,,practical ,,bookb9d+4 ,illu/ration ,,practical ,,bookb9d+ ,,by ,,paul ,,adam1 ,director ( ! ,duesseldorf ,te*nical ,s*ool ( ,arti/ic & ,practical ,bookb9d+4 ,,translat$ ,,f ,,! ,,g]man ,,by ,,?os4 ,e4 ,,maw1 ,,libr>ian ,,k+',s ,,lynn ,,public ,,libr>y4 ,,) #abg ,,illu/rations4 ,,london ,,scott1 ,,gre5wood ,,co4 #ai ,,ludgate ,,hill1 ,e4,c4 ,,new ,,york ,d4 ,,van ,,no/r& ,,co4 #bc ,,murray ,,/reet #aijc 7,! sole "r ( translation into ,engli% re/s ) ,scott1 ,gre5wood ,co47 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,metric ,,& ,,briti% ,,sy/ems ,,comp>$ vi4 ,,preface vii4 ,introductory ,rem>ks on ,work+ ,me?ods & ,mat]ials #a ,a4--,mat]ials = ,sew+ & ,pa/+ #a ,b4--,mat]ials = ,cov]+ ! ,book #d ,c4--,mat]ials = ,decorat+ & ,f9i%+ #g ,d4--,tools #i ,,"p ,i4 ,,=w>d+4 ,*apt] ,i4--,g5]al ,prep>atory ,"w #ac ,*apt] ,,ii4--,sew+ #dj ,*apt] ,,iii4--,=w>d+3 ,cutt+1 ,r\nd+1 & ,back+ #ed ,*apt] ,,iv4--,=w>d+3 ,decoration1 ( ,edges & ,headb&+ #fb ,*apt] ,v4--,bo>d+ #he ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,f9i%+4 ,! ,book ,cov] #ic ,*apt] ,,vi4--,mak+ ! ,cov] #ie ,*apt] ,,vii4--,"w ) ! ,block+ ,press #ajc ,*apt] ,,viii4--,treatm5t ( ,sewn ,books1 ,fa/5+ 9 ,cov]s1 & ,f9i%+ ,(f #aai ,*apt] ,,ix4--,h& ,f9i%+ #abi ,*apt] ,x4--,acc\nt ,books #aeg ,*apt] ,,xi4--,s*ool ,books1 ,m\nt+ ,maps1 ,draw+s1 c4 #afi ,conclusion #agg ,index #ahj ,li/ ( ,illu/rations ,page4 ,fig4 #a ,glue-pot = heat+ by petroleum4 #c ,figs4 #b #c ,hold+ :il/ fold+4 #ae ,fig4 #d ,lift+ into ! ,press4 #ai ,fig4 #e ,op5 %eets laid out = ga!r+4 #bj ,fig4 #f ,sections fann$ out = draw+ out4 #bb ,fig4 #g ,sections fann$ out = pa/+4 #bc ,fig4 #h ,sugge/ions = m\nt+ on gu>ds4 #be ,figs4 #i-ac ,sugge/ions = fold+ plates & maps4 #bf ,fig4 #ad ,collat+4 #bh ,fig4 #ae ,roll+ ma*9e4 #ca ,fig4 #af ,sew+ frame4 #cc ,fig4 #ag ,arrangem5t on ! sew+ frame4 #cc ,fig4 #ah ,arrangem5t ( ?reads 9 holla5d]+4 #ce ,fig4 #ai ,small /apl+ ma*9e = s+le %eets4 #ce ,fig4 #bj ,arrangem5t ( /aples 9 bro*ures4 #ce ,fig4 #ba ,arrangem5t ( ?reads 9 old /yle ( sew+4 #da ,fig4 #bb ,arrangem5t ( ?reads ) d\ble cords4 #da ,fig4 #bc ,divisions = saw+-94 #db ,fig4 #bd ,ma*9e = saw+-94 #dc ,fig4 #be ,sugge/ions = s+le & d\ble end pap]s4 #de ,fig4 #bf ,sugge/ion = d\ble end pap] ) te>-(f4 #de ,fig4 #bg ,ov]ca/ end pap]4 #df ,fig4 #bh ,loops = atta*+ to frame hooks4 #dg ,fig4 #bi ,loops = tak+ frame keys4 #dg ,fig4 #cj ,sugge/ion = sew+ on f\r cords4 #dh ,fig4 #ca ,sugge/ion = sew+ on six cords4 #dh ,fig4 #cb ,sugge/ion = sew+ two-%eets-on4 #ej ,fig4 #cc ,?read-sew+ ma*9e4 #ec ,fig4 #cd ,wire-sew+ ma*9e4 #ec ,fig4 #ce ,rot>y guillot9e4 #ed ,fig4 #cf ,lev] guillot9e4 #ee ,fig4 #cg ,top edge arrang$ = :5 trimm+ ?ree edges4 #ef ,fig4 #ch ,r\nd+ ! book4 #eg ,fig4 #ci ,r\nd+ ma*9e4 #eh ,fig4 #dj ,back+ ma*9e = small %ops4 #ei ,fig4 #da ,back+ ma*9e = l>ge %ops4 #ei ,fig4 #db ,back$ book arrang$ = trimm+4 #fj ,fig4 #dc ,m>bl+ outfit4 #ff ,fig4 #dd ,sugge/ion = spr9kl+ col\r4 #fh ,fig4 #de ,comb m>bl+4 #fi ,fig4 #df ,sugge/ion = curl m>bl+4 #fi ,fig4 #dg ,b\quet or peacock m>bl+4 #gj ,fig4 #dh ,eye m>bl+4 #gj ,figs4 #di #ej ,arrangem5t ( flat & r\nd$ edges4 #gd ,fig4 #ea ,top edge arrang$ = gild+4 #hj ,fig4 #eb ,headb& %e>s4 #hb ,fig4 #ec ,headb& work+4 #hc ,fig4 #ed ,bo>d-cutt+ ma*9e4 #hf ,fig4 #ee ,spr+ back4 #hg ,fig4 #ef ,bo>d$ book4 #hh ,fig4 #eg ,section ( edge rule4 #hi ,fig4 #eh ,engli% /yle ( lac+ bo>ds4 #ij ,fig4 #ei ,view ( ! mo/ g5]al /yles ( b9d+1 %[+ ! divisions ( ! "w4 7,table7 #id ,fig4 #fj ,corn]s cut = turn+ 94 #if ,fig4 #fa ,corn]s3 ,"r & wrong4 #if ,fig4 #fb ,p>+ ) ,(f5ba* or ,b]l9 knife4 #ig ,fig4 #fc ,p>+ ) ,fr5* knife4 #ii ,fig4 #fd ,block+ press4 #aje ,fig4 #fe ,appliances us$ 9 block+ backs4 #ajg ,fig4 #ff ,col\r roll]4 #aae ,fig4 #fg ,/uck-on gauges4 #aah ,fig4 #fh ,turn+ 9 ! head4 #aba ,figs4 #fi #gj ,! head3 good & bad4 #abb ,fig4 #ga ,! pa/$-d[n book4 #abe ,fig4 #gb ,treatm5t ( te>-(f4 #abh ,figs4 #gc #gd ,simple l9e designs4 #aca ,fig4 #ge ,half-calf extra tool$ 9 bl9d4 #acc ,fig4 #gf ,lea!r b9d+ ) simple design 9 bl9d4 #acd ,fig4 #gg ,simple gold tool+ on sides4 #ace ,fig4 #gh ,tool$ cov]4 #acf ,fig4 #gi ,specim5 ( tool+ done 9 ! ,duesseldorf ,te*nical ,s*ool4 #acg ,fig4 #hj ,lea!r b9d+ by ,oswald ,kob1 ,boz54 #ach ,fig4 #ha ,cov] ) laurel motive done 9 ! ,duesseldorf ,te*nical ,s*ool4 #aci ,fig4 #hb ,lea!r b9d+ ) f]n motive done 9 ! ,duesseldorf ,te*nical ,s*ool4 #adc ,fig4 #hc ,simple gold tool+ on squ>es4 #add ,fig4 #hd ,design 9 gold = squ>es4 ,tools by1 ,f4 ,clem5t ,leipzig4 #ade ,figs4 #he #hf ,two designs 9 gold = squ>es4 #ade ,figs4 #hg1 ,?ree simple backs4 ,t1 d1 ,b ,title2 ,n1 ,t #hh1 #hi ,sub ,title4 #adg ,fig4 #ij ,type-hold] ) c5tre position4 #adh ,figs4 #ia1 #ib1 ,f\r backs tool$ 9 ! ,duesseldorf ,te*nical #ic1 #id ,s*ool4 #adi ,fig4 #ie ,gr\p ( backs tool$ 9 ,c>lsruhe ,te*nical ,s*ool4 #aej ,figs4 #if #ig ,two ri*ly decorat$ insides done 9 ! ,duesseldorf ,te*nical ,s*ool4 #aej ,figs4 #ih1 #ii1 ,f\r ri*ly tool$ backs #ajj #ajb #aea ,fig4 #ajb ,ri* half-calf extra b9d+4 #aeb ,figs4 #ajc #ajd ,tool+ on heads4 #aec ,figs4 #aje1 ,tool+ on ! edges ( ! bo>ds4 #ajf1 #ajg #aed ,fig4 #ajh ,motive execut$ 9 ! ,duesseldorf ,te*nical ,s*ool4 #aed ,fig4 #aji ,case to protect book4 #aee ,fig4 #aaj ,cut-out case4 #aee ,fig4 #aaa ,book cov]4 #aee ,fig4 #aab ,cov] 9 case =m4 #aee ,figs4 #aac #aad ,end pap]s = acc\nt books4 #aeh ,fig4 #aae ,bo>ds cut out at head4 #afj ,fig4 #aaf ,sugge/ion = acc\nt book back4 ,k ,p>$ edge2 ,t ,"p to be pa/$4 #afa ,fig4 #aag ,sugge/ion = acc\nt book back4 #afb ,fig4 #aah ,bo>d$ acc\nt book4 #afc ,fig4 #aai ,to %[ :]e turn-9 is to be cut4 #afd ,fig4 #abj ,h& numb]+ ma*9e4 #afe ,fig4 #aba ,sugge/ion = back ( gu>d book4 #aff ,fig4 #abb ,patt]n = du/ flaps4 7,le9w& ,l95 h+e47 #afg ,fig4 #abc ,eyelet+ ma*9e4 #agb ,figs4 #abd-abg ,%[+ /ages ( p9n+ d[n = /ret*+4 #agc ,,! ,,metric ,,& ,,briti% ,,sy/ems4 ,,table ,,( ,,comp>ison4 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,metres4,decimetres4,c5timetres4,millime tres4,in*es4 ---------------------------------------- --------- 4#jja 4#ja 4#a #a 4#jci 4#jjb 4#jb 4#b #b 4#jgi 4#jjc 4#jc 4#c #c 4#aah 4#jjd 4#jd 4#d #d 4#aeg 4#jje 4#je 4#e #e 4#aig 4#jjf 4#jf 4#f #f 4#bcf 4#jjg 4#jg 4#g #g 4#bgf 4#jjh 4#jh 4#h #h 4#cae 4#jji 4#ji 4#i #i 4#ced 4#ja 4#a #a #aj 4#cid 4#jb 4#b #b #bj 4#ghg 4#jc 4#c #c #cj #a4aha 4#jd 4#d #d #dj #a4ege 4#je 4#e #e #ej #a4ifh 4#jf 4#f #f #fj #b4cfb 4#jg 4#g #g #gj #b4gef 4#jh 4#h #h #hj #c4aej 4#ji 4#i #i #ij #c4edc 4#a #a #aj #ajj #c4id 4#b #b #bj #bjj #g4hg 4#c #c #cj #cjj #aa4ha 4#d #d #dj #djj #ae4ge 4#e #e #ej #ejj #ai4fi 4#f #f #fj #fjj #bc4fb 4#g #g #gj #gjj #bg4ef 4#h #h #hj #hjj #ca4ej 4#i #i #ij #ijj #ce4dc #a #aj #ajj #ajjj #ci4cg ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,weight4 #a gramme #ae4dd gra9s4 #bh-a_/c grammes #a oz4 avoird4 #a kilogramme #ajjj grammes #b4bj lb4 avoird4 ,,l5g?4 #a metre #ajj c5timetres #ci4cg in*es4 ,r\ghly speak+1 #a metre a y>d & a t5?4 #a c5timetre two-fif?s ( an in*4 #a kilometre #ajjj metres five-eigh?s ( a mile4 ,,volume4 #a cubic metre #ajjj litres #ce4cb cubic feet4 #a litre #ajjj cubic c5timetres 4#bbjb gall4 ,,heat4 #a calorie #c4if ,briti% !rmal units4 ,,comp>ison ,,betwe5 ,,fahr5heit ,,& ,,c5tigrade ,,!rmomet]s4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,c4 ,f4 ,c4 ,f4 ,c4 ,f4 ,c4 ,f4 ,c4 ,f4 ---------------------------------------- ------ -#be -#ac #e #da #be #gg #fe #adi #aje #bba -#bj -#d #h #df4d #cj #hf #gj #aeh #aaj #bcj -#ag #a4d #aj #ej #ce #ie #ge #afg #aae #bci -#ae #e #ab #ec4f #dj #ajd #hj #agf #abj #bdh -#aj #ad #ae #ei #de #aac #he #ahe #abe #beg -#e #bc #ag #fb4f #ej #abb #ij #aid #acj #bff #j #cb #ah #fd4d #ee #aca #ie #bjc #ace #bge #a #cc4h #bj #fh #fj #adj #ajj #bab #adj #bhd ---------------------------------------- ------ ,to ,conv]t3-- ,degrees ,c4 to ,degrees ,f41 multiply by #i1 divide by #e1 !n add #cb4 ,degrees ,f4 to ,degrees ,c41 fir/ subtract #cb1 !n multiply by #e & divide by #i4 ,,preface4 ,n[adays ! bookb9d] does n b9d only ^? books giv5 to him = ?is purpose z 0 ! case 9 =m] ye>s1 = pres5t conditions necessitate 8 und]tak+ _m k9ds ( "w :i* h little or no?+ to d ) ! b9d+ ( books1 p>ticul>ly su* z are connect$ ) ! mak+ or f9i%+ ( pr9t$ matt] & pap] goods1 or :]e pa/+1 gumm+1 & glue+ are requir$1 :i*1 9 _! turn1 are connect$ ) pap] & c>dbo>d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s bran*es ( ! bookb9d]'s craft h n[ become q di/9ct1 & h develop$ into special indu/ries1 & h s enl>g$ & ext5d$ t ev5 _! p>ticul> me?ods ( work+ & te*nical t]ms h q *ang$4 ,c>dbo>d goods1 lea!r goods1 photo albums1 maps1 & ev5 acc\nt-books are treat$ by p>ticul> firms z specialities4 ,z we mu/ n[ keep )9 cle>ly def9$ limits1 we %all treat "h only ! "w ( bookb9d+ prop] z f> z x is conc]n$ ) ! mak+ ( ! book = publi%]1 booksell]1 & buy]1 & also ! mak+ ( acc\nt-books1 :il/ ! o!r "w giv5 to ! b9d]1 commonly call$ fancy goods1 mu/ be exclud$4 ,editions de luxe1 *>t]s1 illum9at$ addresses1 c41 are likewise exclud$1 z !y are q ap>t f ! ord9>y "w ( ! bookb9d]1 belong+ solely to arti/ic bookb9d+4 ,:5 any su* "w is requir$ ! intellig5t work] w n be at a loss2 besides1 he w d]ive ample assi/ance f ! illu/rations = ?is class ( "w4 ,! p>ts ( ?is little book h be5 s arrang$ z to correspond to our pres5t-day division ( "w3 prep>atory "w1 =w>d+1 cov]+1 & f9i%+4 ,9 ,engl& & ,france ! v>i\s processes h = a long "t be5 simil>ly t]m$1 & al?\gh 9 ,g]many we c\ld n foll[ _! lead )\t any deviation1 because our me?od ( "w & division ( lab\r are s diff]5t1 yet ! basis ( ?is arrangem5t has be5 us$ 9 ?is book4 ,e text-book has "s drawback1 ! greate/ ( ^! be+ t a practical demon/ration on ! subject is m helpful ?an ! mo/ detail$ writt5 description1 & yet ev5 9 ! latt] a text-book is limit$4 ,= ! re/1 ,i h tri$ to be z brief & cle> z ev] possible & to avoid faults :i* ,i h discov]$ 9 my =m] writ+s ( a simil> k9d4 ,paul ,adam4 ,duesseldorf1 ,g]many1 #ahih4 ,,introductory ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,work+ ,,me?ods ,,& ,,mat]ials4 ,! bookb9d] works ) q a l>ge v>iety ( mat]ials :i* are mo/ly :at we might call half-made1 t is to say1 su* mat]ials z h already und]gone "s h& or ma*9e process 9 ord] to make !m fit = ! "w ( ! bookb9d]4 ,?is is n ! place to g into details z to ! s\rce ( all ^! mat]ials or ! mann] ( _! production3 t may be se5 9 special treatises4 ,we sep>ate into v>i\s gr\ps ! mat]ials we use4 ,a4--,,mat]ials ,,= ,,sew+ ,,& ,,pa/+4 ,! bookb9d] himself prep>es 8 pa/e f :eat5 fl\r & boil+ wat]4 ,put 9 a %all[ vessel1 by pref]5ce a /one or enamell$ metal wa%-bas91 ! quantity ( fl\r requir$ = ab\t eight days1 p\r 9 z mu* wat] z w make a mixture by soak+ & /irr+ ( ! consi/5cy ( honey4 ,add to x boil+ wat]1 fir/ sl[ly1 !n quick]1 /irr+ all ! "t4 ,x does n d to add ! wat] too quickly1 z t is likely to make ! pa/e knotty or lumpy1 because x _c be /irr$ quickly en\gh & ! glut5 develops unequally4 ,if add$ too sl[ly1 ! />* is n heat$ quickly en\gh & does n ?ick5 suffici5tly or n quickly en\gh1 & ! pa/e turns out too ?94 ,good pa/e1 :5 cold1 %\ld n be /iff l pudd+1 b %\ld be easily work$ ) a bru%4 ,9 ord] to prev5t a sk9 =m+ on ! top :il/ cool+1 p\r ov] ! pa/e z mu* cold wat] z w cov] ! surface imm$iately aft] ! mix+ ) ! boil+ wat]2 ?is wat] is aft]w>ds p\r$ (f4 ,9 summ] :5 ! pa/e is made1 & :il/ /ill hot1 add a few drops ( turp5t9e & mix well2 ?is pres]ves ! pa/e & keeps (f insects4 ,! addition ( alum to ! pa/e t5ds to make x wat]y1 besides hav+ no pres]vative prop]ties4 ,if requir$1 pa/e may be ?9n$ by add+ a little w>m wat]4 ,potato fl\r is (t5 us$ fraudul5tly = mak+ pa/e1 b ?is %\ld only be tak5 :5 x is possible to use x up quickly1 & n = books1 b only = fancy goods1 z ?is fl\r does n possess great adhesive p[] & is unsuitable = lea!r4 ,glue is made f ! well-kn[n cake glue4 ,! be/ ,engli% glue1 al?\gh ! de>e/1 is ! *eape/ to use4 ,good glue :il/ soak+ 9 wat] %\ld /ill reta9 a c]ta9 degree ( /ick9ess1 mu/ n be greasy1 & %\ld h no disagreeable smell4 ,glue if weigh$ be=e soak+ & aft]w>ds dri$ & aga9 weigh$ %\ld give no p]ceptible loss 9 weight4 ,good glue %\ld n h a disagreeable ta/e1 & above all %\ld n betray ! pres5ce ( salt4 ,to obta9 ! prop] consi/5cy 9 glue = bookb9d+1 a quantity ( ! cakes is tak5 & suffici5t wat] p\r$ ov] x to cov] well4 ,! next day ! gelat9\s mass is tak5 out ( ! wat] & dissolv$ 9 ! glue-pot by plac+ ! s(t5$ glue 9 a pot /&+ 9 an out] vessel conta9+ boil+ wat]4 ,glue %\ld nev] be boil$ nor plac$ directly on ! fire1 z t causes ! loss ( ! be/ "p ( its adhesive prop]ty4 ,glue & pa/e are g5]ally work$ ) a bru%4 ,= pa/e a l>ge holl[ bru% is us$2 ?is holds a l>ge quantity ( pa/e & cov]s a l>ge surface4 ,= glue a clos] bru% ) a metal fa/5+ is us$1 because "h ! hairs _c be secur$ ) pit* ow+ to ! bru% be+ con/antly expos$ to heat4 ,on ! pa/e bru% !re mu/ be nei!r r+ nor any?+ else ( iron1 z ?is us$ 9 pa/e w\ld cause ru/1 & ru/ w\ld give iron /a9s to light-col\r$ lea!rs4 ,= ! same reason no enamell$ vessel %\ld be us$ = pa/e aft] ! enamel has once be5 *ipp$ or worn4 ,lay+ ! glue or pa/e on a mat]ial is call$ glue+ or pa/+4 ,a z9c-plate is ! mo/ s]viceable pa/+-bo>d1 z ! pa/e is easily wa%$ (f4 ,glue c be scrap$ or soak$ (f & us$ aga94 ,pa/+-bo>ds ( mill-bo>d or pap] are h>dly to be recomm5d$1 z _! use entails a consid]able loss ( mat]ial4 ,( o!r adhesive sub/ances1 dextr9e1 gum1 gelat9e1 & is+lass are us$ = c]ta9 purposes4 ,! two =m] are always us$ cold1 ! two latt] w>m4 ,! =m] are dissolv$ 9 cold wat]2 gelat9e & is+lass are soak$ exactly l glue1 ! wat] p\r$ (f1 & !n melt$ 9 ! glue-pot4 ,dextr9e & gum are us$ by ! bookb9d] almo/ exclusively = pa/+ l>g] surfaces1 & = lay+ on ^! sub/ances a broad ?9 bru% fa/5$ ) a metal /rip is us$4 ,fig4 #a4--;,glue-pot = heat+ by petroleum4 ,to heat ! glue & to ma9ta9 ! heat a glue-heat+ app>atus is us$4 ,! upp] "p always consi/s ( ! glue-pot4 ,! bett] k9ds are made ( copp] or brass wr\ght or m\ld$ 9 "o piece4 ,= ! sake ( conv5i5ce a p>tition is let into ?is pot s t ?ick & ?9 glue may be ready = use at ! same "t4 ,! glue is n heat$ directly ov] ! flame1 b by hot wat]2 to d ?is ! glue-pot is plac$ )9 a l>g] vessel conta9+ wat]1 ! glue-pot at ! same "t closely fitt+ to ! out] rim ( ! l>g] vessel4 ,?is contrivance is plac$ ov] a petroleum1 gas1 or _s lamp1 :i* gives ! requir$ heat4 ,9 "s di/ricts :]e br[n coal is f\nd1 x is heat$ on a specially made contrivance ) ! br[n coal wa/e4 ,! late/ me?od ( heat+ is by electricity4 ,! app>atus necess>y = ?is has be5 put on ! m>ket by ! firm ,w4 ,leo1 ,/uttg>t4 ,! majority ( bookb9d]ies1 l>ge & small1 use a /rong l95 hemp-spun ?read = sew+1 ! /r5g? ( :i* dep5ds ^u ! weight & size ( ! %eets to be sewn4 ,z x is inconv5i5t to be oblig$ to be cont9ually beg9n+ a new ?read or knott+1 mo/ bookb9d]s use a reel ( ?read4 ,! s-call$ ,m>s*all ?read is ! be/4 ,! book is held toge!r by cords1 = :i* ! s-call$ sew+ cord is us$4 ,!re are n[ special k9ds made = ! purposes ( ! bookb9d]2 ^! are lightly twi/$ out ( a long fibr\s mat]ial s t aft]w>ds !y c be easily undone = ! subsequ5t necess>y scrap+ out4 ,c]ta9 k9ds ( b9d+s are sewn ^u tapes2 /rong raw l95 tape ( #a-a-a_/b cm4 be+ ! mat]ial mo/ g5]ally us$4 ,= ma*9e sew+1 ?read is g5]ally us$4 ,t9n$ iron wire1 ready w\nd on spools1 is also us$4 ,x is made 9 v>i\s sizes & us$ accord+ to ! weight ( ! %eets4 ,b4--,,mat]ial ,,= ,,cov]+ ,,! ,,book4 ,! real protection aga9/ outw>d injury to ! book lies 9 ! cov]1 ! inside ( :i* consi/s ( bo>ds m or less /rong4 ,( ! k9ds on ! m>ket ! bookb9d] uses grey-bo>d1 :i* is made f wa/e pap] & rags4 ,x is grey1 v t\gh1 & flexible1 b de>] ?an o!r raw mat]ials4 ,/raw-bo>ds made f /raw & wa/e pap] are *eap]1 b less flexible1 & are easily brok54 ,!y take a v high poli% "u ! cal5d]+ ma*9e & become v h>d1 & are !re=e v suitable = "s "w if flexibility is n ess5tial4 ,!y are g5]ally us$ 9 all clo? b9d+4 ,s-call$ lea!r-bo>ds are unsuitable1 =1 9 spite ( great t\ghness & pliancy1 !y are c]ta9 to cockle & always rema9 spongy4 ,wood5-bo>ds are unsuitable = bookb9d+ on acc\nt ( _! small resi/ance1 b are indisp5sable = fancy goods & portfolios1 z !y c be s nicely cut & are less liable to subsequ5t cockl+ ?an any o!r k9d4 ,besides ^!1 yell[ & blue bo>ds are made4 ,^! are col\r$ to suit & s]ve q special purposes1 mo/ly fancy goods2 b !y also are n us$ 9 bookb9d+1 on acc\nt ( _! high price4 ,! ?9ne/ bo>ds are kn[n z middles4 ,?is is a /rong :iti% mat]ial made entirely f wa/e-pap]4 ,x is us$ = l9+ backs1 limp b9d+s1 & 9 all cases :]e flexibility1 toge!r ) durability1 is requir$4 ,9 f9i%$ "w--books1 fancy goods1 maps--! bo>ds are nev] left expos$ to view1 b are cov]$ ) pap]1 clo?1 or lea!r4 ,= ! inn] side ( ! cov] ( ! book :ite or col\r$ pap] is frequ5tly us$1 note-pap] ( ! smalle/ size be+ m r>ely us$4 ,all m>bl$ or press$ pap]s are made 9 "o /&>d size4 ,besides ! end pap]s = inside ( books1 a figur$ pap] has ( late be5 made kn[n z li?o pr9t$ = fancy goods4 ,?is has be5 put on ! m>ket 9 ! mo/ v>i$ k9ds1 & also ) clo?-l impressions1 "u ! names damask1 brocade1 & ,leipzig end pap]s4 ,! use ( ?is pap] has ( late be5 almo/ discont9u$4 ,! de>e/ are ^? pr9t$ ) designs 9 gold4 ,clo? is m durable ?an pap]1 calico be+ mo/ly us$4 ,?is is made 9 all col\rs & designs1 & 0 =m]ly import$ f ,engl&2 b to-day ,g]man manufactur]s produce a really good article4 ,pla9 l95 clo?1 black1 gre51 or grey1 sail clo?1 buckram1 mole-sk91 & beav] are us$ 9 ! mak+ ( acc\nt-books4 ,silk is us$ 9 ! bookb9d]y z end pap]s 9 extra "w1 & also = fancy goods & = l9+ boxes4 ,! l[] grades are seldom us$1 ! bett] qualities be+ mo/ly tak54 ,to-day velvet is /ill us$ 9 ! b9d]y1 *iefly z a cov]+ = portfolios1 albums1 & addresses1 & except = metal clasps rema9s )\t ornam5tation4 ,! bookb9d]'s be/ mat]ial1 to :i* is giv5 ! *oice/1 mo/ exp5sive1 & mo/ pa9/ak+ decoration1 is lea!r 9 its v>i\s k9ds4 ,%eep-sk91 undy$ or split & dy$1 s]ves = s*ool books & o!r *eap "w4 ,goat-sk9 & morocco are bett] k9ds1 ! latt] be+ pref]able bo? z reg>ds price & quality4 ,morocco is made f ! sk9 ( ! goat4 ,morocco1 ,levant morocco1 & m>oqu9 all d5ote ! same k9d4 ,x is a /rong1 co>se-gra9$ lea!r import$ f ! ,levant1 v t\gh & durable4 ,cape morocco1 also call$ m>oqu9 ecrase1 is simil> to ?is4 ,?is has a v l>ge1 artificially smoo?-press$ gra91 & hi!rto has be5 high] 9 price ?an all o!r lea!rs4 ,calf 7matt or poli%$7 is q smoo? & is only us$ = f9e "w4 ,c[hide is simil> to ?is1 b ( co>s] texture1 & is only us$ = lea!r goods1 portfolios1 & albums2 = o!r "w 9 ! b9d]y x is n easily en\gh work$4 ,celluloid is "o ( ! late/ mat]ials us$ = cov]s4 ,!re is evid5tly a good op5+ = ?is 9 ! :olesale manufacturies1 /amp$ goods1 & small fancy goods2 :il/ on ! o!r h& x is ( little value to ! small] %ops1 z x requires ma*9]y = gild+4 ,c4--,,mat]ials ,,= ,,decorat+ ,,& ,,f9i%+4 ,= ! decoration ( our "w1 ei!r dur+ or aft] production1 !re w be a l>ge v>iety ( mat]ials us$4 ,col\rs are us$ = ! decoration ( ! cut edges & ! cut heads ( books4 ,! smoo?1 uni=mly col\r$ edges are made by a body col\r--c>m9e1 sc>let1 *rome yell[1 silk gre51 indigo blue4 ,all ^! col\rs mu/ be v f9ely gr\nd be=e us+2 ! addition ( a little pa/e or dissolv$ gelat9e makes ! col\r adh]e4 ,= m>bl+ ! edges ,half]'s m>bl+ col\rs are n[ exclusively us$2 ^! are to be _h ready = use4 ,among/ ! b9d]s' mat]ials gold takes q an important place4 ,leaf-gold 9 v>i\s col\rs is suppli$ ei!r by ! gold-beat] or ! :olesale deal]4 ,! col\r mo/ us$ at ! pres5t "t is orange gold1 :i* is ab\t ! same 9 t9t z our curr5t gold co9age4 ,r$ gold is some:at deep] 9 tone4 ,gre5 gold & lemon gold are consid]ably alt]$ by an alloy ( silv]1 & are sold *eap]4 ,besides gold !re are /ill o!r leaf-metals us$1 pr9cipally alum9ium z a sub/itute = silv]4 ,! latt] is /ill be+ us$1 b its un=tunate prop]ty ( turn+ black w by-&-by drive x f our work%ops4 ,bronze-leaf is also us$ = v small jobs 9 l>ge quantities--mak]s' names on hat l9+s1 ties1 c4 ,l silv]1 x is also liable to rapid oxidization1 :i* takes place ) especial rapidity ^u lea!r4 ,gold leaf is made 9 v>i\s sizes4 ,! l>g] size1 ab\t #he mm41 is ! be/ to use1 :il/ ! v small sizes are bett] suit$ = "s "w4 ,z a gr\nd-"w = gilt edges1 ! s-call$ polim5t 7,arm5ian bole7 is n[ g5]ally us$4 ,?is is clean$ bole1 made into a pa/e1 & appli$ 9 a solution n too ?94 ,to make ! gold /ick to ! surface1 glair or :ite ( egg is us$ 9 all cases4 ,x mu/ be prop]ly dilut$ accord+ to :e!r x is to be us$ = gilt edges or h&-tool+4 ,f9i%$ "w1 especially smoo? surfaces1 is improv$ by ! application ( v>ni%1 & is at ! same "t r5d]$ damp-pro(4 ,! s-call$ bookb9d]'s or lea!r v>ni% is us$ = lea!r1 clo?1 or press$ d>k pap]s4 ,map v>ni%1 also sold z photograph]'s v>ni%1 is suitable = light articles1 maps1 plac>ds1 c4 ,at pres5t1 _s v>ni% ) its quick dry+ & high surface is almo/ exclusively us$ = ?is purpose4 ,turp5t9e v>ni%es are no long] g5]ally us$ 9 bookb9d]ies2 9 col\r pr9t+ copal & amb] v>ni%es are us$4 ,! ready-made headb& is an article specially manufactur$ = ! bookb9d]4 ,x is fa/5$ on ! book 9 suitable l5g?s to cov] ! place :]e ! body & back ( books jo9 at head & tail4 ,^! headb&s are to be _h 9 ! mo/ v>i$ /yles1 accord+ to price & requirem5t4 ,= ord9>y "w a *eap cotton is good en\gh1 = f9e half-calf b9d+s a silk headb& is us$ if x is n int5d$ to weave by h& a headb& ( silk ?read = decoration kn[n z a work$ headb&4 ,besides ! headb&1 ! book-m>k] is requir$1 g5]ally a silk braid 9 bright col\rs4 ,x is (t5 necess>y to fix clasps to heavy books & also to ! small] hymn-books & pray]-books4 ,^! are made to suit all requirem5ts & 9 v>i\s /yles by firms mak+ a speciality ( ?is "w4 ,! /rong] ! metal us$1 ! bett] ! clasp & ! easi] = ! work] to h&le1 z clasps ( poor] quality are sometimes spoilt ev5 :il/ be+ fix$ to ! books4 ,imitation metal fa/5+s are necess>y = c]ta9 purposes1 al?\gh _! use is n[ consid]ably limit$4 ,^! are ! /amp$ metal rims & corn] pieces1 :i* are indisp5sable 9 ! manufacture ( sample cases1 c4 ,! fancy goods ) _! decorat$ bord]s :i* 7 s popul> at "o "t h disappe>$ f ! trade2 on ! o!r h&1 !re has be5 a dem& = fancy col\r$ cords made by twi/+ cords toge!r4 ,d4--,,tools4 ,! bookb9d]'s work%op ( to-day pres5ts q a diff]5t aspect f t ( our =efa!rs1 ev5 if we g back only #ej ye>s4 ,! "w b5*es z n[ f\nd 9 small lea!r or jobb+ %ops /& ne> wide & l(ty w9d[s1 ea* b5* hav+ a l>ge draw] at ea* work]'s place4 ,und]nea?1 betwe5 ! legs ( ! b5*1 !re is a bo>d fix$ on supports ^u :i* boxes conta9+ col\rs or any o!r mat]ials 9 use are plac$ )9 easy rea*2 & s t ! bo>d may n inconv5i5ce ! work] sitt+ 9 front ( x1 a semi-circul> op5+ is cut at ea* work]'s place4 ,at ea* place !re is a /ool1 some:at high] ?an an ord9>y *air1 ) ?ree legs & a r\nd flat seat4 ,! legs are connect$ by /rong b>s = ! work] to re/ 8 feet ^u4 ,%elves = ! l>g] tools are conv5i5tly arrang$ on ! walls1 s z n to be a h9drance1 b /ill )9 easy rea*4 ,a few small] *e/s ) draw]s are requir$ = ! /or+ ( small] tools & pieces ( metal ornam5t1 c4 ,a suffici5t numb] ( wood5 presses1 press+ bo>ds 9 folio1 qu>to1 & octavo1 ) ! screw key1 z well z ! press jack belong+ !reto1 mu/ be conv5i5tly plac$4 ,! screw key is us$ :5 apply+ heavy pressure2 ! press jack s]ves z a support dur+ c]ta9 "w :i* necessitates lay+ ! press on ! edge ( ! b5*4 ,if we add a few l>g] & small] cutt+ bo>ds & a few sew+ frames1 we h complet$ ! li/ ( ! l>ge wood5 tools4 ,! bookb9d] requires v _m small tools1 ev5 if we take into acc\nt only ^? necess>y = ord9>y %op-"w4 ,iron rules & squ>es 9 v>i\s sizes1 %e>s1 knives1 compasses & spr+ divid]s1 fold]s1 files1 p9c]s & hamm]s ( diff]5t sizes1 *isels1 g\ges1 & pun*es4 ,! f9i%]'s tools are3 ,gold cu%ion1 gold knife1 scrap]1 /eel2 & fur!rmore1 = h&-tool+1 lett]-box1 fillets1 rolls1 ornam5ts1 & lett]s1 all v f9e & v de> tools1 :i* mu/ be kept 9 special cupbo>ds & boxes s z to protect f possible injury4 ,! high] ! class ( "w done 9 ! %op1 ! l>g] mu/ be ! /ock ( ^! tools4 ,^! are ! tools = g5]al "w & :i* no %op c\ld be )\t2 b :at makes our mod]n work%op s diff]5t 9 "* f :at x 0 9 =m] times are ! _m me*anical contrivances )\t ! aid ( :i* practical & pr(itable "w is n[ inconceivable4 ,! mo/ necess>y iron ally ( ! bookb9d] is ! cutt+ ma*9e1 ei!r ) lev] or :eel action1 ! =m] = light1 ! latt] = heavy "w4 ,ma*9e manufactur]s vie ) "o ano!r 9 _! ef=ts to introduce inv5tions & improvem5ts2 b to-day x w\ld seem impossible to make a discov]y likely to be ( any importance4 ,! second mo/ necess>y ma*9e is = cutt+ bo>ds4 ,^? ) a wood5 p$e/al & table are n s mu* to be recomm5d$ z ^? made entirely ( iron4 ,:5 gild+ 9 l>ge quantities has to be done1 a block+ press is necess>y2 lev] action is always to be pref]r$ to ! balance or rot>y action1 ! latt] be+ ( advantage = block+ or relief "w1 & also = fancy pap] "w4 ,ev5 ! be/ block+ press has "s drawback2 to be ( any value1 x necessitates q an ars5al ( plates & dies = block+1 & also calls = ! con/ant repl5i%+ & r5ew+ ( ! same4 ,! /&+ press is us$ = heavy pressure appli$ to l>ge bat*es ( books4 ,an iron press ) two uprights w be f\nd suffici5t ev5 = heavy use 9 mo/ bookb9d]ies4 ,! r\nd+ ma*9e is n[ out ( use4 ,! b9d] r\nds ! back ( ! book ) a hamm]1 & !n x is back$ 9 a back+ ma*9e1 :i* puts ! ridges on bo? sides ( ! book4 ,! late/ ma*9e n[ be+ us$ 9 "s ( our l>ge b9d+ %ops = ?is purpose is call$ ! r\nd+ & back+ ma*9e1 :i* completely r\nds & backs ! book4 ,! roll+ ma*9e ( to-day is light] ?an 7 ! fir/ models ( ?is ma*9e2 besides1 ! "w is 9 _m cases unnecess>y1 z mod]n pr9t$ books are g5]ally c>efully roll$ be=e !y leave ! pr9t]4 ,! wire-/it*+ ma*9e came into use 9 ,engl& ab\t #bj ye>s ago1 b is n[ ab&on$4 ,! wire-/apl+ ma*9e is us$ = pamphlets1 s*ool-books1 c4 ,eyelet+ & r\nd-corn]+ ma*9es are small] appliances1 :il/ ! back+ ma*9e m5tion$ above is a v useful ally4 ,ma*9es = scrap+ & p>+ lea!r are us$ lea/ ( all1 z !re is little = !m to d 9 a small bookb9d]y4 ,! =ego+ is n an exhau/ive li/ ( our tools & ma*9es1 b we w br+ to a close ^! introductory rem>ks on ! usual appliances1 z m5tion w be made ( ! o!rs 9 _! prop] place4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,=w>d+4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,g5]al ,,prep>atory ,,"w4 ,books rea* ! bookb9d] ei!r 9 ! %eets j z !y left ! pr9t+ press or fold$ & /it*$4 ,?is fold+ & /it*+ is1 ( c\rse1 "p ( ! b9d]'s "w1 s we w beg9 ) ! %eet z x left ! press2 ?is %eet mu/ 9 ! fir/ place be fold$ ready = fur!r manipulations4 ,by fold+ we mean ! arrang+ ( ! p>ts ( a %eet 9 ! ord] ( succession requir$ = read+4 ,to facilitate ?is "w ! pr9t] m>ks n only ! page numb]s on ea* %eet b also gives ea* %eet a numb]1 ^! numb]s be+ kn[n z signatures4 ,e %eet is pr9t$ on bo? sides2 ! front side is call$ ! fir/ side1 ! o!r side ! p]fect+ impression4 ,bo? sides are m>k$ by a numb] or 7m r>ely7 a lett]4 ,?is m>k /&s at ! "r-h& side at foot ( fir/ page & is call$ ! fir/ signature2 ! second signature takes ! same position on ! second side ( ! %eet1 t is1 on page #c4 ,take any book haphaz>d & y w f9d ! true signature on ! fir/ & ! second signature on ! p]fect+ impression1 always 9 ! same position4 ,9 ord] to %[ at a glance :e!r ! signature is ! fir/ or ! second1 ! compositor adds an a/]isk1 ?us-- #a #a99 or ,a ,a99 fir/ second fir/ second signature4 ,we w see lat] t !re is /ill ano!r reason = ! signature 9 ! place m5tion$4 ,:5 ! %eets are to be fold$1 all ! %eets ( an impression are laid "o on top ( ! o!r & all ly+ ! same way4 ,! mod]n quick-pr9t+ presses ga!r ! %eets automatically1 s t a %eet is r>ely laid ! wrong way1 except+ ?r\gh want ( c>e 9 look+ ov] !m1 or 9 ! knock+-up 9 ! pr9t+ (fice a few %eets or a :ole bat* are ?r[n out ( ord]4 ,accord+ z we are deal+ ) folio1 #dto1 or #hvo =mat we mu/ ord] ! ga!r+ ( ! %eets &1 ( c\rse1 ! position ( ! signature4 ,! commone/ =mat is #hvo1 t is to say1 ! size :i* gives eight pr9t$ leaves 7or #af pages7 to ! %eet4 ,at ! same "t1 ! me?od ( fold+ ?is =mat is ! mo/ economical & includes ! o!rs z well4 ,:5 fold+ #hvo %eets ! pile lies 9 front ( ! work] 9 su* a way t all ! second signatures lie upp]mo/ at ! foot ( ! outside "r page & all ! fir/ signatures at ! left on ! "u side ( ! %eet2 or1 9 o!r words1 all fir/-side leaves are turn$ face d[nw>d & p]fect+ impressions face upw>d4 ,pr9t$ %eets are nev] fold$ accord+ to ! edges ( ! pap]1 b always regi/]$ by ! pr9t$ columns or ! page numb]s4 ,! novice f9ds ?is by hold+ ! %eet aga9/ ! light1 b ! exp]i5c$ work] is able to fold ! %eet )\t s mu* z lift+ x f ! table4 ,figs4 #b & #c--;,hold+ :il/ fold+4 ,! manipulations = ! fold+ ( an #hvo %eet are z foll[s3 ,! "r h& holds ! pap]-fold] & creases d[n ! folds1 ! left ga!rs ! %eets & moves !m ab\t aid$ by ! "r4 #a4--,! "r h& takes hold ( ! %eet at ! "r a little bel[ ! middle1 br+s x ov] to ! left1 :5 x is tak5 by ! left h& & prop]ly adju/$ accord+ to page numb]s or corn] ( pr9t$ page 7,fig4 #b74 #b4--;,crease ) fold] f bottom to top 7! fold] is held slant+ to ! crease1 b ! edge is us$74 #c4--,) ! "r h& ! "r & ! left h& ! left ( ! fold$ %eet are tak5 hold ( at ab\t ! middle ( ! long] sides1 nip toge!r1 make a %ort turn s t ! left h& br+s ! %eet ) its =e-edge to ! fold]'s body1 ! left h& lets g1 takes hold ( ! %eet betwe5 bo? ends at ! middle fold1 & adju/s pages & edge ( fold alike 7,fig4 #c74 #d4--,! "r h& creases f top to bottom4 #e4--,left h& turns %eet ov] to o!r side1 bo? h&s take hold z be=e1 nip toge!r la/ fold1 & adju/ pages & fold4 #f4--;,crease f top to bottom1 lay+ aside %eet to left1 fold ly+ to "r4 ,! :ole process1 :i* dem&s consid]able dext]ity1 is only to be ?or\ghly le>n$ by example & imitation2 b /udy ! illu/rations1 :i* are correctly drawn f life4 ,?is is ! way %eets are fold$ :5 !y come direct f ! press2 b if !y _h already be5 fold$ 9 quires1 z is usually ! case ) s*ool & hymn books1 ! %eets w\ld simply be fold$ 9 ! middle = conv5i5ce ( /orage & despat*4 ,9 ?is case ! quires mu/ fir/ be op5$1 ! crease tak5 out1 & ! %eets laid op54 ,?is "w is call$ break+ ! backs4 ,! unfold$ %eets are fold$ 9 exactly ! same mann]1 b be=e ! la/ crease ! %eet is turn$1 creas$ f bottom to top1 & put aside 9 su* a way t ! %eet is turn$ ov]1 t is face d[nw>ds4 ,if ?is precaution is n obs]v$1 ! fold$ %eets w\ld aft]w>ds be f\nd 9 wrong ord]4 ,at ?is po9t we might rem>k t ! top1 bo? ( ! book & ! s+le page1 is call$ ! head1 ! bottom ! tail4 ,^! commonly us$ t]ms w v frequ5tly crop up4 ,! fold+ ( a #dto %eet is exactly ! same1 except+ t ! la/ fold is omitt$2 ! second signature lies face upw>ds at top on ! "r1 ! fir/ signature lies d[nw>ds at top left h&4 ,folios are made up b r>ely n[adays1 except 9 arti/ic editions de luxe1 ,bibles1 & missals2 !y are simply fold$ 9 ! middle2 ! signatures appe> z 9 #hvo =mat4 ,duodecimo =mat1 t is1 a %eet pr9t$ to make #ab pages on ea* side1 is s pr9t$ t ! ?ird "p ( ! %eet has to be cut (f ) a knife or ma*9e4 ,?is "w is done 9 v>i\s ways3 ! %eet may be fold$ )\t reg>d to ! "o-sid$ elongation2 aft] fold+ ! "p is cut (f ) a knife or ma*9e at ! prop] place & ! deta*$ portion ins]t$ 9 ! middle ( ! ma9 section2 ! small section is !re=e call$ ! inset4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! inset may be cut (f be=e fold+ & !n sep>ately fold$ & ins]t$4 ,?is is ! m usual me?od4 ,! cutt+ (f ( ! inset prior to fold+ c be done 9 su* a way ) ! mod]n quick-pr9t+ presses t ! %eets are adju/$ & cut (f 9 ! ma*9e1 or !y may be fold$ 9 sections ( six--eight %eets & cut op5 9 ! fold4 ,= cutt+ op5 su* sections a v %>p knife is requir$1 ei!r ! usual bookb9d]'s knife or1 bett] /ill1 a some:at long] two-edg$ pap]-knife r\nd$ at ! end4 ,=m]ly1 :5 pr9t+ 0 n done ) su* accuracy z n[1 ! %eets 7 fold$ into sections by means ( po9ts4 ,! compositor made a po9t on bo? sides betwe5 ma9 %eet & inset 9 ! furniture :]e ! division _h to be made2 if p9s 7 /uck into ! table ?r\gh ^! po9ts ea* ( ! %eets foll[+ c\ld be plac$ on ! p9s4 ,?us all %eets are br\ght to p]fect regi/] & may be cut ) knife & rule or ma*9e exactly ?r\gh ! po9ts4 ,?is "w is call$ work+ to po9ts4 ,! deta*$ portion appe>s z a long pr9t$ slip ^u :i* are f\r pages or columns side by side4 ,!y are fold$ 9 a v simple mann]4 ,! page on ! "r is br\ght ov] to lie on ! page to ! left1 regi/]$1 & creas$ 9 ! middle1 & ! d\ble %eet is n[ fold$ once m 9 exactly ! same way4 ,ins]t+ is done z foll[s3 ,! %eets = ins]tion are plac$ to ! "r1 ! ma9 %eets at ! left side ( !m2 ! "r h& takes a %eet to be ins]t$ at ab\t ! middle ( ! =e-edge1 ! left h& at ! same "t tak+ a ma9 %eet 9 su* a way t ?umb1 middle1 & index f+] op5 ! %eet ab\t ! middle ( ! upp] fold1 & raise x s t ! "r h& c easily slip 9 ! ins]tion4 ,:il/ do+ ?is1 ! left h& slips to ! back1 :]e ! =ef+] manages ! adju/m5t ( ! %eet ins]t$4 ,! ins]tion is nicely fitt$ into ! back & mu/ lie close to x4 ,?is "w is also v easy1 b x also is mu* easi] to le>n x f example & imitation ?an by writt5 in/ruction4 ,if ! insets 7 already arrang$ be=e fold+1 t is to say1 _h ! %eets be5 arrang$ accord+ to page numb]s imm$iately aft] pr9t+ z be=e m5tion$1 /rict att5tion mu/ be giv5 to see t ea* ma9 %eet has its ins]tion1 o!rwise ! page sequ5ce w\ld be ?r[n into confusion 9 b9d+4 ,9 fold+1 e fold mu/ be %>ply creas$ d[n2 b a firmness ( body 9 ! %eets1 a smoo?ness ( ! s+le %eet1 & a prop] %>pness 9 ea* sep>ate fold c only be obta9$ by press+ ! %eets4 ,= ?is purpose ! %eets mu/ fir/ be knock$ up1 t is1 !y mu/ fir/ be adju/$ at head & back by knock+ !m toge!r on ! table4 ,%eets are nev] press$ )\t be+ c\nt$ at ! same "t2 ?is is done bo? = conv5i5ce 9 press+ & = *eck+ ! "w4 ,knock+-up c only be done ^u a firm level surface2 ! beg9n] _h bett] n take too _m %eets at "o "t1 say f #bj to #be3 ^! are mov$ to & fro betwe5 ! palms ( ! h&s s t ! back fold & upp] fold are work$ 9 turn1 & at ^! sides ! %eets are br\ght into l9e4 ,knock+-up proce$s quickly if ! %eets are h&l$ lightly & freely4 ,! s+le bat*es ?us levell$ are br\ght toge!r & !y 9 turn knock$ up 9 ! same way4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t s+le %eets d n hang back1 i4e41 t all %eets come up to ! levell$ edge4 ,! knock$-up %eets are c\nt$ (f--?9 pap] 9 hundr$s1 ?ick pap] 9 fifties4 ,to d ?is any big lot is tak5 hold ( ) ! "r h&--"o soon le>ns to judge ! quantity to be tak5 by ! f+]s--by ! =e-edge1 giv+ ! h& a turn s z to br+ ! backs upp]mo/1 :5 ! %eets w fan out at ! back & ?us make ! c\nt+ an easy matt]4 ,! left h& c\nts--p>don1 ! head c\nts1 b ! left h& tells (f ! %eets 9 su* a way t ! middle & index f+]s are alt]nately ins]t$ 9 #d1 #h1 #ab1 #af1 c41 :il/ c\nt+ #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 c41 & at ! same "t ?r[+ ov] ! %eets held4 ,e #be? lot ( f\r %eets gives #ajj1 &1 ( c\rse1 any o!r numb] y please c be c\nt$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,ea* lot is once m knock$ up1 plac$ 9 piles crosswise1 & aft]w>ds press$4 ,fig4 #d--,lift+ into ! ,press4 ,! contrivance = press+ mo/ g5]ally us$ n[adays is /ill ! bookb9d]'s little wood5 h&-press1 ) wood51 or p]haps iron1 screws2 ! =m] are light] & h&i]1 ! latt] heavi] b m durable & !re=e ( advantage :]e heavy pressure is dem&$4 ,ea* lot is plac$ betwe5 press+-bo>ds2 ^! are ab\t #a-a_/b cm4 ?ick & v>y 9 l5g? & wid? accord+ to ! %eets or books to be press$4 ,accord+ to ! gra9 ( ! wood we speak ( long & cross bo>ds4 ,on top ( ! upp] & und]nea? ! l[] bat* we place a cross bo>d2 x does n matt] :i* way ! gra9 runs 9 ! o!r bo>ds us$4 ,?is precaution is tak5 to obviate ! probable breakage :5 ! *eeks ( ! press run p>allel ) ! gra9 ( ! two out] press+-bo>ds4 ,! pile ( %eets betwe5 ! press+-bo>ds is s plac$ t ! nuts ( ! press are at fir/ rais$ z high z ! pile ab\t to be press$ requires1 !n ! press is put on ! table to ! "r 9 front ( ! work] s t ! head ( "o screw at ! front t\*es ! table edge4 ,! pile is drawn on to ! front edge ( ! table1 ! left h& slips und]nea?1 & ! *9 presses on top4 ,:il/ rais+ ! upp] *eek ( ! press ) ! "r h&1 ! pile is ins]t$ betwe5 ! op5$ *eeks1 is adju/$1 & ! press screw$ up1 fir/ by ! h& screws & !n by ! screw key us$ = ?is purpose4 ,to d ?is ! press ) its high *eeks is held firmly betwe5 ! legs & ! nuts screw$ up ) ! screw key z tightly z ev] possible4 ,at ?is /age we might m5tion a "w :i* is v frequ5tly done 9 ! pr9t]y1 b seldom 9 ! b9d]y3 ?is is ! s-call$ ga!r+ be=e fold+4 ,?is "w1 z we h already m5tion$1 is done s t pr9t$ matt] = publication c be prop]ly /or$ or prep>$ = s5d+ away4 ,fig4 #e--,op5 %eets laid out = ga!r+4 ,! %eets are tak5 j z !y left ! press & pil$ up side by side 9 a r[ 9 ord] ( numb] on a long table1 ea* pile ( %eets 9 exactly ! same position z ! o!rs & j z !y w\ld be plac$ = fold+2 t is to say1 = #hvos ! fir/ signature at ! bottom left-h& side und]nea?1 ! second signature be+ at ! bottom "r-h& side on ! top4 ,g5]ally ! "w is ga!r$ 9 bat*es ( #e-f %eets4 ,! %eets 9 "q are !n laid out 7see ,fig4 #e74 ,! work] takes a bo>d ! requir$ size1 ^u :i* he places ! %eets :5 ga!r$2 he beg9s at ,no4 #a pile1 takes (f ! top %eet1 be+ v c>eful n to take two1 lays x ^u ! bo>d1 & s he goes ! l5g? ( ! table1 tak+ ! top %eet f ea* pile4 ,he lays ! pile ( ga!r$ %eets on ! end ( ! table or ano!r table /&+ beh9d4 ,!y are !re receiv$ by ano!r work]1 knock$ up1 & fold$ 9 ! middle4 ,if only "o work] c be sp>$ = ! job1 ! ga!r$ sections are plac$ to "o side1 b ea* is laid crosswise ov] ! o!r s t !y are easily pick$ up aft]w>ds = knock+ up & fold+4 ,if ! "w has m ?an five or six sections1 ! sep>ately ga!r$ sections mu/ be aft]w>ds aga9 ga!r$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,p]haps !re may be plac$ 9 ! la/ section p>ts ( a %eet--! title1 add5da1 corrig5da1 frontispiece1 diagrams1 c4 ,! treatm5t ( ^! w be dealt ) pres5tly 7pp4 #bb-bd74 ,%eets s ga!r$ mu/ be aft]w>ds op5$ out = fold+ 9 ! b9d]y4 ,! section is op5$1 ! crease well press$ out1 & ! :ole smoo!d d[n q flat1 c>e be+ tak5 t all %eets lie ! same way1 ! op5$ sections ly+ side by side accord+ to ! signatures4 ,be=e ! fold$ %eets are arrang$ or ga!r$1 !re is frequ5tly /ill "s pa/+ to be done4 ,! title1 = in/ance1 is seldom pr9t$ ) ! fir/ %eet1 b is usually made up ) ! preface1 cont5ts1 c41 aft] pr9t+ ! la/ page1 (t5 z "p ( ! la/ %eet4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! la/ %eet mu/ be exam9$ be=e fold+ to see h[ x is compos$4 ,if x happ5s t ! %eet is to be exactly halv$1 x is be/ to cut ! %eet 9 ! middle & fold ea* half sep>ately4 ,x is ev5 wor? :ile cutt+ ! %eet into qu>t]s if ! %eets c be p9n$ on1 because x is !n possible to fold ! cut %eets 9 lots ( five or six & to draw out ea* "o s+ly1 z x is commonly call$ pull+ out4 ,?is pull+ out is v easy "w2 ea* fold$ bat* is sep>ately op5$ 9 ! middle1 fann$ out ) a pap] fold] s t ea* %eet /&s back ab\t #a_/b-a cm4 beh9d ! o!r1 & ! bat* fold$ toge!r aga92 x w\ld !n appe> z 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,fig4 #f--,sections fann$ out = draw+ out4 ,take ! bat* lightly betwe5 ! f+] & ! ?umb ( ! left h&1 & ) ! "r draw (f ! %eets f ! top "o by "o1 knock !m up1 & firmly press d[n ! back fold4 ,e "p ( a %eet :i* aft] fold+ makes less ?an f\r pages 7equal to two leaves7 mu/ be pa/$ on4 ,to d ?is ! p>ts to be pa/$ are fann$ out f ! back ) ! pa/+ side upp]mo/1 t is to say1 ! %eets are fann$ out ) ! fold] 9 ! same way z describ$ = pull+ out1 until !y lie l /eps or /airs1 ea* %eet display+ an edge ( ab\t #c mm4 ,9 ?is mann] all %eets s lie ^u ea* o!r t ea* is ab\t #c mm4 beh9d ! "o "u x4 ,! n>r[ m>g9 is pa/$2 to avoid pa/+ m ?an ! prop] m>g9 ( ! top %eet1 a piece ( wa/e pap] %\ld be laid on top at ! "r di/ance f ! edge4 ,ea* leaf has ?us a n>r[ pa/$ edge by :i* x is secur$ to ! ma9 %eet4 ,s t ! pa/$ edges d n /ick toge!r :il/ ea* %eet is be+ fix$ 9 its place1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 takes "t1 ! bat* is tak5 betwe5 ! f+]s imm$iately aft] pa/+1 & by a few light movem5ts ! %eets are work$ a little fur!r ap>t4 ,fig4 #g--,sections fann$ out = pa/+4 ,take ! bat* at ,a betwe5 ! f+] & ?umb ( ! "r h&1 at ,b 9 ! same way ) ! left2 ! upp] leaves slip g5tly backw>ds if ! "r h& b5ds ! bat* lightly upw>ds s t ! %eets are pu%$ to ,b1 ! left fir/ all[s ! %eets to slip back & !n holds !m firmly s t ! "r may repeat ?is movem5t sev]al times4 ,! bat* is !n s plac$ across ! table t x lies to ! "r ( ! work] ) ! pa/$ edge away f him1 :il/ ! pile ( %eets to :i* ! p>ts are to be pa/$ lies to ! left1 also ) ! back edge away f him4 ,leaf aft] leaf is tak5 up1 c>efully adju/$ to back & upp] fold1 & pa/$ on to ! ma9 section & lightly rubb$ d[n to "r & left ) ! f+]-tips1 putt+ aside to ! left ea* %eet z f9i%$4 ,"u c]ta9 conditions1 ! pa/+ on ( a s-call$ correction may be a v disagreeable task4 ,if errors h be5 made 9 compos+ or pr9t+ a page :i* escap$ notice & correction at ! prop] "t1 a revis$ page is pr9t$1 & ?is mu/ be ins]t$ by ! b9d] 9 ! place ( ! faulty "o4 ,?is ins]t+ is done aft] ! fold+2 ! faulty leaf is s cut (f t a n>r[ m>g9 is left 9 ! back to :i* ! rectifi$ leaf is pa/$4 ,if maps or plans accompany ! "w ^! also mu/ be ins]t$2 ?9 %eets ne$ simply be pa/$ on ! back edge l o!r %eets & fix$ 9 _! "r place2 b ?ick pap] is n easily pa/$ on &1 besides1 w\ld always pull away ! next leaf4 ,x is !re=e jo9$ to a n>r[ /rip ( pap] ab\t #a cm4 9 wid? & ?is is pa/$ & fix$ 9 ! back4 ,if sev]al plates h to be ins]t$ at ! same place1 or to be fix$ at ! end ( ! book1 !y are jo9$ toge!r 9 sections ( suitable ?ickness4 ,= ?is1 ?9 pap] is h+$ 9 ! back ( ! book1 t is1 ! two plates are pa/$ ov] ea* o!r aft] pa/+ a n>r[ m>g9 ( ab\t #c mm4 ,:5 dry1 ! d\ble leaf s obta9$ is fold$ toge!r 9 ! middle ( ! pa/$ little gu>d4 ,z ?is process less5s ! leaf :i* has ! back-fold by z mu* z is pa/$ to ! o!r1 ! latt] is cut d[n by #c mm4 be=eh&4 ,if !re are _m su* plates to be jo9$ toge!r1 !y are made up 9 sections ( #d or #f accord+ to ! ?ickness ( ! pap]1 & e #b or #c cut d[n accord+ to circum/ances1 & ! same numb] left ! full size4 ,:5 all h be5 prop]ly cut1 ! edges are fann$ out & pa/$4 ,!n z _m z make up a section are tak5 up & fann$ out a little fur!r1 ! pa/$ edge ( ,no4 #a is laid on #f1 #b on #e1 #c on #d1 & ! bat* set aside on ! left & ! same process gone ?r\gh ) ! next lot4 ,:5 dry1 ! plates ?us gu>d$ toge!r are creas$ toge!r at ! back4 ,plates on ?ick pap] mu/ likewise be m\nt$ on /rips ( pap]4 ,^! are cut f ?91 /rong note-pap] & are s arrang$ t _! ?ickness 9 ! back is ! same z ! ?ickness ( ! plates4 ,x is well to select a pap] :i* :5 d\ble is z ?ick z ! plates4 ,9 case ! plates are extra ?ick1 ! gu>d is made f\r-fold4 ,! wid? ( ! gu>d mu/ be measur$ to correspond4 ,if a gu>d ( d\ble ?ickness only is requir$ = fill+ up1 x is cut twice ! wid? ( ! gu>d & #c mm4 add$ = pa/+ on ! plate4 ,?is gives #b x #a cm4 #c mm4 #bc mm4 ,if a gu>d ( f\r-fold ?ickness is necess>y1 ! result is #d x #a cm4 #c mm4 #dc mm4 ,! plates are fann$ out n>r[ly ) ! back edge upp]mo/1 pa/$1 & ea* plate affix$ to "o ( ! made gu>ds4 ,?is "w is call$ m\nt+ on gu>ds4 ,:5 ! pa/$ plates are dry !y are fold$ 9 ! back on ! foll[+ plan accord+ to :e!r ! gu>d mu/ be two-fold or ?ree-fold4 ,fig4 #h--,sugge/ions = m\nt+ on gu>ds4 ,?us ! fold$ gu>d completely fills out ! space 9 ! back ( ! book4 ,besides1 two1 ?ree1 or m plates c easily be made into a section if ! little gu>ds are made up )9 ea* o!r4 ,despite ?is levell+ "w1 ! pa/$ "p w /ill be noticeable2 ! ?or\ghly dri$ sections are !re=e tak5 9 bat*es ( f\r or five1 knock$ up at ! back edge1 & ! ?ick "p c>efully hamm]$ on a /one or iron b$4 ,j z pap] /rips h be5 us$ 9 ?is "w1 l95 c be us$ = gu>d+ atlases & m\nt+ l>ge maps :i* are int5d$ = long & con/ant use4 ,to fill out ! back1 c>dbo>d or ?ick draw+-pap] ! ?ickness ( ! plates 7or1 if any?+1 a little less7 is us$4 ,( ?is mat]ial /rips are cut #a cm4 9 wid? & same l5g? z ! height ( ! "w1 cutt+ a /rip = ea* plate ( c\rse4 ,besides ^! /rips1 cut "s s(t :ite calico into /rips #c cm4 9 wid?4 ,^! are pa/$1 laid q /raight ^u a clean bo>d1 two /rips ( pap] are plac$ 9 ! c5tre side by side on top ( ! pa/$ /rip1 & at "r & left ( ea* a map is h+$ on1 ! fir/ face d[nw>ds1 ! second face upw>ds4 ,:5 dry1 ! section s made is creas$ 9 ! middle1 knock$ d[n ) ! hamm]1 & press$ = a "t4 ,by ?is me?od two plates are h+$ on ea* gu>d2 by ! o!r ea* plate _h its own gu>d4 ,_m books are issu$ ) plates l>g] ?an ! =mat ( ! book itself2 !y mu/ be br\ght to ! "r size by fold+1 b 9 su* a way t ! fold$ plate is secure f injury dur+ any subsequ5t trimm+4 ,be=e mak+ a s+le fold 9 ! plate1 ! work] %\ld cle>ly see 8 way ?r\gh 8 s*eme = fold+1 s z to br+ ! plate to ! size requir$ ) ! smalle/ possible numb] ( creases4 ,plates :i* are slightly wid] & long] ?an ! size ( ! book are easily made to fit if !y are fold$ once or1 if necess>y1 twice across ! middle1 pa/+ ! edge ( "o fold on a gu>d & !n fix+ 9 its place 9 ! book4 ,figs4 #i-ac--,sugge/ions = fold+ plates & maps4 ,if ?is w n d1 ! plate mu/ fir/ be fold$ up f ! bottom edge f> en\gh to escape damage 9 trimm+1 & !n ! long side mu/ be simil>ly fold$4 ,l>g] plates mu/ take m folds1 always work+ on ! pr9ciple t ! l5g? ( ! book %\ld fir/ be obta9$ 9 ! be/ possible way1 & aft]w>ds ! wid? is tak5 z ! guide 9 mak+ ! folds4 ,9 do+ ?is ! plate mu/ be fold$ n[ to ! front1 !n to ! back1 s t on draw+ x out x op5s 9 a zigzag fa%ion4 ,= ! sake ( cle>ness we give illu/rations %[+ ! mo/ g5]al me?ods ( fold+4 ,! "p m>k$ ,a is secur$ 9 its place 9 ! book by m\nt+ on a pap] gu>d2 b "o may1 by cutt+ out ! map prop]ly1 leave a small m>g9 :i* w s]ve z a gu>d z %[n 9 ,figs4 #aj1 #ab1 & #ac4 ,9 all cases1 h[ev]1 x is ess5tial t ! ?ickness ( ! fold$ plates %\ld be equalis$ by ins]t+ gu>ds 9 ! back ( ! book4 ,=m]ly1 :5 sev]al plates 7 ins]t$ "o aft] ! o!r1 x 0 cu/om>y to place !m 9 su* a way t !y 7 trimm$ at top & bottom alt]nately2 n[ !y are plac$ s t !y are all trimm$ at ! top edge3 ?is is mu* bett]1 because x keeps ! top edge smoo? & close1 !reby keep+ out du/ & insects4 ,! accompany+ sket*es are bas$ ^u ?is pr9ciple4 ,! s-call$ two-page illu/rations 9 p]iodicals mu/ be treat$ 9 ! same way4 ,^! are only possible 9 ! middle ( a section1 :]e !y w\ld be caught into ! back & injur$ if ! foll[+ precaution 7 n obs]v$4 ,su* illu/rations are tak5 out1 ! back edge pa/$1 & !n plac$ 9 ! back s z to adh]e to ! foll[+ %eets1 project+ ab\t #a_/b cm4 ,! pr9t$ %eets ?us treat$ mu/ n[ be collect$ by ! same process--t is if !y h n be5 ga!r$ 9 op5 %eets 9 ! pr9t]y--into volumes2 ?is "w is g5]ally kn[n z ga!r+ aft] fold+4 ,z 9 ga!r+ op5 %eets1 ! piles ( fold$ %eets are plac$ side by side2 b z ^! take up s mu* less room ?an ! op5 %eets1 9 mo/ cases ! :ole "w may be laid out at "o "t4 ,cle> ! longe/ table procurable1 :i* if n long en\gh mu/ be ext5d$ by ! addition ( small tables1 tre/les1 c41 ^u :i* are laid ! bat*es ( %eets 9 fifties1 &1 beg9n+ ) ! la/ %eet1 "w up ! r[ until ! title page is rea*$ & ! ga!r+ end$4 ,/>t+ f ! left1 ! ga!r$ %eets are plac$ to ! "r2 aft] ! la/ %eet1 i4e41 ! title page1 !re %\ld be suffici5t room = plac+ ! ga!r$ %eets & also1 if possible1 = knock+ up & collat+1 t is1 *eck+ ! sequ5ce ( ! %eets4 ,! ga!r] beg9s ) ! la/ %eet on ! left1 draws ! top %eet ) ! "r h& on to ! left h& held flat to receive x1 & s goes along ! r[1 draw+ f ea* pile "o %eet1 :i* drops into its place on top ( ! prec$+ "o 9 ! left h&4 ,?is "w c be c>ri$ on simultane\sly by sev]al p]sons foll[+ ea* o!r1 b !re mu/ be a suffici5t numb] ( p]sons /ation$ at ! end ready to knock up & collate ! ga!r$ %eets4 ,9 ord] to simplify ?is "w & to enable "o to take up ! complet$ ga!r+ at ! title page1 ! pile conta9+ ! title page %eet is pla9ly m>k$ across ! back ) a blue or r$ p5cil1 s t "o sees on ! back ( ea* s+le %eet a col\r$ m>k easily se5 9 ! ga!r$ & knock$-up %eets4 ,fig4 #ad--;,collat+4 ,to collate a book x is tak5 9 bo? h&s4 ,tak+ a good hold ( x by ! "r h& at ! top edge1 x is lightly held by ! left at ! bottom t[>ds ! back4 ,n[ make a turn d[nw>ds ) ! "r s t ! :ole pack ( %eets spr+s upw>ds & spreads out at ! back l a fan1 & ! controll+ left h& lets !m g "o at a "t1 :il/ *eck+ ! sequ5ce ( ! signatures1 t is to say1 ! %eets mu/ be *eck$ to see :e!r in/ead ( ! "r signatures foll[+ 9 due ord] !re is n a second signature or p]haps none at all4 ,9 su* a case ! %eet mu/ be tak5 out & re-fold$4 ,x may be well to ref] n[ to ano!r m detail$ bran* ( ?is "w :i* is necess>y = c]ta9 purposes4 ,if books :i* h already be5 us$ or b\nd are s5t = re-b9d+ x w\ld be v unsafe to rely ^u ! pages be+ 9 prop] ord]1 especially if !y h be5 mu* torn & h to be m5d$4 ,v frequ5tly ! leaves ( a section h be5 misplac$4 ,9 su* cases ! book is laid flat ^u ! table1 ! head ly+ to ! top1 &1 beg9n+ at ! title1 leaf by leaf is lift$ ) ! po9t ( a knife aft] ! way "s ignorant p]sons h ( us+ a moi/5$ f+]4 ,! knife po9t is n ins]t$ "u ! leaf ly+ upp]mo/ b is lightly plac$ at ! top ( ! leaf ne> ! page numb] & ! leaf pu%$ up f ! side s t ! left index f+] takes x z x sep>ates f ! succe$+ leaf :il/ ! eye scans ! page numb]s #a1 #c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 c4 ,also ) o!r ?+s t d n admit ( any o!r me?od ( collat+1 e4g41 l$g]s1 docum5ts1 c41 ?is is ! only possible way ( do+ x4 ,n[adays1 pap] receiv$ 9 ! pr9t]y has be5 s well cal5d]$ be=eh&--t is to say1 poli%$ betwe5 roll]s--& aft] pr9t+ ! %eets are once m s well roll$ t ! ga!r$ %eets may at once be prep>$ = sew+4 ,old pap]1 h[ev]1 mu/ be beat5 or roll$ to make x firm & solid4 ,! =m] "w w be completely =gott5 at no v di/ant date1 z ! y\ng] g5]ation ( ma/]s & m5 %[ less & less incl9ation to le>n x4 ,= beat+1 a /one ab\t ! height ( a l[ table1 & a surface ab\t ! size ( a %eet may be us$1 or a ca/-iron plate ab\t #f cm4 9 ?ickness emb$d$ 9 a block ( wood ! same height z ! /one4 ,^u ?is firm base--:i*1 ( c\rse1 mu/ /& on ! gr\nd floor or 9 ! cell>--! book1 or section ( x if too ?ick1 is beat5 ) a %ort-h&l$ iron hamm]1 ! face ( :i* measures ab\t #ajj sq4 cm4 ,all corn]s & edges are well r\nd$ (f1 & ! face is slightly convex4 ,! h&le mu/ be %ort1 n above #ab cm4 long1 cut oval1 & j ?ick en\gh to be well grasp$4 ,! hole 9 ! hamm] is made s t ! h&le drops a little at ! 7out]7 end4 ,9 beat+1 ! sections %\ld be held by ! left h& aft] be+ knock$ up4 ,9 ord] to prev5t injury to ! pap]1 ! sections are plac$ betwe5 pieces ( wa/e pap] ( same size1 also a mill-bo>d or piece ( wa/e pap] to size is laid ^u ! beat+ /one4 ,! "r h& wields ! hamm]1 :i* mu/ /rike ! sections 7or book7 fairly & squ>ely ) ! full face4 ,! beat+ is begun at ! edge1 & bl[ aft] bl[ is giv5 9 gradually less5+ circles until ! c5tre is rea*$1 ! left h&1 ( c\rse1 keep+ up ! necess>y motion ( ! sections4 ,x requires consid]able practice to d ?is )\t %ift+ ! sections1 b if ?is happ5s !y mu/ aga9 be knock$ up4 ,! exp]i5c$ workman kn[s by ! t\* :]e ! book has be5 beat5 mu* or little & works accord+ly4 ,! ma9 ?+ 9 ?is1 z 9 all o!r "w1 is t ! book %\ld be aga9 press$ = "s "t--= a night at ! lea/4 ,! beat5 volumes are divid$ into sev]al lots or sections ab\t a f+] ?ick1 & press+-bo>ds plac$ betwe5 !m4 ,if any sections %[ folds or creases ev5 aft] press+1 !y mu/ be once m beat5 & press$4 ,fig4 #ae--,roll+ ma*9e4 ,! "w ( beat+1 z already said1 has be5 almo/ entirely sup]s$$ by ! roll+ ma*9e4 ,9 treatises by !ori/s1 "o f9ds ov] & ov] aga9 t books are n s well b\nd n[adays ow+ to ! practice ( h&-beat+ be+ discont9u$4 ,?is op9ion is absurd1 & arises f a v sup]ficial te*nical k & :olly imp]fect acqua9tance ) ! requirem5ts ( our craft4 ,a ma*9e-roll$ or unbeat5 book is always mu* bett] ?an "o imp]fectly beat51 = "h no?+ is dem&$ b %e] =ce1 & t is always ex]cis$ ) bett] results by a ma*9e4 ,z already po9t$ out1 our mod]n pr9t$ books d n require any su* "w2 besides1 ! s-call$ surface pap]s & pr9t$ illu/rations prohibit bo? beat+ & roll+1 z su* "w w\ld de/roy ! high surface ( ! pap]4 ,old books1 on ! contr>y1 :]e ! pap] is unsiz$1 spongy1 & swoll51 require "s su* "w1 z press+ alone1 ev5 = days1 has n ! requir$ effect4 ,9 beat+1 ! "w %\ld be divid$ into sections or lots ( #ae to #bj %eets2 !y ne$ n be c\nt$1 !y are measur$ by ! eye4 ,= roll+1 h[ev]1 ! %eets mu/ be c\nt$ (f exactly1 f #h to #ab2 !y are knock$ up & plac$ betwe5 z9c plates ( same size & pass$ ?r\gh ! roll]s obliquely1 ! upp] back corn] be+ fir/ ins]t$4 ,x is well to introduce ! second lot be=e ! fir/ has q pass$ ?r\gh ! roll]s2 ?is n only saves ! roll]s b avoids ! extra pressure on ! l[] corn] :5 a section leaves ! roll]s4 ,= ?is reason x is advisable to ins]t ! lots "r & left alt]nately4 ,! fir/ lot roll$ %\ld be exam9$ to te/ ! am\nt ( pressure1 & at fir/ a light] pressure %\ld be appli$ to avoid risk ( injury4 ,we h n[ come to ! end ( ! processes ?r\gh :i* a book has to pass be=e x is actually made up into book =m4 ,be=e we take up ?is "w !re is incid5tal "w to be m5tion$ :i* comes be=e ! "w ( b9d+ prop]4 ,?is is ! /it*+ & treatm5t ( /it*$ or b\nd books = b9d+ & ! necess>y repairs !reto4 ,! /it*$ or bro*ur$ book is no true book =m2 x is no?+ m ?an ! ga!r$ %eets ( a "w 9 a tempor>y =m1 h&i] & m conv5i5t1 & !re=e m saleable4 ,to prev5t leaves f fall+ out 9 ! ev5t ( _! be+ cut op51 !y are lightly /it*$ toge!r--holla5d]t4 ,h[ did ! "n orig9ate8 ,x is difficult to say4 ,p]haps books /it*$ 9 ?is mann] 7 fir/ br\ght out 9 ,holl&4 ,) ?is me?od ( sew+1 ! %eet only gets "o %ort ?read 9 ! middle2 b z ! sew+ ( ea* %eet sep>ately w\ld entail a consid]able loss ( "t1 t old contrivance ( ! bookb9d] = mo/ k9ds ( sew+ "w1 ! sew+ frame1 is "h made use (4 ,a base or b$ has on ea* front corn] a p]p5dicul> screw1 ^u :i* is plac$ a movable cross-b> ) a slit4 ,?is b> is regulat$ by two screws2 lay cords are fa/5$ to hooks :i* are slipp$ ?r\gh ! slits1 ! o!r ends be+ knott$ to metal keys fix$ "u ! base4 ,a n>r[ movable b>1 bevell$ to ! front ( ! b$1 holds ^! keys :5 ! lay cords are tight5$4 ,fig4 #af--,sew+ frame4 ,!re are no lay cords on ! sew+ frame = ! "w ( ,holla5d]+ z 9 o!r k9ds ( sew+1 b two /rips ( z9c plate ab\t #a to #a-a_/b cm4 9 wid? are fa/5$ s t at ! top !y are atta*$ to ! hooks & at ! bottom are held ) a p94 ,! lot to be sewn is plac$ r slant-wise on ! b$ ( ! frame to ! left1 ! back turn$ outw>ds1 ! head to ! sew]1 all %eets1 !re=e1 fac+ away f ! work]4 ,fig4 #ag--;,arrangem5t on ! sew+ frame4 ,! left h& takes ! upp] %eet ) ?umb & middle f+]1 s t ! =ef+] at once falls 9 ! middle ( ! %eet1 turn+ ! %eet s t ! head ,a lies to ! left & face upw>ds z %[n 9 ! illu/ration2 z9c /rips are /ret*$ at ! po9ts x4 ,! left h& is introduc$ into ! op5$ %eets f beh9d to take ! ne$le :5 pu%$ 9 & !n to draw x out aga92 ! "r h& ins]ts ! ne$le f outside1 & also draws out ! ne$le ins]t$ f inside by ! left h&4 ,all k9ds ( sew+ on ! sew+ frame are divid$ betwe5 bo? h&s 9 ! same way4 ,! ?read$ ne$le is n[ introduc$ into ! %eets to ! "r ( ! "r /rip at ! back fold & aga9 br\ght out to ! "r ( ! left /rip1 ! %eets be+ mean:ile held op5 by ! left h&4 ,! ?read is drawn out1 except = a %ort end1 ! second %eet tak5 & laid op51 & ! ne$le is n[ introduc$ to ! left ( ! left /rip & br\ght out to ! left ( ! "r /rip2 & s on1 ea* "t introduc+ ! ne$le f ! "r side to ! "r ( ! /rip & f ! left side to ! left ( ! /rip1 draw+ out accord+ly4 ,! ?read is only to be se5 on ! outside ( ! /rips4 ,! s-call$ ,engli% d>n+-ne$le--a long ne$le ) a long eye--is us$ by ! bookb9d]4 ,a special ?read is made on purpose1 ! highe/ numb] be+ us$ = holla5d]+4 ,:5 ! sew+ frame is pack$ s full t ! %eets c no long] be kept prop]ly squ>$1 a %>p knife is tak5 & ! ?reads cut (f along ! metal /rips1 & ! %eets are !n remov$ f ! sew+ frame4 ,e %eet is n[ indep5d5t ( ! o!r1 & has a ?read 9 ! middle1 ( :i* a little may be se5 at ea* ne$le-hole4 ,^! ends are aft]w>ds pa/$ up 9 ! "w to foll[4 ,x is cle> f ?is me?od ( sew+ t x is n necess>y to tie a second ?read on to ! fir/ :5 f9i%$1 b simply to beg9 ) a new ?read1 lett+ ! ends always project a little4 ,?is me?od is ! m rec5t & practical4 ,x admits ( "o k9d ( %eet be+ sewn imm$iately aft] fold+3 nay1 m3 :il/ "o fold] is /ill busy fold+1 ano!r may beg9 to holla5d]4 ,x is n till aft]w>ds t ! %eets are ga!r$4 ,ga!r$ %eets are sewn 9 ! same way1 & are m easily knock$ up ?an :5 sewn on cords & ! ?reads left uncut aft] ! old /yle in/ead ( on metal b&s4 ,9 holla5d]t %eets ! ?reads lie z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah4 ,fig4 #ah--;,arrangem5t ( ?reads 9 holla5d]+4 ,fig4 #ai--,small /apl+ ma*9e = s+le %eets4 ,lately1 9 bro*ur+1 ! %eets are n holla5d]t1 b sewn ) wire on ! ma*9e4 ,?is is a v good me?od :5 ! f9e/ possible /aple clos+ f ! outside is us$4 ,= ?is "w a small ma*9e is us$1 simil> to ^? us$ = wir+ docum5ts1 copy-books1 & s+le %eets1 :i* h an automatic wire-draw+ action4 ,! bat* ( %eets is "h arrang$ face upw>ds to ! "r ( ! work]4 ,! "r h& takes ! %eet by ! head1 op5+ x at ! same "t ) ! =ef+]1 & ins]ts x 9 ! groove ( ! ma*9e1 :i* is at ! same mom5t set 9 motion4 ,) ea* diff]5t %eet ! position ( ! /aple mu/ be *ang$ s t all d n /& ! same height1 z x w\ld cause ! pap] to be cut ?r\gh 9 press+4 ,! accompany+ sket* %[s ! arrangem5t ( ! collect$ bro*ures4 ,fig4 #bj--;,arrangem5t ( /aples 9 bro*ures4 ,x is b>b>\s to sew m tightly ) wire1 = 9 ! necess>y pull+ to pieces to br+ !m to _! =m] /ate = b9d+ !y are sure to be m or less damag$4 ,sew+ ) a l>ge ma*9e us+ /rips ( gauze _c be recomm5d$4 ,! fur!r treatm5t ( holla5d]t or wire-sewn %eets is dealt ) t[>ds ! end ( ! *apt]4 ,mo/ ( ! books giv5 to ! small b9d] d n come to him fre% f ! pr9t]1 b sewn1 us$ or unus$1 cut op51 or z publi%$4 ,! %eets = b9d+ mu/1 z f> z possible1 be re/or$ to ! condition !y 7 9 be=e !y 7 sewn4 ,x is absolutely necess>y t !y %\ld be made into loose s+le %eets4 ,?is "w is call$ pull+ to pieces4 ,! out] cov] is torn (f1 ! ?read or wire inside ! %eet remov$1 & ! %eets v c>efully sep>at$ "o by "o4 ,:5 !y are all pull$ to pieces !y are pu%$ op5 a little at ! back1 fir/ to "o side1 !n to ! o!r1 & scrap$ ) a knife f top to bottom s z to remove all dirt1 glue1 c41 adh]+4 ,:]e ! %eets _h be5 cut op5 & ! inn] leaves work$ out ( place1 !y mu/ be well pu%$ into ! back aga94 ,! %eet is lightly held half-op5 9 ! left h&1 & ! leaves are knock$ into ! back ) a long fold] or knife4 ,if %eets are f\nd badly fold$ !y mu/ n[ be prop]ly re-fold$4 ,any torn places mu/ be repair$4 ,a special *apt] ought really to be devot$ to ?is1 = repair+ & re/or+ is an art 9 itself4 ,"h1 only ! mo/ necess>y "w c be m5tion$4 ,!re are ?ree diff]5t k9ds ( te>s3 te>s 9 ! pr9t1 9 ! m>g91 & 9 ! back4 ,! fir/ may be torn ) slant+ edges2 9 su* a case1 bo? edges mu/ be c>efully pa/$1 fitt$ to ea* o!r1 a piece ( pap] laid ov] & "u1 & !n well rubb$ d[n4 ,if ! te> has n slant+ edges1 b is clean cut1 x is always be/ to pa/e ! edges likewise & to jo9 ! pieces by ov]lapp+ v slightly4 ,x always looks bett] ?an ! pat*+ ) /rips ( pap]--a me?od adopt$ ev5 by good workm54 ,! pa/+ on ( pieces ( tissue pap] is to be condemn$4 ,9 cases ( repairs l ! =ego+1 a piece ( unpa/$ tissue pap] may be laid on ! repair$ place & rubb$ d[n1 s t any pa/e exud+ _c d h>m1 & besides1 x w s]ve to /r5g!n a weak place4 ,x may be us$1 h[ev]1 only on condition t ! t9t is exactly ! same z t ( ! o!r pap]4 ,te>s at ! m>g9 are repair$ by pa/+ on /rips ( ! same pap] or ( a k9d z ne> z possible 9 texture & t9t4 ,to make ! m5d less noticeable1 ! pap] %\ld be torn be=eh&1 t is to say1 by te>+ "o side ( ! pap] ! edge is less %>ply def9$ & appe>s m l "p ( ! %eet & is h>dly p]ceptible4 ,te>s 9 ! back 7if outside7 leaves are m5d$ by pa/+ !m d[n on to ! foll[+ inn] leaf2 aft]w>ds ! glue makes ?is place /ill /rong]4 ,if ! middle leaf is likewise torn1 a n>r[ /rip is pa/$ into ! back4 ,?is may be cut true by ! /raight-edge if a v n>r[ /rip suffices1 b if ! te> is "h also sideways a piece ( torn pap] mu/ be pa/$ on4 ,if !re are backs1 torn (f corn]s1 or ! l to be put 91 a suitable pap] is select$1 a piece a little l>g] ?an ! miss+ piece cut (f ! edge ( ! damag$ leaf neatly pa/$1 ! pat* laid on slightly ov]lapp+1 & well rubb$ d[n "u a piece ( wa/e pap]4 ,:5 ?or\ghly dry1 ! loose edges ( ! pat* %\ld be c>efully torn (f s z to slope & tap] (f nicely4 ,:5 all p>ts are repair$ & ! %eets aga9 9 prop] ord]1 ! book is press$ = a :ile betwe5 bo>ds4 ,x is ?us t good books are treat$1 & al?