,illu/ration3 ,,baldw9 ,,locomotive ,,works4 ,bird's-,eye ,view4 ,,baldw9 ,,locomotive ,,works4 ,,illu/rat$ ,,catalogue ,,( ,,locomotives4 ,m4 ,,baird ,co41 ,,philadelphia4 ,,mat!w ,,baird1 ,,george ,,burnham1 ,,*>les ,t4 ,,p>ry1 ,,edw>d ,h4 ,,williams1 ,,william ,p4 ,,h5szey1 ,,edw>d ,,long/re?4 ,,press ,,( ,j4 ,b4 ,,lipp9cott ,,co41 ,,philadelphia4 ,,sket* ,,( ,,! ,,baldw9 ,,locomotive ,,works4 ,,! ,,baldw9 ,,locomotive ,,works dates its orig9 f ! inception ( /eam railroads 9 ,am]ica4 ,call$ into exi/5ce by ! e>ly requirem5ts ( ! railroad int]e/s ( ! c\ntry1 x has gr[n ) _! gr[? & kept pace ) _! progress4 ,x has reflect$ 9 its c>e] ! successive /ages ( ,am]ican railroad practice1 & has itself contribut$ l>gely to ! developm5t ( ! locomotive z x exi/s to-day4 ,a hi/ory ( ! ,baldw9 ,locomotive ,works1 !re=e1 is1 9 a great measure1 a record ( ! progress ( locomotive eng9e]+ 9 ?is c\ntry1 & z su* _c fail to be ( int]e/ to all :o are conc]n$ 9 ?is important elem5t ( our mat]ial progress4 ,,mat?ias ,w4 ,,baldw91 ! f\nd] ( ! e/abli%m5t1 le>n$ ! trade ( a jewel]1 & ent]$ ! s]vice ( ,flet*] ,g>d9]1 ,jewel]s & ,silv]smi?s1 ,philadelphia1 9 #ahag4 ,two ye>s lat] he op5$ a small %op1 9 ! same l9e ( bus9ess1 on 8 own acc\nt4 ,! dem& = articles ( ?is "* fall+ (f1 h[ev]1 he =m$ a p>tn]%ip1 9 #ahbe1 ) ,david ,mason1 a ma*9i/1 9 ! manufacture ( bookb9d]s' tools & cyl9d]s = calico-pr9t+4 ,_! %op 0 9 a small alley :i* runs nor? f ,walnut ,/reet1 above ,f\r?4 ,!y aft]w>ds remov$ to ,m9or ,/reet1 bel[ ,six?4 ,! bus9ess 0 s successful t /eam-p[] became necess>y 9 c>ry+ on _! manufactures1 & an eng9e 0 b\ght = ! purpose4 ,?is prov+ unsatisfactory1 ,mr4 ,baldw9 decid$ to design & con/ruct "o :i* %\ld be specially adapt$ to ! requirem5ts ( 8 %op4 ,"o ( ^! requirem5ts 0 t x %\ld occupy ! lea/ possible space1 & ?is 0 met by ! con/ruction ( an upright eng9e on a novel & +5i\s plan4 ,on a b$-plate ab\t five feet squ>e an upright cyl9d] 0 plac$2 ! pi/on-rod connect$ to a cross-b> hav+ two legs1 turn$ d[nw>d1 & slid+ 9 grooves on ! sides ( ! cyl9d]1 :i* ?us =m$ ! guides4 ,to ! sides ( ^! legs1 at _! l[] ends1 0 connect$ by pivots an inv]t$ ,u-%ap$ frame1 prolong$ at ! ar* into a s+le rod1 :i* took hold ( ! crank ( a fly-:eel c>ri$ by upright /&>ds on ! b$-plate4 ,x w be se5 t ! l5g? ( ! ord9>y sep>ate guide-b>s 0 ?us sav$1 & ! :ole eng9e 0 br\ght )9 ! smalle/ possible compass4 ,! design ( ! ma*9e 0 n only unique1 b its workman%ip 0 s excell5t1 & its effici5cy s great1 z readily to procure = ,mr4 ,baldw9 ord]s = additional /ation>y eng9es4 ,8 att5tion 0 ?us turn$ to /eam eng9e]+1 & ! way 0 prep>$ = 8 grappl+ ) ! problem ( ! locomotive :5 ! "t %\ld arrive4 ,?is orig9al /ation>y eng9e1 con/ruct$ prior to #ahcj1 has be5 9 almo/ con/ant s]vice s9ce its completion1 & at ?is day is /ill 9 use1 furni%+ all ! p[] requir$ to drive ! ma*9]y 9 ! erect+-%op ( ! pres5t works4 ,! visitor :o beholds x quietly p]=m+ its regul> duty 9 a corn] ( ! %op1 may ju/ly reg>d x ) consid]able int]e/1 z 9 all probability ! indirect f\ndation ( ! ,baldw9 ,locomotive ,works1 & p]mitt$ /ill to contribute to ! op]ation ( ! mammo? indu/ry :i* x 0 in/rum5tal 9 build+ up4 ,! manufacture ( /ation>y /eam-eng9es ?us took a prom95t place 9 ! e/abli%m5t1 & ,mr4 ,mason %ortly aft]w>d )drew f ! bus9ess4 ,9 #ahbi-cj ! use ( /eam z a motive p[] on railroads _h begun to engage ! att5tion ( ,am]ican eng9e]s4 ,a few locomotives _h be5 import$ f ,engl&1 & "o 7:i*1 h[ev]1 0 n successful7 _h be5 con/ruct$ at ! ,we/ ,po9t ,f\ndry1 9 ,new ,york ,city4 ,to gratify ! public int]e/ 9 ! new motor1 ,mr4 ,frankl9 ,peale1 !n proprietor ( ! ,philadelphia ,museum1 appli$ to ,mr4 ,baldw9 to con/ruct a m9iature locomotive = exhibition 9 8 e/abli%m5t4 ,) ! aid only ( ! imp]fect publi%$ descriptions & sket*es ( ! locomotives :i* _h tak5 "p 9 ! ,ra9hill competition 9 ,engl&1 ,mr4 ,baldw9 und]took ! "w1 & on ! #be? ( ,april1 #ahca1 ! m9iature locomotive 0 put 9 motion on a circul> track made ( p9e bo>ds cov]$ ) hoop iron1 9 ! rooms ( ! ,museum4 ,two small c>s1 conta9+ seats = f\r pass5g]s1 7 atta*$ to x1 & ! novel spectacle attract$ cr[ds ( admir+ spectators4 ,bo? an?racite & p9e-knot coal 7 us$ z fuel1 & ! exhau/ /eam 0 dis*>g$ into ! *imney1 ?us utiliz+ x to increase ! draught4 ,! success ( ! model 0 su* t1 9 ! same ye>1 ,mr4 ,baldw9 receiv$ an ord] = a locomotive f ! ,philadelphia1 ,g]mant[n & ,norri/[n ,railroad ,company1 ^: %ort l9e ( six miles to ,g]mant[n 0 op]at$ by horse-p[]4 ,! ,camd5 & ,amboy ,railroad ,company _h %ortly be=e import$ a locomotive f ,engl&1 :i* 0 /or$ 9 a %$ at ,bord5t[n4 ,x _h n yet be5 put toge!r2 b ,mr4 ,baldw91 9 company ) 8 fri5d1 ,mr4 ,peale1 visit$ ! spot1 inspect$ ! deta*$ p>ts1 & made a few memor&a ( "s ( its pr9cipal dim5sions4 ,guid$ by ^! figures & 8 exp]i5ce ) ! ,peale model1 ,mr4 ,baldw9 comm5c$ ! task4 ,! difficulties to be ov]come 9 fill+ ! ord] c h>dly be appreciat$ at ?is day4 ,!re 7 few me*anics compet5t to d any "p ( ! "w on a locomotive4 ,suitable tools 7 ) difficulty obta9able4 ,cyl9d]s 7 bor$ by a *isel fix$ 9 a block ( wood & turn$ by h&4 ,blacksmi?s able to weld a b> ( iron exce$+ "o & "o-qu>t] in*es 9 ?ickness1 7 few1 or n to be _h4 ,x 0 necess>y = ,mr4 ,baldw9 to d mu* ( ! "w ) 8 own h&s1 to educate ! workm5 :o assi/$ him1 & to improvise tools = ! v>i\s processes4 ,! "w 0 prosecut$1 nev]!less1 "u all ^! difficulties1 & ! locomotive 0 f9ally complet$1 *ri/5$ ! ,old ,ironsides1 & tri$ on ! road1 ,novemb] #bc1 #ahcb4 ,! circum/ances ( ! trial are fully pres]v$1 & are giv51 fur!r on1 9 ! extracts f ! j\rnals ( ! day4 ,despite "s imp]fections1 naturally occurr+ 9 a fir/ ef=t1 & :i* 7 aft]w>d1 to a great ext5t1 rem$i$1 ! eng9e 01 = t e>ly day1 a m>k$ & gratify+ success4 ,x 0 put at once into s]vice1 z appe>s f ! ,company's adv]tisem5t ?ree days aft] ! trial1 & did duty on ! ,g]mant[n road & o!rs = ov] a score ( ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--,,! ,,old ,,ironsides1 #ahcb4 ,! ,ironsides 0 a f\r-:eel$ eng9e1 model$ ess5tially on ! ,engli% practice ( t day1 z %[n 9 ! ,planet class1 & weigh$1 9 runn+ ord]1 some?+ ov] five tons4 ,! re> or driv+-:eels 7 fifty-f\r in*es 9 diamet] on a crank-axle plac$ 9 front ( ! fire-box4 ,! cranks 7 ?irty-n9e in*es f c5tre to c5tre4 ,! front :eels1 :i* 7 simply c>ry+ :eels1 7 =ty-five in*es 9 diamet]1 on an axle plac$ j back ( ! cyl9d]s4 ,! cyl9d]s 7 n9e & "o-half in*es 9 diamet] by eighte5 in*es /roke1 & 7 atta*$ horizontally to ! outside ( ! smoke-box1 :i* 0 ,d-%ap$1 ) ! sides rec$+ inw>dly1 s z to br+ ! c5tre l9e ( ea* cyl9d] 9 l9e ) ! c5tre ( ! crank4 ,! :eels 7 made ) heavy ca/-iron hubs1 wood5 spokes & rims1 & wr\ght-iron tires4 ,! frame 0 ( wood1 plac$ outside ! :eels4 ,! boil] 0 ?irty in*es 9 diamet]1 & conta9$ sev5ty-two copp] flues1 "o & "o-half in*es 9 diamet] & sev5 feet long4 ,! t5d] 0 a f\r-:eel$ plat=m1 ) wood5 sides & back1 c>ry+ an iron box = a wat]-tank1 inclos$ 9 a wood5 cas+1 & ) a space = fuel 9 front4 ,! eng9e _h no cab4 ,! valve-motion 0 giv5 by a s+le loose ecc5tric = ea* cyl9d]1 plac$ on ! axle betwe5 ! crank & ! hub ( ! :eel4 ,on ! inside ( ! ecc5tric 0 a half-circul> slot1 runn+ half-way ar\nd4 ,a /op 0 fa/5$ to ! axle at ! arm ( ! crank1 t]m9at+ 9 a p9 :i* project$ into ! slot4 ,?is p9 w\ld ?us hold ! ecc5tric at "o end or ! o!r ( ! half-circul> slot1 & ! eng9e 0 rev]s$ by mov+ ! ecc5tric ab\t ! axle1 by means ( movable h&-lev]s set 9 sockets 9 ! rock-%afts1 until x 0 arre/$ & held by ! p9 at "o end or ! o!r ( ! slot4 ,! rock-%afts1 :i* 7 "u ! footbo>d1 _h arms above & bel[1 & ! ecc5tric-/raps _h ea* a =k$ rod1 ) a hook1 or an upp] & l[] lat* or p91 at _! extremities1 to engage ) ! upp] or l[] arm ( ! rock-%aft4 ,! ecc5tric-rods 7 rais$ or l[]$ by a d\ble treadle1 s z to connect ) ! upp] or l[] arm ( ! rock-%aft1 accord+ z =w>d or backw>d ge> 0 desir$4 ,a peculi>ity 9 ! exhau/ ( ! ,ironsides 0 t !re 0 only a s+le /raight pipe runn+ across f "o cyl9d] to ! o!r1 ) an op5+ 9 ! upp] side ( ! pipe1 midway betwe5 ! cyl9d]s1 to :i* 0 atta*$ at "r angles ! p]p5dicul> pipe into ! *imney4 ,! cyl9d]s1 !re=e1 exhau/$ aga9/ ea* o!r2 & x 0 f\nd1 aft] ! eng9e _h be5 put 9 use1 t ?is 0 a s]i\s objection4 ,?is defect 0 aft]w>ds rem$i$ by turn+ ea* exhau/-pipe upw>d into ! *imney1 sub/antially z is n[ done4 ,! /eam-jo9ts 7 made ) canvas & r$-lead1 z 0 ! practice 9 ,engli% locomotives1 & 9 consequ5ce mu* tr\ble 0 caus$1 f "t to "t1 by leak+4 ,! price ( ! eng9e 0 to h be5 #djjj1 b "s difficulty 0 f\nd 9 procur+ a settlem5t4 ,! ,company claim$ t ! eng9e did n p]=m accord+ to contract2 & objection 0 also made to "s ( ! defects allud$ to4 ,aft] ^! _h be5 correct$ z f> z possible1 h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,baldw9 f9ally succe$$ 9 effect+ a compromise settlem5t1 & receiv$ f ! ,company #cejj = ! ma*9e4 ,we are indebt$ = ! sket* ( ! ,ironsides f :i* ! accompany+ cut is produc$1 z well z = o!r valuable p>ticul>s 9 reg>d to ! eng9e1 to ,mr4 ,h4 ,r4 ,campbell1 :o 0 ! ,*ief ,eng9e] ( ! ,g]mant[n & ,norri/[n ,railroad :5 ! ,ironsides 0 plac$ 9 s]vice1 & :o is ?or\ghly famili> ) all ! facts 9 reg>d to ! eng9e4 ,mu* ( ! success ( ! ma*9e 0 due to 8 ex]tions1 z1 :ile ! ,presid5t ( ! ,company 0 incl9$ to reject x z defective1 ,mr4 ,campbell 0 e>ne/ 9 8 ef=ts to correct its imp]fections1 & 8 influ5ce contribut$ l>gely to reta9 ! eng9e on ! road4 ,! results ( ! trial & ! impression produc$ by x on ! public m9d may be ga!r$ f ! foll[+ extracts f ! newspap]s ( ! day3 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gazette ( ,nov4 #bd?1 #ahcb1 rem>ks3 ,a mo/ gratify+ exp]im5t 0 made ye/]day aft]noon on ! ,philadelphia1 ,g]mant[n & ,norri/[n ,railroad4 ,! beautiful locomotive eng9e & t5d]1 built by ,mr4 ,baldw91 ( ?is city1 ^: reputation z an +5i\s ma*9i/ is well kn[n1 7 = ! fir/ "t plac$ on ! road4 ,! eng9e travel$ ab\t six miles1 work+ ) p]fect accuracy & ease 9 all its p>ts1 & ) great velocity4 ,! ,*ronicle ( ! same date notic$ ! trial m at l5g?1 z foll[s3 ,x gives u pleasure to /ate t ! locomotive eng9e built by our t[nsman1 ,m4 ,w4 ,baldw91 has prov$ highly successful4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( sev]al g5tlem5 ( sci5ce & in=mation on su* subjects1 ! eng9e 0 ye/]day plac$ ^u ! road = ! fir/ "t4 ,all h] p>ts _h be5 previ\sly highly f9i%$ & fitt$ toge!r 9 ,mr4 ,baldw9's factory4 ,%e 0 tak5 ap>t on ,tuesday & remov$ to ! ,company's depot1 & ye/]day morn+ %e 0 completely toge!r1 ready = travel4 ,aft] ! regul> pass5g] c>s _h arriv$ f ,g]mant[n 9 ! aft]noon1 ! tracks be+ cle>1 prep>ation 0 made = h] />t+4 ,! plac+ fire 9 ! furnace & rais+ /eam occupi$ tw5ty m9utes4 ,! eng9e 7) h] t5d]7 mov$ f ! depot 9 beautiful /yle1 work+ ) great ease & uni=mity4 ,%e proce$$ ab\t half a mile beyond ! ,union ,tav]n1 at ! t[n%ip l9e1 & return$ imm$iately1 a di/ance ( six miles1 at a spe$ ( ab\t tw5ty-eight miles to ! h\r1 h] spe$ hav+ be5 slack5$ at all ! road cross+s1 & x be+ aft] d>k1 b a portion ( h] p[] 0 us$4 ,x is ne$less to say t ! spectators 7 delight$4 ,f ?is exp]im5t !re is e reason to believe ?is eng9e w draw ?irty tons gross1 at an av]age spe$ ( =ty miles an h\r1 on a level road4 ,! pr9cipal sup]iority ( ! eng9e ov] any ( ! ,engli% ones kn[n1 consi/s 9 ! light weight1--:i* is b betwe5 f\r & five tons1--h] small bulk1 & ! simplicity ( h] work+ ma*9]y4 ,we rejoice at ! result ( ?is exp]im5t1 z x conclusively %[s t ,philadelphia1 always fam\s = ! skill ( h] me*anics1 is enabl$ to produce /eam-eng9es = railroads comb9+ s _m sup]ior qualities z to w>rant ! belief t h] me*anics w h]eaft] supply ne>ly all ! public works ( ?is description 9 ! c\ntry4 ,on subsequ5t trials1 ! ,ironsides atta9$ a spe$ ( ?irty miles p] h\r1 ) its usual tra9 atta*$4 ,s great 7 ! wond] & curiosity :i* atta*$ to su* a prodigy1 t p flock$ to see ! m>vel1 & eag]ly b\ght ! privilege ( rid+ aft] ! /range mon/]4 ,! (fic]s ( ! road 7 n sl[ to avail !mselves ( ! public int]e/ to increase _! pass5g] receipts1 & ! foll[+ adv]tisem5t f ,p\lson's ,am]ican ,daily ,adv]tis] ( ,nov4 #bf1 #ahcb1 w %[ t z yet !y reg>d$ ! new ma*9e r z a curiosity & a bait to allure travel ?an z a practical1 e-day s]vant3 ,,notice4--,! locomotive eng9e 7built by ,m4 ,w4 ,baldw91 ( ?is city7 w dep>t daily1 :5 ! wea!r is fair1 ) a tra9 ( pass5g] c>s4 ,on ra9y days horses w be atta*$4 ,?is ann\ncem5t did n mean t 9 wet wea!r horses w\ld be atta*$ to ! locomotive to aid if 9 draw+ ! tra91 b t ! usual horse-c>s w\ld be employ$ 9 mak+ ! trips ^u ! road )\t ! eng9e4 ,^u mak+ ! fir/ trip to ,g]mant[n ) a pass5g] tra9 ) ! ,ironsides1 "o ( ! driv]s slipp$ ^u ! axle1 caus+ ! :eels to track less ?an ! gauge ( ! road & drop 9 betwe5 ! rails4 ,x 0 also discov]$ t ! valve arrangem5t ( ! pumps 0 defective1 & !y fail$ to supply ! boil] ) wat]4 ,! %ift+ ( ! driv+ :eel ^u ! axle fa/5$ ! ecc5tric1 s t x w\ld n op]ate 9 backw>d motion4 ,^! mi%aps caus$ delay1 & prev5t$ ! eng9e f rea*+ its de/9ation1 to ! great disappo9tm5t ( all conc]n$4 ,!y 7 correct$ 9 a few days1 & ! ma*9e 0 us$ 9 exp]im5t+ ^u its effici5cy1 mak+ occasional trips ) tra9s to ,g]mant[n4 ,! road _h an asc5d+ grade1 ne>ly uni=m1 ( ?irty-two feet p] mile1 & = ! la/ half-mile ( =ty-five feet p] mile1 & x 0 f\nd t ! eng9e 0 too light = ! bus9ess ( ! road ^u ^! grades4 ,su* 0 ,mr4 ,baldw9's fir/ locomotive2 & x is relat$ ( him t 8 disc\ragem5t at ! difficulties :i* he _h und]gone 9 build+ x & 9 f9ally procur+ a settlem5t = x 0 su* t he rem>k$ to "o ( 8 fri5ds1 ) mu* decision1 ,t is our la/ locomotive4 ,x 0 "s "t be=e he receiv$ an ord] = ano!r1 b mean:ile ! subject _h become s+ul>ly fasc9at+ to him1 & occupi$ 8 m9d s fully t he 0 eag] to "w out 8 new ideas 9 a tangible =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--;,,half-,,crank4 ,%ortly aft] ! ,ironsides _h be5 plac$ on ! ,g]mant[n road1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,l4 ,mill]1 ( ,*>le/on1 ,s4 ,c1 came to ,philadelphia & made a c>eful exam9ation ( ! ma*9e4 ,mr4 ,mill] _h1 9 #ahcj1 contract$ to furni% a locomotive to ! ,*>le/on & ,hamburg ,railroad ,company1 & accord+ly ! eng9e ,be/ ,fri5d _h be5 built "u 8 direction at ! ,we/ ,po9t ,f\ndry1 ,new ,york4 ,aft] inspect+ ! ,ironsides1 he sugge/$ to ,mr4 ,baldw9 to visit ! ,mohawk & ,hudson ,railroad & exam9e an ,engli% locomotive :i* _h be5 plac$ on t road 9 ,july1 #ahca1 by ,messrs4 ,rob]t ,/eph5son ,co41 ( ,newca/le1 ,engl&4 ,x 0 orig9ally a f\r-:eel$ eng9e ( ! ,planet type1 ) horizontal cyl9d]s & crank-axle4 ,! front :eels ( ?is eng9e 7 remov$ ab\t a ye> aft] ! ma*9e 0 put at "w1 & a f\r-:eel$ swivel+ or bogie truck sub/itut$4 ,! result ( ,mr4 ,baldw9's inve/igations 0 ! adoption ( ?is design1 b ) "s important improvem5ts4 ,among ^! 0 ! half-crank1 :i* he devis$ on 8 return f ?is trip1 & :i* he pat5t$ ,septemb] #aj1 #ahcd4 ,9 ?is =m ( crank1 %[n 9 ,figure #b1 ! out] arm is omitt$1 & ! wri/ is fix$ 9 a spoke ( ! :eel4 ,9 o!r words1 ! :eel itself =m$ "o arm ( ! crank4 ,! result s\ght & ga9$ 0 t ! cranks 7 /r5g!n$1 &1 be+ at ! extremities ( ! axle1 ! boil] c\ld be made l>g] 9 diamet] & plac$ l[]4 ,! driv+ axle c\ld also be plac$ back ( ! fire-box1 ! connect+ rods pass+ by ! sides ( ! fire-box & tak+ hold inside ( ! :eels4 ,?is arrangem5t ( ! crank also involv$ ! plac+ ( ! cyl9d]s outside ! smoke-box1 z 0 done on ! ,ironsides4 ,by ! "t ! ord] = ! second locomotive 0 receiv$1 ,mr4 ,baldw9 _h matur$ ?is device & 0 prep>$ to embody x 9 practical =m4 ,! ord] came f ,mr4 ,e4 ,l4 ,mill] 9 behalf ( ! ,*>le/on & ,hamburg ,railroad ,company1 & ! eng9e bore 8 "n1 & 0 complet$ ,febru>y #ah1 #ahcd4 ,x 0 on six :eels2 "o pair be+ driv]s1 f\r & a half feet 9 diamet]1 ) half-crank axle plac$ back ( ! fire-box z above describ$1 & ! f\r front :eels comb9$ 9 a swivel+ truck4 ,! driv+-:eels1 x %\ld be obs]v$1 7 ca/ 9 solid bell-metal4 ,! comb9$ wood & iron :eels us$ on ! ,ironsides _h prov$ objectionable1 & ,mr4 ,baldw91 9 8 endeavors to f9d a satisfactory sub/itute1 _h rec\rse to brass4 ,june #bi1 #ahcc1 he took out a pat5t = a ca/-brass :eel1 8 idea be+ t by v>y+ ! h>dness ( ! metal ! adhesion ( ! driv]s on ! rails c\ld be increas$ or dim9i%$ at w4 ,! brass :eels on ! ,mill]1 h[ev]1 soon wore out1 & ! exp]im5t ) ?is metal 0 n repeat$4 ,! ,e4 ,l4 ,mill] _h cyl9d]s t5 in*es 9 diamet]2 /roke ( pi/on1 sixte5 in*es2 & weigh$1 ) wat] 9 ! boil]1 sev5 tons eight hundr$weight4 ,! boil] _h a high dome ov] ! fire-box1 z %[n 9 ,figure #c2 & ?is =m ( con/ruction1 x may be not$1 0 foll[$1 ) a few exceptions1 = _m ye>s4 ,! valve-motion 0 giv5 by a s+le fix$ ecc5tric = ea* cyl9d]4 ,ea* ecc5tric-/rap _h two arms atta*$ to x1 "o above & ! o!r bel[1 &1 z ! driv+-axle 0 back ( ! fire-box1 ^! arms 7 prolong$ backw>d "u ! footbo>d1 ) a hook on ! inn] side ( ! end ( ea*4 ,! rock-%aft _h arms above & bel[ its axis1 & ! hooks ( ! two rods ( ea* ecc5tric 7 mov$ by h&-lev]s s z to engage ) ei!r arm1 ?us produc+ backw>d or =w>d ge>4 ,?is =m ( s+le ecc5tric1 peculi> to ,mr4 ,baldw91 0 9 ! int]e/ ( simplicity 9 ! work+ p>ts1 & 0 adh]$ to = "s ye>s4 ,x gave rise to an animat$ controv]sy among me*anics z to :e!r1 ) its use1 x 0 possible to get a lead on ! valve 9 bo? directions4 ,_m ma9ta9$ t ?is 0 impracticable2 b ,mr4 ,baldw9 demon/rat$ by actual exp]i5ce t ! rev]se 0 ! case4 ,mean:ile ! ,commonweal? ( ,p5nsylvania _h giv5 ,mr4 ,baldw9 an ord] = a locomotive = ! ,/ate ,road1 z x 0 !n call$1 f ,philadelphia to ,columbia1 :i*1 up to t "t1 _h be5 work$ by horses4 ,?is eng9e1 call$ ! ,lanca/]1 0 complet$ 9 ,june1 #ahcd4 ,x 0 simil> to ! ,mill]1 & weigh$ sev5te5 ?\s& p\nds4 ,aft] x 0 plac$ 9 s]vice1 ! records %[ t x haul$ at "o "t n9ete5 load$ burd5 c>s ov] ! highe/ grades betwe5 ,philadelphia & ,columbia4 ,?is 0 *>act]iz$ at ! "t by ! (fic]s ( ! road z an unprec$5t$ p]=mance4 ,! success ( ! ma*9e on its trial trips 0 su* t ! ,legislature decid$ to adopt /eam-p[] = work+ ! road1 & ,mr4 ,baldw9 receiv$ ord]s = sev]al additional locomotives4 ,two o!rs 7 accord+ly deliv]$ to ! ,/ate 9 ,septemb] & ,novemb] respectively ( t ye>1 & "o 0 also built & deliv]$ to ! ,philadelphia & ,tr5ton ,railroad ,company dur+ ! same season4 ,?is latt] eng9e1 :i* 0 put 9 s]vice ,octob] #ba1 #ahcd1 av]ag$ tw5ty-"o ?