,,! ,,mak+ ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t ,,! ,,home ,,univ]sity ,,libr>y ,,( ,,mod]n ,,k ,editors ( ,,! ,,home ,,univ]sity ,,libr>y ,,( ,,mod]n ,,k ,rt4 ,hon4 ,h4 ,a4 ,l4 ,fi%]1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,b4,a4 ,pr(4 ,gilb]t ,murray1 ,litt4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,b4,a4 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,ar?ur ,?omson1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d4 ,= li/ ( volumes 9 ! ,libr>y see end ( book4 ,,! ,,mak+ ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t ,by ,,b5jam9 ,w4 ,,bacon ,d4,d4 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,new ,,criticism ,,& ,,exegesis ,,9 ,,yale ,,univ]sity ,illu/ration ,,?ornton ,,butt]wor? ,,limit$ #ae ,,b$=d ,,/reet1 ,,london1 ,w4,c4#b ,fir/ ,impression ,septemb] #aiab - ,all ,rights ,res]v$ ,,made ,,& ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,great ,,brita9 ,,cont5ts ,,"p ,i ,,canonization ,,& ,,criticism ,,*ap4 ,,page ,i ,,inspiration ,,& ,,canonization #g ,,ii ,,! ,,reaction ,,to ,,criticism #cc ,,"p ,,ii ,,! ,,lit]ature ,,( ,,! ,,apo/le ,,iii ,,paul ,,z ,,mission>y ,,& ,,def5d] ,,( ,,! ,,gospel ,,( ,,grace #ef ,,iv ,,paul ,,z ,,prison] ,,& ,,*ur* ,,fa!r #hc ,v ,,pseudo-,,apo/olic ,,epi/les #ajd ,,"p ,,iii ,,! ,,lit]ature ,,( ,,cate*i/ ,,& ,,prophet ,,vi ,,! ,,mat?aean ,,tradition ,,( ,,! ,,precepts ,,( ,,jesus #abh ,,vii ,,! ,,petr9e ,,tradition4 ,,evangelic ,,/ory #aed ,,viii ,,! ,,johann9e ,,tradition4 ,,prophecy #ahe ,,"p ,,iv ,,! ,,lit]ature ,,( ,,! ,,!ologian ,,ix ,,! ,,spiritual ,,gospel ,,& ,,epi/les #bjf ,x ,,epilogues ,,& ,,conclusions #bcc ,,bibliography #bea ,,index #bee ,,! ,,mak+ ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t ,,"p ,i ,,canonization ,,& ,,criticism ,,*apt] ,i ,,inspiration ,,& ,,canonization ,! ,new ,te/am5t pres5ts ! p>adox ( a lit]ature born ( prote/ aga9/ ! tyranny ( a canon1 yet ultimately canoniz$ itself ?r\gh an increas+ dem& = ext]nal au?ority4 ,?is p>adox is full ( significance4 ,we mu/ exam9e x m closely4 ,! "w ( ,jesus 0 a consi/5t ef=t to set religion free f ! dead5+ sy/em ( ! scribes4 ,he 0 consci\s ( a direct1 div9e au?ority4 ,! brok5 lights ( =m] inspiration are lo/ 9 ! full dawn ( ,god's pres5ce to ,8 s\l4 ,s ) ,paul4 ,! key to ,paul's ?\ght is 8 revolt aga9/ legalism4 ,x _h be5 "p ( 8 s]vitude to p]secute ! sect :i* claim$ to "k ano!r ,way besides ! way#a ( ! scribes4 ,^! ,*ri/ians signaliz$ _! fai? by ! rite ( baptism1 & glori$ 9 ! s5se ( end[m5t ) ! ,_s4 ,saul 0 pr(\ndly consci\s ( ! yoke2 only he _h n dramm$ t 8 own deliv]ance c\ld come f su* a qu>t]4 ,b contact ) victims ( ! type ( ,/eph51 m5 fill$ ) ! ,_s1 consci\s ( ! v p[] f ,god = lack ( :i* 8 s\l 0 fa9t+1 c\ld n b h "s effect4 ,x came sudd5ly1 ov]:elm+ly4 ,! real issue1 z ,saul saw x1 