,a ,,greek ,,primer ,for ,beginners in ,new ,testament ,greek by ,wallace ,n4 ,stearns image3 logo ,,the ,,methodist ,,book ,,concern ,,new ,,york ,,cincinnati ,copyright1 #aiad1 by ,,wallace ,n4 ,,stearns ,a scholarly knowledge of ,greek requires some time and effort4 ,every preacher and teacher of the ,new ,testament books would be greatly helped by being able even to refer to the dictionary and to pick out the critical notes in a high-grade commentary4 ,in many instances memory has grown dim1 and there is need of some not too pretentious guide to a new beginning4 ,out of many such experiences this meager outline has come1 an attempt built up on the old maxim1 ,do not in the beginning attempt too much4 ,,suggestions #a ,learn principles4 ,language preceded grammar1 and the latter is at best a generalization of the former4 #b ,learn words4 ,acquire a vocabulary4 ,the first step is to know words and1 further1 to know them in their ,greek dress4 #c ,read aloud4 ,the ear lends efficient help to the eye4 ,there is an indefinable swing even to ,greek prose that facilitates study4 #d ,commit passages--however brief--to memory4 ,better than rules is a fund of actual examples1 stored up in the memory1 of ,greek as it was spoken and written4 #e ,with this outline the text of the forth ,gospel should be used from the start 7see notice on next page7 for study1 reading aloud1 and for memorizing4 #f ,remember that in the end all methods avail little4 ,the way to do a thing is to do it4 ,,abbreviations ,,used ,b4 ,m4 ,t4 ,burton's ,new ,testament ,moods and ,tenses4 ,bt4 ,babbit's ,grammar of ,attic and ,ionic ,greek4 ,g4 ,gildersleeve's ,syntax of ,classical ,greek4 ,gl4 ,goodell's ,school ,grammar of ,attic ,greek4 ,g4 ,m4 ,t4 ,goodwin's ,greek ,moods and ,tenses4 ,gn4 ,goodwin's ,greek ,grammar4 ,h4,a4 ,hadley and ,allen's ,greek ,grammar4 ,useful beginning books are3 ,huddilston's ,essentials of ,new ,testament ,greek 7,macmillan1 #fe cents74 ,the ,gospel of ,john in ,greek1 issued by the ,massachusetts ,bible ,society 7#aj cents a copy74 ,moulton's ,brief ,dictionary of ,new ,testament ,greek 7,hinds and ,noble1 #a4jj72 or ,green's ,greek-,english ,lexicon to the ,new ,testament 7with supplement4 ,hastings1 ,boston1 #ge cents74 ,i4 ,,the ,,alphabet #a4 ,in learning a new alphabet attention need be paid only to such letters as are not already know4 ,of the ,greek alphabet only twelve characters are unfamiliar3 ,a1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 a1 b1 g1 d1 1 z1 1 th1 i1 k1 l1 m1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 771 1 1 1 1 1 1 n1 ks1 1 p1 r1 s1 t1 u1 ph1 ch1 ps1 1 ,note4--,the small letters1 most used1 should be learned4 ,the capital letters may be learned as they occur4 #b4 1 are always short2 1 1 always long2 1 1 1 sometimes long1 sometimes short4 as a in father4 as i in machine4 as a in papa4 as i in pin4 as e in fete4 as o in note4 as e in met4 as o in obey4 equals approximately eu in feud or the ,french u4 ,note #a4--;,in diphthongs with a long vowel is subscribed4 ,note #b4--;,as in music1 the difference between long and short is one of time1 as musical notes image ,a difference in quality actually appears in pronunciation4 ,note #c4--;,a diphthong is counted long4 ,but in determining accent final -- and -- are counted short except in the optative mode and in a few words1 1 4 ,bt4 #c-d2 ,gl4 #e2 ,gn4 #e2 ,h4,a4 #i-aa4 #c4 ,the consonants are classified3 7#a7 ,mutes-- ,smooth ,middle ,rough ,with s ,labial1 ,palatal1 ,lingual1 7#b7 ,liquids-- 1 1 1 1 as in ,english1 77 is a sibilant4 7#c7 1 1 are called double consonants4 ,bt4 #ab2 ,gl4 #ch2 ,gn4 #ah-bb4 ,,syllables #a4 ,there are as many syllables in a word as there are separate vowels and diphthongs4 #b4 ,consonants are pronounced with succeeding vowels3 -1 --1 ---4 ,where two consonants occur together1 they are not separated at the beginning of a word or in the case of combinations that do occur at the beginning of the words4 ,g4 #ig2 ,h4,a4 #ia4 ,,ii4 ,,accent ,accent occurs on one of the last three syllables1 and represents to the eye the movement of the voice in pronouncing words4 ,its practical value is to indicate the stress of the voice in reading4 ,note #a4--;,accent forms are three 7acute 1 grave 1 and circumflex 7 and may be summarized thus3 ,short ultima antepenult short penult long penult ultima ,long ultima penult ultima or ,note #b4--;,in composition acute accent on the last syllable becomes grave4 ,note #c4--;,accent is often arbitrary4 ,rules indicate where accent may 7not must7 occur4 ,,iii4 ,,breathings ,words beginning with a vowel are pronounced with or without aspiration 7initial h74 ,aspiration is indicated by the sign 7 71 7hoti74 ,unaspirated syllables are marked 7 71 7ook74 ,american him is im2 horse is orse4 ,english im is im2 orse is orse4 ,note #a4--;,breathing stands over the vowel3 in a diphthong1 over the second vowel 7accent also stands over the second vowel1 and precedes the breathing74 ,bt4 #h2 ,gl4 #f2 ,gn4 #aa4 ,note may be made of the marks of punctuation3 comma 7171 colon 771 interrogation 7271 period 7474 ,,iv4 ,,declensions #a4 ,there are three numbers2 singular1 dual1 and plural4 ,in late ,greek the dual is less frequent and except the numeral 1 does not occur in the ,new ,testament4 ,bt4 #gd2 ,gl4 #eg2 ,gn4 #aee2 ,h4,a4 #abc4 #b4 ,the five cases are the nominative1 genitive 7equals of1 or a possessive71 dative 7equals to1 for1 with71 accusative 7equals ,english objective71 vocative 7as in direct address74 ,bt #gd2 ,gl4 #ei2 ,gn4 #afj2 ,h4,a4 #abc4 #c ,the o- declension 7stems end in --o--74 ,sing4 ,dual ,plural 7rare in late ,greek7 ,mas4 ,neut4 ,mas4 and ,neut4 ,mas4 ,neut4 ,nom4 -- -- -- -- -- ,gen4 -- -- -- -- -- ,dat4 -- -- -- -- -- ,acc4 -- -- -- -- -- ,voc4 -- -- -- -- -- 7or same as ,nom47 7#a7 ,masculine nouns 7and a few feminines7 end in - in ,nom4 ,sing43 ,neuters end in -4 7#b7 ,the stem of an --o-- noun may be found by dropping the case-ending and adding the stem vowel --o--4 ,bt4 #gf2 ,gl4 #fb2 ,gn4 #aib2 ,h4,a4 #acc4 ,examples ,determine stem in each of the following words and affix the above case-ending4 ,note changes in the accent and the reasons therefor4 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 4 ,translate and construe3 #a4 7says7 4 #b4 4 #c4 7is called7 4 #d4 7was71 7having1 with7 4 #e4 4 #d4 ,the a- declension 7stems end in --a--74 ,sing4 ,dual ,plural ,fem4 ,mas4 ,fem4 and ,mas4 ,mas4 and ,mas4 ,nom4 --1 -- --1 -- -- -- ,gen4 --1 -- --1 -- -- -- ,dat4 --1 -- --1 -- -- -- ,acc4 --1 -- --1 -- -- -- ,voc4 --1 -- --1 -- -- -- 7#a7 ,feminine nouns in the ,nom4 ,sing4 end in -1 -1 or -2 mas4 nouns1 in - or -4 7#b7 ,in the gen4 sing41 mas4 nouns end in -4 7#c7 ,except in the genitive1 final - in the sing4 is short when not preceded by 1 1 or 1 otherwise long4 7#d7 ,if in the mas4 the - is preceded by 1 1 or 1 7note #c71 the fem4 sing4 nom4 ends in -1 otherwise in -4 ,bt4 #gf2 ,gl4 #ff2 ,gn4 #aga2 ,h4,a4 #acb-c4 ,examples--as in #a 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 4 ,translate and construe3 #a4 1 4 #b4 7is7 4 #c4 4 #d4 4 #e4 4 #f4 1 4 #g4 4 #e4 ,the ,consonant declension 7stems end in a consonant74 ,with these are grouped in the grammar 7#crd declension7 nouns with stems in 1 1 or a diphthong4 ,sing4 ,dual ,plural 7rare in late ,greek7 ,mas4 and ,fem4 ,neut4 ,fem41 ,mas41 and ,neut4 ,mas4 and ,fem4 ,neut4 ,nom4 --1 or - - -- -- -- ,gen4 -- -- -- -- -- ,dat4 -- -- -- -- -- ,acc4 --1 or -- - -- -- or -- -- ,voc4 --1 or -- - -- -- -- 7#a7 ,necessary here is the table of mutes and their forms when combined with -s4 7,i1 #c1 #a47 7#b7 ,all three genders occur in this declension4 7#c7 ,in gen4 plural of monosyllabic nouns 7as in ---- nouns7 the accent is --3 in datives dual and plural of tones we have --1 --1 --1 and --4 ,bt4 #gf2 ,gl4 #ih2 ,gn4 #bbe2 ,h4,a4 #acb-c4 ,examples--as in #a 7stem -71 7-71 7-71 7-71 7-71 7-71 774 ,translate and construe3 #a4 4 #b4 7is74 #c4 7become74 #d4 4 #e4 4 #f4 4 #f4 ,these case-endings hold for all 7except indeclinables which undergo no changes7 substantives1 adjectives 7including the definite article71 pronouns1 and participles 7see verbs74 ,e4 g43 ,relative ,pronouns ,definite ,article ,sing4 ,mas4 ,fem4 ,neut4 ,mas4 ,fem4 ,neut4 ,nom4 ,gen4 ,dat4 ,acc4 etc4 etc4 ,bt4 #add-i2 ,gl4 #bad2 ,gn4 #dba2 ,h4,a4 #bgb-e4 ,the personal pronouns1 as in other languages1 are more irregular1 the several parts being traceable to different stems4 ,first ,person1 ,i ,second ,person1 ,thou ,sing4 ,plural ,sing4 ,plural ,nom4 - - ,gen4 - - - ,dat4 - - - ,acc4 - - - ,bt4 #aci2 ,gl4 #aid2 ,gn4 #chi2 ,h4,a4 #bfa4 ,translate and construe3 #a4 7art74 #b4 7hast7 4 #c4 7one crying7 4 ,v4 ,,the ,,verb3 ,,conjugation #a4 ,in the study of the verb four points are to be considered3 stem2 tense-signs2 theme vowels 7short in indicative1 imperative1 infinitive1 and participial modes2 long in the subjunctive and merged in a diphthong in the optative72 and personal endings4 #b4 ,the stem is the basic part of the inflected word4 ,to this are appending the various signs1 as above1 which in verb analysis must again be cut off4 ,e4 g41 --1 ,i honor1 stem 4 ,bt4 #aeg-fa2 ,gl4 #bdh2 ,gn4 #djd-g1 #aec2 ,h4,a4 #aec4 #c4 ,the tenses of the verb are called primary or secondary as they have to do with present 7or future7 or past time4 ,taking the verb as a model we have3 ,primary ,secondary ,present1 stem - ,imperfect1 stem - ,future1 stem - ,aorist1 stem - ,perfect1 stem -- ,pluperfect1 stem -- ,future perfect1 stem - ,bt4 #afb2 ,gl4 #caa2 ,gn4 #gag2 ,h4,a4 #cgb4 #d4 ,the future tenses 7future1 future perfect7 are indicated by a 7 _/7 appended to the stem1 as -1 -1 ----1 ----4 ,bt4 #bab2 ,gn4 #ffb2 ,gl4 #bgg2 ,h4,a4 #cgb4 #e4 ,the perfect tenses 