,illu/ration3 ,portraits4               
,,c>icature              ,,&            
,,o!r ,,comic ,,art    ,,9 ,,all ,,times
 ,,& ,,_m ,,l&s         ,by ,,james     
,,p>ton     ,,) #bjc ,,illu/rations     
,illu/ration3 ,editor's logo4           
,,new ,,york   ,,h>p]  ,,bro!rs1        
,,publi%]s         ,,frankl9 ,,squ>e    
#ahgg       ,ent]$ accord+ to ,act (    
,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahgg1 by            
,,h>p]  ,,bro!rs1   ,9 ! ,(fice ( !     
,libr>ian ( ,congress1 at ,wa%+ton4     
,,preface4   ,9 ?is volume !re is1 ,i   
believe1 a great] v>iety ( pictures ( a 
comic & satirical ca/ ?an 0 ev] be=e    
pres5t$ at "o view4 ,_m nations1 anci5t 
& mod]n1 pagan & ,*ri/ian1 are repres5t$
 9 x1 z well z mo/ ( ! names id5tifi$ ) 
art ( ?is nature4 ,! extraord9>y        
lib]ality ( ! publi%]s1 & ! skill ( _!  
corps ( engrav]s1 h second$ my own      
indu/ri\s rese>*es1 & ! result is a     
volume unique1 at lea/1 9 ! "* ( its    
illu/rations4 ,a l>ge portion ( its     
cont5ts appe>$ 9 ,h>p]'s ,mon?ly        

,magaz9e dur+ ! ye> #ahge2 b _m ( ! mo/ 
curi\s & int]e/+ ( ! pictures are giv5  
"h = ! fir/ "t2 notably1 ^? exhibit+ !  
pres5t or rec5t c>icature ( ,g]many1    
,spa91 ,italy1 ,*9a1 & ,japan1 sev]al ( 
:i* did n arrive 9 "t = use 9 !         
p]iodical4  ,g5]ally speak+1 articles   
contribut$ to a ,magaz9e may z well be  
left 9 _! natural tomb ( back numb]s1 or
 b\nd volumes2 = ! bett] !y s]ve a      
tempor>y purpose1 ! less adapt$ !y are =
 p]man5t utility4 ,among ! exceptions   
are su* s]ies z ! pres5t1 :i* _h no     
ref]5ce :atev] to ! pass+ mon?s1 & 9 !  
prep>ation ( :i* a great exp5diture 0   
direct$ to a s+le class ( objects (     
special int]e/4 ,i am1 inde$1 amaz$ at !
 co/ ( produc+ su* articles z ^!4 ,s v  
great is ! exp5se1 t _m subjects c\ld n 
be adequately treat$1 ) all desirable   
illu/ration1 unless ! publi%]s c\ld (f] 
! "w to ! public 9 portions4  ,!re is n 
mu* to be said ^u ! subject treat$ 9 ?is
 volume4 ,:5 ,i 0 invit$ by ! le>n$ &   
urbane editor ( ,h>p]'s ,mon?ly to      

furni% a numb] ( articles ^u c>icature1 
,i suppos$ t ! "w propos$ w\ld be a     
relief aft] labors too ardu\s1 too long 
cont9u$1 & ( a m s]i\s "*4 ,on !        
contr>y1 no subject t ,i ev] attempt$   
pres5t$ su* baffl+ difficulties4 ,aft]  
ransack+ ! _w = specim5s1 & collect+ !m 
by ! hundr$1 ,i f\nd t1 usually1 a      
c>icature is a ?+ ( a mom5t1 & t1 dy+ z 
soon z its mom5t has pass$1 x loses all 
p[] to int]e/1 in/antly & =ev]4 ,i f\nd1
 too1 t our respectable ance/ors _h n ! 
lea/ notion ( :at we call dec5cy4 ,:51  
!re=e1 ,i _h laid aside f ! mass !      
obsolete & ! improp]1 !re 7 n s v _m    
left1 & mo/ ( ^? told _! own /ory s     
pla9ly t no elucidation 0 necess>y4     
,in/ead ( we>y+ ! read] ) a m]e         
descriptive catalogue1 ,i h pref]r$ to  
accompany ! pictures ) allusions to     
contempor>y satire o!r ?an pictorial4   
,! great liv+ au?orities ^u ?is bran* ( 
art are two 9 numb]--"o ,engli%1 & "o   
,fr5*--to bo? ( :om ,i am greatly       
indebt$4 ,! ,engli% au?or is ,?omas     

,wright1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a41 etc41 ^:    
,hi/ory ( ,c>icature & ! ,grotesque is  
well kn[n among u1 z well z 8 m rec5t   
volume ^u ! incomp>able c>icaturi/ ( !  
la/ g5]ation1 ,james ,gillray4 ,! ,fr5* 
writ] is ,m4 ,jules ,*ampfleury1 au?or (
 a valuable s]ies ( volumes review+     
satiric art f anci5t times to our own   
day1 ) c\ntless illu/rations4 ,no "o has
 treat$ s fully or s well z he !        
c>icature ( ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,_m    
ye>s ago1 ,m4 ,*ampfleury began to      
illu/rate ?is "p ( 8 subject 9 !        
,gazette des ,beaux ,arts1 & 8          
contributions to t important p]iodical 7
 ! basis ( 8 subsequ5t volumes4 ,he is  
"o ( ! few writ]s on comic matt]s :o h  
avoid$ ! lapse into catalogue1 &        
contriv$ to be int]e/+4  ,x has be5     
agreeable to me to obs]ve t ,am]icans   
are n )\t natural aptitude 9 ?is k9d (  
art4 ,our g5]\s ,frankl91 ! fri5d (     
,hog>?1 to :om ! dy+ arti/ wrote 8 la/  
lett]1 reply+ to ! la/ lett] he ev]     
receiv$1 0 a capital c>icaturi/1 & us$ 8

 skill 9 ?is way1 z he did all 8 o!r    
gifts & p[]s1 9 behalf ( 8 c\ntry & 8   
k9d4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 e week's issue ( !
 illu/rat$ p]iodicals exhibits evid5ce (
 ! skill1 z well z ! patriotism & "r    
feel+1 ( ! humor\s arti/s ( ! ,unit$    
,/ates4 ,= "s ye>s pa/1 c>icature has   
be5 a p[] 9 ! l&1 & a p[] g5]ally on !  
"r side4 ,!re are also humor\s arti/s ( 
ano!r & g5tl] k9d1 "s ev5 ( ! g5tl] sex1
 :o pres5t to u sc5es :i* surprise u all
 into smiles & good temp] )\t hav+ 9 !m 
any lurk+ /+ ( repro(4 ,^! dome/ic      
humori/s1 ,i tru/1 w cont9ue to amuse & 
s(t5 u1 :ile ! av5g+ satiri/ ) dreadful 
p5cil makes mad ! guilty1 & appalls !   
free4  ,!re mu/ be some?+ preci\s 9     
c>icature1 else ! enemies ( tru? &      
fre$om w\ld n hate x z !y d4 ,"s ( !    
wor/ excesses & p]v]sions ( satiric art 
are due to t v hatr$4 ,p]secut$ &       
repress$1 c>icature becomes malign &    
p]v]se2 or1 be+ exclud$ f legitimate    
subjects1 x seems z if x 7 compell$ to  
ally itself to vice4 ,we h only to turn 

f a heap ( ,fr5* albums to volumes (    
,engli% c>icature to h a /rik+ evid5ce (
 ! tru?1 t ! repressive sy/em represses 
good & develops evil4 ,x is ! ,c5sure t 
debau*es ! comic p5cil2 x is fre$om t   
makes x ! ally ( good conduct & s\nd    
politics4 ,9 free c\ntries alone x has  
scope en\gh1 )\t w&]+ into pa?s :i* !   
et]nal proprieties =bid4 ,i am sometimes
 sangu9e en\gh to ?9k t ! p5cil ( !     
satiri/ w at la/ r5d] w> impossible1 by 
br++ vividly home to all g5ial m9ds !   
ludicr\s absurdity ( su* a me?od (      
arriv+ at tru?4 ,fancy two armies 9     
pres5ce4 ,by "s process yet to be       
develop$1 ! ,na/ ( ! next g5]ation1 if n
 ! admirable ,na/ ( ?is1 projects ^u !  
sky1 9 ! sight ( ! bellig]5t =ces1 a    
picture exhibit+ ! enorm\s comicality ( 
_! attitude & purpose4 ,!y all see !    
po9t1 & bo? armies break up 9 laught]1 &
 come toge!r ro>+ ov] ! joke4  ,9 ! hope
 t ?is volume may contribute some?+ to !
 amusem5t ( ! happy at fe/ive seasons1 &
 to ! in/ruction ( ! curi\s at all      

times1 x is pres5t$ to ! consid]ation ( 
! public4     ,,cont5ts4     ,,*apt] ,i4
                                        
,page      ,among ! ,romans             
#ae    ,,*apt] ,,ii4      ,among !      
,greeks                                 
#bh    ,,*apt] ,,iii4      ,among !     
,anci5t ,egyptians                      
#cb    ,,*apt] ,,iv4      ,among !      
,h9doos                                 
#cf    ,,*apt] ,v4      ,religi\s       
,c>icature 9 ! ,middle ,ages            
#dj    ,,*apt] ,,vi4      ,secul>       
,c>icature 9 ! ,middle ,ages            
#ej    ,,*apt] ,,vii4      ,c>icatures  
prec$+ ! ,re=mation                 #fd 
,,*apt] ,,viii4      ,comic ,art & !    
,re=mation                         #gf  
,,*apt] ,,ix4      ,9 ! ,puritan ,p]iod 
#ij    ,,*apt] ,x4      ,lat] ,puritan  
,c>icature                              
#aje    ,,*apt] ,,xi4      ,prec$+      
,hog>?                                  
#abj    ,,*apt] ,,xii4      ,hog>? & 8  
,"t                                 #acc

    ,,*apt] ,,xiii4      ,engli%        
,c>icature 9 ! ,revolution>y ,p]iod     
#adg    ,,*apt] ,,xiv4      ,dur+ !     
,fr5* ,revolution                       
#aei    ,,*apt] ,,xv4      ,c>icatures (
 ,wom5 & ,matrimony                     
#aga    ,,*apt] ,,xvi4      ,among !    
,*9ese                                  
#aia    ,,*apt] ,,xvii4      ,comic ,art
 9 ,japan                               
#aih    ,,*apt] ,,xviii4      ,fr5*     
,c>icature                              
#bjh    ,,*apt] ,,xix4      ,lat] ,fr5* 
,c>icature                              
#bcj    ,,*apt] ,,xx4      ,comic ,art 9
 ,g]many                                
#bdb    ,,*apt] ,,xxi4      ,comic ,art 
9 ,spa9                                 
#bdi    ,,*apt] ,,xxii4      ,italian   
,c>icature                              
#beg    ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4      ,engli%   
,c>icature ( ! ,pres5t ,c5tury          
#bfg    ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4      ,comic ,art
 9 ,pun*                                
#bhd    ,,*apt] ,,xxv4      ,e>ly       

,am]ican ,c>icature                     
#cjj    ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4      ,lat]      
,am]ican ,c>icature                     
#cah    ,,index                         
#cce     ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4      
,page    ,pigmy ,pugili/s1 f ,pompeii   
#ae    ,*alk ,draw+ by ,roman ,soldi] 9 
,pompeii               #ae    ,*alk     
,c>icature on a ,wall 9 ,pompeii        
#af    ,battle betwe5 ,pigmies & ,geese 
#ag    ,a ,pigmy ,sc5e--f ,pompeii      
#ah    ,vases ) ,pigmy ,designs         
#ai    ,a ,gras%opp] driv+ a ,*>iot     
#ai    ,f an ,antique ,ame?y/           
#ai    ,flight ( ,a,eneas f ,troy       
#bj    ,c>icature ( ! ,flight ( ,a,eneas
                       #bj    ,f a ,r$  
,jasp]                                  
#ba    ,roman ,masks1 ,comic & ,tragic  
#bb    ,roman ,comic ,actor1 mask$ =    
,sil5us                   #bb    ,roman 
,wall ,c>icature ( a ,*ri/ian           
#be    ,burlesque ( ,jupit]'s ,woo+ (   
,pr9cess ,alcm5a       #bi    ,greek    
,c>icature ( ! ,oracle ( ,apollo        

#cj    ,an ,egyptian ,c>icature         
#cb    ,a ,condemn$ ,s\l1 ,egyptian     
,c>icature                   #cc        
,egyptian ,s]vants convey+ ,home _!     
,ma/]s f     a ,c>\se                   
#cc    ,too ,late ) ! ,bas9             
#cd    ,! ,h9doo ,god ,kri%na on 8      
,travels                   #cg          
,kri%na's ,att5dants assum+ ! ,=m ( a   
,bird        #cg    ,kri%na 9 8         
,palanqu9                               
#ch    ,capital 9 ! ,autun ,ca!dral     
#da    ,capitals 9 ! ,/rasburg ,ca!dral1
 ,a4,d4 #acjj          #da    ,engrav$  
^u a ,/all 9 ,%]borne ,m9/]1 ,engl&     
#dc    ,f a ,manuscript ( ! ,?irte5?    
,c5tury             #dc    ,f a         
,mass-book ( ! ,f\rte5? ,c5tury         
#dd    ,f a ,fr5* ,pray]-book ( !       
,?irte5? ,c5tury     #de    ,f ,que5    
,m>y's ,pray]-book1 ,a4,d4 #aeec        
#df    ,gog & ,magog1 ,guildhall1       
,london                        #ej      
,head ( ! ,great ,dragon ( ,norwi*      
#ea    ,s\ls weigh$ 9 ! ,balance1 ,autun

 ,ca!dral           #ea    ,/ruggle =   
,possession ( a ,s\l betwe5 ,angel &    
,devil                                  
#eb    ,lo/ ,s\ls ca/ into ,hell        
#ec    ,devils seiz+ _! ,prey           
#ed    ,! ,temptation                   
#ee    ,fr5* ,dea?-cri]                 
#ef    ,dea? & ! ,cripple               
#eg    ,dea? & ! ,old ,man              
#eh    ,dea? & ! ,p$dl]                 
#eh    ,dea? & ! ,knight                
#eh    ,heav5 & ,e>? weigh$ 9 ! ,balance
                 #fj    ,engli%         
,c>icature ( an ,iri%man1 ,a4,d4 #abhj  
#fb    ,c>icature ( ! ,jews 9 ,engl&1   
,a4,d4 #abcc            #fc    ,lu!r    
inspir$ by ,satan                       
#fd    ,devil fiddl+ ^u a ,pair (       
,bell[s                   #fe    ,olde/ 
,draw+ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,a4,d4 #acbj
         #ff    ,bi%op's ,seal1 ,a4,d4  
#acjj                                #fg
    ,pa/or & ,flock1 ,sixte5? ,c5tury   
#gj    ,confess+ to ,god2 & ,sale (     
,indulg5ces              #gb    ,*ri/1 !

 ,true ,light                           
#gc    ,papa1 ,doctor ,!ologiae et      
,magi/] ,fidei                #gg    ,! 
,pope ca/ into ,hell                    
#gg    ,! ,beam t is 9 ?9e own ,eye1    
,a4,d4 #aedj          #gh    ,lu!r      
,triumphant                             
#gi    ,! ,triumph ( ,ri*es             
#ha    ,calv9 br&$                      
#hc    ,calv9 at ! ,burn+ ( ,s]vetus    
#hd    ,calv91 ! ,pope1 & ,lu!r         
#he    ,titian's ,c>icature ( ! ,laocoo5
                      #hi    ,! ,papal  
,gorgon                                 
#ij    ,spayne & ,rome defeat$          
#id    ,f ,title-page to ,s]mon ,woe to 
,drunk>ds            #ig    ,let n ! ,_w
 devide ^? :om ,*ri/ ha?     jo9$       
#ii    ,engl&'s ,wolfe ) ,eagle's       
,clawes1 #afdg            #ajb    ,*>les
 ,,ii4 & ! ,scot* ,presbyt]ians1 #afea  
#ajc    ,cris-cross ,rhymes on ,love's  
,crosses1 #afdj              #aje       
,%rove-tide 9 ,arms aga9/ ,l5t          
#ajg    ,l5t tilt+ at ,%rove-tide       

#ajh    ,! ,que5 ( ,james ,,ii4 & ,fa!r 
,petre                #aji    ,c>icature
 ( ,corpul5t ,g5]al ,galas              
#aae    ,a ,quak] ,meet+1 #agaj         
#aaf    ,ar*bi%op ( ,p>is               
#aah    ,ar*bi%op ( ,rheims             
#aah    ,c>icature ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 by   
,?ack]ay                 #aai    ,%>es6 
,%>es6 ,%>es6 ,c>icature ( ,john ,law   
#abj    ,isl& ( ,madhead                
#abb    ,speculative ,map ( ,l\isiana   
#abf    ,john ,law1 ,w9d ,monopoli/     
#abi    ,! ,sleep+ ,congregation        
#acd    ,hog>?'s ,draw+ 9 ,?ree ,/rokes 
#acg    ,hog>?'s ,invitation ,c>d       
#acg    ,"t ,smok+ a ,picture           
#ach    ,d$ication ( a ,propos$ ,hi/ory 
( ! ,arts           #adj    ,walpole p>+
 ! ,nails ( ! ,briti% ,lion             
#adb    ,dut* ,neutrality1 #agde        
#adb    ,briti% ,idolatry ( ! ,op]a-s+] 
,m+otti          #adc    ,! ,motion 7= !
 ,removal ( ,walpole7                   
#add    ,antiqu>ies puzzl$              
#adf    ,c>icature design$ by ,b5jam9   

,frankl9               #adg    ,"l ,bute
                                        
#aeb    ,pr9cess (                      
,wales--,bute--,george ,,iii            
#aeb    ,! ,wire-ma/] 7,bute7 & 8       
,puppets                 #aec    ,!     
,g\ty ,colossus1 ,william ,pitt         
#aef    ,! ,mask 7,coalition7           
#aeg    ,heads ( ,fox & ,nor?           
#aeh    ,assembly ( ! ,notables at ,p>is
                      #afa    ,mirabeau 
#afb    ,! ,dagg] ,sc5e 9 ! ,h\se (     
,commons               #afd    ,! ,z5i? 
( ,fr5* ,glory                          
#afe    ,! ,e/ates                      
#aff    ,! ,new ,calv>y                 
#aff    ,presid5t ( ,revolution>y       
,committee amus+     himself ) 8 ,art   
#afh    ,r>e ,animals                   
#afi    ,ari/ocrat & ,democrat          
#agj    ,y frank6 ,h confid5ce 9 y6     
#aga    ,matrimony--,a ,man load$ )     
,mis*ief                  #agc          
,settl+ ! ,odd ,trick                   
#agd    ,:o 0 t g5tleman t j w5t out8   

#agf    ,n[1 und]/& me4 ,to-morr[ morn+ 
he w     ask y to d9n]                  
#agg    ,madame1 y\r ,c\s9 ,betty wi%es 
to "k if y     c receive h]             
#agi    ,a ,sc5e ( ,conjugal ,life      
#ahj    ,a ,spl5did ,spread             
#aha    ,am]ican ,lady walk+ 9 ! ,sn[   
#ahc    ,my de> ,b>on1 ,i am 9 ! mo/    
press+ ne$     ( five hundr$ franc      
#ahd    ,sir1 be good en\gh to come r\nd
 9 front &     speak to me              
#ahe    ,:]e are ! diamonds exhibit$8   
#ahe    ,ev5+ ,sc5e 9 ! ,p>lor ( an     
,am]ican     ,bo>d+-h\se                
#ahf    ,he's com+6 ,take (f y\r hat6   
#ahh    ,! ,s*ola/ic ,h5 & h] ,*ick5s   
#ahi    ,*9ese ,c>icature ( an ,engli%  
,=ag+ ,p>ty        #aia    ,a ,deaf     
,m&>9                                   
#aif    ,aft] ,d9n]4 ,a ,*9ese          
,c>icature                     #aig     
,! ,rat ,rice ,m]*ants4 ,a ,japanese    
,c>icature          #bjf    ,talleyr&--!
 ,man ) ,six ,heads                     
#bji    ,a ,great ,man's ,la/ ,leap     

#baj    ,talleyr&                       
#baa    ,a ,prom5ade 9 ! ,palais ,royal 
#bac    ,family ( ! ,ext+ui%]s          
#bad    ,! ,jesuits at ,c\rt            
#bae    ,*>les ,philipon                
#bah    ,rob]t ,macaire fi%+ =          
,%>e-hold]s               #bba    ,a    
,husb&'s ,dilemma                       
#bbc    ,h\sekeep+                      
#bbd    ,a ,p\ltice = ,two              
#bbf    ,p>isian ,%oo1 ,fly6            
#bbg    ,?ree6                          
#bbh    ,two ,attitudes                 
#bcj    ,! ,d5 ( ,lions at ! ,op]a      
#bca    ,! ,vulture                     
#bcc    ,p>tant p\r la ,syrie           
#bcd    ,gav>ni                         
#bcf    ,honore ,daumi]                 
#bcg    ,evolution ( ! ,piano           
#bdc    ,a ,corporal int]view$ by !     
,major                    #bdd    ,a    
,bold ,comp>ison                        
#bde    ,/rict ,discipl9e 9 ! ,field    
#bdf    ,ahead ( ,"t                    
#bdg    ,a ,j\rneyman's ,leave-tak+     

#bdh    ,aft] ,s$an                     
#bej    ,to ! ,bull-fight               
#bea    ,a ,delegation ( ,birds ( ,prey 
#beb    ,*ild1 y w take cold            
#bec    ,inconv5i5ce ( ! ,new ,coll>    
#bed    ,suff]+s endur$ by a ,prison] ( 
,w>                #bee    ,k+ ,bomba's 
,ultimatum to ,sicily                   
#bei    ,he has begun ! ,s]vice ) ,mass1
 & complet$     x ) ,bombs              
#bfj    ,! ,burial ( ,lib]ty            
#bfa    ,bomba at ,supp]                
#bfb    ,su* is ! ,love ( ,k+s          
#bfc    ,mr4 ,pun*                      
#bfd    ,return ( ! ,pope to ,rome      
#bfe    ,james ,gillray                 
#bfg    ,tiddy-,doll1 ! ,great ,fr5*    
,g+]bread ,bak]         #bfh    ,!      
,?reat5$ ,invasion ( ,engl&             
#bfi    ,! ,bibliomaniac                
#bgj    ,hope--,a ,phr5ological         
,illu/ration                     #bga   
,t]m ,"t                                
#bgc    ,box 9 a ,new ,york ,!atre 9    
#ahcj                      #bgf         

,seym\r's ,conception ( ,mr4 ,w9kle     
#bgh    ,probable ,sugge/ion ( ! ,fat   
,boy                     #bhj    ,a     
,w$d+ ,breakfa/                         
#bha    ,! ,boy :o *alk$ up ,no ,pop]y6 
#bhd    ,john ,lee*                     
#bhe    ,prep>atory ,s*ool = ,"y ,ladies
                    #bhf    ,!          
,qu>rel4--,engl& & ,france              
#bhg    ,ob/ructives                    
#bij    ,j$do & ,belfa/2 or1 a ,puzzle =
 ,japan              #bia    ,at !      
,*ur*-gate                              
#bib    ,an ,e>ly ,quibble              
#bid    ,john ,t5niel                   
#bie    ,soliloquy ( a ,rationali/ic    
,*ick5                   #bih    ,i'll  
foll[ !e6                               
#bii    ,jo9 or ,die                    
#cjd    ,bo/on ,massacre ,c(f9s         
#cjf    ,a ,militia ,drill 9            
,massa*usetts 9 #ahcb               #cjh
    ,fight 9 ,congress betwe5 ,lyon &   
,griswold            #cab    ,!         
,g]ry-m&]                               

#caf    ,?omas ,na/                     
#cah    ,:olesale & ,retail             
#cai    ,! ,bra9s ( ! ,tammany ,r+      
#cbj    ,:at are ! wild waves say+8     
#cba    ,%9-pla/] ,c>icature ( ,g5]al   
,jackson's ,w>     on ! ,unit$ ,/ates   
,bank                            #cbb   
,city ,p 9 a ,c\ntry ,*ur*              
#cbc    ,:y don't y take x8             
#cbd    ,popul> ,c>icature ( !          
,secession ,w>                #cbe      
,virg9ia paus+                          
#cbf    ,twe$l$ee & ,swe$l$um           
#cbh    ,:o ,/ole ! ,p's ,money8        
#cbi    ,on to ,ri*mond6                
#ccj    ,*ri/mas-"t4--,won at a ,turkey 
,raffle                #cca    ,he come?
 n1 %e said                             
#ccb     ,illu/ration3 ,pigmy           
,pugili/s--f ,pompeii4   ,,c>icature ,,&
 ,,comic ,,art4     ,,*apt] ,i4  ,,among
 ,,! ,,romans4   ,mu* z ! anci5ts diff]$
 f ourselves 9 o!r p>ticul>s1 !y c]ta9ly
 laugh$ at "o ano!r j z we d1 =         
precisely ! same reasons1 & employ$ e   

art1 device1 & implem5t ( ridicule :i*  
is kn[n to u4  ,illu/ration3 ,*alk      
,draw+ by ,roman ,soldi] 9 ,pompeii4    
,obs]ve ?is rude & *ildi% attempt at a  
draw+4 ,g into any boys' s*ool to-day1 &
 turn ov] ! slates & copy-books1 or     
visit an inclosure :]e m5 are oblig$ to 
pass idle days1 & y w be likely to f9d  
pictures conceiv$ 9 ?is ta/e1 & execut$ 
) ?is degree ( arti/ic skill4 ,b ! draw+
 dates back ne>ly eighte5 c5turies4 ,x 0
 done on "o ( ! hot1 languid days (     
,augu/1 ,a4,d4 #gi1 by a ,roman soldi] )
 a piece ( r$ *alk on a wall ( 8 b>racks
 9 ! city ( ,pompeii4#a ,on ! #bc;d (   
,augu/1 9 ! ye> #gi1 occurr$ ! eruption 
( ,vesuvius1 :i* buri$ n ,italian cities
 only1 b ,antiquity itself1 &1 by bury+1
 pres]v$ x = ! in/ruction ( aft]-times4 
,9 dis9t]r$ ,pompeii1 ! ,pa/ /&s reveal$
 to u1 & we rem>k ) a k9d ( infantile   
surprise ! great numb] ( p>ticul>s 9 :i*
 ! p ( t day 7 ev5 su* z we are4 ,!re 0 
f\nd ! famili> apo!c>y's %op1 ) a box ( 
pills on ! c\nt]1 & a roll ( mat]ial t 0

 ab\t to be made up :5 ! apo!c>y he>d ! 
w>n+ ?und] & fl$4 ,! bak]'s %op rema9$1 
) a loaf ( bread /amp$ ) ! mak]'s "n4 ,a
 sculptor's /udio 0 /rew$ ) blocks (    
m>ble1 unf9i%$ /atues1 mallets1         
compasses1 *isels1 & saws4 ,a ?\s&      
objects atte/ t :5 ! fatal eruption bur/
 ^u ^! cities1 life & its activities 7  
go+ =w>d 9 all ess5tial p>ticul>s z !y  
are at ?is mom5t 9 any ri* & luxuri\s   
t[n ( ,s\!rn ,europe4  ,footnote #a3    
,naples & ! ,campagna ,felice4 ,9 a     
,s]ies ( ,lett]s address$ to a ,fri5d 9 
,engl&1 9 #ahjb1 p4 #ajd4  ,9 ! build+  
suppos$ to h be5 ! qu>t]s ( ! ,roman    
g>rison1 _m ( ! walls 7 cov]$ ) su*     
attempts at c>icature z ! specim5 j     
giv51 to "s ( :i* 7 app5d$ opprobri\s   
epi!ts & phrases4 ,! "n ( ! p]sonage    
above portray$ 0 ,nonius ,maximus1 :o 0 
probably a m>t9et c5turion1 odi\s to 8  
company1 = ! "n 0 f\nd 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! 
inclosure1 usually accompani$ by        
disp>ag+ words4 ,_m ( ! soldi]s _h      
simply *alk$ _! own names2 o!rs _h add$ 

! numb] ( _! cohort or legion1 precisely
 z 9 ! late w> soldi]s left records ( _!
 /ay on ! walls ( =t & hospital4 ,a l>ge
 numb] ( ^! wall-*alk+s 9 r$1 :ite1 &   
black 7mo/ ( !m 9 r$7 7 cle>ly legible  
fifty ye>s aft] exposure4 ,i give ano!r 
specim51 a g5u9e political c>icature1   
copi$ f an outside wall ( a private h\se
 9 ,pompeii4  ,illu/ration3 ,*alk       
,c>icature on a ,wall 9 ,pompeii4  ,!   
allusion is to an occurr5ce 9 local     
hi/ory ( ! livelie/ possible int]e/ to !
 p4 ,a few ye>s be=e ! fatal eruption   
!re 0 a fi]ce t[n-&-c\ntry r[ 9 !       
amphi!atre1 9 :i* ! ,pompeians defeat$ &
 put to flight ! prov9cial ,nuc]ians4   
,n]o condemn$ ! pugnaci\s m5 ( ,pompeii 
to ! t]rible p5alty ( clos+ _!          
amphi!atre = t5 ye>s4 ,9 ! picture an   
arm$ man desc5ds into ! ar5a be>+ ! palm
 ( victory1 :ile on ! o!r side a prison]
 is dragg$ away b\nd4 ,! inscription    
alone gives u ! key to ! /reet arti/'s  
mean+1 ,campani victoria una cum        
,nuc]9is p]i/is--,m5 ( ,campania1 y     

p]i%$ 9 ! victory n less ?an !          
,nuc]ians2 z ?\gh ! patriotic son (     
,campania _h writt51 ,we beat 'em1 b v  
little we got by x4  ,if ! idl]s ( !    
/reets *alk$ c>icature on ! walls1 we c 
n be surpris$ to discov] t ,pompeian    
arti/s delight$ 9 ! comic & burlesque4  
,comic sc5es f ! plays ( ,t]5ce &       
,plautus1 ) ! names ( ! *>act]s writt5  
ov] !m1 h be5 f\nd1 z well z a l>ge     
numb] ( burlesque sc5es1 9 :i* dw>fs1   
de=m$ p1 ,pigmies1 bea/s1 & birds are   
engag$ 9 ! ord9>y labors ( m54 ,! gay & 
luxuri\s p ( ! buri$ cities seem to h   
delight$ 9 no?+ s mu* z 9 repres5tations
 ( ,pigmies1 = !re 0 sc>cely a h\se 9   
,pompeii yet uncov]$ :i* did n exhibit  
"s trace ( ! anci5t belief 9 ! exi/5ce (
 ^! little p4 ,hom]1 ,ari/otle1 & ,pl9y 
all disc\rse ( ! ,pigmies z actually    
exi/+1 & ! arti/s1 avail+ !mselves ( ?is
 belief1 :i* !y %>$1 employ$ x 9 a      
hundr$ ways to c>icature ! do+s ( m5 (  
l>g] gr[?4 ,pl9y describes !m z inhabit+
 ! salubri\s m\nta9\s regions ( ,india1 

_! /ature ab\t tw5ty-sev5 in*es1 &      
engag$ 9 et]nal w> ) _! enemies1 !      
geese4 ,!y say1 ,pl9y cont9ues1 t1 m\nt$
 ^u rams & goats1 & arm$ ) b[s & arr[s1 
!y desc5d 9 a body dur+ spr+-"t to !    
edge ( ! wat]s1 :]e !y eat ! eggs & ! "y
 ( ^? birds1 n return+ to ! m\nta9s =   
?ree mon?s4 ,o!rwise !y c\ld n resi/ !  
ev]-increas+ multitude ( ! geese4 ,!    
,pigmies live 9 cab9s made ( mud1 !     
%ells ( goose eggs1 & fea!rs ( ! same   
bird4  ,illu/ration3 ,battle betwe5     
,pigmies & ,geese4  ,hom]1 9 ! ?ird book
 ( ! ,iliad1 alludes to ! w>s ( !       
,cranes & ,pigmies3    ,s :5 inclem5t   
w9t]s vex ! pla9    ,) pi]c+ fro/s1 or  
?ick-desc5d+ ra91    ,to w>m] seas !    
,cranes embodi$ fly1    ,) noise & ord] 
?r\gh ! midway sky2    ,to ,pigmy       
nations w\nds & dea? !y br+1    ,& all !
 w> desc5ds ^u ! w+4  ,illu/ration3 ,a  
,pigmy ,sc5e--f ,pompeii4  ,"o ( our    
engrav+s %[s t n ,india only1 b ,egypt  
also1 0 reg>d$ z ! haunt ( ! ,pigmy     
race2 = ! ,upp] ,nile 0 !n1 z n[1 ! home

 ( ! hippopotamus1 ! crocodile1 & !     
lotus4 ,"h we see a bald-head$ ,pigmy   
h]o rid+ triumphantly on a mighty       
crocodile1 reg>dless ( ! op5-m\!d1      
bell[+ hippopotamus beh9d him4 ,9 o!r   
pictures1 h[ev]1 ! scaly mon/]1 s f> f  
play+ ?is submissive "p1 is se5 plung+ 9
 fi]ce pursuit ( a ,pigmy1 :o flies     
headlong be=e ! foe4 ,frescoes1 vases1  
mosaics1 /atuettes1 pa9t+s1 & signet-r+s
 f\nd 9 ! anci5t cities all atte/ !     
popul>ity ( ! little m54 ,! odd pair (  
vases on ! foll[+ page1 "o 9 ! %ape ( a 
bo>'s head & ! o!r 9 t ( a ram's1 are   
bo? adorn$ ) a repres5tation ( ! fi]ce  
combats betwe5 ! ,pigmies & ! geese4    
,!re has be5 an extraord9>y display (   
erudition 9 ! attempt to acc\nt = !     
endless repetition ( ,pigmy subjects 9 !
 h\ses ( ! ,pompeians2 b ! le>n$ & acute
 ,m4 ,*ampfleury humbly haz>ds a        
conjecture1 z he mode/ly expresses x1   
:i* comm5ds itself at once to g5]al     
acceptance4 ,he ?9ks ^! ,pigmy pictures 
7 design$ to amuse ! *ildr54 ,no        

conjecture c\ld be less erudite or m    
probable4 ,we "k1 h[ev]1 z a matt] (    
record1 t ! walls ( tav]ns & w9e-%ops 7 
usually adorn$ ) ,pigmy pictures1 su*   
subjects be+ associat$ 9 e m9d )        
pleasure & gayety4 ,x is n difficult to 
imag9e t a picture ( a pugili/ic enc\nt]
 betwe5 ,pigmies1 l ! "o giv5 at ! head 
( ?is *apt]1 or a fanciful repres5tation
 ( a combat ( ,pigmy gladiators1 ( :i*  
_m h be5 discov]$1 w\ld be bo? welcome &
 suitable z tav]n pictures 9 ! ,italian 
cities ( ! classic p]iod4  ,illu/ration3
 ,vases ) ,pigmy ,designs4  ,!          
,pompeians1 9 common ) all ! p (        
antiquity1 _h a *ild-l enjoym5t 9       
witness+ repres5tations ( animals engag$
 9 ! labors or ! sports ( human be+s4 ,a
 v l>ge numb] ( specim5s h be5 uncov]$1 
"s ( !m gorge\s ) ! hues giv5 !m by     
ma/]s ( color+ eighte5 hundr$ ye>s ago4 
,9 ! foll[+ cut is a specim5 ( ^!--a    
repres5tation ( a gras%opp] driv+ a     
*>iot1 copi$ 9 #ahjb f a ,pompeian "w = 
an ,engli% travel]4  ,illu/ration3 ,a   

,gras%opp] driv+ a ,*>iot4  ,no?+ c     
exce$ ei!r ! brilliancy or ! delicacy ( 
! color+ ( ?is picture 9 ! orig9al1 !   
spl5did plumage ( ! bird & ! bright gold
 ( ! *>iot %aft & :eel be+ reliev$ &    
height5$ by a gray backgr\nd & ! gre5i% 
br[n ( ! c\rse4 ,! colori/s ( ,pompeii h
 obvi\sly influ5c$ ! ta/e ( ,*ri/5dom4  
,!re are few h\ses ( pret5sion decorat$ 
)9 ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury1 ei!r 9       
,europe or ,am]ica1 :i* d n exhibit     
comb9ations & contra/s ( color ( :i* !  
h9t 0 f\nd 9 exhum$ ,pompeii4 ,"o or two
 o!r small specim5s ( ?is k9d ( art1    
select$ f a l>ge numb] accessible1 may  
int]e/ ! read]4  ,illu/ration3 ,f an    
,antique ,ame?y/4  ,illu/ration3 ,flight
 ( ,a,eneas f ,troy4  ,! spirit$ air ( !
 team ( cocks1 & ! non*alant pr(essional
 attitude ( ! *>iote]1 w n escape       
notice4 ,p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ example ( 
?is prop5sity to p]sonify animals :i* ! 
exhum$ cities h furni%$ u is a burlesque
 ( a popul> picture ( ,a,eneas escap+ f 
,troy1 c>ry+ 8 fa!r1 ,an*ises1 on 8     

back1 & lead+ by ! h& 8 son1 ,ascanius1 
! old man c>ry+ ! casket ( h\sehold     
gods4 ,no sc5e c\ld h be5 m famili> to !
 p ( ,italy ?an "o :i* exhibit$ ! h]o   
:om !y reg>d$ z ! f\nd] ( _! empire 9 s 
engag+ a light1 & to :i* ! g5ius (      
,virgil _h giv5 a dea?less *>m3    ,?us 
ord'r+ all t prud5ce c\ld provide    ,i 
clo! my %\ld]s ) a lion's hide    ,&    
yell[ spoils2 !n on my b5d+ back    ,!  
welcome load ( my de> fa!r take2        
,:ile on my bett] h& ,ascanius hung1    
,& ) unequal paces tripp$ along4        
,arti/s f\nd a subject 9 ^! l9es1 & ( "o
 picture sugge/$ by !m two copies h be5 
f\nd c>v$ ^u /one4  ,illu/ration3       
,c>icature ( ! ,flight ( ,a,eneas4  ,?is
 device ( employ+ animals' heads ^u     
human bodies is /ill us$ by !           
c>icaturi/1 s few are ! res\rces ( 8    
bran* ( art2 & we c n d5y t x reta9s a  
portion ( its p[] to excite laught]4 ,if
 we may judge f :at has be5 discov]$ ( !
 burlesque art ( ! anci5t nations1 we   
may conclude t ?is idea1 poor z x seems 

to u1 0 ! "o :i* ! arti/s ( antiquity   
mo/ frequ5tly employ$4 ,x 0 also common 
) !m to burlesque famili> pa9t+s1 z 9 ! 
in/ance giv54 ,x is n unlikely t ! cloy$
 & da9ty ta/e ( ! ,pompeian connoisseur 
p]ceiv$ some?+ ridicul\s 9 ! too-famili>
 exploit ( ,fa!r ,a,eneas z repres5t$ 9 
s]i\s art1 j z we smile at ! !atrical   
attitudes & co/umes 9 ! picture (       
,wa%+ton cross+ ! ,delaw>e4 ,fancy t "w 
burlesqu$ by putt+ an eagle's head ^u ! 
,fa!r ( 8 ,c\ntry1 fill+ ! boat ) magpie
 soldi]s1 cov]+ ! riv] ) iceb]gs1 & mak+
 ! o>s /ill m ludicr\sly inadequate to !
 "w 9 h& ?an !y are 9 ! pa9t+4 ,?us a   
c>icaturi/ ( ,pompeii1 ,rome1 ,greece1  
,egypt1 or ,assyria w\ld h endeavor$ to 
ca/ ridicule ^u su* a picture4          
,illu/ration3 ,f a ,r$ ,jasp]4  ,few    
ev5ts ( ! la/ c5tury 7 m influ5tial ^u !
 progress ( k ?an ! *ance discov]y ( !  
buri$ cities1 s9ce x n\ri%$ a curiosity 
respect+ ! pa/ :i* c\ld n be conf9$ to  
^? excavations1 & :i* has s9ce be5      
disclos+ antiquity 9 e qu>t] ( ! globe4 

,we call x a *ance discov]y1 al?\gh ! "p
 :i* accid5t plays 9 su* matt]s is m    
int]e/+ ?an important4 ,! digg+ ( a well
 9 #agjh let daylight into ! amphi!atre 
( ,h]culaneum1 & caus$ "s languid       
exploration1 :i* _h small results4 ,=ty 
ye>s lat]1 a peasant at "w 9 a v9ey>d   
five miles f ! same spot /ruck ) 8 hoe  
some?+ h>d1 :i* 0 too firmly fix$ 9 !   
gr\nd to be mov$4 ,x prov$ to be a small
 /atue ( metal1 upright1 & rivet$ to a  
/one p$e/al1 :i* 0 itself immovably     
fa/5$ to "s solid mass /ill deep] 9 !   
e>?4 ,:]e ! hoe _h /ruck ! /atue ! metal
 %[$ ! tempt+ hue ( gold1 & ! peasant1  
aft] c>efully smoo?+ ov] ! surface1     
hurri$ away ) a fragm5t ( x to a        
goldsmi?1 int5d+ 7s runs ! local gossip7
 to "w ?is op5+ z 8 private gold m9e4 ,b
 z ! metal 0 pron\nc$ brass1 he hone/ly 
report$ ! discov]y to a magi/rate1 :o   
set on foot an excavation4 ,! /atue 0   
f\nd to be a ,m9]va1 fix$ to ! c5tre ( a
 small ro(-l dome1 & :5 ! dome 0 brok5  
?r\gh x 0 se5 to be ! ro( ( a temple1 ( 

:i* ! ,m9]va _h be5 ! topmo/ ornam5t4 ,&
 ?us 0 discov]$1 ab\t ! middle ( ! la/  
c5tury1 ! anci5t city ( ,pompeii1 buri$ 
by a /orm ( light a%es f ,vesuvius      
sixte5 hundr$ & sev5ty ye>s be=e4       
,illu/ration3 ,roman ,masks1 ,comic &   
,tragic4  ,x 0 n ! accid5t1 b !         
timel9ess ( ! accid5t1 :i* made x       
important2 = !re nev] c\ld h be5 an     
excavation fifte5 feet deep ov] ! site (
 ,pompeii )\t reveal+ indications ( !   
buri$ city4 ,b ! "t 0 !n ripe = an      
exploration4 ,x _h become possible to   
excite a g5]al curiosity 9 a ,pa/       
exhum$2 & su* a curiosity is a late     
result ( culture3 x does n exi/ 9 a dull
 or 9 an ignorant m9d4 ,& ?is curiosity1
 n\ri%$ & inflam$ z x 0 by ! brilliant &
 m>vel\s ?+s br\ght to light 9 ,pompeii 
& ,h]culaneum1 has s\ght new            
gratification :]ev] a heap ( ru9s       
betray$ an anci5t civilization4 ,x looks
 n[ z if _m ( ! old cities ( ! _w are 9 
lay]s or /rata--a new ,london ^u an old 
,london1 & p]haps a ,london "u t--a city

 ?ree or f\r deep1 ea* ! record ( an    
era4 ,two ,romes we famili>ly "k1 "o (  
:i* is built 9 "p ^u ! o!r2 & at ,cairo 
we c see ! process go+ on by :i* "s     
anci5t cities 7 buri$ )\t volcanic aid4 
,! dirt ( ! unswept /reets1 nev] remov$1
 has rais$ ! grade ( ,cairo f age to    
age4  ,illu/ration3 ,a ,roman ,comic    
,actor mask$ = ! ,"p ( ,sil5us4  ,!     
excavations at ,rome1 s ri* 9 results1 7
 n ne$$ to prove t to ! ,romans ( old   
c>icature 0 a famili> ?+4 ,! m]e        
magnitude ( _! !atres1 & _! habit (     
p]=m+ plays 9 ! op5 air1 compell$       
c>icature1 ! basis ( :i* is exagg]ation4
 ,actors1 bo? comic & tragic1 wore masks
 ( v elaborate con/ruction1 made (      
resonant metal1 & s %ap$ z to s]ve1 9 "s
 degree1 ! (fice ( a speak+-trumpet4 ,9 
! engrav+s on ?is page are repres5t$ a  
pair ( masks su* z 7 worn by ,roman     
actors ?r\gh\t ! empire1 ( :i* _m       
specim5s h be5 f\nd4  ,if ! read] has   
ev] visit$ ! ,coliseum at ,rome1 or ev5 
"o ( ! l>ge hippodromes ( ,p>is or ,new 

,york1 & c imag9e ! attempts ( an actor 
to exhibit comic or tragic effects (    
c\nt5ance or ( vocal utt]ance across    
spaces s ext5sive1 he w readily und]/& !
 necessity ( su* masks z ^!4 ,! art (   
act+ c\ld only h be5 develop$ 9 small   
!atres4 ,9 ! op5 air or 9 ! uncov]$     
amphi!atre all mu/ h be5 vocif]ation &  
c>icature4 ,obs]ve ! figure ( old       
,sil5us1 on prec$+ page1 "o ( ! *ief    
mir?-mak]s ( antiquity1 :o lives = u 9 !
 ,old ,man ( ! pantomime4 ,he is mask$ =
 ! !atre4  ,! leg5d ( ,sil5us is itself 
an evid5ce ( ! t5d5cy ( ! anci5ts to    
fall into c>icature4 ,to ! ,romans he 0 
at once ! tutor1 ! comrade1 & ! butt (  
jolly ,bac*us4 ,he disc\rs$ wisdom &    
made fun4 ,he 0 usually repres5t$ z an  
old man1 bald1 flat-nos$1 half drunk1   
rid+ ^u a broad-back$ ass1 or reel+     
along by ! aid ( a /aff1 utt]+ %rewd    
maxims & do+ ludicr\s acts4 ,p wond] t !
 pantomime call$ ,humpty ,dumpty %\ld be
 play$ a ?\s& nights 9 ,new ,york2 b !  
sub/ance ( all t boi/]\s nons5se1 t     

exhibition ( rollick+ fre$om f re/ra9ts 
( law1 usage1 & gravitation1 has amus$  
mank9d = unkn[n ?\s&s ( ye>s2 = x is    
m]ely :at rema9s to u ( ! leg5d>y       
,bac*us & 8 jovial crew4 ,we obs]ve1    
too1 t ! great comic books1 su* z ,gil  
,blas1 ,don ,quixote1 ,pickwick1 & o!rs1
 are mo/ effective :5 ! h]o is mo/ l    
,bac*us1 roam+ ov] ! e>? ) m]ry blades1 
delightfully free f ! duties &          
conditions :i* make bondm5 ( u all4 ,mr4
 ,dick5s may nev] h ?\ght ( x--& he     
may--b !re is mu* ( ! *>m ( ! anci5t    
,bac*ic leg5ds 9 ! n>rative ( ! f\r     
,pickwickians & ,samuel ,well] sett+ (f 
on ! top ( a coa*1 & meet+ all k9ds (   
gay & semi-lawless adv5tures 9 c\ntry   
t[ns & rambl+ inns4 ,ev5 ! anci5t       
di/ribution ( *>act]s is h9t$ at4 ,) a  
few *anges1 easily imag9$1 !            
irrepressible ,sam might repres5t       
,bac*us1 & 8 ma/] br+ to m9d ! sage &   
comic ,sil5us4 ,no?+ is old] ?an our    
modes ( fun4 ,ev5 9 seek+ ! orig9 (     
,pun*1 inve/igators lose !mselves grop+ 

9 ! dim light ( ! mo/ remote antiquity4 
,h[ readily ! ,roman satiri/s ran into  
c>icature all _! read]s "k1 except ^? :o
 take ! amus+ exagg]ations ( ,juv5al &  
,horace z /atem5ts ( fact4 ,dur+ ! heat 
( our antislav]y conte/1 ,dryd5's       
translation ( ! passage 9 ,juv5al :i*   
pictures ! luxuri\s ,roman lady ord]+ h]
 slave to be put to dea? 0 us$ by ! late
 ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,fry1 9 ! ,new ,york      
,tribune1 ) ?rill+ effect3    ,g drag t 
slave to dea?6 ,y reason1 ,:y    ,%\ld !
 poor innoc5t be doom$ to die8    ,:at  
pro(s8 ,=1 :5 man's life is 9 debate1   
,! judge c ne'er too long delib]ate4    
,call'/ ?\ t slave a man8 ! wife        
replies4    ,prov$ or unprov$ ! crime1 !
 villa9 dies4    ,i h ! sov]eign p[] to 
save or kill1    ,& give no o!r reason b
 my w4  ,?is is evid5tly c>icature4 ,n  
only is ! :ole ( ,juv5al's six? satire a
 s]ies ( ! broade/ exagg]ations1 b )    
reg>d to ?is p>ticul> passage we h      
evid5ce ( its burlesque "* 9 ,horace    
7,satire ,,iii41 ,book ,i471 :]e1 wi%+  

to give an example ( impossible folly1  
he says1 ,if a man %\ld crucify a slave 
= eat+ "s ( ! fi% :i* he _h be5 ord]$ to
 take away1 p 9 _! s5ses w\ld call him a
 madman4 ,juv5al exhibits ! ,roman      
matron ( 8 p]iod und]go+ ! dress+ ( h]  
hair1 giv+ ! sc5e ! same unmi/akable "* 
( c>icature3    ,%e hurries all h]      
h&maids to ! task2    ,h] head alone w  
tw5ty dress]s ask4    ,psecas1 ! *ief1 )
 brea/ & %\ld]s b>e1    ,trembl+1       
consid]s e sacr$ hair3    ,if any       
/raggl] f 8 rank be f\nd1    ,a p9* mu/ 
= ! mortal s9 comp\nd4    ,) curls on   
curls !y build h] head1 be=e1    ,& m\nt
 x ) a =midable t[]4    ,a giantess %e  
seems2 b look beh9d1    ,& !n %e dw9dles
 to ! ,pigmy k9d4    ,duck-legg$1       
%ort-wai/$1 su* a dw>f %e is    ,t %e   
mu/ rise on tiptoe = a kiss4            
,mean:ile h] husb&'s :ole e/ate is sp5t2
    ,he may g b>e1 :ile %e receives 8   
r5t4  ,! _s ( c>icature speaks 9 ^!     
l9es4 ,!re are passages ( ,horace1 too1 
9 read+ :i* ! picture =ms itself be=e ! 

m9d2 & ! poet supplies ! v words :i*    
c>icaturi/s usually employ to make _!   
mean+ m obvi\s4 ,9 ! ?ird satire ( !    
second book a c>icature is exhibit$ to !
 m9d's eye )\t ! int]v5tion ( p5cil4 ,we
 see ! mis] ,opimius1 poor amid 8 ho>ds 
( gold1 :o has />v$ himself into a      
le?>gy2 8 heir is sc\r+ 8 c(f]s 9       
triumph2 b ! doctor devises a mode (    
r\s+ 8 pati5t4 ,he ord]s a table to be  
br\ght into ! room1 ^u :i* he causes !  
hidd5 bags ( money to be p\r$ out1 &    
sev]al p]sons to draw ne> z if to c\nt  
x4 ,opimius revives at ?is madd5+       
spectacle1 & ! doctor urges him to      
/r5g!n himself by g5]\s food1 & s balk 8
 rapaci\s heir4 ,d y hesitate8 cries !  
doctor4 ,come1 n[1 take ?is prep>ation (
 rice4 ,h[ mu* did x co/8 asks ! mis]4  
,only a trifle4 ,b h[ mu*8 ,eightp5ce4  
,opimius1 appall$ at ! price1 :imp]s1   
,alas6 :at does x matt] :e!r ,i die ( a 
disease1 or by plund] & extortion8 ,_m  
simil> examples w arre/ ! eye ( "o :o   
turns ov] ! pages ( ?is ma/] ( satire4  

,! great fe/ival ( ! ,roman ye>1 !      
,saturnalia1 :i* occurr$ 9 ! latt] half 
( ,decemb]1 we may almo/ say 0          
consecrat$ to c>icature1 s fond 7 !     
,romans ( e k9d ( ludicr\s exagg]ation4 
,?is fe/ival1 ! m]ry ,*ri/mas ( ! ,roman
 _w1 gave to ! ,*ri/ian fe/ival _m ( its
 enliv5+ obs]vances4 ,dur+ ! ,saturnalia
 ! law c\rts & s*ools 7 clos$2 !re 0 a  
g5]al int]*ange ( pres5ts1 & univ]sal   
fea/+2 !re 7 fanta/ic games1 processions
 ( mask$ figures 9 extravagant co/umes1 
& religi\s sacrifices4 ,= ?ree days !   
slaves 7 n m]ely exempt f labor1 b !y   
enjoy$ fre$om ( spee*1 ev5 to ! abus+ ( 
_! ma/]s4 ,9 "o ( 8 satires1 ,horace    
gives u an idea ( ! mann] 9 :i* slaves  
burlesqu$ _! lords at ?is jocund "t4 ,he
 reports "s ( ! rem>ks ( 8 own slave1   
,davus1 ^u himself & 8 poetry4 ,davus1 x
 is evid5t1 _h discov]$ ! hi/rionic     
elem5t 9 lit]ature1 & press$ x home ^u 8
 ma/]4 ,y praise ! simplicity ( ! anci5t
 ,romans2 b if any god 7 to r$uce y to  
_! condition1 y1 ! same man t wrote ^?  

f9e ?+s1 w\ld beg to be let (f4 ,at     
,rome y long = ! c\ntry2 & :5 y are 9 ! 
c\ntry1 y praise ! di/ant city to !     
skies4 ,:5 y are n invit$ out to supp]1 
y extol y\r homely repa/ at home1 & hug 
y\rself t y are n oblig$ to dr9k ) any  
body abroad4 ,z if y ev] w5t out ^u     
compulsion6 ,b let ,maec5as s5d y an    
invitation = e>ly lamp-light1 !n :at d  
we he>8 ,w no "o br+ ! oil quick]8 ,does
 any body he> me8 ,y bell[ & /orm )     
fury4 ,y b\ght me = five hundr$ dra*mas1
 b :at if x turns out t y are ! great]  
fool ( ! two8 ,& ?us ! a/ute & witty    
,davus cont9ues to ply 8 ma/] ) taunts &
 je]s & wise saws1 till ,horace1 9 fury1
 cries out1 ,:]e c ,i f9d a /one8 ,davus
 innoc5tly asks1 ,:at ne$ is !re "h (   
su* a ?+ z a /one8 ,:]e c ,i get "s     
javel9s8 ro>s ,horace4 ,^u :i* ,davus   
quietly rem>ks1 ,?is man is ei!r mad or 
mak+ v]ses4 ,horace ends ! colloquy by  
say+1 ,if y d n ?is in/ant take y\rself 
(f1 ,i'll make a field-h& ( y on my     
,sab9e e/ate6  ,illu/ration3 ,roman     

,wall ,c>icature ( a ,*ri/ian4  ,t      
,roman satiri/s employ$ ! p5cil & ! bru%
 z well z ! /ylus1 & employ$ !m freely &
 con/antly1 we %\ld h surmis$ if ! fact 
_h n be5 discov]$4 ,mo/ ( ! c>icatures (
 pass+ ev5ts spe$ily p]i% 9 all         
c\ntries1 because ! mat]ials usually    
employ$ 9 !m are p]i%able4 ,to pres]ve s
 slight a ?+ z a *alk sket* on a wall = 
eighte5 c5turies1 accid5t mu/ l5d a h&1 
z x has 9 ! in/ance n[ giv54  ,?is      
picture 0 f\nd 9 #aheg ^u ! wall ( a    
n>r[ ,roman /reet1 :i* 0 clos$ up & %ut 
out f ! light ( day ab\t ,a4,d4 #ajj1 to
 facilitate an ext5sion ( ! imp]ial     
palace4 ,! wall :5 uncov]$ 0 f\nd       
scrat*$ all ov] ) rude c>icature draw+s 
9 ! /yle ( ! specim5 giv54 ,?is "o      
imm$iately arre/$ att5tion1 & ! "p ( !  
wall on :i* x 0 drawn 0 c>efully remov$ 
to ! ,collegio ,romano1 9 ! museum ( :i*
 x may n[ be inspect$4 ,! ,greek words  
scrawl$ ^u ! picture may be translat$   
?us3 ,alexam5os is wor%ip+ 8 god4  ,^!  
words suffici5tly indicate t ! picture 0

 aim$ at "s memb]1 to u unkn[n1 ( !     
despis$ sect ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,x is ! only
 allusion to ,*ri/ianity :i* has yet be5
 f\nd ^u ! walls ( ! ,italian cities2 b 
x is extremely probable t ! /reet arti/s
 f\nd 9 ! /range usages ( ! ,*ri/ians a 
v frequ5t subject4  ,we "k well :at !   
educat$ class ( ! ,romans ?\ght ( !     
,*ri/ians1 :5 !y ?\ght ( !m at all4 ,!y 
reg>d$ !m z a sect ( extremely absurd   
,jews1 insanely ob/9ate1 & :olly        
contemptible4 ,if ! pr(essors & /ud5ts (
 ,h>v>d & ,yale %\ld read 9 ! pap]s t a 
new sect _h aris5 among ! ,mormons1 m   
ecc5tric & ridicul\s ev5 ?an ! ,mormons 
!mselves1 ! intellig5ce w\ld excite 9 _!
 m9ds ab\t ! same feel+ t ! c\rtly      
s*ol>s ( ! ,roman ,empire manife/ :5 !y 
speak ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians4 ,no?+ a/oni%$ 
!m s mu* z _! ob/9acy4 ,a man1 says !   
,emp]or ,m>cus ,aurelius1 ought to be   
ready to die :5 ! "t comes2 b ?is       
read9ess %\ld be ! result ( a calm      
judgm5t1 & n be an exhibition ( m]e     
ob/9acy1 z ) ! ,*ri/ians4 ,! y\ng]      

,pl9y1 too1 9 8 "* ( magi/rate1 0       
extremely p]plex$ ) ?is same ob/9acy4   
,he tells u t :5 p 7 br\ght be=e him    
*>g$ ) be+ ,*ri/ians1 he ask$ !m ! "q1  
,are y a ,*ri/ian8 ,if !y said !y 71 he 
repeat$ x twice1 ?reat5+ !m ) puni%m5t2 
& if !y p]si/$1 he ord]$ !m to be       
puni%$4 ,if !y d5i$ ! *>ge1 he put !m to
 ! pro( by requir+ !m to repeat aft] him
 an invocation to ! gods1 & to (f] w9e &
 inc5se to ! emp]or's /atue4 ,"s ( !    
accus$1 he says1 revil$ ,*ri/2 & ?is he 
reg>d$ z a sure pro( ( innoc5ce1 = p    
told him !re 0 no =c+ real ,*ri/ians to 
d an act ( t nature4 ,"s ( ! accus$ own$
 t !y _h be5 ,*ri/ians once1 ?ree ye>s  
ago or m1 & "s tw5ty ye>s ago1 b _h     
return$ to ! wor%ip ( ! gods4 ,^!1      
h[ev]1 decl>$ t1 aft] all1 !re 0 no     
great (f5se 9 be+ ,*ri/ians4 ,!y _h     
m]ely met on a regul> day be=e dawn1    
address$ a =m ( pray] to ,*ri/ z to a   
div9ity1 & b\nd !mselves by a solemn oa?
 n to commit fraud1 !ft1 or o!r immoral 
act1 nor break _! ^w1 nor betray a tru/2

 aft] :i* !y us$ to sep>ate1 !n         
re-assemble1 & eat toge!r a h>mless     
meal4  ,all ?is seem$ innoc5t en\gh2 b  
,pl9y 0 n satisfi$4 ,i judg$ x necess>y1
 he writes to ! emp]or1 to try to get at
 ! real tru? by putt+ to ! torture two  
female slaves :o 7 said to (ficiate at  
_! religi\s rites2 b all ,i c\ld discov]
 0 evid5ce ( an absurd & extravagant    
sup]/ition4 ,s he ref]s ! :ole matt] to 
! emp]or1 tell+ him t ! contagion is n  
conf9$ to ! cities1 b has spread into ! 
villages & into ! c\ntry4 ,/ill1 he     
?\ght x c\ld be *eck$3 nay1 x _h be5    
*eck$2 = ! temples1 :i* _h be5 almo/    
ab&on$1 7 beg9n+ to be frequ5t$ aga91 & 
!re 0 also a g5]al dem& = victims =     
sacrifice1 :i* till lately _h f\nd few  
pur*as]s4 ,! wise ,trajan approv$ !     
c\rse ( 8 repres5tative4 ,he tells him1 
h[ev]1 n to g out ( 8 way to look =     
,*ri/ians2 b if any 7 br\ght be=e him1  
:y1 ( c\rse he mu/ inflict ! p5alty     
unless !y prov$ _! innoc5ce by invok+ ! 
gods4 ,! rema9s ( ,roman lit]ature h    

no?+ s int]e/+ = u z ^! two lett]s (    
,pl9y & ,trajan ( ! ye> #ajc4 ,we may   
re/ assur$ t ! walls ( e ,roman t[n bore
 te/imony to ! contempt & av]sion 9 :i* 
! ,*ri/ians 7 held1 p>ticul>ly by ^? :o 
dealt 9 victims & s]v$ ! alt>s--a v     
num]\s & important class ?r\gh\t !      
anci5t _w4     ,,*apt] ,,ii4  ,,among   
,,! ,,greeks4   ,greece 0 ! native home 
( all t we n[ call art4 ,^u look+ ov] ! 
two hundr$ pages ( art gossip 9 ! writ+s
 ( ! eld] ,pl9y1 mo/ ( :i* relates to   
,greece1 we are ready to ask1 ,is !re "o
 ?+ 9 pa9t+ or draw+1 "o s*ool1 device1 
/yle1 or me?od1 kn[n to u :i* 0 n       
famili> to ! ,greeks8 ,!y _h _!         
,l&se]s--m5 great 9 dogs & all animals2 
!y _h arti/s r5[n$ 9 ! ,dut* /yle ages  
be=e ! ,dut* ceas$ to be                
amphibi\s--arti/s :o pa9t$ b>b]-%op     
int]iors to a hair1 & donkeys eat+      
cabbages correct to a fibre2 !y _h      
cattle pieces z fam\s ?r\gh\t ! classic 
_w z ,rosa ,bonheur's ,horse ,fair is n[
 9 ours2 !y _h ,rosa ,bonheurs ( _!     

own--fam\s wom51 a li/ ( ^: names ,pl9y 
gives2 !y _h portrait-pa9t]s too good to
 be fa%ionable1 & portrait-pa9t]s too   
fa%ionable to be good2 !y _h arti/s :o  
excell$ 9 fle%1 o!rs great 9 =m1 o!rs   
excell5t 9 composition2 !y took pla/]   
ca/s ( dead faces2 !y _h v>ni%]s &      
picture-clean]s4 ,not$ pictures 7 spok5 
( z hav+ lo/ _! *>m ?r\gh an unskillful 
clean]4 ,!y _h _! life s*ool1 & us$ x z 
arti/s n[ d1 borr[+ f ea* model h]      
special beauty4 ,zeuxis1 z ,pl9y        
records1 0 s scrupul\sly c>eful 9 !     
execution ( a religi\s pa9t+ t he _h !  
"y maid5s ( ! place /ripp$ = exam9ation1
 & select$ five ( !m1 9 ord] to adopt 9 
8 picture ! mo/ comm5dable po9ts 9 ! =m 
( ea*4 ,& we may be sure t e maid5 ( !m 
felt x to be an honor ?us to contribute 
p]fection to a ,juno1 execut$ by ! fir/ 
arti/ ( ! _w1 :i* 0 to adorn ! temple ( 
h] native city4  ,!y play$ ) art z m5   
are apt to play ) ! implem5ts ( :i* !y  
are ma/]s4 ,sosus1 ! great arti/ 9      
mosaics1 execut$ at ,p]gamus ! pavem5t (

 a banquet+-room :i* pres5t$ ! appe>ance
 ( a floor /rew$ ) crumbs1 fragm5ts &   
scraps ( a fea/1 n yet swept away4 ,x 0 
r5[n$ z ! ,unswept ,hall ( ,p]gamus4 ,& 
:at a pleas+ /ory is t ( ! conte/ betwe5
 ,zeuxis & 8 rival1 ,p>rhasius6 ,on !   
day ( trial ,zeuxis hung 9 ! place (    
exhibition a pa9t+ ( grapes1 &          
,p>rhasius a picture ( a curta94 ,"s    
birds flew to ! grapes ( ,zeuxis1 &     
began to pick at !m4 ,! arti/1 ov]joy$  
at s /rik+ a pro( ( 8 success1 turn$    
haughtily to 8 rival1 & dem&$ t ! curta9
 %\ld be drawn aside & ! picture        
reveal$4 ,b ! curta9 0 ! picture4 ,he   
own$ himself surpass$1 s9ce he _h only  
deceiv$ birds1 b ,p>rhasius _h deceiv$  
,zeuxis4  ,illu/ration3 ,burlesque (    
,jupit]'s ,woo+ ( ! ,pr9cess ,alcm5a4   
,c\ld comic arti/s & c>icaturi/s be     
want+ 9 ,a!ns8 ,/range to say1 x 0 !    
gods & goddesses :om ! c>icaturi/s (    
,greece z well z ! comic writ]s *iefly  
select$ = ridicule4 ,all _! works h     
p]i%$ except a few specim5s pres]v$ ^u  

pott]y4 ,we %[ "o f a ,greek vase1 a    
rude burlesque ( "o ( ,jupit]'s love    
adv5tures1 ! fa!r ( gods & m5 be+       
accompani$ by a ,m]cury ludicr\sly      
unlike ! light & agile mess5g] ( ! gods4
 ,! /ory goes t ! ,pr9cess ,alcm5a1 ?\gh
 betro!d to a lov]1 v[$ h] h& to ! man  
:o %\ld av5ge h] slaught]$ bro!rs4      
,jupit] assum$ ! =m & face ( ! lov]1 &1 
pret5d+ to h av5g$ h] bro!rs' dea?1 ga9$
 admittance4 ,pl9y describes a celebrat$
 burlesque pa9t+ ( ! bir? ( ,bac*us f   
,jupit]'s ?igh1 9 :i* ! god ( ! gods 0  
repres5t$ we>+ a woman's cap1 9 a highly
 ridicul\s po/ure1 cry+ out1 & surr\nd$ 
by goddesses 9 ! "* ( midwives4 ,! be/  
specim5 ( ,greek c>icature t has come   
d[n to u burlesques no less s]i\s a !me 
?an ! great oracle ( ,apollo at         
,delphos1 giv5 on page #cj4  ,?is       
rem>kable "w owes its pres]vation to !  
imp]i%able nature ( ! mat]ial on :i* x 0
 execut$4 ,x 0 copi$ f a l>ge vessel us$
 by ! ,greeks & ,romans = hold+ v9eg>1 a
 conspicu\s object ^u _! tables1 & !re=e

 invit+ ornam5t4 ,:at audacity to       
burlesque an oracle to :i* k+s &        
conqu]ors humbly repair$ = direction1 & 
:i* all ,greece held 9 awe6 ,croesus    
propitiat$ ?is oracle by ! gift ( a     
solid gold5 lion z l>ge z life1 & !     
,phocians f\nd 9 its c(f]s1 & c>ri$ (f1 
a sum equal to ne>ly elev5 millions (   
doll>s 9 gold4 ,su* 0 ! g5]al belief 9  
its div9e inspiration6 ,b 9 ?is picture 
we see ! oracle1 ! god1 & ^? :o consult 
!m1 all exhibit$ 9 ! broade/ burlesque3 
,apollo z a quack doctor on 8 plat=m1 ) 
bag1 b[1 & cap2 ,*iron1 old & bl9d1     
/ruggl+ up ! /eps to consult him1 aid$  
by ,apollo at 8 head & a fri5d pu%+     
beh9d2 ! nymphs survey+ ! sc5e f !      
heights ( ,p>nassus2 & ! manag] ( !     
spectacle1 :o looks on f bel[4 ,h[      
/range is ?is6  ,b ! ,greek lit]ature is
 also full ( ?is wild lic5se4 ,lucian   
depicts ! gods 9 c\ncil ludicr\sly      
discuss+ ! dang] !y 7 9 f ! philosoph]s4
 ,jupit] says1 ,if m5 are once p]suad$ t
 !re are no gods1 or1 if !re are gods1 t

 we take no c>e ( human affairs1 we %all
 h no m gifts or victims f !m1 b may sit
 & />ve on ,olympus )\t fe/ivals1       
holidays1 sacrifices1 or any pomp or    
c]emonies :atev]4 ,! :ole debate is 9   
?is mann]1 & is at ! same "t a burlesque
 ( ! political discussions at ! ,a!nian 
mass-meet+s4 ,:at c be m ludicr\s ?an ! 
/ory ( ,m]cury visit+ ,a!ns 9 disguise 9
 ord] to discov] ! e/imation 9 :i* he 0 
held among mortals8 ,he ent]s ! %op ( a 
deal] 9 images1 :]e he inquires ! price 
fir/ ( a ,jupit]1 !n ( an ,apollo1 &1   
la/ly1 ) a blu%1 ( a ,m]cury4 ,oh1 says 
! deal]1 if y take ! ,jupit] & !        
,apollo1 ,i w ?r[ ! ,m]cury 94          
,illu/ration3 ,greek ,c>icature ( !     
,oracle ( ,apollo at ,delphos4  ,nor did
 ! witty1 rollick+ ,greeks conf9e _!    
satire to ! immortals4 ,( ! fam\s       
mir?-provok]s ( ! _w1 su* z ,c]vantes1  
,ario/o1 ,moli]e1 ,rabelais1 ,/]ne1     
,voltaire1 ,?ack]ay1 ,dick5s1 ! "o t _h 
mo/ p[] to produce m]e physical laught]1
 p[] to %ake ! sides & cause p to roll  

helpless ^u ! floor1 0 ! ,greek dramati/
 ,ari/ophanes4 ,! =ce ( ! comic c no    
f>!r g ?an he has c>ri$ x 9 "s ( ! sc5es
 ( 8 be/ com$ies4 ,ev5 to u1 f> remov$ z
 we are1 9 ta/e z well z 9 "t1 f t      
wond]ful ,a!ns ( 81 !y are /ill         
irresi/ibly div]t+4 ,?is ma/] ( mir? is 
nev] s effective z :5 he is turn+ into  
ridicule ! philosoph]s & poets = ^: sake
 ,greece is /ill a de>1 v5]able "n to   
all ! civiliz$ _w4 ,9 8 com$y ( ,!      
,frogs he s5ds ,bac*us d[n into ,hades )
 e circum/ance ( riot\s burlesque1 & !re
 he exhibits ! two great tragic poets1  
,a,eschylus & ,euripides1 /&+ opposite  
ea* o!r1 & compet+ = ! tragic ?rone by  
recit+ v]ses 9 :i* ! mann]ism ( ea*1 z  
well z famili> passages ( _! plays1 is  
broadly burlesqu$4 ,no?+ 9 lit]ature c  
be f\nd m ludicr\s or less becom+1      
unless we look = x 9 ,ari/ophanes       
himself4 ,9 8 play ( ,! ,cl\ds occurs 8 
c>icature ( ,socrates1 ( inf9ite        
absurdity1 b n ludicr\s to u1 because we
 read x z "p ( ! /ory ( a sublime &     

affect+ m>tyrdom4 ,x fills our m9ds )   
wond] to ?9k t a p among :om a ,socrates
 c\ld h be5 =m$ c\ld h borne to see him 
?us pr(an$4 ,a rogue ( a fa!r1 plagu$ by
 an extravagant son1 repairs to ! s*ool 
( ,socrates to le>n ! arts by :i*       
cr$itors are argu$ out ( _! j claims 9  
c\rts ( ju/ice4 ,^u rea*+ ! place1 !    
door ( ! ,?9k+ ,%op op5s1 & behold6 a   
c>icature all ready = ! arti/'s p5cil4  
,! pupils are discov]$ ) _! heads fix$  
to ! floor1 _! backs upp]mo/1 &         
,socrates hang+ f ! ceil+ 9 a basket4 ,!
 visitor1 transfix$ ) wond]1 que/ions 8 
companion4 ,he asks :y !y pres5t t      
portion ( _! bodies to heav54 ,x is     
gett+ taught a/ronomy alone by itself4  
,& :o is ?is man 9 ! basket8 ,,himself4 
,:o's ,himself8 ,socrates6 ,! visitor at
 l5g? addresses ! ma/] by a dim9utive1 z
 ?\gh he _h said1 ,socrates1 de> little 
,socrates4 ,! philosoph] speaks3 ,:y    
calle/ ?\ me1 ?\ creature ( a day8 ,tell
 me1 fir/1 ,i beg1 :at y are do+ up !re4
 ,i am walk+ 9 ! air1 & speculat+ ab\t !

 sun2 = ,i %\ld nev] h rightly le>n$    
cele/ial ?+s if ,i _h n susp5d$ !       
intellect1 & subtly m+l$ ,?\ght ) its   
k9dr$ ,air4 ,all ?is is 9 ! v _s (      
c>icature4 ,half ( ,ari/ophanes is      
c>icature4 ,9 *>act]iz+ ! light         
lit]ature ( ,greece we are rem9d$ (     
,juv5al's rem>k ^u ! ,greek p1 ,all     
,greece is a com$ian4     ,,*apt] ,,iii4
  ,,among ,,! ,,anci5t ,,egyptians4     
,egyptian art 0 old :5 ,grecian art 0   
"y1 & x rema9$ crude :5 ! art ( ,greece 
_h rea*$ its highe/ developm5t4 ,b n !  
less did x delight 9 c>icature &        
burlesque4 ,9 ! ,egyptian collection    
belong+ to ! ,new ,york ,hi/orical      
,society !re is a specim5 ( !           
,egyptians' favorite k9d ( burlesque    
picture :i* dates back ?ree ?\s& ye>s1 b
 :i* /&s out m cle>ly n[ ^u its slab (  
lime/one ?an we c engrave x "h4         
,illu/ration3 ,an ,egyptian ,c>icature4 
,dr4 ,abbott1 :o br\ght ?is specim5 f   
,!bes1 int]pret$ x to be a repres5tation
 ( a lion seat$ ^u a ?rone1 z k+1       

receiv+ f a fox1 p]sonat+ a high-prie/1 
an (f]+ ( a goose & a fan4 ,x is        
probably a burlesque ( a well-kn[n      
picture2 = 9 "o ( ! ,egyptian papyri 9 !
 ,briti% ,museum !re is a draw+ ( a lion
 & unicorn play+ *ess1 :i* is a manife/ 
c>icature ( a picture frequ5tly repeat$ 
^u ! anci5t monum5ts4 ,x 0 f ,egypt1 !n1
 t ! classic nations caught ?is *ildi%  
fancy ( ridicul+ ! actions ( m5 by      
pictur+ animals p]=m+ simil> ones2 & x  
is surpris+ to note h[ fond ! ,egyptian 
arti/s 7 ( ?is simple device4 ,on ! same
 papyrus !re are sev]al o!r int]e/+     
specim5s3 a lion on 8 h9d-legs engag$ 9 
lay+ out z a mummy ! dead body ( a ho($ 
animal2 a tig] or wild cat driv+ a flock
 ( geese to m>ket2 ano!r tig] c>ry+ a   
hoe on "o %\ld] & a bag ( se$ on ! o!r2 
an animal play+ on a d\ble pipe1 & driv+
 be=e him a h]d ( small /ags1 l a       
%eph]d2 a hippopotamus wa%+ 8 h&s 9 a   
tall wat]-j>2 an animal on a ?rone1 )   
ano!r beh9d him z a fan-be>]1 & a ?ird  
pres5t+ him ) a b\quet4 ,no place 0 too 

sacr$ = su* playful del9eations4 ,9 "o (
 ! royal sepul*res at ,!bes1 z ,k5rick  
relates1 !re is a picture ( an ass & a  
lion s++1 accompany+ !mselves on !      
phorm9x & ! h>p4 ,!re is also an        
elaborate burlesque ( a battle piece1 9 
:i* a =tress is attack$ by rats1 &      
def5d$ by cats1 :i* are visible on !    
battlem5ts4 ,"s rats br+ a ladd] to !   
walls & prep>e to scale !m1 :ile o!rs1  
arm$ ) spe>s1 %ields1 & b[s1 protect !  
assailants4 ,"o rat ( enorm\s size1 9 a 
*>iot drawn by dogs1 has pi]c$ sev]al   
cats ) arr[s1 & is sw++ r\nd 8          
battle-axe 9 exact imitation ( ,rameses1
 9 a s]i\s picture1 deal+ de/ruction on 
8 enemies4 ,on a papyrus at ,tur9 !re is
 a repres5tation ( a cat ) a %eph]d's   
crook wat*+ a flock ( geese1 :ile a     
cynocephalus ne> by plays ^u ! flute4 ,(
 ?is class ( burlesques ! mo/ int]e/+   
example1 p]haps1 is ! "o annex$1        
repres5t+ a ,s\l doom$ to return to its 
e>?ly home 9 ! =m ( a pig4              
,illu/ration3 ,a ,condemn$ ,s\l1        

,egyptian ,c>icature4  ,?is picture1 :i*
 is ( su* antiquity t x 0 an object (   
curiosity to ! ,romans & ! ,greeks1 is  
"p ( ! decoration ( a k+'s tomb4 ,9 !   
orig9al1 ,osiris1 ! augu/ judge ( dep>t$
 spirits1 is repres5t$ on 8 ?rone1 ne> !
 /]n ( ! boat1 wav+ away ! ,s\l1 :i* he 
has j weigh$ 9 8 un]r+ scales & f\nd    
want+2 :ile close to ! %ore a man hews  
away ! gr\nd1 to intimate t all         
communication is cut (f betwe5 ! lo/ _s 
& ! abode ( ! bless$4 ,! animals t      
execute ! /]n decree are ! dog-head$    
monkeys1 sacr$ 9 ! my?ology ( ,egypt4   
,illu/ration3 ,egyptian ,s]vants convey+
 ,home _! ,ma/]s f a ,c>\se4  ,t !      
anci5t ,egyptians 7 a jovial p :o sat   
long at ! w9e1 we might inf] f !        
c>icatures :i* h be5 discov]$ 9 ,egypt1 
if we did n "k x f o!r s\rces (         
in=mation4 ,repres5tations h be5 f\nd ( 
e "p ( ! process ( w9e-mak+1 f ! plant+ 
( ! v9ey>d to ! /or+-away ( ! w9e-j>s4  
,9 ! valuable works ( ,sir ,g>dn]       
,wilk9son#b _m ( ^! curi\s pictures are 

giv53 ! v9ey>d & its trellis-"w2 m5     
fright5+ away ! birds ) sl+s2 a v9ey>d )
 a wat]-tank = irrigation2 ! grape      
h>ve/2 baskets full ( grapes cov]$ )    
leaves2 kids br[s+ ^u ! v9es2 tra9$     
monkeys ga!r+ grapes2 ! w9e-press 9     
op]ation2 m5 press+ grapes by ! natural 
process ( tread+2 p\r+ ! w9e into j>s2 &
 r[s ( j>s put away = future use4 ,!    
same labori\s au?or favors u ) anci5t   
,egyptian c>icatures :i* s]ve to %[ t   
w9e 0 a creature z capable ( abuse ?irty
 c5turies ago z x is n[4  ,footnote #b3 
,a ,popul> ,acc\nt ( ! ,anci5t          
,egyptians1 by ,sir ,j4 ,g>dn]          
,wilk9son1 #b vols41 ,h>p]  ,bro!rs1    
#ahed4  ,pictures ( simil> "* are n     
unfrequ5t ^u ! anci5t frescoes1 & _m (  
!m are f> m extravagant ?an ?is1        
exhibit+ m5 danc+ wildly1 /&+ ^u _!     
heads1 & riot\sly fight+4 ,f ,sir ,g>dn]
 ,wilk9son's disclosures we may         
reasonably inf] t ! arts ( debau*]y h   
receiv$ little addition dur+ ! la/ ?ree 
?\s& ye>s4 ,ev5 ! s$uctive cocktail is n

 mod]n4 ,! anci5t ,egyptians imbib$     
/imulants to excite an appetite = w9e1 &
 mun*$ ! bit+ cabbage-leaf = ! same     
purpose4 ,be] 9 sev]al v>ieties 0 kn[n  
to !m also2 v]itable be]1 made ( b>ley &
 a bitt] h]b2 be] s excell5t t ! da9ty  
,greek travel]s comm5d$ x z a dr9k only 
inf]ior to w9e4 ,ev5 ! ,egyptian ladies 
did n always resi/ ! temptation ( s _m  
modes ( intoxication4 ,nor did !y escape
 ! c>icaturi/'s p5cil4  ,illu/ration3   
,too ,late ) ! ,bas94  ,?is un=tunate   
lady1 z ,sir ,g>dn] conjectures1 aft]   
indulg+ 9 potations deep ( ! r5[n$      
,egyptian w9e1 _h be5 sudd5ly ov]tak5 by
 ! consequ5ces1 & _h call$ = assi/ance  
too late4 ,egyptian satiri/s did n sp>e 
! ladies1 & !y aim$ _! %afts at ! same  
foibles t h call$ =? s _m ef=ts ( p5cil 
& p5 9 lat] times4 ,:5ev]1 inde$1 we    
look closely into anci5t life1 we are   
/ruck ) ! simil>ity ( ! daily r\t9e to t
 ( our own "t4 ,e detail ( social       
exi/5ce is imp]i%ably record$ ^u !      
monum5ts ( anci5t ,egypt1 ev5 to ! tone 

& /yle & mi%aps ( a fa%ionable p>ty4 ,we
 see ! giv]s ( ! ent]ta9m5t1 ! ma/] &   
mi/ress ( ! mansion1 seat$ side by side 
^u a s(a2 ! gue/s com+ up z !y arrive to
 salute !m2 ! musicians & danc]s b[+ l[ 
to !m be=e beg9n+ to p]=m2 a pet monkey1
 a dog1 or a gazelle ti$ to ! leg ( !   
s(a2 ! y\nge/ *ild ( ! family sitt+ on !
 floor by its "m's side1 or ^u its      
fa!r's knee2 ! ladies sitt+ 9 gr\ps1    
conv]s+ ^u ! dea?less1 inexhau/ible     
subject ( dress1 & %[+ "o ano!r _!      
tr9kets4  ,sir ,g>dn] ,wilk9son gives u 
also ! pleas+ in=mation t x 0 ?\ght a   
pretty complim5t = "o gue/ to (f] ano!r 
a fl[] f 8 b\quet1 & t ! gue/s endeavor$
 to gratify _! ent]ta9]s by po9t+ out to
 "o ano!r1 ) expressions ( admiration1 !
 ta/eful knickknacks1 ! boxes ( c>v$    
wood or ivory1 ! vases1 ! elegant light 
tables1 ! *airs1 ottomans1 cu%ions1     
c>pets1 & furniture ) :i* ! ap>tm5t 0   
provid$4 ,?is too transp>5t flatt]y c\ld
 n escape su* invet]ate c>icaturi/s z ! 
,egyptian arti/s4 ,9 a tomb at ,!bes may

 be se5 a ludicr\s repres5tation ( sc5es
 at a p>ty :]e sev]al ( ! gue/s _h be5  
lo/ 9 raptur\s admiration ( ! objects   
ar\nd !m4 ,a "y man1 ei!r f awkw>dness  
or f hav+ gone too (t5 to ! w9e-j>1 _h  
recl9$ aga9/ a wood5 column plac$ 9 !   
c5tre ( ! room to support a tempor>y    
ornam5t4 ,!re is a cra%6 ,! ornam5tal   
/ructure falls ^u "s ( ! absorb$ gue/s4 
,ladies h rec\rse to ! immortal         
privilege ( _! sex--!y scream4 ,all is  
confusion4 ,uplift$ h&s w>d (f ! fall+  
masses4 ,9 a few mom5ts1 :5 x is        
discov]$ t no "o is hurt1 peace is      
re/or$1 & all ! company conv]se m]rily  
ov] ! incid5t4  ,x is /range to f9d su* 
pictures 9 a tomb4 ,b x seems z if dea? 
& fun]als & graves1 ) _! elaborate      
p>aph]nalia1 7 provocative ( mir?ful    
del9eation4 ,9 "o not$ royal tomb !re is
 a repres5tation ( ! fun]al procession1 
"p ( :i* 0 evid5tly design$ to excite   
m]rim5t4 ,! ,e?iopians :o foll[ 9 ! tra9
 ( ! m\rn+ que5 h _! hair plait$ 9 mo/  
fanta/ic fa%ion1 & _! tunics ( leop>d's 

sk9 are s arrang$ t a prepo/]\sly       
enorm\s tail hangs d[n beh9d = ! next   
man to /ep ^u4 ,"o ( ! ext5sive color$  
plates ( ,sir ,g>dn] ,wilk9son's l>g] "w
 pres5ts to our view a solemn & /ately  
procession ( fun]al b>ges cross+ ! ,lake
 ( ! ,dead at ,!bes on its way to !     
place ( burial4 ,! fir/ boat conta9s !  
c(f91 decorat$ ) fl[]s1 a high-prie/    
burn+ inc5se be=e a table ( (f]+s1 & !  
female relatives ( ! deceas$ lam5t+ _!  
loss2 two b>ges are fill$ ) m\rn+       
fri5ds1 "o conta9+ only wom5 & ! o!r    
only m52 two m are occupi$ by           
pr(essional p]sons--! und]tak]'s        
assi/ants1 z we %\ld call !m--employ$ to
 c>ry (f]+s1 boxes1 *airs1 & o!r fun]al 
objects4 ,x 0 9 draw+ "o ( ^! vessels t 
! arti/ c\ld n refra9 f putt+ 9 a little
 fun4 ,"o ( ! b>ges hav+ gr\nd$ ^u !    
%ore1 ! vessel beh9d comes into         
collision ) h]1 upsett+ a table ^u !    
o>sm5 & caus+ mu* confusion4 ,x is n    
improbable t ! picture records an       
incid5t ( t p>ticul> fun]al4     ,,*apt]

 ,,iv4  ,,among ,,! ,,h9doos4   ,if we g
 f>!r back into antiquity1 x is ,india  
:i* fir/ arre/s & longe/ absorbs our    
att5tion--,india1 fecund "m ( tradition1
 ! s\rce ( almo/ all ! rites1 beliefs1 &
 obs]vances ( ! anci5t nations4 ,:5 we  
visit ! collections ( ! ,india ,h\se1 ! 
,briti% ,museum1 ! ,mission ,rooms1 or  
turn ov] ! />tl+ pages ( ,! ,h9du       
,pan!on ( ,major ,edw>d ,moor1 we are   
ready to exclaim1 ,"h all is c>icature6 
,?is braz5 image1 = example1 ( a p>tly  
nak$ man ) an elephant's head & trunk1  
seat$ ^u a huge rat1 & fe$+ himself ) 8 
trunk f a b[l held 9 8 h&--surely ?is is
 c>icature4 ,by no means4 ,x is an image
 ( ! mo/ popul> ( ! ,h9doo              
deities--,ganesa1 god ( prud5ce &       
policy1 invok$ at ! beg9n+ ( all        
ent]prises1 & ov] ^: head is writt5 !   
sacr$ ^w ,aum1 nev] utt]$ by a ,h9doo   
except ) awe & v5]ation4 ,if a man beg9s
 to build a h\se1 he calls on ,ganesa1 &
 sets up an image ( him ne> ! spot4     
,mile-/ones are fa%ion$ 9 8 lik5ess1 &  

he s]ves z ! road-side god1 ev5 if !    
pi\s peasants :o place him :]e two roads
 cross c only af=d ! rude/ resemblance  
to an elephant's head daub$ ) oil & r$  
o*re4 ,rude z x may be1 a pass+ travel] 
w occasionally hang ^u x a wrea? (      
fl[]s4 ,major ,moor gives u a hide\s    
picture ( ,maha-,kala1 ) huge m\? &     
enorm\s protrud+ tongue1 squat1 nak$1 ^u
 ! gr\nd1 & hold+ up a l>ge sword4 ,?is 
prepo/]\s figure is /ill f>!r remov$ f !
 burlesque4 ,x is ! ,h9doo mode (       
repres5t+ ,et]nity1 ^: va/ insatiate maw
 dev\rs m51 cities1 k+doms1 & w at l5g? 
swall[ ! univ]se2 !n all ! cr[d (       
inf]ior deities1 & f9ally itself1 leav+ 
only ,brahm1 ! ,"o ,et]nal1 to inhabit !
 inf9ite void4 ,hundr$s ( su* revolt+   
crudities meet ! eye 9 e ext5sive       
,indian collection4  ,b ! elem5t ( fun &
 burlesque is n want+ 9 ! ,h9doo        
,pan!on4 ,kri%na is ! jolly ,bac*us1 !  
,don ,juan1 ( ! ,indian deities4 ,behold
 him on 8 travels m\nt$ ^u an elephant1 
:i* is =m$ ( ! bodies ( ! oblig+ damsels

 :o accompany him6  ,illu/ration3 ,!    
,h9doo ,god ,kri%na on 8 ,travels4  ,!re
 is no end to ! tales relat$ ( !        
mis*iev\s1 jovial1 irrepressible        
,kri%na4 ,! ladies :o g ) him ev]y:]e1 a
 c\ntless multitude1 are s accommodat+ z
 to wrea! & twi/ !mselves into ! =m (   
any creature he may wi% to ride2        
sometimes into t ( a horse1 sometimes   
into t ( a bird4  ,illu/ration3         
,kri%na's ,att5dants assum+ ! ,=m ( a   
,bird4  ,9 o!r pictures he appe>s rid+ 9
 a palanqu91 :i* is likewise compos$ (  
girls1 & ! be>]s are girls also4 ,9 !   
c\rse ( "o adv5ture1 be+ 9 great dang] f
 ! wra? ( 8 num]\s enemies1 he creat$ an
 enorm\s snake1 9 ^: va/ int]ior 8      
flocks1 8 h]ds1 8 foll[]s1 & himself    
f\nd refuge4 ,at a fe/ival held 9 8     
honor1 :i* 0 att5d$ by a great numb] (  
damsels1 he sudd5ly appe>$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! 
company & propos$ a dance2 &1 t ea* ( !m
 might be provid$ ) a p>tn]1 he divid$  
himself into z _m complete & captivat+  
,kri%nas z !re 7 ladies4 ,"o summ]1 :5  

he 0 pass+ ! hot season on ! sea-%ore ) 
8 ret9ue ( ladies1 8 musical comrade1   
,n>$a1 h9t$ to him t1 s9ce he _h su* a  
multitude ( wives1 x w\ld be no great   
/ret* ( g5]osity to sp>e "o to a poor   
musician :o _h no wife at all4 ,c\rt any
 "o y please1 said ! m]ry god4 ,s ,n>$a 
w5t woo+ f h\se to h\se1 b 9 e h\se he  
f\nd ,kri%na p]fectly dome/icat$1 !     
ev]-att5tive husb&1 & ! lady q sure t %e
 _h him all to h]self4 ,n>$a cont9u$ 8  
que/ until he _h visit$ precisely sixte5
 ?\s& & eight h\ses1 9 ea* & all ( :i*1 
at "o & ! same "t1 ,kri%na 0 ! e/abli%$ 
"l4 ,!n he gave x up4 ,"o ( ! pictures  
:i* illu/rate ! endless biography ( ?is 
ent]ta9+ deity repres5ts him go+ ?r\gh !
 c]emony ( m>riage ) a be>1 bo? squatt+ 
^u a c>pet 9 ! prescrib$ attitude1 ! be>
 gr9n+ satisfaction1 two be>s 9         
att5dance /&+ on _! h9d-feet1 & two     
prie/s bless+ ! union4 ,?is picture is m
 spirit$1 is m l art1 ?an any o!r yet   
copi$ f ,h9doo orig9als4  ,illu/ration3 
,kri%na 9 8 ,palanqu94  ,to ?is day1 z !

 mission>ies report1 ! p ( ,india are   
excessively addict$ to e k9d ( je/+ :i* 
is )9 _! capacity1 & delight especially 
9 all ! mon/r\s comicalities ( _!       
my?ology4 ,no matt] h[ s]i\s an         
impression a speak] may h made ^u a     
village gr\p1 let him b use a ^w 9 a    
mann] :i* sugge/s a ludicr\s image or   
ridicul\s pun1 & ! assembly at once     
breaks up 9 laught]1 n to be ga!r$ aga94
  ,9 late ye>s1 ^? ( ! inhabitants (    
,india :o read ! language ( _! conqu]ors
 h _h an opportunity ( becom+ acqua9t$ )
 _! humor4 ,:]ev] a hundr$ ,engli%      
(fic]s are ga!r$1 !re is ! possibility (
 an illu/rat$ comic p]iodical1 &1       
accord+ly1 we f9d "o su* 9 sev]al ( !   
g>rison$ places held by ! ,engli% 9     
remote p>ts ( ! _w4 ,calcutta1 z !      
,a!naeum in=ms u1 has its ,pun*1 or     
,indian ,*>iv>i1 :i* is n unwor?y ( its 
,engli% namesake4     ,,*apt] ,v4       
,,religi\s ,,c>icature ,,9 ,,! ,,middle 
,,ages4   ,mr4 ,rob]t ,tomes1 ,am]ican  
consul1 a few ye>s ago1 at ! ,fr5* city 

( ,rheims1 describes v agreeably !      
impression made ^u 8 m9d by ! gr&       
hi/oric ca!dral ( t anci5t place4#c     
,fill$ ) a s5se ( ! maje/ic pres5ce ( ! 
edifice1 he approa*$ "o ( ! *ief        
portals1 to f9d x cru/$ ) a mo/ unc\?   
semi-burlesque repres5tation1 cut 9     
/one1 ( ! ,la/ ,judgm5t4 ,! trump has   
s\nd$1 & ! ,"l f a l(ty ?rone is        
pron\nc+ doom ^u ! ris5 z !y are br\ght 
up to ! judgm5t-seat by ! angels4 ,bel[ 
him are two r[s ( ! dead j ris+ f _!    
graves1 ext5d+ to ! full wid? ( ! great 
door4 ,^u _m ( ! faces !re is an        
expression ( amazem5t1 :i* ! arti/      
app>5tly design$ to be comic1 & sev]al (
 ! attitudes are extremely absurd &     
ludicr\s4 ,"s h manag$ to pu% (f ! lid (
 _! tombs a little way1 & are peep+ out 
?r\gh ! n>r[ ap]ture1 o!rs h j got _!   
heads above ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 & o!rs 
are sitt+ up 9 _! graves2 "s h "o leg   
out1 "s are spr++ into ! air1 & "s are  
runn+1 z if 9 wild fright1 = _! lives4  
,?\gh ! usual expression ^u ! faces is  

"o ( a/oni%m5t1 yet ?is is v>i$4 ,"s are
 rubb+ _! eyes z if />tl$ f a deep      
sleep1 b n yet aw>e ( ! cause ( al>m2   
o!rs are utt]ly bewild]$1 & hesitate to 
leave _! re/+-place2 "s leap out 9 mad  
excitem5t1 & o!rs hurry (f z if fe>+ to 
be aga9 consign$ to ! tomb4 ,an angel is
 lead+ a *e]ful company ( popes1 bi%ops1
 & k+s t[>d ! ,savi\r1 :ile a hide\s    
demon1 ) a m\? /ret*+ f e> to e>1 is    
dragg+ (f a numb] ( ! condemn$ t[>d !   
devil1 :o is se5 /irr+ up a huge caldron
 boil+ & bubbl+ ) nak$ babies1 dead be=e
 baptism4 ,on ano!r "p ( ! wall is a    
c>v$ repres5tation ( ! vices :i* l$ to !
 de/ruction ( ,sodom & ,gomorrah4 ,^! 7 
s mon/r\sly obsc5e t ! au?orities ( !   
ca!dral1 9 def]5ce to ! mod]n s5se (    
dec5cy1 h caus$ !m to be p>tly cut away 
by ! *isel4  ,footnote #c3 ,! ,*ampagne 
,c\ntry1 p4 #cd1 by ,rob]t ,tomes1      
,london1 #ahfg4  ,! fir/ cut on ! next  
page is an example ( burlesque ornam5t4 
,! arti/ app>5tly int5d$ to indicate    
ano!r t]m9ation ( ! int]view ?an ! "o   

record$ by ,a,esop betwe5 ! wolf & !    
/ork4 ,! old ca!dral at ,/rasburg1      
de/roy$ a hundr$ ye>s ago1 0 long r5[n$ 
= its sculptur$ burlesques4 ,we give two
 ( sev]al capitals exhibit+ ! sacr$     
rites ( ! ,*ur* trave/i$ by animals4    
,illu/ration3 ,capital 9 ! ,autun       
,ca!dral4  ,x m>ks ! *ange 9 ! feel+s & 
mann]s ( m5 t1 ?ree hundr$ ye>s aft] ^? 
,/rasburg capitals 7 c>v$1 ) ! sanction 
( ! *apt]1 a book-sell]1 = only exhibit+
 an engrav+ ( "s ( !m 9 8 %op w9d[1 0   
convict$ ( hav+ committ$ a crime mo/    
sc&al\s & injuri\s to religion4 ,8      
s5t5ce 0 to make ! am5de honorable1 nak$
 to 8 %irt1 a rope r\nd 8 neck1 hold+ 9 
8 h& a light$ wax-c&le weigh+ two p\nds1
 be=e ! pr9cipal door ( ! ca!dral1 :i!r 
he w be conduct$ by ! execution]1 & !re1
 on 8 knees1 ) uncov]$ head1 confess 8  
fault & ask p>don ( ,god & ! k+4 ,!     
pictures 7 to be burn$ be=e 8 eyes1 &   
!n1 aft] pay+ all ! co/s ( !            
prosecution1 he 0 to g into et]nal      
bani%m5t4  ,illu/ration3 ,capitals 9 !  

,/rasburg ,ca!dral1 ,a4,d4 #acjj4  ,o!r 
,am]ican consuls besides ,mr4 ,tomes1 & 
multitudes ( ,am]ican citiz5s n s       
=tunate z to /udy m$iaeval art at _!    
c\ntry's exp5se1 h be5 pr(\ndly puzzl$  
by ?is cru/ ( crude burlesque on        
ecclesia/ical ar*itecture4 ,! objects 9 
,europe :i* usually give to a           
susceptible ,am]ican 8 fir/ & 8 la/     
rapture are ! ca!drals1 ^? v5]able      
enigmas1 ! glory & %ame ( ! ,middle     
,ages1 :i* pres5t s complete a contra/  
to ! toy-temples1 new1 cab9et-f9i%$1    
uphol/]$1 s(a-seat$1 ( ,am]ican cities1 
n to m5tion ! consecrat$ b>ns1          
:ite-pa9t$ & treeless1 ( ! rural        
di/ricts4 ,& ! ca!drals are a contra/ to
 e ?+ 9 ,europe also1 if only f _!      
prodigi\s magnitude4 ,a ca!dral t[n     
g5]ally /&s 9 a valley1 ?r\gh :i* a     
small riv] w9ds4 ,:5 ! visitor f any ( !
 encompass+ hills gets 8 fir/ view ( !  
compact little city1 ! ca!dral looms up 
9 ! mid/ !re( s va/1 s tall1 t !        
disproportion to ! surr\nd+ /ructures is

 sometimes ev5 ludicr\s1 l a huge black 
elephant ) a flock ( small br[n %eep    
huddl+ ab\t its feet4 ,b :5 at la/ !    
/rang] /&s 9 its %ad[1 he f9ds ! spell (
 its pres5ce irresi/ible2 & x is a spell
 :i* ! lapse ( "t n unfrequ5tly /r5g!ns1
 till he is consci\s ( a t5d]1 /rong    
atta*m5t to ! edifice1 :i* leads him to 
visit x at unusual times1 to try !      
effect ^u x ( moonlight1 ( /orm1 ( dawn 
& twilight1 ( mi/1 ra91 & sn[4 ,he f9ds 
himself go+ to x = solace & re/4 ,on    
sett+ out ^u a j\rney1 he makes a det\r 
to get ano!r la/ look1 &1 return+1 goes1
 valise 9 h&1 to see 8 ca!dral be=e he  
sees 8 companions4 ,_m ,am]ican consuls 
h _h ?is exp]i5ce1 h truly fall5 9 love 
) ! ca!dral ( _! /ation1 & rema9$       
fai?ful to x = ye>s aft] _! return1 l   
,mr4 ,h[ells1 ^: he>t & p5 /ill return  
to ,v5ice & ,san ,c>lo1 s mu* to !      
delight ( 8 read]s4  ,?is *>m appe>s to 
lie 9 ! m]e gr&eur ( ! edifice z a "w ( 
art1 = we obs]ve x to be mo/ pot5t ov]  
p]sons :o are lea/ 9 sympa?y ) ! feel+  

:i* ca!drals embody4 ,v religi\s p are z
 likely to be repell$ z attract$ by !m2 
&1 inde$1 9 ,engl& & ,scotl& !re are    
l>ge numb]s ( ,diss5t]s :o h avoid$     
ent]+ !m all _! lives on pr9ciple4 ,x is
 ,am]icans :o enjoy !m mo/2 = !y see 9  
!m a mo/ captivat+ assemblage (         
novelties--va/ magnitude1 solidity (    
/ructure only inf]ior to nature's own   
"w1 v5]able age1 h>moni\s & solemn      
magnific5ce--all comb9$ 9 an edifice :i*
 c n1 on any pr9ciple ( utility1 ju/ify 
its exi/5ce1 & does n pay ! lea/        
fraction ( its exp5ses4 ,little d !y "k 
p]sonally ( ! /ate ( feel+ :i* made     
successive g5]ations ( human be+s will+ 
to live 9 hovels & inhale pollution 9   
ord] t !y might erect ^? wondr\s piles4 
,! co/ ( ma9ta9+ !m--( :i* co/ ! annual 
exp5diture 9 money is ! lea/ important  
"p--does n come home to u4 ,we ab&on    
ourselves )\t res]ve to ! enjoym5t (    
/up5d\s works :olly new to our exp]i5ce4
  ,illu/ration3 ,engrav$ ^u a ,/all 9   
,%]borne ,m9/]1 ,engl&4  ,x is          

,am]icans1 also1 :o are mo/ baffl$ by ! 
attempt to expla9 ! contradiction betwe5
 ! noble proportions ( ^! edifices & !  
decorations ^u "s ( _! walls4 ,h[ c\ld x
 h be51 we ask 9 amazem5t1 t m9ds       
capable ( conceiv+ ! h>monies ( ^!      
frett$ ro(s1 ^! maje/ic colonnades1 ^!  
symmetrical t[]s1 c\ld also h p]mitt$ _!
 surfaces to be pr(an$ by sculptures s  
absurd & s abom9able t by no artifice ( 
circumlocution c an idea ( "s ( !m be   
convey$ 9 pr9table words8 ,9 close      
proximity to /atues ( ! ,virg91 & 9     
*apels ^: e l9e is a l9e ( beauty1 we "k
 n h[ to int]pret :at ,m4 ,*ampfleury   
truly /yles deviltries & obsc5ities     
unnamable1 vice & passion depict$ )     
gross brutality1 luxury :i* has ?r[n (f 
e disguise1 & %[s itself nak$1 be/ial1 &
 %ameless4 ,& ^! m$iaeval arti/s avail$ 
!mselves ( ! accumulat$ buffoon]ies &   
mon/rosities ( all ! previ\s ages4 ,!   
gross conceptions ( ,india1 ,egypt1     
,greece1 & ,rome appe> 9 ! ornam5tation 
( ,*ri/ian temples along ) %apes hide\s 

or grotesque :i* may h be5 orig9al4 ,ev5
 ! oak5 /alls 9 :i* ! (ficiat+ prie/s   
re/$ dur+ ! prolong$ c]emonials ( fe/ive
 days are 9 _m ca!drals cov]$ ) comic   
c>v+1 "s ( :i* is pure c>icature4 ,a r  
favorite subject 0 ! "o %[n above1 a    
:ipp+-sc5e 9 a s*ool1 c>v$ ^u an anci5t 
/all 9 an ,engli% ca!dral4              
,illu/ration3 ,f a ,manuscript ( !      
,?irte5? ,c5tury4  ,x is n c]ta91 h[ev]1
 t ! arti/ _h any comic int5tion 9      
engrav+ ?is picture ( retributive       
ju/ice1 ) :i* ! *ildr5 ( =m] ages 7 s   
famili>4 ,x 0 a /&>d subject4 ,! troops 
( ,flemi% c>v]s :o roam$ ov] ,europe 9 !
 twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies1 (f]+ _!     
s]vices :]ev] a *ur* 0 to be decorat$1  
c>ri$ ) !m port-folios ( /ock subjects1 
( :i* ?is 0 "o4 ,o!r c>v+s are          
unmi/akable c>icatures3 a monk caught   
mak+ love to a nun1 a wife beat+ h]     
husb&1 an ag$ philosoph] ridd5 by a     
woman1 monkeys we>+ bi%ops' mitres1     
b>b]s draw+ tee? 9 ludicr\s attitudes1 &
 o!rs less describable4 ,9 ! huge       

ca!dral ( ,engli% ,w9*e/]1 :i* ab\nds 9 
curi\s relics ( ! ,middle ,ages1 !re is 
a s]ies ( pa9t$ panels 9 ! *apel ( ,our 
,lady1 "o ( :i* is an evid5t c>icature (
 ! devil4 ,he is hav+ 8 portrait pa9t$1 
& ! ,virg9 ,m>y is ne> ! arti/1 urg+ him
 to pa9t him black] & ugli] ?an usual4  
,! devil does n l ?is1 & we>s an        
expression simil> to t ( a rogue 9 a    
mod]n police /ation :o objects to be+   
photograph$4 ,(t51 h[ev]1 9 ^! old      
pictures ! devil is ma/] ( ! situation1 
& exhibits contempt = 8 adv]s>ies 9     
indecor\s ways4  ,if we turn f ! sacr$  
edifices to ! sacr$ books us$ 9 !m--^?  
ri*ly illum9at$ missals1 ! books (      
,h\rs1 ! psalt]s1 & o!r works (         
devotion--we are amaz$ beyond expression
 to discov] ^u _! brilliant pages a     
simil> ta/e 9 ornam5tation4 ,! s*ool    
sc5e on ! previ\s page1 9 :i*           
monkey-head$ *ildr5 are play+ s*ool1    
dates back to ! ?irte5? c5tury4         
,burlesque t\rnam5ts1 9 ! same ta/e1 (t5
 figure 9 ! pray]-books among           

repres5tations ( ! ,madonna1 !          
crucifixion1 & sc5es 9 ! lives ( !      
patri>*s4 ,! gallant h>e tilts at !     
fi]ce cock ( ! b>n-y>d1 or sly ,reyn>d  
p>ries ! ?ru/ ( ! clumsy be>4           
,illu/ration3 ,f a ,manuscript          
,mass-book ( ! ,f\rte5? ,c5tury4  ,"o ( 
! mo/ curi\s relics ( ^? religi\s       
c5turies is a ,fr5* pray]-book pres]v$ 9
 ! ,briti% ,museum1 :]e x 0 discov]$ &  
describ$ by ,mr4 ,malcolm1 "o ( ! fir/  
p]sons :o ev] attempt$ to elucidate !   
subject ( c>icature4 ,besides ! ,h\rs ( 
! ,bless$ ,virg91 x conta9s v>i\s pray]s
 & collects1 ! (fice = ! dead1 & "s     
psalms1 all 9 ,lat94 ,x is illu/rat$ by 
sev]al brilliantly color$1 well-drawn1 b
 mo/ grotesque & incompreh5sible        
figures1 design$1 z has be5 conjectur$1 
to expose ! wick$ & inord9ate lives ( ! 
cl]gy1 :o 7 hat$ by ! manuscript writ]s 
z tak+ away mu* ( _! bus9ess4 ,?is 0 !  
explanation giv5 ( ^! rem>kable pictures
 to ! tru/ees ( ! ,museum by ! collector
 ( :om !y b\ght ! volume4 ,sev]al ( !m  

are submitt$ to ! read]'s +5uity on !   
foll[+ page4  ,besides ! specim5s giv51 
!re is a wolf gr[l+ at a snake twi/+    
itself r\nd its h9d-leg2 !re is a       
gr9n+-mat* betwe5 a human head on an    
animal's body & a bo>'s head on a       
monkey's body2 !re is a creature l a    
pea-h51 ) two bodies1 "o neck1 & two    
dogs' heads2 !re is an animal ) f\r     
bodies & "o head2 !re is a be>d$ man's  
face & a woman's on "o neck1 & ! body   
has no limbs1 b an enorm\s tail2 !re is 
a turret1 on ! top ( :i* a monkey sits1 
& a savage bel[ is aim+ an arr[ at him4 
,9 ! ,briti% ,museum--t unequal$        
repository ( all t is curi\s & r>e--!re 
is ! fam\s & spl5did psalt] ( ,ri*>d    
,,ii41 conta9+ _m /range pictures 9 !   
ta/e ( ! p]iod4 ,on ! second page1 =    
example1 along ) two pictures ( ! k9d   
usual 9 ,ca?olic works ( devotion1 !re  
is a ?ird :i* repres5ts an absurd combat
 )9 li/s betwe5 ! c\rt-fool & !         
c\rt-giant4 ,! fool1 :o is also a dw>f1 
is belabor+ ! giant ) an in/rum5t l ^?  

holl[ clubs us$ 9 our pantomimes :5 !   
cl[n is to be :ack$ ) great viol5ce4 ,! 
giant %r9ks f ! bl[s1 & ! k+1 po9t+ at !
 dw>f1 seems to say1 ,g x1 little "o2 ,i
 bet ^u y4  ,illu/ration3 ,f a ,fr5*    
,pray]-book ( ! ,?irte5? ,c5tury1 9 !   
,briti% ,museum4  ,mr4 ,malcolm1 :o     
copi$ ?is picture f ! orig9al1 :]e1 he  
says1 x is mo/ sup]bly f9i%$1 int]prets 
x to be a c>icature ( ! fam\s combat    
betwe5 ,david & ,golia? 9 ! pres5ce (   
,k+ ,saul & 8 c\rt4 ,9 ! same mass-book 
!re is a highly ridicul\s repres5tation 
( ,jonah on bo>d %ip1 ) a blue ,boreas )
 *eeks puff$ out rais+ ! tempe/1 & a    
black devil claw+ ! sail f ! y>d4 ,9    
select+ a few ( ! m innoc5t pictures f !
 pray]-book ( ,que5 ,m>y1 daught] (     
,h5ry ,,viii4 ( ,engl&1 ,mr4 ,malcolm   
gives expression to 8 amazem5t at ! "* (
 ! draw+s1 :i* he d>$ n exhibit to a    
,briti% public6 ,0 ?is book1 he asks1   
made on purpose = ! que58 ,0 x a gift or
 a pur*ase8 ,b :e!r %e b\ght or :e!r %e 
accept$ x1 he ?9ks %e mu/ h delight$ 9  

ludicr\s & improp] ideas1 or else h]    
incl9ation = absurdity & c>icature      
conqu]$ ev5 h] religion1 9 def5se ( :i* 
%e spread ru9 & desolation ?r\gh h]     
k+dom4  ,illu/ration3 ,f ,que5 ,m>y's   
,pray]-book1 ,a4,d4 #aeec4  ,z ! read]  
has n[ be=e 8 eyes a suffici5t numb] (  
specim5s ( ! grotesque ecclesia/ical    
ornam5tation ( ! p]iod "u consid]ation1 
he is prep>$ to consid] ! "q :i* has    
p]plex$ s _m /ud5ts besides ,mr4        
,malcolm3 ,h[ are we to acc\nt = ^!     
indec5cies 9 places & books consecrat$  
to devotion8 ,a voice f ! ,*ur* ( ! fif?
 c5tury gives u ! h9t ( ! true answ]4 ,y
 ask me1 writes ,/4 ,nilus to           
,olympiodorus ( ,alex&ria1 if x is      
becom+ 9 u to cov] ! walls ( ! sanctu>y 
) repres5tations ( animals ( all k9ds1 s
 t we see ^u !m sn>es set1 h>es1 goats1 
& o!r bea/s 9 full flight be=e hunt]s   
exhau/+ !mselves 9 tak+ & pursu+ !m ) _!
 dogs2 &1 aga91 ^u ! bank ( a riv]1 all 
k9ds ( fi% caught by fi%]m54 ,i answ] y 
t ?is is a pu]ility ) :i* to amuse !    

eyes ( ! fai?ful4#d ,to "o :o is        
acqua9t$ ) ! hi/ory & g5ius ( ! ,roman  
,ca?olic ,*ur*1 ?is v simple explanation
 ( ! incongruity is suffici5t4 ,! policy
 ( t wond]ful organization 9 e age has  
be5 to make e possible concession to    
ignorance t is compatible ) ! cont9uance
 ( ignorance4 ,x has s\ght always to    
amuse1 to edify1 to moralize1 & console 
ignorance1 b nev] to enlight5 x4 ,! m9d 
t plann$ ! magnific5t ca!dral at        
,rheims1 ( :i* ,mr4 ,tomes 0 s mu*      
enamor$1 & ! arti/s :o design$ ! glori\s
 ,san ,c>lo t k9dl$ rapture 9 ! poetical
 m9d ( ,mr4 ,h[ells1 did inde$ p]mit !  
sc&al\s burlesques t disfigure _! walls2
 b !y only p]mitt$ !m4 ,x 0 a concession
 :i* !y _h to grant to ! ignorant       
multitude ^: unque/ion+ fai? alone made 
^! enorm\s /ructures possible4          
,footnote #d3 ,quot$ 9 ,*ampfleury1 p4  
#g1 f ,maxima ,biblio!ca ,patrum1 vol4  
xxvii41 p4 #cbc4  ,we t\* "h ! "q       
ins9uat$ by ,gibbon 9 8 fir/ volume1 :]e
 he pla9ly en\gh intimates 8 belief t   

,*ri/ianity 0 a lapse into b>b>ism r ?an
 a deliv]ance f x4 ,plausible argum5ts 9
 ! same direction h be5 frequ5tly made  
s9ce ,gibbon's "t by comp>+ ! be/ (     
,roman civilization ) ! wor/ ( !        
self-tortur+ monk]y ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian   
c5turies4 ,9 a debate on ?is subject 9  
,new ,york n long s9ce betwe5 a memb] ( 
! b> & a doctor ( div9ity1 bo? ( !m     
g5tlem5 ( le>n+1 ability1 & c&or1 !     
lawy] po9t$ to ! fam\s picture ( ,/4    
,j]ome 7,a4,d4 #cge71 nak$1 grasp+ a    
human skull1 8 magnific5t head %[+ va/  
capacity p>alyz$ by an absorb+ t]ror1 & 
exclaim$1 ,behold ! lapse f ,virgil1    
,horace1 ,cic]o1 ,s5eca1 ! ,pl9ys1 & !  
,anton9es6 ,! answ] made by ! cl]gyman  
01 ,t is n ,*ri/ianity6 ,9 ! ,*ri/ian   
books no h9t ( t1 no utt]ance ju/ify+ t1
 c be f\nd4 ,p]haps nei!r ( ! disputants
 succe$$ 9 express+ ! :ole tru? on ?is  
po9t4 ,! vaunt$ ,roman civilization 01 9
 tru?1 only a ?9 cru/ ^u ! surface ( !  
empire1 embrac+ b "o small class 9 ea*  
prov9ce1 ! p ev]y:]e be+ ignorant       

slaves4 ,into t in]t mass ( s]vile      
ignorance ,*ri/ianity ent]s1 & receives 
f x ! int]pretation :i* ignorance always
 puts ^u ideas advanc$ or new1 int]pret+
 x z hungry ,fr5* peasants 9 #agib &    
,s\? ,c>ol9a negroes 9 #ahgj int]pret$  
mod]n ideas ( human rights4 ,! new leav5
 set ! mass heav+ & swell+ until ! cru/ 
0 brok5 to pieces4 ,! civilization (    
,m>cus ,aurelius 0 lo/4 ,f p>*m5t       
scrolls poetry & philosophy 7 oblit]at$1
 t ! %eets might be us$ = pray]s &      
m$itations4 ,! sy/em ( :i* ,/4 ,j]ome 0 
! product & repres5tative 0 a baleful   
mixture1 ( :i* n9e-t5?s 7 ,h9doo & !    
rema9+ t5? 0 half ,*ri/ian & half       
,plato4  ,! true inf]5ce to be drawn is 
t no civilization is safe1 nor ev5      
g5u9e1 until x embraces all classes ( ! 
community2 & ! promulgation (           
,*ri/ianity 0 ! fir/ /ep t[>d t4  ,z !  
c5turies wore on1 ! be/ ( ! cl]gy grew  
re/ive "u ?is mon/r\s /yle (            
ornam5tation4 ,:at purpose1 wrote ,/4   
,b]n>d1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #aadj1 s]ve 9 our   

cloi/]s1 "u ! eyes ( ! bro!rs & dur+ _! 
pi\s read+s1 ^? ridicul\s mon/rosities1 
^? prodigies ( beauties de=m$ or        
de=mities made beautiful8 ,:y ^? na/y   
monkeys1 ^? furi\s lions1 ^? mon/r\s    
c5taurs1 ^? animals half human1 ^?      
spott$ tig]s1 ^? soldi]s 9 combat1 ^?   
huntsm5 s\nd+ ! horn8 ,"h a s+le head is
 fitt$ to sev]al bodies2 !re ^u a s+le  
body !re are sev]al heads2 n[ a quadrup$
 has a s]p5t's tail1 & n[ a quadrup$'s  
head figures ^u a fi%'s body4 ,sometimes
 x is a mon/] ) ! =e p>ts ( a horse & ! 
h9d] p>ts ( a goat2 aga9 an animal )    
horns ends ) ! h9d qu>t]s ( a horse4    
,ev]y:]e is se5 a v>iety ( /range =ms1 s
 num]\s & s odd t ! bro!rs occupy       
!mselves m 9 deciph]+ ! m>bles ?an _!   
books1 & pass :ole days 9 /udy+ all ^?  
figures mu* m att5tively ?an ! div9e    
law4 ,great ,god6 if y are n a%am$ ( su*
 useless ?+s1 h[1 at lea/1 c y avoid    
regrett+ ! enormity ( _! co/8  ,h[1     
inde$6 ,! hone/ abbe 0 f> f see+ !      
symbolical mean+ 9 ^? odd figures :i*   

mod]n inve/igators h imag9$4 ,he 0      
simply a%am$ ( ! ecclesia/ical          
c>icatures2 b a c5tury or two lat] +5i\s
 writ]s began to cov] !m ) ! fig-leaves 
( a symbolical int]pretation4 ,accord+  
to ! +5i\s ,m4 ,dur&1 :o wrote 7,a4,d4  
#adei7 ?irty ye>s be=e ,lu!r 0 born1 e  
"p ( a ca!dral has its spiritual mean+4 
,! /ones ( :i* x is built repres5t !    
fai?ful1 ! lime t =ms "p ( ! cem5t is an
 emblem ( f]v5t *>ity1 ! s& m+l$ ) x    
signifies ! actions und]tak5 by u = !   
good ( our bre?r51 & ! wat] 9 :i* ^!    
+r$i5ts bl5d is ! symbol ( ! ,holy      
,gho/4 ,! hide\s %apes sculptur$ ^u !   
portals are1 ( c\rse1 malign spirits    
fly+ f ! temple ( ! ,"l1 & seek+ refuge 
9 ! v sub/ance ( ! walls6 ,! great l5g? 
( ! temple signifies ! tireless pati5ce 
) :i* ! fai?ful support ! ills ( ?is    
life 9 expectation ( _! cele/ial home2  
its bread? symbolizes t l>ge & noble    
love :i* embraces bo? ! fri5ds & !      
enemies ( ,god2 its height typifies !   
hope ( f9al p>don2 ! ro( beams are !    

prelates1 :o by ! labor ( prea*+ exhibit
 ! tru? 9 all its cle>ness2 ! w9d[s are 
! ,scriptures1 :i* receive ! light f !  
sun ( tru?1 & keep out ! w9ds1 sn[s1 &  
hail ( h]esy & false doctr9e devis$ by !
 fa!r ( s*ism & falsehood2 ! iron b>s & 
p9s t su/a9 ! w9d[s are ! g5]al c\ncils1
 ecum5ical & or?odox1 :i* h su/a9$ !    
holy & canonical ,scriptures2 ! two     
p]p5dicul> /one columns :i* support !   
w9d[s are ! two precepts ( ,*ri/ian     
*>ity1 to love ,god & our neighbor2 !   
l5g? ( ! w9d[s %[s ! pr(undity &        
obscurity ( ,scripture1 & _! r\ndness   
indicates t ! ,*ur* is always 9 h>mony )
 itself4  ,?is is simple en\gh4 ,b ,m4  
,j]ome ,bugeaud1 9 8 collection (       
,*ansons ,populaires ( ! we/]n prov9ces 
( ,france1 gives "p ( a cate*ism /ill   
taught to *ildr51 ?\gh com+ d[n f !     
,middle ,ages1 :i* c>ries ?is qua9t     
symboliz+ to a po9t ( ! highe/          
absurdity4 ,! cate*ism turns ^u ! sacr$ 
"* ( ! l[ly animal t mo/ ne$$ any       
protection :i* prie/ly +5uity c\ld af=d4

 ,"h are a few ( ! que/ions & answ]s3   
,prie/4 ,:at signify ! two e>s ( ! ass8 
,*ild4 ,! two e>s ( ! ass signify ! two 
great patron sa9ts ( our city4  ,prie/4 
,:at signifies ! head ( ! ass8  ,*ild4  
,! head ( ! ass signifies ! great bell1 
& ! halt] ! clapp] ( ! great bell1 :i*  
is 9 ! t[] ( ! ca!dral ( ! patron sa9ts 
( our city4  ,prie/4 ,:at signifies !   
ass's m\?8  ,*ild4 ,! ass's m\?         
signifies ! great door ( ! ca!dral ( !  
patron sa9ts ( our city4  ,prie/4 ,:at  
signify ! f\r feet ( ! ass8  ,*ild4 ,!  
f\r feet ( ! ass signify ! f\r great    
pill>s ( ! ca!dral ( ! patron sa9ts (   
our city4  ,prie/4 ,:at signifies !     
paun* ( ! ass8  ,*ild4 ,! paun* ( ! ass 
signifies ! great *e/ :]e9 ,*ri/ians put
 _! (f]+s to ! patron sa9ts ( our       
ca!dral4  ,prie/4 ,:at signifies ! tail 
( ! ass8  ,*ild4 ,! tail ( ! ass        
signifies ! holy-wat] bru% ( ! good dean
 ( ! ca!dral ( ! patron sa9ts ( our     
city4  ,! prie/ does n /op at ! tail1 b 
pursues ! symbolism ) a simplicity &    

innoc5ce :i* d n be> translat+ into our 
blunt ,engli% words4 ,z late z #agej    
,bi%op ,burnet saw 9 a *ur* at ,worms an
 alt>piece ( a crudity almo/ incr$ible4 
,x repres5t$ ! ,virg9 ,m>y ?r[+ ,*ri/   
into ! hopp] ( a w9dmill1 f ! sp\t ( :i*
 he 0 issu+ 9 ! =m ( sacram5tal waf]s1 &
 prie/s 7 ab\t to di/ribute !m among !  
p4 ,! unque/ionable purpose ( ?is       
picture 0 to assi/ ! fai? & animate !   
piety ( ! p ( ,worms4     ,,*apt] ,,vi4 
,,secul> ,,c>icature ,,9 ,,! ,,middle   
,,ages4   ,illu/ration3 ,gog & ,magog1 !
 ,giants 9 ! ,guildhall ( ,london4  ,if 
we turn f ! sacr$ to ! secul>1 we f9d ! 
ornam5tation n less b>b>\s4 ,_m read]s h
 se5 ! two giants t /& 9 ! ,guildhall ( 
,london1 :]e !y1 or ugly images l !m1 h 
/ood f "t immemorial4 ,a little book    
sold ne> by us$ to in=m a cr$ul\s public
 t ,gog & ,magog 7 two gigantic bro!rs  
tak5 prison]s 9 ,cornwall fight+ aga9/ !
 ,trojan invad]s1 :o br\ght !m 9 triumph
 to ! site ( ,london1 :]e _! *ief *a9$  
!m to ! gate ( 8 palace z port]s4 ,b1   

un=tunately = ?is romantic tale1 ,mr4   
,fairholt1 9 8 "w ^u ! giants1#e makes x
 kn[n t _m o!r t[ns & cities ( ,europe  
*]i% f a remote antiquity simil> images4
 ,he gives pictures ( ! ,salisbury      
giant1 ! huge helmet$ giant 9 ,antw]p1 !
 family ( giants at ,d\ai1 ! giant &    
giantess ( ,a?1 ! giants ( ,brussels1 z 
well z ( ! mighty dragon ( ,norwi*1 )   
practicable iron jaw4  ,footnote #e3    
,gog & ,magog3 ! ,giants 9 ,guildhall1  
by ,f4 ,w4 ,fairholt1 ,f4,s4,a41        
,london1 #ahei4  ,illu/ration3 ,head ( !
 ,great ,dragon ( ,norwi*4  ,we may     
!re=e disc>d le>n$ !ories & sage        
conjectures conc]n+ ,gog & ,magog1 &    
attribute !m to ! pov]ty ( inv5tion & ! 
b>b>ity ( ta/e :i* prevail$ 9 ! ages (  
fai?4  ,illu/ration3 ,s\ls ,weigh$ 9 !  
,balance4 7,bas-relief ( ! ,autun       
,ca!dral47  ,"o ( ! subjects mo/        
frequ5tly *os5 = c>icature dur+ ?is     
p]iod 0 t cunn+ & audaci\s enemy ( ,god 
& man1 ! devil--a composite be+1 made up
 ( ! ,satan :o te/$ ,job1 ! devil :o    

tempt$ ,jesus1 & ! ,egyptian ,osiris :o 
weigh$ s\ls 9 ! balance1 & claim$ z 8   
own ^? f\nd want+4 ,! !ory ( ! univ]se  
!n g5]ally accept$ 0 t ! _w 0 m]ely a   
field ( /rife betwe5 ,god & ?is         
malignant _s2 on ! side ( ,god 7 rang$  
ar*angels1 angels1 ! c\ntless ho/ (     
cele/ial be+s1 & all ! sa9ts on e>? & 9 
heav51 :ile on ! devil's side 7 a va/   
army ( fall5 spirits & all ! deprav$    
portion ( ! human race4 ,! simple s\ls (
 t p]iod did n accept ?is explanation 9 
an allegorical s5se1 b z ! mo/ lit]al   
/atem5t ( facts famili>ly kn[n1 conc]n+ 
:i* no "o 9 ,*ri/5dom _h any d\bt       
:atev]4 ,! devil 0 z composite 9 8      
ext]nal =m z he 0 9 8 traditional "*4   
,all ! my?ologies appe> to h contribut$ 
some?+ to 8 make-up1 until he _h acquir$
 _m ( ! mo/ repulsive features & memb]s 
( :i* animat$ nature gives ! sugge/ion4 
,he 0 hairy1 ho($1 & horn$2 he _h a =k$ 
tail2 he _h a c\nt5ance :i* express$ !  
fox's cunn+1 ! s]p5t's malice1 ! pig's  
appetite1 ! monkey's gr94 ,z to 8 body1 

x v>i$ accord+ to ! design ( ! arti/1 b 
x usually resembl$ creatures base or    
loa?some4  ,illu/ration3 ,/ruggle = !   
,possession ( a ,s\l betwe5 ,angel &    
,devil4 7,f a ,psalt]1 #acjj47  ,9 "o   
picture !re is a v rude b curi\s        
repres5tation ( ! weigh+ ( s\ls1        
sup]9t5d$ by ! devil & an ar*angel4 ,!  
devil1 9 ! =m ( a hog1 has won a prize 9
 ! s\l ( a wick$ woman1 :i* he is c>ry+ 
(f 9 a highly disrespectful mann]1 :ile 
ca/+ a backw>d glance to see t he has   
fair play 9 ! next weigh+4 ,?is 0 an    
exce$+ly favorite subject ) ! arti/s ( !
 elev5? & twelf? c5turies4 ,!y delight$ 
to picture ! devil1 9 _! crude          
uncompromis+ way1 z an insatiate mis] ( 
human s\ls1 eag] to seize !m1 dem&+ a   
?\s&1 a million1 a billion1 all2 & :5 "o
 appe>$ 9 ! scales s void ( guilt t !   
good angel mu/ ne$s possess x1 he may be
 se5 slyly putt+ a f+] ^u ! opposite    
scale to weigh x d[n1 & ?is sometimes 9 
spite ( ! angel's remon/rance4 ,9 "o    
picture1 describ$ by ,m4 ,m]imee 9 8    

,voyage en ,auv]gne1 ! devil plays ?is  
trick at a mom5t :5 ! ar*angel ,mi*ael  
has turn$ to look ano!r way4            
,illu/ration3 ,lo/ ,s\ls ca/ into ,hell4
 7,f ,que5 ,m>y's ,psalt]47  ,x is a    
/range circum/ance t 9 a l>ge numb] ( ^!
 repres5tations ! devil is exhibit$     
triumphant1 & 9 o!rs ! victory is at    
lea/ d\btful4 ,9 a spl5did psalt]       
pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum !re is a    
l>ge picture 7an engrav+ ( :i* is giv5  
on ! prec$+ page7 ( a s\l climb+ an     
extremely /eep & high m\nta91 on !      
summit ( :i* a w+$ ar*angel /&s )       
out/ret*$ arms to receive him4 ,! s\l   
has ne>ly rea*$ ! top2 ano!r /ep w br+  
him )9 ! ar*angel's rea*2 b beh9d him is
 ! devil ) a long ?ree-prong$ claw+     
in/rum5t1 :i* he is ab\t to ?ru/ into ! 
hair ( ! asc5d+ sa9t2 & no man c tell   
:i* is to f9ally h t s\l1 ! angel or !  
devil4 ,m4 ,*ampfleury describes a      
capital 9 a ,fr5* *ur* :i* repres5ts "o 
( ! m9ions ( ! devil c>ry+ a liz>d1     
symbol ( evil1 :i* he is ab\t to add to 