bo? be=e & aft] 8 conv]sion1 0 ,law v]sus ,grace4 ,9 seek+ ju/ification by fav\r ( ,jesus ^! ,*ri/ians 7 op5+ a new & liv+ way to acceptance ) ,god4 ,traitor\s & apo/ate z ! attempt mu/ seem :ile ! way ( ! ,law /ill gave promise ( success1 to s\ls s9k+ l ,saul's deep] & deep] into ! despair+ consci\sness ( ! weakness ( ! fle% =giv5ess 9 ! "n ( ,jesus might prove to be light & life f ,god4 ,! despis$ sect ( 's9n]s' :om he _h be5 p]secut+ express$ ! ess5ce ( _! fai? 9 ! doctr9e t ! gift ( ! ,_s ( ,jesus _h made !m sons & heirs ( ,god4 ,if ! conv]t$ ,paul 9 turn is uplift$--en]giz$1 z he t]ms x--ev5 beyond 8 fell[-,*ri/ians1 by ! s5se ( pres5t inspiration1 x is no m ?an we %\ld expect4 ,footnote #a3 ,t>ik1 i4 e4 way1 is /ill ! ,arabic t]m = a sect1 & ! ,rabb9ic t]m = legal requirem5t is hala*a1 i4 e4 walk4 ,paul's conv]sion to ! new fai?--or at lea/ 8 p]si/5t satisfaction 9 x--w be inexplicable unless we appreciate ! logic ( 8 recognition 9 x ( an inh]5t opposition to ! gr[+ dem&s ( legalism4 ,jesus _h1 9 tru?1 l$ a revolt aga9/ m]e book-religion4 ,8 *ief oppon5ts 7 ! scribes1 ! devotees & expon5ts ( a sacr$ scripture1 ! ,law4 ,law & ,prophets1 ! "o prescrib+ ! conditions ( ! expect$ transc5d5tal ,k+dom1 ! o!r illu/rat+ _! application & gu>antee+ _! promise1 con/itut$ ! canon ( ! synagogue4 ,judaism _h become a religion ( writt5 au?ority4 ,jesus set ov] aga9/ ?is a direct relation to ! liv+ ,fa!r 9 heav51 ev] pres5tly reveal$ to ! filial _s4 ,! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt makes ! do+ ( ?is ,fa!r's w some?+ q o!r ?an s]vitude to writt5 precepts int]pret$ by (ficial au?ority & impos$ "u p5alty4 ,x is to be self-discipl9e 9 ! ,fa!r's _s ( dis9t]e/$ goodness1 z reveal$ 9 ev]yday exp]i5ce4 ,ev5 ! rew>d ( ?is self-discipl9e1 ! ,k+dom1 ,jesus did n conceive q z ! scribes4 ,to !m ob$i5ce 9 ?is _w procur$ a %>e 9 ! _w to come4 ,to ,him ! rew>d 0 m a matt] ( be+ ?an ( gett+4 ,! ,k+dom 0 an heir-app>5cy2 &1 !re=e1 pres5t z well z future4 ,x 0 )9 & among m5 z well z be=e !m4 ,!y %\ld seek to be sons & daught]s ( ! ,highe/1 tak+ = grant$ t all o!r good ?+s w\ld be add$4 ,s ,jesus made religion live aga94 ,x became spiritual1 inw>d1 p]sonal1 actual4 ,aft] ,john ! ,bapti/'s m9i/ry to :at we %\ld call ! 'un*ur*$' masses1 ,jesus took up _! cause4 ,he became ! fri5d & *ampion ( ! little ones1 ! publicans & s9n]s1 ! mix$ 'p ( ! l&' 9 popul\s1 half-hea!n1 ,galilee4 ,! burd5s impos$ by ! scribes 9 ! "n ( ',scripture' 7 accept$ ) alacrity by ! typical ,ph>isee unaffect$ by ,paul9e misgiv+s ( 'moral inability4' ,to fulfil all righte\sness 0 to ! ,ph>isee unta9t$ by ,hell5ism a pride & delight4 ,to ! lo/ %eep ( ,israel :om ,jesus address$1 remote f temple & synagogue1 ?is righte\sness _h prov$ 7equally z to ,paul1 ?