,note3 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive4 ,see http3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/boylab\rap pr5t#jj;brayu(t ,transcrib]'s note3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 ,*>act]s enclos$ by curly braces are sup]script$ 7example3 iiid7 ,,boy ,,lab\r ,,& ,,appr5tice%ip 99 99 99 99 99 ,,"s ,,press ,,op9ions ,times4--,! problem already felt acutely 9 ,london & 9 l>ge t[ns has n[ appe>$ ev5 9 ! c\ntry t[n & village1 & to ^? :o /ill d\bt its ext5t or s]i\sness we comm5d ?is mo/ in/ructive "w4 ,morn+ ,po/4--,an important book on an important subject4 ,daily ,news4--,mr4 ,bray's book is z full ( c\nsel z ( in/ruction1 & x %\ld be 9 ! h&s ( e /ud5t ( "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s ( social problems4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,boy ,,lab\r ,,& ,,appr5tice%ip by ,,reg9ald ,a4 ,,bray ,l4,c4,c4 ,au?or ( ,! ,t[n ,*ild ,second ,impression ,london ,con/able ,co4 ,ltd4 #aiab ,,preface ,we are beg9n+ to realize cle>ly t all is n well ) ! y\? ( ?is c\ntry4 ,f all sides compla9ts ( neglect1 & ! evils ( neglect1 are ?rong+ 94 ,boys z !y leave s*ool are ca/+ (f ! %ackles ( p>5tal control1 &1 ) no int]v5+ p]iod ( y\?1 are assum+ ! full indep5d5ce ( ! adult4 ,! old appr5tice%ip sy/em is fall+ into disuse1 & me?ods ( indu/rial tra9+ are at once unsatisfactory &1 = ! majority1 difficult to obta94 ,boys 9 increas+ numb]s are ent]+ occupations :]e !y le>n no?+ & =get all !y h previ\sly le>n$1 & 9 :i* !y c see no prospects ( employm5t :5 manhood is rea*$4 ,z a consequ5ce1 !re is a g5]al drift into ! army ( unskill$ lab\r1 & lat] into ! ranks ( ! unemploy$4 ,all exp]t op9ion is unanim\s 9 voic+ ^! compla9ts4 ,! ,report ( ! ,poor ,law ,commission1 ,majority & ,m9ority alike1 ) its volumes ( special inquiries & evid5ce1 is "o long te/imony to ! gravity ( ! evils :i* are ! consequ5ce ( neglect$ y\?4 ,fur!r1 we are com+ to und]/& t ! p]iod ( adolesc5ce =ms a critical epo* 9 ! developm5t ( ! lad4 ,! =ces ( s9 & ^? ( virtue nev] /ruggle s hotly = possession ( ! y\?ful s\l4 #a ,& ! boy too (t5 is left to fight out ?is /ruggle )\t assi/ance1 & ev5 )\t advice4 ,! conditions ( mod]n life are increas+ly h>d on y\?4 ,nev] has y\?1 says ,mr4 ,/anley ,hall1 ! greate/ liv+ au?ority on adolesc5ce1 be5 expos$ to su* dang]s ( bo? p]v]sion & arre/ z 9 our l& & day4 ,increas+ urban life1 ) its temptations1 prematurities1 s$5t>y occupations1 & passive /imuli1 j :5 an active objective life is mo/ ne$$2 e>ly emancipation & a less5+ s5se = bo? duty & discipl9e2 ! ha/e to "k & d all befitt+ man's e/ate be=e its "t2 ! mad ru% = sudd5 weal?1 & ! reckless fa%ions set by its gild$ y\?---- all 9 increas+ degree imp]il ! passage to manhood4 ,&1 la/ly1 we are compell$ to confess t an evil :i* is at once a grave & a gr[+ evil is "o :i* dem&s imm$iate att5tion4 ,x is n a problem t c be laid on ! %elf = t conv5i5t season :i* nev] arrives1 :5 legislators h no?+ else to ?9k ab\t4 ,!re is urg5t ne$ = re=m 9 ! ne> future1 unless we w\ld see a fur!r deg5]ation ( ! y\? ( ! c\ntry4 ,! object ( ?is volume is altoge!r practical--to %[ :at re=ms are necess>y to prev5t ! gr[? ( ! evil by lay+ ! f\ndation ( a new & true appr5tice%ip sy/em4 ,b to a*ieve ?is object x is necess>y fir/ to expla9 h[ ! problem 0 dealt ) 9 days gone by1 :5 life 0 m /able & indu/rial conditions less complex2 &1 secondly1 to und]/& 9 detail ! *>act]i/ic features ( ! "q z x pres5ts itself to-day4 ,only ) ! exp]i5ce ( ! pa/ & ! pres5t to guide u c we face ! future ) any hope ( controll+ its de/9ies4 ,z %e is m5tion$ n[h]e else 9 ! volume1 x seems desirable to say a ^w "h ab\t ! girl4 ,?is book is1 inde$1 conc]n$ ) boys alone1 b1 ) a few *anges 9 details1 all t is writt5 ab\t conditions1 & all t is recomm5d$ 9 ! way ( re=ms1 is equally applicable 9 h] case also4 ,i h endeav\r$1 ev5 at ! risk ( be+ t]m$ unduly dogmatic1 to make my proposals = re=m z def9ite z possible4 ,i h done s 9 ! cause ( cle>ness4 ,b if ,i fail to c>ry my read]s ) me all ! way1 ,i %all be well cont5t if only ,i h succe$$ 9 />t+ !m on a pilgrimage 9 que/ ( ! new appr5tice%ip sy/em4 ,,reg9ald ,a4 ,,bray4 ,,add+ton ,,squ>e1 ,,camb]well1 ,s4,e4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,preface v ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,ess5tials ,,( ,,appr5tice%ip #a ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,old ,,appr5tice%ip #d ,i4 ,! ,age ( ! ,gilds #d ,,ii4 ,! ,/atute ( ,appr5tices #aa ,,iii4 ,! ,indu/rial ,revolution #bj ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,recon/ruction #bf ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,gu>dian%ip ,,( ,,! ,,/ate #cf ,i4 ,/ate ,sup]vision #cf ,sec4 #a4 ,/ate ,regulation #cg 7a7 ,prohibition ( ,employm5t #da 7b7 ,limitation ( ,h\rs #dc 7c7 ,protection ( ,heal? #eb ,sec4 #b4 ,/ate ,ent]prise #ei ,,ii4 ,/ate ,tra9+ #fb 7a7 ,! ,elem5t>y ,s*ool #fc 7b7 ,! ,cont9uation ,s*ool #fe ,,iii4 ,/ate ,provision ( an ,op5+ #gj ,,*apt] ,v ,,appr5tice%ip ,,( ,,to-,,day #ge ,i4 ,! ,contribution ( ! ,/ate #gf ,sec4 #a4 ,/ate ,regulation #gf ,sec4 #b4 ,/ate ,ent]prise #hc ,sec4 #c4 ,summ>y #hh ,,ii4 ,! ,contribution ( ,philan?ropy #hi ,,iii4 ,! ,contribution ( ! ,home #ib ,sec4 #a4 ,! ,boy ( ,s*ool ,age #if ,sec4 #b4 ,! ,boy aft] ,s*ool ,days #ajj ,,iv4 ,! ,contribution ( ! ,work%op #ajc ,sec4 #a4 ,london #ajd 7a7 ,! ,employm5t ( ,s*ool-,*ildr5 #aje 7b7 ,! ,entry to a ,trade #aac 7c7 ,! ,passage to ,manhood #adb 7d7 ,summ>y #adi ,sec4 #b4 ,o!r ,t[ns #aea 7a7 ,! ,employm5t ( ,s*ool-,*ildr5 #aea 7b7 ,! ,entry to a ,trade #aee 7c7 ,! ,passage to ,manhood #afj ,sec4 #c4 ,rural ,di/ricts #afa ,v4 ,! ,break-up ( ,appr5tice%ip #afe ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,new ,,appr5tice%ip #agf ,i4 ,sup]vision #aia 7a7 ,! ,rais+ ( ! ,s*ool ,age #aib 7b7 ,! ,prohibition ( ,*ild ,lab\r #aie 7c7 ,! ,new ,half-,"t ,sy/em #aig 7d7 ,! ,p>5ts' ,po9t ( ,view #bjb ,,ii4 ,tra9+ #bjg ,,iii4 ,! ,provision ( an ,op5+ #bba ,,iv4 ,g5]al ,conclusions #bca ,,li/ ,,( ,,au?orities #bda ,,index #bde ,,boy ,,lab\r ,,& ,,appr5tice%ip ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,ess5tials ,,( ,,appr5tice%ip ,orig9ally ! t]m appr5tice%ip 0 employ$ to signify n m]ely ! practical tra9+ 9 ! my/]ies ( a trade1 b also t wid] tra9+ ( "* & intellig5ce on :i* dep5ds ! real effici5cy ( ! craftsman4 ,appr5tice%ip 0 reg>d$ z a prep>ation = life1 & n only z a prep>ation = ! work%op4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t ! ^w is us$ ?r\gh\t ! pres5t volume4 ,9 a volume conc]n$ ) any bran* ( social re=m1 & consequ5tly likely to ar\se diff]5ces ( op9ion1 x is always desirable to />t on good t]ms ) ! read]4 ,?is c be/ be done by beg9n+ ) assumptions ! tru? ( :i* no "o is likely to call 9 "q4 ,9 deal+ ) ! problem ( boy lab\r & appr5tice%ip1 x is n difficult to v5ture on c]ta9 /atem5ts :i* w receive ! unqualifi$ approval ( all4 ,an appr5tice%ip sy/em wor?y ( ! "n mu/ satisfy ?ree conditions4 ,fir/1 x mu/ provide = ! adequate sup]vision ( boys until !y rea* at lea/ ! age ( eighte54 ,be=e t age a lad is n fit to be 8 own ma/]1 & %\ld rema9 at lea/ to "s ext5t "u ! control ( eld] p]sons4 ,su* sup]vision mu/ h respect bo? to 8 conduct & to 8 physical developm5t4 ,secondly1 an appr5tice%ip sy/em mu/ (f] full opportunities ( tra9+1 bo? g5]al & special--! tra9+ ( ! citiz5 & ! tra9+ ( ! work]4 ,&1 la/ly1 x mu/ lead =w>d to "s op5+ 9 ! ranks ( adult lab\r1 = :i* def9ite prep>ation has be5 made1 & 9 :i* good "* may f9d reasonable prospects ( p]man5t employm5t4 ,sup]vision1 tra9+1 ! provision ( a suitable op5+--^! mu/ be reg>d$ z ! ?ree ess5tials ( an appr5tice%ip sy/em4 ,h[ !y may be assur$ is1 no d\bt1 a problem :i* invites controv]sy2 t !y ought to be assur$ w be all[$ by all4 ,fur!r1 x is p]haps all[able to assume t an appr5tice%ip sy/em mu/ n be reg>d$ m]ely z a means ( ent]+ a skill$ trade4 ,we mu/ n ?9k ( x z an organization res]v$ = a comp>atively small section ( ! community3 all mu/ be br\ght )9 ! sph]e ( its influ5ce4 ,all boys alike ne$ sup]vision2 all boys alike require "s tra9+2 all boys alike %\ld see be=e !m1 z manhood approa*es1 ! prospects ( an op5+ 9 "s =m ( occupation :]e dilig5ce & aptitude may receive its due rew>d4 ,& all alike mu/ "o day play _! "p 9 ! complex life ( ! ,/ate4 ,we want "s to be skill$ work]s2 we want all to be intellig5t & well-conduct$ citiz5s4 ,appr5tice%ip1 !n1 us+ ! ^w 9 its wide/ s5se1 mu/ be univ]sal4 ,"h aga91 x is hop$1 ! read] may express 8 agreem5t4 ,9 :at foll[s an attempt is made to exam9e ! old appr5tice%ip sy/em1 to criticize appr5tice%ip z x exi/s to-day1 & s to lead on to proposals :i* w pave ! way = ! com+ ( ! new & real appr5tice%ip sy/em ( to-morr[4 ,?r\gh\t1 ! indu/rial organization w be judg$ by br++ x to ! te/ ( ! pr9ciples j laid d[n4 ,an appr5tice%ip sy/em mu/ be univ]sal2 x mu/ make prop] provision = ?ree ess5tials--sup]vision1 tra9+1 op5+4 ,:]e ^! are want+1 9 :ole or 9 "p1 ! y\? ( ! nation mu/1 9 a m or less degree1 suff] irrep>able loss4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,old ,,appr5tice%ip ,prior to ! n9ete5? c5tury & ! beg9n+ ( factory legislation ! conditions ( boy lab\r 7 det]m9$ 9 & ?r\gh ! indu/rial organization ( ! times4 ,( ?is organization1 s f> z ! y\?ful work] 0 conc]n$1 ! ind5tur$ appr5tice%ip sy/em =m$ ! mo/ *>act]i/ic feature4 ,! hi/ory ( ! appr5tice%ip sy/em falls into ?ree p]iods4 ,9 ! fir/ ! gilds 7 ! pr$om9ant factor2 9 ! second ! ,/ate1 by prescrib+ a sev5 ye>s' appr5tice%ip1 insur$ ! cont9uance ( ! sy/em2 9 ! ?ird ! indu/rial revolution & ! triumph ( laissez-faire u%]$ 9 ! age ( decay & dissolution4 ,i4 ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,! ,,gilds4 ,dur+ ! ,e>ly & ,middle ,ages ! gilds con/itut$ ! c5tral feature ( ! indu/rial organization4 ,! m]*ant gilds began to come into exi/5ce 9 ! second half ( ! elev5? c5tury4#b ,!y 7 societies =m$ = ! purpose ( obta9+ ! exclusive privilege ( c>ry+ on trades4 ,lat] !y became ei!r id5tifi$ ) ! municipal body1 or a specializ$ dep>tm5t ( t au?ority4 ,! craft gilds appe>$ ab\t a c5tury lat]1 & 7 associations ( artisans engag$ 9 a p>ticul> indu/ry4 ,x is n necess>y "h to ent] on a discussion ( ! complex relations betwe5 ^! two k9ds ( gilds4 ,! subject is obscure1 b1 s f> z conc]ns ! regulation ( boy lab\r1 ! g5]al facts are unque/ion$4 ,ei!r by obta9+ a royal *>t] ( _! own or by us+ ! au?ority ( ! municipality1 ! gilds 7 enabl$ to prescribe1 d[n to ! mo/ m9ute details1 ! conditions "u :i* ! trades ( ! di/rict 7 c>ri$ on4 ,! control 0 ess5tially ( a local "*1 v>y+ f place to place2 x 01 moreov]1 a control )1 = all practical purposes1 ! full =ce ( ! law at its back4 ,! t[ns & ev5 ! villages _h _! gilds1 & x is c]ta9 t ^! gilds 7 ! ag5cies by :i* ! common int]e/s ( lab\r 7 protect$4 #c ,! gild organization includ$ ?ree classes ( p]son--! appr5tice1 ! j\rneyman1 & ! ma/]4 ,! ,appr5tice4--,! appr5tice paid ! ma/] a premium1 & 0 ind5tur$ to him = a p]iod ( ye>s1 usually sev54 ,he liv$ 9 8 ma/]'s h\se1 & receiv$ f him1 9 addition to bo>d & clo?+1 wages on a l[ & ris+ scale4 ,! ma/] engag$ to tea* him 8 trade1 & ! boy promis$ to s]ve 8 ma/] hone/ly & ob$i5tly4 ,! foll[+ is a typical example ( a fifte5?-c5tury ind5ture3#d ,?is ind5ture made ! xviii ( ,septemb] ! ye> ( ! reign ( ,k+ ,edw>d ! iiii? ! xx? betwe5 ,john ,g>e ( ,sa9t ,m>y ,cray 9 ! c\nty ( ,k5t1 cordwa9] on t oon p>tie & ,walt] ,byse1 son ( ,john ,byse sumtyme ( ,wimelton1 9 ! same c\nty1 full] on t o!r p>tie1 ,witnesse? t ! saide ,walt] ha? cov5ant$ ) ! saide ,john ,g>e = ! "t ( vii y]es1 & t ! saide ,john ,g>e %all f9d ! saide ,walt] mete & dr9k & clo?+ dur+ ! saide "t z to ! saide ,walt] %all be accord+4 ,also ! saide ,john ,g>e %all te*e ! saide ,walt] 8 craft1 z he may & c1 & also ! saide ,john ,g>e %all give him ! fir/ y]e ( ! said vii y]es iiid 9 money & ! second y]e vid & s aft] ! rate ( iiid to an y]e1 & ! la/ y]e ( ! saide vii y]es ! saide ,john ,g>e %all give unto ! said ,walt] x %ill+s ( money4 ,& ! saide ,walt] %all w & truly keep 8 occupacyon & d su* ?+s z ! saide ,john %all bid him d1 z unto ! saide ,walt] %all be lawful & lefull1 & ! saide ,walt] %all be none ale go] ney!r to no rebeld nor sporte dur+ ! saide vii y]es )\t ! lic5ce ( ! saide ,john4 ,9 witness :]e( ! p>ties a=esaide *aungeably h put _! seales ?is daye & y]e abovesaide4 ,! ,j\rneyman4--,at ! expiration ( ! id5ture%ip ! appr5tice became a j\rneyman4 ,! *ange ( /atus1 beyond br++ ) x a rise 9 wages1 made no great diff]5ce to ! y\?4 ,he usually cont9u$ to "w = 8 ma/]1 & n infrequ5tly rema9$ a lodg] 9 8 h\se4 ,to "s ext5t ! ma/] 0 /ill responsible = ! good conduct ( 8 j\rneym54 ,v>i\s regulations =bade ! ma/] to entice away ! j\rneym5 ( o!rs & ! j\rneym5 to comb9e aga9/ ! ma/]s4 ,! ,ma/]4--,by a some:at simil> process ( gr[? & )\t any sudd5 break 9 social /atus1 ! j\rneyman became a ma/]4 ,betwe5 j\rneyman & ma/] !re 7 no class di/9ctions4 ,bo? work$ at _! craft2 &1 9 an age prec$+ ! era ( capitali/ic production on a l>ge scale1 ! ne$ ( capital to />t bus9ess on 8 own acc\nt pres5t$ no difficulties :i* c\ld n easily be ov]come by any intellig5t j\rneyman4 ,p]iod ( appr5tice%ip1 h\rs & conditions ( "w1 wages & premiums1 7 all rigidly det]m9$ by ! rules ( ! gild4 ,?r\gh its (fic]s ! gild visit$ ! work%ops1 inspect$ ! articles 9 process ( manufacture1 satisfi$ !mselves z to _! quality1 prescrib$ me?ods ( production1 7 emp[]$ to confiscate tools n sanction$ by ! regulations1 & settl$ all disputes betwe5 ! ?ree classes ( p]sons conc]n$4 ,ma/]s1 j\rneym51 & appr5tices alike b5efit$ by an organization :i* 0 creat$ & controll$ 9 _! common int]e/s2 :ile ! g5]al public 7 well s]v$ 9 ! sy/em ( exp]t inspection :i* gu>ante$ ! quality ( ! goods suppli$4 ,! gild1 9 %ort1 0 ! repres5tation ( ! int]e/s1 n ( "o class alone1 b ( ! ?ree di/9ct & some:at antagoni/ic elem5ts ( mod]n society--! capitali/ entrepr5eur1 ! manual work]1 & ! consum] at l>ge4 #e ,f ! po9t ( view ( ! boy's tra9+ ! sy/em pres5t$ unique advantages4 ,to ! age ( tw5ty-"o1 & sometimes tw5ty-f\r1 he 0 "u control4 ,liv+ 9 ! same h\se z 8 ma/]1 t control 0 pat]nal 9 "*1 inspir$ by a liv+ & individual int]e/ 9 8 welf>e4 ,he receiv$ a ?or\gh tra9+ 9 ! trade to :i* he 0 ind5tur$4 ,f9ally1 :5 appr5tice%ip 0 ov]1 he f\nd ready-made = himself an op5+ t l$ upw>ds f ! j\rneyman to ! small ma/]4 ,"u ?is sy/em !re 0 no boy 8 own ma/] f an e>ly age1 no ma/] irresponsible = ! conduct ( 8 boys outside ! work%ops1 & no bl9d alley ( boy employm5t t clos$ ) boyhood & end$ 9 ! s9k ( unskill$ lab\r4 ,x its be/ days ! gilds repres5t$ some?+ m ?an a privileg$ trade organization4 ,! close connection betwe5 ! gilds & ! municipality gu>d$ ! int]e/s ( ! public4 ,! city au?orities look$ to ! w>d5s ( ea* craft to keep ! m5 "u _! *>ge 9 ord]2 & ?us = e public sc&al1 or und]h& attempt to *eat1 someone 0 responsible1 & ! responsibility c\ld1 g5]ally speak+1 be br\ght home to ! "r p]son4 #f ,fur!r1 !re 0 no %>p b>ri] betwe5 trade & trade4 ,x is true t no "o c\ld ent] a trade )\t be+ appr5tic$1 b ! p]son :o _h s]v$ 8 sev5 ye>s' appr5tice%ip 9 any "o trade became free to foll[ all trades )9 ! city4#g ,! gild sy/em repres5t$ !re=e some?+ v diff]5t f ! individuali/ me?ods ( mod]n times4 ,!re 0 9 a real s5se1 at any rate 9 ea* t[n1 a trade organization "u no inconsid]able am\nt ( collective control4 ,b ! organization ( ! gild 0 suit$ only to ! conditions ( a m or less primitive society4 ,= a c\ntry ris+ rapidly to a front place 9 ! comm]cial _w x 0 ill adapt$4 ,increas+ trade br\ght weal? & a desire = weal?2 & ) weal? came p[] to ^? :o possess$ x4 ,! ri*] memb]s ( ! gild ga9$ ! upp] h& 9 ! adm9i/ration ( its affairs & oppress$ ! poor]4#h ,! gild 0 no long] an association ( equals2 & ! weak] w5t to ! wall4 ,competition turn$ ! me?ods ( production 9 ! direction ( *eapness r ?an good quality2 & ! sup]visory functions ( ! gild disappe>$4 ,9 g5]al ! :ole sy/em1 rigid & inela/ic1 became a heavy drag on ! indu/rial organization4 ,! memb]s _h paid = _! privileges 9 money & a long appr5tice%ip1 & bitt]ly res5t$ ! appe>ance ( intrud]s n hall-m>k$ by ! gild4 ,) %ortsight$ policy1 ! gilds limit$ admissions by exact+ high entrance-fees1 & /rove to secure ! maximum ( b5efits = ! smalle/ possible numb]4 ,no long] an association ( equals1 unit$ by common int]e/s & a common outlook2 no long] a gu>antee ( excell5ce 9 matt]s ( craftman%ip2 no long] ! gu>dian ( ! int]e/s ( ! g5]al public1 b a n>r[ sect claim+ exclusive privileges--! gilds1 r5t by /rife & envy )91 & reg>d$ ) op5 ho/ility by ^? outside1 drift$ sl[ly t[>ds t inevitable end :i* awaits ^? :o seek to sacrifice ! ne$s ( all on ! alt> ( ! selfi% desires ( ! few4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 says ,dr4 ,cunn+ham1 ! gilds _h 9 _m cases s entirely lo/ _! orig9al "* t !y _h n only ceas$ to s]ve useful purposes1 b _! ill-judg$ int]f]5ce drove workm5 to leave ! t[ns & e/abli% !mselves 9 villages :]e ! gilds _h no jurisdiction4 #i ,!y receiv$ _! dea?-bl[ 9 ! ye> #aedg1 ?r\gh ! legislation direct$ aga9/ ! prop]ty ( ! semi-religi\s bodies4 ,) ! decay ( ! gilds & _! f9al dissolution pass$ ! anci5t sy/em :i* _h = c5turies regulat$ ! conditions ( boy lab\r4 ,s f> z ! boy 0 conc]n$ ! sy/em 0 f\nd$ on ?ree pr9ciples3 ,x recogniz$ 8 ne$ = prolong$ control & sup]vision1 & made provision = ! ne$ by secur+ = him1 ?r\gh 8 ma/]1 an int]e/ at once individual & pat]nal4 ,x recogniz$ ! ne$ = a ?or\gh tra9+ 9 ! my/]ies ( ! craft2 & x recogniz$ ! ne$ t1 at ! close ( ?is tra9+1 ! lad %\ld f9d op5+ out = him a c>e] = :i* he _h be5 specially prep>$4 ,& x made provision = ^! ne$s by its s*eme ( inspection & control c>ri$ on by ^? responsible = ! common int]e/s ( ! trade4 ,9 %ort1 ! gild organization1 9 its e>li] & fl\ri%+ days1 may ju/ly be reg>d$ z satisfy+ ! conditions ( a true appr5tice%ip sy/em4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,/atute ,,( ,,appr5tices4 ,if ! gild sy/em 0 dead1 ! pr9ciples = :i* x /ood & made provision cont9u$ to be z important z ev]4 ,nor "u ! indu/rial conditions ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies did !re appe> to be any practical difficulty 9 ! way ( en=cem5t4 ,! small ma/] rema9$1 & ) him rema9$ ! possibility ( an effective appr5tice%ip sy/em4 ,regulat$ by cu/om or by ! municipal au?ority1 appr5tice%ip lo/ no?+ ( its old vitality4 ,inde$1 ) ! increase ( trade & ! increas+ pr(its d]iv$ f trade1 x became m popul> ?an ev]4 ,none ! less1 signs are n want+ t p 7 consci\s ( faults 9 ! indu/rial organization4 ,into ! /atute book ( ! p]iod creep frequ5t allusions to intrud]s :o _h ent]$ ! trade o!r ?an ?r\gh ! door ( appr5tice%ip4 ,!re 0 no?+ new 9 ^! compla9ts2 !y exi/$ ev5 9 ! be/ days ( ! gilds4 ,we seem at a v e>ly "t1 says ,mrs4 ,gre51 to detect beh9d ! gild sy/em a gr[+ class ( 'uncov5ant$ lab\r1' :i* ! policy ( ! employ]s con/antly t5d$ to fo/]1 _! aim be+ on ! "o h& to limit ! numb] ( privileg$ s]v+-m51 & on ! o!r to increase ! supply ( uncov5ant$ lab\r4 #aj ,b ) ! decay ( ! sup]visory functions ( ! gild ^! compla9ts became m frequ5t4 ,! condition ( ?is uncov5ant$ lab\r has always be5 ! unsolv$ problem 9 any appr5tice%ip sy/em4 ,if uncov5ant$ lab\r is all[$ to ent] a trade on ! same t]ms z ^? :o h s]v$ an appr5tice%ip1 ! latt] h cle>ly a grievance4 ,!y h paid = _! privilege 9 premium & long s]vice at l[ wages1 & n unnaturally dem& "s assur$ recomp5se 9 return4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 uncov5ant$ lab\r is rigidly exclud$1 !re is no me?od ( rapidly increas+ ! supply ( work]s 9 times ( exp&+ trade4 ,f ?is dilemma !re is b "o way ( escape4 ,all boys1 irrespective ( ! trades !y foll[1 mu/ pass ?r\gh a sy/em ( appr5tice%ip be=e !y are p]mitt$ to e>n ! wages ( a man4 ,two conditions are necess>y to success4 ,fir/1 all boys )\t exception mu/ s]ve an appr5tice%ip2 secondly1 hav+ s]v$ ?is appr5tice%ip1 !y mu/ n 9 _! employm5t be re/rict$ to ! trade to :i* !y h be5 ind5tur$4 ,z already %[n1 ! gilds1 at any rate 9 c]ta9 di/ricts1 all[$ a p]son :o _h s]v$ an appr5tice%ip 9 "o trade to be free ( all ! trades ( ! t[n4 ,! gilds satisfi$ ! second condition1 & 9 _! e>li] days1 :5 !y includ$ ! majority ( ! population1 !y satisfi$ to a l>ge ext5t ! second condition z well4 ,to satisfy ! fir/ condition 0 cle>ly1 z w appe> lat]1 ! int5tion ( ! ,/atute ( ,appr5tices4 ,b ap>t f ! problem ( uncov5ant$ lab\r1 ! disappe>ance ( ! controll+ influ5ce ( ! gilds left _m anomalies4 ,"h appr5tice%ip 0 regulat$ by cu/om1 "h by *>t]1 & !re left undet]m9$4 ,9 "o place a c]ta9 p]iod ( s]vice 0 exact$1 9 ano!r place a diff]5t p]iod4 ,f9ally1 9 ! m9ds ( ! lead]s ( ! day !re 0 firmly fix$ ! belief t1 z trade 0 becom+ ! life-blood ( ! nation1 !re 0 ne$ ( a g5]al & consolidat+ ,act giv+ ! =ce ( law to :at 0 (t5 only a float+ cu/om applicable 9 a c]ta9 di/rict4 ,9 ! reign ( ,elizabe? ^! gr[+ feel+s ( discont5t f\nd voice 9 an ,act :i* m>ks an epo* 9 indu/rial legislation4 ,x is usually kn[n z ! ,/atute ( ,artific]s & ,appr5tices4 ,aft] recit+ ! confusion t exi/$ 9 previ\s legislation1 ! preamble cont9ues3 ,s if ! sub/ance ( z _m ( ! said ,laws z are meet to be cont9u$ %all be dige/$ & r$uc$ into "o sole law & ,/atute1 & 9 ! same an uni=m ,ord] prescrib$ & limit$ conc]n+ ! ,wages & o!r ,ord]s = ,appr5tices1 ,s]vants & ,lab\r]s1 !re is good hope t x w come to pass1 t ! same law 7be+ duly execut$7 %\ld bani% ,idl5ess1 advance ,husb&ry1 & yield unto ! hir$ p]son1 bo? 9 ! "t ( ,sc>city & 9 ! "t ( ,pl5ty1 a conv5ti5t ,proportion ( ,wages4 #aa ,we are "h conc]n$ ) ! ,act only s f> z x affects ! conditions ( boy lab\r4 ,! pr9cipal regulations are ! foll[+3 ,no p]son %all reta9 a s]vant 9 _! s]vices 7i4e41 9 employm5t = :i* appr5tice%ip 0 requir$7 "u "o :ole ,ye>4 #ab ,husb&m5 may take appr5tices f ! age ( #aj until #ba at lea/1 or till tw5ty-f\r by agreem5t4#ac ,h\sehold]s 9 t[ns may h & reta9 ! son ( any ,freeman n occupy+ ,husb&ry nor be+ a ,lab\r] 444 to s]ve & be b\nd z an ,appr5tice1 aft] ! ,cu/om & ,ord] ( ! ,city ( ,london1 = sev5 ye>s at ! lea/ s z ! ,t]m & ye>s ( su* ,appr5tice d n expire or det]m9e aft] su* ,appr5tice %all be ( ! ,age ( tw5ty-f\r ,ye>s at ! lea/4 #ad ,none may use any manual occupacyon unless he ha? be5 appr5tic$ to ! same z above4 #ae ,if a p]son be requir$ by any ,h\sehold] to be an ,appr5tice & refuse he may be br\ght be=e a ju/ice ( ! peace :o is emp\rr$ to commit him unto ,w>d1 !re to rema9 until he be cont5t$1 & w be b\nd5 to s]ve z an ,appr5tice %\ld s]ve4 #af ,! ,elizabe?an ,poor ,law gave additional p[]s ) reg>d to ! compulsory appr5tic+ ( ^? likely to fall into evil ways1 & made x lawful = *ur*w>d5s & ov]se]s to b9d any su* *ildr5 z a=esaid to be ,appr5tices1 :5 !y %all see conv5i5t1 till su* ,man *ild %all come to ! age ( f\r-&-tw5ty ye>es4 #ag ,tak5 toge!r1 ^! two ,acts gave to public au?orities l>ge p[]s ( control ov] ! gr[+ boy4 ,!y did n1 inde$1 provide t ev]yone %\ld be appr5tic$1 b 9 ! majority ( occupations no "o c\ld be employ$ unless he _h s]v$ 8 "t4 ,nor did !y all[ a p]son :o _h be5 appr5tic$ to "o trade to "w at ano!r4 ,b !y appli$ ! sy/em ( compulsory appr5tice%ip to all p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & !y made provision = ! prop] c>e1 by way ( appr5tice%ip1 ( neglect$ *ildr54 ,p ( ! "t 7 cle>ly ( "o m9d 9 _! desire to sup]vise1 ?r\gh ! ,/ate1 ! tra9+ ( ! y\?4 ,contempor>y op9ion held t x 0 nei!r good = society nor trade t ! "y man %\ld enjoy any indep5d5ce4 ',until a man gr[s unto ! age ( xxiii ye>es he = ! mo/e p>te1 ?\ghe n alwayes1 is wilde1 )\te ,judgm5t1 & n ( suffici5t exp]i5ce to gov]n himself4 ,nor 7_m tymes7 gr[n unto ! full or p]fect k ( ! arte or occupation t he pr(ess$4' #ah ,z to ! g5]al effect ( ! f>-rea*+ ,/atute ( ,appr5tices1 x is n possible to d bett] ?an quote ,dr4 ,cunn+ham3 ,a pro( ( ! wisdom ( ! measure seems to lie 9 ! fact t we h no compla9ts z to ^! re/rictions 9 ! ,act or proposals = am5d+ ! clauses1 b t1 on ! contr>y1 !re 01 on m ?an "o occasion1 a dem& t x %\ld be rigor\sly en=c$1 s t ! indu/rial sy/em ( ! c\ntry %\ld be really r$uc$ to ord]4 #ai ,= m ?an two c5turies1 )\t am5dm5t1 ! ,act rema9$ 9 =ce2 & :ile x la/$ x provid$ at lea/ ! possibility = ! adequate tra9+ & sup]vision ( ! y\? ( ! c\ntry4 ,^! two c5turies con/itute ! second /age 9 ! hi/ory ( boy lab\r regulation4 ,f a sup]ficial po9t ( view !re appe>s no ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ?is p]iod & ! prec$+4 ,9 ! fir/ appr5tice%ip 0 en=c$ ?r\gh ! action ( ! gilds1 9 ! second by special legislative enactm5t4 ,9 ei!r case appr5tice%ip 01 = all practical purposes1 compulsory2 b "h ! simil>ity ends4 ,"u ! regime ( ! gilds appr5tice%ip 0 en=c$1 b 9 addition its conditions 7 det]m9$ by a c>eful sy/em ( regulation4 ,! gild1 an association repres5t+ ! ?ree classes conc]n$--ma/]s1 j\rneym51 appr5tices--sup]vis$ ! indu/rial organization 9 ! int]e/s ( all alike4 ,9 ! be/ days ( ! gilds ! trade1 z a :ole1 inspect$ ! work%ops2 ! trade1 z a :ole1 wat*$ ov] ! tra9+ ( ! y\?2 ! trade1 z a :ole1 s fix$ ! numb] ( ^? ent]+1 t at ! conclusion ( ! appr5tice%ip !re 0 room 9 ! ranks ( ! skill$ artisan = ^? :o _h le>n$ _! craft4 ,dur+ ! dis9tegration ( ! gilds1 ?is second factor gradually disappe>$4 ,! ,/atute ( ,appr5tices did inde$ make appr5tice%ip compulsory1 b provid$ no effici5t sy/em ( regulation4 ,measures 7 frequ5tly advocat$ & occasionally embodi$ 9 ,acts = det]m9+ ! proportion ( appr5tices to j\rneym51 b nev] prov$ effective4 ,we see gradually em]g+ ! /ruggle betwe5 ! conflict+ int]e/s ( ^? engag$ 9 production4 ,a sev5 ye>s' appr5tice%ip1 en=c$ by law1 gave ! employ]s a s\rce ( *eap lab\r1 & we beg9 to he> compla9ts t ! numb] ( appr5tices 0 unduly multipli$ & t boys 7 tak+ ! place ( m54 ,to :at ext5t ?is practice prevail$ x is n easy to asc]ta92 b !re is no "q t1 at any rate among "o class ( appr5tice--! paup] appr5tice--abuses 7 grave & frequ5t4 ,! :ole /ory ( ! paup] appr5tice =ms an ugly episode 9 ! indu/rial hi/ory ( ! p]iod4 ,! ,/atute ,book is punctuat$ ) frequ5t allusion to 8 un=tunate lot1 c\pl$ ) proposals = re=m1 = ! mo/ "p ineffective4 ,z already m5tion$1 ! ov]se]s _h l>ge p[]s ( compulsorily appr5tic+ ! *ildr5 ( ! poor4 ,a sum 0 paid to ! employ]1 ! lad h&$ ov]1 & no /eps tak5 to gu>d 8 well-be+ or gu>antee 8 tra9+4 ,x 0 inevitable t "u conditions su* z ^! abuses %\ld occur4 ,! employ] f\nd himself provid$ ) a cont9ual supply ( lads1 b\nd to s]ve him until ! age ( tw5ty-"o1 or sometimes tw5ty-f\r2 he 0 n tr\bl$ by visits ( inspectors2 he c\ld use !m z he pleas$4 ,! luckless appr5tices 7 h]d$ toge!r 9 ov]cr[d$ & insanit>y dwell+s2 !y 7 ov]work$ & und]f$2 !y le>n$ no trade1 & 7 reg>d$ z a *eap =m ( unskill$ lab\r4 ,if !y misbehav$ !mselves ! ju/ices ( ! peace w\ld puni% !m2 if !y ran away ! law w\ld see to x t !y 7 return$ to _! ma/]s2 if !y compla9$ ( ill-treatm5t !re 0 no "o to sub/antiate ! *>ge4 ,:ole trades seem$ to h fl\ri%$ by exploit+ ! p>i% appr5tices2 & n infrequ5tly ! ov]se]1 himself an employ]1 made a com=table pr(it out ( _! mis=tunes4#bj ,9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,poor ,law ,sir ,g4 ,ni*olls summ>izes ! legislation on ! subject4#ba ,) ! rapid increase 9 ! numb] ( paup]s at ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury ^! evils multipli$1 & to an increas+ ext5t engag$ ! public att5tion4 ,if "o class ( appr5tice 0 ?us exploit$1 x is difficult to resi/ ! conclusion t1 9 a less degree1 o!rs suff]$ 9 a simil> way4 ,compulsory appr5tice%ip1 )\t effective regulation1 br\ght ) x ! dang] ( compulsory s]vitude4 ,! ,/ate 0 consci\s ( ! dang]1 & duties ( sup]vision 7 laid on ! ju/ices ( ! peace4 ,! ,/ate 0 likewise consci\s ( ! value ( appr5tice%ip1 & gave mu* att5tion to ! subject4 ,a ,commission ( ,*>les ,i4 dealt ) ! problem1 :ile an ,act ( ,james ,i4 0 conc]n$ ) ! misuse ( appr5tice%ip *>ities1 :i* l$ to *ildr5 be+ br\ght up 9 idl5ess1 to _! utt] ov]?r[ & ! great prejudice ( ! commonweal?4 #bb ,b legislation prov$ incapable ( prev5t+ evils :i* increas$ rapidly z ! ye>s w5t by4 ,f ! /&po9t ( ! boy ! second p]iod1 ^: *>act]i/ic 0 compulsion )\t sup]vision1 0 di/9ctly inf]ior to ! fir/1 :5 ! gilds regulat$ ! affairs ( ! trade = ! common good4 ,b if ! appr5tice%ip sy/em 0 weak5+ & abuses on ! increase1 an effective tra9+ 0 always possible4 ,! small ma/] /ill rema9$1 !re 0 /ill ! call = ! all-r\nd craftsman1 & ! huge *anges 9 me?ods ( production1 t 7 de/9$ to appe> lat]1 /ill lay 9 ! mi/s ( ! future4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,indu/rial ,,revolution4 ,x 0 ! inv5tion ( ! /eam-eng9e & ! consequ5t introduction ( ma*9]y t u%]$ 9 ! p]iod ( ! indu/rial revolution4 ,9 ! trades affect$ ! consequ5ces 7 imm$iate1 pr(\nd1 & disa/r\s = boys1 j\rneym51 & small ma/]s alike4 ,on ! :ole1 ma*9]y r5d]$ x possible 9 _m dep>tm5ts ( indu/ry to sub/itute unskill$ = skill$ lab\r4 #bc ,9 bran*es ( c]ta9 trades boys took ! place ( m54 ,"u ! new conditions 7( calico-pr9t+7 boys c\ld be employ$ 9 :at _h be5 hi!rto ! "w ( m52 s t1 9 ! introduction ( ma*9]y1 compla9ts began to be made by ! j\rneym5 z to ! undue multiplication ( appr5tices4 ,!re 0 "o %op 9 ,lanca%ire :]e fifty-five appr5tices _h be5 work+ at "o "t & only two j\rneym52 x 0 obvi\s t "u su* circum/ances ! man :o _h s]v$ 8 "t _h v little hope ( obta9+ employm5t4 #bd ,a sy/em ( compulsory appr5tice%ip1 "u su* conditions1 0 exploit$ = ! b5efit ( ! employ]1 & l$ inevitably to ! injury ( ! boy4 ,! latt] 0 b\nd & c\ld n escape1 :ile ! =m] c\ld readily f9d an excuse = dis*>g+ an appr5tice4 ,fur!r1 ) ! gr[+ division ( lab\r & ! sep>ation ( boys' "w f m5's "w1 tra9+ became less easy4 ,! boy 0 kept to a s+le op]ation1 & :5 8 "t 0 up f\nd no fur!r call = 8 s]vices4 ,! position ( ! workm5 9 ! trade appe>$ desp]ate4 ,ow+ to ! competition ( boys & ! decrease 9 ! dem& = 8 skill1 wages 7 rapidly fall+1 & at ! same "t ! price ( corn 0 ris+ by leaps & b\nds4 ,! small ma/]1 unable to compete ) ! *eapness ( ! ma*9e-made goods1 f>$ z badly z ! j\rneyman4 ,bo? appeal$ to ,p>liam5t = r$ress1 usually dem&+ ! prohibition ( ! new ma*9es1 ! en=cem5t ( a sev5 ye>s' appr5tice%ip1 or ! ma9t5ance ( ! old limitation ( ! numb] ( boys to be taught by ea* employ]4 #be ,b appeals ( ?is k9d fell on deaf e>s4 ,! _s ( ! age 0 aga9/ int]f]5ce1 & opposition to all =m ( regulation 0 rapidly gr[+4 ,! ,/atute ( ,appr5tices 0 dislik$ by ! l>ge employ]s1 & an eag] agitation began = its repeal4 ,?\gh obsolesc5t1 x 0 /ill suffici5tly alive to be tr\blesome4 ,a sev5 ye>s' appr5tice%ip1 x 0 argu$1 0 unnecess>ily long2 weav+1 = example1 c\ld be le>nt 9 two or ?ree ye>s4 ,a ,commission 0 appo9t$ to consid] ! "q1 & ! l>ge employ]s po9t$ out t ! new processes c\ld be le>nt 9 a few mon?s in/ead ( sev5 ye>s2 & t ! re/riction ( ! old ma/] craftsman to two or ?ree appr5tices apiece 0 out ( ! "q ) ! new buy]s ( lab\r on a l>ge scale4 #bf ,9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons ,mr4 ,s]geant ,onsl[ urg$ ! repeal ( ! ,act1 & rem>k$ t '! reign ( ,elizabe? 0 n "o 9 :i* s\nd pr9ciples ( comm]ce 7 kn[n4' ,! true pr9ciples ( comm]ce 7said ano!r ,m4,p47 appe>$ at t "t to be misund]/ood1 & ! ,act 9 "q prov$ ! tru? ( ?is ass]tion4 ,! p]sons mo/ compet5t to =m regulations ) respect to trade 7 ! ma/] manufactur]1 ^: int]e/ x 0 to h goods ( ! be/ fabric1 & no legislative enactm5t c\ld ev] effect s mu* 9 produc+ t result z ! m]ely leav+ ?+s to _! own c\rses & op]ations4 #bg ,! skill$ craftsm51 on ! o!r h&1 petition$ 9 fav\r ( compulsory appr5tice%ip4 ,b 9 ! gr[+ en?usiasm = ! !ory ^: sole t5et lay 9 ! belief t ! hav5 ( prosp]ity lay 9 ! mid-ocean ( uncontroll$ lib]ty1 all pleas 9 fav\r ( regulation 7 treat$ ) contempt4 ,! fam\s ,*alm]s1 speak+ ( ! ,/atute ( ,appr5tices1 decl>$ t ?is law1 s f> z x requires appr5tice%ip1 ought to be repeal$1 because its t5d5cy is to aboli% & to prev5t competition among workm54 #bh ,9 ! ye> #ahad ! ,/atute ( ,appr5tices 0 repeal$2#bi & ) its repeal ! ,/ate wa%$ its h&s ( all responsibility = ! well-be+ ( ! y\? ( ! l&4 ,h5ce=? ?+s 7 to be left to _! own c\rses & op]ations4 ,x is no d\bt true t !re rema9$ ! ,heal? & ,morals ( ,appr5tices ,act1 pass$ 9 #ahjb2 ?is ,act prescrib$ c]ta9 conditions z to h\rs ( "w & sanitation4 ,b ! ,act 9 itself 0 utt]ly ineffective1 #cj & = all practical purposes employ]s 7 unfett]$ 9 _! use or misuse ( *ildr54 ,!re rema9$ "o m bl[ to be /ruck be=e ! condition ( ! boy t\*$ ! l[e/ level ( mis]y rea*$ 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( ?is c\ntry2 & x 0 soon /ruck ) t rel5tless vig\r :i* m>k$ ! actions ( ! re=m] 9 ^? times4 ,aft] ! repeal ( ! ,/atute ( ,appr5tices !re 0 = ! lad no sort ( legal gu>antee ( tra9+1 no k9d ( ,/ate sup]vision ov] 8 conduct2 he c\ld "w h[ & :5 x pleas$ him or 8 p>5ts4 ,b ! ,poor ,law ,am5dm5t ,act ( #ahcd made x necess>y = him to "w h[ & :5 x pleas$ 8 employ]1 & took f him all possibility ( effective *oice4 ,?is ,act aboli%$ ! all[ance sy/em 9 aid ( wages4 ,salut>y & ev5 necess>y z "s re=m ( ! k9d 01 9 ! p>ticul> way 9 :i* x 0 c>ri$ out x fell ) cru%+ =ce on ! un=tunate *ildr54 ,hi!rto p>5ts c\ld receive s mu* p] *ild out ( ! rates2 f h5ce=? ?is 0 to be illegal4 ,wages inde$ rose1 b rose sl[ly & 9 pat*es4 ,! e>n+s ( ! *ild 7 requir$ to make exi/5ce ev5 possible = ! family4 ,a =eign & imp>tial /ud5t ( ,engli% affairs has made ?is tru? abundantly cle>3 ,ev5 grant$ t ! lab\r] himself n[ ne$$ no all[ance1 :at _h he 9 place ( ! all[ance = 8 family & ! out-(-"w relief8 ,some?+ 9 place ( ^! he mu/ h1 = ev5 lab\r]s' families mu/ live4444 ,:at 0 ! way out8 ,! lab\r] mu/ sell m lab\r p[]2 & s9ce 8 own 0 already sold1 he mu/ put t ( 8 family ^u ! m>ket4 ,?is 0 h[ ! problem ( ! m>ri$ man 0 solv$4444 ,we h already se5 t ! expansion ( ! gang sy/em took place ma9ly aft] #ahcd2 x appe>s t ! exploitation ( *ild-lab\r & wom5's lab\r is ! ma9 *>act]i/ic ( ! p]iod betwe5 ! ,poor ,law & ! ,education ,acts4 ,:5 ,dr4 ,kay 0 exam9$ be=e ! ,lords' ,committee on ! ,poor ,law ,am5dm5t ,act1 he describ$ ! a/oni%m5t ( travell]s at ! numb] ( wom5 & *ildr5 work+ 9 ! fields1 & trac$ _! increas$ employm5t to ! ,poor ,law4 ,9 8 own words3 ',! ext5t ( employm5t = wom5 & *ildr5 has mo/ wond]fully increas$ s9ce ! ,poor ,law came into op]ation4 ,x has _h t effect by r5d]+ x necess>y t ! *ildr5 %\ld be s employ$ 9 ord] to adju/ ! wages to ! wants ( ! family4444' ,& a c\ntry cl]gyman gave expression to simil> views 9 #ahdc3 ',by ^! all[ances _! *ildr5 7 n !n oblig$1 z n[1 to "w = _! subsi/5ce4 ,_! "t 0 at _! own disposal2 & !n !y 7 s5t m regul>ly to ! s*ools4 ,b s9ce ! new ,poor ,law ?is has be5 rev]s$4' #ca ,^? p]sons :o n[adays talk g5ially ( ! ease ) :i* ! new ,poor ,law 0 en=c$1 w\ld d well to rememb] t ! ease 0 pur*as$ at ! high price ( ! physical & moral det]ioration ( ! *ildr54 ,*alm]s _h got 8 way1 !re 0 n[ free competition among ! workm52 & free competition among ! workm5 meant !n1 z x has always meant s9ce1 ! unregulat$ slav]y ( ! weak4 ,) ! repeal ( ! ,/atute ( ,appr5tices & ! pass+ ( ! ,poor ,law ,am5dm5t ,act1 ! old appr5tice%ip sy/em came to an end4 ,no long] capable ( be+ controll$ 9 ! common int]e/s ( ! trade & ! community1 no long] capable ( be+ en=c$ by /atutory enactm5t1 ! appr5tice%ip sy/em 9 its anci5t =m1 ?\gh x might l+] among c]ta9 indu/ries1 0 de/9$ sl[ly to disappe>4 ,we may regret its disappe>ance1 z ! vani%+ ( a fragm5t ( an old-_w life2 b rep9+s are idle unless direct$ t[>d ! se>* = "s sub/itute adequate to ! ne$s ( ! pres5t4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,recon/ruction ,! la/ *apt] clos$ on ! d>ke/ sc5e 9 ! long hi/ory ( *ild lab\r 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,( ! ?ree factors ess5tial to a true appr5tice%ip1 n "o 0 f\nd or its ne$ ev5 recogniz$ 9 ! wild riot ( ! indu/rial revolution4 ,( public or organiz$ sup]vision ( ! y\? ( ! l& !re 0 n a trace4 ,! controll+ influ5ce ( ! gild sy/em _h long s9ce disappe>$2 ! p[]s ( regulation t lay 9 ! ,/atute ( ,appr5tices & ! ,elizabe?an ,poor ,law _h be5 )drawn2 free & unre/rict$ traffic 9 ! use ( *ildr5 0 ! wat*word ( ! age4 ,babies ( f\r & five ye>s work$ alongside ! adult & = ! same numb] ( h\rs2 !re 7 p]sons ( intellig5ce :o saw 9 ?is ga9 extract$ f infants n ! lea/ ( ! triumphs ( ! day4 ,*ildr5's lives 7 (t5 a m]e alt]nation ( two k9ds ( d>kness--! d>kness ( night giv+ place to ! d>kness ( ! m9e4 ,boys & girls 7 hir$ out 9 troops to a taskma/]1 h]d$ 9 b>ns reg>dless ( ! claims ( heal? & dec5cy1 & driv5 9 gangs into ! fields ( ! f>m]4 ,:e!r 9 ! m9e or ! factory or on ! f>m1 ! pres5t pr(its ( ! employ]1 & n ! future welf>e ( ! race1 7 alone consid]$4 ,indu/rial tra9+ ?r\gh\t ! new manufactur+ di/ricts 0 treat$ ) op5 contempt4 ,a p]son1 ! ma/]s urg$1 c\ld le>n ! trade 9 a few mon?s2 :ile z = ! provision ( an op5+ t w\ld lead f ! "w ( ! y\? to ! "w ( ! adult1 x 0 n to be imag9$ t a subject ( ?is complexity %\ld receive att5tion at a "t :5 ! n>r[ circuit ( ! prosp]\s factory set a limit to ! horizon ( m5's ?\ghts4 ,9 %ort1 ov] ! :ole field ( indu/ry ! desire = imm$iate success dom9at$ ! l>g]1 b m remote1 int]e/s ( ! future4 ,:at 0 mo/ significant ( ! times 0 n ! flood ( mis]y t swept ov] ! c\ntry s mu* z ! _s ( complac5t satisfaction ) :i* x 0 reg>d$4 ,t ! indu/rial revolution 0 9 ! cause ( progress1 ! re=m ( ! ,poor ,law ess5tial1 & ! decay ( ! old appr5tice%ip sy/em inevitable1 m5 ( intellig5ce c\ld n fail to recognize2 b !y might also h recogniz$ t ! pr(\nd trans=mation ( ! :ole social & indu/rial /ructure involv$ c\ld n take place )\t widespread suff]+ & demoralization4 ,m5 ( ! day did see ^! ?+s1 b saw !m ) unconc]n4 ,progress involv$ *ange1 & *ange dem&$ its toll ( pa92 b x 0 n ! duty ( ! ,/ate to ease ! passage or to yield to ! outcry ( :at !y look$ on z ! silly s5tim5tali/4 ,! g5]al view ( contempor>y op9ion f9ds itself reflect$ 9 ! ,:ig & ,radical j\rnals4 ,9 #ahai ! ,ed9burgh ,review decl>$3 ,aft] all1 we mu/ own t x 0 q "r to ?r[ out ! ,bill = prohibit+ ! sweep+ ( *imneys by boys--because humanity is a mod]n inv5tion2 & !re are _m *imneys 9 old h\ses t _c possibly be swept 9 any o!r mann]2 :ile ! ,radical pap]1 ! ,gorgon1 0 also incl9$ to sne] at ! ,h\se ( ,commons = its o/5tati\s display ( humanity 9 deal+ ) trivialities l ! slave trade1 climb+-boys1 & ! condition ( *ildr5 9 factories4 #cb ,! above repres5ts ! or?odox op9ion ( ! "t4 ,! age 0 ! age ( ! triumph ( ! individuali/4 ,8 0 ! gospel t inspir$ ! economi/2 8 7 ! maxims :i* guid$ ! legislator2 8 7 ! pr9ciples t 7 realiz$ 9 ! practice ( ! manufactur]4 ,= "o brief mom5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w's progress ! individuali/ 0 supreme2 & !n ! _w reel$ back 9 horror f ! hell ( s9 & mis]y he _h creat$4 ,ev5 9 ! e>ly days !re 7 n want+ voices to prote/ aga9/ ! !ory t 9 ! balance-%eet ( ! trad] 0 to be f\nd ! f9al te/ ( national righte\sness4 ,z f> back z ! ye> #ahja ,mr4 ,ju/ice ,grose1 9 s5t5c+ an employ] = ov]work+ & maltreat+ an appr5tice1 decl>$3 ,%\ld ! manufactur]s insi/ t )\t ^! *ildr5 !y c\ld n advantage\sly foll[ _! trade1 & ! ov]se]s say t )\t su* opportunity !y c\ld n get rid ( ^! *ildr51 he %\ld say to ! "o1 t trade mu/ n = ! ?ir/ ( lucre be foll[$1 b at once1 = ! sake ( society1 be ab&on$2 & to ! o!r1 x is a crime to put out ^! *ildr51 :o h no fri5d to see ju/ice done1 to incur de=mity & promote consumption or o!r disease4 ,?is obvi\sly leads to _! de/ruction--n to _! support4 #cc ,& 9 ! ye> #ahjb 0 pass$ ! ,heal? & ,morals ( ,appr5tices ,act1 an ,act important n = its results1 :i* 7 insignificant1 b z a prote/ aga9/ ! gospel ( individualism1 & z ! fir/ ( ! long s]ies ( ,factory ,acts :i* h]ald$ ! dawn ( a new age4 ,?is new age1 :i* rea*es d[n to ! pres5t "t1 & ( :i* ! end is n yet1 0 an age ( recon/ruction4 ,x repres5t$ an attempt1 unconsci\s = ! mo/ "p1 to re9/ate 9 a *ang$ =m ! pr9ciples :i* und]lay ! old appr5tice%ip sy/em4 ,x is true t ?r\gh\t ! :ole p]iod ind5tur$ appr5tice%ip 0 9 process ( gradual decay1 & is n[ become almo/ a negligible factor 9 ! indu/rial _w2 b x is no less true t f its ru9s 0 sl[ly ris+ an organization de/9$ to prove a fitt+ & ev5 a sup]ior sub/itute4 ,! f9al /age ( developm5t lies /ill 9 ! future2 ! adju/m5ts requir$ to meet ! complex ne$s ( mod]n indu/ry are innum]able2 & we are only beg9n+ to see ! outl9es ( a new appr5tice%ip sy/em t[>ds :i* we h be5 drift+ = ne>ly a c5tury4 ,to tell 9 detail ! hi/ory ( ^! long ye>s ( sl[ progress w\ld be =eign to ! purpose ( ?is book2 b c]ta9 *>act]i/ics1 :i* m>k ! process ( *ange1 are suffici5tly g]mane to ! discussions ( to-day to ju/ify consid]ation4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! =ces :i* repeat$ly fac$ & beat d[n ! resi/ance ( ^? :o /ood = unregulat$ indu/ry 7 n ! =ces ( economic analysis2 few =ces t make = great *anges are ! product ( su* unimpassion$ reason4 ,factory & k9dr$ legislation 7 ?r\gh\t ! triumph ( s5tim5t1 & n ! victory ( logic4 ,dur+ ! c\rse ( ! n9ete5? c5tury m5 became sl[ly m s5sitive to ! fact ( suff]+1 less tol]ant ( its cont9u$ exi/5ce4 ,! ,lib]al essayi/ 0 hi/orically correct :5 he said contemptu\sly t humanity 0 a mod]n inv5tion4 ,9 e>li] days little he$ 0 paid to ! physical well-be+ ( ! individual j\rneyman or appr5tice4 ,if ! gilds =bade ! c>ry+ on ( a craft by night1 x 0 because ! dim gloom ( anci5t illum9ants meant bad "w1 & n because protract$ toil made unheal?y workm54 ,:5 ! ,/ate conc]n$ itself ) h\rs ( employm5t1 x 0 to prescribe a m9imum1 & n to fix a maximum2 to keep a man busy1 & !re=e out ( mis*ief1 0 deem$ m important ?an to all[ him leisure = ?