 idolized ,rome4 ,rome was the last divinity of the ancients4 ,mother of men and gods 7he calls her1 as he wrote his ,itinerary to ,gaul71 the sun rises and sets in thy dominions2 thou hast made one country of many nations--one city of the world4 ,thy year is an eternal spring2 the winter dares not stay thy joy4 ,so powerful was the influence of pagan ,rome over a foreigner2 and that influence may be yet better perceived in the ,christian poet ,sidonius ,apollinaris1 who1 though brought up1 like ,ausonius1 in the ,gallic schools1 and sound in faith1 could not write hexameters without mythology4 ,the only language of poetry was pagan2 and when he wrote to ,st4 ,patient1 bishop of ,lyons 7who fed his people in famine71 he compared him to ,triptolemus4 ,the first antagonist of the ,church1 in her task of regenerating society1 was paganism2 the second1 barbarism4 ,charlemagne constructed1 on the ruins of the ,roman empire1 an empire of enlightened ,christianity2 but another decadence followed4 ,the ,normans sacked monasteries1 and burned the ,holy ,scriptures1 together with ,aristotle and ,virgil4 ,the ,huns destroyed the very grass of the fields4 ,the ,lombards seemed to be sent for the destruction of all that was left of human kind4 ,ozanam says1 ,providence loves to surprise4 ,the monks who escaped the ,norman pirates preached to them amidst the ashes of their monasteries1 and the ,normans became ,christians4 ,then arose the basilicas of ,palermo and ,monreale in ,sicily1 and the churches of ,italy1 ,normandy1 and ,england4 ,st4 ,adalbert converted the ,huns1 and they defended ,christendom against the vices of ,byzantium and the invasions of ,mohammedans4 ,on the ruins of the ,roman empire arose the kingdoms of ,france1 ,germany1 and ,italy4 ,of this new empire1 feudality and chivalry were the opposite elements4 ,feudality was the principle of division1 chivalry that of fraternity2 and these remodelled society4 ,the calamities attending this final disruption of the empire interrupted study1 and learning was confined to the islands of ,great ,britain and ,ireland1 from whence missionaries carried not only religion but learning into the countries where they were almost extinguished by the ,goths4 ,germany had three great monasteries--,nouvelle ,corbie1 ,fulda1 and ,st4 ,gall4 ,at this last monastery was preserved the classic literature4 ,monks studied grammar and wrote ,a,eneids4 ,the royal ,hedwige introduced the study of ,greek at ,st4 ,gull2 and ,ozanam relates it in one of those graphic incidents which are worth volumes4 ,a new period began with ,gregory ,,vii4 ,when he said1 ,lord1 ,i have loved justice1 and hated iniquity2 wherefore ,i die in exile1 a bishop replied1 ,you cannot die in exile1 because ,god has given you the earth for your jurisdiction1 and the nations for your inheritance4 ,then followed the crusades1 that wonderful and providential means by which the civilization of the ,east was brought into the service of the ,western ,church4 ,they destroyed feudalism2 for all who fought gained glory1 whether serf or noble4 #gha ,chivalric poetry arose4 ,germany had its ,niebelungen1 ,spain its ,cid4 ,then arose the arts around ,giotto and the tomb of ,st4 ,francis4 ,christian architecture was not ,roman4 ,the small temples and large amphitheatres1 etc41 were replaced by large churches1 public halls1 schools and hospitals1 a small town round a large cathedral4 ,there were three capitals3 ,rome1 the seat of the ,papacy2 ,aix-la-,chapelle1 the seat of empire2 and ,paris1 of the schools4 ,how paganism perished is perhaps one of the most useful lectures in the course1 as it bears upon the doubts which are still felt by some as to the use of pagan books in ,christian education4 ,ozanam shows that the monks preserved by transcribing the works of ,seneca and ,cicero1 and that ,st4 ,augustin brought ,plato and ,aristotle into ,christian schools2 that ,st4 ,augustin1 ,st4 ,jerome1 and ,st4 ,basil preserved the heathen poets till ,christian poets had learnt their art2 nay1 how the ,church protected the ,gallic bards and ,german scalds1 and taught them to sing the praises of ,god4 ,st4 ,gregory preserved the ,saxon temples1 and even adapted their rites and festivals to be used in ,christian worship1 that what had been perverted to the service of devils might be restored to ,god4 ,the contrast--the abyss--between the middle ages and the renaissance has been exaggerated4 ,there was literary paganism in the ages of faith4 ,the troubadours sang of mythology1 and the language of idolatry was purified by its application to the praises of the martyrs1 as is shown in the poems of ,st4 ,paulinus4 ,when the ,church emerged from persecution1 the ,roman schools became ,christian2 and when the ,lombards threatened to plunge ,christendom in darkness1 there were two lamps still burning in the night--episcopal and monastic teaching2 and in these1 by degrees1 the pagan books and pagan literature were replaced by ,christian works1 in which1 however1 there were still abundant traces of their pagan masters4 ,it is in a fragment that ,ozanam speaks of the way in which the valuable part of antiquity was preserved4 ,when winter begins1 it seems as if vegetation would perish4 ,the wind sweeps away the flowers and leaves2 but the seeds remain4 ,the providence of ,god watches over them4 ,they are defended by a husk against the cold1 and have wings which bear them to congenial places1 where they spring again4 ,so1 when the ages of barbarism came1 the winter of human nature1 it seems as if poetry and all the vegetation of thought would perish2 but it was preserved in the dry questions of the schools through three or four centuries2 and when the time and place came1 the man of genius was raised up1 and in his hands they grew again4 ,such was ,st4 ,thomas of ,aquin1 the champion of dogmatism2 and ,st4 ,bonaventure1 of mysticism2 and ,christendom had its own philosophy4 ,perhaps we do not realize sufficiently the despair which was the lot of reflecting heathens4 ,they sought the aid of philosophy to console them for hopeless deterioration from a golden to an iron age2 but philosophy could only teach that the world was perishing1 and that the pride of man must preserve him from erring and perishing with its possessions4 ,the heathens knew not the idea of progress2 but the gospel teaches and commands human perfectibility1 and says to each1 ,be ye perfect2 and to all1 ,let the ,church grow into the fulness of ,christ4 ,it was faith1 hope1 and charity which produced progress4 ,and1 first1 faith set free the human mind from the ignorance of ,god4 ,idolatry was not only that men gave to devils the worship which they owed to ,god2 it was the love of what is mortal and perishable1 instead of what is spiritual and eternal2 it sunk mankind into materialism and sensuality4 ,painters and sculptors represented only corporeal beauty3 there was no expression in the figures of ,phidias or ,parrhasius4 ,ozanam shows how ,christian art used what is material #ghb only as symbolism1 and expressed by form and color what is invisible and celestial2 while poetry was rescued from degradation1 and became what it really is1 the noblest aspiration after truth of which man in his present state is capable4 ,philosophy was freed from the trammels of false systems1 and speculated securely and deeply on the divine and human nature4 ,origen formed in the ,catechetical schools of ,alexandria the science of theology1 and in the golden age of this new science ,st4 ,jerome taught exegesis1 ,st4 ,augustin dogmatic1 and ,st4 ,ambrose moral theology4 ,st4 ,anselm was tormented by the desire of finding a short proof that ,god exists1 and with him began metaphysics4 ,these were the rich treasures which lay concealed in the scholastic teaching of the middle ages4 ,as theology and ,christian philosophy had sprung from faith1 so hope extended knowledge1 because men labored with fresh vigor in improving science4 ,the course of ages offers no grander spectacle than that of man taking possession of nature by knowledge4 ,in the seventh century the ,byzantine monks pierced the steppes of ,central ,asia1 and passed the wall of ,china2 monks took the message of the ,pope to the ,khan before ,marco ,polo visited the ,east2 and monks1 in the eighth century1 visited ,iceland and even ,america4 ,it was the calculations of the middle ages which emboldened ,columbus to discover a new world and new creation2 and when ,magellan sailed round the globe1 man was master of his abode4 ,he goes on3 ,when man had conquered the earth1 he could not rest2 ,copernicus burst through the false heavens of ,ptolemy2 the telescope discovered the secrets of the stars1 and calculation numbered their laws and orbits in the abyss of heaven4 ,woe be to those who are led away by such a sight from ,god6 ,the stars told his glory to ,david1 and so they did also to ,kepler and to ,newton4 ,it was by the third and greatest of the theological virtues1 charity1 that the moral as well as the intellectual nature of man was regenerated1 though the change was wrought1 perhaps1 by slower degrees4 ,slavery of the most revolting kind--that slavery which ignores the soul and the reason1 as well as the social rights of the slave1 was replaced by liberty1 oppression and injustice by laws which are still based upon the letter of the ,roman laws2 but administered with the equity of the ,christian code4 ,cruelty and indifference to human life1 as shown in the national passion for gladiatorial games1 was replaced by gentleness and all good works2 and the luxury of palaces1 baths1 etc41 was replaced by gorgeous churches and hospitals4 ,education1 which had been restricted to the few1 was thrown open to all by free schools and by ,christian preaching4 ,above all1 the daughters of ,eve1 who were degraded below the condition of the very slaves1 were raised to be helps-meet for ,christians1 either by the sacrament of marriage or by the holiness of virginity4 ,in speaking of the reconstruction of intellectual action in the civilization of ,western ,christendom1 ,ozanam has a grand and striking thought1 that the first step to this was uniformity of language4 ,the confusion of tongues which began at ,babel was silenced throughout the world by the universal use of the ,latin language1 which was adopted by the ,church2 and that language1 which was formed to express all the passions and vices1 as well as the strength and intelligence of man1 conveyed1 by the words of ,st4 ,gelasius and ,st4 ,gregory1 the most sublime devotion2 by those of ,st4 ,jerome1 the deep senses of the ,holy ,scriptures2 and when the ,christian intellect was free to develop itself1 there arose that ,christian eloquence in preaching the gospel which influenced1 for the first time1 all ranks and all dispositions of men4 ,the present edition of the author's works is conducted by friends who understood and valued his object1 and #ghc who were able to fill up1 without blemishing1 the unfinished parts of his lectures4 ,nothing can be done more faithfully1 or in better taste2 but there are many blanks too wide to be filled even by such skilful hands4 ,ozanam says himself1 that the two poles of his work are the ,essays on the ,germans before ,christianity1 and that on ,dante4 ,these form the third and fourth volumes4 ,in the fifth volume is his ,essay on the ,franciscan ,poets2 and that on ,dante closes the series4 ,we have confined ourselves to the subject-matter of the first and second volumes1 which contain the lectures on the civilization of the fifth century1 and which suffice to show the lofty ,christian philosophy with which ,ozanam beholds the course of modern history4 ,more than this it would be difficult to show4 ,the lectures themselves are fragments2 ideas snatched from the rapid flow of his eloquence1 and that eloquence itself could feebly express the thoughts which visited his mind1 and the impressions of glory which left no trace but sensation4 ,there is no chronology1 no succession4 ,he fixes his eyes on the fifth century--he penetrates its mysteries1 and the secret influences which it sends forth to after times4 ,he speaks of what he sees2 and we learn that the world of ,christendom has had its decadence and renaissance1 yet that progress continues4 ,the crimes of the middle ages conceal that progress1 and so do the troubles of the present time4 ,o passi graviora1 dabit ,deus hic quoque finem4 ------ ,from ,chambers's ,journal4 ,,the ,,bells ,,of ,,avignon4 ,avignon was a joyous city1 ,a joyous town with many a steeple1 ,towers and tourelles1 roofs and turrets1 ,sheltering a merry people4 ,in each tower1 the bells of silver1 ,bronze or iron1 swayed so proudly1 ,tolling deep and swinging cheerly1 ,beating fast and beating loudly4 ,one6 ,two6 ,three6 ,four6 ever sounding2 ,two6 ,four6 ,one6 ,three6 still repeating2 ,five6 ,seven6 ,six6 ,eight6 hurrying1 chasing2 ,bim-bom-bing-bang merry beating4 ,all the day the dancing sextons ,dragged at bell-ropes1 rising1 falling2 ,clanging bells1 inquiring1 answering1 ,from the towers were ever calling4 ,cardinals1 in crimson garments1 ,stood and listened to the chiming2 ,and within his lofty chateau ,sate the pope1 and beat the timing4 ,minstrels1 soldiers1 monks1 and jesters ,laughed to hear the merry clamor1 ,as above them in the turrets ,music clashed from many a hammer4 #ghd ,avignon was a joyous city3 ,far away across the bridges1 ',mong the vine-slopes1 upward lessening1 ,to the brown cliffs' highest ridges1 ,clamored those sonorous bells2 ,in the summer's noontide wrangling1 ,in one silver knot of music ,all their chimes together tangling4 ,showering music on the people ,round the town-house in the mornings2 ,scattering joy and jubilations1 ,hope and welcome1 wrath and scornings2 ,ushering kings1 or mourning pontiffs2 ,clanging in the times of thunder1 ,and on nights when conflagrations ,clove the city half asunder4 ,nights and nights across the river1 ,through the darkness starry-dotted1 ,far across the bridge so stately4 ,now by lichens blurred and blotted1 ,came that floating1 mournful music1 ,as from bands of angels flying1 ,with the loud blasts of the tempest ,still victoriously vieing4 ,who could tell why ,avignon ,all its bells was ever pealing8 ,whether to scare evil spirits1 ,still round holy cities stealing4 ,yet1 perhaps1 that ceaseless chiming1 ,and that pleasant silver beating1 ,was but as of children playing1 ,and their mother's name repeating4 ,one6 ,two6 ,three6 the bells went prattling1 ,with a music so untiring2 ,one6 ,two6 ,three6 in merry cadence1 ,rolling1 crashing1 clanging1 firing4 ,hence it was that in past ages1 ,when 'mid war those sounds seemed sweeter1 ,la ,ville ,sonnante people called it1 ,city sacred to ,saint ,peter4 ,years ago6 but now all silent1 ,lone and sad1 the grass-grown city1 ,has its bell-towers all deserted ,by those ringers--more's the pity4 ,pope and cardinal are vanished1 ,and no music fills the night-air2 ,gone the red robes and the sable2 ,gone the crosier and the mitre4 ------ #ghe ,from ,the ,lamp4 ,,all-,,hallow ,,eve2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,test ,,of ,,futurity4 ,,by ,,robert ,,curtis4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,it is not to be wondered at that two persons1 equally clever in all respects1 and having a similar though not identical object in view1 should have pretty much the same thoughts respecting the manner of carrying it out1 and finally pursue the same course to effect their purpose4 ,but the matter involves some nicety1 if not difficulty1 when it so happens that those two persons have to work upon each other in a double case4 ,it is then a matter of diamond cut diamond2 and if1 as ,i have suggested1 both are equally clever1 the discussion of the subject between them would make no bad scene in a play4 ,winny wanted to find out something from ,kate ,mulvey1 and at the same time to hide something from her4 ,kate ,mulvey was on precisely the same intent with ,winny ,cavana in both ways2 so that some such tournament must come off between them the first time they met1 with sufficient opportunity to have it out without interruption4 ,you have seen that ,winny had determined to sound her friend ,kate1 as to how her land lay between these two young men4 ,if ,kate had not made a like determination as to sounding ,winny1 she was1 at all events1 ready for the encounter at any moment1 and had discussed the matter over and over in her own mind4 ,their mutual object1 then1 was to find out which of the young men was the real object of the other's affections2 and up to the present moment each believed the other to be a formidable rival to her own hopes4 ,winny was not one who hesitated about any matter which she felt to require immediate performance2 and as she knew that some indefinite time might elapse before an opportunity could occur to have her chat out with ,kate ,mulvey1 she was resolved to make one4 ,her father's house1 as the reader has seen in the commencement1 was not on the roadside4 ,there was no general pass that way2 and except persons had business to old ,cavana's or ,mick ,murdock's1 they never went up the lane1 which was common to both the houses of these rich farmers4 ,it was not so with the house where ,kate ,mulvey resided4 ,its full front was to the high-road1 with a space not more than three perches between4 ,this space had been originally what is termed in that rank of life a bawn1 but was now wisely converted into a cabbage-garden1 with a broad clean gravel-walk running through the centre of the plot1 from the road to the door4 ,it was about half a mile from ,cavana's1 and there was a full view of the road1 for a long stretch1 from the door or window of the house--that is1 of ,mulvey's4 ,it was now a fine mild day toward the end of ,november4 ,old ,mick ,murdock's party had ceased to be spoken of1 and perhaps forgotten1 except by the few with whom we have to do4 ,winny ,cavana put on her everyday bonnet and her everyday cloak1 and started for a walk4 ,bully-dhu capered round her in an awkward playful manner1 with a deep-toned howl of joy when he saw these preparations1 and trotted down the lane before her4 ,as may be anticipated1 she bent her steps down the road toward ,mulvey's house4 ,she knew she could be seen coming for some distance1 and hoped that ,kate might greet her from the door as she passed4 ,she #ghf was not mistaken2 ,kate had seen her from the first turn in the road toward the house1 and was all alive on her own account4 ,she had tact and vanity enough1 however1--for she had plenty of time before ,winny came alongside of the house1--to slip in and put on a decent gown1 and brush her beautiful and abundant hair2 and she came to the door1 as if by mere accident1 but looking her very best1 as ,winny approached4 ,kate knew that she was looking very handsome1 and ,winny ,cavana1 at the very first glance1 felt the same fact4 ,good morrow1 ,kate1 said ,winny2 that's a fine day4 ,good morrow kindly1 ,winny2 won't you come in and sit down awhile8 ,no1 thank you2 the day is so fine1 ,i'm out for a walk4 ,you may as well put on your bonnet1 and come along with me2 it will do you good1 ,kitty4 ,with all my heart2 step up to the house1 and ,i'll be ready in two twos4 ,but she was not so sure that it would do her good4 ,the girls then turned up to the house1 for ,kate had run down in her hair to shake hands with her friend4 ,winny would not go in1 but stood at the door1 ordering ,bully-dhu not to growl at ,captain1 and begging of ,captain not to growl at ,bully-dhu4 ,kate was scarcely the two twos she gave herself until she came out ready for the road2 and the two friends1 and the two dogs1 having at once entered into most amicable relations with each other1 went off together4 ,winny was resolved that no awkward pause on her part should give ,kate reason to suppose there was anything unusual upon her mind1 and went on at once1 as if from where she had left off4 ,the day was so fine1 ,kate1 she continued1 that ,i was anxious to get some fresh air4 ,i have been churning1 and packing butter1 every day since ,monday1 and could not get out4 ,biddy ,murtagh is very clean and honest1 but she is very slow1 and ,i could not leave her4 ,it is well for you1 ,winny1 that has the butter to pack4 ,yes1 ,kate1 ,i suppose it will be well for me some day or other2 but as long as my poor father lives--,god between him and harm6--,i don't feel the want of anything4 ,god spare him to you1 ,winny mavourneen6 ,he's a fine hale old man1 and ,i hope he'll live to be at the christening of many a grandchild4 ,if report speaks thrue1 ,winny dear1 that same is not unlikely to come round4 ,report does not always speak the truth1 ,kate2 don't you know that8 ,i do2 but ,i also know that there's seldom smoke without fire1 and that it sometimes makes a good hit4 ,and sure1 nothin's more reasonable than that it's right this time4 ,tom's a fine young fellow2 an' like yourself1 sure1 he's an only child4 ,there wasn't such a weddin' this hundred years--no1 nor never--in the parish of ,rathcash1 as it will be--come now6 ,tom is a fine young man1 ,kate2 ,i don't deny it-- ,you couldn't--you couldn't1 ,winny ,cavana6 you'd belie yoursel' if you did1 said ,kate1 with a little more warmth of manner than was quite politic under the circumstances4 ,but ,i don't1 ,kate2 and ,i can't see why you need fly at me in that way4 ,i beg your pardon1 ,winny dear2 but sure everybody sees an' knows that you're on for one another2 an' why not8--wasn't he as cross as a bag of cats at his father's party because he let 'that whelp' 7as he called him7 ,edward ,lennon take you out for the first dance8 ,emon-a-knock is no whelp2 he couldn't call him a whelp4 ,did he call him one8 ,didn't you hear him8 for if you didn't you might2 it wasn't but he spoke loud enough4 ,it is well for him1 ,kate1 that ,emon did not hear him4 ,he's as good a man as ,tom ,murdock at any rate4 #ghg ,he didn't fall over the poker and tongs as ,tom did4 ,that was a mere accident1 ,winny4 ,i seen the fung of his pump loose myself2 didn't ,i help to shut it for him1 afther he fell8 ,you were well employed indeed1 ,kate1 said ,winny sneeringly4 ,you would have done it yourself if he axed you as he did me1 replied ,kate4 ,certainly not1 said ,winny4 ,so far they seemed both to have the worst of it1 in spite of all their caution4 ,what they wanted was to find out how the other's heart stood between these two young men1 without betraying their own--which latter they had both nearly done4 ,there was a pause1 and ,kate was the next to speak4 ,not but ,i must admit that ,emon-a-knock is a milder1 better boy in some respects than ,tom4 ,he has a nicer way with him1 ,winny1 and ,i think it is easier somehow to like him than to like ,tom4 ,report says you do1 ,kate dear4 ,but you know1 ,winny1 report does not always spake thrue1 as you say yourself4 ,ay1 but as you said just now1 ,kate1 it sometimes makes a good hit4 ,well1 ,winny1 ,i wish you joy at all events1 with all my heart4 ,both your fathers is anxious for your match2 an' sure1 when the two farms is joined in one1 with you an' ,tom1 you can live like a lady4 ,i suppose you'll hould your head too high for poor ,kate an' ,emon-a-knock then4 ,there was a sadness in ,kate's tone as she said this1 which1 from ignorance of how matters really stood1 was partly genuine1 and1 from anxiety to find it out1 was partly assumed4 ,but she had turned the key and the door flew open4 ,winny could fence with her feelings no longer4 ,kate ,mulvey1 she exclaimed1 do not believe the reports you hear about me and ,tom ,murdock4 ,i'm aware of what you say about his father and mine being anxious to unite the farms by our marriage4 ,i don't want to say anything against ,tom ,murdock2 but he'll never call me wife4 ,there now1 ,kate jewel1 you have the truth4 ,i'll be well enough off1 ,kitty1 without ,tom ,murdock's money or land2 and when ,i really don't care for him1 don't you think it would be much better and handsomer of him to bestow himself and it upon some nice girl without a penny 7and she glanced slyly at ,kate1 whose cheeks got rosy red71 than to be striving to force it upon one that doesn't want it--nor wish for it8 ,and don't you think it would be much better and handsomer for me1 who has a nice little fodeen1 and must come in for my father's land1--,god between him and harm6--to do the same1 if ,i could meet with a nice boy that really cared for myself1 and not for my money8 ,answer me them questions1 ,kate4 ,kate was silent2 but her eyes had assumed quite a different expression1 if they had not altogether turned almost a different color4 ,the weight of ,winny's rich rivalry had been lifted from her heart1 and so far as that obstacle had been dreaded1 the coast was now clear4 ,of course she secretly agreed in the propriety of ,winny's views1 and it was only necessary that she should now do so openly4 ,you didn't answer me them questions yet1 ,kate4 ,well ,i could1 ,winny1 if ,i liked it2 but ,i don't wish to have act1 hand1 or part in setting you against your father's wishes4 ,you need not fear that1 ,kitty2 my father won't force me to do what ,i really do not wish to do4 ,he never put the matter to me plainly yet1 but ,i expect it every day4 ,he's always praising ,tom ,murdock1 and hinting at the business1 by saying he wishes he could see me comfortably settled2 that he is growing old and is not the man he used to be2 and all that4 ,i know very well1 ,kate1 what he means1 both ways2 and1 ,god between him and harm6 ,i say again2 but he'll never see me ,tom ,murdock's wife4 #ghh ,i have my answer ready for them both4 ,well1 ,winny1 as you seem determined1 ,i suppose ,i may spake2 and1 to tell you the truth1 ,i always thought it would be a pity to put them two farms into one1 and so spoil two good establishments2 for sure any one of them is lashings1 ,winny1 for any decent boy and girl in the parish2 an' what's more1 if they were joined together tomorrow1 there is not a gentleman in the county would think a bit the better of them that had them4 ,never1 ,kitty1 except it was some poor broken-down fellow that wanted to borrow a couple of hundred pounds1 and rob them in the end4 ,and now1 ,kitty1 let us be plain and free with one another4 ,my opinion is that ,tom could raise you--,i won't say out of poverty1 ,kate2 for1 thanks be to ,god1 it is not come to that with you1 and that it never may--but into comfort and plenty2 and that ,i could1 some day1 do the same1 if ,i could meet with a nice boy that1 as ,i said1 would care for myself and not for my money4 ,if ,tom took a liking to you1 ,kitty1 you might know he was in earnest for yourself2 ,i know he's only put up to his make-belief liking for me by his own father and mine4 ,but1 ,kitty dear1 ,i'm afraid1 like myself1 you have no fancy for him4 ,well1 ,winny1 to tell you the truth1 ,i always believed what the neighbors said about you an' him2 an' ,i tried not to think of him for that same reason4 ,there's no doubt1 ,winny dear1 but it would be a fine match for me2 but ,i know he's out an' out for you3 only for that1 ,winny1 ,i could love every bone in his body--there now6 you have it out4 ,he'll soon find his mistake1 ,kate dear1 about me4 ,i'm sure the thing will be brought to a point before long between us1 and between my father and me too4 ,when ,tom finds ,i'm positive1 he can't be blind to your merits and beauty1 ,kitty--yes1 ,i will say it out1 your beauty6--you needn't be putting your hand to my mouth that way2 there's no mistake about it4 ,ah1 ,winny1 ,winny dear1 you're too lenient to me entirely2 sure ,i couldn't sit or stand beside you in that respect at all1 an' with your money2 sure they'll settle it all between themselves4 ,they may settle what they like1 ,kitty2 but they can't make me do what ,i am determined not to do2 so as far as that goes1 you have nothing to fear4 ,well1 ,winny dear1 ,i'm glad ,i know the truth2 for now ,i won't be afeard of crossing you1 at any rate2 and ,i know another that wouldn't be sorry to know as much as ,i do4 ,who1 ,kitty8 tell us4 ,ah1 then now1 ,winny1 can't you guess8 or maybe it's what you know better than ,i do myself4 ,well1 ,i suppose you mean ,emon-a-knock2 for indeed1 ,kitty1 he's always on the top of your tongue1 and the parish has it that you and he are promised4 ,come now1 ,kitty1 tell us the truth4 ,i told you how there was no truth in the report about me and ,tom ,murdock1 and how there never could be4 ,if this was not leading ,kate ,mulvey to the answer most devoutly wished for1 ,i do not know what the meaning of the latter part of the sentence could be4 ,it was what the lawyers would call a leading question4 ,the excitement too of ,winny1 during the pause which ensued1 showed very plainly the object with which she spoke1 and the anxiety she felt for the result4 ,kate did not in the least misunderstand her4 ,perhaps she knew more of her thoughts than ,winny was aware of1 and that it was not then she found them out for the first time2 for ,kate was a shrewd observer4 ,she had gained her own object1 and it was only fair she should now permit ,winny to gain hers4 ,ah1 ,winny dear1 she said1 after a contemplative pause1 there never was a word of the kind between us4 #ghi ,you know1 ,winny1 in the first place1 it wouldn't do at all--two empty sacks could never stand2 and in the next place1 neither his heart was on me1 nor mine on him4 ,it was all idle talk of the neighbors4 ,not but ,emon is a nice boy as there is to be found in this or any other parish1 and you know that1 ,winny2 don't you1 now8 ,kitty dear1 there's nobody can deny what you say1 and for that self-same reason ,i believed what the neighbors said regarding you and him4 ,tell me this now1 ,winny1--you know we were reared1 ,i may say1 at the door with one another1 and have been fast friends since we were that height 7and she held her hand within about two feet of the ground1 at the same time looking fully and very kindly into her friend's face71-- tell me now1 ,winny dear1 did it fret you to believe what you heard8 ,come now4 ,for your sake1 and for his1 ,kitty1 it could not fret me2 but for my own sake--there now1 don't ask me4 ,no1 avourneen1 ,i won't2 what need have ,i1 ,winny1 when ,i see them cheeks of yours1--or is it the sun that cum suddenly out upon you1 ,winny asthore8 ,kate ,mulvey1 ,i'll tell you the truth1 as ,i believe you have told it to me4 ,for many a long day ,i'm striving to keep myself from liking that boy on your account4 ,i think1 ,kate1 if ,i hadn't a penny-piece in the world no more than yourself1 ,i would have done my very best to take him from you2 it would have been a fair fight then1 ,kitty2 but ,i didn't like to use any odds against you1 ,kitty dear2 and ,i never gave him so much as one word to go upon4 ,i'm very thankful to you1 ,winny dear2 an' signs on the boy1 he thought you were for a high match with rich ,tom ,murdock2 an' any private chat ,emon an' ,i ever had was about that same thing4 ,then he has spoken to you about me6 ,o ,kitty1 dear ,kitty1 what used he to be saying of me8 do tell me4 ,the never a word ,i'll tell you1 ,winny dear4 ,let him spake to yourself2 which maybe he'll do when he finds you give ,tom the go-by2 but ,i'm book-sworn2 so don't ask me4 ,well1 ,kitty1 ,i'm glad ,i happened to come across you this morning2 for now we understand each other1 and there's no fear of our interrupting one another in our thoughts any more4 ,none1 thank ,god1 said ,kitty4 ,by this time the girls had wandered along the road to nearly a mile from home4 ,they had both gained their object1 though not in the roundabout sounding manner which we had anticipated1 and they were now both happy4 ,they were no longer even the imaginary rivals which it appears was all they had ever been2 and as this light broke upon them the endearing epithets of dear and jewel became more frequent and emphatic than was usual in a conversation of the same length4 ,their mutual confidences1 as they retraced their steps1 were imparted to the fullest extent4 ,they now perfectly understood each other1 as ,winny had said2 and to their cordial shake-hands at the turn up to ,kate ,mulvey's house was added an affectionate kiss1 as good as if they swore never to interfere with each other in love-affairs4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,winny ,cavana1 as far as her own feelings and belief were concerned1 had not made a bad morning's work of it4 ,hitherto she had supposed that ,kate ,mulvey had forestalled her in the affections of ,emon-a-knock4 ,the neighbors had given them to each other1 and she feared that ,emon was not free from the power of her charms4 ,with these doubts1 or almost with this belief1 upon her mind1 she could not have met her father's #gij importunities about ,tom ,murdock with the same careless and happy determination which matters1 as they now stood1 would enable her to do4 ,being assured1 from her conversation with ,kate1 that there was nothing between her and ,emon1 she could riddle more easily some circumstances and expressions which1 to say the least of it1 were puzzling1 with a belief that these two persons were mutually attached4 ,winny knew now how to reconcile them2 and the view she took of them was anything but favorable to her father's wishes or ,tom ,murdock's hopes4 ,she could not hope1 however1--perhaps she did not wish1--for any interview with ,emon just then1 when her change of manner1 emanating from her knowledge of facts1 might draw him out1 for her heart now told her that this would surely come4 ,she had some fears that her father might sound her about ,emon1 and she wished to be able to say with a clear conscience that he had never spoken1 or even hinted at the subject1 to her2 but she was determined1 nevertheless1 to act toward her father1 and subsequently toward ,tom ,murdock1 as if her troth and ,emon's had been already irrevocably plighted4 ,she was in hopes that if she had an interview with her father upon the subject of ,tom ,murdock in the first instance1 the unalterable dislike which she would exhibit to the match might save her the horrible necessity of going through the business with the man himself4 ,but poor ,winny had settled matters in her own mind in an order in which they did not occur2 and it so happened that1 although she thought her heart had gone through enough excitement for one day1 and that she would1 for the rest of that evening1 hide beneath the happiness which was creeping over her1 yet she was mistaken4 ,tom ,murdock had seen her pass down the road2 and hastily putting on one of his best coats and his very best hat1 he followed her1 determined to have good news in return for his father's advice2 but he was disappointed4 ,before he could overtake her1 he perceived that she had been joined by ,kate ,mulvey1 and that they went coshering away together4 ,of course he saw that it was no go1 as he said1 for that time2 but he would watch her returning1 when he could not fail to meet her alone4 ,hang me1 said he1 as he saw them walking away1 if ,i don't think ,kate ,mulvey is the finest girl of the two1 and very nearly as handsome as ever she was--some people say handsomer4 ,if it was not for her money1 and that grand farm she'll have1 ,i'd let her see how soon ,i could get a girl in every other respect as good1 if not better1 than she is4 ,look at the two of them3 upon my faith1 ,i think ,kate is the lightest stepper of the two4 ,tom paused for a few moments1 if not in his thoughts1 at least in the expression of them2 for all the above had been uttered aloud4 ,then1 as if they had received a sudden spur which made him start1 he muttered with his usual scowl1 ,no1 no2 ,i'll follow it up to the death if necessary4 ,that whelp shall never have it to say that ,tom ,murdock failed1 and perhaps add1 where he did not4 ,i'll have her1 by fair means if ,i can2 but if not1 by them five crosses1 and he clasped his hands together1 she shall be mine by foul4 ,sure it is not possible they are going to meet that whelp this blessed moment6 ,and he dogged them at so long a distance behind that1 even if their conversation had been less interesting1 they would not have been aware of his stealthy espionage4 ,when they turned to return1 he turned also1 and was then so far before them that1 with the bushes and the bends in the road1 he could not be perceived4 ,thus he watched and watched1 until1 to his great satisfaction1 he saw them part company at ,kate's house4 ,winny ,cavana1 as we have seen1 had still some distance to walk ere she reached the lane turning up to her father's2 and ,kate having gone in and shut the #gia door1 ,tom strolled on1 as if by mere accident1 until he met ,winny on the road4 ,tom was determined to be as mild and as bland1 as cordial and good-natured1 as possible4 ,he felt there had always been a sort of undefined snappish battle between him and ,winny2 and he had the honesty of mind1 as well as the vanity1 to blame his own harsh and abrupt manner for this4 ,perhaps it arose no less from a consciousness of his personal advantages than from a belief that in his position as an only son1 and heir to his father's interest in a rich and profitable farm1 he had no great need of those blandishments of expression so generally requisite in making way to a young and unhackneyed heart4 ,he resolved1 therefore1 upon this occasion to give ,winny no cause to accuse him of uncouthness of manner2 neither was he inclined to be uncouth when he beheld the glowing beauty of her face1 heightened1 as he thought1 solely by the exercise of her walk2 but not a little increased1 without his knowledge of the fact1 by the new light which had just dawned upon the horizon of her hopes4 ,her heart bounced in her bosom as she saw him approach4 ,good morning1 ,winny1 he said1 holding out his hand4 ,good morrow kindly1 ,tom1 she replied1 wishing to be civil1 and taking it4 ,she knew she was in for it1 as she expressed it to herself2 but encouraged by the hope within her springing1 and softened by the anticipation of its fulfilment1 she was determined to be kind but firm4 ,have you been walking far1 ,winny8 ,upon my life1 it seems to agree with you4 ,it has improved your beauty1 ,winny1 if that was possible4 ,tom1 don't flatter me2 you're always paying me compliments1 and ,i often told you that ,i did not like it4 ,beside1 you did not let me answer your question until you begin at your old work4 ,i walked about a mile of the road with ,kate ,mulvey4 ,kate ,mulvey is a complete nice girl4 ,you are not tired1 ,winny1 are you8 ,ah1 then1 what would tire me8 is it a mile of a walk1 and the road under my feet8 ,i could walk to ,boher-na-,milthiogue and back this minute4 ,by this time they had come to the end of the lane turning up to ,rathcash ,house4 ,i'm glad to find you are not tired1 ,winny4 ,you may as well come on toward the cross2 ,i have something to say to you4 ,and welcome1 ,tom2 what is it8 ,winny felt that the thing was coming1 and she wished to appear as careless and unconscious as possible4 ,when she recollected all ,kate ,mulvey had said to her1 she was just in the humor to have it over4 ,upon reflection1 too1 she was not sorry that it should so happen before the grand passage between her and her father upon the same subject4 ,she could the more easily dispose of the case with him1 having already disposed of it with ,tom himself4 ,she therefore went on1 past the end of her own lane2 and ,tom1 taking this for an unequivocal token in his favor1 was beginning to get really fond of her--at least he thought so4 ,well1 ,winny1 ,i'm very glad ,i happened to meet you1 and that you seem inclined to take a walk with me2 for to tell you the truth1 ,winny1 ,i can't help thinking of you4 ,perhaps you don't try1 ,tom4 ,true for you1 ,winny dear2 ,i wouldn't help thinking of you if ,i could1 and ,i couldn't if ,i would4 ,is that the way with you1 ,tom8 ,but ,winny did not smile or look at him1 as he had hoped she would have done4 ,you know it is1 ,winny dear2 but ,i can keep the truth1 in plain ,english1 from you no longer4 ,see that now6 ,ah1 then1 ,tom1 ,i pity you4 ,and ,tom could not tell from her manner1 or from the tone of her voice1 whether she was in earnest or #gib only joking4 ,he preferred the former4 ,well1 ,winny ,cavana1 if you knew how much ,i love you1 you would surely take pity on me1 my own colleen dhass4 ,faith1 ,tom1 ,i believe it's in earnest you are1 sure enough4 ,in earnest6 ,yes1 ,winny1 by the bright sky over me--and it is not brighter than your own eyes--,i am in earnest6 ,it is a long day now since ,i first took to loving you1 though it was only of late you might have picked it out of my looks4 ,ah1 ,winny dear1 if you hadn't a penny-piece but yourself1 ,i would have spoken to you long ago4 ,but there was a great deal of talk among the neighbors about the joining of them two farms together1 and ,i was afraid you might think-- ,i understand4 ,you were afraid ,i might think it was my money and the farm you were after1 and not myself4 ,was not that it1 ,tom8 ,just so1 ,winny4 ,but ,i am indeed in earnest1 and for yourself alone1 ,winny dear2 and ,i'm willing to prove my words by making you my wife1 and mistress of all ,i have coming ,shraftide1 ,god willing4 ,and he took her by the hand4 ,she withdrew it at once1 after a slight struggle1 and replied1 ,tom ,murdock1 put such a thing totally out of your head1 for it can never be--never1 by the same oath you swore just now1 and that is the blue heaven above me6 ,and she turned back toward the lane4 ,i cross1 ,winny4 ,don't say that4 ,i know that your father and mine would both be willing for the match4 ,as to what your father would do for you1 ,winny mavourneen1 ,i don't care a boughalawn lui2 for ,i'm rich enough without a cross of his money or his land4 ,my own father will make over to me by lawful deed1 the day you become my wife1 his house and furniture1 together with the whole of his land and cattle4 ,your father1 ,i know1 ,winny1 would do the same for you1 for he has but yourself belonging to him2 and although your fortune or your land has nothing to say to my love1 yet1 ,winny1 dear1 between us1 if you will consent to my prayer1 for it is nothing less1 there's few grandees in the country could compare to you1--,i'll say nothing for myself1 ,winny dear1 only say the word4 ,no1 ,tom1 ,i'll say no word but what ,i'm after saying2 and you are only making matters worse1 talking of grandeur and riches that way4 ,you would only be striving at what you would not be able for1 nor allowed to keep up1 ,tom1 and as for myself1 ,i'd look well1 wouldn't ,i8 stuck up on a new sidecar1 and a drawn bonnet and feathers1 coming down the lane of a ,sunday1 and the neighbors thronging to mass1--aping my betters1 and getting myself and yourself laughed at4 ,devil a one1 ,tom1 but they'd call you ,lord ,boher-na-,milthiogue4 ,no1 ,tom2 put it out of your head2 that is my first and last word to you4 ,and she hastened her step4 ,no1 ,winny1 you won't leave me that way1 will you8 ,by all the books that were ever shut and opened1 you may make what you please of me4 ,i'll never ask to put yourself or myself a pin's-point beyond what we always were1 either in grandeur or anything else4 ,but wouldn't it be a fine thing1 ,winny dear1 to have our children able to hold up their heads with the best in the county1 in a manner8 ,ay1 in a manner1 indeed4 ,no1 ,tom2 they would never be anything but the ,murdocks of ,rathcashmore--grandchildren of ould ,mick ,murdock and ould ,ned ,cavana1 the common farmers4 ,and what have you to say against old ,mick ,murdock8 exclaimed ,tom1 beginning to feel that his suit was hopeless1 and flaming up inwardly in the spirit which was most natural to him4 ,nothing indeed1 ,tom2 you need not be so angry1 ,i meant no offence2 ,i said as much against my own father as against yours1 if there was anything against either4 ,but we must soon #gic part now1 ,tom1 and let us part friends at all events1 living as we do within a stone's-throw of each other4 ,she held out her hand1 but he took it coldly and loosely4 ,he felt that his game was up4 ,take my advice1 ,tom ,murdock--this was the second time she had found it necessary to overcome her antipathy to pronounce the name--take my advice1 and never speak to me again upon the subject4 ,sure1 there's many a fine handsome girl would be glad to listen to you2 and ,i'll now ask you one question before we part4 ,wouldn't it be better and fitter for you to bestow yourself and your land upon some handsome young girl who has nothing of her own1 and was1 maybe1 well inclined for you1 and to rise her up to be independent1 than to be striving to force yourself and it upon them that doesn't want your land1 and cannot care for yourself8 ,why don't you look about you8 ,there's many a girl in the parish as handsome1 and handsomer1 than ,i am1 that would just jump at you4 ,winny had no sooner uttered these latter words than she regretted them4 ,she did not wish ,tom ,murdock to know that she had overheard him4 ,she was glad however to perceive that1 in his anger1 he had not recognized them as a quotation from his conversation with his father at the gate4 ,there was a silence now for a minute or two4 ,tom's blood was 'up2 his hopes of success were over1 and he was determined to speak his mind in an opposite direction4 ,have ,i set you thinking1 ,tom8 said ,winny1 half timidly4 ,i'm d--d but you have1 ,winny ,cavana2 and ,i'll answer your question with one much like it4 ,and would not it be better and fitter for you--of course it would--to bestow yourself and your fortune and your land upon some handsome young fellow that has nothing but his day's wages1 and was well inclined for you1 and to rise him up out of poverty1 than to spoil a good chance for a friend by joining yours to them that has enough without it8 ,why didn't you follow up your first question with that1 ,winny ,cavana8 ,and he stopped short1 enjoying the evident confusion he had caused4 ,winny thought1 too1 for a few moments in silence4 ,she was considering the probability of ,tom ,murdock's having overheard her conversation with ,kate ,mulvey from behind some hedge4 ,but the result of her calculations was that it was impossible4 ,she was right4 ,it was a mere paraphrase of her own question to him1 and only shows how two clever people may hit upon the same idea1 and express it in nearly the same language4 ,and the question was prompted by his suspicions in the quarter already intimated4 ,yes1 ,i see how it is1 he exclaimed1 breaking the silence1 and giving way to his ungovernable temper4 ,but1 by the hatred ,i bear to that whelp1 that shall never be1 at all events4 ,i'll go to your father this moment1 and let him know what's going on-- ,and who do you dare to call 'a whelp1' ,tom ,murdock8 ,if it be ,edward ,lennon1 let me tell you that his little finger is worth your whole head and heart--body and bones together4 ,there1 there--she acknowledges it4 ,but ,i'll put a spoke in that whelp's wheel1--for it was him ,i called a whelp1 since you must know1--see if ,i don't2 so let him look out1 that's all4 ,i have acknowledged nothing1 ,tom ,murdock4 ,a word beyond common civility never passed between ,edward ,lennon and myself2 and take care how you venture to interfere between my father and me4 ,you have got your answer1 and ,i have sworn to it4 ,you have no right to interfere further4 ,by this time they had reached the end of the lane again2 and ,winny1 with her heart on fire1 and her face in a flame1 hurried to the house4 ,fortunately1 her father had not returned #gid from the fields1 and rushing to her own room1 she locked the door1 took off her bonnet and cloak1 and threw herself 7,i believe that is the proper expression7 upon the bed4 ,perhaps a sensation novelist would add that she burst into an agony of tears4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,winny lay for nearly an hour meditating upon the past1 the present1 and the future4 ,upon the whole she did not regret what had occurred1 either before or after she had met ,tom ,murdock1 and she cooled down into her accustomed self-possession sooner than she had supposed possible4 ,one grand object had been attained4 ,tom ,murdock had come to the point1 and she had given him his final and irrevocable answer1 if she had twenty fathers thundering parental authority in her ears4 ,a spot of blue sky had appeared too in the east1 above the outline of ,shanvilla mountain1 in which the morning-star of her young life might soon arise1 and shine brightly through the flimsy clouds--or she could call them nothing but flimsy--now which had hitherto darkened her hopes4 ,what if ,tom ,murdock was a villain8--and she believed he was3 what dared he--what could he do8 ,pshaw1 nothing6 ,but1 oh that the passage-of-arms between herself and her father was over6 ,then1 thought she1 all might be plain sailing before me4 ,but1 ,winny1 supposing all these matters fairly over1--and the battle with your father is likely to be as cranky and tough upon his part as it is certain to be straightforward and determined upon yours1--there will still be a doubtful blank upon your mind and in your heart1 and one the solution of which you cannot1 even with ,kate ,mulvey's assistance1 seek an occasion to fill up4 ,ah1 no1 you must trust to chance for time and opportunity for that most important of all your interviews4 ,and what if you be mistaken after all1 and1 if mistaken1 crushed for ever by the result8 ,let ,winny alone for that4 ,women seldom make a bad guess in such a case4 ,winny's mental and nervous system having both regained their ordinary degree of composure1 she left her room1 and proceeded through the house upon her usual occupations4 ,she was not1 however1 quite free from a certain degree of anxiety at the anticipated interview with her father4 ,he had not in any way intimated his intention to ask certain questions touching any communication she might have received from ,tom ,murdock1 together with her answers thereto2 and yet she felt certain that on the first favorable occasion he would ask the questions1 without any notice whatever4 ,she had subsided for the day1 after a very exciting morning upon two very different subjects4 ,yes2 she called them different1 though they were pretty much akin2 and she would now prefer a cessation of her anxiety for the remainder of that afternoon at least4 ,so far she was fortunate4 ,her father did not come in until it was very late2 and being much fatigued by his stewardship of the day1 he did not appear inclined to enter upon any important subject1 but fell asleep in his arm-chair after a hasty and 7,winny observed7 scarcely-touched dinner4 ,winny was an affectionate good child4 ,she was devotedly fond of her father1 with whose image were associated all her thoughts of happiness and love since she was able to clasp his knees and clamber to his lap4 ,even yet no absolute allegiance of a decided nature claimed the disloyalty of her heart2 but she felt that the time was not far distant when either he must abdicate his royalty1 or she must rebel4 #gie ,it is clearly my duty now1 she said to herself1 not to delay this business about ,tom1 upon the chance of his being the first to speak of it3 to-morrow1 before the cares and labors of the day occupy his mind1 and perhaps make him ever so little a bit cross1 ,i will tell him what has happened4 ,i am afraid he will be very angry with me for refusing that man2 but it cannot be helped3 not for all the gold they both possess would ,i marry ,tom ,murdock4 ,i shall not betray his sordid villany1 however1 until all other resources fail2 but ,i know my father will scorn the fellow as ,i do when he knows the whole truth--but ah1 ,i have no witness1 thought she1 and they will make a liar of me4 ,if the old man could have ever perceived any difference in the kind and affectionate attention so uniformly bestowed upon him by his fond daughter1 perhaps it might have been upon that night after he awoke from a rather lengthened nap in his easy chair4 ,winny had sat during the whole time gazing upon the loved features of the sleeping old man4 ,she could not call to mind1 from the day upon which her memory first became conscious1 a single unkind or even a harsh word which he had uttered to her4 ,that he could be more than harsh to others she knew1 and she was now in her nineteenth year2 fifteen clear years1 she might say1 of unbroken memory4 ,she could remember her fifth birthday quite well1 and so much as a snappish word or a commanding look she had never received from him2 not1 ,god knows1 but he had good reason1 many's the time1 for more than either4 ,and there he lay now1 calm1 and fast asleep1 the only one belonging to her on the wide earth1 and she meditating an opposition in her heart to his plans respecting her--all1 she knew1 arising from the great love he had for her1 and the frustration of which1 she was aware1 would vex him sore4 ,oh1 ,tom ,murdock1 ,tom ,murdock1 why are you ,tom ,murdock8 or ,emon-a-knock1 why did ,i ever see you8 was the conclusion to this train of thought1 as she sat still1 gazing on her sleeping father4 ,then a happier train succeeded1 and a fond smile lit up her handsome face4 ,ah no1 no6 ,i am the only being belonging to him1 the only one he loves4 ,the father who for nearly twenty years never spoke an unkind word--and if he had reason to reprove me did so by example and request1 and not the rod--has only to know that a marriage with ,tom ,murdock would make me miserable to make him spurn him1 as ,i did myself4 ,as to the other boy1 ,i know nothing for certain myself about him1 and ,i can fairly deny any accusation he may make2 and ,i am certain he has been put up to it by old ,murdock through his son4 ,yet even on this score ,i'll deny as little as ,i can4 ,here it was her father awakened2 and ,winny had only time to conclude her thoughts by wondering how that fellow dare call ,emon a whelp4 ,well1 father dear1 she said1 you have had a nice nap2 you must have been very tired4 ,i wish ,i was a man1 that ,i might help you on the farm4 ,winny darlin'1 ,i wouldn't have you anything but what you are for the world4 ,i have not much to do at all on the farm but to poke about1 and see that the men ,i have at work don't rob me by idling2 and ,i must say ,i never saw honester work than what they leave after them4 ,but1 ,winny1 ,i came across old ,murdock shortly after ,i went out1 and he came over my land with me1 and ,i went over his with him1 so that we had rather a long walk4 ,i'll engage he's as tired as what ,i am4 ,i did not think his farm was so extensive as it is1 or that the land was so good1 or in such to-au-op caun-di-shon4 ,and poor old ,ned yawned and stretched himself4 ,winny saw through the whole thing at once4 ,the matter of a marriage between herself and ,tom ,murdock1 and a union of the farms1 had doubtless been discussed between her father and old ,mick ,murdock1 and a final arrangement1 so far as they were concerned1 had been arrived at4 ,a hitch upon her part she was certain neither #gif of them had ever dreamt of2 and yet hitch was a slight word to express the opposition she was determined to give to their wishes4 ,she knew that if her father had got so far as where he had been interrupted by the yawn when he was fresh after breakfast1 the whole thing would have come out4 ,she was1 however1 a considerate girl2 and although she knew there was at that moment a good opening1 where a word would have brought the matter on1 she knew that the result would have completely driven rest and sleep from the poor old man's pillow for the night1 tired and fatigued as he was4 ,she therefore adroitly changed the conversation to his own comforts in a cup of tea before he went to bed4 ,yes1 mavourneen he said1 ,i fell asleep before ,i mixed a tumbler of punch1 and ,i'll take the tea now instead2 for1 ,winny1 my love1 you can join me at that4 ,do you know1 ,winny1 ,i'm very thirsty8 ,well1 father dear1 ,i'll soon give you what will refresh you4 ,while ,winny was busying herself for the tea1 putting down a huge kettle of water in the kitchen1 and rattling the cups and saucers until you'd think she was trying to break them1 the old man wakened up into a train of thought not altogether dissimilar to that which ,winny herself had indulged in over his sleeping form4 ,winny was quite right4 ,the whole matter had been discussed on that day between the old men during their perambulations round the two farms2 the respective value and condition of the land forming a minute calculation not unconnected with the other portion of their discourse--settlements1 deeds of conveyance1 etc41 etc41 had all been touched upon4 ,winny was right in another of her surmises1 although at the time she scarcely believed so herself4 ,old ,murdock1 taking his cue from ,tom1 told old ,ned that if he found ,winny at all averse to marrying ,tom1 he was certain young ,lennon would be at the bottom of it--at least ,tom had more than hinted such to him4 ,old ,ned was furious at this1 declaring that if ,tom ,murdock was never to the fore1 his daughter should never bestow his long and hard earnings upon a pauper like that1 looking for a day's wages here and there1 and as often without it as with it2 how dare the likes of him lift his eyes to his little girl6 ,but he'd soon put a stop to that1 if there was anything in it1 let what would turn up4 ,every penny-piece he was worth in the world was in his own power1 and there was a very easy way of bringing ,miss ,winny to her senses1 if she had that wild notion in her head4 ,poor old ,ned1 in his indignation for what he thought ,winny's welfare1 forgot that she was the only being belonging to him in the world1 and that when it came to the point he would find it impossible to put this threat of cutting her off into execution4 ,old ,murdock was delighted with this tirade against young ,lennon1 whom he looked upon as the only real obstacle to ,tom's acquisition of land and money1 to say nothing of a handsome wife4 ,be studdy with her1 ,ned1 said he1 she has a very floostherin' way wid her where you're concerned2 ,i often remarked it4 ,don't let her come round you1 ,ned1 wid her pillaverin' about that 'whelp1' as ,tom calls him4 ,an' he calls him quite right4 ,if he daars to look up to my little girl1 he'll soon find out his mistake1 ,i can tell him4 ,nothin' would show him his mistake so much as to have ,tom's business an' hers settled at ,shraft1 ,ned4 ,i know that1 ,mick2 an' with the blessing ,i'll spake to her in the mornin' upon the subjict4 ,i dunna did ,tom ever spake to herself1 ,mick8 ,if he didn't he will afore to-morrow night2 he's on the watch to meet with her by accident2 he says it's betther nor to go straight up to her1 an' maybe frighten her4 ,very well1 ,mick2 ,i'll have an eye to them2 maybe it would be betther #gig let ,tom himself spake first4 ,these girls are so dam' proud2 an' ,i can tell you it is betther not vex ,winny4 ,of course these two old men said a great deal more2 but the above is the pith of what set old ,ned ,cavana thinking the greater part of the night2 for the tea ,winny made was very strong1 and1 as he said1 he was thirsty1 having missed his tumbler of punch after dinner4 ,he fell asleep1 however1 much sooner than he would have done had the sequel to his plans become known to him before he went to bed4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ------ ,from ,the ,book of ,days4 ,,young',s ,,narcissa4 ,the ,third ,night of ,young's ,complaint is entitled ,narcissa1 from its being dedicated to the sad history of the early death of a beautiful lady1 thus poetically designated by the author4 ,whatever doubts may exist with respect to the reality or personal identity of the other characters noticed in the ,night ,thoughts1 there can be none whatever as regards ,narcissa4 ,she was the daughter of ,young's wife1 by her first husband1 ,colonel ,lee4 ,when scarcely seventeen years of age she was married to ,mr4 ,henry ,temple1 son of the then ,lord ,palmerston4 ,footnote #aeh ,soon afterward1 being attacked by consumption1 she was taken by ,young to the south of ,france in hopes of a change for the better2 but she died there about a year after her marriage1 and ,dr4 ,johnson tells us1 in his ,lives of the ,poets1 that her funeral was attended with the difficulties painted in such animated colors in ,night the ,third4 ,young's words in relation to the burial of ,narcissa1 eliminating1 for brevity's sake1 some extraneous and redundant lines1 are as follows3 ,footnote #aeh3 ,by a second wife1 grandfather of the present ,premier4 ,while nature melted1 superstition raved2 ,that mourned the dead2 and this denied a grave4 ,for oh6 the curst ungodliness of zeal6 ,while sinful flesh retarded1 spirit nursed ,in blind infallibility's embrace1 ,denied the charity of dust to spread ,o'er dust6 a charity their dogs enjoy4 ,what could ,i do8 what succor8 what resource8 ,with pious sacrilege a grave ,i stole2 ,with impious piety that grave ,i wronged2 ,short in my duty3 coward in my grief6 ,more like her murderer than friend1 ,i crept ,with soft suspended step1 and muffled deep ,in midnight darkness1 whispered my last sigh4 ,i whispered what should echo through their realms1 ,nor writ her name whose tomb should pierce the skies4 ,all ,young's biographers have told the same story from ,johnson down to the last edition of the ,night ,thoughts1 edited by ,mr4 ,gilfillan1 who1 speaking of ,narcissa1 says her remains were brutally denied sepulture as the dust of a ,protestant4 ,le ,tourneure translated the ,night ,thoughts into ,french in #aggj1 and1 strange to say1 the work soon became exceedingly popular in ,france1 more so probably than ever it has been in ,england4 ,naturally enough1 then1 curiosity became excited as to where the unfortunate ,narcissa was buried1 and it was soon discovered that she had been interred in the ,botanic ,garden of ,montpellier4 ,an old gate-keeper of the garden1 named ,mercier1 confessed that many years previously he had assisted to bury an ,english lady in a hollow1 waste spot of the garden4 ,as he told the story1 an ,english clergyman came to him and begged that he would bury a lady2 but he refused1 until the ,englishman1 with tears in his eyes1 said that she was his only daughter2 on hearing this1 he 7the gate-keeper71 being a father himself1 consented4 ,accordingly the ,englishman brought the dead #gih body on his shoulders1 his eyes raining tears1 to the garden at midnight1 and he there and then buried the corpse4 ,about the time this confession was made1 ,professor ,gouan1 an eminent botanist1 was writing a work on the plants in the garden1 into which he introduced the above story1 thus giving it a sort of scientific authority2 and consequently the grave of ,narcissa became one of the treasures of the garden1 and one of the leading lions of ,montpellier4 ,a writer in the ,evangelical ,magazine of #agig gives an account of a visit to the garden1 and a conversation with one ,bannal1 who had succeeded ,mercier in his office1 and who had often heard the sad story of the burial of ,narcissa from ,mercier's lips4 ,subsequently1 ,talma1 the tragedian1 was so profoundly impressed with the story that he commenced a subscription to erect a magnificent tomb to the memory of ,narcissa2 but as the days of bigotry in matters of sepulture had nearly passed away1 it was thought better to erect a simple monument1 inscribed1 as we learn from ,murray's ,handbook1 with the words3 ,placandis ,narcissae manibus1 the ,handbook adding1 ,she was buried here at a time when the atrocious laws which accompanied the ,revocation of ,nantes1 backed by the superstition of a fanatic populace1 denied ,christian burial to ,protestants4 ,strange to say1 this striking story is almost wholly devoid of truth4 ,narcissa never was at ,montpellier4 ,that she died at ,lyons we know from ,mr4 ,herbert ,crofts's account of ,young1 published by ,dr4 ,johnson2 that she was buried there we know by her burial registry and her tombstone1 both of which are yet in existence4 ,and by these we also learn that ,young's animated account of her funeral in the ,night ,thoughts is simply untrue4 ,she was not denied a grave3 ,denied the charity of dust to spread ,o'er dust1 nor did he steal a grave1 as he asserts1 but bought and paid for it4 ,her name was not unwrit1 as her tombstone still testifies4 ,the central square of the ,hotel de ,dieu at ,lyons was long used as a burial place for ,protestants2 but the alteration in the laws at the time of the great ,revolution doing away with the necessity of having separate burial places for different religions1 the central garden was converted into a medical garden for the use of the hospital4 ,the ,protestants of ,lyons being of the poorer class1 there were few memorials to move when the ancient burying place was made into a garden4 ,the principal one1 however1 consisting of a large slab of black marble1 was set up against a wall1 close beside an old ,spanish mulberry-tree4 ,about twenty years ago the increasing growth of this tree necessitated the removal of the slab1 when it was found that the side which had been placed against the wall contained a ,latin inscription to the memory of ,narcissa4 ,the inscription1 which is too long to be quoted here1 leaves no doubt upon the matter4 ,it mentions the names of her father and mother1 her connection with the noble family of ,lichfield1 her descent from ,charles ,,ii41 and concludes by stating that she died on the #hth of ,oct41 #agcf1 aged #ah years4 ,on discovering this inscription ,m4 ,ozanam1 the director of the ,hotel de ,dieu1 searched the registry of the ,protestant burial1 still preserved in the ,hotel de ,ville at ,lyons1 and found an entry1 of which the following is a correct translation3 ,madam ,lee1 daughter of ,col4 ,lee1 aged about eighteen years1 wife of ,henry ,temple1 ,english by birth1 was buried at the ,hotel de ,dieu at ,lyons1 in the cemetery of persons of the ,reformed religion of the ,swiss nation1 the #abth of ,oct41 #agcf1 at eleven o'clock at night1 by order of the ,prevot of merchants4 ,received #gbi livres #ab sols4 ,signed1 ,para1 priest and treasurer4 ,from this document1 the authenticity of which is indisputable1 we learn the utter untruthfulness of ,young's recital4 ,true1 ,narcissa was buried at night1 and most probably #gii without any religious service1 and a considerable sum charged for the privilege of interment1 but she was not denied the charity their dogs enjoy4 ,calculating according to the average rate of exchange at the period1 #gbi livres would amount to thirty-five pounds sterling4 ,was it this sum that excited a poetical imagination so strong as to overstep the bounds of veracity8 ,we could grant the excuse of poetical license had not ,young declared in his preface that the poem was real1 not fictitious4 ,the subject is not a pleasing one1 and we need not carry it any further2 but may conclude1 in the words of ,mr4 ,cecil1 who1 alluding to ,young's renunciation of the world in his writings when he was eagerly hunting for church preferment1 says3 ,young is1 of all other men1 one of the most striking examples of the sad disunion of piety from truth4 ---- ,from ,the ,dublin ,review4 ,,madame ,,de ,,maintenon4 ,madame de ,maintenon et sa ,famille4 ,lettres et ,documents inedits4 ,par ,,honore ,,bonhomme4 ,paris3 ,didier4 #ahfc4 ,histoire de ,madame de ,maintenon1 et des principaux ,evenements du ,regne de ,louis ,,xiv4 ,par ,m4 le ,,duc ,,de ,,noailles1 de l',academie ,francaise4 ,tomes #d4 ,paris3 ,comon4 #ahdi-aheh4 ,the ,life of ,madame de ,maintenon4 ,translated from the ,french4 ,london3 ,lockyer ,davis4 #aggb4 ,the ,secret ,correspondence of ,madame de ,maintenon with the ,princess des ,ursins1 from the original manuscripts in the possession of the ,duke of ,choiseul4 ,translated from the ,french4 #c vols4 ,london3 ,whittaker4 #ahbg4 ,memorial de ,saint-,cyr4 ,paris3 ,fulgence4 #ahdf4 ,female characters have1 for good or ill1 played a larger part on the stage of ,french history than of ,english4 ,we have no names which correspond in extensive influence to those of ,mesdames de ,sevigne1 de ,maintenon1 de ,genlis1 and ,recamier2 while the extraordinary power1 both political and social1 exercised by royal mistresses in ,france1 finds no parallel in ,england1 even in the worst days of courtly profligacy4 ,nor is it easy to say to what cause this difference between the two countries is to be ascribed4 ,it may be that public opinion has been brought to bear more fully on individual action here than in ,france1 and acts as a more powerful restraint2 and it may be also that extreme prominence in society is repugnant to the more modest and retiring habits of ,englishwomen4 ,there is no lady in our annals who has occupied a position similar to that of ,madame de ,maintenon in relation to royalty except ,mrs4 ,fitzherbert2 but she1 though highly distinguished for her virtues1 was altogether wanting in those intellectual endowments which adorned that gifted woman who won the esteem and fixed the affections of ,louis ,,xiv4 ,many circumstances combined to make her the most striking example of female ascendency in ,france2 and the object of this paper will be to trace the causes which led to it1 as well as to her being1 to this day1 an object of never-failing interest to the ,french people4 ,like all great women1 she has had many virulent detractors and many ardent eulogists2 but we shall endeavor to avoid the #hjj extremes of both1 more especially as ,m4 ,bonhomme is of opinion that her biography has still to be written4 ,if there were no higher consideration1 self-respect alone would demand scrupulous impartiality in a historical inquiry2 and we are the less tempted to depart from this rule in the present instance because we are convinced that in ,madame de ,maintenon's history there is ample scope for the most chivalrous vindication of her fame1 and that1 as time goes on1 and the materials relative to her contemporaries are collated1 her apparent defects will lessen in importance1 and her character stand out in fairer proportions and clearer light4 ,it needs only to compare recent memoirs of her with the jejune attempts of the last century1 to perceive how much her cause gains from fuller and closer investigation4 ,the ,due de ,noailles has rendered good service to the literature of his country by his voluminous history of this lady1 conducted as it is on the sound and admirable principle of making the subject of the biography speak for herself4 ,there is no historical personage about whom more untruths have been circulated2 and1 after all that has been said and written1 the only way to know her is to read her correspondence4 ,lord ,macaulay speaks of ,franchise de ,maintenon in terms so pointed1 that they well deserve to be quoted at the outset3 ,it would be hard to name any woman who1 with so little romance in her temper1 has had so much in her life4 ,her early years had been passed in poverty and obscurity4 ,her first husband had supported himself by writing burlesques1 farces1 and poems4 ,when she attracted the notice of her sovereign1 she could no longer boast of youth or beauty2 but she possessed in an extraordinary degree those more lasting charms1 which men of sense1 whose passions age has tamed1 and whose life is a life of business and care1 prize most highly in a female companion4 ,her character was such as has well been compared to that soft green on which the eye1 wearied by warm tints and glaring lights1 reposes with pleasure4 ,a just understanding2 an inexhaustible yet never redundant flow of rational1 gentle1 and sprightly conversation2 a temper of which the serenity was never for a moment ruffled2 a tact which surpassed the tact of her sex as much as the tact of her sex surpasses the tact of ours2 such were the qualities which made the widow of a buffoon first the confidential friend1 and then the spouse1 of the proudest and most powerful of ,european kings4 ,it was said that ,louis had been with difficulty prevented by the arguments and vehement entreaties of ,louvois from declaring her ,queen of ,france4 ,footnote #aei ,footnote #aei3 ,history of ,england1 chap1 xi41 #afhi4 ,the romance of her life began with her birth1 which took place on the #bgth of ,november1 #afce1 ,footnote #afj in the prison of ,niort1 where her father was confined4 ,his life had been full of adventure and crime1 and he was unworthy of the faithful and affectionate wife who shared his imprisonment4 ,he changed his religious profession several times1 but at the moment of ,frances' birth he called himself ,protestant4 ,the child accordingly was baptized in the ,calvinist church of ,niort1 though her mother was a ,catholic1 and was placed under the charge of her aunt1 ,madame de ,vilette1 at ,murcay1 about a league from the prison4 ,the prisoner1 ,constant d',aubigne1 was at length released1 and being disinherited by his father for his ill conduct1 embarked a second time for ,america about the year #afdc1 ,footnote #afa taking with him his wife and children4 ,little ,frances suffered so much from the voyage that at one time she was thought to be dead1 and a sailor held her in his arms1 ready to sink her in a watery grave4 ,on ne revient pas as the ,bishop of ,metz said long after #hja to ,madame de ,maintenon1 de si loin pour pen de chose4 ,footnote #afb ,footnote #afj3 ,bonhomme1 p4 #bce4 ,footnote #afa3 ,ibid41 p4 #bcj4 ,footnote #afb3 ,one does not return from so far but for a great object4 ,notwithstanding her father's evil example1 there was enough in ,frances d',aubigne's ancestral remembrances to have dazzled her imagination in after life4 ,her aunt1 who had been her earliest instructress1 was a zealous ,protestant2 and her grandfather1 ,agrippa d',aubigne1 as a soldier1 a historian1 and a satirical poet1 was one of the first men of his day4 ,he had served ,henry ,,iv4 in various capacities1 and was used to address his royal master so freely as to reproach him for his change of religion4 ,one day1 when the king was showing a courtier his lip pierced by an assassin's knife1 d',aubigne said1 ,sire1 you have as yet renounced ,god only with your lips1 and he has pierced them2 if you renounce him in heart1 he will pierce your heart also4 ,frances' father died in ,martinique1 having lost all he had gained by gambling4 ,madame d',aubigne therefore returned to ,france1 and devoted herself to the education of her child4 ,she made her familiar with ,plutarch's ,lives1 and exercised her in composition4 ,she would gladly have kept the task of instruction to herself1 but poverty constrained her at last to resign ,frances with many fears into the hands of her aunt1 ,madame de ,vilette4 ,the effect of this transfer was her becoming imbued with ,calvinist tenets2 and when1 through the interference of the government1 ,footnote #afc she was removed from ,madame de ,vilette's care1 and made over to a ,catholic relative1 she proved very refractory1 and persisted in turning her back to the altar during mass4 ,various means of persuasion were tried in vain2 and it was not till the ,ursuline sisters in ,paris took her in hand that her scruples vanished1 and she consented to abjure her errors and to believe anything except that her aunt ,vilette would be damned4 ,in after-life she used often to say that her mother and several of the nuns had been very injudicious and severe with her1 and that1 but for the kindness and good sense of one lady in the convent1 she should probably never have embraced the ,catholic faith4 ,footnote #afc3 ,duc de ,noailles1 tome ,i41 p4 #gg4 ,only a few years passed before she had to choose between a conventual life and a distasteful marriage4 ,her mother was dead1 and the beautiful ,indian1 