\gh on v diff]5t gr\nds7 a yoke :i* nei!r we nor our fa!rs 7 able to be>4 ,jesus _h compassion on ! multitude4 ,to !m he spoke ) au?ority2 & yet n z ! scribes b z a prophet4 ,:5 *all5g$ by ! scribes = 8 au?ority he ref]r$ to ! baptism ( ,john1 & ask$ :e!r ,john's commission 0 f heav51 or ( m54 ,!y admitt$ t ,john 0 a prophet4 ,^? :o give utt]ance aft] ?is mann] to ! simple1 s9c]e conviction ( ! s\l1 voic+ its in/9ctive aspiration t[>d ! ?+s t be ( ,god1 are consci\s t !y speak n ( !mselves4 ,jesus1 x is true1 0 no iconocla/4 ,he took pa9s to make cle> t if he sup]s$$ :at !y ( old "t _h taught z righte\sness1 x 0 9 ! int]e/ ( a high]1 a righte\sness ( ,god4 ,if he disreg>d$ fa/s & sabba?s1 x 0 to put sub/ance = =m1 end = means4 ,judgm5t1 m]cy1 & good fai? %\ld c\nt m ?an ti!s f m9t & anise & cumm94 ,he e*o$ :at ,john ! ,bapti/ _h taught ( rep5tance & =giv5ess4 ,hope %\ld no long] be bas$ on bir?1 or pr]ogative1 or ritual =m1 b on ! m]cy ( a ,god :o dem&s t we =give if we w\ld be =giv54 ,su* _h be51 h[ev]1 ! message n ( ,john only1 b ( all ! prophets be=e him3 ,i w h m]cy1 & n sacrifice4 ,jesus taught ?is high]1 inw>d1 righte\sness2 b n m]ely z ,john _h done4 ,john _h said3 ,rep5t1 = ! wra? ( ,god is at h&4 ,jesus said3 ,rep5t1 = ! =giv5ess ( ,god is op54 ,! ,fa!r's he>t ye>ns ov] ! wayw>d sons4 ,jesus prea*$ ! ne>ness ( ! ,k+dom z glad tid+s to ! poor2 & among ^! poor 7 includ$ ev5 ali5s :o put fai? 9 ! ,god ( ,abraham4 ,! new ,way />t$ f ! same ,scripture z t ( ! scribes1 b x t5d$ 9 an opposite direction4 ,!irs _h be5 gradually develop+ 9 def9it5ess & au?ority s9ce ! "t ( ,ezra2 yes1 s9ce ,josiah _h made =mal cov5ant1 aft] ! discov]y ( ! book ( ! ,law 9 ! temple1 pl$g+ himself & 8 p to ob$i5ce4 ,z ) _m anci5t peoples1 ! codification ( ! anci5t law _h be5 foll[$ by its canonization1 & z ! national life _h wan$ ! religi\s significance ( ! ,law _h increas$4 ,x 0 n[ decl>$ to express ! complete w ( ,god1 = an ideal p ( ,god1 9 a r5ovat$ univ]se1 ^: c5tre 0 to be a new & glorifi$ ,j]usalem4 ,! ,exile int]rupt$ = a "t ! process ( =mal developm5t2 b 9 ! ecclesia/ical recon/ruction :i* foll[$ 9 ,ezra's "t ! book ( ! ,law _h become all ! m supreme2 ! scribe took ! place ( ! civil (fic]1 ! synagogue became local sanctu>y & c\rt-h\se 9 "o1 ! nation became a *ur*1 ,israel became '! p ( ! book4' ,legal requirem5t calls = ! inc5tive ( rew>d4 ,we ne$ n wond]1 !n1 t ! canon ( ! ,law 0 soon supplem5t$ by t ( ! writ+s ( ! ,prophets1 hi/orical & hortatory4 ,! =m] 7 consid]$ to int]pret ! ,law by %[+ its application 9 practice1 ! latt] 7 valu$ = _! pr$ictive elem5t4 ,law & ,prophets 7 supplem5t$ by ,psalms1 & elem5ts f ! lat] lit]ature hav+ application to ! religi\s sy/em4 ,! mo/ influ5tial 7 ! apocalypses1 or revelations ( ! transc5d5tal ,k+dom & ( ! conditions & mode ( its com+4 ,scripture _h ?us become an embodim5t ( ,israel's religion4 ,x set =? ! national law1 civil1 crim9al1 or religi\s2 & ! national hope1 ! ,k+dom ( ,god4 ,its cu/odian & int]pret] 0 ! 