,illustration3 ,,baldwin ,,locomotive   
,,works4  ,bird's-,eye ,view4           
,,baldwin ,,locomotive ,,works4         
,,illustrated ,,catalogue   ,,of        
,,locomotives4    ,m4 ,,baird  ,co41    
,,philadelphia4    ,,matthew ,,baird1   
,,george ,,burnham1   ,,charles ,t4     
,,parry1   ,,edward ,h4 ,,williams1     
,,william ,p4 ,,henszey1   ,,edward     
,,longstreth4    ,,press ,,of   ,j4 ,b4 
,,lippincott  ,,co41   ,,philadelphia4  
,,sketch ,,of ,,the ,,baldwin           
,,locomotive ,,works4   ,,the ,,baldwin 
,,locomotive ,,works dates its origin   
from the inception of steam railroads in
 ,america4 ,called into existence by the
 early requirements of the railroad     
interests of the country1 it has grown  
with their growth and kept pace with    
their progress4 ,it has reflected in its
 career the successive stages of        
,american railroad practice1 and has    
itself contributed largely to the       
development of the locomotive as it     
exists to-day4 ,a history of the        

,baldwin ,locomotive ,works1 therefore1 
is1 in a great measure1 a record of the 
progress of locomotive engineering in   
this country1 and as such cannot fail to
 be of interest to all who are concerned
 in this important element of our       
material progress4  ,,matthias ,w4      
,,baldwin1 the founder of the           
establishment1 learned the trade of a   
jeweler1 and entered the service of     
,fletcher  ,gardiner1 ,jewelers and     
,silversmiths1 ,philadelphia1 in #ahag4 
,two years later he opened a small shop1
 in the same line of business1 on his   
own account4 ,the demand for articles of
 this character falling off1 however1 he
 formed a partnership1 in #ahbe1 with   
,david ,mason1 a machinist1 in the      
manufacture of bookbinders' tools and   
cylinders for calico-printing4 ,their   
shop was in a small alley which runs    
north from ,walnut ,street1 above       
,fourth4 ,they afterwards removed to    
,minor ,street1 below ,sixth4 ,the      
business was so successful that         

steam-power became necessary in carrying
 on their manufactures1 and an engine   
was bought for the purpose4 ,this       
proving unsatisfactory1 ,mr4 ,baldwin   
decided to design and construct one     
which should be specially adapted to the
 requirements of his shop4 ,one of these
 requirements was that it should occupy 
the least possible space1 and this was  
met by the construction of an upright   
engine on a novel and ingenious plan4   
,on a bed-plate about five feet square  
an upright cylinder was placed2 the     
piston-rod connected to a cross-bar     
having two legs1 turned downward1 and   
sliding in grooves on the sides of the  
cylinder1 which thus formed the guides4 
,to the sides of these legs1 at their   
lower ends1 was connected by pivots an  
inverted ,u-shaped frame1 prolonged at  
the arch into a single rod1 which took  
hold of the crank of a fly-wheel carried
 by upright standards on the bed-plate4 
,it will be seen that the length of the 
ordinary separate guide-bars was thus   

saved1 and the whole engine was brought 
within the smallest possible compass4   
,the design of the machine was not only 
unique1 but its workmanship was so      
excellent1 and its efficiency so great1 
as readily to procure for ,mr4 ,baldwin 
orders for additional stationary        
engines4 ,his attention was thus turned 
to steam engineering1 and the way was   
prepared for his grappling with the     
problem of the locomotive when the time 
should arrive4  ,this original          
stationary engine1 constructed prior to 
#ahcj1 has been in almost constant      
service since its completion1 and at    
this day is still in use1 furnishing all
 the power required to drive the        
machinery in the erecting-shop of the   
present works4 ,the visitor who beholds 
it quietly performing its regular duty  
in a corner of the shop1 may justly     
regard it with considerable interest1 as
 in all probability the indirect        
foundation of the ,baldwin ,locomotive  
,works1 and permitted still to          

contribute to the operation of the      
mammoth industry which it was           
instrumental in building up4  ,the      
manufacture of stationary steam-engines 
thus took a prominent place in the      
establishment1 and ,mr4 ,mason shortly  
afterward withdrew from the business4   
,in #ahbi-cj the use of steam as a      
motive power on railroads had begun to  
engage the attention of ,american       
engineers4 ,a few locomotives had been  
imported from ,england1 and one 7which1 
however1 was not successful7 had been   
constructed at the ,west ,point         
,foundry1 in ,new ,york ,city4 ,to      
gratify the public interest in the new  
motor1 ,mr4 ,franklin ,peale1 then      
proprietor of the ,philadelphia ,museum1
 applied to ,mr4 ,baldwin to construct a
 miniature locomotive for exhibition in 
his establishment4 ,with the aid only of
 the imperfect published descriptions   
and sketches of the locomotives which   
had taken part in the ,rainhill         
competition in ,england1 ,mr4 ,baldwin  

undertook the work1 and on the #beth of 
,april1 #ahca1 the miniature locomotive 
was put in motion on a circular track   
made of pine boards covered with hoop   
iron1 in the rooms of the ,museum4 ,two 
small cars1 containing seats for four   
passengers1 were attached to it1 and the
 novel spectacle attracted crowds of    
admiring spectators4 ,both anthracite   
and pine-knot coal were used as fuel1   
and the exhaust steam was discharged    
into the chimney1 thus utilizing it to  
increase the draught4  ,the success of  
the model was such that1 in the same    
year1 ,mr4 ,baldwin received an order   
for a locomotive from the ,philadelphia1
 ,germantown and ,norristown ,railroad  
,company1 whose short line of six miles 
to ,germantown was operated by          
horse-power4 ,the ,camden and ,amboy    
,railroad ,company had shortly before   
imported a locomotive from ,england1    
which was stored in a shed at           
,bordentown4 ,it had not yet been put   
together2 but ,mr4 ,baldwin1 in company 

with his friend1 ,mr4 ,peale1 visited   
the spot1 inspected the detached parts1 
and made a few memoranda of some of its 
principal dimensions4 ,guided by these  
figures and his experience with the     
,peale model1 ,mr4 ,baldwin commenced   
the task4 ,the difficulties to be       
overcome in filling the order can hardly
 be appreciated at this day4 ,there were
 few mechanics competent to do any part 
of the work on a locomotive4 ,suitable  
tools were with difficulty obtainable4  
,cylinders were bored by a chisel fixed 
in a block of wood and turned by hand4  
,blacksmiths able to weld a bar of iron 
exceeding one and one-quarter inches in 
thickness1 were few1 or not to be had4  
,it was necessary for ,mr4 ,baldwin to  
do much of the work with his own hands1 
to educate the workmen who assisted him1
 and to improvise tools for the various 
processes4  ,the work was prosecuted1   
nevertheless1 under all these           
difficulties1 and the locomotive was    
finally completed1 christened the ,old  

,ironsides1 and tried on the road1      
,november #bc1 #ahcb4 ,the circumstances
 of the trial are fully preserved1 and  
are given1 further on1 in the extracts  
from the journals of the day4 ,despite  
some imperfections1 naturally occurring 
in a first effort1 and which were       
afterward1 to a great extent1 remedied1 
the engine was1 for that early day1 a   
marked and gratifying success4 ,it was  
put at once into service1 as appears    
from the ,company's advertisement three 
days after the trial1 and did duty on   
the ,germantown road and others for over
 a score of years4  ,illustration3 ,fig4
 #a4--,,the ,,old ,,ironsides1 #ahcb4   
,the ,ironsides was a four-wheeled      
engine1 modeled essentially on the      
,english practice of that day1 as shown 
in the ,planet class1 and weighed1 in   
running order1 something over five tons4
 ,the rear or driving-wheels were       
fifty-four inches in diameter on a      
crank-axle placed in front of the       
fire-box4 ,the cranks were thirty-nine  

inches from centre to centre4 ,the front
 wheels1 which were simply carrying     
wheels1 were forty-five inches in       
diameter1 on an axle placed just back of
 the cylinders4 ,the cylinders were nine
 and one-half inches in diameter by     
eighteen inches stroke1 and were        
attached horizontally to the outside of 
the smoke-box1 which was ,d-shaped1 with
 the sides receding inwardly1 so as to  
bring the centre line of each cylinder  
in line with the centre of the crank4   
,the wheels were made with heavy        
cast-iron hubs1 wooden spokes and rims1 
and wrought-iron tires4 ,the frame was  
of wood1 placed outside the wheels4 ,the
 boiler was thirty inches in diameter1  
and contained seventy-two copper flues1 
one and one-half inches in diameter and 
seven feet long4 ,the tender was a      
four-wheeled platform1 with wooden sides
 and back1 carrying an iron box for a   
water-tank1 inclosed in a wooden casing1
 and with a space for fuel in front4    
,the engine had no cab4 ,the            

valve-motion was given by a single loose
 eccentric for each cylinder1 placed on 
the axle between the crank and the hub  
of the wheel4 ,on the inside of the     
eccentric was a half-circular slot1     
running half-way around4 ,a stop was    
fastened to the axle at the arm of the  
crank1 terminating in a pin which       
projected into the slot4 ,this pin would
 thus hold the eccentric at one end or  
the other of the half-circular slot1 and
 the engine was reversed by moving the  
eccentric about the axle1 by means of   
movable hand-levers set in sockets in   
the rock-shafts1 until it was arrested  
and held by the pin at one end or the   
other of the slot4 ,the rock-shafts1    
which were under the footboard1 had arms
 above and below1 and the               
eccentric-straps had each a forked rod1 
with a hook1 or an upper and lower latch
 or pin1 at their extremities1 to engage
 with the upper or lower arm of the     
rock-shaft4 ,the eccentric-rods were    
raised or lowered by a double treadle1  

so as to connect with the upper or lower
 arm of the rock-shaft1 according as    
forward or backward gear was desired4 ,a
 peculiarity in the exhaust of the      
,ironsides was that there was only a    
single straight pipe running across from
 one cylinder to the other1 with an     
opening in the upper side of the pipe1  
midway between the cylinders1 to which  
was attached at right angles the        
perpendicular pipe into the chimney4    
,the cylinders1 therefore1 exhausted    
against each other2 and it was found1   
after the engine had been put in use1   
that this was a serious objection4 ,this
 defect was afterwards remedied by      
turning each exhaust-pipe upward into   
the chimney1 substantially as is now    
done4 ,the steam-joints were made with  
canvas and red-lead1 as was the practice
 in ,english locomotives1 and in        
consequence much trouble was caused1    
from time to time1 by leaking4  ,the    
price of the engine was to have been    
#djjj1 but some difficulty was found in 

procuring a settlement4 ,the ,company   
claimed that the engine did not perform 
according to contract2 and objection was
 also made to some of the defects       
alluded to4 ,after these had been       
corrected as far as possible1 however1  
,mr4 ,baldwin finally succeeded in      
effecting a compromise settlement1 and  
received from the ,company #cejj for the
 machine4  ,we are indebted for the     
sketch of the ,ironsides from which the 
accompanying cut is produced1 as well as
 for other valuable particulars in      
regard to the engine1 to ,mr4 ,h4 ,r4   
,campbell1 who was the ,chief ,engineer 
of the ,germantown and ,norristown      
,railroad when the ,ironsides was placed
 in service1 and who is thoroughly      
familiar with all the facts in regard to
 the engine4 ,much of the success of the
 machine was due to his exertions1 as1  
while the ,president of the ,company was
 inclined to reject it as defective1    
,mr4 ,campbell was earnest in his       
efforts to correct its imperfections1   

and his influence contributed largely to
 retain the engine on the road4  ,the   
results of the trial and the impression 
produced by it on the public mind may be
 gathered from the following extracts   
from the newspapers of the day3  ,the   
,united ,states ,gazette of ,nov4 #bdth1
 #ahcb1 remarks3       ,a most          
gratifying experiment was made yesterday
 afternoon on the      ,philadelphia1   
,germantown and ,norristown ,railroad4  
,the beautiful      locomotive engine   
and tender1 built by ,mr4 ,baldwin1 of  
this city1      whose reputation as an  
ingenious machinist is well known1 were 
for the first time placed on the road4  
,the engine traveled about      six     
miles1 working with perfect accuracy and
 ease in all its      parts1 and with   
great velocity4  ,the ,chronicle of the 
same date noticed the trial more at     
length1 as follows3       ,it gives us  
pleasure to state that the locomotive   
engine built      by our townsman1 ,m4  
,w4 ,baldwin1 has proved highly         

successful4 ,in      the presence of    
several gentlemen of science and        
information on      such subjects1 the  
engine was yesterday placed upon the    
road for      the first time4 ,all her  
parts had been previously highly        
finished      and fitted together in    
,mr4 ,baldwin's factory4 ,she was taken 
apart      on ,tuesday and removed to   
the ,company's depot1 and yesterday     
morning she was completely together1    
ready for travel4 ,after the            
regular passenger cars had arrived from 
,germantown in the      afternoon1 the  
tracks being clear1 preparation was made
 for her      starting4 ,the placing    
fire in the furnace and raising steam   
occupied twenty minutes4 ,the engine    
7with her tender7 moved from      the   
depot in beautiful style1 working with  
great ease and      uniformity4 ,she    
proceeded about half a mile beyond the  
,union      ,tavern1 at the township    
line1 and returned immediately1 a       
distance of six miles1 at a speed of    

about twenty-eight miles to      the    
hour1 her speed having been slackened at
 all the road      crossings1 and it    
being after dark1 but a portion of her  
power      was used4 ,it is needless to 
say that the spectators were            
delighted4 ,from this experiment there  
is every reason to believe      this    
engine will draw thirty tons gross1 at  
an average speed of      forty miles an 
hour1 on a level road4 ,the principal   
superiority      of the engine over any 
of the ,english ones known1 consists in 
the      light weight1--which is but    
between four and five tons1--her        
small bulk1 and the simplicity of her   
working machinery4 ,we      rejoice at  
the result of this experiment1 as it    
conclusively      shows that            
,philadelphia1 always famous for the    
skill of her      mechanics1 is enabled 
to produce steam-engines for railroads  
combining so many superior qualities as 
to warrant the belief      that her     
mechanics will hereafter supply nearly  

all the public      works of this       
description in the country4  ,on        
subsequent trials1 the ,ironsides       
attained a speed of thirty miles per    
hour1 with its usual train attached4 ,so
 great were the wonder and curiosity    
which attached to such a prodigy1 that  
people flocked to see the marvel1 and   
eagerly bought the privilege of riding  
after the strange monster4 ,the officers
 of the road were not slow to avail     
themselves of the public interest to    
increase their passenger receipts1 and  
the following advertisement from        
,poulson's ,american ,daily ,advertiser 
of ,nov4 #bf1 #ahcb1 will show that as  
yet they regarded the new machine rather
 as a curiosity and a bait to allure    
travel than as a practical1 every-day   
servant3       ,,notice4--,the          
locomotive engine 7built by ,m4 ,w4     
,baldwin1 of this      city7 will depart
 daily1 when the weather is fair1 with a
 train      of passenger cars4 ,on rainy
 days horses will be attached4  ,this   

announcement did not mean that in wet   
weather horses would be attached to the 
locomotive to aid if in drawing the     
train1 but that the usual horse-cars    
would be employed in making the trips   
upon the road without the engine4  ,upon
 making the first trip to ,germantown   
with a passenger train with the         
,ironsides1 one of the drivers slipped  
upon the axle1 causing the wheels to    
track less than the gauge of the road   
and drop in between the rails4 ,it was  
also discovered that the valve          
arrangement of the pumps was defective1 
and they failed to supply the boiler    
with water4 ,the shifting of the driving
 wheel upon the axle fastened the       
eccentric1 so that it would not operate 
in backward motion4 ,these mishaps      
caused delay1 and prevented the engine  
from reaching its destination1 to the   
great disappointment of all concerned4  
,they were corrected in a few days1 and 
the machine was used in experimenting   
upon its efficiency1 making occasional  

trips with trains to ,germantown4 ,the  
road had an ascending grade1 nearly     
uniform1 of thirty-two feet per mile1   
and for the last half-mile of forty-five
 feet per mile1 and it was found that   
the engine was too light for the        
business of the road upon these grades4 
,such was ,mr4 ,baldwin's first         
locomotive2 and it is related of him    
that his discouragement at the          
difficulties which he had undergone in  
building it and in finally procuring a  
settlement for it was such that he      
remarked to one of his friends1 with    
much decision1 ,that is our last        
locomotive4  ,it was some time before he
 received an order for another1 but     
meanwhile the subject had become        
singularly fascinating to him1 and      
occupied his mind so fully that he was  
eager to work out his new ideas in a    
tangible form4  ,illustration3 ,fig4    
#b4--;,,half-,,crank4  ,shortly after   
the ,ironsides had been placed on the   
,germantown road1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,l4 ,miller1 

of ,charleston1 ,s4 ,c1 came to         
,philadelphia and made a careful        
examination of the machine4 ,mr4 ,miller
 had1 in #ahcj1 contracted to furnish a 
locomotive to the ,charleston and       
,hamburg ,railroad ,company1 and        
accordingly the engine ,best ,friend had
 been built under his direction at the  
,west ,point ,foundry1 ,new ,york4      
,after inspecting the ,ironsides1 he    
suggested to ,mr4 ,baldwin to visit the 
,mohawk and ,hudson ,railroad and       
examine an ,english locomotive which had
 been placed on that road in ,july1     
#ahca1 by ,messrs4 ,robert ,stephenson  
,co41 of ,newcastle1 ,england4 ,it was  
originally a four-wheeled engine of the 
,planet type1 with horizontal cylinders 
and crank-axle4 ,the front wheels of    
this engine were removed about a year   
after the machine was put at work1 and a
 four-wheeled swiveling or bogie truck  
substituted4 ,the result of ,mr4        
,baldwin's investigations was the       
adoption of this design1 but with some  

important improvements4 ,among these was
 the half-crank1 which he devised on his
 return from this trip1 and which he    
patented ,september #aj1 #ahcd4 ,in this
 form of crank1 shown in ,figure #b1 the
 outer arm is omitted1 and the wrist is 
fixed in a spoke of the wheel4 ,in other
 words1 the wheel itself formed one arm 
of the crank4 ,the result sought and    
gained was that the cranks were         
strengthened1 and1 being at the         
extremities of the axle1 the boiler     
could be made larger in diameter and    
placed lower4 ,the driving axle could   
also be placed back of the fire-box1 the
 connecting rods passing by the sides of
 the fire-box and taking hold inside of 
the wheels4 ,this arrangement of the    
crank also involved the placing of the  
cylinders outside the smoke-box1 as was 
done on the ,ironsides4  ,by the time   
the order for the second locomotive was 
received1 ,mr4 ,baldwin had matured this
 device and was prepared to embody it in
 practical form4 ,the order came from   

,mr4 ,e4 ,l4 ,miller in behalf of the   
,charleston and ,hamburg ,railroad      
,company1 and the engine bore his name1 
and was completed ,february #ah1 #ahcd4 
,it was on six wheels2 one pair being   
drivers1 four and a half feet in        
diameter1 with half-crank axle placed   
back of the fire-box as above described1
 and the four front wheels combined in a
 swiveling truck4 ,the driving-wheels1  
it should be observed1 were cast in     
solid bell-metal4 ,the combined wood and
 iron wheels used on the ,ironsides had 
proved objectionable1 and ,mr4 ,baldwin1
 in his endeavors to find a satisfactory
 substitute1 had recourse to brass4     
,june #bi1 #ahcc1 he took out a patent  
for a cast-brass wheel1 his idea being  
that by varying the hardness of the     
metal the adhesion of the drivers on the
 rails could be increased or diminished 
at will4 ,the brass wheels on the       
,miller1 however1 soon wore out1 and the
 experiment with this metal was not     
repeated4 ,the ,e4 ,l4 ,miller had      

cylinders ten inches in diameter2 stroke
 of piston1 sixteen inches2 and weighed1
 with water in the boiler1 seven tons   
eight hundredweight4 ,the boiler had a  
high dome over the fire-box1 as shown in
 ,figure #c2 and this form of           
construction1 it may be noted1 was      
followed1 with a few exceptions1 for    
many years4  ,the valve-motion was given
 by a single fixed eccentric for each   
cylinder4 ,each eccentric-strap had two 
arms attached to it1 one above and the  
other below1 and1 as the driving-axle   
was back of the fire-box1 these arms    
were prolonged backward under the       
footboard1 with a hook on the inner side
 of the end of each4 ,the rock-shaft had
 arms above and below its axis1 and the 
hooks of the two rods of each eccentric 
were moved by hand-levers so as to      
engage with either arm1 thus producing  
backward or forward gear4 ,this form of 
single eccentric1 peculiar to ,mr4      
,baldwin1 was in the interest of        
simplicity in the working parts1 and was

 adhered to for some years4 ,it gave    
rise to an animated controversy among   
mechanics as to whether1 with its use1  
it was possible to get a lead on the    
valve in both directions4 ,many         
maintained that this was impracticable2 
but ,mr4 ,baldwin demonstrated by actual
 experience that the reverse was the    
case4  ,meanwhile the ,commonwealth of  
,pennsylvania had given ,mr4 ,baldwin an
 order for a locomotive for the ,state  
,road1 as it was then called1 from      
,philadelphia to ,columbia1 which1 up to
 that time1 had been worked by horses4  
,this engine1 called the ,lancaster1 was
 completed in ,june1 #ahcd4 ,it was     
similar to the ,miller1 and weighed     
seventeen thousand pounds4 ,after it was
 placed in service1 the records show    
that it hauled at one time nineteen     
loaded burden cars over the highest     
grades between ,philadelphia and        
,columbia4 ,this was characterized at   
the time by the officers of the road as 
an unprecedented performance4 ,the      

success of the machine on its trial     
trips was such that the ,legislature    
decided to adopt steam-power for working
 the road1 and ,mr4 ,baldwin received   
orders for several additional           
locomotives4 ,two others were           
accordingly delivered to the ,state in  
,september and ,november respectively of
 that year1 and one was also built and  
delivered to the ,philadelphia and      
,trenton ,railroad ,company during the  
same season4 ,this latter engine1 which 
was put in service ,october #ba1 #ahcd1 
averaged twenty-one thousand miles per  
year to ,september #ae1 #ahdj4          
,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4--;,,baldwin    
,,engine1 #ahcd4  ,five locomotives were
 thus completed in #ahcd1 and the new   
business was fairly under way4 ,the     
building in ,lodge ,alley1 to which ,mr4
 ,baldwin had removed from ,minor       
,street1 and where these engines were   
constructed1 began to be found too      
contracted1 and another removal was     
decided upon4 ,a location on ,broad and 

,hamilton ,streets 7the site1 in part1  
of the present works7 was selected1 and 
a three-story ,l-shaped brick building1 
fronting on both streets1 erected4 ,this
 was completed and the business removed 
to it during the following year 7#ahce74
 ,the original building still stands1   
forming the office1 drawing-room1 and   
principal machine-shops of the present  
works4  ,these early locomotives1 built 
in #ahcd1 were the types of ,mr4        
,baldwin's practice for some years4     
,their general design is shown in       
,figure #c4 ,all1 or nearly all of them1
 embraced several important devices1    
which were the results of his study and 
experiments up to that time4 ,the       
devices referred to were patented       
,september #aj1 #ahcd1 and the same     
patent covered the four following       
inventions1 viz43  #a4 ,the half-crank1 
and method of attaching it to the       
driving-wheel4 7,this has already been  
described47  ,illustration3 ,fig4       
#d4--;,,baldwin ,,compound ,,wood ,,and 