! scale conta9+ ! s9s2 & ! spectator is 
left to inf] t fraud ( ?is k9d is likely
 to be successful1 = und]nea? is writt51
 ,ecce ,diabolus6 ,x is z if ! arti/ _h 
said1 ,su* is ! devil1 & ?is is "o ( 8  
modes ( entrapp+ 8 natural prey ( human 
s\ls6 ,f a l>ge numb] ( simil> pictures 
! inf]5ce is fair t1 let a man lead a   
spotless life f ! cradle to ! grave1 !  
devil1 by a m]e trick1 may get 8 s\l at 
la/4 ,"s ( ! arti/s might be suspect$ ( 
sympa?iz+ ) ! devil 9 8 triumphs ov] !  
weakness ( man4 ,obs]ve1 = example1 !   
comic exub]ance ( ! above picture1 9 :i*
 devils are se5 tumbl+ _! immortal booty
 into ! jaws ( p]dition4  ,x is         
difficult to look at ?is picture )\t    
feel+ t ! arti/ mu/ h be5 alive to !    
humors ( ! situation4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 !   
op9ion ( /ud5ts ( ^! qua9t relics t !   
au?ors ( su* designs hone/ly int5d$ to  
excite horror1 n hil>ity4 ,que5 ,m>y    
probably saw 9 ?is picture1 z %e turn$ !
 page ( h] sumptu\s psalt]1 an argum5t  
to inflame h] bloody zeal = ! anci5t    

fai?4 ,9 ! writ+s ( "s ( ! e>ly fa!rs we
 obs]ve ! same appe>ance ( joy\s        
exultation at ! suff]+s ( ! lo/1 if n a 
s5se ( ! comic absurdity ( _! doom4     
,read]s may rememb] ! passage f         
,t]tullian 7,a4,d4 #bjj7 quot$ s        
effectively by ,gibbon3  ,y are fond (  
all spectacles1 exclaims ?is truly      
f]oci\s ,*ri/ian2 expect ! greate/ ( all
 spectacles1 ! la/ & et]nal judgm5t ( ! 
univ]se4 ,h[ %all ,i rejoice1 h[ laugh1 
h[ exult1 :5 ,i behold s _m pr\d mon>*s 
& fanci$ gods groan+ 9 ! l[e/ abyss (   
d>kness2 s _m magi/rates :o p]secut$ !  
"n ( ! ,"l liquefy+ 9 fi]c] fires ?an !y
 ev] k9dl$ aga9/ ,*ri/ians2 s _m sage   
philosoph]s blu%+ 9 r$-hot flames ) _!  
delud$ s*ol>s2 s _m celebrat$ poets     
trembl+ be=e ! tribunal2 s _m trag$ians 
m tuneful 9 ! expression ( _! own       
suff]+s2 s _m danc]s--  ,illu/ration3   
,devils seiz+ _! ,prey4 7,bas-relief on 
! ,portal ( a ,*ur* at ,troyes47  ,?is  
is assur$ly n ! utt]ance ( compassion1 b
 r ( ! fi]ce delight ( an unreg5]ate    

,roman1 :5 at ! amphi!atre he doom$ a   
rival's defeat$ gladiator to dea? by    
po9t+ d[nw>d ) 8 ?umb4 ,9 a simil> _s   
su* pictures 7 conceiv$ z ! "o giv5     
above4  ,! sculptor1 x is app>5t1 is ) !
 adv]s>y ( mank9d 9 ! pres5t case4 ,k+s 
& bi%ops c>ri$ ?+s ) a high h& dur+ _!  
mortal c>e]1 b ! devils h !m at la/ ) a 
rope r\nd _! necks1 cr[n & mitre        
not)/&+6  ,! devil 0 n always victor4   
,!re 0 ,"o :om nei!r 8 l[ cunn+ nor 8   
bl& address nor 8 blunt audacity c\ld   
beguile--! ,son ( ,god1 8 pr$e/9$       
conqu]or4 ,! passages 9 ! ,gospels :i*  
relate ! attempts made by ,satan to     
tempt ! ,"l furni%$ cong5ial subjects to
 ! illum9ators ( ! ,middle ,ages1 & !y  
treat$ ^? subjects ) _! usual enorm\s   
crudity4 ,9 "o v anci5t ,saxon psalt]1 9
 manuscript1 pres]v$ at ! ,briti%       
,museum1 !re is a colossal ,*ri/1 ) "o  
foot ^u a devil1 ! o!r foot ab\t to fall
 ^u a second devil1 & ) 8 h&s deliv]+ f 
! op5 m\? ( a ?ird devil human s\ls1 :o 
hold up to him _! h&s clasp$ z 9 pray]4 

,9 ?is picture ! sympa?ies ( ! arti/ are
 evid5tly n on ! side ( ! evil spirits4 
,_! malevol5ce is app>5t1 & _! attitude 
is ignom9i\s4 ,! rescu$ s\ls are1 inde$1
 a pigmy crew1 ( woe-begone aspect2 b _!
 resi/less ,deliv]] t[]s al(t 9 su*     
impos+ altitude t ! talle/ ( ! sa9ts    
h>dly rea*es above 8 knees4 ,9 ano!r    
picture ( v e>ly date1 ! ,"l ^u a high  
place is rescu+ a s\l f ?ree sc(f+      
devils1 :o are endeavor+ to pull him d[n
 to p]dition by cords twi/$ r\nd 8 legs4
 ,?is s\l we are p]mitt$ to consid]     
safe2 b bel[1 9 a corn] ( ! spaci\s     
draw+1 a w+$ ar*angel is spe>+ a lo/ s\l
 into ! flames ( hell1 us+ ! spe> 9 !   
mann] ( a f>m] h&l+ a pit*=k4           
,illu/ration3 ,! ,temptation4  ,^!      
anci5t attempts to exhibit ! endless    
conflict betwe5 good & evil are too rude
 ev5 to be int]e/+4 ,! specim5 annex$1 (
 lat] date1 ab\t #adge1 occurs 9 a ,poor
 ,p's ,bible 7,biblia ,paup]um71        
block-pr9t$1 9 :i* x =ms "p ( an        
ext5sive frontispiece4 ,! book 0 once ! 

prop]ty ( ,george ,,iii41 at ! sale ( ^:
 p]sonal effects x 0 b\ght = ! ,briti%  
,museum1 :]e x n[ is4 ,x has !          
additional int]e/ ( be+ "o ( ! olde/    
specim5s ( wood-engrav+ yet discov]$4   
,! m\nta9 9 ! backgr\nd1 adorn$ by a    
s+le tree1 is ! height to :i* ! ,"l 0   
tak5 by ! tempt]1 & f :i* ! devil urg$  
him to ca/ himself d[n4  ,a v frequ5t   
object ( c>icature dur+ ! ages :5 t]ror 
rul$ ! m9ds ( m5 0 human life           
itself--its brevity1 its unc]ta9ty1 & ! 
absurd1 ill-tim$ sudd5ness ) :i*        
inexorable dea? sometimes cuts x %ort4  
,h]odotus records t at ! banquets ( !   
,egyptians x 0 cu/om>y = a p]son to c>ry
 ab\t ! table ! figure ( a corpse ly+ ^u
 a c(f91 & to cry out1 ,behold ?is image
 ( :at y\rselves %all be2 !re=e eat1    
dr9k1 & be m]ry4 ,!re are traces ( a    
simil> cu/om 9 ! records ( o!r anci5t   
nations1 among :om x 0 reg>d$ z a       
self-evid5t tru? t ! %ortness ( life 0 a
 reason = mak+ ! mo/ ( x :ile x la/$4 ,&
 _! notion ( mak+ ! mo/ ( x 0 to get f x

 ! greate/ am\nt ( pleasure4 ,?is vulg> 
s*eme ( exi/5ce vani%$ at ! promulgation
 ( ! doctr9e t ! condition ( e s\l 0    
fix$ unalt]ably at ! mom5t ( its        
sev]ance f ! body1 or1 at be/1 aft] a   
%ort p]iod ( purgation1 & t ! only way  
to avoid un5d+ angui% 0 to d :at ! ,*ur*
 comm&$ & to avoid :at ! ,*ur* =bade4   
,t]ror f t "t rul$ ,*ri/5dom4 ,t]ror    
cov]$ ! e>? ) ecclesia/ical /ructures1  
gave ! ,*ur* a t5? ( all rev5ues &      
two-fif?s ( all prop]ty4 ,by e possible 
device dea? 0 clo!d ) new & vivid       
t]rors1 & 9 e possible way ! tru? 0     
br\ght home to ! m9d t ! com+ ( dea?    
c\ld be z unexpect$ z x 0 inevitable &  
unwelcome4 ,! toll+ ( ! *ur*-bell spread
 ! gloom ( ! dea?-*amb] ov] ! :ole t[n2 
& ! dea?-cri]1 ) bell & lant]n1 we>+ a  
g>m5t made t]rible by a skull &         
cross-bones1 w5t 8 r\nds1 by day or     
night1 cry+ to all good p to pray = !   
s\l j dep>t$4#f  ,footnote #f3 ,essai   
sur les ,dances des ,morts1 vol4 i41 p4 
#aea1 p> ,e4 ,h4 ,langlois1 ,p>is1      

#aheb4  ,illu/ration3 ,fr5*             
,dea?-cri]--,pray = ! ,s\l j dep>t$4    
,^! cri]s did n cease to p]ambulate !   
/reets ( ,p>is until ab\t ! ye> #afij1 &
 ,m4 ,langlois in=ms u t 9 remote       
prov9ces ( ,france _! doleful cry 0 he>d
 z rec5tly z #ahej4  ,bless$ gift (     
humor6 ,aga9/ ! mo/ complicat$ &        
effective app>atus ( t]ror ev] contriv$1
 work$ by ! mo/ p[]ful organization t   
ev] exi/$1 ! s5se ( ! ludicr\s ass]t$   
itself1 & sav$ ! human m9d f be+ cru%$  
d[n into abject & hopeless idiocy4 ,!   
read]s ( ,don ,quixote c n h =gott5 !   
colloquy 9 ! highway betwe5 ! ,knight ( 
! ,sorr[ful ,c\nt5ance & ! head ( !     
company ( /roll]s4  ',sir1' repli$ !    
,devil1 politely1 /opp+ 8 c>t1 'we are !
 actors ( ! company ( ! ,evil ,_s4 ,?is 
morn+1 :i* is ! octave ( ,corpus ,*ri/i1
 we h repres5t$ ! play ( ! ,empire (    
,dea?4 ,?is "y man play$ ,dea?1 & ?is "o
 an ,angel4 ,?is woman1 :o is ! wife ( !
 au?or ( ! com$y1 is ! ,que54 ,ov] !re  
is "o :o play$ ! "p ( an ,emp]or1 & !   

o!r man t ( a ,soldi]4 ,z to myself1 ,i 
am ! ,devil1 at y\r s]vice1 & "o ( !    
pr9cipal actors4'  ,illu/ration3 ,dea? &
 ! ,cripple4  ,= c5turies ! com$y (     
,dea? 0 a /&>d play at high fe/ivals1 ! 
ma9 int]e/ be+ ! rude1 sudd5 int]ruption
 ( human lives & joys & s*emes by ! grim
 mess5g]4 ,art adopt$ ! !me1 & ! ,dance 
( ,dea? began to figure among !         
decorations ( ecclesia/ical /ructures & 
on ! vellum ( illum9at$ pray]-books4 ,no
 sculptor b execut$ 8 ,dance ( ,dea?2 no
 pa9t] b tri$ 8 skill ^u x2 & by        
:omsoev] ! subject 0 treat$1 ! elem5t ( 
humor 0 seldom want+4  ,s num]\s are !  
pictures & s]ies ( pictures usually /yl$
 ,dances ( ,dea?1 t a descriptive       
catalogue ( !m w\ld fill ! space assign$
 to ?is *apt]2 & ! lit]ature to :i* !y h
 giv5 rise =ms an important class ( !   
works relat+ to ! ,middle ,ages4 ,two   
phases ( ! subject 7 especially         
attractive to arti/s4 ,"o 0 !           
imp>tiality ( ,dea?1 not$ by ,horace 9 !
 famili> passage2 & ! o!r ! incongruity 

betwe5 ! summons to dep>t & ! condition 
( ! p]son summon$4 ,:5 ^! two aspects ( 
! subject _h become hackney$1 arti/s    
pleas$ !mselves sometimes ) a treatm5t  
precisely ! opposite1 & repres5t$ ,dea? 
danc+ gayly away ) ! mo/ batt]$1 anci5t1
 & =lorn ( human k9d1 :o _h lea/ reason 
to love life1 b did n ! less %r9k f !   
skeleton's icy t\*4 ,e "o feels ! comic 
absurdity ( gay & sprightly ,dea? hurry+
 (f to ! tomb a cripple z dilapidat$ z !
 "o 9 ! picture above4 ,9 ano!r engrav+ 
we see ,dea?1 ) exagg]at$ c\rtesy1 h&+  
to an op5 tomb an extremely old man j   
able to tott]4  ,illu/ration3 ,dea? & ! 
,old ,man4  ,ano!r subject 9 ! same     
s]ies is ,dea? dragg+ at ! g>m5t ( a    
p$dl]1 :o is s heavily lad5 z he trudges
 along ! highway t "o w\ld imag9e ev5 ! 
re/ ( ! grave welcome4 ,b ! p$dl]1 too1 
makes a v wry face :5 he recognizes :o x
 is t has int]rupt$ 8 we>y tramp4 ,!    
triumphant gayety ( ,dea? 9 ?is picture 
is 9 humor\s contra/ ) ! lugubri\s      
expression on ! c\nt5ance ( 8 victim4   

,illu/ration3 ,dea? & ! ,p$dl]4         
,illu/ration3 ,dea? & ! ,knight4  ,9 o!r
 s]ies we h ,dea? dress$ z a beau seiz+ 
a "y maid51 ,dea? tak+ f a h\se-maid h] 
broom1 ,dea? lay+ hold ( a wa%]-woman1  
,dea? tak+ apples f an apple-/&1 ,dea?  
beckon+ away a b>-maid1 ,dea? summon+ a 
female m\rn] at a fun]al1 & ,dea?       
plund]+ a t9k]'s basket4 ,dea?1 /&+ 9 a 
grave1 pulls ! grave-digg] 9 by ! leg2  
seat$ on a pl[1 he seizes ! f>m]2 ) an  
ale-pot at 8 back1 he ?rottles an       
inn-keep] :o is adult]at+ 8 liquors2 he 
/rikes ) a bone ! irksome *a9 (         
matrimony1 & ?us sets free a c\ple b\nd 
by x2 he m[s d[n a philosoph] hold+ a   
clock2 ^u a mis] :o has ?ru/ 8 body deep
 d[n into a massive *e/ he %uts ! heavy 
lid2 he %[s himself 9 ! mirror 9 :i* a  
"y beauty is look+2 to a philosoph]     
seat$ 9 8 /udy he ent]s & pres5ts an    
h\r-glass4 ,a pope on 8 ?rone is cr[n+  
an emp]or kneel+ at 8 feet1 ) pr9ces1   
c>d9als1 & bi%ops 9 att5dance1 :5 a     
,dea? appe>s at 8 side1 & ano!r 9 8     

ret9ue dress$ z a c>d9al4 ,dea? lays 8  
h& ^u an emp]or's cr[n at ! mom5t :5 he 
is do+ ju/ice to a poor man aga9/ a ri*2
 b 9 ano!r picture ( ! same s]ies1 ,dea?
 seizes a duke :ile he is disda9fully   
turn+ f a poor woman ) h] *ild :o has   
ask$ alms ( him4 ,! dignit>ies ( ! ,*ur*
 7 n sp>$4 ,fat abbots1 gorge\s c>d9als1
 & vehem5t prea*]s all figure 9 ^! s]ies
 9 circum/ances ( honor & ( di%onor4 ,9 
mo/ ( !m ! p]son summon$ yields to ,k+  
,dea? )\t a /ruggle2 b 9 "o a knight    
makes a furi\s resi/ance1 lay+ ab\t him 
) a broadsword mo/ en]getically4 ,x is (
 no avail4 ,dea? runs him ?r\gh ! body )
 8 own lance1 ?\gh 9 ! o!r picture !    
weapon 9 ,dea?'s h& 0 only a long       
?igh-bone4  ,mr4 ,longfell[1 9 8 ,gold5 
,leg5d1 has avail$ himself ( ! ,dance ( 
,dea? pa9t$ on ! walls ( ! cov]$ bridge 
at ,luc]ne to give naturalness & *>m to 
! conv]sation ( ,elsie & ,pr9ce ,h5ry   
:ile !y are cross+ ! riv]4 ,! /range    
pictures excite ! curiosity ( ,elsie1 & 
! ,pr9ce expla9s !m to h] z !y walk3    

,elsie4                    ,:at is ?is  
picture8      ,pr9ce4 ,x is a "y man s++
 to a nun1   ,:o kneels at h] devotions1
 b 9 kneel+   ,turns r\nd to look at    
him2 & ,dea? mean:ile   ,is putt+ out ! 
c&les on ! alt>6      ,elsie4 ,ah1 :at a
 pity 'tis t %e %\ld li/5   ,unto su*   
songs1 :5 9 h] orisons   ,%e might h    
he>d 9 heav5 ! angels s++6      ,pr9ce4 
,"h he has /ol5 a je/]'s cap & bells1   
,& dances ) ! que54      ,elsie4        
,a fooli% je/6      ,pr9ce4 ,& "h ! he>t
 ( ! new-w$d$ wife1   ,com+ f *ur* ) h] 
belov$ "l1   ,he />tles ) ! rattle ( 8  
drum4      ,elsie4 ,ah1 t is sad6 ,& yet
 p]haps 'tis be/   ,t %e %\ld die ) all 
! sun%9e on h]   ,& all ! b5$ictions ( !
 morn+1   ,be=e ?is afflu5ce ( gold5    
light   ,%all fade into a cold & cl\d$  
gray1   ,!n into d>kness6      ,pr9ce4  
,"u x is writt51   ',no?+ b dea? %all   
sep>ate !e & me6'      ,elsie4 ,& :at is
 ?is t foll[s close ^u x8      ,pr9ce4  
,dea? play+ on a dulcim]4  ,& s ! lov]s 
conv]se on ! bridge1 all cov]$ f end to 

end ) ^! c>icatures ( human exi/5ce1    
until ! girl hurries ) affright f :at %e
 calls ?is great picture-gall]y ( dea?4 
,t\rnam5ts 7 among ! usual subjects (   
c>icature dur+ ! c5tury or two prec$+ ! 
,re=mation4 ,"s specim5s h already be5  
giv5 f ! illum9at$ pray]-books 7pp4 #dd1
 #df74 ,! device1 h[ev]1 seldom rises   
above ! anci5t "o ( inve/+ animals ) !  
gifts & qualities ( m54 ,monkeys m\nt$  
^u ! backs ( dogs tilt at "o ano!r )    
long lances1 or mon/]s utt]ly           
nondescript *>ge ^u o!r mon/]s m        
ridicul\s ?an !mselves4  ,all ! ord9>y  
foibles ( human nature receiv$ att5tion4
 ,^! nev] *ange4 ,!re are always        
gluttons1 mis]s1 & sp5d?rifts4 ,!re are 
always weak m5 & va9 wom54 ,!re are     
always husb&s ^: wives deceive & worry  
!m1 z !re are always wives :om husb&s   
worry & deceive2 & ! arti/s ( ! ,middle 
,ages1 9 _! own direct rude fa%ion1     
turn$ bo? into c>icature4 ,! m]e li/ (  
subjects treat$ 9 ,br&t's ,%ip ( ,fools1
 writt5 :5 ,lu!r 0 a s*ool-boy1 %[s u t 

m5 7 m5 & wom5 7 wom5 9 #adij4 ,t qua9t 
re=m] ( mann]s dealt mild rebuke to m5  
:o ga!r$ great /ore ( books & put !m to 
no good use2 to wom5 :o 7 ev] *ang+ !   
fa%ion ( _! dress2 to m5 :o began to    
build )\t c\nt+ ! co/2 to great borr[]s 
& slack pay]s2 to fools :o w s]ve two   
lords bo? toge!r2 to !m :o correct o!rs 
:ile !mselves are culpable 9 ! same     
fault2 to fools :o c n keep secret _!   
own c\nsel2 to p :o believe 9           
pr$e/9acyon2 to m5 :o att5d closely to  
o!r p's bus9ess1 leav+ _! own undone2 to
 old folks t give example ( vice to y\?2
 & s on ?r\gh ! long catalogue ( human  
follies4 ,8 homely & wise ditties are   
illu/rat$ by pictures ( curi\s          
simplicity4 ,obs]ve ! "o subjo9$1 9 :i* 
a f\le is weigh+ ! transitory ?+s ( ?is 
_w aga9/ ?+s ev]la/+1 "o be+ repres5t$  
by a scale full ( ca/les & t[]s1 & ! o!r
 by a scale full ( />s--! e>?ly ca/les  
outweigh+ ! heav5ly bodies 9 ! balance (
 ?is f\le4  ,illu/ration3 ,heav5 & ,e>? 
weigh$ 9 ! ,balance4 7,f ,! ,%ip (      

,fools47  ,"o ( ! qua9t poems ( ! g5tle 
prie/ descants ^u ! bad behavior ( p at 
*ur*4 ,?is poem has an hi/orical int]e/1
 = x ?r[s light ^u ! mann]s ( ! "t1 ov] 
:i* poetry1 tradition1 & romance h ?r[n 
a v delusive *>m4 ,we le>n f x t :ile ! 
,*ri/ian p ( ,europe 7 on _! knees pray+
 9 *ur* !y 7 liable to be di/urb$ by !  
mad noise & %\t ( a loit]+ cr[d2 by     
knights com+ 9 f ! field1 falcon ^u     
wri/1 ) _! dogs yelp+ at _! heels2 by m5
 *aff]+ & b>ga9+ z !y walk$ up & d[n2 by
 ! wanton laught] ( girls ogl$ by "y m52
 by lawy]s conf]r+ ) cli5ts2 & by all ! 
usual noises ( a cr[d at a fair4 ,!     
au?or wond]s    ,t ! false paynyms )9   
!yr ,temples be    ,to !yr ydols mo*e m 
dev\t ?an we4  ,! wor?y ,br&t 0 n ! only
 satiri/ ( ,*ur* mann]s4 ,! ,usur]'s    
,pat]no/]1 giv5 by ,m4 ,*ampfleury1 is m
 incisive ?an ,br&t's amiable           
remon/rance4 ,! usur]1 hurry+ away to   
*ur*1 tells 8 wife t if any "o comes to 
borr[ money :ile he is gone1 "s "o mu/  
be s5t 9 all ha/e = him4 ,on 8 way he   

says 8 pat]no/] ?us3  ,our ,fa!r4       
,bless$ ,"l ,god ,beau ,sire ,dieu1 be  
favorable to me1 & give me grace to     
prosp] exce$+ly4 ,let me become ! ri*e/ 
money-l5d] 9 ! _w4 ,:o art 9 heav54 ,i  
am sorry ,i wasn't at home ! day t woman
 came to borr[4 ,really ,i am a fool to 
g to *ur*1 :]e ,i c ga9 no?+4 ,hall[$ be
 ?y "n4 ,x's too bad ,i h a s]vant s    
exp]t 9 pilf]+ my money4 ,?y k+dom come4
 ,i h a m9d to g home to see :at my wife
 is ab\t4 ,i'll bet %e sells a *ick5    
:ile ,i am away1 & keeps ! money4 ,?y w 
be done4 ,x pops into my m9d t ! *evali]
 :o ow$ me fifty francs paid me only    
half4 ,9 heav54 ,^? damn$ ,jews d a ru%+
 bus9ess 9 l5d+ to e "o4 ,i %\ld l v mu*
 to d z !y d4 ,z on e>?4 ,! k+ plagues  
me to dea? 9 rais+ taxes s (t54  ,arriv$
 at *ur*1 ! money-l5d] goes ?r\gh "p ( !
 s]vice z be/ he may2 b z soon z s]mon  
"t comes1 (f he goes1 say+ to himself1  
,i mu/ get away home3 ! prie/ is go+ to 
prea* a s]mon to draw money out ( our   
purses4 ,d\btless ! prie/ 9 ^? times (  

ignorance _h to deal ) _m mo/ pr(ane &  
unspiritual p1 :o c\ld only be re/ra9$  
by fe>1 & to ^: pu]ility mu* _h to be   
conc$$4 ,9 t\*+ ^u ! ,*ur* mann]s ( !   
,middle ,ages1 ,m4 ,*ampfleury makes a  
rem>k t />tles a ,prote/ant m9d accu/om$
 only to ! mo/ exact decorum 9 *ur*es4  
,old m5 ( to-day 7#ahej71 he says1      
speak+ ( ,france1 w recall to m9d !     
gayety ( ! midnight masses1 :5 buffoons 
f ! c\ntry wait$ impati5tly to s5d d[n  
%[]s ( small torp$oes ^u ! pavem5t ( !  
nave1 to b>ricade ! alcoves ) m\nta9s ( 
*airs1 to fill ) ink ! holy-wat] bas9s1 
& to /eal kisses 9 out-(-!-way corn]s f 
girls :o w\ld n give !m4 ,^! proce$+s1  
:i* ,m4 ,*ampfleury /yles ! pleasantries
 ( our fa!rs1 7 among ! concessions made
 by a worldly-wise old ,*ur* to !       
pu]ility ( ! p1 or r to ! absolute      
necessity ( occasional hil>i\s fun to   
heal?y exi/5ce4  ,amus+ & ev5 valuable  
c>icatures six & sev5 c5turies old h be5
 discov]$ ^u p>*m5t docum5ts 9 ! ,engli%
 record (fices1 execut$ app>5tly by idle

 cl]ks = _! amusem5t :5 !y _h no?+ else 
to d4 ,"o ( ^!1 copi$ by ,mr4 ,wright1  
gives u ! popul> ,engli% conception ( an
 ,iri% w>rior ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4       
,illu/ration3 ,engli% ,c>icature ( an   
,iri%man1 ,a4,d4 #abhj4  ,! broad-axes (
 ! ,iri% 7 held 9 great t]ror by !      
,engli%4 ,an hi/orian ( ,edw>d ,i4's "t1
 :ile disc\rs+ on t supreme p]plexity ( 
,briti% k+s & m9i/]s1 h[ ,irel& %\ld be 
gov]n$ aft] be+ q r$uc$ to subjection1  
expresses ! op9ion t ! ,iri% ought n to 
be all[$ 9 "t ( peace to use t dete/able
 in/rum5t ( de/ruction :i* by an anci5t 
b accurs$ cu/om !y con/antly c>ry 9 _!  
h&s in/ead ( a /aff4 ,! mod]n ,iri%     
%illalah1 !n1 is only ! residuum ( !    
anci5t ,iri% broad-axe--! broad-axe )   
its head tak5 (f4 ,! humaniz$ ,iri%man (
 to-day is cont5t ) ! h&le ( ! dete/able
 in/rum5t4 ,o!r p5-&-ink sket*es (      
,engl&'s dread$ foes1 ! ,iri% & ! ,wel%1
 h be5 f\nd ^u anci5t vellum rolls1 b   
none bett] ?an ! specim5 giv5 has yet   
be5 copi$4  ,! la/ object ( c>icature   

:i* c be m5tion$ 9 ! pres5t *apt] is !  
,jew--! odi\s ,jew--accurs$ by ! cl]gy z
 a ,jew1 despis$ by good citiz5s z a    
usur]1 & dread$ by _m a pr(ligate       
,*ri/ian z ! hold] ( mortgages ^u 8     
e/ate4 ,:5 ! rul+ class ( a c\ntry loses
 its hold ^u virtue1 becomes pr(use 9   
exp5diture1 ceases to comply ) natural  
law1 comes to reg>d lic5ti\s liv+ z     
some?+ to be expect$ ( "y blood1 & makes
 a je/ ( a decor\s & moral conv]sation1 
!n !re is usually 9 t c\ntry a less     
ref9$1 /rong] class1 :o d comply )      
natural law1 :o d live 9 t virtu\s1     
frugal1 & ord]ly mann] by :i* alone     
families c be p]petuat$ & /ates         
e/abli%$4 ,9 sev]al communities dur+ !  
c5turies prec$+ ! ,re=mation1 :5 !      
nobles & great m]*ants wa/$ _! sub/ance 
9 riot\s liv+ or 9 ins5sate pilgrimages 
& crusades1 ! ,jew 0 ! virtu\s1 s5sible1
 & solv5t man4 ,he did n escape ! evil  
influ5ce wr\ght into ! texture ( ! "* by
 liv+ 9 an atmosph]e ( hatr$ & contempt1
 nor ! n>r[ness ( m9d caus$ by 8 be+    

exclud$ f all ! m g5]\s & high          
avocations4 ,b he rema9$ ?r\gh all ^?   
dismal ages temp]ate1 *a/e1 indu/ri\s1 &
 sav+1 z well z h]oically fai?ful to !  
be/ light on high ?+s t he _h4 ,h5ce he 
always _h money to l5d1 & he c\ld only  
l5d x to m5 :o 7 too glad to ?9k he _h  
no rights :i* !y 7 b\nd to respect4  ,! 
c>icature on ! next page 0 also discov]$
 ^u a vellum roll 9 ! ,public ,record   
,(fice 9 ,london1 ! "w ( "s idle cl]k   
#fdb ye>s ago1 & rec5tly transf]r$ to an
 ,engli% "w#g ( mu* int]e/1 9 :i* x     
s]ves z a frontispiece4  ,footnote #g3  
,hi/ory ( ,crime 9 ,engl&1 vol4 i41 by  
,luke ,ow5 ,pike1 ,london1 #ahgc4       
,illu/ration3 ,c>icature ( ! ,jews 9    
,engl&1 ,a4,d4 #abcc4  ,! ridicule is   
aim$ at ! fam\s ,jew1 ,isaac ( ,norwi*1 
a ri* money-l5d] & m]*ant1 to :om       
abbots1 bi%ops1 & weal?y vic>s 7 heavily
 indebt$4 ,at ,norwi* he _h a :>f at :i*
 8 vessels c\ld receive & dis*>ge _!    
freights1 & :ole di/ricts 7 mortgag$ to 
him at once4 ,he l5t money to ! k+'s    

ex*equ]4 ,he 0 ! ,ro?s*ild ( 8 day4 ,9 !
 picture1 :i* repres5ts ! outside ( a   
ca/le--8 own ca/le1 wre/$ f "s lavi%    
,*ri/ian by a money-l5d]'s wiles--! ,jew
 ,isaac /&s above all ! o!r figures1 &  
is bless$ ) f\r faces & a cr[n1 :i*     
imply1 z ,mr4 ,pike conjectures1 t1 let 
him look :i*ev] way he w1 he beholds    
possessions ov] :i* he holds k+ly sway4 
,l[] d[n1 & ne>] ! c5tre1 are ,mosse    
,mokke1 ano!r ,jewi% money-l5d] (       
,norwi*1 & ,madame ,avegay1 "o ( _m     
,jewesses :o l5t money1 betwe5 :om is a 
horn$ devil po9t+ to _! noses4 ,! ,jewi%
 nose 0 a peculi>ly (f5sive feature to  
,*ri/ians1 & 0 usually exagg]at$ by     
c>icaturi/s4 ,! figure hold+ up scales  
heap$ ) co9 is1 s f> z we c guess1 m]ely
 a taunt2 & ! seat+ ( ,dagon1 ! god ( ! 
,phili/9es1 ^u ! turret seems to be an  
intimation t ! ,jews1 9 _! disp]sion1 _h
 ab&on$ ! ,god ( _! fa!rs1 & tak5 up ) !
 deity ( 8 invet]ate foes4  ,s f> z !   
records ( ^? ages disclose1 !re 0 no "o 
enlight5$ en\gh to judge ! long-suff]+  

,jews ) j all[ance4 ,lu!r's av]sion to  
!m 0 morbid & viol5t4 ,he confesses1 9 8
 ,table-talk1 t if x _h fall5 to 8 lot  
to h mu* to d ) ,jews1 8 pati5ce w\ld h 
giv5 way2 & :51 "o day1 ,dr4 ,m5ius ask$
 him h[ a ,jew ought to be baptiz$1 he  
repli$1 ,y mu/ fill a l>ge tub ) wat]1  
&1 hav+ dive/$ a ,jew ( 8 clo!s1 cov]   
him ) a :ite g>m5t4 ,he mu/ !n sit d[n 9
 ! tub1 & y mu/ baptize him q "u ! wat]4
 ,he said fur!r to ,dr4 ,m5ius t if a   
,jew1 n conv]t$ at he>t1 7 to ask       
baptism at 8 h&s1 he w\ld take him to ! 
bridge1 tie a /one r\nd 8 neck1 & hurl  
him into ! riv]1 su* an ob/9ate & sc(f+ 
race 7 !y4 ,if ,lu!r felt ?us t[>d !m1  
we c n wond] t ! luxuri\s dignit>ies ( !
 ,*ur*1 two c5turies be=e 8 "t1 %\ld h  
_h qualms ( consci5ce ) reg>d to pay+   
,isaac ( ,norwi* int]e/ ^u money borr[$4
     ,,*apt] ,,vii4  ,,c>icatures       
,,prec$+ ,,! ,,re=mation4               
,illu/ration3 ,lu!r inspir$ by ,satan4  
,we h 9 ?is /range1 rude picture#h a    
device ( contempor>y c>icature to ca/   

ridicule ^u ! movem5t ( :i* ,m>t9 ,lu!r 
0 ! conspicu\s figure4 ,x is r$uc$ f a  
l>ge wood-cut :i* appe>$ 9 ,g]many at ! 
crisis ( ! lion-he>t$ re=m]'s c>e]1 !   
ye> ( 8 appe>ance at ! ,diet ( ,worms1  
:5 he said to dissuad+ fri5ds1 ,if ,i   
knew !re 7 z _m devils at ,worms z !re  
are tiles ^u ! h\ses1 ,i w\ld g4 ,!     
int5tion ( ! arti/ is obvi\s2 b1 9      
addition to ! lead+ purpose1 he desir$1 
z ,mr4 ,*atto conjectures1 to rem9d 8   
public ( ! nasal drawl ( ! prea*+ fri>s 
( ! "t1 = :i* !y 7 z prov]bial z !      
,puritans ( ,london 9 ,cromwell's day4  
,su* is ! pov]ty ( human inv5tion t !   
idea ( ?is c>icature has be5 employ$    
sev]al times s9ce ,lu!r's "t--ev5 z     
rec5tly z #ahgc1 :5 a ,london           
draughtsman made x s]ve 8 turn 9 !      
cont5tions ( p>ty politics4  ,footnote  
#h3 ,f ,a ,treatise on ,wood-engrav+1 p4
 #bfh1 by ,jackson & ,*atto1 ,london1   
#ahff4  ,! be/ humor\s tal5t (          
,*ri/5dom1 :e!r x wr\ght ) p5cil or )   
p51 :e!r x av[$ or veil$ its sympa?y )  

re=m1 0 on ,lu!r's side4 ,x prep>$ ! way
 = 8 com+1 co-op]at$ ) him dur+ 8       
life-"t1 c>ri$ on 8 "w aft] he 0 gone1 &
 cont9ues x to ! pres5t h\r4  ,rec5t    
inve/igators tell u1 inde$1 t !         
,re=mation began 9 laught]1 :i* ! ,*ur* 
itself n\ri%$ & sanction$4 ,m4          
,viollet-le-,duc1 au?or ( !             
,dictionnaire d',ar*itecture1 disc\rses 
^u ! gradual *ange :i* *ur* decorators (
 ! ,middle ,ages effect$ 9 ! figure ( ! 
devil4 ,^u edifices erect$ be=e ! ye>   
#ajjj !re are few traces ( ! devil1 & ^u
 ^? ( mu* e>li] date none at all2 b f ! 
elev5? c5tury he beg9s to play an       
important role1 arti/s /riv+ :i* %\ld   
give him ! mo/ hide\s =m4 ,no "o 0 !n   
audaci\s en\gh to take lib]ties ) a be+ 
s pot5t1 s awful1 s real1 ! competitor &
 antagoni/ ( ! ,almighty ,"l ( ,heav5 & 
,e>?4 ,b mortals mu/ laugh1 & famili>ity
 produces its well-kn[n effect4 ,9 !    
eyes ( m5 ( ! _w ! devil became         
gradually less t]rible & m grotesque1   
became occasionally ridicul\s1 (t5      

contemptible1 sometimes silly4 ,8 tricks
 are met by tricks m cunn+ ?an 8 own2 he
 is dup$1 & retires discomfit$4 ,be=e   
,lu!r appe>$ on ! sc5e1 ! pa9t]s &      
sculptors1 n to m5tion ! au?ors & poets1
 _h made progress 9 r$uc+ ! devil f !   
grade ( an antagoni/ ( deity & ar*-enemy
 ( m5 to t ( a cunn+ & amus+ deceiv] (  
simpletons4 ,! great devil1 z ! au?or j 
m5tion$ rem>ks1 sculptur$ ov] ! door ( !
 ,autun ,ca!dral 9 ! twelf? c5tury is a 
frightful be+1 well design$ to /rike    
t]ror to un=m$ s\ls2 b ! "y devils c>v$ 
9 bas-reliefs ( ! fifte5? c5tury are m  
comic ?an t]rible1 & x is evid5t t !    
arti/s :o execut$ !m c>$ v little = !   
wick$ tricks ( ! ,evil ,_s4 ,we may be  
sure t ! arti/ :o c\ld sket* ! devil    
fiddl+ ^u a pair ( bell[s ) a kit*5     
dipp] _h outgr[n ! horror :i* t p]sonage
 _h once excit$ 9 all m9ds4 ,su* a sket*
 is "h reproduc$ f a ,flemi% ,,ms4 9 !  
libr>y ( ,cambrai4  ,illu/ration3 ,devil
 fiddl+ ^u a ,pair ( ,bell[s4  ,b ?is   
c\ld n be said ( ! great mass ( ,*ri/ian

 p = c5turies aft]4 ,lu!r1 z ! read] is 
aw>e1 speaks ( ! devil ) z absolute an  
assurance ( 8 exi/5ce1 activity1 &      
ne>ness z if he 7 a memb] ( 8 own       
h\sehold4 ,god1 he once said1 mocks &   
scorns ! devil by putt+ "u 8 nose su* a 
weak creature z man2 & at o!r times he  
dwelt ^u ! h>dness ( ! conflict :i* !   
devil has to ma9ta94 ,x 7 n good = u to 
"k h[ e>ne/ly ! holy angels /rive = u   
aga9/ ! devil1 or h[ h>d a combat x is4 
,if we c\ld see = h[ _m angels "o devil 
makes "w1 we %\ld be 9 despair4 ,_m     
devils1 he rem>ks ) curi\s c]ta9ty1 are 
9 =e/s1 9 wat]s1 9 wild]nesses1 9 d>k   
pooly places1 ready to hurt & prejudice 
p2 & !re are "s 9 ! ?ick black cl\ds1   
:i* cause hail1 lightn+s1 & ?und]+s1 &  
poison ! air1 ! pa/ures1 & gr\nds4 ,he  
d]ides ! philosoph]s & physicians :o say
 t ^! ?+s h m]ely natural causes2 & z to
 ! wit*es :o torm5t hone/ p1 & spoil _! 
eggs1 milk1 & butt]1 ,i %\ld h no       
compassion ^u !m--,i w\ld burn !m all4  
,! ,table-talk ( ! great re=m] is full (

 su* robu/ cr$ulity4  ,lu!r repres5t$1 z
 mu* z he re=m$1 8 age & c\ntry4 ,9 ^!  
utt]ances ( 8 we disc]n ! _s aga9/ :i* !
 humor & gayety ( art _h to cont5d1 &   
ov] :i* x has ga9$ a t>dy victory1 n yet
 complete4 ,let u keep 9 m9d also t 9 ^?
 twilight ages1 z 9 all ages1 !re 7 !   
two cont5d+ influ5ces :i* we n[ call !  
_w & ! *ur*4 ,9 o!r words1 !re 7 p :o   
took ! devil lightly1 z !y did all      
invisible & spiritual ?+s1 & !re 7 p :o 
dread$ ! devil 9 e d>k pooly place1 & to
 :om no?+ c\ld be a je/ :i* app]ta9$ to 
him4 ,humor\s art has 9 x heal+ &       
admonition = bo? ^! classes4            
,illu/ration3 ,olde/ ,draw+ 9 ! ,briti% 
,museum1 ,a4,d4 #acbj4  ,x 0 9 ^?       
c5turies1 also1 t m5 ( ! _w le>n$ to    
laugh at ! cl]gy1 &1 aga91 n )\t cl]ical
 enc\ragem5t4 ,9 ! brilliantly illum9at$
 religi\s manuscripts ( ! two c5turies  
prec$+ ,lu!r1 along ) o!r ludicr\s &    
absurd images1 ( :i* specim5s h be5     
giv51 we f9d _m pictures 9 :i* ! vices (
 ! religi\s ord]s are exhibit$4 ,! olde/

 draw+ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 "o ( ! only 
two t be> ! date #acbj1 %[s u two devils
 toss+ a monk headlong f a bridge into a
 r\gh & rapid riv]1 an act :i* !y p]=m 9
 a mann] n calculat$ to excite s]i\s    
?\ght 9 mod]n m9ds4  ,9 ! old ,/rasburg 
,ca!dral !re 0 a brass door1 made 9     
#aede1 ^u :i* 0 engrav$ a conv5t ) a    
procession ( monks issu+ f x be>+ !     
cross & bann]s4 ,! =emo/ figure ( ?is   
procession 0 a monk c>ry+ a girl ^u 8   
%\ld]s4 ,?is 0 n ! co>se fl+ ( an enemy4
 ,x 0 n ! sc(f ( an ,erasmus1 :o said   
once1 ,^! paun*y monks are call$ fa!rs1 
& !y take good c>e to des]ve ! "n4 ,x 0 
engrav$ on ! et]nal brass ( a religi\s  
edifice = ! w>n+ & edification ( !      
fai?ful4  ,no?+ m surprises ! mod]n     
read] ?an ! frequ5cy & sev]ity ) :i* !  
cl]gy ( ^? c5turies 7 d5\nc$ & satiriz$1
 z well by !mselves z by o!rs4 ,a ,*ur* 
:i* %[$ itself s5sitive to ! lea/ ta9t (
 :at x deem$ h]esy appe>s to h beheld ) 
indiff]5ce ! exhibition ( its moral     
del9qu5cies--nay1 tak5 ! lead 9 expos+  

!m4 ,x 0 a cl]gyman :o said1 9 ! ,c\ncil
 ( ,si5a1 fifty ye>s be=e ,lu!r 0 born3 
,we see to-day prie/s :o are usur]s1    
w9e-%op keep]s1 m]*ants1 gov]nors (     
ca/les1 not>ies1 /ew>ds1 & debau*       
brok]s4 ,! only trade :i* !y h n yet    
comm5c$ is t ( execution]4 ,! bi%ops    
surpass ,epicurus himself 9 s5suality1 &
 x is betwe5 ! c\rses ( a banquet t !y  
discuss ! au?ority ( ! ,pope & t ( !    
,c\ncil4 ,! same speak] relat$ t ,/4    
,bridget1 be+ 9 ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome1   
look$ up 9 a religi\s ec/asy1 & saw !   
nave fill$ ) mitr$ hogs4 ,%e ask$ ! ,"l 
to expla9 ?is fanta/ic vision4 ,^!1     
repli$ ! ,"l1 are ! bi%ops & abbes (    
to-day4 ,m4 ,*ampfleury1 ! fir/ liv+    
au?ority on subjects ( ?is nature1      
decl>es t ! manuscript ,bibles ( !      
c5tury prec$+ ,lu!r are s fill$ )       
pictures exhibit+ monks & nuns 9        
equivocal circum/ances t he 0 only      
puzzl$ to decide :i* specim5s 7 mo/     
suitable to give 8 read]s an adequate   
idea ( !m4  ,f m]e gayety ( he>t1 f !   

exub]ant jollity ( a well-b5efic$ s*ol>1
 ^: future 0 secure & ^: "t 0 all 8 own1
 "s ( ! high] cl]gy appe> to h je/$ ^u  
!mselves & _! (fice4 ,two f9ely engrav$ 
seals h be5 f\nd 9 ,france1 "o dat+ z f>
 back z #acjj1 :i* repres5t monkeys     
array$ 9 ! ve/m5ts ( a ,*ur* dignit>y4  
,^u "o ( !m ! monkey we>s ! hood & holds
 ! /aff ( an abbot1 & ^u ! o!r ! animal 
appe>s 9 ! "* ( a bi%op4  ,illu/ration3 
,bi%op's ,seal1 ,a4,d4 #acjj4  ,"o ( ^! 
seals is kn[n to h be5 execut$ at !     
express ord] ( an abbot4 ,! o!r1 a copy 
( :i* is giv5 "h1 0 f\nd 9 ! ru9s ( an  
anci5t *ateau ( ,pic>dy1 & be>s !       
inscription1 ,,le3 ,,scel3 ,,de3        
,,leuecque3 ,,de3 ,,la3 ,,cyte3 ,,de3   
,,p9on--,! seal ( ! bi%op ( ! city (    
,p9on4 ,?is int]e/+ relic 0 at fir/     
?\ght to be ! "w ( "s sc(f+ ,hugu5ot1 b 
!re c n[ be no d\bt ( its hav+ be5 !    
m]ry conceit ( ! p]sonage ^: title x    
be>s4 ,! discov]y ( ! record relat+ to !
 monkey seal ( ! abbot1 %[+ x to h be5  
ord]$ & paid = by ! actual head ( a     

great mona/]y1 ?r[s light ^u all !      
grotesque ornam5tation ( ^? c5turies4 ,x
 sugge/s to u also ! idea t ! cl]gy jo9$
 9 ! g5]al ridicule ( _! ord] z mu* f a 
s5se ( ! ludicr\s z f conviction ( its  
ju/ice4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum !re is a   
religi\s manuscript ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 
spl5didly illum9at$1 "o ( ! initial     
lett]s ( :i* repres5ts a "y fri> draw+  
w9e f a cask 9 a cell>1 t conta9s sev]al
 humor\s po9ts4 ,) 8 left h& he holds ! 
great w9e-jug1 into :i* ! liquid is     
runn+ f ! b>rel2 ) 8 "r he lifts to 8   
lips a b[lful ( ! w9e1 & f ! same h&    
dangle ! l>ge keys ( ! cell>4 ,if ?is 0 
int5d$ z a h9t to ! y\ng] bre?r5 h[ !y  
ought n to behave :5 s5t to ! cell> =   
w9e1 ! arti/ evid5tly felt also ! comic 
absurdity ( ! situation4  ,! va/ cell>s 
/ill to be se5 "u anci5t mona/]ies &    
priories1 z well z ! kit*5s1 n less     
spaci\s1 & support$ by ar*ways ( ! mo/  
massive masonry1 tell a tale ( ! habits 
( ! religi\s ord]s :i* is abundantly    
confirm$ 9 ! records & lit]ature ( ! "t4

 ,capu*9s1 says ! old ,fr5* dogg]el1    
dr9k poorly1 ,b5$ict9es deeply1         
,dom9icans p9t aft] p9t1 b ,franciscans 
dr9k ! cell> dry4 ,! great numb] ( old  
tav]ns 9 ,europe nam$ ! ,mitre1 ! ,*ur*1
 ! ,*apel-bell1 ,/4 ,dom9ic1 & o!r      
ecclesia/ical names1 po9t to !          
conclusion t ! class t pr(ess$ to       
disp5se good *e] = ! s\l 0 n av]se to   
good *e] = ! body4#i  ,footnote #i3     
,hi/ory ( ,sign-bo>ds1 p4 #cai1 by      
,l>wood & ,hott51 ,london4  ,if ! cl]gy 
l$ ! m]rim5t caus$ by _! own excesses1  
we c n wond] !y %\ld h _h _m foll[]s4 ,9
 ! popul> tales ( ! "t1 :i* h be5 ga!r$ 
& made accessible 9 rec5t ye>s1 we f9d !
 prie/1 ! monk1 ! nun1 ! abbot1 (t5     
figur+ 9 absurd situations1 r>ely 9     
cr$itable ones4 ,! prie/ seems to h be5 
reg>d$ z ! satiri/'s fair game1 ! common
 butt ( ! je/]4 ,9 "o ( ^! /ories a     
but*]1 return+ home f a fair1 asks a    
night's lodg+ at ! h\se ( a prie/1 :o   
*urli%ly refuses x4 ,! but*]1 return+1  
(f]s 9 recomp5se to kill "o ( 8 f9e fat 

%eep = supp]1 & to leave beh9d him all !
 meat n eat54 ,on ?is condition he is   
receiv$1 & ! family enjoy an excell5t   
supp] 9 8 society4 ,aft] supp] he w9s ! 
favor fir/ ( ! prie/'s concub9e &       
aft]w>d ( ! maid-s]vant by secretly     
promis+ to ea* ( !m ! sk9 ( ! %eep4 ,9 !
 morn+1 aft] he has gone1 a prodigi\s   
upro> arises1 ! prie/ & ! two wom5 ea*  
vehem5tly claim+ ! sk91 9 ! mid/ ( :i* x
 is discov]$ t ! but*] _h /ol5 ! %eep f 
! prie/'s own flock4  ,f a m]ry tale (  
^! ages a je/ 0 tak5 :i* to-day =ms "o (
 ! /ock dialogues ( our negro-m9/rel    
b&s4 ,! /ory 0 app>5tly design$ to %[ ! 
sorry /uff ( :i* prie/s 7 sometimes     
made4 ,a f>m] s5ds a l\t ( a son to     
college1 int5d+ to make a prie/ ( him1 &
 ! lad 0 exam9$ z to ! ext5t ( 8 k4     
,isaac _h two sons1 ,esau & ,jacob1 said
 ! exam9]3 :o 0 ,jacob's fa!r8 ,!       
c&idate1 be+ unable to answ] ?is "q1 is 
s5t home to 8 tutor ) a lett] relat+ 8  
discomfiture4 ,?\ foole & ass-head6     
exclaims ! tutor4 ,do/ ?\ n "k ,tom     

,mill] ( ,os5ey8 ,yes1 answ]$ ! hopeful 
s*ol>4 ,!n ?\ kn[e/ he _h two sons1 ,tom
 & ,jacke3 :o is ,jacke's fa!r8 ,tom    
,mill]4 ,back goes ! y\? to college ) a 
lett] to ! exam9]1 :o1 = ! tutor's sake1
 gives him ano!r *ance1 & asks once m :o
 0 ,jacob's fa!r4 ,m>ry6 cries !        
c&idate1 ,i c tell y n[3 t 0 ,tom ,mill]
 ( ,os5ey4  ,we mu/ be cauti\s 9 draw+  
inf]5ces f ! popul> lit]ature ( a p]iod1
 s9ce !re is 9 ! un=m$ m9d a prop5sity  
to circulate amus+ sc&al1 & ! satiri/ is
 apt to aim 8 %aft at *>act]s & actions 
:i* are exceptional1 n repres5tative4 ,9
 "s ( ! less frequ5t$ nooks ( ,europe1  
:]e ! tone ( m9d among ! p has n        
mat]ially *ang$ s9ce ! fifte5? c5tury1  
we /ill f9d prie/s ! con/ant !me (      
sc&al4 ,! ,tyrolese1 = example1 z "s    
read]s may h obs]v$1 are pr(use 9 _!    
votive (f]+s1 & indefatigable 9 _!      
pilgrimages1 processions1 &             
obs]vances--! mo/ sup]/iti\s p 9        
,europe2 b a rec5t writ] tells u t !y h 
a l>ge collection ( anecdotes1 humor\s &

 sc&al\s1 ab\t _! prie/s1 & !y take     
inf9ite delight 9 tell+ !m4 ,!y are n   
pi\s1 z ! writ] rem>ks1 b magpi\s4 ,!   
,tyrolese may judge _! prie/s correctly1
 b a p]son :o believes 9 magpi\s humbug 
may be expect$ to l5d gre$y e>s to comic
 sc&al1 & :at ! ,tyrolese d to-day1 _!  
ance/ors may h done :5 ,lu!r 0 a        
s*ool-boy4  ,b ( late ye>s ! exact1     
me?odical records ( ! pa/1 ! laws1      
law-books1 & trials1 :i* are n[         
recogniz$ to be among ! mo/ tru/wor?y   
guides to a correct int]pretation (     
antiquity1 h be5 dilig5tly scrut9iz$1 & 
we le>n f !m t x 0 among ! commone/ (   
crim9al ev5ts = cl]gym51 9 ! "t ( ,edw>d
 ,,iii4 ( ,engl&1 to take "p 9 acts (   
brig&age4 ,a b& ( fifty m51 = example1  
broke into ! p>k & w>r5 ( a lady1 !     
,c\ntess ( ,l9coln1 kill$ h] game1 cut  
d[n two ?\s& p\nds' wor? ( timb]1 &     
c>ri$ x (f4 ,9 ! li/ ( ! accus$ are !   
names ( two abbots & a prior4 ,sev]al   
*apla9s 7 9 a b& ( knights & squires :o 
ent]$ an inclosure belong+ to !         

,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 drove (f 8      
cattle1 cut d[n 8 trees1 h>ve/$ 8 :eat1 
& m>*$ away ) _! booty4 ,9 a b& ( sev5ty
 :o committ$ a simil> outrage at ,c>lton
 !re 7 five p>sons4 ,two p>sons 7 accus$
 ( assi/+ to break into ! ,e>l (        
,nor?ampton's p>k & driv+ (f 8 cattle4  
,! prior ( ,boll+ton 0 *>g$ ) a robb]y (
 horses1 cattle1 %eep1 & pigs4 ,five    
cl]gym5 7 9 ! b& t damag$ ! ,bi%op (    
,durham's p>k to ! ext5t ( a ?\s& p\nds4
 ,^! examples & o!rs 7 drawn f a s+le   
roll ( p>*m5t ( ! ye> #acdh2 & t roll1  
itself "o ( ?ree1 is only "o ( _m s\rces
 ( in=mation4 ,! au?or ( ! ,hi/ory (    
,crime expla9s t ! rolls ( t ye> consi/ 
( m ?an "o hundr$ & tw5ty sk9s ( p>*m5t1
 among :i* !re are few t d n conta9 a   
ref]5ce to "s lawless act committ$ by   
knights or prie/s1 or by a b& consi/+ ( 
bo?4#aj  ,footnote #aj3 ,hi/ory ( ,crime
 9 ,engl&1 p4 #bdh1 by ,l4 ,o4 ,pike1   
,london1 #ahgc4  ,?is is record1 n      
gossip1 n lit]ature2 & x may s]ve to    
indicate ! basis ( tru? !re 0 = !       

c\ntless allusions to ! dissolut5ess ( !
 cl]gy 9 ! popul> writ+s & pictures ( ! 
c5tury t =m$ ,lu!r & ! ,lu!rans4        
,illu/ration3 ,pa/or & ,flock4 7,f !    
,w9d[ ( a ,fr5* ,*ur*1 ,sixte5?         
,c5tury47  ,x is sc>cely possible 9 !   
compass ( a *apt] to convey an idea ( ! 
bur/ ( laught] t broke ! long spell (   
sup]/iti\s t]ror1 & op5$ ! m9ds ( m5 to 
receive ! bett] light4 ,su* works z !   
,decam]on ( ,boccaccio1 :i* to mod]n    
read]s is only int]e/+ z %[+ :at        
indec5cy c\ld be read & utt]$ by f9e    
ladies & g5tlem5 on a picnic 9 #acej1 _h
 "o "* t h>moniz$ ) ! new influ5ce4 ,_! 
tone 0 utt]ly at v>iance ) ! voice ( !  
prie/4 ,! cl]gy1 self-indulg5t1 prea*$  
self-d5ial2 practic+ vice1 !y exagg]at$ 
human guilt4 ,b ! ladies & g5tlem5 ( !  
,decam]on1 :ile practic+ virtue1 made   
light ( vice1 & br\ght (f ! graceful    
pr(ligate victori\s4 ,lat] 0 circulat$ 9
 e l& & tongue ! m]ry tale ( ,reyn>d !  
,fox1 :i* *ildr5 /ill *]i% among !      
*oice/ ( _! lit]>y treasures4 ,reyn>d1  

:o appe>s 9 ! sculptures ( s _m conv5ts 
& 9 ! illum9ations ( s _m pi\s          
manuscripts1 :om monks lov$ bett] ?an _!
 missal1 exhibits ! same moral3 witty   
wick$ness triumphant ov] brute /r5g?4 ,!
 fox *eats ! wolf1 deludes ! be>1 lies  
to ,k+ ,lion1 turns monk1 gallops       
headlong up & d[n ! comm&m5ts1 only to  
be at la/ tak5 into ! highe/ favor by ! 
k+ & made ,prime ,m9i/]4 ,x is n        
necess>y to discov] allegory 9 ?is tale4
 ,:at made x pot5t aga9/ ! spell (      
prie/ly influ5ce 0 ! innoc5t & boi/]\s  
m]rim5t :i* x excit$1 amid/ :i* ! gloom 
evok$ by prie/ly arts began to break    
away4 ,innoc5t mir?1 next to immortal   
tru?1 is ! ?+ mo/ ho/ile to :atev] is   
m+l$ ) religion :i* is ho/ile to !      
int]e/s ( human nature4  ,& ,reyn>d1 we 
mu/ rememb]1 0 only ! be/ & gaye/ ( a   
l>ge class ( simil> fables t circulat$  
dur+ ! *ildhood ( ,columbus & ( ,lu!r4  
,9 "o ( ! ,lat9 /ories giv5 by ,mr4     
,wright 9 8 ,selection1 we h an acc\nt (
 ! dea? & burial ( ! wolf1 ! h]o ( !    

tale1 :i* makes a mo/ pr(ane use ( sacr$
 objects & rites1 ?\gh x 0 writt5 by a  
prie/4 ,! holy wat] 0 c>ri$ by ! h>e1   
h$gehogs bore ! c&les1 goats rang !     
bell1 moles dug ! grave1 foxes c>ri$ !  
bi]1 ! be> celebrat$ mass1 ! ox read !  
gospel1 & ! ass ! epi/le4 ,:5 ! burial 0
 complete1 ! animals sat d[n to a       
spl5did banquet1 & wi%$ = ano!r gr&     
fun]al4 ,m>k ! moral drawn by ! prie/ly 
au?or3 ,s x frequ5tly happ5s t :5 "s ri*
 man1 an extortioni/ or a usur]1 dies1 !
 abbot or prior ( a conv5t ( bea/s i4   
e41 ( m5 liv+ l bea/s causes !m to      
assemble4 ,= x commonly happ5s t 9 a    
great conv5t ( black or :ite monks      
,b5$ict9es or ,augu/9ians !re are none b
 bea/s--lions by _! pride1 foxes by _!  
craft9ess1 be>s by _! voracity1 /9k+    
goats by _! incont95ce1 asses by _!     
sluggi%ness1 h$gehogs by _! asp]ity1    
h>es by _! timidity 7because !y 7 c[>dly
 :5 !re 0 no fe>71 & ox5 by _! labori\s 
cultivation ( _! l&4 ,unque/ionably ?is 
au?or belong$ to ano!r ord] ?an ^? nam$ 

9 8 tirade4  ,a book ) orig9al life 9 x 
becomes usually ! prog5itor ( a l9e (   
books4 ,br&t's ,%ip ( ,fools1 :i* 0     
publi%$ :5 ,lu!r 0 elev5 ye>s old1 gave 
rise to a lit]ature4 ,z soon z x appe>$ 
x k9dl$ ! zeal ( a not$ prea*] (        
,/rasburg1 ,jacob ,geil] by "n1 :o turn$
 ,br&t's g5tle satire into fi]ce        
invective1 :i* he direct$ *iefly aga9/ !
 monks4 ,! black fri>s1 he said1 7 !    
devil1 ! :ite fri>s 8 dame1 & ! o!rs 7  
_! *ick5s4 ,! qualities ( a good monk1  
he decl>$1 7 an almighty belly1 an ass's
 back1 & a rav5's m\?4 ,f ! pulpit1 on  
ano!r occasion1 he =etold a com+        
re=mation 9 ! ,*ur*1 add+ t he did n    
expect to live to see x1 ?\gh "s t he>d 
him might4 ,! monks taunt$ him ) look+  
into ! ,%ip ( ,fools = 8 texts in/ead ( 
! ,scripture2 b ! p he>d him eag]ly1 &  
"o ( 8 pupils gave ! public a s]ies ( 8 
homely1 bit+ s]mons1 illu/rat$ by       
wood-cuts1 :i* ran ?r\gh edition aft]   
edition4 ,badius1 a not$ s*ol> ( ! "t1 0
 ano!r :o imitat$ ! ,%ip ( ,fools1 9 a  

s]ies ( satirical pieces entitl$ ,!     
,boats ( ,fooli% ,wom51 9 :i* ! follies 
( ! ladies ( ! p]iod 7 ridicul$4        
,illu/ration3 ,confess+ to ,god4        
7,holbe91 #aebj47 ,sale ( ,indulg5ces4  
,among ! great numb] ( works :i* ! ,%ip 
( ,fools sugge/$1 !re 0 "o :i* directly 
& p[]fully prep>$ ! way = ,lu!r4        
,erasmus1 :ile resid+ 9 ,engl&1 f #adig 
to #aejf1 ,lu!r be+ /ill a /ud5t1 read  
,br&t's "w1 & 0 /irr$ by x to write 8   
,praise ( ,folly1 :i*1 "u ! mo/         
transp>5t disguise1 is *iefly a satire  
^u ! ecclesia/ics ( ! day4 ,we may at   
lea/ say t x is only 9 ! passages aim$  
at !m t ! au?or is at 8 be/4 ,be=e ,lu!r
 _h begun to ?9k ( ! abuses ( ! ,*ur*1  
,erasmus1 9 8 little "w1 d]id$ ! cr$ul\s
 ,*ri/ians :o ?\ght to escape mi%aps all
 day by pay+ devotion to ,/4 ,*ri/oph] 9
 ! morn+1 & laugh$ at ! soldi]s :o      
expect$ to come out ( battle ) a :ole   
sk9 if !y _h b tak5 ! precaution to     
mumble ov] a set pray] be=e ! picture ( 
,/4 ,b>b>a4 ,he je/$ ^u ! ,engli% :o _h 

con/ruct$ a gigantic figure ( _! patron 
sa9t z l>ge z ! images ( ,h]cules2 only 
! sa9t 0 m\nt$ ^u a horse v glori\sly   
acc\tr$1 :i* ! p sc>cely refra9$ f      
wor%ip+4 ,b obs]ve ?is passage 9 ! v _s 
( ,lu!r1 ?\gh writt5 fifte5 ye>s be=e ! 
re=m] publicly d5\nc$ indulg5ces3  ,:at 
%all ,i say ( su* z cry up & ma9ta9 !   
*eat ( p>dons & indulg5ces8 :o by ^!    
compute ! "t ( ea* s\l's resid5ce 9     
purgatory1 & assign !m a long] or %ort] 
cont9uance1 accord+ z !y pur*ase m or   
few] ( ^! paltry p>dons & salable       
exemptions8444 ,by ?is easy way (       
pur*as+ p>don1 any notori\s highwayman1 
any plund]+ soldi]1 or any bribe-tak+   
judge %all disburse "s "p ( _! unju/    
ga9s1 & s ?9k all _! grosse/ impieties  
suffici5tly aton$ =4444 ,& :at c be m   
ridicul\s ?an = "s o!rs to be confid5t (
 go+ to heav5 by repeat+ daily ^? sev5  
v]ses out ( ! ,psalms8  ,^! fool]ies1   
:i* ,erasmus calls mo/ gross & absurd1  
he says are practic$ n m]ely by ! vulg>1
 b by su* pr(ici5ts 9 religion z "o     

might well expect %\ld h m wit4 ,he     
ridicules ! notion ( ea* c\ntry & place 
be+ "u ! special protection ( a patron  
sa9t1 z well z ! k9dr$ absurdity ( call+
 ^u "o sa9t to cure a too?a*e1 ^u ano!r 
to re/ore lo/ goods1 ^u ano!r to protect
 seam51 & ^u ano!r to gu>d c[s & %eep4  
,nor does he refra9 f reflect+ ^u !     
homage paid to ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 ^: bl9d   
devotees ?9k x mann]s n[ to place ! "m  
be=e ! ,son4 ,he utt]ly sc\ts & reviles 
! folly ( hang+ up (f]+s at ! %r9es (   
sa9ts = _! imag9>y aid 9 gett+ ! donors 
out ( tr\ble or dang]4 ,! responsibility
 ( all ?is folly & delusion he boldly   
assigns to ! prie/s1 :o ga9 money by !m4
 ,!y black5 ! d>kness & promote !       
delusion1 wisely =esee+ t ! p 7l c[s :i*
 nev] give d[n _! milk s well z :5 !y   
are g5tly /rok$7 w\ld "p ) less if !y   
knew m4 ,if any s]i\s & wise man1 he    
adds1 %\ld tell ! p t a pi\s life is !  
only way ( secur+ a peaceful dea?1 t    
rep5tance & am5dm5t alone c procure     
p>don1 & t ! be/ devotion to a sa9t is  

to imitate 8 example1 !re w\ld be a v   
diff]5t e/imate put ^u masses1 fa/+s1 & 
o!r au/]ities4 ,erasmus saw ?is prophecy
 fulfill$ be=e _m ye>s _h roll$ ov] 8   
head4  ,illu/ration3 ,*ri/1 ! ,true     
,light4 7,holbe91 ab\t #aebj47  ,x is1  
h[ev]1 9 8 *apt]s ^u ! amaz+ly ridicul\s
 subtleties ( ! mona/ic !ology ( 8 "t t 
,erasmus gives u 8 mo/ exquisite fool+4 
,"h he becomes1 inde$1 ! m]ry ,erasmus  
:o 0 s welcome at ,engli% ,cambridge1 at
 ,p>is1 at ,rome1 9 ,g]many1 9 ,holl&1  
:]ev] !re 7 good s*ol>s & good fell[s4  
,he pret5ds to approa* ?is "p ( 8       
subject ) fe>2 = div9es1 he says1 are   
g5]ally v hot & passionate1 & :5 provok$
 !y set ^u a man 9 full cry1 & hurl at  
him ! ?und]s ( excommunication1 t be+ _!
 spiritual weapon to w\nd su* z lift up 
a h& aga9/ !m4 ,b he plucks up c\rage1 &
 proce$s to disc\rse ^u ! pu]ilities :i*
 absorb$ _! m9ds4 ,among ! !ological    
que/ions :i* !y delight$ to discuss 7   
su* z ^!3 ! precise mann] 9 :i* orig9al 
s9 0 d]iv$ f our fir/ p>5ts2 :e!r "t 0  

an elem5t 9 ! sup]natural g5]ation ( our
 ,"l2 :e!r x w\ld be a ?+ possible = !  
fir/ p]son 9 ! ,tr9ity to hate ! second2
 :e!r ,god1 :o took our nature ^u him 9 
! =m ( a man1 c\ld z well h become a    
woman1 a bea/1 an h]b1 or a /one2 & if  
he c\ld1 h[ c\ld he h !n prea*$ !       
gospel1 or be5 nail$ to ! cross8 :e!r if
 ,/4 ,pet] _h celebrat$ ! eu*>i/ at ! "t
 :5 our ,savi\r 0 ^u ! cross1 !         
consecrat$ bread w\ld h be5             
transub/antiat$ into ! same body t      
rema9$ on ! tree2 :e!r1 9 ,*ri/'s       
corporal pres5ce 9 ! sacram5tal waf]1 8 
humanity 0 n ab/ract$ f 8 ,godhead2     
:e!r1 aft] ! resurrection1 we %all      
c>nally eat & dr9k z we d 9 ?is life2 h[
 x is possible1 9 ! transub/antiation1 =
 "o body to be 9 sev]al places at ! same
 "t2 :i* is ! great] s91 to kill a      
hundr$ m51 or = a cobbl] to set "o /it* 
9 a %oe on ,sunday8 ,su* subtleties z ^!
 alt]nat$ ) curi\s & m9ute del9eations (
 purgatory1 heav51 & hell1 _! divisions1
 subdivisions1 degrees1 & qualities4    

,he heaps ridicule also ^u ! public     
prea*+ ( ^? pr(\nd !ologians4 ,x 0 m]e  
/age-play+2 & _! deliv]y 0 ! v acme ( ! 
droll & ! absurd4 ,good ,"l6 h[ mimical 
are _! ge/ures6 ,:at heights & falls 9  
_! voice6 ,:at ton+1 :at bawl+1 :at s++1
 :at squeak+1 :at grimaces1 :at mak+ (  
m\?s1 :at apes' faces & di/ort+ ( _!    
c\nt5ances6 ,& _! matt] 0 ev5 m         
ridicul\s ?an _! mann]4 ,"o ( ^! absurd 
div9es1 disc\rs+ ^u ! "n ( ,jesus1      
subtly pret5d$ to discov] a revelation (
 ! ,tr9ity 9 ! v lett]s ( :i* ! "n 0    
compos$4 ,x 0 decl9$ only 9 ?ree cases4 
,t 0 "o my/]i\s co9cid5ce4 ,!n !        
nom9ative end$ 9 ,s1 ! accusative 9 ,m1 
& ! ablative 9 ,u1 :i* obvi\sly indicat$
 ,summus1 ! beg9n+2 ,m$ius1 ! middle2 & 
,ultimus1 ! end ( all ?+s4 ,o!r examples
 he gives ( ! same pr(\nd nature4 ,nor  
did ! diff]5t ord]s ( monks escape 8    
la%4 ,he dwelt ^u ! prepo/]\s importance
 !y atta*$ to trifl+ details ( dress &  
c]emonial4 ,!y mu/ be v critical 9 !    
precise numb] ( _! knots1 9 ! ty+-on (  

_! s&als1 ( :at precise colors _!       
respective habits %\ld be made1 & ( :at 
/uff2 h[ broad & long _! girdles1 h[ big
 & 9 :at fa%ion _! hoods1 :e!r _! bald  
cr[ns be ( ! "r cut to a hair's-bread?1 
h[ _m h\rs !y mu/ sleep1 & at :at m9ute 
rise to pray]s4  ,9 ?is mann] he proce$s
 = _m a sprightly page1 ris+ f monks to 
bi%ops & c>d9als1 & f !m to popes1 :o   
pret5d !mselves ,*ri/'s vic>s1 :ile     
resembl+ ! ,"l 9 no?+4 ,lu!r nev] w5t   
f>!r1 nev] 0 bold] or m bit+1 ?an       
,erasmus 9 ?is essay4 ,b all w5t = no?+ 
) ! great lead] ( re=m1 because ,erasmus
 refus$ to ab&on ! ,*ur*1 & ca/ 9 8 lot 
op5ly ) ! re=m]s4 ,lu!r calls him a m]e 
,momus1 :o laugh$ at ,ca?olic &         
,prote/ant alike1 & look$ ^u ! ,*ri/ian 
religion itself v mu* z ,lucian did ^u !
 ,greek4 ,:5ev] ,i pray1 said ,lu!r     
once1 ,i pray = a curse ^u ,erasmus4 ,x 
0 c]ta9ly a significant fact t 9 ! heat 
( t conte/ ,erasmus %\ld h giv5 ! _w a  
translation ( ,lucian4 ,b he 0 a great1 
wise1 g5ial s\l1 ^: fame w bright5 z t  

age becomes m ju/ly & famili>ly kn[n to 
u4  ,! fir/ place 9 ! annals ( su* a    
w>f>e belongs ( "r to ! soldi]s :o took 
_! lives 9 _! h&s & w5t =? to meet ! foe
 9 ! op5 field1 brav+ torture1 infamy1 &
 dea? = ! cause4 ,su* 7 ,lu!r & 8       
foll[]s4 ,b !re is a place 9 human      
memory = ! philosoph] & ! humori/ :o    
fir/ made ! conte/ possible1 & !n r5d]$ 
x %ort] & easi]4     ,,*apt] ,,viii4    
,,comic ,,art ,,& ,,! ,,re=mation4   ,:5
 ,lu!r began ! immortal "p ( 8 public   
c>e] 9 #aeag by nail+ to ! *ur* door 8  
n9ety-five !ses aga9/ ! sale (          
indulg5ces1 wood-engrav+ 0 an art :i* _h
 be5 practic$ ne>ly a c5tury4 ,he f\nd  
also1 z we h se51 a public accu/om$ to  
satirical writ+s illu/rat$ by wood-cuts4
 ,! great ,holbe9 illu/rat$ ,erasmus's  
,praise ( ,folly4 ,br&t's ,%ip ( ,fools1
 z well z ! litt] ( works :i* x call$   
=?1 0 ev5 pr(usely illu/rat$4           
,c>icatures z di/9ct works1 ?\gh usually
 accompani$ ) abundant v]bal comm5t>y1 7
 famili> objects4 ,among ! curiosities  

:i* ,lu!r himself br\ght f ,rome 9      
#aeaj1 "s ye>s be=e he began 8 special  
"w1 0 a c>icature sugge/$ by ! ,%ip (   
,fools1 %[+ h[ ! ,pope _h fool$ ! :ole  
_w ) 8 sup]/itions & idolatries4 ,he %[$
 x to ! ,pr9ce ,elector ( ,saxony at !  
"t4 ,! picture exhibit$ a little %ip    
fill$ ) monks1 fri>s1 & prie/s ca/+ l9es
 to p swimm+ 9 ! sea1 :ile 9 ! /]n sat  
com=tably ! ,pope ) 8 c>d9als & bi%ops1 
ov]%ad[$ & cov]$ by ! ,holy ,gho/1 :o 0 
look+ up to heav51 & ?r\gh ^: help alone
 ! dr[n+ wret*es 7 sav$4  ,9 talk+ ab\t 
! picture _m ye>s aft]1 ,lu!r said1 ,^! 
& ! l fool]ies we !n believ$ z articles 
( fai?4 ,he _h n rea*$ ! po9t :5 he c\ld
 talk at 8 own table ( ! c>d9als z      
peevi% milksops1 effem9ate1 unle>n$     
blockheads1 :om ! ,pope places 9 all    
k+doms1 :]e !y lie loll+ 9 k+s' c\rts   
among ! ladies & wom54  ,illu/ration3   
,papa1 ,doctor ,!ologiae et ,magi/]     
,fidei4    ,a long-e>$ ass c ) !        
,bagpipes cope    ,z well z ) ,!ology ! 
,pope4--,g]many1 #aede4  ,f9d+ ?is      

weapon ( c>icature ready-made to 8 h&s1 
he us$ x freely1 z did also 8 fri5ds & 8
 foes4 ,he 0 himself a c>icaturi/4 ,:5  
,pope ,clem5t ,,vii4 seem$ dispos$ to   
meet ! re=m]s half-way1 & propos$ a     
c\ncil to t end1 ,lu!r wrote a pamphlet 
ridicul+ ! s*eme1 &1 to give m =ce to 8 
satire1 he caus$ a picture to be drawn &
 plac$ 9 ! title-page4 ,x 0 n a "w      
describable to ! fa/idi\s e>s ( our     
c5tury1 unless we leave "p ( !          
description 9 ,lat94 ,! ,pope 0 seat$ on
 a l(ty ?rone surr\nd$ by c>d9als hav+  
foxes' tails1 & seem+ sursum et deorsum 
repurg>e4 ,9 ! ,table-talk we read also 
( a picture be+ br\ght to ,lu!r 9 :i* ! 
,pope & ,judas 7 repres5t$ hang+ to !   
purse & keys4 ',twill vex ! ,pope       
horribly1 said ,lu!r1 t he :om emp]ors &
 k+s h wor%ip$ %\ld n[ be figur$ hang+  
^u 8 own picklocks4 ,! picture annex$1 9
 :i* ! ,pope is exhibit$ ) an ass's head
 p]=m+ on ! bagpipes1 0 entirely 9 !    
ta/e ( ,lu!r4 ,! ,pope's decretals1 he  
once said1 are naught2 he t drew !m up 0

 an ass4 ,no ^w 0 too contemptu\s = !   
papacy4 ,pope1 c>d9als1 & bi%ops1 said  
he1 are a pack ( guzzl+1 /uff+ wret*es2 
ri*1 wall[+ 9 weal? & laz9ess1 re/+     
secure 9 _! p[]1 & nev] ?9k+ (          
accompli%+ ,god's w4  ,illu/ration3 ,!  
,pope ca/ into ,hell4 7,lucas ,crana*1  
#aeba47  ,! fam\s pamphlet ( c>icatures 
publi%$ 9 #aeba by ,lu!r's fri5d &      
foll[]1 ,lucas ,crana*1 conta9s pictures
 t we c\ld easily believe ,lu!r himself 
sugge/$4 ,! object 0 to exhibit to !    
eyes ( ! p ( ,g]many ! contra/ betwe5 ! 
religion inculcat$ by ! l[ly ,jesus & ! 
pomp\s worldl9ess ( ! papacy4 ,!re 0 a  
picture on ea* page :i* ne>ly fill$ x1 &
 at ! bottom !re 7 a few l9es 9 ,g]man (
 explanation2 ! engrav+ on ! page to !  
left repres5t+ an incid5t 9 ! life (    
,*ri/1 & ! page to ! "r a feature ( !   
papal sy/em at v>iance ) x4 ,?us1 on !  
fir/ page 0 %[n ,jesus1 9 humble        
attitude & simple raim5t1 refus+ honors 
& dignities1 & on ! page opposite !     
,pope1 c>d9als1 & bi%ops1 ) w>riors1    

cannon1 & =ts1 assum+ lord%ip ov] k+s4  
,on ano!r page ,*ri/ 0 se5 cr[n$ ) ?orns
 by ! sc(f+ soldi]s1 & on ! opposite    
page ! ,pope we>+ 8 triple cr[n1 & seat$
 on 8 ?rone1 an object ( adoration to 8 
c\rt4 ,on ano!r 0 %[n ,*ri/ wa%+ ! feet 
( 8 disciples1 9 contra/ to ! ,pope     
pres5t+ 8 toe to an emp]or to be kiss$4 
,at l5g? we h ,*ri/ asc5d+ to heav5 ) a 
glori\s escort ( angels1 & on ! o!r page
 ! ,pope hurl$ headlong to hell1        
accompani$ by devils1 ) "s ( 8 own monks
 already 9 ! flames wait+ to receive    
him4 ,?is conclud+ picture may s]ve z a 
specim5 ( a s]ies t mu/ h told p[]fully 
on ! side ( re=m4#aa  ,footnote #aa3 ,f 
,a ,hi/ory ( ,c>icature1 p4 #bed1 by    
,?omas ,wright1 ,london1 #ahfd4         
,illu/ration3 ,! ,beam t is 9 ?9e own   
,eye1 ,a4,d4 #aedj4  ,^! pictorial      
pamphlets 7 an important "p ( ! /ock 9  
trade ( ! colporteurs :o p]vad$ !       
villages & by-ways ( ,g]many dur+       
,lu!r's life-"t1 sell+ ! s]mons ( !     
re=m]s1 homely satiric v]ses1 &         

broadside c>icatures4 ,! simplicity &   
directness ( ! c>icatures ( t age       
reflect$ p]fectly bo? ! "* & ! me?ods ( 
,lu!r4 ,"o picture ( ,hans ,sa*s's has  
be5 pres]v$1 :i* 0 design$ z an         
illu/ration ( ! words ( ,*ri/3 ,i am !  
door4 ,he t ent]e? n by ! door into !   
%eepfold1 b climbe? up "s o!r way1 !    
same is a ?ief & a robb]4 ,! hone/ ,sa*s
 %[s u a l(ty1 well-built b>n1 ) a v    
/eep ro(1 on ! v top ( :i* sits ! ,pope 
cr[n$ ) 8 ti>a4 ,to him c>d9als & bi%ops
 are direct+ p1 & urg+ !m to climb up ! 
/eep & slipp]y height4 ,two monks h done
 s1 & are gett+ 9 at a high w9d[4 ,at ! 
op5 door ( ! edifice /&s ! ,"l1 ) a halo
 r\nd 8 head1 invit+ a humble inquir] to
 ent] freely4 ,no?+ 0 f>!r f ! popul>   
c>icaturi/s ( t age ?an to allegorize a 
doctr9e or a moral lesson2 on ! contr>y1
 x 0 _! habit to int]pret allegory 9 !  
mo/ absurdly lit]al mann]4 ,obs]ve1 =   
example1 ! treatm5t ( ! subject conta9$ 
9 ! words1 ,h[ wilt ?\ say to ?y bro!r1 
,let me pull out ! mote out ( ?9e eye1  

&1 behold1 a beam is 9 ?9e own eye8     
,illu/ration3 ,lu!r ,triumphant4 7,p>is1
 #aece47  ,! m>riage ( ,lu!r 9 #aebe 0  
foll[$ by a bur/ ( c>icature4 ,! idea ( 
a prie/ m>ry+ excit$ !n1 z x does n[ 9 a
 ,ca?olic m9d1 a s5se ( ludicr\s        
incongruity4 ,x is z ?\gh ! words m>ri$ 
prie/ 7 a contradiction 9 t]ms1 & !     
relation impli$ by !m 0 a sort ( manife/
 incompatibility1 half comic1 half      
disgu/+4 ,! spectacle occasionally      
pres5t$ 9 a ,prote/ant *ur* ( a cl]gyman
 orda9$ & m>ri$ 9 ! same h\r is s oppos$
 to ! ,ca?olic conception ( ! prie/hood 
t "s ,ca?olics c only express _! s5se ( 
x by laught]4 ,equally amaz+ & equally  
ludicr\s to !m is ! m frequ5t case (    
mission>ies com+ home to be m>ri$1 or "y
 mission>ies m>ri$ 9 ! ev5+ & sett+ out 
= _! /ation ! next morn+4 ,we obs]ve t  
"s ( ,lu!r's ne>e/ fri5ds--nay1 ,lu!r   
himself--saw some?+ bo? ridicul\s &     
contemptible 9 8 m>riage1 p>ticul>ly 9 !
 ha/e ) :i* x 0 conclud$1 & ! disp>ity 9
 ! ages ( ! pair1 ,lu!r be+ =ty-two & 8 

wife tw5ty-six4 ,my m>riage1 wrote      
,lu!r1 has made me s despicable t ,i    
hope my humiliation w rejoice ! angels &
 vex ! devils4 ,& ,melan*?on1 :ile do+ 8
 be/ to re/ore 8 lead]'s self-respect1  
express$ ! hope t ! accid5t might be (  
use 9 humbl+ ,lu!r a little 9 ! mid/ ( a
 success p]il\s to 8 good s5se4 ,lu!r 0 
n long abas$4 ,we f9d him soon ju/ify+ !
 act1 :i* 0 among ! bolde/ & wise/ ( 8  
life1 z a tribute ( ob$i5ce to 8 ag$    
fa!r1 :o requir$ x 9 hopes ( issue1 & z 
a practical confirmation ( :at he _h    
himself taught4 ,he speaks gayly ( my   
rib1 ,kate1 & decl>$ once t he w\ld n   
ex*ange 8 wife = ! k+dom ( ,france or ! 
weal? ( ,v5ice4  ,b ! c>icaturi/s 7 n   
soon we>y ( ! !me4 ,read]s at all       
famili> ) ! mann]s ( t age d n ne$ to be
 told t few ( ! ef=ts ( _! free p5cils w
 be> reproduction n[4 ,besides exhibit+ 
! pair c>\s+1 danc+1 romp+1 c>ess+1 & 9 
v>i\s situations suppos$ to be          
ridicul\s1 ! satiri/s h>p$ a good deal  
^u ! old prophecy t ,anti*ri/ w\ld be ! 

(fspr+ ( a monk & a nun4 ,if t is !     
case1 said ,erasmus1 h[ _m ?\s&s (      
,anti*ri/s !re are 9 ! _w already6 ,lu!r
 0 evid5tly ( ! same op9ion1 = he gave  
full cr$it to ! /ory ( six ?\s& infants'
 skulls hav+ be5 f\nd at ! bottom ( a   
pond ne> a conv5t1 z well z to t (      
twelve great pots1 9 ea* ( :i* 0 !      
c>cass ( an infant1 discov]$ "u ! cell>s
 ( ano!r conv5t4 ,b1 !n1 ,lu!r 0 among !
 mo/ cr$ul\s ( m54  ,! m>riage ( ! monk 
& ! nun gave only a brief advantage to !
 enemies ( re=m4 ,! great ,g]man arti/s 
( t g5]ation 7 fri5ds ( ,lu!r4 ,no "n is
 m di/+ui%$ 9 ! e>ly annals ( ,g]man art
 ?an ,alb]t ,du]]1 pa9t]1 engrav]1      
sculptor1 & au?or4 ,he did n employ 8   
p5cil 9 fur!rance ( ,lu!r's cause1 nor  
did he =sake ! communion ( ! anci5t     
,*ur*1 b he express$ ! w>me/ sympa?y ) !
 objects ( ! re=m]4 ,a report ( ,lu!r's 
dea? 9 #aeba /ruck horror to 8 s\l4     
,:e!r ,lu!r be yet liv+1 he wrote1 or   
:e!r 8 enemies h put him to dea?1 ,i "k 
n2 yet c]ta9ly :at he has suff]$ has be5

 = ! sake ( tru?1 & because he has      
repreh5d$ ! abuses ( un*ri/ian papacy1  
:i* /rives to fett] ,*ri/ian lib]ty ) ! 
incumbrance ( human ord9ances1 t we may 
be robb$ ( ! price ( our blood & sweat1 
& %amefully plund]$ by idl]s1 :ile !    
sick & ne$y p]i% ?r\gh hung]4 ,^! words 
g to ! he>t ( ! controv]sy4  ,holbe91   
ne>ly ?irty ye>s y\ng] ?an ,du]]1 only j
 com+ ( age :5 ,lu!r nail$ 8 !ses to !  
ca/le *ur*1 did m1 z ! read] has already
 se51 ?an express 9 words 8 sympa?y )   
re=m4 ,! f95ess & graphic =ce ( ! two   
specim5s ( 8 y\?ful tal5t giv5 on pages 
#gb1 #gc1ab e read] mu/ h rem>k$4 ,only 
?ree copies ( ^! pictures are kn[n to   
exi/4 ,!y appe>$ at ! "t :5 ,lu!r _h    
k9dl$ a g5]al opposition to ! sale (    
indulg5ces1 z well z "s ill feel+ t[>d !
 classic au?ors s highly e/eem$ by      
,erasmus4 ,!y are 9 a peculi> s5se      
,lu!ran pictures1 & !y give expression  
to ! re=m]'s prejudices & convictions4  
,a ?ird wood-cut ( ,holbe9's is m5tion$ 
by ,woltmann1 dat$ #aebd1 9 :i* ! ,pope 

is %[n rid+ 9 a litt] surr\nd$ by an    
arm$ escort1 & on ! o!r side ,*ri/ is   
se5 on an ass1 accompani$ by 8          
disciples4 ,^! ?ree works 7 ,holbe9's   
contribution to ! e>li] /age ( !        
movem5t4  ,footnote #ab3 ,f ,holbe9 & 8 
,"t1 p4 #bda-bdc1 by ,alfr$ ,woltmann2  
translat$ by ,f4 ,e4 ,bunnett1 ,london1 
#ahgb4  ,?is arti/ 0 soon drawn away to 
! spl5did c\rt ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 ( ,engl&1
 :]e1 among o!r works1 he execut$ 8     
r5[n$ pa9t+s1 ,! ,triumph ( ,ri*es & ,! 
,triumph ( ,pov]ty1 9 bo? ( :i* !re is  
satire en\gh to br+ !m )9 our subject4  
,( ^! /up5d\s works1 ea* conta9+ sev5te5
 or m life-size figures1 e trace has    
p]i%$ except ! arti/'s orig9al sket* (  
,! ,triumph ( ,ri*es4 ,b !y made a vivid
 impression ^u ! two g5]ations :i* saw  
!m1 & we h s _m engrav+s1 copies1 &     
descriptions ( !m t x is almo/ z if we  
/ill possess$ ! orig9als4 ,holbe9's     
sket* is n[ 9 ! ,l\vre at ,p>is4 ,x w   
convey to ! read] "s idea ( ! h>moni\s  
gr&eur ( ! pa9t+1 & "s notion ( ! +5i\s 

& fri5dly nature ( its satire ^u human  
life4  ,illu/ration3 ,! ,triumph (      
,ri*es4 7,holbe91 ab\t #aecc47  ,9      
accordance ) ! cu/om ( ! age1 ! pa9t+   
bore an explanatory motto 9 ,lat93 ,gold
 is ! fa!r ( lu/ & ! son ( sorr[4 ,he :o
 lacks x lam5ts2 he :o has x fe>s4      
,plutus1 ! god ( weal?1 is an old1 old  
man1 long pa/ enjoym5t2 b 8 foot re/s ^u
 sacks ( sup]flu\s co91 & an op5 vessel 
be=e him1 heap$ ) money1 af=ds ! only   
pleasures left to him--! sight &        
consci\s possession ( ! weal? he c nev] 
use4 ,bel[ him ,=tuna1 a "y & lovely    
woman1 scatt]s money among ! p :o ?rong 
ab\t h]1 among :om are ! portly         
,si*aeus1 ,dido's husb&1 ! ri*e/ ( 8 p2 
,!mi/ocles1 :o /oop$ to accept weal? f !
 ,p]sian k+2 & _m o!rs not$ 9 classic   
/ory = ! "p gold play$ 9 _! lives4      
,croesus1 ,midas1 & ,tantalus foll[ on  
horseback1 &1 la/ ( all1 ! unveil$      
,cleopatra4 ,! c>eful driv] ( ,plutus's 
*>iot is ,ratio--reason4 ,fa/]6 cries "o
 ( ! cr[d1 b ! *>iote] /ill holds a     

tight re94 ,! unruly horses next !      
*>iot1 nam$ ,int]e/ & ,contract1 are l$ 
by ! noble maid5s ,equity & ,ju/ice2 & !
 wild pair 9 front1 ,av>ice & ,deceit1  
are held 9 by ,g5]osity & ,good ,fai?4  
,9 ! re>1 hov]+ ov] ! triumphal b&1     
,nemesis ?reat5s4  ,! companion picture1
 ,! ,triumph ( ,pov]ty1 _h also a ,lat9 
motto1 to ! effect t1 :ile ! ri* man is 
ev] anxi\s1 ! poor man fe>s no?+1 joy\s 
hope is 8 portion1 & he le>ns to s]ve   
,god by ! practice ( virtue4 ,9 !       
picture a lean & hungry-look+ old woman1
 ,pov]ty1 0 se5 rid+ 9 ! l[lie/ (       
vehicles1 a c>t1 drawn by two donkeys1  
,/upidity & ,clums9ess1 & by two ox51   
,neglig5ce & ,indol5ce4 ,beside h] 9 !  
c>t sits ,mis=tune4 ,a meagre & =lorn   
cr[d surr\nd & foll[ !m4 ,b ! sl[-mov+  
team is guid$ by ! f\r bloom+ girls1    
,mod]ation1 ,dilig5ce1 ,al]tness1 &     
,toil1 ( :om ! la/ is ! "o mo/ ab\nd+ 9 
vigor & heal?4 ,! re9s are held by      
,hope1 h] eyes t[>d heav54 ,indu/ry1    
,memory1 & ,exp]i5ce sit beh9d1 giv+ out

 to ! hungry cr[d ! means ( honorable   
pl5ty 9 ! =m ( flails1 axes1 squ>es1 &  
hamm]s4  ,^! human & *e]ful works /& 9 !
 wa/e ( t age ( wra?ful controv]sy &    
irrational devotion l gre5 isl&s 9 !    
des]t1 a re/ to ! eye & a solace to !   
m9d4  ,:5 ,lu!r 0 face to face ) !      
hi]>*y at ! ,diet ( ,worms1 ,calv91 a   
,fr5* boy ( twelve1 0 already a %>] 9 ! 
worldly advantage :i* ! hi]>*y c\ld be/[
 ^u its favorites4 ,he held a b5efice 9 
! ,ca!dral ( ,noyon1 8 native t[n1 & at 
sev5te5 he drew additional rev5ue f a   
curacy 9 a neighbor+ p>i%4 ,! tonsur$   
boy ow$ ?is ridicul\s pref]m5t to !     
circum/ance t 8 fa!r1 be+ secret>y to ! 
bi%op ( ! diocese1 0 sure to be at h& :5
 ! bi%op happ5$ to h a good ?+ to give  
away4 ,9 all probability ,jean ,calv9   
w\ld h di$ an ar*bi%op or a c>d9al if he
 _h rema9$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( 8 ance/ors1 = he 
possess$ ! two requisites =             
advancem5t--f]v5t zeal = ! ,*ur* &      
access to ! be/[]s ( its prizes4 ,at    
,p>is1 h[ev]1 :i!r he 0 s5t by 8 fa!r to

 pursue 8 /udies1 a %y1 int5se1 dev\t   
lad1 already ?9 & sall[ ) fa/+ & /udy1 !
 light ( ! ,re=mation broke ^u him4 ,l  
,lu!r1 he long resi/$ x1 & /ill long]   
hop$ to see a re=mation 9 ! ,*ur*1 n    
outside ( its pale4 ,! ,*ur* nev] _h a m
 devot$ son4 ,n ,lu!r himself lov$ x m4 
,i 0 s ob/9ately giv5 to ! sup]/itions (
 pop]y1 he said1 long aft]1 t x seem$   
impossible ,i %\ld ev] be pull$ out ( ! 
deep mire4  ,he /ruggl$ out at l5g?4    
,obs]ve "o ( ! results ( 8 conv]sion 9  
?is picture1 9 :i* a sl&] ( ! day is    
pres]v$ = our inspection4#ac  ,footnote 
#ac3 ,f ,musee de la ,c>icature en      
,france1 ,p>is1 #ahcd4  ,illu/ration3   
,calv9 br&$4 7,p>is47  ,gross & fil?y   
calumny 0 "o ( ! famili> weapons 9 !    
!ological conte/s ( t c5tury4 ,bo? sides
 employ$ x--,lu!r & ,calv9 n less ?an   
o!rs--= x belong$ to t age to hate1 &   
h5ce to mis9t]pret1 oppon5ts4 ,se>* !   
records ( ! city ( ,noyon1 9 ,pic>die1  
wrote ,/apleton1 an em95t controv]siali/
 on ! ,ca?olic side1 & pr(essor 9 a     

,ca?olic college ( ,calv9's own day1 &  
read aga9 t ,jean ,calv91 convict$ ( a  
crime 7infam\s & unm5tionable71 by ! v  
clem5t s5t5ce ( ! bi%op & magi/rate 0   
br&$ ) an iron lily on ! %\ld]s4 ,!     
records h be5 se>*$2 no?+ ( ! k9d is to 
be f\nd 9 !m2 b ! picture 0 drawn &     
scatt]$ ov] ,france4 ,precisely ! same  
*>ge 0 made aga9/ ,lu!r4 ,t bo? ! re=m]s
 di$ ( infam\s diseases 0 ano!r ( !     
sc&als ( ! "t4 ,9 read+ ^! controv]sies1
 x is conv5i5t to keep 9 m9d ! rem>k ( !
 collector ( ! ,calv9 pictures3 ,:5 two 
!ologians accuse "o ano!r1 bo? ( !m lie4
 ,"o ( ^! calumnies drew f ,calv9 a     
celebrat$ retort4 ,!y accuse me1 said   
he1 ( hav+ no *ildr54 ,9 e l& !re are   
,*ri/ians :o are my *ildr54  ,ano!r     
c>icature1 %[n on ! foll[+ page1        
repres5t+ ,calv9 at ! burn+ ( ,s]vetus1 
_h only too mu* f\ndation 9 tru?4  ,!   
re=m] 0 n inde$ pres5t at ! burn+1 b he 
caus$ ! arre/ ( ! victim1 drew up !     
*>ges1 furni%$ "p ( ! te/imony t        
convict$ him1 cons5t$ to & approv$ 8    

execution4 ,s]vetus 0 a ,spani%         
physician1 ( blameless life & w>m       
convictions1 :o reject$ ! doctr9e ( !   
,tr9ity4 ,ca?olic & ,prote/ant equally  
abhorr$ him1 & ,prote/ant ,g5eva seiz$ !
 opportunity to %[ ! _w its atta*m5t to 
! true fai? by burn+ a man :om ,rome 0  
also long+ to burn4 ,x 0 a hide\s       
sc5e--a virtu\s & devot$ ,unit>ian      
expir+ 9 ! flames aft] endur+ ! extreme/
 angui% = ?irty m9utes1 & cry+1 f !     
dep?s ( 8 torm5t1 ,jesus1 ?\ ,son ( !   
et]nal ,god1 h m]cy on me6 ,b x 0 n     
,calv9 :o burn$ him4 ,x 0 ! c5tury4 ,x 0
 imp]fectly develop$ human nature4 ,man 
_h n rea*$ ! civilization :i* admits1   
all[s1 welcomes1 & honors dis9t]e/$     
conviction4 ,x 7 z unju/ to blame ,calv9
 = burn+ ,s]vetus z x is to hold !      
,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* ( ! pres5t day    
responsible = ! ,inquisition ( ?ree     
c5turies ago4 ,x 0 ,man t 0 guilty ( all
 ^? /upid & abom9able cruelties4 ,lu!r1 
! man ( 8 p]iod1 hone/ly decl>$ t if he 
7 ! ,"l ,god1 & saw k+s1 pr9ces1 bi%ops1

 & judges s little m9dful ( 8 ,son1 he  
w\ld knock ! _w to pieces4 ,if ,calv9 _h
 n burn$ ,s]vetus1 ,s]vetus might h     
burn$ ,calv91 & ! ,pope w\ld h be5 happy
 to burn bo?4  ,illu/ration3 ,calv9 at !
 ,burn+ ( ,s]vetus4  ,"o ( ! be/        
c>icatures--p]haps ! v be/--:i* !       
,re=mation call$ =? 0 sugge/$ by !      
diss5sions t arose betwe5 ! foll[]s (   
,lu!r & ,calv9 :5 bo? ( !m 7 9 ! grave4 
,x might h amus$ ! v p]sons c>icatur$4  
,we c fancy ,lu!rans1 ,calv9i/s1 &      
,ca?olics all laugh+ toge!r at !        
spectacle ( ! two re=m]s hold+ ! ,pope  
by ! e>1 & ) _! o!r h&s fight+ "o ano!r1
 ,lu!r claw+ at ,calv9's be>d1 & ,calv9 
hurl+ a ,bible at ,lu!r's head4  ,on !  
same %eet 9 ! orig9al draw+ a second    
picture 0 giv51 9 :i* a %eph]d 0 se5 on 
8 knees1 surr\nd$ by 8 flock1 address+ !
 ,"l1 :o is visible 9 ! sky4 ,und]nea?  
is writt51 ,! ,"l is my ,%eph]d2 he w   
nev] =sake me4 ,! "w has an additional  
int]e/ z %[+ h[ e>ly ! ,fr5* began to   
excel 9 c>icature4 ,9 ! ,g]man & ,engli%

 c>icatures ( t p]iod !re are no exi/+  
specim5s :i* equal ?is "o 9 effective   
simplicity4  ,illu/ration3 ,calv91 !    
,pope1 & ,lu!r4 7,p>is1 #afjj47  ,p]haps
 ! all-p]vad+ influ5ce ( ,rabelais 9 t  
age may h made ,fr5* satire m           
good-humor$4 ,aft] all ef=ts to discov] 
9 ! works ( ,rabelais hidd5 allusions to
 ! great p]sonages & ev5ts ( 8 "t1 we   
mu/ rema9 ( ! op9ion t he 0 a fun-mak]  
pure & simple1 a c\rt-fool to 8 c5tury4 
,! anecdote relat$ ( 8 conv5t life seems
 to give u ! key bo? to 8 "* & 8 writ+s4
 ,! incid5t has (t5 be5 us$ 9 com$y s9ce
 ,rabelais employ$ x4 ,on ! fe/ival (   
,/4 ,francis1 to :om 8 conv5t 0 d$icat$1
 :5 ! c\ntry p came 91 lad5 ) votive    
(f]+s1 to pray be=e ! image ( ! sa9t1 "y
 ,rabelais remov$ ! image f its dimly   
light$ recess & m\nt$ himself ^u !      
p$e/al1 attir$ 9 suitable co/ume4 ,gr\p 
aft] gr\p ( awkw>d ru/ics approa*$ &    
paid _! homage4 ,rabelais at l5g?1      
ov]come by ! ridicul\s demeanor ( !     
wor%ip]s1 0 oblig$ to laugh1 :]eupon !  

gap+ ?rong cri$ out1 ,a miracle6 a      
miracle6 ,our good "l ,/4 ,francis      
moves6 ,b a cunn+ old fri>1 :o knew :5  
miracles might & might n be rationally  
expect$ 9 t conv5t1 ran into ! *apel &  
drew out ! m]ry sa9t1 & ! bro!rs laid _!
 knott$ cords s vigor\sly across 8 nak$ 
%\ld]s t he _h a lively s5se ( n be+    
made ( wood4 ,t 0 ,rabelais6 ,he 0 a    
natural laugh-compell]4 ,he laugh$ at e 
?+1 & set 8 c\ntrym5 laugh+ at e ?+4 ,b 
!re 7 no m5 :o (t5] provok$ 8 d]ision   
?an ! monks4 ,h[ is x8 asks "o ( 8 m]ry 
m51 t p exclude monks f all good        
companies1 call+ !m fea/-tr\bl]s1 m>r]s 
( mir?1 & di/urb]s ( all civil          
conv]sation1 z bees drive away ! drones 
f _! hives8 ,! h]o answ]s ?is "q 9 ?ree 
pages ( mo/ ,rabelaisan abuse1 ( :i*    
only a v few l9es are quotable4 ,y\r    
monk1 he says1 is l a monkey 9 a h\se4  
,he does n wat* l a dog1 nor pl[ l ! ox1
 nor give wool l ! %eep1 nor c>ry l !   
horse2 he only spoils & defiles all ?+s4
 ,monks disquiet all _! neighborhood ) a

 t+le-tangle jangl+ ( bells1 & mumble   
out great /ore ( psalms1 leg5ds1 &      
pat]no/]s )\t ?9k+ ^u or appreh5d+ !    
mean+ ( :at !y say1 :i* truly is a mock+
 ( ,god4 ,!re is no s+le !me to :i*     
,rabelais1 ! favorite ( bi%ops1 (t5]    
returns ?an ?is1 & 8 boi/]\s satire _h  
its effect ^u ! c\rse ( ev5ts 9 ,europe1
 z well z ^u ,fr5* art & lit]ature4  ,! 
,engli% c>icatures t h come d[n to u f !
 era ( ! ,re=mation betray f> m         
e>ne/ness ?an humor or +5uity4 ,!re is  
"o 9 ! ,briti% ,museum :i* figures 9 s  
_m books1 & cont9u$ to d duty = s _m    
ye>s1 t ! inroads ( ! worms 9 ! wood-cut
 c be trac$ 9 ! pr9ts ( diff]5t dates4  
,x repres5ts ,k+ ,h5ry ,,viii4 receiv+ a
 ,bible f ,ar*bi%op ,cranm] & ,"l       
,cromwell4 ,! burly mon>*1 seat$ ^u 8   
?rone1 takes ! book f _! h&s1 :ile he   
tramples ^u ,pope ,clem5t1 ly+ pro/rate 
at 8 feet1 ! ti>a brok5 & fall5 (f1 !   
triple cross ly+ on ! gr\nd4 ,c>d9al    
,pole1 ) ! aid ( ano!r dignit>y1 is try+
 to get ! ,pope on 8 feet aga94 ,a monk 

is hold+ ! ,pope's horse1 & o!r monks /&
 dismay$ at ! spectacle4 ,?is picture 0 
execut$ 9 #aecg1 b1 z we le>n f !       
catalogue1 ! det]ioration ( ! block & ! 
work+ ( worms 9 ! wood prove t !        
impression 9 ! ,museum 0 tak5 9 #afca4ad
  ,footnote #ad3 ,catalogue ( ,pr9ts &  
,draw+s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,division  
,i41 vol4 i41 p4 #b4 ,london1 #ahgj4  ,!
 m>tyrdom ( ! re=m]s 9 #aeee1 "u ,que5  
,m>y ( bloody memory1 furni%$ subjects =
 ! satiric p5 & p5cil z soon z !        
accession ( ,elizabe? made x safe to    
treat !m4 ,b !re is no _s ( fun 9 !     
pictures4 ,!y are z s]i\s & grim z !    
ev5ts t sugge/$ !m4 ,9 "o we see a lamb 
susp5d$ be=e an alt>1 :i* ! ,bi%op (    
,w9*e/] 7,g>d9]71 ) 8 wolf's head1 is   
beg9n+ to dev\r2 & on ! gr\nd lie six   
sla9 lambs1 nam$ ,h\p]us1 ,cranm]us1    
,brad=dus1 ,rydl]us1 ,rog]us1 &         
,latim]us4 ,?ree re=m]s put a rope r\nd 
,g>d9]'s neck1 say+1 ,we w n ?is fel\e  
to raigne ov] u2 & on ! o!r side ( him  
two bi%ops ) wolves' heads mitr$1 & hav+

 %eepsk9s on _! %\ld]s1 are dr9k+ f     
*alices4 ,beh9d ,g>d9] are sev]al m5    
atta*$ by r+s ?r\gh _! noses to a rope  
r\nd 8 wai/4 ,! devil appe>s above1     
hold+ a scroll1 on :i* is writt51 ,y\e  
are my v]ye *yldr5 9 t y\e h slayne !   
prophetes4 ,= ev5 ,i f ! begynn+ 0 a    
mur!r]4 ,on ! alt> lie two books1 "o op5
 & ! o!r %ut4 ,on ! op5 book we read1   
,*ri/ alone is n suffici5t )\t our      
sacrifice4 ,! only w9d[ 9 ! edifice1 a  
small r\nd "o1 is clos$ & b>r$4 ,_m ( ! 
figures 9 ?is elaborate piece utt] sev]e
 animadv]sion ^u oppon5ts2 b none ( !m  
is scurril\s & indec5t1 except ! mitr$  
wolf1 :o is s rem>kably pla9-spok5 t !  
compil] ( ! catalogue 0 oblig$ to       
suppress sev]al ( 8 words4  ,! ,engli%  
c>icaturi/s ( t age seem to h felt x _! 
duty to exhibit ! entire case betwe5    
,ca?olic & ,prote/ant 9 ea* broadside1 )
 all ! litigants on bo? sides1 t]re/rial
 & cele/ial1 all ! po9ts 9 bo? argum5ts1
 & sometimes ! :ole hi/ory ( !          
controv]sy f ! beg9n+4 ,! great expanse 

( ! picture 0 obscur$ ) ! numb] ( rem>ks
 /ream+ f ! m\?s ( ! p]sons depict$1 &  
!re 0 (t5 at ! bottom ( ! engrav+ prose 
& v]se en\gh to fill two or ?ree ( ^!   
pages4 ,su* ext5sive works call to m9d !
 s]mons ( ! foll[+ c5tury1 :5 prea*]s   
endeavor$ on ea* occasion to decl>e1 z  
!y said1 ! :ole c\nsel ( ,god2 s t if "o
 individual pres5t _h nev] he>d !       
,gospel be=e1 & %\ld nev] he> x aga91 he
 w\ld he> en\gh = salvation 9 t "o      
disc\rse4  ,ano!r ( ^! m>tyrdom pr9ts   
may claim brief notice4 ,two companies (
 m>tyrs are se51 "o compos$ ( ! bi%ops1 
& ! o!r ( less di/+ui%$ p]sons1 betwe5  
:om !re is a heap ( burn+ fagots4 ,ne>ly
 all ! figures say some?+1 & ! space "u 
! picture is fill$ ) v]ses4 ,cranm]1 ) !
 ,bible 9 8 left h&1 holds 8 "r 9 !     
fire1 exclaim+1 ,burne1 unwor?ie "r h&6 
,latim] cries1 ,"l1 ,"l1 receive my _s6 
,philpot1 po9t+ to a book :i* he holds1 
says1 ,i w pay my v[es 9 !e1 ,o         
,smi?field6 ,! o!r *>act]s utt] _! dy+  
words4 ,! v]ses are r\gh1 b full ( !    

resolute en?usiasm ( ! age3    ,fir/1   
,*ri/ian ,cranm]1 :o 7at fir/ ?o foild71
     ,& s subscrib+ to a recantation1   
,god's grace rec\]+ him1 hee1 quick     
recoil'd1     ,& made 8 h& i? flames    
make expiation4   ,sa+1 burne fa9t-h&1  
burne fir/1 'tis ?y due m]it4   ,& dy+1 
cryde1 ,"l ,jesus take my _s4    ,next1 
lovely ,latim]1 godly & grave1          
,himselfe1 ,*ri/s old tride s\ldi]1     
pla9e displaid1   ,:o /\tly at ! /ake   
did him behave1     ,& to ble/ ,ridley  
7gone be=e7 hee saide1   ,goe on ble/   
bro!r1 = ,i foll[e1 ne]e1   ,?is day    
wee'le light a light1 %all aye burne    
cle>e4    ,:om :5 religi\s1 rev]5d      
,ridley spide1     ,de]e he>t 7sayes    
hee7 bee *e]ful 9 yr ,"l2   ,:o nev]    
7yet7 8 helpe to 8 d5ye'd1      hee w u 
support  /r5g? af=d1   ,or suage ye     
flame1 ?us1 to ! /ake fa/ tide1   ,!y1  
con/antly ,*ri/s bless$ ,m>tyres dyde4  
,ble/ ,brad=d also comm+ to ! /ake1     
,*e]fully tooke a faggott 9 8 h&3   ,ki/
 x1 1 ?us1 unto a "y-man spake1     ,w* 

) him1 *a9$1 to ye /ake did /&1   ,take 
c\rage 7bro!r7 wee %al haue ?is night1  
,a bless$ supp] w? ! ,"l ( ,light4      
,admir'd 0 ,doctor ,tail]s fai?  grace1 
,:o "u-w5t greate h>d%ip spight &       
sple5e2   ,"o1 basely1 ?rew a ,faggot 9 
8 face1     ,w* made ye blood ore all 8 
face bee se5e2   ,ano!r1 b>b]\sly beate 
out 8 bra9es1   ,:il/1 at ye /ake 8     
corps 0 b\nd w? *a9es4  ,9 _m ( !       
,engli% pictures ( t p]iod1 ! int5tion (
 ! draughtsman is only made app>5t by ! 
explanatory words at ! bottom4 ,9 "o (  
^! a fri> is se5 hold+ a *alice to a man
 :o /ret*es out 8 h&s to receive x4 ,f !
 *alice a w+$ cockatrice is ris+4 ,!re  
is also a man :o /abs ano!r :ile embrac+
 him4 ,! qua9t words bel[ expla9 !      
device3 ,! man :i* /&e? lyke a ,prophet 
signifie? godl9ess2 ! ,fry]1 treason2 ! 
cup ) ! ,s]p5t1 ,poyson2 ! o!r :i*      
/rike? ) ! sworde1 ,murd]2 & he t is    
w\nd$ is ,peace4 ,9 ano!r ( ^! pictures 
we see an ass dress$ 9 a judge's robes  
seat$ on ! b5*4 ,be=e him is ! prison]1 

l$ away by a prie/ & ano!r man4 ,at "o  
side a fri> is se5 9 conv]sation ) a    
layman4 ,no "o c\ld make any ?+ ( ?is if
 ! arti/ _h n oblig+ly app5d$ ^! words3 
,! ,asse signifie? ,wra?full ,ju/ice2 ! 
man t is drawn away1 ,tru?2 ^? t drawe? 
,tru? by ! armes1 ,flatt]]s2 ! ,fri]1   
,lies2 & ! associate ) ! ,fri]1 ,p]jury4
 ,9 ano!r draw+ ! arti/ %[s u ! ,pope   
seat$ 9 a *air1 ) 8 foot on ! face ( a  
pro/rate man1 & 9 8 h& a drawn sword1   
direct+ an execution] :o is 9 ! act (   
behead+ a prison]4 ,9 ! di/ance are ?ree
 m5 kneel+ 9 pray]4 ,! explanation is   
?is3 ,! ,pope is ,oppression2 ! man :i* 
kille? is ,crueltie2 ^? :i* are a-kill+1
 ,con/ant ,religion2 ! ?ree kneel+1     
,love1 ,fur!rance1 & ,tru? to ! ,gospel4
 ,9 "o ( ^! crude productions a p>son is
 exhibit$ prea*+ 9 a pulpit1 f :i* two  
ecclesia/ics are dragg+ him by ! be>d to
 ! /ake outside4 ,explanation 9 ?is     
in/ance is n s necess>y1 b we h x1      
nev]!less3 ,he :i* prea*e? 9 ! pulpit   
signifie? godly zeale & a fur!r] ( !    

gospel2 & ! two :i* are pluck+ him out (
 8 place are ! enemies ( ,god's ,^w1    
?reat5+ by fire to consume ! pr(essors (
 ! same2 & t company :i* 7sit7 /ill are 
,nullifidians1 su* z are ( no religion1 
n reg>d+ any doctr9e1 s !y may bee quiet
 to live aft] _! owne willes & m9des4   
,ano!r picture %[s u a figure seat$ on a
 ra9b[1 ! _w at 8 feet1 up ! sides ( :i*
 a pope & a c>d9al are climb+4 ,9 !     
middle is ! devil tumbl+ (f headlong4 ,!
 _w is upheld by ,dea?1 :o sits by ! m\?
 ( hell4 ,?is is ! explanation3 ,he :i* 
sitte? on ! rayneb[e signifie? ,*ri/1 & 
! sworde 9 8 h& signifie? 8 wra? aga9/ !
 wyck$2 ! r\nd compasse1 ! worlde2 & ^? 
two clim+1 ! "o a pope1 ! o!r a c>d9all1
 /riv+ :o %all be highe/2 & ! ,divell   
:i* falle? headlong d[ne is ,lucif]1    
:i*e ?r\gh pride fel2 he :i*e holde? !  
_w is ,dea?1 /&+ 9 ! entrance ( hell to 
receyve all sup]bi\s liv]s4  ,9 ano!r   
pr9t is repres5t$ a ,roman soldi] rid+  
on a bo>1 & be>+ a bann]1 on :i* is     
pa9t$ ! ,pope ) 8 insignia4 ,a man /abs 

himself & te>s 8 hair1 & beh9d him is a 
rav+ woman4 ,?is picture has a blunt    
signification3 ,! bore signifie? ,wra?1 
& ! man on 8 back ,mis*ief2 ! ,pope 9 ! 
flag ,de/ruction1 & ! flag ,unc]ta9e    
,religion1 turn+ & *aung+ ) e bla/e (   
w9de2 ! man kill+ himselfe1 ,desp]ation2
 ! woman1 ,madness4  ,!re are f\rte5    
specim5s 9 ?is qua9t mann] 9 !          
collection ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 all     
execut$ & publi%$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! reign 
( ,elizabe?4 ,z art1 !y are naught4 ,z  
"p ( ! record ( a great age1 !y h _!    
value4  ,illu/ration3 ,titian's         
,c>icature ( ! ,laocoo54  ,g]many1      
,engl&1 & ,france f\ght ! battle ( !    
,re=mation--two victors & "o vanqui%$4  
,f ,italy 9 t age we h "o specim5 (     
c>icature1 b x 0 execut$ by ,titian4 ,he
 drew a burlesque ( ! ,laocoo5 to       
ridicule a s*ool ( arti/s 9 ,rome1 :o1 z
 he ?\ght1 extoll$ too highly ! anci5t  
sculptures1 &1 because !y c\ld n succe$ 
9 color+1 insi/$ t correctness ( =m 0 ! 
*ief ?+ 9 art4 ,s9ce ,titian's day1     

p>odies ( ! ,laocoo5 h be5 among ! /ock 
devices ( ! c>icaturi/s ( all nations4  
,,*apt] ,,ix4  ,,9 ,,! ,,puritan        
,,p]iod4   ,illu/ration3 ,! ,papal      
,gorgon4 7,reign ( ,elizabe?1 #aeha47   
,! annex$ picture1#ae a favorite ) !    
,prote/ants ( ,engl&1 ,holl&1 & ,g]many 
= m ?an a c5tury1 is compos$ ( tw5ty-two
 articles & objects1 mo/ ( :i* are      
employ$ 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic wor%ip4 ,a  
*ur*-bell =ms ! hat1 :i* is decorat$ by 
cross$ dagg]s & holy-wat] bru%es4 ,a    
h]r+ s]ves = a nose4 ,! m\? is an op5   
w9e-flagon4 ,! eye is a *alice cov]$ by 
! holy waf]1 & ! *eek is a pat51 or     
plate us$ 9 ! communion s]vice4 ,! great
 volume t =ms ! %\ld]s is ! mass-book4  
,! front ( ! bell-ti>a is adorn$ by a   
mitr$ wolf dev\r+ a lamb1 & by a goose  
hold+ a ros>y 9 its bill2 ! back1 by a  
spectacl$ ass read+ a book1 & by a bo>  
we>+ a s*ol>'s cap4 ,at ! bottom ( !    
engrav+ ! pi]c$ feet ( ,*ri/ are se5    
re/+ ^u two creatures call$ by ! arti/ !
 ,que5's badges4 ,! :ole figure ( ,*ri/ 

is suppos$ to be beh9d ?is mass ( human 
inv5tions2 = 9 ! orig9al ^! explanatory 
words are giv51 ,*ri/ ,cov]$4  ,footnote
 #ae3 ,f ,malcolm's ,c>icatur+1 plate   
#b1 & p4 #bc4 ,see1 also1 ,catalogue ( !
 ,pr9ts & ,draw+s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1  
,division ,i41 vol4 ii41 p4 #agg4  ,x 0 
by ?is device t ,ma/] ,batman1 at !     
beg9n+ ( ! ,puritan p]iod1 s\ght to     
pres5t to ! eye a summ>y ( :at !        
,re=mation _h accompli%$1 & :at x _h    
/ill to fe>4 ,half a c5tury be=e1 ,h5ry 
,,viii4 be+ /ill ! ,def5d] ( ! ,fai?1 ! 
v>i\s articles us$ 9 ,ma/] ,batman's    
satirical picture 7 objects ( religi\s  
v5]ation ?r\gh\t ,great ,brita94 ,!y _h 
n[ become ! despis$ b dread$            
rattle-traps ( a suppress$ idolatry4 ,f 
! field ( /rife "o ( ! victors ga!r$ !  
scatt]$ arms & implem5ts1 ! gorge\s     
ensigns & trapp+s ( ! defeat$1 & pil$ !m
 ^u ! pla91 a trophy & a w>n+4  ,!re is 
no revolution t does n sweep away mu* t 
is good4 ,! re=mation 9 religion1 *iefly
 wr\ght by ,wycliffe1 ,huss1 ,lu!r1 &   

,calv91 0 a movem5t ( absolute necessity
 to ! fur!r progress ( our race4 ,!     
intellig5ce ( ,*ri/5dom _h rea*$ a      
developm5t :i* 0 incompatible ) respect 
= ! assumptions ( ! papacy1 & ) a belief
 9 ! fictions :i* ! papacy _h inv5t$ or 
adopt$4 ,! vase mu/ h brok51 or ! oak   
plant$ 9 x mu/ h ceas$ to gr[4          
,nev]!less1 ^? fictions _h _! beauty &  
_! use4 ,!re 0 a good & pleas+ side to t
 sy/em ( fables & c]emonies1 :i* amus$1 
absorb$1 & satisfi$ ! p ( ,europe = a   
?\s& ye>s4 ,if we c\ld conc$e t ! mass (
 m5 mu/ rema9 =ev] ignorant & v poor1 we
 c\ld also admit t no?+ 0 ev] inv5t$ by 
man bett] calculat$ to make !m          
?\ghtlessly cont5t$ ) a dismal lot ?an !
 ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* z x exi/$ 9 !    
fifte5? c5tury1 be=e ! fai? ( ! p _h be5
 %ak5 9 its pret5sions4 ,!re 0 some?+ 9 
x = e faculty ( human nature except !   
intellect4 ,x gave play to e prop5sity  
except ! prop5sity ( "o m9d 9 a ?\s& to 
ask radical que/ions4 ,x reliev$ e k9d (
 di/ress except t :i* came ( us+ !      

reason4 ,all human int]e/s 7 provid$ = 9
 x except ! supreme int]e/ ( human      
advancem5t4  ,"o mu/ h be5 9 a ,ca?olic 
community1 or else liv$ close to an     
important ,ca?olic *ur*1 9 ord] to =m an
 idea ( ! great "p ! ,*ur* once play$ 9 
! lives & ?\ghts ( its memb]s--! endless
 provision x made = ! ent]ta9m5t ( un=m$
 m9ds 9 ! way ( fe/ivals1 fa/s1         
processions1 curi\s obs]vances1 *anges (
 co/ume1 & special rites4 ,!re 0 always 
some?+ go+ on or com+ (f4 ,!re 0 n a day
 9 ! ye> nor an h\r 9 ! day :i* _h n its
 ecclesia/ical "n & "*4 ,9 our fl[]y    
obs]vance ( ,ea/] & 9 our joy\s         
celebration ( ,*ri/mas we h a fa9t      
traditional residue ( fe/ivals t once   
made all ,*ri/5dom gay & jocund4 ,& x 0 
all s adapt$ to ! limit$ abilities ( our
 race6 ,9 an av]age ?\s& m51 !re is n m 
?an "o man capable ( fill+ cr$itably !  
po/ ( a ,prote/ant m9i/]1 b !re are a   
hundr$ :o c be drill$ into compet5t     
prie/s4  ,consid]1 = example1 a         
procession1 :i* 0 =m]ly ! great ev5t (  

_m ( ! ,*ur* fe/ivals1 gratify+ equally 
^? :o witness$ & ^? :o took "p 9 x4 ,9  
o!r words1 x gratifi$ ke5ly ! :ole      
community4 ,& yet h[ entirely x 0 )9 !  
res\rces ( human nature6 ,n a *ild s "y1
 n a woman s weak1 n a man s old1 b c\ld
 assi/ or enjoy x4 ,! sick c\ld view x f
 _! w9d[s1 ! robu/ c\ld c>ry its burd5s1
 ! skillful c\ld contrive its devices1 &
 all _h ! feel+ t !y 7 engag$ 9 enhanc+ 
at once ! glory ( ,god1 ! fame ( _!     
sa9t1 ! cr$it ( _! t[n1 & ! good ( _!   
s\ls4 ,x 0 pleasure2 x 0 duty2 x 0      
masqu]ade2 x 0 devotion4 ,"s read]s may 
rememb] ! exaltation ( s\l ) :i* ,alb]t 
,du]]1 ! fir/ ( ,g]man arti/s 9 ,lu!r's 
age1 describes ! great procession at    
,antw]p1 9 #aebj1 9 honor ( :at 0 /yl$ !
 ,assumption ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y4 ,"o ( !   
pleas+ fictions adopt$ by ! old ,*ur* 0 
t on ! #ae? ( ,augu/1 ,a4,d4 #de1 !     
,virg9 ,m>y1 ag$ sev5ty-five ye>s1 made 
a miracul\s asc5t into heav54 ,h5ce !   
annual fe/ival1 :i* 0 celebrat$ ?r\gh\t 
,europe ) pomp & spl5dor4 ,! passage 9 !

 di>y ( ,du]] has a p>ticul> value1     
because x af=ds u a vivid view ( !      
bright side ( ! anci5t ,*ur* j be=e !   
re=m]s *ang$ its gorge\s robes into !   
,puritan's pla9 black g[n1 & sub/itut$ !
 long pray] & int]m9able s]mon = !      
magnific5t c]emonial & ! spl5did        
procession4  ,alb]t ,du]] 0 9 sympa?y ) 
,lu!r1 b 8 he>t swell$ )9 him z he      
beheld1 on t ,sunday morn+ 9 ,antw]p1 ! 
glori\s pageantry t fil$ pa/ = two h\rs 
9 honor ( ! ,"m ( ,god's translation4   
,all ! p ( ! city assembl$ ab\t ! ,*ur* 
( ,our ,lady1 ea* dress$ 9 gaye/ attire1
 b ea* we>+ ! co/ume ( 8 rank1 &        
exhibit+ ! badge ( 8 guild or vocation4 
,silv] trumpets ( ! old ,franki% fa%ion1
 ,g]man drums & fifes1 7 play+ 9 e      
qu>t]4 ,! trades & guilds ( !           
city--goldsmi?s1 pa9t]s1 masons1        
embroid]]s1 /atu>ies1 cab9et-mak]s1     
c>p5t]s1 sailors1 fi%]m51 but*]s1       
curri]s1 weav]s1 bak]s1 tailors1        
%oe-mak]s1 & labor]s--all m>*$ by 9     
ord]1 at "s di/ance ap>t1 ea* prec$$ by 

its own magnific5t cross4 ,^! 7 foll[$  
by ! m]*ants1 %op-keep]s1 & _! cl]ks4 ,!
 %oot]s came next1 arm$ ) b[s1          
cross-b[s1 & firelocks1 "s on horseback 
& "s on foot4 ,! city gu>d foll[$4 ,!n  
came ! magi/rates1 nobles1 & knights1   
all dress$ 9 _! (ficial co/ume1 &       
escort$1 z our arti/ records1 by a      
gallant troop1 array$ 9 a noble &       
spl5did mann]4 ,!re 7 a numb] ( wom5 9 !
 procession1 belong+ to a religi\s ord]1
 :o ga9$ _! subsi/5ce by labor4 ,^!1 all
 clad 9 :ite f head to foot1 agreeably  
reliev$ ! spl5dors ( ! occasion4 ,aft]  
!m m>*$ a numb] ( gallant p]sons & !    
canons ( ,our ,lady's ,*ur*1 ) all !    
cl]gy & s*ol>s1 foll[$ by a gr& display 
( *>act]s4 ,"h ! en?usiasm ( ! arti/    
k9dles1 z he recalls ! glories ( ! day3 
,tw5ty m5 c>ri$ ! ,virg9 & ,*ri/1 mo/   
ri*ly adorn$1 to ! honor ( ,god4 ,9 ?is 
"p ( ! procession 7 a numb] ( delightful
 ?+s repres5t$ 9 a spl5did mann]4 ,!re 7
 sev]al wagons1 9 :i* 7 repres5tations (
 %ips & =tifications4 ,!n came a troop (

 *>act]s f ! ,prophets1 9 regul> ord]1  
foll[$ by o!rs f ! ,new ,te/am5t1 su* z 
! ,annunciation1 ! ,wise ,m5 ( ! ,ea/   
rid+ great camels & o!r wond]ful        
animals1 & ! ,flight into ,egypt1 all v 
skillfully appo9t$4 ,!n came a great    
dragon1 & ,/4 ,m>g>et ) ! image ( !     
,virg9 at h] girdle1 exce$+ly beautiful2
 & la/1 ,/4 ,george & 8 squire4 ,9 ?is  
troop rode a numb] ( boys & girls v     
h&somely array$ 9 v>i\s co/umes1        
repres5t+ s _m sa9ts4 ,?is procession1 f
 beg9n+ to end1 0 upw>d ( two h\rs 9    
pass+ our h\se1 & !re 7 s _m ?+s to be  
se5 t ,i c\ld nev] describe !m all ev5 9
 a book4  ,9 "s su* he>ty & picturesque 
mann] all ! great fe/ivals ( ! ,*ur* 7  
celebrat$ age aft] age1 ! entire p tak+ 
"p 9 ! %[4 ,!re 0 no diss5t1 because !re
 0 no ?\ght4 ,b ! re=m]s prea*$1 !      
,bible 0 translat$ into ! mod]n tongues1
 ! intellig5ce ( ,*ri/5dom awoke1 & all 
t bright *ildi% pageantry vani%$ f !    
sight ( ! m advanc$ nations4 ,! re=m]s  
discov]$ t !re 0 no reason to believe t 

! ag$ ,virg9 ,m>y1 on ! #ae? ( ,augu/1  
,a4,d4 #de1 0 borne miracul\sly to      
heav52 & 9 a s+le g5]ation _m important 
communities1 by us+ _! reason ev5 to t  
trifl+ ext5t1 grew pa/ enjoy+ !         
procession annually held 9 honor ( ! old
 tradition4 ,all ! old fe/ivals fell "u 
! ban4 ,x became1 at l5g?1 a sect>ian   
punctilio n to ab/a9 f labor on         
,*ri/mas4 ,! ,puritan ,sunday 0         
gradually evolv$ f ! same _s (          
opposition1 & life became int5se &      
s]i\s4  ,= x is n 9 a s+le g5]ation1 nor
 9 t51 t ! human m9d1 aft] hav+ be5 b\nd
 & conf9$ = a ?\s& ye>s1 le>ns to enjoy 
& safely use its fre$om4 ,lu!r ! re=m] 0
 only a little less cr$ul\s ?an ,lu!r ! 
monk4 ,he assi/$ to /rike ! fett]s f !  
reason1 b ! prison] only hobbl$ f "o    
cell into ano!r1 l>g] & clean]1 b /ill a
 cell4 ,no "o c become famili> ) !      
,puritan p]iod )\t feel+ t ! bondage ( !
 m9d to ! lit]al int]pretation ( "s p>ts
 ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 0 a bondage z real1  
?\gh n z degrad+ nor z hopeless1 z t "u 

:i* x _h liv$ to ! papal decrees4 ,y d n
 make y\r can>y a free bird by m]ely    
op5+ ! door ( its cage4 ,x has to       
acquire sl[ly1 ) angui% & great fe>1 !  
/r5g? ( w+1 lungs1 & eye1 ! k1 habits1 &
 in/9cts1 :i* its ance/ors possess$ be=e
 !y 7 captur$ 9 _! native isl&s4 ,x is  
only 9 our own day t we are beg9n+      
really to enjoy ! f9al result ( ,lu!r's 
h]oic life--a tol]ant & mode/ fre$om (  
?\ght--= x is only 9 our own day t !    
consequ5ces ( peculi> ?9k+ h any:]e     
ceas$ to be injuri\s4  ,if !re are any  
:o c n yet =give ! ,puritans = _!       
intol]ance & n>r[ness1 x mu/ be !y :o d 
n "k ! agony ( appreh5sion 9 :i* !y     
pass$ _! lives4 ,x is ! ,puritan age t  
c\ld be prop]ly call$ ! ,reign ( ,t]ror4
 ,x la/$ m ?an a c5tury1 in/ead ( a few 
mon?s1 & x 0 dur+ t long p]iod ( dread &
 tribulation t !y acquir$ ! passionate  
abhorr5ce ( ! papal sy/em :i* is betray$
 9 ! pictures & writ+s ( ! "t4 ,!re 0 a 
fund ( t]ror 9 _! own belief1 9 t awful 
,d\bt :i* hung ov] e s\l1 :e!r x 0 or 0 

n "o ( ! ,elect2 &1 9 addition to t1 x  
seem$ to !m t ! *ief p[]s ( e>?1 & all !
 p[]s ( hell1 7 unit$ to cru% ! true    
believ]s4  ,illu/ration3 ,spayne & ,rome
 ,defeat$4 7,london & ,am/]dam1 #afba47 
,exam9e ! two l>ge c>icatures1 ,rome's  
,mon/] & ,spayne & ,rome ,defeat$1 9 !  
light ( a m]e catalogue ( dates4 ,!     
,field ( ! ,clo? ( ,gold1 :i* we may    
reg>d z ! spl5did close ( ! old /ate (  
?+s1 occurr$ 9 #aebj1 ?ree ye>s aft]    
,lu!r nail$ up 8 !ses4 ,h5ry ,,viii4    
defi$ ! ,pope 9 #aecc2 & tw5ty ye>s     
aft]1 ,bloody ,m>y1 m>ri$ to ,philip (  
,spa91 0 burn+ bi%ops at ,smi?field4    
,elizabe?'s reign began 9 #aeeh1 :i*    
*ang$1 n end$1 ! religi\s /rife 9       
,engl&4 ,! massacre ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew    
occurr$ 9 #aegb1 on t #bd? ( ,augu/ :i*1
 z ,voltaire us$ to say1 all ! humane & 
! tol]ant ( our race %\ld obs]ve z a day
 ( humiliation & sorr[ = ev]more4 ,9    
#aegi began ! long /ruggle betwe5 ! ,new
 & ! ,old1 :i* is call$ ! ,?irty ,ye>s' 
,w>4 ,! ,pr9ce ( ,orange 0 assass9at$ 9 

#aehd1 9 ! mid/ ( ^? great ev5ts :i*    
,mr4 ,motley has made famili> to ! read+
 p ( bo? cont95ts4 ,e intellig5t        
,prote/ant 9 ,europe felt t ! weapon :i*
 slew ! pr9ce 0 aim$ at 8 own he>t4 ,!  
long dread ( ! ,que5 ( ,scots'          
ma*9ations end$ only ) h] dea? 9 #aehg4 
,soon aft]1 ! %ad[ ( ! com+ ,spani%     
,armada crept ov] ,great ,brita91 :i* 0 
n dispell$ till ! m5 ( ,engl& defeat$ & 
! /orm scatt]$ x 9 #aehh4 ,9 #afje ,guy 
,fawkes & ! ,gunp[d] ,plot /ruck su*    
t]ror to ! ,prote/ant m9d1 t x has n1 9 
?is ye>1 #ahgg1 :olly recov]$ f x1 z all
 may "k :o w conv]se ) un9/ruct$ p 9 !  
remot] c\nties ( ,great ,brita94        
,raleigh 0 behead$ 9 #afah4 ,! civil w> 
began 9 #afdb4 ,9 #affe ! plague        
desolat$ ,engl&1 & 9 ! next ye> occurr$ 
! great fire ( ,london1 good ,prote/ants
 n d\bt+ t bo? ev5ts 7 traceable to !   
fell influ5ce ( ! ,bea/4 ,! accession ( 
,james ,,ii41 a ,roman ,ca?olic1 fill$ !
 ,puritans ) new al>m 9 #afhe1 & dur+ ! 
?ree anxi\s ye>s ( 8 reign _! bre?r51 ! 

