,illustration3 ,portraits4 ,,caricature ,,and ,,other ,,comic ,,art ,,in ,,all ,,times ,,and ,,many ,,lands ,by ,,james ,,parton ,,with #bjc ,,illustrations ,illustration3 ,editor's logo4 ,,new ,,york ,,harper ,,brothers1 ,,publishers ,,franklin ,,square #ahgg ,entered according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahgg1 by ,,harper ,,brothers1 ,in the ,office of the ,librarian of ,congress1 at ,washington4 ,,preface4 ,in this volume there is1 ,i believe1 a greater variety of pictures of a comic and satirical cast than was ever before presented at one view4 ,many nations1 ancient and modern1 pagan and ,christian1 are represented in it1 as well as most of the names identified with art of this nature4 ,the extraordinary liberality of the publishers1 and the skill of their corps of engravers1 have seconded my own industrious researches1 and the result is a volume unique1 at least1 in the character of its illustrations4 ,a large portion of its contents appeared in ,harper's ,monthly ,magazine during the year #ahge2 but many of the most curious and interesting of the pictures are given here for the first time2 notably1 those exhibiting the present or recent caricature of ,germany1 ,spain1 ,italy1 ,china1 and ,japan1 several of which did not arrive in time for use in the periodical4 ,generally speaking1 articles contributed to a ,magazine may as well be left in their natural tomb of back numbers1 or bound volumes2 for the better they serve a temporary purpose1 the less adapted they are for permanent utility4 ,among the exceptions are such series as the present1 which had no reference whatever to the passing months1 and in the preparation of which a great expenditure was directed to a single class of objects of special interest4 ,i am1 indeed1 amazed at the cost of producing such articles as these4 ,so very great is the expense1 that many subjects could not be adequately treated1 with all desirable illustration1 unless the publishers could offer the work to the public in portions4 ,there is not much to be said upon the subject treated in this volume4 ,when ,i was invited by the learned and urbane editor of ,harper's ,monthly to furnish a number of articles upon caricature1 ,i supposed that the work proposed would be a relief after labors too arduous1 too long continued1 and of a more serious character4 ,on the contrary1 no subject that ,i ever attempted presented such baffling difficulties4 ,after ransacking the world for specimens1 and collecting them by the hundred1 ,i found that1 usually1 a caricature is a thing of a moment1 and that1 dying as soon as its moment has passed1 it loses all power to interest1 instantly and forever4 ,i found1 too1 that our respectable ancestors had not the least notion of what we call decency4 ,when1 therefore1 ,i had laid aside from the mass the obsolete and the improper1 there were not so very many left1 and most of those told their own story so plainly that no elucidation was necessary4 ,instead of wearying the reader with a mere descriptive catalogue1 ,i have preferred to accompany the pictures with allusions to contemporary satire other than pictorial4 ,the great living authorities upon this branch of art are two in number--one ,english1 and one ,french--to both of whom ,i am greatly indebted4 ,the ,english author is ,thomas ,wright1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a41 etc41 whose ,history of ,caricature and the ,grotesque is well known among us1 as well as his more recent volume upon the incomparable caricaturist of the last generation1 ,james ,gillray4 ,the ,french writer is ,m4 ,jules ,champfleury1 author of a valuable series of volumes reviewing satiric art from ancient times to our own day1 with countless illustrations4 ,no one has treated so fully or so well as he the caricature of the ,greeks and ,romans4 ,many years ago1 ,m4 ,champfleury began to illustrate this part of his subject in the ,gazette des ,beaux ,arts1 and his contributions to that important periodical were the basis of his subsequent volumes4 ,he is one of the few writers on comic matters who have avoided the lapse into catalogue1 and contrived to be interesting4 ,it has been agreeable to me to observe that ,americans are not without natural aptitude in this kind of art4 ,our generous ,franklin1 the friend of ,hogarth1 to whom the dying artist wrote his last letter1 replying to the last letter he ever received1 was a capital caricaturist1 and used his skill in this way1 as he did all his other gifts and powers1 in behalf of his country and his kind4 ,at the present time1 every week's issue of the illustrated periodicals exhibits evidence of the skill1 as well as the patriotism and right feeling1 of the humorous artists of the ,united ,states4 ,for some years past1 caricature has been a power in the land1 and a power generally on the right side4 ,there are also humorous artists of another and gentler kind1 some even of the gentler sex1 who present to us scenes which surprise us all into smiles and good temper without having in them any lurking sting of reproof4 ,these domestic humorists1 ,i trust1 will continue to amuse and soften us1 while the avenging satirist with dreadful pencil makes mad the guilty1 and appalls the free4 ,there must be something precious in caricature1 else the enemies of truth and freedom would not hate it as they do4 ,some of the worst excesses and perversions of satiric art are due to that very hatred4 ,persecuted and repressed1 caricature becomes malign and perverse2 or1 being excluded from legitimate subjects1 it seems as if it were compelled to ally itself to vice4 ,we have only to turn from a heap of ,french albums to volumes of ,english caricature to have a striking evidence of the truth1 that the repressive system represses good and develops evil4 ,it is the ,censure that debauches the comic pencil2 it is freedom that makes it the ally of good conduct and sound politics4 ,in free countries alone it has scope enough1 without wandering into paths which the eternal proprieties forbid4 ,i am sometimes sanguine enough to think that the pencil of the satirist will at last render war impossible1 by bringing vividly home to all genial minds the ludicrous absurdity of such a method of arriving at truth4 ,fancy two armies in presence4 ,by some process yet to be developed1 the ,nast of the next generation1 if not the admirable ,nast of this1 projects upon the sky1 in the sight of the belligerent forces1 a picture exhibiting the enormous comicality of their attitude and purpose4 ,they all see the point1 and both armies break up in laughter1 and come together roaring over the joke4 ,in the hope that this volume may contribute something to the amusement of the happy at festive seasons1 and to the instruction of the curious at all times1 it is presented to the consideration of the public4 ,,contents4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,page ,among the ,romans #ae ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,among the ,greeks #bh ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,among the ,ancient ,egyptians #cb ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,among the ,hindoos #cf ,,chapter ,v4 ,religious ,caricature in the ,middle ,ages #dj ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,secular ,caricature in the ,middle ,ages #ej ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,caricatures preceding the ,reformation #fd ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,comic ,art and the ,reformation #gf ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,in the ,puritan ,period #ij ,,chapter ,x4 ,later ,puritan ,caricature #aje ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,preceding ,hogarth #abj ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,hogarth and his ,time #acc ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,english ,caricature in the ,revolutionary ,period #adg ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,during the ,french ,revolution #aei ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,caricatures of ,women and ,matrimony #aga ,,chapter ,,xvi4 ,among the ,chinese #aia ,,chapter ,,xvii4 ,comic ,art in ,japan #aih ,,chapter ,,xviii4 ,french ,caricature #bjh ,,chapter ,,xix4 ,later ,french ,caricature #bcj ,,chapter ,,xx4 ,comic ,art in ,germany #bdb ,,chapter ,,xxi4 ,comic ,art in ,spain #bdi ,,chapter ,,xxii4 ,italian ,caricature #beg ,,chapter ,,xxiii4 ,english ,caricature of the ,present ,century #bfg ,,chapter ,,xxiv4 ,comic ,art in ,punch #bhd ,,chapter ,,xxv4 ,early ,american ,caricature #cjj ,,chapter ,,xxvi4 ,later ,american ,caricature #cah ,,index #cce ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations4 ,page ,pigmy ,pugilists1 from ,pompeii #ae ,chalk ,drawing by ,roman ,soldier in ,pompeii #ae ,chalk ,caricature on a ,wall in ,pompeii #af ,battle between ,pigmies and ,geese #ag ,a ,pigmy ,scene--from ,pompeii #ah ,vases with ,pigmy ,designs #ai ,a ,grasshopper driving a ,chariot #ai ,from an ,antique ,amethyst #ai ,flight of ,a,eneas from ,troy #bj ,caricature of the ,flight of ,a,eneas #bj ,from a ,red ,jasper #ba ,roman ,masks1 ,comic and ,tragic #bb ,roman ,comic ,actor1 masked for ,silenus #bb ,roman ,wall ,caricature of a ,christian #be ,burlesque of ,jupiter's ,wooing of ,princess ,alcmena #bi ,greek ,caricature of the ,oracle of ,apollo #cj ,an ,egyptian ,caricature #cb ,a ,condemned ,soul1 ,egyptian ,caricature #cc ,egyptian ,servants conveying ,home their ,masters from a ,carouse #cc ,too ,late with the ,basin #cd ,the ,hindoo ,god ,krishna on his ,travels #cg ,krishna's ,attendants assuming the ,form of a ,bird #cg ,krishna in his ,palanquin #ch ,capital in the ,autun ,cathedral #da ,capitals in the ,strasburg ,cathedral1 ,a4,d4 #acjj #da ,engraved upon a ,stall in ,sherborne ,minster1 ,england #dc ,from a ,manuscript of the ,thirteenth ,century #dc ,from a ,mass-book of the ,fourteenth ,century #dd ,from a ,french ,prayer-book of the ,thirteenth ,century #de ,from ,queen ,mary's ,prayer-book1 ,a4,d4 #aeec #df ,gog and ,magog1 ,guildhall1 ,london #ej ,head of the ,great ,dragon of ,norwich #ea ,souls weighed in the ,balance1 ,autun ,cathedral #ea ,struggle for ,possession of a ,soul between ,angel and ,devil #eb ,lost ,souls cast into ,hell #ec ,devils seizing their ,prey #ed ,the ,temptation #ee ,french ,death-crier #ef ,death and the ,cripple #eg ,death and the ,old ,man #eh ,death and the ,peddler #eh ,death and the ,knight #eh ,heaven and ,earth weighed in the ,balance #fj ,english ,caricature of an ,irishman1 ,a4,d4 #abhj #fb ,caricature of the ,jews in ,england1 ,a4,d4 #abcc #fc ,luther inspired by ,satan #fd ,devil fiddling upon a ,pair of ,bellows #fe ,oldest ,drawing in the ,british ,museum1 ,a4,d4 #acbj #ff ,bishop's ,seal1 ,a4,d4 #acjj #fg ,pastor and ,flock1 ,sixteenth ,century #gj ,confessing to ,god2 and ,sale of ,indulgences #gb ,christ1 the ,true ,light #gc ,papa1 ,doctor ,theologiae et ,magister ,fidei #gg ,the ,pope cast into ,hell #gg ,the ,beam that is in thine own ,eye1 ,a4,d4 #aedj #gh ,luther ,triumphant #gi ,the ,triumph of ,riches #ha ,calvin branded #hc ,calvin at the ,burning of ,servetus #hd ,calvin1 the ,pope1 and ,luther #he ,titian's ,caricature of the ,laocooen #hi ,the ,papal ,gorgon #ij ,spayne and ,rome defeated #id ,from ,title-page to ,sermon ,woe to ,drunkards #ig ,let not the ,world devide those whom ,christ hath joined #ii ,england's ,wolfe with ,eagle's ,clawes1 #afdg #ajb ,charles ,,ii4 and the ,scotch ,presbyterians1 #afea #ajc ,cris-cross ,rhymes on ,love's ,crosses1 #afdj #aje ,shrove-tide in ,arms against ,lent #ajg ,lent tilting at ,shrove-tide #ajh ,the ,queen of ,james ,,ii4 and ,father ,petre #aji ,caricature of ,corpulent ,general ,galas #aae ,a ,quaker ,meeting1 #agaj #aaf ,archbishop of ,paris #aah ,archbishop of ,rheims #aah ,caricature of ,louis ,,xiv41 by ,thackeray #aai ,shares6 ,shares6 ,shares6 ,caricature of ,john ,law #abj ,island of ,madhead #abb ,speculative ,map of ,louisiana #abf ,john ,law1 ,wind ,monopolist #abi ,the ,sleeping ,congregation #acd ,hogarth's ,drawing in ,three ,strokes #acg ,hogarth's ,invitation ,card #acg ,time ,smoking a ,picture #ach ,dedication of a ,proposed ,history of the ,arts #adj ,walpole paring the ,nails of the ,british ,lion #adb ,dutch ,neutrality1 #agde #adb ,british ,idolatry of the ,opera-singer ,mingotti #adc ,the ,motion 7for the ,removal of ,walpole7 #add ,antiquaries puzzled #adf ,caricature designed by ,benjamin ,franklin #adg ,lord ,bute #aeb ,princess of ,wales--,bute--,george ,,iii #aeb ,the ,wire-master 7,bute7 and his ,puppets #aec ,the ,gouty ,colossus1 ,william ,pitt #aef ,the ,mask 7,coalition7 #aeg ,heads of ,fox and ,north #aeh ,assembly of the ,notables at ,paris #afa ,mirabeau #afb ,the ,dagger ,scene in the ,house of ,commons #afd ,the ,zenith of ,french ,glory #afe ,the ,estates #aff ,the ,new ,calvary #aff ,president of ,revolutionary ,committee amusing himself with his ,art #afh ,rare ,animals #afi ,aristocrat and ,democrat #agj ,you frank6 ,have confidence in you6 #aga ,matrimony--,a ,man loaded with ,mischief #agc ,settling the ,odd ,trick #agd ,who was that gentleman that just went out8 #agf ,now1 understand me4 ,to-morrow morning he will ask you to dinner #agg ,madame1 your ,cousin ,betty wishes to know if you can receive her #agi ,a ,scene of ,conjugal ,life #ahj ,a ,splendid ,spread #aha ,american ,lady walking in the ,snow #ahc ,my dear ,baron1 ,i am in the most pressing need of five hundred franc #ahd ,sir1 be good enough to come round in front and speak to me #ahe ,where are the diamonds exhibited8 #ahe ,evening ,scene in the ,parlor of an ,american ,boarding-house #ahf ,he's coming6 ,take off your hat6 #ahh ,the ,scholastic ,hen and her ,chickens #ahi ,chinese ,caricature of an ,english ,foraging ,party #aia ,a ,deaf ,mandarin #aif ,after ,dinner4 ,a ,chinese ,caricature #aig ,the ,rat ,rice ,merchants4 ,a ,japanese ,caricature #bjf ,talleyrand--the ,man with ,six ,heads #bji ,a ,great ,man's ,last ,leap #baj ,talleyrand #baa ,a ,promenade in the ,palais ,royal #bac ,family of the ,extinguishers #bad ,the ,jesuits at ,court #bae ,charles ,philipon #bah ,robert ,macaire fishing for ,share-holders #bba ,a ,husband's ,dilemma #bbc ,housekeeping #bbd ,a ,poultice for ,two #bbf ,parisian ,shoo1 ,fly6 #bbg ,three6 #bbh ,two ,attitudes #bcj ,the ,den of ,lions at the ,opera #bca ,the ,vulture #bcc ,partant pour la ,syrie #bcd ,gavarni #bcf ,honore ,daumier #bcg ,evolution of the ,piano #bdc ,a ,corporal interviewed by the ,major #bdd ,a ,bold ,comparison #bde ,strict ,discipline in the ,field #bdf ,ahead of ,time #bdg ,a ,journeyman's ,leave-taking #bdh ,after ,sedan #bej ,to the ,bull-fight #bea ,a ,delegation of ,birds of ,prey #beb ,child1 you will take cold #bec ,inconvenience of the ,new ,collar #bed ,sufferings endured by a ,prisoner of ,war #bee ,king ,bomba's ,ultimatum to ,sicily #bei ,he has begun the ,service with ,mass1 and completed it with ,bombs #bfj ,the ,burial of ,liberty #bfa ,bomba at ,supper #bfb ,such is the ,love of ,kings #bfc ,mr4 ,punch #bfd ,return of the ,pope to ,rome #bfe ,james ,gillray #bfg ,tiddy-,doll1 the ,great ,french ,gingerbread ,baker #bfh ,the ,threatened ,invasion of ,england #bfi ,the ,bibliomaniac #bgj ,hope--,a ,phrenological ,illustration #bga ,term ,time #bgc ,box in a ,new ,york ,theatre in #ahcj #bgf ,seymour's ,conception of ,mr4 ,winkle #bgh ,probable ,suggestion of the ,fat ,boy #bhj ,a ,wedding ,breakfast #bha ,the ,boy who chalked up ,no ,popery6 #bhd ,john ,leech #bhe ,preparatory ,school for ,young ,ladies #bhf ,the ,quarrel4--,england and ,france #bhg ,obstructives #bij ,jeddo and ,belfast2 or1 a ,puzzle for ,japan #bia ,at the ,church-gate #bib ,an ,early ,quibble #bid ,john ,tenniel #bie ,soliloquy of a ,rationalistic ,chicken #bih ,i'll follow thee6 #bii ,join or ,die #cjd ,boston ,massacre ,coffins #cjf ,a ,militia ,drill in ,massachusetts in #ahcb #cjh ,fight in ,congress between ,lyon and ,griswold #cab ,the ,gerry-mander #caf ,thomas ,nast #cah ,wholesale and ,retail #cai ,the ,brains of the ,tammany ,ring #cbj ,what are the wild waves saying8 #cba ,shin-plaster ,caricature of ,general ,jackson's ,war on the ,united ,states ,bank #cbb ,city ,people in a ,country ,church #cbc ,why don't you take it8 #cbd ,popular ,caricature of the ,secession ,war #cbe ,virginia pausing #cbf ,tweedledee and ,sweedledum #cbh ,who ,stole the ,people's ,money8 #cbi ,on to ,richmond6 #ccj ,christmas-time4--,won at a ,turkey ,raffle #cca ,he cometh not1 she said #ccb ,illustration3 ,pigmy ,pugilists--from ,pompeii4 ,,caricature ,,and ,,comic ,,art4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,among ,,the ,,romans4 ,much as the ancients differed from ourselves in other particulars1 they certainly laughed at one another just as we do1 for precisely the same reasons1 and employed every art1 device1 and implement of ridicule which is known to us4 ,illustration3 ,chalk ,drawing by ,roman ,soldier in ,pompeii4 ,observe this rude and childish attempt at a drawing4 ,go into any boys' school to-day1 and turn over the slates and copy-books1 or visit an inclosure where men are obliged to pass idle days1 and you will be likely to find pictures conceived in this taste1 and executed with this degree of artistic skill4 ,but the drawing dates back nearly eighteen centuries4 ,it was done on one of the hot1 languid days of ,august1 ,a4,d4 #gi1 by a ,roman soldier with a piece of red chalk on a wall of his barracks in the city of ,pompeii4#a ,on the #bc;d of ,august1 in the year #gi1 occurred the eruption of ,vesuvius1 which buried not ,italian cities only1 but ,antiquity itself1 and1 by burying1 preserved it for the instruction of after-times4 ,in disinterred ,pompeii1 the ,past stands revealed to us1 and we remark with a kind of infantile surprise the great number of particulars in which the people of that day were even such as we are4 ,there was found the familiar apothecary's shop1 with a box of pills on the counter1 and a roll of material that was about to be made up when the apothecary heard the warning thunder and fled4 ,the baker's shop remained1 with a loaf of bread stamped with the maker's name4 ,a sculptor's studio was strewed with blocks of marble1 unfinished statues1 mallets1 compasses1 chisels1 and saws4 ,a thousand objects attest that when the fatal eruption burst upon these cities1 life and its activities were going forward in all essential particulars as they are at this moment in any rich and luxurious town of ,southern ,europe4 ,footnote #a3 ,naples and the ,campagna ,felice4 ,in a ,series of ,letters addressed to a ,friend in ,england1 in #ahjb1 p4 #ajd4 ,in the building supposed to have been the quarters of the ,roman garrison1 many of the walls were covered with such attempts at caricature as the specimen just given1 to some of which were appended opprobrious epithets and phrases4 ,the name of the personage above portrayed was ,nonius ,maximus1 who was probably a martinet centurion1 odious to his company1 for the name was found in various parts of the inclosure1 usually accompanied by disparaging words4 ,many of the soldiers had simply chalked their own names2 others had added the number of their cohort or legion1 precisely as in the late war soldiers left records of their stay on the walls of fort and hospital4 ,a large number of these wall-chalkings in red1 white1 and black 7most of them in red7 were clearly legible fifty years after exposure4 ,i give another specimen1 a genuine political caricature1 copied from an outside wall of a private house in ,pompeii4 ,illustration3 ,chalk ,caricature on a ,wall in ,pompeii4 ,the allusion is to an occurrence in local history of the liveliest possible interest to the people4 ,a few years before the fatal eruption there was a fierce town-and-country row in the amphitheatre1 in which the ,pompeians defeated and put to flight the provincial ,nucerians4 ,nero condemned the pugnacious men of ,pompeii to the terrible penalty of closing their amphitheatre for ten years4 ,in the picture an armed man descends into the arena bearing the palm of victory1 while on the other side a prisoner is dragged away bound4 ,the inscription alone gives us the key to the street artist's meaning1 ,campani victoria una cum ,nucerinis peristis--,men of ,campania1 you perished in the victory not less than the ,nucerians2 as though the patriotic son of ,campania had written1 ,we beat 'em1 but very little we got by it4 ,if the idlers of the streets chalked caricature on the walls1 we can not be surprised to discover that ,pompeian artists delighted in the comic and burlesque4 ,comic scenes from the plays of ,terence and ,plautus1 with the names of the characters written over them1 have been found1 as well as a large number of burlesque scenes1 in which dwarfs1 deformed people1 ,pigmies1 beasts1 and birds are engaged in the ordinary labors of men4 ,the gay and luxurious people of the buried cities seem to have delighted in nothing so much as in representations of ,pigmies1 for there was scarcely a house in ,pompeii yet uncovered which did not exhibit some trace of the ancient belief in the existence of these little people4 ,homer1 ,aristotle1 and ,pliny all discourse of the ,pigmies as actually existing1 and the artists1 availing themselves of this belief1 which they shared1 employed it in a hundred ways to caricature the doings of men of larger growth4 ,pliny describes them as inhabiting the salubrious mountainous regions of ,india1 their stature about twenty-seven inches1 and engaged in eternal war with their enemies1 the geese4 ,they say1 ,pliny continues1 that1 mounted upon rams and goats1 and armed with bows and arrows1 they descend in a body during spring-time to the edge of the waters1 where they eat the eggs and the young of those birds1 not returning to the mountains for three months4 ,otherwise they could not resist the ever-increasing multitude of the geese4 ,the ,pigmies live in cabins made of mud1 the shells of goose eggs1 and feathers of the same bird4 ,illustration3 ,battle between ,pigmies and ,geese4 ,homer1 in the third book of the ,iliad1 alludes to the wars of the ,cranes and ,pigmies3 ,so when inclement winters vex the plain ,with piercing frosts1 or thick-descending rain1 ,to warmer seas the ,cranes embodied fly1 ,with noise and order through the midway sky2 ,to ,pigmy nations wounds and death they bring1 ,and all the war descends upon the wing4 ,illustration3 ,a ,pigmy ,scene--from ,pompeii4 ,one of our engravings shows that not ,india only1 but ,egypt also1 was regarded as the haunt of the ,pigmy race2 for the ,upper ,nile was then1 as now1 the home of the hippopotamus1 the crocodile1 and the lotus4 ,here we see a bald-headed ,pigmy hero riding triumphantly on a mighty crocodile1 regardless of the open-mouthed1 bellowing hippopotamus behind him4 ,in other pictures1 however1 the scaly monster1 so far from playing this submissive part1 is seen plunging in fierce pursuit of a ,pigmy1 who flies headlong before the foe4 ,frescoes1 vases1 mosaics1 statuettes1 paintings1 and signet-rings found in the ancient cities all attest the popularity of the little men4 ,the odd pair of vases on the following page1 one in the shape of a boar's head and the other in that of a ram's1 are both adorned with a representation of the fierce combats between the ,pigmies and the geese4 ,there has been an extraordinary display of erudition in the attempt to account for the endless repetition of ,pigmy subjects in the houses of the ,pompeians2 but the learned and acute ,m4 ,champfleury humbly hazards a conjecture1 as he modestly expresses it1 which commends itself at once to general acceptance4 ,he thinks these ,pigmy pictures were designed to amuse the children4 ,no conjecture could be less erudite or more probable4 ,we know1 however1 as a matter of record1 that the walls of taverns and wine-shops were usually adorned with ,pigmy pictures1 such subjects being associated in every mind with pleasure and gayety4 ,it is not difficult to imagine that a picture of a pugilistic encounter between ,pigmies1 like the one given at the head of this chapter1 or a fanciful representation of a combat of ,pigmy gladiators1 of which many have been discovered1 would be both welcome and suitable as tavern pictures in the ,italian cities of the classic period4 ,illustration3 ,vases with ,pigmy ,designs4 ,the ,pompeians1 in common with all the people of antiquity1 had a child-like enjoyment in witnessing representations of animals engaged in the labors or the sports of human beings4 ,a very large number of specimens have been uncovered1 some of them gorgeous with the hues given them by masters of coloring eighteen hundred years ago4 ,in the following cut is a specimen of these--a representation of a grasshopper driving a chariot1 copied in #ahjb from a ,pompeian work for an ,english traveler4 ,illustration3 ,a ,grasshopper driving a ,chariot4 ,nothing can exceed either the brilliancy or the delicacy of the coloring of this picture in the original1 the splendid plumage of the bird and the bright gold of the chariot shaft and wheel being relieved and heightened by a gray background and the greenish brown of the course4 ,the colorists of ,pompeii have obviously influenced the taste of ,christendom4 ,there are few houses of pretension decorated within the last quarter of a century1 either in ,europe or ,america1 which do not exhibit combinations and contrasts of color of which the hint was found in exhumed ,pompeii4 ,one or two other small specimens of this kind of art1 selected from a large number accessible1 may interest the reader4 ,illustration3 ,from an ,antique ,amethyst4 ,illustration3 ,flight of ,a,eneas from ,troy4 ,the spirited air of the team of cocks1 and the nonchalant professional attitude of the charioteer1 will not escape notice4 ,perhaps the most interesting example of this propensity to personify animals which the exhumed cities have furnished us is a burlesque of a popular picture of ,a,eneas escaping from ,troy1 carrying his father1 ,anchises1 on his back1 and leading by the hand his son1 ,ascanius1 the old man carrying the casket of household gods4 ,no scene could have been more familiar to the people of ,italy than one which exhibited the hero whom they regarded as the founder of their empire in so engaging a light1 and to which the genius of ,virgil had given a deathless charm3 ,thus ord'ring all that prudence could provide ,i clothe my shoulders with a lion's hide ,and yellow spoils2 then on my bending back ,the welcome load of my dear father take2 ,while on my better hand ,ascanius hung1 ,and with unequal paces tripped along4 ,artists found a subject in these lines1 and of one picture suggested by them two copies have been found carved upon stone4 ,illustration3 ,caricature of the ,flight of ,a,eneas4 ,this device of employing animals' heads upon human bodies is still used by the caricaturist1 so few are the resources of his branch of art2 and we can not deny that it retains a portion of its power to excite laughter4 ,if we may judge from what has been discovered of the burlesque art of the ancient nations1 we may conclude that this idea1 poor as it seems to us1 was the one which the artists of antiquity most frequently employed4 ,it was also common with them to burlesque familiar paintings1 as in the instance given4 ,it is not unlikely that the cloyed and dainty taste of the ,pompeian connoisseur perceived something ridiculous in the too-familiar exploit of ,father ,a,eneas as represented in serious art1 just as we smile at the theatrical attitudes and costumes in the picture of ,washington crossing the ,delaware4 ,fancy that work burlesqued by putting an eagle's head upon the ,father of his ,country1 filling the boat with magpie soldiers1 covering the river with icebergs1 and making the oars still more ludicrously inadequate to the work in hand than they are in the painting4 ,thus a caricaturist of ,pompeii1 ,rome1 ,greece1 ,egypt1 or ,assyria would have endeavored to cast ridicule upon such a picture4 ,illustration3 ,from a ,red ,jasper4 ,few events of the last century were more influential upon the progress of knowledge than the chance discovery of the buried cities1 since it nourished a curiosity respecting the past which could not be confined to those excavations1 and which has since been disclosing antiquity in every quarter of the globe4 ,we call it a chance discovery1 although the part which accident plays in such matters is more interesting than important4 ,the digging of a well in #agjh let daylight into the amphitheatre of ,herculaneum1 and caused some languid exploration1 which had small results4 ,forty years later1 a peasant at work in a vineyard five miles from the same spot struck with his hoe something hard1 which was too firmly fixed in the ground to be moved4 ,it proved to be a small statue of metal1 upright1 and riveted to a stone pedestal1 which was itself immovably fastened to some solid mass still deeper in the earth4 ,where the hoe had struck the statue the metal showed the tempting hue of gold1 and the peasant1 after carefully smoothing over the surface1 hurried away with a fragment of it to a goldsmith1 intending 7so runs the local gossip7 to work this opening as his private gold mine4 ,but as the metal was pronounced brass1 he honestly reported the discovery to a magistrate1 who set on foot an excavation4 ,the statue was found to be a ,minerva1 fixed to the centre of a small roof-like dome1 and when the dome was broken through it was seen to be the roof of a temple1 of which the ,minerva had been the topmost ornament4 ,and thus was discovered1 about the middle of the last century1 the ancient city of ,pompeii1 buried by a storm of light ashes from ,vesuvius sixteen hundred and seventy years before4 ,illustration3 ,roman ,masks1 ,comic and ,tragic4 ,it was not the accident1 but the timeliness of the accident1 which made it important2 for there never could have been an excavation fifteen feet deep over the site of ,pompeii without revealing indications of the buried city4 ,but the time was then ripe for an exploration4 ,it had become possible to excite a general curiosity in a ,past exhumed2 and such a curiosity is a late result of culture3 it does not exist in a dull or in an ignorant mind4 ,and this curiosity1 nourished and inflamed as it was by the brilliant and marvelous things brought to light in ,pompeii and ,herculaneum1 has sought new gratification wherever a heap of ruins betrayed an ancient civilization4 ,it looks now as if many of the old cities of the world are in layers or strata--a new ,london upon an old ,london1 and perhaps a ,london under that--a city three or four deep1 each the record of an era4 ,two ,romes we familiarly know1 one of which is built in part upon the other2 and at ,cairo we can see the process going on by which some ancient cities were buried without volcanic aid4 ,the dirt of the unswept streets1 never removed1 has raised the grade of ,cairo from age to age4 ,illustration3 ,a ,roman ,comic ,actor masked for the ,part of ,silenus4 ,the excavations at ,rome1 so rich in results1 were not needed to prove that to the ,romans of old caricature was a familiar thing4 ,the mere magnitude of their theatres1 and their habit of performing plays in the open air1 compelled caricature1 the basis of which is exaggeration4 ,actors1 both comic and tragic1 wore masks of very elaborate construction1 made of resonant metal1 and so shaped as to serve1 in some degree1 the office of a speaking-trumpet4 ,in the engravings on this page are represented a pair of masks such as were worn by ,roman actors throughout the empire1 of which many specimens have been found4 ,if the reader has ever visited the ,coliseum at ,rome1 or even one of the large hippodromes of ,paris or ,new ,york1 and can imagine the attempts of an actor to exhibit comic or tragic effects of countenance or of vocal utterance across spaces so extensive1 he will readily understand the necessity of such masks as these4 ,the art of acting could only have been developed in small theatres4 ,in the open air or in the uncovered amphitheatre all must have been vociferation and caricature4 ,observe the figure of old ,silenus1 on preceding page1 one of the chief mirth-makers of antiquity1 who lives for us in the ,old ,man of the pantomime4 ,he is masked for the theatre4 ,the legend of ,silenus is itself an evidence of the tendency of the ancients to fall into caricature4 ,to the ,romans he was at once the tutor1 the comrade1 and the butt of jolly ,bacchus4 ,he discoursed wisdom and made fun4 ,he was usually represented as an old man1 bald1 flat-nosed1 half drunk1 riding upon a broad-backed ass1 or reeling along by the aid of a staff1 uttering shrewd maxims and doing ludicrous acts4 ,people wonder that the pantomime called ,humpty ,dumpty should be played a thousand nights in ,new ,york2 but the substance of all that boisterous nonsense1 that exhibition of rollicking freedom from restraints of law1 usage1 and gravitation1 has amused mankind for unknown thousands of years2 for it is merely what remains to us of the legendary ,bacchus and his jovial crew4 ,we observe1 too1 that the great comic books1 such as ,gil ,blas1 ,don ,quixote1 ,pickwick1 and others1 are most effective when the hero is most like ,bacchus1 roaming over the earth with merry blades1 delightfully free from the duties and conditions which make bondmen of us all4 ,mr4 ,dickens may never have thought of it--and he may--but there is much of the charm of the ancient ,bacchic legends in the narrative of the four ,pickwickians and ,samuel ,weller setting off on the top of a coach1 and meeting all kinds of gay and semi-lawless adventures in country towns and rambling inns4 ,even the ancient distribution of characters is hinted at4 ,with a few changes1 easily imagined1 the irrepressible ,sam might represent ,bacchus1 and his master bring to mind the sage and comic ,silenus4 ,nothing is older than our modes of fun4 ,even in seeking the origin of ,punch1 investigators lose themselves groping in the dim light of the most remote antiquity4 ,how readily the ,roman satirists ran into caricature all their readers know1 except those who take the amusing exaggerations of ,juvenal and ,horace as statements of fact4 ,during the heat of our antislavery contest1 ,dryden's translation of the passage in ,juvenal which pictures the luxurious ,roman lady ordering her slave to be put to death was used by the late ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,fry1 in the ,new ,york ,tribune1 with thrilling effect3 ,go drag that slave to death6 ,you reason1 ,why ,should the poor innocent be doomed to die8 ,what proofs8 ,for1 when man's life is in debate1 ,the judge can ne'er too long deliberate4 ,call'st thou that slave a man8 the wife replies4 ,proved or unproved the crime1 the villain dies4 ,i have the sovereign power to save or kill1 ,and give no other reason but my will4 ,this is evidently caricature4 ,not only is the whole of ,juvenal's sixth satire a series of the broadest exaggerations1 but with regard to this particular passage we have evidence of its burlesque character in ,horace 7,satire ,,iii41 ,book ,i471 where1 wishing to give an example of impossible folly1 he says1 ,if a man should crucify a slave for eating some of the fish which he had been ordered to take away1 people in their senses would call him a madman4 ,juvenal exhibits the ,roman matron of his period undergoing the dressing of her hair1 giving the scene the same unmistakable character of caricature3 ,she hurries all her handmaids to the task2 ,her head alone will twenty dressers ask4 ,psecas1 the chief1 with breast and shoulders bare1 ,trembling1 considers every sacred hair3 ,if any straggler from his rank be found1 ,a pinch must for the mortal sin compound4 ,with curls on curls they build her head1 before1 ,and mount it with a formidable tower4 ,a giantess she seems2 but look behind1 ,and then she dwindles to the ,pigmy kind4 ,duck-legged1 short-waisted1 such a dwarf she is ,that she must rise on tiptoe for a kiss4 ,meanwhile her husband's whole estate is spent2 ,he may go bare1 while she receives his rent4 ,the spirit of caricature speaks in these lines4 ,there are passages of ,horace1 too1 in reading which the picture forms itself before the mind2 and the poet supplies the very words which caricaturists usually employ to make their meaning more obvious4 ,in the third satire of the second book a caricature is exhibited to the mind's eye without the intervention of pencil4 ,we see the miser ,opimius1 poor amid his hoards of gold1 who has starved himself into a lethargy2 his heir is scouring his coffers in triumph2 but the doctor devises a mode of rousing his patient4 ,he orders a table to be brought into the room1 upon which he causes the hidden bags of money to be poured out1 and several persons to draw near as if to count it4 ,opimius revives at this maddening spectacle1 and the doctor urges him to strengthen himself by generous food1 and so balk his rapacious heir4 ,do you hesitate8 cries the doctor4 ,come1 now1 take this preparation of rice4 ,how much did it cost8 asks the miser4 ,only a trifle4 ,but how much8 ,eightpence4 ,opimius1 appalled at the price1 whimpers1 ,alas6 what does it matter whether ,i die of a disease1 or by plunder and extortion8 ,many similar examples will arrest the eye of one who turns over the pages of this master of satire4 ,the great festival of the ,roman year1 the ,saturnalia1 which occurred in the latter half of ,december1 we may almost say was consecrated to caricature1 so fond were the ,romans of every kind of ludicrous exaggeration4 ,this festival1 the merry ,christmas of the ,roman world1 gave to the ,christian festival many of its enlivening observances4 ,during the ,saturnalia the law courts and schools were closed2 there was a general interchange of presents1 and universal feasting2 there were fantastic games1 processions of masked figures in extravagant costumes1 and religious sacrifices4 ,for three days the slaves were not merely exempt from labor1 but they enjoyed freedom of speech1 even to the abusing of their masters4 ,in one of his satires1 ,horace gives us an idea of the manner in which slaves burlesqued their lords at this jocund time4 ,he reports some of the remarks of his own slave1 ,davus1 upon himself and his poetry4 ,davus1 it is evident1 had discovered the histrionic element in literature1 and pressed it home upon his master4 ,you praise the simplicity of the ancient ,romans2 but if any god were to reduce you to their condition1 you1 the same man that wrote those fine things1 would beg to be let off4 ,at ,rome you long for the country2 and when you are in the country1 you praise the distant city to the skies4 ,when you are not invited out to supper1 you extol your homely repast at home1 and hug yourself that you are not obliged to drink with any body abroad4 ,as if you ever went out upon compulsion6 ,but let ,maecenas send you an invitation for early lamp-light1 then what do we hear8 ,will no one bring the oil quicker8 ,does any body hear me8 ,you bellow and storm with fury4 ,you bought me for five hundred drachmas1 but what if it turns out that you are the greater fool of the two8 ,and thus the astute and witty ,davus continues to ply his master with taunts and jeers and wise saws1 till ,horace1 in fury1 cries out1 ,where can ,i find a stone8 ,davus innocently asks1 ,what need is there here of such a thing as a stone8 ,where can ,i get some javelins8 roars ,horace4 ,upon which ,davus quietly remarks1 ,this man is either mad or making verses4 ,horace ends the colloquy by saying1 ,if you do not this instant take yourself off1 ,i'll make a field-hand of you on my ,sabine estate6 ,illustration3 ,roman ,wall ,caricature of a ,christian4 ,that ,roman satirists employed the pencil and the brush as well as the stylus1 and employed them freely and constantly1 we should have surmised if the fact had not been discovered4 ,most of the caricatures of passing events speedily perish in all countries1 because the materials usually employed in them are perishable4 ,to preserve so slight a thing as a chalk sketch on a wall for eighteen centuries1 accident must lend a hand1 as it has in the instance now given4 ,this picture was found in #aheg upon the wall of a narrow ,roman street1 which was closed up and shut out from the light of day about ,a4,d4 #ajj1 to facilitate an extension of the imperial palace4 ,the wall when uncovered was found scratched all over with rude caricature drawings in the style of the specimen given4 ,this one immediately arrested attention1 and the part of the wall on which it was drawn was carefully removed to the ,collegio ,romano1 in the museum of which it may now be inspected4 ,the ,greek words scrawled upon the picture may be translated thus3 ,alexamenos is worshiping his god4 ,these words sufficiently indicate that the picture was aimed at some member1 to us unknown1 of the despised sect of the ,christians4 ,it is the only allusion to ,christianity which has yet been found upon the walls of the ,italian cities2 but it is extremely probable that the street artists found in the strange usages of the ,christians a very frequent subject4 ,we know well what the educated class of the ,romans thought of the ,christians1 when they thought of them at all4 ,they regarded them as a sect of extremely absurd ,jews1 insanely obstinate1 and wholly contemptible4 ,if the professors and students of ,harvard and ,yale should read in the papers that a new sect had arisen among the ,mormons1 more eccentric and ridiculous even than the ,mormons themselves1 the intelligence would excite in their minds about the same feeling that the courtly scholars of the ,roman ,empire manifest when they speak of the early ,christians4 ,nothing astonished them so much as their obstinacy4 ,a man1 says the ,emperor ,marcus ,aurelius1 ought to be ready to die when the time comes2 but this readiness should be the result of a calm judgment1 and not be an exhibition of mere obstinacy1 as with the ,christians4 ,the younger ,pliny1 too1 in his character of magistrate1 was extremely perplexed with this same obstinacy4 ,he tells us that when people were brought before him charged with being ,christians1 he asked them the question1 ,are you a ,christian8 ,if they said they were1 he repeated it twice1 threatening them with punishment2 and if they persisted1 he ordered them to be punished4 ,if they denied the charge1 he put them to the proof by requiring them to repeat after him an invocation to the gods1 and to offer wine and incense to the emperor's statue4 ,some of the accused1 he says1 reviled ,christ2 and this he regarded as a sure proof of innocence1 for people told him there was no forcing real ,christians to do an act of that nature4 ,some of the accused owned that they had been ,christians once1 three years ago or more1 and some twenty years ago1 but had returned to the worship of the gods4 ,these1 however1 declared that1 after all1 there was no great offense in being ,christians4 ,they had merely met on a regular day before dawn1 addressed a form of prayer to ,christ as to a divinity1 and bound themselves by a solemn oath not to commit fraud1 theft1 or other immoral act1 nor break their word1 nor betray a trust2 after which they used to separate1 then re-assemble1 and eat together a harmless meal4 ,all this seemed innocent enough2 but ,pliny was not satisfied4 ,i judged it necessary1 he writes to the emperor1 to try to get at the real truth by putting to the torture two female slaves who were said to officiate at their religious rites2 but all ,i could discover was evidence of an absurd and extravagant superstition4 ,so he refers the whole matter to the emperor1 telling him that the contagion is not confined to the cities1 but has spread into the villages and into the country4 ,still1 he thought it could be checked3 nay1 it had been checked2 for the temples1 which had been almost abandoned1 were beginning to be frequented again1 and there was also a general demand for victims for sacrifice1 which till lately had found few purchasers4 ,the wise ,trajan approved the course of his representative4 ,he tells him1 however1 not to go out of his way to look for ,christians2 but if any were brought before him1 why1 of course he must inflict the penalty unless they proved their innocence by invoking the gods4 ,the remains of ,roman literature have nothing so interesting for us as these two letters of ,pliny and ,trajan of the year #ajc4 ,we may rest assured that the walls of every ,roman town bore testimony to the contempt and aversion in which the ,christians were held1 particularly by those who dealt in victims and served the altars--a very numerous and important class throughout the ancient world4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,among ,,the ,,greeks4 ,greece was the native home of all that we now call art4 ,upon looking over the two hundred pages of art gossip in the writings of the elder ,pliny1 most of which relates to ,greece1 we are ready to ask1 ,is there one thing in painting or drawing1 one school1 device1 style1 or method1 known to us which was not familiar to the ,greeks8 ,they had their ,landseers--men great in dogs and all animals2 they had artists renowned in the ,dutch style ages before the ,dutch ceased to be amphibious--artists who painted barber-shop interiors to a hair1 and donkeys eating cabbages correct to a fibre2 they had cattle pieces as famous throughout the classic world as ,rosa ,bonheur's ,horse ,fair is now in ours2 they had ,rosa ,bonheurs of their own--famous women1 a list of whose names ,pliny gives2 they had portrait-painters too good to be fashionable1 and portrait-painters too fashionable to be good2 they had artists who excelled in flesh1 others great in form1 others excellent in composition2 they took plaster casts of dead faces2 they had varnishers and picture-cleaners4 ,noted pictures were spoken of as having lost their charm through an unskillful cleaner4 ,they had their life school1 and used it as artists now do1 borrowing from each model her special beauty4 ,zeuxis1 as ,pliny records1 was so scrupulously careful in the execution of a religious painting that he had the young maidens of the place stripped for examination1 and selected five of them1 in order to adopt in his picture the most commendable points in the form of each4 ,and we may be sure that every maiden of them felt it to be an honor thus to contribute perfection to a ,juno1 executed by the first artist of the world1 which was to adorn the temple of her native city4 ,they played with art as men are apt to play with the implements of which they are masters4 ,sosus1 the great artist in mosaics1 executed at ,pergamus the pavement of a banqueting-room which presented the appearance of a floor strewed with crumbs1 fragments and scraps of a feast1 not yet swept away4 ,it was renowned as the ,unswept ,hall of ,pergamus4 ,and what a pleasing story is that of the contest between ,zeuxis and his rival1 ,parrhasius6 ,on the day of trial ,zeuxis hung in the place of exhibition a painting of grapes1 and ,parrhasius a picture of a curtain4 ,some birds flew to the grapes of ,zeuxis1 and began to pick at them4 ,the artist1 overjoyed at so striking a proof of his success1 turned haughtily to his rival1 and demanded that the curtain should be drawn aside and the picture revealed4 ,but the curtain was the picture4 ,he owned himself surpassed1 since he had only deceived birds1 but ,parrhasius had deceived ,zeuxis4 ,illustration3 ,burlesque of ,jupiter's ,wooing of the ,princess ,alcmena4 ,could comic artists and caricaturists be wanting in ,athens8 ,strange to say1 it was the gods and goddesses whom the caricaturists of ,greece as well as the comic writers chiefly selected for ridicule4 ,all their works have perished except a few specimens preserved upon pottery4 ,we show one from a ,greek vase1 a rude burlesque of one of ,jupiter's love adventures1 the father of gods and men being accompanied by a ,mercury ludicrously unlike the light and agile messenger of the gods4 ,the story goes that the ,princess ,alcmena1 though betrothed to a lover1 vowed her hand to the man who should avenge her slaughtered brothers4 ,jupiter assumed the form and face of the lover1 and1 pretending to have avenged her brothers' death1 gained admittance4 ,pliny describes a celebrated burlesque painting of the birth of ,bacchus from ,jupiter's thigh1 in which the god of the gods was represented wearing a woman's cap1 in a highly ridiculous posture1 crying out1 and surrounded by goddesses in the character of midwives4 ,the best specimen of ,greek caricature that has come down to us burlesques no less serious a theme than the great oracle of ,apollo at ,delphos1 given on page #cj4 ,this remarkable work owes its preservation to the imperishable nature of the material on which it was executed4 ,it was copied from a large vessel used by the ,greeks and ,romans for holding vinegar1 a conspicuous object upon their tables1 and therefore inviting ornament4 ,what audacity to burlesque an oracle to which kings and conquerors humbly repaired for direction1 and which all ,greece held in awe6 ,croesus propitiated this oracle by the gift of a solid golden lion as large as life1 and the ,phocians found in its coffers1 and carried off1 a sum equal to nearly eleven millions of dollars in gold4 ,such was the general belief in its divine inspiration6 ,but in this picture we see the oracle1 the god1 and those who consult them1 all exhibited in the broadest burlesque3 ,apollo as a quack doctor on his platform1 with bag1 bow1 and cap2 ,chiron1 old and blind1 struggling up the steps to consult him1 aided by ,apollo at his head and a friend pushing behind2 the nymphs surveying the scene from the heights of ,parnassus2 and the manager of the spectacle1 who looks on from below4 ,how strange is this6 ,but the ,greek literature is also full of this wild license4 ,lucian depicts the gods in council ludicrously discussing the danger they were in from the philosophers4 ,jupiter says1 ,if men are once persuaded that there are no gods1 or1 if there are gods1 that we take no care of human affairs1 we shall have no more gifts or victims from them1 but may sit and starve on ,olympus without festivals1 holidays1 sacrifices1 or any pomp or ceremonies whatever4 ,the whole debate is in this manner1 and is at the same time a burlesque of the political discussions at the ,athenian mass-meetings4 ,what can be more ludicrous than the story of ,mercury visiting ,athens in disguise in order to discover the estimation in which he was held among mortals8 ,he enters the shop of a dealer in images1 where he inquires the price first of a ,jupiter1 then of an ,apollo1 and1 lastly1 with a blush1 of a ,mercury4 ,oh1 says the dealer1 if you take the ,jupiter and the ,apollo1 ,i will throw the ,mercury in4 ,illustration3 ,greek ,caricature of the ,oracle of ,apollo at ,delphos4 ,nor did the witty1 rollicking ,greeks confine their satire to the immortals4 ,of the famous mirth-provokers of the world1 such as ,cervantes1 ,ariosto1 ,moliere1 ,rabelais1 ,sterne1 ,voltaire1 ,thackeray1 ,dickens1 the one that had most power to produce mere physical laughter1 power to shake the sides and cause people to roll helpless upon the floor1 was the ,greek dramatist ,aristophanes4 ,the force of the comic can no farther go than he has carried it in some of the scenes of his best comedies4 ,even to us1 far removed as we are1 in taste as well as in time1 from that wonderful ,athens of his1 they are still irresistibly diverting4 ,this master of mirth is never so effective as when he is turning into ridicule the philosophers and poets for whose sake ,greece is still a dear1 venerable name to all the civilized world4 ,in his comedy of ,the ,frogs he sends ,bacchus down into ,hades with every circumstance of riotous burlesque1 and there he exhibits the two great tragic poets1 ,a,eschylus and ,euripides1 standing opposite each other1 and competing for the tragic throne by reciting verses in which the mannerism of each1 as well as familiar passages of their plays1 is broadly burlesqued4 ,nothing in literature can be found more ludicrous or less becoming1 unless we look for it in ,aristophanes himself4 ,in his play of ,the ,clouds occurs his caricature of ,socrates1 of infinite absurdity1 but not ludicrous to us1 because we read it as part of the story of a sublime and affecting martyrdom4 ,it fills our minds with wonder to think that a people among whom a ,socrates could have been formed could have borne to see him thus profaned4 ,a rogue of a father1 plagued by an extravagant son1 repairs to the school of ,socrates to learn the arts by which creditors are argued out of their just claims in courts of justice4 ,upon reaching the place1 the door of the ,thinking ,shop opens1 and behold6 a caricature all ready for the artist's pencil4 ,the pupils are discovered with their heads fixed to the floor1 their backs uppermost1 and ,socrates hanging from the ceiling in a basket4 ,the visitor1 transfixed with wonder1 questions his companion4 ,he asks why they present that portion of their bodies to heaven4 ,it is getting taught astronomy alone by itself4 ,and who is this man in the basket8 ,,himself4 ,who's ,himself8 ,socrates6 ,the visitor at length addresses the master by a diminutive1 as though he had said1 ,socrates1 dear little ,socrates4 ,the philosopher speaks3 ,why callest thou me1 thou creature of a day8 ,tell me1 first1 ,i beg1 what you are doing up there4 ,i am walking in the air1 and speculating about the sun2 for ,i should never have rightly learned celestial things if ,i had not suspended the intellect1 and subtly mingled ,thought with its kindred ,air4 ,all this is in the very spirit of caricature4 ,half of ,aristophanes is caricature4 ,in characterizing the light literature of ,greece we are reminded of ,juvenal's remark upon the ,greek people1 ,all ,greece is a comedian4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,among ,,the ,,ancient ,,egyptians4 ,egyptian art was old when ,grecian art was young1 and it remained crude when the art of ,greece had reached its highest development4 ,but not the less did it delight in caricature and burlesque4 ,in the ,egyptian collection belonging to the ,new ,york ,historical ,society there is a specimen of the ,egyptians' favorite kind of burlesque picture which dates back three thousand years1 but which stands out more clearly now upon its slab of limestone than we can engrave it here4 ,illustration3 ,an ,egyptian ,caricature4 ,dr4 ,abbott1 who brought this specimen from ,thebes1 interpreted it to be a representation of a lion seated upon a throne1 as king1 receiving from a fox1 personating a high-priest1 an offering of a goose and a fan4 ,it is probably a burlesque of a well-known picture2 for in one of the ,egyptian papyri in the ,british ,museum there is a drawing of a lion and unicorn playing chess1 which is a manifest caricature of a picture frequently repeated upon the ancient monuments4 ,it was from ,egypt1 then1 that the classic nations caught this childish fancy of ridiculing the actions of men by picturing animals performing similar ones2 and it is surprising to note how fond the ,egyptian artists were of this simple device4 ,on the same papyrus there are several other interesting specimens3 a lion on his hind-legs engaged in laying out as a mummy the dead body of a hoofed animal2 a tiger or wild cat driving a flock of geese to market2 another tiger carrying a hoe on one shoulder and a bag of seed on the other2 an animal playing on a double pipe1 and driving before him a herd of small stags1 like a shepherd2 a hippopotamus washing his hands in a tall water-jar2 an animal on a throne1 with another behind him as a fan-bearer1 and a third presenting him with a bouquet4 ,no place was too sacred for such playful delineations4 ,in one of the royal sepulchres at ,thebes1 as ,kenrick relates1 there is a picture of an ass and a lion singing1 accompanying themselves on the phorminx and the harp4 ,there is also an elaborate burlesque of a battle piece1 in which a fortress is attacked by rats1 and defended by cats1 which are visible on the battlements4 ,some rats bring a ladder to the walls and prepare to scale them1 while others1 armed with spears1 shields1 and bows1 protect the assailants4 ,one rat of enormous size1 in a chariot drawn by dogs1 has pierced several cats with arrows1 and is swinging round his battle-axe in exact imitation of ,rameses1 in a serious picture1 dealing destruction on his enemies4 ,on a papyrus at ,turin there is a representation of a cat with a shepherd's crook watching a flock of geese1 while a cynocephalus near by plays upon the flute4 ,of this class of burlesques the most interesting example1 perhaps1 is the one annexed1 representing a ,soul doomed to return to its earthly home in the form of a pig4 ,illustration3 ,a ,condemned ,soul1 ,egyptian ,caricature4 ,this picture1 which is of such antiquity that it was an object of curiosity to the ,romans and the ,greeks1 is part of the decoration of a king's tomb4 ,in the original1 ,osiris1 the august judge of departed spirits1 is represented on his throne1 near the stern of the boat1 waving away the ,soul1 which he has just weighed in his unerring scales and found wanting2 while close to the shore a man hews away the ground1 to intimate that all communication is cut off between the lost spirit and the abode of the blessed4 ,the animals that execute the stern decree are the dog-headed monkeys1 sacred in the mythology of ,egypt4 ,illustration3 ,egyptian ,servants conveying ,home their ,masters from a ,carouse4 ,that the ancient ,egyptians were a jovial people who sat long at the wine1 we might infer from the caricatures which have been discovered in ,egypt1 if we did not know it from other sources of information4 ,representations have been found of every part of the process of wine-making1 from the planting of the vineyard to the storing-away of the wine-jars4 ,in the valuable works of ,sir ,gardner ,wilkinson#b many of these curious pictures are given3 the vineyard and its trellis-work2 men frightening away the birds with slings2 a vineyard with a water-tank for irrigation2 the grape harvest2 baskets full of grapes covered with leaves2 kids browsing upon the vines2 trained monkeys gathering grapes2 the wine-press in operation2 men pressing grapes by the natural process of treading2 pouring the wine into jars2 and rows of jars put away for future use4 ,the same laborious author favors us with ancient ,egyptian caricatures which serve to show that wine was a creature as capable of abuse thirty centuries ago as it is now4 ,footnote #b3 ,a ,popular ,account of the ,ancient ,egyptians1 by ,sir ,j4 ,gardner ,wilkinson1 #b vols41 ,harper ,brothers1 #ahed4 ,pictures of similar character are not unfrequent upon the ancient frescoes1 and many of them are far more extravagant than this1 exhibiting men dancing wildly1 standing upon their heads1 and riotously fighting4 ,from ,sir ,gardner ,wilkinson's disclosures we may reasonably infer that the arts of debauchery have received little addition during the last three thousand years4 ,even the seductive cocktail is not modern4 ,the ancient ,egyptians imbibed stimulants to excite an appetite for wine1 and munched the biting cabbage-leaf for the same purpose4 ,beer in several varieties was known to them also2 veritable beer1 made of barley and a bitter herb2 beer so excellent that the dainty ,greek travelers commended it as a drink only inferior to wine4 ,even the ,egyptian ladies did not always resist the temptation of so many modes of intoxication4 ,nor did they escape the caricaturist's pencil4 ,illustration3 ,too ,late with the ,basin4 ,this unfortunate lady1 as ,sir ,gardner conjectures1 after indulging in potations deep of the renowned ,egyptian wine1 had been suddenly overtaken by the consequences1 and had called for assistance too late4 ,egyptian satirists did not spare the ladies1 and they aimed their shafts at the same foibles that have called forth so many efforts of pencil and pen in later times4 ,whenever1 indeed1 we look closely into ancient life1 we are struck with the similarity of the daily routine to that of our own time4 ,every detail of social existence is imperishably recorded upon the monuments of ancient ,egypt1 even to the tone and style and mishaps of a fashionable party4 ,we see the givers of the entertainment1 the master and mistress of the mansion1 seated side by side upon a sofa2 the guests coming up as they arrive to salute them2 the musicians and dancers bowing low to them before beginning to perform2 a pet monkey1 a dog1 or a gazelle tied to the leg of the sofa2 the youngest child of the family sitting on the floor by its mother's side1 or upon its father's knee2 the ladies sitting in groups1 conversing upon the deathless1 inexhaustible subject of dress1 and showing one another their trinkets4 ,sir ,gardner ,wilkinson gives us also the pleasing information that it was thought a pretty compliment for one guest to offer another a flower from his bouquet1 and that the guests endeavored to gratify their entertainers by pointing out to one another1 with expressions of admiration1 the tasteful knickknacks1 the boxes of carved wood or ivory1 the vases1 the elegant light tables1 the chairs1 ottomans1 cushions1 carpets1 and furniture with which the apartment was provided4 ,this too transparent flattery could not escape such inveterate caricaturists as the ,egyptian artists4 ,in a tomb at ,thebes may be seen a ludicrous representation of scenes at a party where several of the guests had been lost in rapturous admiration of the objects around them4 ,a young man1 either from awkwardness or from having gone too often to the wine-jar1 had reclined against a wooden column placed in the centre of the room to support a temporary ornament4 ,there is a crash6 ,the ornamental structure falls upon some of the absorbed guests4 ,ladies have recourse to the immortal privilege of their sex--they scream4 ,all is confusion4 ,uplifted hands ward off the falling masses4 ,in a few moments1 when it is discovered that no one is hurt1 peace is restored1 and all the company converse merrily over the incident4 ,it is strange to find such pictures in a tomb4 ,but it seems as if death and funerals and graves1 with their elaborate paraphernalia1 were provocative of mirthful delineation4 ,in one noted royal tomb there is a representation of the funeral procession1 part of which was evidently designed to excite merriment4 ,the ,ethiopians who follow in the train of the mourning queen have their hair plaited in most fantastic fashion1 and their tunics of leopard's skin are so arranged that a preposterously enormous tail hangs down behind for the next man to step upon4 ,one of the extensive colored plates of ,sir ,gardner ,wilkinson's larger work presents to our view a solemn and stately procession of funeral barges crossing the ,lake of the ,dead at ,thebes on its way to the place of burial4 ,the first boat contains the coffin1 decorated with flowers1 a high-priest burning incense before a table of offerings1 and the female relatives of the deceased lamenting their loss2 two barges are filled with mourning friends1 one containing only women and the other only men2 two more are occupied by professional persons--the undertaker's assistants1 as we should call them--employed to carry offerings1 boxes1 chairs1 and other funeral objects4 ,it was in drawing one of these vessels that the artist could not refrain from putting in a little fun4 ,one of the barges having grounded upon the shore1 the vessel behind comes into collision with her1 upsetting a table upon the oarsmen and causing much confusion4 ,it is not improbable that the picture records an incident of that particular funeral4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,among ,,the ,,hindoos4 ,if we go farther back into antiquity1 it is ,india which first arrests and longest absorbs our attention--,india1 fecund mother of tradition1 the source of almost all the rites1 beliefs1 and observances of the ancient nations4 ,when we visit the collections of the ,india ,house1 the ,british ,museum1 the ,mission ,rooms1 or turn over the startling pages of ,the ,hindu ,pantheon of ,major ,edward ,moor1 we are ready to exclaim1 ,here all is caricature6 ,this brazen image1 for example1 of a partly naked man with an elephant's head and trunk1 seated upon a huge rat1 and feeding himself with his trunk from a bowl held in his hand--surely this is caricature4 ,by no means4 ,it is an image of the most popular of the ,hindoo deities--,ganesa1 god of prudence and policy1 invoked at the beginning of all enterprises1 and over whose head is written the sacred word ,aum1 never uttered by a ,hindoo except with awe and veneration4 ,if a man begins to build a house1 he calls on ,ganesa1 and sets up an image of him near the spot4 ,mile-stones are fashioned in his likeness1 and he serves as the road-side god1 even if the pious peasants who place him where two roads cross can only afford the rudest resemblance to an elephant's head daubed with oil and red ochre4 ,rude as it may be1 a passing traveler will occasionally hang upon it a wreath of flowers4 ,major ,moor gives us a hideous picture of ,maha-,kala1 with huge mouth and enormous protruding tongue1 squat1 naked1 upon the ground1 and holding up a large sword4 ,this preposterous figure is still farther removed from the burlesque4 ,it is the ,hindoo mode of representing ,eternity1 whose vast insatiate maw devours men1 cities1 kingdoms1 and will at length swallow the universe2 then all the crowd of inferior deities1 and finally itself1 leaving only ,brahm1 the ,one ,eternal1 to inhabit the infinite void4 ,hundreds of such revolting crudities meet the eye in every extensive ,indian collection4 ,but the element of fun and burlesque is not wanting in the ,hindoo ,pantheon4 ,krishna is the jolly ,bacchus1 the ,don ,juan1 of the ,indian deities4 ,behold him on his travels mounted upon an elephant1 which is formed of the bodies of the obliging damsels who accompany him6 ,illustration3 ,the ,hindoo ,god ,krishna on his ,travels4 ,there is no end to the tales related of the mischievous1 jovial1 irrepressible ,krishna4 ,the ladies who go with him everywhere1 a countless multitude1 are so accommodating as to wreathe and twist themselves into the form of any creature he may wish to ride2 sometimes into that of a horse1 sometimes into that of a bird4 ,illustration3 ,krishna's ,attendants assuming the ,form of a ,bird4 ,in other pictures he appears riding in a palanquin1 which is likewise composed of girls1 and the bearers are girls also4 ,in the course of one adventure1 being in great danger from the wrath of his numerous enemies1 he created an enormous snake1 in whose vast interior his flocks1 his herds1 his followers1 and himself found refuge4 ,at a festival held in his honor1 which was attended by a great number of damsels1 he suddenly appeared in the midst of the company and proposed a dance2 and1 that each of them might be provided with a partner1 he divided himself into as many complete and captivating ,krishnas as there were ladies4 ,one summer1 when he was passing the hot season on the sea-shore with his retinue of ladies1 his musical comrade1 ,nareda1 hinted to him that1 since he had such a multitude of wives1 it would be no great stretch of generosity to spare one to a poor musician who had no wife at all4 ,court any one you please1 said the merry god4 ,so ,nareda went wooing from house to house1 but in every house he found ,krishna perfectly domesticated1 the ever-attentive husband1 and the lady quite sure that she had him all to herself4 ,nareda continued his quest until he had visited precisely sixteen thousand and eight houses1 in each and all of which1 at one and the same time1 ,krishna was the established lord4 ,then he gave it up4 ,one of the pictures which illustrate the endless biography of this entertaining deity represents him going through the ceremony of marriage with a bear1 both squatting upon a carpet in the prescribed attitude1 the bear grinning satisfaction1 two bears in attendance standing on their hind-feet1 and two priests blessing the union4 ,this picture is more spirited1 is more like art1 than any other yet copied from ,hindoo originals4 ,illustration3 ,krishna in his ,palanquin4 ,to this day1 as the missionaries report1 the people of ,india are excessively addicted to every kind of jesting which is within their capacity1 and delight especially in all the monstrous comicalities of their mythology4 ,no matter how serious an impression a speaker may have made upon a village group1 let him but use a word in a manner which suggests a ludicrous image or ridiculous pun1 and the assembly at once breaks up in laughter1 not to be gathered again4 ,in late years1 those of the inhabitants of ,india who read the language of their conquerors have had an opportunity of becoming acquainted with their humor4 ,wherever a hundred ,english officers are gathered1 there is the possibility of an illustrated comic periodical1 and1 accordingly1 we find one such in several of the garrisoned places held by the ,english in remote parts of the world4 ,calcutta1 as the ,athenaeum informs us1 has its ,punch1 or ,indian ,charivari1 which is not unworthy of its ,english namesake4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,religious ,,caricature ,,in ,,the ,,middle ,,ages4 ,mr4 ,robert ,tomes1 ,american consul1 a few years ago1 at the ,french city of ,rheims1 describes very agreeably the impression made upon his mind by the grand historic cathedral of that ancient place4#c ,filled with a sense of the majestic presence of the edifice1 he approached one of the chief portals1 to find it crusted with a most uncouth semi-burlesque representation1 cut in stone1 of the ,last ,judgment4 ,the trump has sounded1 and the ,lord from a lofty throne is pronouncing doom upon the risen as they are brought up to the judgment-seat by the angels4 ,below him are two rows of the dead just rising from their graves1 extending to the full width of the great door4 ,upon many of the faces there is an expression of amazement1 which the artist apparently designed to be comic1 and several of the attitudes are extremely absurd and ludicrous4 ,some have managed to push off the lid of their tombs a little way1 and are peeping out through the narrow aperture1 others have just got their heads above the surface of the ground1 and others are sitting up in their graves2 some have one leg out1 some are springing into the air1 and some are running1 as if in wild fright1 for their lives4 ,though the usual expression upon the faces is one of astonishment1 yet this is varied4 ,some are rubbing their eyes as if startled from a deep sleep1 but not yet aware of the cause of alarm2 others are utterly bewildered1 and hesitate to leave their resting-place2 some leap out in mad excitement1 and others hurry off as if fearing to be again consigned to the tomb4 ,an angel is leading a cheerful company of popes1 bishops1 and kings toward the ,saviour1 while a hideous demon1 with a mouth stretching from ear to ear1 is dragging off a number of the condemned toward the devil1 who is seen stirring up a huge caldron boiling and bubbling with naked babies1 dead before baptism4 ,on another part of the wall is a carved representation of the vices which led to the destruction of ,sodom and ,gomorrah4 ,these were so monstrously obscene that the authorities of the cathedral1 in deference to the modern sense of decency1 have caused them to be partly cut away by the chisel4 ,footnote #c3 ,the ,champagne ,country1 p4 #cd1 by ,robert ,tomes1 ,london1 #ahfg4 ,the first cut on the next page is an example of burlesque ornament4 ,the artist apparently intended to indicate another termination of the interview than the one recorded by ,a,esop between the wolf and the stork4 ,the old cathedral at ,strasburg1 destroyed a hundred years ago1 was long renowned for its sculptured burlesques4 ,we give two of several capitals exhibiting the sacred rites of the ,church travestied by animals4 ,illustration3 ,capital in the ,autun ,cathedral4 ,it marks the change in the feelings and manners of men that1 three hundred years after those ,strasburg capitals were carved1 with the sanction of the chapter1 a book-seller1 for only exhibiting an engraving of some of them in his shop window1 was convicted of having committed a crime most scandalous and injurious to religion4 ,his sentence was to make the amende honorable1 naked to his shirt1 a rope round his neck1 holding in his hand a lighted wax-candle weighing two pounds1 before the principal door of the cathedral1 whither he will be conducted by the executioner1 and there1 on his knees1 with uncovered head1 confess his fault and ask pardon of ,god and the king4 ,the pictures were to be burned before his eyes1 and then1 after paying all the costs of the prosecution1 he was to go into eternal banishment4 ,illustration3 ,capitals in the ,strasburg ,cathedral1 ,a4,d4 #acjj4 ,other ,american consuls besides ,mr4 ,tomes1 and multitudes of ,american citizens not so fortunate as to study mediaeval art at their country's expense1 have been profoundly puzzled by this crust of crude burlesque on ecclesiastical architecture4 ,the objects in ,europe which usually give to a susceptible ,american his first and his last rapture are the cathedrals1 those venerable enigmas1 the glory and shame of the ,middle ,ages1 which present so complete a contrast to the toy-temples1 new1 cabinet-finished1 upholstered1 sofa-seated1 of ,american cities1 not to mention the consecrated barns1 white-painted and treeless1 of the rural districts4 ,and the cathedrals are a contrast to every thing in ,europe also1 if only from their prodigious magnitude4 ,a cathedral town generally stands in a valley1 through which a small river winds4 ,when the visitor from any of the encompassing hills gets his first view of the compact little city1 the cathedral looms up in the midst thereof so vast1 so tall1 that the disproportion to the surrounding structures is sometimes even ludicrous1 like a huge black elephant with a flock of small brown sheep huddling about its feet4 ,but when at last the stranger stands in its shadow1 he finds the spell of its presence irresistible2 and it is a spell which the lapse of time not unfrequently strengthens1 till he is conscious of a tender1 strong attachment to the edifice1 which leads him to visit it at unusual times1 to try the effect upon it of moonlight1 of storm1 of dawn and twilight1 of mist1 rain1 and snow4 ,he finds himself going to it for solace and rest4 ,on setting out upon a journey1 he makes a detour to get another last look1 and1 returning1 goes1 valise in hand1 to see his cathedral before he sees his companions4 ,many ,american consuls have had this experience1 have truly fallen in love with the cathedral of their station1 and remained faithful to it for years after their return1 like ,mr4 ,howells1 whose heart and pen still return to ,venice and ,san ,carlo1 so much to the delight of his readers4 ,this charm appears to lie in the mere grandeur of the edifice as a work of art1 for we observe it to be most potent over persons who are least in sympathy with the feeling which cathedrals embody4 ,very religious people are as likely to be repelled as attracted by them2 and1 indeed1 in ,england and ,scotland there are large numbers of ,dissenters who have avoided entering them all their lives on principle4 ,it is ,americans who enjoy them most2 for they see in them a most captivating assemblage of novelties--vast magnitude1 solidity of structure only inferior to nature's own work1 venerable age1 harmonious and solemn magnificence--all combined in an edifice which can not1 on any principle of utility1 justify its existence1 and does not pay the least fraction of its expenses4 ,little do they know personally of the state of feeling which made successive generations of human beings willing to live in hovels and inhale pollution in order that they might erect those wondrous piles4 ,the cost of maintaining them--of which cost the annual expenditure in money is the least important part--does not come home to us4 ,we abandon ourselves without reserve to the enjoyment of stupendous works wholly new to our experience4 ,illustration3 ,engraved upon a ,stall in ,sherborne ,minster1 ,england4 ,it is ,americans1 also1 who are most baffled by the attempt to explain the contradiction between the noble proportions of these edifices and the decorations upon some of their walls4 ,how could it have been1 we ask in amazement1 that minds capable of conceiving the harmonies of these fretted roofs1 these majestic colonnades1 these symmetrical towers1 could also have permitted their surfaces to be profaned by sculptures so absurd and so abominable that by no artifice of circumlocution can an idea of some of them be conveyed in printable words8 ,in close proximity to statues of the ,virgin1 and in chapels whose every line is a line of beauty1 we know not how to interpret what ,m4 ,champfleury truly styles deviltries and obscenities unnamable1 vice and passion depicted with gross brutality1 luxury which has thrown off every disguise1 and shows itself naked1 bestial1 and shameless4 ,and these mediaeval artists availed themselves of the accumulated buffooneries and monstrosities of all the previous ages4 ,the gross conceptions of ,india1 ,egypt1 ,greece1 and ,rome appear in the ornamentation of ,christian temples along with shapes hideous or grotesque which may have been original4 ,even the oaken stalls in which the officiating priests rested during the prolonged ceremonials of festive days are in many cathedrals covered with comic carving1 some of which is pure caricature4 ,a rather favorite subject was the one shown above1 a whipping-scene in a school1 carved upon an ancient stall in an ,english cathedral4 ,illustration3 ,from a ,manuscript of the ,thirteenth ,century4 ,it is not certain1 however1 that the artist had any comic intention in engraving this picture of retributive justice1 with which the children of former ages were so familiar4 ,it was a standard subject4 ,the troops of ,flemish carvers who roamed over ,europe in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries1 offering their services wherever a church was to be decorated1 carried with them port-folios of stock subjects1 of which this was one4 ,other carvings are unmistakable caricatures3 a monk caught making love to a nun1 a wife beating her husband1 an aged philosopher ridden by a woman1 monkeys wearing bishops' mitres1 barbers drawing teeth in ludicrous attitudes1 and others less describable4 ,in the huge cathedral of ,english ,winchester1 which abounds in curious relics of the ,middle ,ages1 there is a series of painted panels in the chapel of ,our ,lady1 one of which is an evident caricature of the devil4 ,he is having his portrait painted1 and the ,virgin ,mary is near the artist1 urging him to paint him blacker and uglier than usual4 ,the devil does not like this1 and wears an expression similar to that of a rogue in a modern police station who objects to being photographed4 ,often1 however1 in these old pictures the devil is master of the situation1 and exhibits contempt for his adversaries in indecorous ways4 ,if we turn from the sacred edifices to the sacred books used in them--those richly illuminated missals1 the books of ,hours1 the psalters1 and other works of devotion--we are amazed beyond expression to discover upon their brilliant pages a similar taste in ornamentation4 ,the school scene on the previous page1 in which monkey-headed children are playing school1 dates back to the thirteenth century4 ,burlesque tournaments1 in the same taste1 often figure in the prayer-books among representations of the ,madonna1 the crucifixion1 and scenes in the lives of the patriarchs4 ,the gallant hare tilts at the fierce cock of the barn-yard1 or sly ,reynard parries the thrust of the clumsy bear4 ,illustration3 ,from a ,manuscript ,mass-book of the ,fourteenth ,century4 ,one of the most curious relics of those religious centuries is a ,french prayer-book preserved in the ,british ,museum1 where it was discovered and described by ,mr4 ,malcolm1 one of the first persons who ever attempted to elucidate the subject of caricature4 ,besides the ,hours of the ,blessed ,virgin1 it contains various prayers and collects1 the office for the dead1 and some psalms1 all in ,latin4 ,it is illustrated by several brilliantly colored1 well-drawn1 but most grotesque and incomprehensible figures1 designed1 as has been conjectured1 to expose the wicked and inordinate lives of the clergy1 who were hated by the manuscript writers as taking away much of their business4 ,this was the explanation given of these remarkable pictures to the trustees of the ,museum by the collector of whom they bought the volume4 ,several of them are submitted to the reader's ingenuity on the following page4 ,besides the specimens given1 there is a wolf growling at a snake twisting itself round its hind-leg2 there is a grinning-match between a human head on an animal's body and a boar's head on a monkey's body2 there is a creature like a pea-hen1 with two bodies1 one neck1 and two dogs' heads2 there is an animal with four bodies and one head2 there is a bearded man's face and a woman's on one neck1 and the body has no limbs1 but an enormous tail2 there is a turret1 on the top of which a monkey sits1 and a savage below is aiming an arrow at him4 ,in the ,british ,museum--that unequaled repository of all that is curious and rare--there is the famous and splendid psalter of ,richard ,,ii41 containing many strange pictures in the taste of the period4 ,on the second page1 for example1 along with two pictures of the kind usual in ,catholic works of devotion1 there is a third which represents an absurd combat within lists between the court-fool and the court-giant4 ,the fool1 who is also a dwarf1 is belaboring the giant with an instrument like those hollow clubs used in our pantomimes when the clown is to be whacked with great violence4 ,the giant shrinks from the blows1 and the king1 pointing at the dwarf1 seems to say1 ,go it1 little one2 ,i bet upon you4 ,illustration3 ,from a ,french ,prayer-book of the ,thirteenth ,century1 in the ,british ,museum4 ,mr4 ,malcolm1 who copied this picture from the original1 where1 he says1 it is most superbly finished1 interprets it to be a caricature of the famous combat between ,david and ,goliath in the presence of ,king ,saul and his court4 ,in the same mass-book there is a highly ridiculous representation of ,jonah on board ship1 with a blue ,boreas with cheeks puffed out raising the tempest1 and a black devil clawing the sail from the yard4 ,in selecting a few of the more innocent pictures from the prayer-book of ,queen ,mary1 daughter of ,henry ,,viii4 of ,england1 ,mr4 ,malcolm gives expression to his amazement at the character of the drawings1 which he dared not exhibit to a ,british public6 ,was this book1 he asks1 made on purpose for the queen8 ,was it a gift or a purchase8 ,but whether she bought or whether she accepted it1 he thinks she must have delighted in ludicrous and improper ideas1 or else her inclination for absurdity and caricature conquered even her religion1 in defense of which she spread ruin and desolation through her kingdom4 ,illustration3 ,from ,queen ,mary's ,prayer-book1 ,a4,d4 #aeec4 ,as the reader has now before his eyes a sufficient number of specimens of the grotesque ecclesiastical ornamentation of the period under consideration1 he is prepared to consider the question which has perplexed so many students besides ,mr4 ,malcolm3 ,how are we to account for these indecencies in places and books consecrated to devotion8 ,a voice from the ,church of the fifth century gives us the hint of the true answer4 ,you ask me1 writes ,st4 ,nilus to ,olympiodorus of ,alexandria1 if it is becoming in us to cover the walls of the sanctuary with representations of animals of all kinds1 so that we see upon them snares set1 hares1 goats1 and other beasts in full flight before hunters exhausting themselves in taking and pursuing them with their dogs2 and1 again1 upon the bank of a river1 all kinds of fish caught by fishermen4 ,i answer you that this is a puerility with which to amuse the eyes of the faithful4#d ,to one who is acquainted with the history and genius of the ,roman ,catholic ,church1 this very simple explanation of the incongruity is sufficient4 ,the policy of that wonderful organization in every age has been to make every possible concession to ignorance that is compatible with the continuance of ignorance4 ,it has sought always to amuse1 to edify1 to moralize1 and console ignorance1 but never to enlighten it4 ,the mind that planned the magnificent cathedral at ,rheims1 of which ,mr4 ,tomes was so much enamored1 and the artists who designed the glorious ,san ,carlo that kindled rapture in the poetical mind of ,mr4 ,howells1 did indeed permit the scandalous burlesques that disfigure their walls2 but they only permitted them4 ,it was a concession which they had to grant to the ignorant multitude whose unquestioning faith alone made these enormous structures possible4 ,footnote #d3 ,quoted in ,champfleury1 p4 #g1 from ,maxima ,bibliotheca ,patrum1 vol4 xxvii41 p4 #cbc4 ,we touch here the question insinuated by ,gibbon in his first volume1 where he plainly enough intimates his belief that ,christianity was a lapse into barbarism rather than a deliverance from it4 ,plausible arguments in the same direction have been frequently made since ,gibbon's time by comparing the best of ,roman civilization with the worst of the self-torturing monkery of the early ,christian centuries4 ,in a debate on this subject in ,new ,york not long since between a member of the bar and a doctor of divinity1 both of them gentlemen of learning1 ability1 and candor1 the lawyer pointed to the famous picture of ,st4 ,jerome 7,a4,d4 #cge71 naked1 grasping a human skull1 his magnificent head showing vast capacity paralyzed by an absorbing terror1 and exclaimed1 ,behold the lapse from ,virgil1 ,horace1 ,cicero1 ,seneca1 the ,plinys1 and the ,antonines6 ,the answer made by the clergyman was1 ,that is not ,christianity6 ,in the ,christian books no hint of that1 no utterance justifying that1 can be found4 ,perhaps neither of the disputants succeeded in expressing the whole truth on this point4 ,the vaunted ,roman civilization was1 in truth1 only a thin crust upon the surface of the empire1 embracing but one small class in each province1 the people everywhere being ignorant slaves4 ,into that inert mass of servile ignorance ,christianity enters1 and receives from it the interpretation which ignorance always puts upon ideas advanced or new1 interpreting it as hungry ,french peasants in #agib and ,south ,carolina negroes in #ahgj interpreted modern ideas of human rights4 ,the new leaven set the mass heaving and swelling until the crust was broken to pieces4 ,the civilization of ,marcus ,aurelius was lost4 ,from parchment scrolls poetry and philosophy were obliterated1 that the sheets might be used for prayers and meditations4 ,the system of which ,st4 ,jerome was the product and representative was a baleful mixture1 of which nine-tenths were ,hindoo and the remaining tenth was half ,christian and half ,plato4 ,the true inference to be drawn is that no civilization is safe1 nor even genuine1 until it embraces all classes of the community2 and the promulgation of ,christianity was the first step toward that4 ,as the centuries wore on1 the best of the clergy grew restive under this monstrous style of ornamentation4 ,what purpose1 wrote ,st4 ,bernard1 about ,a4,d4 #aadj1 serve in our cloisters1 under the eyes of the brothers and during their pious readings1 those ridiculous monstrosities1 those prodigies of beauties deformed or deformities made beautiful8 ,why those nasty monkeys1 those furious lions1 those monstrous centaurs1 those animals half human1 those spotted tigers1 those soldiers in combat1 those huntsmen sounding the horn8 ,here a single head is fitted to several bodies2 there upon a single body there are several heads2 now a quadruped has a serpent's tail1 and now a quadruped's head figures upon a fish's body4 ,sometimes it is a monster with the fore parts of a horse and the hinder parts of a goat2 again an animal with horns ends with the hind quarters of a horse4 ,everywhere is seen a variety of strange forms1 so numerous and so odd that the brothers occupy themselves more in deciphering the marbles than their books1 and pass whole days in studying all those figures much more attentively than the divine law4 ,great ,god6 if you are not ashamed of such useless things1 how1 at least1 can you avoid regretting the enormity of their cost8 ,how1 indeed6 ,the honest abbe was far from seeing the symbolical meaning in those odd figures which modern investigators have imagined4 ,he was simply ashamed of the ecclesiastical caricatures2 but a century or two later ingenious writers began to cover them with the fig-leaves of a symbolical interpretation4 ,according to the ingenious ,m4 ,durand1 who wrote 7,a4,d4 #adei7 thirty years before ,luther was born1 every part of a cathedral has its spiritual meaning4 ,the stones of which it is built represent the faithful1 the lime that forms part of the cement is an emblem of fervent charity1 the sand mingled with it signifies the actions undertaken by us for the good of our brethren1 and the water in which these ingredients blend is the symbol of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,the hideous shapes sculptured upon the portals are1 of course1 malign spirits flying from the temple of the ,lord1 and seeking refuge in the very substance of the walls6 ,the great length of the temple signifies the tireless patience with which the faithful support the ills of this life in expectation of their celestial home2 its breadth symbolizes that large and noble love which embraces both the friends and the enemies of ,god2 its height typifies the hope of final pardon2 the roof beams are the prelates1 who by the labor of preaching exhibit the truth in all its clearness2 the windows are the ,scriptures1 which receive the light from the sun of truth1 and keep out the winds1 snows1 and hail of heresy and false doctrine devised by the father of schism and falsehood2 the iron bars and pins that sustain the windows are the general councils1 ecumenical and orthodox1 which have sustained the holy and canonical ,scriptures2 the two perpendicular stone columns which support the windows are the two precepts of ,christian charity1 to love ,god and our neighbor2 the length of the windows shows the profundity and obscurity of ,scripture1 and their roundness indicates that the ,church is always in harmony with itself4 ,this is simple enough4 ,but ,m4 ,jerome ,bugeaud1 in his collection of ,chansons ,populaires of the western provinces of ,france1 gives part of a catechism still taught to children1 though coming down from the ,middle ,ages1 which carries this quaint symbolizing to a point of the highest absurdity4 ,the catechism turns upon the sacred character of the lowly animal that most needed any protection which priestly ingenuity could afford4 ,here are a few of the questions and answers3 ,priest4 ,what signify the two ears of the ass8 ,child4 ,the two ears of the ass signify the two great patron saints of our city4 ,priest4 ,what signifies the head of the ass8 ,child4 ,the head of the ass signifies the great bell1 and the halter the clapper of the great bell1 which is in the tower of the cathedral of the patron saints of our city4 ,priest4 ,what signifies the ass's mouth8 ,child4 ,the ass's mouth signifies the great door of the cathedral of the patron saints of our city4 ,priest4 ,what signify the four feet of the ass8 ,child4 ,the four feet of the ass signify the four great pillars of the cathedral of the patron saints of our city4 ,priest4 ,what signifies the paunch of the ass8 ,child4 ,the paunch of the ass signifies the great chest wherein ,christians put their offerings to the patron saints of our cathedral4 ,priest4 ,what signifies the tail of the ass8 ,child4 ,the tail of the ass signifies the holy-water brush of the good dean of the cathedral of the patron saints of our city4 ,the priest does not stop at the tail1 but pursues the symbolism with a simplicity and innocence which do not bear translating into our blunt ,english words4 ,as late as #agej ,bishop ,burnet saw in a church at ,worms an altarpiece of a crudity almost incredible4 ,it represented the ,virgin ,mary throwing ,christ into the hopper of a windmill1 from the spout of which he was issuing in the form of sacramental wafers1 and priests were about to distribute them among the people4 ,the unquestionable purpose of this picture was to assist the faith and animate the piety of the people of ,worms4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,secular ,,caricature ,,in ,,the ,,middle ,,ages4 ,illustration3 ,gog and ,magog1 the ,giants in the ,guildhall of ,london4 ,if we turn from the sacred to the secular1 we find the ornamentation not less barbarous4 ,many readers have seen the two giants that stand in the ,guildhall of ,london1 where they1 or ugly images like them1 have stood from time immemorial4 ,a little book sold near by used to inform a credulous public that ,gog and ,magog were two gigantic brothers taken prisoners in ,cornwall fighting against the ,trojan invaders1 who brought them in triumph to the site of ,london1 where their chief chained them to the gate of his palace as porters4 ,but1 unfortunately for this romantic tale1 ,mr4 ,fairholt1 in his work upon the giants1#e makes it known that many other towns and cities of ,europe cherish from a remote antiquity similar images4 ,he gives pictures of the ,salisbury giant1 the huge helmeted giant in ,antwerp1 the family of giants at ,douai1 the giant and giantess of ,ath1 the giants of ,brussels1 as well as of the mighty dragon of ,norwich1 with practicable iron jaw4 ,footnote #e3 ,gog and ,magog3 the ,giants in ,guildhall1 by ,f4 ,w4 ,fairholt1 ,f4,s4,a41 ,london1 #ahei4 ,illustration3 ,head of the ,great ,dragon of ,norwich4 ,we may therefore discard learned theories and sage conjectures concerning ,gog and ,magog1 and attribute them to the poverty of invention and the barbarity of taste which prevailed in the ages of faith4 ,illustration3 ,souls ,weighed in the ,balance4 7,bas-relief of the ,autun ,cathedral47 ,one of the subjects most frequently chosen for caricature during this period was that cunning and audacious enemy of ,god and man1 the devil--a composite being1 made up of the ,satan who tested ,job1 the devil who tempted ,jesus1 and the ,egyptian ,osiris who weighed souls in the balance1 and claimed as his own those found wanting4 ,the theory of the universe then generally accepted was that the world was merely a field of strife between ,god and this malignant spirit2 on the side of ,god were ranged archangels1 angels1 the countless host of celestial beings1 and all the saints on earth and in heaven1 while on the devil's side were a vast army of fallen spirits and all the depraved portion of the human race4 ,the simple souls of that period did not accept this explanation in an allegorical sense1 but as the most literal statement of facts familiarly known1 concerning which no one in ,christendom had any doubt whatever4 ,the devil was as composite in his external form as he was in his traditional character4 ,all the mythologies appear to have contributed something to his make-up1 until he had acquired many of the most repulsive features and members of which animated nature gives the suggestion4 ,he was hairy1 hoofed1 and horned2 he had a forked tail2 he had a countenance which expressed the fox's cunning1 the serpent's malice1 the pig's appetite1 the monkey's grin4 ,as to his body1 it varied according to the design of the artist1 but it usually resembled creatures base or loathsome4 ,illustration3 ,struggle for the ,possession of a ,soul between ,angel and ,devil4 7,from a ,psalter1 #acjj47 ,in one picture there is a very rude but curious representation of the weighing of souls1 superintended by the devil and an archangel4 ,the devil1 in the form of a hog1 has won a prize in the soul of a wicked woman1 which he is carrying off in a highly disrespectful manner1 while casting a backward glance to see that he has fair play in the next weighing4 ,this was an exceedingly favorite subject with the artists of the eleventh and twelfth centuries4 ,they delighted to picture the devil1 in their crude uncompromising way1 as an insatiate miser of human souls1 eager to seize them1 demanding a thousand1 a million1 a billion1 all2 and when one appeared in the scales so void of guilt that the good angel must needs possess it1 he may be seen slyly putting a finger upon the opposite scale to weigh it down1 and this sometimes in spite of the angel's remonstrance4 ,in one picture1 described by ,m4 ,merimee in his ,voyage en ,auvergne1 the devil plays this trick at a moment when the archangel ,michael has turned to look another way4 ,illustration3 ,lost ,souls cast into ,hell4 7,from ,queen ,mary's ,psalter47 ,it is a strange circumstance that in a large number of these representations the devil is exhibited triumphant1 and in others the victory is at least doubtful4 ,in a splendid psalter preserved in the ,british ,museum there is a large picture 7an engraving of which is given on the preceding page7 of a soul climbing an extremely steep and high mountain1 on the summit of which a winged archangel stands with outstretched arms to receive him4 ,the soul has nearly reached the top2 another step will bring him within the archangel's reach2 but behind him is the devil with a long three-pronged clawing instrument1 which he is about to thrust into the hair of the ascending saint2 and no man can tell which is to finally have that soul1 the angel or the devil4 ,m4 ,champfleury describes a capital in a ,french church which represents one of the minions of the devil carrying a lizard1 symbol of evil1 which he is about to add to the scale containing the sins2 and the spectator is left to infer that fraud of this kind is likely to be successful1 for underneath is written1 ,ecce ,diabolus6 ,it is as if the artist had said1 ,such is the devil1 and this is one of his modes of entrapping his natural prey of human souls6 ,from a large number of similar pictures the inference is fair that1 let a man lead a spotless life from the cradle to the grave1 the devil1 by a mere trick1 may get his soul at last4 ,some of the artists might be suspected of sympathizing with the devil in his triumphs over the weakness of man4 ,observe1 for example1 the comic exuberance of the above picture1 in which devils are seen tumbling their immortal booty into the jaws of perdition4 ,it is difficult to look at this picture without feeling that the artist must have been alive to the humors of the situation4 ,it is1 however1 the opinion of students of these quaint relics that the authors of such designs honestly intended to excite horror1 not hilarity4 ,queen ,mary probably saw in this picture1 as she turned the page of her sumptuous psalter1 an argument to inflame her bloody zeal for the ancient faith4 ,in the writings of some of the early fathers we observe the same appearance of joyous exultation at the sufferings of the lost1 if not a sense of the comic absurdity of their doom4 ,readers may remember the passage from ,tertullian 7,a4,d4 #bjj7 quoted so effectively by ,gibbon3 ,you are fond of all spectacles1 exclaims this truly ferocious ,christian2 expect the greatest of all spectacles1 the last and eternal judgment of the universe4 ,how shall ,i rejoice1 how laugh1 how exult1 when ,i behold so many proud monarchs and fancied gods groaning in the lowest abyss of darkness2 so many magistrates who persecuted the name of the ,lord liquefying in fiercer fires than they ever kindled against ,christians2 so many sage philosophers blushing in red-hot flames with their deluded scholars2 so many celebrated poets trembling before the tribunal2 so many tragedians more tuneful in the expression of their