,,transcrib] ,,notes3 ,a lett] prec$$ by a c>et 77 indicate a sup]script 9 ! orig9al text4 ,additional transcrib] notes c be f\nd at ! end ( ?is project4 ,,old ,,flies ,,9 ,,new ,,dresses ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,i ,,natural ,,flies #a4 ,,ald]-,,fly4 ,sialis lut>ia1 ,l9n4 7,slightly enl>g$47 #b4 ,,cap]]4 ,halesus radiatus1 ,mc,lach4 #c4 ,,r$ ,,s$ge4 ,anabolia n]vosa1 ,/eph4 7,slightly enl>g$47 #d4 ,,wel%man',s ,,button4 ,s]ico/oma coll>e1 ,pict4 #e4 ,,c9namon-,,fly4 ,my/acides longicornis1 ,l9n4 #f4 ,,grannom4 ,bra*yc5trus subnubilus1 ,curt4 #g4 ,,will[-,,fly4 ,leuctra g5iculata1 ,/eph4 #h4 ,,blue-,,bottle4 ,calliphora ery?rocephala1 ,mg4 #i4 ,,gre5-,,bottle4 ,lucilia caes>1 ,l9n4 #aj4 ,,h\se-,,fly4 ,musca corv9a1 ,fab4 #aa4 ,,oak-,,fly4 ,leptis scolopacea1 ,l9n4 #ab4 ,,c[-,,dung-,,fly4 ,scatophaga /]cor>ia1 ,l9n4 #ac4 ,,haw?orn-,,fly4 ,bibio m>ci1 ,l9n4 #ad4 ,corixa ge(froyi4 #ae4 ,,fre%-,,wat] ,,%rimp4 ,gamm>us pulex4 ,swan ,electric ,engrav+ ,co4 ,,old ,,flies ,,9 ,,new ,,dresses ,,h[ ,,to ,,dress ,,dry ,,flies ,,) ,,! ,,w+s ,,9 ,,! ,,natural ,,position ,,& ,,"s ,,new ,,wet ,,flies ,,by ,,*>les ,,edw>d ,,walk] ,,illu/rat$ ,,by ,,! ,,au?or ,,& ,,edw>d ,,wilson ,illu/ration ,,london3 ,,lawr5ce ,,& ,,bull51 ,,ltd4 #af ,,h5rietta ,,/reet1 ,,cov5t ,,g>d5 ,,mdcccxcviii ,,ri*>d ,,clay ,,& ,,sons1 ,,limit$1 ,,london ,,& ,,bungay4 ,,preface ,9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is little "w ,i d n wi% my read] to suppose t ,i claim to be ! fir/ :o has dealt ) any p>ticul> imitation 9 ! mann] he w f9d t ,i h dealt ) x4 ,9 ! case ( p>ticul> flies1 o!rs h frequ5tly obs]v$ t ! imitations g5]ally us$ 7 inaccurate4 ,! imitation ( ! ,ald]-fly has p]haps be5 mo/ treat$ 9 ?is way1 b x is n alone4 ,"o in/ance1 h[ev]1 ( inaccuracies 9 imitations ( natural flies hav+ be5 obs]v$1 w ,i hope n be trespass+ too mu* ^u my read]'s pati5ce4 ,bla9e1 9 8 ,encyclopa$ia ( ,rural ,sports publi%$ 9 #ahdj1 says :5 speak+ ( ! ,c[-dung fly3--,by "s extraord9>y mi/ake ,b[lk] describes ?is fly z hav+ upright w+s2 & z _m ( ! ,london fly-mak]s dress _! flies by 8 directions1 we ne$ n wond] t !y are (t5 b\ght ) _! w+s unnaturally gl>+ outw>ds4 ,:at ,i h tri$ to d1 is to "w out & br+ d[n to a def9ite rule ! position 9 :i* ! w+s ( ! imitations ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( flies %\ld be plac$4 ,my read] !re=e mu/ n hope 9 ?is fir/ "p to meet ) _m imitations ( creatures t h n be5 imitat$ be=e2 b if he f9ds t ! mann] 9 :i* ! flies are dealt ) z a :ole is any /ep =w>d1 be x ev] s small1 ,i %all be satisfi$ 9 hav+ atta9$ ! object at :i* ,i aim4 ,my read] may be surpris$ at ! ord] 9 :i* ,i h arrang$ ! v>i\s flies2 b x 0 necess>y1 or at any rate v mu* m conv5i5t1 to arrange !m 9 ! way ,i h1 z entomological accuracy ( arrangem5t 9 a "w on fi%+ mu/ n be ! fir/ consid]ation ( ! au?or4 ,t ! w+s ( ! ,ald] & ! ,caddis flies are 9 practically ! same position 9 relation to _! bodies1 0 my reason = plac+ ! descriptions ( ^! flies next ea* o!r1 & ?is in/ance is suffici5t to sugge/ to ^? ( my read]s :o are entomologi/s1 reasons = ! o!r cases 9 :i* ,i h n plac$ ! descriptions ( ! v>i\s flies 9 _! correct sequ5ce4 ,a disclaim] mu/ also be my preface to ! second "p ( my "w1 = ,i "k t ,i am f> f be+ ! fir/ 9 ?9k+ t ! wet fly ( ! fi%]man is n tak5 by ! fi% = ! natural fly x is suppos$ to repres5t4 ,"h my hope is t my read] w f9d a def9ite !ory :i* is suffici5tly plausible to int]e/ him1 at lea/ = ! mom5t4 ,i h to ackn[l$ge ! k9d assi/ance ( ,dr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,buckma/]1 ,lectur] on ,physiology at ,/4 ,george's ,hospital1 ( ,mr4 ,erne/ ,e4 ,au/51 ( ! ,briti% ,museum 7,natural ,hi/ory71 & ( sev]al o!r g5tlem54 ,i mu/ also ?ank ! ,editor ( ,l& & ,wat] = all[+ me to republi% an article 9 ! fir/ "p ( my book1 & ! ,editor ( ,! ,field = a simil> p]mission ) reg>d to c]ta9 articles :i* appe> 9 ! second "p4 ,mrs4 ,j4 ,r4 ,ri*>dson1 ( ,k+/on-on-,?ames1 has also giv5 me "s h9ts z to improvem5ts 9 ! dress+ ( "s ( ! flies describ$4 ,,*>les ,,walk]4 ,,cont5ts ,,"p ,i ,,dry ,,flies ,,*apt] ,i ,,page ,,introductory #c ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,col\r ,,p]ception ,,9 ,,fi% #ad ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,h[ ,,to ,,dress ,,flies ,,) ,,! ,,w+s ,,9 ,,! ,,natural ,,position #bi ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,ald]-,,fly #da ,,*apt] ,v ,,caddis-,,flies #de ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,p]lidae #ed ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,dipt]a #eh ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,w+$ ,,ants #gb ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,cat]pill>s #gf ,,"p ,,ii ,,wet ,,flies ,,*apt] ,i ,a ,,!ory #hg ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,corixae #if ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,fre%-,,wat] ,,%rimp #ajg ,,l>vae ,,( ,,wat]-,,insects #aac ,,"s ,,h9ts ,,on ,,dry ,,fly-,,fi%+ #aae ,,old ,,flies ,,9 ,,new ,,dresses ,,"p ,i ,,dry ,,flies ,,*apt] ,i ,introductory ,?\gh x w\ld n be true to say t hi!rto writ]s on fly-dress+ h %[n any lack ( p[] ( obs]vation1 /ill x is un=tunately true t _! en]gy seems1 /rangely en\gh1 to h /opp$ %ort at obs]v+ ! natural fly1 & has n be5 suffici5t to c>ry !m on to mak+ ev5 passable imitations1 except ( ,ephem]idae4 ,) ! exception ( ?is family ( flies1 no "o c\ld possibly recognise ! artificial ?r\gh kn[+ ! natural fly :i* x is suppos$ to repres5t4 ,yet ! fi%]man :o kn[s ! natural fly well by sight w g on us+ ^! imitations ye> aft] ye> unque/ion+ly2 & ?\gh he himself w\ld c]ta9ly n h kn[n1 unless he _h be5 told1 :at natural fly ! imitation he is us+ is meant to repres5t1 he expects ! tr\t to d s at once4 ,!re has be5 mu* discussion rec5tly z to :e!r tr\t h ! p[] ( discrim9at+ betwe5 diff]5t col\rs1 b no "o has ev] ca/ a d\bt on _! p[] ( discrim9at+ betwe5 diff]5t %apes2 yet 9 mo/ ( ^! imitations x is n ! col\r t is wrong1 b ! %ape4 ,! w+s ( a fly und\bt$ly play a mo/ important "p 9 =m+ ! outl9e1 & consequ5tly ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! fly4 ,!re=e1 if !y are n put 9 ! natural position1 ! :ole cont\r ( ! imitation mu/ be entirely diff]5t f t ( ! natural fly4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 judg+ by ! /&>d works on ! subject1 t !re is practically b "o recognis$ position = ! w+s ( ! artificial fly1 z ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! position ( divid$ w+s & w+s dress$ flat toge!r is1 aft] all1 b slight4 ,no "o seems yet to h realis$ ! fact t ! w+s ( a ,may-fly d n lie 9 ! same relative position to ! body z d ^? ( ! ,blue-bottle1 :il/ 9 ! case ( ! ,ald] !re is a fur!r m>k$ di/9ction f bo?4 ,! w+s1 9 ! diff]5t families ( flies ^u :i* tr\t & grayl+ fe$1 lie :5 at re/ 9 ?ree di/9ct positions 9 relation to _! bodies4 ,9 ! ,ephem]idae !y lie 9 planes approa*+ ! v]tical1 slightly div]g+ f ea* o!r t[>ds _! extremities4 ,fig4 #a gives a sket* ( "o ( ! ,ephem]idae1 & ,fig4 #b a transv]se section ?r\gh ! l9e alpha beta ( ,fig4 #a4 ,^! draw+s %[ ! relation ( ! w+s to ! body4 ,all flies h s f> be5 treat$ by writ]s on fly-dress+ z ?\gh _! w+s 7 9 ?is position4 ,9 ! ,caddis-flies 7,tri*opt]a7 & ! ,ald]-fly 7,sialis lut>ia7 ! w+s lie on ea* side ( ! body1 meet+ at _! upp] edges 9 front1 gradually div]g+ t[>ds _! l[] edges & po/]ior extremities4 ,fig4 #c gives a sket* ( an ,ald]1 & ,fig4 #d a transv]se section ?r\gh ! fly1 %[+ ! position ( ! w+s4 ,9 ! ,dipt]a 7,blue-bottle1 ,c[-dung1 c471 & ,p]lidae 7,/one-fly1 ,yell[ ,sally1 c471 ! w+s lie 9 a horizontal plane4 ,9 "s ,dipt]a ! w+s div]ge f ea* o!r t[>ds _! extremities1 z 9 ! ,blue-bottle1 %[n 9 ,figs4 #e & #f4 ,9 "s o!r ,dipt]a & 9 ! ,p]lidae1 ! w+s lie ov] ea* o!r1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #g & #h4 ,x w be se5 t ! w+s 9 bo? ^! cases lie 9 a horizontal plane4 ,9 ,figs4 #b1 #d1 #f & #h beta repres5ts ! section ( ! body1 alpha & gamma ! section ( ! w+s4 ,i wi% x to be ?or\ghly und]/ood t ^! positions are ! positions ( ! w+s ( ! natural fly :5 at re/4 ,_m flies :5 !y fall on ! wat] buzz r\nd 9 circles p]iodically1 app>5tly ) ! object ( dis5gag+ !mselves f ! surface4 ,betwe5 ^! ef=ts1 h[ev]1 _! w+s g5]ally assume ! normal position ( re/4 ,! only way to imitate ! fly :5 x is buzz+ is by dress+ x )\t w+s1 & ) extra hackle2 & ?is is1 aft] all1 b a poor imitation4 ,9 mo/ cases x is bett] to imitate ! w+s at re/2 & if ?is is done accurately1 x w pres5t to ! tr\t an accurate imitation ( ! natural fly z x appe>s to him :5 n try+ to raise itself f ! wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,fig4 #d4 ,,fig4 #e4 ,,fig4 #f4 ,,fig4 #g4 ,,fig4 #h4 ,sket*es & diagrams %[+ ! relative positions ( ! w+s to ! body 9 ! v>i\s natural flies4 ,figs4 #b1 #d1 #f & #h %[ sections ?r\gh alphabeta 9 ,figs4 #a1 #c1 #e & #g4 ,9 ,figs4 #b1 #d1 #f & #h alpha ant]ior w+s2 beta body2 gamma po/]ior w+s4 ,i h on _m occasions wat*$ ! behavi\r ( an ,ald] :5 x has fall5 on ! wat]4 ,at fir/ x moves its w+s rapidly1 b soon /ops1 to beg9 aga91 h[ev]1 :5 x has re/$4 ,?is is repeat$ "t aft] "t1 b aft] ea* succe$+ /ruggle1 ! int]val ( re/ becomes long]4 ,9 _m cases1 h[ev]1 ! fly h>dly /ruggles at all4 ,9 obs]v+ _m o!r flies :i* _h fall5 on ! wat]1 ,i h se5 ! same sequ5ce ( ev5ts occur1 ?\gh "s flies /ruggle to raise !mselves f ! surface mu* m ?an o!rs1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,blue-bottle4 ,! fir/ trial t ,i made ( a fly dress$ ) ! w+s 9 ! natural position 0 ) an ,ald]4 ,to make ?is trial complete1 ,i pur*as$ "s ,ald]s1 dress$ accord+ to ! mo/ approv$ patt]ns1 f ?ree well-kn[n firms ( tackle mak]s4 ,:5 ,i got to ! wat]-side ! tr\t 7 ris+ freely1 & ! banks 7 lit]ally sw>m+ ) ,ald]s4 ,i saw a tr\t take "o :i* _h fall5 on ! wat]1 s x 0 evid5t t ! ,ald] 0 ! fly to use4 ,i began ) ! flies ,i _h pur*as$1 & ca/ ov] a tr\t :i* 0 ris+ "u a tree4 ,he w\ld n look at x1 & ! same happ5$ ) ! flies ( ! o!r two mak]s :5 ,i ca/ ov] two o!r tr\t4 ,i !n tri$ "o ( my own1 & got a fi% at once4 ,he did n take x 9 a half-he>t$ mann]1 b 0 hook$ "r 9 ! back ( ! tongue4 ,i !n tri$ ! o!r flies aga9 )\t success4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ,i w5t back to my own fly ,i hook$ ! fir/ fi% ,i ca/ ov]4 ,imitations ( o!r flies made ) ! w+s 9 ! natural position h s]v$ me z well z did my imitation ( ! ,ald]1 ?\gh ,i 0 n incl9$ to try ! ord9>y patt]ns s freely on e occasion z ,i 0 at ! fir/ trial4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 sev]al times caught a ris+ fi% on "o ( my imitations :5 he _h refus$ ! ord9>y imitation n two m9utes be=e4 ,my read] w ( c\rse ?9k t ^! exp]im5ts1 be+ c>ri$ out by myself1 are h>dly a conclusive pro( ( my !ory1 z1 h[ev] imp>tial ,i might wi% & believe myself to be1 ,i mu/ be naturally bias$ 9 my own fav\r4 ,i q realise t ?is is a natural d\bt1 b =tunately o!rs besides myself h tri$ my flies4 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,a% put !m to an ev5 m sev]e te/ ?an ,i did myself1 & has k9dly p]mitt$ me to give 8 exp]i5ce4 ,i give an extract f a lett] writt5 by him & publi%$ 9 ,l& & ,wat] on ,octob] #bcrd1 #ahig1 z ,i ?9k x is a v p]t95t te/imonial to ! practical success ( my !ory4 ,i put up a ca/ ( ?ree ,ald]s1 two be+ ! %op-ti$ patt]ns :i* ,i usually us$1 & ! ?ird1 :i* ,i put on z a fir/ dropp]1 be+ ,mr4 ,walk]'s4 ,i l&$ eight tr\t 9 ab\t an h\r & a half1 & ea* ( ^? fi% took ,mr4 ,walk]'s fly4 ,n[1 al?