,hugu5ots1 7 flee+ into all ! ,prote/ant
 l&s f ! helli% p]secution ( ! prie/s :o
 gov]n$ ,l\is ,,xiv4  ,^u look+ back at 
?is p]iod ( agitation & al>m1 x />tles !
 m9d to obs]ve 9 ! catalogue ( dates ?is
 "o3 ,%akspe>e di$ #afaf4 ,x %[s u1 :at 
! ord9>y records d n %[1 t !re are p :o 
reta9 _! sanity & s]5ity 9 ! madde/     
times4 ,! rapid succession ( ! plays--an
 av]age ( ne>ly two p] annum--proves t  
!re 0 a public = ,%akspe>e :5 all ! _w  
seem$ absorb$ 9 subjects lea/ ak9 to art
 & humor4 ,& h[ little trace we f9d (   
all ^? ?rill+ ev5ts 9 ! plays6 ,he 0 a  
,london actor :5 ! ,armada came2 & dur+ 
! ye> ( ! ,gunp[d] ,plot he 0 probably  
m$itat+ ! gr&e/ ( all 8 !mes1 ,k+ ,le>6 
,! picture entitl$ ,spayne & ,rome      
,defeat$#af 0 "o ( ! mo/ not$ &         
influ5tial broad%eets publi%$ dur+ !    
,puritan p]iod4 ,x may prop]ly be t]m$ a
 broad%eet1 s9ce ! copy ( ! orig9al 9 ! 
,briti% ,museum measures #bj-b_/c in*es 
by #ac4 ,! ,puritans ( ,engl& saw )     
dismay ! gr[+ cordiality betwe5 ,james  

,i4 & ! ,spani% c\rt1 & wat*$ ) j       
appreh5sion ! visit ( ,pr9ce ,*>les to  
,spa91 & ! prospect ( a m>riage betwe5 !
 heir-app>5t & a ,spani% pr9cess4 ,at   
?is al>m+ crisis1 #afba1 ! %eet 0       
compos$ 9 ,engl&1 & s5t ov] to ,holl& to
 be engrav$ & pr9t$1 ,holl& be+ !n1 & = 
a hundr$ & fifty ye>s aft]1 ! pr9t+-h\se
 & type-f\ndry ( ,nor!rn ,europe4 ,"s ( 
! ,pilgrim ,fa!rs ( ,massa*usetts1 !n   
resid+ at ,leyd51 & /ill wait+ to he> ! 
fir/ news ( ! ,mayfl[] company1 :o _h   
sail$ ! ye> be=e1 may h borne a h& 9 !  
"w4 ,pa/or ,rob9son1 we "k1 ga9$ "p ( 8 
livelihood by co-op]at+ ) bre?r5 9      
,engl& 9 ! prep>ation ( works design$ = 
di/ribution at home4  ,footnote #af3 ,f 
,malcolm1 :o copi$ x f ! orig9al 9 !    
,briti% ,museum4 ,see ,malcolm's        
,c>icatur+1 plate #bb4  ,besides be+ "o 
( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic specim5s ( ,puritan  
c>icature :i* h be5 pres]v$1 x pres5ts  
to u a resume ( hi/ory1 z ,prote/ants   
int]pret$ x1 f ! "t ( ! ,spani% ,armada 
to t ( ,guy ,fawkes--#aehh to #afje4 ,x 

appe>s to h be5 design$ = circulation 9 
,holl& & ,g]many z well z 9 ,engl&1 z ! 
words & v]ses ^u x are 9 ,engli%1 ,dut*1
 & ,lat94 ,! ,engli% l9es are ^!3    ,9 
,eighty-eight1 ,spayne1 arm'd ) pot5t   
might1    ,aga9/ our peacefull ,l& came 
on to fight2    ,b w9des & waves & fire 
9 "o conspire1    ,to help ! ,engli%1   
fru/rate ,spaynes desire4    ,to second 
t ! ,pope 9 c\nsell sitts1    ,= "s r>e 
/ratagem !y /rayne _! witts2            
,novemb]'s #e?1 by p[d] !y decree       
,great ,brytanes /ate ru9ate %\ld bee4  
,b ,hee1 ^: nev]-slumb'r+ ,eye did view 
,! dire int5dm5ts ( ?is damn$ crew1     
,did soone prev5t :at !y did ?9ke mo/   
sure4    ,?y m]cyes1 ,"l6 = ev]more     
endure4  ,?is int]e/+ %eet 0 devis$ by  
,samuel ,w>d1 a ,puritan prea*] (       
,ipswi*1 ( great zeal & celebrity1 :o   
d$icat$ x1 9 ! fa%ion ( ! day1 ?us3     
,to ,god4 ,9 memorye ( 8 d\ble          
deliv]aunce f ye       inv9cible ,navie 
& ye unmat*eable p[d] ,treason1 #afje4  
,x 0 a timely rem9d]4 ,z we occasionally

 see 9 our own day a public man committ+
 ! absurdity ( reply+ 9 a s]i\s /ra9 to 
a c>icature1 s1 9 #afba1 ! ,spani%      
embassador 9 ,london1 ,c\nt ,gondom>1   
call$ ! att5tion ( ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t  
to ?is engrav+1 compla9+ t x 0 calculat$
 to revive ! old antipa?y ( ! ,engli% p 
to ! ,spani% mon>*y4 ,! obsequi\s lords 
( ! ,privy ,c\ncil summon$ ,samuel ,w>d 
to appe> be=e !m4 ,aft] exam9+ him1 !y  
rem&$ him to ! cu/ody ( _! mess5g]1 ^:  
h\se 0 a place ( conf9em5t = su*        
prison]s2 & !re he rema9$4 ,z !re 0 yet 
no habeas corpus act kn[n among m51 he  
c\ld only prote/ 8 innoc5ce ( any ill   
designs ^u ! ,spani% mon>*y1 & humbly   
petition = release4 ,he petition$ fir/ !
 ,privy ,c\ncil2 & !y prov+ obdurate1 he
 petition$ ! k+4 ,he 0 set free at la/1 
& he rema9$ = tw5ty ye>s a ?orn 9 ! side
 ( ^? :o dread$ ,spayne & ,rome less ?an
 !y hat$ ,puritans & ,p>liam5ts4  ,?is  
p]secution ( ,samuel ,w>d gave 8 pr9t   
su* celebrity t sev]al imitations or    
pirat$ editions ( ! "w spe$ily appe>$1 (

 :i* f\r are pres]v$ 9 ! great          
collection ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 ea*     
diff]+ f ! orig9al 9 details4           
,c>icatures aim$ directly at ! ,spani%  
embassador foll[$1 b !y are only        
rem>kable = ! explanatory words :i*     
accompany !m4 ,9 "o we read t ! resid5ce
 ( ,c\nt ,gondom> 9 ,engl& _h hung be=e 
! eyes ( _m good m5 l a prodigi\s comet1
 ?reat5+ worse effects to ,*ur* & ,/ate 
?an ?is o!r comet1 :i* _h rec5tly m5ac$ 
bo? f ! vault ( heav54 ,no ecclipse ( ! 
sunne1 cont9ues ! writ]1 c\ld m damnifie
 ! e>?1 to make x b>ra9e & ! be/ ?+s    
abortive1 ?an did 8 int]position4 ,we   
le>n also t :5 ! c\nt left ,engl& = a   
visit to 8 own c\ntry1 9 #afah1 !re 0 an
 upro>e & assault a day or two be=e 8   
dep>ture f ,london by ! ,appr5tices1 :o 
seem$ gre$y ( su* an occasion to v5t _! 
own sple5es 9 do+ him or any ( 8 a      
mis*iefe4 ,ano!r picture exhibits !     
odi\s ,gondom> giv+ an acc\nt ( 8       
conduct 9 ,engl& to ! ,spani%e          
,p>liam5t1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* he attributes

 ! ,briti% abhorr5ce ( ,spa9 to su* m5 z
 ,w>d ( ,ipswi*1 :om he describes z     
light & un/ay$ wits1 int5t on w9n+ !    
airy applause ( ! vulg>1 & to raise _!  
desp]ate =tunes4 ,nor does he refra9 f  
*uckl+ ov] ! p5alty inflict$ ^u t enemy 
( ,spayne & ,rome3 ,& ,i ?9k t ,w>d (   
,ipswi* escap$ n safely = 8 lew$ &      
pr(ane picture ( '#hh & _! ,p[d]        
,treason1 "o :]e(1 my ,"l ,ar*bi%op1 ,i 
s5t y 9 a lett]1 t y might see ! malice 
( ^! dete/able ,h]etiques aga9/ 8       
,hol9ess & ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,?is       
broad%eet be+ entitl$ ,vox ,populi1 !   
writ] concludes 8 explanation by /yl+ ! 
embassador ,fox ,populi1 ,c\nt ,gondom> 
! ,great4  ,illu/ration3 ,f ,title-page 
to a ,s]mon1 ,woe to ,drunk>ds1 by      
,samuel ,w>d1 ( ,ipswi*1 #afbg4  ,w>d ( 
,ipswi* cont9u$ to be he>d f            
occasionally dur+ ! fir/ ye>s ( ! reign 
( ,*>les ,i4 ,ipswi* itself acquir$ a   
c]ta9 celebrity z a ,puritan c5tre1 & ! 
"n 0 giv5 dur+ ! life-"t ( ,samuel ,w>d 
to a t[n 9 ,massa*usetts1 :i* is /ill   

?riv+4 ,"o ( 8 s]mons ^u drunk5ness 0   
illu/rat$ by a picture1 ( :i* a copy is 
giv5 "h1#ag design$ to %[ ! deg5]acy (  
mann]s t _h tak5 place 9 ,engl& 9 8 day4
 ,mr4 ,*atto truly rem>ks t tw5ty ye>s  
lat] ! picture w\ld h be5 m appropriate 
) ! inscriptions transpos$4  ,footnote  
#ag3 ,f ,*atto's ,orig9 & ,hi/ory (     
,play+ ,c>ds1 p4 #aca1 ,london1 #ahdh4  
,! m>riage ( ,*>les ,i4 ) ! ,pr9cess    
,h5rietta ( ,france1 9 #afbe1 0 "o ( !  
long s]ies ( impolitic acts :i* ! k+    
expiat$ on ! scaffold 9 #afdi4 ,x       
aggravat$ e prop5sity ( 8 nature t 0    
ho/ile to ! lib]ties ( ! p4 ,"u ,james  
,i4 ! elite ( ! ,puritans _h fl$ to     
,holl&1 & a little company _h s\ght a m 
p]man5t refuge on ! coa/ ( ,new ,engl&4 
,dur+ ! e>ly ye>s ( ! reign ( ,*>les1 ! 
p]secution ( ! ,puritans by 8 savage    
bi%ops became s cruel & s vigilant z to 
induce m5 ( family & =tune1 l ,w9?rop & 
8 fri5ds1 accompani$ by a fleet (       
vessels lad5 ) virtu\s & ?\ghtful       
families1 to cross ! ocean & settle 9   

,massa*usetts4 ,bo/on 0 f\nd$ :5 ,*>les 
,i4 _h be5 cutt+ (f ! e>s & slitt+ !    
noses ( ,puritans = five ye>s4 ,all t   
en*ant+ %ore ( ,new ,engl&1 ) its gleam+
 bea*es1 & em]ald isles1 & jutt+ capes (
 granite & wild roses1 n[ s de> to summ]
 visitors--an et]nal holiday-gr\nd &    
re/+-place = ! p ( ,nor? ,am]ica--began 
to be dott$ ) villages1 ! names ( :i*   
tell u :at ,engli% t[ns 7 mo/ r5[n$ = ! 
,puritan _s two hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago4
 ,! satirical pictures pres]v$ 9 !      
,briti% ,museum :i* relate to ev5ts 9   
e>li] reigns numb] n9ety-n9e 9 all2 b ^?
 sugge/$ by ev5ts 9 ! reign ( ,*>les ,i4
 are ne>ly sev5 hundr$ 9 numb]4 ,mo/ (  
!m1 h[ev]1 7 n publi%$ until aft] !     
d[nfall ( ! k+4  ,sev]al ( ^! pr9ts are 
little m ?an portraits ( ! conspicu\s   
p]sons ( ! "t1 ) pr(use acc\nts on !    
same %eet ( _! suff]+s or misde$s4 ,"o  
su* records ! h]oic endurance ( !       
,rev]5d ,pet] ,sm>t1 mr ( ,artes1 m9i/] 
( ,god's ^w at ,durham1 :o1 = prea*+    
aga9/ pop]y1 lo/ above ?ree hundr$ p\nds

 p] annum1 & 0 imprison$ elev5 ye>s 9 ! 
,k+'s ,b5*4 ,! compos] adds ^! l9es3    
,pet] prea* d[ne va9e rites ) flagrant  
h>te2    ,?y ,gu]don %all be greate1    
?\gh he>e ?\ ,sm>t4  ,ano!r ( ^!        
portrait pieces exhibits ,dr4 ,alex&]   
,leighton1 :o spoke ( ,que5 ,h5rietta z 
! daught] ( ,hell1 a ,canaanite1 & an   
idolatresse1 & sp>$ n ,ar*bi%op ,laud & 
8 conf$]ates4 ,= ^! (f5ses he 01 z !    
draughtsman in=ms u1 clapt up 9 ,newgate
 = ! space ( #ae weekes1 :]e he suff]$  
great mis]ie & sicknes almo/ to dea?1   
aft]w>d lo/ "o ( 8 ,e>es on ! pillorie1 
_h "o ( 8 no/hrills slitt clean ?r\gh1 0
 :ipt ) a :ip ( #c ,co>des knott$1 _h   
#cf la%es !re)1 0 f9$ #ajjjll41 & kept  
prison] 9 ! fleet #ab ye>es1 :]e he 0   
mo/ cruelly us$ a long "t1 be+ lodg$ day
 & night among/ ! mo/ desp]ately wik$   
villa9es ( ye :ole prison4 ,he 0 also   
br&$ on ! *eek ) ! lett]s ,s4 ,s4--s[] (
 s$ition4 ,sev]al o!r pr9ts ( ! "t      
record ! same m>k ( att5tion paid by !  
m>tyr$ k+ to 8 ,ca?olic wife4 ,by-&-by1 

! cr[n$ & mitr$ ruffians :o did su* de$s
 z ^! be+ !mselves 9 durance1 ,p>liam5t 
set ,dr4 ,leighton free1 & made him a   
grant ( six ?\s& p\nds4  ,a c>icature ( 
! same bloody p]iod is entitl$1         
,ar*bi%op ,laud d9+ on ! ,e>s ( ,prynne1
 ,ba/wick1 & ,burton4 ,we see ,laud     
seat$ at d9n]1 hav+ an e> on ! po9t ( 8 
knife & ?ree m e>s 9 ! plate be=e him1 !
 ?ree victims ( 8 cruelty /&+ ab\t1 &   
two arm$ bi%ops at ! foot ( ! table4 ,! 
dialogue bel[ repres5ts ,laud z reject+ 
) scorn all ! da9ties ( 8 table1 &      
decl>+ t no?+ w cont5t him b ! e>s (    
,lawy] ,prynne & ,dr4 ,ba/wick4 ,he cuts
 !m (f himself1 & ord]s !m to be dress$ 
= 8 supp]4     ,cant]bury4 ,?is ,i doe  
to make y examples1   ,t o!rs may be m  
c>eful to please my palate4   ,h5ce=?   
let my s]vants "k1 t :at ,i w1 ,i w h   
done1   ,:at ere is "u heav5's ,sunne4  
,illu/ration3 ,let n ! ,_w devide ^? :om
 ,*ri/ ha? jo9$4  ,a bur/ ( c>icature   
h]ald$ ! com+ triumph ( ! ,puritans 9   
#afdj1 ! ye> ( ! impea*m5t ( ! ,e>l (   

,/raf=d4 ,_m ( ! pictures record$ bo? ! 
suff]+s & ! joyful deliv]ance ( !       
,puritan cl]gym54 ,?us we h 9 "o ( !m a 
gl[+ acc\nt ( ! return ( ! ?ree g5tlem5 
^: e>s furni%$ a repa/ = ! ,ar*bi%op (  
,cant]bury4 ,!y _h be5 imprison$ = _m   
ye>s 9 ! ,*annel ,isl&s1 f :i* !y 7     
convey$ to ,d>tm\?1 & !nce to ,london1  
hail$ ) acclamations ( delight & welcome
 9 e village ?r\gh :i* !y pass$4 ,all ! 
exp5ses ( _! long j\rney 7 paid = !m1 & 
pres5ts ( value 7 ?ru/ ^u !m z !y rode  
by4 ,)9 a few miles ( ,london !y 7 met  
by su* a conc\rse ( vehicles1 horsem51 &
 p t x 0 ) great difficulty !y c\ld     
travel a mile 9 an h\r4 ,b :5 at l5g?1 9
 ! ev5+1 !y rea*$ ! city1 masses (      
en?usia/ic p block$ ! /reets1 cry+1     
,welcome home6 welcome home6 & /rew+    
fl[]s & rosem>y be=e !m4 ,?\s&s ( ! p   
c>ri$ tor*es1 :i* r5d]$ ! /reets light] 
?an ! day4 ,!y 7 ?ree h\rs 9 mak+ _! way
 ?r\gh ! cr[d f ,*>+ ,cross to _! lodg+s
 9 ! city1 a di/ance ( a mile4  ,x 0    
dur+ ! exaltation ( ! ye>s prec$+ !     

civil w> t su* pictures appe>$ z ! "o "h
 giv51 urg+ a union betwe5 ! ,*ur* (    
,engl& & ! ,*ur* ( ,scotl& aga9/ ! foe (
 bo?4 ,?is is copi$ f an orig9al        
impression 9 ! collection ( ! ,new ,york
 ,hi/orical ,society4  ,! c>icaturi/s   
pursu$ ,laud & ,/raf=d ev5 to !         
scaffold4 ,! ar*bi%op 0 ! au?or ( a "w  
entitl$ ,canons & ,in/itutions          
,ecclesia/ical1 9 :i* he gave expression
 to 8 extreme ,high-*ur* op9ions4 ,9    
#afdj ! victori\s ,h\se ( ,commons      
cancel$ ! canons adopt$ f ?is "w1 & f9$ 
! cl]gy :o _h sat 9 ! ,convocation4 ,a  
c>icature quickly appe>$1 call$         
,ar*bi%op ,laud fir+ a ,cannon1 9 :i* ! 
cannon is repres5t$ z bur/+1 & its      
fragm5ts endang]+ ! cl]gym5 /&+ ne>4    
,laud's committal to ! ,t[] 0 ! occasion
 ( _m broad%eets1 "o ( :i* exhibits him 
fa/5$ to a /aple 9 a wall1 ) a long /r+ 
( taunt+ /anzas bel[3    ,read]1 ,i "k  
?\ can/ n *oose b smile   ,to see a     
,bi%op tide ?us to a r+6   ,yea1 su* a  
pr9cely prelate1 t ere :ile   ,c\ld ?ree

 at once 9 ,limbo patrum fl+2   ,susp5d 
by hundr$s :]e 8 wor%ip pleas$1   ,& !m 
t prea*$ too (t by sil5ce eas'd2        
,made ,laws & ,canons1 l a ,k+ 7at      
lea/72   ,devis'd new oa?s2 =c'd m5 to  
swe>e to lies6   ,advanc'd 8 lordly p[] 
'bove all ! re/4   ,& !n our ,lazie     
,prie/s began to rise2   ,b pa9full     
m9i/]s1 :i* plide _! place   ,)         
dilig5ce1 w5t d[ne ! w9d apace4    ,our 
hone/ ,r\nd heads too !n w5t to racke2  
,! holy si/]s into corn]s fl$2          
,cobbl]s & ,weav]s prea*t 9 ,tubs =     
lacke   ,( bett] ,pulpits2 ) a sacke    
in/ead   ,( ,pulpit-clo?1 hung r\nd 9   
dec5t wise1   ,all :i* ! _s did = _!    
good devise4    ,b>nes1 ,cell]s1        
,cole-holes1 7 _! meet+-places1   ,s    
sorely 7 ^! babes ( ,*ri/ abus'd1   ,:]e
 he t mo/ ,*ur*-gov]nm5t disgraces   ,is
 mo/ e/eem'd1 & ) mo/ rev]5ce u'd4   ,x 
be+ _! sole int5t religi\sly   ,to      
rattle aga9/ ! ,bi%ops' dignity4        
,bro!r1 saies "o1 :at doe y ?9ke1 ,i    
pray1   ,( ^! pr\d ,prelates1 :i* s l(ty

 are8   ,truly1 saies he1 me]e          
,anti*ri/s are !y4   ,?us z !y p>le1    
be=e !y be aw>e1   ,p]haps a ,pursuivant
 slips 9 beh9d1   ,& makes 'em run l    
h>es be=e ! w9d4    ,a ye]e agone 'tad  
be5 a hang+ matt]   ,t'ave writ 7nay1   
spoke7 a ^w 'ga9/ little ,w2   ,b n[ !  
times are *ang'd1 m5 scorne to flatt]2  
,s mu* ! worse = ,cant]bury /ill1   ,=  
if t tru? come once to rule ! roa/1     
,no m>'le to see him tide up to a po/4  
,by wick$ c\nsels fa9e he w\ld h set    
,! ,scots & u toge!r by ! e>es2   ,a    
,patri>k's place ! ,levite long'd to    
get1   ,to sit bi?' ,pope 9 "o ( ,pet]'s
 *aires4   ,& hav+ drunke s deepe (     
,babels cup1   ,0 x n "t1 d'ee ?9k1 to  
*a9e him up8  ,9 ^! /anzas are r\ghly   
giv5 ! lead+ c\nts ( ! popul> indictm5t 
aga9/ ,ar*bi%op ,laud4 ,o!r pr9ts pres5t
 him to u 9 ! ,t[] ) a halt] r\nd 8     
neck2 &1 aga91 we see him 9 a bird-cage1
 ) ! que5's ,ca?olic confessor1 ! two   
be+ popul>ly reg>d$ z birds ( a fea!r4  
,9 ano!r1 a /\t c>p5t] is hold+ ,laud's 

nose to a gr9d/one1 :ile ! c>p5t]'s boy 
turns ! h&le1 & ! ar*bi%op cries = m]cy3
    ,su* turn+ w soon de=m my face2     
,oh6 ,i ble$1 ,i ble$6 & am extremely   
sore4  ,b ! c>p5t] rem9ds him t ! v>i\s 
e>s t he _h caus$ to be cut (f 7 q z    
preci\s to _! own]s z 8 nose is to him4 
,a ,jesuit ent]s ) a vessel ( holy wat] 
) :i* to wa% ! extremely sore nose4 ,"o 
broad%eet repres5ts ,laud 9 consultation
 ) 8 physician1 :o adm9i/]s an emetic t 
causes him to ?r[ (f 8 /oma* sev]al     
heavy articles :i* _h be5 tr\bl+ him =  
ye>s4 ,fir/1 ! ,tobacco ,pat5t comes up 
) a t]rible wr5*4 ,z ea* article appe>s1
 ! doctor & 8 pati5t conv]se ^u x3      
,doctor4 ,:at's ?is8 ,a book8 ,:osoev]  
ha? b9 at *ur* may ex]cise lawful       
recreations on ,sunday4 ,:at's ! mean+ (
 ?is8  ,cant]bury4 ',tis ! booke =      
,pa/imes on ! ,sunday1 :i* ,i caus$ to  
be made4 ,b hold6 "h comes some?+4 ,:at 
is x8  ,doctor4 ',tis ano!r book4 ,!    
title is1 ',sunday no ,sabba?4' ,did y  
cause ?is to be made also8  ,cant]bury4 

,no2 ,doctor ,pockl+ton made x2 b ,i    
lic5s$ x4  ,doctor4 ,b :at's ?is8 ,a    
pap] 'tis2 if ,i be n mi/ak51 a         
,/>-,*amb] ord] made aga9/ ,mr4 ,pr9ne1 
,mr4 ,burton1 & ,dr4 ,ba/wicke4 ,_h y   
any h& 9 ?is8  ,cant]bury4 ,i _h4 ,i _h4
 ,all ,engl& kn[e? x4 ,b1 oh1 "h comes  
up some?+ t makes my v back ake6 ,o t x 
7 up once6 ,n[ x is up1 ,i ?ank ,heav56 
,doctor4 ',tis a great bundle ( pap]s1 (
 pres5tations & susp5sions4 ,^! 7 !     
in/rum5ts1 my "l1 :]e) y creat$ !       
tongue-ti$ ,doctors1 & gave !m great    
,b5efices 9 ! ,c\ntry to prea* "s twice 
a ye> at ! lea/1 & 9 _! place to hire "s
 j\rneyman ,curate1 :o w only read a    
,s]mon 9 ! =5oone1 & 9 ! aft]noone be   
drunke1 ) 8 p>i%ion]s = company4  ,by ! 
same pa9ful process ! ar*bi%op is       
deliv]$ ( 8 ,book ( ,canons1 & f9ally ( 
8 mitre2 ^u :i* ! doctor says1 ,nay1 if 
! mit] be come1 ! ,divell is n f> (f4   
,f>ewell1 my good "l4  ,!re /ill exi/ 9 
v>i\s collections m ?an a hundr$ pr9ts  
relat+ directly to ,ar*bi%op ,laud1     

sev]al ( :i* give burlesque             
repres5tations ( 8 execution4 ,!re are  
"s t %[ him asleep1 & visit$ by ! gho/s 
( ^? :om he _h p]secut$1 ea* address+   
him 9 turn1 z ! victims ( ,ri*>d ,,iii4 
spoke to _! de/roy] on ,boswor? ,field4 
,"o ( ! pr9t-mak]s1 h[ev]1 rel5t$ at !  
spectacle ( an old man1 sev5ty-two ye>s 
( age1 br\ght to ! block4 ,he exhibits !
 ar*bi%op speak+ to ! cr[d f ! scaffold3
    ,l5d me b "o poore te>e1 :5 ?[ d'/  
see    ,?is wret*$ portraict ( j mis]ie4
    ,i 0 ,great ,innovator1 ,tyran1 ,foe
    ,to ,*ur* & ,/ate2 all ,times %all  
call me s4    ,b s9ce ,i'm ,?und]-/rick5
 to ! ,gr\nd1    ,le>n h[ to /&3 insult 
n ore my w\nd4  ,?is "o poor /anza alone
 among ! popul> utt]ances ( ! "t %[s t  
any s\l 9 ,engl& 0 t\*$ by ! cruel      
fanatic's bloody end4  ,illu/ration3    
,engl&'s ,wolfe ) ,eagle's ,clawes      
7,pr9ce ,rup]t71 #afdg4  ,dur+ ! civil  
w> & ! gov]nm5t ( ,cromwell1 #afdb to   
#affj1 n9e 9 t5 ( all ! satirical pr9ts 
t h be5 pres]v$ are on ! ,puritan side4 

,a great numb] ( !m 7 aim$ at ! ,wel%1  
^: brogue seems to h be5 a /&+ res\rce )
 ! mir?-mak]s ( t p]iod1 z ! ,iri% is at
 pres5t4 ,! wild roy/]+ ways ( !        
,cavali]s1 _! debau*]y & lic5se1 furni%$
 subjects4 ,! cruelties practic$ by     
,pr9ce ,rup]t sugge/$ ! annex$          
illu/ration1 9 :i* ! au?or endeavor$ to 
%[ ! cruell ,impieties ( ,blood-?ir/y   
,royali/s & blasphem\s                  
,anti-,p>liam5t>ians "u ! ,comm& ( t    
inhumane ,pr9ce ,rup]t1 ,digby1 & ! re/1
 :]e9 ! b>b>\s ,crueltie ( our ,civill  
uncivill ,w>res is briefly discov]$4    
,b5ea? ! portrait ( ,engl&'s wolf are   
v>i\s n>ratives ( 8 bloody de$s4 ,"o    
picture exhibits ! plund]+ habits ( !   
m]c5>ies on ! side ( ! k+ 9 ,irel&4 ,a  
soldi] is repres5t$ arm$ & equipp$ ) !  
ut5sils t app]ta9 to good =age3 on 8    
head a ?ree-legg$ pot1 hang+ f 8 side a 
duck1 a spit ) a goose on x held 9 8    
left h& z a musket1 a dripp+-pan on 8   
arm z a %ield1 a hay-=k 9 8 "r h& = a   
re/1 ) a /r+ ( sausages = a mat*1 a long

 arti*oke at 8 side = a sword1 bottles (
 can>y susp5d$ f 8 belt1 slices ( toa/ =
 %oe-/r+s1 & two black pots at 8 g>t]s4 
,?is picture may h be5 call$ =? by an   
item 9 a news-lett] ( #afda1 :]e9 x 0   
/at$ t su* great /ore ( pilidges 0 daily
 br\ght into ,drogh$a t a c[ c\ld be    
b\ght !re = five %ill+s & a horse =     
twelve4  ,illu/ration3 ,*>les ,,ii4 & ! 
,scot* ,presbyt]ians1 #afea4            
,presbyt]4 ,come to ! gr9/one1 ,*>les2  
'tis n[ too late    ,to recolect1 'tis  
presbit]ian fate4    ,k+4 ,yon ,cov5ant 
pret5d]s1 mu/ ,i bee    ,! subject ( y\r
 ,tradgie ,com$ie8    ,jockey4 ,i1      
,jockey1 turne ! /one ( all y\r plots1  
,= none turnes fa/] ?an ! turne-coat    
,scots4    ,presbyt]4 ,we = our ends did
 make !e k+1 be sure1    ,n to rule u1  
we w n t endure4    ,k+4 ,y deep        
dissembl]s1 ,i "k :at y doe1    ,&1 =   
rev5ges sake1 ,i w dissemble too4  ,!   
abortive attempt ( ,*>les ,,ii41 aft] ! 
execution ( 8 fa!r1 to unite ! ,scots "u
 8 sceptre1 & by _! aid place himself ^u

 ! ?rone ( ,engl&1 call$ =? ! c>icature 
annex$1 9 :i* an old device is put to a 
new use4 ,a l>ge numb] ( v]ses expla9 ! 
picture1 ?\gh !y beg9 by decl>+3    ,?is
 ,embleme ne$s no le>n$ ,exposition2    
,! ,_w kn[s well en\gh ! sad condition  
,( regal ,p[] & ,pr]ogative4    ,dead & 
de?ron'd 9 ,engl&1 n[ alive    ,9       
,scotl&1 :]e !y seeme to love ! ,lad1   
,if hee'l be m obsequi\s ?an 8 ,dad1    
,& act accord+ to ,kirk ,pr9ciples1     
,m subtile ?an 7 ,delphic ,oracles4  ,9 
! v]ses t foll[ !re is to be f\nd "o ( !
 few explicit ju/ifications ( !         
execution ( ,*>les ,i4 t ! light]       
lit]ature ( ! ,commonweal? af=ds3    ,b 
,law & ,ju/ice at ! la/ be+ done    ,on 
! hat$ ,fa!r1 n[ !y love ! ,son4  ,!    
poet also taunts ! ,scots ) hav+ fir/   
/irr$ up ! ,engli% to doe ,h]oick       
,ju/ice on ! late k+1 & !n adopt+ ! heir
 on condition ( 8 giv+ _! ,*ur* ! same  
fell supremacy :i* ,laud _h claim$ = !  
,*ur* ( ,engl&4  ,! ,ironsides (        
,cromwell soon accompli%$ ! c>icaturi/'s

 pr$iction3    ,b ?is religi\s mock we  
all %all see1    ,w soone ! d[nfall ( _!
 ,babel be4  ,we f9d ! p5cil & ! p5 ( ! 
satiri/ next employ$ 9 exhibit+ ! "y k+ 
flee+ 9 v>i\s ludicr\s disguises be=e 8 
enemies4  ,an int]e/+ c>icature publi%$ 
dur+ ! civil w>s aim$ to ca/ back ^u !  
,malignants ! ridicule impli$ 9 !       
nickname ( ,r\ndhead z appli$ to !      
,puritans4 ,x conta9$ figures ( ?ree    
ecclesia/ics1 ,s\nd-head1 ,rattle-head1 
& ,r\nd-head4 ,s\nd-head1 a m9i/] s\nd 9
 ! ,puritan fai?1 h&s a ,bible to       
,rattle-head1 a p]sonage meant = ,laud1 
half bi%op & half ,jesuit4 ,on ! o!r    
side is ! g5u9e ,r\nd-head1 a monk )    
%orn pate1 :o pres5ts to ,rattle-head a 
crucifix1 & po9ts to a mona/]y4         
,rattle-head rejects ! ,bible1 &        
receives ! crucifix4 ,ov] ! figures is  
writt53    ,see he]1 ,malignants        
,fool]ie    ,retort$ on !m prop]ly1     
,! ,s\nd-head1 ,r\nd-head1 ,rattle-head1
    ,well plac$1 :]e be/ is m]it$4      
,bel[ are o!r v]ses 9 :i*1 ( c\rse1     

,rattle-head & ,r\nd-head are belabor$ 9
 ! ?or\gh-go+1 root-&-bran* mann] ( !   
"t1 ,a!i/ & ,arm9ian be+ us$ z synonym\s
 t]ms3    ,see he]1 ! ,rattle-heads mo/ 
,rott5 ,he>t1    ,act+ ! ,a!i/s or      
,arm9ians "p4  ,9 look+ ov] ! broad%eets
 ( t /irr+ p]iod1 we are /ruck by !     
abs5ce ( ! mighty ,"n t mu/ h be5       
upp]mo/ 9 e m9d & (t5e/ on e tongue--t (
 ! ,"l ,protector1 ,oliv] ,cromwell4 ,a 
few c>icatures 7 execut$ 9 ,holl&1 9 :i*
 ,! ,g5]al & ,oliv] & ,! ,protector 7   
weakly satiriz$2 b z mo/ ( ! plates 9 t 
age 7 made to s]ve v>i\s purposes1 & 7  
frequ5tly alt]$ & r$at$1 x is n c]ta9 t 
any ( !m 7 circulat$ 9 ,engl& dur+      
,cromwell's life-"t4 ,engli% draughtsm5 
produc$ a few pictures 9 :i* !          
,protector 0 favorably depict$ dissolv+ 
! ,long ,p>liam5t1 b _! ef=ts 7 n       
rem>kable ei!r ) p5 or p5cil4 ,!        
,protector may h reli%$1 & ,bunyan may h
 writt51 ! v]ses t accompani$ "s ( !m3  
,full twelve ye>s & m ^! ,rooks !y h sat
      to gull & to coz5 all true-he>t$  

,p2    ,our ,gold & our ,silv] has made 
!m s fat      t !y lookt m big & mighty 
?an ,paul's ,/eeple4  ,! ,puritans h&l$ 
! sword m skillfully ?an ! p51 & !      
royali/s 7 n dispos$ to satire dur+ !   
rule ( ! ,ironside *ief4 ,! only great  
writ] ( ! ,puritan age on ! ,puritan    
side 0 ,milton1 & he 0 "o ( ! two or    
?ree great writ]s :o h %[n little s5se (
 humor4     ,,*apt] ,x4  ,,lat]         
,,puritan ,,c>icature4   ,illu/ration3  
,cris-cross ,rhymes on ,love's ,crosses1
 #afdj4 7,mus>um1 #cjf47  ,:at a *ange  
came ov] ! _s ( ,engli% art & lit]ature 
at ! ,re/oration 9 #affj6 ,=ty ye>s     
be=e1 :5 ,james ,i4 0 k+1 :o loa!d a    
,puritan1 !re 0 occasionally publi%$ a  
pr9t 9 :i* ,puritans 7 treat$ 9 ! mann] 
( ,hudibras4 ,!re 0 "o ( #afab 9 :i* a  
cr[n 0 half cov]$ by a broad-brimm$ hat1
 ) v]ses reflect+ ^u ! aspir+1 facti\s  
,puritan1 :o presum$ to ov]looke 8 k+4  
,!re 0 "o 9 #afcf1 9 ! reign ( ,*>les   
,i41 aim$ at two infam\s up/>t prophets1
 weav]s1 !n 9 ,newgate = h]esy1 :i*     

conta9s a description ( a ,puritan at   
*ur*1 :i* is entirely 9 ! _s (          
,hudibras3  ,8 seat 9 ! *ur* is :]e he  
may be mo/ se5e4 ,9 ! "t ( ! ,s]mon he  
drawes out 8 tables to take ! ,notes1 b 
/ill not+ :o obs]ves him to take !m4 ,at
 e place ( ,scripture cit$ he turnes ov]
 ! leaves ( 8 ,booke1 m pleas$ ) !      
motion ( ! leaves ?an ! matt] ( ! ,text2
 ,= he folds d[ne ! leaves ?\gh he f9ds 
n ! place4 ,hee lifts up ! :ites ( 8    
eyes t[>ds ,heav5 :5 hee m$itates on !  
sordid pleasures ( ! e>?2 8 body be+ 9  
,god's ,*ur*1 :5 8 m9d is 9 ! divel's   
,*appell4  ,aga91 9 #afdg1 two ye>s be=e
 ! execution ( ,*>les1 an ext5sive &    
elaborate %eet appe>$1 9 :i* ! ignorant 
prea*]s ( ! day 7 held up to opprobrium4
 ,ea* ( ^! erroni\s1 h]eticall1 &       
,me*annick spirits 0 exhibit$ practic+ 8
 trade1 & a multitude ( v]ses bel[      
describ$ ! h]esies :i* su* tea*]s       
promulgat$4    ,ox=d & ,cambridge make  
poore ,prea*]s2    ,ea* %op af=de? bett]
 ,tea*]s3         ,oh bless$ ,re=mation6

  ,among ! me*annick spirits pres5t$ 9  
?is %eet we rem>k ,b>bone1 !            
,le!r-sell]1 :o figures 9 _m lat] pr9ts 
z ,b>ebones4 ,!re are also ,bul*]1 a    
,*ick5 man2 ,h5%aw1 a ,confection]1     
alias an ,infection]2 ,dup]1 a ,c[keep]2
 ,lamb1 a ,sope-boyl]1 & a doz5 m4  ,su*
 pictures1 h[ev]1 7 few & f> betwe5 dur+
 ! tw5ty ye>s ( ,puritan asc5d5cy4 ,b :5
 ! rule ( ! ,s\nd-head 0 at an end1 &   
,rattle-head _h once m ! disp5s+ (      
pref]m5t 9 ,*ur* & ,/ate1 ! press teem$ 
) broad%eets revil+ ! ,puritan h]oes4 ,!
 gorge\s fun]al ( ! ,protector--8 body  
borne 9 /ate on a velvet b$1 clad 9     
royal robes1 to ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 :]e a  
magnific5t tomb rose ov] 8 rema9s--0    
/ill fre% 9 ! recollection ( ! p (      
,london :5 !y saw ! same body torn f its
 re/+-place1 & hung on ,tyburn ,hill f  
n9e 9 ! morn+ until six 9 ! ev5+1 & !n  
ca/ into a deep pit4 ,?\s&s :o saw 8    
royal fun]al look$ ^u 8 body sw++ f !   
gall[s4 ,! c>icatures vividly m>k !     
*ange4 ,cromwell n[ appe>s only z       

tyrant1 anti*ri/1 hypocrite1 mon/]4     
,*>les ,i4 is ! holy m>tyr4 ,8 son's    
flight 9 disguise1 ! hid+ 9 ! oak-tree1 
& o!r circum/ances ( 8 escape are no    
long] ignom9i\s or laughable1 b graceful
 & glori\s4  ,a *]i%$ fiction appe>s    
frequ5tly 9 ! c>icatures t no man came  
to a good end :o _h _h any h& 9 ! k+'s  
execution1 n ev5 ! execution] nor !     
humble/ ( 8 assi/ants4 ,on "o %eet we   
read ( a c]ta9 drum-mak]1 nam$ ,t5*1 :o 
provid$ roapes1 pullies1 & hookes 79    
case ! k+ resi/$7 to compel & =ce him   
d[n to ! block4 ,?is roague is also     
haunt$ ) a ,devill1 & consumes away4    
,!re 0 ! confession1 too1 ( ! hangman1  
:o1 be+ ab\t to dep>t ?is life1 decl>$ t
 he _h solemnly v[$ n to p]=m 8 (fice ^u
 ! k+1 b _h nev]!less dealt ! fatal bl[1
 trembl+ f head to foot4 ,?irty p\nds _h
 be5 8 rew>d1 :i* 0 paid him 9 half-cr[n
 pieces )9 an h\r aft] ! execution--!   
de>e/ money1 z he told 8 wife1 t he _h  
ev] receiv$1 = x w\ld co/ him 8 life1   
:i* propheticall words 7 soon made      

manife/1 = x appe>$ t1 ev] s9ce1 he _h  
be5 9 a mo/ sad condition1 & lay rag+ & 
swe>+1 & /ill po9t+ at "o ?+ or ano!r   
:i* he conceiv$ to appe> visible be=e   
him4  ,illu/ration3 ,%rove-tide 9 ,arms 
aga9/ ,l5t1 ,a4,d4 #affj4  ,ri*>d       
,cromwell 0 let (f z easily by !        
c>icaturi/ z he 0 by ! k+4 ,he is       
depict$ z ! meek knight1 ! mild         
incapable1 h>dly wor? a p>t+ kick4 ,9 "o
 v good picture he is a coop] hamm]+    
away ) a mallet at a cask1 f :i* a numb]
 ( owls escape1 mo/ ( :i*1 z !y take _! 
flight1 cry out1 ,k+6 ,ri*>d prote/s t  
he kn[s no?+ ( ?is trade ( coop]1 = ! m 
he hamm]s1 ! m ! b>rel breaks up4       
,elizabe?1 ! wife ( ! ,protector1 figur$
 9 a ludicr\s mann] ^u ! cov] ( a       
cook]y-book publi%$ 9 ! reign ( ,*>les  
,,ii41 ! preface ( :i* conta9$ anecdotes
 ( ! kit*5 ov] :i* %e _h presid$4       
,illu/ration3 ,l5t tilt+ at ,%rove-tide1
 ,a4,d4 #affj4  ,among o!r indications (
 *ange 9 ! public feel+1 we notice a few
 pictures conceiv$ 9 ! pure _s ( gayety1

 design$ to af=d pleasure to e "o1 & pa9
 to no "o4 ,two ( ^! are giv5           
"h--,%rove-tide & ,l5t tilt+ at "o      
ano!r--:i* 7 ?\ght amaz+ly +5i\s & comic
 two hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,!y are q 9 ! ta/e
 ( ! p]iod t produc$ !m4 ,%rove-tide1 9 
! cal5d> ( ,rome1 is ! ,tuesday be=e    
,l5t1 a day on :i* _m p gave !mselves up
 to revelry & fea/+1 9 anticipation ( ! 
=ty days' fa/4 ,%rove-tide accord+ly is 
m\nt$ on a fat ox1 & 8 sword is %ea!d 9 
a pig & piece ( meat1 ) capons & bottles
 ( w9e ab\t 8 body4 ,8 flag1 z we le>n f
 ! explanatory v]ses1 is a cooke's f\le 
apron fix'd to a broome1 & 8 helmet a   
brasse pot4 ,l5t1 on ! contr>y1 fl+s to 
! breeze a fi%+-net1 c>ries an angl+-rod
 = a weapon1 & we>s ^u 8 head a boyl+   
kettle4 ,?us acc\tr$1 ^! mortal foes    
approa* "o ano!r1 & ,l5t lifts up 8     
voice & proclaims 8 int5tion3    ,i n[  
am come to mundifie & cle>e    ,! base  
abuses ( ?is la/ pa/ ye>e3    ,?\       
puff-paun*'d mon/] 7,%rovetyde71 ?\ art 
he    ,t 7 orda9'd ! latt] end to be    

,( =ty-five weekes' gluttony1 n[ pa/1   
,:i* ,i 9 seav5 weekes come to cleanse  
at la/3    ,y\r fea/+ ,i w turn to fa/+ 
dyet2    ,y\r cookes %all h "s leasure  
to be quiet2    ,y\r masques1 pomps1    
playes1 & all y\r va9e exp5ce1    ,i'll 
*ange to sorr[1 & to p5it5ce4           
,%rove-tide replies valiantly to ^!     
brave words3    ,:at art ?\1 ?\         
leane-jawde anottamie1    ,all _s 7= ,i 
no fle% ^u !e spie72    ,?\ bragg+ peece
 ( ayre & smoke1 t prat'/1    ,& all    
good-fell[%ip & fri5d%ip hat'/2    ,y'le
 turn our fea/s to fa/s6 :51 c y tell8  
,aga9/ y\r spight1 we are provid$ well4 
,?\ say/ ?\'lt ease ! cookes6-! cookes  
c\ld wi%    ,!e boyl'd or broyl'd ) all 
?y fro?y fi%2    ,= "o fi%-d9n] takes m 
pa9es & co/    ,?an ?ree ( fle%1 bak'd1 
roa/1 or boyl'd1 almo/4  ,?is we are    
compell$ to reg>d z ab\t ! be/ fun our  
ance/ors ( #affj 7 capable ( a*iev+ )   
p5cil & p54 ,nor c we claim mu* = _!    
pictures :i* aim to satirize ! vices4   
,illu/ration3 ,! ,que5 ( ,james ,,ii4 & 

,fa!r ,petre4  ,x is a fooli% %eep t    
makes ! wolf h] confessor4 7#afhe47  ,! 
joy ( ! ,engli% p at ! re/oration ( !   
mon>*y1 :i* seem$ at fir/ to be z       
univ]sal z x 0 en?usia/ic1 0 ( %ort     
duration4 ,! ,/u>ts 7 ! ,b\rbons (      
,engl&1 incapable ( be+ taught by       
adv]sity4 ,)9 two ye>s ,*>les ,,ii4     
al>m$ ,prote/ant ,engl& by m>ry+ a      
,portuguese pr9cess4 ,! great plague (  
#affe1 t de/roy$ 9 ,london alone        
sixty-eight ?\s& p]sons1 0 foll[$ 9 ! v 
next ye> by ! great fire ( ,london1 :i* 
consum$ ?irte5 ?\s& two hundr$ h\ses4   
,at a mom5t :5 ! public m9d 0 r$uc$ to !
 mo/ abject cr$ulity by su* ev5ts z ^!1 
! sc\ndrel ,titus ,oates appe>$1 decl>+ 
t ! dread calamities :i* _h afflict$    
,engl&1 & o!rs !n imm95t1 7 only p>ts ( 
an awful ,popi% ,plot1 :i* aim$ at !    
de/ruction ( ! k+ & ! re/oration ( !    
,ca?olic religion4 ,a %ort "t aft]1     
#afgh1 ,sir ,edmundsbury ,godfrey1 !    
magi/rate be=e :om ,titus ,oates made 8 
deposition1 0 f\nd dead 9 a field ne>   

,london1 ! victim probably ( "s fanatic 
assass9 ( ! ,ca?olic p>ty4 ,! k+dom 0   
?r[n into an ec/asy ( t]ror1 f :i*1 z   
be=e obs]v$1 x has n to ?is day :olly   
recov]$4 ,t]ror may lurk 9 ! blood ( a  
race ages aft] ! removal ( its cause1 z 
we f9d our s5sitive horses %y+ f l[-ly+ 
objects at ! road-side1 ?\gh a ?\s&     
g5]ations may h peacefully labor$ & di$ 
s9ce _! ance/ors cr\*$ f ! spr+ ( a     
v]itable wild bea/4 ,! broad%eets ( t   
ye>1 #afgh1 & ( ! tr\bl\s ye>s foll[+1  
ev5 until ,william ( ,orange 0 seat$ on 
! ?rone ( ,engl&1 9 #afij1 h1 we may    
almo/ say1 b "o topic--! ,popi% ,plot4  
,! _s ( t p]iod lives 9 ^? %eets4  ,x _h
 be5 a cu/om 9 ,engl& to celebrate !    
#ag? ( ,novemb]1 ! day1 z "o %eet has x1
 on :i* ! un=tunate ,que5 ,m>y di$1 & t 
,glori\s ,sun1 ,que5 ,elizabe?1 ( happy 
memory1 arose 9 ! ,engli% horizon1 &    
!reby dispell$ ^? ?ick fogs & mi/s (    
,romi% bl9dness1 & re/or$ to ^! k+doms  
_! j ,rights bo? z m5 & ,*ri/ians4 ,!   
next recurr5ce ( ?is anniv]s>y aft] !   

murd] ( ,godfrey 0 seiz$ by !           
,prote/ants ( ,london to arrange a      
procession :i* 0 itself a /rik+         
c>icature4 ,a pictorial repres5tation ( 
! procession is manife/ly impossible "h1
 b we c copy ! li/ ( objects z giv5 on a
 broad%eet issu$ a few days aft] ! ev5t4
 ,?is device ( a procession1 borr[$ f   
,ca?olic times1 0 cont9ually employ$ to 
promulgate & emphasize ,prote/ant ideas 
d[n to a rec5t p]iod1 & has be5 us$ =   
political objects 9 our own day4 ,h[    
*ang$ ! ?\ghts ( m5 s9ce ,alb]t ,du]]   
witness$ ! gr& & gay procession at      
,antw]p1 9 honor ( ! ,virg9's           
,assumption1 "o hundr$ & fifty-n9e ye>s 
be=e6 ,! #ag? ( ,novemb]1 #afgi1 0 u%]$ 
91 at ?ree o'clock 9 ! morn+1 by a bur/ 
( bell-r++ all ov] ,london4 ,! broad%eet
 ?us qua9tly describes ! procession3    
,ab\t ,five o'clock 9 ! ,ev5+1 all ?+s  
be+ 9 read9ess1 ! ,solemn ,procession   
began1 9 ! foll[+ ,ord]3 ,i4 ,m>*$ six  
,:ifl]s to cle> ! way1 9 ,pione]s ,caps 
& ,r$ ,wai/coats 7& c>ry+ tor*es74 ,,ii4

 ,a ,bellman ,r++1 :o1 ) a ,l\d &       
,dolesom ,voice cri$ all ! way1 ,rememb]
 ,ju/ice ,godfrey4 ,,iii4 ,a ,dead ,body
 repres5t+ ,sir ,edmundbury ,godfrey1 9 
! ,habit he usually wore1 ! ,cravat :]e)
 he 0 murd]$ ab\t 8 ,neck1 ) spots (    
,blood on 8 ,wri/s1 ,%irt1 & :ite       
,gloves t 7 on 8 h&s1 8 ,face pale &    
wan1 rid+ on a ,:ite ,horse1 & "o ( 8   
,murd]]s beh9d him to keep him f fall+1 
repres5t+ ! mann] h[ he 0 c>ri$ f       
,som]set ,h\se to ,primrose ,hill4 ,,iv4
 ,a ,prie/ 9 a ,surplice1 ) a ,cope     
,embroid]$ ) ,dead m5s ,bones1          
,skeletons1 ,skuls1 c41 giv+ p>dons v   
freely to ^? :o w\ld murd] ,prote/ants1 
& proclaim+ x ,m]itori\s4 ,v4 ,a ,prie/ 
alone1 9 ,black1 ) a l>ge ,silv] ,cross4
 ,,vi4 ,f\r ,c>melite ,fri]s 9 ,:ite &  
,black ,habits4 ,,vii4 ,f\r ,grey ,fri>s
 9 _! prop] ,habits4 ,,viii4 ,six       
,jesuits ) ,bloody ,dagg]s4 ,,ix4 ,a    
,consort ( ,w9d-musick1 call'd ! ,waits4
 ,x4 ,f\r ,popi% ,bi%ops 9 ,purple &    
,lawn ,sleeves1 ) ,gold5 ,crosses on _! 

,brea/s4 ,,xi4 ,f\r o!r ,popi% ,bi%ops 9
 _! ,pontificalibus1 ) ,surplices1 ,ri* 
,embroyd]$ ,copes1 & ,gold5 ,mit]s on _!
 ,heads4 ,,xii4 ,six ,c>d9als 9 ,sc>let 
,robes & ,r$ ,caps4 ,,xiii4 ,! ,popes   
,*ief ,physitian ) ,jesuites ,p[d] 9 "o 
h&1 & a ---- 9 ! o!r4 ,,xiv4 ,two       
,prie/s 9 ,surplices1 ) two ,gold5      
,crosses4 ,la/ly1 ! ,pope 9 a ,l(ty     
,glori\s ,pageant1 repres5t+ a ,*air (  
,/ate1 cov]$ ) ,sc>let1 ! ,*air ri*ly   
embroyd]$1 fr+$1 & b$eckt ) ,gold5      
,balls & ,crosses2 at 8 feet a ,cu%ion (
 ,/ate1 two ,boys 9 ,surplices1 ) :ite  
,silk ,bann]s & ,r$ ,crosses1 & ,bloody 
,dagg]s = ,murd]+ ,h]itical ,k+s &      
,pr9ces1 pa9t$ on !m1 ) an ,inc5se-pot  
be=e !m1 sate on ea* side c5s+ 8        
,hol9ess1 :o 0 array$ 9 a ri* ,sc>let   
,g[n1 ,l9$ ?r\gh ) ,erm91 & adorn$ )    
,gold & ,silv] ,lace1 on 8 ,head a      
,triple ,cr[n ( ,gold1 & a ,glori\s     
,coll> ( ,gold & preci\s /ones1 ,/4     
,pet]s ,keys1 a numb] ( ,beads1 ,agnus  
,dei's & o!r ,ca?olick ,trump]y2 at 8   

,back /ood 8 ,hol9ess's ,privy          
,c\ncellor1 ! ,devil1 frequ5tly c>ess+1 
hugg+1 & :isp]+1 & (t-times in/ruct+ him
 al\d1 to de/roy ,8 ,maje/y1 to =ge a   
,prote/ant ,plot1 & to fire ! ,city     
aga92 to :i* purpose he held an ,inf]nal
 ,tor* 9 8 h&4 ,! :ole ,procession 0    
att5d$ ) #aej ,flambeaus & ,tor*es by   
ord]2 b s _m m came 9 ,volunti]s z made 
up "s ?\s&s4 ,nev] 7 ! ,balconies1      
,w9d[s & ,h\ses m num]\sly fill$1 nor ! 
,/reets clos] ?rong'd ) multitudes ( ,p1
 all express+ _! abhorr5ce ( ,pop]y )   
cont9ual ,%\ts & ,acclamations4  ,) sl[ 
& solemn /ep ! procession m>*$ to       
,temple ,b>1 !n j rebuilt1 & !re x      
halt$1 :ile a dialogue 9 v]se 0 sung 9  
p>ts by "o :o repres5t$ ! ,engli%       
,c>d9al ,h[>d1 & "o ! p ( ,engl&4 ,we c 
imag9e ! mann] 9 :i* ! cr[d w\ld come   
?und]+ 9 )    ,n[ ,god pres]ve ,great   
,*>les our ,k+1      ,& eke all hone/   
m52    ,& ,traytors all to ju/ice br+1  
,am56 ,am56 ,am56  ,fire-works succe$$ !
 song1 aft] :i* 8 ,hol9ess 0 dec5tly    

tumbl$ f all 8 gr&eur into ! imp>tial   
flames1 :ile ! p gave s prodigi\s a %\t 
t x 0 he>d f> beyond ,som]set ,h\se4 ,= 
_m ye>s a simil> pageant 0 giv5 9       
,london on ! same day4  ,z an additional
 illu/ration ( ! feel+ :i* !n prevail$ 9
 ,puritan circles1 ,i w copy ! rude &   
doleful rhymes :i* accompany a popul>   
pr9t ( #afhj1 call$ ,! ,dreadful        
,app>ition2 or1 ! ,pope haunt$ ) ,gho/s4
 ,coleman1 ,:itebread1 & ,h>c\rt1 :o    
figure among ! gho/s1 _h be5 rec5tly    
execut$ z popi% plott]s4 ,! picture %[s 
! ,pope 9 b$1 to :om ! devil conducts   
,coleman1 & an angel leads ! _s ( ,sir  
,edmundsbury ,godfrey4 ,:itebread &     
,h>c\rt are 9 %r\ds4 ,a bi%op1 a c>d9al1
 & o!r figures are se54 ,a label issu+ f
 ! m\? ( ea* ( ! p]sons repres5t$       
conta9s ! rhymes :i* foll[3  ,,! ,,pope 
,,9 ,,b$4    ,away6 ,away6 am n ,i ,pope
 ( ,rome1    torm5t me n be=e my "t is  
,come4  ,,! ,,devil1 ,,9 ,,! ,,=m ,,( ,a
 ,,dragon4    ,y\r ,sevt ,sr6 ,n$       
,coleman do? appe>e    he'll tell y all1

 !re=e ,i br\ght him "h4  ,,coleman',s  
,,gho/4    ,sr y are ,cause ( my        
,cont9uall pa9e1    ,my ,s\l is ,lo/1 = 
y\r ,ambiti\s ga9e4  ,,godfrey',s       
,,gho/1 ,,introduc$ ,,by ----4    ,rep5t
 great ,sr & be = ev] ble/1    9 ,heav5 
) me t happy place ( re/4  ,,angel1 ,,9 
,a ,,roman ,,%ape4    ,o ,*>iety6 :o    
m]cy craves = ^?3    ,) ,bluddy h&s t   
w>e 8 ,cruell foes4  ,,:itebread',s     
,,gho/1 ,,) ,a ,,sword ,,?r\gh ,,!      
,,body4    ,i am p]plex$ ) p]petuall    
fright2    b :o is ?is ape>es ?is       
dreadful night4  ,,h>c\rt',s ,,gho/1 ,,)
 ,a ,,sword ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,body4    ',tis
 ,godfrey's ,gho/ ,i wi% all ?+s be well
    t we may h our ,pope ( ,rome 9 hell4
  ,a ,,bi%op4    ,let u dep>t & ,%un _! 
cruell fate1    & all rep5t be=e x is to
 late4  ,,c>d9al4    ,come let u flie ) 
all ! ,spe$ we may1    ,ye ,devil els w 
take u all away4  ,bel[ ! picture are ! 
v]ses subjo9$3  ,,nuncio4    ,horrors & 
,dea?6 :at dismal ,sights ,invade    ,8 
,nightly ,slumb]s1 :o 9 ,blood does     

,trade4    ,! ,gho/ly ,app>itions ( !   
,dead2    ,! ,bless'd by ,angels2       
,damn'd by ,demons ,lead2    ',tis sure1
 ,romes ,conclave mu/ ,amaz$ /&1    ,:5 
,s\ls ,compla9+1 ?us aga9/ !m b&2    ,:o
 ,all b ,"o to please ,ambiti\s ,,rome1 
,h ,ga9'd ,damnation = ,_! ,f9al ,,doom4
    ,he> h[ ,!y ,curse ,him all1 b ,he  
:o fell4    ,great ,britta9s ,sacrifice 
by ,imps ( ,hell2    ,:o %ew'd ,_!      
,bloody ,v5geance 9 ! ,/rife1    ,to    
,mur!r ,him1 :o ,bus9ess _h = ,life4    
,,pope4    ,h[ d my ,eye-,balls ,r\l1 & 
,blood run back1    ,:at ,tortures at   
?is sight my ,consci5ce ,rack2    ,oh6  
,m\nta9s n[ fall on me1 "s ,deep ,cave  
,pitty me once1 & prove my spe$y ,grave4
    ,involv'd 9 ,d>kness1 f ! ,seat$    
,light1    ,let ,me abscond 9 ,ev]la/+  
,night4    ,torm5t me n2 y ,%ades1 be=e 
my "t1    ,i d confess1 y\r ,d[nfalls 0 
my ,crime2    ,to ,satiate my ,ambition 
& ,rev5ge1    ,i pu%'d y on to ?is      
,immortal ,*ange4    ,b ,ah6 fre%       
,horrors1 ,ah6 my ,p[]'s gr[n weak1     

,:at art ?\ ,fi5d8 f :5ce8 or :]e8 ,o   
,speak2    ,t 9 ?is ,frightful ,=m1 a   
,dragon's hew    ,pres5ts ,"o ,sa9t$1 to
 my ,trembl+ ,view8  ,,fi5d4    ,by     
,hells ,grim ,,k+',s ,comm&1 on :om ,i  
wait1    ,i've br\ght y\r ,sa9t 8 ,/ory 
to relate2    ,:o f ! black             
,t>t>ian-,fire bel[1    ,s long beg'd   
,abs5ce z to let y "k    ,8 ,torm5ts1 & 
! ,horrid ,*eat condole1    ,y fix'd on 
him to ,rob him ( 8 ,s\l4  ,,pope4      
,o6 sp>e my ,e>s1 ,i'll no su* ,horrors 
he>2  ,,coleman4    ,y mu/1 & "k y\r own
 ,damnation's ne>3    ,y mu/ ere long be
 ,plung'd 9 ,grizly ,flame1    ,:i* ,i  
%all laugh to see1 ?o1 rack'd ) pa9     
,?\ ,gr& ,deceiv] ( ! ,nations ,all1    
,contriv] ( my ,wret*$ ,fate & ,fall3   
,?\ :o did/ pu% me on to ,mur!r ,k+s    
,p]suad+ me = x on ,angels ,w+s    ,i   
%\ld ,transc5d ! ,cl\ds1 be ev] ,ble/1  
7    ,& be ( ,al t ,heav'n c\'d yield1  
posse/1  7    ,b ^! ,i mi/1 got ,torm5t 
)\t ,re/3     7    ,= :il/ on ,e>? ,i   
/&1 a ,hell )9    ,di/racts my          

,consci5ce1 pale ) horrid ,s93          
,in/ead ( ,mortals ,p>don1 ,"o on ,high1
    ,i mu/ y\r ,ev]la/+ ,m>tyr ,fry2    
,:il/ ,"n ( ,sa9t ,i be> on ,e>?1 bel[  
,x /irs ! flames1 & mu* ,augm5ts my     
,woe4  ,,pope4    ,horrors6 'tis        
,dismal1 ,i c he> no m1    ,o6 ,hell &  
,furies1 h[ ,i h lo/ my ,p['r4  ,,sir   
,e4 ,,godfrey4    ,see ,sir ?is ,crimson
 ,/a91 ?is baleful ,w\nd    ,see        
,mur!r'd me1 ) ,joys ,et]nal ,cr[n'd2   
,?\gh by ! ,d>ke/ ,de$ ( ,night ,i fell1
    ,:i* %ook ,?ree ,k+doms1 & ,a/oni%'d
 ,hell3    ,yet rap'd above ! ,skyes to 
,mansion bright1    ,!re to ,conv]se )  
,ev]la/+ ,light2    ,!nce got ,i leave  
to ,view ?y ,wret*$ ,face1    ,& f9d my 
,dea? ?y ,hell-born ,,plots did race1   
,& next to ! ,almighty ,arm did ,save   
,great ,albion's ,glory f its yawn+     
,grave2    ,f ,sacr$ ,bliss my          
,swift-,w+'d ,s\l did glide1            
,conduct$ ,hi!r by my ,angel-,guide1    
,to let !e "k ?y ,s&s 7 almo/ run1    ,&
 t ?y ,?read ( ,life is well-nigh ,spun2

    ,rep5t y !n1 ,wa% (f ! ,bloody ,/a91
    ,or ,y'll be ,doom'd to ,ev]la/+    
,pa94  ,,angel4    ,come ,wor?y (       
,s]aphick ,joys ,above1    ,wor?y ,our  
,conv]se1 & ,our ,sacr$ ,love2    ,:o   
ha/ ,implor'd ! ,great ,jehove = ,"o    
7    ,:o ,%$ ?y ,blood1 to ,snat* ?y    
,pr9ces ,?rone  7    ,9 ?is ?y ,savi\r's
 ,great ,examples %[n3           7      
,come let ,vs h5ce1 & leave ,him to 8   
,fate1    ,:5 ,div9e ,v5geance %all !   
,bus9ess ,/ate4  ,,pope4    ,*ill       
,horror seizes me1 ,i _c flye2    ,oh   
,gha/ly6 yet m ,app>itions nigh8        
,,:itebread4    ,?us w&]+ ?r\gh !       
,gloomy ,%ades1 at la/    ,i've f\nd    
,!e1 ,traytor1 t my ,joys did ,bla/1    
,^: ,dam'd ,injunctions1 ,dire          
,damnation ,seal'd1    ,& ,torm5ts t 7  
nev] yet ,reveal'd3    ,mirrihords (    
,plagues1 ,*a9s1 ,racks1 ,tempe/u\s     
,fire1    ,sulph]ian ,lakes t ,burn & n]
 ,expire1    ,de=m$ ,demons1 ,ugli] f>  
?an ,hell1    ,! ,half :at ,we ,endure1 
no ,tongue c ,tell2    ,?is = a         

,bi%oprick ,i ,und]go1    ,b ,n[ w\ld   
give ,e>?'s ,empire w]'t n s4  ,,pope4  
,retire1 ,good ,gho/s1 or ,i %all ,dye )
 ,fe>4  ,,h>c\rt4    ,nay /ay ,sir1 fir/
 ,y mu/ my ,/ory ,he>3    ,h[ c\ld y ?us
 ,delude y\r ,bosome-,fri5d8    ,y\r    
,foes to ,heav51 & ,vs to ,hell ?us s5d2
    ,damnation seize ,y ='t2 ere long   
,y'll be    ,plung'd ,headlong into va/ 
,et]nity2    ,!re = to ,h[l1 :il/ ,we "s
 ,com=t ga91  7    ,to see ,y welt] 9 an
 endless ,pa91                  7    ,& 
)\t ,pitty1 ju/ly !re ,compla94         
7  ,,pope4    ,ho6 ,c>d9als & ,bi%ops1  
ha/e ) spe$1    ,bell1 ,book1 & ,c&le   
fet*1 let me be free'd3   ,ah6 'tis too 
late1 by ,fe> ,intranc'd ,i lye4        
,,bi%op4    ,he>d y t ,groan8 ) spe$ f  
h5ce let's flye4  ,,c>d9al4    ,! ,fi5d 
has got ,him1 d\btless1 lets away1    ,&
 9 ?is ,gha/ly place no long] /ay4      
,,bi%op4    ,dread ,horrors seize me1   
,fly1 = ,m]cy call1    ,lea/ ,div9e     
,v5geance ov]-:elm ,vs all4  ,x 0 9 ?is 
crude & lucid way t ! =]unn]s (         

,gillray1 ,na/1 ,t5niel1 & ,lee*        
satiriz$ ! murd]\s follies ( _! age4 ,a 
volume l>g] ?an ?is w\ld n conta9 ! v]se
 & prose t cov]$ ! broad%eets 9 ! same  
/yle :i* appe>$ 9 ,london dur+ ! reign (
 ,*>les ,,ii4 ,?is specim51 h[ev]1      
suffices = any read] :o is n mak+ a     
special /udy ( ! p]iod4 ,to /ud5ts &    
hi/orians ! collection ( ^! pr9ts 9 !   
,briti% ,museum is beyond price2 = !y %[
 ! v age & body ( ! "t1 8 =m & pressure4
 ,p]haps no o!r s+le s\rce ( in=mation  
respect+ t p]iod is m valuable4         
,illu/ration3 ,fr5* ,c>icature (        
,corpul5t ,g5]al ,galas1 :o defeat$ a   
,fr5* ,convoy1 #afce4  ,f ! accession ( 
,william & ,m>y we notice a *ange 9 !   
subjects treat$ by c>icaturi/s4 ,if     
religion cont9u$ = a "t to be ! pr9cipal
 !me1 !re 0 m v>iety 9 its treatm5t4    
,sects became m di/9ct2 ! ,quak]s arose2
 ! div]g5ce betwe5 ! doctr9es ( ,lu!r & 
,calv9 0 m m>k$1 & gave rise to mu*     
discussion2 ,high ,*ur* & ,l[ ,*ur*     
r5ew$ _! endless conte/2 ! ,bapti/s     

became an important d5om9ation2 deism   
began to be ! :isp]$1 & became soon !   
vaunt$ fai? ( m5 ( ! _w2 ev5 ! voice ( !
 ,jew 0 occasionally he>d1 timidly ask+ 
= a small %>e ( 8 natural rights4 ,x is 
int]e/+ to note 9 ! popul> broad%eets & 
satirical pictures h[ quickly ! human   
m9d began to ex]t its p[]s :5 an        
ov]%ad[+ & imm$iate fe> ( pope & k+ 9   
league aga9/ lib]ty _h be5 remov$ by !  
flight ( ,james ,,ii4 & ! happy         
accession ( ,william ,,iii4  ,political 
c>icature rapidly assum$ prom95ce1 ?\gh1
 z long z ,l\is ,,xiv4 rema9$ on ! ?rone
 ( ,france1 ! *ief aim ( politics 0 to  
create safegu>ds aga9/ ! possible return
 ( ! ,ca?olic ,/u>ts4 ,! accession (    
,que5 ,anne1 ! c>e] ( ,bol+broke &      
,h>ley1 ! spl5did exploits ( ,m>lbor\gh1
 ! e>ly conflicts ( ,:ig & ,tory1 !     
attempts ( ! ,pret5d]s1 ! peaceful      
accession ( ,george ,i4--all ^! are     
exhibit$ 9 broad%eets & satirical pr9ts 
/ill pres]v$ 9 m ?an "o collection4     
,l\is ,,xiv41 8 pomps & 8 vanities1 8   

mis=tunes & 8 mi/resses1 furni%$        
subjects = hundr$s ( c>icatures bo? 9   
,engl& & ,holl&4 ,x 0 on a ,dut*        
c>icature ( #afie t ! fam\s retort      
occurs ( ! ,duc de ,luxemb\rg to an     
exclamation ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,orange4 ,!    
pr9ce impati5tly said1 aft] a defeat1   
,%all ,i1 !n1 nev] be able to beat t    
hun*back8 ,luxemb\rg repli$ to ! p]son  
report+ ?is1 ,h[ does he "k t my back is
 hun*$8 ,he has nev] se5 x4 ,int]sp]s$ )
 political satires1 we obs]ve an        
increas+ numb] ^u social & lit]>y       
subjects4 ,! transactions ( le>n$       
societies 7 n[ important en\gh to be    
c>icatur$1 & ! public 0 ent]ta9$ )      
burlesque disc\rses1 illu/rat$1 ^u ,!   
,inv5tion ( ,sampl]s1 ,! ,migration (   
,cuckoos1 ,! ,eunu*'s ,*ild1 ,a ,new    
,me?od ( tea*+ ,le>n$ ,m5 h[ to write   
,un9telligibly4 ,!re 0 an essay1 also1  
prov+ by argum5ts philosophical t       
,mill]s1 ?\gh falsely s reput$1 yet 9   
reality are n ?ieves1 ) an int]v5+      
argum5t t ,taylors likewise are n s4    

,illu/ration3 ,a ,quak] ,meet+1         
#agaj--;,am9idel exhort+ ,fri5ds to     
support ,sa*ev]ell4  ,a /range episode 9
 ! conflict betwe5 ,:ig & ,tory 0 ! c>e]
 ( ,sa*ev]ell1 a cl]gyman :o prea*$ su* 
extreme doctr9es conc]n+ royal &        
ecclesia/ical pr]ogative t he 0 =mally  
c5sur$ by a ,:ig ,p>liam5t1 & ?us lift$ 
into a prepo/]\s importance4 ,dur+ 8    
triumphal t\r1 :i* ,dr4 ,johnson        
rememb]$ z "o ( ! ev5ts ( 8 e>lie/      
*ildhood1 he 0 escort$ by volunt>y gu>ds
 t numb]$ f "o ?\s& to f\r ?\s& m\nt$   
m51 we>+ ! ,tory badges ( :ite knots    
edg$ ) gold1 & 9 _! hats ?ree leaves (  
gilt laurel4 ,! picture ( ! ,quak] meet+
 reflects ^u ! alliance alleg$ to h     
exi/$ betwe5 ! high ,tories & ! ,quak]s1
 bo? hav+ an int]e/ 9 ! removal (       
disabilities1 & h5ce mak+ common cause4 
,a curi\s relic ( ?is brief delirium is 
a p>agraph 9 ! ,grub ,/reet ,j\rnal (   
#agcf1 :i* records ! dea? ( ,dame ,box1 
a woman s zeal\s = ! ,*ur* t :5         
,sa*ev]ell 0 reliev$ ( c5sure %e clo!d  

h]self 9 :ite1 kept ! clo!s all h] life1
 & 0 buri$ 9 !m4 ,z long z ,dr4         
,sa*ev]ell liv$ %e w5t to ,london once a
 ye>1 & c>ri$ a pres5t ( a doz5 l>ks to 
t high-fly+ prie/4  ,! flight ( !       
,hugu5ots f ,france1 9 #afhe & #afhf1   
enri*$ ,holl&1 ,engl&1 & ! ,am]ican     
colonies ) ! elite ( ! ,fr5* p4 ,holl&  
be+ ne>e/ to ,france1 & honor$ above all
 l&s = ne>ly a c5tury z ! refuge ( p    
p]secut$ = op9ions' sake1 receiv$ at    
fir/ ! greate/ numb]1 especially ( !    
class :o c\ld live by intellectual      
pursuits4 ,! r>e/ ( all r>ities 9 ! way 
( c>icature1 ! diamond ( ! pictorial    
libr>y1 is a s]ies ( burlesque          
portraits1 produc$ 9 ,holl& 9 #afhf1 ( !
 tw5ty-f\r p]sons mo/ guilty ( procur+ !
 revocation ( ! wise edict ( ,h5ry      
,,iv41 :i* secur$ to ,fr5* ,prote/ants !
 "r to practice _! religion4 ,! "w 0    
entitl$ ,la ,procession ,monacale       
conduite p> ,l\is ,,xiv4 p\r la         
,conv]sion des ,prote/ans de son        
,royaume4 ,! k+1 accord+ly1 leads ! way1

 8 face a sun 9 a monk's c[l1 9 allusion
 to 8 adoption ( ! sun z a device4      
,madame ,de ,ma9t5on1 8 m>ri$ mi/ress1  
hide\sly c>icatur$1 foll[s4 ,p]e la     
,*aise1 & all ! ecclesia/ics ne> ! c\rt 
:o 7 reput$ to h urg$ on ! ignorant old 
k+ to ?is sup]lative folly1 _h _! place 
9 ! procession4 ,sev]al ( ! faces are   
execut$ ) a fre$om & p[] n common 9 any 
age1 b at t p]iod only possible to a    
,fr5* h&4 ,two specim5s are giv5 on !   
foll[+ page4  ,l\is ,,xiv41 z !         
c>icature collections alone w\ld suffice
 to %[1 0 ! conspicu\s man ( t pa9ful   
p]iod4 ,! c>icaturi/s av5g$ human       
nature4 ,no man ( ! "t call$ =? s _m    
ef=ts ( ! satiric p5cil1 nor 0 !re ev] a
 p]son bett] adapt$ to ! satiri/'s      
purpose1 = he furni%$ precisely ^?      
contra/s :i* satire c exhibit mo/       
effectively4 ,he /ood five feet f\r 9 8 
/ock+s1 b 8 %oe-mak] put f\r in*es (    
lea!r "u 8 heels1 & 8 wig-mak] six in*es
 ( o!r p's hair ^u 8 head1 :i* gave him 
an impos+ altitude4 ,! beg9n+ ( 8 reign 

0 prosp]\s en\gh to give "s slight      
excuse = ! mo/ ri*ly develop$ arrogance 
se5 9 ! _w s9ce ,x]xes la%$ !           
,hellespont1 b ! la/ ?ird ( 8 reign 0 a 
collapse t c\ld easily be made to seem  
ludicr\s4 ,!re 7 v obvi\s contra/s 9 ^? 
ye>s betwe5 ! spl5dors ( 8 b>b>ic c\rt &
 ! disgraceful defeats ( 8 armies1      
betwe5 ! op9ion he *]i%$ ( himself & !  
contempt 9 :i* he 0 held abroad1 betwe5 
! adulations ( 8 c\rti]s & ! execrations
 ( ,france1 betwe5 ! mass-att5d+ & !    
morals ( ! c\rt4  ,illu/ration3         
,ar*bi%op ( ,p>is--,a ,bett] ,fri5d to  
,ladies ?an to ! ,pope4 7,holl&1 #afhf4 
,by an ,exil$ ,hugu5ot47  ,illu/ration3 
,ar*bi%op ( ,rheims--,mitr$ ,ass4       
7,holl&1 #afhf4 ,aft] ! ,expulsion ( !  
,hugu5ots47  ,! c>icaturi/s made ! mo/ (
 ^! po9ts4 ,e t[n t he lo/1 e victory t 
,m>lbor\gh won1 gave !m an opportunity  
:i* !y improv$4 ,we h him z a huge yell[
 sun1 ea* ray ( :i* be>s an inscription 
ref]r+ to "s defeat1 folly1 or %ame4 ,we
 h him z a jay1 cov]$ ) /ol5 plumage1   

:i* 8 enemies are pluck+ f him1 ea*     
fea!r inscrib$ ) ! "n ( a lo/ city or   
=tress4 ,we h him z ! ,cri] (           
,v]sailles1 cry+ ! %ips lo/ 9 ! battle (
 ,la ,hogue1 & (f]+ rew>ds = _! recov]y4
 ,he figures z ! ,gallic cock fly+ be=e 
t wise victori\s fox ( ,engl&1 ,william 
,,iii41 & z a pomp\s drumm] lead+ 8     
army1 & att5d$ by 8 ladies & c\rti]s4   
,he is an old ,fr5* ,apollo driv+ ! sun1
 9 wig & spectacles4 ,he is a tig] on   
trial be=e ! o!r bea/s = 8 cruel        
depr$ations4 ,he is %orn & fool$ by     
,ma9t5on2 he is bridl$ by ,que5 ,anne4  
,he is %[n dr9k+ a goblet ( human blood4
 ,we see him 9 ! /ocks ) 8 conf$]ate1 ! 
,pope1 & ! devil /&+ beh9d1 knock+ _!   
heads toge!r4 ,he is a sick man vomit+  
up t[ns4 ,he is a sawy]1 :o1 ) ! help ( 
! ,k+ ( ,spa91 saws ! globe 9 two1      
,ma9t5on sitt+ al(t assi/+ ! sev]ance4  
,z long z he liv$ ! c>icaturi/s cont9u$ 
to assail him2 & :5 he di$1 9 #agae1 he 
left beh9d him a ,france s demoraliz$ & 
impov]i%$ t he /ill kept ! satiri/s     

busy4  ,illu/ration3 ,c>icature ( ,l\is 
,,xiv41 by ,?ack]ay4  ,ev5 9 our own "t 
,l\is ,,xiv4 has sugge/$ "o ( ! be/     
c>icatures ev] drawn1 & x is accompani$ 
by an explanatory essay almo/ unique    
among prose satires = bitt] wit & bla/+ 
tru?4 ,! same h& wield$ bo? ! p5 & !    
p5cil1 & x 0 ! wond]ful h& ( ,?ack]ay4  
,y see at once1 he says1 9 explanation (
 ! picture1 t maje/y is made out ( !    
wig1 ! high-heel$ %oes1 & cloak1 all    
fleurs-de-lis bespangl$4444 ,?us d b>b]s
 & cobbl]s make ! gods t we wor%ip4     
,,*apt] ,,xi4  ,,prec$+ ,,hog>?4   ,x 0 
! bubble mania ( #agai & #agbj1 br\ght  
^u ,europe by ,john ,law1 :i* complet$ !
 secul>ization ( c>icature4 ,art1 z well
 z lit]ature1 le>n+1 & sci5ce1 0        
subs]vi5t to religion dur+ ! ,middle    
,ages1 & drew its *ief n\ri%m5t f ,"m   
,*ur*4 ,s9ce ! ,re=mation !y h all be5  
oblig$ to pass ?r\gh a pa9ful process ( 
wean+1 & ea* 9 turn to try = an         
indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,! bubble fr5zy1     
besides giv+ an impulse to !            

c>icaturi/'s art x _h n be=e receiv$1   
)drew att5tion f ecclesia/ical subjects1
 & suppli$ abundant mat]ial drawn f     
s\rces purely mundane4  ,illu/ration3   
,%>es6 ,%>es6 ,%>es6  ,! ,night         
,%>e-cri] & 8 ,magic ,lant]n4 ,a        
,c>icature ( ,john ,law & 8 ,bubble     
,s*emes4 7,am/]dam1 #agbj47  ,above all1
 ! pictures :i* t mania call$ =? assi/$ 
to =m ! great satiric arti/ ( 8 "t &    
c\ntry1 ,william ,hog>?4 ,he 0 a ,london
 appr5tice c>v+ coats ( arms on silv]   
plate :5 ! e>ly symptoms ( ! mania      
appe>$2 & he 0 /ill a v "y man1 an      
engrav]1 feel+ 8 way to ! c>e] t await$ 
him1 :5 ! broad%eets satiriz+ ,john ,law
 began to be adapt$ f ,dut* orig9als1 & 
%[n 9 ! %op-w9d[s ( ,london4 ,d\btless  
he inspect$ ! picture ( ! ,night        
,%>e-cri]1 opposite1 & notic$ ! cock's  
fea!r 9 8 hat 7indicat+ ! ,fr5* orig9 ( 
! delusion71 & ! w9dmill ^u ! top ( 8   
/aff4 ,! ,dut* pictures 7 full ( t      
detail & by-play ( :i* ,hog>? 0 su* a   
ma/] 9 lat] ye>s4  ,visitors to ,new    

,york :o saw tumultu\s ,wall ,/reet dur+
 ! wor/ ( our inflation p]iod1 &1 foll[+
 ! cr[d up-t[n1 ent]$ ! ,gold-room1 :]e 
! wild speculation ( ! day 0 cont9u$    
till midnight1 may h flatt]$ !mselves t 
!y 7 look+ ^u sc5es nev] be=e exhibit$ 9
 ?is _w4 ,:at a /range int5sity (       
excitem5t !re 0 9 ^? surg+ masses ( "y  
m56 ,:at fi]ce outcries6 ,:at a         
melan*oly wa/e ( y\?ful en]gies1 s mu*  
ne$$ else:]e6 ,b !re 0 no?+ new 9 all   
?is1 except t we pass$ ! crisis ) less  
loss & less demoralization ?an any      
community ev] be=e exp]i5c$ 9           
circum/ances at all simil>4  ,:5 ,l\is  
,,xiv4 di$ 9 #agae1 aft] 8 reign (      
sev5ty-two ye>s1 he left ! f9ances (    
,france 9 a condition ( inconceivable   
disord]4 ,= f\rte5 ye>s !re _h be5 an   
av]age annual deficit ( m ?an f\rte5    
millions ( francs1 to meet :i* ! k+ _h  
rais$ money by e pap] device t _h !n be5
 discov]$4 ,hav+ previ\sly sold all !   
(fices = :i* any pretext c\ld be inv5t$1
 he next sold annuities ( all k9ds1 = "o

 life1 = two lives1 = ?ree lives1 & 9   
p]petuity4 ,!n he issu$ all kn[n        
v>ieties ( promises to pay1 f r5tes     
p]petuelles to treasury-notes ( a few   
francs1 payable on dem&4 ,b !re 0 "o ?+ 
he did n d--r$uce ! exp5diture ( 8      
enorm\s & extravagant c\rt4 ,9 ! mid/ ( 
t deficit1 :5 8 m9i/]s 7 at _! wits' end
 to c>ry on ! gov]nm5t f day to day1 &  
half ! lackeys ( ,p>is held ! depreciat$
 royal pap]1 ! old k+ ord]$ "o m ( ^?   
magnific5t fetes at ,fonta9ebleau :i*   
_h1 z he ?\ght1 %$ su* lu/re on 8 reign4
 ,! fete w\ld co/ f\r millions1 !       
treasury 0 empty1 & treasury-notes _h   
fall5 to ?irty-five4 ,:ile an anxi\s    
m9i/] 0 m$itat+ ! situation1 he *anc$ to
 see 9 8 inn] (fice two valets slyly    
scann+ ! pap]s on 8 desk1 = ! purpose1 z
 he in/antly conjectur$1 ( gett+ news = 
! speculators4 ,he conceiv$ an idea4 ,! 
next "t ^? ent]pris+ valets f\nd        
!mselves alone 9 ! same cab9et1 !y 7 s  
happy z to discov] on ! desk ! outl9es (
 a royal lott]y s*eme = ! purpose ( pay+

 (f a c]ta9 class ( treasury-notes4 ,!  
news 0 soon felt 9 ! /reet4 ,^? notes   
my/]i\sly rose 9 a few days f ?irty-five
 to eighty-five2 & :ile !y 7 at t po9t !
 m9i/]1 anticipat+ ! ,fiskian era1      
slipp$ ^u ! m>ket ?irty millions ( !    
same notes4 ,! k+ _h 8 fete2 & :5 next  
he borr[$ money ( 8 subjects1 = e       
tw5ty-five francs ( co9 he 0 oblig$ to  
give a hundr$-franc note4#ah  ,footnote 
#ah3 ,law1 son ,sy/eme et son ,epoque1  
p4 #b1 p> ,p4 ,a4 ,co*ut1 ,p>is1 #ahec4 
,two ye>s aft]1 ! fooli% old k+ di$1    
leav+1 besides a consolidat$ debt (     
bewild]+ magnitude1 a float+ debt1 !n   
due & ov]due1 ( sev5 hundr$ & eighty-n9e
 millions1 equival5t1 z ,m4 ,co*ut      
computes1 to ab\t twice ! am\nt 9 money 
( to-day4 ,co9 _h vani%$2 ! royal pap] 0
 at tw5ty-five2 ! treasury 0 void2      
prices 7 di/ress+ly high2 "s prov9ces   
refus$ to pay taxes2 trade langui%$2 !re
 7 va/ numb]s ( workm5 unemploy$2 & dur+
 ! w9t] aft] ! k+'s dea? a consid]able  
numb] ( p]sons di$ 9 ,p>is ( cold &     

hung]4 ,! only prosp]\s p 7 ,gov]nm5t   
contractors1 f>m]s ( ! rev5ue1 brok]s1 &
 speculators 9 ! k+'s pap]2 & ^! classes
 mock$ ! mis]y ( _! fell[-citiz5s by an 
o/5tati\s & ta/eless pr(usion4          
,illu/ration3 ,isl& ( ,madhead4         
,picture ( ! v fam\s ,isl& ( ,madhead4  
,situat$ 9 ,%>e ,sea1 & inhabit$ by a   
multitude ( all k9ds ( p1 to :i* is giv5
 ! g5]al "n ( ,%>ehold]s4 7,am/]dam1    
#agbj47  ,! natural successor ( a k+    
bigot$ is a pr9ce dissolute4 ,! reg5t1  
:o _h to face ?is /ate ( ?+s on behalf (
 8 nephew1 ,l\is ,,xv41 a *ild ( five1  
_h at lea/ ! virtue & good s5se to      
reject ) indignant scorn ! proposition  
made 9 8 c\ncil by "o memb] to decl>e   
,france bankrupt & beg9 a new reign by  
op5+ a clean set ( books4 ,we1 too1 _h  
our s+le repudiator1 :o f>$ no bett] ?an
 8 ,fr5* pr$ecessor4 ,b ! reg5t's next  
measures 7 wor?y ( a prodigal4 ,he call$
 9 ! v>i\s k9ds ( public pap]1 & (f]$ 9 
ex*ange a new v>iety1 call$ billets     
d'etat1 be>+ int]e/ at f\r p] c5t4 ,b ! 

public n respond+ to ! call1 ! new bills
 fell to =ty 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & drew   
d[n all o!r public pap]1 until 9 a few  
days ! royal promise to pay "o hundr$   
francs 0 wor? tw5ty francs4 ,! reg5t's  
c(f]s did n fill4 ,t sc>r$ vet]ans c\ld 
n get _! p5sions paid 0 an evil :i* c\ld
 be borne2 b ! reg5t _h mi/resses to    
appease6  ,!n he tri$ a sy/em ( squeez+ 
! ri* contractors & o!rs ( ! v]m9 class 
:o batt5 on a sick body-politic4 ,z     
in=m]s 7 to h half ! product ( !        
squeeze1 an (f5d$ lackey _h only to     
d5\nce 8 ma/]1 to get him tri$ on a *>ge
 ( hav+ made too mu* money4 ,woe to !   
plebeian :o 0 convict$ ( ?is crime6     
,besides be+ despoil$ ( 8 prop]ty1 ,p>is
 saw him1 nak$ to ! %irt1 a rope r\nd 8 
neck1 a p5it5tial c&le 9 8 h&cuff$ h&s1 
ti$ to a dirty c>t & dragg$ to !        
pillory1 c>ry+ on 8 back a l>ge label1  
,,plund]] ,,( ,,! ,,p4 ,! ,fr5* pillory 
0 a revolv+ plat=m1 s t all ! cr[d _h an
 equal *ance to hurl mud & execration at
 ! fix$ & pallid face4 ,judge if !re 0 n

 a mak+ ha/e to comp\nd ) a gov]nm5t    
capable ( su* squeez+6 ,!re 0 also a    
m\nt+ 9 hot ha/e to get out ( su* a     
,france4 ,"o lucky m]*ant cross$ !      
fronti]1 dress$ z a peasant1 driv+ a    
c>t-load ( /raw1 "u :i* 0 a *e/ ( gold4 
,a tra9 ( f\rte5 c>ts load$ ) b>rels (  
w9e 0 /opp$1 & 9 ea* b>rel a keg ( gold 
0 f\nd1 :i* 0 empti$ into ! royal       
treasury4  ,! univ]sal con/]nation & !  
utt] p>alysis ( bus9ess :i* result$ f ^!
 viol5t spoliations may be imag9$4 ,six 
?\s& p]sons 7 tri$1 :o confess$ to !    
possession ( twelve hundr$ millions (   
francs4 ,! numb] ( ! condemn$ 0 f\r ?\s&
 f\r hundr$ & t51 & ! sum extort$ f !m  
01 nom9ally1 ne>ly f\r hundr$ millions1 
( :i*1 h[ev]1 less ?an "o hundr$        
millions rea*$ ! treasury4 ,x 0 easy = a
 ri* man to comp\nd4 ,a p]son condemn$  
to disgorge twelve hundr$ ?\s& francs 0 
visit$ by a great "l4 ,give me ?ree     
hundr$ ?\s& francs1 said ! great "l1 & y
 won't be tr\bl$ = ! re/4 ,to :i* !     
m]*ant repli$1 ,really1 my "l1 y come   

too late1 = ,i h already made a b>ga9 ) 
madame1 y\r wife1 = a hundr$ & fifty    
?\s&4 ,?us ! bus9ess ( busy & frugal    
,france 0 br\ght to a /& )\t reliev+ !  
,gov]nm5t4 ,! royal c(f]s w\ld n fill2 !
 deficit wid5$2 ! royal pap] /ill       
decl9$2 ! poor 7 hungry2 &1 oh1 horror6 
! reg5t's mi/resses p\t$4 ,! ,gov]nm5t  
debas$ ! co94 ,b t1 too1 prov$ an       
aggravation ( ! evil4  ,su* 0 t anci5   
regime :i* /ill has its admir]s2 su* are
 ! consequ5ces ( plac+ a great nation "u
 ! rule ( ! greate/ fool 9 x2 & su* 7 ! 
circum/ances :i* gave ! ,scot* adv5tur]1
 ,john ,law1 8 opportunity to madd5 &   
despoil ,france1 s (t5 a prey to ! ali54
  ,two hundr$ ye>s ago1 :5 ,john ,law1 a
 ri* goldsmi?'s son1 0 a boy 9          
,ed9burgh1 goldsmi?s 7 deal]s 9 co9 z   
well z 9 plate1 & h5ce 7 bank]s & brok]s
 z well z manufactur]s4 ,!y borr[$1 l5t1
 ex*ang$1 & assay$ money1 & !re=e       
possess$ :atev] k ( f9ance !re 0 curr5t 
9 ! _w4 ,x 0 9 8 fa!r's c\nt+-room t    
,john ,law acquir$ t ta/e = f9ancial    

!ories & comb9ations :i* di/+ui%$ him   
ev5 9 8 y\?4 ,b ! sagaci\s & practical  
goldsmi? di$ :5 8 son 0 f\rte51 & left  
him a l>ge inh]itance 9 l& & money4 ,!  
example ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 & ,*>les ,,ii4   
hav+ br\ght ! l[ vices into high fa%ion 
?r\gh\t ,europe1 x is n surpris+ t      
,law's fir/ notoriety %\ld h be5 ow+ to 
a duel ab\t a mi/ress4 ,a man ( fa%ion 9
 ,europe 9 ,l\is ,,xiv4's "t 0 a        
creature gorge\sly attir$ 9 lace &      
velvet1 & hung ab\t ) r+lets made (     
horse-hair1 :o pass$ 8 days 9 %[+ ! _w  
h[ mu* !re 0 9 him ( ! goat1 ! monkey1 &
 ! pig4 ,law _h ! impud5ce to e/abli% 8 
mi/ress 9 a respectable lodg+-h\se1 :i* 
l$ to 8 be+ *all5g$ by a g5tleman :o _h 
a si/] liv+ !re4 ,law kill$ 8 man on !  
field--n fairly1 z ,john ,evelyn        
records--& he 0 convict$ ( murd]4 ,! k+ 
p>don$1 b deta9$ him 9 prison1 f :i* he 
escap$1 w5t to ! ,cont95t1 & resum$ 8   
c>e]1 be+ at once a man ( fa%ion1 a     
gambl]1 & a connoisseur 9 f9ance4 ,he   
us$ to att5d c>d-p>ties1 foll[$ by a    

footman c>ry+ two bags1 ea* conta9+ two 
?\s& l\is-d'ors1 & once dur+ ! life-"t (
 ! old k+ he 0 ord]$ out ( ,p>is on !   
gr\nd t he und]/ood ! games he _h       
introduc$ into ! capital too well4      
,tw5ty ye>s elaps$ f ! "t ( 8 flight f a
 ,london prison4 ,he 0 =ty-f\r ye>s (   
age1 possess$ ne>ly a million &         
?ree-qu>t]s ( francs 9 ca%1 producible  
on ! gre5 clo? at a day's notice1 & 0 ! 
mo/ plausible talk] on f9ance 9 ,europe4
 ,?is la/ 0 a bad symptom1 inde$1 = x is
 well kn[n t m5 :o rema9 victors 9      
f9ance1 :o really d extricate e/ates &  
c\ntries f f9ancial difficulties1 are n 
apt to talk v effectively on ! subject4 
,successful f9ance is little m ?an pay+ 
y\r debts & liv+ )9 y\r income1 nei!r ( 
:i* af=ds mat]ial = /rik+ rhetoric4     
,alex&] ,hamilton1 = example1 talk$     
f9ance 9 a tak+ mann]2 b x 0 ,alb]t     
,gallat9 :o quietly r$uc$ ! c\ntry's    
debt4 ,fifte5 days aft] ! dea? ( ! old  
k+1 ,law 0 9 ,p>is ) all t he possess$1 
& 9 a few mon?s he 0 deep 9 ! confid5ce 

( ! reg5t4 ,8 f9e p]son1 8 w9n+ mann]s1 
8 great weal?1 8 con/ant good =tune1 8  
flu5t & plausible tongue1 8 popul>      
vices1 might n h suffic$ to give him    
asc5d5cy if he _h n add$ to ^! ! peculi>
 =ce t is d]iv$ f s9c]ity4 ,t he believ$
 9 8 own sy/em is %[n by 8 risk+ 8 :ole 
=tune 9 x4 ,& x is to 8 cr$it t ! fir/  
use he made ( 8 influ5ce 0 to %[ t !    
spoliations1 ! debas+ ( ! co91 & all    
measures t inspir$ t]ror1 & ?us tight5$ 
unduly ! clut* ^u capital1 c\ld n b     
aggravate f9ancial di/ress4  ,8 sy/em 0 
delightfully simple4 ,be> 9 m9d t almo/ 
e "o 9 ,p>is :o _h any prop]ty at all   
held ! k+'s pap]1 wor? "o-qu>t] or      
"o-fif? ( its nom9al value4 ,:atev]     
project ,law set on foot1 :e!r a royal  
bank1 a s*eme = settl+ & trad+ )        
,l\isiana1 = comm]ce ) ! ,ea/ ,indies1  
or f>m+ ! rev5ues1 any "o c\ld buy %>es 
9 x on t]ms l ^!3 "o-qu>t] ( ! price 9  
co91 & ?ree-qu>t]s 9 pap] at its nom9al 
value4  ,! sy/em 0 n imm$iately         
successful1 & x 0 only 9 ! tee? ( p[]ful

 opposition t he c\ld get 8 fir/ v5ture1
 ! bank1 s mu* z au?oriz$4 ,m>k h[      
cle>ly "o ( ! c\ncil1 ! ,duc de         
,sa9t-,simon1 compreh5d$ ! weakness ( a 
despotism to :i* he ow$ 8 p]sonal       
importance4 ,an e/abli%m5t1 said he1 ( !
 k9d propos$ may be 9 itself good2 b x  
is s only 9 a republic1 or 9 su* a      
mon>*y z ,engl&1 :]e ! f9ances are      
controll$ absolutely by ^? :o furni% !  
money1 & :o furni% only z mu* ( x z !y  
*oose1 & 9 ! way !y *oose4 ,b 9 a light 
& *ang+ gov]nm5t l t ( ,france1 solidity
 w\ld be necess>ily want+1 s9ce a k+ or1
 9 8 "n1 a mi/ress1 a m9i/]1 favorites1 
&1 /ill m1 an extreme necessity1 c\ld   
ov]turn ! bank1 :i* w\ld pres5t a       
temptation at once too great & too easy4
 ,law1 !re=e1 0 oblig$ to alt] 8 plan1 &
 give 8 bank at fir/ a bo>d ( directors 
n connect$ ) ! ,gov]nm5t4  ,gradually ! 
sy/em made its way4 ,! royal pap] beg9n+
 to rise 9 value1 ! hold]s 7 9 good     
humor1 & dispos$ to buy into o!r        
projects on simil> t]ms4 ,! ,l\isiana   

s*eme may s]ve z an example ( ,law's    
me?od4 ,six ye>s be=e1 a great m]*ant ( 
,p>is1 ,anto9e ,crozat1 _h b\ght f ! old
 k+ ! exclusive "r to trade ) a va/     
unkn[n region 9 ,nor? ,am]ica call$     
,l\isiana2 b aft] five ye>s ( ef=t &    
loss he became disc\rag$1 & (f]$ to sell
 8 "r to ! creator ( ! bank4 ,law1      
accept+ ! (f]1 spe$ily laun*$ a         
magnific5t s*eme3 capital "o hundr$     
millions ( francs1 9 %>es ( five hundr$ 
francs1 pur*asable :olly 9 ^? new       
treasury-notes be>+ f\r p] c5t4 int]e/1 
!n at a disc\nt ( sev5ty p] c5t4 ,maps (
 ?is illimitable virg9 l& 7 publi%$4    
,pictures 7 exhibit$1 9 :i* cr[ds (     
int]e/+ nak$ savages1 male & female1 7  
se5 runn+ up to welcome arriv+ ,fr5*m52 
& "u ! engrav+ a gap+ ,p>is cr[d c\ld   
read1 ,9 ?is l& are se5 m\nta9s fill$ ) 
gold1 silv]1 copp]1 lead1 quicksilv]2 & 
! savages1 n kn[+ _! value1 gladly      
ex*ange pieces ( gold & silv] = knives1 
iron pots1 a small look+-glass1 or ev5 a
 little br&y4 ,"o picture 0 address$ to 

pi\s s\ls2 = ev5 at t e>ly day1 z at    
pres5t1 !re 0 occasionally obs]v$ a     
curi\s alliance betwe5 p]sons engag$ 9 !
 promotion ( piety & ^? employ$ 9 ! pu%+
 ( %>es4 ,?is "w exhibit$ a gr\p (      
,indians kneel+ be=e "s rev]5d fa!rs ( !
 ,society ( ,jesus4 ,"u x 0 writt51     
,indian ,idolat]s implor+ ,baptism4     
,illu/ration3 ,speculative ,map (       
,l\isiana4  ,! excitem5t1 once k9dl$1 0 
/imulat$ by ly+ ann\ncem5ts ( ! sail+ ( 
great fleets = ,l\isiana lad5 ) m]*&ise 
& coloni/s2 ( ! arrival ( vessels )     
freights wor? millions2 ( ! e/abli%m5t (
 a silk-factory1 :]e9 twelve ?\s& wom5 (
 ! ,nat*ez tribe 7 employ$2 ( ! br++ (  
,l\isiana +ots to ! ,m9t to be assay$2 (
 ! discov]y 9 ,arkansas ( a great rock (
 em]ald1 & ! dispat* ( ,capta9 ,lah>pe )
 a file ( tw5ty-two m5 to take          
possession ( ! same4 ,9 #agah ,law s5t  
eng9e]s to ,l\isiana1 :o did some?+ t[>d
 lay+ out its future capital1 :i* he    
nam$ ,new ,orleans1 9 honor ( 8 patron1 
! reg5t4  ,! royal pap] rose rapidly "u 

?is new dem&4 ,o!r s*emes foll[$1 until 
,john ,law1 ?r\gh 8 v>i\s companies1    
seem$ ab\t to run ! k+dom ( ,france by  
contract1 f>m+ all its rev5ues1         
transact+ all its comm]ce1 &1 be/ ( all1
 pay+ all its debts6 ,madness1 rul$ !   
h\r4 ,! depreciat$ pap] rose1 rose1 &   
/ill rose2 rea*$ p>2 w5t beyond p>1     
until gold & silv] 7 at a disc\nt ( t5  
p] c5t4 ,! /reet nam$ ,qu9campoix1 !    
c5tre & vortex ( ?is :irl ( bus9ess1 a  
m]e lane tw5ty feet wide & a qu>t] ( a  
mile long1 0 cr[d$ ) excit$ p f morn+   
till night1 & f> into ! night1 s t !    
inhabitants ( ! qu>t] s5t to ! police a 
=mal compla9t t !y c\ld get no sleep4   
,nobles1 lackeys1 bi%ops1 monks1        
m]*ants1 soldi]s1 wom51 pickpockets1    
=eign]s1 all resort$ to ,la ,rue1 pant+1
 yell+1 op]at+1 snat*+ pap]s1 c\nt+     
cr[ns1 mak+ up a sc5e ( noisy confusion 
unexampl$4 ,"o man hir$ all ! vacant    
h\ses 9 ! /reet1 & made a =tune by      
sublett+ (fices & desk-room1 ev5 plac+  
s5try-boxes on "s ( ! ro(s1 & lett+ !m  

at a good price4 ,! excitem5t spread ov]
 ,france1 rea*$ ,holl&1 & drew to ,p>is1
 z 0 e/imat$ at ! "t1 five hundr$ ?\s&  
/rang]s1 places 9 ! public vehicles be+ 
engag$ two mon?s 9 advance1 & comm&+ a  
high premium4  ,!re 7 ! mo/ extraord9>y 
acquisitions ( =tune4 ,p sudd5ly enri*$ 
7 call$ ,mississippi5s1 & !y behav$ z ! 
victims ( sudd5 weal?1 une>n$1 usually  
d4 ,m5 :o 7 lackeys "o week kept lackeys
 ! next4 ,a g>con ( a w9e-%op ga9$ tw5ty
 millions4 ,a cobbl]1 :o _h a /all 9 !  
,rue ,qu9campoix made ( f\r planks1     
cle>$ away 8 traps & let 8 bo>ds to     
ladies z seats1 & sold p5s1 pap]1 & ink 
to op]ators1 mak+ two hundr$ francs a   
day by bo? trades4 ,m5 ga9$ money by    
hir+ out _! backs z writ+-desks1 b5d+   
ov] :ile op]ators wrote out _! contracts
 & calculations4 ,"o little hun*back    
made a hundr$ & fifty ?\s& francs by ?us
 s]v+ z a pupitre ambulant 7/roll+      
desk71 & a broad-%\ld]$ soldi] ga9$     
money en\gh 9 ! same way to buy 8       
dis*>ge & retire to ! c\ntry ^u a pretty

 f>m4 ,! g5]al trade ( ! city 0 /imulat$
 to su* a degree t = a :ile ! novel     
spectacle 0 pres5t$ ( a community almo/ 
e memb] ( :i* 0 prosp]\s beyond 8 hopes2
 = ev5 9 ! ,rue ,qu9campoix itself1     
al?\gh "s m5 ga9$ m money ?an o!rs1 no  
"o appe>$ to lose any ?+4 ,& all ?is    
seem$ ! "w ( "o man1 ! great1 !         
incomp>able ,jean ,lass1 z he 0 !n call$
 9 ,p>is4 ,x 0 a social di/9ction to be 
able to say1 ,i h se5 him6 ,8 c>riage   
c\ld ) difficulty =ce its way ?r\gh !   
raptur\s1 admir+ cr[d4 ,pr9ces & nobles 
?rong$ 8 ante*amb]1 a du*ess publicly   
kiss$ 8 h&1 & ! reg5t made him          
controll]-g5]al ( ! f9ances4  ,?is      
madness la/$ eight mon?s4 ,no "o ne$s to
 be told :at foll[$ x--h[ a *ill fir/   
came ov] ! fev]i% /reet1 a vague        
appreh5sion1 n confess$1 b inspir+ a    
c]ta9 wi% to realize4 ,dread ^w1        
,,realize6 ,! t5d5cy to realize 0       
adroitly *eck$ by ,law1 aid$ by op]ators
 :o desir$ to unload2 b ! unload+1 once 
suspect$1 conv]t$ ! realiz+ t5d5cy into 

a wild1 ungov]nable ru%1 :i* spe$ily    
br\ght ru9 to ?\s&s1 & long pro/ration  
^u ,france4 ,john ,law1 :o 9 ,decemb]1  
#agai1 0 ! idol ( ,p>is1 ready to p]i% (
 8 celebrity1 escap$ ) difficulty f !   
k+dom 9 ,decemb]1 #agbj1 hat$1 despis$1 
impov]i%$1 to resume 8 c>e] z elegant   
gambl] 9 ! draw+-rooms ( ,g]many &      
,italy4  ,z ! sy/em collaps$ 9 ,france1 
x acquir$ vogue 9 ,engl&1 :]e1 also1 x  
orig9at$ 9 ! desire to get rid ( !      
public debt by brilliant f9ance in/ead (
 ! homely & tr\blesome me?od ( pay+ x4  
,9 ,london1 besides ! orig9al ,s\? ,sea 
,company :i* began ! fr5zy1 !re 7 />t$ 9
 ! c\rse ( a few mon?s ab\t two hundr$  
jo9t-/ock s*emes1 _m ( :i*1 z giv5 9    
,&]son's ,hi/ory ( ,comm]ce1 are ( almo/
 incr$ible absurdity4 ,! sum call$ = by 
^! projects 0 ?ree hundr$ millions (    
p\nds /]l+1 :i* 0 m ?an ! value ( all ! 
l& 9 ,great ,brita94 ,%>es 9 ,sir ,ri*>d
 ,/eele's fi%-pool = br++ fre% fi% to   
,london br\ght "o hundr$ & sixty p\nds a
 %>e6 ,m5 paid sev5ty p\nds ea* =       

p]mits1 :i* gave !m m]ely ! privilege ( 
subscrib+ to a sail-clo? manufactur+    
company n yet =m$4 ,!re 01 inde$1 a     
great trade 9 p]mits to subscribe to    
companies only plann$4 ,"h are a few ( !
 s*emes3 = rais+ hemp 9 ,p5nsylvania2   
,puckle's ma*9e gun2 settl+ ! ,bahamas2 
wrecks to be fi%$ = on ! ,iri% coa/2    
horse & cattle insurance2 insurance &   
improvem5t ( *ildr5's =tunes2 insurance 
( losses by s]vants2 insurance aga9/ !ft
 & robb]y2 insur+ remittances2 to make  
salt-wat] fre%2 import+ walnut-trees f  
,virg9ia2 improv+ ! bre$ ( horses2      
pur*as+ =feit$ e/ates2 mak+ oil f       
sunfl[]s2 plant+ mulb]ry-trees & rais+  
silk-worms2 extract+ silv] f lead2 mak+ 
quicksilv] malleable2 captur+ pirates2 =
 import+ a numb] ( l>ge jackasses f     
,spa9 9 ord] to propagate a l>g] k9d (  
mules2 trad+ 9 human hair2 = fatt+ (    
hogs2 = ! enc\ragem5t ( ! indu/ri\s2    
p]petual motion2 mak+ pa/ebo>d2 furni%+ 
fun]als4  ,!re 0 ev5 a company =m$ &    
%>es sold = c>ry+ out an und]tak+ :i*   

%all 9 due "t be reveal$4 ,! ^w puts1 n[
 s famili> 9 ,wall ,/reet1 appe>s 9 ^!  
transactions ( #agbj4 ,puts & refusals 7
 sold 9 va/ am\nts4 ,! prices paid =    
%>es dur+ ! half ye> ( ?is mania 7 z    
rem>kable z ! s*emes !mselves4 ,s\? ,sea
 %>es ( a hundr$ p\nds p> value rea*$ a 
?\s& p\nds4 ,x 0 a poor %>e t did n sell
 at five times its orig9al price4 ,z 9  
,france1 s 9 ,engl&1 ! long heads1 l    
,sir ,rob]t ,walpole & ,alex&] ,pope1   
began to ?9k ( realiz+ :5 !y _h ga9$ a  
?\s& p] c5t4 or s ^u _! v5tures2 &1 9 a 
v few days1 realiz+1 9 its turn1 became 
a mania2 & all ^? pap] =tunes %runk &   
crumpl$ into no?+ness4  ,s _m c>icatures
 ( ^! ev5ts appe>$ 9 ,am/]dam & ,london 
dur+ ! ye> #agbj t ! collection 9 !     
,briti% ,museum1 aft] ! lapse ( a hundr$
 & fifty-five ye>s1 conta9s m ?an a     
hundr$ specim5s4 ,i h myself eighty1    
sev]al ( :i* include f six to tw5ty-f\r 
di/9ct designs4 ,l mo/ ( ! c>icatures ( 
t p]iod1 !y are ( great size1 & cr[d$ ) 
figures1 ea* be>+ its label ( words1 ) a

 long explanation 9 v]se or prose at !  
bottom ( ! %eet4 ,z a rule1 !y are      
de/itute ( ! po9t t c make a satirical  
picture int]e/+ aft] ! occasion is pa/4 
,9 "o we see ! int]ior ( an ,ex*ange    
fill$ ) m]*ants runn+ wildly ab\t1 ea*  
utt]+ words appropriate to ! situation3 
,to-day ,i h ga9$ t5 ?\s&6 ,:o has money
 to l5d at two p] c5t48 ,a /rait-jacket 
is :at ,i %all want2 ,damn$ is ?is w9d  
bus9ess4 ,?is picture1 :i* orig9at$ 9   
,am/]dam1 is call$ ,! ,w9d-buy]s paid 9 
,w9d1 & x conta9s at ! bottom ?ree      
columns ( explanatory v]se 9 ,dut*1 (   
:i* ! foll[+ is ! purport3              
,illu/ration3 ,john ,law1 ,w9d          
,monopoli/4 7,am/]dam1 #agbj47  ,law    
loquitur4 ,! w9d is my treasure1 cu%ion1
 & f\ndation4 ,ma/] ( ! w9d1 ,i am ma/] 
( life1 & my w9d monopoly becomes       
/raightway ! object ( idolatry4 ,less   
rapidly turn ! sails ( ! w9dmill on my  
head ?an ! price ( %>es 9 my fooli%     
ent]prises4  ,come1 g5tlem51 weav]s1    
peasants1 tailors6 ,:oev] has reli$ on  

w9d = 8 pr(it c f9d 8 picture "h4 ,!y   
rave l madm54 ,see ! ,fr5*1 ! ,engli%1 !
 ,hebrew1 & ,jack ( ,brem56 ,he> :at a  
scream ! absurd ,dut* are mak+ on !     
ex*ange ( ,europe6 ,!re is ,=tune ?r[+  
d[n "s *>m+ wi%es to silly mortals1 :ile
 virtue1 art1 & intellect are despis$ & 
impov]i%$ 9 ! l&2 %ops & c\nt+-h\ses are
 empty2 trade is ru9$4 ,all ?is is      
,,qu9campoix6  ,! ,dut* c>icaturi/s     
recurr$ v (t5 to ! w9dy "* ( ! %>e      
bus9ess4 ,9 sev]al ( _! works we see a  
puffy w9d-god bl[+ up pockets to a great
 size1 inflat+ %>e-bags1 & waft+ swiftly
 along vehicles ) spaci\s sails4 ,!     
bell[s play a conspicu\s & n always     
decor\s "p4 ,jean ,law is exhibit$ z a  
w9d monopoli/4 ,9 "o picture he appe>s  
assi/+ ,atlas & o!rs to be> up great    
globes ( w9d4 ,kites are fly+ & w9dmills
 revolv+ 9 sev]al pictures4 ,pigeons fly
 away ) %>es 9 _! bills4 ,! hun*back :o 
s]v$ z a walk+ desk is repeat$ _m times4
 ,! ,t[] ( ,babel1 ! mad-h\se1 !        
hospital1 ! :irligig1 a g>d5 maze1 !    

lott]y :eel1 ! drum1 ! magic lant]n1 !  
soap-bubble1 ! bladd]1 dice1 !          
sw+--:atev] typifies pret5se1 unc]ta9ty1
 or confusion 0 br\ght into ! s]vice4   
,"o ,dut* broad%eet 7sixte5 in*es by    
tw5ty71 n[ be=e me1 conta9s fifty-f\r   
f9ely execut$ designs1 ea* ( :i*        
burlesques a sc5e 9 ,law's c>e]1 or a   
device ( 8 f9ance1 ! :ole mak+ a pack ( 
w9d c>ds = play+ a game ( w9d4  ,mo/ ( !
 ,dut* pictures 7 adapt$ into ,engli%1 &
 ! adapt]s add$ v]ses :i*1 9 "s         
in/ances1 7 bett] ?an ! c>icatures4 ,a  
few ( ! %ort] specim5s may be wor? !    
space !y occupy1 & give ! read] a feel+ 
( ! situation n o!rwise atta9able4 ,( ! 
pictures sc>cely "o w\ld ei!r be> or    
rew>d r$uction1 s l>ge are !y1 s cr[d$ )
 objects1 & _! /yle un9t]e/+ly obsolete 
or boori%ly indec5t4  ,on ,puckle's     
,ma*9e ,gun3    ,a r>e inv5tion to      
de/roy ! cr[d    ,( fools at home in/ead
 ( foes abroad4    ,fe> n1 my fri5ds1   
?is t]rible ma*9e--    ,!y're only w\nd$
 t h %>es !re94  ,on ! ,saltpetre       

,company 7two & sixp5ce a %>e73    ,buy 
petre /ock1 let me be y\r advis]2       
',twill make y1 ?\gh n ri*]1 mu* ! wis]4
  ,on ! ,g]man ,timb] ,company3    ,y t 
are ri* & ha/y to be poor1    ,buy timb]
 export f ! ,g]man %ore2    ,= gall[ses 
built up ( =eign wood1    ,if rightly   
us$1 w d ,*ange ,alley good4  ,on !     
,p5nsylvania ,company3    ,come all ye  
sa9ts t w\ld = little buy    ,great     
tracts ( l&1 & c>e n :]e !y lie2        
,deal ) y\r ,quak+ ,fri5ds2 !y're m5 (  
light2    ,_! _s hates deceit & scorns  
to bite4  ,on ! ,%ip-build+ ,company3   
,to raise fre% b>ks mu/ surely be amus+1
    ,:5 hundr$s rot 9 docks = want (    
us+4  ,on ,settl+ ! ,bahamas3    ,r>e1  
fruitful isles1 :]e n an ass c f9d    ,a
 v]dant tuft or ?i/le to 8 m9d4    ,h[1 
!n1 mu/ ^? poor silly asses f>e    ,t   
leave _! native l& to settle !re8  ,on a
 ,s\? ,sea ,speculator implor+ ,alms    
?r\gh 8 ,prison ,b>s3    ,behold a poor 
deject$ wret*1      ,:o kept a ,s----   
,sea coa* ( late1    ,b n[ is glad to   

humbly cat*      ,a p5ny at ! prison    
grate4    ,:at ru9$ numb]s daily m\rn   
,_! gr\ndless hopes & follies pa/1      
,yet see n h[ ! tables turn1      ,or   
:]e _! money flies at la/6    ,fools lo/
 :5 ! directors won1      ,b n[ ! poor  
directors lose2    ,& :]e ! ,s---- ,sea 
/ock w run1      ,old ,nick1 ! fir/     
projector1 kn[s4  ,on a ,picture (      
,*ange ,alley3    ,five hundr$ millions1
 notes & bonds1      ,our /ocks are wor?
 9 value2    ,b nei!r lie 9 goods1 or   
l&s1      ,or money1 let me tell ye4    
,yet ?\gh our =eign trade is lo/1       
,( mighty weal? we vapor1    ,:5 all !  
ri*es t we boa/      ,consi/ 9 scraps ( 
pap]4  ,on a ,p]mit3    ,y t h money & h
 lo/ y\r wits1    ,if y'd be poor1 buy  
,national ,p]mits2    ,_! /ock's 9 fi%1 
! fi% are /ill 9 wat]1    ,& = y\r co9 y
 may g fi% h]eaft]4  ,on a ,roomful (   
,ladies buy+ ,/ocks ( a ,jew & a        
,g5tile3    ,) ,jews & ,g5tiles1        
undismay$1      ,"y t5d] virg9s mix2    
,( :isk]s nor ( be>ds afraid1      ,nor 

all _! coz5+ tricks4    ,bright jewels1 
poli%$ once to deck      ,! fair "o's   
ris+ brea/1    ,or sp>kle r\nd h] ivory 
neck1      ,lie pawn$ 9 iron *e/4    ,! 
g5tle passions ( ! m9d      ,h[ av>ice  
controls6    ,e'en love does n[ no long]
 f9d      ,a place 9 female s\ls4  ,on a
 ,picture ( a ,man laugh+ at an ,ass    
br[s+3    ,a wise man laugh$ to see an  
ass    ,eat ?i/les & neglect good grass4
    ,b _h ! sage beheld ! folly    ,(   
late transact$ 9 ,*ange ,alley1    ,he  
might h se5 worse asses !re    ,give    
solid gold = empty air1    ,& sell      
e/ates 9 hopes to d\ble    ,_! =tunes by
 "s wor?less bubble1    ,till ( a sudd5 
all 0 lo/    ,t _h s _m millions co/4   
,yet ru9$ fools are highly pleas$    ,to
 see ! knaves t bit 'em squeez$1        
,=gett+ :]e ! money flies    ,t co/ s _m
 te>s & sighs4  ,on ! ,silk ,/ock+      
,company3    ,deal n 9 /ock+ %>es1      
because1 ,i d\bt1    ,^? t buy mo/ w ere
 long g )\t4     ,,*apt] ,,xii4  ,,hog>?
 ,,& ,,8 ,,"t4   ,^! ,dut*-,engli%      

pictures ,william ,hog>?1 we may be     
sure1 (t5 inspect$ z !y successively    
c\rt$ public notice 9 ! %ops ( ,london1 
z we see 9 8 e>ly works a "* evid5tly   
d]iv$ f !m4 ,dur+ ! bubble p]iod (      
#agbj1 he 0 an ambiti\s "y engrav] &    
sign-pa9t] 7at lea/ will+ to pa9t signs 
if a job (f]$71#ai mu* giv5 to p5cil+   
lik5esses & /range attitudes ^u 8       
?umb-nail1 to be transf]r$1 on rea*+    
home1 to pap]1 & /or$ away = future use4
 ,he 0 "o ( ^? quick draughtsm5 :o w    
sket* y ^u ! spot a r\gh c>icature ( any
 odd p]son1 gr\p1 or ev5t t may h excit$
 ! mir? ( ! company2 a "y fell[ some:at 
und]siz$1 ) an al]t1 vigor\s frame1 a   
bright1 speak+ eye1 a too quick tongue &
 temp]1 self-confid5t1 b hone/1 /urdy1 &
 d[nright 9 all 8 words & ways4 ,b ,i 0 
a good payma/] ev5 !n he once said1 ) j 
pride1 aft] speak+ ( ! days :5 he       
sometimes walk$ ,london /reets )\t a    
%ill+ 9 8 pocket4  ,footnote #ai3       
,catalogue ( ,pr9ts & ,draw+s 9 !       
,briti% ,museum1 ,division ,i41 vol4    

ii41 p4 #eff4  ,hogh]d 0 ! orig9al "n ( 
! family1 :i* 0 fir/ humaniz$ into      
,hog]t & ,hog>t1 & !n s(t5$ into its    
pres5t =m4 ,9 ,we/morel&1 :]e ,hog>?'s  
gr&fa!r cultivat$ a f>m--small1 b 8     
own--! fir/ syllable ( ! "n 0 pron\nc$ l
 t ( ! dome/ic animals :i* 8 remote     
ance/ors may h h]d$4 ,!re 0 a ve9 (     
tal5t 9 ! family1 an uncle ( ,hog>?'s   
hav+ be5 ! song-writ] & satiri/ ( 8     
village1 & 8 own fa!r em]g+ f remote &  
mo/ ru/ic ,we/morel& to settle 9 ,london
 z a poor s*ool-ma/] & labori\s1        
ill-requit$ compil] ( s*ool-books &     
pro(-read]4 ,a ,lat9 diction>y ( 8 mak+ 
exi/$ 9 manuscript aft] ! dea? ( !      
arti/1 & a ,lat9 lett] writt5 by him is 
"o ( ! curiosities 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 
,b he rema9$ always a poor man1 & c\ld  
appr5tice 8 boy only to an engrav] ( !  
l[e/ grade kn[n to ! art4 ,b ?is suffic$
 = a lad :o c\ld sc>cely t\* pap] ) a   
p5cil )\t betray+ 8 gift1 :o drew       
capital burlesques ^u 8 nail :5 he 0    
fifte51 & ent]ta9$ ,addison's c(fee-h\se

 ) a c>icature ( its l&lord :5 he 0     
tw5ty-two4  ,illu/ration3 ,! ,sleep+    
,congregation4 7,hog>?47  ,! e>lie/ "w  
by ?is greate/ ,engli% arti/ ( 8 c5tury1
 :i* has be5 pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum
 7#agbj71 %[s ! b5t ( 8 g5ius z pla9ly z
 ! fir/ sket* by ,boz betrays ! quality 
( ,dick5s4 ,x is call$ ,design = a      
,%op-bill1 & 0 probably ,hog>?'s own    
%op-bill1 8 adv]tisem5t to ! public t he
 0 able & will+ to pa9t signs4 ,9 ^?    
days1 ! s*ool-ma/] n hav+ yet gone      
abroad1 signs 7 usually pictorial1 &    
sometimes consi/$ ( ! popul>            
repres5tation ( ! sa9t hav+ special *>ge
 ( ! bus9ess to be recomm5d$4 ,9        
,hog>?'s %op-bill we see a tall man     
hold+ up a newly pa9t$ sign ( ,/4 ,luke 
) 8 ox & book1 at :i* a gr\p ( p]sons   
are look+1 :ile ,hog>? himself appe>s to
 be %[+ ! sign to !m z possible cu/om]s4
 ,along ! bottom ( ! sign is engrav$ ,w4
 ,,hog>?1 ,,pa9t]4 ,9 ! backgr\nd is se5
 an arti/ pa9t+ at an easel & a boy     
gr9d+ colors4 ,he c\ld n ev5 9 ?is fir/ 

homely essay avoid giv+ 8 "w some?+ ( a 
n>rative "*4 ,he mu/ exhibit a /ory )   
humor\s details4 ,s 9 8 c>icature (     
,daniel ,button1 drawn to ridicule !    
,tory frequ5t]s ( ,button's c(fee-h\se1 
he relates an incid5t z well z          
burlesques individuals4 ,!re /&s ,ma/]  
,button 9 8 pr(essional apron1 ) p[d]$  
wig & frill$ %irt2 & opposite to him a  
tall1 se$y1 /oop+ s*ol> or poet is /orm+
 at ! l&lord ) cl9*$ fi/s1 because he w 
n let him h a cup ( c(fee )\t ! money4  
,!re is also ! truly ,hog>?ian incid5t (
 a dog smell+ suspici\sly ! poet's coat 
tail4 ,/&+ ab\t ! room are p]sons :om   
tradition reports to h be5 int5d$ z     
portraits ( ,pope1 ,/eele1 ,addison1    
,arbu?not1 & o!rs ( ,button's fam\s     
cu/om]s4 ,?is draw+1 execut$ ) a bru%1  
is also pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4    
,daniel ,button1 z ,dr4 ,johnson        
reports1 _h once be5 a s]vant 9 ! family
 ( ! ,c\ntess ( ,w>wick1 & 0 plac$ 9 !  
c(fee-h\se by ,addison4 ,a writ] 9 !    
,spectator alludes to ?is haunt ( !     