as she was called1 was left almost without resources4 ,she had become acquainted with the comic poet ,scarron1 and often visited him4 ,he was five-and-twenty years older than herself1 and hideously deformed4 ,a singular paralysis1 caused by quack medicines1 had deprived him of the use of his limbs1 his hands and mouth only being left free4 ,his satirical pieces had been very popular1 and1 though fixed to his chair1 he received a great deal of company1 and joked incessantly4 ,he was much struck by ,frances d',aubigne1 and appreciated her talents the more highly because mental culture was rapidly advancing1 and the conversation in drawing-rooms began to be rational4 ,his offer of marriage was accepted by her1 for she preferred1 as she said1 marrying him to marrying a convent4 ,in the summer of #afeb she became his bride4 ,such a union deserved a place in one of his own farces1 and gave little promise of happiness or virtue4 ,but the consequences were far different from what might have been expected4 ,a change for the better had taken place in public morals1 and ,madame ,scarron had no sooner a house of her own than she took a prominent part in the movement4 ,she carefully tended her helpless spouse2 brushed the flies from his nose when he could not use his fingers1 and administered to him the opiate draught without which he could not sleep4 ,she received his guests with a dignity beyond her years1 and her conduct was regulated on a plan of general reserve4 ,no one dared address her in words of double signification2 and one of the young men of fashion who frequented the house declared that he #hjb would sooner think of venturing on any familiarity with the queen than with ,madame ,scarron4 ,people saw that she was in earnest4 ,during ,lent1 she would eat a herring at the lower end of the table1 and retire before the rest4 ,so young and attractive1 in a capital of brilliant dissipation1 and with such a husband as ,scarron1 her example could not but have an effect4 ,meanwhile she cultivated her mind1 and learned ,italian1 ,spanish1 and ,latin4 ,she knew not what might be required of her1 for ,scarron's fortune was dwindling away1 and he had been compelled to resign the prebend of ,mans4 ,he was a lay-ecclesiastic1 and1 like many literary men of that day1 bore the title of abbe4 ,poverty again stared her in the face1 and the servant who waited at table had often to whisper1 ,madame1 no roast again to-day6 ,devoted to her husband's sick chamber1 she avoided society abroad1 and wrote1 only two years after her marriage1 letters which might have come from an aged saint on the brink of eternity4 ,all below is vanity1 she said1 and vexation of spirit4 ,throw yourself into the arms of ,god2 one wearies of all but him1 who never wearies of those who love him4 ,her enemies have strongly contested her virtue at this period1 and appealed to her intimacy with ,ninon de ,lenclos in proof of their allegations4 ,this modern ,leontium certainly frequented ,scarron's drawing-room and also 7such were the dissolute manners of the age7 that of most other celebrities in ,paris4 ,but the unhappy woman herself has left behind her an unquestionable testimony to ,madame ,scarron's purity4 ,in her youth1 she says1 she was virtuous through weakness of mind3 ,i tried to cure her of it1 but she feared ,god too much4 ,she had1 of course1 many admirers1 and she must needs have gone out of the world not to have them4 ,but to be admired and courted is one thing1 to yield and sin mortally is another4 ,it might be wished that ,madame ,scarron's name had never been mixed up with that of ,ninon1 to whom virtue was faibleese d'esprit but the freedom of her conduct must not be tried too severely by the stricter laws of propriety which prevail among us now4 ,she never forgot ,ninon1 corresponded with her at times1 aided her when she was in distress1 and was consoled by her dying like a ,christian at the age of #ij4 ,footnote #afd ,she who had boasted that ,epicurus was her model gave the closing years of her life to ,god4 ,footnote #afe ,footnote #afd3 ,in #agje4 ,footnote #afe3 ,duc de ,noailles1 tome i41 p4 #bjf4 ,madame ,scarron's resistance to the importunities of ,villarceaux was well known1 and is thus alluded to by ,bois-,robert in verses addressed to the marquis himself3 ,footnote #aff ,si c'est cette rare beaute ,qui tieut ton esprit enchaine1 ,marquis1 j'ai raison de te plaindre2 ,car son humeur est fort a craindre3 ,elle a presque autant de fierte ,qu'elle a de grace et de beaute4 ,footnote #aff3 ,marquis1 if it is this rare beauty who holds you in chains1 ,i have reason to pity you2 for she as of a temper much to be feared4 ,she has almost as much pride as she has grace and beauty4 ,but those who follow the course of ,madame de ,maintenon's interior life know perfectly well how to interpret what ,bois-,robert called haughtiness1 and ,ninon weakness of mind4 ,it is a matter of no small importance to rescue such characters from the foul grasp of calumny4 ,gilles ,boileau was the only one of her contemporaries while she was young who dared to throw out any suspicion against her honor1 but this he did evidently to avenge himself on ,scarron1 against whom he had a mortal pique4 ,a new era was dawning on ,france4 ,richelieu and ,mazarin had by their policy prepared the triumphs of monarchy2 ,turenne and ,conde had displayed their genius in war2 the great ministers and captains waited for the moment when their master should call them to his service2 and arts and letters were ready to embellish all with their rich coloring4 ,louis ,,xiv4 really mounted the throne in #affj1 and the glory and greatness of ,france rose #hjc with him4 ,pascal1 ,moliere1 ,la ,fontaine1 and ,boileau published their works almost at the same time4 ,racine presented to the king the first-fruits of his master mind1 and the voice of ,bossuet had already been heard from the pulpit4 ,scarron foresaw the brilliancy of the epoch1 but he saw also that his own end was nigh4 ,i shall have1 he said1 no cause for regret in dying1 except that ,i have no fortune to leave my wife1 who deserves more than ,i can tell1 and for whom ,i have every reason in the world to be thankful4 ,humorous to the last1 he made a jest of his sufferings1 and1 when seized with violent hiccough1 said if he could only get over it1 he would write a good satire upon it4 ,he died perfectly himself1 and was not even for a moment untrue to his character4 ,a few seconds before his end1 seeing those around him in tears1 he said1 ,you weep1 my children2 ah6 ,i shall never make you cry as much as ,i have made you laugh4 ,he had but one serious interval to give to death--that in which ,madame ,scarron caused him to fulfil his religious duties4 ,he had always been a ,christian1 and neither in his writings nor in his conversation had allowed anything prejudicial to religion to escape him4 ,a chaplain came every ,sunday to say mass at his house4 ,i leave you no fortune1 he said to his wife when dying1 and virtue will bring none3 nevertheless be always virtuous4 ,the point of this admonition must be gathered from the corruption of the times4 ,her mother's last words also had sunk deep into ,frances' memory1 for she had warned her to hope everything from ,god and to fear everything from man4 ,scarron died in #affj1 and was soon forgotten4 ,his name would now scarcely be known1 nor would any at this day be conversant with his comedies and satires but for the exalted position which his widow subsequently attained4 ,his immediate successors obeyed unconsciously the epitaph which he had himself composed1 and made no noise over the grave where poor ,scarron took his first night's rest4 ,passants1 ne faites pas de bruit1 ,de crainte que je ne m'eveille2 ,car voila la premiere nuit ,que le pauvre ,scarron sommeille4 ,footnote #afg ,footnote #afg3 ,poor ,scarron his first night of sleep enjoys3 ,hush1 passers-by1 nor wake him with your noise6 ,was there ever a more pathetic joke8 ,when ,mazarin died in #affa1 the young king summoned his council and said1 ,gentlemen1 ,i have hitherto allowed the affairs of state to be conducted by the late cardinal2 henceforward ,i intend to govern myself1 and you will aid me with your advice when ,i ask it4 ,from that day1 the face of society in ,france rapidly changed4 ,then1 as ,voltaire says1 the revolution in arts1 intellect1 and morals which had been preparing for half a century took effect1 and at the court of ,louis ,,xiv4 were formed that refinement of manners and those social principles which have since extended through ,europe4 ,the example long set by the ,hotel de ,rambouillet in ,paris was followed by many others1 and numerous salons which have since become matter of history united all that was most brilliant in genius and talent with much that was estimable for worth and even piety4 ,the first ten years of ,madame ,scarron's widowhood were passed in the midst of these elegant and intellectual circles4 ,the assemblies of ,madame de ,sevigne1 ,madame de ,coulanges1 ,louvois' cousin1 and ,madame de ,lafayette1 the novelist1 were1 with the hotels of ,albret and ,richelieu1 those which she principally frequented4 ,she was in great distress1 and her friends tried to obtain for her the pension her husband had once enjoyed4 ,but ,cardinal ,mazarin was inflexible4 ,he remembered the ,mazarinade1 in which ,scarron had satirized him1 and refused to grant any relief to his charming widow4 ,but she would be beholden to none for a subsistence4 ,she retired into the #hjd convent of the ,hospitalers1 where a relation lent her an apartment1 and lived for some time on a pittance she had hoarded4 ,the queen-mother then became interested in her behalf1 and a pension of ,l#ej a year was assigned her4 ,henceforward1 she said in a letter to ,madame d',albret1 ,i shall be able to labor for my salvation in peace4 ,i have made a promise to ,god that ,i will give one fourth of my pension to the poor4 ,she now removed to the ,ursuline convent1 where she lived simply and modestly1 but visited constantly1 and received1 as the sisters complained1 a furious deal of company4 ,her dress was elegant1 but of cheap materials1 and she managed by rare economy to keep a maid1 pay her wages1 and have a little over at the end of the year4 ,she might have accepted the ,marechal d',albret's offer of a home in her hotel1 but she preferred entire independence in her own humble asylum4 ,many a page could we fill with accounts of the friendships she formed at this period4 ,to epitomize her life is in one respect a painful task1 for the records we possess respecting her are equally interesting and copious4 ,she has found at last a biographer worthy of her1 and it is to the ,due de ,noailles' volumes we must refer those who long for further details than our space allows us to give4 ,he is the ablest champion of her honor that has yet appeared1 and refutes triumphantly the calumnies of the ,duc de ,saint ,simon by which so many have been deceived4 ,at the ,hotel d',albret ,madame ,scarron often met ,madame de ,montespan1 who soon after became the mistress of ,louis4 ,the two ladies had many tastes in common1 and an intimacy sprang up between them4 ,how strangely they became related to each other afterward we shall presently see4 ,meanwhile ,madame ,scarron was overtaken by another reverse4 ,the queen-mother died in #afff1 and with her the pension ceased4 ,many splendid mansions were eager to receive and entertain her1 but she declined them all as permanent abodes4 ,a rich and dissolute old man proposed to marry her1 and her friends unwisely seconded his overtures2 but she was proof against them1 and wrote to ,ninon to express her gratitude1 because the voice of that licentious woman alone was raised in approval of her conduct4 ,she was indignant at the comparison her friends made between the unworthy aspirant and her late husband1 and avowed her readiness to endure any hardships rather than sacrifice her liberty1 and entangle herself in an engagement which conscience could not approve4 ,constrained1 therefore1 by want1 she was about to expatriate herself1 and follow in the train of the ,duchesse de ,nemours1 who was affianced to the ,king of ,portugal4 ,it was a sore trial1 for none are more attached to their country1 none endure exile with less fortitude1 than the ,french4 ,she saw ,madame de ,montespan once more2 it was in the royal palace1 and that incident changed her destiny4 ,the future rivals met under conditions how different from those which were one day to exist6 ,madame de ,montespan1 though not yet the king's mistress1 was already in high favor1 and the patroness of that poor widow who was afterward1 by winning ,louis' esteem1 to supplant her in his affections1 and become1 all but in name1 ,queen of ,france4 ,through her mediation the forfeited pension was restored1 and we find her name in the list of ladies invited to a court fete in #afhh4 ,nevertheless1 her troubles withdrew her very much from the world1 and she thought for a time of adopting a religious habit4 ,indeed1 it is not impossible that she might actually have done so1 had she not been made averse to the step by the severity of her confessor1 the ,abbe ,gobelin4 ,with a view of mortifying her ambition to please and be admired1 he recommended her to dress still more plainly1 and be silent in company4 ,she obeyed1 and became so disagreeable to herself and others that she sometimes felt inclined to #hje renounce her habits of devotion4 ,footnote #afh ,she retired1 however1 to a small lodging in the ,rue des ,tournelles1 lived more alone1 and1 as she wrote to ,ninon1 read nothing but the ,book of ,job and the ,maxims4 ,footnote #afh3 ,duc de ,noailles1 tome i41 pp4 #caj-ab4 ,here fortune came to her relief4 ,the infidelities of ,louis ,,xiv4 are unhappily too well known4 ,suffice it in this place to say that ,madame de ,montespan bore him a daughter in #affi1 and a son1 afterward the ,duc du ,maine1 in #afgj4 ,circumstances required that the existence of these children should be concealed1 and their mother1 in whose heart the voice of conscience was never stifled1 bethought her of the good ,madame ,scarron as one who was well fitted to take charge of their education4 ,accordingly1 she was sounded on the subject4 ,the king's name was not mentioned1 but she was informed that the secret regarding the children was to be kept inviolate4 ,she hesitated1 refused1 reconsidered the matter1 and at last consented on condition that the king himself should command her services4 ,the office was far from dishonorable in the eyes of the world4 ,madame ,colbert1 the minister's wife1 had been intrusted with two of his majesty's children by ,madame de la ,valliere4 ,it was not on this point that ,madame ,scarron was anxious1 but she feared lest she should give scandal and entangle her conscience by a seeming indulgence to such immorality4 ,louis at last requested that she would be as a mother to his babes4 ,they were placed with a nurse in an obscure little house outside the walls of ,paris4 ,madame ,scarron was to live as before in her own lodgings1 but without losing sight of the infants4 ,it was a point of honor with her to observe the utmost secrecy4 ,she visited each of them separately1 for they were kept apart1 and passed in and out disguised as a poor woman1 and carrying linen or meat in a basket4 ,returning home on foot1 she entered by a private door1 dressed1 and drove to the ,hotel d',albret or ,richelieu to lull suspicion asleep4 ,when the secret was at length known1 she caused herself to be bled lest she should blush4 ,footnote #afi ,in two years' time the number of children had increased1 and a different arrangement was adopted4 ,a large house was purchased in the country1 not far from ,vaugirard1 and ,madame ,scarron1 now enjoying a certain degree of opulence1 established herself there1 and gave all her time to the task of education4 ,she was lost to the world1 and her friends deeply lamented her disappearance4 ,but she was sowing the seed of her future greatness4 ,the king1 who had a great love for his children1 often saw her when he visited them2 the aversion he had felt for her at first gradually melted away2 he admired her tender and maternal care of his offspring1 contrasted it with the comparative indifference of their own mother1 greatly increased her pension1 and1 having legitimized the ,duc du ,maine1 the ,count de ,vexin1 and ,mademoiselle de ,nantes in #afgc1 soon after appointed them with their gouvernante a place at court4 ,thus1 step by step1 without her own seeking1 she was led on to exercise a higher and most salutary influence on the king's moral character1 till1 in reward of her long-tried virtue1 she was ultimately to fix his wandering affections and effect his conversion2 an object which for so many years she had regarded as the end of her being4 ,she was nearly forty years of age when she entered on her duties in the palace2 and1 in that difficult and trying position1 she set the glorious example of one who was guided in all things by principle1 and who thought that the highest talents were best devoted to leading an irreproachable life4 ,she had a work before her1 and it was great4 ,she contributed to withdraw the king from his disorderly habits1 to restore him to the queen1 and to bring about a reformation of morals in a quarter where it #hjf had been most wantonly retarded by the royal example4 ,the king1 in that day1 was all in all4 ,the ideal of the government was royalty4 ,the ,fronde had died away1 and with it the power of the nobles4 ,that of the people1 in the sense in which it is now generally understood1 was unknown2 even infidels and scoffers scarcely dreamed of it4 ,the monarch1 like ,cyrus ,footnote #agj and the ,caesars1 believed himself something more than man4 ,diseases fled at his touch1 and he virtually set himself above all laws1 human and divine4 ,it needed the eloquence of a ,bossuet to convince ,louis that a priest had done his duty in refusing absolution to the mother of his illegitimate children1 ,footnote #aga ,the success of his arms enhanced his self-esteem1 and the atmosphere of his court was so tainted with corruption that ,madame ,scarron often sighed for retirement1 and resolved to flee from so perilous and painful a promotion4 ,her intercourse with ,madame de ,montespan was chequered with stormy dissensions1 and the jealousy of the latter became almost insupportable4 ,the education of the children was a constant subject of contention1 and ,madame ,scarron1 who knew that they would be ruined if left to their mother1 was not disposed to yield any of her rights4 ,but the ,duc du ,maine was the idol of his father and mother1 and this served to attach them both to the incomparable gouvernante1 who loved the boy with an affection truly maternal4 ,footnote #afi3 ,deuxieme ,entretien a ,saint-,cyr4 ,footnote #agj3 ,herodotus1 ,clio1 cciv4 ,footnote #aga3 ,duc de ,noailles1 tome i41 p4 #caf4 ,being disgusted with the court1 and having received from the king a present of #bjj1jjj francs1 she bought in #afgd the estate of ,maintenon1 about thirty miles from ,versailles1 with the intention of retiring thither4 ,but a rupture between the king and his favorite mistress was at hand1 and on this circumstance hinged ,madame ,scarron's future career4 ,in spite of his profligacy1 ,louis ,,xiv4 was at bottom religiously disposed4 ,his serious attention to business proved him to be a man of thought and reflection1 and1 when the great festivals came round1 it grieved him not to be in a condition to fulfil his religious duties4 ,the sermons of ,bourdaloue during the ,lent of #afge touched him1 and the expostulations of ,bossuet in private deepened their effect4 ,he resolved to dismiss ,madame de ,montespan1 and departed to join the army without seeing her4 ,i have satisfied you1 father1 he said to ,bourdaloue3 ,madame de ,montespan is at ,clagny4 ,yes1 sire1 replied the preacher2 but ,god would be better satisfied if ,clagny were seventy leagues from ,versailles4 ,meanwhile ,madame ,scarron1 with the ,duc du ,maine1 went to ,bareges1 and1 as the king had1 before creating her a marchioness1 graciously called her1 in presence of his nobles1 ,madame de ,maintenon1 we shall henceforward speak of her by the name which she bears in history4 ,the three most important personages in our drama were now separated4 ,the king1 at the head of his army1 received the letters of ,bossuet1 conjuring him to persevere in his promises of amendment1 while ,madame de ,montespan1 in her retreat1 was pressed by the same fervid eloquence to return to the path of virtue4 ,but the ,duc du ,maine was everywhere entertained as the king's son1 and fetes that vied with each other in splendor awaited him and his gouvernante everywhere4 ,so popular was the king1 so loyal his people1 that his vice passed for virtue or innocent gallantry4 ,bareges was not then what it has now become4 ,a few thatched cottages and one house with a slated roof were all it could boast4 ,madame de ,maintenon and her sick charge1 the little duke1 had but one room1 meanly furnished1 where he slept by her side4 ,the place was then scarcely known2 but the physician ,fagon had discovered it during his excursions among the ,pyrenees1 and1 by making ,madame de ,maintenon acquainted with the #hjg efficacy of its baths1 he raised it to importance and secured for himself fortune and renown4 ,here she received many letters from the king in attestation of his friendship2 and returning hence1 she visited ,niort and the prison where she was born1 the aunt she had so tenderly loved1 and the ,ursuline convent where she had first been schooled and supported by charity4 ,attentions were lavished on her in every quarter1 and many valuable records of her family fell into her hands4 ,among these was the life of her illustrious grandfather1 ,agrippa d',aubigne1 written by himself4 ,her reception by the king was more cordial than ever2 but the high favor in which she stood did not break her resolution to renounce a court life as soon as circumstances should permit4 ,she corresponded regularly with the ,abbe ,gobelin1 and often expressed her willingness to follow implicitly his advice4 ,madame de ,montespan regained her ascendancy1 at least in appearance2 but many thought that the king was fast becoming weaned from her1 through the new influence4 ,madame de ,maintenon exerted daily a more manifest empire4 ,everything1 as ,madame de ,sevigne wrote in #afgf1 yielded to her4 ,one attendant held the pommade before her on bended knee1 another brought her gloves1 and a third lulled her to sleep4 ,she saluted no one2 but those who knew her believed that she laughed in her heart at these formalities4 ,i desire more than ever1 she said to ,m4 ,gobelin1 to be away from this place2 and ,i am more and more confirmed in my opinion that ,i cannot serve ,god here4 ,madame de ,montespan1 during some years1 continued to be the recognized favorite2 but the beautiful ,fontanges divided with her the unenviable distinction till1 having just been made a duchess1 she died in the flower of her youth4 ,but amidst all this levity1 ,louis paid the severe ,madame de ,maintenon the most delicate attentions1 which failed not to excite the utmost indignation in the breast of the royal mistress4 ,at length1 in #afhj1 the dauphin espoused the daughter of the ,elector of ,bavaria1 and ,louis1 anxious to retain ,madame de ,maintenon in the service of the court1 made her lady of the bed-chamber to the dauphiness4 ,in this honorable office she was set free from the bondage she had endured4 ,she had now nothing in common with ,madame de ,montespan2 and she exchanged the apartments she had occupied for others immediately over those of the king1 where he could visit her at will1 and1 by her lively and flowing conversation1 refresh his mind when weary with business1 or jaded with pleasures that had long since begun to pall4 ,surrounded by minions of every sort1 it was something new to him to be addressed freely and without any selfish view4 ,this was the secret of ,madame de ,maintenon's power over his heart1 and he confessed the potency of the spell4 ,madame de ,montespan was visited less and less1 and ,louis passed hours every day in the apartments of the dauphiness1 where he found also her lady of the bed-chamber4 ,a cabal was formed by the deserted mistresses and some profligate ministers against the new and truly estimable object of ,louis' favor2 but their machinations failed4 ,the sovereign at last broke his chains1 and ,madame de ,montespan1 like ,ninon and ,la ,valliere1 made profit of the time which was allowed to her for repentance1 but which had been denied to ,fontanges4 ,the miserable death-bed of that young creature1 distracted by remorse1 but still clinging passionately to her unlawful love1 deeply affected the king1 ,footnote #agb and is said to have powerfully contributed to reclaim him from his evil habits4 ,the benign influence of ,madame de ,maintenon reunited him to the long abandoned queen1 who1 with all her exalted piety and ,christian virtue1 was deficient1 it must be confessed1 in tact and discernment1 as well as in those intellectual #hjh gifts which would have made her an acceptable companion to ,louis2 while her strict devotional practices and retiring habits--habits which her native modesty and timidity of character1 combined with her husband's neglect1 tended to confirm--may have had no small share in increasing his estrangement4 ,his evenings were now frequently spent with her2 and every member of the royal family was delighted with the happy change1 and grateful to her by whom it had been brought about4 ,the king himself found the paths of virtue to be those of peace1 and the finer parts of his character were displayed to advantage4 ,he had naturally a kind and feeling heart1 and was by no means that monster of selfishness and formality which historians so often make him4 ,footnote #agc ,footnote #agb3 ,gabourd1 ,histoire de ,france1 tome xiv41 p4 #dec1 note4 ,footnote #agc3 ,duc de ,noailles1 tome ii41 p4 #bh4 ,after the peace of ,nimeguen1 ,louis ,,xiv41 having seen his enterprises everywhere crowned with victory1 became intoxicated with his own greatness1 and arrogant toward foreign powers4 ,but the counsels of ,madame de ,maintenon tended to restrain his ambition and modify the defiant tone of his government4 ,she well knew that such an attitude1 beside being wrong in itself1 was the certain forerunner of formidable coalitions4 ,however lightly she might have thought of the ,prince of ,orange1 if singly matched with the greatest potentate of ,europe1 she wisely judged his talents and prowess capable of inflicting great injury on ,france if he were in union with exasperated allies4 ,while her hand thus nearly touched the helm of state1 it was busy as ever in dispensing private charities2 and it was about this time also that she founded an establishment at ,rueil which was the origin of ,saint-,cyr4 ,for the first time1 she said1 in a letter to her brother1 ,footnote #agd ,i am happy4 ,footnote #agd3 #bjth ,february1 #afhb4 ,in #afhc the queen died1 and ,louis1 who had become convinced of her merits too late1 wept over her when expiring and said1 ,it is the first trouble she has ever caused me4 ,madame de ,maintenon1 who had staid with her to the last1 was about to retire1 when the ,duc de la ,rochefoucauld1 taking her by the arm1 drew her toward the king1 saying1 ,it is no time1 madame1 to leave him3 he needs you in his present condition4 ,her position at court was now very embarrassing4 ,she was aware of the king's predilections1 and he was no less persuaded that she could be attached to him by none but virtuous ties4 ,the dauphiness requested her to accept the place of lady of honor1 but she steadily refused4 ,was it indeed that she aspired higher8 ,could she fancy for one moment that ,louis would exalt her to the rank of his wife8 ,an anecdote related by ,madame de ,caylus would lead us to suppose that the thought had crossed her mind1 and that the king himself had perhaps given her some pledge of his intentions4 ,madame de ,caylus was astonished at her declining a post of such high dignity4 ,would you1 asked her aunt1 rather be the niece of a lady of honor1 or the niece of one who refused to be such8 ,madame de ,caylus replied that she should look upon her who refused as immeasurably higher than her who accepted3 on which ,madame de ,maintenon kissed her4 ,she had given the right answer4 ,madame de ,montespan was still at court with her children1 but her day was gone by2 and she whose silent influence had wrought her overthrow never triumphed over her1 and even deemed it prudent to abstain from any overt attempt to prevent the king's seeing her4 ,the decorations at ,versailles were at this time conducted on such a scale as to make that spot one of the wonders of the world4 ,all ,europe was curious to see its gardens or read of their matchless splendor4 ,its fountains and cascades were never to be silent1 night or day1 and the waters of the ,eure were to supply them by means of a canal and aqueduct more than fourteen leagues in length4 #hji ,twenty-two thousand men worked on the line1 which traversed the estate and valley of ,maintenon4 ,the aqueduct was there supported by magnificent arcades1 and its entire cost1 without counting purchase of land1 was about nine millions of francs4 ,to the town of ,maintenon the very powerful and pious lady who bore its name was a great benefactress4 ,she obtained for it fairs and markets1 and founded in it a hospital and schools4 ,she rebuilt1 entirely at her own cost1 the church and presbytery1 as well as those of two adjoining parishes4 ,she brought thither ,normans and ,flemings to teach the villagers how to weave1 and distributed abundant alms to the poor and infirm4 ,the king staid at her chateau repeatedly1 and inspected the works that were rapidly advancing among the hills4 ,racine also was her guest about this period1 and was charmed with his visit4 ,here1 too1 in the very house where ,charles ,x41 and with him the direct ,bourbon line1 afterward ceased to reign1 was probably fixed that remarkable marriage of which we shall have much to record4 ,madame de ,maintenon was still beautiful1 though in her fiftieth year4 ,she was three years older than the king1 and the influence she exerted over him was no matter of surprise to those who were used to watch her radiant eyes and face beaming with animation and intelligence4 ,severe virtue gave additional dignity to her distinguished and graceful manners1 and1 while she yielded to none in conversational powers1 she was also a good listener4 ,the proud king found in her one to whom he could bow without humiliation1 and her conquest of his heart was a signal triumph of moral worth4 ,the marriage was private1 and the secrecy so well preserved that its date cannot be ascertained4 ,it is supposed to have taken place in #afhe1 and was celebrated by the ,archbishop of ,paris1 in the presence of ,pere la ,chaise2 ,bontemps1 a valet-de-chambre1 who served the mass2 and ,m4 de ,montchevreuil1 ,madame de ,maintenon's intimate friend4 ,a union satisfactory to her conscience was all she required1 and this being obtained1 she took the utmost pains to prevent the matter becoming public4 ,the court remained for some time in ignorance of the marriage2 but the fact is beyond all doubt1 and is dwelt on with little disguise by the ,bishop of ,chartres1 in letters to the king and his wife1 and by ,bourdaloue in his private instructions to the latter4 ,while ,saint-,simon denounces it as so profound a humiliation for the proudest of kings that posterity will never credit it1 ,voltaire1 with more good sense1 maintains that ,louis in this marriage in no degree compromised his dignity1 and that the court1 never having any certainty on the subject1 respected the king's choice without treating ,madame de ,maintenon as queen4 ,footnote #age ,there is not the slightest proof that ,louis ever contemplated sharing his throne with her openly1 and still less that her ambition extended so far4 ,in the passage we quoted from ,macaulay the reader will have observed that he introduces the fable with ,it was said4 ,he is1 in fact1 there following ,saint-,simon and the ,abbe de ,choisy1 ,footnote #agf whose ,memoirs are1 in this particular1 altogether at variance with ,madame de ,maintenon's character as revealed in her letters1 with the modesty and reserve which distinguished her in so high a station1 and with the impenetrable silence she always observed with regard to the fact of the king being her husband4 ,footnote #agg ,footnote #age3 ,siecle de ,louis ,,xiv41 tome ii4 ,footnote #agf3 ,livre vii4 ,footnote #agg3 ,duc de ,noailles1 tome ii41 pp4 #aca-b4 ,though living in the midst of the court1 her elevation was1 as ,voltaire says1 nothing but a retreat4 ,she restricted her society to a small number of female friends1 and devoted herself almost exclusively to the king4 ,no distinction marked her in public1 except that she occupied in chapel a gilded tribune made for the queen4 #haj ,louis spoke of her as ,madame1 and if the ,abbe de ,choisy may be trusted1 ,bontemps1 the valet1 addressed her in private as your majesty4 ,she was seldom seen in the reception-halls1 but the king passed all the time that was not occupied with public affairs in her apartment4 ,he rose at eight1 surrounded by his officers2 as soon as dressed1 he was closeted with his ministers1 with whom he remained till midday2 at half-past twelve he heard mass1 and in passing and repassing through the grand gallery1 to which the public was admitted1 might be addressed by any one who asked permission of the captain of his guards4 ,after mass1 he visited ,madame de ,montespan daily till the year #afia1 ,footnote #agh and staid with her till dinner was announced4 ,this was ordinarily about half-past one4 ,madame de ,maintenon1 though she supped in her own room1 dined always at the king's table1 sitting opposite him4 ,then followed shooting in the park1 which was his favorite amusement4 ,sometimes he hunted the stag1 the wolf1 or the wild boar2 but from the time he dislocated his arm in #afhc1 through his horse's stumbling over a rabbit-burrow1 he seldom went to the chase mounted1 but in a calash1 which he drove himself1 with some ladies1 and very often ,madame de ,maintenon4 ,banquets were spread in the woods1 and in the summer evenings gondolas with music plied on the canal1 and ,madame de ,maintenon's place was always in that of the king4 ,at six or seven he returned home1 and worked or amused himself till ten1 the hour for supper2 after which he passed an hour with his children1 lawful and legitimized1 his brother sitting in an arm-chair like himself1 the dauphin and the other princes standing1 and the princesses on tabourets4 ,during winter at ,versailles1 a ball1 a comedy1 or an appartement followed every evening in regular succession4 ,the appartement was an assembly of the entire court1 and sometimes ended with dancing1 after music1 chess1 billiards1 and all sorts of games4 ,footnote #agh3 ,duc de ,noailles tome ii41 p4 #adg1 note4 ,there was nothing in ,madame de ,maintenon's temper opposed to the ceaseless festivities of ,versailles1 ,marly1 and ,fontainebleau4 ,she heightened them1 indeed1 by the noble pleasures of the mind1 which her influence could not fail to introduce4 ,her style of dress was exquisite1 and elderly beyond what her age required2 and while she treated all around her with the utmost attention1 she was altogether free from airs of importance4 ,she rose between six and seven1 went straight to mass1 and communicated three or four times a week4 ,while she was dressing1 one of her attendants read the ,new ,testament or the ,imitation of ,jesus ,christ2 and during the rest of the day her movements were regulated by those of the king4 ,whenever she was at liberty1 she passed her mornings at ,saint-,cyr1 and ,louis came to her regularly several hours before supper4 ,she never went to him except when he was ill4 ,her income amounted to nearly four thousand pounds a year of our money2 and of this the larger part was given to the poor4 ,in vain the members of her family looked to her for promotion1 in vain they reproached her with forgetting the claims of kindred3 ,i refer you1 madam1 she wrote to the ,princesse des ,ursins1 to the valley of ,josaphat to see whether ,i have been a bad kinswoman4 ,i may be deceived1 but ,i believe ,i have done as ,i ought1 and that ,god has not placed me where ,i am to persecute him continually for whom ,i wish to procure that repose which he does not enjoy4 ,no1 madam1 it is only in the vale of ,josaphat that the reasons for my conduct toward my relatives will be apparent4 ,meanwhile1 ,i conjure you not to condemn me4 ,footnote #agi ,footnote #agi3 ,letter of #afth ,february1 #agaj4 ,the poor and unfortunate had no cause for similar complaints4 ,she gave away between two and three #haa thousand pounds a year4 ,during the scarcity of #afid1 having parted with all she had1 she sold a beautiful ring and a pair of horses1 to supply the wants of the sufferers4 ,distribute my alms1 she wrote to her steward1 as quickly as you can4 ,spare no pains1 and repine at no difficulty4 ,circumstances require unusual charities4 ,see if peas1 beans1 milk1 and barley-meal1 if anything1 in short1 will supply the place of the bread which is so dear4 ,do in my house as you would in your own family4 ,i leave it in your charge4 ,incite the people to courage and to labor4 ,if they do not sow1 they will reap nothing next year4 ,she often visited the needy1 and relieved their wants with her own hand4 ,she would put off buying anything for herself to the last moment1 and then say1 ,there1 ,i have taken that from the poor4 ,her charity inspired others with the spirit of self-denial1 and the king and his chief