\gh x w\ld be bett] to return books ( no special value z n wor? ! lab\r1 /ill x does happ5 t *eap books--mo/ly s*ool books & p]iodicals--h to be repair$4 ,a quick way ( gett+ ?r\gh su* "w is z foll[s3-- ,a l>g] piece ( simil> pap] is well pa/$ & laid ^u a clean cutt+-bo>d1 & f ?is piece /rips ( ! requir$ wid? are cut1 laid d[n 9 _! place1 & cut to l5g? ) ! %e>s1 & well rubb$ d[n "u wa/e pap]4 ,if ! pa/$ piece becomes dry be=e x is us$ x mu/ be coat$ aga94 ,all repair$ %eets mu/ be laid betwe5 mill-bo>ds to dry4 ,worn & damag$ p]iodicals are repair$ 9 ! same way4 ,g5]ally ! numb]s are curl$ t[>ds ! =e-edge4 ,be=e comm5c+ to pull to pieces !y %\ld be roll$ t[>ds ! back1 especially close to ! back1 to /raight5 !m4 ,! leaves mu/ all be well pu%$ into ! back1 turn$ d[n corn]s 7s-call$ dogs' e>s7 mu/ be turn$ up1 & two-page illu/rations mu/ be pa/$ away f ! back4 ,!re are g5]ally s+le or d\ble leaves at ! end ( ea* copy or %eet--^! mu/ be pa/$ on4 ,?is "w is n done s+ly1 b ! :ole volume is at once laid op5 f back to front = pa/+4 ,all p>ts ( ! %eets to be pa/$ are plac$ at ! front edge ( ! table1 ! edges fann$ out1 ! o!r %eets :]e9 !y are to be plac$ be+ mean:ile pu%$ fur!r back s t !y are n t\*$ dur+ pa/+4 ,! fann$-out %eets are pa/$ & ea* is rubb$ d[n on to ! %eet foll[+4 ,x has already be5 said t 9 pull+ to pieces ! wire or ?read sew+ mu/ be remov$2 ?is is n always easy4 ,to beg9 )1 ! wires mu/ be fir/ b5t upw>ds2 if !y are firmly glu$ to ! outside ( ! back1 ! latt] has fir/ to be s(t5$ by sme>+ x v ?ickly ) pa/e1 & aft] leav+ x "s little "t ! glue may be scrap$ (f & ! wires loos5$4 ,n until !n c ! wires inside ! %eets be remov$ & ! %eets sep>at$4 ,! backs ( books t h be5 b\nd are s(t5$ 9 ! same way4 ,ev5 to-day--,heav5 help u6--well-got-up books1 ev5 illu/rat$ works1 are sewn ?r\gh sideways ) co>se wire /aples4 ,great c>e mu/ be us$ 9 remov+ ^! & 9 sep>at+ ! %eets1 s t ! bookb9d] may at lea/ try to undo ! h>m caus$ by b>b>\s me?ods practis$ ei!r 9 ?\ghtlessness or ignorance4 ,x sometimes happ5s t ! back ( a book is s bad t x is necess>y to cut x clean (f4 ,! leaves are !n made up into sections ( #f to #h1 levell$ at ! back1 & ov]ca/ ) a f9e ne$le & f9e ?read4 ,?is "w c be done quick] ) an ord9>y sew+-ma*9e1 adju/+ x = ! longe/ /it*4 ,new works consi/+ ( ?9 s+le %eets are done 9 ! same way4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,sew+4 ,mod]n books are fa/5$ toge!r by sew+2 z a rule ?read is us$1 & always 9 sew+ good books4 ,?read sew+ is v mu* bett] ?an wire /it*+4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ?read has n ! disadvantage ( ru/+1 to :i* wire is always subject2 secondly1 ?read does n break ! pap] 9 ! back1 z s frequ5tly happ5s :5 *eap pap] conta9+ mu* wood fibre is wire-/it*$4 ,! greate/ advantage ( ?read sew+ ov] wire lies 9 ! flexibility ( ! spun ?read2 ) %>p pressure x lies flat 9 ! %eet1 :il/ wire does n give at all4 ,besides1 x is flexible ! :ole l5g?1 & ?is adds greatly to ! life ( ! book4 ,all ?read sew+ is n[ done by ma*9]y & is really satisfactory4 ,only ! v smalle/ job %ops sew _! books by h&4 ,! pr9ciple ( sew+ is to fa/5 ea* %eet to sev]al cords or b&s by means ( a long ?read runn+ "r along ! inside ( ! %eet4 ,^! cords give ! book its hold to ! cov]2 !re=e ! m cords us$1 ! m firmly is ! book secur$ to its cov]4 ,!re are n[ two me?ods ( fa/5+ ! %eets on ! cords2 fir/1 !re is ! old] me?od ( pass+ ! ?read along & out ( ! %eet1 ar\nd ! cord1 & aga9 into ! %eet1 & repeat+ ! same movem5t at ! next b&4 ,fig4 #ba--;,arrangem5t ( ?reads 9 old /yle ( sew+4 ,n[adays1 ?is me?od is almo/ entirely disc>d$4 ,:5 = special reasons1 or on acc\nt ( its great] /r5g?1 x is desir$ to imitate ! old me?od1 ! sew+ is done on d\ble cords2 t is to say1 = e cord two cords are /ret*$ alongside ea* o!r & reg>d$ z "o4 ,?is sew+ is m t$i\s1 z ! ?read mu/ take up ea* cord z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bb4 ,fig4 #bb--;,arrangem5t ( ?reads ) d\ble cords4 ,^! some:at elaborate modes ( sew+ h be5 simplifi$ 9 rec5t ye>s by mak+ saw-cuts 9 ! back1 9 :i* ! cords are laid4 ,by ?is means ! sew+ ?read nev] actually passes out ( ! %eet1 b is drawn beh9d ! cord ly+ 9 ! saw-cut & ?us holds x4 ,t is :y we saw-9 our books4 ,! saw+-9 is done ) a broad saw2 ! s-call$ t5on saw be+ ! "o mo/ g5]ally us$4 ,! saw-cut mu/ correspond exactly to ! ?ickness ( ! cord to be us$1 %\ld be less deep ?an wide1 & %\ld n take up too mu* glue :5 glue+ up1 z ?is might easily turn brittle4 ,by incl9+ ! saw to "r & left alt]nately dur+ saw+1 ! result+ cut w be some?+ l ?is -----_/-----2 ?is is ! be/ & mo/ usual =m4 ,! common practice ( wid5+ ! cut by means ( a co>se file gives a triangul> cut l ?is -----_/----- :i* is objectionable1 z ! groove gets fill$ ) glue1 ?us r5d]+ ! ?read liable to break4 ,z _m cuts mu/ be made 9 ! book z !re are cords to be us$1 besides ! s-call$ kettle /it* at head & tail by :i* ! ?read is pass$ f "o %eet to ! o!r4 ,divid+ ! back = saw+-9 is done by m>k+ (f #a cm4 f ! head & twice z mu* f ! tail & divid+ ! re/ into equal portions ) ! divid]s4 ,an octavo %\ld nev] be sewn on less ?an f\r cords1 & a folio on six4 ,if oblig$ to use less ?r\gh l[ prices1 !n ?ree mu/ be tak5 z ! m9imum numb]1 & t only 9 exceptional cases4 ,if ! books are v small--z1 = in/ance1 pray]-books & hymn-books less ?an #g cm4 9 height--x may !n be p]missible to sew on two cords4 ,! division = ! diff]5t sizes = saw+-9 is made z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bc4 ,fig4 #bc--;,divisions = saw+-94 ,! saw-cuts at ! kettle /it* are less deep & q n>r[2 !y only m>k ! place :]e ! ?read is to pass 9 & out4 ,x may be wond]$ :y ! di/ances betwe5 ! cords1 :5 us+ f\r or six1 are unequal2 ! reason = ?is w be expla9$ :5 we come to ! sew+ ( su* sizes4 ,9 saw+-91 ! bat* to be sawn is knock$ up head & back & put betwe5 two bo>ds--if ! volumes are ?91 sev]al may be laid toge!r--s t ! back projects ab\t #a_/b cm4 beyond ! edges ( ! bo>ds4 ,! fir/ & la/ %eet ( ea* volume h previ\sly be5 laid aside1 z ^!1 ) "o exception1 are n sawn-94 ,books & bo>ds are n[ clamp$ 9 a small h&-press1 :i* is screw$ up by h& only4 ,= conv5i5ce ( work+1 ! press ) ! screws is laid flat ^u ! table1 s t ! nuts are aga9/ ! table edge4 ,! press is propp$ up at ! back by ! press-jack4 ,! divisions = ! cords are m>k$ on ! back ) a lead p5cil aft] measur+ ) ! divid]s1 & ! cuts made accord+ to ! m>k+s4 ,if sev]al volumes ( ! same size are to be sawn-91 ! top %eet ( ! fir/ bat* sawn is us$ z a guide = m>k+ ! o!rs1 ?us sav+ ! "w ( measur+ ea* "o ) ! divid]s4 ,:]e mu* saw+-9 is done1 a saw+-9 ma*9e is employ$4 ,! %eets are plac$1 backs d[nw>ds1 9 a moveable box1 :i* is l$ ov] a sy/em ( circul> saws4 ,fig4 #bd--,ma*9e = saw+-94 ,aft] ! "w ( saw+-91 ! fir/ & la/ %eets are replac$1 ! volumes aga9 collat$1 & ! end pap]s put 9 place2 ! %eets are n[ ready = sew+4 ,end pap]s are ! blank leaves :i* ! b9d] places at ! beg9n+ & end ( a book4 ,!y v>y accord+ to ! /yle ( ! book4 ,e end pap] consi/s ( a fly leaf 7?is lies ov] ! title page 9 ! book71 ! pa/e-d[n1 & 9 mo/ cases ( a te>-(f4 ,= ! /rong] end pap]s & 9 half-lea!r b9d+s a clo? jo9t is us$4 ,:il/ deal+ ) ^! end pap]s1 we mu/ n =get ! n>r[ gu>d2 x is work$ on ! prep>$ end pap] 7z w be %[n lat]7 by fold+ ov]1 & s]ves to enclose ! title or end page ) :i* x is sewn4 ,! words jo9t1 gu>d1 & swell may "h be m cle>ly expla9$1 z !y are us$ v frequ5tly 9 ! b9d]y4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we call ! "p :]e back & cov] are jo9$ by a sort ( h+e ! jo9t1 also /rips ( lea!r1 clo?1 c41 us$ = mak+ ?is "p are call$ jo9ts2 secondly1 ! slightly rais$ "p ( ! back1 caus$ by press+ or sew+1 is %ortly call$ ! swell2 & any /rips ( l95 or pap] fa/5$ into ! back ( ! book = h+e+ maps1 plates1 c41 are call$ gu>ds4 ,= use z end pap]s1 a pap] mu/ be select$ :i* suits 9 quality & tone ! pr9t$ pap]4 ,no?+ %[s lack ( ta/e m ?an ! use ( a blue end pap] ) a pap] ( yell[ tone4 ,= bo? back & front a d\ble %eet is necess>y & is cut ! requir$ size4 ,a pap] gu>d1 ab\t ! wid? ( ?ree f+]s1 is made f a piece ( /\t wa/e pap] & pa/$ on a n>r[ m>g9 at ! back ( ! d\ble leaf1 9 ord] to protect x 9 ! jo9t & also = fa/5+ on ! cov]4 ,if !re are s+le leaves to be us$ up1 two ( ^! might be pa/$ to ea* o!r n>r[ly on ! back & ^u ?is ! gu>d2 ?is is ! s-call$ d\ble end pap]4 ,if in/ead ( ^! only a s+le leaf is tak51 !n we h a s+le end pap]2 ?is is us$ = *eap s*ool books & g5]ally at ! back only4 ,! accompany+ sket* %[s bo? ^! end pap]s ) ! small gu>d already fold$4 ,?is fold+ ( ! gu>d is n v easy = ! beg9n]4 ,! leaf is plac$ face upw>ds1 squ>e 9 front ( ! work]1 & a v n>r[ m>g9 at ! back edge b5t upw>ds ab\t #c mm4 9 wid?1 ! =ef+] & ?umb ( bo? h&s %ap+ & b5d+ ! gu>d1 work+ f ! c5tre to ! ends4 ,fig4 #be--,sugge/ions = s+le & d\ble end pap]s4 ,%\ld ! %eet f :i* ! end pap]s are made be a little wid] ?an requir$ = ! end pap]s1 ! te>-(f may be fold$ at ! same "t2 ) d\ble end pap]s1 ! leaf :i* is to be pa/$ d[n lat] is ins]t$ betwe5 fly leaf & te>-(f1 & !re=e is call$ ins]tion4 ,fig4 #bf--,sugge/ion = d\ble end pap] ) te>-(f4 ,if ! end pap]s are to h a clo? jo9t x mu/ be plac$ )9 ! two leaves or1 bett]1 pa/$ 9 face inw>ds4 ,d\ble clo? jo9ts are no long] us$ 9 pr9t$ books1 z !y make ! end pap]s too ?ick1 & 9 ! subsequ5t r\nd+ ! fir/ %eet is apt to break4 ,! jo9t is "h also fold$ on z be=e4 ,=m]ly1 :5 l95 jo9ts 7 us$1 ! end pap] 0 simply made by ins]t+ ! /rip ( clo? & h+e+ on ! outside leaf ab\t #a cm4 f ! fold4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 has _m disadvantages1 !re=e ! end pap]s are made z expla9$1 !n c>efully te>+ (f ! outside leaf 9 ! back 9 pa/+ d[n & cutt+ x z requir$ x is pa/$ on to ! bo>d1 z w be m fully expla9$ "u pa/+ d[n4 ,! ,fr5* pa/e a d\ble leaf be=e ! fir/ & la/ %eets aft] hav+ pa/$ a cov]+ leaf ar\nd ^!4 ,= extra "w1 ! foll[+ /yle ( end pap] is ! be/2 x is us$ 9 ,engl& = all high-class "w1 & 9 ,g]many also x has be5 adopt$ by all ! fir/-class firms4 ,! end pap]s consi/ m]ely ( s+le leaves ! size ( ! %eet4 ,^! are fann$ out at ! back to make a small m>g9 & pa/$4 ,! fir/ leaf is !n pa/$ d[n on ! end-pap] %eet s z to leave a m>g9 ( ab\t #b mm42 ! second leaf is pa/$ level ) ! back4 ,all end pap]s are proce$$ ) 9 ! same way4 ,if ^! are to h a clo? jo9t x mu/ be pa/$ on ! outside also only #b mm4 wide4 ,:5 ! end pap]s are dry1 !y mu/ be /it*$ d[n along ! back1 #b mm4 f ! edge1 ) ! sew+-ma*9e adju/$ to its longe/ /it*4 ,x is unnecess>y to knot ! ends ( ! ?read--!y are cut clean (f4 ,:5 !re is no sew+-ma*9e1 ! volumes mu/ be ov]ca/ by h&4 ,?is ov]ca/+ is done by ins]t+ a f9e ne$le ne> ! back ( ! knock$-up %eets f above & draw+ ! ?read almo/ q ?r\gh1 ! second & foll[+ /it*es all be+ made f above4 ,! ?read w\ld !n appe> z 9 ,fig4 #bg4 ,fig4 #bg--,ov]ca/ end pap]4 ,^! end pap]s are made up be=e saw+-9 & sawn 9 ) ! book1 & :5 x is n possible to /it* !m ) ! ma*9e !y mu/ be sawn 9 be=e ov]ca/+1 or ! saw+ w\ld cut ! ?reads4 ,n[ = ! sew+4 ,we /ret* ! requisite numb] ( cords1 :i* are secur$ to ! hooks at ! top by a simple loop :i* is easily undone z soon z x is tak5 (f ! hook4 ,at ! bottom a d\ble loop is made1 ?r\gh :i* a key is pass$ s z to hold ! /ret*$ cord und]nea? ! moveable bo>d4 ,fig4 #bh--,loops = atta*+ to frame hooks4 ,fig4 #bi--,loops = tak+ frame keys4 ,! l5g? ( ! cords is regulat$ by ! ?ickness ( ea* book1 & z x is possible to sew a numb] ( books at ! same "t :5 !y are all sewn ! same way1 ! l5g? ( ! cords is regulat$ accord+ly2 x also dep5ds ^u ! k9d ( books to be sewn4 ,*eap books get #c cm4 = e cord on ea* side m ?an ! ?ickness ( ! book1 t is #f cm4 plus ! ?ickness ( ! book4 ,s*ool books get /ill %ort] cords4 ,= extra "w1 :]e ! ends ( ! cords are lac$ ?r\gh ! bo>ds1 "o %\ld all[ d\ble4 ,x is easy to calculate ! l5g? requir$ = a s+le volume1 b r difficult = a bat* ( books v>y+ 9 ?ickness2 x is !n bett] to measure4 ,= example1 suppose we h to sew a bat* ( six books1 all diff]+ 9 ?ickness b measur+ 9 all #be cm4 high2 we w\ld all[ = *eap "w3 #f vols41 ea* tak+ #f cm4 extra l5g?s #cf cm4 total height1 #be cm41 mak+ #fa cm42 = extra "w3 #f vols41 ea* tak+ #ab cm4 extra l5g?s #gb cm4 #be total height #ig cm4 l5g? ( cord4 ,! collat$ bat* ( books is laid on ! b$ ( ! sew+ frame z 9 holla5d]+ 7,fig4 #ag71 ! %eets tak5 hold ( 9 ! same way1 & laid op5 = sew+4 ,( c\rse ! cords are adju/$ to ! saw-cuts1 & x is bett] to pu% !m m to ! "r ?an to ! left1 s z to give ! left arm full play4 ,"h also1 z 9 holla5d]+1 ! left h& does ! "w beh9d ! cords inside ! %eet1 :il/ ! "r ins]ts ! ne$le f ! front & aga9 br+s x out4 ,fig4 #cj--,sugge/ion = sew+ on f\r cords4 ,fig4 #ca--,sugge/ion = sew+ on six cords4 ,! fir/ & la/ %eets--call$ end %eets--are sewn a little diff]5tly f ! o!rs1 z ! ne$le is "h n ins]t$ & drawn out exactly at ! cord b at a little di/ance f x s z to all[ !m to be adju/$ aft]w>ds4 ,sew+#a ) u is inv>iably begun ) ! la/ %eet at ! "r1 work+ on to ! left1 & rev]s+ ! process ) ! foll[+ %eet1 & s to ! end1 s t ! ?read "o way passes f & ! o!r to ! work]4 ,) all o!r %eets1 except+ ! end sections1 ! ?read is ins]t$ at ! kettle /it* & br\ght out at ! next cord1 r\nd ! cord1 & ins]t$ at ! same hole1 to be br\ght out aga9 at ! next cord1 & s on till ! ?read comes out at ! o!r kettle /it* & is ins]t$ 9 ! next %eet to g ?r\gh ! same process4 ,) books sewn on f\r cords1 x is all[able to skip "o ( ! two middle cords alt]nately1 s t ea* "t ! ?read passes on to ! "r ! "r middle cord is skipp$1 & ! left is skipp$ :5 ! ?read passes 9 ! opposite direction4 ,?is facilitates & %ort5s ! "w )\t tak+ away f durability or quality4 ,books on #f cords may be treat$ 9 ! same way2 ! "r & left ( ea* pair ( cords may be skipp$ alt]nately4 ,x 0 = ?is reason t we paid att5tion to ! di/ribution ( ! cords on ! back :5 saw+-9 7see ,fig4 #bc74 ,footnote #a3 ,9 ,engl&1 ,france1 & "p ( ,holl&1 sew+ is begun ) ! title page4 ,?is me?od ( sew+ is kn[n z end to end1 9 contradi/9ction to two %eets on4 ,! =m] is ! bett] me?od & is ess5tial = valuable books1 unless ! sections are exceptionally ?94 ,! latt] is good en\gh 7i4e41 n wor? mu*7 = ! trade & *eap "w4 ,z f> z /r5g? is conc]n$ x w\ld d1 b a book sewn 9 ?is way does n swell suffici5tly 9 ! back to make a prop] back+ groove4 ,x is an old rule 9 bookb9d+ t ea* %eet aft] x has be5 sewn %\ld be press$ d[n ) ! ne$le s t ! backs ( ! %eets lie close & firm toge!r2 ?is is call$ press+ d[n4 ,%\ld ?is1 h[ev]1 n be suffici5t1 ! back mu/ be knock$ firm f "t to "t ) ! divid]s or a rule4 ,! fir/ & la/ %eets mu/ be fa/5$ to ! "o foll[+ & prec$+ respectively2 b 9 ! c\rse ( ! sew+ ?is en*a9+ to ! prec$+ %eets--! s-call$ kettle /it*--is only necess>y 9 ! case ( v ?ick sections4 ,x is done by pass+ ! ne$le ?r\gh & br++ x out betwe5 ! two prec$+ %eets at ea* end & ?us *a9+ on ! !n top %eet to ! "o ly+ und]nea?4 ,! two-%eets-on sew+ is done by lay+ op5 ! second %eet on top ( ! fir/ aft] mak+ ! fir/ /it* 9 ! fir/ %eet & !n pass+ ! ne$le ?r\gh ! second %eet1 !n ! ?ird /it* is made 9 ! fir/ %eet & ! f\r? 9 ! second %eet4 ,"o l5g? ( ?read is us$ = ! two %eets4 ,:]e ! %eets h n be5 cut op51 ! left h& lightly takes ! %eets 9 turn :]e !y h be5 cut1 a fold] is plac$ 9 ! middle & is %ift$ f "o to ! o!r z requir$4 ,! process is ! same :e!r !re are only ?ree cords or ev5 six4 ,fig4 #cb--,sugge/ion = sew+ two-%eets-on4 ,x has already be5 said t sev]al volumes ( ! same k9d c be sewn on top ( ea* o!r on ! sew+ frame2 9 ?is case ! volumes mu/ be sep>at$ f ea* o!r aft] ! sew+ is complet$4 ,! free ends ( ! cords are untwi/$ s t !y may be scrap$ op5 m easily aft]w>ds1 & !n "o volume aft] ano!r is drawn along ! cords to ! ends until !y are twice ! l5g? ( ! free cords away f ea* o!r1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 w v>y accord+ to ! subsequ5t /yle ( b9d+4 ,s !n we all[ #f & #ab cm4 accord+ to circum/ances2 b ?is l5g? is curtail$ to #c cm4 9 ! *eap s*ool books1 because ! %ort] ! cords ! quick] !y are scrap$ op54 ,e cord is cut 9 ! middle betwe5 ! books ) ! %e>s1 ?us sep>at+ ea* volume f ! o!r4 ,! /r&s ( ! loose ends ( ! cords are n[ completely untwi/$ by ins]t+ ! cord 9 ! groove ( ! scrap] & repeat$ly rubb+ x up or d[n ) ! back ( a knife4 ,aft] scrap+ ! cords1 ! end-pap] gu>ds are always pa/$ d[n2 ! book is laid ) ! back to ! front edge ( ! table1 ! fir/ %eet ) ! end pap] is turn$ d[nw>ds1 ! end-pap] gu>d is b5t up a little s t x /&s away f ! %eet1 pa/e x neatly & c>efully1 close ! section & adju/ x s t ! %eet 9 ! end pap] is level ) ! o!rs1 b n ! end pap] itself--?is mu/ project a little at ! back4 ,:5 only "o f+] is requir$ = pa/+ x mu/ be ! middle f+]1 s t ! =ef+] is free f pa/e & ready to take hold ( any?+4 ,if /it*$ end pap]s are us$ = extra "w1 a %eet ( pap] is laid on ! second %eet s z to leave #c mm4 free1 pa/e ?is /rip & br+ d[n ^u x ! once-m clos$ fir/ %eet1 tak+ c>e to squ>e x at ! outside ) ! body ( ! book4 ,! fold] %\ld be br\ght d[n firmly ov] ! out] %eets aft] pa/+ d[n s z to ensure ! pa/e /ick+4 ,if ! pa/+-on ( ! jo9ts is n prop]ly c>ri$ out1 ! result w be t 9 mo/ cases ! book op5s badly :5 f9i%$4 ,9 half-clo? or o!r simple b9d+s1 ! scrap$ cords may be pa/$ on at once4 ,br+ a little pa/e 7ab\t ! size ( a pea7 ^u ! po9t ( a fold] "u ! slightly rais$ cord1 pa/+ ! latt] ev5ly & neatly ^u ! pa/e-d[n ( ! end pap] s t ! pa/$-d[n /r&s ( ! cord lie l a fea!r4 ,to prev5t ! pa/$ cords /ick+ to ea* o!r1 ! books are pil$ up back & front until dry4 ,9 extra "w1 ! cords--:i* are also long]--mu/ by no means be pa/$ on2 a piece ( wa/e pap] or a cov] ! size ( ! %eet is pa/$ outside ! sections "u ! cords1 level ) ! backs4 ,?is s]ves p>tly z a protection = ! end pap]s & p>tly to make a good jo9t :5 cov]+4 ,! volumes s prep>$ are n[ glu$ up4 ,!y mu/ be knock$ up at head & back2 !y are !n plac$ ) ! backs outw>ds on a bo>d specially kept = ?is "w--! glue+ bo>d--) ! =e-edge ( :i* !y mu/ be exactly level4 ,on top mu/ be plac$ a small] bo>d or a heavy piece ( iron1 likewise level ) ! book4 ,! book backs are ?us held firmly betwe5 ! glue+ bo>ds1 ! left h& hold+ !m firmly by press+ on ! top1 ! "r h& glue+ ! backs ) v hot b n ?ick glue2 rub ?is well 9 ) ! po9t ( a hamm]1 & aft] hav+ firmly squeez$ ! glue out ( ! bru%1 use x = tak+ (f ! surplus glue f ! backs4 ,an old trick ( ! bookb9d] is to heat ! hamm] = ?is "w4 ,x is a bad plan to give ! back a ?ick coat+ ( glue & !n all[ x to dry1 because x at once becomes brittle4 ,"s exp]i5c$ work]s place ! books betwe5 ! glue+ bo>ds s z to leave ab\t #a cm4 project+1 z x is ?\ght t ! glue !reby gets bett] betwe5 ! %eets2 b ?is me?od is out ( date & is ( no special value4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ( great importance t ! glu$ book %\ld be laid s t x is truly squ>e at ! head z well z ! back1 = if ?is is neglect$ no am\nt ( tr\ble w save ! book f be+ cut out ( %ape4 ,be=e pass+ on to ! next *apt] we h /ill to m5tion ! me*anical contrivances = sew+4 ,= small z well z l>ge b9d]ies1 ma*9es h be5 inv5t$ bo? = wire /it*+ & ?read sew+2 ! =m] are m g5]ally us$1 ! latt] n be+ suffici5tly p]fect 9 con/ruction to meet all dem&s = spe$ & accuracy4 ,!n also ! me?od ( fa/5+ ! book 9 ! cov] diff]s s mu* f ! traditional me?od t we mu/ /ill hope = improvem5t4 ,:5 ?is comes to pass1 ?is ma*9e w !n sup]s$e ! wire-/it*+ ma*9e1 ) all its unavoidable disadvantages4 ,! work+ ( ! ma*9es is s simple t !y are att5d$ to almo/ entirely by girls4 ,we refra9 f giv+ descriptions ( me*anical appliances )9 ! limits ( a %ort treatise1 z any day may br+ =? new inv5tions :i* are c]ta9 to effect great *anges 9 ?is dep>tm5t4 ,besides ^! co/ly appliances !re are also simpl] sew+-ma*9es = small %ops1 by :i* books are sewn 9 v simple fa%ion ov] /eel ne$les1 by means ( :i* ! cords may aft]w>ds be drawn along4 ,fig4 #cc--,?read-sew+ ma*9e4 ,fig4 #cd--,wire-sew+ ma*9e4 ,z ^! ma*9es dem& v l>ge saw-cuts1 !y c only be us$ = trade "w & any *eap l9es4 ,we only m5tion !m to draw att5tion to _! exi/5ce4 ,unpr9t$ pap] & music are sewn on tapes z well z cords4 ,?is me?od ( sew+ is describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,cutt+1 ,,r\nd+1 ,,back+4 ,fig4 #ce--,rot>y guillot9e4 ,9 ne>ly all cases ! book is trimm$ aft] glue+1 & x is be/ to d ?is be=e ! glue is q set4 ,ev5 9 extra "w books are n[adays trimm$ on ?ree sides1 t is1 be=e ! book is r\nd$ ea* side is cut "o aft] ! o!r4 ,?is me?od has ! advantage t x is quick]1 t ! top & bottom corn]s ( ! r\nd =e-edge _c break1 & t x is easy to treat e side dur+ ! process ( m>bl+4 ,( c\rse1 9 ! be/ "w ! book is fir/ cut at ! front1 r\nd$1 press$1 & !n cut top & bottom4 ,"u pres5t conditions we might completely ab&on ! old me?od ( trimm+ ) ! pl\gh1 =1 al?\gh ?is is a mo/ valuable tool1 x w\ld n pay to use x n[1 & ! %ops :]e x is /ill 9 use are few & f> betwe52 besides1 our ,g]man ma*9es n[ d ! "w s ?or\ghly & accurately t we are able to execute ! highe/ class ( "w by _! aid4 ,fig4 #cf--,lev] guillot9e4 ,! ma*9es work$ by a lev] are v suitable = small %ops & small books4 ,rot>y action is = heavi] "w & is m suitable :]e bo? heavy & light "w h to be done4 ,! =e-edge is g5]ally trimm$ fir/2 ! back ( ! book is c>efully adju/$ to ! back gauge1 ! back gauge is s adju/$ by mov+ backw>ds & =w>ds t ! knife comes exactly ^u ! po9t m>k$ be=eh&4 ,! fir/ pr9ciple to be obs]v$ 9 trimm+ is t z little z ev] possible %\ld be tak5 (f ! book4 ,measur+ & m>k+ = trimm+ are done ) ! divid]s2 ! latt] is call$ m>k+ = cutt+4 ,:5 ! back gauge has be5 adju/$ s t ! po9ts lie directly "u ! knife1 ! clamp :i* holds ! book 9 position is screw$ d[n & ! ma*9e set 9 motion4 ,! book mu/ be cut smoo? & q free f any jagg$ness1 & if ?is has n be5 accompli%$ ! knife mu/ be gr\nd or1 at lea/1 well %>p5$4 ,some?+ mu/ be done 9 trimm+ top & bottom to prev5t ! groove at ! back f receiv+ too mu* pressure4 ,! simple/ means is to glue a ?ick bo>d on ! "u side ( ! clamp4 ,if a piece ( /\t clo? has be5 pa/$ to ?is bo>d1 x w aft]w>ds be easily remov$ f ! clamp if x is lightly glu$ on at two places only4 ,if clo? is n us$1 pieces ( ! bo>d w adh]e to ! clamp & cause no little inconv5i5ce4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 !re are metal plates sold :i* are fa/5$ to ! clamp 9 a simple way1 ei!r by screws or spr+s1 & !y are j z simply remov$4 ,! bottom edge has to be cut fir/1 z "o is ?us able to adju/ ! head--:i*1 ( c\rse1 mu/ be rectangul>--aga9/ ! back gauge & !n to make ! bottom edge p>allel4 ,aft] cutt+ ?is edge1 ! book is turn$ r\nd & ! bottom edge adju/$ on ! back gauge s z to get ! top edge ready = cutt+4 ,:il/ do+ ?is1 c>e mu/ always be tak5 t ! book is plac$ "u ! clamp s t ! arrangem5t made = sav+ ! groove f pressure is effective4 ,fig4 #cg--,top edge arrang$ = trimm+ :5 trimm+ ?ree edges4 ,z our ma*9es are made to cut f left to "r1 ! book back mu/ be on ! left4 ,v (t5 a book conta9s s _m fold$ plates t x is consid]ably ?9n] 9 "s places ?an at o!rs4 ,^! ?9 places mu/ be prop]ly pack$ ) pap] or /rips ( bo>d1 o!rwise ! knife is sure to te> or jag1 no matt] h[ %>p x may be4 ,?is pack+ may be left 9 ! book until ! book is q f9i%$ & !n tak5 out4 ,if any fibr\s matt] has /uck to ! bottom %eets ?r\gh cutt+ on a mu*-us$ b$1 x mu/ be remov$ ) a v %>p knife4 ,! trimm$ volumes are r\nd$1 i4e41 !y are r\nd$ & ! groove made at ! back to :i* ! bo>ds h to be fitt$4 ,= ?is reason ! grooves mu/ be made to suit ! ?ickness ( ! bo>ds to be us$4 ,fig4 #ch--,r\nd+ ! book4 ,to r\nd a book1 slightly damp its glu$ back1 place x on a firm /one or metal b$1 & knock x r\nd ) a hamm]4 ,prop]ly speak+ ! process is z foll[s3 ,! left h& takes hold ( ! back ( ! book ly+ flat be=e ! work] & works x into a r\nd =m1 ! "r h& help+ all ! "t by beat+ x along ! back f "o end to ! o!r4 ,9 ?is way ea* side is treat$ alt]nately until ! back is ev5ly r\nd$4 ,! r\nd+ ( ! =e-edge %\ld be equal to "o-?ird ( a circle4 ,books t h be5 hamm]$ s mu* t !y fall /raight f ! c5tre t[>ds bo? sides are call$ ov] r\nd$2 if1 on ! contr>y1 ! book is r\nd at ! sides & almo/ /raight 9 ! middle ! book is call$ flat r\nd$4 ,! latt] occurs :5 ! ?read us$ 9 sew+ has be5 too ?9 or held d[n too mu* 7see page #cg74 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 to avoid :at is call$ spr++ a section--?is is g5]ally caus$ by a break 9 ! glu$ back2 b x is almo/ impossible to r\nd a book p]fectly if ! sections are v ?ick or if x conta9s _m pa/$-9 plates4 ,!re are n[ v useful ma*9es = r\nd+ books1 also h& ma*9es4 ,! "w connect$ ) ^! consi/s simply 9 turn+ ! book a few times1 pu%+ ! back up to ! roll]s ea* "t4 ,fig4 #ci--,r\nd+ ma*9e4 ,:5 ! book is prop]ly r\nd$1 x is back$1 t is1 x is s plac$ betwe5 back+ bo>ds t !y are away f ! back j z mu* z is requir$ = ! groove1 ! wid? ( ! latt] dep5d+ ^u ! ?ickness ( ! bo>ds2 a small ?9 volume gets ?9 bo>ds & !re=e a small groove2 a ?ick] volume requires ?ick bo>ds1 &1 ( c\rse1 a deep] groove4 ,! made groove %\ld be a little deep] ?an ! bo>d set 9 x4 ,! book & back+ bo>ds are plac$ 9 a wood5 press1 screw+ up by h& & once m c>efully adju/+4 ,to d ?is1 ! press is fir/ plac$ l5g?wise on ! table s t "o end projects a little ov] ! front edge ( ! table2 ! ev5ness ( ! r\nd+ is !n p]fect$--"o h& at ! back & ! o!r at ! front edge pu%+ & adju/+4 ,! bett] & tru] ! book has be5 r\nd$ be=e lay+ 9 ! bo>ds ! less !re w be to d :5 plac$ 9 ! press4 ,if ! r\nd+ is correct1 ! head & tail mu/ be exam9$ to see t !y are exactly rectangul>1 = ! book may h be5 knock$ untrue1 & ! ev5ness ( ! grooves--:i* are easily di/urb$--is also exam9$4 ,back+ & r\nd+ is ! mo/ important "w z f> z reg>ds ! appe>ance ( ! book :5 f9i%$2 x mu/ be done ) ! greate/ exactitude & requires mu* practice4 ,al?