,,iron ,,wheels1 #ahcd4  #b4 ,a new mode
 of constructing the wheels of          
locomotive engines and cars4 ,in this   
the hub and spokes were of cast-iron1   
cast together4 ,the spokes were cast    
without a rim1 and terminated in segment
 flanges1 each spoke having a separate  
flange disconnected from its neighbors4 
,by this means1 it was claimed1 the     
injurious effect of the unequal         
expansion of the materials composing the
 wheels was lessened or altogether      
prevented4 ,the flanges bore against    
wooden felloes1 made in two thicknesses1
 and put together so as to break joints4
 ,tenons or pins projected from the     
flanges into openings made in the wooden
 felloes1 to keep them in place4 ,around
 the whole the tire was passed and      
secured by bolts4 ,the above sketch     
shows the device4  #c4 ,a new mode of   
forming the joints of steam and other   
tubes4 ,this was ,mr4 ,baldwin's        
invention of ground joints for          
steam-pipes1 which was a very valuable  

improvement over previous methods of    
making joints with red-lead packing1 and
 which rendered it possible to carry a  
much higher pressure of steam4  #d4 ,a  
new mode of forming the joints and other
 parts of the supply-pump1 and of       
locating the pump itself4 ,this         
invention consisted in making the single
 guide-bar hollow and using it for the  
pump-barrel4 ,the pump-plunger was      
attached to the piston-rod at a socket  
or sleeve formed for the purpose1 and   
the hollow guide-bar terminated in the  
vertical pump-chamber4 ,this chamber was
 made in two pieces1 joined about midway
 between the induction and              
eduction-pipes4 ,this joint was ground  
steam-tight1 as were also the joints of 
the induction-pipe with the bottom of   
the lower chamber1 and the flange of the
 eduction-pipe with the top of the upper
 chamber4 ,all these parts were held    
together by a stirrup with a set-screw  
in its arched top1 and the arrangement  
was such that by simply unscrewing this 

set-screw the different sections of the 
chamber1 with all the valves1 could be  
taken apart for cleaning or adjusting4  
,the cut below illustrates the device4  
,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4--,,pump ,,and  
,,stirrup4  ,it is probable that the    
five engines built during #ahcd embodied
 all1 or nearly all1 these devices4     
,they all had the half-crank1 the ground
 joints for steam-pipes 7which was first
 made by him in #ahcc71 and the pump    
formed in the guide-bar1 and all had the
 four-wheeled truck in front1 and a     
single pair of drivers back of the      
fire-box4 ,on this position of the      
driving-wheels1 ,mr4 ,baldwin laid great
 stress1 as it made a more even         
distribution of the weight1 throwing    
about one-half on the drivers and       
one-half on the four-wheeled truck4 ,it 
also extended the wheel-base1 making the
 engine much steadier and less damaging 
to the track4 ,mr4 ,william ,norris1 who
 had established a locomotive works in  
,philadelphia in #ahcb1 was at this time

 building a six-wheeled engine with a   
truck in front and the driving-wheels   
placed in front of the fire-box4        
,considerable rivalry naturally existed 
between the two manufacturers as to the 
comparative merits of their respective  
plans4 ,in ,mr4 ,norris's engine1 the   
position of the driving-axle in front of
 the fire-box threw on it more of the   
weight of the engine1 and thus increased
 the adhesion and the tractive power4   
,mr4 ,baldwin1 however1 maintained the  
superiority of his plan1 as giving a    
better distribution of the weight and a 
longer wheel-base1 and consequently     
rendering the machine less destructive  
to the track4 ,as the iron rails then in
 use were generally light1 and much of  
the track was of wood1 this feature was 
of some importance4  ,to the use of the 
ground joint for steam-pipes1 however1  
much of the success of his early engines
 was due4 ,the ,english builders were   
making locomotives with canvas and      
red-lead joints1 permitting a steam     

pressure of only sixty pounds per inch  
to be carried1 while ,mr4 ,baldwin's    
machines were worked at one hundred and 
twenty pounds with ease4 ,several       
locomotives imported from ,england at   
about this period by the ,commonwealth  
of ,pennsylvania for the ,state ,road   
7three of which were made by            
,stephenson7 had canvas and red-lead    
joints1 and their efficiency was so much
 less than that of the ,baldwin engines1
 on account of this and other features  
of construction1 that they were soon    
laid aside or sold4  ,in ,june1 #ahcd1 a
 patent was issued to ,mr4 ,e4 ,l4      
,miller1 by whom ,mr4 ,baldwin's second 
engine was ordered1 for a method of     
increasing the adhesion of a locomotive 
by throwing a part of the weight of the 
tender on the rear of the engine1 thus  
increasing the weight on the drivers4   
,mr4 ,baldwin adopted this device on an 
engine built for the ,philadelphia and  
,trenton ,railroad ,company1 ,may1      
#ahce1 and thereafter used it largely1  

paying one hundred dollars royalty for  
each engine4 ,eventually 7,may #f1      
#ahci7 he bought the patent for nine    
thousand dollars1 evidently considering 
that the device was especially valuable1
 if not indispensable1 in order to      
render his engine as powerful1 when     
required1 as other patterns having the  
driving-wheels in front of the fire-box1
 and therefore utilizing more of the    
weight of the engine for adhesion4  ,in 
making the truck and tender wheels of   
these early locomotives1 the hubs were  
cast in three pieces and afterward      
banded with wrought-iron1 the           
interstices being filled with spelter4  
,this method of construction was adopted
 on account of the difficulty then found
 in casting a chilled wheel in one solid
 piece4  ,april #c1 #ahce1 ,mr4 ,baldwin
 took out a patent for certain          
improvements in the wheels and tubes of 
locomotive engines4 ,that relating to   
the wheels provided for casting the hub 
and spokes together1 and having the     

spokes terminate in segments of a rim1  
as described in his patent of ,september
 #aj1 #ahcd4 ,between the ends of the   
spokes and the tires wood was           
interposed1 and the tire might be either
 of wrought-iron or of chilled          
cast-iron4 ,the intention was expressed 
of making the tire usually of cast-iron 
chilled4 ,the main object1 however1 was 
declared to be the interposition between
 the spokes and the rim of a layer of   
wood or other substance possessing some 
degree of elasticity4 ,this method of   
making driving-wheels was followed for  
several years4  ,the improvement in     
locomotive tubes consisted in driving a 
copper ferrule or thimble on the outside
 of the end of the tube1 and soldering  
it in place1 instead of driving a       
ferrule into the tube1 as had previously
 been the practice4 ,the object of the  
latter method had been to make a tight  
joint with the tube-sheet2 but1 by      
putting the ferrule on the outside of   
the tube1 not only was the joint made as

 tight as before1 but the tube was      
strengthened1 and left unobstructed     
throughout to the full extent of its    
diameter4 ,this method of setting flues 
has been generally followed in the works
 from that date to the present1 the only
 difference being that1 at this time1   
with iron tubes1 the end is swedged     
down1 the copper ferrule brazed on1 and 
the iron end turned or riveted over     
against the copper thimble and the      
flue-sheet1 to make the joint perfect4  
,early in #ahce1 the new shop on ,broad 
,street was completed and occupied4 ,mr4
 ,baldwin's attention was thenceforward 
given to locomotive building            
exclusively1 except that a stationary   
engine was occasionally constructed4    
,in ,may1 #ahce1 his eleventh           
locomotive1 the ,black ,hawk1 was       
delivered to the ,philadelphia and      
,trenton ,railroad ,company4 ,this was  
the first outside-connected engine of   
his build4 ,it was also the first engine
 on which the ,miller device of         

attaching part of the weight of the     
tender to the engine was employed4 ,on  
the eighteenth engine1 the ,brandywine1 
built for the ,philadelphia and         
,columbia ,railroad ,company1 brass     
tires were used on the driving-wheels1  
for the purpose of obtaining more       
adhesion2 but they wore out rapidly and 
were replaced with iron4  ,fourteen     
engines were constructed in #ahce2 forty
 in #ahcf2 forty in #ahcg2 twenty-three 
in #ahch2 twenty-six in #ahci2 and nine 
in #ahdj4 ,during all these years the   
general design continued the same2 but1 
in compliance with the demand for more  
power1 three sizes were furnished1 as   
follows3    ,first-class4 ,cylinders1   
#ab-a_/b x #af2 weight1 loaded1 #bf1jjj 
pounds4   ,second-class4          #ab   
x #af2               #bc1jjj            
,third-class4           #aj-a_/b x #af2 
#bj1jjj     ,the first-class engine he  
fully believed1 in #ahch1 was as heavy  
as would be called for1 and he declared 
that it was as large as he intended to  

make4 ,most of the engines were built   
with the half-crank1 but occasionally an
 outside-connected machine was turned   
out4 ,these latter1 however1 failed to  
give as complete satisfaction as the    
half-crank machine4 ,the drivers were   
generally four and a half feet in       
diameter4  ,a patent was issued to ,mr4 
,baldwin1 ,august #ag1 #ahce1 for his   
device of cylindrical pedestals4 ,in    
this method of construction1 the        
pedestal was of cast-iron1 and was bored
 in a lathe so as to form two concave   
jaws4 ,the boxes were also turned in a  
lathe so that their vertical ends were  
cylindrical1 and they were thus fitted  
in the pedestals4 ,this method of       
fitting up pedestals and boxes was cheap
 and effective1 and was used for some   
years for the driving and tender wheels4
  ,as showing the estimation in which   
these early engines were held1 it may   
not be out of place to refer to the     
opinions of some of the railroad        
managers of that period4  ,mr4 ,l4 ,a4  

,sykes1 engineer of the ,new ,jersey    
,transportation ,company1 under date of 
,june #ab1 #ahch1 wrote that he could   
draw with his engines twenty            
four-wheeled cars with twenty-six       
passengers each1 at a speed of twenty to
 twenty-five miles per hour1 over grades
 of twenty-six feet per mile4 ,as to    
simplicity of construction1 he adds1    
small liability to get out of order1    
economy of repairs1 and ease to the     
road1 ,i fully believe ,mr4 ,baldwin's  
engines stand unrivalled4 ,i consider   
the simplicity of the engine1 the       
arrangement of the working-parts1 and   
the distribution of the weight1 far     
superior to any engine ,i have ever     
seen1 either of ,american or ,english   
manufacture1 and ,i have not the least  
hesitation in saying that ,mr4          
,baldwin's engine will do the same      
amount of work with much less repairs1  
either to the engine or the track1 than 
any other engine in use4  ,l4 ,g4       
,cannon1 ,president of the ,rensselaer  

and ,saratoga ,railroad ,company1       
writes1 ,your engines will1 in          
performance and cost of repairs1 bear   
comparison with any other engine made in
 this or any other country4  ,some of   
,mr4 ,baldwin's engines on the ,state   
,road1 in #ahcg1 cost1 for repairs1 only
 from one and two-tenths to one and     
six-tenths cents per mile4 ,it is noted 
that the engine ,west ,chester1 on the  
same road1 weighing twenty thousand     
seven hundred and thirty-five pounds    
7ten thousand four hundred and          
seventy-five on drivers71 drew fifty-one
 cars 7four-wheeled71 weighing two      
hundred and eighty-nine net tons1 over  
the road1 some of the track being of    
wood covered with strap-rail4  ,the     
financial difficulties of #ahcf and     
#ahcg1 which brought ruin upon so many1 
did not leave ,mr4 ,baldwin unscathed4  
,his embarrassments became so great that
 he was unable to proceed1 and was      
forced to call his creditors together   
for a settlement4 ,after offering to    

surrender all his property1 his shop1   
tools1 house1 and everything1 if they so
 desired1--all of which would realize   
only about twenty-five per cent4 of     
their claims1--he proposed to them that 
they should permit him to go on with the
 business1 and in three years he would  
pay the full amount of all claims1      
principal and interest4 ,this was       
finally acceded to1 and the promise was 
in effect fulfilled1 although not       
without an extension of two years beyond
 the time originally proposed4  ,in     
,may1 #ahcg1 the number of hands        
employed was three hundred1 but this    
number was reducing weekly1 owing to the
 falling off in the demand for engines4 
,these financial troubles had their     
effect on the demand for locomotives1 as
 will be seen in the decrease in the    
number built in #ahch1 #ahci1 and #ahdj2
 and this result was furthered by the   
establishment of several other          
locomotive works and the introduction of
 other patterns of engines4  ,the       

changes and improvements in details made
 during these years may be summed up as 
follows3  ,the subject of burning coal  
had engaged much attention4 ,in         
,october1 #ahcf1 ,mr4 ,baldwin secured a
 patent for a grate or fireplace which  
could be detached from the engine at    
pleasure1 and a new one with a fresh    
coal fire substituted4 ,the intention   
was to have the grate with freshly      
ignited coal all ready for the engine on
 its arrival at a station1 and placed   
between the rails over suitable levers1 
by which it could be attached quickly to
 the fire-box4 ,it is needless to say   
that this was never practiced4 ,in      
,january1 #ahch1 however1 ,mr4 ,baldwin 
was experimenting with the consumption  
of coal on the ,germantown road1 and in 
,july of the same year the records show 
that he was making a locomotive to burn 
coal1 part of the arrangement being to  
blow the fire with a fan4  ,up to #ahch1
 ,mr4 ,baldwin had made both driving and
 truck wheels with wrought tires1 but   

during that year chilled wheels for     
engine and tender trucks were adopted4  
,his tires were furnished by ,messrs4   
,s4 ,vail  ,son1 ,morristown1 ,n4 ,j41  
who made the only tires then obtainable 
in ,america4 ,they were very thin1 being
 only one inch to one and a half inches 
thick2 and ,mr4 ,baldwin1 in importing  
some tires from ,england at that time1  
insisted on their being made double the 
ordinary thickness4 ,the manufacturers  
at first objected and ridiculed the     
idea1 the practice being to use two     
tires when extra thickness was wanted1  
but finally they consented to meet his  
requirements4  ,all his engines thus far
 had the single eccentric for each      
valve1 but at about this period double  
eccentrics were adopted1 each           
terminating in a straight hook1 and     
reversed by hand-levers4  ,at this early
 period1 ,mr4 ,baldwin had begun to feel
 the necessity of making all like parts 
of locomotives of the same class in such
 manner as to be absolutely             

interchangeable4 ,steps were taken in   
this direction1 but it was not until    
many years afterward that the system of 
standard gauges was perfected1 which has
 since grown to be a distinguishing     
feature in the establishment4  ,in      
,march1 #ahci1 ,mr4 ,baldwin's records  
show that he was building a number of   
outside-connected engines1 and had      
succeeded in making them strong and     
durable4 ,he was also making a new      
chilled wheel1 and one which he thought 
would not break4  ,on the one hundred   
and thirty-sixth locomotive1 completed  
,october #ah1 #ahci1 for the            
,philadelphia1 ,germantown and          
,norristown ,railroad1 the old pattern  
of wooden frame was abandoned1 and no   
outside frame whatever was              
employed1--the machinery1 as well as the
 truck and the pedestals of the         
driving-axles1 being attached directly  
to the naked boiler4 ,the wooden frame  
thenceforward disappeared gradually1 and
 an iron frame took its place4 ,another 

innovation was the adoption of          
eight-wheeled tenders1 the first of     
which was built at about this period4   
,april #h1 #ahci1 ,mr4 ,baldwin         
associated with himself ,messrs4 ,vail  
and ,hufty1 and the business was        
conducted under the firm name of        
,baldwin1 ,vail  ,hufty until #ahda1    
when ,mr4 ,hufty withdrew1 and ,baldwin 
,vail continued the copartnership until 
#ahdb4  ,the time had now arrived when  
the increase of business on railroads   
demanded more powerful locomotives4 ,it 
had for some years been felt that for   
freight traffic the engine with one pair
 of drivers was insufficient4 ,mr4      
,baldwin's engine had the single pair of
 drivers placed back of the fire-box2   
that made by ,mr4 ,norris1 one pair in  
front of the fire-box4 ,an engine with  
two pairs of drivers1 one pair in front 
and one pair behind the fire-box1 was   
the next logical step1 and ,mr4 ,henry  
,r4 ,campbell1 of ,philadelphia1 was the
 first to carry this design into        

execution4 ,mr4 ,campbell1 as has been  
noted1 was the ,chief ,engineer of the  
,germantown ,railroad when the          
,ironsides was placed on that line1 and 
had since given much attention to the   
subject of locomotive construction4     
,february #e1 #ahcf1 ,mr4 ,campbell     
secured a patent for an eight-wheeled   
engine with four drivers connected1 and 
a four-wheeled truck in front2 and      
subsequently contracted with ,james     
,brooks1 of ,philadelphia1 to build for 
him such a machine4 ,the work was begun 
,march #af1 #ahcf1 and the engine was   
completed ,may #h1 #ahcg4 ,this was the 
first eight-wheeled engine of this type1
 and from it the standard ,american     
locomotive of to-day takes its origin4  
,the engine lacked1 however1 one        
essential feature2 there were no        
equalizing beams between the drivers1   
and nothing but the ordinary steel      
springs over each journal of the        
driving-axles to equalize the weight    
upon them4 ,it remained for ,messrs4    

,eastwick  ,harrison to supply this     
deficiency2 and in #ahcg that firm      
constructed at their shop in            
,philadelphia a locomotive on this plan1
 but with the driving-axles running in a
 separate square frame1 connected to the
 main frame above it by a single central
 bearing on each side4 ,this engine had 
cylinders twelve by eighteen1 four      
coupled driving-wheels1 forty-four      
inches in diameter1 carrying eight of   
the twelve tons constituting the total  
weight4 ,subsequently1 ,mr4 ,joseph     
,harrison1 ,jr41 of the same firm1      
substituted equalizing beams on engines 
of this plan afterward constructed by   
them1 substantially in the same manner  
as since generally employed4  ,in the   
,american ,railroad ,journal of ,july   
#cj1 #ahcf1 a wood-cut showing ,mr4     
,campbell's engine1 together with an    
elaborate calculation of the effective  
power of an engine on this plan1 by     
,william ,j4 ,lewis1 ,esq41 ,civil      
,engineer1 was published1 with a table  

showing its performance upon grades     
ranging from a dead level to a rise of  
one hundred feet per mile4 ,mr4         
,campbell stated that his experience at 
that time 7#ahce-f7 convinced him that  
grades of one hundred feet rise per mile
 would1 if roads were judiciously       
located1 carry railroads over any of the
 mountain passes in ,america1 without   
the use of planes with stationary steam 
power1 or1 as a general rule1 of costly 
tunnels1--an opinion very extensively   
verified by the experience of the       
country since that date4  ,a step had   
thus been taken toward a plan of        
locomotive having more adhesive power4  
,mr4 ,baldwin1 however1 was slow to     
adopt the new design4 ,he naturally     
regarded innovations with distrust4 ,he 
had done much to perfect the old pattern
 of engine1 and had built over a hundred
 of them1 which were in successful      
operation on various railroads4 ,many of
 the details were the subjects of his   
several patents1 and had been greatly   

simplified in his practice4 ,in fact1   
simplicity in all the working parts had 
been so largely his aim1 that it was    
natural that he should distrust any plan
 involving additional machinery1 and he 
regarded the new design as only an      
experiment at best4 ,in ,november1      
#ahch1 he wrote to a correspondent that 
he did not think there was any advantage
 in the eight-wheeled engine4 ,there    
being three points in contact1 it could 
not turn a curve1 he argued1 without    
slipping one or the other pair of wheels
 sideways4 ,another objection was in the
 multiplicity of machinery and the      
difficulty in maintaining four          
driving-wheels all of exactly the same  
size4 ,some means1 however1 of getting  
more adhesion must be had1 and the      
result of his reflections upon this     
subject was the project of a geared     
engine4 ,in ,august1 #ahci1 he took     
steps to secure a patent for such a     
machine1 and ,december #ca1 #ahdj1      
letters patent were granted him for the 

device4 ,in this engine1 an independent 
shaft or axle was placed between the two
 axles of the truck1 and connected by   
cranks and coupling-rods with cranks on 
the outside of the driving-wheels4 ,this
 shaft had a central cog-wheel engaging 
on each side with intermediate          
cog-wheels1 which in turn geared into   
cog-wheels on each truck-axle4 ,the     
intermediate cog-wheels had wide teeth1 
so that the truck could pivot while the 
main shaft remained parallel with the   
driving-axle4 ,the diameters of the     
cog-wheels were1 of course1 in such     
proportion to the driving and truck     
wheels1 that the latter should revolve  
as much oftener than the drivers as     
their smaller size might require4 ,of   
the success of this machine for freight 
service1 ,mr4 ,baldwin was very         
sanguine4 ,one was put in hand at once1 
completed in ,august1 #ahda1 and        
eventually sold to the ,sugarloaf ,coal 
,company4 ,it was an outside-connected  
engine1 weighing thirty thousand pounds1

 of which eleven thousand seven hundred 
and seventy-five pounds were on the     
drivers1 and eighteen thousand three    
hundred and thirty-five on the truck4   
,the driving-wheels were forty-four and 
the truck-wheels thirty-three inches in 
diameter4 ,the cylinders were thirteen  
inches in diameter by sixteen inches    
stroke4 ,on a trial of the engine upon  
the ,philadelphia and ,reading          
,railroad1 it hauled five hundred and   
ninety tons from ,reading to            
,philadelphia--a distance of fifty-four 
miles--in five hours and twenty-two     
minutes4 ,the ,superintendent of the    
road1 in writing of the trial1 remarked 
that this train was unprecedented in    
length and weight both in ,america and  
,europe4 ,the performance was noticed in
 favorable terms by the ,philadelphia   
newspapers1 and was made the subject of 
a report by the ,committee on ,science  
and ,arts of the ,franklin ,institute1  
who strongly recommended this plan of   
engine for freight service4 ,the success

 of the trial led ,mr4 ,baldwin at first
 to believe that the geared engine would
 be generally adopted for freight       
traffic2 but in this he was             
disappointed4 ,no further demand was    
made for such machines1 and no more of  
them were built4  ,in #ahdj1 ,mr4       
,baldwin received an order1 through     
,august ,belmont1 ,esq41 of ,new ,york1 
for a locomotive for ,austria1 and had  
nearly completed one which was          
calculated to do the work required1 when
 he learned that only sixty pounds      
pressure of steam was admissible1       
whereas his engine was designed to use  
steam at one hundred pounds and over4   
,he accordingly constructed another1    
meeting this requirement1 and shipped it
 in the following year4 ,this engine1 it
 may be noted1 had a kind of            
link-motion1 agreeably to the           
specification received1 and was the     
first of his make upon which the link   
was introduced4  ,mr4 ,baldwin's patent 
of ,december #ca1 #ahdj1 already        

referred to as covering his geared      
engine1 embraced several other devices1 
as follows3  #a4 ,a method of operating 
a fan1 or blowing-wheel1 for the purpose
 of blowing the fire4 ,the fan was to be
 placed under the footboard1 and driven 
by the friction of a grooved pulley in  
contact with the flange of the          
driving-wheel4  #b4 ,the substitution of
 a metallic stuffing1 consisting of     
wire1 for the hemp1 wool1 or other      
material which had been employed in     
stuffing-boxes4  #c4 ,the placing of the
 springs of the engine truck so as to   
obviate the evil of the locking of the  
wheels when the truck-frame vibrates    
from the centre-pin vertically4 ,spiral 
as well as semi-elliptic springs1 placed
 at each end of the truck-frame1 were   
specified4 ,the spiral spring is        
described as received in two cups1--one 
above and one below4 ,the cups were     
connected together at their centres by a
 pin upon one and a socket in the other1
 so that the cups could approach toward 

or recede from each other and still     
preserve their parallelism4  #d4 ,an    
improvement in the manner of            
constructing the iron frames of         
locomotives1 by making the pedestals in 
one piece with1 and constituting part   
of1 the frames4  #e4 ,the employment of 
spiral springs in connection with       
cylindrical pedestals and boxes4 ,a     
single spiral was at first used1 but1   
not proving sufficiently strong1 a      
combination or nest of spirals curving  
alternately in opposite directions was  
afterward employed4 ,each spiral had its
 bearing in a spiral recess in the      
pedestal4  ,in the specification of this
 patent a change in the method of making
 cylindrical pedestals and boxes is     
noted4 ,instead of boring and turning   
them in a lathe1 they were cast to the  
required shape in chills4 ,this method  
of construction was used for a time1 but
 eventually a return was made to the    
original plan1 as giving a more accurate
 job4  ,in #ahdb1 ,mr4 ,baldwin         

constructed1 under an arrangement with  
,mr4 ,ross ,winans1 three locomotives   
for the ,western ,railroad of           
,massachusetts1 on a plan which had been
 designed by that gentleman for freight 
traffic4 ,these machines had upright    
boilers1 and horizontal cylinders which 
worked cranks on a shaft bearing        
cog-wheels engaging with other          
cog-wheels on an intermediate shaft4    
,this latter shaft had cranks coupled to
 four driving-wheels on each side4      
,these engines were constructed to burn 
anthracite coal4 ,their peculiarly      
uncouth appearance earned for them the  
name of crabs1 and they were but        
short-lived in service4  ,illustration3 
,fig4 #f4--;,,baldwin                   
,,six-,,wheels-,,connected ,,engine1    
#ahdb4  ,illustration3 ,fig4            
#g4--;,,baldwin ,,flexible-,,beam       
,,truck1 #ahdb4--;,,elevation4          
,illustration3 ,,half ,,plan4  ,but1 to 
return to the progress of ,mr4          
,baldwin's locomotive practice4 ,the    

geared engine had not proved a success4 
,it was unsatisfactory1 as well to its  
designer as to the railroad community4  
,the problem of utilizing more or all of
 the weight of the engine for adhesion  
remained1 in ,mr4 ,baldwin's view1 yet  
to be solved4 ,the plan of coupling four
 or six wheels had long before been     
adopted in ,england1 but on the short   
curves prevalent on ,american railroads1
 he felt that something more was        
necessary4 ,the wheels must not only be 
coupled1 but at the same time must be   
free to adapt themselves to a curve4    
,these two conditions were apparently   
incompatible1 and to reconcile these    
inconsistencies was the task which ,mr4 
,baldwin set himself to accomplish4 ,he 
undertook it1 too1 at a time when his   
business had fallen off greatly and he  
was involved in the most serious        
financial embarrassments4 ,the problem  
was constantly before him1 and at       
length1 during a sleepless night1 its   
solution flashed across his mind4 ,the  

plan so long sought for1 and which1     
subsequently1 more than any other of his
 improvements or inventions1 contributed
 to the foundation of his fortune1 was  
his well-known six-wheels-connected     
locomotive with the four front drivers  
combined in a flexible truck4 ,for this 
machine ,mr4 ,baldwin secured a patent1 
,august #be1 #ahdb4 ,its principal      
characteristic features are now matters 
of history1 but they deserve here a     
brief mention4 ,the engine was on six   
wheels1 all connected as drivers4 ,the  
rear wheels were placed rigidly in the  
frames1 usually behind the fire-box1    
with inside bearings4 ,the cylinders    
were inclined1 and with outside         
connections4 ,the four remaining wheels 
had inside journals running in boxes    
held by two wide and deep wrought-iron  
beams1 one on each side4 ,these beams   
were unconnected1 and entirely          
independent of each other4 ,the         
pedestals formed in them were bored out 
cylindrically1 and into them cylindrical

 boxes1 as patented by him in #ahce1    
were fitted4 ,the engine-frame on each  
side was directly over the beam1 and a  
spherical pin1 running down from the    
frame1 bore in a socket in the beam     
midway between the two axles4 ,it will  
thus be seen that each side-beam        
independently could turn horizontally or
 vertically under the spherical pin1 and
 the cylindrical boxes could also turn  
in the pedestals4 ,hence1 in passing a  
curve1 the middle pair of drivers could 
move laterally in one direction--say to 
the right--while the front pair could   
move in the opposite direction1 or to   
the left2 the two axles all the while   
remaining parallel to each other and to 
the rear driving-axle4 ,the operation of
 these beams was1 therefore1 like that  
of the parallel-ruler4 ,on a straight   
line the two beams and the two axles    
formed a rectangle2 on curves1 a        
parallelogram1 the angles varying with  
the degree of curvature4 ,the           
coupling-rods were made with cylindrical