\gh ,i us$ ?ree flies1 ,i 0 fi%+ up /ream & dry1 my object be+ to te/ ! new mode ( ty+ ! ,ald]1 & ,i f\nd t :ile ! fi% rose boldly at ! fir/ dropp]1 n "o took any notice ( ! o!r flies4 ,colonel ,walk] also _h mu* great] success ) flies dress$ ) ! w+s 9 ! natural position ?an ) any o!rs4 ,9 fact1 = sev]al consecutive days1 on diff]5t occasions he caught no fi% except ) my flies1 ?\gh he did n use !m m ?an flies dress$ 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,sev]al o!r fi%]m5 h told me t _! exp]im5ts ) my imitations h produc$ simil> results4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,h4 ,br[n1 ( ! ,piscatorial ,society1 aft] ,i _h read a pap] to t ,society on my !ory ( ! "r way to dress tr\t flies1 describ$ a v int]e/+ exp]i5ce :i* he _h "o day :5 out fi%+1 & :i* be>s directly on ?is !ory4 ,:ile out fi%+ "s "t ago1 he re/$ on a bridge ov] ! riv] 9 :i* he 0 fi%+4 ,!re 7 a great numb] ( ,ald]s ab\t1 & on obs]v+ "s fi% 9 ! wat] "s little di/ance bel[ ! bridge1 he caught "s ,ald]s1 p9*$ _! heads slightly 9 ord] to ei!r kill !m outright or at any rate /op !m /ruggl+1 & ?rew !m on ! wat]4 ,he 0 9 su* a position t he c\ld obs]ve ea* fly individually until x ei!r float$ pa/ or 0 tak5 by ! fi%4 ,:at he obs]v$ 01 t :5 9 kill+ ! fly he _h di/urb$ ! natural position ( ! w+s1 n "o ( ! fi% w\ld look at x2 :ile1 if ! w+s rema9$ 9 ! normal position ( re/1 ! fly 0 always tak54 ,?is occurr$ "t aft] "t1 & n once 0 ! fly ) ! w+s 9 an unnatural position tak51 b1 on ! o!r h&1 n a s+le fly ) its w+s 9 ! natural position ( re/ 0 all[$ to pass4 ,he also obs]v$ t once or twice ! fi% came up to look at a fly ^: w+s _h be5 dis>rang$1 b on gett+ close to x !y always drew back4 ,?is is1 ,i ?9k1 an extremely /rong argum5t 9 fav\r ( my !ory4 ,i d n propose 9 ?is "w to deal ) ,ephem]idae1 z ! w+s 9 ! imitations n[ sold are 9 ! natural position4 ,! families ,i d propose deal+ ) are ! ,sialidae1 ,tri*opt]a1 ,dipt]a1 & ,p]lidae1 z no "o has yet1 to my k1 describ$ ! position 9 :i* ! w+s ( ! imitations ( ^! flies %\ld be put4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,col\r ,,p]ception ,,9 ,,fi% 7,rewritt5 f ,l& & ,wat]1 ,novemb] #f1 #ahig7 ,_m int]e/+ problems con/antly come be=e ! fi%]man1 b c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ :i* has rec5tly attract$ 8 att5tion is ,sir ,h]b]t ,maxwell's !ory on ! p[] ( fi% to discrim9ate betwe5 v>i\s col\rs4 ,8 !ory is1 t ?\gh fi% c und\bt$ly discrim9ate betwe5 diff]5t %ades ( light & d>k1 !y _c di/+ui% "o col\r f ano!r4 ,! only conclusion t c be drawn f ?is !ory is ! conclusion at :i* ,sir ,h]b]t ,maxwell has app>5tly arriv$4 ,?is is1 t if ! same relations ( light & %ade be ma9ta9$ 9 ! artificial :i* exi/ 9 ! natural fly1 ! col\r ( ! imitation is q immat]ial4 ,! facts ^u :i* he bas$ ?is !ory 7 7#a7 t dur+ ! ,may-fly season he us$ sev]al artificial ,may-flies1 "s ( :i* 7 col\r$ sc>let1 "s bright blue1 & "s col\r$ to imitate ! natural fly1 all ( !m be+ simil>ly graduat$ ) reg>d to ! %ade ( _! v>i\s compon5t p>ts2 7#b7 t he caught tr\t ) all ^! flies1 no p>ticul> "o ( !m be+ decid$ly m successful ?an ! o!rs4 ,?is exp]i5ce ( 8 no d\bt w\ld at fir/ /rike "o z be+ v /rongly 9 fav\r ( 8 !ory2 b on go+ deeply into ! matt]1 its be>+ on ! fi%'s p[]s ( vision is n s great z x appe>s4 ,to beg9 )1 we mu/ consid] :e!r1 judg+ f exp]i5ce 9 ! pa/1 tr\t h be5 kn[n to rise at ?+s on ! wat] :i* 7 n only unlike 9 col\r to any flies on ! wat]1 b also unlike !m 9 %ape & gradations ( %ade4 ,?is we "k !y w sometimes d4 ,i h on sev]al occasions se5 a tr\t :i* refus$ a fairly accurate imitation ( ! flies :i* 7 on ! wat] rise at & take bel[ ! surface a swan's fea!r4 ,!re are also _m o!r mu* m extraord9>y b simil> cases on record4 ,?us1 ! fact t ^! tr\t took an abnormally col\r$ fly is n a conclusive pro( t !y mi/ook x = ! natural fly1 p>ticul>ly z ?is exp]im5t 0 made dur+ ! ,may-fly season1 :5 ! tr\t sometimes appe> to be q mad1 b are at any rate always mu* less %y ?an at any o!r "t ( ! ye>4 ,! exp]im5t1 too1 0 made ^u a private wat]1 & ,i ?9k t !re is great d\bt t ! same result w\ld h occurr$ _h x be5 made ^u a well-fi%$ wat] :]e ! tr\t 7 m %y & bett] educat$4 ,we mu/ !n consid] :e!r1 9 :at we "k ( ! natural hi/ory ( fi%1 !re are any facts :i* po9t t[>ds ! probability ( _! be+ able to discrim9ate betwe5 diff]5t col\rs4 ,"h we f9d t !re are cases 9 :i* 9 c]ta9 species ! males are m brilliantly col\r$ ?an ! females1 ei!r at ! spawn+ season or always4 ,?is is probably a process 9 evolution :i* t5ds to make !m m attractive to ! female4 ,we also "k t fi% sometimes assume a col\r simil> to _! surr\nd+s4 ,?is col\r is1 no d\bt1 evolv$ = _! protection f enemies1 & surely a v l>ge proportion ( ^! enemies are o!r & l>g] fi%4 ,_m ( ! l>vae ( wat] insects & o!r creatures ^u :i* fi% fe$ are also col\r$ accord+ to _! surr\nd+s1 9 ord] to facilitate _! concealm5t4 ,^! facts w\ld naturally lead u to come to a conclusion oppos$ to t ( ,sir ,h]b]t ,maxwell1 z ! probabilities all po9t t[>ds ! p[] ( fi% to disc]n v>i\s col\rs4 ,ano!r v important po9t is ! /ructure ( ! fi%'s eye 9 comp>ison ) t ( man1 :o we "k has ! p[] ( discrim9at+ betwe5 col\rs4 ,?is p[] is1 9 ! human eye1 probably situat$ 9 ! lay] ( rods & cones ( ! ret9a4 ,_h ! fi%'s ret9a n conta9$ ?is lay]1 z is /at$ by ,sir ,h]b]t ,maxwell1 !re w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 mo/ excell5t gr\nds = suppos+ t 8 !ory 0 true2 b ?is lay] is conta9$ 9 ! fi%'s eye1 ?\gh x is n ! same z 9 man4 ,if ! fi%'s eye did n conta9 x1 fi% w\ld h be5 totally bl9d4 ,h[ f> ?is diff]5ce 9 ! ret9a ( ! fi% be>s on its s5se ( col\r is1 at pres5t1 a moot po9t1 ?\gh ,i believe rese>*es are be+ made 9 ?is direction4 ,at pres5t1 our k is too limit$ ) reg>d to x = any def9ite /atem5t to be made4 ,! probability is1 t fi% h ! p[] ( di/+ui%+ col\r f col\r4 ,a probability1 h[ev]1 is n a c]ta9ty1 ?\gh "o is m incl9$ t[>ds x ?an t[>ds an improbability4 ,ev5 %\ld ,sir ,h]b]t ,maxwell's !ory prove true1 9 spite ( probabilities to ! contr>y1 ,i d n see t we %\ld h progress$ v mu* fur!r ) reg>d to facilities 9 imitat+ ! natural fly4 ,we "k t ! relative values ( light & %ade 9 v>i\s col\rs contigu\s to ea* o!r1 is n actually ! same z ! impression convey$ to our eyes4 ,we h an example ( ?is always ) u 9 ! photograph1 :]e r$ & blue1 9 relation to ea* o!r1 c]ta9ly d n produce ! same effects on ! plate z !y d on ! eye2 & z we h no accurate k z to ! effect ( contigu\s col\rs ^u a normally mono*romatic eye1 we c\ld h>dly be c]ta9 ( produc+ an accurate mono*romatic imitation ( a multi-col\r$ object1 :i* w\ld deceive t eye4 ,! case ( a col\r-bl9d human be+ is c]ta9ly n a normal case1 s ! %ade value ( ! v>i\s col\rs to ?is eye c\ld h>dly be tak5 z a safe /&>d4 ,ev5 if we assum$ t all ^! difficulties _h be5 surm\nt$1 & t ! exact relative %ade values to ?is mono*romatic eye ( e col\r 7 e/imat$1 ,i ?9k t !re c be no d\bt t x w\ld be easi] to imitate ! col\rs1 ) ! v>i\s %ades 9 ^! col\rs1 ?an to calculate out ! relative %ade values ( ! diff]5t col\rs1 9 "o p>ticul> col\r1 & t ! result ( ! =m] & easi]1 w\ld be mu* m likely to be accurate ?an ! latt] & m difficult attempt4 ,besides ?is1 possibly1 z ! eyes ( "s families ( fi% are m highly develop$ ?an ^? ( o!rs1 ! relative %ade values ( col\r might be diff]5t to ! diff]5t families1 s t if we elim9ate col\rs f our lures1 we mu/ h diff]5t %ad+ = diff]5t fi%4 ,hav+ consid]$ all ^! ?+s c>efully1 ,i h come to ! conclusion t x w be mu* saf] & easi] to keep on us+ col\rs 9 our imitations1 ev5 if we d pres5t ^! imitations to a mono*romatic eye4 99 99 99 99 99 ,s9ce writ+ ! above article1 ,i h be5 able to collect "s fur!r in=mation ) reg>d to ! probable p[] ( ! tr\t's eye to discrim9ate betwe5 col\rs4 ,^! rese>*es1 ?\gh ,i h n yet _h "t to c>ry !m z f> z ,i _h hop$1 h l$ me to believe m firmly ?an ev] t ,i am "r 9 recomm5d+ ! use ( col\rs 9 our imitation flies4 ,i h prep>$ "s sections ( ! ret9a ( ! tr\t1 & exam9$ !m c>efully 9 comp>ison ) ! ret9ae ( sev]al o!r fi%4 ,a %ort acc\nt ( :at is kn[n at pres5t ( col\r-vision is1 ,i ?9k1 advisable to make my mean+ cle> to ^? ( my read]s :o may n be suffici5tly well v]s$ 9 ?is p>ticul> subject4 ,! s5sation ( an individual col\r is produc$ by rays ( light ( a p>ticul> wave-l5g? fall+ ^u ! ret9a4 ,a s5sation ( :ite is produc$ by rays conta9+ all ! wave-l5g?s :i* are able to affect x4 ,:51 on look+ at an object1 we f9d t nei!r a col\r nor :ite s5sation is produc$1 ?is s5sation is call$ black4 ,! :ite s5sation may be mix$ ) ! s5sation ( any col\r ( ! spectrum1 z also may ! s5sation ( black1 & :5 ^! two are mix$ !y produce a s5sation ( grey4 ,"s col\rs ( ! spectrum are probably produc$ by a mixture ( v>i\s wave-l5g?s ( diff]5t prim>y col\rs1 & _m col\rs 9 nature d n exi/ 9 ! spectrum4 ,! ^w tone expresses v>iations ( wave-l5g?s )9 a nam$ col\r1 & brightness is us$ to indicate ! int5sity ( ! s5sation produc$ ^u ! ret9a4 ,! enorm\s difficulty ( work+ out into a mono*rome ! %ade-values ( a collection ( col\rs1 ) sev]al tones & %ades ( brightness 9 ea* ( ! v>i\sly col\r$ p>ts ( ! object we wi% to imitate1 c be imag9$ on consid]+ ^! facts only2 b !re are m facts :i* lead me to believe t to d ?is is n only difficult1 b impossible4 ,two !ories h be5 prop\nd$ to expla9 ! s5sation ( col\r produc$ ^u ! ret9a4 ,! ,"y-,helmholtz !ory tea*es t !re are ?ree prim>y s5sations--r$1 gre51 & violet4 ,o!r col\rs are a mixture ( ^! s5sations2 :ite is produc$ :5 all ?ree s5sations are excit$ toge!r1 & black is an abs5ce ( s5sation4 ,h]+'s !ory is t !re are six prim>y s5sations arrang$ 9 ?ree pairs--:ite & black1 r$ & gre51 & yell[ & blue4 ,he assumes ! exi/5ce ( ?ree visual sub/ances :i* und]go metabolic *anges :5 subject$ to ! action ( light4 ,^! are ! r$-gre51 ! yell[-blue1 & ! :ite-black sub/ances4 ,! :ite-black sub/ance is influ5c$ by all ! rays ( ! spectrum1 :ile ! r$-gre5 & yell[-blue sub/ances are diff]5tly influ5c$ by rays ( diff]5t wave-l5g?s4 ,:5 all ! rays toge!r fall ^u ! ret9a1 no metabolism takes place 9 ! r$-gre5 & yell[-blue sub/ances1 b only ! :ite-black sub/ance is affect$4 ,?us ! :ite-black sub/ance is ! mo/ active4 ,any discussion z to ! relative value ( ^! !ories w\ld 9 ?is "w be out ( place & unnecess>y4 ,! ord9>y =m ( col\r-bl9dness 9 human be+s is ! inability to discrim9ate betwe5 r$ & gre54 ,?is %[s t ! visual p[] ( ^! p is di*romatic & n tri*romatic1 z _! p[] is limit$ to two col\rs1 or pairs ( col\rs1 & does n ext5d to ?ree4 ,! individuals :o belong to ?is class ( ! col\r-bl9d may be divid$ into two sub-classes--^? :o are r$-bl9d & ^? :o are gre5-bl9d4 ,^? :o are r$-bl9d d n see ! r$ end ( ! spectrum1 & ! blue-gre5 appe>s grey1 ?