\gh x is h>dly p]ceptible1 yet ! great difficulty lies 9 ! book itself be+ s v easily %ift$4 ,:5 ! book is plac$ 9 ! press )\t a fault x is screw$ up z tightly z possible ) ! screw key1 & ?r\gh ?is ! grooves already project ov] ! edges ( ! back+ bo>ds2 b a %>p groove c only be obta9$ by ! help ( ! hamm]4 ,! hamm]1 h[ev]1 mu/ n be us$ bl9dly on ! back1 b by lightly knock+1 bl[ by bl[1 ! fir/ & la/ #d-f %eets mu/ be br\ght ov] ! edges ( ! bo>ds4 ,?is done1 ! :ole ( ! back is well pa/$1 & aft] rema9+ ?us a %ort "t x is !n rubb$ ) ! po9t ( ! hamm] along ! %eets until all sup]flu\s glue is soak$ & scrap$ (f4 ,) a h&ful ( pap] cutt+s ! back is rubb$ smoo? & clean4 ,! use ( a too!d ca*ir iron is /rictly =bidd51 b ! r\nd side ( ?is tool may be us$ in/ead ( ! hamm]4 ,fig4 #dj--;,back+ ma*9e = small %ops4 ,= back+1 we h also a useful ma*9e--! back+ ma*9e4 ,= small %ops x is made = clamp+ only1 & ! mak+ ( ! groove is done ) ! ord9>y hamm]4 ,= l>ge %ops ?is ma*9e has a roll] go+ "r across ! back :i* =ms ! groove d[n ea* side4 ,fig4 #da--;,back+ ma*9e = l>ge %ops4 ,valuable books are ei!r trimm$ at ! front & at once back$ or !y may be back$ be=e trimm+4 ,?is is g5]ally done ) bulky books1 z !y are liable to ?r[ out a section1 & ?is dang] is less5$ by back+ fir/4 ,! "w ( back+ rema9s ! same4 ,if ! =e-edge has already be5 trimm$1 c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! grooves d n suff] dur+ trimm+ aft] back+4 ,"o way ( effect+ ?is is to lay ! book on a special cutt+ bo>d ) ! edge up to ! groove1 or by mak+ use ( ! arrangem5t on ! clamp already describ$1 & adju/+ ! groove ( ! book to ! blocks fix$ on ! clamp4 ,%\ld ! =e-edge n h be5 cut1 ! book mu/ aga9 be knock$ /raight aft] back+2 to d ?is a /rong cord is ti$ r\nd ! book ab\t #a-a_/b cm4 f ! back1 ! book is !n laid ^u a firm b$1 & ! back aga9 knock$ /raight2 ?is "w is call$ ty+ up4 ,fig4 #db--;,back$ book arrang$ = trimm+4 ,x facilitates ! "w if ! book is tak5 up & lightly held 9 ! left h& :il/ ! "r holds ! hamm] & knocks ! r\nd inw>ds until ! book is once m squ>e4 ,! squ>$ book is n[ trimm$1 & x is n until ! trimm+ is f9i%$ t ! cord is loos5$4 ,9 press+1 sev]al volumes ( ! same size c be done 9 ! h& press at "o & ! same "t4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,m>bl+1 ,,gild+1 ,c41 ,,! ,,edges ,,& ,,headb&+4 ,! edges ( a book are ne>ly always f9i%$ (f 9 "s way or ano!r1 z ! pla9 :ite edges w\ld quickly become soil$4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! b9d] always uses a cov]+ ( gold or col\r = ?is purpose1 & c>e %\ld be tak5 t ?is way ( treat+ ! edges is decorative & n ! rev]se4 ,9 small b9d]ies ! edge is mo/ usually spr9kl$4 ,a small bru% ) a h&le 7su* z is us$ = black+ %oes7 is dipp$ into a v ?9 col\r$ liquid & rubb$ ov] a f9e sieve :i* is fix$ 9 a frame4 ,! sieve is kept at suffici5t di/ance f ! edges ( ! book to all[ ! little drops ( col\r to fall l a f9e ra94 ,= ?is "w ! book is screw$ up 9 ! press 7:i* is laid flat7 by means ( ! press-jack4 ,z a spr9kl+ col\r1 nut-wood /a9 ?9n$ ) wat] is us$1 or indigo1 c>m9e1 ,prussian blue1 mahogany br[n1 gre5 c9nab>1 all well dilut$ ) wat]1 ) ! addition ( a little pa/e & borax or a few drops ( dilute c>bolic to prev5t ! pa/e turn+ s\r2 anil9e dyes h a common appe>ance4 ,! spr9kle mu/ fall v f9ely ^u ! edges1 !re=e ! fir/ l>ge drops %\ld be tak5 out ( ! bru% by giv+ x a few prelim9>y rubs ov] ! sieve4 ,a few v>iations are made 9 spr9kl$ edges by scatt]+ damp sawdu/1 s&1 or bran on ! edges be=e spr9kl+1 ?us produc+ a co>s] k9d ( spr9kl+4 ,simil>ly rice1 b>ley1 ev5 />* or drops ( wax are us$4 ,all ^! edges are out ( date & 9 really good work%ops are e day fall+ m & m into disuse1 pref]5ce be+ giv5 to m>bl+ ^u a siz$ gr\nd4 ,= ! production ( ev5 m>bl+ an edge-m>bl+ roll] has rec5tly be5 br\ght out4 ,rubb] roll]s--"o or two--toge!r ) ! automatic col\r+ roll]s be>+ anil9e dyes mix$ ) glyc]9e1 are made up into a h&y contrivance by means ( :i* smoo? col\r$ edges c be roll$ ov]4 ,^! edges are passable only :5 c>efully & skilfully execut$2 z a rule !y look co>se & common & are tak5 up only by badly equipp$ %ops4 ,m>bl+ roll]s c be us$ = comb m>bl+ z well z = small ve9$ m>bl+4 ,we may say t ! col\r$ edge is ! olde/ /yle4 ,e>? col\rs :i* cov] well--c9nab>#b 7r$ or gre571 c>m9e1 *rome yell[1 graphite1 bismu?1 & also o!r col\rs t cov] well1 indigo1 c>m9e1 & ,prussian blue--are gr\nd to a f9e p[d] & ?or\ghly mix$ ) wat] & a little pa/e or gelat9e s t ! edges may be ev5ly cov]$4 ,footnote #b3 ,c9nab> if n r$ mu/ be a prep>ation ) o!r col\r4--,trans4 ,only pr9t$ books are put 9 ! press1 & 9 ?is case !y mu/ fir/ be rubb$ d[n ) alum wat]4 ,aft] ab\t five m9utes ! col\r may be laid on4 ,hog's-hair bru%es are us$ = ?is4 ,rec5tly1 eos9 has be5 us$ to col\r r$ & picric acid = yell[1 bo? well dilut$ ) wat]4 ,! pa/e edge is a v>iety ( ! col\r$ edge2 x is produc$ by load+ pa/e ) a v /rong col\r s t x cov]s well :5 laid on4 ,) ! blunt po9t ( a /ick1 a bluntly po9t$ cork1 or ev5 ! f+]-tip1 figures may be trac$ 9 ! col\r :5 laid on1 & !n ! figures may be br\ght out bett] by go+ ov] ! l9es ) a po9t$ /ick4 ,! "w dem&s a skill$ draughtsman if a good effect or some?+ m ?an ! v simple/ design is desir$4 ,! book mu/ be press$ = pa/+ ! edges1 & ! pa/e col\r mu/ n be laid on too ?ickly or x w spr+ (f :5 dry4 ,col\r$ z well z pa/e edges w take gold tool+ & af=d consid]able scope to ! skilful & ?\ghtful workman4 ,! f9e/ way ( f9i%+ edges & ! "o all[+ greate/ v>iety ( treatm5t is kn[n z m>bl+2 ?is is a special process4 ,=m]ly reg>d$ z a secret art1 x is n[ an easily acquir$ bran* ( our "w1 ?anks to ! c>eful exp]im5ts & excell5t demon/rations ( ! ma/] bookb9d]1 ,h]r ,joseph ,half]1 ( ,buda ,pe/h4 ,! :ole process ( m>bl+ dep5ds ^u ! peculi>ity possess$ by col\rs ( float+ ^u a siz$ surface :5 !y are mix$ ) oxgall1 & a col\r conta9+ m gall =c+ (f ! "o fir/ appli$4 ,besides1 ! col\rs may be drawn ab\t ) a p5cil or /ick )\t _! mix+4 ,if ! smoo? edges ( a book are br\ght into contact ) su* a float+ surface-col\r !y w take up ! col\rs completely4 ,gr\nd & col\r mu/ ea* h c]ta9 fix$ degrees ( consi/5cy1 & ! atmosph]e bo? 9 & out ( doors has also a great influ5ce ^u ! "w4 ,! prep>$ body1 %ortly kn[n z ! body1 is at pres5t always compos$ ( boil$ ,c>rage5 moss4 ,to e litre#c ( wat] exactly #ab g4 are add$ & ! liquid is put 9 a saucepan1 :i* is nev] us$ = any o!r purpose1 & plac$ on ! fire1 great c>e be+ tak5 to cat* x j at boil+ po9t or x w all boil ov]4 ,at ! "r mom5t take ! saucepan f ! fire & /ra9 ! cont5ts ?r\gh a hair sieve1 :at rema9s be+ ?r[n away z useless4 ,! body may be us$ ! next day1 b = figur$ edges x is bett] aft] hav+ be5 kept ?ree days1 & = ve9$ m>bl+ five days4 ,! vessel conta9+ ! body mu/ be kept cov]$ s z to exclude all du/4 ,footnote #c3 ,n q a qu>t4 ,gum tragacan? 7kn[n z gum dragon7 c also be us$ z a body1 b ,half]'s col\rs are n int5d$ to be us$ ) ?is4 ,a m>bl+ tr\gh to conta9 ! body is us$ :il/ work+2 x is made ( z9c plate1 is ab\t #ae cm4 9 wid?1 #ej cm4 9 l5g?1 & #c cm4 9 dep?1 & has a slop+ p>tition sold]$ ne> "o end1 & ! col\r n tak5 up is drawn into ! division ?us made4 ,illu/ration3 ,m>bl+ ,tr\gh ,a b[l1 ab\t #f cm4 across ! top1 is kept = ea* col\r1 & also a hog's-hair bru% & a bir*-twig bru%4 ,a small bundle ( bir* twigs is ti$ r\nd ) ?read1 leav+ ab\t #d cm4 ( ! twigs free1 ! ?ickness ( ! l[e/ "p ti$ n exce$+ #a cm4 ,! bri/les ( ! bru% are ti$ back s z to =m loops & held a:ile 9 boil+ wat] s t !y reta9 _! %ape aft] dry+ & unty+4 ,) a bru% made up 9 ?is way1 drops may be laid on any:]e4 ,= all drawn-out edges only bri/le bru%es are us$1 :il/ = all o!r edges a bru% is us$ only = lay+ on ! fir/ col\r4 ,= "s edges a wide bru% is us$1 s t ! :ole tr\gh c be fill$ at "o bl[2 a c>pet bru% ) a %ort h&le is mo/ conv5i5t to use4 ,a little /ick = trac+ ! col\rs is also necess>y--a but*]'s skew] is z good z any?+4 ,besides ?is1 ! col\rs are drawn by combs ( v>i\s wid?s2 ^! are easily made by glue+ p9s ) _! heads at fix$ di/ances betwe5 two /rips ( mill-bo>d3 ! result is a tool resembl+ a comb4 ,all requisites c be conv5i5tly kept 9 a little wood5 box toge!r ) ! col\rs4 ,n[adays only ,half]'s ready-made col\rs are us$4 ,fig4 #dc--,m>bl+ outfit4 ,any "o wi%+ to le>n ! process ( m>bl+ edges w\ld be wise n to attempt all ! /yles at once1 b %\ld be cont5t to le>n "o be=e proce$+ to ano!r4 ,we w comm5ce ) comb m>bl+1 also kn[n z fea!r m>bl+4 ,:5 m>bl+ is to be done1 ! col\rs mu/ always be te/$ fir/4 ,a little col\r is %ak5 into ea* b[l & its bru% plac$ ) x1 & "o or two drops ( prep>$ oxgall add$ to ea* col\r s z to make ! col\r float on ! surface4 ,"o prep>es "o's own oxgall4 ,an ox gall 9 ! gallbladd] is procur$ f a but*]1 a glass funnel is plac$ 9 a bottle :i* has be5 weigh$ be=eh&1 & ! bottom ( ! gall bladd] is pi]c$ s t ! bladd] empties its cont5ts into ! bottle4 ,aft] f9d+ ! weight ( ! gall1 add to ! weight ( ! gall alone "o-six? & p\r into x _s ( w9e until ! weight is equaliz$2 %ake ?or\ghly & /ra9 ! mixture1 :i* w n[ be q cle> & ready = use4 ,! col\rs1 ) _! bru%es1 are plac$ 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y are to be us$1 beg9n+ ) ! d>ke/ & f9i%+ ) ! lighte/4 ,a drop ( col\r is let fall f ! black bru% ^u ! body1 ! surface ( :i* _h previ\sly be5 drawn (f ) a /rip ( pap]2 ! surface ( ?is drop mu/ be ab\t ! size ( a cr[n piece4 ,if "p ( ! col\r s9ks to ! bottom1 ! body is too ?9 or ! col\r too ?ick1 or ! drop 0 too l>ge & c\ld n spread quickly en\gh2 9 ! latt] case ! surplus col\r w be se5 ly+ at ! bottom & w h no connection :atev] ) ! col\r on ! surface2 b if a cl\dy connection c be trac$ f ! surface to ! bottom !n ! body has already become s\r & 9 mo/ cases unfit = use4 ,if ! col\r does n reta9 its smoo? outl9es & becomes jagg$1 x also %[s t ! body is too old4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! drop ext5ds z desir$ & %[s none ( ! faults above m5tion$1 a drop ( blue col\r is let fall 9 ! c5tre ( ! fir/1 :i* drives out ! fir/ drop 9 ! =m ( a r+2 :5 x has n ?is effect1 b /rongly contracts aga91 a drop ( gall mu/ be add$1 ! col\rs wip$ (f to ! slop+ p>tition1 & ! :ole process repeat$4 ,if ! action ( ! col\r 0 too /rong1 a little undilut$ col\r mu/ be add$4 ,if ! result is satisfactory1 a drop ( r$ is add$ to ! blue4 ,! col\r s*eme is se5 9 ! accompany+ draw+4 ,la/ly1 yell[ is dropp$ into r$1 & black is !reby r$uc$ to a v ?9 r+4 ,illu/ration3 s--black2 b--blue2 r--r$2 yell[ 9 c5tre4 ,be=e ea* new spr9kl+1 ! old lay] ( col\r mu/ be wip$ (f4 ,to d ?is1 cut /rips ( /\t wa/e pap] ab\t two f+]s 9 wid? & a little long] ?an ! tr\gh is wide4 ,! edge ( ! /rip is plac$ slant+ly at ! end ( ! tank 9 ! surface ( ! body & ! surface col\r drawn (f1 at ! same "t lightly press+ ! ends ( ! /rip aga9/ ! sides ( ! tr\gh4 ,:5 ! col\rs are satisfactory1 ! little /ick is trac$ 9 & out among/ !m4 ,if too mu* col\r foll[s ! /ick1 ! body is too ?ick2 only a n>r[ l9e ( col\r mu/ foll[ ! /ick4 ,if ! col\rs are ?us correctly prep>$1 ! :ole tr\gh is spr9kl$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,along ! middle ( ! tr\gh ! d>ke/ col\r is spr9kl$ 9 :at we might call l9ks1 t is1 ea* drop is l9k$ to ! "o prec$+4 ,fig4 #dd--,sugge/ion = spr9kl+ col\r4 ,! second col\r is spr9kl$ on 9 ! same way2 "o circle1 h[ev]1 is on ! "r & ! o!r on ! left ( ! c5tre col\r4 ,into ea* drop ( ! second col\r let a drop ( ! ?ird & !n ( ! f\r? col\r fall4 ,illu/ration3 ,col\r trace =m4 ,! col\rs mu/ !n be trac$ crosswise ) ! /ick 9 ?is =m & !n likewise ) ! comb4 ,nei!r /ick nor comb %\ld be dipp$ m ?an ab\t #b mm4 bel[ ! surface1 o!rwise ! body is set 9 motion & ! col\rs dis>rang$4 ,! combs %\ld n be made too f9e1 #cj to #ce tee? = e #aj cm4 is ! be/ wid? & suffici5t = mo/ cases4 ,if ! comb is drawn back aga9 f ! o!r end x produces drawn-back m>bl+2 ?is is r>ely appli$4 ,! f9i%$ comb m>bl+ c be /ill fur!r v>i$ if figures are trac$ 9 x ) ! /ick z %[n 9 ,fig4 #df4 ,fig4 #de--;,comb m>bl+4 ,fig4 #df--,sugge/ion = curl m>bl+4 ,illu/ration3 ,d\ble comb col\r =m4 ,if a d\ble comb is made--"o t all[s two combs to pass ea* o!r1 _! tee? be+ #b cm4 ap>t--b\quet or peacock & eye m>bl+ c be produc$4 ,! d\ble comb is drawn ov] ! l5g? ( ! tr\gh1 at ! same "t mov+ ! two combs up & d[n ev5ly4 ,?is motion causes ! col\rs to assume ! =m %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration4 ,b\quet or peacock m>bl+ is produc$ by draw+ ! d\ble comb ?r\gh ! f9i%$ comb m>ble design1 & if ! d\ble comb is us$ imm$iately aft] ! cross trac+ ) ! /ick1 eye m>bl+ is ! result4 ,) a little ?\ght x w\ld be easy to inv5t o!r fancy designs1 b ^! are bett] appli$ to pap]1 z trimm$ edges are m beautiful & effective :5 ! m>bl+ is ( simpl] design4 ,fig4 #dg--;,b\quet or peacock m>bl+4 ,fig4 #dh--;,eye m>bl+4 ,l>ge m>ble1 call$ also ,turki% m>ble1 is produc$ z foll[s1 us+ ! same arrangem5t ( col\rs4 ,only ! fir/ col\r is laid on r+wise2 all o!r col\rs are scatt]$ 9 small] drops f bru%es4 ,a d>k] col\r is *os5 = ! la/--br[n1 blue1 olive1 grey--to :i* is add$ a few m drops ( gall & z mu* _s ( soap 7spiritus saponatus71 z sold by ! druggi/s4 ,?is la/ col\r is prep>$ 9 a l>g] & %all[ bas94 ,! l>ge/ bru% is tak5 ) ! h& & dipp$1 %ak5 out a little1 & !n lightly knock$ on ! left h& s z to spr9kle ! col\r4 ,! drops w fall 9 a d5se %[]1 &1 ow+ to _! extra impetus1 w drive toge!r ! prec$+ ones1 & yet !y w =m ! pr9cipal col\r 9 ! design4 ,if x is desir$ to h ve9s ( :ite 9 ! design1 a few drops ( gall %\ld be add$ to a little wat] 9 a b[l & us$ z any o!r col\r2 ! same applies :5 us+ :ite 9 comb m>bl+4 ,9 a simil> mann] ! s-call$ ,krems] /yle ( m>bl+ is produc$1 b few] col\rs are !n us$1 g5]ally only black & r$1 r$ & blue1 br[n & blue1 gre5 & r$1 at ! end spr9kl+ a little ( ! /rong pr9cipal col\r to :i*1 besides ! _s ( soap1 a drop ( pure /one oil--n petroleum--f ! *emi/ has be5 add$4 ,z la/ col\r1 blue grey 7black ) a little blue71 br[n1 or grey is us$4 ,rec5tly1 a sort ( pap] t]m$ ,tri*9al m>ble has be5 v prom95t on ! m>ket4 ,black & light br[n or r$ & light br[n or black1 r$1 & light br[n1 or :ite1 are all spr9kl$ on ) a bru%1 l5g? 7n cross7 wise drawn ?r\gh1 & !n grey ) a few drops ( turp5t9e 7b v driv+7 is spr9kl$ on ) a small bru%4 ,! s+le drops h ragg$ edges & produce a peculi> effect4 ,?9-ve9$ or ,fr5* m>bl+ is done ^u ! same gr\nd1 ?\gh x c also be done on a some:at ?9n] body4 ,! col\rs1 h[ev]1 are dilut$ by #ej wat]1 &1 consequ5tly1 m gall is add$4 ,z a rule1 only two col\rs are us$2 blue1 r$2 br[n1 blue2 br[n1 gre52 black1 r$2 black1 blue4 ,! fir/ col\r is laid on 9 r+s ) a bru% & mu/ be /rong en\gh to spread ov] two-?irds ! wid? ( ! tr\gh2 ! second col\r is spr9kl$ ov] ) a little bir* broom 9 drops t spread out to ! size ( a half-cr[n4 ,la/ly1 ! s-call$ spr9kl+-wat] is spr9kl$ ov] ) "o da% f ! l>ge bru% z already expla9$4 ,spr9kl+-wat] consi/s ( two p>ts wat] & "o "p _s ( soap4 ,! small ve9s mu/ be driv5 q close toge!r & ! eyes made by ! spr9kl+-wat] mu/ n be l>g] ?an a small pea4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t = ?is k9d ( m>bl+ only ! d>k] %ade ( r$ is to be tak51 z ! light c>m9e lake col\r s9ks & does n give a f9e effect4 ,india r$ is be/ ( all4 ,! spr9kl$ col\rs are fir/ te/$ ) /rips ( pap]2 cutt+s ( clean note-pap] are sav$ = ?is purpose4 ,! edges ( a book c be m>bl$ only :5 ! book is level or /raight1 !re=e !y mu/ be m>bl$ ei!r be=e r\nd+ or ! book already r\nd$ mu/ be levell$ by knock+ x on a /one or metal slab4 ,9 all cases ! m>bl+ is done--bo? ) pap]s & books--by dipp+ f "o corn] to ! o!r diagonally opposite1 b nev] deep] ?an j suffici5t to take (f ! lay] ( col\r4 ,to prev5t ! col\r f gett+ betwe5 ! leaves1 ! edges are held betwe5 z9c plates1 :i* mu/ be dri$ ea* "t aft] us+4 ,to make ! pap] or edges take ! col\rs m readily & to prev5t any subsequ5t runn+ (f1 ! edges are lightly wa%$ d[n ) alum wat]4 ,?is wa% is made by boil+ #ajj g4 ( alum 9 #a_/b litre ( wat] & us+ x solely = ?is "w4 ,! alum solution is laid on ) a sponge1 ) :i* ! edges are wa%$ ov]4 ,! moi/ure mu/ h ?or\ghly soak$ 91 !re=e x is necess>y to d x #aj m9utes be=e m>bl+4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! edges h become ?or\ghly dry !y w take ! col\rs badly4 ,?is occurs 9 f #bj to #cj m9utes1 accord+ to ! temp]ature4 ,m>bl+ c only be done 9 a w>m room :]e ! temp]ature is equable & :]e !re is no du/4 ,! m>bl+ ba? mu/ be ( ! same temp]ature z ! room4 ,! body mu/ be skimm$ ea* "t be=e spr9kl+ ! col\rs1 b ! col\rs mu/ be spr9kl$ on imm$iately aft]w>ds4 ,an excell5t treatise on ! "w ( m>bl+ edges has appe>$ "u ! title3 #d;,=ts*ritte d] ,m>morirkun/4 ,von ,joseph ,half]4 ,william ,leo1 ,/uttg>t4 ,footnote #d3 ,! ,developm5t ( ! ,art ( ,m>bl+4 ,illu/ration3 ,press+ ,bo>d ,pr(ile ,gild+ edges takes up mo/ "t :5 only occasional books are to be done4 ,! =e-edge c be treat$ ei!r flat or r\nd4 ,9 e case ! book mu/ be plac$ 9 ! press )9 bo>ds4 ,^! bo>ds are n>r[ /rips1 ab\t #a_/b cm4 ?ick & up to #e cm4 9 wid?2 !y mu/ be ( equal ?ickness & bevell$ only on long side1 ! edge itself mu/ be r\nd$4 ,_m mak]s s5d out bo>ds bevell$ "r f "o side to ! o!r4 ,?is k9d is v unsuitable & has _m disadvantages4 ,! bo>ds mu/ n be made f wood ( v op5 gra91 & firs & oaks mu/ n be us$4 ,! bo>ds are to be some:at long] ?an ! edge ab\t to be treat$1 s t ! edge may be z firm & tight z possible & at ! same "t easy to "w ^u2 two out] bo>ds are add$ to ^? regul>ly us$1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #di & #ej4 ,! inn] bo>ds are q flu% ) ! book3 ! latt] mu/ on no acc\nt /& back4 ,! out] bo>ds are ab\t #c mm4 beh9d ! o!rs2 ! book is s plac$ 9 ! press1 & "h aga9 ! book & bo>ds mu/ be exactly level ) ! press *eeks4 ,! press is !n screw$ up z tight z possible4 ,if ! inn] bo>ds h n p]fectly /raight edges !y mu/ be plan$ d[n4 ,figs4 #di & #ej--;,arrangem5t ( flat & r\nd$ edges4 ,! edges are to be scrap$ d[n q smoo? ) a scrap] or1 if necess>y1 ) a knife2 ! scrap] mu/ n be %>p5$ = ?is purpose z ! c>p5t] %>p5s 8 tools1 t is1 n to a cutt+ edge b z ?\gh x 7 = c>v+1 until a bevel 7or turn$ edge7 ( ab\t #c mm4 has be5 gr\nd4 ,! edge ?us gets a turn$ edge1 ) :i* ! book is scrap$4 ,if x %\ld cease to take1 ! old edge is rubb$ d[n ) a /eel & a new "o made by a few firm /rong rubb+s4 ,! edge %\ld be wett$ a little to prev5t its heat+4 ,flat edges are scrap$ ) a flat scrap]1 r\nd$ edges ) "o suitably r\nd$4 ,9 ?is case ! r\nd ( ! blade mu/ be m decid$ ?an t ( ! edges1 z x w\ld o!rwise be impossible to get into all p>ts ( ! edges4 ,scrap+ ) pieces ( glass is an antiquat$1 clumsy me?od4 ,:5 scrap+1 ! press %\ld lie flat on ! table edge1 ! o!r end be+ support$ by ! press-jack4 ,9 scrap+1 ! blade is held 9 bo? h&s1 scrap+ away f ! work]1 ! scrap] slop+ =w>ds4 ,! press mu/ be made immovable4 ,scrap+ is cont9u$ until all places h be5 gone ov] & ! :ole is p]fectly smoo? & ev54 ,:5 ?is is accompli%$1 ! edges are ?9ly coat$ ) pa/e1 :i* is well rubb$ 9 along ! %eets ) a bundle ( wa/e pap] until ! edges look z if burni%$4 ,x is advisable to damp ! edges be=e scrap+1 z ! blade !n takes hold m uni=mly4 ,!n bolus is mix$ ) glair z a body col\r1 laid on sp>+ly1 v ev5ly1 & free f /reak9ess1 us+ a ?ick hair bru% = ! purpose4 ,bolus is sold to ! trade ready prep>$ "u ! "n ,polim5t4 ,"s "t be=e us+1 x %\ld be scrap$ into a suitable vessel & mix$ ) glair4 ,! latt] is prep>$ by add+ ! :ite ( an egg to #a_/d litre ( wat] & beat+ to a fro?4 ,x is !n /ra9$ ?r\gh a piece ( l95 or1 bett]1 ?r\gh a filt]+ pap]4 ,aft] ! bolus gr\nd has dri$ 7:i* takes a few m9utes7 ! gold is laid on4 ,!re are v>i\s me?ods ( do+ ?is4 ,! sure/ & quicke/ way is to lay x on ) ! gild]'s tip4 ,a r[ ( long badg] hairs is glu$ betwe5 two pieces ( c>dbo>d2 ?is is drawn a few times ov] ! hair ( ! head1 :i* makes x take ! gold easily4 ,gild]s' tips are to be _h at any col\r deal]'s4 ,gold is tak5 f ! gold book1 laid ^u ! gold cu%ion1 & cut into suitable /rips ) ! gold knife4 ,! gold cu%ion consi/s ( a piece ( calf /ret*$ raw side out on a bo>d4 ,betwe5 ! lea!r & ! bo>d !re is plac$ a pad ( cotton wool1 & ov] ! wool a pad ( blott+-pap]4 ,! gold knife is a ?91 pliant1 two-edg$ knife )\t a %>p edge1 9 fact x is bett] to blunt ! =e-edge f "t to "t by rubb+ x on a poli%$ /eel4 ,if ! knife is too %>p x w cut ! lea!r cu%ion4 ,tak+ ! gold f ! book w n be f\nd a v easy task4 ,! top leaf cov]+ ! gold is turn$ back1 ! book ) ! uncov]$ leaf ( gold laid on ! cu%ion1 & ! book sl[ly lift$ up4 ,! gold-leaf rema9s flat ^u ! cu%ion & may be cut ) ! knife z requir$4 ,if a draught has turn$ ! gold-leaf ov] or made x lie unev5ly1 x may be right$ by lightly tapp+ ) ! knife on ! cu%ion ne> ! gold2 c>eful brea?+ on ! c5tre ( ! leaf w help 9 m awkw>d cases--! re/ mu/ be le>n$ by practice4 ,nev] attempt to take hold ( gold-leaf ) ! f+]s2 only ! exp]i5c$ workman kn[s h[ to c>ry gold-leaf ) a f+]4 ,= gild+ ! edges ! deep r$ gold is always us$1 or else ! s-call$ orange gold1 :i* is some:at light] 9 tone1 b nev] ! lemon or gre5 gold4 ,= flat gilt edges ! gold is cut ab\t #c mm4 wid] ?an ! book & into z _m /rips z w\ld make up ! l5g? ( ! edge if jo9$ toge!r4 ,be=e lay+ on ! gold1 ! bolus$ edge is bru%$ d[n ) a h>d clo!s-bru% to remove all hair1 du/1 c4 ,glair is n[ lib]ally appli$ ) a ?ick hair bru%1 lay+ x on sep>ately = ea* /rip4 ,! gold is n[ lift$ f ! cu%ion ) ! gild]'s tip s t x v slightly projects ov] ! end ( ! bru% & is transf]r$ to ! wet edges4 ,! tip is br\ght to )9 #a cm4 ( ! surface ( ! edges & ) a quick motion ! :ole surface ( ! gold is at once br\ght into contact ) ! glair$ edges1 :i* w in/antly take x up q gre$ily4 ,! gold slightly ov]laps on to ! inn] bo>ds4 ,9 ?is "o cont9ues1 prep>+ ! edge = ea* fre% /rip & lay+ on ea* /rip s t x slightly ov]laps ! o!r until ! :ole l5g? is cov]$ ) gold4 ,if ! gold %\ld be injur$ 9 any way1 ! press mu/ be tilt$ s z to all[ a little glair to run "u ! gold to ! spot & !n a l>g] piece is laid ov] ! faulty place4 ,:5 x is se5 t all p>ts are completely cov]$1 ! press-jack is put aside1 ! press is tak5 by ! screws betwe5 ! beams & rais$ high ov]head s t ! gild$ "p is turn$ d[nw>ds4 ,"o end is c>efully l[]$ until ! glair has run to "o side & dripp$ (f4 ,z soon z ! great] "p ( ! moi/ure has be5 remov$1 ! press is ei!r plac$ upright ) ! edge to ! wall & head d[nw>ds or x is laid across ! table :]e x w n be di/urb$1 ) ! head ( "o screw on ! table edge4 ,9 ?is way ! moi/ure runs (f quick]1 z ! :ole l5g? ( ! edge dra9s toge!r4 ,:5 dry1 ! edges are burni%$1 & x is 9 seiz+ ! "r mom5t to d ?is t ! clev] f9i%] %[s 8 skill4 ,! fir/ te/ is made on ! bo>ds4 ,if ! gold comes (f on scrat*+ ! portion on ! inn] bo>d ) ! f+]-nail1 ! edge is /ill too damp2 if ! scrat*+ makes x %9e1 x w be all "r4 ,! exp]i5c$ work] c trace ! progress ( dry+ ) m c]ta9ty by brea?+ on ! edges2 ! sl[ness or rapidity ) :i* ! brea? disappe>s po9ts to ! dry or moi/ /ate ( ! edges4 ,:5 x is believ$ t ! prop] degree ( dryness has be5 obta9$1 ! edge is poli%$ ) a burni%]4 ,a piece ( trac+ pap] :i* has be5 wax$ on ! upp] side--t is1 ! side next ! burni%]--is laid on ! fre% edge to protect x f injury4 ,! burni%] is !n work$ crosswise1 /roke by /roke1 ov] ! pap] 7?r\gh :i* ! edge c be obs]v$7 ! l5g? ( ! edge2 if x is notic$ t gold & moi/ure adh]e to ! pap] ne> to ! bo>ds1 ! "w mu/ be laid aside to wait a little long]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! :ole process has gone on satisfactorily1 ! edge is gone ov] ) a l95 rag & a little beeswax4 ,x is n at all bett] to use a silk rag in/ead ( l951 = x happ5s too easily t t9y ?reads /ick to ! gold unnotic$ & are aft]w>ds rubb$ into ! edge4 ,aft] go+ ov] ! edge ) ! wax$ rag1 ! b>e edges may take a great] pressure 9 burni%+1 & if no flaws are n[ p]ceptible !re ne$ be no hesitation 9 burni%+ ) v /rong pressure4 ,! burni%] mu/ be held q level1 ! long h&le fix$ aga9/ ! %\ld] & ! l[] end firmly gripp$ ) bo? h&s j above ! metal fa/5+4 ,! =e-edge ( ! burni%] is n to be held p>allel to ! %eets1 b mu/ be at a slight angle2 x ?us slips bett] ov] ! pap] & !re is less dang] ( mak+ rills & furr[s1 & ! poli% is obta9$ m rapidly4 ,flat edges are always burni%$ crosswise1 b at ! end a broad burni%] may be us$ = go+ ov] ! edges l5g?wise ) a few sl[1 firm /rokes1 s z to ensure a v level surface4 ,quick burni%+ mu/ always be avoid$2 x heats ! gold1 :i* rubs (f "u ! burni%]1 & causes holes :i* c nev] be rem$i$4 ,z soon z "o l5g? has be5 burni%$1 ! wax$ clo? mu/ be appli$ be=e proce$+ fur!r4 ,slight flaws 9 ! gold itself1 or due to bubbles 9 ! glair1 may be put "r by t\*+ ! faulty places ) a small bru% dipp$ 9 rectifi$ _s & imm$iately lay+ on a piece ( gold2 if ! edges _h n yet be5 gone ov] ) ! wax$ rag1 x w\ld be suffici5t to brea! on ! place1 lay on ! gold1 & burni% "u pap]4 ,?is ne$ only /& a few m9utes1 z x quickly evaporates1 & may !n be burni%$ aga9 at once1 fir/ )1 !n )\t1 ! trac+ pap]4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$ t su* faulty places mu/ be burni%$ 9 ! direction ( ! %eets1 nev] crosswise4 ,r\nd$ edges are m difficult to "w2 ! scrap+ alone be+ m tr\blesome4 ,ea* piece ( gold is halv$1 lay+ on ea* "t a little beyond ! deepe/ "p ( ! r\nd4 ,! press is s l[]$ z to give a decid$ slope to ! half ( ! edge to be op]at$ ^u4 ,! gold is cut to a little m ?an half wid?1 & only ! "u side to a little beyond ! middle is glair$1 :i* 9 ?is case mu/ be done v freely4 ,! /rips ( gold-leaf are laid on z be=e4 ,:5 "o side has be5 cov]$ ) gold1 ! press is turn$ & ! o!r half ( ! r\nd simil>ly treat$4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t !re is always a lib]al supply ( glair 9 ! dep? ( ! r\nd4 ,to dra9 (f ! sup]flu\s glair ! press is plac$ s t ! glair runs (f on ! long side2 ! gold is 9 consequ5ce bett] tak5 up 9 ! r\nd4 ,burni%+ is "h also done "u a piece ( pap]1 & x is bett] to "w crosswise1 fir/ "o half to ! c5tre ( ! r\nd & !n ! o!r4 ,only ?9 books are burni%$ along ! edges ) a r\nd burni%]4 ,aft] ! r\nd edges h be5 burni%$ crosswise !y are burni%$ ) ! r\nd burni%]4 ,burni%]s are made ( agate or ( blood/one2 ! latt] is said to produce a high] poli%1 b ?is may be due to our be+ m accu/om$ to its use4 ,9 select+ burni%]s ! flat ones %\ld n be too wide & ! /ronge/ ( ! curv$ ones %\ld be tak54 ,top & bottom edges und]go ! same treatm5t 9 gild+ z ! flat =e-edge1 except = a few slight necess>y diff]5ces 9 ! me?od ( fix+ ! book4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance1 long bo>ds are us$ in/ead ( ! out] bo>ds--^! protect ! book f injury4 ,! bo>ds 7! %ort sides ( cross-bo>ds are (t5 us$ in/ead7 are laid exactly 9 ! groove at ! back1 b ! out] bo>ds are set back s t !y are exactly 9 a l9e ) ! dep? ( ! r\nd edge4 ,if ?is precaution is neglect$1 ! *ances are t little ridges w appe> 9 ! =e-edge :]e pressure has be5 appli$4 ,fig4 #ea %[s ! arrangem5t 9 ! press4 ,scrap+ is done f ! back to ! =e-edge4 ,z ! back is n press$ s solid z ! re/ ( ! edge1 x frequ5tly happ5s t x does n get scrap$ s smoo?4 ,9 ?is case rec\rse may be _h to a f9e file & f9e s&-pap]4 ,! re/ und]goes ! famili> process4 ,take c>e t no glair runs on to ! =e-edge :5 apply+ x or :5 dra9+ x (f4 ,x is conv5i5t to place ! press crosswise on ! table s t ! =e-edge /&s at its l[] side2 ! glair !n dra9s (f ! :ole l5g? ( ! edge m ev5ly & dra9s m t[>ds ! =e-edge4 ,_m f9i%]s elevate ! press1 lett+ x dra9 t[>ds ! =e-edge2 !re is no dang] to ! latt] if ! press is tipp$ =w>d f ! top4 ,on no acc\nt mu/ ! glair be all[$ to dra9 t[>ds ! back1 z ?is "p is v op5 & all ! moi/ure w\ld ga!r !re4 ,fig4 #ea--,top edge arrang$ = gild+4 ,besides ! me?od ( lay+ on ! gold-leaf ) ! gild]'s tip !re is ano!r :i* is specially us$ 9 gild+ hymn-books2 a piece ( gauze is /ret*$ across a frame1 pass$ ov] ! hair1 & !n ! gold = ! entire l5g? ( ! edge is at once pick$ up & laid on4 ,r\nd edges may be simil>ly cov]$ by means ( a c\ple ( ?reads or horse-hairs /ret*$ on a frame4 ,! ?reads c be %ift$ to ! %ort sides ( ! frame2 !y are adju/$ to ! wid? ( ! edge1 all[+ = ! r\nd+1 & are slightly greas$ by pass+ ov] ! hair1 & ?us pick up ! /rip ( gold at ! edges4 ,j be=e lay+ on ! gold1 ! ?reads are adju/$ s t ! gold fits ! %ape ( ! edge4 ,!n pl5ty ( glair is appli$ & ! gold quickly & truly laid on4 ,?is me?od is n exactly difficult1 b x is n q s safe z lay+ on ) a gild]'s tip1 especially = v l>ge edges4 ,! simple/ way ( lay+ on = flat edges is by means ( /rips ( pap]4 ,?is has ! advantage ( all[+ a l>g] numb] ( gold /rips be+ made ready = lay+ on at "o "t4 ,select a piece ( /iff & n too ?9 pap]1 cut into /rips ab\t ! wid? ( ! /rips ( ! gold-leaf1 draw "o side ( ! pap] across ! hair1 & !n take up ! leaf s z to all[ x to project a little ov] ! edge ( ! pap] /rip4 ,aft] glair+1 /rip by /rip is laid on4 ,= v *eap "w x is (t5 necess>y to gild edges ) alloy$ gold4 ,su* edges are n s c>efully & ?or\ghly prep>$2 9 p>ticul>1 !y are n scrap$1 b rubb$ d[n ) s&-pap]4 ,blood s]um is us$ in/ead ( :ite ( egg2 ?is is prep>$ by all[+ ox-blood to /& a few days & !n filt]+ (f ! cle> liquid4 ,alum9ium is laid on a gelat9e solution3 "o tablet ( gelat9e to #a_/d litre ( wat]4 ,gilt edges are also frequ5tly tool$ or scrap$ & pa9t$4 ,?is "w comes )9 ! sph]e ( ! art b9d] & _c be dealt ) 9 ?is book4 ,all o!r col\r$ & m>bl$ edges c be burni%$ 9 ! same way z gilt edges4 ,9 good "w ?is mu/ always be done4 ,9 small %ops headb&s are made to ?is day ( /rip$ calico1 :i* is cut into /rips ( #b cm4 wide "r across ! patt]n1 & "o edge is pa/$ r\nd a ?9 cord4 ,aft] dry+1 pieces ! exact size ( ! back ( ! book are cut (f4 ,! back ( ! book at ! head is glu$ ) a n too ?9 glue & ! headb& glu$ on s t ! pad made by ! cord lies on top ( ! edges & ?us cov]s ! place :]e book & cov] jo94 ,fig4 #eb--;,headb& %e>s4 ,wov5 headb&s are n[ to be _h s *eap t x is no long] necess>y = ! b9d] to make 8 own4 ,! *eap] k9ds are wov5 ( cotton1 & ( ^! !re are b&s made :i* h two pads1 ea* edge hav+ a diff]5t col\r4 ,?is b& is cut along ! middle = use2 = ! re/1 x is cut into pieces accord+ to ! wid? ( ! book & !n glu$ on to ! back4 ,bett] k9ds 9 silk are only wov5 on "o side1 !re=e ! cutt+ asund] is n necess>y4 ,= "w 9 quantities1 ! headb&s are cut ! size ( ! back ) ! adju/able headb& %e>s4 ,= extra "w ! headb& is h&-work$ 9 silk4 ,?is "w c only be le>n$ by practice1 al?