 brasses1 thus forming ball-and-socket  
joints1 to enable them to accommodate   
themselves to the lateral movements of  
the wheels4 ,colburn1 in his ,locomotive
 ,engineering1 remarks of this          
arrangement of rods as follows3         
,geometrically1 no doubt1 this          
combination of wheels could only        
work properly around curves by a        
lengthening and shortening of      the  
rods which served to couple the         
principal pair of      driving-wheels   
with the hind truck-wheels4 ,but if the 
coupling-rods from the principal pair of
 driving-wheels be five      feet long1 
and if the beams of the truck-frame be  
four feet long      7the radius of curve
 described by the axle-boxes around the 
spherical side bearings being two feet71
 then the total      corresponding      
lengthening of the coupling-rods1 in    
order to allow      the hind            
truck-wheels to move one inch to one    
side1 and the front      wheels of the  
truck one inch to the other side of     

their normal      position on a straight
 line1 would be ,v#fjb  #ab - #fj  #bd  
- ,v#bdb - #ab  #j4jbge inch1 or less   
than one thirty-second      of an inch4 
,and if only one pair of driving-wheels 
were thus      coupled with a           
four-wheeled truck1 the total wheel-base
 being      nine feet1 the motion       
permitted by this slight elongation of  
the      coupling-rods 7an elongation   
provided for by a trifling slackness    
in the brasses7 would enable three pairs
 of wheels to stand      without binding
 in a curve of only one hundred feet    
radius4  ,the first engine of the new   
plan was finished early in ,december1   
#ahdb1 being one of fourteen engines    
constructed in that year1 and was sent  
to the ,georgia ,railroad1 on the order 
of ,mr4 ,j4 ,edgar ,thomson1 then ,chief
 ,engineer and ,superintendent of that  
line4 ,it weighed twelve tons1 and drew1
 besides its own weight1 two hundred and
 fifty tons up a grade of thirty-six    
feet to the mile4  ,other orders soon   

followed4 ,the new machine was received 
generally with great favor4 ,the loads  
hauled by it exceeded anything so far   
known in ,american railroad practice1   
and sagacious managers hailed it as a   
means of largely reducing operating     
expenses4 ,on the ,central ,railroad of 
,georgia1 one of these twelve-ton       
engines drew nineteen eight-wheeled     
cars1 with seven hundred and fifty bales
 of cotton1 each bale weighing four     
hundred and fifty pounds1 over maximum  
grades of thirty feet per mile1 and the 
manager of the road declared that it    
could readily take one thousand bales4  
,on the ,philadelphia and ,reading      
,railroad a similar engine of eighteen  
tons weight drew one hundred and fifty  
loaded cars 7total weight of cars and   
lading1 one thousand one hundred and    
thirty tons7 from ,schuylkill ,haven to 
,philadelphia1 at a speed of seven miles
 per hour4 ,the regular load was one    
hundred loaded cars1 which were hauled  
at a speed of from twelve to fifteen    

miles per hour on a level4  ,the        
following extract from a letter1 dated  
,august #aj1 #ahdd1 of ,mr4 ,g4 ,a4     
,nicolls1 then ,superintendent of that  
line1 and still connected with its      
management1 gives the particulars of the
 performance of these machines1 and     
shows the estimation in which they were 
held3       ,we have had two of these   
engines in operation for about four     
weeks4 ,each engine weighs about forty  
thousand pounds with water      and     
fuel1 equally distributed on six wheels1
 all of which are      coupled1 thus    
gaining the whole adhesion of the       
engine's weight4      ,their cylinders  
are fifteen by eighteen inches4         
,the daily allotted load of each of     
these engines is one hundred      coal  
cars1 each loaded with three and        
six-tenths tons of coal1      and       
weighing two and fifteen one-hundredths 
tons each1 empty2      making a net     
weight of three hundred and sixty tons  
of coal      carried1 and a gross weight

 of train of five hundred and           
seventy-five tons1 all of two thousand  
two hundred and forty      pounds4      
,this train is hauled over the          
ninety-four miles of the road1      half
 of which is level1 at the rate of      
twelve miles per hour2 and      with it 
the engine is able to make fourteen to  
fifteen miles per      hour on a level4 
,were all the cars on the road of       
sufficient strength1 and making      the
 trip by daylight1 nearly one-half being
 now performed at      night1 ,i have no
 doubt of these engines being quite     
equal to a      load of eight hundred   
tons gross1 as their average daily      
performance on any of the levels of our 
road1 some of which are      eight miles
 long4       ,in strength of make1      
quality of workmanship1 finish1 and     
proportion of parts1 ,i consider them   
equal to any1 and superior      to most1
 freight engines ,i have seen4 ,they are
 remarkably easy on      the rail1      
either in their vertical or horizontal  

action1 from the      equalization of   
their weight1 and the improved truck    
under the      forward part of the      
engine4 ,this latter adapts itself to   
all the      curves of the road1        
including some of seven hundred and     
sixteen      feet radius in the main    
track1 and moves with great ease around 
our turning ,y curves at ,richmond1 of  
about three hundred feet      radius4   
,i consider these engines as near       
perfection1 in the arrangement      of  
their parts1 and their general          
efficiency1 as the present              
improvements in machinery and the       
locomotive engine will admit      of4   
,they are saving us thirty per cent1 in 
every trip1 on the      former cost of  
motive or engine power4  ,but the       
flexible-beam truck also enabled ,mr4   
,baldwin to meet the demand for an      
engine with four drivers connected4     
,other builders were making engines with
 four drivers and a four-wheeled truck1 
of the present ,american standard type4 

,to compete with this design1 ,mr4      
,baldwin modified his                   
six-wheels-connected engine by          
connecting only two out of the three    
pairs of wheels as drivers1 making the  
forward wheels of smaller diameter as   
leading wheels1 but combining them with 
the front drivers in a flexible-beam    
truck4 ,the first engine on this plan   
was sent to the ,erie and ,kalamazoo    
,railroad1 in ,october1 #ahdc1 and gave 
great satisfaction4 ,the ,superintendent
 of the road was enthusiastic in its    
praise1 and wrote to ,mr4 ,baldwin that 
he doubted if anything could be got up  
which would answer the business of the  
road so well4 ,one was also sent to the 
,utica and ,schenectady ,railroad a few 
weeks later1 of which the               
,superintendent remarked that it worked 
beautifully1 and there were not wagons  
enough to give it a full load4 ,in this 
plan the leading wheels were usually    
made thirty-six and the drivers         
fifty-four inches in diameter4  ,this   

machine of course came in competition   
with the eight-wheeled engine having    
four drivers1 and ,mr4 ,baldwin claimed 
for his plan a decided superiority4 ,in 
each case about two-thirds of the total 
weight was carried on the four drivers1 
and ,mr4 ,baldwin maintained that his   
engine1 having only six instead of eight
 wheels1 was simpler and more effective4
  ,at about this period ,mr4 ,baldwin's 
attention was called by ,mr4 ,levi      
,bissell to an ,air ,spring which the   
latter had devised1 and which it was    
imagined was destined to be a cheap1    
effective1 and perpetual spring4 ,the   
device consisted of a small cylinder    
placed above the frame over the         
axle-box1 and having a piston fitted    
air-tight into it4 ,the piston-rod was  
to bear on the axle-box1 and the proper 
quantity of air was to be pumped into   
the cylinder above the piston1 and the  
cylinder then hermetically closed4 ,the 
piston had a leather packing which was  
to be kept moist by some fluid 7molasses

 was proposed7 previously introduced    
into the cylinder4 ,mr4 ,baldwin at     
first proposed to equalize the weight   
between two pairs of drivers by         
connecting two air-springs on each side 
by a pipe1 the use of an equalizing beam
 being covered by ,messrs4 ,eastwick    
,harrison's patent4 ,the air-springs    
were found1 however1 not to work        
practically1 and were never applied4 ,it
 may be added that a model of an        
equalizing air-spring was exhibited by  
,mr4 ,joseph ,harrison1 ,jr41 at the    
,franklin ,institute1 in #ahch or #ahci4
  ,with the introduction of the new     
machine1 business began at once to      
revive1 and the tide of prosperity      
turned once more in ,mr4 ,baldwin's     
favor4 ,twelve engines were constructed 
in #ahdc1 all but four of them of the   
new pattern2 twenty-two engines in      
#ahdd1 all of the new pattern2 and      
twenty-seven in #ahde4 ,three of this   
number were of the old type1 with one   
pair of drivers1 but from that time     

forward the old pattern with the single 
pair of drivers disappeared from the    
practice of the establishment1 save     
occasionally for exceptional purposes4  
,in #ahdb1 the partnership with ,mr4    
,vail was dissolved1 and ,mr4 ,asa      
,whitney1 who had been ,superintendent  
of the ,mohawk and ,hudson ,railroad1   
became a partner with ,mr4 ,baldwin1 and
 the firm continued as ,baldwin         
,whitney until #ahdf1 when the latter   
withdrew to engage in the manufacture of
 car-wheels1 in which business he is    
still concerned as senior member of the 
firm of ,a4 ,whitney  ,sons1            
,philadelphia4  ,mr4 ,whitney brought to
 the firm a railroad experience and     
thorough business talent4 ,he introduced
 a system in many details of the        
management of the business1 which ,mr4  
,baldwin1 whose mind was devoted more   
exclusively to mechanical subjects1 had 
failed to establish or wholly ignored4  
,the method at present in use in the    
establishment1 of giving to each class  

of locomotives a distinctive            
designation1 composed of a number and a 
letter1 originated very shortly after   
,mr4 ,whitney's connection with the     
business4 ,for the purpose of           
representing the different designs1     
sheets with engravings of locomotives   
were employed4 ,the sheet showing the   
engine with one pair of drivers was     
marked ,b2 that with two pairs1 ,c2 that
 with three1 ,d2 and that with four1 ,e4
 ,taking its rise from this             
circumstance1 it became customary to    
designate as ,b engines those with one  
pair of drivers2 as ,c engines1 those   
with two pairs2 as ,d engines1 those    
with three pairs2 and as ,e engines1    
those with four pairs4 ,shortly         
afterwards1 a number1 indicating the    
weight in gross tons1 was added4 ,thus1 
the #ab ,d engine was one with three    
pairs of drivers1 and weighing twelve   
tons2 the #ab ,c1 an engine of same     
weight1 but with only four wheels       
connected4 ,substantially this system of

 designating the several sizes and plans
 has been retained to the present time4 
,the figures1 however1 are no longer    
used to express the weight1 but merely  
to designate the class4  ,it will be    
observed that the classification as thus
 established began with the ,b engines4 
,the letter ,a was reserved for an      
engine intended to run at very high     
speeds1 and so designed that the        
driving-wheels should make two          
revolutions for each reciprocation of   
the pistons4 ,this was to be            
accomplished by means of gearing4 ,the  
general plan of the engine was          
determined in ,mr4 ,baldwin's mind1 but 
was never carried into execution4  ,the 
adoption of the plan of                 
six-wheels-connected engines opened the 
way at once to increasing their size4   
,the weight being almost evenly         
distributed on six points1 heavier      
machines were admissible1 the weight on 
any one pair of drivers being little1 if
 any1 greater than had been the practice

 with the old plan of engine having a   
single pair of drivers2 ,hence engines  
of eighteen and twenty tons weight were 
shortly introduced1 and in #ahdd three  
of twenty tons weight1 with cylinders   
sixteen and one-half inches diameter by 
eighteen inches stroke1 were constructed
 for the ,western ,railroad of          
,massachusetts1 and six1 of eighteen    
tons weight1 with cylinders fifteen by  
eighteen1 and drivers forty-six inches  
in diameter1 were built for the         
,philadelphia and ,reading ,railroad4   
,it should be noted that three of these 
latter engines had iron flues4 ,this was
 the first instance in which ,mr4       
,baldwin had employed tubes of this     
material4 ,the advantage found to result
 from the use of iron tubes1 apart from 
their less cost1 was that the tubes and 
boiler-shell1 being of the same         
material1 expanded and contracted alike1
 while in the case of copper tubes the  
expansion of the metal by heat varied   
from that of the boiler-shell1 and as a 

consequence there was greater liability 
to leakage at the joints with the       
tube-sheets4 ,the opinion prevailed     
largely at that time that some advantage
 resulted in the evaporation of water1  
owing to the superiority of copper as a 
conductor of heat4 ,to determine this   
question1 an experiment was tried with  
two of the six engines referred to      
above1 one of which1 the ,ontario1 had  
copper flues1 and another1 the ,new     
,england1 iron flues4 ,in other respects
 they were precisely alike4 ,the two    
engines were run from ,richmond to      
,mount ,carbon1 ,august #bg1 #ahdd1 each
 drawing a train of one hundred and one 
empty cars1 and1 returning1 from ,mount 
,carbon to ,richmond1 on the following  
day1 each with one hundred loaded cars4 
,the quantity of water evaporated and   
wood consumed was noted1 with the result
 shown in the following table3          
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,up ,,trip1         ,,down ,,trip1     

,,aug4 #bg1 #ahdd4     ,,aug4 #bh1      
#ahdd4                                  
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
,ontario4  ,new    ,ontario4  ,new      
,england4           ,england4           
7,copper    7,iron    7,copper    7,iron
                                        
,flues47   ,flues47   ,flues47          
,flues47                                
----------------------------------------
----------------------------   ,time1   
running                 #i;h4 #gm4      
#g;h4 #dam4 #aj;h4 #ddm4  #h;h4 #aim4   
standing at stations4   #d;h4 #bm4      
#c;h4  #gm4  #b;h4 #abm4  #c;h4  #hm4   
,cords of wood burned           #f4fh   
#e4ej      #f4id      #f4        ,cubic 
feet of water                           
evaporated                 #ibe4ge      
#geg4bf    #hcg4df    #fef4ci           
,ratio1 cubic feet of water             
to a cord of wood          #ach4eg      
#acg4fh    #abj4fg    #aji4ci           
----------------------------------------

--------------------------------  ,the  
conditions of the experiments not being 
absolutely the same in each case1 the   
results could not of course be accepted 
as entirely accurate4 ,they seemed to   
show1 however1 no considerable          
difference in the evaporative efficacy  
of copper and iron tubes4  ,the period  
under consideration was marked also by  
the introduction of the ,french  ,baird 
stack1 which proved at once to be one of
 the most successful spark-arresters    
thus far employed1 and which was for    
years used almost exclusively wherever1 
as on the cotton-carrying railroads of  
the ,south1 a thoroughly effective      
spark-arrester was required4 ,this stack
 was introduced by ,mr4 ,baird1 then a  
foreman in the ,works1 who purchased the
 patent-right of what had been known as 
the ,grimes stack1 and combined with it 
some of the features of the stack made  
by ,mr4 ,richard ,french1 then ,master  
,mechanic of the ,germantown ,railroad1 
together with certain improvements of   

his own4 ,the cone over the straight    
inside pipe was made with volute flanges
 on its under side1 which gave a rotary 
motion to the sparks4 ,around the cone  
was a casing about six inches smaller in
 diameter than the outside stack4       
,apertures were cut in the sides of this
 casing1 through which the sparks in    
their rotary motion were discharged and 
thus fell to the bottom of the space    
between the straight inside pipe and the
 outside stack4 ,the opening in the top 
of the stack was fitted with a series of
 ,v-shaped iron circles perforated with 
numerous holes1 thus presenting an      
enlarged area1 through which the smoke  
escaped4 ,the patent-right for this     
stack was subsequently sold to ,messrs4 
,radley  ,hunter1 and its essential     
principle is still used in the ,radley  
,hunter stack as at present made4  ,in  
#ahde1 ,mr4 ,baldwin built three        
locomotives for the ,royal ,railroad    
,committee of ,wuertemberg4 ,they were  
of fifteen tons weight1 on six wheels1  

four of them being sixty inches in      
diameter and coupled4 ,the front drivers
 were combined by the flexible beams    
into a truck with the smaller leading   
wheels4 ,the cylinders were inclined and
 outside1 and the connecting-rods took  
hold of a half-crank axle back of the   
fire-box4 ,it was specified that these  
engines should have the link-motion     
which had shortly before been introduced
 in ,england by the ,stephensons4 ,mr4  
,baldwin accordingly applied a link of a
 peculiar character to suit his own     
ideas of the device4 ,the link was made 
solid1 and of a truncated ,v-section1   
and the block was grooved so as to fit  
and slide on the outside of the link4   
,during the year #ahde another important
 feature in locomotive construction--the
 cut-off valve--was added to ,mr4       
,baldwin's practice4 ,up to that time   
the valve-motion had been the two       
eccentrics1 with the single flat hook   
for each cylinder4 ,since #ahda ,mr4    
,baldwin had contemplated the addition  

of some device allowing the steam to be 
used expansively1 and he now added the  
half-stroke cut-off4 ,in this device the
 steam-chest was separated by a         
horizontal plate into an upper and a    
lower compartment4 ,in the upper        
compartment1 a valve1 worked by a       
separate eccentric1 and having a single 
opening1 admitted steam through a port  
in this plate to the lower              
steam-chamber4 ,the valve-rod of the    
upper valve terminated in a notch or    
hook1 which engaged with the upper arm  
of its rock-shaft4 ,when thus working1  
it acted as a cut-off at a fixed part of
 the stroke1 determined by the setting  
of the eccentric4 ,this was usually at  
half the stroke4 ,when it was desired to
 dispense with the cut-off and work     
steam for the full stroke1 the hook of  
the valve-rod was lifted from the pin on
 the upper arm of the rock-shaft by a   
lever worked from the footboard1 and the
 valve-rod was held in a notched rest   
fastened to the side of the boiler4     

,this left the opening through the upper
 valve and the port in the partition    
plate open for the free passage of steam
 throughout the whole stroke4 ,the first
 application of the half-stroke cut-off 
was made on the engine ,champlain 7#bj  
,d71 built for the ,philadelphia and    
,reading ,railroad ,company1 in #ahde4  
,it at once became the practice to apply
 the cut-off on all passenger engines1  
while the six- and                      
eight-wheels-connected freight engines  
were1 with a few exceptions1 built for a
 time longer with the single valve      
admitting steam for the full stroke4    
,after building1 during the years #ahdc1
 #ahdd1 and #ahde1 ten                  
four-wheels-connected engines on the    
plan above described1 viz41 six wheels  
in all1 the leading wheels and the front
 drivers being combined into a truck by 
the flexible beams1 ,mr4 ,baldwin       
finally adopted the present design of   
four drivers and a four-wheeled truck4  
,some of his customers who were         

favorable to the latter plan had ordered
 such machines of other builders1 and   
,colonel ,gadsden1 ,president of the    
,south ,carolina ,railroad ,company1    
called on him in #ahde to build for that
 line some passenger engines of this    
pattern4 ,he accordingly bought the     
patent-right for this plan of engine of 
,mr4 ,h4 ,r4 ,campbell1 and for the     
equalizing beams used between the       
drivers1 of ,messrs4 ,eastwick          
,harrison1 and delivered to the ,south  
,carolina ,railroad ,company1 in        
,december1 #ahde1 his first             
eight-wheeled engine with four drivers  
and a four-wheeled truck4 ,this machine 
had cylinders thirteen and              
three-quarters by eighteen1 and drivers 
sixty inches in diameter1 with the      
springs between them arranged as        
equalizers4 ,its weight was fifteen     
tons4 ,it had the half-crank axle1 the  
cylinders being inside the frame but    
outside the smoke-box4 ,the             
inside-connected engine1                

counterweighting being as yet unknown1  
was admitted to be steadier in running1 
and hence more suitable for passenger   
service4 ,with the completion of the    
first eight-wheeled ,c engine1 ,mr4     
,baldwin's feelings underwent a         
revulsion in favor of this plan1 and his
 partiality for it became as great as   
had been his antipathy before4          
,commenting on the machine1 he recorded 
himself as more pleased with its        
appearance and action than any engine he
 had turned out4 ,in addition to the    
three engines of this description for   
the ,south ,carolina ,railroad ,company1
 a duplicate was sent to the ,camden and
 ,amboy ,railroad ,company1 and a       
similar but lighter one to the          
,wilmington and ,baltimore ,railroad    
,company1 shortly afterwards4 ,the      
engine for the ,camden and ,amboy       
,railroad ,company1 and perhaps the     
others1 had the half-stroke cut-off4    
,from that time forward1 all of his     
four-wheels-connected machines were     

built on this plan1 and the six-wheeled 
,c engine was abandoned1 except in the  
case of one built for the ,philadelphia1
 ,germantown and ,norristown ,railroad  
,company in #ahdf1 and this was         
afterwards rebuilt into a               
six-wheels-connected machine4 ,three    
methods of carrying out the general     
design were1 however1 subsequently      
followed4 ,at first the half-crank was  
used2 then horizontal cylinders inclosed
 in the chimney-seat and working a      
full-crank-axle1 which form of          
construction had been practiced at the  
,lowell ,works2 and eventually1 outside 
cylinders with outside connections4     
,illustration3 ,fig4 #h4--;,,baldwin    
,,eight-,,wheels-,,connected ,,engine1  
#ahdf4  ,meanwhile the flexible truck   
machine maintained its popularity for   
heavy freight service4 ,all the engines 
thus far built on this plan had been    
six-wheeled1 some with the rear         
driving-axle back of the fire-box1 and  
others with it in front4 ,the next step1

 following logically after the adoption 
of the eight-wheeled ,c engine1 was to  
increase the size of the freight        
machine1 and distribute the weight on   
eight wheels all connected1 the two rear
 pairs being rigid in the frame1 and the
 two front pairs combined into the      
flexible-beam truck4 ,this was first    
done in #ahdf1 when seventeen engines on
 this plan were constructed on one order
 for the ,philadelphia and ,reading     
,railroad ,company4 ,fifteen of these   
were of twenty tons weight1 with        
cylinders fifteen and a half by twenty1 
and wheels forty-six inches in diameter2
 and two of twenty-five tons weight1    
with cylinders seventeen and a quarter  
by eighteen1 and drivers forty-two      
inches in diameter4 ,these engines were 
the first ones on which ,mr4 ,baldwin   
placed sand-boxes1 and they were also   
the first built by him with roofs4 ,on  
all previous engines the footboard had  
only been inclosed by a railing4 ,on    
these engines for the ,reading          

,railroad1 four iron posts were carried 
up1 and a wooden roof supported by them4
 ,the engine-men added curtains at the  
sides and front1 and ,mr4 ,baldwin on   
subsequent engines added sides1 with    
sash and glass4 ,the cab proper1        
however1 was of ,new ,england origin1   
where the severity of the climate       
demanded it1 and where it had been used 
previous to this period4  ,illustration3
 ,fig4 #i4--;,,baldwin ,,engine ,,for   
,,rack-,,rail1 #ahdg4  ,forty-two       
engines were completed in #ahdf1 and    
thirty-nine in #ahdg4 ,the only novelty 
to be noted among them was the engine   
,m4 ,g4 ,bright1 built for operating the
 inclined plane on the ,madison and     
,indianapolis ,railroad4 ,the rise of   
this incline was one in seventeen1 from 
the bank of the ,ohio ,river at         
,madison4 ,the engine had eight wheels1 
forty-two inches in diameter1 connected1
 and worked in the usual manner by      
outside inclined cylinders1 fifteen and 
one-half inches diameter by twenty      

inches stroke4 ,a second pair of        
cylinders1 seventeen inches in diameter 
with eighteen inches stroke of piston1  
was placed vertically over the boiler1  
midway between the furnace and          
smoke-arch4 ,the connecting-rods worked 
by these cylinders connected with cranks
 on a shaft under the boiler4 ,this     
shaft carried a single cog-wheel at its 
centre1 and this cog-wheel engaged with 
another of about twice its diameter on a
 second shaft adjacent to it and in the 
same plane4 ,the cog-wheel on this      
latter shaft worked in a rack-rail      
placed in the centre of the track4 ,the 
shaft itself had its bearings in the    
lower ends of two vertical rods1 one on 
each side of the boiler1 and these rods 
were united over the boiler by a        
horizontal bar which was connected by   
means of a bent lever and connecting-rod
 to the piston worked by a small        
horizontal cylinder placed on top of the
 boiler4 ,by means of this cylinder1 the
 yoke carrying the shaft and cog-wheel  

could be depressed and held down so as  
to engage the cogs with the rack-rail1  
or raised out of the way when only the  
ordinary drivers were required4 ,this   
device was designed by ,mr4 ,andrew     
,cathcart1 ,master ,mechanic of the     
,madison and ,indianapolis ,railroad4 ,a
 similar machine1 the ,john ,brough1 for
 the same plane1 was built by ,mr4      
,baldwin in #ahej4 ,the incline was     
worked with a rack-rail and these       
engines until it was finally abandoned  
and a line with easy gradients          
substituted4  ,the use of iron tubes in 
freight engines grew in favor1 and in   
,october1 #ahdg1 ,mr4 ,baldwin noted    
that he was fitting his flues with      
copper ends1 for riveting to the boiler4
  ,the subject of burning coal continued
 to engage much attention1 but the use  
of anthracite had not as yet been       
generally successful4 ,in ,october1     
#ahdg1 the ,baltimore and ,ohio         
,railroad ,company advertised for       
proposals for four engines to burn      

,cumberland coal1 and the order was     
taken and filled by ,mr4 ,baldwin with  
four of his eight-wheels-connected      
machines4  ,the year #ahdh showed a     
falling off in business1 and only twenty
 engines were turned out4 ,in the       
following year1 however1 there was a    
rapid recovery1 and the production of   
the works increased to thirty1 followed 
by thirty-seven in #ahej1 and fifty in  
#ahea4 ,these engines1 with a few       
exceptions1 were confined to three      
patterns1 the eight-wheeled four-coupled
 engine1 from twelve to nineteen tons in
 weight1 for passengers and freight1 and
 the six- and eight-wheels-connected    
engine1 for freight exclusively1 the    
six-wheeled machine weighing from twelve
 to seventeen tons1 and the             
eight-wheeled1 from eighteen to         
twenty-seven tons4 ,the drivers of these
 six- and eight-wheels-connected        
machines were made generally forty-two1 
with occasional variations up to        
forty-eight1 inches in diameter4        