\gh !y h di/9ct col\r vision ( ! p>ts ( ! spectrum on ei!r side ( ! blue-gre54 ,9 mat*+ r$ ) a gre51 !y put a bright r$ ) a d>k gre54 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? :o are gre5-bl9d see ! r$ end ( ! spectrum1 :ile ! gre5 appe>s to !m z grey4 ,9 mat*+ a r$ ) a gre5 !y put a d>k r$ ) a bright gre54 ,no absolutely und\bt$ cases ( blue-yell[ bl9dness h be5 record$1 & only "o ( absolute col\r-bl9dness2 b "o case is n suffici5t to g ^u4 ,accord+ to ! ,"y-,helmholtz !ory1 a case 9 :i* only %ades ( black & :ite 7 visible w\ld be impossible1 z x w\ld n be %ades ( black & :ite :i* w\ld be se51 b %ades ( ei!r r$1 gre5 or blue4 ,accord+ to ,h]+'s !ory1 ( c\rse1 absolute col\r-bl9dness w\ld be possible4 ,9 ! normal human eye1 only ! c5tral p>ts ( ! ret9a are s5sitive to col\r1 ! p]iph]al p>ts are practically col\r-bl9d4 ,anaemia ( ! ret9a1 :i* may be produc$ by pressure on ! eye-ball1 w r5d] ! ret9a1 fir/ col\r-bl9d & !n ins5sitive to light4 ,to me x appe>s t col\rs 9 relation to ea* o!r assume a grey tone1 & ! s5sation ( black & :ite disappe>s la/4 ,! great diff]5ce :i* ,i h be5 able to obs]ve betwe5 ! human ret9a & ! ret9a ( ! tr\t is1 t :ile ! human ret9a conta9s a lay] ( rods & cones1 ! ret9a ( ! tr\t only conta9s cones1 or if x does conta9 rods1 conta9s v few1 z ,i h n f\nd any z yet4 ,!re exi/s also at ! back ( ! ret9a ( ! tr\t a tapetum1 :i* ext5ds ov] almo/ ! :ole ( its po/]ior surface4 ,?is does n exi/ 9 ! human eye1 b is f\nd 9 ! eyes ( "s ( ! v]tebrates4 ,x consi/s ( a lay] ( guan9 cry/als1 &1 pres5t+ z x does a metallic appe>ance1 & hav+ great p[] ( reflect+ light1 probably plays an important "p 9 ! visual p[] ( ! tr\t1 p>ticul>ly1 ,i %\ld ?9k1 9 a dim light4 ,! fact t ! rods are abs5t f ! tr\t's ret9a does n be> ! important significance t "o w\ld imag9e on fir/ realis+ x4 ,! fovea c5tralis ( ! human ret9a is ! seat ( mo/ acute vision1 & 9 ! fovea c5tralis !re are no rods4 ,! cones 9 ! ret9a ( ! tr\t are v closely arrang$1 s t !y are practically 9 contact ) ea* o!r1 & _! out] limbs are r long] & f9] ?an 9 ! case ( man4 ,?is lay] ( cones ext5ds to ! p]iph]y ( ! ret9a1 & ! cones are j z closely arrang$ z f> z !y ext5d4 ,^! facts %\ld lead u to believe t ! vision ( ! tr\t is probably extremely acute1 9 fact1 z we f9d 9 ! ret9a ( ! tr\t1 no mat]ial diff]5ce f ! fovea c5tralis ( ! human ret9a1 we h no reason to suppose t ! visual p[]s ( ! :ole ( ! ret9a ( ! tr\t1 %\ld diff] 9 any way f ! visual p[]s possess$ by ! fovea c5tralis1 ! seat ( mo/ acute vision bo? z to col\r & light 9 ! human ret9a4 ,! ret9ae ( o!r fi%es :i* ,i h exam9$ 7none ( !m 7 ,salmonidae7 conta9$ only cones2 b ^! cones 7 "s di/ance f ea* o!r4 ,! lay] ( pigm5t epi!lium :i* is pres5t 9 ! human eye1 is pres5t also 9 t ( ! tr\t4 ,x occupies ! same position betwe5 ! lay] ( rods & cones1 or cones only1 & ! *oroid4 ,z 9 ! human eye1 x adh]es sometimes to ! *oroid & sometimes to ! ret9a1 :5 ! ret9a is remov$1 ?\gh p]haps x mo/ (t5 adh]es to ! ret9a4 ,my space is too limit$ to ent] into any ( ! !ories z to ! possibility ( ! pigm5t cells play+ a "p 9 col\r vision4 ,x is q suffici5t to /ate t !y und\bt$ly d play "s "p 9 our s5se ( sight1 & t !y are conta9$ 9 ! eye ( ! tr\t4 ,! ret9a ( a col\r-bl9d p]son does n %[ any organic diff]5ce f ! normal eye1 s we _c say to :at cause col\r-bl9dness is due2 b s f> z our k goes1 !re is no reason to suppose t ! tr\t is normally col\r-bl9d4 ,z ,mi*ael ,fo/] s ably put x1 ,no man c tell :at are ! s5sations ( 8 fell[-man1 /ill less ,i ?9k c man say :at are ! s5sations ( a tr\t4 ,all we c d ) reg>d to ?is "q ( col\r vision1 is to f9d out all ! facts we c relat+ to x1 & work+ on comp>isons1 arrive1 n at conclusions1 b at probabilities4 ,! only ?+ ( :i* ,i am sure is t we %all f9d x safe & comp>atively easy to imitate flies 9 col\rs1 b to make a mono*romatic imitation ( "o1 :i* w\ld accurately repres5t x to a normally mono*romatic eye 7ab\t :i* we "k no?+71 9 a m$ium ( :i* we "k v little1 is practically impossible4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,h[ ,,to ,,dress ,,flies ,,) ,,! ,,w+s ,,9 ,,! ,,natural ,,position ,! g5]ally accept$ me?od ( dress+ a tr\t fly is to put on ! w+s fir/4 ,?is is p]haps ! be/ plan :5 mak+ an imitation ( "o ( ! ,ephem]idae1 b x is impossible to put ! body on aft] ! w+s1 if ! w+s are plac$ 9 ! natural position 9 ! case ( any fly n belong+ to ?is family4 ,! hackle mu/ also be put on be=e ! w+s1 s x w be se5 t putt+ on ! w+s is ! la/ op]ation 9 dress+ "o ( ^! imitations4 ,i h nev] myself us$ a vice 9 fly-dress+1 & ?9k t x is a great advantage to be able to dress a fly )\t us+ "o4 ,any "o :o c dress flies well )\t a vice w be able to dress !m ev5 bett] ) a vice1 & w be able to dress flies at all sorts ( odd times & places :]e a vice c\ld n be us$2 :ile he :o has nev] dress$ flies )\t us+ "o1 w f9d t ! imitations he produces are any?+ b neat1 :5 he fir/ tries to make !m )\t 8 vice4 ,ald] & ,caddis ,flies4 ,^! flies1 z ,i h already expla9$1 h _! w+s 9 ! position %[n 9 ,figs4 #c & #d4 ,give a few turns ( ! ty+ silk r\nd ! %ank ( ! hook1 beg9n+ ne> ! eye & leav+ en\gh room to put on ! hackle & w+s4 ,c>ry x d[n ! %ank 9 ! ,ald]1 go+ j beyond ! b5d1 & 9 ! ,caddis-flies g5]ally /opp+ well %ort ( x1 s t ! body may be p]fectly /raight4 ,! mat]ial = ! body & ! t9sel1 if us$1 %\ld n[ be ti$ 94 ,i f9d x be/ to tie ! t9sel 9 fir/1 n /raight out f ! hook1 b diagonally1 z1 if put on 9 ?is way x lies mu* smoo!r 9 ! fir/ turn ?an if ti$ 9 q /raight4 ,if ! body is to be made ( wool or hair1 ! ty+ silk %\ld be wax$ aga9 at ! "p ne>e/ ! hook = ab\t two or ?ree in*es1 & ! mat]ial spun on x4 ,:5 ,i began fly-dress+ ,i f\nd ?is sp9n+ on ( ! dubb+ a great /umbl+-block4 ,9 all ! books ,i h read ! directions on ?is po9t are simply1 ,sp9 ! 'dubb+' on ! ty+ silk1 & ,i _h n ! lea/ idea h[ ?is %\ld be done4 ,z o!rs :o wi% to make _! own flies may also f9d ?is a difficulty1 ,i w try to expla9 ! me?od :i* ,i h f\nd ! easie/4 ,if ,b]l9 wool is us$1 a piece %\ld be brok5 (f & ! /r&s sep>at$ f ea* o!r4 ,! /r&s %\ld !n be laid toge!r & pull$ into %ort pieces until ! :ole is 9 "o mass4 ,?is %\ld !n be teaz$ up ) ! nails ( ! ?umbs & fir/ f+]s until x is ( an ev5 consi/5cy4 ,a small portion ( ?is %\ld !n be tak5 to make ! body ( ea* fly4 ,?is %\ld be teaz$ up aga91 & made to tap] gradually to a po9t at "o end1 & appli$ to ! ty+ silk ) ! tap] end t[>ds ! hook1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #i4 ,all dubb+ %\ld be teaz$ up & appli$ 9 ?is way4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,! wool mu/ n[ be tak5 betwe5 ! ?umb & fir/ f+] ( ! "r h&1 & twi/$ r\nd ! ty+ silk by rubb+ ! ?umb & f+] toge!r4 ,! dubb+ is n[ spun on1 & %\ld cov] f ab\t a qu>t] to ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* ( ! ty+ silk1 accord+ to ! size ( ! hook4 ,x %\ld be w\nd r\nd ! %ank to ! head1 leav+ a small portion ( ! %ank b>e at ! head = ! hackle & w+s4 ,! t9sel or wire is !n w\nd r\nd 9 a spiral to ! head1 ti$1 & ! surplus cut (f4 ,! hackle %\ld n[ be appli$4 ,! longe/ fibres ( ! hackle mu/ be ( ! same l5g? z ! hook4 ,cle> (f ! flue ) ! nails ( ! ?umb & fir/ f+]1 & !n hold+ ! tip ( ! hackle 9 ! left draw d[n its fibres by press+ ! hackle betwe5 ! ?umb & fir/ f+] ( ! "r h& & draw+ !m d[nw>ds4 ,! hackle w n[ appe> z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj4 ,take ! tip ( ! hackle ?us prep>$ betwe5 ! nails ( ! ?umb & fir/ f+] ( ! left h&1 & ! butt ( ! hackle 9 ! hackle pli]s1 s t ! back or dull surface ( ! hackle faces t[>ds y4 ,n[1 hold+ ! hackle pli]s 9 ! palm ( ! "r h& ) ! ?ird & f\r? f+]s1 put ! fir/ & second f+]s beh9d ! hackle1 & by /rok+ !m d[n ) ! ?umb make ! fibres ( ! hackle :i* po9t upw>ds po9t d[n 9 ! same direction z ! l[] r[4 ,! hackle w n[ appe> z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,tie ! po9t ( ! hackle 9 at ! head z 9 ,fig4 #ab1 cut (f project+ po9t1 & w9d x on ) ! pli]s 9 close turns t[>ds ! head4 ,?ree or f\r turns w be f\nd ample z a rule4 ,tie 9 ! end ) ! ty+ silk & cut (f ! "p :i* rema9s ov]4 ,n[ draw d[n ! fibres ( ! hackle :i* project upw>ds1 cutt+ (f ^? :i* w n /ay d[n4 ,! fly %\ld n[ appe> z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,! w+s %\ld be tak5 f correspond+ quill fea!rs f opposite w+s ( ! bird4 ,^! are split up ! middle ) scissors1 & a piece f ! side ) ! longe/ fibres tak54 ,! piece ( quill atta*$ mu/ n[ be cut at regul> int]vals1 & ea* piece betwe5 ^! cuts w s]ve z a w+ 7see ,fig4 #ae74 ,take two ( ^! pieces1 "o f ea* fea!r1 & place !m toge!r1 ) _! concave surfaces t[>d ea* o!r4 ,place !m1 "o on ea* side ( ! hook1 ) _! l[] m>g9s a trifle l[] ?an ! body ( ! fly1 tie !m 9 at ! head1 cut (f ! project+ "p ) ! quill1 & f9i% (f ! head4 ,! head %\ld n[ be v>ni%$1 tak+ c>e to cle> ! eye ( ! hook1 & ! fly w appe> z %[n 9 ! illu/rations ( imitation ,ald] & ,caddis-flies4 ,!re is ano!r way ( prep>+ w+s :i* is mu* bett]1 z x makes ! ends ( ! w+s r\nd1 ?\gh x is m difficult4 ,?is 0 fir/ %[n me by ,mrs4 ,ri*>dson ( ,k+/on-on-,?ames4 ,! fea!r is tak5 & ! l[] "p ( ! fibres /ripp$ (f1 till a "p is come to suitable = mak+ a w+4 ,a portion ( fibres suffici5t = mak+ a w+ is !n sep>at$ f ! fibres above & b5t c>efully d[nw>ds4 ,if ! fibres are /rok$ v g5tly betwe5 ! ?umb & fir/ f+]1 !y w arrange !mselves1 s t _! ends pres5t a r\nd$ edge in/ead ( a po9t4 ,?is portion ( fibres is !n grasp$ firmly betwe5 ! ?umb & fir/ f+] ne> ! quill1 & deta*$ !refrom by pull+ x sm>tly d[nw>ds4 ,! o!r w+ is prep>$ 9 a simil> mann] f a fea!r ( ! opposite w+ ( ! bird4 ,dipt]a & ,p]lidae4 ,9 imitations ( ,dipt]a & ,p]lidae ! body & hackle are put on 9 ! same way1 except t ! hackle %\ld be all[$ to project sideways z well z d[nw>ds2 = z ! w+s are horizontal 9 ^! flies1 ! fibres :i* project sideways w n int]f]e ) ! position ( ! w+s1 z !y w\ld d 9 ! ,ald] & ,caddis flies4 ,! body & hackle1 :5 put on1 %\ld !re=e appe> z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ad4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,! w+s ( ^! flies are p]haps ! mo/ difficult ( any to put on4 ,to put on w+s :i* div]ge f ea* o!r z 9 ! ,blue-bottle1 two portions ( ! quill fea!rs f opposite sides1 prep>$ z describ$ = ! ,ald] & ,caddis flies1 %\ld be laid ^u ea* o!r1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #af4 ,! hook %\ld !n be tak5 9 ! left h&1 & held by ! b5d betwe5 ! fir/ & second f+]s1 ) ! head po9t+ t[>ds ! "r4 ,! w+s are !n laid flat on ! body ) ! "r h&1 & held !re firmly ) ! left ?umb4 ,! w+s are n[ ti$ 91 ! quill & "p ( ! fibres atta*$ cut (f close1 & ! head f9i%$ (f4 ,! illu/ration ( ! imitation ,blue-bottle1 etc41 %[s its appe>ance :5 f9i%$4 ,^? ,dipt]a ^: w+s lie1 :5 at re/1 "o ov] ! o!r 7z 9 ! case ( ! ,c[-dung71 my read] w see t ,i h repres5t$ 9 my imitations1 ) _! w+s spread to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,?is is because ,i h se5 t1 9 ! natural fly1 :5 x falls on ! wat]1 ! w+s are mo/ (t5 9 ?is position4 ,9 ,p]lidae1 ^: w+s lie "o ov] ! o!r1 ! w+s %\ld be put 9 ! position !y occupy 9 ! natural fly1 in/ead ( across ea* o!r1 & ! fly w appe> :5 f9i%$ l ! illu/ration ( ! imitation ,yell[-,sally4 ,! dress+s :i* ,i h f\nd mo/ successful w be describ$ ) ea* fly4 ,x w be notic$ t ,i h put t9sel on _m ( ! flies :i* h be5 dress$ hi!rto )\t4 ,my reason = us+ x s freely is because ?is is ! only way to produce a peculi> effect :i* is se5 9 c]ta9 flies :5 view$ f "u ! surface ( ! wat]2 & z ?is is h[ !y mu/ appe> to ! tr\t1 x is be/ to imitate ?is effect z ne>ly z possible4 ,! bodies ( _m flies are cov]$ ) %ort hairs4 ,:5 ^! flies fall on ! wat]1 an air bubble adh]es to ^! hairs1 &1 se5 f bel[ ! surface1 produce a brilliant metallic effect1 ) ! col\r ( ! body %[+ ?r\gh 9 places4 ,ribb+ ! body ( ! imitation ) t9sel reproduces ?is effect accurately4 ,! appe>ance ( ! natural fly on ! wat]1 :5 se5 f bel[1 may be obs]v$ by plac+ a small mirror at ! bottom ( a l>ge b[l full ( wat]4 ,i h us$ "o ( ^? small r\nd mirrors :i* 7 s5t ab\t "s "t ago z an adv]tisem5t = some?