\gh its execution is n difficult2 su* books are only headb&$ aft] bo>d+4 ,to make ! fill+ = ! headb&1 cut into /rips pieces ( vellum :i* h be5 pa/$ toge!r1 betwe5 :i* a piece ( t\gh1 ?9 pa/ebo>d may be pa/$ to fur!r /r5g!n4 ,^! /rips are cut a little less ?an ! height ( ! squ>es & a little long] ?an ! wid? ( ! back4 ,s z to facilitate ! "w1 ! /rip is at once curv$ to ! r\nd+ ( ! back4 ,take two silk ?reads ( ! k9d sold z ,cordonnet silk1 ea* ?read ( a diff]5t col\r4 ,bo? ?reads are ?read$ 9 a sew+ ne$le1 ! ?reads tak5 d\ble1 ! ends ( bo? d\ble ?reads knott$ toge!r4 ,! book is clamp$ 9 ! ends ( a press & /&s slant+ a little outw>ds4 ,! ne$le is ins]t$ 9 ! back groove ( ! fir/ %eet at ! left h& und]nea? ! kettle /it* & ! ?read drawn out to ! knots4 ,?us "o ?read is always above & ano!r bel[4 ,! /rip ( vellum is n[ plac$ upright on ! outside edge ( ! head1 ! ?read is br\ght ov] f bel[1 & is /it*$ f above to bel[ close to ! head1 ) ! hang+ ne$le ?r\gh ! fir/ %eet "u ! kettle /it* outw>ds4 ,br+ ! same ?read once m up ov] ! /rip1 let ! ne$le hang 9 ! holl[ ( ! =e-edge1 tak+ 9 its /ead ! o!r ?read :i* takes up ! fir/1 br++ x out und]nea? ! vellum /rip4 ,by ?is1 ! fir/ ?read is firmly drawn z a *a9 /it* into ! headb& n[ beg9n+4 ,! second ?read is n[ br\ght upw>ds b ne$ n aga9 be tak5 ?r\gh ! %eet2 x is tak5 back "u ! vellum /rip once1 & at ! second "t ! ne$les are *ang$ 9 ! holl[ z ! fir/ ?read "o m takes up ! second ?read & draws x into a *a94 ,?us ! "w goes on2 aft] sev]al j\rneys ! ?read is once aga9 drawn out ?r\gh a %eet until bo? ?reads are br\ght out at ! o!r end ( ! back & pa/$ d[n4 ,! fir/ knots mu/ also be undone & ! ends pa/$ s t !y d n %[ on ! back4 ,x is ess5tial t ! vellum /rips %\ld be always firmly & ev5ly sewn ^u ! edge1 & also t e w9d+ ( ! ?read & ! *a9 lies q regul>4 ,fig4 #ec--;,headb& work+4 ,x is possible to make a v>iation by mak+ a few /it*es ) a ?ird ?read ( ano!r col\r 9 ! c5tre ( ! headb&4 ,any vellum project+ at ! ends mu/ be cut (f flu% ) ! book4 ,"s books are giv5 a m>k]2 ?is is made ( silk ribbon or ( a *eap] k9d specially wov5 = ! purpose4 ,x is cut long en\gh to all[ ( its project+ a little at ! head & pa/$ !re1 & at ! same "t com=tably held by ! f+] at ! corn] diagonally opposite4 ,! m>k] is glu$ on be=e headb&+4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,bo>d+4 ,! bo>ds may be fa/5$ to ! cov]s 9 v>i\s ways1 ap>t f cas+1 i4e41 fix+ books 9 publi%]s' ready-made cases4 #a4 ,fa/5+ ^u b&s 7ord9>y fa/5+74 #b4 ,fa/5+ bel[ b&s 7fa/5+ on a deep groove74 #c4 ,draw+ ! b&s ?r\gh ! bo>ds 7fa/5+ ) lac$ b&s74 ,! bo>ds = ! books are n[adays manufactur$ f pulp1 except+ 9 a few di/ricts 9 ,pom]ania & ,ea/ ,prussia :]e wood bo>ds are /ill occasionally made4 ,( ^! pulp bo>ds ! bett] k9ds are call$ mill-bo>ds2 ! *eap] are call$ /raw-bo>ds4 ,lea!r bo>ds are n suitable = books z !y inv>iably wr9kle or cockle4 ,! bo>ds may be cut to size be=e fa/5+ on1 or ?is may be done ev5 aft] ! fa/5+ on has be5 complet$4 ,! =m] is g5]ally practis$ :]e !re is a bo>d-cutt+ ma*9e1 b ev5 !n fur!r att5tion is usually giv5 to ! %ap+ ( ! bo>ds 9 ! case ( extra "w4 ,! bo>d-cutt+ ma*9e is a v useful ally1 = by ! aid ( quickly adju/$ rectangles & p>allels a bo>d may be cut p]fectly true4 ,! bo>ds are select$ accord+ to ! size & ?ickness ( ! book1 m>k$ out1 & cut p]fectly rectangul>4 ,! bo>ds mu/ slightly project at top & bottom z well z =e-edge s z to af=d suffici5t protection to ! book4 ,! m>g9s s project+ are call$ ! squ>es4 ,small books are all[$ a small squ>e1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 & l>ge books a squ>e correspond+ly l>g]4 ,fig4 #ed--;,bo>d-cutt+ ma*9e4 ,:]e !re is no bo>d-cutt+ ma*9e1 ! bo>ds mu/ be cut to size ) ! knife ^u a cutt+-bo>d1 us+ a /raight edge = ! l9e4 ,! knife us$ is ! well-kn[n bookb9d]'s knife--,h5ckel ,bros4' ,sol+5 make is ! be/4 ,^! knives--bo? 9 fix$ & removable wood5 h&les--are made ( glass h>d /eel4 ,if ! po9t is worn away1 a piece ab\t #a_/b cm4 long is knock$ (f ) a hamm] on an iron edge1 ?us mak+ a fre% edge4 ,! cutt+-bo>ds mu/ be ( maple1 bee*1 or pe> tree4 ,if x is int5d$ to %ape ! edges ( ! bo>d on ! book1 x mu/ be cut ab\t #a cm4 l>g] ea* way s z to all[ = fur!r trimm+4 ,fa/5+ ! bo>ds to ! book is call$ bo>d+4 ,?is c g5]ally be done z well ) pa/e z ) glue2 ! =m] is pref]able b necessitates long] press+ & dry+4 ,glue+ is quick]1 b ! b&s _c !n be press$ s ev5ly into ! bo>ds4 ,= ord9>y fix+ on ! b&s1 ! insides ( ! bo>ds are pa/$ to ab\t #c cm4 9 wid?1 ! b&s also pa/$1 & ! bo>d laid on1 br++ x well up to ! groove4 ,if x is int5d$ to glue up1 ! b&s are also glu$1 provid$ !y h n already be5 glu$ on--a me?od pref]r$ by _m exp]i5c$ h&s4 ,! b&s mu/ be pa/$ s t !y radiate f ! back )\t any tangle2 a morsel ( pa/e ! size ( a pea is laid on ! b& f und]nea? ) ! fold] or po9t ( a knife1 ! b& smoo!d d[n1 & ! ?+ is done4 ,aft] glue+-up1 ! book is press$ betwe5 bo>ds4 ,if z9c plates are plac$ "u ! bo>ds :il/ press+1 ! pa/$ p>ts w be press$ q smoo? & %9y4 ,fig4 #ee--,spr+ back4 ,= clo? or half-clo? b9d+ a holl[ back is frequ5tly glu$ on4 ,to make ! cov]+ mat]ial ( ! back m la/+1 a back is made up ( /rong wrapp]s or "s o!r t\gh mat]ial1 :i* ext5ds ov] ! back und]nea? ! cov]4 ,?is back+ mat]ial mu/ be cut #d to #e cm4 wid] ?an ! wid? ( ! back & ab\t #a cm4 long] ea* way ?an ! book4 ,?is /rip is p>$ v n>r[ly along bo? sides ) a %>p knife on ! s-call$ p>+ /one4 ,a second /rip--! back+--( ! same mat]ial is cut ! same l5g? b exactly ! wid? ( ! back ( ! book & is glu$ on to ! middle ( ! wid] /rip4 ,! ov]lapp+ p>ts at ! sides are brok5 9 t[>ds ! middle1 close by ! inn] pack+1 & ! crease well press$ d[n ) ! fold]4 ,^! ov]lapp+ edges are !n turn$ back aga9 & a rule is laid on ! pack+ p>allel ) ! edge b drawn back to ! middle ab\t #b to #c mm4 accord+ to ! ?ickness ( ! cov]4 ,if ! moveable flaps are n[ aga9 laid ov] t[>ds ! c5tre & n>r[ly creas$ ne> ! fir/ fold ov] ! rule1 a second p>allel fold is obta9$ :i* all[s ! book to op5 mu* bett]4 ,! back 9 section appe>s z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ee aft] ! middle "p ( ! pack+ has und]gone ! necess>y r\nd+4 ,fig4 #ef--;,bo>d$ book4 ,r\nd+ c be done ei!r by rubb+ ! middle "p r\nd ) a prop] wood5 tool 9 a r\nd+ bo>d hav+ sev]al holl[s ( v>i\s degrees ( convexity1 or by draw+ ! back ) a rock+ motion "u a broad fold]4 ,su* a made-up back mu/ fit p]fectly true to ! groove & on ! back4 ,?is is ! holl[ back4 ,be=e fa/5+ x to ! book1 ! latt] mu/ h a piece ( /\t pap] pa/$ ov] ! back2 good pack+-pap] is ! be/4 ,newspap]s & loose adv]tisem5ts out ( magaz9es are n at all satisfactory & mu/ n be us$4 ,! book is glu$ & ! pap] laid on & glu$4 ,9 do+ a l>ge bat* ! books may be pa/$ 9 ! press & ! pap] pa/$ on4 ,_m exp]ts glue ! holl[ backs on & use pa/e = ! bo>d4 ,v frequ5tly ! glue comes ?r\gh & spoils ! end pap]s4 ,x is bett] to raise ! flaps ( ! back1 pa/e ! te> (f ( ! end pap]1 pa/e ! b&s on to x1 & ! loose flaps z well1 & !n pa/e ?is on ! outside & set ! bo>d on x4 ,! latt] mu/ be set back a little fur!r 9 ?is case s t ! book moves freely 9 ! jo9t4 ,! back1 !re=e1 is a holl[ ar* /ret*+ ov] ! book f groove to groove1 ! loose flaps ( ! pack+ adh]+ betwe5 book & bo>d4 ,! book is press$ until ?or\ghly dry--be/ betwe5 z9c plates4 ,fig4 #eg--,section ( edge rule4 ,= %ap+ bo>d$ books an edge rule is us$4 ,?is is a ?9 iron rule n mu* long] ?an ! wid? ( ! book4 ,on ! long edge an iron p9 ab\t ! wid? ( ! edge is sold]$4 ,?is tool is ins]t$ betwe5 book & bo>d s t ! iron p9 lies close to ! edge ( ! book2 if ! bo>d is trimm$ along ?is x w leave ! bo>d exactly z mu* l>g] ?an ! book z is ! wid? ( ! rule4 ,knives or po9ts mu/ be well grasp$ 9 cutt+ bo>ds4 ,! edge mu/ be clean & squ>e4 ,if ! bo>d$ book has a holl[ back1 fir/ "o end is %ap$ & ! project+ back is neatly cut clean & /raight to ! o!r bo>d ) ! %e>s1 & !n ! o!r end is %ap$4 ,bo>ds are fix$ on a deep groove by pa/+ !m on ! outside to a wid? ( ab\t #c cm41 plac+ !m direct on ! book1 back+ !m firmly into ! groove1 & !n pa/+ ! b&s v smoo?ly ^u ! bo>ds4 ,a fold$ piece ( wa/e pap] is plac$ on ! pa/$ "p1 a piece ( z9c plate ov] x1 & ! book !n press$4 ,! d\ble leaf is us$ to prev5t any /ick+ to ! z9c plate1 :i* b&s are p>ticul>ly liable to d if ! plates _h n be5 prop]ly clean$ aft] previ\s use4 ,bo>ds to be fa/5$ into a deep groove mu/ be l9$ ) wa/e pap]2 ?is is done ) pa/e4 ,:5 pack+1 a n>r[ /rip ( pap] mu/ be br\ght ov] ! inn] edge ( ! bo>d 9 ! groove to ! outside1 s t ! cut edge ( ! bo>d is cov]$ & does n /ra9 or swell4 ,?is is also done :5 bo>d+1 z foll[s3-- ,at ! pres5t "t1 all good half or :ole lea!r b9d+s h ! bo>ds lac$ ?r\gh 9 good %ops4 ,at ! outset ! b&s mu/ be left ) long] ends = ?is--#e cm4 at lea/ on ea* side4 ,a p>allel l9e is m>k$ on ! bo>d along ! back ab\t #f to #h mm4 f ! groove4 ,! bo>d is fitt$ on ! book j z 0 done :5 fix+ 9 ! groove1 & exactly opposite ea* b& a po9t is made on ! m>k$ l9es4 ,! bo>d is !n remov$ & at ! po9ts m>k$ is pi]c$ slant+ inw>ds--ab\t half "r angle--) a po9t$ awl4 ,! bo>d is turn$1 & sideways1 ne> e fir/ hole1 a second hole is made :i* likewise takes a slant+ direction to ! bo>d4 ,! b&s are drawn ?r\gh ^! holes1 & to be able to d ?is ! b&s mu/ be well pa/$ & twi/$ to a po9t2 cutt+ (f ! extreme ends ( ! b&s w facilitate ! draw+ ?r\gh4 ,to draw ! b&s q firm & tight ! bo>ds are /ood upright 9 ! groove1 ! b&s drawn ?r\gh z tight z possible1 & 9 ?is position--t is1 ) ! bo>ds half op5--!y are knock$ d[n ) a hamm] ^u a firm b$4 ,! pr9cipal ?+ to be obs]v$ is t ! b&s are pa/$ fa/ 9 ! holes1 b :]e !y are se5 !y are knock$ d[n q flat4 ,! bo>ds are n[ sl[ly clos$1 ! ends ( ! b&s project+ at ! outside are cut (f %ort1 & ! book press$1 us+ z9c plates inside & out4 ,fig4 #eh--;,engli% /yle ( lac+ bo>ds4 ,! ,fr5* me?od ( lac+ is n mu* practis$ 9 o!r c\ntries2 x is some:at m r\ndab\t1 & is done be=e cutt+--imm$iately aft] glue+ up4 ,! bo>ds are ea* %ift$ to "r or left = cutt+ & cut toge!r4 ,by s do+1 ! edges always correspond exactly to ! back groove4 ,illu/ration3 ,press+ ,bo>d ,pr(ile4 ,= e b& !re are ?ree holes bor$ =m+ a triangle4 ,! awl holes are direct$ t[>ds ! middle ( ?is triangle4 ,! b& mu/ describe ?is c\rse4 ,! end is pu%$ "u ! piece ( ! b& se5 on ! inside ( ! bo>d1 ! b&s drawn tight1 ) bo>d /&+ upright z be=e describ$1 also well knock$ d[n 9 ! same way1 & ! end cut (f j beyond ! piece "u :i* x is drawn4 ,! book is !n press$ betwe5 z9c plates4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,! ,,cov]4 ,=m]ly only "o way ( mak+ ! cov] 0 kn[n1 & t 0 ! gradual mak+ ( x on ! book itself4 ,?is has be5 consid]ably *ang$ ( late ow+ to ! production ( imm5se quantities = publi%]s' requirem5ts4 ,book & cov] are n[ 9 _m cases made sep>ately1 ! =m] be+ aft]w>ds glu$ into its cov] or cas$4 ,! publi%]'s case is n[adays a necess>y evil1 )\t :i* we _c get along & :i* we h got to take into acc\nt4 ,9 spite ( x1 b9d+s are /ill be+ produc$ 9 ! old approv$ way1 p>ticul>ly 9 small e/abli%m5ts & 9 high-class %ops4 ,be=e we proce$ ) ! prep>ation ( ! cov] aft] ! trimm+1 we mu/ "k h[ x is int5d$ to treat ! book4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] we h le>n$ ! me?ods ( bo>d+1 & ?is n[ leads to ! me?ods ( cov]+4 ,previ\s to t1 h[ev]1 we w\ld l to give a plan %[+ ! v>i\s ways ( treat+ ! volumes "u consid]ation1 & !n ! *apt] on ! cov]s may be giv5 7see plan on page #id74 ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,mo/ ,,g5]al ,,/yles ,,( ,,b9d+1 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,divisions ,,( ,,! ,,"w4 ,table ( ,head+s3 ,col4 ,a3 ,fold+4 ,pull+ to pieces4 ,col4 ,b3 ,sew+4 ,col4 ,c3 ,holla5d]+4 ,col4 ,d3 ,glu+4 ,pa/+4 ,col4 ,e3 ,press+4 ,cutt+4 ,col4 ,f3 ,m>bl+ & gild+ edges4 ,col4 ,g3 ,r\nd+4 ,back+4 ,col4 ,h3 ,bo>d+4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,,"w ,,on ,,! ,,book4 ------------------------ ,=w>d+4 ,second ,fir/ /age4 /age4 ---------------- ,/yle ( ,b9d+4 ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g,h ----------------------------------- ,bro*ure -- -- ,pap] bo>ds ---- ---- -- ,s*ool books ---- ---- ,half clo? 7b\nd7 ---- ---------- 7cas$7 ---- -------- ,:ole clo? 7b\nd7---- ---------- 7cas$7---- -------- ,half lea!r ---- ---------- ,half calf1 extra ---- ---------- ,:ole lea!r ---- ---------- ,publi%]s' cases ---- -------- ,table ( ,head+s3 ,col4 ,i3 ,mak+ ! case4 ,col4 ,j3 ,cov]+4 ,col4 ,k3 ,press+4 ,col4 ,l3 ,prep>+ ! lea!r4 ,col4 ,m3 ,cov]+4 ,col4 ,n3 ,fa/5+ ! book 9 ! cov]4 ,col4 ,o3 ,pa/+ d[n4 ,col4 ,p3 ,jo9t+4 ,col4 ,q3 ,pa/+ d[n end pap]s4 ,col4 ,r3 ,h& tool+ & decorat+4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,,"w ,,on ,,! ,,cov]4 ------------------------------- ,cas+4 ,cov]+4 ,f9i%+4 -------------------- ,/yle ( ,b9d+4 ,i ,j ,k ,l ,m ,n ,o ,p ,q ,r --------------------------------------- ,bro*ure -- ,pap] bo>ds -- ,s*ool books ---- -- ,half clo? 7b\nd7 -- -- 7cas$7 -- -- ---- ,:ole clo? 7b\nd7 -- -- -- 7cas$7------ ---- ,half lea!r ---- -- -- ,half calf1 extra ---- ------ ,:ole lea!r -- ------ ,publi%]s' cases ------ -- ---- ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,mak+ ,,! ,,cov]4 ,! bo>ds = mak+ ! cov]s are cut ! requir$ size exactly z :5 cutt+ = glue+2 a pack+ ( ?9 c>dbo>d or ?9 wrapp]s is cut = ! back4 ,! wid? ( ! back f fir/ to la/ %eet is c>efully measur$ by lay+ across x a /rip ( pap]1 ! divid]s are adju/$ to ! measure1 & ?is is transf]r$ to ! wrapp+ pap]4 ,! pack+ is cut to suit ! bo>ds 9 height4 ,:5 clo? only is us$ = ! cov]1 ! clo? is cut #b to #b-a_/b cm4 long] & ab\t #d cm4 wid] ?an ! pack+4 ,! wid? ( ! back dep5ds ^u ! "q ( co/ or o!r consid]ation4 ,9 :ole-clo? b9d+s ! clo? is1 ( c\rse1 cut 9 "o piece & #a to #a-a_/b cm4 l>g] all r\nd ?an ! bo>ds & back tak5 toge!r4 ,glue is always us$ = clo?4 ,z piles ( pieces ( clo? %ift ab\t 9 glue+1 a t\* ( glue is giv5 to two corn]s ( ! pile & left to dry a little4 ,^! corn]s hold ! pieces ( clo? 9 position :il/ be+ glu$ & prev5t ! edges f be+ sme>$4 ,9 glue+ clo? x mu/ be se5 t ! glue is well rubb$ into ! gra9 or artificial ind5tations4 ,= cov]s :i* h only ! back made1 ! pack+ is laid ^u ! middle ( ! glu$ clo? & ! bo>ds h+$ on "r & left at side ( x1 leav+1 h[ev]1 z mu* space betwe5 z is requir$ by ! jo9t & ! ?ickness ( ! bo>ds4 ,z a rule1 ! space requir$ w be z mu* z ! ?ickness ( ! bo>d4 ,9 mak+ lea!r backs "o all[s a little m4 ,! clo? back is at once turn$ 9 at head & tail aft] ! bo>ds h be5 laid on1 & ! cov] rubb$ d[n 9 ! groove ) ! fold]4 ,turn+-9 is done by pu%+ ! side to be op]at$ on a little ov] ! edge ( ! table1 & ) ! ?umbs ! cov] is press$ ov] ! edges ( ! bo>ds ) a slid+ motion1 :il/ ! =ef+]s hold ! cov] und]nea?4 ,:ole-clo? b9d+s are turn$ 9 9 ! same way1 b 9 ?is case ! corn]s mu/ be fir/ cut (f obliquely z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,fig4 #fj--;,corn]s cut = turn+ 94 ,! clo? is cut (f at ! corn]s s close t only z mu* z ! ?ickness ( ! bo>d rema9s4 ,?ick bo>ds h !re=e m clo? left at ! corn]s ?an ?9 ones4 ,fig4 #fa--;,corn]s3 ,"r & wrong4 ,! top & bottom edges mu/ be turn$ 9 be=e ! =e-edge4 ,at ! corn]s1 ! clo? is nipp$ a little ) ! fold]1 )\t1 h[ev]1 mak+ an oblique fold2 !re %\ld r be a holl[ r\nd turn-ov] rema9+ :i* is only drawn on ) ! =e-edge1 !n f ! corn] slant+ to ! bo>d4 ,! edges mu/ always be turn$ 9 q %>p2 !re mu/ nev] be a holl[ place on ! edge ( ! bo>d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x looks bad if ! edges h be5 mu* rubb$ d[n ) ! fold]1 at lea/ ) clo?2 x is diff]5t ) lea!r4 ,! turn$-9 cov] is turn$ & ! front side well rubb$ d[n "u pap] ) ! fold]4 ,:5 clo? has once be5 glu$ x mu/ n be all[$ to lie long z x rolls up & /icks toge!r1 :i* r5d]s x practically unworkable4 ,! f9i%$ cov]s are laid betwe5 pa/ebo>ds to dry2 only :5 ! dry+ has to be done 9 a hurry may !y be hung on /ret*$ cords4 ,! late/ 9 ?is "w is a case ma*9e :i* turns out #eej cases p] h\r4 ,:5 lea!r is us$1 x mu/ fir/ be p>$1 t is to say1 ! p>ts to be turn$ 9 :]e x is too ?ick 9 ! jo9t mu/ be gradually ?9n$4 ,fig4 #fb--,p>+ ) ,(f5ba* or ,b]l9 knife4 ,! p>+ knife1 ( :i* !re are v>i\s k9ds1 is us$ = ?is "w4 ,! be/ kn[n & ! mo/ g5]ally us$ are ! ,(f5ba* & ! ,b]l91 bo? v mu* alike except = a slight diff]5ce 9 ! edge4 ,! quicke/ p>+ knife is made aft] ! ,fr5* patt]n4 ,?is knife is call$ a ?ru/+ knife because ( ! mann] ( us+ x1 9 contradi/9ction to ^? g5]ally us$ ) a cutt+ motion2 b ev5 ^! a skilful work] w be able to use ) a ?ru/+ motion4 ,! "u side ( ! p>+ knife is cov]$ ) lea!r4 ,a li?ographic /one or piece ( m>ble w s]ve z a b$ ^u :i* to p>e ! lea!r4 ,! /one is set 9 a frame "u :i* !re is a b> to hold x aga9/ ! edge ( ! table s t x does n "w backw>ds :il/ 9 use4 ,all edges are r\nd$ (f & ! surface is gr\nd & poli%$4 ,ability 9 p>+ does n entirely dep5d ^u ! skilful use ( ! knife b also ^u ! way ! left h& manipulates ! lea!r & ^u a ?or\gh k ( ! nature ( ! lea!r4 ,x %\ld n be =gott5 t ! latt] has a gra91 ?\gh v few bookb9d]s pay any he$ to ?is4 ,) _m lea!rs x is a v difficult matt] to p>e aga9/ ! gra91 especially pig-sk9 & c[-hide4 ,"o may g5]ally take x t a lea!r p>es be/ 9 ! direction 9 :i* x /ret*es lea/4 ,! gra9 runs f ! back to ! sides4 ,! ,(f5ba* knife is n>r[] & gr\nd m to a squ>e po9t ?an ! ,b]l9 knife1 ! edge ( :i* =ms a sort ( half "r-angle to ! blade4 ,see mann] ( hold+ ! knife 9 ,fig4 #fb4 ,quick work+ is an advantage ( ! ,(f5ba* knife1 :i* is due to ! fact t less att5tion ne$ be giv5 to hold+ ! lea!r on ! /one1 & p>+ proce$s f left to "r1 ! left h& at ! same "t help+ to pu% ! knife4 ,! ,b]l9 make p>es f "r to left2 "h ! blade is held almo/ p>allel to ! edge ( ! lea!r1 ! po9t ( ! knife incl9+ to ! lea!r2 ) ! o!r ! edge is cut ov] slant+ly ) ! po9t outw>ds4 ,to use ! ,fr5* knife requires m practice2 ! cutt+ edge is almo/ at "r angles to ! knife1 &1 besides1 ! me?od ( hold+ x is some:at unusual4 ,= p>+ all ?ick lea!rs or l>ge surfaces x surpasses all o!r makes 9 execution4 ,to make ! lea!r m workable = p>+ x is previ\sly manipulat$1 t is to say1 x is turn$ fle% side outw>ds & roll$ to & fro1 :il/ firm pressure is appli$ ) ! second & ?ird f+]s ( ! "r h&1 ?us mak+ x pliable4 ,fig4 #fc--,p>+ ) ,fr5* knife4 ,9 an ord9>y b9d]y ?9 or split lea!rs are mo/ly us$2 ^! d n require v mu* p>+1 :i* is only necess>y = pig-sk9 & ! f9e/ moroccos4 ,! latt] lea!r is n>r[ly p>$ ab\t #b to #c mm4 wide along ! edge = half z well z = :ole b9d+s4 ,only ! back is p>$ ! :ole wid?1 !re=e #a to #a-a_/b cm4 has to be nicely gradat$4 ,brok5 places1 inequalities ( ! edge1 or ev5 holes to be fill$ 91 greatly add to ! difficulty ( ! "w4 ,9 ! ?ick] sk9s also--?ick places (t5 occur 9 ! o!rwise ?9 sk9s--! jo9t mu/ be ?9n$ d[n4 ,! pack+ is laid ^u ! wrong side ( ! lea!r & its position m>k$ out ) ! fold]4 ,! lea!r is p>$ ab\t #a cm4 9 wid? along ?is l9e1 t is to say1 x is p>$ s t #a_/b cm4 "r & left along ! m>k ! ?ickness ( ! lea!r is r$uc$4 ,z a rule1 fir/-class books are n provid$ ) a cov] made 9 advance1 & ev5 ^? describ$ by publi%]s z sup] extra d n rise above morocco goat4 ,we h to d ) ! foll[+ lea!rs :i* are mo/ly us$ = ! publi%]s' b9d+s3 ,goat-sk9 7( ori5tal hybrid %eep71 morocco goat1 %eep-sk9 7unsplit %eep-sk971 & split %eep-sk9 or s-call$ skiv]s4 ,!re is ano!r goat-sk91 n ,levant$1 sold & us$ "u ! "n ba/>d lea!r4 ,levant+ means to imitate by press+ ! gra9 natural to ! sk9s f ! ,levant4 ,mo/ k9ds ( our lea!r receive _! gra9 by su* process4 ,= :ole-lea!r b9d+s a n>r[ m>g9 is p>$ d[n all r\nd ! edges1 ! turn-9 at ! back is p>$ j z mu* z is necess>y1 & also at ! corn]s4 ,! lea!r corn]s are cut slant-wise at ! outset1 & ! p>+ is done s t ! ?9n+ beg9s exactly at ! edge ( ! bo>d4 ,9 lea!r b9d+s ! bo>d1 z well z ! back pack+1 is glu$ on1 rubb$ d[n1 & ! edges !n pa/$ & turn$ 91 ! lea!r is rubb$ d[n %>ply 9 ! jo9t1 ! back1 & on ! edges2 b a fold] mu/ nev] be us$ on ! lea!r cov]+ ! bo>d itself4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s t ! bo>d is f9i%$ (f ) r\nd corn]s2 9 ?is case1 ! me?od ( turn+ 9 clo? z well z lea!r is slightly diff]5t4 ,! two neighb\r+ edges are turn$ 94 ,! lea!r or o!r mat]ial is cut (f n q s close z = squ>e corn]s1 & ! mat]ial is drawn v smoo?ly & neatly ov] ! edges 9 little folds1 us+ a po9t$ fold] = ! "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,cov] corn] %apes1 #a ,illu/ration3 ,cov] corn] %apes1 #b ,books n :olly cov]$ ) clo? or lea!r get corn]s ( ! same mat]ial z is us$ = ! back4 ,clo? corn]s are n cut s+ly1 b a /rip ( mat]ial long en\gh = ! requir$ numb] ( corn]s is glu$ & !n cut ) ! %e>s into pieces ( ?is %ape or1 bett]1 plac+ !m on ! bo>ds 9 su* a way t ! mat]ial projects a little ov] ! corn] ( ! bo>d4 ,fir/ ( all1 ! lappets ( ! top & bottom edges are turn$ 91 ! corn]s nipp$ 9 ! mann] %[n1 & !n ! lappets ( ! =e-edge are also turn$ 94 ,lea!r corn]s are treat$ 9 ! same way1 b ^! are cut f wa/e pieces accord+ to ! z9c /5cil plate kept = ! purpose1 & !n p>$ d[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,cov] corn] %apes1 #c ,glue is us$ = fix+ on clo? corn]s1 b /rong pa/e is always us$ = lea!r4 ,all edges & corn]s are well rubb$ d[n ) ! fold] & left smoo? & %>p1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! gra9 on ! bo>d side mu/ be left un9jur$4 ,insuffici5t p>+ ( ! corn]s or us+ only ! f+]s = turn+-9 causes v ?ick edges2 su* "w is out ( date & w\ld n be done by any ?\ghtful workman4 ,illu/ration3 ,half clo? or half lea!r corn]4 ,books b\nd 9 half-clo? or half-lea!r h ! sides cov]$ ) pap]2 ! latt] (t5 ) clo?4 ,:5 clo? sides are us$1 ! mat]ial mu/ always h>monize ) ! back bo? 9 reg>d to col\r & texture4 ,on ea* side to be turn$ 9 ! pap] is cut #a to #a-a_/b cm4 l>g] ?an ! surface ( ! bo>d to be cov]$4 ,! pap] is cut along ! back ) ! knife & rule4 ,! corn]s are turn$ d[n 9 half "r-angles accord+ to ! size ( ! clo? or lea!r corn]s & some:at small] ?an ^!1 & cut (f ) ! %e>s z %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 us+ ! fold z a guide4 ,illu/ration3 ,small corn] diagram ,9 ord9>y "w ) v small corn]s1 especially 9 l>ge quantities1 ! corn]s may simply be cut (f diagonally1 & if !re are _m cov]s !y are knock$ up & ! cutt+ is done ) knife & rule or ) ! ma*9e4 ,z a trade article = ! publi%]s1 ! f9i%$ cov] is l9$ ) pap] on ! inside1 bo? = ! sake ( improv$ appe>ance & to prev5t ! draw+ outw>ds4 ,= e bo>d a %eet ( pap] is cut ab\t #a_/b cm4 small] ?an ! bo>d & pa/$ on4 ,! cov]s are plac$ betwe5 bo>ds to dry4 ,cov]s are g5]ally decorat$ 9 "s way2 z a rule by means ( ! block+ press4 ,:]e !y get any h& tool+1 x is always done on ! book :5 b\nd1 = :i* no case is made 9 advance4 ,simple gold l9es along ! back & corn]s ( ! cov] are except$2 su* "w is kn[n z fillet+4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,"w ,,) ,,! ,,block+ ,,press4 ,we make a di/9ction betwe5 gold tool+ & bl9d tool+4 ,! latt] is simply an impression on ! lea!r or o!r mat]ial )\t ! use ( gold1 :il/ ! o!r is an impression ^u a specially prep>$ lea!r or o!r surface1 us+ gold leaf4 ,skill 9 block+ dep5ds fir/ ( all ^u a ta/eful & suitable selection & arrangem5t ( ! engrav$ blocks & lett]s necess>y = ! decoration & inscription4 ,! blocks1 c41 are to be _h ready made f ! engrav]s 9 prop]ly arrang$ sets2 b /ill x is ess5tial t ! f9i%] %\ld possess c]ta9 arti/ic ta/e & feel+1 especially 9 mak+ up ! lett]+4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t 9 an inscription or title ! pr9cipal "p 7^w or l9e7 mu/ be di/+ui%$ by l>g] or heavi] type2 fur!rmore1 two l9es ( equal l5g? mu/ nev] appe> 9 an inscription4 ,%ort words 7!1 &1 =1 c47 work$ into an inscription z sep>ate l9es add consid]ably to its appe>ance4 ,see pp4 #adh to #aec = :at is said on ! arrangem5t ( ! title 9 h& lett]+4 ,! same applies to ! arrangem5t ( all lett]+4 ,! blocks & lett]s are always fix$ to ! upp] "p ( ! press--! plat54 ,to enable alt]ations to be made quickly or to secure pieces :i* may h slipp$1 !re is a draw-out plate made 9 all mod]n block+ presses4 ,! engrav$ blocks are n affix$ to ?is plate ) glue b ) cobbl]s' wax4 ,! foll[+ is a practical way ( manag+ ! ornam5tal blocks3 ,on a ?9 b v /rong bo>d ab\t ! size ( ! article to be block$1 ! blocks are arrang$ ) ! backs upp]mo/1 ! engrav$ face be+ next to ! bo>d4 ,?is bo>d is fix$ ) wax exactly 9 ! c5tre ( ! l[] "p ( ! press--! table4 ,by exactly 9 ! c5tre x is to be und]/ood t ! c5tre ( ! v>i\s blocks br\ght toge!r lies on or ne> ! c5tre ( ! draw-out plate4 ,if !re are m & heavi] blocks fix$ to ! upp] ?an to ! l[] side ( ! plate1 ! latt] mu/ be l[]$ a little--9 a ^w1 ! plate mu/ be s adju/$ t all p>ts receive equal pressure4 ,x is only by mak+ a few trials t "o c le>n exactly :at is "r4 ,! press %\ld be w>m$ by ?is "t1 & x is well to slide 9 ! table ) ! blocks adju/$ ^u x1 & to let x rema9 "u light pressure until plate & table are w>m$ ?r\gh\t & no trace ( moi/ure may be se5 on ei!r4 ,n[ put a little wax on ea* block1 lay ov] !m a piece ( /\t wrapp+ pap]1 c>dbo>d1 or simil> /uff1 pu% 9 & press g5tly2 ! wrapp] also may be wax$4 ,aft] ab\t five m9utes1 op5 ! press to see :e!r all p>ts h /uck4 ,until ?is takes place ! press mu/ rema9 clos$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 all pieces are /ick+ fa/1 draw out ! table & exam9e ! impr9t ( ea* p>ticul> "p to see :e!r ! pressure is equal2 if ?is is n s1 x rema9s to be se5 :e!r su* inequality is due to a faulty fix+ ( ! plate &1 if necess>y1 to rectify x2 o!rwise1 pieces ( pap] mu/ be made up into a suitable pack+ & laid ^u ! back ( ! blocks until all inequalities are remov$ & an ev5 impression is obta9$4 ,?is done1 ! back ( ! set-up blocks1 or ! wrapp]s affix$ !reto1 is wax$ at z _m places z requir$1 or r z f> z ! set-up blocks ext5d1 ! plate pu%$ 91 & ! press clos$ until ! set-up blocks adh]e to ! upp] plate4 ,! light] ?is fir/ impression is made1 ! easi] x w be to detect any inequality on ! table 7or matrix7 & to set x "r by back+ up ) pap]4 ,fig4 #fd--;,block+ press4 ,be=e proce$+ fur!r1 a few words mu/ be said ab\t ! con/ruction ( our mod]n block+ presses4 ,= mod]n block+ we use knee-lev] presses1 :il/ balances are n[ no long] us$4 ,on ! upp] "p !re is a slid+ plate--! s-call$ plat5--:i* draws out on prismatic rails4 ,a second plate works on h+es at ! side ( ! slid+ 7or draw-out7 plate & c be pull$ out to ! left4 ,?is plate is us$ pr9cipally = col\r block+--! o!r plate = gold4 ,block+ c be done 9 gold & col\r imm$iately aft] ea* o!r1 & if ! plate is 9 duplicate1 f\r impressions c be made 9 succession )\t hav+ to take (f & *ange ! plate4 ,9 ! upp] plate !re are r\nd bor+s = ! gas burn]s or hot irons us$ = heat+ ! press2 ! latt] are out ( date & d n produce a /eady temp]ature4 ,x n[ rema9s to ins]t ! article to be block$ 9 ! press s t x w be block$ exactly on ! spot requir$4 ,!re are sev]al ways ( atta9+ ?is object1 :i* are adopt$ accord+ to ! k9d ( "w 9 h&4 ,! sure/ way is to m>k ! place by p9s4 ,two l>ge draw+ p9s are pa/$ ^u pieces ( c>dbo>d1 a second piece ( bo>d is plac$ ov] ea* "o s t ! head is emb$d$ betwe5 ! two pieces b leav+ ! po9ts free4 ,! gauges ?us made are fix$ ) wax at conv5i5t places1 be/ on ! middle l9e above & bel[ ! table b 9 su* a way t !y !mselves are n t\*$ by ! plate4 ,to prev5t _! fall+ (f1 a l>g] piece ( clo? is pa/$ ov] !m1 always leav+ ! po9ts visible4 ,! sure/ prev5tive aga9/ fall+ (f is to h screw-on gauges4 ,a /rip ( metal hav+ a slit 9 ! middle c be screw$ tightly to ! table by means ( a screw pass$ ?r\gh ! slit4 ,at ! end a /eel po9t ab\t #a_/b cm4 long is rivet$ on4 ,) ?is gauge ! po9ts c be adju/$ to any position on ! table z requir$4 ,all "w n turn$-9 :i* requires repeat block+1 & all su* z requires block+ 9 m ?an "o col\r1 is p9n$ on4 ,on ! o!r h&1 cov]s :i* are f9i%$ aft] be+ once block$ on back or side :i* require no second impression may be adju/$ ) ! angle gauge or blocks4 ,_m make use ( bo? at ! same "t4 ,su* cov]s !n h be5 turn$ 9 all r\nd :5 be+ work$1 :il/ p9n+ on requires t ! cov]s %\ld n h be5 turn$ 94 ,! practical bookb9d] :o has to deal ) turn$-9 cov]s frequ5tly gets ov] ! difficulty by mak+ two incisions ab\t #b cm4 ap>t ) ! knife ^u ! turn$-9 edge at ! place :]e x %\ld be p9n$ on1 & op5+ out ! mat]ial at ! incisions1 ?us mak+ a loose m>g9 = p9n+ on4 ,= p9n+ on cov]s z well z backs1 a template is cut f wrapp]s or ?9 bo>d1 :i* is adju/$ on ! cov] & ! regi/] holes made ) an awl4 ,:5 p9n+-on has to be done = block+ :i* has to be repeat$ v _m times1 ! regi/] po9ts are /r5g!n$ beh9d ) /iff pap] to prev5t !m f break+ or te>+ away & ?us becom+ inaccurate4 ,fig4 #fe--;,appliances us$ 9 block+ backs4 ,to enable ! mo/ v>i\s wid?s ( backs to be quickly ins]t$ & to supply a sub/itute = ! ?ick lay]s ( c>dbo>d pack+ :i* make a f9e impression impossible1 a special contrivance ) metal pads has be5 made4 ,?is is %[n 9 ! sket* h]e)4 ,m5tion has already be5 made ( ! table 7or matrix74 ,?is is a b$ ( /\t bo>ds :i* is int5d$ to s]ve ! d\ble purpose ( sav+ ! blocks :5 block+ ?9 articles 7backs ( cov]s1 c47 & also = /r5g!n+ & equalis+ ! resi/ance f bel[ :5 work+ on heavi] articles4 ,faults aris+ dur+ work+1 su* z insuffici5t adhesion ( ! gold 7& an increas$ pressure7 may be set "r by pa/+ on pieces ( pap] to ! matrix or table4 ,! matrices consi/ ( /rong b ?9 mat]ial2 ! be/ is wrapp]s or ! ?9ne/ bo>d4 ,aft] use !y are kept = subsequ5t repetitions ( ! same or = o!r "w4 ,! lett]+ mu/ always be set up fre% = ea* job1 :il/ ! ornam5tal pieces may be arrang$ on ! tables or matrices at h& aft] ! exi/+ orig9al impression4 ,sett+ ! type is a special art & calls = consid]able ta/e & skill2 ! lett]s v easily slip out ( ! type-hold]1 especially :]e v small type is us$1 unless special precautions are tak5 to prev5t ?is4 ,"h we w pass ov] ! mo/ important po9t 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! types & ref] to ! p>agraph deal+ ) ,lett]+ "u ,h&-tool+2 :at holds good !re always holds good "h4 ,lett]+ is always set ^u special pieces ( bo>d & aft]w>ds encas$ 9 a type-hold]1 z x dem&s mu* m att5tion & subsequ5t correction4 ,^! bo>ds %\ld likewise be wrapp]s ( ! same ?ickness z ^? us$ at ! same "t = ! ornam5ts4 ,= fix+1 cobbl]s' wax is likewise us$4 ,! fav\rite me?od frequ5tly adopt$ ( us+ glue coat$ ) pa/e is n to be recomm5d$1 because ! lett]s d n admit ( prop] sett+ ^u ?is gelat9\s mass4 ,n only d ! l9es ( lett]s require to be kept "r by means ( a /rip ( metal or metal l9e1 !y mu/ be c>efully adju/$ aft] tak+ a light impression1 especially :5 us+ a v small type4 ,! fir/ pull mu/ be "u s light a pressure t on a s(t pap] ev]y?