own sufferings2 so many dancers-- ,illustration3 ,devils seizing their ,prey4 7,bas-relief on the ,portal of a ,church at ,troyes47 ,this is assuredly not the utterance of compassion1 but rather of the fierce delight of an unregenerate ,roman1 when at the amphitheatre he doomed a rival's defeated gladiator to death by pointing downward with his thumb4 ,in a similar spirit such pictures were conceived as the one given above4 ,the sculptor1 it is apparent1 is with the adversary of mankind in the present case4 ,kings and bishops carried things with a high hand during their mortal career1 but the devils have them at last with a rope round their necks1 crown and mitre notwithstanding6 ,the devil was not always victor4 ,there was ,one whom neither his low cunning nor his bland address nor his blunt audacity could beguile--the ,son of ,god1 his predestined conqueror4 ,the passages in the ,gospels which relate the attempts made by ,satan to tempt the ,lord furnished congenial subjects to the illuminators of the ,middle ,ages1 and they treated those subjects with their usual enormous crudity4 ,in one very ancient ,saxon psalter1 in manuscript1 preserved at the ,british ,museum1 there is a colossal ,christ1 with one foot upon a devil1 the other foot about to fall upon a second devil1 and with his hands delivering from the open mouth of a third devil human souls1 who hold up to him their hands clasped as in prayer4 ,in this picture the sympathies of the artist are evidently not on the side of the evil spirits4 ,their malevolence is apparent1 and their attitude is ignominious4 ,the rescued souls are1 indeed1 a pigmy crew1 of woe-begone aspect2 but their resistless ,deliverer towers aloft in such imposing altitude that the tallest of the saints hardly reaches above his knees4 ,in another picture of very early date1 the ,lord upon a high place is rescuing a soul from three scoffing devils1 who are endeavoring to pull him down to perdition by cords twisted round his legs4 ,this soul we are permitted to consider safe2 but below1 in a corner of the spacious drawing1 a winged archangel is spearing a lost soul into the flames of hell1 using the spear in the manner of a farmer handling a pitchfork4 ,illustration3 ,the ,temptation4 ,these ancient attempts to exhibit the endless conflict between good and evil are too rude even to be interesting4 ,the specimen annexed1 of later date1 about #adge1 occurs in a ,poor ,people's ,bible 7,biblia ,pauperum71 block-printed1 in which it forms part of an extensive frontispiece4 ,the book was once the property of ,george ,,iii41 at the sale of whose personal effects it was bought for the ,british ,museum1 where it now is4 ,it has the additional interest of being one of the oldest specimens of wood-engraving yet discovered4 ,the mountain in the background1 adorned by a single tree1 is the height to which the ,lord was taken by the tempter1 and from which the devil urged him to cast himself down4 ,a very frequent object of caricature during the ages when terror ruled the minds of men was human life itself--its brevity1 its uncertainty1 and the absurd1 ill-timed suddenness with which inexorable death sometimes cuts it short4 ,herodotus records that at the banquets of the ,egyptians it was customary for a person to carry about the table the figure of a corpse lying upon a coffin1 and to cry out1 ,behold this image of what yourselves shall be2 therefore eat1 drink1 and be merry4 ,there are traces of a similar custom in the records of other ancient nations1 among whom it was regarded as a self-evident truth that the shortness of life was a reason for making the most of it while it lasted4 ,and their notion of making the most of it was to get from it the greatest amount of pleasure4 ,this vulgar scheme of existence vanished at the promulgation of the doctrine that the condition of every soul was fixed unalterably at the moment of its severance from the body1 or1 at best1 after a short period of purgation1 and that the only way to avoid unending anguish was to do what the ,church commanded and to avoid what the ,church forbade4 ,terror from that time ruled ,christendom4 ,terror covered the earth with ecclesiastical structures1 gave the ,church a tenth of all revenues and two-fifths of all property4 ,by every possible device death was clothed with new and vivid terrors1 and in every possible way the truth was brought home to the mind that the coming of death could be as unexpected as it was inevitable and unwelcome4 ,the tolling of the church-bell spread the gloom of the death-chamber over the whole town2 and the death-crier1 with bell and lantern1 wearing a garment made terrible by a skull and cross-bones1 went his rounds1 by day or night1 crying to all good people to pray for the soul just departed4#f ,footnote #f3 ,essai sur les ,dances des ,morts1 vol4 i41 p4 #aea1 par ,e4 ,h4 ,langlois1 ,paris1 #aheb4 ,illustration3 ,french ,death-crier--,pray for the ,soul just departed4 ,these criers did not cease to perambulate the streets of ,paris until about the year #afij1 and ,m4 ,langlois informs us that in remote provinces of ,france their doleful cry was heard as recently as #ahej4 ,blessed gift of humor6 ,against the most complicated and effective apparatus of terror ever contrived1 worked by the most powerful organization that ever existed1 the sense of the ludicrous asserted itself1 and saved the human mind from being crushed down into abject and hopeless idiocy4 ,the readers of ,don ,quixote can not have forgotten the colloquy in the highway between the ,knight of the ,sorrowful ,countenance and the head of the company of strollers4 ',sir1' replied the ,devil1 politely1 stopping his cart1 'we are the actors of the company of the ,evil ,spirit4 ,this morning1 which is the octave of ,corpus ,christi1 we have represented the play of the ,empire of ,death4 ,this young man played ,death1 and this one an ,angel4 ,this woman1 who is the wife of the author of the comedy1 is the ,queen4 ,over there is one who played the part of an ,emperor1 and the other man that of a ,soldier4 ,as to myself1 ,i am the ,devil1 at your service1 and one of the principal actors4' ,illustration3 ,death and the ,cripple4 ,for centuries the comedy of ,death was a standard play at high festivals1 the main interest being the rude1 sudden interruption of human lives and joys and schemes by the grim messenger4 ,art adopted the theme1 and the ,dance of ,death began to figure among the decorations of ecclesiastical structures and on the vellum of illuminated prayer-books4 ,no sculptor but executed his ,dance of ,death2 no painter but tried his skill upon it2 and by whomsoever the subject was treated1 the element of humor was seldom wanting4 ,so numerous are the pictures and series of pictures usually styled ,dances of ,death1 that a descriptive catalogue of them would fill the space assigned to this chapter2 and the literature to which they have given rise forms an important class of the works relating to the ,middle ,ages4 ,two phases of the subject were especially attractive to artists4 ,one was the impartiality of ,death1 noted by ,horace in the familiar passage2 and the other the incongruity between the summons to depart and the condition of the person summoned4 ,when these two aspects of the subject had become hackneyed1 artists pleased themselves sometimes with a treatment precisely the opposite1 and represented ,death dancing gayly away with the most battered1 ancient1 and forlorn of human kind1 who had least reason to love life1 but did not the less shrink from the skeleton's icy touch4 ,every one feels the comic absurdity of gay and sprightly ,death hurrying off to the tomb a cripple as dilapidated as the one in the picture above4 ,in another engraving we see ,death1 with exaggerated courtesy1 handing to an open tomb an extremely old man just able to totter4 ,illustration3 ,death and the ,old ,man4 ,another subject in the same series is ,death dragging at the garment of a peddler1 who is so heavily laden as he trudges along the highway that one would imagine even the rest of the grave welcome4 ,but the peddler1 too1 makes a very wry face when he recognizes who it is that has interrupted his weary tramp4 ,the triumphant gayety of ,death in this picture is in humorous contrast with the lugubrious expression on the countenance of his victim4 ,illustration3 ,death and the ,peddler4 ,illustration3 ,death and the ,knight4 ,in other series we have ,death dressed as a beau seizing a young maiden1 ,death taking from a house-maid her broom1 ,death laying hold of a washer-woman1 ,death taking apples from an apple-stand1 ,death beckoning away a bar-maid1 ,death summoning a female mourner at a funeral1 and ,death plundering a tinker's basket4 ,death1 standing in a grave1 pulls the grave-digger in by the leg2 seated on a plow1 he seizes the farmer2 with an ale-pot at his back1 he throttles an inn-keeper who is adulterating his liquors2 he strikes with a bone the irksome chain of matrimony1 and thus sets free a couple bound by it2 he mows down a philosopher holding a clock2 upon a miser who has thrust his body deep down into a massive chest he shuts the heavy lid2 he shows himself in the mirror in which a young beauty is looking2 to a philosopher seated in his study he enters and presents an hour-glass4 ,a pope on his throne is crowning an emperor kneeling at his feet1 with princes1 cardinals1 and bishops in attendance1 when a ,death appears at his side1 and another in his retinue dressed as a cardinal4 ,death lays his hand upon an emperor's crown at the moment when he is doing justice to a poor man against a rich2 but in another picture of the same series1 ,death seizes a duke while he is disdainfully turning from a poor woman with her child who has asked alms of him4 ,the dignitaries of the ,church were not spared4 ,fat abbots1 gorgeous cardinals1 and vehement preachers all figure in these series in circumstances of honor and of dishonor4 ,in most of them the person summoned yields to ,king ,death without a struggle2 but in one a knight makes a furious resistance1 laying about him with a broadsword most energetically4 ,it is of no avail4 ,death runs him through the body with his own lance1 though in the other picture the weapon in ,death's hand was only a long thigh-bone4 ,mr4 ,longfellow1 in his ,golden ,legend1 has availed himself of the ,dance of ,death painted on the walls of the covered bridge at ,lucerne to give naturalness and charm to the conversation of ,elsie and ,prince ,henry while they are crossing the river4 ,the strange pictures excite the curiosity of ,elsie1 and the ,prince explains them to her as they walk3 ,elsie4 ,what is this picture8 ,prince4 ,it is a young man singing to a nun1 ,who kneels at her devotions1 but in kneeling ,turns round to look at him2 and ,death meanwhile ,is putting out the candles on the altar6 ,elsie4 ,ah1 what a pity 'tis that she should listen ,unto such songs1 when in her orisons ,she might have heard in heaven the angels singing6 ,prince4 ,here he has stolen a jester's cap and bells1 ,and dances with the queen4 ,elsie4 ,a foolish jest6 ,prince4 ,and here the heart of the new-wedded wife1 ,coming from church with her beloved lord1 ,he startles with the rattle of his drum4 ,elsie4 ,ah1 that is sad6 ,and yet perhaps 'tis best ,that she should die with all the sunshine on her ,and all the benedictions of the morning1 ,before this affluence of golden light ,shall fade into a cold and clouded gray1 ,then into darkness6 ,prince4 ,under it is written1 ',nothing but death shall separate thee and me6' ,elsie4 ,and what is this that follows close upon it8 ,prince4 ,death playing on a dulcimer4 ,and so the lovers converse on the bridge1 all covered from end to end with these caricatures of human existence1 until the girl hurries with affright from what she calls this great picture-gallery of death4 ,tournaments were among the usual subjects of caricature during the century or two preceding the ,reformation4 ,some specimens have already been given from the illuminated prayer-books 7pp4 #dd1 #df74 ,the device1 however1 seldom rises above the ancient one of investing animals with the gifts and qualities of men4 ,monkeys mounted upon the backs of dogs tilt at one another with long lances1 or monsters utterly nondescript charge upon other monsters more ridiculous than themselves4 ,all the ordinary foibles of human nature received attention4 ,these never change4 ,there are always gluttons1 misers1 and spendthrifts4 ,there are always weak men and vain women4 ,there are always husbands whose wives deceive and worry them1 as there are always wives whom husbands worry and deceive2 and the artists of the ,middle ,ages1 in their own direct rude fashion1 turned both into caricature4 ,the mere list of subjects treated in ,brandt's ,ship of ,fools1 written when ,luther was a school-boy1 shows us that men were men and women were women in #adij4 ,that quaint reformer of manners dealt mild rebuke to men who gathered great store of books and put them to no good use2 to women who were ever changing the fashion of their dress2 to men who began to build without counting the cost2 to great borrowers and slack payers2 to fools who will serve two lords both together2 to them who correct others while themselves are culpable in the same fault2 to fools who can not keep secret their own counsel2 to people who believe in predestinacyon2 to men who attend closely to other people's business1 leaving their own undone2 to old folks that give example of vice to youth2 and so on through the long catalogue of human follies4 ,his homely and wise ditties are illustrated by pictures of curious simplicity4 ,observe the one subjoined1 in which a foule is weighing the transitory things of this world against things everlasting1 one being represented by a scale full of castles and towers1 and the other by a scale full of stars--the earthly castles outweighing the heavenly bodies in the balance of this foule4 ,illustration3 ,heaven and ,earth weighed in the ,balance4 7,from ,the ,ship of ,fools47 ,one of the quaint poems of the gentle priest descants upon the bad behavior of people at church4 ,this poem has an historical interest1 for it throws light upon the manners of the time1 over which poetry1 tradition1 and romance have thrown a very delusive charm4 ,we learn from it that while the ,christian people of ,europe were on their knees praying in church they were liable to be disturbed by the mad noise and shout of a loitering crowd2 by knights coming in from the field1 falcon upon wrist1 with their dogs yelping at their heels2 by men chaffering and bargaining as they walked up and down2 by the wanton laughter of girls ogled by young men2 by lawyers conferring with clients2 and by all the usual noises of a crowd at a fair4 ,the author wonders ,that the false paynyms within theyr ,temples be ,to theyr ydols moche more devout than we4 ,the worthy ,brandt was not the only satirist of ,church manners4 ,the ,usurer's ,paternoster1 given by ,m4 ,champfleury1 is more incisive than ,brandt's amiable remonstrance4 ,the usurer1 hurrying away to church1 tells his wife that if any one comes to borrow money while he is gone1 some one must be sent in all haste for him4 ,on his way he says his paternoster thus3 ,our ,father4 ,blessed ,lord ,god ,beau ,sire ,dieu1 be favorable to me1 and give me grace to prosper exceedingly4 ,let me become the richest money-lender in the world4 ,who art in heaven4 ,i am sorry ,i wasn't at home the day that woman came to borrow4 ,really ,i am a fool to go to church1 where ,i can gain nothing4 ,hallowed be thy name4 ,it's too bad ,i have a servant so expert in pilfering my money4 ,thy kingdom come4 ,i have a mind to go home to see what my wife is about4 ,i'll bet she sells a chicken while ,i am away1 and keeps the money4 ,thy will be done4 ,it pops into my mind that the chevalier who owed me fifty francs paid me only half4 ,in heaven4 ,those damned ,jews do a rushing business in lending to every one4 ,i should like very much to do as they do4 ,as on earth4 ,the king plagues me to death in raising taxes so often4 ,arrived at church1 the money-lender goes through part of the service as best he may2 but as soon as sermon time comes1 off he goes1 saying to himself1 ,i must get away home3 the priest is going to preach a sermon to draw money out of our purses4 ,doubtless the priest in those times of ignorance had to deal with many most profane and unspiritual people1 who could only be restrained by fear1 and to whose puerility much had to be conceded4 ,in touching upon the ,church manners of the ,middle ,ages1 ,m4 ,champfleury makes a remark that startles a ,protestant mind accustomed only to the most exact decorum in churches4 ,old men of to-day 7#ahej71 he says1 speaking of ,france1 will recall to mind the gayety of the midnight masses1 when buffoons from the country waited impatiently to send down showers of small torpedoes upon the pavement of the nave1 to barricade the alcoves with mountains of chairs1 to fill with ink the holy-water basins1 and to steal kisses in out-of-the-way corners from girls who would not give them4 ,these proceedings1 which ,m4 ,champfleury styles the pleasantries of our fathers1 were among the concessions made by a worldly-wise old ,church to the puerility of the people1 or rather to the absolute necessity of occasional hilarious fun to healthy existence4 ,amusing and even valuable caricatures six and seven centuries old have been discovered upon parchment documents in the ,english record offices1 executed apparently by idle clerks for their amusement when they had nothing else to do4 ,one of these1 copied by ,mr4 ,wright1 gives us the popular ,english conception of an ,irish warrior of the thirteenth century4 ,illustration3 ,english ,caricature of an ,irishman1 ,a4,d4 #abhj4 ,the broad-axes of the ,irish were held in great terror by the ,english4 ,an historian of ,edward ,i4's time1 while discoursing on that supreme perplexity of ,british kings and ministers1 how ,ireland should be governed after being quite reduced to subjection1 expresses the opinion that the ,irish ought not to be allowed in time of peace to use that detestable instrument of destruction which by an ancient but accursed custom they constantly carry in their hands instead of a staff4 ,the modern ,irish shillalah1 then1 is only the residuum of the ancient ,irish broad-axe--the broad-axe with its head taken off4 ,the humanized ,irishman of to-day is content with the handle of the detestable instrument4 ,other pen-and-ink sketches of ,england's dreaded foes1 the ,irish and the ,welsh1 have been found upon ancient vellum rolls1 but none better than the specimen given has yet been copied4 ,the last object of caricature which can be mentioned in the present chapter is the ,jew--the odious ,jew--accursed by the clergy as a ,jew1 despised by good citizens as a usurer1 and dreaded by many a profligate ,christian as the holder of mortgages upon his estate4 ,when the ruling class of a country loses its hold upon virtue1 becomes profuse in expenditure1 ceases to comply with natural law1 comes to regard licentious living as something to be expected of young blood1 and makes a jest of a decorous and moral conversation1 then there is usually in that country a less refined1 stronger class1 who do comply with natural law1 who do live in that virtuous1 frugal1 and orderly manner by which alone families can be perpetuated and states established4 ,in several communities during the centuries preceding the ,reformation1 when the nobles and great merchants wasted their substance in riotous living or in insensate pilgrimages and crusades1 the ,jew was the virtuous1 sensible1 and solvent man4 ,he did not escape the evil influence wrought into the texture of the character by living in an atmosphere of hatred and contempt1 nor the narrowness of mind caused by his being excluded from all the more generous and high avocations4 ,but he remained through all those dismal ages temperate1 chaste1 industrious1 and saving1 as well as heroically faithful to the best light on high things that he had4 ,hence he always had money to lend1 and he could only lend it to men who were too glad to think he had no rights which they were bound to respect4 ,the caricature on the next page was also discovered upon a vellum roll in the ,public ,record ,office in ,london1 the work of some idle clerk #fdb years ago1 and recently transferred to an ,english work#g of much interest1 in which it serves as a frontispiece4 ,footnote #g3 ,history of ,crime in ,england1 vol4 i41 by ,luke ,owen ,pike1 ,london1 #ahgc4 ,illustration3 ,caricature of the ,jews in ,england1 ,a4,d4 #abcc4 ,the ridicule is aimed at the famous ,jew1 ,isaac of ,norwich1 a rich money-lender and merchant1 to whom abbots1 bishops1 and wealthy vicars were heavily indebted4 ,at ,norwich he had a wharf at which his vessels could receive and discharge their freights1 and whole districts were mortgaged to him at once4 ,he lent money to the king's exchequer4 ,he was the ,rothschild of his day4 ,in the picture1 which represents the outside of a castle--his own castle1 wrested from some lavish ,christian by a money-lender's wiles--the ,jew ,isaac stands above all the other figures1 and is blessed with four faces and a crown1 which imply1 as ,mr4 ,pike conjectures1 that1 let him look whichever way he will1 he beholds possessions over which he holds kingly sway4 ,lower down1 and nearer the centre1 are ,mosse ,mokke1 another ,jewish money-lender of ,norwich1 and ,madame ,avegay1 one of many ,jewesses who lent money1 between whom is a horned devil pointing to their noses4 ,the ,jewish nose was a peculiarly offensive feature to ,christians1 and was usually exaggerated by caricaturists4 ,the figure holding up scales heaped with coin is1 so far as we can guess1 merely a taunt2 and the seating of ,dagon1 the god of the ,philistines1 upon the turret seems to be an intimation that the ,jews1 in their dispersion1 had abandoned the ,god of their fathers1 and taken up with the deity of his inveterate foes4 ,so far as the records of those ages disclose1 there was no one enlightened enough to judge the long-suffering ,jews with just allowance4 ,luther's aversion to them was morbid and violent4 ,he confesses1 in his ,table-talk1 that if it had fallen to his lot to have much to do with ,jews1 his patience would have given way2 and when1 one day1 ,dr4 ,menius asked him how a ,jew ought to be baptized1 he replied1 ,you must fill a large tub with water1 and1 having divested a ,jew of his clothes1 cover him with a white garment4 ,he must then sit down in the tub1 and you must baptize him quite under the water4 ,he said further to ,dr4 ,menius that if a ,jew1 not converted at heart1 were to ask baptism at his hands1 he would take him to the bridge1 tie a stone round his neck1 and hurl him into the river1 such an obstinate and scoffing race were they4 ,if ,luther felt thus toward them1 we can not wonder that the luxurious dignitaries of the ,church1 two centuries before his time1 should have had qualms of conscience with regard to paying ,isaac of ,norwich interest upon money borrowed4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,caricatures ,,preceding ,,the ,,reformation4 ,illustration3 ,luther inspired by ,satan4 ,we have in this strange1 rude picture#h a device of contemporary caricature to cast ridicule upon the movement of which ,martin ,luther was the conspicuous figure4 ,it is reduced from a large wood-cut which appeared in ,germany at the crisis of the lion-hearted reformer's career1 the year of his appearance at the ,diet of ,worms1 when he said to dissuading friends1 ,if ,i knew there were as many devils at ,worms as there are tiles upon the houses1 ,i would go4 ,the intention of the artist is obvious2 but1 in addition to the leading purpose1 he desired1 as ,mr4 ,chatto conjectures1 to remind his public of the nasal drawl of the preaching friars of the time1 for which they were as proverbial as the ,puritans of ,london in ,cromwell's day4 ,such is the poverty of human invention that the idea of this caricature has been employed several times since ,luther's time--even as recently as #ahgc1 when a ,london draughtsman made it serve his turn in the contentions of party politics4 ,footnote #h3 ,from ,a ,treatise on ,wood-engraving1 p4 #bfh1 by ,jackson and ,chatto1 ,london1 #ahff4 ,the best humorous talent of ,christendom1 whether it wrought with pencil or with pen1 whether it avowed or veiled its sympathy with reform1 was on ,luther's side4 ,it prepared the way for his coming1 co-operated with him during his life-time1 carried on his work after he was gone1 and continues it to the present hour4 ,recent investigators tell us1 indeed1 that the ,reformation began in laughter1 which the ,church itself nourished and sanctioned4 ,m4 ,viollet-le-,duc1 author of the ,dictionnaire d',architecture1 discourses upon the gradual change which church decorators of the ,middle ,ages effected in the figure of the devil4 ,upon edifices erected before the year #ajjj there are few traces of the devil1 and upon those of much earlier date none at all2 but from the eleventh century he begins to play an important role1 artists striving which should give him the most hideous form4 ,no one was then audacious enough to take liberties with a being so potent1 so awful1 so real1 the competitor and antagonist of the ,almighty ,lord of ,heaven and ,earth4 ,but mortals must laugh1 and familiarity produces its well-known effect4 ,in the eyes of men of the world the devil became gradually less terrible and more grotesque1 became occasionally ridiculous1 often contemptible1 sometimes silly4 ,his tricks are met by tricks more cunning than his own2 he is duped1 and retires discomfited4 ,before ,luther appeared on the scene1 the painters and sculptors1 not to mention the authors and poets1 had made progress in reducing the devil from the grade of an antagonist of deity and arch-enemy of men to that of a cunning and amusing deceiver of simpletons4 ,the great devil1 as the author just mentioned remarks1 sculptured over the door of the ,autun ,cathedral in the twelfth century is a frightful being1 well designed to strike terror to unformed souls2 but the young devils carved in bas-reliefs of the fifteenth century are more comic than terrible1 and it is evident that the artists who executed them cared very little for the wicked tricks of the ,evil ,spirit4 ,we may be sure that the artist who could sketch the devil fiddling upon a pair of bellows with a kitchen dipper had outgrown the horror which that personage had once excited in all minds4 ,such a sketch is here reproduced from a ,flemish ,,ms4 in the library of ,cambrai4 ,illustration3 ,devil fiddling upon a ,pair of ,bellows4 ,but this could not be said of the great mass of ,christian people for centuries after4 ,luther1 as the reader is aware1 speaks of the devil with as absolute an assurance of his existence1 activity1 and nearness as if he were a member of his own household4 ,god1 he once said1 mocks and scorns the devil by putting under his nose such a weak creature as man2 and at other times he dwelt upon the hardness of the conflict which the devil has to maintain4 ,it were not good for us to know how earnestly the holy angels strive for us against the devil1 or how hard a combat it is4 ,if we could see for how many angels one devil makes work1 we should be in despair4 ,many devils1 he remarks with curious certainty1 are in forests1 in waters1 in wildernesses1 in dark pooly places1 ready to hurt and prejudice people2 and there are some in the thick black clouds1 which cause hail1 lightnings1 and thunderings1 and poison the air1 the pastures1 and grounds4 ,he derides the philosophers and physicians who say that these things have merely natural causes2 and as to the witches who torment honest people1 and spoil their eggs1 milk1 and butter1 ,i should have no compassion upon them--,i would burn them all4 ,the ,table-talk of the great reformer is full of such robust credulity4 ,luther represented1 as much as he reformed1 his age and country4 ,in these utterances of his we discern the spirit against which the humor and gayety of art had to contend1 and over which it has gained a tardy victory1 not yet complete4 ,let us keep in mind also that in those twilight ages1 as in all ages1 there were the two contending influences which we now call the world and the church4 ,in other words1 there were people who took the devil lightly1 as they did all invisible and spiritual things1 and there were people who dreaded the devil in every dark pooly place1 and to whom nothing could be a jest which appertained to him4 ,humorous art has in it healing and admonition for both these classes4 ,illustration3 ,oldest ,drawing in the ,british ,museum1 ,a4,d4 #acbj4 ,it was in those centuries1 also1 that men of the world learned to laugh at the clergy1 and1 again1 not without clerical encouragement4 ,in the brilliantly illuminated religious manuscripts of the two centuries preceding ,luther1 along with other ludicrous and absurd images1 of which specimens have been given1 we find many pictures in which the vices of the religious orders are exhibited4 ,the oldest drawing in the ,british ,museum1 one of the only two that bear the date #acbj1 shows us two devils tossing a monk headlong from a bridge into a rough and rapid river1 an act which they perform in a manner not calculated to excite serious thought in modern minds4 ,in the old ,strasburg ,cathedral there was a brass door1 made in #aede1 upon which was engraved a convent with a procession of monks issuing from it bearing the cross and banners4 ,the foremost figure of this procession was a monk carrying a girl upon his shoulders4 ,this was not the coarse fling of an enemy4 ,it was not the scoff of an ,erasmus1 who said once1 ,these paunchy monks are called fathers1 and they take good care to deserve the name4 ,it was engraved on the eternal brass of a religious edifice for the warning and edification of the faithful4 ,nothing more surprises the modern reader than the frequency and severity with which the clergy of those centuries were denounced and satirized1 as well by themselves as by others4 ,a ,church which showed itself sensitive to the least taint of what it deemed heresy appears to have beheld with indifference the exhibition of its moral delinquencies--nay1 taken the lead in exposing them4 ,it was a clergyman who said1 in the ,council of ,siena1 fifty years before ,luther was born3 ,we see to-day priests who are usurers1 wine-shop keepers1 merchants1 governors of castles1 notaries1 stewards1 and debauch brokers4 ,the only trade which they have not yet commenced is that of executioner4 ,the bishops surpass ,epicurus himself in sensuality1 and it is between the courses of a banquet that they discuss the authority of the ,pope and that of the ,council4 ,the same speaker related that ,st4 ,bridget1 being in ,st4 ,peter's at ,rome1 looked up in a religious ecstasy1 and saw the nave filled with mitred hogs4 ,she asked the ,lord to explain this fantastic vision4 ,these1 replied the ,lord1 are the bishops and abbes of to-day4 ,m4 ,champfleury1 the first living authority on subjects of this nature1 declares that the manuscript ,bibles of the century preceding ,luther are so filled with pictures exhibiting monks and nuns in equivocal circumstances that he was only puzzled to decide which specimens were most suitable to give his readers an adequate idea of them4 ,from mere gayety of heart1 from the exuberant jollity of a well-beneficed scholar1 whose future was secure and whose time was all his own1 some of the higher clergy appear to have jested upon themselves and their office4 ,two finely engraved seals have been found in ,france1 one dating as far back as #acjj1 which represent monkeys arrayed in the vestments of a ,church dignitary4 ,upon one of them the monkey wears the hood and holds the staff of an abbot1 and upon the other the animal appears in the character of a bishop4 ,illustration3 ,bishop's ,seal1 ,a4,d4 #acjj4 ,one of these seals is known to have been executed at the express order of an abbot4 ,the other1 a copy of which is given here1 was found in the ruins of an ancient chateau of ,picardy1 and bears the inscription1 ,,le3 ,,scel3 ,,de3 ,,leuecque3 ,,de3 ,,la3 ,,cyte3 ,,de3 ,,pinon--,the seal of the bishop of the city of ,pinon4 ,this interesting relic was at first thought to be the work of some scoffing ,huguenot1 but there can now be no doubt of its having been the merry conceit of the personage whose title it bears4 ,the discovery of the record relating to the monkey seal of the abbot1 showing it to have been ordered and paid for by the actual head of a great monastery1 throws light upon all the grotesque ornamentation of those centuries4 ,it suggests to us also the idea that the clergy joined in the general ridicule of their order as much from a sense of the ludicrous as from conviction of its justice4 ,in the ,british ,museum there is a religious manuscript of the thirteenth century1 splendidly illuminated1 one of the initial letters of which represents a young friar drawing wine from a cask in a cellar1 that contains several humorous points4 ,with his left hand he holds the great wine-jug1 into which the liquid is running from the barrel2 with his right he lifts to his lips a bowlful of the wine1 and from the same hand dangle the large keys of the cellar4 ,if this was intended as a hint to the younger brethren how they ought not to behave when sent to the cellar for wine1 the artist evidently felt also the comic absurdity of the situation4 ,the vast cellars still to be seen under ancient monasteries and priories1 as well as the kitchens1 not less spacious1 and supported by archways of the most massive masonry1 tell a tale of the habits of the religious orders which is abundantly confirmed in the records and literature of the time4 ,capuchins1 says the old ,french doggerel1 drink poorly1 ,benedictines deeply1 ,dominicans pint after pint1 but ,franciscans drink the cellar dry4 ,the great number of old taverns in ,europe named the ,mitre1 the ,church1 the ,chapel-bell1 ,st4 ,dominic1 and other ecclesiastical names1 point to the conclusion that the class that professed to dispense good cheer for the soul was not averse to good cheer for the body4#i ,footnote #i3 ,history of ,sign-boards1 p4 #cai1 by ,larwood and ,hotten1 ,london4 ,if the clergy led the merriment caused by their own excesses1 we can not wonder they should have had many followers4 ,in the popular tales of the time1 which have been gathered and made accessible in recent years1 we find the priest1 the monk1 the nun1 the abbot1 often figuring in absurd situations1 rarely in creditable ones4 ,the priest seems to have been regarded as the satirist's fair game1 the common butt of the jester4 ,in one of these stories a butcher1 returning home from a fair1 asks a night's lodging at the house of a priest1 who churlishly refuses it4 ,the butcher1 returning1 offers in recompense to kill one of his fine fat sheep for supper1 and to leave behind him all the meat not eaten4 ,on this condition he is received1 and the family enjoy an excellent supper in his society4 ,after supper he wins the favor first of the priest's concubine and afterward of the maid-servant by secretly promising to each of them the skin of the sheep4 ,in the morning1 after he has gone1 a prodigious uproar arises1 the priest and the two women each vehemently claiming the skin1 in the midst of which it is discovered that the butcher had stolen the sheep from the priest's own flock4 ,from a merry tale of these ages a jest was taken which to-day forms one of the stock dialogues of our negro-minstrel bands4 ,the story was apparently designed to show the sorry stuff of which priests were sometimes made4 ,a farmer sends a lout of a son to college1 intending to make a priest of him1 and the lad was examined as to the extent of his knowledge4 ,isaac had two sons1 ,esau and ,jacob1 said the examiner3 who was ,jacob's father8 ,the candidate1 being unable to answer this question1 is sent home to his tutor with a letter relating his discomfiture4 ,thou foole and ass-head6 exclaims the tutor4 ,dost thou not know ,tom ,miller of ,oseney8 ,yes1 answered the hopeful scholar4 ,then thou knowest he had two sons1 ,tom and ,jacke3 who is ,jacke's father8 ,tom ,miller4 ,back goes the youth to college with a letter to the examiner1 who1 for the tutor's sake1 gives him another chance1 and asks once more who was ,jacob's father4 ,marry6 cries the candidate1 ,i can tell you now3 that was ,tom ,miller of ,oseney4 ,we must be cautious in drawing inferences from the popular literature of a period1 since there is in the unformed mind a propensity to circulate amusing scandal1 and the satirist is apt to aim his shaft at characters and actions which are exceptional1 not representative4 ,in some of the less frequented nooks of ,europe1 where the tone of mind among the people has not materially changed since the fifteenth century1 we still find priests the constant theme of scandal4 ,the ,tyrolese1 for example1 as some readers may have observed1 are profuse in their votive offerings1 and indefatigable in their pilgrimages1 processions1 and observances--the most superstitious people in ,europe2 but a recent writer tells us that they have a large collection of anecdotes1 humorous and scandalous1 about their priests1 and they take infinite delight in telling them4 ,they are not pious1 as the writer remarks1 but magpious4 ,the ,tyrolese may judge their priests correctly1 but a person who believes in magpious humbug may be expected to lend greedy ears to comic scandal1 and what the ,tyrolese do to-day1 their ancestors may have done when ,luther was a school-boy4 ,but of late years the exact1 methodical records of the past1 the laws1 law-books1 and trials1 which are now recognized to be among the most trustworthy guides to a correct interpretation of antiquity1 have been diligently scrutinized1 and we learn from them that it was among the commonest of criminal events for clergymen1 in the time of ,edward ,,iii4 of ,england1 to take part in acts of brigandage4 ,a band of fifty men1 for example1 broke into the park and warren of a lady1 the ,countess of ,lincoln1 killed her game1 cut down two thousand pounds' worth of timber1 and carried it off4 ,in the list of the accused are the names of two abbots and a prior4 ,several chaplains were in a band of knights and squires who entered an inclosure belonging to the ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 drove off his cattle1 cut down his trees1 harvested his wheat1 and marched away with their booty4 ,in a band of seventy who committed a similar outrage at ,carlton there were five parsons4 ,two parsons were accused of assisting to break into the ,earl of ,northampton's park and driving off his cattle4 ,the prior of ,bollington was charged with a robbery of horses1 cattle1 sheep1 and pigs4 ,five clergymen were in the band that damaged the ,bishop of ,durham's park to the extent of a thousand pounds4 ,these examples and others were drawn from a single roll of parchment of the year #acdh2 and that roll1 itself one of three1 is only one of many sources of information4 ,the author of the ,history of ,crime explains that the rolls of that year consist of more than one hundred and twenty skins of parchment1 among which there are few that do not contain a reference to some lawless act committed by knights or priests1 or by a band consisting of both4#aj ,footnote #aj3 ,history of ,crime in ,england1 p4 #bdh1 by ,l4 ,o4 ,pike1 ,london1 #ahgc4 ,this is record1 not gossip1 not literature2 and it may serve to indicate the basis of truth there was for the countless allusions to the dissoluteness of the clergy in the popular writings and pictures of the century that formed ,luther and the ,lutherans4 ,illustration3 ,pastor and ,flock4 7,from the ,window of a ,french ,church1 ,sixteenth ,century47 ,it is scarcely possible in the compass of a chapter to convey an idea of the burst of laughter that broke the long spell of superstitious terror1 and opened the minds of men to receive the better light4 ,such works as the ,decameron of ,boccaccio1 which to modern readers is only interesting as showing what indecency could be read and uttered by fine ladies and gentlemen on a picnic in #acej1 had one character that harmonized with the new influence4 ,their tone was utterly at variance with the voice of the priest4 ,the clergy1 self-indulgent1 preached self-denial2 practicing vice1 they exaggerated human guilt4 ,but the ladies and gentlemen of the ,decameron1 while practicing virtue1 made light of vice1 and brought off the graceful profligate victorious4 ,later was circulated in every land and tongue the merry tale of ,reynard the ,fox1 which children still cherish among the choicest of their literary treasures4 ,reynard1 who appears in the sculptures of so many convents and in the illuminations of so many pious manuscripts1 whom monks loved better than their missal1 exhibits the same moral3 witty wickedness triumphant over brute strength4 ,the fox cheats the wolf1 deludes the bear1 lies to ,king ,lion1 turns monk1 gallops headlong up and down the commandments1 only to be at last taken into the highest favor by the king and made ,prime ,minister4 ,it is not necessary to discover allegory in this tale4 ,what made it potent against the spell of priestly influence was the innocent and boisterous merriment which it excited1 amidst which the gloom evoked by priestly arts began to break away4 ,innocent mirth1 next to immortal truth1 is the thing most hostile to whatever is mingled with religion which is hostile to the interests of human nature4 ,and ,reynard1 we must remember1 was only the best and gayest of a large class of similar fables that circulated during the childhood of ,columbus and of ,luther4 ,in one of the ,latin stories given by ,mr4 ,wright in his ,selection1 we have an account of the death and burial of the wolf1 the hero of the tale1 which makes a most profane use of sacred objects and rites1 though it was written by a priest4 ,the holy water was carried by the hare1 hedgehogs bore the candles1 goats rang the bell1 moles dug the grave1 foxes carried the bier1 the bear celebrated mass1 the ox read the gospel1 and the ass the epistle4 ,when the burial was complete1 the animals sat down to a splendid banquet1 and wished for another grand funeral4 ,mark the moral drawn by the priestly author3 ,so it frequently happens that when some rich man1 an extortionist or a usurer1 dies1 the abbot or prior of a convent of beasts i4 e41 of men living like beasts causes them to assemble4 ,for it commonly happens that in a great convent of black or white monks ,benedictines or ,augustinians there are none but beasts--lions by their pride1 foxes by their craftiness1 bears by their voracity1 stinking goats by their incontinence1 asses by their sluggishness1 hedgehogs by their asperity1 hares by their timidity 7because they were cowardly when there was no fear71 and oxen by their laborious cultivation of their land4 ,unquestionably this author belonged to another order than those named in his tirade4 ,a book with original life in it becomes usually the progenitor of a line of books4 ,brandt's ,ship of ,fools1 which was published when ,luther was eleven years old1 gave rise to a literature4 ,as soon as it appeared it kindled the zeal of a noted preacher of ,strasburg1 ,jacob ,geiler by name1 who turned ,brandt's gentle satire into fierce invective1 which he directed chiefly against the monks4 ,the black friars1 he said1 were the devil1 the white friars his dame1 and the others were their chickens4 ,the qualities of a good monk1 he declared1 were an almighty belly1 an ass's back1 and a raven's mouth4 ,from the pulpit1 on another occasion1 he foretold a coming reformation in the ,church1 adding that he did not expect to live to see it1 though some that heard him might4 ,the monks taunted him with looking into the ,ship of ,fools for his texts instead of the ,scripture2 but the people heard him eagerly1 and one of his pupils gave the public a series of his homely1 biting sermons1 illustrated by wood-cuts1 which ran through edition after edition4 ,badius1 a noted scholar of the time1 was another who imitated the ,ship of ,fools1 in a series of satirical pieces entitled ,the ,boats of ,foolish ,women1 in which the follies of the ladies of the period were ridiculed4 ,illustration3 ,confessing to ,god4 7,holbein1 #aebj47 ,sale of ,indulgences4 ,among the great number of works which the ,ship of ,fools suggested1 there was one which directly and powerfully prepared the way for ,luther4 ,erasmus1 while residing in ,england1 from #adig to #aejf1 ,luther being still a student1 read ,brandt's work1 and was stirred by it to write his ,praise of ,folly1 which1 under the most transparent disguise1 is chiefly a satire upon the ecclesiastics of the day4 ,we may at least say that it is only in the passages aimed at them that the author is at his best4 ,before ,luther had begun to think of the abuses of the ,church1 ,erasmus1 in his little work1 derided the credulous ,christians who thought to escape mishaps all day by paying devotion to ,st4 ,christopher in the morning1 and laughed at the soldiers who expected to come out of battle with a whole skin if they had but taken the precaution to mumble over a set prayer before the picture of ,st4 ,barbara4 ,he jested upon the ,english who had constructed a gigantic figure of their patron saint as large as the images of ,hercules2 only the saint was mounted upon a horse very gloriously accoutred1 which the people scarcely refrained from worshiping4 ,but observe this passage in the very spirit of ,luther1 though written fifteen years before the reformer publicly denounced indulgences3 ,what shall ,i say of such as cry up and maintain the cheat of pardons and indulgences8 who by these compute the time of each soul's residence in purgatory1 and assign them a longer or shorter continuance1 according as they purchase more or fewer of these paltry pardons and salable exemptions8444 ,by this easy way of purchasing pardon1 any notorious highwayman1 any plundering soldier1 or any bribe-taking judge shall disburse some part of their unjust gains1 and so think all their grossest impieties sufficiently atoned for4444 ,and what can be more ridiculous than for some others to be confident of going to heaven by repeating daily those seven verses out of the ,psalms8 ,these fooleries1 which ,erasmus calls most gross and absurd1 he says are practiced not merely by the vulgar1 but by such proficients in religion as one might well expect should have more wit4 ,he ridicules the notion of each country and place being under the special protection of a patron saint1 as well as the kindred absurdity of calling upon one saint to cure a toothache1 upon another to restore lost goods1 upon another to protect seamen1 and upon another to guard cows and sheep4 ,nor does he refrain from reflecting upon the homage paid to the ,virgin ,mary1 whose blind devotees think it manners now to place the mother before the ,son4 ,he utterly scouts and reviles the folly of hanging up offerings at the shrines of saints for their imaginary aid in getting the donors out of trouble or danger4 ,the responsibility of all this folly and delusion he boldly assigns to the priests1 who gain money by them4 ,they blacken the darkness and promote the delusion1 wisely foreseeing that the people 7like cows which never give down their milk so well as when they are gently stroked7 would part with less if they knew more4 ,if any serious and wise man1 he adds1 should tell the people that a pious life is the only way of securing a peaceful death1 that repentance and amendment alone can procure pardon1 and that the best devotion to a saint is to imitate his example1 there would be a very different estimate put upon masses1 fastings1 and other austerities4 ,erasmus saw this prophecy fulfilled before many years had rolled over his head4 ,illustration3 ,christ1 the ,true ,light4 7,holbein1 about #aebj47 ,it is1 however1 in his chapters upon the amazingly ridiculous subtleties of the monastic theology of his time that ,erasmus gives us his most exquisite fooling4 ,here he becomes1 indeed1 the merry ,erasmus who was so welcome at ,english ,cambridge1 at ,paris1 at ,rome1 in ,germany1 in ,holland1 wherever there were good scholars and good fellows4 ,he pretends to approach this part of his subject with fear2 for divines1 he says1 are generally very hot and passionate1 and when provoked they set upon a man in full cry1 and hurl at him the thunders of excommunication1 that being their spiritual weapon to wound such as lift up a hand against them4 ,but he plucks up courage1 and proceeds to discourse upon the puerilities which absorbed their minds4 ,among the theological questions which they delighted to discuss were such as these3 the precise manner in which original sin was derived from our first parents2 whether time was an element in the supernatural generation of our ,lord2 whether it would be a thing possible for the first person in the ,trinity to hate the second2 whether ,god1 who took our nature upon him in the form of a man1 could as well have become a woman1 a beast1 an herb1 or a stone2 and if he could1 how could he have then preached the gospel1 or been nailed to the cross8 whether if ,st4 ,peter had celebrated the eucharist at the time when our ,saviour was upon the cross1 the consecrated bread would have been transubstantiated into the same body that remained on the tree2 whether1 in ,christ's corporal presence in the sacramental wafer1 his humanity was not abstracted from his ,godhead2 whether1 after the resurrection1 we shall carnally eat and drink as we do in this life2 how it is possible1 in the transubstantiation1 for one body to be in several places at the same time2 which is the greater sin1 to kill a hundred men1 or for a cobbler to set one stitch in a shoe on ,sunday8 ,such subtleties as these alternated with curious and minute delineations of purgatory1 heaven1 and hell1 their divisions1 subdivisions1 degrees1 and qualities4 ,he heaps ridicule also upon the public preaching of those profound theologians4 ,it was mere stage-playing2 and their delivery was the very acme of the droll and the absurd4 ,good ,lord6 how mimical are their gestures6 ,what heights and falls in their voice6 ,what toning1 what bawling1 what singing1 what squeaking1 what grimaces1 what making of mouths1 what apes' faces and distorting of their countenances6 ,and their matter was even more ridiculous than their manner4 ,one of these absurd divines1 discoursing upon the name of ,jesus1 subtly pretended to discover a revelation of the ,trinity in the very letters of which the name was composed4 ,it was declined only in three cases4 ,that was one mysterious coincidence4 ,then the nominative ended in ,s1 the accusative in ,m1 and the ablative in ,u1 which obviously indicated ,summus1 the beginning2 ,medius1 the middle2 and ,ultimus1 the end of all things4 ,other examples he gives of the same profound nature4 ,nor did the different orders of monks escape his lash4 ,he dwelt upon the preposterous importance they attached to trifling details of dress and ceremonial4 ,they must be very critical in the precise number of their knots1 in the tying-on of their sandals1 of what precise colors their respective habits should be made1 and of what stuff2 how broad and long their girdles1 how big and in what fashion their hoods1 whether their bald crowns be of the right cut to a hair's-breadth1 how many hours they must sleep1 and at what minute rise to prayers4 ,in this manner he proceeds for many a sprightly page1 rising from monks to bishops and cardinals1 and from them to popes1 who pretend themselves ,christ's vicars1 while resembling the ,lord in nothing4 ,luther never went farther1 never was bolder or more biting1 than ,erasmus in this essay4 ,but all went for nothing with the great leader of reform1 because ,erasmus refused to abandon the ,church1 and cast in his lot openly with the reformers4 ,luther calls him a mere ,momus1 who laughed at ,catholic and ,protestant alike1 and looked upon the ,christian religion itself very much as ,lucian did upon the ,greek4 ,whenever ,i pray1 said ,luther once1 ,i pray for a curse upon ,erasmus4 ,it was certainly a significant fact that in the heat of that contest ,erasmus should have given the world a translation of ,lucian4 ,but he was a great1 wise1 genial soul1 whose fame will brighten as that age becomes more justly and familiarly known to us4 ,the first place in the annals of such a warfare belongs of right to the soldiers who took their lives in their hands and went forth to meet the foe in the open field1 braving torture1 infamy1 and death for the cause4 ,such were ,luther and his followers4 ,but there is a place in human memory for the philosopher and the humorist who first made the contest possible1 and then rendered it shorter and easier4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,comic ,,art ,,and ,,the ,,reformation4 ,when ,luther began the immortal part of his public career in #aeag by nailing to the church door his ninety-five theses against the sale of indulgences1 wood-engraving was an art which had been practiced nearly a century4 ,he found also1 as we have seen1 a public accustomed to satirical writings illustrated by wood-cuts4 ,the great ,holbein illustrated ,erasmus's ,praise of ,folly4 ,brandt's ,ship of ,fools1 as well as the litter of works which it called forth1 was even profusely illustrated4 ,caricatures as distinct works1 though usually accompanied with abundant verbal commentary1 were familiar objects4 ,among the curiosities which ,luther himself brought from ,rome in #aeaj1 some years before he began his special work1 was a caricature suggested by the ,ship of ,fools1 showing how the ,pope had fooled the whole world with his superstitions and idolatries4 ,he showed it to the ,prince ,elector of ,saxony at the time4 ,the picture exhibited a little ship filled with monks1 friars1 and priests casting lines to people swimming in the sea1 while in the stern sat comfortably the ,pope with his cardinals and bishops1 overshadowed and covered by the ,holy ,ghost1 who was looking up to heaven1 and through whose help alone the drowning wretches were saved4 ,in talking about the picture many years after1 ,luther said1 ,these and the like fooleries we then believed as articles of faith4 ,he had not reached the point when he could talk at his own table of the cardinals as peevish milksops1 effeminate1 unlearned blockheads1 whom the ,pope places in all kingdoms1 where they lie lolling in kings' courts among the ladies and women4 ,illustration3 ,papa1 ,doctor ,theologiae et ,magister ,fidei4 ,a long-eared ass can with the ,bagpipes cope ,as well as with ,theology the ,pope4--,germany1 #aede4 ,finding this weapon of caricature ready-made to his hands1 he used it freely1 as did also his friends and his foes4 ,he was himself a caricaturist4 ,when ,pope ,clement ,,vii4 seemed disposed to meet the reformers half-way1 and proposed a council to that end1 ,luther wrote a pamphlet ridiculing the scheme1 and1 to give more force to his satire1 he caused a picture to be drawn and placed in the title-page4 ,it was not a work describable to the fastidious ears of our century1 unless we leave part of the description in ,latin4 ,the ,pope was seated on a lofty throne surrounded by cardinals having foxes' tails1 and seeming sursum et deorsum repurgare4 ,in the ,table-talk we read also of a picture being brought to ,luther in which the ,pope and ,judas were represented hanging to the purse and keys4 ',twill vex the ,pope horribly1 said ,luther1 that he whom emperors and kings have worshiped should now be figured hanging upon his own picklocks4 ,the picture annexed1 in which the ,pope is exhibited with an ass's head performing on the bagpipes1 was entirely in the taste of ,luther4 ,the ,pope's decretals1 he once said1 are naught2 he that drew them up was an ass4 ,no word was too contemptuous for the papacy4 ,pope1 cardinals1 and bishops1 said he1 are a pack of guzzling1 stuffing wretches2 rich1 wallowing in wealth and laziness1 resting secure in their power1 and never thinking of accomplishing ,god's will4 ,illustration3 ,the ,pope cast into ,hell4 7,lucas ,cranach1 #aeba47 ,the famous pamphlet of caricatures published in #aeba by ,luther's friend and follower1 ,lucas ,cranach1 contains pictures that we could easily believe ,luther himself suggested4 ,the object was to exhibit to the eyes of the people of ,germany the contrast between the religion inculcated by the lowly ,jesus and the pompous worldliness of the papacy4 ,there was a picture on each page which nearly filled it1 and at the bottom there were a few lines in ,german of explanation2 the engraving on the page to the left representing an incident in the life of ,christ1 and the page to the right a feature of the papal system at variance with it4 ,thus1 on the first page was shown ,jesus1 in humble attitude and simple raiment1 refusing honors and dignities1 and on the page opposite the ,pope1 cardinals1 and bishops1 with warriors1 cannon1 and forts1 assuming lordship over kings4 ,on another page ,christ was seen crowned with thorns by the scoffing soldiers1 and on the opposite page the ,pope wearing his triple crown1 and seated on his throne1 an object of adoration to his court4 ,on another was shown ,christ washing the feet of his disciples1 in contrast to the ,pope presenting his toe to an emperor to be kissed4 ,at length we have ,christ ascending to heaven with a glorious escort of angels1 and on the other page the ,pope hurled headlong to hell1 accompanied by devils1 with some of his own monks already in the flames waiting to receive him4 ,this concluding picture may serve as a specimen of a series that must have told powerfully on the side of reform4#aa ,footnote #aa3 ,from ,a ,history of ,caricature1 p4 #bed1 by ,thomas ,wright1 ,london1 #ahfd4 ,illustration3 ,the ,beam that is in thine own ,eye1 ,a4,d4 #aedj4 ,these pictorial pamphlets were an important part of the stock in trade of the colporteurs who pervaded the villages and by-ways of ,germany during ,luther's life-time1 selling the sermons of the reformers1 homely satiric verses1 and broadside caricatures4 ,the simplicity and directness of the caricatures of that age reflected perfectly both the character and the methods of ,luther4 ,one picture of ,hans ,sachs's has been preserved1 which was designed as an illustration of the words of ,christ3 ,i am the door4 ,he that entereth not by the door into the sheepfold1 but climbeth up some other way1 the same is a thief and a robber4 ,the honest ,sachs shows us a lofty1 well-built barn1 with a very steep roof1 on the very top of which sits the ,pope crowned with his tiara4 ,to him cardinals and bishops are directing people1 and urging them to climb up the steep and slippery height4 ,two monks have done so1 and are getting in at a high window4 ,at the open door of the edifice stands the ,lord1 with a halo round his head1 inviting a humble inquirer to enter freely4 ,nothing was farther from the popular caricaturists of that age than to allegorize a doctrine or a moral lesson2 on the contrary1 it was their habit to interpret allegory in the most absurdly literal manner4 ,observe1 for example1 the treatment of the subject contained in the words1 ,how wilt thou say to thy brother1 ,let me pull out the mote out of thine eye1 and1 behold1 a beam is in thine own eye8 ,illustration3 ,luther ,triumphant4 7,paris1 #aece47 ,the marriage of ,luther in #aebe was followed by a burst of caricature4 ,the idea of a priest marrying excited then1 as it does now in a ,catholic mind1 a sense of ludicrous incongruity4 ,it is as though the words married priest were a contradiction in terms1 and the relation implied by them was a sort of manifest incompatibility1 half comic1 half disgusting4 ,the spectacle occasionally presented in a ,protestant church of a clergyman ordained and married in the same hour is so opposed to the ,catholic conception of the priesthood that some ,catholics can only express their sense of it by laughter4 ,equally amazing and equally ludicrous to them is the more frequent case of missionaries coming home to be married1 or young missionaries married in the evening and setting out for their station the next morning4 ,we observe that some of ,luther's nearest friends--nay1 ,luther himself--saw something both ridiculous and contemptible in his marriage1 particularly in the haste with which it was concluded1 and the disparity in the ages of the pair1 ,luther being forty-two and his wife twenty-six4 ,my marriage1 wrote ,luther1 has made me so despicable that ,i hope my humiliation will rejoice the angels and vex the devils4 ,and ,melanchthon1 while doing his best to restore his leader's self-respect1 expressed the hope that the accident might be of use in humbling ,luther a little in the midst of a success perilous to his good sense4 ,luther was not long abased4 ,we find him soon justifying the act1 which was among the boldest and wisest of his life1 as a tribute of obedience to his aged father1 who required it in hopes of issue1 and as a practical confirmation of what he had himself taught4 ,he speaks gayly of my rib1 ,kate1 and declared once that he would not exchange his wife for the kingdom of ,france or the wealth of ,venice4 ,but the caricaturists were not soon weary of the theme4 ,readers at all familiar with the manners of that age do not need to be told that few of the efforts of their free pencils will bear reproduction now4 ,besides exhibiting the pair carousing1 dancing1 romping1 caressing1 and in various situations supposed to be ridiculous1 the satirists harped a good deal upon the old prophecy that ,antichrist would be the offspring of a monk and a nun4 ,if that is the case1 said ,erasmus1 how many thousands of ,antichrists there are in the world already6 ,luther was evidently of the same opinion1 for he gave full credit to the story of six thousand infants' skulls having been found at the bottom of a pond near a convent1 as well as to that of twelve great pots1 in each of which was the carcass of an infant1 discovered under the cellars of another convent4 ,but1 then1 ,luther was among the most credulous of men4 ,the marriage of the monk and the nun gave only a brief advantage to the enemies of reform4 ,the great ,german artists of that generation were friends of ,luther4 ,no name is more distinguished in the early annals of ,german art than ,albert ,duerer1 painter1 engraver1 sculptor1 and author4 ,he did not employ his pencil in furtherance of ,luther's cause1 nor did he forsake the communion of the ancient ,church1 but he expressed the warmest sympathy with the objects of the reformer4 ,a report of ,luther's death in #aeba struck horror to his soul4 ,whether ,luther be yet living1 he wrote1 or whether his enemies have put him to death1 ,i know not2 yet certainly what he has suffered has been for the sake of truth1 and because he has reprehended the abuses of unchristian papacy1 which strives to fetter ,christian liberty with the incumbrance of human ordinances1 that we may be robbed of the price of our blood and sweat1 and shamefully plundered by idlers1 while the sick and needy perish through hunger4 ,these words go to the heart of the controversy4 ,holbein1 nearly thirty years younger than ,duerer1 only just coming of age when ,luther nailed his theses to the castle church1 did more1 as the reader has already seen1 than express in words his sympathy with reform4 ,the fineness and graphic force of the two specimens of his youthful talent given on pages #gb1 #gc1ab every reader must have remarked4 ,only three copies of these pictures are known to exist4 ,they appeared at the time when ,luther had kindled a general opposition to the sale of indulgences1 as well as some ill feeling toward the classic authors so highly esteemed by ,erasmus4 ,they are in a peculiar sense ,lutheran pictures1 and they give expression to the reformer's prejudices and convictions4 ,a third wood-cut of ,holbein's is mentioned by ,woltmann1 dated #aebd1 in which the ,pope is shown riding in a litter surrounded by an armed escort1 and on the other side ,christ is seen on an ass1 accompanied by his disciples4 ,these three works were ,holbein's contribution to the earlier stage of the movement4 ,footnote #ab3 ,from ,holbein and his ,time1 p4 #bda-bdc1 by ,alfred ,woltmann2 translated by ,f4 ,e4 ,bunnett1 ,london1 #ahgb4 ,this artist was soon drawn away to the splendid court of ,henry ,,viii4 of ,england1 where1 among other works1 he executed his renowned paintings1 ,the ,triumph of ,riches and ,the ,triumph of ,poverty1 in both of which there is satire enough to bring them within our subject4 ,of these stupendous works1 each containing seventeen or more life-size figures1 every trace has perished except the artist's original sketch of ,the ,triumph of ,riches4 ,but they made a vivid impression upon the two generations which saw them1 and we have so many engravings1 copies1 and descriptions of them that it is almost as if we still possessed the originals4 ,holbein's sketch is now in the ,louvre at ,paris4 ,it will convey to the reader some idea of the harmonious grandeur of the painting1 and some notion of the ingenious and friendly nature of its satire upon human life4 ,illustration3 ,the ,triumph of ,riches4 7,holbein1 about #aecc47 ,in accordance with the custom of the age1 the painting bore an explanatory motto in ,latin3 ,gold is the father of lust and the son of sorrow4 ,he who lacks it laments2 he who has it fears4 ,plutus1 the god of wealth1 is an old1 old man1 long past enjoyment2 but his foot rests upon sacks of superfluous coin1 and an open vessel before him1 heaped with money1 affords the only pleasures left to him--the sight and conscious possession of the wealth he can never use4 ,below him ,fortuna1 a young and lovely woman1 scatters money among the people who throng about her1 among whom are the portly ,sichaeus1 ,dido's husband1 the richest of his people2 ,themistocles1 who stooped to accept wealth from the ,persian king2 and many others noted in classic story for the part gold played in their lives4 ,croesus1 ,midas1 and ,tantalus follow on horseback1 and1 last of all1 the unveiled ,cleopatra4 ,the careful driver of ,plutus's chariot is ,ratio--reason4 ,faster6 cries one of the crowd1 but the charioteer still holds a tight rein4 ,the unruly horses next the chariot1 named ,interest and ,contract1 are led by the noble maidens ,equity and ,justice2 and the wild pair in front1 ,avarice and ,deceit1 are held in by ,generosity and ,good ,faith4 ,in the rear1 hovering over the triumphal band1 ,nemesis threatens4 ,the companion picture1 ,the ,triumph of ,poverty1 had also a ,latin motto1 to the effect that1 while the rich man is ever anxious1 the poor man fears nothing1 joyous hope is his portion1 and he learns to serve ,god by the practice of virtue4 ,in the picture a lean and hungry-looking old woman1 ,poverty1 was seen riding in the lowliest of vehicles1 a cart1 drawn by two donkeys1 ,stupidity and ,clumsiness1 and by two oxen1 ,negligence and ,indolence4 ,beside her in the cart sits ,misfortune4 ,a meagre and forlorn crowd surround and follow them4 ,but the slow-moving team is guided by the four blooming girls1 ,moderation1 ,diligence1 ,alertness1 and ,toil1 of whom the last is the one most abounding in vigor and health4 ,the reins are held by ,hope1 her eyes toward heaven4 ,industry1 ,memory1 and ,experience sit behind1 giving out to the hungry crowd the means of honorable plenty in the form of flails1 axes1 squares1 and hammers4 ,these human and cheerful works stand in the waste of that age of wrathful controversy and irrational devotion like green islands in the desert1 a rest to the eye and a solace to the mind4 ,when ,luther was face to face with the hierarchy at the ,diet of ,worms1 ,calvin1 a ,french boy of twelve1 was already a sharer in the worldly advantage which the hierarchy could bestow upon its favorites4 ,he held a benefice in the ,cathedral of ,noyon1 his native town1 and at seventeen he drew additional revenue from a curacy in a neighboring parish4 ,the tonsured boy owed this ridiculous preferment to the circumstance that his father1 being secretary to the bishop of the diocese1 was sure to be at hand when the bishop happened to have a good thing to give away4 ,in all probability ,jean ,calvin would have died an archbishop or a cardinal if he had remained in the ,church of his ancestors1 for he possessed the two requisites for advancement--fervent zeal for the ,church and access to the bestowers of its prizes4 ,at ,paris1 however1 whither he was sent by his father to pursue his studies1 a shy1 intense1 devout lad1 already thin and sallow with fasting and study1 the light of the ,reformation broke upon him4 ,like ,luther1 he long resisted it1 and still longer hoped to see a reformation in the ,church1 not outside of its pale4 ,the ,church never had a more devoted son4 ,not ,luther himself loved it more4 ,i was so obstinately given to the superstitions of popery1 he said1 long after1 that it seemed impossible ,i should ever be pulled out of the deep mire4 ,he struggled out at length4 ,observe one of the results of his conversion in this picture1 in which a slander of the day is preserved for our inspection4#ac ,footnote #ac3 ,from ,musee de la ,caricature en ,france1 ,paris1 #ahcd4 ,illustration3 ,calvin branded4 7,paris47 ,gross and filthy calumny was one of the familiar weapons in the theological contests of that century4 ,both sides employed it--,luther and ,calvin not less than others--for it belonged to that age to hate1 and hence to misinterpret1 opponents4 ,search the records of the city of ,noyon1 in ,picardie1 wrote ,stapleton1 an eminent controversialist on the ,catholic side1 and professor in a ,catholic college of ,calvin's own day1 and read again that ,jean ,calvin1 convicted of a crime 7infamous and unmentionable71 by the very clement sentence of the bishop and magistrate was branded with an iron lily on the shoulders4 ,the records have been searched2 nothing of the kind is to be found in them2 but the picture was drawn and scattered over ,france4 ,precisely the same charge was made against ,luther4 ,that both the reformers died of infamous diseases was another of the scandals of the time4 ,in reading these controversies1 it is convenient to keep in mind the remark of the collector of the ,calvin pictures3 ,when two theologians accuse one another1 both of them lie4 ,one of these calumnies drew from ,calvin a celebrated retort4 ,they accuse me1 said he1 of having no children4 ,in every land there are ,christians who are my children4 ,another caricature1 shown on the following page1 representing ,calvin at the burning of ,servetus1 had only too much foundation in truth4 ,the reformer was not indeed present at the burning1 but he caused the arrest of the victim1 drew up the charges1 furnished part of the testimony that convicted him1 consented to and approved his execution4 ,servetus was a ,spanish physician1 of blameless life and warm convictions1 who rejected the doctrine of the ,trinity4 ,catholic and ,protestant equally abhorred him1 and ,protestant ,geneva seized the opportunity to show the world its attachment to the true faith by burning a man whom ,rome was also longing to burn4 ,it was a hideous scene--a virtuous and devoted ,unitarian expiring in the flames after enduring the extremest anguish for thirty minutes1 and crying1 from the depths of his torment1 ,jesus1 thou ,son of the eternal ,god1 have mercy on me6 ,but it was not ,calvin who burned him4 ,it was the century4 ,it was imperfectly developed human nature4 ,man had not reached the civilization which admits1 allows1 welcomes1 and honors disinterested conviction4 ,it were as unjust to blame ,calvin for burning ,servetus as it is to hold the ,roman ,catholic ,church of the present day responsible for the ,inquisition of three centuries ago4 ,it was ,man that was guilty of all those stupid and abominable cruelties4 ,luther1 the man of his period1 honestly declared that if he were the ,lord ,god1 and saw kings1 princes1 bishops1 and judges so little mindful of his ,son1 he would knock the world to pieces4 ,if ,calvin had not burned ,servetus1 ,servetus might have burned ,calvin1 and the ,pope would have been happy to burn both4 ,illustration3 ,calvin at the ,burning of ,servetus4 ,one of the best caricatures--perhaps the very best--which the ,reformation called forth was suggested by the dissensions that arose between the followers of ,luther and ,calvin when both of them were in the grave4 ,it might have amused the very persons caricatured4 ,we can fancy ,lutherans1 ,calvinists1 and ,catholics all laughing together at the spectacle of the two reformers holding the ,pope by the ear1 and with their other hands fighting one another1 ,luther clawing at ,calvin's beard1 and ,calvin hurling a ,bible at ,luther's head4 ,on the same sheet in the original drawing a second picture was given1 in which a shepherd was seen on his knees1 surrounded by his flock1 addressing the ,lord1 who is visible in the sky4 ,underneath is written1 ,the ,lord is my ,shepherd2 he will never forsake me4 ,the work has an additional interest as showing how early the ,french began to excel in caricature4 ,in the ,german and ,english caricatures of that period there are no existing specimens which equal this one in effective simplicity4 ,illustration3 ,calvin1 the ,pope1 and ,luther4 7,paris1 #afjj47 ,perhaps the all-pervading influence of ,rabelais in that age may have made ,french satire more good-humored4 ,after all efforts to discover in the works of ,rabelais hidden allusions to the great personages and events of his time1 we must remain of the opinion that he was a fun-maker pure and simple1 a court-fool to his century4 ,the anecdote related of his convent life seems to give us the key both to his character and his writings4 ,the incident has often been used in comedy since ,rabelais employed it4 ,on the festival of ,st4 ,francis1 to whom his convent was dedicated1 when the country people came in1 laden with votive offerings1 to pray before the image of the saint1 young ,rabelais removed the image from its dimly lighted recess and mounted himself upon the pedestal1 attired in suitable costume4 ,group after group of awkward rustics approached and paid their homage4 ,rabelais at length1 overcome by the ridiculous demeanor of the worshipers1 was obliged to laugh1 whereupon the gaping throng cried out1 ,a miracle6 a miracle6 ,our good lord ,st4 ,francis moves6 ,but a cunning old friar1 who knew when miracles might and might not be rationally expected in that convent1 ran into the chapel and drew out the merry saint1 and the brothers laid their knotted cords so vigorously across his naked shoulders that he had a lively sense of not being made of wood4 ,that was ,rabelais6 ,he was a natural laugh-compeller4 ,he laughed at every thing1 and set his countrymen laughing at every thing4 ,but there were no men who oftener provoked his derision than the monks4 ,how is it8 asks one of his merry men1 that people exclude monks from all good companies1 calling them feast-troublers1 marrers of mirth1 and disturbers of all civil conversation1 as bees drive away the drones from their hives8 ,the hero answers this question in three pages of most ,rabelaisan abuse1 of which only a very few lines are quotable4 ,your monk1 he says1 is like a monkey in a house4 ,he does not watch like a dog1 nor plow like the ox1 nor give wool like the sheep1 nor carry like the horse2 he only spoils and defiles all things4 ,monks disquiet all their neighborhood with a tingle-tangle jangling of bells1 and mumble out great store of psalms1 legends1 and paternosters without thinking upon or apprehending the meaning of what they say1 which truly is a mocking of ,god4 ,there is no single theme to which ,rabelais1 the favorite of bishops1 oftener returns than this1 and his boisterous satire had its effect upon the course of events in ,europe1 as well as upon ,french art and literature4 ,the ,english caricatures that have come down to us from the era of the ,reformation betray far more earnestness than humor or ingenuity4 ,there is one in the ,british ,museum which figures in so many books1 and continued to do duty for so many years1 that the inroads of the worms in the wood-cut can be traced in the prints of different dates4 ,it represents ,king ,henry ,,viii4 receiving a ,bible from ,archbishop ,cranmer and ,lord ,cromwell4 ,the burly monarch1 seated upon his throne1 takes the book from their hands1 while he tramples upon ,pope ,clement1 lying prostrate at his feet1 the tiara broken and fallen off1 the triple cross lying on the ground4 ,cardinal ,pole1 with the aid of another dignitary1 is trying to get the ,pope on his feet again4 ,a monk is holding the ,pope's horse1 and other monks stand dismayed at the spectacle4 ,this picture was executed in #aecg1 but1 as we learn from the catalogue1 the deterioration of the block and the working of worms in the wood prove that the impression in the ,museum was taken in #afca4ad ,footnote #ad3 ,catalogue of ,prints and ,drawings in the ,british ,museum1 ,division ,i41 vol4 i41 p4 #b4 ,london1 #ahgj4 ,the martyrdom of the reformers in #aeee1 under ,queen ,mary of bloody memory1 furnished subjects for the satiric pen and pencil as soon as the accession of ,elizabeth made it safe to treat them4 ,but there is no spirit of fun in the pictures4 ,they are as serious and grim as the events that suggested them4 ,in one we see a lamb suspended before an altar1 which the ,bishop of ,winchester 7,gardiner71 with his wolf's head1 is beginning to devour2 and on the ground lie six slain lambs1 named ,houperus1 ,cranmerus1 ,bradfordus1 ,rydlerus1 ,rogerus1 and ,latimerus4 ,three reformers put a rope round ,gardiner's neck1 saying1 ,we will not this feloue to raigne over us2 and on the other side of him two bishops with wolves' heads mitred1 and having sheepskins on their shoulders1 are drinking from chalices4 ,behind ,gardiner are several men attached by rings through their noses to a rope round his waist4 ,the devil appears above1 holding a scroll1 on which is written1 ,youe are my verye chyldren in that youe have slayne the prophetes4 ,for even ,i from the begynning was a murtherer4 ,on the altar lie two books1 one open and the other shut4 ,on the open book we read1 ,christ alone is not sufficient without our sacrifice4 ,the only window in the edifice1 a small round one1 is closed and barred4 ,many of the figures in this elaborate piece utter severe animadversion upon opponents2 but none of them is scurrilous and indecent1 except the mitred wolf1 who is so remarkably plain-spoken that the compiler of the catalogue was obliged to suppress several of his words4 ,the ,english caricaturists of that age seem to have felt it their duty to exhibit the entire case between ,catholic and ,protestant in each broadside1 with all the litigants on both sides1 terrestrial and celestial1 all the points in both arguments1 and sometimes the whole history of the controversy from the beginning4 ,the great expanse of the picture was obscured with the number of remarks streaming from the mouths of the persons depicted1 and there was often at the bottom of the engraving prose and verse enough to fill two or three of these pages4 ,such extensive works call to mind the sermons of the following century1 when preachers endeavored on each occasion to declare1 as they said1 the whole counsel of ,god2 so that if one individual present had never heard the ,gospel before1 and should never hear it again1 he would hear enough for salvation in that one discourse4 ,another of these martyrdom prints may claim brief notice4 ,two companies of martyrs are seen1 one composed of the bishops1 and the other of less distinguished persons1 between whom there is a heap of burning fagots4 ,nearly all the figures say something1 and the space under the picture is filled with verses4 ,cranmer1 with the ,bible in his left hand1 holds his right in the fire1 exclaiming1 ,burne1 unworthie right hand6 ,latimer cries1 ,lord1 ,lord1 receive my spirit6 ,philpot1 pointing to a book which he holds1 says1 ,i will pay my vowes in thee1 ,o ,smithfield6 ,the other characters utter their dying words4 ,the verses are rough1 but full of the resolute enthusiasm of the age3 ,first1 ,christian ,cranmer1 who 7at first tho foild71 ,and so subscribing to a recantation1 ,god's grace recouering him1 hee1 quick recoil'd1 ,and made his hand ith flames make expiation4 ,saing1 burne faint-hand1 burne first1 'tis thy due merit4 ,and dying1 cryde1 ,lord ,jesus take my spirit4 ,next1 lovely ,latimer1 godly and grave1 ,himselfe1 ,christs old tride souldier1 plaine displaid1 ,who stoutly at the stake did him behave1 ,and to blest ,ridley 7gone before7 hee saide1 ,goe on blest brother1 for ,i followe1 neere1 ,this day wee'le light a light1 shall aye burne cleare4 ,whom when religious1 reverend ,ridley spide1 ,deere heart 7sayes hee7 bee cheerful in yr ,lord2 ,who never 7yet7 his helpe to his denye'd1 hee will us support strength afford1 ,or suage ye flame1 thus1 to the stake fast tide1 ,they1 constantly ,christs blessed ,martyres dyde4 ,blest ,bradford also comming to the stake1 ,cheerfully tooke a faggott in his hand3 ,kist it1 1 thus1 unto a young-man spake1 ,wch with him1 chained1 to ye stake did stand1 ,take courage 7brother7 wee shal haue this night1 ,a blessed supper wth the ,lord of ,light4 ,admir'd was ,doctor ,tailers faith grace1 ,who under-went greate hardship spight and spleene2 ,one1 basely1 threw a ,faggot in his face1 ,wch made ye blood ore all his face bee seene2 ,another1 barberously beate out his braines1 ,whilst1 at ye stake his corps was bound wth chaines4 ,in many of the ,english pictures of that period1 the intention of the draughtsman is only made apparent by the explanatory words at the bottom4 ,in one of these a friar is seen holding a chalice to a man who stretches out his hands to receive it4 ,from the chalice a winged cockatrice is rising4 ,there is also a man who stabs another while embracing him4 ,the quaint words below explain the device3 ,the man which standeth lyke a ,prophet signifieth godliness2 the ,fryer1 treason2 the cup with the ,serpent1 ,poyson2 the other which striketh with the sworde1 ,murder2 and he that is wounded is ,peace4 ,in another of these pictures we see an ass dressed in a judge's robes seated on the bench4 ,before him is the prisoner1 led away by a priest and another man4 ,at one side a friar is seen in conversation with a layman4 ,no one could make any thing of this if the artist had not obligingly appended these words3 ,the ,asse signifieth ,wrathfull ,justice2 the man that is drawn away1 ,truth2 those that draweth ,truth by the armes1 ,flatterers2 the ,frier1 ,lies2 and the associate with the ,frier1 ,perjury4 ,in another drawing the artist shows us the ,pope seated in a chair1 with his foot on the face of a prostrate man1 and in his hand a drawn sword1 directing an executioner who is in the act of beheading a prisoner4 ,in the distance are three men kneeling in prayer4 ,the explanation is this3 ,the ,pope is ,oppression2 the man which killeth is ,crueltie2 those which are a-killing1 ,constant ,religion2 the three kneeling1 ,love1 ,furtherance1 and ,truth to the ,gospel4 ,in one of these crude productions a parson is exhibited preaching in a pulpit1 from which two ecclesiastics are dragging him by the beard to the stake outside4 ,explanation in this instance is not so necessary1 but we have it1 nevertheless3 ,he which preacheth in the pulpit signifieth godly zeale and a furtherer of the gospel2 and the two which are plucking him out of his place are the enemies of ,god's ,word1 threatening by fire to consume the professors of the same2 and that company which 7sit7 still are ,nullifidians1 such as are of no religion1 not regarding any doctrine1 so they may bee quiet to live after their owne willes and mindes4 ,another picture shows us a figure seated on a rainbow1 the world at his feet1 up the sides of which a pope and a cardinal are climbing4 ,in the middle is the devil tumbling off headlong4 ,the world is upheld by ,death1 who sits by the mouth of hell4 ,this is the explanation3 ,he which sitteth on the raynebowe signifieth ,christ1 and the sworde in his hand signifieth his wrath against the wycked2 the round compasse1 the worlde2 and those two climing1 the one a pope1 the other a cardinall1 striving who shall be highest2 and the ,divell which falleth headlong downe is ,lucifer1 whiche through pride fel2 he whiche holdeth the world is ,death1 standing in the entrance of hell to receyve all superbious livers4 ,in another print is represented a ,roman soldier riding on a boar1 and bearing a banner1 on which is painted the ,pope with his insignia4 ,a man stabs himself and tears his hair1 and behind him is a raving woman4 ,this picture has a blunt signification3 ,the bore signifieth ,wrath1 and the man on his back ,mischief2 the ,pope in the flag ,destruction1 and the flag ,uncertaine ,religion1 turning and chaunging with every blaste of winde2 the man killing himselfe1 ,desperation2 the woman1 ,madness4 ,there are fourteen specimens in this quaint manner in the collection of the ,british ,museum1 all executed and published in the early part of the reign of ,elizabeth4 ,as art1 they are naught4 ,as part of the record of a great age1 they have their value4 ,illustration3 ,titian's ,caricature of the ,laocooen4 ,germany1 ,england1 and ,france fought the battle of the ,reformation--two victors and one vanquished4 ,from ,italy in that age we have one specimen of caricature1 but it was executed by ,titian4 ,he drew a burlesque of the ,laocooen to ridicule a school of artists in ,rome1 who1 as he thought1 extolled too highly the ancient sculptures1 and1 because they could not succeed in coloring1 insisted that correctness of form was the chief thing in art4 ,since ,titian's day1 parodies of the ,laocooen have been among the stock devices of the caricaturists of all nations4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,in ,,the ,,puritan ,,period4 ,illustration3 ,the ,papal ,gorgon4 7,reign of ,elizabeth1 #aeha47 ,the annexed picture1#ae a favorite with the ,protestants of ,england1 ,holland1 and ,germany for more than a century1 is composed of twenty-two articles and objects1 most of which are employed in the ,roman ,catholic worship4 ,a church-bell forms the hat1 which is decorated by crossed daggers and holy-water brushes4 ,a herring serves for a nose4 ,the mouth is an open wine-flagon4 ,the eye is a chalice covered by the holy wafer1 and the cheek is a paten1 or plate used in the communion service4 ,the great volume that forms the shoulders is the mass-book4 ,the front of the bell-tiara is adorned by a mitred wolf devouring a lamb1 and by a goose holding a rosary in its bill2 the back1 by a spectacled ass reading a book1 and by a boar wearing a scholar's cap4 ,at the bottom of the engraving the pierced feet of ,christ are seen resting upon two creatures called by the artist the ,queen's badges4 ,the whole figure of ,christ is supposed to be behind this mass of human inventions2 for in the original these explanatory words are given1 ,christ ,covered4 ,footnote #ae3 ,from ,malcolm's ,caricaturing1 plate #b1 and p4 #bc4 ,see1 also1 ,catalogue of the ,prints and ,drawings in the ,british ,museum1 ,division ,i41 vol4 ii41 p4 #agg4 ,it was by this device that ,master ,batman1 at the beginning of the ,puritan period1 sought to present to the eye a summary of what the ,reformation had accomplished1 and what it had still to fear4 ,half a century before1 ,henry ,,viii4 being still the ,defender of the ,faith1 the various articles used in ,master ,batman's satirical picture were objects of religious veneration throughout ,great ,britain4 ,they had now become the despised but dreaded rattle-traps of a suppressed idolatry4 ,from the field of strife one of the victors gathered the scattered arms and implements1 the gorgeous ensigns and trappings of the defeated1 and piled them upon the plain1 a trophy and a warning4 ,there is no revolution that does not sweep away much that is good4 ,the reformation in religion1 chiefly wrought by ,wycliffe1 ,huss1 ,luther1 and ,calvin1 was a movement of absolute necessity to the further progress of our race4 ,the intelligence of ,christendom had reached a development which was incompatible with respect for the assumptions of the papacy1 and with a belief in the fictions which the papacy had invented or adopted4 ,the vase must have broken1 or the oak planted in it must have ceased to grow4 ,nevertheless1 those fictions had their beauty and their use4 ,there was a good and pleasing side to that system of fables and ceremonies1 which amused1 absorbed1 and satisfied the people of ,europe for a thousand years4 ,if we could concede that the mass of men must remain forever ignorant and very poor1 we could also admit that nothing was ever invented by man better calculated to make them thoughtlessly contented with a dismal lot than the ,roman ,catholic ,church as it existed in the fifteenth century1 before the faith of the people had been shaken in its pretensions4 ,there was something in it for every faculty of human nature except the intellect4 ,it gave play to every propensity except the propensity of one mind in a thousand to ask radical questions4 ,it relieved every kind of distress except that which came of using the reason4 ,all human interests were provided for in it except the supreme interest of human advancement4 ,one must have been in a ,catholic community1 or else lived close to an important ,catholic church1 in order to form an idea of the great part the ,church once played in the lives and thoughts of its members--the endless provision it made for the entertainment of unformed minds in the way of festivals1 fasts1 processions1 curious observances1 changes of costume1 and special rites4 ,there was always something going on or coming off4 ,there was not a day in the year nor an hour in the day which had not its ecclesiastical name and character4 ,in our flowery observance of ,easter and in our joyous celebration of ,christmas we have a faint traditional residue of festivals that once made all ,christendom gay and jocund4 ,and it was all so adapted to the limited abilities of our race6 ,in an average thousand men1 there is not more than one man capable of filling creditably the post of a ,protestant minister1 but there are a hundred who can be drilled into competent priests4 ,consider1 for example1 a procession1 which was formerly the great event of many of the ,church festivals1 gratifying equally those who witnessed and those who took part in it4 ,in other words1 it gratified keenly the whole community4 ,and yet how entirely it was within the resources of human nature6 ,not a child so young1 not a woman so weak1 not a man so old1 but could assist or enjoy it4 ,the sick could view it from their windows1 the robust could carry its burdens1 the skillful could contrive its devices1 and all had the feeling that they were engaged in enhancing at once the glory of ,god1 the fame of their saint1 the credit of their town1 and the good of their souls4 ,it was pleasure2 it was duty2 it was masquerade2 it was devotion4 ,some readers may remember the exaltation of soul with which ,albert ,duerer1 the first of ,german artists in ,luther's age1 describes the great procession at ,antwerp1 in #aebj1 in honor of what was styled the ,assumption of the ,virgin ,mary4 ,one of the pleasing fictions adopted by the old ,church was that on the #aeth of ,august1 ,a4,d4 #de1 the ,virgin ,mary1 aged seventy-five years1 made a miraculous ascent into heaven4 ,hence the annual festival1 which was celebrated throughout ,europe with pomp and splendor4 ,the passage in the diary of ,duerer has a particular value1 because it affords us a vivid view of the bright side of the ancient ,church just before the reformers changed its gorgeous robes into the ,puritan's plain black gown1 and substituted the long prayer and interminable sermon for the magnificent ceremonial and the splendid procession4 ,albert ,duerer was in sympathy with ,luther1 but his heart swelled within him as he beheld1 on that ,sunday morning in ,antwerp1 the glorious pageantry that filed past for two hours in honor of the ,mother of ,god's translation4 ,all the people of the city assembled about the ,church of ,our ,lady1 each dressed in gayest attire1 but each wearing the costume of his rank1 and exhibiting the badge of his guild or vocation4 ,silver trumpets of the old ,frankish fashion1 ,german drums and fifes1 were playing in every quarter4 ,the trades and guilds of the city--goldsmiths1 painters1 masons1 embroiderers1 statuaries1 cabinet-makers1 carpenters1 sailors1 fishermen1 butchers1 curriers1 weavers1 bakers1 tailors1 shoe-makers1 and laborers--all marched by in order1 at some distance apart1 each preceded by its own magnificent cross4 ,these were followed by the merchants1 shop-keepers1 and their clerks4 ,the shooters came next1 armed with bows1 cross-bows1 and firelocks1 some on horseback and some on foot4 ,the city guard followed4 ,then came the magistrates1 nobles1 and knights1 all dressed in their official costume1 and escorted1 as our artist records1 by a gallant troop1 arrayed in a noble and splendid manner4 ,there were a number of women in the procession1 belonging to a religious order1 who gained their subsistence by labor4 ,these1 all clad in white from head to foot1 agreeably relieved the splendors of the occasion4 ,after them marched a number of gallant persons and the canons of ,our ,lady's ,church1 with all the clergy and scholars1 followed by a grand display of characters4 ,here the enthusiasm of the artist kindles1 as he recalls the glories of the day3 ,twenty men carried the ,virgin and ,christ1 most richly adorned1 to the honor of ,god4 ,in this part of the procession were a number of delightful things represented in a splendid manner4 ,there were several wagons1 in which were representations of ships and fortifications4 ,then came a troop of characters from the ,prophets1 in regular order1 followed by others from the ,new ,testament1 such as the ,annunciation1 the ,wise ,men of the ,east riding great camels and other wonderful animals1 and the ,flight into ,egypt1 all very skillfully appointed4 ,then came a great dragon1 and ,st4 ,margaret with the image of the ,virgin at her girdle1 exceedingly beautiful2 and last1 ,st4 ,george and his squire4 ,in this troop rode a number of boys and girls very handsomely arrayed in various costumes1 representing so many saints4 ,this procession1 from beginning to end1 was upward of two hours in passing our house1 and there were so many things to be seen that ,i could never describe them all even in a book4 ,in some such hearty and picturesque manner all the great festivals of the ,church were celebrated age after age1 the entire people taking part in the show4 ,there was no dissent1 because there was no thought4 ,but the reformers preached1 the ,bible was translated into the modern tongues1 the intelligence of ,christendom awoke1 and all that bright childish pageantry vanished from the sight of the more advanced nations4 ,the reformers discovered that there was no reason to believe that the aged ,virgin ,mary1 on the #aeth of ,august1 ,a4,d4 #de1 was borne miraculously to heaven2 and in a single generation many important communities1 by using their reason even to that trifling extent1 grew past enjoying the procession annually held in honor of the old tradition4 ,all the old festivals fell under the ban4 ,it became1 at length1 a sectarian punctilio not to abstain from labor on ,christmas4 ,the ,puritan ,sunday was gradually evolved from the same spirit of opposition1 and life became intense and serious4 ,for it is not in a single generation1 nor in ten1 that the human mind1 after having been bound and confined for a thousand years1 learns to enjoy and safely use its freedom4 ,luther the reformer was only a little less credulous than ,luther the monk4 ,he assisted to strike the fetters from the reason1 but the prisoner only hobbled from one cell into another1 larger and cleaner1 but still a cell4 ,no one can become familiar with the ,puritan period without feeling that the bondage of the mind to the literal interpretation of some parts of the ,old ,testament was a bondage as real1 though not as degrading nor as hopeless1 as that under which it had lived to the papal decrees4 ,you do not make your canary a free bird by merely opening the door of its cage4 ,it has to acquire slowly1 with anguish and great fear1 the strength of wing1 lungs1 and eye1 the knowledge1 habits1 and instincts1 which its ancestors possessed before they were captured in their native islands4 ,it is only in our own day that we are beginning really to enjoy the final result of ,luther's heroic life--a tolerant and modest freedom of thought--for it is only in our own day that the consequences of peculiar thinking have anywhere ceased to be injurious4 ,if there are any who can not yet forgive the ,puritans for their intolerance and narrowness1 it must be they who do not know the agony of apprehension in which they passed their lives4 ,it is the ,puritan age that could be properly called the ,reign of ,terror4 ,it lasted more than a century1 instead of a few months1 and it was during that long period of dread and tribulation that they acquired the passionate abhorrence of the papal system which is betrayed in the pictures and writings of the time4 ,there was a fund of terror in their own belief1 in that awful ,doubt which hung over every soul1 whether it was or was not one of the ,elect2 and1 in addition to that1 it seemed to them that the chief powers of earth1 and all the powers of hell1 were united to crush the true believers4 ,illustration3 ,spayne and ,rome ,defeated4 7,london and ,amsterdam1 #afba47 ,examine the two large caricatures1 ,rome's ,monster and ,spayne and ,rome ,defeated1 in the light of a mere catalogue of dates4 ,the ,field of the ,cloth of ,gold1 which we may regard as the splendid close of the old state of things1 occurred in #aebj1 three years after ,luther nailed up his theses4 ,henry ,,viii4 defied the ,pope in #aecc2 and twenty years after1 ,bloody ,mary1 married to ,philip of ,spain1 was burning bishops at ,smithfield4 ,elizabeth's reign began in #aeeh1 which changed1 not ended1 the religious strife in ,england4 ,the massacre of ,st4 ,bartholomew occurred in #aegb1 on that #bdth of ,august which1 as ,voltaire used to say1 all the humane and the tolerant of our race should observe as a day of humiliation and sorrow for evermore4 ,in #aegi began the long struggle between the ,new and the ,old1 which is called the ,thirty ,years' ,war4 ,the ,prince of ,orange was assassinated in #aehd1 in the midst of those great events which ,mr4 ,motley has made familiar to the reading people of both continents4 ,every intelligent ,protestant in ,europe felt that the weapon which slew the prince was aimed at his own heart4 ,the long dread of the ,queen of ,scots' machinations ended only with her death in #aehg4 ,soon after1 the shadow of the coming ,spanish ,armada crept over ,great ,britain1 which was not dispelled till the men of ,england defeated and the storm scattered it in #aehh4 ,in #afje ,guy ,fawkes and the ,gunpowder ,plot struck such terror to the ,protestant mind1 that it has not1 in this year1 #ahgg1 wholly recovered from it1 as all may know who will converse with uninstructed people in the remoter counties of ,great ,britain4 ,raleigh was beheaded in #afah4 ,the civil war began in #afdb4 ,in #affe the plague desolated ,england1 and in the next year occurred the great fire of ,london1 good ,protestants not doubting that both events were traceable to the fell influence of the ,beast4 ,the accession of ,james ,,ii41 a ,roman ,catholic1 filled the ,puritans with new alarm in #afhe1 and during the three anxious years of his reign their brethren1 the ,huguenots1 were fleeing into all the ,protestant lands