,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj4--;,,baldwin   
,,fast ,,passenger ,,engine1 #ahdh4     
,the exceptions referred to in the      
practice of these years were the fast   
passenger engines built by ,mr4 ,baldwin
 during this period4 ,early in #ahdh1   
the ,vermont ,central ,railroad was     
approaching completion1 and ,governor   
,paine1 the ,president of the ,company1 
conceived the idea that the passenger   
service on the road required locomotives
 capable of running at very high        
velocities4 ,henry ,r4 ,campbell1 ,esq41
 was a contractor in building the line1 
and was authorized by ,governor ,paine  
to come to ,philadelphia and offer ,mr4 
,baldwin ten thousand dollars for a     
locomotive which could run with a       
passenger train at a speed of sixty     
miles per hour4 ,mr4 ,baldwin at once   
undertook to meet these conditions4 ,the
 work was begun early in #ahdh1 and in  
,march of that year ,mr4 ,baldwin filed 
a caveat for his design4 ,the engine was
 completed in #ahdi1 and was named the  

,governor ,paine4 ,it had one pair of   
driving-wheels six and a half feet in   
diameter1 placed back of the fire-box4  
,another pair of wheels1 but smaller and
 unconnected1 was placed directly in    
front of the fire-box1 and a            
four-wheeled truck carried the front of 
the engine4 ,the cylinders were         
seventeen and a quarter inches diameter 
and twenty inches stroke1 and were      
placed horizontally between the frames  
and the boiler1 at about the middle of  
the waist4 ,the connecting-rods took    
hold of half-cranks inside of the       
driving-wheels4 ,the object of placing  
the cylinders at the middle of the      
boiler was to lessen or obviate the     
lateral motion of the engine1 produced  
when the cylinders were attached to the 
smoke-arch4 ,the bearings on the two    
rear axles were so contrived that1 by   
means of a lever1 a part of the weight  
of the engine usually carried on the    
wheels in front of the fire-box could be
 transferred to the driving-axle4 ,the  

,governor ,paine was used for several   
years on the ,vermont ,central          
,railroad1 and then rebuilt into a      
four-coupled machine4 ,during its       
career1 it was stated by the officers of
 the road that it could be started from 
a state of rest and run a mile in       
forty-three seconds4 ,three engines on  
the same plan1 but with cylinders       
fourteen by twenty1 and six-feet        
driving-wheels1 the ,mifflin1 ,blair1   
and ,indiana1 were also built for the   
,pennsylvania ,railroad ,company1 in    
#ahdi4 ,they weighed each about         
forty-seven thousand pounds1 distributed
 as follows3 eighteen thousand on       
drivers1 fourteen thousand on the pair  
of wheels in front of the fire-box1 and 
fifteen thousand on the truck4 ,by      
applying the lever1 the weight on the   
drivers could be increased to about     
twenty-four thousand pounds1 the weight 
on the wheels in front of the fire-box  
being correspondingly reduced4 ,a speed 
of four miles in three minutes is       

recorded for them1 and upon one occasion
 ,president ,taylor was taken in a      
special train over the road by one of   
these machines at a speed of sixty miles
 an hour4 ,one other engine of this     
pattern1 the ,susquehanna1 was built for
 the ,hudson ,river ,railroad ,company1 
in #ahej4 ,its cylinders were fifteen   
inches diameter by twenty inches stroke1
 and drivers six feet in diameter4 ,all 
these engines1 however1 were            
short-lived1 and died young1 of         
insufficient adhesion4  ,eight engines  
with four drivers connected and         
half-crank-axles1 were built for the    
,new ,york and ,erie ,railroad ,company 
in #ahdi1 with seventeen by twenty inch 
cylinders2 one-half of the number with  
six-feet and the rest with five-feet    
drivers4 ,these machines were among the 
last on which the half-crank-axle was   
used4 ,thereafter1 outside-connected    
engines were constructed almost         
exclusively4  ,in ,may1 #ahdh1 ,mr4     
,baldwin filed a caveat for a           

four-cylinder locomotive1 but never     
carried the design into execution4 ,the 
first instance of the use of steel axles
 in the practice of the establishment   
occurred during the same year1--a set   
being placed as an experiment under an  
engine constructed for the ,pennsylvania
 ,railroad ,company4 ,in #ahej1 the old 
form of dome boiler1 which had          
characterized the ,baldwin engine since 
#ahcd1 was abandoned1 and the wagon-top 
form substituted4  ,the business in     
#ahea had reached the full capacity of  
the shop1 and the next year marked the  
completion of about an equal number of  
engines 7forty-nine74 ,contracts for    
work extended a year ahead1 and1 to meet
 the demand1 the facilities in the      
various departments were increased1 and 
resulted in the construction of sixty   
engines in #ahec1 and sixty-two in      
#ahed4  ,at the beginning of the latter 
year1 ,mr4 ,matthew ,baird1 who had been
 connected with the works since #ahcf as
 one of its foremen1 entered into       

partnership with ,mr4 ,baldwin1 and the 
style of the firm was made ,m4 ,w4      
,baldwin  ,co4  ,the only novelty in the
 general plan of engines during this    
period was the addition of the          
ten-wheeled engine to the patterns of   
the establishment4 ,the success of ,mr4 
,baldwin's engines with all six or eight
 wheels connected1 and the two front    
pairs combined by the parallel beams    
into a flexible truck1 had been so      
marked that it was natural that he      
should oppose any other plan for freight
 service4 ,the ten-wheeled engine1 with 
six drivers connected1 had1 however1 now
 become a competitor4 ,this plan of     
engine was first patented by ,septimus  
,norris1 of ,philadelphia1 in #ahdf1 and
 the original design was apparently to  
produce an engine which should have     
equal tractive power with the ,baldwin  
six-wheels-connected machine4 ,this the 
,norris patent sought to accomplish by  
proposing an engine with six drivers    
connected1 and so disposed as to carry  

substantially the whole weight1 the     
forward drivers being in advance of the 
centre of gravity of the engine1 and the
 truck only serving as a guide1 the     
front of the engine being connected with
 it by a pivot-pin1 but without a       
bearing on the centre-plate4 ,mr4       
,norris's first engine on this plan was 
tried in ,april1 #ahdg1 and was found   
not to pass curves so readily as was    
expected4 ,as the truck carried little  
or no weight1 it would not keep the     
track4 ,the ,new ,york and ,erie        
,railroad ,company1 of which ,john      
,brandt was then ,master ,mechanic1     
shortly afterwards adopted the          
ten-wheeled engine1 modified in plan so 
as to carry a part of the weight on the 
truck4 ,mr4 ,baldwin filled an order for
 this company1 in #ahej1 of four        
eight-wheels-connected engines1 and in  
making the contract he agreed to        
substitute a truck for the front pair of
 wheels if desired after trial4 ,this1  
however1 he was not called upon to do4  

,in ,february1 #aheb1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,edgar   
,thomson1 ,president of the             
,pennsylvania ,railroad ,company1       
invited proposals for a number of       
freight locomotives of fifty-six        
thousand pounds weight each4 ,they were 
to be adapted to burn bituminous coal1  
and to have six wheels connected and a  
truck in front1 which might be either of
 two or four wheels4 ,mr4 ,baldwin      
secured the contract1 and built twelve  
engines of the prescribed dimensions1   
viz41 cylinders eighteen by twenty-two2 
drivers forty-four inches diameter1 with
 chilled tires4 ,several of these       
engines were constructed with a single  
pair of truck-wheels in front of the    
drivers1 but back of the cylinders4 ,it 
was found1 however1 after the engines   
were put in service1 that the two       
truck-wheels carried eighteen thousand  
or nineteen thousand pounds1 and this   
was objected to by the company as too   
great a weight to be carried on a single
 pair of wheels4 ,on the rest of the    

engines of the order1 therefore1 a      
four-wheeled truck in front was         
employed4  ,the ten wheeled engine      
thereafter assumed a place in the       
,baldwin classification4 ,in #ahee-ef1  
two of twenty-seven tons weight1        
nineteen by twenty-two cylinders1       
forty-eight inches drivers1 were built  
for the ,portage ,railroad1 and three   
for the ,pennsylvania ,railroad4 ,in    
#ahee1 '#ef1 and '#eg1 fourteen1 of the 
same dimensions1 were built for the     
,cleveland and ,pittsburg ,railroad2    
four for the ,pittsburg1 ,fort ,wayne   
and ,chicago ,railroad2 and one for the 
,marietta and ,cincinnati ,railroad4 ,in
 #aheh and '#ei1 one was constructed for
 the ,south ,carolina ,railroad1 of the 
same size1 and six lighter ten-wheelers1
 with cylinders fifteen and a half by   
twenty-two1 and four-feet drivers1 and  
two with cylinders sixteen by           
twenty-two1 and four-feet drivers1 were 
sent out to railroads in ,cuba4  ,it was
 some years--not until after #ahfj1     

however--before this pattern of engine  
wholly superseded in ,mr4 ,baldwin's    
practice the old plan of freight engine 
on six or eight wheels1 all connected4  
,on three locomotives--the ,clinton1    
,athens1 and ,sparta--completed for the 
,central ,railroad of ,georgia in ,july1
 #aheb1 the driving-boxes were made with
 a slot or cavity in the line of the    
vertical bearing on the journal4 ,the   
object was to produce a more uniform    
distribution of the wear over the entire
 surface of the bearing4 ,this was the  
first instance in which this device1    
which has since come into general use1  
was employed in the ,works1 and the     
boxes were so made by direction of ,mr4 
,charles ,whiting1 then ,master         
,mechanic of the ,central ,railroad of  
,georgia4 ,he subsequently informed ,mr4
 ,baldwin that this method of fitting up
 driving-boxes had been in use on the   
road for several years previous to his  
connection with the company4 ,as this   
device was subsequently made the subject

 of a patent by ,mr4 ,david ,matthew1   
these facts may not be without interest4
  ,in #ahec1 ,mr4 ,charles ,ellet1      
,chief ,engineer of the ,virginia       
,central ,railroad1 laid a temporary    
track across the ,blue ,ridge1 at ,rock 
,fish ,gap1 for use during the          
construction of a tunnel through the    
mountain4 ,this track was twelve        
thousand five hundred feet in length on 
the eastern slope1 ascending in that    
distance six hundred and ten feet1 or at
 the average rate of one in twenty and a
 half feet4 ,the maximum grade was      
calculated for two hundred and          
ninety-six feet per mile1 and prevailed 
for half a mile4 ,it was found1 however1
 in fact1 that the grade in places      
exceeded three hundred feet per mile4   
,the shortest radius of curvature was   
two hundred and thirty-eight feet4 ,on  
the western slope1 which was ten        
thousand six hundred and fifty feet in  
length1 the maximum grade was two       
hundred and eighty feet per mile1 and   

the ruling radius of curvature three    
hundred feet4 ,this track was worked by 
two of the ,baldwin six-wheels-connected
 flexible-beam truck locomotives        
constructed in #ahec-ed4 ,from a        
description of this track1 and the mode 
of working it1 published by ,mr4 ,ellet 
in #ahef1 the following is extracted3   
,the locomotives mainly relied on for   
this severe duty were      designed and 
constructed by the firm of ,m4 ,w4      
,baldwin  ,company1      of             
,philadelphia4 ,the slight modifications
 introduced at the      instance of the 
writer to adapt them better to the      
particular      service to be performed 
in crossing the ,blue ,ridge1 did not   
touch      the working proportions or   
principle of the engines1 the merits    
of which are due to the patentee1 ,m4   
,w4 ,baldwin1 ,esq4       ,these engines
 are mounted on six wheels1 all of which
 are      drivers1 and coupled1 and     
forty-two inches diameter4 ,the wheels  
are set very close1 so that the distance

 between the extreme      points of     
contact of the wheels and the rail1 of  
the front and      rear drivers1 is nine
 feet four inches4 ,this closeness of   
the      wheels1 of course1 greatly     
reduces the difficulty of turning the   
short curves of the road4 ,the diameter 
of the cylinders is      sixteen and a  
half inches1 and the length of the      
stroke twenty      inches4 ,to increase 
the adhesion1 and at the same time avoid
 the      resistance of a tender1 the   
engine carries its tank upon the        
boiler1 and the footboard is lengthened 
out and provided with      suspended    
side-boxes1 where a supply of fuel may  
be stored4 ,by      this means the      
weight of wood and water1 instead of    
abstracting      from the effective     
power of the engine1 contributes to its 
adhesion and consequent ability to climb
 the mountain4 ,the total      weight of
 these engines is fifty-five thousand   
pounds1 or      twenty-seven and a half 
tons1 when the boiler and tank are      

supplied with water1 and fuel enough for
 a trip of eight miles is      on board4
 ,the capacity of the tank is sufficient
 to hold one      hundred cubic feet of 
water1 and it has storage-room on top   
for      one hundred cubic feet of wood1
 in addition to what may be      carried
 in the side-boxes and on the footboard4
       ,to enable the engines better to 
adapt themselves to the flexures      of
 the road1 the front and middle pairs of
 drivers are held in      position by   
wrought-iron beams1 having cylindrical  
boxes in each      end for the          
journal-bearings1 which beams vibrate on
 spherical      pins fixed in the frame 
of the engine on each side1 and resting 
on the centres of the beams4 ,the object
 of this arrangement is to      form a  
truck1 somewhat flexible1 which enables 
the drivers more      readily to        
traverse the curves of the road4        
,the writer has never permitted the     
power of the engines on this            
mountain road to be fully tested4 ,the  

object has been to work the      line   
regularly1 economically1 and1 above all1
 safely2 and these      conditions are  
incompatible with experimental loads    
subjecting      the machinery to severe 
strains4 ,the regular daily service of  
each of the engines is to make four     
trips1 of eight miles1 over      the    
mountain1 drawing one eight-wheel       
baggage car1 together with      two     
eight-wheel passenger cars1 in each     
direction4       ,in conveying freight1 
the regular train on the mountain is    
three      of the eight-wheel           
house-cars1 fully loaded1 or four of    
them when      empty or partly loaded4  
,these three cars1 when full1 weigh1    
with their loads1 from forty      to    
forty-three tons4 ,sometimes1 though    
rarely1 when the business      has been 
unusually heavy1 the loads have exceeded
 fifty tons4       ,with such trains the
 engines are stopped on the track1      
ascending      or descending1 and are   
started again1 on the steepest grades1  

at      the discretion of the engineer4 
,water1 for the supply of the engines1  
has been found difficult      to obtain 
on the mountain2 and1 since the road was
 constructed1 a      tank has been      
established on the eastern slope1 where 
the      ascending engines stop daily on
 a grade of two hundred and eighty      
feet per mile1 and are there held by the
 brakes while the tank is      being    
filled1 and started again at the signal 
and without any      difficulty4        
,the ordinary speed of the engines1 when
 loaded1 is seven and a      half miles 
an hour on the ascending grades1 and    
from five and a      half to six miles  
an hour on the descent4       ,when the 
road was first opened1 it speedily      
appeared that the      difference of    
forty-three feet on the western side1   
and      fifty-eight feet on the eastern
 side1 between the grades on      curves
 of three hundred feet radii and those  
on straight lines1      was not         
sufficient to compensate for the        

increased traction due      to such     
curvature4 ,the velocity1 with a        
constant supply of steam1      was      
promptly retarded on passing from a     
straight line to a curve1      and      
promptly accelerated again on passing   
from the curve to the      straight     
line4 ,but1 after a little experience in
 the working of      the road1 it was   
found advisable to supply a small amount
 of      grease to the flange of the    
engine by means of a sponge1            
saturated with oil1 which1 when needed1 
is kept in contact with      the wheel  
by a spring4 ,since the use of the oil  
was introduced1      the difficulty of  
turning the curves has been so far      
diminished1      that it is no longer   
possible to determine whether grades of 
two      hundred and thirty-seven and   
six-tenths feet per mile on curves      
of three hundred feet radius1 or grades 
of two hundred and      ninety-six feet 
per mile on straight lines1 are         
traversed most      rapidly by the      

engine4       ,when the track is in good
 condition1 the brakes of only two of   
the cars possess sufficient power to    
control and regulate the      movement  
of the train1--that is to say1 they will
 hold back the      two cars and the    
engine4 ,when there are three or more   
cars in the      train1 the brakes on   
the cars1 of course1 command the train  
so      much the more easily4       ,but
 the safety of the train is not         
dependent on the brakes of      the     
cars4 ,there is also a valve or air-cock
 in the steam-chest1      under the     
control of the engineer4 ,this air-cock 
forms an      independent brake1        
exclusively at the command of the       
engineer1      and which can always be  
applied when the engine itself is in    
working order4 ,the action of this power
 may be made ever so      gradual1      
either slightly relieving the duty of   
the brakes on the      cars1 or bringing
 into play the entire power of the      
engine4 ,the      train is thus held in 

complete command4  ,the ,mountain ,top  
,track1 it may be added1 was worked     
successfully for several years1 by the  
engines described in the above extract1 
until it was abandoned on the completion
 of the tunnel4 ,the exceptionally steep
 grades and short curves which          
characterized the line1 afforded a      
complete and satisfactory test of the   
adaptation of these machines to such    
peculiar service4  ,but the period now  
under consideration was marked by       
another1 and a most important1 step in  
the progress of ,american locomotive    
practice4 ,we refer to the introduction 
of the link-motion4 ,although this      
device was first employed by ,william   
,t4 ,james1 of ,new ,york1 in #ahcb1 and
 eleven years later by the ,stephensons1
 in ,england1 and was by them applied   
thenceforward on their engines1 it was  
not until #ahdi that it was adopted in  
this country4 ,in that year ,mr4 ,thomas
 ,rogers1 of the ,rogers ,locomotive and
 ,machine ,company1 introduced it in his

 practice4 ,other builders1 however1    
strenuously resisted the innovation1 and
 none more so than ,mr4 ,baldwin4 ,the  
theoretical objections which confessedly
 apply to the device1 but which         
practically have been proved to be      
unimportant1 were urged from the first  
by ,mr4 ,baldwin as arguments against   
its use4 ,the strong claim of the       
advocates of the link-motion1 that it   
gave a means of cutting off steam at any
 point of the stroke1 could not be      
gainsaid1 and this was admitted to be a 
consideration of the first importance4  
,this very circumstance undoubtedly     
turned ,mr4 ,baldwin's attention to the 
subject of methods for cutting off      
steam1 and one of the first results was 
his ,variable ,cut-off1 patented ,april 
#bg1 #aheb4 ,this device consisted of   
two valves1 the upper sliding upon the  
lower1 and worked by an eccentric and   
rock-shaft in the usual manner4 ,the    
lower valve fitted steam-tight to the   
sides of the steam-chest and the under  

surface of the upper valve4 ,when the   
piston reached each end of its stroke1  
the full pressure of steam from the     
boiler was admitted around the upper    
valve1 and transferred the lower valve  
instantaneously from one end of the     
steam-chest to the other4 ,the openings 
through the two valves were so arranged 
that steam was admitted to the cylinder 
only for a part of the stroke4 ,the     
effect was1 therefore1 to cut off steam 
at a given point1 and to open the       
induction and exhaust ports             
substantially at the same instant and to
 their full extent4 ,the exhaust port1  
in addition1 remained fully open while  
the induction port was gradually        
closing1 and after it had entirely      
closed4 ,although this device was never 
put in use1 it may be noted in passing  
that it contained substantially the     
principle of the steam-pump1 as since   
patented and constructed4  ,early in    
#ahec1 ,mr4 ,baldwin abandoned the      
half-stroke cut-off1 previously         

described1 and which he had been using  
since #ahde1 and adopted the variable   
cut-off1 which was already employed by  
other builders4 ,one of his letters1    
written in ,january1 #ahec1 states his  
position1 as follows3       ,i shall put
 on an improvement in the shape of a    
variable      cut-off1 which can be     
operated by the engineer while the      
machine      is running1 and which will 
cut off anywhere from six to twelve     
inches1 according to the load and amount
 of steam wanted1 and      this without 
the link-motion1 which ,i could never be
 entirely      satisfied with4 ,i still 
have the independent cut-off1 and the   
additional machinery to make it variable
 will be simple and not      liable to  
be deranged4  ,this form of cut-off was 
a separate valve1 sliding on a partition
 plate between it and the main          
steam-valve1 and worked by an           
independent eccentric and rock-shaft4   
,the upper arm of the rock-shaft was    
curved so as to form a radius-arm1 on   

which a sliding-block1 forming the      
termination of the upper valve-rod1     
could be adjusted and held at varying   
distances from the axis1 thus producing 
a variable travel of the upper valve4   
,this device did not give an absolutely 
perfect cut-off1 as it was not operative
 in backward gear1 but when running     
forward it would cut-off with great     
accuracy at any point of the stroke1 was
 quick in its movement1 and economical  
in the consumption of fuel4  ,after a   
short experience with this arrangement  
of the cut-off1 the partition plate was 
omitted1 and the upper valve was made to
 slide directly on the lower4 ,this was 
eventually found objectionable1 however1
 as the lower valve would soon cut a    
hollow in the valve-face4 ,several      
unsuccessful attempts were made to      
remedy this defect1 by making the lower 
valve of brass1 with long bearings1 and 
making the valve-face of the cylinder of
 hardened steel2 finally1 however1 the  
plan of one valve on the other was      

abandoned1 and recourse was again had to
 an interposed partition plate1 as in   
the original half-stroke cut-off4       
,illustration3 ,fig4 #aa4--,,variable   
,,cut-,,off ,,adjustment4  ,mr4 ,baldwin
 did not adopt this form of cut-off     
without some modification of his own1   
and the modification in this instance   
consisted of a peculiar device1 patented
 ,september #ac1 #ahec1 for raising and 
lowering the block on the radius-arm4 ,a
 quadrant was placed so that its        
circumference bore nearly against a     
curved arm projecting down from the     
sliding-block1 and which curved in the  
reverse direction from the quadrant4    
,two steel straps side by side were     
interposed between the quadrant and this
 curved arm4 ,one of the straps was     
connected to the lower end of the       
quadrant and the upper end of the curved
 arm2 the other1 to the upper end of the
 quadrant and the lower end of the      
curved arm4 ,the effect was the same as 
if the quadrant and arm geared into each

 other in any position by teeth1 and    
theoretically the block was kept steady 
in whatever position placed on the      
radius-arm of the rock-shaft4 ,this was 
the object sought to be accomplished1   
and was stated in the specification of  
the patent as follows3       ,the       
principle of varying the cut-off by     
means of a vibrating arm      and       
sliding pivot-block has long been known1
 but the contrivances      for changing 
the position of the block upon the arm  
have been      very defective4 ,the     
radius of motion of the link by which   
the      sliding-block is changed on the
 arm1 and the radius of motion of       
that part of the vibrating arm on which 
the block is placed1      have1 in this 
kind of valve gear1 as heretofore       
constructed1 been      different1 which 
produced a continual rubbing of the     
sliding-block upon the arm while the arm
 is vibrating2 and as the      block for
 the greater part of the time occupies  
one position on      the arm1 and only  

has to be moved toward either extremity 
occasionally1 that part of the arm on   
which the block is most      used soon  
becomes so worn that the block is loose1
 and jars4  ,this method of varying the 
cut-off was first applied on the engine 
,belle1 delivered to the ,pennsylvania  
,railroad ,company1 ,december #f1 #ahed1
 and thereafter was for some time       
employed by ,mr4 ,baldwin4 ,it was      
found1 however1 in practice1 that the   
steel straps would stretch sufficiently 
to allow them to buckle and break1 and  
hence they were soon abandoned1 and     
chains substituted between the quadrant 
and curved arm of the sliding-block4    
,these chains in turn proved little     
better1 as they lengthened1 allowing    
lost motion1 or broke altogether1 so    
that eventually the quadrant was wholly 
abandoned1 and recourse was finally had 
to the lever and link for raising and   
lowering the sliding-block4 ,as thus    
arranged1 the cut-off was substantially 
what was known as the ,cuyahoga cut-off1

 as introduced by ,mr4 ,ethan ,rogers1  
of the ,cuyahoga ,works1 ,cleveland1    
,ohio1 except that ,mr4 ,baldwin used a 
partition plate between the upper and   
the lower valve4  ,but while ,mr4       
,baldwin1 in common with many other     
builders1 was thus resolutely opposing  
the link-motion1 it was nevertheless    
rapidly gaining favor with railroad     
managers4 ,engineers and master         
mechanics were everywhere learning to   
admire its simplicity1 and were         
manifesting an enthusiastic preference  
for engines so constructed4 ,at length1 
therefore1 he was forced to succumb2 and
 the link was applied to the            
,pennsylvania1 one of two engines       
completed for the ,central ,railroad of 
,georgia1 in ,february1 #ahed4 ,the     
other engine of the order1 the ,new     
,hampshire1 had the variable cut-off1   
and ,mr4 ,baldwin1 while yielding to the
 demand in the former engine1 was       
undoubtedly sanguine that the working of
 the latter would demonstrate the       

inferiority of the new device4 ,in this1
 however1 he was disappointed1 for in   
the following year the same company     
ordered three more engines1 on which    
they specified the link-motion4 ,in     
#ahef1 seventeen engines for nine       
different companies had this form of    
valve gear1 and its use was thus        
incorporated in his practice4 ,it was   
not1 however1 until #aheg that he was   
induced to adopt it exclusively4 ,this  
step was forced upon him1 at that time1 
by the report of ,mr4 ,parry1 then      
,superintendent of the ,works 7now a    
member of the present firm71 who1 on    
returning from an extended tour in the  
,south1 brought back the intelligence   
that the link-motion was everywhere     
preferred1 and that the ,baldwin engines
 were losing ground rapidly1 in         
consequence of their lack of this       
feature4 ,mr4 ,baldwin's characteristic 
reply was1 ,then they shall have        
link-motion hereafter4 ,and thenceforth 
the independent cut-off gradually       