+ is di/9ctly visible4 ,! l9es are arrang$ f ?is pro(1 :il/ ea* s+le lett] is c>efully *eck$4 ,:]e lett]s d n %[ up prop]ly !y mu/ be back$ up ) pap] ( suitable ?ickness on ! bo>d until all unev5ness disappe>s4 ,! light] ! pressure appli$ ! easi] x w be to make corrections4 ,lett]s heavily press$ at ! outset c seldom be prop]ly rectifi$ aft]w>ds4 ,9 l>ge editions x does happ51 9 spite ( all precautions1 t s+le lett]s "w loose & fall out2 ?is may damage p>ts ( ! plate z well z valuable cov]s1 & "o !re=e tries to gu>d aga9/ x4 ,"s take n>r[ /rips ( clo? & pa/e "o r\nd ea* l9e ( type1 o!rs p\r liquid glue betwe5 ! l9es :i*1 :5 ?or\ghly dry & h>d1 is a v sure means ( prev5t+ ! fall+ out ( any piece ( type4 ,:5 ev]y?+ is 9 ord]1 ! type is likewise ins]t$2 v>i\s p>ts ( ! back ( ! bo>d are well wax$ & ! table is !n pu%$ 9 & ! press clos$ tight4 ,x rema9s clos$ until all p>ts are ?or\ghly dry1 = x is only !n t we may feel assur$ t no p>ts c fall out4 ,! dry+ may be ha/5$ by op5+ ! press ab\t a qu>t] ( an h\r lat] & draw+ out ! plate1 likewise ! table1 & n[ all[+ plate & table to dry by exposure4 ,if any p>ts ( ! plate %\ld lift1 wax mu/ aga9 be appli$ & once m press$4 ,:5 ! plates & press are got into work+ ord]1 & ! backs or cov]s h receiv$ _! regi/] m>ks by means ( ! template1 ! block+ may be comm5c$4 ,! table is drawn out1 a piece ( "w pu%$ 9 to ! regi/]1 & ! press clos$4 ,x is necess>y t ! press %\ld h be5 previ\sly regulat$ to ! ?ickness ( ! article be+ block$1 & to beg9 ) a light pressure at fir/1 z heavi] pressure c be appli$ aft]w>ds if requir$4 ,clo? requires %>p] pressure ?an lea!r4 ,l>ge heavy cov]s are always block$ ) ! press q clos$1 :il/ small ?+s l s+le titles1 hat l9+s1 ties1 c41 are f9i%$ ) only a %ort pull ( ! lev]4 ,! correct regulation ( ! pressure re/s ) ! work]4 ,we di/+ui% betwe5 block+ 9 bl9d1 gold1 col\r1 & relief4 ,block+ 9 bl9d1 bo? on lea!r & clo?1 %\ld n be attempt$ ^u articles :i* h become v dry4 ,a good plan is to /ore !m 9 a cell> ! night be=e & to br+ out only z _m z c be f9i%$ 9 ! next half-h\r's "w4 ,block+ 9 bl9d c only be done on matt or gra9$ mat]ial1 z its effect is nil ^u a smoo? poli%$ surface4 ,! f9i% c be consid]ably height5$ 9 special cases by go+ ov] ! impression ) a bru% & :ite ( egg aft] ! fir/ block+ & !n aga9 press+ "u less heat4 ,calf lea!r1 & undress$ calf 9 p>ticul>1 receives its spl5did br[n col\r by be+ previ\sly damp$ ) boil$ or di/ill$ wat] to :i* a little _s has be5 add$4 ,! impression on a damp$ gr\nd is fir/ made some:at w>m] & aft]w>ds repeat$ :5 ! press has cool$ a little1 occasionally wip+ ! blocks ) a wax$ clo?4 ,! impression mu/ 9 all cases be ev5 9 col\r & h a high f9i%2 if ?is is n s1 ! light] places mu/ be once m damp$ ) a small bru% & aga9 impress$4 ,articles to be block$ 9 gold mu/ be prep>$ ) "s sub/ance to :i* ! gold w adh]e4 ,! f9i%] uses a fluid or dry adhesive accord+ to ! mat]ial he is work+ ^u4 ,( liquid sizes1 dilut$ :ite ( egg or1 9 "s cases1 dissolv$ gelat9e or blood s]um is us$ almo/ exclusively4 ,^! liquids1 :i* are appli$ ) a sponge or1 = f9e "w1 ) a bru%1 are call$ ! gr\nd or siz+4 ,( dry adhesives1 we "k only ! gild+ p[d]1 :i* consi/s ( res9 ) n[ & !n an addition ( dri$ :ite ( egg4 ,! o!r p[d]s us$ by ! f9i%] are rice fl\r or potato fl\r2 ^! are n us$ z adhesives b to prev5t ! gold /ick+ at places :]e x is n want$4 ,lea!r & clo? are siz$ ) :ite ( egg2 silk & o!r wov5 mat]ials are f9i%$ )\t special siz+1 & also surfac$ pap]s & c>dbo>d goods1 z !y are treat$ ) f9i%]s' p[d]1 a wet prep>ation be+ unsuitable4 ,size = block+ is ?9n] ?an = h& f9i%+1 & :5 x has to be wa%$ ov] ! :ole ( a clo? cov] x is /ill fur!r dilut$4 ,glair = bru%+ ov] an impression consi/s ( "o "p :ite ( egg & "o "p v9eg>2 to e #a_/b litre #a g4 ( p[d]$ borax is add$1 ! :ole beat5 to a fro? & filt]$4 ,= coat+-ov]1 take "o "p :ite ( egg1 two p>ts wat]1 & to e #a_/b litre add #aj drops ( glyc]9e & #a g4 borax4 ,if a l>g] quantity ( glair is requir$ = coat+ ov]1 x may be ?9n$ ) wat] or v9eg>2 b size made ) v9eg> mu/ n be appli$ to fancy col\r$ clo?s4 ,gild+ p[d] may be yell[ or :ite1 ! latt] k9d is r\gh] & is suitable = silk /uffs & also :]e block+ has to be done ov] col\r on clo?4 ,yell[ p[d] is s(t] & is apt to clog ! f9] cut tools2 x is m suitable = ! prep>ation ( pap] de luxe1 = block+ surface & *romo pap]s1 & = photo cases4 ,gild+ p[d] is spr9kl$ by means ( a box :i* has a d\ble lay] ( f9e gauze in/ead ( a bottom4 ,by tapp+ ^u ! box a f9e %[] ( p[d] is du/$ on to ! surface to be gild$4 ,glair is made 9 ! work%op2 ! p[d] is b\ght ready prep>$--to make x w\ld take too mu* "t4 ,= block+ 9 alloy$ metals1 gelat9e size is us$1 z x is a p[]ful adhesive4 ,a tablet ( gelat9e is soak$ 9 #a_/d litre ( wat] ov]night & next morn+ is dissolv$ 9 ! ba?4 ,gelat9e is us$ to cov] ! :ole surfaces & is laid on :5 lukew>m4 ,blood s]um s]ves ! same purpose4 ,ox blood is all[$ to coagulate1 & ! h>d5$ mass ?us produc$ is plac$ ov] a clo? /ra9]1 or hair sieve1 & ! liquid album5 all[$ to dra9 f x2 ! process is ha/5$ by cutt+ ! cak$ blood into small pieces4 ,only ! cle> liquid :i* is /ra9$ (f is to be us$--a p9* ( borax w make x keep long]4 ,= f9i%+ b9d+s1 real gold-leaf--orange t9t--is us$ almo/ exclusively1 ! *eap] gre5 gold be+ us$ only = sample cases & s*ool books4 ,alloy$ metal & alum9ium 7?is is n[ commonly us$ in/ead ( ! quickly oxydiz+ silv]7 are us$ almo/ solely 9 ! manufacture ( pap]s de luxe & = plac>ds4 ,pure gold-leaf is always laid on ! siz$ cov] aft] ! surface to be block$ has be5 lightly gone ov] ) a ball ( oil$ cotton wool1 or a slightly greas$ rag4 ,?is mu/ nev] be done to su* a degree z to cause grease spots4 ,calf mu/ n be ?us treat$ ) grease1 b if ! gold is n likely to /ick at c]ta9 places1 ! fir/ impression may be pick$ out ) a bru% slightly oil$ s z to make ! leaf adh]e4 ,d>k poli%$ calf w1 h[ev]1 /& a little oil4 ,f9e lea!rs are fir/ /amp$ & ! impression is gone ov] ) a bru%1 !n ! gold is laid on & aga9 impress$4 ,! gold is lift$ f ! cu%ion ) a gild]'s tip or a pad ( cotton wool & transf]r$ to ! cov]4 ,! gild]'s tips consi/ ( squ>e pieces ( c>dbo>d a little small] ?an ! piece ( gold to be us$1 to ! "u side ( :i* is pa/$ a piece ( clo?4 ,a h&le ( c>dbo>d or a button is pa/$ on top = conv5i5ce ( hold+4 ,draw ?is tip lightly ov] ! hair1 press x on ! gold1 :i* w lightly adh]e to x1 & !n transf] ! gold to ! surface to be /amp$1 :]e x is press$ d[n ) cotton wool1 :i* %\ld be surgical wool1 z t k9d is free f knots4 ,_m pref] a tuft ( cotton wool roll$ into a h&y size1 ?is is likewise drawn ov] ! hair1 & ! re/ done z be=e4 ,:5 gild+ p[d] is us$1 ! gold mu/ n be laid on ) ! pad4 ,! gold mu/ be plac$ on ! p[d] by h& only1 a task call+ = consid]able adroitness4 ,! gold is tak5 up ) ! gold-knife1 aid$ by a moi/5$ f+]-tip tak+ a corn]1 pass$ ov] ! surface ) ! knife1 br\ght to ! requir$ position ) ! hang+ corn]1 & n[ ! knife is tak5 away flat sideways4 ,! gold mu/ lie q ev5 on ! p[d]$ surface4 ,any subsequ5t %ift+ ( ! gold is entirely out ( ! "q1 because ! lay] ( p[d] w\ld be di/urb$ & might n hold 9 places4 ,to "k exactly :at degree ( heat %\ld be appli$ requires special /udy1 & ! pity is t fix$ rules _c be giv5--"o day a black morocco goat-sk9 may /& a great heat1 :il/ on ano!r day ! same heat appli$ to simil> /uff might burn x up4 ,clo? is always ! same1 calf lea!r pap]s1 skytog51 c41 are mu* m difficult4 ,on ! :ole1 ! foll[+ rules may be obs]v$3-- ,clo? :ite ( egg 7or glair7 m$ium heat ,%eep-sk9 slight heat ,goat-sk9 m$ium heat ,morocco m$ium heat ,silk :ite gild+ p[d] %ort hot pressure ,surface pap]s & c>dbo>ds yell[ %ort m$ium pressure ,calf glair hot 7light lea!rs some:at less heat7 ,v>ni%$ pap] little heat ,! latt] conta9s suffici5t adhesive matt] 9 ! col\r )\t us+ any o!r size1 ev5 = alloy$ gold1 b ! cov]s mu/1 h[ev]1 be slightly moi/4 ,= ?is purpose !y are left ov]night 9 a damp cell> or plac$ betwe5 slightly damp$ bo>ds4 ,we h already spok5 ( ! matrix4 ,:]e silk or o!r ?9 wov5 mat]ials are to be block$1 a firm h>d bo>d mu/ be laid on ! table & frequ5tly *ang$1 o!rwise ! impression w be defective4 ,= ribbons = wrea?s1 c41 a suitable piece ( pap] :i* _h be5 damp$ "s "t be=e %\ld be laid und]nea?4 ,al?\gh relief block+ ^u b9d+s seems to be out ( fav\r1 !re are num]\s /yles ( imitation relief practis$ n[adays1 especially 9 imitation ( cut lea!r or wr\ght metal4 ,?is "w necessitates ! matrix or table be+ prep>$ ) great c>e1 z x mu/ be ! c\nt]p>t ( ! plate4 ,= ?is purpose an impression is fir/ made ^u a /\t c>dbo>d1 :i* is fix$ firmly en\gh on ! b$ to prev5t its %ift+1 ! block be+ affix$ to ! plat54 ,^u ?is fir/ c>dbo>d are laid ! rais$ p>ts accord+ to ! height requir$1 likewise cut out ( /\t c>dbo>d1 cont9u+ to place a lay] ^u ! o!r until a true negative ( ! block is obta9$4 ,small & slightly rais$ ornam5tation is n specially und]laid1 us+ in/ead a piece ( /\t bo>d well sme>$ ) cobbl]s' wax1 :i*1 aft] /&+ a:ile "u ! plate 9 ! clos$ press1 w make a v exact & firm base4 ,matrices made up ( sev]al lay]s ( c>dbo>d pa/$ on top ( ea* o!r are also1 :5 f9i%$1 cov]$ ) a piece ( pa/$ pack+ pap] & !n press$4 ,?is leaf prev5ts s+le pieces f work+ loose & /ick+ to ! block4 ,= relief /amp+1 lea!r or clo? is /ret*$ ^u ?9 wrapp]s4 ,! guide po9ts mu/ be made a little fur!r ap>t on acc\nt ( ! mat]ial %r9k+ slightly "u relief /amp+4 ,col\r block+1 :i* has ga9$ su* unexpect$ popul>ity1 gives ! f9i%] no little tr\ble4 ,z bl9d block+ is done by ! press1 s also may col\r block+ be done if ! blocks are col\r$ ) ! brilliant col\rs specially prep>$ = pr9t+4 ,a col\r roll]1 made by m\ld+ ,engli% roll] composition on a wood5 p91 is us$ = col\r+ ! blocks4 ,! work] himself may ca/ ^! roll]s 9 a well-greas$ m\ld4 ,! roll] composition is dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & aft] be+ p\r$ into ! m\ld is all[$ to /& a few h\rs to cool4 ,! col\r block] keeps ab\t ?ree roll]s ready1 ( :i* "o is us$ = light col\rs1 ano!r = middle tones1 & ! ?ird solely = black4 ,! roll]s are ei!r fix$ 9 a =k ) two h&les or an axle goes ?r\gh ! wood5 p9 :i* is b\nd 9 lea!r at ea* end :]e9 ! axle revolves 9 ! holl[ ( ! h&4 ,fig4 #ff--;,col\r roll]4 ,! roll]s spread ! col\r ^u a /one ( suitable size4 ,! col\r %\ld be laid on ! roll]s--n on ! /one--n too ?ickly1 & !n ev5ly di/ribut$ on ! /one by br++ ! roll] ov] x backw>ds & =w>ds4 ,bo? /one & roll] mu/ always be clean$ aft] use2 p]fect cleanl9ess mu/ be c>efully obs]v$ ?r\gh\t4 ,! /one is clean$ ) petroleum1 ! rema9+ col\r is remov$ f ! roll] by pass+ x sev]al times ov] a %eet ( glass1 rubb+ x d[n ) petroleum be=e aga9 us+ x s z to remove any p>ticle ( du/ adh]+4 ,9 ord] t ! col\rs may appe> z bright z possible1 a little v>ni% is add$ to !m1 :i* 9 e case mu/ be ( a k9d to suit ! p>ticul> col\r4 ,damm> v>ni% is suitable = light col\rs1 & = d>k] col\rs amb] v>ni%4 ,:]e great brilliancy is requir$1 ,v5etian turp5t9e is add$2 b ?is l5g!ns ! "t requir$ = dry+ if a little too mu* is add$4 ,9 e case1 h[ev]1 a little siccative mu/ be add$ to e col\r2 a few drops mat]ially quick5 ! dry+4 ,col\r block+ c only be done :5 ! blocks h be5 secur$ to ! plate1 z ?is mu/ be op5$ ea* "t x is col\r$4 ,! simple/ col\r-pr9t+ is :]e "o col\r appe>s betwe5 ! impression 9 gold1 & 9 ?is case x is g5]ally done by fir/ mak+ ! impression 9 gold & !n 9 col\r4 ,9 m complex "w sev]al col\rs are to be us$2 at ! pres5t "t ! "w is frequ5tly produc$ requir+ col\rs side by side & sup]impos$1 toge!r ) gold1 bronze1 & alum9ium4 ,! process is 9 ea* case z foll[s3 ,f ! block suppli$ by ! engrav] an impression is made :i* =ms a matrix4 ,x is be/ to select a piece ( bo>d exactly ! size ( ! cov]s to be pr9t$ & at ! two places to be tak5 by ! guide po9ts pieces ( vellum are firmly pa/$1 be+ already pi]c$ = ! guide po9ts1 ^! vellum additions be+ fur!r secur$ by pa/+ ov] !m a /rip ( pap] or clo?4 ,= e block to be us$ a simil> bo>d ) its vellum additions is prep>$4 ,^u ! gr\nd ( ?is fir/ matrix ! o!r auxili>y matrices are likewise fir/ impress$ ) ! block--all ( !m black1 ( c\rse1 s t x w\ld be possible at any "t to fit 9 ! blocks4 ,e new block = col\r pr9t+ is press$ into ! gr\nd ( ! auxili>y matrix belong+ to x2 also = ! s-call$ fir/-impression block4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood t col\r pr9t+ c be done well only ^u a p]fectly ev5 & smoo? surface1 !re=e x is wise ) fir/-impression blocks1 z well z l>g] col\r plates1 to repeat ! impression1 only slightly w>m aft] hav+ giv5 a v hot impression ! fir/ "t4 ,surface pap]s are an exception z !y g5]ally /& v little heat4 ,x helps "h ei!r to let ! newly made cov]s get half dry or1 bett]1 to let !m lie long] 9 a damp room4 ,:5 diff]5t col\rs are to be sup]impos$1 ! ord] 9 :i* !y are pr9t$ is a matt] ( "s importance4 ,z a rule1 ! s-call$ w>m tones 7yell[1 br[n1 r$1 or col\rs conta9+ mu* ( ^!7 are pr9t$ fir/2 ! cold tones 7blue or o!rs conta9+ mu* blue7 be+ aft]w>ds laid on4 ,:ite is also class$ z a cold tone1 b = te*nical reasons x mu/ ne>ly always be pr9t$ fir/4 ,if ^! rules are obs]v$1 s]i\s mi/akes w seldom be made4 ,moreov]1 pro( impressions ( ! diff]5t col\rs mu/ be tak5 ^u :ite c>dbo>d1 :i* %\ld be m>k$ = ref]5ce1 9 ! same way not+ ! proportion ( ! col\rs us$ 9 mix$ col\rs4 ,if ! outl9e block is to be pr9t$ 9 col\r1 x comes la/2 gold /amp+ be+ done fir/4 ,! process ( pr9t+ 9 bronze is simil> to col\r pr9t+1 z ! bronze is du/$ ov] a prelim9>y impression 9 col\r 7gold ^u r$ or yell[ o*re1 alum9ium ^u :ite1 col\r$ bronze ^u a suitable simil> col\r74 ,bronze is n pr9t$ ^u col\r1 because ! bronze /icks too easily to su* surfaces 9 places :]e x is n want$2 x is !n mu* bett] to use gold-leaf4 ,%\ld x be necess>y on ! score ( economy to make a d\ble work+ 9 bronze1 ! cov] mu/ be previ\sly wa%$ ) glair4 ,leaf metals1 pure or alloy$1 are pr9t$ ^u col\rs aft] !y h be5 slightly du/$ ) gild+ p[d]1 & ) mod]ate heat4 ,! col\rs1 h[ev]1 mu/ previ\sly be all[$ to dry ?or\ghly4 ,l>g] surfaces are :olly prep>$ ) glair to prev5t ! gold f adh]+ :]e n requir$4 ,mo/ ( ! col\rs mu/ cov] well :]e x is n int5d$ t !y %\ld h a transluc5t effect4 ,a good cov]+ is n secur$ by lay+ ! col\r on ?ickly b by prop]ly mix+ ! col\rs1 & (t5 also by giv+ a second coat aft] ! fir/ surface has dri$4 ,above all1 "o mu/ avoid too ?ick & greasy col\rs4 ,black mu/ always be pr9t$ ) a /rong good cov]+ col\r1 z mu/ also ! outl9e block4 ,= col\r pr9t+1 ! press mu/ be ( ! same temp]ature z ! room4 ,9 w9t] x is slightly w>m$ an h\r be=e use1 & :5 necess>y ?is mu/ be repeat$ lat]4 ,!re are q a numb] ( little dodges n easily communicat$ b :i* are quickly pick$ up 9 practice4 ,fig4 #fg--,/uck-on gauges4 ,simple "w is n adju/$ by p9s1 b is pu%$ up to ?ree guides2 moreov]1 ! gauge ( ! press is n g5]ally us$1 b ?ree little pieces ( bo>d are firmly glu$ to ! table in/ead4 ,! illu/ration 7,fig4 #fg7 w cle>ly %[ ! arrangem5t4 ,at ! lett]s ,a ! pieces ( bo>d are glu$1 to :i* ! cov] to be block$ is pu%$ up4 ,to prev5t ^! gauges f be+ pu%$ (f1 or to facilitate refix+ 9 ! ev5t ( _! becom+ loose1 ! gauge g5]ally suppli$ ) ! press is br\ght close up beh9d !m4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,sewn ,,books3 ,,fa/5+ ,,9 ,,cov]s ,,& ,,f9i%+ ,,(f4 ,= bett]-class b9d+s & :]e h& tool+ is to be done ! cov]s are n made 9 advance z ! books are =m$ & !n case & cov]+ made on ! book itself4 ,?is results 9 a bett] appe>ance & a /rong] connection betwe5 ! book & its cov]4 ,x has already be5 expla9$ 7,*ap4 ,v41 pp4 #hg-hh7 h[ ! s-call$ holl[ back is made 9 bo>d+4 ,?is k9d ( back1 h[ev]1 is only us$ 9 ord9>y b9d+ 9 half or :ole clo?4 ,= lea!r or half-lea!r b9d+s a /rip ( wrapp+ pap] or ?9 c>dbo>d is cut4 ,! exact size is tak5 ) a piece ( pap] across ! back f ! fir/ to ! la/ section4 ,?is /rip mu/ be exactly ! same l5g? z ! cut bo>ds to be us$4 ,! /rips--aft]w>ds repres5t+ rais$ b&s--are laid ^u ?is pack+2 ^! /rips are be/ cut f wa/e pieces ( c[-hide1 b if ?is is n to h&1 pa/e pieces ( wa/e goat-sk9 ?ree ply ?ick1 press lightly1 &1 :5 dry1 cut out ( ?is mat]ial /rips n exce$+ #b mm4 9 wid?4 ,! position ( ! b&s is c>efully measur$ ) ! divid]s & m>k$ ) p5cil & /raight-edge & ! /rips are !n glu$ on 9 _! places4 ,! b&s are left project+ ov] ! edge until q dry & at #c mm4 f ! edge1 & are !n p>$ d[n to x4 ,illu/ration3 ,headb&4 ,= extra half-lea!r "w ! backs are previ\sly glu$ r\nd on ! book itself4 ,a /rong--n too ?ick--pack+ pap] is select$1 ! back is ?9ly coat$ ) r ?ick glue1 & ! pap]1 a little wid] ?an f\r times ! wid? ( ! back1 is s laid on ! back z to leave1 say1 ! fir/ two %eets free4 ,z f> z x /icks1 ! pap] is rubb$ d[n1 !n fold$ back to ! o!r jo9t exactly at ! la/ section1 br\ght back tight ov] ! back1 & n[ firmly rubb$ d[n on ! /rip left free at ! fir/ %eet4 ,exactly at ! fir/ %eet ! pap] is aga9 fold$ ov] & pa/$ ov] ! back1 aft]w>ds repeat+ ! prec$+ glue+ process4 ,9 ?is way ! pap] is fold$ f ! jo9t & glu$ ?ree times4 ,! ov]lapp+ p>ts are cut (f4 ,! back n[ consi/s ( f\r lay]s1 ! fir/ ( :i* is glu$ on to ! book1 ! o!r ?ree1 ( c\rse1 =m+ an ar* ov] x1 al?\gh !y !mselves are glu$ toge!r4 ,:at is ov]lapp+ at top & bottom is cut (f ) ! %e>s close by ! headb&1 c>e be+ tak5 t ! back is truly squ>$4 ,! headb& %\ld be ne>ly b n q z high z ! squ>es4 ,by s do+1 ! back w be #a_/b mm4 %ort] at ea* end aft] cutt+ ?an ! bo>ds4 ,= ?is "w ! book is plac$ 9 ! press s t ! back /&s out free4 ,b&s t are to be fix$ on are likewise plac$ 9 position & are !n glu$ on ) a r\nd4 ,! backs are cov]$ ) clo? or lea!r4 ,! =m] is cut ! requir$ size1 t is1 all[+ #b to #c cm4 9 wid? to ov]lap at ea* side1 glu$1 ! r\nd$ back+ /rip laid exactly 9 ! middle1 & !n plac$ 9 ! holl[ ( ! left h&4 ,! "r h& takes ! book & bo? are br\ght toge!r s t ! back+ fits exactly 9 ea* jo9t b correspond+ to ! height ( ! bo>ds4 ,:5 ?is adju/m5t has be5 obta9$1 ! p>ts ov]lapp+ on ! bo>ds are press$ d[n = a "t1 & aft] aga9 see+ t ! position is "r1 !y are drawn ov] firmly4 ,x is be/ to /& ! volume on its =e-edge &1 us+ ! palms ( bo? h&s toge!r1 rub ! cov]+ mat]ial firmly d[n on ! bo>ds4 ,:5 ! back is prop]ly drawn on1 ! head & tail are turn$ 94 ,) holl[ backs ! jo9ts mu/ be well rubb$ d[n4 ,x is necess>y to cut (f a small piece ( ! corn] ( ! bo>d at ! jo9ts at top & bottom2 ?is may be done ei!r ) a %>p knife or %e>s1 &1 ( c\rse1 be=e ! book is cov]$4 ,to make ! turn-9 7on ! book71 ! book is plac$ ) its back on ! table1 lett+ bo? bo>ds fall back s t !y lie op5 on ! table4 ,take hold ( ! book at ! edge betwe5 index & middle f+] ( ! left h& & lift x out ( ! bo>ds at ! head2 ! "r h&1 ) ! help ( ! fold]1 turns ! pa/$ lap inw>ds & rubs x well d[n )\t creases or wr9kles4 ,aft] bo? pieces h be5 ?us turn$ 91 ! back is fur!r work$ at ! head to give x a good %ape4 ,fig4 #fh--,turn+ 9 ! head4 ,! same process is gone ?r\gh ) books b\nd 9 :ole clo? or half lea!r4 ,9 ! latt] case ! lea!r mu/1 ( c\rse1 be p>$ d[n1 z also 9 half calf or :ole lea!r1 ! "w ) ^! be+ some:at m elaborate4 ,x is "h ( ! utmo/ importance t ! greate/ att5tion %\ld be giv5 to c>eful p>+ ( ! lea!r1 especially see+ t ! lea!r is n too ?ick 9 ! jo9t2 if s1 x mu/ be r$uc$ to ! requir$ ?ickness4 ,x mu/ be p>$ at ! head s t ! turn-ov] does n appe> any ?ick] ?an ! re/ ( ! back4 ,lea!r us$ = cov]+ books mu/ be work$ ) pa/e1 & pa/e only4 ,figs4 #fi & #gj--,! head3 good & bad4 ,x mu/ be drawn tight ov] ! b&s1 & ^! %\ld be well rubb$ d[n ) ! fold]4 ,! turn+-9 is done 9 ! same way1 b ! ov]lap--z f> z ! actual wid? ( ! book is conc]n$--is aga9 drawn out s t x projects ab\t #b mm4 ov] ! headb&4 ,?is project+ lea!r is press$ q flat--n slant-wise--ov] ! headb&1 s t se5 f above x almo/ cov]s ! latt]4 ,all half & full lea!r b\nd books h ! corn]s ( ! bo>ds next to ! head p>$ d[n4 ,?is is done be=e cov]+--x n only makes ! turn+-9 easi] b ! book has a bett] appe>ance & op5s bett]4 ,:5 ! turn+-9 is f9i%$1 ! book is op5$ wide & ! bo>ds adju/$ s t bo? turn+s-9 are uni=m & %>p & also t x has already1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 a deep groove1 & !n clos$4 ,if no lay] ( wa/e pap] has previ\sly be5 sewn 91 x may n[ be plac$ 9 ! jo9t1 s t aft] dry+ ! bo>ds may op5 q freely & nicely4 ,! clos$ book is n[ ti$ up1 t is to say1 a cord is loop$ & ti$ "r r\nd ! back at ! jo9t4 ,! turn-9 is ?us drawn 9 at ! p>$-d[n p>ts4 ,beh9d ! cord ! head & tail are press$ d[n ) ! fold] to "r & left1 slightly outw>ds2 :atev] may h be5 drawn 9 by ! cord is put "r on ! inside edge & ! edges are rubb$ %>p & squ>e ) ! fold]4 ,! book is ly+ ?r\gh\t on ! p>+ /one1 n ^u ! press-bo>d4 ,! =ego+ applies to made cases z well z to ^? backs :i* are pa/$ on ! books4 ,) ! =m] x is necess>y to r\nd ! backs4 ,?is is done by draw+ ! back und]nea? a fold] ) a wave-l motion4 ,x c easily be done aft] be+ once se54 ,to give ! back a good hold on ! book f ! v outset1 ! ins]t$ "p is pa/$ n>r[ly at ! jo9t be=e be+ laid on ! pa/$ lea!r s t at ?is place x firmly adh]es to ! back4 ,backs t are /uck to ! book itself are cut op5 ab\t #b cm4 long at ! jo9ts ) a small knife 9 ord] to take ! turn-92 = ! re/ ! "w is ! same4 ,corn] mak+ & cov]+ are "h exactly ! same z already expla9$ = ! ready-made cov]4 ,books b\nd 9 half or full clo? ) holl[ backs are treat$ 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,! glu$ clo? is laid flat ^u ! table1 ! back ( ! book plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( x1 ! book lift$ up1 lightly press+ ! clo? to ! back ) ! flat h& only1 & !n %>ply rubb+ d[n ! ov]lapp+ sides at ! jo9t ) ! po9t ( ! fold]1 rubb+ ! sides z well4 ,= ?is1 lay ! book on ! edge ( ! table s t ! back /&s cle>4 ,if ! sides 7 br\ght ov] ! bo>ds at once1 nei!r a %>p groove c\ld be obta9$ nor w\ld x be possible to draw ov] ! clo? )\t creases4 ,we n[ come to ! f9i%+ ( ! books1 b we mu/ fir/ deal ) ! fa/5+ ( ! book into ! cov]4 ,by cov]s is und]/ood ei!r a cov] made to fit a book to h& or a cov] to :i* a book is to be made to fit4 ,! latt] is ! m difficult4 ,! book1 :5 pull$ to pieces1 )\t end pap]s & sew+1 %\ld be ab\t "o-six? ?9n] ?an ) ! padd+s ( ! cov]1 ?9 books1 ( c\rse1 a little m4 ,?ickness ( ?read & compress+ or all[+ to swell 9 sew+ %\ld equalize :at diff]5ce !re may be4 ,if ! book is ready trimm$1 edges f9i%$1 press$--x %\ld always be clo? jo9t$--x is cas$ 94 ,a pack+ is pa/$ on ! back1 t is to say1 simil> to glue+ ! back1 ! back is pa/$ on to ! book itself1 a /rip ( pap] ! prop] wid? is laid on s t ! two fir/ %eets rema9 free1 rubb$ d[n1 fold$ back f ! o!r jo9t1 pa/$ on ! free m>g91 & ! surplus cut (f4 ,9 ?is way1 n only is ! back pa/$ ov] b x gets ano!r cov]+ ( pap]4 ,! padd+ ( ! cov] is n[ r\nd$1 ei!r by draw+ x "u ! fold] 9 ! way m5tion$ or by draw+ x to & fro ov] a *ock fix$ 9 ! press4 ,! book mu/ suit ! cov] s t x fits tight into ! jo9ts4 ,! padd+ ( ! back is glu$1 ! book laid 91 ! bo>ds at bo? sides well drawn ov]1 a cov]+ ( pap] laid ov] ! back1 & !n well rubb$ d[n ) ! flat fold]4 ,! press+ t f9ds s mu* fav\r is altoge!r sup]flu\s1 z x takes absolutely no effect ^u ! glu$ back4 ,x is only :5 ! cov]s are some:at too n>r[ t ! jo9ts are improv$ by press+4 ,aft] ! glue has set a little1 ! end pap]s are pa/$ on1 i4e41 !y are pa/$ ov] & lie op5 until ?or\ghly dry4 ,x is done z foll[s3-- ,ins]t a piece ( wa/e pap] "u ! clo? jo9t1 ! jo9t itself gett+ a ?9 coat ( r weak glue4 ,! b&s1 :i* mu/ rema9 free al?\gh cut (f to leave only #b cm4 9 l5g?1 are laid ov] ! jo9t & likewise glu$4 ,n[ lay ! book squ>e be=e y1 ! op5 bo>d next ! table edge1 & ) ! po9t ( a knife fir/ lift ! b&s f ! clo? jo9t1 lay !m taut ov] ! smoo? bo>d & smoo? !m d[n ) ! knife s t ev]y?+ lies smoo? & ev51 tak+ special c>e t ! b&s are n noticeable 9 ! jo9t ?r\gh any ev5ness4 ,! clo? jo9t is n[ drawn ov] & well rubb$ d[n on ! bo>d1 ! latt] be+ at ! same "t well press$ on ! jo9t s t x has q a /raight %>p edge4 ,! book lies op5 9 ?is way to dry1 b x may be turn$1 plac$ on a bo>d1 pu%$ up to ! jo9t1 & ! o!r side simil>ly pa/$ on4 ,fig4 #ga--,! pa/$-d[n book4 ,pla9] b9d+s1 especially s*ool books & publi%]s' *eap cases1 are (t5 pa/$ d[n ) only ! out] leaf or :ite end pap] & )\t a clo? jo9t1 :il/ "h ! col\r$ end pap] has /ill to be pa/$ d[n2 9 ! =m] case proce$ z foll[s3-- ,! back--)\t pack+--is simply glu$ ov]1 ! pack+ r\nd$4 ,! book is prop]ly plac$ 9 ! cov]1 & ! outside fly leaf--aft]w>ds an end pap]--& b&s are pa/$1 ! latt] at ! same "t be+ smoo!d out ) a knife or fold]2 ! bo>ds are !n clos$1 press+ !m ov] v %>ply4 ,! book is turn$ & ! o!r side done 9 ! same way1 & at once press$4 ,:]e a clo? jo9t has to be pa/$ on1 a pa/e-d[n mu/ be pa/$ on to ! bo>d4 ,! practice ( do+ ! col\r$ end pap]s at ! same "t z ! book is n s good z subsequ5t pa/+ d[n1 z !y are !n less likely to be injur$ dur+ trimm+ & col\r+ ! edges1 c4 ,! pa/e-d[n is fir/ cut to size a little less ?an ! book itself & fa/5$ 9 ) ?9 glue s t ! pap] is close to ! jo9t b n s close z to cause x to swell4 ,! c\nt]p>t ( ! fly leaf is pa/$ on to x1 bo? leaves are cut ) a knife close along ! jo9t1 = back & front1 ab\t #a_/b cm4 wide1 are pu%$ up1 ?9ly pa/$1 & pa/$ into ! book up to ! press$ jo9t4 ,! leaves s h+$ 9 are n[ rais$1 ! "u leaf ?9ly coat$ ) ?9 glue1 ! leaf clos$ & rubb$ d[n "u pap] ) a fold]4 ,imm$iate press+ is to be avoid$1 z ! ?9 glue is v easily squeez$ out4 ,aft] a :ile ! press+ is done1 ( c\rse1 :5 z9c plates--if necess>y1 poli%$ bo>ds--%\ld be ins]t$ betwe5 ! end pap]s1 & n too great pressure appli$4 ,if ! bo>ds h be5 fa/5$ on ) pa/e & )\t a back1 z9c plates are also us$1 b betwe5 ! fir/ & la/ %eets ( ! book1 s z to press ^! v smoo? & to prev5t ! plates f /ick+ to ! damp end pap]s4 ,half or :ole clo?1 half lea!r1 or1 g5]ally speak+1 all b9d+s :i* are n pa/$ d[n op51 are laid ^u a bo>d1 pa/+ ?9ly ) ?9 pa/e fir/ "o side1 !n turn+ ! book & pa/+ ! o!r1 & !n press+4 ,9 do+ quantities1 t5 may be done be=e press+4 ,*eap "w is (t5 press$ by lay+ ! volumes crosswise ^u ea* o!r & press+ 9 bat*es betwe5 bo>ds4 ,books ) a deep jo9t :]e ! b&s are ei!r laid on ! bo>d or lac$ 9 are always pa/$ d[n op54 ,:]e clo? or lea!r jo9t$1 ?is is done 9 a simil> way to bo>d+ 9 cov]s1 except t ! b&s ne$ n be consid]$ "h1 z !y h already be5 se5 to4 ,work+ ! lea!r well 9 ! jo9t & firmly press+ back ! bo>d aft] turn+ 9 ! head light5 ?is "w & improve ! appe>ance ( ! jo9t4 ,lea!r jo9ts are always pa/$ d[n op5 ) pa/e1 b mu/1 ( c\rse1 be left ly+ long]4 ,! s-call$ d\ble end pap]s1 t is1 )\t clo? or lea!r jo9t1 are v effective4 ,only ! be/ & /ronge/ pap] c be us$ = ^!4 ,! d\ble %eet1 fold$ 9 ! middle1 is n>r[ly pa/$ at ! back & fix$ 9 ! jo9t ( ! book--n 9 ! fold ( ! jo9t b 9 ! jo9t made by press+4 ,?is prev5ts ! b5d com+ on ! place :]e ! pap] has already become weak5$ by %>p creas+1 b ne> x4 ,! half = ! fly leaf is at once pa/$ d[n2 t to be pa/$ on ! bo>d mu/ fir/ be cut to size4 ,! end pap] is cut (f at head & tail ( ! book1 ! book op5$1 ! end pap] laid ov] ! bo>d1 & ) ! divid]s is m>k$ out on ! pa/e-d[n p>allel ) ! edges1 some:at less ?an ! book4 ,at ! fold m>k$ by ! edge ( ! bo>d at ! jo9t1 nick 9 ) ! scissors up to ! m>k made1 slip "u ?is a z9c plate1 & on ?is cut ! end pap] by ! m>k up to ! nicks4 ,x is und]/ood t ! end pap]s %\ld n be cut (f "r r\nd ! book1 o!rwise !y w\ld become too scant at ! =e-edge4 ,a piece ( wa/e pap] is n[ laid "u ! pa/e d[n1 ?9ly coat$ ) glue1 ! leaf drawn tightly ov] ! bo>d & rubb$ d[n2 at ! same "t a piece ( pap] is laid ov] ! jo9t z above4 ,:5 pa/+ 9 ! cov]1 ! book is plac$ squ>e & ! jo9t /rongly & briskly rubb$ d[n ) f+] & ?umb ( bo? h&s4 ,fig4 #gb--,treatm5t ( te>-(f4 ,a pap] hav+ a design mu/1 ( c\rse1 be laid 9 ! same direction z ! book4 ,:]e pa/e-d[n & fly leaf are to be pa/$ on sep>ately1 x mu/ be s arrang$ t1 aft] ! pa/+1 "o leaf =ms ! c\nt]p>t ( ! o!r1 t is to say1 ! design mu/ run ?r\gh & be brok5 only by ! jo9t4 ,to effect ?is x is necess>y t ! pa/e-d[n %\ld be fir/ pa/$ on2 :5 pa/+ on ! fly leaf ! "w c be made "r4 ,silk pa/e-d[n & fly leaves are frequ5tly us$ = extra "w1 ! silk "h be+ /ret*$ ov] a piece ( /\t pap] & pa/$ n>r[ly at ! edges4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,h& ,,f9i%+4 ,:5 ! books h be5 b\nd !y are g5]ally ornam5t$ 9 gold or 9 "s o!r way4 ,al?