\ght or recreation4 ,9 ?is new s5tim5t ( humanity lay ! motive p[] :i* drove ,p>liam5t on to spasmodic acts ( factory legislation4 ,! s5tim5t 0 at once a s\rce ( weakness & a s\rce ( /r5g?4 ,x 0 a s\rce ( weakness because s5tim5t is ess5tially local 9 its sph]e ( influ5ce4 ,x does n se>* out ! objects on :i* its fav\rs are lavi%$2 !y mu/ be br\ght by o!rs to its v doors & repeat$ly ?ru/ ov] ! ?re%old till entrance is =c$4 ,x lacks ! bread?1 ! insight1 & ! calm ( t imag9ative reason :i* is n[ sl[ly tak+ its place4 ,9 ! case ( suff]+1 = example1 x tr\bles itself n at all ab\t ! m remote causes ( suff]+ or ! m remote suff]]1 b surges r\nd "s p>ticul> suff]] or "s p>ticul> grievance1 exi/+ "h & n[4#cd ,s5tim5t1 at any rate ! ,briti% type ( s5tim5t1 is n t\*$ by ab/ractions2 visions ( humanity 9 ! ?roes ( travail leave x unmov$2 appeals to ! ultimate pr9ciples ( ju/ice fail to produce ev5 a ?rob ( sympa!tic int]e/2 x is only ! concrete--! oppress$ *ild or ! wid[$ "m--t lets loose ! flood4 ,= ! m pr(\nd solution ( social problems su* s5tim5t is useless1 b = ! attack ( specific evils1 especially :]e ! opposition is well organiz$1 x displays amaz+ /ubbornness & res\rce4 ,its /r5g? lies 9 its unreason2 argum5t is ( no avail2 "h are c]ta9 cases ( suff]+ x w n tol]ate2 a rem$y mu/ be f\nd & ,p>liam5t mu/ f9d x2 !re w be no peace until some?+ is done4 ,x 0 9 ?is way t regulation ( *ild lab\r began1 & inde$ has cont9u$ d[n to ! pres5t "t4 ,! result is pat*y1 & ! removal ( evils p>tial & unsy/ematic4 ,!re has be51 = example1 no s]i\s attempt made to set up a m9imum /&>d ( conditions "u :i* alone *ildr5 %all be employ$2 lea/ ( all has ! ,/ate endeav\r$ to =mulate a new appr5tice%ip sy/em1 adapt$ to ! ne$s ( mod]n indu/ry4 ,mu* inde$ has be5 done 9 bo? directions2 b mu* m rema9s = ! future to c>ry ?r\gh be=e we c hope to read 9 ! effici5cy ( ! race ! sign-m>k ( our success4 ,! fir/ *>act]i/ic1 !n1 ( ! age ( recon/ruction is to be f\nd 9 ! pr$om9at+ influ5ce ( s5tim5t4 ,! second *>act]i/ic is se5 9 ! triumph ( ! ideali/ ov] ! comb9$ =ces ( ! doctr9aire & ! practical man4 ,e proposal = regulat+ *ild lab\r 0 f\ght on ! same l9es2 !re 7 ! same argum5ts & ! same replies4 ,! individuali/ urg$ t ,/ate int]f]5ce 0 9 itself an evil1 t1 ?\gh ! consequ5ces might be delay$ & ! imm$iate effect ev5 b5eficial1 y might re/ assur$ t 9 ! long-run y\r s9 w\ld f9d y out4 ,! weal?y citiz5 decl>$ t if boys might n climb 8 *imneys1 8 *imneys mu/ g unswept2 ! manufactur] pr$ict$ c]ta9 ru9 to 8 trade if he 7 =bidd5 to use *ildr5 z seem$ be/ to him2 :ile all unit$ 9 urg+ t if ! *ildr5 7 n at "w !y w\ld be do+ some?+ worse1 & po9t$ out ! obvi\s cruelty ( depriv+ half-/>v$ p>5ts ( ! scanty e>n+s ( _! half-/>v$ (fspr+4 ,to all ^! & simil> objections ! ideali/1 ) 8 cle>] vision ( ! reality ( ?+s1 & firm 9 8 fai? t ! prosp]ity ( a p c\ld nev] be ! f9al outcome ( all[+ an obvi\s wrong1 made response4 ,he sympa?iz$ ) ! individuali/ = ! dre>y pessimism ( a cre$ :i* c\ld see ! future alone col\r$ ) hope if h]ald$ by ! sobs ( suff]+ *ildr54 ,! weal?y citiz5 he bade r\ghly burn 8 h\se & build ano!r soon] ?an sacrifice ! lives ( boys to ! ne$s ( 8 *imneys4 ,:ile z = ! manufactur]1 he told him1 z ,mr4 ,ju/ice ,grose _h told him e>li]1 t1 if 8 eng9es ne$$ *ildr5 z fuel1 8 0 a trade ! c\ntry 0 be/ rid (4 ,to ^? employ]s :o plead$ ! small wages ( ! p>5ts he sugge/$ ! grim & crude & obvi\s rem$y ( pay+ ^? p>5ts m4 ,& ! ideali/1 ) ! s5tim5t ( ! ,briti% public to back him1 won ! day4 ,b if s5tim5t gave ! ideali/ 8 victory1 x 0 ! future t br\ght him a full ju/ification4 ,8 s9 aft] _m ye>s is yet seek+ him2 ! weal?y citiz5 f\nd o!r & innoc5t means ( cleans+ 8 *imneys2 ! manufactur] placidly adapt$ himself to ! new conditions1 & 8 trade fl\ri%$ exce$+ly2 ! wages ( p>5ts rose rapidly1 & :at small measure ( heal? & happ9ess t has come to ! *ildr5 ( ! poor dur+ ! la/ c5tury has come to !m ?r\gh ! defeat & ! defiance ( ! individuali/4 ,a hundr$ ye>s h roll$ by1 & yet to all new regulation ! same old objections are rais$ by ! individuali/4 ,b 8 day is gone1 & ) 8 day he also is go+4 ,a few1 inde$1 are left1 int]e/+ survivals ( ! e>ly ,victorian age4 ,b = ! great majority ( ! population regulation has no fe>s2 !y welcome & invite x4 ,&1 fur!r1 n only are !y will+ to =bid unsatisfactory conditions ( employm5t1 !y are also ready to sp5d public money to secure a prop] environm5t & a suitable tra9+ = *ildr54 ,:at !y w n tol]ate is ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( unnecess>y suff]+2 & !y are com+ m & m to realize t a va/ mass ( ! suff]+ ( to-day is unnecess>y4 ,pr9ciples1 ev5 ?\gh op5ly pr(ess$1 w n look suff]+ 9 ! face & pass on4#ce ,humanity is no long] a mod]n inv5tion1 x has become ! guid+ _s ( ! age4 ,?us we c face ! morn+ ( ! tw5tie? c5tury 9 a _s ( hope4 ,we may look = m consi/5t support & less /r5u\s opposition ?an 9 ! pa/4 ,we may 9 consequ5ce ?9k out & introduce s*emes ( a m f>-rea*+ "*4 ,empirical pat*+ w give place to recon/ruction on a l>ge scale4 ,9 o!r words1 ! s5tim5t ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 wayw>d & unc]ta9 9 its me?od ( action1 & at its be/ tr\bl+ itself ab\t a rem$y = actual suff]+1 w be sup]s$$ by ! imag9ative reason ( ! tw5tie?1 :i* looks r to prev5tion ?an to cure4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,gu>dian%ip ,,( ,,! ,,/ate ,! age ( recon/ruction is n complete1 & = ! mom5t we are left ) ! products ( s5tim5t z reveal$ 9 ! tangl$ & piecemeal legislation respect+ boy lab\r4 ,be=e mak+ new proposals1 x is desirable to survey ! exi/+ laws on ! subject1 9 ord] to discov] to :at ext5t ! ,/ate acts z ! gu>dian ( ! *ild by mak+ provision = ! ?ree ess5tial factors ( a true appr5tice%ip sy/em--sup]vision1 tra9+1 op5+4 ,! pres5t *apt] w be conc]n$ ) a description ( ! /atutory ma*9]y2 9 ! next ! value ( ! ma*9]y w be te/$ by exam9+ its results 9 actual exp]i5ce4 ,i4 ,,/ate ,,sup]vision4 ,sup]vision is ! fir/ ess5tial ( an appr5tice%ip sy/em4 ,a boy mu/ rema9 "u adequate control1 z reg>ds 8 conduct & physical developm5t1 until ! age ( eighte5 is rea*$2 be=e !n he is too "y to be all[$ safely to become 8 own ma/]4 ,:at "p does ! ,/ate1 z gu>dian1 play 9 ?is "w ( sup]vision8 ,?is volume is conc]n$ ) ! answ] to ! "q only s f> z t answ] has a direct be>+ on ! g5]al problem ( boy lab\r4 ,a /atem5t1 = example1 ( ! crim9al law1 ( ! law relat+ to public heal?1 or ( ! poor law1 lies outside its scope4 ,! gu>dian%ip ( ! ,/ate1 9 respect ( sup]vision1 is ( two k9ds4 ,on ! "o h& ! ,/ate appe>s z ! gu>dian ( ! boy by re/rict+ 8 employm5t1 or by =bidd+ x "u c]ta9 specifi$ unfav\rable conditions--,/ate regulation2 on ! o!r h&--z1 = example1 9 its sy/em ( education--x assumes a m active role1 & itself provides = ! boy "s ( ! discipl9e & tra9+ he requires--,/ate ent]prise4 ,sec4 #a4 ,,/ate ,,regulation4 ,! ,/ate1 by regulation1 may protect ! boy 9 ?ree ways-- #a4 ,prohibition4--,! ,/ate may protect ! boy by =bidd+ 8 employm5t bel[ a c]ta9 age or 9 c]ta9 classes ( indu/ry4 #b4 ,limitation ( ,h\rs4--,! ,/ate may protect ! boy by fix+ a limit to ! numb] ( h\rs dur+ :i* he may be employ$4 #c4 ,heal? & ,safety4--,! ,/ate may protect ! boy by en=c+ c]ta9 regulations z reg>ds sanitation 9 ! work%op or ! prop] gu>d+ ( ma*9]y1 or may require a m$ical c]tificate to %[ t ! boy is physically fit = ! occupation 9 :i* he is engag$4 ,we %all be/ und]/& ! measure ( protection af=d$ ! boy by ! ,/ate by classify+ ! /atutory regulations "u ^! ?ree head+s r ?an by tak+ ! individual ,acts & analyz+ !m sep>ately4 ,! pr9cipal ,acts conc]n$ are ! foll[+3 ,! ,factory & ,work%op ,act1 #aija4 ,metallif]\s ,m9es ,regulation ,act1 #ahgb4 ,coal ,m9es ,regulation ,act1 #ahhg4 ,m9es 7,prohibition ( ,*ild ,lab\r ,und]gr\nd7 ,act1 #aijj4 ,! ,%op ,h\rs ,act1 #ahib4 ,! ,employm5t ( ,*ildr5 ,act1 #aijc4 ,! ,prev5tion ( ,cruelty to ,*ildr5 ,act1 #ahid4 ,*ildr5 ,act1 #aijh4 ,& ! v>i\s ,acts relat+ to compulsory att5dance at s*ool-- ,elem5t>y ,education ,act1 #ahgf4 ,elem5t>y ,education ,act1 #ahhj4 ,elem5t>y ,education 7,s*ool ,att5dance7 ,act1 #ahic4 ,& ! ,act am5d+ ?is la/ ,act1 #ahii4 ,to make :at foll[s cle>]1 & to avoid repetition1 x is desirable to add a few rem>ks ab\t two ( ^! ,acts4 ,! ,factory & ,work%op ,act is conc]n$ ) ! conditions ( employm5t 9 premises :]e9 lab\r is ex]cis$ by way ( trade or = purposes ( ga9 9 or incid5tal to any ( ! foll[+ purposes--namely3 7i47 ,! mak+ ( an article or "p ( any article2 or 7ii47 ,! alt]+1 repair+1 ornam5t+1 or f9i%+ ( any article2 or 7iii47 ,! adapt+ = sale ( an article4 #cf ,premises 9 :i* su* op]ations are c>ri$ on are divid$ into ^! f\r classes3 #a4 ,textile factories1 :]e me*anical p[] is us$ 9 connection ) ! manufacture ( cotton1 wool1 hair1 silk1 flax1 hemp1 jute1 or o!r l mat]ial2 #b4 ,non-textile factories1 :]e me*anical p[] is us$ 9 connection ) ! manufacture ( articles o!r ?an ^? includ$ 9 7#a71 &1 9 addition1 c]ta9 indu/ries1 su* z pr9t works1 or lucif]-mat* works1 :e!r me*anical p[] is or is n employ$2#cg #c4 ,work%ops :]e articles are manufactur$ )\t ! aid ( me*anical p[]2 &-- #d4 ,dome/ic work%ops or factories1 :]e a private h\se or room is1 by reason ( ! "w c>ri$ on !re1 a factory or a work%op1 :]e me*anical p[] is n us$1 & 9 :i* ! only p]sons employ$ are memb]s ( ! same family dwell+ !re4#cg ,! ,act also has a limit$ ref]5ce to laundries1 docks1 build+s 9 c\rse ( con/ruction & repair1 & railways4#ci ,c]ta9 def9itions are important 9 ! int]pretation ( ! regulations4 ,! expression *ild means a p]son "u ! age ( f\rte51 :o is n exempt f att5dance at s*ool4#dj ,! expression "y p]son means a p]son :o has ceas$ to be a *ild1 & is "u ! age ( eighte54#da ,^! expressions w be us$ ) ?is significance 9 ! rema9d] ( ?is *apt]1 unless ! contr>y is /at$4 ,! au?ority = ! en=cem5t ( ! ,factory & ,work%op ,act is 9 g5]al ! ,home ,(fice1 act+ ?r\gh its inspectors4 ,9 c]ta9 cases1 :i* w be m5tion$ lat]1 ! duty ( en=cem5t is impos$ on "o or o!r ( ! locally elect$ bodies4 ,! regulations compris$ 9 ! ,employm5t ( ,*ildr5 ,act are 9 "p ( g5]al application1 9 "p dep5d5t on by-laws made by ! local au?ority1 & approv$ by ! ,home ,secret>y4 ,! local au?ority1 = ! en=cem5t ( ! ,act & = ! mak+ ( by-laws1 is1 9 ! case ( ,london1 exclusive ( ! ,city1 = :i* ! ,common ,c\ncil is ! au?ority1 ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil2 9 ! case ( a municipal bor\gh ) a population accord+ to ! c5sus ( #aija ( ov] #aj1jjj1 ! ,bor\gh ,c\ncil2 9 ! case ( any o!r urban di/rict ) a population ( ov] #bj1jjj1 ! ,di/rict ,c\ncil2 9 ! case ( ! rema9d] ( ,engl& & ,wales1 ! ,c\nty ,c\ncil4#db ,^! are ! *ief ,acts ?r\gh :i* are regulat$ ! conditions ( boy lab\r4 ,ea* 9 a m or less degree is conc]n$ ) prohibition1 limitation ( h\rs1 & heal? regulations4 ,x n[ rema9s to exam9e ! ext5t ( ! protection provid$4 7a7 ,prohibition ( ,employm5t4 ,!re is no law =bidd+ *ildr5 bel[ a c]ta9 age to "w = wages4 ,9 default ( local by-laws1 x is /ill legal to employ *ildr5 ( any age1 h[ev] "y1 9 a l>ge numb] ( occupations4 ,prohibition takes ! =m ( =bidd+ ! employm5t ( *ildr5 9 c]ta9 trades reg>d$ z specially dang]\s to heal? or demoraliz+ to "*4 #a4 ,x is illegal to employ *ildr5 or "y p]sons 9 ! "p ( a factory or work%op 9 :i* !re is c>ri$ on ! process ( silv]+ mirrors by ! m]curial process or ! process ( mak+ :ite lead4 #dc ,& ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate has p[] to ext5d ?is prohibition to o!r dang]\s trades4#dd #b4 ,x is illegal to employ und]gr\nd 9 any m9e boys "u ! age ( ?irte51#de & no boy "u ! age ( twelve may be employ$ above-gr\nd 9 connection ) any m9e4#df #c4 ,a *ild may n be employ$ 9 ! "p ( a factory or work%op 9 :i* !re is c>ri$ on any gr9d+ 9 ! metal trade1 or ! dipp+ ( lucif]-mat*es4 #dg #d4 ,a *ild "u ! age ( elev5 may n be employ$ 9 /reet-trad+--i4e41 9 ! hawk+ ( newspap]s1 mat*es1 fl[]s1 & o!r articles1 play+1 s++1 or p]=m+ = pr(it1 %oe-black+1 or any l occupation c>ri$ on 9 /reets or public places4 #dh #e4 ,9 !atres & %[s1 *ildr5 "u sev5 may n be employ$ at all1 & *ildr5 "u elev5 c only be employ$ on a lic5ce grant$ by a magi/rate4#di ,omitt+ ways ( e>n+ money1 z by begg+1 :i* _c prop]ly be reg>d$ z =ms ( employm5t1 & anci5t ,acts1 su* z ! ,*imney ,sweep]s ,act ( #ahdj1 :i* prohibit$ ! appr5tic+ ( *ildr5 "u ! age ( sixte5 to ! trade ( ! sweep1 or ! ,agricultural ,gangs ,act1 #ahfg1 :i* =bade ! employm5t ( *ildr5 "u eight 9 an agricultural gang--,acts :i* h n[ little practical importance--! regulations outl9$ above comprise ! :ole ( ! regulations :i* prohibit ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry ! employm5t ( boys 9 c]ta9 =ms ( occupation4 ,= any ext5sion ( prohibition we mu/ look to ! by-laws :i* may1 b ne$ n1 be made by local au?orities "u ! provisions ( ! ,employm5t ( ,*ildr5 ,act4 ,"u ?is ,act ! local au?ority may make by-laws prescrib+ = all *ildr5 bel[ ! age :i* employm5t is illegal1 & may prohibit absolutely1 or may p]mit1 subject to conditions1 ! employm5t ( *ildr5 "u ! age ( f\rte5 9 any specifi$ occupation4#ej ,! by-laws may likewise prohibit or all[1 "u conditions1 /reet trad+ by p]sons "u ! age ( sixte54#ea ,b 9 ei!r case ! by-laws1 be=e becom+ op]ative1 mu/ be confirm$1 aft] an inquiry is held1 by ! ,home ,secret>y4#eb ,z an example ( prohibition ?r\gh by-laws made "u ?is ,act1 ! case ( ,london outside ! ,city may be cit$4 ,! by-laws ( ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil =bid ! employm5t ( all *ildr5 "u ! age ( elev51 ! employm5t ( *ildr5 "u ! age ( f\rte5 z la!r boys 9 b>b]s' %ops1 & ! employm5t ( boys "u ! age ( sixte5 9 /reet trad+1 unless !y we> on ! arm a badge provid$ by ! ,c\ncil4 7b7 ,limitation ( ,h\rs4 ,!re is no law limit+ = all *ildr5 or = all "y p]sons ! numb] ( h\rs :i* may be work$4 ,x is /ill legal 9 ! majority ( occupations to employ "y p]sons1 & 9 default ( by-laws s*ool-*ildr5 on days :5 ! s*ools are clos$1 = a numb] ( h\rs re/rict$ only by ! l5g? ( ! day4 ,z ) prohibition1 s ! matt] /&s ) ! limitation ( h\rs4 ,gl>+ evils1 j because !y gl>$1 h f "t to "t be5 dealt ) by legislation2 o!r evils no less s]i\s h be5 ignor$ m]ely because !y h n *anc$ to attract att5tion4 ,! result ( ?is piecemeal legislation & enactm5t by by-laws is a *aos ( intricate regulations1 applicable to p]sons ( diff]5t age & diff]5t sex1 v>y+ f trade to trade & f place to place4 ,i am1 =tunately1 conc]n$ "h only ) ! male sex1 & %all beg9 ) ! boy "y p]son1 & !n proce$ to ! boy *ild4 ,! ,"y ,p]son4--,f> ! mo/ important1 because ! mo/ detail$ & ! mo/ compreh5sive1 ( ! ,acts deal+ ) ! limitation ( h\rs is ! ,factory & ,work%ops ,act4 ,"u ?is ,act ! h\rs ( employm5t are re/rict$ by specify+ ! h\rs dur+ :i* alone employm5t may be c>ri$ on4 ,no employm5t is all[$ on ,sundays except 9 ! case ( ,jewi% factories clos$ on ,saturday1 or ( c]ta9 indu/ries specially sanction$ = ! purpose by ! ,home ,secret>y4 ,9 textile factories1#ec ! p]iod ( employm5t = "y p]sons is f #f a4m4 to #f p4m41 or f #g a4m4 to #g p4m41 ) two h\rs = meals1 & on ,saturdays f #f a4m4 to #aa4cj a4m41 ) half an h\r = meals4#ed ,9 non-textile factories & work%ops ! *ief diff]5ce lies 9 ! fact t ! int]val = meals is half an h\r %ort]1 :ile on ,saturdays employm5t is p]mitt$ betwe5 #f a4m4 & #b p4m41 ) half an h\r = meals4#ee ,9 dome/ic factories & work%ops ! h\rs ( employm5t are f #f a4m4 to #i p4m41 ) f\r & a half h\rs = meals1 & on ,saturdays f #f a4m4 to #d p4m41 ) two & a half h\rs = meals4#ef ,ov]time is 9 g5]al prohibit$4#eg ,employm5t inside & outside a factory or work%op 9 ! bus9ess ( ! factory or work%op is prohibit$1 except dur+ ! recogniz$ p]iod1 on any day on :i* ! "y p]son is employ$ inside ! factory or work%op bo? be=e & aft] ! d9n]-h\r4#eh ,?us ! maximum numb] ( h\rs 9 a week1 includ+ meal-times1 dur+ :i* a "y p]son may be employ$ is1 9 textile factories1 #fe-a_/b2 9 non-textile factories & work%ops1 #fh2 9 dome/ic factories & work%ops1 #he2 or1 exclud+ meal-times1 ! h\rs 9 ! ?ree classes are #ee1 #fj1 & #fj respectively4 ,! ,act applies only to ^? employ$ 9 factories & work%ops4 ,x has limit$ application to c]ta9 o!r trades1 b ! application is unimportant 9 connection ) boy lab\r4 ,to ! regulations quot$ !re are num]\s exceptions1 & ! ,home ,secret>y has l>ge discretion>y p[]s4#ei ,a "y p]son may n be employ$ 9 or ab\t a %op = a long] p]iod ?an sev5ty-f\r h\rs1 includ+ meal-times1 9 any "o week4 ,fur!r1 an employ] may n kn[+ly employ a "y p]son :o has already on ! same day be5 employ$ 9 a factory or work%op1 if su* employm5t makes ! total numb] ( h\rs work$ m ?an ! full "t a "y p]son is p]mitt$ to "w 9 a factory or work%op4#fj ,by-laws may be made limit+ ! h\rs ( employm5t ( "y p]sons "u ! age ( sixte5 engag$ 9 /reet trad+4 #fa ,! by-laws ( ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil =bid ! employm5t ( su* p]sons be=e #g a4m4 or aft] #i p4m41 or = m ?an eight h\rs 9 any day1 :5 employ$ "u ! imm$iate direction & sup]vision ( an adult p]son hav+ *>ge ( a /reet /all or b>r[2 be=e #g a4m4 or aft] #h p4m4 :5 employ$ 9 any o!r =m ( /reet trad+4 ,) ! exception ( ! regulations outl9$ above1 !re is no limit to ! numb] ( h\rs dur+ :i* "y p]sons may legally be employ$4 ,*ildr54--,! mo/ important ,acts regulat+ ! h\rs ( employm5t = *ildr5 are ! ,acts :i* en=ce att5dance at s*ool4 ,!y limit h\rs1 n by fix+ a maximum numb] ( h\rs dur+ :i* *ildr5 may be employ$1 b by pursu+ ! f> m effective plan ( see+ t ! *ildr5 are 9 s*ool1 & !re=e n 9 ! work%op1 dur+ "p ( ! day4 ,tak5 toge!r1 ^! ,acts provide t *ildr5 %all be at s*ool1 & consequ5tly n at "w1 at all times :5 ! s*ools are op5$ until ! age ( twelve is rea*$4 ,!re is "o exception to ?is regulation3 *ildr5 may1 "u a special by-law ( ! local education au?ority1 be employ$ 9 agriculture at ! age ( elev51 provid$ t !y att5d s*ool #bej times a ye> up to ! age ( ?irte54 ,?is exception is ( small importance1 z ! numb] ( *ildr5 :o are exempt "u ?is special by-law seems to be v small1 n exce$+ app>5tly #djj 9 ! :ole c\ntry4 #fb ,betwe5 ! ages ( twelve & f\rte5 att5dance is compulsory1 subject to a complex s*eme ( p>tial or total exemptions1 dep5d+ on ! by-laws ( ! local education au?ority4 ,x re/s1 = in/ance1 ) ea* local education au?ority to decide :e!r1 z reg>ds *ildr5 betwe5 twelve & f\rte51 !y w grant full-"t or half-"t exemption1 or bo?1 & ^u :at conditions ( att5dance or atta9m5ts1 always subject1 ( c\rse1 to ! fact t ! by-laws mu/ be approv$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,education1 & mu/ n cla% ) any ,act regulat+ ! employm5t ( *ildr54 #fc ,= all practical purposes1 x is possible = ! local education au?ority1 if !y ?9k fit1 to insi/ on su* a /&>d ( atta9m5t to be rea*$ be=e exemption is all[$ t1 ) a few exceptions1 relatively insignificant1 *ildr5 are compell$ to att5d s*ool until ! age ( f\rte54 ,x is important to rememb] t ^! ,acts limit ! employm5t ( *ildr5 only dur+ times :5 ! s*ools are op5$4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ! h\rs ( att5dance are betwe5 #i & #ab 9 ! morn+1 & betwe5 #b & #d4cj 9 ! aft]noon2 :ile ! s*ools are op5 on five days a week dur+ "s =ty-f\r weeks 9 ! ye>4 ,dur+ holidays1 & on ,saturdays & ,sundays1 s f> z ^! ,acts are conc]n$1 !re is no limit to ! numb]s ( h\rs a *ild may "w4 ,a fur!r limit is put on ! h\rs *ildr5 may "w by ! ,employm5t ( ,*ildr5 ,act1 #aijc4 ,a *ild "u f\rte5 may n be employ$ betwe5 #i p4m4 & #f a4m4 ,?is provision is subject to v>iation by local by-laws4#fd ,local by-laws may prescribe = *ildr5 "u f\rte53 7a7 ,! h\rs betwe5 :i* employm5t is illegal2 7b7 ! numb] ( daily & weekly h\rs beyond :i* employm5t is illegal2 & 7c7 may p]mit1 subject to conditions1 ! employm5t ( *ildr5 9 any specifi$ occupation4#fe ,"u ?is ,act ! by-laws ( ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil provide t a *ild liable to att5d s*ool %all n be employ$ on days :5 ! s*ool is op5 = m ?an ?ree & a half h\rs a day1 nor-- 7a7 ,betwe5 #h a4m4 & #e p4m42 7b7 ,be=e #f4cj a4m4 or aft] #i p4m42 & on days :5 ! s*ool is n op5-- 7a7 ,be=e #f4cj a4m4 or aft] #i p4m42 7b7 ,= m ?an eight h\rs 9 any "o day4 ,on ,sundays a *ild %all n be employ$ except betwe5 ! h\rs ( #g a4m4 & #a p4m4 = a p]iod n exce$+ ?ree h\rs4 ,a *ild liable to att5d s*ool %all n be employ$ = m ?an tw5ty h\rs 9 any week :5 ! s*ool is op5 on m ?an two days1 or = m ?an ?irty h\rs 9 any week :5 ! s*ool is op5 on two days only or less4 ,additional limitations are impos$ on ! numb] ( h\rs dur+ :i* *ildr5 may be employ$ by ! ,factory & ,work%op ,act4 ,a *ild betwe5 twelve & ?irte51 :o has rea*$ ! /&>d = total or p>tial exemption "u ! ,elem5t>y ,education ,acts1 & consequ5tly may be employ$1 mu/ /ill1 if employ$ 9 a factory or work%op1 att5d s*ool 9 accordance ) ! requirem5ts ( ! ,factory ,act4 ,s mu/ a *ild ( ?irte5 :o has n obta9$ a c]tificate entitl+ him to be employ$ z a "y p]son4 #ff ,! fam\s half-"t sy/em is n1 z sometimes suppos$1 a special privilege all[$ to work%ops & factories4 ,x is p]missible 9 all =ms ( occupation 9 a practically unre/rict$ %ape4 ,9 factories & work%ops ! conditions are subject to def9ite regulations4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 only 9 factories & work%ops1 &1 inde$1 only 9 c]ta9 trades among ^!1 t ! half-"t sy/em has mu* practical importance4 ,! g5]al regulations1 subject1 h[ev]1 to c]ta9 v>iations1 are z foll[s3#fg ,employm5t mu/ be ei!r 9 morn+ & aft]noon sets1 or on alt]nate days ,! morn+ set beg9s at #f a4m4 or #g a4m41 & ends-- 7a7 ,at "o o'clock 9 ! aft]noon2 or 7b7 ,if ! d9n]-h\r beg9s be=e "o o'clock1 at ! beg9n+ ( d9n]-"t2 or 7c7 ,if ! d9n]-"t does n beg9 be=e #b p4m4 at noon4 ,! aft]noon set beg9s ei!r-- 7a7 ,at #a p4m4 7b7 ,at any lat] h\r at :i* ! d9n]-"t t]m9ates2 or 7c7 ,if ! d9n]-h\r does n beg9 be=e #b p4m41 & ! morn+ set ends at noon1 at noon-- & ends at #f p4m4 or #g p4m4 ,on ,saturdays ! p]iod ( employm5t is ! same z = "y p]sons--#f a4m4 to #aa4cj a4m4--b a *ild %all n be employ$ on two successive ,saturdays1 nor on ,saturday 9 any week if on any o!r days 9 ! same week 8 p]iod ( employm5t has exce$$ five & a half h\rs4 ,a *ild mu/ n be employ$ 9 two successive p]iods ( sev5 days 9 ! morn+ set1 nor 9 two successive p]iods ( sev5 days 9 an aft]noon set4 ,on ! alt]nate day sy/em1 ! p]iod ( employm5t is ! same z = a "y p]son--i4e41 f #f a4m4 or #g a4m4 to #f p4m4 or #g p4m41 ) two h\rs = meals2 & on ,saturdays f #f a4m4 to #aa4cj a4m41 ) half an h\r = meals4 ,"u ?is sy/em a *ild may n be employ$ on two successive days1 nor on ! same day 9 two successive weeks4 ,"u all ! sy/ems a *ild may n be employ$ cont9u\sly = m ?an f\r & a half h\rs )\t an int]val ( half an h\r = meals4#fh ,nor mu/ a *ild be employ$ on any "o day on ! bus9ess ( ! factory or work%ops bo? inside & outside ! factory or work%op4#fi ,?is sy/em ( regulation ref]s to textile factories1 b ^! include ! va/ majority ( half-tim]s4 ,! regulations ) reg>d to non-textile factories & work%ops are less rigor\s2 & 9 ! case ( dome/ic work%ops & factories !re is additional relaxation ( ! rules4 ,! p>5t or gu>dian ( ! half-tim] is responsible = ! *ild's att5dance at s*ool4 ,z an additional precaution aga9/ truancy1 ! employ] may n employ ! *ild unless ea* ,monday ! *ild has obta9$ f ! s*ool a c]tificate ( att5dance dur+ ! pa/ week4#gj ,if we take into acc\nt ! h\rs work$ 9 ! factory & ! h\rs sp5t 9 s*ool1 we %all f9d t ! half-tim]'s week ( /r5u\s ef=t is a long & a we>y "o4 ,tak+ "o week ) ano!r1 ! employm5t ( ! half-tim] is = tw5ty-eight & a qu>t] h\rs a week 9 a textile factory1 & ?irty 9 a non-textile factory or work%op2 & z he is 9 s*ool = ?irte5 or f\rte5 h\rs1 8 total week 9 s*ool & factory is f =ty to =ty-f\r h\rs4 #ga ,9 view ( proposals made lat]1 ,i h ?\ght desirable to ins]t 9 detail ! half-"t regulations1 9 ord] to %[ h[1 9 ! actual c>ry+ out ( indu/rial op]ations1 a half-"t sy/em c be put into effect4 7c7 ,protection ( ,heal?4 ,!re is no law prescrib+ 9 all cases ! conditions z to build+s1 sanit>y arrangem5ts1 & safety1 "u :i* alone *ildr5 & "y p]sons may be employ$4 ,!re is no law requir+ 9 all cases a m$ical c]tificate f *ildr5 & "y p]sons to %[ t !y are physically suit$ = ! employm5t 9 :i* !y are engag$4 ,x is no d\bt true t ! build+s 9 :i* juv5iles are employ$ come1 9 respect ( sanitation1 dra9age1 & wat]-supply1 "u ! g5]al ,public ,heal? ,acts4 ,x is no d\bt a fact t local build+ by-laws occasionally insi/ on means ( escape 9 case ( fire 9 premises :]e m ?an a c]ta9 numb] ( p]sons are employ$4 ,x is likewise "p ( ! law ( ! l& t1 if a lad 9 ! c\rse ( 8 "w meets ) a fatal accid5t1 twelve j m5 & a coron] mu/ sit on ! dead body & inve/igate ! cause4 ,b1 ap>t f su* regulations1 :i* are n conf9$ to ! employm5t ( juv5iles1 or1 inde$1 to employm5t g5]ally1 x is only 9 special =ms ( occupation t !re are requir$ additional precautions design$ to protect ! heal? & safety ( ! work]s4 ,elaborate rules prescribe ! conditions :i* mu/ be obs]v$ 9 ! managem5t ( a railway or a m9e4 ,! ,%op ,h\rs ,act requires t seats %\ld be provid$ = %op assi/ants4 ,su* ,acts h 9 practice only a limit$ application 9 ! case ( *ildr5 & "y p]sons1 :o d n to any l>ge ext5t come into ! classes affect$4 ,"h1 z 9 reg>d to ! regulation ( h\rs1 ! *ief ,act ( importance is ! ,factory & ,work%op ,act4 ,?is ,act makes c>eful provision1 s f> z premises are conc]n$1 = ! heal? ( ! work]s1 juv5iles & adults alike4 ,:e!r ! provisions are 9 practice always en=c$ is a matt] op5 to "s d\bt4 ,9 ! case ( factories1#gb ! outside walls1 ceil+s1 passages1 & /aircases mu/ be pa9t$ e sev5 ye>s1 & wa%$ e f\rte5 mon?s2 & 9 g5]al ! premises mu/ be kept clean & free f effluvia1 & ! floors prop]ly dra9$4 ,v5tilation mu/ be adequate1 & all gases1 du/1 & o!r impurities g5]at$ 9 ! c\rse ( "w r5d]$1 s f> z is practicable1 innocu\s to heal?4 ,9 c]ta9 cases ! inspector may insi/ on ! provision ( v5tilat+ fans4 ,ov]cr[d+ is prev5t$ by requir+ a m9imum space 9 ea* room ( #bej cubic feet = ea* p]son1 or dur+ ov]time ( #djj cubic feet4 ,a reasonable temp]ature mu/ be ma9ta9$ 9 ea* room 9 :i* any p]son is employ$4 ,!re mu/ be suffici5t & suitable supply ( sanit>y conv5i5ces4 ,9 textile factories a limit is set on ! am\nt ( atmosph]ic humidity4 ,9 c]ta9 dang]\s or poison\s trades additional precautions are requir$4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate has l>ge p[]s ( impos+ additional regulations on ! "o h&1 & ( grant+ exemptions on ! o!r4 ,! au?ority = en=c+ ! regulations 9 factories is ! inspector act+ ?r\gh ! ,home ,(fice4 ,! regulations applicable to work%ops d n diff] v mat]ially f ^? impos$ on factories1 b ! en=c+ au?ority is diff]5t4 ,! au?ority 9 ! case ( work%ops is ! di/rict or ! bor\gh c\ncil--i4e41 ! public heal? au?ority4 ,! m$ical (fic] ( heal? & ! inspector ( nuisances h = ?is purpose ! p[] ( factory inspectors4 ,a brea* ( ! law on ! subject is decl>$ to be a nuisance1 & may be dealt ) summ>ily "u ! ,public ,heal? ,acts4 ,! di/rict or bor\gh c\ncil are compell$ to keep a regi/] ( ! work%ops )9 _! area2 & ! m$ical (fic] ( heal? is requir$ to report annually to ! c\ncil on ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,factory ,acts 9 ! work%ops & workplaces 9 ! di/rict4 ,a copy ( ?is report mu/ be s5t to ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 :o rema9s ! supreme au?ority1 & 9 c]ta9 cases ( default may au?orize a factory inspector to take ! necess>y /eps = en=c+ ^! provisions1 & recov] ! exp5ses f ! default+ c\ncil4 ,an attempt is also made to regulate ! sanit>y conditions "u :i* out-work]s are employ$4 ,:]e provisions are made by ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 ! employ]s conc]n$ are made responsible = ! condition ( ! places 9 :i* 8 out-work]s c>ry on "w4 ,! employ] mu/ keep li/s ( out-work]s4 ,! di/rict c\ncil1 9 cases :]e ! place is injuri\s to ! heal? ( ! out-work]s1 may take /eps to h ! evil rem$i$ or ! employm5t /opp$4 ,! ,act requires ma*9]y to be prop]ly f5c$1 & special precautions to be tak5 9 clean+ ma*9]y 9 motion4 ,*ildr5 may n clean any "p ( ma*9]y 9 motion1 or any place "u su* ma*9]y o!r ?an a ov]head ge>+4 ,*ildr5 & "y p]sons may n be all[$ to "w betwe5 ! fix$ & trav]s+ p>ts ( a self-act+ ma*9e :ile ! ma*9e is 9 motion4 ,:5 !re occurs 9 a factory or work%op any accid5t :i* ei!r 7a7 causes loss ( life to a p]son employ$ 9 ! factory or work%op1 or 7b7 causes to a p]son employ$ 9 ! factory or work%op su* bodily injury z to prev5t him on any "o ( ! ?ree work+ days aft] ! occurr5ce ( ! accid5t f be+ employ$ = five h\rs on 8 ord9>y "w1 writt5 notice %all =?) be s5t to ! inspector = ! di/rict4 ,9 ! case ( new factories erect$ s9ce ,janu>y #a1 #ahib1 & ( new work%ops erect$ s9ce ,janu>y #a1 #ahif1 9 :i* m ?an =ty p]sons are employ$1 a c]tificate mu/ be obta9$ f ! local au?ority = build+ by-laws1 /at+ t reasonable provision = escape has be5 made 9 case ( fire4 ,) reg>d to old] factories & work%ops1 ! local au?ority mu/ satisfy itself t reasonable means ( escape are provid$4 ,f ^! regulations x w be se5 t precautions gu>d+ ! heal? ( boys are tak5 9 ! case ( factories & work%ops4 ,!re are rules1 !re is an en=c+ & inspect+ au?ority1 & !re is requir$ a report 9 all cases ( s]i\s accid5t4 ,b1 ) "o exception1 no /eps are tak5 to te/ ! adequacy ( ! precautions by a p]iodic m$ical exam9ation ( *ildr5 & "y p]sons1 or to prev5t ! employm5t ( c]ta9 individuals :o are physically unfit = ! "w4 ,! exception is important1 & obs]ves att5tion1 because x indicates a possible l9e ( re=m4 ,9 a factory a "y p]son "u ! age ( sixte51 or a *ild1 mu/ n be employ$ 444 unless ! occupi] ( ! factory has obta9$ a c]tificate1 9 ! prescrib$ =m1 ( ! fitness ( ! "y p]son or *ild = employm5t 9 t factory4 ,:5 a *ild becomes a "y p]son1 a fre% c]tificate ( fitness mu/ be obta9$4 #gc ,a c]tify+ surgeon is appo9t$ = ea* di/rict4 ,he mu/ c]tify t ! p]son nam$ 9 ! c]tificate is ( ! age !re9 specifi$1 & has be5 p]sonally exam9$ by him1 & is n incapacitat$ by disease or bodily infirmity = work+ daily = ! "t all[$ by law 9 ! factory4 #gd ,! c]tificate may be qualifi$ by conditions z to ! "w on :i* a *ild or "y p]son is fit to be employ$1 & ! employ] mu/ obs]ve su* conditions4#ge ,! surgeon has p[] to exam9e any process 9 :i* ! *ild or "y p]son is employ$4#gf ,a factory inspector :o is ( op9ion t any "y p]son or *ild is unsuit$ on ! gr\nd ( heal? = ! employm5t on :i* he is engag$ may ord] 8 dismissal1 unless ! c]tify+ surgeon1 aft] exam9ation1 %all aga9 c]tify him z fit4#gg ,?is provision only applies to "y p]sons "u ! age ( sixte51 & to *ildr54 ,x does n1 moreov]1 apply to work%ops4 ,9 ! case ( work%ops1 ! employ] may obta91 if he ?9ks fit1 a c]tificate f ! c]tify+ surgeon4#gh ,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate has1 h[ev]1 p[] to ext5d ! regulation to c]ta9 classes ( work%ops1 if he consid]s ! ext5sion desirable4#gi ,9 ^! cases1 & ^! cases alone1 is x necess>y to call 9 ! doctor to c]tify ! physical fitness ( ! boy = ! employm5t 9 :i* he is engag$4 ,b "u ! ,employm5t ( ,*ildr5 ,act1 #aijc1 tak5 9 conjunction ) ! ,education 7,adm9i/rative ,provisions7 ,act1 #aijg1 x is possible to ext5d consid]ably ! sy/em ( m$ical te/s4 ,"u ! fir/ ( ^! ,acts1 :i* applies to *ildr5 "u ! age ( f\rte5-- ,sect4 #c 7#d74 ,a *ild %all n be employ$ to lift1 c>ry1 or move any?+ s heavy z to be likely to cause injury to ! *ild4 7#e7 ,a *ild %all n be employ$ 9 any occupation likely to be injuri\s to 8 life1 limb1 heal?1 or education1 reg>d be+ _h to 8 physical condition4 7#f7 ,if ! local au?ority s5d a c]tificate to ! employ] say+ t c]ta9 employm5t w injure ! *ild1 ! c]tificate %all be admissible z evid5ce 9 any subsequ5t proce$+s aga9/ ! employ] 9 respect ( ! employm5t ( ! *ild4 ,if ! *ild has left s*ool--& "u c]ta9 conditions a *ild c leave s*ool at ! age ( twelve--x is n easy to see h[ ! local au?ority c en=ce ^! provisions4 ,b ) *ildr5 att5d+ s*ool1 :ole or "p "t1 circum/ances are diff]5t4 ,m$ical inspection ( s*ool-*ildr5 is n[ compulsory1 & x is )9 ! p[] ( ! education au?ority to inspect any su* *ildr54#hj ,!y are !re=e at lib]ty to exam9e any *ildr5 kn[n to be at "w1 & any c]tificate ( unfitness s5t to an employ] w\ld probably be effective4 ,fur!r1 "u ! ,employm5t ( ,*ildr5 ,act1 ,sects4 #a & #b1 a local au?ority may make by-laws p]mitt+1 subject to conditions1 ! employm5t ( *ildr5 "u ! age ( f\rte5 9 any specifi$ occupation2 & 9 ! case ( /reet trad+ ! age is ext5d$ to sixte54 ,x w\ld be possible !re=e1 subject to ! approval ( ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 to make by-laws requir+ a m$ical c]tificate ( fitness 9 c]ta9 =ms ( occupation 9 :i* *ildr5 "u ! age ( f\rte5 are engag$4 ,sec4 #b4 ,,/ate ,,ent]prise4 ,9 ! prec$+ sections ! ,/ate has play$ a passive "p 9 ! sup]vision ( ! boy4 ,x has cont5t$ itself ) giv+ ord]s to o!rs1 & ) tak+ "s m or less inadequate /eps to see t its comm&s are obey$1 b has directly done no?+ itself4 ,we are n[ to see ! ,/ate assum+ duties ( its own1 & appe>+ z ! active gu>dian ( ! *ild4 ,individual or volunt>y ef=t hav+ fail$1 x has be5 driv51 at fir/ reluctantly1 b lat] ) increas+ read9ess1 to fill ! gap4 ,! ,/ate has n[ made itself directly responsible = provid+ s*ools = ! *ildr5 ( ! nation4 ,! s*ools play an important "p 9 ! sup]vision ( "*4 ,att5dance at s*ool may be ei!r compulsory or volunt>y4 ,! law ( compulsory att5dance has already be5 /at$4#ha ,z a rule *ildr5 mu/ att5d s*ool till !y rea* ! age ( twelve1 & "u local by-laws c 9 g5]al be reta9$ till !y rea* ! age ( f\rte54 ,9 c]ta9 cases1 important f ! po9t ( view ( discipl9e1 ! p]iod ( compulsory att5dance c be prolong$4 ,*ildr5 "u f\rte5 f\nd begg+1 or w&]+ )\t home1 or "u ! c>e ( a crim9al or drunk5 gu>dian1 or 9 g5]al liv+ 9 surr\nd+s likely to lead to crime1 may be br\ght be=e a magi/rate & s5t to an indu/rial s*ool4#hb ,"h !y are bo>d$ & lodg$1 & may be kept !re up to ! age ( sixte51 aft] :i* "t ! manag]s ( ! s*ool h duties ( sup]vision = a fur!r p]iod ( two ye>s1 ) p[] ( recall if desirable4 ,*ildr5 :o are truants or are convict$ ( crim9al (f5ces c be treat$ 9 ! same way4 ,= ! majority ( boys ,/ate gu>dian%ip is conf9$ to ! ye>s ( compulsory att5dance4 ,b a consid]able numb] cont9ue _! education 9 v>i\s ways1 & s rema9 "u "s sort ( sup]vision4 ,*ildr5 may rema9 at ! elem5t>y s*ool till ! close ( ! s*ool ye> 9 :i* !y atta9 ! age ( fifte54 ,! education au?ority has p[] to provide & aid second>y & trade s*ools1 & to make ^! in/itutions accessible by means ( s*ol>%ips2 & second>y s*ools1 if 9 receipt ( grants f ! ,bo>d ( ,education1 mu/ 9 g5]al res]ve a qu>t] ( ! places = pupils ^: p>5ts _c af=d to pay fees4 ,! education au?ority has p[] to provide ev5+ cont9uation classes = ^? :o desire to avail !mselves ( ! opportunities ?us af=d$4 ,^? :o *oose to att5d ^! places ( high] education cont9ue 9 "s degree "u ! sup]vision ( ! ,/ate4 ,b ! sup]vision ( ! ,/ate ?r\gh its s*ools is n conf9$ to ! sup]vision ( conduct4 ,! education au?ority n[ ex]cises important duties 9 connection ) ! heal? ( ! *ildr5 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools4 ,x is n[ obligatory on e education au?ority to inspect m$ically all *ildr5 on _! admission to s*ool1 & at su* o!r times z may be prescrib$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,education4#hc ,9 _! orig9al memor&um to education au?orities ! ,bo>d ( ,education requir$ ^! inspections--on admission to s*ool1 & at ! ages ( sev5 & t54#hd ,^! regulations h n at pres5t be5 en=c$1 b ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil has n[ adopt$ a s*eme :i* practically embodies !m4 ,! local education au?ority is emp[]$1 ) ! cons5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education1 to make arrangem5t = att5d+ to ! heal? ( ! *ildr54#he ,m$ical inspection is compulsory1 m$ical treatm5t optional4 ,fur!r1 ! local education au?ority may draw on ! rates to fe$ s*ool-*ildr51 :e!r _! p>5ts are de/itute or n1 provid$ x is satisfi$ t ! *ildr51 = lack ( food1 are unable to pr(it by ! in/ruction giv54#hf ,f9ally1 ! local education au?ority may receive into its day indu/rial s*ools *ildr5 at ! reque/ ( _! p>5ts1 :o mu/ pay t[>ds ! exp5se su* sum z may be fix$ by ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate4#hg ,x w be se5 t1 act+ ?r\gh ! local education au?orities1 ! ,/ate has n[ assum$ l>ge duties 9 connection ) ! sup]vision ( *ildr54 ,to submit to ! discipl9e ( ! s*ools ! va/ majority ( ! *ildr5 ( ! c\nty2 to exam9e m$ically all *ildr5 9 ^! s*ools2 to fe$ ! necessit\s *ildr51 & to treat m$ically ! ail+ *ildr5 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools2 to remove & provide = until ! age ( sixte5 un=tunate *ildr5 expos$ to an unfav\rable environm5t--^! are p[]s :i* con/itute no small measure ( ,/ate ent]prise4 ,,ii4 ,,/ate ,,tra9+4 ,tra9+ t %all fit a boy = a trade is ( two k9ds1 g5]al & special4 ,! fir/ mu/ develop ^? m5tal qualities ( al]tness1 intellig5ce1 & adaptability requir$ 9 all =ms ( occupation2 ! second mu/ give def9ite in/ruction 9 ! pr9ciples & practice ( "s p>ticul> indu/ry or bran* ( indu/ries4 ,= ! fir/ provision is made 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool sy/em1 ) its p[]s ( compell+ att5dance4 ,= ! second we mu/ look to ! v>i\s types ( cont9uation s*ool4 ,"h1 "u exi/+ conditions1 ! ,/ate c only (f] facilities2 x _c en=ce att5dance4#hh ,s9ce ! pass+ ( ! ,education ,act1 #aijb & #aijc1 progress has be5 m>k$ 9 bo? directions4 ,! old volunt>y s*ools1 ^: rolls conta9$ ! names ( half ! s*ol>s 9 ! c\ntry1 & ^: limit$ funds con/itut$ an impassable b>ri] to all advance1 are n[ ma9ta9$ out ( ! rates2 & ! gap betwe5 non-provid$ & c\ncil s*ools is clos+ up4 ,! break+ up ( ! small ,s*ool ,bo>ds & ! e/abli%m5t ( l>g] au?orities controll+ all =ms ( education h made = effici5cy1 :ile ! m]g+ ( educational matt]s 9 ! g5]al municipal "w is insur+ t practical criticism ( 8 s*emes :i* ! educationali/ always res5ts b always requires4 7a7 ,! ,elem5t>y ,s*ool4 ,x is obvi\s t1 ) ! v>iety ( *ildr5 e s*ool conta9s & _! t5d] age1 no def9ite trade tra9+ c be giv5 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we h advanc$ f> beyond ! old educational ideal ( provid+ a common & uni=m type ( in/ruction 9 ! common s*ool4 ,types ( s*ool are be+ multipli$ to meet ! ne$s ( diff]5t k9ds ( pupils4 ,provision has long s9ce be5 suppli$ = ! m5tally & physically defective1 & s]i\s attempts are n[ be+ made to break up & classify t huge gr\p :i* includes ! s-call$ normal *ild4 ,9 addition to ! v>y+ types ( elem5t>y s*ool :i* are 9 process ( be+ adapt$ to ! diff]+ ne$s ( ! locality1 & ! diff]5t classes ( *ild1 we h1 "u ! elem5t>y s*ool sy/em1 :at is kn[n z ! high] elem5t>y s*ool4 ,orig9ally a s*ool specializ+ 9 sci5ce & ( little value1 x is t5d+ to become1 "u ! m rec5t regulations ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education1 a s*ool :]e a def9ite bias1 ei!r 9 ! direction ( comm]ce or indu/ry1 is giv5 to ! curriculum4 ,x is true t ! numb] ( s*ools call$ high] elem5t>y %[s little signs ( increase4#hi ,?is is due to ! rigid & inflexible rules ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education1 :i* seem expressly design$ to kill1 & n to enc\rage1 ! exp]im5t4 ,b :ile ! "n is be+ dropp$1 ! ?