from the hellish persecution of the priests who governed ,louis ,,xiv4 ,upon looking back at this period of agitation and alarm1 it startles the mind to observe in the catalogue of dates this one3 ,shakspeare died #afaf4 ,it shows us1 what the ordinary records do not show1 that there are people who retain their sanity and serenity in the maddest times4 ,the rapid succession of the plays--an average of nearly two per annum--proves that there was a public for ,shakspeare when all the world seemed absorbed in subjects least akin to art and humor4 ,and how little trace we find of all those thrilling events in the plays6 ,he was a ,london actor when the ,armada came2 and during the year of the ,gunpowder ,plot he was probably meditating the grandest of all his themes1 ,king ,lear6 ,the picture entitled ,spayne and ,rome ,defeated#af was one of the most noted and influential broadsheets published during the ,puritan period4 ,it may properly be termed a broadsheet1 since the copy of the original in the ,british ,museum measures #bj-b_/c inches by #ac4 ,the ,puritans of ,england saw with dismay the growing cordiality between ,james ,i4 and the ,spanish court1 and watched with just apprehension the visit of ,prince ,charles to ,spain1 and the prospect of a marriage between the heir-apparent and a ,spanish princess4 ,at this alarming crisis1 #afba1 the sheet was composed in ,england1 and sent over to ,holland to be engraved and printed1 ,holland being then1 and for a hundred and fifty years after1 the printing-house and type-foundry of ,northern ,europe4 ,some of the ,pilgrim ,fathers of ,massachusetts1 then residing at ,leyden1 and still waiting to hear the first news of the ,mayflower company1 who had sailed the year before1 may have borne a hand in the work4 ,pastor ,robinson1 we know1 gained part of his livelihood by co-operating with brethren in ,england in the preparation of works designed for distribution at home4 ,footnote #af3 ,from ,malcolm1 who copied it from the original in the ,british ,museum4 ,see ,malcolm's ,caricaturing1 plate #bb4 ,besides being one of the most characteristic specimens of ,puritan caricature which have been preserved1 it presents to us a resume of history1 as ,protestants interpreted it1 from the time of the ,spanish ,armada to that of ,guy ,fawkes--#aehh to #afje4 ,it appears to have been designed for circulation in ,holland and ,germany as well as in ,england1 as the words and verses upon it are in ,english1 ,dutch1 and ,latin4 ,the ,english lines are these3 ,in ,eighty-eight1 ,spayne1 arm'd with potent might1 ,against our peacefull ,land came on to fight2 ,but windes and waves and fire in one conspire1 ,to help the ,english1 frustrate ,spaynes desire4 ,to second that the ,pope in counsell sitts1 ,for some rare stratagem they strayne their witts2 ,november's #eth1 by powder they decree ,great ,brytanes state ruinate should bee4 ,but ,hee1 whose never-slumb'ring ,eye did view ,the dire intendments of this damned crew1 ,did soone prevent what they did thinke most sure4 ,thy mercyes1 ,lord6 for evermore endure4 ,this interesting sheet was devised by ,samuel ,ward1 a ,puritan preacher of ,ipswich1 of great zeal and celebrity1 who dedicated it1 in the fashion of the day1 thus3 ,to ,god4 ,in memorye of his double deliveraunce from ye invincible ,navie and ye unmatcheable powder ,treason1 #afje4 ,it was a timely reminder4 ,as we occasionally see in our own day a public man committing the absurdity of replying in a serious strain to a caricature1 so1 in #afba1 the ,spanish embassador in ,london1 ,count ,gondomar1 called the attention of the ,british ,government to this engraving1 complaining that it was calculated to revive the old antipathy of the ,english people to the ,spanish monarchy4 ,the obsequious lords of the ,privy ,council summoned ,samuel ,ward to appear before them4 ,after examining him1 they remanded him to the custody of their messenger1 whose house was a place of confinement for such prisoners2 and there he remained4 ,as there was yet no habeas corpus act known among men1 he could only protest his innocence of any ill designs upon the ,spanish monarchy1 and humbly petition for release4 ,he petitioned first the ,privy ,council2 and they proving obdurate1 he petitioned the king4 ,he was set free at last1 and he remained for twenty years a thorn in the side of those who dreaded ,spayne and ,rome less than they hated ,puritans and ,parliaments4 ,this persecution of ,samuel ,ward gave his print such celebrity that several imitations or pirated editions of the work speedily appeared1 of which four are preserved in the great collection of the ,british ,museum1 each differing from the original in details4 ,caricatures aimed directly at the ,spanish embassador followed1 but they are only remarkable for the explanatory words which accompany them4 ,in one we read that the residence of ,count ,gondomar in ,england had hung before the eyes of many good men like a prodigious comet1 threatening worse effects to ,church and ,state than this other comet1 which had recently menaced both from the vault of heaven4 ,no ecclipse of the sunne1 continues the writer1 could more damnifie the earth1 to make it barraine and the best things abortive1 than did his interposition4 ,we learn also that when the count left ,england for a visit to his own country1 in #afah1 there was an uproare and assault a day or two before his departure from ,london by the ,apprentices1 who seemed greedy of such an occasion to vent their own spleenes in doing him or any of his a mischiefe4 ,another picture exhibits the odious ,gondomar giving an account of his conduct in ,england to the ,spanishe ,parliament1 in the course of which he attributes the ,british abhorrence of ,spain to such men as ,ward of ,ipswich1 whom he describes as light and unstayed wits1 intent on winning the airy applause of the vulgar1 and to raise their desperate fortunes4 ,nor does he refrain from chuckling over the penalty inflicted upon that enemy of ,spayne and ,rome3 ,and ,i think that ,ward of ,ipswich escaped not safely for his lewed and profane picture of '#hh and their ,powder ,treason1 one whereof1 my ,lord ,archbishop1 ,i sent you in a letter1 that you might see the malice of these detestable ,heretiques against his ,holiness and the ,catholic ,church4 ,this broadsheet being entitled ,vox ,populi1 the writer concludes his explanation by styling the embassador ,fox ,populi1 ,count ,gondomar the ,great4 ,illustration3 ,from ,title-page to a ,sermon1 ,woe to ,drunkards1 by ,samuel ,ward1 of ,ipswich1 #afbg4 ,ward of ,ipswich continued to be heard from occasionally during the first years of the reign of ,charles ,i4 ,ipswich itself acquired a certain celebrity as a ,puritan centre1 and the name was given during the life-time of ,samuel ,ward to a town in ,massachusetts1 which is still thriving4 ,one of his sermons upon drunkenness was illustrated by a picture1 of which a copy is given here1#ag designed to show the degeneracy of manners that had taken place in ,england in his day4 ,mr4 ,chatto truly remarks that twenty years later the picture would have been more appropriate with the inscriptions transposed4 ,footnote #ag3 ,from ,chatto's ,origin and ,history of ,playing ,cards1 p4 #aca1 ,london1 #ahdh4 ,the marriage of ,charles ,i4 with the ,princess ,henrietta of ,france1 in #afbe1 was one of the long series of impolitic acts which the king expiated on the scaffold in #afdi4 ,it aggravated every propensity of his nature that was hostile to the liberties of the people4 ,under ,james ,i4 the elite of the ,puritans had fled to ,holland1 and a little company had sought a more permanent refuge on the coast of ,new ,england4 ,during the early years of the reign of ,charles1 the persecution of the ,puritans by his savage bishops became so cruel and so vigilant as to induce men of family and fortune1 like ,winthrop and his friends1 accompanied by a fleet of vessels laden with virtuous and thoughtful families1 to cross the ocean and settle in ,massachusetts4 ,boston was founded when ,charles ,i4 had been cutting off the ears and slitting the noses of ,puritans for five years4 ,all that enchanting shore of ,new ,england1 with its gleaming beaches1 and emerald isles1 and jutting capes of granite and wild roses1 now so dear to summer visitors--an eternal holiday-ground and resting-place for the people of ,north ,america--began to be dotted with villages1 the names of which tell us what ,english towns were most renowned for the ,puritan spirit two hundred and fifty years ago4 ,the satirical pictures preserved in the ,british ,museum which relate to events in earlier reigns number ninety-nine in all2 but those suggested by events in the reign of ,charles ,i4 are nearly seven hundred in number4 ,most of them1 however1 were not published until after the downfall of the king4 ,several of these prints are little more than portraits of the conspicuous persons of the time1 with profuse accounts on the same sheet of their sufferings or misdeeds4 ,one such records the heroic endurance of the ,reverend ,peter ,smart1 mr of ,artes1 minister of ,god's word at ,durham1 who1 for preaching against popery1 lost above three hundred pounds per annum1 and was imprisoned eleven years in the ,king's ,bench4 ,the composer adds these lines3 ,peter preach downe vaine rites with flagrant harte2 ,thy ,guerdon shall be greate1 though heare thou ,smart4 ,another of these portrait pieces exhibits ,dr4 ,alexander ,leighton1 who spoke of ,queen ,henrietta as the daughter of ,hell1 a ,canaanite1 and an idolatresse1 and spared not ,archbishop ,laud and his confederates4 ,for these offenses he was1 as the draughtsman informs us1 clapt up in ,newgate for the space of #ae weekes1 where he suffered great miserie and sicknes almost to death1 afterward lost one of his ,eares on the pillorie1 had one of his nosthrills slitt clean through1 was whipt with a whip of #c ,coardes knotted1 had #cf lashes therewith1 was fined #ajjjll41 and kept prisoner in the fleet #ab yeares1 where he was most cruelly used a long time1 being lodged day and night amongst the most desperately wiked villaines of ye whole prison4 ,he was also branded on the cheek with the letters ,s4 ,s4--sower of sedition4 ,several other prints of the time record the same mark of attention paid by the martyred king to his ,catholic wife4 ,by-and-by1 the crowned and mitred ruffians who did such deeds as these being themselves in durance1 ,parliament set ,dr4 ,leighton free1 and made him a grant of six thousand pounds4 ,a caricature of the same bloody period is entitled1 ,archbishop ,laud dining on the ,ears of ,prynne1 ,bastwick1 and ,burton4 ,we see ,laud seated at dinner1 having an ear on the point of his knife and three more ears in the plate before him1 the three victims of his cruelty standing about1 and two armed bishops at the foot of the table4 ,the dialogue below represents ,laud as rejecting with scorn all the dainties of his table1 and declaring that nothing will content him but the ears of ,lawyer ,prynne and ,dr4 ,bastwick4 ,he cuts them off himself1 and orders them to be dressed for his supper4 ,canterbury4 ,this ,i doe to make you examples1 ,that others may be more careful to please my palate4 ,henceforth let my servants know1 that what ,i will1 ,i will have done1 ,what ere is under heaven's ,sunne4 ,illustration3 ,let not the ,world devide those whom ,christ hath joined4 ,a burst of caricature heralded the coming triumph of the ,puritans in #afdj1 the year of the impeachment of the ,earl of ,strafford4 ,many of the pictures recorded both the sufferings and the joyful deliverance of the ,puritan clergymen4 ,thus we have in one of them a glowing account of the return of the three gentlemen whose ears furnished a repast for the ,archbishop of ,canterbury4 ,they had been imprisoned for many years in the ,channel ,islands1 from which they were conveyed to ,dartmouth1 and thence to ,london1 hailed with acclamations of delight and welcome in every village through which they passed4 ,all the expenses of their long journey were paid for them1 and presents of value were thrust upon them as they rode by4 ,within a few miles of ,london they were met by such a concourse of vehicles1 horsemen1 and people that it was with great difficulty they could travel a mile in an hour4 ,but when at length1 in the evening1 they reached the city1 masses of enthusiastic people blocked the streets1 crying1 ,welcome home6 welcome home6 and strewing flowers and rosemary before them4 ,thousands of the people carried torches1 which rendered the streets lighter than the day4 ,they were three hours in making their way through the crowd from ,charing ,cross to their lodgings in the city1 a distance of a mile4 ,it was during the exaltation of the years preceding the civil war that such pictures appeared as the one here given1 urging a union between the ,church of ,england and the ,church of ,scotland against the foe of both4 ,this is copied from an original impression in the collection of the ,new ,york ,historical ,society4 ,the caricaturists pursued ,laud and ,strafford even to the scaffold4 ,the archbishop was the author of a work entitled ,canons and ,institutions ,ecclesiastical1 in which he gave expression to his extreme ,high-church opinions4 ,in #afdj the victorious ,house of ,commons canceled the canons adopted from this work1 and fined the clergy who had sat in the ,convocation4 ,a caricature quickly appeared1 called ,archbishop ,laud firing a ,cannon1 in which the cannon is represented as bursting1 and its fragments endangering the clergymen standing near4 ,laud's committal to the ,tower was the occasion of many broadsheets1 one of which exhibits him fastened to a staple in a wall1 with a long string of taunting stanzas below3 ,reader1 ,i know thou canst not choose but smile ,to see a ,bishop tide thus to a ring6 ,yea1 such a princely prelate1 that ere while ,could three at once in ,limbo patrum fling2 ,suspend by hundreds where his worship pleased1 ,and them that preached too oft by silence eas'd2 ,made ,laws and ,canons1 like a ,king 7at least72 ,devis'd new oaths2 forc'd men to sweare to lies6 ,advanc'd his lordly power 'bove all the rest4 ,and then our ,lazie ,priests began to rise2 ,but painfull ministers1 which plide their place ,with diligence1 went downe the wind apace4 ,our honest ,round heads too then went to racke2 ,the holy sisters into corners fled2 ,cobblers and ,weavers preacht in ,tubs for lacke ,of better ,pulpits2 with a sacke instead ,of ,pulpit-cloth1 hung round in decent wise1 ,all which the spirit did for their good devise4 ,barnes1 ,cellers1 ,cole-holes1 were their meeting-places1 ,so sorely were these babes of ,christ abus'd1 ,where he that most ,church-government disgraces ,is most esteem'd1 and with most reverence us'd4 ,it being their sole intent religiously ,to rattle against the ,bishops' dignity4 ,brother1 saies one1 what doe you thinke1 ,i pray1 ,of these proud ,prelates1 which so lofty are8 ,truly1 saies he1 meere ,antichrists are they4 ,thus as they parle1 before they be aware1 ,perhaps a ,pursuivant slips in behind1 ,and makes 'em run like hares before the wind4 ,a yeere agone 'tad been a hanging matter ,t'ave writ 7nay1 spoke7 a word 'gainst little ,will2 ,but now the times are chang'd1 men scorne to flatter2 ,so much the worse for ,canterbury still1 ,for if that truth come once to rule the roast1 ,no mar'le to see him tide up to a post4 ,by wicked counsels faine he would have set ,the ,scots and us together by the eares2 ,a ,patriark's place the ,levite long'd to get1 ,to sit bith' ,pope in one of ,peter's chaires4 ,and having drunke so deepe of ,babels cup1 ,was it not time1 d'ee think1 to chaine him up8 ,in these stanzas are roughly given the leading counts of the popular indictment against ,archbishop ,laud4 ,other prints present him to us in the ,tower with a halter round his neck2 and1 again1 we see him in a bird-cage1 with the queen's ,catholic confessor1 the two being popularly regarded as birds of a feather4 ,in another1 a stout carpenter is holding ,laud's nose to a grindstone1 while the carpenter's boy turns the handle1 and the archbishop cries for mercy3 ,such turning will soon deform my face2 ,oh6 ,i bleed1 ,i bleed6 and am extremely sore4 ,but the carpenter reminds him that the various ears that he had caused to be cut off were quite as precious to their owners as his nose is to him4 ,a ,jesuit enters with a vessel of holy water with which to wash the extremely sore nose4 ,one broadsheet represents ,laud in consultation with his physician1 who administers an emetic that causes him to throw off his stomach several heavy articles which had been troubling him for years4 ,first1 the ,tobacco ,patent comes up with a terrible wrench4 ,as each article appears1 the doctor and his patient converse upon it3 ,doctor4 ,what's this8 ,a book8 ,whosoever hath bin at church may exercise lawful recreations on ,sunday4 ,what's the meaning of this8 ,canterbury4 ',tis the booke for ,pastimes on the ,sunday1 which ,i caused to be made4 ,but hold6 here comes something4 ,what is it8 ,doctor4 ',tis another book4 ,the title is1 ',sunday no ,sabbath4' ,did you cause this to be made also8 ,canterbury4 ,no2 ,doctor ,pocklington made it2 but ,i licensed it4 ,doctor4 ,but what's this8 ,a paper 'tis2 if ,i be not mistaken1 a ,star-,chamber order made against ,mr4 ,prinne1 ,mr4 ,burton1 and ,dr4 ,bastwicke4 ,had you any hand in this8 ,canterbury4 ,i had4 ,i had4 ,all ,england knoweth it4 ,but1 oh1 here comes up something that makes my very back ake6 ,o that it were up once6 ,now it is up1 ,i thank ,heaven6 ,doctor4 ',tis a great bundle of papers1 of presentations and suspensions4 ,these were the instruments1 my lord1 wherewith you created the tongue-tied ,doctors1 and gave them great ,benefices in the ,country to preach some twice a year at the least1 and in their place to hire some journeyman ,curate1 who will only read a ,sermon in the forenoone1 and in the afternoone be drunke1 with his parishioners for company4 ,by the same painful process the archbishop is delivered of his ,book of ,canons1 and finally of his mitre2 upon which the doctor says1 ,nay1 if the miter be come1 the ,divell is not far off4 ,farewell1 my good lord4 ,there still exist in various collections more than a hundred prints relating directly to ,archbishop ,laud1 several of which give burlesque representations of his execution4 ,there are some that show him asleep1 and visited by the ghosts of those whom he had persecuted1 each addressing him in turn1 as the victims of ,richard ,,iii4 spoke to their destroyer on ,bosworth ,field4 ,one of the print-makers1 however1 relented at the spectacle of an old man1 seventy-two years of age1 brought to the block4 ,he exhibits the archbishop speaking to the crowd from the scaffold3 ,lend me but one poore teare1 when thow do'st see ,this wretched portraict of just miserie4 ,i was ,great ,innovator1 ,tyran1 ,foe ,to ,church and ,state2 all ,times shall call me so4 ,but since ,i'm ,thunder-stricken to the ,ground1 ,learn how to stand3 insult not ore my wound4 ,this one poor stanza alone among the popular utterances of the time shows that any soul in ,england was touched by the cruel fanatic's bloody end4 ,illustration3 ,england's ,wolfe with ,eagle's ,clawes 7,prince ,rupert71 #afdg4 ,during the civil war and the government of ,cromwell1 #afdb to #affj1 nine in ten of all the satirical prints that have been preserved are on the ,puritan side4 ,a great number of them were aimed at the ,welsh1 whose brogue seems to have been a standing resource with the mirth-makers of that period1 as the ,irish is at present4 ,the wild roystering ways of the ,cavaliers1 their debauchery and license1 furnished subjects4 ,the cruelties practiced by ,prince ,rupert suggested the annexed illustration1 in which the author endeavored to show the cruell ,impieties of ,blood-thirsty ,royalists and blasphemous ,anti-,parliamentarians under the ,command of that inhumane ,prince ,rupert1 ,digby1 and the rest1 wherein the barbarous ,crueltie of our ,civill uncivill ,warres is briefly discovered4 ,beneath the portrait of ,england's wolf are various narratives of his bloody deeds4 ,one picture exhibits the plundering habits of the mercenaries on the side of the king in ,ireland4 ,a soldier is represented armed and equipped with the utensils that appertain to good forage3 on his head a three-legged pot1 hanging from his side a duck1 a spit with a goose on it held in his left hand as a musket1 a dripping-pan on his arm as a shield1 a hay-fork in his right hand for a rest1 with a string of sausages for a match1 a long artichoke at his side for a sword1 bottles of canary suspended from his belt1 slices of toast for shoe-strings1 and two black pots at his garters4 ,this picture may have been called forth by an item in a news-letter of #afda1 wherein it was stated that such great store of pilidges was daily brought into ,drogheda that a cow could be bought there for five shillings and a horse for twelve4 ,illustration3 ,charles ,,ii4 and the ,scotch ,presbyterians1 #afea4 ,presbyter4 ,come to the grinstone1 ,charles2 'tis now too late ,to recolect1 'tis presbiterian fate4 ,king4 ,yon ,covenant pretenders1 must ,i bee ,the subject of your ,tradgie ,comedie8 ,jockey4 ,i1 ,jockey1 turne the stone of all your plots1 ,for none turnes faster than the turne-coat ,scots4 ,presbyter4 ,we for our ends did make thee king1 be sure1 ,not to rule us1 we will not that endure4 ,king4 ,you deep dissemblers1 ,i know what you doe1 ,and1 for revenges sake1 ,i will dissemble too4 ,the abortive attempt of ,charles ,,ii41 after the execution of his father1 to unite the ,scots under his sceptre1 and by their aid place himself upon the throne of ,england1 called forth the caricature annexed1 in which an old device is put to a new use4 ,a large number of verses explain the picture1 though they begin by declaring3 ,this ,embleme needs no learned ,exposition2 ,the ,world knows well enough the sad condition ,of regal ,power and ,prerogative4 ,dead and dethron'd in ,england1 now alive ,in ,scotland1 where they seeme to love the ,lad1 ,if hee'l be more obsequious than his ,dad1 ,and act according to ,kirk ,principles1 ,more subtile than were ,delphic ,oracles4 ,in the verses that follow there is to be found one of the few explicit justifications of the execution of ,charles ,i4 that the lighter literature of the ,commonwealth affords3 ,but ,law and ,justice at the last being done ,on the hated ,father1 now they love the ,son4 ,the poet also taunts the ,scots with having first stirred up the ,english to doe ,heroick ,justice on the late king1 and then adopting the heir on condition of his giving their ,church the same fell supremacy which ,laud had claimed for the ,church of ,england4 ,the ,ironsides of ,cromwell soon accomplished the caricaturist's prediction3 ,but this religious mock we all shall see1 ,will soone the downfall of their ,babel be4 ,we find the pencil and the pen of the satirist next employed in exhibiting the young king fleeing in various ludicrous disguises before his enemies4 ,an interesting caricature published during the civil wars aimed to cast back upon the ,malignants the ridicule implied in the nickname of ,roundhead as applied to the ,puritans4 ,it contained figures of three ecclesiastics1 ,sound-head1 ,rattle-head1 and ,round-head4 ,sound-head1 a minister sound in the ,puritan faith1 hands a ,bible to ,rattle-head1 a personage meant for ,laud1 half bishop and half ,jesuit4 ,on the other side is the genuine ,round-head1 a monk with shorn pate1 who presents to ,rattle-head a crucifix1 and points to a monastery4 ,rattle-head rejects the ,bible1 and receives the crucifix4 ,over the figures is written3 ,see heer1 ,malignants ,foolerie ,retorted on them properly1 ,the ,sound-head1 ,round-head1 ,rattle-head1 ,well placed1 where best is merited4 ,below are other verses in which1 of course1 ,rattle-head and ,round-head are belabored in the thorough-going1 root-and-branch manner of the time1 ,atheist and ,arminian being used as synonymous terms3 ,see heer1 the ,rattle-heads most ,rotten ,heart1 ,acting the ,atheists or ,arminians part4 ,in looking over the broadsheets of that stirring period1 we are struck by the absence of the mighty ,name that must have been uppermost in every mind and oftenest on every tongue--that of the ,lord ,protector1 ,oliver ,cromwell4 ,a few caricatures were executed in ,holland1 in which ,the ,general and ,oliver and ,the ,protector were weakly satirized2 but as most of the plates in that age were made to serve various purposes1 and were frequently altered and redated1 it is not certain that any of them were circulated in ,england during ,cromwell's life-time4 ,english draughtsmen produced a few pictures in which the ,protector was favorably depicted dissolving the ,long ,parliament1 but their efforts were not remarkable either with pen or pencil4 ,the ,protector may have relished1 and ,bunyan may have written1 the verses that accompanied some of them3 ,full twelve years and more these ,rooks they have sat to gull and to cozen all true-hearted ,people2 ,our ,gold and our ,silver has made them so fat that they lookt more big and mighty than ,paul's ,steeple4 ,the ,puritans handled the sword more skillfully than the pen1 and the royalists were not disposed to satire during the rule of the ,ironside chief4 ,the only great writer of the ,puritan age on the ,puritan side was ,milton1 and he was one of the two or three great writers who have shown little sense of humor4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,,later ,,puritan ,,caricature4 ,illustration3 ,cris-cross ,rhymes on ,love's ,crosses1 #afdj4 7,musarum1 #cjf47 ,what a change came over the spirit of ,english art and literature at the ,restoration in #affj6 ,forty years before1 when ,james ,i4 was king1 who loathed a ,puritan1 there was occasionally published a print in which ,puritans were treated in the manner of ,hudibras4 ,there was one of #afab in which a crown was half covered by a broad-brimmed hat1 with verses reflecting upon the aspiring1 factious ,puritan1 who presumed to overlooke his king4 ,there was one in #afcf1 in the reign of ,charles ,i41 aimed at two infamous upstart prophets1 weavers1 then in ,newgate for heresy1 which contains a description of a ,puritan at church1 which is entirely in the spirit of ,hudibras3 ,his seat in the church is where he may be most seene4 ,in the time of the ,sermon he drawes out his tables to take the ,notes1 but still noting who observes him to take them4 ,at every place of ,scripture cited he turnes over the leaves of his ,booke1 more pleased with the motion of the leaves than the matter of the ,text2 ,for he folds downe the leaves though he finds not the place4 ,hee lifts up the whites of his eyes towards ,heaven when hee meditates on the sordid pleasures of the earth2 his body being in ,god's ,church1 when his mind is in the divel's ,chappell4 ,again1 in #afdg1 two years before the execution of ,charles1 an extensive and elaborate sheet appeared1 in which the ignorant preachers of the day were held up to opprobrium4 ,each of these erronious1 hereticall1 and ,mechannick spirits was exhibited practicing his trade1 and a multitude of verses below described the heresies which such teachers promulgated4 ,oxford and ,cambridge make poore ,preachers2 ,each shop affordeth better ,teachers3 ,oh blessed ,reformation6 ,among the mechannick spirits presented in this sheet we remark ,barbone1 the ,lether-seller1 who figures in many later prints as ,barebones4 ,there are also ,bulcher1 a ,chicken man2 ,henshaw1 a ,confectioner1 alias an ,infectioner2 ,duper1 a ,cowkeeper2 ,lamb1 a ,sope-boyler1 and a dozen more4 ,such pictures1 however1 were few and far between during the twenty years of ,puritan ascendency4 ,but when the rule of the ,sound-head was at an end1 and ,rattle-head had once more the dispensing of preferment in ,church and ,state1 the press teemed with broadsheets reviling the ,puritan heroes4 ,the gorgeous funeral of the ,protector--his body borne in state on a velvet bed1 clad in royal robes1 to ,westminster ,abbey1 where a magnificent tomb rose over his remains--was still fresh in the recollection of the people of ,london when they saw the same body torn from its resting-place1 and hung on ,tyburn ,hill from nine in the morning until six in the evening1 and then cast into a deep pit4 ,thousands who saw his royal funeral looked upon his body swinging from the gallows4 ,the caricatures vividly mark the change4 ,cromwell now appears only as tyrant1 antichrist1 hypocrite1 monster4 ,charles ,i4 is the holy martyr4 ,his son's flight in disguise1 the hiding in the oak-tree1 and other circumstances of his escape are no longer ignominious or laughable1 but graceful and glorious4 ,a cherished fiction appears frequently in the caricatures that no man came to a good end who had had any hand in the king's execution1 not even the executioner nor the humblest of his assistants4 ,on one sheet we read of a certain drum-maker1 named ,tench1 who provided roapes1 pullies1 and hookes 7in case the king resisted7 to compel and force him down to the block4 ,this roague is also haunted with a ,devill1 and consumes away4 ,there was the confession1 too1 of the hangman1 who1 being about to depart this life1 declared that he had solemnly vowed not to perform his office upon the king1 but had nevertheless dealt the fatal blow1 trembling from head to foot4 ,thirty pounds had been his reward1 which was paid him in half-crown pieces within an hour after the execution--the dearest money1 as he told his wife1 that he had ever received1 for it would cost him his life1 which propheticall words were soon made manifest1 for it appeared that1 ever since1 he had been in a most sad condition1 and lay raging and swearing1 and still pointing at one thing or another which he conceived to appear visible before him4 ,illustration3 ,shrove-tide in ,arms against ,lent1 ,a4,d4 #affj4 ,richard ,cromwell was let off as easily by the caricaturist as he was by the king4 ,he is depicted as the meek knight1 the mild incapable1 hardly worth a parting kick4 ,in one very good picture he is a cooper hammering away with a mallet at a cask1 from which a number of owls escape1 most of which1 as they take their flight1 cry out1 ,king6 ,richard protests that he knows nothing of this trade of cooper1 for the more he hammers1 the more the barrel breaks up4 ,elizabeth1 the wife of the ,protector1 figured in a ludicrous manner upon the cover of a cookery-book published in the reign of ,charles ,,ii41 the preface of which contained anecdotes of the kitchen over which she had presided4 ,illustration3 ,lent tilting at ,shrove-tide1 ,a4,d4 #affj4 ,among other indications of change in the public feeling1 we notice a few pictures conceived in the pure spirit of gayety1 designed to afford pleasure to every one1 and pain to no one4 ,two of these are given here--,shrove-tide and ,lent tilting at one another--which were thought amazingly ingenious and comic two hundred years ago4 ,they are quite in the taste of the period that produced them4 ,shrove-tide1 in the calendar of ,rome1 is the ,tuesday before ,lent1 a day on which many people gave themselves up to revelry and feasting1 in anticipation of the forty days' fast4 ,shrove-tide accordingly is mounted on a fat ox1 and his sword is sheathed in a pig and piece of meat1 with capons and bottles of wine about his body4 ,his flag1 as we learn from the explanatory verses1 is a cooke's foule apron fix'd to a broome1 and his helmet a brasse pot4 ,lent1 on the contrary1 flings to the breeze a fishing-net1 carries an angling-rod for a weapon1 and wears upon his head a boyling kettle4 ,thus accoutred1 these mortal foes approach one another1 and ,lent lifts up his voice and proclaims his intention3 ,i now am come to mundifie and cleare ,the base abuses of this last past yeare3 ,thou puff-paunch'd monster 7,shrovetyde71 thou art he ,that were ordain'd the latter end to be ,of forty-five weekes' gluttony1 now past1 ,which ,i in seaven weekes come to cleanse at last3 ,your feasting ,i will turn to fasting dyet2 ,your cookes shall have some leasure to be quiet2 ,your masques1 pomps1 playes1 and all your vaine expence1 ,i'll change to sorrow1 and to penitence4 ,shrove-tide replies valiantly to these brave words3 ,what art thou1 thou leane-jawde anottamie1 ,all spirit 7for ,i no flesh upon thee spie72 ,thou bragging peece of ayre and smoke1 that prat'st1 ,and all good-fellowship and friendship hat'st2 ,you'le turn our feasts to fasts6 when1 can you tell8 ,against your spight1 we are provided well4 ,thou sayst thou'lt ease the cookes6-the cookes could wish ,thee boyl'd or broyl'd with all thy frothy fish2 ,for one fish-dinner takes more paines and cost ,than three of flesh1 bak'd1 roast1 or boyl'd1 almost4 ,this we are compelled to regard as about the best fun our ancestors of #affj were capable of achieving with pencil and pen4 ,nor can we claim much for their pictures which aim to satirize the vices4 ,illustration3 ,the ,queen of ,james ,,ii4 and ,father ,petre4 ,it is a foolish sheep that makes the wolf her confessor4 7#afhe47 ,the joy of the ,english people at the restoration of the monarchy1 which seemed at first to be as universal as it was enthusiastic1 was of short duration4 ,the ,stuarts were the ,bourbons of ,england1 incapable of being taught by adversity4 ,within two years ,charles ,,ii4 alarmed ,protestant ,england by marrying a ,portuguese princess4 ,the great plague of #affe1 that destroyed in ,london alone sixty-eight thousand persons1 was followed in the very next year by the great fire of ,london1 which consumed thirteen thousand two hundred houses4 ,at a moment when the public mind was reduced to the most abject credulity by such events as these1 the scoundrel ,titus ,oates appeared1 declaring that the dread calamities which had afflicted ,england1 and others then imminent1 were only parts of an awful ,popish ,plot1 which aimed at the destruction of the king and the restoration of the ,catholic religion4 ,a short time after1 #afgh1 ,sir ,edmundsbury ,godfrey1 the magistrate before whom ,titus ,oates made his deposition1 was found dead in a field near ,london1 the victim probably of some fanatic assassin of the ,catholic party4 ,the kingdom was thrown into an ecstasy of terror1 from which1 as before observed1 it has not to this day wholly recovered4 ,terror may lurk in the blood of a race ages after the removal of its cause1 as we find our sensitive horses shying from low-lying objects at the road-side1 though a thousand generations may have peacefully labored and died since their ancestors crouched from the spring of a veritable wild beast4 ,the broadsheets of that year1 #afgh1 and of the troublous years following1 even until ,william of ,orange was seated on the throne of ,england1 in #afij1 have1 we may almost say1 but one topic--the ,popish ,plot4 ,the spirit of that period lives in those sheets4 ,it had been a custom in ,england to celebrate the #agth of ,november1 the day1 as one sheet has it1 on which the unfortunate ,queen ,mary died1 and that ,glorious ,sun1 ,queen ,elizabeth1 of happy memory1 arose in the ,english horizon1 and thereby dispelled those thick fogs and mists of ,romish blindness1 and restored to these kingdoms their just ,rights both as men and ,christians4 ,the next recurrence of this anniversary after the murder of ,godfrey was seized by the ,protestants of ,london to arrange a procession which was itself a striking caricature4 ,a pictorial representation of the procession is manifestly impossible here1 but we can copy the list of objects as given on a broadsheet issued a few days after the event4 ,this device of a procession1 borrowed from ,catholic times1 was continually employed to promulgate and emphasize ,protestant ideas down to a recent period1 and has been used for political objects in our own day4 ,how changed the thoughts of men since ,albert ,duerer witnessed the grand and gay procession at ,antwerp1 in honor of the ,virgin's ,assumption1 one hundred and fifty-nine years before6 ,the #agth of ,november1 #afgi1 was ushered in1 at three o'clock in the morning1 by a burst of bell-ringing all over ,london4 ,the broadsheet thus quaintly describes the procession3 ,about ,five o'clock in the ,evening1 all things being in readiness1 the ,solemn ,procession began1 in the following ,order3 ,i4 ,marched six ,whiflers to clear the way1 in ,pioneers ,caps and ,red ,waistcoats 7and carrying torches74 ,,ii4 ,a ,bellman ,ringing1 who1 with a ,loud and ,dolesom ,voice cried all the way1 ,remember ,justice ,godfrey4 ,,iii4 ,a ,dead ,body representing ,sir ,edmundbury ,godfrey1 in the ,habit he usually wore1 the ,cravat wherewith he was murdered about his ,neck1 with spots of ,blood on his ,wrists1 ,shirt1 and white ,gloves that were on his hands1 his ,face pale and wan1 riding on a ,white ,horse1 and one of his ,murderers behind him to keep him from falling1 representing the manner how he was carried from ,somerset ,house to ,primrose ,hill4 ,,iv4 ,a ,priest in a ,surplice1 with a ,cope ,embroidered with ,dead mens ,bones1 ,skeletons1 ,skuls1 c41 giving pardons very freely to those who would murder ,protestants1 and proclaiming it ,meritorious4 ,v4 ,a ,priest alone1 in ,black1 with a large ,silver ,cross4 ,,vi4 ,four ,carmelite ,friers in ,white and ,black ,habits4 ,,vii4 ,four ,grey ,friars in their proper ,habits4 ,,viii4 ,six ,jesuits with ,bloody ,daggers4 ,,ix4 ,a ,consort of ,wind-musick1 call'd the ,waits4 ,x4 ,four ,popish ,bishops in ,purple and ,lawn ,sleeves1 with ,golden ,crosses on their ,breasts4 ,,xi4 ,four other ,popish ,bishops in their ,pontificalibus1 with ,surplices1 ,rich ,embroydered ,copes1 and ,golden ,miters on their ,heads4 ,,xii4 ,six ,cardinals in ,scarlet ,robes and ,red ,caps4 ,,xiii4 ,the ,popes ,chief ,physitian with ,jesuites ,powder in one hand1 and a ---- in the other4 ,,xiv4 ,two ,priests in ,surplices1 with two ,golden ,crosses4 ,lastly1 the ,pope in a ,lofty ,glorious ,pageant1 representing a ,chair of ,state1 covered with ,scarlet1 the ,chair richly embroydered1 fringed1 and bedeckt with ,golden ,balls and ,crosses2 at his feet a ,cushion of ,state1 two ,boys in ,surplices1 with white ,silk ,banners and ,red ,crosses1 and ,bloody ,daggers for ,murdering ,heritical ,kings and ,princes1 painted on them1 with an ,incense-pot before them1 sate on each side censing his ,holiness1 who was arrayed in a rich ,scarlet ,gown1 ,lined through with ,ermin1 and adorned with ,gold and ,silver ,lace1 on his ,head a ,triple ,crown of ,gold1 and a ,glorious ,collar of ,gold and precious stones1 ,st4 ,peters ,keys1 a number of ,beads1 ,agnus ,dei's and other ,catholick ,trumpery2 at his ,back stood his ,holiness's ,privy ,councellor1 the ,devil1 frequently caressing1 hugging1 and whispering1 and oft-times instructing him aloud1 to destroy ,his ,majesty1 to forge a ,protestant ,plot1 and to fire the ,city again2 to which purpose he held an ,infernal ,torch in his hand4 ,the whole ,procession was attended with #aej ,flambeaus and ,torches by order2 but so many more came in ,voluntiers as made up some thousands4 ,never were the ,balconies1 ,windows and ,houses more numerously filled1 nor the ,streets closer throng'd with multitudes of ,people1 all expressing their abhorrence of ,popery with continual ,shouts and ,acclamations4 ,with slow and solemn step the procession marched to ,temple ,bar1 then just rebuilt1 and there it halted1 while a dialogue in verse was sung in parts by one who represented the ,english ,cardinal ,howard1 and one the people of ,england4 ,we can imagine the manner in which the crowd would come thundering in with ,now ,god preserve ,great ,charles our ,king1 ,and eke all honest men2 ,and ,traytors all to justice bring1 ,amen6 ,amen6 ,amen6 ,fire-works succeeded the song1 after which his ,holiness was decently tumbled from all his grandeur into the impartial flames1 while the people gave so prodigious a shout that it was heard far beyond ,somerset ,house4 ,for many years a similar pageant was given in ,london on the same day4 ,as an additional illustration of the feeling which then prevailed in ,puritan circles1 ,i will copy the rude and doleful rhymes which accompany a popular print of #afhj1 called ,the ,dreadful ,apparition2 or1 the ,pope haunted with ,ghosts4 ,coleman1 ,whitebread1 and ,harcourt1 who figure among the ghosts1 had been recently executed as popish plotters4 ,the picture shows the ,pope in bed1 to whom the devil conducts ,coleman1 and an angel leads the spirit of ,sir ,edmundsbury ,godfrey4 ,whitebread and ,harcourt are in shrouds4 ,a bishop1 a cardinal1 and other figures are seen4 ,a label issuing from the mouth of each of the persons represented contains the rhymes which follow3 ,,the ,,pope ,,in ,,bed4 ,away6 ,away6 am not ,i ,pope of ,rome1 torment me not before my time is ,come4 ,,the ,,devil1 ,,in ,,the ,,form ,,of ,a ,,dragon4 ,your ,sevt ,sr6 ,ned ,coleman doth appeare he'll tell you all1 therefore ,i brought him here4 ,,coleman',s ,,ghost4 ,sr you are ,cause of my ,continuall paine1 ,my ,soul is ,lost1 for your ,ambitious gaine4 ,,godfrey',s ,,ghost1 ,,introduced ,,by ----4 ,repent great ,sr and be for ever blest1 in ,heaven with me that happy place of rest4 ,,angel1 ,,in ,a ,,roman ,,shape4 ,o ,chariety6 who mercy craves for those3 ,with ,bluddy hands that ware his ,cruell foes4 ,,whitebread',s ,,ghost1 ,,with ,a ,,sword ,,through ,,the ,,body4 ,i am perplexed with perpetuall fright2 but who is this apeares this dreadful night4 ,,harcourt',s ,,ghost1 ,,with ,a ,,sword ,,through ,,the ,,body4 ',tis ,godfrey's ,ghost ,i wish all things be well that we may have our ,pope of ,rome in hell4 ,a ,,bishop4 ,let us depart and ,shun their cruell fate1 and all repent before it is to late4 ,,cardinal4 ,come let us flie with all the ,speed we may1 ,ye ,devil els will take us all away4 ,below the picture are the verses subjoined3 ,,nuncio4 ,horrors and ,death6 what dismal ,sights ,invade ,his ,nightly ,slumbers1 who in ,blood does ,trade4 ,the ,ghostly ,apparitions of the ,dead2 ,the ,bless'd by ,angels2 ,damn'd by ,demons ,lead2 ',tis sure1 ,romes ,conclave must ,amazed stand1 ,when ,souls ,complaining1 thus against them band2 ,who ,all but ,one to please ,ambitious ,,rome1 ,have ,gain'd ,damnation for ,their ,final ,,doom4 ,hear how ,they ,curse ,him all1 but ,he who fell4 ,great ,brittains ,sacrifice by ,imps of ,hell2 ,who shew'd ,their ,bloody ,vengeance in the ,strife1 ,to ,murther ,him1 who ,business had for ,life4 ,,pope4 ,how do my ,eye-,balls ,roul1 and ,blood run back1 ,what ,tortures at this sight my ,conscience ,rack2 ,oh6 ,mountains now fall on me1 some ,deep ,cave ,pitty me once1 and prove my speedy ,grave4 ,involv'd in ,darkness1 from the ,seated ,light1 ,let ,me abscond in ,everlasting ,night4 ,torment me not2 you ,shades1 before my time1 ,i do confess1 your ,downfalls was my ,crime2 ,to ,satiate my ,ambition and ,revenge1 ,i push'd you on to this ,immortal ,change4 ,but ,ah6 fresh ,horrors1 ,ah6 my ,power's grown weak1 ,what art thou ,fiend8 from whence8 or where8 ,o ,speak2 ,that in this ,frightful ,form1 a ,dragon's hew ,presents ,one ,sainted1 to my ,trembling ,view8 ,,fiend4 ,by ,hells ,grim ,,king',s ,command1 on whom ,i wait1 ,i've brought your ,saint his ,story to relate2 ,who from the black ,tartarian-,fire below1 ,so long beg'd ,absence as to let you know ,his ,torments1 and the ,horrid ,cheat condole1 ,you fix'd on him to ,rob him of his ,soul4 ,,pope4 ,o6 spare my ,ears1 ,i'll no such ,horrors hear2 ,,coleman4 ,you must1 and know your own ,damnation's near3 ,you must ere long be ,plung'd in ,grizly ,flame1 ,which ,i shall laugh to see1 tho1 rack'd with pain ,thou ,grand ,deceiver of the ,nations ,all1 ,contriver of my ,wretched ,fate and ,fall3 ,thou who didst push me on to ,murther ,kings ,persuading me for it on ,angels ,wings ,i should ,transcend the ,clouds1 be ever ,blest1 7 ,and be of ,al that ,heav'n cou'd yield1 possest1 7 ,but these ,i mist1 got ,torment without ,rest3 7 ,for whilst on ,earth ,i stand1 a ,hell within ,distracts my ,conscience1 pale with horrid ,sin3 ,instead of ,mortals ,pardon1 ,one on ,high1 ,i must your ,everlasting ,martyr ,fry2 ,whilst ,name of ,saint ,i bear on ,earth1 below ,it stirs the flames1 and much ,augments my ,woe4 ,,pope4 ,horrors6 'tis ,dismal1 ,i can hear no more1 ,o6 ,hell and ,furies1 how ,i have lost my ,pow'r4 ,,sir ,e4 ,,godfrey4 ,see ,sir this ,crimson ,stain1 this baleful ,wound ,see ,murther'd me1 with ,joys ,eternal ,crown'd2 ,though by the ,darkest ,deed of ,night ,i fell1 ,which shook ,three ,kingdoms1 and ,astonish'd ,hell3 ,yet rap'd above the ,skyes to ,mansion bright1 ,there to ,converse with ,everlasting ,light2 ,thence got ,i leave to ,view thy ,wretched ,face1 ,and find my ,death thy ,hell-born ,,plots did race1 ,and next to the ,almighty ,arm did ,save ,great ,albion's ,glory from its yawning ,grave2 ,from ,sacred ,bliss my ,swift-,wing'd ,soul did glide1 ,conducted ,hither by my ,angel-,guide1 ,to let thee know thy ,sands were almost run1 ,and that thy ,thread of ,life is well-nigh ,spun2 ,repent you then1 ,wash off the ,bloody ,stain1 ,or ,you'll be ,doom'd to ,everlasting ,pain4 ,,angel4 ,come ,worthy of ,seraphick ,joys ,above1 ,worthy ,our ,converse1 and ,our ,sacred ,love2 ,who hast ,implor'd the ,great ,jehove for ,one 7 ,who ,shed thy ,blood1 to ,snatch thy ,princes ,throne 7 ,in this thy ,saviour's ,great ,examples shown3 7 ,come let ,vs hence1 and leave ,him to his ,fate1 ,when ,divine ,vengeance shall the ,business ,state4 ,,pope4 ,chill ,horror seizes me1 ,i cannot flye2 ,oh ,ghastly6 yet more ,apparitions nigh8 ,,whitebread4 ,thus wandering through the ,gloomy ,shades1 at last ,i've found ,thee1 ,traytor1 that my ,joys did ,blast1 ,whose ,dam'd ,injunctions1 ,dire ,damnation ,seal'd1 ,and ,torments that were never yet ,reveal'd3 ,mirrihords of ,plagues1 ,chains1 ,racks1 ,tempestuous ,fire1 ,sulpherian ,lakes that ,burn and ner ,expire1 ,deformed ,demons1 ,uglier far than ,hell1 ,the ,half what ,we ,endure1 no ,tongue can ,tell2 ,this for a ,bishoprick ,i ,undergo1 ,but ,now would give ,earth's ,empire wer't not so4 ,,pope4 ,retire1 ,good ,ghosts1 or ,i shall ,dye with ,fear4 ,,harcourt4 ,nay stay ,sir1 first ,you must my ,story ,hear3 ,how could you thus ,delude your ,bosome-,friend8 ,your ,foes to ,heaven1 and ,vs to ,hell thus send2 ,damnation seize ,you for't2 ere long ,you'll be ,plung'd ,headlong into vast ,eternity2 ,there for to ,howl1 whilst ,we some ,comfort gain1 7 ,to see ,you welter in an endless ,pain1 7 ,and without ,pitty1 justly there ,complain4 7 ,,pope4 ,ho6 ,cardinals and ,bishops1 haste with speed1 ,bell1 ,book1 and ,candle fetch1 let me be free'd3 ,ah6 'tis too late1 by ,fear ,intranc'd ,i lye4 ,,bishop4 ,heard you that ,groan8 with speed from hence let's flye4 ,,cardinal4 ,the ,fiend has got ,him1 doubtless1 lets away1 ,and in this ,ghastly place no longer stay4 ,,bishop4 ,dread ,horrors seize me1 ,fly1 for ,mercy call1 ,least ,divine ,vengeance over-whelm ,vs all4 ,it was in this crude and lucid way that the forerunners of ,gillray1 ,nast1 ,tenniel1 and ,leech satirized the murderous follies of their age4 ,a volume larger than this would not contain the verse and prose that covered the broadsheets in the same style which appeared in ,london during the reign of ,charles ,,ii4 ,this specimen1 however1 suffices for any reader who is not making a special study of the period4 ,to students and historians the collection of these prints in the ,british ,museum is beyond price2 for they show the very age and body of the time1 his form and pressure4 ,perhaps no other single source of information respecting that period is more valuable4 ,illustration3 ,french ,caricature of ,corpulent ,general ,galas1 who defeated a ,french ,convoy1 #afce4 ,from the accession of ,william and ,mary we notice a change in the subjects treated by caricaturists4 ,if religion continued for a time to be the principal theme1 there was more variety in its treatment4 ,sects became more distinct2 the ,quakers arose2 the divergence between the doctrines of ,luther and ,calvin was more marked1 and gave rise to much discussion2 ,high ,church and ,low ,church renewed their endless contest2 the ,baptists became an important denomination2 deism began to be the whispered1 and became soon the vaunted faith of men of the world2 even the voice of the ,jew was occasionally heard1 timidly asking for a small share of his natural rights4 ,it is interesting to note in the popular broadsheets and satirical pictures how quickly the human mind began to exert its powers when an overshadowing and immediate fear of pope and king in league against liberty had been removed by the flight of ,james ,,ii4 and the happy accession of ,william ,,iii4 ,political caricature rapidly assumed prominence1 though1 as long as ,louis ,,xiv4 remained on the throne of ,france1 the chief aim of politics was to create safeguards against the possible return of the ,catholic ,stuarts4 ,the accession of ,queen ,anne1 the career of ,bolingbroke and ,harley1 the splendid exploits of ,marlborough1 the early conflicts of ,whig and ,tory1 the attempts of the ,pretenders1 the peaceful accession of ,george ,i4--all these are exhibited in broadsheets and satirical prints still preserved in more than one collection4 ,louis ,,xiv41 his pomps and his vanities1 his misfortunes and his mistresses1 furnished subjects for hundreds of caricatures both in ,england and ,holland4 ,it was on a ,dutch caricature of #afie that the famous retort occurs of the ,duc de ,luxembourg to an exclamation of the ,prince of ,orange4 ,the prince impatiently said1 after a defeat1 ,shall ,i1 then1 never be able to beat that hunchback8 ,luxembourg replied to the person reporting this1 ,how does he know that my back is hunched8 ,he has never seen it4 ,interspersed with political satires1 we observe an increasing number upon social and literary subjects4 ,the transactions of learned societies were now important enough to be caricatured1 and the public was entertained with burlesque discourses1 illustrated1 upon ,the ,invention of ,samplers1 ,the ,migration of ,cuckoos1 ,the ,eunuch's ,child1 ,a ,new ,method of teaching ,learned ,men how to write ,unintelligibly4 ,there was an essay1 also1 proving by arguments philosophical that ,millers1 though falsely so reputed1 yet in reality are not thieves1 with an intervening argument that ,taylors likewise are not so4 ,illustration3 ,a ,quaker ,meeting1 #agaj--;,aminidel exhorting ,friends to support ,sacheverell4 ,a strange episode in the conflict between ,whig and ,tory was the career of ,sacheverell1 a clergyman who preached such extreme doctrines concerning royal and ecclesiastical prerogative that he was formally censured by a ,whig ,parliament1 and thus lifted into a preposterous importance4 ,during his triumphal tour1 which ,dr4 ,johnson remembered as one of the events of his earliest childhood1 he was escorted by voluntary guards that numbered from one thousand to four thousand mounted men1 wearing the ,tory badges of white knots edged with gold1 and in their hats three leaves of gilt laurel4 ,the picture of the ,quaker meeting reflects upon the alliance alleged to have existed between the high ,tories and the ,quakers1 both having an interest in the removal of disabilities1 and hence making common cause4 ,a curious relic of this brief delirium is a paragraph in the ,grub ,street ,journal of #agcf1 which records the death of ,dame ,box1 a woman so zealous for the ,church that when ,sacheverell was relieved of censure she clothed herself in white1 kept the clothes all her life1 and was buried in them4 ,as long as ,dr4 ,sacheverell lived she went to ,london once a year1 and carried a present of a dozen larks to that high-flying priest4 ,the flight of the ,huguenots from ,france1 in #afhe and #afhf1 enriched ,holland1 ,england1 and the ,american colonies with the elite of the ,french people4 ,holland being nearest to ,france1 and honored above all lands for nearly a century as the refuge of people persecuted for opinions' sake1 received at first the greatest number1 especially of the class who could live by intellectual pursuits4 ,the rarest of all rarities in the way of caricature1 the diamond of the pictorial library1 is a series of burlesque portraits1 produced in ,holland in #afhf1 of the twenty-four persons most guilty of procuring the revocation of the wise edict of ,henry ,,iv41 which secured to ,french ,protestants the right to practice their religion4 ,the work was entitled ,la ,procession ,monacale conduite par ,louis ,,xiv4 pour la ,conversion des ,protestans de son ,royaume4 ,the king1 accordingly1 leads the way1 his face a sun in a monk's cowl1 in allusion to his adoption of the sun as a device4 ,madame ,de ,maintenon1 his married mistress1 hideously caricatured1 follows4 ,pere la ,chaise1 and all the ecclesiastics near the court who were reputed to have urged on the ignorant old king to this superlative folly1 had their place in the procession4 ,several of the faces are executed with a freedom and power not common in any age1 but at that period only possible to a ,french hand4 ,two specimens are given on the following page4 ,louis ,,xiv41 as the caricature collections alone would suffice to show1 was the conspicuous man of that painful period4 ,the caricaturists avenged human nature4 ,no man of the time called forth so many efforts of the satiric pencil1 nor was there ever a person better adapted to the satirist's purpose1 for he furnished precisely those contrasts which satire can exhibit most effectively4 ,he stood five feet four in his stockings1 but his shoe-maker put four inches of leather under his heels1 and his wig-maker six inches of other people's hair upon his head1 which gave him an imposing altitude4 ,the beginning of his reign was prosperous enough to give some slight excuse for the most richly developed arrogance seen in the world since ,xerxes lashed the ,hellespont1 but the last third of his reign was a collapse that could easily be made to seem ludicrous4 ,there were very obvious contrasts in those years between the splendors of his barbaric court and the disgraceful defeats of his armies1 between the opinion he cherished of himself and the contempt in which he was held abroad1 between the adulations of his courtiers and the execrations of ,france1 between the mass-attending and the morals of the court4 ,illustration3 ,archbishop of ,paris--,a ,better ,friend to ,ladies than to the ,pope4 7,holland1 #afhf4 ,by an ,exiled ,huguenot47 ,illustration3 ,archbishop of ,rheims--,mitred ,ass4 7,holland1 #afhf4 ,after the ,expulsion of the ,huguenots47 ,the caricaturists made the most of these points4 ,every town that he lost1 every victory that ,marlborough won1 gave them an opportunity which they improved4 ,we have him as a huge yellow sun1 each ray of which bears an inscription referring to some defeat1 folly1 or shame4 ,we have him as a jay1 covered with stolen plumage1 which his enemies are plucking from him1 each feather inscribed with the name of a lost city or fortress4 ,we have him as the ,crier of ,versailles1 crying the ships lost in the battle of ,la ,hogue1 and offering rewards for their recovery4 ,he figures as the ,gallic cock flying before that wise victorious fox of ,england1 ,william ,,iii41 and as a pompous drummer leading his army1 and attended by his ladies and courtiers4 ,he is an old ,french ,apollo driving the sun1 in wig and spectacles4 ,he is a tiger on trial before the other beasts for his cruel depredations4 ,he is shorn and fooled by ,maintenon2 he is bridled by ,queen ,anne4 ,he is shown drinking a goblet of human blood4 ,we see him in the stocks with his confederate1 the ,pope1 and the devil standing behind1 knocking their heads together4 ,he is a sick man vomiting up towns4 ,he is a sawyer1 who1 with the help of the ,king of ,spain1 saws the globe in two1 ,maintenon sitting aloft assisting the severance4 ,as long as he lived the caricaturists continued to assail him2 and when he died1 in #agae1 he left behind him a ,france so demoralized and impoverished that he still kept the satirists busy4 ,illustration3 ,caricature of ,louis ,,xiv41 by ,thackeray4 ,even in our own time ,louis ,,xiv4 has suggested one of the best caricatures ever drawn1 and it is accompanied by an explanatory essay almost unique among prose satires for bitter wit and blasting truth4 ,the same hand wielded both the pen and the pencil1 and it was the wonderful hand of ,thackeray4 ,you see at once1 he says1 in explanation of the picture1 that majesty is made out of the wig1 the high-heeled shoes1 and cloak1 all fleurs-de-lis bespangled4444 ,thus do barbers and cobblers make the gods that we worship4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,preceding ,,hogarth4 ,it was the bubble mania of #agai and #agbj1 brought upon ,europe by ,john ,law1 which completed the secularization of caricature4 ,art1 as well as literature1 learning1 and science1 was subservient to religion during the ,middle ,ages1 and drew its chief nourishment from ,mother ,church4 ,since the ,reformation they have all been obliged to pass through a painful process of weaning1 and each in turn to try for an independent existence4 ,the bubble frenzy1 besides giving an impulse to the caricaturist's art it had not before received1 withdrew attention from ecclesiastical subjects1 and supplied abundant material drawn from sources purely mundane4 ,illustration3 ,shares6 ,shares6 ,shares6 ,the ,night ,share-crier and his ,magic ,lantern4 ,a ,caricature of ,john ,law and his ,bubble ,schemes4 7,amsterdam1 #agbj47 ,above all1 the pictures which that mania called forth assisted to form the great satiric artist of his time and country1 ,william ,hogarth4 ,he was a ,london apprentice carving coats of arms on silver plate when the early symptoms of the mania appeared2 and he was still a very young man1 an engraver1 feeling his way to the career that awaited him1 when the broadsheets satirizing ,john ,law began to be adapted from ,dutch originals1 and shown in the shop-windows of ,london4 ,doubtless he inspected the picture of the ,night ,share-crier1 opposite1 and noticed the cock's feather in his hat 7indicating the ,french origin of the delusion71 and the windmill upon the top of his staff4 ,the ,dutch pictures were full of that detail and by-play of which ,hogarth was such a master in later years4 ,visitors to ,new ,york who saw tumultuous ,wall ,street during the worst of our inflation period1 and1 following the crowd up-town1 entered the ,gold-room1 where the wild speculation of the day was continued till midnight1 may have flattered themselves that they were looking upon scenes never before exhibited in this world4 ,what a strange intensity of excitement there was in those surging masses of young men6 ,what fierce outcries6 ,what a melancholy waste of youthful energies1 so much needed elsewhere6 ,but there was nothing new in all this1 except that we passed the crisis with less loss and less demoralization than any community ever before experienced in circumstances at all similar4 ,when ,louis ,,xiv4 died in #agae1 after his reign of seventy-two years1 he left the finances of ,france in a condition of inconceivable disorder4 ,for fourteen years there had been an average annual deficit of more than fourteen millions of francs1 to meet which the king had raised money by every paper device that had then been discovered4 ,having previously sold all the offices for which any pretext could be invented1 he next sold annuities of all kinds1 for one life1 for two lives1 for three lives1 and in perpetuity4 ,then he issued all known varieties of promises to pay1 from rentes perpetuelles to treasury-notes of a few francs1 payable on demand4 ,but there was one thing he did not do--reduce the expenditure of his enormous and extravagant court4 ,in the midst of that deficit1 when his ministers were at their wits' end to carry on the government from day to day1 and half the lackeys of ,paris held the depreciated royal paper1 the old king ordered one more of those magnificent fetes at ,fontainebleau which had1 as he thought1 shed such lustre on his reign4 ,the fete would cost four millions1 the treasury was empty1 and treasury-notes had fallen to thirty-five4 ,while an anxious minister was meditating the situation1 he chanced to see in his inner office two valets slyly scanning the papers on his desk1 for the purpose1 as he instantly conjectured1 of getting news for the speculators4 ,he conceived an idea4 ,the next time those enterprising valets found themselves alone in the same cabinet1 they were so happy as to discover on the desk the outlines of a royal lottery scheme for the purpose of paying off a certain class of treasury-notes4 ,the news was soon felt in the street4 ,those notes mysteriously rose in a few days from thirty-five to eighty-five2 and while they were at that point the minister1 anticipating the ,fiskian era1 slipped upon the market thirty millions of the same notes4 ,the king had his fete2 and when next he borrowed money of his subjects1 for every twenty-five francs of coin he was obliged to give a hundred-franc note4#ah ,footnote #ah3 ,law1 son ,systeme et son ,epoque1 p4 #b1 par ,p4 ,a4 ,cochut1 ,paris1 #ahec4 ,two years after1 the foolish old king died1 leaving1 besides a consolidated debt of bewildering magnitude1 a floating debt1 then due and overdue1 of seven hundred and eighty-nine millions1 equivalent1 as ,m4 ,cochut computes1 to about twice the amount in money of to-day4 ,coin had vanished2 the royal paper was at twenty-five2 the treasury was void2 prices were distressingly high2 some provinces refused to pay taxes2 trade languished2 there were vast numbers of workmen unemployed2 and during the winter after the king's death a considerable number of persons died in ,paris of cold and hunger4 ,the only prosperous people were ,government contractors1 farmers of the revenue1 brokers1 and speculators in the king's paper2 and these classes mocked the misery of their fellow-citizens by an ostentatious and tasteless profusion4 ,illustration3 ,island of ,madhead4 ,picture of the very famous ,island of ,madhead4 ,situated in ,share ,sea1 and inhabited by a multitude of all kinds of people1 to which is given the general name of ,shareholders4 7,amsterdam1 #agbj47 ,the natural successor of a king bigoted is a prince dissolute4 ,the regent1 who had to face this state of things on behalf of his nephew1 ,louis ,,xv41 a child of five1 had at least the virtue and good sense to reject with indignant scorn the proposition made in his council by one member to declare ,france bankrupt and begin a new reign by opening a clean set of books4 ,we1 too1 had our single repudiator1 who fared no better than his ,french predecessor4 ,but the regent's next measures were worthy of a prodigal4 ,he called in the various kinds of public paper1 and offered in exchange a new variety1 called billets d'etat1 bearing interest at four per cent4 ,but the public not responding to the call1 the new bills fell to forty in twenty-four hours1 and drew down all other public paper1 until in a few days the royal promise to pay one hundred francs was worth twenty francs4 ,the regent's coffers did not fill4 ,that scarred veterans could not get their pensions paid was an evil which could be borne2 but the regent had mistresses to appease6 ,then he tried a system of squeezing the rich contractors and others of the vermin class who batten on a sick body-politic4 ,as informers were to have half the product of the squeeze1 an offended lackey had only to denounce his master1 to get him tried on a charge of having made too much money4 ,woe to the plebeian who was convicted of this crime6 ,besides being despoiled of his property1 ,paris saw him1 naked to the shirt1 a rope round his neck1 a penitential candle in his handcuffed hands1 tied to a dirty cart and dragged to the pillory1 carrying on his back a large label1 ,,plunderer ,,of ,,the ,,people4 ,the ,french pillory was a revolving platform1 so that all the crowd had an equal chance to hurl mud and execration at the fixed and pallid face4 ,judge if there was not a making haste to compound with a government capable of such squeezing6 ,there was also a mounting in hot haste to get out of such a ,france4 ,one lucky merchant crossed the frontier1 dressed as a peasant1 driving a cart-load of straw1 under which was a chest of gold4 ,a train of fourteen carts loaded with barrels of wine was stopped1 and in each barrel a keg of gold was found1 which was emptied into the royal treasury4 ,the universal consternation and the utter paralysis of business which resulted from these violent spoliations may be imagined4 ,six thousand persons were tried1 who confessed to the possession of twelve hundred millions of francs4 ,the number of the condemned was four thousand four hundred and ten1 and the sum extorted from them was1 nominally1 nearly four hundred millions1 of which1 however1 less than one hundred millions reached the treasury4 ,it was easy for a rich man to compound4 ,a person condemned to disgorge twelve hundred thousand francs was visited by a great lord4 ,give me three hundred thousand francs1 said the great lord1 and you won't be troubled for the rest4 ,to which the merchant replied1 ,really1 my lord1 you come too late1 for ,i have already made a bargain with madame1 your wife1 for a hundred and fifty thousand4 ,thus the business of busy and frugal ,france was brought to a stand without relieving the ,government4 ,the royal coffers would not fill2 the deficit widened2 the royal paper still declined2 the poor were hungry2 and1 oh1 horror6 the regent's mistresses pouted4 ,the ,government debased the coin4 ,but that1 too1 proved an aggravation of the evil4 ,such was that ancien regime which still has its admirers2 such are the consequences of placing a great nation under the rule of the greatest fool in it2 and such were the circumstances which gave the ,scotch adventurer1 ,john ,law1 his opportunity to madden and despoil ,france1 so often a prey to the alien4 ,two hundred years ago1 when ,john ,law1 a rich goldsmith's son1 was a boy in ,edinburgh1 goldsmiths were dealers in coin as well as in plate1 and hence were bankers and brokers as well as manufacturers4 ,they borrowed1 lent1 exchanged1 and assayed money1 and therefore possessed whatever knowledge of finance there was current in the world4 ,it was in his father's counting-room that ,john ,law acquired that taste for financial theories and combinations which distinguished him even in his youth4 ,but the sagacious and practical goldsmith died when his son was fourteen1 and left him a large inheritance in land and money4 ,the example of ,louis ,,xiv4 and ,charles ,,ii4 having brought the low vices into high fashion throughout ,europe1 it is not surprising that ,law's first notoriety should have been owing to a duel about a mistress4 ,a man of fashion in ,europe in ,louis ,,xiv4's time was a creature gorgeously attired in lace and velvet1 and hung about with ringlets made of horse-hair1 who passed his days in showing the world how much there was in him of the goat1 the monkey1 and the pig4 ,law had the impudence to establish his mistress in a respectable lodging-house1 which led to his being challenged by a gentleman who had a sister living there4 ,law killed his man on the field--not fairly1 as ,john ,evelyn records--and he was convicted of murder4 ,the king pardoned1 but detained him in prison1 from which he escaped1 went to the ,continent1 and resumed his career1 being at once a man of fashion1 a gambler1 and a connoisseur in finance4 ,he used to attend card-parties1 followed by a footman carrying two bags1 each containing two thousand louis-d'ors1 and once during the life-time of the old king he was ordered out of ,paris on the ground that he understood the games he had introduced into the capital too well4 ,twenty years elapsed from the time of his flight from a ,london prison4 ,he was forty-four years of age1 possessed nearly a million and three-quarters of francs in cash1 producible on the green cloth at a day's notice1 and was the most plausible talker on finance in ,europe4 ,this last was a bad symptom1 indeed1 for it is well known that men who remain victors in finance1 who really do extricate estates and countries from financial difficulties1 are not apt to talk very effectively on the subject4 ,successful finance is little more than paying your debts and living within your income1 neither of which affords material for striking rhetoric4 ,alexander ,hamilton1 for example1 talked finance in a taking manner2 but it was ,albert ,gallatin who quietly reduced the country's debt4 ,fifteen days after the death of the old king1 ,law was in ,paris with all that he possessed1 and in a few months he was deep in the confidence of the regent4 ,his fine person1 his winning manners1 his great wealth1 his constant good fortune1 his fluent and plausible tongue1 his popular vices1 might not have sufficed to give him ascendency if he had not added to these the peculiar force that is derived from sincerity4 ,that he believed in his own system is shown by his risking his whole fortune in it4 ,and it is to his credit that the first use he made of his influence was to show that the spoliations1 the debasing of the coin1 and all measures that inspired terror1 and thus tightened unduly the clutch upon capital1 could not but aggravate financial distress4 ,his system was delightfully simple4 ,bear in mind that almost every one in ,paris who had any property at all held the king's paper1 worth one-quarter or one-fifth of its nominal value4 ,whatever project ,law set on foot1 whether a royal bank1 a scheme for settling and trading with ,louisiana1 for commerce with the ,east ,indies1 or farming the revenues1 any one could buy shares in it on terms like these3 one-quarter of the price in coin1 and three-quarters in paper at its nominal value4 ,the system was not immediately successful1 and it was only in the teeth of powerful opposition that he could get his first venture1 the bank1 so much as authorized4 ,mark how clearly one of the council1 the ,duc de ,saint-,simon1 comprehended the weakness of a despotism to which he owed his personal importance4 ,an establishment1 said he1 of the kind proposed may be in itself good2 but it is so only in a republic1 or in such a monarchy as ,england1 where the finances are controlled absolutely by those who furnish the money1 and who furnish only as much of it as they choose1 and in the way they choose4 ,but in a light and changing government like that of ,france1 solidity would be necessarily wanting1 since a king or1 in his name1 a mistress1 a minister1 favorites1 and1 still more1 an extreme necessity1 could overturn the bank1 which would present a temptation at once too great and too easy4 ,law1 therefore1 was obliged to alter his plan1 and give his bank at first a board of directors not connected with the ,government4 ,gradually the system made its way4 ,the royal paper beginning to rise in value1 the holders were in good humor1 and disposed to buy into other projects on similar terms4 ,the ,louisiana scheme may serve as an example of ,law's method4 ,six years before1 a great merchant of ,paris1 ,antoine ,crozat1 had bought from the old king the exclusive right to trade with a vast unknown region in ,north ,america called ,louisiana2 but after five years of effort and loss he became discouraged1 and offered to sell his right to the creator of the bank4 ,law1 accepting the offer1 speedily launched a magnificent scheme3 capital one hundred millions of francs1 in shares of five hundred francs1 purchasable wholly in those new treasury-notes bearing four per cent4 interest1 then at a discount of seventy per cent4 ,maps of this illimitable virgin land were published4 ,pictures were exhibited1 in which crowds of interesting naked savages1 male and female1 were seen running up to welcome arriving ,frenchmen2 and under the engraving a gaping ,paris crowd could read1 ,in this land are seen mountains filled with gold1 silver1 copper1 lead1 quicksilver2 and the savages1 not knowing their value1 gladly exchange pieces of gold and silver for knives1 iron pots1 a small looking-glass1 or even a little brandy4 ,one picture was addressed to pious souls2 for even at that early day1 as at present1 there was occasionally observed a curious alliance between persons engaged in the promotion of piety and those employed in the pushing of shares4 ,this work exhibited a group of ,indians kneeling before some reverend fathers of the ,society of ,jesus4 ,under it was written1 ,indian ,idolaters imploring ,baptism4 ,illustration3 ,speculative ,map of ,louisiana4 ,the excitement1 once kindled1 was stimulated by lying announcements of the sailing of great fleets for ,louisiana laden with merchandise and colonists2 of the arrival of vessels with freights worth millions2 of the establishment of a silk-factory1 wherein twelve thousand women of the ,natchez tribe were employed2 of the bringing of ,louisiana ingots to the ,mint to be assayed2 of the discovery in ,arkansas of a great rock of emerald1 and the dispatch of ,captain ,laharpe with a file of twenty-two men to take possession of the same4 ,in #agah ,law sent engineers to ,louisiana1 who did something toward laying out its future capital1 which he named ,new ,orleans1 in honor of his patron1 the regent4 ,the royal paper rose rapidly under this new demand4 ,other schemes followed1 until ,john ,law1 through his various companies1 seemed about to run the kingdom of ,france by contract1 farming all its revenues1 transacting all its commerce1 and1 best of all1 paying all its debts6 ,madness1 ruled the hour4 ,the depreciated paper rose1 rose1 and still rose2 reached par2 went beyond par1 until gold and silver were at a discount of ten per cent4 ,the street named ,quincampoix1 the centre and vortex of this whirl of business1 a mere lane twenty feet wide and a quarter of a mile long1 was crowded with excited people from morning till night1 and far into the night1 so that the inhabitants of the quarter sent to the police a formal complaint that they could get no sleep4 ,nobles1 lackeys1 bishops1 monks1 merchants1 soldiers1 women1 pickpockets1 foreigners1 all resorted to ,la ,rue1 panting1 yelling1 operating1 snatching papers1 counting crowns1 making up a scene of noisy confusion unexampled4 ,one man hired all the vacant houses in the street1 and made a fortune by subletting offices and desk-room1 even placing sentry-boxes on some of the roofs1 and letting them at a good price4 ,the excitement spread over ,france1 reached ,holland1 and drew to ,paris1 as was estimated at the time1 five hundred thousand strangers1 places in the public vehicles being engaged two months in advance1 and commanding a high premium4 ,there were the most extraordinary acquisitions of fortune4 ,people suddenly enriched were called ,mississippiens1 and they behaved as the victims of sudden wealth1 unearned1 usually do4 ,men who were lackeys one week kept lackeys the next4 ,a garcon of a wine-shop gained twenty millions4 ,a cobbler1 who had a stall in the ,rue ,quincampoix made of four planks1 cleared away his traps and let his boards to ladies as seats1 and sold pens1 paper1 and ink to operators1 making two hundred francs a day by both trades4 ,men gained money by hiring out their backs as writing-desks1 bending over while operators wrote out their contracts and calculations4 ,one little hunchback made a hundred and fifty thousand francs by thus serving as a pupitre ambulant 7strolling desk71 and a broad-shouldered soldier gained money enough in the same way to buy his discharge and retire to the country upon a pretty farm4 ,the general trade of the city was stimulated to such a degree that for a while the novel spectacle was presented of a community almost every member of which was prosperous beyond his hopes2 for even in the ,rue ,quincampoix itself1 although some men gained more money than others1 no one appeared to lose any thing4 ,and all this seemed the work of one man1 the great1 the incomparable ,jean ,lass1 as he was then called in ,paris4 ,it was a social distinction to be able to say1 ,i have seen him6 ,his carriage could with difficulty force its way through the rapturous1 admiring crowd4 ,princes and nobles thronged his antechamber1 a duchess publicly kissed his hand1 and the regent made him controller-general of the finances4 ,this madness lasted eight months4 ,no one needs to be told what followed it--how a chill first came over the feverish street1 a vague apprehension1 not confessed1 but inspiring a certain wish to realize4 ,dread word1 ,,realize6 ,the tendency to realize was adroitly checked by ,law1 aided by operators who desired to unload2 but the unloading1 once suspected1 converted the realizing tendency into a wild1 ungovernable rush1 which speedily brought ruin to thousands1 and long prostration upon ,france4 ,john ,law1 who in ,december1 #agai1 was the idol of ,paris1 ready to perish of his celebrity1 escaped with difficulty from the kingdom in ,december1 #agbj1 hated1 despised1 impoverished1 to resume his career as elegant gambler in the drawing-rooms of ,germany and ,italy4 ,as the system collapsed in ,france1 it acquired vogue in ,england1 where1 also1 it originated in the desire to get rid of the public debt by brilliant finance instead of the homely and troublesome method of paying it4 ,in ,london1 besides the original ,south ,sea ,company which began the frenzy1 there were started in the course of a few months about two hundred joint-stock schemes1 many of which1 as given in ,anderson's ,history of ,commerce1 are of almost incredible absurdity4 ,the sum called for by these projects was three hundred millions of pounds sterling1 which was more than the value of all the land in ,great ,britain4 ,shares in ,sir ,richard ,steele's fish-pool for bringing fresh fish to ,london brought one hundred and sixty pounds a share6 ,men paid seventy pounds each for permits1 which gave them merely the privilege of subscribing to a sail-cloth manufacturing company not yet formed4 ,there was1 indeed1 a great trade in permits to subscribe to companies only planned4 ,here are a few of the schemes3 for raising hemp in ,pennsylvania2 ,puckle's machine gun2 settling the ,bahamas2 wrecks to be fished for on the ,irish coast2 horse and cattle insurance2 insurance and improvement of children's fortunes2 insurance of losses by servants2 insurance against theft and robbery2 insuring remittances2 to make salt-water fresh2 importing walnut-trees from ,virginia2 improving the breed of horses2 purchasing forfeited estates2 making oil from sunflowers2 planting mulberry-trees and raising silk-worms2 extracting silver from lead2 making quicksilver malleable2 capturing pirates2 for importing a number of large jackasses from ,spain in order to propagate a larger kind of mules2 trading in human hair2 for fatting of hogs2 for the encouragement of the industrious2 perpetual motion2 making pasteboard2 furnishing funerals4 ,there was even a company formed and shares sold for carrying out an undertaking which shall in due time be revealed4 ,the word puts1 now so familiar in ,wall ,street1 appears in these transactions of #agbj4 ,puts and refusals were sold in vast amounts4 ,the prices paid for shares during the half year of this mania were as remarkable as the schemes themselves4 ,south ,sea shares of a hundred pounds par value reached a thousand pounds4 ,it was a poor share that did not sell at five times its original price4 ,as in ,france1 so in ,england1 the long heads1 like ,sir ,robert ,walpole and ,alexander ,pope1 began to think of realizing when they had gained a thousand per cent4 or so upon their ventures2 and1 in a very few days1 realizing1 in its turn1 became a mania2 and all those paper fortunes shrunk and crumpled into nothingness4 ,so many caricatures of these events appeared in ,amsterdam and ,london during the year #agbj that the collection in the ,british ,museum1 after the lapse of a hundred and fifty-five years1 contains more than a hundred specimens4 ,i have myself eighty1 several of which include from six to twenty-four distinct designs4 ,like most of the caricatures of that period1 they are of great size1 and crowded with figures1 each bearing its label of words1 with a long explanation in verse or prose at the bottom of the sheet4 ,as a rule1 they are destitute of the point that can make a satirical picture interesting after the occasion is past4 ,in one we see the interior of an ,exchange filled with merchants running wildly about1 each uttering words appropriate to the situation3 ,to-day ,i have gained ten thousand6 ,who has money to lend at two per cent48 ,a strait-jacket is what ,i shall want2 ,damned is this wind business4 ,this picture1 which originated in ,amsterdam1 is called ,the ,wind-buyers paid in ,wind1 and it contains at the bottom three columns of explanatory verse in ,dutch1 of which the following is the purport3 ,illustration3 ,john ,law1 ,wind ,monopolist4 7,amsterdam1 #agbj47 ,law loquitur4 ,the wind is my treasure1 cushion1 and foundation4 ,master of the wind1 ,i am master of life1 and my wind monopoly becomes straightway the object of idolatry4 ,less rapidly turn the sails of the windmill on my head than the price of shares in my foolish enterprises4 ,come1 gentlemen1 weavers1 peasants1 tailors6 ,whoever has relied on wind for his profit can find his picture here4 ,they rave like madmen4 ,see the ,french1 the ,english1 the ,hebrew1 and ,jack of ,bremen6 ,hear what a scream the absurd ,dutch are making on the exchange of ,europe6 ,there is ,fortune throwing down some charming wishes to silly mortals1 while virtue1 art1 and intellect are despised and impoverished in the land2 shops and counting-houses are empty2 trade is ruined4 ,all this is ,,quincampoix6 ,the ,dutch caricaturists recurred very often to the windy character of the share business4 ,in several of their works we see a puffy wind-god blowing up pockets to a great size1 inflating share-bags1 and wafting swiftly along vehicles with spacious sails4 ,the bellows play a conspicuous and not always decorous part4 ,jean ,law is exhibited as a wind monopolist4 ,in one picture he appears assisting ,atlas and others to bear up great globes of wind4 ,kites are flying and windmills revolving in several pictures4 ,pigeons fly away with shares in their bills4 ,the hunchback who served as a walking desk is repeated many times4 ,the ,tower of ,babel1 the mad-house1 the hospital1 the whirligig1 a garden maze1 the lottery wheel1 the drum1 the magic lantern1 the soap-bubble1 the bladder1 dice1 the swing--whatever typifies pretense1 uncertainty1 or confusion was brought into the service4 ,one ,dutch broadsheet 7sixteen inches by twenty71 now before me1 contains fifty-four finely executed designs1 each of which burlesques a scene in ,law's career1 or a device of his finance1 the whole making a pack of wind cards for playing a game of wind4 ,most of the ,dutch pictures were adapted into ,english1 and the adapters added verses which1 in some instances1 were better than the caricatures4 ,a few of the shorter specimens may be worth the space they occupy1 and give the reader a feeling of the situation not otherwise attainable4 ,of the pictures scarcely one would either bear or reward reduction1 so large are they1 so crowded with objects1 and their style uninterestingly obsolete or boorishly indecent4 ,on ,puckle's ,machine ,gun3 ,a rare invention to destroy the crowd ,of fools at home instead of foes abroad4 ,fear not1 my friends1 this terrible machine-- ,they're only wounded that have shares therein4 ,on the ,saltpetre ,company 7two and sixpence a share73 ,buy petre stock1 let me be your adviser2 ',twill make you1 though not richer1 much the wiser4 ,on the ,german ,timber ,company3 ,you that are rich and hasty to be poor1 ,buy timber export from the ,german shore2 ,for gallowses built up of foreign wood1 ,if rightly used1 will do ,change ,alley good4 ,on the ,pennsylvania ,company3 ,come all ye saints that would for little buy ,great tracts of land1 and care not where they lie2 ,deal with your ,quaking ,friends2 they're men of light2 ,their spirit hates deceit and scorns to bite4 ,on the ,ship-building ,company3 ,to raise fresh barks must surely be amusing1 ,when hundreds rot in docks for want of using4 ,on ,settling the ,bahamas3 ,rare1 fruitful isles1 where not an ass can find ,a verdant tuft or thistle to his mind4 ,how1 then1 must those poor silly asses fare ,that leave their native land to settle there8 ,on a ,south ,sea ,speculator imploring ,alms through his ,prison ,bars3 ,behold a poor dejected wretch1 ,who kept a ,s---- ,sea coach of late1 ,but now is glad to humbly catch ,a penny at the prison grate4 ,what ruined numbers daily mourn ,their groundless hopes and follies past1 ,yet see not how the tables turn1 ,or where their money flies at last6 ,fools lost when the directors won1 ,but now the poor directors lose2 ,and where the ,s---- ,sea stock will run1 ,old ,nick1 the first projector1 knows4 ,on a ,picture of ,change ,alley3 ,five hundred millions1 notes and bonds1 ,our stocks are worth in value2 ,but neither lie in goods1 or lands1 ,or money1 let me tell ye4 ,yet though our foreign trade is lost1 ,of mighty wealth we vapor1 ,when all the riches that we boast ,consist in scraps of paper4 ,on a ,permit3 ,you that have money and have lost your wits1 ,if you'd be poor1 buy ,national ,permits2 ,their stock's in fish1 the fish are still in water1 ,and for your coin you may go fish hereafter4 ,on a ,roomful of ,ladies buying ,stocks of a ,jew and a ,gentile3 ,with ,jews and ,gentiles1 undismayed1 ,young tender virgins mix2 ,of whiskers nor of beards afraid1 ,nor all their cozening tricks4 ,bright jewels1 polished once to deck ,the fair one's rising breast1 ,or sparkle round her ivory neck1 ,lie pawned in iron chest4 ,the gentle passions of the mind ,how avarice controls6 ,e'en love does now no longer find ,a place in female souls4 ,on a ,picture of a ,man laughing at an ,ass browsing3 ,a wise man laughed to see an ass ,eat thistles and neglect good grass4 ,but had the sage beheld the folly ,of late transacted in ,change ,alley1 ,he might have seen worse asses there ,give solid gold for empty air1 ,and sell estates in hopes to double ,their fortunes by some worthless bubble1 ,till of a sudden all was lost ,that had so many millions cost4 ,yet ruined fools are highly pleased ,to see the knaves that bit 'em squeezed1 ,forgetting where the money flies ,that cost so many tears and sighs4 ,on the ,silk ,stocking ,company3 ,deal not in stocking shares1 because1 ,i doubt1 ,those that buy most will ere long go without4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,hogarth ,,and ,,his ,,time4 ,these ,dutch-,english pictures ,william ,hogarth1 we may be sure1 often inspected as they successively courted public notice in the shops of ,london1 as we see in his early works a character evidently derived from them4 ,during the bubble period of #agbj1 he was an ambitious young engraver and sign-painter 7at least willing to paint signs if a job offered71#ai much given to penciling likenesses and strange attitudes upon his thumb-nail1 to be transferred1 on reaching home1 to paper1 and stored away for future use4 ,he was one of those quick draughtsmen who will sketch you upon the spot a rough caricature of any odd person1 group1 or event that may have excited the mirth of the company2 a young fellow somewhat undersized1 with an alert1 vigorous frame1 a bright1 speaking eye1 a too quick tongue and temper1 self-confident1 but honest1 sturdy1 and downright in all his words and ways4 ,but ,i was a good paymaster even then he once said1 with just pride1 after speaking of the days when he sometimes walked ,london streets without a shilling in his pocket4 ,footnote #ai3 ,catalogue of ,prints and ,drawings in the ,british ,museum1 ,division ,i41 vol4 ii41 p4 #eff4 ,hogherd was the original name of the family1 which was first humanized into ,hogert and ,hogart1 and then softened into its present form4 ,in ,westmoreland1 where ,hogarth's grandfather cultivated a farm--small1 but his own--the first syllable of the name was pronounced like that of the domestic animals which his remote ancestors may have herded4 ,there was a vein of talent in the family1 an uncle of ,hogarth's having been the song-writer and satirist of his village1 and his own father emerging from remote and most rustic ,westmoreland to settle in ,london as a poor school-master and laborious1 ill-requited compiler of school-books and proof-reader4 ,a ,latin dictionary of his making existed in manuscript after the death of the artist1 and a ,latin letter written by him is one of the curiosities in the ,british ,museum4 ,but he remained always a poor man1 and could apprentice his boy only to an engraver of the lowest grade known to the art4 ,but this sufficed for a lad who could scarcely touch paper with a pencil without betraying his gift1 who drew capital burlesques upon his nail when he was fifteen1 and entertained ,addison's coffee-house with a caricature of its landlord when he was twenty-two4 ,illustration3 ,the ,sleeping ,congregation4 7,hogarth47 ,the earliest work by this greatest ,english artist of his century1 which has been preserved in the ,british ,museum 7#agbj71 shows the bent of his genius as plainly as the first sketch by ,boz betrays the quality of ,dickens4 ,it is called ,design for a ,shop-bill1 and was probably ,hogarth's own shop-bill1 his advertisement to the public that he was able and willing to paint signs4 ,in those days1 the school-master not having yet gone abroad1 signs were usually pictorial1 and sometimes consisted of the popular representation of the saint having special charge of the business to be recommended4 ,in ,hogarth's shop-bill we see a tall man holding up a newly painted sign of ,st4 ,luke with his ox and book1 at which a group of persons are looking1 while ,hogarth himself appears to be showing the sign to them as possible customers4 ,along the bottom of the sign is engraved ,w4 ,,hogarth1 ,,painter4 ,in the background is seen an artist painting at an easel and a boy grinding colors4 ,he could not even in this first homely essay avoid giving his work something of a narrative character4 ,he must exhibit a story with humorous details4 ,so in his caricature of ,daniel ,button1 drawn to ridicule the ,tory frequenters of ,button's coffee-house1 he relates an incident as well as burlesques individuals4 ,there stands ,master ,button in his professional apron1 with powdered wig and frilled shirt2 and opposite to him a tall1 seedy1 stooping scholar or poet is storming at the landlord with clinched fists1 because he will not let him have a cup of coffee without the money4 ,there is also the truly ,hogarthian incident of a dog smelling suspiciously the poet's coat tail4 ,standing about the room are persons whom tradition reports to have been intended as portraits of ,pope1 ,steele1 ,addison1 ,arbuthnot1 and others of ,button's famous customers4 ,this drawing1 executed with a brush1 is also preserved in the ,british ,museum4 ,daniel ,button1 as ,dr4 ,johnson reports1 had once been a servant in the family of the ,countess of ,warwick1 and was placed in the coffee-house by ,addison4 ,a writer in the ,spectator alludes to this haunt of the ,tories3 ,i was a ,tory at ,button's and a ,whig at ,child's4 ,the ,south ,sea delusion drew from ,hogarth his first engraved caricature4 ,among the ,dutch engravings of #agbj1 called forth by the schemes of ,john ,law1 there was one in which the victims were represented in a merry-go-round1 riding in revolving cars or upon wooden horses1 the whole kept in motion by a horse ridden by the devil4 ,the picture presents also the usual multitude of confusing details1 such as the ,dutch mad-house in the distance1 with a long train of vehicles going toward it4 ,in availing himself of this device the young ,londoner showed much of that skill in the arrangement of groups1 and that fertility in the invention of details1 which marked his later works4 ,his whirligig revolves higher in the air than in the ,dutch picture1 enabling him to show his figures clear of the crowd below1 and instead of the devil on horseback giving the motion1 he assigns that work more justly to the directors of the ,south ,sea ,company4 ,thus he has room and opportunity to impart a distinct character to most of his figures4 ,we see perched aloft on the wooden horses about to be whirled around1 a nobleman with his broad ribbon1 a shoe-black1 an old woman1 a wigged clergyman1 and a woman of the town4 ,with his usual uncompromising humor1 ,hogarth places these last two characters next to one another1 and while the clergyman ogles the woman1 she chucks him under the chin4 ,there is a world of accessories3 a devil exhaling fire1 standing behind a counter and cutting pieces of flesh from the body of ,fortune and casting them to a hustling crowd of ,catholic1 ,puritan1 and ,jew2 ,self-,interest breaking ,honesty upon a wheel2 a crowd of women rushing pell-mell into an edifice gabled with horns1 and bearing the words1 ,raffling for ,husbands with ,lottery ,fortunes in here2 ,honor in the pillory flogged by ,villainy2 an ape wearing a sword and cap4 ,the scene chosen by the artist for these remarkable events is the open space in which the monument stands1 then fresh and new1 which commemorates the ,great ,fire2 but he slyly changes the inscription thus3 ,this ,monument was erected in ,memory of the ,destruction of this ,city by the ,south ,sea in #agbj4 ,hogarth1 engraver and sign-painter though he may have been1 was all himself in this amusing and effective piece4 ,if the ,dutch picture and ,hogarth's could be placed here side by side1 the reader would have before him an interesting example of the honest plagiarism of genius1 which does not borrow gold and merely alter the stamp1 but converts a piece of crude ore into a ,toledo blade4 ,unfortunately1 both pictures are too large and crowded to admit of effective reduction4 ,in this1 his first published work1 the audacious artist availed himself of an expedient which heightened the effect of most of his later pictures4 ,he introduced portraits of living persons4 ,conspicuous in the foreground of the ,south ,sea caricature1 among other personages now unknown1 is the diminutive figure of ,alexander ,pope1 who was one of the few lucky speculators of the year #agbj4 ,at least1 he withdrew in time to save half the sum which he once thought he had made4 ,the gloating rake in the first picture of the ,harlot's ,progress is that typical reprobate of eighteenth-century romances1 ,colonel ,francis ,charteris1 upon whom ,arbuthnot wrote the celebrated epitaph1 which1 it is to be hoped1 is itself a caricature3 ,here continueth to rot the body of ,,francis ,,charteris1 who1 with an ,,inflexible ,,constancy and ,,inimitable ,,uniformity of life1 ,,persisted1 in spite of ,,age and ,,infirmities1 in the practice of ,,every ,,human ,,vice1 excepting ,,prodigality and ,,hypocrisy4 ,his insatiable ,,avarice exempted him from the first2 his matchless ,,impudence from the second4 ,oh1 indignant reader6 think not his life useless to mankind2 ,providence connived at his execrable designs to give to after-ages a conspicuous proof and example of how small estimation is ,,exorbitant ,,wealth in the sight of ,,god1 by ,his bestowing it on the most ,,unworthy ,,of ,,all ,,mortals4 ,hogarth was as much a humorist in his life as he was in his works4 ,the invitation to ,mr4 ,king to eta beta py1 given on the next page1 was one of many similar sportive efforts of his pencil4 ,he once boasted that he could draw a sergeant carrying his pike1 entering an ale-house1 followed by his dog1 all in three strokes4 ,he produced the following1 also given on next page3 ,he explained the drawing thus3 ,a is the perspective line of the door2 ,b1 the end of the sergeant's pike1 who has gone in2 ,c1 the end of the dog's tail4 ,illustration3 ,hogarth's ,invitation ,card4 ,illustration3 ,diagram4 ,nor was he too nice in his choice of subjects for way-side treatment4 ,one of his fellow-apprentices used to relate an anecdote of the time when they were accustomed to make the usual ,sunday excursion into the country1 ,hogarth being fifteen years of age4 ,in a tap-room row a man received a severe cut upon the forehead with a quart beer-pot1 which brought blood1 and caused him to distort his features into a most hideous grin4 ,hogarth produced his pencil and instantly drew a caricature of the scene1 including a most ludicrous and striking likeness of the wounded man4 ,there was of necessity a good deal of tap-room in all humorous art and literature of that century1 and he was perfectly at home in scenes of a beery cast4 ,the ,five ,days' ,peregrination of ,hogarth and his friends1 of which ,thackeray discoursed to us so agreeably in one of his lectures1 occurred when the artist was thirty-four years of age4 ,but it shows us the same jovial ,londoner1 whose manners and pleasures1 as ,mr4 ,thackeray remarked1 though honest and innocent1 were not very refined4 ,five friends set out on foot early in the morning from their tavern haunt in ,covent ,garden1 gayly singing the old song1 ,why should we quarrel for riches8 ,billingsgate was their first halting-place1 where1 as the appointed historian of the jaunt records1 ,hogarth made the caricature of a porter1 who called himself the ,duke of ,puddle ,dock1 which drawing was by his grace pasted on the cellar door4 ,at ,rochester1 ,hogarth and ,scott stopped and played at hop-scotch in the colonnade under the ,town-hall4 ,the ,nag's ,head at the village of ,stock sheltered them one night1 when1 after supper1 we adjourned to the door1 drank punch1 stood and sat for our pictures drawn by ,hogarth4 ,in another village the merry blades got a wooden chair1 and placed ,hogarth in it in the street1 where he made the drawing1 and gathered a great many men1 women1 and children about him to see his performance4 ,the same evening1 over their flip1 they were entertaining the tap-room with their best songs1 when some ,harwich lobster-men came in and sung several sea-songs so agreeably that the ,londoners were quite put out of countenance4 ,our ,st4 ,john1 records the scribe of the adventure1 would not come in competition1 nor could ,pishoken save us from disgrace4 ,here1 too1 is a ,hogarthian incident3 ,hogarth called me up and told me the good-woman insisted on being paid for her bed1 or having ,scott before the mayor1 which last we did all in our power to promote4 ,and so they merrily tramped the country round1 singing1 drawing1 copying comic epitaphs1 and pelting one another with dirt1 returning to ,london at the end of the five days1 having expended just six guineas--five shillings a day each man4 ,illustration3 ,time ,smoking a ,picture4 ,his sense of humor appears in his serious writings4 ,one illustration which he gives in his ,analysis of ,beauty1 to show the essential and exhaustless charm of the waving line1 is in the highest degree comic3 ,i once heard an eminent dancing-master say that the minuet had been the study of his whole life1 and that he had been indefatigable in the pursuit of its beauties1 yet at last could only say1 with ,socrates1 he knew nothing1 adding that ,i was happy in my profession as a painter1 in that some bounds might be set to the study of it4 ,in his long warfare with the picture-dealers1 who starved living art in ,england by the manufacture of old masters1 he employed ridicule and caricature with powerful effect4 ,his masterly caricature of ,time smoking a ,picture was well seconded by humorous letters to the press1 and by many a passing hit in his more elaborate writings4 ,he maintained that a painting is never so good as at the moment it leaves the artist's hands1 time having no possible effect upon it except to impair its beauty and diminish its truth4 ,there was penned at this period a burlesque ,bill of ,monsieur ,varnish to ,benjamin ,bister1 which is certainly ,hogarthian1 if it is not ,hogarth's1 and might well serve as a companion piece to the engraving4 ,among the items