\s& miles p] ye> to ,septemb] #ae1 #ahdj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--;,,baldw9 ,,eng9e1 #ahcd4 ,five locomotives 7 ?us complet$ 9 #ahcd1 & ! new bus9ess 0 fairly "u way4 ,! build+ 9 ,lodge ,alley1 to :i* ,mr4 ,baldw9 _h remov$ f ,m9or ,/reet1 & :]e ^! eng9es 7 con/ruct$1 began to be f\nd too contract$1 & ano!r removal 0 decid$ ^u4 ,a location on ,broad & ,hamilton ,/reets 7! site1 9 "p1 ( ! pres5t works7 0 select$1 & a ?ree-/ory ,l-%ap$ brick build+1 front+ on bo? /reets1 erect$4 ,?is 0 complet$ & ! bus9ess remov$ to x dur+ ! foll[+ ye> 7#ahce74 ,! orig9al build+ /ill /&s1 =m+ ! (fice1 draw+-room1 & pr9cipal ma*9e-%ops ( ! pres5t works4 ,^! e>ly locomotives1 built 9 #ahcd1 7 ! types ( ,mr4 ,baldw9's practice = "s ye>s4 ,_! g5]al design is %[n 9 ,figure #c4 ,all1 or ne>ly all ( !m1 embrac$ sev]al important devices1 :i* 7 ! results ( 8 /udy & exp]im5ts up to t "t4 ,! devices ref]r$ to 7 pat5t$ ,septemb] #aj1 #ahcd1 & ! same pat5t cov]$ ! f\r foll[+ inv5tions1 viz43 #a4 ,! half-crank1 & me?od ( atta*+ x to ! driv+-:eel4 7,?is has already be5 describ$47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--;,,baldw9 ,,comp\nd ,,wood ,,& ,,iron ,,:eels1 #ahcd4 #b4 ,a new mode ( con/ruct+ ! :eels ( locomotive eng9es & c>s4 ,9 ?is ! hub & spokes 7 ( ca/-iron1 ca/ toge!r4 ,! spokes 7 ca/ )\t a rim1 & t]m9at$ 9 segm5t flanges1 ea* spoke hav+ a sep>ate flange disconnect$ f its neighbors4 ,by ?is means1 x 0 claim$1 ! injuri\s effect ( ! unequal expansion ( ! mat]ials compos+ ! :eels 0 less5$ or altoge!r prev5t$4 ,! flanges bore aga9/ wood5 felloes1 made 9 two ?icknesses1 & put toge!r s z to break jo9ts4 ,t5ons or p9s project$ f ! flanges into op5+s made 9 ! wood5 felloes1 to keep !m 9 place4 ,ar\nd ! :ole ! tire 0 pass$ & secur$ by bolts4 ,! above sket* %[s ! device4 #c4 ,a new mode ( =m+ ! jo9ts ( /eam & o!r tubes4 ,?is 0 ,mr4 ,baldw9's inv5tion ( gr\nd jo9ts = /eam-pipes1 :i* 0 a v valuable improvem5t ov] previ\s me?ods ( mak+ jo9ts ) r$-lead pack+1 & :i* r5d]$ x possible to c>ry a mu* high] pressure ( /eam4 #d4 ,a new mode ( =m+ ! jo9ts & o!r p>ts ( ! supply-pump1 & ( locat+ ! pump itself4 ,?is inv5tion consi/$ 9 mak+ ! s+le guide-b> holl[ & us+ x = ! pump-b>rel4 ,! pump-plung] 0 atta*$ to ! pi/on-rod at a socket or sleeve =m$ = ! purpose1 & ! holl[ guide-b> t]m9at$ 9 ! v]tical pump-*amb]4 ,?is *amb] 0 made 9 two pieces1 jo9$ ab\t midway betwe5 ! induction & eduction-pipes4 ,?is jo9t 0 gr\nd /eam-tight1 z 7 also ! jo9ts ( ! induction-pipe ) ! bottom ( ! l[] *amb]1 & ! flange ( ! eduction-pipe ) ! top ( ! upp] *amb]4 ,all ^! p>ts 7 held toge!r by a /irrup ) a set-screw 9 its ar*$ top1 & ! arrangem5t 0 su* t by simply unscrew+ ?is set-screw ! diff]5t sections ( ! *amb]1 ) all ! valves1 c\ld be tak5 ap>t = clean+ or adju/+4 ,! cut bel[ illu/rates ! device4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--,,pump ,,& ,,/irrup4 ,x is probable t ! five eng9es built dur+ #ahcd embodi$ all1 or ne>ly all1 ^! devices4 ,!y all _h ! half-crank1 ! gr\nd jo9ts = /eam-pipes 7:i* 0 fir/ made by him 9 #ahcc71 & ! pump =m$ 9 ! guide-b>1 & all _h ! f\r-:eel$ truck 9 front1 & a s+le pair ( driv]s back ( ! fire-box4 ,on ?is position ( ! driv+-:eels1 ,mr4 ,baldw9 laid great /ress1 z x made a m ev5 di/ribution ( ! weight1 ?r[+ ab\t "o-half on ! driv]s & "o-half on ! f\r-:eel$ truck4 ,x also ext5d$ ! :eel-base1 mak+ ! eng9e mu* /eadi] & less damag+ to ! track4 ,mr4 ,william ,norris1 :o _h e/abli%$ a locomotive works 9 ,philadelphia 9 #ahcb1 0 at ?is "t build+ a six-:eel$ eng9e ) a truck 9 front & ! driv+-:eels plac$ 9 front ( ! fire-box4 ,consid]able rivalry naturally exi/$ betwe5 ! two manufactur]s z to ! comp>ative m]its ( _! respective plans4 ,9 ,mr4 ,norris's eng9e1 ! position ( ! driv+-axle 9 front ( ! fire-box ?rew on x m ( ! weight ( ! eng9e1 & ?us increas$ ! adhesion & ! tractive p[]4 ,mr4 ,baldw91 h[ev]1 ma9ta9$ ! sup]iority ( 8 plan1 z giv+ a bett] di/ribution ( ! weight & a long] :eel-base1 & consequ5tly r5d]+ ! ma*9e less de/ructive to ! track4 ,z ! iron rails !n 9 use 7 g5]ally light1 & mu* ( ! track 0 ( wood1 ?is feature 0 ( "s importance4 ,to ! use ( ! gr\nd jo9t = /eam-pipes1 h[ev]1 mu* ( ! success ( 8 e>ly eng9es 0 due4 ,! ,engli% build]s 7 mak+ locomotives ) canvas & r$-lead jo9ts1 p]mitt+ a /eam pressure ( only sixty p\nds p] in* to be c>ri$1 :ile ,mr4 ,baldw9's ma*9es 7 work$ at "o hundr$ & tw5ty p\nds ) ease4 ,sev]al locomotives import$ f ,engl& at ab\t ?is p]iod by ! ,commonweal? ( ,p5nsylvania = ! ,/ate ,road 7?ree ( :i* 7 made by ,/eph5son7 _h canvas & r$-lead jo9ts1 & _! effici5cy 0 s mu* less ?an t ( ! ,baldw9 eng9es1 on acc\nt ( ?is & o!r features ( con/ruction1 t !y 7 soon laid aside or sold4 ,9 ,june1 #ahcd1 a pat5t 0 issu$ to ,mr4 ,e4 ,l4 ,mill]1 by :om ,mr4 ,baldw9's second eng9e 0 ord]$1 = a me?od ( increas+ ! adhesion ( a locomotive by ?r[+ a "p ( ! weight ( ! t5d] on ! re> ( ! eng9e1 ?us increas+ ! weight on ! driv]s4 ,mr4 ,baldw9 adopt$ ?is device on an eng9e built = ! ,philadelphia & ,tr5ton ,railroad ,company1 ,may1 #ahce1 & !reaft] us$ x l>gely1 pay+ "o hundr$ doll>s royalty = ea* eng9e4 ,ev5tually 7,may #f1 #ahci7 he b\ght ! pat5t = n9e ?\s& doll>s1 evid5tly consid]+ t ! device 0 especially valuable1 if n indisp5sable1 9 ord] to r5d] 8 eng9e z p[]ful1 :5 requir$1 z o!r patt]ns hav+ ! driv+-:eels 9 front ( ! fire-box1 & !re=e utiliz+ m ( ! weight ( ! eng9e = adhesion4 ,9 mak+ ! truck & t5d] :eels ( ^! e>ly locomotives1 ! hubs 7 ca/ 9 ?ree pieces & aft]w>d b&$ ) wr\ght-iron1 ! int]/ices be+ fill$ ) spelt]4 ,?is me?od ( con/ruction 0 adopt$ on acc\nt ( ! difficulty !n f\nd 9 ca/+ a *ill$ :eel 9 "o solid piece4 ,april #c1 #ahce1 ,mr4 ,baldw9 took out a pat5t = c]ta9 improvem5ts 9 ! :eels & tubes ( locomotive eng9es4 ,t relat+ to ! :eels provid$ = ca/+ ! hub & spokes toge!r1 & hav+ ! spokes t]m9ate 9 segm5ts ( a rim1 z describ$ 9 8 pat5t ( ,septemb] #aj1 #ahcd4 ,betwe5 ! ends ( ! spokes & ! tires wood 0 int]pos$1 & ! tire might be ei!r ( wr\ght-iron or ( *ill$ ca/-iron4 ,! int5tion 0 express$ ( mak+ ! tire usually ( ca/-iron *ill$4 ,! ma9 object1 h[ev]1 0 decl>$ to be ! int]position betwe5 ! spokes & ! rim ( a lay] ( wood or o!r sub/ance possess+ "s degree ( ela/icity4 ,?is me?od ( mak+ driv+-:eels 0 foll[$ = sev]al ye>s4 ,! improvem5t 9 locomotive tubes consi/$ 9 driv+ a copp] f]rule or ?imble on ! outside ( ! end ( ! tube1 & sold]+ x 9 place1 in/ead ( driv+ a f]rule into ! tube1 z _h previ\sly be5 ! practice4 ,! object ( ! latt] me?od _h be5 to make a tight jo9t ) ! tube-%eet2 b1 by putt+ ! f]rule on ! outside ( ! tube1 n only 0 ! jo9t made z tight z be=e1 b ! tube 0 /r5g!n$1 & left unob/ruct$ ?r\gh\t to ! full ext5t ( its diamet]4 ,?is me?od ( sett+ flues has be5 g5]ally foll[$ 9 ! works f t date to ! pres5t1 ! only diff]5ce be+ t1 at ?is "t1 ) iron tubes1 ! end is sw$g$ d[n1 ! copp] f]rule braz$ on1 & ! iron end turn$ or rivet$ ov] aga9/ ! copp] ?imble & ! flue-%eet1 to make ! jo9t p]fect4 ,e>ly 9 #ahce1 ! new %op on ,broad ,/reet 0 complet$ & occupi$4 ,mr4 ,baldw9's att5tion 0 !nce=w>d giv5 to locomotive build+ exclusively1 except t a /ation>y eng9e 0 occasionally con/ruct$4 ,9 ,may1 #ahce1 8 elev5? locomotive1 ! ,black ,hawk1 0 deliv]$ to ! ,philadelphia & ,tr5ton ,railroad ,company4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ outside-connect$ eng9e ( 8 build4 ,x 0 also ! fir/ eng9e on :i* ! ,mill] device ( atta*+ "p ( ! weight ( ! t5d] to ! eng9e 0 employ$4 ,on ! eighte5? eng9e1 ! ,br&yw9e1 built = ! ,philadelphia & ,columbia ,railroad ,company1 brass tires 7 us$ on ! driv+-:eels1 = ! purpose ( obta9+ m adhesion2 b !y wore out rapidly & 7 replac$ ) iron4 ,f\rte5 eng9es 7 con/ruct$ 9 #ahce2 =ty 9 #ahcf2 =ty 9 #ahcg2 tw5ty-?ree 9 #ahch2 tw5ty-six 9 #ahci2 & n9e 9 #ahdj4 ,dur+ all ^! ye>s ! g5]al design cont9u$ ! same2 b1 9 compliance ) ! dem& = m p[]1 ?ree sizes 7 furni%$1 z foll[s3 ,fir/-class4 ,cyl9d]s1 #ab-a_/b x #af2 weight1 load$1 #bf1jjj p\nds4 ,second-class4 #ab x #af2 #bc1jjj ,?ird-class4 #aj-a_/b x #af2 #bj1jjj ,! fir/-class eng9e he fully believ$1 9 #ahch1 0 z heavy z w\ld be call$ =1 & he decl>$ t x 0 z l>ge z he int5d$ to make4 ,mo/ ( ! eng9es 7 built ) ! half-crank1 b occasionally an outside-connect$ ma*9e 0 turn$ out4 ,^! latt]1 h[ev]1 fail$ to give z complete satisfaction z ! half-crank ma*9e4 ,! driv]s 7 g5]ally f\r & a half feet 9 diamet]4 ,a pat5t 0 issu$ to ,mr4 ,baldw91 ,augu/ #ag1 #ahce1 = 8 device ( cyl9drical p$e/als4 ,9 ?is me?od ( con/ruction1 ! p$e/al 0 ( ca/-iron1 & 0 bor$ 9 a la! s z to =m two concave jaws4 ,! boxes 7 also turn$ 9 a la! s t _! v]tical ends 7 cyl9drical1 & !y 7 ?us fitt$ 9 ! p$e/als4 ,?is me?od ( fitt+ up p$e/als & boxes 0 *eap & effective1 & 0 us$ = "s ye>s = ! driv+ & t5d] :eels4 ,z %[+ ! e/imation 9 :i* ^! e>ly eng9es 7 held1 x may n be out ( place to ref] to ! op9ions ( "s ( ! railroad manag]s ( t p]iod4 ,mr4 ,l4 ,a4 ,sykes1 eng9e] ( ! ,new ,j]sey ,transportation ,company1 "u date ( ,june #ab1 #ahch1 wrote t he c\ld draw ) 8 eng9es tw5ty f\r-:eel$ c>s ) tw5ty-six pass5g]s ea*1 at a spe$ ( tw5ty to tw5ty-five miles p] h\r1 ov] grades ( tw5ty-six feet p] mile4 ,z to simplicity ( con/ruction1 he adds1 small liability to get out ( ord]1 economy ( repairs1 & ease to ! road1 ,i fully believe ,mr4 ,baldw9's eng9es /& unrivall$4 ,i consid] ! simplicity ( ! eng9e1 ! arrangem5t ( ! work+-p>ts1 & ! di/ribution ( ! weight1 f> sup]ior to any eng9e ,i h ev] se51 ei!r ( ,am]ican or ,engli% manufacture1 & ,i h n ! lea/ hesitation 9 say+ t ,mr4 ,baldw9's eng9e w d ! same am\nt ( "w ) mu* less repairs1 ei!r to ! eng9e or ! track1 ?an any o!r eng9e 9 use4 ,l4 ,g4 ,cannon1 ,presid5t ( ! ,r5ssela] & ,s>atoga ,railroad ,company1 writes1 ,y\r eng9es w1 9 p]=mance & co/ ( repairs1 be> comp>ison ) any o!r eng9e made 9 ?is or any o!r c\ntry4 ,"s ( ,mr4 ,baldw9's eng9es on ! ,/ate ,road1 9 #ahcg1 co/1 = repairs1 only f "o & two-t5?s to "o & six-t5?s c5ts p] mile4 ,x is not$ t ! eng9e ,we/ ,*e/]1 on ! same road1 weigh+ tw5ty ?\s& sev5 hundr$ & ?irty-five p\nds 7t5 ?\s& f\r hundr$ & sev5ty-five on driv]s71 drew fifty-"o c>s 7f\r-:eel$71 weigh+ two hundr$ & eighty-n9e net tons1 ov] ! road1 "s ( ! track be+ ( wood cov]$ ) /rap-rail4 ,! f9ancial difficulties ( #ahcf & #ahcg1 :i* br\ght ru9 ^u s _m1 did n leave ,mr4 ,baldw9 unsca!d4 ,8 emb>rassm5ts became s great t he 0 unable to proce$1 & 0 =c$ to call 8 cr$itors toge!r = a settlem5t4 ,aft] (f]+ to surr5d] all 8 prop]ty1 8 %op1 tools1 h\se1 & ev]y?+1 if !y s desir$1--all ( :i* w\ld realize only ab\t tw5ty-five p] c5t4 ( _! claims1--he propos$ to !m t !y %\ld p]mit him to g on ) ! bus9ess1 & 9 ?ree ye>s he w\ld pay ! full am\nt ( all claims1 pr9cipal & int]e/4 ,?is 0 f9ally acc$$ to1 & ! promise 0 9 effect fulfill$1 al?\gh n )\t an ext5sion ( two ye>s beyond ! "t orig9ally propos$4 ,9 ,may1 #ahcg1 ! numb] ( h&s employ$ 0 ?ree hundr$1 b ?is numb] 0 r$uc+ weekly1 ow+ to ! fall+ (f 9 ! dem& = eng9es4 ,^! f9ancial tr\bles _h _! effect on ! dem& = locomotives1 z w be se5 9 ! decrease 9 ! numb] built 9 #ahch1 #ahci1 & #ahdj2 & ?is result 0 fur!r$ by ! e/abli%m5t ( sev]al o!r locomotive works & ! introduction ( o!r patt]ns ( eng9es4 ,! *anges & improvem5ts 9 details made dur+ ^! ye>s may be summ$ up z foll[s3 ,! subject ( burn+ coal _h engag$ mu* att5tion4 ,9 ,octob]1 #ahcf1 ,mr4 ,baldw9 secur$ a pat5t = a grate or fireplace :i* c\ld be deta*$ f ! eng9e at pleasure1 & a new "o ) a fre% coal fire sub/itut$4 ,! int5tion 0 to h ! grate ) fre%ly ignit$ coal all ready = ! eng9e on its arrival at a /ation1 & plac$ betwe5 ! rails ov] suitable lev]s1 by :i* x c\ld be atta*$ quickly to ! fire-box4 ,x is ne$less to say t ?is 0 nev] practic$4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #ahch1 h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,baldw9 0 exp]im5t+ ) ! consumption ( coal on ! ,g]mant[n road1 & 9 ,july ( ! same ye> ! records %[ t he 0 mak+ a locomotive to burn coal1 "p ( ! arrangem5t be+ to bl[ ! fire ) a fan4 ,up to #ahch1 ,mr4 ,baldw9 _h made bo? driv+ & truck :eels ) wr\ght tires1 b dur+ t ye> *ill$ :eels = eng9e & t5d] trucks 7 adopt$4 ,8 tires 7 furni%$ by ,messrs4 ,s4 ,vail ,son1 ,morri/[n1 ,n4 ,j41 :o made ! only tires !n obta9able 9 ,am]ica4 ,!y 7 v ?91 be+ only "o in* to "o & a half in*es ?ick2 & ,mr4 ,baldw91 9 import+ "s tires f ,engl& at t "t1 insi/$ on _! be+ made d\ble ! ord9>y ?ickness4 ,! manufactur]s at fir/ object$ & ridicul$ ! idea1 ! practice be+ to use two tires :5 extra ?ickness 0 want$1 b f9ally !y cons5t$ to meet 8 requirem5ts4 ,all 8 eng9es ?us f> _h ! s+le ecc5tric = ea* valve1 b at ab\t ?is p]iod d\ble ecc5trics 7 adopt$1 ea* t]m9at+ 9 a /raight hook1 & rev]s$ by h&-lev]s4 ,at ?is e>ly p]iod1 ,mr4 ,baldw9 _h begun to feel ! necessity ( mak+ all l p>ts ( locomotives ( ! same class 9 su* mann] z to be absolutely int]*angeable4 ,/eps 7 tak5 9 ?is direction1 b x 0 n until _m ye>s aft]w>d t ! sy/em ( /&>d gauges 0 p]fect$1 :i* has s9ce gr[n to be a di/+ui%+ feature 9 ! e/abli%m5t4 ,9 ,m>*1 #ahci1 ,mr4 ,baldw9's records %[ t he 0 build+ a numb] ( outside-connect$ eng9es1 & _h succe$$ 9 mak+ !m /rong & durable4 ,he 0 also mak+ a new *ill$ :eel1 & "o :i* he ?\ght w\ld n break4 ,on ! "o hundr$ & ?irty-six? locomotive1 complet$ ,octob] #ah1 #ahci1 = ! ,philadelphia1 ,g]mant[n & ,norri/[n ,railroad1 ! old patt]n ( wood5 frame 0 ab&on$1 & no outside frame :atev] 0 employ$1--! ma*9]y1 z well z ! truck & ! p$e/als ( ! driv+-axles1 be+ atta*$ directly to ! nak$ boil]4 ,! wood5 frame !nce=w>d disappe>$ gradually1 & an iron frame took its place4 ,ano!r innovation 0 ! adoption ( eight-:eel$ t5d]s1 ! fir/ ( :i* 0 built at ab\t ?is p]iod4 ,april #h1 #ahci1 ,mr4 ,baldw9 associat$ ) himself ,messrs4 ,vail & ,hufty1 & ! bus9ess 0 conduct$ "u ! firm "n ( ,baldw91 ,vail ,hufty until #ahda1 :5 ,mr4 ,hufty )drew1 & ,baldw9 ,vail cont9u$ ! cop>tn]%ip until #ahdb4 ,! "t _h n[ arriv$ :5 ! increase ( bus9ess on railroads dem&$ m p[]ful locomotives4 ,x _h = "s ye>s be5 felt t = freight traffic ! eng9e ) "o pair ( driv]s 0 insuffici5t4 ,mr4 ,baldw9's eng9e _h ! s+le pair ( driv]s plac$ back ( ! fire-box2 t made by ,mr4 ,norris1 "o pair 9 front ( ! fire-box4 ,an eng9e ) two pairs ( driv]s1 "o pair 9 front & "o pair beh9d ! fire-box1 0 ! next logical /ep1 & ,mr4 ,h5ry ,r4 ,campbell1 ( ,philadelphia1 0 ! fir/ to c>ry ?is design into execution4 ,mr4 ,campbell1 z has be5 not$1 0 ! ,*ief ,eng9e] ( ! ,g]mant[n ,railroad :5 ! ,ironsides 0 plac$ on t l9e1 & _h s9ce giv5 mu* att5tion to ! subject ( locomotive con/ruction4 ,febru>y #e1 #ahcf1 ,mr4 ,campbell secur$ a pat5t = an eight-:eel$ eng9e ) f\r driv]s connect$1 & a f\r-:eel$ truck 9 front2 & subsequ5tly contract$ ) ,james ,brooks1 ( ,philadelphia1 to build = him su* a ma*9e4 ,! "w 0 begun ,m>* #af1 #ahcf1 & ! eng9e 0 complet$ ,may #h1 #ahcg4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ eight-:eel$ eng9e ( ?is type1 & f x ! /&>d ,am]ican locomotive ( to-day takes its orig94 ,! eng9e lack$1 h[ev]1 "o ess5tial feature2 !re 7 no equaliz+ beams betwe5 ! driv]s1 & no?+ b ! ord9>y /eel spr+s ov] ea* j\rnal ( ! driv+-axles to equalize ! weight ^u !m4 ,x rema9$ = ,messrs4 ,ea/wick ,h>rison to supply ?is defici5cy2 & 9 #ahcg t firm con/ruct$ at _! %op 9 ,philadelphia a locomotive on ?is plan1 b ) ! driv+-axles runn+ 9 a sep>ate squ>e frame1 connect$ to ! ma9 frame above x by a s+le c5tral be>+ on ea* side4 ,?is eng9e _h cyl9d]s twelve by eighte51 f\r c\pl$ driv+-:eels1 =ty-f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 c>ry+ eight ( ! twelve tons con/itut+ ! total weight4 ,subsequ5tly1 ,mr4 ,joseph ,h>rison1 ,jr41 ( ! same firm1 sub/itut$ equaliz+ beams on eng9es ( ?is plan aft]w>d con/ruct$ by !m1 sub/antially 9 ! same mann] z s9ce g5]ally employ$4 ,9 ! ,am]ican ,railroad ,j\rnal ( ,july #cj1 #ahcf1 a wood-cut %[+ ,mr4 ,campbell's eng9e1 toge!r ) an elaborate calculation ( ! effective p[] ( an eng9e on ?is plan1 by ,william ,j4 ,lewis1 ,esq41 ,civil ,eng9e]1 0 publi%$1 ) a table %[+ its p]=mance ^u grades rang+ f a dead level to a rise ( "o hundr$ feet p] mile4 ,mr4 ,campbell /at$ t 8 exp]i5ce at t "t 7#ahce-f7 conv9c$ him t grades ( "o hundr$ feet rise p] mile w\ld1 if roads 7 judici\sly locat$1 c>ry railroads ov] any ( ! m\nta9 passes 9 ,am]ica1 )\t ! use ( planes ) /ation>y /eam p[]1 or1 z a g5]al rule1 ( co/ly tunnels1--an op9ion v ext5sively v]ifi$ by ! exp]i5ce ( ! c\ntry s9ce t date4 ,a /ep _h ?us be5 tak5 t[>d a plan ( locomotive hav+ m adhesive p[]4 ,mr4 ,baldw91 h[ev]1 0 sl[ to adopt ! new design4 ,he naturally reg>d$ innovations ) di/ru/4 ,he _h done mu* to p]fect ! old patt]n ( eng9e1 & _h built ov] a hundr$ ( !m1 :i* 7 9 successful op]ation on v>i\s railroads4 ,_m ( ! details 7 ! subjects ( 8 sev]al pat5ts1 & _h be5 greatly simplifi$ 9 8 practice4 ,9 fact1 simplicity 9 all ! work+ p>ts _h be5 s l>gely 8 aim1 t x 0 natural t he %\ld di/ru/ any plan involv+ additional ma*9]y1 & he reg>d$ ! new design z only an exp]im5t at be/4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #ahch1 he wrote to a correspond5t t he did n ?9k !re 0 any advantage 9 ! eight-:eel$ eng9e4 ,!re be+ ?ree po9ts 9 contact1 x c\ld n turn a curve1 he argu$1 )\t slipp+ "o or ! o!r pair ( :eels sideways4 ,ano!r objection 0 9 ! multiplicity ( ma*9]y & ! difficulty 9 ma9ta9+ f\r driv+-:eels all ( exactly ! same size4 ,"s means1 h[ev]1 ( gett+ m adhesion mu/ be _h1 & ! result ( 8 reflections ^u ?is subject 0 ! project ( a ge>$ eng9e4 ,9 ,augu/1 #ahci1 he took /eps to secure a pat5t = su* a ma*9e1 & ,decemb] #ca1 #ahdj1 lett]s pat5t 7 grant$ him = ! device4 ,9 ?is eng9e1 an indep5d5t %aft or axle 0 plac$ betwe5 ! two axles ( ! truck1 & connect$ by cranks & c\pl+-rods ) cranks on ! outside ( ! driv+-:eels4 ,?is %aft _h a c5tral cog-:eel engag+ on ea* side ) int]m$iate cog-:eels1 :i* 9 turn ge>$ into cog-:eels on ea* truck-axle4 ,! int]m$iate cog-:eels _h wide tee?1 s t ! truck c\ld pivot :ile ! ma9 %aft rema9$ p>allel ) ! driv+-axle4 ,! diamet]s ( ! cog-:eels 71 ( c\rse1 9 su* proportion to ! driv+ & truck :eels1 t ! latt] %\ld revolve z mu* (t5] ?an ! driv]s z _! small] size might require4 ,( ! success ( ?is ma*9e = freight s]vice1 ,mr4 ,baldw9 0 v sangu9e4 ,"o 0 put 9 h& at once1 complet$ 9 ,augu/1 #ahda1 & ev5tually sold to ! ,sug>loaf ,coal ,company4 ,x 0 an outside-connect$ eng9e1 weigh+ ?irty ?\s& p\nds1 ( :i* elev5 ?\s& sev5 hundr$ & sev5ty-five p\nds 7 on ! driv]s1 & eighte5 ?\s& ?ree hundr$ & ?irty-five on ! truck4 ,! driv+-:eels 7 =ty-f\r & ! truck-:eels ?irty-?ree in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! cyl9d]s 7 ?irte5 in*es 9 diamet] by sixte5 in*es /roke4 ,on a trial ( ! eng9e ^u ! ,philadelphia & ,read+ ,railroad1 x haul$ five hundr$ & n9ety tons f ,read+ to ,philadelphia--a di/ance ( fifty-f\r miles--9 five h\rs & tw5ty-two m9utes4 ,! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! road1 9 writ+ ( ! trial1 rem>k$ t ?is tra9 0 unprec$5t$ 9 l5g? & weight bo? 9 ,am]ica & ,europe4 ,! p]=mance 0 notic$ 9 favorable t]ms by ! ,philadelphia newspap]s1 & 0 made ! subject ( a report by ! ,committee on ,sci5ce & ,arts ( ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 :o /rongly recomm5d$ ?is plan ( eng9e = freight s]vice4 ,! success ( ! trial l$ ,mr4 ,baldw9 at fir/ to believe t ! ge>$ eng9e w\ld be g5]ally adopt$ = freight traffic2 b 9 ?is he 0 disappo9t$4 ,no fur!r dem& 0 made = su* ma*9es1 & no m ( !m 7 built4 ,9 #ahdj1 ,mr4 ,baldw9 receiv$ an ord]1 ?r\gh ,augu/ ,belmont1 ,esq41 ( ,new ,york1 = a locomotive = ,au/ria1 & _h ne>ly complet$ "o :i* 0 calculat$ to d ! "w requir$1 :5 he le>n$ t only sixty p\nds pressure ( /eam 0 admissible1 :]eas 8 eng9e 0 design$ to use /eam at "o hundr$ p\nds & ov]4 ,he accord+ly con/ruct$ ano!r1 meet+ ?is requirem5t1 & %ipp$ x 9 ! foll[+ ye>4 ,?is eng9e1 x may be not$1 _h a k9d ( l9k-motion1 agreeably to ! specification receiv$1 & 0 ! fir/ ( 8 make ^u :i* ! l9k 0 introduc$4 ,mr4 ,baldw9's pat5t ( ,decemb] #ca1 #ahdj1 already ref]r$ to z cov]+ 8 ge>$ eng9e1 embrac$ sev]al o!r devices1 z foll[s3 #a4 ,a me?od ( op]at+ a fan1 or bl[+-:eel1 = ! purpose ( bl[+ ! fire4 ,! fan 0 to be plac$ "u ! footbo>d1 & driv5 by ! friction ( a groov$ pulley 9 contact ) ! flange ( ! driv+-:eel4 #b4 ,! sub/itution ( a metallic /uff+1 consi/+ ( wire1 = ! hemp1 wool1 or o!r mat]ial :i* _h be5 employ$ 9 /uff+-boxes4 #c4 ,! plac+ ( ! spr+s ( ! eng9e truck s z to obviate ! evil ( ! lock+ ( ! :eels :5 ! truck-frame vibrates f ! c5tre-p9 v]tically4 ,spiral z well z semi-elliptic spr+s1 plac$ at ea* end ( ! truck-frame1 7 specifi$4 ,! spiral spr+ is describ$ z receiv$ 9 two cups1--"o above & "o bel[4 ,! cups 7 connect$ toge!r at _! c5tres by a p9 ^u "o & a socket 9 ! o!r1 s t ! cups c\ld approa* t[>d or rec$e f ea* o!r & /ill pres]ve _! p>allelism4 #d4 ,an improvem5t 9 ! mann] ( con/ruct+ ! iron frames ( locomotives1 by mak+ ! p$e/als 9 "o piece )1 & con/itut+ "p (1 ! frames4 #e4 ,! employm5t ( spiral spr+s 9 connection ) cyl9drical p$e/als & boxes4 ,a s+le spiral 0 at fir/ us$1 b1 n prov+ suffici5tly /rong1 a comb9ation or ne/ ( spirals curv+ alt]nately 9 opposite directions 0 aft]w>d employ$4 ,ea* spiral _h its be>+ 9 a spiral recess 9 ! p$e/al4 ,9 ! specification ( ?is pat5t a *ange 9 ! me?od ( mak+ cyl9drical p$e/als & boxes is not$4 ,in/ead ( bor+ & turn+ !m 9 a la!1 !y 7 ca/ to ! requir$ %ape 9 *ills4 ,?is me?od ( con/ruction 0 us$ = a "t1 b ev5tually a return 0 made to ! orig9al plan1 z giv+ a m accurate job4 ,9 #ahdb1 ,mr4 ,baldw9 con/ruct$1 "u an arrangem5t ) ,mr4 ,ross ,w9ans1 ?ree locomotives = ! ,we/]n ,railroad ( ,massa*usetts1 on a plan :i* _h be5 design$ by t g5tleman = freight traffic4 ,^! ma*9es _h upright boil]s1 & horizontal cyl9d]s :i* work$ cranks on a %aft be>+ cog-:eels engag+ ) o!r cog-:eels on an int]m$iate %aft4 ,?is latt] %aft _h cranks c\pl$ to f\r driv+-:eels on ea* side4 ,^! eng9es 7 con/ruct$ to burn an?racite coal4 ,_! peculi>ly unc\? appe>ance e>n$ = !m ! "n ( crabs1 & !y 7 b %ort-liv$ 9 s]vice4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--;,,baldw9 ,,six-,,:eels-,,connect$ ,,eng9e1 #ahdb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--;,,baldw9 ,,flexible-,,beam ,,truck1 #ahdb4--;,,elevation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,half ,,plan4 ,b1 to return to ! progress ( ,mr4 ,baldw9's locomotive practice4 ,! ge>$ eng9e _h n prov$ a success4 ,x 0 unsatisfactory1 z well to its design] z to ! railroad community4 ,! problem ( utiliz+ m or all ( ! weight ( ! eng9e = adhesion rema9$1 9 ,mr4 ,baldw9's view1 yet to be solv$4 ,! plan ( c\pl+ f\r or six :eels _h long be=e be5 adopt$ 9 ,engl&1 b on ! %ort curves preval5t on ,am]ican railroads1 he felt t some?