,tories3 ,i 0 a ,tory at ,button's & a  
,:ig at ,*ild's4  ,! ,s\? ,sea delusion 
drew f ,hog>? 8 fir/ engrav$ c>icature4 
,among ! ,dut* engrav+s ( #agbj1 call$  
=? by ! s*emes ( ,john ,law1 !re 0 "o 9 
:i* ! victims 7 repres5t$ 9 a           
m]ry-g-r\nd1 rid+ 9 revolv+ c>s or ^u   
wood5 horses1 ! :ole kept 9 motion by a 
horse ridd5 by ! devil4 ,! picture      
pres5ts also ! usual multitude ( confus+
 details1 su* z ! ,dut* mad-h\se 9 !    
di/ance1 ) a long tra9 ( vehicles go+   
t[>d x4 ,9 avail+ himself ( ?is device !
 "y ,london] %[$ mu* ( t skill 9 !      
arrangem5t ( gr\ps1 & t f]tility 9 !    
inv5tion ( details1 :i* m>k$ 8 lat]     
works4 ,8 :irligig revolves high] 9 !   
air ?an 9 ! ,dut* picture1 enabl+ him to
 %[ 8 figures cle> ( ! cr[d bel[1 &     
in/ead ( ! devil on horseback giv+ !    
motion1 he assigns t "w m ju/ly to !    
directors ( ! ,s\? ,sea ,company4 ,?us  
he has room & opportunity to imp>t a    
di/9ct "* to mo/ ( 8 figures4 ,we see   
p]*$ al(t on ! wood5 horses ab\t to be  

:irl$ ar\nd1 a nobleman ) 8 broad       
ribbon1 a %oe-black1 an old woman1 a    
wigg$ cl]gyman1 & a woman ( ! t[n4 ,) 8 
usual uncompromis+ humor1 ,hog>? places 
^! la/ two *>act]s next to "o ano!r1 &  
:ile ! cl]gyman ogles ! woman1 %e *ucks 
him "u ! *94 ,!re is a _w ( accessories3
 a devil exhal+ fire1 /&+ beh9d a c\nt] 
& cutt+ pieces ( fle% f ! body ( ,=tune 
& ca/+ !m to a hu/l+ cr[d ( ,ca?olic1   
,puritan1 & ,jew2 ,self-,int]e/ break+  
,hone/y ^u a :eel2 a cr[d ( wom5 ru%+   
pell-mell into an edifice gabl$ ) horns1
 & be>+ ! words1 ,raffl+ = ,husb&s )    
,lott]y ,=tunes 9 "h2 ,honor 9 ! pillory
 flogg$ by ,villa9y2 an ape we>+ a sword
 & cap4 ,! sc5e *os5 by ! arti/ = ^!    
rem>kable ev5ts is ! op5 space 9 :i* !  
monum5t /&s1 !n fre% & new1 :i*         
commemorates ! ,great ,fire2 b he slyly 
*anges ! inscription ?us3 ,?is ,monum5t 
0 erect$ 9 ,memory ( ! ,de/ruction ( ?is
 ,city by ! ,s\? ,sea 9 #agbj4  ,hog>?1 
engrav] & sign-pa9t] ?\gh he may h be51 
0 all himself 9 ?is amus+ & effective   

piece4 ,if ! ,dut* picture & ,hog>?'s   
c\ld be plac$ "h side by side1 ! read]  
w\ld h be=e him an int]e/+ example ( !  
hone/ plagi>ism ( g5ius1 :i* does n     
borr[ gold & m]ely alt] ! /amp1 b       
conv]ts a piece ( crude ore into a      
,tol$o blade4 ,un=tunately1 bo? pictures
 are too l>ge & cr[d$ to admit (        
effective r$uction4  ,9 ?is1 8 fir/     
publi%$ "w1 ! audaci\s arti/ avail$     
himself ( an exp$i5t :i* height5$ !     
effect ( mo/ ( 8 lat] pictures4 ,he     
introduc$ portraits ( liv+ p]sons4      
,conspicu\s 9 ! =egr\nd ( ! ,s\? ,sea   
c>icature1 among o!r p]sonages n[       
unkn[n1 is ! dim9utive figure ( ,alex&] 
,pope1 :o 0 "o ( ! few lucky speculators
 ( ! ye> #agbj4 ,at lea/1 he )drew 9 "t 
to save half ! sum :i* he once ?\ght he 
_h made4 ,! gloat+ rake 9 ! fir/ picture
 ( ! ,h>lot's ,progress is t typical    
reprobate ( eighte5?-c5tury romances1   
,colonel ,francis ,*>t]is1 ^u :om       
,arbu?not wrote ! celebrat$ epitaph1    
:i*1 x is to be hop$1 is itself a       

c>icature3                ,"h cont9ue?  
to rot           ! body ( ,,francis     
,,*>t]is1       :o1 ) an ,,inflexible   
,,con/ancy &           ,,inimitable     
,,uni=mity ( life1                      
,,p]si/$1           9 spite ( ,,age &   
,,infirmities1         9 ! practice (   
,,e ,,human ,,vice1         except+     
,,prodigality & ,,hypocrisy4   ,8       
insatiable ,,av>ice exempt$ him f !     
fir/2         8 mat*less ,,impud5ce f ! 
second4                ,oh1 indignant   
read]6       ?9k n 8 life useless to    
mank9d2     ,provid5ce conniv$ at 8     
execrable designs         to give to    
aft]-ages a conspicu\s                  
pro( & example     ( h[ small e/imation 
is ,,exorbitant ,,weal?       9 ! sight 
( ,,god1 by ,8 be/[+ x on         ! mo/ 
,,unwor?y ,,( ,,all ,,mortals4  ,hog>? 0
 z mu* a humori/ 9 8 life z he 0 9 8    
works4 ,! invitation to ,mr4 ,k+ to eta 
beta py1 giv5 on ! next page1 0 "o ( _m 
simil> sportive ef=ts ( 8 p5cil4 ,he    
once boa/$ t he c\ld draw a s]geant     

c>ry+ 8 pike1 ent]+ an ale-h\se1 foll[$ 
by 8 dog1 all 9 ?ree /rokes4 ,he produc$
 ! foll[+1 also giv5 on next page3  ,he 
expla9$ ! draw+ ?us3 ,a is ! p]spective 
l9e ( ! door2 ,b1 ! end ( ! s]geant's   
pike1 :o has gone 92 ,c1 ! end ( ! dog's
 tail4  ,illu/ration3 ,hog>?'s          
,invitation ,c>d4  ,illu/ration3        
,diagram4  ,nor 0 he too nice 9 8 *oice 
( subjects = way-side treatm5t4 ,"o ( 8 
fell[-appr5tices us$ to relate an       
anecdote ( ! "t :5 !y 7 accu/om$ to make
 ! usual ,sunday excursion into !       
c\ntry1 ,hog>? be+ fifte5 ye>s ( age4 ,9
 a tap-room r[ a man receiv$ a sev]e cut
 ^u ! =ehead ) a qu>t be]-pot1 :i*      
br\ght blood1 & caus$ him to di/ort 8   
features into a mo/ hide\s gr94 ,hog>?  
produc$ 8 p5cil & in/antly drew a       
c>icature ( ! sc5e1 includ+ a mo/       
ludicr\s & /rik+ lik5ess ( ! w\nd$ man4 
,!re 0 ( necessity a good deal (        
tap-room 9 all humor\s art & lit]ature (
 t c5tury1 & he 0 p]fectly at home 9    
sc5es ( a be]y ca/4  ,! ,five ,days'    

,p]egr9ation ( ,hog>? & 8 fri5ds1 ( :i* 
,?ack]ay disc\rs$ to u s agreeably 9 "o 
( 8 lectures1 occurr$ :5 ! arti/ 0      
?irty-f\r ye>s ( age4 ,b x %[s u ! same 
jovial ,london]1 ^: mann]s & pleasures1 
z ,mr4 ,?ack]ay rem>k$1 ?\gh hone/ &    
innoc5t1 7 n v ref9$4 ,five fri5ds set  
out on foot e>ly 9 ! morn+ f _! tav]n   
haunt 9 ,cov5t ,g>d51 gayly s++ ! old   
song1 ,:y %\ld we qu>rel = ri*es8       
,bill+sgate 0 _! fir/ halt+-place1 :]e1 
z ! appo9t$ hi/orian ( ! jaunt records1 
,hog>? made ! c>icature ( a port]1 :o   
call$ himself ! ,duke ( ,puddle ,dock1  
:i* draw+ 0 by 8 grace pa/$ on ! cell>  
door4 ,at ,ro*e/]1 ,hog>? & ,scott /opp$
 & play$ at hop-scot* 9 ! colonnade "u !
 ,t[n-hall4 ,! ,nag's ,head at ! village
 ( ,/ock %elt]$ !m "o night1 :51 aft]   
supp]1 we adj\rn$ to ! door1 drank pun*1
 /ood & sat = our pictures drawn by     
,hog>?4 ,9 ano!r village ! m]ry blades  
got a wood5 *air1 & plac$ ,hog>? 9 x 9 !
 /reet1 :]e he made ! draw+1 & ga!r$ a  
great _m m51 wom51 & *ildr5 ab\t him to 

see 8 p]=mance4 ,! same ev5+1 ov] _!    
flip1 !y 7 ent]ta9+ ! tap-room ) _! be/ 
songs1 :5 "s ,h>wi* lob/]-m5 came 9 &   
sung sev]al sea-songs s agreeably t !   
,london]s 7 q put out ( c\nt5ance4 ,our 
,/4 ,john1 records ! scribe ( !         
adv5ture1 w\ld n come 9 competition1 nor
 c\ld ,pi%ok5 save u f disgrace4 ,"h1   
too1 is a ,hog>?ian incid5t3 ,hog>?     
call$ me up & told me ! good-woman      
insi/$ on be+ paid = h] b$1 or hav+     
,scott be=e ! mayor1 :i* la/ we did all 
9 our p[] to promote4 ,& s !y m]rily    
tramp$ ! c\ntry r\nd1 s++1 draw+1 copy+ 
comic epitaphs1 & pelt+ "o ano!r ) dirt1
 return+ to ,london at ! end ( ! five   
days1 hav+ exp5d$ j six gu9eas--five    
%ill+s a day ea* man4  ,illu/ration3 ,"t
 ,smok+ a ,picture4  ,8 s5se ( humor    
appe>s 9 8 s]i\s writ+s4 ,"o illu/ration
 :i* he gives 9 8 ,analysis ( ,beauty1  
to %[ ! ess5tial & exhau/less *>m ( !   
wav+ l9e1 is 9 ! highe/ degree comic3 ,i
 once he>d an em95t danc+-ma/] say t !  
m9uet _h be5 ! /udy ( 8 :ole life1 & t  

he _h be5 indefatigable 9 ! pursuit (   
its beauties1 yet at la/ c\ld only say1 
) ,socrates1 he knew no?+1 add+ t ,i 0  
happy 9 my pr(ession z a pa9t]1 9 t "s  
b\nds might be set to ! /udy ( x4  ,9 8 
long w>f>e ) ! picture-deal]s1 :o />v$  
liv+ art 9 ,engl& by ! manufacture ( old
 ma/]s1 he employ$ ridicule & c>icature 
) p[]ful effect4 ,8 ma/]ly c>icature (  
,"t smok+ a ,picture 0 well second$ by  
humor\s lett]s to ! press1 & by _m a    
pass+ hit 9 8 m elaborate writ+s4 ,he   
ma9ta9$ t a pa9t+ is nev] s good z at ! 
mom5t x leaves ! arti/'s h&s1 "t hav+ no
 possible effect ^u x except to impair  
its beauty & dim9i% its tru?4 ,!re 0    
p5n$ at ?is p]iod a burlesque ,bill (   
,monsieur ,v>ni% to ,b5jam9 ,bi/]1 :i*  
is c]ta9ly ,hog>?ian1 if x is n         
,hog>?'s1 & might well s]ve z a         
companion piece to ! engrav+4 ,among !  
items are ^!3                           
,l  s4 d4   ,to pa9t+ & canvas = a nak$ 
,m>y ,magdal51 9 !      und\bt$ /yle (  
,paul ,v]onese                          

#b  #b  #j    ,to brim/one1 = smok+     
ditto                                 #j
  #b  #j    ,paid ,mrs4 ,w---- = a live 
model to sit = ,diana ba?+1      by     
,t9toretto                              
#j #af  #j    ,paid = ! hire ( a layman1
 to copy ! robes ( a      ,c>d9al1 = a  
,v&yck                                  
#j  #e  #j    ,paid ! female figure =   
sitt+ ?irty m9utes 9 a wet      %eet1 t 
,i might give ! dry mann] ( t ma/]      
#j #aj  #f    ,! ,tribute-money ,r5d]$1 
) all ! exactness ( ,qu9t9              
,metsius1 ! fam$ blacksmi? ( ,antw]p    
#b #ab  #f    ,! ,m>tyrdom ( ,/4        
,w9ifr$1 ) a view ( ,holywell ,ba?1     
by old ,frank                           
#a #aa  #f    ,to a l>ge allegorical    
alt>piece1 consi/+ ( m5 &      angels1  
horses & riv] gods2 'tis ?\ght mo/      
happily      hit (f = a ,rub5s          
#e  #e  #j    ,paid = admission into !  
,h\se ( ,pe]s1 to take a sket*      ( a 
great "*1 = a picture ( ,moses break+ ! 
,tables ( ! ,law1 9 ! d>ke/ mann] (     

,rembr&t1 n      yet f9i%$              
#j  #b  #f  ,! idea ( a wet %eet imp>t+ 
! effect ( dryness 0 tak5 f a treatise  
on pa9t+1 :i* /at$ t "s ( ! anci5t ma/]s
 acquir$ a dry mann] ( pa9t+ f /udy+    
aft] wet drap]y4  ,?is robu/ & d[nright 
,briton1 /rong 9 ! consci\sness (       
orig9al & native g5ius1 did n object    
m]ely to ! manufacture ( old ma/]s1 b   
also to ! excessive value plac$ ^u !    
g5u9e productions ( ! great m5 ( old4   
,he c\ld n feel x to be j or favorable  
to ! progress ( art t works repres5t+ a 
/ate ( feel+ long ago outgr[n 9 ,engl&  
%\ld take prec$5ce ( pa9t+s in/9ct ) !  
life ( ! pres5t h\r4 ,9 o!r words1 he   
did n enjoy see+ "o ( 8 own pa9t+s sell 
at auction = f\rte5 gu9eas1 & an ,old   
,ma/] br+ a ?\s&4 ,he grew w>m :5 he    
d5\nc$ ! picture-jobb]s f abroad1 :o    
import$ cont9ually %ip-loads ( dead     
,*ri/s1 ,holy ,families1 ,madonnas1 &   
o!r dismal1 d>k subjects1 nei!r ent]ta9+
 nor ornam5tal1 on :i* !y scrawl !      
t]rible cramp names ( "s ,italian ma/]s1

 & fix ^u u ,engli%m5 ! "n ( univ]sal   
dupes4 ,he imag9es a sc5e betwe5 "o ( ^?
 old-ma/] mong]s & 8 cu/om]4 ,! victim  
says3  ',mr4 ,bubbleman1 t gr& ,v5us1 z 
y are pleas$ to call x1 has n beauty    
en\gh = ! "* ( an ,engli% cook-maid4'   
,^u :i* ! quack answ]s1 ) a confid5t    
air3 ',sir1 ,i f9d t y are no           
connoisseur2 ! picture1 ,i assure y1 is 
9 ,alesso ,baldm9etto's second & be/    
mann]1 boldly pa9t$1 & truly sublime3 ! 
cont\r graci\s2 ! air ( ! head 9 high   
,greek ta/e2 & a mo/ div9e idea x is4'  
,!n spitt+ 9 an obscure place1 & rubb+ x
 ) a dirty h&k]*ief1 takes a skip to    
t'o!r end ( ! room1 & screams out 9     
raptures1 ',!re's an amaz+ t\*6 ,a man  
%\ld h ?is picture a twelvemon? 9 8     
collection be=e he c discov] half its   
beauties6' ,! g5tleman 7?\gh naturally a
 judge ( :at is beautiful1 yet a%am$ to 
be out ( ! fa%ion by judg+ = himself7 ) 
?is cant is /ruck dumb1 gives a va/ sum 
= ! picture1 v mode/ly confesses he is  
inde$ q ignorant ( pa9t+1 & be/[s a     

frame wor? fifty p\nds on a frightful   
?+1 :i*1 )\t ! h>d "n1 is n wor? s _m   
f>?+s4  ,illu/ration3      ,! no        
,d$ication    ,n ,d$icat$ to any ,pr9ce 
9 ,*ri/5dom   = fe> x might be ?\ght an 
,idle piece ( ,arrogance4    ,nor       
,d$icat$ to any man ( quality   = fe> x 
might be ?\ght too assum+4    ,nor      
,d$icat$ to any le>n$ body   ( ,m51 z   
ei!r ( ! univ]sities or !   ,royal      
,society1 = fe> x might be ?\ght   an   
uncommon piece ( ,vanity4    ,nor       
,d$icat$ to any "o p>ticul> ,fri5d   =  
fe> ( (f5d+ ano!r4    ,!re=e ,d$icat$ to
 nobody4   ,b if = once we may suppose  
,nobody to be e body1 z ,e body   is (t5
 said to be nobody1 !n is ?is "w        
,d$icat$ to e body4                by _!
 mo/ humble                             
& devot$ ,w4 ,hog>?  ,d$ication ( a     
,propos$ ,hi/ory ( ! ,arts4 7,f ,hog>?'s
 ,manuscript4#bj7  ,footnote #bj3       
,hog>?'s ,works1 frontispiece to vol4   
iii41 by ,irel& & ,ni*ols4  ,he gives   
picture-buy]s a piece ( advice :i* _m ( 

!m h s9ce tak51 to ! sore di/ress ( _!  
gue/s3 ,use y\r own eyes1 & buy !       
pictures :i* !y dwell ^u ) delight4  ,9 
! heat ( controv]sy1 ,hog>?1 z usual1   
w5t too f>2 b he /ood manfully by 8     
ord]1 & def5d$ resolutely _! rights & 8 
own4 ,arti/s owe him undy+ gratitude =  
two great s]vices3 he %[$ !m a way to   
indep5d5ce by sett+ up 9 bus9ess on 8   
own acc\nt1 becom+ 8 own engrav] &      
publi%]1 & reta9+ always ! own]%ip ( 8  
own plates1 :i*1 inde$1 con/itut$ 8     
e/ate1 & support$ cr$itably 8 family z  
long z any ( !m liv$4 ,he s]v$ all      
arti/s1 too1 by def5d+ himself aga9/ !  
pirates :o flood$ ! m>ket ) meanly      
execut$ copies ( 8 own engrav+s4 ,x 0   
,william ,hog>? :o obta9$ f ,p>liam5t ! 
fir/ act :i* secur$ to arti/s ! sole "r 
to multiply & sell copies ( _! works2 & 
?is "r is ! v corn]-/one ( a great      
national pa9t]'s indep5d5ce4 ,t act made
 g5u9e art a possible pr(ession 9       
,engl&4  ,su* 0 ,hog>?1 ! orig9al arti/ 
( 8 c\ntry1 an hone/1 valiant citiz51 :o

 /ood 8 gr\nd1 paid 8 way1 *e]$ &       
admoni%$ 8 g5]ation4 ,he _h ! faults :i*
 belong to a positive "*1 trod on _m    
toes1 0 (t5 misund]/ood1 & _h 8 ample   
%>e ( tr\ble & cont5tion4 ,all t is n[  
=gott52 & he 0 nev] s mu* valu$1 s      
frequ5tly reproduc$1 s g5]ally possess$1
 or s c>efully /udi$ z at ! pres5t "t4  
,! g5]ation t =ms great satiri/s %9es 9 
! hi/ory ( lit]ature1 b n 9 t ( morals2 
= to supply ) objects ( satire su* ma/]s
 ( ! satiric arts z ,hog>?1 ,swift1     
,pope1 ,gay1 ,/eele1 ,arbu?not1 &       
,foote1 !re mu/ be deep corruption 9 !  
,/ate & radical folly 9 conspicu\s      
p]sons4 ,! process :i* has s9ce be5 nam$
 secul>ization _h !n fairly set 94 ,!   
brilliant m5 ( ! "t _h le>n$ to d]ide ! 
fai? :i* _h be5 a re/ra9+ =ce ^u !      
prop5sities ( man = fifte5 c5turies1 b 7
 v f> f hav+ le>n$ to be cont95t1       
temp]ate1 & j )\t its aid4 ,f\r         
treatises aga9/ ! miracles ,voltaire    
boa/$ ( hav+ se5 dur+ 8 resid5ce 9      
,engl& 9 #agbg & #agbh2 b ^! treatises  

did n mod]ate ! w>m? ( human passions1  
nor *ange any o!r elem5t 9 ! difficult  
problem ( exi/5ce4 ,walpole brib$1      
,swift malign$1 ,bol+broke intrigu$1    
,*>t]is s$uc$1 & ,m>lbor\gh peculat$ j z
 if ! ,new ,light _h n dawn$ & !        
miracles _h rema9$ intact4 ,d we n1 ev5 
9 our own "t1 see inquir+ y\?1 br$ 9    
/rait-lac$ homes1 assum+ t s9ce !re are 
n[ two op9ions z to ! orig9 ( ?+s1 x is 
no long] necess>y to comply ) ! moral   
laws8 ,! spl5did p]sonages ( t p]iod    
seem to h be5 9 a moral condition simil>
 to t ( su* a y\?4 ,x 0 ! fa%ion to be  
dissolute2 x 0 prov9cial to obey ^? laws
 ( our be+ f compliance ) :i* all human 
welf>e & all hone/ joy h come4          
,illu/ration3 ,sir ,rob]t ,walpole p>+ !
 ,nails ( ! ,briti% ,lion4  ,politics 7 
/ill mo/ rudim5t>y4 ,! ,engli% p 7 fully
 resolv$ on keep+ out ! dull & deadly   
,/u>ts2 b ! price !y _h to pay = ?is 0  
to submit to ! rule ( ! dull & difficult
 ,georges1 ^: bodies 7 9 ,engl& & _!    
he>ts 9 ,hanov]4 ,betwe5 ! k+ & ! p /ood

 ,sir ,rob]t ,walpole--z good a man z   
c\ld h held ! place--:o w5t directly to 
! po9t ) memb]s & writ]s1 asc]ta9$ _!   
price1 & paid x4 ,accord+ to "o (       
,pope's bitt] notes on ! ,dunciad1 :]e  
he quotes a ,p>liam5t>y report1 ?is     
m9i/] 9 t5 ye>s paid to writ]s &        
publi%]s ( newspap]s fifty ?\s& p\nds   
eighte5 %ill+s6 ,h[ mu* he paid to      
memb]s ( ,p>liam5t 0 a secret kn[n only 
to himself & ! k+4 ,! v5ality ( ! press 
0 frequ5tly burlesqu$1 z well z !       
fulsome pomp ( its pur*as$ eulogies4 ,a 
v good specim5 is t :i* appe>$ 9 #agce1 
dur+ a m9i/]ial crisis1 :5 ! opposition 
_h high hopes ( ou/+ ! t5aci\s          
,walpoles4 ,an ,adv]tisem5t 0 publi%$1 9
 :i* 0 (f]$ = sale a neat & curi\s      
collection ( well-*os5 similes1         
allusions1 metaphors1 & allegories f !  
be/ plays & romances1 mod]n & anci5t1   
prop] to adorn a panegyric on ! glori\s 
patriots design$ to succe$ ! pres5t     
m9i/ry4 ,! au?or gave notice t all      
sublun>y metaphors ( a new m9i/]1 be+ a 

,rock1 a ,pill>1 a ,bulw>k1 a ,/rong    
,t[]1 or a ,spire ,/eeple1 w be all[$ v 
*eap2 b cele/ial ones1 be+ br\ght f !   
o!r _w at a great exp5se1 mu/ be held at
 a high] rate4 ,! au?or ann\nc$ t he _h 
prep>$ a collection ( ,/ate satires1 :i*
 w\ld s]ve1 ) little v>iation1 to libel 
a judge1 a bi%op1 or a prime m9i/]4     
,n4,b4--,! same satiri/ has collections 
( reasons ready by him aga9/ ! ensu+    
peace1 ?\gh he has n yet read !         
prelim9>ies or se5 "o article ( !       
pacification4  ,illu/ration3 ,dut*      
,neutrality1 #agde4  ,!re 0 also a      
burlesque ,bill ( ,co/s = a late ,tory  
,election 9 ! ,we/1 9 :i* we f9d su*    
items z bespeak+ & collect+ a mob1 a set
 ( ,no-,r\ndhead ro>]s1 a set (         
c(fee-h\se prat]s1 ,diss5t] damn]s1     
demoli%+ two h\ses1 committ+ two riots1 
break+ w9d[s1 ro>]s ( ! ^w ,,*ur*1      
sev]al gallons ( ,tory pun* on *ur*     
tomb/ones4 ,x is que/ionable1 h[ev]1 if 
9 all ! burlesques ( ! p]iod !re 0 "o m 
ridicul\s ?an ! n>rative ( an actual    

occurr5ce 9 ,april1 #agae1 :5 ! footm5 (
 memb]s ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons met outside
 ( ! ,h\se1 accord+ to e/abli%$ cu/om1  
to elect a ,speak]4 ,! ,tory footm5 ca/ 
_! votes = ,sir ,?omas ,morgan's s]vant1
 & ! ,:igs = ,mr4 ,/rickl&'s man4 ,a    
dispute aris+1 a fight ensu$ betwe5 !   
two p>ties1 9 ! mid/ ( :i* ! ,h\se broke
 up1 & ! footm5 7 oblig$ to att5d _!    
ma/]s4 ,! next day1 z soon z ! ,h\se 0 9
 session1 ! fight 0 r5ew$1 &1 aft] a    
desp]ate /ruggle1 ! victori\s ,:igs     
c>ri$ _! man ?ree times 9 triumph r\nd  
,we/m9/] ,hall1 & !n adj\rn$ to a ,:ig  
ale-h\se1 ! l&lord ( :i* gave !m a d9n]1
 ! footm5 pay+ only = _! dr9k4          
,illu/ration3 ,briti% ,idolatry ( !     
,op]a-,s+] ,m+otti1 #agef4    ,ra1 ra1  
ra1 rot ye1    ,my "n is ,m+otti4    ,if
 y wor%ip me notti1    ,y %all all g to 
potti4  ,! c>icatures ( ! ,walpole p]iod
 pres]ve ! record ( ! fir/ attempt to   
less5 by law ! intemp]ate dr9k+ ( g9--! 
mo/ p]nici\s ( ! spiritu\s liquors4 ,a  
law 0 pass$ impos+ ^u ?is article a v   

heavy excise1 & prohibit+ its sale 9    
small quantities4 ,b 9 #agcf ,engl& _h n
 rea*$1 by a c5tury & a half1 !         
developm5t ( civilization :i* admits ( !
 adequate consid]ation ( su* a measure2 
nor c ! poor man's g9 ev] be limit$ by  
law :ile ! ri* man's w9e fl[s free4 ,?is
 g9 law appe>s to h be5 kill$ by        
ridicule4 ,ballads lam5t+ ! ne> decease 
( ,"m ,g9 7 sung 9 ! /reets2 ! g9-%op   
signs 7 hung ) black1 & !re 7 mock      
c]emonies ( ,madame ,g5eva's ,ly+ 9     
,/ate1 ,"m ,g9's ,wake1 & ,madame ,g9's 
,fun]al4 ,p>agraphs notifi$ ! public t !
 fun]al ( ,madame ,g9 0 celebrat$ )     
great m]rim5t1 _m ( bo? sexes gett+     
s\ndly drunk1 & a mob foll[+ h] rema9s )
 tor*es4 ,! night be=e ! measure w5t    
into op]ation 0 "o ( univ]sal revel     
among ! g9-dr9k]s1 & e "o1 we are       
assur$1 c>ri$ (f z mu* ( ! popul>       
liquor1 = future consumption1 z he c\ld 
pay =4 ,! law 0 evad$ by ! exp$i5ts long
 aft]w>d employ$ 9 ,ma9e1 :5 fir/ a     
s]i\s attempt 0 made to en=ce ! ,ma9e   

,law4 ,apo!c>ies & o!rs color$ _! g91   
put x into phials1 & label$ x ,colic    
,wat]1 ,make-%ift1 ,! ,ladies' ,delight1
 ) pr9t$ ,directions to take two or ?ree
 spoonfuls ?ree or f\r times a day1 or z
 (t5 z ! fit takes y4 ,in=m]s sprung    
into an importance nev] be=e kn[n1 & _m 
( !m inv5t$ sn>es to decoy m5 into      
violations ( ! law4 ,s odi\s did !y     
become t if "o ( !m fell into ! h&s ( ! 
mob1 he 0 lucky to escape ) only a duck+
 9 ! ,?ames or a horse-tr\gh4 ,9 %ort1 !
 attempt 0 ill-consid]$ & premature1 &  
aft] an exp]im5t ( two or ?ree ye>s x 0 
giv5 up1 hav+ contribut$ some?+ t[>d !  
gr[+ unpopul>ity ( ! m9i/ry4            
,illu/ration3 ,! ,motion 7= ! ,removal (
 ,sir ,rob]t ,walpole74  ,! d[nfall (   
,sir ,rob]t ,walpole1 aft] hold+ (fice =
 tw5ty ye>s1 0 prec$$ by an animat$ fire
 ( c>icature1 9 :i* ! adh]5ts ( ,walpole
 held _! own4 ,! specim5 giv5 above1    
entitl$ ,! ,motion1 0 r$uc$ f "o ( ! mo/
 fam\s c>icatures ( ! reign ( ,george   
,,ii41 & "o ( ! mo/ f9ely wr\ght ( !    

c5tury4#ba ,horace ,walpole1 son ( !    
great m9i/]1 wrote f ,flor5ce t !       
picture _h div]t$ him extremely1 & t !  
lik5esses 7 admirable4 ,to u ! picture  
says no?+ until x is expla9$2 b e       
,london appr5tice ( ! p]iod recogniz$   
,:itehall & ! ,treasury1 t[>d :i* !     
,opposition 0 driv+ ) su* furi\s ha/e1 &
 c\ld di/+ui% mo/ ( ! p]sonages         
exhibit$4 ,a few days be=e ?is c>icature
 appe>$1 ,s&ys1 :o 0 /yl$ ! motion-mak]1
 f ! frequ5cy ( 8 attempts to array !   
,h\se ( ,commons aga9/ ! ,walpole       
m9i/ry1 mov$ once m an address to ! k+1 
t he w\ld be pleas$ to remove ,sir      
,rob]t ,walpole f 8 pres5ce & c\ncils   
=ev]4 ,! debate ^u ?is motion 0 long &  
mo/ vehem5t1 & ?\gh ! m9i/ry triumph$1 x
 0 "o ( ^? bloody victories :i* presage 
ov]?r[4 ,on ! same day a simil> motion 0
 made 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords by ,"l ,c>t]et1
 :]e an equally viol5t discussion 0     
foll[$ by a vote su/a9+ ! m9i/ry4 ,!    
exultation ( ! ,walpole p>ty inspir$ ?is
 fam\s c>icature1 9 :i* we see !        

,opposition pe]s try+ to rea* (fice 9 a 
lordly coa* & six1 & ! ,commons trudg+  
t[>d ! same goal on foot1 _! lead]1     
,pult5ey1 :eel+ a load ( ,opposition    
newspap]s1 & lead+ 8 foll[]s by ! nose4 
,e politician ( note on ! side ( !      
,opposition is 9 ! picture3 ,"l         
,*e/]field is ! po/ilion2 ! ,duke (     
,argyll ! coa*man2 ,"l ,c>t]et !        
g5tleman inside ! coa*1 :o1 becom+      
consci\s ( ! breakd[n1 cries1 ,let me   
get out6 ,bubb ,dod+ton is ! spaniel    
betwe5 ! coa*man's legs2 ! footman beh9d
 ! coa* is ,"l ,cobham1 & ! outrid] ,"l 
,lyttelton4 ,on ! side ( ! ,commons !re 
is ,s&ys1 dropp+ 9 despair 8 favorite1  
(t5-defeat$ ,place ,bill1 & exclaim+1 ,i
 ?\ght :at w\ld come ( putt+ him on !   
box8 ,mu* ( ! humor & po9t ( ! picture  
is lo/ to u1 because ! peculi> relations
 ( ! p]sons portray$ to ! public1 to _! 
p>ty1 & to "o ano!r c n n[ be p]fectly  
recall$4  ,footnote #ba3 ,?omas ,wright1
 ,c>icature ,hi/ory ( ! ,georges1 p4    
#abh4  ,edition aft] edition ( ,!       

,motion appe>$1 "o ( :i* 0 s arrang$ t x
 c\ld be fitt$ to ! frame ( a lady's    
fan1 a common device at ! "t4 ,!        
,opposition retort$ ) a p>ody ( !       
picture1 :i* !y /yl$ ,! ,reason1 9 :i*  
,walpole figures z ! coa*man1 driv+ !   
coa* ( /ate to de/ruction4 ,ano!r p>ody 
0 call$ ,! ,motive1 9 :i* ! k+ 0 !      
pass5g] & ,walpole ! driv]4 ,!n foll[$  
,a ,consequ5ce ( ! ,motion1 ,motion ^u  
,motion1 ,! ,gr\nds1 & o!rs4 ,! ,walpole
 p>ty surpass$ _! oppon5ts 9 c>icature2 
b c>icature is p[]less to turn back a   
g5u9e tide ( public feel+1 & a ye> lat] 
,sir ,rob]t 0 honorably %elv$ 9 ! ,h\se 
( ,lords4  ,f ?is "t =w>d ! hi/ory (    
,europe is record$ or burlesqu$ 9 !     
comic pictures ( ! %op-w9d[2 n m]ely !  
conspicu\s "p play$ 9 x by m9i/]s & k+s1
 b ! foibles1 ! fa%ions1 ! passions1 !  
vices1 ! cr$ulities1 ! :ims1 ( ea*      
g5]ation4 ,! ,briti% rage = ! ,italian  
op]a1 ! enorm\s sums paid to ! s+]s1 !  
be>i% mann]s ( ,h&el1 ! mania = gam+1 ! 
audacity ( highwaym51 & ! impositions ^u

 popul> cr$ulity no m escape ! satiri/'s
 p5cil ?an ,braddock's defeat1 ! ,que5 (
 ,hung>y's loss ( ,silesia1 or ,william 
,pitt's timely1 & also 8 ill-tim$1 fits 
( ! g\t4 ,nor 7 ! abuses ( ! ,*ur*      
ov]look$4 ,"o picture1 entitl$ ,! ,fat  
,plurali/ & 8 ,lean ,curates1 publi%$ 9 
#agcc1 exhibit$ a corpul5t dignit>y ( ! 
,*ur* 9 a *>iot drawn by six meagre &   
wret*$ curates4 ,! portly prie/ c>ries  
"u "o arm a l>ge *ur*1 & a ca!dral "u ! 
o!r1 :ile at 8 feet are two suck+ pigs1 
a h51 & a goose1 :i* he has tak5 z ti! f
 a f>my>d 9 ! di/ance4 ,! ,*ur*1 says ! 
plurali/1 0 made = me1 n ,i = ! ,*ur*2 &
 "u ! :eels ( ! coa* is a book m>k$ ,!  
,?irty-n9e ,articles4 ,"o />v+ curate   
cries1 pite\sly1 ,"l1 be m]ciful to u   
poor curates6 to :i* ano!r responds1 ,& 
s5d u m com=table liv+s6 ,x requir$ a   
c5tury ( satire & remon/rance to get t  
"o mon/r\s abuse ( ! ,*ur* ,r+ r$uc$ to 
proportions approa*+ dec5cy4 ,corruption
 9 ! city ( ,new ,york 9 ! d>ke/ days ( 
,twe$ 0 less univ]sal1 less sy/ematic1  

less remote f rem$y1 ?an t ( ! ,gov]nm5t
 ( ,great ,brita9 "u ! lea/ incapable ( 
its f\r ,georges4 ,x 0 m]ely m decor\s4 
,illu/ration3 ,antiqu>ies ,puzzl$4      
7,london1 #agef47  ,a specim5 ( !       
h>mless1 good-humor$ satire aim$ at !   
zeal\s antiqu>ies ( ! la/ c5tury is giv5
 above4 ,?is picture may h sugge/$ to   
,mr4 ,dick5s ! famili> sc5e 9 ,pickwick 
:]e ! rov+ memb]s ( ! ,pickwick ,club   
discov] ! /one commemorative ( ,bill    
,/umps4 ,! my/]i\s inscription 9 !      
picture is1 ,b5ea? ?is /one repose?     
,claud ,co/]1 tripe-sell] ( ,imp+ton1 z 
do? 8 consort ,jane4     ,,*apt] ,,xiii4
  ,,engli% ,,c>icature ,,9 ,,!          
,,revolution>y ,,p]iod4   ,x is "p ( !  
(fice ( c>icature to assi/ 9 de/roy+    
illusions t h s]v$ _! turn & become     
ob/ructive4 ,z 9 ,lu!r's "t x gave      
important aid to ! re=m]s 9 break+ !    
spell ( ! papacy1 s n[1 :5 k+%ip broke  
d[n 9 ,europe1 ! satiric p5cil _h mu* to
 d ) te>+ away ! veil ( fiction :i* _h s
 long conceal$ ! impot5ce ( k+s = ne>ly 

e ?+ b mis*ief4  ,illu/ration3 ,a       
,c>icature design$ by ,b5jam9 ,frankl94 
7,london1 #aggd47  ,explanation by ,dr4 
,frankl93 ,! ,colonies 7t is1           
,britannia's limbs7 be+ sev]$ f h]1     
,britannia is se5 lift+ h] eyes & mangl$
 /umps to heav52 h] %ield1 :i* %e is    
unable to wield1 lies useless by h]     
side2 h] lance has pi]c$ ,new ,engl&2 ! 
laurel bran* has fall5 f ! h& (         
,p5nsylvania2 ! ,engli% oak has lo/ its 
head1 & /&s a b>e trunk1 ) a few )]$    
bran*es3 bri]s & ?orns are on ! gr\nd   
b5ea? x2 ! ,briti% %ips h brooms at _!  
topma/ heads1 d5ot+ _! be+ on sale2 &   
,britannia h]self is se5 slid+ (f ! _w  
7no long] able to hold its balance71 h] 
fragm5ts ov]spread ) ! label1 ,date     
obolum ,bellis>io 7,give a f>?+ to      
,belis>ius74  ,! fatal objection to !   
h]$it>y pr9ciple 9 ! gov]nm5t ( nations 
is ! importance :i*1 to use ,mr4        
,jeff]son's words1 x heaps ^u idiots4   
,idiot is a h>% ^w to apply to a p]son s
 well dispos$ z ,george ,,iii41 ,k+ (   

,engl&1 to :om ! viol5ce ( !            
,revolution>y p]iod 0 *iefly due2 b :5  
we ?9k ( ! evil & suff]+ f :i* ,europe  
c\ld h be5 sav$ if he _h kn[n a little m
 or be5 a little less1 we c n be        
surpris$ t contempor>ies %\ld h summ$   
him up ) disrespectful brevity4 ,b =    
him1 s f> z %ort-sight$ mortals c       
disc]n1 ! p]iod ( bloody revolution c\ld
 h be5 a p]iod ( peaceful re=m4 ,aft]   
exasp]at+ 8 subjects ne>ly to ! po9t (  
rebellion1 he precipitat$ ! indep5d5ce (
 ! ,am]ican colonies1 :i*1 9 turn1      
br\ght on ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 & t issu$
 9 ,napoleon ,bonap>te1 ^: s9s ,france  
only f9i%$ expiat+ at ,s$an4  ,x is     
true1 !re mu/ h be5 9 ,great ,brita9    
myriads ^u myriads ( su* heads z t ( ,k+
 ,george to make 8 policy possible4 ,b  
suppose t1 in/ead ( plac+ himself at !  
head ( ! dull m9ds 9 8 empire1 he _h    
giv5 ! pre/ige ( ! cr[n to ! bright &   
indep5d5t s\ls6 ,suppose he _h tak5 z   
k9dly to ,*a?am1 ,burke1 ,fox1 ,frankl91
 ,price1 ,prie/ley1 & ,b>re z he did to 

,bute1 ,dr4 ,johnson1 ,add+ton1 &       
,eldon6  ,& see h[ ?is heir to ! fir/   
?rone 9 ,*ri/5dom 0 educat$4 ,t p]iod   
has be5 s laid b>e by di>ies &          
correspond5ce t we c visit ! orphan boy 
9 8 home at ,c>lton ,h\se1 & li/5 to 8  
"m1 ! wid[$ ,pr9cess ( ,wales1 z %e     
describes 8 traits & lam5ts ! defects ( 
8 tra9+4 ,g back to ! ye> #ageb1 &      
imag9e a draw+-room 9 a royal resid5ce4 
,! d9n] h\r !n _h only got z f> t[>d    
to-morr[ z ?ree 9 ! aft]noon1 & !re=e by
 e>ly c&le-light ( an ,octob] ev5+ !    
draw+-room may be suppos$ to be         
inhabit$4 ,! ,pr9cess ( ,wales1 born a  
pr9cess ( a petty ,g]man sov]eignty1    
/ill a "y "m1 is dress$ 9 m\rn+1 h]     
husb& be+ b a few mon?s dead4 ,( !      
duties belong+ to royalty %e _h no ideas
 except ^? :i* _h prevail$ f "t         
immemorial at ! c\rt ( absolute ,g]man  
sov]eigns4 ,h] *ief c>e 0 to pres]ve !  
morals ( h] *ildr51 & to h h] elde/ son 
a k+ 9 reality z well z 9 "n4 ,be k+    
7,sois roi7 7 favorite words ) h]1 (t5  

repeat$ 9 ! he>+ ( ! heir to ! ?rone4   
,%e ?\ght x infamy 9 a k+ to all[       
himself to be rul$ by m9i/]s4 ,!re is no
 reason to d\bt t %e 0 an honorable lady
 & affectionate "m4 ,horace ,walpole's  
ins9uation t %e in/ill$ virtu\s         
pr9ciples into ! m9d ( h] son because %e
 fe>$ a mi/ress1 & t h] intimacy ) ,"l  
,bute 0 a crim9al intrigue1 di%onors    
,horace ,walpole & human nature1 b n !  
"m ( ,george ,,iii4  ,%e has company ?is
 ev5+--,bubb ,dod+ton1 a g5tleman (     
great weal? & agreeable mann]s1 :o      
controll$ six votes 9 ! ,h\se (         
,commons1 & pass$ 8 life 9 s*em+ to buy 
a pe]age ) !m1 9 :i*1 a ye> be=e 8 dea?1
 he succe$$1 b left no heir to inh]it x4
 ,he 0 mu* 9 ! confid5ce ( ! pr9cess1 & 
%e _h s5t = him to sp5d ! day ) h]4     
,d9n] is ov]1 ! two ladies-9-wait+ are  
pres5t1 & n[ ! *ildr5 ent] to play a few
 games ( c>ds ) _! "m be=e go+ to b$4 ,!
 *ildr5 are sev5 9 numb]1 ( :om ! elde/ 
0 ,george1 ,pr9ce ( ,wales--a boy (     
f\rte51 ( fre% complexion1 /urdy & /\t 9

 =m1 & a c\nt5ance op5 & agreeable1 &   
we>+ an expression ( hone/y4 ,human     
nature r>ely assumes a m pleas+ =m ?an t
 ( a heal?y1 innoc5t ,engli% boy (      
f\rte54 ,he 0 su* a boy z y may /ill see
 9 ! play-gr\nds ( ,eton1 only he 0     
heavi]1 sl[]1 & ruddi] ?an ! av]age1 &  
mu* m %y 9 company4 ,he lov$ 8 horse1 & 
0 exce$+ly fond ( rural sports2 b :5    
lesson-"t came--b let 8 "m speak on t   
po9t4  ,! old game ( comet 0 ! "o :i* ! 
lad usually pref]r$4 ,! company play at 
comet = small /akes1 until ! clock      
/rikes n9e1 :5 ! royal *ildr5 g to b$4  
,!n ! "m leaves h] ladies1 & )draws ) h]
 gue/ to ! o!r end ( ! room1 :]e %e     
indulges 9 a long1 gossipy1 confid5tial 
*at ^u ! subject ne>e/ h] he>t--h] son1 
! presumptive heir to ! ?rone4 ,to %[ ! 
read] h[ %e us$ to talk to confidants on
 su* occasions1 ,i w glean a few s5t5ces
 f h] conv]sations3  ,i l t ! pr9ce %\ld
 amuse himself n[ & !n at small play2 b 
pr9ces %\ld nev] play deep1 bo? = !     
example1 & because x does n become !m to

 w9 great sums4 ,george's real          
disposition1 d y ask8 ,y "k him almo/ z 
well z ,i d4 ,he is v hone/1 b ,i wi% he
 0 a little m =w>d & less *ildi% at 8   
age4 ,i hope 8 preceptors w improve him4
 ,i really d n "k :at !y are tea*+ him1 
b1 to speak freely1 ,i am afraid n mu*4 
,!y are 9 ! c\ntry1 & foll[ _!          
div]sions1 & n mu* else t ,i c discov]4 
,dod+ton rem>k$ ^u ?is t1 = 8 "p1 he did
 n mu* reg>d books2 :at he mo/ wi%$ 0 t 
! pr9ce %\ld beg9 to acquire k ( ! _w1 &
 be in=m$ ( ! g5]al frame & nature ( !  
,briti% ,gov]nm5t & ,con/itution1 &1 )\t
 go+ into m9utiae1 get "s insight into !
 mann] ( do+ public bus9ess4  ,i am (   
y\r op9ion1 said ! pr9cess2 & 8 tutor1  
,/one1 tells me t :5 he talks ) him on  
^? subjects1 he seems to give prop]     
att5tion1 & makes p]t95t rem>ks4 ,i /ick
 to ! le>n+ z ! *ief po9t4 ,y "k h[     
backw>d ! *ildr5 71 & ,i am sure y d n  
?9k !m mu* improv$ s9ce4 ,x may be t x  
is n too late to acquire a compet5ce4 ,i
 am highly s5sible h[ necess>y x is t ! 

pr9ce %\ld keep company ) m54 ,i "k t   
wom5 c n in=m him2 b if 8 education 0 9 
my p[] absolutely1 to :om c\ld ,i       
address him8 ,:at company c ,i wi% him  
to keep8 ,:at fri5d%ips c ,i desire him 
to contract8 ,su* is ! univ]sal         
pr(ligacy1 su* is ! "* & conduct ( ! "y 
p ( di/9ction1 t ,i am really afraid to 
h !m ne> my *ildr54 ,i %all ev5 be 9 m  
pa9 = my daught]s ?an ,i am = my sons1 =
 ! behavior ( ! wom5 is indec5t1 l[1 &  
mu* aga9/ _! own int]e/ by mak+ !mselves
 s v *eap4  ,?ree ye>s pass$4 ,! pr9ce 0
 sev5te54 ,/ill ! anxi\s "m deplor$ !   
neglect ( 8 education4  ,8 book-le>n+1  
said %e to ! same fri5d1 ,i am no judge 
(1 ?\gh ,i suppose x is small or        
useless2 b ,i did hope he might h be5   
in/ruct$ 9 ! g5]al und]/&+ ( ?+s4 ,i    
once desir$ ,mr4 ,/one to in=m ! pr9ce  
ab\t ! ,con/itution2 b he decl9$ x to   
avoid giv+ jeal\sy to ! ,bi%op ( ,norwi*
 7(ficial educator74 ,i m5tion$ x aga91 
b he /ill decl9$ x z n be+ 8 prov9ce4   
,pray1 madam1 ask$ ,dod+ton1 :at is 8   

prov9ce8  ,i don't "k1 unless x is to g 
be=e ! pr9ce up-/airs1 to walk ) him    
sometimes1 seldom] to ride ) him1 & n[ &
 !n to d9e ) him4 ,b :5 !y d walk       
toge!r1 ! pr9ce g5]ally takes t "t to   
?9k ( 8 own affairs & say no?+4  ,! y\? 
01 inde$1 extremely indol5t & /upid4 ,at
 s*ool he w\ld h be5 simply call$ a     
dunce1 = at elev5 he c\ld n read ,engli%
 ) any flu5cy1 & he c\ld nev] h be5     
induc$ to apply 8 m9d to /udy except by 
viol5ce4 ,he nev] _h ! slighte/ notion (
 :at ,*a?am1 ,burke1 or ,fox meant :5 !y
 spoke ( ! ,con/itution4 ,if ,mr4 ,/one 
_h n be5 9 dread ( invad+ ! ,bi%op (    
,norwi*'s prov9ce1 & if ! bi%op _h n be5
 a v]bose & we>isome =mali/1 _! unit$   
p[]s c\ld n h %[n ?is "y man ! unique & 
prodigi\s happ9ess ( a con/itutional k+ 
9 gov]n+ ?r\gh responsible m9i/]s4 ,8   
gov]nor dur+ ! la/ few ye>s ( 8 m9ority 
0 ,"l ,waldegrave1 ^: too brief memoirs 
confirm ! excell5t report :i*           
contempor>ies give ( 8 m9d & "*4 ,"l    
,waldegrave c\ld make no?+ ( him4       

,speak+ ( ! pr9ce at n9ete51 he says he 
0 uncommonly full ( pr9cely prejudices1 
contract$ 9 ! nurs]y & improv$ by !     
society ( b$*amb] wom5 & pages ( !      
back-/airs4 ,he f\nd ! heavy y\? an     
insuff]able bore1 & he 0 soon1 z 8      
relation1 ,horace ,walpole1 relates1    
?or\ghly fatigu$ ) ! insipidity ( 8     
pupil4 ,! pr9ce d]iv$ f 8 education only
 two ideas1 "o v good & ! o!r v bad4 ,! 
fir/ 0 t he mu/ be a ,good ,boy & n keep
 a mi/ress2 ! second 0 t he mu/ be a k+ 
inde$4  ,an indol5t & ignorant mon>* :o 
w n gov]n by m9i/]s mu/ gov]n by        
favorites4 ,he has no o!r alt]native b  
abdication4 ,a favorite 0 at h& 9 !     
p]son ( a poor ,scot* "l :o _h m>ri$ "o 
( ! ri*e/ heiresses 9 ,europe1 ! daught]
 ( ,lady ,m>y ,wortley ,montagu & h]    
mis]ly husb&4 ,he _h also1 if we may    
believe ,"l ,waldegrave1 a good p]son1  
f9e legs1 & a !atrical air ( ! greate/  
importance4 ,he 0 likewise fond ( m$als1
 engrav+s1 & fl[]s2 he p5sion$ ,dr4     
,johnson & ! dramati/ ,home2 he really  

enjoy$ "s products ( art1 & 0 f> f be+  
ei!r ! execrable or ! ridicul\s p]sonage
 :i* he 0 e/eem$ by m5 :om he kept f    
place4 ,bute1 said ,pr9ce ,fr$]ick1 fa!r
 ( ,george ,,iii41 y w\ld make an       
excell5t embassador 9 a small1 pr\d     
little c\rt :]e !re is no?+ to d4 ,he   
w\ld h arrang$ ! c]emonials1 sup]9t5d$ !
 plays1 be5 graci\s to arti/s &         
musicians1 smil$ b5ignantly ^u ! c\rt   
poet1 bor$ ! reign+ pr9ce1 en*ant$ !    
reign+ pr9cess1 amus$ h] *ildr51 & rip5$
 into a c\rtly & g>rul\s old ,polonius1 
full ( wise saws & mod]n in/ances4      
,above all1 he w\ld h upheld !          
pr]ogative ( ! pr9ce ) /an* s9c]ity4    
,sois roi6  ,!re is some?+ 9 ! ,scot* "*
 t causes x to reli% royal pr]ogative4  
,to ?is h\r !re are 9 ,scotl& families t
 *]i% a k9d ( s5tim5tal atta*m5t to !   
memory ( ! ,/u>ts2 & we f9d ,scot*m5 z  
em95t z ,hume1 ,c>lyle1 ,lockh>t1       
,scott1 ,wilson--m5 ( di/+ui%$ lib]ality
 9 "s prov9ces ( ?\ght--unable to wid5  
out into lib]al politics4 ,bute 0 a "l z

 well z a ,scot*man1 n z ignorant nor z 
vulg> z lords 9 t g5]ation usually 71 b 
/ill subject to ! l[]+ influ5ces t      
always beset a privileg$ ord]2          
pr$ispos$1 too1 by temp]am5t to ! wor%ip
 ( ! picturesque1 & n[ ! *]i%$ %>] ( !  
%y1 pr\d1 gloomy seclusion ( ! family ^u
 :i* ! hopes ( an empire 7 fix$4 ,he %[$
 !m m$als & pictures1 he disc\rs$ (     
music & ar*itecture--two ( 8 mo/        
pron\nc$ ta/es--& he n\ri%$ e pr9cely   
prejudice :i* a wise tutor w\ld h /riv5 
to eradicate4  ,?is un=tunate y\?1 dull 
(fspr+ ( ! /imulat$ lu/ ( ages1 0 an apt
 pupil 9 ! ,jacob9 !ory ( k+ly au?ority4
 ,he 0 caught "o day read+ ! book writt5
 at ! in/ance ( ! de?ron$ ,james ,,ii4  
to ju/ify 8 arbitr>y policy2 & !re 7 s  
_m o!r signs ( ! heir to a con/itutional
 ?rone be+ educat$ 9 uncon/itutional    
pr9ciples t ,horace ,walpole drew up a  
=mal remon/rance aga9/ x 9 ! "n ( ! ,:ig
 families4 ,?is docum5t1 :i* 0 privately
 circulat$1 produc$ no effect4 ,sois    
roi6 ,t rema9$ ! rul+ ?\ght 9 ! m9d (   

?is ignorant1 pr\d1 moral "y man1 ab\t  
to fill a place :i* conf]r$ m ob/ructive
 p[] ?an any o!r 9 ! _w4 ,if he _h only 
be5 dissolute 9 t mo/ dissolute age1 he 
c\ld h be5 rul$ ?r\gh 8 vices2 b be+    
/rictly moral & temp]ate1 he 01 alas6   
always himself2 & he _h at 8 back !     
great voiceless multitude1 :o "k by     
in/9ct t morality is ! fir/ int]e/ (    
civiliz$ human nature1 & :o honor x     
supremely ev5 9 ?is crude1 rudim5t>y =m4
 ,y\r dad is safe on 8 ?rone1 said "s   
boon companion ( ,george ,,iv41 z long z
 he is fai?ful to t ugly old woman1 y\r 
"m4 ,& wise old ,frankl9 said1 ,if      
,george ,,iii4 _h _h a bad private "* & 
,john ,wilkes a good "o1 he might h     
turn$ ! k+ out ( 8 dom9ions4 ,su* is !  
mighty p[] ( ! m]e indisp5sable rudim5ts
 ( virtue1 its m]e prelim9>y corporeal  
conditions4 ,a *a/e & temp]ate fool w   
c>ry ! day n9e times 9 t5 ov] pr(ligate 
g5ius4  ,rid+ 9 ! p>k on an ,octob] day 
9 #agfj1 a mess5g] deliv]$ to ! pr9ce a 
note f ! valet de *ambre ( 8 gr&fa!r1   

,george ,,ii4 ,! pr9ce _h coolly arrang$
 ) ?is valet1 :ile yet ! k+ seem$ firm 9
 heal?1 t at ! mom5t ( ! old man's dea? 
he %\ld s5d him a note be>+ a c]ta9 m>k 
on ! outside4 ,! k+1 a vigor\s old man (
 sev5ty-sev51 fell dead 9 8 closet at   
sev5 9 ! morn+1 & ?is note bore !       
preconc]t$ ann\ncem5t ( ! fact4 ,! moral
 & /eady "y man1 quietly rem>k+ to 8    
groom t 8 horse 0 lame1 turn$ ab\t &    
g5tly rode back to ,kew4 ,^u dism\nt+ he
 said to ! man1 ,i h said ?is horse is  
lame2 ,i =bid y to say ! contr>y4 ,at   
tw5ty-two ye>s ( age he 0 k+4 ,except t 
he m>ri$1 a few mon?s aft]1 a pliant1   
ador+ ,g]man pr9cess1 8 accession did n 
mu* *ange 8 mode ( life4 ,he /ill liv$ 9
 /rict seclusion1 %ut 9 aga9/ exp&+     
influ5ces1 accessible at all times only 
to "o man--him ( ! good legs & ,jacob9  
m9d1 ,bute1 prog5itor ( ! ,pope's rec5t 
conque/1 & ,mr4 ,disraeli's h]o1        
,lo?air4  ,illu/ration3 ,"l ,bute1      
#agfh4  ,illu/ration3 ,pr9cess (        
,wales--,bute--,george ,,iii4  ,9 !     

c>icatures ( ! next fifty ye>s we see ! 
gha/ly results4 ,8 fir/ important act 0 
to repel f 8 c\nsels humiliat+          
sup]iority 9 ! p]son ( ,william ,pitt1 !
 d>l+ ( ! nation1 ! fir/ m9i/] ( ! _w1 &
 "o ( ! ?ree great orators ( all "t4 ,9 
8 /ead rul$ a long monotony ( s]vile    
incompet5ts1 beg9n+ ) ,bute himself1    
cont9u+ ) ,gr5ville1 & com+ at la/ to   
,add+ton & ,eldon1 ! k+ keep+ f> f 8    
confid5ce e man 9 ,engl& :o _h a gleam (
 public s5se1 or a t\* ( indep5d5t _s1  
or ev5 a s\nd tradition>y atta*m5t to   
,:ig pr9ciples4 ,an immovable ob/ructive
 to ! true int]e/ ( 8 c\ntry at e       
crisis1 honor+ ! m5 :om ! bett] s5se ( !
 nation did n honor1 & repress+ ! m5 :om
 wise contempor>ies lov$1 & :om po/]ity 
) unanim\s voice pron\nces ! glory (    
,engl& 9 t age1 he kept ! c\ntry 9 bad  
humor dur+ mo/ ( 8 reign1 put h] wrong  
on e "q ( univ]sal int]e/1 lo/ ! mo/    
valuable & affectionate colonies a      
c\ntry ev] _h1 kept ,europe 9 a broil = 
tw5ty-five ye>s1 & develop$ ,napoleon   

,bonap>te into a de/ructive lunatic by  
creat+ = him a succession (             
opportunities = ! display ( 8 tal5t =   
beat+ armies :i* _h no g5]als4          
,illu/ration3 ,! ,wire-ma/] 7,bute7 & 8 
,puppets4 7,london1 #agfg47  ,! p[]     
beh9d ! ?rone great] ?an ! ?rone itself4
  ,a l>ge proportion ( ! v c>icatures ( 
! p]iod h some?+ savage 9 !m4 ,a visitor
 to ! libr>y ( ! ,briti% ,museum curi\s 
9 su* matt]s is %[n t5 huge folio       
scrap-books full ( c>icatures relat+ to 
?is reign1 mo/ ( !m ( great size & blaz+
 ) color4 ,f a g5tleman :o rec5tly      
inspect$ ^! volumes we le>n "s p>ticul>s
 %[+ ! bad temp]1 bad mann]s1 & bad     
morals ( t "t1 all ?ree aggravat$ by a  
k+ ^: morals 7 excell5t4 ,"o ( ! fir/ to
 cat* ! eye ( an ,am]ican is a picture1 
( date ab\t #agfe1 call$ ,a ,new ,me?od 
( ,mac>ony-mak+1 z practic$ 9 ,bo/on1   
,nor? ,am]ica1 :i* repres5ts two m5 t>r+
 & fea!r+ ano!r1 :o has a halt] r\nd 8  
neck4 ,( ! pictures reflect+ ^u ,"l     
,bute & ! ,pr9cess ( ,wales no?+ ne$ be 

said except t !y are su* z might be     
expect$ f ! c>icaturi/s ( t age4 ,_m ( !
 works ( ,gillray 9 ! e>li] ye>s (      
,george ,,iii4 7 ( su* co>s5ess1        
extravagance1 & brutality t ! exhibition
 ( !m n[adays w\ld subject ! v5d] to a  
prosecution by ! ,society = !           
,suppression ( ,vice4 ,our in=mant adds3
 ,_! savag5ess & fil? give "o a v curi\s
 idea ( ! ta/e ( our gr&fa!rs & our     
great-gr&fa!rs1 only our ance/ors1 male 
& female1 c\ld h>dly h be5 z bad z !y   
are repres5t$4 ,su* hide\s faces1 su*   
de=m$ figures1 su* mon/r\s di/ortion &  
debasem5t1 su* g5]al ugl9ess &          
s5suality1 oppress "o ) a feel+ (       
melan*oly r ?an exhil>ation4 ,y might z 
well be m]ry ov] ! do+s ( ,swift's      
,yahoos1 :o are c]ta9ly n m (f5sive ?an 
"s ( ,gillray's m5 & wom54 ,:e!r 9 home 
or =eign politics1 he is equally        
unscrupul\s4  ,*>les ,james ,fox 0 !    
bete noire ( ,gillray4 ,he delight$ 9   
depict+ him & 8 fri5ds 9 z odi\s a light
 z possible1 giv+ him huge beetle-br[s1 

heavy jaws1 & a sw>?y complexion4 ,!    
fam\s ,we/m9/] election1 at :i* !       
beautiful ,du*ess ( ,devon%ire won a    
vote = ,fox by giv+ a kiss to a but*]1  
suppli$ him ) a ri* s\rce ( c>icature4  
,fox is drawn rid+ on ! back ( ! lady2 &
 aga91 sitt+ 9 a tap-room ) ! du*ess on 
8 knee2 & 9 ano!r picture1 hobnobb+ ) a 
co/]-mong]1 :ile ! du*ess has h] %oes   
m5d$ by a cobbl]1 & pays ! cobbl]'s wife
 ) a purse ( gold4 ,fox *ops (f ! head (
 ! k+2 he is a traitor1 a republican1 a 
,jacob91 a conf$]ate ) ! ,fr5*1 a       
=e/all]1 a buy]-up ( corn ) :i* to fe$ !
 enemy1 a sot1 a gambl]--e ?+ t is bad4 
,8 v dea?-b$ =ms ! subject ( a brutal   
c>icature4 ,! noble/ traits ( 8         
political "* are ! po9ts satiriz$4 ,8   
great crimes app>5tly are t he lov$     
fre$om abroad z well z at home1 t he    
/rove = peace ) ,france1 & endeavor$ to 
d ju/ice to ,irel&4 ,= ?is he is depict$
 z ! secret ally ( ,bonap>te & z !      
in/igator ( ,iri% rebellion4 ,! gho/s ( 
,"l ,edw>d ,fitzg]ald1 ,wolfe ,tone1 !  

,%e>es bro!rs1 ,emmett1 & o!r ,iri%     
m>tyrs are made to pass be=e ,fox's b$1 
& po9t to him z ! cause ( _! rebellion &
 _! fate4 ,:5 ,burke w5t ov] to !       
,tories he !n became ! favorite (       
,gillray1 :o be=e _h g5]ally repres5t$  
him z a ,jesuit1 because he dem&$ ju/ice
 = ! ,ca?olics4 ,n[ he is ! savior ( 8  
c\ntry1 & ! t]ror ( ,fox1 ,%]idan1 &    
,prie/ley4 ,%]idan is depict$ z a blaz+ 
meteor ) an extremely rubicund nose4    
,!re is a picture ( ! ,titans attempt+  
to scale heav51 9 :i* ,george ,,iii4    
figures z a comical ,jupit] laun*+ 8    
?und]-bolts at ! ,:ig ,opposition4 ,que5
 ,*>lotte is %[n z a miracle ( ugl9ess4 
,! prodigality ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 :o  
fir/ appe>s z a h&some "y man ) long    
p[d]$ hair1 totally unlike !            
high-%\ld]$1 curly-wigg$1 royal         
,turveydrop ( lat] days1 is contra/$ 9  
companion pictures ) ! alleg$ p>simony (
 8 p>5ts4 ,he is repres5t$ revel+ )     
inord9ately fat b h&some wom51 :o get   
drunk1 hang r\nd 8 neck1 & indulge 9    

famili>ities4 ,! popul> hope t m>riage  
w\ld re=m him sugge/$ a l>ge draw+1 9   
:i* ! slumb]+ pr9ce is visit$ by a      
desc5d+ angel 9 ! lik5ess ( ! unhappy   
,c>ol9e1 at ^: approa* a cr[d (         
reprobates1 male & female1 hurry away   
into d>kness4 ,?omas ,pa9e did n escape4
 ,9 a picture entitl$ ,! ,rights ( ,man2
 or1 ,tommy ,pa9e1 ! ,little ,am]ican   
,taylor1 tak+ ! ,measure ( ! ,cr[n = a  
,new ,pair ( ,revolution ,bree*es1 he is
 repres5t$ z ! traditional />vel+       
tailor1 ragg$ & slipp]$1 & arm$ ) an    
imm5se pair ( %e>s4 ,he cr\*es to take !
 measure ( an enorm\s cr[n1 :ile utt]+  
mu* irrelevant nons5se4 ,?is preci\s "w 
is humbly d$icat$ to ! ,jacob9 clubs (  
,france & ,engl&4  ,b\nd ) su* pictures 
z ^! are a va/ numb] by inf]ior h&s1 mo/
 ( :i* are indescribable1 ! /&>d        
subjects be+ gluttony1 drunk5ness1      
incont95ce1 & fa%ion1 & ^! 9 _! mo/     
outrage\s manife/ations4 ,!y s]ve to %[ 
t a /upid k+ 9 t age1 besides corrupt+  
,p>liam5t & debau*+ ! ,press1 c\ld      

demoralize ! popul> bran* ( art4 ,!     
visitor1 turn+ f ?is collection (       
atrocities & f]ocities1 f9ds himself    
rel5t+ t[>d ! un=tunate old k+1 & incl9$
 to say t he 01 aft] all1 only ! head   
noodle ( 8 k+dom4 ,e improvem5t 0       
m]cilessly burlesqu$--/eam1 gas1 !      
pur*ase ( ! ,elg9 m>bles2 popul>        
prejudices 7 ne>ly always flatt]$1      
seldom rebuk$2 s t if ! c>icatures 7 (  
any use at all 9 ! promulgation ( tru?1 
!y s]v$ only z "p ( ! ordeal t te/$ its 
vitality4  ,we d n f9d 9 ?is or 9 any   
o!r collection _m satirical pictures    
relat+ to ! revolution :i* end$ 9 !     
indep5d5ce ( ! ,am]ican colonies4 ,!re  
01 h[ev]1 "o g5tleman 9 ,london dur+ !  
e>li] phases ( ! dispute :o employ$     
c>icature & burlesque on behalf (       
,am]ica ) mat*less skill4 ,he is        
describ$ 9 ! ,london ,directory = #aggj 
9 ^! words1 ,frankl91 ,b5jam91 ,esq41   
ag5t = ,philadelphia1 ,crav5 ,/reet1    
,/r&4 ,! effective c>icature plac$ at ! 
beg9n+ ( ?is *apt] 0 "o ( ! be/ ( a long

 s]ies ( ef=ts to av]t ! imp5d+         
conflict4 ,he lov$ 8 c\ntry ) ! peculi> 
w>m? t usually animates citiz5s :o live 
9 a di/ant outly+ prov9ce4 ,8 c\ntry1 :5
 he design$ t c>icature & wrote !       
well-kn[n burlesques 9 a simil> ta/e1 0 
n ,p5nsylvania1 nor ,am]ica1 nor ,engl&1
 b ! great ,briti% ,empire1 to :i*      
,william ,pitt1 )9 ,frankl9's own       
life-"t1 seem$ to h giv5 an asc5d5cy ov]
 ! nations ( ! e>? simil> to t :i* ,rome
 _h once enjoy$4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 only on ! 
coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica t ,brita9 possess$ 
colonies loyal & free1 n won by conque/ 
nor by diplomacy1 & !re=e entitl$ to e  
"r secur$ by ! ,briti% ,con/itution4    
,frankl9 lov$ & glori$ 9 ?is great      
c\ntry ( :i* he 0 born a citiz54 ,he    
deplor$ ! measures t ?reat5$ ! sev]ance 
( ^? colonies f ! "m c\ntry1 & w\ld h   
prev5t$ ! sev]ance if ! k+'s folly _h   
be5 any ?+ %ort ( incurable4 ,! mo/     
wond]ful ?+ 9 ! :ole controv]sy 0 t !   
argum5t1 fact1 & fun :i* ,frankl9 wrote 
& inspir$1 f #agfe to #aggd1 _h only    

mom5t>y influ5ce on ! c\rse ( ev5ts4    
,aga9/ /upidity ! gods !mselves cont5d 9
 va94  ,illu/ration3 ,! ,g\ty ,colossus1
 ,william ,pitt 7,"l ,*a?am71 ) ,"o ,leg
 9 ,london & ! ,o!r 9 ,new ,york4       
7,london1 #agff47  ,8 tw5ty ,rules =    
,r$uc+ a ,great ,empire to a ,small ,"o1
 publi%$ ?ree ye>s be=e ! c>icature1    
inculcat$ ! same lesson4 ,a great       
empire1 he rem>k$1 0 9 "o p>ticul> l a  
great cake3 x c\ld be mo/ easily dim9i%$
 at ! edges4 ,! p]son1 !re=e1 :o _h     
und]tak5 ! task ( r$uc+ x %\ld take c>e 
to beg9 at ! remote/ prov9ces1 & n till 
aft] !y 7 lopp$ (f cut up ! c5tral      
portion4 ,8 tw5ty ,rules are m]ely a    
humor\s hi/ory ( ! ,briti% colonial     
policy s9ce ! accession ( ,george       
,,iii43 ,don't incorporate y\r colonies 
) ! "m c\ntry1 qu>t] troops among !m1   
appo9t = _! gov]nors brok5 gambl]s &    
exhau/$ r\es1 despise _! volunt>y       
grants1 & h>ass !m ) novel taxes4 ,by   
su* measures z ^! y w act l a wise      
g+]bread bak]1 :o1 to facilitate a      

division1 cuts 8 d\gh half ?r\gh at !   
places :]e1 :5 bak$1 he w\ld h x brok5  
to pieces4 ,frankl9 also wrote a %ort]  
burlesque1 pomp\sly head$1 ,an ,edict ( 
! ,k+ ( ,prussia1 9 :i* t mon>* 0       
suppos$ to claim sov]eign rights ov]    
,great ,brita9 on ! gr\nd t ! isl& _h   
be5 coloniz$ by ,h5gi/1 ,horsa1 & o!rs1 
subjects ( our r5[n$ ducal ance/ors4 ,! 
edict1 ( c\rse1 orda9s & comm&s         
precisely ^? absurd ?+s :i* ! ,gov]nm5t 
( ,great ,brita9 _h orda9$ & comm&$ s9ce
 ! plant+ ( ! colonies4 ,iron1 z ! edict
 duly sets =?1 _h be5 discov]$ 9 ! isl& 
( ,great ,brita9 by our coloni/s !re1   
:o1 presum+ t !y _h a natural "r to make
 ! be/ use !y c\ld ( ! natural          
productions ( _! c\ntry1 _h erect$      
furnaces & =ges = ! manufacture ( !     
same1 to ! detrim5t ( ! manufactur]s (  
,prussia4 ,?is mu/ be in/antly /opp$1 & 
all ! iron s5t to ,prussia to be        
manufactur$4 ,& :]eas ! art & my/]y (   
mak+ hats has arriv$ at great p]fection 
9 ,prussia1 & ! isl&]s be=e m5tion$1 be+

 9 possession ( wool1 beav]1 & o!r furs1
 h presumptu\sly conceiv$ !y _h a "r to 
take "s advantage !re( by manufactur+ ! 
same into hats1 to ! prejudice ( our    
dome/ic manufacture1 !re=e we d h]eby   
=bid !m to d s any m4  ,we call ?is     
piece a burlesque1 b x 0 burlesque only 
9 =m4 ,precisely su* re/rictions exi/$  
^u ! indu/ry ( ! ,am]ican coloni/s4 ,x 0
 "p ( ! protective sy/em ( ! age1 & n   
mu* m unju/ ?an ! p>ts ( ! same sy/em to
 :i* ! desc5dants ( ^? coloni/s h s9ce  
subject$ !mselves4  ,an ignorant man at 
! head ( a gov]nm5t1 h[ev] hone/ he may 
be1 is liable to make fatal mi/akes 9 ! 
selection ( 8 m9i/]s4 ,he naturally     
dreads ! close inspection ( m9ds sup]ior
 to 8 own4 ,he has always to be on 8    
good behavior be=e !m1 :i* is irksome4  
,he %>es ! /ock prejudices ( mank9d1 "o 
( :i* is a di/ru/ ( practic$            
politicians4 ,b z ! poore/ company (    
actors w get ?r\gh a com$y ) less       
discr$it ?an ! be/ amateurs1 s an       
adm9i/ration ( p>ty hacks w usually c>ry

 on a gov]nm5t ) less odi\s failure ?an 
an adm9i/ration compos$ ( bett] m5 )\t  
exp]i5ce 9 public bus9ess4 ,george      
,,iii4 _h1 moreov]1 a s+ul>ly un=tunate 
trait = a k+ :o _h to gov]n by p>ty     
lead]s--8 prejudices aga9/ individuals 7
 invet]ate4 ,"l ,waldegrave rem>k$ a k9d
 ( unhapp9ess 9 8 temp] :ile he 0 /ill a
 y\?4 ,:5ev] he is displeas$1 8 ang]    
does n break out ) heat & viol5ce1 b he 
becomes sull5 & sil5t1 & retires to 8   
closet1 n to compose 8 m9d by /udy &    
contemplation1 b m]ely to indulge !     
melan*oly enjoym5t ( 8 own ill-humor4 ,&
 :5 he re-appe>$1 x 0 b too evid5t t he 
_h n =gott5 ! (f5se4 ,he nev] =got1 he  
seldom =gave4 ,! same /r5g? ( memory1 z 
,e>l ,russell once wrote ( him1 & ! same
 brood+ sull5ness aga9/ ^? :o oppos$ 8  
w1 :i* _h be5 obs]v$ 9 ! boy1 7 manife/ 
9 ! man4  ,illu/ration3 ,! ,mask        
7,coalition74  ,?is peculi>ity ( "*     
always prev5t$ ! =mation ( a prop]      
m9i/ry1 & %ort5$ ! duration ( e m9i/ry  
:i* 0 approximately prop]4 ,dur+ ! fir/ 

t5 ye>s ( 8 reign 8 dislike ( ,william  
,pitt1 ! natural *ief ( ! ,:ig p>ty1    
confus$ e arrangem5t2 & dur+ ! next     
tw5ty ye>s ! mo/ *]i%$ object ( 8 policy
 seem$ to be to keep f p[] ! natural    
successor ( t m9i/]--,*>les ,james ,fox4
 ,! asc5d5cy ( bo? ^? lead]s 0 su* t to 
exclude !m f p[] 0 to p>alyze _! own    
p>ty1 & prev5t ! free play ( politics 9 
! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,x r$uc$ ! poor k+  
at la/ to pit aga9/ ,napoleon ,bonap>te 
a "y rhetorician ( defective heal?1     
,william ,pitt1 ! son ( ! great m9i/]4  
,illu/ration3 ,heads ( ,fox & ,nor?4  ,9
 a committee on ! s5se ( ! nation1      
,mov$1 t = prev5t+ future disord]s &    
diss5sions1 ! heads ( ! ,mut9y ,act be  
br\ght 91 & suff]$ to lie on ! table    
to-morr[4--,fox's ,motion 9 ,p>liam5t1  
,febru>y1 #aghd4  ,t r5[n$ coalition    
betwe5 ,"l ,nor? & ,mr4 ,fox 9 #aghc1 ! 
!me ( c\ntless c>icatures & endless     
invective1 illu/rates ! confus+ influ5ce
 ( ! k+4 ,dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( ! ,am]ican
 ,revolution1 ,"l ,nor?1 z ! head ( !   

m9i/ry1 0 oblig$ to execute & def5d !   
k+'s policy1 mu* ( :i* we n[ "k he      
disapprov$4 ,naturally he w\ld h be5 an 
ally ( ,fox ye>s be=e1 & !y c\ld ei!r h 
prev5t$ or %ort5$ ! conflict4 ,! spell (
 ! royal closet & ! p]sonal entreaties (
 ! k+ prevail$ ov] 8 bett] judgm5t1 &   
made him ! antagoni/ ( ,fox4 ,at l5g?1 !
 w> be+ at an end & ,nor? 9 retirem5t1  
,engl& saw ^! two m51 ^: nightly        
conflicts _h be5 ! morn+ news = t5 ye>s1
 sudd5ly =m+ a coalition1 unit$ 9 !     
adm9i/ration1 & pl$g$ to ! same policy4 
,z we trace ! successive /eps :i* l$ to 
! alliance 9 ! memoirs & di>ies ( ! "t1 
we discov] t x 0 n s mu* ! coalition z !
 previ\s e/rangem5t t 0 unnatural4 ,!   
public1 h[ev]1 c\ld n be expect$ to see 
x 9 t light1 & an upro> greet$ !        
reconciliation t greatly aid$ ! k+ 9    
gett+ rid ( ! obnoxi\s ,fox4 ,! specim5s
 ( ! c>icatures to :i* x gave rise1     
pres5t$ on ?is & ! two prec$+ pages1 are
 two out ( a great numb] /ill           
procurable4     ,,*apt] ,,xiv4  ,,dur+  

,,! ,,fr5* ,,revolution4   ,9 ,france1 m
 conspicu\sly ?an 9 ,engl&1 k+%ip broke 
d[n 9 t c5tury4 ,l\is ,,xv41 born 9 a   
private /ation1 might h ris5 to !       
own]%ip ( a small liv]y-/able1 9 :i*    
position 8 neighbors1 comm5t+ ^u 8 "* 9 
! c&id mann] ( ,fr5* neighbors1 w\ld h  
epitomiz$ him z a cross1 pr\d pig4 ,^?  
dull k+s :o f9i%$ k+%ip 9 ,europe       
possess$ b "o trait :i* we usually      
associate ) ! k+ly "*--pride--& ?is 0 ! 
s+le po9t ( resemblance betwe5 ,l\is    
,,xv4 & ,george ,,iii4 ,once 9 8 life1 x
 is relat$1 ,l\is ,,xv4 utt]$ a few     
words ) a vivacity approa*+ eloqu5ce4   
,w\ld y believe1 said he to ,madame de  
,pompad\r1 t !re is a man 9 my c\rt :o  
d>es to lift 8 eyes to "o ( my daught]s8
 ,he 0 blaz+ ) passion at ! ?\ght ( su* 
flagrant impiety4  ,& 0 !re ev]1 s9ce   
sacr$ *ildhood fir/ appeal$ = protection
 to ! human he>t1 a *ild s unhappily    
plac$ z t baby k+1 an orphan1 ) a r\e = 
a gu>dian1 a smoo?1 ins9uat+ prie/ =    
preceptor1 & a dissolute c\rt conspir+  

to corrupt him8 ,! prie/1 :o repres5t$  
:at !n pass$ = virtue1 taught him virtue
 out ( a dre>y cate*ism1 /ill extant1   
:i* nev] yet elevat$ or nobly =m$ a     
human s\l--a dead1 false ?+1 ) sc>cely  
an atom 9 x ( s\nd nutrition = he>t or  
m9d4 ,b ,c>d9al ,fleury _h "s success ) 
8 pupil4 ,?irty ye>s aft]1 :5 ,pompad\r 
0 supply+ him ) fre% "y girls ( f\rte5 &
 fifte51 b\ght f _! mo!rs by h] = ?is   
purpose1 ! k+'s consci5ce w\ld n p]mit  
him to g to b$ until he _h knelt d[n by 
! side ( ! timid victim1 & requir$ h] to
 jo9 him 9 say+ ! prescrib$ pray]s4  ,! 
c\rti]s 7 n less successful 9 _!        
endeavors4 ,at ! t5d] age ( six ye>s !y 
provid$ = him an ent]ta9m5t :i* gave !  
old ,m>quis de ,dangeau ! idea t !y _h  
=m$ ! purpose ( dry+ up 9 him ! v s\rce 
( good feel+4 ,!y caus$ ?\s&s ( sp>r[s  
to be let loose 9 a va/ hall1 :]e !y    
gave ! boy ! div]tissem5t ( see+ !m %oot
 ! birds1 & cov]+ all ! floor ) bloody1 
flutt]+1 cry+ victims4 ,he d\btless     
enjoy$ ! spectacle1 = at sixte5 he %ot 9

 cold blood a po9t] br$ by himself1 &   
accu/om$ to fe$ f 8 h&4 ,s rude 0 he at 
sev5te51 ! *ronicl]s tell u1 t ! c\rti]s
 us$ all _! arts to give him du g\t p\r 
les femmes1 hop+ !reby to r5d] him m    
polite & tractable4 ,! precise mann] 9  
:i* a bevy ( illu/ri\s pr9cesses &      
du*esses s\ght to debau*] le roi dur+ "o
 ( ! royal hunts is detail$ 9 ! di>ies &
 satiriz$ 9 ! epigrams ( ! "t4  ,!      
ladies1 long fru/rat$ by ! f]ocity ( !  
y\?1 :o c>$ only = hunt+1 succe$$ at    
la/1 & succe$$ ) ! applause ( all !     
c\rt4 ,e "o else has a mi/ress1 rem>ks  
,b>bi]1 advocate & magi/rate2 :y %\ldn't
 ! k+8 ,x 0 a long reign ( mi/resses4   
,*anges ( m9i/ry1 que/ions ( peace or   
w>1 promotions & appo9tm5ts ( g5]als &  
admirals1 ! arre/ ( au?ors & nobles--all
 7 traceable to ! w or caprice ( a      
mi/ress4 ,fr$]ick ( ,prussia /yl$       
,pompad\r1 ,petticoat ! ,?ird1 :i* "s "o
 0 k9d en\gh to report to h]2 & :5      
,voltaire1 :om %e protect$1 convey$ to !
 ,prussian mon>* a complim5t>y message1 

he repli$1 coldly1 ,i don't "k h]4 ,m>ia
 ,!resa ( ,au/ria1 a pr\d &             
high-pr9cipl$ lady1 /oop$ to recognize  
h] exi/5ce1 & wrote h] civil notes4 ,if 
!re is any tru? 9 ! pr9t$ gossip ( !    
inn]mo/ c\rt circles ( t p]iod1 x 0 ?is 
diff]5ce 9 ! treatm5t ( ! k+'s mi/ress  
:i* made ,france ! ally ( ,au/ria 9 !   
,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>4  ,w\ld ! read] l to "k
 h[ affairs g on 9 a c\rt gov]n$ by a   
mi/ress1 !n let him pond] ?is "o sample 
anecdote1 relat$ by ! femme de *ambre ( 
,madame de ,pompad\r1 %[+ h[ %e1 femme  
de *ambre z %e 01 obta9$ a lieut5ant's  
commission 9 ! army = "o ( h] relations4
 ,%e fir/ ask$ madame = ! commission2 b 
z madame 0 9 full intrigue to remove !  
,m9i/] ( ,w>1 ?is application did n     
succe$4 ,press$ by my family1 ! femme de
 *ambre relates1 :o c\ld n conceive t1 9
 ! position 9 :i* ,i 01 x c\ld be       
difficult = me to procure a trifl+      
commission = a good soldi]1 ,i ask$ x   
directly f ! m9i/] himself4 ,he receiv$ 
me coldly1 & gave me little hope4 ,on   

go+ out1 ! ,m>quis de ,v---- foll[$ me1 
& said3 ',y desire a commission4 ,!re is
 "o vacant1 :i* has be5 promis$ to a    
protege ( m9e2 b if y are will+ to      
ex*ange favors ) me1 ,i w yield x to y4 
,:at ,i desire is to play ! "p ( ,exempt
 de ,police 9 ,t>tuffe ! next "t madame 
gives x 9 ! palace be=e ! k+4 ,x is a   
role ( a few l9es only4 ,get madame to  
assign t "p to me1 & ! lieut5ancy is    
y\rs4' ,i told madame ( ?is4 ,! ?+ 0    
done4 ,i obta9$ my lieut5ancy1 & !      
m>quis ?ank$ madame = ! role z w>mly z  
if %e _h made him a duke4  ,g5]als 7    
appo9t$ to ! comm& ( exp$itions = no    
bett] reason ?an ?is4 ,t ,pompad\r drew 
?irty-six millions ( francs f ! royal   
treasury1 i4 e41 f ! e>n+s ( ! frugal & 
labori\s ,fr5* p1 c\ld easily h be5     
borne4 ,x 0 gov]nm5t by mi/resses & =   
mi/resses1 ! gov]nm5t ( ignorant & idle 
caprice1 t broke d[n mon>*y 9 ,france & 
set ! _w on fire4 ,( ! evils :i* corrupt
 rul]s br+ ^u communities1 ! wa/e ( !   
p's money 7?\gh t is a great evil 9 s   

poor a _w z ours1 ) su* cr[ds ( poor    
relations & s mu* to be done7 is among !
 lea/4 ,x is ! abs5ce ( intellig5ce &   
public _s 9 ! ,gov]nm5t t br+s on ru94  
,z long z ,i live1 said ,l\is ,,xv4 "o  
day to ,madame de ,pompad\r1 ,i %all be 
! ma/]1 to d z ,i l4 ,b my gr&son w h   
tr\ble4 ,madame 0 ( ! same m9d1 b gave x
 neat] expression3 ,aft] u ! deluge4    
,illu/ration3 ,assembly ( ! ,notables at
 ,p>is1 ,febru>y #bb;d1 #aghg4bb    ,de>
 objects ( my c>e1 ,i h assembl$ y to   
asc]ta9 )      :at sauce y want to be   
eat54   ,b we don't want to be eat5 at  
all4   ,y are dep>t+ f ! "q4  ,footnote 
#bb3 ,*ampfleury1 ,hi/oire de la        
,c>icature s\s la ,republique1 etc41 p4 
#e4  ,illu/ration3 ,mirabeau4#bc 7,p>is1
 #aghi47  ,footnote #bc3 ,*ampfleury1   
,hi/oire de la ,c>icature s\s la        
,republique1 p4 #ha4  ,! _w is famili> )
 ! tragic incid5ts ( ! sudd5 collapse ( 
! mon>*y4 ,except dur+ ! ,reign (       
,t]ror1 :i* 0 %ort1 ! c>icaturi/s1 :e!r 
) ! p5 or ! p5cil1 play$ _! usual "p4 ,x

 0 almo/ impossible to c>icature !      
abuses ( ! times1 s mon/r\s 0 ! reality4
 ,! local hits 9 ,beaum>*ais' ,m>riage (
 ,fig>o1 play$ ) raptur\s applause a    
hundr$ nights 9 #aghd1 7 little m ?an ! 
tru? giv5 ) epigrammatic brevity4 ,:5 ! 
saucy page1 ,*]ub91 confess$ t he _h    
behav$ v badly1 b re/$ 8 def5se ^u !    
fact t he _h nev] be5 guilty ( !        
slighte/ indiscretion 9 words1 & s      
obta9$ bo? p>don & promotion1 ! audi5ce 
mu/ h felt ! p]fect congruity ( !       
incid5t ) ! moral code ( ! p]iod4 ,9    
,fig>o's fam\s disc\rse on ! ,engli%    
,god-dam !re is1 inde$1 a t\* (         
c>icature3 ,a f9e language ! ,engli%2 a 
little ( x goes a great way4 ,! ,engli% 
p1 x is true1 ?r[ 9 "s o!r words 9 !    
c\rse ( conv]sation1 b x is v easy to   
see t ,god-dam is ! basis ( _! language4
 ,:5 he descants ^u politics1 he r>ely  
goes beyond ! tru?3 ,ability advance a  
man 9 ! ,gov]nm5t bureaus6 ,my "l is    
laugh+ at me4 ,be commonplace &         
obsequi\s1 & y get e ?+4 ,fig>o gives ! 

:ole art ( ,fr5* politics 9 a few words3
 ,to pret5d y don't "k :at y d "k1 & to 
"k :at y don't2 to he> :at y und]/&1 & n
 to he> :at y don't und]/&2 & especially
 to pret5d y c d a great deal m ?an y c2
 (t5 to h = a v great secret t !re is no
 secret2 to %ut y\rself up to m5d p5s & 
seem pr(\nd1 :5 y are only empty &      
holl[2 to play well or ill ! "p ( a     
p]sonage2 to spread abroad spies &      
p5sion$ traitors2 to melt seals1        
int]cept lett]s1 & try to ennoble !     
pov]ty ( ! means by ! importance ( !    
ends--may ,i die if t isn't all !re is (
 politics4 ,x is a good hit ( ,susan's  
:5 %e says t vapors are a disease (     
quality1 only to be tak5 9 b\doirs4 ,a  
poor woman ^: cause is com+ on at c\rt  
rem>ks t sell+ judge%ips is a great     
abuse4 ,y are "r1 says ! dolt ( a       
magi/rate2 we ought to get !m = no?+4 ,&
 h[ a ,p>is audi5ce1 9 ! temp] ( #aghi1 
mu/ h reli%$ ! hits at ! h]$it>y        
pr9ciple3 ,x is no matt] :5ce y came2 ! 
important "q is1 :i!r are y b\nd8 ,:at h

 y done1 my "l1 to m]it s _m            
advantages--rank1 =tune1 place8 ,y took 
! tr\ble to be born1 no?+ m4 ,we c      
fancy1 too1 h[ su* t\*es z ?is might br+
 d[n ! h\se3 ,i 0 ?\ght ( = an (fice1 b 
un=tunately ,i 0 fit = x4 ,an           
ari?metician 0 want$2 a danc] got x4    
,all m51 z ,mr4 ,c>lyle obs]ves1 laugh$ 
at ^! je/s1 & none l\d] ?an ! p]sons    
satiriz$--a gay horse-rac+ ,anglo-maniac
 noblesse l\de/ ( all4  ,! fir/ picture 
giv5 9 ^! pages relat+ to ! ,fr5*       
,revolution1 ,! ,assembly ( ! ,notables1
 is "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ c>icatures ev] 
produc$1 & "o ( ! be/4 ,sett+ aside "o  
or two ( ,?ack]ay's1 two or ?ree (      
,gillray's1 & half a doz5 ( ,mr4 ,na/'s1
 x w\ld be difficult to f9d its equal4  
,x may be said1 h[ev]1 t ! =ce ( !      
satire is :olly 9 ! words1 :i*1 inde$1 h
 s9ce become "o ( ! /ock jokes ( ,fr5*  
,joe ,mill]s4 ,! picture appe>$ 9 #aghg1
 :5 ! deficit 9 ! rev5ue1 aft] hav+     
wid5$ = _m ye>s1 _h become mo/ al>m+1 & 
x 0 at l5g? propos$ to tax ! nobility1  

cl]gy1 & magi/rates1 hi!rto exempt f    
vulg> taxation4 ,b ! ,assembly ( !      
,notables1 :i* 0 *iefly compos$ ( !     
exempt1 pref]r$ to prolong inquiry into 
! causes ( ! deficit1 & %[$ an          
unconqu]able reluctance to impose a tax 
^u !mselves4 ,x 0 dur+ ?is delay1 s     
fatal to ! mon>*y1 t ! c>icature appe>$4
 ,!re mu/ h be5 m ?an "o v]sion ( ! "w1 
= ! "o describ$ by ,mr4 ,c>lyle 9 8     
,hi/ory ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution diff]s 9  
sev]al p>ticul>s f t :i* we take f ,m4  
,*ampfleury4 ,mr4 ,c>lyle says3 ,a ru/ic
 is repres5t$ convok+ ! p\ltry ( 8      
b>n-y>d ) ?is op5+ address1 ',de>       
animals1 ,i h assembl$ y to advise me   
:at sauce ,i %all dress y )1' to :i* a  
cock respond+1 ',we don't want to be    
eat51' is *eck$ by1 ',y w&] f ! po9t6'  
,! outbreak ( ! ,revolution 9 #aghi     
m5ac$ ,europe ) "o ( ! greate/ ( all    
evils--! premature adoption ( lib]al    
in/itutions4 ,=ev] va9 & always fruitful
 ( prodigi\s evil w be attempts to f\nd 
a gov]nm5t by ! :ole p :]e ! mass ( !   

work+ population are grossly ignorant & 
sup]/iti\s4 ,! reason is kn[n to all :o 
h _h an opportunity ( closely obs]v+ !  
work+s ( su* m9ds4 ,!y c only be sway$  
by arts :i* hone/ intellig5ce c n use1 &
 !re=e !y w be usually gov]n$ by m5 :o h
 an int]e/ 9 mislead+ !m4 ,great ,brita9
 0 ne>] a republic ?an any o!r nation 9 
,europe2 b ,engl&1 too1 ne$$ ano!r      
c5tury to get ! tap-room r$uc$1 ! p's   
s*ool develop$ 9 e p>i%1 & ! educat$    
class int5sely alive to ! folly ( heap+ 
importance ^u idiots4  ,illu/ration3 ,! 
,dagg] ,sc5e 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons4      
7,gillray1 #agic47  ,edmund ,burke 0 !  
man :o1 m ?an any o!r1 held ,engl& back 
f revolution 9 #agib4 ,rational appeals 
to ! rational faculty c\ld n h avail$4  
,appall$ at :at he saw 9 ,france1       
,burke1 aft] ?irty ye>s' advocacy (     
lib]al pr9ciples1 & assi/+ to create a  
republic 9 ,am]ica1 became a fanatic (  
cons]vatism1 & t]rifi$ ,engl& into /&+  
by ! mon>*y4 ,he 0 al>m$ ev5 at ! influx
 ( ,fr5*m5 into ,engl&1 fly+ f ,la      

,lant]ne1 & he gave vehem5t support to !
 ,ali5 ,act1 :i* au?oriz$ ! summ>y      
expulsion f ! k+dom ( =eign]s suspect$  
by ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,vehem5t8 ,"s ( 8       
s5t5ces read l lunacy4 ,x 0 9 ! c\rse ( 
?is debate t ! celebrat$ dagg] sc5e     
occurr$ :i* ,gillray has satiriz$ 9 !   
picture on ! foll[+ page4 ,a wild tale  
rea*$ 8 e>s ( ! manufacture ( dagg]s at 
,birm+ham = ! use ( ,fr5* ,jacob9s 9    
,engl&1 & "o ( !m 0 giv5 him z a        
specim54 ,x 0 an implem5t ( su* undecid$
 =m t x might h s]v$ z a dagg]1 a       
pike-head1 or a c>v+-knife4 ,he da%$ x  
^u ! floor ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 almo/  
hitt+ ! foot ( an honorable memb]1 &    
proce$$ to declaim aga9/ ! unhappy      
exiles 9 ! highe/ /yle ( absurdity4 ,:5 
!y smile1 said he1 ,i see blood trickl+ 
d[n _! faces2 ,i see _! insidi\s        
purposes2 ,i see t ! object ( all _!    
cajol+ is blood4 ,a pause ensu$ aft] !  
orator _h spok5 a :ile 9 ?is /ra94 ,y h 
?r[n d[n a knife1 said ,%]idan2 :]e is !
 =k8 ,a %\t ( laught] foll[$ ?is sally1 

:i* reliev$ ! suppress$ feel+s ( !      
,h\se1 b spoil$ ! effect ( ,mr4 ,burke's
 p]=mance4  ,illu/ration3 ,! ,z5i? (    
,fr5* ,glory--,a ,view 9 ,p]spective4   
7,gillray1 ,london1 #agic47             
,illu/ration3 ,! ,e/ates4 7,p>is1       
#aghi47  ,illu/ration3 ,! ,new ,calv>y4 
7,p>is1 #agib47  ,l\is ,,xvi4 crucifi$  
by ! rebels2 ,monsieur & ! ,comte       
d',artois b\nd by ! decrees ( !         
factions2 ,robespi]re1 m\nt$ ^u !       
,con/itution1 pres5ts ! sponge soak$ 9  
regicides' gall2 ! ,que51 ov]:elm$ )    
grief1 dem&s spe$y v5geance2 ! ,du*ess  
de ,polignac1 etc4  ,9 ! ,fr5*          
c>icatures t h come to u f ! p]iod ( !  
,revolution 7_m hundr$s 9 numb]7 e phase
 ( ! /ruggle is exhibit$ ) ,fr5* f9esse4
 ,!re is ev5 an elegance 9 "s ( _!      
,revolution>y c>icatures4 ,h[ exquisite1
 = example1 ! picture :i* pres5ts ! fir/
 prote/ ( ! ,?ird ,e/ate1 its fir/      
attempt to be ,some?+ 9 ! nation :i* x  
ma9ta9$6 ,we see a l(ty & beautiful     
*>iot or c> ( triumph1 9 :i* k+1        

nobleman1 & cl]gy gracefully ride1 drawn
 by a pair ( doves4 ,! ,?ird ,e/ate is  
m]ely ! beat5 road on :i* ! :ole        
/ructure moves4 ,no?+ c\ld m elegantly  
satirize ! s5tim5tal /age ( !           
,revolution1 :5 ! accumulat$ abuses (   
c5turies 7 all to disappe> amid/ a      
univ]sal effusion ( bro!rly love1 :ile  
k+1 lords1 & cl]gy rode airily along z  
be=e1 borne up by a mute1 submissive    
nation6 ,:5 at la/ ! ,?ird ,e/ate _h    
become ,some?+ 9 ! nation1 a l>ge numb] 
( s5tim5tal pictures signaliz$ ! ev5t4  
,9 "o we see prie/1 noble1 & peasant    
clasp$ 9 a f]v5t embrace1 ! noble       
trampl+ "u foot a %eet ( pap] ^u :i* is 
pr9t$ ,gr&eurs1 ! prie/ tread+ ^u       
,b5efices1 ! peasant ^u ,hate4 ,all we> 
! tricolor cockade1 & und]nea? is       
writt51 ,! wi% accompli%$4 ,?is is z ,i 
ev] desir$ x %\ld be4 ,9 ano!r picture  
prie/1 noble1 & peasant are play+ toge!r
 ^u in/rum5ts--! prie/ ^u a s]p5t-%ap$  
trumpet1 ! noble ^u a pipe1 & ! peasant 
^u ! viol9--! peasant 9 ! middle1 lead+ 

! p]=mance1 & ex*ang+ looks ( complac5t 
affection ) ! o!rs4  ,b ev5 9 ! mom5t ( 
triumph ! effusion 0 n univ]sal4 ,!re   
are always disagreeable p :o d\bt !     
duration ( a mill5nium z soon z x has   
begun4 ,c>icatures repres5t$ ! ?ree     
ord]s danc+ toge!r4 ,w x la/8 won't x   
la/8 s+s a by-/&]1 us+ ! refra9 ( an old
 song4 ,x is ,i :o mu/ pay ! fiddl]1    
cries ! noble to ! prie/4 ,f be+        
frat]nal1 ! ,?ird ,e/ate became         
patroniz+4 ,! ?ree ord]s sit toge!r 9 a 
cafe1 & ! peasant says1 famili>ly1 ,all 
"r2 e man pays 8 own %ot4 ,a picture    
entitl$ ,old ,times & ! ,new ,"t bore ! 
inscription1 ,=m]ly ! mo/ useful class  
c>ri$ ! load1 & 0 trodd5 "u foot4       
,to-day all %>e ! burd5 alike4 ,f       
patroniz+ & condesc5d+1 ! ,?ird ,e/ate1 
z all ! _w kn[s1 spe$ily became         
aggressive & arbitr>y4 ,d[n ) taxes6    
appe>$ on "s ( ! c>icatures ( #aghi1 :5 
! public treasury 0 runn+ dry4 ,an      
extremely popul> picture1 (t5 repeat$1  
exhibits a peasant we>+ ! co/ume ( all !

 ord]s1 ) ! well-kn[n inscription1 s    
false & s fatal1 ,a s+le ,"o makes !    
,?ree4 ,an ignorant family is depict$   
li/5+ ) gap+ eag]ness to "o :o reveals  
to !m t !y too are ! ord] ( :i* !y h be5
 he>+ su* f9e ?+s4 ,we belong to ! ,?ird
 ,e/ate6 !y exclaim1 ) ! triumphant glee
 ( ,m4 ,j\rda9 :5 he he>d t he _h be5   
speak+ prose all 8 life )\t kn[+ x4  ,b 
peace & pl5ty did n come to ! poor man's
 cottage1 & ! c>icaturi/s began to mock 
8 dream ( a bett] day4 ,we see 9 "o ( ! 
pictures ( #agij a fa!r ( a family 9    
*a9s1 ) 8 eyes fix$ 9 ec/asy ^u a beam (
 light1 label$ ,hope4 ,9 ano!r1 poor    
,l\is ,,xvi4 is /yl$ ,! ,re/or] (       
,lib]ty1 b und]nea? we read ! sad "q1   
,eh bi51 b :5 w t put ! *ick5 9 ! pot8  
,a devil ent]+ a hovel is set ^u by a   
peasant1 :o pummels him ) a /ick1 :ile  
an old man cries out1 ,hit him h>d1 h>d1
 my son2 he is an ari/ocrat2 & "u ! :ole
 is writt51 ,is ! devil1 !n1 to be      
always at our door8 ,aga91 we h ! ?ree  
ord]s =g+ ! con/itution ) great ardor1 !

 blacksmi? hold+ ! book on ! anvil1 :ile
 ! prie/ & noble sw+ ! sl$ge-hamm]4 ,"u 
! picture is ! ,fr5* smi?'s refra91     
,tot-tot-tot1 ,battez *aud1             
,tot-tot-tot4 ,f an abyss a work+-man   
draws a bundle ( pap]s be>+ ! words1 ,! 
,new ,con/itution1 ! ,desire ( !        
,nation1 say+1 z he does s1 ,ah1 ,i %all
 be well cont5t :5 ,i h all ^? pap]s6   
,! popul> pictures grew ill-temp]$ z !  
hopes ( ! p decl9$1 & ! ^w ari/ocrat    
became synonym\s ) all t is mo/ ho/ile  
to ! happ9ess ( man4 ,a devil attir$ z a
 prie/1 tea*+ a s*ool ( little          
ari/ocrats1 extols ! massacre ( ,/4     
,b>?olomew4 ,citiz5s & soldi]s are 9    
full cry aft] a _m-head$ mon/] label$   
,ari/ocracy4 ,an ass presides ov] a c\rt
 ( ju/ice1 & ! picture is inscrib$1 ,!  
,ass on ! ,b5*2 or1 ! ,end ( ,old       
,times4 ,! cl]gy came 9 = _! ample %>e (
 ridicule & vitup]ation4 ,:at d we want 
) monks8 exclaim$ an orator f ! tribune 
( ! ,assembly 9 #agij4 ,if y tell me1 he
 cont9u$1 t x is j to all[ pi\s m5 !    

lib]ty to lead a s$5t>y1 solit>y1 or    
contemplative life1 my answ] is1 t e man
 c be s$5t>y1 solit>y1 or contemplative 
9 8 own room4 ,ano!r speak] said1 ,if   
,engl& to-day is fl\ri%+1 %e owes x 9 "p
 to ! abolition ( ! religi\s ord]s4 ,!  
c>icaturi/s did n delay to aim _! %afts 
at ?is new game4 ,we see nuns try+ on   
fa%ionable head-dresses1 & fri>s blund]+
 ?r\gh a milit>y ex]cise4 ,! spectacle 0
 exhibit$ to ,europe ( a p rag+ )       
contemptu\s hate ( e ?+ :i* _h f "t     
immemorial be5 held 9 honor4            
,illu/ration3 ,presid5t ( a             
,revolution>y ,committee amus+ ,himself 
) 8 ,art be=e ! ,session beg9s4 7,p>is1 
#agic47  ,z "t wore on1 aft] e o!r ord] 
9 ! ,/ate _h be5 9 turn ! object (      
special animosity1 ! royal family1 !    
envi$ victims ( ! old /ate ( ?+s1 became
 ! unpiti$ victims ( ! new4 ,until _!   
ill-/>r$ attempt to escape f ,france 9  
,june1 #agib1 !re rema9$ "s little      
respect = ! k+1 & "s t5d]ness = 8       
*ildr54 ,! picture giv5 else:]e ( !     

crucifixion ( ! k+ 0 publi%$ by 8       
adh]5ts "s mon?s be=e ! crisis z        
figurative ( 8 suff]+s1 n z prophetic ( 
8 fate4 ,b !re 0 nei!r respect nor pity 
= ! unhappy man aft] 8 blund]+ attempt  
to leave ! c\ntry4 ,an explosion (      
c>icature foll[$4 ,be=e t ev5t satirical
 pictures _h be5 expos$ only 9 !        
pr9t-sell]s' w9d[s1 b n[1 z ,m4 ,bay]   
records1 c>icatures 7 sold :]ev] any ?+ 
0 sold4 ,! ,jacob9 ,club1 he adds1 z (t5
 z !y _h a po9t to c>ry1 caus$          
c>icatures to be made1 :i* ! %op-keep]s 
f\nd x to _! int]e/ to keep = sale4     
,illu/ration3 ,r>e ,animals3 or1 ,!     
,transf] ( ! ,royal ,family f !         
,tuil]ies to ! ,temple4 7,*ampfleury1   
#agib47  ,a l>ge numb] ( ! pictures :i* 
appe>$ dur+ ! la/ mon?s ( ! k+'s life h 
be5 pres]v$4 ,at an e>li] /age ( !      
movem5t bo? fri5ds & foes ( ! mon>*y us$
 ! satiric p5cil1 b n[ !re 0 none to    
take ! side ( ?is bewild]$ family1 & !  
pictures aim$ at !m 7 h>d & pitiless4 ,!
 read] has b to turn to ! specim5 "h    

giv51 :i* 0 call$ =? by ! transf] ( !   
royal family f _! home 9 ! ,tuil]ies to 
_! prison 9 ! ,temple1 to compreh5d ! _s
 ( ^? productions4 ,9 o!rs we f9d ! k+  
repres5t$ z a bl9d man grop+ 8 way2 z a 
baby2 z an idiot :o breaks 8 play?+s &  
?r[s away 8 cr[n & sceptre4 ,! que5     
excit$ a deep] feel+4 ,! ,p>isians (    
#agib appe> to h _h = t mo/ unhappy (   
wom5 only feel+s ( diabolical hate4 ,%e 
call$ =? all ! tig] :i*1 accord+ to     
,voltaire1 is an +r$i5t 9 ! ,fr5* "*4 ,!
 c>icaturi/s lik$ to inve/ h] ) !       
qualities & ! =m ( a tigress1 liv+ 9 a  
mon/r\s alliance ) a k+-ram1 & becom+ ! 
"m ( mon/]s4 ,! fooli% tale ( h] say+ t 
%e w\ld qu5* h] ?ir/ ) ! blood ( ,fr5*m5
 0 treat$ by ! draughtsm5 ( ! day z ?\gh
 x 7 an unque/ionable fact4  ,nev] 0 a  
woman s hat$ z %e 0 by infuriate ,p>is 9
 #agib4 ,nev] 0 womanhood s outrag$ z 9 
"s ( ! c>icatures ( t p]iod4 ,no?+      
relat+ to h] _h any k9d ( sacr$ness4 ,h]
 ance/ors1 h] c\ntry1 h] "m1 h] *ildr51 
h] love = h] *ildr51 h] atta*m5t to h]  

husb&1 7 all exhibit$ 9 ! mo/ odi\s     
light z s _m additional crimes aga9/    
lib]ty4 ,ne$ x be said t h] p]son 0 n   
sp>$8 ,! s+le tal5t 9 :i* ! ,fr5* excel 
all ! re/ ( ! human family is t ( subtly
 ins9uat+ indec5cy by p5 & p5cil4 ,b !y 
did n employ ?is tal5t 9 ! treatm5t (   
,m>ie ,anto9ette :5 %e 0 ab\t to r$eem a
 frivol\s life by a dignifi$ dea?4 ,)   
hide\s indec5cy !y pres5t$ h] to ! scorn
 ( ! public1 z ,african savages might   
exhibit ! favorite wife ( a ho/ile *ief 
:5 !y _h br\ght h] to _! /9k+ village a 
captive1 b\nd1 nak$1 & defil$4  ,& s    
pass$ away =ev] f ! m9ds ( m5 ! s5se ( !
 div9ity t once _h h$g$ 9 a k+4 ,b s    
cong5ial to m9ds immature or un=m$ is ! 
idea ( h]$it>y *iefta9%ip t to ?is day 9
 ,europe ! semblance ( a k+ seems !     
easie/ res\rce aga9/ an>*y4 ,yet k+s 7  
put ^u _! good behavior1 to hold _!     
places until majorities le>n to control 
_! prop5sities & use _! m9ds4           
,illu/ration3 ,ari/ocrat & ,democrat4   
7,p>is1 #agic47    ,ari/ocrat4 ,take c>e

 ( y\r cap4   ,democrat4 ,look out = y\r
 queue4     ,,*apt] ,,xv4  ,,c>icatures 
,,( ,,wom5 ,,& ,,matrimony4             
,illu/ration3 ,y frank6 ,y simple6 ,h   
confid5ce 9 y6 ,,y6 ,:y1 y w\ld bl[ y\r 
nose ) y\r left h& = no?+ b ! pleasure (
 deceiv+ y\r "r1 if y c\ld6--,,gav>ni1  
,f\rb]ies de ,femmes1 ,p>is1 #ahdf4     
,obs]ve ?is picture ( man's scorn (     
woman1 drawn by ,gav>ni1 ! mo/ not$ (   
,fr5* c>icaturi/s4 ,i place x fir/1     
because x expresses ! feel+ t[>d !      
subject sex :i* satiric art has (t5e/   
exhibit$1 & because x 0 execut$ by !    
p]son :o excell$ all o!rs 9 del9eat+ :at
 he call$ ! f\rb]ies de femmes4 ,su*1 9 
all "t1 has be5 ! habitual tone (       
self-indulg5t m5 t[>d _! victims4       
,gav>ni well repres5ts m5 9 ?is sorry   
bus9ess ( revil+ wom52 = 9 all ! old    
civilizations m5 9 g5]al h done         
precisely :at ,gav>ni did rec5tly 9     
,p>is--fir/ degrad$ wom51 !n laugh$ at  
!m4  ,! read]1 p]haps1 aft] witness+ "s 
( ! ,fr5* plays & comic op]as ) :i* we h

 be5 favor$ 9 rec5t ye>s--su* z         
,fr\-,fr\1 ,! ,sph9x1 ,alixe1 &         
o!rs--may h turn$ 9 wild amazem5t to "s 
fri5d famili> ) ,p>is f long resid5ce1 &
 ask$1 ,is !re any tru? 9 ?is picture8  
,are !re any p 9 ,france :o behave &    
live z ^! p on ! /age behave & live8 ,_m
 !re c n be2 = no community c\ld exi/   
half a g5]ation if ! majority liv$ s4 ,b
 are !re any8 ,! correct answ] to ?is "q
 0 probably giv5 ! o!r ev5+ by a p]son  
accu/om$ to ,p>is life3 ,yes1 !re are   
"s2 !y are ! p :o write su* /uff z ?is4 
,z = ! bal masque1 & ?+s ( t k9d1 x is a
 m]e bus9ess1 ! simple object ( :i* is  
to beguile & despoil ! v]dant ( e l& :o 
g to ,p>is 9 que/ ( pleasure4 ,fr5*     
plays & novels we "k d mo/ ludicr\sly   
misrepres5t ! p ( o!r c\ntries4 ,:at1 = 
example1 c be less l tru? ?an t solemn  
donkey ( a ,scot* duke 9 ,m4 ,octave    
,feuillet's play ( ,! ,sph9x8 ,! dukes (
 ,scotl& are n s num]\s nor s           
unconspicu\s a body ( m5 t !y c n be    
kn[n to a curi\s inquir]1 & x is safe to

 ass]t t1 :atev] _! faults may be1 !re  
is n among !m a creature s unspeakably  
absurd z ! viveur inf]nal ( ?is play4   
,if ! au?or is s f> a/ray ) 8 ,scot*    
duke1 he is p]haps n s v mu* ne>] ! tru?
 ) 8 ,fr5* m>quis1 a p]sonage equally   
=eign to 8 exp]i5ce4  ,we _h 9 ,new     
,york "s ye>s ago a doz5 or two ( "y    
fell[s1 m or less connect$ ) ! press1   
mo/ ( !m ( =eign orig91 :o *]i%$ !      
delusion t eat+ a bad supp] 9 a cell>   
late at night1 & utt]+ or s++           
semi-drunk5 nons5se1 0 an exce$+ly      
noble1 high-spirit$1 & lit]>y way (     
consum+ a weakly con/itution & a small  
sal>y4 ,!y ?\ght !y 7 do+ some?+ 9 !    
mann] ( ,dr4 ,johnson & ,*>les ,lamb4   
,any "o :o %\ld h judg$ ,new ,york 9 !  
ye> #ahee by ! writ+s ( ^! "y g5tlem5   
w\ld h suppos$ t we 7 :olly giv5 up to  
silly1 vulg>1 & reckless dissipation4   
,b1 9 tru?1 ! ,bohemians1 z !y 7 pr\d to
 be /yl$1 7 bo? few & insignificant2 _! 
morn+ scribbl+s express$ no?+ b !       
loos5ess ( _! own lives1 & t 0 half     

pret5se4  ,two admir+ fri5ds h writt5 ! 
life ( ,gav>ni1 ! incomp>able c>icaturi/
 ( la femme2 & !y tell u j h[ & :]e & :5
 ! arti/ acquir$ 8 subtle & pr(\nd k ( !
 sex4 ,x is b too pla9 t he knew b "o   
class ( wom51 ! class t lives by delud+ 
fools4 ,dur+ all "o ye>1 #ahce1 say ^!  
admir+ biograph]s1 x seems t 9 ! life1 !
 days1 ! ?\ghts ( ,gav>ni1 !re 0 no?+ b 
la femme4 ,accord+ to 8 own expression1 
woman 0 8 'gr& affair4' ,he 0 9 love1   
!n8 ,by no means4 ,our admir+ au?ors    
proce$ to describe ?is ye> ( devotion to
 la femme z a p]iod :5 intrigues 7 m+l$ 
toge!r1 cross$ & entangl$ ) "o ano!r2 :5
 pass+ incl9ations1 ! fancies ( an ev5+1
 />t$ into be+ toge!r ) new passions2 :5
 r5dezv\s press$ ^u r5dezv\s2 :5 !re    
fell ^u ,gav>ni a ra9 ( p]fum$ notes f !
 loves ( ye/]day1 f ! =gott5 loves ( la/
 mon?1 :i* he inclos$ 9 "o envelope1 z  
he said1 'l dead fri5ds 9 ! same        
c(f94'#bd  ,footnote #bd3 ,gav>ni1      
l',homme et l',oeuvre1 p> ,edmond et    
,jules de ,gonc\rt1 ,p>is1 #ahgc4  ,!   

au?ors enl>ge ^u ?is cong5ial !me1      
describ+ _! h]o z go+ =? ^u le pave de  
,p>is 9 que/ ( la femme z a ke5 hunt]   
takes to ! =e/ = ! plump p>tridge or !  
b\nd+ de]4 ,"s he br\ght d[n ) !        
resi/less magnetism ( 8 eye4 ,x 0 = him 
a v]itable rapture1 z well z ! ex]tion (
 a p[] :i* he lov$ to try1 to magnetize 
) 8 eye & make 8 own ! fir/ woman :om he
 *anc$ to meet 9 ! ?rong4 ,! sub/ance ( 
! *apt] is t ,gav>ni1 ca/+ aside all !  
re/ra9ts ( civilization & dec5cy1 liv$ 9
 ,p>is ! life ( a l[ & dirty animal2 &  
:51 9 consequ5ce ( s liv+1 he f\nd      
himself 9 ,cli*y = debt1 he repl5i%$ 8  
purse by del9eat+1 z ! f\rb]ies de      
femmes1 ! tricks ( ! dissolute wom5 :o  
_h got 8 money4 ,t1 at lea/1 is ! blunt 
,am]ican ( our au?ors' da9ty & elegant  
,fr5*4  ,illu/ration3 ,matrimony--,a    
,man load$ ) ,mis*ief4#be    ,a monkey1 
a magpie1 & wife    ,is ! true emblem ( 
/rife4           ,old ,engli% ,tav]n    
,sign4  ,footnote #be3 ,f ,hi/ory (     
,sign-bo>ds1 by ,l>wood & ,hott54  ,9 ! 

records ( ! pa/1 we f9d m5 speak+       
lightly ( wom5 ^: laws & usages conc$e  
lea/ to wom54  ,illu/ration3 ,settl+ !  
,odd ,trick4 7,london1 #aggh4bf7        
,footnote #bf3 ,f ,wright's ,c>icature  
,hi/ory ( ! ,georges1 p4 #bef4  ,! olde/
 ?+ accessible to u 9 ^! mod]n cities is
 ! ,saturday-morn+ s]vice 9 an unre=m$  
,jewi% synagogue1 "s ( ! obs]vances (   
:i* date back beyond ! hi/oric p]iod4 ,b
 !re is no?+ 9 x old] ?an ! s5tim5t     
express$ by ! m5 :5 !y ?ank ,god = 8    
goodness 9 n mak+ !m wom54 ,only m5 are 
admitt$ to ! synagogue z equal wor%ip]s1
 ! wom5 be+ consign$ to ! gall]y1       
spectators ( _! husb&s' devotion4 ,! old
 ,jewi% liturgy does n recognize _!     
pres5ce4  ,old] ?an ! ,jewi% liturgy are
 ! sacr$ books ( ! ,h9doos4 ,! fam\s    
passage ( ! ,padma ,p>ana1 translat$ by 
! ,abbe ,dubois1#bg has be5 "p ( !      
dome/ic code ( ! ,h9doos = ?\s&s ( ye>s4
 ,accord+ to ! ,h9doo lawgiv]1 a woman  
has no god on e>? b h] husb&1 & no      
religion except to gratify1 obey1 & s]ve

 him4 ,let h] husb& be crook$1 old1     
infirm1 (f5sive2 let him be irascible1  
irregul>1 a drunk>d1 a gambl]1 a        
debau*ee2 let him be reckless ( 8       
dome/ic affairs1 z if possess$ by a     
devil2 ?\gh he live 9 ! _w )\t honor2   
?\gh he be deaf or bl9d1 & :olly weigh$ 
d[n by crime & infirmity--/ill %all 8   
wife reg>d him z h] god4 ,) all h] might
 %all %e s]ve him1 9 all ?+s obey him1  
see no defects 9 8 "*1 & give him no    
cause ( uneas9ess4 ,nay1 m3 9 e /age (  
h] exi/5ce woman lives b to obey--at    
fir/ h] p>5ts1 next h] husb& & 8 p>5ts1 
& 9 h] old age %e mu/ be rul$ by h]     
*ildr54 ,nev] dur+ h] :ole life c %e be 
"u h] own control4  ,footnote #bg3      
,description ( ! ,"*1 ,mann]s1 & ,cu/oms
 ( ! ,p ( ,india1 vol4 i41 p4 #caf1 by  
,j4 ,a4 ,dubois1 ,london1 #ahag4  ,^!   
are ! g5]al pr9ciples ^u :i* ! life (   
wom5 9 ,india is to be conduct$4 ,!     
,h9doo writ] 0 consid]ate en\gh to add a
 few p>ticul>s3 ,if h] husb& laughs1 %e 
ought to laugh2 if he weeps1 %e ought to

 weep2 if he is dispos$ to speak1 %e    
ought n to jo9 9 ! conv]sation4 ,?us is 
! goodness ( h] nature display$4 ,:at   
woman w\ld eat till h] husb& has fir/ _h
 8 fill8 ,if he ab/a9s1 %e w surely fa/ 
also2 if he is sad1 w %e n be sorr[ful8 
& if he is gay1 w %e n leap = joy8 ,9 ! 
abs5ce ( h] husb& h] raim5t w be mean4  
,su* has be5 ! conception ( woman's duty
 to man by all ! half-develop$ races f  
"t immemorial1 & su* to ?is day are !   
tacit dem& & expectation ( ! brutaliz$  
males ( ! m advanc$ races4 ,gav>ni1     
m>ri$1 w\ld h be5 cont5t ) no subs]vi5ce
 mu* %ort ( t4  ,happily1 nature has    
giv5 to woman ! means ( a fell rev5ge1 =
 %e usually holds ! peace ( ! h\sehold &
 ! happ9ess ( all its memb]s 9 h] h&s4  
,! satirical works t come to u f !      
,ori5tal l&s teem ) evid5ce t wom5 h    
always kn[n h[ to get a fair %>e (      
dome/ic au?ority4 ,if !y are slaves1 !y 
h ev] be5 adepts 9 ! arts & devices (   
slaves4 ,! v squaws ( our ,indians (t5  
contrive to rule _! brawny lords4 ,is n 

! :ole hi/ory ( ! w> betwe5 ! sexes     
includ$ 9 ! little /ory ( ! mann] 9 :i* 
,pocahontas 0 entrapp$ on bo>d a ,briti%
 vessel ly+ 9 ! ,james ,riv] two hundr$ 
& fifty ye>s ago8 ,! capta9 _h promis$  
to ! aunt ( ?is dusky pr9cess ! gift ( a
 copp] kettle if %e w\ld br+ h] niece to
 ! %ip2 & accord+ly "o aft]noon1 :5 %e  
f\nd h]self on ! riv]-bank ) h] husb& & 
,pocahontas1 %e 0 sudd5ly seiz$ ) a     
long+ to g on bo>d1 say+ t ?is 0 ! ?ird 
"t ! %ip _h be5 9 _! riv]1 & yet %e _h  
nev] visit$ x4 ,h] grumpy old husb&     
refus+1 %e began to cry1 & !n1          
,pocahontas jo9+ h] entreaties1 ( c\rse 
! old man _h to unfa/5 8 canoe & paddle 
!m (f to ! vessel4 ,?is model c\ple     
return$ to ! %ore poor] by a niece (    
unc]ta9 "*1 & ri*] by ! ine/imable      
treasure ( a copp] kettle4 ,:at f9e lady
 c\ld h manag$ ?is delicate affair      
bett]8 ,is x n ?us t tickets1 tr9kets1 &
 dresses are won e day 9 ! cities ( !   
mod]n _w8  ,illu/ration3 ,:o 0 t        
g5tleman t j w5t out8  ,:y1 didn't he   

see y1 aft] all8 ,he call$ on bus9ess1 &
 has be5 wait+ = y ^! two h\rs4 ,he     
leaves t[n ?is ev5+4 ,b h[ w>m y are1   
de>6--,,gav>ni1 ,f\rb]ies de ,femmes1   
,p>is1 #ahdf4  ,an att5tive /udy ( !    
,greek & ,roman lit]atures furni%es _m  
illu/rations ( ! rem>k j made1 t m5 :o  
degrade wom5 d]ide !m4 ,among ! ,greeks1
 :o kept wom5 9 subjection & seclusion1 
& gave !m no fre$om ( *oice 9 matt]s (  
de>e/ conc]n to !m1 ! foibles ( ! sex 7 
treat$ v mu* z !y n[ are by ! dissolute 
c>icaturi/s ( ,p>is4 ,ari/ophanes's mode
 ( repres5t+ ! wom5 ( ,a!ns is em95tly  
,gav>nian2 & no?+ 0 m natural ?an t an  
,ari/ophanes %\ld come aft] an          
,anacreon4 ,! lyric poet depicts wom5 z 
objects ( desire1 sup]ior 9 allur+ *>m  
ev5 to w9e1 rosy w9e2 & ,ari/ophanes    
delights to exhibit ! wom5's ap>tm5t (  
an ,a!nian h\se z a riot\s & s5sualiz$  
h>em4 ,h[ _m expressions ( utt] di/ru/ &
 dislike ( wom5 occur 9 ! ,greek poets6 
,= ?is1 & only ?is1 ,i'll tru/ a woman1 
,t if y take life f h] %e w die2    ,&1 

be+ dead1 w come to life no m4    ,9 all
 ?+s else ,i am an infidel4  ,?us       
,antiphanes1 :o di$ tw5ty-two hundr$    
ye>s be=e ,gav>ni 0 born4 ,m5&] ju/ifies
 ! gods = torm5t+ ,prome!us1 ?\gh 8     
crime 0 only /eal+ a sp>k ( fire4    ,b1
 ,o ye gods1 h[ inf9ite ! mis*ief6    ,t
 little sp>k gave be+ to a woman1    ,& 
let 9 a new race ( plagues to curse u4  
,! well-kn[n epigram ( ,palladas ^u     
m>riage expresses a ?\ght :i* has be5   
utt]$ by satiri/s 9 e =m ( :i* language 
is capable3    ,9 m>riage are two happy 
?+s all[$--    ,a wife 9 w$d+ g>b & 9 h]
 %r\d4    ,:o1 !n1 d>es say t /ate c be 
accur/    ,:]e ! la/ day's z happy z !  
fir/8  ,illu/ration3 ,%e4 ,n[1 und]/&   
me4 ,to-morr[ morn+ he w ask y to d9n]4 
,if he has 8 umbrella ) him1 x w mean t 
he has n got 8 /all at ! !atre4 ,9 t    
case1 don't accept4 ,if he has no       
umbrella1 come to d9n]4  ,he4 ,b 7y "k  
we mu/ ?9k ( e ?+7 suppose x %\ld ra9   
to-morr[ morn+8  ,%e4 ,if x ra9s1 he w  
get wet--t's all4 ,if ,i don't want him 

to h an umbrella1 he won't h "o4 ,h[    
silly y are6--,,gav>ni1 ,f\rb]ies de    
,femmes1 ,p>is1 #ahdf4  ,_m o!rs w occur
 to ! read] :o is famili> ) ! light]    
utt]ances ( ! anci5ts4 ,b 9 ,greece1 z 9
 ,*9a1 ,india1 & ,japan1 & :]ev] else m5
 & wom5 h be5 jo9$ 9 w$lock1 !re h be5  
m>riages 9 :i* husb& & wife h liv$ on   
t]ms nobl] ?an ^? contemplat$ by ! law  
or dem&$ by usage4 ,:]e c\ld we f9d a   
ju/] view ( ! duties ( husb& & wife ?an 
9 t passage ( ,x5ophon's dialogue on    
,economy :]e ,is*oma*us tells ,socrates 
h[ he _h tak5 8 "y wife into 8          
confid5ce1 & come to a cle> und]/&+ ) h]
 z to ! %>e ea* %\ld take 9 c>ry+ on !  
h\sehold8 ,goe! mu/ h _h ?is passage 9 8
 m9d :5 he wrote ! f9e tribute to !     
dignity ( h\sekeep+ 9 ,wilhelm ,mei/]4  
,is*oma*us _h m>ri$ a girl ( fifte51 :o 
came to him z wives 9 ,greece usually   
came to _! husb&s--an absolute /rang] to
 him4 ,he _h to get acqua9t$ ) h] aft]  
m>riage1 z1 inde$1 he says1 ,:5 we 7    
well en\gh acqua9t$1 & 7 s famili> t we 

began to conv]se freely ) "o ano!r1 ,i  
ask$ h] :y %e ?\ght ,i _h tak5 h] = my  
wife4 ,mu* is reveal$ 9 t s5t5ce4 ,he   
tells h] t1 be+ m>ri$1 !y are n[ to h   
all ?+s 9 common1 & ea* %\ld only /rive 
to enhance ! good ( ! h\sehold4 ,%e />es
 ) wond]4 ,h] "m _h told h] t h] =tune  
w\ld be :olly h] husb&'s1 & all t %e _h 
to d 0 to live virtu\sly & sob]ly4      
,is*oma*us ass5ts1 b he proce$s to %[ h]
 t1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 husb& & wife mu/  
be equal co-op]ators1 he gett+ ! money1 
%e adm9i/]+ x2 he fight+ ! battle ( life
 out-(-doors1 %e )9 ! h\se4 ,at great   
l5g? ?is model husb& illu/rates 8 po9t1 
& entirely 9 ! _s ( ! noble passage 9   
,goe!4 ,%e cat*es ! idea at l5g?4 ,x w  
be ( little avail1 %e says1 my keep+ at 
home unless y s5d su* provisions z are  
necess>y4 ,true1 he replies1 & ( v      
little use my provid+ w\ld be if !re 7  
no "o at home to take c>e ( :at ,i s5d2 
x w\ld be p\r+ wat] into a sieve4  ,?is 
f9e pres5tation ( h\sehold economy1 l t 
( ! ,g]man poet1 is1 unhappily1 only a  

dialogue ( fiction4 ,x 0 m]ely          
,x5ophon's conception ( ! mann] 9 :i* a 
philosoph] ( prodigi\s wisdom might deal
 ) a girl ( fifte51 :om he _h m>ri$ )\t 
hav+ enjoy$ ! pleasure ( a previ\s      
acqua9tance ) h]4 ,d\btless !re 0 "h &  
!re 9 anci5t ,greece a c\ple :o succe$$ 
9 approximat+ ,x5ophon's ideal4  ,among 
! ,romans wom5 began to acquire ^? legal
 rights to :i* !y owe :atev] advance !y 
h ev] made t[>d a j equality ) m54 ,x 0 
,roman law t lift$ a wife f ! condition 
( a *]i%$ slave to a /atus some?+ high] 
?an t ( daught]4 ,b !re 0 /ill "o fatal 
defect 9 h] position--h] husb& c\ld     
divorce h]1 b %e c\ld n divorce him4    
,cic]o1 ! fl[] ( ,roman culture1 put    
away ! wife ( 8 y\? aft] liv+ ) h] ?irty
 ye>s1 & no remon/rance on h] "p w\ld h 
avail$ aga9/ 8 decision4 ,b a ,roman    
wife _h rights4 ,%e c\ld n be depriv$ ( 
h] prop]ty1 & ! law ?rew r\nd h] & h]   
*ildr5 a sy/em ( safegu>ds :i* gave h] a
 position & an influ5ce n unlike ^? ( ! 
lady ( ! h\se at ! pres5t "t4 ,in/ead ( 

be+ seclud$ 9 a k9d ( h>em1 z among !   
,greeks1 %e came =w>d to receive h]     
husb&'s gue/s1 %>$ "s ( _! fe/ivities1  
gov]n$ ! h\sehold1 sup]9t5d$ ! education
 ( h] *ildr51 & enjoy$ h] ample %>e ( ! 
honor :i* he inh]it$ or won4 ,:]e y are 
,caius1 ,i am ,caia1 %e mode/ly said1 z 
%e ent]$ = ! fir/ "t h] husb&'s abode4  
,he 0 pat]familias1 %e mat]familias2 & !
 rooms assign$ to h] peculi> use 71 z ) 
u1 ! be/ 9 ! h\se4  ,to ! ,roman law    
wom5 are inf9itely indebt$4 ,among ! few
 hundr$s ( families :o did actually %>e 
! civilization ( ,cic]o1 ! ,pl9ys1 &    
,m>cus ,aurelius1 ! position ( a ,roman 
matron 0 "o ( high dignity & influ5ce1 &
 accord+ly ! g5]al tone ( ! be/ ,roman  
lit]ature t[>d woman is su* z does honor
 to bo? sexes4 ,%e 0 ev5 in/ruct$ 9 t   
lit]ature4 ,9 su* a family z t ( ,cic]o1
 ! daught] w\ld usually h ! same tutors 
z ! son1 & ! wife ( su* a man w\ld      
famili>ly use h] husb&'s libr>y4        
,juv5al1 t pe]less revil] ( wom51 !     
,gav>ni ( poets1 deplores ! fact3    ,b 

( all plagues ! greate/ is untold--     
,! book-le>n$ wife 9 ,greek & ,lat9     
bold2    ,! critic dame :o at h] table  
sits1    ,hom] & ,virgil quotes1 &      
weighs _! wits1    ,& pities ,dido's    
agoniz+ fits4    ,%e has s f> ! asc5dant
 ( ! bo>d1    ,! prat+ p$ant puts n 9 "o
 ^w2    ,! man ( law is nonplus$ 9 8    
suit2    ,nay1 e o!r female tongue is   
mute4  ,illu/ration3 ,madame1 y\r c\s9  
,betty wi%es to "k if y c receive h]4   
,impossible6 ,tell h] t to-day ,i       
receive4--,les ,tribulations de la ,vie 
,elegante1 p> ,gir91 ,p>is1 #ahgj4  ,!  
:ole ( ?is six? satire ( ,juv5al1 9 :i* 
! ,gav>nian lit]ature ( all nations 0   
anticipat$ & exhau/$1 is a tribute to   
woman's social importance 9 ,rome4 ,no  
,greek w\ld h consid]$ woman wor?y ( s  
elaborate an ef=t4 ,& z 9 ,a!ns1        
,anacreon1 ! poet ( s5sual love1 0      
naturally foll[$ by ,ari/ophanes1 a     
satiri/ ( wom51 s1 9 ,rome1 ,ovid's ,art
 ( ,love prec$$ & w =ev] expla9         
,juv5al's six? satire4 ,all illu/rates !

 tru? t s5sualiz$ m5 necess>ily         
und]value & laugh at wom54 ,9 all       
probability1 ,juv5al's satire 0 a       
c>icature z gross & gr\ndless z !       
pictures ( ,gav>ni4 ,! in/9ct ( !       
satiri/ is fir/ to select = treatm5t !  
exceptional in/ance ( folly1 & !n to    
exagg]ate t exceptional in/ance to !    
utt]mo/4 ,unhappily _m read]s are only  
too mu* incl9$ to accept ?is exagg]at$  
exception z if x 7 a repres5tative fact4
 ,!re is a passage 9 ,t]5ce 9 :i* he    
expresses ! feel+ ( mo/ m5 :o h be5     
plagu$1 ju/ly or unju/ly1 by a woman3   
,n "o b has ! sex s /rong )9 h]1    ,%e 
diff]s no?+ f ! re/4 ,/ep-mo!rs    ,all 
hate _! /ep-daught]s1 & e wife          
,/udies alike to contradict h] husb&1   
,! same p]v]s5ess runn+ ?r\gh !m all4   
,! acute read]1 on turn+ to ! play ( !  
,"m-9-law1 f :i* ^! l9es are tak51 w n  
be surpris$ to le>n t ! wom5 9 ! com$y  
are 9 ! "r1 & ! m5 grossly 9 fault4     
,illu/ration3 ,a ,sc5e ( ,conjugal      
,life4 7,daumi]1 ,p>is1 #ahdf47  ,!     