are these3 ,l s4 d4 ,to painting and canvas for a naked ,mary ,magdalen1 in the undoubted style of ,paul ,veronese #b #b #j ,to brimstone1 for smoking ditto #j #b #j ,paid ,mrs4 ,w---- for a live model to sit for ,diana bathing1 by ,tintoretto #j #af #j ,paid for the hire of a layman1 to copy the robes of a ,cardinal1 for a ,vandyck #j #e #j ,paid the female figure for sitting thirty minutes in a wet sheet1 that ,i might give the dry manner of that master #j #aj #f ,the ,tribute-money ,rendered1 with all the exactness of ,quintin ,metsius1 the famed blacksmith of ,antwerp #b #ab #f ,the ,martyrdom of ,st4 ,winifred1 with a view of ,holywell ,bath1 by old ,frank #a #aa #f ,to a large allegorical altarpiece1 consisting of men and angels1 horses and river gods2 'tis thought most happily hit off for a ,rubens #e #e #j ,paid for admission into the ,house of ,peers1 to take a sketch of a great character1 for a picture of ,moses breaking the ,tables of the ,law1 in the darkest manner of ,rembrandt1 not yet finished #j #b #f ,the idea of a wet sheet imparting the effect of dryness was taken from a treatise on painting1 which stated that some of the ancient masters acquired a dry manner of painting from studying after wet drapery4 ,this robust and downright ,briton1 strong in the consciousness of original and native genius1 did not object merely to the manufacture of old masters1 but also to the excessive value placed upon the genuine productions of the great men of old4 ,he could not feel it to be just or favorable to the progress of art that works representing a state of feeling long ago outgrown in ,england should take precedence of paintings instinct with the life of the present hour4 ,in other words1 he did not enjoy seeing one of his own paintings sell at auction for fourteen guineas1 and an ,old ,master bring a thousand4 ,he grew warm when he denounced the picture-jobbers from abroad1 who imported continually ship-loads of dead ,christs1 ,holy ,families1 ,madonnas1 and other dismal1 dark subjects1 neither entertaining nor ornamental1 on which they scrawl the terrible cramp names of some ,italian masters1 and fix upon us ,englishmen the name of universal dupes4 ,he imagines a scene between one of those old-master mongers and his customer4 ,the victim says3 ',mr4 ,bubbleman1 that grand ,venus1 as you are pleased to call it1 has not beauty enough for the character of an ,english cook-maid4' ,upon which the quack answers1 with a confident air3 ',sir1 ,i find that you are no connoisseur2 the picture1 ,i assure you1 is in ,alesso ,baldminetto's second and best manner1 boldly painted1 and truly sublime3 the contour gracious2 the air of the head in high ,greek taste2 and a most divine idea it is4' ,then spitting in an obscure place1 and rubbing it with a dirty handkerchief1 takes a skip to t'other end of the room1 and screams out in raptures1 ',there's an amazing touch6 ,a man should have this picture a twelvemonth in his collection before he can discover half its beauties6' ,the gentleman 7though naturally a judge of what is beautiful1 yet ashamed to be out of the fashion by judging for himself7 with this cant is struck dumb1 gives a vast sum for the picture1 very modestly confesses he is indeed quite ignorant of painting1 and bestows a frame worth fifty pounds on a frightful thing1 which1 without the hard name1 is not worth so many farthings4 ,illustration3 ,the no ,dedication ,not ,dedicated to any ,prince in ,christendom for fear it might be thought an ,idle piece of ,arrogance4 ,nor ,dedicated to any man of quality for fear it might be thought too assuming4 ,nor ,dedicated to any learned body of ,men1 as either of the universities or the ,royal ,society1 for fear it might be thought an uncommon piece of ,vanity4 ,nor ,dedicated to any one particular ,friend for fear of offending another4 ,therefore ,dedicated to nobody4 ,but if for once we may suppose ,nobody to be every body1 as ,every body is often said to be nobody1 then is this work ,dedicated to every body4 by their most humble and devoted ,w4 ,hogarth ,dedication of a ,proposed ,history of the ,arts4 7,from ,hogarth's ,manuscript4#bj7 ,footnote #bj3 ,hogarth's ,works1 frontispiece to vol4 iii41 by ,ireland and ,nichols4 ,he gives picture-buyers a piece of advice which many of them have since taken1 to the sore distress of their guests3 ,use your own eyes1 and buy the pictures which they dwell upon with delight4 ,in the heat of controversy1 ,hogarth1 as usual1 went too far2 but he stood manfully by his order1 and defended resolutely their rights and his own4 ,artists owe him undying gratitude for two great services3 he showed them a way to independence by setting up in business on his own account1 becoming his own engraver and publisher1 and retaining always the ownership of his own plates1 which1 indeed1 constituted his estate1 and supported creditably his family as long as any of them lived4 ,he served all artists1 too1 by defending himself against the pirates who flooded the market with meanly executed copies of his own engravings4 ,it was ,william ,hogarth who obtained from ,parliament the first act which secured to artists the sole right to multiply and sell copies of their works2 and this right is the very corner-stone of a great national painter's independence4 ,that act made genuine art a possible profession in ,england4 ,such was ,hogarth1 the original artist of his country1 an honest1 valiant citizen1 who stood his ground1 paid his way1 cheered and admonished his generation4 ,he had the faults which belong to a positive character1 trod on many toes1 was often misunderstood1 and had his ample share of trouble and contention4 ,all that is now forgotten2 and he was never so much valued1 so frequently reproduced1 so generally possessed1 or so carefully studied as at the present time4 ,the generation that forms great satirists shines in the history of literature1 but not in that of morals2 for to supply with objects of satire such masters of the satiric arts as ,hogarth1 ,swift1 ,pope1 ,gay1 ,steele1 ,arbuthnot1 and ,foote1 there must be deep corruption in the ,state and radical folly in conspicuous persons4 ,the process which has since been named secularization had then fairly set in4 ,the brilliant men of the time had learned to deride the faith which had been a restraining force upon the propensities of man for fifteen centuries1 but were very far from having learned to be continent1 temperate1 and just without its aid4 ,four treatises against the miracles ,voltaire boasted of having seen during his residence in ,england in #agbg and #agbh2 but these treatises did not moderate the warmth of human passions1 nor change any other element in the difficult problem of existence4 ,walpole bribed1 ,swift maligned1 ,bolingbroke intrigued1 ,charteris seduced1 and ,marlborough peculated just as if the ,new ,light had not dawned and the miracles had remained intact4 ,do we not1 even in our own time1 see inquiring youth1 bred in strait-laced homes1 assuming that since there are now two opinions as to the origin of things1 it is no longer necessary to comply with the moral laws8 ,the splendid personages of that period seem to have been in a moral condition similar to that of such a youth4 ,it was the fashion to be dissolute2 it was provincial to obey those laws of our being from compliance with which all human welfare and all honest joy have come4 ,illustration3 ,sir ,robert ,walpole paring the ,nails of the ,british ,lion4 ,politics were still most rudimentary4 ,the ,english people were fully resolved on keeping out the dull and deadly ,stuarts2 but the price they had to pay for this was to submit to the rule of the dull and difficult ,georges1 whose bodies were in ,england and their hearts in ,hanover4 ,between the king and the people stood ,sir ,robert ,walpole--as good a man as could have held the place--who went directly to the point with members and writers1 ascertained their price1 and paid it4 ,according to one of ,pope's bitter notes on the ,dunciad1 where he quotes a ,parliamentary report1 this minister in ten years paid to writers and publishers of newspapers fifty thousand pounds eighteen shillings6 ,how much he paid to members of ,parliament was a secret known only to himself and the king4 ,the venality of the press was frequently burlesqued1 as well as the fulsome pomp of its purchased eulogies4 ,a very good specimen is that which appeared in #agce1 during a ministerial crisis1 when the opposition had high hopes of ousting the tenacious ,walpoles4 ,an ,advertisement was published1 in which was offered for sale a neat and curious collection of well-chosen similes1 allusions1 metaphors1 and allegories from the best plays and romances1 modern and ancient1 proper to adorn a panegyric on the glorious patriots designed to succeed the present ministry4 ,the author gave notice that all sublunary metaphors of a new minister1 being a ,rock1 a ,pillar1 a ,bulwark1 a ,strong ,tower1 or a ,spire ,steeple1 will be allowed very cheap2 but celestial ones1 being brought from the other world at a great expense1 must be held at a higher rate4 ,the author announced that he had prepared a collection of ,state satires1 which would serve1 with little variation1 to libel a judge1 a bishop1 or a prime minister4 ,n4,b4--,the same satirist has collections of reasons ready by him against the ensuing peace1 though he has not yet read the preliminaries or seen one article of the pacification4 ,illustration3 ,dutch ,neutrality1 #agde4 ,there was also a burlesque ,bill of ,costs for a late ,tory ,election in the ,west1 in which we find such items as bespeaking and collecting a mob1 a set of ,no-,roundhead roarers1 a set of coffee-house praters1 ,dissenter damners1 demolishing two houses1 committing two riots1 breaking windows1 roarers of the word ,,church1 several gallons of ,tory punch on church tombstones4 ,it is questionable1 however1 if in all the burlesques of the period there was one more ridiculous than the narrative of an actual occurrence in ,april1 #agae1 when the footmen of members of the ,house of ,commons met outside of the ,house1 according to established custom1 to elect a ,speaker4 ,the ,tory footmen cast their votes for ,sir ,thomas ,morgan's servant1 and the ,whigs for ,mr4 ,strickland's man4 ,a dispute arising1 a fight ensued between the two parties1 in the midst of which the ,house broke up1 and the footmen were obliged to attend their masters4 ,the next day1 as soon as the ,house was in session1 the fight was renewed1 and1 after a desperate struggle1 the victorious ,whigs carried their man three times in triumph round ,westminster ,hall1 and then adjourned to a ,whig ale-house1 the landlord of which gave them a dinner1 the footmen paying only for their drink4 ,illustration3 ,british ,idolatry of the ,opera-,singer ,mingotti1 #agef4 ,ra1 ra1 ra1 rot ye1 ,my name is ,mingotti4 ,if you worship me notti1 ,you shall all go to potti4 ,the caricatures of the ,walpole period preserve the record of the first attempt to lessen by law the intemperate drinking of gin--the most pernicious of the spirituous liquors4 ,a law was passed imposing upon this article a very heavy excise1 and prohibiting its sale in small quantities4 ,but in #agcf ,england had not reached1 by a century and a half1 the development of civilization which admits of the adequate consideration of such a measure2 nor can the poor man's gin ever be limited by law while the rich man's wine flows free4 ,this gin law appears to have been killed by ridicule4 ,ballads lamenting the near decease of ,mother ,gin were sung in the streets2 the gin-shop signs were hung with black1 and there were mock ceremonies of ,madame ,geneva's ,lying in ,state1 ,mother ,gin's ,wake1 and ,madame ,gin's ,funeral4 ,paragraphs notified the public that the funeral of ,madame ,gin was celebrated with great merriment1 many of both sexes getting soundly drunk1 and a mob following her remains with torches4 ,the night before the measure went into operation was one of universal revel among the gin-drinkers1 and every one1 we are assured1 carried off as much of the popular liquor1 for future consumption1 as he could pay for4 ,the law was evaded by the expedients long afterward employed in ,maine1 when first a serious attempt was made to enforce the ,maine ,law4 ,apothecaries and others colored their gin1 put it into phials1 and labeled it ,colic ,water1 ,make-shift1 ,the ,ladies' ,delight1 with printed ,directions to take two or three spoonfuls three or four times a day1 or as often as the fit takes you4 ,informers sprung into an importance never before known1 and many of them invented snares to decoy men into violations of the law4 ,so odious did they become that if one of them fell into the hands of the mob1 he was lucky to escape with only a ducking in the ,thames or a horse-trough4 ,in short1 the attempt was ill-considered and premature1 and after an experiment of two or three years it was given up1 having contributed something toward the growing unpopularity of the ministry4 ,illustration3 ,the ,motion 7for the ,removal of ,sir ,robert ,walpole74 ,the downfall of ,sir ,robert ,walpole1 after holding office for twenty years1 was preceded by an animated fire of caricature1 in which the adherents of ,walpole held their own4 ,the specimen given above1 entitled ,the ,motion1 was reduced from one of the most famous caricatures of the reign of ,george ,,ii41 and one of the most finely wrought of the century4#ba ,horace ,walpole1 son of the great minister1 wrote from ,florence that the picture had diverted him extremely1 and that the likenesses were admirable4 ,to us the picture says nothing until it is explained2 but every ,london apprentice of the period recognized ,whitehall and the ,treasury1 toward which the ,opposition was driving with such furious haste1 and could distinguish most of the personages exhibited4 ,a few days before this caricature appeared1 ,sandys1 who was styled the motion-maker1 from the frequency of his attempts to array the ,house of ,commons against the ,walpole ministry1 moved once more an address to the king1 that he would be pleased to remove ,sir ,robert ,walpole from his presence and councils forever4 ,the debate upon this motion was long and most vehement1 and though the ministry triumphed1 it was one of those bloody victories which presage overthrow4 ,on the same day a similar motion was made in the ,house of ,lords by ,lord ,carteret1 where an equally violent discussion was followed by a vote sustaining the ministry4 ,the exultation of the ,walpole party inspired this famous caricature1 in which we see the ,opposition peers trying to reach office in a lordly coach and six1 and the ,commons trudging toward the same goal on foot1 their leader1 ,pulteney1 wheeling a load of ,opposition newspapers1 and leading his followers by the nose4 ,every politician of note on the side of the ,opposition is in the picture3 ,lord ,chesterfield is the postilion2 the ,duke of ,argyll the coachman2 ,lord ,carteret the gentleman inside the coach1 who1 becoming conscious of the breakdown1 cries1 ,let me get out6 ,bubb ,dodington is the spaniel between the coachman's legs2 the footman behind the coach is ,lord ,cobham1 and the outrider ,lord ,lyttelton4 ,on the side of the ,commons there is ,sandys1 dropping in despair his favorite1 often-defeated ,place ,bill1 and exclaiming1 ,i thought what would come of putting him on the box8 ,much of the humor and point of the picture is lost to us1 because the peculiar relations of the persons portrayed to the public1 to their party1 and to one another can not now be perfectly recalled4 ,footnote #ba3 ,thomas ,wright1 ,caricature ,history of the ,georges1 p4 #abh4 ,edition after edition of ,the ,motion appeared1 one of which was so arranged that it could be fitted to the frame of a lady's fan1 a common device at the time4 ,the ,opposition retorted with a parody of the picture1 which they styled ,the ,reason1 in which ,walpole figures as the coachman1 driving the coach of state to destruction4 ,another parody was called ,the ,motive1 in which the king was the passenger and ,walpole the driver4 ,then followed ,a ,consequence of the ,motion1 ,motion upon ,motion1 ,the ,grounds1 and others4 ,the ,walpole party surpassed their opponents in caricature2 but caricature is powerless to turn back a genuine tide of public feeling1 and a year later ,sir ,robert was honorably shelved in the ,house of ,lords4 ,from this time forward the history of ,europe is recorded or burlesqued in the comic pictures of the shop-window2 not merely the conspicuous part played in it by ministers and kings1 but the foibles1 the fashions1 the passions1 the vices1 the credulities1 the whims1 of each generation4 ,the ,british rage for the ,italian opera1 the enormous sums paid to the singers1 the bearish manners of ,handel1 the mania for gaming1 the audacity of highwaymen1 and the impositions upon popular credulity no more escape the satirist's pencil than ,braddock's defeat1 the ,queen of ,hungary's loss of ,silesia1 or ,william ,pitt's timely1 and also his ill-timed1 fits of the gout4 ,nor were the abuses of the ,church overlooked4 ,one picture1 entitled ,the ,fat ,pluralist and his ,lean ,curates1 published in #agcc1 exhibited a corpulent dignitary of the ,church in a chariot drawn by six meagre and wretched curates4 ,the portly priest carries under one arm a large church1 and a cathedral under the other1 while at his feet are two sucking pigs1 a hen1 and a goose1 which he has taken as tithe from a farmyard in the distance4 ,the ,church1 says the pluralist1 was made for me1 not ,i for the ,church2 and under the wheels of the coach is a book marked ,the ,thirty-nine ,articles4 ,one starving curate cries1 piteously1 ,lord1 be merciful to us poor curates6 to which another responds1 ,and send us more comfortable livings6 ,it required a century of satire and remonstrance to get that one monstrous abuse of the ,church ,ring reduced to proportions approaching decency4 ,corruption in the city of ,new ,york in the darkest days of ,tweed was less universal1 less systematic1 less remote from remedy1 than that of the ,government of ,great ,britain under the least incapable of its four ,georges4 ,it was merely more decorous4 ,illustration3 ,antiquaries ,puzzled4 7,london1 #agef47 ,a specimen of the harmless1 good-humored satire aimed at the zealous antiquaries of the last century is given above4 ,this picture may have suggested to ,mr4 ,dickens the familiar scene in ,pickwick where the roving members of the ,pickwick ,club discover the stone commemorative of ,bill ,stumps4 ,the mysterious inscription in the picture is1 ,beneath this stone reposeth ,claud ,coster1 tripe-seller of ,impington1 as doth his consort ,jane4 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,,english ,,caricature ,,in ,,the ,,revolutionary ,,period4 ,it is part of the office of caricature to assist in destroying illusions that have served their turn and become obstructive4 ,as in ,luther's time it gave important aid to the reformers in breaking the spell of the papacy1 so now1 when kingship broke down in ,europe1 the satiric pencil had much to do with tearing away the veil of fiction which had so long concealed the impotence of kings for nearly every thing but mischief4 ,illustration3 ,a ,caricature designed by ,benjamin ,franklin4 7,london1 #aggd47 ,explanation by ,dr4 ,franklin3 ,the ,colonies 7that is1 ,britannia's limbs7 being severed from her1 ,britannia is seen lifting her eyes and mangled stumps to heaven2 her shield1 which she is unable to wield1 lies useless by her side2 her lance has pierced ,new ,england2 the laurel branch has fallen from the hand of ,pennsylvania2 the ,english oak has lost its head1 and stands a bare trunk1 with a few withered branches3 briers and thorns are on the ground beneath it2 the ,british ships have brooms at their topmast heads1 denoting their being on sale2 and ,britannia herself is seen sliding off the world 7no longer able to hold its balance71 her fragments overspread with the label1 ,date obolum ,bellisario 7,give a farthing to ,belisarius74 ,the fatal objection to the hereditary principle in the government of nations is the importance which1 to use ,mr4 ,jefferson's words1 it heaps upon idiots4 ,idiot is a harsh word to apply to a person so well disposed as ,george ,,iii41 ,king of ,england1 to whom the violence of the ,revolutionary period was chiefly due2 but when we think of the evil and suffering from which ,europe could have been saved if he had known a little more or been a little less1 we can not be surprised that contemporaries should have summed him up with disrespectful brevity4 ,but for him1 so far as short-sighted mortals can discern1 the period of bloody revolution could have been a period of peaceful reform4 ,after exasperating his subjects nearly to the point of rebellion1 he precipitated the independence of the ,american colonies1 which1 in turn1 brought on the ,french ,revolution1 and that issued in ,napoleon ,bonaparte1 whose sins ,france only finished expiating at ,sedan4 ,it is true1 there must have been in ,great ,britain myriads upon myriads of such heads as that of ,king ,george to make his policy possible4 ,but suppose that1 instead of placing himself at the head of the dull minds in his empire1 he had given the prestige of the crown to the bright and independent souls6 ,suppose he had taken as kindly to ,chatham1 ,burke1 ,fox1 ,franklin1 ,price1 ,priestley1 and ,barre as he did to ,bute1 ,dr4 ,johnson1 ,addington1 and ,eldon6 ,and see how this heir to the first throne in ,christendom was educated4 ,that period has been so laid bare by diaries and correspondence that we can visit the orphan boy in his home at ,carlton ,house1 and listen to his mother1 the widowed ,princess of ,wales1 as she describes his traits and laments the defects of his training4 ,go back to the year #ageb1 and imagine a drawing-room in a royal residence4 ,the dinner hour then had only got as far toward to-morrow as three in the afternoon1 and therefore by early candle-light of an ,october evening the drawing-room may be supposed to be inhabited4 ,the ,princess of ,wales1 born a princess of a petty ,german sovereignty1 still a young mother1 is dressed in mourning1 her husband being but a few months dead4 ,of the duties belonging to royalty she had no ideas except those which had prevailed from time immemorial at the court of absolute ,german sovereigns4 ,her chief care was to preserve the morals of her children1 and to have her eldest son a king in reality as well as in name4 ,be king 7,sois roi7 were favorite words with her1 often repeated in the hearing of the heir to the throne4 ,she thought it infamy in a king to allow himself to be ruled by ministers4 ,there is no reason to doubt that she was an honorable lady and affectionate mother4 ,horace ,walpole's insinuation that she instilled virtuous principles into the mind of her son because she feared a mistress1 and that her intimacy with ,lord ,bute was a criminal intrigue1 dishonors ,horace ,walpole and human nature1 but not the mother of ,george ,,iii4 ,she has company this evening--,bubb ,dodington1 a gentleman of great wealth and agreeable manners1 who controlled six votes in the ,house of ,commons1 and passed his life in scheming to buy a peerage with them1 in which1 a year before his death1 he succeeded1 but left no heir to inherit it4 ,he was much in the confidence of the princess1 and she had sent for him to spend the day with her4 ,dinner is over1 the two ladies-in-waiting are present1 and now the children enter to play a few games of cards with their mother before going to bed4 ,the children are seven in number1 of whom the eldest was ,george1 ,prince of ,wales--a boy of fourteen1 of fresh complexion1 sturdy and stout in form1 and a countenance open and agreeable1 and wearing an expression of honesty4 ,human nature rarely assumes a more pleasing form than that of a healthy1 innocent ,english boy of fourteen4 ,he was such a boy as you may still see in the play-grounds of ,eton1 only he was heavier1 slower1 and ruddier than the average1 and much more shy in company4 ,he loved his horse1 and was exceedingly fond of rural sports2 but when lesson-time came--but let his mother speak on that point4 ,the old game of comet was the one which the lad usually preferred4 ,the company play at comet for small stakes1 until the clock strikes nine1 when the royal children go to bed4 ,then the mother leaves her ladies1 and withdraws with her guest to the other end of the room1 where she indulges in a long1 gossipy1 confidential chat upon the subject nearest her heart--her son1 the presumptive heir to the throne4 ,to show the reader how she used to talk to confidants on such occasions1 ,i will glean a few sentences from her conversations3 ,i like that the prince should amuse himself now and then at small play2 but princes should never play deep1 both for the example1 and because it does not become them to win great sums4 ,george's real disposition1 do you ask8 ,you know him almost as well as ,i do4 ,he is very honest1 but ,i wish he was a little more forward and less childish at his age4 ,i hope his preceptors will improve him4 ,i really do not know what they are teaching him1 but1 to speak freely1 ,i am afraid not much4 ,they are in the country1 and follow their diversions1 and not much else that ,i can discover4 ,dodington remarked upon this that1 for his part1 he did not much regard books2 what he most wished was that the prince should begin to acquire knowledge of the world1 and be informed of the general frame and nature of the ,british ,government and ,constitution1 and1 without going into minutiae1 get some insight into the manner of doing public business4 ,i am of your opinion1 said the princess2 and his tutor1 ,stone1 tells me that when he talks with him on those subjects1 he seems to give proper attention1 and makes pertinent remarks4 ,i stick to the learning as the chief point4 ,you know how backward the children were1 and ,i am sure you do not think them much improved since4 ,it may be that it is not too late to acquire a competence4 ,i am highly sensible how necessary it is that the prince should keep company with men4 ,i know that women can not inform him2 but if his education was in my power absolutely1 to whom could ,i address him8 ,what company can ,i wish him to keep8 ,what friendships can ,i desire him to contract8 ,such is the universal profligacy1 such is the character and conduct of the young people of distinction1 that ,i am really afraid to have them near my children4 ,i shall even be in more pain for my daughters than ,i am for my sons1 for the behavior of the women is indecent1 low1 and much against their own interest by making themselves so very cheap4 ,three years passed4 ,the prince was seventeen4 ,still the anxious mother deplored the neglect of his education4 ,his book-learning1 said she to the same friend1 ,i am no judge of1 though ,i suppose it is small or useless2 but ,i did hope he might have been instructed in the general understanding of things4 ,i once desired ,mr4 ,stone to inform the prince about the ,constitution2 but he declined it to avoid giving jealousy to the ,bishop of ,norwich 7official educator74 ,i mentioned it again1 but he still declined it as not being his province4 ,pray1 madam1 asked ,dodington1 what is his province8 ,i don't know1 unless it is to go before the prince up-stairs1 to walk with him sometimes1 seldomer to ride with him1 and now and then to dine with him4 ,but when they do walk together1 the prince generally takes that time to think of his own affairs and say nothing4 ,the youth was1 indeed1 extremely indolent and stupid4 ,at school he would have been simply called a dunce1 for at eleven he could not read ,english with any fluency1 and he could never have been induced to apply his mind to study except by violence4 ,he never had the slightest notion of what ,chatham1 ,burke1 or ,fox meant when they spoke of the ,constitution4 ,if ,mr4 ,stone had not been in dread of invading the ,bishop of ,norwich's province1 and if the bishop had not been a verbose and wearisome formalist1 their united powers could not have shown this young man the unique and prodigious happiness of a constitutional king in governing through responsible ministers4 ,his governor during the last few years of his minority was ,lord ,waldegrave1 whose too brief memoirs confirm the excellent report which contemporaries give of his mind and character4 ,lord ,waldegrave could make nothing of him4 ,speaking of the prince at nineteen1 he says he was uncommonly full of princely prejudices1 contracted in the nursery and improved by the society of bedchamber women and pages of the back-stairs4 ,he found the heavy youth an insufferable bore1 and he was soon1 as his relation1 ,horace ,walpole1 relates1 thoroughly fatigued with the insipidity of his pupil4 ,the prince derived from his education only two ideas1 one very good and the other very bad4 ,the first was that he must be a ,good ,boy and not keep a mistress2 the second was that he must be a king indeed4 ,an indolent and ignorant monarch who will not govern by ministers must govern by favorites4 ,he has no other alternative but abdication4 ,a favorite was at hand in the person of a poor ,scotch lord who had married one of the richest heiresses in ,europe1 the daughter of ,lady ,mary ,wortley ,montagu and her miserly husband4 ,he had also1 if we may believe ,lord ,waldegrave1 a good person1 fine legs1 and a theatrical air of the greatest importance4 ,he was likewise fond of medals1 engravings1 and flowers2 he pensioned ,dr4 ,johnson and the dramatist ,home2 he really enjoyed some products of art1 and was far from being either the execrable or the ridiculous personage which he was esteemed by men whom he kept from place4 ,bute1 said ,prince ,frederick1 father of ,george ,,iii41 you would make an excellent embassador in a small1 proud little court where there is nothing to do4 ,he would have arranged the ceremonials1 superintended the plays1 been gracious to artists and musicians1 smiled benignantly upon the court poet1 bored the reigning prince1 enchanted the reigning princess1 amused her children1 and ripened into a courtly and garrulous old ,polonius1 full of wise saws and modern instances4 ,above all1 he would have upheld the prerogative of the prince with stanch sincerity4 ,sois roi6 ,there is something in the ,scotch character that causes it to relish royal prerogative4 ,to this hour there are in ,scotland families that cherish a kind of sentimental attachment to the memory of the ,stuarts2 and we find ,scotchmen as eminent as ,hume1 ,carlyle1 ,lockhart1 ,scott1 ,wilson--men of distinguished liberality in some provinces of thought--unable to widen out into liberal politics4 ,bute was a lord as well as a ,scotchman1 not as ignorant nor as vulgar as lords in that generation usually were1 but still subject to the lowering influences that always beset a privileged order2 predisposed1 too1 by temperament to the worship of the picturesque1 and now the cherished sharer of the shy1 proud1 gloomy seclusion of the family upon which the hopes of an empire were fixed4 ,he showed them medals and pictures1 he discoursed of music and architecture--two of his most pronounced tastes--and he nourished every princely prejudice which a wise tutor would have striven to eradicate4 ,this unfortunate youth1 dull offspring of the stimulated lust of ages1 was an apt pupil in the ,jacobin theory of kingly authority4 ,he was caught one day reading the book written at the instance of the dethroned ,james ,,ii4 to justify his arbitrary policy2 and there were so many other signs of the heir to a constitutional throne being educated in unconstitutional principles that ,horace ,walpole drew up a formal remonstrance against it in the name of the ,whig families4 ,this document1 which was privately circulated1 produced no effect4 ,sois roi6 ,that remained the ruling thought in the mind of this ignorant1 proud1 moral young man1 about to fill a place which conferred more obstructive power than any other in the world4 ,if he had only been dissolute in that most dissolute age1 he could have been ruled through his vices2 but being strictly moral and temperate1 he was1 alas6 always himself2 and he had at his back the great voiceless multitude1 who know by instinct that morality is the first interest of civilized human nature1 and who honor it supremely even in this crude1 rudimentary form4 ,your dad is safe on his throne1 said some boon companion of ,george ,,iv41 as long as he is faithful to that ugly old woman1 your mother4 ,and wise old ,franklin said1 ,if ,george ,,iii4 had had a bad private character and ,john ,wilkes a good one1 he might have turned the king out of his dominions4 ,such is the mighty power of the mere indispensable rudiments of virtue1 its mere preliminary corporeal conditions4 ,a chaste and temperate fool will carry the day nine times in ten over profligate genius4 ,riding in the park on an ,october day in #agfj1 a messenger delivered to the prince a note from the valet de chambre of his grandfather1 ,george ,,ii4 ,the prince had coolly arranged with this valet1 while yet the king seemed firm in health1 that at the moment of the old man's death he should send him a note bearing a certain mark on the outside4 ,the king1 a vigorous old man of seventy-seven1 fell dead in his closet at seven in the morning1 and this note bore the preconcerted announcement of the fact4 ,the moral and steady young man1 quietly remarking to his groom that his horse was lame1 turned about and gently rode back to ,kew4 ,upon dismounting he said to the man1 ,i have said this horse is lame2 ,i forbid you to say the contrary4 ,at twenty-two years of age he was king4 ,except that he married1 a few months after1 a pliant1 adoring ,german princess1 his accession did not much change his mode of life4 ,he still lived in strict seclusion1 shut in against expanding influences1 accessible at all times only to one man--him of the good legs and ,jacobin mind1 ,bute1 progenitor of the ,pope's recent conquest1 and ,mr4 ,disraeli's hero1 ,lothair4 ,illustration3 ,lord ,bute1 #agfh4 ,illustration3 ,princess of ,wales--,bute--,george ,,iii4 ,in the caricatures of the next fifty years we see the ghastly results4 ,his first important act was to repel from his counsels humiliating superiority in the person of ,william ,pitt1 the darling of the nation1 the first minister of the world1 and one of the three great orators of all time4 ,in his stead ruled a long monotony of servile incompetents1 beginning with ,bute himself1 continuing with ,grenville1 and coming at last to ,addington and ,eldon1 the king keeping far from his confidence every man in ,england who had a gleam of public sense1 or a touch of independent spirit1 or even a sound traditionary attachment to ,whig principles4 ,an immovable obstructive to the true interest of his country at every crisis1 honoring the men whom the better sense of the nation did not honor1 and repressing the men whom wise contemporaries loved1 and whom posterity with unanimous voice pronounces the glory of ,england in that age1 he kept the country in bad humor during most of his reign1 put her wrong on every question of universal interest1 lost the most valuable and affectionate colonies a country ever had1 kept ,europe in a broil for twenty-five years1 and developed ,napoleon ,bonaparte into a destructive lunatic by creating for him a succession of opportunities for the display of his talent for beating armies which had no generals4 ,illustration3 ,the ,wire-master 7,bute7 and his ,puppets4 7,london1 #agfg47 ,the power behind the throne greater than the throne itself4 ,a large proportion of the very caricatures of the period have something savage in them4 ,a visitor to the library of the ,british ,museum curious in such matters is shown ten huge folio scrap-books full of caricatures relating to this reign1 most of them of great size and blazing with color4 ,from a gentleman who recently inspected these volumes we learn some particulars showing the bad temper1 bad manners1 and bad morals of that time1 all three aggravated by a king whose morals were excellent4 ,one of the first to catch the eye of an ,american is a picture1 of date about #agfe1 called ,a ,new ,method of ,macarony-making1 as practiced in ,boston1 ,north ,america1 which represents two men tarring and feathering another1 who has a halter round his neck4 ,of the pictures reflecting upon ,lord ,bute and the ,princess of ,wales nothing need be said except that they are such as might be expected from the caricaturists of that age4 ,many of the works of ,gillray in the earlier years of ,george ,,iii4 were of such coarseness1 extravagance1 and brutality that the exhibition of them nowadays would subject the vender to a prosecution by the ,society for the ,suppression of ,vice4 ,our informant adds3 ,their savageness and filth give one a very curious idea of the taste of our grandfathers and our great-grandfathers1 only our ancestors1 male and female1 could hardly have been as bad as they are represented4 ,such hideous faces1 such deformed figures1 such monstrous distortion and debasement1 such general ugliness and sensuality1 oppress one with a feeling of melancholy rather than exhilaration4 ,you might as well be merry over the doings of ,swift's ,yahoos1 who are certainly not more offensive than some of ,gillray's men and women4 ,whether in home or foreign politics1 he is equally unscrupulous4 ,charles ,james ,fox was the bete noire of ,gillray4 ,he delighted in depicting him and his friends in as odious a light as possible1 giving him huge beetle-brows1 heavy jaws1 and a swarthy complexion4 ,the famous ,westminster election1 at which the beautiful ,duchess of ,devonshire won a vote for ,fox by giving a kiss to a butcher1 supplied him with a rich source of caricature4 ,fox is drawn riding on the back of the lady2 and again1 sitting in a tap-room with the duchess on his knee2 and in another picture1 hobnobbing with a coster-monger1 while the duchess has her shoes mended by a cobbler1 and pays the cobbler's wife with a purse of gold4 ,fox chops off the head of the king2 he is a traitor1 a republican1 a ,jacobin1 a confederate with the ,french1 a forestaller1 a buyer-up of corn with which to feed the enemy1 a sot1 a gambler--every thing that is bad4 ,his very death-bed forms the subject of a brutal caricature4 ,the noblest traits of his political character are the points satirized4 ,his great crimes apparently are that he loved freedom abroad as well as at home1 that he strove for peace with ,france1 and endeavored to do justice to ,ireland4 ,for this he is depicted as the secret ally of ,bonaparte and as the instigator of ,irish rebellion4 ,the ghosts of ,lord ,edward ,fitzgerald1 ,wolfe ,tone1 the ,sheares brothers1 ,emmett1 and other ,irish martyrs are made to pass before ,fox's bed1 and point to him as the cause of their rebellion and their fate4 ,when ,burke went over to the ,tories he then became the favorite of ,gillray1 who before had generally represented him as a ,jesuit1 because he demanded justice for the ,catholics4 ,now he is the savior of his country1 and the terror of ,fox1 ,sheridan1 and ,priestley4 ,sheridan is depicted as a blazing meteor with an extremely rubicund nose4 ,there is a picture of the ,titans attempting to scale heaven1 in which ,george ,,iii4 figures as a comical ,jupiter launching his thunder-bolts at the ,whig ,opposition4 ,queen ,charlotte is shown as a miracle of ugliness4 ,the prodigality of the ,prince of ,wales1 who first appears as a handsome young man with long powdered hair1 totally unlike the high-shouldered1 curly-wigged1 royal ,turveydrop of later days1 is contrasted in companion pictures with the alleged parsimony of his parents4 ,he is represented reveling with inordinately fat but handsome women1 who get drunk1 hang round his neck1 and indulge in familiarities4 ,the popular hope that marriage would reform him suggested a large drawing1 in which the slumbering prince is visited by a descending angel in the likeness of the unhappy ,caroline1 at whose approach a crowd of reprobates1 male and female1 hurry away into darkness4 ,thomas ,paine did not escape4 ,in a picture entitled ,the ,rights of ,man2 or1 ,tommy ,paine1 the ,little ,american ,taylor1 taking the ,measure of the ,crown for a ,new ,pair of ,revolution ,breeches1 he is represented as the traditional starveling tailor1 ragged and slippered1 and armed with an immense pair of shears4 ,he crouches to take the measure of an enormous crown1 while uttering much irrelevant nonsense4 ,this precious work is humbly dedicated to the ,jacobin clubs of ,france and ,england4 ,bound with such pictures as these are a vast number by inferior hands1 most of which are indescribable1 the standard subjects being gluttony1 drunkenness1 incontinence1 and fashion1 and these in their most outrageous manifestations4 ,they serve to show that a stupid king in that age1 besides corrupting ,parliament and debauching the ,press1 could demoralize the popular branch of art4 ,the visitor1 turning from this collection of atrocities and ferocities1 finds himself relenting toward the unfortunate old king1 and inclined to say that he was1 after all1 only the head noodle of his kingdom4 ,every improvement was mercilessly burlesqued--steam1 gas1 the purchase of the ,elgin marbles2 popular prejudices were nearly always flattered1 seldom rebuked2 so that if the caricatures were of any use at all in the promulgation of truth1 they served only as part of the ordeal that tested its vitality4 ,we do not find in this or in any other collection many satirical pictures relating to the revolution which ended in the independence of the ,american colonies4 ,there was1 however1 one gentleman in ,london during the earlier phases of the dispute who employed caricature and burlesque on behalf of ,america with matchless skill4 ,he is described in the ,london ,directory for #aggj in these words1 ,franklin1 ,benjamin1 ,esq41 agent for ,philadelphia1 ,craven ,street1 ,strand4 ,the effective caricature placed at the beginning of this chapter was one of the best of a long series of efforts to avert the impending conflict4 ,he loved his country with the peculiar warmth that usually animates citizens who live in a distant outlying province4 ,his country1 when he designed that caricature and wrote the well-known burlesques in a similar taste1 was not ,pennsylvania1 nor ,america1 nor ,england1 but the great ,british ,empire1 to which ,william ,pitt1 within ,franklin's own life-time1 seemed to have given an ascendency over the nations of the earth similar to that which ,rome had once enjoyed4 ,it was1 however1 only on the coast of ,north ,america that ,britain possessed colonies loyal and free1 not won by conquest nor by diplomacy1 and therefore entitled to every right secured by the ,british ,constitution4 ,franklin loved and gloried in this great country of which he was born a citizen4 ,he deplored the measures that threatened the severance of those colonies from the mother country1 and would have prevented the severance if the king's folly had been any thing short of incurable4 ,the most wonderful thing in the whole controversy was that the argument1 fact1 and fun which ,franklin wrote and inspired1 from #agfe to #aggd1 had only momentary influence on the course of events4 ,against stupidity the gods themselves contend in vain4 ,illustration3 ,the ,gouty ,colossus1 ,william ,pitt 7,lord ,chatham71 with ,one ,leg in ,london and the ,other in ,new ,york4 7,london1 #agff47 ,his twenty ,rules for ,reducing a ,great ,empire to a ,small ,one1 published three years before the caricature1 inculcated the same lesson4 ,a great empire1 he remarked1 was in one particular like a great cake3 it could be most easily diminished at the edges4 ,the person1 therefore1 who had undertaken the task of reducing it should take care to begin at the remotest provinces1 and not till after they were lopped off cut up the central portion4 ,his twenty ,rules are merely a humorous history of the ,british colonial policy since the accession of ,george ,,iii43 ,don't incorporate your colonies with the mother country1 quarter troops among them1 appoint for their governors broken gamblers and exhausted roues1 despise their voluntary grants1 and harass them with novel taxes4 ,by such measures as these you will act like a wise gingerbread baker1 who1 to facilitate a division1 cuts his dough half through at the places where1 when baked1 he would have it broken to pieces4 ,franklin also wrote a shorter burlesque1 pompously headed1 ,an ,edict of the ,king of ,prussia1 in which that monarch was supposed to claim sovereign rights over ,great ,britain on the ground that the island had been colonized by ,hengist1 ,horsa1 and others1 subjects of our renowned ducal ancestors4 ,the edict1 of course1 ordains and commands precisely those absurd things which the ,government of ,great ,britain had ordained and commanded since the planting of the colonies4 ,iron1 as the edict duly sets forth1 had been discovered in the island of ,great ,britain by our colonists there1 who1 presuming that they had a natural right to make the best use they could of the natural productions of their country1 had erected furnaces and forges for the manufacture of the same1 to the detriment of the manufacturers of ,prussia4 ,this must be instantly stopped1 and all the iron sent to ,prussia to be manufactured4 ,and whereas the art and mystery of making hats has arrived at great perfection in ,prussia1 and the islanders before mentioned1 being in possession of wool1 beaver1 and other furs1 have presumptuously conceived they had a right to take some advantage thereof by manufacturing the same into hats1 to the prejudice of our domestic manufacture1 therefore we do hereby forbid them to do so any more4 ,we call this piece a burlesque1 but it was burlesque only in form4 ,precisely such restrictions existed upon the industry of the ,american colonists4 ,it was part of the protective system of the age1 and not much more unjust than the parts of the same system to which the descendants of those colonists have since subjected themselves4 ,an ignorant man at the head of a government1 however honest he may be1 is liable to make fatal mistakes in the selection of his ministers4 ,he naturally dreads the close inspection of minds superior to his own4 ,he has always to be on his good behavior before them1 which is irksome4 ,he shares the stock prejudices of mankind1 one of which is a distrust of practiced politicians4 ,but as the poorest company of actors will get through a comedy with less discredit than the best amateurs1 so an administration of party hacks will usually carry on a government with less odious failure than an administration composed of better men without experience in public business4 ,george ,,iii4 had1 moreover1 a singularly unfortunate trait for a king who had to govern by party leaders--his prejudices against individuals were inveterate4 ,lord ,waldegrave remarked a kind of unhappiness in his temper while he was still a youth4 ,whenever he is displeased1 his anger does not break out with heat and violence1 but he becomes sullen and silent1 and retires to his closet1 not to compose his mind by study and contemplation1 but merely to indulge the melancholy enjoyment of his own ill-humor4 ,and when he re-appeared1 it was but too evident that he had not forgotten the offense4 ,he never forgot1 he seldom forgave4 ,the same strength of memory1 as ,earl ,russell once wrote of him1 and the same brooding sullenness against those who opposed his will1 which had been observed in the boy1 were manifest in the man4 ,illustration3 ,the ,mask 7,coalition74 ,this peculiarity of character always prevented the formation of a proper ministry1 and shortened the duration of every ministry which was approximately proper4 ,during the first ten years of his reign his dislike of ,william ,pitt1 the natural chief of the ,whig party1 confused every arrangement2 and during the next twenty years the most cherished object of his policy seemed to be to keep from power the natural successor of that minister--,charles ,james ,fox4 ,the ascendency of both those leaders was such that to exclude them from power was to paralyze their own party1 and prevent the free play of politics in the ,house of ,commons4 ,it reduced the poor king at last to pit against ,napoleon ,bonaparte a young rhetorician of defective health1 ,william ,pitt1 the son of the great minister4 ,illustration3 ,heads of ,fox and ,north4 ,in a committee on the sense of the nation1 ,moved1 that for preventing future disorders and dissensions1 the heads of the ,mutiny ,act be brought in1 and suffered to lie on the table to-morrow4--,fox's ,motion in ,parliament1 ,february1 #aghd4 ,that renowned coalition between ,lord ,north and ,mr4 ,fox in #aghc1 the theme of countless caricatures and endless invective1 illustrates the confusing influence of the king4 ,during the whole period of the ,american ,revolution1 ,lord ,north1 as the head of the ministry1 was obliged to execute and defend the king's policy1 much of which we now know he disapproved4 ,naturally he would have been an ally of ,fox years before1 and they could either have prevented or shortened the conflict4 ,the spell of the royal closet and the personal entreaties of the king prevailed over his better judgment1 and made him the antagonist of ,fox4 ,at length1 the war being at an end and ,north in retirement1 ,england saw these two men1 whose nightly conflicts had been the morning news for ten years1 suddenly forming a coalition1 united in the administration1 and pledged to the same policy4 ,as we trace the successive steps which led to the alliance in the memoirs and diaries of the time1 we discover that it was not so much the coalition as the previous estrangement that was unnatural4 ,the public1 however1 could not be expected to see it in that light1 and an uproar greeted the reconciliation that greatly aided the king in getting rid of the obnoxious ,fox4 ,the specimens of the caricatures to which it gave rise1 presented on this and the two preceding pages1 are two out of a great number still procurable4 ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,,during ,,the ,,french ,,revolution4 ,in ,france1 more conspicuously than in ,england1 kingship broke down in that century4 ,louis ,,xv41 born in a private station1 might have risen to the ownership of a small livery-stable1 in which position his neighbors1 commenting upon his character in the candid manner of ,french neighbors1 would have epitomized him as a cross1 proud pig4 ,those dull kings who finished kingship in ,europe possessed but one trait which we usually associate with the kingly character--pride--and this was the single point of resemblance between ,louis ,,xv4 and ,george ,,iii4 ,once in his life1 it is related1 ,louis ,,xv4 uttered a few words with a vivacity approaching eloquence4 ,would you believe1 said he to ,madame de ,pompadour1 that there is a man in my court who dares to lift his eyes to one of my daughters8 ,he was blazing with passion at the thought of such flagrant impiety4 ,and was there ever1 since sacred childhood first appealed for protection to the human heart1 a child so unhappily placed as that baby king1 an orphan1 with a roue for a guardian1 a smooth1 insinuating priest for preceptor1 and a dissolute court conspiring to corrupt him8 ,the priest1 who represented what then passed for virtue1 taught him virtue out of a dreary catechism1 still extant1 which never yet elevated or nobly formed a human soul--a dead1 false thing1 with scarcely an atom in it of sound nutrition for heart or mind4 ,but ,cardinal ,fleury had some success with his pupil4 ,thirty years after1 when ,pompadour was supplying him with fresh young girls of fourteen and fifteen1 bought from their mothers by her for this purpose1 the king's conscience would not permit him to go to bed until he had knelt down by the side of the timid victim1 and required her to join him in saying the prescribed prayers4 ,the courtiers were not less successful in their endeavors4 ,at the tender age of six years they provided for him an entertainment which gave the old ,marquis de ,dangeau the idea that they had formed the purpose of drying up in him the very source of good feeling4 ,they caused thousands of sparrows to be let loose in a vast hall1 where they gave the boy the divertissement of seeing them shoot the birds1 and covering all the floor with bloody1 fluttering1 crying victims4 ,he doubtless enjoyed the spectacle1 for at sixteen he shot in cold blood a pointer bred by himself1 and accustomed to feed from his hand4 ,so rude was he at seventeen1 the chroniclers tell us1 that the courtiers used all their arts to give him du gout pour les femmes1 hoping thereby to render him more polite and tractable4 ,the precise manner in which a bevy of illustrious princesses and duchesses sought to debaucher le roi during one of the royal hunts is detailed in the diaries and satirized in the epigrams of the time4 ,the ladies1 long frustrated by the ferocity of the youth1 who cared only for hunting1 succeeded at last1 and succeeded with the applause of all the court4 ,every one else has a mistress1 remarks ,barbier1 advocate and magistrate2 why shouldn't the king8 ,it was a long reign of mistresses4 ,changes of ministry1 questions of peace or war1 promotions and appointments of generals and admirals1 the arrest of authors and nobles--all were traceable to the will or caprice of a mistress4 ,frederick of ,prussia styled ,pompadour1 ,petticoat the ,third1 which some one was kind enough to report to her2 and when ,voltaire1 whom she protected1 conveyed to the ,prussian monarch a complimentary message1 he replied1 coldly1 ,i don't know her4 ,maria ,theresa of ,austria1 a proud and high-principled lady1 stooped to recognize her existence1 and wrote her civil notes4 ,if there is any truth in the printed gossip of the innermost court circles of that period1 it was this difference in the treatment of the king's mistress which made ,france the ally of ,austria in the ,seven ,years' ,war4 ,would the reader like to know how affairs go on in a court governed by a mistress1 then let him ponder this one sample anecdote1 related by the femme de chambre of ,madame de ,pompadour1 showing how she1 femme de chambre as she was1 obtained a lieutenant's commission in the army for one of her relations4 ,she first asked madame for the commission2 but as madame was in full intrigue to remove the ,minister of ,war1 this application did not succeed4 ,pressed by my family1 the femme de chambre relates1 who could not conceive that1 in the position in which ,i was1 it could be difficult for me to procure a trifling commission for a good soldier1 ,i asked it directly from the minister himself4 ,he received me coldly1 and gave me little hope4 ,on going out1 the ,marquis de ,v---- followed me1 and said3 ',you desire a commission4 ,there is one vacant1 which has been promised to a protege of mine2 but if you are willing to exchange favors with me1 ,i will yield it to you4 ,what ,i desire is to play the part of ,exempt de ,police in ,tartuffe the next time madame gives it in the palace before the king4 ,it is a role of a few lines only4 ,get madame to assign that part to me1 and the lieutenancy is yours4' ,i told madame of this4 ,the thing was done4 ,i obtained my lieutenancy1 and the marquis thanked madame for the role as warmly as if she had made him a duke4 ,generals were appointed to the command of expeditions for no better reason than this4 ,that ,pompadour drew thirty-six millions of francs from the royal treasury1 i4 e41 from the earnings of the frugal and laborious ,french people1 could easily have been borne4 ,it was government by mistresses and for mistresses1 the government of ignorant and idle caprice1 that broke down monarchy in ,france and set the world on fire4 ,of the evils which corrupt rulers bring upon communities1 the waste of the people's money 7though that is a great evil in so poor a world as ours1 with such crowds of poor relations and so much to be done7 is among the least4 ,it is the absence of intelligence and public spirit in the ,government that brings on ruin4 ,as long as ,i live1 said ,louis ,,xv4 one day to ,madame de ,pompadour1 ,i shall be the master1 to do as ,i like4 ,but my grandson will have trouble4 ,madame was of the same mind1 but gave it neater expression3 ,after us the deluge4 ,illustration3 ,assembly of the ,notables at ,paris1 ,february #bb;d1 #aghg4bb ,dear objects of my care1 ,i have assembled you to ascertain with what sauce you want to be eaten4 ,but we don't want to be eaten at all4 ,you are departing from the question4 ,footnote #bb3 ,champfleury1 ,histoire de la ,caricature sous la ,republique1 etc41 p4 #e4 ,illustration3 ,mirabeau4#bc 7,paris1 #aghi47 ,footnote #bc3 ,champfleury1 ,histoire de la ,caricature sous la ,republique1 p4 #ha4 ,the world is familiar with the tragic incidents of the sudden collapse of the monarchy4 ,except during the ,reign of ,terror1 which was short1 the caricaturists1 whether with the pen or the pencil1 played their usual part4 ,it was almost impossible to caricature the abuses of the times1 so monstrous was the reality4 ,the local hits in ,beaumarchais' ,marriage of ,figaro1 played with rapturous applause a hundred nights in #aghd1 were little more than the truth given with epigrammatic brevity4 ,when the saucy page1 ,cherubin1 confessed that he had behaved very badly1 but rested his defense upon the fact that he had never been guilty of the slightest indiscretion in words1 and so obtained both pardon and promotion1 the audience must have felt the perfect congruity of the incident with the moral code of the period4 ,in ,figaro's famous discourse on the ,english ,god-dam there is1 indeed1 a touch of caricature3 ,a fine language the ,english2 a little of it goes a great way4 ,the ,english people1 it is true1 throw in some other words in the course of conversation1 but it is very easy to see that ,god-dam is the basis of their language4 ,when he descants upon politics1 he rarely goes beyond the truth3 ,ability advance a man in the ,government bureaus6 ,my lord is laughing at me4 ,be commonplace and obsequious1 and you get every thing4 ,figaro gives the whole art of ,french politics in a few words3 ,to pretend you don't know what you do know1 and to know what you don't2 to hear what you understand1 and not to hear what you don't understand2 and especially to pretend you can do a great deal more than you can2 often to have for a very great secret that there is no secret2 to shut yourself up to mend pens and seem profound1 when you are only empty and hollow2 to play well or ill the part of a personage2 to spread abroad spies and pensioned traitors2 to melt seals1 intercept letters1 and try to ennoble the poverty of the means by the importance of the ends--may ,i die if that isn't all there is of politics4 ,it is a good hit of ,susan's when she says that vapors are a disease of quality1 only to be taken in boudoirs4 ,a poor woman whose cause is coming on at court remarks that selling judgeships is a great abuse4 ,you are right1 says the dolt of a magistrate2 we ought to get them for nothing4 ,and how a ,paris audience1 in the temper of #aghi1 must have relished the hits at the hereditary principle3 ,it is no matter whence you came2 the important question is1 whither are you bound8 ,what have you done1 my lord1 to merit so many advantages--rank1 fortune1 place8 ,you took the trouble to be born1 nothing more4 ,we can fancy1 too1 how such touches as this might bring down the house3 ,i was thought of for an office1 but unfortunately ,i was fit for it4 ,an arithmetician was wanted2 a dancer got it4 ,all men1 as ,mr4 ,carlyle observes1 laughed at these jests1 and none louder than the persons satirized--a gay horse-racing ,anglo-maniac noblesse loudest of all4 ,the first picture given in these pages relating to the ,french ,revolution1 ,the ,assembly of the ,notables1 is one of the most celebrated caricatures ever produced1 and one of the best4 ,setting aside one or two of ,thackeray's1 two or three of ,gillray's1 and half a dozen of ,mr4 ,nast's1 it would be difficult to find its equal4 ,it may be said1 however1 that the force of the satire is wholly in the words1 which1 indeed1 have since become one of the stock jokes of ,french ,joe ,millers4 ,the picture appeared in #aghg1 when the deficit in the revenue1 after having widened for many years1 had become most alarming1 and it was at length proposed to tax the nobility1 clergy1 and magistrates1 hitherto exempt from vulgar taxation4 ,but the ,assembly of the ,notables1 which was chiefly composed of the exempt1 preferred to prolong inquiry into the causes of the deficit1 and showed an unconquerable reluctance to impose a tax upon themselves4 ,it was during this delay1 so fatal to the monarchy1 that the caricature appeared4 ,there must have been more than one version of the work1 for the one described by ,mr4 ,carlyle in his ,history of the ,french ,revolution differs in several particulars from that which we take from ,m4 ,champfleury4 ,mr4 ,carlyle says3 ,a rustic is represented convoking the poultry of his barn-yard with this opening address1 ',dear animals1 ,i have assembled you to advise me what sauce ,i shall dress you with1' to which a cock responding1 ',we don't want to be eaten1' is checked by1 ',you wander from the point6' ,the outbreak of the ,revolution in #aghi menaced ,europe with one of the greatest of all evils--the premature adoption of liberal institutions4 ,forever vain and always fruitful of prodigious evil will be attempts to found a government by the whole people where the mass of the working population are grossly ignorant and superstitious4 ,the reason is known to all who have had an opportunity of closely observing the workings of such minds4 ,they can only be swayed by arts which honest intelligence can not use1 and therefore they will be usually governed by men who have an interest in misleading them4 ,great ,britain was nearer a republic than any other nation in ,europe2 but ,england1 too1 needed another century to get the tap-room reduced1 the people's school developed in every parish1 and the educated class intensely alive to the folly of heaping importance upon idiots4 ,illustration3 ,the ,dagger ,scene in the ,house of ,commons4 7,gillray1 #agic47 ,edmund ,burke was the man who1 more than any other1 held ,england back from revolution in #agib4 ,rational appeals to the rational faculty could not have availed4 ,appalled at what he saw in ,france1 ,burke1 after thirty years' advocacy of liberal principles1 and assisting to create a republic in ,america1 became a fanatic of conservatism1 and terrified ,england into standing by the monarchy4 ,he was alarmed even at the influx of ,frenchmen into ,england1 flying from ,la ,lanterne1 and he gave vehement support to the ,alien ,act1 which authorized the summary expulsion from the kingdom of foreigners suspected by the ,government4 ,vehement8 ,some of his sentences read like lunacy4 ,it was in the course of this debate that the celebrated dagger scene occurred which ,gillray has satirized in the picture on the following page4 ,a wild tale reached his ears of the manufacture of daggers at ,birmingham for the use of ,french ,jacobins in ,england1 and one of them was given him as a specimen4 ,it was an implement of such undecided form that it might have served as a dagger1 a pike-head1 or a carving-knife4 ,he dashed it upon the floor of the ,house of ,commons1 almost hitting the foot of an honorable member1 and proceeded to declaim against the unhappy exiles in the highest style of absurdity4 ,when they smile1 said he1 ,i see blood trickling down their faces2 ,i see their insidious purposes2 ,i see that the object of all their cajoling is blood4 ,a pause ensued after the orator had spoken a while in this strain4 ,you have thrown down a knife1 said ,sheridan2 where is the fork8 ,a shout of laughter followed this sally1 which relieved the suppressed feelings of the ,house1 but spoiled the effect of ,mr4 ,burke's performance4 ,illustration3 ,the ,zenith of ,french ,glory--,a ,view in ,perspective4 7,gillray1 ,london1 #agic47 ,illustration3 ,the ,estates4 7,paris1 #aghi47 ,illustration3 ,the ,new ,calvary4 7,paris1 #agib47 ,louis ,,xvi4 crucified by the rebels2 ,monsieur and the ,comte d',artois bound by the decrees of the factions2 ,robespierre1 mounted upon the ,constitution1 presents the sponge soaked in regicides' gall2 the ,queen1 overwhelmed with grief1 demands speedy vengeance2 the ,duchess de ,polignac1 etc4 ,in the ,french caricatures that have come to us from the period of the ,revolution 7many hundreds in number7 every phase of the struggle is exhibited with ,french finesse4 ,there is even an elegance in some of their ,revolutionary caricatures4 ,how exquisite1 for example1 the picture which presents the first protest of the ,third ,estate1 its first attempt to be ,something in the nation which it maintained6 ,we see a lofty and beautiful chariot or car of triumph1 in which king1 nobleman1 and clergy gracefully ride1 drawn by a pair of doves4 ,the ,third ,estate is merely the beaten road on which the whole structure moves4 ,nothing could more elegantly satirize the sentimental stage of the ,revolution1 when the accumulated abuses of centuries were all to disappear amidst a universal effusion of brotherly love1 while king1 lords1 and clergy rode airily along as before1 borne up by a mute1 submissive nation6 ,when at last the ,third ,estate had become ,something in the nation1 a large number of sentimental pictures signalized the event4 ,in one we see priest1 noble1 and peasant clasped in a fervent embrace1 the noble trampling under foot a sheet of paper upon which is printed ,grandeurs1 the priest treading upon ,benefices1 the peasant upon ,hate4 ,all wear the tricolor cockade1 and underneath is written1 ,the wish accomplished4 ,this is as ,i ever desired it should be4 ,in another picture priest1 noble1 and peasant are playing together upon instruments--the priest upon a serpent-shaped trumpet1 the noble upon a pipe1 and the peasant upon the violin--the peasant in the middle1 leading the performance1 and exchanging looks of complacent affection with the others4 ,but even in the moment of triumph the effusion was not universal4 ,there are always disagreeable people who doubt the duration of a millennium as soon as it has begun4 ,caricatures represented the three orders dancing together4 ,will it last8 won't it last8 sings a by-stander1 using the refrain of an old song4 ,it is ,i who must pay the fiddler1 cries the noble to the priest4 ,from being fraternal1 the ,third ,estate became patronizing4 ,the three orders sit together in a cafe1 and the peasant says1 familiarly1 ,all right2 every man pays his own shot4 ,a picture entitled ,old ,times and the ,new ,time bore the inscription1 ,formerly the most useful class carried the load1 and was trodden under foot4 ,to-day all share the burden alike4 ,from patronizing and condescending1 the ,third ,estate1 as all the world knows1 speedily became aggressive and arbitrary4 ,down with taxes6 appeared on some of the caricatures of #aghi1 when the public treasury was running dry4 ,an extremely popular picture1 often repeated1 exhibits a peasant wearing the costume of all the orders1 with the well-known inscription1 so false and so fatal1 ,a single ,one makes the ,three4 ,an ignorant family is depicted listening with gaping eagerness to one who reveals to them that they too are the order of which they have been hearing such fine things4 ,we belong to the ,third ,estate6 they exclaim1 with the triumphant glee of ,m4 ,jourdain when he heard that he had been speaking prose all his life without knowing it4 ,but peace and plenty did not come to the poor man's cottage1 and the caricaturists began to mock his dream of a better day4 ,we see in one of the pictures of #agij a father of a family in chains1 with his eyes fixed in ecstasy upon a beam of light1 labeled ,hope4 ,in another1 poor ,louis ,,xvi4 is styled ,the ,restorer of ,liberty1 but underneath we read the sad question1 ,eh bien1 but when will that put the chicken in the pot8 ,a devil entering a hovel is set upon by a peasant1 who pummels him with a stick1 while an old man cries out1 ,hit him hard1 hard1 my son2 he is an aristocrat2 and under the whole is written1 ,is the devil1 then1 to be always at our door8 ,again1 we have the three orders forging the constitution with great ardor1 the blacksmith holding the book on the anvil1 while the priest and noble swing the sledge-hammer4 ,under the picture is the ,french smith's refrain1 ,tot-tot-tot1 ,battez chaud1 ,tot-tot-tot4 ,from an abyss a working-man draws a bundle of papers bearing the words1 ,the ,new ,constitution1 the ,desire of the ,nation1 saying1 as he does so1 ,ah1 ,i shall be well content when ,i have all those papers6 ,the popular pictures grew ill-tempered as the hopes of the people declined1 and the word aristocrat became synonymous with all that is most hostile to the happiness of man4 ,a devil attired as a priest1 teaching a school of little aristocrats1 extols the massacre of ,st4 ,bartholomew4 ,citizens and soldiers are in full cry after a many-headed monster labeled ,aristocracy4 ,an ass presides over a court of justice1 and the picture is inscribed1 ,the ,ass on the ,bench2 or1 the ,end of ,old ,times4 ,the clergy came in for their ample share of ridicule and vituperation4 ,what do we want with monks8 exclaimed an orator from the tribune of the ,assembly in #agij4 ,if you tell me1 he continued1 that it is just to allow pious men the liberty to lead a sedentary1 solitary1 or contemplative life1 my answer is1 that every man can be sedentary1 solitary1 or contemplative in his own room4 ,another speaker said1 ,if ,england to-day is flourishing1 she owes it in part to the abolition of the religious orders4 ,the caricaturists did not delay to aim their shafts at this new game4 ,we see nuns trying on fashionable head-dresses1 and friars blundering through a military exercise4 ,the spectacle was exhibited to ,europe of a people raging with contemptuous hate of every thing which had from time immemorial been held in honor4 ,illustration3 ,president of a ,revolutionary ,committee amusing ,himself with his ,art before the ,session begins4 7,paris1 #agic47 ,as time wore on1 after every other order in the ,state had been in turn the object of special animosity1 the royal family1 the envied victims of the old state of things1 became the unpitied victims of the new4 ,until their ill-starred attempt to escape from ,france in ,june1 #agib1 there remained some little respect for the king1 and some tenderness for his children4 ,the picture given elsewhere of the crucifixion of the king was published by his adherents some months before the crisis as figurative of his sufferings1 not as prophetic of his fate4 ,but there was neither respect nor pity for the unhappy man after his blundering attempt to leave the country4 ,an explosion of caricature followed4 ,before that event satirical pictures had been exposed only in the print-sellers' windows1 but now1 as ,m4 ,bayer records1 caricatures were sold wherever any thing was sold4 ,the ,jacobin ,club1 he adds1 as often as they had a point to carry1 caused caricatures to be made1 which the shop-keepers found it to their interest to keep for sale4 ,illustration3 ,rare ,animals3 or1 ,the ,transfer of the ,royal ,family from the ,tuileries to the ,temple4 7,champfleury1 #agib47 ,a large number of the pictures which appeared during the last months of the king's life have been preserved4 ,at an earlier stage of the movement both friends and foes of the monarchy used the satiric pencil1 but now there was none to take the side of this bewildered family1 and the pictures aimed at them were hard and pitiless4 ,the reader has but to turn to the specimen here given1 which was called forth by the transfer of the royal family from their home in the ,tuileries to their prison in the ,temple1 to comprehend the spirit of those productions4 ,in others we find the king represented as a blind man groping his way2 as a baby2 as an idiot who breaks his playthings and throws away his crown and sceptre4 ,the queen excited a deeper feeling4 ,the ,parisians of #agib appear to have had for that most unhappy of women only feelings of diabolical hate4 ,she called forth all the tiger which1 according to ,voltaire1 is an ingredient in the ,french character4 ,the caricaturists liked to invest her with the qualities and the form of a tigress1 living in a monstrous alliance with a king-ram1 and becoming the mother of monsters4 ,the foolish tale of her saying that she would quench her thirst with the blood of ,frenchmen was treated by the draughtsmen of the day as though it were an unquestionable fact4 ,never was a woman so hated as she was by infuriate ,paris in #agib4 ,never was womanhood so outraged as in some of the caricatures of that period4 ,nothing relating to her had any kind of sacredness4 ,her ancestors1 her country1 her mother1 her children1 her love for her children1 her attachment to her husband1 were all exhibited in the most odious light as so many additional crimes against liberty4 ,need it be said that her person was not spared8 ,the single talent in which the ,french excel all the rest of the human family is that of subtly insinuating indecency by pen and pencil4 ,but they did not employ this talent in the treatment of ,marie ,antoinette when she was about to redeem a frivolous life by a dignified death4 ,with hideous indecency they presented her to the scorn of the public1 as ,african savages might exhibit the favorite wife of a hostile chief when they had brought her to their stinking village a captive1 bound1 naked1 and defiled4 ,and so passed away forever from the minds of men the sense of the divinity that once had hedged in a king4 ,but so congenial to minds immature or unformed is the idea of hereditary chieftainship that to this day in ,europe the semblance of a king seems the easiest resource against anarchy4 ,yet kings were put upon their good behavior1 to hold their places until majorities learn to control their propensities and use their minds4 ,illustration3 ,aristocrat and ,democrat4 7,paris1 #agic47 ,aristocrat4 ,take care of your cap4 ,democrat4 ,look out for your queue4 ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,,caricatures ,,of ,,women ,,and ,,matrimony4 ,illustration3 ,you frank6 ,you simple6 ,have confidence in you6 ,,you6 ,why1 you would blow your nose with your left hand for nothing but the pleasure of deceiving your right1 if you could6--,,gavarni1 ,fourberies de ,femmes1 ,paris1 #ahdf4 ,observe this picture of man's scorn of woman1 drawn by ,gavarni1 the most noted of ,french caricaturists4 ,i place it first1 because it expresses the feeling toward the subject sex which satiric art has oftenest exhibited1 and because it was executed by the person who excelled all others in delineating what he called the fourberies de femmes4 ,such1 in all time1 has been the habitual tone of self-indulgent men toward their victims4 ,gavarni well represents men in this sorry business of reviling women2 for in all the old civilizations men in general have done precisely what ,gavarni did recently in ,paris--first degraded women1 then laughed at them4 ,the reader1 perhaps1 after witnessing some of the ,french plays and comic operas with which we have been favored in recent years--such as ,frou-,frou1 ,the ,sphinx1 ,alixe1 and others--may have turned in wild amazement to some friend familiar with ,paris from long residence1 and asked1 ,is there any truth in this picture8 ,are there any people in ,france who behave and live as these people on the stage behave and live8 ,many there can not be2 for no community could exist half a generation if the majority lived so4 ,but are there any8 ,the correct answer to this question was probably given the other evening by a person accustomed to ,paris life3 ,yes1 there are some2 they are the people who write such stuff as this4 ,as for the bal masque1 and things of that kind1 it is a mere business1 the simple object of which is to beguile and despoil the verdant of every land who go to ,paris in quest of pleasure4 ,french plays and novels we know do most ludicrously misrepresent the people of other countries4 ,what1 for example1 can be less like truth than that solemn donkey of a ,scotch duke in ,m4 ,octave ,feuillet's play of ,the ,sphinx8 ,the dukes of ,scotland are not so numerous nor so unconspicuous a body of men that they can not be known to a curious inquirer1 and it is safe to assert that1 whatever their faults may be1 there is not among them a creature so unspeakably absurd as the viveur infernal of this play4 ,if the author is so far astray with his ,scotch duke1 he is perhaps not so very much nearer the truth with his ,french marquis1 a personage equally foreign to his experience4 ,we had in ,new ,york some years ago a dozen or two of young fellows1 more or less connected with the press1 most of them of foreign origin1 who cherished the delusion that eating a bad supper in a cellar late at night1 and uttering or singing semi-drunken nonsense1 was an exceedingly noble1 high-spirited1 and literary way of consuming a weakly constitution and a small salary4 ,they thought they were doing something in the manner of ,dr4 ,johnson and ,charles ,lamb4 ,any one who should have judged ,new ,york in the year #ahee by the writings of these young gentlemen would have supposed that we were wholly given up to silly1 vulgar1 and reckless dissipation4 ,but1 in truth1 the ,bohemians1 as they were proud to be styled1 were both few and insignificant2 their morning scribblings expressed nothing but the looseness of their own lives1 and that was half pretense4 ,two admiring friends have written the life of ,gavarni1 the incomparable caricaturist of la femme2 and they tell us just how and where and when the artist acquired his subtle and profound knowledge of the sex4 ,it is but too plain that he knew but one class of women1 the class that lives by deluding fools4 ,during all one year1 #ahce1 say these admiring biographers1 it seems that in the life1 the days1 the thoughts of ,gavarni1 there was nothing but la femme4 ,according to his own expression1 woman was his 'grand affair4' ,he was in love1 then8 ,by no means4 ,our admiring authors proceed to describe this year of devotion to la femme as a period when intrigues were mingled together1 crossed and entangled with one another2 when passing inclinations1 the fancies of an evening1 started into being together with new passions2 when rendezvous pressed upon rendezvous2 when there fell upon ,gavarni a rain of perfumed notes from the loves of yesterday1 from the forgotten loves of last month1 which he inclosed in one envelope1 as he said1 'like dead friends in the same coffin4'#bd ,footnote #bd3 ,gavarni1 l',homme et l',oeuvre1 par ,edmond et ,jules de ,goncourt1 ,paris1 #ahgc4 ,the authors enlarge upon this congenial theme1 describing their hero as going forth upon le pave de ,paris in quest of la femme as a keen hunter takes to the forest for the plump partridge or the bounding deer4 ,some he brought down with the resistless magnetism of his eye4 ,it was for him a veritable rapture1 as well as the exertion of a power which he loved to try1 to magnetize with his eye and make his own the first woman whom he chanced to meet in the throng4 ,the substance of the chapter is that ,gavarni1 casting aside all the restraints of civilization and decency1 lived in ,paris the life of a low and dirty animal2 and when1 in consequence of so living1 he found himself in ,clichy for debt1 he replenished his purse by delineating1 as the fourberies de femmes1 the tricks of the dissolute women who had got his money4 ,that1 at least1 is the blunt ,american of our authors' dainty and elegant ,french4 ,illustration3 ,matrimony--,a ,man loaded with ,mischief4#be ,a monkey1 a magpie1 and wife ,is the true emblem of strife4 ,old ,english ,tavern ,sign4 ,footnote #be3 ,from ,history of ,sign-boards1 by ,larwood and ,hotten4 ,in the records of the past1 we find men speaking lightly of women whose laws and usages concede least to women4 ,illustration3 ,settling the ,odd ,trick4 7,london1 #aggh4bf7 ,footnote #bf3 ,from ,wright's ,caricature ,history of the ,georges1 p4 #bef4 ,the oldest thing accessible to us in these modern cities is the ,saturday-morning service in an unreformed ,jewish synagogue1 some of the observances of which date back beyond the historic period4 ,but there is nothing in it older than the sentiment expressed by the men when they thank ,god for his goodness in not making them women4 ,only men are admitted to the synagogue as equal worshipers1 the women being consigned to the gallery1 spectators of their husbands' devotion4 ,the old ,jewish liturgy does not recognize their presence4 ,older than the ,jewish liturgy are the sacred books of the ,hindoos4 ,the famous passage of the ,padma ,parana1 translated by the ,abbe ,dubois1#bg has been part of the domestic code of the ,hindoos for thousands of years4 ,according to the ,hindoo lawgiver1 a woman has no god on earth but her husband1 and no religion except to gratify1 obey1 and serve him4 ,let her husband be crooked1 old1 infirm1 offensive2 let him be irascible1 irregular1 a drunkard1 a gambler1 a debauchee2 let him be reckless of his domestic affairs1 as if possessed by a devil2 though he live in the world without honor2 though he be deaf or blind1 and wholly weighed down by crime and infirmity--still shall his wife regard him as her god4 ,with all her might shall she serve him1 in all things obey him1 see no defects in his character1 and give him no cause of uneasiness4 ,nay1 more3 in every stage of her existence woman lives but to obey--at first her parents1 next her husband and his parents1 and in her old age she must be ruled by her children4 ,never during her whole life can she be under her own control4 ,footnote #bg3 ,description of the ,character1 ,manners1 and ,customs of the ,people of ,india1 vol4 i41 p4 #caf1 by ,j4 ,a4 ,dubois1 ,london1 #ahag4 ,these are the general principles upon which the life of women in ,india is to be conducted4 ,the ,hindoo writer was considerate enough to add a few particulars3 ,if her husband laughs1 she ought to laugh2 if he weeps1 she ought to weep2 if he is disposed to speak1 she ought not to join in the conversation4 ,thus is the goodness of her nature displayed4 ,what woman would eat till her husband has first had his fill8 ,if he abstains1 she will surely fast also2 if he is sad1 will she not be sorrowful8 and if he is gay1 will she not leap for joy8 ,in the absence of her husband her raiment will be mean4 ,such has been the conception of woman's duty to man by all the half-developed races from time immemorial1 and such to this day are the tacit demand and expectation of the brutalized males of the more advanced races4 ,gavarni1 married1 would have been content with no subservience much short of that4 ,happily1 nature has given to woman the means of a fell revenge1 for she usually holds the peace of the household and the happiness of all its members in her hands4 ,the satirical works that come to us from the ,oriental lands teem with evidence that women have always known how to get a fair share of domestic authority4 ,if they are slaves1 they have ever been adepts in the arts and devices of slaves4 ,the very squaws of our ,indians often contrive to rule their brawny lords4 ,is not the whole history of the war between the sexes included in the little story of the manner in which ,pocahontas was entrapped on board a ,british vessel lying in the ,james ,river two hundred and fifty years ago8 ,the captain had promised to the aunt of this dusky princess the gift of a copper kettle if she would bring her niece to the ship2 and accordingly one afternoon1 when she found herself on the river-bank with her husband and ,pocahontas1 she was suddenly seized with a longing to go on board1 saying that this was the third time the ship had been in their river1 and yet she had never visited it4 ,her grumpy old husband refusing1 she began to cry1 and then1 ,pocahontas joining her entreaties1 of course the old man had to unfasten his canoe and paddle them off to the vessel4 ,this model couple returned to the shore poorer by a niece of uncertain character1 and richer by the inestimable treasure of a copper kettle4 ,what fine lady could have managed this delicate affair better8 ,is it not thus that tickets1 trinkets1 and dresses are won every day in the cities of the modern world8 ,illustration3 ,who was that gentleman that just went out8 ,why1 didn't he see you1 after all8 ,he called on business1 and has been waiting for you these two hours4 ,he leaves town this evening4 ,but how warm you are1 dear6--,,gavarni1 ,fourberies de ,femmes1 ,paris1 #ahdf4 ,an attentive study of the ,greek and ,roman literatures furnishes many illustrations of the remark just made1 that men who degrade women deride them4 ,among the ,greeks1 who kept women in subjection and seclusion1 and gave them no freedom of choice in matters of dearest concern to them1 the foibles of the sex were treated very much as they now are by the dissolute caricaturists of ,paris4 ,aristophanes's mode of representing the women of ,athens is eminently ,gavarnian2 and nothing was more natural than that an ,aristophanes should come after an ,anacreon4 ,the lyric poet depicts women as objects of desire1 superior in alluring charm even to wine1 rosy wine2 and ,aristophanes delights to exhibit the women's apartment of an ,athenian house as a riotous and sensualized harem4 ,how many expressions of utter distrust and dislike of women occur in the ,greek poets6 ,for this1 and only this1 ,i'll trust a woman1 ,that if you take life from her she will die2 ,and1 being dead1 will come to life no more4 ,in all things else ,i am an infidel4 ,thus ,antiphanes1 who died twenty-two hundred years before ,gavarni was born4 ,menander justifies the gods for tormenting ,prometheus1 though his crime was only stealing a spark of fire4 ,but1 ,o ye gods1 how infinite the mischief6 ,that little spark gave being to a woman1 ,and let in a new race of plagues to curse us4 ,the well-known epigram of ,palladas upon marriage expresses a thought which has been uttered by satirists in every form of which language is capable3 ,in marriage are two happy things allowed-- ,a wife in wedding garb and in her shroud4 ,who1 then1 dares say that state can be accurst ,where the last day's as happy as the first8 ,illustration3 ,she4 ,now1 understand me4 ,to-morrow morning he will ask you to dinner4 ,if he has his umbrella with him1 it will mean that he has not got his stall at the theatre4 ,in that case1 don't accept4 ,if he has no umbrella1 come to dinner4 ,he4 ,but 7you know we must think of every thing7 suppose it should rain to-morrow morning8 ,she4 ,if it rains1 he will get wet--that's all4 ,if ,i don't want him to have an umbrella1 he won't have one4 ,how silly you are6--,,gavarni1 ,fourberies de ,femmes1 ,paris1 #ahdf4 ,many others will occur to the reader who is familiar with the lighter utterances of the ancients4 ,but in ,greece1 as in ,china1 ,india1 and ,japan1 and wherever else men and women have been joined in wedlock1 there have been marriages in which husband and wife have lived on terms nobler than those contemplated by the law or demanded by usage4 ,where could we find a juster view of the duties of husband and wife than in that passage of ,xenophon's dialogue on ,economy where ,ischomachus tells ,socrates how he had taken his young wife into his confidence1 and come to a clear understanding with her as to the share each should take in carrying on the household8 ,goethe must have had this passage in his mind when he wrote the fine tribute to the dignity of housekeeping in ,wilhelm ,meister4 ,ischomachus had married a girl of fifteen1 who came to him as wives in ,greece usually came to their husbands--an absolute stranger to him4 ,he had to get acquainted with her after marriage1 as1 indeed1 he says1 ,when we were well enough acquainted1 and were so familiar that we began to converse freely with one another1 ,i asked her why she thought ,i had taken her for my wife4 ,much is revealed in that sentence4 ,he tells her that1 being married1 they are now to have all things in common1 and each should only strive to enhance the good of the household4 ,she stares with wonder4 ,her mother had told her that her fortune would be wholly her husband's1 and all that she had to do was to live virtuously and soberly4 ,ischomachus assents1 but he proceeds to show her that1 in the nature of things1 husband and wife must be equal co-operators1 he getting the money1 she administering it2 he fighting the battle of life out-of-doors1 she within the house4 ,at great length this model husband illustrates his point1 and entirely in the spirit of the noble passage in ,goethe4 ,she catches the idea at length4 ,it will be of little avail1 she says1 my keeping at home unless you send such provisions as are necessary4 ,true1 he replies1 and of very little use my providing would be if there were no one at home to take care of what ,i send2 it would be pouring water into a sieve4 ,this fine presentation of household economy1 like that of the ,german poet1 is1 unhappily1 only a dialogue of fiction4 ,it was merely ,xenophon's conception of the manner in which a philosopher of prodigious wisdom might deal with a girl of fifteen1 whom he had married without having enjoyed the pleasure of a previous acquaintance with her4 ,doubtless there was here and there in ancient ,greece a couple who succeeded in approximating ,xenophon's ideal4 ,among the ,romans women began to acquire those legal rights to which they owe whatever advance they have ever made toward a just equality with men4 ,it was ,roman law that lifted a wife from the condition of a cherished slave to a status something higher than that of daughter4 ,but there was still one fatal defect in her position--her husband could divorce her1 but she could not divorce him4 ,cicero1 the flower of ,roman culture1 put away the wife of his youth after living with her thirty years1 and no remonstrance on her part would have availed against his decision4 ,but a ,roman wife had rights4 ,she could not be deprived of her property1 and the law threw round her and her children a system of safeguards which gave her a position and an influence not unlike those of the lady of the house at the present time4 ,instead of being secluded in a kind of harem1 as among the ,greeks1 she came forward to receive her husband's guests1 shared some of their festivities1 governed the household1 superintended the education of her children1 and enjoyed her ample share of the honor which he inherited or won4 ,where you are ,caius1 ,i am ,caia1 she modestly said1 as she entered for the first time her husband's abode4 ,he was paterfamilias1 she materfamilias2 and the rooms assigned to her peculiar use were1 as with us1 the best in the house4 ,to the ,roman law women are infinitely indebted4 ,among the few hundreds of families who did actually share the civilization of ,cicero1 the ,plinys1 and ,marcus ,aurelius1 the position of a ,roman matron was one of high dignity and influence1 and accordingly the general tone of the best ,roman literature toward woman is such as does honor to both sexes4 ,she was even instructed in that literature4 ,in such a family as that of ,cicero1 the daughter would usually have the same tutors as the son1 and the wife of such a man would familiarly use her husband's library4 ,juvenal1 that peerless reviler of women1 the ,gavarni of poets1 deplores the fact3 ,but of all plagues the greatest is untold-- ,the book-learned wife in ,greek and ,latin bold2 ,the critic dame who at her table sits1 ,homer and ,virgil quotes1 and weighs their wits1 ,and pities ,dido's agonizing fits4 ,she has so far the ascendant of the board1 ,the prating pedant puts not in one word2 ,the man of law is nonplused in his suit2 ,nay1 every other female tongue is mute4 ,illustration3 ,madame1 your cousin ,betty wishes to know if you can receive her4 ,impossible6 ,tell her that to-day ,i receive4--,les ,tribulations de la ,vie ,elegante1 par ,girin1 ,paris1 #ahgj4 ,the whole of this sixth satire of ,juvenal1 in which the ,gavarnian literature of all nations was anticipated and exhausted1 is a tribute to woman's social importance in ,rome4 ,no ,greek would have considered woman worthy of so elaborate an effort4 ,and as in ,athens1 ,anacreon1 the poet of sensual love1 was naturally followed by ,aristophanes1 a satirist of women1 so1 in ,rome1 ,ovid's ,art of ,love preceded and will forever explain ,juvenal's sixth satire4 ,all illustrates the truth that sensualized men necessarily undervalue and laugh at women4 ,in all probability1 ,juvenal's satire was a caricature as gross and groundless as the pictures of ,gavarni4 ,the instinct of the satirist is first to select for treatment the exceptional instance of folly1 and then to exaggerate that exceptional instance to the uttermost4 ,unhappily many readers are only too much inclined to accept this exaggerated exception as if it were a representative fact4 ,there is a passage in ,terence in which he expresses the feeling of most men who have been plagued1 justly or unjustly1 by a woman3 ,not one but has the sex so strong within her1 ,she differs nothing from the rest4 ,step-mothers ,all hate their step-daughters1 and every wife ,studies alike to contradict her husband1 ,the same perverseness running through them all4 ,the acute reader1 on turning to the play of the ,mother-in-law1 from which these lines are taken1 will not be surprised to learn that the women in the comedy are in the right1 and the men grossly in fault4 ,illustration3 ,a ,scene of ,conjugal ,life4 7,daumier1 ,paris1 #ahdf47 ,the literature of the ,middle ,ages tells the same story4 ,the popular tales of that period exhibit women as equally seductive and malevolent1 silly1 vain1 not to be trusted1 enchanting to the lover1 a torment to the husband4 ,caricatures of women and their extravagances in costume and behavior occur in manuscripts as far back as ,a4,d4 #aaej1 and those extravagances may serve to console men of the present time by their enormity4 ,many specimens could be given1 but they are generally too formless or extravagant to be interesting4 ,there are also many rude pictures from those centuries which aimed to satirize the more active foibles of the sex4 ,one of these exhibits a wife belaboring her husband with a broom1 another pounding hers with a ladle1 another with a more terrible instrument1 her withering tongue1 and another with the surest weapon in all the female armory--tears4 ,in the ,rouen ,cathedral there are a pair of carvings1 one representing a fierce struggle between husband and wife for the possession of a garment the wearing of which is supposed to be a sign of mastery1 and the other exhibiting the victorious wife in the act of putting that garment on4 ,on the portal of a church at ,ploermel1 in ,france1 there is a well-cut representation of a young girl leading an elderly man by the nose4 ,more violent contests are frequently portrayed1 and even fierce battles with bellows and pokers1 stirring incidents in the eternal war between man and woman4 ,the gentle ,german priest who wrote the moral ditties of the ,ship of ,fools ought not to have known much of the tribulations of husbands2 but in his poem on the ,wrath and great ,lewdnes of ,wymen1 he becomes a kind of frantic ,caudle1 and lays about him with remarkable vigor4 ,he calls upon the ,kinge most glorious of heaven and erth to deliver mankind from the venomous and cruel tongues of froward women4 ,one chiding woman1 he observes1 maketh greater yell than a hundred magpies in one cage2 and let her husband do what he will1 he can not quiet her till she hath chid her fill4 ,no beast on earth is so capable of furious hate--not the bear1 nor the wolf1 nor the lion1 nor the lioness2 no1 nor the cruel tigress robbed of her whelps1 rushing wildly about1 tearing and gnawing stock and tree4 ,a wrathfull woman is yet more mad than she4 ,cruell ,medea doth us example shewe ,of woman's furour1 great wrath and cruelty2 ,which her owne children dyd all to pecis hewe4 ,this poet1 usually so moderate and mild in his satire of human folly1 is transported with rage in contemplating the faults of women1 and holds them up to the abhorrence of his readers4 ,a woman1 he remarks1 can wallow in wicked delights1 and then1 giving her mouth a hurried wipe1 come forward with tranquil mind and an air of child-like innocence1 sweetly protesting that she has done nothing wrong4 ,the most virulent woman-hater that was ever jilted or rejected could not go beyond the bachelor priest who penned this infuriate diatribe upon the sex4 ,illustration3 ,a ,splendid ,spread4 7,cruikshank1 #ahej47 ,nor was ,erasmus's estimate of women more favorable than ,brandt's1 though he expresses it more lightly and gayly1 as his manner was4 ,and curious it is to note that the foibles which he selects for animadversion are precisely those which form the staple of satire against women at the present time4 ,in one of his ,colloquies he describes the ,assembly of ,women1 or the ,female ,parliament1 and reports at length the speech of one of the principal members1 the wise ,cornelia4 ,this eloquent lady heartily berates the wives of tradesmen for presuming to copy the fashions of the rich and noble4 ,would any one believe that the following sentences were written nearly four hundred years ago8 ',tis almost impossible by the outside1 says ,cornelia to her parliament of fine ladies1 to know a duchess from a kitchen-wench4 ,all the ancient bounds of modesty have been so impudently transgressed1 that every one wears what apparel seems best in her own eyes4 ,at church and at the play-house1 in city and country1 you may see a thousand women of indifferent if not sordid extraction swaggering it abroad in silks and velvets1 in damask and brocard1 in gold and silver1 in ermines and sable tippets1 while their husbands perhaps are stitching ,grub-street pamphlets or cobbling shoes at home4 ,their fingers are loaded with diamonds and rubies1 for ,turkey stones are nowadays despised even by chimney-sweepers' wives4 ,it was thought enough for your ordinary women in the last age that they were allowed the mighty privilege to wear a silk girdle1 and to set off the borders of their woolen petticoats with an edging of silk4 ,but now--and ,i can hardly forbear weeping at the thoughts of it--this worshipful custom is quite out-of-doors4 ,if your tallow-chandlers'1 vintners'1 and other tradesmen's wives flaunt it in a chariot and four1 what shall your marchionesses or countesses do1 ,i wonder8 ,and if a country squire's spouse will have a train after her full fifteen ells long1 pray what shift must a princess make to distinguish herself8 ,what makes this ten times worse than otherwise it would be1 we are never constant to one dress1 but are as fickle and uncertain as weathercocks--or the men that preach under them4 ,formerly our head-tire was stretched out upon wires and mounted upon barbers' poles1 women of condition thinking to distinguish themselves from the ordinary sort by this dress4 ,nay1 to make the difference still more visible1 they wore caps of ermine powdered4 ,but they were mistaken in their politics1 for the cits soon got them4 ,then they trumpt up another mode1 and black quoiss came into play4 ,but the ladies within ,ludgate not only aped them in this fashion1 but added thereto a gold embroidery and jewels4 ,formerly the court dames took a great deal of pains in combing up their hair from their foreheads and temples to make a tower2 but they were soon weary of that1 for it was not long before this fashion too was got into ,cheapside4 ,after this they let their hair fall loose about their foreheads2 but the city gossips soon followed them in that4 ,and this game1 we may add1 has been kept up from that day to this2 nor does either party yet show any inclination to retire from