+ m 0 necess>y4 ,! :eels mu/ n only be c\pl$1 b at ! same "t mu/ be free to adapt !mselves to a curve4 ,^! two conditions 7 app>5tly incompatible1 & to reconcile ^! inconsi/5cies 0 ! task :i* ,mr4 ,baldw9 set himself to accompli%4 ,he und]took x1 too1 at a "t :5 8 bus9ess _h fall5 (f greatly & he 0 involv$ 9 ! mo/ s]i\s f9ancial emb>rassm5ts4 ,! problem 0 con/antly be=e him1 & at l5g?1 dur+ a sleepless night1 its solution fla%$ across 8 m9d4 ,! plan s long s\ght =1 & :i*1 subsequ5tly1 m ?an any o!r ( 8 improvem5ts or inv5tions1 contribut$ to ! f\ndation ( 8 =tune1 0 8 well-kn[n six-:eels-connect$ locomotive ) ! f\r front driv]s comb9$ 9 a flexible truck4 ,= ?is ma*9e ,mr4 ,baldw9 secur$ a pat5t1 ,augu/ #be1 #ahdb4 ,its pr9cipal *>act]i/ic features are n[ matt]s ( hi/ory1 b !y des]ve "h a brief m5tion4 ,! eng9e 0 on six :eels1 all connect$ z driv]s4 ,! re> :eels 7 plac$ rigidly 9 ! frames1 usually beh9d ! fire-box1 ) inside be>+s4 ,! cyl9d]s 7 incl9$1 & ) outside connections4 ,! f\r rema9+ :eels _h inside j\rnals runn+ 9 boxes held by two wide & deep wr\ght-iron beams1 "o on ea* side4 ,^! beams 7 unconnect$1 & entirely indep5d5t ( ea* o!r4 ,! p$e/als =m$ 9 !m 7 bor$ out cyl9drically1 & into !m cyl9drical boxes1 z pat5t$ by him 9 #ahce1 7 fitt$4 ,! eng9e-frame on ea* side 0 directly ov] ! beam1 & a sph]ical p91 runn+ d[n f ! frame1 bore 9 a socket 9 ! beam midway betwe5 ! two axles4 ,x w ?us be se5 t ea* side-beam indep5d5tly c\ld turn horizontally or v]tically "u ! sph]ical p91 & ! cyl9drical boxes c\ld also turn 9 ! p$e/als4 ,h5ce1 9 pass+ a curve1 ! middle pair ( driv]s c\ld move lat]ally 9 "o direction--say to ! "r--:ile ! front pair c\ld move 9 ! opposite direction1 or to ! left2 ! two axles all ! :ile rema9+ p>allel to ea* o!r & to ! re> driv+-axle4 ,! op]ation ( ^! beams 01 !re=e1 l t ( ! p>allel-rul]4 ,on a /raight l9e ! two beams & ! two axles =m$ a rectangle2 on curves1 a p>allelogram1 ! angles v>y+ ) ! degree ( curvature4 ,! c\pl+-rods 7 made ) cyl9drical brasses1 ?us =m+ ball-&-socket jo9ts1 to enable !m to accommodate !mselves to ! lat]al movem5ts ( ! :eels4 ,colburn1 9 8 ,locomotive ,eng9e]+1 rem>ks ( ?is arrangem5t ( rods z foll[s3 ,geometrically1 no d\bt1 ?is comb9ation ( :eels c\ld only "w prop]ly ar\nd curves by a l5g!n+ & %ort5+ ( ! rods :i* s]v$ to c\ple ! pr9cipal pair ( driv+-:eels ) ! h9d truck-:eels4 ,b if ! c\pl+-rods f ! pr9cipal pair ( driv+-:eels be five feet long1 & if ! beams ( ! truck-frame be f\r feet long 7! radius ( curve describ$ by ! axle-boxes ar\nd ! sph]ical side be>+s be+ two feet71 !n ! total correspond+ l5g!n+ ( ! c\pl+-rods1 9 ord] to all[ ! h9d truck-:eels to move "o in* to "o side1 & ! front :eels ( ! truck "o in* to ! o!r side ( _! normal position on a /raight l9e1 w\ld be ,v#fjb #ab - #fj #bd - ,v#bdb - #ab #j4jbge in*1 or less ?an "o ?irty-second ( an in*4 ,& if only "o pair ( driv+-:eels 7 ?us c\pl$ ) a f\r-:eel$ truck1 ! total :eel-base be+ n9e feet1 ! motion p]mitt$ by ?is slight elongation ( ! c\pl+-rods 7an elongation provid$ = by a trifl+ slackness 9 ! brasses7 w\ld enable ?ree pairs ( :eels to /& )\t b9d+ 9 a curve ( only "o hundr$ feet radius4 ,! fir/ eng9e ( ! new plan 0 f9i%$ e>ly 9 ,decemb]1 #ahdb1 be+ "o ( f\rte5 eng9es con/ruct$ 9 t ye>1 & 0 s5t to ! ,georgia ,railroad1 on ! ord] ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,edg> ,?omson1 !n ,*ief ,eng9e] & ,sup]9t5d5t ( t l9e4 ,x weigh$ twelve tons1 & drew1 besides its own weight1 two hundr$ & fifty tons up a grade ( ?irty-six feet to ! mile4 ,o!r ord]s soon foll[$4 ,! new ma*9e 0 receiv$ g5]ally ) great favor4 ,! loads haul$ by x exce$$ any?+ s f> kn[n 9 ,am]ican railroad practice1 & sagaci\s manag]s hail$ x z a means ( l>gely r$uc+ op]at+ exp5ses4 ,on ! ,c5tral ,railroad ( ,georgia1 "o ( ^! twelve-ton eng9es drew n9ete5 eight-:eel$ c>s1 ) sev5 hundr$ & fifty bales ( cotton1 ea* bale weigh+ f\r hundr$ & fifty p\nds1 ov] maximum grades ( ?irty feet p] mile1 & ! manag] ( ! road decl>$ t x c\ld readily take "o ?\s& bales4 ,on ! ,philadelphia & ,read+ ,railroad a simil> eng9e ( eighte5 tons weight drew "o hundr$ & fifty load$ c>s 7total weight ( c>s & lad+1 "o ?\s& "o hundr$ & ?irty tons7 f ,s*uylkill ,hav5 to ,philadelphia1 at a spe$ ( sev5 miles p] h\r4 ,! regul> load 0 "o hundr$ load$ c>s1 :i* 7 haul$ at a spe$ ( f twelve to fifte5 miles p] h\r on a level4 ,! foll[+ extract f a lett]1 dat$ ,augu/ #aj1 #ahdd1 ( ,mr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,nicolls1 !n ,sup]9t5d5t ( t l9e1 & /ill connect$ ) its managem5t1 gives ! p>ticul>s ( ! p]=mance ( ^! ma*9es1 & %[s ! e/imation 9 :i* !y 7 held3 ,we h _h two ( ^! eng9es 9 op]ation = ab\t f\r weeks4 ,ea* eng9e weighs ab\t =ty ?\s& p\nds ) wat] & fuel1 equally di/ribut$ on six :eels1 all ( :i* are c\pl$1 ?us ga9+ ! :ole adhesion ( ! eng9e's weight4 ,_! cyl9d]s are fifte5 by eighte5 in*es4 ,! daily allott$ load ( ea* ( ^! eng9es is "o hundr$ coal c>s1 ea* load$ ) ?ree & six-t5?s tons ( coal1 & weigh+ two & fifte5 "o-hundr$?s tons ea*1 empty2 mak+ a net weight ( ?ree hundr$ & sixty tons ( coal c>ri$1 & a gross weight ( tra9 ( five hundr$ & sev5ty-five tons1 all ( two ?\s& two hundr$ & =ty p\nds4 ,?is tra9 is haul$ ov] ! n9ety-f\r miles ( ! road1 half ( :i* is level1 at ! rate ( twelve miles p] h\r2 & ) x ! eng9e is able to make f\rte5 to fifte5 miles p] h\r on a level4 ,7 all ! c>s on ! road ( suffici5t /r5g?1 & mak+ ! trip by daylight1 ne>ly "o-half be+ n[ p]=m$ at night1 ,i h no d\bt ( ^! eng9es be+ q equal to a load ( eight hundr$ tons gross1 z _! av]age daily p]=mance on any ( ! levels ( our road1 "s ( :i* are eight miles long4 ,9 /r5g? ( make1 quality ( workman%ip1 f9i%1 & proportion ( p>ts1 ,i consid] !m equal to any1 & sup]ior to mo/1 freight eng9es ,i h se54 ,!y are rem>kably easy on ! rail1 ei!r 9 _! v]tical or horizontal action1 f ! equalization ( _! weight1 & ! improv$ truck "u ! =w>d "p ( ! eng9e4 ,?is latt] adapts itself to all ! curves ( ! road1 includ+ "s ( sev5 hundr$ & sixte5 feet radius 9 ! ma9 track1 & moves ) great ease ar\nd our turn+ ,y curves at ,ri*mond1 ( ab\t ?ree hundr$ feet radius4 ,i consid] ^! eng9es z ne> p]fection1 9 ! arrangem5t ( _! p>ts1 & _! g5]al effici5cy1 z ! pres5t improvem5ts 9 ma*9]y & ! locomotive eng9e w admit (4 ,!y are sav+ u ?irty p] c5t1 9 e trip1 on ! =m] co/ ( motive or eng9e p[]4 ,b ! flexible-beam truck also enabl$ ,mr4 ,baldw9 to meet ! dem& = an eng9e ) f\r driv]s connect$4 ,o!r build]s 7 mak+ eng9es ) f\r driv]s & a f\r-:eel$ truck1 ( ! pres5t ,am]ican /&>d type4 ,to compete ) ?is design1 ,mr4 ,baldw9 modifi$ 8 six-:eels-connect$ eng9e by connect+ only two out ( ! ?ree pairs ( :eels z driv]s1 mak+ ! =w>d :eels ( small] diamet] z lead+ :eels1 b comb9+ !m ) ! front driv]s 9 a flexible-beam truck4 ,! fir/ eng9e on ?is plan 0 s5t to ! ,erie & ,kalamazoo ,railroad1 9 ,octob]1 #ahdc1 & gave great satisfaction4 ,! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! road 0 en?usia/ic 9 its praise1 & wrote to ,mr4 ,baldw9 t he d\bt$ if any?+ c\ld be got up :i* w\ld answ] ! bus9ess ( ! road s well4 ,"o 0 also s5t to ! ,utica & ,s*5ectady ,railroad a few weeks lat]1 ( :i* ! ,sup]9t5d5t rem>k$ t x work$ beautifully1 & !re 7 n wagons en\gh to give x a full load4 ,9 ?is plan ! lead+ :eels 7 usually made ?irty-six & ! driv]s fifty-f\r in*es 9 diamet]4 ,?is ma*9e ( c\rse came 9 competition ) ! eight-:eel$ eng9e hav+ f\r driv]s1 & ,mr4 ,baldw9 claim$ = 8 plan a decid$ sup]iority4 ,9 ea* case ab\t two-?irds ( ! total weight 0 c>ri$ on ! f\r driv]s1 & ,mr4 ,baldw9 ma9ta9$ t 8 eng9e1 hav+ only six in/ead ( eight :eels1 0 simpl] & m effective4 ,at ab\t ?is p]iod ,mr4 ,baldw9's att5tion 0 call$ by ,mr4 ,levi ,bissell to an ,air ,spr+ :i* ! latt] _h devis$1 & :i* x 0 imag9$ 0 de/9$ to be a *eap1 effective1 & p]petual spr+4 ,! device consi/$ ( a small cyl9d] plac$ above ! frame ov] ! axle-box1 & hav+ a pi/on fitt$ air-tight into x4 ,! pi/on-rod 0 to be> on ! axle-box1 & ! prop] quantity ( air 0 to be pump$ into ! cyl9d] above ! pi/on1 & ! cyl9d] !n h]metically clos$4 ,! pi/on _h a lea!r pack+ :i* 0 to be kept moi/ by "s fluid 7molasses 0 propos$7 previ\sly introduc$ into ! cyl9d]4 ,mr4 ,baldw9 at fir/ propos$ to equalize ! weight betwe5 two pairs ( driv]s by connect+ two air-spr+s on ea* side by a pipe1 ! use ( an equaliz+ beam be+ cov]$ by ,messrs4 ,ea/wick ,h>rison's pat5t4 ,! air-spr+s 7 f\nd1 h[ev]1 n to "w practically1 & 7 nev] appli$4 ,x may be add$ t a model ( an equaliz+ air-spr+ 0 exhibit$ by ,mr4 ,joseph ,h>rison1 ,jr41 at ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 9 #ahch or #ahci4 ,) ! introduction ( ! new ma*9e1 bus9ess began at once to revive1 & ! tide ( prosp]ity turn$ once m 9 ,mr4 ,baldw9's favor4 ,twelve eng9es 7 con/ruct$ 9 #ahdc1 all b f\r ( !m ( ! new patt]n2 tw5ty-two eng9es 9 #ahdd1 all ( ! new patt]n2 & tw5ty-sev5 9 #ahde4 ,?ree ( ?is numb] 7 ( ! old type1 ) "o pair ( driv]s1 b f t "t =w>d ! old patt]n ) ! s+le pair ( driv]s disappe>$ f ! practice ( ! e/abli%m5t1 save occasionally = exceptional purposes4 ,9 #ahdb1 ! p>tn]%ip ) ,mr4 ,vail 0 dissolv$1 & ,mr4 ,asa ,:itney1 :o _h be5 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,mohawk & ,hudson ,railroad1 became a p>tn] ) ,mr4 ,baldw91 & ! firm cont9u$ z ,baldw9 ,:itney until #ahdf1 :5 ! latt] )drew to engage 9 ! manufacture ( c>-:eels1 9 :i* bus9ess he is /ill conc]n$ z s5ior memb] ( ! firm ( ,a4 ,:itney ,sons1 ,philadelphia4 ,mr4 ,:itney br\ght to ! firm a railroad exp]i5ce & ?or\gh bus9ess tal5t4 ,he introduc$ a sy/em 9 _m details ( ! managem5t ( ! bus9ess1 :i* ,mr4 ,baldw91 ^: m9d 0 devot$ m exclusively to me*anical subjects1 _h fail$ to e/abli% or :olly ignor$4 ,! me?od at pres5t 9 use 9 ! e/abli%m5t1 ( giv+ to ea* class ( locomotives a di/9ctive designation1 compos$ ( a numb] & a lett]1 orig9at$ v %ortly aft] ,mr4 ,:itney's connection ) ! bus9ess4 ,= ! purpose ( repres5t+ ! diff]5t designs1 %eets ) engrav+s ( locomotives 7 employ$4 ,! %eet %[+ ! eng9e ) "o pair ( driv]s 0 m>k$ ,b2 t ) two pairs1 ,c2 t ) ?ree1 ,d2 & t ) f\r1 ,e4 ,tak+ its rise f ?is circum/ance1 x became cu/om>y to designate z ,b eng9es ^? ) "o pair ( driv]s2 z ,c eng9es1 ^? ) two pairs2 z ,d eng9es1 ^? ) ?ree pairs2 & z ,e eng9es1 ^? ) f\r pairs4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds1 a numb]1 indicat+ ! weight 9 gross tons1 0 add$4 ,?us1 ! #ab ,d eng9e 0 "o ) ?ree pairs ( driv]s1 & weigh+ twelve tons2 ! #ab ,c1 an eng9e ( same weight1 b ) only f\r :eels connect$4 ,sub/antially ?is sy/em ( designat+ ! sev]al sizes & plans has be5 reta9$ to ! pres5t "t4 ,! figures1 h[ev]1 are no long] us$ to express ! weight1 b m]ely to designate ! class4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! classification z ?us e/abli%$ began ) ! ,b eng9es4 ,! lett] ,a 0 res]v$ = an eng9e int5d$ to run at v high spe$s1 & s design$ t ! driv+-:eels %\ld make two revolutions = ea* reciprocation ( ! pi/ons4 ,?is 0 to be accompli%$ by means ( ge>+4 ,! g5]al plan ( ! eng9e 0 det]m9$ 9 ,mr4 ,baldw9's m9d1 b 0 nev] c>ri$ into execution4 ,! adoption ( ! plan ( six-:eels-connect$ eng9es op5$ ! way at once to increas+ _! size4 ,! weight be+ almo/ ev5ly di/ribut$ on six po9ts1 heavi] ma*9es 7 admissible1 ! weight on any "o pair ( driv]s be+ little1 if any1 great] ?an _h be5 ! practice ) ! old plan ( eng9e hav+ a s+le pair ( driv]s2 ,h5ce eng9es ( eighte5 & tw5ty tons weight 7 %ortly introduc$1 & 9 #ahdd ?ree ( tw5ty tons weight1 ) cyl9d]s sixte5 & "o-half in*es diamet] by eighte5 in*es /roke1 7 con/ruct$ = ! ,we/]n ,railroad ( ,massa*usetts1 & six1 ( eighte5 tons weight1 ) cyl9d]s fifte5 by eighte51 & driv]s =ty-six in*es 9 diamet]1 7 built = ! ,philadelphia & ,read+ ,railroad4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ?ree ( ^! latt] eng9es _h iron flues4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ in/ance 9 :i* ,mr4 ,baldw9 _h employ$ tubes ( ?is mat]ial4 ,! advantage f\nd to result f ! use ( iron tubes1 ap>t f _! less co/1 0 t ! tubes & boil]-%ell1 be+ ( ! same mat]ial1 exp&$ & contract$ alike1 :ile 9 ! case ( copp] tubes ! expansion ( ! metal by heat v>i$ f t ( ! boil]-%ell1 & z a consequ5ce !re 0 great] liability to leakage at ! jo9ts ) ! tube-%eets4 ,! op9ion prevail$ l>gely at t "t t "s advantage result$ 9 ! evaporation ( wat]1 ow+ to ! sup]iority ( copp] z a conductor ( heat4 ,to det]m9e ?is "q1 an exp]im5t 0 tri$ ) two ( ! six eng9es ref]r$ to above1 "o ( :i*1 ! ,ont>io1 _h copp] flues1 & ano!r1 ! ,new ,engl&1 iron flues4 ,9 o!r respects !y 7 precisely alike4 ,! two eng9es 7 run f ,ri*mond to ,m\nt ,c>bon1 ,augu/ #bg1 #ahdd1 ea* draw+ a tra9 ( "o hundr$ & "o empty c>s1 &1 return+1 f ,m\nt ,c>bon to ,ri*mond1 on ! foll[+ day1 ea* ) "o hundr$ load$ c>s4 ,! quantity ( wat] evaporat$ & wood consum$ 0 not$1 ) ! result %[n 9 ! foll[+ table3 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,up ,,trip1 ,,d[n ,,trip1 ,,aug4 #bg1 #ahdd4 ,,aug4 #bh1 #ahdd4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,ont>io4 ,new ,ont>io4 ,new ,engl&4 ,engl&4 7,copp] 7,iron 7,copp] 7,iron ,flues47 ,flues47 ,flues47 ,flues47 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,"t1 runn+ #i;h4 #gm4 #g;h4 #dam4 #aj;h4 #ddm4 #h;h4 #aim4 /&+ at /ations4 #d;h4 #bm4 #c;h4 #gm4 #b;h4 #abm4 #c;h4 #hm4 ,cords ( wood burn$ #f4fh #e4ej #f4id #f4 ,cubic feet ( wat] evaporat$ #ibe4ge #geg4bf #hcg4df #fef4ci ,ratio1 cubic feet ( wat] to a cord ( wood #ach4eg #acg4fh #abj4fg #aji4ci ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! conditions ( ! exp]im5ts n be+ absolutely ! same 9 ea* case1 ! results c\ld n ( c\rse be accept$ z entirely accurate4 ,!y seem$ to %[1 h[ev]1 no consid]able diff]5ce 9 ! evaporative efficacy ( copp] & iron tubes4 ,! p]iod "u consid]ation 0 m>k$ also by ! introduction ( ! ,fr5* ,baird /ack1 :i* prov$ at once to be "o ( ! mo/ successful sp>k-arre/]s ?us f> employ$1 & :i* 0 = ye>s us$ almo/ exclusively :]ev]1 z on ! cotton-c>ry+ railroads ( ! ,s\?1 a ?or\ghly effective sp>k-arre/] 0 requir$4 ,?is /ack 0 introduc$ by ,mr4 ,baird1 !n a =eman 9 ! ,works1 :o pur*as$ ! pat5t-"r ( :at _h be5 kn[n z ! ,grimes /ack1 & comb9$ ) x "s ( ! features ( ! /ack made by ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,fr5*1 !n ,ma/] ,me*anic ( ! ,g]mant[n ,railroad1 toge!r ) c]ta9 improvem5ts ( 8 own4 ,! cone ov] ! /raight inside pipe 0 made ) volute flanges on its "u side1 :i* gave a rot>y motion to ! sp>ks4 ,ar\nd ! cone 0 a cas+ ab\t six in*es small] 9 diamet] ?an ! outside /ack4 ,ap]tures 7 cut 9 ! sides ( ?is cas+1 ?r\gh :i* ! sp>ks 9 _! rot>y motion 7 dis*>g$ & ?us fell to ! bottom ( ! space betwe5 ! /raight inside pipe & ! outside /ack4 ,! op5+ 9 ! top ( ! /ack 0 fitt$ ) a s]ies ( ,v-%ap$ iron circles p]=at$ ) num]\s holes1 ?us pres5t+ an enl>g$ area1 ?r\gh :i* ! smoke escap$4 ,! pat5t-"r = ?is /ack 0 subsequ5tly sold to ,messrs4 ,radley ,hunt]1 & its ess5tial pr9ciple is /ill us$ 9 ! ,radley ,hunt] /ack z at pres5t made4 ,9 #ahde1 ,mr4 ,baldw9 built ?ree locomotives = ! ,royal ,railroad ,committee ( ,wu]temb]g4 ,!y 7 ( fifte5 tons weight1 on six :eels1 f\r ( !m be+ sixty in*es 9 diamet] & c\pl$4 ,! front driv]s 7 comb9$ by ! flexible beams into a truck ) ! small] lead+ :eels4 ,! cyl9d]s 7 incl9$ & outside1 & ! connect+-rods took hold ( a half-crank axle back ( ! fire-box4 ,x 0 specifi$ t ^! eng9es %\ld h ! l9k-motion :i* _h %ortly be=e be5 introduc$ 9 ,engl& by ! ,/eph5sons4 ,mr4 ,baldw9 accord+ly appli$ a l9k ( a peculi> "* to suit 8 own ideas ( ! device4 ,! l9k 0 made solid1 & ( a truncat$ ,v-section1 & ! block 0 groov$ s z to fit & slide on ! outside ( ! l9k4 ,dur+ ! ye> #ahde ano!r important feature 9 locomotive con/ruction--! cut-(f valve--0 add$ to ,mr4 ,baldw9's practice4 ,up to t "t ! valve-motion _h be5 ! two ecc5trics1 ) ! s+le flat hook = ea* cyl9d]4 ,s9ce #ahda ,mr4 ,baldw9 _h contemplat$ ! addition ( "s device all[+ ! /eam to be us$ expansively1 & he n[ add$ ! half-/roke cut-(f4 ,9 ?is device ! /eam-*e/ 0 sep>at$ by a horizontal plate into an upp] & a l[] comp>tm5t4 ,9 ! upp] comp>tm5t1 a valve1 work$ by a sep>ate ecc5tric1 & hav+ a s+le op5+1 admitt$ /eam ?r\gh a port 9 ?is plate to ! l[] /eam-*amb]4 ,! valve-rod ( ! upp] valve t]m9at$ 9 a not* or hook1 :i* engag$ ) ! upp] arm ( its rock-%aft4 ,:5 ?us work+1 x act$ z a cut-(f at a fix$ "p ( ! /roke1 det]m9$ by ! sett+ ( ! ecc5tric4 ,?is 0 usually at half ! /roke4 ,:5 x 0 desir$ to disp5se ) ! cut-(f & "w /eam = ! full /roke1 ! hook ( ! valve-rod 0 lift$ f ! p9 on ! upp] arm ( ! rock-%aft by a lev] work$ f ! footbo>d1 & ! valve-rod 0 held 9 a not*$ re/ fa/5$ to ! side ( ! boil]4 ,?is left ! op5+ ?r\gh ! upp] valve & ! port 9 ! p>tition plate op5 = ! free passage ( /eam ?r\gh\t ! :ole /roke4 ,! fir/ application ( ! half-/roke cut-(f 0 made on ! eng9e ,*ampla9 7#bj ,d71 built = ! ,philadelphia & ,read+ ,railroad ,company1 9 #ahde4 ,x at once became ! practice to apply ! cut-(f on all pass5g] eng9es1 :ile ! six- & eight-:eels-connect$ freight eng9es 71 ) a few exceptions1 built = a "t long] ) ! s+le valve admitt+ /eam = ! full /roke4 ,aft] build+1 dur+ ! ye>s #ahdc1 #ahdd1 & #ahde1 t5 f\r-:eels-connect$ eng9es on ! plan above describ$1 viz41 six :eels 9 all1 ! lead+ :eels & ! front driv]s be+ comb9$ into a truck by ! flexible beams1 ,mr4 ,baldw9 f9ally adopt$ ! pres5t design ( f\r driv]s & a f\r-:eel$ truck4 ,"s ( 8 cu/om]s :o 7 favorable to ! latt] plan _h ord]$ su* ma*9es ( o!r build]s1 & ,colonel ,gadsd51 ,presid5t ( ! ,s\? ,c>ol9a ,railroad ,company1 call$ on him 9 #ahde to build = t l9e "s pass5g] eng9es ( ?is patt]n4 ,he accord+ly b\ght ! pat5t-"r = ?is plan ( eng9e ( ,mr4 ,h4 ,r4 ,campbell1 & = ! equaliz+ beams us$ betwe5 ! driv]s1 ( ,messrs4 ,ea/wick ,h>rison1 & deliv]$ to ! ,s\? ,c>ol9a ,railroad ,company1 9 ,decemb]1 #ahde1 8 fir/ eight-:eel$ eng9e ) f\r driv]s & a f\r-:eel$ truck4 ,?is ma*9e _h cyl9d]s ?irte5 & ?ree-qu>t]s by eighte51 & driv]s sixty in*es 9 diamet]1 ) ! spr+s betwe5 !m arrang$ z equaliz]s4 ,its weight 0 fifte5 tons4 ,x _h ! half-crank axle1 ! cyl9d]s be+ inside ! frame b outside ! smoke-box4 ,! inside-connect$ eng9e1 c\nt]weight+ be+ z yet unkn[n1 0 admitt$ to be /eadi] 9 runn+1 & h5ce m suitable = pass5g] s]vice4 ,) ! completion ( ! fir/ eight-:eel$ ,c eng9e1 ,mr4 ,baldw9's feel+s und]w5t a revulsion 9 favor ( ?is plan1 & 8 p>tiality = x became z great z _h be5 8 antipa?y be=e4 ,comm5t+ on ! ma*9e1 he record$ himself z m pleas$ ) its appe>ance & action ?an any eng9e he _h turn$ out4 ,9 addition to ! ?ree eng9es ( ?is description = ! ,s\? ,c>ol9a ,railroad ,company1 a duplicate 0 s5t to ! ,camd5 & ,amboy ,railroad ,company1 & a simil> b light] "o to ! ,wilm+ton & ,baltimore ,railroad ,company1 %ortly aft]w>ds4 ,! eng9e = ! ,camd5 & ,amboy ,railroad ,company1 & p]haps ! o!rs1 _h ! half-/roke cut-(f4 ,f t "t =w>d1 all ( 8 f\r-:eels-connect$ ma*9es 7 built on ?is plan1 & ! six-:eel$ ,c eng9e 0 ab&on$1 except 9 ! case ( "o built = ! ,philadelphia1 ,g]mant[n & ,norri/[n ,railroad ,company 9 #ahdf1 & ?is 0 aft]w>ds rebuilt into a six-:eels-connect$ ma*9e4 ,?ree me?ods ( c>ry+ out ! g5]al design 71 h[ev]1 subsequ5tly foll[$4 ,at fir/ ! half-crank 0 us$2 !n horizontal cyl9d]s inclos$ 9 ! *imney-seat & work+ a full-crank-axle1 :i* =m ( con/ruction _h be5 practic$ at ! ,l[ell ,works2 & ev5tually1 outside cyl9d]s ) outside connections4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--;,,baldw9 ,,eight-,,:eels-,,connect$ ,,eng9e1 #ahdf4 ,mean:ile ! flexible truck ma*9e ma9ta9$ its popul>ity = heavy freight s]vice4 ,all ! eng9es ?us f> built on ?is plan _h be5 six-:eel$1 "s ) ! re> driv+-axle back ( ! fire-box1 & o!rs ) x 9 front4 ,! next /ep1 foll[+ logically aft] ! adoption ( ! eight-:eel$ ,c eng9e1 0 to increase ! size ( ! freight ma*9e1 & di/ribute ! weight on eight :eels all connect$1 ! two re> pairs be+ rigid 9 ! frame1 & ! two front pairs comb9$ into ! flexible-beam truck4 ,?is 0 fir/ done 9 #ahdf1 :5 sev5te5 eng9es on ?is plan 7 con/ruct$ on "o ord] = ! ,philadelphia & ,read+ ,railroad ,company4 ,fifte5 ( ^! 