+ is be+ pres]v$ & multipli$4 ,london1 = example1 has rec5tly adopt$ a s*eme = ! developm5t ( sixty ( ^! types ( s*ool1 to be call$ c5tral s*ools4 ,! curriculum ( ea* s*ool is det]m9$ aft] tak+ into acc\nt ! indu/rial ne$s ( ! neighb\rhood 9 :i* x is plac$4 ,! education giv5 is g5]al 9 "*1 b ! selection ( subjects has special ref]5ce to "s pr(ession or gr\p ( trades4 ,broadly speak+1 !re are two g5]al types ( s*ool1 ! comm]cial & ! indu/rial4 ,! indu/rial type is already subdivid$ into ! woodwork & ! eng9e]+ type1 & fur!r subdivisions w gradually be =m$4 ,9 ^! s*ools no attempt w be made to tea* a trade1 b su* subjects are includ$ 9 ! curriculum z w be f\nd useful 9 ! trade4 ,9 ! woodwork type1 = example1 9 addition to a consid]able am\nt ( "t devot$ to practical in/ruction 9 woodwork1 special att5tion is giv5 to ! k9ds ( ari?metic & draw+ requir$ by ! intellig5t c>p5t]4 ,an elaborate s*eme = pick+ out betwe5 ! ages ( elev5 & twelve ! *ildr5 suitable = ^! diff]5t k9ds ( s*ool has be5 drawn up4 ,a f\r ye>s' c\rse ( in/ruction is provid$ =4 ,9 ord] to induce ! poor] p>5ts to all[ _! *ildr5 to rema9 beyond ! age ( compulsory att5dance1 ! education committee (f]s burs>ies1 !reby ex]cis+ t negative =m ( compulsion te*nically kn[n z a bribe4 ,o!r education au?orities are e/abli%+ s*ools ) simil> aims4 ,! exp]im5ts are rec5t1 & m>k an important & new developm5t4 ,two advantages are anticipat$4 ,fir/1 ! v>iety 9 ! types ( s*ool & ! c>eful selection ( s*ol>s w promote intellig5ce by provid+ t p>ticul> k9d ( educational nutrim5t be/ adapt$ = enc\rag+ ! gr[? ( a p>ticul> ord] ( m9d4 ,secondly1 by guid+ ! int]e/s ( boys 9 ! direction ( v>i\s occupations1 x is hop$ t on leav+ s*ool ^! int]e/s w lead ! boys to ent] ^? occupations = :i* to "s ext5t !y h be5 prep>$1 & 9 :i* !y are mo/ likely to succe$4 ,! elem5t>y s*ools1 z a body1 w ?us become a k9d ( sort+-h\se = ! diff]5t trades1 & be fre$ f t *>ge1 to "s ext5t ju/ifi$1 ( cat]+ only = ! l[] ranks ( ! cl]ical pr(ession4 7b7 ,! ,cont9uation ,s*ool4 ,x is becom+ ye> by ye> m g5]ally recogniz$ t a sy/em ( education :i* comes to an end some:]e ab\t ! age ( f\rte5 is incomplete & pr(\ndly unsatisfactory4 ,)\t att5dance at a cont9uation s*ool ( "s k9d1 a boy rapidly loses mu* ( ! effect ( 8 previ\s education1 & at ! same "t is depriv$ ( all opportunity ( enjoy+ ! advantages ( a m specializ$ tra9+4 ,to meet ?is ne$ a complex sy/em ( cont9uation s*ool has gr[n up4 ,x lacks1 h[ev]1 ! elem5t ( compulsion1 except t negative =m already allud$ to--! bribe ( a s*ol>%ip4 ,look+ at ! ma*9]y z a :ole1 x may be admitt$ t ! ,/ate does af=d consid]able opportunity to ^? anxi\s to cont9ue _! g5]al education1 or to obta9 "s specific =m ( te*nical in/ruction4 ,:e!r suffici5t use is made ( ?is opportunity is a "q t mu/ be answ]$ 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,b tak+ ! ma*9]y z a :ole1 & z x exi/s "u ! be/ education au?orities1 ! ma*9]y does t\* to "s ext5t ! pr9cipal trades & pr(essions4#ij #a4 ,provision is gradually be+ made = ^? likely to succe$ 9 ! high] bran*es ( indu/ry & comm]ce4 ,! numb] ( second>y s*ools is be+ increas$1 _! quality improv$1 & _! types v>i$4 ,te*nical in/itutes provid+ day & ev5+ classes ( an advanc$ "* are be+ rapidly multipli$4 ,univ]sity in/ruction1 aid$ out ( public funds1 is becom+ m pl5tiful & effici5t1 &1 :e!r dur+ ! day or 9 ! ev5+1 is ye> by ye> (f]+ l>g] opportunities to /ud5ts4 ,progress is especially m>k$ 9 ! faculties ( economics & te*nology4 ,s*ol>%ip sy/ems1 m or less incomplete1 make access to ^! in/itutions possible = ! poor] classes ( ! community4 ,! tr5d ( developm5t seems to sugge/ t a sy/em ( organization1 calculat$ to provide tra9+ = ! highe/ positions 9 ! indu/rial & comm]cial _w1 is develop+ along ! foll[+ l9es3 ,betwe5 ! ages ( elev5 & twelve ! brighte/ *ildr5 w be transf]r$ f ! elem5t>y to ! second>y s*ool4 ,! second>y s*ool w provide a c\rse ( in/ruction ext5d+ to ! age ( eighte54 ,broadly speak+1 !re w be ?ree types ( second>y s*ool1 ! fir/ giv+ a g5]al & lit]>y education1 ! second specializ+ 9 comm]ce1 & ! ?ird 9 "s bran* ( sci5ce & te*nology4 ,at ! age ( eighte5 ! suitable /ud5ts w be remov$ to ! ,univ]sity1 :]e !y w receive a ?ree or f\r ye>s' c\rse ( in/ruction suitable to ! pr(ession !y are int5d+ to ent]4 ,x is probable t at ! age ( f\rte5 !re w be an additional1 ?\gh small]1 transf] ( *ildr5 f ! elem5t>y s*ools1 9 ord] t provision may be made = ^? :o h slipp$ ?r\gh ! me%es ( ! s*ol>%ip net at ! fir/ ca/+4 ,s*ol>%ips ) lib]al ma9t5ance grants w make readily accessible to all :o are fit ! advantages ( a prolong$ education4 ,ev5+ classes1 lead+ ev5 to a degree1 w rema9 = ^? :o1 = "o reason or ano!r1 h fail$ to obta9 9 _! e>li] ye>s ! advanc$ in/ruction !y n[ require4 ,an organization ( ?is k9d is n at pres5t f\nd any:]e 9 its complete =m1 b x is suffici5tly complete 9 c]ta9 directions to be consid]$ "h1 :]e we are conc]n$ ) atta9m5ts1 & n res]v$ = a lat] *apt]1 :]e we %all be exam9+ new pa?s ( progress4 #b4 ,= ^? likely lat] to fill ! position ( =eman1 or to become ! be/ k9d ( artisan1 ! day trade s*ool is provid$4 ,! boys ent] ! trade s*ool on leav+ ! elem5t>y s*ool ab\t ! age ( f\rte5 or fifte51 & g ?r\gh a two & sometimes a ?ree ye>s' c\rse ( in/ruction4 ,^! s*ools cont9ue ! education ( ! boy1 ) special ref]5ce to ! trade conc]n$1 & at ! same "t devote a l>ge am\nt ( "t to supply+ an all-r\nd tra9+ 9 ! v>i\s skill$ op]ations ! trade requires4 ,!y are ess5tially practical 9 "*1 & ?is practical "* is (t5 assur$ by a committee ( employ]s1 :o visit ! s*ool & criticize ! me?ods ( in/ruction4 #c4 ,= ^? already appr5tic$ to1 or engag$ 91 ! trade two =ms ( in/ruction are provid$4 ,! mo/ satisfactory are ! classes att5d$ dur+ ! day4 ,att5dance at su* times c only be secur$ by induc+ ! employ]s to all[ _! lads "t (f dur+ work+ h\rs4 ,9 "s cases ! elem5t ( compulsion is introduc$ by ! employ]s1 :o make att5dance at su* classes a condition ( employm5t4 ,! o!r =m ( in/ruction is provid$ dur+ ! ev5+ at a te*nical in/itute4 ,9 ei!r case ! in/ruction is ( a practical nature1 & design$ to supplem5t ! tra9+ ( ! work%op4 #d4 ,= ^? :o h ent]$1 or desire to ent]1 ! l[] walks ( comm]ce1 or ! civil or municipal s]vice1 !re is ! ev5+ s*ool ( a comm]cial type1 usually held 9 ! build+ ( an elem5t>y s*ool4 #e4 ,( ! boys :o1 engag$ 9 unskill$ "w dur+ ! day1 are anxi\s to cont9ue _! g5]al education or to improve _! position1 ! ev5+ s*ool aga9 supplies ! ne$4 ,"s practical "w is done 9 ! woodwork or metal c5tres1 b ! limit$ equipm5t ( ! elem5t>y s*ool /&s 9 ! way ( any advanc$ te*nical in/ruction4 ,if we omit ! comm]cial classes1 already m5tion$1 att5dance at an ev5+ s*ool (t5 means little m ?an att5dance once a week at a class :]e in/ruction is giv5 9 a s+le subject1 & n infrequ5tly ! recreative elem5t is pr$om9ant4 ,rec5tly1 & ) consid]able success1 ! c\rse sy/em has be5 introduc$4 ,"h ! /ud5ts1 in/ead ( be+ pres5t at a s+le class once a week1 att5d on sev]al ev5+s dur+ ! week1 & g ?r\gh a c\rse ( in/ruction 9 sev]al subjects connect$ toge!r & lead+ up to "s def9ite goal4 ,if to ^! v>i\s types ( cont9uation s*ool we add ! l>ge numb] ( lectures on num]\s subjects1 we %all see t ! ,/ate ?r\gh its s*ools supplies a consid]able am\nt ( te*nical in/ruction4 ,x w\ld be false to say t ! boys receive all ! tra9+ t !y ne$1 b x w\ld n be beyond ! m>k to ass]t t 9 ! case ( _m education au?orities !y are af=d$ all1 & n infrequ5tly m ?an all1 ! opportunities = :i* !y ask4 ,x is ! dem&1 & n ! supply1 t is defici5t4 ,,iii4 ,,/ate ,,provision ,,( ,,an ,,op5+4 ,until ! ye> #aiaj ! provision ( op5+s 9 suitable occupations 0 n consid]$ among ! duties ( ! ,/ate4 ,x is true t "h & !re1 usually 9 co-op]ation ) volunt>y associations1 an education committee made "s attempt to place out 9 trades ! boys ab\t to leave s*ool4 ,b any exp5diture 9 ?is direction 0 illegal1 & "u no circum/ances 0 x possible to d any?+ = ^? :o _h already left s*ool4 ,b 9 ! ye> #aiaj ! ,/ate1 )\t prem$itation1 has f\nd itself committ$ to ! duty ( f9d+ op5+s = *ildr5 & juv5iles4 ,! revolution 0 ^u u be=e we _h se5 ! signs ( its approa*4 ,?is assumption ( a new duty 0 ! un=ese5 result ( ! e/abli%m5t ( ,lab\r ,ex*anges4 ,! ,act ( #aiji ?\ght no?+1 said no?+1 ab\t juv5iles4 ,x 0 pass$ z a measure int5d$ to deal ) ! problem ( adult unemploym5t4 ,n[1 !re is no problem ( unemploym5t 9 connection ) boys & y\?s2 ! dem& ( employ]s = ?is k9d ( lab\r appe>s insatiable4 ,nev]!less1 no soon] 7 ,lab\r ,ex*anges op5$1 ?an ! "q ( juv5iles came to ! front4 ,employ]s ask$ = juv5iles1 & ! manag]s ( ! local ,lab\r ,ex*ange1 eag] to meet ! wi%es ( ! employ]1 se>*$ = & f\nd juv5iles4 ,en?usia/ic ab\t 8 "w1 & prompt$ by ! laudable desire to %[ l>ge returns ( vacancies fill$1 x did n occur to him t ! problem ( ! juv5ile & ! problem ( ! adult _h little 9 common4 ,he 0 n p]mitt$ to rema9 long 9 ?is condition ( primitive ignorance4 ,que/ions 7 ask$ 9 ! ,h\se1 lett]s 7 writt5 to ! pap]s1 deputations wait$ on ! ,presid5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 all compla9+ t ! ,lab\r ,ex*ange 0 becom+ an eng9e = ! exploitation ( boy lab\r4 ,9 ! case ( adults1 no b>ga9 z to conditions 0 /ruck ) ! employ]2 ! man _h to make 8 own t]ms4 ,b ! boy c\ld n make 8 own t]ms1 & public op9ion _h = "s ye>s be5 uneasy ab\t ! increas+ employm5t ( boys 9 occupations re/rict$ to boys1 & lead+ to no p]man5t situation :5 ! ye>s ( manhood 7 rea*$4 ,returns %[$ t x 0 l>gely into situations ( ?is "* t lads 7 be+ ?ru/ by ! ,lab\r ,ex*ange4 ,! ,bo>d ( ,trade rapidly realiz$ ! evil1 & set itself to "w to repair ! un=ese5 mi/ake4 ,x wisely decid$ to grapple s]i\sly ) ! problem1 & did n1 z x might well h done1 re/rict ! ,lab\r ,ex*ange to adults4 ,x det]m9$ to appo9t ,advisory ,committees to deal ) juv5iles4 ,9 ,london ! foll[+ ma*9]y is 9 process ( be+ e/abli%$3 ,!re is a ,c5tral ,advisory ,committee1 consi/+ ( six memb]s nom9at$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 six by ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 & six by ! committee ( employ]s & trade unioni/s1 :o advise ! ,bo>d ( ,trade on que/ions ( adult employm5t4 ,! duty ( ?is ,c5tral ,committee is to advise ! ,bo>d ( ,trade z to ! appo9tm5t ( ! local ,advisory ,committees1 :i* w be =m$ to control ! juv5ile dep>tm5t 9 connection ) ea* ( ! ,london ,lab\r ,ex*anges4 ,x w also be ! duty ( ! ,c5tral ,advisory ,committee to advise g5]ally on que/ions affect+ ! employm5t ( juv5iles4 ,?\gh ! duties ( ?is committee are nom9ally advisory1 its "w w 9 practice become adm9i/rative 9 "*4 ,"h !n is an organization :i* 9 c\rse ( "t w probably h to deal ) ! problem ( f9d+ suitable occupations = ! *ild & juv5ile population ( ,london4 ,simil> bodies are be+ =m$ 9 o!r t[ns4 ,z w appe> lat]1 ?is is "o ( ! mo/ important social que/ions ( ! day4 ,h[ ^! committees w d _! "w only ! future c %[4 ,b if ! ,bo>d ( ,trade act lib]ally 9 matt]s ( exp5diture1 !re is no cause = despond5cy1 & we may well hope t1 by ! pure/ ( accid5ts1 we are on ! ?re%old ( a new era 9 ! hi/ory ( indu/rial organization4 ,*ance is n always bl9d1 & "s ( its wild ca/+s hit ! m>k4 ,su*1 9 broad outl9e1 h be5 ! a*ievem5ts ( ! ,/ate dur+ ! age ( recon/ruction1 s f> z conc]ns ! problem ( boy lab\r & appr5tice%ip4 ,guid$ by s5tim5t1 p>tial & limit$ 9 ! sph]e ( its op]ations1 ! ,/ate has yet drift$ f> f ! moor+s ( laissez-faire1 & is de/9$ to drift f>!r z ! ye>s g by4 ,h[ f> ! intricate ma*9]y1 sl[ly piec$ toge!r dur+ ! la/ ?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tury1 is successful :5 judg$ by results1 :at are its m s]i\s defects1 & :at %\ld be ! l9es ( future advance1 be=e ! e/abli%m5t ( a real appr5tice%ip sy/em1 x w be ! object ( ! foll[+ *apt]s to expla94 ,b "o tru? %\ld n[ be abundantly cle>3 ( ! ?ree ess5tial factors ( t sy/em1 n "o has be5 altoge!r neglect$ by ! ,/ate1 & 9 c]ta9 dep>tm5ts its gu>dian%ip has be5 widely ext5d$4 ,9 ! dep>tm5t ( sup]vision x has1 ?r\gh its s*ools1 creat$ an organization to wat* ov] & to control ! conduct ( all its *ildr52 x has rec5tly recogniz$ ?r\gh ! same ag5cy its duty to provide = !m at lea/ ! elem5ts ( physical well-be+2 & ?r\gh num]\s ,acts x has endeav\r$ to insure = ! boy work] a m9imum /&>d--l[1 inde$1 b /ill real--( prop] conditions ( employm5t4 ,9 ! dep>tm5t ( tra9+ x has cov]$ ! l& ) a network ( educational in/itutions1 :i* (f] to all ! possibilities ( ne>ly e k9d ( in/ruction4 ,:ile1 z reg>ds ! provision ( an op5+1 x has realiz$ ! urg5cy ( ! problem1 & has tak5 ! fir/ /eps to supply ! defici5cy4 ,^! are all1 9 spite ( _m %ortcom+s1 solid a*ievem5ts1 hopeful 9 ! pres5t1 & m hopeful = ! promise !y br+ ( a l>g] measure ( ,/ate gu>dian%ip 9 ! ye>s t are to come4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,appr5tice%ip ,,( ,,to-,,day ,a true appr5tice%ip sy/em1 z already expla9$1 mu/ satisfy ?ree conditions3 ,x mu/ gu>antee ! adequate sup]vision ( ! y\? ( ! c\ntry z reg>ds physical & moral developm5t until ! age ( eighte5 at lea/ is rea*$2 x mu/ supply means ( effective tra9+1 bo? g5]al & specializ$2 &1 f9ally1 x mu/ provide to ^? ab\t to cross ! ?re%old ( manhood an op5+ 9 "s =m ( occupation = :i* def9ite prep>ation has be5 giv54 ,! effici5cy ( ! indu/rial organization ( to-day mu/ be judg$ by ! ext5t to :i* ^! ?ree conditions are satisfi$4 ,to :at ext5t does ! appr5tice%ip ( to-day satisfy ! conditions ( a true appr5tice%ip sy/em8 ,to answ] ?is "q we mu/ look f> beyond ! n>r[ limits ( ind5tur$ appr5tice%ip z x /ill exi/s4 ,x t\*es only a fr+e1 & a vani%+ fr+e1 ( ! problem4 ,life = ! y\? has gr[n m complex s9ce ! pass+ ( ! old organization ( ! gilds2 its success or failure is ! outcome ( ! int]play ( num]\s =ces4 ,f\r factors contribute1 9 a m or less degree1 to ! result4 ,!re is ! contribution ( ! ,/ate--! la/ *apt] 0 conc]n$ ) ! description ( ! ma*9]y :i* has sl[ly be5 set up dur+ ! age ( recon/ruction--we h yet to te/ its influ5ce 9 ! actual work+2 !re is ! contribution ( philan?ropic ent]prise1 z repres5t$ 9 ! religi\s bodies1 ! clubs1 ! appr5tice%ip associations1 & skill$ employm5t committees2 !re is ! contribution ( ! home1 ) its discipl9e & tra9+2 &1 f9ally1 !re is ! contribution ( ! work%op1 us+ ?is t]m to include all =ms ( occupation1 ) ! me?ods ( entry & ! organization = secur+ a supply ( lab\r4 ,only :5 we h tak5 into acc\nt ! effects ( ^! f\r factors c we pass judgm5t on ! appr5tice%ip ( to-day4 ,i4 ,,! ,,contribution ,,( ,,! ,,/ate4 ,9 e/imat+ ! contribution ( ! ,/ate t[>ds appr5tice%ip ( to-day1 x w be conv5i5t1 z 9 ! la/ *apt]1 to trace ! effect ( ?is influ5ce 9 two sections1 ! "o devot$ to a survey ( ! results ( ,/ate regulation1 & ! o!r to an exam9ation ( ! a*ievem5ts ( ,/ate ent]prise4 ,sec4 #a4 ,,/ate ,,regulation4 ,9 its s*eme ( regulation ! ,/ate has aim$1 broadly speak+1 at secur+ ?ree results4 ,x has endeav\r$ to prev5t boys f be+ ov]work$ or wrongly work$2 x has s\ght to gu>d !m f be+ engag$ 9 demoraliz+ =ms ( employm5t2 & x has /riv5 to secure satisfactory conditions )9 ! walls ( ! work%op4 ,! ?ird task pres5ts ! fewe/ difficulties4 ,m$ical sci5ce is suffici5tly advanc$ to prescribe ! conditions z to v5tilation1 heat+1 sanitation1 & cubic cont5ts ess5tial to ! heal? ( ! boys4 ,! sad catalogue ( accid5ts is suffici5tly long to %[ :]e dang]1 ?r\gh inadequately gu>d$ ma*9]y1 is probable4 ,to en=ce ! necess>y regulations is comp>atively easy4 ,!re mu/ be a suitable numb] ( inspectors1 & ^! inspectors mu/ be specially tra9$ = _! "w4 ,nei!r condition is at pres5t fulfill$4 ,! /aff ( inspectors is mu* too small1 & ! inspectors !mselves frequ5tly lack ! requisite te*nical qualifications4 ,9 ! "w ( gu>d+ boys f be+ engag$ 9 occupations demoraliz+ to "*1 ! ,/ate has only rec5tly tak5 ! fir/ /eps4 ,! ,employm5t ( ,*ildr5 ,act prohibits /reet trad+ "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,z w appe> lat] 9 ?is *apt]1 !re are a l>ge numb] ( occupations :]e regulation is mu* requir$4 ,inde$1 x is a comp>atively new idea t ! nature ( ! employm5t ( ! boy may h a pr(\nd influ5ce on ! well-be+ ( ! man4 ,9 ! dep>tm5t ( regulation ! mo/ elaborate ma*9]y has gr[n up ar\nd ! attempts ( ! ,/ate to prev5t boys f be+ ov]work$ or wrongly work$4 ,! difficulties 9 ! way ( success h be5 two4 ,!re has be5 ! difficulty 9 gett+ ! necess>y law pass$4 ,9 ?is respect x is en\gh to m5tion t ! half-"t sy/em1 9 spite ( practically univ]sal condemnation1 is /ill p]mitt$1 to %[ ! almo/ insurm\ntable ob/acles pres5t$ by ve/$ int]e/s4 ,!re is next ! difficulty ( en=c+ ! law4 ,x is (t5 urg$ t x is idle to place on ! /atute-book laws :i* c easily be evad$4 ,too mu* weight mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be giv5 to ?is argum5t4 ,!re is a moral effect 9 ! pass+ ( e law4 ,! fact t ! ,/ate has condemn$ c]ta9 modes ( action is an important factor 9 ! =mation ( public op9ion4 ,_m p realize = ! fir/ "t t ! evils :i* are ! result ( conduct hi!rto reg>d$ z h>mless1 because n reg>d$ at all1 are suffici5tly s]i\s to call = ,/ate int]f]5ce4 ,! law may n h its full effect2 x w )\t d\bt h "s effect4 ,! "q ( en=cem5t is1 h[ev]1 ( vital importance1 & x is well to consid] ! limits ( ! p[] ( en=cem5t4 ,! be/ me?od ( re/rict+ ! h\rs ( employm5t is to see t ! boy is some:]e else dur+ "p ( ! work+ day4 ,! half-"t sy/em1 :i* insur$ t ! boy %\ld sp5d half 8 "t 9 s*ool1 0 e/abli%$1 n prim>ily ) a view to 8 education1 b to prev5t him f be+ ov]work$4 ,x has1 moreov]1 f its po9t ( view1 be5 completely successful1 & has 9 practice be5 en=c$ )\t difficulty4 ,! v>i\s laws relat+ to compulsory att5dance at s*ool h ex]cis$ an influ5ce m pot5t 9 ! "w ( limit+ ! h\rs ( employm5t ?an all ! o!r elaborate regulations on ! subject4 ,if we see to x t a boy is 9 s*ool1 he _c at ! same "t be f\nd 9 ! factory4 ,! ma*9]y = en=c+ att5dance n[ runs )\t difficulty1 & its action is uni=m & compreh5sive4 ,! next me?od ( re/rict+ employm5t is ! me?od ( prohibition4 ,"h1 aga91 en=cem5t pres5ts no s]i\s difficulty4 ,if we =bid *ildr5 "u a c]ta9 age to "w = wages or to take "p 9 c]ta9 =ms ( occupation1 x is en\gh to f9d !m s engag$ at any "o mom5t to secure a conviction4 ,! ?ird me?od1 :i* seeks to prev5t boys f be+ ov]work$ by sett+ a limit on ! numb] ( h\rs dur+ :i* !y may be employ$1 is almo/ impossible to c>ry out4 ,! ,%op ,h\rs ,act is frequ5tly infr+$1 & only ! mo/ rigid sy/em ( inspection c get evid5ce ( cases ( infr+em5t4 ,yet ev5 "h detection is comp>atively easy4 ,a wat* c be kept on ! numb] ( h\rs dur+ :i* a %op is op51 & if ?is exce$ ! legal limit we h a fair presumption t ! %op assi/ants are ov]-employ$4 ,b 9 ! case ( *ildr5 we _c draw ?is conclusion4 ,we are suppos+ _! h\rs are m limit$ ?an 9 ! case ( ! adults1 & ! m]e fact t ! %op is op5 dur+ a long] p]iod af=ds no pro( t ! *ild is !re all ! day on all days ( ! week4 ,to en=ce regulations ( ?is k9d we mu/ set a wat* on ! individual *ild1 & on a l>ge scale ?is is impracticable4 ,9 judg+ ( ! results ( ,/ate regulation1 z describ$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 we may assume t ! regulations are en=c$--or at any rate are en=ceable--:]e employm5t is prohibit$1 or :]e att5dance at s*ool is requir$1 b t regulations :i* entail ! c\nt+ ( h\rs h little effect 9 prev5t+ ov]work except by ! indirect me?od ( =m+ public op9ion4 ,fur!r1 :5 we are seek+ a pa? ( re=m1 we mu/ take ! road ( prohibition or alt]native att5dance at s*ool4 ,leav+ g5]al consid]ations1 & com+ to details1 x may be said t1 s f> z *ildr5 "u ! age ( f\rte5 are conc]n$1 ! sy/em ( ,/ate regulation1 ?\gh a little cumb]some1 cov]s a consid]able "p ( ! field1 provid$ always t local education au?orities make full use ( ! p[]s conf]r$ by ! ,education ,acts1 ! ,s*ool ,att5dance ,acts1 ! ,*ildr5 ,act1 & ! ,employm5t ( ,*ildr5 ,act1 & provid$ also t ! ,bo>d ( ,education & ! ,home ,(fice r5d] full & cordial support4 ,un=tunately1 ^! provisos are v f> f be+ fulfill$4 ,m ?an #eh p] c5t4 ( ! population1 = example1 live 9 di/ricts :]e ! att5dance by-laws all[ ( conditional exemption at ! age ( twelve4 ,x is true t 9 ne>ly half ! cases a fairly high /&>d ( atta9m5t is requir$ f ! *ildr51 b ) ! rema9d] no high] /&>d is requir$ ?an t rea*$ by ! normal *ild at ! age ( twelve4#ia ,or1 aga91 9 connection ) ! ,employm5t ( ,*ildr5 ,act1 out ( sev5ty-f\r c\nty bor\ghs1 fifty h made by-laws 9 ref]5ce to /reet trad+1 b l>ge t[ns1 l ,le$s1 ,nott+ham1 or ,sal=d1 h made none4 ,out ( #aia small] bor\ghs & urban di/ricts1 only =ty-"o h made by-laws2 & out ( ! sixty-two adm9i/rative c\nties1 o!r ?an ,london & ,middlesex1 only "o4#ib ,x may fairly be assum$ t1 :]e no by-laws relat+ to /reet trad+ exi/1 little is done to en=ce ! o!r provisions ( ! ,act4 ,z reg>ds "y p]sons1 if we exclude ! ,acts relat+ to m9es1 :i* affect a comp>atively small numb] ( lads1 ! ,%op ,h\rs ,act1 ) its mild provisions ( seats = assi/ants & a maximum week ( sev5ty-f\r h\rs1 ! only ,act :i* c be said to ex]t a l>ge measure ( sup]vision is ! ,factory & ,work%op ,act4 ,assum+ t ! sy/em ( regulation !re f\nd is adequate1 & adequately en=c$--bo? assumptions f> f be+ fulfill$ 9 practice--!re rema9 ! "y p]sons :o d n come )9 its provisions4 ,! numb] ( ^! is v l>ge4 ,9 ! next *apt] figures are giv5 relat+ to ! occupations ( ,london *ildr5 on leav+ s*ool & betwe5 ! ages ( fifte5 & tw5ty4 ,a /udy ( ^! tables w %[ t n m ?an at mo/ a ?ird ( ! "y p]sons are br\ght )9 ! scope ( ! ,factory & ,work%op ,act4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! lads engag$ 9 ! build+ trades1 & practically ! :ole ( ^? employ$ 9 %ops1 9 transport1 9 comm]ce1 & 9 g5]al lab\r1 are exclud$4 ,9 _! case !re is no ,/ate sup]vision to regulate ! conditions ( _! "w4 ,com+ to concrete examples1 ! van-boy may 9 all k9ds ( wea!r sp5d a doz5 h\rs a day loll+ on ! tail ( a c>t1 idle = mu* ( 8 "t1 & = ! rema9d] hold+ ! horses outside a public-h\se1 or lift+ weights too heavy = 8 /r5g?4 ,! err&-boy1 none too well clad or %od1 may1 deliv]+ p>cels & messages1 trudge ?r\gh ! cold & ra9 ov] long leagues ( /reets dur+ long /ret*es ( ! week4 ,! (fice-boy may be coop$ up 9 a d>k & ill-v5tilat$ (fice dur+ mo/ ( ! h\rs ( daylight4 ,! %op-boy may /& t51 twelve1 or on ,saturdays fifte5 h\rs ( ! tw5ty-f\r 9 ! /reet or 9 ! %op1 ) "o eye on ! goods & ! o!r on a p5ny novelette4 ,& !re is no public au?ority to say :e!r ! conditions ( 8 employm5t are satisfactory1 no p[] to h him m$ically inspect$1 no possible gu>antee to insure t :5 he passes ! ?re%old ( e>ly manhood ! vig\r & ! brightness ( y\? %all n h giv5 way to ! feeble heal? & ! torpor ( old age4 ,unque/ionably1 we owe mu* to s5tim5t = ! evils x has d5\nc$ & rem$i$1 b we owe also to ! regime ( s5tim5t ! fact t "s two-?irds ( ! "y p]sons 9 ! c\ntry are engag$ 9 occupations c>ri$ on )\t regulation & unvisit$ by any inspector ( ! ,/ate4 ,sec4 #b4 ,,/ate ,,ent]prise4 ,! mo/ signal example ( ,/ate ent]prise 9 ! realm ( boy lab\r is to be f\nd 9 t huge organization ( s*ools1 elem5t>y & cont9uation1 :i* n[ cov] ! c\ntry1 & ^: effici5cy is rapidly increas+4 ,! organization has already be5 describ$2 x rema9s to summ>ize briefly its pr9cipal effects4 ,fir/1 ! boys att5d s*ool ) a/oni%+ regul>ity4 ,an av]age p]c5tage ( att5dances dur+ ! ye> ( n9ety-five1 & ev5 m1 is become common4 ,truancy is r>e1 & gr[+ r>]4 ,! truant s*ools are be+ gradually empti$1 & sev]al h be5 clos$4 ,?is result is no d\bt 9 "p due to ! increas$ f9e = non-att5dance1 & ! pressure ?us plac$ on ! p>5t4 ,b excell5t att5dance implies mu* m ?an ! elim9ation ( ! truant2 x means t1 aft] mak+ all[ance = abs5ces due to illness & o!r suffici5t causes1 ! boy att5ds s*ool ) p]fect regul>ity & punctuality at all times :5 ! s*ools are op5$4 ,n[1 ?is ideal is 9 ! case ( ! va/ majority ( boys atta9$4 ,! result mu/ be attribut$ to ! influ5ce ( ! tea*]s ov] ! boy4 ,prosecution ( ! p>5t may cure gross irregul>ity1 b p]fect att5dance c only be secur$ by enli/+ ! co-op]ation ( ! boy4 ,! fir/ effect ( ! s*ool1 !n1 is se5 9 ! almo/ unqualifi$ regul>ity & punctuality ( ! att5dance4 ,if we reflect on ! home conditions ( _m ( ! boys1 we %all be compell$ to pay a high tribute ( praise to ! "w ( ! tea*]4 ,! second a*ievem5t lies 9 ! admirable ord] ma9ta9$ )9 ! walls ( ! s*ool4 ,ready ob$i5ce is ! rule1 & n ! exception4 ,?is is 9 g5]al n ! result ( a sy/em ( h>% discipl9e--corporal puni%m5t is decreas+ at once 9 sev]ity & 9 frequ5cy--x is due to ! p]sonal influ5ce ( ! tea*]4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 a _s ( indu/ry & active att5tion p]vades ! "w ( ! s*ool4 ,9 discuss+ ) ! au?orities ( second>y s*ools ! c>e] ( ! *ildr5 :o h won s*ol>%ips f ! elem5t>y s*ools1 ,i h m ?an once be5 told t ! *ief *>act]i/ic ( ^! s*ol>s lies 9 _! pati5t & /r5u\s dilig5ce4 ,9 ?is respect !y s]ve z an admirable example to ! fee-pay+ pupils4 ,x is true t ! s*ol>s are pick$ *ildr51 b ability & dilig5ce are1 z exp]i5ce %[s1 by no means insep>able companions4 ,"h1 aga91 we see ! effect ( ! s*ool4 ,f9ally1 ! s*ools are in/itutions :i* make = "* 9 ! be/ s5se ( ! ^w4 ,! moral tra9+ is gradually free+ itself f ! d & don't ( ! home1 & is beg9n+ to rea* ! high] level ( morality :]e ! comm& is to be ?is1 n t4 ,a /&>d ( s*ool hon\r is be+ s\ght =1 & sometimes atta9$4 ,to take a s+le example4 ,9 :at is p]haps ! poore/ s*ool 9 all ,london1 set 9 ! mo/ squalid & vice-haunt$ region1 x has be5 made a matt] ( hon\r ) ! boys :o are receiv+ s*ool d9n]s to come to ! headma/] z soon z ! home circum/ances tempor>ily improve & say3 ,i don't want a d9n] ?is morn+1 because fa!r has got a day's "w4 ,habits ( regul>ity1 ob$i5ce1 & indu/ry1 & ! cultivation ( a s5se ( hon\r--^! are ! *ief results ( ,/ate sup]vision c>ri$ out by means ( ! s*ools4 ,two que/ions require an answ]3 ,d ^! qualities1 f\nd )9 ! prec9cts ( ! s*ool1 ov]fl[ & affect ! conduct ( ! boys outside ! s*ool8 ,d !y la/ :5 s*ool-days are ov]1 & ! boys gone out to "w8 ,) reg>d to ! fir/1 !re is good reason to believe t !y d ov]fl[4 ,! s*ool tra9+ does influ5ce ! conduct ( ! boys outside4 ,no "o :o has wat*$ a zeal\s headma/] replace an anci5t & ineffici5t tea*] ( ! old type c fail to h obs]v$ a /rik+ *ange 9 ! behavi\r ( ! boys z se5 9 ! /reet & 9 ! home4 ,) reg>d to ! second "q1 we mu/ reply t und\bt$ly 9 _m cases ! qualities gradually disappe>4 ,:5 we come1 z we %all d %ortly1 to ! survey ( ! conditions ( boy lab\r1 we %all n be surpris$ at ?is un=tunate tru?4 ,x w\ld be difficult to imag9e any =m ( tra9+ t w\ld be p]man5t :5 all discipl9e is relax$ or entirely discont9u$ at ! mo/ critical p]iod ( ! developm5t ( ! boy4 ,! elem5t>y s*ool is n[ made responsible = ! sup]vision ( ! heal? ( ! *ildr54 ,m$ical inspection ( all *ildr5 is n[ compulsory1 :ile m$ical treatm5t is made legal4 ,! education au?ority may also draw on ! rates to provide meals = necessit\s *ildr54 ,x is too soon to e/imate ! effect ( ^! new p[]s1 b if !y are us$ ) wise g5]osity !y %\ld ex]cise a pr(\nd influ5ce on ! heal? ( ! ris+ g5]ation4 ,b h[ev] b5efic5t may be ! influ5ce ( ! elem5t>y s*ool1 x comes to an end abruptly at ! age ( f\rte51 & (t5 a ye> or two e>li]4 ,up to ! age ( leav+ s*ool1 ! boy is c>efully gu>d$ by ! ,/ate1 & !n1 ) no transitional /age1 he becomes a man1 &1 s f> z ! ,/ate is conc]n$1 all control is )drawn4 ,two or ?ree p] c5t41 ) ! help ( s*ol>%ips1 may pass annually to ! second>y s*ool1 :]e ,/ate sup]vision is cont9u$4 ,n m ?an #cj p] c5t4 ( ^? :o leave ! elem5t>y s*ool att5d an ev5+ s*ool1#ic & ev5 if !y d !re is no m$ical inspection 9 su* places1 & little effective discipl9e is possible = boys att5d+ ev5+ s*ool on two or ?ree nights a week4 ,! rema9+ two-?irds disappe> f ! sight ( ! ,/ate1 :i* h5ce=? r5\nces all responsibility = _! sup]vision4 ,we h next to reg>d ! s*ools z tra9+-gr\nds = ! workm5 ( ! future4 ,we ought n to look to ! elem5t>y s*ools to provide any def9ite prep>ation = a trade4 ,un=tunately1 ?r\gh no fault ( _! own1 & because ( ! indu/rial developm5t ( ! day1 ! s*ools are turn+ out 9 ?\s&s lads completely equipp$ = a c]ta9 class ( occupation4 ,we h already se5 t ! mo/ signal triumph ( ! s*ools is to be f\nd 9 ! habits ( regul>ity1 intellig5ce1 & ob$i5ce1 :i* !y impress on ! boys4 ,n[1 ^! qualities are ess5tial to success 9 all walks ( life2 b = "o =m ( employm5t alone are !y all t is requir$4 ,?is =m ( employm5t includes ^? occupations 9 :i* boys & boys only are engag$1 & :]e ! boys are dis*>g$ z soon z !y become m54 ,! mess5g]-boy1 ! %op-boy1 ! van-boy1 & ev5 ! boy :o att5ds to "s ma*9e :i* monoton\sly p]=ms a s+le op]ation--! boy :o comes into "o ( ^! classes ne$ take ) him no?+ b ! ?ree recomm5dations ( regul>ity1 ob$i5ce1 & intellig5ce4 ,we %all trace lat] ! disa/r\s effects ( ^! =ms ( employm5t4 ,x is n )\t significance t ! rapid increase 9 ! numb] ( boys s engag$ has syn*roniz$ ) ! rapid improvem5t 9 ! sy/em ( elem5t>y education4 ,x is some?+ ( a trag$y t ! mo/ signal triumph ( ! s*ools %\ld be1 p]haps1 ! cause ( _! mo/ signal failure4 ,def9ite tra9+ mu/ be look$ = 9 ! cont9uation s*ool4 ,x is unnecess>y to add mu* to :at has be5 said 9 ! la/ *apt]2 ! ,/ate (f]s opportunity1 b ) its exi/+ p[]s c d little m4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 = ! *ild ( comp>atively well-to-d p>5ts1 = ! clev] *ild1 = ! *ild ( unusual en]gy & physical vig\r1 ^! opportunities c be enjoy$2 b = ! rema9d]--& t ! great majority--!y are useless1 because beyond ! rea* ( ord9>y endeav\r4 ,( ,/ate ent]prise 9 ! provision ( an op5+ x is too e>ly to speak2 ! juv5ile bran* ( ! ,lab\r ,ex*ange is only creep+ into exi/5ce4 ,9 ! next *apt] an attempt w be made to expla9 h[ be/ c be realiz$ ! possibilities :i* lie lat5t 9 ^! in/itutions4 ,sec4 #c4 ,,summ>y4 ,we are n[ 9 a position to summ>ize ! a*ievem5ts & ! defects ( ! contribution ( ! ,/ate t[>ds ! creation ( a true appr5tice%ip sy/em4 ,its ma*9]y ( regulation has remov$ ! wor/ abuses ( *ild lab\r1 & 9 c]ta9 dep>tm5ts ( indu/ry protects1 ) "s degree ( success1 ! heal? ( ! "y p]sons engag$4 ,its ent]prise 9 ! field ( education is provid+ sup]vision ov] ! heal? & conduct ( ! boy till he rea*es ! age ( f\rte51 :ile = ! "y p]son x (f]s opportunities ( long] sup]vision & te*nical tra9+4 ,if mu* has be5 done1 mu* m rema9s undone4 ,regulation /ill leaves rampant _m ( ! evils ( *ild lab\r4 ,"s two-?irds ( ! boys z !y leave s*ool ent] occupations :]e regulation h>dly exi/s4 ,/ate ent]prise = all practical purposes ex]ts no sup]vision ov] lads betwe5 ! ages ( f\rte5 & eighte5--! mo/ important epo* ( _! lives4 ,te*nical tra9+1 & ev5 ! cont9uance ( g5]al education1 are possible only = a fav\r$ few1 & = ! pres5t !re is no ,/ate provision ( an op5+4 ,^! are grave defects1 & appr5tice%ip ( to-day /&s condemn$ unless x c be %[n t "o or o!r ( ! rema9+ factors supply :at ! ,/ate has fail$ to give4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,contribution ,,( ,,philan?ropy4 ,! second ( ! g5]al =ces1 z di/+ui%$ f ! individual & special influ5ces ( ! home & ! work%op1 :i* may make "s contribution t[>ds ! appr5tice%ip ( to-day mu/ be s\ght among ! v>i$ religi\s & philan?ropic associations4 ,:ile we c\ld n expect f ^! bodies any assi/ance 9 ! "w ( te*nical tra9+1 we might hope to f9d 9 _! mid/ conditions :i* make = ! bett] sup]vision & control ( ! lads :o h left s*ool4 ,beg9n+ ) ! m di/9ctly religi\s associations1 we f9d among !m practical unanimity ( op9ion4 ,"o & all confess sadly t !y are unable to keep 9 t\* ) ! boys aft] !y h gone out to "w4 ,= ! t5s ( ?\s&s ( s*oolboys :o att5d ,sunday-s*ool !re are only hundr$s ( lads on ! roll ( ,bible-classes4 ,! sudd5 *ange f ! /atus ( s*oolboy to ! /atus ( wage-e>n]1 :i* = ! majority sev]$ all connection ) ! education au?ority1 has ev5 m decisively br\ght to an end ! sup]vision ( *ur* & *apel4 ,! miscellane\s associations repres5t$ by clubs1 lads' brigades1 boy sc\ts1 & ! l1 h all be5 call$ into exi/5ce = ! express purpose ( ex]t+ "s measure ( control ov] t transition p]iod ( life :i* sep>ates ! boy f ! man4 ,h[ _m lads betwe5 ! ages ( f\rte5 & eighte5 come )9 ! sph]e ( influ5ce x is n possible to say ) any exactness4 ,! ,tw5tie? ,c5tury ,league e/imat$ 9 #aijc t 9 ,london ab\t #bg1ghj boys 7 connect$ ) in/itutions ( ?is "*1 & we %all see lat] t !re are 9 ,london ab\t #abj1jjj boys betwe5 ! ages ( f\rte5 & eighte54 ,x w\ld be no less difficult to weigh ! value ( ! "w done4 ,exi/+ z !y d on a volunt>y basis1 & free f all elem5t ( compulsion1 su* sup]vision z !y ex]t mu/ take ! =m ( tactful guidance4 ,_! success or failure dep5ds less on ! ma*9]y & m on ! p]sonal qualities ( ! manag]4 ,! wide & admirable influ5ce ( ! be/ clubs is ! triumph1 n ( ! sy/em1 b ( ! exceptional individual4 ,exceptional individuals are1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 exceptional1 & an organization :i* dep5ds on _! pres5ce is necess>ily limit$ 9 ! ext5t ( its op]ations4 ,we _c !re=e look to ^! associations to meet adequately ! call = sup]vision4 ,( rec5t ye>s num]\s associations h be5 =m$ ) ! object ( provid+ suitable op5+s = boys4 ,!re are two sides to _! "w4 ,on ! "o h&1 situations are f\nd1 t]ms made ) employ]s z to wages & tra9+1 & /eps tak5 to see t ^! t]ms are c>ri$ out4 ,on ! o!r h&1 p]iodic visits are paid to ! boy 9 8 home1 advice giv5 z to att5dance at ev5+ s*ools1 & fri5dly relations e/abli%$ betwe5 boy & visitor4 ,9 g5]al1 ^! bodies are conc]n$ ) plac+ out lads 9 skill$ trades1 ?\gh "h & !re "s attempts h be5 made to attack ! bett] p>ts ( ! unskill$ lab\r m>ket4 ,"w ( ?is "* entails ! exp5diture ( mu* "t & money1 & requires = ! negotiation ) employ]s consid]able te*nical qualifications4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t a /aff ( volunte]s _c alone p]=m ! necess>y duties1 & paid (fic]s h be5 appo9t$4 ,! co/ necess>ily limits ! expansion ( ! organization4 ,out ( ! #cj1jjj boys :o annually leave ! elem5t>y s*ools ( ,london1 x is probable t n m ?an #b p] c5t4 come "u ! influ5ce ( ^! associations4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! sph]e ( _! op]ations is limit$1 )9 t sph]e x has a*iev$ v consid]able success4 ,!y h be5 pione]s 9 a new movem5t1 h fully ju/ifi$ _! exi/5ce1 & mu/ n[ look to ! ,/ate to cont9ue on a l>g] scale1 b on ! same g5]al l9es1 ! "w t !y h begun4 ,unlike mo/ volunte]s1 ^! employm5t committees welcome ?is transf]1 & are n[ readily plac+ _! s]vices at ! disposal ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade ?r\gh its juv5ile ,lab\r ,ex*ange4 ,?is brief survey ( ! contribution ( philan?ropic ent]prise to ! appr5tice%ip ( to-day reveals "o obvi\s conclusion3 ! associations only t\* a fr+e ( ! problem1 & 9 no way ex]t any compreh5sive measure ( control ov] ! lads betwe5 ! ages ( f\rte5 & eighte54 ,_! numb]1 _! v>iety1 & _! en?usiasm1 indicate ! urg5t ne$ ( sup]vision r ?an sup]vision successfully a*iev$4 ,we _c look to !m to supplem5t 9 any l>ge degree ! defects 9 ! s*eme ( ,/ate gu>dian%ip1 or ! m grave defects :i* w appe> :5 ! conditions ( home & work%op h be5 pass$ 9 review4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,contribution ,,( ,,! ,,home4 ,:at contribution does ! home make to ! solution ( ! appr5tice%ip "q8 ,we _c1 inde$1 expect to f9d )9 ! walls ( ! home provision made = ! g5]al education ( ! boy1 or ! specializ$ tra9+ ( ! y\?2 b x is n unnatural to look to ! p>5t to ex]cise sup]vision ov] 8 *ildr5 till manhood is rea*$1 & likewise to (f] to ! boy leav+ s*ool advice & mat]ial assi/ance 9 ! selection ( a trade4 ,we are /ill incl9$ to reg>d ! family z ! "o relic ( ! patri>*al sy/em t has reta9$ a vigor\s vitality ?r\gh all ! ages2 we are /ill apt to see 9 ! home a small _w1 edg$ (f f ! l>ge _w outside1 self-c5tr$1 self-rul$1 & enjoy+ all ! advantages ( a b5evol5t despotism4 ,to :at ext5t is ?is g5]al assumption ju/ifi$ by ! results ( actual exp]i5ce8 ,! "q is ( pr(\nd importance1 & has n receiv$ ! att5tion x des]ves f ^? :o h writt5 on boy lab\r4 ,if we c take x = grant$ t 9 ! normal home we h ! means ( controll+ ! boy & ! gr[+ lad up till ! age ( eighte51 we h a solid f\ndation on :i* to re/ ! new appr5tice%ip4 ,abnormal homes may ne$ att5tion2 b if ! problem ( sup]vision is solv$ = ! majority1 if !re is an au?ority to :i* ! boy submits himself z a matt] ( c\rse1 to add tra9+ & to organize op5+s are tasks :i* %\ld pres5t no s]i\s difficulty4 ,c we look to ! home to provide ?is fundam5tal basis ( a true appr5tice%ip sy/em8 ,to answ] ?is "q we mu/ /udy ! homes !mselves4 ,a few ye>s ago ,i devot$ a l>ge am\nt ( "t to ! collection ( mat]ial t\*+ ! "* ( family life 9 t[ns4 ,! results 7 publi%$ 9 an essay entitl$ ,! ,boy & ! ,family4 #id ,i may p]haps be all[$ to summ>ize ! conclusions !re e/abli%$4 ,home v>ies f home2 ea* may be said to h its own individuality1 b ea* has mu* 9 common4 ,to give def9it5ess to ! problem1 ,i endeav\r$ to class ! homes "u ?ree types4 ,9 ! ma91 type numb] "o ref]r$ to ! inhabitants ( "o & two room t5em5ts2 type numb] two embrac$ ! families possess+ ?ree rooms2 :ile ! ?ird type includ$ ^? p]sons =tunate en\gh to r5t m ?an ?ree rooms4 ,! size ( ! home prov$ a r\gh1 ?\gh ! be/ atta9able1 me?od ( classify+ ! *>act]i/ics ( ! inmates4 ,sup]vision has be5 int]pret$ to mean two ?+s--sup]vision ( heal? & sup]vision ( conduct4 ,s f> z ! sup]vision ( heal? is conc]n$1 x is probable t v few ( ! p>5ts belong+ to ! ?ree types possess ! necess>y k to c>ry out ?is duty4 ,among all classes ( ! community ignorance on matt]s affect+ ! hygi5e ( ! home is almo/ univ]sal4 ,b ev5 if k 7 pres5t1 ! res\rces at ! disposal ( l>ge numb]s w\ld prove inadequate to make t k effective4 ,) type numb] "o ov]cr[d+ is ! rule2 ) type numb] two x is common2 & only 9 ! ?ird type d we rea* conditions ( h\s+ fav\rable to heal?4 ,! exp]i5ce d]iv$ f m$ical inspection ( s*ool-*ildr5 & ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,provision ( ,meals ,act has reveal$ ! deplorable condition ( l>ge numb]s ( *ildr5 :5 left to ! unaid$ c>e ( _! p>5ts4 ,! returns ( necessit\s *ildr5 f$1 :i* are publi%$ weekly 9 ! m9utes ( ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 %[$ t dur+ ! w9t] ( #aiji-aj at ! "t ( mo/ acute di/ress1 ab\t #i p] c5t4 ( ! *ildr5 9 ! s*ools 7 receiv+ meals4 ,a c>eful inquiry1 ! mo/ elaborate ( its k9d1 made into ! home circum/ances ( ! necessit\s *ildr5 9 c]ta9 s*ools %[$ t ! numb] ( *ildr5 actually f$ 0 probably bel[1 & c]ta9ly n above1 ! numb] :o requir$ meals4 ,! same inquiry1 ) its lurid pictures ( squalor & di/ress1 prov$ h[ small 0 ! prospect ( heal? = _m ( ^? *ildr51 ev5 ?\gh !y 7 f$ at s*ool4 ,x may be reg>d$ z a conclusive demon/ration ( ! call = m se>*+ regulation on ! "p ( ! ,/ate4#ie ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t ! ne$ = food is f> l>g] ?an t repres5t$ by ! numb] ( *ildr5 actually f$4 ,sev]al inquiries1 su* z ^? c>ri$ out by ,mr4 ,*>les ,boo? 9 ,london1 & ,mr4 ,r[ntree 9 ,york1 indicate t ! effective income ( ne>ly a ?ird ( ! population is too small to supply 9 adequate quantity ev5 ! b>e necessities ( exi/5ce4 ,m$ical inspection is n[ reveal+ ! numb] ( *ildr5 suff]+ f def9ite ailm5ts1 & urg5tly requir+ m$ical treatm5t1 :i* !y h hi!rto be5 unable1 9 a l>ge proportion ( cases1 to obta94 ,x w\ld appe> t "s #aj p] c5t4 suff] f defective vision1 ab\t #a p] c5t4 f dis*>g+ e>s1 ab\t ! same numb] f r+worm1 :ile at lea/ a ?ird are suff]+ 9 heal? f ! result ( decay+ tee?4#if ,ev]y:]e we h abundant evid5ce to %[ t1 f want ( sup]vision1 or ( ! effective means ( sup]vision 9 ! home1 l>ge numb]s ( *ildr5 are gr[+ up ill-clad1 ill-n\ri%$1 & suff]+ f def9ite diseases1 all alike lead+ to ineffici5t manhood4 ,! second dep>tm5t ( sup]vision is conc]n$ ) ! sup]vision ( "*4 ,c we re/ satisfi$ t ! p>5ts ex]cise ov] ! gr[+ lads t salut>y control all gr[+ lads require8 ,! "q is ( pr(\nd importance1 if1 z all agree1 "* is ! condition ( success :5 ! fir/ /eps are tak5 9 ! indu/rial _w4 ,x is necess>y to di/+ui% betwe5 ! boy att5d+ s*ool & ! boy exempt f compulsory att5dance4 ,9 :at foll[s ,i %all draw l>gely on my essay 9 ,/udies ( ,boy ,life4 ,! conclusions are d]iv$ f ! exp]i5ce ( _m ye>s' resid5ce 9 a poor "p ( ,london1 & h be5 te/$ by a c>eful inquiry among m9i/]s ( religion1 s*ool-tea*]s1 r5t-collectors1 & o!rs ) special k ( ! subject4 ,sec4 #a4 ,,! ,,boy ,,( ,,s*ool ,,age4 ,if ! p>5ts are to control ! boys1 ! boys mu/ come mu* "u ! p]sonal influ5ce ( ! p>5ts2 9 o!r words1 rul]s & rul$ mu/ meet frequ5tly4 ,n[1 9 all ?ree types ( family ! fa!r ex]cises little direct control ov] ! *ildr54 ,if ( good "*1 he is ei!r out at "w or out look+ = "w dur+ five days ( ! week1 & sees ! *ildr5 only 9 ! ev5+4 ,on ,saturday aft]noons & on ,sundays he is at home2 b a week-end visitor _c be ! dom9ant factor 9 dome/ic affairs4 ,if control is ex]cis$1 x mu/ be ex]cis$ by ! "m4 ,to trace h] influ5ce1 x is necess>y to picture ! k9d ( life l$ by ea* type4 ,i quote f my essay3 ,s f> z ! fir/ type is consid]$1 x is n easy to say :5 ! *ildr5 & p>5ts meet4444 ,! g5]al ord] ( ev5ts is some?+ z foll[s3 ,if x is "o ( ! days on :i* he elects to "w1 ! fa!r rises ab\t five o'clock1 f9ds 8 own breakfa/1 & !n quits ! h\se4 ,"s two or ?ree h\rs lat] ! s*ool-*ildr5 get out ( b$1 wa% _! faces1 take a slice ( bread & dripp+1 & g out4 ,sometimes ! "m rises at t "t & gets ! breakfa/1 b 9 mo/ cases rema9s 9 b$4 ,at n9e ! boys g to s*ool4 ,at noon s*ool is ov]1 & ! boys1 aft] amus+ !mselves 9 ! playgr\nd or /reet = an h\r1 g home to get "s food4 ,! "m mean:ile has ris51 dress$ ! small] *ildr51 p]=m$ ! irr$ucible m9imum ( dome/ic "w1 & !n left ! h\se to gossip ) a neighb\r1 or e>n a few p5ce by *>+4 ,on r>e occasions %e may cook ! *ildr5 "s d9n]1 b z a rule !y get :at food !y c f9d1 & eat x 9 ! /reets4 ,sometimes !y receive a halfp5ny to buy _! own meal at a fri$-fi% %op4 ,! boys !n return to s*ool1 escape at half-pa/ f\r1 possibly g home to tea1 & !n once m turn = amusem5t to ! /reets4 ,!re !y rema9 until x is d>k1 & (t5 9 summ] till dawn beg9s to break1 :5 at l5g? !y seek _! dwell+ & g to b$4 ,9 _m cases ! boys d n f9d _! way back to _! own h\ses1 b take up _! qu>t]s = ! night 9 ! h\se ( "s fri5d4 ,sometimes !y d n sleep 9 a h\se at all4 ,9 "o case ( :i* ,i h he>d ?ree boys sp5t a =tnight 9 a wa%-h\se on ! top ( "s blocks4 ,!re !y liv$ an indep5d5t exi/5ce1 gett+ _! food & att5d+ s*ool regul>ly all ! :ile4 ,lat] on1 be+ discov]$ by a policeman1 !y 7 s5t to _! respective families4444 ,week foll[s week ) little v>iation to m>k ! m>* ( "t4 ,z brief a fragm5t ( ! boy's life z is possible is sp5t )9 ! common dwell+1 :i* (f]s him no occupation1 & is entirely devoid ( int]e/ or attraction4 ,! "m does n dem& 8 pres5ce indoors1 :ile he himself has no wi% to be !re4 ,! /reet1 & n ! h\se1 ought probably to be reg>d$ z ! home or meet+-place ( ! family4 #ig ,sup]vision "u circum/ances ( ?is k9d mu/ be an almo/ negligible factor 9 ! life ( ! home4 ,let u n[ come to ! second type4 ,i quote aga93 ,9 ! second type1 z already m5tion$1 ! family usually occupies ?ree rooms4 ,at fir/ sight ! conditions f\nd 9 ! =m] type seem to prevail "h also4 ,inde$1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! boys sp5d h>dly m "t at home ?an ^? j consid]$4 ,out ( s*ool h\rs !y are ei!r 9 ! /reet or employ$ 9 "s =m ( paid "w4444 ,s*ool1 /reet1 meals1 & b$ alt]nate ) "o ano!r "h 9 mu* ! same way z !y did 9 ! fir/ type4 ,b :ile ! facts rema9 = ! mo/ "p un*ang$1 _! sett+ & col\r+ are v diff]5t4 ,ano!r atmosph]e seems to p]vade ! :ole life2 "s s5se ( ord] & regul>ity beg9s to manife/ itself2 meals are at fix$ h\rs2 & ! boys are expect$ home & s5t to b$ at m or less def9ite times4 ,!y return to _! own t5em5ts1 & d n sp5d ! night ) "s ( _! neighb\rs4 ,z w appe> lat]1 home int]e/s beg9 to develop2 & if ! boys sp5d _! leisure 9 ! /reets1 ?is is due m to _! own *oice ?an to ! wi% ( _! p>5ts4444 ,! "m does n display ! utt] indiff]5ce to ! /ate ( ! dwell+ or ! habits ( ! *ildr5 conspicu\s 9 ! fir/ type4 ,"s sort ( ideal ( home %e seems to possess1 b to obta9 ?is ideal is beyond h] p[]4 ,%e has ! look ( "o :o feels t ?