lit]ature ( ! ,middle ,ages tells ! same
 /ory4 ,! popul> tales ( t p]iod exhibit
 wom5 z equally s$uctive & malevol5t1   
silly1 va91 n to be tru/$1 en*ant+ to ! 
lov]1 a torm5t to ! husb&4 ,c>icatures (
 wom5 & _! extravagances 9 co/ume &     
behavior occur 9 manuscripts z f> back z
 ,a4,d4 #aaej1 & ^? extravagances may   
s]ve to console m5 ( ! pres5t "t by _!  
enormity4 ,_m specim5s c\ld be giv51 b  
!y are g5]ally too =mless or extravagant
 to be int]e/+4 ,!re are also _m rude   
pictures f ^? c5turies :i* aim$ to      
satirize ! m active foibles ( ! sex4 ,"o
 ( ^! exhibits a wife belabor+ h] husb& 
) a broom1 ano!r p\nd+ h]s ) a ladle1   
ano!r ) a m t]rible in/rum5t1 h] )]+    
tongue1 & ano!r ) ! sure/ weapon 9 all !
 female armory--te>s4 ,9 ! ,r\5 ,ca!dral
 !re are a pair ( c>v+s1 "o repres5t+ a 
fi]ce /ruggle betwe5 husb& & wife = !   
possession ( a g>m5t ! we>+ ( :i* is    
suppos$ to be a sign ( ma/]y1 & ! o!r   
exhibit+ ! victori\s wife 9 ! act (     
putt+ t g>m5t on4 ,on ! portal ( a *ur* 

at ,plo]mel1 9 ,france1 !re is a        
well-cut repres5tation ( a "y girl lead+
 an eld]ly man by ! nose4 ,m viol5t     
conte/s are frequ5tly portray$1 & ev5   
fi]ce battles ) bell[s & pok]s1 /irr+   
incid5ts 9 ! et]nal w> betwe5 man &     
woman4  ,! g5tle ,g]man prie/ :o wrote !
 moral ditties ( ! ,%ip ( ,fools ought n
 to h kn[n mu* ( ! tribulations (       
husb&s2 b 9 8 poem on ! ,wra? & great   
,lewdnes ( ,wym51 he becomes a k9d (    
frantic ,caudle1 & lays ab\t him )      
rem>kable vigor4 ,he calls ^u ! ,k+e mo/
 glori\s ( heav5 & er? to deliv] mank9d 
f ! v5om\s & cruel tongues ( fr[>d wom54
 ,"o *id+ woman1 he obs]ves1 make?      
great] yell ?an a hundr$ magpies 9 "o   
cage2 & let h] husb& d :at he w1 he c n 
quiet h] till %e ha? *id h] fill4 ,no   
bea/ on e>? is s capable ( furi\s       
hate--n ! be>1 nor ! wolf1 nor ! lion1  
nor ! lioness2 no1 nor ! cruel tigress  
robb$ ( h] :elps1 ru%+ wildly ab\t1 te>+
 & gnaw+ /ock & tree4    ,a wra?full    
woman is yet m mad ?an %e4      ,cruell 

,m$ea do? u example %ewe    ,( woman's  
fur\r1 great wra? & cruelty2      ,:i*  
h] owne *ildr5 dyd all to pecis hewe4   
,?is poet1 usually s mod]ate & mild 9 8 
satire ( human folly1 is transport$ )   
rage 9 contemplat+ ! faults ( wom51 &   
holds !m up to ! abhorr5ce ( 8 read]s4  
,a woman1 he rem>ks1 c wall[ 9 wick$    
delights1 & !n1 giv+ h] m\? a hurri$    
wipe1 come =w>d ) tranquil m9d & an air 
( *ild-l innoc5ce1 sweetly prote/+ t %e 
has done no?+ wrong4 ,! mo/ virul5t     
woman-hat] t 0 ev] jilt$ or reject$ c\ld
 n g beyond ! ba*elor prie/ :o p5n$ ?is 
infuriate diatribe ^u ! sex4            
,illu/ration3 ,a ,spl5did ,spread4      
7,cruik%ank1 #ahej47  ,nor 0 ,erasmus's 
e/imate ( wom5 m favorable ?an ,br&t's1 
?\gh he expresses x m lightly & gayly1 z
 8 mann] 04 ,& curi\s x is to note t !  
foibles :i* he selects = animadv]sion   
are precisely ^? :i* =m ! /aple ( satire
 aga9/ wom5 at ! pres5t "t4 ,9 "o ( 8   
,colloquies he describes ! ,assembly (  
,wom51 or ! ,female ,p>liam5t1 & reports

 at l5g? ! spee* ( "o ( ! pr9cipal      
memb]s1 ! wise ,cornelia4 ,?is eloqu5t  
lady he>tily b]ates ! wives ( tradesm5 =
 presum+ to copy ! fa%ions ( ! ri* &    
noble4 ,w\ld any "o believe t ! foll[+  
s5t5ces 7 writt5 ne>ly f\r hundr$ ye>s  
ago8  ',tis almo/ impossible by !       
outside1 says ,cornelia to h] p>liam5t (
 f9e ladies1 to "k a du*ess f a         
kit*5-w5*4 ,all ! anci5t b\nds ( mode/y 
h be5 s impud5tly transgress$1 t e "o   
we>s :at app>el seems be/ 9 h] own eyes4
 ,at *ur* & at ! play-h\se1 9 city &    
c\ntry1 y may see a ?\s& wom5 (         
indiff]5t if n sordid extraction swagg]+
 x abroad 9 silks & velvets1 9 damask & 
broc>d1 9 gold & silv]1 9 erm9es & sable
 tippets1 :ile _! husb&s p]haps are     
/it*+ ,grub-/reet pamphlets or cobbl+   
%oes at home4 ,_! f+]s are load$ )      
diamonds & rubies1 = ,turkey /ones are  
n[adays despis$ ev5 by *imney-sweep]s'  
wives4 ,x 0 ?\ght en\gh = y\r ord9>y    
wom5 9 ! la/ age t !y 7 all[$ ! mighty  
privilege to we> a silk girdle1 & to set

 (f ! bord]s ( _! wool5 petticoats ) an 
edg+ ( silk4 ,b n[--& ,i c h>dly =be>   
weep+ at ! ?\ghts ( x--?is wor%ipful    
cu/om is q out-(-doors4 ,if y\r         
tall[-*&l]s'1 v9tn]s'1 & o!r tradesm5's 
wives flaunt x 9 a *>iot & f\r1 :at %all
 y\r m>*ionesses or c\ntesses d1 ,i     
wond]8 ,& if a c\ntry squire's sp\se w h
 a tra9 aft] h] full fifte5 ells long1  
pray :at %ift mu/ a pr9cess make to     
di/+ui% h]self8 ,:at makes ?is t5 times 
worse ?an o!rwise x w\ld be1 we are nev]
 con/ant to "o dress1 b are z fickle &  
unc]ta9 z wea!rcocks--or ! m5 t prea* "u
 !m4 ,=m]ly our head-tire 0 /ret*$ out  
^u wires & m\nt$ ^u b>b]s' poles1 wom5 (
 condition ?9k+ to di/+ui% !mselves f ! 
ord9>y sort by ?is dress4 ,nay1 to make 
! diff]5ce /ill m visible1 !y wore caps 
( erm9e p[d]$4 ,b !y 7 mi/ak5 9 _!      
politics1 = ! cits soon got !m4 ,!n !y  
trumpt up ano!r mode1 & black quoiss    
came into play4 ,b ! ladies )9 ,ludgate 
n only ap$ !m 9 ?is fa%ion1 b add$ !reto
 a gold embroid]y & jewels4 ,=m]ly !    

c\rt dames took a great deal ( pa9s 9   
comb+ up _! hair f _! =eheads & temples 
to make a t[]2 b !y 7 soon we>y ( t1 = x
 0 n long be=e ?is fa%ion too 0 got into
 ,*eapside4 ,aft] ?is !y let _! hair    
fall loose ab\t _! =eheads2 b ! city    
gossips soon foll[$ !m 9 t4  ,& ?is     
game1 we may add1 has be5 kept up f t   
day to ?is2 nor does ei!r p>ty yet %[   
any incl9ation to retire f ! conte/4    
,erasmus 01 inde$1 an unm]ciful satiri/ 
( wom54 ,9 8 ,praise ( ,folly he returns
 to ! *>ge aga9 & aga94 ,t :i* made     
,plato d\bt "u :at g5us to rank woman1  
:e!r among brutes or rational creatures1
 0 only meant to d5ote ! extreme        
/upidness & folly ( t sex1 a sex s      
unalt]ably simple1 t = any ( !m to ?ru/ 
=w>d & rea* at ! "n ( wise is b to make 
!mselves ! m rem>kable fools1 su* an    
endeavor be+ b a swimm+ aga9/ ! /ream1  
nay1 ! turn+ ! c\rse ( nature1 ! b>e    
attempt+ :]e( is z extravagant z !      
effect+ ( x is impossible3 = z x is a   
trite prov]b1 ,t an ape w be an ape1    

?\gh clad 9 purple2 s a woman w be a    
woman1 i4 e41 a fool1 :atev] disguise %e
 takes up4 ,& aga93 ,good ,god6 :at     
frequ5t divorces1 or worse mis*ief1 w\ld
 (t sadly happ51 except man & wife 7 s  
discreet z to pass ov] light occasions (
 qu>rel ) laugh+1 je/+1 dissembl+1 & su*
 l play+ ! fool8 ,nay1 h[ few mat*es    
w\ld g =w>d1 if ! ha/y lov] did b fir/  
"k h[ _m little tricks ( lu/ &          
wantonness 7& p]haps m gross fail+s7 8  
coy & seem+ly ba%ful mi/ress _h (t be=e 
be5 guilty (8 ,& h[ few] m>riages1 :5   
consummat$1 w\ld cont9ue happy1 if !    
husb& 7 n ei!r sotti%ly ins5sible (1 or 
did n purposely w9k at & pass ov]1 !    
lightness & =w>dness ( 8 good-natur$    
wife8  ,illu/ration3 ,am]ican ,lady     
walk+ 9 ! ,sn[4  ,i h (t5 %iv]$ at see+ 
a "y beauty pick+ h] way ?r\gh ! sn[ ) a
 pale rose-color$ bonnet set on ! v top 
( h] head4 ,!y nev] we> muffs or boots1 
ev5 :5 !y h to /ep to _! sleighs ov] ice
 & sn[4 ,!y walk 9 ! middle ( w9t] ) _! 
poor little toes p9*$ into a m9iature   

slipp]1 incapable ( exclud+ z mu*       
moi/ure z might b$ew a primrose4--,,mrs4
 ,,trollope1 ,dome/ic ,mann]s ( !       
,am]icans1 vol4 ii41 p4 #ace4 #ahcj4  ,!
 ill op9ion ent]ta9$ ( wom5 by m5 dur+ !
 ages ( d>kness & sup]/ition f\nd       
expression 9 laws z well z 9 lit]ature4 
,! age ( *ivalry6 ,inve/igators :o h    
/udi$ t vaunt$ p]iod 9 ! c\rt records & 
law-books tell u t respect = wom5 is a  
?+ ( :i* ^? records %[ no trace4 ,9 !   
age ( *ivalry ! wid[ & ! fa!rless 7     
reg>d$ by lords1 knights1 & p>sons z    
legitimate objects ( plund]2 & woe to ! 
wid[ :o prosecut$ ! murd]]s ( h] husb&  
or ! ravag]s ( h] e/ate6 ,! homage :i* !
 law paid to wom5 consi/$ 9 burn+ !m    
alive = (f5ses :i* br\ght ^u m5 !       
pa9less dea? ( hang+4 ,we mod]ns read ) 
puzzl$ incr$ulity su* a /ory z t (      
,godiva1 d\btful if s va/ an outrage    
c\ld ev] h be5 committ$ 9 a community n 
entirely savage4 ,let ! read] imm]se    
himself = only a few mon?s 9 ! mat]ial (
 :i* ! hi/ory ( ! ,middle ,ages mu/ be  

compos$1 if x %all ev] be truly writt51 
& ! tale ( ,godiva w seem cr$ible &     
natural4 ,%e 0 h] "l's *attel2 &        
probably ! p ( h] day :o he>d ! /ory    
comm5d$ him = light5+ ! burd5s (        
,cov5try on su* easy t]ms1 & saw no     
great h>d%ip 9 ! task assign$ to h]4  ,p
 read ) surprise ( ,?omas ,jeff]son's   
antipa?y to ! poems & novels ( ,sir     
,walt] ,scott4 ,he object$ to !m because
 !y gave a view ( ! pa/ ages utt]ly at  
v>iance ) ! tru? z reveal$ 9 ! au!ntic  
records1 :i* he _h /udi$ f 8 y\? up4    
,illu/ration3 ',my de> ,b>on1 ,i am 9 ! 
mo/ press+ ne$ ( five hundr$ franc6'    
,mu/ ,i put an s to franc8  ,no4 ,9 !   
circum/ances x is bett] n4 ,x w prove to
 ! ,b>on t1 = ! mom5t1 y really are     
de/itute ( e ?+--ev5 (                  
or?ography4--,,ed4 ,,de ,,braumont1     
,p>is1 #ahfj4  ,illu/ration3 ,madame1 ,i
 h ! honor--  ,sir1 be good en\gh to    
come r\nd 9 front & speak to me4        
,madame1 ,i really hav5't ! "t4 ,i mu/  
be (f 9 five m9utes4--,,*am1 ,p>is1     

#ahej4  ,com+ d[n to rec5t times1 we    
/ill f9d ! curr5t anecdote & prov]b 9   
all l&s be>+ h>dly ^u ! sex4 ,a few     
k9dly & appreciative say+s pass curr5t 9
 ,scotl&2 & ! lit]atures ( ,g]many1     
,engl&1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates teem ) !      
noble/ & t5d]e/ homage to ! excell5ce ( 
wom54 ,b mo/ ( ^! belong to ! lit]ature 
( ?is c5tury1 & be> ! names ( m5 :o may 
be said to h creat$ ! moral feel+ ( !   
pres5t mom5t4 ,x is int]e/+ to notice t 
9 "o ( our late/ & be/ diction>ies (    
quotation1 t ( ,mr4 ,m4 ,m4 ,ball\1 (   
,bo/on1 !re are "o hundr$ & elev5 %ort  
passages relat+ to wom51 ( :i* only "o  
is di%onorable to !m1 & t dates back a  
c5tury & a half1 to ! halcyon day ( !   
,briti% lib]t9e--,e woman is at he>t a  
rake4--,,pope4 ,s ?\ght all ! dissolute 
m5 ( ,pope's circle1 z we "k f _!       
conv]sation & lett]s4 ,s ?\ght ! ,duc de
 ,ro*ef\cauld1 :o said1 ,!re are few    
virtu\s wom5 :o are n we>y ( _!         
pr(ession2 & ,mo/ virtu\s wom51 l       
conceal$ treasures1 are secure because  

nobody seeks aft] !m4 ,s ?\ght          
,*e/]field1 :o told 8 hopeful son t he  
c\ld nev] g wrong 9 flatt]+ a woman1 =  
wom5 7 fooli% & frail )\t exception3 ,i 
nev] knew "o 9 my life :o _h good s5se1 
or :o reason$ & act$ consequ5tially =   
f\r-&-tw5ty h\rs toge!r4 ,& s mu/ ?9k e 
man :o liv$ z m5 ( fa%ion !n liv$4 ,if  
,i dwelt 9 a hospital1 said ,dr4        
,frankl9 once1 ,i might come to ?9k all 
mank9d diseas$4  ,illu/ration3 ,:]e are 
! diamonds exhibit$8  ,i hav5't ! lea/  
idea2 b ,i let myself be guid$ by my    
wife4 ,wom5 get at su* ?+s by           
in/9ct4--,,*am1 ,p>is1 #ahfh4  ,b a man 
ne$ n be a f9e g5tleman nor a r\e to ?9k
 ill ( womank9d4 ,he ne$s only to be    
commonplace2 & h5ce x is t ! homely     
prov]bs ( all "t be> s h>dly ^u wom54 ,!
 native l& ( ! mod]n prov]b is ,spa91 z 
we might guess f ,san*o ,panza's        
exhau/less rep]tory2 & mo/ ( ^? homely  
disp>ag+ s5t5ces conc]n+ wom5 t pass    
curr5t 9 all l&s appe> to h orig9at$    
!re4 ,:at ,spa9 has left unsaid ^u      

wom5's foibles1 ,italy has suppli$4 ,mo/
 ( ! foll[+ prov]bs are traceable to "o 
( ! two p59sulas ( ,s\!rn ,europe3 ,he t
 takes an eel by ! tail or a woman by h]
 ^w may say he holds no?+4 ,!re is "o   
bad wife 9 ,spa91 & e man ?9ks he has   
h]4 ,he t loses 8 wife & a f>?+ ha?     
great loss ( 8 f>?+4 ,if ! "m _h nev]   
be5 9 ! ov51 %e w\ld n h look$ = h]     
daught] !re4 ,he t m>ries a wid[ & ?ree 
*ildr5 m>ries f\r ?ieves4 ,he t tells 8 
wife news is b newly m>ri$4 ,a dead     
wife's ! be/ goods 9 a man's h\se4 ,a   
man ( /raw is wor? a woman ( gold4 ,a   
woman conceals :at %e kn[s n4 ,z great a
 pity to see a woman weep z to see a    
goose g b>efoot4 ,a woman's m9d & w9t]'s
 w9d *ange (t4 ,!re is no mis*ief 9 ! _w
 done b a woman is always "o4 ,comm5d a 
w$d$ life1 b keep ?yself a ba*elor4 ,:]e
 !re are wom5 & geese1 !re wants no     
noise4 ,nei!r wom5 nor l95 by           
c&le-light4 ,glasses & lasses are       
brittle w>e4 ,two daught]s & a back-door
 are ?ree ?ieves4 ,wom5 comm5d a mode/  

man1 b l him n4 ,wom5 9 mis*ief are wis]
 ?an m54 ,wom5 laugh :5 !y c & weep :5  
!y w4 ,wom51 prie/s1 & p\ltry nev] h    
en\gh4  ,illu/ration3 ,ev5+ ,sc5e 9 !   
,p>lor ( an ,am]ican ,bo>d+-h\se4       
,ladies :o h no engagem5ts 79 ! ev5+7   
ei!r m\nt aga9 to ! solitude ( _! *amb]1
 or rema9 9 ! common sitt+-room1 9 a    
society cem5t$ by no tie1 ende>$ by no  
connection1 :i* *oice did n br+ toge!r1 
& :i* ! slighte/ motive w\ld break      
asund]4 ,i rem>k$ t ! g5tlem5 7 g5]ally 
oblig$ to g out e ev5+ on bus9ess2 &1 ,i
 confess1 ! arrangem5t did n surprise   
me4--,,mrs4 ,,trollope1 ,dome/ic ,mann]s
 ( ! ,am]icans1 vol4 ii41 p4 #aaa4      
#ahcj4  ,among ! simple p ( ,icel&      
simil> prov]bs pass curr5t3 ,praise !   
f95ess ( ! day :5 x is end$2 praise a   
woman :5 %e is buri$2 praise a maid5 :5 
%e is m>ri$4 ,tru/ n to ! words ( a     
girl2 nei!r to ^? :i* a woman utt]s1 =  
_! he>ts h be5 made l ! :eel t turns    
r\nd2 levity 0 put into _! bosoms4      
,among ! few broadsides ( ,elizabe?'s   

reign pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum !re is
 "o :i* is conceiv$ 9 p]fect h>mony ) ^!
 prov]bs4 ,x pres5ts eight sc5es1 9 all 
( :i* wom5 figure disadvantage\sly4 ,!re
 is a *ild-b$ sc5e1 9 :i* ! "m lies 9   
/ate1 mo/ prepo/]\sly dress$ & adorn$1  
:ile a doz5 o!r wom5 are idl+ & gossip+ 
ab\t ! room4 ,wom5 are exhibit$ also at 
! m>ket1 at ! bakeh\se1 at ! ale-h\se1  
at ! riv] wa%+ clo!s1 at *ur*1 at ! ba?1
 at ! public well2 b always *att]+1     
gossip+1 idl+1 unless !y are fight+ or  
flirt+4 ,ano!r c>icature 9 ! same       
collection1 dat$ #afbj1 ! ye> ( !       
,mayfl[] & ,plym\? ,rock1 conta9s sev5  
sc5es illu/rative ( ! l9es foll[+3      
,:o m>ie? a ,wife ^u a ,mon$ay1    ,if  
%e w n be good ^u a ,twesday1    ,lett  
him g to ye wood ^u a ,w5sday1    ,&    
cutt him a cudgell ^u ! ,?ursday1    ,& 
pay h] s\ndly ^u a ,fryday2    ,& %e m5d
 n1 ye divil take h] a ,sat]day1    ,t  
he may eat 8 meat 9 peace on ! ,sunday4 
,to complete ! record ( man's ridicule (
 ! sex to :i* he owes 8 happ9ess1 ,i add

 ! pictures giv5 9 ?is *apt]1 :i* br+ t 
record d[n to date4 ,!y tell _! own     
/ory4 ,! innoc5t fun ( ,engli%          
,cruik%ank & ,lee* contra/s agreeably ) 
! subtle depravity indicat$ by "s ( !   
,fr5* c>icaturi/s1 p>ticul>ly by        
,gav>ni1 :o surpasses all m5 9 ! art (  
exagg]at+ ! address ( ! class ( wom5 :o 
reg>d m5 9 ! light ( prey4 ,! po9t (    
,gav>ni's satire usually lies 9 ! words 
pr9t$ und]nea? 8 pictures1 & ! pictures 
g5]ally consi/ ( ! two figures :o utt]  
^? words4 ,b ! expression :i* he        
contrives to imp>t to 8 figures & faces 
by a few app>5tly c>eless l9es is truly 
wond]ful1 & x c sc>cely be transf]r$ to 
ano!r surface4 ,he excels 9 ! expression
 ( a figure ) ! face turn$ away1 ! :ole 
effect be+ giv5 by ! outl9e ( ! head    
?ree-qu>t]s av]t$4 ,!re is "o picture ( 
81 giv5 on ! foll[+ page1 ( a woman & h]
 lov]1 he sitt+ 9 a *air read+ ) 8 hat  
on1 indicat+ ! extreme ( famili>ity1 %e 
/&+ at ! w9d[ sew+1 & keep+ an eye on ! 
pavem5t bel[4 ,he's com+6 %e says2 take 

(f y\r hat4 ,9 ! attitude ( ! woman !re 
is a m+l$ effect ( tranquillity &       
vigilance t is truly rem>kable4 ,9 all !
 range ( c>icature x w\ld be difficult  
to f9d a bett] specim5 ( ! art ?an ?is1 
or a worse4 ,! read] may be curi\s to   
see a few m ( ^! f\rb]ies de femmes1 z  
evolv$ f ! bra9 ( ! dissolute ,gav>ni4  
,x is almo/ impossible to transf] ! "w (
 8 p5cil1 b "h are a few ( 8 v]bal      
elucidations3  ,"u a picture ( a fa!r & 
daught] walk+ arm-9-arm3 ,h[ did y "k1  
papa1 t ,i lov$ ,m4 ,leon8 ,because y   
always spoke ( ,m4 ,paul4  ,two "y      
ladies 9 confid5tial conv]sation3 ,:5 ,i
 ?9k t ,m4 ,coqu>deau is go+ to be my   
husb&1 ,i feel sorry = ,alex&]4 ,& ,i = 
,coqu>deau4  ,illu/ration3 ,he's com+6  
,take (f y\r hat6--,,gav>ni1 ,p>is1     
#ahdf4  ,two m>ri$ ladies 9 conv]sation3
 ,yes1 my de>1 my husb& has be5 guilty (
 br++ t creature into my h\se be=e my v 
eyes1 :5 he kn[s t ! only man ,i love 9 
! _w is two hundr$ leagues f "h4--,m5   
are contemptible 7la*es74  ,husb& writ+ 

a note1 & 8 wife /&+ beh9d him3         
,,my ,,de> ,,sir1--,c>ol9e begs me to   
rem9d y ( a c]ta9 duet1      ( :i* %e is
 extravagantly fond1 & :i* y promis$ to 
give h]4 ,pray be s good z to d9e ) h]  
to-day1 & br+      y\r music ) y4 ,= my 
"p1 ,i %all be depriv$ ( !      pleasure
 ( he>+ y1 = ,i h an engagem5t at       
,v]sailles4      ,pity me1 my de> sir1 &
 believe me always y\r affectionate     
,,coqu>deau4  ,a "y man 9 wild excitem5t
 read+ a lett]3       ,on receipt ( ?is1
 m\nt1 fly2 ov]take 9 ! ,av5ue de       
,neuilly a yell[ cab1 ! /eps d[n1 gray  
horse1 old coa*man1      #ajh1 "o lant]n
 light$6 ,foll[ x4 ,x w /op at ! side   
door ( a h\se at ,sablonville4 ,a man & 
a woman w get out4      ,t man--he 0 my 
lov]6 ,& t woman--%e is y\rs6           
,illu/ration3 ,! ,s*ola/ic ,h5 & h]     
,*ick5s4 7,cruik%ank1 #ahdf47  ,miss    
,?imblebee loquitur4 ,turn y\r heads !  
o!r way1 my de>s1 = "h are two horridly 
h&some (fic]s com+4  ,lady fa9t+1 & a   
man 9 con/]nation support+ h] head3     

,cl>a1 ,cl>a6 de>e/1 look up6 ,don't6   
,cl>a1 ,i say6 ,y don't "k any nice "y  
man6 ,i am an ass1 ) my /upid jeal\sy4  
,& y %all h y\r velvet %awl4 ,come1     
,cl>a6 ,n[ !n1 ,cl>a1 please6  ,lady    
dropp+ two lett]s into ! po/-(fice4     
,fir/ lett]3       ,,my ,,k9d           
,,am$ee1--,?is ev5+1 t[>d eight1 at !   
,r$ ,ball4      ,m9d1 n[1 & don't keep  
wait+ y\r                               
,,cl>a4  ,second lett]3       ,,my      
,,h5ry1--,well-belov$1 judge ( my       
despair--,i h a sore      ?roat t is    
simply frightful4 ,x w be impossible =  
me to      g out ?is ev5+4 ,!y ev5 talk 
( apply+ tw5ty lee*es4      ,pity a     
great deal1 & love always1 y\r          
,,cl>a4  ,9 ^! numb]less satires ^u     
wom51 execut$ by p5 & p5cil1 !re is a   
c]ta9 portion ( tru?1 =1 inde$1 a woman 
p[]fully organiz$ & fully develop$1 b   
)\t m5tal culture & devoid ( ! s5tim5t (
 duty1 c be a creature mo/ t]rific4 ,if 
! possession ( weal? exempts h] f labor1
 !re are f\r ways 9 :i* %e c appease !  

ennui ( a b>r5 m9d & a torpid consci5ce4
 ,"o is deep play1 :i* 01 until )9      
sev5ty ye>s1 ! res\rce *iefly reli$ ^u  
by wom5 ( fa%ion = kill+ ! h\rs betwe5  
d9n] & b$2 "o is social display1 or !   
/ruggle = ! lead]%ip ( a circle1 an     
ambition p]haps m p]nici\s ?an gambl+2  
ano!r is intrigues ( love1 no long]     
p]mitt$ 9 ! m advanc$ c\ntries1 b =m]ly 
an important elem5t 9 fa%ionable life   
ev]y:]e2 f9ally1 !re is ! res\rce (     
excessive & ceaseless devotion1 ! daily 
mass1 ! weekly confession1 frequ5t &    
sev]e fa/+1 abject slav]y to ! ritual4  
,( all ^!1 ! "o la/ nam$ is probably !  
mo/ injuri\s1 s9ce x t5ds to br+ virtue 
itself into contempt1 & repels ! "y f   
all s]i\s & elevat$ modes ( liv+4       
,accord+ly1 9 /udy+ ! hi/oric families (
 ,europe1 we frequ5tly f9d t ! devotee &
 ! debau*ee alt]nate1 ea* produc+ ! o!r1
 bo? be+ expressions ( ! same moral &   
m5tal defect4 ,b :e!r a m9dless woman   
gambles1 dresses1 flirts1 or fa/s1 %e is
 a be+ :o furni%es ! satiri/ )          

legitimate mat]ial4  ,equal rights1     
equal education1 equal *ances ( an      
indep5d5t c>e]--:5 wom5 h enjoy$ ^! = s 
mu* z a s+le c5tury 9 any c\ntry1 !     
foibles at :i* m5 h laugh$ = s _m ages w
 probably no long] be rem>k$1 = !y are  
ei!r ! follies ( ignorance or ! vices   
result+ f a previ\s condition (         
s]vitude4 ,nor w m5 ( "r feel+ ev] reg>d
 wom5 ) ! cold1 critical eye ( a        
,*e/]field or a ,ro*ef\cauld1 b r )     
some?+ ( ! exalt$ s5tim5t :i* caus$ old 
,hom]1 :5ev] he _h occasion to speak ( a
 "m1 to prefix an adjective usually     
applicable to goddesses & que5s1 :i* we 
c translate be/1 p]haps1 by our ,engli% 
^w ,,rev]$4     ,,*apt] ,,xvi4  ,,among 
,,! ,,*9ese4   ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese     
,c>icature ( an ,engli% ,=ag+ ,p>ty4#bh 
,footnote #bh3 ,f ,! ,middle ,k+dom1    
vol4 ii41 p4 #agg1 by ,s4 ,w4 ,williams1
 ,new ,york1 #ahga4  ,we are apt to ?9k 
( ! ,*9ese z a grave p1 unskill$ 9 !    
light] arts ( satire & c>icature2 b1    
accord+ to t amus+ travel]1 ,m4 ,huc1 !y

 are ! ,fr5* ( ,asia--a nation ( cooks1 
a nation ( actors--s+ul>ly fond ( !     
drama1 gift$ 9 pasqu9ade1 addict$ to    
burlesque1 prolific 9 comic ideas &     
satirical devices4 ,m4 ,huc lik5s !     
,*9ese ,empire to an imm5se fair1 :]e y 
f9d m+l$ ) ! bu/le ( traffic all k9ds ( 
%[s1 m\ntebanks1 actors1 ,*eap ,jacks1  
?ieves1 gambl]s1 all compet+ cont9ually 
& ) vocif]\s upro> = ! favor ( ! cr[d4  
,!re are !atres ev]y:]e2 ! great t[ns   
are full ( !m2 & ! actors play night &  
day4 ,:5 ! ,briti% (fic]s w5t a%ore1 9 !
 ret9ue ( _! fir/ gr& embassy1 _m ye>s  
ago1 !y 7 a/oni%$ to see ,pun* 9 all 8  
glory ) ,judy1 dog1 & devil1 j z !y _h  
la/ se5 him on ,ascot ,hea?1 except t he
 summon$ 8 audi5ce by gong & triangle   
in/ead ( pipes & drum4 ,! ,ori5t knew   
,pun* p]haps ages be=e ,engl& saw him4  
,9 ,*9a !y h a ,pun* conduct$ by a s+le 
individual1 :o is envelop$ f head to    
foot 9 a g[n4 ,he c>ries ! little !atre 
on 8 head1 works ! wires ) 8 h&s "u !   
g[n1 executes ! dialogue ) 8 m\?        

conceal$ by ! same g>m5t1 & 9 ! int]vals
 ( p]=mance plays on two in/rum5ts4 ,he 
exhibits ! !atre r$uc$ to its simple/   
=m1 ! "w ( ! company1 ! b&1 ! manag]1   
treasur]1 sc5e-%ift]1 & prop]ty-man all 
be+ done by "o p]son4  ,9 ! v nature ( !
 ,*9ese1 :e!r m5 or wom51 !re is a l>ge 
elem5t ( ! hi/rionic1 ev5 ^? pomp\s &   
noisy fun]als ( !irs be+ little m ?an an
 exhibition ( private !atricals4 ,! :ole
 company gossip1 dr9k tea1 je/1 laugh1  
smoke1 & h all ! air ( a pleasant social
 p>ty1 until ! ne>e/ relation ( !       
deceas$ in=ms !m t ! "t to m\rn has     
come4 ,in/antly ! conv]sation ceases &  
lam5tation beg9s4 ,! company ga!r r\nd !
 c(f92 affect+ spee*es are address$ to !
 dead2 groans1 sobs1 & doleful cries are
 he>d on e side2 te>s1 real te>s1 roll  
d[n _m *eeks--all is woe & desolation4  
,b :5 ! signal is giv5 to cease m\rn+1 !
 p]=m]s1 says ,m4 ,huc1 d n ev5 /op to  
f9i% a sob or a groan1 b !y take _!     
pipes1 &1 lo6 !y are aga9 ^? incomp>able
 ,*9ese1 laugh+1 gossip+1 & dr9k+ tea4  

,x ne$ n be said t ,*9ese wom5 h an     
ample %>e ( ?is peculi> tal5t ( _! race1
 nor t !y h v frequ5t occasion to       
ex]cise x4 ,n[h]e1 ev5 9 ! ,ea/1 are    
wom5 m subject or m artful ?an 9 ,*9a4  
,:5 a son is born1 z a ,*9ese au?oress  
rem>ks1 he sleeps ^u a b$1 he is clo!d )
 robes1 & plays ) pe>ls2 e "o obeys 8   
pr9cely cries4 ,b :5 a girl is born1 %e 
sleeps ^u ! gr\nd1 is m]ely wrapp$ 9 a  
clo?1 plays ) a tile1 & is incapable (  
act+ ei!r virtu\sly or vici\sly4 ,%e has
 no?+ to ?9k ( b prep>+ food1 mak+ w9e1 
& n vex+ h] p>5ts4 ,?is arrangem5t !    
au?oress approves1 because x prep>es !  
girl to accept )\t rep9+ ! humiliations 
( h] lot4 ,x is a prov]b 9 ,*9a t a "y  
wife %\ld be 9 h] h\se b a %ad[ & an    
e*o4 ,z 9 ,india1 %e does n eat ) h]    
husb&1 b waits ^u him 9 sil5t devotion  
till he is done1 & !n satisfies h] own  
appetite ) inf]ior food4  ,su* is ! !ory
 ( h] position4 ,b if we may judge f    
,*9ese satires1 wom5 are n de/itute (   
p[] 9 ! h\sehold1 & employ ! arts ( !   

oppress$ ) effect4 ,among ! ,*9ese poems
 rec5tly translat$ by ,mr4 ,g4 ,c4 ,/5t 
9 ! volume call$ ,! ,jade ,*aplet1 !re  
are a few 9 ! satiric ve9 :i* atte/ !   
ready adroitness ( ,*9ese wom5 9 mom5ts 
( crisis4 ,accord+ to an ,engli% au?or1 
,a woman takes z naturally to a lie z a 
rat to a hole4 ,! au?or ( ^! popul>     
,*9ese poems 0 evid5tly ( ! same op9ion4
 ,! specim5 subjo9$1 :i* has n be5      
previ\sly publi%$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 %[s
 u t !re is mu* 9 common betwe5 ! jokes 
( ! two hemisph]es ( our mundane sph]e4 
,,fann+ ,,! ,,grave4    ',twas spr+--!  
air 0 r$ol5t    ,) _m a sweet & grateful
 sc5t2    ,! pea* & plum bloom$ side by 
side1    ,l blu%+ maid & pale-fac$      
bride2    ,coy will[s /eal?ily 7 se5    
,op5+ _! eyes ( liv+ gre5--    ,z if to 
wat* ! /urdy /rife    ,( nature /ruggl+ 
into life4    ,"o sunny morn a ,mr4     
,*uang    ,0 /roll+ leisurely along2    
,view+ ! budd+ fl[]s & trees--          
,sniff+ ! fragrance-lad5 breeze--       
,/>+ at ^? :o hurri$ by1    ,ea* load$ )

 a good supply    ,( imitation sycee    
%oes1    ,to burn--= fri5ds defunct to  
use--    ,( da9ty vi&s1 oil1 & rice1    
,& w9e to p\r 9 sacrifice1    ,on tombs 
( fri5ds :o 'nea? !m slept4    7,twas   
'#c;d ( ! #c;d1' :5 ! graves are swept47
    ,*uang saunt]$ on4 ,at l5g?1 on     
look+ r\nd1    ,he spi$ a cozy-look+    
burial-gr\nd2    ',i'll turn 9 "h & re/ 
a bit1' ?\ght he1    ',& muse a:ile on  
life's unc]ta9ty2    ,?is quiet place j 
suits my p5sive mood1    ,i'll sit &    
moralize 9 pleasant solitude4'    ,s1   
sitt+ d[n ^u a grassy knoll1    ,he     
sigh$--:5 all at once ^u him /ole    ,a 
smo!r$ s\nd ( sorr[ & di/ress1    ,z if 
"o wept 9 v bitt]ness4    ,mr4 ,*uang1  
he>+ ?is1 at once got up to see1    ,:o 
! sorr[+ m\rn] c\ld possibly be1        
,:5 he saw a "y woman fann+ a grave4    
,h] '?ree-in* gold lilies'#bi 7 b&ag$ up
 tight    ,9 ! deepe/ ( m\rn+--h] clo!s1
 too1 7 :ite4#cj    ,( all ! /range ?+s 
he _h read ( or he>d1    ,?is "o 0 by f>
 ! mo/ /range & absurd2        ,he _h   

nev] he>d tell ( "o fann+ a grave4      
,he /ood look+ on at ?is que] sc5e (    
woe1    ,unobs]v$1 b a/\nd$1 & curi\s to
 "k        ,! reason ! woman 0 fann+ !  
grave4    ,he ?\ght1 9 ?is case1 ! be/  
?+ he c\ld d    ,0 to ask h] himself2 s 
)\t m ado1    ,he hemm$ once or twice1  
!n b[+ 8 head1    ,advanc$ to ! woman & 
smil+ly said1       ',may ,i ask1 madam1
 :y y are fann+ t grave8'    ,! woman1  
on ?is1 glanc+ up ) surprise1    ,look$ 
z ?\gh %e c\ld sc>cely believe h] own   
eyes1        ,:5 %e saw a man wat*+ h]  
fann+ ! grave4    ,he 0 h&some1 & might 
h be5 ?irty or m2    ,! g>b ( a ,taoi/  
he ta/efully wore2    ,8 k9d mann] soon 
put h] q at h] ease1    ,s %e answ]$    
demurely1 ',li/51 sir1 if y please1     
,& ,i'll tell y ! reason ,i'm fann+ ?is 
grave4    ',my husb&1 alas6 :om ,i n[   
7sob1 sob7 m\rn1    ,a %ort "t s9ce     
7sob7 to ?is grave 7sob7 0 borne2       
,& 7sob7 he lies buri$ 9 ?is 7sob1 sob7 
grave4'    7,"h %e bitt]ly wept47 ',ere 
my 7sob7 husb& di$1    ,he call$ me     

7sob7 once m 7sob1 sob7 to 8 side1    ,&
 grasp+ my--7sob7 ) 8 dy+ lips said1    
,:5 ,i'm gone 7sob1 sob7 promise 7sob7  
nev] to w$1        ,till ! mold is 7sob7
 dry on ! top ( my grave4    ',i come   
hi!r daily to 7sob7 & to weep1    ,= !  
promise ,i gave 7sob7 ,i'll fai?fully   
keep1        ,i'll n w$ till ! mold is  
7sob7 dry on 8 grave4    ,i don't want  
to m>ry aga9 7sob71 ,i'm sure1    ,b    
pov]ty 7sob7 is s h>d to endure2    ,&1 
oh6 ,i'm s lonely1 t ,i come 7sob7 to   
try    ,if ,i c't ) my fan help ! mold  
7sob7 to dry2        ,& t is ! reason   
,i'm fann+ 8 grave4'    ,he>+ ?is1      
,*uang exclaim$1 ',madam1 give me ! fan4
    ,i'll will+ly help y z mu* z ,i c   
,9 dry+ ! mold on y\r poor husb&'s      
grave4'    ,%e readily h&$ ! fan up to  
,*uang    7,:o 9 magic 0 skill$--z he   
prov$ be=e long71    ,= he mutt]$ "s    
words 9 a l[ "u-tone1    ,flick$ ! fan1 
& ! grave 0 z dry z a bone2             
',!re1' said he1 '! mold's dry on ! top 
( ! grave4'    ,joy pla9ly 0 se5 on !   

poor woman's face1    ,z %e ha/ily ?ank$
 him1 ere quitt+ ! place1        ,=     
help+ h] dry up ! mold on ! grave4      
,*uang wat*$ h] g (f ) a cynical sigh1  
,?\ght he1 ',n[ suppose ,i myself 7 to  
die1    ,h[ long w\ld my wife 9 h] we$s 
m\rn my fate8    ,w\ld %e1 l ?is woman1 
h pati5ce to wait        ,till ! mold 0 
well dry on h] poor husb&'s grave8'     
,footnote #bi3 ,small feet4  ,footnote  
#cj3 ,:ite is ! color worn z m\rn+ 9    
,*9a4  ,!re is an amus+ sequel to ?is   
poem1 9 :i* ,*uang is exhibit$ putt+ 8  
wife to ! te/4 ,be+ a magician1 end[$ ) 
miracul\s p[]1 he pret5ds to die2 & :ile
 8 body is 9 its c(f9 await+ burial1 he 
assumes ! =m ( a h&some "y man1 & pays  
to 8 m\rn+ wife ard5t c\rt4    ,9 %ort1 
!y made love1 & ! next day 7 w$2    ,%e 
*e]fully *ang+ h] :ite clo!s to r$4#ca  
,excit$ by dr9k1 !y 7 go+ to b$1        
,:5 ,*uang clapp$ 8 h& to 8 br[--    ,he
 groan$4 ,%e exclaim$1 ',:at6 are y dy+ 
too8    ,"o husb& ,i've lo/1 & got m>ri$
 to y2    ,n[ y are took bad4 ,oh1 :at  

%all ,i d8        ,c ,i help y8 ,if s1  
tell me h[4'    ',alas6' groan$ ! husb&1
 ',i'm sadly afraid    ,! disease t ,i h
 is beyond human aid4    ,oh6 ! sums ^u 
sums ,i ! doctors h paid6        ,!re a 
rem$y is1 to be sure3    ,x is ?is3 take
 ! bra9s f a liv+ man's head--    ,if n 
to be _h1 get1 & ma% up in/ead    ,^? ( 
"o :o no m ?an ?ree days has be5 dead4  
',twill effect an infallible cure6'     
,footnote #ca3 ,r$ is worn on joyful    
occasions1 su* z w$d+s1 etc4  ,!        
di/ract$ wid[ did n hesitate4 ,!re 0 !  
c(f9 ( h] lam5t$ husb& be=e h]1 & he _h 
n yet be5 dead ?ree days3    ,%e grasp$ 
! *opp] savagely1 h] br[s %e firmly     
knit1    ,& batt]$ at ! c(f9 until ! lid
 0 split4    ,b1 oh6 :at mortal p5 c\ld 
pa9t h] horror & h] dread8    ,a voice  
)9 exclaim$1 ',hollo6' & ,*uang popp$ up
 8 head6    ',hollo6' aga9 repeat$ he1 z
 he sat bolt-upright3    ',:at made y   
sma% my c(f9 98--,i see1 besides1 y're  
tight6    ,y've dress$ y\rself 9 r$1    
too6 ,:at means ?is mumm]y8    ,let me h

 ! full p>ticul>s1 & don't try on       
flumm]y4'    ,%e _h all h] wits ab\t h]1
 ?\gh %e quak$ a bit ) fe>4    ,said %e 
7! artful wret*671 ',x seems miracul\s1 
my de>6    ,"s unse5 p[] impell$ me to  
break ! c(f9-lid1    ,to see if y 7 /ill
 alive--:i*1 ( c\rse1 y "k ,i did6      
',i felt sure y mu/ be liv+2 s1 to      
welcome y once m1    ,my m\rn+ robes ,i 
tore (f1 & my w$d+ g>m5ts wore2    ,b1 7
 y dead1 to gu>d aga9/ all noxi\s fumes1
 ,i quaff$1    ,z a measure (           
precaution1 a dis9fect+ draught6'       
,said ,*uang1 ',y\r tale is plausible1 b
 ,i ?9k y'd bett] /op2    ,don't fatigue
 y\rself by tell+ lies2 j let ! matt]   
drop4    ,to te/ y\r fai?fulness to me1 
,i've be5 m]ely %amm+ dead1    ,i'm !   
y\? y j n[ m>ri$--my wid[ ,i've j w$6'  
,app5d$ to ^! two poems1 !re is !       
regulation moral1 9 :i* m>ri$ ladies are
 w>n$ n to be too sure ( _! con/ancy1   
nor judge sev]ely ! poor wid[s :o make  
ha/e to console !mselves4    ,d y\r be/1
 b avoid sup]cili\s pride1    ,= y nev] 

c tell :at y'll d till y're tri$4  ,we c
 n say mu* = ! translation ( ^! comic   
works4 ,mr4 ,/5t is a high au?ority 9 ! 
,*9ese language & lit]ature1 b is n at  
home 9 ,engli% prosody4 ,x is pla91     
h[ev]1 f 8 translations1 r\gh z !y may  
be1 t !re is a comic ve9 9 ! ,*9ese "*  
:i* f9ds expression 9 ,*9ese lit]ature4 
,illu/ration3 ,a ,deaf ,m&>94 7,f a     
,figure 9 ! ,briti% ,museum47#cb        
,footnote #cb3 ,malcolm's ,c>icatur+1   
plate iv41 fig4 #i4  ,c>icature1 z we   
might suppose1 is a univ]sal practice   
among !m2 b1 ow+ to _! crude & primitive
 ta/e 9 su* ?+s1 _! ef=ts are seldom    
int]e/+ to any b !mselves4 ,9 ,*9ese    
collections1 we see numb]less grotesque 
exagg]ations ( ! human =m & face1 "s (  
:i* are n devoid ( humor & arti/ic m]it2
 b ! specim5s giv5 on ?is & ! next page 
suffice = ! pres5t purpose4  ,! ,*9ese1 
x appe>s1 are fond ( exhibit+ _! ,engli%
 visitors 9 a ridicul\s light4 ,!       
c>icature ( an ,engli% =ag+ p>ty1 giv5 9
 ! fir/ "p ( ?is *apt]1 0 br\ght home   

?irty ye>s ago by a pr9t] atta*$ to an  
,am]ican mission 9 ,*9a4 ,rec5tly a new 
illu/ration ( ?is prop5sity has gone    
abroad4 ,9 #ahgd an acc\nt appe>$ 9 !   
,engli% pap]s ( ! audi5ce grant$ to !   
=eign m9i/]s by ! ,emp]or ( ,*9a1 9 :i* 
,mr4 ,wade1 ! ,engli% embassador1 0     
repres5t$ z hav+ be5 ov]:elm$ ) awe &   
al>m 9 ! pres5ce ( ! augu/ pot5tate1 !  
,son ( ,heav54 ,! orig9 ( ! p>agraph 0  
expla9$ by ! ,a!noeum3  ,! acc\nt 0     
absurd 9 ! extreme1 & 0 univ]sally      
recogniz$ z a squib1 except by a writ] 9
 ! columns ( a weekly contempor>y1 :o   
gravely und]took ! task ( %[+1 by       
ref]5ce to ! :ole ( 8 previ\s c>e]1 h[ v
 unlikely x 0 t ,mr4 ,wade %\ld give way
 to ! weakness imput$ to him4 ,x n[     
turns out t ! imag9>y n>rative fir/     
appe>$ 9 ! columns ( ,puck1 a comic pap]
 79 ,engli%71 publi%$ at ,%anghai2 t x 0
 translat$ into ,*9ese by "s native wag1
 :o palm$ x (f on 8 c\ntrym5 z a tru?ful
 acc\nt ( ! behavior ( ! ,engli% b>b>ian
 on ?is occasion2 & t "s inquir+ =eign]1

 ignorant ( ! s\rce f :5ce x came1      
retranslat$ x into ,engli%1 & held x up 
z ano!r in/ance ( ! way 9 :i* ! ,*9ese  
pamphlete]s 7 attempt+ to und]m9e our   
influ5ce 9 ,*9a by cov]+ our m9i/] )    
contempt6  ,illu/ration3 ,aft] ,d9n]4 ,a
 ,*9ese ,c>icature4 7,f a ,figure 9 !   
,briti% ,museum47#cc  ,footnote #cc3    
,malcolm's ,c>icatur+1 plate iv41 fig4  
#c4  ,! burlesque :i* ?us impos$ ^u a   
,london editor 0 a cr$itable specim5 (  
,puck's comic tal5t3 ,8 maje/y hav+     
asc5d$ ! ?rone1 ! envoys 7 l$ to ! space
 at its foot1 :5 !y p]=m$ ! c]emony (   
incl9+ ! body4 ,!y did n kneel4 ,by !   
side ( ! /eps !re 0 plac$ a yell[ table1
 & ! envoys /ood 9 rank to read out _!  
cr$5tials1 ! ,briti% hav+ ! lead+ place4
 ,:5 he _h read a few s5t5ces1 he began 
to tremble f head to foot1 & 0 incapable
 ( complet+ ! p]usal4 ,! emp]or ask$1   
',is ! pr9ce ( y\r c\ntry well8' ,b he  
c\ld utt] no reply4 ,! emp]or aga9 ask$1
 ',y h bes\ght p]mission to see me "t & 
"t aga94 ,:at is x y h to say8' ,b aga9 

he 0 unable to make an answ]4 ,! next   
proce$+ 0 to h& 9 ! cr$5tials2 b1 9 do+ 
?is1 he fell d[n on ! gr\nd "t aft] "t1 
& n a syllable c\ld he articulate4 ,^u  
?is ,pr9ce ,kung laugh$ l\d at him be=e 
! entire c\rt1 exclaim$ ',*ick5-fea!r6' 
& gave ord]s to h him assi/$ d[n ! /eps4
 ,he 0 unable to move ( 8 own accord1 & 
sat d[n on ! floor1 p]spir+ & pant+ =   
brea?4 ,! :ole twelve %ook _! heads &   
:isp]$ toge!r no "o kn[s :at4 ,:5 ! "t  
came = ! assembly at ! banquet1 !y /ill 
rema9$ incapable1 & disp]s$ 9 hurri$    
confusion4 ,pr9ce ,kung said to !m1 ',y 
w\ld n believe t x is no light matt] to 
come face to face ) 8 maje/y2 b :at h y 
got to say ab\t x to-day8'     ,,*apt]  
,,xvii4  ,,comic ,,art ,,9 ,,japan4   ,!
 bright1 good-temp]$ p ( ,japan are     
famili> ) humor 9 _m =ms1 & "k h[ to    
sport ) p5cil z well z ) p54 ,_! v      
s]mons are n devoid ( ! jocul>4 ,:5 a   
prea*] has po9t$ 8 moral by a comical   
tale1 he w turn to ! audi5ce 9 ! mo/    
famili>1 confid5tial mann]1 & say1 ,n[1 

isn't t a funny /ory8 or1 ,wasn't t     
delightful8 ,sometimes he w half        
apologize = ! introduction ( mir?-mov+  
anecdotes3 ,n[1 my s]mons are n writt5 =
 ! le>n$4 ,i address myself to f>m]s &  
tradesm51 :o1 h>d press$ by _! daily    
bus9ess1 h no "t = /udy4444 ,n[1        
positively y mu/ n laugh if ,i introduce
 a light /ory n[ & !n4 ,levity is n my  
object2 ,i only want to put ?+s 9 a pla9
 & easy mann]4#cd ,no?+ yet br\ght f t  
c\ntry is m int]e/+ to u ?an ! specim5s 
giv5 9 ,mr4 ,mit=d's book ( ! %ort1     
homely1 humor\s1 s\nd ,japanese s]mons4 
,! exi/5ce ( ?is "w is ano!r pro( ( !   
wisdom ( giv+ consul> & diplomatic      
appo9tm5ts to m5 :o "k h[ to use _!     
eyes1 _! h&s1 & _! m9ds4 ,! sumptu\s "w 
^u ,japan by ,m4 ,aime ,humb]t c\ld     
sc>cely h be5 produc$ if ! au?or _h n   
be5 at ! head ( a p[]ful embassy4       
,footnote #cd3 ,tales ( ,old ,japan1    
vol4 ii41 p4 #ach1 by ,a4 ,w4 ,mit=d1   
,secret>y ( ! ,briti% ,legation 9       
,japan1 ,london1 #ahgd4  ,! ,japanese   

are a g5tl] & k9dli] p ?an ! ,*9ese2    
wom5 occupy a bett] position among !m2 &
 h5ce ! allusions to ! sex 9 _!         
lit]ature are less contemptu\s &        
satirical4 ,! prea*] ^: s]mons ,mr4     
,mit=d selects = translation is :at we  
%\ld t]m an eclectic--"o :o owns fealty 
to none ( ! great religions ( ! ,ea/1 b 
gleans lessons ( tru? & wisdom f !m all4
 ,imag9e him clad 9 gorge\s robes ( r$ &
 :ite1 att5d$ by an acolyte1 ent]+ a    
*apel--a spaci\s1 pleasant ap>tm5t :i*  
op5s into a g>d5--b[+ to ! sacr$ picture
 ov] ! alt>1 & tak+ a seat at a table4  
,"s pray]s are inton$1 inc5se is burn$1 
(f]+s are receiv$1 a passage f a sacr$  
book is read1 a cup ( tea is quaff$1 &  
!n ! prea*] rises & beg9s 8 *atty1      
humor\s1 anecdotical disc\rse4 ,:5ev] he
 makes a po9t1 ! audi5ce utt]s a        
responsive ,nimmiyo1 v>y+ ! s\nd s z to 
accord ) ! s5tim5t express$ by ! speak]4
 ,inde$1 x w\ld be difficult to "n "o   
rite1 or obs]vance1 or cu/om1 or        
ecc5tricity ( religion practic$ among u 

"h 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! c\nt]p>t ( :i*  
has n be5 famili> to ! ,japanese f "t   
immemorial4 ,!y h sacr$ books1 a peculi>
 cross1 liturgies1 temples1 acolytes1   
nunn]ies1 mona/]ies1 holy wat]1 inc5se1 
pray]s1 s]mons1 collections1 ! poor-box1
 responses1 prie/ly robes1 ! bell1 a    
s]ies ( c]emonies /rongly resembl+ !    
mass1 foll[$ by a s]mon1 sacr$ pictures1
 ano9t+1 %av5 cr[ns1 sects1 ord]s1 &    
sy/ems ( !ology4  ,_! s]mons ab\nd 9    
p>ables & similes4 ,! prea*] j m5tion$  
illu/rates 8 po9ts ) amus+ +5uity4 ,=   
example1 9 a s]mon on ! folly ( putt+   
excessive tru/ 9 weal?1 /r5g?1 or any   
o!r advantage m]ely ext]nal or          
transitory1 he relates a p>able ( a     
%ell-fi%--! sazaye--not$ = ! extreme    
h>dness ( its %ell4 ,"o day1 j aft] a   
l>ge sazaye _h be5 vaunt+ 8 p]fect      
security aga9/ ! dang]s to :i* o!r fi% 7
 expos$1 !re came a great spla% 9 !     
wat]4 ,mr4 ,sazaye1 cont9u$ ! prea*]1   
%ut 8 lid z quickly z possible1 kept q  
/ill1 & ?\ght to himself :at 9 ! _w !   

noise c\ld be4 ,c\ld x be a net8 ,c\ld x
 be a fi%-hook8 ,7 ! tai & ! o!r fi%    
caught8 he wond]$2 & he felt q anxi\s   
ab\t !m4 ,h[ev]1 at any rate1 he 0 safe4
 ,& s ! "t pass$2 & :5 he ?\ght all 0   
ov]1 he /eal?ily op5$ 8 %ell1 & slipp$  
out 8 head & look$ all r\nd him1 & !re  
seem$ to be some?+ wrong--some?+ ) :i*  
he 0 n famili>4 ,z he look$ a little m  
c>efully1 lo & behold6 !re he 0 9 a     
fi%-mong]'s %op1 & ) a c>d1 m>k$        
',sixte5 ,ca%1' on 8 back4  ,isn't t a  
funny /ory8 cries ! jovial prea*]1 smil+
 complac5tly ^u ! congregation4 ,poor   
%ell-fi%6 ,i ?9k !re are p n unlike him 
to be f\nd 9 ,*9a & ,india4 ,?is is a   
favorite joke ) ! prea*]4 ,he frequ5tly 
closes a satirical passage by a simil>  
rem>k4 ,i don't mean to say t !re are   
any su* p]sons "h4 ,oh no4 ,/ill1 !re   
are pl5ty ( !m to be f\nd--say1 =       
in/ance1 9 ! back /reets ( ,india4  ,!  
tone ( ?is m]ry in/ructor 9 righte\sness
 :5 he is speak+ ( wom5 is t ( a t5d]   
fa!r t[>d *ildr54 ,he assumes t wom5 &  

*ildr5 c n und]/& any ?+ pr(\nd &       
philosophical4 ,righte\sness he def9es z
 ! fitt+1 ! ought-to-be2 & he consid]s x
 fitt+ t wom5 %\ld be ! assidu\s1       
respectful1 & ev]-ob$i5t s]vants ( m54  
,a p>able illu/rates 8 mean+4 ,a great  
prea*] ( old 0 once ! gue/ ( a ri* man (
 l[ rank1 :o 0 p>ticul>ly fond ( s]mons1
 & _h a lovely daught] ( fifte51 :o     
wait$ ^u ! prea*] at d9n]1 & ent]ta9$   
him aft]w>d ^u ! h>p4 ,really1 said !   
le>n$ prea*]1 x mu/ be a v difficult ?+ 
to educate a "y lady up to su* a pit* z 
?is4 ,! flatt]$ p>5ts1 c\ld n refra9 f  
boa/+ ( _! daught]'s accompli%m5ts--h]  
draw+1 pa9t+1 s++1 & fl[]-plait+4 ,!    
wily prea*]1 ,socrates-l1 rejo9$3 ,?is  
is some?+ q out ( ! common run4 ,( c\rse
 %e kn[s h[ to rub ! %\ld]s & lo9s1 &   
has le>n$ ! art ( %ampoo+8 ,?is rem>k   
(f5ds ! fond fa!r4 ,i h n fall5 s l[ z  
to let my daught] le>n %ampoo+6 ,!      
prea*] bl&ly advises him n to put       
himself 9 a passion1 & proce$s to       
descant ^u ! ,:ole ,duty ( ,woman1 z    

und]/ood 9 ,japan4 ,%e mu/ look ^u h]   
husb&'s p>5ts z h] own4 ,if h] honor$   
fa!r-9-law or "m-9-law fall ill1 h] be+ 
able to plait fl[]s & pa9t pictures &   
make tea w be ( no use 9 ! sick-room4   
,to %ampoo h] p>5ts-9-law1 & nurse !m   
affectionately1 )\t employ+ a %ampoo] or
 s]vant-maid1 is ! "r pa? ( a           
daught]-9-law4 ,^u he>+ ^! words1 ! fa!r
 sees 8 error1 & blu%es ) %ame2 :]eupon 
! prea*] admits t music & pa9t+ are n   
bad 9 !mselves1 only !y mu/ n be pursu$ 
to ! exclusion ( ?+s m important1 ( :i* 
%ampoo+ is "o4  ,he draws a sad picture 
( a wife :o has le>n$ no?+ b ! graceful 
arts4 ,be=e ! bottom ( ! family kettle  
is scor*$ black ! husb& w be sick ( 8   
b>ga9--a wife all untidy ab\t ! head1 h]
 apron fa/5$ r\nd h] z a girdle1 a baby 
twi/$ someh[ into ! bosom ( h] dress1 & 
no?+ 9 ! h\se to eat b "s wret*$        
bean-s\p1 & t b\ght at a /ore4 ,:at a   
t5-million-times mis]able ?+ x is :5    
p>5ts1 mak+ _! little girls hug a great 
guit>1 li/5 ) pleasure to ! poor little 

?+s play+ on in/rum5ts big en\gh = !m to
 climb ^u1 & squeak+ out songs 9 _!     
%rill treble voices6 ,su* girls1 if n   
closely wat*$1 w be prematurely fall+ 9 
love & runn+ away to be m>ri$4  ,^!     
s]mons are s curi\sly diff]5t f any ?+  
:i* we are accu/om$ to ?9k ( z s]mons t 
,i am tempt$ to extract ! conclusion (  
"o ( !m4 ,! text is a passage f ,mo%i1  
:i* t\*es ^u ! folly ( m5 9 be+ m a%am$ 
( a bodily defect ?an ( a moral fault4  
,m>k h[ ! m]ry ,japanese prea*] improves
 ! subject3  ,:at mi/ak5 & bewild]$     
creatures m5 are6 ,:at says ! old song8 
',hidd5 f> among ! m\nta9s1 ! tree :i*  
seems to be rott51 if its core be yet   
alive1 may be made to be> fl[]s4' ,:at  
signifies x if ! h& or ! foot be de=m$8 
,! he>t is ! important ?+4 ,if ! he>t be
 awry1 :at ?\gh y\r sk9 be fair1 y\r    
nose aquil9e1 y\r hair beautiful8 ,all  
^! /rike ! eye alone1 & are utt]ly      
useless4 ,x is z if y 7 to put          
horse-dung into a gold-lacqu]           
lun*eon-box4 ,?is is :at is call$ a fair

 outside1 deceptive appe>ance4  ,!re's !
 scull]y-maid be5 wa%+ out ! pots at !  
kit*5-s9k1 & ! scullion1 ,*oki*i1 comes 
up & says to h]1 ',y've got a lot (     
*>coal smut /ick+ to y\r nose1' & po9ts 
out to h] ! ugly spot4 ,! scull]y-maid  
is delight$ to be told ( ?is1 & answ]s1 
',really6 :]eab\ts is x8 ,!n %e twi/s a 
t[el r\nd h] f+]1 &1 b5d+ h] head till  
m\?1 & =ehead are almo/ on a level1 %e  
squ9ts at h] nose1 & twiddles away ) h] 
f+]s z if %e 7 ! fam\s ,goto at "w c>v+ 
! ornam5ts ( a sword-h&le4 ',i say1     
,ma/] ,*oki*i1 is x (f yet8' ',n a bit (
 x4 ,y've sme>$ x all ov] y\r *eeks n[4'
 ',oh de>6 oh de>6 :]e c x be8' ,& s %e 
uses ! wat]-bas9 z a look+-glass1 &     
wa%es h] face clean2 !n %e says to      
h]self1 ',:at a de> boy ,*oki*i is6' &  
?9ks x necess>y1 out ( gratitude1 to    
give him reli%es ) 8 supp] by !         
ladleful1 & ?anks him ov] & ov] aga94 ,b
 if ?is same ,*oki*i 7 to come up to h] 
& say1 ',n[1 really1 h[ lazy y are6 ,i  
wi% y c\ld manage to be r less ( a      

%rew1' :at d y ?9k ! scull]y-maid w\ld  
answ] !n8 ,reflect = a mom5t4 ',drat !  
boy's impud5ce6 ,if ,i 7 ( a bad he>t or
 an angul> disposition1 %\ld ,i be "h   
help+ him8 ,y g & be hang$6 ,y see if ,i
 take ! tr\ble to wa% y\r dirty b$clo!s 
= y any m4' ,& %e gets to be a p]fect   
devil1 less only ! horns4  ,!re are o!r 
p besides ! poor scull]y-maid :o are 9 !
 same way4 ',excuse me1 ,mr4 ,gundabei1 
b ! embroid]$ cre/ on y\r dress (       
c]emony seems to be a little on "o      
side4' ,mr4 ,gundabei proce$s to adju/ 8
 dress ) great precision4 ',?ank y1 sir4
 ,i am t5 million times oblig$ to y =   
y\r c>e4 ,if ev] !re %\ld be any matt] 9
 :i* ,i c be ( s]vice to y1 ,i beg t y w
 d me ! favor ( lett+ me "k2' &1 ) a    
beam+ face1 he expresses 8 gratitude4   
,n[ = ! o!r side ( ! picture3 ',really1 
,mr4 ,gundabei1 y are v fooli%2 y don't 
seem to und]/& at all4 ,i beg y to be ( 
a frank & hone/ he>t3 x really makes me 
q sad to see a man's he>t w>p$ 9 ?is    
way4' ,:at is 8 answ]8 ,he turns 8 sword

 9 8 girdle ready to draw1 & plays !    
devil's tattoo ^u ! hilt4 ,x looks z if 
x mu/ end 9 a fight soon4  ,9 fact1 if y
 help a man 9 any ?+ :i* has to d ) a   
fault ( ! body1 he takes x v k9dly1 &   
sets ab\t m5d+ matt]s4 ,if any "o helps 
ano!r to rectify a fault ( ! he>t1 he   
has to deal ) a man 9 ! d>k1 :o flies 9 
a rage1 & does n c>e to am5d4 ,h[ out ( 
tune all ?is is6 ,& yet !re are m5 :o   
are bewild]$ up to ?is po9t4 ,nor is ?is
 a special & extraord9>y fail+4 ,?is    
mi/ak5 p]ception ( ! great & ! small1 ( 
color & ( sub/ance1 is common to u      
all--to y & to me4  ,please give me y\r 
att5tion4 ,! =m /rikes ! eye2 b ! he>t  
/rikes n ! eye4 ,!re=e1 t ! he>t %\ld be
 di/ort$ & turn$ awry causes no pa94    
,?is all results f ! want ( s\nd        
judgm5t2 & t is :y we c n af=d to be    
c>eless4  ,! ma/] ( a c]ta9 h\se calls 8
 s]vant ,*oki*i1 :o sits doz+ 9 ! kit*54
 ',"h1 ,*oki*i6 ,! gue/s are all gone4  
,come & cle> away ! w9e & fi% 9 ! back  
room4'  ,*oki*i rubs 8 eyes1 &1 ) a     

sulky answ]1 goes into ! back room1 &1  
look+ ab\t him1 sees all ! nice ?+s     
p>ad$ on ! trays & 9 ! b[ls4 ,x's       
wond]ful h[ 8 dr[s9ess passes away3 no  
ne$ = any "o to hurry him n[4 ,8 eyes   
gl>e ) gre$1 z he says1 ',halloo6 "h's a
 lot ( tempt+ ?+s6 ,!re's only j "o help
 ( t omelet left 9 ! tray4 ,:at a hungry
 lot ( gue/s6 ,:at's ?is8 ,x looks l fi%
 rissoles2' & ) ?is he picks out "o1 &  
crams 8 m\? full1 :51 on "o side1 a mess
 ( "y cuttle-fi%1 9 a ,*9ese porcela9   
b[l1 cat*es 8 eyes4 ,!re ! little       
beauties sit 9 a circle1 l ,buddhi/     
prie/s 9 religi\s m$itation6 ',oh1      
goodness6 h[ nice6' & j z he is dipp+ 8 
f+] & ?umb 91 he he>s 8 ma/]'s foot/ep1 
&1 kn[+ t he is do+ wrong1 he crams 8   
prize into ! pocket ( 8 sleeve1 & /oops 
d[n to take away ! w9e-kettle & cups2 & 
z he does ?is1 out tumbles ! cuttle-fi% 
f 8 sleeve4 ,! ma/] sees x4  ',:at's t8'
  ,*oki*i1 pret5d+ n to "k :at has      
happ5$1 beats ! mats1 & keeps on say+1  
',come aga9 ! day be=e ye/]day2 come    

aga9 ! day be=e ye/]day4' ,an           
incantation us$ to invite spid]s1 :i*   
are consid]$ unlucky by ! sup]/iti\s1 to
 come aga9 at ! ,greek ,kal5ds4  ,b x's 
no use 8 try+ to p]suade 8 ma/] t !     
little cuttle-fi% are spid]s1 = !y are n
 ! lea/ l !m4 ,x's no use hid+ ?+s--!y  
are sure to come to light2 & s x is ) ! 
he>t--its purposes w out4 ,if ! he>t is 
enrag$1 ! d>k ve9s /& out on ! =ehead2  
if ! he>t is griev$1 te>s rise to !     
eyes2 if ! he>t is joy\s1 dimples appe> 
9 ! *eeks2 if ! he>t is m]ry1 ! face    
smiles4 ,?us x is t ! face reflects !   
emotions ( ! he>t4 ,x is n because !    
eyes are fill$ ) te>s t ! he>t is sad1  
nor t ! ve9s /& out on ! =ehead t ! he>t
 is enrag$4 ,x is ! he>t :i* leads ! way
 9 e ?+4 ,all ! important s5sations ( ! 
he>t are app>5t 9 ! outw>d appe>ance4 ,9
 ! ',great ,le>n+' ( ,ko%i x is writt51 
',! tru? ( :at is )9 appe>s ^u !        
surface4' ,h[1 !n1 is ! he>t a ?+ :i* c 
be hidd58 ,to answ] :5 reprov$1 to hum  
tunes :5 scold$1 %[ a diseas$ he>t2 & if

 ?is disease be n quickly tak5 9 h&1 x w
 become *ronic1 & ! rem$y become        
difficult4 ,p]haps ! disease may be s   
virul5t t ev5 ,giba & ,h5jaku two fam\s 
,indian physicians 9 consultation c\ld n
 effect a cure4 ,s1 be=e ! disease has  
ga9$ /r5g?1 ,i invite y to ! /udy ( !   
moral essays entitl$ ',%+aku' ! ,le>n+ (
 ! ,he>t4 ,if y once arrive at !        
possession ( y\r he>t z x 0 orig9ally by
 nature1 :at an admirable ?+ t w be6 ,9 
t case y\r consci5ce w po9t out to y ev5
 ! slighte/ wrong bias or selfi%ness4   
,:ile ^u ?is subject1 ,i may tell y a   
/ory :i* 0 relat$ to me by a fri5d (    
m9e4 ,x is a /ory :i* ! ma/] ( a c]ta9  
money-*ang]'s %op us$ to be v fond (    
tell+4 ,an important "p ( a             
money-*ang]'s bus9ess is to di/+ui%     
betwe5 good & bad gold & silv]4 ,9 !    
diff]5t e/abli%m5ts1 ! ways ( tea*+ !   
appr5tices ?is art v>y2 h[ev]1 ! plan   
adopt$ by ! money-*ang] 0 z foll[s3 at  
fir/ he w\ld %[ !m no bad silv]1 b w\ld 
daily put be=e !m good money only2 :5 !y

 _h become ?or\ghly famili> ) ! sight ( 
good money1 if he /eal?ily put a little 
base co9 among ! good1 he f\nd t !y w\ld
 detect x imm$iately4 ,!y saw x z pla9ly
 z y see ?+s :5 y ?r[ light on a mirror4
 ,?is faculty ( detect+ base money at a 
glance 0 ! result ( hav+ le>n$ ?or\ghly 
to und]/& good money4 ,hav+ be5 taught  
once 9 ?is way1 ! appr5tices w\ld n make
 a mi/ake ab\t a piece ( base co9 dur+  
_! :ole lives1 z ,i h he>d4 ,i c't v\* =
 ! tru? ( ?is2 b x is v c]ta9 t !       
pr9ciple1 appli$ to moral in/ruction1 is
 an excell5t "o--x is a mo/ safe mode ( 
/udy4 ,h[ev]1 ,i 0 fur!r told t if1 aft]
 hav+ ?us le>n$ to di/+ui% good money1 a
 man foll[$ "s o!r trade = six mon?s or 
a ye>1 & gave up h&l+ money1 he w\ld    
become j l any o!r inexp]i5c$ p]son1    
unable to di/+ui% ! good f ! base4      
,please reflect ^u ?is att5tively4 ,if y
 once r5d] y\rself famili> ) ! nature ( 
! uncorrupt$ he>t1 f t "t =? y w be     
imm$iately consci\s ( ! slighte/        
incl9ation t[>d bias or selfi%ness4 ,&  

:y8 ,because ! natural he>t is illum9$4 
,:5 a man has once le>n$ t :i* is       
p]fect1 he w nev] cons5t to accept t :i*
 is imp]fect2 b if1 aft] hav+ acquir$   
?is k1 he aga9 keeps 8 natural he>t at a
 di/ance1 & gradually =gets to recognize
 t :i* is p]fect1 he f9ds himself 9 !   
d>k aga91 & t he c no long] di/+ui% base
 money f good4 ,i beg y to take c>e4 ,if
 a man falls into bad habits1 he is no  
long] able to p]ceive ! diff]5ce betwe5 
! good impulses ( 8 natural he>t & !    
evil impulses ( 8 corrupt he>t4 ,) ?is  
b5ight$ he>t z a />t+-po9t1 he c c>ry   
out none ( 8 int5tions1 & he has to lift
 8 %\ld]s1 sigh+ & sigh+ aga94 ,a       
creature mu* to be piti$ inde$6 ,!n he  
loses all self-reliance1 s t1 al?\gh x  
w\ld be bett] = him to hold 8 tongue &  
say no?+ ab\t x1 if he is 9 ! slighte/  
tr\ble or di/ress he goes & confesses ! 
crook$ness ( 8 he>t to e man he meets4  
,:at a wret*$ /ate = a man to be 96 ,=  
?is reason1 ,i beg y to le>n ?or\ghly ! 
true silv] ( ! he>t1 9 ord] t y may make

 no mi/ake ab\t ! base co94 ,i pray t y 
& ,i1 dur+ our :ole lives1 may nev]     
leave ! pa? ( true pr9ciples4  ,i h an  
amus+ /ory to tell y 9 connection ) ?is1
 if y w be s good z to li/54  ,once ^u a
 "t1 :5 ! autumn nights 7 beg9n+ to gr[ 
*illy1 five or six tradesm5 9 easy      
circum/ances _h assembl$ toge!r to h a  
*at2 &1 hav+ got ready _! picnic-box &  
w9e-flask1 w5t (f to a temple on !      
hills1 :]e a fri5dly prie/ liv$1 t !y   
might li/5 to ! /ags ro>+4 ,) ?is       
int5tion !y w5t to call ^u ! prie/1 &   
borr[$ ! gue/s' ap>tm5ts all ! temples 9
 ,*9a & ,japan h gue/s' ap>tm5ts1 :i*   
may be secur$ = a trifle1 ei!r = a long 
or %ort p]iod4 ,x is false to suppose t 
!re is any desecration ( a sacr$ %r9e 9 
! act ( us+ x z a ho/elry3 x is ! cu/om 
( ! c\ntry ( ! mona/]y2 & z !y 7 wait+  
to he> ! de] ro>1 "s ( ! p>ty began to  
compose poetry4 ,"o w\ld write a v]se ( 
,*9ese poetry1 & ano!r w\ld write a v]se
 ( sev5te5 syllables2 & z !y 7 pass+ !  
w9e-cup ! h\r ( sunset came1 b n a de]  

_h utt]$ a call2 eight o'clock came1 &  
t5 o'clock came2 /ill n a s\nd f ! de]4 
',:at c ?is mean8' said "o4 ',! de]     
surely ought to be ro>+4'  ,b1 9 spite (
 _! wait+1 ! de] w\ld n ro>4 ,at la/ !  
fri5ds got sleepy1 &1 bor$ ) writ+ songs
 & v]ses1 began to yawn1 & gave up      
twaddl+ ab\t ! woes & tr\bles ( life2 & 
z !y 7 all sil5t1 "o ( !m1 a man fifty  
ye>s ( age1 /opp+ ! circulation ( !     
w9e-cup1 said3  ',well1 c]ta9ly1        
g5tlem51 ?anks to y1 we h sp5t ! ev5+ 9 
v pleasant conv]sation4 ,h[ev]1 al?\gh  
,i am enjoy+ myself mightily 9 ?is way1 
my p at home mu/ be gett+ anxi\s1 & s ,i
 beg9 to ?9k t we ought to leave (f     
dr9k+4'  ',:y s8' said ! o!rs4  ',well1 
,i'll tell y4 ,y "k t my only son is    
tw5ty-two ye>s ( age ?is ye>2 & a       
tr\blesome fell[ he is1 too4 ,:5 ,i'm at
 home1 he l5ds a h& sulkily en\gh 9 !   
%op2 b z soon z he no long] sees ! %ad[ 
( me1 he hoi/s sail1 & is (f to "s bad  
haunt4 ,al?\gh our relations &          
connections are always prea*+ to him1 n 

a ^w has any m effect ?an w9d bl[+ into 
a horse's e>4 ,:5 ,i ?9k t ,i %all h to 
leave my prop]ty to su* a fell[ z t1 x  
makes my he>t gr[ small inde$4 ,al?\gh1 
?anks to ^? to :om ,i h succe$$1 ,i want
 = no?+2 /ill1 :5 ,i ?9k ( my son1 ,i %$
 te>s ( blood night & day4'  ,& z he    
said ?is ) a sigh1 a man ( "s =ty-five  
or =ty-six ye>s said3  ',no1 no4 ,al?\gh
 y make s mu* ( y\r mis=tunes1 y\r son  
is b a little extravagant1 aft] all4    
,!re's no su* great cause = grief !re4  
,i've got a v diff]5t /ory to tell4 ,(  
late ye>s my %op-m51 = "o reason or     
ano!r1 h be5 runn+ me into debt1 ?9k+   
no?+ ( a debt ( fifty or sev5ty ounces2 
& s ! l$g]s get all wrong4 ,j ?9k ( t6  
,"h h ,i be5 keep+ ^! fell[s ev] s9ce !y
 7 little *ildr5 unable to bl[ _! own   
noses1 & n[1 z soon z !y come to be a   
little useful 9 ! %op1 !y beg9 runn+ up 
debts1 & are no good :atev] to _! ma/]4 
,y see1 y only h to sp5d y\r money ^u   
y\r own son4'  ,!n ano!r g5tleman said3 
',well1 ,i ?9k t to sp5d money ^u y\r   

%op-p is no su* great h>d%ip1 aft] all4 
,n[1 ,i've be5 9 some?+ l tr\ble lately4
 ,i c't get a p5ny out ( my cu/om]s4 ,"o
 man owes me fifte5 ounces2 ano!r owes  
me tw5ty-five ounces4 ,really t is en\gh
 to make a man feel z if 8 he>t 7 worn  
away4'  ,:5 he _h f9i%$ speak+1 an old  
g5tleman1 :o 0 sitt+ opposite1 play+ ) 8
 fan1 said3  ',c]ta9ly1 g5tlem51 y\r    
grievances are n )\t cause2 /ill1 to be 
p]petually ask$ = a little money1 or to 
back a bill1 by "o's relations or       
fri5ds1 & to h a lot ( hang]s-on dep5d5t
 on "o1 z ,i h1 is a worse case /ill4'  
,b be=e ! old g5tleman _h half f9i%$    
speak+1 8 neighbor call$ out3  ',no1 no2
 all y g5tlem5 are 9 luxury comp>$ to   
me4 ,please li/5 to :at ,i h to suff]4  
,my wife & my "m c't hit x (f anyh[4    
,all day long !y're l a c\ple ( c[s     
butt+ at "o ano!r ) _! horns4 ,! h\se is
 z un5durable z if x 7 full ( smoke4 ,i 
(t5 ?9k x w\ld be bett] to s5d my wife  
back to h] village2 b1 !n1 ,i've got two
 little *ildr54 ,if ,i int]f]e & take my

 wife's "p1 my "m gets l[-spirit$4 ,if  
,i scold my wife1 %e says t ,i treat h] 
s brutally because %e's n ( ! same fle% 
& blood2 & !n %e hates me4 ,! tr\ble &  
anxiety are beyond description3 ,i'm l a
 po/ /uck up betwe5 !m4'  ,& s !y all   
twaddl$ away 9 *orus1 ea* ab\t 8 own    
tr\bles4 ,at la/ "o ( ! g5tlem51        
recollect+ himself1 said3  ',well1      
g5tlem51 c]ta9ly ! de] ought to be ro>+2
 b we've be5 s engross$ ) our           
conv]sation t we don't "k :e!r we h     
miss$ he>+ !m or n4'  ,) ?is he pull$   
aside ! slid+-door ( ! v]&a & look$ out1
 &1 lo & behold6 a great big /ag 0 /&+  
p]fectly sil5t 9 front ( ! g>d54        
',halloo6' said ! man to ! de]1 ':at's  
?is8 ,s9ce y've be5 !re all ! "t1 :y did
 y n ro>8'  ,!n ! /ag answ]$1 ) an      
innoc5t face1  ',oh1 ,i came "h to li/5 
to ! lam5tations ( y g5tlem54'  ,isn't t
 a funny /ory8  ,old & "y1 m5 & wom51   
ri* & poor1 nev] cease grumbl+ f morn+  
till night4 ,all ?is is ! result ( a    
diseas$ he>t4 ,9 %ort1 = ! sake ( a v   

trifl+ incl9ation or selfi% pursuit1 !y 
w d any wrong 9 ord] to effect t :i* is 
impossible4 ,?is is want ( judgm5t1 &   
?is br+s all sorts ( tr\ble ^u ! _w4 ,if
 once y ga9 possession ( a p]fect he>t1 
kn[+ t :i* is impossible to be          
impossible1 & recogniz+ t t :i* is      
difficult is difficult1 y w n attempt to
 sp>e y\rself tr\ble unduly4 ,:at says !
 ',*9-,yo8' ,! wise man1 :e!r 8 lot be  
ca/ among ri* or poor1 among b>b>ians or
 9 sorr[1 und]/&s 8 position by 8 own   
in/9ct4 ,if m5 d n und]/& ?is1 !y ?9k t 
! causes ( pa9 & pleasure are 9 ! body4 
,putt+ ! he>t on "o side1 !y e>ne/ly    
/rive aft] ! com=ts ( ! body1 & laun*   
into extravagance1 ! end ( :i* is mis]ly
 p>simony4 ,in/ead ( pleasure1 !y meet )
 grief ( ! he>t1 & pass _! lives 9 weep+
 & wail+4 ,9 "o way or ano!r1 ev]y?+ 9  
?is _w dep5ds ^u ! he>t4 ,i implore e "o
 ( y to take he$ t te>s fall n to y\r   
lot4  ,illu/ration3 ,! ,rat ,rice       
,m]*ants4 7,a ,japanese ,c>icature1 f   
,japan & ! ,japanese1 by ,aime ,humb]t47

  ,a p capable ( produc+ & enjoy+ s]mons
 l ^!1 s free f ! solemn & !            
sanctimoni\s1 w\ld be likely to wield ! 
humor\s p5cil also4 ,turn+ to !         
illu/rat$ "w ( ,m4 ,aime ,humb]t1 we f9d
 t ! foibles ( human nature are satiriz$
 by ! ,japanese draughtsm5 9 c>icatures1
 ( :i* ,m4 ,humb]t gives sev]al         
specim5s4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are n execut$ ) ! 
cle>ness & precision :i* alone c\ld r5d]
 !m effective 9 our eyes2 & a v l>ge    
proportion ( !m employ t mo/ anci5t &   
well-worn device ( inve/+ animals ) !   
faculties ( human be+s4 ,! be/ is "o    
repres5t+ rats p]=m+ all ! labors ( a   
rice w>eh\se4 ,rats1 z ,m4 ,humb]t      
rem>ks1 are 9 ,japan ! mo/ dread$ &     
det]m9$ ?ieves ( ! preci\s rice4 ,!     
picture conta9s e feature ( ! sc5e--!   
ca%i] mak+ 8 calculations ) 8 bead      
calculator2 ! salesman turn+ ov] 8 books
 9 ord] to %[ 8 cu/om]s h[ impossible x 
is = him to abate a s+le ca% 9 ! price2 
! %op-m5 c>ry+ ! bales2 coolies be>+ !  
/raw bags ( money at ! end ( bamboos2   

port]s tugg+ away at a sack j add$ to ! 
/ock2 & a new cu/om] salut+ ! m]*ant4 ,!
 ,japanese d n conf9e !mselves to ?is   
k9d ( burlesque4 ,!y take pleasure 9    
repres5t+ a physician exam9+ ) exagg]at$
 gravity a pati5t's tongue1 or pe]+ into
 ail+ eyes ?r\gh enorm\s spectacles1    
:ile he lifts ) extreme caution ! corn] 
( ! eyelid4 ,a quack %ampoo+ a victim is
 ano!r ( _! subjects4 ,"o picture       
repres5ts a b& ( bl9d %ampoo]s on _!    
travels1 :o1 9 ! mid/ ( a =d1 are       
disput+ :at direction !y %all take :5 !y
 rea* ! opposite bank4 ,begg+ fri>s1    
mi%aps ( fi%]m51 bl9d m5 lead+ ! bl9d1  
jeal\s wom51 h\sehold diss5sions1 wom5  
excessively dress$1 furni% opportunities
 = ! satirical p5cil ( ! ,japanese      
arti/s1 :o also publi% s]ies ( comic    
pictures1 z we d1 ^u su* subjects z     
,little ,tr\bles 9 ! ,great ,_w1 ,! ,fat
 ,man's ,h\sehold1 ,! ,?9 ,man's        
,h\sehold4 ,if ^! ef=ts ( ! ,japanese   
c>icaturi/s d n (t5 possess mu* p[] to  
amuse ! outside _w1 !y h "o             

qualification t entitles !m to          
respect--mo/ ( !m are good-temp]$4      
,,*apt] ,,xviii4  ,,fr5* ,,c>icature4   
,x is inevitable t bad rul]s %\ld dread 
! satiric p5cil4 ,c>icature1 p[]less    
aga9/ an adm9i/ration t is hone/ &      
compet5t1 p[]less aga9/ a public man :o 
does 8 duty 9 8 place1 is nev]!less a   
mo/ effective device aga9/ arrogance1   
d\ble-deal+1 corruption1 c[>dice1 &     
iniquity4 ,engl&1 z ! ,fr5* !mselves    
admit1 is ! native home ( political     
c>icature2 b n an in/ance c be nam$ 9   
all its hi/ory ( c>icature injur+ a good
 man or defeat+ a good measure4 ,a free 
p5cil1 too1 becomes ev] a gay] & a k9d] 
p5cil4 ,! measure ( fre$om :i* ,france  
has occasionally enjoy$ dur+ ! la/ n9ety
 ye>s has nev] la/$ long en\gh to we> (f
 ! ke5 po9t ( ! satiri/'s ridicule2 &   
collectors c tell1 by ! numb] & sev]ity 
( ! pictures 9 a port-folio1 j h[ mu*   
fre$om ,fr5*m5 possess$ :5 !y 7 produc$4
 ,x is curi\s1 also1 to note t          
c>icatures on ! wrong side ( great      

public que/ions are nev] excell5t4 ,x is
 d\btful if a bad man ) ! weal? ( an    
empire at 8 comm& c\ld procure !        
execution ( "o fir/-rate c>icature      
ho/ile to ! public good4 ,a despot c    
nev] fight ?is fire ) fire1 & has no    
res\rce b to /amp x out4  ,va9ly1 !re=e1
 w ! mo/ vigilant collector se>* = ,fr5*
 c>icatures ( ,napoleon ,bonap>te       
publi%$ dur+ 8 reign4 ,8 gov]nm5t 0 a   
despotism n temp]$ by epigrams1 & x 0   
controll$ by a despot :o1 ?\gh n devoid 
( a s5se ( humor1 _h all a ,corsican's  
mortal hatr$ ( ridicule4 ,no man 9      
,france 0 less ,fr5* ?an ,napoleon1 ei!r
 9 l9eage or 9 "*4 ,8 moral position 9  
,p>is 0 n unlike t :i* ,o!llo might h   
held 9 ,v5ice1 if ,o!llo _h be5 base    
en\gh to betray & expel ! s5ate :i* he  
_h sworn to s]ve4 ,we c imag9e h[ ! %y1 
pr\d ,moor w\ld h wri!d "u ! pasqu9ades 
( ! graceful1 dissolute ,v5etian wits   
:om he despis$4 ,s ,napoleon1 :o nev]   
ceas$ to h mu* 9 him ( ! semi-b>b>ian   
*ief 7& always look$ l "o :5 he 0 dress$

 9 imp]ial robes71 %runk ) morbid       
appreh5sion f ! tongue ( ,madame ,de    
,/ael1 & wrote autograph notes to ,f\*e 
call+ 8 att5tion to ! plac>ds & v]ses ( 
! /reet-corn]s4 ,!re is some?+ m ?an    
ludicr\s 9 ! spectacle ( ?is rude       
soldi]1 ) a million arm$ m5 "u 8 comm&1 
& half ,europe at 8 feet1 sitt+ d[n 9   
rage & affright to ord] ,f\*e to s5d a  
little woman ov] ! fronti]s le/ %e %\ld 
say some?+ ab\t him = ! draw+-rooms (   
,p>is to laugh at4  ,illu/ration3       
,talleyr&--! ,man ) ,six ,heads4 7,p>is1
 #ahag47  ,9 place ( c>icature1 !re=e1  
we h only allegorical glory 9 ! fugitive
 pictures ( 8 reign1 few ( :i* are wor?y
 ( remembrance4  ,engli% ,gillray1 on ! 
o!r side ( ! ,*annel1 made mo/ ample    
am5ds4 ,mod]n c>icature has n (t5 equal$
 "s ( ! be/ ( ,gillray's ^u ,napoleon4  
,9 #ahjf1 :5 ! conqu]or _h f9ally lo/ 8 
head1 dazzl$ & bewild]$ by 8 own        
victories1 & 0 sett+ up new k+doms ) a  
facility :i* began to be amus+1 ,gillray
 produc$ 8 ma/]piece ( ! ,great ,fr5*   

,g+]bread ,bak] draw+ out a ,new ,bat* (
 ,k+s4 ,x is full ( happy detail4       
,besides ! c5tral figure ( ,bonap>te    
himself draw+ f ! ,new ,fr5* ,ov5 a fre%
 bat* ( mon>*s1 we see ,bi%op ,talleyr& 
knead+ 9 ! ,political ,knead+-tr\gh1    
into :i* ,pol&1 ,hanov]1 & ,prussia h j 
be5 ?r[n4 ,!re is also ! ,a%-hole =     
,brok5 ,g+]bread1 into :i* ,spa91       
,italy1 ,switz]l&1 & broad-back$ ,holl& 
h be5 swept4 ,on a *e/ ( draw]s /& a    
numb] ( ,d\gh ,vic]oys int5d$ = ! ,next 
,bat*1 & ! draw]s are label$ ,k+s &     
,que5s1 ,cr[ns & ,sceptres1 ,suns &     
,moons4 ,gillray burlesqu$ almo/ all !  
hi/ory ( ! g+]bread colossus f !        
,egyptian exp$ition onw>d1 b he nev]    
surpass$ ! gayety & aptness ( ?is       
picture1 :i* 0 all ! m effective 9      
,engli% eyes because gilt g+]bread made 
into figures ( k+s1 que5s1 cr[ns1       
an*ors1 & pr9ces' fea!rs1 is a famili>  
object at ,engli% fairs4  ,napoleon     
himself may h laugh$ at x4 ,we "k t at  
,/4 ,hel5a he applaud$ ,engli%          

c>icatures ( a simil> "*1 notably "o :i*
 repres5t$ ,george ,,iii4 z a corpul5t  
old man /&+ on ! ,engli% coa/1 hurl+ 9  
fury a huge beet at ! head ( ,napoleon  
on ! o!r side ( ! ,*annel1 & say+ to    
him1 ,g & make y\rself "s sug>6#ce ,we  
"k also t :ile he reli%$ ! satirical    
pictures aim$ at 8 enemies & rivals1 he 
0 v f> f enjoy+ ^? :i* reflect$         
disagreeably ^u himself4 ,if c>icatures1
 said he "o day at ,/4 ,hel5a1 sometimes
 av5ge mis=tune1 !y =m a cont9ual       
annoyance to p[]2 & h[ _m h be5 made ^u 
me6 ,i ?9k ,i h _h my %>e ( !m4         
,footnote #ce3 ,napoleon at ,/4 ,hel5a1 
p4 #ij1 by ,john ,s4 ,c4 ,abbott1 ,new  
,york1 ,h>p]  ,bro!rs4  ,illu/ration3 ,a
 ,great ,man's ,la/ ,leap--,napoleon go+
 on ,bo>d ! ,engli% ,frigate1 assi/$ by 
! ,fai?ful ,b]tr&4 7,p>is1 #ahae47  ,ev5
 he did n c>e = c>icature :5 he 0 "r4   
,if x c be said t ,napoleon ,bonap>te   
conf]r$ ^u ,france "o la/+ good1 x 0    
beet-root sug>2 b ! satire aim$ at t    
useful article does n appe> to h (f5d$  

him4 ,9 a newspap] ( ,june1 #ahab1 we   
read3 ,a c>icature has be5 execut$ at   
,p>is1 9 :i* ! emp]or & ! ,k+ ( ,rome   
are ! mo/ prom95t *>act]s4 ,! emp]or is 
repres5t$ z sitt+ at ! table 9 ! nurs]y 
) a cup ( c(fee be=e him1 into :i* he is
 squeez+ beet-root4 ,ne> to him is seat$
 ! "y ,k+ ( ,rome1 voraci\sly suck+ !   
beet-root4 ,! nurse1 :o is /eadfa/ly    
obs]v+ him1 is made to say1 ',suck1 de>1
 suck2 y\r fa!r says x is sug>4' ,he did
 n c>e1 probably1 = t4 ,x w\ld h be5 f> 
o!rwise if a draughtsman _h t\*$ ^u 8   
mad invasion ( ,russia4  ,x 0 n until 8 
p[] 0 gone t ,fr5* satiri/s tri$ _!     
p5cils ^u him1 & !n ) no great success4 
,) ! d[nfall ( ,napoleon 0 involv$ !    
pro/ration ( ,france4 ,humiliation      
foll[$ humiliation4 ,! _s ( ,fr5*m5 0   
brok51 & _! res\rces 7 exhau/$4 ,9 !    
pres5ce ( su* ev5ts z ! ,russian        
cata/rophe1 ! m>* ( ! allies ^u ,p>is1  
,napoleon's bani%m5t to ,elba1 ! ,hundr$
 ,days1 ,wat]loo1 ! encampm5t ( =eign   
armies 9 ! public places ( ,p>is1 !     

flight ( ! emp]or1 & 8 f9al exile1 !    
satiri/ 0 sup]s$$1 & burlesque itself 0 
outdone by reality4 ,:5 at la/ ,p>is 0  
re/or$ to h]self1 & peace aga9 gave play
 to ! human m9d1 ,napoleon 0 cov]$ ) !  
maje/y ( :at seem$ a sublime mis=tune4  
,t pe]less hi/rionic g5ius took !       
precaution 9 critical mom5ts to let ! _w
 "k :at "* he 0 enact+1 & accord+ly1 :5 
he /epp$ on bo>d ! ,engli% man-(-w>1 he 
ann\nc$ himself to mank9d z ,!mi/ocles  
magnanim\sly seek+ an asylum at ! h&s ( 
! mo/ p[]ful ( 8 enemies4  ,! good rul] 
is he :o leaves to 8 successor1 if n an 
easy task1 yet "o n too difficult =     
respectable tal5ts4 ,napoleon solv$ none
 ( ! m5ac+ problems4 ,he ?rew no light  
^u ! difficulties ) :i* ! mod]n _w f9ds 
itself face to face4 ,e ye> t he reign$ 
he only heap$ up p]plexity = 8          
successors1 until ! m\nta9 mass         
transc5d$ all human ability1 & entail$  
^u ,fr5*m5 t tumultu\s appr5tice%ip 9   
self-gov]nm5t :i* is yet f> f end+4     
,illu/ration3 ,talleyr&4  ,! fir/ ef=t (

 ! c>icaturi/s 9 ,p>is aft] !           
,re/oration 0 simply to place ! figure (
 a wea!r-cock aft] ! names ( public m5  
:o _h %[n p>ticul> alacrity 9 *ang+ _!  
politics ) ! *ang+ dyna/ies4 ,?is 0 soon
 improv$ ^u by putt+ wea!r-cocks en\gh  
to d5ote ! precise numb] ( times a      
p]sonage _h ve]$4 ,?us ,talleyr&1 :o f  
be+ a bi%op & a nobleman _h become a    
republican1 !n a m9i/] "u ,napoleon1 &  
at la/ a support] & s]vant ( !          
,re/oration1 besides exhibit+ v>i\s m9or
 *anges1 0 complim5t$ ) z _m wea!r-cocks
 z ! fancy ( ea* writ] sugge/$4  ,six   
appe>s to h be5 ! favorite numb]4 ,we   
f9d 9 a previ\s picture t he is         
repres5t$ z ! man ) six heads4 ,! public
 m5 signaliz$ by ?is simple device 7    
said to belong to ! ,ord] ( !           
,wea!r-cock2 & x 0 ! int]e/ ( !         
reactioni/s1 :o urg$ on ! trial &       
execution ( ,ney & 8 comrades1 to cov]  
!m ) odium4 ,to ?is day mu* ( t odium   
cl+s to ! "n ( ,talleyr&4 ,a man :o     
keeps a cool head 9 ! mid/ ( madm5 is   

inde$ a mo/ (f5sive p]son1 & ,talleyr&  
committ$ ?is enormity m ?an once 9 8    
life4 ,s f> z we c yet disc]n1 ! only   
treason he ev] practic$ t[>d ! gov]nm5ts
 ) :i* he 0 connect$ consi/$ 9 giv+ !m  
bett] advice ?an !y 7 capable ( act+ ^u4
 ,! few words :i* he utt]$ on leav+ !   
c\ncil-*amb]1 aft] va9ly advis+ ,m>ie   
,l\ise to rema9 9 h] husb&'s abode &    
ma9ta9 ! moral dignity ( 8 adm9i/ration1
 %[ h[ well he und]/ood ! collapse ( !  
empire & its cause3 ,x is difficult to  
compreh5d su* weakness 9 su* a man z !  
emp]or4 ,:at a fall is 86 ,to give 8 "n 
to a s]ies ( adv5tures1 in/ead ( be/[+ x
 ^u 8 c5tury6 ,:5 ,i ?9k ( t1 ,i c n    
help groan+4 ,!n he add$ ! words :i*    
gave him 8 high place 9 ! ,ord] ( !     
,wea!r-cock3 ,b n[ :at "p to take8 ,x   
does n suit e body to let himself be    
ov]:elm$ 9 ! ru9s ( ?is edifice4        
,p>ticul>ly x did n suit ,m4 de         
,talleyr&1 & he 0 n ov]:elm$1 accord+ly4
 ,consid]+ ! mann] 9 :i* ,france 0      
gov]n$ dur+ 8 c>e]1 he might well say1  

,i h n betray$ gov]nm5ts3 gov]nm5ts h   
betray$ me4  ,x is m5tion$ by ,m4       
,*ampfleury z a ?+ unprec$5t$ t ?is     
wea!r-cock device did n :olly lose its  
p[] to amuse ! ,p>isians = two ye>s4 ,! 
portly p]son & anci5t c\rt ( ! k+1 ,l\is
 ,,xviii41 call$ =? _m c>icatures at a  
lat] p]iod4 ,?is k+ 0 z good-natur$1 z  
well-int5tion$1 z honorable a ,b\rbon z 
c\ld h be5 f\nd 9 ei!r hemisph]e4 ,x 0 n
 he :o enri*$ all languages by ! gift ( 
8 family "n4 ,x 0 n 8 ob/9ate adh]5ce to
 anci5t folly :i* caus$ x to be said t !
 ,b\rbons _h =gott5 no?+ & le>n$ no?+4  
,born z long be=e 8 accession z #agee1  
he 0 an accompli%$ & popul> pr9ce (     
mature age dur+ ! ,am]ican ,revolution &
 ! intellectual f]m5t :i* foll[$ x 9    
,france4 ,a respectable s*ol> 7= a      
pr9ce71 well v]s$ 9 lit]ature 7= a      
pr9ce71 a good judge ( art 7= a pr9ce71 
( lib]al politics 7= a pr9ce71 & n s    
hopelessly ignorant ( /ate affairs z k+s
 & pr9ces usually 71 he wat*$ ! progress
 ( ! ,revolution ) "s intellig5ce &1 at 

fir/1 ) "s sympa?y4 ,bo? !n & 9 #ahae he
 appe>s to h be5 intellig5tly will+ to  
accept a con/itution t %\ld h left 8    
family on ! ?rone by "r div9e4  ,"r     
div9e 0 8 religion1 to :i* he sacrific$ 
mu*1 &1 unque/ionably1 w\ld h sacrific$ 
8 life4 ,:5 he 0 liv+ 9 exile ^u ! b\nty
 ( ! ,emp]or ( ,russia1 he said to 8    
nephew1 on ! w$d+-day ( t "y ,b\rbon3   
,if ! cr[n ( ,france 7 ( roses1 ,i w\ld 
give x to y4 ,x is ( ?orns2 ,i keep x4  
,&1 inde$1 a turn 9 politics expell$ him
 soon aft]1 9 ! middle ( w9t]1 f 8      
abode1 & made him aga9 a dep5d5t w&]]4  
,9 #ahjc1 too1 :5 !re c\ld be descri$ no
 ray ( hope ( ! re/oration ( ! old      
dyna/y1 & ,napoleon1 app>5tly "l ( ! _w1
 (f]$ him a pr9cipality 9 l&$ weal? if  
he w\ld b =mally r5\nce ! ?rone1 he     
repli$ 9 a mann] :i* a believ] 9 div9e  
"r might ?9k sublime3  ,i d n conf\nd   
,m4 ,bonap>te ) ^? :o h prec$$ him4 ,8  
valor1 8 milit>y tal5ts1 ,i e/eem2 & ,i 
am ev5 grateful to him = sev]al measures
 ( 8 adm9i/ration1 s9ce good done to my 

p w ev] be de> to my he>t4 ,b if he ?9ks
 to engage me to compromise my rights1  
he deceives himself4 ,on ! contr>y1 by !
 v (f] he n[ makes me he w\ld e/abli% !m
 if !y c\ld be ?\ght ( z d\btful4 ,i d n
 "k :at are ! designs ( ,god ) reg>d to 
my h\se & myself1 b ,i "k ! obligations 
impos$ ^u me by ! rank 9 :i* x 0 8      
pleasure to cause me to be born4 ,a     
,*ri/ian1 ,i %all fulfill ^? obligations
 ev5 to my late/ brea?2 a son ( ,/4     
,l\is1 ,i %all "k1 taught by 8 example1 
h[ ev5 9 *a9s to respect myself2 a      
successor ( ,francis ,i41 ,i desire at  
lea/ to be able to say1 l him1 ',all is 
lo/ b honor6'  ,aga91 9 #ahad1 :5 !     
,emp]or ,alex&] ( ,russia urg$ him to   
conc$e s mu* to ! popul> feel+ z to call
 himself ,k+ ( ! ,fr5*1 & to omit f 8   
/yle ! words p> la grace de ,dieu he    
answ]$3 ,div9e "r is at once a          
consequ5ce ( religi\s dogma & ! law ( ! 
c\ntry4 ,by t law = eight c5turies !    
mon>*y has be5 h]$it>y 9 my family4 ,)\t
 div9e "r ,i am b an infirm old man1    

long an exile f my c\ntry1 & r$uc$ to   
beg an asylum4 ,b by t "r1 ! exile is   
,k+ ( ,france4  ,illu/ration3 ,de la    
,villevielle1 ,cambac]es1 ,d',aigre     
,feuille--,a ,prom5ade 9 ! ,palais      
,royal4 7,p>is1 #ahah47  ,he wrote &    
said ^! neat ?+s himself1 n by a        
secret>y4 ,among 8 happy say+s two h    
rema9$ 9 ! memory ( ,fr5*m53            
,punctuality is ! polit5ess ( k+s1 & ,e 
,fr5* soldi] c>ries a m>%al's baton 9 8 
knapsack4 ,he 01 9 %ort1 a g5ial1 witty1
 polite old g5tleman1 will+ to gov]n    
,france con/itutionally1 dispos$ to =get
 & =give1 & be ! good k+ ( ! :ole p4 ,b 
he 0 sixty ye>s ( age1 fond ( 8 ease1 & 
extremely desir\s1 z he (t5 said1 ( dy+ 
9 8 own b$4 ,he 0 surr\nd$ by eld]ly    
p]sons :o 7 bigot$ to a ,pa/ :i* c\ld n 
be resuscitat$2 & 8 bro!r1 heir         
presumptive to ! ?rone1 0 t fatal ,comte
 d',artois 7,*>les ,x47 :o aggravat$ !  
viol5ce ( ! ,revolution ( #aghi1 &      
precipitat$ t ( #ahcj1 by 8 total       
incapacity to compreh5d ei!r4 ,gradually

 ! gloomy p>ty ( reaction & rev5ge :o   
surr\nd$ ! heir presumptive ga9$ !      
asc5d5cy1 & ! good-natur$ old k+ c\ld   
only re/ra9 its extravagance en\gh to   
accompli% 8 desire ( dy+ 9 8 own h\se4  
,s9c]ely religi\s1 he 0 no bigot2 & x 0 
n by 8 wi% t ! c\rt assum$ m & m !      
sombre aspect ( a ,jesuit sem9>y4 ,x is 
d\btful if !re w\ld h be5 "o exception  
to ! amne/y ( political (f5ses if ,l\is 
,,xviii4 _h be5 z firm z he 0 k9d4 ,!   
read] sees a pro( ( 8 good-nature 9 !   
picture on ! prec$+ page ( ,pr9ce       
,cambac]es1 :o 0 ,second ,consul :5     
,napoleon 0 ,fir/ ,consul1 &            
,ar*-*ancellor "u ! ,empire1 peacefully 
walk+ 9 ! /reets ( ,p>is ) two ( 8      
fri5ds4 ,?is c>icature has a value 9    
pres]v+ an excell5t portrait ( a        
p]sonage not$ = tw5ty ye>s 9 ! hi/ory ( 
,france4  ,illu/ration3 ,family ( !     
,ext+ui%]s--,c>icature ( ! ,re/oration4 
7,p>is1 #ahai47  ,to ! ,ord] ( !        
,wea!r-cock succe$$1 9 #ahai1 :5 prie/ly
 asc5d5cy at c\rt 0 b too manife/1 !    

,family ( ! ,ext+ui%]s4 ,9 ! picture    
giv5 bel[1 ! read] has ! pleasure (     
view+ "s ( ! family portraits1 & 9 ano!r
 he sees memb]s ( ! family at "w1       
rek9dl+ ! fire & ext+ui%+ ! lights4 ,!  
fire 0 to consume ! *>t] ( ,fr5* lib]ty 
& ! records ( sci5ce2 ! lights are ! m5 
to :om ,france felt h]self indebt$ =    
lib]ty & k--,buffon1 ,frankl91          
,d',alemb]t1 ,montesquieu1 ,voltaire1   
,montaigne1 ,f5elon1 ,condorcet1 & _!   
fri5ds4 ,above is ! p]sonifi$ ,*ur*1 )  
sword uplift$1 m5ac+ mank9d ) new ,/4   
,b>?olomews & ,sicilian ,vesp]s4        
,und]nea? ?is elaborate & +5i\s "w 0 !  
refra9 ( ,b]ang]'s song ( #ahai1 entitl$
 ,les ,missionnaires1 :i* 0 almo/ en\gh 
( itself to expel ! ,b\rbons3    ,vite  
s\fflons1 s\fflons1 morbleu6            
,eteignons les lumi]es       ,et        
rallumons le feu4  ,! hi/orian ( t p]iod
 w n omit to exam9e ! songs :i* !       
incomp>able ,b]ang] wrote dur+ ! reign (
 ! two k+s ( ! ,re/oration4 ,le peuple1 
c'e/ ma ,muse1 ! poet wrote _m ye>s     

aft]1 :5 review+ ?is p]iod4 ,! p 7 8    
,muse4 ,he /udi$ ! p1 he adds1 )        
religi\s c>e1 & always f\nd _! deepe/   
convictions 9 h>mony ) 8 own4 ,he _h be5
 completely fasc9at$ by ! g5ius (       
,napoleon1 nev] suspect+ t x 0          
,napoleon's lam5table want ( ability :i*
 _h devolv$ ^u ! respectable ,l\is      
,,xviii4 an impossible task4 ,b he      
p]ceiv$ t ! task 0 impossible4 ,!re 7   
two impossibilities1 he ?\ght1 9 ! way (
 a /able gov]nm5t4 ,x 0 impossible = !  
,b\rbons1 :ile !y rema9$ ,b\rbons1 to   
gov]n ,france1 & x 0 impossible =       
,france to make !m any ?+ b ,b\rbons4   
,h5ce1 9 l5d+ 8 exquisite gift to !     
popul> cause1 he _h no scruples & no    
res]ves2 & he freely p\r$ =? ^? wond]ful
 songs :i* became imm$iately "p & p>cel 
( ! famili> spee* ( 8 c\ntrym54 ,alas = 
a ,b\rbon :5 !re is a ,b]ang] loose 9 8 
capital6 ,*>les ,x4 attempt$ ! ,b\rbon  
policy ( repression1 & _h ! poet twice  
imprison$4 ,b he c\ld n imprison 8      
songs1 nor prev5t 8 writ+ new ones 9    

prison1 :i* sung !mselves ov] ,france 9 
a week4 ,c>icature1 too1 0 sev]ely      
repress$--! usual precursor ( collapse 9
 a ,fr5* gov]nm5t4  ,illu/ration3 ,!    
,jesuits at ,c\rt4 7,p>is1 #ahai47      
,quick6 ,bl[6 bl[6 ,let u put out !     
lights & rek9dle ! fires6  ,! end ( !   
,re/oration1 9 #ahcj1 occurr$ ) a sudd5 
& spontane\s facility1 :i* %[$1 among   
o!r ?+s1 h[ effectively ,b]ang] _h sung 
f 8 g>ret & 8 prison4 ,! old k+ 9 #ahbd 
_h 8 wi% ( dy+ 9 8 own b$1 & is said to 
h told 8 successor1 ) 8 dy+ brea?1 t he 
ow$ ?is privilege to ! policy ( tack+   
%ip r ?an all[+ a contr>y w9d to drive  
h] ^u ! rocks4 ,he advis$ ,monsieur to  
pursue ! same tack+ policy4 ,b ,monsieur
 0 ,comte d',artois1 t entire & p]fect  
,b\rbon1 cru/$ by 8 sixty-sev5 ye>s1 a  
will+ victim 9 ! h&s ( ,jesuit prie/s4  
,9 six ye>s ! %ip ( /ate 0 evid5tly     
driv+ full ^u ! rocks2 b1 in/ead (      
tack+1 he put on all sail1 & let h]     
drive4 ,at a mom5t :5 ,france 0 9 ! la/ 
extremity ( al>m = ! portion ( lib]ty   

:i* h] con/itution secur$ h]1 ?is       
unhappy k+ sign$ a decree :i* put !     
press "u ! control ( ! ,m9i/] ( ,police1
 & ! re/ ( ! p ( ,france "u ,m>%al      
,m>mont4 ,tw5ty-"o days aft]1 ,augu/    
#af?1 #ahcj1 ! k+ & 8 suite 7 receiv$ on
 bo>d ( two ,am]ican vessels1 ! ,*>les  
,c>roll & ! ,great ,brita91 by :i* !y 7 
convey$ f ,*]b\rg to ,portsm\?4 ,?is1   
said ! k+ to 8 fir/ ,engli% visitors1 is
 ! rew>d ( my ef=ts to r5d] ,france     
happy4 ,i wi%$ to make "o la/ attempt to
 re/ore ord] & tranquillity4 ,! factions
 h ov]turn$ me4 ,! old g5tleman resum$ 8
 daily mass1 & f\nd mu* consolation = ! 
loss ( a cr[n 9 ! slaught] ( bea/s &    
birds4 ,l\is ,philippe 0 ,k+ ( ! ,fr5*1 
by ! grace ( ,lafayette & ! acquiesc5ce 
( a majority ( ! ,fr5* p4  ,c>icature1  
almo/ int]dict$ dur+ ! la/ ye>s ( !     
,re/oration1 pursu$ ! fugitive k+ & 8   
family ) av5g+ ridicule4 ,gav>ni1 !n an 
unkn[n arti/ ( tw5ty-six1 employ$ by    
,emile de ,gir>d9 to draw ! fa%ion      
plates ( 8 new p]iodical1 ,la ,mode1    

gave ,p>is1 9 ^? wild ,july days (      
#ahcj1 ! only political c>icatures he   
ev] publi%$4 ,"o repres5t$ ! k+ z an    
old-clo!s man1 bawl+1 ,old coats6 old   
lace6 ,9 ano!r he appe>$ a/ride ( a     
lance1 9 full flight1 9 a co/ume compos$
 ( a prie/'s black robe & ! glitt]+     
uni=m ( a g5]al2 :ite b&s at 8 neck1 !  
broad r$ ribbon ( ! ,legion ( ,honor    
across 8 brea/1 "o arm load$ ) mitres1  
relics1 & *aplets1 ) ! scissors ( ! c5s]
 on ! ?umb1 on ! o!r side ! end ( a     
sabre1 & ! meagre legs encompass$ by a  
pair ( huge jack-boots4 ,ano!r picture1 
call$ ! ,lo/ ,balloon1 exhibit$ ! k+ 9 !
 c> ( a balloon1 ) ! same prepo/]\s     
boots hang+ d[n1 along ) ! ,duc         
d',ang\leme cl++ to ! sides1 & ! du*ess 
cru%+ ! k+ by h] weight4 ,! royal bann]1
 :ite1 & s[n ) fleurs-de-lis1 /ream$ out
 beh9d z ! balloon disappe>$ 9 ! cl\ds4 
,^! 7 ! only political c>icatures ev]   
publi%$ by ! man :om ,fr5*m5 reg>d z !  
greate/ ( _! rec5t satirical arti/s4 ,he
 c>$ no?+ = politics1 & _h ! usual      

atta*m5t ( arti/s & poets to ! ,e/abli%$
 ,ord]4 ,hav+ aim$ ^! light %afts at !  
fly+ k+ 9 m]e gayety ( he>t1 because e  
"o else 0 do+ ! same1 he soon rememb]$ t
 ! k+ 0 an old man1 pa/ sev5ty-?ree1 z  
old z 8 own fa!r1 & fly+ 9 al>m f 8 home
 & c\ntry4 ,he 0 consci5ce-/rick54      
,read+ al\d "o day a poem 9 :i* allusion
 0 made to a :ite-hair$ old man go+ into
 exile ) sl[1 reluctant /eps1 8 voice   
broke1 & he c\ld sc>cely utt] ! l9es3   
,pas d'outrage au vieill>d qui s'exile a
 pas l5ts4    ,c'e/ une piete d'ep>gn]  
les ru9es4    ,je n'enfonc]ai pas la    
c\ronne d'ep9es    ,que la ma9 du       
malheur met sur ses *eveux blancs4  ,z  
he spoke ^! words ! image ( 8 old fa!r  
rose vividly be=e 8 m9d1 & he c\ld read 
no m4 ,i felt1 said he1 z if ,i _h be5  
/ruck 9 ! face2 & ev] aft] he held      
political c>icature 9 horror4  ,?is     
feel+ is "o ) :i* ! read] w (t5 f9d     
himself sympa?iz+ :ile exam9+ "s ( !    
he>tless & ?\ghtless pictures :i*       
exasp]at$ ! eld]ly pat]familias :o 0 n[ 

call$ to preside ov] demoraliz$ ,france4
 ,l\is ,philippe 0 ano!r good-natur$    
,l\is ,,xviii41 m9us div9e "r1 plus a   
l>ge family4 ,) all ! dome/ic virtues1  
some:at too anxi\s to pu% 8 *ildr5 on 9 
! _w1 a good citiz51 a good patriot1 an 
uno/5tati\s g5tleman1 he 0 totally      
de/itute ( ^? picturesque & captivat+   
qualities :i* adv5tur]s & b&itti (t5    
possess1 b :i* wise & tru/wor?y m5      
seldom d4 ,9 look+ back n[ ^u t eighte5 
ye>s' /ruggle betwe5 ?is respectable    
fa!r ( a family & an>*y1 x seems z if   
,france %\ld h ralli$ m loyally & m     
consid]ately r\nd him1 & giv5 him too ! 
privilege1 s de> to eld]ly g5tlem51 (   
dy+ 9 8 own b$4 ,"o-t5? ( 8 virtue &    
"o-half 8 intellect _h suffic$ "u ! old 
regime4  ,b s9ce t lam5table & fatal day
 :5 ! prie/s wr\ght ^u ,l\is ,,xiv4 to  
decree ! expulsion ( ! ,hugu5ots1 :o 7 !
 elite ( 8 k+dom1 ,france _h be5 und]go+
 a c\rse ( political demoralization1 :i*
 _h made a con/itutional gov]nm5t ( !   
c\ntry almo/ impossible4 ,rec5t ev5ts _h

 exagg]at$ ! crim9al class4 ,tw5ty ye>s 
( intoxicat+ victory _h made all mod]ate
 success1 all gradual prosp]ity1 seem   
tame & flat2 & ! r$uction ( ! army _h   
set afloat great numb]s ( p indispos$ to
 peaceful indu/ry4 ,"u ! ,re/oration1 we
 may almo/ say1 political conspiracy _h 
become a recogniz$ pr(ession4 ,! new k+1
 pl$g$ to make ! fre$om ( ! press a     
reality1 soon f\nd himself face to face 
) difficulties :i* ,b\rbons _h inv>iably
 met by m]e repression4 ,republicans &  
,legitimi/s 7 equally dissatisfi$4      
,legitimi/s c\ld only wait & plot2 b    
,republicans c\ld write1 speak1 & draw4 
,a consid]able proportion ( ! "y1       
irresponsible1 & adv5tur\s tal5t 0      
republican1 & !re 0 a great deal (      
,bohemian "* available = t side4 ,x 0 a 
"t :5 a ,l\is ,napoleon c\ld belong to a
 democratic club4  ,c>icature spe$ily   
m>k$ ! citiz5 k+ = h] own4 ,napoleon _h 
employ$ all 8 subtle/ tact dur+ ! la/ t5
 ye>s ( 8 reign 9 keep+ alive 9 ,fr5*   
m9ds ! base feudal feel+1 s cong5ial to 

human indol5ce & vanity1 t x is nobl] to
 be a soldi] ?an to re> a family & keep 
a %op4 ,9 8 bullet9s we f9d ?is false   
s5tim5t adroitly ins9uat$ 9 a hundr$    
ways4 ,he lov$ to /igmatize ! ,engli% z 
a nation ( %op-keep]s4 ,he display$     
inf9ite art 9 exalt+ ! qualities :i*    
r5d] m5 will+ to de/roy "o ano!r )\t    
ask+ :y1 & 9 ca/+ contempt on ! arts &  
virtues by :i* ! wa/e ( w> is repair$4  
,! homely habits1 ! pla9 dress1 !       
me?odical ways1 ( ,l\is ,philippe 71    
!re=e1 easily made to seem ridicul\s4   
,he 0 /yl$ ! fir/ b\rgeois ( 8 k+dom--z 
he 0--b ! ,fr5* p _h be5 taught to reg>d
 ! ^w z a t]m ( contempt4  ,un=tunately 
he ab&on$ ! policy ( lett+ ! c>icaturi/s
 alone4 ,sev]al ,fr5* rul]s h adopt$ !  
pr9ciple ( n reg>d+ satire1 b n "o has  
_h ! c\rage to adh]e to x long4 ,soon]  
or lat] all ! _w w come into ! ,am]ican 
sy/em1 & all ! _w w at l5g? discov] !   
utt] impot5ce ( ! ke5e/ ridicule & ! mo/
 p]si/5t abuse aga9/ public m5 :o d "r &
 let _! assailants alone4 ,! *ief h>m   

done by ! abuse ( public m5 9 free      
c\ntries is 9 mak+ x too difficult to   
expose _! real faults4 ,h[ w\ld x be    
possible1 = example1 to make ! p ( !    
,unit$ ,/ates believe ill ( a ,presid5t 
9 vilify+ :om +5i\s m5 & p[]ful j\rnals 
_h exhau/$ !mselves daily = ye>s8 ,no?+ 
%ort ( te/imony1 abundant &             
indisputable1 su* z w\ld conv9ce an     
hone/ jury1 c\ld procure s]i\s att5tion4
 ,f ,presid5t ,wa%+ton to ,presid5t     
,grant ! hi/ory ( ,am]ican politics is  
"o cont9u\s pro( ( ,mr4 ,jeff]son's     
rem>k1 t an adm9i/ration :i* has no?+ to
 conceal has no?+ to fe> f ! press4     
,illu/ration3 ,*>les ,philipon4  ,:5    
,l\is ,philippe _h be5 a ye> ^u ! ?rone 
appe>$ ! fir/ numb] ( ,le ,*>iv>i1 a    
daily pap] ( f\r small pages1 conduct$  
by an unkn[n1 inf]ior arti/--,*>les     
,philipon4 ,ar\nd him ga!r$ a numb] (   
,bohemian draughtsm5 & writ]s1 n "o (   
:om appe>s !n to h %>$ 9 ! social or    
political life ( ! c\ntry1 or to h _h ! 
fa9te/ conception ( ! consid]ation due  

to a fell[-citiz5 9 a place ( su*       
extreme difficulty z ! head ( a         
gov]nm5t4 ,!y assail$ ! k+1 8 p]son1 8  
policy1 8 family1 8 habits1 8 hi/ory1 ) 
?\ghtless & m]ciless ridicule4 ,a       
p]iodical :i* has und]tak5 to supply a  
cloy$1 fa/idi\s public ) ?ree hundr$ &  
sixty-five ludicr\s pictures p] annum   
mu/ (t5 be 9 desp]ation = subjects1 &   
!re 0 no res\rce to ,philipon s obvi\s  
or s sure z ! helpless family imprison$ 
9 ! spl5dors & etiquette ( royalty4     
,un=tunately = mod]n gov]nm5ts1 ! p (   
,europe 7 = s _m c5turies prey$ ^u &    
oppress$ by k+s t va/ numb]s ( p1 ev5 9 
free c\ntries1 /ill reg>d ! head ( a    
gov]nm5t z a k9d ( natural enemy1 to    
assail :om is among ! rights ( a citiz54
 ,&1 moreov]1 ! k+1 ! presid5t1 ! m9i/]1
 is unse5 by ^? :o hurl ! b>b$ & poison$
 javel94 ,!y d n see him %r9k & wri!4   
,to _m an anonym\s c[>d x is a pot5t    
consid]ation1 also1 t ! head ( a        
con/itutional gov]nm5t c n usually /rike
 back4  ,mr4 ,?ack]ay1 :o 0 b n9ete5 :5 

,l\is ,philippe came to ! ?rone1        
witness$ mu* ( ! fam\s conte/ betwe5 ?is
 knot ( c>icaturi/s & ! ,k+ ( ! ,fr5*2 &
 9 "o ( ! fir/ articles :i* he wrote =  
subsi/5ce1 aft] 8 fa!r's failure1 he    
gave ! _w "s acc\nt ( x4#cf ,at a lat]  
p]iod ( 8 life he w\ld probably n h     
reg>d$ ! k+ z ! /rong] p>ty4 ,he w\ld   
probably n h describ$ ! conte/ z "o     
betwe5 half a doz5 poor arti/s on ! "o  
side1 & ,8 ,maje/y ,l\is ,philippe1 8   
augu/ family1 & ! numb]less placem5 &   
support]s ( ! mon>*y1 on ! o!r4 ,half a 
doz5 poor arti/s1 ) an unscrupul\s      
publi%] at _! head1 :o gives !m daily   
access to ! eye & e> ( a great capital1 
c array aga9/ ! object ( _! satire &    
abuse ! entire un?9k+ cr[d ( t capital4 
,a firm1 enlight5$1 & compet5t k+ w\ld h
 unit$ aga9/ ^! a majority ( !          
responsible & ! reflect+4 ,su* a k+ w\ld
 truly h be51 z ,mr4 ,?ack]ay obs]v$1 an
 ,ajax gird$ at by a ,!rsites4 ,b ,l\is 
,philippe 0 no ,ajax4 ,he 0 no h]o at   
all4 ,he _h no spl5did & no comm&+      

traits4 ,he 0 m]ely an ov]fond fa!r &   
well-dispos$ citiz5 ( av]age tal5ts4 ,he
 0 m]ely ! k9d ( man :i* free           
communities c ord9>ily get to s]ve !m1 &
 :o w s]ve !m passably well if ! task be
 n made ne$lessly difficult4 ,h5ce      
,philipon & 8 half a doz5 poor arti/s 7 
v mu* ! /rong] p>ty--a fact :i* ! k+1 9 
! sight & he>+ ( all ,france1 confess$ &
 proclaim$ by putt+ !m 9 prison4        
,footnote #cf3 ,9 ! ,london & ,we/m9/]  
,review = ,april1 #ahci1 ,article ,,ii4 
,x 0 ^? prosecutions ( ,philipon t 7    
fatal to ! k+4 ,besides add+ emphasis1  
celebrity1 & weight to ! sallies ( ,le  
,*>iv>i1 !y presag$ ! ab&onm5t ( !      
c5tral pr9ciple ( ! movem5t t made him  
k+--! fre$om ( utt]ance4 ,! sc5es 9 c\rt
 :5 ,philipon1 or 8 arti/1 ,daumi]1 0   
arraign$1 7 mo/ damag+ to ! k+'s        
dignity4 ,"o1 incorrectly relat$ by     
,?ack]ay1 may well s]ve to w>n future   
pot5tates t ( all conceivable exp$i5ts =
 ! c>icaturi/'s fru/ration1 ! "o sure/  
to fail is to summon him to a c\rt (    

ju/ice4  ,a favorite device ( ,m4       
,philipon 0 to draw ! k+'s face 9 ! =m (
 a huge pe>1 :i* x did some:at resemble4
 ,amateur draughtsm5 also *alk$ ! royal 
pe> ^u ! walls ( ,p>is2 & ! exagg]at$   
pe>s ) ! k+'s features r\ghly outl9$ :i*
 ev]y:]e met ! eye excit$ ! mock+       
laught] ( ! idle ,p>isian4 ,no je/ c\ld 
h be5 s h>mless if x _h be5 unnotic$ by 
! p]son at :om x 0 aim$1 or notic$ only 
) a smile4 ,b ! ,gov]nm5t /oop$ to !    
imbecility ( arraign+ ! au?or ( !       
device4 ,! poire actually became an     
object ( prosecution1 & ! editor ( ,le  
,*>iv>i 0 summon$ be=e a jury on a *>ge 
( incit+ to contempt aga9/ ! p]son ( !  
k+ by giv+ 8 face a ludicr\s resemblance
 to "o ( ! fruits ( ! e>?4 ,philipon1 :5
 he rose to def5d himself1 exhibit$ to !
 jury a s]ies ( f\r sket*es1 ^u :i* he  
comm5t$4 ,! fir/ 0 a portrait ( ! k+    
devoid ( exagg]ation or burlesque4 ,?is 
sket*1 said ! draughtsman1 resembles    
,l\is ,philippe4 ,d y condemn x8 ,he !n 
held up ! second picture1 :i* 0 also a v

 good portrait ( ! k+2 b 9 ?is "o !     
t\pet & ! side-:isk]s began to fl[      
toge!r1 z ,m4 ,*ampfleury has x         
7s'ondul]71 & ! :ole to assume a di/ant 
resemblance to ! outl9e ( a pe>4 ,if y  
condemn ! fir/ sket*1 said !            
imp]turbable ,philipon1 y mu/ condemn   
?is "o :i* resembles x4 ,he next %[$ a  
picture 9 :i* ! pe> 0 pla9ly manife/1   
?\gh x bore an unmi/akable lik5ess to ! 
k+4 ,f9ally1 he held up to ! c\rt a     
figure ( a l>ge ,burgundy pe>1 pure &   
simple1 say+1 ,if y are consi/5t1       
g5tlem51 y c n acquit ?is sket* ei!r1 = 
x c]ta9ly resembles ! o!r ?ree4  ,mr4   
,?ack]ay 0 mi/ak5 9 suppos+ t ?is       
impud5t def5se c>ri$ conviction to !    
m9ds ( ! jury4 ,philipon 0 condemn$ &   
f9$4 ,he av5g$ himself by arrang+ ! c\rt
 & jury ^u a page ( ,le ,*>iv>i 9 ! =m (
 a pe>4#cg ,he & 8 arti/s play$ ^u ?is  
!me hundr$s ( v>iations1 until !        
,gov]nm5t f\nd matt] = a prosecution ev5
 9 a picture ( a monkey /eal+ a pe>4 ,! 
pe> became at la/ too exp5sive a luxury 