7 ( tw5ty tons weight1 ) cyl9d]s fifte5 & a half by tw5ty1 & :eels =ty-six in*es 9 diamet]2 & two ( tw5ty-five tons weight1 ) cyl9d]s sev5te5 & a qu>t] by eighte51 & driv]s =ty-two in*es 9 diamet]4 ,^! eng9es 7 ! fir/ ones on :i* ,mr4 ,baldw9 plac$ s&-boxes1 & !y 7 also ! fir/ built by him ) ro(s4 ,on all previ\s eng9es ! footbo>d _h only be5 inclos$ by a rail+4 ,on ^! eng9es = ! ,read+ ,railroad1 f\r iron po/s 7 c>ri$ up1 & a wood5 ro( support$ by !m4 ,! eng9e-m5 add$ curta9s at ! sides & front1 & ,mr4 ,baldw9 on subsequ5t eng9es add$ sides1 ) sa% & glass4 ,! cab prop]1 h[ev]1 0 ( ,new ,engl& orig91 :]e ! sev]ity ( ! climate dem&$ x1 & :]e x _h be5 us$ previ\s to ?is p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4--;,,baldw9 ,,eng9e ,,= ,,rack-,,rail1 #ahdg4 ,=ty-two eng9es 7 complet$ 9 #ahdf1 & ?irty-n9e 9 #ahdg4 ,! only novelty to be not$ among !m 0 ! eng9e ,m4 ,g4 ,bright1 built = op]at+ ! incl9$ plane on ! ,madison & ,indianapolis ,railroad4 ,! rise ( ?is incl9e 0 "o 9 sev5te51 f ! bank ( ! ,ohio ,riv] at ,madison4 ,! eng9e _h eight :eels1 =ty-two in*es 9 diamet]1 connect$1 & work$ 9 ! usual mann] by outside incl9$ cyl9d]s1 fifte5 & "o-half in*es diamet] by tw5ty in*es /roke4 ,a second pair ( cyl9d]s1 sev5te5 in*es 9 diamet] ) eighte5 in*es /roke ( pi/on1 0 plac$ v]tically ov] ! boil]1 midway betwe5 ! furnace & smoke-ar*4 ,! connect+-rods work$ by ^! cyl9d]s connect$ ) cranks on a %aft "u ! boil]4 ,?is %aft c>ri$ a s+le cog-:eel at its c5tre1 & ?is cog-:eel engag$ ) ano!r ( ab\t twice its diamet] on a second %aft adjac5t to x & 9 ! same plane4 ,! cog-:eel on ?is latt] %aft work$ 9 a rack-rail plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! track4 ,! %aft itself _h its be>+s 9 ! l[] ends ( two v]tical rods1 "o on ea* side ( ! boil]1 & ^! rods 7 unit$ ov] ! boil] by a horizontal b> :i* 0 connect$ by means ( a b5t lev] & connect+-rod to ! pi/on work$ by a small horizontal cyl9d] plac$ on top ( ! boil]4 ,by means ( ?is cyl9d]1 ! yoke c>ry+ ! %aft & cog-:eel c\ld be depress$ & held d[n s z to engage ! cogs ) ! rack-rail1 or rais$ out ( ! way :5 only ! ord9>y driv]s 7 requir$4 ,?is device 0 design$ by ,mr4 ,&rew ,ca?c>t1 ,ma/] ,me*anic ( ! ,madison & ,indianapolis ,railroad4 ,a simil> ma*9e1 ! ,john ,br\gh1 = ! same plane1 0 built by ,mr4 ,baldw9 9 #ahej4 ,! incl9e 0 work$ ) a rack-rail & ^! eng9es until x 0 f9ally ab&on$ & a l9e ) easy gradi5ts sub/itut$4 ,! use ( iron tubes 9 freight eng9es grew 9 favor1 & 9 ,octob]1 #ahdg1 ,mr4 ,baldw9 not$ t he 0 fitt+ 8 flues ) copp] ends1 = rivet+ to ! boil]4 ,! subject ( burn+ coal cont9u$ to engage mu* att5tion1 b ! use ( an?racite _h n z yet be5 g5]ally successful4 ,9 ,octob]1 #ahdg1 ! ,baltimore & ,ohio ,railroad ,company adv]tis$ = proposals = f\r eng9es to burn ,cumb]l& coal1 & ! ord] 0 tak5 & fill$ by ,mr4 ,baldw9 ) f\r ( 8 eight-:eels-connect$ ma*9es4 ,! ye> #ahdh %[$ a fall+ (f 9 bus9ess1 & only tw5ty eng9es 7 turn$ out4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye>1 h[ev]1 !re 0 a rapid recov]y1 & ! production ( ! works increas$ to ?irty1 foll[$ by ?irty-sev5 9 #ahej1 & fifty 9 #ahea4 ,^! eng9es1 ) a few exceptions1 7 conf9$ to ?ree patt]ns1 ! eight-:eel$ f\r-c\pl$ eng9e1 f twelve to n9ete5 tons 9 weight1 = pass5g]s & freight1 & ! six- & eight-:eels-connect$ eng9e1 = freight exclusively1 ! six-:eel$ ma*9e weigh+ f twelve to sev5te5 tons1 & ! eight-:eel$1 f eighte5 to tw5ty-sev5 tons4 ,! driv]s ( ^! six- & eight-:eels-connect$ ma*9es 7 made g5]ally =ty-two1 ) occasional v>iations up to =ty-eight1 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--;,,baldw9 ,,fa/ ,,pass5g] ,,eng9e1 #ahdh4 ,! exceptions ref]r$ to 9 ! practice ( ^! ye>s 7 ! fa/ pass5g] eng9es built by ,mr4 ,baldw9 dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,e>ly 9 #ahdh1 ! ,v]mont ,c5tral ,railroad 0 approa*+ completion1 & ,gov]nor ,pa9e1 ! ,presid5t ( ! ,company1 conceiv$ ! idea t ! pass5g] s]vice on ! road requir$ locomotives capable ( runn+ at v high velocities4 ,h5ry ,r4 ,campbell1 ,esq41 0 a contractor 9 build+ ! l9e1 & 0 au?oriz$ by ,gov]nor ,pa9e to come to ,philadelphia & (f] ,mr4 ,baldw9 t5 ?\s& doll>s = a locomotive :i* c\ld run ) a pass5g] tra9 at a spe$ ( sixty miles p] h\r4 ,mr4 ,baldw9 at once und]took to meet ^! conditions4 ,! "w 0 begun e>ly 9 #ahdh1 & 9 ,m>* ( t ye> ,mr4 ,baldw9 fil$ a caveat = 8 design4 ,! eng9e 0 complet$ 9 #ahdi1 & 0 nam$ ! ,gov]nor ,pa9e4 ,x _h "o pair ( driv+-:eels six & a half feet 9 diamet]1 plac$ back ( ! fire-box4 ,ano!r pair ( :eels1 b small] & unconnect$1 0 plac$ directly 9 front ( ! fire-box1 & a f\r-:eel$ truck c>ri$ ! front ( ! eng9e4 ,! cyl9d]s 7 sev5te5 & a qu>t] in*es diamet] & tw5ty in*es /roke1 & 7 plac$ horizontally betwe5 ! frames & ! boil]1 at ab\t ! middle ( ! wai/4 ,! connect+-rods took hold ( half-cranks inside ( ! driv+-:eels4 ,! object ( plac+ ! cyl9d]s at ! middle ( ! boil] 0 to less5 or obviate ! lat]al motion ( ! eng9e1 produc$ :5 ! cyl9d]s 7 atta*$ to ! smoke-ar*4 ,! be>+s on ! two re> axles 7 s contriv$ t1 by means ( a lev]1 a "p ( ! weight ( ! eng9e usually c>ri$ on ! :eels 9 front ( ! fire-box c\ld be transf]r$ to ! driv+-axle4 ,! ,gov]nor ,pa9e 0 us$ = sev]al ye>s on ! ,v]mont ,c5tral ,railroad1 & !n rebuilt into a f\r-c\pl$ ma*9e4 ,dur+ its c>e]1 x 0 /at$ by ! (fic]s ( ! road t x c\ld be />t$ f a /ate ( re/ & run a mile 9 =ty-?ree seconds4 ,?ree eng9es on ! same plan1 b ) cyl9d]s f\rte5 by tw5ty1 & six-feet driv+-:eels1 ! ,miffl91 ,blair1 & ,indiana1 7 also built = ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad ,company1 9 #ahdi4 ,!y weigh$ ea* ab\t =ty-sev5 ?\s& p\nds1 di/ribut$ z foll[s3 eighte5 ?\s& on driv]s1 f\rte5 ?\s& on ! pair ( :eels 9 front ( ! fire-box1 & fifte5 ?\s& on ! truck4 ,by apply+ ! lev]1 ! weight on ! driv]s c\ld be increas$ to ab\t tw5ty-f\r ?\s& p\nds1 ! weight on ! :eels 9 front ( ! fire-box be+ correspond+ly r$uc$4 ,a spe$ ( f\r miles 9 ?ree m9utes is record$ = !m1 & ^u "o occasion ,presid5t ,taylor 0 tak5 9 a special tra9 ov] ! road by "o ( ^! ma*9es at a spe$ ( sixty miles an h\r4 ,"o o!r eng9e ( ?is patt]n1 ! ,susquehanna1 0 built = ! ,hudson ,riv] ,railroad ,company1 9 #ahej4 ,its cyl9d]s 7 fifte5 in*es diamet] by tw5ty in*es /roke1 & driv]s six feet 9 diamet]4 ,all ^! eng9es1 h[ev]1 7 %ort-liv$1 & di$ "y1 ( insuffici5t adhesion4 ,eight eng9es ) f\r driv]s connect$ & half-crank-axles1 7 built = ! ,new ,york & ,erie ,railroad ,company 9 #ahdi1 ) sev5te5 by tw5ty in* cyl9d]s2 "o-half ( ! numb] ) six-feet & ! re/ ) five-feet driv]s4 ,^! ma*9es 7 among ! la/ on :i* ! half-crank-axle 0 us$4 ,!reaft]1 outside-connect$ eng9es 7 con/ruct$ almo/ exclusively4 ,9 ,may1 #ahdh1 ,mr4 ,baldw9 fil$ a caveat = a f\r-cyl9d] locomotive1 b nev] c>ri$ ! design into execution4 ,! fir/ in/ance ( ! use ( /eel axles 9 ! practice ( ! e/abli%m5t occurr$ dur+ ! same ye>1--a set be+ plac$ z an exp]im5t "u an eng9e con/ruct$ = ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad ,company4 ,9 #ahej1 ! old =m ( dome boil]1 :i* _h *>act]iz$ ! ,baldw9 eng9e s9ce #ahcd1 0 ab&on$1 & ! wagon-top =m sub/itut$4 ,! bus9ess 9 #ahea _h rea*$ ! full capacity ( ! %op1 & ! next ye> m>k$ ! completion ( ab\t an equal numb] ( eng9es 7=ty-n9e74 ,contracts = "w ext5d$ a ye> ahead1 &1 to meet ! dem&1 ! facilities 9 ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts 7 increas$1 & result$ 9 ! con/ruction ( sixty eng9es 9 #ahec1 & sixty-two 9 #ahed4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! latt] ye>1 ,mr4 ,mat!w ,baird1 :o _h be5 connect$ ) ! works s9ce #ahcf z "o ( its =em51 ent]$ into p>tn]%ip ) ,mr4 ,baldw91 & ! /yle ( ! firm 0 made ,m4 ,w4 ,baldw9 ,co4 ,! only novelty 9 ! g5]al plan ( eng9es dur+ ?is p]iod 0 ! addition ( ! t5-:eel$ eng9e to ! patt]ns ( ! e/abli%m5t4 ,! success ( ,mr4 ,baldw9's eng9es ) all six or eight :eels connect$1 & ! two front pairs comb9$ by ! p>allel beams into a flexible truck1 _h be5 s m>k$ t x 0 natural t he %\ld oppose any o!r plan = freight s]vice4 ,! t5-:eel$ eng9e1 ) six driv]s connect$1 _h1 h[ev]1 n[ become a competitor4 ,?is plan ( eng9e 0 fir/ pat5t$ by ,septimus ,norris1 ( ,philadelphia1 9 #ahdf1 & ! orig9al design 0 app>5tly to produce an eng9e :i* %\ld h equal tractive p[] ) ! ,baldw9 six-:eels-connect$ ma*9e4 ,?is ! ,norris pat5t s\ght to accompli% by propos+ an eng9e ) six driv]s connect$1 & s dispos$ z to c>ry sub/antially ! :ole weight1 ! =w>d driv]s be+ 9 advance ( ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! eng9e1 & ! truck only s]v+ z a guide1 ! front ( ! eng9e be+ connect$ ) x by a pivot-p91 b )\t a be>+ on ! c5tre-plate4 ,mr4 ,norris's fir/ eng9e on ?is plan 0 tri$ 9 ,april1 #ahdg1 & 0 f\nd n to pass curves s readily z 0 expect$4 ,z ! truck c>ri$ little or no weight1 x w\ld n keep ! track4 ,! ,new ,york & ,erie ,railroad ,company1 ( :i* ,john ,br&t 0 !n ,ma/] ,me*anic1 %ortly aft]w>ds adopt$ ! t5-:eel$ eng9e1 modifi$ 9 plan s z to c>ry a "p ( ! weight on ! truck4 ,mr4 ,baldw9 fill$ an ord] = ?is company1 9 #ahej1 ( f\r eight-:eels-connect$ eng9es1 & 9 mak+ ! contract he agre$ to sub/itute a truck = ! front pair ( :eels if desir$ aft] trial4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 he 0 n call$ ^u to d4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #aheb1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,edg> ,?omson1 ,presid5t ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad ,company1 invit$ proposals = a numb] ( freight locomotives ( fifty-six ?\s& p\nds weight ea*4 ,!y 7 to be adapt$ to burn bitum9\s coal1 & to h six :eels connect$ & a truck 9 front1 :i* might be ei!r ( two or f\r :eels4 ,mr4 ,baldw9 secur$ ! contract1 & built twelve eng9es ( ! prescrib$ dim5sions1 viz41 cyl9d]s eighte5 by tw5ty-two2 driv]s =ty-f\r in*es diamet]1 ) *ill$ tires4 ,sev]al ( ^! eng9es 7 con/ruct$ ) a s+le pair ( truck-:eels 9 front ( ! driv]s1 b back ( ! cyl9d]s4 ,x 0 f\nd1 h[ev]1 aft] ! eng9es 7 put 9 s]vice1 t ! two truck-:eels c>ri$ eighte5 ?\s& or n9ete5 ?\s& p\nds1 & ?is 0 object$ to by ! company z too great a weight to be c>ri$ on a s+le pair ( :eels4 ,on ! re/ ( ! eng9es ( ! ord]1 !re=e1 a f\r-:eel$ truck 9 front 0 employ$4 ,! t5 :eel$ eng9e !reaft] assum$ a place 9 ! ,baldw9 classification4 ,9 #ahee-ef1 two ( tw5ty-sev5 tons weight1 n9ete5 by tw5ty-two cyl9d]s1 =ty-eight in*es driv]s1 7 built = ! ,portage ,railroad1 & ?ree = ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad4 ,9 #ahee1 '#ef1 & '#eg1 f\rte51 ( ! same dim5sions1 7 built = ! ,clevel& & ,pittsburg ,railroad2 f\r = ! ,pittsburg1 ,=t ,wayne & ,*icago ,railroad2 & "o = ! ,m>ietta & ,c9c9nati ,railroad4 ,9 #aheh & '#ei1 "o 0 con/ruct$ = ! ,s\? ,c>ol9a ,railroad1 ( ! same size1 & six light] t5-:eel]s1 ) cyl9d]s fifte5 & a half by tw5ty-two1 & f\r-feet driv]s1 & two ) cyl9d]s sixte5 by tw5ty-two1 & f\r-feet driv]s1 7 s5t out to railroads 9 ,cuba4 ,x 0 "s ye>s--n until aft] #ahfj1 h[ev]--be=e ?is patt]n ( eng9e :olly sup]s$$ 9 ,mr4 ,baldw9's practice ! old plan ( freight eng9e on six or eight :eels1 all connect$4 ,on ?ree locomotives--! ,cl9ton1 ,a!ns1 & ,sp>ta--complet$ = ! ,c5tral ,railroad ( ,georgia 9 ,july1 #aheb1 ! driv+-boxes 7 made ) a slot or cavity 9 ! l9e ( ! v]tical be>+ on ! j\rnal4 ,! object 0 to produce a m uni=m di/ribution ( ! we> ov] ! entire surface ( ! be>+4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ in/ance 9 :i* ?is device1 :i* has s9ce come into g5]al use1 0 employ$ 9 ! ,works1 & ! boxes 7 s made by direction ( ,mr4 ,*>les ,:it+1 !n ,ma/] ,me*anic ( ! ,c5tral ,railroad ( ,georgia4 ,he subsequ5tly in=m$ ,mr4 ,baldw9 t ?is me?od ( fitt+ up driv+-boxes _h be5 9 use on ! road = sev]al ye>s previ\s to 8 connection ) ! company4 ,z ?is device 0 subsequ5tly made ! subject ( a pat5t by ,mr4 ,david ,mat!w1 ^! facts may n be )\t int]e/4 ,9 #ahec1 ,mr4 ,*>les ,ellet1 ,*ief ,eng9e] ( ! ,virg9ia ,c5tral ,railroad1 laid a tempor>y track across ! ,blue ,ridge1 at ,rock ,fi% ,gap1 = use dur+ ! con/ruction ( a tunnel ?r\gh ! m\nta94 ,?is track 0 twelve ?\s& five hundr$ feet 9 l5g? on ! ea/]n slope1 asc5d+ 9 t di/ance six hundr$ & t5 feet1 or at ! av]age rate ( "o 9 tw5ty & a half feet4 ,! maximum grade 0 calculat$ = two hundr$ & n9ety-six feet p] mile1 & prevail$ = half a mile4 ,x 0 f\nd1 h[ev]1 9 fact1 t ! grade 9 places exce$$ ?ree hundr$ feet p] mile4 ,! %orte/ radius ( curvature 0 two hundr$ & ?irty-eight feet4 ,on ! we/]n slope1 :i* 0 t5 ?\s& six hundr$ & fifty feet 9 l5g?1 ! maximum grade 0 two hundr$ & eighty feet p] mile1 & ! rul+ radius ( curvature ?ree hundr$ feet4 ,?is track 0 work$ by two ( ! ,baldw9 six-:eels-connect$ flexible-beam truck locomotives con/ruct$ 9 #ahec-ed4 ,f a description ( ?is track1 & ! mode ( work+ x1 publi%$ by ,mr4 ,ellet 9 #ahef1 ! foll[+ is extract$3 ,! locomotives ma9ly reli$ on = ?is sev]e duty 7 design$ & con/ruct$ by ! firm ( ,m4 ,w4 ,baldw9 ,company1 ( ,philadelphia4 ,! slight modifications introduc$ at ! in/ance ( ! writ] to adapt !m bett] to ! p>ticul> s]vice to be p]=m$ 9 cross+ ! ,blue ,ridge1 did n t\* ! work+ proportions or pr9ciple ( ! eng9es1 ! m]its ( :i* are due to ! pat5tee1 ,m4 ,w4 ,baldw91 ,esq4 ,^! eng9es are m\nt$ on six :eels1 all ( :i* are driv]s1 & c\pl$1 & =ty-two in*es diamet]4 ,! :eels are set v close1 s t ! di/ance betwe5 ! extreme po9ts ( contact ( ! :eels & ! rail1 ( ! front & re> driv]s1 is n9e feet f\r in*es4 ,?is clos5ess ( ! :eels1 ( c\rse1 greatly r$uces ! difficulty ( turn+ ! %ort curves ( ! road4 ,! diamet] ( ! cyl9d]s is sixte5 & a half in*es1 & ! l5g? ( ! /roke tw5ty in*es4 ,to increase ! adhesion1 & at ! same "t avoid ! resi/ance ( a t5d]1 ! eng9e c>ries its tank ^u ! boil]1 & ! footbo>d is l5g!n$ out & provid$ ) susp5d$ side-boxes1 :]e a supply ( fuel may be /or$4 ,by ?is means ! weight ( wood & wat]1 in/ead ( ab/ract+ f ! effective p[] ( ! eng9e1 contributes to its adhesion & consequ5t ability to climb ! m\nta94 ,! total weight ( ^! eng9es is fifty-five ?\s& p\nds1 or tw5ty-sev5 & a half tons1 :5 ! boil] & tank are suppli$ ) wat]1 & fuel en\gh = a trip ( eight miles is on bo>d4 ,! capacity ( ! tank is suffici5t to hold "o hundr$ cubic feet ( wat]1 & x has /orage-room on top = "o hundr$ cubic feet ( wood1 9 addition to :at may be c>ri$ 9 ! side-boxes & on ! footbo>d4 ,to enable ! eng9es bett] to adapt !mselves to ! flexures ( ! road1 ! front & middle pairs ( driv]s are held 9 position by wr\ght-iron beams1 hav+ cyl9drical boxes 9 ea* end = ! j\rnal-be>+s1 :i* beams vibrate on sph]ical p9s fix$ 9 ! frame ( ! eng9e on ea* side1 & re/+ on ! c5tres ( ! beams4 ,! object ( ?is arrangem5t is to =m a truck1 some:at flexible1 :i* enables ! driv]s m readily to trav]se ! curves ( ! road4 ,! writ] has nev] p]mitt$ ! p[] ( ! eng9es on ?is m\nta9 road to be fully te/$4 ,! object has be5 to "w ! l9e regul>ly1 economically1 &1 above all1 safely2 & ^! conditions are incompatible ) exp]im5tal loads subject+ ! ma*9]y to sev]e /ra9s4 ,! regul> daily s]vice ( ea* ( ! eng9es is to make f\r trips1 ( eight miles1 ov] ! m\nta91 draw+ "o eight-:eel baggage c>1 toge!r ) two eight-:eel pass5g] c>s1 9 ea* direction4 ,9 convey+ freight1 ! regul> tra9 on ! m\nta9 is ?ree ( ! eight-:eel h\se-c>s1 fully load$1 or f\r ( !m :5 empty or p>tly load$4 ,^! ?ree c>s1 :5 full1 weigh1 ) _! loads1 f =ty to =ty-?ree tons4 ,sometimes1 ?\gh r>ely1 :5 ! bus9ess has be5 unusually heavy1 ! loads h exce$$ fifty tons4 ,) su* tra9s ! eng9es are /opp$ on ! track1 asc5d+ or desc5d+1 & are />t$ aga91 on ! /eepe/ grades1 at ! discretion ( ! eng9e]4 ,wat]1 = ! supply ( ! eng9es1 has be5 f\nd difficult to obta9 on ! m\nta92 &1 s9ce ! road 0 con/ruct$1 a tank has be5 e/abli%$ on ! ea/]n slope1 :]e ! asc5d+ eng9es /op daily on a grade ( two hundr$ & eighty feet p] mile1 & are !re held by ! brakes :ile ! tank is be+ fill$1 & />t$ aga9 at ! signal & )\t any difficulty4 ,! ord9>y spe$ ( ! eng9es1 :5 load$1 is sev5 & a half miles an h\r on ! asc5d+ grades1 & f five & a half to six miles an h\r on ! desc5t4 ,:5 ! road 0 fir/ op5$1 x spe$ily appe>$ t ! diff]5ce ( =ty-?ree feet on ! we/]n side1 & fifty-eight feet on ! ea/]n side1 betwe5 ! grades on curves ( ?ree hundr$ feet radii & ^? on /raight l9es1 0 n suffici5t to comp5sate = ! increas$ traction due to su* curvature4 ,! velocity1 ) a con/ant supply ( /eam1 0 promptly ret>d$ on pass+ f a /raight l9e to a curve1 & promptly accel]at$ aga9 on pass+ f ! curve to ! /raight l9e4 ,b1 aft] a little exp]i5ce 9 ! work+ ( ! road1 x 0 f\nd advisable to supply a small am\nt ( grease to ! flange ( ! eng9e by means ( a sponge1 saturat$ ) oil1 :i*1 :5 ne$$1 is kept 9 contact ) ! :eel by a spr+4 ,s9ce ! use ( ! oil 0 introduc$1 ! difficulty ( turn+ ! curves has be5 s f> dim9i%$1 t x is no long] possible to det]m9e :e!r grades ( two hundr$ & ?irty-sev5 & six-t5?s feet p] mile on curves ( ?ree hundr$ feet radius1 or grades ( two hundr$ & n9ety-six feet p] mile on /raight l9es1 are trav]s$ mo/ rapidly by ! eng9e4 ,:5 ! track is 9 good condition1 ! brakes ( only two ( ! c>s possess suffici5t p[] to control & regulate ! movem5t ( ! tra91--t is to say1 !y w hold back ! two c>s & ! eng9e4 ,:5 !re are ?ree or m c>s 9 ! tra91 ! brakes on ! c>s1 ( c\rse1 comm& ! tra9 s mu* ! m easily4 ,b ! safety ( ! tra9 is n dep5d5t on ! brakes ( ! c>s4 ,!re is also a valve or air-cock 9 ! /eam-*e/1 "u ! control ( ! eng9e]4 ,?is air-cock =ms an indep5d5t brake1 exclusively at ! comm& ( ! eng9e]1 & :i* c always be appli$ :5 ! eng9e itself is 9 work+ ord]4 ,! action ( ?is p[] may be made ev] s gradual1 ei!r slightly reliev+ ! duty ( ! brakes on ! c>s1 or br++ into play ! entire p[] ( ! eng9e4 ,! tra9 is ?us held 9 complete comm&4 ,! ,m\nta9 ,top ,track1 x may be add$1 0 work$ successfully = sev]al ye>s1 by ! eng9es describ$ 9 ! above extract1 until x 0 ab&on$ on ! completion ( ! tunnel4 ,! exceptionally /eep grades & %ort curves :i* *>act]iz$ ! l9e1 af=d$ a complete & satisfactory te/ ( ! adaptation ( ^! ma*9es to su* peculi> s]vice4 ,b ! p]iod n[ "u consid]ation 0 m>k$ by ano!r1 & a mo/ important1 /ep 9 ! progress ( ,am]ican locomotive practice4 ,we ref] to ! introduction ( ! l9k-motion4 ,al?