+s are wrong1 & yet c see no rem$y4 ,%e notes1 = example1 ! evil influ5ce ! /reet ex]ts on ! *>act]s ( h] boys1 b does n "k h[ to pres]ve !m f its ov]:elm+ attractions4 #ih ,! *ief diff]5ce1 !n1 betwe5 ! fir/ & second type lies n s mu* 9 a diff]5t k9d ( life z 9 a c]ta9 *ange ( atmosph]e t p]vades & trans=ms ! common exi/5ce4 ,9 ! ?ird type ?is *ange ( atmosph]e becomes m conspicu\s4 ,a great "p ( ! boy's "t is1 inde$1 /ill sp5t outside ! dwell+-place1 b ! life at home beg9s to assume l>g] proportions4 ,!re is m ord] & quiet 9 ! h\se--a condition :i* reacts fav\rably on ! boys4 ,!y are no long] se5 hang+ ab\t ! /reets1 loaf+ at ! corn]s1 or %\t+ noisily 9 ! gutt]s4 ,?\gh mu* out ( doors1 !y g f>!r afield1 & visit p>ks or museums2 :ile1 if !y /ay ne> home1 !y w usually be discov]$ 9 ! s*ool playgr\nd4 ,9 ! ev5+ _m ( !m are indoors1 & h v>i\s occupations1 ( :i*1 p]haps1 read+ is ! *ief4 #ii ,9 type numb] "o1 !n1 !re is1 = all practical purposes1 a complete abs5ce ( sup]vision4 ,9 ! second type !re is a desire = sup]vision1 b ! n>r[ness ( ! h\se accommodation ?ru/s ! boys into ! /reets4 ,9 ! ?ird type alone are ! conditions fav\rable to sup]vision4 ,sec4 #b4 ,,! ,,boy ,,aft] ,,s*ool ,,days4 ,if ! boy :ile at s*ool is "u little p>5tal control1 x is n to be expect$ t ?is control w be tight5$ :5 s*ool days are ov]4 ,) ! fir/ type ( family !re 0 no sup]vision be=e1 & !re is no m aft]w>ds4 ,! boy is self-support+1 & tr\bles little ab\t ! home1 & ! home tr\bles little ab\t him4 ,!re is a p>tial exception 9 ! case ( ! co/]4 ,"h ! boy may become "o ( ! regul> work+ memb]s ( ! e/abli%m5t1 & rema9s ) 8 fa!r2 b ! discipl9e is ( a rude & ready sort4 ,) ! second type ( family ! boy's e>n+s are ( great importance to ! family1 & ! "m does h] be/ to keep him at home4 ,any ex]cise ( discipl9e is avoid$1 le/ ! lad %\ld take 8 e>n+s & g else:]e4 ,he is r 9 ! position ( a fav\r$ lodg]1 ^: pres5ce is valuable to ! home1 & :o mu/ be treat$ well = fe> he %\ld give notice4 ,9 ! ?ird type ( family1 ! boy1 ) gr[+ ye>s1 passes out ( ! control ( ! "m1 & is res5tful ( any re/ra9t ex]t$ by a woman4 ,:at sup]vision he enjoys comes f ! fa!r4 ,! two d n meet (t52 fa!r & son are seldom employ$ toge!r1 & ! long di/ance t frequ5tly sep>ates home & "w places ! boy beyond ! rea* ( p>5tal control dur+ ! great] portion ( ! week4 ,su* 9 broad outl9e1 r5d]$ jagg$1 no d\bt1 by num]\s exceptions1 is ! quantity & ! quality ( ! sup]vision ex]cis$ by ! t[n p>5t ov] ! t[n boy4 ,ev5 ) ! highe/ type no high /&>d is rea*$1 :ile ) ! l[] we _c contemplate ! picture ) any degree ( satisfaction4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 ! city-br$ y\? is gr[+ up 9 a /ate ( unre/ra9$ lib]ty2 & :at makes ! problem m s]i\s is ! fact t all evid5ce goes to %[ t ?is disquiet+ ph5om5on is n an accid5t1 b ! direct product ( ! social & indu/rial conditions ( ! times4 ,t[ns are gr[+ l>g]1 & ) ! gr[? ( t[ns ! :ole conditions ( family life are be+ trans=m$4 ,! old patri>*al sy/em is gone2 ! fa!r is no long] an autocratic rul] 9 8 small _w4 ,! family1 s to say1 has become democratiz$2 we h 9 x an association ( equals 9 au?ority4 ,n[1 ! mo/ ard5t advocates ( ! ext5sion ( ! suffrage h always limit$ _! dem&s to an appeal = adult suffrage2 !y h nev] clam\r$ = *ildr5 to be giv5 a vote4 ,yet ?is1 = all effective purposes1 is :at happ5s 9 ! home 9 ! case ( ! boy z soon z he has left s*ool4 ,! /atus ( wage-e>n] has br\ght ) x ! /atus ( manhood1 & 8 e>n+s h conf]r$ on him immunity f control & ! "r to be consult$ 9 ! politics ( ! home4 ,ano!r fact1 n suffici5tly recogniz$1 t5ds to break d[n ! patri>*al sy/em4 ,) ! /eady improvem5t 9 ! ,/ate s*ools1 ! boy is usually bett] educat$ ?an ! fa!r2 ! fa!r kn[s ?is1 & ! boy kn[s x too4 ,x is idle1 !re=e1 to look = any l>ge am\nt ( p>5tal control ov] ! boy :o has left s*ool4 ,we mu/ face realities1 h[ev] unpleasant ^! realities may happ5 to be2 & "o ( ! realities ( ! "t is ! indep5d5ce ( ! lad4 ,:at is equally significant is ! sudd5ness ) :i* ?is indep5d5ce comes4 ,until ! age ( f\rte5 he has rema9$ "u a c>efully design$ sy/em ( ,/ate sup]vision1 ex]t$ by ! s*ool au?orities2 :ile 9 a l>ge numb] ( cases ! discipl9e ( ! home has be5 an important factor 9 8 exi/5ce4 ,at ! age ( f\rte51 z a g5]al rule1 ! control ( s*ool & home end toge!r4 ,! lad goes to b$ a boy2 he wakes z a man4 ,!re %\ld !re=e be little cause = surprise if ! habits ( ! s*ool & home are rapidly sl\gh$ (f 9 ! new life ( irresponsible fre$om4 ,:e!r1 !re=e1 we look to ! ,/ate1 to philan?ropic ent]prise1 or to ! home1 we f9d no satisfactory gu>antee = ! sup]vision ( ! y\? ( ! c\ntry4 ,we h yet to se>* = ?is sup]vision 9 ! work%op2 b if x is abs5t !re1 we %all be fac$ ) ! disquiet+ ph5om5on ( ! boy at ! age ( f\rte5 enjoy+ ! full & complete indep5d5ce ( ! adult4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,contribution ,,( ,,! ,,work%op4 ,hav+ exam9$ ?ree out ( ! f\r factors :i* contribute to ! appr5tice%ip ( to-day1 & f\nd !m all inadequate1 we mu/ n[ turn to ! work%op 9 ! hope t we %all discov] !re conditions m fav\rable to ! well-be+ ( ! y\? ( ! c\ntry4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ?is la/ factor prove defective1 ! appr5tice%ip ( to-day w /& condemn$1 & ! case = dra/ic re=m w become unansw]able4 ,x w !re=e be desirable to devote consid]able space to ?is1 ! c5tral feature ( ! problem ( boy lab\r4 ,9 :at foll[s x is propos$ fir/ to make a detail$ /udy ( conditions 9 ,london1 & !n to pres5t a g5]al picture ( ! /ate ( boy lab\r 9 o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,london has be5 select$ = a detail$ /udy because 9 a peculi> degree x repres5ts ! extreme type ( urbanization4 ,!re is also ! advantage t 9 ! case ( ,london ! mat]ial requir$ = ! exam9ation has to a l>ge ext5t be5 collect$4 ,! inve/igations ( ,mr4 ,*>les ,boo?1 ! publications & inquiries on ! subject c>ri$ out by ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 ,mr4 ,cyril ,jackson's report on boy lab\r pres5t$ to ! ,poor ,law ,commission1 & num]\s o!r writ+s1 h provid$ = ! /udy ( ,london a mass ( in=mation :i*1 ?\gh n 9 all respects exhau/ive1 is m complete ?an c be f\nd else:]e4 ,sec4 #a4 ,,london4 ,a /udy ( ! problem ( boy lab\r 9 ,london involves ! /udy ( ?ree que/ions4 ,fir/ we h to consid] ! case ( ! *ildr5 :o1 :ile /ill att5d+ s*ool1 are employ$ = wages4 ,next we mu/ devote special att5tion to ! boys z !y leave s*ool & di/ribute !mselves among ! diff]5t occupations4 ,f9ally1 we mu/ wat* ! lat] c>e] ( ^? lads1 & 9 p>ticul> endeav\r to asc]ta9 9 :at way & ) :at results is made ! difficult passage f ! /atus ( ! y\? to ! /atus ( ! man4 7a7 ,! ,employm5t ( ,s*ool-,*ildr54 ,9 ,london ! half-"t sy/em is n p]mitt$4 ,! /&>d ( atta9m5t = total exemption has be5 made suffici5tly high to prev5t ! great majority ( boys f leav+ s*ool till ! age ( f\rte5 is rea*$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a fact t improv$ me?ods ( in/ruction & m rapid promotion f class to class are t5d+ to l[] ! age at :i* x is possible to obta9 a ,lab\r ,c]tificate4 ,h[ f> ?is opportunity is us$ x is n easy to say2 b 9 c]ta9 s*ools1 situat$ 9 ! poor] di/ricts1 x is alleg$ t !re is a gr[+ t5d5cy = ! bright] *ildr5 to claim exemption 9 ?is way4 ,! regul>ity ( att5dance is admirable1 ! av]age att5dance 9 boys' s*ools exce$+ #ij p] c5t4 ,we may !re=e assume t1 if ! boys "w = wages1 !y mu/ "w at times :5 ! s*ools are n op5$4 ,to :at ext5t are boys employ$ :ile /ill liable to att5d s*ool8 ,9 #ahii a return 0 obta9$ ?r\gh\t ! elem5t>y s*ools ( ,engl& & ,wales ( ! numb] ( *ildr5 s employ$4 ,9 ,london1 9 ! case ( boys1 ! figures 7 #ba1gee4ajj ,! tables also give ! ages ( ! *ildr51 b boys & girls are n sep>at$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we assume t ! numb] ( *ildr5 ( ea* sex at ea* age is proportionate to ! total numb] ( *ildr5 ( ea* sex at all ages1 we f9d t #gh p] c5t4 ( ! boys 7 elev5 & upw>ds1 & #bb p] c5t4 "u elev54 ,! numb] ( boys ( elev5 & upw>ds w\ld be ab\t #ag1jjj4 ,!re are 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools ab\t #gj1jjj boys elev5 ye>s ( age & upw>ds1 s t ab\t #bd p] c5t4 ( ^! boys are employ$4 ,9 o!r words1 ne>ly a qu>t] ( ! boys 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools above ! age ( elev5 7 employ$ at ! "t ( ! return4 ,! actual numb] ( boys :o are employ$ dur+ ! c\rse ( _! s*ool c>e] w\ld be consid]ably l>g]1 z !y w\ld n all be employ$ at ! same mom5t4 ,! return is m ?an t5 ye>s old1 b1 ) ! exception ( ! *ildr5 "u elev51 x is improbable t !re has be5 mu* *ange4 ,simil> figures may be d$uc$ f ! ,report ( ! ,int]dep>tm5tal ,committee on ! ,employm5t ( ,s*ool-,*ildr51 #aija4aja ,) reg>d to ! numb] ( h\rs work$1 ,miss ,adl]'s evid5ce is select$1 & typical s*ools %[ t #ef p] c5t4 7 employ$ = m ?an tw5ty h\rs a week1 :ile #ad p] c5t4 7 employ$ ?irty-five h\rs or upw>ds4#ajb ,9 individual cases ! figures 7 mu* high]4 ,?us a boy ( elev5 ye>s ( age1 = f\r %ill+s a week1 0 employ$ = =ty-?ree & ?ree-qu>t] h\rs 9 c>ry+ p>cels f a *emi/'s %op1 &1 except on ,sundays1 0 practically e mom5t ( 8 life at s*ool or at "w f sev5 9 ! morn+ till n9e o'clock at night4 ,ano!r boy1 ag$ ?irte51 work$ fifty-two h\rs a week1 be+ employ$ by a m\ld+ company1 & att5d+ a !atre = five ev5+s a week & = half a day on ,w$nesday = a mat9ee--= ! la/1 h[ev]1 play+ truant f s*ool4 #ajc ,! foll[+ graphic acc\nt tak5 f a s*ool composition1 & obta9$ "u circum/ances :i* gu>antee its ess5tial accuracy1 %[s ! am\nt ( "w :i* may be compress$ into a s+le day4 ,x ref]s to ,saturday3 ,i fir/ got up f b$ ab\t half-pa/ six1 & put my clo!s on & _h a wa%4 ,!n ,i w5t to "w at ,b4's1 & swept out 8 %op1 & !n ,i did ! w9d[ out4 ,b aft] ,i done ! w9d[ ,i _h my breakfa/ & w5t 9 ! %op aga94 ,i />t$ tak+ out ord]s t came 94 ,:ile ,i 0 tak+ ! ord]s out1 ,mr4 ,b4 w5t to ! ,bor\gh m>ket = "s potatoes1 cabbages1 & "s onions2 b :5 he came home ,i _h to unload 8 van4 ,aft] ,i unload$ 8 van1 he w5t = "s coal1 :i* he sells at "o & sixp5ce a hundr$weight1 b he got two tons ( coal 94 ,!n we _h d9n] ab\t "o o'clock4 ,:5 we _h our d9n]1 ,i _h a re/ till ab\t f\r o'clock1 :5 ,i _h tea4 ,:5 ,i _h my tea ,i _h to g & *op "s wood1 :5 x 0 "t to %ut up ! %op4 ,i _h my supp] & w5t home1 & w5t to b$1 & ! "t 0 ab\t twelve o'clock4 #ajd ,x w be se5 t1 ) ! exception ( a break 9 ! middle ( ! day1 ! boy 0 on duty = ne>ly ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & = "p ( ! "t 0 engag$ 9 heavy manual lab\r4 ,:at effect does employm5t h on ! physical condition ( *ildr5 "u ! age ( f\rte58 ,t excessive employm5t is injuri\s alike to ! education & to ! heal? ( ! *ildr5 is h>dly 9 "q4 ,x 0 te/ifi$ to by witness aft] witness1 _m ( !m 9 no way likely to be influ5c$ by m]ely !oretical objections to *ild lab\r4 #aje ,on ! o!r h&1 mo/ ( ! witnesses t appe>$ be=e ! ,int]dep>tm5tal ,committee 7 ( op9ion t mod]ate "w 0 9 _m cases n only n injuri\s1 b positively b5eficial4 #ajf ,x is n easy to und]/& :at is meant by ! la/ /atem5t4 ,if "s =m ( employm5t is b5eficial1 !n ! #gf p] c5t4 :o are n s employ$ suff]1 & /eps %\ld be tak5 to enc\rage !m to "w4 ,x is d\btful :e!r ! witnesses w\ld h accept$ ?is conclusion1 f :i*1 on _! own assumptions1 !re is really no escape4 ,! difficulty lay 9 draw+ ! l9e4 ,mo/ ( ! witnesses seem$ to sugge/ t tw5ty h\rs might be fix$ z ! maximum weekly limit2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 we f\nd "s cases :]e less ?an tw5ty h\rs a week1 if conc5trat$ 9 "o or two days1 or if done at night1 mu/ be injuri\s4 #ajg ,b ! evid5ce ( mo/ value on ! subject is to be f\nd 9 a ,report ( ! ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil4#ajh ,ab\t #djj boys employ$ outside s*ool h\rs 7 exam9$4 ,! foll[+ table1 ) defects 9 p]c5tages1 0 obta9$ z ! result3#aji ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,actual ,fatigue ,sev]e ,sev]e ,h\rs work$ ,numb] ,signs4 ,anaemia4,n]ve ,de=mities4,he>t ,weekly4 ( ,boys4 ,signs4 ,signs4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,all s*oolboys ( di/rict work]s & non-work]s #c1gjj -- #be #bd #h #h ,work+ #bj h\rs or less #afc #ej #cd #bh #ae #aa ,work+ #bj to #cj h\rs #hf #ha #dg #dd #ba #ae ,work+ ov] #cj h\rs #ie #hc #de #ej #bb #ba ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,x w be se5 t ! defects rise rapidly ) increase 9 ! h\rs ( "w2 :ile1 ev5 9 ! case ( ^? work+ less ?an tw5ty h\rs1 !re is a s]i\s deviation f ! av]age4 ,! fact t #ej p] c5t4 ( ^? work+ less ?an tw5ty h\rs %\ld exhibit signs ( fatigue1 ev5 :]e no p]man5t physical evil results1 mu/ s]i\sly affect ! value ( ! s*ool in/ruction4 ,9 e case ! work]s comp>e unfav\rably ) ! av]age = ! :ole ( ! work]s & non-work]s4 ,we _c view ) satisfaction ! tru? t1 ev5 9 ^? employ$ ) mod]ation1 de=mities & sev]e he>t signs %\ld be ne>ly #ej p] c5t4 above ! av]age4 ,! m$ical (fic] adds o!r conclusions no less disquiet+4 ,work+ eight h\rs on ,saturday is z inimical z ?irty h\rs dur+ ! week1 & work+ ?r\gh ! d9n]-h\r appe>s p>ticul>ly productive ( anaemia1 #aaj ,ret>dation 9 s*ool "w 0 not$ 9 #bji out ( ^! #ccj boys1 #hf be+ "o /&>d1 #hc two /&>ds1 #cg ?ree /&>ds1 & #c f\r /&>ds beh9d t correspond+ to _! age4 #aaa ,z 8 f9al conclusion ! m$ical (fic] /ates3 ,we mu/ set up z an ideal ! suppression ( *ild lab\r bel[ twelve ye>s ( age1 & dur+ s*ool life regulate x to tw5ty h\rs weekly1 & a maximum ( five h\rs on any "o day4 #aab ,! figures1 h[ev]1 w\ld seem to g f> 9 ju/ify+ ! m dra/ic rem$y ( complete prohibition4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 fair to m5tion t ! ,report ( ! ,int]dep>tm5tal ,committee1 & also ! ,report ( ! ,m$ical ,(fic]1 ref] to a /ate ( affairs prior to ! pass+ ( ! ,employm5t ( ,*ildr5 ,act4 ,"u ?is ,act1 z expla9$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1#aac employm5t ( *ildr5 "u ! age ( elev5 is =bidd51 :ile ! by-laws ( ! ,c\ncil place re/rictions on ! numb] ( h\rs *ildr5 may "w1 & ! times ( day dur+ :i* su* "w may be c>ri$ on4 ,x is too soon to judge ( ! ext5t to :i* ^! re/rictions c be en=c$4 ,dur+ ! fir/ ye> ( effective op]ation 9 ,london !re 71 9 respect ( boys "u ! age ( sixte51 #ac1dfa cases ( infr+em5t4 ,prohibition "u a c]ta9 age or dur+ c]ta9 times ( ! day is comp>atively easy to en=ce2 b limitation ( h\rs1 z exp]i5ce ( ! ,%op ,act %[s1 is extremely difficult to en=ce1 & peculi>ly difficult :]e1 z ) s*ool-*ildr51 p]sons are n employ$ regul>ly1 b "w irregul>ly at times :5 ! s*ools are n op54 ,to get evid5ce suffici5t to ju/ify convictions is almo/ impossible1 except 9 a few outrage\s cases4 ,:at1 if any1 effect does ! employm5t ( s*ool-*ildr5 h on ! g5]al "q ( ! prep>ation = a trade8 ,into ?is g5]al "q ! ,int]dep>tm5tal ,committee did n ent]4 ,!y did inde$ reg>d c]ta9 =ms ( occupation z injuri\s1 :ile !y pron\nc$ z b5eficial employm5t 9 mod]ation4 ,b ?is /atem5t has app>5tly ref]5ce only to matt]s ( heal?1 & n to ! relation ( employm5t dur+ s*ool days to employm5t aft]w>ds4 ,! "q is ( great importance1 z habits1 9 respect ( "w = wages1 =m$ by ! boy cl+ p]si/5tly to ! y\?4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 to pay "s att5tion to ! *>act]i/ics ( ! "w :i* s*oolboys und]take4 ,9 ,london #ij p] c5t4 ( ! "w w\ld be includ$ 9 ! ?ree foll[+ classes3 7#a7 ,%ops--err&-runn+ & deliv]y ( p>cels1 milk1 newspap]s1 & wat*+ ! goods spread on ! c\nt]s outside ! %ops2 7#b7 dome/ic--knife & boot clean+1 & occasionally baby-m9d+2 & 7#c7 /reet employm5t--hawk+ ( newspap]s1 mat*es1 & fl[]s1 organ-gr9d+1 & ! l4 ,n[1 none ( ^! =ms ( occupation provide any trade-tra9+1 or (f] an op5+ ) satisfactory prospects1 to ! boy z he leaves s*ool4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is class ( "w has di/9ctly injuri\s effects4 ,fir/1 x is employm5t ( a casual "*4 ,affect$ z x is1 on ! "o h&1 by att5dance at s*ool1 & on ! o!r by ,saturdays & holidays1 x is ess5tially irregul> z reg>ds h\rs4 ,secondly1 x is easy to obta91 & consequ5tly lightly und]tak5 & lightly dropp$4 ,:]e ano!r situation c be obta9$ at w1 !re is no dem& on ! work] to display ! qualities t make = p]man5ce ( employm5t4 ,?irdly1 x is "w 9 :i* y\?s z well z boys are engag$2 9 o!r words1 x does provide an op5+ to ! boy z he leaves s*ool--an op5+ :i* he is likely to accept1 because x is ! mo/ obvi\s1 b at ! same "t an op5+ 9 "o ( ^? =ms ( occupation entrance into :i* we %\ld1 z w appe> lat]1 d our utmo/ to disc\rage4 ,x is s+ul>ly un=tunate t a boy's fir/ association ) any k9d ( paid employm5t %\ld be ( ?is nature4 ,&1 f9ally1 x is at lea/ op5 to grave d\bt :e!r t s5se ( indep5d5ce ( home :i* comes ) ! consci\sness ( e>n+ wages %\ld beg9 at z e>ly an age z twelve or ?irte54 ,x w\ld n be easy to imag9e a m unsatisfactory =m ( prep>ation = a trade ?an t provid$ by ! k9d ( "w c>ri$ out by wage-e>n+ *ildr54 ,if we add to ?is demoraliz+ influ5ce ! injuri\s effect on heal? & education1 ! case = total prohibition ( boy lab\r dur+ s*ool-days becomes v /rong4 7b7 ,! ,entry to a ,trade4 ,! great majority ( boys rema9 at ! elem5t>y s*ool till !y atta9 ! age ( f\rte52 x is no less true t ! va/ majority cease att5dance z soon z t age is rea*$4 ,! p]iod ( ! next f\r ye>s--t is1 f f\rte5 to eighte5--=ms ! mo/ critical "t ( _! c>e]4 ,x is dur+ ^! f\r ye>s t ! boy mu/1 if ev]1 h tak5 ! fir/ /eps t[>ds le>n+ a trade4 ,dur+ ?is int]val 8 physical /r5g? mu/ mature1 8 "* take on itself a m or less p]man5t set1 & ! "q :e!r 8 education %all repres5t some?+ m ?an a fa9t %ad[ ( e>ly impressions be f9ally det]m9$4 ,9 %ort1 x is dur+ ^! f\r ye>s t ! future citiz5 is made or m>r$4 ,! previ\s survey1 :e!r ( ! factors :i* contribute to ! appr5tice%ip ( to-day1 or ( ! evils :i* are f\nd among wage-e>n+ s*ool-*ildr51 does n gu>antee a fav\rable />t 9 ! _w ( :ole-"t employm5t4 ,ea* ye> ab\t #cj1jjj boys leave s*ool at ! age ( f\rte5 to take up "s =m ( "w4 ,^! figures d n agree ) ! ,c5sus returns1 because ! latt] include all ,london boys 9 all classes ( society1 :e!r at s*ool or at "w4 ,"h we are conc]n$ only ) ! boys ( f\rte5 :o leave ! elem5t>y s*ool ) ! int5tion ( e>n+ _! own liv+4 ,betwe5 ! ages ( f\rte5 & eighte5 !re w !re=e be #abj1jjj boys4 ,x is ! c>e]s ( ^! #abj1jjj boys t we mu/ n[ try to foll[4 ,:at are ! fir/ occupations select$ by ^! #abj1jjj boys8 ,dur+ ! la/ few ye>s ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil has endeav\r$ to f9d an answ] to ?is "q4 ,ea* head-ma/] ( an elem5t>y s*ool is requir$ annually to fill up a =m 9 respect ( ea* boy :o has left ! s*ool dur+ ! prec$+ twelve mon?s4 ,! in=mation ask$ = is occupation ( p>5t1 occupation ( boy1 :e!r skill$ or unskill$1 or :e!r a place ( high] education is att5d$4 ,returns h be5 receiv$ & summ>iz$ = ! ye>s #aijf-jg & #aijg-jh4 ,! fir/ return 0 incomplete1 b ! second includ$ ! va/ majority ( ^? :o left4 ,bel[ is giv5 ! summ>y = ! two ye>s3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,skill$4 ,unskill$4 ,high] ,education4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,numb] #h1ffb #ae1iaj #a1ebd ,p]c5tage #cc4b #fa4j #e4h ,p]c5tage1 #aijf-jg #bh4e #fg4i #c4f ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,x w be se5 t1 includ+ ^? :o w5t to "s high] =m ( education1 little m ?an a ?ird ( ! boys left s*ool to ent] a skill$ trade4#aad ,,table ,i4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,numb]4 ,p]c5tage4 ,class ( ,occupation4 ------------------------------------ ,p>5t4 ,boy4 ,p>5t4 ,boy4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,trades & indu/ries #fae #cdg #dj4hg #ah4gd ,dome/ic (fices or s]vices #bc #df #a4eb #b4dh ,transport 7includ+ mess5g]s1 err&-boys1 van-boys1 etc47 #aia #hbi #ab4fi #dd4gf ,%opkeep]s1 %op-assi/ants1 & deal]s #acg #acc #i4aj #g4ah ,comm]cial occupations #fa #ada #d4je #g4fa ,g5]al lab\r #dcf #bae #bh4ih #aa4fa ,pr(essional occupations & _! subord9ate s]vices #aa #e #j4gc #j4bg ,g5]al or local gov]nm5t #bf #f #a4gc #j4cb ,def5ce ( ! c\ntry #e #a #j4cc #j4jf ,high] education -- #bg -- #a4de ,unemploy$ -- #ajb -- #e4eb ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,total #a1eje #a1heb #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,x is un=tunate t no full analysis has be5 made ( ^! returns4 ,! value ( ! in=mation :i* w\ld h ?us be5 obta9$ 0 n suppos$ to ju/ify ! lab\r & exp5diture involv$ 9 su* an analysis4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 r\ghly analyz$ ne>ly #d1jjj cases1 & endeav\r$ to classify ! occupations1 9 accordance ) ! table f\nd$ on ! ,c5sus return :i* w be giv5 lat]4#aae ,i select$ = ?is purpose typical di/ricts 9 ,london4 ,table ,i4 includes returns f all ! s*ools 9 ! electoral areas ( ,b]mondsey1 ,nor? ,camb]well1 & ,walwor?2 x repres5ts a typical miscellane\s work+-class di/rict4 ,table ,,ii4 includes ! electoral areas ( ,dulwi* & ,lewi%am2 x may be reg>d$ z typical ( suburban villadom s f> z its inhabitants s5d _! *ildr5 to ! elem5t>y s*ools4 ,table ,,iii4 includes ! electoral areas ( ,:ite*apel & ,/4 ,george's-9-!-,ea/1 di/ricts di/+ui%$ by ! pres5ce ( a l>ge numb] ( small trades & sweat$ indu/ries4 ,table ,,iv4 includes ! collective results ( ! ?ree prec$+ tables1 & may be tak5 z fairly typical ( ,london z a :ole4 ,x 0 necess>y to exclude ! returns ( a few s*ools z incomplete1 indef9ite1 or obvi\sly inaccurate4 ,p>5t /&s = occupation ( p>5t1 boy = occupation ( boy4 ,! two d n q correspond1 z 9 a c]ta9 numb] ( in/ances ! occupation ( ! p>5t 0 unkn[n4 ,i h includ$ ! telegraph-boys "u ,transport1 z = my purpose ?is classification 0 ! m suitable4 ,,table ,,ii4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,numb]4 ,p]c5tage4 ,class ( ,occupation4 ------------------------------------ ,p>5t4 ,boy4 ,p>5t4 ,boy4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,trades & indu/ries #cdg #aea #ce4eg #ad4hf ,dome/ic (fices or s]vices #ad #bg #a4de #b4fd ,transport 7includ+ mess5g]s1 err&-boys1 van-boys1 etc47 #gj #cej #g4bd #cd4ca ,%opkeep]s1 %op-assi/ants1 & deal]s #ajj #abf #aj4cd #ab4ce ,comm]cial occupations #ahj #aeg #ah4fa #ae4ch ,g5]al lab\r #add #ed #ad4hi #e4bi ,pr(essional occupations & _! subord9ate s]vices #dg #b #d4hf #j4ai ,g5]al or local gov]nm5t #ff #i #f4hc #j4hh ,def5ce ( ! c\ntry #b #e #j4ba #j4dh ,high] education -- #gf -- #g4de ,unemploy$ -- #fc -- #f4ag ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,total #ifg #a1jbj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,table ,,iii4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,numb]4 ,p]c5tage4 ,class ( ,occupation4 ------------------------------------ ,p>5t4 ,boy4 ,p>5t4 ,boy4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,trades & indu/ries #cdi #cje #ea4ji #da4hd ,dome/ic (fices or s]vices #be #ah #c4ff #b4dg ,transport 7includ+ mess5g]s1 err&-boys1 van-boys1 etc47 #gb #ahi #aj4ed #be4ic ,%opkeep]s1 %op-assi/ants1 & deal]s #ia #dh #ac4cc #f4eh ,comm]cial occupations #aa #ci #a4fa #e4ce ,g5]al lab\r #aaf #fc #af4ii #h4fd ,pr(essional occupations & _! subord9ate s]vices #aj #c #a4df #j4da ,g5]al or local gov]nm5t #h -- #a4ag -- ,def5ce ( ! c\ntry #a -- #j4ae -- ,high] education -- #g -- #j4if ,unemploy$ -- #eg -- #g4hb ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,total #fhc #gbi #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,table ,,iv4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,numb]4 ,p]c5tage4 ,class ( ,occupation4 ------------------------------------ ,p>5t4 ,boy4 ,p>5t4 ,boy4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,trades & indu/ries #a1cjh #hjc #da4df #bb4ca ,dome/ic (fices or s]vices #fb #ia #a4ig #b4ec ,transport 7includ+ mess5g]s1 err&-boys1 van-boys1 etc47 #ccc #a1cfh #aj4ee #ch4jj ,%opkeep]s1 %op-assi/ants1 & deal]s #cbh #cjg #aj4ci #h4eb ,comm]cial occupations #beb #ccg #g4ih #i4cf ,g5]al lab\r #fif #ccb #bb4jf #i4bb ,pr(essional occupations & _! subord9ate s]vices #fh #aj #b4af #j4bh ,g5]al or local gov]nm5t #ajj #ae #c4ag #j4da ,def5ce ( ! c\ntry #h #f #j4bf #j4af ,high] education -- #aaj -- #c4je ,unemploy$ -- #bbb -- #f4af ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,total #c1aee #c1fja #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,9 ! int]pretation ( ^! tables c]ta9 facts mu/ be borne 9 m9d4 ,none ( ! p>5ts are return$ z unemploy$2 ?is is because ! trade ( ! p>5t 0 ask$ =1 & no acc\nt 0 tak5 z to :e!r he 0 or 0 n employ$4 ,secondly1 ! occupations are some:at vaguely describ$2 ?is 9 p>ticul> is true ( ! t]m lab\r]4 ,m exact in=mation w\ld no d\bt h remov$ ! p>5t f ! class g5]al lab\r1 & plac$ him 9 ! class transport1 & occasionally 9 ! classes dome/ic s]vant or %op-assi/ant4 ,?irdly1 ! mess5g]-boys are includ$ p>tly "u transport & p>tly "u %op-assi/ants1 ! boy be+ t]m$ sometimes an err&-boy & sometimes a %op-boy4 ,! t]m (fice-boy1 :i* appe>s frequ5tly 9 ! returns1 is vague4 ,i h class$ ! (fice-boy z an err&-boy unless ! s*ool return places him 9 ! column skill$ employm5t1 :5 ,i h includ$ him "u ! head+ comm]cial occupation4 ,mak+ all[ance = a c]ta9 inevitable inaccuracy :i* belongs to returns ( ?is k9d1 we h a g5]al picture1 accurate 9 all ess5tials1 ( ! di/ribution ( boys among ! v>i\s =ms ( occupation imm$iately aft] leav+ ! elem5t>y s*ool4 ,! columns :i* ref] to ! trade ( ! p>5ts1 & indicate !re=e ! di/ribution ( ! p>5ts among ! v>i\s =ms ( occupation1 are ( consid]able value4 ,if we take ,table ,,iv41 :i* may be reg>d$ z typical ( ,london z a :ole1 & comp>e ! la/ two columns1 we %all at once notice ! /rik+ diff]5ce t m>ks ! di/ribution ( boys & ( adults among ! sev]al k9ds ( employm5t4 ,9 trades & indu/ries1 #da p] c5t4 ( p>5ts are engag$1 & only #bb p] c5t4 ( boys2 #ch p] c5t4 ( ! boys are engag$ 9 transport1 & only #aj p] c5t4 ( p>5ts4 ,?is fact c>ries ) x a conclusion ( great importance--son & fa!r c seldom "w toge!r4 ,if1 = example1 #aj p] c5t4 ( ! p>5ts are includ$ "u transport1 & #ch p] c5t4 ( ! boys1 x is cle> t little m ?an a qu>t] ( su* boys c be employ$ 9 company ) _! p>5ts4 ,! actual facts1 z reveal$ by an exam9ation ( ! individual returns1 are mu* /rong]1 & demon/rate ! extreme r>5ess ( fa!r & son foll[+ ! same occupation4 ,9 ! case ( trades & indu/ries ! trade ( fa!r & son is n infrequ5tly ! same2 ?is is 9 p>ticul> true ( tailor+ trades ( ! ,ea/ ,end1 includ$ 9 ,table ,,iii41 :]e ! proportion ( adults to boys are z fifty-"o to =ty-two4 ,9 suburban villadom1 pictur$ 9 ,table ,,iii41 ! cl]k is (t5 fa!r to ! cl]k1 :ile ! son ( a %opkeep] occasionally assi/s 8 p>5ts 9 ! %op4 ,! co/] habit likewise runs 9 families4 ,b ) ^! exceptions fa!r & son d n "w toge!r4 ,9 consequ5ce1 9 8 fir/ situation ! boy is cut adrift f ! home & its control1 su* z x is4 ,he has n 8 fa!r by 8 side to note & guide 8 conduct2 & if he ent]s a skill$ trade1 he lacks ! p]sonal int]e/ ( ! p>5t to gu>antee 8 satisfactory tra9+4 ,we h already se5 t ! s*ool sup]vision is at an end2 9 consequ5ce1 ! only discipl9>y influ5ce left is ! influ5ce ( ! employ]4 ,! "* ( ! employm5t & ! nature ( ! sup]vision ( ! ma/] become1 !re=e1 ( supreme importance to ! well-be+ ( ! boy4 ,x is consequ5tly necess>y to exam9e 9 "s detail ! di/+ui%+ features ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( occupation4 ,!y are usually r\ghly class$ z skill$ or unskill$1 accord+ z !y d or d n lead to a =m ( employm5t :i* requires specializ$ skill or specializ$ intellig5ce4 ,,! ,,unskill$ ,,trades4--,practically ! :ole ( ! unskill$ trades are includ$ "u ! t]ms dome/ic s]vice1 transport1 %op1 & g5]al lab\r1 & ! great majority ( ! boys :o select ^! occupations may be said to select an unskill$ trade4 ,9 ,table ,i41 a typical work+-class di/rict1 x w be se5 t #ff p] c5t4 ( ! boys :o leave ! elem5t>y s*ools come )9 ?is class4 ,9 ,table ,,ii41 a suburban area1 ! figures are #ee p] c5t42 b a consid]able proportion ( ^? includ$ "u %ops appe> to be employ$ 9 ! %ops ( _! p>5ts1 & to be le>n+ ! bus9ess4 ,9 ,table ,,iii41 repres5t+ ! small ,ea/ ,end trades1 ! figures are #dd p] c5t42 b1 judg$ by wages & conditions ( employm5t1 ! majority ( ! #db p] c5t4 includ$ "u trades %\ld be transf]r$ to ! class ( unskill$ "w4 ,= all ! di/ricts1 z a :ole typical ( ,london1 ,table ,,iv4 %[s ! figures to be #eh4bg p] c5t4 ,! figures quot$ above ignore ! boys return$ z unemploy$ & unkn[n1 ! numb] ( ^! = all ,london be+ #f p] c5t4 ,!y are boys wait+ = some?+ to turn up2 :at w turn up x is impossible to pr$ict4 ,b x is safe to say t a consid]able portion w drift into unskill$ "w4 ,! unskill$ trades fall into ?ree classes4 ,! fir/ & smalle/ is includ$ "u dome/ic s]vice4 ,"u ?is head are f\nd boys 9 b>b]s' %ops1 page-boys1 club-boys1 boot & knife boys4 ,employm5t 9 a b>b]'s %op is notori\sly unheal?y2#aaf a b>b]'s %op is also suppos$ to be n infrequ5tly ! resort ( ! bett+ frat]nity4 ,! =tunes ( ! page & club boy await ! zeal ( an inve/igator2 ! knife & boot boy soon passes to "s o!r occupation4 ,( ! ?ree classes1 dome/ic s]vice is ! lea/ important & ! soone/ left by ! boy4 ,! second class1 includ$ "u transport & %opkeep]s1 is f> ! l>ge/ & ! mo/ important4 ,9 all ,london "s #dg p] c5t4 ( ! boys are f\nd "h2 or1 if we add a half ( ! #f p] c5t4 return$ z unemploy$1 we may say t half ! boys :o leave ! elem5t>y s*ools belong to ?is class4 ,x is necess>y to take transport & %opkeep]s toge!r1 because x is impossible to tell :e!r a %op-boy is m]ely an err&-boy1 or a boy on ! road to become a prop]ly tra9$ %op-assi/ant4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t only a small numb] c\ld be reg>d$ z future %op-assi/ants4 ,ignor+ ^! exceptions1 we h to foll[ ! =tunes ( #ej p] c5t4 ( ! boys leav+ s*ool--9 o!r words1 ( #ae1jjj p]sons4 ,_! =ms ( employm5t h mu* 9 common4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y are :at is kn[n z bl9d-alley occupations--!y lead n[h]e4 ,boys only are engag$1 & :5 ! boys become m5 !y are ca/ adrift4 ,sometimes !y are absorb$ 9 ! adult s]vice1 b m usually1 if !y h n already left1 are giv5 notice1 & mu/ at ! age ( eighte5 seek out "s new way ( e>n+ a liv+4 ,! report ( ,mr4 ,cyril ,jackson makes ?is fact abundantly cle>4#aag ,! indu/rial biographies receiv$1 he says1 %[ cle>ly t !re is g5]ally a "t ( transition :5 boys h to seek new occupations1 = :i* !y h little aptitude4 #aah ,or aga93 ,!re appe>s to be no d\bt t ! re/lessness ( _m ( ! boys do+ m or less unskill$ "w obscures f "s employ]s ! fact t !y are us+ a great] numb] ( boys ?an c ev] be employ$ 9 connection ) _! trade z m54 ,! employ]s :o h fill$ up =ms (t5 /ate t !y 'nev] dis*>ge a boy :o is will+ to /ay1' or 't boys are only dis*>g$ = misconduct1' :5 x is evid5t f ! figures appe>+ 9 ! same =m t !re mu/ be a consid]able proportion ( ! boys pass+ out ( ! trade ea* ye>4444 ,t _m employ]s1 on ! o!r h&1 d 9 fact dis*>ge a consid]able proportion ( _! boys because !y h no room = !m z m5--or1 to express ! same ?+ 9 ! =m 9 :i* x pres5ts itself to ! ma/]s1 because !y _c af=d to (f] m5's wages--is %[n 9 ! %ort acc\nts ( ! trades 9 ! ,app5dix4 #aai ,x is ne$less to lab\r ! po9t fur!r1 z ev]yone famili> ) ! conditions ( boy "w give evid5ce to ! same effect4 ,! second *>act]i/ic ( ^! trades is t !y are ma9ly conc]n$ ) fet*+ or c>ry+ some?+--messages1 lett]s1 p>cels4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( t /age ( civilization at :i* we h arriv$ t we want to save ourselves tr\ble1 or to save ourselves "t4 ,boys are ! in/rum5ts we use4 ,"h we are1 all ( u1 says a mod]n writ]1 dem&+ an endless numb] ( t9y jobs to be done on our behalf4 ,e ye> multiplies ^! dem&s1 increas+ ! pace at :i* ! jobs c be done1 & ! numb] ( !m t c be cr[d$ into ! "t4 ,we le>n to expect m & m conv5i5ces at our elb[ by :i* communication c be made1 bus9ess transact$1 messages despat*$1 p>cels transf]r$1 news br\ght up to date1 transit ha/5$1 ?+s ( all k9ds put "u our h&4 ,we t\* buttons1 press knobs1 r+ bells1 :isp] d[n telephones1 keep wires ?robb+ ) our desires1 bu/le & hu/le ! _w along4 ,& all ?is 9 ! end means boys4 ,boys are :at we set mov+4 ,boys are ! mat]ial 9 :i* we deal4 ,boys are our tools4 ,e wire has a boy at ! end ( x4 #abj ,?is t5d5cy to dem& ! s]vices ( boys has spread ?r\gh all classes ( society4 ,to take a s+le example ( q rec5t gr[?3 ,x is becom+ less & less common = ! h\sewife to br+ ! results ( h] m>ket+ home h]self2 a boy deliv]s ! goods in/ead4 ,g into any %op1 ev5 9 ! poore/ "p ( ! t[n1 & make a few pur*ases2 ! %opman w probably (f] to s5d !m home = y4 ,!re is some?+ flatt]+ & pleasant 9 ! (f]2 x is "o ( ! new products ( competition to multiply conv5i5ces in/ead ( cutt+ prices4 ,! dem& = boys is rapidly increas+2 & :ile ! dem& is increas+1 ! supply ( boys has dim9i%$4 ,! rais+ ( ! s*ool age1 ! improv$ att5dance1 & ! decrease ( truancy1 h all remov$ f ! lab\r m>ket an imm5se numb] ( boys4 ,! ,c5sus figures %[ t !re has be5 a /eady dim9ution ( boys employ$ "u fifte5 dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury4 #aba ,! ,lab\r ,ex*anges te/ify to ! same effect1 ! manag]s frequ5tly say+3 ,!re is an unsatisfi$ dem& = juv5ile lab\r ( an unskill$ type4 #abb ,?is gr[+ dem& has two effects4 ,fir/1 z x becomes increas+ly easi] = boys to obta9 situations1 !re is less & less inducem5t = !m to %[ su* indu/ry & good conduct z are necess>y to reta9 _! places4 ,dismissal has no t]rors2 x means1 if !y please1 a few days' holiday1 or1 if !y pref] x1 a new employ] c be at once discov]$4 ,x becomes !re=e difficult = an employ] to ex]cise ov] ! boys ! discipl9e !y ne$2 if he attempt to d s1 he w soon f9d himself )\t boys4 ,lads *ange situations = ! m]e sake ( *ange1 to see :at happ5s4 ,i h kn[n1 says ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,cloete1 boys :o1 )9 ?ree ye>s ( leav+ s*ool1 h be5 employ$ 9 z _m z sev5te5 diff]5t occupations4 #abc ,! second consequ5ce ( ! increas$ dem& = boys 9 ^! k9ds ( occupations is a rise 9 wages4 ,! e>n+s ( ^! boys are consid]ably high] ?an ^? obta9$ by a boy :o ent]s a skill$ trade4 ,! casual & l[-skill$ employm5ts give high] wages 9 ! e>ly ye>s 9 ord] to attract ! boys4 #abd ,) boys *oos+1 z !y d1 _! own occupations1 high wages at ! outset are m attractive ?an l[ wages ) ! prospect ( le>n+ a trade4 ,! ?ird *>act]i/ic ^! occupations h 9 common lies 9 c]ta9 g5]al conditions ( employm5t4 ,h\rs are long2 at ! same "t1 ! boy is (t5 idle = long p]iods1 wait+ = messages to come 9 & p>cels to g out4 ,%op-boys & telegraph-boys are kept hang+ ab\t ) no?+ to d4 ,! (fice-boy 9 a small (fice is (t5 ! :ole /aff1 & is left alone = h\rs :5 8 ma/] is out1 & sp5ds 8 "t ei!r 9 vacancy1 9 mis*iev\s exp$itions along ! corridor1 or 9 read+ tra% ( a blood?ir/y nature4 #abe ,! boy has (t5 heavy goods to c>ry long di/ances1 & ov]taxes 8 /r5g?4 ,ei!r !re is too mu* idl5ess or too mu* "w2 ^! are ! alt]natives4 ,9 nei!r case is !re ! possibility ( mu* sup]vision4 ,! f\r? *>act]i/ic has n receiv$ ! att5tion x des]ves4 ,^! =ms ( occupation1 ?\gh unskill$ 9 ! s5se t ! boy receives no tra9+ 9 8 pres5t place ( bus9ess1 nev]!less dem& qualities ( a high /&>d4 ,! boy mu/ be regul>1 ob$i5t1 &1 above all1 intellig5t4 ,a dull boy z a mess5g] is liable to make /upid & irritat+ mi/akes4 ,! /ories ( di/rict mess5g]s c>ry+ lett]s unaid$ ov] ! ,cont95t %[ t ! boys possess no ord9>y intellig5ce4 ,n[1 we h already se5 t ^! are ! qualities :i* are 9 a peculi> degree ! product ( ! elem5t>y s*ools4 ,! s*ools turn out innum]able boys ( ?is k9d4 ,x is n1 p]haps1 a m]e co9cid5ce t ! increas+ use ( boys 9 occupations :i* call = al]tness ( m9d has gone on side by side ) improvem5ts 9 ! educational sy/em4 ,! ,/ate has sp5t mu* money on ^! boys4 ,a boy :o />ts to att5d s*ool at ! age ( ?ree & leaves at f\rte5 has _h sp5t on him a sum ( money :i*1 if inve/$ ye> by ye> at #d p] c5t41 & left to accumulate till ! "t = leav+ s*ool comes1 w\ld am\nt to ne>ly ,l#ajj4 ,ea* ye> 9 ! #cj1jjj boys :o leave s*ool ,l#c1jjj1jjj ( ,/ate-creat$ value is turn$ adrift4 ,! ,/ate has !re=e a "r to dem& t ?is capital sum ( ,l#ajj inve/$ 9 ! boy %all n be squ&]$ by ! employ]4 ,he ought to give back at ! age ( eighte5 at lea/ z valuable an article z he receiv$ f\r ye>s e>li]4 ,?is consid]ation leads to ! la/ *>act]i/ic di/+ui%+ ^! occupations4 ,!y lead to no?+1 & :5 ! boy rea*es ! end1 he is1 9 ! majority ( cases1 di/9ctly inf]ior 9 e way to :at he 0 ?ree or f\r ye>s be=e4 ,evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ?is ass]tion is ov]:elm+4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 at ! age ( eighte51 aft] a f\r ye>s' c\rse ( employm5t1 ^: *ief *>act]i/ics are ! long h\rs1 ! lack ( sup]vision1 & ! total abs5ce ( any educational influ5ce1 ! lad is a di/9ctly less valuable article 9 ! lab\r m>ket ?an he 0 :5 he left s*ool f\r ye>s previ\sly4 ,8 only asset is repres5t$ by great] physical /r5g?1 accompani$ probably by a m>k$ decrease 9 g5]al heal? & vig\r4 ,he has lo/ ! intellig5ce & aptitude ( ! boy1 & rema9s a clumsy & un9tellig5t man1 fitt$ = no?+ b unskill$ lab\r1 & likely to become soon] or lat] "o ( ! unemploy$4 #abf ,!re seems little d\bt t ! boy lab\r is us$ up = indu/rial purposes1 & t !y are left less capable memb]s ( ! community1 ) little prospect ( good "w :5 !y become adults4 #abg ,! mo/ hopeless position is t ( ! err&-boy at a small %op 9 a poor neighb\rhood2 8 prospects are absolutely nil4 #abh ,! *>t prep>$ f ! =ms fill$ 9 by boys :o ent]$ life z err&-boys %[s t ! small proportion :o f9d /eady & skill$ employm5t aft]w>ds h ceas$ to be err&-boys v e>ly2 ! va/ majority become work]s 9 l[-skill trades1 or g5]al & casual lab\r]s4 #abi ,mr4 ,c\rtney ,t]ell1 :o has be5 mak+ inquiries f ! ,passmore ,edw>ds ,settlem5t1 writes3 ',i feel confid5t 444 t ! mess5g] "w produc$ a def9ite effect on ! boys1 z w ! cont9ual p]=mance ( any "o ( a def9ite function :i* admits ( no improvem5t1 & t ?is has unfitt$ !m = o!r "w4' #acj ,! injury done to ^! boys is n t !y are compell$ z m5 to devote !mselves to l[-skill$ lab\r1 b t f ! m or less specializ$ nature ( ! "w :i* has employ$ ?is boyhood1 !y are unfitt$ to become good l[-skill$ lab\r]s4 #aca ,x is impossible to resi/ ! mass ( evid5ce ( ?is k9d :i* might easily be increas$ indef9itely4 ,! boy ga9s no?+ f ?is =m ( employm5t & loses mu*4 ,he loses ! results ( 8 tra9+ 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool2 ! habits ( ob$i5ce1 regul>ity1 & indu/ry are dead2 ! bright intellig5ce is dull$1 & ) ! com+ ( dulness goes ! p[] ( le>n+4 ,he loses 8 prospects2 8 future is ! future ( ! unskill$ lab\r]--! unskill$ lab\r]1 robb$ ( t grit & al]tness :i* alone secure = unskill$ lab\r ! adequate rew>d ( p]man5t employm5t at a /eady wage4 ,8 loss is ! loss ( ! community1 :i* is compell$ lat] to relieve him & 8 family1 & p]haps 9 ! end f9d a home = him 9 ! workh\se4 ,& 9 ?9k+ ( ?is det]ioration1 & ( t hopeless future :i* t det]ioration involves1 we mu/ nev] =get t x is n a m]e h&ful ( lads :o suff] 9 ?is way1 b t half ! boys :o leave ! elem5t>y s*ool />t on ?is dre>y j\rney1 &1 s />t+1 bid f>e to rea* t dre>y end4 ,reckon$ 9 money1 ! ,/ate has sp5t a million & a half on ^! boys1 & b little comes back to ! ,/ate or rema9s ) ! boy4 ,if x has gone any:]e1 & x probably has1 !n x has gone into ! pockets ( ! employ]s :o h suck$ out ( ! boys _! value1 & !n ca/ !m aside z wor?less refuse1 a sort ( slag or wa/e product ( _! works1 = :i* nei!r !y nor anyone else c f9d a use4 ,9 say+ ?is !re is no desire to c5sure unfairly ! employ]s4 ,!y are und\bt$ly to blame1 because ?\ghtlessness & ignorance 9 p]sons ( _! position are always blamewor?y2 b !re is no?+ delib]ate 9 _! actions1 & !y are l>gely unconsci\s ( ! h>m !y are do+4 ,!re is no active cruelty1 & (t5 mu* rude & ready k9dness4 ,! boys to !m are m]ely in/rum5ts 9 ! ma*9]y ( _! bus9ess1 = ! mom5t ! *eape/ in/rum5ts t c be f\nd1 to be us$ until a new & bett] supply takes ! place ( ^? :o are us$ up4 ,!y are ignorant ( ! consequ5ces ( _! conduct1 &1 z _! evid5ce %[s1 g5]ally imag9e t ! boys :o leave f9d suitable jobs4 ,x is only ( late ye>s t num]\s inve/igators & manag]s ( boys' clubs h reveal$ ! grave results ( ?is ?\ghtlessness4 ,employ]s :o g5]ally enjoy a good reputation z employ]s are (t5 ! wor/ (f5d]s4 ,inde$1 ! mo/ flagrant example ( ?is exploitation ( boy lab\r is to be f\nd 9 ! ,imp]ial ,gov]nm5t & ! ,municipal ,s]vice4 ,mr4 ,cyril ,jackson has 9 8 report devot$ mu* space to ! telegraph-boys 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,po/ ,(fice4 ,! boys come f v good homes1 & are (t5 ! pick ( ! family4 ,!y are exam9$ m$ically1 & br+ *>act]s4 #acb ,a m]e fraction are absorb$ 9 ! adult s]vice4 ,x appe>s z if ! ,po/ ,(fice is "o ( ! lea/ promis+ occupations into :i* a boy c ent]4 ,! bett] boys g into x1 & x is v depress+ to see f our returns h[ v few ( ! v l>ge numb] dis*>g$ at sixte5 or sev5te5 get into z good employm5t z _! good social /&+ & g5]al /&>d ( education %\ld h gu>ante$ = !m4 #acc ,ev]yone ( exp]i5ce seems to agree t ^! telegraph-mess5g]s :o are dis*>g$ exemplify 9 a v /rik+ way ! evils ( a p>asitic trade4 #acd ,yet ^! ?