+1 ,i =get :at4 ,if ! fly be plac$ on ! surface ( ! wat] ov] ?is mirror1 its reflection w %[ :at ! fly looks l to ! tr\t4 ,ano!r1 & p]haps a bett]1 way to obs]ve ! appe>ance ( ! fly f bel[ ! surface is to put x on ! wat] 9 a l>ge glass aqu>ium4 ,x c !n be obs]v$ by look+ up at x ?r\gh "o ( ! sides ( ! aqu>ium4 ,x is bett] to use t9sel 9 dress+ ^! flies ?an wire1 z wire does n reproduce ! metallic effect ( ! air bubble on ! body ( ! natural fly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii ,,artificial ,,flies ,drawn f flies ti$ by ,mrs4 ,j4 ,r4 ,ri*>dson1 ( ,k+/on-on-,?ames 7dress$ f ! ,au?or's models74 #a1 #b4 ,,blue-,,bottle4 #c1 #d4 ,,gre5-,,bottle4 #e1 #f4 ,,h\se-,,fly 7slightly enl>g$74 #g1 #h4 ,,curse 7,,black74 #i1 #aj4 ,,curse 7,,dun74 #aa4 ,,curse 7,,badg]74 #ab4 ,,black ,,gnat4 #ac1 #ad4 ,,yell[ ,,sally4 #ae1 #af1 #ag4 ,,will[-,,fly4 #ah4 ,,ald]-,,fly4 #ai4 ,,oak-,,fly4 #bj1 #ba4 ,,c[-,,dung-,,fly4 #bb4 ,,haw?orn-,,fly4 ,swan ,electric ,engrav+ ,co4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,! ,ald]-fly 7,sialis lut>ia1 ,l9n474 ,! ,ald] is a fly :i* hi!rto has tak5 a position 9 ! dry-fly fi%]man's e/imation v mu* inf]ior to t :i* is its due4 ,almo/ e writ] on ! subject says t x is b r>ely f\nd on ! wat]4 ,x is naturally n f\nd !re s (t5 z ! flies :i* are hat*$ out 9 ! wat]1 b ,i h not)/&+ frequ5tly se5 !m on ! wat] 9 fair numb]s4 ,! proportion ( ,ald]s :i* get on ! wat] is probably v small if comp>$ ) ^? :i* d n2 b z ! fly is 9 "s places extremely num]\s1 ev5 ?is small proportion becomes 9 ^? places a l>ge numb]4 ,a practical pro( t !y d frequ5tly fall on ! wat] is ! avidity ) :i* ! tr\t fe$ ^u !m1 & ,i h almo/ always f\nd !m 9 ! /oma*s ( tr\t :5 !y h be5 num]\s at ! wat]-side4 ,i h also (t5 dropp$ a natural ,ald] on ! wat] & se5 x tak5 by a tr\t4 ,_m w probably ?9k t ,i h mi/ak5 "o ( ! ,caddis-flies = ! ,ald]1 b ,i c assure !m t ?is is n ! case4 ,i h always1 ) reg>d to ! ,ald] especially1 made a v c>eful exam9ation ( ! flies at ! wat]-side1 &1 z e "o kn[s1 ev5 a cursory exam9ation ( ! fly ) a magnify+-glass puts an end to all d\bt z to its be+ an ,ald] or ,caddis-fly1 ev5 if ! k ( entomology possess$ by him :o exam9es is b small4 ,! peculi> hump-%ape ( ! w+s :5 at re/ also makes an ,ald] easily recognisable4 ,i believe t ! great reason t ! imitation ,ald] is n s successful z x %\ld be1 is because ! w+s are g5]ally put 9 an absolutely impossible position4 ,?is is n ! fault ( ! fly-dress]s1 z all writ]s on ! subject h put ! w+s 9 ?is position1 a position into :i* !y c\ld n get 9 ! natural fly )\t ! int]v5tion ( ext]nal viol5ce4 ,i h1 9 obs]v+ ?is fly :5 x has fall5 on ! wat]1 se5 its w+s 9 ! position ( re/ z (t5 z n4 ,9 fact ! only o!r condition 9 :i* ,i h se5 x1 is :5 x has be5 buzz+ viol5tly1 app>5tly ) ! object ( rais+ itself f ! surface4 ,( c\rse ! easie/1 & 9 fact ! only possible position 9 :i* ! w+s c be accurately imitat$1 is ! position ( re/4 ,ano!r mi/ake 9 ! imitations usually sold1 is 9 ! mat]ials us$ 9 ! dress+4 ,! body is made v fat1 ) peacock h]le2 :ile 9 ! natural fly x is decid$ly ?91 & ( a d>k br[n col\r4 ,! w+s are made ( br[n speckl$ h5's quill fea!rs or bu/>d1 :i* are ( a v mu* ri*] br[n ?an ! w+ ( ! natural fly1 & la/ly ! hackle is mu* too pr(use & goes all ov] ! fly4 ,! foll[+ dress+ ( ! ,ald] ,i h f\nd to be mo/ successful1 bo? 9 my h&s & 9 ^? ( o!r fi%]m54 ,body4 ,v d>k br[n floss silk1 c>ri$ well on to ! b5d ( ! hook1 & !re made a trifle ?ick]4 ,i h at times f\nd x v successful :5 ribb$ ) n>r[ gold t9sel 7#jj size74 ,if ! body be cov]$ ) ?9 india-rubb]1 x w be f\nd to give ! fly a mo/ effective appe>ance4 ,hackle4 ,?ree or f\r turns ( a black cock's hackle1 put on z describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,w+s4 ,f quill fea!rs ( woodcock's w+s tak5 f opposite sides4 ,! woodcock's fea!rs h a some:at %9y appe>ance2 & z !y are also ! ne>e/ 9 col\r to ! g5]al col\r ( ! ,ald]'s w+s1 ,i ?9k !y are ! v be/ fea!rs to use4 ,i h describ$ ! position 9 :i* to put ! w+s 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,hook4 ,no4 #b--d1 new size4 7,plates ,i4 & ,,ii4 %[ ! natural ,ald] & ! imitation z x %\ld appe> :5 f9i%$47 ,,*apt] ,v ,,caddis-,,flies 7,tri*opt]a74 ,e fi%]man kn[s ! ,caddis-worm1 :i* is ! l>val =m ( ! ,caddis-fly4 ,z ! numb] ( diff]5t species ( ,tri*opt]a is v l>ge1 !re are _m diff]5t sorts ( ,caddis-worms4 ,"s ( ^! make cases :i* !y fix to rocks2 mo/ ( !m h[ev] h cases :i* !y drag ab\t ) !m1 & retire into x :5 any dang] approa*es4 ,^! cases v>y mu* 9 %ape & ! mat]ials ( :i* !y are made4 ,"s species are h[ev]1 z a rule to be f\nd 9 almo/ e wat]4 ,!y are extremely int]e/+ to wat*1 ?\gh1 if !y are accid5tally introduc$ into a hat*+ tr\gh conta9+ tr\t ova1 !y w de/roy ! eggs4 ,caddis worms are tak5 freely by tr\t1 & ,i h frequ5tly f\nd !m1 conta9$ 9 _! cases1 9 ! /oma*s ( tr\t4 ,! ,caddis or ,s$ge flies1 z ,i h po9t$ out1 are a v num]\s family1 & mo/ ( !m are tak5 v readily by ! tr\t4 ,^! flies1 :5 on ! wat]1 g5]ally h _! w+s 9 ! position ( re/4 ,not)/&+ ?is fact1 ! w+s ( ! imitation ,s$ges are always put 9 an upright position1 :ile ! position ( ! w+s at re/ 9 ! natural flies is practically ! same z 9 ! case ( ! ,ald]1 ?\gh ! l[] edges ( ! w+s d n1 z a rule1 come q s l[ 9 relation to _! bodies4 ,,! ,,grannom 7,bra*yc5trus subnubilus1 ,curt474 ,?is fly is extremely num]\s on _m ( ! /reams 9 ! ,s\?1 & is s well kn[n to ! fi%]man t a description is almo/ ne$less4 ,x appe>s ab\t ! middle ( ,april1 & la/s five or six weeks1 ?\gh ,ronalds says t he has f\nd !m 9 ! /oma*s ( tr\t z late z ,augu/4 ,! bun* ( eggs :i* ! female c>ries at ! tail is be/ repres5t$ by w9d+ on "s blui%-gre5 floss silk or wool at ! end ( ! body1 :i* %\ld be c>ri$ well d[n on ! b5d ( ! hook1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration ( ! imitation fly4 ,body4 ,light col\r$ fur f h>e's face1 ) gre5 floss silk or wool at ! tail4 ,if ribb$ ) n>r[ gold t9sel is sometimes m successful4 ,hackle4 ,light g+]1 or1 bett] /ill1 a hackle d>k 9 ! c5tre & light g+] at ! ends4 ,w+s4 ,! lighte/-col\r$ fea!rs f a p>tridge's w+s4 ,hook4 ,no4 #a--c1 new size4 7,plates ,i4 & ,,iii4 give illu/rations ( ! natural & artificial ,grannom47 ,,! ,,s& ,,fly 7,limnephilus flavus1 ,/eph474 ,mr4 ,hal=d po9ts out 9 8 ,dry-,fly ,entomology1 t ,ronalds 0 mi/ak5 9 call+ ?is fly ! ,s&-fly1 z ! true s&-fly is "o ( ! ,dipt]a4 ,i take x1 h[ev]1 t 9 ei!r case ?is is b a popul> "n2 & z almo/ all =m] writ]s on ! subject seem to h describ$ ! ,s&-fly z be+ a common ,caddis-fly1 ,i ?9k t 9 adh]+ to ! old "n ,i %all avoid confus+ ! fi%]man4 ,?is fly is "o ( ! mo/ useful ( all ! ,caddis-flies1 z x is hat*$ out 9 ,april1 & la/s almo/ all ! season4 ,!re are sev]al o!r ,caddis-flies :i* come out lat] 9 ! ye>1 t resemble x v closely bo? 9 col\r1 %ape1 & size4 ,! w+s are ( a yell[ o*re col\r1 b>r$ ) br[n1 ! body is cov]$ ) %ort hairs ( a light fawn col\r1 & ! fly is ab\t ! same size z1 or a little l>g] ?an1 ! ,grannom4 ,! dress+ giv5 bel[1 if slightly modifi$1 w s]ve = sev]al ( ! o!r ,caddis-flies :i* come out lat] 9 ! season4 ,body4 ,light-col\r$ fur f h>e's face1 ribb$ ) orange silk4 ,if ribb$ ) n>r[ gold t9sel is sometimes m successful4 ,hackle4 ,light g+]4 ,w+s4 ,! "p ( quill fea!r ( a h5 pheasant's w+ t is yell[1 b>r$ ) br[n1 or a simil>ly b>r$ "p ( ! quill fea!r ( a woodcock4 ,hook4 ,no4 #a--c1 new size4 7,illu/rations ( ! natural & artificial fly are giv5 9 ,plates ,i4 & ,,iii47 ,,! ,,r$ ,,s$ge 7,anabolia n]vosa1 ,/eph474 ,!re is a ,caddis-fly :i* appe>s on ! wat] ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ,june1 & :i* ,i h se5 9 great numb]s z late z ! middle ( ,octob]1 t does n seem to h obta9$ a popul> "n among fi%]m54 ,its w+s are v mu* l ^? ( ! ,ald] 9 %ape & ve9+1 & ! fly is ne>ly ! same size1 ?\gh p]haps x is1 on an av]age1 v slightly small]4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ! resemblance ends4 ,its ant]ior w+s are ( a light r$di%-br[n col\r1 & are m transp>5t ?an are ^? ( ! ,ald]4 ,! body is also %ort] 9 proportion to its w+s1 & is closely cov]$ ) light yell[ hairs1 :i*1 on ! d>k] backgr\nd ( ! body1 gives x a greyi%-yell[ appe>ance4 ,?is fly is tak5 freely by bo? tr\t & grayl+1 & ,i h se5 dace fe$+ on x gre$ily4 ,body4 ,lighte/ yell[ fur f ! wat]-rat1 spun on black silk4 ,hackle4 ,light r$4 ,w+s4 ,! peculi> %ape & col\r ( ! w+s are be/ repres5t$ by ! tip ( a fea!r cov]+ ! roots ( ! quill fea!rs 9 ! w+ ( ! l&rail4 ,^! fea!rs are ( a r$di% br[n col\r1 & are f\nd ne> ! upp] edge on ! out] surface ( ! w+4 ,! mo/ sup]ficial & r$di% fea!rs are ! be/4 ,^! fea!rs %\ld be tak5 f opposite w+s1 & prep>$ by /ripp+ (f "s ( ! fibres s t !y may appe> z %[n 9 ! illu/ration ( ! artificial fly on ,plate ,,iii4 ,plate ,i4 gives an illu/ration ( ! natural fly4 ,hook4 ,no4 #i--d1 new size4 ,,! ,,wel%man',s ,,button 7,s]ico/oma coll>e1 ,pict474 ,?is fly is v num]\s 9 "s places1 & is tak5 readily by tr\t4 ,! body ( ! imitation is g5]ally made ( peacock h]le1 b ?is makes x mu* too ?ick4 ,! fly g5]ally appe>s e>ly 9 ,june4 ,x is said t ?is fly is (t5 mi/ak5 = ! ,ald]1 b x %\ld be easy to discrim9ate betwe5 !m4 ,9 ! ,ald] ! ant]ior w+s are smoo?1 broad & /rong1 9 ! ,wel%man's ,button !y are cov]$ ) hairs & n>r[4 ,?is fly is usually small] ?an ! ,ald]4 ,body4 ,r$di% br[n wool1 ribb$ ) n>r[ gold t9sel4 ,hackle4 ,yell[ c5tre ) black ends4 ,w+s4 ,f r$di% quill fea!r ( l&rail4 ,hook4 #b--d1 new size4 ,,! ,,c9namon ,,fly 7,my/acides longicornis1 ,l9n474 ,!re are a l>ge numb] ( small ,caddis-flies :i* are v mu* alike 9 appe>ance4 ,! ant]ior w+s are long & n>r[1 & are br[n b>r$ ) dull yell[4 ,!y hov] 9 great numb]s by bu%es & trees ov]hang+ ! wat]1 & are tak5 readily en\gh by tr\t4 ,i h *os5 ! ,my/acides longicornis z be+ "o ( ! commone/ & mo/ typical4 ,an illu/ration ( ! natural fly is giv5 on ,plate ,i4 & ( ! artificial on ,plate ,,iii4 ,body4 ,light fur f h>e's face4 ,hackle4 ,g+]4 ,w+s4 ,n>r[ piece f well b>r$ quill fea!r ( h5 pheasant4 ,hook4 ,no4 #j--b1 new size4 ,,! ,,cap]] 7,halesus radiatus1 ,mc,lach474 ,?is fly1 :i* is well kn[n to fi%]m5 & appe>s z a rule 9 ,augu/1 is "o ( ! l>ge/ ,s$ge-flies4 ,its w+s are mottl$ br[n & cov]$ ) hairs4 ,sev]al o!r ,s$ges some:at resemble x4 7,illu/rations ( ! natural & artificial flies are giv5 on ,plates ,i4 & ,,iii4 respectively47 ,body4 ,br[n fur f h>e's face4 ,hackle4 ,a badg] hackle1 ! light p>ts ( :i* are ( a pale dull yell[ col\r4 ,w+s4 ,f ! dulle/ mottl$ quill fea!r ( a h5 pheasant4 ,hook4 ,no4 #c--e1 new size4 ,!re are _m o!r ,caddis-flies1 b ! foll[+ dress+s1 p]haps slightly modifi$ to imitate c]ta9 flies m closely1 w be f\nd to cov] mo/ ( !m4 #a4 ,body4 ,:ite wool1 ribb$ ) n>r[ silv] t9sel4 ,hackle4 ,pale g+]4 ,w+s4 ,br[n quill fea!r ( l&rail4 ,hook4 ,no4 #j--c4 #b4 ,body4 ,h>e's face1 ribb$ ) n>r[ gold t9sel4 ,hackle4 ,br[n g+]4 ,w+s & ,hook z ,no4 #a4 #c4 ,body4 ,pale yell[ wool1 ribb$ ) n>r[ gold t9sel4 ,hackle4 ,co*-y-bondu4 ,w+s4 ,speckl$ quill fea!rs ( pheasant's w+4 ,hook z ,no4 #a4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,p]lidae ,imitation ,p]lidae1 or ,/one-flies1 are m us$ 9 ! ,nor? 9 wet-fly fi%+ ?an by ! dry-fly fi%]man ( ! ,s\?4 ,! be/ kn[n species is ! ,/one-fly prop]1 b ?is fly does n seem to ab\nd 9 ! ,s\?1 ?\gh ,i h f\nd isolat$ specim5s at ,hea?field 9 ,sussex on two occasions4 ,?is fly is !re=e omitt$1 & ! ,will[-fly & ! ,yell[-,sally only are describ$4 ,p]lidae1 unlike ,dipt]a1 h f\r w+s4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! ant]ior w+s cov] ! po/]ior :5 at re/1 x is z a rule only necess>y to make ! imitation ) "o pair ( w+s4 ,?is po/]ior pair ( w+s 9 ! ,p]lidae (t5 mat]ially *anges ! col\r ( ! ant]ior pair :5 !y are at re/4 ,?us 9 ! ,will[-fly1 ?\gh ! ant]ior pair ( w+s are ( a br[ni% col\r1 !y appe> ( a d>k slaty hue :5 ! fly is se5 crawl+ ab\t4 ,an illu/ration ( natural fly is giv5 on ,plate ,i4 ,,will[-,,fly 7,leuctra g5iculata1 ,/eph474 ,?is fly comes on late 9 ! season4 ,9 ,septemb] & ,octob] x is tak5 freely by ! tr\t & grayl+4 ,x is simil> 9 %ape to ! ,/one-fly ( ! ,nor?4 ,?is fly has almo/ always be5 made buzz4 ,ronalds m5tions 9 8 ,fly ,fi%]'s ,entomology t x may be made ) w+s1 b does n say any?