,a ,,greek ,,prim] ,= ,beg9n]s 9 ,new ,te/am5t ,greek by ,wallace ,n4 ,/e>ns image3 logo ,,! ,,me?odi/ ,,book ,,conc]n ,,new ,,york ,,c9c9nati ,copyright1 #aiad1 by ,,wallace ,n4 ,,/e>ns ,a s*ol>ly k ( ,greek requires "s "t & ef=t4 ,e prea*] & tea*] ( ! ,new ,te/am5t books w\ld be greatly help$ by be+ able ev5 to ref] to ! diction>y & to pick out ! critical notes 9 a high-grade comm5t>y4 ,9 _m in/ances memory has gr[n dim1 & !re is ne$ ( "s n too pret5ti\s guide to a new beg9n+4 ,out ( _m su* exp]i5ces ?is meag] outl9e has come1 an attempt built up on ! old maxim1 ,d n 9 ! beg9n+ attempt too mu*4 ,,sugge/ions #a ,le>n pr9ciples4 ,language prec$$ gramm>1 & ! latt] is at be/ a g5]alization ( ! =m]4 #b ,le>n words4 ,acquire a vocabul>y4 ,! fir/ /ep is to "k words &1 fur!r1 to "k !m 9 _! ,greek dress4 #c ,read al\d4 ,! e> l5ds effici5t help to ! eye4 ,!re is an indef9able sw+ ev5 to ,greek prose t facilitates /udy4 #d ,commit passages--h[ev] brief--to memory4 ,bett] ?an rules is a fund ( actual examples1 /or$ up 9 ! memory1 ( ,greek z x 0 spok5 & writt54 #e ,) ?is outl9e ! text ( ! =? ,gospel %\ld be us$ f ! />t 7see notice on next page7 = /udy1 read+ al\d1 & = memoriz+4 #f ,rememb] t 9 ! end all me?ods avail little4 ,! way to d a ?+ is to d x4 ,,abbreviations ,,us$ ,b4 ,m4 ,t4 ,burton's ,new ,te/am5t ,moods & ,t5ses4 ,bt4 ,babbit's ,gramm> ( ,attic & ,ionic ,greek4 ,g4 ,gild]sleeve's ,syntax ( ,classical ,greek4 ,gl4 ,goodell's ,s*ool ,gramm> ( ,attic ,greek4 ,g4 ,m4 ,t4 ,goodw9's ,greek ,moods & ,t5ses4 ,gn4 ,goodw9's ,greek ,gramm>4 ,h4,a4 ,hadley & ,all5's ,greek ,gramm>4 ,useful beg9n+ books are3 ,huddil/on's ,ess5tials ( ,new ,te/am5t ,greek 7,macmillan1 #fe c5ts74 ,! ,gospel ( ,john 9 ,greek1 issu$ by ! ,massa*usetts ,bible ,society 7#aj c5ts a copy74 ,m\lton's ,brief ,diction>y ( ,new ,te/am5t ,greek 7,h9ds & ,noble1 #a4jj72 or ,gre5's ,greek-,engli% ,lexicon to ! ,new ,te/am5t 7) supplem5t4 ,ha/+s1 ,bo/on1 #ge c5ts74 ,i4 ,,! ,,alphabet #a4 ,9 le>n+ a new alphabet att5tion ne$ be paid only to su* lett]s z are n already "k4 ,( ! ,greek alphabet only twelve *>act]s are unfamili>3 ,a1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 a1 b1 g1 d1 1 z1 1 ?1 i1 k1 l1 m1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 771 1 1 1 1 1 1 n1 ks1 1 p1 r1 s1 t1 u1 ph1 *1 ps1 1 ,note4--,! small lett]s1 mo/ us$1 %\ld be le>n$4 ,! capital lett]s may be le>n$ z !y occur4 #b4 1 are always %ort2 1 1 always long2 1 1 1 sometimes long1 sometimes %ort4 