\gh ?is device 0 fir/ employ$ by ,william ,t4 ,james1 ( ,new ,york1 9 #ahcb1 & elev5 ye>s lat] by ! ,/eph5sons1 9 ,engl&1 & 0 by !m appli$ !nce=w>d on _! eng9es1 x 0 n until #ahdi t x 0 adopt$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 t ye> ,mr4 ,?omas ,rog]s1 ( ! ,rog]s ,locomotive & ,ma*9e ,company1 introduc$ x 9 8 practice4 ,o!r build]s1 h[ev]1 /r5u\sly resi/$ ! innovation1 & none m s ?an ,mr4 ,baldw94 ,! !oretical objections :i* confess$ly apply to ! device1 b :i* practically h be5 prov$ to be unimportant1 7 urg$ f ! fir/ by ,mr4 ,baldw9 z argum5ts aga9/ its use4 ,! /rong claim ( ! advocates ( ! l9k-motion1 t x gave a means ( cutt+ (f /eam at any po9t ( ! /roke1 c\ld n be ga9said1 & ?is 0 admitt$ to be a consid]ation ( ! fir/ importance4 ,?is v circum/ance und\bt$ly turn$ ,mr4 ,baldw9's att5tion to ! subject ( me?ods = cutt+ (f /eam1 & "o ( ! fir/ results 0 8 ,v>iable ,cut-(f1 pat5t$ ,april #bg1 #aheb4 ,?is device consi/$ ( two valves1 ! upp] slid+ ^u ! l[]1 & work$ by an ecc5tric & rock-%aft 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! l[] valve fitt$ /eam-tight to ! sides ( ! /eam-*e/ & ! "u surface ( ! upp] valve4 ,:5 ! pi/on rea*$ ea* end ( its /roke1 ! full pressure ( /eam f ! boil] 0 admitt$ ar\nd ! upp] valve1 & transf]r$ ! l[] valve in/antane\sly f "o end ( ! /eam-*e/ to ! o!r4 ,! op5+s ?r\gh ! two valves 7 s arrang$ t /eam 0 admitt$ to ! cyl9d] only = a "p ( ! /roke4 ,! effect 01 !re=e1 to cut (f /eam at a giv5 po9t1 & to op5 ! induction & exhau/ ports sub/antially at ! same in/ant & to _! full ext5t4 ,! exhau/ port1 9 addition1 rema9$ fully op5 :ile ! induction port 0 gradually clos+1 & aft] x _h entirely clos$4 ,al?\gh ?is device 0 nev] put 9 use1 x may be not$ 9 pass+ t x conta9$ sub/antially ! pr9ciple ( ! /eam-pump1 z s9ce pat5t$ & con/ruct$4 ,e>ly 9 #ahec1 ,mr4 ,baldw9 ab&on$ ! half-/roke cut-(f1 previ\sly describ$1 & :i* he _h be5 us+ s9ce #ahde1 & adopt$ ! v>iable cut-(f1 :i* 0 already employ$ by o!r build]s4 ,"o ( 8 lett]s1 writt5 9 ,janu>y1 #ahec1 /ates 8 position1 z foll[s3 ,i %all put on an improvem5t 9 ! %ape ( a v>iable cut-(f1 :i* c be op]at$ by ! eng9e] :ile ! ma*9e is runn+1 & :i* w cut (f any:]e f six to twelve in*es1 accord+ to ! load & am\nt ( /eam want$1 & ?is )\t ! l9k-motion1 :i* ,i c\ld nev] be entirely satisfi$ )4 ,i /ill h ! indep5d5t cut-(f1 & ! additional ma*9]y to make x v>iable w be simple & n liable to be d]ang$4 ,?is =m ( cut-(f 0 a sep>ate valve1 slid+ on a p>tition plate betwe5 x & ! ma9 /eam-valve1 & work$ by an indep5d5t ecc5tric & rock-%aft4 ,! upp] arm ( ! rock-%aft 0 curv$ s z to =m a radius-arm1 on :i* a slid+-block1 =m+ ! t]m9ation ( ! upp] valve-rod1 c\ld be adju/$ & held at v>y+ di/ances f ! axis1 ?us produc+ a v>iable travel ( ! upp] valve4 ,?is device did n give an absolutely p]fect cut-(f1 z x 0 n op]ative 9 backw>d ge>1 b :5 runn+ =w>d x w\ld cut-(f ) great accuracy at any po9t ( ! /roke1 0 quick 9 its movem5t1 & economical 9 ! consumption ( fuel4 ,aft] a %ort exp]i5ce ) ?is arrangem5t ( ! cut-(f1 ! p>tition plate 0 omitt$1 & ! upp] valve 0 made to slide directly on ! l[]4 ,?is 0 ev5tually f\nd objectionable1 h[ev]1 z ! l[] valve w\ld soon cut a holl[ 9 ! valve-face4 ,sev]al unsuccessful attempts 7 made to rem$y ?is defect1 by mak+ ! l[] valve ( brass1 ) long be>+s1 & mak+ ! valve-face ( ! cyl9d] ( h>d5$ /eel2 f9ally1 h[ev]1 ! plan ( "o valve on ! o!r 0 ab&on$1 & rec\rse 0 aga9 _h to an int]pos$ p>tition plate1 z 9 ! orig9al half-/roke cut-(f4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4--,,v>iable ,,cut-,,(f ,,adju/m5t4 ,mr4 ,baldw9 did n adopt ?is =m ( cut-(f )\t "s modification ( 8 own1 & ! modification 9 ?is in/ance consi/$ ( a peculi> device1 pat5t$ ,septemb] #ac1 #ahec1 = rais+ & l[]+ ! block on ! radius-arm4 ,a quadrant 0 plac$ s t its circumf]5ce bore ne>ly aga9/ a curv$ arm project+ d[n f ! slid+-block1 & :i* curv$ 9 ! rev]se direction f ! quadrant4 ,two /eel /raps side by side 7 int]pos$ betwe5 ! quadrant & ?is curv$ arm4 ,"o ( ! /raps 0 connect$ to ! l[] end ( ! quadrant & ! upp] end ( ! curv$ arm2 ! o!r1 to ! upp] end ( ! quadrant & ! l[] end ( ! curv$ arm4 ,! effect 0 ! same z if ! quadrant & arm ge>$ into ea* o!r 9 any position by tee?1 & !oretically ! block 0 kept /eady 9 :atev] position plac$ on ! radius-arm ( ! rock-%aft4 ,?is 0 ! object s\ght to be accompli%$1 & 0 /at$ 9 ! specification ( ! pat5t z foll[s3 ,! pr9ciple ( v>y+ ! cut-(f by means ( a vibrat+ arm & slid+ pivot-block has long be5 kn[n1 b ! contrivances = *ang+ ! position ( ! block ^u ! arm h be5 v defective4 ,! radius ( motion ( ! l9k by :i* ! slid+-block is *ang$ on ! arm1 & ! radius ( motion ( t "p ( ! vibrat+ arm on :i* ! block is plac$1 h1 9 ?is k9d ( valve ge>1 z h]et(ore con/ruct$1 be5 diff]5t1 :i* produc$ a cont9ual rubb+ ( ! slid+-block ^u ! arm :ile ! arm is vibrat+2 & z ! block = ! great] "p ( ! "t occupies "o position on ! arm1 & only has to be mov$ t[>d ei!r extremity occasionally1 t "p ( ! arm on :i* ! block is mo/ us$ soon becomes s worn t ! block is loose1 & j>s4 ,?is me?od ( v>y+ ! cut-(f 0 fir/ appli$ on ! eng9e ,belle1 deliv]$ to ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad ,company1 ,decemb] #f1 #ahed1 & !reaft] 0 = "s "t employ$ by ,mr4 ,baldw94 ,x 0 f\nd1 h[ev]1 9 practice1 t ! /eel /raps w\ld /ret* suffici5tly to all[ !m to buckle & break1 & h5ce !y 7 soon ab&on$1 & *a9s sub/itut$ betwe5 ! quadrant & curv$ arm ( ! slid+-block4 ,^! *a9s 9 turn prov$ little bett]1 z !y l5g!n$1 all[+ lo/ motion1 or broke altoge!r1 s t ev5tually ! quadrant 0 :olly ab&on$1 & rec\rse 0 f9ally _h to ! lev] & l9k = rais+ & l[]+ ! slid+-block4 ,z ?us arrang$1 ! cut-(f 0 sub/antially :at 0 kn[n z ! ,cuyahoga cut-(f1 z introduc$ by ,mr4 ,e?an ,rog]s1 ( ! ,cuyahoga ,works1 ,clevel&1 ,ohio1 except t ,mr4 ,baldw9 us$ a p>tition plate betwe5 ! upp] & ! l[] valve4 ,b :ile ,mr4 ,baldw91 9 common ) _m o!r build]s1 0 ?us resolutely oppos+ ! l9k-motion1 x 0 nev]!less rapidly ga9+ favor ) railroad manag]s4 ,eng9e]s & ma/] me*anics 7 ev]y:]e le>n+ to admire its simplicity1 & 7 manife/+ an en?usia/ic pref]5ce = eng9es s con/ruct$4 ,at l5g?1 !re=e1 he 0 =c$ to succumb2 & ! l9k 0 appli$ to ! ,p5nsylvania1 "o ( two eng9es complet$ = ! ,c5tral ,railroad ( ,georgia1 9 ,febru>y1 #ahed4 ,! o!r eng9e ( ! ord]1 ! ,new ,hamp%ire1 _h ! v>iable cut-(f1 & ,mr4 ,baldw91 :ile yield+ to ! dem& 9 ! =m] eng9e1 0 und\bt$ly sangu9e t ! work+ ( ! latt] w\ld demon/rate ! inf]iority ( ! new device4 ,9 ?is1 h[ev]1 he 0 disappo9t$1 = 9 ! foll[+ ye> ! same company ord]$ ?ree m eng9es1 on :i* !y specifi$ ! l9k-motion4 ,9 #ahef1 sev5te5 eng9es = n9e diff]5t companies _h ?is =m ( valve ge>1 & its use 0 ?us incorporat$ 9 8 practice4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 until #aheg t he 0 induc$ to adopt x exclusively4 ,?is /ep 0 =c$ ^u him1 at t "t1 by ! report ( ,mr4 ,p>ry1 !n ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,works 7n[ a memb] ( ! pres5t firm71 :o1 on return+ f an ext5d$ t\r 9 ! ,s\?1 br\ght back ! intellig5ce t ! l9k-motion 0 ev]y:]e pref]r$1 & t ! ,baldw9 eng9es 7 los+ gr\nd rapidly1 9 consequ5ce ( _! lack ( ?is feature4 ,mr4 ,baldw9's *>act]i/ic reply 01 ,!n !y %all h l9k-motion h]eaft]4 ,& !nce=? ! indep5d5t cut-(f gradually disappe>$1 & ! l9k reign$ 9 its /ead4 ,febru>y #ad1 #ahed1 ,mr4 ,baldw9 & ,mr4 ,david ,cl>k1 ,ma/] ,me*anic ( ! ,m9e ,hill ,railroad1 took out conjo9tly a pat5t = a fe$-wat] heat]1 plac$ at ! base ( a locomotive *imney1 & consi/+ ( "o l>ge v]tical flue1 surr\nd$ by a numb] ( small] ones4 ,! exhau/ /eam 0 dis*>g$ f ! nozzles ?r\gh ! l>ge c5tral flue1 creat+ a draft ( ! products ( combu/ion ?r\gh ! small] surr\nd+ flues4 ,! pumps =c$ ! fe$-wat] into ! *amb] ar\nd ^! flues1 :5ce x pass$ to ! boil] by a pipe f ! back ( ! /ack4 ,?is heat] 0 appli$ on sev]al eng9es = ! ,m9e ,hill ,railroad1 & on a few = o!r roads2 b its use 0 exceptional1 & la/$ only = a ye> or two4 ,9 ,decemb] ( ! same ye>1 ,mr4 ,baldw9 fil$ a caveat = a v>iable exhau/1 op]at$ automatically1 by ! pressure ( /eam1 s z to close :5 ! pressure 0 l[e/ 9 ! boil]1 & op5 ) ! increase ( pressure4 ,! device 0 nev] put 9 s]vice4 ,! use ( coal1 bo? bitum9\s & an?racite1 z a fuel = locomotives1 _h by ?is "t become a practical success4 ,! economical combu/ion ( bitum9\s coal1 h[ev]1 engag$ consid]able att5tion4 ,x 0 felt t mu* rema9$ to be accompli%$ 9 consum+ ! smoke & d]iv+ ! maximum ( useful effect f ! fuel4 ,mr4 ,baird1 :o 0 n[ associat$ ) ,mr4 ,baldw9 9 ! managem5t ( ! bus9ess1 made ?is matt] a subject ( c>eful /udy & inve/igation4 ,an exp]im5t 0 conduct$ "u 8 direction1 by plac+ a %eet-iron deflector 9 ! fire-box ( an eng9e on ! ,g]mant[n & ,norri/[n ,railroad4 ,! success ( ! trial 0 su* z to %[ conclusively t a m complete combu/ion result$4 ,z1 h[ev]1 a deflector =m$ by a s+le plate ( iron w\ld soon be de/roy$ by ! action ( ! fire1 ,mr4 ,baird propos$ to use a wat]-leg project+ upw>d & backw>d f ! front ( ! fire-box "u ! flues4 ,draw+s & a model ( ! device 7 prep>$1 ) a view ( pat5t+ x1 b subsequ5tly ! int5tion 0 ab&on$1 ,mr4 ,baird conclud+ t a fire-brick ar* z a deflector to accompli% ! same object 0 pref]able4 ,?is 0 accord+ly tri$ on two locomotives built = ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad ,company 9 #ahed1 & 0 f\nd s valuable an appliance t its use 0 at once e/abli%$1 & x 0 put on a numb] ( eng9es built = railroads 9 ,cuba & else:]e4 ,= sev]al ye>s ! fire-bricks 7 support$ on side plugs2 b 9 #aheh1 9 ! ,m$ia1 built = ! ,we/ ,*e/] & ,philadelphia ,railroad ,company1 wat]-pipes ext5d+ f ! cr[n obliquely d[nw>d & curv+ to ! sides ( ! fire-box at ! bottom1 7 successfully us$ = ! purpose4 ,! adoption ( ! l9k-motion may be reg>d$ z ! divid+ l9e betwe5 ! pres5t & ! e>ly & transitional /age ( locomotive practice4 ,*anges s9ce t ev5t h be5 pr9cipally 9 matt]s ( detail1 b x is ! gradual p]fection ( ^! details :i* has made ! locomotive ! symmetrical1 effici5t1 & wond]fully complete piece ( me*anism x is to-day4 ,9 p]fect+ ^! m9utiae1 ! ,baldw9 ,locomotive ,works has borne its "p1 & x only rema9s to /ate briefly its contributions 9 ?is direction4 ,! production ( ! e/abli%m5t dur+ ! six ye>s f #ahee to #ahfj1 inclusive1 0 z foll[s3 =ty-sev5 eng9es 9 #ahee2 fifty-n9e 9 #ahef2 sixty-six 9 #aheg2 ?irty-?ree 9 #aheh2 sev5ty 9 #ahei2 & eighty-?ree 9 #ahfj4 ,! great] numb] ( ^! 7 ( ! ord9>y type1 f\r driv]s c\pl$1 & a f\r-:eel$ truck1 & v>y+ 9 weight f fifte5 ton eng9es1 ) cyl9d]s twelve by tw5ty-two1 to tw5ty-sev5 ton eng9es1 ) cyl9d]s sixte5 by tw5ty-f\r4 ,a few t5-:eel$ eng9es 7 built1 z has be5 previ\sly not$1 & ! rema9d] 7 ! ,baldw9 flexible-truck six- & eight-:eels-connect$ eng9es4 ,! dem& = ^!1 h[ev]1 0 n[ rapidly fall+ (f1 ! t5-:eel$ & heavy ,c eng9es tak+ _! place1 & by #ahei !y ceas$ to be built1 save 9 exceptional cases1 z = "s =eign roads1 f :i* ord]s = ?is patt]n 7 /ill occasionally receiv$4 ,a few novelties *>act]iz+ ! eng9es ( ?is p]iod may be m5tion$4 ,sev]al eng9es built 9 #ahee _h cross-flues plac$ 9 ! fire-box1 "u ! cr[n1 9 ord] to increase ! heat+ surface4 ,?is feature1 h[ev]1 0 f\nd impracticable1 & 0 soon ab&on$4 ,! int5se heat to :i* ! flues 7 expos$ conv]t$ ! wat] conta9$ 9 !m into highly sup]heat$ /eam1 :i* w\ld =ce its way out ?r\gh ! wat] ar\nd ! fire-box ) viol5t ebullitions4 ,f\r eng9es 7 built = ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad ,company1 9 #ahef-eg1 ) /raight boil]s & two domes4 ,! ,delano grate1 by means ( :i* ! coal 0 =c$ into ! fire-box f bel[1 0 appli$ on f\r t5-:eel$ eng9es = ! ,clevel& & ,pittsburg ,railroad1 9 #aheg4 ,9 #ahei1 sev]al eng9es 7 built ) ! =m ( boil] introduc$ on ! ,cumb]l& ,valley ,railroad 9 #ahea by ,mr4 ,a4 ,f4 ,smi?1 & :i* consi/$ ( a combu/ion-*amb] 9 ! wai/ ( ! boil]1 next ! fire-box4 ,?is =m ( boil] 0 = "s ye>s !reaft] l>gely us$ 9 eng9es = s(t coal4 ,x 0 at fir/ con/ruct$ ) ! wat]-leg1 :i* 0 a v]tical wat]-space1 connect+ ! top & bottom %eets ( ! combu/ion-*amb]1 b ev5tually ?is feature 0 omitt$1 & an unob/ruct$ combu/ion-*amb] employ$4 ,sev]al eng9es 7 built = ! ,philadelphia1 ,wilm+ton & ,baltimore ,railroad ,company 9 #ahei1 & !reaft]1 ) ! ,dimpfel boil]1 9 :i* ! tubes conta9 wat]1 &1 />t+ d[nw>d f ! cr[n-%eet1 are curv$ to ! horizontal1 & t]m9ate 9 a n>r[ wat]-space next ! smoke-box4 ,! :ole wai/ ( ! boil]1 !re=e1 =ms a combu/ion-*amb]1 & ! heat & gases1 aft] pass+ = _! :ole l5g? along & ar\nd ! tubes1 em]ge into ! l[] "p ( ! smoke-box4 ,9 #ahfj1 an eng9e 0 built = ! ,m9e ,hill ,railroad1 ) boil] ( a peculi> =m4 ,! top %eets slop$ upw>d f bo? ends t[>d ! c5tre1 ?us mak+ a rais$ "p or hump 9 ! c5tre4 ,! eng9e 0 design$ to "w on heavy grades1 & ! object s\ght by ,mr4 ,wild]1 ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,m9e ,hill ,railroad1 0 to h ! wat] always at ! same height 9 ! space f :i* /eam 0 drawn1 :e!r go+ up or d[n grade4 ,all ^! exp]im5ts are indicative ( ! int]e/ !n prevail+ ^u ! subject ( coal-burn+4 ,! result ( exp]i5ce & /udy _h meantime satisfi$ ,mr4 ,baldw9 t to burn s(t coal successfully requir$ no peculi> devices2 t ! ord9>y =m ( boil]1 ) pla9 fire-box1 0 "r1 ) p]haps ! addition ( a fire-brick deflector2 & t ! secret ( ! economical & successful use ( coal 0 9 ! mode ( fir+1 r ?an 9 a diff]5t =m ( furnace4 ,! ye> #ahfa witness$ a m>k$ fall+ (f 9 ! production4 ,! break+ out ( ! w> at fir/ unsettl$ bus9ess1 & by _m x 0 ?\ght t railroad traffic w\ld be s l>gely r$uc$ t ! dem& = locomotives mu/ cease altoge!r4 ,a l>ge numb] ( h&s 7 dis*>g$ f ! works1 & only =ty locomotives 7 turn$ out dur+ ! ye>4 ,x 0 ev5 s]i\sly contemplat$ to turn ! res\rces ( ! e/abli%m5t to ! manufacture ( %ot & %ell1 & o!r munitions ( w>1 ! belief be+ ent]ta9$ t ! build+ ( locomotives w\ld h to be altoge!r susp5d$4 ,s f>1 h[ev]1 0 ?is f be+ ! case1 t1 aft] ! fir/ excitem5t _h subsid$1 x 0 f\nd t ! dem& = transportation by ! g5]al gov]nm5t1 & by ! bran*es ( trade & production creat$ by ! w>1 0 likely to tax ! c>ry+ capacity ( ! pr9cipal ,nor!rn railroads to ! fulle/ ext5t4 ,! gov]nm5t itself became a l>ge pur*as] ( locomotives1 & x is noticeable1 z indicat+ ! increase ( travel & freight transportation1 t heavi] ma*9es ?an _h ev] be=e be5 built became ! rule4 ,sev5ty-five eng9es 7 s5t f ! works 9 #ahfb2 n9ety-six 9 #ahfc2 "o hundr$ & ?irty 9 #ahfd2 & "o hundr$ & fifte5 9 #ahfe4 ,dur+ two ye>s ( ?is p]iod1 f ,may1 #ahfb1 to ,june1 #ahfd1 ?irty-?ree eng9es 7 built = ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,milit>y ,railroads4 ,! dem& f ! v>i\s coal-c>ry+ roads 9 ,p5nsylvania & vic9ity 0 p>ticul>ly active1 & l>ge numb]s ( t5-:eel$ eng9es1 & ( ! heavie/ eight-:eel$ f\r-c\pl$ eng9es1 7 built4 ,( ! latt] class1 ! majority 7 ) fifte5 & sixte5 in* cyl9d]s1 & ( ! =m]1 sev5te5 & eighte5 in* cyl9d]s4 ,! introduction ( sev]al important features 9 con/ruction m>ks ?is p]iod4 ,e>ly 9 #ahfa1 f\r eighte5 in* cyl9d] freight locomotives1 ) six c\pl$ :eels1 fifty-two in*es 9 diamet]1 & a ,bissell pony-truck ) radius-b> 9 front1 7 s5t to ! ,l\isville & ,na%ville ,railroad ,company4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ in/ance ( ! use ( ! ,bissell truck 9 ! ,baldw9 ,works4 ,^! eng9es1 h[ev]1 7 n ( ! regul> ,mogul type1 z !y 7 only modifications ( ! t5-:eel]1 ! driv]s reta9+ ! same position1 well back1 & a pair ( pony-:eels on ! ,bissell plan tak+ ! place ( ! ord9>y f\r-:eel$ truck4 ,o!r eng9es ( ! same patt]n1 b ) eighte5 & "o-half in* cyl9d]s1 7 built 9 #ahfb-fc1 = ! same company1 & = ! ,don ,p$ro ,,ii4 ,railway ( ,brazil4 ,! introduction ( /eel 9 locomotive-con/ruction 0 a di/+ui%+ feature ( ! p]iod4 ,/eel tires 7 fir/ us$ 9 ! works 9 #ahfc1 on "s eng9es = ! ,don ,p$ro ,,ii4 ,railway ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,_! g5]al adoption on ,am]ican railroads foll[$ sl[ly4 ,no tires ( ?is mat]ial 7 !n made 9 ?is c\ntry1 & x 0 object$ to _! use t1 z x took f sixty to n9ety days to import !m1 an eng9e1 9 case ( a breakage ( "o ( its tires1 might be laid up useless = sev]al mon?s4 ,to obviate ?is objection1 ,m4 ,w4 ,baldw9 ,co4 import$ five hundr$ /eel tires1 mo/ ( :i* 7 kept 9 /ock1 f :i* to fill ord]s4 ,/eel fire-boxes 7 fir/ built = "s eng9es = ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad ,company 9 #ahfa4 ,engli% /eel1 ( a high temp]1 0 us$1 & at ! fir/ attempt ! fire-boxes crack$ 9 fitt+ !m 9 ! boil]s1 & x became necess>y to take !m out & sub/itute copp]4 ,am]ican homog5e\s ca/-/eel 0 !n tri$ on eng9es #bca & #bcb1 complet$ = ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad 9 ,janu>y1 #ahfb1 & x 0 f\nd to "w successfully4 ,! fire-boxes ( ne>ly all eng9es !reaft] built = t road 7 ( ?is mat]ial1 & 9 #ahff its use = ! purpose became g5]al4 ,x may be add$ t :ile all /eel %eets = fire-boxes or boil]s are requir$ to be ?or\ghly anneal$ be=e deliv]y1 ^? :i* are flang$ or work$ 9 ! process ( boil]-con/ruction are a second "t anneal$ be=e rivet+4 ,ano!r feature ( con/ruction1 gradually adopt$1 0 ! plac+ ( ! cyl9d]s horizontally4 ,?is 0 fir/ done 9 ! case ( an outside-connect$ eng9e1 ! ,ocmulgee1 :i* 0 s5t to ! ,s\?we/]n ,railroad ,company ( ,georgia 9 ,janu>y1 #aheh4 ,?is eng9e _h a squ>e smoke-box1 & ! cyl9d]s 7 bolt$ horizontally to its sides4 ,! plan ( ca/+ ! cyl9d] & half-saddle 9 "o piece & fitt+ x to ! r\nd smoke-box 0 introduc$ by ,mr4 ,baldw91 & grew naturally out ( 8 orig9al me?od ( con/ruction4 ,mr4 ,baldw9 0 ! fir/ ,am]ican build] to use an outside cyl9d]1 & he made x = 8 e>ly eng9es ) a circul> flange ca/ to x1 by :i* x c\ld be bolt$ to ! boil]4 ,! cyl9d]s 7 gradually br\ght l[]1 & at a less angle1 & ! flanges prolong$ & enl>g$4 ,9 #aheb1 ?ree six-:eels-connect$ eng9es1 = ! ,m9e ,hill ,railroad ,company1 7 built ) ! cyl9d] flanges br\ght ar\nd "u ! smoke-box until !y ne>ly met1 ! space betwe5 !m be+ fill$ ) a sp>k-box4 ,?is 0 practically equival5t to mak+ ! cyl9d] & half-saddle 9 "o ca/+4 ,subsequ5tly1 on o!r eng9es on :i* ! sp>k-box 0 n us$1 ! half-saddles 7 ca/ s z almo/ to meet "u ! smoke-box1 &1 aft] ! cyl9d]s 7 adju/$ 9 position1 w$ges 7 fitt$ 9 ! int]/ices & ! saddles bolt$ toge!r4 ,x 0 f9ally discov]$ t ! faces ( ! two half-saddles might be plan$ & f9i%$ s t !y c\ld be bolt$ toge!r & br+ ! cyl9d]s accurately 9 position1 ?us avoid+ ! tr\blesome & t$i\s job ( adju/+ !m by *ipp+ & fitt+ to ! boil] & frames4 ,) ?is me?od ( con/ruction1 ! cyl9d]s 7 plac$ at a less & less angle1 until at l5g? ! truck-:eels 7 spread suffici5tly1 on all new or modifi$ classes ( locomotives 9 ! ,baldw9 li/1 to admit ( ! cyl9d]s be+ hung horizontally1 z is ! pres5t almo/ univ]sal ,am]ican practice4 ,by ! ye> #ahfe1 horizontal cyl9d]s 7 made 9 all cases :]e ! patt]ns w\ld all[ x4 ,! advantages ( ?is arrangem5t are manife/ly 9 ! int]e/ ( simplicity & economy1 z ! cyl9d]s are ?us rights or lefts1 indiscrim9ately1 & a s+le patt]n answ]s = ei!r side4 ,a di/+ui%+ feature 9 ! me?od ( con/ruction :i* *>act]izes ^! ,works1 is ! ext5sive use ( a sy/em ( /&>d gauges & templets1 to :i* all "w admitt+ ( ?is process is requir$ to be made4 ,! importance ( ?is arrangem5t1 9 secur+ absolute uni=mity ( ess5tial p>ts 9 all eng9es ( ! same class1 is manife/1 & ) ! increas$ production s9ce #ahfa x became a necessity z well z a decid$ advantage4 ,x has already be5 not$ t z e>ly z #ahci ,mr4 ,baldw9 felt ! importance ( mak+ all l p>ts ( simil> eng9es absolutely uni=m & int]*angeable4 ,x 0 n attempt$ to accompli% ?is object1 h[ev]1 by means ( a complete sy/em ( /&>d gauges1 until _m ye>s lat]4 ,9 #ahfa a beg9n+ 0 made ( organiz+ all ! dep>tm5ts ( manufacture ^u ?is basis1 & f x has s9ce gr[n an elaborate & p]fect$ sy/em1 embrac+ all ! ess5tial details ( con/ruction4 ,an indep5d5t dep>tm5t ( ! ,works1 hav+ a sep>ate =eman & an adequate =ce ( skill$ workm51 ) special tools adapt$ to ! purpose1 is organiz$ z ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,/&>d ,gauges4 ,a