disappeared1 and the link reigned in its
 stead4  ,february #ad1 #ahed1 ,mr4     
,baldwin and ,mr4 ,david ,clark1 ,master
 ,mechanic of the ,mine ,hill ,railroad1
 took out conjointly a patent for a     
feed-water heater1 placed at the base of
 a locomotive chimney1 and consisting of
 one large vertical flue1 surrounded by 
a number of smaller ones4 ,the exhaust  
steam was discharged from the nozzles   
through the large central flue1 creating
 a draft of the products of combustion  
through the smaller surrounding flues4  
,the pumps forced the feed-water into   
the chamber around these flues1 whence  
it passed to the boiler by a pipe from  
the back of the stack4 ,this heater was 
applied on several engines for the ,mine
 ,hill ,railroad1 and on a few for other
 roads2 but its use was exceptional1 and
 lasted only for a year or two4  ,in    
,december of the same year1 ,mr4        
,baldwin filed a caveat for a variable  
exhaust1 operated automatically1 by the 
pressure of steam1 so as to close when  

the pressure was lowest in the boiler1  
and open with the increase of pressure4 
,the device was never put in service4   
,the use of coal1 both bituminous and   
anthracite1 as a fuel for locomotives1  
had by this time become a practical     
success4 ,the economical combustion of  
bituminous coal1 however1 engaged       
considerable attention4 ,it was felt    
that much remained to be accomplished in
 consuming the smoke and deriving the   
maximum of useful effect from the fuel4 
,mr4 ,baird1 who was now associated with
 ,mr4 ,baldwin in the management of the 
business1 made this matter a subject of 
careful study and investigation4 ,an    
experiment was conducted under his      
direction1 by placing a sheet-iron      
deflector in the fire-box of an engine  
on the ,germantown and ,norristown      
,railroad4 ,the success of the trial was
 such as to show conclusively that a    
more complete combustion resulted4 ,as1 
however1 a deflector formed by a single 
plate of iron would soon be destroyed by

 the action of the fire1 ,mr4 ,baird    
proposed to use a water-leg projecting  
upward and backward from the front of   
the fire-box under the flues4 ,drawings 
and a model of the device were prepared1
 with a view of patenting it1 but       
subsequently the intention was          
abandoned1 ,mr4 ,baird concluding that a
 fire-brick arch as a deflector to      
accomplish the same object was          
preferable4 ,this was accordingly tried 
on two locomotives built for the        
,pennsylvania ,railroad ,company in     
#ahed1 and was found so valuable an     
appliance that its use was at once      
established1 and it was put on a number 
of engines built for railroads in ,cuba 
and elsewhere4 ,for several years the   
fire-bricks were supported on side      
plugs2 but in #aheh1 in the ,media1     
built for the ,west ,chester and        
,philadelphia ,railroad ,company1       
water-pipes extending from the crown    
obliquely downward and curving to the   
sides of the fire-box at the bottom1    

were successfully used for the purpose4 
,the adoption of the link-motion may be 
regarded as the dividing line between   
the present and the early and           
transitional stage of locomotive        
practice4 ,changes since that event have
 been principally in matters of detail1 
but it is the gradual perfection of     
these details which has made the        
locomotive the symmetrical1 efficient1  
and wonderfully complete piece of       
mechanism it is to-day4 ,in perfecting  
these minutiae1 the ,baldwin ,locomotive
 ,works has borne its part1 and it only 
remains to state briefly its            
contributions in this direction4  ,the  
production of the establishment during  
the six years from #ahee to #ahfj1      
inclusive1 was as follows3 forty-seven  
engines in #ahee2 fifty-nine in #ahef2  
sixty-six in #aheg2 thirty-three in     
#aheh2 seventy in #ahei2 and            
eighty-three in #ahfj4 ,the greater     
number of these were of the ordinary    
type1 four drivers coupled1 and a       

four-wheeled truck1 and varying in      
weight from fifteen ton engines1 with   
cylinders twelve by twenty-two1 to      
twenty-seven ton engines1 with cylinders
 sixteen by twenty-four4 ,a few         
ten-wheeled engines were built1 as has  
been previously noted1 and the remainder
 were the ,baldwin flexible-truck six-  
and eight-wheels-connected engines4 ,the
 demand for these1 however1 was now     
rapidly falling off1 the ten-wheeled and
 heavy ,c engines taking their place1   
and by #ahei they ceased to be built1   
save in exceptional cases1 as for some  
foreign roads1 from which orders for    
this pattern were still occasionally    
received4  ,a few novelties             
characterizing the engines of this      
period may be mentioned4 ,several       
engines built in #ahee had cross-flues  
placed in the fire-box1 under the crown1
 in order to increase the heating       
surface4 ,this feature1 however1 was    
found impracticable1 and was soon       
abandoned4 ,the intense heat to which   

the flues were exposed converted the    
water contained in them into highly     
superheated steam1 which would force its
 way out through the water around the   
fire-box with violent ebullitions4 ,four
 engines were built for the             
,pennsylvania ,railroad ,company1 in    
#ahef-eg1 with straight boilers and two 
domes4 ,the ,delano grate1 by means of  
which the coal was forced into the      
fire-box from below1 was applied on four
 ten-wheeled engines for the ,cleveland 
and ,pittsburg ,railroad1 in #aheg4 ,in 
#ahei1 several engines were built with  
the form of boiler introduced on the    
,cumberland ,valley ,railroad in #ahea  
by ,mr4 ,a4 ,f4 ,smith1 and which       
consisted of a combustion-chamber in the
 waist of the boiler1 next the fire-box4
 ,this form of boiler was for some years
 thereafter largely used in engines for 
soft coal4 ,it was at first constructed 
with the water-leg1 which was a vertical
 water-space1 connecting the top and    
bottom sheets of the combustion-chamber1

 but eventually this feature was        
omitted1 and an unobstructed            
combustion-chamber employed4 ,several   
engines were built for the              
,philadelphia1 ,wilmington and          
,baltimore ,railroad ,company in #ahei1 
and thereafter1 with the ,dimpfel       
boiler1 in which the tubes contain      
water1 and1 starting downward from the  
crown-sheet1 are curved to the          
horizontal1 and terminate in a narrow   
water-space next the smoke-box4 ,the    
whole waist of the boiler1 therefore1   
forms a combustion-chamber1 and the heat
 and gases1 after passing for their     
whole length along and around the tubes1
 emerge into the lower part of the      
smoke-box4  ,in #ahfj1 an engine was    
built for the ,mine ,hill ,railroad1    
with boiler of a peculiar form4 ,the top
 sheets sloped upward from both ends    
toward the centre1 thus making a raised 
part or hump in the centre4 ,the engine 
was designed to work on heavy grades1   
and the object sought by ,mr4 ,wilder1  

the ,superintendent of the ,mine ,hill  
,railroad1 was to have the water always 
at the same height in the space from    
which steam was drawn1 whether going up 
or down grade4  ,all these experiments  
are indicative of the interest then     
prevailing upon the subject of          
coal-burning4 ,the result of experience 
and study had meantime satisfied ,mr4   
,baldwin that to burn soft coal         
successfully required no peculiar       
devices2 that the ordinary form of      
boiler1 with plain fire-box1 was right1 
with perhaps the addition of a          
fire-brick deflector2 and that the      
secret of the economical and successful 
use of coal was in the mode of firing1  
rather than in a different form of      
furnace4  ,the year #ahfa witnessed a   
marked falling off in the production4   
,the breaking out of the war at first   
unsettled business1 and by many it was  
thought that railroad traffic would be  
so largely reduced that the demand for  
locomotives must cease altogether4 ,a   

large number of hands were discharged   
from the works1 and only forty          
locomotives were turned out during the  
year4 ,it was even seriously            
contemplated to turn the resources of   
the establishment to the manufacture of 
shot and shell1 and other munitions of  
war1 the belief being entertained that  
the building of locomotives would have  
to be altogether suspended4 ,so far1    
however1 was this from being the case1  
that1 after the first excitement had    
subsided1 it was found that the demand  
for transportation by the general       
government1 and by the branches of trade
 and production created by the war1 was 
likely to tax the carrying capacity of  
the principal ,northern railroads to the
 fullest extent4 ,the government itself 
became a large purchaser of locomotives1
 and it is noticeable1 as indicating the
 increase of travel and freight         
transportation1 that heavier machines   
than had ever before been built became  
the rule4 ,seventy-five engines were    

sent from the works in #ahfb2 ninety-six
 in #ahfc2 one hundred and thirty in    
#ahfd2 and one hundred and fifteen in   
#ahfe4 ,during two years of this period1
 from ,may1 #ahfb1 to ,june1 #ahfd1     
thirty-three engines were built for the 
,united ,states ,military ,railroads4   
,the demand from the various            
coal-carrying roads in ,pennsylvania and
 vicinity was particularly active1 and  
large numbers of ten-wheeled engines1   
and of the heaviest eight-wheeled       
four-coupled engines1 were built4 ,of   
the latter class1 the majority were with
 fifteen and sixteen inch cylinders1 and
 of the former1 seventeen and eighteen  
inch cylinders4  ,the introduction of   
several important features in           
construction marks this period4 ,early  
in #ahfa1 four eighteen inch cylinder   
freight locomotives1 with six coupled   
wheels1 fifty-two inches in diameter1   
and a ,bissell pony-truck with          
radius-bar in front1 were sent to the   
,louisville and ,nashville ,railroad    

,company4 ,this was the first instance  
of the use of the ,bissell truck in the 
,baldwin ,works4 ,these engines1        
however1 were not of the regular ,mogul 
type1 as they were only modifications of
 the ten-wheeler1 the drivers retaining 
the same position1 well back1 and a pair
 of pony-wheels on the ,bissell plan    
taking the place of the ordinary        
four-wheeled truck4 ,other engines of   
the same pattern1 but with eighteen and 
one-half inch cylinders1 were built in  
#ahfb-fc1 for the same company1 and for 
the ,don ,pedro ,,ii4 ,railway of       
,brazil4  ,the introduction of steel in 
locomotive-construction was a           
distinguishing feature of the period4   
,steel tires were first used in the     
works in #ahfc1 on some engines for the 
,don ,pedro ,,ii4 ,railway of ,south    
,america4 ,their general adoption on    
,american railroads followed slowly4 ,no
 tires of this material were then made  
in this country1 and it was objected to 
their use that1 as it took from sixty to

 ninety days to import them1 an engine1 
in case of a breakage of one of its     
tires1 might be laid up useless for     
several months4 ,to obviate this        
objection1 ,m4 ,w4 ,baldwin  ,co4       
imported five hundred steel tires1 most 
of which were kept in stock1 from which 
to fill orders4  ,steel fire-boxes were 
first built for some engines for the    
,pennsylvania ,railroad ,company in     
#ahfa4 ,english steel1 of a high temper1
 was used1 and at the first attempt the 
fire-boxes cracked in fitting them in   
the boilers1 and it became necessary to 
take them out and substitute copper4    
,american homogeneous cast-steel was    
then tried on engines #bca and #bcb1    
completed for the ,pennsylvania         
,railroad in ,january1 #ahfb1 and it was
 found to work successfully4 ,the       
fire-boxes of nearly all engines        
thereafter built for that road were of  
this material1 and in #ahff its use for 
the purpose became general4 ,it may be  
added that while all steel sheets for   

fire-boxes or boilers are required to be
 thoroughly annealed before delivery1   
those which are flanged or worked in the
 process of boiler-construction are a   
second time annealed before riveting4   
,another feature of construction1       
gradually adopted1 was the placing of   
the cylinders horizontally4 ,this was   
first done in the case of an            
outside-connected engine1 the ,ocmulgee1
 which was sent to the ,southwestern    
,railroad ,company of ,georgia in       
,january1 #aheh4 ,this engine had a     
square smoke-box1 and the cylinders were
 bolted horizontally to its sides4 ,the 
plan of casting the cylinder and        
half-saddle in one piece and fitting it 
to the round smoke-box was introduced by
 ,mr4 ,baldwin1 and grew naturally out  
of his original method of construction4 
,mr4 ,baldwin was the first ,american   
builder to use an outside cylinder1 and 
he made it for his early engines with a 
circular flange cast to it1 by which it 
could be bolted to the boiler4 ,the     

cylinders were gradually brought lower1 
and at a less angle1 and the flanges    
prolonged and enlarged4 ,in #aheb1 three
 six-wheels-connected engines1 for the  
,mine ,hill ,railroad ,company1 were    
built with the cylinder flanges brought 
around under the smoke-box until they   
nearly met1 the space between them being
 filled with a spark-box4 ,this was     
practically equivalent to making the    
cylinder and half-saddle in one casting4
 ,subsequently1 on other engines on     
which the spark-box was not used1 the   
half-saddles were cast so as almost to  
meet under the smoke-box1 and1 after the
 cylinders were adjusted in position1   
wedges were fitted in the interstices   
and the saddles bolted together4 ,it was
 finally discovered that the faces of   
the two half-saddles might be planed and
 finished so that they could be bolted  
together and bring the cylinders        
accurately in position1 thus avoiding   
the troublesome and tedious job of      
adjusting them by chipping and fitting  

to the boiler and frames4 ,with this    
method of construction1 the cylinders   
were placed at a less and less angle1   
until at length the truck-wheels were   
spread sufficiently1 on all new or      
modified classes of locomotives in the  
,baldwin list1 to admit of the cylinders
 being hung horizontally1 as is the     
present almost universal ,american      
practice4 ,by the year #ahfe1 horizontal
 cylinders were made in all cases where 
the patterns would allow it4 ,the       
advantages of this arrangement are      
manifestly in the interest of simplicity
 and economy1 as the cylinders are thus 
rights or lefts1 indiscriminately1 and a
 single pattern answers for either side4
  ,a distinguishing feature in the      
method of construction which            
characterizes these ,works1 is the      
extensive use of a system of standard   
gauges and templets1 to which all work  
admitting of this process is required to
 be made4 ,the importance of this       
arrangement1 in securing absolute       

uniformity of essential parts in all    
engines of the same class1 is manifest1 
and with the increased production since 
#ahfa it became a necessity as well as a
 decided advantage4 ,it has already been
 noted that as early as #ahci ,mr4      
,baldwin felt the importance of making  
all like parts of similar engines       
absolutely uniform and interchangeable4 
,it was not attempted to accomplish this
 object1 however1 by means of a complete
 system of standard gauges1 until many  
years later4 ,in #ahfa a beginning was  
made of organizing all the departments  
of manufacture upon this basis1 and from
 it has since grown an elaborate and    
perfected system1 embracing all the     
essential details of construction4 ,an  
independent department of the ,works1   
having a separate foreman and an        
adequate force of skilled workmen1 with 
special tools adapted to the purpose1 is
 organized as the ,department of        
,standard ,gauges4 ,a system of standard
 gauges and templets for every          

description of work to be done1 is made 
and kept by this department4 ,the       
original templets are kept as standards1
 and are never used on the work itself1 
but from them exact duplicates are made1
 which are issued to the foremen of the 
various departments1 and to which all   
work is required to conform4 ,the       
working gauges are compared with the    
standards at regular intervals1 and     
absolute uniformity is thus maintained4 
,the system is carried into every       
possible important detail4 ,frames are  
planed and slotted to gauges1 and       
drilled to steel bushed templets4       
,cylinders are bored and planed1 and    
steam-ports1 with valves and            
steam-chests1 finished and fitted1 to   
gauges4 ,tires are bored1 centres       
turned1 axles finished1 and crossheads1 
guides1 guide-bearers1 pistons1         
connecting- and parallel-rods planed1   
slotted1 or finished1 by the same       
method4 ,every bolt about the engine is 
made to a gauge1 and every hole drilled 

and reamed to a templet4 ,the result of 
the system is an absolute uniformity and
 interchangeableness of parts in engines
 of the same class1 insuring to the     
purchaser the minimum cost of repairs1  
and rendering possible1 by the          
application of this method1 the large   
production which these ,works have      
accomplished4  ,thus had been developed 
and perfected the various essential     
details of existing locomotive practice1
 when ,mr4 ,baldwin died1 ,september #g1
 #ahff4 ,he had been permitted1 in a    
life of unusual activity and energy1 to 
witness the rise and wonderful increase 
of a material interest which had become 
the distinguishing feature of the       
century4 ,he had done much1 by his own  
mechanical skill and inventive genius1  
to contribute to the development of that
 interest4 ,his name was as familiar as 
household words wherever on the         
,american continent the locomotive had  
penetrated4 ,an ordinary ambition might 
well have been satisfied with this      

achievement4 ,but ,mr4 ,baldwin's claim 
to the remembrance of his fellow-men    
rests not alone on the results of his   
mechanical labors4 ,a merely technical  
history1 such as this1 is not the place 
to do justice to his memory as a man1 as
 a ,christian1 and as a philanthropist2 
yet the record would be manifestly      
imperfect1 and would fail properly to   
reflect the sentiments of his business  
associates who so long knew him in all  
relations of life1 were no reference    
made to his many virtues and noble      
traits of character4 ,mr4 ,baldwin was a
 man of sterling integrity and singular 
conscientiousness4 ,to do right1        
absolutely and unreservedly1 in all his 
relations with men1 was an instinctive  
rule of his nature4 ,his heroic struggle
 to meet every dollar of his            
liabilities1 principal and interest1    
after his failure1 consequent upon the  
general financial crash in #ahcg1       
constitutes a chapter of personal       
self-denial and determined effort which 

is seldom paralleled in the annals of   
commercial experience4 ,when most men   
would have felt that an equitable       
compromise with creditors was all that  
could be demanded in view of the general
 financial embarrassment1 ,mr4 ,baldwin 
insisted upon paying all claims in full1
 and succeeded in doing so only after   
nearly five years of unremitting        
industry1 close economy1 and absolute   
personal sacrifices4 ,as a              
philanthropist and a sincere and earnest
 ,christian1 zealous in every good work1
 his memory is cherished by many to whom
 his contributions to locomotive        
improvement are comparatively unknown4  
,from the earliest years of his business
 life the practice of systematic        
benevolence was made a duty and a       
pleasure4 ,his liberality constantly    
increased with his means4 ,indeed1 he   
would unhesitatingly give his notes1 in 
large sums1 for charitable purposes1    
when money was absolutely wanted to     
carry on his business4 ,apart from the  

thousands which he expended in private  
charities1 and of which1 of course1     
little can be known1 ,philadelphia      
contains many monuments of his          
munificence4 ,early taking a deep       
interest in all ,christian effort1 his  
contributions to missionary enterprise  
and church extension were on the        
grandest scale1 and grew with increasing
 wealth4 ,numerous church edifices in   
this city1 of the denomination to which 
he belonged1 owe their existence largely
 to his liberality1 and two at least    
were projected and built by him entirely
 at his own cost4 ,in his mental        
character1 ,mr4 ,baldwin was a man of   
remarkable firmness of purpose4 ,this   
trait was strongly shown during his     
mechanical career1 in the persistency   
with which he would work at a new       
improvement or resist an innovation4 ,if
 he was led sometimes to assume an      
attitude of antagonism to features of   
locomotive-construction which           
after-experience showed to be           

valuable1--and a desire for historical  
accuracy has required the mention1 in   
previous pages1 of several instances of 
this kind1--it is at least certain that 
his opposition was based upon a         
conscientious belief in the mechanical  
impolicy of the proposed changes4       
,after the death of ,mr4 ,baldwin1 the  
business was reorganized1 in #ahfg1     
under the title of ,the ,baldwin        
,locomotive ,works1 ,m4 ,baird  ,co41   
,proprietors4 ,messrs4 ,george ,burnham 
and ,charles ,t4 ,parry1 who had been   
connected with the establishment from an
 early period1 the former in charge of  
the finances1 and the latter as ,general
 ,superintendent1 were associated with  
,mr4 ,baird in the copartnership4 ,three
 years later1 ,messrs4 ,edward ,h4      
,williams1 ,william ,p4 ,henszey1 and   
,edward ,longstreth became members of   
the firm4 ,mr4 ,williams had been       
connected with railway management on    
various lines since #ahej4 ,mr4 ,henszey
 had been ,mechanical ,engineer1 and    

,mr4 ,longstreth the ,general           
,superintendent of the ,works for       
several years previously4  ,the         
production of the ,baldwin ,locomotive  
,works from #ahff to #ahga1 both years  
inclusive1 has been as follows3         
#ahff1 one hundred and eighteen         
locomotives4   #ahfg1 one hundred and   
twenty-seven      #ahfh1 one hundred and
 twenty-four       #ahfi1 two hundred   
and thirty-five       #ahgj1 two hundred
 and eighty            #ahga1 three     
hundred and thirty-one     ,in ,july1   
#ahff1 the engine ,consolidation was    
built for the ,lehigh ,valley ,railroad1
 on the plan and specification furnished
 by ,mr4 ,alexander ,mitchell1 ,master  
,mechanic of the ,mahanoy ,division of  
that railroad4 ,this engine was intended
 for working the ,mahanoy plane1 which  
rises at the rate of one hundred and    
thirty-three feet per mile4 ,the        
,consolidation had cylinders twenty by  
twenty-four1 four pairs of drivers      
connected1 forty-eight inches in        

diameter1 and a ,bissell pony-truck in  
front1 equalized with the front drivers4
 ,the weight of the engine1 in working  
order1 was ninety thousand pounds1 of   
which all but about ten thousand pounds 
was on the drivers4 ,this engine has    
constituted the first of a class to     
which it has given its name1 and over   
thirty ,consolidation engines have since
 been constructed4  ,a class of engines 
known as ,moguls1 with three pairs of   
drivers connected and a swing pony-truck
 in front equalized with the front      
drivers1 took its rise in the practice  
of this establishment from the ,e4 ,a4  
,douglas1 built for the ,thomas ,iron   
,company in #ahfg4 ,these engines are   
fully illustrated in the ,catalogue4    
,several sizes of ,moguls have been     
built1 but principally with cylinders   
sixteen1 seventeen1 and eighteen inches 
in diameter1 respectively1 and          
twenty-two or twenty-four inches stroke1
 and with drivers from forty-four to    
fifty-seven inches in diameter4 ,this   

plan of engine has rapidly grown in     
favor for freight service on heavy      
grades or where maximum loads are to be 
moved1 and has been adopted by several  
leading lines4 ,utilizing1 as it does1  
nearly the entire weight of the engine  
for adhesion1 the main and back pairs of
 drivers being equalized together1 as   
also the front drivers and the          
pony-wheels1 and the construction of the
 engine with swing-truck and one pair of
 drivers without flanges allowing it to 
pass short curves without difficulty1   
the ,mogul is generally accepted as a   
type of engine especially adapted to the
 economical working of heavy freight    
traffic4  ,in #ahfg1 on a number of     
eight-wheeled four-coupled engines1 for 
the ,pennsylvania ,railroad1 the        
four-wheeled swing-bolster-truck was    
first applied1 and thereafter nearly all
 the engines built in the establishment 
with a two- or four-wheeled truck in    
front have been so constructed4 ,the    
two-wheeled or pony truck has been built

 both on the ,bissell plan1 with double 
inclined slides1 and with the ordinary  
swing-bolster1 and in both cases with   
the radius-bar pivoting from a point    
about four feet back from the centre of 
the truck4 ,the four-wheeled truck has  
been made with swing-bolster exclusively
 and without the radius-bar4 ,of the    
engines above referred to as the first  
on which the swing-bolster-truck was    
applied1 four were for express passenger
 service1 with drivers sixty-seven      
inches in diameter1 and cylinders       
seventeen by twenty-four4 ,one of them1 
placed on the road ,september #i1 #ahfg1
 was in constant service until ,may #ad1
 #ahga1 without ever being off its      
wheels for repairs1 making a total      
mileage of one hundred and fifty-three  
thousand two hundred and eighty miles4  
,all of these engines have their        
driving-wheels spread eight and one-half
 feet between centres1 thus increasing  
the adhesive weight1 and with the use of
 the swing-truck they have been found to

 work readily on the shortest curves on 
the road4  ,steel flues were put in     
three ten-wheeled freight engines1      
numbers #baa1 #cch1 and #cfh1 completed 
for the ,pennsylvania ,railroad in      
,august1 #ahfh1 and up to the present   
time have been in constant use without  
requiring renewal4 ,flues of the same   
material have also been used in a number
 of engines for ,south ,american        
railroads4 ,experience with tubes of    
this metal1 however1 has not yet been   
sufficiently extended to show whether   
they give any advantages commensurate   
with their increased cost over iron4    
,steel boilers have been built1 to a    
considerable extent1 for the            
,pennsylvania1 ,lehigh ,valley1 ,central
 of ,new ,jersey1 and some other        
railroad companies1 since #ahfh1 and    
with good results thus far4 ,where this 
metal is used for boilers1 the plates   
may be somewhat thinner than if of iron1
 but at the same time1 as shown by      
careful tests1 giving a greater tensile 

strength4 ,the thoroughly homogeneous   
character of the steel boiler-plate made
 in this country recommends it strongly 
for the purpose4  ,in #ahed1 four       
engines for the ,pennsylvania ,railroad 
,company1 the ,tiger1 ,leopard1 ,hornet1
 and ,wasp1 were built with straight    
boilers and two domes each1 and in #ahff
 this method of construction was        
revived4 ,since that date1 the practice 
of the establishment has included both  
the wagon-top boiler with single dome1  
and the straight boiler with two domes4 
,when the straight boiler is used1 the  
waist is made about two inches larger in
 diameter than that of the wagon-top    
form4 ,about equal space for water and  
steam is thus given in either case1 and1
 as the number of flues is the same in  
both forms1 more room for the           
circulation of water between the flues  
is afforded in the straight boiler1 on  
account of its larger diameter1 than in 
the wagon-top shape4 ,the preference of 
many railroad officers for the straight 

boiler is based on the consideration of 
the greater strength which this form    
confessedly gives4 ,the top and side    
lines being of equal length1 the        
expansion is uniform throughout1 and    
hence there is less liability to leak on
 the sides1 at the junction of the waist
 and fire-box4 ,the throttle-valve is   
placed in the forward dome1 from which  
point drier steam can be drawn than from
 over the crown-sheet1 where the most   
violent ebullitions in a boiler occur4  
,for these reasons1 as well as on       
account of its greater symmetry1 the    
straight boiler with two domes is       
largely accepted as preferable to the   
wagon-top form4  ,early in #ahgj1 the   
success of the various narrow-gauge     
railway enterprises in ,europe aroused a
 lively interest in the subject1 and    
numerous similar lines were projected on
 this side of the ,atlantic4 ,several   
classes of engines for working railroads
 of this character were designed and    
built1 and are illustrated in full in   