'scribe1' lawy] & cl]ic 9 "o4 ,! scribe held ! key ( k2 to him x 0 giv5 to 'b9d & loose1' 'op5 & %ut4' ,any prea*] :o presum$ to prescribe a righte\sness ap>t f '! yoke ( ! ,law1' or to promise =giv5ess ( s9s on o!r au?ority1 mu/ reckon ) ! scribes4 ,he w\ld be reg>d$ z seek+ to 'take ! ,k+dom by viol5ce4' ,jesus' m>tyrdom 0 effect$ ?r\gh ! prie/s1 ! temple au?orities2 b at ! in/igation ( ! scribes & ,ph>isees4 ,8 adh]5ts 7 soon aft] driv5 out f or?odox ,judaism & subject$ to p]secution4 ,?is p]secution1 h[ev]1 soon f\nd its natural lead]%ip1 n among ! ,sadducean temple-prie/hood1 b among ! devotees ( ! ,law4 ,x 0 9 ! synagogues4 ,f hav+ be5 quasi-political x became di/9ctly religi\s4 ,?is p]secution by ! ,ph>isees is on ! :ole less surpris+ ?an ! fact t s _m ( ! ,jewi% believ]s %\ld h cont9u$ to reg>d !mselves z consi/5t ,ph>isees1 & ev5 be5 s reg>d$ by _! fell[-,jews4 ,9 reality ,jewi% ,*ri/ians z a rule c\ld see no incompatibility betwe5 av]age synagogue religion & _! acceptance ( ,jesus z ! man sup]naturally atte/$ 9 ! resurrection z de/9$ to return br++ ! glory ( ! ,k+dom4 ,jesus' idea ( 'righte\sness' did n seem to !m irreconcilable ) ! legalism ( ! scribes2 /ill less _h !y felt ! subtle diff]5ce betwe5 8 promise ,ye %all be sons & daught]s ( ! ,highe/ & ! apocalyptic dreams :i* !y %>$ ) _! fell[-,jews4 ,saul ! p]secutor & ,paul ! apo/le 7 m logical4 ,9 ,gal4 ii4 #ae-ba we h ,paul's own /atem5t ( ! ess5tial issue z x /ill appe>$ to 8 cle> m9d4 ,av]age synagogue religion /ill left room = a m fa!rly relation ( ,god to ! individual1 9 spite ( ! gradual encroa*m5t ( ! legali/ic sy/em ( ! scribes4 ,m5 n s5sitive to inconsi/5cy c\ld f9d room )9 ! synagogue = ! 'pat]nal !ism' ( ,jesus1 ev5 if ?is mu/ m & m be plac$ "u ! head ( 'uncov5ant$ m]cies4' ,to ,paul1 h[ev]1 ! dilemma is absolute4 ,"o mu/ tru/ ei!r to law or grace4 ,p>tial reliance on ! "o is to j t ext5t negation ( fai? 9 ! o!r4 ,! sy/em ( writt5 precept p]mits no exception1 tol]ates no divid$ allegiance4 ,if ! canon ( writt5 law be ! ,god-giv5 condition ( ! messianic promise1 !n no man c aspire to %>e 9 ! hope ( ,israel :o does n submit unres]v$ly to its yoke4 ,conv]sely1 fai? is n fai? if "o seek to supplem5t x by ! m]it ( works ( law4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ! ,jew :o seeks =giv5ess ( s9s by baptism into ! "n ( ,jesus mu/ be consid]$ an apo/ate f ! ,law4 ,he ackn[l$ges !reby t he is foll[+ ano!r ,way1 a way ( grace1 a %ort-cut1 z x 71 to a %>e 9 ,israel's messianic inh]itance by ! fav\r ( a pret5d$ ,messiah4 ,! same ,paul :o aft] 8 conv]sion ma9ta9s 7,gal4 ii4 #ba7 t to seek ju/ification ?r\gh ! ,law makes ! grace ( ,god ( none effect1 mu/ conv]sely h held be=e conv]sion t to seek x by grace ( ,jesus made ! ,law ( none effect4 ,ev5 at ! "t ( writ+ ! axiom /ill held3 ,no resi/ance to ! yoke ( ! ,law1 no p]secution 7,gal4 v4 #aa74 ,x is true1 !n1 t ! legali/ic sy/em ( prescription & rew>d _h develop$--c\ld develop--only at ! exp5se ( ! less me*anical1 m fa!rly1 religion ( a ,hosea or an ,isaiah4 ,ev5 scribes _h admitt$ t ! law ( love 0 mu* m ?an all :ole burnt-(f]+ & sacrifice4 ,& ! movem5t ( ! ,bapti/ & ( ,jesus _h really be5 ( ! nature ( a reaction t[>d ?is old]1 simpl] fai?4 ,! sudd5 revolt 9 ,paul's own m9d aga9/ ! scribal sy/em might n h occurr$ 9 ! m9d ( a ,ph>isee unfamili> ) ,greek ideas4 ,b to "s ext5t ,paul's exp]i5ce ( ! conflict ( fle% & _s1 a 'moral inability' to meet ! ,law's dem&s 0 a typical ,*ri/ian exp]i5ce1 z ,paul felt x to be4 ,to him x became ! basis ( an indep5d5t gospel4 ,to him ! ,cross & ! ,_s imp>t$ f ! ris5 ,messiah 7 tok5s f ,god t ! disp5sation ( ,law is end$ & a disp5sation ( ,grace & ,son %ip begun4 ,)\t ?is ,paul9e gospel ab\t ,jesus ,*ri/ianity c\ld nev] h become m ?an a sect ( re=m$ ,judaism4 ,! tea*+ & m>tyrdom ( ,jesus _h ?us s]v$ to br+ out a deep & real anti!sis4 ,only1 m5 :o _h n pass$ l ,paul f ! extreme ( tru/ 9 legalism to a correspond+ extremity ( despair might be p>don$ = "s ins5sibility to ?is inconsi/5cy4 ,we c appreciate t ,james & ,pet] might hone/ly hold !mselves /ill "u obligation ( ! writt5 law1 ev5 :ile we admit ,paul's logic t any man :o _h once s\ght to be ju/ifi$ 9 ,*ri/ c\ld n turn back 9 any degree to legal obs]vance )\t be+ self-condemn$4 ,*ri/ianity may be said to h atta9$ self-consci\sness z a new religion 9 ! great argum5t direct$ by ,paul along ! l9es ( 8 own gospel aga9/ ,pet] & ! old] apo/les4 ,its victory z a univ]sal religion ( 'grace' ov] ! limitations ( ,judaism 0 due to ! common doctr9e ( '! ,_s4' ,?is 0 ! "o po9t ( agreem5t1 ! "o hope ( ultimate concord among ! cont5d+ p>ties4 ,all 7 agre$ t end[m5t ) '! ,_s' m>ks ! ,*ri/ian4 ,x 0 9 tru? ! great inh]itance f ,jesus %>$ by all 9 common4 ,& ,pet] & ,james admitt$ t to d5y t uncircumciz$ ,g5tiles _h receiv$ ! ,_s 0 to cont5d aga9/ ,god4 ,aft] ,paul's dea? ecclesia/ical developm5t took mo/ly ! road ( ! synagogue4 ,! s5se ( ! pres5ce & au?ority ( '! ,_s' grew weak]1 ! au?ority ( ! lett] /rong]4 ,f ! outset ev5 ! ,paul9e *ur*es1 9 ritual1 ord]1 obs]vance1 _h foll[$ in/9ctively ?is patt]n4 ,all cont9u$1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 to use ! synagogue's sacr$ writ+s4 ,paul himself1 spite ( 8 prote/ aga9/ ! lett]1 c\ld make no headway aga9/ 8 oppon5ts1 save by argum5t f ',scripture4' ,he _h f\nd 9 x anticipations & pr$ictions ( 8 own ,*ri/ian fai?2 b by an exegesis (t5 only little less =c$ & fanta/ic ?an t ( ! rabb9ic s*ools 9 :i* he _h be5 tra9$4 ,?is 0 a necessity ( ! times4 ,! reason+1 fallaci\s z x seems to-day1 _h appeal$ to & /r5g!n$ ,paul's own fai?1 & 0 probably effective ) o!rs1 ev5 if ! fai? really re/$ on o!r gr\nds ?an ! reason+ by :i* x 0 def5d$4 ,! results ( ?is biblicism 7 n all salut>y4 ,! claims ( writt5 au?ority 7 loos5$ r ?an brok54 ,paul himself _h f\nd room en\gh )9 ^! def5ces = ! religion ( ! ,_s2 b a g5]ation 0 com+ ) less ( ! s5se ( pres5t inspiration4 ,dep5d5ce on pa/ au?ority w\ld be increas$ 9 ?is new g5]ation 9 direct proportion to its s5se ( ! sup]ior 'inspiration' ( ! g5]ation :i* _h gone be=e4 ,paul is unhamp]$ by ev5 ! scriptures ( ! prophets because 9 8 view ^! take all _! au?ority & mean+ f ! ,"l1 ! ,_s4 ,h5ce :]e ! ,_s ( ! ,"l is1 !re is lib]ty4 ,only ! rememb]$ ^w ( ! ,"l has au?ority = ,paul beyond 8 own1 ev5 :5 he ?9ks t he also has ! ,_s4 ,) t exception pa/ revelation is = ,paul subord9ate to pres5t4 ,b ,paul's imm$iate disciple1 ! au?or ( ,hebrews1 is already on a l[] plane4 ,?is writ] looks back to a ?reefold s\rce ( au?ority3 ,god _h spok5 9 =m] ages by ! prophets & to ! pres5t by a ,son1 b he looks also to an apo/olic au?ority high] ?an 8 own3 ,! ^w 0 confirm$ unto u by !m t he>d1 ,god also be>+ witness ) !m1 bo? by signs & wond]s1 & by manifold p[]s1 & by gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,simil>ly ! au?or ( ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les 7#ij-ajj87 holds ! patt]n ( s\nd words he>d f ,paul z a sacr$ deposit1 :i* is gu>d$1 r ?an reveal$1 by ! ,holy ,_s4 ,! s\nd words 9 "q are def9$ to be ! words ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,^!1 tak5 toge!r ) ! doctr9e :i* is accord+ to godl9ess1 fix ! /&>d ( or?odoxy4 ,to ,jude 7#ajj-aaj87 ! fai? is some?+ once = all deliv]$ to ! sa9ts4 ,8 message is3 ,rememb]1 belov$1 ! words spok5 be=e by ! apo/les ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,au?ority increases1 ! s5se ( ! reveal+ ,_s decreases4 ,x is long be=e ! s5se ( pres5t inspiration1 bo? 9 ^w & "w is lo/2 /ill long] be=e ! record$ precepts ( ,jesus1 ! exhortations & directions ( apo/les1 ! visions ( prophets1 come to take _! place alongside ! ,bible ( ! synagogue z writ+s ( ! new cov5ant4 ,melito ( ,s>dis 7c4 #agj7 is ! fir/ to use ?is expression1 & ev5 9 8 case x does n be> ! s5se ( a canon ) def9ite limits4 ,t]tullian 7#bjj-baj7 is ! fir/ to place a def9ite ,new ,te/am5t ov] aga9/ ! ,old4 ,we mu/ glance at "s ( ! int]m$iate /eps to appreciate ?is gradual process ( canonization4 ,at fir/ !re is no o!r ',scripture' ?an ! synagogue's4 ,clem5t ( ,rome 7#ie7 /ill uses only ! ,law & ! ,prophets 7includ+ c]ta9 apocrypha n[ lo/7 z 8 ,bible4 ,he ref]s to ! precepts ( ,jesus 7quot$ z 9 ,acts ,,xx4 #ce f oral tradition71 ) ! same s5se z ,paul ( _! p>am\nt au?ority1 & bids ! ,cor9?ians :om he addresses give he$ to :at ! bless$ ,apo/le ,paul _h writt5 to !m 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! gospel