+s _h be5 go+ on = ye>s 9 a s]vice l t ( ! ,po/ ,(fice1 :i* is subject to mu* criticism by its employees1 & yet no att5tion _h be5 call$ to ! evil4 ,un=tunately1 boys h no votes1 & d n =m trade unions4 ,o!r ,gov]nm5t dep>tm5ts & ! ,municipal ,s]vice seem no less ignorant & no less wor?y ( blame4 ,a %ort "t back ! ,education ,committee call$ ! att5tion ( ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil to ! misuse ( its boy lab\r1 & n[ ! ,c\ncil all[s its boys1 weekly1 six h\rs (f dur+ work+ h\rs1 & provides classes :i* !y are compell$ to att5d4 ,at ! same "t x has nom9at$ "o ( its (fic]s to look aft] ! int]e/s ( ^! boys1 & to guide !m into useful occupations4 ,if ! public s]vice is ?us guilty1 we mu/ n be surpris$ t private employ]s are n consci\s ( wrongdo+ 9 _! use ( boys4 ,! evil is n[ reveal$2 !re c be no fur!r excuse = ignorance4 ,h[ to deal adequately ) ! problem mu/ be left to ! consid]ation ( ! next *apt]4 ,! ?ird division ( ! unskill$ occupations comes "u ! head ,g5]al ,lab\r4 ,"s #i p] c5t4 ( ! boys z !y leave s*ool fall into ?is class4 ,?is is a nondescript class n cle>ly def9$ 9 ! returns4 ,probably a consid]able proportion %\ld be br\ght into ! prec$+ class1 b !re are evid5tly a l>ge numb] :o c\ld n be dispos$ ( 9 ?is way4 ,boys employ$ 9 w>eh\ses1 9 g>d5s & p>ks1 boys 9 small places assi/+ ! ma/] 9 ! light] =ms ( lab\r1 boys accompany+ _! fa!rs & jo9+ 9 8 "w--^! come into ?is division4 ,! returns are n suffici5tly explicit to yield mat]ials = a critical exam9ation2 b "o or two conclusions c be d]iv$ f _! exam9ation4 ,x w be se5 t #bb p] c5t4 ( ! p>5ts1 z comp>$ ) #i p] c5t4 ( boys1 are record$ z be+ g5]al lab\r]s4 ,!re is "h no excess ( boys2 !re %\ld n be ! same difficulty 9 boys f9d+ op5+s 9 ! adult s]vice z 9 ^? occupations :]e boys c claim a practical monopoly4 ,boys h always tak5 "s "p 9 lab\r+ "w1 & s pass$ to ! bett] class ( unskill$ lab\r4 ,boys 9 w>eh\ses1 = example1 frequ5tly f9d !re p]man5t situations4 ,fur!r1 ! proportion ( p>5ts to sons w\ld indicate ! possibility ( ! two be+ employ$ toge!r1 & ! boy ?us rema9+ "u ! sup]vision ( 8 fa!r4 ,an exam9ation ( individual returns ju/ifies ?is conclusion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is to be rememb]$ t ! h\rs ( employm5t are frequ5tly v long1 & ! "w ardu\s & ill suit$ to ! /r5g? ( a gr[+ lad1 & 9 no way regulat$ by legislation4 ,tak5 z a :ole1 x is probable t ! boys :o ent] ?is k9d ( occupation1 ?\gh )\t opportunity ( cont9u+ _! education1 are n 9 z =lorn a condition z ^? 9 ! previ\s class4 ,b ! :ole "q is obscure1 & x is difficult1 )\t full] in=mation1 to te/ ! nature ( _! tra9+4 ,,! ,,skill$ ,,occupations4--,! skill$ occupations fall into two classes--^? :]e manual skill is requir$1 & ^? conc]n$ ) comm]cial & cl]ical op]ations4 ,! =m] are includ$ "u ,trades & ,indu/ries1 & ! latt] "u ,comm]cial ,occupations1 ,pr(essional ,occupations1 & ,local ,gov]nm5t4 #a4 ,trades & ,indu/ries4--,f ! tables pr9t$ on pp4 #aae-aah1 x w be se5 t "u ?is head+ !re are 9 ,table ,i41 ! type ( a work+-class di/rict1 #da p] c5t4 ( p>5ts & #ai p] c5t4 ( boys2 9 ,table ,,ii41 ! type ( a suburban di/rict1 ! figures are #cf & #ae respectively2 9 ,table ,,iii41 ! type ( ! small trad] ( ! ,ea/ ,end1 #ea & #db2 :ile 9 ,table ,,iv41 ! type ( ,london z a :ole1 ! p]c5tage is 9 ! case ( fa!rs #da1 & 9 ! case ( boys #bb4 ,we h n[ to consid] ! prospects z reg>ds sup]vision1 tra9+ & op5+ :i* ^! trades (f] to ! boys :o ent]4 ,table ,,iii41 ) its p]c5tage ( #ea p>5ts & #db boys engag$ 9 trades & indu/ries1 pres5ts a pleas+ appe>ance1 b ! bulk ( ! trades conc]n$ belong to ! tailor+ & o!r indu/ries :]e sweat+ is rife1 :]e ! skill requir$ is ( a l[ ord]1 & ! wages small & (t5 bel[ ! level ( b>e subsi/5ce4 ,! boys le>n some?+1 are frequ5tly employ$ ) _! fa!rs1 & h a m or less p]man5t outlook1 ?\gh )9 ! horizon ( t outlook is seldom includ$ ! vision ( a liv+ wage4 ,!y 9 g5]al d n =m "p ( ! class :i* f9ds its way into ! ranks ( t miscellane\s unskill$ lab\r ^: *ief *>act]i/ic is casual employm5t4 ,ignor+ ?is table1 & tak+ ! table = all ,london1 we f9d aga9 ! great disproportion ( boys & p>5ts4 ,!re are two ways 9 :i* ! boys may le>n4 ,!y may become ind5tur$ appr5tices1 or1 engag$ only by ! week1 ?\gh sometimes /ill t]m$ appr5tices1 !y may ent] ! work%op1 & take :at *ance is af=d$ !m ( pick+ up ! my/]ies ( ! trade4 7a7 ,ind5tur$ ,appr5tice%ip4--,appr5tice%ip is ( little importance 9 ,london2 ! sy/em is rapidly becom+ obsolete4 ,:e!r ?is is desirable is a matt] ( op9ion2 t x is a fact _c be ga9said4 ,all evid5ce is unanim\s 9 support ( ?is conclusion4 ,9 #aijf a special committee 0 appo9t$ by ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil to make inquiries into ! "q1 &1 aft] c>eful inve/igation1 report$ t 9 ,london ! old sy/em ( ind5tur$ appr5tice%ip has = _m ye>s be5 fall+ into decay4 ,9 ! majority ( ! indu/ries x has almo/ entirely disappe>$2 9 o!rs x is occasionally f\nd exi/+ 9 a haphaz>d & highly unsatisfactory mann]2 :ile 9 only a few trades c x be said to be ! commonly recogniz$ way ( ent]+ ! pr(ession4 #ace ,!re are 9 ,london v>i\s *>ities1 ) an income ( ab\t ,l#bd1jjj a ye>1 :i*1 9 accordance ) ! t]ms ( _! tru/s1 might be us$ = purposes ( appr5tice%ip2 b n m ?an a ?ird ( ! income has be5 devot$ to ?is purpose4 ,! fact t s small a fraction ( ! income has be5 devot$ to appr5tice%ip indicates t ! tru/ees h n f\nd x an easy task to f9d c&idates anxi\s to be ind5tur$ to "o ( ! skill$ trades4 #acf ,! recurr+ note1 says ,mr4 ,*>les ,boo?1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! indu/rial volumes ( ! pres5t inquiry is t ! sy/em ( appr5tice%ip is ei!r dead or dy+4 #acg ,! num]\s lett]s to ! ,press1 ! weal? ( spee*es on ! matt]1 ! sundry public meet+s presid$ ov] by all mann] ( p]sons1 f ! ,"l ,mayor d[nw>ds1 all voice ! same op9ion4 ,x is ne$less to lab\r ! "q2 we may take x z an accept$ fact t 9 ,london ind5tur$ appr5tice%ip is obsolesc5t1 & ! sy/em itself ( negligible value z a factor 9 ! tra9+ ( y\?s 9 ! process ( skill$ trades4 7b7 ,pick+ up a ,trade4--,"h a boy ent]s a work%op1 & takes 8 *ance ( le>n+ ! trade f wat*+ & assi/+ ! m54 ,! employ] is "u no agreem5t to give him in/ruction--lea/ ( all1 to make an all-r\nd craftsman ( him4 ,! boy r>ely acquires m ?an a c]ta9 dext]ity 9 ! p]=mance ( a s+le op]ation2 &1 h[ev] pr(ici5t he may become 9 t op]ation1 8 g5]al intellig5ce & skill suff] f a n>r[ & exclusive specialization4 ,! sy/em & consequ5ces are dealt ) at l5g? 9 ! ,report ( ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil already m5tion$4 ,! importance ( ! problem mu/ be ! ju/ification = a long quotation3 ,! high wages a lad c e>n z an err&-boy 444 are m attractive ?an ! l[ wages associat$ ) an indu/rial tra9+4 ,e>n+ looms l>g] 9 8 imag9ation ?an ! labori\s & less remun]ative le>n+4444 ,ev5 if1 on leav+ s*ool1 he obta9s employm5t 9 a work%op1 8 prospects may n be mat]ially improv$4 ,z an err&-boy runn+ 9 & out ( ! work%op1 if possess$ ( aptitude & %>pness1 he may 9 a haphaz>d fa%ion pick up a smatt]+ ( ! trade4 ,if he is tak5 into ! %op z a le>n]1 he has little *ance ( gett+ an all-r\nd tra9+4 ,he is frequ5tly out ( "w1 & ev5 :5 employ$ seldom le>ns m ?an a s+le op]ation4 ,! ,advisory ,committee ( ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil ,%or$it* ,te*nical ,in/itute#ach rec5tly held an exhau/ive inquiry on ! subject1 & "s ( ! conclusions are s g]mane to ! pres5t "q t !y m]it quotation4 ',x is ?us possible1' !y write1 '= a boy to be at "o bran* ( a trade = a few mon?s only1 & :5 bad trade int]v5es he is ?r[n out ( employm5t1 & frequ5tly f9ds himself at tw5ty ye>s ( age )\t a def9ite k ( any craft :atev]1 & he swells ! ranks ( ! unemploy$4 ,we h x on ! au?ority ( =em51 employ]s1 appr5tices1 & p>5ts1 t v little opportunity exi/s1 ev5 9 big h\ses1 = a boy to le>n 8 trade ?or\ghly2 inde$1 we h _h /ud5ts :o h be5 9 a work%op z appr5tices = ?ree or f\r ye>s :o c\ld n make a small draw]1 & 9 _m cases :o c\ld n squ>e up true or make ! usual jo9ts2 & 9 ! woodwork+ trade _! k ( draw+ :5 !y come to u is practically nil4 ,x is a r>e ?+ to f9d a "y workman :o c attack any bran* ( 8 trade successfully4 ,x frequ5tly occurs t1 9 consequ5ce ( ext5sive subdivision ( lab\r & excessive competition1 a man or boy is set to d "o ?+--e4g41 music-/ools1 ov]mantels1 *air-legs1 sidebo>ds--all ! "t4 ,x is true ! man or boy becomes skill$ 9 "o direction1 b correspond+ly n>r[ 9 a true appreciation ( 8 trade4 ,x is also a frequ5t occurr5ce t a ma/] :o has a job on h& :i* is slightly out ( ! usual run f9ds x impossible to put x 9 ! h&s ( 8 usual /aff4 ,moreov]1 :5 "w ( delicate design & con/ruction has to be made f specifi$ draw+s1 x is extremely difficult to obta9 m5 :o c proce$ ) ! "w on _! own responsibility4 ,n only d ^! rem>ks apply to ! woodcrafts g5]ally1 b !y apply ) equal =ce to su* "w z uphol/]y 7bo? /uff+ & drap]y71 to metal-"w1 & to c>v+4 ,9 connection ) ! latt] subject1 x is a r>e ?+ inde$ = c>v]s to design a c>cass 9 ! r\gh1 & !n to see :e!r ! propos$ c>v$ portion is 9 h>mony ) ! :ole--:e!r ! said c>v+ be too mu* 9 relief1 too flat1 too expansive1 or altoge!r out ( "* ) ! g5]al "w4 ,x is notori\s t good poli%]s & furniture decorators are exce$+ly r>e1 & _m a high-class manufactur] has 8 goods spoil$ on acc\nt ( bad poli% & decorative treatm5t4' #aci ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ?is la/ quot$ op9ion is n ! op9ion ( ! amateur1 b ! in=m$ op9ion ( repres5tative employ]s4 ,! woodwork & furniture trades are n peculi> 9 ! *>act]i/ic ( inadequate tra9+4 ,we h reason to believe1 cont9ues ! ,report1 t if a simil> inquiry 7 made into o!r trades1 ! same unsatisfactory picture w\ld be disclos$4 ,ei!r ! tra9+ is "o-sid$1 or !re is no tra9+ at all4 ,! consequ5ces are suffici5tly obvi\s4 ,! skill$ trades are1 we fe>1 recruit$ 9 ! ma9 by immigrants outside ,london4 ,9 _m trades ! ,london] is at a disc\nt4 ,acqua9t$ z he is ) b "o or two op]ations ( 8 indu/ry1 if he loses 8 situation1 x is only ) ! greate/ ( difficulty t he c f9d ano!r4 ,mr4 ,*>les ,boo? /ates t ') c>p5t]s & jo9]s1 brick-lay]s1 c>riage build]s1 eng9e]s1 smi?s1 & saddl]s1 ! p]c5tages ( heads ( families born out ( ,london range f #ea to #ei1' ,an inquiry made ( ! ,te*nical ,bo>d ( ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil on ! ,build+ ,trades 9 #aheh %[$ t '#da typical firms 9 v>i\s bran*es ( ! build+ trades hav+ #ab1jjj employes _h only #hj appr5tices & #adc le>n]s1 in/ead ( #a1fjj1 :i* w\ld h be5 ! normal proportion4' ,! same ,report m5tions t 'among ! =em5 & op]atives :o h come be=e u1 n "o /at$ t he 0 born or tra9$ 9 ,london4' ,9 ^! trades ! bett] positions g inevitably to ! c\ntry-br$ man1 ) 8 all-r\nd tra9+4 ,9 ! docks alone does ! ,london] hold 8 own4 ,an inquiry !re %[$ t among ! dock-lab\r]s prop] m ?an #gb p] c5t4 7 born 9 ,london--a result n calculat$ to excite any v solid satisfaction4 ,^! facts %\ld ar\se s]i\s appreh5sion conc]n+ ! future ( ! ,london-br$ citiz54 ,we _c view ) equanimity 8 relegation to l[] positions1 :ile ! bett] places are giv5 to bett]-tra9$ immigrants4 ,we are n prep>$ to admit t ! ,london] is1 on ! av]age1 inh]5tly inf]ior ei!r 9 intellig5ce or manual dext]ity to 8 c\ntry-born neighb\r4 #adj ,^! quotations indicate cle>ly ! g5]al aspects ( ! situation4 ,!y %[ ! small prospects boys enjoy :o ent] a skill$ trade 9 ,london4 ,p>5ts are n bl9d to ! condition ( affairs1 & x is n unnatural on _! "p to all[ ! boys to g out z err&-boys1 :]e at lea/ ! imm$iate e>n+s are l>g] & ! hope ( advancem5t n mu* m disc\rag+4 #b4 ,cl]ical & ,comm]cial ,occupations4--,includ+ "u ?is head comm]cial & pr(essional occupations1 & g5]al or local gov]nm5t1 we f9d 9 ,table ,i41 ! type ( a work+-class di/rict1 #f-a_/b p] c5t4 ( p>5ts & #h p] c5t4 ( boys2 9 ,table ,,ii41 ! type ( ! suburbs1 #cj p] c5t4 ( p>5ts1 & #af-a_/b p] c5t4 ( boys2 9 ,table ,,iii41 typical ( ! ,ea/ ,end1 #d p] c5t4 ( p>5ts1 & #f p] c5t4 ( boys2 9 ,table ,,iv41 typical ( ,london z a :ole1 #ac p] c5t4 ( p>5ts1 & #aj p] c5t4 ( boys4 ,9 ! s*ool returns no boy 0 plac$ "u ^! head+s unless he appe>$ 9 ! column ,skill$ ,"w4 ,9 judg+ ( ^! results x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! bett] positions fall to ^? :o h _h at lea/ a second>y education4 ,nev]!less1 clev] boys1 :o att5d ev5+ s*ools1 h "s prospects ( advancem5t4 ,"o feature 9 ! returns 0 ! l>ge numb] ( boys :o 7 app>5tly employ$ ) _! fa!rs4 ,9 _m in/ances boys obta9 _! positions z ! result ( exam9ation4 ,?is is true ( sev]al banks1 assurance companies1 railway companies1 & is becom+ ! g5]al practice 9 ! ,civil & ,municipal ,s]vice4 ,_m ( ^! exam9ations are )9 ! /&>d ( atta9m5t rea*$ by ! clev]] boys 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools4 ,! boys at _! place ( employm5t are taught suffici5t to enable !m to d ! "w allott$ !m4 ,?is is (t5 ( a specializ$ "*2 & )\t fur!r education !y _c expect to escape f ! l[e/ ranks ( cl]ks4 ,if well conduct$1 !y c probably obta9 a p]man5t position :5 manhood is rea*$1 or1 at any rate1 are n dis*>g$ because !y h become m54 ,*ange 9 ! me?ods ( bus9ess1 or failure ( ! conc]n1 may entail dismissal2 & aft] dismissal a new position is n easily obta9$4 ,b ! l[] ranks ( ! cl]ical pr(ession are ill paid1 & ! ne$ to pres5t a good appe>ance makes s]i\s inroads on ! meagre /ip5d4 ,unless ! boy cont9ues 8 education & means to rise1 8 outlook is n v enc\rag+4 ,he has1 h[ev]1 ! advantage ( sup]vision1 ( relatively %ort h\rs1 & enjoys ! possibilities ( att5dance at ev5+ s*ools4 ,9 spite ( :at is (t5 said to ! contr>y1 tak+ ?+s z !y are1 he has ! be/ prospects ( ^? includ$ 9 ! returns4 ,! fact t s l>ge a proportion ( boys com+ f ! suburbs is f\nd 9 ?is class w\ld seem to indicate t ! m ?\ghtful p>5ts %>e ?is op9ion4 7c7 ,! ,passage to ,manhood4 ,! tables quot$ on pp4 #aae-aah1 & f\nd$ on s*ool returns1 ref] only to ! fir/ occupations ( boys z !y leave s*ool4 ,x is un=tunate t no figures exi/ :i* trace ye> by ye> ! lat] c>e]s ( ! boys4 ,all p]sons1 h[ev]1 :o h any intimate k ( ! subject agree t ! boys repeat$ly move 9 an almo/ aimless fa%ion f "o situation to ano!r4 ,! c5sus returns indicate 9 a g5]al way ! di/ribution1 among ! trades & occupations1 ( p]sons ( v>i\s ages4 ,!y d n1 h[ev]1 give u a ye>ly survey2 & aft] ! age f\rte5 to fifte5 we are compell$ to re/ cont5t ) figures :i* cov] p]iods ( five ye>s4 ,! foll[+ table is tak5 f a table pr9t$ 9 a ,report to ! ,education ,committee ( ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 made by a special committee appo9t$ to deal ) ! appr5tice%ip "q2 x is f\nd$ on ! #aija c5sus return3#ada ,,occupations ,,( ,,boys ,,& ,,m54 ,,p]c5tages4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,class ( ,occupation4 ,age ,age ,age ,age #ad-ae4 #ae-bj4 #bj-de4 #de-fe4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,trades & indu/ries #ad4gd #ca4ed #ce4gf #ch4he ,dome/ic (fices or s]vices #a4ge #c4bi #c4ee #c4ce ,transport 7includ+ mess5g]s1 err&-boys1 van-boys1 etc47 #bg4fe #ai4di #af4jd #ad4ai ,%opkeep]s1 %op-assi/ants1 & deal]s #f4jc #ab4eb #ad4ea #i4bc ,comm]cial occupations #d4fa #aa4ej #i4ee #ab4dj ,g5]al lab\r #a4df #e4ec #h4df #g4jb ,pr(essional occupations & _! subord9ate s]vices #j4gc #b4jj #d4ee #e4jh ,g5]al or local gov]nm5t ( ! c\ntry 7includ+ telegraph-boys7 #c4ja #b4ec #c4gj #b4bd ,def5ce ( ! c\ntry #j4ae #a4gg #a4dj #j4fb ,)\t specifi$ occupation or unoccupi$ 7includ+ boys at s*ool7 #ci4hg #i4hc #b4dh #g4jb ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,total numb] analyz$ #da1hhi #bjh1iba #hfi1dff #cac1idi ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,9 comp>+ ?is table ) ! tables f\nd$ on ! s*ool returns1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ?is table is n conf9$ to p]sons :o h pass$ ?r\gh ! elem5t>y s*ools1 b ref]s to all ! inhabitants ( ,london4 ,! mo/ /rik+ feature 9 ! table is ! m>k$ diff]5ce 9 ! di/ribution ( occupations at ! age ( f\rte5 to fifte51 & at o!r ages4 ,! ?ird column1 :i* includes p]sons betwe5 ! ages ( tw5ty & =ty-five1 cov]s ! p]iod ( a man's greate/ vig\r1 & may be reg>d$ z ! normal or /able di/ribution4 ,comp>+ ! fir/ & ! ?ird column1 x becomes obvi\s t ! fir/ ye>1 at lea/1 aft] leav+ s*ool is a ye> ( unc]ta9ty & aimless w&]+4 ,! boys h n def9itely *os5 any p>ticul> occupation z _! life's "w4 ,h[ long is sp5t 9 ?is /ate ( unpr(itable drift+ ! c5sus returns d n %[ z ! foll[+ ye>s are n sep>at$4 ,b ! fact t ! di/ribution 9 ! second column diff]s mat]ially f ! normal di/ribution ( ! ?ird column w\ld seem to indicate t ?is p]iod /ret*es "s di/ance into ! ye>s t lie betwe5 ! ages ( fifte5 & tw5ty4 ,9 default ( ?is g5]al in=mation1 we mu/ fall back on special inve/igations2 & "h ! facts are drawn f too n>r[ a circle ( inquiry to be reg>d$ z altoge!r typical4 ,9 8 report to ! ,poor ,law ,commission1 ,mr4 ,cyril ,jackson gives an in/ructive table#adb 7see p4 #ade74 ,x is f\nd$ on biographies ( boys obta9$ f boys' clubs1 s*oolma/]s1 & manag]s ( s*ools4 ,i h omitt$ ! ages t foll[1 z ! numb] ( boys conc]n$ 0 too few to ju/ify any conclusions4 ,! rapid dim9ution 9 ! numb] ( boys :5 ! age ( eighte5 is rea*$ impairs ! value ( ! la/ two columns4 ,9 g5]al1 ! di/ricts f :i* ! boys are drawn are poor2 b ! fact t ! boys come into relation ) v>i\s organizations1 & 7 no d\bt assi/$ by !m1 %\ld lead u to believe t ! picture pres5t$ errs1 if any?+1 by be+ too fav\rable4 ,! /eady increase 9 ! trades1 & ! equally /eady decrease 9 ! numb] ( van-boys1 ,po/ ,(fice boys1 err& & %op boys dur+ ! fir/ ?ree ye>s is in/ructive4 ,trades1 skill$ & l[-skill$1 reckon$ 9 p]c5tages1 h ris5 f #ci4d to #ej4i1 :ile ! mess5g] class has fall5 f #dj4a to #bc4h4 ,! *anges 9 ! e>li] ye>s are ! mo/ significant1 & little /ability ( occupation is rea*$ be=e ! age ( eighte54 ,! age ( f\rte5 evid5tly repres5ts ! ye> ( greate/ indecision & maximum drift4 ,,p]c5tage ,,( ,,boys ,,9 ,,v>i\s ,,gr\ps ,,( ,,occupations ,,at ,,ea* ,,age4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,occupations4 ,age #ad4;,age #ae4;,age #af4;,age #ag4;,age #ah4;,age #ai4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,skill$ trades #aa4b #ad4j #af4h #ag4h #ah4j #af4c ,cl]ks #ad4f #ae4j #af4d #ae4b #ae4d #ad4c ,l[-skill$ #bh4b #cb4h #cd4a #cc4i #cb4e #cd4a ,c>m5 #j4f #j4b #j4f #b4f #d4e #e4a ,van-boys #h4b #f4f #e4b #d4i #b4h #a4b ,po/ ,(fice #a4d #a4d #j4b #j4b #j4c #a4b ,err& & %op boys #cj4e #bb4j #ah4d #ae4j #ab4f #aj4c ,g5]al & casual lab\r #e4c #g4j #f4g #f4i #f4d #h4g ,army -- #j4f #j4f #a4a #c4f #d4j ,at sea #j4b #j4d #j4h #a4e #b4h #c4e ,emigrants -- -- #j4b #j4d #j4h #a4b ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,total ,no4 ( boys #dhe #ejj #dgd #ddh #cef #beb ,unemploy$ #a #b #a #ac #bb #bb ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,9 o!r p>ts ( 8 report ,mr4 ,jackson has endeav\r$ to foll[ ! hi/ory ( boys :o h begun life z err&-boys or z van-boys4 ,f ! =ms return$1 he writes1 x seems cle> t ! !ory t boys c become err&-boys = a ye> or two1 & !n ent] skill$ trades1 _c be ma9ta9$4 ,v few boys c pick up skill aft] a ye> or two ( m]ely err&-boy "w4 #adc ,or aga93 ,! *>t prep>$ f ! =ms fill$ 9 by boys :o ent]$ life z err&-boys %[s ! small proportion :o f9d any /eady & skill$ employm5t aft]w>ds1 & ^? h ceas$ to be err&-boys v e>ly4 ,! va/ majority become work]s 9 l[-skill$ trades or g5]al & casual lab\r]s4 #add ,( all ! bl9d-alley occupations1 t ( ! van-boy appe>s ! mo/ deplorable4 ,! life ( ! van-boy is a r\gh & some:at lazy "o4 ,!y h long h\rs1 spells ( idl5ess1 & consid]able opportunities ( pilf]+ & dr9k+4 #ade ,! *>t %[s t x is a v l[ grade ( occupation1 & t v few boys :o beg9 z van-boys get into skill$ trades--a f> l[] p]c5tage1 9 fact1 ?an err&-boys4 #adf ,! second po9t to be not$ 9 ! table f\nd$ on ! c5sus returns is ! l>ge numb]--ne>ly #dj p] c5t4--( boys ( ! age ( f\rte5 return$ z )\t specifi$ occupation or unoccupi$ 7includ+ boys at s*ool74 ,!re are 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools ab\t #e1jjj boys betwe5 ! age ( f\rte5 & fifte51 & probably ab\t ! same numb] 9 second>y s*ools4 ,conv]t$ into p]c5tages1 ?is #dj p] c5t4 w\ld be brok5 up into #bd p] c5t4 at s*ool & #af p] c5t4 )\t specifi$ occupation4 ,! la/ figure is high1 & ju/ifies ! conclusion1 n only t ! boys ( f\rte5 w&] f occupation to occupation1 b t !y also are frequ5tly do+ no?+4 ,! habit ( %ift+ f situation to situation necess>ily involves consid]able p]iods ( unemploym5t4 ,?us e>ly 9 _! c>e] ! boys become accu/om$ to ! evils ( casual lab\r4 ,we c arrive at ! same conclusion by approa*+ ! problem f a some:at diff]5t po9t ( view4 ,if 9 "s trades we discov] an excess ( boys1 & 9 o!rs an excess ( m51 x is cle> t !re mu/ be %ocks & %ift+s 9 ! passage f y\? to manhood4 ,9 ,london ! numb] ( lads betwe5 ! ages ( f\rte5 & tw5ty is #ag4e p] c5t4 ( ! numb] ( males betwe5 ! ages ( f\rte5 & sixty-five4 ,if1 !re=e1 we f9d ! proportion ( lads to total males engag$ 9 any trade1 reckon$ 9 p]c5tages1 diff]s mu* f #ag4e1 ei!r lads mu/ at "s "t pass out ( ! trade or m5 come 94 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 a trade :]e ?is p]c5tage is approximately #ag4e boys :o ent] h1 at any rate1 ! *ance ( f9d+ employm5t z m54 ,9 ?is s5se we may reg>d ! di/ribution ( lads & m5 9 a trade z normal :5 ?is p]c5tage lies betwe5 #ae & #bj2 less ?an normal :5 x drops bel[ #ae2 m ?an normal :5 x rises above #bj4 ,! foll[+ table may be tak5 z an example ( trades 9 :i* consid]able numb]s ( p]sons are engag$3 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,numb] 9 ,numb] 9 ,trade4 #a1jjj ( ,males#a1jjj ( ,males,p]c5tage4 ,ag$ #ad-bj4 ,ag$ #ad-fe4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,less ,,?an ,,normal3 ,build+ trades #ac4b #add4b #i4a ,sk91 lea!r1 etc4 #b4f #h4e #ad4a ,food1 tobacco1 dr9k1 & lodg+ #ai4i #ace4b #ad4h ,g5]al lab\r #ae4j #aaa4a #ac4e ,g5]al or local gov]nm5t #f4e #de4h #ad4c ,pr(essional #d4h #fb4b #g4h ,,normal3 ,dome/ic s]vices #g4h #ea4g #ae4a ,comm]cial occupations #be4i #aca4a #ai4h ,metals1 ma*9es1 etc4 #ad4d #ib4g #ae4e ,preci\s metals #f4f #cf4e #ah4b ,furniture1 etc4 #i4c #ei4e #ae4g ,textile fabrics #d4a #bc4e #ag4c ,,m ,,?an ,,normal3 ,national ,gov]nm5t 7mess5g]s1 etc47 #c4i #ac4e #bi4b ,cl]ks1 (fice-boys1 etc4 #bc4a #hc4j #bg4h ,transport1 err&-boys1 etc4 #eb4c #bcf4c #bb4a ,pr9t]s #g4a #cd4a #bj4g ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,if we c\ld h tak5 ! p]iod f\rte5 to eighte5 in/ead ( f\rte5 to tw5ty1 ^! tables w\ld h be5 ev5 m /rik+ ?an !y are4 ,b1 ev5 z !y are1 !y are suffici5t to en=ce ! lesson t betwe5 ! occupation ( ! boy & ! occupation ( ! man !re is a gulf fix$4 ,! "o does n lead naturally to ! o!r4 ,:5 ! boy becomes a man he does n f9d provid$ = him a natural op5+2 ) m or less pa9s1 he is driv5 to =ce a way 9 trades = :i* he has receiv$ no def9ite prep>ation1 & 9 :i* dilig5ce & good "* d n af=d any gu>antee ( success4 7d7 ,summ>y4 ,be=e proce$+ to exam9e ! conditions ( boy lab\r 9 o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 x w be desirable to summ>ize ! results = ,london1 & s to det]m9e h[ f> ! ess5tials ( a true appr5tice%ip sy/em are f\nd 9 t city4 ,sup]vision4--,! boy %\ld be "u adequate sup]vision until he rea*es ! age ( at lea/ eighte54 ,9 ,london1 s f> z ! majority are conc]n$1 all ,/ate sup]vision ends at f\rte54 ,:5 ! boy goes out to "w :at measure ( sup]vision 0 previ\sly f\nd 9 ! home comes to an end2 x is beyond ! p[] ( p>5ts to ex]t any real control ov] ! boy4 ,he is 8 own ma/]1 f9ds 8 employm5t = himself1 & leaves x :5 he ?9ks fit4 ,philan?ropic ent]prise t\*es a fr+e1 & a fr+e only1 ( ! boys2 _! gr[+ s5se ( indep5d5ce res5ts re/ra9t4 ,! /ory ( ! work%op po9ts ! same moral4 ,p]sonal relations betwe5 boy & employ] are seldom possible2 & :]e ! dem& = ! s]vices ( boys is unlimit$ & unsatisfi$1 attempts to en=ce discipl9e fail1 because1 soon] ?an submit1 ! boy seeks ano!r situation4 ,tra9+4--,= ! unskill$ lab\r] ( ! future ,london provides no tra9+4 ,! s*ools d1 inde$1 turn out 9 ! boys ready made & completely f9i%$ articles = boy-"w & bl9d-alley occupations1 & ?ree or f\r ye>s ( su* employm5t de/roy ! mo/-m>k$ results ( elem5t>y education4 ,! skill$ workman ( ! future f9ds 9 ! work%op small *ance ( ga9+ t all-r\nd tra9+ :i* w make ( him a man1 & n a ma*9e4 ,te*nical education = ! m9ority is successful1 b )\t p[] to compel att5dance & limit ! h\rs ( boy-lab\r x is only ! few :o c avail !mselves ( ! opportunities (f]$4 ,op5+4--,boys' "w is sep>at$ f man's "w1 & !re is no broad highway lead+ f ! "o to ! o!r4 ,! lad ( eighte5 is compell$ to make a new beg9n+ j :5 new beg9n+s are mo/ difficult4 ,8 p[] ( le>n+ is gone f him1 & 9 ! unskill$ lab\r m>ket alone does he see any prospect ( e>n+ imm$iate wages4 ,! ,/ate ,lab\r ,ex*ange is an infant :i* has yet to ju/ify its creation4 ,9 ,london ! provision ( sup]vision1 ( tra9+1 ( an op5+1 is alike defective1 & beyond ! age ( f\rte5 = ! majority ( boys c h>dly be said to exi/ at all2 &1 :at is mo/ s]i\s1 we are face to face ) a /ate ( affairs :]e !re is no sign ( improvem5t1 & :]e all t5d5cies indicate = ! future an accel]at$ rate ( progressive failure4 ,9 %ort1 ,london _c claim ev5 ! beg9n+s ( a real appr5tice%ip sy/em4 ,sec4 #b4 ,,o!r ,,t[ns4 ,among ! cities ,london does n /& alone 9 its conditions ( boy lab\r4 ,x may inde$ be reg>d$ z ! mo/ extreme example ( urbanization1 b x is no?+ m2 x is a normal type1 n an exception or mon/r\s exagg]ation4 ,z ! capital ( ! ,empire & ! seat ( gov]nm5t1 x has its own *>act]i/ics1 b s likewise has e o!r t[n4 ,b dom9at+ all ^! local v>iations & giv+ uni=mity to ! conditions ( boy lab\r 9 our cities1 rema9 ! common features ( ! indu/rial developm5t ( to-day4 ,?is1 at any rate1 is ! unanim\s te/imony ( all ^? inve/igators--& !y h be5 _m--:o h /udi$ ! problem4 ,i %all n1 !re=e1 make any attempt to apply to o!r t[ns ! detail$ me?od ( inve/igation ,i h endeav\r$ to employ 9 ! case ( ,london4 ,x w be en\gh to %[ t ! g5]al conditions are ! same4 ,:at diff]5ces exi/ are diff]5ces ( degree1 & n diff]5ces ( k9d4 7a7 ,! ,employm5t ( ,s*ool-,*ildr54 ,! inve/igations ( ! ,int]dep>tm5tal ,committee has prov$ beyond d\bt t ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry x is common = *ildr51 :ile /ill att5d+ s*ool1 to "w long h\rs = wages4 ,"o or two quotations w be suffici5t to ju/ify ?is /atem5t4 ,! ,report decl>es t1 z ! door has be5 clos$ to _! employm5t 9 factories & work%ops & dur+ s*ool-h\rs1 !re has be5 a t5d5cy1 :i* _m witnesses believe to be an increas+ "o1 t[>ds _! employm5t 9 o!r occupations be=e morn+ s*ool1 betwe5 s*ool-h\rs1 9 ! ev5+1 & on ,saturdays & ,sundays4 ,provid$ !y make eight or t5 att5dances e week1 !y may be employ$ 7) a few exceptions1 & ^! little en=c$7 9 ! /reets1 9 ! fields1 9 %ops1 or at home1 = ! longe/ possible h\rs1 & on ! h>de/ & mo/ irksome "w1 )\t any limit or regulation4 #adg ,evid5ce ab\nd$ to %[ t su* possibilities ( ov]work 7 frequ5tly realiz$4 ,examples h already be5 quot$ 9 ! case ( ,london1 & x is unnecess>y "h to g ov] ! same gr\nd aga94 ,t legislation1 z at pres5t en=c$1 has done little to cure ! evil ( ov]work may be se5 f ! reports ( s*ool m$ical (fic]s4 ,"s ( ^! are quot$ 9 ! ,annual ,report = #aiji ( ! ,*ief ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education4 ,! s*ool m$ical (fic]s 7 n ask$ to report specially on ! problem1 b _! inspection ( s*ool-*ildr5 reveal$ ! magnitude ( ! evil4 ,sev]al s*ool m$ical (fic]s report on ! "q ( *ild lab\r dur+ #aiji4 ,dr4 ,?re% 7s*ool m$ical (fic]1 ,essex7 places on record ! s]i\s ext5t to :i* *ildr5 are employ$ out ( s*ool-h\rs 9 ! ,grays & ,tilbury di/ricts1 & gives _m individual examples4 ,dr4 ,=bes 7s*ool m$ical (fic]1 ,brighton7 gives "s int]e/+ p>ticul>s f a /atem5t prep>$ by ! ,inspector "u ! ,employm5t ( & ,cruelty to ,*ildr5 ,acts4 ,9 ?is area ! head-tea*]s furni% regul>ly li/s ( *ildr5 kn[n by !m to be employ$ out ( s*ool-h\rs4 ,among ^! *ildr5 x 0 f\nd t #ci1 #be1 & #bb p] c5t4 7 illegally employ$ dur+ #aijg1 #aijh1 & #aiji respectively4 ,dr4 ,cl>ke 7s*ool m$ical (fic]1 ,wal?am/[7 f\nd t #ai p] c5t4 ( ! boys exam9$ 7 employ$ out ( s*ool-h\rs1 ( :om #ai p] c5t4 work$ an av]age ( elev5 h\rs p] week2 #cb p] c5t4 work$ t5 h\rs & ov] on ,saturdays2 #bj p] c5t4 work$ tw5ty h\rs or ov] dur+ s*ool-days4 ,a full analysis ( all *ildr5 kn[n to be employ$ out ( s*ool-h\rs at ,yeovil is made by ,dr4 ,page 7s*ool m$ical (fic]71 :o f\nd t #bb p] c5t4 ( all *ildr5 eight ye>s ( age & upw>ds 7 s employ$1 & ( ^! #dj p] c5t4 work$ = tw5ty h\rs & upw>ds p] week4 ,dr4 ,hope 7s*ool m$ical (fic] ( ,liv]pool7 produces evid5ce to %[ h[ usefully m$ical inspection may be l9k$ up ) ! arrangem5ts made to put into =ce by-laws relat+ to ! employm5t ( *ildr54 ,?us1 all cases :]e !re 0 reason to suppose t ! by-laws 7 be+ infr+$ 7 report$ to ! ,sanit>y ,dep>tm5t4 ,^! *ildr5 cases numb]$ #cjh dur+ ! ye>1 & a table is giv5 %[+ 9 :at mann] !y 7 dealt )4 ,at ,leam+ton1 #aai boys & #cj girls 7 report$ by ,dr4 ,burnet z employ$ 9 a wage-e>n+ capacity ei!r be=e or aft] s*ool-h\rs1 & #ij boys & #aa girls bo? be=e & aft] s*ool-h\rs4 ,( ^!1 #fc *ildr5 7 ( subnormal nutrition1 #bb 7 suff]+ f anaemia1 #b f ph?isis1 #h f he>t disease1 & #be _h enl>g$ tonsils4 ,sev]al ( ^! *ildr5 7 q unfit = su* employm5t1 & ! subject is des]v+ ( a ?or\gh inve/igation ) a view to adopt+ protective measures :]e necess>y4 ,at ,s\?port1 #aca leav+ boys 7#cb4g p] c5t47 7 f\nd to be do+ unskill$ or casual "w1 & 9 ,oldham #agi ( ! *ildr5 inspect$ 7 simil>ly engag$4 #adh ,z 9 ,london1 s 9 o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 s*ool-*ildr5 "w = long h\rs1 & no adequate means exi/ at pres5t to prev5t ! evil4 ,z 9 ,london1 s 9 o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 signs ( s]i\s physical weakness are ! common accompanim5ts ( ?is employm5t1 & ! heal? ( ! ris+ g5]ation is injur$4 ,z 9 ,london1 s 9 o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 ! =ms ( employm5t 9 :i* *ildr5 are engag$ are un$ucational1 & t5d to lead *ildr51 :5 s*ool-days are ov]1 into ! bl9d-alley occupations4 ,besides ^! *ildr51 !re are ab\t #ch1jjj half-tim]s4 #adi ,x is ne$less "h to dilate on ! evils ( ! half-"t sy/em1 :i* all[s *ildr5 :o h rea*$ ! age ( twelve to sp5d half ! day 9 ! factory & work%op4 ,x is condemn$ by all qualifi$ to pass on x an imp>tial judgm5t4 ,its cont9uance reflects little cr$it on ! humanity ( ^? employ]s & ^? trade unions :o h repeat$ly oppos$ its abolition4 7b7 ,! ,entry to a ,trade4 ,! survey ( conditions ( juv5ile employm5t 9 ,london made cle> c]ta9 facts4 ,!re 0 ! gr[+ dem& = boys 9 :at has be5 call$ bl9d-alley occupations1 & ! demoraliz+ effect ( su* "w4 ,!re 0 ! difficulty ( obta9+ adequate tra9+ = ^? :o _h ent]$ a skill$ trade4 ,!re 0 a g5]al lack ( sup]vision 9 ! work%op4 ,&1 f9ally1 !re 0 no easy passage f y\? to manhood4 ,x is impossible to read ! ,report ( ! ,poor ,law ,commission & ! volumes ( evid5ce1 or to /udy ! v>i\s inve/igations into ! conditions ( sundry t[ns1 )\t be+ conv9c$ t ,london is 9 no way peculi>4 ,! *ief difficulty 9 approa*+ ! problem lies 9 ! selection ( ! all too num]\s witnesses4 ,! ,report ( ! ,poor ,law ,commission probably provides ! be/ summ>y ( ! mass ( evid5ce on ! subject4 ,bo? ,reports--,majority & ,m9ority--alike realize ! gravity ( ! problem1 n = ,london alone1 b = ! :ole ( ! c\ntry4 ,! problem1 says ! ,majority ,report1 owes its rise 9 ! ma9 to ! enorm\s gr[? ( cities z di/ributive c5tres1 giv+ innum]able op5+s = err&-boys1 milk-boys1 (fice & %op boys1 book/all-boys1 van1 lorry1 & trace boys1 /reet-sell]s1 etc4 ,9 ne>ly all ^! occupations ! tra9+ receiv$ leads to no?+2 & ! occupations !mselves are1 9 mo/ cases1 de/ructive to heal?y developm5t1 ow+ to long h\rs1 long p]iods ( /&+1 walk+1 or m]e wait+1 &1 morally1 are :olly demoraliz+4 #aej ,or1 aga93 ,! almo/ univ]sal exp]i5ce is t 9 l>ge t[ns boys1 ow+ to c>elessness or selfi%ness on ! "p ( ! p>5ts1 or _! own want ( k & ?\ght--= ! p>5ts v (t5 h little voice 9 ! matt]--plunge haphaz>d1 imm$iately on leav+ s*ool1 into occupations 9 :i* !re is no future1 :]e !y e>n wages suffici5tly high to make !m indep5d5t ( p>5tal control & dis9cl9$ = ! l[] wages ( appr5tice%ip1 & :5ce1 if !y rema91 !y are extrud$ :5 !y gr[ to manhood4 #aea ,or1 to g to ! ,m9ority ,report3 ,!re are ! rivet-boys 9 %ipy>ds & boil] %ops1 ! 'oil-cans' 9 ! nut & bolt dep>tm5t1 ! 'boy-m9d]s' ( automatic ma*9es1 ! 'draw]s-(f' ( sawmills1 & ! 'lay]s-on' ( pr9t+ works1 & scores ( o!r v>ieties ( boys ^: occupations pres5tly come to an end4 #aeb ,or1 aga93 ,9 t[ns l ,glasg[1 ,liv]pool1 ,bri/ol1 ,newca/le1 ! proportions ( van-boys1 etc41 are z l>ge z 9 ,london4 #aec ,employ]s d n always conceal ! fact3 ,9 ! words ( a frank employ]1 !y 7! boys7 are n taught2 !y are made to "w cont9u\sly at _! own little tempor>y trades4 #aed ,if we desire actual figures ( ^? engag$ 9 "o class ( ! bl9d-alley occupations--mess5g]s--,mr4 ,jackson tells u t "u f\rte5 ye>s ( age !re are no less ?an #cb1ecf 7#bc4e p] c5t4 ( ^? occupi$ "u t age71 :ile !re are #da1fei ag$ f\rte51 & #ed1eib f fifte5 to n9ete5 ye>s ( age inclusive1 ( :i* x is probable t ! bulk are "u sev5te5 ye>s ( age4 #aee ,writ+ ( ,norwi*1 ! same writ] says3 ,!re seems little d\bt t ! boy lab\r is us$ up = indu/rial purposes1 & t !y are left less capable memb]s ( ! community1 ) little prospect ( good "w :5 !y become adults4 #aef ,ap>t f ! ,report ( ! ,poor ,law ,commission1 individual writ]s ( wide & v>i$ exp]i5ce outside ,london h voic$ ! same view4 ,x has nev] be5 s easy1 writes ,dr4 ,sadl]1 z x is 9 ,engl& to-day1 = a boy ( ?irte5 or f\rte5 to f9d "s k9d ( virtually unskill$ "w1 involv+ long h\rs ( det]iorat+ r\t9e1 9 :i* !re is little m5tal or moral discipl9e1 b = :i* are (f]$ wages t = ! "t seem high1 & flatt] 8 s5se ( be+ indep5d5t ( s*ool discipl9e & ( home re/ra9t4 #aeg ,& ! same writ] cont9ues3 ,c]ta9 =ms ( indu/ry1 :i* make l>ge use ( boys & girls :o h rec5tly left ! elem5t>y s*ools1 are 9 "p 7except :]e ! employ]s make special ef=ts to meet _! responsibility7 p>asitic 9 "*1 & get m ?an !y ought1 & m ?an _! promot]s realize t !y are gett+1 ( ! physical & moral capital ( ! ris+ g5]ation4 #aeh ,! ,rev4 ,sp5c] ,j4 ,gibb1 :o has devot$ special att5tion to ! problem1 writes3 ,! *>act]i/ic evils ( boy "w invade (fice "w 9 a peculi>ly subtle & dang]\s =m4 ,9 e city small (fices are to be f\nd 9 :i* ! :ole ( ! bus9ess1 su* z x is1 is c>ri$ on by ! ma/] himself1 :o has frequ5tly to be abs5t f 8 "o-room$ (fice4 ,! (fice-boy1 :o con/itutes ! entire /aff1 is mean:ile left 9 *>ge4 ,he has probably no?+ to d1 & sp5ds 8 "t ei!r 9 vacancy1 9 mis*iev\s exp$itions along ! corridor1 or 9 read+ tra% ( a blood?ir/y nature4 #aei ,"u su* conditions sup]vision & control are negligible factors 9 ! tra9+ ( ! work%op4 ,x seems unnecess>y to multiply examples2 all p]sons ( exp]i5ce lam5t ! increas+ employm5t ( boys 9 bl9d-alley occupations1 & deplore ! g5]al lack ( sup]vision4 ,! "q ( ! skill$ trades has receiv$ less att5tion1 & !re is mu* ne$ ( su* a c>eful inquiry 9 v>i\s t[ns z _h be5 made by ,mr4 ,tawney 9 ! case ( ,glasg[4 ,writ+ ( ! woodwork trades 9 t t[n1 he says3 ,!re is no regul> tra9+ sy/em2 a boy le>ns incid5tally1 & is only %ift$ f "o ma*9e to ano!r :5 ! %op ne$s x4444 ,"o ( its employes 0 ! be/ produc] ( wood5 r+s 9 8 t[n1 b c\ld n make a wage at turn+ a table-leg1 & adds t1 ) ! exception ( a few old m5 :o 7 tra9$ "u ! appr5tice%ip sy/em1 ! =em5 are ! only m5 ) all-r\nd skill4 #afj ,:ile ( ! eng9e]+ trades he says3 ,on ent]+ ! works ! lad :o is go+ to be a fitt] goes /raight to ! fitt+ %op & le>ns no?+ else2 a lad :o is go+ to be a turn] goes to ! ma*9e %op & does n le>n fitt+4 #afa ,specialization is pu%$ ev5 f>!r1 & lads are kept to a s+le ma*9e4 ,drill+1 mill+1 slott+1 pun*+1 b&-saw+1 or screw+ ma*9es c be us$ aft] a few days' tra9+1 & ?is is all ! exp]i5ce a boy gets4 ,&1 speak+ g5]ally ( ,glasg[ firms1 ,mr4 ,tawney says3 ,boys are kept1 z a rule1 9 _! own dep>tm5ts4 ,!y are n taught2 !y are made to "w4 ,^! facts 7 obta9$ z ! result ( a c>eful inquiry among #ajj firms 9 ,glasg[4 ,glasg[1 !n1 repeats ! /ory ( ,london2 & !re is good reason to believe t o!r t[ns1 if submitt$ to a simil> exam9ation1 w\ld demon/rate ! fact ( ! inadequacy ( ! work%op tra9+ ( to-day4 ,appr5tice%ip1 accord+ to num]\s witnesses1 is ev]y:]e decay+1 & !re is no?+ except ! te*nical s*ool ris+ to take its place2 & "u exi/+ conditions ! te*nical s*ool c t\* only a fr+e ( ! problem4 7c7 ,! ,passage to ,manhood4 ,! evid5ce ( ! la/ few pages1 relat+ to ! increase 9 ! numb] ( bl9d-alley occupations & to ! inadequate tra9+ ( ! work%op1 w\ld %[ t1 z 9 ,london1 s likewise 9 o!r t[ns1 !re is no easy passage f ! "w ( ! y\? to ! "w ( ! man4 ,!re is a break 9 ! cont9uity ( ! s]vice some:]e ab\t ! age ( eighte54 ,new op5+s h !n to be se>*$ =1 & new beg9n+s made1 :5 ! habits ( le>n+ h disappe>$1 ev5 if ! opportunities = x pres5t$ !mselves4 ,x w\ld seem sup]flu\s to repeat = o!r t[ns ! /ati/ical evid5ce 9 support ( ?is /atem5t :i* 0 giv5 9 ! case ( ,london4 ,bl9d-alley occupations & tr\bl$ passage to manhood necess>ily g toge!r4 ,mr4 ,tawney's rese>*es 9 ,glasg[ indicate cle>ly ! difficulties ( ?is transition p]iod4 ,a s+le quotation mu/ suffice3 ,a di/rict secret>y ( ! ,amalgamat$ ,society ( ,eng9e]s says ( a _w-fam\s firm :i* employs sev]al ?\s& m5 mak+ a p>ticul> k9d ( dome/ic ma*9e3 ',x is a reception home = "y bak]s & groc]s4 ,boys g to x f o!r occupations to d "o small "p ( ! ma*9e4444 ,:5 !y leave !y are n compet5t eng9e]s1 & f9d x difficult to get "w else:]e4' #afb ,detail$ figures = ! c\ntry z a :ole 9 respect ( c]ta9 trades may be f\nd 9 ,mr4 ,jackson's ,report on ,boy ,lab\r4 ,all evid5ce1 f :]esoev] collect$1 goes to %[ ! exi/5ce ( ! break betwe5 ! "w ( ! boy & ! "w ( ! man4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is tru/$ t suffici5t evid5ce has be5 produc$ to prove conclusively t ! conditions ( boy lab\r 9 ,london d n diff] ess5tially f ! conditions ( boy lab\r 9 o!r t[ns4 ,! evid5ce c\ld h be5 multipli$ indef9itely &1 :at is mo/ /rik+1 among ! mass ( witnesses =?com+ !re is none f\nd to v5ture a contr>y op9ion4 ,we may take x1 !n1 z a well-e/abli%$ fact t 9 o!r t[ns besides ,london1 sup]vision1 tra9+1 & ! provision ( an op5+ are alike gravely & progressively defective4 ,9 o!r words1 among ! urban di/ricts ( ! c\ntry no true appr5tice%ip sy/em exi/s or is 9 c\rse ( creation4 ,sec4 #c4 ,,rural ,,di/ricts4 ,no compreh5sive inquiry has be5 made into ! conditions ( boy lab\r 9 rural di/ricts & small t[ns4 ,a few /udies ( individual villages exi/--z1 = example1 ,life 9 an ,engli% ,village1 by ,miss ,maude ,davies--b ^! are n suffici5tly num]\s to ju/ify any g5]al conclusions4 ,! return on ,*ildr5 ,work+ = ,wages1 made to ! ,h\se ( ,commons 9 #ahii1 gives c]ta9 /ati/ics4 ,f ! returns on pages #ba & #bc we see t = ,engl& & ,wales "s #e4b p] c5t4 ( *ildr5 above ,/&>d ,i4 7 work+ = wages4 ,! p]c5tage = boys alone w\ld be #h4e p] c5t41 or = boys elev5 ye>s & upw>ds ab\t #ag p] c5t41 comp>$ ) #bd p] c5t4 = ,london alone4 ,^! figures w\ld seem to %[ t1 :ile common1 "w among s*ool-*ildr5 ov] ! c\ntry z a :ole does n q rea* ! ,london level4 ,s f> z c be ga!r$ f ! returns1 x is 9 t[ns t ! employm5t ( s*ool-*ildr5 is mo/ frequ5t1 ?\gh 9 rural di/ricts x is frequ5t en\gh to con/itute a grave evil4 ,! same return gives ! occupation ( *ildr5 z !y leave s*ool4 ,on page #afc is ! summ>y4 ,! table is incomplete3 ,9 ,london ! proportion ( *ildr5 is no less ?an #id p] c5t42 9 ! gr\p ( l>ge urban di/ricts1 #gb p] c5t42 :ile 9 ! re/ ( ,engl& & ,wales1 includ+ ! rural di/ricts & small t[ns1 ! p]c5tage s9ks to #dg4 #afc ,)\t a c>eful analysis1 su* z only local k c\ld supply1 x w\ld be dang]\s to give mu* weight to ! return4 ,x does1 h[ev]1 appe> f ! summ>y t bl9d-alley occupations be> a close relation to urbanization1 & t ! two increase toge!r4 ,or look+ at ! "q f ano!r po9t ( view1 a boy 9 rural di/ricts enjoys great] opportunities ( cont9uity ( employm5t 9 ! passage f y\? to manhood ?an he does 9 ! t[ns4 ,,occupations ,,( ,,boys ,,on ,,leav+ ,,s*ool ,,9 7#a7 ,,london1 7#b7 ,,l>ge ,,urban ,,& ,,manufactur+ ,,di/ricts1 ,,& 7#c7 ,,rural ,,& ,,small ,,urban ,,di/ricts ,,( ,,engl& ,,& ,,wales4#afd ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,l>ge ,urban & ,rural & ,occupation4 ,london4 ,manufactur+ ,small ,urban ,di/ricts4 ,di/ricts4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,no4 ,no4 ,no4 ,agriculture #aja -- #gcj #b #ag1iej #bf ,build+ #ghg #c #a1igc #d #c1gdd #e ,woodwork+ #ije #d #eia #a #ffa #a ,metal1 eng9e]+1 & %ipbuild+ #idi #d #d1jij #h #c1aai #d ,m9+ & qu>ry+ -- -- #a1ehd #c #f1eaj #i ,textile #di -- #f1jdf #ac #e1ebb #h ,clo?+ #ffe #c #a1fcd #c #a1fab #b ,pr9t+ & alli$ trades #a1aba #d #hfh #b #fhj #a ,cl]ical #b1jfj #h #e1fff #ab #b1gbg #d ,9 %ops #c1ehd #ad #f1jhd #ac #g1jde #aj ,err&1 c>t1 boat1 etc41 boy #aj1bhc #dj #aj1dif #bb #i1iag #ad ,newsboy & /reet v5dor #ifd #d #a1dgb #c #a1bbc #b ,tea*+ #abj -- #dcj #a #eeg #a ,dome/ic s]vice #cja #a #agc -- #a1jij #b ,miscellane\s & indef9ite #b1bef #i #d1aei #i #d1hag #g ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,total occupi$ #bd1ade #id #de1iif #if #fg1agd #if ,no report$ occupation #a1fbc #f #b1jig #d #b1gfe #d ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,gr& total #be1gfh #ajj #dh1jic #ajj #fi1ici #ajj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,!re is good reason to believe t ! prospects ( an all-r\nd tra9+ are m fav\rable 9 a village ?an 9 a t[n4 ,! fact1 already m5tion$1 t immigrants f rural di/ricts obta9 ! bett] positions 9 ,london trades1 especially 9 ! build+ trades1 w\ld seem to ju/ify ?is conclusion4 ,!re is also ! g5]al consid]ation t rural di/ricts are always ne>ly a c5tury beh9d ! indu/rial developm5t ( ! t[ns1 & repres5t !re=e an old] condition ( affairs4 ,work%ops are small]1 ! gulf betwe5 man & employ] less impassable1 & ! old pat]nal relation betwe5 boy & ma/] m possible ( atta9m5t4 ,we may !re=e assume1 )\t mu* risk ( error1 t tra9+ is bett] 9 rural di/ricts ?an 9 t[ns4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :ile x is true t 9 indu/rial progress ! villages lag beh9d ! t[ns1 !y /ill foll[ !m1 ?