the contest4 ,erasmus was1 indeed1 an unmerciful satirist of women4 ,in his ,praise of ,folly he returns to the charge again and again4 ,that which made ,plato doubt under what genus to rank woman1 whether among brutes or rational creatures1 was only meant to denote the extreme stupidness and folly of that sex1 a sex so unalterably simple1 that for any of them to thrust forward and reach at the name of wise is but to make themselves the more remarkable fools1 such an endeavor being but a swimming against the stream1 nay1 the turning the course of nature1 the bare attempting whereof is as extravagant as the effecting of it is impossible3 for as it is a trite proverb1 ,that an ape will be an ape1 though clad in purple2 so a woman will be a woman1 i4 e41 a fool1 whatever disguise she takes up4 ,and again3 ,good ,god6 what frequent divorces1 or worse mischief1 would oft sadly happen1 except man and wife were so discreet as to pass over light occasions of quarrel with laughing1 jesting1 dissembling1 and such like playing the fool8 ,nay1 how few matches would go forward1 if the hasty lover did but first know how many little tricks of lust and wantonness 7and perhaps more gross failings7 his coy and seemingly bashful mistress had oft before been guilty of8 ,and how fewer marriages1 when consummated1 would continue happy1 if the husband were not either sottishly insensible of1 or did not purposely wink at and pass over1 the lightness and forwardness of his good-natured wife8 ,illustration3 ,american ,lady walking in the ,snow4 ,i have often shivered at seeing a young beauty picking her way through the snow with a pale rose-colored bonnet set on the very top of her head4 ,they never wear muffs or boots1 even when they have to step to their sleighs over ice and snow4 ,they walk in the middle of winter with their poor little toes pinched into a miniature slipper1 incapable of excluding as much moisture as might bedew a primrose4--,,mrs4 ,,trollope1 ,domestic ,manners of the ,americans1 vol4 ii41 p4 #ace4 #ahcj4 ,the ill opinion entertained of women by men during the ages of darkness and superstition found expression in laws as well as in literature4 ,the age of chivalry6 ,investigators who have studied that vaunted period in the court records and law-books tell us that respect for women is a thing of which those records show no trace4 ,in the age of chivalry the widow and the fatherless were regarded by lords1 knights1 and parsons as legitimate objects of plunder2 and woe to the widow who prosecuted the murderers of her husband or the ravagers of her estate6 ,the homage which the law paid to women consisted in burning them alive for offenses which brought upon men the painless death of hanging4 ,we moderns read with puzzled incredulity such a story as that of ,godiva1 doubtful if so vast an outrage could ever have been committed in a community not entirely savage4 ,let the reader immerse himself for only a few months in the material of which the history of the ,middle ,ages must be composed1 if it shall ever be truly written1 and the tale of ,godiva will seem credible and natural4 ,she was her lord's chattel2 and probably the people of her day who heard the story commended him for lightening the burdens of ,coventry on such easy terms1 and saw no great hardship in the task assigned to her4 ,people read with surprise of ,thomas ,jefferson's antipathy to the poems and novels of ,sir ,walter ,scott4 ,he objected to them because they gave a view of the past ages utterly at variance with the truth as revealed in the authentic records1 which he had studied from his youth up4 ,illustration3 ',my dear ,baron1 ,i am in the most pressing need of five hundred franc6' ,must ,i put an s to franc8 ,no4 ,in the circumstances it is better not4 ,it will prove to the ,baron that1 for the moment1 you really are destitute of every thing--even of orthography4--,,ed4 ,,de ,,braumont1 ,paris1 #ahfj4 ,illustration3 ,madame1 ,i have the honor-- ,sir1 be good enough to come round in front and speak to me4 ,madame1 ,i really haven't the time4 ,i must be off in five minutes4--,,cham1 ,paris1 #ahej4 ,coming down to recent times1 we still find the current anecdote and proverb in all lands bearing hardly upon the sex4 ,a few kindly and appreciative sayings pass current in ,scotland2 and the literatures of ,germany1 ,england1 and the ,united ,states teem with the noblest and tenderest homage to the excellence of women4 ,but most of these belong to the literature of this century1 and bear the names of men who may be said to have created the moral feeling of the present moment4 ,it is interesting to notice that in one of our latest and best dictionaries of quotation1 that of ,mr4 ,m4 ,m4 ,ballou1 of ,boston1 there are one hundred and eleven short passages relating to women1 of which only one is dishonorable to them1 and that dates back a century and a half1 to the halcyon day of the ,british libertine--,every woman is at heart a rake4--,,pope4 ,so thought all the dissolute men of ,pope's circle1 as we know from their conversation and letters4 ,so thought the ,duc de ,rochefoucauld1 who said1 ,there are few virtuous women who are not weary of their profession2 and ,most virtuous women1 like concealed treasures1 are secure because nobody seeks after them4 ,so thought ,chesterfield1 who told his hopeful son that he could never go wrong in flattering a woman1 for women were foolish and frail without exception3 ,i never knew one in my life who had good sense1 or who reasoned and acted consequentially for four-and-twenty hours together4 ,and so must think every man who lived as men of fashion then lived4 ,if ,i dwelt in a hospital1 said ,dr4 ,franklin once1 ,i might come to think all mankind diseased4 ,illustration3 ,where are the diamonds exhibited8 ,i haven't the least idea2 but ,i let myself be guided by my wife4 ,women get at such things by instinct4--,,cham1 ,paris1 #ahfh4 ,but a man need not be a fine gentleman nor a roue to think ill of womankind4 ,he needs only to be commonplace2 and hence it is that the homely proverbs of all time bear so hardly upon women4 ,the native land of the modern proverb is ,spain1 as we might guess from ,sancho ,panza's exhaustless repertory2 and most of those homely disparaging sentences concerning women that pass current in all lands appear to have originated there4 ,what ,spain has left unsaid upon women's foibles1 ,italy has supplied4 ,most of the following proverbs are traceable to one of the two peninsulas of ,southern ,europe3 ,he that takes an eel by the tail or a woman by her word may say he holds nothing4 ,there is one bad wife in ,spain1 and every man thinks he has her4 ,he that loses his wife and a farthing hath great loss of his farthing4 ,if the mother had never been in the oven1 she would not have looked for her daughter there4 ,he that marries a widow and three children marries four thieves4 ,he that tells his wife news is but newly married4 ,a dead wife's the best goods in a man's house4 ,a man of straw is worth a woman of gold4 ,a woman conceals what she knows not4 ,as great a pity to see a woman weep as to see a goose go barefoot4 ,a woman's mind and winter's wind change oft4 ,there is no mischief in the world done but a woman is always one4 ,commend a wedded life1 but keep thyself a bachelor4 ,where there are women and geese1 there wants no noise4 ,neither women nor linen by candle-light4 ,glasses and lasses are brittle ware4 ,two daughters and a back-door are three thieves4 ,women commend a modest man1 but like him not4 ,women in mischief are wiser than men4 ,women laugh when they can and weep when they will4 ,women1 priests1 and poultry never have enough4 ,illustration3 ,evening ,scene in the ,parlor of an ,american ,boarding-house4 ,ladies who have no engagements 7in the evening7 either mount again to the solitude of their chamber1 or remain in the common sitting-room1 in a society cemented by no tie1 endeared by no connection1 which choice did not bring together1 and which the slightest motive would break asunder4 ,i remarked that the gentlemen were generally obliged to go out every evening on business2 and1 ,i confess1 the arrangement did not surprise me4--,,mrs4 ,,trollope1 ,domestic ,manners of the ,americans1 vol4 ii41 p4 #aaa4 #ahcj4 ,among the simple people of ,iceland similar proverbs pass current3 ,praise the fineness of the day when it is ended2 praise a woman when she is buried2 praise a maiden when she is married4 ,trust not to the words of a girl2 neither to those which a woman utters1 for their hearts have been made like the wheel that turns round2 levity was put into their bosoms4 ,among the few broadsides of ,elizabeth's reign preserved in the ,british ,museum there is one which is conceived in perfect harmony with these proverbs4 ,it presents eight scenes1 in all of which women figure disadvantageously4 ,there is a child-bed scene1 in which the mother lies in state1 most preposterously dressed and adorned1 while a dozen other women are idling and gossiping about the room4 ,women are exhibited also at the market1 at the bakehouse1 at the ale-house1 at the river washing clothes1 at church1 at the bath1 at the public well2 but always chattering1 gossiping1 idling1 unless they are fighting or flirting4 ,another caricature in the same collection1 dated #afbj1 the year of the ,mayflower and ,plymouth ,rock1 contains seven scenes illustrative of the lines following3 ,who marieth a ,wife upon a ,moneday1 ,if she will not be good upon a ,twesday1 ,lett him go to ye wood upon a ,wensday1 ,and cutt him a cudgell upon the ,thursday1 ,and pay her soundly upon a ,fryday2 ,and she mend not1 ye divil take her a ,saterday1 ,that he may eat his meat in peace on the ,sunday4 ,to complete the record of man's ridicule of the sex to which he owes his happiness1 ,i add the pictures given in this chapter1 which bring that record down to date4 ,they tell their own story4 ,the innocent fun of ,english ,cruikshank and ,leech contrasts agreeably with the subtle depravity indicated by some of the ,french caricaturists1 particularly by ,gavarni1 who surpasses all men in the art of exaggerating the address of the class of women who regard men in the light of prey4 ,the point of ,gavarni's satire usually lies in the words printed underneath his pictures1 and the pictures generally consist of the two figures who utter those words4 ,but the expression which he contrives to impart to his figures and faces by a few apparently careless lines is truly wonderful1 and it can scarcely be transferred to another surface4 ,he excels in the expression of a figure with the face turned away1 the whole effect being given by the outline of the head three-quarters averted4 ,there is one picture of his1 given on the following page1 of a woman and her lover1 he sitting in a chair reading with his hat on1 indicating the extreme of familiarity1 she standing at the window sewing1 and keeping an eye on the pavement below4 ,he's coming6 she says2 take off your hat4 ,in the attitude of the woman there is a mingled effect of tranquillity and vigilance that is truly remarkable4 ,in all the range of caricature it would be difficult to find a better specimen of the art than this1 or a worse4 ,the reader may be curious to see a few more of these fourberies de femmes1 as evolved from the brain of the dissolute ,gavarni4 ,it is almost impossible to transfer the work of his pencil1 but here are a few of his verbal elucidations3 ,under a picture of a father and daughter walking arm-in-arm3 ,how did you know1 papa1 that ,i loved ,m4 ,leon8 ,because you always spoke of ,m4 ,paul4 ,two young ladies in confidential conversation3 ,when ,i think that ,m4 ,coquardeau is going to be my husband1 ,i feel sorry for ,alexander4 ,and ,i for ,coquardeau4 ,illustration3 ,he's coming6 ,take off your hat6--,,gavarni1 ,paris1 #ahdf4 ,two married ladies in conversation3 ,yes1 my dear1 my husband has been guilty of bringing that creature into my house before my very eyes1 when he knows that the only man ,i love in the world is two hundred leagues from here4--,men are contemptible 7laches74 ,husband writing a note1 and his wife standing behind him3 ,,my ,,dear ,,sir1--,caroline begs me to remind you of a certain duet1 of which she is extravagantly fond1 and which you promised to give her4 ,pray be so good as to dine with her to-day1 and bring your music with you4 ,for my part1 ,i shall be deprived of the pleasure of hearing you1 for ,i have an engagement at ,versailles4 ,pity me1 my dear sir1 and believe me always your affectionate ,,coquardeau4 ,a young man in wild excitement reading a letter3 ,on receipt of this1 mount1 fly2 overtake in the ,avenue de ,neuilly a yellow cab1 the steps down1 gray horse1 old coachman1 #ajh1 one lantern lighted6 ,follow it4 ,it will stop at the side door of a house at ,sablonville4 ,a man and a woman will get out4 ,that man--he was my lover6 ,and that woman--she is yours6 ,illustration3 ,the ,scholastic ,hen and her ,chickens4 7,cruikshank1 #ahdf47 ,miss ,thimblebee loquitur4 ,turn your heads the other way1 my dears1 for here are two horridly handsome officers coming4 ,lady fainting1 and a man in consternation supporting her head3 ,clara1 ,clara6 dearest1 look up6 ,don't6 ,clara1 ,i say6 ,you don't know any nice young man6 ,i am an ass1 with my stupid jealousy4 ,and you shall have your velvet shawl4 ,come1 ,clara6 ,now then1 ,clara1 please6 ,lady dropping two letters into the post-office4 ,first letter3 ,,my ,,kind ,,amedee1--,this evening1 toward eight1 at the ,red ,ball4 ,mind1 now1 and don't keep waiting your ,,clara4 ,second letter3 ,,my ,,henry1--,well-beloved1 judge of my despair--,i have a sore throat that is simply frightful4 ,it will be impossible for me to go out this evening4 ,they even talk of applying twenty leeches4 ,pity a great deal1 and love always1 your ,,clara4 ,in these numberless satires upon women1 executed by pen and pencil1 there is a certain portion of truth1 for1 indeed1 a woman powerfully organized and fully developed1 but without mental culture and devoid of the sentiment of duty1 can be a creature most terrific4 ,if the possession of wealth exempts her from labor1 there are four ways in which she can appease the ennui of a barren mind and a torpid conscience4 ,one is deep play1 which was1 until within seventy years1 the resource chiefly relied upon by women of fashion for killing the hours between dinner and bed2 one is social display1 or the struggle for the leadership of a circle1 an ambition perhaps more pernicious than gambling2 another is intrigues of love1 no longer permitted in the more advanced countries1 but formerly an important element in fashionable life everywhere2 finally1 there is the resource of excessive and ceaseless devotion1 the daily mass1 the weekly confession1 frequent and severe fasting1 abject slavery to the ritual4 ,of all these1 the one last named is probably the most injurious1 since it tends to bring virtue itself into contempt1 and repels the young from all serious and elevated modes of living4 ,accordingly1 in studying the historic families of ,europe1 we frequently find that the devotee and the debauchee alternate1 each producing the other1 both being expressions of the same moral and mental defect4 ,but whether a mindless woman gambles1 dresses1 flirts1 or fasts1 she is a being who furnishes the satirist with legitimate material4 ,equal rights1 equal education1 equal chances of an independent career--when women have enjoyed these for so much as a single century in any country1 the foibles at which men have laughed for so many ages will probably no longer be remarked1 for they are either the follies of ignorance or the vices resulting from a previous condition of servitude4 ,nor will men of right feeling ever regard women with the cold1 critical eye of a ,chesterfield or a ,rochefoucauld1 but rather with something of the exalted sentiment which caused old ,homer1 whenever he had occasion to speak of a mother1 to prefix an adjective usually applicable to goddesses and queens1 which we can translate best1 perhaps1 by our ,english word ,,revered4 ,,chapter ,,xvi4 ,,among ,,the ,,chinese4 ,illustration3 ,chinese ,caricature of an ,english ,foraging ,party4#bh ,footnote #bh3 ,from ,the ,middle ,kingdom1 vol4 ii41 p4 #agg1 by ,s4 ,w4 ,williams1 ,new ,york1 #ahga4 ,we are apt to think of the ,chinese as a grave people1 unskilled in the lighter arts of satire and caricature2 but1 according to that amusing traveler1 ,m4 ,huc1 they are the ,french of ,asia--a nation of cooks1 a nation of actors--singularly fond of the drama1 gifted in pasquinade1 addicted to burlesque1 prolific in comic ideas and satirical devices4 ,m4 ,huc likens the ,chinese ,empire to an immense fair1 where you find mingled with the bustle of traffic all kinds of shows1 mountebanks1 actors1 ,cheap ,jacks1 thieves1 gamblers1 all competing continually and with vociferous uproar for the favor of the crowd4 ,there are theatres everywhere2 the great towns are full of them2 and the actors play night and day4 ,when the ,british officers went ashore1 in the retinue of their first grand embassy1 many years ago1 they were astonished to see ,punch in all his glory with ,judy1 dog1 and devil1 just as they had last seen him on ,ascot ,heath1 except that he summoned his audience by gong and triangle instead of pipes and drum4 ,the ,orient knew ,punch perhaps ages before ,england saw him4 ,in ,china they have a ,punch conducted by a single individual1 who is enveloped from head to foot in a gown4 ,he carries the little theatre on his head1 works the wires with his hands under the gown1 executes the dialogue with his mouth concealed by the same garment1 and in the intervals of performance plays on two instruments4 ,he exhibits the theatre reduced to its simplest form1 the work of the company1 the band1 the manager1 treasurer1 scene-shifter1 and property-man all being done by one person4 ,in the very nature of the ,chinese1 whether men or women1 there is a large element of the histrionic1 even those pompous and noisy funerals of theirs being little more than an exhibition of private theatricals4 ,the whole company gossip1 drink tea1 jest1 laugh1 smoke1 and have all the air of a pleasant social party1 until the nearest relation of the deceased informs them that the time to mourn has come4 ,instantly the conversation ceases and lamentation begins4 ,the company gather round the coffin2 affecting speeches are addressed to the dead2 groans1 sobs1 and doleful cries are heard on every side2 tears1 real tears1 roll down many cheeks--all is woe and desolation4 ,but when the signal is given to cease mourning1 the performers1 says ,m4 ,huc1 do not even stop to finish a sob or a groan1 but they take their pipes1 and1 lo6 they are again those incomparable ,chinese1 laughing1 gossiping1 and drinking tea4 ,it need not be said that ,chinese women have an ample share of this peculiar talent of their race1 nor that they have very frequent occasion to exercise it4 ,nowhere1 even in the ,east1 are women more subject or more artful than in ,china4 ,when a son is born1 as a ,chinese authoress remarks1 he sleeps upon a bed1 he is clothed with robes1 and plays with pearls2 every one obeys his princely cries4 ,but when a girl is born1 she sleeps upon the ground1 is merely wrapped in a cloth1 plays with a tile1 and is incapable of acting either virtuously or viciously4 ,she has nothing to think of but preparing food1 making wine1 and not vexing her parents4 ,this arrangement the authoress approves1 because it prepares the girl to accept without repining the humiliations of her lot4 ,it is a proverb in ,china that a young wife should be in her house but a shadow and an echo4 ,as in ,india1 she does not eat with her husband1 but waits upon him in silent devotion till he is done1 and then satisfies her own appetite with inferior food4 ,such is the theory of her position4 ,but if we may judge from ,chinese satires1 women are not destitute of power in the household1 and employ the arts of the oppressed with effect4 ,among the ,chinese poems recently translated by ,mr4 ,g4 ,c4 ,stent in the volume called ,the ,jade ,chaplet1 there are a few in the satiric vein which attest the ready adroitness of ,chinese women in moments of crisis4 ,according to an ,english author1 ,a woman takes as naturally to a lie as a rat to a hole4 ,the author of these popular ,chinese poems was evidently of the same opinion4 ,the specimen subjoined1 which has not been previously published in the ,united ,states1 shows us that there is much in common between the jokes of the two hemispheres of our mundane sphere4 ,,fanning ,,the ,,grave4 ',twas spring--the air was redolent ,with many a sweet and grateful scent2 ,the peach and plum bloomed side by side1 ,like blushing maid and pale-faced bride2 ,coy willows stealthily were seen ,opening their eyes of living green-- ,as if to watch the sturdy strife ,of nature struggling into life4 ,one sunny morn a ,mr4 ,chuang ,was strolling leisurely along2 ,viewing the budding flowers and trees-- ,sniffing the fragrance-laden breeze-- ,staring at those who hurried by1 ,each loaded with a good supply ,of imitation sycee shoes1 ,to burn--for friends defunct to use-- ,of dainty viands1 oil1 and rice1 ,and wine to pour in sacrifice1 ,on tombs of friends who 'neath them slept4 7,twas '#c;d of the #c;d1' when the graves are swept47 ,chuang sauntered on4 ,at length1 on looking round1 ,he spied a cozy-looking burial-ground2 ',i'll turn in here and rest a bit1' thought he1 ',and muse awhile on life's uncertainty2 ,this quiet place just suits my pensive mood1 ,i'll sit and moralize in pleasant solitude4' ,so1 sitting down upon a grassy knoll1 ,he sighed--when all at once upon him stole ,a smothered sound of sorrow and distress1 ,as if one wept in very bitterness4 ,mr4 ,chuang1 hearing this1 at once got up to see1 ,who the sorrowing mourner could possibly be1 ,when he saw a young woman fanning a grave4 ,her 'three-inch gold lilies'#bi were bandaged up tight ,in the deepest of mourning--her clothes1 too1 were white4#cj ,of all the strange things he had read of or heard1 ,this one was by far the most strange and absurd2 ,he had never heard tell of one fanning a grave4 ,he stood looking on at this queer scene of woe1 ,unobserved1 but astounded1 and curious to know ,the reason the woman was fanning the grave4 ,he thought1 in this case1 the best thing he could do ,was to ask her himself2 so without more ado1 ,he hemmed once or twice1 then bowing his head1 ,advanced to the woman and smilingly said1 ',may ,i ask1 madam1 why you are fanning that grave8' ,the woman1 on this1 glancing up with surprise1 ,looked as though she could scarcely believe her own eyes1 ,when she saw a man watching her fanning the grave4 ,he was handsome1 and might have been thirty or more2 ,the garb of a ,taoist he tastefully wore2 ,his kind manner soon put her quite at her ease1 ,so she answered demurely1 ',listen1 sir1 if you please1 ,and ,i'll tell you the reason ,i'm fanning this grave4 ',my husband1 alas6 whom ,i now 7sob1 sob7 mourn1 ,a short time since 7sob7 to this grave 7sob7 was borne2 ,and 7sob7 he lies buried in this 7sob1 sob7 grave4' 7,here she bitterly wept47 ',ere my 7sob7 husband died1 ,he called me 7sob7 once more 7sob1 sob7 to his side1 ,and grasping my--7sob7 with his dying lips said1 ,when ,i'm gone 7sob1 sob7 promise 7sob7 never to wed1 ,till the mold is 7sob7 dry on the top of my grave4 ',i come hither daily to 7sob7 and to weep1 ,for the promise ,i gave 7sob7 ,i'll faithfully keep1 ,i'll not wed till the mold is 7sob7 dry on his grave4 ,i don't want to marry again 7sob71 ,i'm sure1 ,but poverty 7sob7 is so hard to endure2 ,and1 oh6 ,i'm so lonely1 that ,i come 7sob7 to try ,if ,i can't with my fan help the mold 7sob7 to dry2 ,and that is the reason ,i'm fanning his grave4' ,hearing this1 ,chuang exclaimed1 ',madam1 give me the fan4 ,i'll willingly help you as much as ,i can ,in drying the mold on your poor husband's grave4' ,she readily handed the fan up to ,chuang 7,who in magic was skilled--as he proved before long71 ,for he muttered some words in a low under-tone1 ,flicked the fan1 and the grave was as dry as a bone2 ',there1' said he1 'the mold's dry on the top of the grave4' ,joy plainly was seen on the poor woman's face1 ,as she hastily thanked him1 ere quitting the place1 ,for helping her dry up the mold on the grave4 ,chuang watched her go off with a cynical sigh1 ,thought he1 ',now suppose ,i myself were to die1 ,how long would my wife in her weeds mourn my fate8 ,would she1 like this woman1 have patience to wait ,till the mold was well dry on her poor husband's grave8' ,footnote #bi3 ,small feet4 ,footnote #cj3 ,white is the color worn as mourning in ,china4 ,there is an amusing sequel to this poem1 in which ,chuang is exhibited putting his wife to the test4 ,being a magician1 endowed with miraculous power1 he pretends to die2 and while his body is in its coffin awaiting burial1 he assumes the form of a handsome young man1 and pays to his mourning wife ardent court4 ,in short1 they made love1 and the next day were wed2 ,she cheerfully changing her white clothes to red4#ca ,excited by drink1 they were going to bed1 ,when ,chuang clapped his hand to his brow-- ,he groaned4 ,she exclaimed1 ',what6 are you dying too8 ,one husband ,i've lost1 and got married to you2 ,now you are took bad4 ,oh1 what shall ,i do8 ,can ,i help you8 ,if so1 tell me how4' ',alas6' groaned the husband1 ',i'm sadly afraid ,the disease that ,i have is beyond human aid4 ,oh6 the sums upon sums ,i the doctors have paid6 ,there a remedy is1 to be sure3 ,it is this3 take the brains from a living man's head-- ,if not to be had1 get1 and mash up instead ,those of one who no more than three days has been dead4 ',twill effect an infallible cure6' ,footnote #ca3 ,red is worn on joyful occasions1 such as weddings1 etc4 ,the distracted widow did not hesitate4 ,there was the coffin of her lamented husband before her1 and he had not yet been dead three days3 ,she grasped the chopper savagely1 her brows she firmly knit1 ,and battered at the coffin until the lid was split4 ,but1 oh6 what mortal pen could paint her horror and her dread8 ,a voice within exclaimed1 ',hollo6' and ,chuang popped up his head6 ',hollo6' again repeated he1 as he sat bolt-upright3 ',what made you smash my coffin in8--,i see1 besides1 you're tight6 ,you've dressed yourself in red1 too6 ,what means this mummery8 ,let me have the full particulars1 and don't try on flummery4' ,she had all her wits about her1 though she quaked a bit with fear4 ,said she 7the artful wretch671 ',it seems miraculous1 my dear6 ,some unseen power impelled me to break the coffin-lid1 ,to see if you were still alive--which1 of course1 you know ,i did6 ',i felt sure you must be living2 so1 to welcome you once more1 ,my mourning robes ,i tore off1 and my wedding garments wore2 ,but1 were you dead1 to guard against all noxious fumes1 ,i quaffed1 ,as a measure of precaution1 a disinfecting draught6' ,said ,chuang1 ',your tale is plausible1 but ,i think you'd better stop2 ,don't fatigue yourself by telling lies2 just let the matter drop4 ,to test your faithfulness to me1 ,i've been merely shamming dead1 ,i'm the youth you just now married--my widow ,i've just wed6' ,appended to these two poems1 there is the regulation moral1 in which married ladies are warned not to be too sure of their constancy1 nor judge severely the poor widows who make haste to console themselves4 ,do your best1 but avoid supercilious pride1 ,for you never can tell what you'll do till you're tried4 ,we can not say much for the translation of these comic works4 ,mr4 ,stent is a high authority in the ,chinese language and literature1 but is not at home in ,english prosody4 ,it is plain1 however1 from his translations1 rough as they may be1 that there is a comic vein in the ,chinese character which finds expression in ,chinese literature4 ,illustration3 ,a ,deaf ,mandarin4 7,from a ,figure in the ,british ,museum47#cb ,footnote #cb3 ,malcolm's ,caricaturing1 plate iv41 fig4 #i4 ,caricature1 as we might suppose1 is a universal practice among them2 but1 owing to their crude and primitive taste in such things1 their efforts are seldom interesting to any but themselves4 ,in ,chinese collections1 we see numberless grotesque exaggerations of the human form and face1 some of which are not devoid of humor and artistic merit2 but the specimens given on this and the next page suffice for the present purpose4 ,the ,chinese1 it appears1 are fond of exhibiting their ,english visitors in a ridiculous light4 ,the caricature of an ,english foraging party1 given in the first part of this chapter1 was brought home thirty years ago by a printer attached to an ,american mission in ,china4 ,recently a new illustration of this propensity has gone abroad4 ,in #ahgd an account appeared in the ,english papers of the audience granted to the foreign ministers by the ,emperor of ,china1 in which ,mr4 ,wade1 the ,english embassador1 was represented as having been overwhelmed with awe and alarm in the presence of the august potentate1 the ,son of ,heaven4 ,the origin of the paragraph was explained by the ,athenoeum3 ,the account was absurd in the extreme1 and was universally recognized as a squib1 except by a writer in the columns of a weekly contemporary1 who gravely undertook the task of showing1 by reference to the whole of his previous career1 how very unlikely it was that ,mr4 ,wade should give way to the weakness imputed to him4 ,it now turns out that the imaginary narrative first appeared in the columns of ,puck1 a comic paper 7in ,english71 published at ,shanghai2 that it was translated into ,chinese by some native wag1 who palmed it off on his countrymen as a truthful account of the behavior of the ,english barbarian on this occasion2 and that some inquiring foreigner1 ignorant of the source from whence it came1 retranslated it into ,english1 and held it up as another instance of the way in which the ,chinese pamphleteers were attempting to undermine our influence in ,china by covering our minister with contempt6 ,illustration3 ,after ,dinner4 ,a ,chinese ,caricature4 7,from a ,figure in the ,british ,museum47#cc ,footnote #cc3 ,malcolm's ,caricaturing1 plate iv41 fig4 #c4 ,the burlesque which thus imposed upon a ,london editor was a creditable specimen of ,puck's comic talent3 ,his majesty having ascended the throne1 the envoys were led to the space at its foot1 when they performed the ceremony of inclining the body4 ,they did not kneel4 ,by the side of the steps there was placed a yellow table1 and the envoys stood in rank to read out their credentials1 the ,british having the leading place4 ,when he had read a few sentences1 he began to tremble from head to foot1 and was incapable of completing the perusal4 ,the emperor asked1 ',is the prince of your country well8' ,but he could utter no reply4 ,the emperor again asked1 ',you have besought permission to see me time and time again4 ,what is it you have to say8' ,but again he was unable to make an answer4 ,the next proceeding was to hand in the credentials2 but1 in doing this1 he fell down on the ground time after time1 and not a syllable could he articulate4 ,upon this ,prince ,kung laughed loud at him before the entire court1 exclaimed ',chicken-feather6' and gave orders to have him assisted down the steps4 ,he was unable to move of his own accord1 and sat down on the floor1 perspiring and panting for breath4 ,the whole twelve shook their heads and whispered together no one knows what4 ,when the time came for the assembly at the banquet1 they still remained incapable1 and dispersed in hurried confusion4 ,prince ,kung said to them1 ',you would not believe that it is no light matter to come face to face with his majesty2 but what have you got to say about it to-day8' ,,chapter ,,xvii4 ,,comic ,,art ,,in ,,japan4 ,the bright1 good-tempered people of ,japan are familiar with humor in many forms1 and know how to sport with pencil as well as with pen4 ,their very sermons are not devoid of the jocular4 ,when a preacher has pointed his moral by a comical tale1 he will turn to the audience in the most familiar1 confidential manner1 and say1 ,now1 isn't that a funny story8 or1 ,wasn't that delightful8 ,sometimes he will half apologize for the introduction of mirth-moving anecdotes3 ,now1 my sermons are not written for the learned4 ,i address myself to farmers and tradesmen1 who1 hard pressed by their daily business1 have no time for study4444 ,now1 positively you must not laugh if ,i introduce a light story now and then4 ,levity is not my object2 ,i only want to put things in a plain and easy manner4#cd ,nothing yet brought from that country is more interesting to us than the specimens given in ,mr4 ,mitford's book of the short1 homely1 humorous1 sound ,japanese sermons4 ,the existence of this work is another proof of the wisdom of giving consular and diplomatic appointments to men who know how to use their eyes1 their hands1 and their minds4 ,the sumptuous work upon ,japan by ,m4 ,aime ,humbert could scarcely have been produced if the author had not been at the head of a powerful embassy4 ,footnote #cd3 ,tales of ,old ,japan1 vol4 ii41 p4 #ach1 by ,a4 ,w4 ,mitford1 ,secretary of the ,british ,legation in ,japan1 ,london1 #ahgd4 ,the ,japanese are a gentler and kindlier people than the ,chinese2 women occupy a better position among them2 and hence the allusions to the sex in their literature are less contemptuous and satirical4 ,the preacher whose sermons ,mr4 ,mitford selects for translation is what we should term an eclectic--one who owns fealty to none of the great religions of the ,east1 but gleans lessons of truth and wisdom from them all4 ,imagine him clad in gorgeous robes of red and white1 attended by an acolyte1 entering a chapel--a spacious1 pleasant apartment which opens into a garden--bowing to the sacred picture over the altar1 and taking a seat at a table4 ,some prayers are intoned1 incense is burned1 offerings are received1 a passage from a sacred book is read1 a cup of tea is quaffed1 and then the preacher rises and begins his chatty1 humorous1 anecdotical discourse4 ,whenever he makes a point1 the audience utters a responsive ,nimmiyo1 varying the sound so as to accord with the sentiment expressed by the speaker4 ,indeed1 it would be difficult to name one rite1 or observance1 or custom1 or eccentricity of religion practiced among us here in the ,united ,states1 the counterpart of which has not been familiar to the ,japanese from time immemorial4 ,they have sacred books1 a peculiar cross1 liturgies1 temples1 acolytes1 nunneries1 monasteries1 holy water1 incense1 prayers1 sermons1 collections1 the poor-box1 responses1 priestly robes1 the bell1 a series of ceremonies strongly resembling the mass1 followed by a sermon1 sacred pictures1 anointing1 shaven crowns1 sects1 orders1 and systems of theology4 ,their sermons abound in parables and similes4 ,the preacher just mentioned illustrates his points with amusing ingenuity4 ,for example1 in a sermon on the folly of putting excessive trust in wealth1 strength1 or any other advantage merely external or transitory1 he relates a parable of a shell-fish--the sazaye--noted for the extreme hardness of its shell4 ,one day1 just after a large sazaye had been vaunting his perfect security against the dangers to which other fish were exposed1 there came a great splash in the water4 ,mr4 ,sazaye1 continued the preacher1 shut his lid as quickly as possible1 kept quite still1 and thought to himself what in the world the noise could be4 ,could it be a net8 ,could it be a fish-hook8 ,were the tai and the other fish caught8 he wondered2 and he felt quite anxious about them4 ,however1 at any rate1 he was safe4 ,and so the time passed2 and when he thought all was over1 he stealthily opened his shell1 and slipped out his head and looked all round him1 and there seemed to be something wrong--something with which he was not familiar4 ,as he looked a little more carefully1 lo and behold6 there he was in a fish-monger's shop1 and with a card1 marked ',sixteen ,cash1' on his back4 ,isn't that a funny story8 cries the jovial preacher1 smiling complacently upon the congregation4 ,poor shell-fish6 ,i think there are people not unlike him to be found in ,china and ,india4 ,this is a favorite joke with the preacher4 ,he frequently closes a satirical passage by a similar remark4 ,i don't mean to say that there are any such persons here4 ,oh no4 ,still1 there are plenty of them to be found--say1 for instance1 in the back streets of ,india4 ,the tone of this merry instructor in righteousness when he is speaking of women is that of a tender father toward children4 ,he assumes that women and children can not understand any thing profound and philosophical4 ,righteousness he defines as the fitting1 the ought-to-be2 and he considers it fitting that women should be the assiduous1 respectful1 and ever-obedient servants of men4 ,a parable illustrates his meaning4 ,a great preacher of old was once the guest of a rich man of low rank1 who was particularly fond of sermons1 and had a lovely daughter of fifteen1 who waited upon the preacher at dinner1 and entertained him afterward upon the harp4 ,really1 said the learned preacher1 it must be a very difficult thing to educate a young lady up to such a pitch as this4 ,the flattered parents1 could not refrain from boasting of their daughter's accomplishments--her drawing1 painting1 singing1 and flower-plaiting4 ,the wily preacher1 ,socrates-like1 rejoined3 ,this is something quite out of the common run4 ,of course she knows how to rub the shoulders and loins1 and has learned the art of shampooing8 ,this remark offends the fond father4 ,i have not fallen so low as to let my daughter learn shampooing6 ,the preacher blandly advises him not to put himself in a passion1 and proceeds to descant upon the ,whole ,duty of ,woman1 as understood in ,japan4 ,she must look upon her husband's parents as her own4 ,if her honored father-in-law or mother-in-law fall ill1 her being able to plait flowers and paint pictures and make tea will be of no use in the sick-room4 ,to shampoo her parents-in-law1 and nurse them affectionately1 without employing a shampooer or servant-maid1 is the right path of a daughter-in-law4 ,upon hearing these words1 the father sees his error1 and blushes with shame2 whereupon the preacher admits that music and painting are not bad in themselves1 only they must not be pursued to the exclusion of things more important1 of which shampooing is one4 ,he draws a sad picture of a wife who has learned nothing but the graceful arts4 ,before the bottom of the family kettle is scorched black the husband will be sick of his bargain--a wife all untidy about the head1 her apron fastened round her as a girdle1 a baby twisted somehow into the bosom of her dress1 and nothing in the house to eat but some wretched bean-soup1 and that bought at a store4 ,what a ten-million-times miserable thing it is when parents1 making their little girls hug a great guitar1 listen with pleasure to the poor little things playing on instruments big enough for them to climb upon1 and squeaking out songs in their shrill treble voices6 ,such girls1 if not closely watched1 will be prematurely falling in love and running away to be married4 ,these sermons are so curiously different from any thing which we are accustomed to think of as sermons that ,i am tempted to extract the conclusion of one of them4 ,the text is a passage from ,moshi1 which touches upon the folly of men in being more ashamed of a bodily defect than of a moral fault4 ,mark how the merry ,japanese preacher improves the subject3 ,what mistaken and bewildered creatures men are6 ,what says the old song8 ',hidden far among the mountains1 the tree which seems to be rotten1 if its core be yet alive1 may be made to bear flowers4' ,what signifies it if the hand or the foot be deformed8 ,the heart is the important thing4 ,if the heart be awry1 what though your skin be fair1 your nose aquiline1 your hair beautiful8 ,all these strike the eye alone1 and are utterly useless4 ,it is as if you were to put horse-dung into a gold-lacquer luncheon-box4 ,this is what is called a fair outside1 deceptive appearance4 ,there's the scullery-maid been washing out the pots at the kitchen-sink1 and the scullion1 ,chokichi1 comes up and says to her1 ',you've got a lot of charcoal smut sticking to your nose1' and points out to her the ugly spot4 ,the scullery-maid is delighted to be told of this1 and answers1 ',really6 whereabouts is it8 ,then she twists a towel round her finger1 and1 bending her head till mouth1 and forehead are almost on a level1 she squints at her nose1 and twiddles away with her fingers as if she were the famous ,goto at work carving the ornaments of a sword-handle4 ',i say1 ,master ,chokichi1 is it off yet8' ',not a bit of it4 ,you've smeared it all over your cheeks now4' ',oh dear6 oh dear6 where can it be8' ,and so she uses the water-basin as a looking-glass1 and washes her face clean2 then she says to herself1 ',what a dear boy ,chokichi is6' and thinks it necessary1 out of gratitude1 to give him relishes with his supper by the ladleful1 and thanks him over and over again4 ,but if this same ,chokichi were to come up to her and say1 ',now1 really1 how lazy you are6 ,i wish you could manage to be rather less of a shrew1' what do you think the scullery-maid would answer then8 ,reflect for a moment4 ',drat the boy's impudence6 ,if ,i were of a bad heart or an angular disposition1 should ,i be here helping him8 ,you go and be hanged6 ,you see if ,i take the trouble to wash your dirty bedclothes for you any more4' ,and she gets to be a perfect devil1 less only the horns4 ,there are other people besides the poor scullery-maid who are in the same way4 ',excuse me1 ,mr4 ,gundabei1 but the embroidered crest on your dress of ceremony seems to be a little on one side4' ,mr4 ,gundabei proceeds to adjust his dress with great precision4 ',thank you1 sir4 ,i am ten million times obliged to you for your care4 ,if ever there should be any matter in which ,i can be of service to you1 ,i beg that you will do me the favor of letting me know2' and1 with a beaming face1 he expresses his gratitude4 ,now for the other side of the picture3 ',really1 ,mr4 ,gundabei1 you are very foolish2 you don't seem to understand at all4 ,i beg you to be of a frank and honest heart3 it really makes me quite sad to see a man's heart warped in this way4' ,what is his answer8 ,he turns his sword in his girdle ready to draw1 and plays the devil's tattoo upon the hilt4 ,it looks as if it must end in a fight soon4 ,in fact1 if you help a man in any thing which has to do with a fault of the body1 he takes it very kindly1 and sets about mending matters4 ,if any one helps another to rectify a fault of the heart1 he has to deal with a man in the dark1 who flies in a rage1 and does not care to amend4 ,how out of tune all this is6 ,and yet there are men who are bewildered up to this point4 ,nor is this a special and extraordinary failing4 ,this mistaken perception of the great and the small1 of color and of substance1 is common to us all--to you and to me4 ,please give me your attention4 ,the form strikes the eye2 but the heart strikes not the eye4 ,therefore1 that the heart should be distorted and turned awry causes no pain4 ,this all results from the want of sound judgment2 and that is why we can not afford to be careless4 ,the master of a certain house calls his servant ,chokichi1 who sits dozing in the kitchen4 ',here1 ,chokichi6 ,the guests are all gone4 ,come and clear away the wine and fish in the back room4' ,chokichi rubs his eyes1 and1 with a sulky answer1 goes into the back room1 and1 looking about him1 sees all the nice things paraded on the trays and in the bowls4 ,it's wonderful how his drowsiness passes away3 no need for any one to hurry him now4 ,his eyes glare with greed1 as he says1 ',halloo6 here's a lot of tempting things6 ,there's only just one help of that omelet left in the tray4 ,what a hungry lot of guests6 ,what's this8 ,it looks like fish rissoles2' and with this he picks out one1 and crams his mouth full1 when1 on one side1 a mess of young cuttle-fish1 in a ,chinese porcelain bowl1 catches his eyes4 ,there the little beauties sit in a circle1 like ,buddhist priests in religious meditation6 ',oh1 goodness6 how nice6' and just as he is dipping his finger and thumb in1 he hears his master's footstep1 and1 knowing that he is doing wrong1 he crams his prize into the pocket of his sleeve1 and stoops down to take away the wine-kettle and cups2 and as he does this1 out tumbles the cuttle-fish from his sleeve4 ,the master sees it4 ',what's that8' ,chokichi1 pretending not to know what has happened1 beats the mats1 and keeps on saying1 ',come again the day before yesterday2 come again the day before yesterday4' ,an incantation used to invite spiders1 which are considered unlucky by the superstitious1 to come again at the ,greek ,kalends4 ,but it's no use his trying to persuade his master that the little cuttle-fish are spiders1 for they are not the least like them4 ,it's no use hiding things--they are sure to come to light2 and so it is with the heart--its purposes will out4 ,if the heart is enraged1 the dark veins stand out on the forehead2 if the heart is grieved1 tears rise to the eyes2 if the heart is joyous1 dimples appear in the cheeks2 if the heart is merry1 the face smiles4 ,thus it is that the face reflects the emotions of the heart4 ,it is not because the eyes are filled with tears that the heart is sad1 nor that the veins stand out on the forehead that the heart is enraged4 ,it is the heart which leads the way in every thing4 ,all the important sensations of the heart are apparent in the outward appearance4 ,in the ',great ,learning' of ,koshi it is written1 ',the truth of what is within appears upon the surface4' ,how1 then1 is the heart a thing which can be hidden8 ,to answer when reproved1 to hum tunes when scolded1 show a diseased heart2 and if this disease be not quickly taken in hand1 it will become chronic1 and the remedy become difficult4 ,perhaps the disease may be so virulent that even ,giba and ,henjaku two famous ,indian physicians in consultation could not effect a cure4 ,so1 before the disease has gained strength1 ,i invite you to the study of the moral essays entitled ',shingaku' the ,learning of the ,heart4 ,if you once arrive at the possession of your heart as it was originally by nature1 what an admirable thing that will be6 ,in that case your conscience will point out to you even the slightest wrong bias or selfishness4 ,while upon this subject1 ,i may tell you a story which was related to me by a friend of mine4 ,it is a story which the master of a certain money-changer's shop used to be very fond of telling4 ,an important part of a money-changer's business is to distinguish between good and bad gold and silver4 ,in the different establishments1 the ways of teaching the apprentices this art vary2 however1 the plan adopted by the money-changer was as follows3 at first he would show them no bad silver1 but would daily put before them good money only2 when they had become thoroughly familiar with the sight of good money1 if he stealthily put a little base coin among the good1 he found that they would detect it immediately4 ,they saw it as plainly as you see things when you throw light on a mirror4 ,this faculty of detecting base money at a glance was the result of having learned thoroughly to understand good money4 ,having been taught once in this way1 the apprentices would not make a mistake about a piece of base coin during their whole lives1 as ,i have heard4 ,i can't vouch for the truth of this2 but it is very certain that the principle1 applied to moral instruction1 is an excellent one--it is a most safe mode of study4 ,however1 ,i was further told that if1 after having thus learned to distinguish good money1 a man followed some other trade for six months or a year1 and gave up handling money1 he would become just like any other inexperienced person1 unable to distinguish the good from the base4 ,please reflect upon this attentively4 ,if you once render yourself familiar with the nature of the uncorrupted heart1 from that time forth you will be immediately conscious of the slightest inclination toward bias or selfishness4 ,and why8 ,because the natural heart is illumined4 ,when a man has once learned that which is perfect1 he will never consent to accept that which is imperfect2 but if1 after having acquired this knowledge1 he again keeps his natural heart at a distance1 and gradually forgets to recognize that which is perfect1 he finds himself in the dark again1 and that he can no longer distinguish base money from good4 ,i beg you to take care4 ,if a man falls into bad habits1 he is no longer able to perceive the difference between the good impulses of his natural heart and the evil impulses of his corrupt heart4 ,with this benighted heart as a starting-point1 he can carry out none of his intentions1 and he has to lift his shoulders1 sighing and sighing again4 ,a creature much to be pitied indeed6 ,then he loses all self-reliance1 so that1 although it would be better for him to hold his tongue and say nothing about it1 if he is in the slightest trouble or distress he goes and confesses the crookedness of his heart to every man he meets4 ,what a wretched state for a man to be in6 ,for this reason1 ,i beg you to learn thoroughly the true silver of the heart1 in order that you may make no mistake about the base coin4 ,i pray that you and ,i1 during our whole lives1 may never leave the path of true principles4 ,i have an amusing story to tell you in connection with this1 if you will be so good as to listen4 ,once upon a time1 when the autumn nights were beginning to grow chilly1 five or six tradesmen in easy circumstances had assembled together to have a chat2 and1 having got ready their picnic-box and wine-flask1 went off to a temple on the hills1 where a friendly priest lived1 that they might listen to the stags roaring4 ,with this intention they went to call upon the priest1 and borrowed the guests' apartments all the temples in ,china and ,japan have guests' apartments1 which may be secured for a trifle1 either for a long or short period4 ,it is false to suppose that there is any desecration of a sacred shrine in the act of using it as a hostelry3 it is the custom of the country of the monastery2 and as they were waiting to hear the deer roar1 some of the party began to compose poetry4 ,one would write a verse of ,chinese poetry1 and another would write a verse of seventeen syllables2 and as they were passing the wine-cup the hour of sunset came1 but not a deer had uttered a call2 eight o'clock came1 and ten o'clock came2 still not a sound from the deer4 ',what can this mean8' said one4 ',the deer surely ought to be roaring4' ,but1 in spite of their waiting1 the deer would not roar4 ,at last the friends got sleepy1 and1 bored with writing songs and verses1 began to yawn1 and gave up twaddling about the woes and troubles of life2 and as they were all silent1 one of them1 a man fifty years of age1 stopping the circulation of the wine-cup1 said3 ',well1 certainly1 gentlemen1 thanks to you1 we have spent the evening in very pleasant conversation4 ,however1 although ,i am enjoying myself mightily in this way1 my people at home must be getting anxious1 and so ,i begin to think that we ought to leave off drinking4' ',why so8' said the others4 ',well1 ,i'll tell you4 ,you know that my only son is twenty-two years of age this year2 and a troublesome fellow he is1 too4 ,when ,i'm at home1 he lends a hand sulkily enough in the shop2 but as soon as he no longer sees the shadow of me1 he hoists sail1 and is off to some bad haunt4 ,although our relations and connections are always preaching to him1 not a word has any more effect than wind blowing into a horse's ear4 ,when ,i think that ,i shall have to leave my property to such a fellow as that1 it makes my heart grow small indeed4 ,although1 thanks to those to whom ,i have succeeded1 ,i want for nothing2 still1 when ,i think of my son1 ,i shed tears of blood night and day4' ,and as he said this with a sigh1 a man of some forty-five or forty-six years said3 ',no1 no4 ,although you make so much of your misfortunes1 your son is but a little extravagant1 after all4 ,there's no such great cause for grief there4 ,i've got a very different story to tell4 ,of late years my shop-men1 for one reason or another1 have been running me into debt1 thinking nothing of a debt of fifty or seventy ounces2 and so the ledgers get all wrong4 ,just think of that6 ,here have ,i been keeping these fellows ever since they were little children unable to blow their own noses1 and now1 as soon as they come to be a little useful in the shop1 they begin running up debts1 and are no good whatever to their master4 ,you see1 you only have to spend your money upon your own son4' ,then another gentleman said3 ',well1 ,i think that to spend money upon your shop-people is no such great hardship1 after all4 ,now1 ,i've been in something like trouble lately4 ,i can't get a penny out of my customers4 ,one man owes me fifteen ounces2 another owes me twenty-five ounces4 ,really that is enough to make a man feel as if his heart were worn away4' ,when he had finished speaking1 an old gentleman1 who was sitting opposite1 playing with his fan1 said3 ',certainly1 gentlemen1 your grievances are not without cause2 still1 to be perpetually asked for a little money1 or to back a bill1 by one's relations or friends1 and to have a lot of hangers-on dependent on one1 as ,i have1 is a worse case still4' ,but before the old gentleman had half finished speaking1 his neighbor called out3 ',no1 no2 all you gentlemen are in luxury compared to me4 ,please listen to what ,i have to suffer4 ,my wife and my mother can't hit it off anyhow4 ,all day long they're like a couple of cows butting at one another with their horns4 ,the house is as unendurable as if it were full of smoke4 ,i often think it would be better to send my wife back to her village2 but1 then1 ,i've got two little children4 ,if ,i interfere and take my wife's part1 my mother gets low-spirited4 ,if ,i scold my wife1 she says that ,i treat her so brutally because she's not of the same flesh and blood2 and then she hates me4 ,the trouble and anxiety are beyond description3 ,i'm like a post stuck up between them4' ,and so they all twaddled away in chorus1 each about his own troubles4 ,at last one of the gentlemen1 recollecting himself1 said3 ',well1 gentlemen1 certainly the deer ought to be roaring2 but we've been so engrossed with our conversation that we don't know whether we have missed hearing them or not4' ,with this he pulled aside the sliding-door of the veranda and looked out1 and1 lo and behold6 a great big stag was standing perfectly silent in front of the garden4 ',halloo6' said the man to the deer1 'what's this8 ,since you've been there all the time1 why did you not roar8' ,then the stag answered1 with an innocent face1 ',oh1 ,i came here to listen to the lamentations of you gentlemen4' ,isn't that a funny story8 ,old and young1 men and women1 rich and poor1 never cease grumbling from morning till night4 ,all this is the result of a diseased heart4 ,in short1 for the sake of a very trifling inclination or selfish pursuit1 they will do any wrong in order to effect that which is impossible4 ,this is want of judgment1 and this brings all sorts of trouble upon the world4 ,if once you gain possession of a perfect heart1 knowing that which is impossible to be impossible1 and recognizing that that which is difficult is difficult1 you will not attempt to spare yourself trouble unduly4 ,what says the ',chin-,yo8' ,the wise man1 whether his lot be cast among rich or poor1 among barbarians or in sorrow1 understands his position by his own instinct4 ,if men do not understand this1 they think that the causes of pain and pleasure are in the body4 ,putting the heart on one side1 they earnestly strive after the comforts of the body1 and launch into extravagance1 the end of which is miserly parsimony4 ,instead of pleasure1 they meet with grief of the heart1 and pass their lives in weeping and wailing4 ,in one way or another1 everything in this world depends upon the heart4 ,i implore every one of you to take heed that tears fall not to your lot4 ,illustration3 ,the ,rat ,rice ,merchants4 7,a ,japanese ,caricature1 from ,japan and the ,japanese1 by ,aime ,humbert47 ,a people capable of producing and enjoying sermons like these1 so free from the solemn and the sanctimonious1 would be likely to wield the humorous pencil also4 ,turning to the illustrated work of ,m4 ,aime ,humbert1 we find that the foibles of human nature are satirized by the ,japanese draughtsmen in caricatures1 of which ,m4 ,humbert gives several specimens4 ,these1 however1 are not executed with the clearness and precision which alone could render them effective in our eyes2 and a very large proportion of them employ that most ancient and well-worn device of investing animals with the faculties of human beings4 ,the best is one representing rats performing all the labors of a rice warehouse4 ,rats1 as ,m4 ,humbert remarks1 are in ,japan the most dreaded and determined thieves of the precious rice4 ,the picture contains every feature of the scene--the cashier making his calculations with his bead calculator2 the salesman turning over his books in order to show his customers how impossible it is for him to abate a single cash in the price2 the shop-men carrying the bales2 coolies bearing the straw bags of money at the end of bamboos2 porters tugging away at a sack just added to the stock2 and a new customer saluting the merchant4 ,the ,japanese do not confine themselves to this kind of burlesque4 ,they take pleasure in representing a physician examining with exaggerated gravity a patient's tongue1 or peering into ailing eyes through enormous spectacles1 while he lifts with extreme caution the corner of the eyelid4 ,a quack shampooing a victim is another of their subjects4 ,one picture represents a band of blind shampooers on their travels1 who1 in the midst of a ford1 are disputing what direction they shall take when they reach the opposite bank4 ,begging friars1 mishaps of fishermen1 blind men leading the blind1 jealous women1 household dissensions1 women excessively dressed1 furnish opportunities for the satirical pencil of the ,japanese artists1 who also publish series of comic pictures1 as we do1 upon such subjects as ,little ,troubles in the ,great ,world1 ,the ,fat ,man's ,household1 ,the ,thin ,man's ,household4 ,if these efforts of the ,japanese caricaturists do not often possess much power to amuse the outside world1 they have one qualification that entitles them to respect--most of them are good-tempered4 ,,chapter ,,xviii4 ,,french ,,caricature4 ,it is inevitable that bad rulers should dread the satiric pencil4 ,caricature1 powerless against an administration that is honest and competent1 powerless against a public man who does his duty in his place1 is nevertheless a most effective device against arrogance1 double-dealing1 corruption1 cowardice1 and iniquity4 ,england1 as the ,french themselves admit1 is the native home of political caricature2 but not an instance can be named in all its history of caricature injuring a good man or defeating a good measure4 ,a free pencil1 too1 becomes ever a gayer and a kinder pencil4 ,the measure of freedom which ,france has occasionally enjoyed during the last ninety years has never lasted long enough to wear off the keen point of the satirist's ridicule2 and collectors can tell1 by the number and severity of the pictures in a port-folio1 just how much freedom ,frenchmen possessed when they were produced4 ,it is curious1 also1 to note that caricatures on the wrong side of great public questions are never excellent4 ,it is doubtful if a bad man with the wealth of an empire at his command could procure the execution of one first-rate caricature hostile to the public good4 ,a despot can never fight this fire with fire1 and has no resource but to stamp it out4 ,vainly1 therefore1 will the most vigilant collector search for ,french caricatures of ,napoleon ,bonaparte published during his reign4 ,his government was a despotism not tempered by epigrams1 and it was controlled by a despot who1 though not devoid of a sense of humor1 had all a ,corsican's mortal hatred of ridicule4 ,no man in ,france was less ,french than ,napoleon1 either in lineage or in character4 ,his moral position in ,paris was not unlike that which ,othello might have held in ,venice1 if ,othello had been base enough to betray and expel the senate which he had sworn to serve4 ,we can imagine how the shy1 proud ,moor would have writhed under the pasquinades of the graceful1 dissolute ,venetian wits whom he despised4 ,so ,napoleon1 who never ceased to have much in him of the semi-barbarian chief 7and always looked like one when he was dressed in imperial robes71 shrunk with morbid apprehension from the tongue of ,madame ,de ,stael1 and wrote autograph notes to ,fouche calling his attention to the placards and verses of the street-corners4 ,there is something more than ludicrous in the spectacle of this rude soldier1 with a million armed men under his command1 and half ,europe at his feet1 sitting down in rage and affright to order ,fouche to send a little woman over the frontiers lest she should say something about him for the drawing-rooms of ,paris to laugh at4 ,illustration3 ,talleyrand--the ,man with ,six ,heads4 7,paris1 #ahag47 ,in place of caricature1 therefore1 we have only allegorical glory in the fugitive pictures of his reign1 few of which are worthy of remembrance4 ,english ,gillray1 on the other side of the ,channel1 made most ample amends4 ,modern caricature has not often equaled some of the best of ,gillray's upon ,napoleon4 ,in #ahjf1 when the conqueror had finally lost his head1 dazzled and bewildered by his own victories1 and was setting up new kingdoms with a facility which began to be amusing1 ,gillray produced his masterpiece of the ,great ,french ,gingerbread ,baker drawing out a ,new ,batch of ,kings4 ,it is full of happy detail4 ,besides the central figure of ,bonaparte himself drawing from the ,new ,french ,oven a fresh batch of monarchs1 we see ,bishop ,talleyrand kneading in the ,political ,kneading-trough1 into which ,poland1 ,hanover1 and ,prussia have just been thrown4 ,there is also the ,ash-hole for ,broken ,gingerbread1 into which ,spain1 ,italy1 ,switzerland1 and broad-backed ,holland have been swept4 ,on a chest of drawers stand a number of ,dough ,viceroys intended for the ,next ,batch1 and the drawers are labeled ,kings and ,queens1 ,crowns and ,sceptres1 ,suns and ,moons4 ,gillray burlesqued almost all the history of the gingerbread colossus from the ,egyptian expedition onward1 but he never surpassed the gayety and aptness of this picture1 which was all the more effective in ,english eyes because gilt gingerbread made into figures of kings1 queens1 crowns1 anchors1 and princes' feathers1 is a familiar object at ,english fairs4 ,napoleon himself may have laughed at it4 ,we know that at ,st4 ,helena he applauded ,english caricatures of a similar character1 notably one which represented ,george ,,iii4 as a corpulent old man standing on the ,english coast1 hurling in fury a huge beet at the head of ,napoleon on the other side of the ,channel1 and saying to him1 ,go and make yourself some sugar6#ce ,we know also that while he relished the satirical pictures aimed at his enemies and rivals1 he was very far from enjoying those which reflected disagreeably upon himself4 ,if caricatures1 said he one day at ,st4 ,helena1 sometimes avenge misfortune1 they form a continual annoyance to power2 and how many have been made upon me6 ,i think ,i have had my share of them4 ,footnote #ce3 ,napoleon at ,st4 ,helena1 p4 #ij1 by ,john ,s4 ,c4 ,abbott1 ,new ,york1 ,harper ,brothers4 ,illustration3 ,a ,great ,man's ,last ,leap--,napoleon going on ,board the ,english ,frigate1 assisted by the ,faithful ,bertrand4 7,paris1 #ahae47 ,even he did not care for caricature when he was right4 ,if it can be said that ,napoleon ,bonaparte conferred upon ,france one lasting good1 it was beet-root sugar2 but the satire aimed at that useful article does not appear to have offended him4 ,in a newspaper of ,june1 #ahab1 we read3 ,a caricature has been executed at ,paris1 in which the emperor and the ,king of ,rome are the most prominent characters4 ,the emperor is represented as sitting at the table in the nursery with a cup of coffee before him1 into which he is squeezing beet-root4 ,near to him is seated the young ,king of ,rome1 voraciously sucking the beet-root4 ,the nurse1 who is steadfastly observing him1 is made to say1 ',suck1 dear1 suck2 your father says it is sugar4' ,he did not care1 probably1 for that4 ,it would have been far otherwise if a draughtsman had touched upon his mad invasion of ,russia4 ,it was not until his power was gone that ,french satirists tried their pencils upon him1 and then with no great success4 ,with the downfall of ,napoleon was involved the prostration of ,france4 ,humiliation followed humiliation4 ,the spirit of ,frenchmen was broken1 and their resources were exhausted4 ,in the presence of such events as the ,russian catastrophe1 the march of the allies upon ,paris1 ,napoleon's banishment to ,elba1 the ,hundred ,days1 ,waterloo1 the encampment of foreign armies in the public places of ,paris1 the flight of the emperor1 and his final exile1 the satirist was superseded1 and burlesque itself was outdone by reality4 ,when at last ,paris was restored to herself1 and peace again gave play to the human mind1 ,napoleon was covered with the majesty of what seemed a sublime misfortune4 ,that peerless histrionic genius took the precaution in critical moments to let the world know what character he was enacting1 and accordingly1 when he stepped on board the ,english man-of-war1 he announced himself to mankind as ,themistocles magnanimously seeking an asylum at the hands of the most powerful of his enemies4 ,the good ruler is he who leaves to his successor1 if not an easy task1 yet one not too difficult for respectable talents4 ,napoleon solved none of the menacing problems4 ,he threw no light upon the difficulties with which the modern world finds itself face to face4 ,every year that he reigned he only heaped up perplexity for his successors1 until the mountain mass transcended all human ability1 and entailed upon ,frenchmen that tumultuous apprenticeship in self-government which is yet far from ending4 ,illustration3 ,talleyrand4 ,the first effort of the caricaturists in ,paris after the ,restoration was simply to place the figure of a weather-cock after the names of public men who had shown particular alacrity in changing their politics with the changing dynasties4 ,this was soon improved upon by putting weather-cocks enough to denote the precise number of times a personage had veered4 ,thus ,talleyrand1 who from being a bishop and a nobleman had become a republican1 then a minister under ,napoleon1 and at last a supporter and servant of the ,restoration1 besides exhibiting various minor changes1 was complimented with as many weather-cocks as the fancy of each writer suggested4 ,six appears to have been the favorite number4 ,we find in a previous picture that he is represented as the man with six heads4 ,the public men signalized by this simple device were said to belong to the ,order of the ,weather-cock2 and it was the interest of the reactionists1 who urged on the trial and execution of ,ney and his comrades1 to cover them with odium4 ,to this day much of that odium clings to the name of ,talleyrand4 ,a man who keeps a cool head in the midst of madmen is indeed a most offensive person1 and ,talleyrand committed this enormity more than once in his life4 ,so far as we can yet discern1 the only treason he ever practiced toward the governments with which he was connected consisted in giving them better advice than they were capable of acting upon4 ,the few words which he uttered on leaving the council-chamber1 after vainly advising ,marie ,louise to remain in her husband's abode and maintain the moral dignity of his administration1 show how well he understood the collapse of the empire and its cause3 ,it is difficult to comprehend such weakness in such a man as the emperor4 ,what a fall is his6 ,to give his name to a series of adventures1 instead of bestowing it upon his century6 ,when ,i think of that1 ,i can not help groaning4 ,then he added the words which gave him his high place in the ,order of the ,weather-cock3 ,but now what part to take8 ,it does not suit every body to let himself be overwhelmed in the ruins of this edifice4 ,particularly it did not suit ,m4 de ,talleyrand1 and he was not overwhelmed1 accordingly4 ,considering the manner in which ,france was governed during his career1 he might well say1 ,i have not betrayed governments3 governments have betrayed me4 ,it is mentioned by ,m4 ,champfleury as a thing unprecedented that this weather-cock device did not wholly lose its power to amuse the ,parisians for two years4 ,the portly person and ancient court of the king1 ,louis ,,xviii41 called forth many caricatures at a later period4 ,this king was as good-natured1 as well-intentioned1 as honorable a ,bourbon as could have been found in either hemisphere4 ,it was not he who enriched all languages by the gift of his family name4 ,it was not his obstinate adherence to ancient folly which caused it to be said that the ,bourbons had forgotten nothing and learned nothing4 ,born as long before his accession as #agee1 he was an accomplished and popular prince of mature age during the ,american ,revolution and the intellectual ferment which followed it in ,france4 ,a respectable scholar 7for a prince71 well versed in literature 7for a prince71 a good judge of art 7for a prince71 of liberal politics 7for a prince71 and not so hopelessly ignorant of state affairs as kings and princes usually were1 he watched the progress of the ,revolution with some intelligence and1 at first1 with some sympathy4 ,both then and in #ahae he appears to have been intelligently willing to accept a constitution that should have left his family on the throne by right divine4 ,right divine was his religion1 to which he sacrificed much1 and1 unquestionably1 would have sacrificed his life4 ,when he was living in exile upon the bounty of the ,emperor of ,russia1 he said to his nephew1 on the wedding-day of that young ,bourbon3 ,if the crown of ,france were of roses1 ,i would give it to you4 ,it is of thorns2 ,i keep it4 ,and1 indeed1 a turn in politics expelled him soon after1 in the middle of winter1 from his abode1 and made him again a dependent wanderer4 ,in #ahjc1 too1 when there could be descried no ray of hope of the restoration of the old dynasty1 and ,napoleon1 apparently lord of the world1 offered him a principality in landed wealth if he would but formally renounce the throne1 he replied in a manner which a believer in divine right might think sublime3 ,i do not confound ,m4 ,bonaparte with those who have preceded him4 ,his valor1 his military talents1 ,i esteem2 and ,i am even grateful to him for several measures of his administration1 since good done to my people will ever be dear to my heart4 ,but if he thinks to engage me to compromise my rights1 he deceives himself4 ,on the contrary1 by the very offer he now makes me he would establish them if they could be thought of as doubtful4 ,i do not know what are the designs of ,god with regard to my house and myself1 but ,i know the obligations imposed upon me by the rank in which it was his pleasure to cause me to be born4 ,a ,christian1 ,i shall fulfill those obligations even to my latest breath2 a son of ,st4 ,louis1 ,i shall know1 taught by his example1 how even in chains to respect myself2 a successor of ,francis ,i41 ,i desire at least to be able to say1 like him1 ',all is lost but honor6' ,again1 in #ahad1 when the ,emperor ,alexander of ,russia urged him to concede so much to the popular feeling as to call himself ,king of the ,french1 and to omit from his style the words par la grace de ,dieu he answered3 ,divine right is at once a consequence of religious dogma and the law of the country4 ,by that law for eight centuries the monarchy has been hereditary in my family4 ,without divine right ,i am but an infirm old man1 long an exile from my country1 and reduced to beg an asylum4 ,but by that right1 the exile is ,king of ,france4 ,illustration3 ,de la ,villevielle1 ,cambaceres1 ,d',aigre ,feuille--,a ,promenade in the ,palais ,royal4 7,paris1 #ahah47 ,he wrote and said these neat things himself1 not by a secretary4 ,among his happy sayings two have remained in the memory of ,frenchmen3 ,punctuality is the politeness of kings1 and ,every ,french soldier carries a marshal's baton in his knapsack4 ,he was1 in short1 a genial1 witty1 polite old gentleman1 willing to govern ,france constitutionally1 disposed to forget and forgive1 and be the good king of the whole people4 ,but he was sixty years of age1 fond of his ease1 and extremely desirous1 as he often said1 of dying in his own bed4 ,he was surrounded by elderly persons who were bigoted to a ,past which could not be resuscitated2 and his brother1 heir presumptive to the throne1 was that fatal ,comte d',artois 7,charles ,x47 who aggravated the violence of the ,revolution of #aghi1 and precipitated that of #ahcj1 by his total incapacity to comprehend either4 ,gradually the gloomy party of reaction and revenge who surrounded the heir presumptive gained the ascendency1 and the good-natured old king could only restrain its extravagance enough to accomplish his desire of dying in his own house4 ,sincerely religious1 he was no bigot2 and it was not by his wish that the court assumed more and more the sombre aspect of a ,jesuit seminary4 ,it is doubtful if there would have been one exception to the amnesty of political offenses if ,louis ,,xviii4 had been as firm as he was kind4 ,the reader sees a proof of his good-nature in the picture on the preceding page of ,prince ,cambaceres1 who was ,second ,consul when ,napoleon was ,first ,consul1 and ,arch-chancellor under the ,empire1 peacefully walking in the streets of ,paris with two of his friends4 ,this caricature has a value in preserving an excellent portrait of a personage noted for twenty years in the history of ,france4 ,illustration3 ,family of the ,extinguishers--,caricature of the ,restoration4 7,paris1 #ahai47 ,to the ,order of the ,weather-cock succeeded1 in #ahai1 when priestly ascendency at court was but too manifest1 the ,family of the ,extinguishers4 ,in the picture given below1 the reader has the pleasure of viewing some of the family portraits1 and in another he sees members of the family at work1 rekindling the fire and extinguishing the lights4 ,the fire was to consume the charter of ,french liberty and the records of science2 the lights are the men to whom ,france felt herself indebted for liberty and knowledge--,buffon1 ,franklin1 ,d',alembert1 ,montesquieu1 ,voltaire1 ,montaigne1 ,fenelon1 ,condorcet1 and their friends4 ,above is the personified ,church1 with sword uplifted1 menacing mankind with new ,st4 ,bartholomews and ,sicilian ,vespers4 ,underneath this elaborate and ingenious work was the refrain of ,beranger's song of #ahai1 entitled ,les ,missionnaires1 which was almost enough of itself to expel the ,bourbons3 ,vite soufflons1 soufflons1 morbleu6 ,eteignons les lumieres ,et rallumons le feu4 ,the historian of that period will not omit to examine the songs which the incomparable ,beranger wrote during the reign of the two kings of the ,restoration4 ,le peuple1 c'est ma ,muse1 the poet wrote many years after1 when reviewing this period4 ,the people were his ,muse4 ,he studied the people1 he adds1 with religious care1 and always found their deepest convictions in harmony with his own4 ,he had been completely fascinated by the genius of ,napoleon1 never suspecting that it was ,napoleon's lamentable want of ability which had devolved upon the respectable ,louis ,,xviii4 an impossible task4 ,but he perceived that the task was impossible4 ,there were two impossibilities1 he thought1 in the way of a stable government4 ,it was impossible for the ,bourbons1 while they remained ,bourbons1 to govern ,france1 and it was impossible for ,france to make them any thing but ,bourbons4 ,hence1 in lending his exquisite gift to the popular cause1 he had no scruples and no reserves2 and he freely poured forth those wonderful songs which became immediately part and parcel of the familiar speech of his countrymen4 ,alas for a ,bourbon when there is a ,beranger loose in his capital6 ,charles ,x4 attempted the ,bourbon policy of repression1 and had the poet twice imprisoned4 ,but he could not imprison his songs1 nor prevent his writing new ones in prison1 which sung themselves over ,france in a week4 ,caricature1 too1 was severely repressed--the usual precursor of collapse in a ,french government4 ,illustration3 ,the ,jesuits at ,court4 7,paris1 #ahai47 ,quick6 ,blow6 blow6 ,let us put out the lights and rekindle the fires6 ,the end of the ,restoration1 in #ahcj1 occurred with a sudden and spontaneous facility1 which showed1 among other things1 how effectively ,beranger had sung from his garret and his prison4 ,the old king in #ahbd had his wish of dying in his own bed1 and is said to have told his successor1 with his dying breath1 that he owed this privilege to the policy of tacking ship rather than allowing a contrary wind to drive her upon the rocks4 ,he advised ,monsieur to pursue the same tacking policy4 ,but ,monsieur was ,comte d',artois1 that entire and perfect ,bourbon1 crusted by his sixty-seven years1 a willing victim in the hands of ,jesuit priests4 ,in six years the ship of state was evidently driving full upon the rocks2 but1 instead of tacking1 he put on all sail1 and let her drive4 ,at a moment when ,france was in the last extremity of alarm for the portion of liberty which her constitution secured her1 this unhappy king signed a decree which put the press under the control of the ,minister of ,police1 and the rest of the people of ,france under ,marshal ,marmont4 ,twenty-one days after1 ,august #afth1 #ahcj1 the king and his suite were received on board of two ,american vessels1 the ,charles ,carroll and the ,great ,britain1 by which they were conveyed from ,cherbourg to ,portsmouth4 ,this1 said the king to his first ,english visitors1 is the reward of my efforts to render ,france happy4 ,i wished to make one last attempt to restore order and tranquillity4 ,the factions have overturned me4 ,the old gentleman resumed his daily mass1 and found much consolation for the loss of a crown in the slaughter of beasts and birds4 ,louis ,philippe was ,king of the ,french1 by the grace of ,lafayette and the acquiescence of a majority of the ,french people4 ,caricature1 almost interdicted during the last years of the ,restoration1 pursued the fugitive king and his family with avenging ridicule4 ,gavarni1 then an unknown artist of twenty-six1 employed by ,emile de ,girardin to draw the fashion plates of his new periodical1 ,la ,mode1 gave ,paris1 in those wild ,july days of #ahcj1 the only political caricatures he ever published4 ,one represented the king as an old-clothes man1 bawling1 ,old coats6 old lace6 ,in another he appeared astride of a lance1 in full flight1 in a costume composed of a priest's black robe and the glittering uniform of a general2 white bands at his neck1 the broad red ribbon of the ,legion of ,honor across his breast1 one arm loaded with mitres1 relics1 and chaplets1 with the scissors of the censer on the thumb1 on the other side the end of a sabre1 and the meagre legs encompassed by a pair of huge jack-boots4 ,another picture1 called the ,lost ,balloon1 exhibited the king in the car of a balloon1 with the same preposterous boots hanging down1 along with the ,duc d',angouleme clinging to the sides1 and the duchess crushing the king by her weight4 ,the royal banner1 white1 and sown with fleurs-de-lis1 streamed out behind as the balloon disappeared in the clouds4 ,these were the only political caricatures ever published by the man whom ,frenchmen regard as the greatest of their recent satirical artists4 ,he cared nothing for politics1 and had the usual attachment of artists and poets to the ,established ,order4 ,having aimed these light shafts at the flying king in mere gayety of heart1 because every one else was doing the same1 he soon remembered that the king was an old man1 past seventy-three1 as old as his own father1 and flying in alarm from his home and country4 ,he was conscience-stricken4 ,reading aloud one day a poem in which allusion was made to a white-haired old man going into exile with slow1 reluctant steps1 his voice broke1 and he could scarcely utter the lines3 ,pas d'outrage au vieillard qui s'exile a pas lents4 ,c'est une piete d'epargner les ruines4 ,je n'enfoncerai pas la couronne d'epines ,que la main du malheur met sur ses cheveux blancs4 ,as he spoke these words the image of his old father rose vividly before his mind1 and he could read no more4 ,i felt1 said he1 as if ,i had been struck in the face2 and ever after he held political caricature in horror4 ,this feeling is one with which the reader will often find himself sympathizing while examining some of the heartless and thoughtless pictures which exasperated the elderly paterfamilias who was now called to preside over demoralized ,france4 ,louis ,philippe was another good-natured ,louis ,,xviii41 minus divine right1 plus a large family4 ,with all the domestic virtues1 somewhat too anxious to push his children on in the world1 a good citizen1 a good patriot1 an unostentatious gentleman1 he was totally destitute of those picturesque and captivating qualities which adventurers and banditti often possess1 but which wise and trustworthy men seldom do4 ,in looking back now upon that eighteen years' struggle between this respectable father of a family and anarchy1 it seems as if ,france should have rallied more loyally and more considerately round him1 and given him too the privilege1 so dear to elderly gentlemen1 of dying in his own bed4 ,one-tenth of his virtue and one-half his intellect had sufficed under the old regime4 ,but since that lamentable and fatal day when the priests wrought upon ,louis ,,xiv4 to decree the expulsion of the ,huguenots1 who were the elite of his kingdom1 ,france had been undergoing a course of political demoralization1 which had made a constitutional government of the country almost impossible4 ,recent events had exaggerated the criminal class4 ,twenty years of intoxicating victory had made all moderate success1 all gradual prosperity1 seem tame and flat2 and the reduction of the army had set afloat great numbers of people indisposed to peaceful industry4 ,under the ,restoration1 we may almost say1 political conspiracy had become a recognized profession4 ,the new king1 pledged to make the freedom of the press a reality1 soon found himself face to face with difficulties which ,bourbons had invariably met by mere repression4 ,republicans and ,legitimists were equally dissatisfied4 ,legitimists could only wait and plot2 but ,republicans could write1 speak1 and draw4 ,a considerable proportion of the young1 irresponsible1 and adventurous talent was republican1 and there was a great deal of ,bohemian character available for that side4 ,it was a time when a ,louis ,napoleon could belong to a democratic club4 ,caricature speedily marked the citizen king for her own4 ,napoleon had employed all his subtlest tact during the last ten years of his reign in keeping alive in ,french minds the base feudal feeling1 so congenial to human indolence and vanity1 that it is nobler to be a soldier than to rear a family and keep a shop4 ,in his bulletins we find this false sentiment adroitly insinuated in a hundred ways4 ,he loved to stigmatize the ,english as a nation of shop-keepers4 ,he displayed infinite art in exalting the qualities which render men willing to destroy one another without asking why1 and in casting contempt on the arts and virtues by which the waste of war is repaired4 ,the homely habits1 the plain dress1 the methodical ways1 of ,louis ,philippe were1 therefore1 easily made to seem ridiculous4 ,he was styled the first bourgeois of his kingdom--as he was--but the ,french people had been taught to regard the word as a term of contempt4 ,unfortunately he abandoned the policy of letting the caricaturists alone4 ,several ,french rulers have adopted the principle of not regarding satire1 but not one has had the courage to adhere to it long4 ,sooner or later all the world will come into the ,american system1 and all the world will at length discover the utter impotence of the keenest ridicule and the most persistent abuse against public men who do right and let their assailants alone4 ,the chief harm done by the abuse of public men in free countries is in making it too difficult to expose their real faults4 ,how would it be possible1 for example1 to make the people of the ,united ,states believe ill of a ,president in vilifying whom ingenious men and powerful journals had exhausted themselves daily for years8 ,nothing short of testimony1 abundant and indisputable1 such as would convince an honest jury1 could procure serious attention4 ,from ,president ,washington to ,president ,grant the history of ,american politics is one continuous proof of ,mr4 ,jefferson's remark1 that an administration which has nothing to conceal has nothing to fear from the press4 ,illustration3 ,charles ,philipon4 ,when ,louis ,philippe had been a year upon the throne appeared the first number of ,le ,charivari1 a daily paper of four small pages1 conducted by an unknown1 inferior artist--,charles ,philipon4 ,around him gathered a number of ,bohemian draughtsmen and writers1 not one of whom appears then to have shared in the social or political life of the country1 or to have had the faintest conception of the consideration due to a fellow-citizen in a place of such extreme difficulty as the head of a government4 ,they assailed the king1 his person1 his policy1 his family1 his habits1 his history1 with thoughtless and merciless ridicule4 ,a periodical which has undertaken to supply a cloyed1 fastidious public with three hundred and sixty-five ludicrous pictures per annum must often be in desperation for subjects1 and there was no resource to ,philipon so obvious or so sure as the helpless family imprisoned in the splendors and etiquette of royalty4 ,unfortunately for modern governments1 the people of ,europe were for so many centuries preyed upon and oppressed by kings that vast numbers of people1 even in free countries1 still regard the head of a government as a kind of natural enemy1 to assail whom is among the rights of a citizen4 ,and1 moreover1 the king1 the president1 the minister1 is unseen by those who hurl the barbed and poisoned javelin4 ,they do not see him shrink and writhe4 ,to many an anonymous coward it is a potent consideration1 also1 that the head of a constitutional government can not usually strike back4 ,mr4 ,thackeray1 who was but nineteen when ,louis ,philippe came to the throne1 witnessed much of the famous contest between this knot of caricaturists and the ,king of the ,french2 and in one of the first articles which he wrote for subsistence1 after his father's failure1 he gave the world some account of it4#cf ,at a later period of his life he would probably not have regarded the king as the stronger party4 ,he would probably not have described the contest as one between half a dozen poor artists on the one side1 and ,his ,majesty ,louis ,philippe1 his august family1 and the numberless placemen and supporters of the monarchy1 on the other4 ,half a dozen poor artists1 with an unscrupulous publisher at their head1 who gives them daily access to the eye and ear of a great capital1 can array against the object of their satire and abuse the entire unthinking crowd of that capital4 ,a firm1 enlightened1 and competent king would have united against these a majority of the responsible and the reflecting4 ,such a king would truly have been1 as ,mr4 ,thackeray observed1 an ,ajax girded at by a ,thersites4 ,but ,louis ,philippe was no ,ajax4 ,he was no hero at all4 ,he had no splendid and no commanding traits4 ,he was merely an overfond father and well-disposed citizen of average talents4 ,he was merely the kind of man which free communities can ordinarily get to serve them1 and who will serve them passably well if the task be not made needlessly difficult4 ,hence ,philipon and his half a dozen poor artists were very much the stronger party--a fact which the king1 in the sight and hearing of all ,france1 confessed and proclaimed by putting them in prison4 ,footnote #cf3 ,in the ,london and ,westminster ,review for ,april1 #ahci1 ,article ,,ii4 ,it was those prosecutions of ,philipon that were fatal to the king4 ,besides adding emphasis1 celebrity1 and weight to the sallies of ,le ,charivari1 they presaged the abandonment of the central principle of the movement that made him king--the freedom of utterance4 ,the scenes in court when ,philipon1 or his artist1 ,daumier1 was arraigned1 were most damaging to the king's dignity4 ,one1 incorrectly related by ,thackeray1 may well serve to warn future potentates that of all conceivable expedients for the caricaturist's frustration1 the one surest to fail is to summon him to a court of justice4 ,a favorite device of ,m4 ,philipon was to draw the king's face in the form of a huge pear1 which it did somewhat resemble4 ,amateur draughtsmen also chalked the royal pear upon the walls of ,paris2 and the exaggerated pears with the king's features roughly outlined which everywhere met the eye excited the mocking laughter of the idle ,parisian4 ,no jest could have been so harmless if it had been unnoticed by the person at whom it was aimed1 or noticed only with a smile4 ,but the ,government stooped to the imbecility of arraigning the author of the device4 ,the poire actually became an object of prosecution1 and the editor of ,le ,charivari was summoned before a jury on a charge of inciting to contempt against the person of the king by giving his face a ludicrous resemblance to one of the fruits of the earth4 ,philipon1 when he rose to defend himself1 exhibited to the jury a series of four sketches1 upon which he commented4 ,the first was a portrait of the king devoid of exaggeration or burlesque4 ,this sketch1 said the draughtsman1 resembles ,louis ,philippe4 ,do you condemn it8 ,he then held up the second picture1 which was also a very good portrait of the king2 but in this one the toupet and the side-whiskers began to flow together1 as ,m4 ,champfleury has it 7s'onduler71 and the whole to assume a distant resemblance to the outline of a pear4 ,if you condemn the first sketch1 said the imperturbable ,philipon1 you must condemn this one which resembles it4 ,he next showed a picture in which the pear was plainly manifest1 though it bore an unmistakable likeness to the king4 ,finally1 he held up to the court a figure of a large ,burgundy pear1 pure and simple1 saying1 ,if you are consistent1 gentlemen1 you can not acquit this sketch either1 for it certainly resembles the other three4 ,mr4 ,thackeray was mistaken in supposing that this impudent defense carried conviction to the minds of the jury4 ,philipon was condemned and fined4 ,he avenged himself by arranging the court and jury upon a page of ,le ,charivari in the form of a pear4#cg ,he and his artists played upon this theme hundreds of variations1 until the ,government found matter for a prosecution even in a picture of a monkey stealing a pear4 ,the pear became at last too expensive a luxury for the conductor of ,le ,charivari1 and that fruit was exiled from the empire of caricature4 ,footnote #cg3 ,histoire de la ,caricature ,moderne1 p4 #ajj1 par ,champfleury4 ,before ,louis ,philippe had been three years upon the throne there was an end of all but the pretense of maintaining the freedom of press or pencil4 ,the ,press1 as ,mr4 ,thackeray remarks1 was sent to prison2 and as for poor dear ,caricature1 it was fairly murdered4 ,in ,le ,charivari for ,august #cjth1 #ahcb1 we read that ,jean-,baptiste ,daumier1 for an equally harmless caricature of the king1 was arrested in the very presence of his father and mother1 of whom he was the sole support1 and condemned to six months' imprisonment4 ,it was ,daumier1 however1 as ,m4 ,champfleury reveals1 who had served up the pear with the greatest variety of sauces4 ,it was the same ,daumier who after his release assailed the advocates and legal system of his country with ceaseless burlesque1 and made many a covert lunge at the personage who moved them to the fatal absurdity of imprisoning him4 ,driven by violence from the political field1 to which it has been permitted to return only at long intervals and for short periods1 ,french caricature has ranged over the scene of human foibles1 and attained a varied development4 ,daumier and ,philipon conjointly produced a series of sketches in ,le ,charivari which had signal and lasting success with the public4 ,the play of ,robert ,macaire1 after running awhile1 was suppressed by the ,government1 the actor of the principal part having used it as a vehicle of political burlesque4 ,le ,charivari seized the idea of satirizing the follies of the day by means of two characters of the drama--,macaire1 a cool1 adroit1 audacious villain1 and ,bertrand1 his comrade1 stupid1 servile1 and timid4 ,illustration3 ,robert ,macaire fishing for ,share-holders4 7,daumier1 #ahcc47 ,philipon supplying the words and ,daumier executing the pictures1 they made ,macaire undertake every scheme1 practice1 and profession which contained the requisite ingredients of the comic and the rascally4 ,the series extended beyond ninety sketches4 ,macaire founds a joint-stock charity--la morale en action1 he explains to gaping ,bertrand1 each action 7share7 being placed at two hundred and fifty francs4 ,he becomes a quack-doctor4 ,don't trifle with your complaint1 he says to a patient1 as he gives him two bottles of medicine4 ,come to see me often2 it won't ruin you1 for ,i make no charge for consultations4 ,you owe me twenty francs for the two bottles4 ,the patient appearing to be startled at the magnitude of this sum1 ,dr4 ,macaire blandly says1 as he bows him out1 ,we give two cents for returned bottles4 ,he becomes a private detective4 ,a lady consults him in his office4 ,sir1 she says1 ,i have had a thousand-franc note stolen4 ,precisely1 madame4 ,consider the business done3 the thief is a friend of mine4 ,but1 says the lady1 can ,i get my note back1 and find out who took it8 ,nothing easier4 ,give me fifteen hundred francs for my expenses1 and to-morrow the thief will return the note and send you his card4 ,every resource being exhausted1 ,macaire astounds the despairing ,bertrand by saying1 ,come1 the time for mundane things is past2 let us attend now to eternal interests4 ,suppose we found a religion8 ,a religion6 cries ,bertrand2 that is not so easy4 ,to this ,macaire replies by alluding to the recent proceedings of a certain ,abbe ,chatel1 in ,paris4 ,one makes a pontiff of himself1 hires a shop1 borrows some chairs1 preaches sermons upon the death of ,napoleon1 upon ,voltaire1 upon the discovery of ,america1 upon any thing1 no matter what4 ,there's a religion for you2 it's no more difficult than that4 ,on one occasion ,macaire himself is a little troubled in mind1 and ,bertrand remarks the unusual circumstance4 ,you seem anxious1 says ,bertrand4 ,yes1 replies ,macaire1 ,i am in bad humor4 ,those scoundrels of bond-holders have bothered me to such a point that ,i have actually paid them a dividend6 ,what6 exclaims ,bertrand1 aghast1 a bona-fide dividend8 ,yes1 positively4 ,what are you going to do about it8 ,i am going to get it back again4 ,the reader will1 of course1 infer that each of these pictures was a hit at some scoundrelly exploit of the day1 the public knowledge of which gave effect to the caricature4 ,in many instances the event is forgotten1 but the picture retains a portion of its interest4 ,one of ,macaire's professions was that of cramming students for their bachelor's degree4 ,a student enters4 ,there are two ways in which we can put you through1 says ,macaire3 one1 to make you pass your examination by a substitute2 the other1 to enable you to pass it yourself4 ,i prefer to pass it myself1 says the young man4 ,very well4 ,do you know ,greek8 ,no4 ,latin8 ,no4 ,all right4 ,you know mathematics8 ,not the least in the world4 ,what do you know1 then8 ,nothing at all4 ,but you have two hundred francs8 ,certainly4 ,just the thing6 ,you will get your degree next ,thursday4 ,we may find comfort in this series1 for we learn from it that in every infamy which we now deplore among ourselves we were anticipated by the ,french forty years ago4 ,macaire even goes into the mining business1 at least so far as to sell shares4 ,we have made our million1 says the melancholy ,bertrand2 but we have engaged to produce gold1 and we find nothing but sand4 ,no matter2 utilize your capital2 haven't you got a gold mine8 ,yes--but afterward8 ,afterward you will simply say to the share-holders1 ',i was mistaken2 we must try again4' ,you will then form a company for the utilization of the sand4 ,bertrand1 still anxious1 ventures to remark that there are such people as policemen in the country4 ,policemen6 cries ,macaire1 gayly4 ,so much the better3 they will take shares4 ,one of his circular letters was a masterpiece3 ,,sir1--,i regret to say that your application for shares in the ,consolidated ,european ,incombustible ,blacking ,association can not be complied with1 as all the shares of the ,c4 ,e4 ,i4 ,b4 ,a4 were disposed of on the day they were issued4 ,i have nevertheless registered your name1 and in case a second series should be put forth ,i shall have the honor of immediately giving you notice4 ,i am1 sir1 etc4 ,,robert ,,macaire1 ,director4 ,print three hundred thousand of these1 says the director1 and poison all ,france with them4 ,but1 says ,bertrand1 we haven't sold a single share2 you haven't a sou in your pocket1 and-- ,bertrand1 you are an ass4 ,do as ,i tell you4 ,illustration3 ,a ,husband's ,dilemma4 ,yes2 but if you quarrel like that with all your wife's lovers1 you will never have any friends4--,from ,paris ,nonsensicalities 7,baliverneries ,parisiennes71 by ,gavarni4 ,thus1 week after week1 for many a month1 did ,le ,charivari utilize these impossible characters to expose and satirize the plausible scoundrelism of the period4 ,mr4 ,thackeray1 who ought to be an excellent authority on any point of satirical art1 praises highly the execution of these pictures by ,m4 ,daumier4 ,they seem carelessly done1 he remarks2 but it is the careless grace of the consummate artist4 ,he recommends the illustrator of ,pickwick to study ,daumier4 ,when we remember that ,thackeray had offered to illustrate ,pickwick1 his comments upon the artist who was preferred to himself have a certain interest3 ,if we might venture to give a word of advice to another humorous designer ,hablot ,k4 ,browne1 whose works are extensively circulated1 the illustrator of ',pickwick' and ',nicholas ,nickleby1' it would be to study well those caricatures of ,m4 ,daumier1 who1 though he executes very carelessly1 knows very well what he would express1 indicates perfectly the attitude and identity of the figure1 and is quite aware beforehand of the effect he intends to produce4 ,the one we should fancy to be a practiced artist taking his ease1 the other a young one somewhat bewildered--a very clever one1 however1 who1 if he would think more and exaggerate less1 would add not a little to his reputation4 ,possessors of the early editions of ,pickwick will be tempted to think that in this criticism of ,mr4 ,browne's performances by a disappointed rival there was an ingredient of wounded self-love4 ,the young author1 however1 in another passage1 gave presage of the coming ,thackeray4 ,he observes