s]vice1 to w>n !m aga9/ facti\sness4 ,nor has ,clem5t yet lo/ ! s5se ( direct inspiration2 = he atta*es to 8 own epi/le1 writt5 9 behalf ( ! *ur* at ,rome1 ! same sup]human au?ority claim$ 9 ,acts ,,xv4 #bh = ! lett] s5t by ! *ur* at ,j]usalem4 ,if ! ,cor9?ians disreg>d ! words spok5 by ,god ?r\gh u !y w incur no slight transgression & dang]1 = ^! w>n+s ( a si/] *ur* are utt]$ 9 ! "n & by inspiration ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,/ill1 ,clem5t does n dream ( comp>+ 8 au?ority1 ev5 :5 he writes z ag5t ( ! *ur*1 ) t ( ! oracles ( ! tea*+ ( ,god1 ! sacr$ ,scriptures1 ! ,scriptures :i* are true1 :i* 7 giv5 ?r\gh ! ,holy ,gho/1 :]e9 is writt5 no?+ unrighte\s or c\nt]feit4 ,he does n ev5 rank 8 own au?ority ) t ( ! good apo/les1 ,pet] & ,paul4 ,ignatius1 bi%op ( ,antio*1 transport$ to ,rome = m>tyrdom 9 #aaj-aag1 employs a brief /ay among ! *ur*es ( ,asia to exhort !m to resi/ ! encroa*m5ts ( h]esy by consolidation ( *ur* organization1 discipl9e1 /rict ob$i5ce to ! bi%op4 ,ignatius1 too1 /ill feels ! afflatus4 ,8 message1 he decl>es ) emphasis1 0 reveal$ to him1 toge!r ) ! occasion = x1 directly f heav54 ,x 0 ! voice ( ,god & n only ( a man :5 he cri$ out among ! ,philadelphians3 ,give he$ to ! bi%op1 & ! presbyt]y & deacons4 ,yet ,ignatius _c enjo9 ! ,romans z ,pet] & ,paul did4 ,!y 7 apo/les4 ,he is a convict4 ,8 inspiration1 h[ev] und\bt$1 is ( a l[] ord]4 ,h]mas1 a 'prophet' ( ! same ,roman *ur* z ,clem5t1 ?\gh a g5]ation lat]1 is /ill s consci\s ( ! sup]human "* ( 8 ,visions1 ,p>ables1 & ,m&ates t he gives !m out = circulation z inspir$ messages ( ! ,_s2 & ?is n = ,rome alone4 ,clem5t1 !n app>5tly /ill liv+1 & ! "o to :om ?is duty is committ$1 is to s5d !m to =eign cities4 ,9 po9t ( fact ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas long held a place = _m *ur*es z "p ( ! ,new ,te/am5t canon4 ,yet less ?an a g5]ation aft] ,h]mas1 ! claim to ex]cise ! gift ( prophecy 9 ! *ur* 0 look$ ^u z dang]\s if n h]etical4 ,9 ! nature ( ! case x 0 really impossible t ! orig9al s5se ( end[m5t ) ! ,_s %\ld survive4 ,n only did ! rapidly gr[+ rev]5ce = ! apo/les & ! ,"l op5 a *asm sep>at+ ! ^w ( wisdom & ! ^w ( p[] giv5 to t age1 f ! slight] contempor>y claims ( miracle & revelation2 ! v gr[? & wide dissem9ation ( ! gospel message made /&>dization imp]ative4 ,be=e ! middle ( ! second c5tury ,gno/ic s*ism _h swept ne>ly half ! *ur* into ! vortex ( speculative h]esy4 ,m>cion at ,rome 7c4 #adj7 c>ri$ ,paul9e anti-legalism to ! extreme ( an entire rejection ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,judaism & all its works & ways 7 to be repudiat$4 ,! v ,god ( ,abraham1 ,isaac1 & ,jacob 0 decl>$ o!r ?an1 & ignorant (1 ! heav5ly ,fa!r ( ,jesus4 ,aga9/ su* vag>ies !re mu/ be "s hi/oric /&>d4 ,ev5 ,m>cion himself look$ to ! pa/1 h[ev] rec5t1 