\gh at an int]val4 ,ma*9e-made goods1 especially 9 ! woodwork trades1 are 9 villages replac+ ! h&-made goods1 & ! dem& = manual dext]ity is to ?is ext5t decreas+4 ,x w\ld also seem to be true t ! old ind5tur$ appr5tice%ip is fall+ into disuse4 ,9 ! ,wilt%ire village ( ,corsley1 = example1 :ile appr5tice%ip occupi$ a prom95t position 9 ! pa/1 9 ! /ory ( to-day x passes almo/ )\t m5tion4 ,9 ,miss ,davies's#afe /udy ( ! occupations ( ! inhabitants ( t village1 only "o appr5tice is m5tion$4 ,x is also a fact t ^? :o are conc]n$ ) ! adm9i/ration ( local *>ities = appr5tice%ip are f9d+ increas+ difficulty 9 discov]+ ma/]s :o are will+ to take boys z ind5tur$ appr5tices1 ev5 = a premium1 & boys :o are desir\s ( be+ ind5tur$4 ,we may1 p]haps1 !re=e assume t1 :ile ! conditions ( boy lab\r are m fav\rable 9 rural di/ricts ?an !y are 9 t[ns1 ! old ma*9]y ( tra9+ is fall+ into disuse1 & no adequate sub/itute is tak+ its place4 ,v4 ,,! ,,break-,,up ,,( ,,appr5tice%ip4 ,! survey ( ! elem5ts t make up ! appr5tice%ip ( to-day is n[ complete4 ,ea* ( ! factors :i* contribute to ! result--! ,/ate1 ,philan?ropy1 ! ,home1 ! ,work%op--has be5 exam9$1 & _! influ5ce apprais$4 ,x is !re=e possible to pass judgm5t on ! sy/em1 &1 by realiz+ ! pres5t situation 9 all its relations1 to und]/& cle>ly ! nature & ! ext5t ( ! problems :i* call = solution 9 ! imm$iate future4 ,! p]iod ( appr5tice%ip has be5 %[n to divide itself naturally into two p>ts4 ,!re are ! ye>s dur+ :i* ! boy is at s*ool1 end+ some:]e ab\t ! age ( f\rte54 ,= ! "r use ( ^! ye>s we h se5 t ! ,/ate is beg9n+ to accept full responsibility4 ,:e!r we h be5 conc]n$ ) ! conduct1 ! physical welf>e1 or ! tra9+ ( ! *ild1 we h f\nd collective ent]prise assum+ new duties1 & c>ry+ !m out ) a gr[+ en?usiasm4 ,nor c we h rema9$ bl9d to ! l>ge measure ( success a*iev$4 ,if defects "h & !re m> ! result1 !y are cle>ly ! defects t belong to all exp]im5ts 9 ! e>ly /ages1 & are obvi\sly n ! in]adicable faults ( a worn-out sy/em4 ,9 %ort1 s f> z reg>ds ! e>li] ye>s ( ! appr5tice%ip ( to-day1 !re is no cause = despond5cy4 ,progress is ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( ?is fir/ p]iod2 ! boy is ! c5tre ( influ5ces increas+ 9 numb]1 & delib]ately plann$ to promote 8 well-be+4 ,"o disquiet+ ph5om5on t calls = att5tion is ! l>ge mass ( s*ool-*ildr5 work+ long h\rs4 ,heal? is und]m9$1 ! effect ( education impair$2 :ile ! occupations1 ess5tially ( ! bl9d-alley type1 enc\rage an un=tunate ta/e = ?is =m ( employm5t4 ,fur!r1 ! v>i\s local au?orities1 especially 9 rural di/ricts1 h be5 v lax 9 us+ ! p[]s conf]r$ by ! ,employm5t ( ,*ildr5 ,act4 ,! second /age ( appr5tice%ip cov]s ! ye>s betwe5 ! ages ( f\rte5 & eighte54 ,9 our survey ( ?is p]iod we h be5 unable to f9d mu* cause = satisfaction4 ,! ,/ate no long] recognizes its responsibility = ! well-be+ ( all its y\?2 x is cont5t to (f] opportunities ( tra9+ to ^? :o are able & will+ to avail !mselves ( ^! advantages1 & ^! la/ =m only a small m9ority ( ! :ole4 ,! success ( ev5+ s*ools1 te*nical in/itutes1 & o!r places ( high] education1 s f> z conc]ns ^? :o come )9 t sph]e ( influ5ce1 only adds to our regret t t sph]e ( influ5ce is s n>r[ly re/rict$4 ,! majority1 at lea/ two-?irds1 ( ! boys pass out ( ! control ( ! ,/ate1 & = ! completion ( _! appr5tice%ip we mu/ look 9 o!r directions4 ,our se>* 9 ^! o!r directions has met ) little rew>d2 we h f\nd ev]y:]e failure1 &1 :at is worse1 failure t is rapidly progressive4 ,n[h]e on a l>ge scale c we discov] provision made = ! sup]vision & tra9+ ( juv5iles2 f all sides we receive a tumult ( compla9t t ?+s h gone a/ray4 ,philan?ropic ent]prise1 :e!r repres5t$ by ! religi\s bodies or lads' clubs1 lam5ts ! lack ( control ov] ! boys1 & frankly confesses its inability to deal satisfactorily ) m ?an a small m9ority4 ,! te/imony ( ! home is ! same2 p>5ts compla9 ( ! gr[+ indep5d5ce ( _! *ildr51 & to a l>ge ext5t h ceas$ to attempt to ex]t any re/ra9t ov] ! conduct ( _! sons4 ,"u ! /ress ( mod]n indu/rial conditions & acc5tuat$ urbanization1 ! old patri>*al sy/em ( ! family has brok5 d[n2 ! home repres5ts an association ( equals1 9 :i*1 p]haps1 ! "y c claim a pr$om9ant influ5ce4 ,:5 we pass to ! work%op1 9 ! hope ( rea*+ law & ord] & con/ructive ?\ght1 x is only to be confront$ ) ! mo/ signal example ( an organization :i* defies e pr9ciple ( a true appr5tice%ip sy/em4 ,t ! boy ( to-day is ! workman ( to-morr[ is a ?\ght t sugge/s itself to only a few ( ! mo/ enlight5$ employ]s4 ,to ! _m he is m]ely a *eap in/rum5t ( production to be us$ up1 & !n scrapp$ z wa/e ma*9]y4 ,he is kept at 8 own little tempor>y task2 &1 to make ?+s worse1 he is 9 s mu* dem& t discipl9e _c keep him v /eadily ev5 to ?is1 or 8 s]vices w be )drawn4 ,) ! sep>ation ( man's "w f boy's "w !re is no easy passage f y\? to manhood4 ,) ! m9ute subdivision ( op]ations1 !re is small *ance ( a lad 9 a skill$ trade becom+ a ma/] ( 8 craft4 ,ap>t f ! small am\nt ( m$ical inspection requir$ by ! ,factory & ,work%op ,act1 no attempt is made to insure t ! gr[+ lad is physically fit = ! "w 9 :i* he is engag$4 ,8 heal? is ! conc]n ( no "o till its breakd[n br+s him "u ! ,poor ,law or ?ru/s him into ! ranks ( ! unemployable4 ,undiscipl9$1 ) heal? & tra9+ neglect$1 ! lad ( eighte5 t5ds to f9d himself m & m left )\t prospects1 & a p]son = :om no "o 9 p>ticul> has any p>ticul> use4 ,9 %ort1 our survey ( ! problem ( ! appr5tice%ip ( to-day %[s conclusively t we h1 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w1 no appr5tice%ip sy/em4 ,! old appr5tice%ip sy/em has brok5 up1 & !re is no?+ come to take its place4 ,x w\ld be incr$ible if s]i\s consequ5ces did n accompany ?is complete break-up ( ! appr5tice%ip sy/em2 & x ne$s b little se>* to discov] evils ( f>-rea*+ significance4 ,!re is fir/ ! evil ( an uncontroll$ y\?4 ,a *ild at ! age ( f\rte5 is n fitt$ to enjoy ! indep5d5ce ( an adult4 ,?is /atem5t is a truism1 b !re is trag$y 9 ! fact t society ( to-day conf]s1 z we h se51 ?is irresponsible fre$om1 9 a m or less unqualifi$ =m1 on ! majority ( boys :5 !y leave ! elem5t>y s*ools4 ,9 ! hooligan ( ! /reets or 9 ! y\?ful crim9al we h ! mo/ /rik+ example ( ! fruits ( an undiscipl9$ boy4 ,! report ( ! ,commission]s ( ,prisons = ! ye> end+ ,m>* #ca1 #aijh1 makes ?is cle>4 ,writ+ ( ! ,bor/al ,association1 !y say3 ,9 ?is admirable report 7! report1 t is1 ( ! ,bor/al ,association71 :i* %\ld be /udi$ by all :o are int]e/$ 9 ! causes ( crime1 aft] specify+ _m circum/ances :i* induce ! crim9al habit1 !y ref] 9 p>ticul> to ! abs5ce ( any sy/em ( control or organization = ! employm5t ( ! "y1 z "o ( ! pr9cipal causes ( wrong-do+4 ',:5 a boy leaves s*ool ! h&s ( organization & compulsion are lift$ f 8 %\ld]s4 ,if he is ! son ( v poor p>5ts1 8 fa!r has no influ5ce1 nor1 inde$1 a sp>e h\r1 to f9d "w = him2 he mu/ f9d x = himself2 g5]ally he does f9d a job1 & if x does n l& him into a dead alley at eighte5 he is =tunate1 or he drifts1 & ! tidy s*ol> becomes a ragg$ & defiant corn] loaf]4 ,ov] #hj p] c5t4 ( our *>ges admit t !y 7 n at "w :5 !y got into tr\ble1' #aff ,! ,poor ,law ,commission calls att5tion to ! evil effects ( c]ta9 =ms ( employm5t :i* ! boys *oose because ( ! fre$om !y give4',/reet-sell+1 = example1' says ! ,*ief ,con/able ( ,%effield1 'makes ! boys ?ieves4' ',news-boys & /reet-sell]s1' says ,mr4 ,cyril ,jackson1 'are practically all gambl]s4' ',( #a1ded y\?s betwe5 f\rte5 & tw5ty-"o *>g$ 9 ,glasg[ dur+ #aijf ) !ft & o!r (f5ces inf]r+ di%one/y1 #a1bjh1 or #hc4g p] c5t41 came f ! class ( mess5g]s1 /reet-trad]s1 etc41' says ,mr4 ,tawney4 #afg ,& x w\ld be easy to multiply indef9itely examples ( ?is k9d4 ,x mu/ n1 ( c\rse1 be assum$ t all boys become hooligans or crim9als1 b all d suff] f ! want ( control & ! ne$ ( a m discipl9$ life4 ,hooliganism is m]ely an extreme type ( a disease :i* 9 a mild] =m fa/5s ^u ! boys :o are all[$ unre/ra9$ lib]ty4 ,! disease is ! disease ( re/lessness--! re/lessness ( ! t[n1 ! dislike ( regul>ity1 ! joy 9 *ange = *ange's sake1 & ! habit ( rov+ f place to place4 ,?is disease1 ) ! lack ( prop] te*nical tra9+1 leads on to unemploym5t :5 ! age ( manhood is rea*$4 ,unemploym5t is n ! fate ( ! old only2 x is becom+ common among ! "y4 ,! p]c5tage ( m5 "u ?irty ye>s ( age qualifi$ = assi/ance "u ! ,unemploy$ ,workm5 ,act1 #aije1 03#afh ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,up to ,m>* #ca1 #aijf4,twelve ,mon?s end+ ,m>* #ca1 #aijg4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,london #bc4i #bg4d ,:ole ( ,engl& #bg4c #cj4b ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,x has become cle>1 says a manag] ( boys' clubs ) a v wide exp]i5ce1 to all /ud5ts ( ! lab\r problem t a wrong *oice ( _! fir/ "w--or1 r1 no *oice at all1 b a drift into x--is responsible = ! pres5ce ( consid]able numb]s ( "y m5 among/ ! unemploy$4 #afi ,! ,reports ( ! ,poor ,law ,commission1 ,majority & ,m9ority alike1 repeat$ly voice ! same op9ion4 ,! great prom95ce giv5 to boy lab\r1 n only 9 our evid5ce1 b 9 ! v>i\s reports ( our special inve/igators1 leads u to ! op9ion t ?is is p]haps ! mo/ s]i\s ( ! ph5om5a :i* we h enc\nt]$ 9 our /udy ( unemploym5t4 ,! difficulty ( gett+ boys absorb$1 ?r\gh gradual & sy/ematic tra9+1 9 ! skill$ trades is great en\gh2 b :5 to ?is are add$ ! temptations1 outside ! organiz$ indu/ries1 to ent] at an e>ly age into occupations :i* are n !mselves skill$ & give no opportunity = acquir+ skill1 x seems cle> t we are fac$ by a f> great] problem ?an t ( f9d+ employm5t = adults :o h fall5 beh9d 9 ! race = effici5cy--namely1 t ! gr[? ( l>ge cities has br\ght ) x an enorm\s increase 9 occupations t are mak+ directly = unemploym5t 9 ! future4 #agj ,! ,m9ority ,report is equally emphatic4 ,!re is no subject1 x says1 z to :i* we h receiv$ s mu* & su* conclusive evid5ce z ^u ! ext5t to :i* ?\s&s ( boys1 f lack ( any sort ( tra9+ = indu/rial occupations1 gr[ up1 almo/ inevitably1 s z to become *ronically unemploy$ or "u-employ$1 & pres5tly to recruit ! ranks ( ! unemployable4 ,9 ,glasg[ ne>ly #bj p] c5t4 ( ! lab\r]s 9 di/ress are "u tw5ty-five1 & "o-half ( !m are "u ?irty-five4 #aga ,or aga93 ,x has be5 demon/rat$ beyond dispute t "o ( ! features ( ! mann] 9 :i* we h *os5 to let ! nation's indu/ry be organiz$ is t an increas+ numb] ( boys are employ$ 9 occupations :i* are ei!r un$ucative 79 ! s5se ( produc+ no increase ( effici5cy & intellig5ce7 or unpromis+ 79 ! s5se ( lead+ to no p]man5t occupation dur+ adult life72 secondly1 t !re is a con/ant t5d5cy = c]ta9 indu/rial functions to be transf]r$ f m5 to boys1 especially :5 *anges 9 ! processes ( manufacture or 9 ! organization ( indu/ry are tak+ place rapidly4 ,! result+ difficulty is ! d\ble "o ( ! ov]-employm5t ( boys & ! "u-employm5t ( m54 #agb ,x is hop$ t ! pres5t *apt] may h made cle> ! v>i\s /eps 9 ?is un=tunate process ( indu/rial developm5t4 ,fir/1 we h ! qualities :i* are ! result ( ! s*ool tra9+--qualities ( regul>ity1 ob$i5ce1 & intellig5ce--qualities requir$1 inde$1 9 all =ms ( "w1 b supply+ a complete te*nical outfit alone = ! bl9d-alley occupations4 ,! boys leave s*ool1 hav+ _h exp5d$ on !m 9 ea* case a capital sum ( public money ( ab\t "o hundr$ p\nds4 ,!y are valuable assets1 & employ]s h discov]$ ! fact1 & adju/$ _! me?ods ( production or di/ribution to make full use ( ?is new & valuable supply4 ,high wages attract ! boy1 :o makes 8 own *oice1 & e>n+ is reg>d$ z m attractive ?an ! labori\s & less remun]ative le>n+4 ,?is leads on to ! second /age1 ! bl9d-alley occupation or ! skill$ trade :]e !re is no real tra9+4 ,f\r ye>s ( ?is k9d ( "w dissipate ! effects ( elem5t>y education4 ,too (t5 weak5$ physically by long h\rs ( employm5t1 demoraliz$ by ! life ( fre$om & ! fatal facility 9 obta9+ a second job :5 fancy has made him ?r[ up ! fir/1 robb$ by disuse ( ! p[] to le>n ev5 if ! incl9ation 7 pres5t1 he is1 at ! age ( eighte51 a di/9ctly less valuable asset 9 ! lab\r m>ket ?an he 0 f\r ye>s be=e4 ,! hundr$ p\nds inve/m5t ( public money int5d$ = life has be5 squ&]$ 9 y\?2 ! employ] has possess$ himself ( x2 & :5 ! boy asks ! wages ( a man1 he is in=m$ t 8 s]vices are no long] want$1 & told to transf] !m else:]e4 ,!n comes ! f9al /age ( deg5]ation--unemploym5t or "u-employm5t4 ,! habit1 acquir$ ?r\gh f\r ye>s ( con/ant practice1 ( ?r[+ up a job on ! smalle/ pretext1 rema9s ) ! lad ( eighte51 b ! facility ( f9d+ ano!r is no long] 84 ,! int5sity ( ! dem& = m5 v>ies almo/ inv]sely ) ! int5sity ( ! dem& = boys2 ! two are competitors 9 ! same lab\r m>ket1 & ( ! two ! boy is ! *eap] & ! m effici5t in/rum5t ( production4 ,fur!r1 habits ( boyhood h too (t5 br$ a lik+ = casual employm5t1 ) its frequ5t holidays4 ,"h1 also1 ! employ]s are will+ to oblige him2 !y f9d x conv5i5t to h at _! beck & call a res]ve ( lab\r :i* c be drawn ^u :5 bus9ess is brisk1 & dis*>g$ 9 times ( slackness4 ,f9ally1 if he desires regul> employm5t1 x is none too easy to discov] a suitable op5+4 ,! sph]e ( 8 usefulness is small2 he has = sale a c]ta9 am\nt ( animal /r5g?1 none too well develop$1 b has little else to (f]4 ,he c pu% & he c pull indiff]5tly well1 b 9 ! _w ( indu/ry !re is n1 z is suppos$ sometimes1 an unlimit$ dem& = pull+ & pu%+4 ,& all ! "t he is fac$ ) ! fact t recruits to ! army ( pu%+ & pull+ are com+ f all sides4 ,m5 skill$ 9 ! p]=mance ( a s+le op]ation1 & robb$ ( _! well-paid employm5t by a new inv5tion2 m5 f decay+ trades & incapable ?r\gh lack ( tra9+ ( adapt+ !mselves to fre% conditions2 m5 a little pa/ ! vig\r ( manhood2 m5 dis*>g$ = misconduct2 m5 :o h lo/ _! "w ?r\gh ! bankruptcy ( a company or ! dea? ( a ma/]--all alike1 :5 ev]y?+ fails !m1 turn 9 desp]ation to pull+ & pu%+2 & mean:ile ma*9es ( novel design decrease ye> by ye> ! dem& = pull+ & pu%+4 ,all ^! effects1 ) innum]able v>iations1 are ! result ( a wrong />t1 & ( ! neglect dur+ ! ye>s t lie betwe5 ! ages ( f\rte5 & eighte54 ,want ( sup]vision1 want ( te*nical tra9+1 want ( an op5+ = :i* special prep>ation has be5 giv5--^! are ! ?ree great & *>act]i/ic evils ( ! pres5t indu/rial situation4 ,tak5 toge!r1 !y are a negation ( all appr5tice%ip 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w4 ,dur+ ! c\rse ( ! la/ few ye>s we h at lea/ le>n$ to "k ! cause ( our suff]+1 & to "k ! cause is at lea/ ! fir/ /ep 9 ! pa? ( prev5tion4 ,&1 fur!r1 we h begun to see ris+ f ! ru9s ( ! old /abilities ( life & ! anci5t ord] ( indu/rial organization an edifice--small1 inde$1 at ! mom5t1 b be>+ ! m>k ( con/ructive ?\ght1 because re>$ by ! gr[+ p[] ( collective ent]prise2 &1 kn[+ ?is1 we c turn 9 a _s ( hope to ! task ( creat+ a new appr5tice%ip sy/em4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,new ,,appr5tice%ip ,9 ! pres5t *apt] we mu/ endeav\r to f9d "s rem$y = ! evils disclos$ 9 ! prec$+ pages4 ,! old appr5tice%ip sy/em has brok5 up1 & !re is no?+ come to take its place4 ,9 consequ5ce1 ! y\? ( ! c\ntry is to a l>ge & gr[+ ext5t pass+ ?r\gh ! ye>s ( adolesc5ce )\t sup]vision1 )\t te*nical tra9+1 )\t prospects ( an op5+ :5 manhood is rea*$4 ,^! are defects 9 ! indu/rial organization s obvi\s t !y are n[ attract+ g5]al att5tion1 s grave t !re is ne$ ( imm$iate & compreh5sive measures ( re=m4 ,9 :at direction is ! rem$y to be look$ =8 ,f :at qu>t] may we expect ! new appr5tice%ip to come8 ,! survey ( ! conditions ( boy lab\r1 conta9$ 9 an e>li] portion ( ?is volume1 has disclos$ two =ces at "w 9 ! tra9+ ( ! y\? ( ! c\ntry4 ,! "o =ce is de/ructive 9 its action2 ! o!r con/ructive4 ,re=m obvi\sly lies 9 ! repression ( ! =m] & 9 ! enc\ragem5t ( ! latt]2 !re is no o!r alt]native4 ,! =ce ( de/ruction has be5 f\nd ?r\gh\t associat$ ) ! *>act]i/ic ph5om5a ( ! indu/rial revolution4 ,! acc5tuat$ _s ( competition1 ! increas+ use ( capital & ma*9]y1 ) ! consequ5tial developm5t ( l>ge und]tak+s1 & ! rapid *anges 9 me?ods ( production to meet new dem&s or to make use ( new inv5tions1 h all alike be5 ho/ile to ! well-be+ ( ! boy4 ,! sy/em1 creat$ by :at may be call$ ! natural gr[? ( mod]n bus9ess organization1 has be5 a sy/em :i* has1 9 "o =m or ano!r1 cont9ually attempt$ to exploit *ild lab\r4 ,"u ?is sy/em *ildr51 9 days gone by1 7 driv5 to ! m9e & to ! factory1 or h]d$ 9 gangs 9 ! fields & b>ns ( ! f>m1 & ev5 at ! pres5t "t are all[$ to p]=m tasks f> beyond _! /r5g?4 ,"u ?is sy/em we h wat*$ ! sl[ & cont9u\s decay ( ind5tur$ appr5tice%ip1 ! /eady decrease ( facilities = obta9+ an all-r\nd tra9+ 9 ! work%op1 & ! ev]-broad5+ gulf sep>at+ y\? f manhood 9 ! sph]e ( indu/ry4 ,z a result ( ?is sy/em we h se5 ! h& ( control lift$ f ! %\ld] ( y\?1 & h not$ lads1 "u ! wayw>d guidance ( an irresponsible fre$om1 drift+ into ! pa? ( crime & disord]4 ,we are driv5 to believe t x is ! "y :o swell ! armies ( unemploym5t1 & h realiz$ ) sudd5 dismay t1 "y ?\gh !y are1 !y are yet too old to break ! set habits ( an un=tunate pa/4 ,& we are beg9n+ to p]ceive cle>ly t ^! ph5om5a1 ( ill om51 are n a m]e accid5t1 b an integral "p ( ! indu/rial organization2 & to und]/& t1 9 spite ( num]\s sup]ficial *anges1 ! sy/em1 born ( ! revolution ( a hundr$ ye>s ago1 has n alt]$ 9 ess5tials1 & n[1 z !n1 ?reat5s ) de/ruction ! y\? ( ! l&4 ,t sy/em has nev] enjoy$ full fre$om ( developm5t1 b ! limits set on its p[] = evil h n come f )92 !y h come f )\t1 & be5 impos$ on ! employ]s by ! legislative action ( ! ,/ate4 ,x is ! ,/ate :i* has ?r\gh\t ! p]iod suppli$ ! second or regulative & con/ructive =ce 9 ! tra9+ ( ! y\? ( ! c\ntry4 ,x has =bidd5 ! employm5t ( boys 9 "s occupations1 & 9 o!rs limit$ ! h\rs ( employm5t4 ,act+ )\t any cle>ly def9$ plan1 b /rik+ at ! evils1 :i* gu/s ( popul> op9ion d5\nc$ & refus$ to tol]ate1 x has yet made impossible ! wor/ abuses ( *ild lab\r4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 long s9ce pass$ beyond ! realm ( m]e veto1 & has ^! _m ye>s ent]$ ! sph]e ( con/ructive re=m4 ,! s*eme ( compulsory education1 ! provision ( opportunities = te*nical in/ruction1 & ! p[]s1 rec5tly conf]r$ on local education au?orities1 to att5d to ! physical condition ( s*ool-*ildr51 are all signal examples ( ! b5efic5t influ5ce ( ! second =ce4 ,we are left1 !n1 ) ^! two =ces--! =ce ( de/ruction & ! =ce ( con/ruction2 & ! fate ( ! y\? turns on ! issue ( ! /ruggle betwe5 ! two4 ,!y are n1 inde$1 ! only =ces conc]n$ 9 ! problem ( boy lab\r1 b1 comp>$ ) _! influ5ce1 all o!rs s9k into insignificance4 ,! ,/ate & ! indu/rial sy/em bo? possess ! *>act]i/ic ( univ]sality1 & no o!r organization c make ! same claim4 ,philan?ropic & religi\s associations h always be5 f\nd to prote/ aga9/ ! abuses ( *ild lab\r1 b _! prote/ only became g5]ally effective :5 ! ,/ate gave to x ! =ce ( law4 ,philan?ropic & religi\s associations h be5 pione]s 9 ! field ( education1 b ! advantages 7 (f]$ to all only :5 ! ,/ate /epp$ 9 & assum$ ! responsibility4 ,individual employ]s h always be5 f\nd to (f] to _! lads humane conditions ( "w & full opportunities ( tra9+1 b ^! rema9$ ! privileges ( a few1 & x 0 only ?r\gh ,/ate int]f]5ce t ! _m obta9$ _! %>e4 ,z po9t+ ! way to re=m1 ^! o!r ag5cies h be51 & are1 ( priceless value to ! community1 b z !mselves ! in/rum5t !y h inv>iably prov$ a failure4 ,we are left1 !n1 ) two =ces :i* alone ne$ to be tak5 into acc\nt--! indu/rial organization & ! ,/ate4 ,= ! creation ( ! new appr5tice%ip sy/em ei!r ! indu/rial organization mu/ re=m itself1 or ! ,/ate mu/ re=m ! indu/rial organization3 !re is no ?ird alt]native4 ,let u beg9 ) ! fir/ alt]native1 & ask ourselves :e!r !re is any reasonable hope ( re=m f )9 ! indu/rial organization4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ! pa/ is uni=mly ho/ile to any su* expectation4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ! la/ hundr$ ye>s !re is no s+le exception to ! rule t all g5]al improvem5ts 9 ! conditions ( boy lab\r h come f )\t1 & n be5 c>ri$ out f )94 ,! exp]i5ce ( ! pres5t repeats 9 an ev5 m emphatic way ! exp]i5ce ( ! pa/4 ,x is impossible to po9t to "o s+le example ( an indu/rial re=m n[ 9 c\rse ( developm5t1 & affect+ on a l>ge & b5efic5t scale ! prospects or ! tra9+ ( ! boy4 ,x w\ld be easy to cite a hundr$ in/ances ( ! contr>y process4 ,! :ole ( ! la/ *apt] is no?+ b a detail$ summ>y ( ! progressive defects ( ! indu/rial sy/em1 & its attempts to exploit 9 its own int]e/s ! value ( boy lab\r4 ,we saw h[1 by ! multiplication ( bl9d-alley occupations1 ! indu/rial sy/em contriv$ to lay hold on & use up mo/ ( ! products ( an improv$ elem5t>y education initiat$ by ! ,/ate4 ,pa/ & pres5t exp]i5ce are 9 accord2 we _c look = re=m f )94 ,x is necess>y to gu>d aga9/ a possible mis9t]pretation4 ,!re is no ?\ght "h ( blam+ ! employ]4 ,! fight lies n betwe5 boy & employ]1 b betwe5 ! =ce ( ! ,/ate & ! =ce ( competition1 us+ ! la/ ^w to d5ote ! mo/ m>k$ *>act]i/ic ( ! indu/rial revolution4 ,! employ] is 9 g5]al z mu* a victim ( ! process z ! boy4 ,he _c be ju/ly blam$ = :at he _c be fairly expect$ to prev5t4 ,! exig5cies ( competition drive him to select ! *eape/ me?ods ( production at ! mom5t4 ,if ^! me?ods involve ! exploitation ( ! boy1 x is un=tunate = ! boy1 b ! employ] has no o!r alt]native4 ,to produce z *eaply z 8 neighb\rs is ! "o condition ( success2 m remote consid]ations _c ent] into a bus9ess und]tak+4 ,^? well-int5tion$ p]sons1 ) a smatt]+ ( ill-dige/$ sci5ce & a sy/em ( economics f> remov$ f all practical realities1 :o talk amiably ( ! int]e/s ( employ]s & _! boys1 z future workm51 be+ id5tical1 confuse ! good ( ! pres5t g5]ation ) ! good ( ! g5]ation t comes aft]4 ,x is und\bt$ly a fact t any sy/em :i* injures ! work]s w 9 ! long-run injure ! trade ( ! c\ntry1 b ?is is true only 9 ! long-run1 & ! run is (t5 v long4 ,n[1 survival 9 bus9ess is det]m9$ 9 ! imm$iate future4 ,! heavy *>ges on fix$ capital1 ! int]e/ on out/&+ loans1 ! weekly wages bill1 & ! long tale ( daily outgo+s1 make x impossible = ! employ] to foll[ prop] me?ods ( tra9+ 9 ! hope t ! new g5]ation ( work]s w1 by _! add$ effici5cy1 rec\p him = 8 exp5diture4 ,to la/ till t "t he mu/ live ?r\gh ! int]val1 mu/ obta9 t contract to-day1 ?is ord] to-morr[1 & mu/ get x at a pr(it--9 o!r words1 he mu/ *oose ! *eape/ me?od ( production "h & n[2 !re & next ye> w be too late4 ,x w be no inducem5t to him to reflect t 8 me?ods w\ld 9 ! long-run prove ! be/1 if he kn[s t he _c /ay ! c\rse4 ,competition is ( to-day2 x takes no acc\nt ( ! happ5+s ( to-morr[4 ,^? :o 9 ! /ruggle _c survive ?is ye> w n live to reap ! h>ve/ ( future ye>s4 ,agreem5t among employ]s on su* que/ions has be5 f\nd impossible2 ! temptation to w9 by evasion an illicit success proves too /rong = ! majority4 ,^? :o pursue ! bett] me?ods disappe>2 ^? :o pursue ! worse survive to propagate _! k9d4 ,!re is valid 9 ! _w ( bus9ess a law some:at analog\s to ,gre%am's law 9 matt]s ( curr5cy2 ! bad pu%es out & replaces ! good4 ,!re is a real /ruggle betwe5 ! int]e/s ( "o g5]ation & ! next4 ,! employ] mu/ conc]n himself ) ! ?+s ( 8 own day2 x is = ! ,/ate1 ^: life is ageless1 to gu>d ! welf>e ( ^? :o are to come4 ,by insi/+ on ! me?ods t are good 9 ! long-run1 by =bidd+ ^? :i* are good only 9 ! imm$iate pres5t1 x places all employ]s on ! same level1 & enables ! be/ ( !m to d :at 0 be=e impossible4 ,x does n !reby int]f]e ) competition2 x m]ely *anges ! direction ( competition by guid+ x into less injuri\s *annels4 ,b ! secret ( success1 z demon/rat$ by ! exp]i5ce ( m ?an a c5tury1 mu/ be s\ght 9 ! enactm5t ( g5]al regulations1 :i* w apply to all employ]s1 & n be look$ = 9 :at is sometimes t]m$ ! _s ( gr[+ enlight5m5t4 ,unless x c be %[n t ! imm$iate int]e/ ( ! employ] is "o ) ! propos$ re=m1 no?+ really effective c be done by moral suasion2 :ile1 if ! two are 9 accord1 moral suasion is sup]flu\s4 ,x c h>dly be suppos$ t ! contemplative outsid] %\ld "k ! bus9ess ( ! employ]s bett] ?an !y d !mselves4 ,! m]e fact ( call+ to our aid ! p[] ( moral suasion %\ld be en\gh to %[ t enlight5$ self-int]e/ w n suffice2 we d n appeal to a man's consci5ce :5 we c appeal to 8 pocket4 ,if1 !n1 re=m & ! imm$iate int]e/ are n 9 accord1 cons5t on ! "p ( "o employ] means risk ( failure 9 a _w :]e salvation dep5ds on v small m>g9s ( pr(it4 ,x is1 !re=e1 = ! mo/ "p lab\r lo/ to devote "t to ! consid]ation ( re=ms :i* d n re/ on ! basis ( legal obligation1 & we might at once turn to consid]ations ( ,/ate control & ,/ate ent]prise if x 7 n = ! fact t 9 ! m9ds ( _m !re /ill rema9s a hope ( ! com+ ( salvation f ano!r direction4 ,!y advocate ! revival ( ! old ind5tur$ appr5tice%ip sy/em1 & believe t !y h only to expla9 ! situation adequately to ! employ] = him to realize t 8 int]e/s lie 9 its revival4 ,?is belief assumes1 z already m5tion$1 t ! outsid] kn[s ! bus9ess ( ! employ] bett] ?an he does himself--a tol]ably l>ge assumption4 ,we might drop ! matt] ) ?is criticism1 b a re-exam9ation ( ! old appr5tice%ip sy/em1 9 ! light ( ! indu/rial revolution & ( ! proposals = its revival1 w help u on our j\rney t[>ds ! goal ( ! new appr5tice%ip4 ,su* exam9ation w %[1 fir/1 ! conditions :i* a true appr5tice%ip mu/ fulfil2 &1 secondly1 t ^? :o h>k back ^u ! pa/ = _! ideals ( re=m are consci\s t ! pa/ mu/ *ange its dress be=e x c hope to comm5d itself to ! critical ta/e ( ! pres5t4 ,n[1 9 its be/ =m1 z 0 %[n 9 ! second *apt] ( ?is book1 ! old appr5tice%ip sy/em 0 a success4 ,x did af=d means ( adequate sup]vision ov] ! y\? ( ! c\ntry2 x did supply !m ) te*nical tra9+2 & x did provide an op5+ 9 an occupation = :i* special prep>ation _h be5 made4 ,b a clos] exam9ation ( ! problem %[$ t success dep5d$ on ! satisfaction ( ?ree conditions3 ,fir/1 x 0 ess5tial = ! appr5tice to live ) 8 ma/]1 or at any rate t ! relations betwe5 ! two %\ld be ( a pat]nal "*2 ! second ess5tial 0 ! univ]sality ( ! small work%op1 ) ! facilities x gave = an all-r\nd tra9+2 &1 ?irdly1 an ess5tial "p ( ! sy/em 0 ! exi/5ce ( ! gild1 :i* repres5t$ ma/]s & m5 alike1 & 9 ! int]e/s ( all inspect$ & controll$ ! me?ods ( ! work%op4 ,) ! dissolution ( ! gilds we saw ! fir/ weak5+ ( ! appr5tice%ip sy/em4 ,!re 0 n[ no au?ority gu>d+ ! int]e/s ( ! trade z a :ole2 compulsory appr5tice%ip 0 (t5 us$ z a means ( supply+ ! employ] ) *eap & en=c$ lab\r1 = ^: future he _h no responsibility4 ,) ! adv5t ( ! indu/rial revolution we wat*$ ! /eady disappe>ance ( ! small work%op4 ,tra9+ became difficult1 & (t5 impossible4 ,) bo? ma/]s & m5 =mal appr5tice%ip lo/ fav\r1 & ! sy/em ent]$ on its second /age ( decay4 ,) ! multiplication ( bl9d-alley occupations1 ) ! gr[+ cleavage betwe5 man's "w & boy's "w1 & ) division ( lab\r pu%$ to its utmo/ extreme1 came1 z has be5 prov$1 ! break-up ( ! appr5tice%ip sy/em4 ,n[1 !re is no?+ 9 ! signs ( ! times to h]ald ! approa* ( a new indu/rial revolution & a return to ! old ord] ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,ma*9es & ma*9e me?ods h come to /ay1 & mu/ /ay if ! v>i$ ne$s ( ! huge populations ( to-day are to be satisfi$4 ,! m s]i\s advocates ( ! revival ( ind5tur$ appr5tice%ip admit ?is fact1 & fully realize t modifications ( ! sy/em are necess>y4 ,!y sugge/ t committees ( volunte]s %\ld assume c]ta9 ( ! functions ( ! gild2 !y %\ld ex]cise a k9dly sup]vision ov] ! boy 9 8 home1 & take /eps to insure t ! conditions ( ! ind5ture are obs]v$ by ! employ]4 ,secondly1 !y propose t ! "o-sid$ tra9+ ( ! work%op %\ld be supplem5t$ by te*nical classes provid$ by ! education au?ority & sup]vis$ by an advisory committee ( repres5tatives ( ! trade4 ,f9ally1 !y urge t ^! proposals1 s f> f be+ vision>y1 h actually be5 realiz$ 9 practice ) complete success4 ,:y may n we look = a g5]al ext5sion ( ^! me?ods8 ,! answ] is tol]ably obvi\s4 ,! exp]im5ts h und\bt$ly be5 successful4 ,!y h %[n ! /eady+ influ5ce ex]t$ ov] ! boy by an ind5ture2 !y h %[n ! advantages t come f fri5dly visit+ at ! home or ! work%op2 !y h %[n ! value ( te*nical classes & trade s*ools sup]vis$ by repres5tatives ( ! trade4 ,b :at !y h n %[n is t ! exp]im5t1 :ile re/+ on a purely volunt>y basis1 admits ( indef9ite expansion4 ,inde$1 ! fact t ! co-op]ation ( ! education au?ority is invok$1 9 ord] to provide te*nical in/ruction t %all supplem5t ! tra9+ ( ! work%op1 is suffici5t evid5ce t we _c disp5se altoge!r ) ! assi/ance ( ! ,/ate4 ,b mu* m rema9s to be said aga9/ ! possibility ( indef9ite ext5sion4 ,take ! case ( ind5tures4 ,x is true t "s employ]s c be f\nd will+ to receive ind5tur$ appr5tices1 & "s boys will+ to be ind5tur$4 ,b ?is does n affect ! g5]al rule t ! conditions ( ! mod]n work%op d n all[ ( ! use ( appr5tices1 ^: tra9+ is en=ceable at law1 or disc\nt :at is a matt] ( common obs]vation--t nei!r employ]s nor boys l to b9d !mselves toge!r = a p]iod ( ye>s4 ,ind5tures may be an excell5t plan = curb+ ! indep5d5ce ( ! boy1 b x does n1 un=tunately1 foll[ t ! boys :o mo/ want curb+ w be ! boys :o w accept ?is frett+ re/ra9t4 ,:at happ5s 9 practice is t a select numb] ( boys will+ to submit to control are br\ght into relations ) a select numb] ( employ]s will+ to be tr\bl$ ) boys4 ,?is is good z f> z x goes1 b x goes no way 9 ! direction ( provid+ sup]vision = ! boys :o mo/ ne$ x4 ,or take aga9 ! "q ( supplem5t+ 9 ! te*nical in/itute ! tra9+ ( ! work%op4 ,exp]i5ce "h & 9 o!r c\ntries %[s conclusively t te*nical in/ruction1 to be really effective1 mu/ be giv5 dur+ ! daytime1 :5 ! lad is fre%1 & n dur+ ! ev5+1 :5 he is we>i$ out by ! day's "w4 ,b1 ignor+ ! necess>ily limit$ numb] ( cases 9 :i* boys are able to =go e>n+ altoge!r1 in/ruction dur+ ! day is possible only :]e employ]s all[ _! appr5tices "t (f dur+ ! day to att5d classes4 ,x is true t "s few employ]s h giv5 ?is p]mission1 b _! numb] is /rictly limit$4 ,9 ! hope ( ext5d+ ! pr9ciple1 ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil rec5tly c>ri$ out an elaborate inquiry among employ]s1 b ) v small results4 ,if we comp>e1 says ! report1 ! magnitude ( ! elaborate inquiry c>ri$ out by ! pr9cipals ( polyte*nics & te*nical in/itutes1 by ! skill$ employm5t committees1 & by ! ,c\ncil itself1 ) ! ext5t ( ! success atta9$1 we are b\nd to admit t ! results are ( ! mo/ meagre dim5sions4 ,!re appe>s no prospect ( induc+ employ]s on any l>ge scale to co-op]ate ) u 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( a satisfactory sy/em ( '"p-"t' classes4 #agc ,ext5sion on a l>ge scale & on a volunt>y basis is impossible4 ,b1 neglect+ ! "q ( possibilities1 is ! revival ( an ind5tur$ appr5tice%ip1 z a me?od ( le>n+ c]ta9 trades1 9 itself a ?+ to be desir$8 ,!re rema9s "o difficulty t has nev] satisfactorily be5 surm\nt$4 ,if ind5tur$ appr5tice%ip is ! door lead+ to a skill$ trade1 !re w be a movem5t 9 ! trade to close all o!r doors4 ,^? :o h paid a premium1 or at any rate s]v$ _! "t = l[ wages1 _c be expect$ to all[ )\t compla9t vacancies 9 ! trade to be fill$ by m5 :o h n pass$ ?r\gh a simil> p]iod ( s]vitude4 ,if ! door is clos$1 !re is no way ( recruit+ ! trade 9 times ( exp&+ bus9ess4 ,b1 9 g5]al1 prohibition has n prov$ practical1 & o!r ways ( entry are discov]$1 & z ^! ways are easi]1 x is only natural t p %\ld t5d to *oose ! easi] pa?4 ,ind5tur$ appr5tice%ip has nev] escap$ f ?is dilemma2 ei!r ! trade is clos$ to /rang]s :5 !re is no means ( expansion1 or ! trade is op5 :5 !re is no inducem5t to be appr5tic$4 ,! *ange 9 mod]n indu/ry1 ) its t5d5cy to break d[n ! b>ri]s betwe5 trade & trade1 only acc5tuates ! acut5ess ( ! dilemma4 ,f9ally1 assum+ ind5tur$ appr5tice%ip to be bo? practical & desirable1 w\ld x provide a solution = ! problem ( boy lab\r8 ,x is obvi\s t x w\ld only t\* a fr+e ( ! "q4 ,we h already se5 t "s two-?irds ( ! *ildr51 z !y leave ! elem5t>y s*ool1 ent] a =m ( occupation :i* leads only to unskill$ lab\r1 & ev5 = t provides no adequate tra9+4 ,an appr5tice%ip sy/em w\ld n affect ^! two-?irds4 ,a boy _c be appr5tic$ z an err&-boy1 or 9 "o ( ^? work%ops :]e practically only boys are engag$4 ,n only is ?is class ! mo/ important 9 respect ( numb]s2 x is also ! class mo/ urg5tly 9 ne$ ( control4 ,x is "h t deg5]ation & demoralization are mo/ m>k$1 :ile x is "h t ind5tur$ appr5tice%ip (f]s n ev5 a %ad[ ( a rem$y4 ,a sy/em :i* ignores ! majority1 ev5 if x provid$ = ! fav\r$ few1 _c be reg>d$ z af=d+ a possible solution ( ! problem ( boy lab\r4 ,we _c1 !re=e1 look to ! revival ( appr5tice%ip1 ev5 :5 supplem5t$ by te*nical tra9+1 to c>ry u f> on ! road ( re=m4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be a mi/ake to "u-rate ! lessons ( ! exp]im5ts4 ,!y h %[n ! value ( ind5tures z a means ( controll+ ! boy2 !y h %[n ! value ( sympa!tic sup]vision2 & !y h %[n ! value ( ! te*nical s*ool 9 wid5+ ! inadequate tra9+ ( ! work%op4 ,! defects ( ! exp]im5t lay 9 ! necess>y limitations ( ! case4 ,remove ! limitations1 & y remove ! defects4 ,we want univ]sal ind5tures1 univ]sal sup]vision1 univ]sal tra9+4 ,to gu>d aga9/ ! dang]s ( creat+ a privileg$ class ?r\gh ! e/abli%m5t ( an appr5tice%ip sy/em we mu/ see to x t all alike s]ve a p]iod ( appr5tice%ip4 ,obvi\sly1 we _c appr5tice all boys to employ]s2 we mu/1 !re=e1 appr5tice all boys to ! ,/ate4 ,!re is no?+ new 9 ?is proposal4 ,already1 ?r\gh ! law ( compulsory att5dance at s*ool1 all boys are s appr5tic$ betwe5 ! ages ( five & f\rte54 ,:at is necess>y is an ext5sion ( ! p]iod ( an already exi/+ appr5tice%ip sy/em4 ,9 ! se>* ( a means ( prev5t+ an evil1 ! mo/ difficult task is always to exclude ! inadequate & ! irrelevant4 ,:5 all pa?s ( advance1 ) "o exception1 h be5 block$1 !re is no long] any *oice or risk ( los+ "o's way4 ,we h n[ se5 t all ways1 except ! way ( collective control & collective ent]prise1 fail to rea* ! desir$ goal1 &1 hav+ exhau/$ all o!r alt]natives1 mu/ fall back ^u ! ,/ate4 ,"s d ?is will+ly1 "s reluctantly1 b all1 ) a few exceptions t may be disreg>d$1 appeal to ! ,/ate :5 !y are conv9c$ t help c be look$ = f no o!r s\rce4 ,we are n[ 9 t position1 & mu/ frankly face ! situation4 ,fail+ assi/ance 9 any o!r direction1 we mu/ call on ! ,/ate to organize a new appr5tice%ip sy/em4 ,su* a sy/em mu/ make due provision = sup]vision1 tra9+1 & an op5+4 ,x rema9s to be consid]$ h[ ^! ?ree ess5tials c be secur$4 ,i ,,sup]vision4 ,a boy mu/ be "u "s sort ( sup]vision until he rea*es at lea/ ! age ( eighte54 ,su* sup]vision mu/ h respect to 8 physical well-be+ z well z to 8 conduct4 ,nei!r ! home1 nor philan?ropy1 nor ! work%op c be look$ = to provide ?is sup]vision4 ,!y h all fail$1 & t failure is progressive4 ,! ,/ate rema9s z our only hope4 ,! ,/ate has n fail$2 x has made impossible ! wor/ abuses ( *ild lab\r1 & ?r\gh its educational sy/em has be5 an influ5ce = good 9 ! moral & physical developm5t ( ! *ildr54 ,its success has be5 great1 & t success has be5 progressive4 ,:]e x has fail$1 x has fail$ because its sup]vision has be5 )drawn too soon4 ,! rem$y is obvi\s3 we mu/ ext5d ! sph]e ( ,/ate sup]vision4 ,?ree re=ms are urg5tly necess>y3 7#a7 ,! rais+ ( ! age ( compulsory att5dance to fifte52 7#b7 ! complete prohibition ( ! employm5t ( s*ool-*ildr5 = wages2 & 7#c7 ! compulsory att5dance ( lads betwe5 ! ages ( fifte5 & eighte5 at "s place ( education = at lea/ half ! work+ day4 ,) reg>d to ^! proposals1 x may be said t all ?ree are support$ by ! ,m9ority ,report ( ! ,poor ,law ,commission & by ! lab\r organizations :i* h 9 g5]al express$ _! approval ( t ,report4 7#a7 & 7#c7 are ! recomm5dations ( ! ,report ( ! ,education ,committee ( ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 adopt$ unanim\sly by t body 9 ,febru>y1 #aiji2 :ile 7#a7 & 7#c7 also receiv$ a qualifi$ approval f ! ,majority ,report ( ! ,poor ,law ,commission1 & f ! ,report ( ! ,consultative ,committee ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education on ,cont9uation ,s*ools4 ,!y h1 !re=e1 beh9d !m a /rong back+ ( exp]t op9ion4 7a7 ,! ,rais+ ( ! ,s*ool ,age4 ,m ?an t5 ye>s h elaps$ s9ce ,p>liam5t la/ rais$ ! age ( compulsory att5dance4 ,!re is almo/ univ]sal agreem5t t ! "t has come = add+ ano!r ye>4 ,! discipl9e ( ! s*ool is successful :ile x la/s1 b fails 9 p]man5t effect because x is )drawn too soon4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] we saw f ! /udy ( ! c5sus tables t = at lea/ ! fir/ ye> aft] s*ool ! boys h settl$ d[n to no v fix$ employm5t4 ,_m ( ! skill$ trades d n take le>n]s & appr5tices be=e ! age ( fifte54 ,x is cle>1 say ! ,education ,committee ( ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 t ! ye> aft] leav+ s*ool--! ye>1 t is1 betwe5 ! ages ( f\rte5 & fifte5--is = ! *ildr5 conc]n$ a ye> ( unc]ta9ty4 ,ne>ly half are return$ z )\t specifi$ occupation4 ,no d\bt a l>ge proportion ( ! numb] are att5d+ "s place ( education1 b x is no less true t a consid]able numb] are n classifi$1 because = ! "t be+ !y are do+ no?+4 ,!y h ?r[n up "o situation & are look+ out = ano!r4 ,9 ?is respect we mu/ rememb] t x is a common practice--at any rate1 s f> z ! poor] section ( ! community is conc]n$--= ! *ildr51 & n _! p>5ts1 to select = !mselves ! =m ( occupation & f9d = !mselves situations4 ,! *ildr5 are too "y to *oose wisely1 &1 z a natural consequ5ce1 %ift f place to place until !y discov] some?+ t suits _! ta/e or ability4 ,x w\ld be difficult to imag9e a m unsatisfactory me?od ( tra9+4 ,till ! age ( f\rte5 !y are c>efully look$ aft] 9 s*ool2 at ! age ( f\rte5 !y are set free f all =ms ( discipl9e1 & become practically _! own ma/]s4 ,we mu/ n1 !re=e1 be surpris$ t "u su* conditions ! effect ( ! s*ool tra9+ is transi5t1 & ! l>ge am\nt ( money sp5t on _! education to a great ext5t wa/$4 #agd ,&1 summ+ up ! :ole case = ! rais+ ( ! s*ool age1 ! ,education ,committee say3 ,! advantages ( keep+ *ildr5 at s*ool until ! age ( fifte5 are _m & obvi\s4 ,!y receive an extra ye>'s in/ruction at a "t :5 !y are mo/ apt to le>n2 !y are kept = ano!r ye> "u discipl9e j at ! p]iod :5 x is easie/ to influ5ce p]man5tly ! developm5t ( "*4 ,) ! ext5sion !y escape ! ye> ( aimless drift+ f occupation to occupation1 &1 :5 call$ on to *oose a pr(ession1 !y w h a ye>'s extra exp]i5ce to help !m 9 ! *oice4 ,we may hope t "u ^! new conditions ! t5d5cy to foll[ ! l9e ( greate/ initial wages w decrease1 & be replac$ by a t5d5cy to consid] z ( p>am\nt importance prospects ( tra9+ & hope ( future advancem5t4 #age ,9 rais+ ! s*ool age we %\ld take ! opportunity ( gett+ rid ( c]ta9 anomalies :i* n[ exi/4 ,:ile = ! va/ majority ( *ildr5 9 ,london & _m o!r places att5dance is compulsory up to ! age ( f\rte51 exemption is possible at ! age ( twelve & ?irte5 = a small m9ority4 ,9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! c\ntry l>ge numb]s ( *ildr5 are all[$ to leave be=e ! age ( f\rte54 ,x is un=tunate t x is ! clev]e/ *ildr5 :o are entitl$ to ?is e>li] exemption4 ,we are "h look+ at ! problem ( appr5tice%ip f ! /&po9t ( sup]vision1 & 9 ! case ( sup]vision age & n m5tal atta9m5t mu/ be ! det]m9+ pr9ciple4 ,! bright precoci\s boy ( twelve or ?irte5 is precisely ! boy :o /&s mo/ 9 ne$ ( control4 ,morally & physically he is likely to suff] f ! effects ( premature fre$om4 ,! sleepy dull>d1 :o is kept at s*ool until f\rte51 c\ld be fre$ f discipl9e at an e>li] age1 ) less risk ( s]i\s h>m4 ,9 rais+1 !n1 ! age ( compulsory att5dance to fifte51 we mu/ aboli% ! privileges ( exemption & ! p[]s ( local option1 & enact t all *ildr5 %all att5d s*ool full "t until !y rea* ! age ( fifte54 7b7 ,! ,prohibition ( ,*ild ,lab\r4 ,mu* space has 9 ?is volume be5 devot$ to ! task ( demon/rat+ ! ext5t & ! evils ( *ild lab\r4 ,x has be5 %[n t any?