that in ,france ladies in difficulties who write begging letters1 or live by other forms of polite beggary1 are wont to style themselves widows of the ,grand ,army4 ,they all pretended to some connection with le ,grand ,homme1 and all their husbands were colonels4 ,this title1 says the wicked ,thackeray1 answers exactly to the clergyman's daughter in ,england2 and he adds1 ,the difference is curious as indicating the standard of respectability4 ,illustration3 ,housekeeping4 ,gracious1 ,dorothy1 ,i have forgotten the meat for your cat6 ,have you1 indeed8 ,but you didn't forget the biscuit for your bird1 egotist6 ,no matter6 ,no matter6 ,if there is nothing in the house for my cat1 ,i shall give her your bird1 ,i shall6--,from ,impressions de ,menage1 by ,gavarni4 ,many caricaturists who afterward attained celebrity were early contributors to ,m4 ,philipon's much-prosecuted periodical4 ,among them was the elegant ,gavarni1 who for thirty years was the favorite comic artist of ,paris roues and dandies--himself a roue and dandy4 ,at this period1 according to his friend1 ,theophile ,gautier1 he was a very handsome young man1 with luxuriant blonde curls1 always fashionably attired1 somewhat in the ,english taste1 neat1 quiet1 and precise1 and possessing in a high degree the feeling for modern elegances4 ,he was of a slender form1 which seemed laced in1 and he had the air of being carefully dressed and thoroughly appointed1 his feet being effeminately small and daintily clad4 ,in short1 he was a dandy of the ,d',orsay and ,n4 ,p4 ,willis period4 ,for many years he expended the chief force of his truly exquisite talent in investing vice with a charm which in real life it never possesses4 ,loose women1 who are1 as a class1 very stupid1 very vulgar1 most greedy of gain and pleasure1 and totally devoid of every kind of interesting quality1 he endowed with a grace and wit1 a fertility of resource1 an airy elegance of demeanor1 never found except in honorable women reared in honorable homes4 ,he was the great master of that deadly school of ,french satiric art which finds all virtuous life clumsy or ridiculous1 and all abominable life graceful and pleasing4 ,albums of this kind are extant in which married men are invariably represented as objects of contemptuous pity1 and no man is graceful or interesting except the sneaking scoundrel who has designs upon the integrity of a household4 ,open the ,musee pour ,rire1 for example4 ,here is a little family of husband1 wife1 and year-old child in bed1 just awake in the morning1 the wife caressing the child1 and the husband looking on with admiring fondness4 ,this scene is rendered ridiculous by the simple expedient of making the wife and child hideously ugly1 and the fond father half an idiot4 ,another picture shows the same child1 with a head consisting chiefly of mouth1 yelling in the middle of the night1 while the parents look on1 imbecile and helpless4 ,turn to the sketches of the masked ball or the midnight carouse1 and all is elegant1 becoming1 and delightful4 ,if the ,french caricatures of the last thirty years do really represent ,french social life and ,french moral feeling1 we may safely predict that in another generation ,france will be a ,german province2 for men capable of maintaining the independence of a nation can not be produced on the ,gavarnian principles4 ,marriage and civilization we might almost call synonymous terms4 ,marriage was at least the greatest conquest made by primitive man over himself1 and the indispensable preliminary to a higher civilization4 ,nor has any mode yet been discovered of rearing full-formed and efficient men capable of self-control1 patriotism1 and high principle1 except the union of both parents striving for that end with cordial resolution longer than an average life-time4 ,it is upon this most sacred of all institutions that the ,french caricaturists of the ,gavarni school pour ceaseless scorn and contempt4 ,as ,i write these lines1 my eyes fall upon one of the last numbers of a comic sheet published in ,paris1 on the first page of which there is a picture which illustrates this propensity4 ,a dissolute-looking woman1 smoking a cigarette1 is conversing with a boy in buttons who has applied for a place in her household4 ,how old are you8 she asks4 ,eleven1 madame4 ,and your name8 ,joseph6 ,upon this innocent reply the woman makes a comment which is truly comic1 but very ,gavarnian3 ,so young1 and already he calls himself ,joseph6 ,illustration3 ,a ,poultice for ,two--,sympathy and ,economy4--,from ,impressions de ,menage1 by ,gavarni4 ,among the heaps of albums to be found in a ,french collection we turn with particular curiosity to those which satirize the child life of ,france4 ,gavarni's celebrated series of ,enfants ,terribles has gone round the world1 and called forth child satire in many lands4 ,the presence of children in his pictures does not long divert this artist from his ruling theme4 ,one of his terrible children1 a boy of four1 prattles innocently to his mother in this strain3 ,nurse is going to get up very early1 now that you have come home1 mamma4 ,goodness6 while you were in the country she always had her breakfast in bed1 and it was papa who took in the milk and lighted the fire4 ,but wasn't the coffee jolly sweet1 though6 ,another alarming boy of the same age1 who is climbing up his father's chair and wearing his father's hat1 all so merry and innocent1 discourses thus to the petrified author of his being3 ,who is ,mr4 ,albert8 ,oh1 he is a gentleman belonging to the ,jardin des ,plantes1 who comes every day to explain the animals to mamma2 a large man with mustaches1 whom you don't know4 ,he didn't come to-day until after they had shut up the monkeys4 ,you ought to have seen how nicely mamma entertained him4 ,oh dear6 7discovering a bald place on papa's pate7 you have hardly any hair upon the top of your head1 papa6 ,in a third picture both parents are exhibited seated side by side upon a sofa1 and the terrible boy addresses his mother thus3 ,mamma1 isn't that little mustache comb which ,cornelia found in your bedroom this morning for me8 ,another sketch shows us father1 mother1 and terrible boy taking a walk in the streets of ,paris4 ,a dandy1 in the likeness of ,gavarni himself1 goes by1 with his cane in his mouth1 and his face fixed so as to seem not to see them4 ,but the boy sees him1 and bawls to his mother3 ,mamma6 mamma6 that ,monsieur du ,luxembourg6--you know him--the one you said was such a great friend to papa--he has gone by without saluting6 ,i suppose the reason is1 he don't know how to behave4 ,another picture presents to view a little girl seated on a garden bench eating nuts1 and talking to a young man3 ,the rose which you gave to mamma8 ,yes1 yes4 ,the one you nearly broke your neck in getting8 ,let me see4 ,oh1 my cousin ,nat stuck it in the tail of ,matthew's donkey4 ,how mamma did laugh6 ,got any more nuts8 ,the same appalling girl imparts a family secret to her tutor3 ,mamma wrote to ,m4 ,prosper1 and papa read the letter4 ,oh1 wasn't papa angry1 though6 ,and all because she had spelled a word wrong4 ,a mother hearing a little girl say the catechism is a subject which one would suppose was not available for the purposes of a ,gavarni1 but he finds even that suggestive4 ,come1 now1 pay attention4 ,what must we do when we have sinned peche8 ,to which the terrible child replies1 playing unconsciously upon the word peche 7sinned71 which does not differ in sound from peche 7fished71 ,when we have peche8 ,wait a moment4 ,oh6 we go back to the ,white ,house with all the fish in the basket1 which my nurse eats with ,landerneau4 ,he is a big soldier who has white marks upon his sleeve4 ,and ,i eat my share1 let me tell you6 ,it is thus that the first caricaturist of ,france utilized the innocence of childhood when ,louis ,philippe was ,king of the ,french4 ,illustration3 ,parisian ,shoo1 ,fly6 ,captain1 ,i am here to ask your permission to fight a duel4 ,what for1 and with whom8 ,with ,saladin1 the trumpeter1 who has so far forgotten himself as to call me a moucheron 7little fly74--,from ,messieurs nos ,fils et ,mesdemoiselles nos ,filles1 by ,randon1 ,paris4 ,there is a later series by ,randon1 entitled ,messieurs nos ,fils et ,mesdemoiselles nos ,filles1 which exhibits other varieties of ,french childhood1 some of which are inconceivable to persons not of the ,latin race4 ,it has been said that in ,america there are no longer any children2 but nowhere among us are there young human beings who could suggest even the burlesque of precocity such as ,m4 ,randon presents to us4 ,we have no boys of ten who go privately to the hero of a billiard tournament and request him with the politest gravity1 cap in hand1 to put him up to some points of the game for his exclusive use4 ,we have no boys of eight who stand with folded arms before a sobbing girl of seven and address her in words like these3 ,be reasonable1 then1 ,amelia4 ,the devil6 ,people can't be always loving one another4 ,we have no errand-boys of eight who offer their services to a young gentleman thus3 ,for delivering a note on the sly1 or getting a bouquet into the right hands1 monsieur can trust to me4 ,i am used to little affairs of that kind1 and ,i am as silent as the tomb4 ,we have no little boys in belt and apron who say to a bearded veteran of half a dozen wars3 ,you don't know your happiness4 ,for my part1 give me a beard as long as yours1 and not a woman in the world should resist me6 ,we have no little boys who in the midst of a fight with fists1 one having a black eye and the other a bloody nose1 would pause to say3 ,at least we don't fight for money1 like the ,english4 ,it is for glory that we fight4 ,we have no little boys who1 on starting for a ride1 wave aside the admonitions of the groom by telling him that they know all about managing a horse1 and what they want of him is simply to tell them where in the ,bois they will be likely to meet most ,amazons4 ,no1 nor in all the length and breadth of ,english-speaking lands can there be found a small boy who1 on being lectured by his father1 would place one hand upon his heart1 and lift the other on high1 and say1 ,papa1 by all that ,i hold dearest1 by my honor1 by your ashes1 by any thing you like1 ,i swear to change my conduct6 ,all these things are so remote from our habits that the wildest artist could not conceive of them as passable caricature4 ,illustration3 ,three6 7,from ,arithmetic ,illustrated1 by ,cham47 ,the opprobrious words in use among ,french boys would not strike the boys of ,new ,york or ,london as being very exasperating4 ,m4 ,randon gives us an imaginary conversation between a very small trumpeter in gorgeous uniform and a gamin of the street4 ,literally translated1 it would read thus3 ,look out1 little fly1 or you will get yourself crushed4 ,to which the street boy replies1 ,descend1 then1 species of toad3 ,i will make you see what a little fly is6 ,on the other hand1 if we may believe ,m4 ,randon1 ,french boys of a very tender age consider themselves subject to the code of honor1 and hold themselves in readiness to accept a challenge to mortal combat4 ,a soldier of ten years appears in one of this series with his arm in a sling1 and he explains the circumstance to his military comrade of the same age3 ,it's all a sham1 my dear4 ,i'll tell you the reason in strict confidence3 it is to make a certain person of my acquaintance believe that ,i have fought for her4 ,the boys of ,france1 it is evident1 are nothing if not military4 ,most of the young veterans blases exhibited in these albums are in uniform4 ,an interesting relic of those years when ,frenchmen still enjoyed some semblance of liberty to discuss subjects of national and ,european concern is ,gavarni's series of masterly sketches burlesquing the very idea of private citizens taking an interest in public affairs4 ,this is accomplished by the device of giving to all the men who are talking politics countenances of comic stupidity4 ,an idiot in a blouse says to an idiot in a coat1 ,poland1 don't you see1 will never forgive your ingratitude6 ,an idiot in a night-cap says to an idiot bare-headed1 with ludicrous intensity1 ,and when you have taken ,lombardy1 then what8 ,nothing can exceed the skill of the draughtsman of this series1 except the perversity of the man1 to whom no human activity seemed becoming unless its object was the lowest form of sensual pleasure4 ,but the talent which he displayed in this album was immense4 ,it was1 if ,i may say so1 frightful2 for there is nothing in our modern life so alarming as the power which reckless and dissolute talent has to make virtuous life seem provincial and ridiculous1 vicious life graceful and metropolitan4 ,,chapter ,,xix4 ,,later ,,french ,,caricature4 ,illustration3 ,two ,attitudes4 ,with your air of romantic melancholy1 you could succeed with some women4 ,for my part1 ,i make my conquests with drums beating and matches lighted4--,from ,messieurs nos ,fils et ,mesdemoiselles nos ,filles1 by ,randon1 ,paris4 ,during the twenty years of ,louis ,napoleon1 political caricature being extinguished1 ,france was inundated with diluted ,gavarni4 ,any wretch who drew or wrote for the penny almanacs1 sweltering in his ,mansard on a franc a day1 could produce a certain effect by representing the elegant life of his country1 of which he knew nothing1 to be corrupt and sensual4 ,pick up one of these precious works blindfold1 open it at random1 and you will be almost certain to light upon some penny-a-line calumny of ,french existence1 with a suitable picture annexed4 ,i have just done so4 ,the ,almanach ,comique for #ahfi1 its twenty-eighth year1 lies open before me at the page devoted to the month of ,august4 ,my eye falls upon a picture of a loosely dressed woman gazing fondly upon a large full purse suspended upon the end of a walking-stick1 and underneath are the words1 ,elle ne tarde pas a se reapprivoiser4 ,she does not delay to retame herself1 the verb being the one applied to wild beasts4 ,there is even a subtle deviltry in the syllable re1 implying that she has rebelled against her destiny1 but is easily enough brought to terms by a bribe4 ,the reading matter for the month consists of the following brief essay1 entitled ,august--the ,virgin3 ,how to go for a month to the sea-shore during the worst of the dog-days4 ,hire a chalet at ,cabourg for madame1 and a cottage on the beach of ,trouville for mademoiselle4 ,the transit between those two places is accomplished per omnibus in an hour4 ,that is very convenient4 ,breakfast with ,mademoiselle2 dine with ,madame4 ,this double existence is very expensive1 but as it is the most common1 we are compelled to examine it in order to establish a basis for the expenditures of the twelve months4 ,is it not obvious that this was evolved8 ,does it not smell of a garlicky ,mansard8 ,and have not all modern communities a common interest in discrediting anonymous calumny8 ,it were as unjust1 doubtless1 to judge the frugal people of ,france by the comic annuals as the good-natured people of ,england by the ,saturday ,review4 ,illustration3 ,the ,den of ,lions at the ,opera4 7,from ,les ,differents ,publics de ,paris1 by ,gustave ,dore47 ,it is evident1 too1 that the ,french have a totally different conception from ourselves of what is fit and unfit to be uttered4 ,they ridicule our squeamishness2 we stand amazed at their indelicacy4 ,voltaire1 who could read his ,pucelle to the ,queen of ,prussia1 her young daughter being also present and seen to be listening1 was astounded in ,london at the monstrous indecency of ,othello2 and ,english people of the same generation were aghast at the license of the ,parisian stage4 ,m4 ,marcelin1 a popular ,french caricaturist of to-day1 dedicates an album containing thirty pictures of what he styles ,un certain ,monde to his mother6 ,we must not judge the productions of such a people by standards drawn from other than ,latin sources4 ,among the comic artists who began their career in ,louis ,philippe's time1 under the inspiration of ,philipon and ,daumier1 was a son of the ,comte de ,noe1 or1 as we might express it1 ,count ,noah1 a peer of ,france when there were peers of ,france4 ,amedee de ,noe1 catching the spirit of caricature while he was still a boy 7he was but thirteen when ,le ,charivavi was started71 soon made his pseudonym1 ,cham1 familiar to ,paris4 ,cham being ,french for ,shem1 it was a happy way of designating a son of ,count ,noah4 ,from that time to the present hour ,cham has continued to amuse his countrymen1 pouring forth torrents of sketches1 which usually have the merit of being harmless1 and are generally good enough to call up a smile upon a face not too stiffly wrinkled with the cares of life4 ,he is almost as prolific of comic ideas as ,george ,cruikshank1 but his pictures are now too rudely executed to serve any but the most momentary purpose4 ,when a comic album containing sixty-one pictures by ,cham is sold in ,paris for about twelve cents of our currency1 the artist can not bestow much time or pains upon his work4 ,the comic almanac quoted above1 containing one hundred and eighty-three pages and seventy pictures1 costs the retail purchaser ten cents4 ,gustave ,dore1 now so renowned1 came from ,strasburg to ,paris in #ahde1 a boy of thirteen1 and made his first essays in art1 three years after1 as a caricaturist in the ,journal pour ,rire4 ,but while he scratched trash for his dinner1 he reserved his better hours for the serious pursuit of art1 which1 in just ten years1 delivered him from a vocation in which he could never have taken pleasure4 ,his great subsequent celebrity has caused the publication of several volumes of his comic work4 ,it abounds in striking ideas1 but the pictures were executed with headlong haste1 to gratify a transient public feeling1 and keep the artist's pot boiling4 ,his series exhibiting the ,different ,publics of ,paris is full of pregnant suggestions1 and there are happy thoughts even in his ,histoire de la ,sainte ,russie1 a series published during the ,crimean war1 though most of the work is crude and hasty beyond belief4 ,in looking over the volumes of recent ,french caricature1 we discover that a considerable number of ,english words have become domesticated in ,france4 ,france having given us the words of the theatre and the restaurant1 has adopted in return several ,english words relating to out-of-door exercises3 ,turf1 ring1 steeple-chase1 box 7in a stable71 jockey1 jockey-club1 betting1 betting-book1 handicap1 race1 racer1 four-in-hand1 mail-coach1 sport1 tilbury1 dog-cart1 tandem1 pickpocket1 and revolver4 ,rosbif1 bifstek1 and choppe have long been familiar4 ,milord is no longer exclusively used to designate a sumptuous ,englishman1 but is applied to any one who expends money ostentatiously4 ,gentleman1 dandy1 dandyism1 flirt1 flirtation1 puff1 cockney1 and cocktail are words that would be recognized by most ,parisians4 ,a ,french writer quotes the phrase hero of two hemispheres1 applied to ,lafayette1 as a specimen of the puff superlative4 ,othello has become synonymous with jealous man2 and the sentence1 ,that is the question1 from ,hamlet1 seems to have acquired currency in ,france4 ,cab1 abbreviated a century ago from the ,french 7cabriolet71 has been brought back to ,paris1 like the head of a fugitive decapitated in exile4 ,illustration3 ,the ,vulture4 7,from ,la ,menagerie ,imperiale1 #ahga47 ,the recent events in ,france1 beginning with the outbreak of the war with ,prussia1 have elicited countless caricatures and series of caricatures4 ,the downfall of the ,empire1 as it was called1 gave the caricaturists an opportunity of vengeance which they improved4 ,a citizen of ,new ,york possesses a collection of one thousand satirical pictures published in ,paris during the war and under the ,commune4 ,a people who submit to a despised usurper are not likely to be moderate or decent in the expression of their contempt when1 at length1 the tyrant is no longer to be feared4 ,it was but natural that the ,french court should insult the remains of ,louis ,,xiv41 to whom living it had paid honors all but divine2 for it is only strength and valor that know how to be either magnanimous or dignified in the moment of deliverance4 ,many of the people of ,paris1 when they heard of the ridiculous termination near ,sedan of the odious fiction called the ,empire1 behaved like boys just rid of a school-master whom they have long detested and obeyed4 ,of course they seized the chalk and covered all the blackboards with monstrous pictures of the tyrant4 ,the flight of his wife soon after called forth many scandalous sketches similar to those which disgraced ,paris when ,marie ,antoinette was in prison awaiting the execution of her husband and her own trial4 ,many of these burlesques1 however1 were fair and legitimate4 ,the specimen given on the next page1 entitled ,partant pour la ,syrie1 which appeared soon after the departure of ,eugenie and her advisers1 was a genuine hit4 ,it was exhibited in every window1 and sold wherever in ,france the victorious ,germans were not4 ,a member of the ,american legation1 amidst the rushing tide of exciting events and topics1 chanced to save a copy1 from which it is here reduced4 ,illustration3 ,badinguet4 ,eugenie4 ,general ,fleury4 ,pietri4 ,rouher4 ,maupas4 ,persigny4 ,partant pour la ,syrie4 7,published in ,paris after the ,flight of ,eugenie47 ,among the albums of siege sketches1 we come upon one executed by the veterans ,cham and ,daumier1 the same ,henri ,daumier whom ,louis ,philippe imprisoned1 and ,thackeray praised1 forty years ago4 ,in this collection we see ,parisian ladies1 in view of the expected bombardment1 bundled up in huge bags of cotton1 leading lap-dogs protected in the same manner4 ,an ugly ,prussian touches off a bomb aimed at the children in the ,jardin du ,luxembourg4 ,king ,william decorates crutches and wooden legs as ,new-year's presents for his people4 ,an apothecary sells a plaster warranted to prevent wounds1 provided the wearer never leaves his house4 ,a workman goes to church for the first time in his life1 and gives as a reason for so unworkman-like a proceeding that a man don't have to stand in line for the blessed bread4 ,a volunteer goes on a sortie with a pillow under his waistcoat to show the enemy that we have plenty of provisions4 ,all these are by the festive ,cham4 ,daumier does not jest4 ,he seems to have felt that ,louis ,napoleon1 like a child-murderer1 was a person far beneath caricature--a creature only fit to be destroyed and hurried out of sight and thought forever4 ,amidst the dreary horrors of the siege1 ,henri ,daumier could only think of its mean and guilty cause4 ,one of his few pictures in this collection is a row of four vaults1 the first bearing the inscription1 ,died on the ,boulevard ,montmartre1 ,december #b;d1 #ahea2 the second1 ,died at ,cayenne2 the third1 ,died at ,lambessa2 the fourth1 ,died at ,sedan1 #ahgj4 ,but even then ,daumier1 true to the vocation of a patriotic artist1 dared to remind his countrymen that it was they who had reigned in the guise of the usurper4 ,a wild female figure standing on a field of battle points with one hand to the dead1 and with the other to a vase filled with ballots1 on which is printed the word ,,oui4 ,she cries1 ,these killed those6 ,during the ,commune the walls of ,paris were again covered with drawings and lithographs of the character which ,frenchmen produce after long periods of repression3 ,louis ,napoleon crucified between the two thieves1 ,bismarck and ,king ,william2 ,thiers in the pillory covered and surrounded with opprobrious inscriptions2 ,thiers1 ,favre1 and ,m',mahon placidly looking down from a luxurious upper room upon a slain mother and child ghastly with blood and wounds2 landlords1 lean and hungry1 begging for bread1 while fat and rosy laborers bask idly in the sun2 little boy ,paris smashing his playthings 7,trochu1 ,gambetta1 and ,rochefort7 and crying for the moon2 ,paris eating a general a day2 ,queen ,victoria in consternation trying to stamp out the horrid centipede1 ,international1 while ,monsieur ,john ,boule1 ,esquire1 stands near with the habeas-corpus act in his hand2 naked ,france pressing ,rochefort to her bosom2 and hundreds more1 describable and indescribable4 ,illustration3 ,gavarni4 ,it remains to give a specimen of recent ,french caricature of another kind4 ,once more1 after so many proofs of its impolicy1 the ,government of ,france attempts to suppress such political caricature as is not agreeable to it1 while freely permitting the publication of pictures flagrantly indecent4 ,at no former period1 not even in ,voltaire's time1 could the ,french press have been more carefully hedged about with laws tending to destroy its power to do good1 and increase its power to do harm4 ,the ,government treats the press very much after the manner of those astute parents who forbid their children to see a comedy of ,robertson or a play of ,shakspeare1 but make it up to them by giving them tickets to the variety show4 ,a writer familiar with the subject gives us some astounding details3 ,there exist at present1 he remarks1 sixty-eight laws in ,france1 all intended to suppress1 curtail1 weaken1 emasculate1 and even to strangle newspapers2 but not one single law to foster them in their dire misfortune4 ,if any private ,french gentleman wishes to establish a newspaper1 he must first write to the ,prefet de ,police1 on paper of a certain size and duly stamped1 and give this functionary notice that he intends to establish a newspaper4 ,his signature has1 of course1 to be countersigned by the ,maire4 ,but if the paper our friend wishes to establish is purely literary1 he has first to make his declaration to the police1 who rake up every information that is possible about the unfortunate projector4 ,after that1 the ,ministere de l',interieur institutes another searching inquiry1 and these two take seven or eight months at least4 ,when the enquete and the contre-enquete are ended1 the avis favorable of the whole ,ministry is necessary before the paper can be published4 ,another six months to wait yet2 but this is not all4 ,our would-be newspaper proprietor or editor possesses now the right of publishing his paper2 but he has not yet the right to sell it4 ,in order to obtain this1 he must begin anew all his declarations and attempts1 so that his purely literary paper may be sold at all the ordinary book-sellers' shops4 ,but if he wishes it to be sold in the streets--or1 in other words1 in the kiosques--he must address himself to another office ad hoc1 and then the ,commissaire de ,police sends the answer of the ,prefet de ,police to the unfortunate proprietor1 editor1 or publisher1 who by this time must be nearly at his wits' end4 ,but even this is not all4 ,if the unhappy projector proposes to illustrate his paper1 his labors are still far from ending4 ,he must1 continues the writer1 obtain1 of course1 the permission of the ,ministere de l',interieur for ,paris1 or of the prefects for the provinces4 ,the ,ministere asks for the opinion of the ,governor of ,paris1 who asks1 in his turn1 for the opinion of the ,bureau de ,censure1 a body of gentlemen working in the dark1 and which1 to the eye of the obtuse foreigner1 appears only established to prevent any political insinuations to be made1 but to allow the filthiest drawings to be publicly exposed for sale1 and the most indecent innuendoes to be uttered on the stage or in novels4 ,the ,censure demands1 under the penalty of seizing1 forbidding1 and bringing before the court1 that every sketch or outline shall be submitted to it4 ,when this is done1 and the ,censure finds nothing to criticise in it1 it requires further that the drawing1 when finished1 be anew laid before it1 and1 if the drawing be colored1 it must be afresh inspected after the dangerous paints have been smirched on4 ,when our happy editor wishes to publish the caricature or the portrait of any one1 he can not do so unless he has the permission of the gentleman or lady whose likeness he wishes to produce4 ,illustration3 ,honore ,daumier4 ,such was the measure of freedom enjoyed in the ,french republic governed by soldiers4 ,but this elaborate system of repression can be both evaded and turned to account by the caricaturist4 ,during the last two or three years1 a writer who calls himself ,touchatout has been amusing ,paris by a series of satirical biographies1 each preceded by a burlesque portrait4 ,but occasionally the ,censure refuses its consent to the insertion of the portrait4 ,the son of ,louis ,napoleon was one individual whom the ,censure thus endeavored to protect4 ,observe the result4 ,instead of exhibiting to the people of ,paris a harmless picture representing the head of the unfortunate young man mounted upon a pair of diminutive legs1 ,touchatout prints at the head of his biographical sketch the damaging burlesque subjoined3 ,,republique ,,francaise4 ,,liberty1 ,,equality1 ,,fraternity1 ,,and ,,censure4 ,,the ,,publication ,,of ,,the ,,portrait ,,of ,velocipede ,,iv4 ,,has ,,been ,,forbidden ,,by ,,the ,,censure4 ,,it ,,can ,,be ,,found ,,at ,,all ,,the ,,photographers4 ,i translate the burlesque biography that follows the above4 ,it may serve also as a specimen of the new literary commodity of which the ,parisians seem so fond1 and for which a name has been invented--blague--which means amusingly malign gossip4 ,,velocipede ,,iv4 7,napoleon-,eugene-,louis-,jean-,joseph1 ,prince ,imperial1 more commonly known by the name of37 born at ,paris1 ,march #afth1 #ahef4 ,he is the son of ,napoleon ,,iii4 and of the ,empress1 ,eugenie de ,montijo4 ,here a parenthesis4 ,the ,trombinoscope has often been accused of brutality4 ,when we traced the profile of the ex-empress1 the cry was that we had no consideration even for women4 ,we replied that1 in our eyes1 sovereigns were no more women than were the she petroleum-throwers4 ,to-day there will not be wanting people to say that we do not spare children2 and we shall reply1 as we have often said before1 that sons are not responsible for the crimes of their fathers until the day when they set up a claim to profit by them4 ,if1 during the two years that the ,trombinoscope has plied his vocation1 we have not aimed a shot at the young hero of ,sarrebruck1 it is precisely because childhood inspires respect in us4 ,if this youth1 when consulted upon his calling1 had replied1 ',my desire is to be an architect or a shoe-maker1' we should have had nothing to say4 ,but mark3 scarcely has he ceased to be a child when1 on being questioned as to his choice of a trade1 he answers1 ',i wish to be emperor4' ,oh1 indeed6 ,the son of ,napoleon ,,iii4 has entered upon his career2 he is a child no more2 and the ,trombinoscope re-enters into all his rights4 ,we said1 then1 that ,eugene-,napoleon was born ,march #afth1 #ahef4 ,the doctor who received him perceived that he had upon la fesse droite a mass of odd little red marks4 ,upon examining closely this phenomenon1 he perceived that these marks were a representation of the bombardment of the house ,sallanvrouze in ,december1 #ahea1 upon the ,boulevard ,montmartre4 ,all was there3 the intrepid artillery of ,canrobert1 smashing the shop-windows and pulverizing a newspaper stand2 the nurses disemboweled upon the seats2 the bootblack on the corner having his customer's leg carried away from between his hands1 etc41 etc4 ,the empress during her pregnancy had read ,victor ,hugo's ',napoleon the ,little1' and had been much struck with the chapter in which the coup d'etat is so well related4 ,they concealed from the people this tattooing--this far too significant trade-mark--and they placed the new-born child in a cradle with the ribbon of the ,legion of ,honor around his neck4 ,the high dignitaries then advanced to prostrate themselves before the august infant1 who sucked his thumb1 and they relate1 in this connection1 in the blatant clap-trap ,history of ,napoleon ,,iii41 that one of the courtiers narrowly escaped falling into disgrace by appearing stupefied to see the ,prince ,imperial decorated at the age of fifteen hours4 ,happily he recovered himself in time1 and replied to the emperor1 who had remarked his surprise3 ',sire6 ,i am indeed astonished that ,his ,highness is only commander4' ,to the age of eighteen months1 the ,prince ,imperial did nothing remarkable2 but1 dating from that moment1 he became a veritable prodigy4 ,along with his first pair of trousers1 his father ordered two dozen witticisms of the editors of ,figaro4 ,these sallies at once went the rounds of the domestic press1 and the ,prince ,imperial had not reached his sixth year when he passed1 in the rural districts1 for having all the wit which his mother lacked4 ,thus1 in full ,figaro1 appeared one morning a crayon drawing attributed to the ,prince ,imperial1 at the age when as yet he only executed in sepia upon the flaps of his shirt4 ,this marvel of precocity astonished all men who had need of a sub-prefectship or a place in the tobacco excise2 and this to such a point that they were not in the least surprised when1 during the ,exhibition of #ahfg1 a reporter prepared his left button-hole to receive the recompense due to the brave by printing--in the self-same ,figaro1 by heavens6--that the little prince1 then eleven years of age1 had discussed with engineers of experience the strong and weak points of all the wheel work in the grand hall of machinery4 ,the years which followed were for the young phenomenon only a succession of triumphs of the same calibre1 until the day when his father declared that1 in order to complete his imperial education1 nothing was wanting to him but to learn to ride the velocipede4 ,it need not be said that he learned this noble art1 like all the others1 by just blowing upon it4 ,meanwhile1 ,eugene-,napoleon had achieved various grades in the army4 ,named ,corporal in the ,grenadiers of the ,guard at the age of twenty-two months1 one evening when he had not cried for being put to bed at eight o'clock1 he had been made successively pioneer1 sergeant1 sergeant-major1 and adjutant of the same corps4 ,when he made some difficulties about swallowing his iodide of potassium in the morning1 they promised him promotion1 and that encouraged him4 ,from glass to glass1 he won the epaulet of sub-lieutenant2 and at the moment when the war with ,prussia broke out he had just deserved the epaulet of lieutenant by letting them give him1 without crying1 an injection with salt1 which inspired him with profound horror4 ,at the very beginning of the war1 his father took him to the ,prussian frontier1 in order to make him pass by his side under triumphal arches into ,berlin1 which the army five times ready of ,marshal ,leboeuf was to enter within four days at the very latest4 ,at the combat of ,sarrebruck1 that brilliant military pantomime which the ,emperor caused to be performed under the guise of a parade1 the ,prince ,imperial became the admiration of ,europe by picking up on the field of battle 'a bullet which had fallen near him1' said the dispatch of ,napoleon to ,eugenie4 ',from the pocket of a mischievous staff officer1' history will add4 ,since our disasters1 the ,prince ,imperial grows and stuffs himself in exile1 with some devoted servants whose salaries go on as before1 and a ,spanish mother who teaches him to love ,france as the most lucrative of the monarchical tobacco-excise offices in ,europe4 ,recently the ,prince ,imperial1 for the first time1 declared his pretension to the throne by thanking the eight ,bonapartists1 who had hired a smoking compartment upon the ,northern ,line in order to present their compliments--and their bill--on the occasion of the #aeth of ,august4 ,that was the first act of a ,pretender1 the cutting of whose teeth still torments him1 and whose new pantaloons become too short at the end of eight days4 ,it was this which decided us to write his rather meagre biography4 ,as to his person1 the ,prince ,imperial is a perfect type of a slobbering aspirant of the eighth order4 ,in his exterior1 at least1 he does not seem to have derived much from his father2 but he has the empty1 vain1 and silly expression of his mother4 ,he represents sufficiently well one of those married boobies whose insignificance condemns them to live upon their income in a little provincial city1 working six hours a day their part of third cornet in a raw philharmonic society1 while their wives at home make cuckolds of them with the officers of the garrison4 ,,supplementary ,,notice4 ,dates to be supplied by the collectors of the ,trombinoscope4 ,eugene-,napoleon1 attaining his majority ,march #afth1 #ahgg1 demands a settlement from his mother4 ,she confesses to him that of his maternal fortune there remain but thirty-two francs4 ',what has become1 then1' he asks1'of all the fund which1 during the twenty years of papa's empire1 was produced by the exemption money of the conscripts for whom substitutes were not obtained1 by the buttons which were wanting to the gaiters1 and the gaiters which were wanting to the buttons8' ',what has become of it8' said the ,empress4 ',do you suppose that1 during these seven years past1 ,i have maintained our ,french journals with my old chignons8' ,eugene-,napoleon replied to his mother3 ',then1 if ,i have no longer a sou with which to take ,mandarine to the races1 hand me one of papa's riding-jackets that ,i may make a descent at ,boulogne1 to dethrone ,louis ,philippe ,,ii4 ,he makes a descent at ,boulogne1 the ---- #ah--1 with five drunken men and the little ,conneau1 all disguised as circus staff officers4 ,they put him on his trial2 he is convicted the ---- #ah--2 is pardoned the ---- #ah--2 repeats the performance the ---- #ah--4 ,the ,republic having turned out ,louis ,philippe ,,ii41 ,eugene-,napoleon re-enters ,france the ---- #ah--;as simple citizen4 ,the republicans1 who are always just so foolish1 permit him to be elected deputy the ---- #ah--1 and president the ---- #ah--4 ,he seats himself upon the ,republic ,december #b;d1 #ah--1 and re-establishes the ,empire the ---- #ah--4 ,the social decomposition resumes its course4 ,velocipede ,,iv4 marries the ---- #ah--1 a circus girl4 ,the moral scale continues to rise3 ,blanche d',antigny and ,cora ,pearl are ladies of honor at the ,tuileries4 ,the ----#ah--1 at the moment when ,velocipede ,,iv4 is about to engage in a war with ,prussia1 which he thinks will consolidate his throne1 but which1 considering the organization of our artillery1 threatens to extend the ,german frontiers as far as ,saint-,ouen4 ,france stops the drain of those ruinous imitations1 drives out the ,emperor1 and again proclaims the ,republic4 ,this time1 a thing wholly unexpected1 some republicans are found who1 after having energetically swept ,france clean of all that appertains to former systems1 whether pretenders1 office-holders1 spies1 etc41 etc41 push their logic even to the point of bolting the door inside1 in order not to be interfered with in their loyal endeavor4 ,this device1 so simple1 but by which we have passed three times in a century without seeing it1 succeeds to admiration2 and at length it is announced1 the ---- #ai--1 that ,velocipede ,,iv41 after having been by turns1 at ,london1 keeper of a thirteen-sous bazaar1 pickpocket1 circus performer1 magnetizer1 and dealer in lead-pencils1 dies in the flower of his age from the effects of a disease which his father did not contract while presiding at a meeting of his cabinet4 ,with this specimen of blague we may leave the caricaturists of ,france to fight it out with ,la ,censure4 ,,chapter ,,xx4 ,,comic ,,art ,,in ,,germany4 ,upon the news-stands in ,st4 ,louis1 ,chicago1 ,cincinnati1 ,philadelphia1 ,milwaukee1 ,new ,york1 and other cities1 we find the comic periodicals of ,germany1 particularly the ,fliegende ,blaetter of ,berlin1 and the ,beilage der ,fliegenden ,blaetter of ,munchen1 papers resembling ,punch in form and design4 ,the ,american reader who turns over their leaves can not but remark the mildness of the ,german jokes4 ,compared with the tremendous and sometimes ghastly efforts of the dreadful ,funny ,man of the ,american press1 the jests of the ,germans are as lager-beer to the goading cocktail and the maddening smash6 ,but1 then1 they are delightfully innocent4 ,coming from the ,french comic albums and papers to those of the ,germans1 is like emerging1 after sunrise1 from a masquerade ball1 all gas1 rouge1 heat1 and frenzy1 into a field full of children playing till the bell rings for school4 ,nevertheless1 the impression remains that an extremely mild joke suffices to amuse the ,german reader of comic periodicals4 ,the pictured jests1 as in ,punch1 are the attractive feature4 ,observe the infantile simplicity of a few of these1 taken almost at random from recent volumes of the papers just mentioned3 ,two young girls1 about twelve1 are sitting upon a bench in a public garden4 ,two dandies walk past1 who are dressed alike1 and resemble one another4 ,tell me1 ,fanny1 says one of the girls1 are not those two gentlemen brothers8 ,this is the reply3 ,one of them is1 ,i know for certain2 but ,i am not quite sure about the other4 ,a strapping woman1 sooty1 wearing a man's hat1 and carrying a ladder and brushes1 is striding along the street4 ,the explanation vouchsafed is the following3 ,the very eminent magistrate has determined to permit the widow of the meritorious chimney-sweep1 ,spazzicammino1 to continue the business4 ,a silly-looking gentleman is seen conversing with a lady upon whom he has called1 while a number of cats are playing about the room4 ,why have you so many cats8 he asks4 ,the lady replies3 ,well1 you see1 my cook kept giving warning because ,i locked up the milk and meat1 and so ,i got the cats as a pretext4 ,two ladies are conversing4 ,the elder says3 ,why do you quarrel with your husband so often8 ,the younger replies3 ,oh1 you know the making-up is extremely entertaining1 and getting good again is so lovely6 ,illustration3 ,evolution of the ,piano1 according to ,darwin4 7,berlin1 #ahgb47 ,a scene in a cheap book-store4 ,a young lady says to the clerk3 ,i want a ,lovers' ,letter-writer--a cheap one4 ,here1 miss8 ,how much is it8 ,eighteen kreutzers4 ,that is too dear for me4 ,oh1 but ,i beg your pardon1 miss1 if you take the ,letter-writer1 you get ,schiller's works thrown in2 and if a young lady buys at this shop a tract upon potatoes1 she gets the whole of ,goethe into the bargain4 ,the steps of a church are exhibited1 with a clergyman assisting an old woman down to the sidewalk4 ,a long explanation is given1 as follows3 ,parson ,friedel1 a thoroughly good fellow1 though not a particularly good preacher1 goes on ,sunday morning to church to edify his flock4 ,on his arrival he sees an old dame trying in vain to get up the icy steps4 ',oh1 sir1' she says1 not recognizing the holy man1 'pray help me up4' ,he does so1 and when they have reached the top she thanks him1 and adds1 ',oblige me also1 dear sir1 by telling me who preaches to-day8' ',parson ,friedel1' he courteously replies4 ',oh1 sir1 then help me down again4' ,the parson1 smiling1 rejoins3 ',quite right2 ,i wouldn't go in myself if ,i were not obliged to4' ,a very tall man is bending over to light his cigar at an exceedingly short man's cigar4 ,what6 says the short man1 you wonder that your light goes out so often8 ,that is owing to the rarity of the atmosphere in the elevated regions in which your cigar moves4 ,a stable scene1 in which figure a horse1 an officer1 and a horse-dealer4 ,the officer says3 ,the horse ,i bought of you yesterday has a fault2 he is lame in the off fore-leg4 ,the dealer replies3 ,ah6 and do you call that a fault8 ,i call it a misfortune4 ,a clergyman's study4 ,enter a very ill-favored pair1 to whom the clergyman says3 ,so you wish to be married1 do you8 ,well1 have you maturely reflected upon it8 ,the man replies3 ,yes1 we have asked beforehand about how much it will cost4 ,illustration3 ,a ,corporal1 who is about to be promoted1 presents ,himself before the ,major4 ,can you read8 ,at your service1 major4 ,can you write8 ,at your service1 major4 ,can you cipher8 ,at your service1 major4 ,what are you in civil life8 ,doctor of philosophy and lecturer in the university4--,fliegende ,blaetter1 ,berlin1 #ahgb4 ,a compartment of a railway carriage1 in which are two passengers1 one of whom has two little pigs under the seat1 and the other a small curly lap-dog in his lap4 ,conductor 7standing outside74 ,have you a dog's ticket8 ,no4 ,then get one4 ,but my dog troubles no one4 ,that makes no difference4 ,but this countryman here has two pigs in the carriage4 ,no matter for that2 we have a rule about dogs1 but none for pigs4 ,a boat on a ,swiss lake with a party about to lunch4 ,a lady1 in great alarm1 says to the boatman3 ,stop1 for ,heaven's sake1 stop6 ,you told the people1 when we got in1 that your boat would sink if it were heavier by half an ounce4 ,but if these men eat all that1 we shall go to the bottom for a certainty4 ,a restaurant scene4 ,a customer1 handing back to a waiter a plate of meat1 says3 ,waiter1 this meat is so tough ,i can't chew it4 ,waiter4 ,excuse me1 ,i will bring you a sharp knife immediately4 ,an aged clergyman parting with a young soldier about to join the army1 says3 ,augustus1 you now enter upon a military career4 ,take care of your health1 and mind you lead a good life4 ,augustus4 ,same to you1 pastor4 ,a boy up a tree1 and a gentleman standing under it4 ,i'll teach you to steal my plums1 you scoundrel6 ,i'll tell your father4 ,what do ,i care8 ,my father steals himself4 ,this picture is headed1 ,good ,fruit4 ,a family seated at dinner4 ,mother4 ,but1 ,elsie1 naughty girl6 what horrid manners you have6 ,you eat only the cream1 and leave the dumplings4 ,elsie4 ,why1 papa can eat them4 ,a man and woman of ,jewish cast of countenance are seen at a pawnbroker's sale4 ,woman4 ,well1 what will you buy for mother's birthday8 ,man4 ,a handsome dress1 ,i think4 ,woman4 ,how unpractical you are6 ,she can only live three or four years at most2 and even in that short time a dress will be in rags4 ,let us buy for the dear old soul a pair of silver candlesticks4 ,then when she dies we shall have them back again4 ,under the heading of ,cheap ,illumination1 we are presented with a picture of an ,esquimau with a lighted wick held in his mouth1 and the following explanation3 ,the ,esquimaux1 as is well known1 live on the fat of the reindeer1 the seal1 and the whale4 ,this suggested to the arctic traveler1 ,warnie1 the idea of drawing a wick through the body of one of the natives1 and in this way obtaining a brilliant train-oil lamp for the long winter nights4 ,illustration3 ,a ,bold ,comparison4 7,berlin1 #ahgc47 ,pastor's ,wife4 ,but half the cracknels are scorched to-day4 ,cracknel ,man4 ,so they are4 ,but1 you see1 ,i have the same luck as the pastor3 all his sermons do not turn out equally good4 ,two noble ladies chatting over their tea3 ,only think1 my dear1 we are obliged to discharge our man4 ,why8 ,oh1 he begins to be too familiar4 ,what do you think8 ,i saw him cleaning the boots1 and ,i discovered1 to my horror1 that he had my husband's boots1 my son's1 and his own1 all mixed together6 ,a lady hurrying home from an approaching shower1 dragging her little boy with her4 ,boy4 ,but1 mother1 why should we be so afraid of the thunder storm8 ,those hay-makers yonder don't care4 ,mother4 ,child1 they are poor people1 who don't attract the lightning as we do1 who always have gold and ready cash about us4 ,a scene in a police court1 the magistrate questioning a witness3 ,you are a carpenter1 are you not8 ,i am4 ,you were at work in the vicinity of the place where the scuffle occurred8 ,i was4 ,how far from the two combatants were you standing8 ,thirty-six feet and a half1 ,rhenish measure4 ,how can you speak so exactly8 ,because ,i measured it4 ,i thought that most likely some fool would be asking about that at the trial4 ,these may suffice as examples of the average comic force of the ,german joke4 ,a very few of the above--perhaps four or five in all--might have been accepted by the editors of ,punch1 with the requisite changes of scene and dialect4 ,we must also bear in mind that the dialect counts for much in a comic scene1 as we can easily perceive by changing a ,yorkshire bumpkin's language in a comedy into ,london ,english4 ,half of the laugh-compelling power of some of the specimens given may lie in peculiarities of dialect and grammar of which no one but a native of the country can feel the force4 ,a few of the more vivid and telling examples are given in the accompanying illustrations4 ,the glimpses of ,german life which the comic artists afford remind us that the children of men are of one family1 the several branches of which do not differ from one another so much as we are apt to suppose4 ,german fathers1 too1 as we see in these pictures1 stand amazed at the quantity of property their daughters can carry about with them in the form of wearing apparel4 ,a domestic scene exhibits a young lady putting the last fond touches to her toilet1 while a clerk presents a long bill to the father of the family1 who throws his hands aloft1 and exclaims1 ,oh1 blessed ,god6 ,thou who clothest the lilies of the field1 provide also for my daughter1 at least during the ,carnival6 ,illustration3 ,strict ,discipline in the ,field--,major going the ,rounds at ,night4 ,sentinel4 ,who goes there8 ,halt6 7,major1 not regarding the summons1 the soldier fires1 and misses47 ,major4 ,three days in the guard-house for your bad shooting4 ,germany1 not less than ,england and ,america1 laughs at the modern mother1 who dawdles over ,goethe1 and is literary1 and wears eyeglasses1 while delegating to bottles and goats her peculiar duties4 ,an extravagant burlesque of this form of self-indulgence presents to view a baby lying on its back upon a centre-table1 its head upon a pillow1 taking nourishment direct from a goat standing over it2 the mother sitting near in a luxurious chair1 reading4 ,enter the family doctor1 who cries1 aghast1 ,why1 what's this1 baroness8 ,i did not mean it in that way6 ,a she-goat is not a wet-nurse4 ,to which the baroness languidly replies1 looking from her book1 ,why not8 ,and here is the ,german version of ,punch's widely disseminated joke upon marriage3 ,if you are going to be married1 my son1 ,i will give you some good advice4 ,and what is it8 ,better not4 ,the ,woman's ,rights agitation gave rise to burlesques precisely similar in inane extravagance to those which appeared in ,england1 ,america1 and ,france4 ,we have the ,students of the ,future1 a series representing buxom lasses in dashing bloomers1 smoking1 dissecting1 fighting duels1 and hunting4 ,the young lady who has on her dissecting-table a bearded subject is leaning against it nonchalantly1 drinking a pot of beer1 and another young lady is using the pointed heel of her fashionable boot as a tobacco-stopper4 ,here1 too1 is the husband who comes home late1 and whose wife will sit up for him4 ,the great servant-girl question is also up for discussion in ,germany1 after occupying womankind for three thousand years4 ,here is a group of servants talking together4 ,yesterday ,i gave warning1 says one4 ,why8 asks another2 the wages are high1 the food is good1 and you have every ,sunday out4 ,the reply is3 ,well1 you must know1 my ,fritz don't like it4 ,mistress buys her wine at the wine-merchant's1 where ,i get the bottles all sealed4 ,don't you see8 ,illustration3 ,ahead of ,time4 ,the aged and extremely absent-minded prince of a little territory visits the public institutions every year4 ,on leaving the high school1 he says to the teacher3 ,i am very much pleased with every thing1 only the soup is a little too thin4 ,teacher 7aside to aid-de-camp74 ,what does his ,highness mean by thin soup8 ,aid-de-camp4 ,it is only a slip4 ,his ,highness should have said that in the hospital4 ,in the same spirit1 as every reader knows1 the drawing-room judges the kitchen in other lands besides ,germany1 and is supported in its judgment by satiric artists who evolve preposterously impossible servants from the shallows of their own ignorance4 ,rarely1 indeed1 does a ,german caricaturist presume to meddle with politics1 and still more rarely does he do it with impunity4 ,the ,germans1 with all their excellences1 seem wanting in the spirit that has given us our turbulent1 ill-organized freedom4 ,perhaps their beer has offered too ready and cheap a resource against the chafing resentments that tyranny excites2 for a narcotized brain is indolently submissive to whatever is very difficult of remedy4 ,coffee and tobacco keep the ,turk a slave4 ,the wisest act of ,louis ,napoleon's usurpation was his giving a daily ration of tobacco to every soldier4 ,woe to despots when men cease to dull and pollute their brains with tobacco and alcohol6 ,there will then be a speedy end put to the system that takes five millions of the elite of ,europe from industry1 and consigns them to the business of suppression and massacre4 ,whatever may be the cause1 ,germany has scarcely yet begun her apprenticeship to freedom2 and1 consequently1 her public men lose the inestimable advantage of seeing their measures as the public sees them4 ,let us hope that the ,german people may be able to appropriate part of our experience1 and so work their way to rational and orderly freedom without passing through the stage of ignorant suffrage and thief-politicians4 ,meanwhile there is no political caricature in ,germany4 ,illustration3 ,a ,journeyman's ,leave-taking4 ,hear me1 all of you4 ,you1 and you1 and you1 and you6 ,good-bye1 mistresses4 ,i tell you freely to your faces1 your bacon and greens are not to my taste4 ,i am going to try my luck4 ,i will march on4--,,ludwig ,,richter1 ,leipsic1 #ahdh4 ,as a set-off to this defect1 ,i may mention again the absence from the ,german comic periodicals of the class of subjects which1 at present1 seems to be the sole inspiration of ,french art and ,french humor4 ,it is evident that the ,germans do not regard illicit love as the chief end of man4 ,the reason of the superior decency of ,german satire is1 probably1 that ,german methods of education awaken the intelligence and store the mind with the food of thought4 ,indecency is the natural resource of a thoughtless mind1 because the physical facts of our existence constitute a very large proportion of all the knowledge it possesses4 ,suppose those facts and the ideas growing directly out of them to be one hundred in number4 ,the whole number of facts and ideas in an ignorant mind may not exceed two hundred2 while in the intellect of a ,goethe or a ,lessing there may live and revolve twenty thousand4 ,convent education is probably the cause of ,french indecency1 simply from its leaving the mind dull and the imagination active4 ,many ,frenchmen must think bodily1 or not think at all4 ,this conjecture ,i hazard because ,i have observed in ,protestant schools1 professedly and distinctively religious1 the same morbid tendency in the pupils that we notice in ,french art and drama4 ,the ,french are right in not trusting their convent-bred girls out of sight4 ,the convent-bred boys1 who can not be so closely watched1 show the untrustworthiness of moral principle which is not fortified by intelligent conviction4 ,the ,germans1 from their better mental culture and greater variety of topics1 are not reduced to the necessity of amusing themselves by bodily wit4 ,,chapter ,,xxi4 ,,comic ,,art ,,in ,,spain4 ,as it is ,don ,quixote that has given most of us whatever insight into ,spanish life and character we possess1 we should naturally expect to find in the ,spain of to-day abundant manifestations of satirical talent4 ,but since the great age when such men as ,cervantes could be formed1 the intellect of ,spain has suffered exhausting depletion1 and the nation has in consequence long lain intellectually impotent1 the natural prey of priests1 dynasties1 and harlots4 ,the progress of a country depends upon the use it makes of its best men4 ,since ,cervantes was born1 in #aedg1 all the valuable men among the ,moors and ,jews1 with a million of their countrymen1 have been banished1 carrying away with them precious arts1 processes1 instincts1 aptitudes1 and talents2 to say nothing of the good that comes to a country of having upon its soil a variety of races and religions1 each developing some excellencies of human nature which the others overlook or undervalue4 ,in the same generation hundreds of the valiant men of ,spain went down in the ,armada1 and thousands were wasted in ,america4 ,but these were not the fatal losses4 ,these men could have been replaced1 such is the bountiful fertility of nature4 ,but1 in those days1 if a man was reared who possessed independence or force of mind1 or had much mind of any kind1 he was likely to become a ,protestant2 and1 if he did1 one of two calamitous fates awaited him1 either of which made him useless to ,spain3 he either concealed his opinions1 and thus stifled his nobler life1 or else the ,inquisition destroyed him4 ,never was such successful war waged upon the human mind as in ,spain at that period1 for every man who manifested any kind of mental superiority was either slain or neutralized4 ,if he escaped the goldmines1 the wars1 and the ,inquisition1 there was still the ,church to take him in and convert him into a priest4 ,nor need we go as far as ,spain to see the fatal damage done to communities by the absorption of promising youth into the priesthood4 ,we have only to go to the ,french parts of ,canada1 and mark the difference between the torpid and hopeless villages there1 and the vigorous1 handsome towns of ,new ,england1 ,new ,york1 and ,michigan1 just over the border4 ,the reason of this amazing contrast is that on our side of the line the natural leaders of the people found mills1 factories1 libraries1 and schools2 on the other side they enter convents and build churches2 and the people1 thus bereft of their natural chiefs1 harness forlorn cows to crazy carts1 and come down into ,vermont and ,new ,hampshire in harvest-time to get a little money to help them through the long ,canadian winter4 ,thus1 in ,spain and ,italy1 the men who ought to serve the people1 prey upon them1 and the direct and chief reason why the northern nations of ,europe surpass the southern is1 that in the north the superior minds are turned to account1 and in the south they have been entombed in the ,church or paralyzed by titles of nobility4 ,illustration3 ,after ,sedan4 ,senor1 we have brought to your ,majesty this paroquet1 which we found as we were going our rounds in camp4--,from ,gil ,blas1 ,madrid1 ,september1 #ahgj4 ,hence1 in the country of ,cervantes1 in the native land of ,gil ,blas and ,figaro1 there is now little manifestation of their comic fertility and gayety of mind4 ,a member of the ,american ,legation obligingly writes from ,madrid in #ahge3 ,i have questioned many persons here in regard to ,spanish caricature1 but have always received the same reply1 namely1 that pictorial caricature1 political or other1 has not existed in ,spain till #ahfh4 ,i have searched book-stores and book-stalls1 and find nothing2 nor have the venders been able to aid me4 ,i found in a private library some ,bibles and other religious books of the sixteenth century1 in which were caricatures of the ,pope and of similar subjects1 but they were printed in ,flanders1 though in the ,spanish language2 and the art is ,dutch4 ,the pasquinades of ,italy never prevailed in ,spain4 ,it is thought at our ,legation here that there must have been caricature in ,spain1 from the writings of ,spaniards being so full of satire and wit2 but though the germ may have existed1 ,i am inclined to think it was not developed till the dethronement of ,isabel ,,ii4 and the proclamation of the ,republic broke down the barriers to the liberty1 if not license1 of the printing-press4 ,between #ahfh and #ahge various papers were published here containing caricatures1 copies of which are to be had1 but at a premium4 ,until this period1 ,i fancy the ,inquisition1 censorship1 and other causes prevented any display of a spirit of caricature which may have existed4 ,the real1 untraveled ,spanish mind has little idea of true wit3 of satire and burlesque1 yes2 of inoffensive joke or pun1 none4 ,there is no ,spanish word for pun2 that for joke is broma1 taken from the ,spanish name of the ,teredo navalis1 or wood-borer1 so fatal to vessels1 and really means an annoying1 or practical1 joke4 ,i have some samples of caricature1 published during the period to which ,i refer1 many of which1 to one who is familiar with the politics1 manners1 and customs in ,spain at the time1 are equal in point1 if not in execution1 to any thing in ,punch4 ,they were1 for the greater part1 designed by ,ortego1 but are of the ,english or ,french style1 and have little ,spanish individuality4 ,illustration3 ,to the ,bull-fight4 ,there they go1 all resolved to yell ,bungler6 at the picador1 whether he does his part well or ill4 ,it's all they know how to do4--,from ,el ,mundo ,comico1 ,madrid1 #ahgc4 ,a great mass of the comic illustrated series and periodicals alluded to by my attentive correspondent accompanied his letter1 and justify its statements4 ,the ,french style is indeed most apparent in them1 as the reader shall see4 ,the ,comic ,almanac for #ahge 7,almanaque ,comico para #ahge71 published at ,madrid1 and profusely illustrated1 is entirely in the ,french style4 ,many of the pictures have every thing of ,gavarni except his genius4 ,here are some that catch the eye in running over its shabby1 ill-printed pages3 ,picture of an ill-favored father contemplating a worse-favored boy1 aged about six years4 ,father speaks3 ,it is very astonishing6 ,the more this son of mine grows1 the more he looks like my friend ,ramon4 ,illustration3 ,a ,delegation of ,birds of ,prey1 presenting ,thanks to the ,authors of the ,bountiful ,carnage provided for the ,late ,festival4 7,from ,gil ,blas1 ,madrid1 ,september1 #ahgj47 ,picture of a gentleman in evening dress1 flirting familiarly with a dancing-girl behind the scenes of a theatre4 ,she says3 ,if only your intentions were good6 ,to which he replies by asking3 ,and what do you call good intentions8 ,she casts down her eyes and stammers3 ,to promise--to keep your word4 ,picture of a young lady at the desk of a public writer1 to whom she says3 ,make the sweetest little verse to tell him that ,i hope to see him next ,sunday at the gate of the ,alcala1 near the first swing4 ,picture of a husband and wife1 both in exuberant health4 ,she4 ,you grow worse and worse2 and sea-bathing is so good for you6 ,he4 ,and you8 ,she4 ,i am well2 but ,i shall go with you to take care of you1 dear4 ,picture of a very fashionably dressed lady and little girl1 to whom enters1 hat and cane in hand1 a gentleman1 who says to the child3 ,do you not remember me1 little ,ruby8 ,she replies3 ,ah1 yes6 ,you are the first papa that used to come to our house a good while ago1 and you always brought me caramels4 ,picture of two young ladies in conversation4 ,one of them says3 ,when he looks at me1 ,i lower my eyes4 ,when he presses my hand1 ,i blush4 ,and if he kisses me1 ,i call to mamma1 and the poor fellow believes it1 and dares go no further4 ,picture of a woman in a bath-tub1 to whom enters a man presenting a bill4 ,she says3 ,take a seat1 for ,i am about to rise from the bath1 and then we can settle that account4 ,illustration3 ,child1 you will take cold4 ,i take cold8 ,but how well that overcoat fits him6--,from ,el ,mundo ,comico1 ,madrid1 #ahgc4 ,picture of nurse1 infant1 and father4 ,the father says3 ,tell me1 nurse2 every body says it looks like me1 but ,i think it takes after its mother more4 ,the nurse replies3 ,when it laughs1 yes2 but when it frowns1 it looks like you atrociously4 ,picture of a fast-looking woman and the janitor of a lodging-house4 ,he says3 ,you wish to see the landlord8 ,i think he does not mean to have ladies in his house who are alone4 ,she replies3 ,i am never alone4 ,picture of young lady in bed1 to whom a servant holds up an elegant bonnet1 and says3 ,tell me1 since you are ill1 and can not go to the ball1 will you lend this to your affectionate and faithful servant1 since ,i give you my word not to injure it8 ,picture of husband and wife at home1 she taking out a note that had been concealed in a handkerchief4 ,he speaks3 ,a woman who deceives her husband deserves no pity4 ,she replies3 ,but if she does not deceive her husband1 whom is she to deceive8 ,picture of the manager of a theatre in his office1 to whom enters a dramatic author4 ,author3 ,i have called to know if you have read my play4 ,manager3 ,not yet4 ,it is numbered1 in the list of plays received1 #gib2 so that for this year-- ,author3 ,no1 sir2 nor for that which is to come either4 ,this will suffice for the ,comic ,almanac4 ,the ,comic ,world 7,el ,mundo ,comico71 which next invites attention1 is a weekly paper published at ,madrid during the last four years4 ,this work1 also1 has much in common with the wicked world of ,paris1 as with the wicked world of all countries where the priest feeds the imagination and starves the intellect4 ,this reveling in the illicit and the indecent1 which so astonishes us in the popular literature of ,catholic countries1 is merely a sign of impoverished mind1 which is obliged to revolve ceaselessly about the physical facts of our existence1 because it is acquainted with so few other facts4 ,the first number of the ,comic ,world presents a colored engraving of a ,spanish beauty1 attired in the last extremity of the fashion1 bonnetless1 fan in hand1 with high-heeled boots1 and a blending of ,french and ,spanish in her make-up1 walking in the street unattended4 ,the picture is headed3 ,in ,quest of the ,unknown4 ,the next picture shows that ,spain1 too1 has its savings-banks which do not save4 ,two strolling musicians1 clothed in rags1 are exhibited1 one of whom says to the other3 ,a pretty situation6 ,while men drive by in a coach after robbing us of our savings deposited in their banks1 we ask alms of the robbers6 ,illustration3 ,inconvenience of the ,new ,collar4 ,how1 my ,adela1 can you ask me to whisper in your ear when you have put that cover over it8--,from ,el ,mundo ,comico1 ,madrid1 #ahgc4 ,there is a pair of pictures1 one called ,the ,cocks1 and the other ,the ,pullets4 ,the ,cocks are three very young ,spanish dandies1 with dawning mustaches1 extremely thin canes1 and all the other puppyisms4 ,the ,pullets are three young ladies of similar age and taste4 ,as they pass in the street1 one of the ,cocks says to his companions3 ,do you see how the tallest one blushes8 ,the reply is3 ,yes2 when she sees me4 ,at the same moment the ,pullets exchange whispers4 ,how fast you go6 says one4 ,don't speak6 says another4 ,the dark-complexioned one is he whom we saw at the theatre4 ,yes1 ,i remember2 the one in the box4 ,in these pictures1 as in most other ,spanish caricatures1 the men are meagre and disagreeable-looking1 but the ladies are plump and attractive4 ,a domestic scene follows1 which must be peculiar to ,spain1 one would think4 ,a gay young husband1 on leaving home in the evening1 is addressed by his wife1 who has a hand in his waistcoat-pocket3 ,you carry away twelve dollars and three shillings4 ,we will see what extraordinary expense you incur to-night4 ,at ,madrid1 as at other capitals of ,europe1 the ,englishman is an object of interest4 ,ladies seem to consider him a desirable match1 and men make him the hero of extravagant anecdotes4 ,there is a table-d'hote picture in ,el ,mundo ,comico1 presenting a row of people at an advanced stage of dinner1 when the guests become interesting to one another4 ,have you seen the colonel8 asks a chaperon of the young lady by her side4 ,the damsel1 looking her demurest1 says3 ,do not distract me2 the ,englishman is looking at me4 ,other pictures indicate that the ladies of ,madrid are accustomed to look upon ,englishmen as worth posing for4 ,the ,comic ,world aims a vilely executed caricature at the ghost of ,hamlet's father1 who is represented in the usual armor4 ,the words signify3 ,all ,i ask is1 did that ancient race take their afternoon nap in cuirass and helmet8 ,from which we may at least infer that ,el ,principe ,hamlet is a familiar personage to the inhabitants of ,madrid4 ,illustration3 ,sufferings endured by a ,prisoner of ,war4 7,from ,gil ,blas1 ,madrid1 ,september1 #ahgj47 ,among the numerous colored engravings which reflect upon1 or1 rather glorify1 the frailty of women is one which can with difficulty be understood by ,protestants4 ,a girl is about to go to bed1 and is saying a prayer beginning1 ,with ,god ,i lie down1 with ,god ,i rise1 with the ,virgin ,mary and the ,holy ,ghost6 ,the joke does not appear at the first glance1 for there is no one else in the bedroom1 unless there is some one in the curtained bed4 ,we discover1 at length1 lying near her feet1 a pair of man's boots6 ,nothing is sacred to these savage caricaturists of the ,french school4 ,another colored picture in ,el ,mundo ,comico is called ,absence1 and is designed to exhibit the sorrow of a woman at the absence of her lover in the wars4 ,she says3 ,poor ,louis6 ,i am here alone1 forsaken1 and he is pursuing the insurgents in the mountains4 ,does he remember me8 ,the innocent reader may well ask1 ,what is the comedy of the situation8 ,the woman in this scene is sitting on the edge of her bed1 nearly naked1 taking off her earrings1 with other finery of her trade lying about on the table and the floor4 ,after running through a volume of this periodical1 we are prepared to believe the descriptions given of society in the ,spanish capital by the correspondent of the ,london ,times during the early months of ,alfonso's reign4 ,speaking of a monstrous scandal inculpating the king1 he wrote3 ,in a profligate1 frivolous1 and gossiping capital like ,madrid1 where every one seems intent upon political plotting1 debauchery1 and idleness1 there is no scandal1 no invention of malice too gross and improbable for acceptance1 provided those attacked are well known4 ,the higher his or her rank1 the greater is the cynical satisfaction with which the tale of depravity is retailed by the newsmongers in cafe1 tertulia1 and club4 ,another comic weekly published at ,madrid is called ,gil ,blas1 ,periodico ,satirico4 ,this is by far the least bad of the comic papers recently attempted in ,spain4 ,many of its subjects are drawn from the politics of the period1 and some of them appear to be very happily treated4 ,the sorry adventures of ,louis ,napoleon and his son in the war between ,france and ,prussia are presented with much comic effect4 ,queen ,isabel and her hopeful boy figure also in many sketches1 which were doubtless amusing to the people of ,madrid when they appeared4 ,the ,duc de ,montpensier and other possible candidates for the throne are portrayed in situations and circumstances not to be fully understood at this distance from the time and scene4 ,the ,spanish caricatures given in this chapter1 whatever the reader may think of them1 were selected from about a thousand specimens2 and if they are not the very best of the thousand1 they are at least the best of those which can be appreciated by us4 ,cuba had its comic periodical during the brief ascendency of liberal ideas in #ahgd4 ,a ,cuban letter of that year chronicles its suspension3 ,the comic weekly newspaper1 ,juan ,palonio1 has met its death-blow by an order of suspension for a month1 and a strong hint to the director1 ,don ,juan ,ortega1 that a trip to the ,peninsula would be of benefit to his health4 ,the immediate cause of this order was a cartoon1 representing the arms of the captain-general wielding a broom1 marked 'extraordinary powers1' and sweeping away ignorance1 the insurrection1 etc4 ,there was nothing1 in fact1 to take umbrage at2 but the cartoon served as a pretext to kill the paper1 which was rather too republican in tone4 ,the ,government censor was removed from his position for the same reason1 and a new one appointed4 ,in those countries long debauched by superstition1 comic art has little chance2 for if tyranny does not kill it1 a dissolute public degrades it into a means of pollution4 ,,chapter ,,xxii4 ,,italian ,,caricature4 ,as soon as comic art in ,italy is mentioned1 we think of ,pasquino1 the merry ,roman tailor1 whose name has enriched all the languages of ,europe with an effective word4 ,many men whose names have been put to a similar use have1 notwithstanding1 been completely forgotten2 but ,pasquino1 after having been the occasion of pasquinades for four centuries1 is still freshly remembered1 and travelers tell his story over again to their readers4 ,pasquino was the fashionable tailor at ,rome about the time when the discovery of ,america was a recent piece of news4 ,in his shop1 as tradition reports1 bishops1 courtiers1 nobles1 literary men1 were wont to meet to order their clothes1 and retail the scandal of the city4 ,the master of the shop1 a wit himself1 and the daily receptacle of others' wit1 uttered frequent epigrams upon conspicuous persons1 which passed from mouth to mouth1 as such things will in an idle and luxurious community4 ,whatever piece of witty malice was afloat in the town came to be attributed to ,pasquino2 and men who had more wit than courage attributed to him the satire they dared not claim4 ,catholics who have seen the inside of ,roman life1 who have been domiciled with bishops and cardinals1 report that the magnates of ,rome1 to this day1 associate in the informal manner in which we should suppose they did four centuries ago1 from the traditions of ,pasquino and his sayings4 ,the ,pope sends papers of bonbons to the ,sisters who have charge of infant schools1 and shares among the cardinals the delicacies and interesting objects which are continually sent to him4 ,upon hearing their accounts of the easy familiarities and light tone of the higher ecclesiastical society of recent times1 we can the better understand the traditions that have come down to us of ,pasquino and his shop full of highnesses and eminences4 ,pasquino1 like the fellow of infinite jest upon whose skull ,hamlet moralized in the church-yard1 died1 and was buried4 ,soon after his death it became necessary to dig up an ancient statue half sunk in the ground of his street2 and1 to get it out of the way1 it was set up close to his shop4 ,pasquino has come back1 said some one4 ,rome accepted the jest1 and thus the statue acquired the name of ,pasquino1 which it retains to the present day4 ,soon it became a custom to stick to it any epigram or satirical verse the author of which desired to be unknown4 ,so many of these sharp sayings were aimed at the ecclesiastical lords of ,rome1 that one of the popes was on the point of having the statue thrown into the river1 just as modern tyrants think to silence criticism by suppressing the periodical in which it appears4 ,pasquino1 properly enough1 was saved by an epigram4 ,do not throw ,pasquino into the ,tiber1 said the ,spanish embassador1 lest he should teach all the frogs in the river to croak pasquinades4 ,we can not wonder that the popes should have objected to ,pasquino's biting tongue1 if the specimens of his wit which are given by ,mr4 ,story#ch fairly represent him4 ,there was a volume of six hundred and thirty-seven pages of epigrams and satires1 published in #aedd1 claiming to be pasquinades1 many of which doubtless were such4 ,here is one upon the infamous pope1 ,alexander ,sextus3 ,sextus ,tarquinius1 ,sextus ,nero--this also is ,sextus4 ,always under the ,sextuses ,rome has been ruined4 ,footnote #ch3 ,roba di ,roma1 p4 #bhc4 ,after the sudden death of ,pope ,leo ,x41 two ,latin lines to the following effect were found upon ,pasquino3 ,if you desire to hear why at his last hour ,leo ,could not the sacraments take1 know he had sold them4 ,the allusion is to ,leo's unscrupulous use of every means within his power of raising money4 ,when ,clement ,,vii41 after the sack of ,rome1 was held a prisoner1 ,pasquino had this3 ,papa non potest errare4 ,this sentence ordinarily means that the pope can not err2 but the verb errare signifies also to wander1 to stroll2 so that the line was a sneer both at the pope's confinement and his claim to infallibility4 ,one of ,pasquino's hardest hits was called forth by the grasping measures of ,pius ,,vi43 ,three jaws had ,cerberus1 and three mouths as well1 ,which barked into the blackest deeps of hell4 ,three hungry mouths have you2 ay1 even four2 ,none of them bark1 but all of them devour4 ,there was a capital one1 too1 and a just1 upon the institution of the ,legion of ,honor in ,france by ,napoleon ,bonaparte1 not long after he had stolen several hundred precious works of art and manuscripts from the ,roman ,states4 ,in times less pleasant and more fierce1 of old1 ,the thieves were hung upon the cross1 we're told4 ,in times less fierce1 more pleasant1 like to-day1 ,crosses are hung upon the thieves1 they say4 ,thus for centuries have ,pasquino and his rival1 ,marfario1 an exhumed river-god1 given occasional expression to the pent-up wrath of ,italy at the spoliation of their beautiful country4 ,mr4 ,story reports a pasquinade which appeared but a very few years since1 when all the world was longing to hear of the death of ,ferdinand ,,ii4 of ,naples1 who1 under the name of ,king ,bomba1 was so deeply execrated by ,italians4 ,pasquino supposes a traveler just arrived from ,naples1 and asks him what he has seen there1 when the following conversation takes place3 ,i have seen a tumor tumore4 ,a tumor8 ,but what is a tumor8 ,for answer1 take away the t4 ,ah6 a humor umore4 ,but is this humor dangerous8 ,take away the u4 ,he dies6 what a pity6 ,but when8 ,shortly8 ,take away the m4 ,hours6 ,in a few hours6 ,but who1 then1 has this humor8 ,take away the o4 ,king6 ,the king6 ,i am delighted4 ,but1 then1 where will he go8 ,take away the r4 ,e-e-e-h6 ,illustration3 ,king ,bomba's ,ultimatum to ,sicily4 7,from ,il ,don ,pirlone1 ,rome1 ,december1 #ahdh47 ,could there be any thing better than a pasquinade which appeared during the conference upon ,italian affairs at ,zuerich between the representatives of ,austria1 ,italy1 and ,france8 ,pasquino enters the chamber1 where he holds the following conversation with the plenipotentiaries3 ,do you speak ,french8 ,no4 ,do you speak ,german8 ,no4 ,do you speak ,italian8 ,no4 ,what language do you speak8 ,latin4 ,and what have you got to say in ,latin8 ,as it was in the beginning1 is now1 and ever shall be1 for ever and ever4 ,amen4 ,happily1 ,pasquino was not a prophet1 and the affairs of ,italy are not as they were and had been during so many ages of despair4 ,from these specimens of ,italian satire we should expect to find the people of ,italy effective with the satirical pencil also4 ,the spirit of caricature is in them1 but the opportunities for its exercise and exhibition have been few and far between4 ,as in ,spain there was an exhaustive depletion of intellectual force1 so in ,italy the human mind1 during late centuries1 has been crushed under a dead weight of priests4 ,professor ,charles ,eliot ,norton1 in his ,travel and ,study in ,italy1 tells us that ,roman artists can not now so much as copy well the masterpieces by which they are surrounded4 ,the utter sterility1 he says1 and impotence of mind which have long been and are still conspicuous at ,rome1 the deadness of the ,roman imagination1 the absence of all intellectual energy in literature and in art1 are the necessary result of the political and moral servitude under which the ,romans exist4 ,where the exercise of the privileges of thought is dangerous1 the power of expression soon ceases4 ,for a time--as during the seventeenth century in ,italy--the external semblance of originality may remain1 and mechanical facility of execution may conceal the absence of real life2 but by degrees the very semblance disappears1 and facility of execution degenerates into a mere trick of the hand4 ,the ,roman artists of the present time have not1 in general1 the capacity even of good copyists4 ,they can mix colors and can polish marble1 but they are neither painters nor sculptors4 ,and yet 7as the same author remarks7 with the first breath of freedom the dormant capacity of the ,italians awakes4 ,in ,italy1 as in ,france1 ,spain1 and ,cuba1 caricature dies when freedom is gone1 and lives again as soon as the oppressor is removed4 ,in #ahdh1 when the ,revolution had gained ascendency in ,rome1 a satirical paper appeared1 called ,il ,don ,pirlone1 published weekly1 and illustrated by strong1 though rudely executed1 caricatures4 ,don ,pirlone was the name of a familiar character in ,italian comedy and farce4 ,the pictures in this work abundantly justify the encomiums of ,professor ,norton and ,mr4 ,story1 who both pronounce them to be full of spirit and vigor1 proving that the satiric fire of the early pasquinades is not extinguished4 ,illustration3 ,he has begun the ,service with ,mass1 and completed it with ,bombs4 7,from ,il ,don ,pirlone1 ,rome1 ,june #aeth1 #ahdi47 ,among the specimens given in this chapter1 the reader will not fail to notice the one that made its appearance in ,june1 #ahdi1 when thirty thousand ,french troops1 under the command of ,general ,oudinot1 were about to replace upon the heart and brain of ,rome the cumbrous1 fantastic ,medicine-man of ,christendom4 ,this picture1 slight as is the impression which it makes upon us1 who can safely smile at the medicine-men of all climes and tribes1 was most eagerly scanned by the outraged people of ,rome1 to whom the return of the ,medicine-man boded another twenty years of asphyxia4 ,don ,pirlone was obliged to print extra editions to supply the demand4 ,the picture exhibits the interior of a church1 and the ,pope celebrating mass2 ,general ,oudinot assists him1 kneeling at the steps of the altar and holding up the pontifical robes4 ,the bell used at the mass is in the form of an imperial crown4 ,surrounding the altar1 a crowd of military officers are seen1 and behind them a row of bayonets4 ,the candles on the altar are in the form of bayonets4 ,the time chosen by the artist is the supreme moment of the mass1 when the celebrant elevates the host4 ,the image of ,christ on the crucifix has withdrawn its arms from the cross-bars1 and covered its face with its hands1 as if to shut the desecration from its sight4 ,lightning darts from the cross1 and a hissing serpent issues from the wine-cup4 ,on the sole of one of ,general ,oudinot's boots are the words1 ,articolo ,v4 della ,constituzione 7,article ,v4 of the ,constitution1 i4 e41 the ,french ,constitution71 which declared that the ,french ,republic never employs its forces against the liberty of any people4 ,underneath this fine caricature was printed3 ,he began the service with the mass1 and completed it with bombs4 ,illustration3 ,but1 dear ,mr4 ,undertaker1 are you so perfectly sure that she is dead8--,from ,il ,don ,pirlone1 ,rome1 ,july1 #ahdi4 ,two weeks more of life were vouchsafed to ,il ,don ,pirlone after the publication of this caricature4 ,on ,july #b;d1 #ahdi1 the ,french army marched into ,rome1 and the paper appeared no more4 ,the last number contained an engraving of ,liberty1 a woman lying dead upon the earth1 with a cock on a neighboring dunghill crowing1 and a ,french general covering over the prostrate body4 ,under the picture was printed3 ,but1 dear ,mr4 ,undertaker1 are you so perfectly sure that she is dead8 ,these were certainly vigorous specimens of satiric art1 and increase both our wonder and our regret at the mental degradation of the beautiful countries of ,southern ,europe4 ,they increase our wonder1 ,i say1 because the ascendency of priests in a nation is more an effect than a cause of degeneracy4 ,when the canker-worm takes possession of a ,new ,england orchard1 and devours every germ and green leaf1 covering all the trees with loathsome blight1 it is not because the canker-worm there is more vigorous or deadly than on the next farm1 but because the soil of the blasted orchard is wanting in some ingredient or condition needful for the vigorous life of fruit-trees4 ,it is not priests1 beggars1 and banditti that make ,mexico1 ,peru1 ,italy1 and ,spain what we find them4 ,priests1 beggars1 and banditti are but the vermin whose natural prey is a low moral and mental life2 and hence the wonder that ,italy1 so long a prey to such1 should still produce originating minds4 ,other caricatures in ,il ,don ,pirlone were remarkable4 ,the alliance between ,austria and ,france in ,may1 #ahdi1 suggested a picture called ,a ,secret ,marriage1 which was also a church scene1 the altar bearing the words ,ad minorem ,dei gloriam 7,to the lesser glory of ,god71 a parody of the words adopted by the ,inquisition1 ,ad majorem ,dei gloriam4 ,the ,pope is marrying the bridal pair1 who kneel at a desk--the groom1 a ,french officer with a cock's head1 and for a crest an imperial crown2 the bride1 a woman with long robes1 and on her head the ,austrian double eagle4 ,upon the desk are an axe1 a whip1 a skull1 and crossbones4 ,illustration3 ,bomba at ,supper4 ,effect of ,impressions4 7,from ,il ,don ,pirlone1 ,rome1 ,may1 #ahdi47 ,mr4 ,norton describes another1 called the ,wandering ,jew4 ,flying to the verge of ,europe1 where the ,atlantic washes the shores of ,portugal1 is seen the tall figure of the unhappy ,carlo ,alberto1 driven by skeleton ghosts1 over whose heads shine stars with the dates #ahba1 #ahca1 #ahdh4 ,in the midst of the sky1 before the fugitive1 are the flaming words ',a ,carignano ,maledizione ,eterna6' 7',cursed be ,carignano forever6'7 to which a hand1 issuing from the clouds1 points with extended forefinger4 ,the grim and threatening skeletons1 the ghosts of those whom ,carignano had betrayed1 the tormented look of the flying king1 the malediction in the heavens1 the solitude of the earth and the sea1 display a concentrated power of imagination rare in art4 ,the ruling theme of these powerful sketches is the foul union of priest and king for the common purpose of spoiling fair ,italy4 ,the moral of the work might be summed up in the remark of an ,italian soldier whom ,mr4 ,norton met one day near ,rome4 ,are the roads quiet now8 asked the ,american traveler4 ,ah1 excellency1 replied the man1 the poor must live1 and the winter is hard1 and there is no work6 ,but how was the harvest8 ,small enough1 signore6 ,there is no grain at ,tivoli1 and no wine2 and as for the olives1 a thousand trees have not given the worth of a bajocco4 ,and what does the ,government do for the poor8 ,nothing1 nothing at all4 ,and the priests8 ,eh6 ,they live well1 always well2 they have a good time in this world--but8 ,illustration3 ,such is the ,love of ,kings4 7,from ,il ,don ,pirlone1 ,rome1 #ahdi47 ,one striking picture in ,il ,don ,pirlone represents ,italy in the form of a huge military boot lying prostrate on the earth1 with ,liberty half astride of it1 holding a broom4 ,she has just knocked off the boot a ,french general1 who lies on the ground with his hat at some distance from him1 and she has raised her broom to give a second blow4 ,but at that critical moment1 the ,pope thrusts his hands from a cloud1 seizes the broom1 and holds it back4 ,inside the boot is seen ambushed a cardinal with two long daggers1 waiting to strike ,liberty to the heart when she shall be disarmed4 ,underneath is printed3 ,impediments to ,liberty4 ,in a similar spirit was conceived a picture called ,a ,modern ,synod1 which reflected upon the diplomatic conference in ,belgium on ,italian affairs between the representatives of ,austria1 ,france1 and ,england4 ,there sits ,italy in the council-chamber1 bound and naked to the waist1 for the scourge4 ,at the table are seated1 ,austria1 with head of double eagle2 ,france1 with a cock's head and crest1 but a woman's bosom and extremely low-necked dress2 and ,england1 with a head compounded of unicorn and donkey4 ,underneath the table are the ,pope and ,king ,bomba1 with hidden scourges1 only waiting for the conference to end to resume their congenial task of lashing helpless ,italy4 ,illustration3 ,mr4 ,punch4 ,a terrific picture is one representing the ,pope with a scourge in his hand1 riding high in the air over ,rome1 mounted upon a hideous flying dragon with four heads4 ,one of the heads is ,austria's double eagle2 another1 the ,gallic cock2 the third1 ,spain2 the fourth1 ,bomba4 ,the papal crown is carried in the coil of the monster's forked tail4 ,under the picture are words signifying ,such is the love of kings6 ,imagine endless variations upon this theme in ,il ,don ,pirlone1 executed invariably with force1 and sometimes with a power that1 even at this distance of time1 rouses the soul4 ,laying aside the caricatures of the ,revolution1 of which considerable volumes have been collected1 ,i may say a word or two of the comic entertainment that has now become universal1 ,punch1 which1 if ,italy did not originate it1 received there its modern form and character4 ,punch is now exhibited daily in every civilized and semi-civilized land or earth--in ,china1 ,siam1 ,india1 ,japan1 ,tartary1 ,russia1 ,egypt1 everywhere4 ,a ,new ,york traveler1 well known both for the extent of his journeys and for the excellent use he has made of them1 tells me that he saw1 not long ago1 a performance of ,punch at ,cairo1 in a tent1 in ,arabic1 a small coin being charged for admission4 ,the people entered with a grave demeanor1 sat in rows upon the sand1 listened to the dialogue without a smile1 and at the close filed out in silence1 as if from a solemnity4 ,the performance was similar to that with which we are acquainted4 ,the ,american reader1 however1 may not be very familiar with the exploits of ,punch1 for he has made his way slowly in the ,new ,world1 and was rarely1 if ever1 seen here until within the last ten years4 ,much second-hand erudition could be adduced to show that ,punch1 besides being universal1 dates back to remote antiquity4 ,the bronze figure could be mentioned which was found at ,herculaneum some years ago1 with the ,punchian nose and chin2 as well as a drawing on the wall of a guard-house at ,pompeii1 in which there is a figure costumed like ,punch4 ,even the name ,punch1 which some derive from ,paunch1 is supposed by others to be a corruption of the first name of ,pontius ,pilate4 ,the weight of probability favors the conjecture that ,punch really did originate in ,india1 at least three thousand years ago1 and came down1 through other ,oriental lands1 to ,greece1 part of the stock of traditions that gather about ,bacchus and his comic audacities--jovial and impudent ,vice triumphant over unskillful ,virtue4 ,punch is a brother of ,don ,juan1 except that ,punch is victorious to the very end2 and the fable of ,don ,juan is among the oldest of human imaginings4 ,illustration3 ,return of the ,pope to ,rome4 7,from ,il ,don ,pirlone1 ,rome1 #ahdi47 ,it is agreed1 however1 that the ,punch of modern ,european streets is ,neapolitan2 and even to this day1 as travelers report1 nowhere in the world is the drama of ,punch given with such force of drollery as in ,naples4 ,what ,mr4 ,d',israeli1 in the ,curiosities of ,literature1 where much ,punch learning may be found1 says of the histrionic ability of the ,italian people1 has been often confirmed since his day4 ,he adds an incident3 ,perhaps there never was an ,italian in a foreign country1 however deep in trouble1 but would drop all remembrance of his sorrows should one of his countrymen present himself with the paraphernalia of ,punch at the corner of a street4 ,i was acquainted with an ,italian1 a philosopher and a man of fortune1 residing in ,england1 who found so lively a pleasure in performing ,punchinello's little comedy1 that1 for this purpose1 with considerable expense and curiosity1 he had his wooden company1 in all their costume1 sent over from his native place4 ,the shrill squeak of the tin whistle had the same comic effect on him as the notes of the ranz-des-vaches have in awakening the tenderness of domestic emotion in the wandering ,swiss4 ,the national genius is dramatic4 ,through the joint labors of ,mr4 ,george ,cruikshank and ,mr4 ,payne ,collier1 we now know exactly what the ,punchian drama is1 as performed by the best artists4 ,mr4 ,cruikshank explains the truly ,english process by which this valuable information was obtained3 ,having been engaged by ,mr4 ,prowett1 the publisher1 to give the various scenes represented in the street performances of ,punch and ,judy1 ,i obtained the address of the proprietor and performer of that popular exhibition4 ,he was an elderly ,italian1 of the name of ,piccini1 whom ,i remembered from boyhood1 and he lived at a low public-house1 the sign of ',the ,king's ,arms1' in the ',coal-yard1' ,drury ,lane4 ,having made arrangements for a 'morning performance1' one of the window-frames on the first floor of the public-house was taken out1 and the stand1 or ,punch's theatre1 was hauled into the ',club-room4' ,mr4 ,payne ,collier 7who was to write the description71 the publisher1 and myself1 formed the audience2 and as the performance went on1 ,i stopped it at the most interesting parts to sketch the figures1 while ,mr4 ,collier noted down the dialogue2 and thus the whole is a faithful copy and description of the various scenes represented by this ,italian4 ,the drama thus obtained1 which has since been published with ,mr4 ,cruikshank's illustrations1 must at least be pronounced the most popular of all dramatic entertainments past or present4 ,it is now in the thirtieth century of its run2 and even the modern ,italian version dates back to the year #afjj4 ,it is a rough1 wild caricature of human life4 ,,chapter ,,xxiii4 ,,english ,,caricature ,,of ,,the ,,present ,,century4 ,illustration3 ,james ,gillray4 ,james ,gillray1 though the favorite caricaturist of ,london before the beginning of our century1 did not reach the full development of his talent until the later extravagancies of ,napoleon ,bonaparte gave him subjects so richly suggestive of burlesque4 ,even at this late day1 when we have it in our power to know the infinite mischief done to our race by such perjured charlatans as ,bonaparte1 it is difficult to read some of his bulletins and messages without bursts of laughter--the imitation of known models is so childish1 and they reveal so preposterous an ignorance of every thing that the ruler of a civilized country ought to know4 ,after giving ,london a long series of caricatures of the ,french ,revolution and of the ,english fermentation that followed it1 ,gillray fell upon ,napoleon1 and exhibited the ludicrous aspects of the man and his doings with a comic fertility and effectiveness rarely equaled4 ,true1 he knew very little either of the ,revolution or of ,bonaparte--,england knew little--but while all well-informed and humane persons have forgiven the excesses of the ,revolutionary period1 or laid the blame at the door of the real culprits1 the world is coming round to the view of ,napoleon ,bonaparte which the caricaturist gave seventy years ago4 ,if ,i were asked to name the best five caricatures produced since ,hogarth1 one of the five would be ,james ,gillray's ,tiddy-,doll1 the ,great ,french ,gingerbread ,baker drawing out a ,new ,batch of ,kings2 and another1 a picture by the same artist1 ,king of ,brobdingnag and ,gulliver ridiculing ,napoleon's scheme of invading ,england in #ahjc4 ,both are masterpieces of satiric art in what we may justly style the ,english style2 i4 e41 the style which amuses every body and wounds nobody1 not even the person satirized4 ,illustration3 ,tiddy-,doll1 the ,great ,french ,gingerbread ,baker1 drawing out a ,new ,batch of ,kings4 ,his ,man1 ,hopping ,talley1 mixing up the ,dough4 7,gillray1 #ahjf47 ,born in #ageg1 when ,hogarth had still seven years to live1 the son of a valiant ,english soldier who left an arm in ,flanders1 ,james ,gillray belongs more to the old school of caricaturists than to the new4 ,many of his works could not now be exhibited2 nor was ,gillray superior in moral feeling to the time in which he lived4 ,he flattered the pride and the prejudices of ,john ,bull4 ,in a deep-drinking age1 his own habits were excessively convivial2 were such as to shorten his life1 after having impaired his reason4 ,he was1 nevertheless1 for a period of twenty years the favorite caricaturist of his country1 and a very large number of his works are in all respects admirable4 ,the reader will remark that ,gillray1 like most of his countrymen1 was not acquainted with the countenance of ,napoleon1 and could1 therefore1 only give the popularly accepted portrait4 ,his likenesses generally are excellent4 ,among the crowds of laughing ,english boys who hailed every new picture issued by ,gillray during the last ten years of his career was one named ,george ,cruikshank1 still living and honored among his countrymen in #ahgg4 ,him we may justly style the founder of the new school--the virtuous school--of comic art1 which accords so agreeably with the humaner civilization which has been stealing over the world of late years1 and particularly since the suppression of ,bonaparte in #ahae4 ,on page #bgj is a picture of his executed in his eightieth year1 a proof of the steadiness of hand and alertness of mind which reward a temperate and honorable life even in extreme old age4 ,this picture was both drawn and engraved by his own hand to please one of his oldest ,american friends1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,bouton1 of ,new ,york1 long concerned in collecting and distributing his works among us4 ,here1 then1 is a living artist whose first handling of the etching-tool dates back almost three-quarters of a century4 ,mr4 ,reid1 the keeper of prints and drawings in the ,british ,museum1 has been at the pains to make a catalogue of the works of ,george ,cruikshank4 ,the number of entries in this catalogue is five thousand two hundred and sixty-five1 many of which comprise extensive series of drawings1 so that the total number of his pictures probably exceeds twenty thousand--about one picture for every working-day during the productive part of his career4 ,illustration3 ,the ,threatened ,invasion of ,england1 #ahjd4 7,gillray47 7,the ,king of ,brobdingnag and ,gulliver4 ,scene--,gulliver manoeuvring with his little boat in the cistern4--,vide ,swift's ,gulliver47 ,i often used to row for my own diversion1 as well as that of the queen and her ladies1 who thought themselves well entertained with my skill and agility4 ,sometimes ,i would put up my sail and show my art by steering starboard and larboard4 ,however1 my attempts produced nothing else besides a loud laughter1 which all the respect due to his majesty from those about him could not make them contain4 ,this made me reflect how vain an attempt it is for a man to endeavor to do himself honor among those who are out of all degree of equality or comparison with him4 ,illustration3 ,the ,bibliomaniac4 7,george ,cruikshank1 #ahga47 ,there is perhaps no gift so likely to be transmitted from father to son as a talent for drawing4 ,certainly it runs in the ,cruikshank family1 for there are already five of the name known to collectors1 much to their confusion4 ,as a guide to ,mr4 ,reid in the preparation of his catalogue1 the old gentleman made a brief statement1 which is one of the curiosities of art gossip1 and it may serve a useful purpose to collectors in the ,united ,states4 ,his father1 ,isaac ,cruikshank1 was a designer and etcher and engraver1 as well as a water-color draughtsman4 ,his brother1 ,isaac ,robert1 a miniature and portrait painter1 was also a designer and etcher1 and your humble servant likewise a designer and etcher4 ,when ,i was a mere boy1 he adds1 my dear father kindly allowed me to play at etching on some of his copper-plates1 little bits of shadows or little figures in the background1 and to assist him a little as ,i grew older1 and he used to assist me in putting in hands and faces4 ,and when my dear brother ,robert 7who in his latter days omitted the ,isaac7 left off portrait-painting1 and took almost entirely to designing and etching1 ,i assisted