z a 9 fa!r4 z i 9 ma*9e4 z a 9 papa4 z i 9 p94 z e 9 fete4 z o 9 note4 z e 9 met4 z o 9 obey4 equals approximately eu 9 feud or ! ,fr5* u4 ,note #a4--;,9 diph?ongs ) a long v[el is subscrib$4 ,note #b4--;,z 9 music1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 long & %ort is "o ( "t1 z musical notes image ,a diff]5ce 9 quality actually appe>s 9 pronunciation4 ,note #c4--;,a diph?ong is c\nt$ long4 ,b 9 det]m9+ acc5t f9al -- & -- are c\nt$ %ort except 9 ! optative mode & 9 a few words1 1 4 ,bt4 #c-d2 ,gl4 #e2 ,gn4 #e2 ,h4,a4 #i-aa4 #c4 ,! consonants are classifi$3 7#a7 ,mutes-- ,smoo? ,middle ,r\gh ,) s ,labial1 ,palatal1 ,l+ual1 7#b7 ,liquids-- 1 1 1 1 z 9 ,engli%1 77 is a sibilant4 7#c7 1 1 are call$ d\ble consonants4 ,bt4 #ab2 ,gl4 #ch2 ,gn4 #ah-bb4 ,,syllables #a4 ,!re are z _m syllables 9 a ^w z !re are sep>ate v[els & diph?ongs4 #b4 ,consonants are pron\nc$ ) succe$+ v[els3 -1 --1 ---4 ,:]e two consonants occur toge!r1 !y are n sep>at$ at ! beg9n+ ( a ^w or 9 ! case ( comb9ations t d occur at ! beg9n+ ( ! words4 ,g4 #ig2 ,h4,a4 #ia4 ,,ii4 ,,acc5t ,acc5t occurs on "o ( ! la/ ?ree syllables1 & repres5ts to ! eye ! movem5t ( ! voice 9 pron\nc+ words4 ,its practical value is to indicate ! /ress ( ! voice 9 read+4 ,note #a4--;,acc5t =ms are ?ree 7acute 1 grave 1 & circumflex 7 & may be summ>iz$ ?us3 ,%ort ultima antep5ult %ort p5ult long p5ult ultima ,long ultima p5ult ultima or ,note #b4--;,9 composition acute acc5t on ! la/ syllable becomes grave4 ,note #c4--;,acc5t is (t5 arbitr>y4 ,rules indicate :]e acc5t may 7n mu/7 occur4 ,,iii4 ,,brea?+s ,words beg9n+ ) a v[el are pron\nc$ ) or )\t aspiration 7initial h74 ,aspiration is indicat$ by ! sign 7 71 7hoti74 ,unaspirat$ syllables are m>k$ 7 71 7ook74 ,am]ican him is im2 horse is orse4 ,engli% im is im2 orse is orse4 ,note #a4--;,brea?+ /&s ov] ! v[el3 9 a diph?ong1 ov] ! second v[el 7acc5t also /&s ov] ! second v[el1 & prec$es ! brea?+74 ,bt4 #h2 ,gl4 #f2 ,gn4 #aa4 ,note may be made ( ! m>ks ( punctuation3 comma 7171 colon 771 int]rogation 7271 p]iod 7474 ,,iv4 ,,decl5sions #a4 ,!re are ?ree numb]s2 s+ul>1 dual1 & plural4 ,9 late ,greek ! dual is less frequ5t & except ! num]al 1 does n occur 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,bt4 #gd2 ,gl4 #eg2 ,gn4 #aee2 ,h4,a4 #abc4 #b4 ,! five cases are ! nom9ative1 g5itive 7equals (1 or a possessive71 dative 7equals to1 =1 )71 accusative 7equals ,engli% objective71 vocative 7z 9 direct address74 ,bt #gd2 ,gl4 #ei2 ,gn4 #afj2 ,h4,a4 #abc4 #c ,! o- decl5sion 7/ems end 9 --o--74 ,s+4 ,dual ,plural 7r>e 9 late ,greek7 ,mas4 ,neut4 ,mas4 & ,neut4 ,mas4 ,neut4 ,nom4 -- -- -- -- -- ,g54 -- -- -- -- -- ,dat4 -- -- -- -- -- ,acc4 -- -- -- -- -- ,voc4 -- -- -- -- -- 7or same z ,nom47 7#a7 ,mascul9e n\ns 7& a few fem99es7 end 9 - 9 ,nom4 ,s+43 ,neut]s end 9 -4 7#b7 ,! /em ( an --o-- n\n may be f\nd by dropp+ ! case-end+ & add+ ! /em v[el --o--4 ,bt4 #gf2 ,gl4 #fb2 ,gn4 #aib2 ,h4,a4 #acc4 ,examples ,det]m9e /em 9 ea* ( ! foll[+ words & affix ! above case-end+4 ,note *anges 9 ! acc5t & ! reasons !re=4 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 4 ,translate & con/rue3 #a4 7says7 4 #b4 4 #c4 7is call$7 4 #d4 7071 7hav+1 )7 4 #e4 4 #d4 ,! a- decl5sion 7/ems end 9 --a--74 ,s+4 ,dual ,plural ,fem4 ,mas4 ,fem4 & ,mas4 ,mas4 & ,mas4 ,nom4 --1 -- --1 -- -- -- ,g54 --1 -- --1 -- -- -- ,dat4 --1 -- --1 -- -- -- ,acc4 --1 -- --1 -- -- -- ,voc4 --1 -- --1 -- -- -- 7#a7 ,fem99e n\ns 9 ! ,nom4 ,s+4 end 9 -1 -1 or -2 mas4 n\ns1 9 - or -4 7#b7 ,9 ! g54 s+41 mas4 n\ns end 9 -4 7#c7 ,except 9 ! g5itive1 f9al - 9 ! s+4 is %ort :5 n prec$$ by 1 1 or 1 o!rwise long4 7#d7 ,if 9 ! mas4 ! - is prec$$ by 1 1 or 1 7note #c71 ! fem4 s+4 nom4 ends 9 -1 o!rwise 9 -4 ,bt4 #gf2 ,gl4 #ff2 ,gn4 #aga2 ,h4,a4 #acb-c4 ,examples--z 9 #a 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 4 ,translate & con/rue3 #a4 1 4 #b4 7is7 4 #c4 4 #d4 4 #e4 4 #f4 1 4 #g4 4 #e4 ,! ,consonant decl5sion 7/ems end 9 a consonant74 ,) ^! are gr\p$ 9 ! gramm> 7#crd decl5sion7 n\ns ) /ems 9 1 1 or a diph?ong4 ,s+4 ,dual ,plural 7r>e 9 late ,greek7 ,mas4 & ,fem4 ,neut4 ,fem41 ,mas41 & ,neut4 ,mas4 & ,fem4 ,neut4 ,nom4 --1 or - - -- -- -- ,g54 -- -- -- -- -- ,dat4 -- -- -- -- -- ,acc4 --1 or -- - -- -- or -- -- ,voc4 --1 or -- - -- -- -- 7#a7 ,necess>y "h is ! table ( mutes & _! =ms :5 comb9$ ) -s4 7,i1 #c1 #a47 7#b7 ,all ?ree g5d]s occur 9 ?is decl5sion4 7#c7 ,9 g54 plural ( monosyllabic n\ns 7z 9 ---- n\ns7 ! acc5t is --3 9 datives dual & plural ( tones we h --1 --1 --1 & --4 ,bt4 #gf2 ,gl4 #ih2 ,gn4 #bbe2 ,h4,a4 #acb-c4 ,examples--z 9 #a 7/em -71 7-71 7-71 7-71 7-71 7-71 774 ,translate & con/rue3 #a4 4 #b4 7is74 #c4 7become74 #d4 4 #e4 4 #f4 4 #f4 ,^! case-end+s hold = all 7except indecl9ables :i* und]go no *anges7 sub/antives1 adjectives 7includ+ ! def9ite article71 pron\ns1 & p>ticiples 7see v]bs74 ,e4 g43 ,relative ,pron\ns ,def9ite ,article ,s+4 ,mas4 ,fem4 ,neut4 ,mas4 ,fem4 ,neut4 ,nom4 ,g54 ,dat4 ,acc4 etc4 etc4 ,bt4 #add-i2 ,gl4 #bad2 ,gn4 #dba2 ,h4,a4 #bgb-e4 ,! p]sonal pron\ns1 z 9 o!r languages1 are m irregul>1 ! sev]al p>ts be+ traceable to diff]5t /ems4 ,fir/ ,p]son1 ,i ,second ,p]son1 ,?