almoner often dispensed their bounty through her4 ,but neither poor nor rich diverted her attention from ,louis4 ,to his ease1 his tastes1 his sentiments--even when they shocked her--his time1 and his very friendships1 she sacrificed everything4 ,he was her vocation2 and her own friends could not1 as she said1 but look upon her as dead to them4 ,to her the king confided all2 and thus the cares of state1 the perils of war1 the intrigues of the court1 cabals1 petitions1 private interests1 and even family disputes1 were continually rolling their din at her feet4 ,princes1 princesses1 ministers1 and a crowd of persons anxious to secure their own interests1 forced themselves upon her1 and broke up all the pleasures of solitude and society1 of study1 meditation1 and correspondence1 for which she pined4 ,but she had counted the cost1 and bore with equanimity the absence of that perfect happiness which she never expected to attain on earth4 ,the honors which encircled her were brilliant fetters1 and galled her no less because they glittered4 ,i can hold out no longer1 she said one day to her brother1 ,count d',aubigne2 ,i would that ,i were dead6 ,the sense of duty was her abiding strength1 and she derived consolation from reflecting that her elevation was not of her own seeking4 ,the path by which she had been led was strange--so strange that she could not but believe she had a divine mission to accomplish4 ,it was easy to interpret her conduct in a worldly and ambitious sense2 but when1 since the ,master of the house was called ,beelzebub1 have the children of his household been rightly understood8 ,whatever is in the heart comes out sooner or later in the writings1 and those who read ,madame de ,maintenon in her letters1 will be in no doubt as to what were her guiding principles4 ,always true to herself1 she was an enigma to those only who had not the key to her true character4 ,the year of her marriage was signalized by one of the most important legislative acts in the history of modern ,europe4 ,this was the revocation of the edict of ,nantes1 by which1 eighty-seven years before1 ,henry ,,iv4 had1 shortly after his abjuration of ,protestantism1 terminated a long civil war by granting to the ,calvinists freedom of religious worship and admission to offices of state4 ,the edict itself was as contrary to the spirit of that age as it would be consonant with the ideas of this4 ,those who regarded each other respectively as idolaters and heretics had not yet learned to live together in social and political brotherhood4 ,the popes and saintly doctors of those times looked on such fraternity with horror1 and foresaw that1 if it became general1 indifference and widespread infidelity would be its certain results4 ,events have justified their anticipations2 and though it may be doubted whether this or that act of intolerance1 such as the revocation of the edict in question by ,louis ,,xiv41 were wise and expedient under the circumstances1 it ought never to be forgotten that the establishment and maintenance of ,catholic unity in a #hab kingdom redounds1 abstractly considered1 to the glory of a ,christian prince4 ,to this glory the government of ,louis aspired2 and while it is clear from ,madame de ,maintenon's correspondence that she took no active part in the matter1 it is evident also that she approved it1 as did the nation in general4 ,voltaire concurs with the ,duc de ,noailles in exonerating her from the charge of having instigated the revocation and applauded its results4 ,no traces of a spirit of persecution can be discovered in her character4 ,nothing can exceed the sweetness of disposition with which she reproved her brother1 when governor of ,cognac1 for having treated the ,calvinists with needless severity4 ,have pity1 she wrote1 on persons more unfortunate than culpable4 ,they hold the errors we once held ourselves1 and from which violence never withdrew us4 ,do not disquiet them2 such men must be allured by gentleness and love3 ,jesus ,christ has set us the example4 ,footnote #ahj ,ruvigny1 a ,protestant1 afterward made ,earl of ,galway by ,william ,,iii41 spoke of her to the king as one who had a leaning to the ,reformed religion2 and though nothing could be more untrue1 it shows that her zeal as a ,catholic could not have been intemperate4 ,the king himself told her that her tenderness toward the ,huguenots came1 he thought1 of her having formerly been one of them2 and the historians of the ,french refugees in ,brandeburg1 ,erman and ,reclam1 allow that she never advised the violent measures that were used1 and declare that she abhorred the persecutions consequent on the revocation4 ,the authors of them1 they add1 concealed them from her as far as possible1 knowing that she desired the adoption of no other means but instruction and kindness4 ,footnote #aha ,in her conversations with the sisters at ,saint-,cyr1 her language was always in conformity with these statements4 ,the king1 she told them1 who had a wonderful zeal for religion1 pressed her to dismiss some ,huguenots from her service1 or oblige them to enter the fold of the ,church4 ,i pray you1 sire1 she replied1 to let me be mistress of my own domestics1 and manage them in my own way4 ,accordingly1 she never pressed them to renounce their errors4 ,she showed them the more excellent way when ever she had an opportunity1 and in good time had the satisfaction of seeing them all embrace the ,catholic faith4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,lettre a ,m4 d' ,aubigne1 #afhb4 ,footnote #aha3 ,tome i41 p4 #gg4 ,if1 then1 ,madame de ,maintenon applauded the revocation of the edict of ,nantes1 she must not be held responsible for the forced conversions1 the dragonades1 imprisonments1 and emigration in which it issued4 ,her approval must be interpreted in the same sense as the brief addressed to ,louis by ,innocent ,,xi41 ,footnote #ahb in which the pontiff congratulated him on revoking all the ordinances issued in favor of heretics throughout his kingdom1 and providing1 by very sage edicts1 for the propagation of the orthodox faith4 ,the immunities granted to the ,calvinists by ,henry ,,iv4 involved1 according to ,ranke1 a ,protestant historian1 a degree of independence which seems hardly compatible with the idea of a state4 ,footnote #ahc ,religious dissent naturally engendered political disaffection4 ,the ,protestant assemblies in the time of ,louis ,,xiii4 endeavored to establish a kind of federal republic4 ,six times during that king's reign the ,calvinists took up arms4 ,richelieu maintained that nothing great could be undertaken so long as the ,huguenots had a footing in the kingdom4 ,they formed a treaty with ,spain1 with a view to their independence1 and were regarded by the nation at large as a public enemy4 ,footnote #ahb3 #acth ,november1 #afhe4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,lives of the ,popes1 vol4 ii41 p4 #dci4 ,zealously as ,madame de ,maintenon labored for the conversion of her own relatives--particularly ,m4 de ,vilette and his children--it is no wonder that she concurred with the king1 the clergy1 and the people in thinking that the #hac time was come to withdraw from the ,protestants of ,france privileges dangerous to religion and to the state1 and to concert more effective measures for their conversion4 ,she held with ,bossuet that a ,christian prince ought to use his authority for the destruction of false religions in his realm1 and that he is at liberty to employ rigorous measures1 but that gentleness is to be preferred4 ,footnote #ahd ,she believed with ,fenelon that the religious toleration which is necessary in one country may be dangerous in another--for the mild and loving prelate of ,cambray agreed at bottom with the sterner ,bossuet on this subject4 ,footnote #ahe ,whether subsequent events vindicated the political expediency of the revocation2 whether the evils it produced were not greater than the good it proposed2 whether those who recommended it would not1 if furnished with our experience1 have wished it had never been carried into effect--are questions of great importance and interest1 but foreign to the purpose of this paper4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,politique tiree de l',ecriture ,sainte1 livre vii4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,essai sur le ,gouvernement civil1 tome xxii4 ,we have more than once alluded to ,saint-,cyr1 and it is time now to give some account of the origin and nature of that noble institution1 which perished with the monarchy and old aristocracy of ,france1 on which it depended1 and of which it was a support4 ,like most other great works1 its beginnings were small4 ,before ,madame de ,maintenon was raised so near the throne1 she used often to meet at the ,chateau de ,montchevreuil an ,ursuline sister named ,madame de ,brinon1 whose convent had been ruined4 ,devoted to the work of education1 this lady spent her days in giving instruction to some children in the village4 ,her resources being very low1 ,madame de ,maintenon intrusted her with the care of several children whom she charitably maintained1 and often visited them and their mistress1 first at ,rueil1 and afterward at ,noisy1 where the king placed a chateau at her disposal1 and enabled her to enlarge the establishment4 ,the daughters of poor gentlemen were then admitted to the school4 ,the king1 returning from the chase one day1 paid them an unexpected visit1 and was so pleased with all he saw that ,madame de ,maintenon had little difficulty in inducing him to extend his royal patronage much further1 and provide means whereby two hundred and fifty young ladies1 of noble birth and poor fortunes1 might be instructed1 clothed1 and fed1 from the age of seven or twelve years to twenty4 ,the domain of ,saint-,cyr was purchased2 and twelve young persons belonging to the establishment1 and destined for the most part to a religious life1 were selected as mistresses to direct the larger institution4 ,they entered on their duties after a noviciate of nine months1 and were called ,dames de ,saint ,louis4 ,their vows were simple1 had reference to the purpose in hand1 and were not binding for life4 ,the young ladies were nominated by the king1 and were required to prove their poverty and four degrees of nobility on the father's side4 ,the final transfer of the revenues of the abbey of ,st4 ,denis to the establishment of ,saint-,cyr was not approved by the ,holy ,see till after some years1 in consequence of the dispute existing between ,louis and the court of ,rome4 ,in #afhi1 however1 ,alexander ,,viii4 formally authorized the foundation1 and in the ,february of the next year addressed a suitable brief to ,madame de ,maintenon1 expressing the warm interest he felt in her undertaking4 ,madame de ,brinon was elected superior for life1 but1 as she did not altogether second the designs of the foundress1 relaxed the rules1 and introduced amusements which were thought too worldly1 a change became necessary4 ,it was not without much patience on the part of ,madame de ,maintenon that the difficulties were at last overcome4 ,madame de ,montchevreuil1 their mutual friend1 was charged with a lettre de cachet by which the king commanded ,madame de ,brinon to quit #had ,saint-,cyr4 ,she retired to the abbey of ,maubisson1 of which the ,princess ,louisa of ,hanover was abbess1 and there passed the remainder of her days in honorable retirement1 and in the enjoyment of a small pension4 ,she was fond of great personages1 and of playing an important part1 and this feeling led to her becoming the intermediary between ,leibnitz and ,bossuet1 in a correspondence which aimed at the reunion of ,catholics and ,protestants1 and which1 as might have been expected1 produced no results4 ,after ,madame de ,brinon's departure1 ,madame de ,maintenon devoted herself more and more to her important enterprise4 ,as the young ladies were educated for home and the world1 not the cloister1 they were indulged occasionally with dramatic representations4 ,this gave rise to two of ,racine's finest pieces4 ,having been requested by ,madame de ,maintenon to invent some moral or historical poem in dialogue1 from which love should be excluded1 he produced ,esther1 which was first acted at ,saint-,cyr in #afhi1 in presence of the king4 ,his majesty was charmed2 the prince wept4 ,racine had never written anything finer1 or more touching4 ,esther's prayer to ,assuerus transported the audience4 ,madame de ,sevigne only lamented that a little girl personated that great king4 ,numerous representations followed1 and crowds of eager spectators1 courtiers1 ecclesiastics1 literati1 and religious sat beside the ex-king and queen of ,england1 to hear the pure and harmonious verses of ,racine recited by the young1 the innocent1 and the beautiful1 to the richest and softest music ,moreau could compose4 ,this success was but the forerunner of a still greater4 ,at the request of ,louis1 ,racine wrote another tragedy the following year--viz41 ,athalie2 in the opinion of ,french critics the most perfect of all tragedies4 ,but the excitement attending the play of ,esther had been too great to allow of a renewal of the experiment4 ,the comedy1 as it was called1 of ,athalie was performed therefore by the blue class1 without stage or costume1 in presence only of the king1 ,madame de ,maintenon1 ,james ,,ii41 and six or seven other persons1 among whom was ,fenelon4 ,in the midst of such amusements1 pride and frivolity crept into ,saint-,cyr1 and ,madame de ,maintenon became convinced that she had allowed its pupils more freedom than they could enjoy without abuse4 ,reform was indispensable4 ,the ,dames de ,saint ,louis took monastic vows under the rule of ,st4 ,augustin4 ,no effort was spared to inculcate piety and make religion loved4 ,bossuet and ,fenelon were frequently invited to address the young people4 ,one of the sermons thus delivered is found in the works of ,bossuet1 but the original manuscript is said to be in the handwriting of the ,archbishop of ,cambray4 ,it bears1 in fact1 the impress of their twofold genius1 but the pathos of its style stamps it as more peculiarly the production of ,fenelon4 ,footnote #hf ,footnote #ahf3 ,duc de ,noailles1 tome iii41 p4 #adj4 ,the ,duc de ,saint-,simon1 incapable of mastering ideas of a religious order1 carps and jeers at ,madame de ,maintenon as one who thought herself an universal abbess4 ,those who carefully examine the annals of ,saint-,cyr1 and weigh the difficulties that arose from the various characters of the superiors chosen1 the tendency at one time to relax and at another to overstrain the religious education of the pupils1 will arrive at the conclusion that few ladies in an exalted position1 and in the midst of all that is most worldly1 ever possessed so much of that wise and loving spirit of government which should distinguish an abbess1 as the wife1 friend1 companion1 and counsellor of ,louis ,,xiv4 ,one might almost say that ,saint-,cyr was the passion of her life4 ,when at ,versailles she went there daily1 and often arrived at six in the morning4 ,the young ladies1 scarcely yet awake1 had the joy of seeing her beloved and #hae revered figure among them in the sleeping apartments2 and she frequently helped to dress the little ones and comb their hair1 with unaffected and maternal kindness4 ,the unremitting attention she gave to the establishment was soon rewarded1 and its beneficial effects on society were placed beyond all doubt4 ,the pupils and mistresses alike of ,saint-,cyr were held in great esteem1 and many of them1 scattered through the kingdom1 filled important educational and conventual posts2 while in ,hungary1 ,austria1 ,russia1 and the ,milanese1 institutions were formed on its model4 ,by interesting the king in its details1 and inducing him to visit it very often1 ,madame de ,maintenon partly secured the other great aim of her existence1 namely1 his amusement4 ,of all the errors that have1 from time to time1 insinuated themselves into the minds of ,catholics1 none has worn a more plausible and poetic aspect than ,quietism4 ,it crept into ,saint-,cyr under the auspices of ,madame de la ,maisonfort1 a person of a peculiarly imaginative and mystic temperament4 ,she discoursed with like fluency with ,racine and ,fenelon1 and always appeared brimful of intelligence and devotional feelings4 ,madame de ,maintenon had received her as a friend1 and hailed with delight her resolution to adopt a religious habit and become one of the ,dames de ,saint ,louis4 ,she made her profession in #afib1 and by moderating her vivacity for a time deceived others1 and perhaps herself also4 ,errors akin to those of ,molinos were then spreading fast1 and ,madame ,guyon1 their chief propagandist1 happened to be a relation of ,madame de la ,maisonfort4 ,when the former lady was arrested for the first time in #afhh1 her kinswoman and ,madame de ,maintenon interceded for her4 ,after this she often visited ,saint-,cyr1 and gradually became intimate with the ladies engaged in the institution4 ,her manuscripts were eagerly read1 and a chosen few who were first initiated in their mysteries inoculated others with the subtle poison1 until all the novices1 one confessor1 the lay-sisters1 and many under instruction1 abandoning themselves1 as they believed1 to the sole guidance of the ,holy ,spirit1 practiced all kinds of mystic devotion1 talked incessantly the pious jargon of ,quietism1 looked down upon those who could not embrace the new tenets1 and strangely forgot their vows of obedience to superiors4 ,nothing was heard but the praises of pure love1 holy indifference1 inactive contemplation1 passive prayer1 and that entire abandonment of one's self to ,god which exempts us from caring about anything1 and even from being anxious about our own salvation4 ,footnote #ahg ,fenelon1 by his intimacy with ,madame ,guyon1 whose director he was1 lent life and vigor to these extravagant ideas4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,madame ,guyon herself disowned many of the monstrous conclusions of the ,quietists1 while her own opinions were in excess of those of ,fenelon4 ,his elevation to the see of ,cambray1 in #afie1 was regarded by them as the triumph of their cause1 and ,saint-,cyr bade fair to rival ,port ,royal as a stronghold of suspected tenets4 ,but episcopal authority interfered at last1 and through the remonstrances of the ,bishop of ,chartres1 ,madame ,guyon was dismissed1 and her books were forbidden4 ,she continued1 however1 to correspond with the inmates of ,saint-,cyr2 and when1 in ,december1 #afie1 she was imprisoned anew1 they exhorted each other to remain firm and endure the coming persecution4 ,bossuet himself1 at the request of ,madame de ,maintenon1 now fully alive to the danger1 came to assist in extinguishing the nascent error1 while ,fenelon1 on the contrary1 defended his own and ,madame ,guyon's opinions from what he considered to be exaggerated charges1 and wrote his famous ,maximes des ,saints in opposition to ,bossuet's ,etats d' ,oraison4 ,it is a question whether ,bossuet was not led1 in the zeal of his antagonism1 to make indefensible statements of a different tendency4 ,fenelon1 in fact1 charged him with so doing1 and the spirit #haf displayed by the ,bishop of ,meaux in defending himself and prosecuting the condemnation of his former friend1 does not present the most pleasing incident in the great ,bossuet's career4 ,perhaps ,fenelon has won more glory by his ready and humble submission to the ultimate decision of the ,holy ,see than has ,bossuet by his zeal in procuring a just censure on ,fenelon's errors4 ,the temper and ability with which ,fenelon pleaded his cause began to enlist public opinion in his favor4 ,he utterly disclaimed all participation in the errors of ,quietism1 and said he could easily have calmed the heated minds of the sisters of ,saint-,cyr1 and have brought them in all docility under their bishop's yoke4 ,footnote #ahh ,but ,bossuet invoked the authority of the king1 the decision of his brother prelates1 and the judgment of the ,holy ,see4 ,the ,bishop of ,chartres1 on making a personal inquiry into the state of things1 required that not only ,madame ,guyon's writings1 but those of ,fenelon himself1 should be delivered into his hands4 ,whatever the merits of the question in other respects1 and whatever opinion may be formed of the respective teaching of these two great men1 there can be no doubt that the ,maximes des ,saints had fostered prevailing errors4 ,the king expressed great displeasure at the course events had taken1 and by a lettre de cachet in #afih ordered ,madame de la ,maisonfort and another lady to quit the establishment1 and all other infected persons to be removed4 ,they passed the night in tears in the superior's apartment2 and the next day ,madame de ,maintenon come to console the community for their loss4 ,if she erred at all throughout this perplexing affair1 it was by over-indulgence and by forbearing too long4 ,when her duty became clear and imperative1 she was never undecided1 nor showed any inclination to encourage novelties in religion4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,duc de ,noailles1 tome iii41 p4 #bda4 ,a history of ,madame de ,maintenon1 however detailed1 must always be wanting in those personal traits which distinguish most striking biographies1 and this for the simple reason that her habits and disposition were retiring1 and her daily effort was to throw a veil over herself4 ,that her influence in the long run was enhanced by this modesty1 no one can doubt2 yet it is not on that account the less true1 that in the scenes through which she passed it is difficult to seize and depict her individually4 ,we must1 nevertheless1 endeavor to give some idea of her relations with the royal family1 by some of whom she was beloved1 by others hated1 and by all held in high consideration4 ,monsieur1 the king's brother1 liked and respected her for ,louis' sake1 to whom he was sincerely attached2 but it was far otherwise with ,madame4 ,a ,bavarian by birth1 she was completely ,german in her tastes1 and in the midst of ,parisian splendor sighed for her home beyond the ,rhine4 ,she was1 she said1 a hermit in a crowd1 and passed her days in utter loneliness4 ,she was a ,protestant at heart1 intensely masculine1 and had little sympathy with ,madame de ,maintenon's quiet mode of life4 ,so fond was she of the chase1 that she continued to follow it1 though she had been thrown from her horse six-and-twenty times4 ,madame de ,maintenon was her special aversion1 and this antipathy arose principally from her national prejudices against unequal marriages4 ,the king's wife was1 in her view1 an upstart1 and the credit she had obtained at court did not diminish this impression4 ,she spoke with contempt of her piety as mere hypocrisy1 and laid to her charge every species of enormity4 ,she had pandered to the dauphin's profligacy2 killed the dauphiness by means of her accoucheur2 led the young ,duchess of ,bourgogne into sin2 monopolized corn during a famine to enrich herself2 and never dreamed of anything but her own pleasures and ambition2 she had poisoned ,louvois and1 nobody knew why1 the architect ,mansart2 she1 with ,pere #hag la ,chaise1 had instigated the persecution of the ,protestants2 she had set fire to the chateau of ,luneville2 and1 from her retreat at ,saint-,cyr1 fomented conspiracies against the regent6 ,truly the poison of asps was under the lips of ,madame ,elizabeth of ,bavaria4 ,the dauphiness1 on the other hand1 neglected by her dissolute husband1 made ,madame de ,maintenon her friend1 and found consolation in pouring her troubles into her ear1 and listening in return to her sage and tender counsels4 ,after ten years of sickness and sorrow in her married life1 she died of consumption in #afij4 ,see1 said the king to her unworthy partner1 what the grandeur of this world comes to6 ,this is what awaits you and me4 ,god grant us the grace to die as holily as she has done6 ,the pages of ,french history present few pictures more replete with grandeur and interest than the retreat of the great ,conde at ,chantilly4 ,crowned with the laurels of a hundred victories1 the princely veteran there gathered around him a more distinguished staff than had ever sat in his councils of war--men who1 endued with intellectual might and moral greatness1 were to achieve lasting conquests in the realm of mind4 ,profoundly skilled himself in history1 philosophy1 art1 science1 and even theology1 he loved to entertain those who1 in various ways1 had devoted their lives to the triumph of knowledge and reflection over ignorance and sensuality4 ,all that was noblest in birth and cultivated in mind met together in his orangeries1 and sauntered among his gardens and fountains4 ,there the most eminent prelates of their time were seen side by side with the greatest dramatists1 historians1 and poets4 ,there was ,flechier and ,fleury2 there ,la ,fontaine1 ,boileau1 and ,moliere2 there ,rapin and ,huet1 ,la ,bruyere and ,bossuet4 ,there wit sparkled and wisdom shone as incessantly as the jets and cascades that rose and fell in light and music by night and day4 ,thither came often the entire court1 and with it ,madame de ,maintenon1 a star among stars1 brilliant but retiring1 to enhance the glory of the illustrious and aged chief4 ,there1 honored by the king and closeted with him daily1 as at ,versailles and elsewhere1 she could not fail to receive the willing homage of every member of the house of ,conde4 ,there1 too1 after the general's death1 she saw her former pupil1 the king's daughter1 ,mademoiselle de ,nantes1 espoused to ,conde's grandson2 and thus1 as time went on1 she watched the career of those whom she had educated1 and who formed the more noble alliances because the king had raised them to the rank of royal princesses4 ,never did any lady occupy a more remarkable and in some respects a more enviable position than herself4 ,there never was a case like it1 says ,madame de ,sevigne1 and there never will be such a one again4 ,she united the most opposite conditions4 ,by her union with ,louis she was all but queen1 and by her admirable tact exerted over state affairs a far greater influence than belongs in general to a sovereign's consort4 ,she had been the servant of that very king of whom she was now the helpmate2 a wise instructress to his children1 and a mother in her affection and care4 ,at one moment she was acting abbess1 controlling the complicated irregularities which had crept into the religious and secular economy of ,saint-,cyr1 and at another she was mediating as peace-maker in the family quarrels and petty jealousies of pampered courtiers1 or by her sage counsels arresting the ravages of war1 and rescuing harmless populations from the scourge of fire and sword4 ,children loved to hear her voice1 and hung upon her smiles2 the poor and afflicted were fain to touch the hem of her garment1 for they felt that virtue went forth from her2 none were so great as to look down upon her2 none so lowly as to think that she despised them4 ,her sovereignty over others was that to which men render the most willing obedience--the sovereignty1 not merely of station or #hah intellect1 but of character of sterling worth1 of wisdom learned in the school of suffering1 of virtue tried like gold in the fire4 ,as ,madame de ,maintenon's talents and merits prevented her being lost in a crowd of courtiers1 or in any way identified with them1 so1 on the other hand1 her affectionate disposition kept her from being isolated and closing herself round against any intrusion of private friendship4 ,so far from it1 she had with her a select group of ladies who were called her familiars1 who shared with her1 in a measure1 the king's intimacy1 accompanied her in her walks and drives at ,marly1 and were her guests at the dinners and suppers she gave at ,versailles and ,trianon4 ,they were in some sort her ladies of honor1 though1 like herself1 without any visible distinction4 ,of these the principal were ,madame de ,montchevreuil and ,madame d',heudicourt1 both old friends1 and with them nine others1 among whom were her two nieces1 ,mesdames de ,mailly and de ,caylus4 ,to each of these a history attaches2 for the constant companions of so extraordinary a woman could not but have special attractions and remarkable qualities4 ,there were in this number those who had drunk deeply of the intoxicating cup of worldly pleasure1 and having drained its poisonous dregs1 thirsted for the fountain of living waters4 ,it was ,madame de ,maintenon's especial care to encourage such friends in their heavenly aspirations1 and lead them1 in the midst of the court1 to enter the devotional life4 ,often she called the fervent ,fenelon to her assistance1 and his letters addressed to ,madame de ,grammont are a lasting proof of the readiness with which he answered to the call4 ,if1 as all her contemporaries assure us1 it was impossible to combine more that was pleasing and solid in conversation than did ,madame de ,maintenon--if1 in her case1 reason1 as ,fenelon expressed it1 spoke by the lips of the ,graces--how admirable must she have appeared when she directed her powers of persuasion to the highest and most blessed of all ends6 ,neither pen nor pencil can adequately recall the charms which surrounded her2 but the captive heart of ,louis and the unanimous voice of the richest and most lettered court in ,europe attest their reality and power4 ,in her ceaseless efforts to amuse the king1 his immortal interests were never lost sight of2 and if she spoke to him comparatively seldom on the subject1 it was because it occupied all her thoughts4 ,out of the abundance of the heart the lips are often mute4 ,in #afhf ,louis suffered extreme pain and incurred great danger from a tumor1 which at last required an operation4 ,this circumstance brought ,madame de ,maintenon's capacity for nursing into full play4 ,it was she who watched by his bedside1 and alleviated the sufferings of the nation's idol4 ,the surgery of that day was wretched1 and the operation for fistula which had to be performed was attended with great danger4 ,intense solicitude prevailed through the country2 for1 in spite of all efforts to prevent anxiety1 the report spread rapidly that the king's life was in peril4 ,the churches were thronged1 and the people's attachment found vent in prayer4 ,the royal patient alone was unmoved4 ,the grande operation1 as it was called1 had been decided on six weeks previously1 and the evening before it was to take place he walked in his gardens as usual1 and then slept soundly through the night1 as if nothing were to happen4 ,on waking he commended himself to ,god1 and submitted to the painful operation with the utmost coolness4 ,louvois held his hand1 and ,madame de ,maintenon was in the room4 ,in the afternoon he sent for his ministers1 and continued to hold councils daily1 though the surgeon's knife cruelly renewed the incisions several times4 ,it is in ,god1 wrote ,madame de ,maintenon1 that we must place our trust2 for men know not what they say1 nor what they do4 ,the fourteen physicians of #hai ,charles ,,ii4 were still more unskilful in his last illness1 ,footnote #ahi and justify equally the opinion of the ,northern ,farmer3 ,doctors1 they knaws nowt1 for a says what's nawways true3 ,naw soort a' koind o' use to saaey the things that a do4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,the king was in a chair--they had placed a hot iron on his head1 and they held his teeth open by force4 ,agnes ,strickland's ,lives of the ,queens of ,england2 vol4 viii41 p4 #ddg4 ,a loathsome volatile salt1 extracted from human skulls1 was forced into his mouth4 ,macaulay's ,history of ,england1 chap4 iv44 #afhe4 ,in the case of ,louis1 however1 the operator ,felix answered to his name4 ,a cure was effected1 and the kingdom was filled with demonstrations of joy4 ,every one1 as ,madame de ,maintenon wrote1 was in raptures4 ,father ,bourdaloue preached a most beautiful sermon4 ,toward the close he addressed the king4 ,he spoke to him of his health1 his love for his people1 and the fears of his court4 ,he caused many tears to be shed2 he shed them himself4 ,it was his heart that spoke1 and he touched all hearts4 ,you know well what ,i mean4 ,after dining with the citizens of ,paris at the ,hotel de ,ville1 ,louis drove through every quarter amid the loudest acclamations4 ,the king1 wrote his wife again1 has never been in such a good humor as since he has witnessed the enthusiastic love the capital bears toward him4 ,i very much like his sentiments3 perhaps they will inspire him with the design of relieving his people4 ,absolute as the sovereignty of ,louis was1 his subjects delighted in his rule4 ,he was the last of a long line who1 century after century1 had formed the nation out of the confusion of feudal times1 and had1 of all kings1 the best right to say1 if indeed he ever did say1 ,footnote #aij ,l'etat1 c'est moi6 ,footnote #aij3 ,see ,duc de ,noailles1 tome iii41 p4 #ffh4 ,in him the state was summed up1 and the kingdom was impersonated in him4 ,the soldier expiring on the battlefield cried ,vive le roi6 and vessels have gone down at sea with the entire crew shouting the same words2 for ,vive le roi6 was1 in their minds1 equivalent to ,vive la ,france6 ,the government of ,louis ,,xiv41 though despotic1 was1 on the whole1 marked by moderation1 particularly after the death of ,louvois2 and if sometimes1 seduced by the glory of foreign conquests and the love of regal display he forgot the interests of his people and the misery his magnificence entailed on them1 ,madame de ,maintenon was always near to counteract the arrogant minister1 urge counsels of peace1 and heal the bleeding wounds of a loyal population4 ,yet she was far from being a meddling politician1 ,her advice was not offered1 but asked4 ,she abstained from entering into details1 and confined herself to general suggestions of a moral character1 dictated by conscience1 not ambition4 ,if she guided1 or1 rather1 gently disposed1 the king to this or that measure1 she was in turn guided herself4 ,her correspondence with the ,abbe ,gobelin1 ,fenelon1 and the ,bishop of ,chartres sufficiently proves that her highest ambition was to be a servant of ,god4 ,that ,racine1 of whom she was the friend and patroness1 should extol her in his verse ,footnote #aia is not surprising2 but the satirist ,boileau1 be it remembered1 was no less her eulogist4 ,if ,byron's beautiful lines on ,kirke ,white had the more weight because they occurred in his most biting satire1 something of the same kind may be said of ,boileau's testimony to ,madame de ,maintenon3 ,footnote #aia3 ,esther1 act ii41 scene vii4 ,j'en sais une1 cherie et du monde et de ,dieu2 ,humble dans les grandeurs1 sage dana la fortune3 ,qui gemit comme ,esther de sa gloire importune2 ,que le vice lui-meme est contraint d'estimer1 ,et que1 sur ce tableau1 d'abord tu sais nonmer4 ,footnote #aib ,footnote #aib3 ,i know one beloved of ,god and man1 who is humble in her grandeur and wise in her good fortune2 who groans like ,esther over her trying glory2 whom vice itself is compelled to respect2 and whom1 on seeing this picture1 you will name in an instant4 ,satire ,x4 ,the ,duc de ,noailles is not the only member of the ,french ,academy who has arisen of late years to refute the calumnies of ,saint-,simon4 ,m4 ,saint-,marc ,girardin has ably defended the #hbj victim of his malignity in the ,journal des ,debats1 ,footnote #aic and ,messieurs ,rigault1 de ,pontmartin1 ,monty1 ,chasles1 and ,hocquet1 have pursued successfully the same generous and equitable course4 ,footnote #aic3 #dth and #afth ,october1 #ahef4 ,when ,james ,,ii41 in ,december1 #afhh1 fled from his kingdom1 the sympathies of more than half the ,french people were enlisted on his side4 ,ignorant of the ,british constitution1 they knew little of the peril it had incurred through the king's extraordinary extension of the dispensing power1 and they saw in the landing and success of the ,prince of ,orange nothing but a horrible domestic tragedy1 in which1 through personal ambition and hatred of the true religion1 a ,catholic sovereign was hurled from his throne by an unnatural daughter and son-in-law4 ,they joined1 therefore1 without any misgiving1 in the cordial reception given to the royal fugitives by ,louis1 and desired nothing so much as to make common cause with them1 and take vengeance on their foes4 ,madame de ,maintenon was not among those who pressed with all ceremony into the presence of the exiled king and queen2 but she visited them in private1 and was received as became her station4 ,the compassion she felt for their fate1 her respectful address and ,christian consolations1 so won upon ,mary ,beatrice1 that a lasting friendship was formed between the queen in name1 not in reality1 and the queen in reality1 not in name4 ,it continued without interruption during five-and-twenty years1 and was cemented by unity of sentiments and mutual services4 ,the ex-queen had married in her fifteenth year1 and had overcome1 by the advice of her mother and the ,pope1 her desire to devote herself to a religious life4 ,footnote #aid ,whatever may have been her trials in a convent1 they could hardly have equalled those which befel her as queen4 ,a hundred and forty-five of her letters to ,madame de ,maintenon are extant1 and the readers of ,miss ,strickland's ,lives are familiar with the ,chaillot correspondence1 in which the desolate and sorrowful queen pours forth the fulness of her sensitive heart1 and never tires of expressing her love and esteem for that remarkable friend whom ,providence has led across her thorny path4 ,often ,madame de ,maintenon repaired to ,saint-,germain to visit her1 and still more frequently the latter came to ,versailles to