7perfect1 future perfect1 pluperfect7 are indicated by 7#a7 the doubling of the stem 7i4 e41 repeating the initial consonant with --71 and 7#b7 in the active voice by an affixed ---- 7cf4 ,latin --v--74 ,e4 g41 - perf4 -- 7for --74 ,note #a4--;,if the verb begins with a middle or rough mute1 the reduplication occurs with the corresponding smooth mute 7cf4 ,i1#c74 ,e4 g41 -- 7for --74 ,bt4 #afb2 ,gl4 #bhg2 ,gn4 #dee2 ,h4,a4 #cjj-c4 #f4 ,secondary tenses are indicated generally be the prefix --1 e4g41 ---1 -----4 ,in case the verb itself begins with a vowel1 the initial vowel is lengthened4 ,e4g41 --1 ---4 ,bt4 #aga-b2 ,gl4 #bfd1 #bic2 ,gn4 #dfe1 #c2 ,h4,a4 #ced-g4 #g4 ,the theme vowel immediately follows the stem4 ,in the indicative it is ---- before and 1 otherwise ----2 in the subjunctive1 ----or ----2 in the optative 7mode vowel71 ---- or ---- 7aorist passive indicative1 ----74 ,e4 g41 ---1 ---1 --1 --1 --1 --4 ,bt4 #aei-fj2 ,gl4 #bid-e2 ,gn4 #efh1 #gai1 #gcj2 ,h4,a4 #cgb4 7#a7 ,in aorist tenses except second aorist and aorist passive1 the theme vowel is ----4 7#b7 ,in the perfect active the them vowel is ----1 in the pluperfect active it is ----4 7#c7 ,in the pluperfect middle and passive the theme vowel is omitted4 ,e4 g41 ----1 ----1 -----1 --1 ---4 ,bt4 #bja1 #bbb-d2 ,gl4 #bgi1 #bhh-i1 #bih2 ,gn4 #ffi1 #fhb-c1 #fih2 ,h4,a4 #dbh1 #ddf1 #dei1 #dfa-c4 #h4 ,the sign of the passive voice is often ----1 sometimes lengthened to ---- in conjugation1 e4 g41 ----4 ,bt4 #bca-b2 ,gl4 #cjb2 ,gn4 #gjg2 ,h4,a4 #dfh4 #i4 ,the person of the verb is indicated by a letter or syllable 7in origin a personal pronoun7 added to end of verb4 ,e4 g41 --1 ---4 #aj4 ,the middle and passive voices are alike except in two tenses1 the future and the aorist4 ,bt4 #afg2 ,gl4 #bfc2 ,gn4 #eeb2 ,h4,a4 #cgf-hj4 #aa4 ,there are two sets 7or double sets7 of personal ending2 one set for the active 7primary and secondary7 tenses1 and one for the tenses of the middle and passive 7except second aorist and aorist passive74 ,bt4 #aff2 ,gl4 #bfc1 #bga2 ,gn4 #eea-c2 ,h4,a4 #cge4 #ab4 ,the personal ending may be shown thus3 ,primary ,tenses ,sing4 -- -- -- -- -- -- ,dual -- -- -- -- ,plur4 -- -- -- -- --77 -- ,secondary ,tenses ,sing4 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ,dual -- -- -- -- ,plur4 -- -- -- -- -- -- 7#a7 ,the longer1 softer endings generally indicate middle or passive voice4 7#b7 ,in verbs as in noun the dual is less frequent in later ,greek4 #ac4 ,the endings of the active participle to indicate gender are respectively --1 --1 --4 ,the form -- is of the first declension2 the others 7--1 ,gn4 #be2 ,gl4 #aai7 are of the third4 #ad4 ,middle participles are of the first and second declensions and may be recognized by the syllable ----4 ,e4 g41 ---4 #ae4 ,the active infinitive regularly ends in -- -- theme vowel ----1 contracted1 --74 ,e4 g41 - 7for --74 ,the passive and middle 7i4e41 when used as passive7 infinitives regularly end in --4 ,e4 g41 --1 ---4 ,the aorist passive infinitive ends in --4 ,e4 g41 --4 ,bt4 #afg2 ,gl4 #afb1 #bgc1 #bge2 ,gn4 #cja1 #ccd4 #af4 ,variations from the regular forms occur in the endings of the imperative3 ,active ,middle and ,passive ,sing4 #b4 --1 aorist -- 7--1 --7 -- aorist -- 7contracts