him1 at first to a great extent1 in some of his drawings4 ,the result was that1 in looking over the pictures of sixty years ago1 he could not always tell his own work2 and1 to make matters worse1 his brother left a son1 ,percy ,cruikshank1 also a draughtsman and engraver1 and he1 too1 has an artist son1 named ,george4 ,the family has provided work for the coming connoisseur4 ,the glory of the living veteran1 however1 will remain unique1 because he1 first of the comic artists of his country1 caught the new spirit1 avoided the grossness and thoughtless one-sidedness of his predecessors1 and used his art in such a manner that now1 in his eighty-fourth year1 looking back through the long gallery of his works gathered by the affectionate persistence of his admirers1 he can not point to one picture which for any moral reason he could wish to turn to the wall4 ,england owes much to her humorists of the new humane school4 ,she owes1 perhaps1 more than she yet perceives1 because the changes which they promote in manners and morals come about slowly and unmarked4 ,it is the ,american revisiting the country after many years of absence who perceives the ameliorations which the satiric pencil and pen have conjointly produced2 nor are those ameliorations hidden from the ,american who treads for the first time the fast-anchored isle4 ,it is with a peculiar rapturous recognition that we hail every indication of that ,england with which ,english art and literature have made us acquainted--a very different country indeed from the ,england of politics and the newspaper4 ,a student who found himself one fine ,sunday morning in ,june gliding past the lovely ,hampshire coast1 covered with farms1 lawns1 and villas1 gazed in silence for a long time1 and could only relieve his mind at last by gasping1 ,thomson's ',seasons8' ,his first glance revealed to him1 what he had never before suspected1 that the rural poetry of ,england applied in a particular manner to the land that inspired it1 could have been written only there1 and only there could be quite appreciated4 ,from ,chaucer to ,tennyson there is not a sterling line in it which could have been what it is if it had been composed in any part of the ,western continent4 ,we have a flower which we call a daisy1 a weed coarsened by our fierce sun1 betraying barrenness of soil1 and suggestive of careless culture4 ,there is also to be seen in our windows and greenhouses a flower named the primrose1 which1 though it has its merit1 has not been celebrated by poets1 nor is likely to be4 ,but the instant we see an ,english road-side bright with primroses and daisies1 we find ourselves saying1 ,yes1 of course2 these are what the poets mean2 this is the daisy of ,shakspeare and ,burns2 here is ,wordsworth's yellow primrose6 ,and we go on holding similar discourse with ourselves as often as we descry the objects1 at once familiar and unknown1 which in every age the poets of ,great ,britain have loved to sing4 ,illustration3 ,hope--,a ,phrenological ,illustration4 7,george ,cruikshank1 #ahbf47 ,but when1 in these recent days1 the same traveler observes the human life of ,english streets and homes and public places1 he does not perceive so exact a resemblance to the life portrayed in books and pictures4 ,english life seems gentler and better than it was represented forty years ago2 manners are freer and more cordial2 people are less intemperate2 the physical life is much less obstreperous2 the topics discussed have a more frequent relation to the higher interests of human nature4 ,the glory of the last generation was held to be ,waterloo2 the distinction of the present one is a peaceful arbitration4 ,the six-bottle men of ,sheridan's time--where are they8 ,gone1 quite gone4 ,one bottle is now almost as unusual as it is excessive4 ,gone is the coach1 with its long train of barbarisms--its bloated ,wellers1 its coachmen who swallowed an imperial pint of vinegar with their oysters without winking1 its mountainous landlord skillful in charging1 its general horseyness and cumbersome inconvenience4 ,the hideous prize-fight seems finally suppressed4 ,if there are still estates upon which there are family cottages of one room1 they are held in horror1 and it is an axiom accepted that the owner who permits them to remain is a truer savage than the most degraded peasants who inhabit them4 ,art1 humanizing art1 has reached a development which a dreamer of ,hogarth's day could not have anticipated for any period much short of the millennium2 and not a development only1 but a wide diffusion4 ,chadband--where is he8 ,if he exists1 he has assumed a less offensive form than when he ate muffins and sniveled inanity in ,mrs4 ,snagsby's back room4 ,where are ,thackeray's snobs8 ,they1 too1 have not ceased to be1 for the foible which he satirized is an integral part of human nature1 which can be ennobled1 not eradicated4 ,strangers1 however1 do not often observe those violent and crude manifestations of it which ,thackeray describes2 and there seems a likelihood of the ,book of ,snobs meeting the fate of ,adam ,smith's ,wealth of ,nations1 which made itself obsolete by accomplishing its purposes4 ,beer still flows redundant in every part of the ,british ,empire4 ,nevertheless1 there is here and there a person who has discovered how much more can be got out of life by avoiding stimulation4 ,a decided advance must have been made toward tolerance of opinion when men can be borne to honorable burial in ,westminster ,abbey whose opinions were at variance with those which built and sustain the edifice4 ,chadbandom feebly protests1 but no man regards it4 ,illustration3 ,term ,time4 7,george ,cruikshank1 #ahbg47 ,there are men still alive who remember the six-bottle period and all its strenuous vulgarities1 the period when the whole strength of the empire was put forth in the ,bonaparte wars4 ,william ,chambers1 who was born when ,george ,cruikshank was a boy of eight1 speaks of those years as a time of universal violence4 ,children1 ruled by violence at home and by cruelty at school1 pummeled and bullied one another in turn1 besides practicing habitual cruelty toward birds and beasts1 hunting cats1 pelting dogs1 plundering birds' nests4 ,he tells us of a carter who used to turn out his horses to die on the common of his native town1 where the boys1 in the sight of the people1 and without being admonished by them1 would daily amuse themselves by stoning the helpless creatures till they had battered the life out of them4 ,the news that roused the people was all of bloodshed on land and sea4 ,the only pleasures that were held to be entirely worthy of men were hard riding and deep drinking4 ,those diaries of persons who flourished in the first half of ,george ,cruikshank's life1 of which so many volumes have been published lately--those1 for example1 of ,moore1 ,greville1 ,jerdan1 and ,young--what are they but a monotonous record of dinner anecdotes8 ,marryat's novels preserve a popular exhibition of that fighting age1 and we perceive from his memoirs that he did not exaggerate its more savage characteristics4 ,several of his most brutal incidents were transcripts from his own experience4 ,comic art1 which the amelioration of manners has purified1 has done much in its turn to strengthen and diffuse that amelioration4 ,isaac ,cruikshank was among the last of the old school4 ,he seems to have kept his pencil on hire1 for we have caricatures of his on all sides of the politics of his time1 from conservative to radical4 ,in #agie he represented ,william ,pitt as the royal extinguisher putting out the flame of sedition2 but in #agig he exhibited the same minister in the character of a showman deceiving the people with regard to the condition of the country4 ,observe1 says ,billy1 what a busy scene presents itself4 ,the ports are filled with shipping1 riches are flowing in from every quarter4 ,but the countrymen standing around declare that they can see nothing but a woide plain with some mountains and mole-hills upon't1 and conjecture that the fine things which ,billy sees must be behind one of the mole-hills4 ,during the same year we find him caricaturing ,fox1 the leader of the ,opposition1 as having laid a train for the purpose of blowing up the ,constitution1 and then leaving to others the risk of touching it off4 ,on both sides of the ,irish questions of his day he employed his pencil1 ridiculing in some pictures the ,irish discontents1 and in others the measures proposed by ministers for quieting them4 ,when the old king was losing his reason1 he drew him as a farthing rush-light1 around which were the ,prince of ,wales1 ,fox1 ,sheridan1 and their friends1 all trying to blow out the flickering flame4 ,at length1 in #ahaj1 he caricatured the ,burdett riots in a manner to please the most advanced radical4 ,this picture1 however1 may have been a tribute to the mere audacity of the member for ,westminster1 who barricaded his house for four days against the officers of the ,house of ,commons ordered to arrest him4 ,it was while ,isaac ,cruikshank was occasionally drawing such caricatures as these that he kindly allowed his son ,george1 a mere boy1 to play at etching on some of his copper-plates4 ,the first real work done by the lad was of a very modest character1 but he speaks of them in a way to make us regret that even they should have been lost4 ,many of my first productions1 such as half-penny lottery books and books for little children1 can never be known or seen1 having been destroyed long1 long ago by the dear little ones who had them to play with4 ,men who write so of little children that tore up their picture-books seventy years before are not formed for the strife of politics4 ,george ,cruikshank early in life withdrew from political caricature1 but not before he had executed a few pictures of which he might reasonably boast in his old age1 after time had justified their severity4 ,this aged artist1 who has lived to see the laws repealed which restricted the importation of grain into ,england1 was just coming of age when those laws were passed1 and he expressed his opinion of them in a caricature called ,the ,blessings of ,peace2 or1 ,the ,curse of the ,corn ,bill4 ,it was in #ahae--the year that consigned ,bonaparte to ,st4 ,helena1 and gave peace to ,europe4 ,a vessel laden with grain has arrived from a foreign port1 and the supercargo1 holding out a handful1 says1 ,here is the best for fifty shillings4 ,but on the shore stands a store-house filled with home-grown grain1 tight shut1 in front of which is a group of ,british land-owners1 one of whom waves the foreign trader away1 saying3 ,we won't have it at any price4 ,we are determined to keep up our own to eighty shillings1 and if the poor can't buy it at that price1 why1 they must starve4 ,the foreign grain is thrown overboard1 while a starving family looks on1 and the father says1 ,no1 no1 masters1 ,i'll not starve1 but quit my native country1 where the poor are crushed by those they labor to support1 and retire to one more hospitable1 and where the arts of the rich do not interpose to defeat the providence of ,god4 ,such is the ,protective ,system3 an interested few1 having the ear of the ,government1 thriving at the expense of the many who have not the ear of the ,government6 ,this young man saw the point in #ahae as clearly as ,cobden1 ,peel1 or ,mill in #ahdf4 ,in the same year he aimed a caricature at the ministry who took off the income tax1 and lessened the taxes upon property without diminishing those which bore more directly upon the poor4 ,many pictures in a similar spirit followed2 but while he was still a young man he followed the bent of his disposition1 and has ever since employed his pencil in what his great master ,hogarth once styled moral comedies1 wherein humor appears as the ally and teacher of morals4 ,john ,doyle1 who reigned next in the shop-windows of ,great ,britain1 and continued to bear sway for twenty years--#ahbi to #ahdi--was not known by name to the generation which he amused4 ,it chanced one day that two ,i's1 in a printing-office where he was1 stood close to two ,d's1 and he observed that the conjunction formed a figure resembling ,,hb4 ,he adopted this as the mark or signature of his caricatures1 and consequently he was always spoken of as ,h4 ,b4 down to the time of his death1 which occurred about the year #ahfi4 ,he1 too1 shared the spirit of the better time4 ,collectors number his published caricatures at nine hundred and seventeen1 which have been re-issued in eleven volumes2 but in none of his works is there any thing of the savage vulgarity of the caricatures produced during the ,bonaparte wars4 ,it was a custom with ,english print-sellers to keep port-folios of his innocent and amusing pictures to let out by the evening to families about to engage in the arduous work of entertaining their friends at dinner4 ,he excelled greatly in his portraits1 many of which1 it is said by contemporaries1 are the best ever taken of the noted men of that day1 and may be safely accepted as historical4 ,brougham1 ,peel1 ,o',connell1 ,hume1 ,russell1 ,palmerston1 and others appear in his works as they were in their prime1 with little distortion or exaggeration1 the humor of the pictures being in the situation portrayed4 ,thus1 after a debate in which allusion was made to an ancient egg anecdote1 ,,hb produced a caricature in which the leaders of parties were drawn as hens sitting upon eggs4 ,the whole interest of the picture lies in the speaking likenesses of the men4 ,an air of refinement pervades his designs4 ,his humor is not aggressive4 ,it was remarked at the time in the ,westminster ,review that the great hits of ,gillray1 on being put up for the first time in ,mrs4 ,humphrey's window1 were received by the crowd with shouts of approval1 but that the kindlier humor of ,,hb only elicited silent smiles4 ,illustration3 ,box in a ,new ,york ,theatre in #ahcj4 ,i observed in the front row of a dress box a lady performing the most maternal office possible1 several gentlemen without their coats1 and a general air of contempt for the decencies of life1 certainly more than usually revolting4--,,mrs4 ,,trollope1 ,domestic ,manners of the ,americans1 vol4 ii41 p4 #aid4 ,doubtless the war passion that raged throughout ,christendom in ,gillray's day had much to do with the warmth of applause which his works called forth4 ,but1 in truth1 the vulgar portion of mankind appear to have a certain relish of an effective thrust1 no matter who may writhe4 ,,hb was seldom severer than in his picture called ,handwriting on the ,wall1 in which ,silly ,billy 7as ,william ,,iv4 was familiarly styled7 is seen reading a placard headed ,reform ,bill1 and muttering1 ,reform ,bill8 ,can that mean me8 ,most of his pieces turn upon incidents or phases of politics which would require many words to recall1 and then scarcely interest a reader of to-day4 ,a caricature1 as before remarked1 is made to be seen2 it is a thing of the moment1 and for the moment1 and when that moment is passed1 it must be of exceptional quality to bear revival in words4 ,seeing caricatures from childhood has induced a habit in many persons of surveying life in the spirit of caricature1 and has developed some tolerable private wielders of the satiric pencil4 ,mrs4 ,trollope was1 perhaps1 a case in point4 ,her volumes upon the ,domestic ,manners of the ,americans1 the literary sensation of #ahcb1 were illustrated by a dozen or more of very amusing caricatures1 some of which were fair hits1 and were of actual service in improving popular manners4 ,there are persons still alive who remember hearing the cry of ,trollope6 ,trollope6 raised in our theatres when a man ventured to take off his coat on a hot night1 or sat with his feet too high in the air4#ci ,her whole work1 pictures and all1 was a purposed political caricature1 as she frankly confesses in her preface1 where she says that her chief object was to warn her countrymen of the jarring tumult and universal degradation which invariably follow the wild scheme of placing all the power of the ,state in the hands of the populace4 ,she was1 besides1 exceedingly uncomfortable during her three years' residence in the ,united ,states1 except when she was so happy as to be served by slaves4 ,on entering a slave ,state1 she remarks1 ,i was immediately comfortable and at my ease1 and felt that the intercourse between me and those who served me was profitable to both parties and painful to neither4 ,footnote #ci3 ,in the pit of the ,chatham ,theatre1 ,new ,york persons pulled off their coats in order to be cool4444 ,gentlemen keep their hats on in the boxes1 and in the pit they make themselves in every respect comfortable4--,travels through ,north ,america during the ,years #ahbe and #ahbf1 p4 #ade1 by his ,highness ,bernhard1 ,duke of ,saxe-,weimar-,eisenach4 ,besides the specimen of her caricaturing powers given in this chapter1 there are several others which have1 at least1 some interest as curiosities of insular judgment4 ,mrs4 ,trollope1 the daughter of a clergyman of the ,english ,church1 and the wife of an ,english lawyer of aristocratic family1 entered the ,united ,states1 in #ahbg1 by the ,mississippi1 and spent a year or two in its newly settled valley4 ,she saw the ,western people engaged in a life-and-death struggle with untamed nature--the forest1 wild men and beasts1 the swamp1 the flood1 the fever1 a trying climate1 and interminable distances4 ,a partial conquest had been won4 ,some fair towns had risen4 ,a few counties were subdued4 ,the log school-house was a familiar object4 ,to a mind of continental compass1 although ,western life was still rough1 rude1 and haggard1 the prospect was hopeful2 it was evident that civilization was winning the day1 and was destined1 in the course of a century or two1 to make the victory complete4 ,the worst that a person of liberal mind could say1 or can now say1 of such a scene1 would be this3 ,see what it costs to transplant human families from the parish to the wilderness6 ,even cabbage plants wither when only transferred from the hot-bed to the garden2 but the transplanting of families from the organized society of an old country to a wild new land is a process under which all sicken1 many degenerate1 and many die4 ,illustration3 ,seymour's ,conception of ,mr4 ,winkle before that ,hunter appeared in ,pickwick4 7,seymour's ,sketches1 #ahcd47 ,vot1 eighteen shillings for that ere little pig8 ,vy1 ,i could buy it in town for seven any day6 ,our curate's daughter1 on the contrary1 after a long and close survey of this interesting scene1 could only discover that life on the banks of the ,ohio1 in the twentieth year of their settlement1 was neither as pleasant1 nor as graceful1 nor as elegant1 nor as clean1 nor as convenient as it is in an ,english village2 and this discovery she communicated to the world in two volumes1 #abmo1 with sixteen illustrations1 very much to the satisfaction of many ,english readers4 ,this worthy and gifted lady1 mother of worthy and gifted children1 was utterly baffled in her attempts to account for the rudeness of ,western life4 ,provisions1 she says1 were abundant in ,cincinnati1 as many as four thousand pigs being advertised sometimes by one man4 ,the very gutters of the town ran blood--the blood of cheap innumerable swine4 ,but the total and universal want of manners1 both in males and females1 is so remarkable that ,i was constantly endeavoring to account for it4 ,the people1 she thought1 had clear and active intellects2 their conversation was often weighty and instructive1 occasionally dull1 but never silly4 ,what an unaccountable thing1 then1 it was that these dealers in the pig and slayers of the bear1 these subduers of the wilderness and conquerors of ,tecumseh1 should not bow with courtly grace1 and converse with the elegance and ease of ,holland ,house6 ,there is no charm1 no grace1 in their conversation1 she laments4 ,i very seldom1 during my whole stay in the country1 heard a sentence elegantly turned and correctly pronounced from the lips of an ,american4 ,such a thing it is to be brought up in an island6 ,her volumes1 however1 are to this day entertaining1 and not devoid of historical value4 ,there is here and there a passage which some of us could still read with profit1 and her misinterpretations are not much more insular and perverse than those of ,dickens4 ,no one1 indeed1 yet knows much of this mystery of transplanting1 in which lies hidden the explanation of ,america4 ,her first caricature1 entitled ,ancient and ,modern ,republics1 is in two scenes4 ,an ,ancient ,republic is represented as a noble ,greek1 crowned with flowers1 reclining upon a lounge1 one hand resting upon the strings of a lyre1 and the other gracefully holding up a beautiful cup1 into which a lovely maiden is squeezing the juice from a luxuriant bunch of grapes4 ,a ,modern ,republic figures as a ,western bar-room politician1 with his hat over his eyes1 his heels upon the table1 a tumbler in his hand1 a decanter within reach1 and a plug of tobacco at its side4 ,we have next a picture of a ,philosophical ,millinery ,store at ,new ,orleans1 in which ,mrs4 ,trollope delineated an astounding event--,my being introduced in form to a milliner6 ,she1 a curate's daughter1 introduced to a maker of bonnets1 who actually proved to be a gifted and intelligent lady6 ,a ,cincinnati ,ball-room reveals to us twenty-two ladies sitting close to the walls1 the floor vacant1 and all the men gormandizing at a table in the next room1 leaving the ladies to a sad and sulky repast of trash in plates held on their laps4 ,then we are favored with a view of a young lady who is making a shirt1 but is ashamed to pronounce the name of the garment in the presence of a man1 and calls it pillow-case4 ,whereupon he says1 ,now that passes1 ,miss ,clarissa6 ',tis a pillow-case for a giant1 then4 ,shall ,i guess1 miss8 ,to which she sweetly replies1 ,quit1 ,mr4 ,smith2 behave yourself1 or ,i'll certainly be affronted4 ,another picture represents some ladies about to enter a gallery of art at ,philadelphia1 in which were exhibited several antique statues4 ,the old woman in attendance says3 ,now1 ma'am1 now6 this is just the time for you4 ,nobody can see you4 ,make haste6 ,mrs4 ,trollope stared at her with astonishment1 and asked her what she meant4 ,only1 ma'am1 was the reply1 that the ladies like to go into that room by themselves1 when there be no gentlemen watching them4 ,another picture presents to us an ,american citizen of the highest standing returning from market at #f ,a4,m4 with a huge basket of vegetables on one arm and a large ham carried in the other hand4 ,a still more marvelous picture is given4 ,mr4 ,owen1 father of ,robert ,dale ,owen1 challenged debate on his assertion that all the religions ever promulgated were equally false and pernicious4 ,a clergyman having accepted the challenge1 the debate was continued during fifteen sessions4 ,but what amazed ,mrs4 ,trollope was that ,mr4 ,owen was listened to with respect6 ,nothing was thrown at him4 ,the benches were not torn up4 ,another marvel was that neither of the disputants lost his temper1 but they remained excellent friends1 and dined together every day with the utmost gayety and cordiality4 ,all this must have seemed strange indeed to the doting daughter of a ,state ,church whose belief was regulated by act of ,parliament4 ,illustration3 ,probable ,suggestion of the ,fat ,boy of the ,pickwick ,papers4 7,seymour's ,sketches1 #ahcd47 ,walked twenty miles overnight2 up before peep o' day again2 got a capital place2 fell fast asleep2 tide rose up to my knees2 my hat was changed1 my pockets pick't1 and a fish run away with my hook2 dreamt of being on a polar expedition and having my toes frozen4 ,a famous contemporary of ,john ,doyle and ,mrs4 ,trollope was ,robert ,seymour1 who will be long remembered for his co-operation with ,charles ,dickens in the production of the first numbers of ,pickwick4 ,nothing can be more certain than that this unfortunate artist1 who died by his own hand just before the second number of the work was issued1 did actually suggest the idea which the genius of ,dickens developed into the ,pickwick ,papers4 ,while ,dickens was still in the reporters' gallery of the ,house of ,commons1 ,seymour had attained a shop-window celebrity by a kind of picture of which the ,english people seem never to be able to get enough--caricatures of ,londoners attempting country sports4 ,it appears to be accepted as an axiom in ,england that a man capable of conducting business successfully becomes an absurd and ludicrous object the moment he gets upon a horse or fires at a bird4 ,it seems to be taken for granted that horsemanship and hunting belong to the feudal system1 and are strictly entailed in county families4 ,but as a man is supposed to rank in fashionable circles according to his mastery of those arts1 great numbers of young men1 it seems1 live but to attempt feats impossible except to inherited skill4 ,here is the field for such artists as ,robert ,seymour1 ,for whose use1 as ,mr4 ,dickens wrote1 ,i put in ,mr4 ,winkle expressly1 and who drew that happy portrait of the founder of the ,pickwick ,club by which he is always recognized1 and which may be said to have made him a reality4 ,perhaps as many as a third of the comic pictures published at that period were in the ,winkle vein4 ,illustration3 ,,manners and ,,cvstoms of ye ,,englyshe in #ahdi ,a ,weddynge ,,breakfaste4 7,richard ,doyle1 #ahdi47 ,upon looking over the sketches of ,robert ,seymour1 which used to appear from time to time in the windows--price threepence--while ,boz was getting his ,sketches through the press1 we perceive that ,dickens really derived fruitful hints from this artist1 besides the original suggestion of the work4 ,mr4 ,winkle is recognizable in several of them2 ,mr4 ,pickwick's figure occurs occasionally2 the ,fat ,boy is distinctly suggested2 the famous picnic scene is anticipated2 and there is much in the spirit of the pictures to remind us that among the admiring crowd which they attracted1 the author of ,pickwick might often have been found4 ,seymour1 however1 gave him only hints4 ,in every instance he has made the suggested character or incident absolutely his own4 ,seymour only supplied a piece of copper1 which the alchemy of genius turned into gold4 ,in ,dickens's broadest and most boisterous humor there are ever a certain elegance and refinement of tone that are wanting in ,seymour1 ,seymour's cockney hunters being persons of the ,tittlebat ,titmouse grade1 who long ago ceased to amuse and began to offend4 ,seymour's discovery1 in the first numbers of ,pickwick1 that it was the author1 not the artist1 who was to dominate a work which was his own conception and long-cherished dream1 was probably among the causes of his fatal despair4 ,when he first mentioned to ,chapman ,hall his scheme of a ,cockney ,club ranging over ,england1 he was a popular comic artist of several years' standing1 and ,charles ,dickens was a name unknown4 ,nor was it supposed to be of so very much consequence who should write the descriptive matter4 ,the firm closed the bargain with ,mr4 ,seymour without having bestowed a thought upon the writer2 and when they had suggested the unknown ,boz1 and procured a copy of his ,sketches by way of recommendation1 ,mrs4 ,seymour's remark was that1 though she could not see any humor in his writings herself1 yet he might do as well as another1 and fifteen pounds a month to a poor and struggling author would be a little fortune4 ,to a sensitive and ambitious man1 made morbid by various hard usage such as the men who delight the world often undergo1 it must have been a cutting disappointment to be asked1 in the infancy of an enterprise which he deemed peculiarly his own1 to put aside an illustration that he had prepared1 and make another to suit the fancies of a subordinate4 ,it was like requiring a star actor to omit his favorite and most special business in order to afford a member of the company an opportunity to shine4 ,the biographer of ,mr4 ,dickens is naturally reluctant to admit the social insignificance in ,london1 forty years ago1 of a struggling author1 and he is grossly abusive of ,mr4 ,n4 ,p4 ,willis for describing his hero as he appeared at this stage of his career4 ,mr4 ,willis visited him at a dismal building in ,holborn1 in company with one of ,mr4 ,dickens's publishers1 and he gave a brief account of what he saw1 which doubtless was the exact truth4 ,willis was a faithful chronicler of the minutiae of a scene4 ,he was a stickler for having the small facts correct4 ,we pulled up1 he wrote1 at the entrance of a large building used for lawyers' chambers4 ,i followed by a long flight of stairs to an upper story1 and was ushered into an uncarpeted and bleak-looking room1 with a deal table1 two or three chairs1 and a few books1 a small boy and ,mr4 ,dickens1 for the contents4 ,i was only struck at first with one thing 7and ,i made a memorandum of it that evening as the strongest instance ,i had seen of ,english obsequiousness to employers7--the degree to which the poor author was overpowered with the honor of his publisher's visit4 ,he describes ,dickens as dressed rather in the ,swiveller style1 though without ,richard's swell look3 hair close cropped1 clothes jaunty and scant1 the very personification of a close sailer to the wind4 ,there is nothing in this discreditable to the poor author1 and nothing which a person who knew ,london then would deem improbable4 ,is it not a principle imbedded in the constitution of ,britons that the person who receives money in small amounts for work and labor done is the party obliged1 and must stand hat in hand before him who pays it8 ,whoever shall truly relate the history of the people of ,great ,britain in the nineteenth century will not pass by in silence the publication of ,pickwick4 ,cruikshank1 ,seymour1 and ,irving1 as well as the humorists of other times1 had nourished and molded the genius of ,dickens2 but1 like all the masters in art1 he so far transcended his immediate teachers that1 even in what he most obviously derived from them1 he was original4 ,and it is he1 not they1 who is justly hailed as the founder of that benign school of comic art which gives us humor without coarseness1 and satire without ill nature4 ,it is ,pickwick that marks the era1 and the sole interest which ,seymour's sketches now possess is in showing us from what ,charles ,dickens departed when he founded the ,pickwick ,club4 ,,chapter ,,xxiv4 ,,comic ,,art ,,in ,,punch4 ,illustration3 ,the ,boy who chalked up ,no ,popery6 and then ran away6--,lord ,john ,russell and the ,bill for ,preventing the ,assumption of ,ecclesiastical ,titles by ,roman ,catholics4 7,john ,leech1 in ,punch47 ,explanation by ,earl ,russell in #ahgd3 ,the object of that bill was merely to assert the supremacy of the ,crown4 ,it was never intended to prosecute4444 ,accordingly a very clever artist represented me in a caricature as a boy who had chalked up ',no ,popery' upon a wall1 and then ran away4 ,this was a very fair joke4444 ,when my object had been gained1 ,i had no objection to the repeal of the bill4--,recollections and ,suggestions1 p4 #baj4 ,one happy consequence of the new taste was the publication of ,punch1 which has been ever since the chief vehicle of caricature in ,england4 ,as long as caricature was a thing of the shop-windows only1 its power was restricted within narrow limits4 ,since the founding of ,punch1 in #ahda1 about two years after the conclusion of the ,pickwick ,papers1 caricature has become an element in periodical literature1 from which it will perhaps never again be separated4 ,and it is the pictures in this celebrated paper which have prolonged its life to this day4 ,it owes its success chiefly to artists4 ,there was and is an error in the scheme of the work which would have been speedily fatal to it but for the ever-welcome pictures of ,richard ,doyle1 ,john ,leech1 ,john ,tenniel1 ,du ,maurier1 and their companions4 ,illustration3 ,john ,leech4 ,one of the rarest products of the human mind is a joke so good that it remains good when the occasion that gave rise to it is past4 ,probably the entire weekly harvest of wit and humor gathered from the whole earth would not fill a number of ,punch with good things2 and if it did1 no one could enjoy so many all at once1 and the surfeit would sicken and disgust4 ,the mere sitting-down for the purpose of being funny in a certain number of lines or pages is death to the comic powers2 and hence it is that a periodical to which nearly the whole humorous talent of ,england has contributed is sometimes dull in its reading1 and we wonder if there can be in any quarter of the globe a person so bereft of the means of entertainment as to get quite through one number4 ,once or twice a year1 however1 ,punch originates a joke which goes round the world1 and remains part of the common stock of that countless host who are indebted to their memory for their jests4 ,but the pictures are almost always amusing1 and often delightful4 ,the artists have the whole scene of human life1 public and private1 to draw from1 and they are able by their pencils to vividly reproduce the occasions that gave birth to their jokes4 ,illustration3 ,preparatory ,school for ,young ,ladies4 7,john ,leech1 ,follies of the ,year1 ,london1 #aheb47 ,in looking over the long series of political caricatures by ,leech and ,tenniel1 which now go back thirty-three years1 we are struck1 first of all1 by the simplicity of the means which they usually employ for giving a comic aspect to the political situation4 ,they reduce cabinet ministers and other dignitaries many degrees in the social scale1 exhibiting them as footmen1 as boys1 as policemen1 as nurses1 as circus performers1 so that a certain comic effect is produced1 even if the joke should go no further4 ,of late years ,mr4 ,tenniel has often reversed this device with fine effect by raising mundane personages to celestial rank1 and investing them with a something more than a travesty of grandeur4 ,it is remarkable how unfailing these simple devices are to amuse4 ,whether ,mr4 ,leech presents us with ,earl ,russell as a small foot-boy covered with buttons1 or ,mr4 ,tenniel endows ,queen ,victoria with the majestic mien of ,minerva1 the public is well pleased1 and desires nothing additional but a few apt words explanatory of the situation4 ,but1 simple as these devices may be1 it is only a rarely gifted artist that can use them with effect4 ,between the sublime and the ridiculous there is a whole step2 but in comic art there is but a hair's-breadth between the happy and the flat4 ,lord ,brougham was supposed to be courting the conservatives when ,leech began to caricature4 ,the superserviceable zeal of the ex-chancellor was hit very happily in a circus scene1 in which the ,duke of ,wellington figures as the ring-master1 ,brougham as the clown1 and ,sir ,robert ,peel as the rider4 ,the clown says to the ring-master1 ,now1 ,mr4 ,wellington1 is there any thing ,i can run for to fetch--for to come--for to go--for to carry--for to bring--for to take8 etc4 ,in another picture the same uneasy spirit1 restive under his titled and pensioned nothingness1 appears as ,henry asking for more4 ,again we have him dancing with the ,wool-sack1 which is explained by the words1 ,the ,polka1 a new ,dance1 introducing the old ,double ,shuffle4 ,and again we see him in a tap-room1 smoking a pipe1 with a pot of beer on the table1 looking on with complacency while ,mr4 ,roebuck bullies an ,irish member4 ,brougham says1 ,go it1 my little ,roebuck6 ,bless his little heart6 ,i taught him to bounce like that4 ,illustration3 ,the ,quarrel4--,england and ,france4 7,john ,leech1 #ahde47 ,master ,wellington4 ,you're too good a judge to hit me1 you are6 ,master ,joinville4 ,am ,i8 ,master ,wellington4 ,yes1 you are4 ,master ,joinville4 ,oh1 am ,i8 ,master ,wellington4 ,yes1 you are4 ,master ,joinville4 ,ha6 ,master ,wellington4 ,ha6 ,moral--,and they don't fight1 after all4 ,russell1 ,peel1 ,wellington1 ,o',connell1 and ,louis ,philippe were other personages whom ,mr4 ,punch often caricatured at that period of his existence1 and he generally presented them in a manner that still coincides with public feeling in ,england1 and was probably not disagreeable to the men themselves at the time4 ,one of ,leech's hits was a picture designed to ridicule certain utterances of the ,prince de ,joinville concerning the possible invasion of ,england in #ahde1 when some irritating conduct of the ,french ministry had been met by ,wellington with good temper and firmness4 ,the prince1 as a boy1 is squaring off1 with a great show of fight1 at the duke1 who stands with his hands in his pockets1 not defiant1 but serene and watchful4 ,this picture is perfectly in the ,english taste4 ,leech liked to show great ,britannia as infinitely able to fight1 and not so very unwilling1 but firmly resolved not to do so unless compelled by honor or necessity4 ,in these sixty-nine volumes of ,punch there is much of the history of our time which words alone could not have preserved4 ,we can trace in them the progress of ideas1 of measures1 and of men4 ,the changes in public feeling are exhibited which enabled ,cobden and ,peel to strike from ,british industry the gilt fetters of protection1 for ,punch is only another name for ,public ,opinion4 ,these pictures have a particular interest for us1 since we are to travel the same road in due time1 and thus1 at length1 give ,great ,britain a rival in the markets of the world4 ,nothing could be better than ,mr4 ,leech's picture showing ,sir ,robert ,peel as the ,deaf ,postilion4 ,in a debate on the ,corn ,laws he had said1 ,i shall still pursue steadily that course which my conscience tells me ,i should take2 let you and those opposite pursue what course you think right4 ,the picture shows us a post-chaise1 the body of which has become detached from the fore-wheels--a mishap which the deaf postilion does not discover1 but goes trotting along as though his horses were still drawing the load4 ,the chaise1 named ,protection1 is occupied by ,tory lords1 who shout in vain to the deaf postilion4 ,again1 we have ,disraeli as a viper biting the file1 ,sir ,robert4 ,leech continued his effective support of the movement until the victory was won1 when he designed a monument to the victor1 consisting of a pyramid of large cheap loaves of bread crowned by the name of ,peel4 ,the ,puseyite imbecility was as effectively satirized by ,leech in #ahdi as the ritualistic imitation has recently been by ,tenniel4 ,american slavery came in for just rebuke4 ,as a retort to some bunkum in the ,american press in #ahdh1 ,mr4 ,leech drew a picture of ,liberty lashing a negro1 while ,jonathan1 with rifle on his arm1 cigar in his mouth1 and bottle at his side1 says1 ,oh1 ain't we a deal better than other folks6 ,i guess we're a most a splendid example to them thunderin' old monarchies4 ,the language is wrong1 of course2 no ,american ever said a deal better4 ,english attempts at ,american slang are always incorrect4 ,but the satire was deserved4 ,leech was far from sparing his own country4 ,some readers must remember the pair of pictures by ,leech1 in #ahdi1 entitled ,pin-money and ,needle-money1 one exhibiting a young lady's boudoir filled with luxurious and costly objects1 and the other a poor needle-woman in her garret of desolation1 sewing by the light of a solitary candle upon a shirt for which she is to receive three half-pence4 ,in a similar spirit was conceived a picture presenting two objects often seen in agricultural fairs in ,england--a ,prize ,peasant and a ,prize ,pig3 the first rewarded for sixty years of virtuous toil by a prize of two guineas1 the owner of the fat pig being recompensed by an award of three guineas4 ,toward ,louis ,napoleon ,punch gradually relented4 ,at first ,mr4 ,leech gave just and strong expression to the world's contempt for that unparalleled charlatan2 but as he became powerful1 and seemed to be useful to ,great ,britain1 ,punch treated him with an approach to respect4 ,a similar change toward ,mr4 ,disraeli is observable4 ,seldom during the first fifteen years of his public life was he presented in a favorable light4 ,upon his retirement from office in #ahec1 ,leech satirized his malevolent attacks upon the new ministry very happily by a picture in which he appears as a crossing-sweeper spattering mud upon ,lord ,russell and his colleagues4 ,won't give me any thing1 won't you8 says the sweeper3 then take that6 ,nor did the admirable ,leech fail to mark the public sense of ,disraeli's silence during the long debates upon the bill giving to ,english ,jews some of the rights of citizenship4 ,in his whole public career there is nothing harder to forgive than that ignoble and unnecessary abstinence4 ,during the last few years ,mr4 ,disraeli has won by sheer persistence a certain solidity of position in ,english politics1 and ,punch pays him the respect due to a person who represents a powerful and patriotic party4 ,one quality of the ,punch caricatures is worthy of particular regard3 they are rarely severe1 and never scurrilous4 ,the men for whom ,mr4 ,leech entertained an antipathy1 such as ,o',connell1 ,o',brien1 ,brougham1 and others1 were usually treated in a manner that could not have painfully wounded their self-love4 ,we observe even in the more incisive works of ,gillray a certain boisterous good-humor that often made their satire amusing to the men satirized4 ,mr4 ,rush1 ,american minister in ,london in #ahah1 describes a dinner party at ,mr4 ,canning's1 at which the minister exhibited to his guests albums and scrap-books of caricature in which he was himself very freely handled4 ,fox and ,burke1 we are told1 visited the shop where ,gillray's caricatures were sold1 and while buying the last hit at themselves would bandy jests with ,mrs4 ,humphrey1 the publisher4 ,burke winced a little under the lash1 but the robuster and larger ,fox was rarely disturbed1 and behaved in the shop with such winning courtesy that ,mrs4 ,humphrey pronounced him the peerless model of a gentleman4 ,punch1 likewise1 does not appear to irritate the men whom he caricatures4 ,lord ,brougham used to laugh at the exceedingly ugly countenance given him by ,leech1 and to say that the artist1 unable to hit his likeness1 was obliged to designate him by his checked trousers4 ,lord ,russell1 as we see1 does not object to ,leech's delineations2 and ,palmerston1 long a favorite with the ,punch artists1 may well have been content with their handsome treatment of him4 ,during the last fifteen years ,mr4 ,tenniel has oftenest supplied the political cartoon of ,punch4 ,his range is not so wide as that of ,leech1 but within his range he is powerful indeed4 ,he has produced some pictures which for breadth1 strength1 aptness1 good feeling1 and finish have rarely been equaled in their kind4 ,he gives us sometimes such an impression of his power as we fancy ,michael ,angelo might have done if he had amused himself by drawings reflecting upon the politics of his time4 ,if1 as the ,quarterly ,review lately remarked1 ,tenniel's pictures are often something less than caricature1 being wanting in the exuberant humor of his predecessors1 we can also say that they are frequently much more than caricature4 ,mr4 ,tenniel was an artist of repute1 and had furnished a cartoon for the ,westminster ,parliament-house before he became identified with ,punch4 ,illustration3 ,obstructives4 7,john ,tenniel1 #ahgj47 ,mr4 ,punch 7to ,bull ,a #a74 ,yes1 it's all very well to say ',go to school6' ,how are they to go to school with those people quarreling in the door-way8 ,why don't you make 'em 'move on8' ,in common with ,john ,leech and the ruling class of ,england generally1 ,mr4 ,tenniel was so unfortunate as to misinterpret the civil war in ,america4 ,he was almost as much mistaken as to its nature and significance as some of our own politicians1 who had not his excuse of distance from the scene4 ,he began well1 however4 ,his ,divorce a ,vinculo1 published in ,january1 #ahfa1 when the news of the secession of ,south ,carolina reached ,england1 was too flattering to the ,north1 though correct as to the attitude of the ,south4 ,mrs4 ,carolina asserts her ,right to 'larrup' her ,nigger was a rough statement of ,south ,carolina's position1 but we can not pretend that the ,northern ,states objected from any interest they felt in the colored boy4 ,on the part of the ,north it was simply a war for self-preservation4 ,it was as truly such as if ,scotland or ,ireland1 or both of them1 had seceded from ,england in #ahjc1 when the ,peace of ,amiens was broken1 and the ,english people had taken the liberty to object4 ,again1 ,mr4 ,tenniel showed good feeling in admonishing ,lord ,palmerston1 when the war had begun1 to keep ,great ,britain neutral4 ,well1 ,pam1 says ,mr4 ,punch to his workman1 of course ,i shall keep you on1 but you must stick to peace-work4 ,nor could we object to the picture in ,may1 #ahfa1 of ,mr4 ,lincoln's poking the fire and filling the room with particles of soot1 saying1 with downcast look1 ,what a nice ,white ,house this would be if it were not for the ,blacks6 ,illustration3 ,jeddo and ,belfast2 or1 ,a ,puzzle for ,japan4 7,john ,tenniel1 in ,punch1 #ahgb47 ,japanese ,embassador4 ,then these people1 your ,grace1 ,i suppose1 are heathen8 ,archbishop of ,canterbury4 ,on the contrary1 your ,excellency2 those are among our most enthusiastic religionists4 ,but from that time to the end of the war all was misapprehension and perversity4 ,in ,july1 #ahfa1 ,naughty ,jonathan1 an ill-favored little boy carrying a toy flag1 addresses the majesty of ,britain thus3 ,you sha'n't interfere1 mother--and you ought to be on my side--and it's a great shame--and ,i don't care--and you shall interfere--and ,i won't have it4 ,during the ,mason and ,slidell imbroglio the ,tenniel cartoons were not soothing to the ,american mind4 ,do what's right1 my son1 says the burly sailor1 ,jack ,bull1 to little ,admiral ,jonathan1 or ,i'll blow you out of the water4 ,again1 we have a family dinner scene4 ,john ,bull at the head of the table1 and ,lord ,russell the boy in waiting4 ,enter ,captain ,jonathan1 ,f4,n41 who says1 ,jist looked in to see if thar's any rebels he-arr4 ,upon which ,mr4 ,bull remarks1 ,oh1 indeed6 ,john1 look after the plate-basket1 and then fetch a policeman4 ,this was in allusion to a supposed claim on the part of ,mr4 ,seward of a right to search ships for rebel passengers4 ,then we have ,mr4 ,lincoln as a coon in a tree1 and ,colonel ,bull aiming his blunderbuss at him4 ,air you in earnest1 colonel8 asks the coon4 ,i am1 replies the mighty ,bull4 ,don't fire1 says the coon2 ,i'll come down4 ,and accordingly ,mason and ,slidell were speedily released4 ,in a similar spirit most of the events of the war were treated2 and when the war had ended1 there was still shown in ,punch1 as in the ,english press generally1 the same curious1 inexplicable1 and total ignorance of the feelings of the ,american people4 ,what an inconceivable perversity it was to attribute ,mr4 ,sumner's statement of the damage done to the ,united ,states by the alliance which existed for four years between the owners of ,england and the masters of the ,south to a ,yankee grab for excessive damages6 ,in all the long catalogue of national misunderstandings there is none more remarkable than this4 ,mr4 ,tenniel from the first derided the idea that any particular damage had been done by the ,alabama and her consorts3 certainly there was no damage1 he thought1 upon which a claim could be founded4 ,claim for damages against me8 cries big ,britannia1 in one of his pictures of ,october1 #ahfe4 ,nonsense1 ,columbia2 don't be mean over money matters4 ,illustration3 ,at the ,church-gate4 7,du ,maurier1 in ,punch1 #ahgb47 ,so now you've been to church1 ,ethel6 ,and which part of it all do you like best8 ,this part1 mamma6 ,all this has now become merely interesting as a curiosity of misinterpretation4 ,the ,american people know something of ,england through her art1 her literature1 and press2 but ,england has extremely imperfect means of knowing us4 ,no ,american periodical1 probably1 circulates in ,great ,britain two hundred copies4 ,we have no ,dickens1 no ,thackeray1 no ,george ,eliot1 no ,punch1 to make our best and our worst familiar in the homes of ,christendom2 and what little indigenous literature we have is more likely to mislead foreigners than enlighten them4 ,cooper's men1 women1 and ,indians1 if they ever existed1 exist no more4 ,mr4 ,lowell's ,yankee is extinct4 ,uncle ,tom is now a freeman1 raising his own bale of cotton4 ,mark ,twain and ,bret ,harte would hardly recognize their own ,california4 ,it is the literature1 the art1 and the science of a country which make it known to other lands2 and we shall have neither of these in adequate development until much more of the work is done of smoothing off this rough continent1 and educating the people that come to us1 at the rate of a cityful a month1 from the continent over the sea4 ,at present it is nearly as much as we can do to find spelling-books for so many4 ,to most ,americans the smaller pictures of ,leech and others in ,punch1 which gently satirize the foibles and fashions of the time1 are more interesting than the political cartoons4 ,how different the life of the ,english people1 as exhibited in these thousands of amusing scenes1 from the life of ,america6 ,we see1 upon turning over a single volume1 how much more the ,english play and laugh than we do4 ,it is not merely that there is a large class in ,england who have nothing to do except to amuse themselves1 but the whole people seem interested in sport1 and very frequently to abandon themselves to innocent pleasures4 ,here is a young lady in the hunting field in full gallop1 who cries gayly to her companion1 ,come along1 ,mr4 ,green2 ,i want a lead at the brook2 which makes ,mr4 ,green think that women have no business in hunting4 ,england generally thinks otherwise1 and ,mr4 ,punch loves to exhibit his countrywomen in mid-air leaping a ditch1 or bounding across a field with huntsmen and hounds about them4 ,he does not object to a hunting parson4 ,a churchwarden meets an old sporting rector on the road1 and says1 ,tell ye what 'tis1 sir1 the congregation do wish you wouldn't put that 'ere curate up in pulpit2 nobody can't hear un4 ,to which the old sporting parson on his pony replies1 ,well1 ,blunt1 the fact is1 ,tweedler's such a good fellow for parish work1 ,i'm obliged to give him a mount sometimes4 ,and in the distance we see poor ,tweedler trudging briskly along1 umbrella in hand1 upon some parish errand4 ,another sporting picture shows us three gentlemen at dinner1 one of whom is a clergyman whose mind is so peculiarly constituted that his thoughts run a little upon the duties of his office4 ,perhaps he is ,tweedler himself4 ,one of the laymen1 a fox-hunter1 says to the other1 ,that was a fine forty minutes yesterday4 ,the other replies1 ,yes2 didn't seem so long either4 ,punch remarks that the curate is puzzled1 and wonders1 do they refer to his lecture in the school-room8 ,illustration3 ,an ,early ,quibble4 7,du ,maurier1 in ,punch1 #ahgb47 ,george4 ,there1 ,aunt ,mary6 what do you think of that8 ,i drew the horse1 and ,ethel drew the jockey6 ,aunt ,mary4 ,h'm6 ,but what would mamma say to your drawing jockeys on a ,sunday8 ,george4 ,ah1 but look here6 ,we've drawn him riding to church1 you know6 ,and what a part eating and drinking play in ,english life and ,english art6 ,every body appears to give dinners occasionally1 and all the dealers in vegetables seem to stand ready to serve as waiters at five shillings for an evening4 ,food is a common topic of conversation1 and it is a civility for people to show an interest in one another's alimentary pleasures4 ,glad to see yer feed so beautiful1 ,mrs4 ,b----1 remarks a portly host to a corpulent lady1 his ,christmas guest4 ,thank yer1 ,mr4 ,j----1 says she1 with knife and fork at rest and pointing to the ceiling2 ,i'm doin' lovely4 ,again1 old ,mr4 ,brown1 entertaining young ,mr4 ,green1 says1 with emphasis1 ,that wine1 sir1 has been in my cellar four-and-twenty years come last ,christmas--four-and-twenty years1 sir6 ,to which innocent ,mr4 ,green1 anxious to say something agreeable1 replies1 ,has it really1 sir8 ,what must it have been when it was new8 ,little ,emily asks her mother1 ,what is capital punishment8 ,master ,harry replies1 ,why1 being locked up in the pantry6 ,i should consider it so4 ,even at the theatres1 we may infer from some of the pictures1 ale and porter are handed round between the acts of the play4 ,in one picture we see two lovers looking upon the sky2 poetical ,augustus says1 ,look1 ,edith6 how lovely are those fleecy cloudlets1 dappled over the-- ,edith 7not in a spirit of burlesque7 replies1 ,yes1 'xactly like gravy when it's getting cold--isn't it8 ,then we have two gentlemen in the enjoyment of a little dinner1 one of a long series given in the absence of the family at ,boulogne4 ,the master of the house receives a telegram4 ,he reads it1 heaves a deep sigh1 and says1 dolefully1 ,it's all up6 ,bachelor friend asks1 ,what's the matter8 ,paterfamilias replies1 ,telegram6 ,she says they've arrived safe at ,folkestone1 and will be home about #aj4cj4 ,no more little dinners4 ,only a wife and children for comfort4 ,and here are two of ,mr4 ,du ,maurier's pretty children eating slices of bread too thinly spread with jam1 and ,ethel says1 with thoughtful earnestness1 ,i dare say the queen and her courtiers eat a whole pot of jam every day1 ,harry6 ,there are many hundreds of pictures in ,punch which show a kind of solemn interest in the repair of wasted tissue never seen in this country4 ,it is evident that the ,english have a deep delight in the act of taking sustenance which is to us unknown4 ,mr4 ,thackeray himself1 in speaking of an ,englishman's first glass of beer on returning home from a long journey in other lands1 casts his eyes to heaven and gives way to something like enthusiasm4 ,illustration3 ,john ,tenniel4 ,many pictures bring into juxtaposition extremes of civilization rarely witnessed in ,america4 ,so many traps are set for ignorance in this country that a child can scarcely hope to get by them all1 and escape into maturity an absolute dolt4 ,observe this conversation between a squire and a villager3 ,hobson1 they tell me you've taken your boy away from the national school4 ,what's that for8 ',cause the master ain't fit to teach un4 ,he wanted to teach my boy to spell taters with a ,p4 ,here1 again1 is a scene in a ,london picture-gallery that presents a curious incongruity4 ,a group is standing before one of the works of ,ary ,scheffer1 and an ,east-ender1 catalogue in hand1 makes this comment upon the artist's name3 ',ary ,scheffer6 ,hignorant fellers1 these foreigners1 ,bill6 ,spells ',enery without the ,haitch6 ,in ,new ,york we have doubtless people that would be as incongruous as this in such a scene1 but they do not visit picture-galleries4 ,nor have we among us a photographer who could essay to bring a smile to a sitter's face by saying1 ,just look a little pleasant1 miss3 think of 'im6 ,it is evident from many hundreds of such sketches that there are great numbers of people in ,england who exercise difficult callings1 hold responsible positions1 dress in silk and broadcloth1 and are in many particulars accomplished and well equipped for the stress of city life1 who are destitute of mental culture to a degree which is associated in our minds only with squalor and degradation4 ,the spirit of caste1 which appears to be only less strong in ,england than in ,india1 affords countless opportunities to ,english comic art4 ,imagine a coster-monger profusely and laboriously apologizing to a well-dressed passer-by for presuming to speak to him in order to let him know that his coat-tail is burning3 ,you'll excuse my addressin' of you1 sir--common man in a manner of speakin'--gen'leman like you1 sir--beggin' pardon for takin' the liberty1 which ,i should never 'a thought of doin' under ordinary succumstances1 sir1 only you didn't seem to be aware on it1 but it struck me as ,i see you agoin' along as you were afire1 sir6 ,during the delivery of this apology combustion had continued1 and ,brown's coat-tail was entirely consumed1 his box of fusees having ignited some seconds before the coster-monger began his discourse4 ,a few years ago ,punch gave a little ,sea-side ,drama that illustrates another phase of the same universal foible4 ,mrs4 ,de ,tomkyns to her husband3 ,ludovic dear1 there's ,algernon playing with a strange child6 ,do prevent it4 ,how on earth am ,i to prevent it8 ,tell its parents ,algernon is just recovering from the scarlet fever4 ,mr4 ,de ,tomkyns accordingly makes this fictitious statement to the father of the obnoxious child1 who replies1 ,it's all right1 sir2 so's our little girl4 ,punch hits it fairly1 too1 in a pictured tete-a-tete between ,mr4 ,shoddy and ,mrs4 ,sharp4 ,mr4 ,shoddy remarks1 as he sips his coffee1 that he never feels safe from the ubiquitous ,british snob until he is south of the ,danube4 ,to this ,mrs4 ,sharp responds by asking1 ,and what do the--a--,south ,danubians say1 ,mr4 ,shoddy8 ,the moral feeling of the ,punch artists is so generally sound that it is surprising to find them often taking the wrong and popular side of the conflict of ages between mistress and maid4 ,but if they usually laugh with the mistress and at the maid1 they occasionally laugh with the maid and at the mistress2 and truly the wildest absurdity attributed to the ,british servant seems venial compared with the thoughtless arrogance of the typical ,british mistress4 ,punch does not wholly neglect her morals4 ,another hundred volumes or so will doubtless bring her over to ,sydney ,smith's opinion1 that all the virtues and graces are not to be had for seven pounds per annum4 ,it was a happy retort upon ,no ,irish need apply1 to present an ,english servant-girl peremptorily leaving a place because she had discovered that the family was ,irish1 alleging that her friends would never forgive her if they knew she had lived in an ,irish family4 ,the picture1 too1 is good of a pretty servant walking home in the evening behind an elderly and ill-favored lady to protect her from insult4 ,punch wishes to know who is to protect the pretty girl on her return through ,london streets alone4 ,we see also from numberless pictures that the ,british mistress deems it her right to control the dress of the ,british maid4 ,when crinoline came in1 she thought it impudent in a servant to wear it2 but when crinoline went out1 she deemed it no less presuming in her to lay it aside4 ,for some years past the pictures of children and their ways by ,mr4 ,du ,maurier have been among the most pleasing efforts of comic art in ,england4 ,there is not the faintest intimation in them of the malevolent or sarcastic4 ,all good fathers1 all good mothers1 and all persons worthy to become such1 delight in them4 ,they are such pictures as we should naturally expect from an artist who was himself the happy father of a houseful of happy children1 and who consequently looked upon all the children of the world in a fond1 parental spirit4 ,surely no ,bohemian1 no hapless dweller in a boarding-house1 no desolate frequenter of clubs1 no one not sharing in the social life of his time1 could so delightfully represent and minister to it4 ,du ,maurier vindicates the generation that has produced ,gavarni and ,woodhull4 ,he reminds us from week to week that children are the sufficient compensation of virtuous existence1 worth all the rest of its honors and delights4 ,the recent agitation in ,england of questions relating to religion has not escaped the caricaturist4 ,for two centuries or more the caricaturists of ,great ,britain have been hearty ,protestants1 though not long ,puritan1 and we still find them laughing at the fulminations of the testy old clergyman who lives in the ,vatican4 ,nor have they failed to reflect upon the too evident fact that it is the contentions of clergymen in ,england that have blocked the way into the national school4 ,the old-fashioned penny broadside1 all alive with figures and words1 has been revived by ,gegeef1 to promote the secularization of the schools4 ,in one of them all the parties to the controversy are exhibited--the candidate for the mastership of a ,government school1 who believes in ,colenso and geology1 but don't mind teaching ,genesis to oblige2 the minister who holds up the text1 ,one faith1 one baptism1 but demands that the baptism taught should be his baptism2 ,thomas ,paine1 too1 who points to his ,age of ,reason1 and says1 ,when you finish1 ,i shall have something to say2 the compromiser1 who is willing to have ,bible lessons given in the schools1 provided they are given without comment2 and1 of course1 the radical ,bradlaugh1 who demands secularization pure and simple4 ,the same draughtsman1 whose zeal is more manifest than his skill1 has attempted to show1 in various penny sheets1 that amidst all those sectarian conflicts the one true light for the guidance of bewildered men is ,science4 ,the only hit1 however1 in caricature1 which these controversies have suggested is the ,soliloquy of a ,rationalistic ,chicken4 ,it has had great currency in ,england among the clergy1 many of whom have assisted in spreading it abroad2 and even secularists have found it passable--as a caricature4 ,another recent sensation was the caricature by ,mr4 ,matt ,morgan1 in the ,tomahawk1 which represented the ,prince of ,wales following the ghost of his predecessor1 ,george ,,iv4 ,it had a great currency at the time1 and may have served a good purpose in warning an amiable and well-disposed prince to be more careful of appearances4 ,illustration3 ,soliloquy of a ,rationalistic ,chicken4 7,s4 ,j4 ,stone1 ,london1 #ahgc47 ,how do ,i know ,i ever was inside8 ,now ,i reflect1 it is1 ,i do maintain1 ,less than my reason1 and beneath my pride1 ,to think that ,i could dwell ,in such a paltry1 miserable cell ,as that old shell4 ,of course ,i couldn't6 ,how could ,i have lain1 ,body and beak and feathers1 legs and wings1 ,and my deep heart's sublime imaginings1 ,in there8 ,i meet the notion with profound disdain2 ,it's quite incredible2 since ,i declare 7,and ,i'm a chicken that you can't deceive7 ,what ,i can't understand ,i won't believe4 ,what's that ,i hear8 ,my mother cackling at me6 ,just her way1 ,so prejudiced and ignorant ,i say2 ,so far behind the wisdom of the day4 ,what's old ,i can't revere4 ,hark at her6 ,you're a silly chick1 my dear1 ,that's quite as plain1 alack6 ,as is the piece of shell upon your back6 ,how bigoted6 upon my back1 indeed6 ,i don't believe it's there1 ,for ,i can't see it2 and ,i do declare1 ,for all her fond deceivin'1 ,what ,i can't see1 ,i never will believe in6 ,illustration3 ,the ,p99999999e of ,w999999s to ,k9999g ,g99999999e ,,iv4 7loq474 ,i'll follow thee6--,,matt ,,morgan1 in the ,tomahawk1 #ahfg4 ,during the life-time of the venerable ,cruikshank comic art in ,england has won the consideration due to a liberal profession1 and now enjoys a fair share of reward as well as honor4 ,he found the comic artist something of a ,bohemian2 he leaves him a solvent and respectable householder4 ,he may have visited ,gillray at work in the little room behind his publisher's shop2 and he doubtless often enjoyed the elegant hospitality of ,john ,leech1 one of the first in his branch of art to attain the solid dignity of a front-door of his own4 ,it is mentioned to the credit of ,richard ,doyle1 son of ,,hb1 that when he resigned his connection with ,punch on account of its caricatures of ,wiseman and the ,pope1 he gave up an income of eight hundred pounds a year4 ,there is no worthy circle in ,great ,britain where the presence of a ,tenniel1 a ,leech1 a ,du ,maurier1 a ,doyle1 or a ,cruikshank would not be felt as an honor and their society valued as a privilege4 ,england owes them gratitude and homage4 ,they have not been always right1 but they have nearly always meant to be4 ,nothing malign1 nothing unpatriotic1 nothing impure1 nothing mean1 has borne their signature2 and in a vast majority of instances they have led the laughter of their countrymen so that it harmonized with humanity and truth4 ,,chapter ,,xxv4 ,,early ,,american ,,caricature4 ,benjamin ,franklin was the first ,american caricaturist4 ,that propensity of his to use pictures whenever he desired to affect strongly the public mind was an inheritance from the period when only a very small portion of the people could read any other than pictorial language4 ,among the relics of his race preserved in ,boston there is an illustrated handbill issued by his ,english uncle ,benjamin1 after whom he was named1 which must have been a familiar object to him from the eighth year of his age4 ,uncle ,benjamin1 a ,london dyer when ,james ,,ii4 fled from ,england1 wishing to strengthen the impression made by his printed offer to dye into colors cloth1 silk1 and ,india calico1 placed at the head of his bill a rude wood-cut of an ,east ,indian queen taking a walk1 attended by two servants1 one bearing her train and the other holding over her an umbrella4 ,at the door of his shop1 too1 in ,princes ,street1 near ,leicester ,fields1 a figure of an ,indian queen appealed to the passer-by4 ,such was the custom of the time4 ,the diffusion of knowledge lessened the importance of pictorial representation2 but the mere date of ,franklin's birth--#agjf--;explains in some degree his habitual resort to it4 ,nearly all the ancient books were illustrated in some way1 and nearly every ancient building appears to have had its sign4 ,when ,franklin was a boy in ,boston a gilt ,bible would have directed him where to buy his books1 if he had had any money to buy them with4 ,a gilt sheaf probably notified him where to get those three historic rolls with which he made his entry into ,philadelphia4 ,the figure of a mermaid invited the thirsty wayfarer to beer1 and an anchor informed sailors where sea-stores were to be had4 ,the royal lion and unicorn1 carved in wood or stone1 marked public edifices4 ,over the door of his father's shop1 where soap and candles were sold1 he saw a blue ball1 which still exists1 bearing the legible date #afih4 ,why a blue ball8 ,he was just the boy to ask the question4 ,a lad who could not accept grace before meat without wishing to know why it were not better to say grace once for all over the barrel of pork1 would be likely to inquire what a blue ball had in common with soap and candles4 ,his excellent but not gifted sire probably informed him that the blue ball was a relic of the time when he had carried on the business of a dyer1 and that he had continued to use it for his new vocation because he had it in the house4 ,benjamin1 the gifted1 was the boy to be dissatisfied with this explanation1 and to suggest devices more in harmony with the industry carried on within1 so that the very incongruity of his father's sign may have quickened his sense of pictorial effect4 ,franklin lived long1 figured in a great variety of scenes1 accomplished many notable things1 and exhibited versatility of talent--man of business1 inventor1 statesman1 diplomatist1 philosopher2 and in each of these characters he was a leader among leaders2 but the ruling habit of his mind1 his forte1 the talent that he most loved to exercise and most relished in others1 was humor4 ,he began as a humorist1 and he ended as a humorist4 ,the first piece of his ever printed and the last piece he ever wrote were both satirical3 the first1 the reckless satire of a saucy apprentice against the magnates of his town2 the last1 the good-tempered satire of a richly gifted1 benevolent soul1 cognizant of human weakness1 but not despising it1 and intent only upon opening the public mind to unwelcome truth--as a mother makes a child laugh before inserting the medicine spoon4 ,so dominant was this propensity in his youthful days1 that if he had lived in a place where it had been possible to subsist by its exercise1 there had been danger of his becoming a professional humorist1 merging all the powers of his incomparable intellect in that one gift4 ,imagine ,boston in #agbb1 when this remarkable apprentice began to laugh1 and to make others laugh1 at the oppressive solemnities around him and above him4 ,then1 as now1 it was a population industrious and moral1 extremely addicted to routine1 habitually frugal1 but capable of magnificent generosity1 bold in business enterprises1 valiant in battle1 but in all the high matters averse to innovation4 ,then1 as now1 the clergy1 a few important families1 and ,harvard ,college composed the ruling influence1 against which it was martyrdom to contend4 ,but then1 as now1 there were a few audacious spirits who rebelled against these united powers1 and carried their opposition very far1 sometimes to a wild excess1 and thus kept this noblest of towns from sinking into an inane respectability4 ,the good1 frugal1 steady-going1 tax-paying citizen1 who lays in his coal in ,june and buys a whole pig in ,december1 would subdue the world to a vast monotonous prosperity1 crushing1 intolerable1 if there were no one to keep him and the public in mind that1 admirable as he is1 he does not exhaust the possibilities of human nature4 ,when we examine the portraits of the noted men of ,new ,england of the first century and a half after the settlement1 we observe in them all a certain expression of acquiescence4 ,there is no audacity in them4 ,they look like men who could come home from fighting the ,french in ,canada1 or from chasing the whale among the icebergs of ,labrador1 to be scared by the menaces of a pontiff like ,cotton ,mather4 ,they look like men who would take it seriously1 and not laugh at all1 when ,cotton ,mather denounced the ,franklins1 for poking fun at him in their newspaper1 as guilty of wickedness without a parallel4 ,some good men1 said he1 are afraid it may provoke ,heaven to deal with this place as never any place has yet been dealt withal4 ,never was a community in such sore need of caricature and burlesque as when ,james ,franklin set up in ,boston1 in #agba1 the first sensational newspaper of ,america1 the ,courant1 to which his brother ,benjamin and the other rebels and come-outers of ,boston contributed4 ,the ,mathers1 as human beings and citizens of ,new ,england1 were estimable and even admirable2 but the interests of human nature demand the suppression of pontiffs4 ,these ,mathers1 though naturally benevolent1 and not wanting in natural modesty1 had attained to such a degree of pontifical arrogance as to think ,boston in deadly peril because a knot of young fellows in a printing-office aimed satirical paragraphs at them4 ,increase ,mather called upon the ,government to suppress such a cursed libel1 lest some awful judgment should come upon the land1 and the wrath of ,god should rise1 and there should be no remedy4 ,it is for such men that burlesque was made1 and the ,franklins supplied it in abundance4 ,the ,courant ridiculed them even when they were gloriously in the right4 ,they were enlightened enough and brave enough to recommend inoculation1 then just brought from ,turkey by ,lady ,mary ,wortley ,montagu4 ,the young doctors who wrote for the paper assailed the new system1 apparently for no other reason than because ,increase and ,cotton ,mather were its chief defenders4 ,when ,benjamin1 at the age of sixteen1 began to contribute to his brother's paper1 he aimed at higher game even than the town pontiffs4 ,he dared to lampoon ,harvard ,college itself1 the temple of learning where the clergy were formed1 whose precincts he had hoped to tread1 his father having dedicated this tenth son to the ,church4 ,he may have had his own father in mind when he wrote1 in one of his early numbers1 that every peasant who had the means proposed to send one of his children to this famous place2 and as most of them consulted their purses rather than their children's capacities1 the greater number of those who went thither were little better than blockheads and dunces4 ,when he came to speak of the theological department of the college1 he drew a pen caricature1 having then no skill with the pencil3 ,the business of those who were employed in the temple of theology being laborious and painful1 ,i wondered exceedingly to see so many go toward it2 but while ,i was pondering this matter in my mind1 ,i spied ,pecunia behind a curtain1 beckoning to them with her hand4 ,he draws another when he says that the only remarkable thing he saw in this temple was one ,plagius hard at work copying an eloquent passage from ,tillotson's works to embellish his own4 ,this saucy boy1 who had his ,hudibras at his tongue's end1 carried the satirical spirit with him to church on ,sundays1 and tried some of the brethren whom he saw there by the ,hudibrastic standard4 ,even after his brother ,james had been in prison for his editorial conduct1 ,benjamin1 who had been left in charge of the paper1 drew with his subeditorial pen a caricature of a ,religious ,knave1 of all ,knaves the ,worst3 ,a most strict ,sabbatarian1 an exact observer not of the day only1 but of the evening before and the evening after it2 at church conspicuously devout and attentive1 even ridiculously so1 with his distorted countenance and awkward gesticulation4 ,but try and nail him to a bargain6 ,he will dissemble and lie1 snuffle and whiffle1 overreach and defraud1 cut down a laborer's wages1 and keep the bargain in the letter while violating its spirit4 ,don't tell me1 he cries2 a bargain is a bargain4 ,you should have looked to that before4 ,i can't help it now4 ,such was the religious knave invented by the author of ,hudibras1 and borrowed by this ,boston apprentice1 who had1 in all probability1 never seen a character that could have fairly suggested the burlesque4 ,the authorities rose upon these two audacious brothers1 and indicated how much need there was of such a sheet in ,boston by ordering ,james ,franklin to print it no more4 ,they contrived to carry it on a while in ,benjamin's name2 but that sagacious youth was not long in discovering that the ,mathers and their adherents were too strong for him1 and he took an early opportunity of removing to a place established on the principle of doing without pontiffs4 ,but during his long1 illustrious career in ,philadelphia as editor and public man he constantly acted in the spirit of one of the last passages he wrote before leaving ,boston3 ,pieces of pleasantry and mirth have a secret charm in them to allay the heats and tumults of our spirits1 and to make a man forget his restless resentments4 ,they have a strange power in them to hush disorders of the soul and reduce us to a serene and placid state of mind4 ,he was the father of our humorous literature4 ,if1 at the present moment1 ,america is contributing more to the innocent hilarity of mankind than other nations1 it is greatly due to the happy influence of this benign and liberal humorist upon the national character4 ,poor ,richard1 be it observed1 was the great comic almanac of the country for twenty-five years1 and it was ,franklin who infused the element of burlesque into ,american journalism4 ,he could not advertise a stolen prayer-book without inserting a joke to give the advertisement wings3 ,the person who took it is desired to open it and read the ,eighth ,commandment1 and afterward return it into the same pew again2 upon which no further notice will be taken4 ,this propensity was the more precious because it was his destiny to take a leading part in many controversies which would have become bitter beyond endurance but for the strange power of his pieces of pleasantry and mirth to hush disorders of the soul4 ,he employed both pen and pencil in bringing his excellent sense to bear upon the public mind4 ,what but ,franklin's inexhaustible tact and good-humor could have kept the peace in ,pennsylvania between the non-combatant ,quakers and the militant ,christians during the long period when the province was threatened from the sea by hostile fleets and on land by savage ,indians8 ,besides rousing the combatant citizens to action1 he made them willing to fight for men who would not fight for themselves1 and brought over to his side a large number of the younger and more pliant ,quakers4 ,even in that early time 7#agdg71 while bears still swam the ,delaware1 he contrived to get a picture drawn and engraved to enforce the lessons of his first pamphlet1 calling on the ,pennsylvanians to prepare for defense4 ,he may have engraved it himself1 for he had a dexterous hand1 and had long before made little pictures out of type-metal to accompany advertisements4 ,hercules sits upon a cloud1 with one hand resting upon his club4 ,three horses vainly strive to draw a heavy wagon from the mire4 ,the wagoner kneels1 lifts his hands1 and implores the aid of ,hercules's mighty arm4 ,in the background are trees and houses1 and under the picture are ,latin words signifying1 ,not by offerings nor by womanish prayers is the help of gods obtained4 ,in the text1 too1 when he essays the difficult task of reconciling the combatants to fighting for the non-combatants1 he becomes pictorial1 though he does not use the graver4 ,what6 he cries1 not defend your wives1 your helpless children1 your aged parents1 because the ,quakers have conscientious scruples about fighting6 ,then he adds the burlesque picture3 ,till of late ,i could scarce believe the story of him who refused to pump in a sinking ship because one on board whom he hated would be saved by it as well as himself4 ,illustration3 ,,join or ,,die ,a ,common ,newspaper ,heading in #aggf2 devised by ,franklin in ,may1 #aged1 at the ,beginning of the ,french ,war4 ,at the beginning of the contest which in ,europe was the ,seven ,years' ,war1 but in ,america a ten years' war1 ,franklin's pen and pencil were both employed in urging a cordial union of the colonies against the foe4 ,his device of a snake severed into as many pieces as there were colonies1 with the motto1 ,join or ,die1 survived the occasion that called it forth1 and became a common newspaper and handbill heading in #aggf4 ,it was he1 also1 as tradition reports1 who exhibited to the unbelieving farmers of ,pennsylvania the effect of gypsum1 by writing with that fertilizer in large letters upon a field the words ,this has been plastered4 ,the brilliant green of the grass which had been stimulated by the plaster soon made the words legible to the passer-by4 ,during his first residence in ,london as the representative of ,pennsylvania he became intimately acquainted with the great artist from whom excellence in the humorous art of ,england dates--,william ,hogarth4 ,the last letter that the dying ,hogarth received was from ,benjamin ,franklin4 ,receiving an agreeable letter1 says ,nichols1 from the ,american1 ,dr4 ,franklin1 he drew up a rough draught of an answer to it4 ,three hours after1 ,hogarth was no more4 ,a few of ,franklin's devices for the coins and paper money of the young republic have been preserved4 ,he wished that every coin and every note should say something wise or cheerful to their endless succession of possessors and scrutinizers4 ,collectors show the ,franklin cent of #aghg1 with its circle of thirteen links and its central words1 ,we are one and outside of these1 ,united ,states4 ,on the other side of the coin there is a noonday sun blazing down upon a dial1 with the motto1 ,mind your ,business4 ,he made the date say something more to the reader than the number of the year1 by appending to it the word ,fugio 7,i fly74 ,another cent has a central sun circled by thirteen stars and the words ,nova ,constellatio4 ,he suggested ,pay as you go for a coin motto4 ,some of his designs for the ,continental paper money were ingenious and effective4 ,upon one dingy little note1 issued during the storm and stress of the ,revolution1 we see a roughly executed picture of a shower of rain falling upon a newly settled country1 with a word of good cheer under it1 ,serenabit 7,it will clear74 ,upon another there is a picture of a beaver gnawing a huge oak1 and the word ,perseverando4 ,on another there is a crown resting upon a pedestal1 and the words ,si recte facias 7,if you do uprightly74 ,there is one which represents a hawk and stork fighting1 with the motto ,exitus in dubio est 7,the event is in doubt72 and another which shows a hand plucking branches from a tea-plant1 with the motto ,sustain or ,abstain4 ,the famous scalp hoax devised by ,franklin during the ,revolutionary war1 for the purpose of bringing the execration of civilized mankind upon the employment of ,indians by the ,english generals1 was vividly pictorial4 ,upon his private printing-press in ,paris he and his grandson struck off a leaf of an imaginary newspaper1 which he called a ,supplement to the ,boston ,independent ,chronicle4 ,for this he wrote a letter purporting to be from ,captain ,gerrish1 of the ,new ,england ,militia1 accompanying eight packages of scalps of our unhappy country folks1 which he had captured on a raid into the ,indian country4 ,the captain sent with the scalps an inventory of them1 supposed to be drawn up by one ,james ,crawford1 a trader1 for the information of the ,governor of ,canada4 ,neither ,swift nor ,de ,foe ever surpassed the ingenious naturalness of this fictitious inventory4 ,it was indeed too natural1 for it was generally accepted as a genuine document1 and would even now deceive almost any one who should come upon it unawares4 ,who could suspect that these eight packs of scalps1 cured1 dried1 hooped1 and painted1 with all the ,indian triumphal marks upon them1 had never existed except in the imagination of a merry old plenipotentiary in ,paris8 ,there were forty-three scalps of ,congress soldiers1 stretched on black hoops four inches diameter1 the inside of the skin painted red1 with a small black spot to denote their being killed with bullets2 and there were sixty-two farmers1 killed in their houses1 marked with a hoe1 a black circle all around to denote their being surprised in the night4 ,other farmers' scalps were marked with a little red foot1 to show that they stood upon their defense2 and others with a little yellow flame1 to show that they had been burned alive4 ,to one scalp a band was fastened1 supposed to be that of a rebel clergyman4 ,then there were eighty-eight scalps of women1 and some hundreds of boys and girls4 ,the package last described was a box of birch-bark containing twenty-nine little infants' scalps of various sizes1 small white hoops1 white ground1 no tears1 and only a little black knife in the middle to show they were ripped out of their mothers' bellies4 ,the trader dwells upon the fact that most of the farmers were young or middle-aged1 there being but sixty-seven very gray heads among them2 which makes the service more essential4 ,every detail of this supplement was worked out with infinite ingenuity1 even to the editor's postscript1 which stated that the scalps had just reached ,boston1 where thousands of people were flocking to see them4 ,franklin was more than a humorist2 he was an artist in humor4 ,in other words1 he not only had a lively sense of the absurd and the ludicrous1 but he knew how to exhibit them to others with the utmost power and finish4 ,his grandson1 who lived with him in ,paris during the ,revolutionary period1 a very good draughtsman1 used to illustrate his humorous papers1 and between them they produced highly entertaining things1 only a few of which have been gathered4 ,the ,abbe ,morellet1 one of the gay circle who enjoyed them1 remarks that in his sportive moods ,franklin was ,socrates mounted on a stick1 playing with his children4 ,to this day1 however1 there are millions who regard that vast and somewhat disorderly genius1 who was one of the least sordid and most generous of all recorded men1 as the mere type of penny prudence4 ,even so variously informed a person as the author of ,a ,short ,history of the ,english ,people1 published in #ahge1 speaks of the close-fisted ,franklin4 ,it is in vain that we seek for specimens of colonial caricature outside of the ,franklin circle4 ,satirical pictures were doubtless produced in great numbers1 and a few may have been published2 but caricature is a thing of the moment1 and usually perishes with the moment1 unless it is incorporated with a periodical4 ,almost all the intellectual product of the colonial period that was not theological has some relation to the wise and jovial ,franklin1 the incomparable ,american1 the father of his country's intellectual life1 whether manifested in literature1 burlesque1 politics1 invention1 or science4 ,illustration3 ,boston ,massacre ,coffins2 ,boston1 ,march1 #aggd4 7,from ,american ,historical ,record47 ,the ,boston massacre1 as it was called1 which was commemorated by the device of a row of coffins1 often employed before and since1 might have been more properly styled a street brawl1 if the mere presence of ,british troops in ,boston in #aggd had not been an outrage of international dimensions4 ,the four victims1 ,samuel ,gray1 ,samuel ,maverick1 ,james ,cauldwell1 and ,crispus ,attucks1 were borne to the grave by all that was most distinguished in the province1 and the whole people seemed to have either followed or witnessed the procession4 ,amidst the frenzy of the time1 these coffin-lids served to express and relieve the popular feeling4 ,the subsequent acquittal of the innocent soldiers1 who had shown more forbearance than armed men usually do when taunted and assailed by an unarmed crowd1 remains one of the most honorable of the early records of ,boston4 ,there were attempts at caricature during the later years of the ,revolutionary war4 ,from #aggh1 when inflated paper1 ,french francs1 ,british gold1 and ,hessian thalers had given the business centres of the country a short1 fallacious prosperity1 there was gayety enough in ,philadelphia and ,boston4 ,there were balls and parties1 and sending to ,france for articles of luxury1 and profusion of all kinds--as there was in the late war1 and as there must be in all wars which are not paid for till the war is over4 ,there are indications in the old books that the burlesquing pencil was a familiar instrument then among the merry lads of the cities and towns4 ,but their efforts1 after having answered their momentary purpose1 perished4 ,and the habit of burlesque survived the war4 ,there are few persons1 even among the zealous fraternity of collectors1 who are aware that a ,new ,york dramatist1 in the year #aghh1 endeavored to burlesque1 in a regular five-act comedy1 the violent debates which distracted all circles while the acceptance of the new ,constitution was the question of questions4 ,a copy or two of this comedy1 called ,the ,politician ,outwitted1 have been preserved4 ,in lieu of the lost pictures1 take this brief scene1 which exhibits a violent squabble between an inveterate opponent of the ,constitution and a burning patriot who supports it4 ,they enter1 in proper comedy fashion1 after they are in full quarrel4 ,enter ,,old ,,loveyet and ,,trueman4 ,loveyet4 ,i tell you1 it is the most infernal scheme that ever was devised4 ,trueman4 ,and ,i tell you1 sir1 that your argument is heterodox1 sophistical1 and most preposterously illogical4 ,loveyet4 ,i insist upon it1 sir1 you know nothing at all about the matter6 ,and give me leave to tell you1 sir-- ,trueman4 ,what6 ,give you leave to tell me ,i know nothing at all about the matter8 ,i shall do no such thing1 sir4 ,i'm not to be governed by your ipse dixit4 ,loveyet4 ,i desire none of your musty ,latin1 for ,i don't understand it1 not ,i4 ,trueman4 ,o the ignorance of the age6 ,to oppose a plan of government like the new ,constitution6 ,like it1 did ,i say8 ,there never was one like it4 ,neither ,minos1 ,solon1 ,lycurgus1 nor ,romulus ever fabricated so wise a system4 ,why1 it is a political phenomenon1 a prodigy of legislative wisdom1 the fame of which will soon extend ultramundane1 and astonish the nations of the world with its transcendent excellence4 ,to what a sublime height will the superb edifice attain6 ,loveyet4 ,your aspiring edifice shall never be erected in this ,state1 sir4 ,trueman4 ,mr4 ,loveyet1 you will not listen to reason4 ,only calmly attend one moment4 ,reads4 ',we1 the people of the ,united ,states1 in order to form a more perfect ,union1 establish justice1 insure domestic tranquillity1 provide--' ,loveyet4 ,i tell you ,i won't hear it4 ,trueman4 ,mark all that4 ,reads4 ',section the ,first4 ,all legislative power herein granted shall be vested in a ,congress of the ,united ,states1 which shall consist of a ,senate and ,house of ,representatives4' ,very judicious and salutary1 upon my erudition6 ',section the ,second--' ,loveyet4 ,i'll hear no more of your sections4 ,illustration3 ,a ,militia ,drill in ,massachusetts in #ahcb4 ,they continue the debate until both disputants are in the white heat of passion4 ,old ,mr4 ,loveyet rushes away at last to break off the match between his daughter and ,trueman's son1 and ,trueman retorts by calling his fiery antagonist a conceited sot4 ,this comedy is poor stuff1 but it suffices to reveal the existence of the spirit of caricature among us at that early day1 when ,new ,york was a clean1 cobble-stoned1 ,dutch-looking town of thirty thousand inhabitants1 one of whom1 a boy five years of age1 was named ,washington ,irving4 ,general ,washington was inaugurated ,president at the same city in the following year4 ,how often has the world been assured that no dissentient voice was heard on that occasion6 ,the arrival of the general in ,new ,york was a pageant which the entire population is supposed to have most heartily approved2 and a very pleasing spectacle it must have been1 as seen from the end of the island--the vessels decked with flags and streamers1 and the ,president's stately barge1 rowed by thirteen pilots in white uniforms1 advancing toward the city1 surrounded and followed by a cloud of small boats1 to the thunder of great guns4 ,but even then1 it seems1 there were a few who looked askance4 ,at least one caricature appeared4 ,all the world here1 wrote ,john ,armstrong to the unreconciled ,general ,gates1 are busy in collecting flowers and sweets of every kind to amuse and delight the ,president4 ,people were asking one another1 he adds1 by what awe-inspiring title the ,president should be called1 even plain ,roger ,sherman1 of ,connecticut1 regarding ,his ,excellency as beneath the grandeur of the office4 ,yet1 says ,armstrong1 in the midst of this admiration there are skeptics who doubt its propriety1 and wits who amuse themselves at its extravagance4 ,the first will grumble and the last will laugh1 and the ,president should be prepared to meet the attacks of both with firmness and good nature4 ,a caricature has already appeared1 called ',the ,entry1' full of very disloyal and profane allusions4 ,it was by no means a good-natured picture4 ,general ,washington was represented riding upon an ass1 and held in the arms of his favorite man ,billy1 once huntsman1 then valet and factotum2 ,colonel ,david ,humphreys1 the general's aid and secretary1 led the ass1 singing hosannas and birthday odes1 one couplet of which was legible3 ,the glorious time has come to pass ,when ,david shall conduct an ass4 ,this effort was more ill-natured than brilliant2 but the reader who examines the fugitive publications of that period will often feel that the adulation of the ,president was such as to provoke and justify severe caricature4 ,that adulation was as excessive as it was ill executed2 and part of the office of caricature is to remind ,philip that he is a man4 ,the numberless verses1 odes1 tributes1 stanzas1 lines1 and sonnets addressed to ,president ,washington lie entombed in the dingy leaves of the old newspapers2 but a few of the epigrams which they provoked have been disinterred1 and even some of the caricatures are described in the letters of the time4 ,neither the verses nor the pictures are at all remarkable4 ,probably the best caricature that appeared during the administration of ,general ,washington was suggested by the removal of the national capital from ,new ,york to ,philadelphia4 ,senator ,robert ,morris1 being a ,philadelphian1 and having large possessions in ,philadelphia1 was popularly supposed to have procured the passage of the measure1 and accordingly the portly ,senator is seen in the picture carrying off upon his broad shoulders the ,federal ,hall1 the windows of which are crowded with members of both ,houses1 some commending1 others cursing this novel method of removal4 ,in the distance is seen the old ,paulus ,hook ferry-house1 at what is now ,jersey ,city1 on the roof of which is the devil beckoning to the heavy-laden ,morris1 and crying to him1 ,this way1 ,bobby4 ,the removal of the capital was a fruitful theme for the humorists of the day4 ,even then ,new ,york politicians had an ill name1 and ,congress was deemed well out of their reach4 ,but those were the halcyon days of the untried administration2 to which indeed there was as yet nothing that could be called an ,opposition4 ,the entire nation1 with here and there an individual exception1 was in full accord with the feeling expressed in ,benjamin ,russell's allegory that went the round of the press in #aghi and #agij3 ,,the ,,federal ,,ship4 ,illustration3 ,a ship4 ,just launched on the ,ocean of ,empire1 the ,ship ,,columbia1 ,,george ,,washington1 ,commander1 which1 after being thirteen years in dock1 is at length well manned1 and in very good condition4 ,the ,ship is a first rate--has a good bottom1 which all the ,builders have pronounced sound and good4 ,some objection has been made to parts of the tackling1 or running rigging1 which1 it is supposed1 will be altered1 when they shall be found to be incommodious1 as the ,ship is able to make very good headway with them as they are4 ,a jury of ,carpenters have this matter now under consideration4 ,the ,captain and ,first ,mate are universally esteemed by all the ,owners--,eleven#dj in number--and she has been insured1 under their direction1 to make a good mooring in the harbor of ,public ,prosperity and ,felicity--whitherto she is bound4 ,the ,owners can furnish1 besides the ,ship's ,company1 the following materials3--,new-,hampshire1 the ,masts and ,spars2 ,massachusetts1 ,timber for the ,hull1 ,fish1 c42 ,connecticut1 ,beef and ,pork2 ,new-,york1 ,porter and other ,cabin stores2 ,new-,jersey1 the ,cordage2 ,pennsylvania1 ,flour and ,bread2--,delaware1 the ,colors1 and ,clothing for the ,crew2 ,maryland1 the ,iron work and small ,anchors2 ,virginia1 ,tobacco and the ,sheet ,anchor2 ,south-,carolina1 ,rice2 and ,georgia1 ,powder and small ,provisions4 ,thus found1 may this good ,ship put to sea1 and the prayer of all is1 that ,,god may preserve her1 and bring her in safety to her desired haven4 ,footnote #dj3 ,only eleven ,states had accepted the ,constitution when this was written4 ,the ,government had not been long domiciled in the ,city of ,brotherly ,love before parties became defined and party spirit acrimonious4 ,the popular heart and hope and imagination were all on the side of revolutionized ,france in her unequal struggle with the allied kings4 ,conservative and safe men were more and more drawn into sympathy with the powers that were striving to maintain the established order1 chief of which was ,great ,britain4 ,president ,washington1 in maintaining the just balance between the two contending principles and powers1 could not but give some dissatisfaction to both political parties1 and1 most of all1 to the one in the warmest sympathy with ,france4 ,in the dearth of pictorical relics of that period1 ,i insert the parody of the ,athanasian creed annexed1 from the ,national ,gazette of ,philadelphia1 edited by ,freneau1 and maintained by the friends of ,jefferson and ,madison3 ,a ,,new ,,political ,,creed ,,for ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,whom ,,it ,,may ,,concern4 ,whoever would live peaceably in ,philadelphia1 above all things it is necessary that he hold the ,federal faith--and the ,federal faith is this1 that there are two governing powers in this country1 both equal1 and yet one superior3 which faith except every one keep undefiledly1 without doubt he shall be abused everlastingly4 ,the ,briton is superior to the ,american1 and the ,american is inferior to the ,briton3 and yet they are equal1 and the ,briton shall govern the ,american4 ,the ,briton1 while here1 is commanded to obey the ,american1 and yet the ,american ought to obey the ,briton4 ,and yet they ought not both to be obedient1 but only one to be obedient4 ,for there is one dominion nominal of the ,american1 and another dominion real of the ,briton4 ,and yet there are not two dominions1 but only one dominion4 ,for like as we are compelled by the ,british constitution book to acknowledge that subjects must submit themselves to their monarchs1 and be obedient to them in all things3 ,so we are forbid by our ,federal executive to say that we are at all influenced by our treaty with ,france1 or to pay regard to what it enforceth3 ,the ,american was created for the ,briton1 and the ,briton for the ,american3 ,and yet the ,american shall be a slave to the ,briton1 and the ,briton the tyrant of the ,american4 ,and ,britons are of three denominations1 and yet only of one soul1 nature1 and subsistency3 ,the ,irishman of infinite impudence3 ,the ,scotchman of cunning most inscrutable3 ,and the ,englishman of impertinence altogether insupportable3 ,the only true and honorable gentlemen of this our blessed country4 ,he1 therefore1 that would live in quiet1 must thus think of the ,briton and the ,american4 ,it is furthermore necessary that every good ,american should believe in the infallibility of the executive1 when its proclamations are echoed by ,britons3 ,for the true faith is1 that we believe and confess that the ,government is fallible and infallible3 ,fallible in its republican nature1 and infallible in its monarchical tendency1 erring in its state of individuality1 and unerring in its ,federal complexity4 ,so that though it be both fallible and infallible1 yet it is not twain1 but one government only1 as having consolidated all state dominion1 in order to rule with sway uncontrolled4 ,this is the true ,federal faith1 which except a man believe and practice faithfully1 beyond all doubt he shall be cursed perpetually4 ,a rude but very curious specimen of the caricature of the early time is given on the next page of the collision on the floor of the ,house of ,representatives between ,matthew ,lyon and ,roger ,griswold1 both representatives from ,connecticut4 ,lyon1 a native of ,ireland1 was an ardent ,republican1 who played a conspicuous part in politics during the final struggle between the ,republicans and the ,federalists4 ,roger ,griswold1 on the contrary1 a member of an old and distinguished ,connecticut family1 a graduate of its ancient college1 and a member of its really illustrious bar1 was a pronounced ,federalist4 ,he was also a gentleman who had no natural relish for a strong-minded1 unlettered emigrant who founded a town in his new country1 built mills and foundries1 invented processes1 established a newspaper1 and was elected to ,congress4 ,if ,hamilton and ,griswold and the other extreme ,federalists had had their way in this country1 there would have been no ,matthew ,lyons among us to create a new world for mankind1 and begin the development of a better political system4 ,nor1 indeed1 was ,matthew ,lyon sufficiently tolerant of the old and tried methods that had become inadequate4 ,he was not likely1 either--at the age of fifty-two1 standing upon the summit of a very successful career1 which was wholly his own work--to regard as equal to himself a man of thirty-six1 who seemed to owe his importance chiefly to his lineage4 ,so here was a broad basis for an antipathy which the strife of politics could easily aggravate into an aversion extreme and fiery--fiery1 at least1 on the part of the ,irishman4 ,illustration3 ,fight in ,congress between ,lyon and ,griswold1 ,february #aeth1 #agih4 ,he in a trice struck ,griswold thrice ,upon