see ,madame de ,maintenon4 ,it was some relief to escape for a time from that downcast1 dreary court in exile1 where a crowd of poor but faithful followers gathered around a master equally wrong-headed and unfortunate4 ,the semblance of royalty which was there kept up only increased the sadness of the place1 and fostered those jealousies1 intrigues1 and cabals of which a banished court is so often the parent and victim4 ,footnote #aid3 ,duc de ,noailles1 tome iv41 p4 #bca4 ,a powerful coalition1 in the creation of which the ,prince of ,orange was the chief agent1 had long been menacing ,france1 and was now actually formed4 ,louis found himself opposed to the greater part of ,europe1 for the ,emperor ,leopold1 the ,germanic and ,batavian federations1 the kings of ,spain and ,sweden1 and the ,pope himself1 obliged to act on the defensive1 adhered to the league of ,augsburg4 ,footnote #aie ,footnote #aie3 ,duc de ,noailles1 p4 #bec4 ,three powerful armies were sent by the king of ,france to the seat of war4 ,the mission of one of them was to capture ,philipsburg2 and from the camp before that stronghold the king's brother wrote many letters to ,madame de ,maintenon1 describing the operations in progress4 ,the ,duc du ,maine also1 once her pupil1 and now in his eighteenth year1 wrote to her from time to time1 and received thankfully the advice she offered him with all a mother's solicitude4 ,the second of the three armies was charged with the devastation of the ,palatinate1 and fulfilled the part assigned it with distressing precision4 ,if its soil was not to supply the ,french1 it must #hba furnish nought to the ,germans4 ,it was a perfect garden1 and ,duras received orders to reduce it to a wilderness4 ,half a million of human beings were warned that in three days their houses would be burned and their fields laid waste4 ,fiercely the flames went up from city and hamlet1 and the fugitives sank with fatigue and hunger in the snow1 or1 escaping beyond the borders1 filled the towns of ,europe with squalid beggary4 ,every orchard was hewn down1 every vine and almond tree was destroyed4 ,the castle of the ,elector ,palatine was a heap of ruins2 the stones of ,manheim were hurled into the ,rhine4 ,the cathedral of ,spires and the marble sepulchres of eight ,caesars were no more2 and the fair city of ,treves was doomed to the same cruel fate4 ,it was time for the voice of mercy to speak4 ,marshal ,duras had already written to ,louvois1 ,footnote #aif to remonstrate against the barbarous orders he was compelled to execute1 and ,madame de ,maintenon herself is said to have interceded with ,louis for the suffering people of the ,rhine4 ,the ,duc de ,noailles1 indeed1 does not state this1 like ,macaulay1 ,footnote #aig as matter of history1 though he allows that it is probably true2 and this variety in the views of the two historians1 each anxious to do justice in this particular to the king's wife1 proves how difficult it is for even the most sagacious and unprejudiced writers to arrive at the exact truth in reference to bygone days4 ,macaulay is certainly inclined to attribute to ,madame de ,maintenon a much larger measure of political power than she really exercised2 and it is curious to observe the chain of pure assumptions by which1 having taken it for granted that she governed ,louis1 he arrives at the conclusion that she induced him to recognize the ,pretender as ,james ,,iii4 ,footnote #aih ,in a letter written ,footnote #aii soon after the taking of ,philipsburg1 she seems to disclaim all active interference in state affairs4 ,in speaking of ,louvois1 she says that she never contradicted him1 and adds1 ,people think that ,i govern the kingdom1 and they do not know that ,i am convinced ,god has bestowed on me so many favors only that ,i may seek more earnestly the king's salvation4 ,i pray ,god daily to enlighten and sanctify1 him4 ,but it is evident how completely an earnest recommendation to ,louis to spare ,treves1 and stay the ravages in the ,palatinate1 may have tallied with that unique and hallowed purpose4 ,have not those from whom such truculent orders emanate a terrible account to render8 ,has not she who dissuades a ruler from an iniquitous measure done something toward saving his soul8 ,footnote #aif3 #bast ,may1 #afhi4 ,footnote #aig3 ,hist41 chap1 xi41 #afhi4 ,footnote #aih3 ,hist1 chap1 xxv1 #agja4 ,footnote #aii3 #dth ,october1 #afhh4 ,there are stories afloat respecting ,madame de ,maintenon1 and in everybody's mouth1 which the ,duc de ,noailles scarcely condescends to notice4 ,that she who always spoke and wrote of ,louis in terms of affectionate homage should have seriously committed herself to such assertions1 as that her daily task ever since her marriage was to amuse a king who could not be amused1 and that he was so selfish that he never loved anything but himself1 is an improbability as inconsistent with her character and policy as it is at variance with the facts of the case4 ,that in his latter years her life was embittered by his fretful and querulous temper1 and by the fits of passion into which he often fell1 and that in one of her letters written at that period she complains of the difficulty of amusing him1 is undoubtedly true2 but this and similar complaints ought not to be stretched beyond their natural meaning1 and made to tell too severely against the king4 ,when1 in the early part of #afia1 ,louis appeared in the camp before ,mons1 his wife1 separated from him for the first time since their marriage1 retired to ,saint-,cyr1 alarmed at the dangers he was about to incur1 and unable to conceal her sadness4 ,consolatory letters poured in upon her from all quarters1 especially #hbb from her spiritual friends and advisers--the ,abbe ,gobelin1 the ,bishop of ,chartres1 and ,fenelon4 ,but1 the selfish monarch who could not be amused1 did he1 amid the bustle of a siege1 find time to write to a lady fifty-five years old1 whose only business had been to amuse him or fail in the attempt8 ,he did2 and that not once now and then2 not briefly and drily1 as a matter of form2 not like a man who had little to say1 and still less attachment1 to the person to whom he said it4 ,no2 every day in her solitude ,madame de ,maintenon was consoled by seeing a royal dragoon ride into the court-yard with a letter for her from his majesty1 and almost every day with one from the king's brother also4 ,nor was this all2 the king1 who had never loved any one but himself1 proved that there was at least one exception to this rule1 and that he loved his wife4 ,in #afib she joined him at ,mons1 by his command1 in company with other ladies of the court1 and followed him to the siege of ,namur4 ,amusements were not wanting in the royal camp4 ,the king and his courtiers dined to the music of timbrels1 trumpets1 and hautboys1 and he reviewed his troops in the presence of carriages full of fair faces4 ,but1 with all this1 he visited the different quarters so diligently1 and inspected so closely the works and trenches1 riding continually within range of the enemy's guns1 that his wife had almost as much anxiety for his safety as when she pondered at a distance the cruel chances of war4 ,in spite of his many faults1 there was much in ,louis ,,xiv4 to captivate the imagination of one like ,madame de ,maintenon4 ,no prince1 says the ,duke of ,berwick1 ,footnote #bjj was ever so little known as this monarch4 ,he has been represented as a man not only cruel and false1 but difficult of access4 ,i have frequently had the honor of audiences from him1 and have been very familiarly admitted to his presence2 and ,i can affirm that his pride is only in appearance4 ,he was born with an air of majesty1 which struck every one so much1 that nobody could approach him without being seized with awe and respect2 but as soon as you spoke to him1 he softened his countenance1 and put you quite at ease4 ,he was the most polite man in his kingdom2 and his answers were accompanied by so many obliging expressions1 that1 if he granted your request1 the obligation was doubled by the manner of conferring it2 and if he refused1 you could not complain4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,memoirs1 vol4 ii4 ,madame de ,maintenon's campaigning life was not altogether free from disagreeables4 ,on one occasion1 writing from ,dinant1 ,footnote #bja she relates how they encountered more difficulty in retiring from ,namur than in approaching it4 ,they were eleven hours and a half on the road1 and wholly unprovided with food4 ,she arrived at her journey's end exhausted with hunger and suffering also from rheumatism and headache2 but1 it being an abstinence day1 the only repast that awaited her was oil-soup4 ,the king likewise1 though throughout the campaign he dined ordinarily with all the sumptuousness of ,versailles1 found himself obliged sometimes to partake of a cold collation under a hedge1 without quitting his travelling carriage4 ,warfare would be an easy calling if such were its worst hardships4 ,footnote #bja3 #abth ,june1 #afic4 ,in ,flanders1 as in ,france1 ,madame de ,maintenon continued to take the most lively interest in the course of events1 martial1 political1 and social4 ,proximity to the scene of action did not induce her to exceed those limits of reserve which she had long since marked out for herself4 ,though informed of all that happened1 and forming a sound judgment on almost every occurrence1 though earnestly desiring peace rather than aggrandizement1 and justice rather than glory1 she obtruded no views of her own in the cabinet of the king1 nor even influenced the choice of generals4 ,it was her habit of close observation1 and her exact description #hbc of all that passed1 which made ,napoleon ,bonaparte delight in reading her correspondence1 and pronounce it superior to that of ,madame de ,sevigne1 because it had more in it4 ,madame de ,maintenon speaks in one place of her own style as dry and succinct2 and1 indeed1 were it not for the piety which constantly breathes through them1 her letters would often read like the despatches of a general4 ,she is brief1 terse1 sententious2 her mind being evidently bent on things rather than on words4 ,as a letter-writer1 she resembles ,napoleon himself more than any other ,french authoress4 ,her style is free from that vacillation1 that timid adoption of a definite line1 which always indicates a weak thinker and a total absence of system in the mind4 ,had it been otherwise1 she would never have stood so high in the esteem of foreign courts1 nor would princes and sovereigns1 such as the ,elector of ,cologne1 the ,duc de ,lorraine1 and his mother1 ,queen ,eleanor1 have written to ask favors at her hands4 ,the reign of ,louis ,,xiv4 lasted so long1 that neither his son nor grandson ever sat on the throne4 ,if the latter1 the ,duc de ,bourgogne1 had not died in his thirtieth year1 he might1 as the once docile pupil of ,fenelon and ,madame de ,maintenon1 have fulfilled his promises of excellence1 and have left to his successors a rich inheritance of wisdom4 ,telemachus was not composed expressly for him in vain4 ,he was born in #afhb1 and at an early age was affianced to ,marie-,adelaide of ,savoy4 ,the princess was at that time only eleven years old1 and was1 by the marriage contract1 to remove to ,france1 and be wedded in the ensuing year4 ,the union of the young couple was celebrated in #afig1 but on account of their extreme youth they continued to live apart two years longer4 ,during this time1 ,madame de ,maintenon undertook to complete ,marie-,adelaide's education4 ,the instructress was worthy of a princess destined1 as it was believed1 to govern ,france4 ,all day she sat by her when sick1 and ,racine read ,plutarch's ,lives to her during the pauses of the night2 ,bossuet was her chaplain1 and ,dangeau1 whose manuscript memoirs of ,louis' court have proved so useful to historians1 ,footnote #bjb was her knight of honor4 ,she was the delight of all around1 and so charmed the king1 that he was never willing to part with her4 ,but there were no apartments ,marie-,adelaide so much loved to frequent as those of ,madame de ,maintenon4 ,severe as her admonitions often were1 she possessed in the highest degree the art of attaching young persons to her1 and inspired them insensibly with taste1 wisdom1 and nobility of mind4 ,she had long been convinced that the education of princes was conducted1 generally1 in such a way as to prepare them for habitual ennui4 ,they learned and saw everything in childhood1 and1 when grown up1 had nothing fresh to see or learn4 ,she withdrew her1 therefore1 as far as possible from the court1 and submitted her to the simple and wholesome routine of ,saint-,cyr4 ,the princess proved extremely docile1 and her amiability was as striking as her diligence4 ,the society of the religious in ,saint-,cyr1 so far from putting a constraint on her lively and winning ways1 seemed only to fit her more completely to be the pet companion of ,louis ,,xiv4 ,her sprightly talk1 her opening mind1 her elegant simplicity1 amused him in his walks and drives1 in the gardens1 the galleries1 and the chase2 and while he contrived daily some new diversion for the fascinating child1 he could not but trace in her the happy results of ,madame de ,maintenon's unwearied attention4 ,she entered into all her childish pleasures1 and even played hide-and-seek with her1 that she might1 as she said afterward1 gain her ear for serious truths1 and by yielding all she could1 have the better reason for withholding what would have been hurtful4 ,at last--nor was the time long--,marie-,adelaide quitted ,madame de ,maintenon's embrace1 and with her heavenly counsels #hbd graven on her memory1 and given in writing into her hands1 bidding farewell to the hallowed cloisters of ,saint-,cyr1 and to her daily gambols and prattle with the loving and indulgent king1 she took her place beside her destined bridegroom1 and entered other realms of love4 ,footnote #bjb3 ,they were first published entire in #ahef4 ,such was the woman of whom the worldly and sceptical speak jeeringly as the proud widow of ,scarron2 the intriguing1 austere1 ambitious ,marquise de ,maintenon2 the persecutrix of ,huguenots1 and the despot of her royal spouse4 ,they know not what they speak1 nor whereof they affirm2 for they are incapable of estimating the character of the righteous4 ,outward acts are to them an enigma and a stumbling-block1 because the soul and its guiding principles cannot be seen4 ,a true ,christian1 such as ,madame de ,maintenon1 is an object of faith1 as is the ,church1 and as was the ,church's ,lord in the days of his humiliation4 ,seated1 to say the least1 on the footstool of the throne1 and surrounded by all the pomp and circumstance of royal life1 she was to jaundiced eyes but one in a crowd of princes and courtiers1 and differing from them only in that she was more astute2 but1 seen as the prelates of ,cambray and ,meaux saw her--seen as her letters and conversations with the nuns of ,saint-,cyr exhibit her--seen as the ,duc de ,noailles describes her1 and time1 the beautifier of the dead1 has rendered her--she was using this world and not abusing it2 seeking society only to improve it1 and solitude only to pray2 holding all she possessed in fealty to her unseen ,king1 and making every occupation subordinate to that of loosening her affections from earthly vanities1 and fastening them wholly upon ,god4 ,the ,duc de ,noailles' history does not end with the fourth volume4 ,it leaves ,madame de ,maintenon in her sixty-second year--two-and-twenty years before her death4 ,to trace her intercourse with ,louis during the long and disastrous war with ,spain1 called the ,war of the ,succession--her counsels and influence during the defeats by ,marlborough and ,prince ,eugene1 and the triumphant reprisals of ,vendome and ,villars--her grief at the king's death in #agae1 when she had reached her eightieth year--her retirement to the long-loved shades of ,saint-,cyr--her devotion and zeal heightening as age advanced1 and the celestial goal was neared--her conversations with the sisters1 and her letters to the ,princesse des ,ursins--to analyze her correspondence1 and her vade-mecum as published by ,m4 ,bonhomme--to record the pillage of ,saint-,cyr1 and the outrage done to her venerable remains1 as to those of the royal dead in ,st4 ,denis1 by the frantic revolutionists of #agib--would supply ample materials for another article1 but would only confirm the views already formed of her prevailing character and principles4 ,enough1 perhaps1 has been said to place our readers on their guard against the malice and fictions of the ,duc de ,saint-,simon and a host of detractors who rely too readily on his word1 and to dispose them favorably toward a most judicious and remarkable history1 which does honor to the ,french ,academy and the illustrious house of de ,noailles4 ------ #hbe ,from ,all ,the ,year ,round4 ,a ,,dublin ,,may ,,morning4 ,when ,i look down on this gay ,may morning from a window into ,great ,sackville street1 where there is a huge column to ,admiral ,nelson1 and a golden shop-front board dedicated to ,o',connell1 on the site for his statue1 and which is by-and-by to be made into a ,french boulevard and planted with trees--,i say1 on this ,may morning it is easy to see that one of the many great days for ,ireland has come round once more4 ,for the crowds in the great thoroughfares1 and the boys sitting on the bridges1 and the flags and streamers1 and the rolling carriages1 and the general air of busy idleness1 tell me that a great festival is toward2 and placards in fiercely carbuncled letters proclaim in an angry fit of ,st4 ,anthony's fire that the ,prince of ,wales is to ,,open something3 which something a still greater scorbutic operation of type tells us is ,,the ,,dublin ,,exhibition ,,of #ahfe4 ,not without charms1 and marked and special features of its own1 is this ,dublin city--to say nothing of the fresh and fair ,irish faces and violet eyes which pass by in streams1 or of the cheerful voices and the gay laughs heard at every turn2 or of the giant policemen who wear moustaches and beards1 and thus compete on more favorable terms with military rivals2 or of the rollicking drivers1 who stand up as they drive1 very like the cocchieri of ,rome1 and who look out for fares in a debonnaire indifferent fashion4 ,there is a gay1 busy1 foreign1 particolored look about the place1 which reminds one of a foreign town4 ,the background is composed of wide spacious streets1 ,grecian buildings wonderfully classic in tone and shape1 fitted into corners with porticoes that belong to the street1 and under which the people walk--pretty breaks where the bridges come1 and the masts of shipping seen in the sun half way down a long1 long thoroughfare4 ,there are no warehouses or ugly business associations2 but all is shops and shopping1 and color and liveliness1 and carriages and walkers4 ,i think1 as ,i look out on this ,may morning1 that it is curious that a people popularly supposed to want self-reliance and independence1 and who are utterly ignorant of the self-help principle1 should1 after all1 have done some few self-reliant things in this very matter of exhibitions4 ,some one tells me that many decades of years before glass palaces were thought of1 and when the universal peace and brotherhood glass palaces were mysteriously supposed to bring with them were not quite believed in1 this un-self-reliant people had their regular triennial exhibition of manufactures1 on the ,french model4 ,further1 that close on the footsteps of the ,hyde ,park ,exhibition came the great one of ,cork1 and closer again on the footsteps of ,cork the really great ,dublin ,exhibition of #ahec1 the building of which cost nearly eighty thousand pounds1 and which was remarkable for the first international collection of pictures1 and for the first performance of ,handel on a colossal scale4 ,not content with this1 ,i am told that this people1 who were not self-reliant1 went further1 had two more successful exhibitions on a smaller scale1 and have now finally girded themselves up for this yet more complete effort of #ahfe4 ,not so bad1 this1 for our poor wo-begone sister with the harp1 especially when we consider that our well-to-do ,scotch sister has not fashed herself with such follies1 justly considering the margin of profit too uncertain or too slight to repay the trouble4 #hbf ,but this is a grim and statistical ungracious view1 not all suited to this ,dublin ,may morning4 ,it is known1 then1 on this gay ,dublin ,may morning1 that the young prince1 who in this island has always been looked to with an affectionate interest1 has been in the city since over-night1 and out at the pretty lodge1 which lies out in the ,phaynix4 ,hence the flags and the streamers4 ,hence1 too1 in front of the palace1 the balconies fringed with scarlet1 and the softened and melodious buzz of distant military music1 with the staff officers flying north and south1 and the regiments tramping by4 ,but the flags grow thicker1 and the balconies gayer1 and the music more distinct1 as ,i find myself at the corner of the great place1 or square dedicated to ,st4 ,stephen1 which is a good mile's walking all round1 and near which ,i see the great building1 with the heavy porches and pillars1 round which1 and over which1 run delicately1 the light entrance of a ,moorish-looking glass temple--a silver howdah on the back of a gray elephant4 ,such is the rather novel design for this last comer in the long series of exhibitions4 ,after all the miles of glass greenhouse1 and the long protracted repetitions of gorgeous decorated pillars and girders1 ,i cannot but think what a happy combination this is of solidity and lightness2 and acknowledge that in these days1 when ,paxton ,palace succeeds ,paxton ,palace with some monotony1 there is something original in striking out the idea of fitting the glass-house to a great solid building1 with huge halls1 and long1 cool passages1 and spacious rooms1 and surrounding the whole with a garden1 and greenery1 and cascades4 ,there has been the usual crush and pressure1 the tremendous toiling against time1 to get all done2 the straining of every nerve1 the sitting up all night1 the hammering and sawing1 the stitching of a hundred workmen and workwomen1 changing the utter disorder and the naked deal boards and the rude planks of five o'clock last evening to perfect order--to the regularity of a drawing-room and acres of scarlet cloth4 ,and in a crowd of light ,may morning dresses we drift into the huge concert hall1 which is to hold thousands1 and to echo to brass throats1 and where there are the great organ1 and the orchestra which holds the musical army a thousand strong3 on the floor of which have grown up beds upon beds of human lilies that flutter and flutter again1 whose flowers are white parasols and gossamer shawls4 ,this hall1 as a feature1 is not so remarkable1 for there are many great halls2 but at its far end it is open and crossed half way by a gallery3 and through this opening we see far on into a ,winter ,garden and ,crystal ,palace1 where are the light airy galleries1 with the old familiar rimson labels1 and the ,french trophies1 and the bright objects1 and the great apse like a glass cathedral1 and ,mr4 ,doyle's pale coloring1 the faint lines of delicate green1 chosen with rare good taste1 which in itself is a novelty4 ,looking out through the open end of the concert hall1 and facing the organ1 ,i see a grand marone velvet eastern canopy and dais1 under which the ,pasha of ,egypt is to sit a few months hereafter and receive his tribes2 and on this dais are the nobles and gentlemen gathering1 in the fine rich theatrical suits which give a coloring to a festival1 and of which we have not half enough4 ,judges in scarlet and ermine1 privy councillors with coats that seem clotted with gold1 the never-failing lords-lieutenant and deputy-lieutenants1 knights of ,st4 ,patrick1 deans1 doctors in scarlet1 soldiers in scarlet1 a lord chancellor all black and gold1 eastern dervishes 7it may be1 from the pillow-case look of their caps71 a lord mayor of ,york1 a lord provost of ,edinburgh2 in short1 all shapes of particolored finery4 ,turning round for a second1 ,i see that the black musical army has debouched and taken ground1 and that #hbg the great orchestra has spread like a large dark fan from floor to ceiling4 ,i can see ,ulster in a gorgeous tabard1 flitting to and fro1 marshalling grandees1 as none so well know how to marshal them1 each according to his or her degree4 ,that marvellous tabard is so stiff and gorgeous1 that when it is laid by1 it surely cannot be hung up or folded or put to sleep on its back like other robes1 but1 ,i fancy1 must stand up straight in a wardrobe on its end1 like a steel cuirass4 ,we seem to riot in mayors4 ,the eye can be feasted on mayors2 they can become as the air we breathe if we so choose it4 ,they have flowed in from every town in the three kingdoms4 ,and it does strike one1 with having such a municipal gathering brought together1 that there is a sort of corporate expression1 a kind of municipal smirk or perk1 a kind of smiling burgess air of complacency which makes the whole of this world akin4 ,every one1 too1 seems to be invested with the collar of the ,golden ,fleece4 ,here1 also1 are many known faces1 who wear no scarlet nor gold nor collars4 ,faces like that of the famous dog and animal painter whose four-footed friends look down at him from the walls3 faces like that of the ,sir ,david who invented the most popular toy in the world3 faces from the science and art3 from ,south ,kensington1 which1 as we all know1 is science and art3 faces from ,france1 from ,canada1 ,rome1 ,india1 and a hundred other places4 ,now1 ,i hear the hum of distant martial music1 and the yet fainter but more inspiriting sound of distant cheering4 ,then the scarlet and ermine1 the privy council clotted gold1 the ,may morning bonnets1 glitter and rustle with excitement4 ,the hum and chatter of voices full of expectation travel on softly down the glass aisles and into the great hall4 ,there has been a grand plunging of military troopers outside1 a violent arrest of fiery horses pulled up suddenly1 and the prince and a royal duke and the vice-king and all their attendants have descended4 ,from the outside1 the shouting creeps in gradually1 until at last it comes to its fullest pitch2 when the crimson and gold crowd parts a little1 we see this prince standing modestly under the ,egyptian pasha's canopy1 with thirty thousand eyes upon him4 ,at this moment a speck half way up the dark orchestra1 but which is a very skilful and most musical speck1 gives a signal with what seems a white pin1 and the musical army advances with the fine ,old ,hundredth4 ,the grand ,old ,hundredth travels out in rising waves through the open end of the hall into the glass cathedral1 then loses itself up and down in the aisles4 ,for two verses the voices do the battle by themselves2 but1 at the third1 the trumpets and the grand brass and the rolling of monster drums burst out1 and every syllable is emphasized with a stirring crash4 ,it is like the deluge after a drought4 ,then the sun gets up1 and the gold and colored figures cross1 and crowd1 and flit past1 as some business is being transacted under that ,egyptian pasha's canopy2 for there are addresses to be read and spoken1 and there is much advancing and backing to be done4 ,now1 the party under the pasha's canopy breaks up for a time1 and the stiff gold and scarlet and privy council strait-waistcoats1 and the corporate dressing-gowns1 having formed themselves into a procession1 take the prince round to look at the place4 ,and there is a great deal to see4 ,there are many charming pictures1 and among the choicest those of which the queen of ,spain has stripped her palaces1 and sent here4 ,is there not a hint of many a ,velasquez most exquisite1 and of ,mr4 ,stirling1 which are worth a journey to the ,escurial to worship8 ,here is many a rare ,reynolds which ,mr4 ,tom ,taylor might find worth making a note of1 and here are walls covered with noble cartoons of the severe ,munich school4 ,these1 with the photographs and water-colors1 and mediaeval objects1 are common to many #hbh an exhibition held before2 but there is one feature unique--a noble sculpture gallery1 artistic1 charmingly lighted1 sufficient to delight ,mr4 ,gibson1 and drive the ,royal ,academy to despair4 ,a sculpture-hall1 on which you can look down from a balustrade in a room overhead1 as if into a ,pompeiian court4 ,a sculpture-hall1 in which you can look up to an arching glass roof1 and1 half way down again1 to the balustrade just mentioned1 which is dotted with small statutes4 ,a sculpture-hall1 where ,i can walk round and think myself in a ,roman palace1 to which these fine objects belong1 and not in a temporary shed where some scattered objects that have been lent are shown4 ,for here ,i see that the ,roman studios have been emptied of their treasures2 that ,miss ,hosmer has sent her ,faun1 in toned yellow marble3 a marvellous--if the speech be not impolite-- work for a woman4 ,with ,story's wonderful ,judith1 and a ,baby ,girl by ,mogni--a pendant for the now famous ,reading ,girl4 ,but it is easy to prophesy that this ,baby ,girl will be photographed1 and stereoscoped1 and binocularized in a hundred ways1 and watched over by policemen specially1 and visited by a steady crowd4 ,this hall and its contents--the like of which it is no boast to say has not been yet seen in these kingdoms--is the feature of this exhibition4 ,then1 having seen all that is most curious and beautiful--in the fashion in which such things must be seen where there is only a quarter of an hour to see them--the stiff' gold and crimson strands1 which we call the procession1 came back to the pasha's dais4 ,and then1 with a crash and a smash1 and a thundering of monster drums1 and the rattle and rolling of little drums1 and the sharp brassy bark of trumpets1 the true ,english national ,old ,hundredth1 in which musical and unmusical--people with ears1 and people without1 even people with voices1 and people without--can join1 then ,god save the ,queen is sung4 ,sung6 ,rather fired off6 ,discharged6 ,salvoed6 ,and then the glittering mass begins to dissolve and fade away4 ,the stage1 which has been laid out under the pasha's canopy1 gradually clears4 ,at the door there is a struggle1 and the scatter of new gravel1 with the frantic leaping up behind carriages of many footmen1 and the closing in of mounted soldiers4 ,and then the pageant melts away1 and the work of the day is done4 ,as ,i walk and wander from the light glass arcades to the darker courts1 and from the courts to the open terraces1 and hear the hum of ,saxons' voices1 and from at least every third mouth the sharp burr of some ,saxon dialect1 and when ,i meet burly shoulders and massive chests which are not of the country1 some out-of-place speculations come into my mind1 and ,i am tempted to make suppositions4 ,first1 ,i speculate--of course shrinking away from the dry bones of politics--whether there might not have been some mistake in the old and constant treatment of a people who seem cheerful and grateful for a kind word or a kinder act1 and who are willing and even clever in their way--and think whether the want of progress and want of capital and of self-reliance1 and the want of a hundred other things which puzzle and dispirit the political physician1 may not in some degree be laid to the account of old mistakes1 old laws1 old errors1 old harsh treatment1 old jealousies and restraints1 the folly of which is now seen and admitted1 but the fruits of which remain to this day8 ,just as the fruits of a bad education linger in a grown man1 and the marks of early hardship are stamped upon the face and constitution1 it will take many years yet1 in the life of a nation1 before old faults are worked out of its constitution4 ,and ,i think--still in the walks of the ,winter ,garden--that if my friendly ,briton tell me that his experience of the lower orders of ,irish is that you can't depend upon a word they say1 ,i cannot but recollect that half a century ago they were civilly slaves1 without rights2 #hbi and that a century ago they were a proscribed caste1 against whom one-half the laws of the land were directed4 ,if we have found them indolent1 and disinclined to perseverance and the making of money1 have we not dim recollections of seeing acts of parliament passed again and again to cripple their trade8 ,a people must grow up1 as a child must grow up2 and it is hard to expect that a child whose body has suffered by an unkind or an injudicious nurse1 should become at once strong under better treatment4 ,then ,i speculate on the mysterious relation of ,irishmen to ,irish land1 through which the bit of land is as necessary as the bit of bread2 where a tenant holds his tiny scrap1 on which he pays his thirty-shilling rent2 and during the whole year is struggling desperately to work out of this great estate a few potatoes1 and fewer clothes for himself and family1 beside the miserable thirty-shilling margin for the landlord4 ,i think how some estates have two1 four1 six1 eight thousand tenants of this valuable class--and think beside1 in answer to a natural objection1 how this miserable system was created for political ends1 to multiply voters to support government1 ,if the ,palace and ,winter ,garden were twice as long and twice as broad1 ,i should not have half time or space enough for the speculations that come crowding on me with reference to this perplexing country4 ,and having made these speculations1 and having gone quite round the garden1 ,i begin--in addition to my speculations--to make some rather wild suppositions4 ,as1 suppose that1 for a mere experiment1 there were a greater spirit of charity of speech introduced into our dealings with this country4 ,suppose that we gave the people time and reasonable allowance--looked on with encouragement where there was any good attempt made1 and with indulgence where there was failure4 ,suppose that some of our journals gave over writing slashing articles1 and some men desisted from speeches and bitter epigrams on the mere ,irish1 which1 being copied in every cheap print1 and brought to every cabin door1 do incalculable mischief1 fatally widening the breach1 and causing ,england and ,englishmen to be sometimes almost hated4 ,suppose that there were some little restraint on the traditional stock ridicule of ,irish matters4 ,suppose that the ,englishmen who visited the country carried themselves with a little less of ,william the ,conqueror and ,strongbow air1 and suppose that-- ,but here are the umbrellas1 and the sticks1 and the gate4 ------ ,from ,chambers's ,journal4 ,,speech4 ,be choice and frugal of thy speech alway3 ,the arrow from the engine of the thoughts ,once shot1 is past recall2 for scorn is barbed1 ,and will not out1 but rankles in the wound2 ,and calumny doth leave a darkening spot ,on wounded fame1 which1 as it would infect1 ,marks its sad victim in the eyes of men1 ,till no one dare approach and know the truth4 ------ #hcj ,from ,the ,lamp4 ,a ,,visit ,,to ,,the ,,grande ,,chartreuse4 ,our pilgrimage to ,la ,grande ,chartreuse was an event in our lives worth remembering4 ,at about half-past five on the morning of the #bb;d of ,june we left ,lyons4 ,nothing could have been more auspicious than the brilliant sun and balmy air of that early morning4 ,the birds sang cheerily as we walked from ,st4 ,irenee down to the railway station1 where our kind friends took leave of us4 ,the country in the neighborhood of ,lyons was exceedingly pretty2 but as we drew nearer to ,grenoble1 it became more and more attractive4 ,the railway passes through two ranges of mountains1 whose snow-capped summits stood out in beautiful contrast to the azure sky4 ,our only fellow-traveller was a priest1 who for a long time had been intent on his breviary4 ,amused perhaps at our exclamations of delight1 he entered into conversation with us2 and we were soon very good friends4 ,he expressed particular interest in the condition of the ,catholic ,church in ,england1 having heard that there were many conversions in consequence of the hard work doing in our missions4 ,he spoke very highly in favor of a visit to ,la ,grande ,chartreuse4 ,he kindly promised always to pray for us1 and the conversion of those we had left behind1 and to remember us in the mass he was about to offer4 ,we reached ,grenoble at about twenty minutes to ten4 ,it will not do to stop to describe the magnificent situation of this old city1 completely surrounded as it is with mountains1 between the rivers ,isere and ,drac4 ,until recently it was a frontier town2 a very strong one too1 judging from the appearance of the citadel1 piled fortress after fortress up the steep mountain side4 ,the cathedral is interesting1 as having belonged to ,st4 ,hugo1 the friend of the great founder of the ,grande ,chartreuse4 ,we made an agreement with the driver of a carriage to take us to the ,grande ,chartreuse2 and he promised to take us there in about five hours1 and put us down at the door of the convent2 so1 at least1 we understood him4 ,we returned to the hotel1 got some refreshment1 and started in an open carriage at about twelve o'clock4 ,the road for several miles runs through a richly cultivated valley1 with wooded mountains on either side4 ,everywhere the vine was trained in graceful festoons1 and stately walnut and chestnut trees grew along the roadside1 shading us from the mid-day sun with their rich foliage4 ,every now and then we caught beautiful glimpses of the distant ,alps1 abruptly rising from the green level of the valley1 beyond the hills clad with the dark verdure of the pine forests1 piled curiously one over another1 which run the whole