with con4 vowels --7 #c4 -- -- ,dual #b4 -- -- #c4 -- -- ,plur4 #b4 -- -- #c4 -- 7or 7 -- 7or --7 ,bt4 #afg2 ,gl4 #bgj-b2 ,gn4 #gdf2 ,h4,a4 #cgf4 #ag4 ,the principal parts of the verb 7which should be memorized7 are the first person singular of the active indicative present1 future1 first aorist1 and perfect2 the middle perfect2 and the passive aorist4 ,bt #afb-c2 ,gl4 #caa2 ,gn4 #dfb-e2 ,h4,a4 #cjd;c4 #ah4 ,a small class of verbs 7about equal to the number of irregular verbs in ,english7 retain the more primitive personal endings 7e4g41 act4 ind4 pres4 sing41 --1 --1 --1 remains of old pronominal forms74 ,of such are --1 --1 --4 ,bt4 #bea-h2 ,gl4 #cgb-d2 ,gn4 #ejj-eji2 ,h4,a4 #dgf-ib4 #ai4 ,certain verbs with vowel stems1 as -1 -1 -1 by contraction with initial vowels in the personal endings assume forms not found in the regular verb paradigms4 ,e4 g41 -1 2 --1 2 ---1 -4 ,bt4 #bdh-ej2 ,gl4 #cac-ae2 ,gn4 #dib-id2 ,h4,a4 #ccg-da4 ,for changes in accent see3 ,bt4 #fe2 ,gl4 #bi1 ,gn4 #aag2 ,h4,a4 #cg-ci4 7#a7 ,these forms are best studied as they occur by reference to the grammars4 ,,vi4 ,,sequence #a4 ,it is a principle in ,greek1 as in other languages1 that a certain relation must hold between the verbs of dependent clauses and those of the independent clauses on which they are based4 #b4 ,in ,latin the sequence is one of tenses1 primary tenses depending on primary tenses and secondary tenses on secondary tenses4 ,but in ,greek the tenses of the dependent modes do not1 in general1 express distinctions of time4 ,g4 ,m4 ,t4 #ghe1 #bj4 #c4 ,in ,greek the subjunctive in dependent clauses is treated 7usually7 as though it were a primary mode3 the optative as though it were a secondary mode4 ,e4 g43 ,but in the ,greek of the ,new ,testament4 7,b4 ,m4 ,t4 #agd1 #bei1 #cdd7 and in ,latin 7,hale and ,buck's ,latin ,grammar1 #dei7 there is not optative in use1 and the above distinction in modes no longer exits4 ,bt4 #eag1 #b2 ,gl4 #ffb2 ,gn4 #ddh1 #abdi1 #abfg2 ,h4,a4 #hgf4 ,the trend of sequence is from the primary tenses of the indicative through subjunctive and optative in that order to the past tenses of the indicative4 ,see under ,,vii4 ,,vii4 ,,the ,,conditional ,,sentence #a4 ,a conditional sentence is one that assumes what may or may not be true 7in reality71 and bases on it some other statement 7i4 e41 the supposition is assumed to be true74 ,bt4 #fjj-a2 ,gl4 #fde2 ,gn4 #acha2 ,h4,a4 #hhi4 #b4 ,a simple supposition implying nothing as to fulfillment1 has the indicative 7or an equivalent2 ,bt4 #fjb1 notes7 in both clauses4 7#a7 ,if a specific sequence is made in present time1 then the present indicative stands in both clauses4 ,if in past time1 a past indicative occurs in both clauses4 ,e4 g43 ,present3 1 ,past3 1 ,note #a4--,the same tense need not necessarily stand in both clauses1 e4 g41 1 4 7#b7 ,a general reference if in present time1 expressing a customary or repeated action or a general truth1 has with the subjunctive in the if-clause and in the conclusion the present indicative or some form denoting present repetition1 e4 g41 1 4 ,if the supposition is in the past time1 the if-clause will have the optative with and in the conclusion will stand the imperfect indicative or some form denoting past