,division ,,vii of the ,catalogue4  ,the
 history of the ,baldwin ,locomotive    
,works has thus been traced from its    
inception to the present time4 ,over    
twenty-six hundred locomotives have been
 built in the establishment since the   
completion of the ,old ,ironsides1 in   
#ahcb4 ,its capacity is now equal to the
 production of over four hundred        
locomotives annually1 and it has        
attained the rank of the largest        
locomotive works in the world4 ,it owes 
this position not only to the character 
of the work it has turned out1 but      
largely also to the peculiar facilities 
for manufacture which it possesses4     
,situated close to the great iron and   
coal region of the country1 the         
principal materials required for its    
work are readily available4 ,it numbers 
among its managers and workmen men who  
have had the training of a lifetime in  
the various specialties of              
locomotive-manufacture1 and whose       
experience has embraced the successive  

stages of ,american locomotive progress4
 ,its location1 in the largest          
manufacturing city of the country1 is an
 advantage of no ordinary importance4   
,in #ahgj1 ,philadelphia1 with a total  
population of nearly seven hundred      
thousand souls1 gave employment in its  
manufactures to over one hundred and    
twenty thousand persons4 ,in other      
words1 more than one-sixth of its       
population is concerned in production4  
,the extent of territory covered by the 
city1 embracing one hundred and         
twenty-seven square miles1 with         
unsurpassed facilities for ready        
intercommunication by street railways1  
renders possible separate comfortable   
homes for the working population1 and   
thus tends to elevate their condition   
and increase their efficiency4 ,such and
 so vast a class of skilled mechanics is
 therefore available from which to      
recruit the forces of the establishment 
when necessary4 ,under their command are
 special tools1 which have been created 

from time to time with reference to     
every detail of locomotive-manufacture2 
and an organized system of production1  
perfected by long years of experience1  
governs the operation of all4  ,with    
such a record for the past1 and such    
facilities at its command for the       
future1 the ,baldwin ,locomotive ,works 
submits the following ,catalogue of the 
principal classes of locomotives        
embraced in its present practice4       
,,circular4   ,in the following pages we
 present and illustrate a system of     
,,standard ,,locomotives1 in which1 it  
is believed1 will be found designs      
suited to all the requirements of       
ordinary service4  ,these patterns admit
 of modifications1 to suit the          
preferences of railroad managers1 and   
where machines of peculiar construction 
for special service are required1 we are
 prepared to make and submit designs1 or
 to build to specifications furnished4  
,all the locomotives of the system      
herewith presented are adapted to the   

consumption of wood1 coke1 or bituminous
 or anthracite coal as fuel4  ,all work 
is accurately fitted to gauges1 which   
are made from a system of standards kept
 exclusively for the purpose4 ,like     
parts will1 therefore1 fit accurately in
 all locomotives of the same class4     
,this system of manufacture1 together   
with the large number of locomotives at 
all times in progress1 and embracing the
 principal classes1 insures unusual and 
especial facilities for filling at once1
 or with the least possible delay1      
orders for duplicate parts4  ,full      
specifications of locomotives will be   
furnished on application4               
,m4 ,,baird  ,,co4     ,,explanation    
,,of ,,terms4   ,the several classes of 
locomotives manufactured by the ,baldwin
 ,locomotive ,works have their          
respective distinguishing names1 which  
are derived and applied as follows3     
,all locomotives having one pair of     
driving-wheels                          
are designated as ,b engines4   ,those  

having two pairs of drivers1 as         
,c engines4   ,those having three pairs 
of drivers1 as                   ,d     
engines4   ,those having four pairs of  
drivers1 as                    ,e       
engines4  ,one or more figures united   
with one of these letters1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1  
or ,e1 and preceding it1 indicates the  
dimensions of cylinders1 boiler1 and    
other parts1 and also the general plan  
of the locomotive3 thus1 #bg-a_/b ,c    
designates the class of eight-wheeled   
locomotives 7illustrated on pages #ef   
and #fj7 with two pairs of drivers and a
 four-wheeled truck1 and with cylinders 
sixteen inches in diameter and          
twenty-two or twenty-four inches stroke4
 #cd ,e designates another class        
7illustrated on page #hj71 with four    
pairs of drivers and a pony truck1 and  
with cylinders twenty inches in diameter
 and twenty-four inches stroke4  ,in    
like manner all the other classes are   
designated by a combination of certain  
letters and figures4  ,all corresponding

 important parts of locomotives of the  
same class are made interchangeable and 
exact duplicates4  ,the following table 
gives a summary of the principal classes
 of locomotives of our manufacture3     
,,general ,,classification4             
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
--------------                          
,,drivers4   ,truck4 ,weight in         
,designation          ,,service4        
,gauge4    ,cylinders4------------- ,no4
   ,working      of ,class4             
,no4,diameter4,wheels4,order4           
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
-------                                 
,,inches4         ,,pounds4     #h-a_/b 
,c    ,narrow ,gauge                    
,passenger and ,freight4   #c feet      
#i x #af   #d  #cf to #dj   #b          
#be1jjj                                 
and over4                               
#i-a_/b ,c                    do4       
#aj x #af   #d  #cf to #dj   #b         

#cj1jjj         #ab ,d    ,narrow ,gauge
 ,freight4                #aa x #af   #f
  #cf to #dj   #b    #ce1jjj         #ad
 ,d                   do4               
#ab x #af   #f  #cf to #dj   #b         
#dj1jjj          #h ,c    ,tank         
,switching4          #d ft4 #h-a_/b   #i
 x #af   #d  #cf       4444   #be1jjj   
and over                                
#aj-a_/b ,c                   do4       
#aa x #af   #d  #cf       4444   #ch1jjj
     #aa-a_/b ,c                   do4  
#aa x #af   #d  #cf         #b          
#dj1jjj         #ab ,c                  
do4                   #ab x #bb   #d    
#dd       4444   #dc1jjj         #ad ,c 
do4                   #ad x #bb   #d    
#dh       4444   #dh1jjj     #ad-a_/b ,c
                   do4                  
#ad x #bb   #d  #dh         #b          
#ej1jjj     #ah-a_/b ,c                 
do4                   #ae x #bb   #d    
#dh to #ed 4444   #ee1jjj     #ae-a_/b  
,c                   do4                
#ae x #bb   #d  #dh to #ed   #b         

#eg1jjj         #ba ,d                  
do4                   #ae x #bb   #f    
#dd       4444   #fj1jjj     #bg-a_/b ,d
                   do4                  
#af x #bb   #f  #dd to #dh 4444         
#ff1jjj          #h ,c    ,switching1   
with separate ,tender4               #i 
x #af   #d  #cf       4444   #bb1jjj    
#aj-a_/b ,c                   do4       
#aa x #af   #d  #cf       4444   #cd1jjj
     #aa-a_/b ,c                   do4  
#aa x #af   #d  #cf         #b          
#cf1jjj         #ab ,c                  
do4                   #ab x #bb   #d    
#dd       4444   #ch1jjj         #ad ,c 
do4                   #ad x #bb   #d    
#dh       4444   #db1jjj     #ad-a_/b ,c
                   do4                  
#ad x #bb   #d  #dh         #b          
#dd1jjj     #ah-a_/b ,c                 
do4                   #ae x #bb   #d    
#dh to #ed 4444   #di1jjj     #ae-a_/b  
,c                   do4                
#ae x #bb   #d  #dh to #ed   #b         
#ea1jjj     #ai-a_/b ,c                 

do4                   #af x #bb   #d    
#dh to #ed 4444   #ef1jjj         #ba ,d
                   do4                  
#ae x #bb   #f  #dd       4444   #eb1jjj
     #bg-a_/b ,d                   do4  
#af x #bb  #f  #dd to #dh 4444   #fj1jjj
                                        
#bd                                     
#be-a_/b ,d                   do4       
#ag x #bb  #f  #dh to #ed 4444   #ff1jjj
                                        
#bd                                     
#ae ,c    ,passenger and ,freight4      
#aj x #bj   #d  #ed         #d          
#ch1jjj     #af-a_/b ,c                 
do4                   #ab x #bb   #d    
#ed to #fj   #d    #dd1jjj     #bj-a_/b 
,c                   do4                
#ac x #bb  #d  #ef to #ff   #d          
#ej1jjj                                 
#bd                                     
#bb-a_/b ,c                   do4       
#ad x #bb  #d  #ef to #ff   #d          
#ee1jjj                                 
#bd                                     

#bd-a_/b ,c                   do4       
#ae x #bb  #d  #ef to #ff   #d          
#fj1jjj                                 
#bd                                     
#bg-a_/b ,c                   do4       
#af x #bb  #d  #ef to #ff   #d          
#fe1jjj                                 
#bd                                     
#bh                     do4             
#ag x #bb  #d  #ef to #ff   #d          
#gj1jjj                                 
#bd                                     
#bd-a_/b ,d    ,freight4                
#af x #bb  #f  #dh to #ed   #d          
#fg1jjj                                 
#bd                                     
#bf-a_/b ,d                   do4       
#ag x #bb  #f  #dh to #ed   #d          
#gb1jjj                                 
#bd                                     
#bh-a_/b ,d                   do4       
#ah x #bb  #f  #dh to #ed   #d          
#gg1jjj                                 
#bd                                     
#bg-a_/b ,d    ,freight and pushing4    

#af x #bb  #f  #dh to #ed   #b          
#ff1jjj                                 
#bd                                     
#be-a_/b ,d                   do4       
#ag x #bb  #f  #dh to #ed   #b          
#ga1jjj                                 
#bd                                     
#cj ,d                   do4            
#ah x #bb  #f  #dh to #ed   #b          
#gf1jjj                                 
#bd                                     
#cd ,e    ,freight and ,pushing4        
#bj x #bd   #h  #dh         #b          
#if1jjj                                 
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
--------------     ,,prefatory4   ,the  
dimensions given in the following       
,catalogue are for locomotives of four  
feet eight and a half inches gauge1     
unless otherwise stated4  ,the loads    
given under each class are invariably in
 gross tons of twenty-two hundred and   
forty pounds1 and include both cars and 
lading4  ,all the locomotives described 

in this ,catalogue are sold with the    
guarantee that they will haul1 on a     
straight track in good condition1 the   
loads stated4 ,their actual performance 
under favorable circumstances may be    
relied upon largely to exceed the       
figures given in the guarantee4  ,the   
feed-water for all locomotives specified
 is supplied by two pumps1 or one pump  
and one injector4 ,one or more injectors
 can also be supplied in addition to the
 two pumps1 if desired4                 
,illustration3 ,locomotive4  ,,division 
,i4  ,,road ,,locomotives ,,for         
,,passenger ,,or ,,freight ,,service4   
,,class #ae ,c4  ,general ,design       
,illustrated by ,print on ,page #eb4    
,,cylinders4    ,diameter of cylinders  
#aj inches4   ,length of stroke         
#bj      ,,driving-,,wheels4            
,diameter of drivers                    
#ed inches4   ,,truck4  ,,four-,,wheeled
 ,,truck1 ,,with ,,centre-,,bearing     
,,bolster4    ,diameter of wheels       
#bd inches4   ,,wheel-,,base4    ,total 

wheel-base                              
#af ft4 #c-c_/d inches4   ,,tender4     
,,on ,,four ,,wheels4    ,capacity of   
tank                                    
#ijj gallons4   ,,weight ,,of ,,engine  
,,in ,,working ,,order4    ,on drivers  
#bc1jjj pounds4   ,on truck             
#ae1jjj                                 
------              ,total weight of    
engine1 about              #ch1jjj      
,,load4  ,,in ,,addition ,,to ,,engine  
,,and ,,tender4    ,on a level          
#eej gross tons4       #bj ft4 grade    
#bej              #dj                   
#afj              #fj                   
#aae              #hj                   
#he             #ajj                    
#fe            ,,division ,i4  ,,road   
,,locomotives ,,for ,,passenger ,,or    
,,freight ,,service4   ,,class #af-a_/b 
,c4  ,general ,design ,illustrated by   
,print on ,page #eb4   ,,cylinders4     
,diameter of cylinders                  
#ab inches4   ,length of stroke         
#bb      ,,driving-,,wheels4            

,diameter of drivers                    
#ed to #fj inches4   ,,truck4           
,,four-,,wheeled ,,truck1 ,,with        
,,centre-,,bearing ,,bolster4           
,diameter of wheels                     
#bd to #bf inches4   ,,wheel-,,base4    
,total wheel-base                       
#ai ft4 #a inch4   ,,tender4  ,,on ,,two
 ,,four-,,wheeled ,,trucks4    ,capacity
 of tank                                
#abjj gallons4   ,,weight ,,of ,,engine 
,,in ,,working ,,order4    ,on drivers  
#bh1jjj pounds4   ,on truck             
#af1jjj                                 
------   ,total weight of engine1 about 
#dd1jjj      ,,load4  ,,in ,,addition   
,,to ,,engine ,,and ,,tender4    ,on a  
level                                   
#ffe gross tons4         #bj ft4 grade  
#cje                #dj                 
#aij                #fj                 
#ace                #hj                 
#ajj               #ajj                 
#ge            ,illustration3           
,locomotive4  ,,division ,i4  ,,road    

,,locomotives ,,for ,,passenger ,,or    
,,freight ,,service4   ,,class #bj-a_/b 
,c  ,general ,design ,illustrated by    
,prints on ,pages #eb and #ef4          
,,cylinders4    ,diameter of cylinders  
#ac inches4   ,length of stroke         
#bb or #bd inches4   ,,driving-,,wheels4
    ,diameter of drivers                
#ef to #ff inches4   ,,truck4           
,,four-,,wheeled ,,centre-,,bearing     
,,truck1 ,,with ,,swing ,,bolster4      
,diameter of wheels                     
#bd to #cj inches4   ,,wheel-,,base4    
,total wheel-base                       
#bj ft4 #a-c_/d inches4   ,rigid        
7distance between driving-wheel-centres7
  #f ft4 #f inches4   ,,tender4  ,,on   
,,two ,,four-,,wheeled ,,trucks4        
,capacity of tank                       
#adjj gallons4   ,,weight ,,of ,,engine 
,,in ,,working ,,order4    ,on drivers  
#cj1jjj pounds4   ,on truck             
#bj1jjj                                 
------   ,total weight of engine1 about 
#ej1jjj      ,,load4  ,,in ,,addition   

,,to ,,engine ,,and ,,tender4    ,on a  
level                                   
#gaj gross tons4       #bj ft4 grade    
#cbe              #dj                   
#bjj              #fj                   
#adj              #hj                   
#aje             #ajj                   
#hj            ,,division ,i4  ,,road   
,,locomotives ,,for ,,passenger ,,or    
,,freight ,,service4   ,,class #bb-a_/b 
,c4  ,general ,design ,illustrated by   
,prints on ,pages #eb and #ef4          
,,cylinders4    ,diameter of cylinders  
#ad inches4   ,length of stroke         
#bb or #bd inches4   ,,driving-,,wheels4
    ,diameter of drivers                
#ef to #ff inches4   ,,truck4           
,,four-,,wheeled ,,centre-,,bearing     
,,truck1 ,,with ,,swing ,,bolster4      
,diameter of wheels                     
#bd to #cj inches4   ,,wheel-,,base4    
,total wheel-base                       
#bj ft4 #g-c_/d inches4   ,rigid        
7distance between driving-wheel-centres7
           #g ft4   ,,tender4  ,,on     

,,two ,,four-,,wheeled ,,trucks4        
,capacity of tank                       
#afjj gallons4   ,,weight ,,of ,,engine 
,,in ,,working ,,order4    ,on drivers  
#ce1jjj pounds4   ,on truck             
#bj1jjj                                 
------              ,total weight of    
engine1 about              #ee1jjj      
,,load4  ,,in ,,addition ,,to ,,engine  
,,and ,,tender4    ,on a level          
#hce gross tons4       #bj ft4 grade    
#chj              #dj                   
#bdj              #fj                   
#agj              #hj                   
#abe             #ajj                   
#ajj            ,illustration3          
,locomotive4  ,,division ,i4  ,,road    
,,locomotives ,,for ,,passenger ,,or    
,,freight ,,service4   ,,class #bd-a_/b 
,c  ,general ,design ,illustrated by    
,prints on ,pages #ef and #fj4          
,,cylinders4    ,diameter of cylinders  
#ae inches4   ,length of stroke         
#bb or #bd inches4   ,,driving-,,wheels4
    ,diameter of drivers                

#ef to #ff inches4   ,,truck4           
,,four-,,wheeled ,,centre-,,bearing     
,,truck1 ,,with ,,swing ,,bolster4      
,diameter of wheels                     
#bd to #cj inches4   ,,wheel-,,base4    
,total wheel-base                       
#ba ft4 #c inches4   ,rigid             
7distance between driving-wheel-centres7
 #g ft4 #h inches4   ,,tender4  ,,on    
,,two ,,four-,,wheeled ,,trucks4        
,capacity of tank                       
#ahjj gallons4   ,,weight ,,of ,,engine 
,,in ,,working ,,order4    ,on drivers  
#ci1jjj pounds4   ,on truck             
#ba1jjj                                 
------              ,total weight of    
engine1 about              #fj1jjj      
,,load4  ,,in ,,addition ,,to ,,weight  
,,of ,,engine ,,and ,,tender4    ,on a  
level                                   
#icj gross tons4      #bj ft4 grade     
#dcj             #dj                    
#bgj             #fj                    
#aij             #hj                    
#adj            #ajj                    

#aaj            ,,division ,i4  ,,road  
,,locomotives ,,for ,,passenger ,,or    
,,freight ,,service4   ,,class #bg-a_/b 
,c4  ,general ,design ,illustrated by   
,prints on ,pages #ef and #fj4          
,,cylinders4    ,diameter of cylinders  
#af inches4   ,length of stroke         
#bb or #bd inches4   ,,driving-,,wheels4
    ,diameter of drivers                
#ef to #ff inches4   ,,truck4           
,,four-,,wheeled ,,centre-,,bearing     
,,truck1 ,,with ,,swing ,,bolster4      
,diameter of wheels                     
#bd to #cj inches4   ,,wheel-,,base4    
,total wheel-base                       
#ba ft4 #i inches4   ,rigid             
7distance between driving-wheel-centres7
       #h ft4   ,,tender4  ,,on ,,two   
,,four-,,wheeled ,,trucks4    ,capacity 
of tank                                 
#bjjj gallons4   ,,weight ,,of ,,engine 
,,in ,,working ,,order4    ,on drivers  
#db1jjj pounds4   ,on truck             
#bc1jjj                                 
------              ,total weight of    

engine1 about              #fe1jjj      
,,load4  ,,in ,,addition ,,to ,,engine  
,,and ,,tender4    ,on a level          
#ajjj gross tons4       #bj ft4 grade   
#dfj              #dj                   
#bij              #fj                   
#bje              #hj                   
#aej             #ajj                   
#abj         ,the distance between      
centres of drivers 7rigid wheel-base7   
can be made #h ft4 #f in41 if preferred 
to #h ft4 as given above4 ,this greater 
spread of wheels1 throwing more weight  
on the drivers1 gives the engine greater
 adhesion1 and thus adds to its         
efficiency for freight service4 ,owing  
to the peculiar construction of the     
truck1 the engine is found to pass short
 curves without difficulty1 even with   
this greater distance between           
driving-wheel-centres4                  
,illustration3 ,locomotive4  ,,division 
,i4  ,,road ,,locomotives ,,for         
,,passenger ,,or ,,freight ,,service4   
,,class #bh ,c4  ,general ,design       

,illustrated by ,prints on ,pages #ef1  
#fj1 and #fd4   ,,cylinders4            
,diameter of cylinders                  
#ag inches4   ,length of stroke         
#bb or #bd inches4   ,,driving-,,wheels4
    ,diameter of drivers                
#ef to #ff inches4   ,,truck4           
,,four-,,wheeled ,,centre-,,bearing     
,,truck1 ,,with ,,swing ,,bolster4      
,diameter of wheels                     
#bd to #cj inches4   ,,wheel-,,base4    
,total wheel-base                       
#bb ft4 #f-a_/d inches4   ,rigid        
7distance between driving-wheel-centres7
       #h ft4   ,,tender4  ,,on ,,two   
,,four-,,wheeled ,,trucks4    ,capacity 
of tank                                 
#bbjj gallons4   ,,weight ,,of ,,engine 
,,in ,,working ,,order4    ,on drivers  
#de1jjj pounds4   ,on truck             
#be1jjj                                 
------              ,total weight of    
engine1 about              #gj1jjj      
,,load4  ,,in ,,addition ,,to ,,engine  
,,and ,,tender4    ,on a level          

#ajge gross tons4       #bj ft4 grade   
#die              #dj                   
#caj              #fj                   
#bbj              #hj                   
#afe             #ajj                   
#acj         ,the distance between      
centres of drivers 7rigid wheel-base7   
can be made #h ft4 #f in41 if preferred 
to #h ft4 as given above4 ,this greater 
spread of wheels1 throwing more weight  
on the drivers1 gives the engine greater
 adhesion1 and thus adds to its         
efficiency for freight service4 ,owing  
to the peculiar construction of the     
truck1 the engine is found to pass short
 curves without difficulty1 even with   
this greater distance between           
driving-wheel-centres4     ,,addenda4   
,,adaptation ,,for ,,either ,,passenger 
,,or ,,freight ,,service4  ,the five    
preceding classes1 embracing road       
locomotives with cylinders from thirteen
 to seventeen inches in diameter1 admit 
of construction with either a twenty-two
 or a twenty-four inches stroke1 and    

with driving-wheels of any diameter from
 fifty-six to sixty-six inches4 ,each   
class can1 therefore1 be adapted to     
either passenger or freight service1 by 
giving the shorter stroke and the larger
 wheel for the former use1 and the      
longer stroke and smaller wheel for the 
latter4 ,the same cylinder pattern is   
used for both the twenty-two and the    
twenty-four inches stroke1 the          
difference in length being made by      
recessing the cylinder heads4           
,,anthracite ,,coal ,,burners4  ,the    
illustrations and figures given for     
engines in this ,division are all for   
soft coal or wood burners4 ,for         
anthracite coal the form of the furnace 
is changed1 giving a longer grate and   
shallower fire-box4 ,the barrel of      
boiler1 length of connecting-rods1      
number and length of flues1 etc41 remain
 the same1 so that no change in         
principal patterns results4 ,the change 
in shape and dimensions of fire-box1    
however1 alters the distribution of     

weight1 throwing more load on the       
drivers and less on the truck1 while the
 total weight of engine remains nearly  
the same4 ,the hard coal burners1       
accordingly1 having from this cause     
somewhat more adhesion than the soft    
coal burners of the same class1 have    
proportionately more tractive power1 and
 will haul loads from ten to fifteen per
 cent4 greater than those given for the 
corresponding soft coal or wood burning 
engines4   ,,straight ,,and             
,,wagon-,,top ,,boilers4  ,all the      
engines of this division are built with 
wagon-top boilers or with straight      
boilers and two domes1 as preferred4    
,where the latter form is made1 the     
throttle-valve is placed in the forward 
dome4 ,the wagon-top and straight       
boilers for the same class are so       
proportioned as to give equal steam     
space and the same number of flues in   
both forms of construction4             
,illustration3 ,locomotive4  ,,division 
,,ii4  ,,ten-,,wheeled ,,freight        

,,locomotives4   ,,class #bd-a_/b ,d4   
,general ,design ,illustrated by ,print 
on ,page #fh4   ,,cylinders4            
,diameter of cylinders                  
#af inches4   ,length of stroke         
#bb or #bd inches4   ,,driving-,,wheels4
  ,,rear ,,and ,,front ,,pairs ,,with   
,,flanged ,,tires #e-a_/b ,,inches      
,,wide4 ,,main ,,pair ,,with ,,plain    
,,tires #f ,,inches ,,wide4    ,diameter
 of drivers                             
#dh to #ed inches4   ,,truck4           
,,four-,,wheeled ,,centre-,,bearing     
,,truck1 ,,with ,,swing ,,bolster4      
,diameter of wheels                     
#bd to #bf inches4   ,,wheel-,,base4    
,total wheel-base                       
#bc feet4   ,rigid    7distance between 
centres of rear and              front  
drivers7                             #ab
 ft4 #a inch4   ,,tender4  ,,on ,,two   
,,four-,,wheeled ,,trucks4    ,capacity 
of tank                                 
#afjj gallons4   ,,weight ,,of ,,engine 
,,in ,,working ,,order4    ,on drivers  

#ea1jjj pounds4   ,on truck             
#af1jjj                                 
------              ,total weight of    
engine1 about              #fg1jjj      
,,load4  ,,in ,,addition ,,to ,,engine  
,,and ,,tender4    ,on a level          
#abcj gross tons       #bj ft4 grade    
#egj              #dj                   
#cfj              #fj                   
#bfj              #hj                   
#aie             #ajj                   
#aee            ,,division ,,ii4        
,,ten-,,wheeled ,,freight ,,locomotives4
   ,,class #bf-a_/b ,d4  ,general       
,design ,illustrated by ,print on ,page 
#fh4   ,,cylinders4    ,diameter of     
cylinders                               
#ag inches4   ,length of stroke         
#bb or #bd inches4   ,,driving-,,wheels4
  ,,rear ,,and ,,front ,,pairs ,,with   
,,flanged ,,tires #e-a_/b ,,inches      
,,wide4 ,,main ,,pair ,,with ,,plain    
,,tires #f ,,inches ,,wide4    ,diameter
 of drivers                             
#dh to #ed inches4   ,,truck4           