+ except ! v lighte/ employm5t is physically injuri\s4 ,x has be5 made cle> t ! "w 9 :i* *ildr5 are engag$ is frequ5tly demoraliz+1 :ile x nev] paves ! way to ent]+ a skill$ trade :5 s*ool is left4 ,!y are ess5tially bl9d-alley occupations4 ,fur!r1 we h se5 good reason to believe t ! habit ( e>n+ money & ! precoci\s s5se ( indep5d5ce s enc\rag$ are n 9 ! be/ int]e/s ( ord] & discipl9e4 ,we note ! evil 9 its wor/ =m "u ! half-"t sy/em4 ,! half-tim]s1 we are told1 become clev] at rep>tee & 9 ! use ( 'manni%' phrases1 :i* s\nd clev] :5 !y d>e use !m4 ,!y lose _! *ildi% habits 444 "s ( ! boys comm5ce to smoke & to use bad language4 #agf ,f9ally1 x has be5 prov$ t limitation ( ! h\rs ( employm5t 9 ! case ( s*ool-*ildr5 is 9 practice impossible2 !re is no ready way ( detect+ brea*es ( ! law4 ,we are1 !re=e1 driv5 to ! conclusion t1 unless ! evils are to rema9--& ?is is n tol]able--we mu/ prohibit altoge!r ! employm5t = wages ( *ildr5 liable to att5d s*ool full "t4 ,v>i\s objections are made to ! proposal4 ,we are told by _m ( ! witnesses :o appe>$ be=e ! ,int]dep>tm5tal ,committee on ,wage-e>n+ ,*ildr5 t a little light "w 0 good = boys2 x kept !m out ( mis*ief4 ,ignor+ ! difficulties ( insur+ t ! "w %all be little & light1 !y d n seem to make out _! case4 ,9 ,london1 z has be5 %[n1 n m ?an a qu>t] ( ! boys dur+ ! c\rse ( _! s*ool "t are ev] engag$ s]i\sly 9 paid employm5t4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! "w 0 b5eficial1 we %\ld expect to f9d 9 ! aft]-c>e] ( ! #be p] c5t4 evid5ce ( ! advantages !y h enjoy$1 & 9 ! case ( ! #ge p] c5t4 signs ( failure due to _! less =tunate tra9+4 ,b all exp]i5ce po9ts 9 ! opposite direction4 ,x is ! #be p] c5t4 :o drift mo/ g5]ally into ! bl9d-alley occupations2 x is f ?is #be p] c5t4 t ! majority ( hooligans & y\?ful crim9als are recruit$4 ,x is also argu$ t !re are c]ta9 tasks :i* only *ildr5 c p]=m1 because !y occupy only a small portion ( ! day4 ,pap]s mu/ be deliv]$ & milk left at p's h\ses4 ,b 9 ,g]many mu* ( ?is "w is done by old m51#agg & ev5 9 ?is c\ntry ! knock]-up 9 ! morn+ is n a *ild1 b an old man4 ,employ]s 9 ! textile trades decl>$ t x is only by beg9n+ "y t *ildr5 c acquire ! necess>y quickness & deftness ( t\*4 ,b z ^! trades absorb 9 ! adult s]vice only a small proportion ( ! *ildr5 engag$1 & see+ t 9 _m in/ances ! half-"t sy/em has be5 dropp$ z uneconomic1 !re does n seem mu* =ce 9 ?is objection4 ,moreov]1 x _c be beyond ! p[] ( manual tra9+ 9 ! s*ools to provide a fitt+ & less injuri\s sub/itute4 ,! argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ! cont9u$ employm5t ( s*ool-*ildr5 are ! argum5ts ( ! old _w1 & ! new _w is becom+ a little tir$ ( ! argum5ts ( ^! old-_w p4 ,! "t has come to make a /&1 & insi/ t = all *ildr5 !re %all be insur$ ! bless+s ( *ildhood4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ?is direction lies 9 mak+ x impossible = !m to ent] ! ranks ( ! wage-e>n]s z long z _! names rema9 on ! roll ( ! elem5t>y s*ool4 7c7 ,! ,new ,half-,"t ,sy/em4 ,! proposals = rais+ ! s*ool age & = prohibit+ *ild lab\r dur+ t p]iod w d mu* to /r5g!n ! sy/em ( sup]vision4 ,ano!r ye> ( s*ool discipl9e2 ano!r ye> ( m$ical inspection & m$ical treatm5t2 protection dur+ ano!r ye> f ! evil effects ( ov]work & f ! demoralization due to bl9d-alley occupations & premature e>n+--^! re=ms w br+ u "s way on our j\rney t[>ds ! new appr5tice%ip1 b !y w n br+ u ! :ole way4 ,!re rema9 ! ?ree ye>s :i* lie betwe5 ! ages ( fifte5 & eighte51 & include ! great] "p ( ! p]iod ( adolesc5ce--9 "s respects ! mo/ important p]iod 9 ! developm5t ( a human be+4 ,x is dur+ ^! ye>s t "* beg9s to take its p]man5t set2 x is dur+ ^! ye>s t1 ) ! com+ ( pub]ty1 !re is mo/ risk ( ugly & dang]\s outbreaks2 x is dur+ ^! ye>s t physical heal? dem&s ! mo/ c>eful att5tion2 & x is dur+ ^! ye>s t1 ) ! exception ( ! failures ( civilization--! physically1 ! m5tally1 & ! morally defective--!re is no real sup]vision or1 "u exi/+ conditions1 any hope ( secur+ x4 ,to all[ irresponsible fre$om dur+ ^! ye>s is to c\rt disa/]2 to give x sudd5ly & 9 an unqualifi$ degree1 z x is giv5 n[ :5 ! s*ool c>e] is br\ght to an abrupt end1 is to foll[ a c\rse condemn$ by all educationali/s4 ,no p>5t1 ev5 ! mo/ ?\ghtless1 among ! well-to-d classes w\ld ?9k ( treat+ 8 son 9 ?is fa%ion4 ,8 :ole s*eme ( education is f\nd$ on ! pr9ciple ( a sl[ & gradual loos5+ ( ! bonds ( discipl9e4 ,! close sup]vision ( ! private s*ool is replac$ by ! l>g] lib]ty ( ! public s*ool1 :i* 9 turn op5s into ! great] b /ill re/rict$ fre$om ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,fre$om mu/ come sl[ly4 ,we want a bridge betwe5 ! elem5t>y s*ool ( ! boy & ! full-"t work%op ( ! man4 ,su* a bridge w\ld be creat$ by ! e/abli%m5t ( ! propos$ half-"t sy/em4 ,= half ! day--or at any rate1 = half 8 "t--! lad betwe5 ! ages ( fifte5 & eighte5 w\ld be compell$ to att5d a place ( education1 & only dur+ ! rema9+ half be p]mitt$ to und]take employm5t = wages4 ,! advantages ( ?is proposal are _m4 ,fir/1 ! influ5ce ( ! s*ool w\ld be reta9$ = an additional ?ree ye>s1 & "u ! half-"t sy/em ! fre$om ( ! y\?ful wage-e>n] w\ld f9d a suitable limitation 9 ! half-"t control ( ! s*ool4 ,secondly1 we %\ld h ! opportunity ( ano!r ?ree ye>s' m$ical inspection & m$ical treatm5t4 ,) sup]vision ov] ! heal? ( ! community cont9u$ until ! age ( eighte5 we might fairly anticipate a rapid improvem5t 9 ! physical effici5cy ( ! work]4 ,9 p>ticul>1 we %\ld be able to detect1 9 a way n[ impossible1 ! effects ( v>i\s =ms ( employm5t on ^? engag$ 9 !m4 ,inspection "u ! provisions ( ! ,factory & ,work%ops ,act1 z has be5 %[n1 is too limit$ 9 "* to d m ?an pick out a few "y p]sons obvi\sly unfit = ! occupation !y h select$2 b1 ) ! education au?ority responsible = ! heal? ( juv5iles1 & us+ to ! full ext5t its p[]s to provide prev5tive measures or to veto 9 ! case ( c]ta9 individuals c]ta9 =ms ( "w1 we %\ld h gone f> to secure t no "o %\ld ent] on or rema9 9 a trade = :i* he 0 physically unfit4 ,?irdly1 z already %[n1 a half-"t sy/em is ! only really effective way ( limit+ ! h\rs ( juv5ile employm5t4 ,if ! lad is compell$ to be else:]e ?an 9 ! work%op = half 8 "t1 we h an automatic *eck on excessive "w4 ,o!r advantages ( ?is sy/em w appe> :5 we come to deal ) que/ions ( tra9+ & ! provision ( an op5+4 ,! half-"t sy/em %\ld be made compulsory ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry2 x ought n to be left to local option to decide4 ,! local rat+ au?ority naturally wi%es to enc\rage ! e/abli%m5t ( work%ops & factories )9 its area1 & w\ld be unwill+ to adopt ,acts :i* might prove a det]r5t4 ,x w\ld be a mo/ unsatisfactory /ate ( affairs = employ]s to evade ! _s ( ! law by mov+ into di/ricts :]e ! law 0 n en=c$4 ,x is a little un=tunate t ! ,education 7,scotl&7 ,act1 #aijh1 :i* all[s a limit$ am\nt ( compulsion 9 connection ) cont9uation s*ools1 is f\nd$ on ! pr9ciple ( local option4 ,! recomm5dations ( ! ,consultative ,committee ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education are vitiat$ 9 a simil> way4 ,local option c nev] be really successful4 ,x w elect to act only :]e !re is lea/ opposition f employ]s--9 o!r words1 :]e action is lea/ necess>y2 & x w d no?+ :]e boy lab\r is mo/ exploit$ & regulation mo/ urg5tly requir$4 ,9 "o direction alone c local option be all[$ ) advantage4 ,x may be p]mitt$ to decide on ! precise k9d or k9ds ( half-"t to be en=c$ )9 _! area4 ,boys might att5d s*ool on ! half-day sy/em or on ! alt]nate day sy/em4 ,or1 aga91 !y might sp5d ?ree days 9 ! work%op & ?ree days 9 ! s*ool1 or "u c]ta9 circum/ances devote six mon?s ( ! ye> to ! work%op & ! rema9+ six mon?s to ! s*ool4 ,x w\ld be desirable to all[ ! local au?ority consid]able lib]ty 9 _! me?ods ( adapt+ ! half-"t sy/em to ! special ne$s ( ! trades ( ! di/rict1 provid$ always t a true half-"t sy/em 0 e/abli%$4 ,!re is no s]i\s difficulty 9 ! way ( compell+ att5dance at ! half-"t s*ool4 ,x w\ld be en=c$ j z att5dance at ! elem5t>y s*ool is en=c$1 & by ! same (fic]s4 ,fur!r1 no employ] w\ld be p]mitt$ to employ a boy betwe5 ! ages ( fifte5 & eighte5 :o c\ld n %[ satisfactory evid5ce ( att5dance at s*ool4 ,or if1 z may be ! case1 x is f\nd desirable to p]mit boys to be engag$ only by means ( ! ,lab\r ,ex*ange1 ! ,lab\r ,ex*ange itself w\ld prove a mo/ effective way ( en=c+ att5dance4 ,!re is no?+ new or impracticable 9 ! pr9ciple ( ! proposal4 ,compulsory att5dance at cont9uation s*ools c be requir$ 9 ,scotl&4 ,su* att5dance is compulsory 9 p>ts ( ,g]many & ,switz]l&4#agh ,x is exact$ by c]ta9 employ]s 9 ?is c\ntry f _! appr5tices4 ,fur!r1 ! fact t = _m ye>s ! half-"t sy/em has be5 9 use 9 ! case ( _m important indu/ries1 & t5s ( ?\s&s ( *ildr5 s employ$1 demon/rates cle>ly en\gh t !re is no?+ impossible 9 ! application ( a half-"t sy/em to juv5iles4 ,x w\ld1 no d\bt1 cause "s inconv5i5ce1 & "s employ]s might disp5se ) ! s]vices ( juv5iles2 b no m difficulty w\ld arise ?an has aris5 :5 any fre% regulations h be5 impos$2 & we %\ld see1 z we h always done 9 ! pa/1 ! employ]s :o pr$ict$ inevitable ru9 be=e ! ev5t1 z soon z ! proposal became law adapt !mselves1 ) t placid cont5t & admirable success :i* !y h always display$ aft] ! ev5t1 to ! new condition ( affairs4 7d7 ,! ,p>5ts' ,po9t ( ,view4 ,! ?ree proposals j made h "o *>act]i/ic 9 common-!y all directly set a limit to ! employm5t ( *ildr5 & "y p]sons4 ,x is possible t "s read]s may reg>d !m f ano!r po9t ( view1 & say t 9 limit+ employm5t !y s]i\sly dim9i% ! income ( ! family4 ,w ! poor p>5t1 ^: lot is pitiable en\gh z ?+s are1 be able to /& ! loss8 ,9 consid]+ ?is1 ! p>5ts' po9t ( view1 we mu/ gu>d aga9/ be+ caught 9 ! noose ( a vici\s circle4 ,we mu/ n p]petuate an evil 9 ord] to mitigate its pres5t effects4 ,_m1 probably mo/1 ( ^? p>5ts ^: income hov]s ab\t ! m>g9 ( possible exi/5ce are 9 ?is pitiful position because _! own *ildhood has be5 neglect$4 ,z *ildr51 !y h be5 ov]work$1 & !y are n[ physically unfit = regul> employm5t2 z *ildr51 !y h be5 all[$ to g uncontroll$ & untra9$1 & n[1 z m51 !y are pay+ a heavy tax = ! e>n+s ( _! boyhood4 ,!y receive little because !y are wor? little2 _! "w is prec>i\s because ! sph]e ( _! usefulness is small4 ,we mu/ n all[ _! *ildr5 to live z !y liv$ :5 *ildr51 & s pass on to ! next g5]ation ! ta9t ( ineffici5cy & its consequ5t wages ( />vation m]ely because to-day wages ( />vation ne$ to be supplem5t$4 ,we c nev] hope to ov]take & pass an evil if we always ca/ x 9 front ( u4 ,! "o cle> message to ! re=m] ( to-day is t he %\ld look to prev5tion1 & n m]ely to cure2 & ! "o cle> hope ( a nation's future lies 9 insur+ to e y\?1 z he crosses ! ?re%old ( manhood1 ! fulle/ realization ( t developm5t ^: promise 0 8 at bir?4 ,x might be well wor? :ile = a c\ntry lavi%ly to end[ pov]ty = a g5]ation 9 ord] to free itself once = all f its fatal infection4 ,b !re is no reason to believe t we mu/ resort to ?is dra/ic measure because !re is no reason to believe t ! propos$ re/rictions ( *ild lab\r w 9 any way injure ! p>5ts4 ,take fir/ ! e>n+s ( s*ool-*ildr54 ,!re is v little reason to believe t !y (t5 make any effective contribution to ! income ( ! home4 ,!y are irregul>1 !y are small1 & v frequ5tly ! boys reta9 !m z pocket-money4 ,:]e !y are l>ge1 z 9 ! case ( *ildr5 employ$ dur+ ! pantomime season1 !y (t5 =m a conv5i5t excuse = ! p>5t to g idle = a "t4 ,! only l>ge exception to ?is rule is ! case ( ! wid[4 ,"h1 inde$1 ! e>n+s d usually f9d _! way home1 mat]ially increase ! mis]able pittance all[$ by ! gu>dians1 & mu/ be reg>d$ z a tax levi$ on *ildr5 9 aid ( ! ratepay]4 ,humanity & a re=m$ ,poor ,law may be tru/$ to remove ! tax4 ,take next ! rais+ ( ! s*ool age to fifte54 ,! age has n be5 rais$ = m ?an t5 ye>s1 & :5 x 0 la/ rais$ x 0 rais$ )\t friction & )\t compla9t on ! "p ( ! p>5t4 ,we might1 p]haps1 h expect$ t ! p]c5tage ( att5dance w\ld h decreas$ because ( ! difficulty ( en=c+ x on ! *ildr5 ( pov]ty-/rick5 p>5ts4 ,?is has n be5 ! exp]i5ce2 inde$1 ! la/ decade has be5 rem>kable = ! rapid rise 9 t p]c5tage4 ,!re is n a scrap ( evid5ce to %[ t ! la/ rais+ ( ! s*ool age caus$ ev5 tempor>y suff]+ on a l>ge scale4 ,nev] 0 a l>ge re=m c>ri$ out ) great] ease4 ,!re is no reason to believe t1 if we rais$ ! age aga91 t fav\rable exp]i5ce w\ld n be repeat$4 ,we come n[ to ! new half-"t sy/em4 ,! e>n+s ( boys betwe5 fifte5 & eighte5 ye>s are consid]able4 ,to dim9i% !m by "o-half1 x is urg$1 w\ld be to adopt a c\rse :i* w\ld prove intol]able to ! poor p>5t4 ,n[1 9 ! fir/ place1 ?\gh x is true t ! lads c\ld be employ$ = only half ! "t !y 7 be=e1 x by no means foll[s t !y w\ld only receive half ! pres5t money4 ,we h already se5 t ! dem& = boys f> outruns ! supply4 ,! half-"t sy/em w\ld halve ! supply1 &1 ?\gh "s employ]s might cease to use boys1 ! dem& w\ld c]ta9ly n be halv$4 ,! dem& = boys w\ld !n consid]ably exce$ ! dem& ( to-day4 ,! rate ( wages w\ld1 9 consequ5ce1 rise4 ,! boys w\ld no d\bt e>n less1 b c]ta9ly m ?an half ( :at !y n[ e>n4 ,9 ! next place1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! p>5t r>ely receives ! :ole ( ! boy's e>n+s ev5 dur+ ! fir/ ye>1 & ea* ye> ! proportion ( wages t comes to ! home gr[s less4 ,at ! age ( sev5te5 x is seldom t m ?an half f9ds its way into ! family ex*equ]4 ,! boy keeps ! re/1 &1 z we h already se51 ! l>ge am\nt ( money he has to sp5d on himself is by no means an unmix$ b5efit4 ,! p>5t _c usually get f ! boy mu* m ?an is requir$ to keep him2 inde$1 he is afraid to enl>ge 8 dem& le/ ! boy1 :o is economically indep5d5t1 %\ld leave home4 ,b "u ! half-"t sy/em1 ?\gh he may e>n 8 keep1 he w r>ely e>n en\gh to support himself outside ! family4 ,9 addition1 ! fact ( be+ compell$ to att5d s*ool w be a heal?y rem9d] t he is n yet a man1 & s *eck ! gr[+ _s ( indep5d5ce4 ,home influ5ce & p>5tal au?ority w ?us be /r5g!n$1 & ! fa!r w be able to exact a mu* l>g] %>e ?an be=e ( ! boy's e>n+s4 ,n[1 if ! e>n+s are n dim9i%$ by s mu* z half1 & if at ! same "t ! p>5t obta9 an increas$ proportion1 x is by no means cle> t ! home affairs w suff]4 ,among ! poore/ families1 :]e home discipl9e ceases altoge!r :5 ! boy leaves s*ool1 x is q possible t ! f9ancial position ( ! p>5t w be improv$ r ?an wors5$4 ,b we h n yet tak5 into acc\nt :at is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ important consid]ation4 ,! ?ree proposals "u discussion w und\bt$ly l>gely dim9i% ! am\nt ( "w p]=m$ by boys1 b w n dim9i% ! am\nt ( "w t requires to be done4 ,somebody mu/ take up ! tasks =m]ly allott$ to boys1 &1 if boys fail1 m5 mu/ fill _! place4 ,n[1 ! "w 0 giv5 to boys because1 to give x to m5 w\ld co/ m4 ,9 future1 ! "w w be giv5 to m51 & m money w be paid = x ?an be=e4 ,9 o!r words1 ! increas$ e>n+s ( m5 w m ?an make up = ! dim9i%$ e>n+s ( boys1 & mu* m ?an comp5sate = ! loss1 because1 z we h se51 only a portion ( ! boys' e>n+s ev] rea* ! home4 ,or we may look at ! "q f ano!r po9t ( view1 & say t ! decreas$ use ( boys w mean an increase 9 ! dem& = m51 &1 consequ5tly1 an increase 9 ! wages ( m54 ,! ,m9ority ,report ( ! ,poor ,law ,commission arrives at ^! ?ree proposals by />t+ f ! opposite po9t ( view1 & advocates _! adoption n prim>ily = ! good ( ! boys1 b = ! good ( _! p>5ts4 ,9 ! task ( decasualiz+ lab\r1 !y are met ) ! difficulty t a consid]able numb] ( m5 w 9 ! process be ?r[n out ( employm5t altoge!r4 ,"w mu/ be f\nd = !m1 & ! easie/ & ! be/ way to f9d x is %[n to be ! )drawal f ! lab\r m>ket ( p]sons1 l *ildr51 :o ought n ei!r to be employ$ at all or to be employ$ = su* long h\rs z at pres5t4 ,h5ce arises ! sugge/ion ( a rigid limitation ( boy lab\r4 ,x is mu* 9 fav\r ( ^! proposals t !y are ! outcome ( an elaborate analysis :i* 9 ! "o case beg9s ) ! man1 & 9 ! o!r ) ! *ild4 ,we may take x1 !n1 z cle> t1 f ! p>5ts' po9t ( view1 !re is no?+ to h9d] u 9 rais+ ! s*ool age to fifte51 prohibit+ ! employm5t ( s*ool-*ildr51 & in/itut+ a new half-"t sy/em4 ,,ii4 ,,tra9+4 ,! second ess5tial 9 an appr5tice%ip sy/em wor?y ! "n is ! provision ( adequate tra9+4 ,! ^w tra9+ is us$ 9 its broade/ s5se to include prep>ation1 n only = ! life ( ! workman1 b = ! life ( ! citiz5 z well4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] we h se5 t ! s*ol>%ip s*emes1 connect+ ! elem5t>y s*ool ) ! ,univ]sity1 & rapidly increas+ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 are (f]+ opportunities ( tra9+ = ^? likely to rise high 9 ! pr(essional1 ! comm]cial1 & ! indu/rial _w4 ,x is probable t suffici5t att5tion has n z yet be5 giv5 to ! supply ( ! mo/ advanc$ k9d ( te*nological in/ruction1 b ! fault is be+ rem$i$1 & ! defect is due r to lack ( k ?an to lack ( w2 & x is ! in/ruction1 & n ! facilities ( access to x1 t is want+4 ,:at we are conc]n$ ) 9 ?is *apt] is ! tra9+ ( ^? de/9$ to fill ! po/s ( =em5 & manag]s ( small und]tak+s1 ( ! skill$ workm5 ( ! future1 & ( ^? nev] likely to rise above ! ranks ( unskill$ lab\r4 ,we are also conc]n$ ) ^? :o w occupy correspond+ positions 9 ! comm]cial _w4 ,x has already be5 %[n t ! tra9+ ( ^! p]sons is "o-sid$ & inadequate1 &1 9 ! case ( ! majority1 c h>dly be said to exi/ at all4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we h se5 good reason to believe t ! te*nical s*ool c be1 if n a complete sub/itute = ! work%op1 at any rate a necess>y & fitt+ supplem5t4 ,! day has gone by :5 x 0 necess>y to argue at l5g? ! uses ( te*nical in/ruction4 ,employ]s 9 ?is c\ntry1 z !y h long s9ce done on ! ,cont95t & 9 ,am]ica1 recognize ! advantages4 ,ye>ly1 :e!r by compell+ ! lads 9 _! s]vice to att5d ! te*nical s*ool1 or =m+ !mselves into committees to advise z to ! mo/ desirable me?ods ( tea*+1 !y are display+ a ke5] int]e/ 9 ! "q1 & a full] fai? 9 ! possibilities ( practical tra9+ giv5 outside ! walls ( ! work%op4 ,! defect ( exi/+ arrangem5ts has be5 %[n to lie 9 _! limitation4 ,= ! majority te*nical in/ruction has be5 unsatisfactory or impossible ( access4 ,we mu/ %[ 9 ! pres5t *apt] h[ all may enjoy ! advantages ( tra9+2 b be=e do+ s we mu/ consid]1 a little m closely ?an has be5 done be=e1 ! k9d ( tra9+ requir$ by ! petty (fic]s & ! rank & file ( ! indu/rial army4 ,9 mu* ( ! prec$+ discussion x has be5 assum$ t :at ! man wants is an all-r\nd tra9+4 ,?is is und\bt$ly a fact1 b by an all-r\nd tra9+ is n necess>ily meant a tra9+ t w produce a craftsman ( ! old s*ool1 equally capable ( turn+ 8 h& successfully to any ( ! op]ations ) :i* 8 trade is conc]n$4 ,except 9 rural di/ricts1 9 a few ( ! arti/ic crafts1 & 9 c]ta9 bran*es ( repair+ "w1 a man ( ?is k9d is n g5]ally requir$4 ,x seems probable t ! indu/rial t5d5cies ( to-day are mak+ decreas+ dem&s = purely manual skill4 ,! ,report ( ! ,poor ,law ,commission conta9s a valuable discussion ( ! "q1 & sums up ! conclusions 9 ! foll[+ passage3 ,! g5]al tr5d ( our answ]s 0 t ! 'skill' ( mod]n indu/ry is sc>cely comp>able ) ! skill ( lab\r 9 ! pa/4 ,"o might say t1 )9 tw5ty ye>s1 ) ! univ]sal employm5t ( ma*9]y & ! excessive subdivision & specialization ( its use1 ! "* ( ! productive process has q *ang$4 ,!re is a gr[+ dem& = high] intellig5ce on ! "p ( ! few2 a l>ge & probably gr[+ dem& = specializ$ ma*9e-m9d]s2 &1 unhappily1 a relegation ( ^? :o _c adapt !mselves to a q inf]ior1 if n worse paid1 position4 ,if1 !n1 ! 'skill' :i* we might h look$ = & desir$ is :at might be call$ 'craftsman%ip1' we mu/ conclude t ! dem& = skill is1 on ! :ole1 decl9+4 ,! all-r\nd ability :i* us$ hon\rably to m>k out ! me*anic is no long] 9 dem&1 s mu* z ! "w ( ! highly specializ$ ma*9e-m9d]4 #agi ,b if !re seems a less dem& = all-r\nd skill1 !re appe>s to be an increas+ dem& = tra9$ intellig5ce4 ,9 ! great] indu/ries employ+ adult male lab\r1 'ma*9]y' does n 9 ! lea/ resemble ! long l9es ( revolv+ sp9dles "o sees 9 a cotton mill4 ,9 ! ma*9e tools ( an eng9e]+ %op !re is comp>atively little ( su* automatism1 &1 ev5 :]e ! ma*9es are automatic1 s+le m5 are put 9 *>ge ( a numb] ( ma*9es1 & ! sett+ & sup]vis+ ( ^! is "w probably dem&+ a high] level ( intellig5ce ?an ev] be=e4 ',i %\ld say ! skill$ m5 require ev5 m skill ?an !y did1' says ,mr4 ,b>nes1 'because ( ! f9] "w & m intricate ma*9]y4444 ,side by side ) automatic ma*9es !re has come ab\t m intricate & highly complicat$ ma*9]y4' ',! semi-skill$ ( to-day1' says ,sir ,b5jam9 ,c4 ,br[n1 'is 9 _m cases z good z ! skill$ 0 a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago4' #ahj ,or1 z ano!r witness puts x3 ,! t5d5cy ( ma*9]y is always to cause a sub/itution ( intellig5ce = dext]ity1 ! p]son :o 0 9 effect a ma*9e by reason ( 8 dext]ity giv+ place to "o :o c\ld und]/& a direct & me*anical process4 #aha ,!re seems also good reason to believe t ! dem& = intellig5ce outruns ! supply4 ,9 ! workm51 usually class$ z skill$1 ! employ] requires intellig5ce1 b he wants some?+ m2 he wants tru/wor?9ess1 & frequ5tly a c]ta9 highly specializ$ manual dext]ity4 ,! tra9+ ( ! work%op c supply ! ?ird ( ^! qualifications2 x _c1 h[ev]1 supply ! o!r two1 :i* are 9 ! ma9 ! products ( education4 ,b betwe5 ! second & ! ?ird !re is a c]ta9 antagonism4 ,monotony 9 ! work%op does n cultivate intellig5ce2 x is actively ho/ile to su* gr[?4 ,unless !re is a well-tra9$ intellig5ce to beg9 )1 ! cont9ual p]=mance ( a s+le task w r$uce ! man to ! level ( a m]e ma*9e4 ,n[1 ! employ] does n want a m]e ma*9e2 if he did1 9 ^! days ( inv5tive g5ius1 he w\ld soon discov] some?+ m reliable 9 ! way ( ma*9es ?an fle% & blood4 ,he wants a ma*9e ) intellig5ce2 he mu/ !re=e h a man4 ,b ! intellig5ce mu/ re/ on a broad basis ( education1 or ! ma*9e elem5t w prove too mu* = x4 ,?is is ! reason ( ! /atem5t1 f\nd s (t5 9 evid5ce on te*nical tra9+ giv5 by enlight5$ employ]s1 t :at is mo/ly requir$ is a good g5]al education4 ,n[ we are com+ to see t a g5]al education does n imply a c]ta9 specific syllabus ( in/ruction2 x may be ! result ( ! mo/ v>i$ k9ds ( in/ruction4 ,we h ceas$ to take ! n>r[ view t x consi/s only 9 book-le>n+ & aptness ) ! p54 ,we h recogniz$ t manual tra9+ may rightly play a l>ge "p 9 any sy/em ( education1 & = ! full developm5t ( c]ta9 types ( m9d is absolutely indisp5sable4 ,consequ5tly1 ?\gh ! employ] does n ne$ ! man ( all-r\nd skill1 !re is no reason :y ! workman %\ld n acquire a g5]al use ( ! tools employ$ 9 8 trade4 ,:atev] x may be to ! employ]1 ! possession ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( all-r\nd skill is n a matt] ( indiff]5ce to ! workman4 ,if he c boa/ skill 9 a s+le op]ation alone1 ! bridge t lifts him above ! gulf ( unskill$ lab\r is v fragile4 ,a *ange 9 dem& or a new inv5tion may any day r5d] 8 specializ$ skill useless1 & precipitate him into t gulf :5ce is no escape4 ,b ?is is n ! case ) ! man :o has receiv$ an all-r\nd tra9+4 ,?ru/ out ( "o bran* ( ! trade1 he c1 if intellig5t1 comp>atively easily f9d an op5+ 9 ano!r4 ,! all-r\nd skill1 ?\gh n requir$ 9 ! work%op1 is necess>y to ! man if 8 position 9 ! skill$ lab\r m>ket is to be secure4 ,9 a s5se1 ! measure ( 8 all-r\nd skill is ! measure ( ! /ability ( 8 indu/rial /atus4 ,fur!r1 ! possession ( all-r\nd skill is a necess>y condition ( ! possession ( intellig5ce4 ,x gives a man a cle>] insight into ! significance ( 8 trade1 & robs monotony ( "s "p ( its s\l-kill+ p[]4 ,pure specialization is ho/ile to intellig5ce2 ! man :o c only d "o ?+ _c d t "o ?+ well4 ,f9ally1 f ^! skill$ workm5 mu/ be *os5 ! =em5 & small manag]s1 & ^! p mu/ possess ! wid] k & a m v>i$ skill4 ,to a l>ge ext5t at ! pres5t "t !y are n recruit$ f ! l>ge work%op2 !y come f ! c\ntry di/rict1 :]e ?is all-r\nd skill c /ill be acquir$4 ,b1 z we h se51 ?is supply is n inexhau/ible1 & !re are signs t ! me?ods ( ! indu/rial revolution are invad+ ! village4 ,unless1 !re=e1 we are prep>$ to see a sc>city ( tra9$ =em5 9 ! future1 we mu/ to-day aim at produc+ ! skill$ workman1 :o is at once intellig5t & possesses a g5]al k ( ! tools ( 8 trade4 ,we d n to-day1 says ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,furness1 want m5 :o are all-r\nd at build+ m>9e eng9es2 we d ne$ m5 :o are all-r\nd me*anical eng9e]s--m5 :o c apply ! pr9ciples ( _! craft to any =m ( ma*9]y t may be call$ =4 ,t is a class ( tra9+ :i* _c be a*iev$ by any sy/em ( appr5tice%ip1 & is ess5tially a matt] :i* ! gov]n+ au?ority mu/ h&le if ?is c\ntry is to ma9ta9 its position 9 ! indu/rial _w4 #ahb ,! *>act]i/ics1 says ! ,consultative ,committee1 t employ]s mo/ value & mo/ deplore ! lack ( w\ld appe> to be g5]al h&9ess 7:i* is really to a l>ge ext5t a m5tal quality71 adaptability & al]tness1 habits ( obs]vation--& ! p[] to express ! ?+ obs]v$--accuracy1 res\rcefulness1 ! ability to grapple ) new unfamili> conditions1 ! habit ( apply+ "o's m9d & "o's k to :at "o has to d4 #ahc ,x is cle> t )9 ! n>r[ sph]e ( ! work%op an all-r\nd tra9+ ( ?is k9d c nev] be secur$4 ,we mu/ look1 !n1 to ! elem5t>y s*ools supplem5t$ by ! te*nical in/itute1 to insure to ! workm5 an all-r\nd intellig5ce & a g5]al k ( ! use ( tools employ$ 9 8 trade4 ,= comm]ce1 intellig5ce & an all-r\nd tra9+ are no less necess>y4 ,y produce a bett] cl]k1 x has be5 said1 if ! boy takes an indu/rial r ?an a comm]cial c\rse4 ,!re is !re=e no conflict ( int]e/ betwe5 :at ! employ] wants & :at ! workman wants4 ,! employ] wants intellig5ce1 & _c get x f a workman :o does n possess a g5]al k ( 8 trade4 ,! workman wants an all-r\nd k ( 8 trade because )\t x 8 position z a skill$ artisan is prec>i\s & at ! m]cy ( e new inv5tion or *ange 9 fa%ion4 ,we h hi!rto spok5 z if all 7 skill$ workm51 & z ?\gh ! unskill$ lab\r] did n exi/4 ,n[1 !re are at ! pres5t "t huge armies ( m5 t c by no /ret* ( imag9ation be reg>d$ z skill$ at any?+2 b x is by no means cle> t x is desirable = ?is huge army to cont9ue z su*4 ,x is g5]ally assum$ t ! p]=mance ( s-call$ unskill$ "w requires no tra9+ & makes no dem& on skill4 ,?is is a grave mi/ake2 let anyone1 )\t previ\s exp]i5ce1 try a day's digg+ 9 8 g>d51 & he w realize ! fact4 ,b x is n m]ely a "q ( manual tra9+ & practice2 ! unskill$ lab\r]1 to be effici5t1 ne$s intellig5ce4 ,skill$ & unskill$ "w call =1 9 ?is age ( ma*9es1 m intellig5ce ?an 0 want$ 9 ! pa/4 ,almo/ ev]yone n[adays uses a ma*9e ( "s sort2 & !re c be no "q t 9 su* use !re is a s]i\s lack ( intellig5ce4 ,! unskill$ lab\r engag$ ) ma*9]y is almo/ always inadequate & unsatisfactory4 ,! agricultural lab\r]1 = example1 has to manage ma*9es ^: complex me*anism is f> beyond 8 ill-tra9$ intellig5ce to compreh5d4 ,! same may be said ( ! g5]al run ( ma*9e-m9d]s4 ,breakd[ns1 /oppages1 & accid5ts are ! co/ly consequ5ces ( _! defect4 ,( all =ms ( lab\r1 ! unskill$ lab\r ( to-day is probably ! mo/ exp5sive to ! employ]4 ,! lab\r] is wor?1 z a rule1 little m ?an he receives1 &1 n infrequ5tly1 a good deal less4 ,! pres]vation ( /upidity is among ! mo/ fooli% & mo/ exp5sive ( mod]n luxuries4 ,:at ! employ] wants is ! intellig5t unskill$ lab\r]1 & su* a class mu/ be ! product1 n ( ! work%op1 b ( ! s*ools4 ,! tra9+ to be provid$ w\ld be v simil> to t requir$ by ! skill$ workman4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ! employ]1 we require m intellig5ce 9 ! unskill$ lab\r]2 f ! po9t ( view ( ! community & ! man himself1 ! ne$ is ev5 m urg5t4 ,we mu/ n =get ! man 9 ! lab\r]4 ,he is n = all 8 "t an unskill$ lab\r]2 he is ! autocrat ( ! home1 ! fa!r ( a family1 &1 z a vot]1 "o ( ! rul]s ( ! ,empire4 ,^! la/ functions belong ess5tially to ! highly skill$ class ( "w4 ,un$ucat$ p>5ts are a dang] to _! *ildr51 & s to ! future prosp]ity ( ! nation2 ! illit]ate vot]s a p]il to ! safety ( ! ,/ate4 ,f9ally1 ! man himself1 ) a wid] outlook on ! _w1 & ) a life ri*] 9 int]e/s1 & s ) m opportunities ( heal?y enjoym5t1 w\ld be a happi] & a bett] citiz54 ,! %ame ( mod]n civilization & ! abid+ m5ace to its security lie 9 ! mis]able horde ( /upid1 un9tellig5t1 & un9t]e/$ lab\r]s :o are good = no?+ except ! ex]cise ( m]e brute /r5g? & indulg5ce 9 m]e animal pleasures1 & n v mu* good ev5 = ?is4 ,look+1 !n1 at ! problem ( ! tra9+ ( skill$ & unskill$ workm5 alike1 :e!r f ! po9t ( view ( man or ma/]1 we see t ! great ess5tial is ! possession ( a l>ge measure ( intellig5ce4 ,) ! cont9ual *anges 9 ! me?ods ( indu/ry1 m5 mu/ be capable ( *ang+ too2 !y mu/ be capable ( readily adapt+ !mselves to new conditions1 & n become petrifi$ 9 a rigid & inflexible m\ld4 ,intellig5ce1 prop]ly develop$1 means adaptability4 ,if we c\ld secure ?is1 ! problem ( deal+ ) ! unemploy$ w\ld be comp>atively easy ( solution4 ,! inextricable tangle ( to-day lies 9 ! hopeless task ( secur+ employm5t at a liv+ wage = m5 :o are n wor? x4 ,let ea* man be made good = some?+1 & x w n be beyond ! range ( wise /atesman%ip to f9d t good ?+ = him to d4 ,h[ is ! necess>y tra9+ to be provid$8 ,! answ] to ?is "q ne$ n deta9 u long4 ,we h already se5 t elem5t>y & te*nical education c solve ! problem 9 ! case ( ^? :o h be5 able to avail !mselves ( ! opportunities (f]$4 ,! only out/&+ difficulty 0 ! difficulty ( insur+ ready access to all2 & ?is has be5 surm\nt$ 9 ! proposals ( ! la/ section4 ,! rais+ ( ! s*ool age to fifte51 ! prohibition ( ! employm5t ( s*ool-*ildr51 & ! new half-"t sy/em1 give facilities = education nev] be=e enjoy$4 ,! boy w rema9 at ! elem5t>y s*ool till ! age ( fifte51 & !re w be no employm5t outside s*ool h\rs to und]m9e 8 heal? & r5d] him unfit to pr(it by ! in/ruction giv54 ,we h already notic$ ! trans=mation ( ! elem5t>y s*ool n[ go+ on1 & ! multiplication ( v>i\s types ( s*ool4 ,! process w cont9ue1 & ! results foll[+ ! rais+ ( ! s*ool age w be increas$ 9 value4 ,! s*ool w1 9 ! fir/ place1 be reg>d$ z a sort+-h\se1 9 :i* ! diff]5t k9ds ( ability are discov]$ & classifi$4 ,x w next be an in/itution :]e prop] provision is made to insure t ea* k9d ( ability %all h ! fulle/ opportunity ( developm5t4 ,! only mean+ ( a g5]al education is ! discov]y & ! cultivation ( ! special int]e/s ( ! individual4 ,:5 ! boy leaves ! elem5t>y s*ool 8 int]e/s & ability w guide him to se>* = employm5t :]e !y w h mo/ scope4 ,h[ ?is op5+ is to be f\nd is a "q t w be discuss$ 9 ! next section4 ,let u take ! boy :o ent]s a skill$ trade--say a bran* ( ! woodwork indu/ry--& foll[ 8 =tunes4 ,he c be employ$ 9 ! work%op = only half ! day2 dur+ ! rema9d] he mu/ att5d ! half-"t s*ool4 ,we h hi!rto look$ at ?is half-"t s*ool z a means ( ex]cis+ sup]vision ov] conduct & physical developm5t2 we mu/ n[ reg>d x z a place ( te*nical in/ruction4 ,!re mu/1 !re=e1 be v>i\s types ( s*ools correspond+ to ! diff]5t gr\ps ( trades4 ,! boy :o ent]s a woodwork trade w att5d a s*ool design$ to meet ! ne$s ( t indu/ry4 ,at 8 place ( employm5t he w no d\bt be kept to a n>r[ range ( op]ations1 & 9 _! p]=mance w acquire t dext]ity :i* only work%op exp]i5ce c give4 ,9 ! half-"t s*ool he w receive ! tra9+ necess>y to make ( him an intellig5t & all-r\nd workman4 ,"h 8 ord9>y education w be cont9u$2 in/ruction 9 draw+1 9 m5suration1 & 9 sci5ce--all specially adapt$ to ! requirem5ts ( 8 trade--w be provid$2 &1 la/ly1 9 ! s*ool work%op he w acquire skill 9 ! g5]al use ( ! woodwork tools4 ,if x is urg$ t x w be difficult to f9d room 9 ! curriculum = su* v>i$ tra9+1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! subjects ( in/ruction w all h =m$ "p ( ! curriculum ( ! elem5t>y s*ool1 ) a bias 9 ! direction ( ! woodwork indu/ry4 ,! boy w rema9 at ! s*ool = ?ree ye>s1 & at ! age ( eighte5 we %all h at lea/ laid ! f\ndation ( ^? qualities requir$ by ! employ] = success 9 ! work%op & by ! workman = success 9 life4 ,let u take n[ ! case ( a boy :o1 on leav+ s*ool1 f9ds employm5t 9 "s occupation :i* does n lead to a skill$ trade1 & provides no educational tra9+4 ,let u suppose he becomes an err&-boy4 ,we _c prev5t lads ( fifte5 & upw>ds f be+ employ$ 9 su* occupations1 h[ev] undesirable1 b we c at lea/ gu>d aga9/ ! m s]i\s evils :i* are n[ ! result4 ,! boy w only be employ$ = half ! day2 he also mu/ att5d a half-"t s*ool4 ,at ?is s*ool he w cont9ue 8 ord9>y education2 manual tra9+ w be provid$ to make him clev] ) 8 h&s1 :ile special att5tion w be devot$ to 8 physical developm5t4 ,he w n1 ( c\rse1 be taught a def9ite trade1 b w le>n ! g5]al use ( tools4 ,h[ f>1 !n1 s*ools may be specializ$1 into diff]5t types x mu/ be left = ! future to decide4 ,we h hi!rto nev] s]i\sly consid]$ ! tra9+ ( ! unskill$ lab\r]1 & mu* pione] "w ( an exp]im5tal "* rema9s to be done4 ,at ! age ( eighte5 ! lad1 l 8 bro!r 9 ! skill$ trade1 w be a valuable asset 9 ! lab\r m>ket4 ,we %all h creat$ :at we h n got n[1 & :at we mu* ne$--a race ( intellig5t & adaptable unskill$ lab\r]s4 ,!re are c]ta9 o!r advantages :i* ! half-"t sy/em c claim4 ,fir/1 ! tra9+ ( ! work%op & ! tra9+ ( ! s*ool are c>ri$ on at ! same "t2 in/ruction & practice g h& 9 h&4 ,secondly1 only ^? boys w 9 g5]al be taught a skill$ trade 9 ! s*ools :o h already ent]$ a skill$ trade4 ,?is removes an objection (t5 felt by ,trade ,unioni/s to :at !y t]m a multiplication ?r\gh ! s*ools ( half-skill$ workm54 ,?irdly1 we h 9 x a sy/em ( univ]sal appr5tice%ip4 ,all boys w h be5 le>n]s1 & work$ = ! same p]iod at l[ wages4 ,!re w1 !re=e1 be no ob/acle ( a privileg$ class to make difficulties 9 ! way ( ^? ent]+ a trade :o h n pass$ ?r\gh ! normal c\rse ( prep>ation = x4 ,fitness = ! "w w be1 z x %\ld be1 ! sole qualification4 ,look$ at 9 a g5]al way1 ! half-"t s*ools w be call$ on to play a d\ble "p4 ,!y mu/ tra9 ! man 9 ! int]e/s ( ! community & 9 ! int]e/s ( ! trade4 ,f ! employ]'s /&po9t ^! s*ools mu/ be ess5tially places ( practical in/ruction 9 close t\* ) ! work%op4 ,already1 "u exi/+ conditions1 employ]s & repres5tatives ( ! trade h be5 f\nd will+ to =m advisory committees to visit ! s*ools1 criticize ! tea*+1 & make sugge/ions = increas+ its value4 ,! pr9ciple mu/ be ext5d$2 only 9 ?is way %all we get ! exp]t inspection necess>y to secure real effici5cy4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! education au?ority1 ! repres5tative ( ! community1 w manage ! s*ools1 & make !m tra9+-gr\nds ( true citiz5%ip4 ,"u ?is d\ble sy/em ( control1 wisely adm9i/]$1 we %all n lose ! man 9 ! work] or ! work] 9 ! man2 ! int]e/s ( ! individual & ! int]e/s ( ! employ] w alike be safegu>d$4 ,9 a real s5se1 & 9 fa%ion adapt$ to mod]n requirem5ts1 we %all h br\ght back ! be/ traditions ( ! old appr5tice%ip sy/em 9 :i* ! gild1 /&+ at once = ! community & = ! trade1 wat*$ ov] ! tra9+ ( ! y\? ( ! nation4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,provision ,,( ,,an ,,op5+4 ,! ?ird & la/ ess5tial ( an appr5tice%ip sy/em is ! provision ( an op5+4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] we h se5 ! aimless drift ( boys z !y leave s*ool into bl9d-alley occupations2 we h wat*$ !m rapidly sl\gh (f ! effects ( ! s*ool tra9+2 & we h f\nd !m a few ye>s lat] left /r&$ )\t prospects2 & we h be5 driv5 to confess t ?is process ( wa/e & demoralization is n a pass+ phase1 b an integral "p ( ! indu/rial developm5t 9 its pres5t unregulat$ condition4 ,boys1 p>5ts1 employ]s are alike impot5t to cure ! evil2 once aga9 we are compell$ to look to ! ,/ate = help4 ,! ,/ate mu/ guide ! *oice ( boys z !y leave s*ool4 ,x mu/ assi/ !m dur+ ! p]iod ( adolesc5ce to f9d bett] =ms ( employm5t1 or at any rate to reta9 & increase ! value ( ! s*ool tra9+1 & x mu/ bridge ! gulf t n[ sep>ates ! "w ( ! lad f ! "w ( ! man4 ,already ! necess>y organization is 9 process ( =mation4 ,we h se5 h[ ! e/abli%m5t ( ,lab\r ,ex*anges = adults has1 q unexpect$ly1 l$ to ! creation ( special dep>tm5ts = juv5iles4 ,x is s+ul>ly =tunate t ?is accid5t has l$ naturally to ! ,bo>d ( ,trade be+ reg>d$ z ! prop] au?ority to c>ry out ! "w4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a fact t ,p>liam5t has rec5tly pass$ an ,act :i* gives p[] to education au?orities to sp5d money = ?is purpose4 ,x may d no h>m = education au?orities to be able1 )\t fe> ( sur*>ge1 to sp5d money 9 co-op]at+ ) ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 b x w\ld be disa/r\s if !y came to ?9k !mselves ! responsible au?ority = ! und]tak+4 ,"o ( ! *ief objects ( ! ma*9]y is ! bridg+ ( ! gulf betwe5 y\? & manhood4 ,we %\ld n ent] on ?is difficult task ) mu* hope ( success if we p]petuat$ ! di/9ction by mak+ ! ,bo>d ( ,trade responsible = ! "w ( adults1 & ! education au?orities responsible = ! "w ( juv5iles4 ,fur!r1 we are com+ to see t que/ions ( employm5t are que/ions :i* mu/ be dealt ) by a national1 & n a local1 body4 ,only a national au?ority1 ) its k ( ! conditions ov] ! :ole c\ntry1 c\ld be 9 a position to e/imate ! prospects 9 any trade1 or to decide z to ! "r proportions ( boys to m54 ,next1 ! unit ( area = employm5t be>s no relation to ! unit ( area = educational purposes4 ,t[ns are sep>at$ f ! adjo9+ di/ricts4 ,! unit ( area = ,london employm5t1 = example1 is n ! adm9i/rative c\nty1 b ,great] ,london1 & 9 ,great] ,london !re are m ?an ?irty education au?orities4 ,if ^! are n 9 agreem5t--& :5 are ?irty local au?orities 9 agreem5t8--no sy/em ( regulation w\ld be effective4 ,if1 let u say1 ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 9 ord] to disc\rage ! employm5t ( van-boys1 decl9$ to supply !m ?r\gh _! ,ex*ange1 _! action w\ld be )\t result if ! adjo9+ di/ricts did n foll[ suit1 :ile x is impossible to conceive a m *aotic organization ?an "o :i* w\ld all[ employ]s 9 ! ,city to be canvass$ = op5+s by ?irty indep5d5t bodies4 ,= ^! & _m o!r reasons ! ,bo>d ( ,trade mu/ be reg>d$ z ! dom9ant au?ority = ! organization ( ! ,juv5ile ,lab\r ,ex*ange4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re mu/ be close co-op]ation betwe5 ! ,lab\r ,ex*ange & ! education au?ority4 ,! ,bo>d ( ,trade has recogniz$ ! importance ( ?is co-op]ation1 & is mak+ full provision = x 9 ! ma*9]y x is sett+ up4 ,x is =m+ local advisory committees 9 connection ) ea* ,lab\r ,ex*ange1 & is mak+ !m practically responsible = ! control ( ! juv5ile dep>tm5t4 ,on ?is committee are appo9t$ p]sons nom9at$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,trade on ! "o h&1 & on ! o!r by ! education au?ority4 ,! committee ?us repres5ts ! two bran*es ( ! organization4 ,^! committees are only j com+ into exi/5ce1 & x is too e>ly to judge ( _! success4 ,! problem is "o ( imm$iate practical importance2 x is1 !re=e1 desirable to consid] a little 9 detail ! pr9ciples t %\ld guide !m 9 _! "w4 ,= ! same reason x is desirable to ignore = ! mom5t ! proposals made 9 ! prec$+ sections1 to take ?+s z !y are1 & to %[ :at c be a*iev$ "u exi/+ conditions4 ,! "w ( ! ,juv5ile ,lab\r ,ex*ange divides itself naturally into a numb] ( diff]5t p>ts or /ages4 ,! fir/ /age is conc]n$ ) ! boy :ile /ill at s*ool4 ,"s mon?s be=e he is likely to leave he mu/ be se5 ) ! view ( induc+ him to make use ( ! ,lab\r ,ex*ange to obta9 employm5t4 ,a =m w be fill$ up %[+ 8 position 9 ! s*ool1 & any p>ticul> ability he may h display$1 record+ ! /ate ( 8 heal? z reveal$ by m$ical inspection1 & indicat+ any p>ticul> desire z to occupation express$ by himself or 8 p>5ts4 ,! int]view & ! fill+ up ( ! =m w be und]tak5 by someone connect$ ) ! s*ool organization--a tea*]1 or probably a volunte]4 ,! in/itution ( c>e committees = ea* s*ool 9 connection ) m$ical treatm5t1 & ! supply ( meals to necessit\s *ildr51 has enli/$ ! s]vices ( a l>ge numb] ( volunte]s :o w\ld probably be f\nd will+ to make !mselves responsible = ?is "p ( ! "w4 ,! =m1 :5 fill$ up1 w be s5t to ! ,lab\r ,ex*ange1 :]e1 if ?\ght desirable1 arrangem5ts w be made by c]ta9 memb]s ( ! advisory committee1 9 company ) ! secret>y1 to int]view ! boy & 8 p>5ts4 ,! next "p ( ! "w is connect$ ) ! f9d+ ( vacancies4 ,ei!r ! employ] w notify ! ,ex*ange ( =?com+ vacancies or vacancies be obta9$ by canvass+ employ]s4 ,9 ei!r case x w be necess>y to asc]ta9 exactly ! nature & ! prospects ( ! employm5t4 ,= ?is "w exp]t k is ess5tial1 & x w devolve almo/ entirely on ! secret>y or o!r paid (fic]s ( ! ,ex*ange4 ,hav+ f\nd boys want+ employ]s & employ]s want+ boys1 x w be ! duty ( ! advisory committee to br+ ! two p>ties toge!r4 ,! second /age 9 ! "w beg9s z soon z ! boy has obta9$ employm5t4 ,x w be desirable1 if possible1 to secure p]iodic reports1 ei!r by int]view or by lett]1 f ! employ]1 :o 9 ! majority ( cases w\ld no d\bt be will+ to give ! in=mation ask$ =4 ,we %\ld !n "k h[ ! boy is gett+ on at 8 "w f ! employ]'s po9t ( view4 ,we mu/ also "k h[ he is gett+ on f 8 own po9t ( view4 ,= ?is & o!r reasons x is absolutely ess5tial to keep 9 t\* ) ! boy 9 8 home4 ,a tactful p]son1 pay+ p]iodic visits to ! home & see+ ! boy1 w\ld soon le>n :at prospects ! employm5t (f]$1 :at progress he 0 mak+1 & w\ld be able to advise him z to :at ev5+ classes he %\ld att5d1 & to help him 9 ^? _m ways 9 :i* a boy c be help$ :5 fir/ he goes out to "w4 ,9 ?is way a l>ge am\nt ( valuable ?