\gh ! m elaborate f9i%+ 9 gold is n done 9 ! ord9>y b9d]y1 b is conf9$ to ! art b9d]ies1 suffici5t in/ruction w be giv5 "h = ! simpl] f9i%+ on back & side4 ,gold f9i%+ is only le>n$ at ! co/ ( mu* pati5ce & long1 pa9/ak+ practice4 ,al?\gh ! te*nical s*ools tea* f9i%+ 9 a comp>atively %ort "t--usually 9 a few mon?s--only ! gr\nd-"w c ?us be acquir$1 = x takes ye>s ( practice to tea* all ! te*nicalities & to make an exp]t f9i%]1 equal to any calls made ^u him4 ,x may also be m5tion$ "h t 9 mo/ te*nical s*ools ! "w is execut$ ) ! v be/ & mo/ suitable tools &1 fur!rmore1 ! :ole int]ior arrangem5t ( ! work%op is z fav\rable to ! "w z c be conceiv$1 & ?us all conditions = good "w prevail4 ,:5 "y work]s come f su* an in/itution to "w "u /range conditions1 :]e !y h to /ruggle along ) unfamili> & p]haps unsuitable & antiquat$ tools1 bad light1 & o!r drawbacks1 x is n to be wond]$ at if !y--at ! outset1 at lea/--d n answ] all expectations4 ,simil> inconv5i5ces h less effect ^u old & exp]i5c$ work]s1 z !y h ! /ead9ess & assurance :i* come to !m z ! result ( long ye>s ( "w1 & !y1 !re=e1 nev] become n]v\s & fidgety4 ,a cool head & a /eady h& are ! fir/ ess5tials 9 a f9i%]1 & aft] ^! ! feel+ = neatness & exactness4 ,gold tool+ has evolv$ f ! bl9d tool+ ( ! #ae? c5tury1 :i* up to t "t _h be5 ! only me?od ( decoration = ! ext]ior ( books1 except+ :]e gold or jewels 7 us$4 ,! fir/ application ( ?is me?od 0 9 drawn l9es made by runn+ ! heat$ fillet alongside ! rule1 & ev5 to-day ! fillet1 al?\gh improv$ 9 make1 /ill reta9s its place z a suitable tool = ! decoration ( lea!r backs & sides4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 bl9d tool+ is n suffici5tly appreciat$ by f9i%]s1 especially 9 %ops do+ mu* h& tool+2 to _m x is almo/ unkn[n1 & !y w\ld be at a loss if !re 7 any dem& = x1 & yet x is em95tly suitable = simple f9i%+ ) sl5d] res\rces1 to obta9 a result at once *a/e & /rik+ )\t excessive ornam5t1 & ?is )\t a co/ly assortm5t ( tools & o!r special appliances4 ,be=e proce$+ to ! details 9 ! "w ( f9i%+1 a few prelim9>y obs]vations may be made4 ,bl9d tool+ is ! ornam5t+ ( lea!r ) tools )\t ! application ( gold4 ,x might also be correctly describ$ z matt tool+4 ,its peculi>ity & beauty consi/ 9 its r5d]+ ! tool+ on ! lea!r 9 a d>k] tone4 ,bl9d tool+ may be execut$ ^u lea!rs ( any col\r1 b its full decorative effect is se5 only ^u light col\rs1 especially ^u undy$ calf & pig-sk9 & also ^u col\r$ unpoli%$ calf4 ,to produce ! deepe/ & mo/ uni=m tone x is necess>y to damp ! lea!r previ\s to tool+4 ,z x is well t ! :ole surface to be tool$ %\ld reta9 "s moi/ure x is advisable to damp x ev5ly ) a sponge on beg9n+ ! "w4 ,! simple/ tools are1 z already m5tion$1 ! fillets1 :i* may be s+le1 d\ble1 or triple1 ) l9es ( equal or diff]5t ?ickness4 ,! design is c>efully trac$ ) divid]s1 fold]1 & rule1 & ! heat$ tools run along ! rule4 ,be=e apply+ ! tool1 :i* %\ld be only mod]ately heat$1 ! l9e previ\sly m>k$ out %\ld be damp$ ) a suitable bru%4 ,! in/ant ! moi/ure has be5 absorb$ by ! lea!r1 ! tool %\ld be appli$4 ,!re %\ld be no hiss+1 z ! tool %\ld be only lukew>m = ! fir/ application4 ,! roll mu/ t\* ! lea!r at ! beg9n+ )\t any unc]ta9ty & ! l9e made at once & )\t /opp+1 z o!rwise a d>k] %ade w\ld appe> 9 places4 ,figs4 #gc & #gd--,simple l9e designs4 ,ea* "t be=e us+ ! roll x is pass$ ov] a well-greas$ piece ( lea!r4 ,! impression %\ld appe> uni=mly br[n2 if x is light] at any "p1 x has n be5 suffici5tly damp$2 if d>k] at ano!r place f ! beg9n+1 !n t "p 0 too damp4 ,success dep5ds be=e ev]y?+ else ^u uni=m damp+ ( ! lea!r & correct heat+ ( ! tool4 ,) ord9>y cleanl9ess & c>e1 complete success is assur$ 9 ?is me?od ( f9i%+4 ,aft] ! surface ( ! lea!r has aga9 become dry 9 all places1 ! :ole design is aga9 gone ov]1 b ?is "t ) ! roll a little hott]1 at ! same "t rubb+ ! roll well ) ! greas$ clo?4 ,if !re _h be5 unev5ness 9 ! dep? ( col\r be=e1 x w h>dly be possible to rem$y x n[1 = ! light places rema9 s & ! d>k ones become ev5 d>k]4 ,:]e bl9d fillet+ is done x is usual to d die tool+ at ! same "t4 ,x is advisable--especially = novices--to apply ! die )\t heat to ! damp lea!r1 !n to damp specially & apply ! die lukew>m z 9 fillet+4 ,tool+ ) dies is ess5tially diff]5t f fillet+ 9 ! me?od ( execution4 ,! fillet poli%es :il/ runn+ on1 ! die rema9s on ! "o place1 & yet e "p mu/ receive an equally good impression4 ,9 ord] to secure a good impression f a die x is necess>y to apply x promptly1 & press )\t hesitat+ z to :]e to beg94 ,to ensure all p>ts ( ! tool be+ well impress$1 its surface is slightly curv$ l5g?wise1 & accord+ to ?is curve ! die mu/ be rock$ to & fro :il/ impress+4 ,if too mu* "t is wa/$ be=e ! die is appli$ ! impression w turn out light]4 ,by all[+ ! heat$ die to rema9 long on ! surface ( ! lea!r1 ! latt] loses its moi/ure at t place & ! die c\ld n produce any fur!r deep5+ ( ! col\r4 ,su* places mu/ be aga9 damp$ & tool$ until a uni=m tone is atta9$4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t ?is repetition does n produce d\bl+1 t is1 a blurr$ appe>ance ( ! design1 & also t x does n lead to indi/9ctness ( outl9e4 ,bl9d tool+ ^u light lea!rs is to-day call$ ^u to satisfy ! ne$s ( ! less weal?y j z x 0 #cjj ye>s ago1 = 9 su* a /yle ( decoration ! utmo/ durability & mod]ate co/ are comb9$1 & its v simplicity enhances its beauty4 ,fig4 #ge--;,half-calf extra tool$ 9 bl9d4 ,fig4 #gf--,lea!r b9d+ ) simple design 9 bl9d4 ,n[ = ! h& f9i%+4 ,x is fir/ ( all necess>y t we %\ld be able to lett] /raight1 at fir/ ^u a bo>d4 ,= ! tool+ ( long /raight l9es1 dott$ l9es1 or o!r /yle ( l9es ^u ! sides1 rolls are requir$1 ^u ! circumf]5ce ( :i* ! design is engrav$1 :il/ = tool+ ^u ! back ! s-call$ fillets are g5]ally us$1 :i* likewise are us$ only = l9es or patt]ns4 ,besides1 c]ta9 k9ds ( ornam5ts are "h pr9t$ ) dies--! r[s ( lett]s ) ! type-hold] 9 :i* ^! are set4 ,all ^! tools are heat$ ov] a flame--be/ ov] gas--to ! temp]ature suit$ to ! mat]ial op]at$ ^u4 ,to make ! gold adh]e1 ! mat]ial to be tool$ is siz$ or glair$ ) "o "p v9eg> to ?ree p>ts :ite ( egg well :isk$ or beat5 & filt]$1 z is done 9 block+4 ,o!r mat]ials = siz+ w be dealt ) lat]4 ,fig4 #gg--,simple gold tool+ on sides4 ,l9es are made along ! sides & at corn]s ( ! bo>ds1 especially on pap]-cov]$ bo>ds2 ?is is call$ runn+ a l9e up or fillet+4 ,! l9e to be gild$ is cle>ly m>k$ ) a %>p fold]1 pick$ out ) glair1 & ! gold1 :i* is tak5 up on ! roll1 is pr9t$ 94 ,fig4 #gh--,tool$ cov]4 ,! gold leaf is cut on ! cu%ion into n>r[ /rips ab\t #a cm4 wide1 & ! w>m 7ea* "t wip$ clean7 & slightly greas$ roll is lightly pass$ ov] x s t ! /rip ( gold adh]es to ! circumf]5ce ( ! roll1 & !n roll$ (f ) a firm & ev5 pressure on to ! place int5d$4 ,?is is n[ gone ov] ) a wool rag 7or gold rag71 & only ! pr9t$ l9e is left2 ! surplus gold rema9s 9 ! rag4 ,fig4 #gi--,specim5 ( tool+ done 9 ! ,duesseldorf ,te*nical ,s*ool4 ,ne> ! f9i%+ /ove %\ld /&--z also = bl9d tool+--a %all[ sauc] conta9+ wat] & also a common bru% simil> to ^? sold ) bottles ( gum4 ,a drop ( wat] is ?r[n f ?is bru% on to ! hot tool 9 ord] to te/ its heat4 ,clo? is pr9t$ ) fairly hot tools2 !y %\ld hiss a little :5 te/$4 ,goat-sk9 requires a heat almo/ suffici5t to produce hiss+1 :il/ hiss+ w\ld indicate too hot a tool = use on morocco1 & all %eep-sk9s w be> only mod]ate heat4 ,if ! roll 0 too hot1 ! gold w\ld h no brilliance1 & if too cold1 w\ld appe> brok54 ,calf requires ! same heat z clo?1 b quick work+1 especially on fir/ apply+ ! tool4 ,! roll has a long h&le :i* re/s aga9/ ! %\ld] :il/ held 9 ! "r h&4 ,:5 gett+ into position = an impression ! ?umb-nail ( ! left h& is us$ z a guide & support4 ,fig4 #hj--,lea!r b9d+ by ,oswald ,kob1 ,boz54 ,a l9e ar\nd a cov] is m>k$ out correctly ) divid]s & fold]1 pick$ out ) size1 & pr9t$ 9 gold 9 ! same way4 ,! rolls h a not*1 :i* is = />t+ & end+ at ! corn]s2 ^! mu/ always be jo9$ exactly4 ,rolls = two or m l9es mu/ pr9t ! corn]s p]fectly diagonal1 & = ?is purpose su* rolls are cut s z to pr9t a true diagonal corn]2 "o corn] be+ made = ! beg9n+ & ! o!r = ! end4 ,( c\rse x is impossible to pr9t long l9es ) only "o revolution ( ! roll4 ,! roll is run along ! l9e f />t+ po9t until ne> ! end1 lift$ (f1 & aga9 plac$ on ! spot j quitt$1 a little beh9d ! />t+ po9t ( ! roll1 s t ?is "p does n %[4 ,?is is repeat$ z (t5 z ! l5g? ( ! l9e necessitates4 ,9 ord] to secure good corn]s1 ! roll is lift$ j be=e rea*+ ! corn] & a corn] tool is us$ = ! corn] itself4 ,at no po9t %\ld "o be able to see :]e ! roll 0 set on or tak5 (f1 & ! result %\ld be a /raight1 ev5 l9e1 %[+ no trace ( inequality4 ,fig4 #ha--;,cov] ) laurel motive done 9 ! ,duesseldorf ,te*nical ,s*ool4 ,= s+le l9es1 ! gold is g5]ally tak5 up on ! previ\sly heat$ roll2 b 9 us+ wid] rolls x is bett] to lay ! gold on ) ! tip & press x well d[n ) surgical cotton wool4 ,places :]e ! gold did n /ick or :i* look gritty mu/ be siz$ afre% & once m tool$4 ,! beg9n] g5]ally f9ds t ! gold does n /ick at ! po9t :]e he beg9s1 a sure sign t he hesitat$ too long on comm5c+4 ,x has already be5 said t :ite ( egg is us$ = mak+ ! gold adh]e1 & !re are1 inde$1 v few mat]ials requir+ any o!r treatm5t1 yet we "k ( a numb] ( cases :]e :ite ( egg alone is insuffici5t to fulfil ?is purpose--n1 inde$1 because x is unsuitable1 b because ! quality ( ! lea!r is su* t ! :ite ( egg w\ld be absorb$ too quickly 7calf1 tann$ %eep7 or t x w\ld take badly & unequally4 ,j z c]ta9 k9ds ( lea!r are difficult to treat1 s also are old1 long-/ock$ sk9s4 ,if ! f9i%] kn[s t su* a piece ( lea!r lies be=e him1 he ought to rub x d[n on ! raw side ) be/ olive oil2 x w ?us receive a sub/itute = ! lo/ natural fatty matt] & become m supple4 ,?is oil+1 ( c\rse1 is only practicable ) d>k lea!rs1 z light lea!rs ne>ly always become d>k]4 ,a sk9 s treat$ %\ld be roll$ up & laid aside = a few days4 ,at any rate1 su* a defective lea!r is improv$ by a previ\s wa%+ ) size1 no matt] :e!r x be made f vellum1 gelat9e1 or glue4 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be made f ! commone/ k9ds ( glue1 z ^! make ! lea!r dull4 ,vellum cutt+s1 or gelat9e1 are soak$ ov]night 9 wat] suffici5t to cov]1 & next day dissolv$ 9 a sort ( glue-pot4 ,?is siz+ mu/ be us$ v ?9 & %\ld n be q cold4 ,9 us+ ord9>y glue1 two drops ( m$ium /r5g? to ab\t ?ree table-spoonfuls ( w>m wat] w suffice4 ,_m f9i%]s pref] ?9 pa/e wat] z a size1 ) :i* !y coat ! :ole surface2 p]sonally1 h[ev]1 ,i w\ld only recomm5d x = unpoli%$ calf--b "h !re is a real necessity = x4 ,9 ?is case x is lib]ally laid on 9 l>ge sweeps ) a sponge--n new1 & free f grit--& !n well rubb$ into ! pores ( ! lea!r ) ! ball ( ! h&4 ,! surplus is quickly wa%$ (f ) clean wat]4 ,l>ge surfaces left pla9 are also wa%$ ) gum tragacan?1 because ?is siz+ leaves no l9es beh9d4 ,ab\t #aj grammes ( tragacan? to #a_/d litre wat] are soak$ 9 a vessel1 & aft] swell+ x is well /irr$4 ,?is solution is also laid on ) a sponge1 b is n rubb$ 91 nei!r is x subsequ5tly wa%$ (f4 ,^! two me?ods ( siz+ w be f\nd suffici5t to meet all cases4 ,!re are c]ta9 mat]ials t d n all[ ! use ( a liquid siz+1 p>ticul>ly silk & velvet4 ,! latt] is no long] f9i%$ by h&1 & ev5 block+ velvet is n[ consid]$ bad /yle4 ,= gold tool+ on su* mat]ials gild+ p[d] is us$2 x is to be _h ei!r :ite or yell[1 b = h& tool+ ! :ite only is requir$4 ,al?\gh no exact rules c be giv5 = det]m9+ ! temp]ature ( ! tools us$ ^u ! v>i\s mat]ials1 yet we mu/ try to give a g5]al rule = ea* k9d4 ,we w use ! foll[+ t]ms to di/+ui% ! diff]5t degrees ( heat3 ,lukew>m1 i4e41 n ! slighte/ hiss+ :5 te/$2 m$ium1 i4e41 j on ! bord] ( hiss+2 hot1 slightly hiss+4 ,9 ! foll[+ gr\p ! me?od ( siz+ is repeat$1 & a s*eme = ! approximately exact temp]ature ( ! tools is giv54 ,clo?1 goat-sk91 & m>bl$ lea!r 7)\t previ\s siz+1 :ite ( egg73 m$ium heat4 ,%eep-sk9 & lamb-sk9 7glue size1 :ite ( egg73 m$ium heat4 ,calf 7:ite ( egg73 hot4 ,morocco goat 7)\t siz+1 :ite ( egg73 m$ium heat4 ,morocco1 ,levant morocco1 cru%$ morocco 7glue size--pa9t$ 91 :ite ( egg73 lukew>m4 ,pig-sk91 ,russia1 seal 7)\t siz+1 :ite ( egg73 lukew>m4 ,m5tion has already be5 made ( a wa% ( pa/e wat] = matt calf4 ,z a rule1 ! :ole surface is wa%$ ) ?is prep>ation1 z x is !reby r5d]$ less liable to f+] m>ks4 ,9 ! v be/ %ops !re is /ill ano!r me?od4 ,! lea!r is wa%$ d[n ) tragacan? & ! previ\sly impress$ design pick$ out ) :ite ( egg & quickly tool$ ) tools m$ium to hot4 ,vellum requires a special treatm5t4 ,on ! day be=e x is to be f9i%$ 9 gold x is wa%$ ) alum solution &1 = gold tool+1 siz$ ) undilut$ :ite ( egg & tool$ lukew>m4 ,:5 tool+ is done ) p[d] x is du/$ on by means ( a p[d]-box1 ov] :i* is /ret*$ "s ?9 mat]ial1 & tool$ lukew>m4 ,! great conv5i5ce 9 ! use ( p[d] induces _m b9d]s to adopt x = lea!r & clo? also4 ,?is practice is objectionable1 & ! consci5ti\s f9i%] w always avoid x4 ,x may be excus$ :5 a "n has to be pr9t$ on a ,pray]-book or simil> article 9 a hurry1 or :5 an article is already v>ni%$1 z p[d] 9 su* a case is v conv5i5t & satisfactory1 b "u any o!r conditions x is a sign ( incompet5ce4 ,tool+ ^u p[d] on lea!r looks v gritty & unsightly aft] hav+ und]gone _m *anges ( temp]ature1 z ! latt] greatly affects ?is mat]ial4 ,its brightness vani%es entirely--a ?+ t nev] happ5s :5 :ite ( egg has be5 us$4 ,x mu/ /ill be obs]v$ t tool+ ) lukew>m tools mu/ be done sl[ly1 & ) hot tools quickly4 ,ne>ly all inexp]i5c$ f9i%]s use too hot tools4 ,fig4 #hb--,lea!r b9d+ ) f]n motive done 9 ! ,duesseldorf ,te*nical ,s*ool4 ,s f>1 we h dealt ) ! prep>ation = f9i%+ & tool+ ) a roll4 ,besides ?is tool !re are fillets1 g\ges1 & dies1 all ne>ly ! same1 be+ dies1 & only diff]+ 9 %ape4 ,ne>ly all beg9n]s are unreasonably afraid to use ! g\ge4 ,any "o able to use ! roll prop]ly w h little difficulty ) ! g\ges4 ,a g5u9e te*nical difficulty does arise :5 only a small portion ( a curve may be work$ 7:i* frequ5tly happ5s7 on acc\nt ( its hav+ to be jo9$ to ano!r4 ,moreov]1 ! jo9+ ( "o curve to ano!r mu/ n be se54 ,e s+le g\ge ( ! complete set 7x %\ld conta9 at lea/ #bj pieces7 =ms ! qu>t] ( a circle4 ,! g\ges are *os5 accord+ to ! design1 s t ! tools plac$ !reon cov] ! outl9$ design exactly1 & ! tool numb]s are not$ on ! designs s t !y may be quickly & surely pick$ up :5 requir$ = use4 ,! tyro is apt to select sizes too l>ge & to pr9t ! curve slop+ in/ead ( p]p5dicul>2 ?is mu/ be gu>d$ aga9/4 ,d\ble g\ges are n easily us$ 9 ! same way1 z ! jo9+s _c be conceal$2 !y may be us$ = mak+ fir/ outl9es1 :i* mu/ be f9i%$ ) s+le curves4 ,fig4 #hc--,simple gold tool+ on squ>es4 ,faulty places mu/ be done ov] & ov] aga9 until ! :ole is p]fect & brilliant & all ! gold adh]+4 ,fillets are no?+ m ?an long n>r[ dies ( ei!r simple or ornam5tal l9es4 ,x is ! practice ( ! old s*ool to wid5 ! impression ( n>r[ fillets by cont9u\s rock+ ( ! h& to "r & left1 z !y are fond ( do+ :5 lett]+ ) a type-hold]4 ,?is practice is fundam5tally wrong4 ,"w f9i%$ 9 ?is way w nev] %[ ! quiet & uni=m brilliance 9 ! gold to be se5 9 "w :]e ! movem5t 0 only 9 ! direction ( ! dies & fillets4 ,besides tool+ ! front sides1 ! inside edges or squ>es are g5]ally ornam5t$ 9 extra "w4 ,a simple b v effective decoration = ! edge consi/s ( a l9e close to ! edge ( ! bo>d & also "o close to ! end pap] & a connect+ l9e at ! corn]2 su* an edge is previ\sly poli%$ ) a burni%]4 ,to d ?is ! lea!r is slightly damp$1 ! tool mod]ately heat$--n hiss+--& !n poli%$ ) long ev5 /rokes4 ,fig4 #hd--;,design 9 gold = squ>es4 ,tools by ,f4 ,clem5t1 ,leipzig4 ,figs4 #he & #hf--,two designs 9 gold = squ>es4 ,) ! help ( rolls & dies1 ev5 ri*] decoration may be produc$1 & really arti/ic ornam5t design$ & execut$ on ! inside z well z on ! outside cov]4 ,su* "w1 h[ev]1 does n come )9 ! limits ( ?is treatise4 ,we mu/ be satisfi$ ) giv+ a few illu/rations ( ! less elaborate designs4 ,rolls are v (t5 us$ 9 f9i%+ ! edges1 s z to fill up at once ! :ole wid? ( ! space1 & ab\t ?is we mu/ say a few words4 ,rolls ) a patt]n h1 z is kn[n1 no not*1 & !re=e may be us$ = a run on ( any l5g? )\t a break4 ,= small] m>g9s & *eap "w ! rolls are frequ5tly run ov] ea* o!r4 ,?is saves "t b x does n produce a nice effect1 z ! design is blurr$ at ! po9t ( cross+4 ,x is bett] to lay ! gold leaf on "o side & to remove x exactly at ! corn] & !n tool2 ! side next to x is n[ treat$ 9 exactly ! same way1 giv+ special att5tion to ! removal ( ! leaf at ! corn]4 ,! design is ?us made to jo9 toge!r at ! corn]s )\t cross+1 because ! roll w only leave its impression z f> z ! gold goes4 ,= extra "w1 h[ev]1 a die suit+ ! roll 9 wid? & design %\ld be *os51 & leav+ z mu* ( ! corn]s z ! die w cov] free f gold1 ! rema9d] ( ! surface is cov]$ ) ! leaf & tool$4 ,) a little skill1 ! roll c be tak5 up exactly :]e ! gold leaf ceases4 ,! edge is !n clean$ ) ! gold rag & fre% gold laid on = ! corn] die & !n tool$4 ,by ?is me?od ! design at ! corn] is correctly f9i%$4 ,figs4 #hg1 #hh1 & #hi--,?ree simple backs4 ,t1 d1 ,b ,title2 ,n1 ,t ,sub ,title4 ,gold tool+ on ! back is m difficult on acc\nt ( its convexity4 ,= ?is "w ! volume is plac$ 9 a little wood5 press :i* f9ds a place ^u ! b5*1 or 9 a special contrivance :i* c be screw$ to ! b5*4 ,fig4 #ij--,type-hold] ) c5tre position4 ,to ensure good results 9 tool+ ! back1 x is necess>y t ! "w to be done %\ld be accurately m>k$ out be=eh&4 ,! b&s are measur$ out by means ( ! divid]s if !y d n already %[ z rais$ b&s4 ,) a po9t$ fold] draw ?is trac$ design accurately ^u a /rip ( c>dbo>d4 ,bl9d l9es are made ^u clo? be=e ! latt] has become q dry2 9 o!r cases tool ! fir/ impression hot & vigor\sly1 pick out ! impression ) :ite ( egg1 & !n tool ) lukew>m fillets4 ,9 mak+ l9es1 ! fillets may be drawn to & fro1 :]eby a great brilliancy w be produc$4 ,gold l9es or ornam5tal fillets are pick$ out ) :ite ( egg & !n tool$ 9 gold4 ,= simple l9es ! gold is tak5 up f ! cu%ion2 = ornam5tal fillets ! gold is c>ri$ to ! back4 ,lett]+ ! back is an art 9 itself z reg>ds ! arrangem5t ( ! l9es1 b besides ?is x requires consid]able practical exp]i5ce4 ,! lett]s are compos$ & screw$ up 9 ! type-hold] = pr9t+4 ,! type-hold]1 ) ! lett]s1 mu/ nev] be plac$ ov] ! heat+ /ove1 = 9 ,g]many lett]s made ( lead are /ill mo/ g5]ally us$1 & ^! w\ld melt v quickly if plac$ ov] ! /ove4 ,moreov]1 ! lett]s %\ld be screw$ up j tight en\gh to prev5t _! fall+ out4 ,! heat exp&s !m & !y are !n lock$ q firmly en\gh 9 ! type-hold]4 ,9 arrang+ ! lett]s ! foll[+ g5]al rules %\ld be obs]v$3-- #a4--;,always use types f ! same f\nt 9 a title4 #b4--;,= books pr9t$ 9 ,go?ic 7black lett]7 type use ,go?ic lett]s2 = books pr9t$ 9 ,lat9 types use ! same = lett]+4 #c4--;,all l9es 9 a title %\ld be set ei!r 9 l[] case only or 9 caps4 only4 #d4--;,go?ic & ,lat9 9 a title are inconceivable4 #e4--;,except = abbreviations1 po9ts are no long] us$ 9 ! titles ( books1 n ev5 at ! end2 nei!r is a comma plac$ aft] ! au?or's "n4 #f4--,n[adays1 a %ort l9e is always made "u ! au?or's "n4 ,figs4 #ia1 #ib1 #ic1 & #id--;,f\r backs tool$ 9 ! ,duesseldorf ,te*nical ,s*ool4 ,z reg>ds ! l5g? ( l9e & *oice ( types1 ! foll[+ %\ld be obs]v$3 #a4--,! mo/ important ^w 7cat*-words7 %\ld be made prom95t by l>g] type or spac+4 ,fig4 #ie--;,gr\p ( backs tool$ 9 ,c>lsruhe ,te*nical ,s*ool4 ,figs4 #if & #ig--,two ri*ly decorat$ insides done 9 ! ,duesseldorf ,te*nical ,s*ool4 #b4--,! (t5] a %ort conjunction or article 7=1 !1 &1 or1 c47 is plac$ betwe5 ! l9es1 ! m effective w ! title be2 su* words mu/ be set 9 small] type4 #c4--,two l9es ( equal l5g? %\ld n come toge!r2 long & %ort alt]nat+ z mu* z possible4 #d4--,! au?or's "n is set 9 type a little small] ?an ! pr9cipal cat*-^w4 ,figs4 #ih1 #ii1 #ajj1 & #aja--;,f\r ri*ly tool$ backs4 #e4--,! lett]+ is mo/ effective :5 ! type is select$ & arrang$ s t x rises 9 size t[>ds ! middle l9e & !n decreases4 #f4--,unnecess>y l5g? t5ds to indi/9ctness2 ! be/ title tells :at ! book is 9 v few words1 & %\ld be easily read at a little di/ance4 ,fig4 #ajb--,ri* half-calf extra b9d+4 ,x is impossible to m>k out ! :ole ( ! title ) ! divid]s unless a specim5 copy is at h& f :i* ! spaces c be measur$4 ,! be/ guide is ! eye4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! l9es %\ld be equal2 a pla9 l9e is reckon$ z a l9e ( type & mu/ n be plac$ at half ! di/ance betwe5 ! l9es4 ,if a l9e ) lett]s hav+ long up/rokes 7lit]ature1 ho/ile1 latt]1 c47 foll[s "o )\t long d[n/rokes 7nev]1 m9]1 memoir1 c47 ! l9es mu/ come a little clos] ?an :5 a l9e hav+ long d[n/rokes 7poppy1 ,ganges1 c47 comes ov] "o hav+ long up/rokes4 ,9 ?is respect ! b9d] is 9 a m difficult position ?an ! pr9t]1 z ! latt] ne$ give no att5tion to ?is1 8 title nev] be+ s cramp$ into little space4 ,! effectiv5ess ( a lea!r back c be consid]ably height5$ by ev5ly smoo?+ & poli%+ ! title panel ) a burni%]4 ,su* a back ) ! title panel enclos$ )9 a squ>e ) only a f9e d\ble l9e at ! head & tail & also a f9e l9e close to ! head is p]haps ! be/ t an ord9>y bookb9d]y c produce4 ,x is ess5tial1 h[ev]1 t e detail %\ld be faultlessly execut$1 especially ! title4 ,tool+ a squ>e is frequ5tly done4 ,! beg9n] %\ld always use ! roll = ?is1 al?\gh tool mak]s produce l9e pieces = ! "w4 ,x is easi] to pr9t /raight ) ! roll ?an ) ! l9e pieces1 :i* require skill to use4 ,special att5tion %\ld be giv5 to jo9+s at corn]s1 s t nei!r gaps nor ov]lapp+ are se54 ,= ! re/ we h giv5 a numb] ( diff]5t designs ( backs 7pp4 #adi1 #aej1 #aea7 z well z a few ri*ly tool$ half-calf b9d+s1 & also two specim5s ( highly ornam5t$ insides 7p4 #aej74 ,figs4 #ajc & #ajd--,tool+ on heads4 ,! head & tail & edges are (t5 decorat$ 9 high] class "w4 ,( c\rse ! /yle ( f9i%+ is v limit$ on acc\nt ( ! smallness ( ! surface4 ,fillets & rolls are g5]ally us$ = ?is "w1 be+ work$ on ! cap z se5 9 ! illu/rations1 & always direct$ t[>ds a c5tral po9t4 ,! gold = ! head & tail & edges is cut to size on ! cu%ion1 ! edges slightly greas$1 & ! gold tak5 up by ! book itself4 ,! accompany+ illu/rations give sugge/ions = ! gild+ ( edges4 ,figs4 #aje1 #ajf1 & #ajg--,tool+ on ! edges ( ! bo>ds4 ,fig4 #ajh--,motive execut$ 9 ! ,duesseldorf ,te*nical ,s*ool4 ,l9+ is done on almo/ all books4 ,= ?is ! jigg] is us$4 ,x is heat$ s t x hisses slightly1 & ) "o quick & sure movem5t is drawn along ! /raight edge4 ,! l9e is drawn away f ! work]1 t is1 contr>y to ! way "o w\ld draw a l9e ) a lead p5cil4 ,l9es are drawn along pap]1 pa/ back & corn]s1 (t5 also "r r\nd ! edge1 ov] lea!r or clo? & cov]2 ! clos] to ! edge ! m effective ! l9e4 ,_m ( ! m co/ly books take a case to protect !m f injury4 ,= trade purposes ?is is simply cut f pla9 bo>ds & rema9s uncov]$4 ,fig4 #aji--;,case to protect book4 ,fig4 #aaj--;,cut-out case4 ,! p>ts ,a ov]lap & are ei!r pa/$ toge!r or wir$ ) ! ma*9e4 ,fig4 #aaa--;,book cov]4 ,fig4 #aab--;,cov] 9 case =m4 ,simil> cases ( ?9n] bo>ds--b cov]$--are made = hymn & pray] books4 ,!y are always pa/$1 cov]$ ) a d>k press$ pap]2 & ! edge at ! c5tre is cut ) a g\ge z se5 9 ! adjo9+ illu/ration 7,fig4 #aaj74 ,hymn & pray] books may at times h a cov]2 ?is w\ld be cut f /\t pap]1 g5]ally calf-lea!r pap]1 ! col\r ( ! case cov]+ 7,see ,fig4 #aaa74 ,cov]s made 9 case =m entail m "w 7,fig4 #aab74 ,! c5tre piece has a jo9t at ea* side2 ?is "p is1 !re=e1 cov]$ ) clo?1 :i* ext5ds ov] ! p>ts ,b & ,c1 all ! re/ be+ cov]$ ) d>k press$ pap]4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,acc\nt ,,books4 ,acc\nt books are n[adays almo/ always made by :olesale firms1 b !re are /ill1 n[ & !n1 consid]able ord]s giv5 to m$ium & small firms = special "w2 yet x is j 9 ^! small %ops t antiquat$ me?ods ( "w are /ill foll[$ to a c]ta9 ext5t1 to deal fully ) :i* w\ld require a volume 9 itself4 ,to-day1 ! me?ods g5]ally foll[$ are bas$ ^u ! pr9ciple t ! spr+ back1 rea*+ a f+]'s wid? ov] ! side1 mu/ "w /ronge/ on ! book itself1 & t su* a "o op5s be/4 ,^u ?is pr9ciple is bas$ ! untann$ lea!r spr+ back1 :i*1 be+ a pat5t1 has become a some:at exp5sive /yle4 ,x is *eap] to make up ! backs ) wrapp]s1 = :i* ma*9es are also to be _h2 b1 nev]!less1 ! pr9ciple is ! same1 & bo? answ] ! same purpose1 al?\gh ! =m] is light] & m durable2 x _c be d5i$1 h[ev]1 t aft] long use ! cov] works loose4 ,= acc\nt books1 only ! be/ & /ronge/ pap]--rul$ or pr9t$--is us$1 always accord+ to sample4 ,( c\rse1 ! "w ( rul+ c h>dly be consid]$ z com+ )9 ! scope ( ?is book4 ,! pap] is fold$ toge!r 9 sections ( ?ree to five %eets1 accord+ to ! ?ickness & quality ( ! pap]4 ,= heavy books a /rip ( jaconet is fold$ 9 ! middle ( ! inn] %eet ( ea* section be=e sew+1 &1 9 any case1 ?is %\ld be done ) e fir/ & la/ ?ree %eets4 ,! end pap] makes a section 9 itself1 :i*1 l all o!rs1 is tak5 up 9 ! sew+--x has previ\sly be5 atta*$ to ! ?ird section by means ( /rips ( jaconet4 ,9 ! end pap] a col\r$ fly leaf & l95 jo9t are pa/$4 ,figs4 #aac & #aad--;,end pap]s = acc\nt books4 ,! foll[+ is a practical way ( mak+ ! end pap]3-- #a4--,take a /rip ( l95 7n clo?7 ?ree f+]s wide1 & glue on n>r[ly two %eets ( pla9 pap] or pap] ( ano!r col\r1 & fold 9 ! middle4 #b4--,"o %eet ( a d\ble %eet ( :ite pap] is coat$ ) ?9 glue1 & ! h+$ leaf ,no4 #a is pa/$ to x4 #c4--,! end section is pa/$ 9 beh9d ! fir/ %eet ( ! fir/ section1 ! :ite %eet is pa/$ ^u ! second %eet ( ! rul$ pap]2 ar\nd ! :ole section a /rip ( jaconet is sewn1 or #c;a4--,a piece ( jaconet #a cm4 wide is s h+$ to ! :ite d\ble %eet ( ?is section t half ( x rema9s free2 9 ?is fold ! second section is sewn4 ,bett]-class "w int5d$ to s]ve = ye>s ( (fice use is aga9 be+ sewn ) ?read on tapes2 ! *eap] "w is ma*9e wire-/it*$4 ,9 h& sew+1 d\ble b&s--a wide1 /rong l95 tape--are us$1 end to end1 ( c\rse1 & ) /rong ?read4 ,! b&s are also /ret*$ ^u ! sew+ frame2 = folio1 at lea/ six are us$1 & = qu>to n less ?an f\r4 ,x has already be5 said t ! sections are sewn ?r\gh\t1 &1 fur!r1 t ! end section is likewise simil>ly sewn ) !m ?r\gh ! l95 jo9t--9 high class "w ) col\r$ cordonnet silk4 ,all %eets1 )\t exception1 are kettle-/it*$ at ! end4 ,l>ge books are n usually glu$ up ! :ole ( ! back1 b only at head & tail1 ) p]haps a little 9 ! middle2 !y are only completely glu$ up aft] hav+ be5 r\nd$ 9 ! press1 z ?is makes !m reta9 _! %ape long]4 ,if x is decid$ to d any m>bl+1 ! =e-edge is m>bl$ imm$iately aft] trimm+ x4 ,r\nd+ is m pron\nc$ 9 ?is ?an 9 ord9>y "w1 o!rwise ! spr+ back w\ld h no effect ) su* bulk1 & ! book w\ld easily g out ( %ape4 ,! acc\nt book is also press$1 b n 9 ! same way z pr9t$ books1 z ! =m] has its groove press$ q out4 ,aft] c>eful adju/m5t betwe5 bo>ds1 !y are squ>$ to ! edge ( ! fir/ & la/ %eet1 ! :ole lift$ into ! press1 & ! back glu$ ) v hot glue4 ,! b&s are g5]ally left outside ! bo>ds1 z !y w\ld leave m>ks too pron\nc$ on ! book if press$ inside4 ,aft] ! book has ?or\ghly dri$ 9 ! press1 x is cut at top & bottom1 m>bl$1 or "s o!r suitable treatm5t giv5 to ! edges1 & !n pa/$ up4 ,! clo?+ up ( ! acc\nt book is done ei!r ) s(t lea!r & pa/e or ) mole-sk9 specially prep>$ = ! purpose2 9 ! =m] case ! b&s are omitt$1 t is1 only ! p>ts betwe5 ! b&s are pa/$4 ,9 pa/+ up ) mole-sk91 only ! back may be glu$--nev] ! cov]+ mat]ial4 ,! cov]+ mat]ial has a loose ov]lap ( #d cm4 at ea* side4 ,acc\nt books take a /rong] headb& ?an o!r books2 x mu/ rea* on to ! bo>d1 :i* x b9ds to ! book4 ,= ?is purpose ! bo>d mu/ fir/ h be5 affix$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a ?9 b v /rong bo>d is laid--ab\t #a-a_/b mm4 f ! jo9t--^u ! fir/ %eet1 :i* has be5 completely coat$ ) glue2 ! b&s are pa/$ out ^u ?is bo>d1 z also are ! lea!r or beav] clo?+ ov]laps4 ,x is obvi\s t ?is ?9 bo>d is n /\t en\gh = ?is heavy book1 !re=e a second heavi] bo>d--or1 if necess>y1 ev5 a ?ird--is pa/$ to x2 b z ! back n[ goes ov] on to ! bo>d1 ! heavi] bo>d mu/ be set back suffici5tly to prev5t x f pu%+ into ! back :5 op5+ ! book4 ,z ! pa/+ toge!r ( ^! bo>ds makes !m v ?ick1 & su* ?ick bo>ds n be+ easily cut1 !y are g5]ally cut ! requir$ size be=eh&4 ,be=e pa/+ ! ?ick] bo>d ^u ! fir/ bo>d1 ! back is prep>$4 ,fig4 #aae--;,bo>ds cut out at head4 ,fir/ ( all1 ! headb&4 ,x is c>ri$ on to ea* bo>d #c cm4 deep1 & ! bo>ds mu/ !re=e be cut out ! same di/ance up to ! edge2 at ,a ! bo>d is bevell$ (f on ! inside4 ,n[ cut a piece ( col\r$ *amois lea!r--d>k r$ or gre5--#e cm4 wide & z long z ! di/ance f "o not* across ! back to ! o!r4 ,! back at ,b is n[ glu$1 ! /rip ( lea!r laid on s t x projects #a-a_/b cm4 beyond ! edge1 & ! ends at ea* side br\ght equally to ! bevell$ "p ,a4 ,at bo? sides ^! are pu%$ 9 "u ! ?9 bo>d & well pa/$ d[n1 :il/ ! piece project+ ov] ! edge is glu$ & turn$ backw>ds2 b 9 ord] to /r5g!n ! piece on ! back ( ! book1 a piece ( c>d z long z ! wid? ( ! back is laid 94 ,! back is select$ ei!r f ready-made undress$ lea!r backs ( suitable l5g? & wid?1 or is made on ! ma*9e4 ,! practice ( pa/+ ! backs at ! edges only does n seem satisfactory1 because on ! "o h& x does n give suffici5t spr+1 & on ! o!r ! s+le sections easily "w loose4 ,= pa/$ backs1 /\t wrapp]s are tak51 & ! /rips are cut s t ea* "o slightly ov]laps 9 wid? ! "o prec$+4 ,! glu$ & fitt$ /rips are ei!r press$ hot 9 ! r\nd+ press or put ?r\gh a roll+ ma*9e built = ! same purpose4 ,! f9i%$ backs %\ld be all[$ to dry = a %ort "t4 ,:]e !re is no ma*9e suitable = ?is "w1 ! backs mu/ be pa/$ into ea* o!r1 beg9n+ at ! outside1 & well rubb$ d[n ^u a bo>d made ) grooves ( v>i\s dim5sions4 ,! old] me?od ( pa/+ ! back+ ^u ! book itself is /ill foll[$1 al?