,,four-,,wheeled ,,centre-,,bearing     
,,truck1 ,,with ,,swing ,,bolster4      
,diameter of wheels                     
#bd to #bf inches4   ,,wheel-,,base4    
,total wheel-base                       
#bc ft4 #b-c_/d inches4   ,rigid        
7distance between centres of rear and   
front drivers7                          
#ab ft4 #h inches4   ,,tender4  ,,on    
,,two ,,four-,,wheeled ,,trucks4        
,capacity of tank                       
#ahjj gallons4   ,,weight ,,of ,,engine 
,,in ,,working ,,order4    ,on drivers  
#ed1jjj pounds4   ,on truck             
#ah1jjj                                 
------              ,total weight of    
engine1 about              #gb1jjj      
,,load4  ,,in ,,addition ,,to ,,engine  
,,and ,,tender4    ,on a level          
#acjj gross tons4          #bj ft4 grade
                                 #fjj   
#dj                                     
#chj                    #fj             
#bgj                    #hj             
#bje                   #ajj             

#afj               ,,division ,,ii4     
,,ten-,,wheeled ,,freight ,,locomotives4
   ,,class #bh-a_/b ,d4  ,general       
,design ,illustrated by ,print on ,page 
#fh4   ,,cylinders4    ,diameter of     
cylinders                               
#ah inches4   ,length of stroke         
#bb or #bd inches4   ,,driving-,,wheels4
  ,,rear ,,and ,,front ,,pairs ,,with   
,,flanged ,,tires #e-a_/b ,,inches      
,,wide4 ,,main ,,pair ,,with ,,plain    
,,tires #f ,,inches ,,wide4    ,diameter
 of drivers                             
#dh to #ed inches4   ,,truck4           
,,four-,,wheeled ,,centre-,,bearing     
,,truck1 ,,with ,,swing ,,bolster4      
,diameter of wheels                     
#bd to #bf inches4   ,,wheel-,,base4    
,total wheel-base                       
#bc ft4 #b-c_/d inches4   ,rigid        
7distance between centres of rear and   
front drivers7                          
#ab ft4 #h inches4   ,,tender4  ,,on    
,,two ,,four-,,wheeled ,,trucks4        
,capacity of tank                       

#bjjj gallons4   ,,weight ,,of ,,engine 
,,in ,,working ,,order4    ,on drivers  
#eh1jjj pounds4   ,on truck             
#ai1jjj                                 
------              ,total weight of    
engine1 about              #gg1jjj      
,,load4  ,,in ,,addition ,,to ,,engine  
,,and ,,tender4    ,on a level          
#adjj gross tons4        #bj ft4 grade  
#fde               #dj                  
#daj               #fj                  
#bij               #hj                  
#bbj              #ajj                  
#age            ,,addenda4   ,,hard     
,,and ,,soft ,,coal ,,burners  ,in the  
three classes of engines of ,division   
,,ii4 certain differences occur between 
hard and soft coal burners4 ,the print  
on page #fh illustrates the plan of the 
soft coal or wood burner4 ,in the hard  
coal burner the fire-box is made longer 
and shallower2 the rear drivers are     
brought farther forward1 and the three  
pairs of drivers are arranged so that   
the distance between centres of rear and

 main drivers is the same as the        
distance between centres of main and    
front drivers4 ,the point of suspension 
of the back part of the engine being    
thus brought forward1 a greater         
proportion of the total weight is       
carried on the drivers and rendered     
available for adhesion1 and the tractive
 power of the hard coal burner is       
accordingly somewhat greater than that  
of the soft coal engine4 ,the rigid     
wheel-base of the hard coal burner is   
also lessened from #ag to #bd inches by 
the same modification4   ,,curving4     
,all engines of this ,division are built
 with a swing-bolster truck4 ,the middle
 pair of drivers have tires without     
flanges4 ,the engine is accordingly     
guided on the rails by the truck and the
 flanges of the front driving-wheels1   
and is found to pass curves without     
difficulty4  ,if preferred1 however1 the
 front instead of the main pair of      
drivers can have the plain tires4 ,both 
methods are in use4   ,,straight ,,and  

,,wagon-,,top ,,boilers4  ,all the      
engines of this ,division are built with
 wagon-top boilers or with straight     
boilers and two domes1 as preferred4    
,where the latter form is made1 the     
throttle-valve is placed in the forward 
dome4 ,the wagon-top and straight       
boilers for the same class are so       
proportioned as to give equal steam     
space and the same number of flues in   
both forms of construction4             
,illustration3 ,locomotive4  ,,division 
,,iii4  ,,freight ,,or ,,pushing        
,,engines4--,,mogul ,,pattern4   ,,class
 #bg-a_/b ,d4  ,general ,design         
,illustrated by ,print on ,page #gd4    
,,cylinders4    ,diameter of cylinders  
#af inches4   ,length of stroke         
#bb or #bd inches4   ,,driving-,,wheels4
  ,,rear ,,and ,,front ,,pairs ,,with   
,,flanged ,,tires #e-a_/b ,,inches      
,,wide4 ,,main ,,pair ,,with ,,plain    
,,tires #f ,,inches ,,wide4    ,diameter
 of drivers                             
#dh to #ed inches4   ,,truck4  ,,one    

,,pair ,,of ,,leading ,,wheels1 ,,with  
,,swing ,,bolster ,,and ,,radius-,,bar1 
,,equalized ,,with ,,front ,,drivers4   
,diameter of wheels                     
#cj inches4   ,,wheel-,,base4    ,total 
wheel-base                              
#ba ft4 #d inches4   ,rigid             
7distance between centres of rear and   
front drivers7                          
#ad ft4   ,,tender4  ,,on ,,two         
,,four-,,wheeled ,,trucks4    ,capacity 
of tank                                 
#afjj gallons4   ,,weight ,,of ,,engine 
,,in ,,working ,,order4    ,on drivers  
#eg1jjj pounds4   ,on leading wheels    
#i1jjj                                  
------              ,total weight of    
engine1 about              #ff1jjj      
,,load4  ,,in ,,addition ,,to ,,engine  
,,and ,,tender4    ,on a level          
#adjj gross tons4        #bj ft4 grade  
#fee               #dj                  
#dae               #fj                  
#cjj               #hj                  
#bcj              #ajj                  

#ahj            ,,division ,,iii4       
,,freight ,,or ,,pushing                
,,engines--,,mogul ,,pattern4   ,,class 
#be-a_/b ,d4  ,general ,design          
,illustrated by ,print on ,page #gd4    
,,cylinders4    ,diameter of cylinders  
#ag inches4   ,length of stroke         
#bb or #bd inches4   ,,driving-,,wheels4
  ,,rear ,,and ,,front ,,pairs ,,with   
,,flanged ,,tires #e-a_/b ,,inches      
,,wide4 ,,main ,,pair ,,with ,,plain    
,,tires #f ,,inches ,,wide4    ,diameter
 of drivers                             
#dh to #ed inches4   ,,truck4  ,,one    
,,pair ,,of ,,leading ,,wheels1 ,,with  
,,swing ,,bolster ,,and ,,radius-,,bar1 
,,equalized ,,with ,,front ,,drivers4   
,diameter of wheels                     
#cj inches4   ,,wheel-,,base4    ,total 
wheel-base                              
#ba ft4 #aj inches4   ,rigid            
7distance between centres of rear and   
front drivers7                       #ad
 ft4 #f inches4   ,,tender4  ,,on ,,two 
,,four-,,wheeled ,,trucks4    ,capacity 

of tank                                 
#ahjj gallons4   ,,weight ,,of ,,engine 
,,in ,,working ,,order4    ,on drivers  
#fb1jjj pounds4   ,on leading wheels    
#i1jjj                                  
------              ,total weight of    
engine1 about              #ga1jjj      
,,load4  ,,in ,,addition ,,to ,,engine  
,,and ,,tender4    ,on a level          
#aejj gross tons4        #bj ft4 grade  
#fie               #dj                  
#dde               #fj                  
#cbj               #hj                  
#bde              #ajj                  
#aie            ,,division ,,iii4       
,,freight ,,or ,,pushing                
,,engines--,,mogul ,,pattern4   ,,class 
#cj ,d4  ,general ,design ,illustrated  
by ,print on ,page #gd4   ,,cylinders4  
,diameter of cylinders                  
#ah inches4   ,length of stroke         
#bb or #bd inches4   ,,driving-,,wheels4
  ,,rear ,,and ,,front ,,pairs ,,with   
,,flanged ,,tires #e-a_/b ,,inches      
,,wide4 ,,main ,,pair ,,with ,,plain    

,,tires #f ,,inches ,,wide4    ,diameter
 of drivers                             
#dh to #ed inches4   ,,truck4  ,,one    
,,pair ,,of ,,leading ,,wheels1 ,,with  
,,swing ,,bolster ,,and ,,radius-,,bar1 
,,equalized ,,with ,,front ,,drivers4   
,diameter of wheels                     
#cj inches4   ,,wheel-,,base4    ,total 
wheel-base                              
#bb ft4 #e inches4   ,rigid             
7distance between centres of rear and   
front drivers7                          
#ae ft4   ,,tender4  ,,on ,,two         
,,four-,,wheeled ,,trucks4    ,capacity 
of tank                                 
#bjjj gallons4   ,,weight ,,of ,,engine 
,,in ,,working ,,order4    ,on drivers  
#ff1jjj pounds4   ,on leading wheels    
#aj1jjj                                 
------              ,total weight of    
engine1 about              #gf1jjj      
,,load4  ,,in ,,addition ,,to ,,engine  
,,and ,,tender4    ,on a level          
#afjj gross tons4        #bj ft4 grade  
#gdj               #dj                  

#dgj               #fj                  
#cdj               #hj                  
#bfj              #ajj                  
#bje            ,,addenda4              
,,anthracite ,,coal ,,burners4  ,for    
anthracite coal1 a long and shallow     
fire-box is constructed1 and the back   
driving-wheels are placed at the same   
distance from the main pair as the      
latter are from the front drivers4 ,this
 reduces the rigid wheel-base to some   
extent1 but retains the same weight on  
drivers4   ,,curving4  ,the leading     
wheels having a swing bolster1 and the  
middle pair of drivers having no        
flanges1 the engine is guided by the    
truck and the front drivers1 and is     
found to pass short curves without      
difficulty4   ,,tractive ,,power4  ,it  
will be seen that in engines of this    
pattern nearly all the weight of the    
machine is utilized for adhesion1 only  
enough load being thrown on the leading 
wheels to steady the engine on the      
track4 ,the tractive power of these     

engines is accordingly greater in       
comparison with their total weight than 
that of either the eight-wheeled ,c or  
the ten-wheeled ,d patterns1 and they   
are1 therefore1 especially suited to    
working steep grades and hauling heavy  
loads at low speeds4   ,,straight ,,and 
,,wagon-,,top ,,boilers4  ,all the      
engines of this ,division are built with
 wagon-top boilers or with straight     
boilers and two domes1 as preferred4    
,where the latter form is made1 the     
throttle-valve is placed in the forward 
dome4 ,the wagon-top and straight       
boilers for the same class are so       
proportioned as to give equal steam     
space and the same number of flues in   
both forms of construction4             
,illustration3 ,locomotive4  ,,division 
,,iv4  ,,freight ,,or ,,pushing         
,,engines4--,,consolidation ,,pattern4  
,,class #cd ,e4  ,illustrated by ,print 
on ,page #hj4   ,,cylinders4            
,diameter of cylinders                  
#bj inches4   ,length of stroke         

#bd inches4   ,,driving-,,wheels4       
,,rear ,,and ,,second ,,pairs ,,with    
,,flanged ,,tires #e-a_/b ,,inches      
,,wide4 ,,front ,,and ,,main ,,pairs    
,,with ,,plain ,,tires #f ,,inches      
,,wide4    ,diameter of drivers         
#dh inches4   ,,truck4  ,,one ,,pair    
,,of ,,leading ,,wheels1 ,,with ,,swing 
,,bolster ,,and ,,radius-,,bar1         
,,equalized ,,with ,,front ,,drivers4   
,diameter of wheels                     
#cj inches4   ,,wheel-,,base4    ,total 
wheel-base                              
#ba ft4 #aj inches4   ,rigid            
7distance between rear and second pair  
of                drivers7              
#i ft4 #aj inches4   ,,tender4  ,,on    
,,two ,,four-,,wheeled ,,trucks4        
,capacity of tank                       
#bdjj gallons4   ,,weight ,,of ,,engine 
,,in ,,working ,,order4    ,on drivers  
#hg1jjj pounds4   ,on leading wheels    
#i1jjj                                  
------              ,total weight of    
engine1 about              #if1jjj      

,,load4  ,,in ,,addition ,,to ,,engine  
,,and ,,tender4    ,on a level          
#bjjj gross tons4       #bj ft4 grade   
#iij              #dj                   
#fce              #fj                   
#dfj              #hj                   
#cee             #ajj                   
#bhe            ,,addenda4   ,,general  
,,design4  ,the plan of this engine     
admits of either straight or wagon-top  
boiler1 and of the use1 with the proper 
form of grate1 of either anthracite or  
bituminous coal or of wood4             
,,wheel-,,base4  ,the arrangement of the
 wheels is such as to permit the engine 
to traverse curves with nearly as much  
facility as an engine of the ordinary   
type with only four drivers4 ,the       
leading wheels having a swing bolster1  
and the front and main drivers having no
 flanges1 the engine is guided on the   
rails by the leading wheels and by the  
flanges of the rear and second pairs of 
drivers4 ,it is1 therefore1 impossible  
for the wheels to bind on the rails4    

,engines of this class are run around   
curves of #djj feet radius and less4    
,,tractive ,,power4  ,the distribution  
of the total weight of the engine gives 
about twenty-two thousand pounds for    
each pair of drivers1--a weight no      
greater than is carried on each pair of 
drivers of the larger sizes of ordinary 
eight-wheeled ,c engines4 ,the single   
pair of leading wheels carries only nine
 thousand pounds4 ,this arrangement     
renders available for adhesion a total  
weight of #hg1jjj pounds4 ,one of these 
engines on a recent trial hauled one    
hundred and fifty gross tons of cars and
 load up a grade of one hundred and     
forty-five feet with sharp curves1 and  
two hundred and sixty-eight gross tons  
of cars and load up a grade of one      
hundred and sixteen feet to the mile4   
,the pressure in the first case was one 
hundred and ten pounds1 and the speed   
six minutes to the mile2 in the second  
case1 the pressure was one hundred and  
twenty pounds1 and the speed seven and  

one-half minutes to the mile4  ,these   
engines are especially adapted to the   
working of steep gradients or where     
heavy loads are to be moved4            
,illustration3 ,locomotive4  ,,division 
,v4  ,,switching ,,engines ,,with       
,,separate ,,tenders4   ,,class #h ,c4  
,general ,design ,illustrated by ,print 
on ,page #hd4   ,,cylinders4            
,diameter of cylinders                  
#i inches4   ,length of stroke          
#af      ,,driving-,,wheels4            
,diameter of drivers                    
#cf inches4   ,distance between centres 
#f feet4   ,,tender4  ,,on ,,four       
,,wheels1 #cj ,,inches ,,in ,,diameter4 
,capacity of tank                       
#gej gallons4   ,,weight ,,of ,,engine  
,,in ,,working ,,order4    ,total weight
 of engine1 about                       
#bb1jjj pounds4   ,,load4  ,,in         
,,addition ,,to ,,engine ,,and ,,tender4
    ,on a level                         
#ecj gross tons4        #bj ft4 grade   
#bde               #dj                  

#aee               #fj                  
#aaj               #hj                  
#he              #ajj                   
#gj            ,,division ,v4           
,,switching ,,engines ,,with ,,separate 
,,tenders4   ,,class #aj-a_/b ,c4       
,general ,design ,illustrated by ,print 
on ,page #hd4   ,,cylinders4            
,diameter of cylinders                  
#aa inches4   ,length of stroke         
#af      ,,driving-,,wheels4            
,diameter of drivers                    
#cf inches4   ,distance between centres 
#f feet4   ,,tender4  ,,on ,,four       
,,wheels1 #cj ,,inches ,,in ,,diameter4 
,capacity of tank                       
#gej gallons4   ,,weight ,,of ,,engine  
,,in ,,working ,,order4    ,total weight
 of engine1 about                       
#cd1jjj pounds4   ,,load4  ,,in         
,,addition ,,to ,,engine ,,and ,,tender4
    ,on a level                         
#hbe gross tons4       #bj ft4 grade    
#che              #dj                   
#bej              #fj                   

#ahj              #hj                   
#adj             #ajj                   
#aaj            ,illustration3          
,locomotive4  ,,division ,v4            
,,switching ,,engines ,,with ,,separate 
,,tenders4   ,,class #ab ,c4  ,general  
,design ,illustrated by ,print on ,page 
#hh4   ,,cylinders4    ,diameter of     
cylinders                               
#ab inches4   ,length of stroke         
#bb      ,,driving-,,wheels4            
,diameter of drivers                    
#dd inches4   ,distance between centres 
#g feet4   ,,tender4  ,,on ,,four1      
,,six1 ,,or ,,eight ,,wheels1 #cj       
,,inches ,,in ,,diameter4    ,capacity  
of tank                                 
#ijj to #adjj gallons4   ,,weight ,,of  
,,engine ,,in ,,working ,,order4        
,total weight of engine1 about          
#ch1jjj pounds4   ,,load4  ,,in         
,,addition ,,to ,,engine ,,and ,,tender4
    ,on a level                         
#ibe gross tons4       #bj ft4 grade    
#dce              #dj                   

#bhj              #fj                   
#bjj              #hj                   
#aee             #ajj                   
#abe            ,,division ,v4          
,,switching ,,engines ,,with ,,separate 
,,tenders4   ,,class #ad ,c4  ,general  
,design ,illustrated by ,print on ,page 
#hh4   ,,cylinders4    ,diameter of     
cylinders                               
#ad inches4   ,length of stroke         
#bb      ,,driving-,,wheels4            
,diameter of drivers                    
#dh inches4   ,distance between centres 
#g feet4   ,,tender4  ,,on ,,four1      
,,six1 ,,or ,,eight ,,wheels1 #cj       
,,inches ,,in ,,diameter4    ,capacity  
of tank                                 
#ijj to #adjj gallons4   ,,weight ,,of  
,,engine ,,in ,,working ,,order4        
,total weight of engine1 about          
#db1jjj pounds4   ,,load4  ,,in         
,,addition ,,to ,,engine ,,and ,,tender4
    ,on a level                         
#ajbj gross tons4       #bj ft4 grade   
#dhj              #dj                   

#cje              #fj                   
#bbe              #hj                   
#agj             #ajj                   
#ace            ,,division ,v4          
,,switching ,,engines ,,with ,,separate 
,,tenders4   ,,class #ah-a_/b ,c4       
,general ,design ,illustrated by ,print 
on ,page #hh4   ,,cylinders4            
,diameter of cylinders                  
#ae inches4   ,length of stroke         
#bb      ,,driving-,,wheels4            
,diameter of drivers                    
#dh to #ed inches4   ,distance between  
centres                                 
#g feet4   ,,tender4  ,,on ,,eight      
,,wheels1 #cj ,,inches ,,in ,,diameter4 
,capacity of tank                       
#afjj gallons4   ,,weight ,,of ,,engine 
,,in ,,working ,,order4    ,total weight
 of engine1 about                       
#di1jjj pounds4   ,,load4  ,,in         
,,addition ,,to ,,engine ,,and ,,tender4
    ,on a level                         
#abjj gross tons4       #bj ft4 grade   
#efj              #dj                   

#cfj              #fj                   
#bfj              #hj                   
#bjj             #ajj                   
#afj            ,,division ,v4          
,,switching ,,engines ,,with ,,separate 
,,tenders4   ,,class #ai-a_/b ,c4       
,general ,design ,illustrated by ,print 
on ,page #hh4   ,,cylinders4            
,diameter of cylinders                  
#af inches4   ,length of stroke         
#bb       ,,driving-,,wheels4           
,diameter of drivers                    
#dh to #ed inches4   ,,wheel-,,base4    
,total wheel-base                       
#g ft4 #f inches   ,rigid               
#g ft4 #f inches   ,,tender4  ,,on      
,,eight ,,wheels1 #cj ,,inches ,,in     
,,diameter4    ,capacity of tank        
#afjj gallons4   ,,weight ,,of ,,engine 
,,in ,,working ,,order4    ,total weight
 of engine1 about                       
#ef1jjj pounds4   ,,load4  ,,in         
,,addition ,,to ,,engine ,,and ,,tender4
    ,on a level                         
#acfj gross tons4       #bj ft4 grade   

#fdj              #dj                   
#daj              #fj                   
#cjj              #hj                   
#bcj             #ajj                   
#ahj            ,illustration3          
,locomotive4  ,,division ,v4            
,,switching ,,engines ,,with ,,separate 
,,tenders4   ,,class #aa-a_/b ,c        
,general ,design ,illustrated by ,print 
on ,page #id4   ,,cylinders4            
,diameter of cylinders                  
#aa inches4   ,length of stroke         
#af      ,,driving-,,wheels4            
,diameter of drivers                    
#cf inches4   ,,truck4  ,,two-,,wheeled1
 ,,with ,,swing ,,bolster ,,and         
,,radius-,,bar4    ,diameter of wheels  
#bd inches4   ,,wheel-,,base4    ,total 
wheel-base                              
#aa ft4 #c inches4   ,rigid             
#d ft4 #h inches4   ,,tender4  ,,on     
,,four ,,wheels1 #cj ,,inches ,,in      
,,diameter4    ,capacity of tank        
#gej gallons4   ,,weight ,,of ,,engine  
,,in ,,working ,,order4    ,on drivers  

#cj1jjj pounds4   ,on truck             
#e1jjj                                  
------   ,total weight of engine1 about 
#ce1jjj      ,,load4  ,,in ,,addition   
,,to ,,engine ,,and ,,tender4    ,on a  
level                                   
#gbe gross tons4       #bj ft4 grade    
#cce              #dj                   
#bae              #fj                   
#aee              #hj                   
#abj             #ajj                   
#ie            ,,division ,v4           
,,switching ,,engines ,,with ,,separate 
,,tenders4   ,,class #ad-a_/b ,c4       
,general ,design ,illustrated by ,print 
on ,page #id4   ,,cylinders4            
,diameter of cylinders                  
#ad inches4   ,length of stroke         
#bb      ,,driving-,,wheels4            
,diameter of drivers                    
#dh inches4   ,,truck4  ,,two-,,wheeled1
 ,,with ,,swing ,,bolster ,,and         
,,radius-,,bar4    ,diameter of wheels  
#bd inches4   ,,wheel-,,base4    ,total 
wheel-base                              

#ac ft4 #h-a_/b inches4   ,rigid        
#f ft4 #f inches4   ,,tender4  ,,on     
,,four ,,wheels1 ,,or ,,two             
,,four-,,wheeled ,,trucks4    ,capacity 
of tank                                 
#abjj to #afjj gallons4   ,,weight ,,of 
,,engine ,,in ,,working ,,order4    ,on 
drivers                                 
#ch1jjj pounds4   ,on truck             
#f1jjj                                  
------              ,total weight of    
engine1 about              #dd1jjj      
,,load4  ,,in ,,addition ,,to ,,engine  
,,and ,,tender4    ,on a level          
#hfe gross tons4       #bj ft4 grade    
#djj              #dj                   
#bee              #fj                   
#ahj              #hj                   
#adj             #ajj                   
#aaj            ,,division ,v4          
,,switching ,,engines ,,with ,,separate 
,,tenders4   ,,class #ae-a_/b ,c4       
,general ,design ,illustrated by ,print 
on ,page #id4   ,,cylinders4            
,diameter of cylinders                  

#ae inches4   ,length of stroke         
#bb      ,,driving-,,wheels4            
,diameter of drivers                    
#dh to #ed inches4   ,,truck4           
,,two-,,wheeled1 ,,with ,,swing         
,,bolster ,,and ,,radius-,,bar4         
,diameter of wheels                     
#bd inches4   ,,wheel-,,base4    ,total 
wheel-base                              
#ad ft4 #i inches4   ,rigid             
7distance between driving-wheel centres7
       #g ft4   ,,tender4  ,,on ,,two   
,,four-,,wheeled ,,trucks4    ,capacity 
of tank                                 
#afjj gallons4   ,,weight ,,of ,,engine 
,,in ,,working ,,order4    ,on drivers  
#dd1jjj pounds4   ,on truck             
#f1jjj                                  
------              ,total weight of    
engine1 about              #ej1jjj      
,,load4  ,,in ,,addition ,,to ,,engine  
,,and ,,tender4    ,on a level          
#ajfj gross tons4       #bj ft4 grade   
#die              #dj                   
#cae              #fj                   

#bcj              #hj                   
#agj             #ajj                   
#ace            ,illustration3          
,locomotive4  ,,division ,v4            
,,switching ,,engines ,,with ,,separate 
,,tenders4   ,,class #ba ,d4  ,general  
,design ,illustrated by ,print on ,page 
#ajj4   ,,cylinders4    ,diameter of    
cylinders                               
#ae inches4   ,length of stroke         
#bb      ,,driving-,,wheels4            
,diameter of drivers                    
#dd inches4   ,,wheel-,,base4    ,total 
wheel-base                              
#i ft4 #i inches4   ,rigid              
#i ft4 #i inches4   ,,tender4  ,,on     
,,two ,,four-,,wheeled ,,trucks4        
,capacity of tank                       
#afjj gallons4   ,,weight ,,of ,,engine 
,,in ,,working ,,order4    ,total weight
 of engine1 about                       
#eb1jjj pounds4   ,,load4  ,,in         
,,addition ,,to ,,engine ,,and ,,tender4
    ,on a level                         
#abfj gross tons4       #bj ft4 grade   