length of the plain1 forming the first steps1 as it were1 of those mighty ,alpine mountains which rear their magnificent heights1 shrouded in eternal glaciers1 behind these graduated ranges4 ,just before reaching ,st4 ,laurent du ,pont1 what was our astonishment to hear our driver proclaim we should shortly reach our destination6 ,we could not conceive how that could be1 for we were evidently approaching a small town4 ,how different it looked from all we had read and heard of ,la ,grande ,chartreuse6 ,our amazement increased when the carriage was driven up in front of a small inn2 the driver1 getting down1 opened the door1 and said1 with evident satisfaction1 ,nous voila4 ,we demanded an explanation1 and his reply was that this was ,st4 ,laurent du ,pont1 and as far as he could take us4 ,here we #hca could either procure another carriage or mules to carry us up the mountain to the monastery1 which we might reach in about two hours4 ,it was difficult to suppress all the indignation one felt at being so completely taken in2 and we threatened the unfortunate driver with all kinds of complaints on our return to ,grenoble4 ,there was nothing to be done1 so we agreed we had better make the best of it4 ,it was five o'clock1 and we could not afford to waste our time in words2 so we ordered another carriage1 and in a few minutes a most rickety1 uninviting conveyance was brought to the door4 ,st4 ,laurent du ,pont is situated at the opening of the narrow gorge leading to the wild solitude where the monastery is built4 ,the scenery was grand and beautiful as we gradually began the ascent about a mile from ,st4 ,laurent du ,pont1 where the mountains closed upon our road1 and the rocky stream of the ,guiers ,mort brawling beneath us4 ,tall pines and stately trees overshadowed us1 rising from the almost naked rocks themselves4 ,one of the great peculiarities of the ,chartreuse mountain is the extreme luxuriance of the vegetation1 mingled as it is with the huge blocks of limestone1 which sometimes formed walls on either side of our way4 ,we had a miserable horse1 which stoutly refused to go beyond a sleepy walk1 the driver and the horse being of the same dreamy nature4 ,we lost all patience1 and got out4 ,no language can adequately describe the enjoyment of that walk4 ,the scenery1 so sublimely wild2 the sound of the rushing torrent1 now far below our road1 filled us with awe4 ,the pines1 rising like weird giants by the mountain side1 mile after mile2 the scene changing and becoming more majestic with every curve of the road4 ,every now and then we crossed a handsomely built stone bridge1 erected by the good monks1 across the torrent1 and passed under several tunnels cut through the rock4 ,the sun was declining1 and nothing could exceed the beauty of the evening2 we had walked for nearly two hours in almost uninterrupted silence1 for there was that in the solemnity of the scene1 as we penetrated further into the heart of the desert1 which filled one's mind with thoughts and one's soul with feelings which could not be uttered4 ,at length1 on a sudden turn in the road1 the breeze wafted toward us the sound of the chapel-bell1 ringing1 we supposed1 for vespers4 ,this was truly a most grateful sound to our ears1 for we were weary with our walk and the excitement of the scene1 and longed for our journey's end4 ,a few steps further1 and the vast monastery lay before us4 ,how solemn and silent it looked6 ,the tones of the bell1 how sweetly musical they were6 ,to listen to them1 to gaze on that gray pile1 and1 high above it1 on the lofty snow-capped peaks of the mountains1 was an indescribable rest4 ,how wonderfully grand was that mountain top6 and far beyond the forests of pine rose still more distant mountain peaks1 ascending until they reached the very skies1 now gilded with all the glories of a setting sun4 ,it filled one with peace the thought of all the centuries that that vast pile had lasted2 of the long ages the voices of the monks had mingled with the varied voices of nature in one hymn of praise to the almighty ,creator of all4 ,we waited until the arrival of our carriage interrupted our musings4 ,it could go no further2 so1 followed by the driver carrying our baggage1 we walked up to the door of the convent of the ,soeurs de la ,providence1 where we were most hospitably received4 ,a friendly sister took us to our cells1 and said supper would shortly be ready4 ,the blazing logs of pine in a huge fireplace in the refectory were most cheering1 for the evening air was quite cold in these high regions even at the close of a hot ,june day4 ,a maigre supper was served at half-past seven4 ,we were amused to hear that it had all been cooked by the monks1 and sent to us from the monastery1 #hcb where nothing but maigre is ever allowed4 ,from eight to nine we walked round the monastery1 following a path close to the dark pine forest1 which forms the background to the building4 ,we could look down from this height upon the cells1 church1 and little gardens of the monks4 ,returning toward the hospice1 we met the reverend mother and a sister2 they took us into the little chapel where we were to hear mass the following morning4 ,it was very plain and small2 there was a grille in front of the altar1 on which the blessed sacrament was not reserved4 ,what a trial this must be to the good sisters6 ,at half-past nine1 rev4 mother advised our retiring to our cells1 as we were to be up early the next morning1 and en route for ,st4 ,bruno's chapel by half-past four4 ,a very intelligent young guide was provided us2 he told us he had spent his life with the fathers1 and hoped to live there to the end4 ,he was extremely communicative and willing to answer all our questions4 ,there are about forty monks in this monastery1 beside several lay brothers4 ,the monks live each in his cell1 which has a little garden attached to it4 ,they maintain silence1 excepting on ,sundays and great festivals1 and during their ,monday walk together through the desert for four hours4 ,they eat alone in their cells1 excepting on ,sundays2 each one's maigre meal is passed by a lay brother from the cloister through a little turn into his cell4 ,on ,sundays they go to the choir at all the hours except complin2 on other days they only go to sing matins and lauds at midnight2 for high mass and vespers2 the other hours are recited in their cells4 ,women are not only excluded their enclosure1 but even their church1 under pain of excommunication4 ,it was very tantalizing to hear of their solemn midnight office1 sung as it is in darkness2 each monk takes with him into choir a dark lantern1 and for each antiphon he does not know opens a slide which throws the light on it4 ,it must have a wonderful effect these sudden flashes of light1 lighting up the ,chartreux1 clothed in their white woollen habits1 with their patriarchal beards and hooded heads4 ,beside the divine office1 they say the office of our ,blessed ,lady1 and1 almost every day1 the office of the dead4 ,their library was plundered by the revolutionists1 and now forms the public library at ,grenoble1 one of the finest small collections of books in ,france4 ,nearly all this we learnt from our guide while walking up to the chapel of ,st4 ,bruno4 ,before we reached it1 far into the midst of a dark forest1 we came to the chapel called ,de ,casalibus1 erected upon the very spot where the first convent stood1 which was destroyed by an avalanche4 ,the chapel of ,st4 ,bruno is built over the same rock under which he dwelt1 beside a gushing spring1 his only beverage1 which supplies the monastery to this day4 ,the chapel is about an hour's walk above the present monastery4 ,it is very plain1 but adorned with frescoes1 representing some of the early fathers of the order4 ,a most beautiful altar stands at one end of it1 of exquisitely carved ,italian marbles1 on which has been placed the same altar-stone on which ,st4 ,bruno celebrated the holy mysteries2 behind this is a basso-relievo of ,st4 ,bruno1 with our ,blessed ,lady appearing to him1 beautifully executed4 ,we lingered here awhile1 loth to leave so holy a spot4 ,the guide told us that there are frequently as many as sixty masses said in the ,chartreuse church in one morning4 ,many hundred priests make their annual retreat here4 ,what place1 indeed1 could they find more fitting for the repose their souls thirst for6 ,here truly they might die to the world and all its allurements1 and meditate in peace on the deep mysteries of ,god and eternity4 ,we descended the mountain to assist at the offering of the holy sacrifice at seven o'clock in the little chapel we had #hcc visited on the previous evening1 ,it was a great joy to make our communion in this vast mountain solitude1 where all combined to elevate the soul to ,god4 ,we had hoped a ,carthusian would say mass1 but in this were disappointed1 for a secular priest had been requested to do so by the ladies of his party4 ,at the ,homo factus est of the ,credo1 the fathers prostrate themselves on the ground1 and the mode of celebrating mass is strange1 and differs in many points from the ordinary mass of seculars4 ,as the blessed sacrament was not reserved in the chapel1 we preferred finishing our thanksgiving beneath the blue sky on the skirts of the forest of pines4 ,after breakfast we tasted the celebrated liqueur made by the monks from the wild mountain flowers4 ,it was very good2 there was a certain charm in taking it on the spot where it was made4 ,we had a talk with the reverend mother1 and left with her a long list of intentions to be given to the fathers1 asking especially their prayers for the conversion of ,england4 ,this1 we were thankful to hear1 was frequently an object of their devotions4 ,before leaving1 our curiosity to see some of the fathers was gratified2 for two came out to give instructions to some workmen4 ,we began to descend the mountain at about half-past eight1 arrived at ,st4 ,laurent du ,pont about ten1 and as soon as our carriage of the previous day was ready started for ,grenoble4 ,once the horse came to a dead stop1 and we fancied the driver wished to prolong our journey as long as he could1 that we might have no time for making the threatened complaints on reaching ,grenoble4 ,as it was1 we arrived there five minutes before the time fixed for our departure at half past-one4 ,there was hardly a minute to get anything to eat beyond some fruit and bread which we took with us4 ,so the driver escaped his punishment1 after all4 ------ ,from ,the ,reader4 ,,death ,,by ,,lightning4 ,people in general imagine1 if they think at all about the matter1 that an impression upon the nerves--a blow1 for example1 or the prick of a pin--is felt the moment it is inflicted4 ,but this is not the case4 ,the nerves are not the repositories of sensation2 they are but the conductors of the motion which produces sensation4 ,the seat of sensation is the brain1 and to it the intelligence of any injury done to the nerves has to be transmitted1 before that injury becomes manifest in consciousness4 ,the transmission1 moreover1 requires time1 and the consequence is1 that a wound inflicted at a portion of the body distant from the brain is more tardily appreciated than one inflicted adjacent to the brain4 ,by an extremely ingenious experimental arrangement1 ,helmholtz has determined the velocity of nervous transmission both in warm-blooded and cold-blooded animals4 ,in a frog1 he found the velocity to be about eighty feet a second1 or less than one-thirteenth of the velocity of sound in air4 ,if this holds good1 which it probably does1 in the case of a whale1 then a creature of this class1 eighty feet long1 if wounded in the tail1 would not1 as ,helmholtz has remarked1 be conscious of the injury till a second after the wound had been inflicted4 ,but this is not the only ingredient in the delay that occurs between the impression on #hcd the nerves and the consciousness of the impression4 ,there can scarcely be a doubt that to every act of consciousness belongs a determinate molecular arrangement of the brain--that every thought or feeling has its physical correlative in that organ2 and nothing can be more certain than that every physical change1 whether molecular or mechanical1 requires time for its accomplishment4 ,so that1 even after the intelligence of an impression1 made upon a distant portion of the body1 has reached the brain1 a still further time is necessary for the brain itself to put its house in order--for its molecules to take up the position necessary to the completion of consciousness4 ,helmholtz considers one-tenth of a second necessary for this purpose4 ,thus1 in the case of the whale above supposed1 we have first one second consumed in the transmission of intelligence through the sensor nerves from the tail to the head2 one-tenth of a second is required by the brain to become conscious of the intelligence it has received2 and1 if the velocity of transmission through the motor be the same as that through the sensor nerves1 a second would be consumed in sending a command to the tail to defend itself4 ,thus more than two seconds would elapse before an impression made upon its caudal nerves could be responded to by a whale eighty feet long4 ,now1 it is quite conceivable that an injury might be inflicted which would render the nerves unfit to be the conductors of the motion which results in sensation2 and if such a thing occurred1 no matter how severe the injury might be1 we should not be conscious of it4 ,or it may be1 that long before the time required for the brain itself to complete the arrangement necessary for the act of consciousness1 its power of arrangement might be wholly suspended4 ,in such case also1 though the injury might be of such a nature as to cause death1 this would occur not only without pain1 but absolutely without feeling of any kind4 ,death1 in this case1 would be simply the sudden negation of life1 accomplished without any intervention of consciousness4 ,doubtless1 there are many kinds of death of this character4 ,the passage of a musket bullet through the brain is a case in point2 and the placid aspect of a man thus killed is in perfect accordance with the conclusion which might be drawn a priori from the experiments of ,helmholtz4 ,cases of insensibility1 moreover1 are not uncommon1 which do not result in death1 and after which the person affected has been able to testify that no pain was felt prior to the loss of consciousness4 ,the time required for a rifle-bullet to pass clean through a man's head may be roughly estimated at one-thousandth of a second4 ,here1 therefore1 we should have no room for sensation1 and death would be painless4 ,but there are other actions which far transcend in rapidity that of the rifle-bullet4 ,a flash of lightning cleaves a cloud1 appearing and disappearing in less than one-hundred-thousandth of a second1 and the velocity of electricity is such as would carry it over a distance equal to that which separates the earth and moon in a single second4 ,it is well known that a luminous impression once made upon the retina endures for about one-sixth of a second1 and that this is the reason why we see a ribbon of light when a glowing coal is caused to pass rapidly through the air4 ,a body illuminated by an instantaneous flash continues to be seen for the sixth of a second after the flash has become extinct2 and if the body thus illuminated be in motion1 it appears at rest at the place which it occupied when the flash fell upon it4 ,the color-top is familiar to most of us4 ,by this instrument a disk with differently colored sectors is caused to rotate rapidly2 the colors blend together1 and if they are chosen in the proportions necessary to form white light1 the disk appears white when the motion is sufficiently rapid4 ,such a top1 rotating #hce in a dark room1 and illuminated by an electric spark1 appears motionless1 each distinct color being clearly seen4 ,professor ,dove has found that a flash of lightning produces the same effect4 ,during a thunder-storm he put a color-top in exceedingly rapid motion1 and found that every flash revealed the top as a motionless object with colors distinct4 ,if illuminated solely by a flash of lightning1 the motion of all bodies on the earth's surface would1 as ,dove has remarked1 appear suspended4 ,a cannon-ball1 for example1 would have its flight apparently arrested1 and would seem to hang motionless in space as long as the luminous impression which revealed the ball remained upon the eye4 ,if1 then1 a rifle-bullet move with sufficient rapidity to destroy life without the interposition of sensation1 much more is a flash of lightning competent to produce this effect4 ,accordingly1 we have well authenticated cases of people being struck senseless by lightning who1 on recovery1 had no memory of pain4 ,the following circumstantial case is described by ,hemmer3 ,on the #cjth of ,june1 #aghh1 a soldier in the neighborhood of ,manheim1 being overtaken by rain1 placed himself under a tree1 beneath which a woman had previously taken shelter4 ,he looked upward to see whether the branches were thick enough to afford the required protection1 and1 in doing so1 was struck by lightning1 and fell senseless to the earth4 ,the woman at his side experienced the shock in her foot1 but was not struck down4 ,some hours afterward the man revived1 but knew nothing about what had occurred1 save the fact of his looking up at the branches4 ,this was his last act of consciousness1 and he passed from the conscious to the unconscious condition without pain4 ,the visible marks of a lightning stroke are usually insignificant3 the hair is sometimes burnt2 slight wounds are observed2 while1 in some instances1 a red streak marks the track of the discharge over the skin4 ,the effects of a shock of artificial lightning on a gentleman of our acquaintance1 who is very sensitive to the electric discharge1 may be here described4 ,under ordinary circumstances the discharge from a small ,leyden jar is exceedingly unpleasant to him4 ,some time ago he happened to stand in the presence of a numerous audience1 with a battery of fifteen large ,leyden jars charged beside him4 ,through some awkwardness on his part1 he touched a wire which he had no right to touch1 and the discharge of the battery went through his body4 ,here life was absolutely blotted out for a very sensible interval1 without a trace of pain4 ,in a second or two consciousness returned2 the recipient of the shock saw himself in the presence of his audience and apparatus1 and by the help of these external facts immediately concluded that he had received the battery discharge4 ,his intellectual consciousness of his position was restored with exceeding rapidity1 but not so his optical consciousness4 ,to prevent the audience from being alarmed1 he observed that it had often been his desire to receive accidentally such a shock1 and that his wish had at length been fulfilled4 ,but while making this remark1 the appearance which his body presented to him was that of a number of separate pieces4 ,the arms1 for example1 were detached from the trunk1 and seemed suspended in the air4 ,in fact1 memory1 and the power of reasoning1 appeared to be complete long before the optic nerve was restored to healthy action4 ,but what we wish chiefly to dwell upon here is1 the absolute painlessness of the shock2 and there cannot be a doubt1 to a person struck dead by lightning1 the passage from life to death occurs without consciousness being in the least degree implicated4 ,it is an abrupt stoppage of sensation1 unaccompanied by a pang4 ------ #hcf ,from ,the ,dublin ,university ,magazine ,,london4 ,a ,dublin saunterer of antiquarian propensities pacing the flags in front of ,christ church1 or elbowing his troublesome way down the narrow defile called ,castle street1 can scarcely escape a certain sense of awe as he looks on the houses and the passengers1 and darts a thought back through dim and troubled time till he strives to arrive at an idea of' the first inhabitants and the scene in which they played out their short parts4 ,passing over the mysterious and weak race that preceded the ,gaels1 he fancies these last in their quaint garb going about their ordinary occupations1 or rushing to their earth mounds and dykes to repel the fierce ,northmen4 ,then pass before his mind's eye the successive races of different speech1 and different garb1 and different interests--the ,danes1 ,dano-,celts1 and the ,anglo ,normans1 employed in fierce struggles with each other1 and each looking on the events of his own times as paramount to all that ever agitated society till then4 ,all now quiet and silent in the dust4 ,the shopkeeper attending to his customers1 the tippler stepping into the corner shop for a dram1 and the carman smoking his pipe1 and giving his beast a mouthful of hay1 are as unconscious of any personal connection with the dead generations as if they had sprung full grown and furnished with clothing from the fat glebe of the neighboring ,phoenix ,park4 ,so would feel still more intensely an archaeologist on ,tower ,hill1 or by the ,fleet ,ditch1 or on ,london ,bridge1 if the ever hurrying and feverish crowd would allow him to concentrate his thoughts on anything4 ,how it should make the feelings of the most dried up anatomy of an archaeologist glow1 when1 throwing his thoughts nearly nineteen centuries back1 he sees the mighty robber conducting his band1 guarded by strong defences of bronze1 and leather1 and wood1 to the bank of the then clear river1 and preparing to invest and destroy that ill-armed but heroic body of brave men on the other side1 who1 in defence of their weak children1 and loving and high-souled wives and daughters1 will soon send many an armed and ruthless ,roman soldier to shiver on the cold banks of ,styx4 ,and what was the profit of all the plotting1 and all the unjust warfare1 waged by men single or in masses against those they considered their foemen8 ,they shortened the career of their opponents1 they shortened their own lives4 ,they preferred a short and turbulent existence to the longer and quieter span intended for them1 they passed away1 and were either speedily forgotten1 or remembered but to be cursed4 ,it is a bewildering occupation to a stranger to contemplate a map of ,london in order to acquire some distinct notion of the number and arrangement of the streets 7an idea of the inhabitants is out of the question71 to ponder how the countless multitude can be fed and clothed1 and to reflect that if old mother earth should lose her fruit-bearing qualities for one year1 how little would avail the beauty1 the bravery1 the wit1 the ingenuity1 the industry1 and the intelligence of the three million inhabitants1 to prevent the circuit of famed ,london from becoming a vast charnel-house4 ,our earliest historians were the poets1 these were succeeded by the romancers4 ,geoffry of ,monmouth1 translating the ,chronicle of ,kings brought from ,brittany1 informed the #hcg people of the twelfth century that ,brutus1 great-grandson of ,eneas1 after many voyages and adventures1 founded a town about where the ,tower has long stood1 and called it ,new ,troy4 ,this was afterward changed to ,trinobantum4 ,lud1 brother to ,cassibelan1 again gave it his own name--,caer ,lud4 ,hence ,ludstown softened to ,london4 ,other derivations for the city's name are not at all rare4 ,from the ,celtic words ,leana1 marsh or meadow2 ,linn1 a pool2 ,lung1 or ,long1 a ship2 and ,dunn1 a fort1 it is easy to make out the fort among the meadows1 the fort of the pool1 or the fort of the ships4 ,the sister city1 ,dublin1 is simply black pool4 ,as ancient ,dublin occupied at first only the hill of which the castle occupies the south-eastern spur1 so ,tower ,hill1 ,ludgate ,hill1 ,cornhill1 and ,holborn ,hill1 formed the site of the original ,british ,dun or ,duns4 ,hence the most interesting portion of ,london to an antiquary must include those places of strength4 ,but as the more easterly eminences have much longer ceased to be fashionable than our ,fishamble and ,essex streets1 and the traditions of ,london literary characters from the time of ,elizabeth date from regions further west1 most writers choose to expatiate on the buildings that lie between ,whitehall and ,temple ,bar1 and on the remarkable personages and incidents connected with them4 ,charles ,knight was unable to say his say concerning the modern ,babylon in fewer than six royal octavo volumes1 and the portly octavo lately put forth by ,mr4 ,thornbury is concerned with a very small area of the city1 ,temple ,bar being at its south-east angle1 and the ,strand1 ,st4 ,martin's lane1 ,holborn1 and ,chancery lane its boundaries4 ,,the ,,strand4 ,temple ,bar1 that narrow neck through which the struggling sands find their way with difficulty from the ,strand and the ,fleet portions of the great hour-glass1 and which is looked on by shallow readers as a relic of hoar antiquity1 dates only from #afgj1 four years after the great fire4 ,it forms the point of junction between the cities of ,london and ,westminster1 and in early times was only provided with posts1 rails1 and a chain4 ,these were succeeded by a wooden house with a narrow gate-way and a passage on one side4 ,the present structure is incumbered with the statues of ,elizabeth1 ,james ,i41 ,charles ,i41 and ,charles ,,ii41 all distinguished1 according to ,mr4 ,thornbury1 by feeble heads1 crimped drapery1 and feet and hands kept whitish by the rain1 the non-projecting portions of the bodies rejoicing in more than a century of dark atmospheric deposits4 ,mr4 ,thornbury's selection includes the long line of palaces that once adorned the ,strand or ,river-bank street1 the haunts of artists in ,st4 ,martin's lane1 the traditions of ,long ,acre1 the reminiscences connected with ,drury lane1 and the old houses of the nobility in ,lincoln's-,inn ,fields4 ,one of the most remarkable of the fine buildings of the ,strand is that which bears the name of the ambitious brother of ,jane ,seymour1 the ,duke of ,somerset1 who boasted that he could muster retainers to the number of #aj1jjj4 ,to erect his palace1 which1 by the way1 was unfinished at his death1 he demolished the parish church of ,st4 ,mary1 and pulled down the houses of the bishops of ,worcester1 ,llandaff1 and ,lichfield4 ,he would also have appropriated ,st4 ,margaret's at ,westminster1 but the mob would not sanction the sacrilege4 ,moreover1 he destroyed a chapel in ,st4 ,paul's ,church-yard1 with a cloister containing the ,dance of ,death1 and a charnel-house 7burying the bones in unconsecrated ground74 ,to crown his acts of rapine he stole the stone of a church of ,st4 ,john near ,smithfield4 ,it is not worth mentioning the carrying away of the stone of the ,strand ,inn1 it being the property of the lawyers1 who could afford to be robbed4 #hch ,the ,danish consort of our ,solomon ,i4 here delighted all who had no objection to spectacles1 in which the handsome queen and her ladies masqueraded to their own and their admirers' content4 ,rare ,ben ,jonson was surely elated by the lists of royal and noble personages who presented his masques4 ,from this same noble residence ,charles ,i4 had some trouble in dislodging the ,gallic followers of his sturdy queen1 with whom his hard-headed and wooden-shoe-abhorring subjects had come to be at deadly feud4 ,as they were rather too tedious in shifting the halter1 and traversing the cart1 the poor king was obliged to write thus to ,buckingham3 ,,steenie1--,i have received your letter by ,dick ,greame4 ,this is my answer4 ,i command you to send all the ,french away to-morrow out of the town1 if you can by fair means 7but stick not long in disputing71 otherwise force them away1 driving them away like so many wild beasts until you have shipped them1 and the--go with them6 ,let me hear no answer but of the performance of my command4 ,so ,i rest1 ,your faithful1 constant1 loving friend1 ,c4 ,r4 ,oaking1 the seventh of ,august1 #afbf4 ,the ,french inventing all sorts of vexatious delays1 the yeomen of the guard at last jostled them out1 carting them off in nearly forty coaches4 ,they arrived at ,dover after four days' tedious travelling1 wrangling and bewailing4 ,queen ,henrietta taking part in a masque at ,christmas in #afcb-c1 and ,prynne's ,histriomastix happening to be published the next day1 the poor man lost his ears for an uncomplimentary remark on women-actors1 which was found in the margin1 though it could not possibly have been written with any reference to the queen's appearance on that occasion4 ,to ,somerset ,house returned ,henrietta ,maria after the restoration1 and there the garrulous ,pepys paid his respects to her as well as to ,madame ,castlemaine4 ,by-and-by1 in came the king and ,duke and ,duchess of ,york4 ,the conversation was not a very decorous one1 and the young queen 7,catherine of ,braganza7 said to ,charles1 'you lie1' which made good sport1 as the chuckling and delighted ,pepys remarks1 those being the first ,english words he had heard her say2 and the king then tried to make her reply1 'confess and be hanged4' ,the most striking object in the old days of the ,strand was the new ,maypole which replaced the old one taken down by ,oliver's ,parliament4 ,it was of cedar wood1 #acd feet high1 and stood in front of the church of ,st4 ,mary4 ,it was brought in two pieces from below ,bridge1 the splicing made secure by iron bands1 three crowns fastened toward its top1 and then the tall article was raised by twelve sailors to a vertical position1 and firmly imbedded4 ,the operation was happily accomplished under the superintendence of the ,duke of ,york in four hours4 ,then sounded trumpets and drums2 and morris-dancers in motley attire1 and enlivened by the music of pipe and tabor1 danced in glee around it1 while thousands of throats became hoarse with loyal shouting4 ,james would have found little enjoyment in the general glee1 if he could at the moment have had a prophetic glimpse of his wife1 with her infant son folded to her breast1 pacing along the river bank in doubt and fear1 and watching for the friendly boat that was to convey her from the unfriendly city4 ,when the pole that succeeded this was obliged to abdicate1 it was presented to ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 who again presented it to the rector of ,wanstead1 and in ,wanstead park it helped to support the largest telescope then known4 ,from this memorable if unedifying goal1 ,pope started the racers in the ,dunciad3 #hci ,amidst the area wide they took their stand1 ,where the tall maypole once o'erlooked the ,strand2 ,but now1 as ,anne and piety ordain1 ,a church collects the saints of ,drury lane4 ,in the old palace of the ,savoy once lived ,john of ,gaunt2 ,john1 ,king of ,france1 the ,black ,prince's captive1 died there2 ,george ,wither1 the poet1 is buried there2 and there also was ,geoffry ,chaucer married4 ,simon1 earl of ,montfort1 once lived within its precincts2 but where kings1 archbishops1 and high nobles once walked and held high council1 pickles are now sold1 printing types set up1 and glass rolled out and spun4 ,wat ,tyler's mob being forbidden to plunder1 and supposing a couple of barrels to contain money1 flung them into a great fire4 ,the money1 alas1 was gunpowder1 as in the ,dunleary ballad1 and blew up the great hall1 shook down the neighboring houses1 killed sundry of the social reformers1 and reduced the palace to ruins4 ,henry ,,vii4 instituted within its precincts a house of refuge for every indigent person passing down the ,river-side-road1 and by a natural process of abuse the poor wayfarers derived little advantages from it4 ,loiterers1 sham cripples1 and vagabonds of both sexes begged abroad all day1 and came in the evening to the ,savoy to sup and sleep4 ,edward ,,vi4 transferred a good portion of its revenue to ,bridewell ,prison and ,christ's ,hospital4 ,mary replaced the charity on its old footing1 much to the enjoyment of inveterate beggars2 but ,elizabeth in her turn disagreeably surprised the lazy inmates and the corrupt governor1 and they had to look out for victims in other quarters4 ,the building had not lost its privilege of sheltering imposture and knavery in the last century1 having served as an asylum for fraudulent debtors in ,queen ,anne's time2 it became the darling haunt of such chaplains as ,mr4 ,lever's ,reverend ,paul2 and in #aged we find in the ,public ,advertiser this precious document put forth by them3 ,,by ,,authority4--,marriages performed with the utmost privacy1 secrecy1 and regularity1 at the ancient royal chapel of ,st4 ,john the ,baptist in the ,savoy1 where regular and authentic registers have been kept from the time of the reformation 7being two hundred years and upward7 to this day1 the expense not being more than one guinea1 the five-shilling stamp included4 ,there are five private ways to this chapel by land1 and two by water4 ,wither1 the ,cromwellian poet1 who had a hard time of it after the restoration1 lies in the ,savoy4 ,denman1 petitioning for his life1 used this ingenious device3 ,as long as ,wither lives1 ,i shall not be considered the worst poet in ,england4 ,it is not easy to a passenger sauntering or hurrying down the ,strand at this day1 admiring the facade of ,somerset ,house1 glancing into the windows of rich shops1 elbowing his way through an eager and bustling crowd1 and having his ears stunned by the thundering rumble of cabs1 busses1 and wagons1 to fancy it once a sandy and marshy road1 and the footpath very disagreeable to the feet1 and interfered with by bushes and thickets4 ,three water-courses from the northern fields found their way across it to the river1 and these were spanned by three bridges4 ,the building of ,westminster ,abbey encouraged the erection of the first houses along the ,river-side-way1 but the bad state of the road made a subject for a petition so late as the reign of ,edward ,,ii4 ,,publishing ,,in ,,the ,,seventeenth ,,century4 ,of the coffee-houses in the neighborhood of the ,strand and ,fleet street frequented by the witty and the learned from the restoration to the close of last century1 we shall gladly speak if our limits permit4 ,meanwhile1 being on a literary subject1 we must not omit to mention that the father of #hdj ,mudie's and all other circulating libraries in ,london1 was established at #acb ,strand1 in #agdj1 by a bookseller named ,bathoe4 ,had there been such establishments in ,pepys' time1 they would have saved him some money and some trouble4 ,witness his disappointment about ,hudibras3 #bfth of ,september1 #affb4 ,to the ,wardrobe4 ,hither come ,mr4 ,battersby1 and we falling into discourse of a new book of drollery in use1 called ',hudibras1' ,i would needs go find it out1 and met with it at the ,temple2 cost me #bs4 #f;d4 ,but when ,i come to read it1 it is so silly an abuse of the presbyter-knight going to the wars1 that ,i am ashamed at it1 and meeting at ,mr4 ,townsend's at dinner1 ,i sold it him for #ah;d4 7,the new book of drollery continuing to be the rage71 ,february #fth1 #affc4 ,to a bookseller's in the ,strand1 and there bought ',hudibras' again4 ,i am resolved once more to read him1 and see whether ,i can find him an example of wit or no4 7,success very doubtful47 #bhth ,november4 ,to ,paul's ,church-yard1 and there looked upon the second part of ',hudibras1' which ,i buy not1 but borrow to read4 7,he bought it a few days after1 however47 ,the world hath mightily cried up this book1 though it hath not a good liking in me1 though ,i had tried but 7by87 two or three times reading to bring myself to think it witty4 ,we find him a few days after these researches purchasing ,fuller's ,worthies1 the ,cabbala1 or ,collection of ,letters of ,state1 ,les ,delices de ,holland1 and ,hudibras again1 now in great fashion for drollery1 though ,i cannot1 ,i confess1 see enough where the wit lies4 ,pepys' great acquaintances seem to have discovered this sore spot in his mental configuration1 and to have angered it oftentimes by quoting ,hudibras at him1 and chuckling over the fun1 which1 alas1 was the reverse of fun to him4 ,it was long after the introduction of printing into the country that bookseller's shops became an institution4 ,at and before the time of the great fire1 ,st4 ,paul's ,church-yard was the chief bookselling mart4 ,on the #cast ,november1 #affj1 ,pepys bought a copy of the play of ,henry ,,iv4 in that place1 and so went to the new theatre1 and saw it acted1 but my expectation being too great1 it did not please me as otherwise ,i believe it would1 and my having a book did1 ,i believe1 spoil it a little4 ,poor ,pepys6 ,a leaf out of the scandalous chronicle of the court would have interested him more than all the wit and wisdom of ,shakespeare4 ,he tells us in his diary how his wife and he laughed a whole evening over a pamphlet written about the queen4 ,the fire destroyed thousands of fine works in the ,church-yard2 and so much was the value of books increased1 that ,ricaut's ,turkey1 #hs4 before the fire1 could not be got under #ees4 after it4 ,later in time1 ,little ,britain1 from ,duck-lane to the ,pump1 became a literary quarter4 ,when ,benjamin ,franklin first visited ,london he took lodgings in ,little ,britain at #cs4 #f;d1 per week1 next door to a bookseller's1 from whom1 as circulating libraries were not in vogue1 he purchased volumes1 read them1 sold them again to the same man1 and bought others4 ,a great deal of information on bookselling and other subjects that interested the people near #bjj years since1 may be obtained from the perusal of the ,life and ,errors of ,john ,dunton1 bookseller1 an autobiography4 ,the son of a clergyman in ,huntingdonshire1 he says he learned ,latin so as to speak it pretty well extempore1 but he could not get on well with the ,greek2 and this1 coupled with an affection entertained