+ ab\t _! position4 ,i d n ?9k t ! hackle fly is a really good imitation ( ! natural insect1 & x is q possible to put ! w+s ( ! imitation 9 ! same position z ^? ( ! natural fly4 ,x w be se5 t !re are on ,plate ,,ii4 ?ree illu/rations ( ! imitation ,will[-fly4 ,"o ( ^! has its w+s 9 ! position ( re/1 ! mann] ( dress+ :i* ,i h describ$ 9 a previ\s *apt]4 ,! o!r1 :i* has its w+s p>tially spread1 ,i owe to a sugge/ion f ,mr4 ,g4 ,e4 ,m4 ,skues4 ,! po/]ior pair ( w+s are put on fir/1 & ! ant]ior aft]w>ds4 ,z ! mode ( proc$ure is practically ! same z 9 ! ,blue-bottle1 ) ! addition ( ano!r pair ( w+s1 ,i ne$ n ent] into fur!r detail4 ,! ,will[-fly1 :5 x falls on ! wat]1 has its w+s sometimes 9 "o & sometimes 9 ! o!r ( ^! positions4 ,body4 ,light br[n fur f wat]-rat1 ribb$ ) n>r[ gold t9sel4 ,hackle4 ,g+]4 ,w+s4 ,d>ke/ />l+'s quill fea!rs4 ,! w+s %\ld be made n>r[4 ,hook4 ,nos4 #jj--a1 new size4 7,illu/rat$1 ,plate ,,ii47 ,,! ,,yell[ ,,sally 7,*lorop]la grammatica1 ,poda74 ,?is fly appe>s 9 ,may & ,june1 & ?\gh x is said to be occasionally tak5 by tr\t1 does n seem to be reli%$ to any great ext5t by !m4 ,! w+s %\ld be plac$ "o ov] ! o!r z 9 ! illu/rations ( ! imitation fly giv5 on ,plate ,,ii4 ,body4 ,light br[n wat]-rat's fur1 ribb$ ) yell[ silk4 ,tail4 ,two br[n fibres f pheasant's w+4 ,hackle4 ,p>tridge hackle1 dy$ olive4 ,w+s4 ,quill fea!r ( :ite h51 dy$ olive4 ,hook4 ,nos4 #a--b1 new size4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,dipt]a ,! ord] ,dipt]a1 or two-w+$ flies1 includes m species :i* at times s]ve z food = tr\t & grayl+1 ?an any o!r ord] :i* includes species ( s-call$ flies4 ,?\gh naturally _m o!r species ?an ^? ^: imitations ,i describe "h w be f\nd on ! wat]1 ,i h tri$ to include ^? :i* are mo/ commonly f\nd1 )\t burd5+ my read] ) too _m4 ,! sev]al patt]ns ( imitations ( small ,dipt]a 7curses7 w1 ,i believe1 be f\nd to repres5t mo/ ( ! common] species f\nd on ! wat]1 at lea/ suffici5tly accurately to deceive ! tr\t sometimes1 ?\gh :5 ! fi% are fe$+ ^u ^! t9y flies1 x is v probable t !y w refuse all imitations1 = _m species :i* s]ve !m z food are too small to imitate4 ,,blue-,,bottle ,,& ,,gre5-,,bottle ,! ,blue-bottle & ,gre5-bottle1 ?\gh p]haps "s ( ! commone/ ( flies1 are b little us$ by ! fly-fi%]man4 ,! success met ) 9 us+ ! natural fly is v small4 ,! reason = ?is want ( success is ! position 9 :i* ! w+s ( ! imitation are put by ! fly-dress]4 ,9 ?is case1 l t ( ! ,ald]1 ! fault does n lie ) ! fly-dress]1 z ! writ]s on fly-dress+ direct t ! w+s %\ld be put on 9 ! same position z ^? ( e o!r fly--t is1 9 an upright position4 ,any "o1 z ,i h said be=e1 on ! mo/ casual obs]vation mu/ realise t ! w+s ( a ,blue-bottle & ! w+s ( a ,may-fly d n lie 9 q ! same position 9 relation to ! body4 ,!re are _m ,dipt]a :i* come "u ! names ( ,blue- & ,gre5-bottles1 b z !y are v simil> 9 appe>ance x is only necess>y to v>y ! size1 z ! tr\t are probably n suffici5tly sci5tifically educat$ to discrim9ate betwe5 ! diff]5t species4 ,! commone/ species ( ,dipt]a :i* are includ$ "u ! popul> names ( ,blue- & ,gre5-bottles1 are ! ,calliphora ery?rocephala1 ,mg41 & ,lucilia caes>1 ,l9n41 ( :i* illu/rations are giv5 on ! ,plate ( ,natural ,flies4 ,augu/ & ,septemb] are ! be/ mon?s = ^! flies1 ?\gh !y come out mu* e>li]4 ,!y seem1 h[ev]1 to fall ^u ! wat] mu* m frequ5tly lat] 9 ! season4 ,!y are also v good flies = grayl+ 9 ,octob]4 ,z ,i h already said1 ( ! _m diff]5t species :i* ,i h v5tur$ to include "u ! "n ,blue-bottle1 ! commone/ at ! wat] side is ,calliphora ery?rocephala4 ,?is fly is also f\nd 9 t[ns4 ,! ,gre5-bottle1 h[ev]1 :i* ,i h *os5 to repres5t all ! o!rs z be+ ! commone/ at ! wat] side is a c\ntry fly1 ,lucilia ,caes>4 ,"s species ( ,lucilia1 ! bodies ( :i* are g5]ally gre51 are f\nd 9 t[ns4 ,blue-bottle-- ,body4 ,f9e d>k blue *5ille or d>k blue ,b]l9 wool1 ribb$ ) silv] t9sel4 7,i h f\nd ! fly v successful :5 ribb$ ) light blue silk z well z ! t9sel47 ,hackle4 ,black4 ,w+s4 ,transp>5t w+ fea!r ( />l+4 ,hook4 ,nos4 #b--d1 new size4 7,no4 #c be/ all r\nd47 ,gre5-bottle-- ,body4 ,bright gre5 peacock h]le1 ribb$ ) silv] t9sel4 ,hackle1 ,w+s & ,hook4 ,same z ,blue-bottle4 7,illu/rat$ ,plate ,,ii47 ,,h\se-,,fly ,!re are _m small ,dipt]a :i* frequ5t ! wat] side1 :i* to ! ord9>y eye are app>5tly ,h\se-flies4 ,!y resemble !m s closely1 9 fact1 t _m c\ld n be discrim9at$ f !m except by an entomologi/4 ,i h1 !re=e1 v5tur$ to put !m all "u ! head+ ( ,h\se-fly4 ,! only diff]5ce :i* w ev] h to be made 9 ! dress+ giv5 bel[ is 9 ! body1 & v r>ely 9 ! hackle2 b ^! modifications mu/ be left to ! fi%]man1 :o mu/ judge = himself accord+ to ! flies he f9ds by ! wat]4 ,i d n rememb] ev] hav+ met a fi%]man :o _h us$ an artificial ,h\se-fly = tr\t4 ,tr\t h[ev] d fe$ on !m2 & 9 ?is case ,i c br+ o!r evid5ce ?an my own4 ,ronalds describes an exp]im5t he made 9 ord] to te/ ! tr\t's p[] ( ta/e2 & 9 ?is exp]im5t he us$ ,h\se-flies1 to :i* he appli$ v>i\s condim5ts1 includ+ r$ pepp]4 ,?\gh 8 object 0 n to prove t tr\t f$ readily on ,h\se-flies1 ,i ?9k he prov$ t !y did s4 ,probably ! commone/ ( ^! small ,dipt]a :i* is to be f\nd by ! wat] is ,musca corv9a1 ,fab41 :i* is ! c\ntry c\s9 ( our well-kn[n ,h\se-fly1 ?\gh1 inde$1 _m ( ! flies :i* frequ5t our h\ses are n ! true ,h\se-fly 7,musca dome/ica74 ,! male ,musca corv9a1 ^: portrait is giv5 on ,plate ,i41 has a body :i* appe>s to consi/ ( alt]nate /ripes ( yell[ & br[n4 ,! female1 h[ev]1 has a uni=mly d>k body4 ,( ! o!r flies1 v simil> 9 appe>ance to ,h\se-flies1 ! bodies v>y 9 col\r2 b if made ( a yell[i% or dull br[n1 sometimes ribb$1 x w g5]ally prove l en\gh to nature1 to deceive ! tr\t4 ,body4 ,yell[ o*re-col\r$ ,b]l9 wool1 spun on black silk4 ,ribb$ ) silv] t9sel & d>k br[n accord+ to circum/ances4 7,! exact %ade is easy to see on ! "u surface ( ! natural fly4 ,! "u surface ( ! fly is ! surface se5 by ! tr\t47 ,hackle4 ,co*-y-bondhu4 ,w+s4 ,transp>5t quill fea!r ( />l+4 ,hook4 ,nos4 #jj--a1 new size4 7,illu/rations ( imitation1 ,plate ,,ii47 ,,c[-,,dung ,,fly 7,scatophaga /]cor>ia1 ,l9n474 ,?is fly appe>s z a rule 9 ,febru>y1 b ,i h se5 x on w>m days 9 ,janu>y1 9 fairly l>ge numb]s4 ,x la/s all ! ye> till ! fro/s set 94 ,^? c[-dungs :i* appe> e>ly 9 ! ye> are n s l>ge z ^? :i* appe> lat]4 ,! body is cov]$ ) %ort hairs :i* gives x a velvety appe>ance4 ,! ?orax is l>ge & also has a numb] ( hairs ^u x4 ,9 ord] to imitate ?is l>ge ?orax1 x is necess>y to h m room on ! hook above ! hackle & w+s ?an 9 o!r flies to leave room = a turn ( ! *5ille1 ( :i* ! body is made1 j bel[ ! head ( ! fly4 ,?is w be se5 9 ! illu/rations ( ! artificial fly on ,plate ,,ii4 ,! body ( ! male is a bright yell[ col\r1 t ( ! female is gre5i%4 ,! male is r l>g] ?an ! female4 ,^! flies1 :i* on w9dy days p>ticul>ly1 frequ5tly fall on ! wat]1 are (t5 tak5 v freely by ! tr\t4 ,?\gh :5 at re/ ! w+s are flat ^u ea* o!r1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration ( ! natural fly 9 ,plate ,i41 !y (t51 :5 ! fly falls on ! wat]1 are spread out slightly2 s 9 ! imitation x is be/ to put !m 9 ! position %[n 9 ! illu/ration ( ! artificial fly4 ,body4 ,yell[ or gre5i% yell[ *5ille ribb$ ) gold t9sel4 ,hackle4 ,g+]4 ,w+s4 ,light l&rail1 or br[ni% />l+4 ,hook4 #j--b1 new size4 ,,black ,,gnat 7,bibio johannis1 ,l9n474 ,! black ,gnat is f\nd on almo/ all wat]s4 ,x is extremely num]\s 9 "s places1 & is tak5 v readily by ! tr\t4 ,^! flies are n really ,gnats2 b z !y are commonly call$ ,gnats by ! fi%]m51 ,i h kept to ! old "n4 ,bibio johannis comes out 9 ,june4 ,! body is black 9 bo? ! male & female1 ! w+s 9 ! male are almo/ col\rless1 :ile ! w+s ( ! female are d>k4 ,! head ( ! male is also l>g] ?an ! head ( ! female4 ,bo? ! male & female h a d>k oval-%ap$ pat* ab\t ! middle ( ! ant]ior m>g9 ( ! front w+4 ,bo? ^! flies are tak5 gre$ily by ! tr\t :5 !y fall ^u ! wat]4 ,i h f\nd ! foll[+ dress+ ! be/3-- ,body4 ,peacock quill dy$ black1 or black silk4 ,hackle4 ,cock />l+'s hackle1 /ripp$ on "o side4 ,w+s4 7,male7 ,f mo/ transp>5t "p ( quill fea!r ( />l+4 7,female7 ,f br[n tipp$ />l+'s tail fea!r4 ,hook4 ,no4 #jjj--j1 new size4 ,an illu/ration ( ! imitation fly is giv5 on ,plate ,,ii4 ,,haw?orn ,,fly 7,bibio m>ci1 ,l9n474 ,bibio m>ci is commonly call$ ! ,haw?orn-fly1 & 0 describ$ "u ?is "n by ,ronalds4 ,x is1 speak+ broadly1 fir/ c\s9 to ! ,black ,gnat1 ?\gh x is v mu* l>g]4 ,x appe>s at ! end ( ,april or ! beg9n+ ( ,may4 ,! body is black1 & ! w+s %[ ! oval pat* 9 ! ,b4 johannis2 b z ! fly is l>g]1 9 ! ,b4 m>ci x is m noticeable4 ,z only ! male seems to rove ab\t to any ext5t1 x is j z well to imitate ! male only4 ,body4 ,black ,b]l9 wool1 ribb$ ) silv] t9sel4 ,hackle4 ,black4 ,w+s4 7,male7 ,transp>5t "p ( quill fea!r ( />l+4 ,hook4 ,no4 #a--c1 new size4 ,an illu/ration ( ! natural fly is giv5 on ,plate ,i41 & "o ( ! imitations on ,plate ,,ii4 ,curses ,!re are sev]al o!r small ,dipt]a :i* at times appe> on ! wat] 9 sw>ms4 ,^! are kn[n to ! fi%]m5 z ,curses or ,smuts4 ,!y are (t5 s small t !re is no hook made small en\gh ^u :i* to tie imitations ( !m4 ,h[ev]1 z e fi%]man kn[s1 :5 ! tr\t or grayl+ are fe$+ on ^! flies1 x is g5]ally impossible to get !m to take ! imitation ( any o!r fly1 x is wor? :ile try+ to imitate !m on ! smalle/ hook made4 ,?is is an #jjj1 ) a %ort %ank4 ,z x is extremely difficult to put w+s on ^! flies1 hackle patt]ns may be tri$1 b ! w+$ patt]ns are ! be/4 ,once1 :5 out fi%+1 ,i _h a v aggravat+ exp]i5ce ) "s t9y ,curses4 ,i _h be5 fi%+ all ! morn+ & _h caught no?+4 ,at ab\t two o'clock ,i saw sev]al good fi% ris+1 b !y w\ld n look at my fly4 ,i obs]v$ a fair numb] ( light ,olive ,duns on ! wat]1 b bo? ! imitation ( ?is fly & sev]al fancy patt]ns ,i tri$ prov$ equally useless4 ,at la/ ,i seat$ myself on a f5ce close to a clump ( will[s1 light$ a pipe1 & began wat*+ a fi% :i* 0 ris+ a few y>ds high] up1 n f> f ! bank on my side ( ! riv]4 ,! wat] 0 p]fectly cle>1 & :5 ! fi% rose ,i c\ld see him di/9ctly4 ,he 0 a grayl+ ( betwe5 half & ?ree-qu>t]s ( a p\nd1 & rose f\r or five times 9 ! m9ute4 ,!re 7 a lot ( ,smuts on ! wat]1 :i* f :]e ,i 01 look$ v d>k if n black4 ,^! ! fi% rose at regul>ly1 b he let sev]al ,olive ,duns pass by unnotic$4 ,! only ,curses ,i _h 9 my fly-box 7 black2 & z ^? he 0 fe$+ ^u appe>$ to be black1 ,i put "o on my ca/ & float$ x ov] him sev]al times4 ,b ?\gh he once took a natural ,smut float+ )9 an in* ( my fly1 my fly he w\ld n take4 ,i !n w5t fur!r d[n ! bank & caught "s ( ! ,smuts t 7 on ! wat]4 ,!y 7 ( a mottl$ dun col\r1 & ! black effect 0 only produc$ by _! %ad[ or reflection 7:i* ,i c\ld n det]m9e7 :5 !y 7 on ! wat]4 ,( ! flies 9 my box t :i* came ne>e/ 9 g5]al effect to ^! ,curses 0 a gre5 insect 7dun hackle & peacock h]le body7 ti$ on an #jjj hook4 ,?is ,i put on my ca/ & float$ ov] him4 ,he rose to x1 & z he rose ,i c\ld see him di/9ctly4 ,:5 )9 a few in*es ( my fly1 h[ev]1 he /opp$ %ort1 turn$ aside1 & took a natural ,smut t 0 float+ pa/4 ,i tri$ him !n ) an olive quill1 a ,wickham1 & a r$ tag2 b he w\ld h none ( !m4 ,i _h to give him up 9 despair1 ?