#eij              #dj                   
#cge              #fj                   
#bgj              #hj                   
#baj             #ajj                   
#afe            ,,division ,v4          
,,switching ,,engines ,,with ,,separate 
,,tenders4   ,,class #bg-a_/b ,d4       
,general ,design ,illustrated by ,print 
on ,page #ajj4   ,,cylinders4           
,diameter of cylinders                  
#af inches4   ,length of stroke         
#bb or #bd inches4   ,,driving-,,wheels4
    ,diameter of drivers                
#dd to #dh inches4   ,,wheel-,,base4    
,total wheel-base                       
#aj feet4   ,rigid                      
#aj      ,,tender4  ,,on ,,two          
,,four-,,wheeled ,,trucks4    ,capacity 
of tank                                 
#afjj gallons4   ,,weight ,,of ,,engine 
,,in ,,working ,,order4    ,total weight
 of engine1 about                       
#fj1jjj pounds4   ,,load4  ,,in         
,,addition ,,to ,,engine ,,and ,,tender4
    ,on a level                         

#adfj gross tons4       #bj ft4 grade   
#fhe              #dj                   
#ddj              #fj                   
#cbj              #hj                   
#bde             #ajj                   
#bjj            ,,division ,v4          
,,switching ,,engines ,,with ,,separate 
,,tenders4   ,,class #be-a_/b ,d4       
,general ,design ,illustrated by ,print 
on ,page #ajj4   ,,cylinders4           
,diameter of cylinders                  
#ag inches4   ,length of stroke         
#bb or #bd inches4   ,,driving-,,wheels4
    ,diameter of drivers                
#dh inches4   ,,wheel-,,base4    ,total 
wheel-base                              
#aj feet4   ,rigid                      
#aj     ,,tender4  ,,on ,,two           
,,four-,,wheeled ,,trucks4    ,capacity 
of tank                                 
#ahjj gallons4   ,,weight ,,of ,,engine 
,,in ,,working ,,order4    ,total weight
 of engine1 about                       
#ff1jjj pounds4   ,,load4  ,,in         
,,addition ,,to ,,engine ,,and ,,tender4

    ,on a level                         
#afjj gross tons4       #bj ft4 grade   
#gee              #dj                   
#dhe              #fj                   
#cej              #hj                   
#bgj             #ajj                   
#bae            ,illustration3          
,locomotive4  ,,division ,,vi4  ,,tank  
,,switching ,,engines4   ,,class #h ,c4 
,general ,design ,illustrated by ,print 
on ,page #ajf4   ,,cylinders4           
,diameter of cylinders                  
#i inches4   ,length of stroke          
#af      ,,driving-,,wheels4            
,diameter of drivers                    
#cf inches4   ,,wheel-,,base4    ,total 
wheel-base                              
#f ft4 #f inches4   ,rigid              
#f ft4 #f inches4   ,,tank4    ,capacity
                                        
#bej gallons4   ,,weight ,,of ,,engine  
,,in ,,working ,,order4    ,total weight
 of engine1 about                       
#be1jjj pounds4   ,,load4  ,,in         
,,addition ,,to ,,weight ,,of ,,engine4 

,on a level                             
#efe gross tons4       #bj ft4 grade    
#bfe              #dj                   
#agj              #fj                   
#abe              #hj                   
#ajj             #ajj                   
#hj            ,,division ,,vi4  ,,tank 
,,switching ,,engines4   ,,class        
#aj-a_/b ,c4  ,general ,design          
,illustrated by ,print on ,page #ajf4   
,,cylinders    ,diameter of cylinders   
#aa inches4   ,length of stroke         
#af      ,,driving-,,wheels4            
,diameter of drivers                    
#cf inches4   ,,wheel-,,base4    ,total 
wheel-base                              
#f ft4 #f inches4   ,rigid              
#f ft4 #f inches4   ,,tank4    ,capacity
                                        
#djj gallons4   ,,weight ,,of ,,engine  
,,in ,,working ,,order4    ,total weight
 of engine1 about                       
#ch1jjj pounds4   ,,load4  ,,in         
,,addition ,,to ,,weight ,,of ,,engine4 
,on a level                             

#hee gross tons4       #bj ft4 grade    
#dje              #dj                   
#bfe              #fj                   
#aie              #hj                   
#aej             #ajj                   
#abj            ,,division ,,vi4  ,,tank
 ,,switching ,,engines4   ,,class #ab   
,c4  ,general ,design ,illustrated by   
,print on ,page #ajf4   ,,cylinders4    
,diameter of cylinders                  
#ab inches4   ,length of stroke         
#bb      ,,driving-,,wheels4            
,diameter of drivers                    
#dd inches4   ,,wheel-,,base4    ,total 
wheel-base                              
#g feet4   ,rigid                       
#g     ,,tank4    ,capacity             
#ejj gallons4   ,,weight ,,of ,,engine  
,,in ,,working ,,order4    ,total weight
 of engine1 about                       
#dc1jjj pounds4   ,,load4  ,,in         
,,addition ,,to ,,weight ,,of ,,engine4 
,on a level                             
#ifj gross tons4       #bj ft4 grade    
#dee              #dj                   

#bie              #fj                   
#bae              #hj                   
#agj             #ajj                   
#ace            ,,division ,,vi4  ,,tank
 ,,switching ,,engines4   ,,class #ad   
,c4  ,general ,design ,illustrated by   
,print on ,page #ajf4   ,,cylinders4    
,diameter of cylinders                  
#ad inches4   ,length of stroke         
#bb       ,,driving-,,wheels4           
,diameter of drivers                    
#dh inches4   ,,wheel-,,base4    ,total 
wheel-base                              
#g feet4   ,rigid                       
#g      ,,tank4    ,capacity            
#fjj gallons4   ,,weight ,,of ,,engine  
,,in ,,working ,,order4    ,total weight
 of engine1 about                       
#di1jjj pounds4   ,,load4  ,,in         
,,addition ,,to ,,weight ,,of ,,engine4 
,on a level                             
#aajj gross tons4       #bj ft4 grade   
#ebe              #dj                   
#cdj              #fj                   
#bej              #hj                   

#aie             #ajj                   
#aee            ,,division ,,vi4  ,,tank
 ,,switching ,,engines4   ,,class       
#ah-a_/b ,c4  ,general ,design          
,illustrated by ,print on ,page #ajf4   
,,cylinders4    ,diameter of cylinders  
#ae inches4   ,length of stroke         
#bb      ,,driving-,,wheels4            
,diameter of drivers                    
#dh inches4   ,,wheel-,,base4    ,total 
wheel-base                              
#g feet4   ,rigid                       
#g      ,,tank4    ,capacity            
#gjj gallons4   ,,weight ,,of ,,engine  
,,in ,,working ,,order4    ,total weight
 of engine1 about                       
#ef1jjj pounds4   ,,load4  ,,in         
,,addition ,,to ,,weight ,,of ,,engine4 
,on a level                             
#abcj gross tons4       #bj ft4 grade   
#ehe              #dj                   
#chj              #fj                   
#bhj              #hj                   
#bae             #ajj                   
#age            ,illustration3          

,locomotive4  ,,division ,,vi4  ,,tank  
,,switching ,,engines4   ,,class        
#aa-a_/b ,c4  ,general ,design          
,illustrated by ,print on ,page #aad4   
,,cylinders4    ,diameter of cylinders  
#aa inches4   ,length of stroke         
#af       ,,driving-,,wheels4           
,diameter of drivers                    
#cf inches4   ,,truck4  ,,two-,,wheeled1
 ,,with ,,swing ,,bolster ,,and         
,,radius-,,bar4    ,diameter of wheels  
#bd inches4   ,,wheel-,,base4    ,total 
wheel-base                              
#aa ft4 #c inches4   ,rigid             
#d ft4 #h inches4   ,,tank4    ,capacity
                                        
#djj gallons4   ,,weight ,,of ,,engine  
,,in ,,working ,,order4    ,on drivers  
#ce1jjj pounds4   ,on truck             
#e1jjj                                  
------              ,total weight of    
engine1 about              #dj1jjj      
,,load4  ,,in ,,addition ,,to ,,weight  
,,of ,,engine4    ,on a level           
#ghe gross tons4       #bj ft4 grade    

#cgj               #dj                  
#bdj               #fj                  
#age               #hj                  
#ace              #ajj                  
#aaj             ,,division ,,vi4       
,,tank ,,switching ,,engines4   ,,class 
#ad-a_/b ,c4  ,general ,design          
,illustrated by ,print on ,page #aad4   
,,cylinders4    ,diameter of cylinders  
#ad inches4   ,length of stroke         
#bb      ,,driving-,,wheels4            
,diameter of drivers                    
#dh inches4   ,,truck4  ,,two-,,wheeled1
 ,,with ,,swing ,,bolster ,,and         
,,radius-,,bar4    ,diameter of wheels  
#bd inches4   ,,wheel-,,base4    ,total 
wheel-base                              
#ac ft4 #h-a_/b inches4   ,rigid        
#f ft4 #f inches4   ,,tank4    ,capacity
                                        
#fjj gallons4   ,,weight ,,of ,,engine  
,,in ,,working ,,order4    ,on drivers  
#dd1jjj pounds4   ,on truck             
#f1jjj                                  
------     ,total weight of engine1     

about                       #ej1jjj     
,,load4  ,,in ,,addition ,,to ,,weight  
,,of ,,engine4    ,on a level           
#ihj gross tons4       #bj ft4 grade    
#dfe              #dj                   
#cjj              #fj                   
#bbj              #hj                   
#agj             #ajj                   
#adj            ,,division ,,vi4  ,,tank
 ,,switching ,,engines4   ,,class       
#ae-a_/b ,c4  ,general ,design          
,illustrated by ,print on ,page #aad4   
,,cylinders4    ,diameter of cylinders  
#ae inches4   ,length of stroke         
#bb      ,,driving-,,wheels4            
,diameter of drivers                    
#dh to #ed inches4   ,,truck4           
,,two-,,wheeled1 ,,with ,,swing         
,,bolster ,,and ,,radius-,,bar4         
,diameter of wheels                     
#bd inches4   ,,wheel-,,base4    ,total 
wheel-base                              
#ad ft4 #g-a_/b inches4   ,rigid        
#g ft4   ,,tank4    ,capacity           
#gjj gallons4   ,,weight ,,of ,,engine  

,,in ,,working ,,order4    ,on drivers  
#ej1jjj pounds4   ,on truck             
#f1jjj                                  
------              ,total weight of    
engine1 about              #ef1jjj      
,,load4  ,,in ,,addition ,,to ,,weight  
,,of ,,engine4    ,on a level           
#aabj gross tons4       #bj ft4 grade   
#ece              #dj                   
#cde              #fj                   
#bee              #hj                   
#aie             #ajj                   
#afj            ,illustration3          
,locomotive4  ,,division ,,vi4  ,,tank  
,,switching ,,engines4   ,,class #ba ,d4
  ,general ,design ,illustrated by      
,print on ,page #abj4   ,,cylinders4    
,diameter of cylinders                  
#ae inches4   ,length of stroke         
#bb       ,,driving-,,wheels4           
,diameter of drivers                    
#dd inches4   ,,wheel-,,base4    ,total 
wheel-base                              
#i ft4 #i inches4   ,rigid              
#i ft4 #i inches4   ,,tank4    ,capacity

                                        
#gej gallons4   ,,weight ,,of ,,engine  
,,in ,,working ,,order4    ,total weight
 of engine1 about                       
#fj1jjj pounds4   ,,load4  ,,in         
,,addition ,,to ,,weight ,,of ,,engine4 
,on a level                             
#acge gross tons4       #bj ft4 grade   
#fej              #dj                   
#dbj              #fj                   
#caj              #hj                   
#bdj             #ajj                   
#aie            ,,division ,,vi4  ,,tank
 ,,switching ,,engines4   ,,class       
#bg-a_/b ,d4  ,general ,design          
,illustrated by ,print on ,page #abj4   
,,cylinders4    ,diameter of cylinders  
#af inches4   ,length of stroke         
#bb      ,,driving-,,wheels4            
,diameter of drivers                    
#dd to #dh inches4   ,,wheel-,,base4    
,total wheel-base                       
#aj feet4   ,rigid                      
#aj      ,,tank4    ,capacity           
#ijj gallons4   ,,weight ,,of ,,engine  

,,in ,,working ,,order4    ,total weight
 of engine1 about                       
#ff1jjj pounds4   ,,load4  ,,in         
,,addition ,,to ,,weight ,,of ,,engine4 
,on a level                             
#adgj gross tons4       #bj ft4 grade   
#gjj              #dj                   
#dee              #fj                   
#cce              #hj                   
#bfj             #ajj                   
#baj            ,illustration3          
,locomotive4  ,,division ,,vii4         
,,narrow-,,gauge ,,passenger ,,and      
,,freight ,,locomotives4   ,,class      
#h-a_/b ,c4  ,general ,design           
,illustrated by ,print on ,page #abd4   
,,cylinders4    ,diameter of cylinders  
#i inches4   ,length of stroke          
#af       ,,driving-,,wheels4           
,diameter of drivers                    
#cf to #dj inches4   ,,truck4           
,,two-,,wheeled1 ,,with ,,swing         
,,bolster ,,and ,,radius-,,bar4         
,diameter of wheels                     
#bd inches4   ,,wheel-,,base4    ,total 

wheel-base                              
#aa ft #aa-a_/b inches4   ,rigid        
#f ft4 #c inches4   ,,tender4  ,,on     
,,four ,,or ,,six ,,wheels4    ,capacity
 of tank                                
#ejj gallons4   ,,weight ,,of ,,engine  
,,in ,,working ,,order4    ,on drivers  
#bj1jjj pounds4   ,on truck             
#e1jjj                                  
------              ,total weight of    
engine1 about              #be1jjj      
,,load4  ,,in ,,addition ,,to ,,engine  
,,and ,,tender4    ,on a level          
#dhj gross tons4       #bj ft4 grade    
#bbe              #dj                   
#adj              #fj                   
#aje              #hj                   
#ge             #ajj                    
#fj         ,engines of this class can  
be adapted to a gauge of #c feet or     
upward4     ,,division ,,vii4           
,,narrow-,,gauge ,,passenger ,,and      
,,freight ,,locomotives4   ,,class      
#i-a_/b ,c4  ,general ,design           
,illustrated by ,print on ,page #abd4   

,,cylinders4    ,diameter of cylinders  
#aj inches4   ,length of stroke         
#af      ,,driving-,,wheels4            
,diameter of drivers                    
#cf to #dj inches4   ,,truck4           
,,two-,,wheeled-,,with ,,swing ,,bolster
 ,,and ,,radius-,,bar4    ,diameter of  
wheels                                  
#bd inches4   ,,wheel-,,base4    ,total 
wheel-base                              
#ab ft4 #d-a_/b inches4   ,rigid        
#f ft4 #f inches4   ,,tender4  ,,on     
,,four ,,or ,,six ,,wheels4    ,capacity
 of tank                                
#fjj gallons4   ,,weight ,,of ,,engine  
,,in ,,working ,,order4    ,on drivers  
#be1jjj pounds4   ,on pony truck        
#e1jjj                                  
------              ,total weight of    
engine1 about              #cj1jjj      
,,load4  ,,in ,,addition ,,to ,,engine  
,,and ,,tender4    ,on a level          
#fje gross tons4       #bj ft4 grade    
#bhe              #dj                   
#age              #fj                   

#abe              #hj                   
#ie             #ajj                    
#ge         ,engines of this class can  
be adapted to a gauge of #c feet or     
upward4     ,illustration3 ,locomotive4 
,,division ,,viii4  ,,narrow-,,gauge    
,,freight ,,locomotives4   ,,class #ab  
,d4  ,general ,design ,illustrated by   
,print on ,page #abh4   ,,cylinders4    
,diameter of cylinders                  
#aa inches4   ,length of stroke         
#af      ,,driving-,,wheels4            
,diameter of drivers                    
#cf inches4   ,,truck4  ,,two-,,wheeled1
 ,,with ,,swing ,,bolster ,,and         
,,radius-,,bar4    ,diameter of wheels  
#bd inches4   ,,wheel-,,base4    ,total 
wheel-base                              
#ad ft4 #c inches4   ,rigid             
#h ft4 #g inches4   ,,tender4  ,,on     
,,four ,,or ,,six ,,wheels4    ,capacity
 of tank                                
#gej gallons4   ,,weight ,,of ,,engine  
,,in ,,working ,,order4    ,on drivers  
#ca1jjj pounds4   ,on truck             

#d1jjj                                  
------              ,total weight of    
engine1 about              #ce1jjj      
,,load4  ,,in ,,addition ,,to ,,engine  
,,and ,,tender4    ,on a level          
#gcj gross tons4       #bj ft4 grade    
#cdj              #dj                   
#bbj              #fj                   
#afj              #hj                   
#abj             #ajj                   
#ajj         ,engines of this class can 
be adapted to a gauge of #c feet or     
upward4     ,,division ,,viii4          
,,narrow-,,gauge ,,freight              
,,locomotives4   ,,class #ad ,d4        
,general ,design ,illustrated by ,print 
on ,page #abh4   ,,cylinders4           
,diameter of cylinders                  
#ab inches4   ,length of stroke         
#af      ,,driving-,,wheels4            
,diameter of drivers                    
#cf to #dj inches4   ,,truck4           
,,two-,,wheeled1 ,,with ,,swing         
,,bolster ,,and ,,radius-,,bar4         
,diameter of wheels                     

#bd inches4   ,,wheel-,,base4    ,total 
wheel-base                              
#ae ft4 #d inches4   ,rigid             
#i ft4 #d inches4   ,,tender4  ,,on     
,,four ,,or ,,six ,,wheels4    ,capacity
 of tank                                
#ijj gallons4   ,,weight ,,of ,,engine  
,,in ,,working ,,order4    ,on drivers  
#cf1jjj pounds4   ,on truck             
#d1jjj                                  
------              ,total weight of    
engine1 about              #dj1jjj      
,,load4  ,,in ,,addition ,,to ,,engine  
,,and ,,tender4    ,on a level          
#hgj gross tons4       #bj ft4 grade    
#dje              #dj                   
#bee              #fj                   
#ahe              #hj                   
#adj             #ajj                   
#aaj         ,engines of this class can 
be adapted to a gauge of #c feet or     
upward4     ,,general ,,specification4  
,the following general specification of 
an ordinary freight or passenger        
locomotive is given to show principal   

features of construction4   ,,boiler4   
,of the best ,pennsylvania cold-blast   
charcoal iron1 three-eighths inch thick1
 or of best homogeneous cast-steel1     
five-sixteenths inch thick2 all         
horizontal seams and junction of waist  
and fire-box double-riveted4 ,boiler    
well and thoroughly stayed in all its   
parts1 provided with cleaning holes1    
etc4 ,extra welt-pieces riveted to      
inside of side-sheets1 providing double 
thickness of metal for studs of         
expansion braces4 ,iron sheets          
three-eighths inch thick riveted with   
three-fourths inch rivets1 placed two   
inches from centre to centre4 ,steel    
sheets five-sixteenths inch thick       
riveted with five-eighths inch rivets1  
placed one and seven-eighths inches from
 centre to centre4  ,,waist made        
straight1 with two domes1 steam being   
taken from the forward dome2 or with    
wagon-top and one dome4  ,,flues of     
iron1 lap-welded1 with copper ferrules  
on fire-box ends2 or of seamless drawn  

copper or brass4  ,,fire-,,box of best  
homogeneous cast-steel2 side- and       
back-sheets five-sixteenths inch thick2 
crown-sheet three-eighths inch thick2   
flue-sheet one-half inch thick4 ,water  
space three inches sides and back1 four 
inches front4 ,stay bolts seven-eighths 
inch diameter1 screwed and riveted to   
sheets1 and not over four and one-half  
inches from centre to centre4 ,crown    
bars made of two pieces of wrought-iron 
four and one-half inches by five-eighths
 inch1 set one and one-half inches above
 crown1 bearing on side-sheets1 placed  
not over four and one-half inches from  
centre to centre1 and secured by bolts  
fitted to taper hole in crown-sheet1    
with head on under side of bolt1 and nut
 on top bearing on crown bars4 ,crown   
stayed by braces to dome and outside    
shell of boiler4 ,fire-door opening     
formed by flanging and riveting together
 the inner and outer sheets4 ,blow-off  
cock in back or side of furnace operated
 from the footboard4  ,,grates of       

cast-iron1 plain or rocking1 for wood   
and soft coal2 and of water tubes1 for  
hard coal4  ,,ash-,,pan1 with double    
dampers1 operated from the footboard1   
for wood and soft coal2 and with hopper 
with slide in bottom1 for hard coal4    
,,smoke-,,stack of approved pattern     
suitable for the fuel4   ,,cylinders4   
,placed horizontally2 each cylinder cast
 in one piece with half-saddle2 right   
and left hand cylinders reversible and  
interchangeable2 accurately planed1     
fitted and bolted together in the most  
approved manner4 ,oil valves to         
cylinders placed in cab and connected to
 steam-chests by pipes running under    
jacket4 ,pipes proved to two hundred    
pounds pressure4   ,,pistons4  ,heads   
and followers of cast-iron1 fitted with 
two brass rings babbited4 ,piston-rods  
of cold-rolled iron1 fitted and keyed to
 pistons and crossheads4   ,,guides4    
,of steel1 or iron case-hardened1 fitted
 to guide-yoke extending across1 or     
secured to boiler and frames4   ,,valve 

,,motion4  ,most approved shifting link 
motion1 graduated to cut off equally at 
all points of the stroke4 ,links made of
 the best hammered iron well            
case-hardened4 ,sliding block four and  
one-half inches long1 with flanges seven
 inches long4 ,rock shafts of           
wrought-iron4 ,reverse shaft of         
wrought-iron1 made with arms forged on4 
,,throttle-,,valve4  ,balanced poppet   
throttle-valve of cast-iron1 with double
 seats in vertical arm of dry-pipe4     
,,driving-,,wheels4  ,,centres of       
cast-iron1 with hollow spokes and rims4 
,,tires of cast-steel1 shrunk on        
wheel-centres4 ,flanged tires five and  
one-half inches wide and two and        
three-eighths inches thick when         
finished4 ,plain tires six inches wide  
and two and three-eighths inches thick  
when finished4  ,,axles of hammered     
iron4  ,,wrist-,,pins of cast-steel1 or 
iron case-hardened4 ,,springs of best   
quality of cast-steel4                  
,,connecting-,,rods of best hammered    

iron1 furnished with all necessary      
straps1 keys1 and brasses1 well fitted  
and finished4 ,,equalizing ,,beams of   
most approved arrangement1 with steel   
bearings4 ,driving-boxes of cast-iron   
with brass bearings babbited4           
,,frames4  ,of hammered iron1 forged    
solid1 or with pedestals separate and   
bolted and keyed to place4 ,pedestals   
cased with cast-iron gibs and wedges to 
prevent wear by boxes4 ,braces bolted   
between pedestals1 or welded in4        
,,feed ,,water4  ,supplied by one       
injector and one pump1 or two brass     
pumps1 with valves and cages of best    
hard metal accurately fitted4 ,plunger  
of hollow iron4 ,cock in feed-pipe      
regulated from footboard4   ,,engine    
,,truck4  ,,square wrought-iron frame1  
with centre-bearing swing bolster4      
,,wheels of best spoke or plate pattern4
  ,,axles of best hammered iron1 with   
inside journals4  ,,springs of          
cast-steel1 connected by equalizing     
beams4   ,,house4  ,of good pattern1    

substantially built of hard wood1 fitted
 together with joint-bolts4 ,roof       
finished to carlines in strips of ash   
and walnut4 ,backboards with windows to 
raise and lower4   ,,pilot4  ,of wood or
 iron4   ,,furniture4  ,engine furnished
 with sand-box1 alarm and signal bells1 
whistle1 two safety-valves1 steam and   
water gauges1 heater and gauge cocks1   
oil-cans1 etc4 ,also a complete set of  
tools1 consisting of two jack-screws1   
pinch-bar1 monkey1 packing1 and flat    
wrenches1 hammer1 chisels1 etc4         
,,finish4  ,cylinders lagged with wood  
and cased with brass1 or iron painted4  
,heads of cast-iron polished1 or of     
cast-brass4  ,steam-chests with         
cast-iron tops2 bodies cased with brass1
 or iron painted4  ,domes lagged with   
wood1 with brass or iron casing on      
bodies1 and cast-iron top and bottom    
rings4  ,boiler lagged with wood and    
jacketed with ,russia iron secured by   
brass bands polished4   ,,general       
,,features ,,of ,,construction4  ,all   

principal parts of engine accurately    
fitted to gauges and thoroughly         
interchangeable4 ,all movable bolts and 
nuts and all wearing surfaces made of   
steel or iron case-hardened4 ,all       
wearing brasses made of ingot copper and
 tin1 alloyed in the proportion of seven
 parts of the former to one of the      
latter4 ,all bolts and threads to ,u4   
,s4 standard4   ,,tender4  ,on two      
four-wheeled trucks4 ,wheels of best    
plate pattern1 thirty inches in         
diameter4 ,truck frames of square       
wrought-iron with equalizers between    
springs1 or of bar-iron with wooden     
bolsters4 ,axles of best hammered iron4 
,oil-tight boxes with brass bearings4   
,tank put together with angle iron      
corners and strongly braced4 ,top and   
bottom plates of ,no4 #f iron2 side     
plates of ,no4 #h iron4 ,tender frame of
 wood or iron4   ,,painting4  ,engine   
and tender to be well painted and       
varnished4     ,transcriber's notes3    
,obvious printer's errors have been     

corrected1 all other inconsistencies are
 as in the original4 ,the author's      
spelling has been maintained4  ,v is    
used to mark square roots2 e4g43 ,v#f   
#a means the square root of #f  #a4