= ! conductor ( ,le ,*>iv>i1 & t fruit 0
 exil$ f ! empire ( c>icature4          
,footnote #cg3 ,hi/oire de la ,c>icature
 ,mod]ne1 p4 #ajj1 p> ,*ampfleury4      
,be=e ,l\is ,philippe _h be5 ?ree ye>s  
^u ! ?rone !re 0 an end ( all b !       
pret5se ( ma9ta9+ ! fre$om ( press or   
p5cil4 ,! ,press1 z ,mr4 ,?ack]ay       
rem>ks1 0 s5t to prison2 & z = poor de> 
,c>icature1 x 0 fairly murd]$4 ,9 ,le   
,*>iv>i = ,augu/ #cj?1 #ahcb1 we read t 
,jean-,bapti/e ,daumi]1 = an equally    
h>mless c>icature ( ! k+1 0 arre/$ 9 ! v
 pres5ce ( 8 fa!r & "m1 ( :om he 0 !    
sole support1 & condemn$ to six mon?s'  
imprisonm5t4 ,x 0 ,daumi]1 h[ev]1 z ,m4 
,*ampfleury reveals1 :o _h s]v$ up ! pe>
 ) ! greate/ v>iety ( sauces4 ,x 0 !    
same ,daumi] :o aft] 8 release assail$ !
 advocates & legal sy/em ( 8 c\ntry )   
ceaseless burlesque1 & made _m a cov]t  
lunge at ! p]sonage :o mov$ !m to !     
fatal absurdity ( imprison+ him4  ,driv5
 by viol5ce f ! political field1 to :i* 
x has be5 p]mitt$ to return only at long

 int]vals & = %ort p]iods1 ,fr5*        
c>icature has rang$ ov] ! sc5e ( human  
foibles1 & atta9$ a v>i$ developm5t4    
,daumi] & ,philipon conjo9tly produc$ a 
s]ies ( sket*es 9 ,le ,*>iv>i :i* _h    
signal & la/+ success ) ! public4 ,!    
play ( ,rob]t ,macaire1 aft] runn+      
a:ile1 0 suppress$ by ! ,gov]nm5t1 !    
actor ( ! pr9cipal "p hav+ us$ x z a    
vehicle ( political burlesque4 ,le      
,*>iv>i seiz$ ! idea ( satiriz+ !       
follies ( ! day by means ( two *>act]s (
 ! drama--,macaire1 a cool1 adroit1     
audaci\s villa91 & ,b]tr&1 8 comrade1   
/upid1 s]vile1 & timid4  ,illu/ration3  
,rob]t ,macaire fi%+ = ,%>e-hold]s4     
7,daumi]1 #ahcc47  ,philipon supply+ !  
words & ,daumi] execut+ ! pictures1 !y  
made ,macaire und]take e s*eme1         
practice1 & pr(ession :i* conta9$ !     
requisite +r$i5ts ( ! comic & !         
rascally4 ,! s]ies ext5d$ beyond n9ety  
sket*es4 ,macaire f\nds a jo9t-/ock     
*>ity--la morale en action1 he expla9s  
to gap+ ,b]tr&1 ea* action 7%>e7 be+    

plac$ at two hundr$ & fifty francs4 ,he 
becomes a quack-doctor4 ,don't trifle ) 
y\r compla9t1 he says to a pati5t1 z he 
gives him two bottles ( m$ic9e4 ,come to
 see me (t52 x won't ru9 y1 = ,i make no
 *>ge = consultations4 ,y owe me tw5ty  
francs = ! two bottles4 ,! pati5t appe>+
 to be />tl$ at ! magnitude ( ?is sum1  
,dr4 ,macaire bl&ly says1 z he b[s him  
out1 ,we give two c5ts = return$        
bottles4 ,he becomes a private          
detective4 ,a lady consults him 9 8     
(fice4 ,sir1 %e says1 ,i h _h a         
?\s&-franc note /ol54 ,precisely1       
madame4 ,consid] ! bus9ess done3 ! ?ief 
is a fri5d ( m9e4 ,b1 says ! lady1 c ,i 
get my note back1 & f9d out :o took x8  
,no?+ easi]4 ,give me fifte5 hundr$     
francs = my exp5ses1 & to-morr[ ! ?ief w
 return ! note & s5d y 8 c>d4  ,e       
res\rce be+ exhau/$1 ,macaire a/\nds !  
despair+ ,b]tr& by say+1 ,come1 ! "t =  
mundane ?+s is pa/2 let u att5d n[ to   
et]nal int]e/s4 ,suppose we f\nd a      
religion8 ,a religion6 cries ,b]tr&2 t  

is n s easy4 ,to ?is ,macaire replies by
 allud+ to ! rec5t proce$+s ( a c]ta9   
,abbe ,*atel1 9 ,p>is4 ,"o makes a      
pontiff ( himself1 hires a %op1 borr[s  
"s *airs1 prea*es s]mons ^u ! dea? (    
,napoleon1 ^u ,voltaire1 ^u ! discov]y (
 ,am]ica1 ^u any ?+1 no matt] :at4      
,!re's a religion = y2 x's no m         
difficult ?an t4 ,on "o occasion        
,macaire himself is a little tr\bl$ 9   
m9d1 & ,b]tr& rem>ks ! unusual          
circum/ance4 ,y seem anxi\s1 says       
,b]tr&4 ,yes1 replies ,macaire1 ,i am 9 
bad humor4 ,^? sc\ndrels ( bond-hold]s h
 bo!r$ me to su* a po9t t ,i h actually 
paid !m a divid5d6 ,:at6 exclaims       
,b]tr&1 agha/1 a bona-fide divid5d8     
,yes1 positively4 ,:at are y go+ to d   
ab\t x8 ,i am go+ to get x back aga94   
,! read] w1 ( c\rse1 inf] t ea* ( ^!    
pictures 0 a hit at "s sc\ndrelly       
exploit ( ! day1 ! public k ( :i* gave  
effect to ! c>icature4 ,9 _m in/ances ! 
ev5t is =gott51 b ! picture reta9s a    
portion ( its int]e/4 ,"o ( ,macaire's  

pr(essions 0 t ( cramm+ /ud5ts = _!     
ba*elor's degree4 ,a /ud5t ent]s4 ,!re  
are two ways 9 :i* we c put y ?r\gh1    
says ,macaire3 "o1 to make y pass y\r   
exam9ation by a sub/itute2 ! o!r1 to    
enable y to pass x y\rself4 ,i pref] to 
pass x myself1 says ! "y man4 ,v well4  
,d y "k ,greek8 ,no4 ,lat98 ,no4 ,all   
"r4 ,y "k ma!matics8 ,n ! lea/ 9 ! _w4  
,:at d y "k1 !n8 ,no?+ at all4 ,b y h   
two hundr$ francs8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,j ! ?+6 ,y
 w get y\r degree next ,?ursday4 ,we may
 f9d com=t 9 ?is s]ies1 = we le>n f x t 
9 e infamy :i* we n[ deplore among      
ourselves we 7 anticipat$ by ! ,fr5* =ty
 ye>s ago4 ,macaire ev5 goes into ! m9+ 
bus9ess1 at lea/ s f> z to sell %>es4   
,we h made our million1 says ! melan*oly
 ,b]tr&2 b we h engag$ to produce gold1 
& we f9d no?+ b s&4 ,no matt]2 utilize  
y\r capital2 hav5't y got a gold m9e8   
,yes--b aft]w>d8 ,aft]w>d y w simply say
 to ! %>e-hold]s1 ',i 0 mi/ak52 we mu/  
try aga94' ,y w !n =m a company = !     
utilization ( ! s&4 ,b]tr&1 /ill anxi\s1

 v5tures to rem>k t !re are su* p z     
policem5 9 ! c\ntry4 ,policem56 cries   
,macaire1 gayly4 ,s mu* ! bett]3 !y w   
take %>es4 ,"o ( 8 circul> lett]s 0 a   
ma/]piece3       ,,sir1--,i regret to   
say t y\r application = %>es 9 !        
,consolidat$ ,european ,incombu/ible    
,black+ ,association c n      be compli$
 )1 z all ! %>es ( ! ,c4 ,e4 ,i4 ,b4 ,a4
 7      dispos$ ( on ! day !y 7 issu$4  
,i h nev]!less      regi/]$ y\r "n1 & 9 
case a second s]ies %\ld be put      =? 
,i %all h ! honor ( imm$iately giv+ y   
notice4       ,i am1 sir1 etc4          
,,rob]t ,,macaire1 ,director4  ,pr9t    
?ree hundr$ ?\s& ( ^!1 says ! director1 
& poison all ,france ) !m4 ,b1 says     
,b]tr&1 we hav5't sold a s+le %>e2 y    
hav5't a s\ 9 y\r pocket1 &-- ,b]tr&1 y 
are an ass4 ,d z ,i tell y4             
,illu/ration3 ,a ,husb&'s ,dilemma4     
,yes2 b if y qu>rel l t ) all y\r wife's
 lov]s1 y w nev] h any fri5ds4--,f ,p>is
 ,nons5sicalities 7,baliv]n]ies         
,p>isi5nes71 by ,gav>ni4  ,?us1 week    

aft] week1 = _m a mon?1 did ,le ,*>iv>i 
utilize ^! impossible *>act]s to expose 
& satirize ! plausible sc\ndrelism ( !  
p]iod4 ,mr4 ,?ack]ay1 :o ought to be an 
excell5t au?ority on any po9t (         
satirical art1 praises highly !         
execution ( ^! pictures by ,m4 ,daumi]4 
,!y seem c>elessly done1 he rem>ks2 b x 
is ! c>eless grace ( ! consummate arti/4
 ,he recomm5ds ! illu/rator ( ,pickwick 
to /udy ,daumi]4 ,:5 we rememb] t       
,?ack]ay _h (f]$ to illu/rate ,pickwick1
 8 comm5ts ^u ! arti/ :o 0 pref]r$ to   
himself h a c]ta9 int]e/3 ,if we might  
v5ture to give a ^w ( advice to ano!r   
humor\s design] ,hablot ,k4 ,br[ne1 ^:  
works are ext5sively circulat$1 !       
illu/rator ( ',pickwick' & ',ni*olas    
,nickleby1' x w\ld be to /udy well ^?   
c>icatures ( ,m4 ,daumi]1 :o1 ?\gh he   
executes v c>elessly1 kn[s v well :at he
 w\ld express1 indicates p]fectly !     
attitude & id5tity ( ! figure1 & is q   
aw>e be=eh& ( ! effect he int5ds to     
produce4 ,! "o we %\ld fancy to be a    

practic$ arti/ tak+ 8 ease1 ! o!r a "y  
"o some:at bewild]$--a v clev] "o1      
h[ev]1 :o1 if he w\ld ?9k m & exagg]ate 
less1 w\ld add n a little to 8          
reputation4 ,possessors ( ! e>ly        
editions ( ,pickwick w be tempt$ to ?9k 
t 9 ?is criticism ( ,mr4 ,br[ne's       
p]=mances by a disappo9t$ rival !re 0 an
 +r$i5t ( w\nd$ self-love4 ,! "y au?or1 
h[ev]1 9 ano!r passage1 gave presage ( !
 com+ ,?ack]ay4 ,he obs]ves t 9 ,france 
ladies 9 difficulties :o write begg+    
lett]s1 or live by o!r =ms ( polite     
begg>y1 are wont to /yle !mselves wid[s 
( ! ,gr& ,army4 ,!y all pret5d$ to "s   
connection ) le ,gr& ,homme1 & all _!   
husb&s 7 colonels4 ,?is title1 says !   
wick$ ,?ack]ay1 answ]s exactly to !     
cl]gyman's daught] 9 ,engl&2 & he adds1 
,! diff]5ce is curi\s z indicat+ ! /&>d 
( respectability4  ,illu/ration3        
,h\sekeep+4  ,graci\s1 ,doro?y1 ,i h    
=gott5 ! meat = y\r cat6  ,h y1 inde$8  
,b y didn't =get ! biscuit = y\r bird1  
egoti/6 ,no matt]6 ,no matt]6 ,if !re is

 no?+ 9 ! h\se = my cat1 ,i %all give h]
 y\r bird1 ,i %all6--,f ,impressions de 
,m5age1 by ,gav>ni4  ,_m c>icaturi/s :o 
aft]w>d atta9$ celebrity 7 e>ly         
contributors to ,m4 ,philipon's         
mu*-prosecut$ p]iodical4 ,among !m 0 !  
elegant ,gav>ni1 :o = ?irty ye>s 0 !    
favorite comic arti/ ( ,p>is r\es &     
d&ies--himself a r\e & d&y4 ,at ?is     
p]iod1 accord+ to 8 fri5d1 ,!ophile     
,gauti]1 he 0 a v h&some "y man1 )      
luxuriant blonde curls1 always          
fa%ionably attir$1 some:at 9 ! ,engli%  
ta/e1 neat1 quiet1 & precise1 & possess+
 9 a high degree ! feel+ = mod]n        
elegances4 ,he 0 ( a sl5d] =m1 :i* seem$
 lac$ 91 & he _h ! air ( be+ c>efully   
dress$ & ?or\ghly appo9t$1 8 feet be+   
effem9ately small & da9tily clad4 ,9    
%ort1 he 0 a d&y ( ! ,d',orsay & ,n4 ,p4
 ,willis p]iod4 ,= _m ye>s he exp5d$ !  
*ief =ce ( 8 truly exquisite tal5t 9    
inve/+ vice ) a *>m :i* 9 real life x   
nev] possesses4 ,loose wom51 :o are1 z a
 class1 v /upid1 v vulg>1 mo/ gre$y (   

ga9 & pleasure1 & totally devoid ( e k9d
 ( int]e/+ quality1 he end[$ ) a grace &
 wit1 a f]tility ( res\rce1 an airy     
elegance ( demeanor1 nev] f\nd except 9 
honorable wom5 re>$ 9 honorable homes4  
,he 0 ! great ma/] ( t deadly s*ool (   
,fr5* satiric art :i* f9ds all virtu\s  
life clumsy or ridicul\s1 & all         
abom9able life graceful & pleas+4       
,albums ( ?is k9d are extant 9 :i* m>ri$
 m5 are inv>iably repres5t$ z objects ( 
contemptu\s pity1 & no man is graceful  
or int]e/+ except ! sneak+ sc\ndrel :o  
has designs ^u ! integrity ( a h\sehold4
 ,op5 ! ,musee p\r ,rire1 = example4 ,"h
 is a little family ( husb&1 wife1 &    
ye>-old *ild 9 b$1 j awake 9 ! morn+1 ! 
wife c>ess+ ! *ild1 & ! husb& look+ on )
 admir+ fondness4 ,?is sc5e is r5d]$    
ridicul\s by ! simple exp$i5t ( mak+ !  
wife & *ild hide\sly ugly1 & ! fond fa!r
 half an idiot4 ,ano!r picture %[s !    
same *ild1 ) a head consi/+ *iefly (    
m\?1 yell+ 9 ! middle ( ! night1 :ile ! 
p>5ts look on1 imbecile & helpless4     

,turn to ! sket*es ( ! mask$ ball or !  
midnight c>\se1 & all is elegant1       
becom+1 & delightful4 ,if ! ,fr5*       
c>icatures ( ! la/ ?irty ye>s d really  
repres5t ,fr5* social life & ,fr5* moral
 feel+1 we may safely pr$ict t 9 ano!r  
g5]ation ,france w be a ,g]man prov9ce2 
= m5 capable ( ma9ta9+ ! indep5d5ce ( a 
nation c n be produc$ on ! ,gav>nian    
pr9ciples4  ,m>riage & civilization we  
might almo/ call synonym\s t]ms4        
,m>riage 0 at lea/ ! greate/ conque/    
made by primitive man ov] himself1 & !  
indisp5sable prelim9>y to a high]       
civilization4 ,nor has any mode yet be5 
discov]$ ( re>+ full-=m$ & effici5t m5  
capable ( self-control1 patriotism1 &   
high pr9ciple1 except ! union ( bo?     
p>5ts /riv+ = t end ) cordial resolution
 long] ?an an av]age life-"t4 ,x is ^u  
?is mo/ sacr$ ( all in/itutions t !     
,fr5* c>icaturi/s ( ! ,gav>ni s*ool p\r 
ceaseless scorn & contempt4 ,z ,i write 
^! l9es1 my eyes fall ^u "o ( ! la/     
numb]s ( a comic %eet publi%$ 9 ,p>is1  

on ! fir/ page ( :i* !re is a picture   
:i* illu/rates ?is prop5sity4 ,a        
dissolute-look+ woman1 smok+ a cig>ette1
 is conv]s+ ) a boy 9 buttons :o has    
appli$ = a place 9 h] h\sehold4 ,h[ old 
are y8 %e asks4 ,elev51 madame4 ,& y\r  
"n8 ,joseph6 ,^u ?is innoc5t reply !    
woman makes a comm5t :i* is truly comic1
 b v ,gav>nian3 ,s "y1 & already he     
calls himself ,joseph6  ,illu/ration3 ,a
 ,p\ltice = ,two--,sympa?y &            
,economy4--,f ,impressions de ,m5age1 by
 ,gav>ni4  ,among ! heaps ( albums to be
 f\nd 9 a ,fr5* collection we turn )    
p>ticul> curiosity to ^? :i* satirize ! 
*ild life ( ,france4 ,gav>ni's celebrat$
 s]ies ( ,enfants ,t]ribles has gone    
r\nd ! _w1 & call$ =? *ild satire 9 _m  
l&s4 ,! pres5ce ( *ildr5 9 8 pictures   
does n long div]t ?is arti/ f 8 rul+    
!me4 ,"o ( 8 t]rible *ildr51 a boy (    
f\r1 prattles innoc5tly to 8 "m 9 ?is   
/ra93 ,nurse is go+ to get up v e>ly1 n[
 t y h come home1 mamma4 ,goodness6 :ile
 y 7 9 ! c\ntry %e always _h h] breakfa/

 9 b$1 & x 0 papa :o took 9 ! milk &    
light$ ! fire4 ,b wasn't ! c(fee jolly  
sweet1 ?\gh6 ,ano!r al>m+ boy ( ! same  
age1 :o is climb+ up 8 fa!r's *air &    
we>+ 8 fa!r's hat1 all s m]ry & innoc5t1
 disc\rses ?us to ! petrifi$ au?or ( 8  
be+3 ,:o is ,mr4 ,alb]t8 ,oh1 he is a   
g5tleman belong+ to ! ,j>d9 des         
,plantes1 :o comes e day to expla9 !    
animals to mamma2 a l>ge man ) mu/a*es1 
:om y don't "k4 ,he didn't come to-day  
until aft] !y _h %ut up ! monkeys4 ,y   
ought to h se5 h[ nicely mamma ent]ta9$ 
him4 ,oh de>6 7discov]+ a bald place on 
papa's pate7 y h h>dly any hair ^u ! top
 ( y\r head1 papa6 ,9 a ?ird picture bo?
 p>5ts are exhibit$ seat$ side by side  
^u a s(a1 & ! t]rible boy addresses 8 "m
 ?us3 ,mamma1 isn't t little mu/a*e comb
 :i* ,cornelia f\nd 9 y\r b$room ?is    
morn+ = me8 ,ano!r sket* %[s u fa!r1 "m1
 & t]rible boy tak+ a walk 9 ! /reets ( 
,p>is4 ,a d&y1 9 ! lik5ess ( ,gav>ni    
himself1 goes by1 ) 8 cane 9 8 m\?1 & 8 
face fix$ s z to seem n to see !m4 ,b ! 

boy sees him1 & bawls to 8 "m3 ,mamma6  
mamma6 t ,monsieur du ,luxemb\rg6--y "k 
him--! "o y said 0 su* a great fri5d to 
papa--he has gone by )\t salut+6 ,i     
suppose ! reason is1 he don't "k h[ to  
behave4 ,ano!r picture pres5ts to view a
 little girl seat$ on a g>d5 b5* eat+   
nuts1 & talk+ to a "y man3 ,! rose :i* y
 gave to mamma8 ,yes1 yes4 ,! "o y ne>ly
 broke y\r neck 9 gett+8 ,let me see4   
,oh1 my c\s9 ,nat /uck x 9 ! tail (     
,mat!w's donkey4 ,h[ mamma did laugh6   
,got any m nuts8 ,! same appall+ girl   
imp>ts a family secret to h] tutor3     
,mamma wrote to ,m4 ,prosp]1 & papa read
 ! lett]4 ,oh1 wasn't papa angry1 ?\gh6 
,& all because %e _h spell$ a ^w wrong4 
,a "m he>+ a little girl say ! cate*ism 
is a subject :i* "o w\ld suppose 0 n    
available = ! purposes ( a ,gav>ni1 b he
 f9ds ev5 t sugge/ive4 ,come1 n[1 pay   
att5tion4 ,:at mu/ we d :5 we h s9n$    
pe*e8 ,to :i* ! t]rible *ild replies1   
play+ unconsci\sly ^u ! ^w pe*e 7s9n$71 
:i* does n diff] 9 s\nd f pe*e 7fi%$71  

,:5 we h pe*e8 ,wait a mom5t4 ,oh6 we g 
back to ! ,:ite ,h\se ) all ! fi% 9 !   
basket1 :i* my nurse eats ) ,l&]neau4   
,he is a big soldi] :o has :ite m>ks ^u 
8 sleeve4 ,& ,i eat my %>e1 let me tell 
y6  ,x is ?us t ! fir/ c>icaturi/ (     
,france utiliz$ ! innoc5ce ( *ildhood :5
 ,l\is ,philippe 0 ,k+ ( ! ,fr5*4       
,illu/ration3 ,p>isian ,%oo1 ,fly6      
,capta91 ,i am "h to ask y\r p]mission  
to fight a duel4  ,:at =1 & ) :om8  ,)  
,salad91 ! trumpet]1 :o has s f> =gott5 
himself z to call me a m\*]on 7little   
fly74--,f ,messieurs nos ,fils et       
,mesdemoiselles nos ,filles1 by ,r&on1  
,p>is4  ,!re is a lat] s]ies by ,r&on1  
entitl$ ,messieurs nos ,fils et         
,mesdemoiselles nos ,filles1 :i*        
exhibits o!r v>ieties ( ,fr5* *ildhood1 
"s ( :i* are inconceivable to p]sons n (
 ! ,lat9 race4 ,x has be5 said t 9      
,am]ica !re are no long] any *ildr52 b  
n[h]e among u are !re "y human be+s :o  
c\ld sugge/ ev5 ! burlesque ( precocity 
su* z ,m4 ,r&on pres5ts to u4 ,we h no  

boys ( t5 :o g privately to ! h]o ( a   
billi>d t\rnam5t & reque/ him ) !       
polite/ gravity1 cap 9 h&1 to put him up
 to "s po9ts ( ! game = 8 exclusive use4
 ,we h no boys ( eight :o /& ) fold$    
arms be=e a sobb+ girl ( sev5 & address 
h] 9 words l ^!3 ,be reasonable1 !n1    
,amelia4 ,! devil6 ,p c't be always lov+
 "o ano!r4 ,we h no err&-boys ( eight :o
 (f] _! s]vices to a "y g5tleman ?us3 ,=
 deliv]+ a note on ! sly1 or gett+ a    
b\quet into ! "r h&s1 monsieur c tru/ to
 me4 ,i am us$ to little affairs ( t    
k9d1 & ,i am z sil5t z ! tomb4 ,we h no 
little boys 9 belt & apron :o say to a  
be>d$ vet]an ( half a doz5 w>s3 ,y don't
 "k y\r happ9ess4 ,= my "p1 give me a   
be>d z long z y\rs1 & n a woman 9 ! _w  
%\ld resi/ me6 ,we h no little boys :o 9
 ! mid/ ( a fight ) fi/s1 "o hav+ a     
black eye & ! o!r a bloody nose1 w\ld   
pause to say3 ,at lea/ we don't fight = 
money1 l ! ,engli%4 ,x is = glory t we  
fight4 ,we h no little boys :o1 on />t+ 
= a ride1 wave aside ! admonitions ( !  

groom by tell+ him t !y "k all ab\t     
manag+ a horse1 & :at !y want ( him is  
simply to tell !m :]e 9 ! ,bois !y w be 
likely to meet mo/ ,amazons4 ,no1 nor 9 
all ! l5g? & bread? ( ,engli%-speak+ l&s
 c !re be f\nd a small boy :o1 on be+   
lectur$ by 8 fa!r1 w\ld place "o h& ^u 8
 he>t1 & lift ! o!r on high1 & say1     
,papa1 by all t ,i hold de>e/1 by my    
honor1 by y\r a%es1 by any ?+ y l1 ,i   
swe> to *ange my conduct6 ,all ^! ?+s   
are s remote f our habits t ! wilde/    
arti/ c\ld n conceive ( !m z passable   
c>icature4  ,illu/ration3 ,?ree6 7,f    
,ari?metic ,illu/rat$1 by ,*am47  ,!    
opprobri\s words 9 use among ,fr5* boys 
w\ld n /rike ! boys ( ,new ,york or     
,london z be+ v exasp]at+4 ,m4 ,r&on    
gives u an imag9>y conv]sation betwe5 a 
v small trumpet] 9 gorge\s uni=m & a    
gam9 ( ! /reet4 ,lit]ally translat$1 x  
w\ld read ?us3 ,look out1 little fly1 or
 y w get y\rself cru%$4 ,to :i* ! /reet 
boy replies1 ,desc5d1 !n1 species (     
toad3 ,i w make y see :at a little fly  

is6 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we may believe ,m4 
,r&on1 ,fr5* boys ( a v t5d] age consid]
 !mselves subject to ! code ( honor1 &  
hold !mselves 9 read9ess to accept a    
*all5ge to mortal combat4 ,a soldi] ( t5
 ye>s appe>s 9 "o ( ?is s]ies ) 8 arm 9 
a sl+1 & he expla9s ! circum/ance to 8  
milit>y comrade ( ! same age3 ,x's all a
 %am1 my de>4 ,i'll tell y ! reason 9   
/rict confid5ce3 x is to make a c]ta9   
p]son ( my acqua9tance believe t ,i h   
f\ght = h]4 ,! boys ( ,france1 x is     
evid5t1 are no?+ if n milit>y4 ,mo/ ( ! 
"y vet]ans blases exhibit$ 9 ^! albums  
are 9 uni=m4  ,an int]e/+ relic ( ^?    
ye>s :5 ,fr5*m5 /ill enjoy$ "s semblance
 ( lib]ty to discuss subjects ( national
 & ,european conc]n is ,gav>ni's s]ies (
 ma/]ly sket*es burlesqu+ ! v idea (    
private citiz5s tak+ an int]e/ 9 public 
affairs4 ,?is is accompli%$ by ! device 
( giv+ to all ! m5 :o are talk+ politics
 c\nt5ances ( comic /upidity4 ,an idiot 
9 a bl\se says to an idiot 9 a coat1    
,pol&1 don't y see1 w nev] =give y\r    

+ratitude6 ,an idiot 9 a night-cap says 
to an idiot b>e-head$1 ) ludicr\s       
int5sity1 ,& :5 y h tak5 ,lomb>dy1 !n   
:at8 ,no?+ c exce$ ! skill ( !          
draughtsman ( ?is s]ies1 except !       
p]v]sity ( ! man1 to :om no human       
activity seem$ becom+ unless its object 
0 ! l[e/ =m ( s5sual pleasure4 ,b !     
tal5t :i* he display$ 9 ?is album 0     
imm5se4 ,x 01 if ,i may say s1          
frightful2 = !re is no?+ 9 our mod]n    
life s al>m+ z ! p[] :i* reckless &     
dissolute tal5t has to make virtu\s life
 seem prov9cial & ridicul\s1 vici\s life
 graceful & metropolitan4     ,,*apt]   
,,xix4  ,,lat] ,,fr5* ,,c>icature4      
,illu/ration3 ,two ,attitudes4  ,) y\r  
air ( romantic melan*oly1 y c\ld succe$ 
) "s wom54 ,= my "p1 ,i make my conque/s
 ) drums beat+ & mat*es light$4--,f     
,messieurs nos ,fils et ,mesdemoiselles 
nos ,filles1 by ,r&on1 ,p>is4  ,dur+ !  
tw5ty ye>s ( ,l\is ,napoleon1 political 
c>icature be+ ext+ui%$1 ,france 0       
inundat$ ) dilut$ ,gav>ni4 ,any wret* :o

 drew or wrote = ! p5ny almanacs1       
swelt]+ 9 8 ,mans>d on a franc a day1   
c\ld produce a c]ta9 effect by repres5t+
 ! elegant life ( 8 c\ntry1 ( :i* he    
knew no?+1 to be corrupt & s5sual4 ,pick
 up "o ( ^! preci\s works bl9dfold1 op5 
x at r&om1 & y w be almo/ c]ta9 to light
 ^u "s p5ny-a-l9e calumny ( ,fr5*       
exi/5ce1 ) a suitable picture annex$4 ,i
 h j done s4 ,! ,almana* ,comique =     
#ahfi1 its tw5ty-eigh? ye>1 lies op5    
be=e me at ! page devot$ to ! mon? (    
,augu/4 ,my eye falls ^u a picture ( a  
loosely dress$ woman gaz+ fondly ^u a   
l>ge full purse susp5d$ ^u ! end ( a    
walk+-/ick1 & und]nea? are ! words1     
,elle ne t>de pas a se reapprivois]4 ,%e
 does n delay to retame h]self1 ! v]b   
be+ ! "o appli$ to wild bea/s4 ,!re is  
ev5 a subtle deviltry 9 ! syllable re1  
imply+ t %e has rebell$ aga9/ h] de/9y1 
b is easily en\gh br\ght to t]ms by a   
bribe4 ,! read+ matt] = ! mon? consi/s (
 ! foll[+ brief essay1 entitl$ ,augu/--!
 ,virg93 ,h[ to g = a mon? to ! sea-%ore

 dur+ ! wor/ ( ! dog-days4 ,hire a *alet
 at ,cab\rg = madame1 & a cottage on !  
bea* ( ,tr\ville = mademoiselle4 ,!     
transit betwe5 ^? two places is         
accompli%$ p] omnibus 9 an h\r4 ,t is v 
conv5i5t4 ,breakfa/ ) ,mademoiselle2 d9e
 ) ,madame4 ,?is d\ble exi/5ce is v     
exp5sive1 b z x is ! mo/ common1 we are 
compell$ to exam9e x 9 ord] to e/abli% a
 basis = ! exp5ditures ( ! twelve mon?s4
 ,is x n obvi\s t ?is 0 evolv$8 ,does x 
n smell ( a g>licky ,mans>d8 ,& h n all 
mod]n communities a common int]e/ 9     
discr$it+ anonym\s calumny8 ,x 7 z      
unju/1 d\btless1 to judge ! frugal p (  
,france by ! comic annuals z !          
good-natur$ p ( ,engl& by ! ,saturday   
,review4  ,illu/ration3 ,! ,d5 ( ,lions 
at ! ,op]a4 7,f ,les ,diff]5ts ,publics 
de ,p>is1 by ,gu/ave ,dore47  ,x is     
evid5t1 too1 t ! ,fr5* h a totally      
diff]5t conception f ourselves ( :at is 
fit & unfit to be utt]$4 ,!y ridicule   
our squeami%ness2 we /& amaz$ at _!     
indelicacy4 ,voltaire1 :o c\ld read 8   

,pucelle to ! ,que5 ( ,prussia1 h] "y   
daught] be+ also pres5t & se5 to be     
li/5+1 0 a/\nd$ 9 ,london at ! mon/r\s  
indec5cy ( ,o!llo2 & ,engli% p ( ! same 
g5]ation 7 agha/ at ! lic5se ( !        
,p>isian /age4 ,m4 ,m>cel91 a popul>    
,fr5* c>icaturi/ ( to-day1 d$icates an  
album conta9+ ?irty pictures ( :at he   
/yles ,un c]ta9 ,monde to 8 "m6 ,we mu/ 
n judge ! productions ( su* a p by /&>ds
 drawn f o!r ?an ,lat9 s\rces4  ,among !
 comic arti/s :o began _! c>e] 9 ,l\is  
,philippe's "t1 "u ! inspiration (      
,philipon & ,daumi]1 0 a son ( ! ,comte 
de ,noe1 or1 z we might express x1 ,c\nt
 ,noah1 a pe] ( ,france :5 !re 7 pe]s ( 
,france4 ,am$ee de ,noe1 cat*+ ! _s (   
c>icature :ile he 0 /ill a boy 7he 0 b  
?irte5 :5 ,le ,*>ivavi 0 />t$71 soon    
made 8 pseudonym1 ,*am1 famili> to      
,p>is4 ,*am be+ ,fr5* = ,%em1 x 0 a     
happy way ( designat+ a son ( ,c\nt     
,noah4 ,f t "t to ! pres5t h\r ,*am has 
cont9u$ to amuse 8 c\ntrym51 p\r+ =?    
torr5ts ( sket*es1 :i* usually h ! m]it 

( be+ h>mless1 & are g5]ally good en\gh 
to call up a smile ^u a face n too      
/iffly wr9kl$ ) ! c>es ( life4 ,he is   
almo/ z prolific ( comic ideas z ,george
 ,cruik%ank1 b 8 pictures are n[ too    
rudely execut$ to s]ve any b ! mo/      
mom5t>y purpose4 ,:5 a comic album      
conta9+ sixty-"o pictures by ,*am is    
sold 9 ,p>is = ab\t twelve c5ts ( our   
curr5cy1 ! arti/ c n be/[ mu* "t or pa9s
 ^u 8 "w4 ,! comic almanac quot$ above1 
conta9+ "o hundr$ & eighty-?ree pages & 
sev5ty pictures1 co/s ! retail pur*as]  
t5 c5ts4  ,gu/ave ,dore1 n[ s r5[n$1    
came f ,/rasburg to ,p>is 9 #ahde1 a boy
 ( ?irte51 & made 8 fir/ essays 9 art1  
?ree ye>s aft]1 z a c>icaturi/ 9 !      
,j\rnal p\r ,rire4 ,b :ile he scrat*$   
tra% = 8 d9n]1 he res]v$ 8 bett] h\rs = 
! s]i\s pursuit ( art1 :i*1 9 j t5 ye>s1
 deliv]$ him f a vocation 9 :i* he c\ld 
nev] h tak5 pleasure4 ,8 great subsequ5t
 celebrity has caus$ ! publication (    
sev]al volumes ( 8 comic "w4 ,x ab\nds 9
 /rik+ ideas1 b ! pictures 7 execut$ )  

headlong ha/e1 to gratify a transi5t    
public feel+1 & keep ! arti/'s pot      
boil+4 ,8 s]ies exhibit+ ! ,diff]5t     
,publics ( ,p>is is full ( pregnant     
sugge/ions1 & !re are happy ?\ghts ev5 9
 8 ,hi/oire de la ,sa9te ,russie1 a     
s]ies publi%$ dur+ ! ,crimean w>1 ?\gh  
mo/ ( ! "w is crude & ha/y beyond       
belief4  ,9 look+ ov] ! volumes ( rec5t 
,fr5* c>icature1 we discov] t a         
consid]able numb] ( ,engli% words h     
become dome/icat$ 9 ,france4 ,france    
hav+ giv5 u ! words ( ! !atre & !       
re/aurant1 has adopt$ 9 return sev]al   
,engli% words relat+ to out-(-door      
ex]cises3 ,turf1 r+1 /eeple-*ase1 box 79
 a /able71 jockey1 jockey-club1 bett+1  
bett+-book1 h&icap1 race1 rac]1         
f\r-9-h&1 mail-coa*1 sport1 tilbury1    
dog-c>t1 t&em1 pickpocket1 & revolv]4   
,rosbif1 bif/ek1 & *oppe h long be5     
famili>4 ,milord is no long] exclusively
 us$ to designate a sumptu\s ,engli%man1
 b is appli$ to any "o :o exp5ds money  
o/5tati\sly4 ,g5tleman1 d&y1 d&yism1    

flirt1 flirtation1 puff1 cockney1 &     
cocktail are words t w\ld be recogniz$  
by mo/ ,p>isians4 ,a ,fr5* writ] quotes 
! phrase h]o ( two hemisph]es1 appli$ to
 ,lafayette1 z a specim5 ( ! puff       
sup]lative4 ,o!llo has become synonym\s 
) jeal\s man2 & ! s5t5ce1 ,t is ! "q1 f 
,hamlet1 seems to h acquir$ curr5cy 9   
,france4 ,cab1 abbreviat$ a c5tury ago f
 ! ,fr5* 7cabriolet71 has be5 br\ght    
back to ,p>is1 l ! head ( a fugitive    
decapitat$ 9 exile4  ,illu/ration3 ,!   
,vulture4 7,f ,la ,m5ag]ie ,imp]iale1   
#ahga47  ,! rec5t ev5ts 9 ,france1      
beg9n+ ) ! outbreak ( ! w> ) ,prussia1 h
 elicit$ c\ntless c>icatures & s]ies (  
c>icatures4 ,! d[nfall ( ! ,empire1 z x 
0 call$1 gave ! c>icaturi/s an          
opportunity ( v5geance :i* !y improv$4  
,a citiz5 ( ,new ,york possesses a      
collection ( "o ?\s& satirical pictures 
publi%$ 9 ,p>is dur+ ! w> & "u !        
,commune4 ,a p :o submit to a despis$   
usurp] are n likely to be mod]ate or    
dec5t 9 ! expression ( _! contempt :51  

at l5g?1 ! tyrant is no long] to be     
fe>$4 ,x 0 b natural t ! ,fr5* c\rt %\ld
 insult ! rema9s ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 to :om 
liv+ x _h paid honors all b div9e2 = x  
is only /r5g? & valor t "k h[ to be ei!r
 magnanim\s or dignifi$ 9 ! mom5t (     
deliv]ance4 ,_m ( ! p ( ,p>is1 :5 !y    
he>d ( ! ridicul\s t]m9ation ne> ,s$an (
 ! odi\s fiction call$ ! ,empire1 behav$
 l boys j rid ( a s*ool-ma/] :om !y h   
long dete/$ & obey$4 ,( c\rse !y seiz$ !
 *alk & cov]$ all ! blackbo>ds ) mon/r\s
 pictures ( ! tyrant4 ,! flight ( 8 wife
 soon aft] call$ =? _m sc&al\s sket*es  
simil> to ^? :i* disgrac$ ,p>is :5 ,m>ie
 ,anto9ette 0 9 prison await+ !         
execution ( h] husb& & h] own trial4 ,_m
 ( ^! burlesques1 h[ev]1 7 fair &       
legitimate4 ,! specim5 giv5 on ! next   
page1 entitl$ ,p>tant p\r la ,syrie1 :i*
 appe>$ soon aft] ! dep>ture ( ,eug5ie &
 h] advis]s1 0 a g5u9e hit4 ,x 0        
exhibit$ 9 e w9d[1 & sold :]ev] 9       
,france ! victori\s ,g]mans 7 n4 ,a     
memb] ( ! ,am]ican legation1 amid/ !    

ru%+ tide ( excit+ ev5ts & topics1 *anc$
 to save a copy1 f :i* x is "h r$uc$4   
,illu/ration3 ,bad+uet4 ,eug5ie4 ,g5]al 
,fleury4 ,pietri4 ,r\h]4 ,maupas4       
,p]signy4  ,p>tant p\r la ,syrie4       
7,publi%$ 9 ,p>is aft] ! ,flight (      
,eug5ie47  ,among ! albums ( siege      
sket*es1 we come ^u "o execut$ by !     
vet]ans ,*am & ,daumi]1 ! same ,h5ri    
,daumi] :om ,l\is ,philippe imprison$1 &
 ,?ack]ay prais$1 =ty ye>s ago4 ,9 ?is  
collection we see ,p>isian ladies1 9    
view ( ! expect$ bomb>dm5t1 bundl$ up 9 
huge bags ( cotton1 lead+ lap-dogs      
protect$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,an ugly       
,prussian t\*es (f a bomb aim$ at !     
*ildr5 9 ! ,j>d9 du ,luxemb\rg4 ,k+     
,william decorates crut*es & wood5 legs 
z ,new-ye>'s pres5ts = 8 p4 ,an apo!c>y 
sells a pla/] w>rant$ to prev5t w\nds1  
provid$ ! we>] nev] leaves 8 h\se4 ,a   
workman goes to *ur* = ! fir/ "t 9 8    
life1 & gives z a reason = s unworkman-l
 a proce$+ t a man don't h to /& 9 l9e =
 ! bless$ bread4 ,a volunte] goes on a  

sortie ) a pill[ "u 8 wai/coat to %[ !  
enemy t we h pl5ty ( provisions4 ,all ^!
 are by ! fe/ive ,*am4  ,daumi] does n  
je/4 ,he seems to h felt t ,l\is        
,napoleon1 l a *ild-murd]]1 0 a p]son f>
 b5ea? c>icature--a creature only fit to
 be de/roy$ & hurri$ out ( sight & ?\ght
 =ev]4 ,amid/ ! dre>y horrors ( ! siege1
 ,h5ri ,daumi] c\ld only ?9k ( its mean 
& guilty cause4 ,"o ( 8 few pictures 9  
?is collection is a r[ ( f\r vaults1 !  
fir/ be>+ ! inscription1 ,di$ on !      
,b\lev>d ,montm>tre1 ,decemb] #b;d1     
#ahea2 ! second1 ,di$ at ,cay5ne2 !     
?ird1 ,di$ at ,lambessa2 ! f\r?1 ,di$ at
 ,s$an1 #ahgj4 ,b ev5 !n ,daumi]1 true  
to ! vocation ( a patriotic arti/1 d>$  
to rem9d 8 c\ntrym5 t x 0 !y :o _h      
reign$ 9 ! guise ( ! usurp]4 ,a wild    
female figure /&+ on a field ( battle   
po9ts ) "o h& to ! dead1 & ) ! o!r to a 
vase fill$ ) ballots1 on :i* is pr9t$ ! 
^w ,,oui4 ,%e cries1 ,^! kill$ ^?6      
,dur+ ! ,commune ! walls ( ,p>is 7 aga9 
cov]$ ) draw+s & li?ographs ( ! "* :i*  

,fr5*m5 produce aft] long p]iods (      
repression3 ,l\is ,napoleon crucifi$    
betwe5 ! two ?ieves1 ,bism>ck & ,k+     
,william2 ,?i]s 9 ! pillory cov]$ &     
surr\nd$ ) opprobri\s inscriptions2     
,?i]s1 ,favre1 & ,m',mahon placidly     
look+ d[n f a luxuri\s upp] room ^u a   
sla9 "m & *ild gha/ly ) blood & w\nds2  
l&lords1 lean & hungry1 begg+ = bread1  
:ile fat & rosy labor]s bask idly 9 !   
sun2 little boy ,p>is sma%+ 8 play?+s   
7,tro*u1 ,gambetta1 & ,ro*e=t7 & cry+ = 
! moon2 ,p>is eat+ a g5]al a day2 ,que5 
,victoria 9 con/]nation try+ to /amp out
 ! horrid c5tip$e1 ,int]national1 :ile  
,monsieur ,john ,b\le1 ,esquire1 /&s ne>
 ) ! habeas-corpus act 9 8 h&2 nak$     
,france press+ ,ro*e=t to h] bosom2 &   
hundr$s m1 describable & indescribable4 
,illu/ration3 ,gav>ni4  ,x rema9s to    
give a specim5 ( rec5t ,fr5* c>icature (
 ano!r k9d4 ,once m1 aft] s _m pro(s (  
its impolicy1 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,france     
attempts to suppress su* political      
c>icature z is n agreeable to x1 :ile   

freely p]mitt+ ! publication ( pictures 
flagrantly indec5t4 ,at no =m] p]iod1 n 
ev5 9 ,voltaire's "t1 c\ld ! ,fr5* press
 h be5 m c>efully h$g$ ab\t ) laws t5d+ 
to de/roy its p[] to d good1 & increase 
its p[] to d h>m4 ,! ,gov]nm5t treats ! 
press v mu* aft] ! mann] ( ^? a/ute     
p>5ts :o =bid _! *ildr5 to see a com$y (
 ,rob]tson or a play ( ,%akspe>e1 b make
 x up to !m by giv+ !m tickets to !     
v>iety %[4 ,a writ] famili> ) ! subject 
gives u "s a/\nd+ details3  ,!re exi/ at
 pres5t1 he rem>ks1 sixty-eight laws 9  
,france1 all int5d$ to suppress1        
curtail1 weak51 emasculate1 & ev5 to    
/rangle newspap]s2 b n "o s+le law to   
fo/] !m 9 _! dire mis=tune4 ,if any     
private ,fr5* g5tleman wi%es to e/abli% 
a newspap]1 he mu/ fir/ write to !      
,prefet de ,police1 on pap] ( a c]ta9   
size & duly /amp$1 & give ?is function>y
 notice t he int5ds to e/abli% a        
newspap]4 ,8 signature has1 ( c\rse1 to 
be c\nt]sign$ by ! ,maire4 ,b if ! pap] 
our fri5d wi%es to e/abli% is purely    

lit]>y1 he has fir/ to make 8 decl>ation
 to ! police1 :o rake up e in=mation t  
is possible ab\t ! un=tunate projector4 
,aft] t1 ! ,m9i/]e de l',int]ieur       
in/itutes ano!r se>*+ inquiry1 & ^! two 
take sev5 or eight mon?s at lea/4 ,:5 ! 
enquete & ! contre-enquete are end$1 !  
avis favorable ( ! :ole ,m9i/ry is      
necess>y be=e ! pap] c be publi%$4      
,ano!r six mon?s to wait yet2 b ?is is n
 all4 ,our w\ld-be newspap] proprietor  
or editor possesses n[ ! "r ( publi%+ 8 
pap]2 b he has n yet ! "r to sell x4 ,9 
ord] to obta9 ?is1 he mu/ beg9 anew all 
8 decl>ations & attempts1 s t 8 purely  
lit]>y pap] may be sold at all ! ord9>y 
book-sell]s' %ops4 ,b if he wi%es x to  
be sold 9 ! /reets--or1 9 o!r words1 9 !
 kiosques--he mu/ address himself to    
ano!r (fice ad hoc1 & !n ! ,commissaire 
de ,police s5ds ! answ] ( ! ,prefet de  
,police to ! un=tunate proprietor1      
editor1 or publi%]1 :o by ?is "t mu/ be 
ne>ly at 8 wits' end4  ,b ev5 ?is is n  
all4 ,if ! unhappy projector proposes to

 illu/rate 8 pap]1 8 labors are /ill f> 
f end+4 ,he mu/1 cont9ues ! writ]1      
obta91 ( c\rse1 ! p]mission ( ! ,m9i/]e 
de l',int]ieur = ,p>is1 or ( ! prefects 
= ! prov9ces4 ,! ,m9i/]e asks = ! op9ion
 ( ! ,gov]nor ( ,p>is1 :o asks1 9 8     
turn1 = ! op9ion ( ! ,bureau de ,c5sure1
 a body ( g5tlem5 work+ 9 ! d>k1 & :i*1 
to ! eye ( ! obtuse =eign]1 appe>s only 
e/abli%$ to prev5t any political        
ins9uations to be made1 b to all[ !     
fil?ie/ draw+s to be publicly expos$ =  
sale1 & ! mo/ indec5t innu5does to be   
utt]$ on ! /age or 9 novels4 ,! ,c5sure 
dem&s1 "u ! p5alty ( seiz+1 =bidd+1 &   
br++ be=e ! c\rt1 t e sket* or outl9e   
%all be submitt$ to x4 ,:5 ?is is done1 
& ! ,c5sure f9ds no?+ to criticise 9 x1 
x requires fur!r t ! draw+1 :5 f9i%$1 be
 anew laid be=e x1 &1 if ! draw+ be     
color$1 x mu/ be afre% inspect$ aft] !  
dang]\s pa9ts h be5 smir*$ on4 ,:5 our  
happy editor wi%es to publi% ! c>icature
 or ! portrait ( any "o1 he c n d s     
unless he has ! p]mission ( ! g5tleman  

or lady ^: lik5ess he wi%es to produce4 
,illu/ration3 ,honore ,daumi]4  ,su* 0 !
 measure ( fre$om enjoy$ 9 ! ,fr5*      
republic gov]n$ by soldi]s4 ,b ?is      
elaborate sy/em ( repression c be bo?   
evad$ & turn$ to acc\nt by ! c>icaturi/4
 ,dur+ ! la/ two or ?ree ye>s1 a writ]  
:o calls himself ,t\*at\t has be5 amus+ 
,p>is by a s]ies ( satirical            
biographies1 ea* prec$$ by a burlesque  
portrait4 ,b occasionally ! ,c5sure     
refuses its cons5t to ! ins]tion ( !    
portrait4 ,! son ( ,l\is ,napoleon 0 "o 
individual :om ! ,c5sure ?us endeavor$  
to protect4 ,obs]ve ! result4 ,in/ead ( 
exhibit+ to ! p ( ,p>is a h>mless       
picture repres5t+ ! head ( ! un=tunate  
"y man m\nt$ ^u a pair ( dim9utive legs1
 ,t\*at\t pr9ts at ! head ( 8           
biographical sket* ! damag+ burlesque   
subjo9$3                                
,,republique ,,francaise4               
,,lib]ty1 ,,equality1 ,,frat]nity1      
,,& ,,c5sure4                           
,,! ,,publication ,,( ,,! ,,portrait ,,(

                                        
,velocip$e ,,iv4                        
,,has ,,be5 ,,=bidd5 ,,by ,,! ,,c5sure4 
,,x ,,c ,,be ,,f\nd ,,at ,,all ,,!      
,,photograph]s4          ,i translate ! 
burlesque biography t foll[s ! above4 ,x
 may s]ve also z a specim5 ( ! new      
lit]>y commodity ( :i* ! ,p>isians seem 
s fond1 & = :i* a "n has be5            
inv5t$--blague--:i* means amus+ly malign
 gossip4  ,,velocip$e ,,iv4             
7,napoleon-,eug5e-,l\is-,jean-,joseph1  
,pr9ce ,imp]ial1 m commonly kn[n by ! "n
 (37 born at ,p>is1 ,m>* #af?1 #ahef4   
,he is ! son ( ,napoleon ,,iii4 & ( !   
,empress1 ,eug5ie de ,montijo4  ,"h a   
p>5!sis4 ,! ,tromb9oscope has (t5 be5   
accus$ ( brutality4 ,:5 we trac$ !      
pr(ile ( ! ex-empress1 ! cry 0 t we _h  
no consid]ation ev5 = wom54 ,we repli$  
t1 9 our eyes1 sov]eigns 7 no m wom5 ?an
 7 ! %e petroleum-?r[]s4 ,to-day !re w n
 be want+ p to say t we d n sp>e *ildr52
 & we %all reply1 z we h (t5 said be=e1 
t sons are n responsible = ! crimes ( _!

 fa!rs until ! day :5 !y set up a claim 
to pr(it by !m4 ,if1 dur+ ! two ye>s t !
 ,tromb9oscope has pli$ 8 vocation1 we h
 n aim$ a %ot at ! "y h]o ( ,s>rebruck1 
x is precisely because *ildhood inspires
 respect 9 u4 ,if ?is y\?1 :5 consult$  
^u 8 call+1 _h repli$1 ',my desire is to
 be an ar*itect or a %oe-mak]1' we %\ld 
h _h no?+ to say4 ,b m>k3 sc>cely has he
 ceas$ to be a *ild :51 on be+ que/ion$ 
z to 8 *oice ( a trade1 he answ]s1 ',i  
wi% to be emp]or4' ,oh1 inde$6 ,! son ( 
,napoleon ,,iii4 has ent]$ ^u 8 c>e]2 he
 is a *ild no m2 & ! ,tromb9oscope      
re-ent]s into all 8 rights4  ,we said1  
!n1 t ,eug5e-,napoleon 0 born ,m>* #af?1
 #ahef4 ,! doctor :o receiv$ him p]ceiv$
 t he _h ^u la fesse droite a mass ( odd
 little r$ m>ks4 ,^u exam9+ closely ?is 
ph5om5on1 he p]ceiv$ t ^! m>ks 7 a      
repres5tation ( ! bomb>dm5t ( ! h\se    
,sallanvr\ze 9 ,decemb]1 #ahea1 ^u !    
,b\lev>d ,montm>tre4 ,all 0 !re3 !      
intrepid artill]y ( ,canrob]t1 sma%+ !  
%op-w9d[s & pulv]iz+ a newspap] /&2 !   

nurses disemb[el$ ^u ! seats2 !         
bootblack on ! corn] hav+ 8 cu/om]'s leg
 c>ri$ away f betwe5 8 h&s1 etc41 etc4  
,! empress dur+ h] pregnancy _h read    
,victor ,hugo's ',napoleon ! ,little1' &
 _h be5 mu* /ruck ) ! *apt] 9 :i* ! c\p 
d'etat is s well relat$4 ,!y conceal$ f 
! p ?is tattoo+--?is f> too significant 
trade-m>k--& !y plac$ ! new-born *ild 9 
a cradle ) ! ribbon ( ! ,legion ( ,honor
 ar\nd 8 neck4 ,! high dignit>ies !n    
advanc$ to pro/rate !mselves be=e !     
augu/ infant1 :o suck$ 8 ?umb1 & !y     
relate1 9 ?is connection1 9 ! blatant   
clap-trap ,hi/ory ( ,napoleon ,,iii41 t 
"o ( ! c\rti]s n>r[ly escap$ fall+ into 
disgrace by appe>+ /upefi$ to see !     
,pr9ce ,imp]ial decorat$ at ! age (     
fifte5 h\rs4 ,happily he recov]$ himself
 9 "t1 & repli$ to ! emp]or1 :o _h      
rem>k$ 8 surprise3  ',sire6 ,i am inde$ 
a/oni%$ t ,8 ,highness is only comm&]4' 
,to ! age ( eighte5 mon?s1 ! ,pr9ce     
,imp]ial did no?+ rem>kable2 b1 dat+ f t
 mom5t1 he became a v]itable prodigy4   

,along ) 8 fir/ pair ( tr\s]s1 8 fa!r   
ord]$ two doz5 witticisms ( ! editors ( 
,fig>o4 ,^! sallies at once w5t ! r\nds 
( ! dome/ic press1 & ! ,pr9ce ,imp]ial  
_h n rea*$ 8 six? ye> :5 he pass$1 9 !  
rural di/ricts1 = hav+ all ! wit :i* 8  
"m lack$4 ,?us1 9 full ,fig>o1 appe>$ "o
 morn+ a crayon draw+ attribut$ to !    
,pr9ce ,imp]ial1 at ! age :5 z yet he   
only execut$ 9 sepia ^u ! flaps ( 8     
%irt4  ,?is m>vel ( precocity a/oni%$   
all m5 :o _h ne$ ( a sub-prefect%ip or a
 place 9 ! tobacco excise2 & ?is to su* 
a po9t t !y 7 n 9 ! lea/ surpris$ :51   
dur+ ! ,exhibition ( #ahfg1 a report]   
prep>$ 8 left button-hole to receive !  
recomp5se due to ! brave by pr9t+--9 !  
self-same ,fig>o1 by heav5s6--t ! little
 pr9ce1 !n elev5 ye>s ( age1 _h discuss$
 ) eng9e]s ( exp]i5ce ! /rong & weak    
po9ts ( all ! :eel "w 9 ! gr& hall (    
ma*9]y4  ,! ye>s :i* foll[$ 7 = ! "y    
ph5om5on only a succession ( triumphs ( 
! same calibre1 until ! day :5 8 fa!r   
decl>$ t1 9 ord] to complete 8 imp]ial  

education1 no?+ 0 want+ to him b to le>n
 to ride ! velocip$e4  ,x ne$ n be said 
t he le>n$ ?is noble art1 l all ! o!rs1 
by j bl[+ ^u x4  ,mean:ile1             
,eug5e-,napoleon _h a*iev$ v>i\s grades 
9 ! army4 ,nam$ ,corporal 9 ! ,gr5adi]s 
( ! ,gu>d at ! age ( tw5ty-two mon?s1 "o
 ev5+ :5 he _h n cri$ = be+ put to b$ at
 eight o'clock1 he _h be5 made          
successively pione]1 s]geant1           
s]geant-major1 & adjutant ( ! same      
corps4 ,:5 he made "s difficulties ab\t 
swall[+ 8 iodide ( potassium 9 ! morn+1 
!y promis$ him promotion1 & t enc\rag$  
him4 ,f glass to glass1 he won ! epaulet
 ( sub-lieut5ant2 & at ! mom5t :5 ! w> )
 ,prussia broke out he _h j des]v$ !    
epaulet ( lieut5ant by lett+ !m give    
him1 )\t cry+1 an injection ) salt1 :i* 
inspir$ him ) pr(\nd horror4  ,at ! v   
beg9n+ ( ! w>1 8 fa!r took him to !     
,prussian fronti]1 9 ord] to make him   
pass by 8 side "u triumphal ar*es into  
,b]l91 :i* ! army five times ready (    
,m>%al ,leboeuf 0 to ent] )9 f\r days at

 ! v late/4  ,at ! combat ( ,s>rebruck1 
t brilliant milit>y pantomime :i* !     
,emp]or caus$ to be p]=m$ "u ! guise ( a
 p>ade1 ! ,pr9ce ,imp]ial became !      
admiration ( ,europe by pick+ up on !   
field ( battle 'a bullet :i* _h fall5   
ne> him1' said ! dispat* ( ,napoleon to 
,eug5ie4 ',f ! pocket ( a mis*iev\s /aff
 (fic]1' hi/ory w add4  ,s9ce our       
disa/]s1 ! ,pr9ce ,imp]ial gr[s & /uffs 
himself 9 exile1 ) "s devot$ s]vants ^: 
sal>ies g on z be=e1 & a ,spani% "m :o  
tea*es him to love ,france z ! mo/      
lucrative ( ! mon>*ical tobacco-excise  
(fices 9 ,europe4  ,rec5tly ! ,pr9ce    
,imp]ial1 = ! fir/ "t1 decl>$ 8         
pret5sion to ! ?rone by ?ank+ ! eight   
,bonap>ti/s1 :o _h hir$ a smok+         
comp>tm5t ^u ! ,nor!rn ,l9e 9 ord] to   
pres5t _! complim5ts--& _! bill--on !   
occasion ( ! #ae? ( ,augu/4 ,t 0 ! fir/ 
act ( a ,pret5d]1 ! cutt+ ( ^: tee? /ill
 torm5ts him1 & ^: new pantaloons become
 too %ort at ! end ( eight days4 ,x 0   
?is :i* decid$ u to write 8 r meagre    

biography4  ,z to 8 p]son1 ! ,pr9ce     
,imp]ial is a p]fect type ( a slobb]+   
aspirant ( ! eigh? ord]4 ,9 8 ext]ior1  
at lea/1 he does n seem to h d]iv$ mu* f
 8 fa!r2 b he has ! empty1 va91 & silly 
expression ( 8 "m4 ,he repres5ts        
suffici5tly well "o ( ^? m>ri$ boobies  
^: insignificance condemns !m to live ^u
 _! income 9 a little prov9cial city1   
work+ six h\rs a day _! "p ( ?ird cornet
 9 a raw philh>monic society1 :ile _!   
wives at home make cuckolds ( !m ) !    
(fic]s ( ! g>rison4   ,,supplem5t>y     
,,notice4  ,dates to be suppli$ by !    
collectors ( ! ,tromb9oscope4           
,eug5e-,napoleon1 atta9+ 8 majority ,m>*
 #af?1 #ahgg1 dem&s a settlem5t f 8 "m4 
,%e confesses to him t ( 8 mat]nal =tune
 !re rema9 b ?irty-two francs4 ',:at has
 become1 !n1' he asks1'( all ! fund :i*1
 dur+ ! tw5ty ye>s ( papa's empire1 0   
produc$ by ! exemption money ( !        
conscripts = :om sub/itutes 7 n obta9$1 
by ! buttons :i* 7 want+ to ! gait]s1 & 
! gait]s :i* 7 want+ to ! buttons8'     

',:at has become ( x8' said ! ,empress4 
',d y suppose t1 dur+ ^! sev5 ye>s pa/1 
,i h ma9ta9$ our ,fr5* j\rnals ) my old 
*ignons8' ,eug5e-,napoleon repli$ to 8  
"m3 ',!n1 if ,i h no long] a s\ ) :i* to
 take ,m&>9e to ! races1 h& me "o (     
papa's rid+-jackets t ,i may make a     
desc5t at ,b\logne1 to de?rone ,l\is    
,philippe ,,ii4 ,he makes a desc5t at   
,b\logne1 ! ---- #ah--1 ) five drunk5 m5
 & ! little ,conneau1 all disguis$ z    
circus /aff (fic]s4 ,!y put him on 8    
trial2 he is convict$ ! ---- #ah--2 is  
p>don$ ! ---- #ah--2 repeats ! p]=mance 
! ---- #ah--4 ,! ,republic hav+ turn$   
out ,l\is ,philippe ,,ii41              
,eug5e-,napoleon re-ent]s ,france ! ----
 #ah--;z simple citiz54 ,! republicans1 
:o are always j s fooli%1 p]mit him to  
be elect$ deputy ! ---- #ah--1 &        
presid5t ! ---- #ah--4 ,he seats himself
 ^u ! ,republic ,decemb] #b;d1 #ah--1 & 
re-e/abli%es ! ,empire ! ---- #ah--4 ,! 
social decomposition resumes its c\rse4 
,velocip$e ,,iv4 m>ries ! ---- #ah--1 a 

circus girl4 ,! moral scale cont9ues to 
rise3 ,blan*e d',antigny & ,cora ,pe>l  
are ladies ( honor at ! ,tuil]ies4 ,!   
----#ah--1 at ! mom5t :5 ,velocip$e     
,,iv4 is ab\t to engage 9 a w> )        
,prussia1 :i* he ?9ks w consolidate 8   
?rone1 b :i*1 consid]+ ! organization ( 
our artill]y1 ?reat5s to ext5d ! ,g]man 
fronti]s z f> z ,sa9t-,ou54 ,france /ops
 ! dra9 ( ^? ru9\s imitations1 drives   
out ! ,emp]or1 & aga9 proclaims !       
,republic4 ,?is "t1 a ?+ :olly          
unexpect$1 "s republicans are f\nd :o1  
aft] hav+ en]getically swept ,france    
clean ( all t app]ta9s to =m] sy/ems1   
:e!r pret5d]s1 (fice-hold]s1 spies1     
etc41 etc41 pu% _! logic ev5 to ! po9t (
 bolt+ ! door inside1 9 ord] n to be    
int]f]$ ) 9 _! loyal endeavor4 ,?is     
device1 s simple1 b by :i* we h pass$   
?ree times 9 a c5tury )\t see+ x1       
succe$s to admiration2 & at l5g? x is   
ann\nc$1 ! ---- #ai--1 t ,velocip$e     
,,iv41 aft] hav+ be5 by turns1 at       
,london1 keep] ( a ?irte5-s\s baza>1    

pickpocket1 circus p]=m]1 magnetiz]1 &  
deal] 9 lead-p5cils1 dies 9 ! fl[] ( 8  
age f ! effects ( a disease :i* 8 fa!r  
did n contract :ile presid+ at a meet+ (
 8 cab9et4  ,) ?is specim5 ( blague we  
may leave ! c>icaturi/s ( ,france to    
fight x out ) ,la ,c5sure4     ,,*apt]  
,,xx4  ,,comic ,,art ,,9 ,,g]many4   ,^u
 ! news-/&s 9 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,*icago1       
,c9c9nati1 ,philadelphia1 ,milwaukee1   
,new ,york1 & o!r cities1 we f9d ! comic
 p]iodicals ( ,g]many1 p>ticul>ly !     
,flieg5de ,blaett] ( ,b]l91 & ! ,beilage
 d] ,flieg5d5 ,blaett] ( ,mun*51 pap]s  
resembl+ ,pun* 9 =m & design4 ,!        
,am]ican read] :o turns ov] _! leaves c 
n b rem>k ! mildness ( ! ,g]man jokes4  
,comp>$ ) ! trem5d\s & sometimes gha/ly 
ef=ts ( ! dreadful ,funny ,man ( !      
,am]ican press1 ! je/s ( ! ,g]mans are z
 lag]-be] to ! goad+ cocktail & ! madd5+
 sma%6 ,b1 !n1 !y are delightfully      
innoc5t4 ,com+ f ! ,fr5* comic albums & 
pap]s to ^? ( ! ,g]mans1 is l em]g+1    
aft] sunrise1 f a masqu]ade ball1 all   

gas1 r\ge1 heat1 & fr5zy1 into a field  
full ( *ildr5 play+ till ! bell r+s =   
s*ool4 ,nev]!less1 ! impression rema9s t
 an extremely mild joke suffices to     
amuse ! ,g]man read] ( comic p]iodicals4
  ,! pictur$ je/s1 z 9 ,pun*1 are !     
attractive feature4 ,obs]ve ! infantile 
simplicity ( a few ( ^!1 tak5 almo/ at  
r&om f rec5t volumes ( ! pap]s j        
m5tion$3  ,two "y girls1 ab\t twelve1   
are sitt+ ^u a b5* 9 a public g>d54 ,two
 d&ies walk pa/1 :o are dress$ alike1 & 
resemble "o ano!r4 ,tell me1 ,fanny1    
says "o ( ! girls1 are n ^? two g5tlem5 
bro!rs8 ,?is is ! reply3 ,"o ( !m is1 ,i
 "k = c]ta92 b ,i am n q sure ab\t !    
o!r4  ,a /rapp+ woman1 sooty1 we>+ a    
man's hat1 & c>ry+ a ladd] & bru%es1 is 
/rid+ along ! /reet4 ,! explanation     
v\*saf$ is ! foll[+3 ,! v em95t         
magi/rate has det]m9$ to p]mit ! wid[ ( 
! m]itori\s *imney-sweep1 ,spazzicamm9o1
 to cont9ue ! bus9ess4  ,a silly-look+  
g5tleman is se5 conv]s+ ) a lady ^u :om 
he has call$1 :ile a numb] ( cats are   

play+ ab\t ! room4 ,:y h y s _m cats8 he
 asks4 ,! lady replies3 ,well1 y see1 my
 cook kept giv+ w>n+ because ,i lock$ up
 ! milk & meat1 & s ,i got ! cats z a   
pretext4  ,two ladies are conv]s+4 ,!   
eld] says3 ,:y d y qu>rel ) y\r husb& s 
(t58 ,! y\ng] replies3 ,oh1 y "k !      
mak+-up is extremely ent]ta9+1 & gett+  
good aga9 is s lovely6  ,illu/ration3   
,evolution ( ! ,piano1 accord+ to ,d>w94
 7,b]l91 #ahgb47  ,a sc5e 9 a *eap      
book-/ore4 ,a "y lady says to ! cl]k3 ,i
 want a ,lov]s' ,lett]-writ]--a *eap "o4
 ,"h1 miss8 ,h[ mu* is x8 ,eighte5      
kreutz]s4 ,t is too de> = me4 ,oh1 b ,i 
beg y\r p>don1 miss1 if y take !        
,lett]-writ]1 y get ,s*ill]'s works ?r[n
 92 & if a "y lady buys at ?is %op a    
tract ^u potatoes1 %e gets ! :ole (     
,goe! into ! b>ga94  ,! /eps ( a *ur*   
are exhibit$1 ) a cl]gyman assi/+ an old
 woman d[n to ! sidewalk4 ,a long       
explanation is giv51 z foll[s3 ,p>son   
,fri$el1 a ?or\ghly good fell[1 ?\gh n a
 p>ticul>ly good prea*]1 goes on ,sunday

 morn+ to *ur* to edify 8 flock4 ,on 8  
arrival he sees an old dame try+ 9 va9  
to get up ! icy /eps4 ',oh1 sir1' %e    
says1 n recogniz+ ! holy man1 'pray help
 me up4' ,he does s1 & :5 !y h rea*$ !  
top %e ?anks him1 & adds1 ',oblige me   
also1 de> sir1 by tell+ me :o prea*es   
to-day8' ',p>son ,fri$el1' he c\rte\sly 
replies4 ',oh1 sir1 !n help me d[n      
aga94' ,! p>son1 smil+1 rejo9s3 ',q "r2 
,i w\ldn't g 9 myself if ,i 7 n oblig$  
to4'  ,a v tall man is b5d+ ov] to light
 8 cig> at an exce$+ly %ort man's cig>4 
,:at6 says ! %ort man1 y wond] t y\r    
light goes out s (t58 ,t is ow+ to !    
r>ity ( ! atmosph]e 9 ! elevat$ regions 
9 :i* y\r cig> moves4  ,a /able sc5e1 9 
:i* figure a horse1 an (fic]1 & a       
horse-deal]4 ,! (fic] says3 ,! horse ,i 
b\ght ( y ye/]day has a fault2 he is    
lame 9 ! (f =e-leg4 ,! deal] replies3   
,ah6 & d y call t a fault8 ,i call x a  
mis=tune4  ,a cl]gyman's /udy4 ,ent] a v
 ill-favor$ pair1 to :om ! cl]gyman     
says3 ,s y wi% to be m>ri$1 d y8 ,well1 

h y maturely reflect$ ^u x8 ,! man      
replies3 ,yes1 we h ask$ be=eh& ab\t h[ 
mu* x w co/4  ,illu/ration3 ,a          
,corporal1 :o is ab\t to be promot$1    
pres5ts ,himself be=e ! ,major4  ,c y   
read8 ,at y\r s]vice1 major4 ,c y write8
 ,at y\r s]vice1 major4 ,c y ciph]8 ,at 
y\r s]vice1 major4 ,:at are y 9 civil   
life8 ,doctor ( philosophy & lectur] 9 !
 univ]sity4--,flieg5de ,blaett]1 ,b]l91 
#ahgb4  ,a comp>tm5t ( a railway        
c>riage1 9 :i* are two pass5g]s1 "o (   
:om has two little pigs "u ! seat1 & !  
o!r a small curly lap-dog 9 8 lap4      
,conductor 7/&+ outside74 ,h y a dog's  
ticket8 ,no4 ,!n get "o4 ,b my dog      
tr\bles no "o4 ,t makes no diff]5ce4 ,b 
?is c\ntryman "h has two pigs 9 !       
c>riage4 ,no matt] = t2 we h a rule ab\t
 dogs1 b none = pigs4  ,a boat on a     
,swiss lake ) a p>ty ab\t to lun*4 ,a   
lady1 9 great al>m1 says to ! boatman3  
,/op1 = ,heav5's sake1 /op6 ,y told ! p1
 :5 we got 91 t y\r boat w\ld s9k if x 7
 heavi] by half an ounce4 ,b if ^! m5   

eat all t1 we %all g to ! bottom = a    
c]ta9ty4  ,a re/aurant sc5e4 ,a cu/om]1 
h&+ back to a wait] a plate ( meat1     
says3 ,wait]1 ?is meat is s t\gh ,i c't 
*ew x4 ,wait]4 ,excuse me1 ,i w br+ y a 
%>p knife imm$iately4  ,an ag$ cl]gyman 
p>t+ ) a "y soldi] ab\t to jo9 ! army1  
says3 ,augu/us1 y n[ ent] ^u a milit>y  
c>e]4 ,take c>e ( y\r heal?1 & m9d y    
lead a good life4 ,augu/us4 ,same to y1 
pa/or4  ,a boy up a tree1 & a g5tleman  
/&+ "u x4 ,i'll tea* y to /eal my plums1
 y sc\ndrel6 ,i'll tell y\r fa!r4 ,:at d
 ,i c>e8 ,my fa!r /eals himself4 ,?is   
picture is head$1 ,good ,fruit4  ,a     
family seat$ at d9n]4 ,"m4 ,b1 ,elsie1  
naughty girl6 :at horrid mann]s y h6 ,y 
eat only ! cream1 & leave ! dumpl+s4    
,elsie4 ,:y1 papa c eat !m4  ,a man &   
woman ( ,jewi% ca/ ( c\nt5ance are se5  
at a pawnbrok]'s sale4 ,woman4 ,well1   
:at w y buy = "m's bir?day8 ,man4 ,a    
h&some dress1 ,i ?9k4 ,woman4 ,h[       
unpractical y are6 ,%e c only live ?ree 
or f\r ye>s at mo/2 & ev5 9 t %ort "t a 

dress w be 9 rags4 ,let u buy = ! de>   
old s\l a pair ( silv] c&le/icks4 ,!n :5
 %e dies we %all h !m back aga94  ,"u ! 
head+ ( ,*eap ,illum9ation1 we are      
pres5t$ ) a picture ( an ,esquimau ) a  
light$ wick held 9 8 m\?1 & ! foll[+    
explanation3 ,! ,esquimaux1 z is well   
kn[n1 live on ! fat ( ! re9de]1 ! seal1 
& ! :ale4 ,?is sugge/$ to ! arctic      
travel]1 ,w>nie1 ! idea ( draw+ a wick  
?r\gh ! body ( "o ( ! natives1 & 9 ?is  
way obta9+ a brilliant tra9-oil lamp = !
 long w9t] nights4  ,illu/ration3 ,a    
,bold ,comp>ison4 7,b]l91 #ahgc47       
,pa/or's ,wife4 ,b half ! cracknels are 
scor*$ to-day4  ,cracknel ,man4 ,s !y   
are4 ,b1 y see1 ,i h ! same luck z !    
pa/or3 all 8 s]mons d n turn out equally
 good4  ,two noble ladies *att+ ov] _!  
tea3 ,only ?9k1 my de>1 we are oblig$ to
 dis*>ge our man4 ,:y8 ,oh1 he beg9s to 
be too famili>4 ,:at d y ?9k8 ,i saw him
 clean+ ! boots1 & ,i discov]$1 to my   
horror1 t he _h my husb&'s boots1 my    
son's1 & 8 own1 all mix$ toge!r6  ,a    

lady hurry+ home f an approa*+ %[]1     
dragg+ h] little boy ) h]4 ,boy4 ,b1 "m1
 :y %\ld we be s afraid ( ! ?und] /orm8 
,^? hay-mak]s yond] don't c>e4 ,"m4     
,*ild1 !y are poor p1 :o don't attract !
 lightn+ z we d1 :o always h gold &     
ready ca% ab\t u4  ,a sc5e 9 a police   
c\rt1 ! magi/rate que/ion+ a witness3 ,y
 are a c>p5t]1 are y n8 ,i am4 ,y 7 at  
"w 9 ! vic9ity ( ! place :]e ! scuffle  
occurr$8 ,i 04 ,h[ f> f ! two combatants
 7 y /&+8 ,?irty-six feet & a half1     
,rh5i% measure4 ,h[ c y speak s exactly8
 ,because ,i measur$ x4 ,i ?\ght t mo/  
likely "s fool w\ld be ask+ ab\t t at ! 
trial4  ,^! may suffice z examples ( !  
av]age comic =ce ( ! ,g]man joke4 ,a v  
few ( ! above--p]haps f\r or five 9     
all--might h be5 accept$ by ! editors ( 
,pun*1 ) ! requisite *anges ( sc5e &    
dialect4 ,we mu/ also be> 9 m9d t !     
dialect c\nts = mu* 9 a comic sc5e1 z we
 c easily p]ceive by *ang+ a ,york%ire  
bumpk9's language 9 a com$y into ,london
 ,engli%4 ,half ( ! laugh-compell+ p[] (

 "s ( ! specim5s giv5 may lie 9         
peculi>ities ( dialect & gramm> ( :i* no
 "o b a native ( ! c\ntry c feel ! =ce4 
,a few ( ! m vivid & tell+ examples are 
giv5 9 ! accompany+ illu/rations4  ,!   
glimpses ( ,g]man life :i* ! comic      
arti/s af=d rem9d u t ! *ildr5 ( m5 are 
( "o family1 ! sev]al bran*es ( :i* d n 
diff] f "o ano!r s mu* z we are apt to  
suppose4 ,g]man fa!rs1 too1 z we see 9  
^! pictures1 /& amaz$ at ! quantity (   
prop]ty _! daught]s c c>ry ab\t ) !m 9 !
 =m ( we>+ app>el4 ,a dome/ic sc5e      
exhibits a "y lady putt+ ! la/ fond     
t\*es to h] toilet1 :ile a cl]k pres5ts 
a long bill to ! fa!r ( ! family1 :o    
?r[s 8 h&s al(t1 & exclaims1 ,oh1 bless$
 ,god6 ,?\ :o clo!/ ! lilies ( ! field1 
provide also = my daught]1 at lea/ dur+ 
! ,c>nival6  ,illu/ration3 ,/rict       
,discipl9e 9 ! ,field--,major go+ !     
,r\nds at ,night4  ,s5t9el4 ,:o goes    
!re8 ,halt6 7,major1 n reg>d+ ! summons1
 ! soldi] fires1 & misses47  ,major4    
,?ree days 9 ! gu>d-h\se = y\r bad      

%oot+4  ,g]many1 n less ?an ,engl& &    
,am]ica1 laughs at ! mod]n "m1 :o       
dawdles ov] ,goe!1 & is lit]>y1 & we>s  
eyeglasses1 :ile delegat+ to bottles &  
goats h] peculi> duties4 ,an extravagant
 burlesque ( ?is =m ( self-indulg5ce    
pres5ts to view a baby ly+ on its back  
^u a c5tre-table1 its head ^u a pill[1  
tak+ n\ri%m5t direct f a goat /&+ ov] x2
 ! "m sitt+ ne> 9 a luxuri\s *air1      
read+4 ,ent] ! family doctor1 :o cries1 
agha/1 ,:y1 :at's ?is1 b>oness8 ,i did n
 mean x 9 t way6 ,a %e-goat is n a      
wet-nurse4 ,to :i* ! b>oness languidly  
replies1 look+ f h] book1 ,:y n8  ,& "h 
is ! ,g]man v]sion ( ,pun*'s widely     
dissem9at$ joke ^u m>riage3 ,if y are   
go+ to be m>ri$1 my son1 ,i w give y "s 
good advice4 ,& :at is x8 ,bett] n4  ,! 
,woman's ,rights agitation gave rise to 
burlesques precisely simil> 9 inane     
extravagance to ^? :i* appe>$ 9 ,engl&1 
,am]ica1 & ,france4 ,we h ! ,/ud5ts ( ! 
,future1 a s]ies repres5t+ buxom lasses 
9 da%+ bloom]s1 smok+1 dissect+1 fight+ 

duels1 & hunt+4 ,! "y lady :o has on h] 
dissect+-table a be>d$ subject is lean+ 
aga9/ x non*alantly1 dr9k+ a pot ( be]1 
& ano!r "y lady is us+ ! po9t$ heel ( h]
 fa%ionable boot z a tobacco-/opp]4 ,"h1
 too1 is ! husb& :o comes home late1 &  
^: wife w sit up = him4  ,! great       
s]vant-girl "q is also up = discussion 9
 ,g]many1 aft] occupy+ womank9d = ?ree  
?\s& ye>s4 ,"h is a gr\p ( s]vants talk+
 toge!r4 ,ye/]day ,i gave w>n+1 says "o4
 ,:y8 asks ano!r2 ! wages are high1 !   
food is good1 & y h e ,sunday out4 ,!   
reply is3 ,well1 y mu/ "k1 my ,fritz    
don't l x4 ,mi/ress buys h] w9e at !    
w9e-m]*ant's1 :]e ,i get ! bottles all  
seal$4 ,don't y see8  ,illu/ration3     
,ahead ( ,"t4  ,! ag$ & extremely       
abs5t-m9d$ pr9ce ( a little t]ritory    
visits ! public in/itutions e ye>4 ,on  
leav+ ! high s*ool1 he says to ! tea*]3 
,i am v mu* pleas$ ) e ?+1 only ! s\p is
 a little too ?94  ,tea*] 7aside to     
aid-de-camp74 ,:at does 8 ,highness mean
 by ?9 s\p8  ,aid-de-camp4 ,x is only a 

slip4 ,8 ,highness %\ld h said t 9 !    
hospital4  ,9 ! same _s1 z e read] kn[s1
 ! draw+-room judges ! kit*5 9 o!r l&s  
besides ,g]many1 & is support$ 9 its    
judgm5t by satiric arti/s :o evolve     
prepo/]\sly impossible s]vants f !      
%all[s ( _! own ignorance4  ,r>ely1     
inde$1 does a ,g]man c>icaturi/ presume 
to m$dle ) politics1 & /ill m r>ely does
 he d x ) impunity4 ,! ,g]mans1 ) all _!
 excell5ces1 seem want+ 9 ! _s t has    
giv5 u our turbul5t1 ill-organiz$       
fre$om4 ,p]haps _! be] has (f]$ too     
ready & *eap a res\rce aga9/ ! *af+     
res5tm5ts t tyranny excites2 = a        
n>cotiz$ bra9 is indol5tly submissive to
 :atev] is v difficult ( rem$y4 ,c(fee &
 tobacco keep ! ,turk a slave4 ,! wise/ 
act ( ,l\is ,napoleon's usurpation 0 8  
giv+ a daily ration ( tobacco to e      
soldi]4 ,woe to despots :5 m5 cease to  
dull & pollute _! bra9s ) tobacco &     
alcohol6 ,!re w !n be a spe$y end put to
 ! sy/em t takes five millions ( ! elite
 ( ,europe f indu/ry1 & consigns !m to !

 bus9ess ( suppression & massacre4      
,:atev] may be ! cause1 ,g]many has     
sc>cely yet begun h] appr5tice%ip to    
fre$om2 &1 consequ5tly1 h] public m5    
lose ! ine/imable advantage ( see+ _!   
measures z ! public sees !m4 ,let u hope
 t ! ,g]man p may be able to appropriate
 "p ( our exp]i5ce1 & s "w _! way to    
rational & ord]ly fre$om )\t pass+ ?r\gh
 ! /age ( ignorant suffrage &           
?ief-politicians4 ,mean:ile !re is no   
political c>icature 9 ,g]many4          
,illu/ration3 ,a ,j\rneyman's           
,leave-tak+4  ,he> me1 all ( y4 ,y1 & y1
 & y1 & y6 ,good-bye1 mi/resses4 ,i tell
 y freely to y\r faces1 y\r bacon &     
gre5s are n to my ta/e4 ,i am go+ to try
 my luck4 ,i w m>* on4--,,ludwig        
,,ri*t]1 ,leipsic1 #ahdh4  ,z a set-(f  
to ?is defect1 ,i may m5tion aga9 !     
abs5ce f ! ,g]man comic p]iodicals ( !  
class ( subjects :i*1 at pres5t1 seems  
to be ! sole inspiration ( ,fr5* art &  
,fr5* humor4 ,x is evid5t t ! ,g]mans d 
n reg>d illicit love z ! *ief end ( man4

 ,! reason ( ! sup]ior dec5cy ( ,g]man  
satire is1 probably1 t ,g]man me?ods (  
education awak5 ! intellig5ce & /ore !  
m9d ) ! food ( ?\ght4 ,indec5cy is !    
natural res\rce ( a ?\ghtless m9d1      
because ! physical facts ( our exi/5ce  
con/itute a v l>ge proportion ( all ! k 
x possesses4 ,suppose ^? facts & ! ideas
 gr[+ directly out ( !m to be "o hundr$ 
9 numb]4 ,! :ole numb] ( facts & ideas 9
 an ignorant m9d may n exce$ two hundr$2
 :ile 9 ! intellect ( a ,goe! or a      
,less+ !re may live & revolve tw5ty     
?\s&4 ,conv5t education is probably !   
cause ( ,fr5* indec5cy1 simply f its    
leav+ ! m9d dull & ! imag9ation active4 
,_m ,fr5*m5 mu/ ?9k bodily1 or n ?9k at 
all4 ,?is conjecture ,i haz>d because ,i
 h obs]v$ 9 ,prote/ant s*ools1 pr(ess$ly
 & di/9ctively religi\s1 ! same morbid  
t5d5cy 9 ! pupils t we notice 9 ,fr5*   
art & drama4 ,! ,fr5* are "r 9 n tru/+  
_! conv5t-br$ girls out ( sight4 ,!     
conv5t-br$ boys1 :o c n be s closely    
wat*$1 %[ ! untru/wor?9ess ( moral      

pr9ciple :i* is n =tifi$ by intellig5t  
conviction4 ,! ,g]mans1 f _! bett] m5tal
 culture & great] v>iety ( topics1 are n
 r$uc$ to ! necessity ( amus+ !mselves  
by bodily wit4     ,,*apt] ,,xxi4       
,,comic ,,art ,,9 ,,spa94   ,z x is ,don
 ,quixote t has giv5 mo/ ( u :atev]     
insight into ,spani% life & "* we       
possess1 we %\ld naturally expect to f9d
 9 ! ,spa9 ( to-day abundant            
manife/ations ( satirical tal5t4 ,b s9ce
 ! great age :5 su* m5 z ,c]vantes c\ld 
be =m$1 ! intellect ( ,spa9 has suff]$  
exhau/+ depletion1 & ! nation has 9     
consequ5ce long la9 intellectually      
impot5t1 ! natural prey ( prie/s1       
dyna/ies1 & h>lots4 ,! progress ( a     
c\ntry dep5ds ^u ! use x makes ( its be/
 m54 ,s9ce ,c]vantes 0 born1 9 #aedg1   
all ! valuable m5 among ! ,moors &      
,jews1 ) a million ( _! c\ntrym51 h be5 
bani%$1 c>ry+ away ) !m preci\s arts1   
processes1 in/9cts1 aptitudes1 & tal5ts2
 to say no?+ ( ! good t comes to a      
c\ntry ( hav+ ^u its soil a v>iety (    

races & religions1 ea* develop+ "s      
excell5cies ( human nature :i* ! o!rs   
ov]look or und]value4 ,9 ! same g5]ation
 hundr$s ( ! valiant m5 ( ,spa9 w5t d[n 
9 ! ,armada1 & ?\s&s 7 wa/$ 9 ,am]ica4  
,b ^! 7 n ! fatal losses4 ,^! m5 c\ld h 
be5 replac$1 su* is ! b\ntiful f]tility 
( nature4 ,b1 9 ^? days1 if a man 0 re>$
 :o possess$ indep5d5ce or =ce ( m9d1 or
 _h mu* m9d ( any k9d1 he 0 likely to   
become a ,prote/ant2 &1 if he did1 "o ( 
two calamit\s fates await$ him1 ei!r (  
:i* made him useless to ,spa93 he ei!r  
conceal$ 8 op9ions1 & ?us /ifl$ 8 nobl] 
life1 or else ! ,inquisition de/roy$    
him4 ,nev] 0 su* successful w> wag$ ^u !
 human m9d z 9 ,spa9 at t p]iod1 = e man
 :o manife/$ any k9d ( m5tal sup]iority 
0 ei!r sla9 or neutraliz$4 ,if he escap$
 ! goldm9es1 ! w>s1 & ! ,inquisition1   
!re 0 /ill ! ,*ur* to take him 9 &      
conv]t him into a prie/4  ,nor ne$ we g 
z f> z ,spa9 to see ! fatal damage done 
to communities by ! absorption ( promis+
 y\? into ! prie/hood4 ,we h only to g  

to ! ,fr5* p>ts ( ,canada1 & m>k !      
diff]5ce betwe5 ! torpid & hopeless     
villages !re1 & ! vigor\s1 h&some t[ns (
 ,new ,engl&1 ,new ,york1 & ,mi*igan1 j 
ov] ! bord]4 ,! reason ( ?is amaz+      
contra/ is t on our side ( ! l9e !      
natural lead]s ( ! p f\nd mills1        
factories1 libr>ies1 & s*ools2 on ! o!r 
side !y ent] conv5ts & build *ur*es2 & !
 p1 ?us b]eft ( _! natural *iefs1 h>ness
 =lorn c[s to crazy c>ts1 & come d[n    
into ,v]mont & ,new ,hamp%ire 9 h>ve/-"t
 to get a little money to help !m ?r\gh 
! long ,canadian w9t]4 ,?us1 9 ,spa9 &  
,italy1 ! m5 :o ought to s]ve ! p1 prey 
^u !m1 & ! direct & *ief reason :y !    
nor!rn nations ( ,europe surpass ! s\!rn
 is1 t 9 ! nor? ! sup]ior m9ds are turn$
 to acc\nt1 & 9 ! s\? !y h be5 entomb$ 9
 ! ,*ur* or p>alyz$ by titles (         
nobility4  ,illu/ration3 ,aft] ,s$an4   
,s5or1 we h br\ght to y\r ,maje/y ?is   
p>oquet1 :i* we f\nd z we 7 go+ our     
r\nds 9 camp4--,f ,gil ,blas1 ,madrid1  
,septemb]1 #ahgj4  ,h5ce1 9 ! c\ntry (  

,c]vantes1 9 ! native l& ( ,gil ,blas & 
,fig>o1 !re is n[ little manife/ation ( 
_! comic f]tility & gayety ( m9d4 ,a    
memb] ( ! ,am]ican ,legation oblig+ly   
writes f ,madrid 9 #ahge3  ,i h que/ion$
 _m p]sons "h 9 reg>d to ,spani%        
c>icature1 b h always receiv$ ! same    
reply1 namely1 t pictorial c>icature1   
political or o!r1 has n exi/$ 9 ,spa9   
till #ahfh4 ,i h se>*$ book-/ores &     
book-/alls1 & f9d no?+2 nor h ! v5d]s   
be5 able to aid me4 ,i f\nd 9 a private 
libr>y "s ,bibles & o!r religi\s books (
 ! sixte5? c5tury1 9 :i* 7 c>icatures ( 
! ,pope & ( simil> subjects1 b !y 7     
pr9t$ 9 ,fl&]s1 ?\gh 9 ! ,spani%        
language2 & ! art is ,dut*4 ,!          
pasqu9ades ( ,italy nev] prevail$ 9     
,spa94 ,x is ?\ght at our ,legation "h t
 !re mu/ h be5 c>icature 9 ,spa91 f !   
writ+s ( ,spani>ds be+ s full ( satire &
 wit2 b ?\gh ! g]m may h exi/$1 ,i am   
incl9$ to ?9k x 0 n develop$ till !     
de?ronem5t ( ,isabel ,,ii4 & !          
proclamation ( ! ,republic broke d[n !  

b>ri]s to ! lib]ty1 if n lic5se1 ( !    
pr9t+-press4  ,betwe5 #ahfh & #ahge     
v>i\s pap]s 7 publi%$ "h conta9+        
c>icatures1 copies ( :i* are to be _h1 b
 at a premium4 ,until ?is p]iod1 ,i     
fancy ! ,inquisition1 c5sor%ip1 & o!r   
causes prev5t$ any display ( a _s (     
c>icature :i* may h exi/$4 ,! real1     
untravel$ ,spani% m9d has little idea ( 
true wit3 ( satire & burlesque1 yes2 (  
in(f5sive joke or pun1 none4 ,!re is no 
,spani% ^w = pun2 t = joke is broma1    
tak5 f ! ,spani% "n ( ! ,t]$o navalis1  
or wood-bor]1 s fatal to vessels1 &     
really means an annoy+1 or practical1   
joke4 ,i h "s samples ( c>icature1      
publi%$ dur+ ! p]iod to :i* ,i ref]1 _m 
( :i*1 to "o :o is famili> ) ! politics1
 mann]s1 & cu/oms 9 ,spa9 at ! "t1 are  
equal 9 po9t1 if n 9 execution1 to any  
?+ 9 ,pun*4 ,!y 71 = ! great] "p1       
design$ by ,ortego1 b are ( ! ,engli% or
 ,fr5* /yle1 & h little ,spani%         
individuality4  ,illu/ration3 ,to !     
,bull-fight4  ,!re !y g1 all resolv$ to 

yell ,bungl]6 at ! picador1 :e!r he does
 8 "p well or ill4 ,x's all !y "k h[ to 
d4--,f ,el ,mundo ,comico1 ,madrid1     
#ahgc4  ,a great mass ( ! comic         
illu/rat$ s]ies & p]iodicals allud$ to  
by my att5tive correspond5t accompani$ 8
 lett]1 & ju/ify its /atem5ts4 ,! ,fr5* 
/yle is inde$ mo/ app>5t 9 !m1 z ! read]
 %all see4 ,! ,comic ,almanac = #ahge   
7,almanaque ,comico p>a #ahge71 publi%$ 
at ,madrid1 & pr(usely illu/rat$1 is    
entirely 9 ! ,fr5* /yle4 ,_m ( !        
pictures h e ?+ ( ,gav>ni except 8      
g5ius4 ,"h are "s t cat* ! eye 9 runn+  
ov] its %abby1 ill-pr9t$ pages3         
,picture ( an ill-favor$ fa!r           
contemplat+ a worse-favor$ boy1 ag$ ab\t
 six ye>s4 ,fa!r speaks3 ,x is v        
a/oni%+6 ,! m ?is son ( m9e gr[s1 ! m he
 looks l my fri5d ,ramon4  ,illu/ration3
 ,a ,delegation ( ,birds ( ,prey1       
pres5t+ ,?anks to ! ,au?ors ( !         
,b\ntiful ,c>nage provid$ = ! ,late     
,fe/ival4 7,f ,gil ,blas1 ,madrid1      
,septemb]1 #ahgj47  ,picture ( a        

g5tleman 9 ev5+ dress1 flirt+ famili>ly 
) a danc+-girl beh9d ! sc5es ( a !atre4 
,%e says3 ,if only y\r int5tions 7 good6
 ,to :i* he replies by ask+3 ,& :at d y 
call good int5tions8 ,%e ca/s d[n h]    
eyes & /amm]s3 ,to promise--to keep y\r 
^w4  ,picture ( a "y lady at ! desk ( a 
public writ]1 to :om %e says3 ,make !   
sweete/ little v]se to tell him t ,i    
hope to see him next ,sunday at ! gate (
 ! ,alcala1 ne> ! fir/ sw+4  ,picture ( 
a husb& & wife1 bo? 9 exub]ant heal?4   
,%e4 ,y gr[ worse & worse2 & sea-ba?+ is
 s good = y6 ,he4 ,& y8 ,%e4 ,i am well2
 b ,i %all g ) y to take c>e ( y1 de>4  
,picture ( a v fa%ionably dress$ lady & 
little girl1 to :om ent]s1 hat & cane 9 
h&1 a g5tleman1 :o says to ! *ild3 ,d y 
n rememb] me1 little ,ruby8 ,%e replies3
 ,ah1 yes6 ,y are ! fir/ papa t us$ to  
come to our h\se a good :ile ago1 & y   
always br\ght me c>amels4  ,picture (   
two "y ladies 9 conv]sation4 ,"o ( !m   
says3 ,:5 he looks at me1 ,i l[] my     
eyes4 ,:5 he presses my h&1 ,i blu%4 ,& 

if he kisses me1 ,i call to mamma1 & !  
poor fell[ believes x1 & d>es g no      
fur!r4  ,picture ( a woman 9 a ba?-tub1 
to :om ent]s a man pres5t+ a bill4 ,%e  
says3 ,take a seat1 = ,i am ab\t to rise
 f ! ba?1 & !n we c settle t acc\nt4    
,illu/ration3 ,*ild1 y w take cold4  ,i 
take cold8 ,b h[ well t ov]coat fits    
him6--,f ,el ,mundo ,comico1 ,madrid1   
#ahgc4  ,picture ( nurse1 infant1 &     
fa!r4 ,! fa!r says3 ,tell me1 nurse2 e  
body says x looks l me1 b ,i ?9k x takes
 aft] its "m m4 ,! nurse replies3 ,:5 x 
laughs1 yes2 b :5 x fr[ns1 x looks l y  
atroci\sly4  ,picture ( a fa/-look+     
woman & ! janitor ( a lodg+-h\se4 ,he   
says3 ,y wi% to see ! l&lord8 ,i ?9k he 
does n mean to h ladies 9 8 h\se :o are 
alone4 ,%e replies3 ,i am nev] alone4   
,picture ( "y lady 9 b$1 to :om a s]vant
 holds up an elegant bonnet1 & says3    
,tell me1 s9ce y are ill1 & c n g to !  
ball1 w y l5d ?is to y\r affectionate & 
fai?ful s]vant1 s9ce ,i give y my ^w n  
to injure x8  ,picture ( husb& & wife at

 home1 %e tak+ out a note t _h be5      
conceal$ 9 a h&k]*ief4 ,he speaks3 ,a   
woman :o deceives h] husb& des]ves no   
pity4 ,%e replies3 ,b if %e does n      
deceive h] husb&1 :om is %e to deceive8 
,picture ( ! manag] ( a !atre 9 8 (fice1
 to :om ent]s a dramatic au?or4 ,au?or3 
,i h call$ to "k if y h read my play4   
,manag]3 ,n yet4 ,x is numb]$1 9 ! li/ (
 plays receiv$1 #gib2 s t = ?is ye>--   
,au?or3 ,no1 sir2 nor = t :i* is to come
 ei!r4  ,?is w suffice = ! ,comic       
,almanac4 ,! ,comic ,_w 7,el ,mundo     
,comico71 :i* next invites att5tion1 is 
a weekly pap] publi%$ at ,madrid dur+ ! 
la/ f\r ye>s4 ,?is "w1 also1 has mu* 9  
common ) ! wick$ _w ( ,p>is1 z ) ! wick$
 _w ( all c\ntries :]e ! prie/ fe$s !   
imag9ation & />ves ! intellect4 ,?is    
revel+ 9 ! illicit & ! indec5t1 :i* s   
a/oni%es u 9 ! popul> lit]ature (       
,ca?olic c\ntries1 is m]ely a sign (    
impov]i%$ m9d1 :i* is oblig$ to revolve 
ceaselessly ab\t ! physical facts ( our 
exi/5ce1 because x is acqua9t$ ) s few  

o!r facts4  ,! fir/ numb] ( ! ,comic ,_w
 pres5ts a color$ engrav+ ( a ,spani%   
beauty1 attir$ 9 ! la/ extremity ( !    
fa%ion1 bonnetless1 fan 9 h&1 )         
high-heel$ boots1 & a bl5d+ ( ,fr5* &   
,spani% 9 h] make-up1 walk+ 9 ! /reet   
unatt5d$4 ,! picture is head$3 ,9 ,que/ 
( ! ,unkn[n4  ,! next picture %[s t     
,spa91 too1 has its sav+s-banks :i* d n 
save4 ,two /roll+ musicians1 clo!d 9    
rags1 are exhibit$1 "o ( :om says to !  
o!r3 ,a pretty situation6 ,:ile m5 drive
 by 9 a coa* aft] robb+ u ( our sav+s   
deposit$ 9 _! banks1 we ask alms ( !    
robb]s6  ,illu/ration3 ,inconv5i5ce ( ! 
,new ,coll>4  ,h[1 my ,adela1 c y ask me
 to :isp] 9 y\r e> :5 y h put t cov] ov]
 x8--,f ,el ,mundo ,comico1 ,madrid1    
#ahgc4  ,!re is a pair ( pictures1 "o   
call$ ,! ,cocks1 & ! o!r ,! ,pullets4 ,!
 ,cocks are ?ree v "y ,spani% d&ies1 )  
dawn+ mu/a*es1 extremely ?9 canes1 & all
 ! o!r puppyisms4 ,! ,pullets are ?ree  
"y ladies ( simil> age & ta/e4 ,z !y    
pass 9 ! /reet1 "o ( ! ,cocks says to 8 

companions3 ,d y see h[ ! talle/ "o     
blu%es8 ,! reply is3 ,yes2 :5 %e sees   
me4 ,at ! same mom5t ! ,pullets ex*ange 
:isp]s4 ,h[ fa/ y g6 says "o4 ,don't    
speak6 says ano!r4 ,! d>k-complexion$ "o
 is he :om we saw at ! !atre4 ,yes1 ,i  
rememb]2 ! "o 9 ! box4 ,9 ^! pictures1 z
 9 mo/ o!r ,spani% c>icatures1 ! m5 are 
meagre & disagreeable-look+1 b ! ladies 
are plump & attractive4  ,a dome/ic sc5e
 foll[s1 :i* mu/ be peculi> to ,spa91 "o
 w\ld ?9k4 ,a gay "y husb&1 on leav+    
home 9 ! ev5+1 is address$ by 8 wife1 :o
 has a h& 9 8 wai/coat-pocket3 ,y c>ry  
away twelve doll>s & ?ree %ill+s4 ,we w 
see :at extraord9>y exp5se y incur      
to-night4  ,at ,madrid1 z at o!r        
capitals ( ,europe1 ! ,engli%man is an  
object ( int]e/4 ,ladies seem to consid]
 him a desirable mat*1 & m5 make him !  
h]o ( extravagant anecdotes4 ,!re is a  
table-d'hote picture 9 ,el ,mundo       
,comico1 pres5t+ a r[ ( p at an advanc$ 
/age ( d9n]1 :5 ! gue/s become int]e/+  
to "o ano!r4 ,h y se5 ! colonel8 asks a 

*ap]on ( ! "y lady by h] side4 ,!       
damsel1 look+ h] demure/1 says3 ,d n    
di/ract me2 ! ,engli%man is look+ at me4
 ,o!r pictures indicate t ! ladies (    
,madrid are accu/om$ to look ^u         
,engli%m5 z wor? pos+ =4  ,! ,comic ,_w 
aims a vilely execut$ c>icature at !    
gho/ ( ,hamlet's fa!r1 :o is repres5t$ 9
 ! usual armor4 ,! words signify3 ,all  
,i ask is1 did t anci5t race take _!    
aft]noon nap 9 cuirass & helmet8 ,f :i* 
we may at lea/ inf] t ,el ,pr9cipe      
,hamlet is a famili> p]sonage to !      
inhabitants ( ,madrid4  ,illu/ration3   
,suff]+s endur$ by a ,prison] ( ,w>4 7,f
 ,gil ,blas1 ,madrid1 ,septemb]1 #ahgj47
  ,among ! num]\s color$ engrav+s :i*   
reflect ^u1 or1 r glorify1 ! frailty (  
wom5 is "o :i* c ) difficulty be        
und]/ood by ,prote/ants4 ,a girl is ab\t
 to g to b$1 & is say+ a pray] beg9n+1  
,) ,god ,i lie d[n1 ) ,god ,i rise1 ) ! 
,virg9 ,m>y & ! ,holy ,gho/6 ,! joke    
does n appe> at ! fir/ glance1 = !re is 
no "o else 9 ! b$room1 unless !re is "s 

"o 9 ! curta9$ b$4 ,we discov]1 at l5g?1
 ly+ ne> h] feet1 a pair ( man's boots6 
,no?+ is sacr$ to ^! savage c>icaturi/s 
( ! ,fr5* s*ool4 ,ano!r color$ picture 9
 ,el ,mundo ,comico is call$ ,abs5ce1 & 
is design$ to exhibit ! sorr[ ( a woman 
at ! abs5ce ( h] lov] 9 ! w>s4 ,%e says3
 ,poor ,l\is6 ,i am "h alone1 =sak51 &  
he is pursu+ ! insurg5ts 9 ! m\nta9s4   
,does he rememb] me8 ,! innoc5t read]   
may well ask1 ,:at is ! com$y ( !       
situation8 ,! woman 9 ?is sc5e is sitt+ 
on ! edge ( h] b$1 ne>ly nak$1 tak+ (f  
h] e>r+s1 ) o!r f9]y ( h] trade ly+ ab\t
 on ! table & ! floor4  ,aft] runn+     
?r\gh a volume ( ?is p]iodical1 we are  
prep>$ to believe ! descriptions giv5 ( 
society 9 ! ,spani% capital by !        
correspond5t ( ! ,london ,times dur+ !  
e>ly mon?s ( ,alfonso's reign4 ,speak+ (
 a mon/r\s sc&al inculpat+ ! k+1 he     
wrote3 ,9 a pr(ligate1 frivol\s1 &      
gossip+ capital l ,madrid1 :]e e "o     
seems int5t ^u political plott+1        
debau*]y1 & idl5ess1 !re is no sc&al1 no

 inv5tion ( malice too gross &          
improbable = acceptance1 provid$ ^?     
attack$ are well kn[n4 ,! high] 8 or h] 
rank1 ! great] is ! cynical satisfaction
 ) :i* ! tale ( depravity is retail$ by 
! newsmong]s 9 cafe1 t]tulia1 & club4   
,ano!r comic weekly publi%$ at ,madrid  
is call$ ,gil ,blas1 ,p]iodico          
,satirico4 ,?is is by f> ! lea/ bad ( ! 
comic pap]s rec5tly attempt$ 9 ,spa94   
,_m ( its subjects are drawn f !        
politics ( ! p]iod1 & "s ( !m appe> to  
be v happily treat$4 ,! sorry adv5tures 
( ,l\is ,napoleon & 8 son 9 ! w> betwe5 
,france & ,prussia are pres5t$ ) mu*    
comic effect4 ,que5 ,isabel & h] hopeful
 boy figure also 9 _m sket*es1 :i* 7    
d\btless amus+ to ! p ( ,madrid :5 !y   
appe>$4 ,! ,duc de ,montp5si] & o!r     
possible c&idates = ! ?rone are portray$
 9 situations & circum/ances n to be    
fully und]/ood at ?is di/ance f ! "t &  
sc5e4  ,! ,spani% c>icatures giv5 9 ?is 
*apt]1 :atev] ! read] may ?9k ( !m1 7   
select$ f ab\t a ?\s& specim5s2 & if !y 

are n ! v be/ ( ! ?\s&1 !y are at lea/ !
 be/ ( ^? :i* c be appreciat$ by u4     
,cuba _h its comic p]iodical dur+ !     
brief asc5d5cy ( lib]al ideas 9 #ahgd4  
,a ,cuban lett] ( t ye> *ronicles its   
susp5sion3 ,! comic weekly newspap]1    
,juan ,palonio1 has met its dea?-bl[ by 
an ord] ( susp5sion = a mon?1 & a /rong 
h9t to ! director1 ,don ,juan ,ortega1 t
 a trip to ! ,p59sula w\ld be ( b5efit  
to 8 heal?4 ,! imm$iate cause ( ?is ord]
 0 a c>toon1 repres5t+ ! arms ( !       
capta9-g5]al wield+ a broom1 m>k$       
'extraord9>y p[]s1' & sweep+ away       
ignorance1 ! insurrection1 etc4 ,!re 0  
no?+1 9 fact1 to take umbrage at2 b !   
c>toon s]v$ z a pretext to kill ! pap]1 
:i* 0 r too republican 9 tone4 ,!       
,gov]nm5t c5sor 0 remov$ f 8 position = 
! same reason1 & a new "o appo9t$4  ,9  
^? c\ntries long debau*$ by sup]/ition1 
comic art has little *ance2 = if tyranny
 does n kill x1 a dissolute public      
degrades x into a means ( pollution4    
,,*apt] ,,xxii4  ,,italian ,,c>icature4 

,z soon z comic art 9 ,italy is m5tion$1
 we ?9k ( ,pasqu9o1 ! m]ry ,roman       
tailor1 ^: "n has enri*$ all ! languages
 ( ,europe ) an effective ^w4 ,_m m5 ^: 
names h be5 put to a simil> use h1      
not)/&+1 be5 completely =gott52 b       
,pasqu9o1 aft] hav+ be5 ! occasion (    
pasqu9ades = f\r c5turies1 is /ill      
fre%ly rememb]$1 & travel]s tell 8 /ory 
ov] aga9 to _! read]s4  ,pasqu9o 0 !    
fa%ionable tailor at ,rome ab\t ! "t :5 
! discov]y ( ,am]ica 0 a rec5t piece (  
news4 ,9 8 %op1 z tradition reports1    
bi%ops1 c\rti]s1 nobles1 lit]>y m51 7   
wont to meet to ord] _! clo!s1 & retail 
! sc&al ( ! city4 ,! ma/] ( ! %op1 a wit
 himself1 & ! daily receptacle ( o!rs'  
wit1 utt]$ frequ5t epigrams ^u          
conspicu\s p]sons1 :i* pass$ f m\? to   
m\?1 z su* ?+s w 9 an idle & luxuri\s   
community4 ,:atev] piece ( witty malice 
0 afloat 9 ! t[n came to be attribut$ to
 ,pasqu9o2 & m5 :o _h m wit ?an c\rage  
attribut$ to him ! satire !y d>$ n      
claim4  ,ca?olics :o h se5 ! inside (   

,roman life1 :o h be5 domicil$ ) bi%ops 
& c>d9als1 report t ! magnates ( ,rome1 
to ?is day1 associate 9 ! in=mal mann] 9
 :i* we %\ld suppose !y did f\r c5turies
 ago1 f ! traditions ( ,pasqu9o & 8     
say+s4 ,! ,pope s5ds pap]s ( bonbons to 
! ,si/]s :o h *>ge ( infant s*ools1 &   
%>es among ! c>d9als ! delicacies &     
int]e/+ objects :i* are cont9ually s5t  
to him4 ,^u he>+ _! acc\nts ( ! easy    
famili>ities & light tone ( ! high]     
ecclesia/ical society ( rec5t times1 we 
c ! bett] und]/& ! traditions t h come  
d[n to u ( ,pasqu9o & 8 %op full (      
highnesses & em95ces4  ,pasqu9o1 l !    
fell[ ( inf9ite je/ ^u ^: skull ,hamlet 
moraliz$ 9 ! *ur*-y>d1 di$1 & 0 buri$4  
,soon aft] 8 dea? x became necess>y to  
dig up an anci5t /atue half sunk 9 !    
gr\nd ( 8 /reet2 &1 to get x out ( !    
way1 x 0 set up close to 8 %op4 ,pasqu9o
 has come back1 said "s "o4 ,rome       
accept$ ! je/1 & ?us ! /atue acquir$ !  
"n ( ,pasqu9o1 :i* x reta9s to ! pres5t 
day4 ,soon x became a cu/om to /ick to x

 any epigram or satirical v]se ! au?or (
 :i* desir$ to be unkn[n4 ,s _m ( ^! %>p
 say+s 7 aim$ at ! ecclesia/ical lords (
 ,rome1 t "o ( ! popes 0 on ! po9t (    
hav+ ! /atue ?r[n into ! riv]1 j z mod]n
 tyrants ?9k to sil5ce criticism by     
suppress+ ! p]iodical 9 :i* x appe>s4   
,pasqu9o1 prop]ly en\gh1 0 sav$ by an   
epigram4  ,d n ?r[ ,pasqu9o into !      
,tib]1 said ! ,spani% embassador1 le/ he
 %\ld tea* all ! frogs 9 ! riv] to croak
 pasqu9ades4  ,we c n wond] t ! popes   
%\ld h object$ to ,pasqu9o's bit+       
tongue1 if ! specim5s ( 8 wit :i* are   
giv5 by ,mr4 ,/ory#ch fairly repres5t   
him4 ,!re 0 a volume ( six hundr$ &     
?irty-sev5 pages ( epigrams & satires1  
publi%$ 9 #aedd1 claim+ to be           
pasqu9ades1 _m ( :i* d\btless 7 su*4 ,"h
 is "o ^u ! infam\s pope1 ,alex&]       
,sextus3    ,sextus ,t>qu9ius1 ,sextus  
,n]o--?is also is ,sextus4    ,always "u
 ! ,sextuses ,rome has be5 ru9$4        
,footnote #ch3 ,roba di ,roma1 p4 #bhc4 
,aft] ! sudd5 dea? ( ,pope ,leo ,x41 two

 ,lat9 l9es to ! foll[+ effect 7 f\nd ^u
 ,pasqu9o3    ,if y desire to he> :y at 
8 la/ h\r ,leo    ,c\ld n ! sacram5ts   
take1 "k he _h sold !m4  ,! allusion is 
to ,leo's unscrupul\s use ( e means )9 8
 p[] ( rais+ money4  ,:5 ,clem5t ,,vii41
 aft] ! sack ( ,rome1 0 held a prison]1 
,pasqu9o _h ?is3    ,papa non pote/     
err>e4  ,?is s5t5ce ord9>ily means t !  
pope c n err2 b ! v]b err>e signifies   
also to w&]1 to /roll2 s t ! l9e 0 a    
sne] bo? at ! pope's conf9em5t & 8 claim
 to infallibility4  ,"o ( ,pasqu9o's    
h>de/ hits 0 call$ =? by ! grasp+       
measures ( ,pius ,,vi43    ,?ree jaws _h
 ,c]b]us1 & ?ree m\?s z well1    ,:i*   
b>k$ into ! blacke/ deeps ( hell4       
,?ree hungry m\?s h y2 ay1 ev5 f\r2     
,none ( !m b>k1 b all ( !m dev\r4  ,!re 
0 a capital "o1 too1 & a j1 ^u !        
in/itution ( ! ,legion ( ,honor 9       
,france by ,napoleon ,bonap>te1 n long  
aft] he _h /ol5 sev]al hundr$ preci\s   
works ( art & manuscripts f ! ,roman    
,/ates4    ,9 times less pleasant & m   

fi]ce1 ( old1    ,! ?ieves 7 hung ^u !  
cross1 we're told4    ,9 times less     
fi]ce1 m pleasant1 l to-day1    ,crosses
 are hung ^u ! ?ieves1 !y say4  ,?us =  
c5turies h ,pasqu9o & 8 rival1 ,m>f>io1 
an exhum$ riv]-god1 giv5 occasional     
expression to ! p5t-up wra? ( ,italy at 
! spoliation ( _! beautiful c\ntry4 ,mr4
 ,/ory reports a pasqu9ade :i* appe>$ b 
a v few ye>s s9ce1 :5 all ! _w 0 long+  
to he> ( ! dea? ( ,f]d9& ,,ii4 (        
,naples1 :o1 "u ! "n ( ,k+ ,bomba1 0 s  
deeply execrat$ by ,italians4 ,pasqu9o  
supposes a travel] j arriv$ f ,naples1 &
 asks him :at he has se5 !re1 :5 !      
foll[+ conv]sation takes place3  ,i h   
se5 a tumor tumore4 ,a tumor8 ,b :at is 
a tumor8 ,= answ]1 take away ! t4 ,ah6 a
 humor umore4 ,b is ?is humor dang]\s8  
,take away ! u4 ,he dies6 :at a pity6 ,b
 :58 ,%ortly8 ,take away ! m4 ,h\rs6 ,9 
a few h\rs6 ,b :o1 !n1 has ?is humor8   
,take away ! o4 ,k+6 ,! k+6 ,i am       
delight$4 ,b1 !n1 :]e w he g8 ,take away
 ! r4 ,e-e-e-h6  ,illu/ration3 ,k+      

,bomba's ,ultimatum to ,sicily4 7,f ,il 
,don ,pirlone1 ,rome1 ,decemb]1 #ahdh47 
,c\ld !re be any ?+ bett] ?an a         
pasqu9ade :i* appe>$ dur+ ! conf]5ce ^u 
,italian affairs at ,zu]i* betwe5 !     
repres5tatives ( ,au/ria1 ,italy1 &     
,france8 ,pasqu9o ent]s ! *amb]1 :]e he 
holds ! foll[+ conv]sation ) !          
pl5ipot5ti>ies3  ,d y speak ,fr5*8 ,no4 
,d y speak ,g]man8 ,no4 ,d y speak      
,italian8 ,no4 ,:at language d y speak8 
,lat94 ,& :at h y got to say 9 ,lat98 ,z
 x 0 9 ! beg9n+1 is n[1 & ev] %all be1 =
 ev] & ev]4 ,am54  ,happily1 ,pasqu9o 0 
n a prophet1 & ! affairs ( ,italy are n 
z !y 7 & _h be5 dur+ s _m ages (        
despair4  ,f ^! specim5s ( ,italian     
satire we %\ld expect to f9d ! p (      
,italy effective ) ! satirical p5cil    
also4 ,! _s ( c>icature is 9 !m1 b !    
opportunities = its ex]cise & exhibition
 h be5 few & f> betwe54 ,z 9 ,spa9 !re 0
 an exhau/ive depletion ( intellectual  
=ce1 s 9 ,italy ! human m9d1 dur+ late  
c5turies1 has be5 cru%$ "u a dead weight

 ( prie/s4 ,pr(essor ,*>les ,eliot      
,norton1 9 8 ,travel & ,/udy 9 ,italy1  
tells u t ,roman arti/s c n n[ s mu* z  
copy well ! ma/]pieces by :i* !y are    
surr\nd$4  ,! utt] /]ility1 he says1 &  
impot5ce ( m9d :i* h long be5 & are /ill
 conspicu\s at ,rome1 ! deadness ( !    
,roman imag9ation1 ! abs5ce ( all       
intellectual en]gy 9 lit]ature & 9 art1 
are ! necess>y result ( ! political &   
moral s]vitude "u :i* ! ,romans exi/4   
,:]e ! ex]cise ( ! privileges ( ?\ght is
 dang]\s1 ! p[] ( expression soon       
ceases4 ,= a "t--z dur+ ! sev5te5?      
c5tury 9 ,italy--! ext]nal semblance (  
orig9ality may rema91 & me*anical       
facility ( execution may conceal !      
abs5ce ( real life2 b by degrees ! v    
semblance disappe>s1 & facility (       
execution deg5]ates into a m]e trick ( !
 h&4 ,! ,roman arti/s ( ! pres5t "t h n1
 9 g5]al1 ! capacity ev5 ( good copyi/s4
 ,!y c mix colors & c poli% m>ble1 b !y 
are nei!r pa9t]s nor sculptors4  ,& yet 
7z ! same au?or rem>ks7 ) ! fir/ brea? (

 fre$om ! dormant capacity ( ! ,italians
 awakes4 ,9 ,italy1 z 9 ,france1 ,spa91 
& ,cuba1 c>icature dies :5 fre$om is    
gone1 & lives aga9 z soon z ! oppressor 
is remov$4 ,9 #ahdh1 :5 ! ,revolution _h
 ga9$ asc5d5cy 9 ,rome1 a satirical pap]
 appe>$1 call$ ,il ,don ,pirlone1       
publi%$ weekly1 & illu/rat$ by /rong1   
?\gh rudely execut$1 c>icatures4 ,don   
,pirlone 0 ! "n ( a famili> "* 9        
,italian com$y & f>ce4 ,! pictures 9 ?is
 "w abundantly ju/ify ! encomiums (     
,pr(essor ,norton & ,mr4 ,/ory1 :o bo?  
pron\nce !m to be full ( _s & vigor1    
prov+ t ! satiric fire ( ! e>ly         
pasqu9ades is n ext+ui%$4  ,illu/ration3
 ,he has begun ! ,s]vice ) ,mass1 &     
complet$ x ) ,bombs4 7,f ,il ,don       
,pirlone1 ,rome1 ,june #ae?1 #ahdi47    
,among ! specim5s giv5 9 ?is *apt]1 !   
read] w n fail to notice ! "o t made its
 appe>ance 9 ,june1 #ahdi1 :5 ?irty ?\s&
 ,fr5* troops1 "u ! comm& ( ,g5]al      
,oud9ot1 7 ab\t to replace ^u ! he>t &  
bra9 ( ,rome ! cumbr\s1 fanta/ic        

,m$ic9e-man ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,?is picture1  
slight z is ! impression :i* x makes ^u 
u1 :o c safely smile at ! m$ic9e-m5 (   
all climes & tribes1 0 mo/ eag]ly scann$
 by ! outrag$ p ( ,rome1 to :om ! return
 ( ! ,m$ic9e-man bod$ ano!r tw5ty ye>s (
 asphyxia4 ,don ,pirlone 0 oblig$ to    
pr9t extra editions to supply ! dem&4 ,!
 picture exhibits ! int]ior ( a *ur*1 & 
! ,pope celebrat+ mass2 ,g5]al ,oud9ot  
assi/s him1 kneel+ at ! /eps ( ! alt> & 
hold+ up ! pontifical robes4 ,! bell us$
 at ! mass is 9 ! =m ( an imp]ial cr[n4 
,surr\nd+ ! alt>1 a cr[d ( milit>y      
(fic]s are se51 & beh9d !m a r[ (       
bayonets4 ,! c&les on ! alt> are 9 ! =m 
( bayonets4 ,! "t *os5 by ! arti/ is !  
supreme mom5t ( ! mass1 :5 ! celebrant  
elevates ! ho/4 ,! image ( ,*ri/ on !   
crucifix has )drawn its arms f !        
cross-b>s1 & cov]$ its face ) its h&s1 z
 if to %ut ! desecration f its sight4   
,lightn+ d>ts f ! cross1 & a hiss+ s]p5t
 issues f ! w9e-cup4 ,on ! sole ( "o (  
,g5]al ,oud9ot's boots are ! words1     

,articolo ,v4 della ,con/ituzione       
7,article ,v4 ( ! ,con/itution1 i4 e41 !
 ,fr5* ,con/itution71 :i* decl>$ t !    
,fr5* ,republic nev] employs its =ces   
aga9/ ! lib]ty ( any p4 ,und]nea? ?is   
f9e c>icature 0 pr9t$3 ,he began !      
s]vice ) ! mass1 & complet$ x ) bombs4  
,illu/ration3 ,b1 de> ,mr4 ,und]tak]1   
are y s p]fectly sure t %e is dead8--,f 
,il ,don ,pirlone1 ,rome1 ,july1 #ahdi4 
,two weeks m ( life 7 v\*saf$ to ,il    
,don ,pirlone aft] ! publication ( ?is  
c>icature4 ,on ,july #b;d1 #ahdi1 !     
,fr5* army m>*$ into ,rome1 & ! pap]    
appe>$ no m4 ,! la/ numb] conta9$ an    
engrav+ ( ,lib]ty1 a woman ly+ dead ^u !
 e>?1 ) a cock on a neighbor+ dunghill  
cr[+1 & a ,fr5* g5]al cov]+ ov] !       
pro/rate body4 ,"u ! picture 0 pr9t$3   
,b1 de> ,mr4 ,und]tak]1 are y s p]fectly
 sure t %e is dead8  ,^! 7 c]ta9ly      
vigor\s specim5s ( satiric art1 &       
increase bo? our wond] & our regret at !
 m5tal degradation ( ! beautiful        
c\ntries ( ,s\!rn ,europe4 ,!y increase 

our wond]1 ,i say1 because ! asc5d5cy ( 
prie/s 9 a nation is m an effect ?an a  
cause ( deg5]acy4 ,:5 ! cank]-worm takes
 possession ( a ,new ,engl& or*>d1 &    
dev\rs e g]m & gre5 leaf1 cov]+ all !   
trees ) loa?some blight1 x is n because 
! cank]-worm !re is m vigor\s or deadly 
?an on ! next f>m1 b because ! soil ( ! 
bla/$ or*>d is want+ 9 "s +r$i5t or     
condition ne$ful = ! vigor\s life (     
fruit-trees4 ,x is n prie/s1 begg>s1 &  
b&itti t make ,mexico1 ,p]u1 ,italy1 &  
,spa9 :at we f9d !m4 ,prie/s1 begg>s1 & 
b&itti are b ! v]m9 ^: natural prey is a
 l[ moral & m5tal life2 & h5ce ! wond] t
 ,italy1 s long a prey to su*1 %\ld /ill
 produce orig9at+ m9ds4  ,o!r c>icatures
 9 ,il ,don ,pirlone 7 rem>kable4 ,!    
alliance betwe5 ,au/ria & ,france 9     
,may1 #ahdi1 sugge/$ a picture call$ ,a 
,secret ,m>riage1 :i* 0 also a *ur*     
sc5e1 ! alt> be>+ ! words ,ad m9orem    
,dei gloriam 7,to ! less] glory ( ,god71
 a p>ody ( ! words adopt$ by !          
,inquisition1 ,ad majorem ,dei gloriam4 

,! ,pope is m>ry+ ! bridal pair1 :o     
kneel at a desk--! groom1 a ,fr5* (fic] 
) a cock's head1 & = a cre/ an imp]ial  
cr[n2 ! bride1 a woman ) long robes1 &  
on h] head ! ,au/rian d\ble eagle4 ,^u !
 desk are an axe1 a :ip1 a skull1 &     
crossbones4  ,illu/ration3 ,bomba at    
,supp]4 ,effect ( ,impressions4 7,f ,il 
,don ,pirlone1 ,rome1 ,may1 #ahdi47     
,mr4 ,norton describes ano!r1 call$ !   
,w&]+ ,jew4 ,fly+ to ! v]ge ( ,europe1  
:]e ! ,atlantic wa%es ! %ores (         
,portugal1 is se5 ! tall figure ( !     
unhappy ,c>lo ,alb]to1 driv5 by skeleton
 gho/s1 ov] ^: heads %9e />s ) ! dates  
#ahba1 #ahca1 #ahdh4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! sky1 
be=e ! fugitive1 are ! flam+ words ',a  
,c>ignano ,mal$izione ,et]na6' 7',curs$ 
be ,c>ignano =ev]6'7 to :i* a h&1 issu+ 
f ! cl\ds1 po9ts ) ext5d$ =ef+]4 ,! grim
 & ?reat5+ skeletons1 ! gho/s ( ^? :om  
,c>ignano _h betray$1 ! torm5t$ look ( !
 fly+ k+1 ! mal$iction 9 ! heav5s1 !    
solitude ( ! e>? & ! sea1 display a     
conc5trat$ p[] ( imag9ation r>e 9 art4  

,! rul+ !me ( ^! p[]ful sket*es is ! f\l
 union ( prie/ & k+ = ! common purpose (
 spoil+ fair ,italy4 ,! moral ( ! "w    
might be summ$ up 9 ! rem>k ( an        
,italian soldi] :om ,mr4 ,norton met "o 
day ne> ,rome4 ,are ! roads quiet n[8   
ask$ ! ,am]ican travel]4 ,ah1 excell5cy1
 repli$ ! man1 ! poor mu/ live1 & ! w9t]
 is h>d1 & !re is no "w6 ,b h[ 0 !      
h>ve/8 ,small en\gh1 signore6 ,!re is no
 gra9 at ,tivoli1 & no w9e2 & z = !     
olives1 a ?\s& trees h n giv5 ! wor? ( a
 bajocco4 ,& :at does ! ,gov]nm5t d = ! 
poor8 ,no?+1 no?+ at all4 ,& ! prie/s8  
,eh6 ,!y live well1 always well2 !y h a 
good "t 9 ?is _w--b8  ,illu/ration3 ,su*
 is ! ,love ( ,k+s4 7,f ,il ,don        
,pirlone1 ,rome1 #ahdi47  ,"o /rik+     
picture 9 ,il ,don ,pirlone repres5ts   
,italy 9 ! =m ( a huge milit>y boot ly+ 
pro/rate on ! e>?1 ) ,lib]ty half a/ride
 ( x1 hold+ a broom4 ,%e has j knock$ (f
 ! boot a ,fr5* g5]al1 :o lies on !     
gr\nd ) 8 hat at "s di/ance f him1 & %e 
has rais$ h] broom to give a second bl[4

 ,b at t critical mom5t1 ! ,pope ?ru/s 8
 h&s f a cl\d1 seizes ! broom1 & holds x
 back4 ,inside ! boot is se5 ambu%$ a   
c>d9al ) two long dagg]s1 wait+ to /rike
 ,lib]ty to ! he>t :5 %e %all be dis>m$4
 ,und]nea? is pr9t$3 ,imp$im5ts to      
,lib]ty4  ,9 a simil> _s 0 conceiv$ a   
picture call$ ,a ,mod]n ,synod1 :i*     
reflect$ ^u ! diplomatic conf]5ce 9     
,belgium on ,italian affairs betwe5 !   
repres5tatives ( ,au/ria1 ,france1 &    
,engl&4 ,!re sits ,italy 9 !            
c\ncil-*amb]1 b\nd & nak$ to ! wai/1 = !
 sc\rge4 ,at ! table are seat$1 ,au/ria1
 ) head ( d\ble eagle2 ,france1 ) a     
cock's head & cre/1 b a woman's bosom & 
extremely l[-neck$ dress2 & ,engl&1 ) a 
head comp\nd$ ( unicorn & donkey4       
,und]nea? ! table are ! ,pope & ,k+     
,bomba1 ) hidd5 sc\rges1 only wait+ = ! 
conf]5ce to end to resume _! cong5ial   
task ( la%+ helpless ,italy4            
,illu/ration3 ,mr4 ,pun*4  ,a t]rific   
picture is "o repres5t+ ! ,pope ) a     
sc\rge 9 8 h&1 rid+ high 9 ! air ov]    

,rome1 m\nt$ ^u a hide\s fly+ dragon )  
f\r heads4 ,"o ( ! heads is ,au/ria's   
d\ble eagle2 ano!r1 ! ,gallic cock2 !   
?ird1 ,spa92 ! f\r?1 ,bomba4 ,! papal   
cr[n is c>ri$ 9 ! coil ( ! mon/]'s =k$  
tail4 ,"u ! picture are words signify+  
,su* is ! love ( k+s6  ,imag9e endless  
v>iations ^u ?is !me 9 ,il ,don         
,pirlone1 execut$ inv>iably ) =ce1 &    
sometimes ) a p[] t1 ev5 at ?is di/ance 
( "t1 r\ses ! s\l4  ,lay+ aside !       
c>icatures ( ! ,revolution1 ( :i*       
consid]able volumes h be5 collect$1 ,i  
may say a ^w or two ( ! comic ent]ta9m5t
 t has n[ become univ]sal1 ,pun*1 :i*1  
if ,italy did n orig9ate x1 receiv$ !re 
its mod]n =m & "*4 ,pun* is n[ exhibit$ 
daily 9 e civiliz$ & semi-civiliz$ l& or
 e>?--9 ,*9a1 ,siam1 ,india1 ,japan1    
,t>t>y1 ,russia1 ,egypt1 ev]y:]e4 ,a    
,new ,york travel]1 well kn[n bo? = !   
ext5t ( 8 j\rneys & = ! excell5t use he 
has made ( !m1 tells me t he saw1 n long
 ago1 a p]=mance ( ,pun* at ,cairo1 9 a 
t5t1 9 ,arabic1 a small co9 be+ *>g$ =  

admission4 ,! p ent]$ ) a grave         
demeanor1 sat 9 r[s ^u ! s&1 li/5$ to ! 
dialogue )\t a smile1 & at ! close fil$ 
out 9 sil5ce1 z if f a solemnity4 ,!    
p]=mance 0 simil> to t ) :i* we are     
acqua9t$4 ,! ,am]ican read]1 h[ev]1 may 
n be v famili> ) ! exploits ( ,pun*1 =  
he has made 8 way sl[ly 9 ! ,new ,_w1 & 
0 r>ely1 if ev]1 se5 "h until )9 ! la/  
t5 ye>s4  ,mu* second-h& erudition c\ld 
be adduc$ to %[ t ,pun*1 besides be+    
univ]sal1 dates back to remote          
antiquity4 ,! bronze figure c\ld be     
m5tion$ :i* 0 f\nd at ,h]culaneum "s    
ye>s ago1 ) ! ,pun*ian nose & *92 z well
 z a draw+ on ! wall ( a gu>d-h\se at   
,pompeii1 9 :i* !re is a figure co/um$ l
 ,pun*4 ,ev5 ! "n ,pun*1 :i* "s d]ive f 
,paun*1 is suppos$ by o!rs to be a      
corruption ( ! fir/ "n ( ,pontius       
,pilate4 ,! weight ( probability favors 
! conjecture t ,pun* really did orig9ate
 9 ,india1 at lea/ ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago1 &
 came d[n1 ?r\gh o!r ,ori5tal l&s1 to   
,greece1 "p ( ! /ock ( traditions t ga!r

 ab\t ,bac*us & 8 comic                 
audacities--jovial & impud5t ,vice      
triumphant ov] unskillful ,virtue4 ,pun*
 is a bro!r ( ,don ,juan1 except t ,pun*
 is victori\s to ! v end2 & ! fable (   
,don ,juan is among ! olde/ ( human     
imag9+s4  ,illu/ration3 ,return ( !     
,pope to ,rome4 7,f ,il ,don ,pirlone1  
,rome1 #ahdi47  ,x is agre$1 h[ev]1 t ! 
,pun* ( mod]n ,european /reets is       
,neapolitan2 & ev5 to ?is day1 z        
travel]s report1 n[h]e 9 ! _w is ! drama
 ( ,pun* giv5 ) su* =ce ( droll]y z 9   
,naples4 ,:at ,mr4 ,d',israeli1 9 !     
,curiosities ( ,lit]ature1 :]e mu* ,pun*
 le>n+ may be f\nd1 says ( ! hi/rionic  
ability ( ! ,italian p1 has be5 (t5     
confirm$ s9ce 8 day4 ,he adds an        
incid5t3  ,p]haps !re nev] 0 an ,italian
 9 a =eign c\ntry1 h[ev] deep 9 tr\ble1 
b w\ld drop all remembrance ( 8 sorr[s  
%\ld "o ( 8 c\ntrym5 pres5t himself ) ! 
p>aph]nalia ( ,pun* at ! corn] ( a      
/reet4 ,i 0 acqua9t$ ) an ,italian1 a   
philosoph] & a man ( =tune1 resid+ 9    