\ ,s+4 ,plural ,s+4 ,plural ,nom4 - - ,g54 - - - ,dat4 - - - ,acc4 - - - ,bt4 #aci2 ,gl4 #aid2 ,gn4 #chi2 ,h4,a4 #bfa4 ,translate & con/rue3 #a4 7art74 #b4 7ha/7 4 #c4 7"o cry+7 4 ,v4 ,,! ,,v]b3 ,,conjugation #a4 ,9 ! /udy ( ! v]b f\r po9ts are to be consid]$3 /em2 t5se-signs2 !me v[els 7%ort 9 indicative1 imp]ative1 inf9itive1 & p>ticipial modes2 long 9 ! subjunctive & m]g$ 9 a diph?ong 9 ! optative72 & p]sonal end+s4 #b4 ,! /em is ! basic "p ( ! inflect$ ^w4 ,to ?is are app5d+ ! v>i\s signs1 z above1 :i* 9 v]b analysis mu/ aga9 be cut (f4 ,e4 g41 --1 ,i honor1 /em 4 ,bt4 #aeg-fa2 ,gl4 #bdh2 ,gn4 #djd-g1 #aec2 ,h4,a4 #aec4 #c4 ,! t5ses ( ! v]b are call$ prim>y or second>y z !y h to d ) pres5t 7or future7 or pa/ "t4 ,tak+ ! v]b z a model we h3 ,prim>y ,second>y ,pres5t1 /em - ,imp]fect1 /em - ,future1 /em - ,aori/1 /em - ,p]fect1 /em -- ,plup]fect1 /em -- ,future p]fect1 /em - ,bt4 #afb2 ,gl4 #caa2 ,gn4 #gag2 ,h4,a4 #cgb4 #d4 ,! future t5ses 7future1 future p]fect7 are indicat$ by a 7 _/7 app5d$ to ! /em1 z -1 -1 ----1 ----4 ,bt4 #bab2 ,gn4 #ffb2 ,gl4 #bgg2 ,h4,a4 #cgb4 #e4 ,! p]fect t5ses 7p]fect1 future p]fect1 plup]fect7 are indicat$ by 7#a7 ! d\bl+ ( ! /em 7i4 e41 repeat+ ! initial consonant ) --71 & 7#b7 9 ! active voice by an affix$ ---- 7cf4 ,lat9 --v--74 ,e4 g41 - p]f4 -- 7= --74 ,note #a4--;,if ! v]b beg9s ) a middle or r\gh mute1 ! r$uplication occurs ) ! correspond+ smoo? mute 7cf4 ,i1#c74 ,e4 g41 -- 7= --74 ,bt4 #afb2 ,gl4 #bhg2 ,gn4 #dee2 ,h4,a4 #cjj-c4 #f4 ,second>y t5ses are indicat$ g5]ally be ! prefix --1 e4g41 ---1 -----4 ,9 case ! v]b itself beg9s ) a v[el1 ! initial v[el is l5g!n$4 ,e4g41 --1 ---4 ,bt4 #aga-b2 ,gl4 #bfd1 #bic2 ,gn4 #dfe1 #c2 ,h4,a4 #ced-g4 #g4 ,! !me v[el imm$iately foll[s ! /em4 ,9 ! indicative x is ---- be=e & 1 o!rwise ----2 9 ! subjunctive1 ----or ----2 9 ! optative 7mode v[el71 ---- or ---- 7aori/ passive indicative1 ----74 ,e4 g41 ---1 ---1 --1 --1 --1 --4 ,bt4 #aei-fj2 ,gl4 #bid-e2 ,gn4 #efh1 #gai1 #gcj2 ,h4,a4 #cgb4 7#a7 ,9 aori/ t5ses except second aori/ & aori/ passive1 ! !me v[el is ----4 7#b7 ,9 ! p]fect active ! !m v[el is ----1 9 ! plup]fect active x is ----4 7#c7 ,9 ! plup]fect middle & passive ! !me v[el is omitt$4 ,e4 g41 ----1 ----1 -----1 --1 ---4 ,bt4 #bja1 #bbb-d2 ,gl4 #bgi1 #bhh-i1 #bih2 ,gn4 #ffi1 #fhb-c1 #fih2 ,h4,a4 #dbh1 #ddf1 #dei1 #dfa-c4 #h4 ,! sign ( ! passive voice is (t5 ----1 sometimes l5g!n$ to ---- 9 conjugation1 e4 g41 ----4 ,bt4 #bca-b2 ,gl4 #cjb2 ,gn4 #gjg2 ,h4,a4 #dfh4 #i4 ,! p]son ( ! v]b is indicat$ by a lett] or syllable 79 orig9 a p]sonal pron\n7 add$ to end ( v]b4 ,e4 g41 --1 ---4 #aj4 ,! middle & passive voices are alike except 9 two t5ses1 ! future & ! aori/4 ,bt4 #afg2 ,gl4 #bfc2 ,gn4 #eeb2 ,h4,a4 #cgf-hj4 #aa4 ,!re are two sets 7or d\ble sets7 ( p]sonal end+2 "o set = ! active 7prim>y & second>y7 t5ses1 & "o = ! t5ses ( ! middle & passive 7except second aori/ & aori/ passive74 ,bt4 #aff2 ,gl4 #bfc1 #bga2 ,gn4 #eea-c2 ,h4,a4 #cge4 #ab4 ,! p]sonal end+ may be %[n ?us3 ,prim>y ,t5ses ,s+4 -- -- -- -- -- -- ,dual -- -- -- -- ,plur4 -- -- -- -- --77 -- ,second>y ,t5ses ,s+4 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ,dual -- -- -- -- ,plur4 -- -- -- -- -- -- 7#a7 ,! long]1 s(t] end+s g5]ally indicate middle or passive voice4 7#b7 ,9 v]bs z 9 n\n ! dual is less frequ5t 9 lat] ,greek4 #ac4 ,! end+s ( ! active p>ticiple to indicate g5d] are respectively --1 --1 --4 ,! =m -- is ( ! fir/ decl5sion2 ! o!rs 7--1 ,gn4 #be2 ,gl4 #aai7 are ( ! ?ird4 #ad4 ,middle p>ticiples are ( ! fir/ & second decl5sions & may be recogniz$ by ! syllable ----4 ,e4 g41 ---4 #ae4 ,! active inf9itive regul>ly ends 9 -- -- !me v[el ----1 contract$1 --74 ,e4 g41 - 7= --74 ,! passive & middle 7i4e41 :5 us$ z passive7 inf9itives regul>ly end 9 --4 ,e4 g41 --1 ---4 ,! aori/ passive inf9itive ends 9 --4 ,e4 g41 --4 ,bt4 #afg2 ,gl4 #afb1 #bgc1 #bge2 ,gn4 #cja1 #ccd4 #af4 ,v>iations f ! regul> =ms occur 9 ! end+s ( ! imp]ative3 ,active ,middle & ,passive ,s+4 #b4 --1 aori/ -- 7--1 --7 -- aori/ -- 7contracts ) con4 v[els --7 #c4 -- -- ,dual #b4 -- -- #c4 -- -- ,plur4 #b4 -- -- #c4 -- 7or 7 -- 7or --7 ,bt4 #afg2 ,gl4 #bgj-b2 ,gn4 #gdf2 ,h4,a4 #cgf4 #ag4 ,! pr9cipal p>ts ( ! v]b 7:i* %\ld be memoriz$7 are ! fir/ p]son s+ul> ( ! active indicative pres5t1 future1 fir/ aori/1 & p]fect2 ! middle p]fect2 & ! passive aori/4 ,bt #afb-c2 ,gl4 #caa2 ,gn4 #dfb-e2 ,h4,a4 #cjd;c4 #ah4 ,a small class ( v]bs 7ab\t equal to ! numb] ( irregul> v]bs 9 ,engli%7 reta9 ! m primitive p]sonal end+s 7e4g41 act4 ind4 pres4 s+41 --1 --1 --1 rema9s ( old pronom9al =ms74 ,( su* are --1 --1 --4 ,bt4 #bea-h2 ,gl4 #cgb-d2 ,gn4 #ejj-eji2 ,h4,a4 #dgf-ib4 #ai4 ,c]ta9 v]bs ) v[el /ems1 z -1 -1 -1 by contraction ) initial v[els 9 ! p]sonal end+s assume =ms n f\nd 9 ! regul> v]b p>adigms4 ,e4 g41 -1 2 --1 2 ---1 -4 ,bt4 #bdh-ej2 ,gl4 #cac-ae2 ,gn4 #dib-id2 ,h4,a4 #ccg-da4 ,= *anges 9 acc5t see3 ,bt4 #fe2 ,gl4 #bi1 ,gn4 #aag2 ,h4,a4 #cg-ci4 7#a7 ,^! =ms are be/ /udi$ z !y occur by ref]5ce to ! gramm>s4 ,,vi4 ,,sequ5ce #a4 ,x is a pr9ciple 9 ,greek1 z 9 o!r languages1 t a c]ta9 relation mu/ hold betwe5 ! v]bs ( dep5d5t clauses & ^? ( ! indep5d5t clauses on :i* !y are bas$4 #b4 ,9 ,lat9 ! sequ5ce is "o ( t5ses1 prim>y t5ses dep5d+ on prim>y t5ses & second>y t5ses on second>y t5ses4 ,b 9 ,greek ! t5ses ( ! dep5d5t modes d n1 9 g5]al1 express di/9ctions ( "t4 ,g4 ,m4 ,t4 #ghe1 #bj4 #c4 ,9 ,greek ! subjunctive 9 dep5d5t clauses is treat$ 7usually7 z ?\gh x 7 a prim>y mode3 ! optative z ?\gh x 7 a second>y mode4 ,e4 g43 ,b 9 ! ,greek ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 7,b4 ,m4 ,t4 #agd1 #bei1 #cdd7 & 9 ,lat9 7,hale & ,buck's ,lat9 ,gramm>1 #dei7 !re is n optative 9 use1 & ! above di/9ction 9 modes no long] exits4 ,bt4 #eag1 #b2 ,gl4 #ffb2 ,gn4 #ddh1 #abdi1 #abfg2 ,h4,a4 #hgf4 ,! tr5d ( sequ5ce is f ! prim>y t5ses ( ! indicative ?r\gh subjunctive & optative 9 t ord] to ! pa/ t5ses ( ! indicative4 ,see "u ,,vii4 ,,vii4 ,,! ,,conditional ,,s5t5ce #a4 ,a conditional s5t5ce is "o t assumes :at may or may n be true 79 reality71 & bases on x "s o!r /atem5t 7i4 e41 ! supposition is assum$ to be true74 ,bt4 #fjj-a2 ,gl4 #fde2 ,gn4 #acha2 ,h4,a4 #hhi4 #b4 ,a simple supposition imply+ no?+ z to fulfillm5t1 has ! indicative 7or an equival5t2 ,bt4 #fjb1 notes7 9 bo? clauses4 7#a7 ,if a specific sequ5ce is made 9 pres5t "t1 !n ! pres5t indicative /&s 9 bo? clauses4 ,if 9 pa/ "t1 a pa/ indicative occurs 9 bo? clauses4 ,e4 g43 ,pres5t3 1 ,pa/3 1 ,note #a4--,! same t5se ne$ n necess>ily /& 9 bo? clauses1 e4 g41 1 4 7#b7 ,a g5]al ref]5ce if 9 pres5t "t1 express+ a cu/om>y or repeat$ action or a g5]al tru?1 has ) ! subjunctive 9 ! if-clause & 9 ! conclusion ! pres5t indicative or "s =m d5ot+ pres5t repetition1 e4 g41 1 4 ,if ! supposition is 9 ! pa/ "t1 ! if-clause w h ! optative ) & 9 ! conclusion w /& ! imp]fect indicative or "s =m d5ot+ pa/ repetition1 e4 g41 1 4 ,bt4 #fjh-aj2 ,gl4 #fea2 ,gn4 #acic2 ,h4,a4 #hij1 #hib-d4 #c4 ,! supposition may imply some?