for a virgin in his father's house1 such passion carefully concealed from its object1 completely unhinged the classical and clerical designs of his father on him4 ,he became a bookseller's apprentice1 and in #hda #afhe a bookseller in his own person4 ,he speaks very disparagingly of the mere men of letters of his day4 ,he says1 good simple-minded man1 that what they got per sheet interested them more than zeal for the advancement of literature4 ,very little we blame the poor fellows1 but they were really inexcusable for pretending to have ransacked the whole ,bodleian ,library1 to have gone through the fathers1 and to have read and digested all human and ecclesiastical history1 while they had never mastered a single page in ,st4 ,cyprian1 nor could tell whether the fathers lived before or after our ,saviour4 ,that was the golden age of sermons and pamphlets1 the latter occupying the place of our monthlies4 ,mr4 ,john ,dunton's first essay in the publishing line was ,the ,sufferings of ,christ1 by the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,doolittle4 ,all the trade took copies in exchange for their own books1 a feature peculiar to the business #afj years since4 ,john throve and took a helpmate to himself1 not ,mrs4 ,mary ,saunders1 the virgin before mentioned4 ,the beautiful ,rachel ,seaton1 the innocent ,sarah ,day1 the religious ,sarah ,briscow1 had successively paled the image of the preceding lady in the mirror of his rather susceptible heart1 and at the end he became the fond husband of ,miss ,annesley1 daughter of a nonconformist divine4 ,the happy pair always called each other by the endearing and poetic names of ,iris and ,philaret1 but this tender attachment did not prevent ,philaret from leaving ,iris alone1 and making excursions to ,ireland1 to ,america1 and to ,holland1 and delaying in those regions for long periods4 ,these separations and distant wanderings did not tend to make our bookseller's old age comfortable and independent4 ,dunton has left an interesting account of most of the then eminent booksellers in the three kingdoms4 ,he says that in general they were not much better than knaves and atheists4 ,he also gave information of the writers he employed1 the licensers of the press1 etc4 ,it would appear that the publishing business of the time was in a very vigorous condition4 ,the shoals of pamphlets satisfied the literary hunger of those to whom1 if they lived in the nineteenth century1 ,athenaeums and ,examiners1 ,chambers's ,journals and ,all the ,year ,rounds1 would be as necessary as atmospheric air4 ,the chief booksellers of that day1 if not to be compared with continental ,alduses or ,stephenses or ,elzevirs1 were men of good literary taste and much information4 ,of the booksellers amber-preserved in the ,dunciad1 ,dunton mentions only ,lintot and ,tonson4 ,the disreputable ,curll was not known in his day4 ,this genius1 embalmed in the hearts of the rascally paper-men of ,holywell street1 being once condemned for a vile publication1 and promoted to the pillory1 cunningly averted the wrath of the mob by a plentiful distribution of handbills1 in which he stated his offence to be a pamphlet complimentary to the memory of good ,queen ,anne4 ,edward ,cave1 in starting the ,gentleman's ,magazine1 #cast ,january1 #agca1 gave healthy employment to many a pamphleteer1 though he diminished the number of separate pamphlets4 ,,ben ,,jonson ,,and ,,lincoln',s ,,inn4 ,our fancy to speak of books1 and their writers and sellers1 has led us aside from the area marked out by ,mr4 ,thornbury for his own explorations1 so we must return to bounds1 within which we find ,lincoln's-,inn ,fields4 ,these inns were originally established as places of entertainment1 where pilgrims and other travellers were hospitably attended by the monks4 ,the town houses of noblemen were also called inns1 just as in ,paris they were styled hostels4 ,the inn in question derives its name from the ,earl of ,lincoln1 ,henry de ,lacy1 to whom it was granted by ,edward ,i4 ,many eminent men have used chambers in ,lincoln's ,inn1 since it became the resort #hdb of legal students4 ,sir ,thomas ,more had chambers there1 and there ,dr4 ,donne1 the poetical divine1 attempted to study law in his seventeenth year4 ,dr4 ,tillotson preached to the lawyers 7with what effect is not told7 in #affc1 our own ,archbishop ,ussher in #afdg4 ,sir ,mathew ,hale was at first a wild student of ,lincoln's ,inn1 till reclaimed by the sight of a drunkard seized by a fit4 ,shaftesbury2 ,ashmole1 the antiquary2 ,prynne1 of pillory notoriety2 ,secretary ,thurloe2 ,sir ,john ,denham2 ,george ,wither1 omitting mention of modern celebrities1 all endeavored to penetrate the mysteries of law and equity in this long-enduring institution4 ,one of the most remarkable1 though not the most reputable1 of lawyers connected with ,lincoln's ,inn was ,sir ,edmund ,saunders1 who gave his aid to the crown while endeavoring1 in #afhc1 to overthrow the charter of ,london4 ,the following extract concerning him is taken from ,granger3 ,sir ,edmund ,saunders was originally a strolling beggar about the streets1 without known parents or relations4 ,he came often to beg scraps at ,clement's ,inn1 where he was taken notice of for his uncommon sprightliness2 and as he expressed a strong inclination to learn to write1 one of the attorney's clerks taught him1 and soon qualified him for a hackney writer4 ,he took all opportunities of improving himself by reading such books as he borrowed from his friends2 and in the course of a few years became an able attorney and a very eminent counsel4 ,his practice in the ,court of ,king's ,bench was exceeded by none4 ,his art and cunning was equal to his knowledge1 and he gained many a cause by laying snares4 ,if he was detected he was never put out of countenance1 but evaded the matter with a jest1 which he had always at hand4 ,he was much employed by the king 7,charles ,,ii47 against the city of ,london in the business of the ,quo ,warranto4 ,his person was as heavy and ungain as his wit was alert and sprightly4 ,he is said to have been a mere lump of morbid flesh4 ,the smell from him was so offensive that people held their noses when he came into court4 ,one of his jests on such occasions was1 ',that none could say he wanted issue1 for he had no less than nine on his back4' ,the literary students of the inn1 as they sit in their lonely chambers1 or converse with their comrades1 ,arthur ,pendennis and ,mr4 ,warrington1 in the pleasant grounds1 delight to fancy brave old ,ben ,jonson helping to raise the wall on the ,chancery lane side1 and reciting a passage from ,homer4 ,whether ,sutton or ,camden sent him back to college to pursue his studies is not so certain4 ,his fighting single-handed in ,flanders in the sight of the two armies1 and the subsequent carrying away of the ,spolia ,opima of his foeman1 were in strict accordance with the practice of the heroes of his studies4 ,his college life and his deeds in foreign fields were all over in his twenty-third year1 #aeig1 when we find him a player and writer for the stage in ,london2 his critics asserting that he walked the boards as if he were treading mortar4 ,poor ,ben1 with a countenance compared to a rotten russet apple1 and described by himself as remarkable for a mountain belly and a rocky face1 was equally ragged in temper4 ,quarreling with a brother actor1 he killed him in a duel in ,hogsden ,fields1 and was brought very near the gallows-foot for his non-command of temper4 ,he had not the gentle character nor the expansive intellect of his friend1 the ,gentle ,shakespeare1 nor did his characters embrace entire humanity1 nor did he possess the soaring and far-seizing imagination of his brother poet and player1 but he more closely pictured the modes of society in which they moved1 the social and politic features of the locality and the era2 all those outward manifestations1 in fact1 that distinguish the intercourse1 and the morals1 and the character of this or that locality or time1 from those of #hdc its neighbors4 ,hence a better idea can be had of the scenic features of ,old ,london1 and the costumes1 the idioms1 and usages of its people at the end of the sixteenth and beginning of the seventeenth century1 from the literary remains of ,ben ,jonson than from those of ,william ,shakespeare4 ,aubrey remarked that ,shakespeare's comedies would remain wit as long as the ,english tongue is understood2 while our present writers reflect so much upon particular persons and coxcombeties1 that twenty years hence they will not be understood4 ,london was ,ben ,jonson's world2 its people1 such as they appeared to him1 the whole human race4 ,the humorists that he knew were reproduced with the utmost truth--and the class-modes and manners that came under his observation were sketched from and to the life4 ,there was local truth of costume and character1 but little generalization4 ,illustrative instances abound in all his plays and poems4 ,in ,elizabeth's time1 ,finsbury ,fields were covered with trees and windmills4 ,so we find ,master ,stephen 7,every ,man in his ,humor71 who dwells at ,hogsden 7,hoxton71 despising the archers of ,finsbury and the citizens that come a-ducking to ,islington ,ponds4 ,the ,strand was the chief road for ladies to pass through in their coaches1 and there ,lafoole in the ',silent ,woman' has a lodging to watch when ladies are gone to the china houses or the exchange1 that he may meet them by chance1 and give them presents4 ,the general character of the streets before the fire is not forgotten4 ,in ',the ,devil is an ,ass' the lady and her lover speak closely and gently from the windows of two contiguous buildings4 ,such are a few of the examples of the local proprieties which constantly turn up in ,jonson's dramas4 ,to those who accuse rare ,ben of intemperate habits it is useless to object that he lashed intemperance and the other vices of his time as severely as the most rigid moralist could2 there are too many instances extant of the sons of ,satan correcting sin in their speeches and writings4 ,however1 the club at the ,mermaid in ,friday street to which he belonged1 consisted of such men as we cannot suppose to be of intemperate habits1 nor willing to cherish a noted drunkard4 ,for ,sir ,walter ,raleigh1 ,shakespeare1 ,beaumont1 ,fletcher1 ,selden1 ,cotton1 ,carew1 ,martin1 ,donne1 flashes of wit1 and sallies of imagination1 and touches of genial humor1 had more charms then beastly wallowing in liquor4 ,hear what ,jonson himself says in his invitation to a friend to supper where canary1 his darling liquor1 was to flow3 ,of this we will sup free but moderately1 ,nor shall our cups make any guilty men1 ,but at our parting we will be as when ,we innocently met4 ,no simple word ,that shall be uttered at our mirthful board ,shall make us sad next morning1 or affright ,the liberty that we'll enjoy to-night4 ,it was to the middle aisle of the old cathedral of ,st4 ,paul's that ,jonson and others like him resorted to obtain such wayward and grotesque characters as would take the attention of an audience4 ,it was the favorite lounge at the time of coxcombs1 bullies1 adventurers1 and cut-purses4 ,here a new man1 wishing to be in the height of fashion1 would bring his tailor1 and set him to mark the garb of the foremost gallant in vogue4 ,country squires anxious for a varnishing of courtly polish1 would be found there observing the dress and demeanor of the people of fashion1 and afterward flinging away the produce of their good lands in entertainments shared with these envied darlings of the courtly goddess4 ,captain ,bobadil1 we may be certain1 was met among the crowd at ,paul's4 ,here it was that all those niceties of the mode which crop up through his plays were observed4 ,in the ,midas of ,lily1 quoted by ,charles ,knight in his ,london1 are found collected several of these distinctive marks of the courtier comme il faut3 ,how will you be trimmed1 sir8 ,will you have your beard like a spade #hdd or a bodkin8 ,a pent-house on your upper lip1 or an alley on your chin8 ,a low curl on your head like a bull1 or dangling locks like a spaniel8 ,your mustachioes sharp at the end like shoemakers' awls1 or hanging down to your mouth like goat's flakes8 ,your love-locks wreathed like a silken twist1 or shaggy1 to fall on your shoulder8 ,few dramatists in his or our days would venture to speak so fearlessly to his audience as honest ,ben ,jonson3 ,if any here chance to behold himself1 ,let him not dare to challenge me of wrong2 ,for if he shame to have his follies known1 ,first he should shame to act 'em4 ,my strict hand ,was made to seize on vice1 and with a gripe1 ,squeeze out the humor of such spongy souls ,as lick up every idle vanity4 ,our bard was not left to struggle with the hardships of an ordinary theatrical career4 ,he was employed to compose the plots and verses of the stately and splendid masques in which ,elizabeth1 and ,anne of ,denmark1 and her ,royal ,doggie delighted4 ,had space permitted1 we should gladly have quoted some of the verses and stage directions of these court shows4 ,among the rest is an ,irish masque in which ,dennish1 ,donnell1 ,dermott1 and ,patrick come in their long glibbs and shaggy mantles to present their compliments to ,king ,yamish1 and congratulate him on the marriage of some lord or other4 ,having been roughly received by the janitors1 they sounded their grievance aloud3 ,don4--,ish it te fashion to beate te imbashaters here8 and knock 'hem o' te head phit te phoite stick8 ,der4--,ant make ter meshage run out a ter mouthsh before tey shpeake vit te king8 ,they announce their intention to dance as well as that of their masters1 who as yet stand outside3 ,don4--,but tey musht eene come1 and daunch i' teyr mantles1 and show tee how teye can foot te fading and te fadow1 and te phip a dunboyne ,i trow4 ,der4--,tey will fight for tee1 ,king ,yamish1 and for my mishtress tere4 ,footnote3 #bjc ,footnote #bjc3 ,as out of all late or still living writers1 not natives of ,ireland1 there are not three who quote our peasant-pronunciation correctly1 so it is more than probable that ,jonson1 acute as his observation was1 mistook the pronunciation of his own day4 ,after much soft-sawder about their love and their loyalty to ,shamus1 six men and boys danced to bagpipes and other rude music4 ,then the ,irish gentlemen danced in their mantles to the sound of harps2 and one of them called on a bard to celebrate the fame of him who was to make ,erin the world's wonder for peace and plenty3 ,advance1 immortal bard2 come up and view ,the gladdening face of that great king1 in whom ,so many prophecies of thine are knit4 ,this is that ,james1 of which long since thou sungst1 ,should end our country's most unnatural broils4 ,would he had done so6 ,ben was not so blind but that he could spy out some little defects in ,solomon and his queen4 ,as he could not apply his talents to their correction1 he recompensed himself in unmerciful handling of court vices4 ,toward the end of ,james's reign he enjoyed a competent fortune1 and owned an extensive library4 ,distress and illness succeeded2 but ,charles ,i4 being made aware of his forlorn condition1 granted him an additional pension1 and that tierce of canary1 whose successors have been drained by all poet-laureates since his day4 ,a blue marble stone lies over his remains in the north aisle of ,westminster ,abbey4 ,the epitaph1 ,,rare ,,ben ,,jonson1 was cut in the flag at the order and charge of ,jack ,young 7afterward knighted74 ,eighteen-pence requited the sculptor4 ,whether we have improved on the feats of artists of another kind1 in ,queen ,anne's reign1 is questionable4 ,at ,bartholomew ,fair1 in the reign of that good-natured sovereign1 a girl1 of ten years1 walked backward up a sloping rope1 driving a wheelbarrow behind her4 #hde ,scaramouch danced on the rope with two children1 and a dog1 in a wheelbarrow1 and a duck on his head4 ,our authority leaves us in some doubt as to the relative positions of man1 children1 dog1 duck1 and wheel-barrow1 and whether the duck took position on head of dog or man4 ,the eighteenth century was inaugurated by an intelligent tiger picking the feathers from a fowl in such style as to elicit the hearty applause of a discerning public4 ,continental sovereigns of our own time prefer the stirring spectacle of men and horses gored by sharp horned bulls4 ,the tiger merely removed the feathers from the skin of the dead fowl2 the viscera of the living quadruped follow the thrust of the bull's horn4 ------ ,translated from ,etudes ,religieuses1 ,historiques1 et ,litteraires1 par des ,peres de la ,compagnie de ,jesus4 ,,the ,,origin ,,and ,,mutability ,,of ,,species4 ,origines et ,transformations de l'homme et des autres etres4 lre partie4 ,par ,,tremaux4 ,paris3 ,hachette4 #ahfe4 ,anthropology is a recent science1 and yet its votaries have produced numerous treatises4 ,the delicate questions which it raises have given birth to various and contradictory opinions4 ,the most important problem of this science is that which relates to the origin of man4 ,at what epoch did man for the first time tread the surface of our globe8 ,how did he appear8 ,what cause produced him8 ,two first class scholars1 ,humboldt and ,bompland1 said1 not long ago1 ,the general question of the origin of the inhabitants of a continent is beyond the limits prescribed to history1 perhaps it is not even a philosophical question4 ,bolder than they1 the anthropologists put a question a thousand times more complex1 as to the origin of the whole human race1 and they do not hesitate to believe that1 sooner or later1 science will be able to answer it with certainty4 ,as to the present1 we may say1 ,quot capita1 tot sensus2 the most opposite ideas divide the world1 and it is the main discord which pervades science4 ,these last words are those of ,m4 ,tremaux4 ,to remedy this confusion1 the learned traveller puts forth a new idea1 which in his opinion should1 in throwing light on all the aspects of the question1 cause the discord to vanish2 trace the way we ought to follow2 and at no very distant day arrive at a complete solution4 ,it remains to be seen whether these happy auguries will be realized1 or if1 on the contrary1 the theory of ,m4 ,tremaux1 added to the others1 will not have the fatal effect of increasing the confusion it would abolish4 ,the opinions relating to the origin of man may be reduced to three4 ,in the first place1 we will state that of the monogenists1 who behold in all the human types scattered over the world only races and varieties of the same species1 and regard mankind as descending1 or at least as capable of descending1 from a single couple primitively sprung from the hands of the ,creator4 ,this opinion is evidently conformable to the ,bible narrative2 this reflection will not escape the sincere ,christian1 and we must make it at the risk of exciting the pity or indignation of certain positivists1 who reproach us with bringing into scientific questions prejudices and arguments which are extra-scientific4 #hdf ,the opinion of the polygenists is diametrically opposed to the preceding4 ,according to them1 the typical differences which exist between the races of men are so decided1 so profound1 that they could not be the result of the conditions of existence2 these differences are then original2 men1 instead of belonging to a single zoological species1 form a genera or even a family1 the bimanous family2 community of origin is then impossible1 and the account in ,genesis must be considered as legendary4 ,lastly1 a third school separates itself entirely from the preceding1 and considers the question under discussion as a phase of the general question--the stability of the species4 ,the naturalists connected with this school regard the species as something essentially changeable4 ,they deduce this opinion from the examples of the endless varieties of forms which our domestic animals above all others present4 ,it is possible1 by known processes1 to obtain1 after several generations1 products so different from the primitive type1 that to judge them by the form only we should believe in the existence of a new species2 the continued fecundity between the two varieties alone attesting the specific unity of both types4 ,would it not be possible1 by new methods1 or by a better employment of the means already known1 to arrive at such a complete transformation that the fecundity between the new and the primitive species should cease to exist1 or at least cease to be unlimited8 ,we should have thus obtained a novel species by a simple transformation due to the forces of nature4 ,the result which man might obtain at the end of several generations1 nature1 left to itself1 would inevitably arrive at1 after a longer or shorter time1 according as circumstances should be more or less favorable4 ,this is admitted by ,lamark1 and the two ,geoffroy ,saint-,hilaire2 it is admitted also by the ,english naturalist ,darwin4 ,the latter regards all animals actually existing as descending from four or five progenitors2 an equal number would suffice for plants4 ,he even adds that1 guided by analogy1 he would willingly admit that1 all organized beings1 plants and animals1 descend from one single primordial type1 and that man should constitute no exception to the general laws2 he springs from the ape or some extinct type1 and thence from the primitive4 ,it is to this last school that ,m4 ,tremaux belongs3 the title of his book sufficiently shows it4 ,he concedes the variability and the transformation of the species2 but separates himself distinctly from ,darwin relative to the causes which produce this variation4 ,m4 ,tremaux' book may be summed up entirely in the statement of the great law of the improvement of beings which is printed in large letters on the front page of the first part3 ,the improvement of creatures is or becomes proportionate to the degree of elaboration of the soil on which they live6 ,and the soil is in general elaborated in proportion as it belongs to a more recent geological formation4 ,to prove this law1 and to deduce from it every possible consequence1 is the object of the book4 ,the first requisite in judging a work is to understand its aim or end4 ,thus we have endeavored to seize the sense and the bearing which the author attaches to the great law he thinks he has discovered4 ,such a soil gives such a product1 we are told4 ,we understand this when the direct fruits of the earth are in question that is1 of the vegetables which draw directly from the earth the principles which should assimilate them4 ,but as to animals1 what influence can the soil exercise over them8 ,this is what ,m4 ,tremaux should have explained1 and what he has forgotten to tell us4 ,must we understand that the land1 by virtue of its chemical and mineralogical composition1 possesses a mysterious action of an unknown nature1 determining according to the case the improvement or degeneracy of the species of #hdg animals8 ,such is in fact the meaning which many passages seem to attribute to this law4 ,thus1 after having shown that the causes generally assigned cannot explain those typical changes which nature presents1 the author adds3 ,by the action of cross-breeding1 food1 and climate alone1 we shall meet with contradictions at every step4 ,with the action of the sun1 the whole globe exhibits the same effects4 ,since it is neither through food nor by climate that the sun acts1 it is by some mysterious agency2 and behold us thus1 in the nineteenth century1 thrown back upon occult causes4 ,may we be permitted to observe that this is not scientific8 ,entirely engaged in proving by facts the law which must serve as a oasis to his system1 ,m4 ,tremaux seems never to have thought of explaining to himself the manner of the earth's action4 ,thus1 beside numerous places which clearly imply an immediate action1 others could be quoted which only attribute to the soil an indirect action due to the aliments drawn from it4 ,for example1 apropos of cretinism1 we read3 ,this scourge is above all endemical1 because in fact those persons who can profit by the products of another soil feel in a lesser degree the unfavorable results of that condition4 ,and further on3 ,to avoid living permanently on a soil which produces cretinism is the sole remedy1 or rather the only palliative1 against its pernicious effects on man4 ,it is best to abandon it completely1 or at least to make use of products other than those destined to feed its inhabitants4 ,in brief1 what is necessary to bring humanity to perfection8 ,firstly1 ,to choose carefully those lands whose products are more directly intended for man4 ,secondly1 ,to have recourse to every proper means of improving the land4 ,thirdly1 ,planting with suitable trees those lands which are unfavorable to the growth of human food4 ,fourthly1 ,to subject to agriculture those forest lands which occupy a favorable soil4 ,these passages appear clear that it is not of itself1 but by its productions1 and also doubtless through its climate1 the soil acts on man and on the animals4 ,this explanation is more philosophical than novel4 ,between the monogenists and the polygenists1 the question reduces itself very nearly to this3 ,can beings differing so much as the ,europeans and the ,bushmen1 the ,hottentot and the ,australian1 descend from the same ancestors8 ,no1 reply the polygenists2 for the differences are greater than those which characterize certain species4 ,in order to meet this objection1 the monogenists have had recourse to what is called the middle theory1 and to that of the cross-breeds4 ,the whole of the external circumstances under which the representatives of a species exist1 constitute what is called the middle or medium1 to which monogenists1 supporting themselves on undoubted facts1 attribute the power of gradually changing the medium type of a species4 ,the crossing of many types thus modified will give birth to new forms1 all1 however1 belonging to one common kind4 ,where do we find the difference between this middle theory and the law of ,m4 ,tremaux8 ,in nothing but a greater or less importance attributed to the influence of soil2 and even this difference is more apparent than real4 ,the fundamental law so understood--and it appears to us hard to understand it otherwise--constitutes no novel idea or theory2 it is nothing more than a variation of the classic theory of the influence of media4 ,how is this law proved8 ,it is impossible for us to follow the author in the development of his arguments4 ,he gives proof in them of rare learning1 and of profound and varied knowledge of ethnography4 ,we observe the marked predilection of ,m4 ,tremaux for the soil of ,africa1 which he has ably described in special works4 ,but when we have finished reading him1 and would give an account of his arguments and of their value1 we do #hdh not find in them all the elements of conviction4 ,we know that many writers have expressed an opinion very different from ours1 but even should we be deemed too exacting1 we must acknowledge that an attentive perusal has not convinced us4 ,there are no doubt remarkable coincidences in the work2 but they are not of a sufficiently trenchant character1 and1 moreover1 most of the facts may be explained otherwise than by the influence of soil4 ,let us give some examples4 ,we cannot meet with a single instance of a civilization which has developed itself1 nor even been maintained in cases of emigration1 under adverse geological conditions4 ,nothing is more natural1 in fact4 ,why should emigrants on the way of civilization settle preferentially in unfertile countries8 ,for it must not be forgotten that what are here called geological conditions refer simply to the fertility of the soil4 ,another argument extensively developed is drawn from the persistence of the same types in the same countries4 ,after having examined ,africa and ,europe from this point of view1 the author concludes thus3 ,in short1 what have the migrations from the ,east peopling the ,west produced8 ,they have created ,hellenes in ,greece1 ,romans in ,rome1 ,gauls in ,france1 and children of ,albion in ,england4 ,must we conclude1 from this persistence1 that the conquering races have in each generation felt the influence of the soil1 so as to resemble after some centuries the former populations8 ,such is the reasoning of ,m4 ,tremaux4 ,but the same fact is appealed to by polygenists1 who interpret it in a different manner4 ,according to them1 this persistence proves that the conquering race has always been absorbed by the indigenous2 and they do not fail to conclude from it that between these two races illimitable fecundity1 the specific character of unity1 is hardly ever realized4 ,we read at the same page3 ,if we pass over other continents1 the same results strike us on all sides4 ,on certain points of ,australia and ,america1 the ,english type is attached from the very first generation4 ,this fact is stated by some naturalists1 but it is denied by others4 ,we can say as much of the pretended transformation of negroes4 ,messrs4 ,reiset1 ,lyell1 and ,e4 ,reclus tell us that they are transformed in about one hundred and fifty years to approach the white type by one quarter of the distance which separated them from it4 ,but ,american anthropologists1 who are nearly all polygenists1 resolutely affirm the contrary4 ,thus we see the facts are difficult to ascertain1 and still more difficult to interpret4 ,it is one of the grand difficulties of anthropology4 ,we rarely succeed in agreeing about the facts themselves1 which only happens in some exceptional cases supported by perfectly exact statistics2 and many facts are not of a nature to be consigned to the columns of an official register4 ,even in a case where the facts are placed beyond doubt1 they are generally of a nature to be variously interpreted1 and every one with preconceived ideas tortures them at his pleasure1 and does not fail to find in them a confirmation of his theories4 ,m4 ,tremaux is so filled with his idea that he finds proofs in support of it even in politics2 and reciprocally1 does not hesitate1 in the name of geology1 to counsel princes on the manner of governing their subjects4 ,for example1 we remember the war carried on in #ahdh by ,hungary against ,austria4 ,at that time ,transylvania withdrew from the common cause and rallied to the ,austrian government4 ,the emperor ,francis ,joseph rejoiced at this result1 hoping to easily propitiate the ,croats2 but he experienced from them an unexpected resistance1 and their assembly of notables declared that ,croatia should continue to share the fate of ,hungary4 ,upon this ,m4 ,tremaux says3 ,this would appear paradoxical if we considered only geographical positions1 but consult #hdi geology and all this will appear perfectly rational1 since ,transylvania reposes like ,austria upon a great surface of old ground2 whilst ,hungary1 ,croatia1 and ,dalmatia stand upon more recent layers4 ,we leave our readers to appreciate this4 ,the author adds3 ,as to ,venetia1 not only is its soil of recent formation1 but it possesses a distinct and very different nationality2 thus each one recognizes its unalterable tendencies4 ,what caused the sanguinary war which has just desolated ,america8 ,why1 because the ,southerns1 dwelling on virgin soil1 fought for their independence and would not be governed by men from old lands4 ,and reflecting that the new lands of the ,south are more fitted to improve the races which cultivate them1 ,m4 ,tremaux fears not to predict1 notwithstanding the unforeseen victory of the ,north1 that in the future the ,south will govern the ,north1 if it be not separated from it4 ,as to ,ireland and ,poland1 it is again in the name of geology that our author defends their independence4 ,not hoping to obtain this result1 he at least gives the princes who govern them wise counsels for their guidance4 ,let us come to the scientific conclusions which the author pretends to draw from his principle in favor of natural history in general and of anthropology in particular4 ,since the soil acts so energetically in the modification of types1 it is evident that the species ought to be essentially variable4 ,let a race be found isolated on a favorable ground1 without any communication with the rest of mankind1 and the modifications will be produced1 transmitted1 and increased in every generation2 and1 after a longer or shorter time1 the new type will be so different from the old one1 that illimitable fecundity will no longer exist between them2 there will only be one species the more4 ,transformations in reality are not made as rapidly as might be believed1 because the isolation which we have supposed never exists4 ,it thence follows that the crossings with the primitive race1 or even with a race on the road to degeneracy on an imperfect soil1 constantly check the effect of the superior soil4 ,at length there is an equilibrium between these two causes1 and then there appears a medium type1 which preserves its identity so long as the circumstances remain the same4 ,this necessarily happens in a period of several thousand years1 like our historic period4 ,but if we take in at a glance several thousand ages1 we shall understand that the geological changes effected by time on the surface of the world will cause the action of the soil to prevail over the influence of crossings1 in such a manner as to modify slowly but progressively the types and the species4 ,starting from these principles1 what does ,m4 ,tremaux require in order to explain the actual state of creation8 ,a simple primordial cell or utricle1 the most simply organized being1 whether animal or vegetable matters little4 ,if this being so simple existed at the epoch which geologists term the ,silurian period1 it is many millions of ages past4 ,since then the surface of the globe has been constantly modified and ameliorated1 life has been constantly developed1 and form been brought nearer to perfection4 ,it is thus that even in the most elementary beings nature has arrived at the numerous and complicated forms which we know4 ,in this manner man at his appointed hour appeared on earth1 where he strove to improve himself and is striving in that direction still4 ,m4 ,tremaux does not exactly admit that we are descended from apes4 ,no2 but he contends that both man and ape sprang from one common source1 which has now disappeared2 and that whilst the quadruman1 placed under unfavorable geological conditions1 has suffered from its inevitable influence and been degraded1 man has on the contrary1 under happier influences1 developed himself1 and is become able1 by #hej his intelligent activity1 to combat those external influences4 ,hence his actual superiority--hence his future progress4 ,a serious objection here presents itself4 ,does the influence of the soil perfect the instinct of animals as well as their bodies8 ,has it given man that intelligence which1 better than all zoological characters1 especially distinguishes him from the brute creation8 ,m4 ,tremaux meets this difficulty with a reply which might have been taken from ,nysten's dictionary4 ,in his comparison of man with the ape1 he tells us that ,m4 ,gratiolet divides the subject into two sections1 the one referring to organization1 the other to faculties4 ,he concedes the resemblances of the first1 he refuses to acknowledge those of the second1 without observing that these differences in faculties are only the consequence of a greater or less degree of organic development4 ,this philosophical heresy does not slip by chance from the writer's pen2 we find it repeated in several places1 nearly in the same terms4 ,moreover1 in refuting another passage from ,gratiolet1 he says3 ,i am astonished that ,gratiolet does not recognize in instinct a rudiment of intelligence2 in the constructions of the beaver1 in the nests of birds1 in the cells of bees1 elements of sculpture and of design1 etc4 ,m4 ,tremaux divides the opinions of ,gratiolet into two2 the first part is serious1 and is that of the learned anatomist2 the second is that of sentiment1 wherein he speaks by the same title as the philosophers who develop the void of their entities4 ,this contempt for philosophy well explains the strange ideas of our author about the intelligence of man and the souls of brutes4 ,to see nothing between both but a difference of organization is not philosophical4 ,a little metaphysics would spoil nothing1 and it really does not require a strong dose to behold the abyss which separates human intelligence1 capable of seizing the abstract and the absolute as well as the concrete and the continent1 from that of brutes1 acting by instinct1 able only at the most to combine some sensations1 without ever having any general ideas4 ,we think we have now given a pretty exact epitome of ,m4 ,tremaux' ideas4 ,the whole work rests upon an ill defined principle1 which1 in the sense in which we have understood it1 the only one which appears to us to be feasible1 cannot be considered new4 ,this principle1 although true in a certain sense and within certain limits1 is not to be proved irrefragable1 as the basis of any theory should be4 ,the consequences which are sought to be drawn from the premises are not necessarily contained in them1 and many bear not the seal of a wholesome philosophy4 ,we shall perhaps be thought a little too severe upon this work4 ,we think we should be so1 especially as the author is in many respects recommendable4 ,apropos of the question of species1 ,m4 ,tremaux writes3 ,m4 ,kourens has his merits1 but they lie elsewhere2 it is in his researches on the periosteum and on the vital cord that he acquires them4 ,we may be allowed to use the same expressions and to say3 ,m4 ,tremaux deserves well1 but not herein2 his actual labors on ethnography