\gh x does n produce ! firm ar* nor give su* a good %ape z ! =m] me?od4 ,:5 x mu/ be done1 ! foll[+ is ! way to proce$3 ,! size is tak5 by lay+ a piece ( pap] across ! back 7tak+ 9 #a_/b cm4 ( ! bo>d on ea* side71 & ) ! divid]s ?is measure is m>k$ out on a /rip ( wrapp+ pap]1 :i* mu/ be ! exact l5g? ( ! bo>d1 b wide en\gh to project ab\t a h&'s wid? ov] ea* bo>d4 ,s t ?is %\ld n h an unsightly appe>ance 9 ! book1 x is bevell$ along ea* side4 ,fig4 #aaf--,sugge/ion = acc\nt book back4 ,k--,p>$ edge2 ,t--,"p to be pa/$4 ,accord+ to ! measurem5t m>k$ by ! divid]s at top & bottom1 a rule is laid f a to a1 & along ?is a %>p l9e is drawn ) ! fold]1 & ! lappets project+ und]nea? ! rule are b5t upw>ds4 ,at ?is l9e ?us m>k$1 ! wrapp] is fold$ ov] & creas$ ) ! fold]4 ,a second p>allel l9e is made 9 ! same way1 ab\t #f to #g mm4 f>!r out1 f b to b4 ,! back ?us prep>$ is r\nd$ 9 ! middle "p2 a /rip ! size a to a might /ill be pa/$ 9 ! c5tre4 ,to fa/5 ?is to ! book1 bo? /rips are glu$ ) /rong glue f b to ! edge1 ! back br\ght into position1 glu$1 & press$ d[n4 ,f ?is x w be se5 t ! back /ret*$ across ! book is n glu$ on f a to b4 ,a few m pieces ( wrapp+ pap] are /ill glu$ on to ?is fir/ back to increase ! /r5g? ( ! ar*2 ea* "o is measur$ sep>ately aft] ! "o prec$+ x has be5 glu$ into its place1 always measur+ f a to a4 ,fig4 #aag--,sugge/ion = acc\nt book back4 ,su* backs d n adh]e q firmly1 & x is advisable to ins]t ano!r n>r[] glu$ /rip1 op5+ ! book 9 ! middle1 ( c\rse1 to d ?is4 ,aft] ins]t+ ! back1 ! book is clos$1 & ! back w n[ lie close & tight to ! book4 ,x is trimm$ at top & bottom ) a %>p knife & f9i%$ (f ) a rasp if necess>y4 ,! heavy bo>ds are h+$ on to ?is back4 ,!y are cut to fit1 &1 beg9n+ at ! fold b1 are plac$ s t ! edge ( ! bo>d /&s a little away f ! jo9t4 ,fig4 #aah--;,bo>d$ acc\nt book4 ,:]e x is possible to glue up hot1 ! back %\ld be made 9 advance4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ess5tial t ! spr+ back %\ld be slightly ov]-r\nd$1 t is to say1 t its ends %\ld fir/ be press$ out s t !y c be pu%$ on to ! back2 only ?us c x be really effective1 & mu/1 moreov]1 be %ap$ to ?ree-qu>t]s ( a circle4 ,an app>atus rec5tly put on ! m>ket = glue+ )\t heat1 solely by wrapp+ up 9 drill+1 is little bett] ?an a toy1 :i* saves nei!r "t nor mat]ial4 ,! inv5tor c h>dly be 9 ! trade--c]ta9ly n a practical work]4 ,! prep>$ backs are fa/5$ to ! books z foll[s3 ,cut a /rip ( /\t l95 s t x projects a little at ea* end & #c to #d cm4 at ea* side2 glue ! inside ( ! r\nd$ back ev5ly1 & !n fa/5 9 ! l95 /rip s t x projects equally at ends & sides4 ,at head & tail ! ends are br\ght ov] on ! outside1 & ! back ?us made is =c$ on ! book4 ,be=e do+ s1 a l9e %\ld be drawn on ! ?9 bo>ds ab\t #a-a_/b to #b cm4 f ! jo9t1 glue up to ?is l9e2 ! /rip ) ! back w\ld be drawn up at bo? sides & !n press$ d[n4 ,to make ^! backs lie clos]1 a /rip ( pack+ may simil>ly be ins]t$4 ,s !n ! same "w is done "h ) ! glu$-up backs z 9 ! old /yle ) ! pack$ spr+ backs2 "h ! back is j h+$ on clo?1 !re x is made f a piece ( wrapp]4 ,! ?ick bo>d is set on 9 ! same way z 9 ! o!r /yle ( "w1 set (f f ! glu$ back ab\t #a to #a-a_/b cm4 ,to fill up ?is space1 lay 9 ea* groove a piece ( cord ( suitable ?ickness :i* has be5 well pa/$1 rubb+ 9 ! pa/e q smoo?1 &1 aft] dry+1 pa/e ov] ) /\t pap]4 ,v ?ick books h a r clumsy appe>ance ) _! _m sup]impos$ bo>ds2 ?is is improv$ by bevell+ on all f\r sides ! upp] ?ick bo>d4 ,to protect ! book1 lea!r b&s are pa/$ on ! back1 also some?+ to add /r5g? is g5]ally put on at head & tail1 :i* is !n cov]$ ) specially /rong lea!r4 ,= cov]+1 l951 mole-sk92 = heavy & extra "w1 pig-sk9 & c[-hide are us$4 ,lea!r is1 ( c\rse1 always p>$ d[n1 ?or\ghly coat$ ) pa/e1 well /ret*$ ov]1 & well rubb$ d[n 9 all holl[s at ! jo9ts1 b&s1 c4--side panels are also let 9--& turn$ 94 ,:]e ! back disappe>s "u ! ?ick bo>d1 ! turn-9 is cut 9 almo/ up to ! edge at b ) %>p scissors2 if x 7 cut "r to ! edge x w\ld be visible1 :i* mu/ be avoid$4 ,= turn+-9 at ! head1 x is obvi\s t ! book mu/ lie op5 z 9 ! illu/ration4 ,fig4 #aai--,to %[ :]e turn-9 is to be cut4 ,! corn]s ( acc\nt books mu/ always be r\nd$4 ,metal corn]s on acc\nt books are clumsy1 damage ! writ+ desks & o!r books com+ into contact ) !m1 & ev5 :5 us+ ! be/ mill-bo>ds x is impossible to fix !m s firmly t !y w n "w loose 9 ! c\rse ( "t4 ,9 _! /ead1 lea!r corn]s & gu>ds may be fix$1 :i* are frequ5tly ta/efully f9i%$ 9 bl9d or gold4 ,fig4 #abj--;,h& numb]+ ma*9e4 ,all books = (fice use are ei!r folio$ or pag$1 i4e41 ei!r ea* page or ea* %eet gets a consecutive numb] 9 ord] to facilitate ref]5ce f ! index4 ,?is may be done ei!r by ! h& numb]+ ma*9e or by ! l>g] ma*9e work$ ) a treadle4 ,9 bo? cases ! figures succe$ ea* o!r automatically :il/ pr9t+4 ,x is always advisable to d ?is "w be=e b9d+1 z x is !n easi] &1 besides1 !re is less *ance ( ! fre% ink smudg+ :5 ea* s+le %eet ( ! sections is pu%$ up4 ,! manipulation ( ?is app>atus is s simple t fur!r explanation seems sup]flu\s4 ,:]e b\nd books h to be pag$1 small pieces ( blott+-pap] mu/ be laid betwe5 ! %eets to prev5t smudg+4 ,! manufacture ( gu>d books = bills1 lett]s1 c41 comes into ! same dep>tm5t z ! mak+ ( acc\nt books4 ,gu>ds are cut #d cm4 wide & fold$ 9 sixes along ! middle1 & sewn ) /rong ?read1 end to end1 ^u a /rip ( l95 /ret*$ ^u a piece ( wrapp] to :i* b&s h be5 pa/$ to fur!r /r5g!n4 ,! sections are sewn toge!r at int]vals ( ab\t #b cm41 s z to all[ room = ! pap]s t are to be pa/$ 94 ,! /iff back ) ! sewn-on gu>ds is n[ pa/$ into a cov]1 :i* is made ) a back measurem5t z se5 9 ! illu/ration4 ,an ins]tion = ! back is n cut = ?is purpose1 b ! two bo>ds are h+$ toge!r ) a /rip ( /iff pap] some:at wid] ?an ! back4 ,! book is !n provid$ ) a l95 or mole-sk9 back & corn]s1 cov]$ ) pap]1 &1 aft] ! gu>d$ back has be5 pa/$ 91 is l9$ ) pap]4 ,if x is int5d$ to gum ! gu>ds1 ! gumm+ %\ld be att5d$ to be=e ! sew+4 ,! gu>ds are fann$ up slightly & bru%$ ) gum-dextr9e1 to :i* a little sug> & a few drops ( glyc]9e h be5 add$1 s t :5 dry ! gum %\ld n be too brittle4 ,fig4 #aba--,sugge/ion = back ( gu>d book4 ,= all su* "w a ?umb index is g5]ally requir$2 ea* page takes "o or m lett]s1 or a specification is giv51 accord+ to :i* ! b9d] c\nts (f ! numb] ( pages requir$ = ea* lett]--,x & ,y be+ "h exclud$4 ,n[adays1 ! indices are cut ) index %e>s1 :i* n only regulates ! dep? ( ! index b also avoids ! acute angles :i* are s easily torn 94 ,comm5ce cutt+ f ! back1 t is1 ) ! ,z2 ?is1 be+ ! la/ lett]1 is n cut out4 ,!n c\nt (f ,w1 cut ) ! %e>s1 & cut (f :at rema9s bel[ to ! bottom edge ) a %>p knife1 to d :i* a n>r[ ?9 bo>d is slipp$ und]nea?4 ,! fur!r y proce$ t[>ds ,a1 ! long] is ! /rip :i* has to be cut out ) ! knife4 ,:5 ! excisions = ! :ole alphabet h be5 made1 ! lett]s are pa/$ on4 ,^! are sold ready pr9t$1 & n[adays are almo/ always 9 "o piece = back & front4 ,! pr9t$ %eet ) ! alphabet is glu$ or gumm$ on ! back1 &1 aft] dry+1 ! alphabet is creas$ l5g?wise & ei!r cut s or pun*$ out ) a suitable tool4 ,! s+le lett]s are damp$ & /uck 9 position4 ,"o might also ins]t a /rip ( z9c aft] ! cutt+ 9 ( ! lett]s & cut ! l5g? at once4 ,*eap] k9ds ( acc\nt books = tempor>y use are (t5 made ) fix$ backs2 ! pack+ is simply omitt$1 b ! head & tail are pa/$ a little to make ! turn-ov] hold bett]4 ,no matt] :e!r ! cov] be ( lea!r or clo?1 pa/e mu/ be us$1 z ?is ensures ! back adh]+ /rongly to ! book4 ,su* a me?od ( b9d+ c be recomm5d$ = music4 ,portfolios = draw+s1 c41 are (t5 requir$2 ! bo>ds are h+$ toge!r ) pap] z previ\sly describ$ = gu>d books1 ! inside ( ! back l9$ ) clo?1 & ! outside cov]$ ) lea!r or clo?4 ,! turn-9 is pa/$ ov] ! l9$ back4 ,fig4 #abb--,patt]n = du/ flaps4 7,le9w& ,l95 h+e47 ,if books are to be made s t !y c be fa/5$1 slits mu/ ei!r be made ) a *isel1 ?r\gh :i* ! tape ends are drawn f ! outside to ! inside & !re pa/$ d[n1 or else small r\nd eyelet holes are made1 & !n proce$ z be=e4 ,du/-pro( flaps are h+$ on to ?ree sides ( a ?9 bo>d ) /rips ( l95 9 ! foll[+ /yle1 & l9$ & cov]$ sep>ately4 ,! body itself is likewise made ( ?9 bo>d4 7,see ,fig4 #abb47 ,! :ole arrangem5t is pa/$ on to ! back bo>d ( ! portfolio4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,s*ool ,,books ,,& ,,m\nt+4 ,! s*ool book1 p]haps ! mo/ despis$ bran* ( "w 9 ! b9d]y1 has unju/ly come to be treat$ z a sort ( /ep-*ild by bookb9d] & booksell]4 ,al?\gh ev]y?+ has be5 cut d[n z f9ely z possible z reg>ds pap] & pr9t+1 yet ! co/ ( b9d+ mu/ also be cut d[n1 & a pr(it on ! :ole is /ill look$ =4 ,?us x is t s*ool books c only be produc$ by ma*9]y4 ,fold+1 sew+1 bo>d cutt+1 trimm+1 & lett]+ are all done exclusively by ma*9]y4 ,all f9i%+ "w1 press+1 headb&+1 decorat+ ! pap] cov]s1 h fall5 (f4 ,! cov] is always made 9 advance & ! book fix$ into x4 ,a good goat-sk9 is seldom us$ = ! back1 almo/ always split %eep-sk91 !reby also sav+ p>+1 or ! s-call$ split horse-hide4 ,^! latt] are put on ! m>ket 9 v>i\s col\rs & gra9s & are well suit$ = ! "w4 ,a ?ird-rate m>bl$ pap] is us$ = cov]+1 z prices are n giv5 = bett] k9ds4 ,a /\t smoo? pap] is /rongly recomm5d$ = end pap]s4 ,frequ5tly1 9 ! small] t[ns1 !re are /ill produc$ ,bible hi/ories1 cate*isms1 & ! l 9 half-lea!r b9d+s1 tann$ %eep-sk91 ! sale ( :i* is likely to be l>ge & assur$ = _m ye>s4 ,! :ole sk9 mu/ be damp$ & well /ret*$ previ\s to cutt+ out1 9 ord] t x may be cut into backs to ! be/ advantage4 ,! backs are laid on top ( ea* o!r & press$ out 9 ! wood5 press betwe5 two old bo>ds to remove all sup]flu\s moi/ure4 ,! edges are !n p>$ ) a %>p knife1 ! backs pa/$1 lay+ e two ) pa/$ sides toge!r to prev5t _! dry+1 & ! books fix$ 9 ! lea!r backs4 ,= ?is purpose ! books are set 9 bo>ds previ\sly cut to size4 ,9 ?is case ! books take tight backs2 ! jo9ts are well rubb$ d[n ) ! fold]4 ,?9n] volumes 9 clo? h likewise tight backs4 ,! clo? = ! backs is cut into /rips ( h&y l5g? z wide z ! l5g? ( ! backs mu/ be1 is glu$ & cut a suitable wid? ) a knife ^u ! cutt+ bo>d1 measur+ ) ! eye4 ,rec5tly1 ! s-call$ tak+ (f1 z practis$ 9 fancy goods "w1 has be5 adopt$ = ! sake ( its clean] & neat] results 9 pa/+ & glue+ cov]s4 ,a l>ge z9c plate is coat$ ) glue1 nei!r too ?ick nor too ?91 ! cov] is laid face d[nw>ds & tak5 up1 s t x is ev5ly coat$ all ov] ) ! glue or pa/e4 ,! "w requires "s practice1 b x is v quick &1 above all1 is neat & clean4 ,! bo>ds are laid ^u ^! /rips by a work] 7all[+ = ! ?ickness ( ! back71 turn$ 9 at top & bottom by a second work]1 & ! books at once fix$ 94 ,! backs1 /ill damp1 fit v well to ! books1 ! jo9ts are well rubb$ 92 cov]+ & pa/+ on are done aft]w>ds4 ,:]e h& sew+ mu/ be done1 ! end pap]s %\ld be fir/ atta*$ to ea* fir/ & la/ section1 d\ble 9 front1 s+le at ! end4 ,sew+ %\ld nev] be ^u two b&s only b on ?ree at lea/1 bett] ^u f\r1 s t ! two middle ones c be *ang$ ea* "t4 ,9 ord] to exp$ite ! scrap+ ( ! b&s1 ! ?reads are untwi/$ be=e pull+ out f ea* o!r1 ! loose end ne$ n exce$ #a-a_/b cm41 z a long b& holds no bett] ?an a %ort "o1 c>e be+ tak5 t x is always firmly pa/$ d[n4 ,! drawn-out volumes are plac$ 9 bat*es on top ( ea* o!r1 all b&s ly+ outw>ds4 ,! project+ ends are well bru%$ ) a h>d bru%1 :i* r5d]s !m easy to scrape d[n4 ,if x is int5d$ to pa/e d[n ! b&s1 ! :ole ( ! ends might n[ be pa/$1 ! books lift$ (f "o by "o1 & ! b&s pa/$ ov] on to ! end pap]4 ,x is bett] to leave ! ends free & to pa/e d[n :5 glue+ up4 ,!y !n become m ?or\ghly saturat$ ) ! pa/e & are press$ at once1 & ?us jo9 ! bo>ds s mu* bett]4 ,x may be m5tion$ t s*ool books ) tight backs are m la/+ ?an ) holl[ backs1 no matt] :e!r lea!r or clo? be us$4 ,m\nt$ articles1 i4e41 plac>ds1 maps1 draw+s1 c41 to be m\nt$ on bo>ds or l951 are frequ5tly s5t to ! ord9>y b9d]y4 ,?+s to be m\nt$ on bo>ds mu/ be m\nt$ :ole1 ^? t are to be roll$ up or fold$ are m\nt$ on l954 ,plac>ds are g5]ally pr9t$ on v /\t pap]1 & ^! %\ld be well damp$ ^u ! back ) sponge & wat] be=e pa/+1 & only :5 ! pap] is p]fectly limp & /ret*$ %\ld ! pa/+ be done1 o!rwise creases are sure to be caus$ by ! /ret*+ ( ! pap] aft] m\nt+4 ,a piece ( pack+ pap] ! size ( ! plac>d to be m\nt$ mu/ also be pa/$ ^u ! back ( ! m\nt+ bo>d to prev5t ! bo>d f draw+4 ,only :5 ! m\nt+ is complet$ may ! m\nt be cut to size &1 if necess>y1 b\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,b9d+ corn]4 ,?is b9d+ is done by m>k+ ) ! divid]s a bord] ab\t #a-a_/b cm4 wide along ! trimm$ edge & lay+ a pa/$ /rip ( col\r$ pap] &1 turn+ x ov]1 draw+ x on to ! back ) a piece ( clean wa/e pap]1 & well rubb+ d[n4 ,at ! corn]s ! /rip is cut obliquely1 z 9 ! case ( a book1 nipp$1 & turn$ 94 ,?is is done at ! fir/ two sides ly+ opposite to ea* o!r4 ,at ! o!r side ! /rip is laid n q up to ! ends & cut ) ! %e>s slightly obliquely1 s t ! f9i%$ corn] appe>s z 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration4 ,( c\rse1 :5 su* "w is done 9 l>ge quantities1 ano!r me?od is foll[$4 ,= ?is ! bo>d w\ld be cut to size1 back & front--#a cm4 n>r[] & %ort]--likewise1 & ! bo>ds b\nd be=eh&4 ,! /rips are n turn$ 9 at ! corn]s ( ! fir/ two sides1 b ! :ole side is rubb$ d[n & ! ends cut flu%4 ,! /rips = ! o!r two sides are cut to size1 at ! same "t cutt+ (f ! corn]s obliquely at bo? sides1 !n pa/$ & drawn ov] ! edges4 ,:5 m\nt+ on l>ge surfaces1 "o p]son alone is n able to d ! "w--!re mu/ be "s "o to r5d] assi/ance4 ,su* l>ge pieces are always rubb$ d[n "u a piece ( /\t pap]4 ,z ! h& _c pass ov] ! :ole surface ev5ly & easily1 a l>ge piece ( wa/e pap] roll$ into a ball & held firmly 9 ! h& is us$ = rubb+ d[n4 ,fig4 #abc--;,eyelet+ ma*9e4 ,! f9i%$ plac>d is plac$ betwe5 bo>ds to dry4 ,= hang+ !m1 ei!r eyelets ) r+s z sold are us$ or two holes1 ab\t #e cm4 ap>t1 are pun*$ ) ! eyelet pli]s 9 ! middle ( ! top edge & eyelets clamp$ 9 ) ! pun* pli]s4 ,= do+ l>ge quantities x is advisable to procure a ma*9e1 ! small ,eyelet+ ma*9e1 :i* pi]ces & clamps ! eyelet at ! same "t4 ,m\nt+ plates1 plans1 draw+s1 or maps on clo? is done 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,pap] c only be prop]ly m\nt$ ^u a v tightly /ret*$ l95 or cotton mat]ial2 l95 be+ g5]ally us$ 9 ,engl&4 ,:]e su* "w is frequ5tly to be done1 s-call$ draw+ bo>ds ought to be at h&4 ,^! are wood5 bo>ds1 be/ :5 made to fit into ea* o!r s t !y c be enl>g$ to suit ! "w 9 h&4 ,figs4 #abd to #abg--,%[+ /ages ( p9n+ d[n = /ret*+4 ,! bo>d mu/1 ( c\rse1 be p]fectly clean on ! /ret*+ side1 o!rwise ! back ( ! m\nt$ article w\ld be soil$4 ,if necess>y1 ! surface may be cov]$ ) wa/e pap] be=e /ret*+4 ,! mat]ial %\ld be left ab\t #e cm4 l>g] all r\nd = conv5i5ce ( /ret*+ & work+4 ,! /ret*+ is be/ done ) draw+ p9s1 :i* may be us$ aga9 & aga9 = ! same "w4 ,! me?od ( /ret*+ is z foll[s3 ,wov5 fabrics /ret* less 9 direction ( ! w>p ?an ! wo(1 !re=e /ret*+ is begun 9 ! =m] direction4 ,! mat]ial is fix$ ) p9s at two corn]s ( "o side1 /ret*+ x firmly at ! same "t4 ,! mat]ial w be drawn outw>ds a little on ! /ret*$ side 7,fig4 #abd74 ,to c\nt]act ?is1 a p9 is fix$ 9 ! middle ( ! opposite side1 aft] hav+ pull$ ! mat]ial ov] s t ! side ,a =ms a /raight l9e4 ,! :ole side ,a is !n p9n$ d[n1 ! p9s n be+ m ?an #e cm4 ap>t 7,fig4 #abe74 ,n[ draw out ! p9 on ! ,b side & p9 d[n ! :ole side1 firmly /ret*+ ! mat]ial all ! :ile1 beg9n+ at ! middle & work+ t[>ds ! sides 7,fig4 #abf74 ,! ?ird side is p9n$ d[n by fir/ fix+ a p9 9 ! c5tre1 !n 9 ! c5tre ( ! halves to "r & left1 !n proce$+ ) ! small] divisions 9 ! same fa%ion4 ,! mat]ial is pull$ f> en\gh to =m a /raight l9e 7,fig4 #abg74 ,! la/ side is well /ret*$ & p9n$ d[n z j describ$4 ,9 ?is way a surface n only entirely free f wr9kles & creases is produc$1 b ! texture ( ! mat]ial w run /raight4 ,9 m\nt+ ^u clo?1 special c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! pap] is p]fectly limp & flexible2 b ?is mu/ n be due to its hav+ be5 too ?ickly coat$ ) pa/e4 ,l>ge wall maps made up ( _m pieces mu/ be v c>efully damp$ & mu/ be all[$ to lie damp a long "t4 ,att5tion mu/ be giv5 to ! col\rs1 :i* are apt to run1 & also to ! prop] fitt+ ( ! v>i\s pieces1 z ^! h (t5 be5 /ret*$ 9 v>i\s ways 9 ! li?ographic press1 or ?r\gh irregul> dry+ h tak5 unequal sizes4 ,damp+ & pa/+ mu/ be repeat$ to help to rem$y ?is until ! :ole fits toge!r p]fectly4 ,maps to be fold$ mu/ be cut into sections ( suitable size4 ,9 ord] t !y may fold toge!r well1 ! v>i\s pieces are set slightly ap>t1 ! horizontal l9es slightly less 7#a-a_/b mm471 ! longitud9al some:at m1 :]e !re are _m p>ts up to #c mm4 ,p]fect fitt+ is "h ess5tial1 & to insure ?is x is advisable to m>k out ! divisions ) ! fold] & rule4 ,?is is n necess>y = small maps1 ! eye w !n be suffici5t guide4 ,?or\gh rubb+ d[n is absolutely necess>y to make e "p adh]e4 ,:5 p]fectly dry1 ! mat]ial is tak5 f ! /ret*]1 ! edges accurately trimm$1 & ! map fold$ ^u ! cross l9es into "o long /rip1 & !n ?is /rip is fold$ ov] 9 zigzag fa%ion to ! giv5 size4 ,! appe>ance ( su* a map is greatly improv$ by %>ply press+ a:ile1 = :i* a z9c plate %\ld be ins]t$ betwe5 ea* fold4 ,su* maps are (t5 plac$ 9 a small light case ( c>dbo>d cov]$ ) clo?1 or a light cov] is made1 into :i* ! map is s pa/$ at ! back bo>d t x lies ready = use :5 op5$4 ,pa9t+s1 draw+s 9 col\r1 or wa% draw+s cause exceptional difficulties1 z ! moi/ure ( ! pa/+ m$ium t5ds to dissolve or make ! col\rs run4 ,9 su* cases small] %eets are plac$ betwe5 %eets ( damp blott+ pap]1 & x is /uck ^u ! pa/$ und]side4 ,:5 ! object p]mits x1 x is glu$ on )\t previ\s damp+4 ,l>ge trac+s pres5t ! greate/ difficulties z ! pap] /ret*es v mu* &1 on acc\nt ( its delicacy1 is n easily manipulat$ & is liable to crease4 ,su* "w requires sev]al h&s4 ,x is necess>y to h cle> pa/e1 q free f knots1 :i* has be5 ?9n$ to ! consi/5cy ( ?ick pea-s\p4 ,:5 at all practicable1 ! trac+ itself is pa/$ twice1 ! fir/ pa/+ w make ! pap] /ret* & ! second ensures a prop] coat+ ( pa/e4 ,two p]sons lift ! trac+ & turn x ov] 7= v l>ge pieces f\r p]sons are requir$72 ! %eet is laid d[n at "o corn]1 ! o!r ?ree be+ held up1 & ! :ole g5tly l[]$ little by little4 ,"o p]son rubs x d[n sl[ly1 proce$+ f ! fir/ corn] & c>efully avoid+ creases & bubbles4 ,) su* big jobs x is (t5 impossible to avoid te>s ne> :]e x is held by ! f+]s ( ! work]s unless timely precautions aga9/ ?is are tak54 ,! simple/ way is to pa/e /rips ( pap] & to /ick ^! on ! f\r corn]s ( ! pa/$ side ( ! trac+ & to take hold ( ^!4 ,^! /rips are remov$ z ! rubb+ d[n progresses1 mak+ sure1 h[ev]1 t !re is /ill en\gh pa/e left on ^! places4 ,trac+s are always m\nt$ ^u :ite pap]1 ev5 ?\gh x has aft]w>ds to be cut or m\nt$ on clo?4 ,maps t h to be prep>$ = hang+ on walls are always provid$ ) a roll] at top & bottom2 ^! may be /a9$ & v>ni%$ or cov]$ ) col\r$ pap]4 ,! m\nt$ maps are glu$ & tack$ to ! half-r\nd roll]s4 ,:]e all r\nd roll]s are us$ !y %\ld be ord]$ 9 halves4 ,! edges ( ! map are glu$ betwe5 & ! two halves !n nail$ toge!r4 ,r+s are screw$ into ! top roll] = hang+1 & also a few tapes to tie up ! roll$ map if requir$4 ,plates & maps1 z also plac>ds1 are also v>ni%$4 ,v>ni%+ is n[adays always done ) _s v>ni%1 :i* is conv5i5t = work+4 ,all pap]s _c be simply v>ni%$ & done )--! nature ( ! pap] mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,all siz$ & *romo pap]s may be v>ni%$ )\t prep>ation4 ,_m note-pap]s1 especially unsiz$ & copp]plate pap]s1 mu/ fir/ be siz$1 :i* prev5ts ! res9\s p>ts f p5etrat+ & ?us avoids grease spots4 ,! be/ ( all means is glue or gelat9e2 ! =m] turns ! pap] some:at yell[4 ,a ?9 solution is made1 :i* is laid on w>m ) a l>ge sponge 9 long quick /rokes4 ,:]e col\r or ink is to be dealt )1 no p>ts %\ld be t\*$ twice or ! col\rs w be effac$4 ,a second coat+1 h[ev]1 may be giv5 aft] ! fir/ has dri$4 ,! _s v>ni% to be us$--call$ map or photo v>ni%--is /ill too ?ick z sold4 ,x is ?9n$ ) #ij _s ( w9e to ! requir$ consi/5cy until x runs easily f ! bru%4 ,wide v>ni% bru%es ) lead fa/5+s are us$4 ,two coats ( ?9 v>ni% are bett] ?an "o coat ( ?ick4 ,,conclusion4 ,our "w is n[ f9i%$4 ,! au?or has endeav\r$ to deal only ) :at comes )9 ! sph]e ( practical bookb9d+4 ,at ! pres5t "t !re is a %>p divid+ l9e drawn betwe5 :at we may call ! practical & arti/ic bookb9d+4 ,to :atev] height ( p]fection ! latt] may /ill rea*1 x only beg9s :]e ! practical bookb9d] has complet$ 8 "w faultless 9 e detail4 ,a bad b9d+ does n become a "w ( art :5 x has _h its ext]ior arti/ically decorat$1 x r calls =? condemnation on its bad =w>d+ & wa/$ skill 9 f9i%+4 ,yet 9 spite ( ! sep>ation ( ! practical f ! arti/ic 9 b9d+1 x c\ld h>dly be possible--:]e ! two are s closely connect$--t ! latt] %\ld n n[ & !n be t\*$ ^u4 ,%\ld ! int5tion ( issu+ a book on arti/ic b9d+ 9 =m simil> to ?is be c>ri$ out1 x w\ld also be necess>y to ref] occasionally to ! practical side ( b9d+4 ,to-day we look 9 va9 9 ! ord9>y b9d]y = ! _m little extra jobs :i*1 =m]ly1 7 ! l>ge/ portion ( ! "w 9 arti/ic b9d+4 ,all ! little jewel cases1 c>d cases1 cig> cases1 c41 :i* made ! w9t] mon?s ( ! b9d]--z late z ! sixties & sev5ties--! busie/ & mo/ pr(itable mon?s ( ! ye>1 h vani%$ f our work%ops1 z also h ! m\nt+1 c41 ( embroid]ies & wom5's "w4 ,z a result1 ! numb] ( ^? able to execute ^! m9or works ( ! art b9d] has gr[n small]4 ,?is bran* ( "w1 :i* at "o "t seem$ insep>able f our trade1 has p>tly become a sep>ate indu/ry 9 itself & has p>tly be5 drawn into o!r special trades :]e ! "w c be done bett] & *eap] by o!r means4 ,!re=e ! lett]+ ( portable articles--spectacle cases1 cig> cases1 purses1 pocket-books--is no long] done2 su* ?+s--:]e !y are n made to /ock--are made by ! lea!r work]1 ?is also hav+ pass$ away f ! b9d]4 ,?is cont9ual loss ( "w orig9ally ours--n m>k$ by decades n[ b by /ill %ort] int]vals--%\ld make all bookb9d]s reflect4 ,! "q no long] is ,h[ to prev5t x8 b ! m f>-rea*+ "o3 ,h[ to face ! fact8 ,! only possible way is = e ma/] bookb9d]--hav+ reg>d to prevail+ conditions--to imm$iately put all 8 skill & en]gy into "s special bran* ( ! trade4 ,) ?is good c\nsel we w\ld l to s5d =? ?is little book4 ,at ! pres5t "t !re are few small t[ns inde$ :]e "o day #ej clo? cases h to be turn$ out1 to-morr[ half a doz5 books to be b\nd 9 half-calf extra1 next day #ej fancy boxes1 & !n1 p]haps1 a few f9e velvet-cov]$ cases4 ,%\ld !re really be f\nd su* conditions /ill exi/+1 no workman w\ld be f\nd--ow+ to our mod]n sy/em ( tra9+--able & will+ to "w "u su* conditions4 ,^? possess+ ! ess5tials 9 an art craftsman--inf9ite pa9s1 neatness & exactness--are sure to make rapid progress4 ,:at is /ill requir$--an eye = col\r & good ta/e--are easily acquir$1 = mu* ( ! bookb9d]'s "w is bas$ on exp]i5ce & example4 ,he :o sees mu*1 especially new ?+s1 w soon be able to reproduce ! ?+s se51 & w1 moreov]1 soon le>n to di/+ui% betwe5 good & bad4 ,ab\t ta/e1 s-call$1 x is n wor? :ile argu+1 z ta/e is mo/ly dictat$ by fa%ion & is (t5 fa%ionable folly4 ,! ?\ghtful craftsman1 h[ev]1 %\ld be q cle> z to ! pr9ciples det]m9+ :at is to be p]mitt$ & :at reject$ 9 8 own "w2 = ! re/ he may foll[ ! lead ( fa%ion--he mu/1 9 fact1 if 8 "w lies mu* 9 t way4 ,our conclusion may1 !re=e1 be summ$ up 9 ^! words3-- ,let ! mo/ pa9/ak+ neatness & ?or\ghness be ! ma/]s ( ea* "o4 ,no man c d ev]y?+2 he :o c d some?+ well1 does mo/4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,index4 ,,page4 ,acc\nt books1 #aeg ,alum wa% = m>bl+1 #gb ,alum9ium1 #g ,arm5ian bole1 #h1 #ge ,back1 tool+ on1 #adg ,backs1 l9+ up1 #abj ,backs = acc\nt books1 #afb ,back+1 #eh ,back+ ma*9e1 #aa1 #ei ,b&s1 treatm5t (1 #hg1 #ij ,beat+1 #cj ,b9d]y1 arrangem5t (1 #i ,bl9d tool+1 #acj ,block+1 #ajc ,block+ press1 #aa1 #aje ,blood s]um1 prep>ation (1 #ha ,blood s]um = block+1 #aab ,bo>ds1 #e ,bo>ds = acc\nt books1 #afj ,bo>d cutt+1 #hf ,bo>d-cutt+ ma*9e1 #aj ,bo>d+1 #hg ,bo>d+ acc\nt books1 #afc ,bole1 #h ,bole = edges1 #ge ,book-m>k1 #h ,b\quet m>bl+1 #fi ,bronze1 #g ,bronze1 block+ 91 #aag ,bru%es = glue1 pa/e1 c41 #c ,burni%+ gilt edges1 #gg ,calf1 #f prep>ation = block+1 #aaj treatm5t 9 f9i%+1 #adb ,c>rage5 moss = m>bl+1 #fd ,case to protect book1 #aee ,case "w1 #ic1 #ie ,celluloid1 #g ,clasps1 #h ,clo? jo9ts1 #de ,clo?1 treatm5t 9 f9i%+1 #adb ,clo?+-up acc\nt books1 #aei ,collat+1 #bh ,col\r block+1 #aae ,col\r$ edges1 #fc ,comb m>bl+1 #fh ,cord = sew+1 #d ,cords1 di/ribution (1 #db ,corn] pun*+ ma*9e1 #aa ,corn]s1 #if1 #ajj ,c\nt+ (f1 #ah ,cov]+1 #aai ,c[hide1 #f ,cru%$ morocco1 #f ,dextr9e1 #c ,d\blure1 #aec ,draw+s1 m\nt+1 #aga ,du/-pro( flaps1 #afh ,edges1 col\r+1 #g f9i%+1 #fb m>bl+1 #g ,edges ( bo>ds1 tool+1 #aec ,end pap]s1 #e1 #dc1 #abg = acc\nt books1 #aeh pa/+ d[n1 #abd ,end-to-end sew+1 #di ,eyelet+1 #agb ,eyelet+ ma*9e1 #aa ,eye m>bl+1 #fi ,fillet1 use (1 #add ,f9i%+1 #abi ,f9i%]'s tools1 #aj ,fold+1 #ac ,=w>d+1 #ac ,fr5* m>bl+1 #ga ,ga!r+1 #bj1 #bh ,gelat9e1 #c ,gelat9e size = block+1 #aaa ,gild]'s tip1 #ge ,gild+ edges1 #gc p[d]1 #adb p[d] = block+1 #aaa ,glair1 #h ,glair = block+1 #aaa f9i%+1 #ace gilt edges1 #gf ,glue1 #b ,glue-bru%1 #c ,glue-pot1 #c ,glue+-up1 #ea ,glue+-up acc\nt books1 #afc ,gold1 #g cu%ion1 #ge knife1 #ge leaf1 lay+ on1 #ge1 #hj sub/itute =1 #ha ,g\ge1 use (1 #adc ,grey bo>ds1 #e ,gu>ds1 #dd ,gu>ds = plates & maps1 #bd ,gu>d-books1 #afe ,guillot9e1 #aj ,gum1 #c ,gum tragacan?1 #ada = m>bl+1 #fe ,head & tail1 #af tool+1 #aec turn+ 91 #aba ,headb&1 #h1 #ha ,headb&s = acc\nt books1 #afj ,heat appli$ 9 block+1 #aac ( tools 9 f9i%+1 #acg1 #ada ,holla5d]+1 #cb ,holl[ backs1 #hg ,imitation rais$ b&s1 #aai ,index cutt+1 c41 #aff ,inset1 #ag ,insides1 tool+1 #aec ,is+lass1 #c ,jigg]1 use (1 #aed ,jo9t1 #dd ,kettle /it*1 #di ,knock+-up1 #ah ,krems] m>bl+1 #ga ,lay+ on gold leaf1 #aab ,lea!r us$ 9 b9d+1 #f1 #ajj p>+1 #ig prep>ation = f9i%+1 #adj bo>ds1 #e1 #he ,lett]+1 #adh 9 block+1 #ajh ,levant morocco1 #f ,l95 jo9ts1 #de ,l9+ = case "w1 #ajb ,ma*9e sew+1 #d ,maps1 m\nt+1 #aga pa/+ 91 #bc roll]s =1 #agf ,m>ble pap]s1 #e ,m>bl$ edges1 #g1 #fc ,metal corn]s1 #afd fa/5+s1 #i ,metric sy/em1 vi4 ,middles1 #e ,millbo>ds1 #he ,morocco1 #f treatm5t = f9i%+1 #adb ,m\nt+1 #aga ,numb]+ ma*9e1 #afe ,ov]ca/+1 #ci ,ov]ca/ end pap]s1 #df ,oxgall = m>bl+1 #ff ,p>+ lea!r1 #ig ,pa/e1 #a ,pa/e-edge1 #fc ,pa/+1 #bb bo>ds1 #c d[n1 #abd ,peacock m>bl+1 #fi ,pig-sk91 treatm5t = f9i%+1 #adb ,plates1 fold+1 #bf pa/+ 91 #bc ,pl\gh1 #ee ,portfolios1 #afg ,presses1 #aj ,press+1 #ai ,pull+ to pieces1 #cf ,quires1 books 91 #af ,re-b9d+1 #cf ,regi/] 9 fold+1 #ad ,relief block+1 #aad ,repair+1 #cf ,roll1 use (1 #acf1 #ade ,roll+1 #bi ma*9e1 #aa1 #ca ,r\nd+1 #eg ma*9e1 #aa1 #eh ,russia lea!r1 treatm5t = f9i%+1 #adb ,saw+-91 #da ma*9e1 #dc ,s*ool books1 #afi ,scrap+ edges = gild+1 #gd1 #gi ,seal sk91 treatm5t = f9i%+1 #adb ,sew+1 #dj1 #df = acc\nt books1 #aei cord1 #d frame1 #cc ma*9e1 #eb tapes1 #d ?read1 #cd ,%eep sk91 treatm5t = f9i%+1 #adb ,sides1 #aja ,signatures1 #ac ,silk end pap]s1 #f ,size = block+1 #aaj old lea!r1 #adj = v>i\s mat]ials1 #adb ,spr+ back1 #hh ,spr9kl$ edges1 #fb ,squ>es1 #hf tool+1 #aec ,/raw-bo>ds1 #e1 #he ,tape1 sew+1 #d ,?read1 sew+1 #d ,tools1 #i ,trac+s1 m\nt+1 #age ,tri*9al m>bl+1 #ga ,trimm+1 #ed ,turki% m>bl+1 #gj ,turn+-91 #if1 #aba on acc\nt books1 #afd ,two-%eets-on sew+1 #di ,ty+ up1 #abc ,v>ni%1 #h ,v>ni%+ maps1 c41 #agf ,vellum1 treatm5t = f9i%+1 #adb ,velvet1 #f ,:ite ( egg1 see ,glair4 ,wire sew+ & /apl+1 #d1 #ce ,wire sew+ & /apl+ ma*9es1 #aa1 #ce1 #eb ,wood5 bo>ds1 #e ,,engrav+ ,,= ,,illu/ration4 ,,hi/orical ,,& ,,practical ,,notes4 ,by ,,joseph ,,kirkbride4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #gb pp4 #b ,plates4 #f ,illu/rations4 #aijc4 ,price #bs4#f;d42 ,abroad #cs4 ,/rictly ,net4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,glue ,,& ,,glue-,,te/+4 ,by ,,samuel ,,rideal1 ,d4,sc4 ,lond4 #ad ,illu/rations4 #add ,pages4 ,demy #hvo4 #aijj4 ,price #ajs4#f;d42 ,india & ,briti% ,colonies1 #aas42 ,o!r ,c\ntries1 #abs4 ,/rictly ,net4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,seal+-,,waxes1 ,,waf]s1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,adhesives ,= ! ,h\sehold1 ,(fice1 ,work%op1 & ,factory4 ,by ,h4 ,c4 ,,/&age4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #if ,pages4 #aijb4 ,price #es42 ,india & ,briti% ,colonies1 #es4#f;d42 ,o!r ,c\ntries1 #fs4 ,/rictly ,net4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,?r\gh ,,all ,,booksell]s1 ,,or ,,po/ ,,free ,,( ,,scott1 ,,gre5wood ,,co41 #ai ,ludgate ,hill1 ,london1 ,e4,c4