+ z to ! likelihood ( fulfillm5t4 7#a7 ,if fulfillm5t is likely 7& su* cont+5cies are relat$ to future "t71 !n ! if-clause w h ) ! subjunctive & a future indicative 7or an equival5t7 w /& 9 ! conclusion4 ,?is =m is /yl$ future vivid4 ,e4 g41 1 4 ,if fulfillm5t is less ?an likely 7future less vivid71 ) ! optative w /& 9 ! if-clause1 ! optative ) 7pot5tial optative7 9 ! conclusion4 ,e4 g41 4 ,bt4 #fjd-e2 ,gl4 #fej-a2 ,gn4 #adjc4 7#b7 ,a supposition contr>y to fact has 9 ! if-clause ) a pa/ indicative2 9 ! conclusion1 a pa/ indicative ) 7pot5tial indicative74 ,e4 g41 1 4 ,bt4 #fjf2 ,gl4 #fdi2 ,gn4 #acaig2 ,h4,a4 #hie4 ,note #a4--;,= summ>y ( conditional s5t5ces1 see ,bt4 #faa2 ,gl #fde2 ,gn4 #achg2 ,h4,a4 #hia4 ,,viii4 ,,f9al ,,clauses #a4 ,pure f9al clauses 7express+ purpose or motive7 take ! subjunctive :5 dep5d5t on prim>y t5ses1 ! optative :5 dep5d5t on second>y t5ses4 ,! conjunction is 1 1 or 4 ,e4 g41 4 ,bt4 #eij2 ,gl4 #fdj2 ,gn4 #cfe2 ,h4,a4 #hha4 #b4 ,object clauses dep5d5t on v]bs d5ot+ c>e1 att5tion or ef=t1 regul>ly take ! future indicative 1 ?\gh ! future optative is possible :5 dep5d5t on a second>y t5se4 ,e4 g41 1 7or 1 see note74 ,bt4 #eic2 ,gn4 #acgb2 ,h4,a4 #hhe4 #c4 ,subord9ate clauses introduc$ by 7trans4 le/ or t71 & dep5d5t on v]bs d5ot+ fe>1 caution or dang]1 take ! subjunctive :5 dep5d5t on prim>y t5ses1 ! optative :5 dep5d5t on second>y t5ses4 ,e4 g41 7or 1 see note74 ,bt4 #eic2 ,gl4 #faj2 ,gn4 #acgh4 ,note #a4--;,9 rules #a-c1 = great] vividness--z ?\gh us+ ! language ( ! p]son :o conceiv$ ! purpose--! subjunctive may be us$ ev5 :5 dep5d5t on a second>y t5se 7see examples above74 ,gl4 #fch2 ,gn4 #acgb4 ,,ix4 ,,indirect ,,disc\rse #a4 ,a /atem5t or "q ( a speak] or writ] may be quot$ directly1 i4 e41 )\t *ange 9 ! =m ( ! language4 ,e4 g43 ,direct3 ,indirect3 or 4 ,bt4 #ffh2 ,gl4 #fbc2 ,gn4 #adge4 #b4 ,or x may be a *ange to adapt x to ! =m ( ! s5t5ce ( :i* x becomes a "p4 ,! =m ( *ange w dep5d on ! introductory v]b ( say+1 1 1 or 4 7#a7 ,if 1 ! ma9 v]b ( ! quotation w be *ang$ to ! inf9itive mode ( ! same t5se & voice4 ,e4 g41 ,direct3 ,indirect3 or 4 7#b7 ,if ) or 1 no *ange w occur :5 dep5d5t on a prim>y t5se4 ,:5 dep5d5t on a second>y t5se1 indicatives & subjunctives may 7n mu/7 be *ang$ to correspond+ t5ses 7& voice7 ( ! optative2 optatives w rema9 un*ang$4 ,e4 g43 ,direct3 ,indirect3 7or 74 7#a7 ,note ! *ange 9 p]son to indicate ! *ange ( speak]4 7#b7 z a v]b ( say+ requires1 & 9 ! active voice pref]s ! 77 con/ruction4 7#c7 ,:]e *anges ( mode might occasion d\bt z to ! =m ( ! orig9al direct disc\rse1 no *anges are made4 ,e4 g41 ! imp]fect or plup]fect indicative ) 1 ! pot5tial optative ) 1 or ! aori/ indicative 9 a subord9ate clause 7cf4 ,bt4 #fge74 ,bt4 #fgh2 ,gl4 #fbd2 ,gn4 #aebc2 #adha1 #adig4