and archaeology are very good4 ,read the account of his travels to ,soudan and into ,asia ,minor1 and you will acknowledge him a man of talent and undoubted science4 ,but as to his theoretical ideas on the question of the species1 he must not reckon upon them to support his reputation4 ,some journals may waste their incense upon him2 the ,constitutional may exclaim3 ,the veil has been lifted444 a new law is about to unite all disputants4 4 the arguments of ,m4 ,tremaux abound1 and we feel only an embarrassment in choosing4 ,l',independance ,beige will join the chorus4 ,even the ,moniteur will grant its approval4 ,but all this is no set-off against the opinions of the learned1 and ,m4 ,tremaux knows very well that our great naturalists do not #hea look upon his ideas as acceptable1 or his arguments as conclusive4 ,it will be observed that we have not spoken of the ,bible1 although its narrative appears compromised by the transformation theory4 ,we believe it to be useless to mix up theology with scientific debates1 at least1 when it is not directly attacked4 ,now1 ,m4 ,tremaux is far from attacking revelation2 he does not believe his ideas reconcileable with ,genesis2 he never speaks of the ,bible narrative but with the greatest respect4 ,hence we believe it advisable to show great tolerance toward sciences which are still in their infancy1 which require their elbows free for development1 and which must wander a little in unknown countries1 free to make a false step from time to time4 ,it is thus they will progress and arrive at the truth4 ,we will add one last remark on the address of the anthropologists4 ,the origin of man concerns historians as much as naturalists2 for this reason we should not1 in works of this character1 neglect historic monuments4 ,of all those monuments1 books are the surest4 ,even in abstracting the special value which the ,bible possesses as an inspired volume1 it is not the less true that it is a document which must be considered1 and which as a written document has an incontestably safer meaning than all the fossils in the world4 ,for a higher reason we should beware of all theories or hypotheses which do not agree with the sacred text4 ,the ,bible no doubt is not intended to instruct us in the secrets of the natural order1 and it is perhaps for that that we find in it so little relating to these subjects2 but the ,holy ,ghost1 who inspired the sacred writers1 could not have dictated to them errors1 and every assertion which would be contrary to the clear and certain sense of a passage in it should1 for this reason1 be rejected as untrue4 ,when the sense is obscure or doubtful1 which is nearly always the case in passages relating to physics1 we should1 we think1 be very cautious1 and it is prudent for the learned to be on their guard1 for fear of falling into very numerous and grave errors4 ------ ,from ,the ,victoria ,magazine4 ,,wisdom ,,by ,,experience4 ,what a shame6 ,what abominable interference6 ,what cruelty6 ,what tyranny6 ,these and many other strong expressions of the same kind proceeded from a collection of rose-stocks planted ready for budding4 ,they were all fiercely angry and indignant1 and first one and then another uttered some exclamation of disgust1 and then all joined in a chorus of maledictions on the gardener who had done them so much injury4 ,it was in the month of ,june that their feelings were so much excited1 just when the sap was most active1 and they were throwing out their most luxuriant shoots4 ,i don't know how they went on when the gardener first dug them up out of the hedges1 and cut away all their side branches and left only a single straight stem4 ,if they did not make a fight for it then1 it must have been because their sap was all dried up1 and their leaves had fallen off1 and they were in low spirits1 and did not much care what became of them4 ,but even then ,i don't think they yielded without a struggle1 and ,i have no doubt there was a good deal of scratching and dragging back1 #heb and a great show of independence and sullenness4 ,but they had not the spirits to keep up resistance1 and the gardener did not give them much chance1 for he pruned them close1 and planted them in rows just far enough apart to prevent the possibility of their having much intercourse1 or of the evil disposed corrupting the more docile4 ,but it was different in ,june1 when1 as ,i said1 the sap was active1 and their branches began to grow out on all sides1 so that they could reach each other and even take a sly pinch at the gardener or any of his friends who happened to come near4 ,and the particular irritation now was because the gardener had discovered how wild they were becoming1 and set resolutely about restraining them4 ,first of all he cut off all the suckers that grew from the roots1 and the lower shoots1 leaving only those that grew at the crown of the stock1 and then he put them all straight up1 and would not let them loll about or hang over the path--a habit they had got into which was very disagreeable to those who passed by4 ,and if they would not stand upright without1 he fastened them to pieces of board let into the ground4 ,this was a great grievance1 but ,i think they most rebelled at having their lower boughs cut off1 for if left to themselves they would have spread and puffed themselves out in a most ridiculous way4 ,now it so happened that ,madame ,boll1 a stock of a former year which had been budded1 but left in its place and not removed with the rest into the flower-garden1 heard their exclamations of anger and impatience1 and having perhaps gone through some such phase of feeling herself1 and thus gained wisdom by experience1 she thought she would try if she could put their case to them in a better light2 so she took advantage of a little lull in the storm1 and said in a gentle1 ladylike tone1 ,my young friends1 ,i am very sorry to see you so unhappy2 but perhaps if you will hear what ,i have got to say1 you might think better of your present position4 ,well1 said ,miss ,strong1 who was tossing her long arms about in a very excited way1 only luckily she was out of reach1 if you are going to take the gardener's part1 and preach patience and submission1 and that sort of thing1 ,i can tell you you had better keep your remarks to yourself1 or if ,i can get at you1 ,i'll spoil that neat head-dress of yours1 which1 let me tell you1 is not half as pretty as hundreds in the hedgerows1 or as ours would have been1 if we had been left to our own devices as we were last year2 which tirade she ended with a scornful laugh in which many of the others joined4 ,but little ,miss ,wild-,rose1 who was nearer1 said quietly1 ,perhaps it would be as well to hear what is said on the other side2 particularly as1 it is too hot to go on screaming and abusing people who don't seem to care about it2 and as several of the others were of the same opinion1 ,madame ,boll took courage1 and said what was in her mind4 ,perhaps it may give you more confidence in me to know1 that when ,i was first placed here ,i had many of the same thoughts and feelings that you appear to have4 ,i did not know why ,i was taken out of the hedgerow1 and trimmed and restrained1 and not allowed to have my own way2 and ,i confess ,i thought it very hard4 ,particularly ,i was indignant1 as no doubt you will be when the time comes 7for you have still a good deal to undergo which you know nothing about at present71--,i was1 ,i say1 very indignant when the gardener cut a slit in the only shoot which he had left me1 and which was growing very luxuriant1 and ,i was quite proud of it2 and introduced a meagre little bud from another tree1 and made me nourish and strengthen it1 though ,i knew that my own shoot would suffer by it2 and so it turned out2 for after a while1 when the bud began to grow1 he cut away #hec my natural shoot altogether1 and left only that which had been inserted4 ,here ,miss ,strong broke in4 ,you were very tame to submit to it4 ,i would have banged and twisted about till ,i had got rid of it some way or other4 ,ah6 said ,madame ,boll1 we shall see2 you are stronger and more resolute than ,i was4 ,all ,i know is1 ,i could not help myself4 ,cowardly creature6 muttered ,miss ,strong1 scornfully4 ,but ,madame ,boll resumed3 ,i soon got used to the change1 and gradually began to take an interest in the bud ,i had adopted2 and though of course ,miss ,strong may affect to despise its beauty1 ,i can assure you that most people have a different opinion4 ,whereupon1 ,madame ,boll gave herself airs1 and coquettishly moved aside a leaf or two1 and displayed a most perfect and symmetrical rose4 ,but1 said ,miss ,wild-,rose and her party all in a breath1 do you mean that we shall all bear roses like that8 ,not all1 certainly1 possibly none of you exactly like1 for there are hundreds of varieties1 and many of them much more beautiful4 ,it will be just as the gardener fancies1 though he is generally guided in his selection by the habit and vigor of the stock1 ,i daresay he will give ,miss ,strong1 who is so energetic1 a bud of ,gloire de ,dijon1 or ,anna de ,diesbach1 and you1 being weaker1 will have ,devoniensis1 or ,niphetos4 ,miss ,strong gave a scornful toss at this1 but did not vouchsafe any remark1 though ,i think she felt rather complimented1 and the others began to muse1 since it must be so1 what rose they would be likely to have1 and which would become them best4 ,a little time after this it turned out just as ,madame ,boll had said--the gardener came one morning and began to bud the stocks1 and just as he was preparing ,miss ,wild-,rose for the operation1 a young lady came by1 and asked what bud he intended for that one1 for1 she said1 ,i want a ,devoniensis1 and ,i think it would just suit it4 ,i have got a ,devoniensis bud here1 he said1 and will put it in4 ,and that tall one ,i think ,i should like for ,gloire de ,dijon4 ,i will try1 he said1 but somehow ,i am half afraid ,i shall have some trouble with it1 for though vigorous it is rather awkward1 and the thorns are very spiteful4 ,to say the truth1 ,i am half afraid of it1 and have been leaving it till the last4 ,but what1 said the lady1 is this in the corner8 ,surely it is ,madame ,boll2 and such a beauty6 ,what is it doing here8 ,to say the truth1 ma'am1 ,i overlooked it when ,i planted the others out1 and now it must remain where it is for another year4 ,well1 she said1 ,i hope the others will take pattern from it and do as well4 ,so1 said ,madame ,boll1 after they were gone1 that accounts for my being left here3 ,i must confess ,i was a little mortified1 for ,i thought it was a slight2 but ,i generally find1 if we wait awhile1 everything comes right in the end1 and possibly my being here has done you some good1 or given you comfort2 and if so1 instead of regret1 ,i ought to feel pleasure4 ,but now1 my young friends1 ,i will tell you a conversation ,i overheard one day1 between the young lady who was here just now and another1 which your foolish behavior a short time ago brought to my mind4 ,they were talking about the children in the school1 and how difficult it was to make them feel the advantage of being submissive and conforming to their rules4 ,they said they were so anxious to have their own way1 and seemed to think it was a pleasure to their teachers to thwart them1 or make them do what they did not wish1 and not that it was intended for their good2 and if their teachers thought they paid too much attention to their dress1 #hed and wished to be smart1 and wear flowers and feathers1 when they ought rather to be adorning their minds1 and beautifying their tempers1 and enriching their understanding1 they were ready to cry out1 as you did just now1 ',what tyranny6' ',how interfering6' ',why can't they let us dress as we like8' ,but what they were particularly complaining about on that occasion1 was that the children would persist in wearing hoops which stuck out their clothes1 and made them take up twice as much room as they otherwise would have done4 ,for1 it seems1 the benches where they sat were only large enough for them if they sat close together1 which they could not do with hoops on1 so they were obliged to tell them they could not take them into the school if they did not lay aside their hoops1 and some of them were foolish enough to say that they would not come to school if they were not allowed to wear hoops4 ,now1 it struck me1 this was just like your folly in wishing to keep your wild-growing suckers and lower branches1 when you know very well that they would take away all the nourishment which is needed to bring the beautiful rose-buds to perfection2 the bud1 in your place1 answering to the knowledge and other excellences which it is the object of education to impart to their ignorant and lawless natures1 and which1 in after years1 when they are able to appreciate them1 they prize highly1 and can hardly understand what it was that made them so averse to go through the process necessary for their acquirement4 ,a year or two afterward ,i saw the young lady and the gardener looking at a bed of beautiful roses on the lawn1 and heard the young lady ask what had become of the ,devoniensis she had asked him to bud4 ,don't you see it1 ma'am1 he said1 growing against the wall8 ,i think it is almost the gem of the whole garden4 ,oh1 what a beauty6 she exclaimed2 and how well it has grown6 ,yes1 ma'am1 he said2 it has always done well2 it seemed to take to it kindly from the very first1 and has never gone back at all4 ,but ,i had a good deal of trouble with this one2 perhaps you may remember my saying ,i thought it likely ,i should4 ,it is that strong growing one you remarked at the same time when you told me to bud the ,devoniensis4 ,it won't make much show this year4 ,it wasted so much energy in putting out side-shoots and suckers4 ,but ,i think it has got out of its bad ways1 and next year ,i hope it will make quite a grand tree4 ,oh6 she said1 and here is my old friend ,madame ,boll1 ,i see4 ,i am glad you put it here1 it is well worth a good place4 ,you hear1 said ,madame ,boll1 after they were gone1 to her neighbor ,gloire de ,dijon1 what they say of us1 and ,i hope you have become reconciled to the change1 and will let the good that is in you show itself4 ,whereupon there seemed to come rather a lachrymose murmur from the dwarfed shoot of ,gloire de ,dijon4 ,but am ,i not to flower at all this year8 ,well1 my dear1 said ,madame ,boll1 tenderly1 ,i do not wish to be severe or say anything to hurt your feelings1 but you must know that your present disappointment is the natural result of your past conduct4 ,you were so determined to indulge in perverse and self-willed suckers1 and you never let the gardener touch you without trying to prick his fingers or tear his clothes4 ,and now all you want is a little patience4 ,who knows but you may be allowed to bloom in the autumn1 and perhaps win the prize at the last flower show8 ,but if not1 why it will be all right next year4 ,do you think it was no mortification to me to be neglected and almost unnoticed last year1 and that1 as it appears1 entirely owing to the carelessness of others1 and not from any fault of mine8 ,well1 you see1 ,i have got over it2 and very likely next year #hee you will have the gratification of hearing the lady praise you as she did me just now4 ,be thankful that experience with you has not come too late4 ,when ,madame ,boll ended1 ,i could see on the edge of one of her delicate leaves a drop of dew1 and ,i said to myself1 ,how very like a tear6 ------ ,from ,the ,month4 ,,laborers ,,gone ,,to ,,their ,,reward4 ,in the days in which we live1 more perhaps than at any other time1 education1 the school1 and the college are made the positions of vital importance in the battle-field of contending principles4 ,services rendered and losses sustained on such points are1 therefore1 worthy of special notice1 of particular gratitude1 or of sorrow4 ,in the month of ,may of this year two souls went to their rest1 both of whom had labored long1 signally1 and successfully in the cause of ,catholic education--especially for the higher classes2 both of whom have left behind them institutions in which their spirit is enshrined3 destined1 we trust1 to continue through centuries yet to come the work1 the beginnings of which were committed to those whose loss we are now lamenting4 ,on the #adth of ,may ,monsignor de ,ram1 the restorer of ,catholic university education in the countries over which the ,french revolution had swept1 died peacefully1 but almost without warning2 and a few days later1 his decease was followed by that of the reverend mother ,madeline ,sophie ,barat1 the foundress and first superioress-general of the congregation of the nuns of the ,sacred ,heart4 ,let us devote a few lines to each4 ,monsignor de ,ram was born at ,louvain1 of parents distinguished for piety and noble descent1 ,september #b1 #ahjd4 ,he early devoted himself to the service of the ,church2 was ordained priest1 ,march #ai1ahbg2 and became at once professor in the ecclesiastical seminary of his native diocese1 ,mechlin4 ,he had no sooner grown up than he was struck by observing that his native language1 the ,flemish1 which of all ,european tongues most nearly resembles our own1 was almost wholly without books of a good tendency4 ,the reason was evident4 ,the population by which it is spoken is comparatively small1 and is hemmed in by others which speak ,french1 ,dutch1 or ,german4 ,hence it has almost sunk into a patois4 ,men who speak ,flemish to their servants and laborers read and write in ,french4 ,the first labors of ,mons4 de ,ram were devoted to meet this want1 by publishing several very useful books in ,flemish4 ,he was only thirty when the bishops of ,belgium resolved to erect a ,catholic university4 ,the attempt could never before have been made2 for in ,belgium1 almost more than anywhere else1 education had for two hundred years been seized by the state1 and used to an irreligious purpose4 ,the revolution of #ahcj1 though not made by the ,church nor in its interests1 had given it a freedom which it never possessed before4 ,the first use made of this freedom by the bishops of ,belgium was to erect a ,catholic university1 and the young and zealous priest de ,ram was set over it by their deliberate choice4 ,to its service he devoted the rest of his life4 ,beneath his care were trained during thirty years a continual succession of young men1 who are at this day the strength of the ,church in ,belgium1 and to a considerable degree in ,france4 #hef ,england also has sent students there4 ,those who have had the happiness of attending the meetings of the ,catholic congress in ,belgium must1 we think1 have been struck by the high ,catholic tone of a number of young men of the middle and higher classes1 and by their intelligence4 ,for those men ,belgium and the ,church are indebted to the ,catholic university of ,louvain1 and of that university ,monsignor de ,ram has1 until his death1 been the soul4 ,on ,friday1 ,may #ab1 he returned from attending a meeting of the academy of ,brussels4 ,on the evening of ,sunday1 #adth1 he had entered into the unseen world4 ,his age was only sixty2 and as he was willing1 so it might have been expected that he would be able1 to continue for years to come the labors in which his life had been spent4 ,such was not the will of his ,lord1 whose call he was at once ready to obey4 ,at ,paris1 on the morning of ,monday1 ,may #bb1 only seven whole days later1 the superioress of the ,society of the ,sacred ,heart had attended the mass of the community4 ,she had completed in the preceding ,december her eighty-fifth year4 ,her day of labor was at last over4 ,she was seized with apoplexy1 and never recovered the power of speech4 ,she gave1 however1 clear signs of intelligence1 and received the viaticum1 as well as the last unction4 ,on the #bdth the blessing of the ,holy ,father reached her by a telegraphic message4 ,on the #beth she slept the sleep of the just4 ,she was born in ,december1 #aggi4 ,she had an elder brother1 who before #ahjj was a priest1 and had joined himself to a society which was formed at ,vienna in the latter part of the ,french revolution1 under the title of the ,fathers of the ,sacred ,heart4 ,the first superior of this society1 ,father ,tournely1 had been a pupil of the illustrious ,father ,emery at ,st4 ,sulpice4 ,his object seems to have been to continue under another name the spirit and practices of the ,society of ,jesus1 which had been swept away twenty years before by the insane union of the monarchs of ,europe with the revolutionary infidels1 until times should allow of its re-establishment4 ,this1 however1 he did not live to see4 ,his successor1 ,father ,varin1 joined it at its restoration4 ,he relates that the great desire of ,father ,tournely was the foundation of a congregation of nuns devoted1 under the protection of the ,sacred ,heart1 to the education of young persons of their own sex4 ,at one time he had hoped to see this project carried into execution by the ,princess ,louisa of ,bourbon-,conde1 who actually came from ,switzerland1 where she was in exile1 to ,vienna1 to confer with him on the subject4 ,but ,god called her to the contemplative life1 and she became a ,benedictine4 ,father ,tournely1 however1 never doubted its execution4 ,walking one day on the fortifications now destroyed1 but then surrounding ,vienna1 he said to ,father ,varin1 alluding to this disappointment1 ,dear friend1 ,i thought this had been the work of ,god1 and if it is not1 ,i confess ,i do not know how to discern between the spirit of truth and the spirit of falsehood4 ,then1 after remaining silent awhile in recollection1 he turned to his friend1 with something of fire more than natural in his expression1 and added3 ,it is the will of ,god4 ,as to the occasion and the instrument1 ,i may have been deceived2 but1 sooner or later1 this society will be founded4 ,his friend used to say that the impression left by these words1 and the manner in which they were spoken1 never faded from his mind4 ,they impressed him with the same conviction2 and he added1 that when he repeated them to his brethren1 it took possession of all their minds4 ,in truth1 said ,fr4 ,varin1 ,god had not chosen for the commencement of this work instruments great in this world4 ,that the glory might be his alone1 he was pleased that the foundation of the building should be simplicity1 littleness1 nothingness4 ,fr4 ,tournely died soon afterward1 #heg in the flower of his age4 ,fr4 ,varin succeeded him1 and the conclusion of the revolution enabled him and his brethren to return to ,paris4 ,to ,paris they went in the year #ahjj4 ,it was exactly the moment when to human eyes the night seemed darkest1 but when the morning was ready to spring4 ,pius ,,vi4 died a prisoner in the hands of the infidel ,french revolutionists1 ,august #bi1 #agii4 ,at this moment1 says ,macaulay1 it is not strange that even sagacious observers should have thought that at length the hour of the ,church of ,rome was come4 ,an infidel power in the ascendant1 the pope dying in captivity1 the most illustrious prelates of ,france living in a foreign country on ,protestant alms1 the noblest edifices which the munificence of former ages had consecrated to the worship of ,god turned into temples of victory1 or into banqueting-houses for political societies1 or into theophilanthropic chapels2 such signs might well be supposed to indicate the approaching end of that long domination4 ,but the end was not yet4 ,again doomed to death1 the milk-white hind was still fated not to die4 ,even before the funeral rites had been performed over the ashes of ,pius ,,vi41 a great reaction had commenced1 which after the lapse of sixty-five years appears to be still in progress4 ,as yet1 however1 no human foresight would have observed the tokens of that reaction4 ,paris was no longer the city where the eldest son of the ,church was enthroned1 and where the great of this world were rejoiced to heap their wealth upon any new plan which promised to promote the glory of ,god4 ,still1 ,napoleon ,bonaparte had just seized the reins as first consul1 and there was at least toleration to priests4 ,the community lived in a single mean room1 which served them as dormitory1 refectory1 kitchen1 and study4 ,here ,fr4 ,varin was sitting upon the edge of a very shabby bed1 and by his side sat one of his community1 ,fr4 ,barat4 ,i asked him what relations he had4 ,he said1 one little sister4 ,the words made a strong impression upon me4 ,i asked how old she was1 and what were her powers4 ,he said she was eighteen or nineteen2 that she had learned ,latin and ,greek1 and translated ,virgil and ,homer with ease2 that she had qualities to make a good teacher2 but that for the present she had gone to pass some time in her family4 ,father ,barat1 good man as he was1 was not above human infirmity1 and like other elder brothers1 however proud he might be of his younger sister1 could never fancy that she was really grown up2 for when he said she was about eighteen or nineteen1 she was one-and-twenty4 ,two months later she came to ,paris4 ,i went to see her1 and found a young person of very delicate appearance1 extremely retiring1 and very timid4 ,what a foundation-stone6 said ,i to myself1 in reply to the feeling ,i had had within me when her brother had mentioned her to me for the first time4 ,and yet it was upon her that it was the will of ,god to raise the building of the ,society of ,his ,divine ,heart4 ,this was the grain of mustard-seed which was to produce the tree whose branches have already spread so wide4 ,on ,november #ba1 #ahjj1 she dedicated herself to the ,sacred ,heart1 under the patronage of the ,blessed ,virgin1 together with an intimate friend1 ,mlle4 ,octavia ,bailly1 who shared her aspirations4 ,it was the first streak on the sky which told of the coming day4 ,the day the society was formed1 in #ahjb1 she became superioress of the first house1 which was at ,amiens4 ,in #ahjf1 a second was founded at ,grenoble2 that year the first general congregation elected her superioress-general4 ,in #ahbf there were seventeen houses1 and the rules were approved by ,leo ,,xii4 ,before her death she had under her rule ninety-seven houses and #c1ejj nuns4 ,she had been superioress of the congregation for sixty-three years2 and it is probable that the majority of the ,french ladies now living who have received a religious #heh education at all have received it at the hands of herself or of her children in religion4 ,her body was taken to ,conflans1 where is the novitiate in the neighborhood of ,paris4 ,during three days her cell was visited by all whom the rules of the community permitted to enter--the nuns of the different houses in ,paris1 pupils present and former of all ages4 ,not only these1 but many priests were so desirous to have medals1 chaplets1 etc41 touched by her remains1 that two sisters1 who were continually employed1 were hardly able to satisfy the general desire4 ,at the beginning of this short notice we spoke of sorrow and a sense of loss as feelings natural in those interested in the great works undertaken by such laborers as ,mons4 de ,ram and ,madame ,barat on the occasion of their removal from the scene of action4 ,we need hardly do more than allude to the other feelings which must at the same time blend with and qualify these2 to the joy and exultation that must always hail the close of a noble career long persevered in1 from the thought of the rest and the crown that have been so faithfully won2 and to the confidence that the works which those who have been removed from us have been allowed1 while in the flesh1 so happily to found1 promote1 and guide1 will certainly not suffer by the ,providence that has now1 as we trust1 placed them where they are enabled to see1 without any intervening shadow1 the value of the great end for which these works were undertaken1 and where their power to help them on is to be measured1 not by the feeble and inconstant energies of a will still subject to failure and perversion1 but by the mighty intensity of the intercession of those who are at rest with ,god4 ------ ,,miscellany4 ,mont ,cenis ,railway4--,pending the completion of the great ,mont ,cenis tunnel1 a temporary railway on inclined planes is to be carried along the present road over the mountain4 ,the ,french ,government1 on its portion of the line1 will use locomotives with a peculiar mechanism1 to produce adhesion1 on a middle rail placed between the two ordinary rails4 ,on the ,italian side a traction carriage will be employed1 which will wind the carriages up by means of a drum acting on a heavy fixed cable laid along the line4 ,the mechanism of the traction wagon will be put in motion by an endless wire rope actuated by water-wheels at the base of the incline4 ,homes without ,hands4--,a new book by ,mr4 ,woods1 with the above title1 gives an account of the habitations1 which are never marred by incompetence or improved by practice1 constructed by various animals1 classed according to their principles of construction1 and illustrated by some excellent engravings1 from drawings made expressly for the work4 ,the author first describes the homes of the burrowing mammalia1 and then proceeds to those of the social birds and insects4 ,the mole appears to take the first place in ,mr4 ,wood's list of mammalia4 ,this extraordinary animal does not merely dig tunnels in the ground and sit at the end of them1 but forms a complicated subterranean dwelling-place1 with chambers1 passages1 and other arrangements of wonderful completeness4 ,it has regular roads leading to its feeding grounds2 establishes a system of communication as elaborate as that of a modern railway1 or1 to be more correct1 as that of the subterranean network of metropolitan sewers4 4 4 4 ,how it manages to form its burrows in such admirably straight lines is not an easy problem1 because it is always in #hei black darkness1 and we know of nothing which can act as a guide to the animal4 ,the real abode of the mole is most extraordinary4 ,the central apartment is a nearly spherical chamber1 the roof of which is nearly on a level with the earth around the hill2 and1 therefore1 situated at a considerable depth from the apex of the heap4 ,around this heap are driven two circular passages1 or galleries1 one just level with the ceiling1 and the other at some height above4 ,the upper circle is much smaller than the lower4 ,five short descending passages connect the galleries with each other1 but the only entrance into the keep is from the upper gallery1 out of which three passages lead into the ceiling of the keep4 ,therefore1 when the mole enters the house from one of his tunnels1 he has first to get into the lower gallery1 to ascend thence to the upper gallery1 and so descend into the keep4 ,the mole appears unequalled in ferocity1 activity1 and voracity4 ,the fox prefers to avoid the labor of burrowing1 and avails itself of the deserted home of the badger1 or even the rabbit2 for1 though it needs a larger tunnel than the latter1 the cunning animal finds its labor considerably decreased by only having to enlarge a ready-made burrow instead of driving a passage through solid earth4 ,of the weasel tribe1 the badger is the most powerful and industrious excavator2 there are several chambers in its domicile1 one of which is appropriated as a nursery1 and is warmly padded with dry mosses and grass4 ,the rabbit1 like the eider duck1 lines her nursery with the soft fur from her own breast2 but ,mr4 ,wood deprecates this being set forth as an act of self-sacrifice1 and held up as an example of such to human beings1 and declares it to be as purely instinctive as the act of laying eggs4 ,the ,wealth of ,mexico4--,m4 ,laur1 the engineer deputed by the ,french government to explore the mineral wealth of ,mexico1 and who has already published several reports in the ,moniteur1 has completed his task4 ,these reports1 according to a paragraph in the ,moniteur ,belge1 are shortly to be published in a more extended form1 giving the exact situation1 extent1 and richness of the principal mineral veins of that country4 ,it is hoped that under the new administration many of the old workings1 abandoned during the civil wars1 will be resumed1 and that they will prove as valuable to the empire as they were during the early days of the ,spanish occupation4 ------ ,,new ,,publications4 ,,die ,,heilige ,,elizabeth4 ,ein ,buch fuer ,christen1 von ,alben ,stolz4 ,freiburg im ,breisgau4 #ahfe4 #hvo1 pp4 #cae4 ,the ,life of ,saint ,elizabeth of ,hungary4 ,a book for ,christians1 by ,alben ,stolz4 ,the author of this new life of ,saint ,elizabeth is one of the popular ,catholic writers of ,germany1 if not the foremost4 ,he is the ,abraham of ,sancta ,clara of this century4 ,the principal events of the saint's life are narrated in simple and familiar language4 ,the point treated of in each chapter is concluded with a practical instruction4 ,these are far from being dry4 ,we would suggest the translation of this book into ,english1 were it not that it is1 like all this author writes1 thoroughly ,german1 and exclusively adapted to the circumstances and difficulties of the ,catholics of ,germany4 ,what our ,catholic ,english reading public needs1 is that some of our writers should take a lesson from this agreeable as well as edifying writer1 and do for them what he is doing with so much zeal for the good of his countrymen4 ,,william ,,shakespeare4 ,by ,his ,eminence ,cardinal ,wiseman4 #cbmo1 pp4 #fd4 ,boston3 ,patrick ,donahoe4 ,this is an ,american edition of the lecture of the late ,cardinal ,wiseman on ,william ,shakespeare1 which appeared in ,,the ,,catholic ,,world for ,july4 ,it contains1 in addition to the lecture1 an appendix1 in which the eminent author makes suggestions for1 and observations on1 a tercentenary memorial of ,shakespeare4 #hfj ,the cardinal suggested a splendid edition of the great poet's works1 illustrated1 and printed in the best and most elaborate style possible4 ,his eminence went into the most minute details in regard to the manner in which such an edition should be illustrated1 printed1 bound1 etc4 ,the binding and paper of this little volume are excellent2 but the type from which it is printed is too small4 ,we are sorry ,mr4 ,donahoe did not get it out in larger type4 ,were it not for this slight defect1 the book would be faultless4 ,,national ,,lyrics4 ,by ,john ,greenleaf ,whittier4 ,illustrated4 #cbmo1 pp4 #ajd4 ,boston3 ,ticknor ,fields4 ,this is another of the cheap volumes of poetry issued by ,ticknor ,fields4 ,it contains several of ,mr4 ,whittier's earlier pieces1 as well as many of his late poems4 ,among the latter are ,barbara ,frietchie1 and ,the ,poor ,voter on ,election ,day4 ,,sybil3 ,a ,tragedy1 in ,five ,acts4 ,by ,john ,savage4 #abmo1 pp4 #aje4 ,new ,york3 ,j4 ,b4 ,kirker4 ,this tragedy was written by ,mr4 ,savage--well known in the literary world as the author of several excellent poems1 and now editor of the ,new ,orleans ,times--some years ago1 and met with a good reception in the cities in which it was played4 ,it contains many good passages of high poetical merit1 and is1 we should think1 well adapted for the stage4 ,the scene is laid in ,kentucky1 in the beginning of the present century1 and describes society as it is supposed to have existed at that time4 ,a ,,general ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,catholic ,,church1 ,,from ,,the ,,commencement ,,of ,,the ,,christian ,,era ,,until ,,the ,,present ,,time4 ,by ,m4 l',abbe ,j4 ,e4 ,darras4 ,with an ,introduction and ,notes4 ,by the ,most ,rev4 ,m4 ,j4 ,spalding1 ,d4,d41 ,archbishop of ,baltimore4 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,o',shea4 ,we have received numbers #i1 #aj1 #aa1 and #ab of this excellent history4 ,number #ab brings the work down to the pontificate of ,sixtus ,,iii41 #dcb4 ,,the ,,martyr',s ,,monument4 ,being the patriotism and political wisdom of ,abraham ,lincoln1 as exhibited in his speeches1 messages1 orders1 and proclamations from the presidential canvass of #ahfj until his assassination1 ,april #ad1 #ahfe4 #abmo1 pp4 #big4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,american ,news ,company4 ,the title of this handsome volume sufficiently explains its purpose4 ,the origin of the work is set forth in the following extract from the preface3 ,a few days after the assassination of ,president ,lincoln1 the publishers of the present volume received the following letter from the distinguished gentleman whose name it bears3 ,gentlemen3 ,collect and publish1 in the speediest possible manner1 the inaugural and other addresses of ,abraham ,lincoln1 his proclamations1 messages1 and public letters1 indeed1 all he has written as ,president1 and you will contribute to the mournful celebrations of the ,american people your share of lasting value1 and of far more impressive eloquence than the most fervent orator could utter4 ,you would thus make the martyr rear his own monument1 which no years1 no centuries1 could level and cause to mingle again with the dust4 ,your obedient1 ,,francis ,,lieber4 ,,new ,,york1 ,april #ah1 #ahfe4 ,this book is got out in elegant style1 and will be valuable hereafter on account of the many documents it contains which relate to the late civil war4 ,received3 ,,pastoral ,,letter ,,of ,,the ,,rt4 ,,rev4 ,m4 ,,domenec1 ,d4,d41 ,,bishop ,,of ,,pittsburg ,,to ,,the ,,clergy ,,and ,,laity ,,of ,,the ,,diocese1 ,,promulgating ,,the ,,jubilee3 together with the late ,encyclical of the ,holy ,father4 ,published at the office of the ,pittsburg ,catholic4 ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,the ,,great ,,march1 ,,from ,,the ,,diary ,,of ,a ,,staff ,,officer4 ,by ,brevet-major ,george ,ward ,nichols1 aid-de-camp to ,general ,sherman4 ,new ,york3 ,harper ,brothers4