,engl&1 :o f\nd s lively a pleasure 9   
p]=m+ ,pun*9ello's little com$y1 t1 =   
?is purpose1 ) consid]able exp5se &     
curiosity1 he _h 8 wood5 company1 9 all 
_! co/ume1 s5t ov] f 8 native place4 ,! 
%rill squeak ( ! t9 :i/le _h ! same     
comic effect on him z ! notes ( !       
ranz-des-va*es h 9 awak5+ ! t5d]ness (  
dome/ic emotion 9 ! w&]+ ,swiss4 ,!     
national g5ius is dramatic4  ,?r\gh !   
jo9t labors ( ,mr4 ,george ,cruik%ank & 
,mr4 ,payne ,colli]1 we n[ "k exactly   
:at ! ,pun*ian drama is1 z p]=m$ by !   
be/ arti/s4 ,mr4 ,cruik%ank expla9s !   
truly ,engli% process by :i* ?is        
valuable in=mation 0 obta9$3  ,hav+ be5 
engag$ by ,mr4 ,pr[ett1 ! publi%]1 to   
give ! v>i\s sc5es repres5t$ 9 ! /reet  
p]=mances ( ,pun* & ,judy1 ,i obta9$ !  
address ( ! proprietor & p]=m] ( t      
popul> exhibition4 ,he 0 an eld]ly      
,italian1 ( ! "n ( ,picc9i1 :om ,i      
rememb]$ f boyhood1 & he liv$ at a l[   
public-h\se1 ! sign ( ',! ,k+'s ,arms1' 
9 ! ',coal-y>d1' ,drury ,lane4 ,hav+    

made arrangem5ts = a 'morn+ p]=mance1'  
"o ( ! w9d[-frames on ! fir/ floor ( !  
public-h\se 0 tak5 out1 & ! /&1 or      
,pun*'s !atre1 0 haul$ into !           
',club-room4' ,mr4 ,payne ,colli] 7:o 0 
to write ! description71 ! publi%]1 &   
myself1 =m$ ! audi5ce2 & z ! p]=mance   
w5t on1 ,i /opp$ x at ! mo/ int]e/+ p>ts
 to sket* ! figures1 :ile ,mr4 ,colli]  
not$ d[n ! dialogue2 & ?us ! :ole is a  
fai?ful copy & description ( ! v>i\s    
sc5es repres5t$ by ?is ,italian4  ,!    
drama ?us obta9$1 :i* has s9ce be5      
publi%$ ) ,mr4 ,cruik%ank's             
illu/rations1 mu/ at lea/ be pron\nc$ ! 
mo/ popul> ( all dramatic ent]ta9m5ts   
pa/ or pres5t4 ,x is n[ 9 ! ?irtie?     
c5tury ( its run2 & ev5 ! mod]n ,italian
 v]sion dates back to ! ye> #afjj4 ,x is
 a r\gh1 wild c>icature ( human life4   
,,*apt] ,,xxiii4  ,,engli% ,,c>icature  
,,( ,,! ,,pres5t ,,c5tury4              
,illu/ration3 ,james ,gillray4  ,james  
,gillray1 ?\gh ! favorite c>icaturi/ (  
,london be=e ! beg9n+ ( our c5tury1 did 

n rea* ! full developm5t ( 8 tal5t until
 ! lat] extravagancies ( ,napoleon      
,bonap>te gave him subjects s ri*ly     
sugge/ive ( burlesque4 ,ev5 at ?is late 
day1 :5 we h x 9 our p[] to "k ! inf9ite
 mis*ief done to our race by su* p]jur$ 
*>latans z ,bonap>te1 x is difficult to 
read "s ( 8 bullet9s & messages )\t     
bur/s ( laught]--! imitation ( kn[n     
models is s *ildi%1 & !y reveal s       
prepo/]\s an ignorance ( e ?+ t ! rul] (
 a civiliz$ c\ntry ought to "k4 ,aft]   
giv+ ,london a long s]ies ( c>icatures (
 ! ,fr5* ,revolution & ( ! ,engli%      
f]m5tation t foll[$ x1 ,gillray fell ^u 
,napoleon1 & exhibit$ ! ludicr\s aspects
 ( ! man & 8 do+s ) a comic f]tility &  
effectiv5ess r>ely equal$4 ,true1 he    
knew v little ei!r ( ! ,revolution or ( 
,bonap>te--,engl& knew little--b :ile   
all well-in=m$ & humane p]sons h =giv5 !
 excesses ( ! ,revolution>y p]iod1 or   
laid ! blame at ! door ( ! real         
culprits1 ! _w is com+ r\nd to ! view ( 
,napoleon ,bonap>te :i* ! c>icaturi/    

gave sev5ty ye>s ago4 ,if ,i 7 ask$ to  
"n ! be/ five c>icatures produc$ s9ce   
,hog>?1 "o ( ! five w\ld be ,james      
,gillray's ,tiddy-,doll1 ! ,great ,fr5* 
,g+]bread ,bak] draw+ out a ,new ,bat* (
 ,k+s2 & ano!r1 a picture by ! same     
arti/1 ,k+ ( ,brobd+nag & ,gulliv]      
ridicul+ ,napoleon's s*eme ( invad+     
,engl& 9 #ahjc4 ,bo? are ma/]pieces (   
satiric art 9 :at we may ju/ly /yle !   
,engli% /yle2 i4 e41 ! /yle :i* amuses e
 body & w\nds nobody1 n ev5 ! p]son     
satiriz$4  ,illu/ration3 ,tiddy-,doll1 !
 ,great ,fr5* ,g+]bread ,bak]1 draw+ out
 a ,new ,bat* ( ,k+s4 ,8 ,man1 ,hopp+   
,talley1 mix+ up ! ,d\gh4 7,gillray1    
#ahjf47  ,born 9 #ageg1 :5 ,hog>? _h    
/ill sev5 ye>s to live1 ! son ( a       
valiant ,engli% soldi] :o left an arm 9 
,fl&]s1 ,james ,gillray belongs m to !  
old s*ool ( c>icaturi/s ?an to ! new4   
,_m ( 8 works c\ld n n[ be exhibit$2 nor
 0 ,gillray sup]ior 9 moral feel+ to !  
"t 9 :i* he liv$4 ,he flatt]$ ! pride & 
! prejudices ( ,john ,bull4 ,9 a        

deep-dr9k+ age1 8 own habits 7          
excessively convivial2 7 su* z to %ort5 
8 life1 aft] hav+ impair$ 8 reason4 ,he 
01 nev]!less1 = a p]iod ( tw5ty ye>s !  
favorite c>icaturi/ ( 8 c\ntry1 & a v   
l>ge numb] ( 8 works are 9 all respects 
admirable4 ,! read] w rem>k t ,gillray1 
l mo/ ( 8 c\ntrym51 0 n acqua9t$ ) !    
c\nt5ance ( ,napoleon1 & c\ld1 !re=e1   
only give ! popul>ly accept$ portrait4  
,8 lik5esses g5]ally are excell5t4      
,among ! cr[ds ( laugh+ ,engli% boys :o 
hail$ e new picture issu$ by ,gillray   
dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s ( 8 c>e] 0 "o nam$   
,george ,cruik%ank1 /ill liv+ & honor$  
among 8 c\ntrym5 9 #ahgg4 ,him we may   
ju/ly /yle ! f\nd] ( ! new s*ool--!     
virtu\s s*ool--( comic art1 :i* accords 
s agreeably ) ! human] civilization :i* 
has be5 /eal+ ov] ! _w ( late ye>s1 &   
p>ticul>ly s9ce ! suppression (         
,bonap>te 9 #ahae4 ,on page #bgj is a   
picture ( 8 execut$ 9 8 eightie? ye>1 a 
pro( ( ! /ead9ess ( h& & al]tness ( m9d 
:i* rew>d a temp]ate & honorable life   

ev5 9 extreme old age4 ,?is picture 0   
bo? drawn & engrav$ by 8 own h& to      
please "o ( 8 olde/ ,am]ican fri5ds1    
,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,b\ton1 ( ,new ,york1 long 
conc]n$ 9 collect+ & di/ribut+ 8 works  
among u4 ,"h1 !n1 is a liv+ arti/ ^:    
fir/ h&l+ ( ! et*+-tool dates back almo/
 ?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tury4 ,mr4 ,reid1 !  
keep] ( pr9ts & draw+s 9 ! ,briti%      
,museum1 has be5 at ! pa9s to make a    
catalogue ( ! works ( ,george           
,cruik%ank4 ,! numb] ( entries 9 ?is    
catalogue is five ?\s& two hundr$ &     
sixty-five1 _m ( :i* comprise ext5sive  
s]ies ( draw+s1 s t ! total numb] ( 8   
pictures probably exce$s tw5ty          
?\s&--ab\t "o picture = e work+-day dur+
 ! productive "p ( 8 c>e]4              
,illu/ration3 ,! ,?reat5$ ,invasion (   
,engl&1 #ahjd4 7,gillray47  7,! ,k+ (   
,brobd+nag & ,gulliv]4 ,sc5e--,gulliv]  
manoeuvr+ ) 8 little boat 9 !           
ci/]n4--,vide ,swift's ,gulliv]47  ,i   
(t5 us$ to r[ = my own div]sion1 z well 
z t ( ! que5 & h] ladies1 :o ?\ght      

!mselves well ent]ta9$ ) my skill &     
agility4 ,sometimes ,i w\ld put up my   
sail & %[ my art by /e]+ />bo>d &       
l>bo>d4 ,h[ev]1 my attempts produc$ no?+
 else besides a l\d laught]1 :i* all !  
respect due to 8 maje/y f ^? ab\t him   
c\ld n make !m conta94 ,?is made me     
reflect h[ va9 an attempt x is = a man  
to endeavor to d himself honor among ^? 
:o are out ( all degree ( equality or   
comp>ison ) him4  ,illu/ration3 ,!      
,bibliomaniac4 7,george ,cruik%ank1     
#ahga47  ,!re is p]haps no gift s likely
 to be transmitt$ f fa!r to son z a     
tal5t = draw+4 ,c]ta9ly x runs 9 !      
,cruik%ank family1 = !re are already    
five ( ! "n kn[n to collectors1 mu* to  
_! confusion4 ,z a guide to ,mr4 ,reid 9
 ! prep>ation ( 8 catalogue1 ! old      
g5tleman made a brief /atem5t1 :i* is "o
 ( ! curiosities ( art gossip1 & x may  
s]ve a useful purpose to collectors 9 ! 
,unit$ ,/ates4 ,8 fa!r1 ,isaac          
,cruik%ank1 0 a design] & et*] &        
engrav]1 z well z a wat]-color          

draughtsman4 ,8 bro!r1 ,isaac ,rob]t1 a 
m9iature & portrait pa9t]1 0 also a     
design] & et*]1 & y\r humble s]vant     
likewise a design] & et*]4 ,:5 ,i 0 a   
m]e boy1 he adds1 my de> fa!r k9dly     
all[$ me to play at et*+ on "s ( 8      
copp]-plates1 little bits ( %ad[s or    
little figures 9 ! backgr\nd1 & to assi/
 him a little z ,i grew old]1 & he us$  
to assi/ me 9 putt+ 9 h&s & faces4 ,& :5
 my de> bro!r ,rob]t 7:o 9 8 latt] days 
omitt$ ! ,isaac7 left (f portrait-pa9t+1
 & took almo/ entirely to design+ &     
et*+1 ,i assi/$ him1 at fir/ to a great 
ext5t1 9 "s ( 8 draw+s4 ,! result 0 t1 9
 look+ ov] ! pictures ( sixty ye>s ago1 
he c\ld n always tell 8 own "w2 &1 to   
make matt]s worse1 8 bro!r left a son1  
,p]cy ,cruik%ank1 also a draughtsman &  
engrav]1 & he1 too1 has an arti/ son1   
nam$ ,george4 ,! family has provid$ "w =
 ! com+ connoisseur4  ,! glory ( ! liv+ 
vet]an1 h[ev]1 w rema9 unique1 because  
he1 fir/ ( ! comic arti/s ( 8 c\ntry1   
caught ! new _s1 avoid$ ! grossness &   

?\ghtless "o-sid$ness ( 8 pr$ecessors1 &
 us$ 8 art 9 su* a mann] t n[1 9 8      
eighty-f\r? ye>1 look+ back ?r\gh ! long
 gall]y ( 8 works ga!r$ by !            
affectionate p]si/5ce ( 8 admir]s1 he c 
n po9t to "o picture :i* = any moral    
reason he c\ld wi% to turn to ! wall4   
,engl& owes mu* to h] humori/s ( ! new  
humane s*ool4 ,%e owes1 p]haps1 m ?an %e
 yet p]ceives1 because ! *anges :i* !y  
promote 9 mann]s & morals come ab\t     
sl[ly & unm>k$4 ,x is ! ,am]ican        
revisit+ ! c\ntry aft] _m ye>s ( abs5ce 
:o p]ceives ! ameliorations :i* !       
satiric p5cil & p5 h conjo9tly produc$2 
nor are ^? ameliorations hidd5 f !      
,am]ican :o treads = ! fir/ "t !        
fa/-an*or$ isle4 ,x is ) a peculi>      
raptur\s recognition t we hail e        
indication ( t ,engl& ) :i* ,engli% art 
& lit]ature h made u acqua9t$--a v      
diff]5t c\ntry inde$ f ! ,engl& (       
politics & ! newspap]4 ,a /ud5t :o f\nd 
himself "o f9e ,sunday morn+ 9 ,june    
glid+ pa/ ! lovely ,hamp%ire coa/1 cov]$

 ) f>ms1 lawns1 & villas1 gaz$ 9 sil5ce 
= a long "t1 & c\ld only relieve 8 m9d  
at la/ by gasp+1 ,?omson's ',seasons8'  
,8 fir/ glance reveal$ to him1 :at he _h
 nev] be=e suspect$1 t ! rural poetry ( 
,engl& appli$ 9 a p>ticul> mann] to ! l&
 t inspir$ x1 c\ld h be5 writt5 only    
!re1 & only !re c\ld be q appreciat$4 ,f
 ,*auc] to ,t5nyson !re is n a /]l+ l9e 
9 x :i* c\ld h be5 :at x is if x _h be5 
compos$ 9 any "p ( ! ,we/]n cont95t4 ,we
 h a fl[] :i* we call a daisy1 a we$    
co>s5$ by our fi]ce sun1 betray+        
b>r5ness ( soil1 & sugge/ive ( c>eless  
culture4 ,!re is also to be se5 9 our   
w9d[s & gre5h\ses a fl[] nam$ !         
primrose1 :i*1 ?\gh x has its m]it1 has 
n be5 celebrat$ by poets1 nor is likely 
to be4 ,b ! in/ant we see an ,engli%    
road-side bright ) primroses & daisies1 
we f9d ourselves say+1 ,yes1 ( c\rse2 ^!
 are :at ! poets mean2 ?is is ! daisy ( 
,%akspe>e & ,burns2 "h is ,wordswor?'s  
yell[ primrose6 ,& we g on hold+ simil> 
disc\rse ) ourselves z (t5 z we descry !

 objects1 at once famili> & unkn[n1 :i* 
9 e age ! poets ( ,great ,brita9 h lov$ 
to s+4  ,illu/ration3 ,hope--,a         
,phr5ological ,illu/ration4 7,george    
,cruik%ank1 #ahbf47  ,b :51 9 ^! rec5t  
days1 ! same travel] obs]ves ! human    
life ( ,engli% /reets & homes & public  
places1 he does n p]ceive s exact a     
resemblance to ! life portray$ 9 books &
 pictures4 ,engli% life seems g5tl] &   
bett] ?an x 0 repres5t$ =ty ye>s ago2   
mann]s are fre] & m cordial2 p are less 
intemp]ate2 ! physical life is mu* less 
ob/rep]\s2 ! topics discuss$ h a m      
frequ5t relation to ! high] int]e/s (   
human nature4 ,! glory ( ! la/ g5]ation 
0 held to be ,wat]loo2 ! di/9ction ( !  
pres5t "o is a peaceful arbitration4 ,! 
six-bottle m5 ( ,%]idan's "t--:]e are   
!y8 ,gone1 q gone4 ,"o bottle is n[     
almo/ z unusual z x is excessive4 ,gone 
is ! coa*1 ) its long tra9 (            
b>b>isms--its bloat$ ,well]s1 its coa*m5
 :o swall[$ an imp]ial p9t ( v9eg> ) _! 
oy/]s )\t w9k+1 its m\nta9\s l&lord     

skillful 9 *>g+1 its g5]al horseyness & 
cumb]some inconv5i5ce4 ,! hide\s        
prize-fight seems f9ally suppress$4 ,if 
!re are /ill e/ates ^u :i* !re are      
family cottages ( "o room1 !y are held 9
 horror1 & x is an axiom accept$ t !    
own] :o p]mits !m to rema9 is a tru]    
savage ?an ! mo/ degrad$ peasants :o    
inhabit !m4  ,art1 humaniz+ art1 has    
rea*$ a developm5t :i* a dream] (       
,hog>?'s day c\ld n h anticipat$ = any  
p]iod mu* %ort ( ! mill5nium2 & n a     
developm5t only1 b a wide diffusion4    
,*adb&--:]e is he8 ,if he exi/s1 he has 
assum$ a less (f5sive =m ?an :5 he ate  
muff9s & snivel$ inanity 9 ,mrs4        
,snagsby's back room4 ,:]e are          
,?ack]ay's snobs8 ,!y1 too1 h n ceas$ to
 be1 = ! foible :i* he satiriz$ is an   
integral "p ( human nature1 :i* c be    
ennobl$1 n eradicat$4 ,/rang]s1 h[ev]1 d
 n (t5 obs]ve ^? viol5t & crude         
manife/ations ( x :i* ,?ack]ay          
describes2 & !re seems a likelihood ( ! 
,book ( ,snobs meet+ ! fate ( ,adam     

,smi?'s ,weal? ( ,nations1 :i* made     
itself obsolete by accompli%+ its       
purposes4 ,be] /ill fl[s r$undant 9 e "p
 ( ! ,briti% ,empire4 ,nev]!less1 !re is
 "h & !re a p]son :o has discov]$ h[ mu*
 m c be got out ( life by avoid+        
/imulation4 ,a decid$ advance mu/ h be5 
made t[>d tol]ance ( op9ion :5 m5 c be  
borne to honorable burial 9 ,we/m9/]    
,abbey ^: op9ions 7 at v>iance ) ^? :i* 
built & su/a9 ! edifice4 ,*adb&om feebly
 prote/s1 b no man reg>ds x4            
,illu/ration3 ,t]m ,"t4 7,george        
,cruik%ank1 #ahbg47  ,!re are m5 /ill   
alive :o rememb] ! six-bottle p]iod &   
all its /r5u\s vulg>ities1 ! p]iod :5 ! 
:ole /r5g? ( ! empire 0 put =? 9 !      
,bonap>te w>s4 ,william ,*amb]s1 :o 0   
born :5 ,george ,cruik%ank 0 a boy (    
eight1 speaks ( ^? ye>s z a "t (        
univ]sal viol5ce4 ,*ildr51 rul$ by      
viol5ce at home & by cruelty at s*ool1  
pummel$ & bulli$ "o ano!r 9 turn1       
besides practic+ habitual cruelty t[>d  
birds & bea/s1 hunt+ cats1 pelt+ dogs1  

plund]+ birds' ne/s4 ,he tells u ( a    
c>t] :o us$ to turn out 8 horses to die 
on ! common ( 8 native t[n1 :]e ! boys1 
9 ! sight ( ! p1 & )\t be+ admoni%$ by  
!m1 w\ld daily amuse !mselves by /on+ ! 
helpless creatures till !y _h batt]$ !  
life out ( !m4 ,! news t r\s$ ! p 0 all 
( blood%$ on l& & sea4 ,! only pleasures
 t 7 held to be entirely wor?y ( m5 7   
h>d rid+ & deep dr9k+4 ,^? di>ies (     
p]sons :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! fir/ half (       
,george ,cruik%ank's life1 ( :i* s _m   
volumes h be5 publi%$ lately--^?1 =     
example1 ( ,moore1 ,greville1 ,j]dan1 & 
,"y--:at are !y b a monoton\s record (  
d9n] anecdotes8 ,m>ryat's novels pres]ve
 a popul> exhibition ( t fight+ age1 &  
we p]ceive f 8 memoirs t he did n       
exagg]ate its m savage *>act]i/ics4     
,sev]al ( 8 mo/ brutal incid5ts 7       
transcripts f 8 own exp]i5ce4  ,comic   
art1 :i* ! amelioration ( mann]s has    
purifi$1 has done mu* 9 its turn to     
/r5g!n & diffuse t amelioration4 ,isaac 
,cruik%ank 0 among ! la/ ( ! old s*ool4 

,he seems to h kept 8 p5cil on hire1 =  
we h c>icatures ( 8 on all sides ( !    
politics ( 8 "t1 f cons]vative to       
radical4 ,9 #agie he repres5t$ ,william 
,pitt z ! royal ext+ui%] putt+ out !    
flame ( s$ition2 b 9 #agig he exhibit$ !
 same m9i/] 9 ! "* ( a %[man deceiv+ ! p
 ) reg>d to ! condition ( ! c\ntry4     
,obs]ve1 says ,billy1 :at a busy sc5e   
pres5ts itself4 ,! ports are fill$ )    
%ipp+1 ri*es are fl[+ 9 f e qu>t]4 ,b ! 
c\ntrym5 /&+ ar\nd decl>e t !y c see    
no?+ b a woide pla9 ) "s m\nta9s &      
mole-hills ^u't1 & conjecture t ! f9e   
?+s :i* ,billy sees mu/ be beh9d "o ( ! 
mole-hills4 ,dur+ ! same ye> we f9d him 
c>icatur+ ,fox1 ! lead] ( ! ,opposition1
 z hav+ laid a tra9 = ! purpose ( bl[+  
up ! ,con/itution1 & !n leav+ to o!rs ! 
risk ( t\*+ x (f4 ,on bo? sides ( !     
,iri% que/ions ( 8 day he employ$ 8     
p5cil1 ridicul+ 9 "s pictures ! ,iri%   
discont5ts1 & 9 o!rs ! measures propos$ 
by m9i/]s = quiet+ !m4 ,:5 ! old k+ 0   
los+ 8 reason1 he drew him z a f>?+     

ru%-light1 ar\nd :i* 7 ! ,pr9ce (       
,wales1 ,fox1 ,%]idan1 & _! fri5ds1 all 
try+ to bl[ out ! flick]+ flame4 ,at    
l5g?1 9 #ahaj1 he c>icatur$ ! ,burdett  
riots 9 a mann] to please ! mo/ advanc$ 
radical4 ,?is picture1 h[ev]1 may h be5 
a tribute to ! m]e audacity ( ! memb] = 
,we/m9/]1 :o b>ricad$ 8 h\se = f\r days 
aga9/ ! (fic]s ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons     
ord]$ to arre/ him4  ,x 0 :ile ,isaac   
,cruik%ank 0 occasionally draw+ su*     
c>icatures z ^! t he k9dly all[$ 8 son  
,george1 a m]e boy1 to play at et*+ on  
"s ( 8 copp]-plates4 ,! fir/ real "w    
done by ! lad 0 ( a v mode/ "*1 b he    
speaks ( !m 9 a way to make u regret t  
ev5 !y %\ld h be5 lo/4 ,_m ( my fir/    
productions1 su* z half-p5ny lott]y     
books & books = little *ildr51 c nev] be
 kn[n or se51 hav+ be5 de/roy$ long1    
long ago by ! de> little ones :o _h !m  
to play )4  ,m5 :o write s ( little     
*ildr5 t tore up _! picture-books sev5ty
 ye>s be=e are n =m$ = ! /rife (        
politics4 ,george ,cruik%ank e>ly 9 life

 )drew f political c>icature1 b n be=e  
he _h execut$ a few pictures ( :i* he   
might reasonably boa/ 9 8 old age1 aft] 
"t _h ju/ifi$ _! sev]ity4 ,?is ag$      
arti/1 :o has liv$ to see ! laws repeal$
 :i* re/rict$ ! importation ( gra9 into 
,engl&1 0 j com+ ( age :5 ^? laws 7     
pass$1 & he express$ 8 op9ion ( !m 9 a  
c>icature call$ ,! ,bless+s ( ,peace2   
or1 ,! ,curse ( ! ,corn ,bill4 ,x 0 9   
#ahae--! ye> t consign$ ,bonap>te to ,/4
 ,hel5a1 & gave peace to ,europe4 ,a    
vessel lad5 ) gra9 has arriv$ f a =eign 
port1 & ! sup]c>go1 hold+ out a h&ful1  
says1 ,"h is ! be/ = fifty %ill+s4 ,b on
 ! %ore /&s a /ore-h\se fill$ )         
home-gr[n gra91 tight %ut1 9 front ( :i*
 is a gr\p ( ,briti% l&-own]s1 "o ( :om 
waves ! =eign trad] away1 say+3 ,we     
won't h x at any price4 ,we are det]m9$ 
to keep up our own to eighty %ill+s1 &  
if ! poor c't buy x at t price1 :y1 !y  
mu/ />ve4 ,! =eign gra9 is ?r[n ov]bo>d1
 :ile a />v+ family looks on1 & ! fa!r  
says1 ,no1 no1 ma/]s1 ,i'll n />ve1 b   

quit my native c\ntry1 :]e ! poor are   
cru%$ by ^? !y labor to support1 &      
retire to "o m hospitable1 & :]e ! arts 
( ! ri* d n int]pose to defeat !        
provid5ce ( ,god4  ,su* is ! ,protective
 ,sy/em3 an int]e/$ few1 hav+ ! e> ( !  
,gov]nm5t1 ?riv+ at ! exp5se ( ! _m :o h
 n ! e> ( ! ,gov]nm5t6 ,?is "y man saw !
 po9t 9 #ahae z cle>ly z ,cobd51 ,peel1 
or ,mill 9 #ahdf4  ,9 ! same ye> he aim$
 a c>icature at ! m9i/ry :o took (f !   
income tax1 & less5$ ! taxes ^u prop]ty 
)\t dim9i%+ ^? :i* bore m directly ^u ! 
poor4 ,_m pictures 9 a simil> _s foll[$2
 b :ile he 0 /ill a "y man he foll[$ !  
b5t ( 8 disposition1 & has ev] s9ce     
employ$ 8 p5cil 9 :at 8 great ma/]      
,hog>? once /yl$ moral com$ies1 :]e9    
humor appe>s z ! ally & tea*] ( morals4 
,john ,doyle1 :o reign$ next 9 !        
%op-w9d[s ( ,great ,brita91 & cont9u$ to
 be> sway = tw5ty ye>s--#ahbi to        
#ahdi--0 n kn[n by "n to ! g5]ation :i* 
he amus$4 ,x *anc$ "o day t two ,i's1 9 
a pr9t+-(fice :]e he 01 /ood close to   

two ,d's1 & he obs]v$ t ! conjunction   
=m$ a figure resembl+ ,,hb4 ,he adopt$  
?is z ! m>k or signature ( 8 c>icatures1
 & consequ5tly he 0 always spok5 ( z ,h4
 ,b4 d[n to ! "t ( 8 dea?1 :i* occurr$  
ab\t ! ye> #ahfi4 ,he1 too1 %>$ ! _s ( !
 bett] "t4 ,collectors numb] 8 publi%$  
c>icatures at n9e hundr$ & sev5te51 :i* 
h be5 re-issu$ 9 elev5 volumes2 b 9 none
 ( 8 works is !re any ?+ ( ! savage     
vulg>ity ( ! c>icatures produc$ dur+ !  
,bonap>te w>s4 ,x 0 a cu/om ) ,engli%   
pr9t-sell]s to keep port-folios ( 8     
innoc5t & amus+ pictures to let out by !
 ev5+ to families ab\t to engage 9 !    
ardu\s "w ( ent]ta9+ _! fri5ds at d9n]4 
,he excell$ greatly 9 8 portraits1 _m ( 
:i*1 x is said by contempor>ies1 are !  
be/ ev] tak5 ( ! not$ m5 ( t day1 & may 
be safely accept$ z hi/orical4 ,br\gham1
 ,peel1 ,o',connell1 ,hume1 ,russell1   
,palm]/on1 & o!rs appe> 9 8 works z !y 7
 9 _! prime1 ) little di/ortion or      
exagg]ation1 ! humor ( ! pictures be+ 9 
! situation portray$4 ,?us1 aft] a      

debate 9 :i* allusion 0 made to an      
anci5t egg anecdote1 ,,hb produc$ a     
c>icature 9 :i* ! lead]s ( p>ties 7     
drawn z h5s sitt+ ^u eggs4 ,! :ole      
int]e/ ( ! picture lies 9 ! speak+      
lik5esses ( ! m54 ,an air ( ref9em5t    
p]vades 8 designs4 ,8 humor is n        
aggressive4 ,x 0 rem>k$ at ! "t 9 !     
,we/m9/] ,review t ! great hits (       
,gillray1 on be+ put up = ! fir/ "t 9   
,mrs4 ,humphrey's w9d[1 7 receiv$ by !  
cr[d ) %\ts ( approval1 b t ! k9dli]    
humor ( ,,hb only elicit$ sil5t smiles4 
,illu/ration3 ,box 9 a ,new ,york ,!atre
 9 #ahcj4  ,i obs]v$ 9 ! front r[ ( a   
dress box a lady p]=m+ ! mo/ mat]nal    
(fice possible1 sev]al g5tlem5 )\t _!   
coats1 & a g5]al air ( contempt = !     
dec5cies ( life1 c]ta9ly m ?an usually  
revolt+4--,,mrs4 ,,trollope1 ,dome/ic   
,mann]s ( ! ,am]icans1 vol4 ii41 p4     
#aid4  ,d\btless ! w> passion t rag$    
?r\gh\t ,*ri/5dom 9 ,gillray's day _h   
mu* to d ) ! w>m? ( applause :i* 8 works
 call$ =?4 ,b1 9 tru?1 ! vulg> portion (

 mank9d appe> to h a c]ta9 reli% ( an   
effective ?ru/1 no matt] :o may wri!4   
,,hb 0 seldom sev]] ?an 9 8 picture     
call$ ,h&writ+ on ! ,wall1 9 :i* ,silly 
,billy 7z ,william ,,iv4 0 famili>ly    
/yl$7 is se5 read+ a plac>d head$ ,re=m 
,bill1 & mutt]+1 ,re=m ,bill8 ,c t mean 
me8 ,mo/ ( 8 pieces turn ^u incid5ts or 
phases ( politics :i* w\ld require _m   
words to recall1 & !n sc>cely int]e/ a  
read] ( to-day4 ,a c>icature1 z be=e    
rem>k$1 is made to be se52 x is a ?+ ( !
 mom5t1 & = ! mom5t1 & :5 t mom5t is    
pass$1 x mu/ be ( exceptional quality to
 be> revival 9 words4  ,see+ c>icatures 
f *ildhood has induc$ a habit 9 _m      
p]sons ( survey+ life 9 ! _s (          
c>icature1 & has develop$ "s tol]able   
private wield]s ( ! satiric p5cil4 ,mrs4
 ,trollope 01 p]haps1 a case 9 po9t4 ,h]
 volumes ^u ! ,dome/ic ,mann]s ( !      
,am]icans1 ! lit]>y s5sation ( #ahcb1 7 
illu/rat$ by a doz5 or m ( v amus+      
c>icatures1 "s ( :i* 7 fair hits1 & 7 ( 
actual s]vice 9 improv+ popul> mann]s4  

,!re are p]sons /ill alive :o rememb]   
he>+ ! cry ( ,trollope6 ,trollope6 rais$
 9 our !atres :5 a man v5tur$ to take (f
 8 coat on a hot night1 or sat ) 8 feet 
too high 9 ! air4#ci ,h] :ole "w1       
pictures & all1 0 a purpos$ political   
c>icature1 z %e frankly confesses 9 h]  
preface1 :]e %e says t h] *ief object 0 
to w>n h] c\ntrym5 ( ! j>r+ tumult &    
univ]sal degradation :i* inv>iably foll[
 ! wild s*eme ( plac+ all ! p[] ( !     
,/ate 9 ! h&s ( ! populace4 ,%e 01      
besides1 exce$+ly uncom=table dur+ h]   
?ree ye>s' resid5ce 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1  
except :5 %e 0 s happy z to be s]v$ by  
slaves4 ,on ent]+ a slave ,/ate1 %e     
rem>ks1 ,i 0 imm$iately com=table & at  
my ease1 & felt t ! int]c\rse betwe5 me 
& ^? :o s]v$ me 0 pr(itable to bo?      
p>ties & pa9ful to nei!r4  ,footnote    
#ci3 ,9 ! pit ( ! ,*a?am ,!atre1 ,new   
,york p]sons pull$ (f _! coats 9 ord] to
 be cool4444 ,g5tlem5 keep _! hats on 9 
! boxes1 & 9 ! pit !y make !mselves 9 e 
respect com=table4--,travels ?r\gh ,nor?

 ,am]ica dur+ ! ,ye>s #ahbe & #ahbf1 p4 
#ade1 by 8 ,highness ,b]nh>d1 ,duke (   
,saxe-,weim>-,eis5a*4  ,besides !       
specim5 ( h] c>icatur+ p[]s giv5 9 ?is  
*apt]1 !re are sev]al o!rs :i* h1 at    
lea/1 "s int]e/ z curiosities ( insul>  
judgm5t4 ,mrs4 ,trollope1 ! daught] ( a 
cl]gyman ( ! ,engli% ,*ur*1 & ! wife (  
an ,engli% lawy] ( ari/ocratic family1  
ent]$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 #ahbg1 by !    
,mississippi1 & sp5t a ye> or two 9 its 
newly settl$ valley4 ,%e saw ! ,we/]n p 
engag$ 9 a life-&-dea? /ruggle ) untam$ 
nature--! =e/1 wild m5 & bea/s1 ! swamp1
 ! flood1 ! fev]1 a try+ climate1 &     
int]m9able di/ances4 ,a p>tial conque/  
_h be5 won4 ,"s fair t[ns _h ris54 ,a   
few c\nties 7 subdu$4 ,! log s*ool-h\se 
0 a famili> object4 ,to a m9d (         
cont95tal compass1 al?\gh ,we/]n life 0 
/ill r\gh1 rude1 & hagg>d1 ! prospect 0 
hopeful2 x 0 evid5t t civilization 0    
w9n+ ! day1 & 0 de/9$1 9 ! c\rse ( a    
c5tury or two1 to make ! victory        
complete4 ,! wor/ t a p]son ( lib]al m9d

 c\ld say1 or c n[ say1 ( su* a sc5e1   
w\ld be ?is3 ,see :at x co/s to         
transplant human families f ! p>i% to ! 
wild]ness6  ,ev5 cabbage plants )] :5   
only transf]r$ f ! hot-b$ to ! g>d52 b !
 transplant+ ( families f ! organiz$    
society ( an old c\ntry to a wild new l&
 is a process "u :i* all sick51 _m      
deg5]ate1 & _m die4  ,illu/ration3      
,seym\r's ,conception ( ,mr4 ,w9kle be=e
 t ,hunt] appe>$ 9 ,pickwick4 7,seym\r's
 ,sket*es1 #ahcd47  ,vot1 eighte5 %ill+s
 = t ere little pig8 ,vy1 ,i c\ld buy x 
9 t[n = sev5 any day6  ,our curate's    
daught]1 on ! contr>y1 aft] a long &    
close survey ( ?is int]e/+ sc5e1 c\ld   
only discov] t life on ! banks ( !      
,ohio1 9 ! tw5tie? ye> ( _! settlem5t1 0
 nei!r z pleasant1 nor z graceful1 nor z
 elegant1 nor z clean1 nor z conv5i5t z 
x is 9 an ,engli% village2 & ?is        
discov]y %e communicat$ to ! _w 9 two   
volumes1 #abmo1 ) sixte5 illu/rations1 v
 mu* to ! satisfaction ( _m ,engli%     
read]s4 ,?is wor?y & gift$ lady1 "m (   

wor?y & gift$ *ildr51 0 utt]ly baffl$ 9 
h] attempts to acc\nt = ! rud5ess (     
,we/]n life4 ,provisions1 %e says1 7    
abundant 9 ,c9c9nati1 z _m z f\r ?\s&   
pigs be+ adv]tis$ sometimes by "o man4  
,! v gutt]s ( ! t[n ran blood--! blood (
 *eap innum]able sw9e4 ,b ! total &     
univ]sal want ( mann]s1 bo? 9 males &   
females1 is s rem>kable t ,i 0 con/antly
 endeavor+ to acc\nt = x4 ,! p1 %e      
?\ght1 _h cle> & active intellects2 _!  
conv]sation 0 (t5 weighty & in/ructive1 
occasionally dull1 b nev] silly4 ,:at an
 unacc\ntable ?+1 !n1 x 0 t ^! deal]s 9 
! pig & slay]s ( ! be>1 ^! subdu]s ( !  
wild]ness & conqu]ors ( ,tecumseh1 %\ld 
n b[ ) c\rtly grace1 & conv]se ) !      
elegance & ease ( ,holl& ,h\se6 ,!re is 
no *>m1 no grace1 9 _! conv]sation1 %e  
lam5ts4 ,i v seldom1 dur+ my :ole /ay 9 
! c\ntry1 he>d a s5t5ce elegantly turn$ 
& correctly pron\nc$ f ! lips ( an      
,am]ican4  ,su* a ?+ x is to be br\ght  
up 9 an isl&6 ,h] volumes1 h[ev]1 are to
 ?is day ent]ta9+1 & n devoid (         

hi/orical value4 ,!re is "h & !re a     
passage :i* "s ( u c\ld /ill read )     
pr(it1 & h] mis9t]pretations are n mu* m
 insul> & p]v]se ?an ^? ( ,dick5s4 ,no  
"o1 inde$1 yet kn[s mu* ( ?is my/]y (   
transplant+1 9 :i* lies hidd5 !         
explanation ( ,am]ica4  ,h] fir/        
c>icature1 entitl$ ,anci5t & ,mod]n     
,republics1 is 9 two sc5es4 ,an ,anci5t 
,republic is repres5t$ z a noble ,greek1
 cr[n$ ) fl[]s1 recl9+ ^u a l\nge1 "o h&
 re/+ ^u ! /r+s ( a lyre1 & ! o!r       
gracefully hold+ up a beautiful cup1    
into :i* a lovely maid5 is squeez+ !    
juice f a luxuriant bun* ( grapes4 ,a   
,mod]n ,republic figures z a ,we/]n     
b>-room politician1 ) 8 hat ov] 8 eyes1 
8 heels ^u ! table1 a tumbl] 9 8 h&1 a  
decant] )9 rea*1 & a plug ( tobacco at  
its side4 ,we h next a picture ( a      
,philosophical ,mill9]y ,/ore at ,new   
,orleans1 9 :i* ,mrs4 ,trollope del9eat$
 an a/\nd+ ev5t--,my be+ introduc$ 9 =m 
to a mill9]6 ,%e1 a curate's daught]1   
introduc$ to a mak] ( bonnets1 :o       

actually prov$ to be a gift$ &          
intellig5t lady6 ,a ,c9c9nati ,ball-room
 reveals to u tw5ty-two ladies sitt+    
close to ! walls1 ! floor vacant1 & all 
! m5 gorm&iz+ at a table 9 ! next room1 
leav+ ! ladies to a sad & sulky repa/ ( 
tra% 9 plates held on _! laps4 ,!n we   
are favor$ ) a view ( a "y lady :o is   
mak+ a %irt1 b is a%am$ to pron\nce ! "n
 ( ! g>m5t 9 ! pres5ce ( a man1 & calls 
x pill[-case4 ,:]eupon he says1 ,n[ t   
passes1 ,miss ,cl>issa6 ',tis a         
pill[-case = a giant1 !n4 ,%all ,i      
guess1 miss8 ,to :i* %e sweetly replies1
 ,quit1 ,mr4 ,smi?2 behave y\rself1 or  
,i'll c]ta9ly be affront$4  ,ano!r      
picture repres5ts "s ladies ab\t to ent]
 a gall]y ( art at ,philadelphia1 9 :i* 
7 exhibit$ sev]al antique /atues4 ,! old
 woman 9 att5dance says3 ,n[1 ma'am1 n[6
 ?is is j ! "t = y4 ,nobody c see y4    
,make ha/e6 ,mrs4 ,trollope />$ at h] ) 
a/oni%m5t1 & ask$ h] :at %e meant4      
,only1 ma'am1 0 ! reply1 t ! ladies l to
 g into t room by !mselves1 :5 !re be no

 g5tlem5 wat*+ !m4 ,ano!r picture       
pres5ts to u an ,am]ican citiz5 ( !     
highe/ /&+ return+ f m>ket at #f ,a4,m4 
) a huge basket ( vegetables on "o arm &
 a l>ge ham c>ri$ 9 ! o!r h&4 ,a /ill m 
m>vel\s picture is giv54 ,mr4 ,ow51 fa!r
 ( ,rob]t ,dale ,ow51 *all5g$ debate on 
8 ass]tion t all ! religions ev]        
promulgat$ 7 equally false & p]nici\s4  
,a cl]gyman hav+ accept$ ! *all5ge1 !   
debate 0 cont9u$ dur+ fifte5 sessions4  
,b :at amaz$ ,mrs4 ,trollope 0 t ,mr4   
,ow5 0 li/5$ to ) respect6 ,no?+ 0 ?r[n 
at him4 ,! b5*es 7 n torn up4 ,ano!r    
m>vel 0 t nei!r ( ! disputants lo/ 8    
temp]1 b !y rema9$ excell5t fri5ds1 &   
d9$ toge!r e day ) ! utmo/ gayety &     
cordiality4 ,all ?is mu/ h seem$ /range 
inde$ to ! dot+ daught] ( a ,/ate ,*ur* 
^: belief 0 regulat$ by act ( ,p>liam5t4
  ,illu/ration3 ,probable ,sugge/ion ( !
 ,fat ,boy ( ! ,pickwick ,pap]s4        
7,seym\r's ,sket*es1 #ahcd47  ,walk$    
tw5ty miles ov]night2 up be=e peep o'   
day aga92 got a capital place2 fell fa/ 

asleep2 tide rose up to my knees2 my hat
 0 *ang$1 my pockets pick't1 & a fi% run
 away ) my hook2 dreamt ( be+ on a pol> 
exp$ition & hav+ my toes froz54  ,a     
fam\s contempor>y ( ,john ,doyle & ,mrs4
 ,trollope 0 ,rob]t ,seym\r1 :o w be    
long rememb]$ = 8 co-op]ation ) ,*>les  
,dick5s 9 ! production ( ! fir/ numb]s (
 ,pickwick4 ,no?+ c be m c]ta9 ?an t ?is
 un=tunate arti/1 :o di$ by 8 own h& j  
be=e ! second numb] ( ! "w 0 issu$1 did 
actually sugge/ ! idea :i* ! g5ius (    
,dick5s develop$ into ! ,pickwick       
,pap]s4 ,:ile ,dick5s 0 /ill 9 !        
report]s' gall]y ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1  
,seym\r _h atta9$ a %op-w9d[ celebrity  
by a k9d ( picture ( :i* ! ,engli% p    
seem nev] to be able to get             
en\gh--c>icatures ( ,london]s attempt+  
c\ntry sports4 ,x appe>s to be accept$ z
 an axiom 9 ,engl& t a man capable (    
conduct+ bus9ess successfully becomes an
 absurd & ludicr\s object ! mom5t he    
gets ^u a horse or fires at a bird4 ,x  
seems to be tak5 = grant$ t horseman%ip 

& hunt+ belong to ! feudal sy/em1 & are 
/rictly entail$ 9 c\nty families4 ,b z a
 man is suppos$ to rank 9 fa%ionable    
circles accord+ to 8 ma/]y ( ^? arts1   
great numb]s ( "y m51 x seems1 live b to
 attempt feats impossible except to     
inh]it$ skill4 ,"h is ! field = su*     
arti/s z ,rob]t ,seym\r1 ,= ^: use1 z   
,mr4 ,dick5s wrote1 ,i put 9 ,mr4 ,w9kle
 expressly1 & :o drew t happy portrait (
 ! f\nd] ( ! ,pickwick ,club by :i* he  
is always recogniz$1 & :i* may be said  
to h made him a reality4 ,p]haps z _m z 
a ?ird ( ! comic pictures publi%$ at t  
p]iod 7 9 ! ,w9kle ve94  ,illu/ration3  
,,mann]s & ,,cv/oms ( ye ,,engly%e 9    
#ahdi  ,a ,w$dynge ,,breakfa/e4  7,ri*>d
 ,doyle1 #ahdi47  ,^u look+ ov] !       
sket*es ( ,rob]t ,seym\r1 :i* us$ to    
appe> f "t to "t 9 ! w9d[s--price       
?reep5ce--:ile ,boz 0 gett+ 8 ,sket*es  
?r\gh ! press1 we p]ceive t ,dick5s     
really d]iv$ fruitful h9ts f ?is arti/1 
besides ! orig9al sugge/ion ( ! "w4 ,mr4
 ,w9kle is recognizable 9 sev]al ( !m2  

,mr4 ,pickwick's figure occurs          
occasionally2 ! ,fat ,boy is di/9ctly   
sugge/$2 ! fam\s picnic sc5e is         
anticipat$2 & !re is mu* 9 ! _s ( !     
pictures to rem9d u t among ! admir+    
cr[d :i* !y attract$1 ! au?or (         
,pickwick might (t5 h be5 f\nd4 ,seym\r1
 h[ev]1 gave him only h9ts4 ,9 e in/ance
 he has made ! sugge/$ "* or incid5t    
absolutely 8 own4 ,seym\r only suppli$ a
 piece ( copp]1 :i* ! al*emy ( g5ius    
turn$ into gold4 ,9 ,dick5s's broade/ & 
mo/ boi/]\s humor !re are ev] a c]ta9   
elegance & ref9em5t ( tone t are want+ 9
 ,seym\r1 ,seym\r's cockney hunt]s be+  
p]sons ( ! ,tittlebat ,titm\se grade1 :o
 long ago ceas$ to amuse & began to     
(f5d4  ,seym\r's discov]y1 9 ! fir/     
numb]s ( ,pickwick1 t x 0 ! au?or1 n !  
arti/1 :o 0 to dom9ate a "w :i* 0 8 own 
conception & long-*]i%$ dream1 0        
probably among ! causes ( 8 fatal       
despair4 ,:5 he fir/ m5tion$ to ,*apman 
,hall 8 s*eme ( a ,cockney ,club rang+  
ov] ,engl&1 he 0 a popul> comic arti/ ( 

sev]al ye>s' /&+1 & ,*>les ,dick5s 0 a  
"n unkn[n4 ,nor 0 x suppos$ to be ( s v 
mu* consequ5ce :o %\ld write !          
descriptive matt]4 ,! firm clos$ ! b>ga9
 ) ,mr4 ,seym\r )\t hav+ be/[$ a ?\ght  
^u ! writ]2 & :5 !y _h sugge/$ ! unkn[n 
,boz1 & procur$ a copy ( 8 ,sket*es by  
way ( recomm5dation1 ,mrs4 ,seym\r's    
rem>k 0 t1 ?\gh %e c\ld n see any humor 
9 8 writ+s h]self1 yet he might d z well
 z ano!r1 & fifte5 p\nds a mon? to a    
poor & /ruggl+ au?or w\ld be a little   
=tune4 ,to a s5sitive & ambiti\s man1   
made morbid by v>i\s h>d usage su* z !  
m5 :o delight ! _w (t5 und]go1 x mu/ h  
be5 a cutt+ disappo9tm5t to be ask$1 9 !
 infancy ( an ent]prise :i* he deem$    
peculi>ly 8 own1 to put aside an        
illu/ration t he _h prep>$1 & make ano!r
 to suit ! fancies ( a subord9ate4 ,x 0 
l requir+ a /> actor to omit 8 favorite 
& mo/ special bus9ess 9 ord] to af=d a  
memb] ( ! company an opportunity to %9e4
  ,! biograph] ( ,mr4 ,dick5s is        
naturally reluctant to admit ! social   

insignificance 9 ,london1 =ty ye>s ago1 
( a /ruggl+ au?or1 & he is grossly      
abusive ( ,mr4 ,n4 ,p4 ,willis =        
describ+ 8 h]o z he appe>$ at ?is /age (
 8 c>e]4 ,mr4 ,willis visit$ him at a   
dismal build+ 9 ,holborn1 9 company ) "o
 ( ,mr4 ,dick5s's publi%]s1 & he gave a 
brief acc\nt ( :at he saw1 :i* d\btless 
0 ! exact tru?4 ,willis 0 a fai?ful     
*ronicl] ( ! m9utiae ( a sc5e4 ,he 0 a  
/ickl] = hav+ ! small facts correct4 ,we
 pull$ up1 he wrote1 at ! entrance ( a  
l>ge build+ us$ = lawy]s' *amb]s4 ,i    
foll[$ by a long flight ( /airs to an   
upp] /ory1 & 0 u%]$ into an unc>pet$ &  
bleak-look+ room1 ) a deal table1 two or
 ?ree *airs1 & a few books1 a small boy 
& ,mr4 ,dick5s1 = ! cont5ts4 ,i 0 only  
/ruck at fir/ ) "o ?+ 7& ,i made a      
memor&um ( x t ev5+ z ! /ronge/ in/ance 
,i _h se5 ( ,engli% obsequi\sness to    
employ]s7--! degree to :i* ! poor au?or 
0 ov]p[]$ ) ! honor ( 8 publi%]'s visit4
 ,he describes ,dick5s z dress$ r 9 !   
,swivell] /yle1 ?\gh )\t ,ri*>d's swell 

look3 hair close cropp$1 clo!s jaunty & 
scant1 ! v p]sonification ( a close     
sail] to ! w9d4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ?is      
discr$itable to ! poor au?or1 & no?+ :i*
 a p]son :o knew ,london !n w\ld deem   
improbable4 ,is x n a pr9ciple imb$d$ 9 
! con/itution ( ,britons t ! p]son :o   
receives money 9 small am\nts = "w &    
labor done is ! p>ty oblig$1 & mu/ /&   
hat 9 h& be=e him :o pays x8  ,:oev]    
%all truly relate ! hi/ory ( ! p (      
,great ,brita9 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury w n   
pass by 9 sil5ce ! publication (        
,pickwick4 ,cruik%ank1 ,seym\r1 & ,irv+1
 z well z ! humori/s ( o!r times1 _h    
n\ri%$ & mold$ ! g5ius ( ,dick5s2 b1 l  
all ! ma/]s 9 art1 he s f> transc5d$ 8  
imm$iate tea*]s t1 ev5 9 :at he mo/     
obvi\sly d]iv$ f !m1 he 0 orig9al4 ,& x 
is he1 n !y1 :o is ju/ly hail$ z ! f\nd]
 ( t b5ign s*ool ( comic art :i* gives u
 humor )\t co>s5ess1 & satire )\t ill   
nature4 ,x is ,pickwick t m>ks ! era1 & 
! sole int]e/ :i* ,seym\r's sket*es n[  
possess is 9 %[+ u f :at ,*>les ,dick5s 

dep>t$ :5 he f\nd$ ! ,pickwick ,club4   
,,*apt] ,,xxiv4  ,,comic ,,art ,,9      
,,pun*4   ,illu/ration3 ,! ,boy :o *alk$
 up ,no ,pop]y6 & !n ran away6--,"l     
,john ,russell & ! ,bill = ,prev5t+ !   
,assumption ( ,ecclesia/ical ,titles by 
,roman ,ca?olics4 7,john ,lee*1 9       
,pun*47  ,explanation by ,e>l ,russell 9
 #ahgd3 ,! object ( t bill 0 m]ely to   
ass]t ! supremacy ( ! ,cr[n4 ,x 0 nev]  
int5d$ to prosecute4444 ,accord+ly a v  
clev] arti/ repres5t$ me 9 a c>icature z
 a boy :o _h *alk$ up ',no ,pop]y' ^u a 
wall1 & !n ran away4 ,?is 0 a v fair    
joke4444 ,:5 my object _h be5 ga9$1 ,i  
_h no objection to ! repeal ( !         
bill4--,recollections & ,sugge/ions1 p4 
#baj4  ,"o happy consequ5ce ( ! new ta/e
 0 ! publication ( ,pun*1 :i* has be5   
ev] s9ce ! *ief vehicle ( c>icature 9   
,engl&4 ,z long z c>icature 0 a ?+ ( !  
%op-w9d[s only1 its p[] 0 re/rict$ )9   
n>r[ limits4 ,s9ce ! f\nd+ ( ,pun*1 9   
#ahda1 ab\t two ye>s aft] ! conclusion (
 ! ,pickwick ,pap]s1 c>icature has      

become an elem5t 9 p]iodical lit]ature1 
f :i* x w p]haps nev] aga9 be sep>at$4  
,& x is ! pictures 9 ?is celebrat$ pap] 
:i* h prolong$ its life to ?is day4 ,x  
owes its success *iefly to arti/s4 ,!re 
0 & is an error 9 ! s*eme ( ! "w :i*    
w\ld h be5 spe$ily fatal to x b = !     
ev]-welcome pictures ( ,ri*>d ,doyle1   
,john ,lee*1 ,john ,t5niel1 ,du ,mauri]1
 & _! companions4  ,illu/ration3 ,john  
,lee*4  ,"o ( ! r>e/ products ( ! human 
m9d is a joke s good t x rema9s good :5 
! occasion t gave rise to x is pa/4     
,probably ! entire weekly h>ve/ ( wit & 
humor ga!r$ f ! :ole e>? w\ld n fill a  
numb] ( ,pun* ) good ?+s2 & if x did1 no
 "o c\ld enjoy s _m all at once1 & !    
surfeit w\ld sick5 & disgu/4 ,! m]e     
sitt+-d[n = ! purpose ( be+ funny 9 a   
c]ta9 numb] ( l9es or pages is dea? to !
 comic p[]s2 & h5ce x is t a p]iodical  
to :i* ne>ly ! :ole humor\s tal5t (     
,engl& has contribut$ is sometimes dull 
9 its read+1 & we wond] if !re c be 9   
any qu>t] ( ! globe a p]son s b]eft ( ! 

means ( ent]ta9m5t z to get q ?r\gh "o  
numb]4 ,once or twice a ye>1 h[ev]1     
,pun* orig9ates a joke :i* goes r\nd !  
_w1 & rema9s "p ( ! common /ock ( t     
c\ntless ho/ :o are indebt$ to _! memory
 = _! je/s4  ,b ! pictures are almo/    
always amus+1 & (t5 delightful4 ,!      
arti/s h ! :ole sc5e ( human life1      
public & private1 to draw f1 & !y are   
able by _! p5cils to vividly reproduce !
 occasions t gave bir? to _! jokes4     
,illu/ration3 ,prep>atory ,s*ool = ,"y  
,ladies4 7,john ,lee*1 ,follies ( !     
,ye>1 ,london1 #aheb47  ,9 look+ ov] !  
long s]ies ( political c>icatures by    
,lee* & ,t5niel1 :i* n[ g back          
?irty-?ree ye>s1 we are /ruck1 fir/ (   
all1 by ! simplicity ( ! means :i* !y   
usually employ = giv+ a comic aspect to 
! political situation4 ,!y r$uce cab9et 
m9i/]s & o!r dignit>ies _m degrees 9 !  
social scale1 exhibit+ !m z footm51 z   
boys1 z policem51 z nurses1 z circus    
p]=m]s1 s t a c]ta9 comic effect is     
produc$1 ev5 if ! joke %\ld g no fur!r4 

,( late ye>s ,mr4 ,t5niel has (t5 rev]s$
 ?is device ) f9e effect by rais+       
mundane p]sonages to cele/ial rank1 &   
inve/+ !m ) a some?+ m ?an a trave/y (  
gr&eur4 ,x is rem>kable h[ unfail+ ^!   
simple devices are to amuse4 ,:e!r ,mr4 
,lee* pres5ts u ) ,e>l ,russell z a     
small foot-boy cov]$ ) buttons1 or ,mr4 
,t5niel end[s ,que5 ,victoria ) !       
maje/ic mi5 ( ,m9]va1 ! public is well  
pleas$1 & desires no?+ additional b a   
few apt words explanatory ( ! situation4
 ,b1 simple z ^! devices may be1 x is   
only a r>ely gift$ arti/ t c use !m )   
effect4 ,betwe5 ! sublime & ! ridicul\s 
!re is a :ole /ep2 b 9 comic art !re is 
b a hair's-bread? betwe5 ! happy & !    
flat4  ,"l ,br\gham 0 suppos$ to be     
c\rt+ ! cons]vatives :5 ,lee* began to  
c>icature4 ,! sup]s]viceable zeal ( !   
ex-*ancellor 0 hit v happily 9 a circus 
sc5e1 9 :i* ! ,duke ( ,well+ton figures 
z ! r+-ma/]1 ,br\gham z ! cl[n1 & ,sir  
,rob]t ,peel z ! rid]4 ,! cl[n says to !
 r+-ma/]1 ,n[1 ,mr4 ,well+ton1 is !re   

any ?+ ,i c run = to fet*--= to come--= 
to g--= to c>ry--= to br+--= to take8   
etc4 ,9 ano!r picture ! same uneasy _s1 
re/ive "u 8 titl$ & p5sion$ no?+ness1   
appe>s z ,h5ry ask+ = m4 ,aga9 we h him 
danc+ ) ! ,wool-sack1 :i* is expla9$ by 
! words1 ,! ,polka1 a new ,dance1       
introduc+ ! old ,d\ble ,%uffle4 ,& aga9 
we see him 9 a tap-room1 smok+ a pipe1 )
 a pot ( be] on ! table1 look+ on )     
complac5cy :ile ,mr4 ,roebuck bullies an
 ,iri% memb]4 ,br\gham says1 ,g x1 my   
little ,roebuck6 ,bless 8 little he>t6  
,i taught him to b\nce l t4             
,illu/ration3 ,! ,qu>rel4--,engl& &     
,france4 7,john ,lee*1 #ahde47    ,ma/] 
,well+ton4 ,y're too good a judge to hit
 me1 y are6   ,ma/] ,jo9ville4 ,am ,i8  
,ma/] ,well+ton4 ,yes1 y are4   ,ma/]   
,jo9ville4 ,oh1 am ,i8   ,ma/]          
,well+ton4 ,yes1 y are4   ,ma/]         
,jo9ville4 ,ha6   ,ma/] ,well+ton4 ,ha6 
,moral--,& !y don't fight1 aft] all4    
,russell1 ,peel1 ,well+ton1 ,o',connell1
 & ,l\is ,philippe 7 o!r p]sonages :om  

,mr4 ,pun* (t5 c>icatur$ at t p]iod ( 8 
exi/5ce1 & he g5]ally pres5t$ !m 9 a    
mann] t /ill co9cides ) public feel+ 9  
,engl&1 & 0 probably n disagreeable to !
 m5 !mselves at ! "t4 ,"o ( ,lee*'s hits
 0 a picture design$ to ridicule c]ta9  
utt]ances ( ! ,pr9ce de ,jo9ville       
conc]n+ ! possible invasion ( ,engl& 9  
#ahde1 :5 "s irritat+ conduct ( ! ,fr5* 
m9i/ry _h be5 met by ,well+ton ) good   
temp] & firmness4 ,! pr9ce1 z a boy1 is 
squ>+ (f1 ) a great %[ ( fight1 at !    
duke1 :o /&s ) 8 h&s 9 8 pockets1 n     
defiant1 b s]5e & wat*ful4 ,?is picture 
is p]fectly 9 ! ,engli% ta/e4 ,lee* lik$
 to %[ great ,britannia z inf9itely able
 to fight1 & n s v unwill+1 b firmly    
resolv$ n to d s unless compell$ by     
honor or necessity4  ,9 ^! sixty-n9e    
volumes ( ,pun* !re is mu* ( ! hi/ory ( 
our "t :i* words alone c\ld n h pres]v$4
 ,we c trace 9 !m ! progress ( ideas1 ( 
measures1 & ( m54 ,! *anges 9 public    
feel+ are exhibit$ :i* enabl$ ,cobd5 &  
,peel to /rike f ,briti% indu/ry ! gilt 

fett]s ( protection1 = ,pun* is only    
ano!r "n = ,public ,op9ion4 ,^! pictures
 h a p>ticul> int]e/ = u1 s9ce we are to
 travel ! same road 9 due "t1 & ?us1 at 
l5g?1 give ,great ,brita9 a rival 9 !   
m>kets ( ! _w4 ,no?+ c\ld be bett] ?an  
,mr4 ,lee*'s picture %[+ ,sir ,rob]t    
,peel z ! ,deaf ,po/ilion4 ,9 a debate  
on ! ,corn ,laws he _h said1 ,i %all    
/ill pursue /eadily t c\rse :i* my      
consci5ce tells me ,i %\ld take2 let y &
 ^? opposite pursue :at c\rse y ?9k "r4 
,! picture %[s u a po/-*aise1 ! body (  
:i* has become deta*$ f ! =e-:eels--a   
mi%ap :i* ! deaf po/ilion does n        
discov]1 b goes trott+ along z ?\gh 8   
horses 7 /ill draw+ ! load4 ,! *aise1   
nam$ ,protection1 is occupi$ by ,tory   
lords1 :o %\t 9 va9 to ! deaf po/ilion4 
,aga91 we h ,disraeli z a vip] bit+ !   
file1 ,sir ,rob]t4 ,lee* cont9u$ 8      
effective support ( ! movem5t until !   
victory 0 won1 :5 he design$ a monum5t  
to ! victor1 consi/+ ( a pyramid ( l>ge 
*eap loaves ( bread cr[n$ by ! "n (     

,peel4  ,! ,puseyite imbecility 0 z     
effectively satiriz$ by ,lee* 9 #ahdi z 
! rituali/ic imitation has rec5tly be5  
by ,t5niel4 ,am]ican slav]y came 9 = j  
rebuke4 ,z a retort to "s bunkum 9 !    
,am]ican press 9 #ahdh1 ,mr4 ,lee* drew 
a picture ( ,lib]ty la%+ a negro1 :ile  
,jona?an1 ) rifle on 8 arm1 cig> 9 8    
m\?1 & bottle at 8 side1 says1 ,oh1 a9't
 we a deal bett] ?an o!r folks6 ,i guess
 we're a mo/ a spl5did example to !m    
?und]9' old mon>*ies4 ,! language is    
wrong1 ( c\rse2 no ,am]ican ev] said a  
deal bett]4 ,engli% attempts at ,am]ican
 slang are always incorrect4 ,b ! satire
 0 des]v$4 ,lee* 0 f> f sp>+ 8 own      
c\ntry4 ,"s read]s mu/ rememb] ! pair ( 
pictures by ,lee*1 9 #ahdi1 entitl$     
,p9-money & ,ne$le-money1 "o exhibit+ a 
"y lady's b\doir fill$ ) luxuri\s &     
co/ly objects1 & ! o!r a poor           
ne$le-woman 9 h] g>ret ( desolation1    
sew+ by ! light ( a solit>y c&le ^u a   
%irt = :i* %e is to receive ?ree        
half-p5ce4 ,9 a simil> _s 0 conceiv$ a  

picture pres5t+ two objects (t5 se5 9   
agricultural fairs 9 ,engl&--a ,prize   
,peasant & a ,prize ,pig3 ! fir/ rew>d$ 
= sixty ye>s ( virtu\s toil by a prize (
 two gu9eas1 ! own] ( ! fat pig be+     
recomp5s$ by an aw>d ( ?ree gu9eas4     
,t[>d ,l\is ,napoleon ,pun* gradually   
rel5t$4 ,at fir/ ,mr4 ,lee* gave j &    
/rong expression to ! _w's contempt = t 
unp>allel$ *>latan2 b z he became       
p[]ful1 & seem$ to be useful to ,great  
,brita91 ,pun* treat$ him ) an approa*  
to respect4 ,a simil> *ange t[>d ,mr4   
,disraeli is obs]vable4 ,seldom dur+ !  
fir/ fifte5 ye>s ( 8 public life 0 he   
pres5t$ 9 a favorable light4 ,^u 8      
retirem5t f (fice 9 #ahec1 ,lee*        
satiriz$ 8 malevol5t attacks ^u ! new   
m9i/ry v happily by a picture 9 :i* he  
appe>s z a cross+-sweep] spatt]+ mud ^u 
,"l ,russell & 8 colleagues4 ,won't give
 me any ?+1 won't y8 says ! sweep]3 !n  
take t6 ,nor did ! admirable ,lee* fail 
to m>k ! public s5se ( ,disraeli's      
sil5ce dur+ ! long debates ^u ! bill    

giv+ to ,engli% ,jews "s ( ! rights (   
citiz5%ip4 ,9 8 :ole public c>e] !re is 
no?+ h>d] to =give ?an t ignoble &      
unnecess>y ab/95ce4 ,dur+ ! la/ few ye>s
 ,mr4 ,disraeli has won by %e] p]si/5ce 
a c]ta9 solidity ( position 9 ,engli%   
politics1 & ,pun* pays him ! respect due
 to a p]son :o repres5ts a p[]ful &     
patriotic p>ty4  ,"o quality ( ! ,pun*  
c>icatures is wor?y ( p>ticul> reg>d3 !y
 are r>ely sev]e1 & nev] scurril\s4 ,!  
m5 = :om ,mr4 ,lee* ent]ta9$ an         
antipa?y1 su* z ,o',connell1 ,o',bri51  
,br\gham1 & o!rs1 7 usually treat$ 9 a  
mann] t c\ld n h pa9fully w\nd$ _!      
self-love4 ,we obs]ve ev5 9 ! m incisive
 works ( ,gillray a c]ta9 boi/]\s       
good-humor t (t5 made _! satire amus+ to
 ! m5 satiriz$4 ,mr4 ,ru%1 ,am]ican     
m9i/] 9 ,london 9 #ahah1 describes a    
d9n] p>ty at ,mr4 ,cann+'s1 at :i* !    
m9i/] exhibit$ to 8 gue/s albums &      
scrap-books ( c>icature 9 :i* he 0      
himself v freely h&l$4 ,fox & ,burke1 we
 are told1 visit$ ! %op :]e ,gillray's  

c>icatures 7 sold1 & :ile buy+ ! la/ hit
 at !mselves w\ld b&y je/s ) ,mrs4      
,humphrey1 ! publi%]4 ,burke w9c$ a     
little "u ! la%1 b ! robu/] & l>g] ,fox 
0 r>ely di/urb$1 & behav$ 9 ! %op ) su* 
w9n+ c\rtesy t ,mrs4 ,humphrey pron\nc$ 
him ! pe]less model ( a g5tleman4 ,pun*1
 likewise1 does n appe> to irritate ! m5
 :om he c>icatures4 ,"l ,br\gham us$ to 
laugh at ! exce$+ly ugly c\nt5ance giv5 
him by ,lee*1 & to say t ! arti/1 unable
 to hit 8 lik5ess1 0 oblig$ to designate
 him by 8 *eck$ tr\s]s4 ,"l ,russell1 z 
we see1 does n object to ,lee*'s        
del9eations2 & ,palm]/on1 long a        
favorite ) ! ,pun* arti/s1 may well h   
be5 cont5t ) _! h&some treatm5t ( him4  
,dur+ ! la/ fifte5 ye>s ,mr4 ,t5niel has
 (t5e/ suppli$ ! political c>toon (     
,pun*4 ,8 range is n s wide z t ( ,lee*1
 b )9 8 range he is p[]ful inde$4 ,he   
has produc$ "s pictures :i* = bread?1   
/r5g?1 aptness1 good feel+1 & f9i% h    
r>ely be5 equal$ 9 _! k9d4 ,he gives u  
sometimes su* an impression ( 8 p[] z we

 fancy ,mi*ael ,angelo might h done if  
he _h amus$ himself by draw+s reflect+  
^u ! politics ( 8 "t4 ,if1 z ! ,qu>t]ly 
,review lately rem>k$1 ,t5niel's        
pictures are (t5 some?+ less ?an        
c>icature1 be+ want+ 9 ! exub]ant humor 
( 8 pr$ecessors1 we c also say t !y are 
frequ5tly mu* m ?an c>icature4 ,mr4     
,t5niel 0 an arti/ ( repute1 & _h       
furni%$ a c>toon = ! ,we/m9/]           
,p>liam5t-h\se be=e he became id5tifi$ )
 ,pun*4  ,illu/ration3 ,ob/ructives4    
7,john ,t5niel1 #ahgj47  ,mr4 ,pun* 7to 
,bull ,a #a74 ,yes1 x's all v well to   
say ',g to s*ool6' ,h[ are !y to g to   
s*ool ) ^? p qu>rel+ 9 ! door-way8 ,:y  
don't y make 'em 'move on8'  ,9 common )
 ,john ,lee* & ! rul+ class ( ,engl&    
g5]ally1 ,mr4 ,t5niel 0 s un=tunate z to
 mis9t]pret ! civil w> 9 ,am]ica4 ,he 0 
almo/ z mu* mi/ak5 z to its nature &    
significance z "s ( our own politicians1
 :o _h n 8 excuse ( di/ance f ! sc5e4   
,he began well1 h[ev]4 ,8 ,divorce a    
,v9culo1 publi%$ 9 ,janu>y1 #ahfa1 :5 ! 

news ( ! secession ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a rea*$ 
,engl&1 0 too flatt]+ to ! ,nor?1 ?\gh  
correct z to ! attitude ( ! ,s\?4 ,mrs4 
,c>ol9a ass]ts h] ,"r to 'l>rup' h]     
,nigg] 0 a r\gh /atem5t ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a's
 position1 b we c n pret5d t ! ,nor!rn  
,/ates object$ f any int]e/ !y felt 9 ! 
color$ boy4 ,on ! "p ( ! ,nor? x 0      
simply a w> = self-pres]vation4 ,x 0 z  
truly su* z if ,scotl& or ,irel&1 or bo?
 ( !m1 _h sec$$ f ,engl& 9 #ahjc1 :5 !  
,peace ( ,ami5s 0 brok51 & ! ,engli% p  
_h tak5 ! lib]ty to object4 ,aga91 ,mr4 
,t5niel %[$ good feel+ 9 admoni%+ ,"l   
,palm]/on1 :5 ! w> _h begun1 to keep    
,great ,brita9 neutral4 ,well1 ,pam1    
says ,mr4 ,pun* to 8 workman1 ( c\rse ,i
 %all keep y on1 b y mu/ /ick to        
peace-"w4 ,nor c\ld we object to !      
picture 9 ,may1 #ahfa1 ( ,mr4 ,l9coln's 
pok+ ! fire & fill+ ! room ) p>ticles ( 
soot1 say+1 ) d[nca/ look1 ,:at a nice  
,:ite ,h\se ?is w\ld be if x 7 n = !    
,blacks6  ,illu/ration3 ,j$do & ,belfa/2
 or1 ,a ,puzzle = ,japan4 7,john        

,t5niel1 9 ,pun*1 #ahgb47  ,japanese    
,embassador4 ,!n ^! p1 y\r ,grace1 ,i   
suppose1 are hea!n8  ,ar*bi%op (        
,cant]bury4 ,on ! contr>y1 y\r          
,excell5cy2 ^? are among our mo/        
en?usia/ic religioni/s4  ,b f t "t to ! 
end ( ! w> all 0 misappreh5sion &       
p]v]sity4 ,9 ,july1 #ahfa1 ,naughty     
,jona?an1 an ill-favor$ little boy c>ry+
 a toy flag1 addresses ! maje/y (       
,brita9 ?us3 ,y %a'n't int]f]e1 "m--& y 
ought to be on my side--& x's a great   
%ame--& ,i don't c>e--& y %all          
int]f]e--& ,i won't h x4 ,dur+ ! ,mason 
& ,slidell imbroglio ! ,t5niel c>toons 7
 n soo?+ to ! ,am]ican m9d4 ,d :at's "r1
 my son1 says ! burly sailor1 ,jack     
,bull1 to little ,admiral ,jona?an1 or  
,i'll bl[ y out ( ! wat]4 ,aga91 we h a 
family d9n] sc5e4 ,john ,bull at ! head 
( ! table1 & ,"l ,russell ! boy 9 wait+4
 ,ent] ,capta9 ,jona?an1 ,f4,n41 :o     
says1 ,ji/ look$ 9 to see if ?>'s any   
rebels he-arr4 ,^u :i* ,mr4 ,bull       
rem>ks1 ,oh1 inde$6 ,john1 look aft] !  

plate-basket1 & !n fet* a policeman4    
,?is 0 9 allusion to a suppos$ claim on 
! "p ( ,mr4 ,sew>d ( a "r to se>* %ips =
 rebel pass5g]s4 ,!n we h ,mr4 ,l9coln z
 a coon 9 a tree1 & ,colonel ,bull aim+ 
8 blund]buss at him4 ,air y 9 e>ne/1    
colonel8 asks ! coon4 ,i am1 replies !  
mighty ,bull4 ,don't fire1 says ! coon2 
,i'll come d[n4 ,& accord+ly ,mason &   
,slidell 7 spe$ily releas$4 ,9 a simil> 
_s mo/ ( ! ev5ts ( ! w> 7 treat$2 & :5 !
 w> _h end$1 !re 0 /ill %[n 9 ,pun*1 z 9
 ! ,engli% press g5]ally1 ! same curi\s1
 inexplicable1 & total ignorance ( !    
feel+s ( ! ,am]ican p4 ,:at an          
inconceivable p]v]sity x 0 to attribute 
,mr4 ,sumn]'s /atem5t ( ! damage done to
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ! alliance :i* exi/$
 = f\r ye>s betwe5 ! own]s ( ,engl& & ! 
ma/]s ( ! ,s\? to a ,yankee grab =      
excessive damages6 ,9 all ! long        
catalogue ( national misund]/&+s !re is 
none m rem>kable ?an ?is4 ,mr4 ,t5niel f
 ! fir/ d]id$ ! idea t any p>ticul>     
damage _h be5 done by ! ,alabama & h]   

consorts3 c]ta9ly !re 0 no damage1 he   
?\ght1 ^u :i* a claim c\ld be f\nd$4    
,claim = damages aga9/ me8 cries big    
,britannia1 9 "o ( 8 pictures ( ,octob]1
 #ahfe4 ,nons5se1 ,columbia2 don't be   
mean ov] money matt]s4  ,illu/ration3   
,at ! ,*ur*-gate4 7,du ,mauri]1 9 ,pun*1
 #ahgb47  ,s n[ y've be5 to *ur*1 ,e!l6 
,& :i* "p ( x all d y l be/8  ,?is "p1  
mamma6  ,all ?is has n[ become m]ely    
int]e/+ z a curiosity ( mis9t]pretation4
 ,! ,am]ican p "k some?+ ( ,engl& ?r\gh 
h] art1 h] lit]ature1 & press2 b ,engl& 
has extremely imp]fect means ( kn[+ u4  
,no ,am]ican p]iodical1 probably1       
circulates 9 ,great ,brita9 two hundr$  
copies4 ,we h no ,dick5s1 no ,?ack]ay1  
no ,george ,eliot1 no ,pun*1 to make our
 be/ & our wor/ famili> 9 ! homes (     
,*ri/5dom2 & :at little indig5\s        
lit]ature we h is m likely to mislead   
=eign]s ?an enlight5 !m4 ,coop]'s m51   
wom51 & ,indians1 if !y ev] exi/$1 exi/ 
no m4 ,mr4 ,l[ell's ,yankee is ext9ct4  
,uncle ,tom is n[ a freeman1 rais+ 8 own

 bale ( cotton4 ,m>k ,twa9 & ,bret ,h>te
 w\ld h>dly recognize _! own ,cali=nia4 
,x is ! lit]ature1 ! art1 & ! sci5ce ( a
 c\ntry :i* make x kn[n to o!r l&s2 & we
 %all h nei!r ( ^! 9 adequate developm5t
 until mu* m ( ! "w is done ( smoo?+ (f 
?is r\gh cont95t1 & educat+ ! p t come  
to u1 at ! rate ( a cityful a mon?1 f ! 
cont95t ov] ! sea4 ,at pres5t x is ne>ly
 z mu* z we c d to f9d spell+-books = s 
_m4  ,to mo/ ,am]icans ! small] pictures
 ( ,lee* & o!rs 9 ,pun*1 :i* g5tly      
satirize ! foibles & fa%ions ( ! "t1 are
 m int]e/+ ?an ! political c>toons4 ,h[ 
diff]5t ! life ( ! ,engli% p1 z exhibit$
 9 ^! ?\s&s ( amus+ sc5es1 f ! life (   
,am]ica6 ,we see1 ^u turn+ ov] a s+le   
volume1 h[ mu* m ! ,engli% play & laugh 
?an we d4 ,x is n m]ely t !re is a l>ge 
class 9 ,engl& :o h no?+ to d except to 
amuse !mselves1 b ! :ole p seem int]e/$ 
9 sport1 & v frequ5tly to ab&on !mselves
 to innoc5t pleasures4 ,"h is a "y lady 
9 ! hunt+ field 9 full gallop1 :o cries 
gayly to h] companion1 ,come along1 ,mr4

 ,gre52 ,i want a lead at ! brook2 :i*  
makes ,mr4 ,gre5 ?9k t wom5 h no bus9ess
 9 hunt+4 ,engl& g5]ally ?9ks o!rwise1 &
 ,mr4 ,pun* loves to exhibit 8          
c\ntrywom5 9 mid-air leap+ a dit*1 or   
b\nd+ across a field ) huntsm5 & h\nds  
ab\t !m4 ,he does n object to a hunt+   
p>son4 ,a *ur*w>d5 meets an old sport+  
rector on ! road1 & says1 ,tell ye :at  
'tis1 sir1 ! congregation d wi% y       
w\ldn't put t 'ere curate up 9 pulpit2  
nobody c't he> un4 ,to :i* ! old sport+ 
p>son on 8 pony replies1 ,well1 ,blunt1 
! fact is1 ,twe$l]'s su* a good fell[ = 
p>i% "w1 ,i'm oblig$ to give him a m\nt 
sometimes4 ,& 9 ! di/ance we see poor   
,twe$l] trudg+ briskly along1 umbrella 9
 h&1 ^u "s p>i% err&4 ,ano!r sport+     
picture %[s u ?ree g5tlem5 at d9n]1 "o (
 :om is a cl]gyman ^: m9d is s peculi>ly
 con/itut$ t 8 ?\ghts run a little ^u ! 
duties ( 8 (fice4 ,p]haps he is ,twe$l] 
himself4 ,"o ( ! laym51 a fox-hunt]1    
says to ! o!r1 ,t 0 a f9e =ty m9utes    
ye/]day4 ,! o!r replies1 ,yes2 didn't   

seem s long ei!r4 ,pun* rem>ks t !      
curate is puzzl$1 & wond]s1 d !y ref] to
 8 lecture 9 ! s*ool-room8              
,illu/ration3 ,an ,e>ly ,quibble4 7,du  
,mauri]1 9 ,pun*1 #ahgb47    ,george4   
,!re1 ,aunt ,m>y6 :at d y ?9k ( t8      
,i drew ! horse1 & ,e!l drew ! jockey6  
,aunt ,m>y4 ,h'm6 ,b :at w\ld mamma say 
to y\r draw+      jockeys on a ,sunday8 
,george4 ,ah1 b look "h6 ,we've drawn   
him rid+ to      *ur*1 y "k6  ,& :at a  
"p eat+ & dr9k+ play 9 ,engli% life &   
,engli% art6 ,e body appe>s to give     
d9n]s occasionally1 & all ! deal]s 9    
vegetables seem to /& ready to s]ve z   
wait]s at five %ill+s = an ev5+4 ,food  
is a common topic ( conv]sation1 & x is 
a civility = p to %[ an int]e/ 9 "o     
ano!r's alim5t>y pleasures4 ,glad to see
 y] fe$ s beautiful1 ,mrs4 ,b----1      
rem>ks a portly ho/ to a corpul5t lady1 
8 ,*ri/mas gue/4 ,?ank y]1 ,mr4 ,j----1 
says %e1 ) knife & =k at re/ & po9t+ to 
! ceil+2 ,i'm do9' lovely4 ,aga91 old   
,mr4 ,br[n1 ent]ta9+ "y ,mr4 ,gre51     

says1 ) emphasis1 ,t w9e1 sir1 has be5 9
 my cell> f\r-&-tw5ty ye>s come la/     
,*ri/mas--f\r-&-tw5ty ye>s1 sir6 ,to :i*
 innoc5t ,mr4 ,gre51 anxi\s to say      
some?+ agreeable1 replies1 ,has x       
really1 sir8 ,:at mu/ x h be5 :5 x 0    
new8 ,little ,emily asks h] "m1 ,:at is 
capital puni%m5t8 ,ma/] ,h>ry replies1  
,:y1 be+ lock$ up 9 ! pantry6 ,i %\ld   
consid] x s4 ,ev5 at ! !atres1 we may   
inf] f "s ( ! pictures1 ale & port] are 
h&$ r\nd betwe5 ! acts ( ! play4 ,9 "o  
picture we see two lov]s look+ ^u ! sky2
 poetical ,augu/us says1 ,look1 ,edi?6  
h[ lovely are ^? fleecy cl\dlets1 dappl$
 ov] !-- ,edi? 7n 9 a _s ( burlesque7   
replies1 ,yes1 'xactly l gravy :5 x's   
gett+ cold--isn't x8 ,!n we h two       
g5tlem5 9 ! enjoym5t ( a little d9n]1 "o
 ( a long s]ies giv5 9 ! abs5ce ( !     
family at ,b\logne4 ,! ma/] ( ! h\se    
receives a telegram4 ,he reads x1 heaves
 a deep sigh1 & says1 dolefully1 ,x's   
all up6 ,ba*elor fri5d asks1 ,:at's !   
matt]8 ,pat]familias replies1 ,telegram6

 ,%e says !y've arriv$ safe at          
,folke/one1 & w be home ab\t #aj4cj4 ,no
 m little d9n]s4 ,only a wife & *ildr5 =
 com=t4 ,& "h are two ( ,mr4 ,du        
,mauri]'s pretty *ildr5 eat+ slices (   
bread too ?9ly spread ) jam1 & ,e!l     
says1 ) ?\ghtful e>ne/ness1 ,i d>e say !
 que5 & h] c\rti]s eat a :ole pot ( jam 
e day1 ,h>ry6 ,!re are _m hundr$s (     
pictures 9 ,pun* :i* %[ a k9d ( solemn  
int]e/ 9 ! repair ( wa/$ tissue nev] se5
 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x is evid5t t ! ,engli% 
h a deep delight 9 ! act ( tak+ su/5ance
 :i* is to u unkn[n4 ,mr4 ,?ack]ay      
himself1 9 speak+ ( an ,engli%man's fir/
 glass ( be] on return+ home f a long   
j\rney 9 o!r l&s1 ca/s 8 eyes to heav5 &
 gives way to some?+ l en?usiasm4       
,illu/ration3 ,john ,t5niel4  ,_m       
pictures br+ into juxtaposition extremes
 ( civilization r>ely witness$ 9        
,am]ica4 ,s _m traps are set = ignorance
 9 ?is c\ntry t a *ild c sc>cely hope to
 get by !m all1 & escape into maturity  
an absolute dolt4 ,obs]ve ?is           

conv]sation betwe5 a squire & a villag]3
 ,hobson1 !y tell me y've tak5 y\r boy  
away f ! national s*ool4 ,:at's t =8    
',cause ! ma/] a9't fit to tea* un4 ,he 
want$ to tea* my boy to spell tat]s ) a 
,p4 ,"h1 aga91 is a sc5e 9 a ,london    
picture-gall]y t pres5ts a curi\s       
incongruity4 ,a gr\p is /&+ be=e "o ( ! 
works ( ,ary ,s*eff]1 & an ,ea/-end]1   
catalogue 9 h&1 makes ?is comm5t ^u !   
arti/'s "n3 ',ary ,s*eff]6 ,hignorant   
fell]s1 ^! =eign]s1 ,bill6 ,spells      
',en]y )\t ! ,hait*6 ,9 ,new ,york we h 
d\btless p t w\ld be z incongru\s z ?is 
9 su* a sc5e1 b !y d n visit            
picture-gall]ies4 ,nor h we among u a   
photograph] :o c\ld essay to br+ a smile
 to a sitt]'s face by say+1 ,j look a   
little pleasant1 miss3 ?9k ( 'im6 ,x is 
evid5t f _m hundr$s ( su* sket*es t !re 
are great numb]s ( p 9 ,engl& :o ex]cise
 difficult call+s1 hold responsible     
positions1 dress 9 silk & broadclo?1 &  
are 9 _m p>ticul>s accompli%$ & well    
equipp$ = ! /ress ( city life1 :o are   

de/itute ( m5tal culture to a degree :i*
 is associat$ 9 our m9ds only ) squalor 
& degradation4  ,! _s ( ca/e1 :i* appe>s
 to be only less /rong 9 ,engl& ?an 9   
,india1 af=ds c\ntless opportunities to 
,engli% comic art4 ,imag9e a co/]-mong] 
pr(usely & labori\sly apologiz+ to a    
well-dress$ pass]-by = presum+ to speak 
to him 9 ord] to let him "k t 8         
coat-tail is burn+3 ,y'll excuse my     
address9' ( y1 sir--common man 9 a mann]
 ( speak9'--g5'leman l y1 sir--begg9'   
p>don = tak9' ! lib]ty1 :i* ,i %\ld nev]
 'a ?\ght ( do9' "u ord9>y succum/ances1
 sir1 only y didn't seem to be aw>e on  
x1 b x /ruck me z ,i see y ago9' along z
 y 7 afire1 sir6 ,dur+ ! deliv]y ( ?is  
apology combu/ion _h cont9u$1 & ,br[n's 
coat-tail 0 entirely consum$1 8 box (   
fusees hav+ ignit$ "s seconds be=e !    
co/]-mong] began 8 disc\rse4 ,a few ye>s
 ago ,pun* gave a little ,sea-side      
,drama t illu/rates ano!r phase ( ! same
 univ]sal foible4 ,mrs4 ,de ,tomkyns to 
h] husb&3 ,ludovic de>1 !re's ,alg]non  

play+ ) a /range *ild6 ,d prev5t x4 ,h[ 
on e>? am ,i to prev5t x8 ,tell its     
p>5ts ,alg]non is j recov]+ f ! sc>let  
fev]4 ,mr4 ,de ,tomkyns accord+ly makes 
?is fictiti\s /atem5t to ! fa!r ( !     
obnoxi\s *ild1 :o replies1 ,x's all "r1 
sir2 s's our little girl4 ,pun* hits x  
fairly1 too1 9 a pictur$ tete-a-tete    
betwe5 ,mr4 ,%oddy & ,mrs4 ,%>p4 ,mr4   
,%oddy rem>ks1 z he sips 8 c(fee1 t he  
nev] feels safe f ! ubiquit\s ,briti%   
snob until he is s\? ( ! ,danube4 ,to   
?is ,mrs4 ,%>p responds by ask+1 ,& :at 
d !--a--,s\? ,danubians say1 ,mr4       
,%oddy8  ,! moral feel+ ( ! ,pun* arti/s
 is s g5]ally s\nd t x is surpris+ to   
f9d !m (t5 tak+ ! wrong & popul> side ( 
! conflict ( ages betwe5 mi/ress & maid4
 ,b if !y usually laugh ) ! mi/ress & at
 ! maid1 !y occasionally laugh ) ! maid 
& at ! mi/ress2 & truly ! wilde/        
absurdity attribut$ to ! ,briti% s]vant 
seems v5ial comp>$ ) ! ?\ghtless        
arrogance ( ! typical ,briti% mi/ress4  
,pun* does n :olly neglect h] morals4   

,ano!r hundr$ volumes or s w d\btless   
br+ h] ov] to ,sydney ,smi?'s op9ion1 t 
all ! virtues & graces are n to be _h = 
sev5 p\nds p] annum4 ,x 0 a happy retort
 ^u ,no ,iri% ne$ apply1 to pres5t an   
,engli% s]vant-girl p]emptorily leav+ a 
place because %e _h discov]$ t ! family 
0 ,iri%1 alleg+ t h] fri5ds w\ld nev]   
=give h] if !y knew %e _h liv$ 9 an     
,iri% family4 ,! picture1 too1 is good (
 a pretty s]vant walk+ home 9 ! ev5+    
beh9d an eld]ly & ill-favor$ lady to    
protect h] f insult4 ,pun* wi%es to "k  
:o is to protect ! pretty girl on h]    
return ?r\gh ,london /reets alone4 ,we  
see also f numb]less pictures t !       
,briti% mi/ress deems x h] "r to control
 ! dress ( ! ,briti% maid4 ,:5 cr9ol9e  
came 91 %e ?\ght x impud5t 9 a s]vant to
 we> x2 b :5 cr9ol9e w5t out1 %e deem$ x
 no less presum+ 9 h] to lay x aside4   
,= "s ye>s pa/ ! pictures ( *ildr5 & _! 
ways by ,mr4 ,du ,mauri] h be5 among !  
mo/ pleas+ ef=ts ( comic art 9 ,engl&4  
,!re is n ! fa9te/ intimation 9 !m ( !  

malevol5t or s>ca/ic4 ,all good fa!rs1  
all good mo!rs1 & all p]sons wor?y to   
become su*1 delight 9 !m4 ,!y are su*   
pictures z we %\ld naturally expect f an
 arti/ :o 0 himself ! happy fa!r ( a    
h\seful ( happy *ildr51 & :o consequ5tly
 look$ ^u all ! *ildr5 ( ! _w 9 a fond1 
p>5tal _s4 ,surely no ,bohemian1 no     
hapless dwell] 9 a bo>d+-h\se1 no       
desolate frequ5t] ( clubs1 no "o n %>+ 9
 ! social life ( 8 "t1 c\ld s           
delightfully repres5t & m9i/] to x4 ,du 
,mauri] v9dicates ! g5]ation t has      
produc$ ,gav>ni & ,woodhull4 ,he rem9ds 
u f week to week t *ildr5 are !         
suffici5t comp5sation ( virtu\s exi/5ce1
 wor? all ! re/ ( its honors & delights4
  ,! rec5t agitation 9 ,engl& ( que/ions
 relat+ to religion has n escap$ !      
c>icaturi/4 ,= two c5turies or m !      
c>icaturi/s ( ,great ,brita9 h be5 he>ty
 ,prote/ants1 ?\gh n long ,puritan1 & we
 /ill f9d !m laugh+ at ! fulm9ations ( !
 te/y old cl]gyman :o lives 9 !         
,vatican4 ,nor h !y fail$ to reflect ^u 

! too evid5t fact t x is ! cont5tions ( 
cl]gym5 9 ,engl& t h block$ ! way into !
 national s*ool4 ,! old-fa%ion$ p5ny    
broadside1 all alive ) figures & words1 
has be5 reviv$ by ,gegeef1 to promote ! 
secul>ization ( ! s*ools4 ,9 "o ( !m all
 ! p>ties to ! controv]sy are           
exhibit$--! c&idate = ! ma/]%ip ( a     
,gov]nm5t s*ool1 :o believes 9 ,col5so &
 geology1 b don't m9d tea*+ ,g5esis to  
oblige2 ! m9i/] :o holds up ! text1 ,"o 
fai?1 "o baptism1 b dem&s t ! baptism   
taught %\ld be 8 baptism2 ,?omas ,pa9e1 
too1 :o po9ts to 8 ,age ( ,reason1 &    
says1 ,:5 y f9i%1 ,i %all h some?+ to   
say2 ! compromis]1 :o is will+ to h     
,bible lessons giv5 9 ! s*ools1 provid$ 
!y are giv5 )\t comm5t2 &1 ( c\rse1 !   
radical ,bradlaugh1 :o dem&s            
secul>ization pure & simple4 ,! same    
draughtsman1 ^: zeal is m manife/ ?an 8 
skill1 has attempt$ to %[1 9 v>i\s p5ny 
%eets1 t amid/ all ^? sect>ian conflicts
 ! "o true light = ! guidance ( bewild]$
 m5 is ,sci5ce4  ,! only hit1 h[ev]1 9  

c>icature1 :i* ^! controv]sies h sugge/$
 is ! ,soliloquy ( a ,rationali/ic      
,*ick54 ,x has _h great curr5cy 9 ,engl&
 among ! cl]gy1 _m ( :om h assi/$ 9     
spread+ x abroad2 & ev5 secul>i/s h f\nd
 x passable--z a c>icature4 ,ano!r rec5t
 s5sation 0 ! c>icature by ,mr4 ,matt   
,morgan1 9 ! ,tomahawk1 :i* repres5t$ ! 
,pr9ce ( ,wales foll[+ ! gho/ ( 8       
pr$ecessor1 ,george ,,iv4 ,x _h a great 
curr5cy at ! "t1 & may h s]v$ a good    
purpose 9 w>n+ an amiable & well-dispos$
 pr9ce to be m c>eful ( appe>ances4     
,illu/ration3 ,soliloquy ( a            
,rationali/ic ,*ick54 7,s4 ,j4 ,/one1   
,london1 #ahgc47    ,h[ d ,i "k ,i ev] 0
 inside8   ,n[ ,i reflect1 x is1 ,i d   
ma9ta91   ,less ?an my reason1 & b5ea?  
my pride1           ,to ?9k t ,i c\ld   
dwell   ,9 su* a paltry1 mis]able cell  
,z t old %ell4   ,( c\rse ,i c\ldn't6   
,h[ c\ld ,i h la91   ,body & beak &     
fea!rs1 legs & w+s1   ,& my deep he>t's 
sublime imag9+s1           ,9 !re8    ,i
 meet ! notion ) pr(\nd disda92   ,x's q

 incr$ible2 s9ce ,i decl>e   7,& ,i'm a 
*ick5 t y c't deceive7   ,:at ,i c't    
und]/& ,i won't believe4                
,:at's t ,i he>8   ,my "m cackl+ at me6 
,j h] way1   ,s prejudic$ & ignorant ,i 
say2   ,s f> beh9d ! wisdom ( ! day4    
,:at's old ,i c't rev]e4   ,h>k at h]6  
,y're a silly *ick1 my de>1             
,t's q z pla91 alack6   ,z is ! piece ( 
%ell ^u y\r back6   ,h[ bigot$6 ^u my   
back1 inde$6           ,i don't believe 
x's !re1   ,= ,i c't see x2 & ,i d      
decl>e1           ,= all h] fond        
deceiv9'1   ,:at ,i c't see1 ,i nev] w  
believe 96  ,illu/ration3 ,! ,p99999999e
 ( ,w999999s to ,k9999g ,g99999999e     
,,iv4 7loq474 ,i'll foll[ !e6--,,matt   
,,morgan1 9 ! ,tomahawk1 #ahfg4  ,dur+ !
 life-"t ( ! v5]able ,cruik%ank comic   
art 9 ,engl& has won ! consid]ation due 
to a lib]al pr(ession1 & n[ enjoys a    
fair %>e ( rew>d z well z honor4 ,he    
f\nd ! comic arti/ some?+ ( a ,bohemian2
 he leaves him a solv5t & respectable   
h\sehold]4 ,he may h visit$ ,gillray at 

"w 9 ! little room beh9d 8 publi%]'s    
%op2 & he d\btless (t5 enjoy$ ! elegant 
hospitality ( ,john ,lee*1 "o ( ! fir/ 9
 8 bran* ( art to atta9 ! solid dignity 
( a front-door ( 8 own4 ,x is m5tion$ to
 ! cr$it ( ,ri*>d ,doyle1 son ( ,,hb1 t 
:5 he resign$ 8 connection ) ,pun* on   
acc\nt ( its c>icatures ( ,wiseman & !  
,pope1 he gave up an income ( eight     
hundr$ p\nds a ye>4 ,!re is no wor?y    
circle 9 ,great ,brita9 :]e ! pres5ce ( 
a ,t5niel1 a ,lee*1 a ,du ,mauri]1 a    
,doyle1 or a ,cruik%ank w\ld n be felt z
 an honor & _! society valu$ z a        
privilege4 ,engl& owes !m gratitude &   
homage4 ,!y h n be5 always "r1 b !y h   
ne>ly always meant to be4 ,no?+ malign1 
no?+ unpatriotic1 no?+ impure1 no?+     
mean1 has borne _! signature2 & 9 a va/ 
majority ( in/ances !y h l$ ! laught] ( 
_! c\ntrym5 s t x h>moniz$ ) humanity & 
tru?4     ,,*apt] ,,xxv4  ,,e>ly        
,,am]ican ,,c>icature4   ,b5jam9        
,frankl9 0 ! fir/ ,am]ican c>icaturi/4  
,t prop5sity ( 8 to use pictures :5ev]  

he desir$ to affect /rongly ! public m9d
 0 an inh]itance f ! p]iod :5 only a v  
small portion ( ! p c\ld read any o!r   
?an pictorial language4 ,among ! relics 
( 8 race pres]v$ 9 ,bo/on !re is an     
illu/rat$ h&bill issu$ by 8 ,engli%     
uncle ,b5jam91 aft] :om he 0 nam$1 :i*  
mu/ h be5 a famili> object to him f !   
eigh? ye> ( 8 age4 ,uncle ,b5jam91 a    
,london dy] :5 ,james ,,ii4 fl$ f       
,engl&1 wi%+ to /r5g!n ! impression made
 by 8 pr9t$ (f] to dye into colors clo?1
 silk1 & ,india calico1 plac$ at ! head 
( 8 bill a rude wood-cut ( an ,ea/      
,indian que5 tak+ a walk1 att5d$ by two 
s]vants1 "o be>+ h] tra9 & ! o!r hold+  
ov] h] an umbrella4 ,at ! door ( 8 %op1 
too1 9 ,pr9ces ,/reet1 ne> ,leice/]     
,fields1 a figure ( an ,indian que5     
appeal$ to ! pass]-by4  ,su* 0 ! cu/om (
 ! "t4 ,! diffusion ( k less5$ !        
importance ( pictorial repres5tation2 b 
! m]e date ( ,frankl9's                 
bir?--#agjf--;expla9s 9 "s degree 8     
habitual resort to x4 ,ne>ly all !      

anci5t books 7 illu/rat$ 9 "s way1 &    
ne>ly e anci5t build+ appe>s to h _h its
 sign4 ,:5 ,frankl9 0 a boy 9 ,bo/on a  
gilt ,bible w\ld h direct$ him :]e to   
buy 8 books1 if he _h _h any money to   
buy !m )4 ,a gilt %eaf probably notifi$ 
him :]e to get ^? ?ree hi/oric rolls )  
:i* he made 8 entry into ,philadelphia4 
,! figure ( a m]maid invit$ ! ?ir/y     
wayf>] to be]1 & an an*or in=m$ sailors 
:]e sea-/ores 7 to be _h4 ,! royal lion 
& unicorn1 c>v$ 9 wood or /one1 m>k$    
public edifices4 ,ov] ! door ( 8 fa!r's 
%op1 :]e soap & c&les 7 sold1 he saw a  
blue ball1 :i* /ill exi/s1 be>+ !       
legible date #afih4 ,:y a blue ball8 ,he
 0 j ! boy to ask ! "q4 ,a lad :o c\ld n
 accept grace be=e meat )\t wi%+ to "k  
:y x 7 n bett] to say grace once = all  
ov] ! b>rel ( pork1 w\ld be likely to   
inquire :at a blue ball _h 9 common )   
soap & c&les4 ,8 excell5t b n gift$ sire
 probably in=m$ him t ! blue ball 0 a   
relic ( ! "t :5 he _h c>ri$ on ! bus9ess
 ( a dy]1 & t he _h cont9u$ to use x = 8

 new vocation because he _h x 9 ! h\se4 
,b5jam91 ! gift$1 0 ! boy to be         
dissatisfi$ ) ?is explanation1 & to     
sugge/ devices m 9 h>mony ) ! indu/ry   
c>ri$ on )91 s t ! v incongruity ( 8    
fa!r's sign may h quick5$ 8 s5se (      
pictorial effect4  ,frankl9 liv$ long1  
figur$ 9 a great v>iety ( sc5es1        
accompli%$ _m notable ?+s1 & exhibit$   
v]satility ( tal5t--man ( bus9ess1      
inv5tor1 /atesman1 diplomati/1          
philosoph]2 & 9 ea* ( ^! *>act]s he 0 a 
lead] among lead]s2 b ! rul+ habit ( 8  
m9d1 8 =te1 ! tal5t t he mo/ lov$ to    
ex]cise & mo/ reli%$ 9 o!rs1 0 humor4   
,he began z a humori/1 & he end$ z a    
humori/4 ,! fir/ piece ( 8 ev] pr9t$ & !
 la/ piece he ev] wrote 7 bo? satirical3
 ! fir/1 ! reckless satire ( a saucy    
appr5tice aga9/ ! magnates ( 8 t[n2 !   
la/1 ! good-temp]$ satire ( a ri*ly     
gift$1 b5evol5t s\l1 cognizant ( human  
weakness1 b n despis+ x1 & int5t only ^u
 op5+ ! public m9d to unwelcome tru?--z 
a "m makes a *ild laugh be=e ins]t+ !   

m$ic9e spoon4 ,s dom9ant 0 ?is prop5sity
 9 8 y\?ful days1 t if he _h liv$ 9 a   
place :]e x _h be5 possible to subsi/ by
 its ex]cise1 !re _h be5 dang] ( 8      
becom+ a pr(essional humori/1 m]g+ all !
 p[]s ( 8 incomp>able intellect 9 t "o  
gift4  ,imag9e ,bo/on 9 #agbb1 :5 ?is   
rem>kable appr5tice began to laugh1 & to
 make o!rs laugh1 at ! oppressive       
solemnities ar\nd him & above him4 ,!n1 
z n[1 x 0 a population indu/ri\s &      
moral1 extremely addict$ to r\t9e1      
habitually frugal1 b capable (          
magnific5t g5]osity1 bold 9 bus9ess     
ent]prises1 valiant 9 battle1 b 9 all ! 
high matt]s av]se to innovation4 ,!n1 z 
n[1 ! cl]gy1 a few important families1 &
 ,h>v>d ,college compos$ ! rul+         
influ5ce1 aga9/ :i* x 0 m>tyrdom to     
cont5d4 ,b !n1 z n[1 !re 7 a few        
audaci\s spirits :o rebell$ aga9/ ^!    
unit$ p[]s1 & c>ri$ _! opposition v f>1 
sometimes to a wild excess1 & ?us kept  
?is noble/ ( t[ns f s9k+ into an inane  
respectability4 ,! good1 frugal1        

/eady-go+1 tax-pay+ citiz51 :o lays 9 8 
coal 9 ,june & buys a :ole pig 9        
,decemb]1 w\ld subdue ! _w to a va/     
monoton\s prosp]ity1 cru%+1 intol]able1 
if !re 7 no "o to keep him & ! public 9 
m9d t1 admirable z he is1 he does n     
exhau/ ! possibilities ( human nature4  
,:5 we exam9e ! portraits ( ! not$ m5 ( 
,new ,engl& ( ! fir/ c5tury & a half    
aft] ! settlem5t1 we obs]ve 9 !m all a  
c]ta9 expression ( acquiesc5ce4 ,!re is 
no audacity 9 !m4 ,!y look l m5 :o c\ld 
come home f fight+ ! ,fr5* 9 ,canada1 or
 f *as+ ! :ale among ! iceb]gs (        
,labrador1 to be sc>$ by ! m5aces ( a   
pontiff l ,cotton ,ma!r4 ,!y look l m5  
:o w\ld take x s]i\sly1 & n laugh at    
all1 :5 ,cotton ,ma!r d5\nc$ !          
,frankl9s1 = pok+ fun at him 9 _!       
newspap]1 z guilty ( wick$ness )\t a    
p>allel4 ,"s good m51 said he1 are      
afraid x may provoke ,heav5 to deal )   
?is place z nev] any place has yet be5  
dealt )al4  ,nev] 0 a community 9 su*   
sore ne$ ( c>icature & burlesque z :5   

,james ,frankl9 set up 9 ,bo/on1 9      
#agba1 ! fir/ s5sational newspap] (     
,am]ica1 ! ,c\rant1 to :i* 8 bro!r      
,b5jam9 & ! o!r rebels & come-out]s (   
,bo/on contribut$4 ,! ,ma!rs1 z human   
be+s & citiz5s ( ,new ,engl&1 7 e/imable
 & ev5 admirable2 b ! int]e/s ( human   
nature dem& ! suppression ( pontiffs4   
,^! ,ma!rs1 ?\gh naturally b5evol5t1 & n
 want+ 9 natural mode/y1 _h atta9$ to   
su* a degree ( pontifical arrogance z to
 ?9k ,bo/on 9 deadly p]il because a knot
 ( "y fell[s 9 a pr9t+-(fice aim$       
satirical p>agraphs at !m4 ,increase    
,ma!r call$ ^u ! ,gov]nm5t to suppress  
su* a curs$ libel1 le/ "s awful judgm5t 
%\ld come ^u ! l&1 & ! wra? ( ,god %\ld 
rise1 & !re %\ld be no rem$y4 ,x is =   
su* m5 t burlesque 0 made1 & ! ,frankl9s
 suppli$ x 9 abundance4 ,! ,c\rant      
ridicul$ !m ev5 :5 !y 7 glori\sly 9 !   
"r4 ,!y 7 enlight5$ en\gh & brave en\gh 
to recomm5d inoculation1 !n j br\ght f  
,turkey by ,lady ,m>y ,wortley ,montagu4
 ,! "y doctors :o wrote = ! pap] assail$

 ! new sy/em1 app>5tly = no o!r reason  
?an because ,increase & ,cotton ,ma!r 7 
its *ief def5d]s4  ,:5 ,b5jam91 at ! age
 ( sixte51 began to contribute to 8     
bro!r's pap]1 he aim$ at high] game ev5 
?an ! t[n pontiffs4 ,he d>$ to lampoon  
,h>v>d ,college itself1 ! temple ( le>n+
 :]e ! cl]gy 7 =m$1 ^: prec9cts he _h   
hop$ to tread1 8 fa!r hav+ d$icat$ ?is  
t5? son to ! ,*ur*4 ,he may h _h 8 own  
fa!r 9 m9d :5 he wrote1 9 "o ( 8 e>ly   
numb]s1 t e peasant :o _h ! means       
propos$ to s5d "o ( 8 *ildr5 to ?is     
fam\s place2 & z mo/ ( !m consult$ _!   
purses r ?an _! *ildr5's capacities1 !  
great] numb] ( ^? :o w5t ?i!r 7 little  
bett] ?an blockheads & dunces4 ,:5 he   
came to speak ( ! !ological dep>tm5t ( !
 college1 he drew a p5 c>icature1 hav+  
!n no skill ) ! p5cil3 ,! bus9ess ( ^?  
:o 7 employ$ 9 ! temple ( !ology be+    
labori\s & pa9ful1 ,i wond]$ exce$+ly to
 see s _m g t[>d x2 b :ile ,i 0 pond]+  
?is matt] 9 my m9d1 ,i spi$ ,pecunia    
beh9d a curta91 beckon+ to !m ) h] h&4  

,he draws ano!r :5 he says t ! only     
rem>kable ?+ he saw 9 ?is temple 0 "o   
,plagius h>d at "w copy+ an eloqu5t     
passage f ,tillotson's works to embelli%
 8 own4  ,?is saucy boy1 :o _h 8        
,hudibras at 8 tongue's end1 c>ri$ !    
satirical _s ) him to *ur* on ,sundays1 
& tri$ "s ( ! bre?r5 :om he saw !re by !
 ,hudibra/ic /&>d4 ,ev5 aft] 8 bro!r    
,james _h be5 9 prison = 8 editorial    
conduct1 ,b5jam91 :o _h be5 left 9 *>ge 
( ! pap]1 drew ) 8 sub$itorial p5 a     
c>icature ( a ,religi\s ,knave1 ( all   
,knaves ! ,wor/3 ,a mo/ /rict           
,sabbat>ian1 an exact obs]v] n ( ! day  
only1 b ( ! ev5+ be=e & ! ev5+ aft] x2  
at *ur* conspicu\sly dev\t & att5tive1  
ev5 ridicul\sly s1 ) 8 di/ort$ c\nt5ance
 & awkw>d ge/iculation4 ,b try & nail   
him to a b>ga96 ,he w dissemble & lie1  
snuffle & :iffle1 ov]rea* & defraud1 cut
 d[n a labor]'s wages1 & keep ! b>ga9 9 
! lett] :ile violat+ its _s4 ,don't tell
 me1 he cries2 a b>ga9 is a b>ga94 ,y   
%\ld h look$ to t be=e4 ,i c't help x   

n[4 ,su* 0 ! religi\s knave inv5t$ by ! 
au?or ( ,hudibras1 & borr[$ by ?is      
,bo/on appr5tice1 :o _h1 9 all          
probability1 nev] se5 a "* t c\ld h     
fairly sugge/$ ! burlesque4  ,!         
au?orities rose ^u ^! two audaci\s      
bro!rs1 & indicat$ h[ mu* ne$ !re 0 (   
su* a %eet 9 ,bo/on by ord]+ ,james     
,frankl9 to pr9t x no m4 ,!y contriv$ to
 c>ry x on a :ile 9 ,b5jam9's "n2 b t   
sagaci\s y\? 0 n long 9 discov]+ t !    
,ma!rs & _! adh]5ts 7 too /rong = him1 &
 he took an e>ly opportunity ( remov+ to
 a place e/abli%$ on ! pr9ciple ( do+   
)\t pontiffs4 ,b dur+ 8 long1 illu/ri\s 
c>e] 9 ,philadelphia z editor & public  
man he con/antly act$ 9 ! _s ( "o ( !   
la/ passages he wrote be=e leav+ ,bo/on3
 ,pieces ( pleasantry & mir? h a secret 
*>m 9 !m to allay ! heats & tumults (   
our spirits1 & to make a man =get 8     
re/less res5tm5ts4 ,!y h a /range p[] 9 
!m to hu% disord]s ( ! s\l & r$uce u to 
a s]5e & placid /ate ( m9d4 ,he 0 ! fa!r
 ( our humor\s lit]ature4 ,if1 at !     

pres5t mom5t1 ,am]ica is contribut+ m to
 ! innoc5t hil>ity ( mank9d ?an o!r     
nations1 x is greatly due to ! happy    
influ5ce ( ?is b5ign & lib]al humori/ ^u
 ! national "*4 ,poor ,ri*>d1 be x      
obs]v$1 0 ! great comic almanac ( !     
c\ntry = tw5ty-five ye>s1 & x 0 ,frankl9
 :o infus$ ! elem5t ( burlesque into    
,am]ican j\rnalism4 ,he c\ld n adv]tise 
a /ol5 pray]-book )\t ins]t+ a joke to  
give ! adv]tisem5t w+s3 ,! p]son :o took
 x is desir$ to op5 x & read ! ,eigh?   
,comm&m5t1 & aft]w>d return x into !    
same pew aga92 ^u :i* no fur!r notice w 
be tak54  ,?is prop5sity 0 ! m preci\s  
because x 0 8 de/9y to take a lead+ "p 9
 _m controv]sies :i* w\ld h become bitt]
 beyond endurance b = ! /range p[] ( 8  
pieces ( pleasantry & mir? to hu%       
disord]s ( ! s\l4 ,he employ$ bo? p5 &  
p5cil 9 br++ 8 excell5t s5se to be> ^u !
 public m9d4 ,:at b ,frankl9's          
inexhau/ible tact & good-humor c\ld h   
kept ! peace 9 ,p5nsylvania betwe5 !    
non-combatant ,quak]s & ! militant      

,*ri/ians dur+ ! long p]iod :5 ! prov9ce
 0 ?reat5$ f ! sea by ho/ile fleets & on
 l& by savage ,indians8 ,besides r\s+ ! 
combatant citiz5s to action1 he made !m 
will+ to fight = m5 :o w\ld n fight =   
!mselves1 & br\ght ov] to 8 side a l>ge 
numb] ( ! y\ng] & m pliant ,quak]s4 ,ev5
 9 t e>ly "t 7#agdg71 :ile be>s /ill    
swam ! ,delaw>e1 he contriv$ to get a   
picture drawn & engrav$ to en=ce !      
lessons ( 8 fir/ pamphlet1 call+ on !   
,p5nsylvanians to prep>e = def5se4 ,he  
may h engrav$ x himself1 = he _h a      
dext]\s h&1 & _h long be=e made little  
pictures out ( type-metal to accompany  
adv]tisem5ts4 ,h]cules sits ^u a cl\d1 )
 "o h& re/+ ^u 8 club4 ,?ree horses     
va9ly /rive to draw a heavy wagon f !   
mire4 ,! wagon] kneels1 lifts 8 h&s1 &  
implores ! aid ( ,h]cules's mighty arm4 
,9 ! backgr\nd are trees & h\ses1 & "u !
 picture are ,lat9 words signify+1 ,n by
 (f]+s nor by womani% pray]s is ! help (
 gods obta9$4 ,9 ! text1 too1 :5 he     
essays ! difficult task ( reconcil+ !   

combatants to fight+ = ! non-combatants1
 he becomes pictorial1 ?\gh he does n   
use ! grav]4 ,:at6 he cries1 n def5d y\r
 wives1 y\r helpless *ildr51 y\r ag$    
p>5ts1 because ! ,quak]s h consci5ti\s  
scruples ab\t fight+6 ,!n he adds !     
burlesque picture3 ,till ( late ,i c\ld 
sc>ce believe ! /ory ( him :o refus$ to 
pump 9 a s9k+ %ip because "o on bo>d :om
 he hat$ w\ld be sav$ by x z well z     
himself4  ,illu/ration3 ,,jo9 or ,,die  
,a ,common ,newspap] ,head+ 9 #aggf2    
devis$ by ,frankl9 9 ,may1 #aged1 at !  
,beg9n+ ( ! ,fr5* ,w>4  ,at ! beg9n+ ( !
 conte/ :i* 9 ,europe 0 ! ,sev5 ,ye>s'  
,w>1 b 9 ,am]ica a t5 ye>s' w>1         
,frankl9's p5 & p5cil 7 bo? employ$ 9   
urg+ a cordial union ( ! colonies aga9/ 
! foe4 ,8 device ( a snake sev]$ into z 
_m pieces z !re 7 colonies1 ) ! motto1  
,jo9 or ,die1 surviv$ ! occasion t call$
 x =?1 & became a common newspap] &     
h&bill head+ 9 #aggf4 ,x 0 he1 also1 z  
tradition reports1 :o exhibit$ to !     
unbeliev+ f>m]s ( ,p5nsylvania ! effect 

( gypsum1 by writ+ ) t f]tiliz] 9 l>ge  
lett]s ^u a field ! words ,?is has be5  
pla/]$4 ,! brilliant gre5 ( ! grass :i* 
_h be5 /imulat$ by ! pla/] soon made !  
words legible to ! pass]-by4 ,dur+ 8    
fir/ resid5ce 9 ,london z !             
repres5tative ( ,p5nsylvania he became  
intimately acqua9t$ ) ! great arti/ f   
:om excell5ce 9 ! humor\s art ( ,engl&  
dates--,william ,hog>?4 ,! la/ lett] t !
 dy+ ,hog>? receiv$ 0 f ,b5jam9         
,frankl94 ,receiv+ an agreeable lett]1  
says ,ni*ols1 f ! ,am]ican1 ,dr4        
,frankl91 he drew up a r\gh draught ( an
 answ] to x4 ,?ree h\rs aft]1 ,hog>? 0  
no m4  ,a few ( ,frankl9's devices = !  
co9s & pap] money ( ! "y republic h be5 
pres]v$4 ,he wi%$ t e co9 & e note %\ld 
say some?+ wise or *e]ful to _! endless 
succession ( possessors & scrut9iz]s4   
,collectors %[ ! ,frankl9 c5t ( #aghg1 )
 its circle ( ?irte5 l9ks & its c5tral  
words1 ,we are "o & outside ( ^!1 ,unit$
 ,/ates4 ,on ! o!r side ( ! co9 !re is a
 noonday sun blaz+ d[n ^u a dial1 ) !   

motto1 ,m9d y\r ,bus9ess4 ,he made !    
date say some?+ m to ! read] ?an ! numb]
 ( ! ye>1 by app5d+ to x ! ^w ,fugio 7,i
 fly74 ,ano!r c5t has a c5tral sun      
circl$ by ?irte5 />s & ! words ,nova    
,con/ellatio4 ,he sugge/$ ,pay z y g = a
 co9 motto4 ,"s ( 8 designs = !         
,cont95tal pap] money 7 +5i\s &         
effective4 ,^u "o d+y little note1 issu$
 dur+ ! /orm & /ress ( ! ,revolution1 we
 see a r\ghly execut$ picture ( a %[] ( 
ra9 fall+ ^u a newly settl$ c\ntry1 ) a 
^w ( good *e] "u x1 ,s]5abit 7,x w      
cle>74 ,^u ano!r !re is a picture ( a   
beav] gnaw+ a huge oak1 & ! ^w          
,p]sev]&o4 ,on ano!r !re is a cr[n re/+ 
^u a p$e/al1 & ! words ,si recte facias 
7,if y d uprightly74 ,!re is "o :i*     
repres5ts a hawk & /ork fight+1 ) !     
motto ,exitus 9 dubio e/ 7,! ev5t is 9  
d\bt72 & ano!r :i* %[s a h& pluck+      
bran*es f a tea-plant1 ) ! motto ,su/a9 
or ,ab/a94  ,! fam\s scalp hoax devis$  
by ,frankl9 dur+ ! ,revolution>y w>1 = !
 purpose ( br++ ! execration ( civiliz$ 

mank9d ^u ! employm5t ( ,indians by !   
,engli% g5]als1 0 vividly pictorial4 ,^u
 8 private pr9t+-press 9 ,p>is he & 8   
gr&son /ruck (f a leaf ( an imag9>y     
newspap]1 :i* he call$ a ,supplem5t to !
 ,bo/on ,indep5d5t ,*ronicle4 ,= ?is he 
wrote a lett] purport+ to be f ,capta9  
,g]ri%1 ( ! ,new ,engl& ,militia1       
accompany+ eight packages ( scalps ( our
 unhappy c\ntry folks1 :i* he _h captur$
 on a raid into ! ,indian c\ntry4 ,!    
capta9 s5t ) ! scalps an inv5tory ( !m1 
suppos$ to be drawn up by "o ,james     
,craw=d1 a trad]1 = ! in=mation ( !     
,gov]nor ( ,canada4 ,nei!r ,swift nor   
,de ,foe ev] surpass$ ! +5i\s           
naturalness ( ?is fictiti\s inv5tory4 ,x
 0 inde$ too natural1 = x 0 g5]ally     
accept$ z a g5u9e docum5t1 & w\ld ev5 n[
 deceive almo/ any "o :o %\ld come ^u x 
unaw>es4 ,:o c\ld suspect t ^! eight    
packs ( scalps1 cur$1 dri$1 hoop$1 &    
pa9t$1 ) all ! ,indian triumphal m>ks ^u
 !m1 _h nev] exi/$ except 9 ! imag9ation
 ( a m]ry old pl5ipot5ti>y 9 ,p>is8 ,!re

 7 =ty-?ree scalps ( ,congress soldi]s1 
/ret*$ on black hoops f\r in*es diamet]1
 ! inside ( ! sk9 pa9t$ r$1 ) a small   
black spot to d5ote _! be+ kill$ )      
bullets2 & !re 7 sixty-two f>m]s1 kill$ 
9 _! h\ses1 m>k$ ) a hoe1 a black circle
 all ar\nd to d5ote _! be+ surpris$ 9 ! 
night4 ,o!r f>m]s' scalps 7 m>k$ ) a    
little r$ foot1 to %[ t !y /ood ^u _!   
def5se2 & o!rs ) a little yell[ flame1  
to %[ t !y _h be5 burn$ alive4 ,to "o   
scalp a b& 0 fa/5$1 suppos$ to be t ( a 
rebel cl]gyman4 ,!n !re 7 eighty-eight  
scalps ( wom51 & "s hundr$s ( boys &    
girls4 ,! package la/ describ$ 0 a box (
 bir*-b>k conta9+ tw5ty-n9e little      
infants' scalps ( v>i\s sizes1 small    
:ite hoops1 :ite gr\nd1 no te>s1 & only 
a little black knife 9 ! middle to %[ !y
 7 ripp$ out ( _! mo!rs' bellies4 ,!    
trad] dwells ^u ! fact t mo/ ( ! f>m]s 7
 "y or middle-ag$1 !re be+ b sixty-sev5 
v gray heads among !m2 :i* makes !      
s]vice m ess5tial4 ,e detail ( ?is      
supplem5t 0 work$ out ) inf9ite +5uity1 

ev5 to ! editor's po/script1 :i* /at$ t 
! scalps _h j rea*$ ,bo/on1 :]e ?\s&s ( 
p 7 flock+ to see !m4  ,frankl9 0 m ?an 
a humori/2 he 0 an arti/ 9 humor4 ,9 o!r
 words1 he n only _h a lively s5se ( !  
absurd & ! ludicr\s1 b he knew h[ to    
exhibit !m to o!rs ) ! utmo/ p[] & f9i%4
 ,8 gr&son1 :o liv$ ) him 9 ,p>is dur+ !
 ,revolution>y p]iod1 a v good          
draughtsman1 us$ to illu/rate 8 humor\s 
pap]s1 & betwe5 !m !y produc$ highly    
ent]ta9+ ?+s1 only a few ( :i* h be5    
ga!r$4 ,! ,abbe ,morellet1 "o ( ! gay   
circle :o enjoy$ !m1 rem>ks t 9 8       
sportive moods ,frankl9 0 ,socrates     
m\nt$ on a /ick1 play+ ) 8 *ildr54 ,to  
?is day1 h[ev]1 !re are millions :o     
reg>d t va/ & some:at disord]ly g5ius1  
:o 0 "o ( ! lea/ sordid & mo/ g5]\s (   
all record$ m51 z ! m]e type ( p5ny     
prud5ce4 ,ev5 s v>i\sly in=m$ a p]son z 
! au?or ( ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli%  
,p1 publi%$ 9 #ahge1 speaks ( !         
close-fi/$ ,frankl94  ,x is 9 va9 t we  
seek = specim5s ( colonial c>icature    

outside ( ! ,frankl9 circle4 ,satirical 
pictures 7 d\btless produc$ 9 great     
numb]s1 & a few may h be5 publi%$2 b    
c>icature is a ?+ ( ! mom5t1 & usually  
p]i%es ) ! mom5t1 unless x is           
incorporat$ ) a p]iodical4 ,almo/ all ! 
intellectual product ( ! colonial p]iod 
t 0 n !ological has "s relation to !    
wise & jovial ,frankl91 ! incomp>able   
,am]ican1 ! fa!r ( 8 c\ntry's           
intellectual life1 :e!r manife/$ 9      
lit]ature1 burlesque1 politics1         
inv5tion1 or sci5ce4  ,illu/ration3     
,bo/on ,massacre ,c(f9s2 ,bo/on1 ,m>*1  
#aggd4 7,f ,am]ican ,hi/orical ,record47
  ,! ,bo/on massacre1 z x 0 call$1 :i* 0
 commemorat$ by ! device ( a r[ ( c(f9s1
 (t5 employ$ be=e & s9ce1 might h be5 m 
prop]ly /yl$ a /reet brawl1 if ! m]e    
pres5ce ( ,briti% troops 9 ,bo/on 9     
#aggd _h n be5 an outrage ( int]national
 dim5sions4 ,! f\r victims1 ,samuel     
,gray1 ,samuel ,mav]ick1 ,james         
,cauldwell1 & ,crispus ,attucks1 7 borne
 to ! grave by all t 0 mo/ di/+ui%$ 9 ! 

prov9ce1 & ! :ole p seem$ to h ei!r     
foll[$ or witness$ ! procession4 ,amid/ 
! fr5zy ( ! "t1 ^! c(f9-lids s]v$ to    
express & relieve ! popul> feel+4 ,!    
subsequ5t acquittal ( ! innoc5t soldi]s1
 :o _h %[n m =be>ance ?an arm$ m5       
usually d :5 taunt$ & assail$ by an     
un>m$ cr[d1 rema9s "o ( ! mo/ honorable 
( ! e>ly records ( ,bo/on4  ,!re 7      
attempts at c>icature dur+ ! lat] ye>s (
 ! ,revolution>y w>4 ,f #aggh1 :5       
inflat$ pap]1 ,fr5* francs1 ,briti%     
gold1 & ,hessian ?al]s _h giv5 ! bus9ess
 c5tres ( ! c\ntry a %ort1 fallaci\s    
prosp]ity1 !re 0 gayety en\gh 9         
,philadelphia & ,bo/on4 ,!re 7 balls &  
p>ties1 & s5d+ to ,france = articles (  
luxury1 & pr(usion ( all k9ds--z !re 0 9
 ! late w>1 & z !re mu/ be 9 all w>s :i*
 are n paid = till ! w> is ov]4 ,!re are
 indications 9 ! old books t ! burlesqu+
 p5cil 0 a famili> in/rum5t !n among !  
m]ry lads ( ! cities & t[ns4 ,b _!      
ef=ts1 aft] hav+ answ]$ _! mom5t>y      
purpose1 p]i%$4  ,& ! habit ( burlesque 

surviv$ ! w>4 ,!re are few p]sons1 ev5  
among ! zeal\s frat]nity ( collectors1  
:o are aw>e t a ,new ,york dramati/1 9 !
 ye> #aghh1 endeavor$ to burlesque1 9 a 
regul> five-act com$y1 ! viol5t debates 
:i* di/ract$ all circles :ile !         
acceptance ( ! new ,con/itution 0 ! "q (
 que/ions4 ,a copy or two ( ?is com$y1  
call$ ,! ,politician ,outwitt$1 h be5   
pres]v$4 ,9 lieu ( ! lo/ pictures1 take 
?is brief sc5e1 :i* exhibits a viol5t   
squabble betwe5 an invet]ate oppon5t ( !
 ,con/itution & a burn+ patriot :o      
supports x4 ,!y ent]1 9 prop] com$y     
fa%ion1 aft] !y are 9 full qu>rel4      
,ent] ,,old ,,loveyet & ,,trueman4      
,loveyet4 ,i tell y1 x is ! mo/ inf]nal 
s*eme t ev]      0 devis$4              
,trueman4 ,& ,i tell y1 sir1 t y\r      
argum5t is het]odox1      sophi/ical1 & 
mo/ prepo/]\sly illogical4              
,loveyet4 ,i insi/ ^u x1 sir1 y "k no?+ 
at all ab\t      ! matt]6 ,& give me    
leave to tell y1 sir--       ,trueman4  
,:at6 ,give y leave to tell me ,i "k    

no?+ at all      ab\t ! matt]8 ,i %all d
 no su* ?+1 sir4 ,i'm n to be           
gov]n$ by y\r ipse dixit4               
,loveyet4 ,i desire none ( y\r mu/y     
,lat91 = ,i don't      und]/& x1 n ,i4  
,trueman4 ,o ! ignorance ( ! age6 ,to   
oppose a plan (      gov]nm5t l ! new   
,con/itution6 ,l x1 did ,i say8 ,!re    
nev] 0 "o l x4 ,nei!r ,m9os1 ,solon1    
,lycurgus1 nor      ,romulus ev]        
fabricat$ s wise a sy/em4 ,:y1 x is a   
political      ph5om5on1 a prodigy (    
legislative wisdom1 ! fame ( :i*      w 
soon ext5d ultramundane1 & a/oni% !     
nations ( !      _w ) its transc5d5t    
excell5ce4 ,to :at a sublime height     
w ! sup]b edifice atta96       ,loveyet4
 ,y\r aspir+ edifice %all nev] be erect$
 9 ?is      ,/ate1 sir4       ,trueman4 
,mr4 ,loveyet1 y w n li/5 to reason4    
,only      calmly att5d "o mom5t4       
,reads4 ',we1 ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9  
ord] to =m      a m p]fect ,union1      
e/abli% ju/ice1 insure dome/ic          
tranquillity1 provide--'       ,loveyet4

 ,i tell y ,i won't he> x4              
,trueman4 ,m>k all t4 ,reads4 ',section 
! ,fir/4 ,all      legislative p[] h]e9 
grant$ %all be ve/$ 9 a ,congress (     
! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* %all consi/ ( a    
,s5ate & ,h\se (      ,repres5tatives4' 
,v judici\s & salut>y1 ^u my erudition6 
',section ! ,second--'       ,loveyet4  
,i'll he> no m ( y\r sections4          
,illu/ration3 ,a ,militia ,drill 9      
,massa*usetts 9 #ahcb4  ,!y cont9ue !   
debate until bo? disputants are 9 ! :ite
 heat ( passion4 ,old ,mr4 ,loveyet     
ru%es away at la/ to break (f ! mat*    
betwe5 8 daught] & ,trueman's son1 &    
,trueman retorts by call+ 8 fi]y        
antagoni/ a conceit$ sot4 ,?is com$y is 
poor /uff1 b x suffices to reveal !     
exi/5ce ( ! _s ( c>icature among u at t 
e>ly day1 :5 ,new ,york 0 a clean1      
cobble-/on$1 ,dut*-look+ t[n ( ?irty    
?\s& inhabitants1 "o ( :om1 a boy five  
ye>s ( age1 0 nam$ ,wa%+ton ,irv+4      
,g5]al ,wa%+ton 0 inaugurat$ ,presid5t  
at ! same city 9 ! foll[+ ye>4 ,h[ (t5  

has ! _w be5 assur$ t no diss5ti5t voice
 0 he>d on t occasion6 ,! arrival ( !   
g5]al 9 ,new ,york 0 a pageant :i* !    
entire population is suppos$ to h mo/   
he>tily approv$2 & a v pleas+ spectacle 
x mu/ h be51 z se5 f ! end ( ! isl&--!  
vessels deck$ ) flags & /ream]s1 & !    
,presid5t's /ately b>ge1 r[$ by ?irte5  
pilots 9 :ite uni=ms1 advanc+ t[>d !    
city1 surr\nd$ & foll[$ by a cl\d (     
small boats1 to ! ?und] ( great guns4 ,b
 ev5 !n1 x seems1 !re 7 a few :o look$  
askance4 ,at lea/ "o c>icature appe>$4  
,all ! _w "h1 wrote ,john ,arm/rong to !
 unreconcil$ ,g5]al ,gates1 are busy 9  
collect+ fl[]s & sweets ( e k9d to amuse
 & delight ! ,presid5t4 ,p 7 ask+ "o    
ano!r1 he adds1 by :at awe-inspir+ title
 ! ,presid5t %\ld be call$1 ev5 pla9    
,rog] ,%]man1 ( ,connecticut1 reg>d+ ,8 
,excell5cy z b5ea? ! gr&eur ( ! (fice4  
,yet1 says ,arm/rong1 9 ! mid/ ( ?is    
admiration !re are skeptics :o d\bt its 
propriety1 & wits :o amuse !mselves at  
its extravagance4 ,! fir/ w grumble & ! 

la/ w laugh1 & ! ,presid5t %\ld be      
prep>$ to meet ! attacks ( bo? )        
firmness & good nature4 ,a c>icature has
 already appe>$1 call$ ',! ,entry1' full
 ( v disloyal & pr(ane allusions4 ,x 0  
by no means a good-natur$ picture4      
,g5]al ,wa%+ton 0 repres5t$ rid+ ^u an  
ass1 & held 9 ! arms ( 8 favorite man   
,billy1 once huntsman1 !n valet &       
factotum2 ,colonel ,david ,humphreys1 ! 
g5]al's aid & secret>y1 l$ ! ass1 s++   
hosannas & bir?day odes1 "o c\plet ( :i*
 0 legible3    ,! glori\s "t has come to
 pass    ,:5 ,david %all conduct an ass4
  ,?is ef=t 0 m ill-natur$ ?an          
brilliant2 b ! read] :o exam9es !       
fugitive publications ( t p]iod w (t5   
feel t ! adulation ( ! ,presid5t 0 su* z
 to provoke & ju/ify sev]e c>icature4 ,t
 adulation 0 z excessive z x 0 ill      
execut$2 & "p ( ! (fice ( c>icature is  
to rem9d ,philip t he is a man4 ,!      
numb]less v]ses1 odes1 tributes1 /anzas1
 l9es1 & sonnets address$ to ,presid5t  
,wa%+ton lie entomb$ 9 ! d+y leaves ( ! 