his head1 enraged1 sir2 ,who seized the tongs to ease his wrongs1 ,and ,griswold thus engaged1 sir4 ,imagine this process complete1 and the ,house1 on the last day of the year #agih1 in languid session1 balloting4 ,the two members were standing near one another outside the bar1 when ,griswold made taunting allusion to an old campaign story of ,matthew ,lyon's having been sentenced to wear a wooden sword for cowardice in the field4 ,lyon1 in a fury1 spit in ,griswold's face4 ,instantly the ,house was in an uproar2 and although the impetuous ,lyon apologized to the ,house1 he only escaped expulsion1 after eleven days' debate1 through the constitutional requirement of a two-thirds vote4 ,this affair called forth a caricature in which the ,irish member was depicted as a lion standing on his hind-legs wearing a wooden sword1 while ,griswold1 handkerchief in hand1 exclaims1 ,what a beastly action6 ,the vote for expulsion--#eb to #dd--;did not satisfy ,mr4 ,griswold4 ,four days after the vote occurred the outrageous scene rudely delineated in the picture already mentioned4 ,griswold1 armed with what the ,republican editor called a stout hickory club1 and the ,federalist editor a hickory stick1 assaulted ,lyon while he was sitting at his desk1 striking him on the head and shoulders several times before he could extricate himself4 ,but at last ,lyon got upon his feet1 and1 seizing the tongs1 rushed upon the enemy4 ,this is the moment selected by the artist4 ,they soon after closed and fell to the floor1 where they enjoyed a good rough-and-tumble fight1 until members pulled them apart4 ,a few minutes after they chanced to meet again at the water table1 near one of the doors4 ,lyon was now provided with a stick1 but ,griswold had none4 ,their eyes no sooner met1 says the ,federalist reporter1 than ,mr4 ,lyon sprung to attack ,mr4 ,griswold4 ,a member handed ,griswold a stick1 and there was a fair prospect of another fight1 when the ,speaker interfered with so much energy that the antagonists were again torn apart4 ,the battle was not renewed on the floor of ,congress4 ,but it was continued elsewhere4 ,under that amazing sedition law of the ,federalists1 ,lyon was tried a few months after for saying in his newspaper that ,president ,adams had an unbounded thirst for ridiculous pomp1 had turned men out of office for their opinions1 and had written a bullying message upon the ,french imbroglio of #agih4 ,he was found guilty1 sentenced to pay a fine of a thousand dollars1 besides the heavy costs of the prosecution1 to be imprisoned four months1 and to continue in confinement until the fine was paid4 ,of course the people of his district stood by him1 and1 while he was in prison1 re-elected him to ,congress by a great majority2 and his fine was repaid to his heirs in #ahdj by ,congress1 with forty-two years' interest4 ,these events made a prodigious stir in their time4 ,matthew ,lyon's presence in the ,house of ,representatives1 his demeanor there1 and his triumphal return from prison to ,congress1 were the first distinct notification to parties interested that the sceptre was passing from the ,few to the ,many4 ,the satire and burlesque of the ,jeffersonian period1 from #agih to #ahji1 were abundant in quantity1 if not of shining excellence4 ,to the reader of the present day all savors of burlesque in the political utterances of that time1 so preposterously violent were partisans on both sides4 ,it is impossible to take a serious view of the case of an editor who could make it a matter of boasting that he had opposed the ,republican measures for eight years without a single exception4 ,the press1 indeed1 had then no independent life2 it was the minion and slave of party4 ,it is only in our own day that the press begins to exist for its own sake1 and descant with reasonable freedom on topics other than the ,importance of ,early ,rising and the ,customs of the ,chinese4 ,the reader would neither be edified nor amused by seeing ,mr4 ,jefferson kneeling before a stumpy pillar labeled ,altar of ,gallic ,despotism1 upon which are ,paine's ,age of ,reason and the works of ,rousseau1 ,voltaire1 and ,helvetius1 with the demon of the ,french ,revolution crouching behind it1 and the ,american eagle soaring aloft1 bearing in its talons the ,constitution and the independence of the ,united ,states4 ,pictures of that nature1 of great size1 crowded with objects1 emblems1 and sentences--an elaborate blending of burlesque1 allegory1 and enigma--were so much valued by that generation that some of them were engraved upon copper4 ,on the day of the inauguration of ,thomas ,jefferson as ,president of the ,united ,states1 ,march #dth1 #ahja1 a parody appeared in the ,centinel of ,boston1 a ,federalist paper of great note in its time1 which may serve our purpose here3 ,monumental ,inscription4 ,that life is long which answers ,life's great end4 ,yesterday expired1 deeply regretted by millions of grateful ,americans1 and by all good men1 ,,the ,,federal ,,administration ,,of ,,the ,,government ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states3 animated by ,a ,,washington1 ,,an ,,adams1 ,a ,,hamilton1 ,,knox1 ,,pickering1 ,,wolcott1 ,m',,henry1 ,,marshall1 ,,stoddert1 ,,and ,,dexter4 ,a,et4 #ab years4 ,its death was occasioned by the secret arts and open violence of foreign and domestic demagogues3 ,notwithstanding its whole life was devoted to the performance of every duty to promote the ,union1 ,credit1 ,peace1 ,prosperity1 ,honor1 and ,felicity of its ,country4 ,at its birth1 it found the ,union of the ,states dissolving like a rope of snow2 ,it hath left it stronger than the threefold cord4 ,it found the ,united ,states bankrupts in estate and reputation2 ,it hath left them unbounded in credit1 and respected throughout the world4 ,it found the ,treasuries of the ,united ,states and ,individual ,states empty2 ,it hath left them full and overflowing4 ,it found all the evidences of public debts worthless as rags2 ,it hath left them more valuable than gold and silver4 ,it found the ,united ,states at war with the ,indian nations2 ,it hath concluded peace with them all4 ,it found the aboriginals of the soil inveterate enemies of the whites2 ,it hath exercised toward them justice and generosity1 and hath left them fast friends4 ,it found ,great ,britain in possession of all the frontier posts2 ,it hath demanded their surrender1 and it leaves them in the possession of the ,united ,states4 ,it found the ,american sea-coast utterly defenseless2 ,it hath left it fortified4 ,it found our arsenals empty1 and magazines decaying2 ,it hath left them full of ammunition and warlike implements4 ,it found our country dependent on foreign nations for engines of defense2 ,it hath left manufactories of cannon and musquets in full work4 ,it found the ,american ,nation at war with ,algiers1 ,tunis1 and ,tripoli2 ,it hath made peace with them all4 ,it found ,american freemen in ,turkish slavery1 where they had languished in chains for years2 ,it hath ransomed them and set them free4 ,it found the war-worn1 invalid soldier starving from want2 or1 like ,belisarius1 begging his refuse-meat from door to door2 ,it hath left ample provision for the regular payment of his pension4 ,it found the commerce of our country confined almost to coasting craft2 ,it hath left it whitening every sea with its canvas1 and cheering every clime with its stars4 ,it found our mechanics and manufacturers idle in the streets for want of employ2 ,it hath left them full of business1 prosperous1 contented1 and happy4 ,it found the yeomanry of the country oppressed with unequal taxes2 their farms1 houses1 and barns decaying2 their cattle selling at the sign-posts2 and they driven to desperation and rebellion2 ,it hath left their coffers in cash1 their houses in repair1 their barns full1 their farms overstocked1 and their produce commanding ready money and a high price4 ,in short1 it found them poor1 indigent malcontents2 ,it hath left them wealthy friends to order and good government4 ,it found the ,united ,states deeply in debt to ,france and ,holland2 ,it hath paid all the demands of the former1 and the principal part of the latter4 ,it found the country in a ruinous alliance with ,france2 ,it hath honorably dissolved the connection1 and set us free4 ,it found the ,united ,states without a swivel on float for their defense2 ,it hath left a ,navy--composed of #cd ships of war1 mounting #iah guns1 and manned by #gcej gallant tars4 ,it found the exports of our country a mere song in value2 ,it hath left them worth above seventy millions of dollars per annum4 ,in one word1 it found ,america disunited1 poor1 insolvent1 weak1 discontented1 and wretched2 ,it hath left her united1 wealthy1 respectable1 strong1 happy1 and prosperous4 ,let the faithful historian1 in after-times1 say these things of its successor1 if he can4 ,and yet1 notwithstanding all these services and blessings1 there are found many1 very many1 weak1 degenerate sons1 who1 lost to virtue1 to gratitude1 and patriotism1 openly exult that this ,administration is no more1 and that the ,sun of ,federalism is set forever4 ,oh shame1 where is thy blush8 ,,as ,,one ,,tribute ,,of ,,gratitude ,,in ,,these ,,times1 ,,this ,,monument ,,of ,,the ,,talents ,,and ,,services ,,of ,,the ,,deceased ,,is ,,raised ,,by ,the ,centinel4 ,march #dth1 #ahja4 ,illustration3 ,the ,gerry-,mander4 7,boston1 #ahaa47 ,the victorious ,republicans1 if less skillful than their adversaries in the burlesque arts1 had their own methods of parrying and returning such assaults as this4 ,at an earlier period in ,mr4 ,jefferson's ascendency1 the politicians1 borrowing the idea from ,catholic times1 employed stuffed figures and burlesque processions in lieu of caricature4 ,while the people were still in warm sympathy with the ,french ,revolution1 ,william ,smith1 a ,representative in ,congress from ,south ,carolina1 gave deep offense to many of his constituents by opposing certain resolutions offered by ,citizen ,madison expressive of that sympathy4 ,there was no burlesque artist then in ,south ,carolina1 but the ,democrats of ,charleston contrived1 notwithstanding1 to caricature the offender and his infernal junto4 ,a platform was erected in an open place in ,charleston1 upon which was exhibited to a noisy crowd1 from early in the morning until three in the afternoon1 a rare assemblage of figures3 ,a woman representing the ,genius of ,britain inviting the recreant ,representatives to share the wages of her iniquity2 ,william ,smith advancing toward her with eager steps1 his right hand stretched out to receive his portion1 in his left holding a paper upon which was written ,six per cents1 and wearing upon his breast another with ,l#dj1jjj in the ,funds2 ,benedict ,arnold with his hand full of checks and bills2 ,fisher ,ames labeled ,l#djj1jjj in the ,funds2 the devil and ,young ,pitt goading on the reprobate ,americans4 ,in front of the stage was a gallows for the due hanging and burning of these figures when the crowd were tired of gazing upon them4 ,each of the characters was provided with a label exhibiting an appropriate sentiment4 ,the odious ,smith was made to confess that his sentence was just3 ,the love of gold1 a foreign education1 and foreign connections damn me4 ,young ,pitt owned to having let loose the ,algerines upon the ,americans1 and ,fisher ,ames confessed that from the time when he began life as a horse-jockey his ,ames had been villainy4 ,it is an objection to this kind of caricature that the weather may interfere with its proper presentation4 ,a shower of rain obliterated most of those labels1 and left the figures themselves in a reduced and draggled condition4 ,but1 according to the local historian1 the exhibition was continued1 to the great mirth and entertainment of the boys1 who would not quit the field until a total demolition of the figures took place1 nor before they had taken down the breeches of the effigy of the ,representative of this ,state and given him repeated castigations4 ,in the evening the colors of ,great ,britain were dipped in oil and ,french brandy1 and burned at the same fire which had consumed the effigies4 ,later in the ,jeffersonian period1 the burlesque procession--caricature vivante--was occasionally employed by the ,new ,england ,federalists to excite popular disapproval of the embargo which suspended foreign commerce4 ,elderly gentlemen in ,newburyport remember hearing their fathers describe the battered old hulk of a vessel1 with rotten rigging and tattered sails1 manned by ragged and cadaverous sailors1 that was drawn in such a procession in #ahjh1 the year of the ,presidential election4 ,there are even a few old people who remember seeing the procession1 for in those healthy old coast towns the generations are linked together1 and the whole history of ,new ,england is sometimes represented in the group round the post-office of a fine summer morning4 ,the odd-looking picture of the ,gerry-mander1 on the previous page1 belongs to the same period1 and preserves a record not creditable to party politicians4 ,democratic leaders in ,massachusetts1 in order to secure the election of two ,senators of their party1 redistricted the ,state with absurd disregard of geographical facts4 ,the ,centinel exhibited the fraud by means of a colored map1 which the artist1 ,gilbert ,stuart1 by a few touches1 converted into the immortal ,gerry-mander4 ,governor ,gerry1 though not the author of the scheme1 nor an approver of it1 justly shares the discredit of a measure which he might have vetoed1 but did not4 ,the war of #ahab yields its quota of caricature to the collector's port-folio4 ,john ,bull making a ,new ,batch of ,ships to send to the ,lakes is an obvious imitation of ,gillray's masterpiece of ,bonaparte baking a new batch of kings4 ,the contribution levied upon ,alexandria1 and the retreat of a party of ,english troops from ,baltimore1 furnish subjects to a draughtsman who had more patriotic feeling than artistic invention4 ,his ,john ,bull is a stout man1 with a bull's head and a long sword1 who utters pompous words4 ,i must have all your flour1 all your tobacco1 all your ships1 all your merchandise--every thing except your ,porter and ,perry4 ,keep them out of sight2 ,i have had enough of them already4 ,no doubt this was comforting to the patriotic mind while it was lamenting a ,capitol burned and a ,president in flight4 ,,chapter ,,xxvi4 ,,later ,,american ,,caricature4 ,illustration3 ,thomas ,nast1 #ahge4 ,illustration3 ,,wholesale4 ,,retail4 7,harper's ,weekly1 ,september #afth1 #ahga47 ,the era of good feeling which followed the war of #ahab1 and which exhausted the high1 benign spirit infused into public affairs by ,mr4 ,jefferson1 could not be expected to call forth satirical pictures of remarkable quality4 ,the irruption of the positive and uncontrollable ,jackson into politics made amends4 ,once more the mind of the country was astir1 and again nearly the whole of the educated class was arrayed against the masses of the people4 ,the two political parties in every country1 call them by whatever disguising names we may1 are the ,rich and the ,poor4 ,the rich are naturally inclined to use their power to give their own class an advantage2 the poor naturally object2 and this is the underlying1 ever-operating cause of political strife in all countries that enjoy a degree of freedom2 and this is the reason why1 in times of political crisis1 the instructed class is frequently in the wrong4 ,interest and pride blind its judgment4 ,in ,jackson's day the distinction between the right and the wrong politics was not so clear as in ,jefferson's time2 but it was1 upon the whole1 the same struggle disguised and degraded by personal ambitions and antipathies4 ,it certainly called forth as many parodies1 burlesques1 caricatures1 and lampoons as any similar strife since the invention of politics4 ,the coffin handbills repeated the device employed after the ,boston massacre of #aggd in order to keep it in memory that ,general ,jackson had ordered six militiamen to be shot for desertion4 ,the hickory poles that pierced the sky at so many cross-roads were a retort to these1 admitting but eulogizing the hardness of the man4 ,the sudden breakup of the cabinet in #ahca called forth a caricature which dear ,mrs4 ,trollope described as the only tolerable one she ever saw in the country4 ,it represented the ,president seated in his room trying hard to detain one of four escaping rats by putting his foot on its tail4 ,the rat thus held wore the familiar countenance of the ,secretary of ,state1 ,martin ,van ,buren1 who had been requested to remain till his successor had arrived4 ,it was this picture that gave occasion for one of ,john ,van ,buren's noted sayings that were once a circulating medium in the lawyers' offices of ,new ,york4 ,when will your father be in ,new ,york8 asked some one4 ,the reply was1 ,when the ,president takes off his foot4 ,illustration3 ,the ,brains of the ,tammany ,ring4 7,harper's ,weekly1 ,october #bast1 #ahga47 ,then we have ,van ,buren as a baby in the arms of ,general ,jackson1 receiving pap from a spoon in the general's hand2 ,jackson and ,clay as jockeys riding a race toward the ,presidential house1 ,clay ahead2 ,jackson receiving a crown from ,van ,buren and a sceptre from the devil2 ,jackson1 ,benton1 ,blair1 ,kendall1 and others1 in the guise of robbers1 directing a great battering-ram at the front door of the ,united ,states ,bank2 ,jackson1 as ,don ,quixote1 breaking a very slender lance against one of the marble pillars of the same edifice2 ,jackson and ,louis ,philippe as pugilists in a ring1 the king having just received a blow that makes his crown topple over his face4 ,illustration3 ,what are the ,wild ,waves saying8 7,harper's ,weekly1 ,july #ith1 #ahgj47 ,burlesque processions were also much in vogue in #ahcb during the weeks preceding the ,presidential election4 ,to the oratory of ,webster1 ,preston1 ,hoffman1 and ,everett1 the ,democracy replied by massive hickory poles1 fifty feet long1 drawn by eight1 twelve1 or sixteen horses1 and ridden by as many young ,democrats as could get astride of the emblematic log1 waving flags and shouting1 ,hurra for ,jackson6 ,live eagles were borne aloft upon poles1 banners were carried exhibiting ,nicholas ,biddle as ,old ,nick1 and endless ranks of ,democrats marched past1 each ,democrat wearing in his hat a sprig of the sacred tree4 ,and again the cultured orators were wrong1 and the untutored ,democrats were substantially in the right4 ,ambition and interest prevented those brilliant men from seeing that in putting down the bank1 as in other measures of his stormy administration1 the worst that could be truly said of ,general ,jackson was that he did right things in a wrong way4 ,the shin-plaster caricature given on the following page is itself a record of the bad consequences that followed his violent method in the matter of the bank4 ,the inflation of #ahce produced the wild land speculation of #ahcf1 which ended in the woful collapse of #ahcg1 the year of bankruptcy and shin-plaster4 ,to this period belongs the picture1 given on a previous page1 which caricatures the old militia system by presenting at one view many of the possible mishaps of training-day4 ,the receipt which ,john ,adams gave for making a free commonwealth enumerated four ingredients--town meetings1 training-days1 town schools1 and ministers4 ,but in the time of ,jackson the old militia system had been outgrown1 and it was laughed out of existence4 ,most of the faces in this picture were intended to be portraits4 ,illustration3 ,shin-plaster ,caricature of ,general ,jackson's ,war on the ,united ,states ,bank1 and its ,consequences1 #ahcg4 ,mr4 ,hudson1 in his valuable ,history of ,journalism1 speaks of a lithographer named ,robinson1 who used to line the fences and even the curb-stones of ,new ,york with rude caricatures of the persons prominent in public life during the administrations of ,jackson and ,van ,buren4 ,several of these have been preserved1 with others of the same period2 but few of them are tolerable1 now that the feeling which suggested them no longer exists2 and as to the greater number1 we can only agree with the ,new ,york ,mirror1 then in the height of its celebrity and influence1 in pronouncing them so dull and so pointless that it were a waste of powder to blow them up4 ,illustration3 ,city ,people in a ,country ,church4 ,the publication of ,mrs4 ,trollope's work upon the ,domestic ,manners of the ,americans called forth many inanities1 to say nothing of a volume of two hundred and sixteen pages1 entitled ,travels in ,america1 by ,george ,fibbleton1 ,esq41 ex-,barber to ,his ,majesty the ,king of ,great ,britain4 ,in this work ,mrs4 ,trollope's burlesque was burlesqued sufficiently well1 perhaps1 to amuse people at the moment1 though it reads flatly enough now4 ,the rise and progress of phrenology was caricatured as badly as ,spurzheim himself could have desired1 and the agitation in behalf of the rights of women evoked all that the pencil can achieve of the crude and the silly4 ,on the other hand1 the burning of the ,ursuline convent in ,boston was effectively rebuked by a pair of sketches1 one exhibiting the destruction of the convent by an infuriate mob1 and the other a room in which ,sisters of ,charity are waiting upon the sick4 ,over the whole was written1 ,look on this picture1 and on this4 ,illustration3 ,why don't you take it8 ,the thirty years' word war that preceded the four years' conflict in arms between ,north and ,south produced nothing in the way of burlesque art that is likely to be revived or remembered4 ,if the war itself was not prolific of caricature1 it was because drawing1 as a part of school training1 was still neglected among us4 ,that the propensity to caricature existed is shown by the pictures on envelopes used during the first weeks of the war4 ,the practice of illustrating envelopes in this way began on both sides in ,april1 #ahfa1 at the time when all eyes were directed upon ,charleston4 ,the flag of the ,union1 printed in colors1 was the first device4 ,this was instantly imitated by the ,confederates1 who filled their mails with envelope-flags showing seven stars and three broad stripes1 the middle 7white7 one serving as a place for the direction of the letter4 ,very soon the flags began to exhibit mottoes and patriotic lines1 such as1 ,liberty and ,union1 ,the ,flag of the ,free1 and ,forever float that ,standard ,sheet6 ,the national arms speedily appeared1 with various mottoes annexed4 ,general ,dix's inspiration1 ,if any one attempts to haul down the ,american flag1 shoot him on the spot1 was the most popular of all for several weeks4 ,portraits of favorite generals and other public men were soon added--,scott1 ,fremont1 ,dix1 ,lincoln1 ,seward1 and others4 ,before long the satirical and burlesque spirit began to manifest itself in such devices as a black flag and death's-head1 with the words ,jeff ,davis--his ,mark2 a gallows1 with a man hanging2 a large pig1 with ,whole ,hog or ,none2 a bull-dog with his foot on a great piece of beef1 marked ,washington1 with the words ,why don't you take it8 ,the portrait of ,general ,butler figured on thousands of letters during the months of ,april and ,may1 with his patriotic sentence1 ,whatever our politics1 the ,government must be sustained2 and1 a little later1 his happy application of the words contraband of war to the case of the fugitive negroes was repeated upon letters without number4 ,come back here1 you old black rascal6 cries a master to his escaping slave4 ,can't come back nohow1 replies the colored brother2 dis chile contraban'4 ,on many envelopes printed as early as ,may1 #ahfa1 we may still read a prophecy under the flag of the ,union that has been fulfilled1 ,i shall wave again over ,sumter4 ,illustration3 ,popular ,caricature of the ,secession ,war4 7,from ,envelopes1 #ahfa4 ,collected by ,william ,b4 ,taylor1 ,postmaster of ,new ,york1 and presented by him to the ,new ,york ,historical ,society47 ,such things as these usually perish with the feeling that called them forth4 ,mr4 ,william ,b4 ,taylor1 then the postmaster of ,new ,york1 struck with the peculiar appearance of the post-office1 all gay and brilliant with heaps of colored pictures1 conceived the fancy of saving one or two envelopes of each kind1 selected from the letters addressed to himself4 ,these he hastily pasted in a scrap-book1 which he afterward gave to swell the invaluable collection of curiosities belonging to the ,new ,york ,historical ,society4 ,illustration3 ,virginia ,pausing4 ,we should not naturally have looked for caricature in ,richmond in ,april1 #ahfa1 while the convention was sitting that passed the ordinance of secession4 ,but the reader will perceive on this page that the pencil lent its aid to those who were putting the native state of ,washington and ,jefferson on the wrong side of the great controversy4 ,this specimen appeared on the morning of the decisive day1 and was brought away by a lady who then left ,richmond for her home in ,new ,york4 ,the rats are arranged so as to show the order in which the ,states seceded3 ,south ,carolina first1 ,mississippi second1 ,alabama and ,florida on the same day1 and ,virginia still held by the negotiations with ,mr4 ,lincoln4 ,this picture may stand as the contribution of the ,confederacy to the satiric art of the world4 ,few readers need to be informed that it was the war which developed and brought to light the caricaturist of the ,united ,states1 ,thomas ,nast4 ,when the war began he was a boyish-looking youth of eighteen1 who had already been employed as a draughtsman upon the illustrated press of ,new ,york and ,london for two years4 ,he had ridden in ,garibaldi's train during the campaign of #ahfj which freed ,sicily and ,naples1 and sent sketches of the leading events home to ,new ,york and to the ,london ,illustrated ,news4 ,but it was the secession war that changed him from a roving lad1 with a swift pencil for sale1 into a patriot artist1 burning with the enthusiasm of the time4 ,harper's ,weekly1 circulating in every town1 army1 camp1 fort1 and ship1 placed the whole country within his reach1 and he gave forth from time to time those powerful emblematic pictures that roused the citizen and cheered the soldier4 ,in these early works1 produced amidst the harrowing anxieties of the war1 the serious element was of necessity dominant1 and it was this quality that gave them so much influence4 ,they were as much the expression of heart-felt conviction as ,mr4 ,curtis's most impassioned editorials1 or ,mr4 ,lincoln's ,gettysburg speech4 ,this ,i know1 because ,i sat by his side many a time while he was drawing them1 and was with him often at those electric moments when the idea of a picture was conceived4 ,it was not till the war was over1 and ,president ,andrew ,johnson began to swing round the circle1 that ,mr4 ,nast's pictures became caricatures4 ,but they were none the less the utterance of conviction4 ,whether he is wrong or right in the view presented of a subject1 his pictures are always as much the product of his mind as they are of his hand4 ,concerning the justice of many of his political caricatures there must be1 of course1 two opinions2 but happily his greatest achievement is one which the honest portion of the people all approve4 ,caricature1 since the earliest known period of its existence1 far back in the dawn of ,egyptian history1 has accomplished nothing else equal to the series of about forty-five pictures contributed by ,thomas ,nast to ,harper's ,weekly for the explosion of the ,tammany ,ring4 ,these are the utmost that satiric art has done in that kind4 ,the fertility of invention displayed by the artist1 week after week1 for months at a time1 was so extraordinary that people concluded1 as a matter of course1 the ideas were furnished him by others4 ,on the contrary1 he can not draw from the suggestions of other minds4 ,his more celebrated pictures have been drawn in quiet country places1 several miles from the city in which they were published4 ,the presence in ,new ,york of seventy or eighty thousand voters1 born and reared in ,europe1 and left by ,european systems of government and religion totally ignorant of all that the citizens of a free state are most concerned to know1 gave a chance here to the political thief such as has seldom existed1 except within the circle of a court and aristocracy4 ,the stealing1 which was begun forty years before in the old corporation tea-room1 had at last become a system1 which was worked by a few coarse1 cunning men with such effect as to endanger the solvency of the city4 ,they stole more like kings and emperors than like common thieves1 and the annual festival given by them at the ,academy of ,music called to mind the reckless profusion of ,louis ,,xiv4 when he entertained the ,french nobles at ,versailles at the expense of the laborious and economical people of ,france4 ,their chief was almost as ignorant and vulgar1 though not as mean and pig-like1 as ,george ,,iv4 of ,england4 ,in many particulars they resembled the gang of low conspirators who seized the supreme power in ,france in #ahea1 and in the course of twenty years brought that powerful and illustrious nation so near ruin that it is even now a matter of doubt whether it exists by strength or by sufferance4 ,illustration3 ,,tweedledee ,,and ,,sweedledum4 7,a ,new ,christmas ,pantomime at ,tammany ,hall47 ,clown 7to ,pantaloon74 ,let's blind them with this1 and then take some more4 ,tweed's ,gift of ,fifty ,thousand ,dollars to the ,poor of his ,native ,ward4 7,harper's ,weekly1 ,january #adth1 #ahga47 ,what an escape we had6 ,but1 also1 what immeasurable harm was done6 ,from being a city where every one wished to live1 or1 at least1 often to remain1 they allowed ,new ,york to become a place from which all escaped who could4 ,nothing saved its business predominance but certain facts of geology and geography which ,rings can not alter4 ,two generations of wise and patriotic exertion will not undo the mischief done by that knot of scoundrels in about six years4 ,the press caught them at the full tide of their success1 when the ,tammany ,ring1 in fell alliance with a railroad ring1 was confident of placing a puppet of its own in the ,presidential chair4 ,the history of this melancholy lapse1 from the hour when an alderman first pocketed a quire of note-paper1 or carried from the tea-room a bundle of cigars1 to the moment of ,tweed's rescue from a felon's cell through the imperfection of the law1 were a subject worthier far of a great ,american writer in independent circumstances than any he could find in the records of the world beyond the sea4 ,the interests of human nature1 not less than the special interests of this country1 demand that it should be written2 for all the nations are now in substantially the same moral and political condition4 ,old methods have become everywhere inadequate before new ones are evolved2 and meanwhile the ,scoundrel has all the new forces and implements at his command4 ,if ever this story should be written for the instruction of mankind1 the historian will probably tell us that two young men of the ,new ,york press did more than any others to create the feeling that broke the ,ring4 ,both of them naturally loathed a public thief4 ,one of these young men in the columns of an important daily paper1 and the other on the broad pages of ,harper's ,weekly1 waged brilliant and effective warfare against the combination of spoilers4 ,they made mad the guilty and appalled the free4 ,they gave1 also1 moral support to the able and patriotic gentlemen who1 in more quiet1 unconspicuous ways1 were accumulating evidence that finally consigned some of the conspirators to felons' cells1 and made the rest harmless wanderers over the earth4 ,illustration3 ,who ,stole the ,people's ,money8 7,thomas ,nast1 in ,harper's ,weekly1 ,august #aith1 #ahga47 ,comic art is now well established among us4 ,in the illustrated papers there are continually appearing pictures which are highly amusing1 without having the incisive1 aggressive force of ,mr4 ,nast's caricatures4 ,the old favorites of the public1 ,bellew1 ,eytinge1 ,reinhart1 ,beard1 are known and admired1 and the catalogue continually lengthens by the addition of other names4 ,interesting sketches1 more or less satirical1 bear the names of ,brackmere1 ,c4 ,g4 ,parker1 ,m4 ,woolf1 ,g4 ,bull1 ,s4 ,fox1 ,paul ,frenzeny1 ,thomas ,worth1 ,hopkins1 ,frost1 ,wust1 and others4 ,among such names it is delightful to find those of two ladies1 ,mary ,m',donald and ,jennie ,browscombe4 ,the old towns of ,new ,england abound in undeveloped and half-developed female talent1 for which there seems at present no career4 ,there will never be a career for talent undeveloped or half developed4 ,give the schools in those fine old towns one lesson a week in object-drawing from a teacher that knows his business1 keep it up for one generation1 and ,new ,england girls will cheer all homes by genial sketches and amusing glimpses of life1 to say nothing of more important and serious artistic work4 ,the talent exists2 the taste exists4 ,nothing is wanting but for us all to cast away from us the ridiculous notion that the only thing in human nature that requires educating is the brain4 ,we must awake to the vast absurdity of bringing up girls upon algebra and ,latin1 and sending them out into a world which they were born to cheer and decorate unable to walk1 dance1 sing1 or draw2 their minds overwrought1 but not well nourished1 and their bodies devoid of the rudiments of education4 ,illustration3 ,on to ,richmond6--,the ,peninsular ,campaign4 7#ahfb47 ,m',clellan4 ,you must coax him along3 conciliate him4 ,force won't do4 ,i don't believe in it2 but don't let go4 ,keep his head to the rear4 ,if he should get away1 he might go to ,richmond1 and then my plans for conquering the ,rebellion will never be developed4 ,b-lm-t4 ,hold fast1 ,b-rl-w1 or he will get to ,richmond in spite of us2 and then my capital for the ,european market is all lost4 ,b-rl-w4 ,i've got him fast2 there's no danger4 ,he's only changing his base to the ,gun-boats4 ,b-lm-t4 ,look out for that letter to the ,president which you wrote for him4 ,don't lose that4 ,b-rl-w4 ,no2 ,i have it safe here in my pocket4 ,when his change of base is effected1 ,i will make him sign the letter1 and send it to old ,abe4 ,there is no country on earth where the humorous aspects of human life are more relished than in the ,united ,states1 and none where there is less power to exhibit them by the pencil4 ,there are to-day a thousand paragraphs afloat in the press which ought to have been pictures4 ,here is one from a newspaper in the interior of ,georgia3 ,a sorry sight it is to see a spike team1 consisting of a skeleton steer and a skinky blind mule1 with rope harness1 and a squint-eyed driver1 hauling a barrel of new whisky over poor roads1 on a hermaphrodite wagon1 into a farming district where the people are in debt1 and the children are forced to practice scant attire by day and hungry sleeping by night4 ,the man who penned those graphic lines needed1 perhaps1 but an educated hand to reproduce the scene1 and make it as vivid to all minds as it was to his own4 ,the country contains many such possible artists4 ,a novel kind of living caricature has been presented occasionally1 of late1 by ,mr4 ,william ,e4 ,baker1 of the famous firm of sewing-machine manufacturers1 ,grover ,baker4 ,at his farm in ,natick1 ,massachusetts1 ,mr4 ,baker is fond of burlesquing the national propensity to convert every trifling celebration into a banner-and-brass-band pageant4 ,a great company was once invited to his place to assist at the naming of a calf4 ,at another time1 the birthday of a favorite heifer was celebrated with pomp and circumstance4 ,in the summer of #ahge1 several hundreds of people were summoned to witness the laying of the corner-stone of a new pig-pen1 and among the guests were a governor1 military companies1 singing clubs1 members of foreign legations1 and other persons of note and importance4 ,the enormous card of invitation1 besides being adorned with pictures of high-bred pigs in the happiest condition1 contained a story showing how pigs had brought on a war between two powerful nations4 ,this was the tale3 ,illustration3 ,christmas-time--,won at a ,turkey ,raffle4 7,sol ,eytinge1 ,jun41 ,harper's ,weekly1 ,january #c;d1 #ahgd47 ,de breed am small1 but de flavor am delicious4 ,by the carelessness of a boy in #ahaa1 a garden-gate in ,rhode ,island was left open2 two pigs entered and destroyed a few plants4 ,the day was hot1 the pigs fat1 and when attempts were made to drive them out1 the characteristic obstinacy of the animals occasioned such violent exercise as to cause their death4 ,a quarrel ensued between the owner of the pigs and the owner of the garden1 which1 spreading among their friends1 resulted in the election of the opposition candidate--,howell--by one majority to the ,united ,states ,senate1 by whose vote the motion to postpone until the next session further consideration on the question of declaring war was defeated by one majority2 and by the vote following it war was declared with ,great ,britain in #ahab1 although ,howell was opposed to and voted against it4 ,illustration3 ,he cometh not1 she said4 7,m4 ,woolf1 in ,harper's ,bazar1 ,july #cast1 #ahge47 ,this story was illustrated by excellent wood-cuts4 ,the account of the festival1 given in the ,boston ,advertiser1 is worth preserving as a narrative of the most costly1 extensive1 and elaborate joke ever performed in the ,united ,states4 ,since kings and emperors ceased to amuse their guests with similar burlesques1 ,i know not if the world has witnessed fooling on so large a scale4 ,on ,saturday 7,june #aith1 #ahge1 two days after the ,bunker ,hill ,centennial7 the invited guests repaired to the ,albany ,railroad ,depot4 ,the nine-o'clock train took out the ,fifth ,maryland ,regiment1 which had been invited1 and the ,marine ,band of ,washington1 also a delegation of the ,washington ,light ,infantry of ,charleston1 ,south ,carolina4 ,the next train took out their escort1 the ,charlestown ,cadets1 ,company ,a1 ,fifth ,massachusetts ,regiment1 ,captain ,j4 ,e4 ,phipps1 the corps missing the train2 a large number of invited guests1 including ,governor ,gaston1 his aid1 ,colonel ,wyman1 ,colonels ,kingsbury and ,treadwell1 and other representatives of the ,state ,house1 ,general ,i4 ,s4 ,burrell1 ,first ,brigade1 and a great many officers of rank of the different military organizations of the ,state in uniform4 ,upon arriving at the depot in ,wellesley1 the carriage of ,governor ,eustis1 in which ,lafayette rode into ,boston in #ahbd1 with large iron-gray horses and rich gold-mounted harness1 as old-fashioned as the vehicle1 was placed at the service of the governor and his party4 ,the line1 consisting of some fifty vehicles1 each capable of transporting twenty or thirty persons1 headed by ,edmands's ,band1 was then formed under the direction of ,lieutenant ,francis ,l4 ,hills1 of the ,united ,states ,artillery1 who1 by-the-way1 was a most useful marshal4 ,the procession was welcomed to the ,farms by ,george ,o4 ,sanford1 ,chief ,marshal1 who was attired in a rich dark-velvet suit of the style of #agge1 trimmed with gold-lace1 and a bag-wig4 ,about two or three thousand persons were upon the ground4 ,among them were ,general ,banks1 ,general ,underwood1 ,colonel ,andrews1 of ,charleston1 ,south ,carolina1 and many other citizens of note1 in addition to those previously mentioned4 ,the marshals were distinguished by wearing a miniature silver hog upon the lapels of their coats1 upon which were the letters ',w4 ,e4 ,b41 ,june #aith1 #ahge1' and underneath the metal a ribbon badge with ',marshal' in gold letters1 intended to read ',we ,b ,marshal4' ,they also carried a silver baton with red1 white1 and blue ribbons4 ,of those upon the ground perhaps five hundred were ladies4 ,teams from all the surrounding country were in the roads about the place1 with their occupants gazing upon the spectacle4 ,the military1 who had marched from the depot1 were drawn up on the lawn4 ,the ,marine ,band was discoursing its delightful music here1 ,edmands's ,band at another point1 and the ,natick ,cornet at a third4 ,old ,father ,time was circulating about in gray hair1 long gray beard1 a dark-purple velvet robe1 and carrying the conventional scythe4 ,cheers upon cheers were going up for the host from the military and the other guests4 ,many hundreds of chairs were provided at different points for the use of the weary4 ,the young son of ,mr4 ,baker was dressed in full ,revolutionary ,minute-man costume4 ,about twelve o'clock the military stacked their arms1 and all repaired to an immense pavilion1 where substantial refreshments1 including iced tea for a beverage1 were provided for the thousands4 ,in the ',minnehaha ,sweet-water ,wigwam' were two immense tubs holding about two barrels each1 one filled with lemonade and the other with claret-punch4 ,in a large pen or 'corral' built of railroad-ties1 in a manner partaking of a ,virginia fence1 a log-cabin1 and a block fortress1 were a cage of youthful bears and cages of other animals4 ,the place was surrounded with pictures of hogs and men1 both indulging in a grand carouse4 ,there was no roof1 and the top was surmounted by stuffed birds and animals4 ,in this place two of ,satan's respectable representatives1 a blue devil and a red devil1 were dealing out whisky-punch4 ,at about two o'clock a procession marched about a quarter of a mile to the vicinity of the ,buffalo yards1 where the corner-stone of the new piggery was to be laid4 ,a platform some thirty feet square had been erected1 and1 after music from ,edmands's ,band1 ,mr4 ,baker made a brief address of welcome4 ,brief and pertinent remarks were made by ,governor ,gaston1 ,curtis ,guild1 ,esq41 of the ,commercial ,bulletin1 ,colonel ,andrews1 of ,south ,carolina1 and ,c4 ,b4 ,farnsworth1 of ,rhode ,island4 ,colonel ,jenkins1 commander of the ,fifth1 was called upon1 and commenced a patriotic speech1 when he was interrupted by ,mr4 ,baker1 who took from a box a live white pig1 some six weeks old1 and presented it to the colonel for a ',child of the ,regiment4' ,amidst shouts of laughter1 the gallant colonel1 in his rich dress1 went on1 dealing out patriotism with one arm and holding the pig in the other1 where it quietly reposed1 looking for all the world like a quiet babe just from the bath4 ,the effect was irrepressibly ludicrous4 ,soon afterward ,mr4 ,baker produced a black pig1 some three months old2 but the officer1 having his arms already full1 handed it to one of his men1 who threw it upon his back1 and only its head and fore paws were visible over the shoulders of the soldier4 ,the rueful look of ,piggy as he contemplated society from this novel position1 and his squeals of wonder and fright1 sent off the whole audience again into laughter1 and the ,maryland boys cheered for their adopted twins4 ,the corner-stone was then lowered into position1 the rope being held by ,governor ,gaston1 ,colonel ,andrews1 ,colonel ,jenkins1 and ,mr4 ,farnsworth1 ,mr4 ,baker first remarking that1 as the ,jews considered the pig unclean1 it might be well to put a scent under the stone1 which ,mr4 ,guild thought was a centimental idea4 ,many cents were thrown1 after which there was a slight shower1 and many persons entered the big stable where were the wonderful cows which gave milk-punch4 ,after the ceremony there was another collation1 and then the soldiers had a game of foot-ball4 ,as they were about to be loaded into carriages--for they rode back to the depot--several hundred red1 white1 and blue toy balloons were cut loose1 and the air was filled with flocks of them4 ,the troops took the train and arrived in town at six o'clock1 and left almost immediately for home4 ,with this remarkable specimen of ,comic ,art in ,america1 ,i take leave of the subject4 ,,index4 ,a4 ,abbott1 ,dr41 interprets an ,egyptian caricature1 #cb4 ,adams1 ,john1 quoted1 upon a free commonwealth1 #cba4 ,a,eneas1 burlesque picture of1 #bj4 ,alcmena1 ,princess1 burlesqued1 #bi4 ,alexaminos1 ,roman caricature of1 #bf4 ,alexander ,i41 his advice to ,louis ,,xviii41 #bac4 ,american caricature1 chapters upon1 #cjj1 #cah4 ,amsterdam1 caricatures published in1 #abi4 ,anchises burlesqued1 #bj4 ,ancients1 the1 their modes of ridicule1 #ae4 ,antiphanes1 quoted1 upon women1 #agf4 ,antiquaries puzzled1 picture of1 #adf4 ,apollo burlesqued1 #bi1 #cj4 ,arbuthnot1 ,john1 his epitaph upon ,charteris1 #acf4 ,aristophanes1 his power to provoke mirth1 #cj2 satire of women1 #agf4 ,armstrong1 ,john1 quoted1 #cji4 ,ascanius burlesqued1 #bj4 ,ass1 the1 catechism upon1 #di4 ,avegay1 ,madame1 in a caricature1 #fc4 ,b4 ,bacchus1 legend of1 #bc4 ,baker1 ,william ,e41 his burlesque celebration1 #cca4 ,ballou1 ,m4 ,m41 his quotation-book1 #ahd4 ,bastwick1 ,dr41 loses his ears1 #ii2 his triumphal return to ,london1 #ii4 ,beaumarchais1 ,caron de1 quoted1 #afa1 #afb4 ,beaumont1 ,g4 de1 a caricature by1 #ahd4 ,beer known to the ancient ,egyptians1 #cd4 ,beranger1 ,pierre-,jean de1 his songs during the ,restoration1 #bad1 #bae4 ,bernard1 ,st41 quoted1 upon grotesque decoration1 #dg4 ,biddle1 ,nicholas1 burlesqued1 #cba4 ,bohemians1 the1 described1 #agb4 ,bomba caricatured1 #bfb1 #bfc4 ,bonaparte1 ,eugenie1 caricatured1 #bcd1 #bch4 ,bonaparte1 ,louis1 burlesqued1 #bce1 #bch4 ,bonaparte1 ,l4 ,n41 caricatured1 #bcc1 #bch1 #bej1 #beb1 #bee4 ,bonaparte1 ,napoleon1 developed through ,george ,,iii41 #aec2 suppressed caricature1 #bjh2 caricatures of1 #baj1 #bfh1 #bfi4 ,boston described1 #cja4 ,box1 ,dame1 anecdote of1 #aag4 ,bradlaugh1 ,charles1 in a caricature1 #big4 ,brandt1 ,sebastian1 his ,ship of ,fools1 #fj1 #ahj4 ,brougham1 ,lord1 caricatured in ,punch1 #bhg1 #bhi4 ,browne1 ,hablot ,k41 criticised by ,thackeray1 #bbc4 ,burke1 ,edmund1 in ,gillray's caricatures1 #aed2 quoted1 upon the ,french ,revolution1 #afc2 caricature1 #afd4 ,burnet1 ,bishop1 describes an altar-piece1 #dh4 ,bute1 ,lord1 a favorite of ,george ,,iii41 #aej2 caricatured1 #aeb1 #aec4 ,butler1 ,b4 ,f41 upon war envelopes1 #cbd4 ,button1 ,daniel1 his coffee-house1 #ace4 ,c4 ,cairo never swept1 #bb4 ,calvin1 ,jean1 his origin1 #hb2 caricatures of1 #hc-he4 ,cambaceres1 ,jean-,jacques ,regis de1 a portrait of1 #bac4 ,canning1 ,mr41 not offended by caricature1 #bhi4 ,carlyle1 ,thomas1 quoted1 upon the ,french1 #afb1 #afc4 ,cathedrals1 decorations of1 #dj-dc2 explained1 #dh4 ,centinel1 the1 a parody from1 #cad4 ,chambers1 ,william1 quoted1 upon his early time1 #bgb4 ,cham1 caricatures by1 #ahe1 #bbh1 #bcb4 ,champfleury1 ,jules1 quoted1 on pigmies1 #ah2 on cathedral decoration1 #dc1 #df1 #ec2 gives a burlesque ,paternoster1 #fa2 upon midnight masses1 #fa2 upon burlesque decoration of manuscripts1 #fg2 caricature from1 #afa1 #afb1 #baa2 quoted1 #bab1 #bbj4 ,charivari1 ,le1 its course1 #bah1 #bbj4 ,charles ,,ii41 caricature of1 #ajc1 #ajf4 ,charles ,x4 dethroned1 #baf4 ,charlotte1 ,queen1 caricatured1 #aed4 ,charteris1 ,colonel ,francis1 epitaph upon1 #acf4 ,chatham1 ,lord1 caricatured1 #aef2 disliked by ,george ,,iii41 #aeg4 ,chatto1 ,w4 ,a41 quoted1 upon an old caricature1 #fd1 #ig4 ,chesterfield1 ,lord1 quoted1 upon women1 #ahe4 ,china1 caricatures of1 #aia4 ,chiron burlesqued1 #bi4 ,christians1 ,roman caricature of1 #be2 ,roman opinion of1 #bf4 ,cicero divorces his wife1 #agh4 ,clement ,,vii4 ridiculed by ,luther1 #gf2 pasquinade upon1 #beh4 ,clergy1 the1 dissolute in the early ages1 #fh2 anecdotes of1 #fh2 rob and plunder1 #fi4 ,coalition1 the1 caricatured1 #aeg1 #aeh4 ,collier1 ,payne1 writes out ,punch1 #bff4 ,commune1 the1 caricatures of1 #bce4 ,cranach1 ,lucas1 caricaturist of the ,reformation1 #gg4 ,cranmer1 ,bishop1 his martyrdom1 #hg4 ,cris-cross rhymes1 specimen of1 #aje4 ,cromwell1 ,elizabeth1 caricatured1 #ajg4 ,cromwell1 ,oliver1 caricatured1 #ajd2 his funeral and disinterment1 #ajf4 ,cromwell1 ,richard1 in caricature1 #ajg4 ,crozat1 ,antoine1 sells ,louisiana trade1 #abe4 ,cruikshank1 ,george1 his caricature of crinoline1 #aha2 of school-girls1 #ahi2 draws ,punch1 #bfe2 his career1 #bfh2 pictures by1 #bgj1 #bga1 #bgc2 his family1 #bfi4 ,cruikshank1 ,isaac1 his career1 #bgc4 ,cuba1 comic art in1 #bef4 ,d4 ,dance of ,death1 in ,art of ,middle ,ages1 #eg-ei4 ,dangeau1 ,marquis de1 quoted1 upon ,louis ,,xv41 #aei4 ,daumier1 ,m41 his caricatures1 #ahj1 #bai1 #bce4 ,davus satirizes ,horace1 #be4 ,death-crier1 picture of1 #ef4 ,decameron1 the1 its effect upon contemporaries1 #gj4 ,devil1 the1 traditional character of1 #ea2 caricatured1 #eb-ee2 modified by time1 #fe4 ,devonshire1 ,duchess of1 caricatured1 #aec4 ,dickens1 ,charles1 his ,pickwick1 #bc2 origin of his ,bill ,stumps1 #adf2 ,pickwick suggested by ,seymour1 #bhj2 described by ,willis1 #bhb4 ,disraeli1 ,benjamin1 caricatured1 #bhi4 ,d',israeli1 ,isaac1 quoted1 upon ,punch1 #bfe4 ,dodington1 ,bubb1 quoted1 upon early life of ,george ,,iii41 #adh1 #adi4 ,don ,quixote1 one secret of its charm1 #bc2 quoted1 #ef4 ,dore1 ,gustave1 caricature by1 #bca1 #bcb4 ,doyle1 ,john1 his caricatures1 #bge4 ,doyle1 ,richard1 his ,wedding ,breakfast1 #bha2 leaves ,punch for conscience' sake1 #bii4 ,du ,maurier1 ,mr41 his pictures of children1 #bid1 #big4 ,durand1 ,m41 his interpretation of a cathedral1 #dh4 ,duerer1 ,albert1 describes a procession1 #ib4 ,e4 ,egyptians1 art among1 #cb1 #cc2 their habits1 #cd1 #ef4 ,elizabeth1 ,queen1 celebration of her birthday1 #aaj4 ,england1 caricature in1 #bfg4 ,erasmus1 quoted1 upon the monks1 #ff1 #ga2 detested by ,luther1 #ge2 satirizes women1 #aha1 #ahb4 ,evelyn1 ,john1 quoted1 upon law1 #abd4 ,extinguishers1 family of the1 #bad4 ,eytinge1 ,sol1 picture by1 #cca4 ,f4 ,fairholt1 ,f4 ,w41 upon ,gog and ,magog1 #ej4 ,fanning the ,grave--a ,chinese poem1 #aic4 ,feuillet1 ,octave1 misrepresents1 #agb4 ,figaro1 ,marriage of1 quoted1 #afa1 #afb4 ,fleury1 ,cardinal1 tutor of ,louis ,,xv41 #aei4 ,fox1 ,charles ,james1 in ,gillray's caricatures1 #aec1 #aed1 #aeg2 disliked by ,george ,,iii41 #aeg2 caricatured by ,isaac ,cruikshank1 #bgd4 ,france1 caricature of1 #bjh4 ,franklin1 ,benjamin1 his caricature of the ,colonies ,reduced1 #adg2 quoted1 upon ,george ,,iii41 #aea2 burlesques ,english policy1 #aee2 quoted1 #ahe2 his early use of pictures1 #cjj1 #cjd2 his early lampoons1 #cjb2 his love of humor1 #cja1 #cjc2 his ,scalp ,hoax1 #cjf4 ,frederic ,,ii4 snubs ,pompadour1 #afj4 ,french ,revolution1 caricatures of1 #afa-agj4 ,fry1 ,william ,h41 his use of ,juvenal1 #bc4 ,g4 ,galas1 ,general1 caricature of1 #aae4 ,gallatin1 ,albert1 good financier1 #abd4 ,ganesa1 his character in ,hindoo theology1 #cf4 ,gardiner1 ,bishop1 his martyrdom1 #hf1 #hg4 ,gautier1 ,theophile1 quoted1 upon ,gavarni1 #bbd4 ,gavarni1 his caricatures of women1 #aga1 #agf1 #ahg1 #ahh2 his only political caricatures1 #baf2 social caricatures by1 #bbc1 #bbd1 #bbf2 portrait of1 #bcf4 ,gegeef1 his caricatures1 #big4 ,geiler1 ,jacob1 satirizes the monks1 #ga4 ,george ,,iii41 his early life1 #adh2 compared with ,louis ,,xv41 #aei2 caricature of1 #bji1 #bfi4 ,george ,,iv41 anecdote of1 #aea2 in ,gillray's caricatures1 #aed4 ,germany1 comic art in1 #bdb4 ,gerry1 ,elbridge1 in the affair of the ,gerry-mander1 #cag4 ,gerry-mander1 the picture of1 #caf4 ,gibbon1 ,edward1 quoted1 upon rise of ,christianity1 #dg1 #ed4 ,gil ,blas1 secret of its charm1 #bc4 ,gillray1 ,james1 his works described1 #aec1 #aed2 caricatures ,napoleon1 #bji2 his portrait1 #bfg4 ,gin1 law to diminish use of1 #adc4 ,girin1 a caricature from1 #agi4 ,godfrey1 ,sir ,edmundsbury1 assassinated1 #aji-aaa4 ,godiva1 remark upon1 #ahc4 ,goethe1 ,j4 ,w41 quoted1 upon housekeeping1 #agg4 ,gog and ,magog1 pictures of1 #ej4 ,gondomar1 ,count1 complains of a caricature1 #if1 #ig4 ,greeks1 art among1 #bh4 ,griswold1 ,roger1 assaulted by ,lyon1 #cab4 ,h4 ,hamilton1 ,alexander1 talked well on finance1 #abd4 ,harper's ,weekly1 during war1 #cbf2 pictures from1 #cah-ccb4 ,herculaneum1 how discovered1 #ba4 ,hindoos1 the1 art among1 #cf2 their domestic code1 #age4 ,hogarth1 ,william1 his career1 #abj1 #acc2 caricatures by1 #acd1 #acg1 #ach2 his five days' peregrination1 #acg2 anecdote by1 #ach2 his burlesque dedication1 #adj2 procures act of ,parliament1 #ada2 his last letter1 #cjd4 ,holbein1 ,hans1 caricatures indulgences1 #gb1 #gc2 illustrates ,erasmus and ,brandt1 #gf2 his triumph of riches1 #ha4 ,homer upon pigmies1 #ag4 ,horace1 quoted1 upon slavery1 #bc2 upon a miser1 #bd2 upon the ,saturnalia1 #be4 ,howard1 ,cardinal1 personated1 #aaa4 ,howells1 ,william ,d41 upon ,san ,carlo1 #db1 #dg4 ,huc1 ,m41 quoted1 upon the ,chinese1 #aia4 ,huguenots1 caricatures by1 #aah4 ,humbert1 ,aime1 his work upon ,japan1 #aih2 a caricature from1 #bjf4 ,humpty ,dumpty1 antiquity of1 #bc4 ,i4 ,ipswich noted in ,puritan period1 #ig4 ,isaac the ,jew1 caricatured1 #fc4 ,italy1 caricature in1 #beg4 ,j4 ,jackson1 ,andrew1 in caricature1 #cbj1 #cbb4 ,jade ,chaplet1 the1 a poem from1 #aic4 ,japan1 comic art in1 #aih1 #bjf4 ,jefferson1 ,thomas1 quoted1 upon the hereditary principle1 #adg2 upon ,scott's novels1 #ahd2 upon the freedom of the press1 #bah2 caricatured1 #cac4 ,jerome1 ,st41 his portrait1 #dg4 ,jews1 the1 position and character of1 in ,middle ,ages1 #fb4 ,jupiter1 caricature of1 #bi1 #cj4 ,juvenal1 quoted1 upon slavery1 #bc2 upon the toilette1 #bd2 upon the ,greeks1 #ca2 upon learned women1 #agi4 ,k4 ,kenrick1 ,j41 quoted1 upon ,theban remains1 #cc4 ,krishna1 in ,hindoo theology1 #cf-ch4 ,l4 ,langlois1 ,e4 ,h41 quoted1 upon the ,death-crier1 #ef4 ,laud1 ,archbishop1 caricatured1 #ih1 #ajj-ajb4 ,law1 ,john1 his career1 #abj1 #abc-acb4 ,leech1 ,john1 his comic pictures1 #bhd-bhf2 his portrait1 #bhe4 ,leighton1 ,dr4 ,alexander1 persecuted1 #ih4 ,lent and ,shrovetide1 tilt of1 #ajg1 #ajh4 ,leo ,x41 pasquinade upon1 #beh4 ,lincoln1 ,abraham1 in ,punch1 #bij1 #bia4 ,london1 its antiquity1 #bb4 ,longfellow1 ,h4 ,w41 quoted1 upon ,dance of ,death1 #ei4 ,louisiana1 scheme for settling1 #abe2 old map of1 #abf4 ,louis ,philippe1 his reign1 #baf1 #bag2 caricatured1 #bah1 #cba4 ,louis ,,xiv41 caricatured1 #aae1 #aaf1 #aah2 his finances1 #aba4 ,louis ,,xv41 his education1 #aei2 anecdote of1 #afa4 ,louis ,,xvi4 caricatured1 #aff1 #afg4 ,louis ,,xviii41 his character and reign1 #bab1 #bac4 ,lucian1 quoted1 upon ,jupiter1 #cj4 ,luther1 ,martin1 his aversion to ,jews1 #fc2 caricature of1 #fd2 upon the devil1 #fe2 disliked ,erasmus1 #ge2 used caricature in the ,reformation1 #gf2 his marriage1 #gh2 his credulity1 #ic4 ,luxembourg1 ,duc de1 anecdote of1 #aaf4 ,lyon1 ,matthew1 his assault upon ,griswold1 #cab2 fined and imprisoned1 #cac4 ,m4 ,macaire1 ,robert1 burlesques so called1 #bba4 ,malcolm1 ,j4 ,p41 quoted1 upon grotesque decoration1 #dd-df2 picture from1 #ij1 #ie1 #aif1 #aig4 ,marcelin1 ,m41 dedicates loose pictures to his mother1 #bca4 ,marcus ,aurelius1 quoted1 upon ,christians1 #bf4 ,maria ,theresa civil to ,pompadour1 #afj4 ,marie ,antoinette caricatured1 #afi1 #agj4 ,mary1 ,queen1 her prayer-book1 #df1 #ec1 #ed4 ,masks worn by ancient actors1 #bb4 ,mather1 ,cotton1 quoted1 upon the ,franklins1 #cja1 #cjb4 ,mather1 ,increase1 quoted1 upon the press1 #cjb4 ,matrimony1 caricature of1 #agc1 #agg2 in ,china1 #aib4 ,melanchthon1 ,philip1 upon ,luther's marriage1 #gi4 ,menius1 ,dr41 anecdote of1 #fc4 ,mercury burlesqued1 #bi1 #cj4 ,merimee1 ,m41 quoted1 on the devil1 #ec4 ,middle ,ages1 caricature of1 #dj1 #ej4 ,midnight masses1 gayety of1 in ,france1 #fa4 ,mingotti1 ,signora1 caricature of1 #adc4 ,mirabeau1 ,gabriel1 ,comte de1 caricature of1 #afb4 ,mitford1 ,a4 ,w41 quoted1 upon ,japanese preaching1 #aih4 ,mokke1 ,mosse1 caricatured1 #fc4 ,moor1 ,major ,edward1 quoted1 upon ,hindoo art1 #cf4 ,morellet1 ,abbe1 quoted1 upon ,franklin1 #cjf4 ,morgan1 ,matt1 a caricature by1 #bii4 ,morris1 ,robert1 caricatured1 #cji4 ,n4 ,nareda1 in ,hindoo mythology1 #ch4 ,nast1 ,thomas1 portrait of1 #cah2 caricatures by1 #cai1 #cbj1 #cbh1 #cbi2 his career1 #cbf4 ,nilus1 ,st41 quoted1 upon grotesque decoration1 #df4 ,nonius ,maximus caricatured at ,pompeii1 #af4 ,north1 ,lord1 caricatured1 #aeg2 disapproves policy of ,george ,,iii41 #aeh4 ,norton1 ,charles ,eliot1 quoted1 upon art in ,italy1 #bfj1 #bfb4 ,norwich1 great dragon of1 #ea4 ,notables1 the1 caricatured1 #afa4 ,nucerians1 the1 their contest with the people of ,pompeii1 #ag4 ,o4 ,oates1 ,titus1 denounces ,popish plot1 #aji4 ,old masters1 ,hogarth upon1 #ach2 burlesque of1 #aci4 ,olympiodorus1 ,st4 ,nilus to1 on decoration1 #df4 ,opimius burlesqued by ,horace1 #bd4 ,orange1 ,prince of1 anecdote of1 #aaf4 ,orleans1 ,duc de1 ,regent of ,france1 #abb4 ,osiris1 in ,egyptian art1 #cc4 ,oudinot1 ,general1 caricatured1 #bfj1 #bfa4 ,p4 ,paine1 ,thomas1 caricatured by ,gillray1 #aed2 in a caricature1 #big4 ,palladas1 his epigram upon marriage1 #agg4 ,palmerston1 ,lord1 in ,punch1 #bhi1 #bij4 ,parrhasius1 anecdote of1 #bh4 ,pasquino1 account of1 #beg1 #bei4 ,pergamus1 unswept hall of1 #bh4 ,petre1 ,father1 caricature of1 #aji4 ,philipon1 ,charles1 portrait of1 #bah2 his ,charivari1 #bbj2 his trial1 #bbj4 ,pigmies1 ,pompeian pictures of1 #ae1 #ag-ai2 described by ,pliny1 #ag2 uses of1 #ah4 ,pike1 ,luke ,owen1 a caricature from1 #fc2 quoted1 upon clerical robbers1 #fi4 ,pirlone1 ,il ,don1 caricatures from1 #bei-bfc4 ,pitt1 ,william1 antagonist of ,napoleon1 #aeh2 caricatured by ,isaac ,cruikshank1 #bgd4 ,pius ,,vi41 pasquinade upon1 #beh4 ,pius ,,ix4 caricatured1 #bfc4 ,pliny the ,elder describes pigmies1 #ag2 upon ,greek art1 #bh4 ,pliny the ,younger1 quoted1 upon ,christians1 #bf4 ,pocahontas1 anecdote of1 #age4 ,pole1 ,cardinal1 caricatured1 #hf4 ,politician ,outwitted1 quoted1 #cjg4 ,pompadour1 ,madame de1 anecdotes of1 #aei-afa4 ,pompeii1 chalk caricatures from1 #ae1 #ag2 pigmy pugilists from1 #ae2 described1 #af2 its amphitheatre closed1 #ag2 how discovered1 #ba4 ,poor ,richard1 the comic almanac of its day1 #cjc4 ,pope1 ,alexander1 speculates in shares1 #abh2 in a caricature1 #acf2 quoted1 upon ,walpole1 #adb2 women1 #ahd4 ,popish plot1 terror of1 #aji4 ,processions1 remarks upon1 #ia2 in honor of ,virgin ,mary1 #ib2 upon birthday of ,queen ,elizabeth1 #aaj4 ,proverbs satirizing women1 #ahe4 ,prynne1 ,lawyer1 loses his ears1 #ii2 his triumphal return to ,london1 #ii4 ,puck1 a burlesque from1 #aig4 ,punch1 antiquity of the legend1 #ca2 in ,calcutta1 #ci2 in ,china1 #aia2 at ,cairo1 #bfd2 origin of1 #bfe4 ,punch1 #bhd4 ,puritan period1 caricatures of1 #ij2 terror of1 #ic1 #id1 #ih1 #aje1 #ajf4 ,q4 ,quaker meeting1 caricature of1 #aaf4 ,queen of ,james ,,ii41 caricature of1 #aji4 ,quincampoix1 scenes in the street so named1 #abg1 #abi4 ,r4 ,rabelais1 ,francois1 his influence1 #he1 #hf4 ,randon1 ,m41 his caricatures1 #bbg1 #bcj4 ,rationalism1 caricature of1 #bih4 ,reformation1 the1 caricatures of1 #gf2 abolished processions1 #ic4 ,reynard the ,fox1 its effect1 #gj4 ,rheims1 its cathedral1 #dj4 ,richard ,,ii41 his psalter1 #de4 ,richter1 ,ludwig1 caricature by1 #bdh4 ,rochefoucauld1 ,duc de1 quoted1 upon women1 #ahd4 ,roman ,catholic ,church1 remark upon1 #df4 ,rome1 actors of1 #bb4 ,roundhead1 the nickname1 retorted1 #ajd4 ,rupert1 ,prince1 caricature of1 #ajb4 ,russell1 ,benjamin1 his allegory1 #caj4 ,russell1 ,earl1 quoted1 upon ,george ,,iii41 #aeg2 upon a caricature of himself1 #bhd4 ,s4 ,sacheverell1 ,dr41 caricatured1 #aaf1 #aag4 ,sachs1 ,hans1 his picture described1 #gh4 ,saint-,simon1 ,duc de1 quoted1 upon the ,french ,government1 #abe4 ,satan1 traditional character of1 #ea4 ,saturnalia1 the1 at ,rome1 #bd4 ,saxe-,weimar1 ,duke of1 quoted1 upon ,american manners1 #bgg4 ,scalp ,hoax1 the1 described1 #cje4 ,scott1 ,sir ,walter1 ,jefferson upon his novels1 #ahd4 ,secession ,war1 caricatures of1 #cbd-cbf4 ,servetus1 ,michael1 burned1 #hc1 #hd4 ,seymour1 ,robert1 suggests ,pickwick1 #bhj4 ,shakspeare1 ,william1 his death1 #ie4 ,sheridan1 ,r4 ,b41 in ,gillray's caricatures1 #aed2 anecdote of1 #afe4 ,sherman1 ,roger1 upon title of the ,president1 #cji4 ,ship of ,fools described and quoted1 #fj1 #ahj4 ,shrovetide and ,lent1 caricatures of1 #ajg1 #ajh4 ,silenus1 the legend of1 #bc4 ,sleeping ,congregation1 the1 ,hogarth's picture of1 #acd4 ,smart1 ,rev4 ,peter1 persecuted1 #ih4 ,smith1 ,william1 burlesqued1 #caf4 ,socrates burlesqued by ,aristophanes1 #ca4 ,south ,sea ,scheme described1 #abh2 caricatures of1 #ace4 ,spain1 proverbs of1 #ahe2 comic art in1 #bdi4 ,spayne and ,rome defeated1 picture of1 #ie4 ,stael1 ,madame de1 ,napoleon afraid of1 #bjh4 ,stent1 ,g4 ,c41 quoted1 upon the ,chinese1 #aib4 ,stone1 ,s4 ,j41 caricature by1 #bih4 ,story1 ,w4 ,w41 quoted1 upon ,pasquino1 #beh1 #bei4 ,strafford1 ,earl of1 caricatured1 #ii1 #ajj4 ,strasburg1 its cathedral1 #da4 ,t4 ,talleyrand1 ,prince de1 caricatures of1 #bji1 #baa2 quoted1 upon ,napoleon1 #bab2 caricatured1 #bfh4 ,tammany ,ring1 spoliations of1 #cbh4 ,taylor1 ,w4 ,b41 collects war envelopes1 #cbd1 #cbe4 ,temptation1 the1 picture of1 #ee4 ,tench1 drum-maker1 his fete1 #ajf4 ,tenniel1 ,john1 his pictures in ,punch1 #bhf1 #bhi1 #bij2 portrait of1 #bie4 ,terence1 quoted1 upon women1 #agi4 ,tertullian1 quoted1 upon ,last ,judgment1 #ed4 ,thackeray1 ,w4 ,m41 his caricature of ,louis ,,xiv41 #aai2 quoted1 upon ,hogarth1 #acg2 upon ,louis ,philippe1 #bai1 #bbj2 commends ,daumier1 #bbc4 ,thebes1 antiquities of1 #cc1 #ce4 ,titian burlesques the ,laocooen1 #hi4 ,tomes1 ,robert1 quoted1 upon ,rheims ,cathedral1 #dj4 ,training ,day1 burlesque of1 #cjh4 ,trajan to ,pliny1 upon the ,christians1 #bg4 ,trollope1 ,mrs41 her burlesques of ,american women1 #ahc1 #ahf1 #bgf1 #bgg1 #bgi2 burlesqued1 #cbc4 ,tweed1 ,william1 caricatured1 #cai1 #cbj1 #cbh4 ,tyrolese1 the1 scandalize their priests1 #fi4 ,v4 ,van ,buren1 ,john1 anecdote of1 #cbj4 ,van ,buren1 ,martin1 in caricature1 #cbj1 #cbb4 ,velocipede ,,iv4 ,see ,bonaparte1 ,louis4 ,viollet-le-duc1 ,m41 quoted1 upon burlesque decoration1 #fd4 ,virgil1 quoted1 upon ,a,eneas1 #bj4 ,virginia ,pausing1 caricature1 #cbf4 ,virgin ,mary1 her festival1 #ib4 ,voltaire1 quoted1 upon ,massacre of ,st4 ,bartholomew1 #id4 ,w4 ,wade1 ,mr41 burlesque of1 #aif1 #aig4 ,waldegrave1 ,lord1 quoted1 upon ,george ,,iii41 #aej1 #aeg4 ,wales1 ,prince of1 caricatured1 #bii4 ,wales1 ,princess of1 quoted1 upon ,george ,,iii41 #adh2 caricatured1 #aeb4 ,wall ,street1 scenes in1 during inflation1 #aba4 ,walpole1 ,horace1 quoted1 upon a caricature1 #add2 upon mother of ,george ,,iii41 #adh4 ,walpole1 ,sir ,robert1 in ,south ,sea speculations1 #abh2 bribes1 #ada1 #adb2 caricatured1 #add1 #ade2 downfall1 #ade4 ,ward1 ,samuel1 his caricature1 #if1 #ig4 ,washington1 ,george1 the picture of his crossing the ,delaware1 #ba2 caricatured1 #cji4 ,weather-cock1 order of the1 #bad4 ,wilkes1 ,john1 ,franklin upon1 #aea4 ,wilkinson1 ,sir ,gardner1 quoted1 upon ,egyptian remains1 #cd1 #ce4 ,william and ,mary1 caricatures during their reign1 #aae4 ,william ,,iv4 caricatured by ,doyle1 #bgf4 ,williams1 ,s4 ,w41 a ,chinese caricature from1 #aia4 ,willis1 ,n4 ,p41 his interview with ,dickens1 #bhb4 ,winchester1 its cathedral1 #dc4 ,wine among the ,egyptians1 #cc1 #cd2 among the monks1 #fh4 ,women and matrimony1 caricatures of1 #aga-aij4 ,worms1 altar-piece at1 #di4 ,wright1 ,thomas1 gives caricature of ,irish warrior1 #fa2 quoted1 #gj4 ,x4 ,xenophon1 quoted1 upon marriage1 #agg4 ,z4 ,zeuxis1 anecdote of1 #bh4 ,,the ,,end4 ,,valuable ,,interesting ,,works ,,for ,,public ,,and ,,private ,,libraries1 ,published by ,,harper ,,brothers1 ,new ,york4 -- ,for a full ,list of ,books suitable for ,libraries1 see ,,harper ,,brothers' ,,trade-,,list and ,,catalogue1 which may be had gratuitously on application to the ,publishers personally1 or by letter enclosing ,nine ,cents in ,postage-,stamps4 -- ,,harper ,,brothers will send their publications by mail1 postage prepaid excepting ,school and ,college ,text-,books and certain books whose weight would exclude them from the mail1 on receipt of the price4 ,,harper ,,brothers' ,school and ,college ,text-,books marked in this list with an asterisk 7997 will be sent by mail on receipt of the advertised price and one-sixth additional for postage4 ,,first ,,century ,,of ,,the ,,republic4 ,a ,review of ,american ,progress4 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #e4jj2 ,sheep1 #e4ej2 ,half ,morocco1 #g4be4 ,,contents4 ,introduction3 ,i4 ,colonial ,progress4 ,by ,,eugene ,,lawrence4--,,ii4 ,mechanical ,progress4 ,by ,,edward ,h4 ,,knight4--,,iii4 ,progress in ,manufacture4 ,by the ,hon4 ,,david ,a4 ,,wells4--,,iv4 ,agricultural ,progress4 ,by ,professor ,,william ,h4 ,,brewer4--,v4 ,the ,development of our ,mineral ,resources4 ,by ,professor ,t4 ,,sterry ,,hunt4--,,vi4 ,commercial ,development4 ,by ,,edward ,,atkinson4--,,vii4 ,growth and ,distribution of ,population4 ,by the ,hon4 ,,francis ,a4 ,,walker4--,,viii4 ,monetary ,development4 ,by ,professor ,,william ,g4 ,,sumner4--,,ix4 ,the ,experiment of the ,union1 with its ,preparations4 ,by ,t4 ,d4 ,,woolsey1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4--,x4 ,educational ,progress4 ,by ,,eugene ,,lawrence4--,,xi4 ,scientific ,progress3 #a4 ,the ,exact ,sciences4 ,by ,f4 ,a4 ,p4 ,,barnard1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 #b4 ,natural ,science4 ,by ,professor ,,theodore ,,gill4--,,xii4 ,a ,century of ,american ,literature4 ,by ,,edwin ,p4 ,,whipple4--,,xiii4 ,progress of the ,fine ,arts4 ,by ,s4 ,s4 ,,conant4--,,xiv4 ,medical and ,sanitary ,progress4 ,by ,,austin ,,flint1 ,m4,d4--,,xv4 ,american ,jurisprudence4 ,by ,,benjamin ,,vaughan ,,abbott4--,,xvi4 ,humanitarian ,progress4 ,by ,,charles ,l4 ,,brace4--,,xvii4 ,religious ,development4 ,by the ,rev4 ,,john ,f4 ,,hurst1 ,d4,d4 99,,haydn',s ,,dictionary ,,of ,,dates1 relating to all ,ages and ,nations4 ,for ,universal ,reference4 ,edited by ,,benjamin ,,vincent1 ,assistant ,secretary and ,keeper of the ,library of the ,royal ,institution of ,great ,britain2 and ,revised for the ,use of ,american ,readers4 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #c4jj2 ,sheep1 #c4cg4 ,,hume',s ,,history ,,of ,,england4 ,the ,history of ,england1 from the ,invasion of ,julius ,caesar to the ,abdication of ,james ,,ii41 #afhh4 ,by ,,david ,,hume4 #f vols41 #abmo1 ,cloth1 #e4dj2 ,sheep1 #g4hj2 ,half ,calf1 #ae4ij4 ,,hildreth',s ,,united ,,states4 ,history of the ,united ,states4 ,,first ,,series3 ,from the ,discovery of the ,continent to the ,organization of the ,government under the ,federal ,constitution4 ,,second ,,series3 ,from the ,adoption of the ,federal ,constitution to the ,end of the ,sixteenth ,congress4 ,by ,,richard ,,hildreth4 #f vols41 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #ah4jj2 ,sheep1 #ba4jj2 ,half ,calf1 #ca4ej4 ,,hudson',s ,,history ,,of ,,journalism4 ,journalism in the ,united ,states1 from #afij to #ahgb4 ,by ,,frederic ,,hudson4 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #e4jj2 ,half ,calf1 #g4be4 ,,motley',s ,,dutch ,,republic4 ,the ,rise of the ,dutch ,republic4 ,a ,history4 ,by ,,john ,,lothrop ,,motley1 ,,ll4,d41 ,d4,c4,l4 ,with a ,portrait of ,william of ,orange4 #c vols41 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #aj4ej2 ,sheep1 #ab4jj2 ,half ,calf1 #ag4be4 ,,motley',s ,,united ,,netherlands4 ,history of the ,united ,netherlands3 from the ,death of ,william the ,silent to the ,twelve ,years' ,truce--#afji4 ,with a full ,view of the ,english-,dutch ,struggle against ,spain1 and of the ,origin and ,destruction of the ,spanish ,armada4 ,by ,,john ,,lothrop ,,motley1 ,,ll4,d41 ,d4,c4,l4 ,portraits4 #d vols41 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #ad4jj2 ,sheep1 #af4jj2 ,half ,calf1 #bc4jj4 ,,motley',s ,,life ,,and ,,death ,,of ,,john ,,of ,,barneveld4 ,the ,life and ,death of ,john of ,barneveld1 ,advocate of ,holland3 with a ,view of the ,primary ,causes and ,movements of ,the ,thirty ,years' ,war4 ,by ,,john ,,lothrop ,,motley1 ,,ll4,d41 ,d4,c4,l4 ,illustrated4 ,in #b vols41 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #g4jj2 ,sheep1 #h4jj2 ,half ,calf1 #aa4ej4 ,,lamb',s ,,complete ,,works4 ,the ,works of ,charles ,lamb4 ,comprising his ,letters1 ,poems1 ,essays of ,elia1 ,essays upon ,shakspeare1 ,hogarth1 c41 and a ,sketch of his ,life1 with the ,final ,memorials1 by ,t4 ,,noon ,,talfourd4 ,with ,portrait4 #b vols41 #abmo1 ,cloth1 #c4jj2 ,half ,calf1 #f4ej4 ,,lawrence',s ,,historical ,,studies4 ,historical ,studies4 ,by ,,eugene ,,lawrence4 ,containing the following ,essays3 ,the ,bishops of ,rome4--,leo and ,luther4--,loyola and the ,jesuits4--,ecumenical ,councils4--,the ,vaudois4--,the ,huguenots4--,the ,church of ,jerusalem4--,dominic and the ,inquisition4--,the ,conquest of ,ireland4--,the ,greek ,church4 #hvo1 ,cloth1 uncut edges and gilt tops1 #c4jj4 ,,myers',s ,,remains ,,of ,,lost ,,empires4 ,remains of ,lost ,empires3 ,sketches of the ,ruins of ,palmyra1 ,nineveh1 ,babylon1 and ,persepolis1 with some ,notes on ,india and the ,cashmerian ,himalayas4 ,by ,p4 ,v4 ,n4 ,,myers4 ,illustrated4 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #c4ej4 ,,lossing',s ,,field-,,book ,,of ,,the ,,revolution4 ,pictorial ,field-,book of the ,revolution2 or1 ,illustrations by ,pen and ,pencil of the ,history1 ,biography1 ,scenery1 ,relics1 and ,traditions of the ,war for ,independence4 ,by ,,benson ,j4 ,,lossing4 #b vols41 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #ad4jj2 ,sheep or ,roan1 #ae4jj2 ,half ,calf1 #ah4jj4 ,,lossing',s ,,field-,,book ,,of ,,the ,,war ,,of #ahab4 ,pictorial ,field-,book of the ,war of #ahab3 or1 ,illustrations by ,pen and ,pencil of the ,history1 ,biography1 ,scenery1 ,relics1 and ,traditions of the last ,war for ,american ,independence4 ,by ,,benson ,j4 ,,lossing4 ,with several hundred ,engravings on ,wood by ,lossing and ,barritt1 chiefly from ,original ,sketches by the ,author4 #ajhh pages1 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #g4jj2 ,sheep or ,roan1 #h4ej2 ,half ,calf1 #aj4jj4 ,,macaulay',s ,,history ,,of ,,england4 ,the ,history of ,england from the ,accession of ,james ,,ii4 ,by ,,thomas ,,babington ,,macaulay4 #e vols41 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #aj4jj2 ,sheep1 #ab4ej2 ,half ,calf1 #ba4be2 #abmo1 ,cloth1 #d4ej2 ,sheep1 #f4ej2 ,half ,calf1 #ac4be4 ,,macaulay',s ,,life ,,and ,,letters4 ,the ,life and ,letters of ,lord ,macaulay4 ,by his ,nephew1 ,g4 ,,otto ,,trevelyan1 ,m4,p4 ,with ,portrait on ,steel4 ,complete in #b vols41 #hvo1 ,cloth1 uncut edges and gilt tops1 #e4jj2 ,sheep1 #f4jj2 ,half ,calf1 #i4ej4 ,popular ,edition1 #b vols4 in one1 #abmo1 ,cloth1 #a4ge4 99,,green',s ,,short ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,english ,,people4 ,a ,short ,history of the ,english ,people4 ,by ,j4 ,r4 ,,green1 ,m4,a41 ,examiner in the ,school of ,modern ,history1 ,oxford4 ,with ,tables and ,colored ,maps4 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #a4cj4 ,,forster',s ,,life ,,of ,,dean ,,swift4 ,the ,early ,life of ,jonathan ,swift 7#affg-agaa74 ,by ,,john ,,forster4 ,with ,portrait4 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #b4ej4 ,,hallam',s ,,middle ,,ages4 ,view of the ,state of ,europe during the ,middle ,ages4 ,by ,,henry ,,hallam4 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #b4jj2 ,sheep1 #b4ej2 ,half ,calf1 #d4be4 ,,hallam',s ,,constitutional ,,history ,,of ,,england4 ,the ,constitutional ,history of ,england1 from the ,accession of ,henry ,,vii4 to the ,death of ,george ,,ii4 ,by ,,henry ,,hallam4 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #b4jj2 ,sheep1 #b4ej2 ,half ,calf1 #d4be4 ,,hallam',s ,,literature4 ,introduction to the ,literature of ,europe during the ,fifteenth1 ,sixteenth1 and ,seventeenth ,centuries4 ,by ,,henry ,,hallam4 #b vols41 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #d4jj2 ,sheep1 #e4jj2 ,half ,calf1 #h4ej4 ,,schweinfurth',s ,,heart ,,of ,,africa4 ,the ,heart of ,africa4 ,three ,years' ,travels and ,adventures in the ,unexplored ,regions of the ,centre of ,africa4 ,from #ahfh to #ahga4 ,by ,dr4 ,,georg ,,schweinfurth4 ,translated by ,,ellen ,e4 ,,frewer4 ,with an ,introduction by ,,winwood ,,reade4 ,illustrated by about #acj ,woodcuts from ,drawings made by the ,author1 and with two ,maps4 #b vols41 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #h4jj4 ,m',,clintock ,,strong',s ,,cyclopaedia4 ,cyclopaedia of ,biblical1 ,theological1 and ,ecclesiastical ,literature4 ,prepared by the ,rev4 ,,john ,m',,clintock1 ,d4,d41 and ,,jas4 ,,strong1 ,s4,t4,d4 #g vols1 now ready4 ,royal #hvo4 ,price per vol41 ,cloth1 #e4jj2 ,sheep1 #f4jj2 ,half ,morocco1 #h4jj4 ,,mohammed ,,and ,,mohammedanism3 ,lectures ,delivered at the ,royal ,institution of ,great ,britain in ,february and ,march1 #ahgd4 ,by ,r4 ,,bosworth ,,smith1 ,m4,a41 ,assistant ,master in ,harrow ,school2 late ,fellow of ,trinity ,college1 ,oxford4 ,with an ,appendix containing ,emanuel ,deutsch's ,article on ,islam4 #abmo1 ,cloth1 #a4ej4 ,,mosheim',s ,,ecclesiastical ,,history1 ,ancient and ,modern2 in which the ,rise1 ,progress1 and ,variation of ,church ,power are considered in their ,connection with the ,state of ,learning and ,philosophy1 and the ,political ,history of ,europe during that ,period4 ,translated1 with ,notes1 c41 by ,a4 ,,maclaine1 ,d4,d4 ,continued to #ahbf1 by ,c4 ,,coote1 ,,ll4,d4 #b vols41 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #d4jj2 ,sheep1 #e4jj2 ,half ,calf1 #h4ej4 ,,strickland',s 7,miss7 ,,queens ,,of ,,scotland4 ,lives of the ,queens of ,scotland and ,english ,princesses connected with the ,regal ,succession of ,great ,britain4 ,by ,,agnes ,,strickland4 #h vols41 #abmo1 ,cloth1 #ab4jj2 ,half ,calf1 #bf4jj4 ,,harper',s ,,new ,,classical ,,library4 ,literal ,translations4 ,the following ,volumes are now ready4 #abmo1 ,cloth1 #a4ej each4 ,,caesar4--,,virgil4--,,sallust4--,,hora ce4--,,cicero',s ,,orations4--,,cicero',s ,,offices1 c4--,,cicero ,,on ,,oratory ,,and ,,orators4--,,cicero',s ,,tusculan ,,disputations1 ,,on ,,the ,,commonwealth1 ,,on ,,the ,,nature ,,of ,,the ,,gods4 --,,tacitus 7#b vols474--,,terence4--,,sophocles4--,,juv enal4--,,xenophon4 --,,homer',s ,,iliad4--,,homer',s ,,odyssey4--,,herodotus4--,,demosthenes 7#b vols474--,,thucydides4--,,aeschylus4--,, euripides 7#b vols474--,,livy 7#b vols474--,,plato ,select ,dialogues4 ,,livingstone',s ,,south ,,africa4 ,missionary ,travels and ,researches in ,south ,africa3 including a ,sketch of ,sixteen ,years' ,residence in the ,interior of ,africa1 and a ,journey from the ,cape of ,good ,hope to ,loanda on the ,west ,coast2 thence across the ,continent1 down the ,river ,zambesi1 to the ,eastern ,ocean4 ,by ,,david ,,livingstone1 ,,ll4,d41 ,d4,c4,l4 ,with ,portrait1 ,maps1 and ,illustrations4 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #d4ej2 ,sheep1 #e4jj2 ,half ,calf1 #f4ge4 ,,livingstone',s ,,zambesi4 ,narrative of an ,expedition to the ,zambesi and its ,tributaries1 and of the ,discovery of the ,lakes ,shirwa and ,nyassa1 #aheh-ahfd4 ,by ,,david and ,,charles ,,livingstone4 ,with ,map and ,illustrations4 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #e4jj2 ,sheep1 #e4ej2 ,half ,calf1 #g4be4 ,,livingstone',s ,,last ,,journals4 ,the ,last ,journals of ,david ,livingstone1 in ,central ,africa1 from #ahfe to his ,death4 ,continued by a ,narrative of his ,last ,moments and ,sufferings1 obtained from his ,faithful ,servants ,chuma and ,susi4 ,by ,,horace ,,waller1 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 ,rector of ,twywell1 ,northampton4 ,with ,portrait1 ,maps1 and ,illustrations4 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #e4jj2 ,sheep1 #e4ej2 ,half ,calf1 #g4be4 ,cheap ,popular ,edition1 #hvo1 ,cloth1 with ,map and ,illustrations1 #b4ej4 ,,reclus',s ,,earth4 ,the ,earth3 a ,descriptive ,history of the ,phenomena of the ,life of the ,globe4 ,by ,,elisee ,,reclus4 ,with #bcd ,maps and ,illustrations1 and #bc ,page ,maps printed in ,colors4 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #e4jj2 ,half ,calf1 #g4be4 ,,reclus',s ,,ocean4 ,the ,ocean1 ,atmosphere1 and ,life4 ,being the ,second ,series of a ,descriptive ,history of the ,life of the ,globe4 ,by ,,elisee ,,reclus4 ,profusely ,illustrated with #bej ,maps or ,figures1 and #bg ,maps printed in ,colors4 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #f4jj2 ,half ,calf1 #h4be4 ,,parton',s ,,caricature4 ,caricature and ,other ,comic ,art1 in ,all ,times and ,many ,lands4 ,by ,,james ,,parton4 ,with #bjc ,illustrations4 #hvo1 ,cloth4 ,,nordhoff',s ,,communistic ,,societies ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states4 ,the ,communistic ,societies of the ,united ,states1 from ,personal ,visit and ,observation2 including ,detailed ,accounts of the ,economists1 ,zoarites1 ,shakers1 the ,amana1 ,oneida1 ,bethel1 ,aurora1 ,icarian1 and other existing ,societies4 ,with ,particulars of their ,religious ,creeds and ,practices1 their ,social ,theories and ,life1 ,numbers1 ,industries1 and ,present ,condition4 ,by ,,charles ,,nordhoff4 ,illustrations4 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #d4jj4 ,,nordhoff',s ,,california4 ,california3 for ,health1 ,pleasure1 and ,residence4 ,a ,book for ,travellers and ,settlers4 ,illustrated4 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #b4ej4 ,,nordhoff',s ,,northern ,,california1 ,,oregon1 ,,and ,,the ,,sandwich ,,islands4 ,northern ,california1 ,oregon1 and the ,sandwich ,islands4 ,by ,,charles ,,nordhoff4 ,illustrated4 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #b4ej4 99,,rawlinson',s ,,manual ,,of ,,ancient ,,history4 ,a ,manual of ,ancient ,history1 from the ,earliest ,times to the ,fall of the ,western ,empire4 ,comprising the ,history of ,chaldaea1 ,assyria1 ,media1 ,babylonia1 ,lydia1 ,phoenicia1 ,syria1 ,judaea1 ,egypt1 ,carthage1 ,persia1 ,greece1 ,macedonia1 ,parthia1 and ,rome4 ,by ,,george ,,rawlinson1 ,m4,a41 ,camden ,professor of ,ancient ,history in the ,university of ,oxford4 #abmo1 ,cloth1 #a4be4 ,,baker',s ,,ismailia4 ,ismailia3 a ,narrative of the ,expedition to ,central ,africa for the ,suppression of the ,slave-trade1 organized by ,ismail1 ,khedive of ,egypt4 ,by ,sir ,,samuel ,,white ,,baker1 ,,pasha1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,with ,maps1 ,portraits1 and ,illustrations4 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #e4jj2 ,half ,calf1 #g4be4 ,,boswell',s ,,johnson4 ,the ,life of ,samuel ,johnson1 ,,ll4,d41 including a ,journal of a ,tour to the ,hebrides4 ,by ,,james ,,boswell1 ,esq4 ,edited by ,,john ,,wilson ,,croker1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,with a ,portrait of ,boswell4 #b vols41 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #d4jj2 ,sheep1 #e4jj2 ,half ,calf1 #h4ej4 ,,van-,,lennep',s ,,bible ,,lands4 ,bible ,lands3 their ,modern ,customs and ,manners ,illustrative of ,scripture4 ,by the ,rev4 ,henry ,j4 ,,van-,,lennep1 ,d4,d4 ,illustrated with upward of #cej ,wood ,engravings and two ,colored ,maps4 #hch pp41 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #e4jj2 ,sheep1 #f4jj2 ,half ,morocco1 #h4jj4 ,,vincent',s ,,land ,,of ,,the ,,white ,,elephant4 ,the ,land of the ,white ,elephant3 ,sights and ,scenes in ,southeastern ,asia4 ,a ,personal ,narrative of ,travel and ,adventure in ,farther ,india1 embracing the ,countries of ,burma1 ,siam1 ,cambodia1 and ,cochin-,china 7#ahga-b74 ,by ,,frank ,,vincent1 ,jr4 ,illustrated with ,maps1 ,plans1 and ,woodcuts4 ,crown #hvo1 ,cloth1 #c4ej4 ,,nichols',s ,,art ,,education4 ,art ,education applied to ,industry4 ,by ,,george ,,ward ,,nichols1 ,author of ,the ,story of the ,great ,march4 ,illustrated4 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #d4jj4 ,,shakspeare4 ,the ,dramatic ,works of ,william ,shakspeare4 ,with ,corrections and ,notes4 ,engravings4 #f vols41 #abmo1 ,cloth1 #i4jj4 #b vols41 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #d4jj2 ,sheep1 #e4jj4 ,in one vol41 #hvo1 ,sheep1 #d4jj4 ,,smiles',s ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,huguenots4 ,the ,huguenots3 their ,settlements1 ,churches1 and ,industries in ,england and ,ireland4 ,by ,,samuel ,,smiles4 ,with an ,appendix relating to the ,huguenots in ,america4 ,crown #hvo1 ,cloth1 #b4jj4 ,,smiles',s ,,huguenots ,,after ,,the ,,revocation4 ,the ,huguenots in ,france after the ,revocation of the ,edict of ,nantes2 with a ,visit to the ,country of the ,vaudois4 ,by ,,samuel ,,smiles4 ,crown #hvo1 ,cloth1 #b4jj4 ,,smiles',s ,,life ,,of ,,the ,,stephensons4 ,the ,life of ,george ,stephenson1 and of his ,son1 ,robert ,stephenson2 comprising1 also1 a ,history of the ,invention and ,introduction of the ,railway ,locomotive4 ,by ,,samuel ,,smiles4 ,with ,steel ,portraits and numerous ,illustrations4 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #c4jj4 ,,squier',s ,,peru4 ,peru3 ,incidents of ,travel and ,exploration in the ,land of the ,incas4 ,by ,e4 ,,george ,,squier1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a41 late ,u4 ,s4 ,commissioner to ,peru1 ,author of ,nicaragua1 ,ancient ,monuments of ,mississippi ,valley1 c41 c4 ,with ,illustrations4 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #e4jj4 ,,the ,,challenger ,,expedition4 ,the ,atlantic3 an ,account of the ,general ,results of the ,exploring ,expedition of ,h4,m4,s4 ,challenger4 ,by ,sir ,,wyville ,,thomson1 ,k4,c4,b41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,with numerous ,illustrations1 ,colored ,maps1 and ,charts1 from ,drawings by ,j4 ,j4 ,wyld1 engraved by ,j4 ,d4 ,cooper1 and ,portrait of the ,author1 engraved by ,c4 ,h4 ,jeens4 #b vols41 #hvo4 7,in ,press47 ,,alison',s ,,history ,,of ,,europe4 ,,first ,,series3 ,from the ,commencement of the ,french ,revolution1 in #aghi1 to the ,restoration of the ,bourbons in #ahae4 ,in addition to the ,notes on ,chapter ,,lxxvi41 which correct the errors of the original work concerning the ,united ,states1 a copious ,analytical ,index has been appended to this ,american ,edition4 ,,second ,,series3 ,from the ,fall of ,napoleon1 in #ahae1 to the ,accession of ,louis ,napoleon1 in #aheb4 #h vols41 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #af4jj2 ,sheep1 #bj4jj2 ,half ,calf1 #cd4jj4 ,,carlyle',s ,,frederick ,,the ,,great4 ,history of ,friedrich ,,ii41 called ,frederick the ,great4 ,by ,,thomas ,,carlyle4 ,portraits1 ,maps1 ,plans1 c4 #f vols41 #abmo1 ,cloth1 #ab4jj2 ,sheep1 #ad4dj2 ,half ,calf1 #bb4ej4 ,,wallace',s ,,geographical ,,distribution ,,of ,,animals4 ,the ,geographical ,distribution of ,animals4 ,with a ,study of the ,relations of ,living and ,extinct ,faunas as ,elucidating the ,past ,changes of the ,earth's ,surface4 ,by ,,alfred ,,russel ,,wallace4 ,with ,maps and ,illustrations4 ,in #b vols41 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #aj4jj4 ,,wallace',s ,,malay ,,archipelago4 ,the ,malay ,archipelago3 the ,land of the ,orang-,utan and the ,bird of ,paradise4 ,a ,narrative of ,travel1 #ahed-ahfb4 ,with ,studies of ,man and ,nature4 ,by ,,alfred ,,russel ,,wallace4 ,with ,ten ,maps and ,fifty-one ,elegant ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo1 ,cloth1 #b4ej4 ,,gibbon',s ,,rome4 ,the ,history of the ,decline and ,fall of the ,roman ,empire4 ,by ,,edward ,,gibbon4 ,with ,notes by ,rev4 ,h4 ,h4 ,,milman and ,m4 ,,guizot4 ,with ,index4 #f vols41 #abmo1 ,cloth1 #e4dj2 ,sheep1 #g4hj2 ,half ,calf1 #ae4ij4 ,,bourne',s ,,life ,,of ,,john ,,locke4 ,the ,life of ,john ,locke4 ,by ,h4 ,r4 ,,fox ,,bourne4 #b vols41 #hvo1 ,cloth1 uncut edges and gilt tops1 #e4jj4 ,,griffis',s ,,japan4 ,the ,mikado's ,empire3 ,book ,i4 ,history of ,japan1 from #ffj ,b4,c4 to #ahgb ,a4,d4 ,book ,,ii4 ,personal ,experiences1 ,observations1 and ,studies in ,japan1 #ahgj-ahgd4 ,by ,,william ,,elliot ,,griffis1 ,a4,m41 late of the ,imperial ,university of ,tokio1 ,japan4 ,copiously ,illustrated4 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #d4jj2 ,half ,calf1 #f4be4 ,,thompson',s ,,papacy ,,and ,,the ,,civil ,,power4 ,the ,papacy and the ,civil ,power4 ,by the ,hon4 ,r4 ,w4 ,,thompson1 ,secretary of the ,u4 ,s4 ,navy4 ,crown #hvo1 ,cloth1 #c4jj4 ,,the ,,poets ,,and ,,poetry ,,of ,,scotland3 from the ,earliest to the ,present ,time4 ,comprising ,characteristic ,selections from the ,works of the more ,noteworthy ,scottish ,poets1 with ,biographical and ,critical ,notices4 ,by ,,james ,,grant ,,wilson4 ,with ,portraits on ,steel4 #b vols41 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #aj4jj2 ,half ,calf1 #ad4ej2 ,full ,morocco1 #ah4jj4 99,,the ,,student',s ,,series4 ,with ,maps and ,illustrations4 #abmo1 ,cloth4 ,,france4--,,gibbon4--,,greece4--,,hume4 --,,rome 7by ,,liddell74--,,old ,,testament ,,history4--,,new ,,testament ,,history4--,,strickland',s ,,queens ,,of ,,england 7,abridged74--,,ancient ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,east4--,,hallam',s ,,middle ,,ages4--,,hallam',s ,,constitutional ,,history ,,of ,,england4--,,lyell',s ,,elements ,,of ,,geology4--,,merivale',s ,,general ,,history ,,of ,,rome4--,,cox',s ,,general ,,history ,,of ,,greece4--,,classical ,,dictionary4 ,price #a4be per volume4 ,,lewis',s ,,history ,,of ,,germany4 ,price #a4ej4 ,,the ,,revision ,,of ,,the ,,english ,,version ,,of ,,the ,,new ,,testament4 ,with an ,introduction by the ,rev4 ,p4 ,,schaff1 ,d4,d4 #fah pp41 ,crown #hvo1 ,cloth1 #c4jj4 ,this work embraces in one volume3 ,i4 ,,on ,a ,,fresh ,,revision ,,of ,,the ,,english ,,new ,,testament4 ,by ,j4 ,b4 ,,lightfoot1 ,d4,d41 ,canon of ,st4 ,paul's1 and ,hulsean ,professor of ,divinity1 ,cambridge4 ,second ,edition1 ,revised4 #aif pp4 ,,ii4 ,,on ,,the ,,authorized ,,version ,,of ,,the ,,new ,,testament in ,connection with some ,recent ,proposals for its ,revision4 ,by ,,richard ,,chenevix ,,trench1 ,d4,d41 ,archbishop of ,dublin4 #aid pp4 ,,iii4 ,,considerations ,,on ,,the ,,revision ,,of ,,the ,,english ,,version ,,of ,,the ,,new ,,testament4 ,by ,c4 ,j4 ,,ellicott1 ,d4,d41 ,bishop of ,gloucester and ,bristol4 #agh pp4 ,,addison',s ,,complete ,,works4 ,the ,works of ,joseph ,addison1 embracing the whole of the ,spectator4 #c vols41 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #f4jj2 ,sheep1 #g4ej2 ,half ,calf1 #ab4ge4 ,,annual ,,record ,,of ,,science ,,and ,,industry4 ,the ,annual ,record of ,science and ,industry4 ,edited by ,professor ,,spencer ,f4 ,,baird1 of the ,smithsonian ,institution1 with the ,assistance of ,eminent ,men of ,science4 ,the ,yearly ,volumes for #ahga1 #ahgb1 #ahgc1 #ahgd1 #ahge1 #ahgf1 are ready4 #abmo1 ,cloth1 #b4jj per vol4 ,,brougham',s ,,autobiography4 ,life and ,times of ,henry1 ,lord ,brougham4 ,written by ,himself4 #c vols41 #abmo1 ,cloth1 #f4jj4 ,,bulwer',s ,,horace4 ,the ,odes and ,epodes of ,horace4 ,a ,metrical ,translation into ,english4 ,with ,introduction and ,commentaries4 ,by ,,lord ,,lytton4 ,with ,latin ,text from the ,editions of ,orelli1 ,macleane1 and ,yonge4 #abmo1 ,cloth1 #a4ge4 ,,bulwer',s ,,king ,,arthur4 ,king ,arthur4 ,a ,poem4 ,by ,,lord ,,lytton4 #abmo1 ,cloth1 #a4ge4 ,,bulwer',s ,,prose ,,works4 ,the ,miscellaneous ,prose ,works of ,edward ,bulwer1 ,lord ,lytton4 #b vols41 #abmo1 ,cloth1 #c4ej4 ,also1 in uniform style1 ,caxtoniana4 #abmo1 ,cloth1 #a4ge4 ,,davis',s ,,carthage4 ,carthage and her ,remains3 being an ,account of the ,excavations and ,researches on the ,site of the ,phoenician ,metropolis in ,africa and other ,adjacent ,places4 ,conducted under the ,auspices of ,her ,majesty's ,government4 ,by ,dr4 ,n4 ,,davis1 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,profusely ,illustrated with ,maps1 ,woodcuts1 ,chromo-,lithographs1 c4 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #d4jj2 ,half ,calf1 #f4be4 ,,cameron',s ,,across ,,africa4 ,across ,africa4 ,by ,,verney ,,lovett ,,cameron1 ,c4,b41 ,d4,c4,l41 ,commander ,royal ,navy1 ,gold ,medalist ,royal ,geographical ,society1 c4 ,with a ,map and ,numerous ,illustrations4 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #e4jj4 ,,carlyle',s ,,french ,,revolution4 ,the ,french ,revolution3 a ,history4 ,by ,,thomas ,,carlyle4 #b vols41 #abmo1 ,cloth1 #c4ej2 ,sheep1 #d4cj2 ,half ,calf1 #g4jj4 ,,carlyle',s ,,oliver ,,cromwell4 ,oliver ,cromwell's ,letters and ,speeches1 including the ,supplement to the ,first ,edition4 ,with ,elucidations4 ,by ,,thomas ,,carlyle4 #b vols41 #abmo1 ,cloth1 #c4ej2 ,sheep1 #d4cj2 ,half ,calf1 #g4jj4 ,,barth',s ,,north ,,and ,,central ,,africa4 ,travels and ,discoveries in ,north and ,central ,africa3 being a ,journal of an ,expedition undertaken under the ,auspices of ,h4,b4,m4's ,government1 in the ,years #ahdi-ahee4 ,by ,,henry ,,barth1 ,ph4,d41 ,d4,c4,l4 ,illustrated4 #c vols41 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #ab4jj2 ,sheep1 #ac4ej2 ,half ,calf1 #ah4ge4 ,,thomson',s ,,land ,,and ,,book4 ,the ,land and the ,book2 or1 ,biblical ,illustrations drawn from the ,manners and ,customs1 the ,scenes and the ,scenery1 of the ,holy ,land4 ,by ,w4 ,m4 ,,thomson1 ,d4,d41 ,twenty-five ,years a ,missionary of the ,a4,b4,c4,f4,m4 in ,syria and ,palestine4 ,with two elaborate ,maps of ,palestine1 an accurate ,plan of ,jerusalem1 and several hundred ,engravings1 representing the ,scenery1 ,topography1 and ,productions of the ,holy ,land1 and the ,costumes1 ,manners1 and ,habits of the ,people4 #b vols41 #abmo1 ,cloth1 #e4jj2 ,sheep1 #f4jj2 ,half ,calf1 #h4ej4 ,,tennyson',s ,,complete ,,poems4 ,the ,poetical ,works of ,alfred ,tennyson1 ,poet ,laureate4 ,with numerous ,illustrations by ,eminent ,artists1 and ,three ,characteristic ,portraits4 #hvo1 ,paper1 #a4jj2 ,cloth1 #a4ej4 ,,du ,,chaillu',s ,,africa4 ,explorations and ,adventures in ,equatorial ,africa3 with ,accounts of the ,manners and ,customs of the ,people1 and of the ,chase of the ,gorilla1 the ,crocodile1 ,leopard1 ,elephant1 ,hippopotamus1 and other ,animals4 ,by ,,paul ,b4 ,,du ,,chaillu4 ,illustrated4 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #e4jj2 ,sheep1 #e4ej2 ,half ,calf1 #g4be4 ,,du ,,chaillu',s ,,ashango ,,land4 ,a ,journey to ,ashango ,land1 and ,further ,penetration into ,equatorial ,africa4 ,by ,,paul ,b4 ,,du ,,chaillu4 ,illustrated4 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #e4jj2 ,sheep1 #e4ej2 ,half ,calf1 #g4be4 ,,white',s ,,massacre ,,of ,,st4 ,,bartholomew4 ,the ,massacre of ,st4 ,bartholomew3 ,preceded by a ,history of the ,religious ,wars in the ,reign of ,charles ,,ix4 ,by ,,henry ,,white1 ,m4,a4 ,with ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo1 ,cloth1 #a4ge4 ,,draper',s ,,civil ,,war4 ,history of the ,american ,civil ,war4 ,by ,,john ,w4 ,,draper1 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 #c vols41 #hvo1 ,cloth1 ,beveled ,edges1 #aj4ej2 ,sheep1 #ab4jj2 ,half ,calf1 #ag4be4 ,,draper',s ,,intellectual ,,development ,,of ,,europe4 ,a ,history of the ,intellectual ,development of ,europe4 ,by ,,john ,w4 ,,draper1 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,new ,edition1 ,revised4 #b vols41 #abmo1 ,cloth1 #c4jj2 ,half ,calf1 #f4ej4 ,,draper',s ,,american ,,civil ,,policy4 ,thoughts on the ,future ,civil ,policy of ,america4 ,by ,,john ,w4 ,,draper1 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,professor of ,chemistry and ,physiology in the ,university of ,new ,york4 ,crown #hvo1 ,cloth1 #b4jj2 ,half ,morocco1 #c4ge4 ,,flammarion',s ,,atmosphere4 ,the ,atmosphere4 ,translated from the ,french of ,,camille ,,flammarion4 ,edited by ,,james ,,glaisher1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,superintendent of the ,magnetical and ,meteorological ,department of the ,royal ,observatory at ,greenwich4 ,with #aj ,chromo-,lithographs and #hf ,woodcuts4 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #f4jj2 ,half ,calf1 #h4be4 ,,abbott',s ,,dictionary ,,of ,,religious ,,knowledge4 ,a ,dictionary of ,religious ,knowledge1 for ,popular and ,professional ,use2 comprising full ,information on ,biblical1 ,theological1 and ,ecclesiastical ,subjects4 ,with nearly ,one ,thousand ,maps and ,illustrations4 ,edited by the ,rev4 ,,lyman ,,abbott1 with the ,co-operation of the ,rev4 ,t4 ,c4 ,,conant1 ,d4,d4 ,royal #hvo1 containing over #ajjj pages1 ,cloth1 #f4jj2 ,sheep1 #g4jj2 ,half ,morocco1 #h4ej4 ,,abbott',s ,,frederick ,,the ,,great4 ,the ,history of ,frederick the ,second1 called ,frederick the ,great4 ,by ,,john ,s4 ,c4 ,,abbott4 ,illustrated4 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #e4jj2 ,half ,calf1 #g4be4 ,,abbott',s ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,french ,,revolution4 ,the ,french ,revolution of #aghi1 as viewed in the ,light of ,republican ,institutions4 ,by ,,john ,s4 ,c4 ,,abbott4 ,illustrated4 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #e4jj2 ,sheep1 #e4ej2 ,half ,calf1 #g4be4 ,,abbott',s ,,napoleon ,,bonaparte4 ,the ,history of ,napoleon ,bonaparte4 ,by ,,john ,s4 ,c4 ,,abbott4 ,with ,maps1 ,illustrations1 and ,portraits on ,steel4 #b vols41 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #aj4jj2 ,sheep1 #aa4jj2 ,half ,calf1 #ad4ej4 ,,abbott',s ,,napoleon ,,at ,,st4 ,,helena4 ,napoleon at ,st4 ,helena2 or1 ,interesting ,anecdotes and ,remarkable ,conversations of the ,emperor during the ,five and a ,half ,years of his ,captivity4 ,collected from the ,memorials of ,las ,casas1 ,o',meara1 ,montholon1 ,antommarchi1 and others4 ,by ,,john ,s4 ,c4 ,,abbott4 ,illustrated4 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #e4jj2 ,sheep1 #e4ej2 ,half ,calf1 #g4be4 ,,cruise ,,of ,,the ,,challenger4 ,voyages over many ,seas1 ,scenes in many ,lands4 ,by ,w4 ,j4 ,j4 ,,spry1 ,r4,n4 ,with ,map and ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo1 ,cloth1 #b4jj4 ,,wood',s ,,homes ,,without ,,hands4 ,homes ,without ,hands3 being a ,description of the ,habitations of ,animals1 classed according to their ,principle of ,construction4 ,by ,j4 ,g4 ,,wood1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,l4,s4 ,illustrated4 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #d4ej2 ,sheep or ,roan1 #e4jj2 ,half ,calf1 #f4ge4 ,,schaff',s ,,creeds ,,of ,,christendom4 ,bibliotheca ,symbolica ,ecclesiae ,universalis4 ,the ,creeds of ,christendom1 with a ,history and ,critical ,notes4 ,by ,,philip ,,schaff1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,professor of ,biblical ,literature in the ,union ,theological ,seminary1 ,new ,york4 #c vols4 ,vol4 ,i43 ,the ,history of ,creeds4 ,vol4 ,,ii43 ,the ,greek and ,latin ,creeds1 with ,translations4 ,vol4 ,,iii43 ,the ,evangelical ,protestant ,creeds1 with ,translations4 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #ae4jj4 ,,yonge',s ,,life ,,of ,,marie ,,antoinette4 ,the ,life of ,marie ,antoinette1 ,queen of ,france4 ,by ,,charles ,,duke ,,yonge1 ,regius ,professor of ,modern ,history and ,english ,literature in ,queen's ,college1 ,belfast4 ,with ,portrait4 ,crown #hvo1 ,cloth1 #b4ej4 ,,poets ,,of ,,the ,,nineteenth ,,century4 ,the ,poets of the ,nineteenth ,century4 ,selected and ,edited by the ,rev4 ,,robert ,,aris ,,willmott4 ,with ,english and ,american ,additions1 arranged by ,,evert ,a4 ,,duyckinck1 ,editor of ,cyclopaedia of ,american ,literature4 ,comprising ,selections from the ,greatest ,authors of the ,age4 ,superbly ,illustrated with #ada ,engravings from ,designs by the most ,eminent ,artists4 ,in ,elegant small #dto form1 printed on ,superfine ,tinted ,paper1 richly bound in extra ,cloth1 ,beveled1 ,gilt ,edges1 #e4jj2 ,half ,calf1 #e4ej2 ,full ,turkey ,morocco1 #i4jj4 ,,coleridge',s ,,complete ,,works4 ,the ,complete ,works of ,samuel ,taylor ,coleridge4 ,with an ,introductory ,essay upon his ,philosophical and ,theological ,opinions4 ,edited by the ,rev4 ,w4 ,g4 ,t4 ,,shedd1 ,d4,d4 ,with a ,portrait4 #g vols41 #abmo1 ,cloth1 #aj4ej2 ,half ,calf1 #bb4ge4 ,,coleridge',s 7,,sara7 ,,memoir ,,and ,,letters4 ,memoir and ,letters of ,sara ,coleridge4 ,edited by her ,daughter4 ,with ,two ,portraits on ,steel4 ,crown #hvo1 ,cloth1 #b4ej2 ,half ,calf1 #d4be4 ,,drake',s ,,nooks ,,and ,,corners ,,of ,,the ,,new ,,england ,,coast4 ,nooks and ,corners of the ,new ,england ,coast4 ,by ,,samuel ,,adams ,,drake1 ,author of ,old ,landmarks of ,boston1 ,historic ,fields and ,mansions of ,middlesex1 c4 ,illustrated4 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #c4ej2 ,half ,calf1 #e4ge4 ,,grote',s ,,history ,,of ,,greece4 #ab vols41 #abmo1 ,cloth1 #ah4jj2 ,sheep1 #bb4hj2 ,half ,calf1 #ci4jj4 ,,prime',s ,,our ,,children',s ,,songs4 ,our ,children's ,songs4 ,with ,illustrations4 #hvo4 7,in ,press47 ,,tyerman',s ,,wesley4 ,the ,life and ,times of the ,rev4 ,john ,wesley1 ,m4,a41 ,founder of the ,methodists4 ,by the ,rev4 ,,luke ,,tyerman4 ,with ,portraits4 #c vols41 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #g4ej2 ,half ,calf1 #ad4be4 ,,tyerman',s ,,oxford ,,methodists4 ,the ,oxford ,methodists3 ,memoirs of the ,rev4 ,messrs4 ,clayton1 ,ingham1 ,gambold1 ,hervey1 and ,broughton1 with ,biographical ,notices of others4 ,by the ,rev4 ,l4 ,,tyerman4 ,with ,portraits4 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #b4ej4 ,,vambery',s ,,central ,,asia4 ,travels in ,central ,asia4 ,being the ,account of a ,journey from ,teheran across the ,turkoman ,desert1 on the ,eastern ,shore of the ,caspian1 to ,khiva1 ,bokhara1 and ,samarcand1 performed in the ,year #ahfc4 ,by ,,arminius ,,vambery1 ,member of the ,hungarian ,academy of ,pesth1 by whom he was sent on this ,scientific ,mission4 ,with ,map and ,illustrations4 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #d4ej2 ,half ,calf1 #f4ge4 ,,lyman ,,beecher',s ,,autobiography1 c4 ,autobiography1 ,correspondence1 c41 of ,lyman ,beecher1 ,d4,d4 ,edited by his ,son1 ,,charles ,,beecher4 ,with ,three ,steel ,portraits1 and ,engravings on ,wood4 #b vols41 #abmo1 ,cloth1 #e4jj2 ,half ,morocco1 #h4ej4 ,,benjamin',s ,,contemporary ,,art4 ,contemporary ,art in ,europe4 ,by ,s4 ,g4 ,w4 ,,benjamin4 ,handsomely ,illustrated4 #hvo4 7,in ,press47 ,,trowbridge',s ,,poems4 ,the ,book of ,gold1 and ,other ,poems4 ,by ,j4 ,t4 ,,trowbridge4 ,handsomely ,illustrated4 #hvo4 7,in ,press47 ,,the ,,desert ,,of ,,the ,,exodus4 ,journeys on ,foot in the ,wilderness of the ,forty ,years' ,wanderings2 undertaken in connection with the ,ordnance ,survey of ,sinai and the ,palestine ,exploration ,fund4 ,by ,e4 ,h4 ,,palmer1 ,m4,a41 ,lord ,almoner's ,professor of ,arabic1 and ,fellow of ,st4 ,john's ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,with ,maps and numerous ,illustrations from ,photographs and ,drawings taken on the spot by the ,sinai ,survey ,expedition and ,c4 ,f4 ,tyrwhitt ,drake4 ,crown #hvo1 ,cloth1 #c4jj4 ,,thomson',s ,,malacca1 ,,indo-,,china1 ,,and ,,china4 ,the ,straits of ,malacca1 ,indo-,china1 and ,china2 or1 ,ten ,years' ,travels1 ,adventures1 and ,residence ,abroad4 ,by ,j4 ,,thomson1 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,with over #fj ,illustrations from the ,author's own ,photographs and ,sketches4 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #d4jj4 ,,trevelyan',s ,,selections ,,from ,,macaulay4 ,selections from the ,writings of ,lord ,macaulay4 ,by his ,nephew1 ,g4 ,,otto ,,trevelyan1 ,m4,p4 for ,hawick ,district of ,burghs4 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #b4ej4 ,,jefferson',s ,,domestic ,,life4 ,the ,domestic ,life of ,thomas ,jefferson3 compiled from ,family ,letters and ,reminiscences1 by his ,great-granddaughter1 ,,sarah ,n4 ,,randolph4 ,illustrated4 ,crown #hvo1 ,cloth1 #b4ej4 ,,johnson',s ,,complete ,,works4 ,the ,works of ,samuel ,johnson1 ,,ll4,d4 ,with an ,essay on his ,life and ,genius1 by ,,arthur ,,murphy1 ,esq4 #b vols41 #hvo1 ,cloth1 #d4jj2 ,sheep1 #e4jj2 ,half ,calf1 #h4ej4 ,,kinglake',s ,,crimean ,,war4 ,the ,invasion of the ,crimea3 its ,origin1 and an ,account of its ,progress down to the ,death of ,lord ,raglan4 ,by ,,alexander ,,william ,,kinglake4 ,with ,maps and ,plans4 ,three ,volumes now ready4 #abmo1 ,cloth1 #b4jj per vol42 ,half ,calf1 #c4ge per vol4 ,published by ,,harper ,,brothers1 ,new ,york4 ,transcriber's notes3 ,obvious printer's errors have been corrected1 all other inconsistencies are as in the original4 ,the author's spelling has been maintained4 ,superscripts are enclosed in 4 ,page #aab3 ,with ,bluddy hands that ware his ,cruell foes1 the u in bluddy should have a macron over it4 ,page #bge and following3 ,the ,,hb present in this file are in the original book a symbol looking like ,h#c1 without the space between both caracters4 ,page #d of the adverts3 ,imperial ,university of ,tokio1 the o in ,tokio should have a macron over them4