sy/em ( /&>d gauges & templets = e description ( "w to be done1 is made & kept by ?is dep>tm5t4 ,! orig9al templets are kept z /&>ds1 & are nev] us$ on ! "w itself1 b f !m exact duplicates are made1 :i* are issu$ to ! =em5 ( ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts1 & to :i* all "w is requir$ to con=m4 ,! work+ gauges are comp>$ ) ! /&>ds at regul> int]vals1 & absolute uni=mity is ?us ma9ta9$4 ,! sy/em is c>ri$ into e possible important detail4 ,frames are plan$ & slott$ to gauges1 & drill$ to /eel bu%$ templets4 ,cyl9d]s are bor$ & plan$1 & /eam-ports1 ) valves & /eam-*e/s1 f9i%$ & fitt$1 to gauges4 ,tires are bor$1 c5tres turn$1 axles f9i%$1 & cros%eads1 guides1 guide-be>]s1 pi/ons1 connect+- & p>allel-rods plan$1 slott$1 or f9i%$1 by ! same me?od4 ,e bolt ab\t ! eng9e is made to a gauge1 & e hole drill$ & ream$ to a templet4 ,! result ( ! sy/em is an absolute uni=mity & int]*angeabl5ess ( p>ts 9 eng9es ( ! same class1 insur+ to ! pur*as] ! m9imum co/ ( repairs1 & r5d]+ possible1 by ! application ( ?is me?od1 ! l>ge production :i* ^! ,works h accompli%$4 ,?us _h be5 develop$ & p]fect$ ! v>i\s ess5tial details ( exi/+ locomotive practice1 :5 ,mr4 ,baldw9 di$1 ,septemb] #g1 #ahff4 ,he _h be5 p]mitt$1 9 a life ( unusual activity & en]gy1 to witness ! rise & wond]ful increase ( a mat]ial int]e/ :i* _h become ! di/+ui%+ feature ( ! c5tury4 ,he _h done mu*1 by 8 own me*anical skill & inv5tive g5ius1 to contribute to ! developm5t ( t int]e/4 ,8 "n 0 z famili> z h\sehold words :]ev] on ! ,am]ican cont95t ! locomotive _h p5etrat$4 ,an ord9>y ambition might well h be5 satisfi$ ) ?is a*ievem5t4 ,b ,mr4 ,baldw9's claim to ! remembrance ( 8 fell[-m5 re/s n alone on ! results ( 8 me*anical labors4 ,a m]ely te*nical hi/ory1 su* z ?is1 is n ! place to d ju/ice to 8 memory z a man1 z a ,*ri/ian1 & z a philan?ropi/2 yet ! record w\ld be manife/ly imp]fect1 & w\ld fail prop]ly to reflect ! s5tim5ts ( 8 bus9ess associates :o s long knew him 9 all relations ( life1 7 no ref]5ce made to 8 _m virtues & noble traits ( "*4 ,mr4 ,baldw9 0 a man ( /]l+ integrity & s+ul> consci5ti\sness4 ,to d "r1 absolutely & unres]v$ly1 9 all 8 relations ) m51 0 an in/9ctive rule ( 8 nature4 ,8 h]oic /ruggle to meet e doll> ( 8 liabilities1 pr9cipal & int]e/1 aft] 8 failure1 consequ5t ^u ! g5]al f9ancial cra% 9 #ahcg1 con/itutes a *apt] ( p]sonal self-d5ial & det]m9$ ef=t :i* is seldom p>allel$ 9 ! annals ( comm]cial exp]i5ce4 ,:5 mo/ m5 w\ld h felt t an equitable compromise ) cr$itors 0 all t c\ld be dem&$ 9 view ( ! g5]al f9ancial emb>rassm5t1 ,mr4 ,baldw9 insi/$ ^u pay+ all claims 9 full1 & succe$$ 9 do+ s only aft] ne>ly five ye>s ( unremitt+ indu/ry1 close economy1 & absolute p]sonal sacrifices4 ,z a philan?ropi/ & a s9c]e & e>ne/ ,*ri/ian1 zeal\s 9 e good "w1 8 memory is *]i%$ by _m to :om 8 contributions to locomotive improvem5t are comp>atively unkn[n4 ,f ! e>lie/ ye>s ( 8 bus9ess life ! practice ( sy/ematic b5evol5ce 0 made a duty & a pleasure4 ,8 lib]ality con/antly increas$ ) 8 means4 ,inde$1 he w\ld unhesitat+ly give 8 notes1 9 l>ge sums1 = *>itable purposes1 :5 money 0 absolutely want$ to c>ry on 8 bus9ess4 ,ap>t f ! ?\s&s :i* he exp5d$ 9 private *>ities1 & ( :i*1 ( c\rse1 little c be kn[n1 ,philadelphia conta9s _m monum5ts ( 8 munific5ce4 ,e>ly tak+ a deep int]e/ 9 all ,*ri/ian ef=t1 8 contributions to mission>y ent]prise & *ur* ext5sion 7 on ! gr&e/ scale1 & grew ) increas+ weal?4 ,num]\s *ur* edifices 9 ?is city1 ( ! d5om9ation to :i* he belong$1 owe _! exi/5ce l>gely to 8 lib]ality1 & two at lea/ 7 project$ & built by him entirely at 8 own co/4 ,9 8 m5tal "*1 ,mr4 ,baldw9 0 a man ( rem>kable firmness ( purpose4 ,?is trait 0 /rongly %[n dur+ 8 me*anical c>e]1 9 ! p]si/5cy ) :i* he w\ld "w at a new improvem5t or resi/ an innovation4 ,if he 0 l$ sometimes to assume an attitude ( antagonism to features ( locomotive-con/ruction :i* aft]-exp]i5ce %[$ to be valuable1--& a desire = hi/orical accuracy has requir$ ! m5tion1 9 previ\s pages1 ( sev]al in/ances ( ?is k9d1--x is at lea/ c]ta9 t 8 opposition 0 bas$ ^u a consci5ti\s belief 9 ! me*anical impolicy ( ! propos$ *anges4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,mr4 ,baldw91 ! bus9ess 0 reorganiz$1 9 #ahfg1 "u ! title ( ,! ,baldw9 ,locomotive ,works1 ,m4 ,baird ,co41 ,proprietors4 ,messrs4 ,george ,burnham & ,*>les ,t4 ,p>ry1 :o _h be5 connect$ ) ! e/abli%m5t f an e>ly p]iod1 ! =m] 9 *>ge ( ! f9ances1 & ! latt] z ,g5]al ,sup]9t5d5t1 7 associat$ ) ,mr4 ,baird 9 ! cop>tn]%ip4 ,?ree ye>s lat]1 ,messrs4 ,edw>d ,h4 ,williams1 ,william ,p4 ,h5szey1 & ,edw>d ,long/re? became memb]s ( ! firm4 ,mr4 ,williams _h be5 connect$ ) railway managem5t on v>i\s l9es s9ce #ahej4 ,mr4 ,h5szey _h be5 ,me*anical ,eng9e]1 & ,mr4 ,long/re? ! ,g5]al ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,works = sev]al ye>s previ\sly4 ,! production ( ! ,baldw9 ,locomotive ,works f #ahff to #ahga1 bo? ye>s inclusive1 has be5 z foll[s3 #ahff1 "o hundr$ & eighte5 locomotives4 #ahfg1 "o hundr$ & tw5ty-sev5 #ahfh1 "o hundr$ & tw5ty-f\r #ahfi1 two hundr$ & ?irty-five #ahgj1 two hundr$ & eighty #ahga1 ?ree hundr$ & ?irty-"o ,9 ,july1 #ahff1 ! eng9e ,consolidation 0 built = ! ,lehigh ,valley ,railroad1 on ! plan & specification furni%$ by ,mr4 ,alex&] ,mit*ell1 ,ma/] ,me*anic ( ! ,mahanoy ,division ( t railroad4 ,?is eng9e 0 int5d$ = work+ ! ,mahanoy plane1 :i* rises at ! rate ( "o hundr$ & ?irty-?ree feet p] mile4 ,! ,consolidation _h cyl9d]s tw5ty by tw5ty-f\r1 f\r pairs ( driv]s connect$1 =ty-eight in*es 9 diamet]1 & a ,bissell pony-truck 9 front1 equaliz$ ) ! front driv]s4 ,! weight ( ! eng9e1 9 work+ ord]1 0 n9ety ?\s& p\nds1 ( :i* all b ab\t t5 ?\s& p\nds 0 on ! driv]s4 ,?is eng9e has con/itut$ ! fir/ ( a class to :i* x has giv5 its "n1 & ov] ?irty ,consolidation eng9es h s9ce be5 con/ruct$4 ,a class ( eng9es kn[n z ,moguls1 ) ?ree pairs ( driv]s connect$ & a sw+ pony-truck 9 front equaliz$ ) ! front driv]s1 took its rise 9 ! practice ( ?is e/abli%m5t f ! ,e4 ,a4 ,d\glas1 built = ! ,?omas ,iron ,company 9 #ahfg4 ,^! eng9es are fully illu/rat$ 9 ! ,catalogue4 ,sev]al sizes ( ,moguls h be5 built1 b pr9cipally ) cyl9d]s sixte51 sev5te51 & eighte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 respectively1 & tw5ty-two or tw5ty-f\r in*es /roke1 & ) driv]s f =ty-f\r to fifty-sev5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,?is plan ( eng9e has rapidly gr[n 9 favor = freight s]vice on heavy grades or :]e maximum loads are to be mov$1 & has be5 adopt$ by sev]al lead+ l9es4 ,utiliz+1 z x does1 ne>ly ! entire weight ( ! eng9e = adhesion1 ! ma9 & back pairs ( driv]s be+ equaliz$ toge!r1 z also ! front driv]s & ! pony-:eels1 & ! con/ruction ( ! eng9e ) sw+-truck & "o pair ( driv]s )\t flanges all[+ x to pass %ort curves )\t difficulty1 ! ,mogul is g5]ally accept$ z a type ( eng9e especially adapt$ to ! economical work+ ( heavy freight traffic4 ,9 #ahfg1 on a numb] ( eight-:eel$ f\r-c\pl$ eng9es1 = ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad1 ! f\r-:eel$ sw+-bol/]-truck 0 fir/ appli$1 & !reaft] ne>ly all ! eng9es built 9 ! e/abli%m5t ) a two- or f\r-:eel$ truck 9 front h be5 s con/ruct$4 ,! two-:eel$ or pony truck has be5 built bo? on ! ,bissell plan1 ) d\ble incl9$ slides1 & ) ! ord9>y sw+-bol/]1 & 9 bo? cases ) ! radius-b> pivot+ f a po9t ab\t f\r feet back f ! c5tre ( ! truck4 ,! f\r-:eel$ truck has be5 made ) sw+-bol/] exclusively & )\t ! radius-b>4 ,( ! eng9es above ref]r$ to z ! fir/ on :i* ! sw+-bol/]-truck 0 appli$1 f\r 7 = express pass5g] s]vice1 ) driv]s sixty-sev5 in*es 9 diamet]1 & cyl9d]s sev5te5 by tw5ty-f\r4 ,"o ( !m1 plac$ on ! road ,septemb] #i1 #ahfg1 0 9 con/ant s]vice until ,may #ad1 #ahga1 )\t ev] be+ (f its :eels = repairs1 mak+ a total mileage ( "o hundr$ & fifty-?ree ?\s& two hundr$ & eighty miles4 ,all ( ^! eng9es h _! driv+-:eels spread eight & "o-half feet betwe5 c5tres1 ?us increas+ ! adhesive weight1 & ) ! use ( ! sw+-truck !y h be5 f\nd to "w readily on ! %orte/ curves on ! road4 ,/eel flues 7 put 9 ?ree t5-:eel$ freight eng9es1 numb]s #baa1 #cch1 & #cfh1 complet$ = ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad 9 ,augu/1 #ahfh1 & up to ! pres5t "t h be5 9 con/ant use )\t requir+ r5ewal4 ,flues ( ! same mat]ial h also be5 us$ 9 a numb] ( eng9es = ,s\? ,am]ican railroads4 ,exp]i5ce ) tubes ( ?is metal1 h[ev]1 has n yet be5 suffici5tly ext5d$ to %[ :e!r !y give any advantages comm5surate ) _! increas$ co/ ov] iron4 ,/eel boil]s h be5 built1 to a consid]able ext5t1 = ! ,p5nsylvania1 ,lehigh ,valley1 ,c5tral ( ,new ,j]sey1 & "s o!r railroad companies1 s9ce #ahfh1 & ) good results ?us f>4 ,:]e ?is metal is us$ = boil]s1 ! plates may be some:at ?9n] ?an if ( iron1 b at ! same "t1 z %[n by c>eful te/s1 giv+ a great] t5sile /r5g?4 ,! ?or\ghly homog5e\s "* ( ! /eel boil]-plate made 9 ?is c\ntry recomm5ds x /rongly = ! purpose4 ,9 #ahed1 f\r eng9es = ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad ,company1 ! ,tig]1 ,leop>d1 ,hornet1 & ,wasp1 7 built ) /raight boil]s & two domes ea*1 & 9 #ahff ?is me?od ( con/ruction 0 reviv$4 ,s9ce t date1 ! practice ( ! e/abli%m5t has includ$ bo? ! wagon-top boil] ) s+le dome1 & ! /raight boil] ) two domes4 ,:5 ! /raight boil] is us$1 ! wai/ is made ab\t two in*es l>g] 9 diamet] ?an t ( ! wagon-top =m4 ,ab\t equal space = wat] & /eam is ?us giv5 9 ei!r case1 &1 z ! numb] ( flues is ! same 9 bo? =ms1 m room = ! circulation ( wat] betwe5 ! flues is af=d$ 9 ! /raight boil]1 on acc\nt ( its l>g] diamet]1 ?an 9 ! wagon-top %ape4 ,! pref]5ce ( _m railroad (fic]s = ! /raight boil] is bas$ on ! consid]ation ( ! great] /r5g? :i* ?is =m confess$ly gives4 ,! top & side l9es be+ ( equal l5g?1 ! expansion is uni=m ?r\gh\t1 & h5ce !re is less liability to leak on ! sides1 at ! junction ( ! wai/ & fire-box4 ,! ?rottle-valve is plac$ 9 ! =w>d dome1 f :i* po9t dri] /eam c be drawn ?an f ov] ! cr[n-%eet1 :]e ! mo/ viol5t ebullitions 9 a boil] occur4 ,= ^! reasons1 z well z on acc\nt ( its great] symmetry1 ! /raight boil] ) two domes is l>gely accept$ z pref]able to ! wagon-top =m4 ,e>ly 9 #ahgj1 ! success ( ! v>i\s n>r[-gauge railway ent]prises 9 ,europe ar\s$ a lively int]e/ 9 ! subject1 & num]\s simil> l9es 7 project$ on ?is side ( ! ,atlantic4 ,sev]al classes ( eng9es = work+ railroads ( ?is "* 7 design$ & built1 & are illu/rat$ 9 full 9 ,division ,,vii ( ! ,catalogue4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,baldw9 ,locomotive ,works has ?us be5 trac$ f its inception to ! pres5t "t4 ,ov] tw5ty-six hundr$ locomotives h be5 built 9 ! e/abli%m5t s9ce ! completion ( ! ,old ,ironsides1 9 #ahcb4 ,its capacity is n[ equal to ! production ( ov] f\r hundr$ locomotives annually1 & x has atta9$ ! rank ( ! l>ge/ locomotive works 9 ! _w4 ,x owes ?is position n only to ! "* ( ! "w x has turn$ out1 b l>gely also to ! peculi> facilities = manufacture :i* x possesses4 ,situat$ close to ! great iron & coal region ( ! c\ntry1 ! pr9cipal mat]ials requir$ = its "w are readily available4 ,x numb]s among its manag]s & workm5 m5 :o h _h ! tra9+ ( a lifetime 9 ! v>i\s specialties ( locomotive-manufacture1 & ^: exp]i5ce has embrac$ ! successive /ages ( ,am]ican locomotive progress4 ,its location1 9 ! l>ge/ manufactur+ city ( ! c\ntry1 is an advantage ( no ord9>y importance4 ,9 #ahgj1 ,philadelphia1 ) a total population ( ne>ly sev5 hundr$ ?\s& s\ls1 gave employm5t 9 its manufactures to ov] "o hundr$ & tw5ty ?\s& p]sons4 ,9 o!r words1 m ?an "o-six? ( its population is conc]n$ 9 production4 ,! ext5t ( t]ritory cov]$ by ! city1 embrac+ "o hundr$ & tw5ty-sev5 squ>e miles1 ) unsurpass$ facilities = ready int]communication by /reet railways1 r5d]s possible sep>ate com=table homes = ! work+ population1 & ?us t5ds to elevate _! condition & increase _! effici5cy4 ,su* & s va/ a class ( skill$ me*anics is !re=e available f :i* to recruit ! =ces ( ! e/abli%m5t :5 necess>y4 ,"u _! comm& are special tools1 :i* h be5 creat$ f "t to "t ) ref]5ce to e detail ( locomotive-manufacture2 & an organiz$ sy/em ( production1 p]fect$ by long ye>s ( exp]i5ce1 gov]ns ! op]ation ( all4 ,) su* a record = ! pa/1 & su* facilities at its comm& = ! future1 ! ,baldw9 ,locomotive ,works submits ! foll[+ ,catalogue ( ! pr9cipal classes ( locomotives embrac$ 9 its pres5t practice4 ,,circul>4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages we pres5t & illu/rate a sy/em ( ,,/&>d ,,locomotives1 9 :i*1 x is believ$1 w be f\nd designs suit$ to all ! requirem5ts ( ord9>y s]vice4 ,^! patt]ns admit ( modifications1 to suit ! pref]5ces ( railroad manag]s1 & :]e ma*9es ( peculi> con/ruction = special s]vice are requir$1 we are prep>$ to make & submit designs1 or to build to specifications furni%$4 ,all ! locomotives ( ! sy/em h]e) pres5t$ are adapt$ to ! consumption ( wood1 coke1 or bitum9\s or an?racite coal z fuel4 ,all "w is accurately fitt$ to gauges1 :i* are made f a sy/em ( /&>ds kept exclusively = ! purpose4 ,l p>ts w1 !re=e1 fit accurately 9 all locomotives ( ! same class4 ,?is sy/em ( manufacture1 toge!r ) ! l>ge numb] ( locomotives at all times 9 progress1 & embrac+ ! pr9cipal classes1 insures unusual & especial facilities = fill+ at once1 or ) ! lea/ possible delay1 ord]s = duplicate p>ts4 ,full specifications ( locomotives w be furni%$ on application4 ,m4 ,,baird ,,co4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,t]ms4 ,! sev]al classes ( locomotives manufactur$ by ! ,baldw9 ,locomotive ,works h _! respective di/+ui%+ names1 :i* are d]iv$ & appli$ z foll[s3 ,all locomotives hav+ "o pair ( driv+-:eels are designat$ z ,b eng9es4 ,^? hav+ two pairs ( driv]s1 z ,c eng9es4 ,^? hav+ ?ree pairs ( driv]s1 z ,d eng9es4 ,^? hav+ f\r pairs ( driv]s1 z ,e eng9es4 ,"o or m figures unit$ ) "o ( ^! lett]s1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 or ,e1 & prec$+ x1 indicates ! dim5sions ( cyl9d]s1 boil]1 & o!r p>ts1 & also ! g5]al plan ( ! locomotive3 ?us1 #bg-a_/b ,c designates ! class ( eight-:eel$ locomotives 7illu/rat$ on pages #ef & #fj7 ) two pairs ( driv]s & a f\r-:eel$ truck1 & ) cyl9d]s sixte5 in*es 9 diamet] & tw5ty-two or tw5ty-f\r in*es /roke4 #cd ,e designates ano!r class 7illu/rat$ on page #hj71 ) f\r pairs ( driv]s & a pony truck1 & ) cyl9d]s tw5ty in*es 9 diamet] & tw5ty-f\r in*es /roke4 ,9 l mann] all ! o!r classes are designat$ by a comb9ation ( c]ta9 lett]s & figures4 ,all correspond+ important p>ts ( locomotives ( ! same class are made int]*angeable & exact duplicates4 ,! foll[+ table gives a summ>y ( ! pr9cipal classes ( locomotives ( our manufacture3 ,,g5]al ,,classification4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,driv]s4 ,truck4 ,weight 9 ,designation ,,s]vice4 ,gauge4 ,cyl9d]s4------------- ,no4 ,work+ ( ,class4 ,no4,diamet]4,:eels4,ord]4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------- ,,in*es4 ,,p\nds4 #h-a_/b ,c ,n>r[ ,gauge ,pass5g] & ,freight4 #c feet #i x #af #d #cf to #dj #b #be1jjj & ov]4 #i-a_/b ,c d4 #aj x #af #d #cf to #dj #b #cj1jjj #ab ,d ,n>r[ ,gauge ,freight4 #aa x #af #f #cf to #dj #b #ce1jjj #ad ,d d4 #ab x #af #f #cf to #dj #b #dj1jjj #h ,c ,tank ,swit*+4 #d ft4 #h-a_/b #i x #af #d #cf 4444 #be1jjj & ov] #aj-a_/b ,c d4 #aa x #af #d #cf 4444 #ch1jjj #aa-a_/b ,c d4 #aa x #af #d #cf #b #dj1jjj #ab ,c d4 #ab x #bb #d #dd 4444 #dc1jjj #ad ,c d4 #ad x #bb #d #dh 4444 #dh1jjj #ad-a_/b ,c d4 #ad x #bb #d #dh #b #ej1jjj #ah-a_/b ,c d4 #ae x #bb #d #dh to #ed 4444 #ee1jjj #ae-a_/b ,c d4 #ae x #bb #d #dh to #ed #b #eg1jjj #ba ,d d4 #ae x #bb #f #dd 4444 #fj1jjj #bg-a_/b ,d d4 #af x #bb #f #dd to #dh 4444 #ff1jjj #h ,c ,swit*+1 ) sep>ate ,t5d]4 #i x #af #d #cf 4444 #bb1jjj #aj-a_/b ,c d4 #aa x #af #d #cf 4444 #cd1jjj #aa-a_/b ,c d4 #aa x #af #d #cf #b #cf1jjj #ab ,c d4 #ab x #bb #d #dd 4444 #ch1jjj #ad ,c d4 #ad x #bb #d #dh 4444 #db1jjj #ad-a_/b ,c d4 #ad x #bb #d #dh #b #dd1jjj #ah-a_/b ,c d4 #ae x #bb #d #dh to #ed 4444 #di1jjj #ae-a_/b ,c d4 #ae x #bb #d #dh to #ed #b #ea1jjj #ai-a_/b ,c d4 #af x #bb #d #dh to #ed 4444 #ef1jjj #ba ,d d4 #ae x #bb #f #dd 4444 #eb1jjj #bg-a_/b ,d d4 #af x #bb #f #dd to #dh 4444 #fj1jjj #bd #be-a_/b ,d d4 #ag x #bb #f #dh to #ed 4444 #ff1jjj #bd #ae ,c ,pass5g] & ,freight4 #aj x #bj #d #ed #d #ch1jjj #af-a_/b ,c d4 #ab x #bb #d #ed to #fj #d #dd1jjj #bj-a_/b ,c d4 #ac x #bb #d #ef to #ff #d #ej1jjj #bd #bb-a_/b ,c d4 #ad x #bb #d #ef to #ff #d #ee1jjj #bd #bd-a_/b ,c d4 #ae x #bb #d #ef to #ff #d #fj1jjj #bd #bg-a_/b ,c d4 #af x #bb #d #ef to #ff #d #fe1jjj #bd #bh d4 #ag x #bb #d #ef to #ff #d #gj1jjj #bd #bd-a_/b ,d ,freight4 #af x #bb #f #dh to #ed #d #fg1jjj #bd #bf-a_/b ,d d4 #ag x #bb #f #dh to #ed #d #gb1jjj #bd #bh-a_/b ,d d4 #ah x #bb #f #dh to #ed #d #gg1jjj #bd #bg-a_/b ,d ,freight & pu%+4 #af x #bb #f #dh to #ed #b #ff1jjj #bd #be-a_/b ,d d4 #ag x #bb #f #dh to #ed #b #ga1jjj #bd #cj ,d d4 #ah x #bb #f #dh to #ed #b #gf1jjj #bd #cd ,e ,freight & ,pu%+4 #bj x #bd #h #dh #b #if1jjj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,prefatory4 ,! dim5sions giv5 9 ! foll[+ ,catalogue are = locomotives ( f\r feet eight & a half in*es gauge1 unless o!rwise /at$4 ,! loads giv5 "u ea* class are inv>iably 9 gross tons ( tw5ty-two hundr$ & =ty p\nds1 & include bo? c>s & lad+4 ,all ! locomotives describ$ 9 ?is ,catalogue are sold ) ! gu>antee t !y w haul1 on a /raight track 9 good condition1 ! loads /at$4 ,_! actual p]=mance "u favorable circum/ances may be reli$ ^u l>gely to exce$ ! figures giv5 9 ! gu>antee4 ,! fe$-wat] = all locomotives specifi$ is suppli$ by two pumps1 or "o pump & "o injector4 ,"o or m injectors c also be suppli$ 9 addition to ! two pumps1 if desir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,locomotive4 ,,division ,i4 ,,road ,,locomotives ,,= ,,pass5g] ,,or ,,freight ,,s]vice4 ,,class #ae ,c4 ,g5]al ,design ,illu/rat$ by ,pr9t on ,page #eb4 ,,cyl9d]s4 ,diamet] ( cyl9d]s #aj in*es4 ,l5g? ( /roke #bj ,,driv+-,,:eels4 ,diamet] ( driv]s #ed in*es4 ,,truck4 ,,f\r-,,:eel$ ,,truck1 ,,) ,,c5tre-,,be>+ ,,bol/]4 ,diamet] ( :eels #bd in*es4 ,,:eel-,,base4 ,total :eel-base #af ft4 #c-c_/d in*es4 ,,t5d]4 ,,on ,,f\r ,,:eels4 ,capacity ( tank #ijj gallons4 ,,weight ,,( ,,eng9e ,,9 ,,work+ ,,ord]4 ,on driv]s #bc1jjj p\nds4 ,on truck #ae1jjj ------ ,total weight ( eng9e1 ab\t #ch1jjj ,,load4 ,,9 ,,addition ,,to ,,eng9e ,,& ,,t5d]4 ,on a level #eej gross tons4 #bj ft4 grade #bej #dj #afj #fj #aae #hj #he #ajj #fe ,,division ,i4 ,,road ,,locomotives ,,= ,,pass5g] ,,or ,,freight ,,s]vice4 ,,class #af-a_/b ,c4 ,g5]al ,design ,illu/rat$ by ,pr9t on ,page #eb4 ,,cyl9d]s4 ,diamet] ( cyl9d]s #ab in*es4 ,l5g? ( /roke #bb ,,driv+-,,:eels4 ,diamet] ( driv]s #ed to #fj in*es4 ,,truck4 ,,f\r-,,:eel$ ,,truck1 ,,) ,,c5tre-,,be>+ ,,bol/]4 ,diamet] ( :eels #bd to #bf in*es4 ,,:eel-,,base4 ,total :eel-base #ai ft4 #a in*4 ,,t5d]4 ,,on ,,two ,,f\r-,,:eel$ ,,trucks4 ,capacity ( tank #abjj gallons4 ,,weight ,,( ,,eng9e ,,9 ,,work+ ,,ord]4 ,on driv]s #bh1jjj p\nds4 ,on truck #af1jjj ------ ,total weight ( eng9e1 ab\t #dd1jjj ,,load4 ,,9 ,,addition ,,to ,,eng9e ,,& ,,t5d]4 ,on a level #ffe gross tons4 #bj ft4 grade #cje #dj #aij #fj #ace #hj #ajj #ajj #ge ,illu/ration3 ,locomotive4 ,,division ,i4 ,,road ,,locomotives ,,= ,,pass5g] ,,or ,,freight ,,s]vice4 ,,class #bj-a_/b ,c ,g5]al ,design ,illu/rat$ by ,pr9ts on ,pages #eb & #ef4 ,,cyl9d]s4 ,diamet] ( cyl9d]s #ac in*es4 ,l5g? ( /roke #bb or #bd in*es4 ,,driv+-,,:eels4 ,diamet] ( driv]s #ef to #ff in*es4 ,,truck4 ,,f\r-,,:eel$ ,,c5tre-,,be>+ ,,truck1 ,,) ,,sw+ ,,bol/]4 ,diamet] ( :eels #bd to #cj in*es4 ,,:eel-,,base4 ,total :eel-base #bj ft4 #a-c_/d in*es4 ,rigid 7di/ance betwe5 driv+-:eel-c5tres7 #f ft4 #f in*es4 ,,t5d]4 ,,on ,,two ,,f\r-,,:eel$ ,,trucks4 ,capacity ( tank #adjj gallons4 ,,weight ,,( ,,eng9e ,,9 ,,work+ ,,ord]4 ,on driv]s #cj1jjj p\nds4 ,on truck #bj1jjj ------ ,total weight ( eng9e1 ab\t #ej1jjj ,,load4 ,,9 ,,addition ,,to ,,eng9e ,,& ,,t5d]4 ,on a level #gaj gross tons4 #bj ft4 grade #cbe #dj #bjj #fj #adj #hj #aje #ajj #hj ,,division ,i4 ,,road ,,locomotives ,,= ,,pass5g] ,,or ,,freight ,,s]vice4 ,,class #bb-a_/b ,c4 ,g5]al ,design ,illu/rat$ by ,pr9ts on ,pages #eb & #ef4 ,,cyl9d]s4 ,diamet] ( cyl9d]s #ad in*es4 ,l5g? ( /roke #bb or #bd in*es4 ,,driv+-,,:eels4 ,diamet] ( driv]s #ef to #ff in*es4 ,,truck4 ,,f\r-,,:eel$ ,,c5tre-,,be>+ ,,truck1 ,,) ,,sw+ ,,bol/]4 ,diamet] ( :eels #bd to #cj in*es4 ,,:eel-,,base4 ,total :eel-base #bj ft4 #g-c_/d in*es4 ,rigid 7di/ance betwe5 driv+-:eel-c5tres7 #g ft4 ,,t5d]4 ,,on ,,two ,,f\r-,,:eel$ ,,trucks4 ,capacity ( tank #afjj gallons4 ,,weight ,,( ,,eng9e ,,9 ,,work+ ,,ord]4 ,on driv]s #ce1jjj p\nds4 ,on truck #bj1jjj ------ ,total weight ( eng9e1 ab\t #ee1jjj ,,load4 ,,9 ,,addition ,,to ,,eng9e ,,& ,,t5d]4 ,on a level #hce gross tons4 #bj ft4 grade #chj #dj #bdj #fj #agj #hj #abe #ajj #ajj ,illu/ration3 ,locomotive4 ,,division ,i4 ,,road ,,locomotives ,,= ,,pass5g] ,,or ,,freight ,,s]vice4 ,,class #bd-a_/b ,c ,g5]al ,design ,illu/rat$ by ,pr9ts on ,pages #ef & #fj4 ,,cyl9d]s4 ,diamet] ( cyl9d]s #ae in*es4 ,l5g? ( /roke #bb or #bd in*es4 ,,driv+-,,:eels4 ,diamet] ( driv]s #ef to #ff in*es4 ,,truck4 ,,f\r-,,:eel$ ,,c5tre-,,be>+ ,,truck1 ,,) ,,sw+ ,,bol/]4 ,diamet] ( :eels #bd to #cj in*es4 ,,:eel-,,base4 ,total :eel-base #ba ft4 #c in*es4 ,rigid 7di/ance betwe5 driv+-:eel-c5tres7 #g ft4 #h in*es4 ,,t5d]4 ,,on ,,two ,,f\r-,,:eel$ ,,trucks4 ,capacity ( tank #ahjj gallons4 ,,weight ,,( ,,eng9e ,,9 ,,work+ ,,ord]4 ,on driv]s #ci1jjj p\nds4 ,on truck #ba1jjj ------ ,total weight ( eng9e1 ab\t #fj1jjj ,,load4 ,,9 ,,addition ,,to ,,weight ,,( ,,eng9e ,,& ,,t5d]4 ,on a level #icj gross tons4 #bj ft4 grade #dcj #dj #bgj #fj #aij #hj #adj #ajj #aaj ,,division ,i4 ,,road ,,locomotives ,,= ,,pass5g] ,,or ,,freight ,,s]vice4 ,,class #bg-a_/b ,c4 ,g5]al ,design ,illu/rat$ by ,pr9ts on ,pages #ef & #fj4 ,,cyl9d]s4 ,diamet] ( cyl9d]s #af in*es4 ,l5g? ( /roke #bb or #bd in*es4 ,,driv+-,,:eels4 ,diamet] ( driv]s #ef to #ff in*es4 ,,truck4 ,,f\r-,,:eel$ ,,c5tre-,,be>+ ,,truck1 ,,) ,,sw+ ,,bol/]4 ,diamet] ( :eels #bd to #cj in*es4 ,,:eel-,,base4 ,total :eel-base #ba ft4 #i in*es4 ,rigid 7di/ance betwe5 driv+-:eel-c5tres7 #h ft4 ,,t5d]4 ,,on ,,two ,,f\r-,,:eel$ ,,trucks4 ,capacity ( tank #bjjj gallons4 ,,weight ,,( ,,eng9e ,,9 ,,work+ ,,ord]4 ,on driv]s #db1jjj p\nds4 ,on truck #bc1jjj ------ ,total weight ( eng9e1 ab\t #fe1jjj ,,load4 ,,9 ,,addition ,,to ,,eng9e ,,& ,,t5d]4 ,on a level #ajjj gross tons4 #bj ft4 grade #dfj #dj #bij #fj #bje #hj #aej #ajj #abj ,! di/ance betwe5 c5tres ( driv]s 7rigid :eel-base7 c be made #h ft4 #f 941 if pref]r$ to #h ft4 z giv5 above4 ,?is great] spread ( :eels1 ?r[+ m weight on ! driv]s1 gives ! eng9e great] adhesion1 & ?us adds to its effici5cy = freight s]vice4 ,ow+ to ! peculi> con/ruction ( ! truck1 ! eng9e is f\nd to pass %ort curves )\t difficulty1 ev5 ) ?is great] di/ance betwe5 driv+-:eel-c5tres4 ,illu/ration3 ,locomotive4 ,,division ,i4 ,,road ,,locomotives ,,= ,,pass5g] ,,or ,,freight ,,s]vice4 ,,class #bh ,c4 ,g5]al ,design ,illu/rat$ by ,pr9ts on ,pages #ef1 #fj1 & #fd4 ,,cyl9d]s4 ,diamet] ( cyl9d]s #ag in*es4 ,l5g? ( /roke #bb or #bd in*es4 ,,driv+-,,:eels4 ,diamet] ( driv]s #ef to #ff in*es4 ,,truck4 ,,f\r-,,:eel$ ,,c5tre-,,be>+ ,,truck1 ,,) ,,sw+ ,,bol/]4 ,diamet] ( :eels #bd to #cj in*es4 ,,:eel-,,base4 ,total :eel-base #bb ft4 #f-a_/d in*es4 ,rigid 7di/ance betwe5 driv+-:eel-c5tres7 #h ft4 ,,t5d]4 ,,on ,,two ,,f\r-,,:eel$ ,,trucks4 ,capacity ( tank #bbjj gallons4 ,,weight ,,( ,,eng9e ,,9 ,,work+ ,,ord]4 ,on driv]s #de1jjj p\nds4 ,on truck #be1jjj ------ ,total weight ( eng9e1 ab\t #gj1jjj ,,load4 ,,9 ,,addition ,,to ,,eng9e ,,& ,,t5d]4 ,on a level #ajge gross tons4 #bj ft4 grade #die #dj #caj #fj #bbj #hj #afe #ajj #acj ,! di/ance betwe5 c5tres ( driv]s 7rigid :eel-base7 c be made #h ft4 #f 941 if pref]r$ to #h ft4 z giv5 above4 ,?is great] spread ( :eels1 ?r[+ m weight on ! driv]s1 gives ! eng9e great] adhesion1 & ?us adds to its effici5cy = freight s]vice4 ,ow+ to ! peculi> con/ruction ( ! truck1 ! eng9e is f\nd to pass %ort curves )\t difficulty1 ev5 ) ?is great] di/ance betwe5 driv+-:eel-c5tres4 ,,add5da4 ,,adaptation ,,= ,,ei!r ,,pass5g] ,,or ,,freight ,,s]vice4 ,! five prec$+ classes1 embrac+ road locomotives ) cyl9d]s f ?irte5 to sev5te5 in*es 9 diamet]1 admit ( con/ruction ) ei!r a tw5ty-two or a tw5ty-f\r in*es /roke1 & ) driv+-:eels ( any diamet] f fifty-six to sixty-six in*es4 ,ea* class c1 !re=e1 be adapt$ to ei!r pass5g] or freight s]vice1 by giv+ ! %ort] /roke & ! l>g] :eel = ! =m] use1 & ! long] /roke & small] :eel = ! latt]4 ,! same cyl9d] patt]n is us$ = bo? ! tw5ty-two & ! tw5ty-f\r in*es /roke1 ! diff]5ce 9 l5g? be+ made by recess+ ! cyl9d] heads4 ,,an?racite ,,coal ,,burn]s4 ,! illu/rations & figures giv5 = eng9es 9 ?is ,division are all = s(t coal or wood burn]s4 ,= an?racite coal ! =m ( ! furnace is *ang$1 giv+ a long] grate & %all[] fire-box4 ,! b>rel ( boil]1 l5g? ( connect+-rods1 numb] & l5g? ( flues1 etc41 rema9 ! same1 s t no *ange 9 pr9cipal patt]ns results4 ,! *ange 9 %ape & dim5sions ( fire-box1 h[ev]1 alt]s ! di/ribution ( weight1 ?r[+ m load on ! driv]s & less on ! truck1 :ile ! total weight ( eng9e rema9s ne>ly ! same4 ,! h>d coal burn]s1 accord+ly1 hav+ f ?is cause some:at m adhesion ?an ! s(t coal burn]s ( ! same class1 h proportionately m tractive p[]1 & w haul loads f t5 to fifte5 p] c5t4 great] ?an ^? giv5 = ! correspond+ s(t coal or wood burn+ eng9es4 ,,/raight ,,& ,,wagon-,,top ,,boil]s4 ,all ! eng9es ( ?is division are built ) wagon-top boil]s or ) /raight boil]s & two domes1 z pref]r$4 ,:]e ! latt] =m is made1 ! ?rottle-valve is plac$ 9 ! =w>d dome4 ,! wagon-top & /raight boil]s = ! same class are s proportion$ z to give equal /eam space & ! same numb] ( flues 9 bo? =ms ( con/ruction4 ,illu/ration3 ,locomotive4 ,,division ,,ii4 ,,t5-,,:eel$ ,,freight ,,locomotives4 ,,class #bd-a_/b ,d4 ,g5]al ,design ,illu/rat$ by ,pr9t on ,page #fh4 ,,cyl9d]s4 ,diamet] ( cyl9d]s #af in*es4 ,l5g? ( /roke #bb or #bd in*es4 ,,driv+-,,:eels4 ,,re> ,,& ,,front ,,pairs ,,) ,,flang$ ,,tires #e-a_/b ,,in*es ,,wide4 ,,ma9 ,,pair ,,) ,,pla9 ,,tires #f ,,in*es ,,wide4 ,diamet] ( driv]s #dh to #ed in*es4 ,,truck4 ,,f\r-,,:eel$ ,,c5tre-,,be>+ ,,truck1 ,,) ,,sw+ ,,bol/]4 ,diamet] ( :eels #bd to #bf in*es4 ,,:eel-,,base4 ,total :eel-base #bc feet4 ,rigid 7di/ance betwe5 c5tres ( re> & front driv]s7 #ab ft4 #a in*4 ,,t5d]4 ,,on ,,two ,,f\r-,,:eel$ ,,trucks4 ,capacity ( tank #afjj gallons4 ,,weight ,,( ,,eng9e ,,9 ,,work+ ,,ord]4 ,on driv]s #ea1jjj p\nds4 ,on truck #af1jjj ------ ,total weight ( eng9e1 ab\t #fg1jjj ,,load4 ,,9 ,,addition ,,to ,,eng9e ,,& ,,t5d]4 ,on a level #abcj gross tons #bj ft4 grade #egj #dj #cfj #fj #bfj #hj #aie #ajj #aee ,,division ,,ii4 ,,t5-,,:eel$ ,,freight ,,locomotives4 ,,class #bf-a_/b ,d4 ,g5]al ,design ,illu/rat$ by ,pr9t on ,page #fh4 ,,cyl9d]s4 ,diamet] ( cyl9d]s #ag in*es4 ,l5g? ( /roke #bb or #bd in*es4 ,,driv+-,,:eels4 ,,re> ,,& ,,front ,,pairs ,,) ,,flang$ ,,tires #e-a_/b ,,in*es ,,wide4 ,,ma9 ,,pair ,,) ,,pla9 ,,tires #f ,,in*es ,,wide4 ,diamet] ( driv]s #dh to #ed in*es4 ,,truck4 ,,f\r-,,:eel$ ,,c5tre-,,be>+ ,,truck1 ,,) ,,sw+ ,,bol/]4 ,diamet] ( :eels #bd to #bf in*es4 ,,:eel-,,base4 ,total :eel-base #bc ft4 #b-c_/d in*es4 ,rigid 7di/ance betwe5 c5tres ( re> & front driv]s7 #ab ft4 #h in*es4 ,,t5d]4 ,,on ,,two ,,f\r-,,:eel$ ,,trucks4 ,capacity ( tank #ahjj gallons4 ,,weight ,,( ,,eng9e ,,9 ,,work+ ,,ord]4 ,on driv]s #ed1jjj p\nds4 ,on truck #ah1jjj ------ ,total weight ( eng9e1 ab\t #gb1jjj ,,load4 ,,9 ,,addition ,,to ,,eng9e ,,& ,,t5d]4 ,on a level #acjj gross tons4 #bj ft4 grade #fjj #dj #chj #fj #bgj #hj #bje #ajj #afj ,,division ,,ii4 ,,t5-,,:eel$ ,,freight ,,locomotives4 ,,class #bh-a_/b ,d4 ,g5]al ,design ,illu/rat$ by ,pr9t on ,page #fh4 ,,cyl9d]s4 ,diamet] ( cyl9d]s #ah in*es4 ,l5g? ( /roke #bb or #bd in*es4 ,,driv+-,,:eels4 ,,re> ,,& ,,front ,,pairs ,,) ,,flang$ ,,tires #e-a_/b ,,in*es ,,wide4 ,,ma9 ,,pair ,,) ,,pla9 ,,tires #f ,,in*es ,,wide4 ,diamet] ( driv]s #dh to #ed in*es4 ,,truck4 ,,f\r-,,:eel$ ,,c5tre-,,be>+ ,,truck1 ,,) ,,sw+ ,,bol/]4 ,diamet] ( :eels #bd to #bf in*es4 ,,:eel-,,base4 ,total :eel-base #bc ft4 #b-c_/d in*es4 ,rigid 7di/ance betwe5 c5tres ( re> & front driv]s7 #ab ft4 #h in*es4 ,,t5d]4 ,,on ,,two ,,f\r-,,:eel$ ,,trucks4 ,capacity ( tank #bjjj gallons4 ,,weight ,,( ,,eng9e ,,9 ,,work+ ,,ord]4 ,on driv]s #eh1jjj p\nds4 ,on truck #ai1jjj ------ ,total weight ( eng9e1 ab\t #gg1jjj ,,load4 ,,9 ,,addition ,,to ,,eng9e ,,& ,,t5d]4 ,on a level #adjj gross tons4 #bj ft4 grade #fde #dj #daj #fj #bij #hj #bbj #ajj #age ,,add5da4 ,,h>d ,,& ,,s(t ,,coal ,,burn]s ,9 ! ?ree classes ( eng9es ( ,division ,,ii4 c]ta9 diff]5ces occur betwe5 h>d & s(t coal burn]s4 ,! pr9t on page #fh illu/rates ! plan ( ! s(t coal or wood burn]4 ,9 ! h>d coal burn] ! fire-box is made long] & %all[]2 ! re> driv]s are br\ght f>!r =w>d1 & ! ?ree pairs ( driv]s are arrang$ s t ! di/ance betwe5 c5tres ( re> & ma9 driv]s is ! same z ! di/ance betwe5 c5tres ( ma9 & front driv]s4 ,! po9t ( susp5sion ( ! back "p ( ! eng9e be+ ?us br\ght =w>d1 a great] proportion ( ! total weight is c>ri$ on ! driv]s & r5d]$ available = adhesion1 & ! tractive p[] ( ! h>d coal burn] is accord+ly some:at great] ?an t ( ! s(t coal eng9e4 ,! rigid :eel-base ( ! h>d coal burn] is also less5$ f #ag to #bd in*es by ! same modification4 ,,curv+4 ,all eng9es ( ?is ,division are built ) a sw+-bol/] truck4 ,! middle pair ( driv]s h tires )\t flanges4 ,! eng9e is accord+ly guid$ on ! rails by ! truck & ! flanges ( ! front driv+-:eels1 & is f\nd to pass curves )\t difficulty4 ,if pref]r$1 h[ev]1 ! front in/ead ( ! ma9 pair ( driv]s c h ! pla9 tires4 ,bo? me?ods are 9 use4 ,,/raight ,,& ,,wagon-,,top ,,boil]s4 ,all ! eng9es ( ?is ,division are built ) wagon-top boil]s or ) /raight boil]s & two domes1 z pref]r$4 ,:]e ! latt] =m is made1 ! ?rottle-valve is plac$ 9 ! =w>d dome4 ,! wagon-top & /raight boil]s = ! same class are s proportion$ z to give equal /eam space & ! same numb] ( flues 9 bo? =ms ( con/ruction4 ,illu/ration3 ,locomotive4 ,,division ,,iii4 ,,freight ,,or ,,pu%+ ,,eng9es4--,,mogul ,,patt]n4 ,,class #bg-a_/b ,d4 ,g5]al ,design ,illu/rat$ by ,pr9t on ,page #gd4 ,,cyl9d]s4 ,diamet] ( cyl9d]s #af in*es4 ,l5g? ( /roke #bb or #bd in*es4 ,,driv+-,,:eels4 ,,re> ,,& ,,front ,,pairs ,,) ,,flang$ ,,tires #e-a_/b ,,in*es ,,wide4 ,,ma9 ,,pair ,,) ,,pla9 ,,tires #f ,,in*es ,,wide4 ,diamet] ( driv]s #dh to #ed in*es4 ,,truck4 ,,"o ,,pair ,,( ,,lead+ ,,:eels1 ,,) ,,sw+ ,,bol/] ,,& ,,radius-,,b>1 ,,equaliz$ ,,) ,,front ,,driv]s4 ,diamet] ( :eels #cj in*es4 ,,:eel-,,base4 ,total :eel-base #ba ft4 #d in*es4 ,rigid 7di/ance betwe5 c5tres ( re> & front driv]s7 #ad ft4 ,,t5d]4 ,,on ,,two ,,f\r-,,:eel$ ,,trucks4 ,capacity ( tank #afjj gallons4 ,,weight ,,( ,,eng9e ,,9 ,,work+ ,,ord]4 ,on driv]s #eg1jjj p\nds4 ,on lead+ :eels #i1jjj ------ ,total weight ( eng9e1 ab\t #ff1jjj ,,load4 ,,9 ,,addition ,,to ,,eng9e ,,& ,,t5d]4 ,on a level #adjj gross tons4 #bj ft4 grade #fee #dj #dae #fj #cjj #hj #bcj #ajj #ahj ,,division ,,iii4 ,,freight ,,or ,,pu%+ ,,eng9es--,,mogul ,,patt]n4 ,,class #be-a_/b ,d4 ,g5]al ,design ,illu/rat$ by ,pr9t on ,page #gd4 ,,cyl9d]s4 ,diamet] ( cyl9d]s #ag in*es4 ,l5g? ( /roke #bb or #bd in*es4 ,,driv+-,,:eels4 ,,re> ,,& ,,front ,,pairs ,,) ,,flang$ ,,tires #e-a_/b ,,in*es ,,wide4 ,,ma9 ,,pair ,,) ,,pla9 ,,tires #f ,,in*es ,,wide4 ,diamet] ( driv]s #dh to #ed in*es4 ,,truck4 ,,"o ,,pair ,,( ,,lead+ ,,:eels1 ,,) ,,sw+ ,,bol/] ,,& ,,radius-,,b>1 ,,equaliz$ ,,) ,,front ,,driv]s4 ,diamet] ( :eels #cj in*es4 ,,:eel-,,base4 ,total :eel-base #ba ft4 #aj in*es4 ,rigid 7di/ance betwe5 c5tres ( re> & front driv]s7 #ad ft4 #f in*es4 ,,t5d]4 ,,on ,,two ,,f\r-,,:eel$ ,,trucks4 ,capacity ( tank #ahjj gallons4 ,,weight ,,( ,,eng9e ,,9 ,,work+ ,,ord]4 ,on driv]s #fb1jjj p\nds4 ,on lead+ :eels #i1jjj ------ ,total weight ( eng9e1 ab\t #ga1jjj ,,load4 ,,9 ,,addition ,,to ,,eng9e ,,& ,,t5d]4 ,on a level #aejj gross tons4 #bj ft4 grade #fie #dj #dde #fj #cbj #hj #bde #ajj #aie ,,division ,,iii4 ,,freight ,,or ,,pu%+ ,,eng9es--,,mogul ,,patt]n4 ,,class #cj ,d4 ,g5]al ,design ,illu/rat$ by ,pr9t on ,page #gd4 ,,cyl9d]s4 ,diamet] ( cyl9d]s #ah in*es4 ,l5g? ( /roke #bb or #bd in*es4 ,,driv+-,,:eels4 ,,re> ,,& ,,front ,,pairs ,,) ,,flang$ ,,tires #e-a_/b ,,in*es ,,wide4 ,,ma9 ,,pair ,,) ,,pla9 ,,tires #f ,,in*es ,,wide4 ,diamet] ( driv]s #dh to #ed in*es4 ,,truck4 ,,"o ,,pair ,,( ,,lead+ ,,:eels1 ,,) ,,sw+ ,,bol/] ,,& ,,radius-,,b>1 ,,equaliz$ ,,) ,,front ,,driv]s4 ,diamet] ( :eels #cj in*es4 ,,:eel-,,base4 ,total :eel-base #bb ft4 #e in*es4 ,rigid 7di/ance betwe5 c5tres ( re> & front driv]s7 #ae ft4 ,,t5d]4 ,,on ,,two ,,f\r-,,:eel$ ,,trucks4 ,capacity ( tank #bjjj gallons4 ,,weight ,,( ,,eng9e ,,9 ,,work+ ,,ord]4 ,on driv]s #ff1jjj p\nds4 ,on lead+ :eels #aj1jjj ------ ,total weight ( eng9e1 ab\t #gf1jjj ,,load4 ,,9 ,,addition ,,to ,,eng9e ,,& ,,t5d]4 ,on a level #afjj gross tons4 #bj ft4 grade #gdj #dj #dgj #fj #cdj #hj #bfj #ajj #bje ,,add5da4 ,,an?racite ,,coal ,,burn]s4 ,= an?racite coal1 a long & %all[ fire-box is con/ruct$1 & ! back driv+-:eels are plac$ at ! same di/ance f ! ma9 pair z ! latt] are f ! front driv]s4 ,?is r$uces ! rigid :eel-base to "s ext5t1 b reta9s ! same weight on driv]s4 ,,curv+4 ,! lead+ :eels hav+ a sw+ bol/]1 & ! middle pair ( driv]s hav+ no flanges1 ! eng9e is guid$ by ! truck & ! front driv]s1 & is f\nd to pass %ort curves )\t difficulty4 ,,tractive ,,p[]4 ,x w be se5 t 9 eng9es ( ?is patt]n ne>ly all ! weight ( ! ma*9e is utiliz$ = adhesion1 only en\gh load be+ ?r[n on ! lead+ :eels to /eady ! eng9e on ! track4 ,! tractive p[] ( ^! eng9es is accord+ly great] 9 comp>ison ) _! total weight ?an t ( ei!r ! eight-:eel$ ,c or ! t5-:eel$ ,d patt]ns1 & !y are1 !re=e1 especially suit$ to work+ /eep grades & haul+ heavy loads at l[ spe$s4 ,,/raight ,,& ,,wagon-,,top ,,boil]s4 ,all ! eng9es ( ?is ,division are built ) wagon-top boil]s or ) /raight boil]s & two domes1 z pref]r$4 ,:]e ! latt] =m is made1 ! ?rottle-valve is plac$ 9 ! =w>d dome4 ,! wagon-top & /raight boil]s = ! same class are s proportion$ z to give equal /eam space & ! same numb] ( flues 9 bo? =ms ( con/ruction4 ,illu/ration3 ,locomotive4 ,,division ,,iv4 ,,freight ,,or ,,pu%+ ,,eng9es4--,,consolidation ,,patt]n4 ,,class #cd ,e4 ,illu/rat$ by ,pr9t on ,page #hj4 ,,cyl9d]s4 ,diamet] ( cyl9d]s #bj in*es4 ,l5g? ( /roke #bd in*es4 ,,driv+-,,:eels4 ,,re> ,,& ,,second ,,pairs ,,) ,,flang$ ,,tires #e-a_/b ,,in*es ,,wide4 ,,front ,,& ,,ma9 ,,pairs ,,) ,,pla9 ,,tires #f ,,in*es ,,wide4 ,diamet] ( driv]s #dh in*es4 ,,truck4 ,,"o ,,pair ,,( ,,lead+ ,,:eels1 ,,) ,,sw+ ,,bol/] ,,& ,,radius-,,b>1 ,,equaliz$ ,,) ,,front ,,driv]s4 ,diamet] ( :eels #cj in*es4 ,,:eel-,,base4 ,total :eel-base #ba ft4 #aj in*es4 ,rigid 7di/ance betwe5 re> & second pair ( driv]s7 #i ft4 #aj in*es4 ,,t5d]4 ,,on ,,two ,,f\r-,,:eel$ ,,trucks4 ,capacity ( tank #bdjj gallons4 ,,weight ,,( ,,eng9e ,,9 ,,work+ ,,ord]4 ,on driv]s #hg1jjj p\nds4 ,on lead+ :eels #i1jjj ------ ,total weight ( eng9e1 ab\t #if1jjj ,,load4 ,,9 ,,addition ,,to ,,eng9e ,,& ,,t5d]4 ,on a level #bjjj gross tons4 #bj ft4 grade #iij #dj #fce #fj #dfj #hj #cee #ajj #bhe ,,add5da4 ,,g5]al ,,design4 ,! plan ( ?is eng9e admits ( ei!r /raight or wagon-top boil]1 & ( ! use1 ) ! prop] =m ( grate1 ( ei!r an?racite or bitum9\s coal or ( wood4 ,,:eel-,,base4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! :eels is su* z to p]mit ! eng9e to trav]se curves ) ne>ly z mu* facility z an eng9e ( ! ord9>y type ) only f\r driv]s4 ,! lead+ :eels hav+ a sw+ bol/]1 & ! front & ma9 driv]s hav+ no flanges1 ! eng9e is guid$ on ! rails by ! lead+ :eels & by ! flanges ( ! re> & second pairs ( driv]s4 ,x is1 !re=e1 impossible = ! :eels to b9d on ! rails4 ,eng9es ( ?is class are run ar\nd curves ( #djj feet radius & less4 ,,tractive ,,p[]4 ,! di/ribution ( ! total weight ( ! eng9e gives ab\t tw5ty-two ?\s& p\nds = ea* pair ( driv]s1--a weight no great] ?an is c>ri$ on ea* pair ( driv]s ( ! l>g] sizes ( ord9>y eight-:eel$ ,c eng9es4 ,! s+le pair ( lead+ :eels c>ries only n9e ?\s& p\nds4 ,?is arrangem5t r5d]s available = adhesion a total weight ( #hg1jjj p\nds4 ,"o ( ^! eng9es on a rec5t trial haul$ "o hundr$ & fifty gross tons ( c>s & load up a grade ( "o hundr$ & =ty-five feet ) %>p curves1 & two hundr$ & sixty-eight gross tons ( c>s & load up a grade ( "o hundr$ & sixte5 feet to ! mile4 ,! pressure 9 ! fir/ case 0 "o hundr$ & t5 p\nds1 & ! spe$ six m9utes to ! mile2 9 ! second case1 ! pressure 0 "o hundr$ & tw5ty p\nds1 & ! spe$ sev5 & "o-half m9utes to ! mile4 ,^! eng9es are especially adapt$ to ! work+ ( /eep gradi5ts or :]e heavy loads are to be mov$4 ,illu/ration3 ,locomotive4 ,,division ,v4 ,,swit*+ ,,eng9es ,,) ,,sep>ate ,,t5d]s4 ,,class #h ,c4 ,g5]al ,design ,illu/rat$ by ,pr9t on ,page #hd4 ,,cyl9d]s4 ,diamet] ( cyl9d]s #i in*es4 ,l5g? ( /roke #af ,,driv+-,,:eels4 ,diamet] ( driv]s #cf in*es4 ,di/ance betwe5 c5tres #f feet4 ,,t5d]4 ,,on ,,f\r ,,:eels1 #cj ,,in*es ,,9 ,,diamet]4 ,capacity ( tank #gej gallons4 ,,weight ,,( ,,eng9e ,,9 ,,work+ ,,ord]4 ,total weight ( eng9e1 ab\t #bb1jjj p\nds4 ,,load4 ,,9 ,,addition ,,to ,,eng9e ,,& ,,t5d]4 ,on a level #ecj gross tons4 #bj ft4 grade #bde #dj #aee #fj #aaj #hj #he #ajj #gj ,,division ,v4 ,,swit*+ ,,eng9es ,,) ,,sep>ate ,,t5d]s4 ,,class #aj-a_/b ,c4 ,g5]al ,design ,illu/rat$ by ,pr9t on ,page #hd4 ,,cyl9d]s4 ,diamet] ( cyl9d]s #aa in*es4 ,l5g? ( /roke #af ,,driv+-,,:eels4 ,diamet] ( driv]s #cf in*es4 ,di/ance betwe5 c5tres #f feet4 ,,t5d]4 ,,on ,,f\r ,,:eels1 #cj ,,in*es ,,9 ,,diamet]4 ,capacity ( tank #gej gallons4 ,,weight ,,( ,,eng9e ,,9 ,,work+ ,,ord]4 ,total weight ( eng9e1 ab\t #cd1jjj p\nds4 ,,load4 ,,9 ,,addition ,,to ,,eng9e ,,& ,,t5d]4 ,on a level #hbe gross tons4 #bj ft4 grade #che #dj #bej #fj #ahj #hj #adj #ajj #aaj ,illu/ration3 ,locomotive4 ,,division ,v4 ,,swit*+ ,,eng9es ,,) ,,sep>ate ,,t5d]s4 ,,class #ab ,c4 ,g5]al ,design ,illu/rat$ by ,pr9t on ,page #hh4 ,,cyl9d]s4 ,diamet] ( cyl9d]s #ab in*es4 ,l5g? ( /roke #bb ,,driv+-,,:eels4 ,diamet] ( driv]s #dd in*es4 ,di/ance betwe5 c5tres #g feet4 ,,t5d]4 ,,on ,,f\r1 ,,six1 ,,or ,,eight ,,:eels1 #cj ,,in*es ,,9 ,,diamet]4 ,capacity ( tank #ijj to #adjj gallons4 ,,weight ,,( ,,eng9e ,,9 ,,work+ ,,ord]4 ,total weight ( eng9e1 ab\t #ch1jjj p\nds4 ,,load4 ,,9 ,,addition ,,to ,,eng9e ,,& ,,t5d]4 ,on a level #ibe gross tons4 #bj ft4 grade #dce #dj #bhj #fj #bjj #hj #aee #ajj #abe ,,division ,v4 ,,swit*+ ,,eng9es ,,) ,,sep>ate ,,t5d]s4 ,,class #ad ,c4 ,g5]al ,design ,illu/rat$ by ,pr9t on ,page #hh4 ,,cyl9d]s4 ,diamet] ( cyl9d]s #ad in*es4 ,l5g? ( /roke #bb ,,driv+-,,:eels4 ,diamet] ( driv]s #dh in*es4 ,di/ance betwe5 c5tres #g feet4 ,,t5d]4 ,,on ,,f\r1 ,,six1 ,,or ,,eight ,,:eels1 #cj ,,in*es ,,9 ,,diamet]4 ,capacity ( tank #ijj to #adjj gallons4 ,,weight ,,( ,,eng9e ,,9 ,,work+ ,,ord]4 ,total weight ( eng9e1 ab\t #db1jjj p\nds4 ,,load4 ,,9 ,,addition ,,to ,,eng9e ,,& ,,t5d]4 ,on a level #ajbj gross tons4 #bj ft4 grade #dhj #dj #cje #fj #bbe #hj #agj #ajj #ace ,,division ,v4 ,,swit*+ ,,eng9es ,,) ,,sep>ate ,,t5d]s4 ,,class #ah-a_/b ,c4 ,g5]al ,design ,illu/rat$ by ,pr9t on ,page #hh4 ,,cyl9d]s4 ,diamet] ( cyl9d]s #ae in*es4 ,l5g? ( /roke #bb ,,driv+-,,:eels4 ,diamet] ( driv]s #dh to #ed in*es4 ,di/ance betwe5 c5tres #g feet4 ,,t5d]4 ,,on ,,eight ,,:eels1 #cj ,,in*es ,,9 ,,diamet]4 ,capacity ( tank #afjj gallons4 ,,weight ,,( ,,eng9e ,,9 ,,work+ ,,ord]4 ,total weight ( eng9e1 ab\t #di1jjj