\gh ,i believe if ,i _h _h a dun-col\r$ ,smut he w\ld h tak5 x4 ,! dress+s ( ,curses giv5 "h w1 ,i ?9k1 be suffici5t to include ! common] ,curses s num]\s on mo/ wat]s1 especially dur+ ! hotte/ "p ( summ] & autumn4 ,! numb] ( diff]5t small ,dipt]a :i* are f\nd on ! wat] is s great t any attempt to classify !m 9 a "w :i* is meant only = fi%]m5 w\ld be out ( place4 ,i h !re=e limit$ myself to giv+ ^! imitations-- ,curse ,no4 #a 7,black73-- ,body4 ,black silk or black quill1 ) a turn ( ! n>r[e/ silv] t9sel at ! tail4 ,hackle4 ,black4 ,w+s4 ,mo/ transp>5t "p ( />l+'s quill fea!r4 ,hook4 #jjj %ort %ank4 7,illu/rat$1 ,plate ,,ii47 ,curse ,no4 #b 7,dun73-- ,body4 ,?9ne/ "p ( natural br[n o/ri*4 ,hackle4 ,dun 7h5's7 ,w+s & hook z ,no4 #a4 7,illu/rat$1 ,plate ,,ii47 ,curse ,no4 #c 7,badg]73-- ,body1 w+s & hook z ,no4 #b4 ,hackle4 ,cock's badg] hackle4 7,illu/rat$1 ,plate ,,ii47 ,curse ,no4 #d 7,r$73-- ,body4 ,peacock quill dy$ to a crimson lake col\r4 ,hackle4 ,black4 ,w+s & hook z ,no4 #a4 ,nos4 #b & #c %\ld be made also )\t ! fluff be+ /ripp$ (f ! quill1 :i* 9 ?is case %\ld be us$ j z peacock h]le is us$4 ,,! ,,oak-,,fly 7,leptis scolopacea1 ,l9n47 ,?is fly1 not)/&+ its popul> "n1 is f\nd on _m o!r trees1 & ,i h se5 x 9 places :]e !re 7 no oak-trees ne>4 ,x kills v well1 & is 9 season f ,april to ,july4 ,! body is long & tap]$1 & ! segm5ts ( ! abdom5 are1 9 ! male1 ( a brilliant orange col\r1 ) black m>k+s ^u !m1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration ( ! natural fly on ,plate ,i4 ,! w+s are br[n4 ,body4 ,r$di% orange ,b]l9 wool1 ribb$ ) black silk1 & n>r[ gold t9sel4 ,hackle4 ,co*-y-bondhu4 ,w+s4 ,f six? or sev5? quill fea!rs ( l&rail w+s4 ,hook4 ,new size1 ,no4 #b--c4 7,imitation illu/rat$ on ,plate ,,ii41 ,figs4 #c & #d47 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,w+$ ,,ants ,! ,w+$ ,ants1 :i* are ! newly hat*$ insects1 appe> ab\t ! middle ( ,july4 ,! "t at :i* !y appe>1 h[ev]1 v>ies v mu*4 ,!y appe> 9 sw>ms1 & :5 "o ( ^! sw>ms gets ne> or on ! wat]1 ! fi% fe$ gre$ily ^u !m4 ,!y h f\r w+s1 ! ant]ior pair be+ some:at long] ?an ! body4 ,^! w+s1 :5 at re/1 d n fold neatly ov] ea* o!r1 & z ! insect is clumsy 9 its flight1 ev5 a slight breeze is suffici5t to drive _m ( !m out to ! wat]4 ,! ,ant ,i h se5 mo/ frequ5tly on ! wat] is a l>ge ,r$ ,ant1 b small] ,r$ ,ants & w+$ ,black ,ants are also frequ5tly se54 ,! position ( ! w+s 9 relation to ! body easie/ to imitate is %[n 9 ! illu/ration ( ! imitation ( ! ,will[-fly1 :i* has f\r w+s4 ,! ,r$ ,ant is frequ5tly us$ e>ly 9 ,june1 ?\gh ! natural insect is n se5 s e>ly4 ,! imitation1 h[ev]1 frequ5tly meets ) success1 ?\gh x is improbable t ! tr\t takes ! imitation = ! natural insect1 especially z ! w+s are always put on 9 a v]tical position4 ,! bodies ( all ! ,ants %\ld be made fat t[>ds ! b5d ( ! hook1 & c>ri$ well on to ! b5d4 ,z ! body ( ! ,ant is v %9y1 p>ts ( x1 :5 ! light falls ^u x1 h a v brilliant appe>ance2 !re=e ,i h recomm5d$ ! use ( t9sel4 ,r$ ,ant-- ,body4 ,r$-br[n 7burnt si5na7 silk1 ?9 on ! %ank & fat t[>ds & on ! b5d ( ! hook1 ribb$ ) gold t9sel4 ,hackle4 ,r$4 ,w+s4 ,transp>5t "p ( a />l+'s quill fea!r4 ,hook4 #j--b4 ,black ,ant-- ,body4 ,black silk1 ribb$ ) silv] t9sel4 ,hackle4 ,black4 ,w+s4 ,z ,r$ ,ant4 ,hook4 #j--a4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,cat]pill>s ,( ! cat]pill>s1 spid]s1 & o!r creatures :i* are suppos$ to fall f ! trees into ! wat]1 & into ! tr\t's m\?1 & ( ! consequ5t advantage ( trees project+ ov] a /ream2 ( ! sapi5t advice1 bo? v]bal & writt51 to cultivate vegetation ov]hang+ ! riv]1 because x increases ! supply ( natural food2 ( ! /atem5t t fi% "u trees are inv>iably 9 ! be/ condition1 angl]s h he>d f "t immemorial4 ,my advice is1 cultivate y\r trees1 because !y are ( advantage z giv+ %elt] to ! fi%4 ,n a s+le example ( ^! tree w9dfalls has be5 f\nd 9 ! hundr$s ( autopsies :i* ,i h made1 & all ! cat]pill>s & spid]s t fall f ! trees 9 a mile ( wat] w\ld n suffice to fe$ a s+le p\nd tr\t = a s+le day4 ,!y may !re=e be disc>d$ f consid]ation4--,,hal=d',s ,dry-fly ,entomology1 page #ach4 ,i read ?is passage ) extreme surprise1 z x absolutely contradicts my p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,aft] ?9k+ ! matt] ov] c>efully1 & try+ to make out h[ x 0 t ,mr4 ,hal=d1 9 ! hundr$s ( autopsies he has made1 has nev] come across a cat]pill>1 ,i realis$ h[ dang]\s x is to make a dogmatic & sweep+ /atem5t ) ! evid5ce ( p]sonal exp]i5ce only to fall back ^u4 ,z rec5tly z ,june1 #ahig1 :5 fi%+ ) ,dr4 ,*>les ,r4 ,watson & ,mr4 ,a4 ,d4 ,home1 ,i made ) !m a s]ies ( six autopsies ( tr\t caught consecutively 9 "o morn+4 ,! smalle/ numb] ( cat]pill>s f\nd 9 "o ( ^! six autopsies 0 five1 & ! greate/1 twelve4 ,^! tr\t 7 all caught "u oak trees ov]hang+ ! wat]1 :i* 7 at t "t sw>m+ ) small cat]pill>s1 mo/ ( ^! cat]pill>s be+ ( a brilliant em]ald gre5 col\r4 ,9 ! aft]noon ( ! day on :i* ,i am writ+ ?is1 ,colonel ,walk] %[$ me a peculi> sort ( knife :i* he c>ries :5 out fi%+1 = ! purpose ( mak+ autopsies on tr\t4 ,i naturally took advantage ( ?is occasion to increase my evid5ce1 & ask$ him if he _h ev] f\nd cat]pill>s 9 ! tr\t he caught4 ,he told me t 9 c]ta9 places1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! summ]1 he almo/ always f\nd cat]pill>s 9 ! /oma*s ( ! tr\t he caught "u trees ov]hang+ ! wat]4 ,?is exp]i5ce ( 8 exactly co9cides ) my own1 ?\gh ! six consecutive autopsies describ$ above )\t my o!r simil> exp]i5ces is a fairly /rong piece ( evid5ce4 ,i am !re=e incl9$ to believe t !re is "s good to be ga9$ 9 foll[+ ! sapi5t advice1 v]bal & writt51 to cultivate vegetation ov]hang+ ! riv]1 beyond its advantage z giv+ %elt] to ! fi%4 ,i w n>rate ! circum/ances :i* fir/ l$ me to use ! cat]pill> z a dry fly1 z !y may1 ,i ?9k1 int]e/ my read]4 ,i 0 ly+ on ! bank by a l>ge pool on a /ream1 & saw a little gre5 cat]pill> hang+ f ! bran* ( an oak tree1 app>5tly try+ 9 va9 to pull himself up ! ?read by :i* he _h s fooli%ly l[]$ himself1 till he 0 uncom=tably ne> ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,i wat*$ him1 lazily ?9k+ 9 a dreamy mann] h[ v unk9d x 0 ( ! tr\t to keep on ris+1 & yet n look at my fly4 ,!y 7 evid5tly fe$+ on some?+1 b :at x 0 ,i c\ld n make out4 ,! little gre5 cat]pill> 0 gett+ gradually ne>] to ! wat]1 & ,i 0 beg9n+ to ?9k t ! poor little *ap w\ld meet ) a wat]y grave1 :5 j z he t\*$ ! wat] a tr\t came up & grabb$ him4 ,little gre5 cat]pill>s 7 evid5tly :at ! tr\t 7 fe$+ ^u1 & t 0 ! reason t ,i c\ld n cat* "o ) a fly4 ,i wat*$ ! bran*es ( ! oak tree ov]hang+ ! wat] = "s "t1 & saw sev]al cat]pill>s fall 9 & meet ) ! same fate4 ,! next ?+ ,i did 0 to cat* a cat]pill>1 scrape ! fly dress+ (f my hook1 & put him on x in/ead4 ,i caught sev]al tr\t 9 ?is way1 b f\nd t x 0 almo/ impossible to ca/ any di/ance )\t %ak+ (f ! cat]pill>4 ,aft] mu* tr\ble caus$ by ?is difficulty1 :i* 0 v try+ to ! temp]1 z ! cat]pill>s always seem$ to come (f ! hook at ! mo/ critical mom5t1 & hav+ got a fairly good basket1 ,i f\nd x 0 "t to return4 ,t night ,i manag$ to make "s fairly good imitations ( ! little gre5 cat]pill> to use on ! morr[1 in/ead ( ! natural ones4 ,^! imitations met ) success1 & s9ce t "t ,i h be5 able to improve on ! dress+s !n us$4 ,i h f\nd _m diff]5t k9ds ( cat]pill>s 9 ! /oma*s ( tr\t1 b small gre5 ones ( v>i\s sorts 7 decid$ly ! mo/ num]\s4 ,! species ,i h mo/ frequ5tly f\nd is1 ,i believe1 ! l>val =m ( ! ,tortrix viridana4 ,i h nev] f\nd a l>ge cat]pill> 9 a tr\t1 ?\gh ,i h caught tr\t ) imitations ( !m us$ z dry flies4 ,i give ! exact dress+ ( ! gre5 cat]pill>2 b ! o!r dress+s mu/ be left to ! discretion ( ! fi%]man = alt]ations1 z !re are s _m sorts ( small cat]pill>s1 "s ( !m be+ extremely r>e 9 "o place & common 9 ano!r4 ,%\ld ! fi%]man wi% to see ! sort ( cat]pill> commone/ :]e he is fi%+1 he mu/ seek !m himself4 ,^? only are useful :i* are on ! trees ov]hang+ ! wat]4 ,if !re are oak trees ! cat]pill>s w probably be gre51 & _m k9ds ( cat]pill>s w be f\nd :i* h roll$ !mselves up 9 ! leaves ( ! tree ^u :i* !y live4 ,i h no d\bt t ?is imitation cat]pill> w be look$ ^u z a poa*+ implem5t1 b x is or %\ld be us$ z a dry fly1 & to use x successfully requires z mu* skill & p[] ( obs]vation z does ! use ( any imitation ( a fly us$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,h[ to make an ,artificial ,cat]pill>4--,a small piece ( cork #a_/cb ( an in* ?ick1 or less1 & ne>ly twice ! l5g? ( ! hook1 mu/ be cut into ! %ape %[n 9 ,fig4 #ag4 ,next take a piece ( quill r long] ?an1 & ab\t ! ?ickness ( a l>ge p91 f a tail or w+ fea!r ( a />l+4 ,?is quill makes ! f\ndation ( ! body4 ,split ! ?ick end ( ! quill f> en\gh to embrace two-?irds ( ! %ank ( ! hook1 & !n tie x on ! hook z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah4 ,n[ fold ! piece ( cork1 ) ! broad end t[>ds ! eye ( ! hook1 ov] ! %ank ( ! hook & ! quill1 ty+ x 9 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ai4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,?is f\ndation s]ves = any cat]pill>4 ,tie x at ! tail :atev] is to be us$ = ribb+ ! body1 & ! body mat]ial if x is n to be spun on ! ty+ silk4 ,!n w9d on ! body mat]ial1 tie x 91 w9d on ! ribb+1 f9i% (f at ! head1 & cut (f ! project+ piece ( quill4 ,! cat]pill> :5 f9i%$ %\ld appe> z %[n 9 ! illu/rations on ,plate ,,iii4 ,gre5 ,cat]pill>4--#a4 ,em]ald gre5 wool spun on ty+-silk1 ribb$ ) light yell[ silk4 #b4 ,em]ald gre5 wool spun on ty+-silk1 ribb$ ) sc>let silk4 #c4 ,yell[i% gre5 wool spun on ty+-silk1 ribb$ ) n>r[ gold t9sel4 #d4 ,olive gre5 wool spun on ty+-silk1 ribb$ ) n>r[ gold t9sel4 7,i h f\nd ,nos4 #a & #b v successful :5 ribb$ also ) n>r[ gold t9sel1 & ,nos4 #c & #d :5 ribb$ ) light yell[ silk47 ,o!r ,cat]pill>s made ) a r$di%-br[n body1 & ribb$ ) yell[ or r$1 are also sometimes v successful1 z are ^? also ribb$ ) r$ or ,co*-y-bondhu hackles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii ,,artificial ,,flies ,drawn f flies ti$ by ,mrs4 ,j4 ,r4 ,,ri*>dson1 ( ,k+/on-on-,?ames 7dress$ f ! ,au?or's models74 #a4 ,,s&-,,fly4 #b4 ,,grannom4 #c4 ,,c9namon-,,fly4 #d4 ,,wel%man',s ,,button4 #e4 ,,cap]]4 #f4 ,,r$ ,,s$ge4 #g1 #h4 ,,gre5 ,,cat]pill>4 #i1 #aj4 ,,corixa4 #aa1 #ab4 ,,fre%-,,wat] ,,%rimp4 ,swan ,electric ,engrav+ ,co4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,wet ,,flies ,,*apt] ,i ,a ,,!ory#a #a ,rewritt5 f an article 9 ,! ,field "u ! head+ ( ,an ,unor?odox ,view ( ,wet ,fly ,fi%+4 ,t a tr\t or any o!r fi% c\ld possibly mi/ake a wet fly us$ 9 ! regul> wet fly way = ! natural fly ( :i* x is suppos$ to be an imitation1 0 always to my m9d a v d\btful "q2 b n[ x is s no long]4 ,i am sure ! fi% takes x = some?+ else4 ,if we consid] :at w\ld happ5 to a natural fly :i* _h by "s mi%ap become subm]g$1 we c come to no o!r conclusion ?an t x w\ld be c>ri$ along by ! curr5t1 )\t any p[] ( its own ( alt]+ ! direction 9 :i* x 0 be+ mov$ by ! wat]4 ,does ?is ev] happ5 to ! sunk fly8 ,i ?9k n4 ,9 fi%+ across & d[n /ream x c]ta9ly does n2 & ev5 9 up /ream fi%+1 9 ord] to keep 8 l9e /raight1 ! fi%]man mu/ keep a c]ta9 am\nt ( t5sion on x1 & v probably draws x ?r\gh ! wat] ) mu* ! same sort ( movem5t he w\ld give x if n fi%+ up /ream4 ,?is movem5t ?r\gh ! wat] :i* is giv5 to ! artificial mu/ be absolutely unlike any movem5t ( ! natural fly :5 "u ! surface2 = 9 ! natural fly1 if x 7 n already dr[n$1 ! only possible movem5t w\ld be t ( its legs & w+s1 :i*1 n be+ int5d$ z a means ( progression ?r\gh ! wat]1 & be+ absolutely unsuitable = t object1 w\ld be mo/ unlikely to enable x to d s4 ,b "h a v natural "q arises z to :at1 if n ! natural fly1 ! fi% takes ! imitation to be8 ,9 a communication to ! ,field 9 ,june1 #ahig1 ,i describ$1 "u ! head+ ( ,a ,new ,tr\t ,fly1 ! imitations ( two ,corixae4 ,?is seems to be a key to ! :ole "q4 ,! numb] ( insects liv+ 9 fre% wat]s1 & possess+ ! p[] ( mov+ ?r\gh x1 is enorm\s4 ,!re are betwe5 #bbj & #bcj diff]5t species ( ,wat] ,beetles 9 our wat]s4 ,!re are also v _m diff]5t sorts ( ,het]opt]a1 includ+ ! num]\s family ,notonectidae4 ,:5 we add to ^! ! l>vae ( flies & wat] beetles1 ! ,cru/aceans1 ,hydrae & ,wat] ,spid]s1 we mu/ beg9 to realise t !re are o!r ?