repetition1 e4 g41 1 4 ,bt4 #fjh-aj2 ,gl4 #fea2 ,gn4 #acic2 ,h4,a4 #hij1 #hib-d4 #c4 ,the supposition may imply something as to the likelihood of fulfillment4 7#a7 ,if fulfillment is likely 7and such contingencies are related to future time71 then the if-clause will have with the subjunctive and a future indicative 7or an equivalent7 will stand in the conclusion4 ,this form is styled future vivid4 ,e4 g41 1 4 ,if fulfillment is less than likely 7future less vivid71 with the optative will stand in the if-clause1 the optative with 7potential optative7 in the conclusion4 ,e4 g41 4 ,bt4 #fjd-e2 ,gl4 #fej-a2 ,gn4 #adjc4 7#b7 ,a supposition contrary to fact has in the if-clause with a past indicative2 in the conclusion1 a past indicative with 7potential indicative74 ,e4 g41 1 4 ,bt4 #fjf2 ,gl4 #fdi2 ,gn4 #acaig2 ,h4,a4 #hie4 ,note #a4--;,for summary of conditional sentences1 see ,bt4 #faa2 ,gl #fde2 ,gn4 #achg2 ,h4,a4 #hia4 ,,viii4 ,,final ,,clauses #a4 ,pure final clauses 7expressing purpose or motive7 take the subjunctive when dependent on primary tenses1 the optative when dependent on secondary tenses4 ,the conjunction is 1 1 or 4 ,e4 g41 4 ,bt4 #eij2 ,gl4 #fdj2 ,gn4 #cfe2 ,h4,a4 #hha4 #b4 ,object clauses dependent on verbs denoting care1 attention or effort1 regularly take the future indicative 1 though the future optative is possible when dependent on a secondary tense4 ,e4 g41 1 7or 1 see note74 ,bt4 #eic2 ,gn4 #acgb2 ,h4,a4 #hhe4 #c4 ,subordinate clauses introduced by 7trans4 lest or that71 and dependent on verbs denoting fear1 caution or danger1 take the subjunctive when dependent on primary tenses1 the optative when dependent on secondary tenses4 ,e4 g41 7or 1 see note74 ,bt4 #eic2 ,gl4 #faj2 ,gn4 #acgh4 ,note #a4--;,in rules #a-c1 for greater vividness--as though using the language of the person who conceived the purpose--the subjunctive may be used even when dependent on a secondary tense 7see examples above74 ,gl4 #fch2 ,gn4 #acgb4 ,,ix4 ,,indirect ,,discourse #a4 ,a statement or question of a speaker or writer may be quoted directly1 i4 e41 without change in the form of the language4 ,e4 g43 ,direct3 ,indirect3 or 4 ,bt4 #ffh2 ,gl4 #fbc2 ,gn4 #adge4 #b4 ,or it may be a change to adapt it to the form of the sentence of which it becomes a part4 ,the form of change will depend on the introductory verb of saying1 1 1 or 4 7#a7 ,if 1 the main verb of the quotation will be changed to the infinitive mode of the same tense and voice4 ,e4 g41 ,direct3 ,indirect3 or 4 7#b7 ,if with or 1 no change will occur when dependent on a primary tense4 ,when dependent on a secondary tense1 indicatives and subjunctives may 7not must7 be changed to corresponding tenses 7and voice7 of the optative2 optatives will remain unchanged4 ,e4 g43 ,direct3 ,indirect3 7or 74 7#a7 ,note the change in person to indicate the change of speaker4 7#b7 as a verb of saying requires1 and in the active voice prefers the 77 construction4 7#c7 ,where changes of mode might occasion doubt as to the form of the original direct discourse1 no changes are made4 ,e4 g41 the imperfect or pluperfect indicative with 1 the potential optative with 1 or the aorist indicative in a subordinate clause 7cf4 ,bt4 #fge74 ,bt4 #fgh2 ,gl4 #fbd2 ,gn4 #aebc2 #adha1 #adig4