p\nds4 ,,load4 ,,9 ,,addition ,,to ,,eng9e ,,& ,,t5d]4 ,on a level #abjj gross tons4 #bj ft4 grade #efj #dj #cfj #fj #bfj #hj #bjj #ajj #afj ,,division ,v4 ,,swit*+ ,,eng9es ,,) ,,sep>ate ,,t5d]s4 ,,class #ai-a_/b ,c4 ,g5]al ,design ,illu/rat$ by ,pr9t on ,page #hh4 ,,cyl9d]s4 ,diamet] ( cyl9d]s #af in*es4 ,l5g? ( /roke #bb ,,driv+-,,:eels4 ,diamet] ( driv]s #dh to #ed in*es4 ,,:eel-,,base4 ,total :eel-base #g ft4 #f in*es ,rigid #g ft4 #f in*es ,,t5d]4 ,,on ,,eight ,,:eels1 #cj ,,in*es ,,9 ,,diamet]4 ,capacity ( tank #afjj gallons4 ,,weight ,,( ,,eng9e ,,9 ,,work+ ,,ord]4 ,total weight ( eng9e1 ab\t #ef1jjj p\nds4 ,,load4 ,,9 ,,addition ,,to ,,eng9e ,,& ,,t5d]4 ,on a level #acfj gross tons4 #bj ft4 grade #fdj #dj #daj #fj #cjj #hj #bcj #ajj #ahj ,illu/ration3 ,locomotive4 ,,division ,v4 ,,swit*+ ,,eng9es ,,) ,,sep>ate ,,t5d]s4 ,,class #aa-a_/b ,c ,g5]al ,design ,illu/rat$ by ,pr9t on ,page #id4 ,,cyl9d]s4 ,diamet] ( cyl9d]s #aa in*es4 ,l5g? ( /roke #af ,,driv+-,,:eels4 ,diamet] ( driv]s #cf in*es4 ,,truck4 ,,two-,,:eel$1 ,,) ,,sw+ ,,bol/] ,,& ,,radius-,,b>4 ,diamet] ( :eels #bd in*es4 ,,:eel-,,base4 ,total :eel-base #aa ft4 #c in*es4 ,rigid #d ft4 #h in*es4 ,,t5d]4 ,,on ,,f\r ,,:eels1 #cj ,,in*es ,,9 ,,diamet]4 ,capacity ( tank #gej gallons4 ,,weight ,,( ,,eng9e ,,9 ,,work+ ,,ord]4 ,on driv]s #cj1jjj p\nds4 ,on truck #e1jjj ------ ,total weight ( eng9e1 ab\t #ce1jjj ,,load4 ,,9 ,,addition ,,to ,,eng9e ,,& ,,t5d]4 ,on a level #gbe gross tons4 #bj ft4 grade #cce #dj #bae #fj #aee #hj #abj #ajj #ie ,,division ,v4 ,,swit*+ ,,eng9es ,,) ,,sep>ate ,,t5d]s4 ,,class #ad-a_/b ,c4 ,g5]al ,design ,illu/rat$ by ,pr9t on ,page #id4 ,,cyl9d]s4 ,diamet] ( cyl9d]s #ad in*es4 ,l5g? ( /roke #bb ,,driv+-,,:eels4 ,diamet] ( driv]s #dh in*es4 ,,truck4 ,,two-,,:eel$1 ,,) ,,sw+ ,,bol/] ,,& ,,radius-,,b>4 ,diamet] ( :eels #bd in*es4 ,,:eel-,,base4 ,total :eel-base #ac ft4 #h-a_/b in*es4 ,rigid #f ft4 #f in*es4 ,,t5d]4 ,,on ,,f\r ,,:eels1 ,,or ,,two ,,f\r-,,:eel$ ,,trucks4 ,capacity ( tank #abjj to #afjj gallons4 ,,weight ,,( ,,eng9e ,,9 ,,work+ ,,ord]4 ,on driv]s #ch1jjj p\nds4 ,on truck #f1jjj ------ ,total weight ( eng9e1 ab\t #dd1jjj ,,load4 ,,9 ,,addition ,,to ,,eng9e ,,& ,,t5d]4 ,on a level #hfe gross tons4 #bj ft4 grade #djj #dj #bee #fj #ahj #hj #adj #ajj #aaj ,,division ,v4 ,,swit*+ ,,eng9es ,,) ,,sep>ate ,,t5d]s4 ,,class #ae-a_/b ,c4 ,g5]al ,design ,illu/rat$ by ,pr9t on ,page #id4 ,,cyl9d]s4 ,diamet] ( cyl9d]s #ae in*es4 ,l5g? ( /roke #bb ,,driv+-,,:eels4 ,diamet] ( driv]s #dh to #ed in*es4 ,,truck4 ,,two-,,:eel$1 ,,) ,,sw+ ,,bol/] ,,& ,,radius-,,b>4 ,diamet] ( :eels #bd in*es4 ,,:eel-,,base4 ,total :eel-base #ad ft4 #i in*es4 ,rigid 7di/ance betwe5 driv+-:eel c5tres7 #g ft4 ,,t5d]4 ,,on ,,two ,,f\r-,,:eel$ ,,trucks4 ,capacity ( tank #afjj gallons4 ,,weight ,,( ,,eng9e ,,9 ,,work+ ,,ord]4 ,on driv]s #dd1jjj p\nds4 ,on truck #f1jjj ------ ,total weight ( eng9e1 ab\t #ej1jjj ,,load4 ,,9 ,,addition ,,to ,,eng9e ,,& ,,t5d]4 ,on a level #ajfj gross tons4 #bj ft4 grade #die #dj #cae #fj #bcj #hj #agj #ajj #ace ,illu/ration3 ,locomotive4 ,,division ,v4 ,,swit*+ ,,eng9es ,,) ,,sep>ate ,,t5d]s4 ,,class #ba ,d4 ,g5]al ,design ,illu/rat$ by ,pr9t on ,page #ajj4 ,,cyl9d]s4 ,diamet] ( cyl9d]s #ae in*es4 ,l5g? ( /roke #bb ,,driv+-,,:eels4 ,diamet] ( driv]s #dd in*es4 ,,:eel-,,base4 ,total :eel-base #i ft4 #i in*es4 ,rigid #i ft4 #i in*es4 ,,t5d]4 ,,on ,,two ,,f\r-,,:eel$ ,,trucks4 ,capacity ( tank #afjj gallons4 ,,weight ,,( ,,eng9e ,,9 ,,work+ ,,ord]4 ,total weight ( eng9e1 ab\t #eb1jjj p\nds4 ,,load4 ,,9 ,,addition ,,to ,,eng9e ,,& ,,t5d]4 ,on a level #abfj gross tons4 #bj ft4 grade #eij #dj #cge #fj #bgj #hj #baj #ajj #afe ,,division ,v4 ,,swit*+ ,,eng9es ,,) ,,sep>ate ,,t5d]s4 ,,class #bg-a_/b ,d4 ,g5]al ,design ,illu/rat$ by ,pr9t on ,page #ajj4 ,,cyl9d]s4 ,diamet] ( cyl9d]s #af in*es4 ,l5g? ( /roke #bb or #bd in*es4 ,,driv+-,,:eels4 ,diamet] ( driv]s #dd to #dh in*es4 ,,:eel-,,base4 ,total :eel-base #aj feet4 ,rigid #aj ,,t5d]4 ,,on ,,two ,,f\r-,,:eel$ ,,trucks4 ,capacity ( tank #afjj gallons4 ,,weight ,,( ,,eng9e ,,9 ,,work+ ,,ord]4 ,total weight ( eng9e1 ab\t #fj1jjj p\nds4 ,,load4 ,,9 ,,addition ,,to ,,eng9e ,,& ,,t5d]4 ,on a level #adfj gross tons4 #bj ft4 grade #fhe #dj #ddj #fj #cbj #hj #bde #ajj #bjj ,,division ,v4 ,,swit*+ ,,eng9es ,,) ,,sep>ate ,,t5d]s4 ,,class #be-a_/b ,d4 ,g5]al ,design ,illu/rat$ by ,pr9t on ,page #ajj4 ,,cyl9d]s4 ,diamet] ( cyl9d]s #ag in*es4 ,l5g? ( /roke #bb or #bd in*es4 ,,driv+-,,:eels4 ,diamet] ( driv]s #dh in*es4 ,,:eel-,,base4 ,total :eel-base #aj feet4 ,rigid #aj ,,t5d]4 ,,on ,,two ,,f\r-,,:eel$ ,,trucks4 ,capacity ( tank #ahjj gallons4 ,,weight ,,( ,,eng9e ,,9 ,,work+ ,,ord]4 ,total weight ( eng9e1 ab\t #ff1jjj p\nds4 ,,load4 ,,9 ,,addition ,,to ,,eng9e ,,& ,,t5d]4 ,on a level #afjj gross tons4 #bj ft4 grade #gee #dj #dhe #fj #cej #hj #bgj #ajj #bae ,illu/ration3 ,locomotive4 ,,division ,,vi4 ,,tank ,,swit*+ ,,eng9es4 ,,class #h ,c4 ,g5]al ,design ,illu/rat$ by ,pr9t on ,page #ajf4 ,,cyl9d]s4 ,diamet] ( cyl9d]s #i in*es4 ,l5g? ( /roke #af ,,driv+-,,:eels4 ,diamet] ( driv]s #cf in*es4 ,,:eel-,,base4 ,total :eel-base #f ft4 #f in*es4 ,rigid #f ft4 #f in*es4 ,,tank4 ,capacity #bej gallons4 ,,weight ,,( ,,eng9e ,,9 ,,work+ ,,ord]4 ,total weight ( eng9e1 ab\t #be1jjj p\nds4 ,,load4 ,,9 ,,addition ,,to ,,weight ,,( ,,eng9e4 ,on a level #efe gross tons4 #bj ft4 grade #bfe #dj #agj #fj #abe #hj #ajj #ajj #hj ,,division ,,vi4 ,,tank ,,swit*+ ,,eng9es4 ,,class #aj-a_/b ,c4 ,g5]al ,design ,illu/rat$ by ,pr9t on ,page #ajf4 ,,cyl9d]s ,diamet] ( cyl9d]s #aa in*es4 ,l5g? ( /roke #af ,,driv+-,,:eels4 ,diamet] ( driv]s #cf in*es4 ,,:eel-,,base4 ,total :eel-base #f ft4 #f in*es4 ,rigid #f ft4 #f in*es4 ,,tank4 ,capacity #djj gallons4 ,,weight ,,( ,,eng9e ,,9 ,,work+ ,,ord]4 ,total weight ( eng9e1 ab\t #ch1jjj p\nds4 ,,load4 ,,9 ,,addition ,,to ,,weight ,,( ,,eng9e4 ,on a level #hee gross tons4 #bj ft4 grade #dje #dj #bfe #fj #aie #hj #aej #ajj #abj ,,division ,,vi4 ,,tank ,,swit*+ ,,eng9es4 ,,class #ab ,c4 ,g5]al ,design ,illu/rat$ by ,pr9t on ,page #ajf4 ,,cyl9d]s4 ,diamet] ( cyl9d]s #ab in*es4 ,l5g? ( /roke #bb ,,driv+-,,:eels4 ,diamet] ( driv]s #dd in*es4 ,,:eel-,,base4 ,total :eel-base #g feet4 ,rigid #g ,,tank4 ,capacity #ejj gallons4 ,,weight ,,( ,,eng9e ,,9 ,,work+ ,,ord]4 ,total weight ( eng9e1 ab\t #dc1jjj p\nds4 ,,load4 ,,9 ,,addition ,,to ,,weight ,,( ,,eng9e4 ,on a level #ifj gross tons4 #bj ft4 grade #dee #dj #bie #fj #bae #hj #agj #ajj #ace ,,division ,,vi4 ,,tank ,,swit*+ ,,eng9es4 ,,class #ad ,c4 ,g5]al ,design ,illu/rat$ by ,pr9t on ,page #ajf4 ,,cyl9d]s4 ,diamet] ( cyl9d]s #ad in*es4 ,l5g? ( /roke #bb ,,driv+-,,:eels4 ,diamet] ( driv]s #dh in*es4 ,,:eel-,,base4 ,total :eel-base #g feet4 ,rigid #g ,,tank4 ,capacity #fjj gallons4 ,,weight ,,( ,,eng9e ,,9 ,,work+ ,,ord]4 ,total weight ( eng9e1 ab\t #di1jjj p\nds4 ,,load4 ,,9 ,,addition ,,to ,,weight ,,( ,,eng9e4 ,on a level #aajj gross tons4 #bj ft4 grade #ebe #dj #cdj #fj #bej #hj #aie #ajj #aee ,,division ,,vi4 ,,tank ,,swit*+ ,,eng9es4 ,,class #ah-a_/b ,c4 ,g5]al ,design ,illu/rat$ by ,pr9t on ,page #ajf4 ,,cyl9d]s4 ,diamet] ( cyl9d]s #ae in*es4 ,l5g? ( /roke #bb ,,driv+-,,:eels4 ,diamet] ( driv]s #dh in*es4 ,,:eel-,,base4 ,total :eel-base #g feet4 ,rigid #g ,,tank4 ,capacity #gjj gallons4 ,,weight ,,( ,,eng9e ,,9 ,,work+ ,,ord]4 ,total weight ( eng9e1 ab\t #ef1jjj p\nds4 ,,load4 ,,9 ,,addition ,,to ,,weight ,,( ,,eng9e4 ,on a level #abcj gross tons4 #bj ft4 grade #ehe #dj #chj #fj #bhj #hj #bae #ajj #age ,illu/ration3 ,locomotive4 ,,division ,,vi4 ,,tank ,,swit*+ ,,eng9es4 ,,class #aa-a_/b ,c4 ,g5]al ,design ,illu/rat$ by ,pr9t on ,page #aad4 ,,cyl9d]s4 ,diamet] ( cyl9d]s #aa in*es4 ,l5g? ( /roke #af ,,driv+-,,:eels4 ,diamet] ( driv]s #cf in*es4 ,,truck4 ,,two-,,:eel$1 ,,) ,,sw+ ,,bol/] ,,& ,,radius-,,b>4 ,diamet] ( :eels #bd in*es4 ,,:eel-,,base4 ,total :eel-base #aa ft4 #c in*es4 ,rigid #d ft4 #h in*es4 ,,tank4 ,capacity #djj gallons4 ,,weight ,,( ,,eng9e ,,9 ,,work+ ,,ord]4 ,on driv]s #ce1jjj p\nds4 ,on truck #e1jjj ------ ,total weight ( eng9e1 ab\t #dj1jjj ,,load4 ,,9 ,,addition ,,to ,,weight ,,( ,,eng9e4 ,on a level #ghe gross tons4 #bj ft4 grade #cgj #dj #bdj #fj #age #hj #ace #ajj #aaj ,,division ,,vi4 ,,tank ,,swit*+ ,,eng9es4 ,,class #ad-a_/b ,c4 ,g5]al ,design ,illu/rat$ by ,pr9t on ,page #aad4 ,,cyl9d]s4 ,diamet] ( cyl9d]s #ad in*es4 ,l5g? ( /roke #bb ,,driv+-,,:eels4 ,diamet] ( driv]s #dh in*es4 ,,truck4 ,,two-,,:eel$1 ,,) ,,sw+ ,,bol/] ,,& ,,radius-,,b>4 ,diamet] ( :eels #bd in*es4 ,,:eel-,,base4 ,total :eel-base #ac ft4 #h-a_/b in*es4 ,rigid #f ft4 #f in*es4 ,,tank4 ,capacity #fjj gallons4 ,,weight ,,( ,,eng9e ,,9 ,,work+ ,,ord]4 ,on driv]s #dd1jjj p\nds4 ,on truck #f1jjj ------ ,total weight ( eng9e1 ab\t #ej1jjj ,,load4 ,,9 ,,addition ,,to ,,weight ,,( ,,eng9e4 ,on a level #ihj gross tons4 #bj ft4 grade #dfe #dj #cjj #fj #bbj #hj #agj #ajj #adj ,,division ,,vi4 ,,tank ,,swit*+ ,,eng9es4 ,,class #ae-a_/b ,c4 ,g5]al ,design ,illu/rat$ by ,pr9t on ,page #aad4 ,,cyl9d]s4 ,diamet] ( cyl9d]s #ae in*es4 ,l5g? ( /roke #bb ,,driv+-,,:eels4 ,diamet] ( driv]s #dh to #ed in*es4 ,,truck4 ,,two-,,:eel$1 ,,) ,,sw+ ,,bol/] ,,& ,,radius-,,b>4 ,diamet] ( :eels #bd in*es4 ,,:eel-,,base4 ,total :eel-base #ad ft4 #g-a_/b in*es4 ,rigid #g ft4 ,,tank4 ,capacity #gjj gallons4 ,,weight ,,( ,,eng9e ,,9 ,,work+ ,,ord]4 ,on driv]s #ej1jjj p\nds4 ,on truck #f1jjj ------ ,total weight ( eng9e1 ab\t #ef1jjj ,,load4 ,,9 ,,addition ,,to ,,weight ,,( ,,eng9e4 ,on a level #aabj gross tons4 #bj ft4 grade #ece #dj #cde #fj #bee #hj #aie #ajj #afj ,illu/ration3 ,locomotive4 ,,division ,,vi4 ,,tank ,,swit*+ ,,eng9es4 ,,class #ba ,d4 ,g5]al ,design ,illu/rat$ by ,pr9t on ,page #abj4 ,,cyl9d]s4 ,diamet] ( cyl9d]s #ae in*es4 ,l5g? ( /roke #bb ,,driv+-,,:eels4 ,diamet] ( driv]s #dd in*es4 ,,:eel-,,base4 ,total :eel-base #i ft4 #i in*es4 ,rigid #i ft4 #i in*es4 ,,tank4 ,capacity #gej gallons4 ,,weight ,,( ,,eng9e ,,9 ,,work+ ,,ord]4 ,total weight ( eng9e1 ab\t #fj1jjj p\nds4 ,,load4 ,,9 ,,addition ,,to ,,weight ,,( ,,eng9e4 ,on a level #acge gross tons4 #bj ft4 grade #fej #dj #dbj #fj #caj #hj #bdj #ajj #aie ,,division ,,vi4 ,,tank ,,swit*+ ,,eng9es4 ,,class #bg-a_/b ,d4 ,g5]al ,design ,illu/rat$ by ,pr9t on ,page #abj4 ,,cyl9d]s4 ,diamet] ( cyl9d]s #af in*es4 ,l5g? ( /roke #bb ,,driv+-,,:eels4 ,diamet] ( driv]s #dd to #dh in*es4 ,,:eel-,,base4 ,total :eel-base #aj feet4 ,rigid #aj ,,tank4 ,capacity #ijj gallons4 ,,weight ,,( ,,eng9e ,,9 ,,work+ ,,ord]4 ,total weight ( eng9e1 ab\t #ff1jjj p\nds4 ,,load4 ,,9 ,,addition ,,to ,,weight ,,( ,,eng9e4 ,on a level #adgj gross tons4 #bj ft4 grade #gjj #dj #dee #fj #cce #hj #bfj #ajj #baj ,illu/ration3 ,locomotive4 ,,division ,,vii4 ,,n>r[-,,gauge ,,pass5g] ,,& ,,freight ,,locomotives4 ,,class #h-a_/b ,c4 ,g5]al ,design ,illu/rat$ by ,pr9t on ,page #abd4 ,,cyl9d]s4 ,diamet] ( cyl9d]s #i in*es4 ,l5g? ( /roke #af ,,driv+-,,:eels4 ,diamet] ( driv]s #cf to #dj in*es4 ,,truck4 ,,two-,,:eel$1 ,,) ,,sw+ ,,bol/] ,,& ,,radius-,,b>4 ,diamet] ( :eels #bd in*es4 ,,:eel-,,base4 ,total :eel-base #aa ft #aa-a_/b in*es4 ,rigid #f ft4 #c in*es4 ,,t5d]4 ,,on ,,f\r ,,or ,,six ,,:eels4 ,capacity ( tank #ejj gallons4 ,,weight ,,( ,,eng9e ,,9 ,,work+ ,,ord]4 ,on driv]s #bj1jjj p\nds4 ,on truck #e1jjj ------ ,total weight ( eng9e1 ab\t #be1jjj ,,load4 ,,9 ,,addition ,,to ,,eng9e ,,& ,,t5d]4 ,on a level #dhj gross tons4 #bj ft4 grade #bbe #dj #adj #fj #aje #hj #ge #ajj #fj ,eng9es ( ?is class c be adapt$ to a gauge ( #c feet or upw>d4 ,,division ,,vii4 ,,n>r[-,,gauge ,,pass5g] ,,& ,,freight ,,locomotives4 ,,class #i-a_/b ,c4 ,g5]al ,design ,illu/rat$ by ,pr9t on ,page #abd4 ,,cyl9d]s4 ,diamet] ( cyl9d]s #aj in*es4 ,l5g? ( /roke #af ,,driv+-,,:eels4 ,diamet] ( driv]s #cf to #dj in*es4 ,,truck4 ,,two-,,:eel$-,,) ,,sw+ ,,bol/] ,,& ,,radius-,,b>4 ,diamet] ( :eels #bd in*es4 ,,:eel-,,base4 ,total :eel-base #ab ft4 #d-a_/b in*es4 ,rigid #f ft4 #f in*es4 ,,t5d]4 ,,on ,,f\r ,,or ,,six ,,:eels4 ,capacity ( tank #fjj gallons4 ,,weight ,,( ,,eng9e ,,9 ,,work+ ,,ord]4 ,on driv]s #be1jjj p\nds4 ,on pony truck #e1jjj ------ ,total weight ( eng9e1 ab\t #cj1jjj ,,load4 ,,9 ,,addition ,,to ,,eng9e ,,& ,,t5d]4 ,on a level #fje gross tons4 #bj ft4 grade #bhe #dj #age #fj #abe #hj #ie #ajj #ge ,eng9es ( ?is class c be adapt$ to a gauge ( #c feet or upw>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,locomotive4 ,,division ,,viii4 ,,n>r[-,,gauge ,,freight ,,locomotives4 ,,class #ab ,d4 ,g5]al ,design ,illu/rat$ by ,pr9t on ,page #abh4 ,,cyl9d]s4 ,diamet] ( cyl9d]s #aa in*es4 ,l5g? ( /roke #af ,,driv+-,,:eels4 ,diamet] ( driv]s #cf in*es4 ,,truck4 ,,two-,,:eel$1 ,,) ,,sw+ ,,bol/] ,,& ,,radius-,,b>4 ,diamet] ( :eels #bd in*es4 ,,:eel-,,base4 ,total :eel-base #ad ft4 #c in*es4 ,rigid #h ft4 #g in*es4 ,,t5d]4 ,,on ,,f\r ,,or ,,six ,,:eels4 ,capacity ( tank #gej gallons4 ,,weight ,,( ,,eng9e ,,9 ,,work+ ,,ord]4 ,on driv]s #ca1jjj p\nds4 ,on truck #d1jjj ------ ,total weight ( eng9e1 ab\t #ce1jjj ,,load4 ,,9 ,,addition ,,to ,,eng9e ,,& ,,t5d]4 ,on a level #gcj gross tons4 #bj ft4 grade #cdj #dj #bbj #fj #afj #hj #abj #ajj #ajj ,eng9es ( ?is class c be adapt$ to a gauge ( #c feet or upw>d4 ,,division ,,viii4 ,,n>r[-,,gauge ,,freight ,,locomotives4 ,,class #ad ,d4 ,g5]al ,design ,illu/rat$ by ,pr9t on ,page #abh4 ,,cyl9d]s4 ,diamet] ( cyl9d]s #ab in*es4 ,l5g? ( /roke #af ,,driv+-,,:eels4 ,diamet] ( driv]s #cf to #dj in*es4 ,,truck4 ,,two-,,:eel$1 ,,) ,,sw+ ,,bol/] ,,& ,,radius-,,b>4 ,diamet] ( :eels #bd in*es4 ,,:eel-,,base4 ,total :eel-base #ae ft4 #d in*es4 ,rigid #i ft4 #d in*es4 ,,t5d]4 ,,on ,,f\r ,,or ,,six ,,:eels4 ,capacity ( tank #ijj gallons4 ,,weight ,,( ,,eng9e ,,9 ,,work+ ,,ord]4 ,on driv]s #cf1jjj p\nds4 ,on truck #d1jjj ------ ,total weight ( eng9e1 ab\t #dj1jjj ,,load4 ,,9 ,,addition ,,to ,,eng9e ,,& ,,t5d]4 ,on a level #hgj gross tons4 #bj ft4 grade #dje #dj #bee #fj #ahe #hj #adj #ajj #aaj ,eng9es ( ?is class c be adapt$ to a gauge ( #c feet or upw>d4 ,,g5]al ,,specification4 ,! foll[+ g5]al specification ( an ord9>y freight or pass5g] locomotive is giv5 to %[ pr9cipal features ( con/ruction4 ,,boil]4 ,( ! be/ ,p5nsylvania cold-bla/ *>coal iron1 ?ree-eigh?s in* ?ick1 or ( be/ homog5e\s ca/-/eel1 five-sixte5?s in* ?ick2 all horizontal seams & junction ( wai/ & fire-box d\ble-rivet$4 ,boil] well & ?or\ghly /ay$ 9 all its p>ts1 provid$ ) clean+ holes1 etc4 ,extra welt-pieces rivet$ to inside ( side-%eets1 provid+ d\ble ?ickness ( metal = /uds ( expansion braces4 ,iron %eets ?ree-eigh?s in* ?ick rivet$ ) ?ree-f\r?s in* rivets1 plac$ two in*es f c5tre to c5tre4 ,/eel %eets five-sixte5?s in* ?ick rivet$ ) five-eigh?s in* rivets1 plac$ "o & sev5-eigh?s in*es f c5tre to c5tre4 ,,wai/ made /raight1 ) two domes1 /eam be+ tak5 f ! =w>d dome2 or ) wagon-top & "o dome4 ,,flues ( iron1 lap-weld$1 ) copp] f]rules on fire-box ends2 or ( seamless drawn copp] or brass4 ,,fire-,,box ( be/ homog5e\s ca/-/eel2 side- & back-%eets five-sixte5?s in* ?ick2 cr[n-%eet ?ree-eigh?s in* ?ick2 flue-%eet "o-half in* ?ick4 ,wat] space ?ree in*es sides & back1 f\r in*es front4 ,/ay bolts sev5-eigh?s in* diamet]1 screw$ & rivet$ to %eets1 & n ov] f\r & "o-half in*es f c5tre to c5tre4 ,cr[n b>s made ( two pieces ( wr\ght-iron f\r & "o-half in*es by five-eigh?s in*1 set "o & "o-half in*es above cr[n1 be>+ on side-%eets1 plac$ n ov] f\r & "o-half in*es f c5tre to c5tre1 & secur$ by bolts fitt$ to tap] hole 9 cr[n-%eet1 ) head on "u side ( bolt1 & nut on top be>+ on cr[n b>s4 ,cr[n /ay$ by braces to dome & outside %ell ( boil]4 ,fire-door op5+ =m$ by flang+ & rivet+ toge!r ! inn] & out] %eets4 ,bl[-(f cock 9 back or side ( furnace op]at$ f ! footbo>d4 ,,grates ( ca/-iron1 pla9 or rock+1 = wood & s(t coal2 & ( wat] tubes1 = h>d coal4 ,,a%-,,pan1 ) d\ble damp]s1 op]at$ f ! footbo>d1 = wood & s(t coal2 & ) hopp] ) slide 9 bottom1 = h>d coal4 ,,smoke-,,/ack ( approv$ patt]n suitable = ! fuel4 ,,cyl9d]s4 ,plac$ horizontally2 ea* cyl9d] ca/ 9 "o piece ) half-saddle2 "r & left h& cyl9d]s rev]sible & int]*angeable2 accurately plan$1 fitt$ & bolt$ toge!r 9 ! mo/ approv$ mann]4 ,oil valves to cyl9d]s plac$ 9 cab & connect$ to /eam-*e/s by pipes runn+ "u jacket4 ,pipes prov$ to two hundr$ p\nds pressure4 ,,pi/ons4 ,heads & foll[]s ( ca/-iron1 fitt$ ) two brass r+s babbit$4 ,pi/on-rods ( cold-roll$ iron1 fitt$ & key$ to pi/ons & cros%eads4 ,,guides4 ,( /eel1 or iron case-h>d5$1 fitt$ to guide-yoke ext5d+ across1 or secur$ to boil] & frames4 ,,valve ,,motion4 ,mo/ approv$ %ift+ l9k motion1 graduat$ to cut (f equally at all po9ts ( ! /roke4 ,l9ks made ( ! be/ hamm]$ iron well case-h>d5$4 ,slid+ block f\r & "o-half in*es long1 ) flanges sev5 in*es long4 ,rock %afts ( wr\ght-iron4 ,rev]se %aft ( wr\ght-iron1 made ) arms =g$ on4 ,,?rottle-,,valve4 ,balanc$ poppet ?rottle-valve ( ca/-iron1 ) d\ble seats 9 v]tical arm ( dry-pipe4 ,,driv+-,,:eels4 ,,c5tres ( ca/-iron1 ) holl[ spokes & rims4 ,,tires ( ca/-/eel1 %runk on :eel-c5tres4 ,flang$ tires five & "o-half in*es wide & two & ?ree-eigh?s in*es ?ick :5 f9i%$4 ,pla9 tires six in*es wide & two & ?ree-eigh?s in*es ?ick :5 f9i%$4 ,,axles ( hamm]$ iron4 ,,wri/-,,p9s ( ca/-/eel1 or iron case-h>d5$4 ,,spr+s ( be/ quality ( ca/-/eel4 ,,connect+-,,rods ( be/ hamm]$ iron1 furni%$ ) all necess>y /raps1 keys1 & brasses1 well fitt$ & f9i%$4 ,,equaliz+ ,,beams ( mo/ approv$ arrangem5t1 ) /eel be>+s4 ,driv+-boxes ( ca/-iron ) brass be>+s babbit$4 ,,frames4 ,( hamm]$ iron1 =g$ solid1 or ) p$e/als sep>ate & bolt$ & key$ to place4 ,p$e/als cas$ ) ca/-iron gibs & w$ges to prev5t we> by boxes4 ,braces bolt$ betwe5 p$e/als1 or weld$ 94 ,,fe$ ,,wat]4 ,suppli$ by "o injector & "o pump1 or two brass pumps1 ) valves & cages ( be/ h>d metal accurately fitt$4 ,plung] ( holl[ iron4 ,cock 9 fe$-pipe regulat$ f footbo>d4 ,,eng9e ,,truck4 ,,squ>e wr\ght-iron frame1 ) c5tre-be>+ sw+ bol/]4 ,,:eels ( be/ spoke or plate patt]n4 ,,axles ( be/ hamm]$ iron1 ) inside j\rnals4 ,,spr+s ( ca/-/eel1 connect$ by equaliz+ beams4 ,,h\se4 ,( good patt]n1 sub/antially built ( h>d wood1 fitt$ toge!r ) jo9t-bolts4 ,ro( f9i%$ to c>l9es 9 /rips ( a% & walnut4 ,backbo>ds ) w9d[s to raise & l[]4 ,,pilot4 ,( wood or iron4 ,,furniture4 ,eng9e furni%$ ) s&-box1 al>m & signal bells1 :i/le1 two safety-valves1 /eam & wat] gauges1 heat] & gauge cocks1 oil-cans1 etc4 ,also a complete set ( tools1 consi/+ ( two jack-screws1 p9*-b>1 monkey1 pack+1 & flat wr5*es1 hamm]1 *isels1 etc4 ,,f9i%4 ,cyl9d]s lagg$ ) wood & cas$ ) brass1 or iron pa9t$4 ,heads ( ca/-iron poli%$1 or ( ca/-brass4 ,/eam-*e/s ) ca/-iron tops2 bodies cas$ ) brass1 or iron pa9t$4 ,domes lagg$ ) wood1 ) brass or iron cas+ on bodies1 & ca/-iron top & bottom r+s4 ,boil] lagg$ ) wood & jacket$ ) ,russia iron secur$ by brass b&s poli%$4 ,,g5]al ,,features ,,( ,,con/ruction4 ,all pr9cipal p>ts ( eng9e accurately fitt$ to gauges & ?or\ghly int]*angeable4 ,all movable bolts & nuts & all we>+ surfaces made ( /eel or iron case-h>d5$4 ,all we>+ brasses made ( +ot copp] & t91 alloy$ 9 ! proportion ( sev5 p>ts ( ! =m] to "o ( ! latt]4 ,all bolts & ?reads to ,u4 ,s4 /&>d4 ,,t5d]4 ,on two f\r-:eel$ trucks4 ,:eels ( be/ plate patt]n1 ?irty in*es 9 diamet]4 ,truck frames ( squ>e wr\ght-iron ) equaliz]s betwe5 spr+s1 or ( b>-iron ) wood5 bol/]s4 ,axles ( be/ hamm]$ iron4 ,oil-tight boxes ) brass be>+s4 ,tank put toge!r ) angle iron corn]s & /rongly brac$4 ,top & bottom plates ( ,no4 #f iron2 side plates ( ,no4 #h iron4 ,t5d] frame ( wood or iron4 ,,pa9t+4 ,eng9e & t5d] to be well pa9t$ & v>ni%$4 ,transcrib]'s notes3 ,obvi\s pr9t]'s errors h be5 correct$1 all o!r inconsi/5cies are z 9 ! orig9al4 ,! au?or's spell+ has be5 ma9ta9$4 ,v is us$ to m>k squ>e roots2 e4g43 ,v#f #a means ! squ>e root ( #f #a4