+s ?an a dr[n$ natural fly = :i* ! fi% might mi/ake its imitation1 ) ! mat]ials ( :i* x is made soak$ 9 & drawn ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,! movem5t ( _m ( ^! creatures ?r\gh ! wat] is fairly repres5t$ by ! movem5t ( ! artificial fly 9 wet fly-fi%+2 &1 :5 ! %ade & col\r & size ( ! fly is ! same z "o ( ^! aquatic creatures1 ,i am sure t ! fi% takes x1 n = a fly1 b = "o ( !m4 ,aga91 :5 ! enorm\s numb] ( ^! aquatic creatures is consid]$1 x is mo/ probable t "o or o!r ( ! flies tri$ on any wat] by ! fi%]man w come v ne> 9 %ade1 col\r1 & movem5t ?r\gh ! wat]1 at any rate1 to "o ( !m4 ,if ?is conclusion at :i* ,i h arriv$ is correct1 z ,i believe x to be1 w\ld x n be wis] to try to imitate1 n ! natural fly1 b "s ( ^! num]\s aquatic creatures8 ,!y are num]\s en\gh1 & a l>ge numb] ( !m are easy to imitate2 b z yet b little has be5 done1 except ) reg>d to ! spid]s1 9 ?is direction4 ,i am also sure t ! success ( ! s-call$ spid] patt]ns us$ 9 wet fly-fi%+ has be5 due to q a diff]5t cause to t :i* ^? :o fir/ us$ !m & ^? :o use !m n[ believe1 z ^! imitations are made f ! insect z x appe>s :5 out ( ! wat]4 ,! spid] goes f its ne/ to ! surface ( ! wat] & back aga9 by a ?read /ret*$ betwe51 & s w\ld h>dly move ?r\gh ! wat]1 z its imitation is made to d by ! fi%]man4 ,^? ( ! s-call$ spid]-flies :i* are suppos$ to repres5t "s ( ! ,ephem]idae1 are1 = ! reasons ,i h giv5 be=e 9 speak+ ( flies 9 g5]al1 mo/ unlikely to be mi/ak5 = ! natural insect by ! tr\t4 ,a tr\t w und\bt$ly sometimes take any?+ mov+ ?r\gh ! wat] :i* simulates life1 if x be ( a suitable size4 ,?is is %[n by ! mann] 9 :i* !y take ! fancy flies2 al?\gh "h aga91 z "o p>ticul> patt]n ( a fancy fly kills bett] ?an any o!r on "o p>ticul> wat]1 ,i ?9k t v (t5 ?is fancy fly is tak5 by ! fi% = "s creature :i* is p>ticul>ly num]\s !re4 ,at any rate1 if ! fi% only takes ! artificial fly because x is app>5tly some?+ alive & mov+1 ,i am sure t he w\ld seize x ) mu* m avidity if x repres5t$ "o ( 8 aquatic neighb\rs on :i* he has be5 fe$+1 & if its appe>ance rem9d$ him ( _m previ\s pleasant meals4 7,jan4 #ae1 #ahih47b #b ,s9ce ?is article appe>$ 9 ,! ,field1 "s correspond5ce on ! subject has tak5 place 9 ,! ,fi%+ ,gazette & ,/4 ,james's ,gazette4 ,_m ( ! argum5ts br\ght =w>d by "s ( ! correspond5ts h l$ me to believe t ,i _c h made myself suffici5tly cle> 9 ! above article1 s ,i h add$ "s fur!r explanations4 ,my read]s mu/ n suppose t ,i int5d to apply ^! rem>ks to any p>ticul> circum/ances2 ,i am only speak+ ( wet-flies 9 g5]al4 ,:ile x is probable t ! natural fly does (t5 s9k "u ! surface1 & may !n be tak5 by ! tr\t1 ! wet-fly ( ! fi%]man does n z a rule behave z does ! natural fly :5 "u wat]4 ,t ! tr\t takes ! wet-fly fi%$ up /ream1 :i* is all[$ to come d[n ) ! curr5t )\t any drag & close to ! surface1 = ! natural fly x repres5ts1 is also v probable2 b ^! facts d n 9 any way t5d to disprove my !ory4 ,?is mann] ( wet-fly fi%+ is v mu* l dry-fly fi%+1 & is c]ta9ly n ! way 9 :i* wet-fly fi%+ is practis$ 9 lakes1 & is h>dly ! mo/ g5]al way 9 :i* x is practis$ on _m riv]s4 ,9 deal+ ) ?is subject fully & to c>ry my !ory to its necess>y conclusion1 x is ( c\rse necess>y to f9d a probable explanation ( :at e =m ( wet-fly1 fancy or suppos$ imitation ( a natural fly1 is tak5 = by ! fi%4 ,?is naturally leads u to believe t su* a !ory1 if x approa*es ! tru?1 %\ld include an explanation ( :y ! salmon takes ! fly4 ,we "k b little ( ! _w z x appe>s to ! eye ( ! fi%1 b f ! little t is kn[n some?+ may be d$uc$ :i* c>ries ?is !ory a little fur!r4 ,9 ! sea _m & v v>i\s effects may be produc$ ^u objects mov+ ?r\gh ! wat] :5 pass+ betwe5 ! eye & ! surface1 by light1 by ! reflect+ p[]s ( ! bottom ( ! wat]1 & by ! relative cle>ness ( ! wat]1 all ( :i* factors ( ! effect produc$ v>y to an almo/ incalculable ext5t4 ,giv5 a bright sun1 a light s&y bottom & cle> wat]1 a small cru/acean swimm+ betwe5 ! eye ( ! obs]v] & ! surface (t5 w n appe> to be l ! creature :5 x is se5 out ( ! wat]4 ,! outl9e w be indi/9ct1 & ! :ole w frequ5tly appe> to be brilliantly col\r$4 ,n only is ! body ?us brilliantly col\r$1 b equally gaudy rays w be se5 r\nd x1 probably produc$ by ! mov+ legs & by refraction4 ,9 ?is case ! circum/ances are all 9 fav\r ( ! production ( an effect ( brilliant col\ration2 b go+ to ! o!r extreme1 ) a dull light1 a d>k bottom & cl\dy wat]1 we h ! dulle/-col\r$ fly acc\nt$ =1 z ! fir/ conditions acc\nt$ = t :i* 0 mo/ gaudy4 ,?is also expla9s ! fact t ! flies :i* g 9 v>i\s gradations ( col\r betwe5 ^! extremes are mo/ suitable = v>i\s conditions ( ! wea!r1 wat]1 & locality4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,salmon-fly1 probably ! salmon rememb]s1 :5 he has rea*$ fre% wat]1 _m an appetis+ morsel 9 ! %ape ( a cru/acean or small fi%1 & takes ! fly = "o ( ^!4 ,9 ! case ( ! tr\t we "k t cru/aceans are v acceptable to !m1 & ?\gh probably fre% wat] w n produce ! brilliant effect :i* is produc$ by salt wat] z ,i h describ$ above1 /ill1 z fancy ,tr\t-flies d n run to su* gaudy col\rs z d ,salmon-flies1 /ill ! effect %\ld be suffici5t to acc\nt = a fair am\nt ( brilliant col\r "u simil> conditions4 ,no d\bt "s ( ! fancy ,tr\t-flies are also tak5 = small fi%4 ,9 _m wat]s1 h[ev]1 ! effect c\ld h>dly be made brilliant1 z %all[ wat]1 %ade produc$ by we$s1 c41 & muddy or d>k bottoms w\ld all militate aga9/ its be+ s1 & 9 ^! wat]s probably only lures t imitate ! actual col\rs ( ! object !y repres5t w\ld be ( any use4 ,9 fre% wat] & 9 ! case ( tr\t1 z ,i h po9t$ out1 !re are _m aquatic creatures :i* s]ve z food :i* h ! p[] ( swimm+ ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,my !ory1 /at$ briefly & m explicitly1 ,i hope1 ?an 0 ! case 9 my article 9 ,! ,field1 is t "u circum/ances 9 :i* ! wet-fly behaves m z does "s creature hav+ ! p[] ( swimm+ ?r\gh ! wat]1 x is bett] to imitate ?is creature ?an any natural fly on ! wat]1 :i* _c 9 any case behave 9 su* a mann]2 & :at ,i wi% to advocate is1 t imitations ( ^! aquatic creatures %\ld be made & us$4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,corixae#c #c ,rewritt5 f an article 9 ,! ,field "u ! head+ ( ,a ,new ,tr\t ,fly4 ,:ile fi%+ 9 a wat] :]e ! tr\t are v num]\s 9 ! spr+ ( #ahig1 ,i f\nd t ,i c\ld h>dly cat* a s+le tr\t 9 ! day ) ! fly4 ,! wea!r 0 cold & w9dy1 & %[$ no signs ( m5d+4 ,at la/1 "o day1 ,i op5$ a tr\t1 "o ( ! few t ,i _h caught dur+ my visit1 & f\nd ! /oma* full ( "s insects belong+ to ! family ( ,corixae4 ,^! insects are v commonly call$ ,wat] ,beetles1 or ,wat] ,boatm54 ,!y1 h[ev]1 are n beetles b bugs 7,het]opt]a71 & are n ! same z ! true wat]-boatm51 ! ,notonecta glauca1 ?\gh !y some:at resemble x 9 appe>ance4 ,on f9d+ ^! insects 9 ! tr\t ,i took "s ( !m home1 & made imitations ( !m4 ,) ^! ! next day ,i caught a numb] ( tr\t1 ?\gh ! wea!r 0 j z unfav\rable4 ,s9ce !n ,i h improv$ some:at ^u ! imitations ,i !n us$1 & 9 wat]s :i* are inhabit$ by ,corixae4 ,^! imitations h met1 bo? 9 my h&s & 9 ! h&s ( o!rs1 ) great] success ?an any o!r =m ( wet fly4 ,x is an extraord9>y ?+1 consid]+ ! numb] ( m5 :o h writt5 on tr\t fi%+1 t x has app>5tly nev] occurr$ to "o ( !m to describe an imitation ( "o ( ?is l>ge family ( insects4 ,mr4 ,hal=d1 9 8 ,dry-fly ,entomology1 inde$ /ates t he has frequ5tly f\nd !m 9 ! /oma*s ( tr\t1 b he does n ev5 sugge/ t an imitation ( !m might be made4 ,!re are _m species ( ,corixae :i* inhabit our wat]s1 b ! common] sorts are s simil> 9 appe>ance t _m ( ! species are v difficult to di/+ui% ev5 by an exp]t1 & b little "w has be5 done ) reg>d to !m4 ,!re=e ,i h come to ! conclusion t a simil> dress+ on diff]5t siz$ hooks w be q suffici5t to deceive ! unsci5tific eye ( ! tr\t4 ,?is conclusion is corroborat$ by ! fact t ,i h sev]al times _h an imitation ,corixa seiz$ by a tr\t :5 x 0 s9k+1 & be=e ,i began to draw x ?r\gh ! wat]1 :i* is1 ,i take x1 a fairly sev]e te/ z to ! accuracy ( ! imitation4 ,colonel ,walk] & ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,a% h also _h ! same ?+ happ5 to !m :5 fi%+ ) my imitation ,corixae4 ,corixae v>y mu* 9 size1 ! l>ge/ & "o ( ! commone/ species be+ ! ,corixa ge(froyi1 :i* is ab\t half an in* long4 ,9 all ,corixae1 ! head is wide & is atta*$ b slightly to ! body4 ,x is convex 9 front & concave beh9d1 s z to fit ! end ( ! ?orax1 & is z wide z ! w+s :5 fold$ & at re/4 ,^! insects possess f\r w+s1 :i* !y frequ5tly use1 ?\gh !y are some:at clumsy 9 />t+ f ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,i h sometimes1 h[ev]1 se5 !m fly consid]able di/ances4 ,! ant]ior w+s resemble ! w+-cases ( a beetle2 !y are h>d & %9y1 br[n 9 col\r1 ) d>k mottl$ m>k+s ^u !m4 ,! po/]ior pair are transp>5t4 ,! abdom5 is light yell[ & fr+$ ) hairs1 & !re are transv]se l9es on ! dorsal surface ( ! ?orax4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ^! m>k+s on ! ?orax & w+s are h>dly visible to ! nak$ eye1 !y give ! ,corixa a g5]ally br[ni% & %9y appe>ance4 ,( ! legs1 six 9 numb]1 ! h9d pair are mo/ us$ 9 swimm+4 ,!y are some:at flatt5$ at _! extremities to a paddle %ape1 & are fr+$ ) hairs4 ,i h se5 ! h9d legs ( ! ,corixae :5 ! insects h be5 susp5d$ motionless 9 mid-wat]1 /&+ out at "r angles on ea* side ( ! body2 & z 9 ! imitation ,i am ab\t to describe1 ! legs take ?is position :5 ! fly is at re/ or s9k+ 9 ! wat]2 ?is expla9s ! fact ( ! tr\t tak+ !m 9 ! way ,i h m5tion$ above4 ,! ,corixa sahlb]gi1 :i* is almo/ z common z ! ,corixa ge(froyi1 is ab\t half its size1 b is o!rwise v simil> 9 appe>ance1 z are ne>ly all ! o!r small] species4 ,! ,corixa frequ5tly comes to ! surface to brea!1 & a numb] ( small air bubbles atta* !mselves to its body4 ,^!1 :5 ! insect is swimm+ "u wat]1 give its body a brilliant silv]y appe>ance1 ) ! yell[ %[+ ?r\gh 9 places4 ,?is effect is accurately reproduc$ by ribb+ ! body ) silv] t9sel4 ,! size ( ! hooks us$ mu/ dep5d ^u ! size ( ! species ( ,corixae inhabit+ ! wat] to be fi%$1 & v>ies f ,no4 #a to #c1 new size4 ,! ,corixae 9 any p>ticul> wat] may easily be f\nd 9 ord] to obs]ve ! size4 ,!y congregate 9 great numb]s among ! we$s1 c41 on ! bottom ( ! wat]4 ,!y are v num]\s 9 mo/ millponds1 pools1 back-wat]s1 sluggi% wat]s & ponds4 ,! body is made ) light yell[ ,b]l9 wool1 teaz$ up ) fur f ! h>e's face1 & ribb$ ) silv] t9sel4 ,a good space ( %ank %\ld be left above ! body4 ,! only legs :i* make any %[ 9 ! wat] are ! h9d legs1 & !y are ! only ones x is absolutely necess>y to imitate2 %\ld1 h[ev]1 ! fi%]man wi% to imitate ! o!rs1 "o turn ( a g+] hackle may be us$4 ,:5 ,i describ$ ! ,corixa 9 ! ,field ,i direct$ t ! h9d legs %\ld be made ) a /r& ( peacock h]le4 ,i h h[ev] f\nd a bett] imitation ( ^! legs s9ce !n1 9 ! end ( a quill fea!r f a />l+'s w+4 ,?is keeps up its spr+ ev5 :5 soak$ = a long p]iod 9 ! wat]1 :ile ! peacock h]le legs aft] a "t adh]$ to ! body ( ! fly1 & did n /& out on ea* side :5 ! fly 0 at re/4 ,! tip ( ! fea!r %\ld be completely cle>$ ( fibres on "o side1 & ne>ly s on ! o!r1 leav+ h[ev] a few %ort /umps at ! end1 z %[n 9 illu/rations ( imitation 9 ,plate ,,iii41 to repres5t ! paddle-%ape ( ! legs4 ,^! legs are !n ti$ 9 at "r angles to ! body4 ,i h f\nd ! be/ way ( accompli%+ ?is is to tie ! legs 9 /raight to ! side1 ) ! buts po9t+ t[>ds ! tail ( ! fly4 ,!n b5d !m d[n1 & put en\gh turns ( ! ty+ silk r\nd ! %ank ( ! hook to keep !m 9 ! position %[n 9 ! illu/ration ( ! imitation4 ,! w+s are made f ! quill fea!rs ( ! woodcock1 laid flat on ! body "o ov] ! o!r1 z describ$ 9 ! directions = ty+ ,p]lidae1 :i* h _! w+s ly+ "o ov] ! o!r4 ,! head mu/ be made l>ge1 & ! :ole fly :5 f9i%$ appe> z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,:5 us$1 ?is fly %\ld be all[$ to s9k4 ,! dep? to :i* x mu/ s9k v>y+ accord+ to circum/ances1 & !n drawn ?r\gh ! wat] 9 little j]ks4 ,ea* ( ^! movem5ts ?r\gh ! wat] causes ! legs1 :i* /& out on ea* side ( ! body1 to b5d back2 b at ! end ( ! j]k1 :5 ! fly is mom5t>ily /ation>y1 ^! legs resume _! orig9al position4 ,?us ! movem5t ( ! legs ( ! natural insect :5 swimm+ is accurately imitat$4 7,june #ab1 #ahig47 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is imitation ,corixa has met ) a v g5]al condemnation z n be+ a lure :i* %\ld be all[$ on wat]s :]e ! use ( ! fly only is p]mitt$4 ,z ?is *ild ( my fancy has co/ me _m h\rs ( c>eful ?