\gh uno/5tati\s sup]vision w\ld be kept ov] ! boy4 ,! p]sons mo/ capable ( do+ ?is home-visit+ are volunte]s4 ,9 _m cases ! memb] ( ! s*ool case committee :o orig9ally int]view$ ! boy w\ld und]take ! duty ( sup]vision2 9 o!r cases we might get ! assi/ance ( ! manag] ( a boys' club or o!r simil> in/itution ( :i* ! boy 0 a memb]2 b 9 all cases ! advisory committee mu/ make provision = sup]vision 9 ! home4 ,! reports f ! home & ! reports f ! employ] w\ld be fil$ at ! ,ex*ange4 ,!y w enable ! advisory committee to foll[ ! c>e] ( e boy plac$ out1 & at ! same "t gradually furni% a mass ( detail$ in=mation respect+ ! employ]s ( ! di/rict4 ,to :at k9d ( employ]s or to :at classes ( employm5t %all we s5d boys8 ,to all :o ask1 or to only select$ numb]8 ,exp]i5ce w no d\bt %[ t !re are c]ta9 employ]s ( su* a k9d t "u no circum/ances ought we to tru/ !m ) boys4 ,! numb] ( su* w be v small1 & pres5ts no s]i\s difficulty4 ,we %\ld n supply boys until we _h a gu>antee t ! conditions (f]$ 7 improv$4 ,! "q ( ! class ( employm5t requires m c>eful consid]ation4 ,!re is a dang] into :i* ! advisory committee may easily fall4 ,recogniz+ ! evils ( bl9d-alley occupations1 !y may be incl9$ to refuse to s5d boys to su* =ms ( employm5t1 & only recomm5d boys to places :]e !re is a prospect ( le>n+ a trade4 ,su* a policy w\ld be a fatal "o4 ,we %\ld n !reby disc\rage bl9d-alley occupations1 employ]s w\ld get _! boys z !y h got !m 9 ! pa/1 & ! only result w\ld be t we %\ld lose all control ov] ! boys1 be unable to move !m lat] to bett] situations1 & s leave ! problem n only unsolv$1 b1 = want ( k1 )\t possibility ( solution4 ,we ought n 9 ! ,lab\r ,ex*ange to b> out any =m ( employm5t unless we are prep>$ to make t employm5t illegal by ,act ( ,p>liam5t4 ,/reet-sell+ might fairly come )9 t category1 & no d\bt o!r =ms ( employm5t w lat] be br\ght )9 ! same class4 ,b to br+ !m )9 t class1 accurate in=mation z to evil effects mu/ be collect$ 9 ord] to /iff5 public op9ion1 & if we wa% our h&s f ! outset ( all responsibility = su* trades1 we %all nev] h t accurate in=mation4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! way ( regulation is t accurate k :i* a detail$ sup]vision ( ! boys plac$ out alone c give4 ,!re w1 h[ev]1 always be a temptation = ! ,ex*ange to conf9e its activities to ! skill$ trades1 & let ! o!rs g4 ,9 ,muni*1 = example1 we f9d ! education au?ority devot+ mu* att5tion to ! appr5tice%ip section ( ! "w1 :ile unskill$ lab\r]s appe> to be left to ! ,lab\r ,ex*ange1 & !y receive1 !re=e1 no advice 9 select+ _! "w4 #ahd ,! same t5d5cy is se5 9 ?is c\ntry among ! v>i\s volunt>y associations = obta9+ employm5t = boys4 ,!y h conc5trat$ almo/ exclusively on ! skill$ trades4 ,! results1 express$ 9 figures or p]c5tages1 are pleas+1 b altoge!r mislead+4 ,!y ignore ! l>ge residuum :i* drifts )\t advice & )\t sup]vision into ! less fav\rable op5+s1 & 9 matt]s ( social re=m x is ! l>ge residuums t c\nt4 ,x is always nice to get a nice place = a nice boy t we "k2 b if we d no m1 !re is no reason to believe t our action is ( any advantage to ! community at l>ge4 ,! nice places always are fill$1 & n infrequ5tly ! only effect ( int]f]5ce is t ,a41 :o is kn[n1 gets ! job in/ead ( ! unkn[n ,b4 ,! ,lab\r ,ex*ange mu/ resi/ ?is temptation4 ,x %\ld aim at induc+ all employ]s to obta9 _! supply ( boy lab\r f ! ,ex*ange2 its influ5ce w !n be at a maximum4 ,! m]e e/abli%m5t ( a ,juv5ile ,lab\r ,ex*ange _c create fav\rable op5+s2 x _c 9 itself alt] ! direction ( ! dem& = lab\r4 ,x might1 !re=e1 be ask$ :at is ! use ( an ex*ange = boys :o c already f9d employm5t ( a sort m easily ?an is good = !m8 ,fir/1 !re are ! advantages ( sup]vision & ! opportunities = fri5dly advice & sympa?y2 secondly1 !re is ! task ( collect+ accurate in=mation :i* w lead up to legislative action1 & ! sy/em ( regulation :i* is ultimately inevitable2 ?irdly1 :ile n clos+ ! door to ! bl9d-alley occupations1 !re is no ne$ = ! advisory committees to press !m on ! p>5t4 ,!y w\ld1 on ! contr>y1 po9t out ! evils1 & sugge/ ei!r t ! op5+ %\ld be refus$ or accept$ only z a tempor>y exp$i5t4 ,! object %\ld be to induce ! p>5t to refuse situations :i* did n af=d any prospects ( le>n+ or all[ "t (f to att5d a cont9uation s*ool4 ,! bl9d-alley occupations w\ld disappe> to-morr[ if p>5ts /ubbornly refus$ to p]mit _! boys to fill !m4 ,= ! mom5t1 moreov]1 ! advantage is all on ! side ( ! p>5t1 z ! dem& = boys outruns ! supply4 ,b nei!r individual p>5t nor individual boy c take advantage ( ?is fact2 !y h n ! k or ! opportunity to make _! voices effectively he>d4 ,!re is no trade union ( p>5ts or trade union ( boys1 or1 inde$1 c be1 9 ! bl9d-alley occupations4 ,collective b>ga9+ mu/ be done = !m1 & ! advisory committee mu/ be its in/rum5t4 ,!y mu/ fir/ create ! op9ion among ! p>5ts1 & !n give effect to x ?r\gh ! ,ex*ange4 ,if employ]s f\nd t1 s long z !y refus$ to (f] bett] conditions1 !y 7 ei!r unable to get boys or only got ! lea/ satisfactory boys1 !re w\ld be a /rong inducem5t = !m to *ange _! ways4 ,f9ally1 !re is ! rev]se ( ?is sy/em ( educat+ ! p>5ts--! educat+ ( ! employ]s4 ,!re is already gr[+ up a feel+ among employ]s t if !y _c give ! boys employm5t z m5 !y might at lea/ (f] !m opportunities ( cont9u+ _! education4 ,at a conf]5ce held 9 #aiaj betwe5 ag5cies int]e/$ 9 ! welf>e ( boys & employ]s ( lab\r1 "u ! presid5cy ( ! ,*airman ( ! ,london ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce1 ! foll[+ resolutions 7 unanim\sly adopt$3 ,t ! ,london ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce be ask$ to consid] ! advisability ( e/abli%+ a regi/] ( its memb]s :o w\ld be will+ to engage or appr5tice boys ) a view to ! co-op]ation ( ! ,*amb] ) ! v>i\s in/itutions int]e/$ 9 ! welf>e ( boys4 ,t employ]s ( lab\r be recomm5d$1 by r$uc+ ! pres5t h\rs ( lab\r or o!rwise1 to give su* facilities z may be possible consi/5tly ) ! requirem5ts ( _! bus9ess to enable boys & y\?s to obta9 te*nical in/ruction4 ,judici\s canvass+ among a c]ta9 class ( employ]s may1 !re=e1 lead to mo/ b5efic5t results4 ,x %\ld also be borne 9 m9d t 9 ,london & o!r t[ns into :i* !re is a l>ge immigration ( adult lab\r1 !re is room = new op5+s lead+ on to skill$ trades4 ,:ile mu* c unque/ionably be done "u exi/+ conditions to improve & sup]vise ! conditions ( boy lab\r by means ( ! ,juv5ile ,lab\r ,ex*ange1 x is c]ta9 t soon] or lat] !re w be ne$ ( regulation by ,act ( ,p>liam5t4 ,probably ! be/ c\rse w\ld be to give ! ,bo>d ( ,trade p[] 9 ! case ( c]ta9 occupations to limit at _! discretion ! employm5t ( boys to boys engag$ at ! ,ex*ange4 ,if 9 addition ! proposals made 9 ! previ\s sections 7 to become law1 we %\ld be 9 a v /rong position to laun* ! y\? on ! ocean ( manhood ) all ! prospects ( a successful voyage4 ,,iv4 ,,g5]al ,,conclusions4 ,at ! end ( a long & r complex discussion x is desirable to attempt "s g5]al summ>y ( :at has already be5 a*iev$ & ( ! proposals necess>y = ! creation ( a true appr5tice%ip sy/em4 ,x w make = cle>ness if we take a boy & foll[ 8 c>e] ?r\gh its v>i\s /ages4 ,at ! age ( five or !reab\ts he w ent] ! elem5t>y s*ool4 ,x is to be hop$ t ! reorganization ( ! public heal? s]vices & ! m c>eful att5tion devot$ to ! p]iod ( infancy may s5d him to ! s*ool free f ^? physical defects s common n[1 & heal?y )9 ! limits ( nature4 ,"h he w beg9 8 education4 ,improv$ me?ods ( tea*+ w make = increas$ intellig5ce & ! gr[? ( num]\s int]e/s1 :ile physical ex]cises1 m$ical inspection & treatm5t1 add$ to ! supply ( :olesome food to ! necessit\s1 w promote ! heal?y developm5t ( 8 body4 ,at ! age ( elev5 comes an important epo* 9 8 c>e]4 ,x is !n t1 if f\nd suitable1 he w1 ) ! help ( a s*ol>%ip1 be s5t to ! second>y s*ool1 & !nce be l$ along a broad road to ! ,univ]sity4 ,fail+ ! w9n+ ( a s*ol>%ip1 he w1 if he display any special aptitude1 be draft$ (f to a c5tral s*ool ) a comm]cial or indu/rial bias4 ,fail+1 aga91 ! pro( ( any exceptional ability1 he w rema9 9 ! ord9>y s*ool4 ,9 ei!r case he w cont9ue at s*ool till ! age ( fifte51 w be =bidd5 to "w = wages outside s*ool h\rs1 & w ?r\gh\t be p]iodically exam9$ by ! s*ool doctor4 ,) ! approa* to ! age ( fifte5 beg9s ! second important epo* 9 8 c>e]4 ,"s "t be=e ! day ( leav+ s*ool arrives he w h be5 int]view$ by a fri5dly volunte]1 :o1 ) ! help ( ! s*ool record & m$ical regi/]1 w be able to decide = :at =m ( employm5t he is be/ suit$4 ,9 ! mean:ile ! ,lab\r ,ex*ange w h f\nd = him a suitable op5+1 or1 fail+ ?is1 a tempor>y situation p5d+ a m satisfactory & p]man5t position4 ,if he ga9 a place 9 a skill$ trade1 ! half-"t s*ool1 :i* he mu/ att5d = ! next ?ree ye>s1 w add to ! tra9+ ( ! work%op t all-r\nd tra9+1 ^: result is intellig5ce & adaptability1 requir$ to make ( him an effici5t artisan4 ,if he is de/9$ to fill ! ranks ( unskill$ lab\r1 he w likewise att5d a half-"t s*ool c>efully design$ to enable him to play a useful "p 9 ! _w ( life4 ,9 bo? cases he w rema9 = half-"t "u ! sup]vision ( ! education au?ority2 9 bo? cases p]iodic m$ical inspection w wat* ov] 8 physical developm5t1 & if x %[ him physically unfit = ! "w he has und]tak51 he w be f\nd employm5t m suitable to 8 /r5g?2 9 bo? cases ! advisory committee ( ! ,lab\r ,ex*ange w receive reports f ! home1 ! s*ool1 & ! employ]1 & ^! reports w enable !m to discov] :e!r ! occupation & ! tra9+ are well adapt$ to fo/] 8 natural abilities4 ,= ?ree ye>s1 :ile at "w1 he w also rema9 at s*ool2 = ?ree ye>s 8 tra9+ w be guid$ by employ]s :o w see to x t x turns out ! effici5t workman1 & by ! education au?ority1 :i*1 act+ 9 ! int]e/s ( ! community1 w see t x makes = ! effici5t citiz54 ,9 process ( "t1 ) ! gradual accumulation ( exp]i5ce1 & ) ! k ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade beh9d x1 ! advisory committee w be able to adju/ ! supply ( boys 9 c\rse ( special tra9+ to meet ! dem&s ( special trades1 & ev5 if "s un=ese5 trans=mation ( indu/ry upsets ! calculations1 !re %\ld be no insurm\ntable difficulty ( dispos+ ( lads at ! age ( eighte5 :o are at once well conduct$1 physically fit1 & intellig5t4 ,we come back to ! position f :i* we />t$ 9 ! introduction--! ne$ ( secur+ = ! y\? ( ! c\ntry adequate sup]vision up to ! age ( at lea/ eighte51 appropriate tra9+ dur+ t p]iod1 & at its conclusion ! provision ( an op5+ 9 "s occupation = :i* special prep>ation has be5 giv54 ,we h se5 t = at any rate a l>ge section ( ! p ^! conditions 7 satisfi$ dur+ ! be/ days ( ! gilds1 & t !y 7 satisfi$ 9 direct proportion to ! ext5t to :i* ! gilds /ood = ! common int]e/s4 ,) ! decay & disappe>ance ( ! gilds ! tra9+ ( ! y\? became a matt] ( individual b>ga9+ betwe5 p>5t & employ]4 ,no au?ority1 /&+ = ! common good1 sup]9t5d$ ! process4 ,appr5tice%ip might be en=c$2 its effici5cy c\ld n be gu>ante$4 ,fur!r1 ! exi/5ce ( appr5tice%ip t5d$ to create a privileg$ class :o res5t$ ! intrusion ( ^? :o ent]$ a trade by o!r means4 ,) ! com+ ( ! indu/rial revolution1 tra9+ itself became m difficult4 ,! l>ge work%op & ! division ( lab\r 7 unfav\rable to appr5tice%ip4 ,employ]s want$ to use boys1 & n to tra9 !m4 ,rapid progress ( inv5tion cont9ually disc\nt$ ! value ( acquir$ manual skill1 & p>5ts c\ld n see at ! conclusion ( ! appr5tice%ip any prospect ( a fav\rable op5+ 9 a skill$ trade2 :ile ! gradual break-up ( ! sy/em ( sup]vision br$ a _s ( indep5d5ce among boys :i* r5d]$ !m dis9cl9$ to b9d !mselves = a p]iod ( ye>s4 ,f9ally1 competition1 ) ! urg5t ne$ ( surviv+ ! /ruggle ( to-day1 made x h>d = employ]s to prep>e = ! future by provid+ = ! tra9+ ( ! future workm54 ,! indu/rial sy/em gave no gu>antee = ! effici5cy ( ! next g5]ation ( work]s4 ,! old appr5tice%ip sy/em _h brok5 d[n4 ,b 9 ! p]iod ( g5]al dis9tegration !re 0 sl[ly develop+--at fir/ unconsci\sly1 & lat] ) m cle>ly direct$ ef=t--an organization :i* made = con/ructive re=m4 ,x 0 call$ into be+ z a la/ resort1 & to save ! c\ntry f ! ru9 :i* 0 ?reat5$ by ! exploitation ( *ildr54 ,competition dem&$ ! sacrifice ( to-morr[ to-day2 ! ,/ate1 ^: int]e/s belong to all "t1 0 driv5 to =bid ! sacrifice4 ,competition dem&$ t *ildr5 ( t5d] ye>s %\ld lab\r 9 ! m9es & ! factories1 & "u conditions t made all heal? a mock]y2 ! ,/ate insi/$ on a m9imum /&>d ( heal? & safety = its *ildr54 ,! /&>d1 l[ at fir/1 has /eadily be5 rais$4 ,?us has gr[n up ! regulation ( *ild lab\r & ! ,acts relat+ to factories & work%ops4 ,competition c>$ no?+ = ! education ( ! *ildr52 x want$ to use !m up & ca/ !m on ! wa/e-heap4 ,! ,/ate1 recogniz+ ! dang]s ( an un$ucat$ p1 e/abli%$ by sl[ degrees a sy/em ( univ]sal education4 ,s ! /ruggle betwe5 ! two has gone on1 ! ,/ate only int]f]+ z a la/ resort & 9 despair ( o!r means to /op ! evil4 ,?r\gh\t its action has be5 g5]ally b5eficial1 b ! b5efits h be5 limit$ because t action has be5 p>tial & pat*y4 ,mu* ( ! exp5diture1 = example1 on education has be5 wa/$ j because ! education came to an end too soon4 ,! "t _h come = a m compreh5sive /udy ( ! situation t %\ld indicate ! faults ( ! exi/+ sy/em4 ,su* a /udy has be5 attempt$ 9 ! pres5t volume4 ,! task has be5 comp>atively easy1 because ! evils are g5]ally admitt$4 ,:at has n hi!rto be5 recogniz$ suffici5tly is ! fact t ^! evils are gr[+1 & n 9 c\rse ( removal4 ,! v>i\s factors 9 ! process h be5 exam9$1 &1 ignor+ ! ,/ate1 !y are cle>ly inadequate1 & progressively inadequate1 to ! task ( solv+ ! problem4 ,z a la/ resort ! ,/ate rema9s4 ,if ! pr9ciples und]ly+ ! tra9+ ( y\? are admitt$1 if out ( ! v>i\s possible =ces conc]n$ all ) "o exception h be5 prov$ defective1 !n we mu/ put our hopes 9 ! "o exception4 ,we mu/ enl>ge ! sph]e ( influ5ce ( ! ,/ate4 ,h[ ?is %\ld be done has be5 %[n 9 ! pres5t *apt]4 ,! pr9ciples und]ly+ ! proposals h all be5 drawn f exp]i5ce1 & are f\nd$ on ! appr5tice%ip sy/em1 b appli$ ) modifications suitable to *ang$ conditions4 ,"u ! gild sy/em !re 7 ?ree int]e/s conc]n$ & conjo9$--! int]e/s ( ! ma/]1 ! int]e/ ( j\rneyman & appr5tice1 & ! int]e/ ( ! community4 ,s9ce ! gilds h gone ^! int]e/s h become sep>ate & increas+ly antagoni/ic4 ,= ! successful tra9+ ( ! y\? ( ! c\ntry ! claims ( ^! cla%+ int]e/s mu/ aga9 be br\ght toge!r & reconcil$4 ,ultimately & 9 ! long-run !y are id5tical2 x is only competition1 ) its dimm$ & n>r[ vision1 t made ! cleavage4 ,x is hop$ t ! proposals outl9$ 9 ?is *apt] w po9t ! road t[>ds a f9al peace4 ,let u1 9 conclusion1 br+ !m to ! te/ ( ! ?ree ess5tials = :i* a true appr5tice%ip sy/em mu/ make adequate provision4 ,!re mu/ be sup]vision--sup]vision ( conduct1 sup]vision ( heal?4 ,"u ! new appr5tice%ip sy/em ! ,/ate w be ! ultimate au?ority = ! sup]vision ( conduct4 ,till ! age ( fifte5 ! boy w rema9 subject to ! control ( ! s*ools4 ,long exp]i5ce has demon/rat$ ! b5efic5t influ5ce ex]cis$ by ! tea*]s ov] ! *ildr5 ev5 "u pres5t conditions1 :5 ! s*ool c>e] is br\ght to an end at ! age ( ?irte5 or f\rte54 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no?+ wild 9 ! expectation t1 ) compulsory att5dance ext5d$ to ! age ( fifte51 we %all receive ri*] & m la/+ fruits4 ,= ! next ?ree ye>s1 ! critical p]iod ( a boy's life1 ) its fir/ exp]i5ce ( ! work%op & ! s5se ( indep5d5ce :i* comes ) e>n+ wages1 ! sup]vision ( ! ,/ate w only 9 "p be )drawn4 ,dur+ ^! ye>s he w be compell$ to att5d ! half-"t s*ool1 & s cont9ue "u ! control ( ! education au?ority4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,! advisory committee ( ! ,lab\r ,ex*ange w advise him 9 ! *oice ( employm5t1 assi/ him to obta9 x1 & g5]ally wat* ov] 8 c>e]4 ,?us1 help$ on 8 j\rney & surr\nd$ ) wise & fri5dly influ5ces1 he w approa* ! ?re%old ( manhood ) su* promise ( success z good habits & an ord]$ life may br+4 ,! ,/ate1 likewise1 w be responsible = ! sup]vision ( ! boy's heal?4 ,p]iodic m$ical inspection w wat* & aid 8 physical developm5t4 ,we h n yet le>n$ to appreciate ! full value ( ?is p]iodic inspection2 x is1 h[ev]1 de/9$ to become ! mo/ p[]ful in/rum5t ( re=m4 ,! ill-n\ri%$ *ild1 ! delicate *ild1 ! *ild 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ph?isis1 ! *ild ( neglig5t p>5ts1 ! *ild f ! ov]cr[d$ or insanit>y home--all ^!1 ! future weakl+s ( ! nation1 we "k !m n[ only :5 ! evil has too (t5 outrun ! possibility ( a cure & x is too late4 ,"u ! new conditions we %all detect ! evil 9 its fir/ beg9n+1 :ile !re is yet hope4 ,m$ical inspection is also ! key to ! situation aft] ! boy goes out to "w1 & = ?ree ye>s he w rema9 "u its control4 ,at ! pres5t "t we only dimly realize ! disa/r\s effects t come to a boy f ! *oice ( an occupation ill-suit$ to 8 /r5g?4 ,we =bid a few =ms ( "w1 attempt = ! mo/ "p ineffectively to limit ! h\rs ( employm5t 9 a few o!rs1 b 9 our clumsy fa%ion legislate z a rule = ! normal *ild1 & x is ! abnormal *ild t suff]s mo/4 ,"u ! new conditions !re w be no "w = *ildr5 "u ! age ( fifte51 :ile = ! ?ree foll[+ ye>s m$ical inspection w enable u to legislate = ! individual boy1 tak+ into acc\nt 8 physical *>act]i/ics4 ,n only %all we be able to help a boy to avoid mak+ a wrong *oice1 b we %all be able to remove him z soon z m$ical inspection %[s him unfit = ! "w4 ,?us1 to ! age ( eighte5 ! ,/ate has its f+] on ! pulse ( ! y\?4 ,secondly1 !re mu/ be an adequate provision ( tra9+1 special & g5]al1 accessible to all4 ,"h1 aga91 we are build+ on ! firm rock ( solid exp]i5ce4 ,! elem5t>y s*ools h prov$ !mselves to be s*ools = ! cultivation ( intellig5ce4 ,) a ye> or two add$ to ! s*ool life2 ) ! relief f t di/ract+ influ5ce :i* comes f wage-e>n+ :ile at s*ool2 ) ! improv$ me?ods ( tea*+ & a cle>] diff]5tiation ( types ( s*ool to suit v>y+ types ( m9d--re=ms already "u way--we may fairly hope = a g5]al rise 9 ! intellig5ce ( ! boys4 ,! half-"t s*ool1 ) its ?ree ye>s' c\rse1 w supply ! m specializ$ tra9+ requir$ 9 ! diff]5t trades & occupations1 :ile committees ( employ]s w provide ! exp]t criticism ess5tial to success4 ,f9ally1 !re mu/ be ! provision ( an op5+ 9 "s =m ( employm5t = :i* special prep>ation has be5 giv54 ,! ,lab\r ,ex*ange1 ! juv5ile bran* work$ 9 close co-op]ation ) ! adult section1 w supply ! op5+1 :ile ! te*nical tra9+ w give good gu>antee = ! adequacy ( ! prep>ation4 ,! ,elem5t>y ,s*ool1 ! ,half-"t ,s*ool1 ! ,education ,au?ority1 & ! ,advisory ,committee1 all act+ toge!r1 w insure a safe passage f y\? to manhood4 ,! new appr5tice%ip sy/em is m complex ?an ! old--x lacks some?+ ( ! picturesqu5ess ( ! ,middle ,ages--b x f9ds its comp5sation 9 an organization at once m flexible & m compreh5sive1 & !re=e bett] suit$ to /& ! %ock ( ^? huge *anges 9 me?ods ( production & me?ods ( liv+ :i* h be5 ! unga9ly (fspr+ ( ! indu/rial revolution4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,au?orities ,i ,,p>liam5t>y ,,& ,,municipal ,,publications ,elem5t>y ,s*ools 7,*ildr5 ,work+ = ,wages71 ,p>ts ,i4 & ,,ii41 ,p>liam5t>y ,return4 #ahii4 ,report ( ! ,int]dep>tm5tal ,committee on ! ,employm5t ( ,s*ool-,*ildr54 #aija4 ,report ( ! ,dep>tm5tal ,committee on ! ,employm5t ( ,*ildr5 ,act1 #aijc4 #aiaj4 ,report ( ! ,royal ,commission on ! ,poor ,laws & ! ,relief ( ,di/ress4 #aiji4 ,report by ,mr4 ,cyril ,jackson on ,boy ,lab\r4 #aiji4 ,report ( ! ,commission]s ( ,prisons = ! ye> end+ ,m>* #ca1 #aijh4 ,report ( ! ,*ief ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education = ! ye> #aiji4 ,report ( ! ,consultative ,committee ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education on ,high] ,elem5t>y ,s*ools4 #aijf4 ,report ( ! ,consultative ,committee ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education on ,att5dance1 ,compulsory or ,o!rwise1 at ,cont9uation ,s*ools4 #b vols41 #aiji4 ,report on ! ,by-,laws made by ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil "u ! ,employm5t ( ,*ildr5 ,act1 #aijc1 by ,*e/] ,jones4 #aijf4 ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil ,report ( ! ,m$ical ,(fic] 7,education7 = ! ye> #aijf4 ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil ,report ( ! ,m$ical ,(fic] 7,education7 = ! ye> #aiji4 ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil3 ,m$ical ,treatm5t ( ,*ildr5 att5d+ ,elem5t>y ,s*ools--,report ( ,education ,committee4 #aiji4 ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil3 ,home ,circum/ances ( ,necessit\s ,*ildr5 9 ,twelve ,select$ ,s*ools4 #aiji4 ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil3 ,! ,appr5tice%ip ,"q4 #aijf4 ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil3 ,report ( ! ,high] ,education ,sub-,committee on ,appr5tice%ip3 ,ag5da ( ,education ,committee1 ,febru>y #bd1 #aiji1 pp4 #dab-dbe4 ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil3 ,te*nical ,education ,bo>d ,report on ! ,build+ ,trades4 #ahii4 ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil3 ,report by ,miss ,durham1 ,inspector ( ,wom5's ,te*nical ,classes on ,juv5ile ,lab\r 9 ,g]many4 #aiaj4 ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil3 ,report by ,mr4 ,r4 ,blair 7,education ,(fic]7 on ,organization ( ,education 9 ,london4 ,p4 ,s4 ,k+ & ,son1 ,we/m9/]4 ,c\nty ,c\ncil ( ,middlesex3 ,report by ,mr4 ,a4 ,j4 ,bird 7,inspector ( ,s*ools7 on ,employm5t ,bureaux = ,*ildr5 ( ,s*ool-leav+ ,age4 ,urban ,di/rict ,c\ncil ( ,f9*ley3 ,annual ,report ( ! ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ,heal?1 includ+ ! ,report to ! ,education ,committee = ! ye> #aijh4 ,gl\ce/]%ire ,education ,committee3 ,report ( ! ,m9or ,committee to consid] ,c]ta9 ,proposals = ! ,creation ( an ,appr5tice%ip ,fund & a ,lab\r ,bureau4 #aijg4 ,,ii ,,au?ors ,,abraham ,,& ,,davies3 ,factories & ,work%ops4 #aijb4 ,,abram1 ,a43 ,social ,life 9 ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 #aiji4 ,,ald51 ,,m>g>et3 ,*ild ,life & ,lab\r4 ,,a%ley1 ,w4 ,j43 ,introduction to ,engli% ,economic ,hi/ory4 #ahhh4 ,,bev]idge1 ,w4 ,h43 ,unemploym5t4 #aiji4 ,,black1 ,,clem5t9a3 ,sweat$ ,indu/ry4 #aijg4 ,,blair1 ,r43 ,"s ,features ( ,am]ican ,education4 #aijd4 ,,boo?1 ,,*>les3 ,life & ,lab\r ( ! ,p1 #i vols4 #ahif4 ,,bray1 ,,reg9ald ,a43 ,! ,appr5tice%ip ,"q1 9 ,economic ,j\rnal1 ,septemb]1 #aiji4 ,,bray1 ,,reg9ald ,a43 ,! ,t[n ,*ild4 #aijg4 ,,*ri/ian ,,social ,,union3 ,report on ! ,employm5t ( ,boys 9 ! ,london ,area4 #aiaj4 ,cont9uation ,s*ools 9 ,engl& & ,else:]e1 edit$ by ,m4 ,e4 ,,sadl]4 #aijg4 ,,creasey1 ,,cl>5ce ,h43 ,te*nical ,education 9 ,ev5+ ,s*ools4 #aije4 ,,cr[ley1 ,,ralph ,h43 ,hygi5e ( ,s*ool ,life4 #aiji4 ,,cun+ham1 ,w43 ,gr[? ( ,engli% ,indu/ry & ,comm]ce3 ,e>ly & ,middle ,ages4 #aije4 ,,cun+ham1 ,w43 ,gr[? ( ,engli% ,indu/ry & ,comm]ce3 ,mod]n ,times1 #b vols4 #aijc4 ,,davies1 ,,maude ,f43 ,life 9 an ,engli% ,village4 #aiji4 ,,fr]e1 ,,m>g>et3 ,*ildr5's ,c>e ,committees4 #aiji4 ,,gibb1 ,,! ,,rev4 ,,sp5c] ,j43 ,! ,problem ( ,boy ,"w4 #aijf4 ,,gibb1 ,,! ,,rev4 ,,sp5c] ,j43 ,boy ,"w & ,unemploym5t4 ,c4,s4,u4 ,pamphlet4 ,,gordon1 ,,ogilvie3 ,h&book ( ,employm5ts4 #aijh4 ,,gre51 ,j4 ,r43 ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,peoples1 vols4 i4 & iv4 #ahif4 ,,gre51 ,,mrs4 ,j4 ,r43 ,t[n ,life 9 ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury1 #b vols4 #ahid4 ,,hall1 ,g4 ,,/anley3 ,adolesc5ce1 #b vols4 ,,hasba*1 ,w43 ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,agricultural ,lab\r]4 #aijh4 ,,hawk9s1 ,c4 ,b43 ,norwi*3 ,a ,social ,/udy4 #aiaj4 ,,hayw>d1 ,f4 ,h43 ,day & ,ev5+ ,s*ools4 #aiaj4 ,,hog>?1 ,a4 ,h43 ,m$ical ,inspection ( ,s*ools4 #aiji4 ,,hut*9s ,,& ,,h>rison3 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,factory ,legislation4 #aijg4 ,,jackson1 ,,cyril3 ,unemploym5t & ,trade ,unions4 #aiaj4 ,,jebb1 ,,eglantyne3 ,cambridge3 ,a ,brief ,/udy 9 ,social ,que/ions4 #aijf4 ,,keel+1 ,,fr$]ic3 ,! ,lab\r ,ex*ange 9 ,relation to ,boy & ,girl ,lab\r4 #aiaj4 ,,kirkman1 ,,gray ,b43 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,philan?ropy4 #aije4 ,,kirkman1 ,,gray ,b43 ,philan?ropy & ! ,/ate4 ,,kn[les1 ,g4 ,w43 ,junior ,lab\r ,ex*anges4 #aiaj4 ,,macmillan1 ,,m>g>et3 ,lab\r & ,*ildhood4 #aijg4 ,,moseley3 ,educational ,committee ,report4 #aijd4 ,,ni*olls1 ,,sir ,g43 ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,poor ,law4 #ahih4 ,,rog]s1 ,j4 ,e4 ,t43 ,six ,c5turies ( ,"w & ,wages4 #ahhd4 ,,r[ntree1 ,b4 ,s43 ,pov]ty3 ,a ,/udy ( ,t[n ,life4 #aija4 ,,russell1 ,c4 ,e4 ,b43 ,man*e/] ,boys4 #aije4 ,,russell ,,& ,,rigby3 ,! ,mak+ ( ! ,crim9al4 #aijf4 ,,russell ,,& ,,rigby3 ,work+ ,lads' ,clubs4 #aijh4 ,,%adwell1 ,,ar?ur3 ,indu/rial ,effici5cy4 #aiji4 ,/udies ( ,boy ,life 9 our ,cities1 edit$ by ,e4 ,j4 ,,urwick4 #aijd4 ,,tawney1 ,r4 ,h43 ,! ,economics ( ,boy ,lab\r1 9 ,economic ,j\rnal1 ,decemb]1 #aiji4 ,trades = ,london3 ,boys4 ,compil$ by ! ,appr5tice%ip & ,skill$ ,employm5t ,committee4 #aijh4 ,trades = ,london3 ,girls4 ,compil$ by ! ,appr5tice%ip & ,skill$ ,employm5t ,committee4 #aiji4 ,,tuckwell ,,& ,,smi?3 ,! ,work]s' ,h&book4 #aijh4 ,,webb1 ,,sidney ,,& ,,beatrice3 ,hi/ory ( ,trade ,unionism4 #aijg4 ,,webb1 ,,sidney ,,& ,,beatrice3 ,indu/rial ,democracy1 #b vols4 #ahig4 ,,index ,abraham & ,davies1 #de1 #di1 #ec ,abram1 ,a41 #i ,adl]1 ,miss1 #ajf ,adolesc5ce1 vi1 #agf1 #aih ,agricultural ,gangs ,act1 #db ,appr5tices1 /atute (1 #ac-ae2 effect1 #af1 #ag2 paup]1 #ae1 #ag-ai2 repeal1 #bb ,appr5tice%ip1 break-up (1 #afe-age *>ities1 #ai2 decay1 #be1 #ace1 #afd1 #afe-age1 #agg2 difficulties (1 #ab1 #ahh2 ess5tials1 #dc1 #bcg2 ind5tur$1 #e1 #ace1 #ahg-ahi2 mean+1 #a2 "u gilds1 #d-aa1 #bcd1 #bcg2 "u indu/rial revolution1 #bf-bi2 "u /atute1 #aa-ai2 univ]sal1 #c1 #ac1 #ahi ( to-day3 contribution ( home1 #ib-ajc2 ( philan?ropy1 #hi-ib2 ( ,/ate1 #gc-gd1 #gf-hi2 ( work%op1 #ajc-afe ! new3 ,juv5ile ,lab\r ,ex*ange1 #bca-bca2 new half-"t1 #aia1 #aig-bjb2 prohibition ( employm5t1 #aia1 #aie-aig2 rais+ s*ool age1 #aia-aie1 #bag2 summ>y1 #bca-bdj ,a%by1 ,w4 ,j41 #d ,att5dance at s*ool1 ,acts relat+ to1 #ch1 #df-dh2 p]c5tage (1 #hc1 #ajf1 #aje ,blair1 ,r41 #hf ,bl9d-alley occupations1 #hg1 #aab1 #abc-acj1 #ade1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #afc1 #afi-agb1 #ahj1 #bbg ,bo>d ( ,education1 #fa1 #fd ,bo>d ( ,trade1 #ga1 #gb1 #bbc1 #bcc ,boo?1 ,c41 #ie1 #ajd1 #acf1 #aci ,bor/al ,association1 #afi ,boy lab\r3 difficulties ( regulation1 #gi1 #hj2 effects ( regulation1 #gg-hb1 #hh1 #hi half-"t1 #di-eb1 #gh1 #aig-bjb1 #bjd1 #bje heal? & safety1 #eb-eh1 #gg1 #aig-bjb limitation ( h\rs1 #dc-eb1 #aig-bjb prohibition (1 #da-dc1 #aie-aig1 #bjc1 #bjd regulation "u gilds1 #g-aa1 #bcd1 #bcg2 "u indu/rial revolution1 #bj-be2 "u /atute1 #ac1 #ad ,boys3 clubs1 #ij2 err&1 #hb1 #aab1 #aai1 #abi1 #ade2 la!r1 #dc2 (fice1 #aai1 #abf1 #aeh2 %op1 #abb1 #abf1 #abh1 #ade2 telegraph1 #abf1 #aca1 #ade2 van1 #hb1 #aai1 #ade ,boys3 employm5t (1 at s*ool1 #ajc-aac1 #aea-aee2 on leav+ s*ool1 #aad-aai1 #afc2 ent]+ manhood1 #adc unemploy$1 #aai2 "u ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 #acb ,burs>ies1 #fe ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce1 #bcj ,*apman1 ,pr(essor1 #baa ,*ild1 def9ition (1 #dj ,*ildr5 ,act1 #ch1 #ei1 #fa1 #hj ,*ildr51 employm5t (4 ,see ,boys ,*imney ,sweep]s ,act1 #db ,cloete1 ,j4 ,g41 #abf1 #abi ,coal ,m9es ,regulation ,act1 #ch1 #db ,competition1 #agg1 #bce ,cun+ham1 ,w41 #d1 #f1 #aj1 #af1 #bj1 #bb1 #bh ,davies1 ,miss ,maude1 #afa1 #afd ,di/ribution ( trades1 #aae-aah1 #adb-adi1 #afc2 normal1 #adg-adi ,durham1 ,miss1 #aif1 #bbh ,economic ,j\rnal1 #aaf1 #aei ,education ,acts1 #aijb-jc1 #fb ,adm9i/rative ,provisions ,act1 #aijg1 #eh1 #fj1 #fa ,provision ( ,meals ,act1 #fa ,employm5t ( *ildr54 ,see ,boys ,employm5t ( ,*ildr5 ,act1 #ch1 #dj1 #da1 #db1 #dc1 #df1 #dh1 #eg1 #eh1 #gg1 #hj1 #ha1 #aaa1 #aff ,factory legislation1 causes (1 #cj ,factory & ,work%ops ,act1 #ch1 #afh2 au?ority = en=cem5t1 #dj1 #ea2 def9itions1 #ci-da2 effects (1 #gg1 #ha1 #hb1 #hh2 half-"t1 #di-ea2 heal? & safety1 #eb-ef2 limitation ( h\rs1 #dc-eb2 prohibition ( employm5t1 #da1 #db ,furness1 ,sir ,*ri/oph]1 #bac ,gibb1 ,sp5c] ,j41 #abd1 #aeh ,gilds1 #d-aa1 #bcd1 #bcg ,girls1 vii ,gre51 ,mrs4 ,j4 ,r41 #ab ,half-"t sy/em1 #di-ea1 #gh1 #aig-bjc1 #bjd-bje ,hall1 ,g4 ,/anley1 vi ,hasba*1 ,w41 #be ,heal? & ,morals ( ,appr5tices ,act1 #ag1 #ah1 #bc1 #bi ,hut*9s & ,h>rison1 #bc1 #bi ,ideali/1 triumph (1 #bh ,ind5ture1 old1 #f ,individuali/1 triumph (1 #cb-cd ,indu/rial revolution1 #bj-bf2 effects (1 #bf-bi1 #agc-age2 *>act]i/ics1 #agg-ahe s*ools1 #fa ,jackson1 ,cyril4 ,see ,report on ,boy ,lab\r ,lab\r ,ex*ange1 #gj1 #abe2 ,juv5ile1 #ga1 #gb1 #hc1 #bja1 #bba-bca1 #bcb-bdj ,la!r-boy4 ,see ,boys ,london1 employm5t ( s*ool-*ildr51 #aje-aac2 entry to a trade1 #aac-adb2 passage to manhood1 #adb-aea ,m$ical c]tificate1 #ef1 #eg1 #eh inspection1 #eh1 #fj1 #fa1 #he1 #hf1 #id1 #afh1 #aig1 #bca1 #bcb1 #bcc1 #bch1 #bci ,mess5g]-boy4 ,see ,boys ,metallif]\s ,m9es ,regulation ,act1 #ch ,m9es 7,prohibition ( ,*ild ,lab\r ,und]gr\nd7 ,act1 #ch1 #da ,necessit\s *ildr51 #id1 #ie ,ni*olls1 ,sir ,g41 #ah ,occupations1 cl]ical1 #adj-adb2 di/ribution (1 #aae-abj1 #adc1 #adb-adi1 #afc2 skill$1 #acb-adj2 unskill$1 #aab1 #aba-acc ,(fice-boy4 ,see ,boys ,op5+4 ,see ,provision ( ,poor ,law1 ,elizabe?an1 #ae2 ,am5dm5t ,act1 #bc-bf2 ,report ( ,royal ,commission4 ,see ,reports ,prev5tion ( ,cruelty to ,*ildr5 ,act1 #ch1 #db ,provision ( op5+1 ne$ =1 #b2 ,lab\r ,ex*ange1 #gj-gb1 #bba-bca1 #bdj2 "u gilds1 #h-aa2 "u indu/rial revolution1 #bj-bf ,report ( ,bo>d ( ,education1 #fd ( ,commission]s = ,prisons1 #afi ( ,consultative ,committee on ,cont9uation ,s*ool1 #dg1 #ha1 #aed1 #aib1 #bja ( ,consultative ,committee on ,high] ,elem5t>y ,s*ools1 #bad ( ,dep>tm5tal ,committee on ,employm5t ( ,*ildr5 ,act1 #ha1 #abe ( ,int]dep>tm5tal ,committee on ,employm5t ( ,*ildr51 #ea1 #aaj1 #aeb ( ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil on ,appr5tice%ip1 #ff1 #aae1 #abh1 #ace1 #acf1 #aci1 #adj1 #adc1 #ahg1 #aib1 #aid ( ,m$ical ,(fic]1 ,bo>d ( ,education1 #aeb1 #agd ( ,m$ical ,(fic] 7,education7 ( ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 #if1 #aji1 #aaj ,report ( ,poor ,law ,commission1 #ca1 #ajd1 #aee1 #aef1 #agb1 #aia1 #aib1 #bjf1 #bji1 #baj1 #baa1 #bac ,report on ,boy ,lab\r1 by ,mr4 ,cyril ,jackson1 #ajd1 #abc1 #abd1 #abe1 #abh1 #abi1 #aca1 #add1 #ade1 #adf1 #aef1 #aeg on ,home ,circum/ances ( ,necessit\s ,*ildr51 #ie ,rog]s1 ,j4 ,e4 ,?orold1 #e ,rural ,di/ricts1 #afa-afe ,sadl]1 ,m4 ,e41 #aeg1 #aga1 #aie ,s*ol>%ips1 #ff-fh1 #hf1 #bcb ,s*ool3 age1 #df-dh1 #aib-aie2 c5tral1 #fd1 #fe2 elem5t>y1 #df1 #dg1 #fc-fe1 #hc-hf1 #bah1 #bbd1 #bca2 ev5+1 #fj1 #fg1 #fi1 #hf2 indu/rial1 #ei1 #fa2 "p-"t1 #fh1 #acb1 #ahg1 #bah-bba1 #bca2 second>y1 #fj1 #fg1 #hf1 #bcb2 ,sunday1 #hi2 te*nical & trade1 #fj1 #ff1 #fh1 #bjh ,scott-,holl&1 ,canon1 #abd ,%op-boy4 ,see ,boys ,%op ,h\rs ,act1 #ch1 #df1 #gi1 #ha ,skill$ ,employm5t ,committees1 #ia1 #ib1 #ahe ,sup]vision1 ne$ =1 #b2 "u gilds1 #h-aa2 "u /atute1 #ac-ae2 "u indu/rial revolution1 #bj-bf2 by ,/ate regulation1 #cg-eh2 by ,/ate ent]prise1 #ei-gj2 effects ( ,/ate1 #gf-hh2 by philan?ropy1 #hi-ib2 9 home1 #ib-ajc2 9 work%op1 #abe2 9 ,london1 summ>y1 #adi1 #aej2 g5]al summ>y1 #afe-afh2 "u new appr5tice%ip1 #aia-bjb1 #bba-bca1 #bcg1 #bch ,tawney1 ,r4 ,l41 #aei1 #afj ,te*nical in/ruction4 ,see ,s*ools ,trades1 di/ribution (1 #aae-abj1 #adb-adi1 #afc2 pick+ up1 #acf-adj2 skill$1 #acc-adb1 #bjh-bad1 #bah1 #bci2 unskill$1 #aab1 #aba-acc1 #aee-afj1 #afe-age1 #bjh1 #bae1 #baf1 #bai1 #bci ,tra9+1 ne$ =1 #b2 "u gilds1 #i-ab2 "u /atute1 #ac1 #ad2 "u indu/rial revolution1 #bj-bg2 9 s+le op]ation1 #ba1 #acg-aci2 9 elem5t>y s*ools1 #fc-fe2 9 cont9uation s*ools1 #fe-gj2 9 work%ops1 #aaa-aac1 #aba-adb1 #afe-age2 9 new appr5tice%ips1 #bjg-bba1 #bcc ,van-boy4 ,see ,boys ,webb1 ,sidney & ,beatrice1 #h1 #ba1 #bb ,"y p]son1 #dj1 #dd-df1 #ha1 #hc ,,! ,,end ,,bill+ ,,& ,,sons1 ,,ltd41 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,guild=d ,,footnotes3 #a ,g4 ,/anley ,hall1 ,adolesc5ce1 vol4 ii41 p4 #hc4 #b ,see1 = a g5]al description ( gilds1 ,economic ,hi/ory1 by ,w4 ,j4 ,a%by2 ,gr[? ( ,engli% ,hi/ory & ,comm]ce3 ,e>ly & ,middle ,ages4 by ,w4 ,cunn+ham4 #c ,j4 ,e4 ,?orold ,rog]s1 ,six ,c5turies ( ,"w & ,wages1 p4 #eff4 #d ,quot$1 ,cunn+ham1 pp4 #cdi-cej4 #e ,sidney & ,beatrice ,webb1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,trade ,unionism1 p4 #ag4 #f ,cunn+ham1 p4 #dfj4 #g ,ibid41 p4 #cde4 #h ,a4 ,abiam1 ,social ,engl& 9 ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury1 p4 #aah4 #i ,cunn+ham1 p4 #eji4 #aj ,mrs4 ,j4 ,r4 ,gre51 ,t[n ,life 9 ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury1 vol4 ii41 p4 #ajb4 #aa #e ,elizabe?1 ,cap4 iv4 #ab ,sect4 #c4 #ac ,sect4 #be4 #ad ,sect4 #bf4 #ae ,sect4 #ca4 #af #e ,elizabe?1 ,cap4 iv41 ,sect4 #ce4 #ag #dc ,elizabe?1 ,cap4 ii41 ,sect4 #e4 ,simil> p[]s _h be5 giv5 to ,ju/ices ( ! ,peace 9 e>li] ,acts 7see #bg ,h5ry ,,viii41 ,cap4 xxv42 ,edw4 ,,vi41 ,cap4 iii47 #ah ,w4 ,cunn+ham1 ,gr[? ( ,engli% ,indu/ry & ,comm]ce 9 ,mod]n ,times1 pp4 #bi-cj4 #ai ,ibid41 p4 #cc4 #bj ,see #c ,*as4 ,i41 ,cap4 v4 #ba ,sir ,g4 ,ni*olls1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,poor ,law1 vol4 ii41 p4 #bbc et seq4 #ahih4 #bb ,james ,i41 ,cap4 iii4 #bc ,cunn+ham1 p4 #fae4 #bd ,ibid41 pp4 #fdj-fda4 #be ,sidney & ,beatrice ,webb1 ,hi/ory ( ,trade ,unionism1 p4 #dg4 #bf ,sidney & ,beatrice ,webb1 ,hi/ory ( ,trade ,unionism1 p4 #dg4 #bg ,cunn+ham1 p4 #ffj4 #bh ,ibid4 #bi #ed ,george ,,iii41 ,cap4 xcvi4 #cj ,hut*9s & ,h>rison1 ,hi/ory ( ,factory ,legislation1 p4 #af4 #ca ,h]r ,w4 ,hasba*1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,agricultural ,lab\r]1 pp4 #bbd1 #bbe4 #cb ,quot$ by ,cunn+ham1 ,gr[? ( ,indu/ry & ,comm]ce 9 ,mod]n ,times1 p4 #ggf4 #cc ,quot$ by ,b4 ,l4 ,hut*9s & ,a4 ,h>rison1 9 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,factory ,legislation1 p4 #ae4 #cd ,9 ! ,report ( ! ,poor ,law ,commission we h an int]e/+ example side by side ( ! two =ces t make = re=m4 ,! ,majority ,report is altoge!r ! "w ( s5tim5t4 ,! propos$ v>iation 9 ! t]m9ology applicable to ^? 9 receipt ( relief1 ! loos5+ ( ! det]r5t sy/em1 ! advocacy ( ! m g5]\s treatm5t ( ! "y & ! sick1 ! g5]al neglect to consid] remote causes1 & ! total abs5ce ( any consi/5t pr9ciple1 c be expla9$ 9 no o!r way4 ,its cold reception by ! ,briti% ,con/itutional ,association--t body ( p :o /ill hold al(t ! tatt]$ bann]s ( ! individuali/--is b ano!r pro( t s5tim5t1 & n ! a priori assumptions ( ! old s*ool1 is ! guid+ _s4 ,9 ! ,m9ority ,report we see ev]y:]e ! m>k ( ! imag9ative reason--t reason :i*1 />t+ ) facts & n ) !ories1 /rives to picture ! long *a9 ( cause & effect :i* leads up to ! suff]]1 & f9ally1 see+ ! :ole process 9 its true proportions1 /rikes at ! evil :]e x beg9s & c be prev5t$1 & n :]e x ends1 :5 only a m or less modifi$ failure c be look$ =4 #ce ,a /rik+ in/ance ( ?is is suppli$ by ! ,municipal ,re=m ,p>ty on ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil4 ,oppos$ 9 pr9ciple to fe$+ or treat+ m$ically *ildr5 at ! co/ ( ! rates1 !y h yet be5 compell$ to d bo? ^! ?+s4 ,& !y h be5 compell$ to take action1 n by ! pressure ( public op9ion--! public op9ion ( _! own side g5]ally condemn$ !m = =sak+ _! pr9ciples--b by ! %e] inability ( memb]s to le>n1 week aft] week1 t hungry *ildr5 7 unf$ & sick *ildr5 left )\t treatm5t4 #cf ,see ,"p ,x4 ( ! ,act4 ,ne$less to say1 ! decision z to :at k9ds ( indu/ry come )9 ^! def9itions has ex]cis$ ! +5uity ( ! lawy]4 ,9 "o case 7,law v4 ,graham71 = example1 ,"l ,alv]/one1 ,*ief ,ju/ice1 express$ ! op9ion t bottl+ be] is n )9 p>agraph 7i47 or p>agraph 7ii47 above2 t by a some:at /ra9$ con/ruction x might be said to be )9 p>agraph 7iii471 z be+ an adapt+ ( an article = sale1 b t ! p[]s us$ 9 wa%+ ! bottles 0 n 9 aid ( ! process ( bottl+4 #cg ,= complete li/ ( su* indu/ries1 see ,s*4 ,,vi4 ( ! ,act4 #ch ,see ,"p ,,vi4 ( ! ,act = details & exceptions4 #ci ,sects4 #ajc1 #ajd1 #aje1 #ajf4 #dj ,sects4 #ga & #aef4 #da ,sect4 #aef4 #db ,sect4 #ac4 #dc ,factory & ,work%op ,act1 ,sect4 #gg4 #dd ,sect4 #ii4 #de ,m9es ,act1 #aijj1 ,sect4 #a4 #df ,coal ,m9es ,regulation ,act1 #ahhg1 ,sect4 #g4 #dg ,factory & ,work%ops ,act1 ,sect4 #gg4 #dh ,employm5t ( ,*ildr5 ,act1 ,sects4 #c & #ac4 #di ,prev5tion ( ,cruelty to ,*ildr5 ,act1 #ahid1 ,sect4 #c4 #ej ,sect4 #a4 #ea ,sect4 #b4 #eb ,sect4 #d4 #ec ,= def9itions1 see p4 #ci4 #ed ,sect4 #bd4 #ee ,sect4 #bf4 #ef ,sect4 #aaa4 #eg ,sects4 #ea1 #ec4 #eh ,sects4 #ca1 #df4 #ei ,! be/ detail$ acc\nt ( ! ,act is f\nd 9 ,! ,law ,relat+ to ,factories & ,work%ops1 by ,abraham & ,davies4 #fj ,%op ,h\rs ,act1 ,sect4 #c4 #fa ,employm5t ( ,*ildr5 ,act1 ,sect4 #b4 #fb ,report ( ! ,consultative ,committee on ,cont9uation ,s*ools1 vol4 i41 p4 #bb4 #fc ,ibid41 vol4 i41 p4 #ba4 #fd ,employm5t ( ,*ildr5 ,act1 ,sect4 #c 7#a74 #fe ,sect4 #a4 #ff ,abraham & ,davies1 ,! ,law ,relat+ to ,factories & ,work%ops1 f\r? edition1 p4 #da4 #fg ,factory & ,work%op ,act1 #aija1 ,sect4 #be4 #fh ,sect4 #be4 #fi ,sects4 #ca & #df4 #gj ,sect4 #fi4 #ga ,report ( ! ,int]dep>tm5tal ,committee on ! ,employm5t ( ,s*ool-,*ildr51 p4 #ab4 #gb ,! summ>y ( ! provisions t foll[ is f\nd$ on ,! ,law ,relat+ to ,factories & ,work%ops1 by ,abraham & ,davies1 *ap4 ii4 #gc ,factory & ,work%op ,act1 ,sect4 #fc1 7#a7 & 7#b74 #gd ,sect4 #fd 7#d74 #ge ,sect4 #fd 7#e74 #gf ,sect4 #fd 7#f74 #gg ,sect4 #fg4 #gh ,sect4 #fe4 #gi ,sect4 #ff4 #hj ,education 7,adm9i/rative ,provisions7 ,act1 #aijg1 ,sect4 #ac4 #ha ,see pp4 #df-dh4 #hb ,*ildr5 ,act1 #aijh1 ,sect4 #eh4 #hc ,education 7,adm9i/ration ,provisions7 ,act1 #aijg1 ,sect4 #ac4 #hd ,bo>d ( ,education ,circul> #egf1 ,sect4 #ab4 #he ,education 7,adm9i/rative ,provisions7 ,act1 #aijg1 ,sect4 #ac4 #hf ,education 7,provision ( ,meals7 ,act1 #aijf1 ,sect4 #c4 #hg ,*ildr5 ,act1 ,sect4 #gg4 #hh ,i am "h speak+ ( ,engl&2 9 ,scotl& !re are limit$ p[]s ( en=c+ att5dance4 #hi ,report ( ,bo>d ( ,education1 #aijh-ji1 p4 #aaj4 #ij ,= a m detail$ acc\nt ( ! ma*9]y consid]$ desirable1 see ! ,report ( ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil on ,! ,appr5tice%ip ,"q4 #ia ,see ,report ( ! ,consultative ,committee on ,cont9uation ,s*ools1 p4 #bb4 #ib ,report ( ! ,dep>tm5tal ,committee on ! ,employm5t ( ,*ildr5 ,act1 pp4 #f1 #g4 #ic ,! ,organization ( ,education 9 ,london1 by ,r4 ,blair1 ,education ,(fic] to ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 p4 #bi4 #id ,/udies ( ,boy ,life 9 ,our ,cities1 edit$ by ,e4 ,j4 ,urwick4 ,d5t & ,co4 #ie ,home ,circum/ances ( ,necessit\s ,*ildr5 9 ,twelve ,select$ ,s*ools4 ,report ( ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil4 #if ,see ,m$ical ,treatm5t ( ,*ildr5 att5d+ ,elem5t>y ,s*ools1 9 ,report ( ! ,m$ical ,(fic] 7,education7 ( ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil = ! ye> #aiji4 ,see also ,report ( ! ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education = #aiji4 #ig ,/udies ( ,boy ,life1 pp4 #bb-be passim4 #ih ,/udies ( ,boy ,life1 pp4 #bf-bh passim4 #ii ,/udies ( ,boy ,life1 p4 #cb4 #ajj ,elem5t>y ,s*ools 7,*ildr5 ,work+ = ,wages7 ,p>liam5t>y ,return1 #ahii1 p4 #cb4 #aja ,report on ,employm5t ( ,s*ool-,*ildr51 p4 #h4 #ajb ,ibid41 p4 #i4 #ajc ,report on ! ,employm5t ( ,s*ool-,*ildr51 p4 #i4 #ajd ,quot$ f ,/udies ( ,boy ,life1 p4 #bd4 #aje ,report on ,employm5t ( ,s*ool-,*ildr51 p4 #aj4 #ajf ,ibid41 p4 #aa4 #ajg ,report on ,employm5t ( ,s*ool-,*ildr51 p4 #aa4 #ajh ,report ( ! ,education ,committee submitt+ ! ,report ( ! ,m$ical ,(fic] 7,education7 = ! ye> #aijf4 ,p4 ,s4 ,k+ & ,son4 #aji ,report ( ,m$ical ,(fic]1 p4 #bb4 #aaj ,report ( ! ,m$ical ,(fic] 7,education7 #aijf1 p4 #bc4 #aaa ,ibid41 p4 #bc4 #aab ,ibid41 p4 #bd4 #aac ,see p4 #dc4 #aad ,report on ! ,appr5tice%ip ,"q1 ,m9utes ( ! ,education ,committee ( ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil = ,febru>y #bd1 #aiji1 p4 #dad4 #aae ,! sub/ance ( :at foll[s appe>$ 9 an article publi%$ 9 ! ,economic ,j\rnal = ,septemb]1 #aiji1 & is reproduc$ by ! k9d p]mission ( ! ,editor4 #aaf ,l4,c4,c4 ,report ( ,m$ical ,(fic] 7,education71 #aijf1 p4 #bc1 %[$ t ?is 0 ! mo/ injuri\s =m ( "w 9 :i* s*ool-*ildr5 7 engag$4 #aag ,report ( ,mr4 ,cyril ,jackson on ,boy ,lab\r1 prep>$ = ! ,poor ,law ,commission4 #aah ,report on ,boy ,lab\r1 p4 #g4 #aai ,report on ,boy ,lab\r1 pp4 #g & #h4 #abj ,canon ,scott ,holl&1 ,introduction to ,! ,problem ( ,boy ,"w1 by ! ,rev4 ,sp5c] ,j4 ,gibb4 #aba ,report on ,boy ,lab\r1 p4 #d4 #abb ,report ( ! ,dep>tm5tal ,committee on ! ,employm5t ( ,*ildr5 ,act1 #aijc1 #aiaj1 p4 #ad4 #abc ,/udies ( ,boy ,life1 p4 #aaa4 #abd ,cyril ,jackson1 ,report on ,boy ,lab\r1 p4 #ad4 #abe ,! ,rev4 ,sp5c] ,j4 ,gibb1 ,! ,problem ( ,boy ,"w1 p4 #cc4 #abf ,report on ! ,appr5tice%ip ,"q1 ,m9utes ( ! ,education ,committee ( ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 ,febru>y #bd1 #aiji1 p4 #dbd4 #abg ,report on ,boy ,lab\r1 p4 #bg4 #abh ,mr4 ,cloete1 9 ,/udies ( ,boy ,life1 p4 #abe4 #abi ,report on ,boy ,lab\r1 p4 #bj4 #acj ,ibid41 p4 #bj4 #aca ,ibid41 p4 #bf4 #acb ,report on ,boy ,lab\r1 p4 #ag4 #acc ,ibid41 p4 #af4 #acd ,ibid41 p4 #ag4 #ace ,report on ! ,appr5tice%ip ,"q1 p4 #a4 ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil ,publications4 ,p4 ,s4 ,k+ & ,son4 #acf ,report on ! ,appr5tice%ip ,"q1 p4 #b4 #acg ,*>les ,boo?1 ,life & ,lab\r ( ! ,p1 vol4 ix41 p4 #bbb4 #ach ,?is ,advisory ,committee conta9s repres5tatives ( ! *ief woodwork indu/ries ( ! di/rict4 #aci ,report on ! ,appr5tice%ip ,"q1 p4 #d4 #adj ,report on ! ,appr5tice%ip ,"q1 p4 #d4 #ada ,m9utes ( ! ,education ,committee1 ,febru>y #bd1 #aiji1 p4 #dae4 #adb ,report on ,boy ,lab\r1 p4 #dg4 #adc ,report on ,boy ,lab\r1 p4 #bj4 #add ,ibid41 p4 #bj4 #ade ,ibid41 p4 #bb4 #adf ,ibid41 p4 #bc4 #adg ,report on ,employm5t ( ,s*ool-,*ildr51 p4 #e4 #adh ,report ( ,*ief ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ,bo>d ( ,education = #aiji1 pp4 #hj-ha1 note4 #adi ,report ( ,consultation ,committee on ,cont9uation ,s*ools1 p4 #bjf4 #aej ,majority ,report ( ! ,poor ,law ,commission1 p4 #cbe4 #aea ,ibid41 p4 #cbe4 #aeb ,m9ority ,report ( ! ,poor ,law ,commission1 p4 #aaff4 #aec ,ibid41 p4 #aaff4 #aed ,m9ority ,report on ! ,poor ,law ,commission1 p4 #aaff4 #aee ,report on ,boy ,lab\r1 p4 #e4 #aef ,ibid41 p4 #bg4 #aeg ,m4 ,e4 ,sadl]1 ,cont9uation ,s*ools1 ,preface1 p4 xii4 #aeh ,m4 ,e4 ,sadl]1 ,cont9uation ,s*ools1 ,preface1 p4 xiii4 #aei ,! ,rev4 ,sp5c] ,j4 ,gibb1 ,! ,problem ( ,boy ,"w1 p4 #cc4 #afj ,economic ,j\rnal1 ,decemb]1 #aiji1 p4 #ebb4 #afa ,ibid41 p4 #ebb4 #afb ,economic ,j\rnal1 ,decemb]1 #aiji1 p4 #ecb4 #afc ,elem5t>y ,s*ools 7,*ildr5 ,work+ = ,wages7 ,act1 ,"p 7#b71 ,return = ,engl& & ,wales1 #ahii1 p4 iv4 #afd ,elem5t>y ,s*ools 7,*ildr5 ,work+ = ,wages7 ,act1 ,"p 7#b71 ,return = ,engl& & ,wales1 #ahii41 p4 vii4 #afe ,m4 ,f4 ,davies1 ,life 9 an ,engli% ,village1 *ap4 x4 #aff ,report ( ! ,commission]s ( ,prisons = ! ye> end+ ,m>* #ca1 #aijh1 p4 #ad4 #afg ,report ( ! ,poor ,law ,commission1 p4 #cbe4 #afh ,morn+ ,po/1 ,janu>y #c1 #aiji1 lett] f ,pr(essor ,m4 ,e4 ,sadl]4 #afi ,russell & ,rigby1 ,work+ ,lads' ,club1 p4 #bhf4 #agj ,majority ,report ( ! ,poor ,law ,commission1 p4 #cbf4 #aga ,m9ority ,report ( ! ,poor ,law ,commission1 p4 #aafe4 #agb ,ibid41 p4 #aaff4 #agc ,m9utes ( ! ,education ,committee1 ,febru>y #bd1 #aiji1 p4 #dbb4 #agd ,m9utes ( ! ,education ,committee1 ,febru>y #bd1 #aiji1 p4 #daf4 #age ,m9utes ( ! ,education ,committee1 ,febru>y #bd1 #aiji1 p4 #daf4 #agf ,m4 ,e4 ,sadl]1 ,cont9uation ,s*ools1 p4 #ccd4 #agg ,b]l91 ?\gh gr[+ luxuri\s1 is n yet z sp5d?rift ( "y life z is ,london4 ,! newspap]-boy & ! /reet-trad] are unkn[n 7,report to ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 by ,miss ,durham1 p4 #c74 #agh ,see ,report ( ! ,consultative ,committee ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education on ,cont9uation ,s*ools1 *ap4 x4 #agi ,report ( ! ,poor ,law ,commission1 p4 #cdf4 #ahj ,report ( ! ,poor ,law ,commission1 pp4 #cdf-cdg4 #aha ,ibid41 ,pr(essor ,*apman1 footnote1 p4 #cdf4 #ahb ,report ( ! ,poor ,law ,commission1 p4 #cea4 #ahc ,report ( ! ,consultative ,committee ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education 9 ,high] ,elem5t>y ,s*ools1 p4 #g4 #ahd ,report by ,miss ,durham to ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil on ,juv5ile ,lab\r 9 ,g]many1 p4 #g4