old newspap]s2 b a few ( ! epigrams :i* 
!y provok$ h be5 dis9t]r$1 & ev5 "s ( ! 
c>icatures are describ$ 9 ! lett]s ( !  
"t4 ,nei!r ! v]ses nor ! pictures are at
 all rem>kable4 ,probably ! be/         
c>icature t appe>$ dur+ ! adm9i/ration (
 ,g5]al ,wa%+ton 0 sugge/$ by ! removal 
( ! national capital f ,new ,york to    
,philadelphia4 ,s5ator ,rob]t ,morris1  
be+ a ,philadelphian1 & hav+ l>ge       
possessions 9 ,philadelphia1 0 popul>ly 
suppos$ to h procur$ ! passage ( !      
measure1 & accord+ly ! portly ,s5ator is
 se5 9 ! picture c>ry+ (f ^u 8 broad    
%\ld]s ! ,f$]al ,hall1 ! w9d[s ( :i* are
 cr[d$ ) memb]s ( bo? ,h\ses1 "s        
comm5d+1 o!rs curs+ ?is novel me?od (   
removal4 ,9 ! di/ance is se5 ! old      
,paulus ,hook f]ry-h\se1 at :at is n[   
,j]sey ,city1 on ! ro( ( :i* is ! devil 
beckon+ to ! heavy-lad5 ,morris1 & cry+ 
to him1 ,?is way1 ,bobby4 ,! removal ( !
 capital 0 a fruitful !me = ! humori/s (
 ! day4 ,ev5 !n ,new ,york politicians  
_h an ill "n1 & ,congress 0 deem$ well  

out ( _! rea*4  ,b ^? 7 ! halcyon days (
 ! untri$ adm9i/ration2 to :i* inde$ !re
 0 z yet no?+ t c\ld be call$ an        
,opposition4 ,! entire nation1 ) "h &   
!re an individual exception1 0 9 full   
accord ) ! feel+ express$ 9 ,b5jam9     
,russell's allegory t w5t ! r\nd ( !    
press 9 #aghi & #agij3  ,,! ,,f$]al     
,,%ip4  ,illu/ration3 ,a %ip4       ,j  
laun*$ on ! ,ocean ( ,empire1 ! ,%ip    
,,columbia1      ,,george ,,wa%+ton1    
,comm&]1 :i*1 aft] be+ ?irte5 ye>s      
9 dock1 is at l5g? well mann$1 & 9 v    
good      condition4 ,! ,%ip is a fir/  
rate--has a good bottom1 :i*      all ! 
,build]s h pron\nc$ s\nd & good4 ,"s    
objection has be5 made to p>ts ( !      
tackl+1 or runn+      rigg+1 :i*1 x is  
suppos$1 w be alt]$1 :5 !y      %all be 
f\nd to be incommodi\s1 z ! ,%ip is able
 to make      v good headway ) !m z !y  
are4 ,a jury (      ,c>p5t]s h ?is matt]
 n[ "u consid]ation4 ,!      ,capta9 &  
,fir/ ,mate are univ]sally e/eem$ by all
 !      ,own]s--,elev5#dj 9 numb]--& %e 

has be5 insur$1 "u      _! direction1 to
 make a good moor+ 9 ! h>bor (          
,public ,prosp]ity & ,felicity--:i!rto  
%e is b\nd4 ,!      ,own]s c furni%1    
besides ! ,%ip's ,company1 ! foll[+     
mat]ials3--,new-,hamp%ire1 ! ,ma/s &    
,sp>s2      ,massa*usetts1 ,timb] = !   
,hull1 ,fi%1 c42 ,connecticut1          
,beef & ,pork2 ,new-,york1 ,port] & o!r 
,cab9 /ores2      ,new-,j]sey1 !        
,cordage2 ,p5nsylvania1 ,fl\r &         
,bread2--,delaw>e1 ! ,colors1 & ,clo?+ =
 ! ,crew2      ,m>yl&1 ! ,iron "w &     
small ,an*ors2 ,virg9ia1 ,tobacco      &
 ! ,%eet ,an*or2 ,s\?-,c>ol9a1 ,rice2 & 
,georgia1      ,p[d] & small            
,provisions4 ,?us f\nd1 may ?is good    
,%ip put      to sea1 & ! pray] ( all   
is1 t ,,god may pres]ve h]1 &      br+  
h] 9 safety to h] desir$ hav54          
,footnote #dj3 ,only elev5 ,/ates _h    
accept$ ! ,con/itution :5 ?is 0 writt54 
,! ,gov]nm5t _h n be5 long domicil$ 9 ! 
,city ( ,bro!rly ,love be=e p>ties      
became def9$ & p>ty _s acrimoni\s4 ,!   

popul> he>t & hope & imag9ation 7 all on
 ! side ( revolutioniz$ ,france 9 h]    
unequal /ruggle ) ! alli$ k+s4          
,cons]vative & safe m5 7 m & m drawn    
into sympa?y ) ! p[]s t 7 /riv+ to      
ma9ta9 ! e/abli%$ ord]1 *ief ( :i* 0    
,great ,brita94 ,presid5t ,wa%+ton1 9   
ma9ta9+ ! j balance betwe5 ! two cont5d+
 pr9ciples & p[]s1 c\ld n b give "s     
dissatisfaction to bo? political p>ties1
 &1 mo/ ( all1 to ! "o 9 ! w>me/ sympa?y
 ) ,france4 ,9 ! de>? ( pictorical      
relics ( t p]iod1 ,i ins]t ! p>ody ( !  
,a?anasian cre$ annex$1 f ! ,national   
,gazette ( ,philadelphia1 edit$ by      
,fr5eau1 & ma9ta9$ by ! fri5ds (        
,jeff]son & ,madison3       ,a ,,new    
,,political ,,cre$ ,,= ,,! ,,use ,,(    
,,:om ,,x ,,may ,,conc]n4       ,:oev]  
w\ld live peaceably 9 ,philadelphia1    
above all ?+s      x is necess>y t he   
hold ! ,f$]al fai?--& ! ,f$]al      fai?
 is ?is1 t !re are two gov]n+ p[]s 9 ?is
      c\ntry1 bo? equal1 & yet "o       
sup]ior3 :i* fai? except      e "o keep 

undefil$ly1 )\t d\bt he %all be abus$   
ev]la/+ly4       ,! ,briton is sup]ior  
to ! ,am]ican1 & ! ,am]ican is          
inf]ior to ! ,briton3 & yet !y are      
equal1 & ! ,briton      %all gov]n !    
,am]ican4       ,! ,briton1 :ile "h1 is 
comm&$ to obey ! ,am]ican1 &      yet ! 
,am]ican ought to obey ! ,briton4       
,& yet !y ought n bo? to be ob$i5t1 b   
only "o to be      ob$i5t4 ,= !re is "o 
dom9ion nom9al ( ! ,am]ican1 &          
ano!r dom9ion real ( ! ,briton4       ,&
 yet !re are n two dom9ions1 b only "o  
dom9ion4       ,= l z we are compell$ by
 ! ,briti% con/itution book to          
ackn[l$ge t subjects mu/ submit !mselves
 to _!      mon>*s1 & be ob$i5t to !m 9 
all ?+s3       ,s we are =bid by our    
,f$]al executive to say t we are at     
all influ5c$ by our treaty ) ,france1 or
 to pay reg>d to      :at x en=ce?3     
,! ,am]ican 0 creat$ = ! ,briton1 & !   
,briton = !      ,am]ican3       ,& yet 
! ,am]ican %all be a slave to ! ,briton1
 & !      ,briton ! tyrant ( ! ,am]ican4

       ,& ,britons are ( ?ree           
d5om9ations1 & yet only ( "o      s\l1  
nature1 & subsi/5cy3       ,! ,iri%man (
 inf9ite impud5ce3       ,! ,scot*man ( 
cunn+ mo/ inscrutable3       ,& !       
,engli%man ( imp]t95ce altoge!r         
insupportable3       ,! only true &     
honorable g5tlem5 ( ?is our bless$      
c\ntry4       ,he1 !re=e1 t w\ld live 9 
quiet1 mu/ ?us ?9k ( !      ,briton & ! 
,am]ican4       ,x is fur!rmore necess>y
 t e good ,am]ican %\ld      believe 9 !
 infallibility ( ! executive1 :5 its    
proclamations are e*o$ by ,britons3     
,= ! true fai? is1 t we believe &       
confess t !      ,gov]nm5t is fallible &
 infallible3       ,fallible 9 its      
republican nature1 & infallible 9 its   
mon>*ical t5d5cy1 err+ 9 its /ate (     
individuality1 &      un]r+ 9 its ,f$]al
 complexity4       ,s t ?\gh x be bo?   
fallible & infallible1 yet x is n       
twa91 b "o gov]nm5t only1 z hav+        
consolidat$ all /ate      dom9ion1 9    
ord] to rule ) sway uncontroll$4        

,?is is ! true ,f$]al fai?1 :i* except a
 man believe &      practice fai?fully1 
beyond all d\bt he %all be curs$        
p]petually4  ,a rude b v curi\s specim5 
( ! c>icature ( ! e>ly "t is giv5 on !  
next page ( ! collision on ! floor ( !  
,h\se ( ,repres5tatives betwe5 ,mat!w   
,lyon & ,rog] ,griswold1 bo?            
repres5tatives f ,connecticut4 ,lyon1 a 
native ( ,irel&1 0 an ard5t ,republican1
 :o play$ a conspicu\s "p 9 politics    
dur+ ! f9al /ruggle betwe5 !            
,republicans & ! ,f$]ali/s4 ,rog]       
,griswold1 on ! contr>y1 a memb] ( an   
old & di/+ui%$ ,connecticut family1 a   
graduate ( its anci5t college1 & a memb]
 ( its really illu/ri\s b>1 0 a pron\nc$
 ,f$]ali/4 ,he 0 also a g5tleman :o _h  
no natural reli% = a /rong-m9d$1        
unlett]$ emigrant :o f\nd$ a t[n 9 8 new
 c\ntry1 built mills & f\ndries1 inv5t$ 
processes1 e/abli%$ a newspap]1 & 0     
elect$ to ,congress4 ,if ,hamilton &    
,griswold & ! o!r extreme ,f$]ali/s _h  
_h _! way 9 ?is c\ntry1 !re w\ld h be5  

no ,mat!w ,lyons among u to create a new
 _w = mank9d1 & beg9 ! developm5t ( a   
bett] political sy/em4 ,nor1 inde$1 0   
,mat!w ,lyon suffici5tly tol]ant ( ! old
 & tri$ me?ods t _h become inadequate4  
,he 0 n likely1 ei!r--at ! age (        
fifty-two1 /&+ ^u ! summit ( a v        
successful c>e]1 :i* 0 :olly 8 own      
"w--to reg>d z equal to himself a man ( 
?irty-six1 :o seem$ to owe 8 importance 
*iefly to 8 l9eage4 ,s "h 0 a broad     
basis = an antipa?y :i* ! /rife (       
politics c\ld easily aggravate into an  
av]sion extreme & fi]y--fi]y1 at lea/1  
on ! "p ( ! ,iri%man4  ,illu/ration3    
,fight 9 ,congress betwe5 ,lyon &       
,griswold1 ,febru>y #ae?1 #agih4    ,he 
9 a trice /ruck ,griswold ?rice     ,^u 
8 head1 enrag$1 sir2   ,:o seiz$ ! tongs
 to ease 8 wrongs1     ,& ,griswold ?us 
engag$1 sir4  ,imag9e ?is process       
complete1 & ! ,h\se1 on ! la/ day ( !   
ye> #agih1 9 languid session1 ballot+4  
,! two memb]s 7 /&+ ne> "o ano!r outside
 ! b>1 :5 ,griswold made taunt+ allusion

 to an old campaign /ory ( ,mat!w       
,lyon's hav+ be5 s5t5c$ to we> a wood5  
sword = c[>dice 9 ! field4 ,lyon1 9 a   
fury1 spit 9 ,griswold's face4 ,in/antly
 ! ,h\se 0 9 an upro>2 & al?\gh !       
impetu\s ,lyon apologiz$ to ! ,h\se1 he 
only escap$ expulsion1 aft] elev5 days' 
debate1 ?r\gh ! con/itutional requirem5t
 ( a two-?irds vote4 ,?is affair call$  
=? a c>icature 9 :i* ! ,iri% memb] 0    
depict$ z a lion /&+ on 8 h9d-legs we>+ 
a wood5 sword1 :ile ,griswold1 h&k]*ief 
9 h&1 exclaims1 ,:at a bea/ly action6   
,! vote = expulsion--#eb to #dd--;did n 
satisfy ,mr4 ,griswold4 ,f\r days aft] !
 vote occurr$ ! outrage\s sc5e rudely   
del9eat$ 9 ! picture already m5tion$4   
,griswold1 arm$ ) :at ! ,republican     
editor call$ a /\t hickory club1 & !    
,f$]ali/ editor a hickory /ick1 assault$
 ,lyon :ile he 0 sitt+ at 8 desk1 /rik+ 
him on ! head & %\ld]s sev]al times be=e
 he c\ld extricate himself4 ,b at la/   
,lyon got ^u 8 feet1 &1 seiz+ ! tongs1  
ru%$ ^u ! enemy4 ,?is is ! mom5t select$

 by ! arti/4 ,!y soon aft] clos$ & fell 
to ! floor1 :]e !y enjoy$ a good        
r\gh-&-tumble fight1 until memb]s pull$ 
!m ap>t4 ,a few m9utes aft] !y *anc$ to 
meet aga9 at ! wat] table1 ne> "o ( !   
doors4 ,lyon 0 n[ provid$ ) a /ick1 b   
,griswold _h none4 ,_! eyes no soon]    
met1 says ! ,f$]ali/ report]1 ?an ,mr4  
,lyon sprung to attack ,mr4 ,griswold4  
,a memb] h&$ ,griswold a /ick1 & !re 0 a
 fair prospect ( ano!r fight1 :5 !      
,speak] int]f]$ ) s mu* en]gy t !       
antagoni/s 7 aga9 torn ap>t4 ,! battle 0
 n r5ew$ on ! floor ( ,congress4  ,b x 0
 cont9u$ else:]e4 ,"u t amaz+ s$ition   
law ( ! ,f$]ali/s1 ,lyon 0 tri$ a few   
mon?s aft] = say+ 9 8 newspap] t        
,presid5t ,adams _h an unb\nd$ ?ir/ =   
ridicul\s pomp1 _h turn$ m5 out ( (fice 
= _! op9ions1 & _h writt5 a bully+      
message ^u ! ,fr5* imbroglio ( #agih4   
,he 0 f\nd guilty1 s5t5c$ to pay a f9e (
 a ?\s& doll>s1 besides ! heavy co/s ( !
 prosecution1 to be imprison$ f\r mon?s1
 & to cont9ue 9 conf9em5t until ! f9e 0 

paid4 ,( c\rse ! p ( 8 di/rict /ood by  
him1 &1 :ile he 0 9 prison1 re-elect$   
him to ,congress by a great majority2 & 
8 f9e 0 repaid to 8 heirs 9 #ahdj by    
,congress1 ) =ty-two ye>s' int]e/4 ,^!  
ev5ts made a prodigi\s /ir 9 _! "t4     
,mat!w ,lyon's pres5ce 9 ! ,h\se (      
,repres5tatives1 8 demeanor !re1 & 8    
triumphal return f prison to ,congress1 
7 ! fir/ di/9ct notification to p>ties  
int]e/$ t ! sceptre 0 pass+ f ! ,few to 
! ,_m4  ,! satire & burlesque ( !       
,jeff]sonian p]iod1 f #agih to #ahji1 7 
abundant 9 quantity1 if n ( %9+         
excell5ce4 ,to ! read] ( ! pres5t day   
all savors ( burlesque 9 ! political    
utt]ances ( t "t1 s prepo/]\sly viol5t 7
 p>tisans on bo? sides4 ,x is impossible
 to take a s]i\s view ( ! case ( an     
editor :o c\ld make x a matt] ( boa/+ t 
he _h oppos$ ! ,republican measures =   
eight ye>s )\t a s+le exception4 ,!     
press1 inde$1 _h !n no indep5d5t life2 x
 0 ! m9ion & slave ( p>ty4 ,x is only 9 
our own day t ! press beg9s to exi/ =   

its own sake1 & descant ) reasonable    
fre$om on topics o!r ?an ! ,importance (
 ,e>ly ,ris+ & ! ,cu/oms ( ! ,*9ese4 ,! 
read] w\ld nei!r be edifi$ nor amus$ by 
see+ ,mr4 ,jeff]son kneel+ be=e a /umpy 
pill> label$ ,alt> ( ,gallic ,despotism1
 ^u :i* are ,pa9e's ,age ( ,reason & !  
works ( ,r\sseau1 ,voltaire1 &          
,helvetius1 ) ! demon ( ! ,fr5*         
,revolution cr\*+ beh9d x1 & ! ,am]ican 
eagle so>+ al(t1 be>+ 9 its talons !    
,con/itution & ! indep5d5ce ( ! ,unit$  
,/ates4 ,pictures ( t nature1 ( great   
size1 cr[d$ ) objects1 emblems1 &       
s5t5ces--an elaborate bl5d+ ( burlesque1
 allegory1 & enigma--7 s mu* valu$ by t 
g5]ation t "s ( !m 7 engrav$ ^u copp]4  
,on ! day ( ! inauguration ( ,?omas     
,jeff]son z ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1
 ,m>* #d?1 #ahja1 a p>ody appe>$ 9 !    
,c5t9el ( ,bo/on1 a ,f$]ali/ pap] (     
great note 9 its "t1 :i* may s]ve our   
purpose "h3    ,monum5tal ,inscription4 
,t life is long :i* answ]s ,life's great
 end4    ,ye/]day expir$1 deeply        

regrett$ by millions ( grateful         
,am]icans1      & by all good m51   ,,! 
,,f$]al ,,adm9i/ration ,,( ,,!          
,,gov]nm5t ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates3     
animat$ by   ,a ,,wa%+ton1 ,,an ,,adams1
 ,a ,,hamilton1 ,,knox1 ,,pick]+1       
,,wolcott1      ,m',,h5ry1 ,,m>%all1    
,,/odd]t1 ,,& ,,dext]4   ,a,et4 #ab     
ye>s4    ,its dea? 0 occasion$ by !     
secret arts & op5 viol5ce      ( =eign &
 dome/ic demagogues3   ,not)/&+ its :ole
 life 0      devot$ to ! p]=mance ( e   
duty to promote   ! ,union1 ,cr$it1     
,peace1 ,prosp]ity1 ,honor1   &         
,felicity ( its ,c\ntry4    ,at its     
bir?1 x f\nd ! ,union ( ! ,/ates        
dissolv+ l a rope      ( sn[2   ,x ha?  
left x /rong] ?an ! ?reefold cord4    ,x
 f\nd ! ,unit$ ,/ates bankrupts 9 e/ate 
& reputation2   ,x ha? left !m unb\nd$ 9
 cr$it1 & respect$ ?r\gh\t !      _w4   
,x f\nd ! ,treasuries ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 
& ,individual ,/ates empty2   ,x ha?    
left !m full & ov]fl[+4   ,x f\nd all ! 
evid5ces ( public debts wor?less z rags2

   ,x ha? left !m m valuable ?an gold & 
silv]4    ,x f\nd ! ,unit$ ,/ates at w> 
) ! ,indian nations2   ,x ha? conclud$  
peace ) !m all4   ,x f\nd ! aborig9als (
 ! soil invet]ate enemies ( ! :ites2    
,x ha? ex]cis$ t[>d !m ju/ice &         
g5]osity1 & ha? left !m      fa/ fri5ds4
   ,x f\nd ,great ,brita9 9 possession (
 all ! fronti] po/s2   ,x ha? dem&$ _!  
surr5d]1 & x leaves !m 9 ! possession ( 
! ,unit$ ,/ates4   ,x f\nd ! ,am]ican   
sea-coa/ utt]ly def5seless2   ,x ha?    
left x =tifi$4   ,x f\nd our ars5als    
empty1 & magaz9es decay+2   ,x ha? left 
!m full ( ammunition & w>like implem5ts4
   ,x f\nd our c\ntry dep5d5t on =eign  
nations = eng9es ( def5se2   ,x ha? left
 manufactories ( cannon & musquets 9    
full "w4   ,x f\nd ! ,am]ican ,nation at
 w> ) ,algi]s1 ,tunis1 & ,tripoli2   ,x 
ha? made peace ) !m all4   ,x f\nd      
,am]ican freem5 9 ,turki% slav]y1 :]e !y
 _h langui%$      9 *a9s = ye>s2   ,x   
ha? ransom$ !m & set !m free4    ,x f\nd
 ! w>-worn1 invalid soldi] />v+ f want2 

or1 l      ,belis>ius1 begg+ 8          
refuse-meat f door to door2   ,x ha?    
left ample provision = ! regul> paym5t (
 8 p5sion4    ,x f\nd ! comm]ce ( our   
c\ntry conf9$ almo/ to coa/+ craft2   ,x
 ha? left x :it5+ e sea ) its canvas1 & 
*e]+ e      clime ) its />s4    ,x f\nd 
our me*anics & manufactur]s idle 9 !    
/reets = want (      employ2   ,x ha?   
left !m full ( bus9ess1 prosp]\s1       
cont5t$1 & happy4   ,x f\nd ! yeomanry (
 ! c\ntry oppress$ ) unequal taxes2 _!  
f>ms1 h\ses1 & b>ns decay+2 _! cattle   
sell+ at !      sign-po/s2 & !y driv5 to
 desp]ation & rebellion2   ,x ha? left  
_! c(f]s 9 ca%1 _! h\ses 9 repair1 _!   
b>ns      full1 _! f>ms ov]/ock$1 & _!  
produce comm&+ ready      money & a high
 price4   ,9 %ort1 x f\nd !m poor1      
indig5t malcont5ts2   ,x ha? left !m    
weal?y fri5ds to ord] & good gov]nm5t4  
,x f\nd ! ,unit$ ,/ates deeply 9 debt to
 ,france & ,holl&2   ,x ha? paid all !  
dem&s ( ! =m]1 & ! pr9cipal "p (      ! 
latt]4   ,x f\nd ! c\ntry 9 a ru9\s     

alliance ) ,france2   ,x ha? honorably  
dissolv$ ! connection1 & set u free4    
,x f\nd ! ,unit$ ,/ates )\t a swivel on 
float = _! def5se2   ,x ha? left a      
,navy--compos$ ( #cd %ips ( w>1 m\nt+   
#iah guns1      & mann$ by #gcej gallant
 t>s4    ,x f\nd ! exports ( our c\ntry 
a m]e song 9 value2   ,x ha? left !m    
wor? above sev5ty millions ( doll>s p]  
annum4   ,9 "o ^w1 x f\nd ,am]ica       
disunit$1 poor1 insolv5t1 weak1         
discont5t$1 & wret*$2   ,x ha? left h]  
unit$1 weal?y1 respectable1 /rong1      
happy1 &      prosp]\s4   ,let ! fai?ful
 hi/orian1 9 aft]-times1 say ^! ?+s (   
its      successor1 if he c4   ,& yet1  
not)/&+ all ^! s]vices & bless+s1 !re   
are      f\nd _m1 v _m1 weak1 deg5]ate  
sons1 :o1 lo/ to virtue1      to        
gratitude1 & patriotism1 op5ly exult t  
?is ,adm9i/ration      is no m1 & t !   
,sun ( ,f$]alism is set =ev]4   ,oh     
%ame1 :]e is ?y blu%8    ,,z ,,"o       
,,tribute ,,( ,,gratitude ,,9 ,,^!      
,,times1 ,,?is ,,monum5t ,,( ,,!        

,,tal5ts      ,,& ,,s]vices ,,( ,,!     
,,deceas$ ,,is ,,rais$ ,,by             
,! ,c5t9el4    ,m>* #d?1 #ahja4         
,illu/ration3 ,! ,g]ry-,m&]4 7,bo/on1   
#ahaa47  ,! victori\s ,republicans1 if  
less skillful ?an _! adv]s>ies 9 !      
burlesque arts1 _h _! own me?ods ( p>ry+
 & return+ su* assaults z ?is4 ,at an   
e>li] p]iod 9 ,mr4 ,jeff]son's asc5d5cy1
 ! politicians1 borr[+ ! idea f ,ca?olic
 times1 employ$ /uff$ figures &         
burlesque processions 9 lieu (          
c>icature4 ,:ile ! p 7 /ill 9 w>m       
sympa?y ) ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 ,william 
,smi?1 a ,repres5tative 9 ,congress f   
,s\? ,c>ol9a1 gave deep (f5se to _m ( 8 
con/itu5ts by oppos+ c]ta9 resolutions  
(f]$ by ,citiz5 ,madison expressive ( t 
sympa?y4 ,!re 0 no burlesque arti/ !n 9 
,s\? ,c>ol9a1 b ! ,democrats ( ,*>le/on 
contriv$1 not)/&+1 to c>icature ! (f5d] 
& 8 inf]nal junto4 ,a plat=m 0 erect$ 9 
an op5 place 9 ,*>le/on1 ^u :i* 0       
exhibit$ to a noisy cr[d1 f e>ly 9 !    
morn+ until ?ree 9 ! aft]noon1 a r>e    

assemblage ( figures3 ,a woman repres5t+
 ! ,g5ius ( ,brita9 invit+ ! recreant   
,repres5tatives to %>e ! wages ( h]     
iniquity2 ,william ,smi? advanc+ t[>d h]
 ) eag] /eps1 8 "r h& /ret*$ out to     
receive 8 portion1 9 8 left hold+ a pap]
 ^u :i* 0 writt5 ,six p] c5ts1 & we>+ ^u
 8 brea/ ano!r ) ,l#dj1jjj 9 ! ,funds2  
,b5$ict ,arnold ) 8 h& full ( *ecks &   
bills2 ,fi%] ,ames label$ ,l#djj1jjj 9 !
 ,funds2 ! devil & ,"y ,pitt goad+ on ! 
reprobate ,am]icans4 ,9 front ( ! /age 0
 a gall[s = ! due hang+ & burn+ ( ^!    
figures :5 ! cr[d 7 tir$ ( gaz+ ^u !m4  
,ea* ( ! *>act]s 0 provid$ ) a label    
exhibit+ an appropriate s5tim5t4 ,!     
odi\s ,smi? 0 made to confess t 8 s5t5ce
 0 j3 ,! love ( gold1 a =eign education1
 & =eign connections damn me4 ,"y ,pitt 
own$ to hav+ let loose ! ,alg]9es ^u !  
,am]icans1 & ,fi%] ,ames confess$ t f ! 
"t :5 he began life z a horse-jockey 8  
,ames _h be5 villa9y4  ,x is an         
objection to ?is k9d ( c>icature t !    
wea!r may int]f]e ) its prop]           

pres5tation4 ,a %[] ( ra9 oblit]at$ mo/ 
( ^? labels1 & left ! figures !mselves 9
 a r$uc$ & draggl$ condition4 ,b1       
accord+ to ! local hi/orian1 !          
exhibition 0 cont9u$1 to ! great mir? & 
ent]ta9m5t ( ! boys1 :o w\ld n quit !   
field until a total demolition ( !      
figures took place1 nor be=e !y _h tak5 
d[n ! bree*es ( ! effigy ( !            
,repres5tative ( ?is ,/ate & giv5 him   
repeat$ ca/igations4 ,9 ! ev5+ ! colors 
( ,great ,brita9 7 dipp$ 9 oil & ,fr5*  
br&y1 & burn$ at ! same fire :i* _h     
consum$ ! effigies4  ,lat] 9 !          
,jeff]sonian p]iod1 ! burlesque         
procession--c>icature vivante--0        
occasionally employ$ by ! ,new ,engl&   
,f$]ali/s to excite popul> disapproval (
 ! emb>go :i* susp5d$ =eign comm]ce4    
,eld]ly g5tlem5 9 ,newburyport rememb]  
he>+ _! fa!rs describe ! batt]$ old hulk
 ( a vessel1 ) rott5 rigg+ & tatt]$     
sails1 mann$ by ragg$ & cadav]\s        
sailors1 t 0 drawn 9 su* a procession 9 
#ahjh1 ! ye> ( ! ,presid5tial election4 

,!re are ev5 a few old p :o rememb] see+
 ! procession1 = 9 ^? heal?y old coa/   
t[ns ! g5]ations are l9k$ toge!r1 & !   
:ole hi/ory ( ,new ,engl& is sometimes  
repres5t$ 9 ! gr\p r\nd ! po/-(fice ( a 
f9e summ] morn+4 ,! odd-look+ picture ( 
! ,g]ry-m&]1 on ! previ\s page1 belongs 
to ! same p]iod1 & pres]ves a record n  
cr$itable to p>ty politicians4          
,democratic lead]s 9 ,massa*usetts1 9   
ord] to secure ! election ( two ,s5ators
 ( _! p>ty1 r$i/rict$ ! ,/ate ) absurd  
disreg>d ( geographical facts4 ,!       
,c5t9el exhibit$ ! fraud by means ( a   
color$ map1 :i* ! arti/1 ,gilb]t ,/u>t1 
by a few t\*es1 conv]t$ into ! immortal 
,g]ry-m&]4 ,gov]nor ,g]ry1 ?\gh n !     
au?or ( ! s*eme1 nor an approv] ( x1    
ju/ly %>es ! discr$it ( a measure :i* he
 might h veto$1 b did n4  ,! w> ( #ahab 
yields its quota ( c>icature to !       
collector's port-folio4 ,john ,bull mak+
 a ,new ,bat* ( ,%ips to s5d to ! ,lakes
 is an obvi\s imitation ( ,gillray's    
ma/]piece ( ,bonap>te bak+ a new bat* ( 

k+s4 ,! contribution levi$ ^u ,alex&ria1
 & ! retreat ( a p>ty ( ,engli% troops f
 ,baltimore1 furni% subjects to a       
draughtsman :o _h m patriotic feel+ ?an 
arti/ic inv5tion4 ,8 ,john ,bull is a   
/\t man1 ) a bull's head & a long sword1
 :o utt]s pomp\s words4 ,i mu/ h all y\r
 fl\r1 all y\r tobacco1 all y\r %ips1   
all y\r m]*&ise--e ?+ except y\r ,port] 
& ,p]ry4 ,keep !m out ( sight2 ,i h _h  
en\gh ( !m already4 ,no d\bt ?is 0      
com=t+ to ! patriotic m9d :ile x 0      
lam5t+ a ,capitol burn$ & a ,presid5t 9 
flight4     ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4  ,,lat]     
,,am]ican ,,c>icature4   ,illu/ration3  
,?omas ,na/1 #ahge4  ,illu/ration3      
,,:olesale4 ,,retail4 7,h>p]'s ,weekly1 
,septemb] #af?1 #ahga47  ,! era ( good  
feel+ :i* foll[$ ! w> ( #ahab1 & :i*    
exhau/$ ! high1 b5ign _s infus$ into    
public affairs by ,mr4 ,jeff]son1 c\ld n
 be expect$ to call =? satirical        
pictures ( rem>kable quality4 ,!        
irruption ( ! positive & uncontrollable 
,jackson into politics made am5ds4 ,once

 m ! m9d ( ! c\ntry 0 a/ir1 & aga9 ne>ly
 ! :ole ( ! educat$ class 0 array$ aga9/
 ! masses ( ! p4 ,! two political p>ties
 9 e c\ntry1 call !m by :atev] disguis+ 
names we may1 are ! ,ri* & ! ,poor4 ,!  
ri* are naturally incl9$ to use _! p[]  
to give _! own class an advantage2 !    
poor naturally object2 & ?is is !       
und]ly+1 ev]-op]at+ cause ( political   
/rife 9 all c\ntries t enjoy a degree ( 
fre$om2 & ?is is ! reason :y1 9 times ( 
political crisis1 ! in/ruct$ class is   
frequ5tly 9 ! wrong4 ,int]e/ & pride    
bl9d its judgm5t4 ,9 ,jackson's day !   
di/9ction betwe5 ! "r & ! wrong politics
 0 n s cle> z 9 ,jeff]son's "t2 b x 01  
^u ! :ole1 ! same /ruggle disguis$ &    
degrad$ by p]sonal ambitions &          
antipa?ies4 ,x c]ta9ly call$ =? z _m    
p>odies1 burlesques1 c>icatures1 &      
lampoons z any simil> /rife s9ce !      
inv5tion ( politics4 ,! c(f9 h&bills    
repeat$ ! device employ$ aft] ! ,bo/on  
massacre ( #aggd 9 ord] to keep x 9     
memory t ,g5]al ,jackson _h ord]$ six   

militiam5 to be %ot = des]tion4 ,!      
hickory poles t pi]c$ ! sky at s _m     
cross-roads 7 a retort to ^!1 admitt+ b 
eulogiz+ ! h>dness ( ! man4 ,! sudd5    
breakup ( ! cab9et 9 #ahca call$ =? a   
c>icature :i* de> ,mrs4 ,trollope       
describ$ z ! only tol]able "o %e ev] saw
 9 ! c\ntry4 ,x repres5t$ ! ,presid5t   
seat$ 9 8 room try+ h>d to deta9 "o (   
f\r escap+ rats by putt+ 8 foot on its  
tail4 ,! rat ?us held wore ! famili>    
c\nt5ance ( ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 ,m>t9  
,van ,bur51 :o _h be5 reque/$ to rema9  
till 8 successor _h arriv$4 ,x 0 ?is    
picture t gave occasion = "o ( ,john    
,van ,bur5's not$ say+s t 7 once a      
circulat+ m$ium 9 ! lawy]s' (fices (    
,new ,york4 ,:5 w y\r fa!r be 9 ,new    
,york8 ask$ "s "o4 ,! reply 01 ,:5 !    
,presid5t takes (f 8 foot4              
,illu/ration3 ,! ,bra9s ( ! ,tammany    
,r+4 7,h>p]'s ,weekly1 ,octob] #ba/1    
#ahga47  ,!n we h ,van ,bur5 z a baby 9 
! arms ( ,g5]al ,jackson1 receiv+ pap f 
a spoon 9 ! g5]al's h&2 ,jackson & ,clay

 z jockeys rid+ a race t[>d !           
,presid5tial h\se1 ,clay ahead2 ,jackson
 receiv+ a cr[n f ,van ,bur5 & a sceptre
 f ! devil2 ,jackson1 ,b5ton1 ,blair1   
,k5dall1 & o!rs1 9 ! guise ( robb]s1    
direct+ a great batt]+-ram at ! front   
door ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bank2 ,jackson1 
z ,don ,quixote1 break+ a v sl5d] lance 
aga9/ "o ( ! m>ble pill>s ( ! same      
edifice2 ,jackson & ,l\is ,philippe z   
pugili/s 9 a r+1 ! k+ hav+ j receiv$ a  
bl[ t makes 8 cr[n topple ov] 8 face4   
,illu/ration3 ,:at are ! ,wild ,waves   
say+8 7,h>p]'s ,weekly1 ,july #i?1      
#ahgj47  ,burlesque processions 7 also  
mu* 9 vogue 9 #ahcb dur+ ! weeks prec$+ 
! ,presid5tial election4 ,to ! oratory (
 ,web/]1 ,pre/on1 ,h(fman1 & ,ev]ett1 ! 
,democracy repli$ by massive hickory    
poles1 fifty feet long1 drawn by eight1 
twelve1 or sixte5 horses1 & ridd5 by z  
_m "y ,democrats z c\ld get a/ride ( !  
emblematic log1 wav+ flags & %\t+1      
,hurra = ,jackson6 ,live eagles 7 borne 
al(t ^u poles1 bann]s 7 c>ri$ exhibit+  

,ni*olas ,biddle z ,old ,nick1 & endless
 ranks ( ,democrats m>*$ pa/1 ea*       
,democrat we>+ 9 8 hat a sprig ( ! sacr$
 tree4 ,& aga9 ! cultur$ orators 7      
wrong1 & ! untutor$ ,democrats 7        
sub/antially 9 ! "r4 ,ambition & int]e/ 
prev5t$ ^? brilliant m5 f see+ t 9 putt+
 d[n ! bank1 z 9 o!r measures ( 8 /ormy 
adm9i/ration1 ! wor/ t c\ld be truly    
said ( ,g5]al ,jackson 0 t he did "r ?+s
 9 a wrong way4 ,! %9-pla/] c>icature   
giv5 on ! foll[+ page is itself a record
 ( ! bad consequ5ces t foll[$ 8 viol5t  
me?od 9 ! matt] ( ! bank4 ,! inflation (
 #ahce produc$ ! wild l& speculation (  
#ahcf1 :i* end$ 9 ! w(ul collapse (     
#ahcg1 ! ye> ( bankruptcy & %9-pla/]4   
,to ?is p]iod belongs ! picture1 giv5 on
 a previ\s page1 :i* c>icatures ! old   
militia sy/em by pres5t+ at "o view _m (
 ! possible mi%aps ( tra9+-day4 ,!      
receipt :i* ,john ,adams gave = mak+ a  
free commonweal? enum]at$ f\r           
+r$i5ts--t[n meet+s1 tra9+-days1 t[n    
s*ools1 & m9i/]s4 ,b 9 ! "t ( ,jackson !

 old militia sy/em _h be5 outgr[n1 & x 0
 laugh$ out ( exi/5ce4 ,mo/ ( ! faces 9 
?is picture 7 int5d$ to be portraits4   
,illu/ration3 ,%9-pla/] ,c>icature (    
,g5]al ,jackson's ,w> on ! ,unit$ ,/ates
 ,bank1 & its ,consequ5ces1 #ahcg4  ,mr4
 ,hudson1 9 8 valuable ,hi/ory (        
,j\rnalism1 speaks ( a li?ograph] nam$  
,rob9son1 :o us$ to l9e ! f5ces & ev5 ! 
curb-/ones ( ,new ,york ) rude          
c>icatures ( ! p]sons prom95t 9 public  
life dur+ ! adm9i/rations ( ,jackson &  
,van ,bur54 ,sev]al ( ^! h be5 pres]v$1 
) o!rs ( ! same p]iod2 b few ( !m are   
tol]able1 n[ t ! feel+ :i* sugge/$ !m no
 long] exi/s2 & z to ! great] numb]1 we 
c only agree ) ! ,new ,york ,mirror1 !n 
9 ! height ( its celebrity & influ5ce1 9
 pron\nc+ !m s dull & s po9tless t x 7 a
 wa/e ( p[d] to bl[ !m up4              
,illu/ration3 ,city ,p 9 a ,c\ntry      
,*ur*4  ,! publication ( ,mrs4          
,trollope's "w ^u ! ,dome/ic ,mann]s ( !
 ,am]icans call$ =? _m inanities1 to say
 no?+ ( a volume ( two hundr$ & sixte5  

pages1 entitl$ ,travels 9 ,am]ica1 by   
,george ,fibbleton1 ,esq41 ex-,b>b] to  
,8 ,maje/y ! ,k+ ( ,great ,brita94 ,9   
?is "w ,mrs4 ,trollope's burlesque 0    
burlesqu$ suffici5tly well1 p]haps1 to  
amuse p at ! mom5t1 ?\gh x reads flatly 
en\gh n[4 ,! rise & progress ( phr5ology
 0 c>icatur$ z badly z ,spurzheim       
himself c\ld h desir$1 & ! agitation 9  
behalf ( ! rights ( wom5 evok$ all t !  
p5cil c a*ieve ( ! crude & ! silly4 ,on 
! o!r h&1 ! burn+ ( ! ,ursul9e conv5t 9 
,bo/on 0 effectively rebuk$ by a pair ( 
sket*es1 "o exhibit+ ! de/ruction ( !   
conv5t by an infuriate mob1 & ! o!r a   
room 9 :i* ,si/]s ( ,*>ity are wait+ ^u 
! sick4 ,ov] ! :ole 0 writt51 ,look on  
?is picture1 & on ?is4  ,illu/ration3   
,:y don't y take x8  ,! ?irty ye>s' ^w  
w> t prec$$ ! f\r ye>s' conflict 9 arms 
betwe5 ,nor? & ,s\? produc$ no?+ 9 ! way
 ( burlesque art t is likely to be      
reviv$ or rememb]$4 ,if ! w> itself 0 n 
prolific ( c>icature1 x 0 because draw+1
 z a "p ( s*ool tra9+1 0 /ill neglect$  

among u4 ,t ! prop5sity to c>icature    
exi/$ is %[n by ! pictures on envelopes 
us$ dur+ ! fir/ weeks ( ! w>4 ,!        
practice ( illu/rat+ envelopes 9 ?is way
 began on bo? sides 9 ,april1 #ahfa1 at 
! "t :5 all eyes 7 direct$ ^u ,*>le/on4 
,! flag ( ! ,union1 pr9t$ 9 colors1 0 ! 
fir/ device4 ,?is 0 in/antly imitat$ by 
! ,conf$]ates1 :o fill$ _! mails )      
envelope-flags %[+ sev5 />s & ?ree broad
 /ripes1 ! middle 7:ite7 "o s]v+ z a    
place = ! direction ( ! lett]4 ,v soon !
 flags began to exhibit mottoes &       
patriotic l9es1 su* z1 ,lib]ty & ,union1
 ,! ,flag ( ! ,free1 & ,=ev] float t    
,/&>d ,%eet6 ,! national arms spe$ily   
appe>$1 ) v>i\s mottoes annex$4 ,g5]al  
,dix's inspiration1 ,if any "o attempts 
to haul d[n ! ,am]ican flag1 %oot him on
 ! spot1 0 ! mo/ popul> ( all = sev]al  
weeks4 ,portraits ( favorite g5]als &   
o!r public m5 7 soon add$--,scott1      
,fremont1 ,dix1 ,l9coln1 ,sew>d1 & o!rs4
 ,be=e long ! satirical & burlesque _s  
began to manife/ itself 9 su* devices z 

a black flag & dea?'s-head1 ) ! words   
,jeff ,davis--8 ,m>k2 a gall[s1 ) a man 
hang+2 a l>ge pig1 ) ,:ole ,hog or      
,none2 a bull-dog ) 8 foot on a great   
piece ( beef1 m>k$ ,wa%+ton1 ) ! words  
,:y don't y take x8 ,! portrait ( ,g5]al
 ,butl] figur$ on ?\s&s ( lett]s dur+ ! 
mon?s ( ,april & ,may1 ) 8 patriotic    
s5t5ce1 ,:atev] our politics1 !         
,gov]nm5t mu/ be su/a9$2 &1 a little    
lat]1 8 happy application ( ! words     
contrab& ( w> to ! case ( ! fugitive    
negroes 0 repeat$ ^u lett]s )\t numb]4  
,come back "h1 y old black rascal6 cries
 a ma/] to 8 escap+ slave4 ,c't come    
back noh[1 replies ! color$ bro!r2 dis  
*ile contraban'4 ,on _m envelopes pr9t$ 
z e>ly z ,may1 #ahfa1 we may /ill read a
 prophecy "u ! flag ( ! ,union t has be5
 fulfill$1 ,i %all wave aga9 ov] ,sumt]4
  ,illu/ration3 ,popul> ,c>icature ( !  
,secession ,w>4  7,f ,envelopes1 #ahfa4 
,collect$ by ,william ,b4 ,taylor1      
,po/ma/] ( ,new ,york1 & pres5t$ by him 
to ! ,new ,york ,hi/orical ,society47   

,su* ?+s z ^! usually p]i% ) ! feel+ t  
call$ !m =?4 ,mr4 ,william ,b4 ,taylor1 
!n ! po/ma/] ( ,new ,york1 /ruck ) !    
peculi> appe>ance ( ! po/-(fice1 all gay
 & brilliant ) heaps ( color$ pictures1 
conceiv$ ! fancy ( sav+ "o or two       
envelopes ( ea* k9d1 select$ f ! lett]s 
address$ to himself4 ,^! he ha/ily pa/$ 
9 a scrap-book1 :i* he aft]w>d gave to  
swell ! invaluable collection (         
curiosities belong+ to ! ,new ,york     
,hi/orical ,society4  ,illu/ration3     
,virg9ia ,paus+4  ,we %\ld n naturally h
 look$ = c>icature 9 ,ri*mond 9 ,april1 
#ahfa1 :ile ! conv5tion 0 sitt+ t pass$ 
! ord9ance ( secession4 ,b ! read] w    
p]ceive on ?is page t ! p5cil l5t its   
aid to ^? :o 7 putt+ ! native /ate (    
,wa%+ton & ,jeff]son on ! wrong side ( !
 great controv]sy4 ,?is specim5 appe>$  
on ! morn+ ( ! decisive day1 & 0 br\ght 
away by a lady :o !n left ,ri*mond = h] 
home 9 ,new ,york4 ,! rats are arrang$ s
 z to %[ ! ord] 9 :i* ! ,/ates sec$$3   
,s\? ,c>ol9a fir/1 ,mississippi second1 

,alabama & ,florida on ! same day1 &    
,virg9ia /ill held by ! negotiations )  
,mr4 ,l9coln4 ,?is picture may /& z !   
contribution ( ! ,conf$]acy to ! satiric
 art ( ! _w4  ,few read]s ne$ to be     
in=m$ t x 0 ! w> :i* develop$ & br\ght  
to light ! c>icaturi/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1
 ,?omas ,na/4 ,:5 ! w> began he 0 a     
boyi%-look+ y\? ( eighte51 :o _h already
 be5 employ$ z a draughtsman ^u !       
illu/rat$ press ( ,new ,york & ,london =
 two ye>s4 ,he _h ridd5 9 ,g>ibaldi's   
tra9 dur+ ! campaign ( #ahfj :i* fre$   
,sicily & ,naples1 & s5t sket*es ( !    
lead+ ev5ts home to ,new ,york & to !   
,london ,illu/rat$ ,news4 ,b x 0 !      
secession w> t *ang$ him f a rov+ lad1 )
 a swift p5cil = sale1 into a patriot   
arti/1 burn+ ) ! en?usiasm ( ! "t4      
,h>p]'s ,weekly1 circulat+ 9 e t[n1     
army1 camp1 =t1 & %ip1 plac$ ! :ole     
c\ntry )9 8 rea*1 & he gave =? f "t to  
"t ^? p[]ful emblematic pictures t r\s$ 
! citiz5 & *e]$ ! soldi]4 ,9 ^! e>ly    
works1 produc$ amid/ ! h>r[+ anxieties (

 ! w>1 ! s]i\s elem5t 0 ( necessity     
dom9ant1 & x 0 ?is quality t gave !m s  
mu* influ5ce4 ,!y 7 z mu* ! expression (
 he>t-felt conviction z ,mr4 ,curtis's  
mo/ impassion$ editorials1 or ,mr4      
,l9coln's ,gettysburg spee*4 ,?is ,i "k1
 because ,i sat by 8 side _m a "t :ile  
he 0 draw+ !m1 & 0 ) him (t5 at ^?      
electric mom5ts :5 ! idea ( a picture 0 
conceiv$4 ,x 0 n till ! w> 0 ov]1 &     
,presid5t ,&rew ,johnson began to sw+   
r\nd ! circle1 t ,mr4 ,na/'s pictures   
became c>icatures4 ,b !y 7 none ! less !
 utt]ance ( conviction4 ,:e!r he is     
wrong or "r 9 ! view pres5t$ ( a        
subject1 8 pictures are always z mu* !  
product ( 8 m9d z !y are ( 8 h&4        
,conc]n+ ! ju/ice ( _m ( 8 political    
c>icatures !re mu/ be1 ( c\rse1 two     
op9ions2 b happily 8 greate/ a*ievem5t  
is "o :i* ! hone/ portion ( ! p all     
approve4 ,c>icature1 s9ce ! e>lie/ kn[n 
p]iod ( its exi/5ce1 f> back 9 ! dawn ( 
,egyptian hi/ory1 has accompli%$ no?+   
else equal to ! s]ies ( ab\t =ty-five   

pictures contribut$ by ,?omas ,na/ to   
,h>p]'s ,weekly = ! explosion ( !       
,tammany ,r+4 ,^! are ! utmo/ t satiric 
art has done 9 t k9d4 ,! f]tility (     
inv5tion display$ by ! arti/1 week aft] 
week1 = mon?s at a "t1 0 s extraord9>y t
 p conclud$1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 ! ideas 
7 furni%$ him by o!rs4 ,on ! contr>y1 he
 c n draw f ! sugge/ions ( o!r m9ds4 ,8 
m celebrat$ pictures h be5 drawn 9 quiet
 c\ntry places1 sev]al miles f ! city 9 
:i* !y 7 publi%$4  ,! pres5ce 9 ,new    
,york ( sev5ty or eighty ?\s& vot]s1    
born & re>$ 9 ,europe1 & left by        
,european sy/ems ( gov]nm5t & religion  
totally ignorant ( all t ! citiz5s ( a  
free /ate are mo/ conc]n$ to "k1 gave a 
*ance "h to ! political ?ief su* z has  
seldom exi/$1 except )9 ! circle ( a    
c\rt & ari/ocracy4 ,! /eal+1 :i* 0 begun
 =ty ye>s be=e 9 ! old corporation      
tea-room1 _h at la/ become a sy/em1 :i* 
0 work$ by a few co>se1 cunn+ m5 ) su*  
effect z to endang] ! solv5cy ( ! city4 
,!y /ole m l k+s & emp]ors ?an l common 

?ieves1 & ! annual fe/ival giv5 by !m at
 ! ,academy ( ,music call$ to m9d !     
reckless pr(usion ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 :5 he  
ent]ta9$ ! ,fr5* nobles at ,v]sailles at
 ! exp5se ( ! labori\s & economical p ( 
,france4 ,_! *ief 0 almo/ z ignorant &  
vulg>1 ?\gh n z mean & pig-l1 z ,george 
,,iv4 ( ,engl&4 ,9 _m p>ticul>s !y      
resembl$ ! gang ( l[ conspirators :o    
seiz$ ! supreme p[] 9 ,france 9 #ahea1 &
 9 ! c\rse ( tw5ty ye>s br\ght t p[]ful 
& illu/ri\s nation s ne> ru9 t x is ev5 
n[ a matt] ( d\bt :e!r x exi/s by /r5g? 
or by suff]ance4  ,illu/ration3         
,,twe$l$ee ,,& ,,swe$l$um4  7,a ,new    
,*ri/mas ,pantomime at ,tammany ,hall47 
,cl[n 7to ,pantaloon74 ,let's bl9d !m ) 
?is1 & !n take "s m4  ,twe$'s ,gift (   
,fifty ,?\s& ,doll>s to ! ,poor ( 8     
,native ,w>d4 7,h>p]'s ,weekly1 ,janu>y 
#ad?1 #ahga47  ,:at an escape we _h6 ,b1
 also1 :at immeasurable h>m 0 done6 ,f  
be+ a city :]e e "o wi%$ to live1 or1 at
 lea/1 (t5 to rema91 !y all[$ ,new ,york
 to become a place f :i* all escap$ :o  

c\ld4 ,no?+ sav$ its bus9ess pr$om9ance 
b c]ta9 facts ( geology & geography :i* 
,r+s c n alt]4 ,two g5]ations ( wise &  
patriotic ex]tion w n undo ! mis*ief    
done by t knot ( sc\ndrels 9 ab\t six   
ye>s4 ,! press caught !m at ! full tide 
( _! success1 :5 ! ,tammany ,r+1 9 fell 
alliance ) a railroad r+1 0 confid5t (  
plac+ a puppet ( its own 9 !            
,presid5tial *air4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is      
melan*oly lapse1 f ! h\r :5 an ald]man  
fir/ pocket$ a quire ( note-pap]1 or    
c>ri$ f ! tea-room a bundle ( cig>s1 to 
! mom5t ( ,twe$'s rescue f a felon's    
cell ?r\gh ! imp]fection ( ! law1 7 a   
subject wor?i] f> ( a great ,am]ican    
writ] 9 indep5d5t circum/ances ?an any  
he c\ld f9d 9 ! records ( ! _w beyond ! 
sea4 ,! int]e/s ( human nature1 n less  
?an ! special int]e/s ( ?is c\ntry1 dem&
 t x %\ld be writt52 = all ! nations are
 n[ 9 sub/antially ! same moral &       
political condition4 ,old me?ods h      
become ev]y:]e inadequate be=e new ones 
are evolv$2 & mean:ile ! ,sc\ndrel has  

all ! new =ces & implem5ts at 8 comm&4  
,if ev] ?is /ory %\ld be writt5 = !     
in/ruction ( mank9d1 ! hi/orian w       
probably tell u t two "y m5 ( ! ,new    
,york press did m ?an any o!rs to create
 ! feel+ t broke ! ,r+4 ,bo? ( !m       
naturally loa!d a public ?ief4 ,"o ( ^! 
"y m5 9 ! columns ( an important daily  
pap]1 & ! o!r on ! broad pages ( ,h>p]'s
 ,weekly1 wag$ brilliant & effective    
w>f>e aga9/ ! comb9ation ( spoil]s4 ,!y 
made mad ! guilty & appall$ ! free4 ,!y 
gave1 also1 moral support to ! able &   
patriotic g5tlem5 :o1 9 m quiet1        
unconspicu\s ways1 7 accumulat+ evid5ce 
t f9ally consign$ "s ( ! conspirators to
 felons' cells1 & made ! re/ h>mless    
w&]]s ov] ! e>?4  ,illu/ration3 ,:o     
,/ole ! ,p's ,money8  7,?omas ,na/1 9   
,h>p]'s ,weekly1 ,augu/ #ai?1 #ahga47   
,comic art is n[ well e/abli%$ among u4 
,9 ! illu/rat$ pap]s !re are cont9ually 
appe>+ pictures :i* are highly amus+1   
)\t hav+ ! incisive1 aggressive =ce (   
,mr4 ,na/'s c>icatures4 ,! old favorites

 ( ! public1 ,bellew1 ,eyt+e1 ,re9h>t1  
,be>d1 are kn[n & admir$1 & ! catalogue 
cont9ually l5g!ns by ! addition ( o!r   
names4 ,int]e/+ sket*es1 m or less      
satirical1 be> ! names ( ,brackm]e1 ,c4 
,g4 ,p>k]1 ,m4 ,woolf1 ,g4 ,bull1 ,s4   
,fox1 ,paul ,fr5z5y1 ,?omas ,wor?1      
,hopk9s1 ,fro/1 ,wu/1 & o!rs4 ,among su*
 names x is delightful to f9d ^? ( two  
ladies1 ,m>y ,m',donald & ,j5nie        
,br[scombe4 ,! old t[ns ( ,new ,engl&   
ab\nd 9 undevelop$ & half-develop$      
female tal5t1 = :i* !re seems at pres5t 
no c>e]4 ,!re w nev] be a c>e] = tal5t  
undevelop$ or half develop$4 ,give !    
s*ools 9 ^? f9e old t[ns "o lesson a    
week 9 object-draw+ f a tea*] t kn[s 8  
bus9ess1 keep x up = "o g5]ation1 & ,new
 ,engl& girls w *e] all homes by g5ial  
sket*es & amus+ glimpses ( life1 to say 
no?+ ( m important & s]i\s arti/ic "w4  
,! tal5t exi/s2 ! ta/e exi/s4 ,no?+ is  
want+ b = u all to ca/ away f u !       
ridicul\s notion t ! only ?+ 9 human    
nature t requires educat+ is ! bra94 ,we

 mu/ awake to ! va/ absurdity ( br++ up 
girls ^u algebra & ,lat91 & s5d+ !m out 
into a _w :i* !y 7 born to *e] &        
decorate unable to walk1 dance1 s+1 or  
draw2 _! m9ds ov]wr\ght1 b n well       
n\ri%$1 & _! bodies devoid ( ! rudim5ts 
( education4  ,illu/ration3 ,on to      
,ri*mond6--,! ,p59sul> ,campaign4       
7#ahfb47  ,m',clellan4 ,y mu/ coax him  
along3 conciliate him4 ,=ce won't d4 ,i 
don't believe 9 x2 b don't let g4 ,keep 
8 head to ! re>4 ,if he %\ld get away1  
he might g to ,ri*mond1 & !n my plans = 
conqu]+ ! ,rebellion w nev] be develop$4
  ,b-lm-t4 ,hold fa/1 ,b-rl-w1 or he w  
get to ,ri*mond 9 spite ( u2 & !n my    
capital = ! ,european m>ket is all lo/4 
,b-rl-w4 ,i've got him fa/2 !re's no    
dang]4 ,he's only *ang+ 8 base to !     
,gun-boats4  ,b-lm-t4 ,look out = t     
lett] to ! ,presid5t :i* y wrote = him4 
,don't lose t4  ,b-rl-w4 ,no2 ,i h x    
safe "h 9 my pocket4 ,:5 8 *ange ( base 
is effect$1 ,i w make him sign ! lett]1 
& s5d x to old ,abe4  ,!re is no c\ntry 

on e>? :]e ! humor\s aspects ( human    
life are m reli%$ ?an 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1
 & none :]e !re is less p[] to exhibit  
!m by ! p5cil4 ,!re are to-day a ?\s&   
p>agraphs afloat 9 ! press :i* ought to 
h be5 pictures4 ,"h is "o f a newspap] 9
 ! int]ior ( ,georgia3 ,a sorry sight x 
is to see a spike team1 consi/+ ( a     
skeleton /e] & a sk9ky bl9d mule1 ) rope
 h>ness1 & a squ9t-ey$ driv]1 haul+ a   
b>rel ( new :isky ov] poor roads1 on a  
h]maphrodite wagon1 into a f>m+ di/rict 
:]e ! p are 9 debt1 & ! *ildr5 are =c$  
to practice scant attire by day & hungry
 sleep+ by night4 ,! man :o p5n$ ^?     
graphic l9es ne$$1 p]haps1 b an educat$ 
h& to reproduce ! sc5e1 & make x z vivid
 to all m9ds z x 0 to 8 own4 ,! c\ntry  
conta9s _m su* possible arti/s4  ,a     
novel k9d ( liv+ c>icature has be5      
pres5t$ occasionally1 ( late1 by ,mr4   
,william ,e4 ,bak]1 ( ! fam\s firm (    
sew+-ma*9e manufactur]s1 ,grov]  ,bak]4 
,at 8 f>m 9 ,natick1 ,massa*usetts1 ,mr4
 ,bak] is fond ( burlesqu+ ! national   

prop5sity to conv]t e trifl+ celebration
 into a bann]-&-brass-b& pageant4 ,a    
great company 0 once invit$ to 8 place  
to assi/ at ! nam+ ( a calf4 ,at ano!r  
"t1 ! bir?day ( a favorite heif] 0      
celebrat$ ) pomp & circum/ance4 ,9 !    
summ] ( #ahge1 sev]al hundr$s ( p 7     
summon$ to witness ! lay+ ( ! corn]-/one
 ( a new pig-p51 & among ! gue/s 7 a    
gov]nor1 milit>y companies1 s++ clubs1  
memb]s ( =eign legations1 & o!r p]sons (
 note & importance4 ,! enorm\s c>d (    
invitation1 besides be+ adorn$ )        
pictures ( high-br$ pigs 9 ! happie/    
condition1 conta9$ a /ory %[+ h[ pigs _h
 br\ght on a w> betwe5 two p[]ful       
nations4 ,?is 0 ! tale3  ,illu/ration3  
,*ri/mas-"t--,won at a ,turkey ,raffle4 
7,sol ,eyt+e1 ,jun41 ,h>p]'s ,weekly1   
,janu>y #c;d1 #ahgd47  ,de bre$ am      
small1 b de flavor am delici\s4  ,by !  
c>elessness ( a boy 9 #ahaa1 a g>d5-gate
 9 ,rhode ,isl& 0 left op52 two pigs    
ent]$ & de/roy$ a few plants4 ,! day 0  
hot1 ! pigs fat1 & :5 attempts 7 made to

 drive !m out1 ! *>act]i/ic ob/9acy ( ! 
animals occasion$ su* viol5t ex]cise z  
to cause _! dea?4 ,a qu>rel ensu$ betwe5
 ! own] ( ! pigs & ! own] ( ! g>d51 :i*1
 spread+ among _! fri5ds1 result$ 9 !   
election ( ! opposition                 
c&idate--,h[ell--by "o majority to !    
,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ate1 by ^: vote !      
motion to po/pone until ! next session  
fur!r consid]ation on ! "q ( decl>+ w> 0
 defeat$ by "o majority2 & by ! vote    
foll[+ x w> 0 decl>$ ) ,great ,brita9 9 
#ahab1 al?\gh ,h[ell 0 oppos$ to & vot$ 
aga9/ x4  ,illu/ration3 ,he come? n1 %e 
said4 7,m4 ,woolf1 9 ,h>p]'s ,baz>1     
,july #ca/1 #ahge47  ,?is /ory 0        
illu/rat$ by excell5t wood-cuts4 ,!     
acc\nt ( ! fe/ival1 giv5 9 ! ,bo/on     
,adv]tis]1 is wor? pres]v+ z a n>rative 
( ! mo/ co/ly1 ext5sive1 & elaborate    
joke ev] p]=m$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,s9ce 
k+s & emp]ors ceas$ to amuse _! gue/s ) 
simil> burlesques1 ,i "k n if ! _w has  
witness$ fool+ on s l>ge a scale4  ,on  
,saturday 7,june #ai?1 #ahge1 two days  

aft] ! ,bunk] ,hill ,c5t5nial7 ! invit$ 
gue/s repair$ to ! ,albany ,railroad    
,depot4 ,! n9e-o'clock tra9 took out !  
,fif? ,m>yl& ,regim5t1 :i* _h be5       
invit$1 & ! ,m>9e ,b& ( ,wa%+ton1 also a
 delegation ( ! ,wa%+ton ,light         
,infantry ( ,*>le/on1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a4  ,! 
next tra9 took out _! escort1 ! ,*>le/[n
 ,cadets1 ,company ,a1 ,fif?            
,massa*usetts ,regim5t1 ,capta9 ,j4 ,e4 
,phipps1 ! corps miss+ ! tra92 a l>ge   
numb] ( invit$ gue/s1 includ+ ,gov]nor  
,ga/on1 8 aid1 ,colonel ,wyman1         
,colonels ,k+sbury & ,treadwell1 & o!r  
repres5tatives ( ! ,/ate ,h\se1 ,g5]al  
,i4 ,s4 ,burrell1 ,fir/ ,brigade1 & a   
great _m (fic]s ( rank ( ! diff]5t      
milit>y organizations ( ! ,/ate 9 uni=m4
  ,^u arriv+ at ! depot 9 ,wellesley1 ! 
c>riage ( ,gov]nor ,eu/is1 9 :i*        
,lafayette rode into ,bo/on 9 #ahbd1 )  
l>ge iron-gray horses & ri* gold-m\nt$  
h>ness1 z old-fa%ion$ z ! vehicle1 0    
plac$ at ! s]vice ( ! gov]nor & 8 p>ty4 
,! l9e1 consi/+ ( "s fifty vehicles1 ea*

 capable ( transport+ tw5ty or ?irty    
p]sons1 head$ by ,edm&s's ,b&1 0 !n =m$ 
"u ! direction ( ,lieut5ant ,francis ,l4
 ,hills1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,artill]y1   
:o1 by-!-way1 0 a mo/ useful m>%al4  ,! 
procession 0 welcom$ to ! ,f>ms by      
,george ,o4 ,san=d1 ,*ief ,m>%al1 :o 0  
attir$ 9 a ri* d>k-velvet suit ( ! /yle 
( #agge1 trimm$ ) gold-lace1 & a        
bag-wig4  ,ab\t two or ?ree ?\s& p]sons 
7 ^u ! gr\nd4 ,among !m 7 ,g5]al ,banks1
 ,g5]al ,und]wood1 ,colonel ,&rews1 (   
,*>le/on1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 & _m o!r citiz5s
 ( note1 9 addition to ^? previ\sly     
m5tion$4 ,! m>%als 7 di/+ui%$ by we>+ a 
m9iature silv] hog ^u ! lapels ( _!     
coats1 ^u :i* 7 ! lett]s ',w4 ,e4 ,b41  
,june #ai?1 #ahge1' & und]nea? ! metal a
 ribbon badge ) ',m>%al' 9 gold lett]s1 
int5d$ to read ',we ,b ,m>%al4' ,!y also
 c>ri$ a silv] baton ) r$1 :ite1 & blue 
ribbons4 ,( ^? ^u ! gr\nd p]haps five   
hundr$ 7 ladies4  ,teams f all !        
surr\nd+ c\ntry 7 9 ! roads ab\t !      
place1 ) _! occupants gaz+ ^u !         

spectacle4 ,! milit>y1 :o _h m>*$ f !   
depot1 7 drawn up on ! lawn4 ,! ,m>9e   
,b& 0 disc\rs+ its delightful music "h1 
,edm&s's ,b& at ano!r po9t1 & ! ,natick 
,cornet at a ?ird4  ,old ,fa!r ,"t 0    
circulat+ ab\t 9 gray hair1 long gray   
be>d1 a d>k-purple velvet robe1 & c>ry+ 
! conv5tional scy!4 ,*e]s ^u *e]s 7 go+ 
up = ! ho/ f ! milit>y & ! o!r gue/s4   
,_m hundr$s ( *airs 7 provid$ at diff]5t
 po9ts = ! use ( ! we>y4 ,! "y son (    
,mr4 ,bak] 0 dress$ 9 full ,revolution>y
 ,m9ute-man co/ume4  ,ab\t twelve       
o'clock ! milit>y /ack$ _! arms1 & all  
repair$ to an imm5se pavilion1 :]e      
sub/antial refre%m5ts1 includ+ ic$ tea =
 a bev]age1 7 provid$ = ! ?\s&s4 ,9 !   
',m9nehaha ,sweet-wat] ,wigwam' 7 two   
imm5se tubs hold+ ab\t two b>rels ea*1  
"o fill$ ) lemonade & ! o!r )           
cl>et-pun*4  ,9 a l>ge p5 or 'corral'   
built ( railroad-ties1 9 a mann] p>tak+ 
( a ,virg9ia f5ce1 a log-cab91 & a block
 =tress1 7 a cage ( y\?ful be>s & cages 
( o!r animals4 ,! place 0 surr\nd$ )    

pictures ( hogs & m51 bo? indulg+ 9 a   
gr& c>\se4 ,!re 0 no ro(1 & ! top 0     
surm\nt$ by /uff$ birds & animals4 ,9   
?is place two ( ,satan's respectable    
repres5tatives1 a blue devil & a r$     
devil1 7 deal+ out :isky-pun*4  ,at ab\t
 two o'clock a procession m>*$ ab\t a   
qu>t] ( a mile to ! vic9ity ( ! ,buffalo
 y>ds1 :]e ! corn]-/one ( ! new pigg]y 0
 to be laid4 ,a plat=m "s ?irty feet    
squ>e _h be5 erect$1 &1 aft] music f    
,edm&s's ,b&1 ,mr4 ,bak] made a brief   
address ( welcome4  ,brief & p]t95t     
rem>ks 7 made by ,gov]nor ,ga/on1       
,curtis ,guild1 ,esq41 ( ! ,comm]cial   
,bullet91 ,colonel ,&rews1 ( ,s\?       
,c>ol9a1 & ,c4 ,b4 ,f>nswor?1 ( ,rhode  
,isl&4  ,colonel ,j5k9s1 comm&] ( !     
,fif?1 0 call$ ^u1 & comm5c$ a patriotic
 spee*1 :5 he 0 int]rupt$ by ,mr4 ,bak]1
 :o took f a box a live :ite pig1 "s six
 weeks old1 & pres5t$ x to ! colonel = a
 ',*ild ( ! ,regim5t4'  ,amid/ %\ts (   
laught]1 ! gallant colonel1 9 8 ri*     
dress1 w5t on1 deal+ out patriotism ) "o

 arm & hold+ ! pig 9 ! o!r1 :]e x       
quietly repos$1 look+ = all ! _w l a    
quiet babe j f ! ba?4 ,! effect 0       
irrepressibly ludicr\s4  ,soon aft]w>d  
,mr4 ,bak] produc$ a black pig1 "s ?ree 
mon?s old2 b ! (fic]1 hav+ 8 arms       
already full1 h&$ x to "o ( 8 m51 :o    
?rew x ^u 8 back1 & only its head & =e  
paws 7 visible ov] ! %\ld]s ( ! soldi]4 
,! rueful look ( ,piggy z he contemplat$
 society f ?is novel position1 & 8      
squeals ( wond] & fright1 s5t (f ! :ole 
audi5ce aga9 into laught]1 & ! ,m>yl&   
boys *e]$ = _! adopt$ tw9s4  ,!         
corn]-/one 0 !n l[]$ into position1 !   
rope be+ held by ,gov]nor ,ga/on1       
,colonel ,&rews1 ,colonel ,j5k9s1 & ,mr4
 ,f>nswor?1 ,mr4 ,bak] fir/ rem>k+ t1 z 
! ,jews consid]$ ! pig unclean1 x might 
be well to put a sc5t "u ! /one1 :i*    
,mr4 ,guild ?\ght 0 a c5tim5tal idea4   
,_m c5ts 7 ?r[n1 aft] :i* !re 0 a slight
 %[]1 & _m p]sons ent]$ ! big /able :]e 
7 ! wond]ful c[s :i* gave milk-pun*4    
,aft] ! c]emony !re 0 ano!r collation1 &

 !n ! soldi]s _h a game ( foot-ball4 ,z 
!y 7 ab\t to be load$ into c>riages--=  
!y rode back to ! depot--sev]al hundr$  
r$1 :ite1 & blue toy balloons 7 cut     
loose1 & ! air 0 fill$ ) flocks ( !m4 ,!
 troops took ! tra9 & arriv$ 9 t[n at   
six o'clock1 & left almo/ imm$iately =  
home4  ,) ?is rem>kable specim5 ( ,comic
 ,art 9 ,am]ica1 ,i take leave ( !      
subject4     ,,index4     ,a4           
,abbott1 ,dr41 int]prets an ,egyptian   
c>icature1 #cb4    ,adams1 ,john1 quot$1
 ^u a free commonweal?1 #cba4           
,a,eneas1 burlesque picture (1 #bj4     
,alcm5a1 ,pr9cess1 burlesqu$1 #bi4      
,alexam9os1 ,roman c>icature (1 #bf4    
,alex&] ,i41 8 advice to ,l\is ,,xviii41
 #bac4    ,am]ican c>icature1 *apt]s ^u1
 #cjj1 #cah4    ,am/]dam1 c>icatures    
publi%$ 91 #abi4    ,an*ises burlesqu$1 
#bj4    ,anci5ts1 !1 _! modes (         
ridicule1 #ae4    ,antiphanes1 quot$1 ^u
 wom51 #agf4    ,antiqu>ies puzzl$1     
picture (1 #adf4    ,apollo burlesqu$1  
#bi1 #cj4    ,arbu?not1 ,john1 8 epitaph

 ^u ,*>t]is1 #acf4    ,ari/ophanes1 8   
p[] to provoke mir?1 #cj2     satire (  
wom51 #agf4    ,arm/rong1 ,john1 quot$1 
#cji4    ,ascanius burlesqu$1 #bj4      
,ass1 !1 cate*ism ^u1 #di4    ,avegay1  
,madame1 9 a c>icature1 #fc4     ,b4    
,bac*us1 leg5d (1 #bc4    ,bak]1        
,william ,e41 8 burlesque celebration1  
#cca4    ,ball\1 ,m4 ,m41 8             
quotation-book1 #ahd4    ,ba/wick1 ,dr41
 loses 8 e>s1 #ii2     8 triumphal      
return to ,london1 #ii4    ,beaum>*ais1 
,c>on de1 quot$1 #afa1 #afb4            
,beaumont1 ,g4 de1 a c>icature by1 #ahd4
    ,be] kn[n to ! anci5t ,egyptians1   
#cd4    ,b]ang]1 ,pi]re-,jean de1 8     
songs dur+ ! ,re/oration1 #bad1 #bae4   
,b]n>d1 ,/41 quot$1 ^u grotesque        
decoration1 #dg4    ,biddle1 ,ni*olas1  
burlesqu$1 #cba4    ,bohemians1 !1      
describ$1 #agb4    ,bomba c>icatur$1    
#bfb1 #bfc4    ,bonap>te1 ,eug5ie1      
c>icatur$1 #bcd1 #bch4    ,bonap>te1    
,l\is1 burlesqu$1 #bce1 #bch4           
,bonap>te1 ,l4 ,n41 c>icatur$1 #bcc1    

#bch1 #bej1 #beb1 #bee4    ,bonap>te1   
,napoleon1 develop$ ?r\gh ,george       
,,iii41 #aec2     suppress$ c>icature1  
#bjh2     c>icatures (1 #baj1 #bfh1     
#bfi4    ,bo/on describ$1 #cja4    ,box1
 ,dame1 anecdote (1 #aag4    ,bradlaugh1
 ,*>les1 9 a c>icature1 #big4    ,br&t1 
,seba/ian1 8 ,%ip ( ,fools1 #fj1 #ahj4  
,br\gham1 ,"l1 c>icatur$ 9 ,pun*1 #bhg1 
#bhi4    ,br[ne1 ,hablot ,k41 criticis$ 
by ,?ack]ay1 #bbc4    ,burke1 ,edmund1 9
 ,gillray's c>icatures1 #aed2     quot$1
 ^u ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 #afc2          
c>icature1 #afd4    ,burnet1 ,bi%op1    
describes an alt>-piece1 #dh4    ,bute1 
,"l1 a favorite ( ,george ,,iii41 #aej2 
c>icatur$1 #aeb1 #aec4    ,butl]1 ,b4   
,f41 ^u w> envelopes1 #cbd4    ,button1 
,daniel1 8 c(fee-h\se1 #ace4     ,c4    
,cairo nev] swept1 #bb4    ,calv91      
,jean1 8 orig91 #hb2     c>icatures (1  
#hc-he4    ,cambac]es1 ,jean-,jacques   
,regis de1 a portrait (1 #bac4          
,cann+1 ,mr41 n (f5d$ by c>icature1     
#bhi4    ,c>lyle1 ,?omas1 quot$1 ^u !   

,fr5*1 #afb1 #afc4    ,ca!drals1        
decorations (1 #dj-dc2     expla9$1 #dh4
    ,c5t9el1 !1 a p>ody f1 #cad4        
,*amb]s1 ,william1 quot$1 ^u 8 e>ly "t1 
#bgb4    ,*am1 c>icatures by1 #ahe1     
#bbh1 #bcb4    ,*ampfleury1 ,jules1     
quot$1 on pigmies1 #ah2     on ca!dral  
decoration1 #dc1 #df1 #ec2     gives a  
burlesque ,pat]no/]1 #fa2     ^u        
midnight masses1 #fa2     ^u burlesque  
decoration ( manuscripts1 #fg2          
c>icature f1 #afa1 #afb1 #baa2          
quot$1 #bab1 #bbj4    ,*>iv>i1 ,le1 its 
c\rse1 #bah1 #bbj4    ,*>les ,,ii41     
c>icature (1 #ajc1 #ajf4    ,*>les ,x4  
de?ron$1 #baf4    ,*>lotte1 ,que51      
c>icatur$1 #aed4    ,*>t]is1 ,colonel   
,francis1 epitaph ^u1 #acf4    ,*a?am1  
,"l1 c>icatur$1 #aef2 dislik$ by ,george
 ,,iii41 #aeg4    ,*atto1 ,w4 ,a41      
quot$1 ^u an old c>icature1 #fd1 #ig4   
,*e/]field1 ,"l1 quot$1 ^u wom51 #ahe4  
,*9a1 c>icatures (1 #aia4    ,*iron     
burlesqu$1 #bi4    ,*ri/ians1 ,roman    
c>icature (1 #be2     ,roman op9ion (1  

#bf4    ,cic]o divorces 8 wife1 #agh4   
,clem5t ,,vii4 ridicul$ by ,lu!r1 #gf2  
pasqu9ade ^u1 #beh4    ,cl]gy1 !1       
dissolute 9 ! e>ly ages1 #fh2           
anecdotes (1 #fh2     rob & plund]1 #fi4
    ,coalition1 !1 c>icatur$1 #aeg1     
#aeh4    ,colli]1 ,payne1 writes out    
,pun*1 #bff4    ,commune1 !1 c>icatures 
(1 #bce4    ,crana*1 ,lucas1 c>icaturi/ 
( ! ,re=mation1 #gg4    ,cranm]1 ,bi%op1
 8 m>tyrdom1 #hg4    ,cris-cross rhymes1
 specim5 (1 #aje4    ,cromwell1         
,elizabe?1 c>icatur$1 #ajg4             
,cromwell1 ,oliv]1 c>icatur$1 #ajd2     
8 fun]al & dis9t]m5t1 #ajf4             
,cromwell1 ,ri*>d1 9 c>icature1 #ajg4   
,crozat1 ,anto9e1 sells ,l\isiana trade1
 #abe4    ,cruik%ank1 ,george1 8        
c>icature ( cr9ol9e1 #aha2     (        
s*ool-girls1 #ahi2     draws ,pun*1     
#bfe2     8 c>e]1 #bfh2     pictures by1
 #bgj1 #bga1 #bgc2     8 family1 #bfi4  
,cruik%ank1 ,isaac1 8 c>e]1 #bgc4       
,cuba1 comic art 91 #bef4     ,d4       
,dance ( ,dea?1 9 ,art ( ,middle ,ages1 

#eg-ei4    ,dangeau1 ,m>quis de1 quot$1 
^u ,l\is ,,xv41 #aei4    ,daumi]1 ,m41 8
 c>icatures1 #ahj1 #bai1 #bce4    ,davus
 satirizes ,horace1 #be4    ,dea?-cri]1 
picture (1 #ef4    ,decam]on1 !1 its    
effect ^u contempor>ies1 #gj4    ,devil1
 !1 traditional "* (1 #ea2 c>icatur$1   
#eb-ee2     modifi$ by "t1 #fe4         
,devon%ire1 ,du*ess (1 c>icatur$1 #aec4 
,dick5s1 ,*>les1 8 ,pickwick1 #bc2      
orig9 ( 8 ,bill ,/umps1 #adf2           
,pickwick sugge/$ by ,seym\r1 #bhj2     
describ$ by ,willis1 #bhb4    ,disraeli1
 ,b5jam91 c>icatur$1 #bhi4              
,d',israeli1 ,isaac1 quot$1 ^u ,pun*1   
#bfe4    ,dod+ton1 ,bubb1 quot$1 ^u e>ly
 life ( ,george ,,iii41 #adh1 #adi4     
,don ,quixote1 "o secret ( its *>m1 #bc2
     quot$1 #ef4    ,dore1 ,gu/ave1     
c>icature by1 #bca1 #bcb4    ,doyle1    
,john1 8 c>icatures1 #bge4    ,doyle1   
,ri*>d1 8 ,w$d+ ,breakfa/1 #bha2        
leaves ,pun* = consci5ce' sake1 #bii4   
,du ,mauri]1 ,mr41 8 pictures ( *ildr51 
#bid1 #big4    ,dur&1 ,m41 8            

int]pretation ( a ca!dral1 #dh4         
,du]]1 ,alb]t1 describes a procession1  
#ib4     ,e4    ,egyptians1 art among1  
#cb1 #cc2     _! habits1 #cd1 #ef4      
,elizabe?1 ,que51 celebration ( h]      
bir?day1 #aaj4    ,engl&1 c>icature 91  
#bfg4    ,erasmus1 quot$1 ^u ! monks1   
#ff1 #ga2     dete/$ by ,lu!r1 #ge2     
satirizes wom51 #aha1 #ahb4    ,evelyn1 
,john1 quot$1 ^u law1 #abd4             
,ext+ui%]s1 family ( !1 #bad4    ,eyt+e1
 ,sol1 picture by1 #cca4     ,f4        
,fairholt1 ,f4 ,w41 ^u ,gog & ,magog1   
#ej4    ,fann+ ! ,grave--a ,*9ese poem1 
#aic4    ,feuillet1 ,octave1            
misrepres5ts1 #agb4    ,fig>o1 ,m>riage 
(1 quot$1 #afa1 #afb4    ,fleury1       
,c>d9al1 tutor ( ,l\is ,,xv41 #aei4     
,fox1 ,*>les ,james1 9 ,gillray's       
c>icatures1 #aec1 #aed1 #aeg2           
dislik$ by ,george ,,iii41 #aeg2        
c>icatur$ by ,isaac ,cruik%ank1 #bgd4   
,france1 c>icature (1 #bjh4    ,frankl91
 ,b5jam91 8 c>icature ( ! ,colonies     
,r$uc$1 #adg2     quot$1 ^u ,george     

,,iii41 #aea2     burlesques ,engli%    
policy1 #aee2     quot$1 #ahe2     8    
e>ly use ( pictures1 #cjj1 #cjd2     8  
e>ly lampoons1 #cjb2     8 love ( humor1
 #cja1 #cjc2     8 ,scalp ,hoax1 #cjf4  
,fr$]ic ,,ii4 snubs ,pompad\r1 #afj4    
,fr5* ,revolution1 c>icatures (1        
#afa-agj4    ,fry1 ,william ,h41 8 use (
 ,juv5al1 #bc4     ,g4    ,galas1       
,g5]al1 c>icature (1 #aae4    ,gallat91 
,alb]t1 good f9anci]1 #abd4    ,ganesa1 
8 "* 9 ,h9doo !ology1 #cf4    ,g>d9]1   
,bi%op1 8 m>tyrdom1 #hf1 #hg4           
,gauti]1 ,!ophile1 quot$1 ^u ,gav>ni1   
#bbd4    ,gav>ni1 8 c>icatures ( wom51  
#aga1 #agf1 #ahg1 #ahh2     8 only      
political c>icatures1 #baf2     social  
c>icatures by1 #bbc1 #bbd1 #bbf2        
portrait (1 #bcf4    ,gegeef1 8         
c>icatures1 #big4    ,geil]1 ,jacob1    
satirizes ! monks1 #ga4    ,george      
,,iii41 8 e>ly life1 #adh2     comp>$ ) 
,l\is ,,xv41 #aei2     c>icature (1     
#bji1 #bfi4    ,george ,,iv41 anecdote  
(1 #aea2     9 ,gillray's c>icatures1   

#aed4    ,g]many1 comic art 91 #bdb4    
,g]ry1 ,elbridge1 9 ! affair ( !        
,g]ry-m&]1 #cag4    ,g]ry-m&]1 ! picture
 (1 #caf4    ,gibbon1 ,edw>d1 quot$1 ^u 
rise ( ,*ri/ianity1 #dg1 #ed4    ,gil   
,blas1 secret ( its *>m1 #bc4           
,gillray1 ,james1 8 works describ$1     
#aec1 #aed2     c>icatures ,napoleon1   
#bji2     8 portrait1 #bfg4    ,g91 law 
to dim9i% use (1 #adc4    ,gir91 a      
c>icature f1 #agi4    ,godfrey1 ,sir    
,edmundsbury1 assass9at$1 #aji-aaa4     
,godiva1 rem>k ^u1 #ahc4    ,goe!1 ,j4  
,w41 quot$1 ^u h\sekeep+1 #agg4    ,gog 
& ,magog1 pictures (1 #ej4    ,gondom>1 
,c\nt1 compla9s ( a c>icature1 #if1 #ig4
    ,greeks1 art among1 #bh4            
,griswold1 ,rog]1 assault$ by ,lyon1    
#cab4     ,h4    ,hamilton1 ,alex&]1    
talk$ well on f9ance1 #abd4    ,h>p]'s  
,weekly1 dur+ w>1 #cbf2     pictures f1 
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,,republic4 ,! ,rise ( ! ,dut*          
,republic4 ,a ,hi/ory4 ,by ,,john       
,,lo?rop ,,motley1 ,,ll4,d41 ,d4,c4,l4  
,) a ,portrait ( ,william ( ,orange4 #c 
vols41 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #aj4ej2 ,%eep1      
#ab4jj2 ,half ,calf1 #ag4be4            
,,motley',s ,,unit$ ,,ne!rl&s4 ,hi/ory (
 ! ,unit$ ,ne!rl&s3 f ! ,dea? ( ,william
 ! ,sil5t to ! ,twelve ,ye>s'           
,truce--#afji4 ,) a full ,view ( !      
,engli%-,dut* ,/ruggle aga9/ ,spa91 & ( 
! ,orig9 & ,de/ruction ( ! ,spani%      
,armada4 ,by ,,john ,,lo?rop ,,motley1  
,,ll4,d41 ,d4,c4,l4 ,portraits4 #d      
vols41 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #ad4jj2 ,%eep1      
#af4jj2 ,half ,calf1 #bc4jj4            
,,motley',s ,,life ,,& ,,dea? ,,( ,,john
 ,,( ,,b>neveld4 ,! ,life & ,dea? (     
,john ( ,b>neveld1 ,advocate ( ,holl&3 )
 a ,view ( ! ,prim>y ,causes & ,movem5ts
 ( ,! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>4 ,by ,,john     
,,lo?rop ,,motley1 ,,ll4,d41 ,d4,c4,l4  

,illu/rat$4 ,9 #b vols41 #hvo1 ,clo?1   
#g4jj2 ,%eep1 #h4jj2 ,half ,calf1       
#aa4ej4  ,,lamb',s ,,complete ,,works4  
,! ,works ( ,*>les ,lamb4 ,compris+ 8   
,lett]s1 ,poems1 ,essays ( ,elia1       
,essays ^u ,%akspe>e1 ,hog>?1 c41 & a   
,sket* ( 8 ,life1 ) ! ,f9al ,memorials1 
by ,t4 ,,noon ,,talf\rd4 ,) ,portrait4  
#b vols41 #abmo1 ,clo?1 #c4jj2 ,half    
,calf1 #f4ej4  ,,lawr5ce',s ,,hi/orical 
,,/udies4 ,hi/orical ,/udies4 ,by       
,,eug5e ,,lawr5ce4 ,conta9+ ! foll[+    
,essays3 ,! ,bi%ops ( ,rome4--,leo &    
,lu!r4--,loyola & !                     
,jesuits4--,ecum5ical ,c\ncils4--,!     
,vaudois4--,! ,hugu5ots4--,! ,*ur* (    
,j]usalem4--,dom9ic & !                 
,inquisition4--,! ,conque/ ( ,irel&4--,!
 ,greek ,*ur*4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 uncut edges 
& gilt tops1 #c4jj4  ,,my]s',s ,,rema9s 
,,( ,,lo/ ,,empires4 ,rema9s ( ,lo/     
,empires3 ,sket*es ( ! ,ru9s ( ,palmyra1
 ,n9eveh1 ,babylon1 & ,p]sepolis1 ) "s  
,notes on ,india & ! ,ca%m]ian          
,himalayas4 ,by ,p4 ,v4 ,n4 ,,my]s4     

,illu/rat$4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #c4ej4         
,,loss+',s ,,field-,,book ,,( ,,!       
,,revolution4 ,pictorial ,field-,book ( 
! ,revolution2 or1 ,illu/rations by ,p5 
& ,p5cil ( ! ,hi/ory1 ,biography1       
,sc5]y1 ,relics1 & ,traditions ( ! ,w> =
 ,indep5d5ce4 ,by ,,b5son ,j4 ,,loss+4  
#b vols41 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #ad4jj2 ,%eep or 
,roan1 #ae4jj2 ,half ,calf1 #ah4jj4     
,,loss+',s ,,field-,,book ,,( ,,! ,,w>  
,,( #ahab4 ,pictorial ,field-,book ( !  
,w> ( #ahab3 or1 ,illu/rations by ,p5 & 
,p5cil ( ! ,hi/ory1 ,biography1 ,sc5]y1 
,relics1 & ,traditions ( ! la/ ,w> =    
,am]ican ,indep5d5ce4 ,by ,,b5son ,j4   
,,loss+4 ,) sev]al hundr$ ,engrav+s on  
,wood by ,loss+ & ,b>ritt1 *iefly f     
,orig9al ,sket*es by ! ,au?or4 #ajhh    
pages1 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #g4jj2 ,%eep or     
,roan1 #h4ej2 ,half ,calf1 #aj4jj4      
,,macaulay',s ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,engl&4 ,!  
,hi/ory ( ,engl& f ! ,accession ( ,james
 ,,ii4 ,by ,,?omas ,,bab+ton ,,macaulay4
 #e vols41 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #aj4jj2 ,%eep1  
#ab4ej2 ,half ,calf1 #ba4be2 #abmo1     

,clo?1 #d4ej2 ,%eep1 #f4ej2 ,half ,calf1
 #ac4be4  ,,macaulay',s ,,life ,,&      
,,lett]s4 ,! ,life & ,lett]s ( ,"l      
,macaulay4 ,by 8 ,nephew1 ,g4 ,,otto    
,,trevelyan1 ,m4,p4 ,) ,portrait on     
,/eel4 ,complete 9 #b vols41 #hvo1      
,clo?1 uncut edges & gilt tops1 #e4jj2  
,%eep1 #f4jj2 ,half ,calf1 #i4ej4       
,popul> ,edition1 #b vols4 9 "o1 #abmo1 
,clo?1 #a4ge4  99,,gre5',s ,,%ort       
,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,engli% ,,p4 ,a ,%ort 
,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,p4 ,by ,j4 ,r4     
,,gre51 ,m4,a41 ,exam9] 9 ! ,s*ool (    
,mod]n ,hi/ory1 ,ox=d4 ,) ,tables &     
,color$ ,maps4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #a4cj4      
,,=/]',s ,,life ,,( ,,dean ,,swift4 ,!  
,e>ly ,life ( ,jona?an ,swift           
7#affg-agaa74 ,by ,,john ,,=/]4 ,)      
,portrait4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #b4ej4          
,,hallam',s ,,middle ,,ages4 ,view ( !  
,/ate ( ,europe dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4   
,by ,,h5ry ,,hallam4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #b4jj2
 ,%eep1 #b4ej2 ,half ,calf1 #d4be4      
,,hallam',s ,,con/itutional ,,hi/ory ,,(
 ,,engl&4 ,! ,con/itutional ,hi/ory (   

,engl&1 f ! ,accession ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 to
 ! ,dea? ( ,george ,,ii4 ,by ,,h5ry     
,,hallam4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #b4jj2 ,%eep1    
#b4ej2 ,half ,calf1 #d4be4  ,,hallam',s 
,,lit]ature4 ,introduction to !         
,lit]ature ( ,europe dur+ ! ,fifte5?1   
,sixte5?1 & ,sev5te5? ,c5turies4 ,by    
,,h5ry ,,hallam4 #b vols41 #hvo1 ,clo?1 
#d4jj2 ,%eep1 #e4jj2 ,half ,calf1 #h4ej4
  ,,s*we9fur?',s ,,he>t ,,( ,,africa4 ,!
 ,he>t ( ,africa4 ,?ree ,ye>s' ,travels 
& ,adv5tures 9 ! ,unexplor$ ,regions ( !
 ,c5tre ( ,africa4 ,f #ahfh to #ahga4   
,by ,dr4 ,,georg ,,s*we9fur?4 ,translat$
 by ,,ell5 ,e4 ,,frew]4 ,) an           
,introduction by ,,w9wood ,,reade4      
,illu/rat$ by ab\t #acj ,woodcuts f     
,draw+s made by ! ,au?or1 & ) two ,maps4
 #b vols41 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #h4jj4          
,m',,cl9tock  ,,/rong',s ,,cyclopa$ia4  
,cyclopa$ia ( ,biblical1 ,!ological1 &  
,ecclesia/ical ,lit]ature4 ,prep>$ by ! 
,rev4 ,,john ,m',,cl9tock1 ,d4,d41 &    
,,jas4 ,,/rong1 ,s4,t4,d4 #g vols1 n[   
ready4 ,royal #hvo4 ,price p] vol41     

,clo?1 #e4jj2 ,%eep1 #f4jj2 ,half       
,morocco1 #h4jj4  ,,mohamm$ ,,&         
,,mohamm$anism3 ,lectures ,deliv]$ at ! 
,royal ,in/itution ( ,great ,brita9 9   
,febru>y & ,m>*1 #ahgd4 ,by ,r4         
,,boswor? ,,smi?1 ,m4,a41 ,assi/ant     
,ma/] 9 ,h>r[ ,s*ool2 late ,fell[ (     
,tr9ity ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,) an ,app5dix 
conta9+ ,emanuel ,deuts*'s ,article on  
,islam4 #abmo1 ,clo?1 #a4ej4            
,,mo%eim',s ,,ecclesia/ical ,,hi/ory1   
,anci5t & ,mod]n2 9 :i* ! ,rise1        
,progress1 & ,v>iation ( ,*ur* ,p[] are 
consid]$ 9 _! ,connection ) ! ,/ate (   
,le>n+ & ,philosophy1 & ! ,political    
,hi/ory ( ,europe dur+ t ,p]iod4        
,translat$1 ) ,notes1 c41 by ,a4        
,,macla9e1 ,d4,d4 ,cont9u$ to #ahbf1 by 
,c4 ,,coote1 ,,ll4,d4 #b vols41 #hvo1   
,clo?1 #d4jj2 ,%eep1 #e4jj2 ,half ,calf1
 #h4ej4  ,,/rickl&',s 7,miss7 ,,que5s   
,,( ,,scotl&4 ,lives ( ! ,que5s (       
,scotl& & ,engli% ,pr9cesses connect$ ) 
! ,regal ,succession ( ,great ,brita94  
,by ,,agnes ,,/rickl&4 #h vols41 #abmo1 

,clo?1 #ab4jj2 ,half ,calf1 #bf4jj4     
,,h>p]',s ,,new ,,classical ,,libr>y4   
,lit]al ,translations4  ,! foll[+       
,volumes are n[ ready4 #abmo1 ,clo?1    
#a4ej ea*4                              
,,caes>4--,,virgil4--,,sallu/4--,,horace
4--,,cic]o',s ,,orations4--,,cic]o',s   
,,(fices1 c4--,,cic]o ,,on ,,oratory ,,&
 ,,orators4--,,cic]o',s ,,tusculan      
,,disputations1 ,,on ,,! ,,commonweal?1 
,,on ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,gods4       
--,,tacitus 7#b                         
vols474--,,t]5ce4--,,sophocles4--,,juv5a
l4--,,x5ophon4 --,,hom]',s              
,,iliad4--,,hom]',s                     
,,odyssey4--,,h]odotus4--,,demo/h5es 7#b
                                        
vols474--,,?ucydides4--,,aes*ylus4--,,eu
ripides 7#b vols474--,,livy 7#b         
vols474--,,plato ,select ,dialogues4    
,,liv+/one',s ,,s\? ,,africa4 ,mission>y
 ,travels & ,rese>*es 9 ,s\? ,africa3   
includ+ a ,sket* ( ,sixte5 ,ye>s'       
,resid5ce 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,africa1 & a   
,j\rney f ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope to ,lo&a

 on ! ,we/ ,coa/2 !nce across !         
,cont95t1 d[n ! ,riv] ,zambesi1 to !    
,ea/]n ,ocean4 ,by ,,david ,,liv+/one1  
,,ll4,d41 ,d4,c4,l4 ,) ,portrait1 ,maps1
 & ,illu/rations4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #d4ej2   
,%eep1 #e4jj2 ,half ,calf1 #f4ge4       
,,liv+/one',s ,,zambesi4 ,n>rative ( an 
,exp$ition to ! ,zambesi & its          
,tribut>ies1 & ( ! ,discov]y ( ! ,lakes 
,%irwa & ,nyassa1 #aheh-ahfd4 ,by       
,,david & ,,*>les ,,liv+/one4 ,) ,map & 
,illu/rations4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #e4jj2      
,%eep1 #e4ej2 ,half ,calf1 #g4be4       
,,liv+/one',s ,,la/ ,,j\rnals4 ,! ,la/  
,j\rnals ( ,david ,liv+/one1 9 ,c5tral  
,africa1 f #ahfe to 8 ,dea?4 ,cont9u$ by
 a ,n>rative ( 8 ,la/ ,mom5ts &         
,suff]+s1 obta9$ f 8 ,fai?ful ,s]vants  
,*uma & ,susi4 ,by ,,horace ,,wall]1    
,f4,r4,g4,s41 ,rector ( ,twywell1       
,nor?ampton4 ,) ,portrait1 ,maps1 &     
,illu/rations4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #e4jj2      
,%eep1 #e4ej2 ,half ,calf1 #g4be4 ,*eap 
,popul> ,edition1 #hvo1 ,clo?1 ) ,map & 
,illu/rations1 #b4ej4  ,,reclus',s      

,,e>?4 ,! ,e>?3 a ,descriptive ,hi/ory (
 ! ,ph5om5a ( ! ,life ( ! ,globe4 ,by   
,,elisee ,,reclus4 ,) #bcd ,maps &      
,illu/rations1 & #bc ,page ,maps pr9t$ 9
 ,colors4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #e4jj2 ,half     
,calf1 #g4be4  ,,reclus',s ,,ocean4 ,!  
,ocean1 ,atmosph]e1 & ,life4 ,be+ !     
,second ,s]ies ( a ,descriptive ,hi/ory 
( ! ,life ( ! ,globe4 ,by ,,elisee      
,,reclus4 ,pr(usely ,illu/rat$ ) #bej   
,maps or ,figures1 & #bg ,maps pr9t$ 9  
,colors4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #f4jj2 ,half      
,calf1 #h4be4  ,,p>ton',s ,,c>icature4  
,c>icature & ,o!r ,comic ,art1 9 ,all   
,times & ,_m ,l&s4 ,by ,,james ,,p>ton4 
,) #bjc ,illu/rations4 #hvo1 ,clo?4     
,,nordh(f',s ,,communi/ic ,,societies   
,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,! ,communi/ic 
,societies ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 f ,p]sonal
 ,visit & ,obs]vation2 includ+ ,detail$ 
,acc\nts ( ! ,economi/s1 ,zo>ites1      
,%ak]s1 ! ,amana1 ,oneida1 ,be!l1       
,aurora1 ,ic>ian1 & o!r exi/+           
,societies4 ,) ,p>ticul>s ( _! ,religi\s
 ,cre$s & ,practices1 _! ,social ,!ories

 & ,life1 ,numb]s1 ,indu/ries1 & ,pres5t
 ,condition4 ,by ,,*>les ,,nordh(f4     
,illu/rations4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #d4jj4      
,,nordh(f',s ,,cali=nia4 ,cali=nia3 =   
,heal?1 ,pleasure1 & ,resid5ce4 ,a ,book
 = ,travell]s & ,settl]s4 ,illu/rat$4   
#hvo1 ,clo?1 #b4ej4  ,,nordh(f',s       
,,nor!rn ,,cali=nia1 ,,oregon1 ,,& ,,!  
,,s&wi* ,,isl&s4 ,nor!rn ,cali=nia1     
,oregon1 & ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s4 ,by ,,*>les 
,,nordh(f4 ,illu/rat$4 #hvo1 ,clo?1     
#b4ej4  99,,rawl9son',s ,,manual ,,(    
,,anci5t ,,hi/ory4 ,a ,manual ( ,anci5t 
,hi/ory1 f ! ,e>lie/ ,times to ! ,fall (
 ! ,we/]n ,empire4 ,compris+ ! ,hi/ory (
 ,*aldaea1 ,assyria1 ,m$ia1 ,babylonia1 
,lydia1 ,pho5icia1 ,syria1 ,judaea1     
,egypt1 ,c>?age1 ,p]sia1 ,greece1       
,mac$onia1 ,p>?ia1 & ,rome4 ,by ,,george
 ,,rawl9son1 ,m4,a41 ,camd5 ,pr(essor ( 
,anci5t ,hi/ory 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d4 
#abmo1 ,clo?1 #a4be4  ,,bak]',s         
,,ismailia4 ,ismailia3 a ,n>rative ( !  
,exp$ition to ,c5tral ,africa = !       
,suppression ( ! ,slave-trade1 organiz$ 

by ,ismail1 ,kh$ive ( ,egypt4 ,by ,sir  
,,samuel ,,:ite ,,bak]1 ,,pa%a1         
,f4,r4,s41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,) ,maps1       
,portraits1 & ,illu/rations4 #hvo1      
,clo?1 #e4jj2 ,half ,calf1 #g4be4       
,,boswell',s ,,johnson4 ,! ,life (      
,samuel ,johnson1 ,,ll4,d41 includ+ a   
,j\rnal ( a ,t\r to ! ,hebrides4 ,by    
,,james ,,boswell1 ,esq4 ,edit$ by      
,,john ,,wilson ,,crok]1 ,,ll4,d41      
,f4,r4,s4 ,) a ,portrait ( ,boswell4 #b 
vols41 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #d4jj2 ,%eep1 #e4jj2
 ,half ,calf1 #h4ej4  ,,van-,,l5nep',s  
,,bible ,,l&s4 ,bible ,l&s3 _! ,mod]n   
,cu/oms & ,mann]s ,illu/rative (        
,scripture4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,h5ry ,j4       
,,van-,,l5nep1 ,d4,d4 ,illu/rat$ ) upw>d
 ( #cej ,wood ,engrav+s & two ,color$   
,maps4 #hch pp41 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #e4jj2    
,%eep1 #f4jj2 ,half ,morocco1 #h4jj4    
,,v9c5t',s ,,l& ,,( ,,! ,,:ite          
,,elephant4 ,! ,l& ( ! ,:ite ,elephant3 
,sights & ,sc5es 9 ,s\!a/]n ,asia4 ,a   
,p]sonal ,n>rative ( ,travel & ,adv5ture
 9 ,f>!r ,india1 embrac+ ! ,c\ntries (  

,burma1 ,siam1 ,cambodia1 & ,co*9-,*9a  
7#ahga-b74 ,by ,,frank ,,v9c5t1 ,jr4    
,illu/rat$ ) ,maps1 ,plans1 & ,woodcuts4
 ,cr[n #hvo1 ,clo?1 #c4ej4  ,,ni*ols',s 
,,art ,,education4 ,art ,education      
appli$ to ,indu/ry4 ,by ,,george ,,w>d  
,,ni*ols1 ,au?or ( ,! ,/ory ( ! ,great  
,m>*4 ,illu/rat$4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #d4jj4   
,,%akspe>e4 ,! ,dramatic ,works (       
,william ,%akspe>e4 ,) ,corrections &   
,notes4 ,engrav+s4 #f vols41 #abmo1     
,clo?1 #i4jj4 #b vols41 #hvo1 ,clo?1    
#d4jj2 ,%eep1 #e4jj4 ,9 "o vol41 #hvo1  
,%eep1 #d4jj4  ,,smiles',s ,,hi/ory ,,( 
,,! ,,hugu5ots4 ,! ,hugu5ots3 _!        
,settlem5ts1 ,*ur*es1 & ,indu/ries 9    
,engl& & ,irel&4 ,by ,,samuel ,,smiles4 
,) an ,app5dix relat+ to ! ,hugu5ots 9  
,am]ica4 ,cr[n #hvo1 ,clo?1 #b4jj4      
,,smiles',s ,,hugu5ots ,,aft] ,,!       
,,revocation4 ,! ,hugu5ots 9 ,france    
aft] ! ,revocation ( ! ,edict ( ,nantes2
 ) a ,visit to ! ,c\ntry ( ! ,vaudois4  
,by ,,samuel ,,smiles4 ,cr[n #hvo1      
,clo?1 #b4jj4  ,,smiles',s ,,life ,,(   

,,! ,,/eph5sons4 ,! ,life ( ,george     
,/eph5son1 & ( 8 ,son1 ,rob]t ,/eph5son2
 compris+1 also1 a ,hi/ory ( ! ,inv5tion
 & ,introduction ( ! ,railway           
,locomotive4 ,by ,,samuel ,,smiles4 ,)  
,/eel ,portraits & num]\s ,illu/rations4
 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #c4jj4  ,,squi]',s ,,p]u4 
,p]u3 ,incid5ts ( ,travel & ,exploration
 9 ! ,l& ( ! ,incas4 ,by ,e4 ,,george   
,,squi]1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a41 late ,u4 ,s4
 ,commission] to ,p]u1 ,au?or (         
,nic>agua1 ,anci5t ,monum5ts (          
,mississippi ,valley1 c41 c4 ,)         
,illu/rations4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #e4jj4  ,,! 
,,*all5g] ,,exp$ition4 ,! ,atlantic3 an 
,acc\nt ( ! ,g5]al ,results ( ! ,explor+
 ,exp$ition ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,*all5g]4 ,by   
,sir ,,wyville ,,?omson1 ,k4,c4,b41     
,f4,r4,s4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations1      
,color$ ,maps1 & ,*>ts1 f ,draw+s by ,j4
 ,j4 ,wyld1 engrav$ by ,j4 ,d4 ,coop]1 &
 ,portrait ( ! ,au?or1 engrav$ by ,c4   
,h4 ,je5s4 #b vols41 #hvo4 7,9 ,press47 
,,alison',s ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,europe4      
,,fir/ ,,s]ies3 ,f ! ,comm5cem5t ( !    

,fr5* ,revolution1 9 #aghi1 to !        
,re/oration ( ! ,b\rbons 9 #ahae4 ,9    
addition to ! ,notes on ,*apt] ,,lxxvi41
 :i* correct ! errors ( ! orig9al "w    
conc]n+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 a copi\s       
,analytical ,index has be5 app5d$ to ?is
 ,am]ican ,edition4 ,,second ,,s]ies3 ,f
 ! ,fall ( ,napoleon1 9 #ahae1 to !     
,accession ( ,l\is ,napoleon1 9 #aheb4  
#h vols41 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #af4jj2 ,%eep1   
#bj4jj2 ,half ,calf1 #cd4jj4            
,,c>lyle',s ,,fr$]ick ,,! ,,great4      
,hi/ory ( ,fri$ri* ,,ii41 call$ ,fr$]ick
 ! ,great4 ,by ,,?omas ,,c>lyle4        
,portraits1 ,maps1 ,plans1 c4 #f vols41 
#abmo1 ,clo?1 #ab4jj2 ,%eep1 #ad4dj2    
,half ,calf1 #bb4ej4  ,,wallace',s      
,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,,(        
,,animals4 ,! ,geographical ,di/ribution
 ( ,animals4 ,) a ,/udy ( ! ,relations (
 ,liv+ & ,ext9ct ,faunas z ,elucidat+ ! 
,pa/ ,*anges ( ! ,e>?'s ,surface4 ,by   
,,alfr$ ,,russel ,,wallace4 ,) ,maps &  
,illu/rations4 ,9 #b vols41 #hvo1 ,clo?1
 #aj4jj4  ,,wallace',s ,,malay          

,,ar*ipelago4 ,! ,malay ,ar*ipelago3 !  
,l& ( ! ,orang-,utan & ! ,bird (        
,p>adise4 ,a ,n>rative ( ,travel1       
#ahed-ahfb4 ,) ,/udies ( ,man & ,nature4
 ,by ,,alfr$ ,,russel ,,wallace4 ,) ,t5 
,maps & ,fifty-"o ,elegant              
,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 ,clo?1 #b4ej4
  ,,gibbon',s ,,rome4 ,! ,hi/ory ( !    
,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,by 
,,edw>d ,,gibbon4 ,) ,notes by ,rev4 ,h4
 ,h4 ,,milman & ,m4 ,,guizot4 ,) ,index4
 #f vols41 #abmo1 ,clo?1 #e4dj2 ,%eep1  
#g4hj2 ,half ,calf1 #ae4ij4  ,,b\rne',s 
,,life ,,( ,,john ,,locke4 ,! ,life (   
,john ,locke4 ,by ,h4 ,r4 ,,fox ,,b\rne4
 #b vols41 #hvo1 ,clo?1 uncut edges &   
gilt tops1 #e4jj4  ,,griffis',s ,,japan4
 ,! ,mikado's ,empire3 ,book ,i4 ,hi/ory
 ( ,japan1 f #ffj ,b4,c4 to #ahgb ,a4,d4
 ,book ,,ii4 ,p]sonal ,exp]i5ces1       
,obs]vations1 & ,/udies 9 ,japan1       
#ahgj-ahgd4 ,by ,,william ,,elliot      
,,griffis1 ,a4,m41 late ( ! ,imp]ial    
,univ]sity ( ,tokio1 ,japan4 ,copi\sly  
,illu/rat$4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #d4jj2 ,half   

,calf1 #f4be4  ,,?ompson',s ,,papacy ,,&
 ,,! ,,civil ,,p[]4 ,! ,papacy & !      
,civil ,p[]4 ,by ! ,hon4 ,r4 ,w4        
,,?ompson1 ,secret>y ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,navy4 
,cr[n #hvo1 ,clo?1 #c4jj4  ,,! ,,poets  
,,& ,,poetry ,,( ,,scotl&3 f ! ,e>lie/  
to ! ,pres5t ,"t4 ,compris+ ,*>act]i/ic 
,selections f ! ,works ( ! m ,notewor?y 
,scotti% ,poets1 ) ,biographical &      
,critical ,notices4 ,by ,,james ,,grant 
,,wilson4 ,) ,portraits on ,/eel4 #b    
vols41 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #aj4jj2 ,half ,calf1
 #ad4ej2 ,full ,morocco1 #ah4jj4  99,,! 
,,/ud5t',s ,,s]ies4 ,) ,maps &          
,illu/rations4 #abmo1 ,clo?4            
,,france4--,,gibbon4--,,greece4--,,hume4
--,,rome 7by ,,liddell74--,,old         
,,te/am5t ,,hi/ory4--,,new ,,te/am5t    
,,hi/ory4--,,/rickl&',s ,,que5s ,,(     
,,engl& 7,abridg$74--,,anci5t ,,hi/ory  
,,( ,,! ,,ea/4--,,hallam',s ,,middle    
,,ages4--,,hallam',s ,,con/itutional    
,,hi/ory ,,( ,,engl&4--,,lyell',s       
,,elem5ts ,,( ,,geology4--,,m]ivale',s  
,,g5]al ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,rome4--,,cox',s  

,,g5]al ,,hi/ory ,,(                    
,,greece4--,,classical ,,diction>y4     
,price #a4be p] volume4  ,,lewis',s     
,,hi/ory ,,( ,,g]many4 ,price #a4ej4    
,,! ,,revision ,,( ,,! ,,engli% ,,v]sion
 ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t4 ,) an         
,introduction by ! ,rev4 ,p4 ,,s*aff1   
,d4,d4 #fah pp41 ,cr[n #hvo1 ,clo?1     
#c4jj4  ,?is "w embraces 9 "o volume3   
,i4 ,,on ,a ,,fre% ,,revision ,,( ,,!   
,,engli% ,,new ,,te/am5t4 ,by ,j4 ,b4   
,,lightfoot1 ,d4,d41 ,canon ( ,/4       
,paul's1 & ,hulsean ,pr(essor (         
,div9ity1 ,cambridge4 ,second ,edition1 
,revis$4 #aif pp4  ,,ii4 ,,on ,,!       
,,au?oriz$ ,,v]sion ,,( ,,! ,,new       
,,te/am5t 9 ,connection ) "s ,rec5t     
,proposals = its ,revision4 ,by ,,ri*>d 
,,*5evix ,,tr5*1 ,d4,d41 ,ar*bi%op (    
,dubl94 #aid pp4  ,,iii4 ,,consid]ations
 ,,on ,,! ,,revision ,,( ,,! ,,engli%   
,,v]sion ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t4 ,by   
,c4 ,j4 ,,ellicott1 ,d4,d41 ,bi%op (    
,gl\ce/] & ,bri/ol4 #agh pp4            
,,addison',s ,,complete ,,works4 ,!     

,works ( ,joseph ,addison1 embrac+ !    
:ole ( ! ,spectator4 #c vols41 #hvo1    
,clo?1 #f4jj2 ,%eep1 #g4ej2 ,half ,calf1
 #ab4ge4  ,,annual ,,record ,,( ,,sci5ce
 ,,& ,,indu/ry4 ,! ,annual ,record (    
,sci5ce & ,indu/ry4 ,edit$ by ,pr(essor 
,,sp5c] ,f4 ,,baird1 ( ! ,smi?sonian    
,in/itution1 ) ! ,assi/ance ( ,em95t ,m5
 ( ,sci5ce4 ,! ,ye>ly ,volumes = #ahga1 
#ahgb1 #ahgc1 #ahgd1 #ahge1 #ahgf1 are  
ready4 #abmo1 ,clo?1 #b4jj p] vol4      
,,br\gham',s ,,autobiography4 ,life &   
,times ( ,h5ry1 ,"l ,br\gham4 ,writt5 by
 ,himself4 #c vols41 #abmo1 ,clo?1      
#f4jj4  ,,bulw]',s ,,horace4 ,! ,odes & 
,epodes ( ,horace4 ,a ,metrical         
,translation into ,engli%4 ,)           
,introduction & ,comm5t>ies4 ,by ,,"l   
,,lytton4 ,) ,lat9 ,text f ! ,editions (
 ,orelli1 ,macleane1 & ,yonge4 #abmo1   
,clo?1 #a4ge4  ,,bulw]',s ,,k+ ,,ar?ur4 
,k+ ,ar?ur4 ,a ,poem4 ,by ,,"l ,,lytton4
 #abmo1 ,clo?1 #a4ge4  ,,bulw]',s       
,,prose ,,works4 ,! ,miscellane\s ,prose
 ,works ( ,edw>d ,bulw]1 ,"l ,lytton4 #b

 vols41 #abmo1 ,clo?1 #c4ej4 ,also1 9   
uni=m /yle1 ,caxtoniana4 #abmo1 ,clo?1  
#a4ge4  ,,davis',s ,,c>?age4 ,c>?age &  
h] ,rema9s3 be+ an ,acc\nt ( !          
,excavations & ,rese>*es on ! ,site ( ! 
,pho5ician ,metropolis 9 ,africa & o!r  
,adjac5t ,places4 ,conduct$ "u !        
,auspices ( ,h] ,maje/y's ,gov]nm5t4 ,by
 ,dr4 ,n4 ,,davis1 ,f4,r4,g4,s4         
,pr(usely ,illu/rat$ ) ,maps1 ,woodcuts1
 ,*romo-,li?ographs1 c4 #hvo1 ,clo?1    
#d4jj2 ,half ,calf1 #f4be4  ,,cam]on',s 
,,across ,,africa4 ,across ,africa4 ,by 
,,v]ney ,,lovett ,,cam]on1 ,c4,b41      
,d4,c4,l41 ,comm&] ,royal ,navy1 ,gold  
,m$ali/ ,royal ,geographical ,society1  
c4 ,) a ,map & ,num]\s ,illu/rations4   
#hvo1 ,clo?1 #e4jj4  ,,c>lyle',s ,,fr5* 
,,revolution4 ,! ,fr5* ,revolution3 a   
,hi/ory4 ,by ,,?omas ,,c>lyle4 #b vols41
 #abmo1 ,clo?1 #c4ej2 ,%eep1 #d4cj2     
,half ,calf1 #g4jj4  ,,c>lyle',s ,,oliv]
 ,,cromwell4 ,oliv] ,cromwell's ,lett]s 
& ,spee*es1 includ+ ! ,supplem5t to !   
,fir/ ,edition4 ,) ,elucidations4 ,by   

,,?omas ,,c>lyle4 #b vols41 #abmo1      
,clo?1 #c4ej2 ,%eep1 #d4cj2 ,half ,calf1
 #g4jj4  ,,b>?',s ,,nor? ,,& ,,c5tral   
,,africa4 ,travels & ,discov]ies 9 ,nor?
 & ,c5tral ,africa3 be+ a ,j\rnal ( an  
,exp$ition und]tak5 "u ! ,auspices (    
,h4,b4,m4's ,gov]nm5t1 9 ! ,ye>s        
#ahdi-ahee4 ,by ,,h5ry ,,b>?1 ,ph4,d41  
,d4,c4,l4 ,illu/rat$4 #c vols41 #hvo1   
,clo?1 #ab4jj2 ,%eep1 #ac4ej2 ,half     
,calf1 #ah4ge4  ,,?omson',s ,,l& ,,&    
,,book4 ,! ,l& & ! ,book2 or1 ,biblical 
,illu/rations drawn f ! ,mann]s &       
,cu/oms1 ! ,sc5es & ! ,sc5]y1 ( ! ,holy 
,l&4 ,by ,w4 ,m4 ,,?omson1 ,d4,d41      
,tw5ty-five ,ye>s a ,mission>y ( !      
,a4,b4,c4,f4,m4 9 ,syria & ,pale/9e4 ,) 
two elaborate ,maps ( ,pale/9e1 an      
accurate ,plan ( ,j]usalem1 & sev]al    
hundr$ ,engrav+s1 repres5t+ ! ,sc5]y1   
,topography1 & ,productions ( ! ,holy   
,l&1 & ! ,co/umes1 ,mann]s1 & ,habits ( 
! ,p4 #b vols41 #abmo1 ,clo?1 #e4jj2    
,%eep1 #f4jj2 ,half ,calf1 #h4ej4       
,,t5nyson',s ,,complete ,,poems4 ,!     

,poetical ,works ( ,alfr$ ,t5nyson1     
,poet ,laureate4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations
 by ,em95t ,arti/s1 & ,?ree ,*>act]i/ic 
,portraits4 #hvo1 ,pap]1 #a4jj2 ,clo?1  
#a4ej4  ,,du ,,*aillu',s ,,africa4      
,explorations & ,adv5tures 9 ,equatorial
 ,africa3 ) ,acc\nts ( ! ,mann]s &      
,cu/oms ( ! ,p1 & ( ! ,*ase ( !         
,gorilla1 ! ,crocodile1 ,leop>d1        
,elephant1 ,hippopotamus1 & o!r         
,animals4 ,by ,,paul ,b4 ,,du ,,*aillu4 
,illu/rat$4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #e4jj2 ,%eep1  
#e4ej2 ,half ,calf1 #g4be4  ,,du        
,,*aillu',s ,,a%ango ,,l&4 ,a ,j\rney to
 ,a%ango ,l&1 & ,fur!r ,p5etration into 
,equatorial ,africa4 ,by ,,paul ,b4 ,,du
 ,,*aillu4 ,illu/rat$4 #hvo1 ,clo?1     
#e4jj2 ,%eep1 #e4ej2 ,half ,calf1 #g4be4
  ,,:ite',s ,,massacre ,,( ,,/4         
,,b>?olomew4 ,! ,massacre ( ,/4         
,b>?olomew3 ,prec$$ by a ,hi/ory ( !    
,religi\s ,w>s 9 ! ,reign ( ,*>les ,,ix4
 ,by ,,h5ry ,,:ite1 ,m4,a4 ,)           
,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 ,clo?1 #a4ge4
  ,,drap]',s ,,civil ,,w>4 ,hi/ory ( !  

,am]ican ,civil ,w>4 ,by ,,john ,w4     
,,drap]1 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 #c vols41     
#hvo1 ,clo?1 ,bevel$ ,edges1 #aj4ej2    
,%eep1 #ab4jj2 ,half ,calf1 #ag4be4     
,,drap]',s ,,intellectual ,,developm5t  
,,( ,,europe4 ,a ,hi/ory ( !            
,intellectual ,developm5t ( ,europe4 ,by
 ,,john ,w4 ,,drap]1 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d4   
,new ,edition1 ,revis$4 #b vols41 #abmo1
 ,clo?1 #c4jj2 ,half ,calf1 #f4ej4      
,,drap]',s ,,am]ican ,,civil ,,policy4  
,?\ghts on ! ,future ,civil ,policy (   
,am]ica4 ,by ,,john ,w4 ,,drap]1 ,m4,d41
 ,,ll4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry &       
,physiology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,new ,york4
 ,cr[n #hvo1 ,clo?1 #b4jj2 ,half        
,morocco1 #c4ge4  ,,flamm>ion',s        
,,atmosph]e4 ,! ,atmosph]e4 ,translat$ f
 ! ,fr5* ( ,,camille ,,flamm>ion4 ,edit$
 by ,,james ,,glai%]1 ,f4,r4,s41        
,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,magnetical &           
,meteorological ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,royal    
,obs]vatory at ,gre5wi*4 ,) #aj         
,*romo-,li?ographs & #hf ,woodcuts4     
#hvo1 ,clo?1 #f4jj2 ,half ,calf1 #h4be4 

,,abbott',s ,,diction>y ,,( ,,religi\s  
,,k4 ,a ,diction>y ( ,religi\s ,k1 =    
,popul> & ,pr(essional ,use2 compris+   
full ,in=mation on ,biblical1           
,!ological1 & ,ecclesia/ical ,subjects4 
,) ne>ly ,"o ,?\s& ,maps &              
,illu/rations4 ,edit$ by ! ,rev4 ,,lyman
 ,,abbott1 ) ! ,co-op]ation ( ! ,rev4   
,t4 ,c4 ,,conant1 ,d4,d4 ,royal #hvo1   
conta9+ ov] #ajjj pages1 ,clo?1 #f4jj2  
,%eep1 #g4jj2 ,half ,morocco1 #h4ej4    
,,abbott',s ,,fr$]ick ,,! ,,great4 ,!   
,hi/ory ( ,fr$]ick ! ,second1 call$     
,fr$]ick ! ,great4 ,by ,,john ,s4 ,c4   
,,abbott4 ,illu/rat$4 #hvo1 ,clo?1      
#e4jj2 ,half ,calf1 #g4be4  ,,abbott',s 
,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,fr5* ,,revolution4 ,!
 ,fr5* ,revolution ( #aghi1 z view$ 9 ! 
,light ( ,republican ,in/itutions4 ,by  
,,john ,s4 ,c4 ,,abbott4 ,illu/rat$4    
#hvo1 ,clo?1 #e4jj2 ,%eep1 #e4ej2 ,half 
,calf1 #g4be4  ,,abbott',s ,,napoleon   
,,bonap>te4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,napoleon      
,bonap>te4 ,by ,,john ,s4 ,c4 ,,abbott4 
,) ,maps1 ,illu/rations1 & ,portraits on

 ,/eel4 #b vols41 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #aj4jj2  
,%eep1 #aa4jj2 ,half ,calf1 #ad4ej4     
,,abbott',s ,,napoleon ,,at ,,/4        
,,hel5a4 ,napoleon at ,/4 ,hel5a2 or1   
,int]e/+ ,anecdotes & ,rem>kable        
,conv]sations ( ! ,emp]or dur+ ! ,five &
 a ,half ,ye>s ( 8 ,captivity4 ,collect$
 f ! ,memorials ( ,las ,casas1 ,o',me>a1
 ,mon?olon1 ,antomm>*i1 & o!rs4 ,by     
,,john ,s4 ,c4 ,,abbott4 ,illu/rat$4    
#hvo1 ,clo?1 #e4jj2 ,%eep1 #e4ej2 ,half 
,calf1 #g4be4  ,,cruise ,,( ,,!         
,,*all5g]4 ,voyages ov] _m ,seas1 ,sc5es
 9 _m ,l&s4 ,by ,w4 ,j4 ,j4 ,,spry1     
,r4,n4 ,) ,map & ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n   
#hvo1 ,clo?1 #b4jj4  ,,wood',s ,,homes  
,,)\t ,,h&s4 ,homes ,)\t ,h&s3 be+ a    
,description ( ! ,habitations (         
,animals1 class$ accord+ to _! ,pr9ciple
 ( ,con/ruction4 ,by ,j4 ,g4 ,,wood1    
,m4,a41 ,f4,l4,s4 ,illu/rat$4 #hvo1     
,clo?1 #d4ej2 ,%eep or ,roan1 #e4jj2    
,half ,calf1 #f4ge4  ,,s*aff',s ,,cre$s 
,,( ,,*ri/5dom4 ,biblio!ca ,symbolica   
,ecclesiae ,univ]salis4 ,! ,cre$s (     

,*ri/5dom1 ) a ,hi/ory & ,critical      
,notes4 ,by ,,philip ,,s*aff1 ,d4,d41   
,,ll4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,biblical         
,lit]ature 9 ! ,union ,!ological        
,sem9>y1 ,new ,york4 #c vols4 ,vol4 ,i43
 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,cre$s4 ,vol4 ,,ii43 ,!   
,greek & ,lat9 ,cre$s1 ) ,translations4 
,vol4 ,,iii43 ,! ,evangelical ,prote/ant
 ,cre$s1 ) ,translations4 #hvo1 ,clo?1  
#ae4jj4  ,,yonge',s ,,life ,,( ,,m>ie   
,,anto9ette4 ,! ,life ( ,m>ie           
,anto9ette1 ,que5 ( ,france4 ,by ,,*>les
 ,,duke ,,yonge1 ,regius ,pr(essor (    
,mod]n ,hi/ory & ,engli% ,lit]ature 9   
,que5's ,college1 ,belfa/4 ,) ,portrait4
 ,cr[n #hvo1 ,clo?1 #b4ej4  ,,poets ,,( 
,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury4 ,! ,poets ( !   
,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,select$ & ,edit$ by !
 ,rev4 ,,rob]t ,,aris ,,willmott4 ,)    
,engli% & ,am]ican ,additions1 arrang$  
by ,,ev]t ,a4 ,,duyck9ck1 ,editor (     
,cyclopa$ia ( ,am]ican ,lit]ature4      
,compris+ ,selections f ! ,greate/      
,au?ors ( ! ,age4 ,sup]bly ,illu/rat$ ) 
#ada ,engrav+s f ,designs by ! mo/      

,em95t ,arti/s4 ,9 ,elegant small #dto  
=m1 pr9t$ on ,sup]f9e ,t9t$ ,pap]1 ri*ly
 b\nd 9 extra ,clo?1 ,bevel$1 ,gilt     
,edges1 #e4jj2 ,half ,calf1 #e4ej2 ,full
 ,turkey ,morocco1 #i4jj4  ,,col]idge',s
 ,,complete ,,works4 ,! ,complete ,works
 ( ,samuel ,taylor ,col]idge4 ,) an     
,introductory ,essay ^u 8 ,philosophical
 & ,!ological ,op9ions4 ,edit$ by !     
,rev4 ,w4 ,g4 ,t4 ,,%$d1 ,d4,d4 ,) a    
,portrait4 #g vols41 #abmo1 ,clo?1      
#aj4ej2 ,half ,calf1 #bb4ge4            
,,col]idge',s 7,,s>a7 ,,memoir ,,&      
,,lett]s4 ,memoir & ,lett]s ( ,s>a      
,col]idge4 ,edit$ by h] ,daught]4 ,)    
,two ,portraits on ,/eel4 ,cr[n #hvo1   
,clo?1 #b4ej2 ,half ,calf1 #d4be4       
,,drake',s ,,nooks ,,& ,,corn]s ,,( ,,! 
,,new ,,engl& ,,coa/4 ,nooks & ,corn]s (
 ! ,new ,engl& ,coa/4 ,by ,,samuel      
,,adams ,,drake1 ,au?or ( ,old ,l&m>ks (
 ,bo/on1 ,hi/oric ,fields & ,mansions ( 
,middlesex1 c4 ,illu/rat$4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 
#c4ej2 ,half ,calf1 #e4ge4  ,,grote',s  
,,hi/ory ,,( ,,greece4 #ab vols41 #abmo1

 ,clo?1 #ah4jj2 ,%eep1 #bb4hj2 ,half    
,calf1 #ci4jj4  ,,prime',s ,,our        
,,*ildr5',s ,,songs4 ,our ,*ildr5's     
,songs4 ,) ,illu/rations4 #hvo4 7,9     
,press47  ,,ty]man',s ,,wesley4 ,! ,life
 & ,times ( ! ,rev4 ,john ,wesley1      
,m4,a41 ,f\nd] ( ! ,me?odi/s4 ,by !     
,rev4 ,,luke ,,ty]man4 ,) ,portraits4 #c
 vols41 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #g4ej2 ,half ,calf1
 #ad4be4  ,,ty]man',s ,,ox=d ,,me?odi/s4
 ,! ,ox=d ,me?odi/s3 ,memoirs ( ! ,rev4 
,messrs4 ,clayton1 ,+ham1 ,gambold1     
,h]vey1 & ,br\ghton1 ) ,biographical    
,notices ( o!rs4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,l4        
,,ty]man4 ,) ,portraits4 #hvo1 ,clo?1   
#b4ej4  ,,vamb]y',s ,,c5tral ,,asia4    
,travels 9 ,c5tral ,asia4 ,be+ ! ,acc\nt
 ( a ,j\rney f ,teh]an across !         
,turkoman ,des]t1 on ! ,ea/]n ,%ore ( ! 
,caspian1 to ,khiva1 ,bokh>a1 & ,sam>c&1
 p]=m$ 9 ! ,ye> #ahfc4 ,by ,,arm9ius    
,,vamb]y1 ,memb] ( ! ,hung>ian ,academy 
( ,pe/h1 by :om he 0 s5t on ?is         
,sci5tific ,mission4 ,) ,map &          
,illu/rations4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #d4ej2 ,half

 ,calf1 #f4ge4  ,,lyman ,,bee*]',s      
,,autobiography1 c4 ,autobiography1     
,correspond5ce1 c41 ( ,lyman ,bee*]1    
,d4,d4 ,edit$ by 8 ,son1 ,,*>les        
,,bee*]4 ,) ,?ree ,/eel ,portraits1 &   
,engrav+s on ,wood4 #b vols41 #abmo1    
,clo?1 #e4jj2 ,half ,morocco1 #h4ej4    
,,b5jam9',s ,,contempor>y ,,art4        
,contempor>y ,art 9 ,europe4 ,by ,s4 ,g4
 ,w4 ,,b5jam94 ,h&somely ,illu/rat$4    
#hvo4 7,9 ,press47  ,,tr[bridge',s      
,,poems4 ,! ,book ( ,gold1 & ,o!r       
,poems4 ,by ,j4 ,t4 ,,tr[bridge4        
,h&somely ,illu/rat$4 #hvo4 7,9 ,press47
  ,,! ,,des]t ,,( ,,! ,,exodus4 ,j\rneys
 on ,foot 9 ! ,wild]ness ( ! ,=ty ,ye>s'
 ,w&]+s2 und]tak5 9 connection ) !      
,ordnance ,survey ( ,s9ai & ! ,pale/9e  
,exploration ,fund4 ,by ,e4 ,h4 ,,palm]1
 ,m4,a41 ,"l ,almon]'s ,pr(essor (      
,arabic1 & ,fell[ ( ,/4 ,john's         
,college1 ,cambridge4 ,) ,maps & num]\s 
,illu/rations f ,photographs & ,draw+s  
tak5 on ! spot by ! ,s9ai ,survey       
,exp$ition & ,c4 ,f4 ,tyr:itt ,drake4   

,cr[n #hvo1 ,clo?1 #c4jj4  ,,?omson',s  
,,malacca1 ,,indo-,,*9a1 ,,& ,,*9a4 ,!  
,/raits ( ,malacca1 ,indo-,*9a1 & ,*9a2 
or1 ,t5 ,ye>s' ,travels1 ,adv5tures1 &  
,resid5ce ,abroad4 ,by ,j4 ,,?omson1    
,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,) ov] #fj ,illu/rations f 
! ,au?or's own ,photographs & ,sket*es4 
#hvo1 ,clo?1 #d4jj4  ,,trevelyan',s     
,,selections ,,f ,,macaulay4 ,selections
 f ! ,writ+s ( ,"l ,macaulay4 ,by 8     
,nephew1 ,g4 ,,otto ,,trevelyan1 ,m4,p4 
= ,hawick ,di/rict ( ,burghs4 #hvo1     
,clo?1 #b4ej4  ,,jeff]son',s ,,dome/ic  
,,life4 ,! ,dome/ic ,life ( ,?omas      
,jeff]son3 compil$ f ,family ,lett]s &  
,rem9isc5ces1 by 8 ,great-gr&daught]1   
,,s>ah ,n4 ,,r&olph4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr[n  
#hvo1 ,clo?1 #b4ej4  ,,johnson',s       
,,complete ,,works4 ,! ,works ( ,samuel 
,johnson1 ,,ll4,d4 ,) an ,essay on 8    
,life & ,g5ius1 by ,,ar?ur ,,murphy1    
,esq4 #b vols41 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #d4jj2     
,%eep1 #e4jj2 ,half ,calf1 #h4ej4       
,,k+lake',s ,,crimean ,,w>4 ,! ,invasion
 ( ! ,crimea3 its ,orig91 & an ,acc\nt (

 its ,progress d[n to ! ,dea? ( ,"l     
,raglan4 ,by ,,alex&] ,,william         
,,k+lake4 ,) ,maps & ,plans4 ,?ree      
,volumes n[ ready4 #abmo1 ,clo?1 #b4jj  
p] vol42 ,half ,calf1 #c4ge p] vol4     
,publi%$ by ,,h>p]  ,,bro!rs1 ,new      
,york4     ,transcrib]'s notes3 ,obvi\s 
pr9t]'s errors h be5 correct$1 all o!r  
inconsi/5cies are z 9 ! orig9al4 ,!     
au?or's spell+ has be5 ma9ta9$4         
,sup]scripts are enclos$ 9 4  ,page     
#aab3 ,) ,bluddy h&s t w>e 8 ,cruell    
foes1 ! u 9 bluddy %\ld h a macron ov]  
x4  ,page #bge & foll[+3 ,! ,,hb pres5t 
9 ?is file are 9 ! orig9al book a symbol
 look+ l ,h#c1 )\t ! space betwe5 bo?   
c>act]s4  ,page #d ( ! adv]ts3 ,imp]ial 
,univ]sity ( ,tokio1 ! o 9 ,tokio %\ld h
 a macron ov] !m4