\ght & lab\r1 ,i am incl9$1 ) all due def]5ce to ^! op9ions1 express$ by m5 ( mu* great] exp]i5ce ?an m9e1 to say a few words 9 its def5ce4 ,corixae are insects :i* live 9 ! wat] & are eat5 by tr\t4 ,!y possess w+s :i* !y use frequ5tly1 sometimes fly+ a consid]able di/ance1 & ,i h se5 tr\t take !m j z !y 7 try+ to leave ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,! efficacy ( ! imitation1 !re=e1 dep5ds ^u ! skill ( ! fi%]man1 :o mu/ make x simulate 9 its movem5ts ! movem5ts ( ! natural insect4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,b4 ,dew>1 9 8 ,book ( ! ,dry ,fly1 9 speak+ ( tail+ tr\t1 :i* are probably fe$+ on food ( ! %rimp & snail ord]1 advises t !y %\ld be fi%$ = ) a long l9e d[n /ream1 & ! fly work$ ) a s]ies ( little j]ks1 some:at z 9 salmon-fi%+4 ,! fly %\ld be ca/ j above :]e ! head ( ! tr\t is adjudg$ to be1 & work$ into ! angl]'s bank1 & x mu/ nev] be kept /ill1 o!rwise ! fi% w at once p]ceive ! deception & at once decl9e x4 ,mr4 ,dew> !n m5tions a dry-fly angl] ( great skill :o is v successful 9 fi%+ 9 ?is mann] ) a big ,ald]4 ,x is m ?an probable t 9 ^! cases ! ,ald] is tak5 = a ,corixa1 or some?+ v l x1 z ! col\r1 size1 & movem5ts are some:at simil>4 ,! ,m>quis ( ,granby1 9 ! preface to ,mr4 ,dew>'s book1 also speaks highly ( a sunk ald] = tail+ tr\t4 ,to kill 'tail]s' 9 broad daylight & 9 l[ wat] is q an art 9 itself1 is ano!r quotation f ,! ,book ( ! ,dry ,fly ^u ?is mode ( fi%+1 & ?\gh ! au?or po9ts out t ?is is n true dry-fly fi%+1 /ill if ! fi%]man's consci5ce all[s him to use a sunk ,ald] d[n /ream & work$ 9 ?is mann]1 ,i ?9k x %\ld also all[ him to use an imitation ,corixa "u simil> circum/ances4 ,i %\ld n h dragg$ ! writ+s ( o!rs into su* a "q z ?is1 _h n ! criticisms ^u my flies be5 an indirect attack ^u myself1 z :at has be5 said ab\t !m practically means t !y ought n to be us$ by any "o :o calls himself a sportsman4 ,if ?is is true ( ! flies1 :at c\ld n be said ( _! inv5tor8 ,= ?is reason ,i take ! be/ means ,i c f9d to def5d myself1 & :at bett] def5ce c\ld !re be ?an ! publi%$ practices ( two m5 ^: sportsmanlike qualities h nev] be5 d\bt$8 ,:at is legitimate tr\t-fly has1 ,i believe1 nev] be5 cle>ly def9$2 b ,i hope ,i %all n be presum+ too mu* 9 say+1 t if ! lure 9 "q is ! imitation ( an insect :i* c & does fly1 made ( ! ord9>y mat]ials us$ 9 fly-mak+ ^u "o hook1 ?is lure has a p]fect "r to be call$ a legitimate tr\t-fly4 ,x w be f\nd t my ,corixa fulfils ^! conditions4 ,!re is "o ?+ t ,i wi% p>ticul>ly to impress ^u my read]1 & ?is is t1 9 us+ ! imitations ( ,corixae & ,fre%-wat] ,%rimps1 he %\ld f9d out :e!r ^! creatures inhabit ! wat] he is fi%+4 ,if he does n d ?is & fi%es ) ! imitations ( ei!r ( !m :]e !y d n exi/1 he w probably meet ) failure & disappo9tm5t4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,fre%-,,wat] ,,%rimp 7,gamm>us pulex7#d #d ,rewritt5 f an article 9 ,! ,field1 ,april #af1 #ahih1 "u ! head+ ( ,! ,fre%-wat] ,%rimp z a ,wet ,fly4 ,( all ! =ms ( food p>tak5 ( by ! tr\t ! ,cru/acea are ! be/4 ,:5 ,i say ! be/1 ,i mean t tr\t f$ ^u ,cru/acea seem to ?rive bett] ?an tr\t f$ on any?+ else4 ,9 ?is case1 at any rate1 ! mo/ :olesome =m ( food seems also to be ! mo/ welcome2 = ?\gh ,i h tri$ fe$+ tr\t ) almo/ e =m ( food1 ,i h nev] come across ano!r =m :i* !y h tak5 ) any?+ approa*+ ! voracity ) :i* !y take ,cru/acea4 ,=tunately1 ,i c br+ =w>d a case to %[ h[ tr\t ?rive :5 f$ ^u ,cru/acea4 ,9 ,april1 #ahig1 ,colonel ,walk] pres5t$ "s tr\t to ! ,brighton ,aqu>ium4 ,i myself caught "s ( ^! tr\t1 :i* 7 put 9 a re>+ pond to await _! be+ transf]r$ by rail to ! ,aqu>ium4 ,z ,i also assi/$ 9 ! op]ation ( tak+ !m f ! re>+ pond & putt+ !m into ! tanks 9 :i* !y 7 to travel1 ,i c v\* = _! size at t "t4 ,!y 7 all 9 r bad condition1 &1 ev5 _h ! l>ge/ be5 9 good condition1 x c\ld n h weigh$ m ?an ?ree-qu>t]s ( a p\nd4 ,^! tr\t h be5 f$ entirely on ,cru/acea s9ce !y 7 introduc$ into ! tank !y n[ occupy2 & at ! "t ,i am writ+ 7,janu>y1 #ahih71 ! l>ge/ ( ^! tr\t mu/ be q two p\nds or m 9 weight1 & !re are o!rs :i* are ne>ly z l>ge4 ,! voracity ) :i* ^! tr\t seize ! ,s&hopp]s & ,%rimps ^u :i* !y are f$ is a p]fect revelation4 ,i h se5 !m leap out ( ! wat] to cat* ! ,%rimps ?r[n to !m be=e !y rea*$ ! surface4 ,i h also f\nd t "y tr\t 9 re>+ ponds take ,fre%-wat] ,%rimps ) ! same gre$9ess2 & on consid]+ ^! facts1 ,i am surpris$ t !re h n be5 m attempts to imitate ! ,fre%-wat] ,%rimp4 ,! ,gamm>us pulex may be f\nd 9 almo/ all /reams1 especially :]e !re is mu* vegetation4 ,an illu/ration ( x is giv5 on ,plate ,i4 ,i h h[ev] f\nd !m abundant 9 /reams :]e !re 7 no we$s4 ,!y hide "u /ones at ! bottom ( ! wat] & among ! we$s1 especially among wat]cress & />wort4 ,?\gh !y w live 9 /ill wat]1 ,i h f\nd !m mo/ num]\s 9 /reams2 & not)/&+ t !y are g5]ally suppos$ only to inhabit some:at sluggi% /reams1 ,i h f\nd !m 9 fairly rapid ones1 ) a /ony b$4 ,! ,%rimp is v prolific1 & if protect$ increase v rapidly2 ?us x is a mo/ excell5t plan = ^? :o bre$ & re> tr\t to cultivate !m1 z !y are "o ( ! mo/ valuable =ms ( food4 ,^! animals are v simil> 9 %ape to _! well-kn[n relation1 ! common ,s&hopp]4 ,9 col\r !y v>y v mu* accord+ to ! wat] !y inhabit4 ,i h se5 !m a pale yell[ col\r 9 "s /reams1 :ile 9 o!rs !y are almo/ black4 ,! commone/ col\r is h[ev] a r$di%-yell[4 ,i f9d t ! g5]al idea is t ^! ,%rimps travel ?r\gh ! wat] 9 quick leaps by b5d+ up _! bodies & /raight5+ !m out aga94 ,i h h[ev] nev] se5 !m d ?is1 ?\gh ,i h kept !m 9 an aqu>ium & wat*$ !m v c>efully4 ,:at ,i h se5 is1 t !y use _! legs to swim )1 mov+ !m z ?\gh !y 7 walk+ v rapidly4 ,!y _c1 h[ev]1 walk :5 !y are tak5 out ( ! wat]1 b lie p]fectly helpless ^u _! sides4 ,9 a /ream :]e ! ,fre%-wat] ,%rimp swims1 x seems unable to progress up /ream1 or at any rate1 if x does x moves v sl[ly2 :5 !y wi% to g up /ream !y crawl along ! bottom4 ,!y c1 h[ev]1 z a rule1 ma9ta9 ! same position aga9/ ! curr5t4 ,i h f\nd ! foll[+ to be ! be/ way to dress an imitation ( ! ,fre%-wat] ,%rimp3--,*oose a light g+] tackle1 cut ! tip (f1 & tie ! tip on a hook 7,no4 #a or #b1 new size71 s t ! fibres w project = betwe5 #a_/h & #a_/d ( an in* at ! tail4 ,tie 9 a ?9 /rip ( india-rubb] & a piece ( n>r[ silv] t9sel4 ,! /rip ( india-rubb] mu/ be tak5 f a piece ( ! natural rubb]1 & cut s ?9 t :5 /ret*$ x is transp>5t4 ,:5 /ret*$ x %\ld be q a sixte5? ( an in* broad4 ,a little piece ( india-rubb] tap]$ at ea* end & half z long z ! %ank ( ! hook1 mu/ n[ be fa/5$ to ! %ank ne> ! head ( ! fly1 plac+ ! piece ( rubb] on ! %ank & ty+ x 9 ) ! ty+ silk4 ,n[ br+ back ! ty+ silk to ! tail ( ! fly1 & sp9 ! wool1 ( :i* ! body is to be made1 on to ! ty+ silk & w9d x on ! %ank4 ,! wool may v>y 9 col\r1 accord+ to ! col\r ( ! ,%rimps 9 ! /ream to be fi%$1 f light yell[ or r$di%-yell[ to a v d>k br[n4 ,:5 ! wool body is f9i%$ (f1 w9d on ! /rip ( india-rubb]1 s t ! edge ( "o lap meets ! edge ( ! o!r1 ?us cov]+ ! body entirely2 tie 9 & cut (f ! rema9d]1 & !n rib ! body ) ! t9sel4 ,9 putt+ on ! hackle1 :i* is light g+]1 x is necess>y t "s ( ! fibres %\ld be made to project =w>ds1 s ! ty+ silk %\ld be f9i%$ (f beh9d ^!4 ,:5 ! fly is complete x %\ld appe> z %[n 9 illu/rations ( imitation on ,plate ,,iii4 ,9 fi%+ ?is fly mu/ be all[$ to s9k to mid-wat]1 & !n all[$ to travel across & d[n /ream 9 %ort /ages2 b %\ld n be drawn t[>ds ! fi%]man 9 any m>k$ way1 or x w n repres5t ! movem5ts ( ! natural ,%rimp4 ,:e!r any p>ticul> /ream is inhabit$ by ^! ,cru/acea may be easily discov]$4 ,if ! /ream has a /ony bottom !y w be f\nd "u almo/ e l>ge /one :i* is turn$ ov]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !re be debris or mud at ! bottom1 !y may easily be captur$ ) a /\t gauze net1 m\nt$ on a /rong r+ & h&le4 ,if ?is net be pass$ along ! bottom1 & "s ( ! we$s & debris br\ght up1 ! ,%rimps w be f\nd among ! cont5ts ( ! net4 ,i %\ld /rongly advise any "o possess+ a tr\t /ream :i* is n inhabit$ by ! ,fre%-wat] ,%rimp to introduce !m1 = !y are1 z ,i h po9t$ out1 "o ( ! v be/ =ms ( tr\t food4 ,i h be5 v successful ) ! imitation %rimp on wat]s :i* conta9 ! fre%-wat] %rimp4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is imitation has also met ) g5]al condemnation ( an ev5 m decid$ "* ?an t ( ! ,corixa4 ,9 nei!r case1 h[ev]1 h any reasons be5 giv5 = ! condemnation4 ,z und\bt$ly "s ( ! hackle flies us$ wet mu/ be v l a %rimp1 & if ! imitation %rimp is condemn$1 s also %\ld ^! hackle flies4 ,,l>vae ,,( ,,wat]-,,insects1 :i* h ! p[] ( swimm+ 9 ! wat]1 are be/ imitat$ by mak+ a v tap] body1 ) a l>ge head4 ,!y are _m ( !m small1 & ^! %\ld n be ti$ on a hook l>g] ?an ,no4 #a1 new size4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m l>vae :i* are l>g]1 b n _m ( ^! swim ab\t mu* 9 ! wat]4 ,"s are br[ni%-yell[1 & "s ne>ly black4 ,"s %\ld h a tail made ( two or ?ree /r&s ( hackle ! same col\r z ! body4 ,"s h app5dages on ! sides ( ! body1 & 9 ! imitations ( ^! ! hackle mu/ be ti$ 9 at ! tail1 c>ri$ up ov] ! body1 & a c\ple ( turns giv5 at ! %\ld]4 ,!y may be made 9 v>i\s %ades1 f br[ni%-yell[ to black4 ,i h n yet _h "t to "w out any prop] s*eme ( imitations1 b only write ?is z a sugge/ion4 ,,"s ,,h9ts ,,on ,,dry ,,fly-,,fi%+ ,on ,ca/+ ,! fly mu/ n be ?r[n directly on to ! wat]1 b %\ld be all[$ to drop !re by gravitation4 ,?us ! l9e %\ld ext5d itself 9 a p]fectly /raight l9e 9 ! air1 at lea/ a foot above ! surface ( ! wat]1 & !n ! fly w drop naturally ^u x4 ,on ,keep+ ! ,l9e ,float+ ,unless ! l9e be float+ x is almo/ impossible to avoid a drag1 :i* is1 z a rule1 absolutely fatal4 ,! be/ way to make ! l9e float is to rub ! la/ tw5ty-five y>ds ) vasel9e1 !n g ov] ! l9e ) a lump ( beeswax1 & f9i% up by rubb+ v g5tly ) a rag ) vasel9e ^u x4 ,a rag %\ld be c>ri$ :5 out fi%+1 ) a small piece ( beeswax 9 x4 ,a small t9 ( vasel9e mu/ also be tak5 & !n1 :5 ! l9e %[s any signs ( s9k+1 x mu/ be rubb$ ) ! rag :i* has be5 previ\sly dipp$ 9 ! vasel9e4 ,! small piece ( beeswax %\ld t\* ! l9e z x is be+ rubb$ ) ! rag1 & ! wax w become s(t on ! surface z x mixes ) ! vasel9e4 ,on ,mak+ ! ,fly ,float ,_m fi%]m5 use od\rless p>aff92 b x takes "s "t = ! p>aff9 to float (f1 & :5 a quick *ange ( flies is necess>y1 ?is is a great disadvantage4 ,if ! f+] be dipp$ v slightly 9 ! t9 ( vasel9e1 s t !re is j a suspicion ( x on ! sk91 & ! hackle ( ! fly be rubb$ ) x1 ! fly w float z well z x does ) ! od\rless p>aff91 & ! vasel9e w n float (f4 ,p]sonally ,i pref] n to use any?+4 ,?is entails a small am\nt ( extra lab\r 9 dry+ ! fly2 b ! t9ts ( ! fly are n alt]$1 z !y (t5 are if any =m ( grease is us$ to make ! fly float4 ,,ri*>d ,,clay ,,& ,,sons1 ,,limit$1 ,,london ,,& ,,bungay4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,transcrib] ,,notes3 ,punctuation has be5 normaliz$ )\t note4 ,footnotes h be5 mov$ clos] to _! ref]5ce po9t 9 ! text4 ,page #aj3 biass$ *ang$ to bias$ 7,i mu/ be naturally bias$74 ,page #ajj3 teas$ *ang$ to teaz$ = consi/5cy 7teaz$ up ) fur74