z ! s\rce ( light1 & s9ce "s writt5 /&>d mu/ be f\nd1 x 0 he1 ! h]etic1 :o gave to ,*ri/ianity its fir/ canon ( ,*ri/ian writ+s4 ,! ,m>cionite *ur*es did away ) ! public read+ ( ! ,law & ! ,prophets1 & c\ld only put 9 _! place ,gospel & ,apo/le4 ,n t ,epi/les1 ,gospels1 & ev5 ',revelations' 7 n also 9 use among ! or?odox2 b !y are n yet ref]r$ to z ',scripture4' ,ev5 gospels are treat$ m]ely z aids to ! memory 9 transmitt+ ! tea*+ ( ! ,"l4 ,?is tea*+ itself is b ! au?oritative int]pretation ( ,law & ,prophets1 & is 9 turn int]pret$ by ! writ+s ( ! apo/les4 ,m>cion's ',gospel' consi/$ ( our ,luke1 expurgat$ accord+ to 8 own ideas4 ,8 ',apo/le' conta9$ ! ,epi/les ( ,paul m9us ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les & a s]ies ( passages cancell$ out f ! re/ z ,jewi% int]polations4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ ,*ri/ian ,bible di/9ct f '! ,scriptures' ( ! synagogue4 ,indirectly ! gr[? ( ,gno/ic h]esy contribut$ /ill m to ! increas+ au?ority ( apo/olic & quasi-apo/olic writ+s4 ,"o ( its e>lie/ & mo/ obnoxi\s =ms 0 call$ ',doketism1' f its exagg]ation ( ,paul9ism into a complete repudiation ( ! hi/oric ,jesus1 ^: e>?ly c>e] 0 /igmatiz$ z m]e 'phantasm' 7dokesis74 ,doketism is kn[n to u n only ?r\gh description by or?odox oppon5ts1 b by a few writ+s ( its own4 ,x is ! type ( h]esy antagoniz$ 9 ! ,johann9e ,epi/les 7c4 #ajj7 & 9 ^? ( ,ignatius 7#aaj-aag74 ,n[ ,ignatius1 z we h se51 reli$ ma9ly on *ur* organization & discipl9e4 ,! ,pa/oral ,epi/les 7#ij-ajj71 :ile !y emphasize also ! =m ( heal?ful words1 ev5 ! words ( our ,"l ,jesus take1 on ! :ole1 a simil> direction4 ,b #a/ ,john1 :i* relies f> less ?an ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les or ,ignatius on m]e *ur* organization1 is also driv5 back ^u ! life & tea*+ ( ,jesus z ! hi/oric /&>d4 ,x does1 !re=e1 make =mal appeal to ! sacr$ tradition 9 bo? its elem5ts1 b ) a diff]5ce *>act]i/ic ( ! ,paul9e _s4 ,! r$eem+ life & dea? ( ,jesus are view$ z a manife/ation ( ! life1 ev5 ! et]nal life 7( ! ,logos7 :i* 0 ) ! ,fa!r & 0 manife/$ unto u 7! hi/oric body ( believ]s74 ,aga9 ,jesus' "o new comm&m5t1 ! law ( love1 is ! epitome ( all righte\sness4 ,9 8 doctr9e ( ,scripture z 9 _m o!r respects ! ,johann9e writ] %[s a bread? & ca?olicity ( m9d :i* almo/ anticipates ! developm5t ( lat] ages4 ,8 task 0 9 fact ! adju/m5t ( ! develop$ ,paul9e gospel to a type ( ,*ri/ianity m ne>ly ak9 to synagogue tradition4 ,?is type _h gr[n up "u ! "n ( ,pet]4 ,on ! "q ( ! /&>d ( writt5 au?ority ',john'#b leaves room = ! fre$om ( ! ,_s s spl5didly set =? 9 ! tea*+ & example ( ,jesus & ,paul1 :ile he resi/s ! erratic lic5ce ( ^? t w\ld lead y a/ray4 ,! result is a doctr9e ( hi/oric au?ority 9 g5]al1 & ( t ( ! ,scriptures 9 p>ticul>1 %>ply diff]5tiat$ f ! ,jewi%1 & des]v+ 9 e respect to be treat$ z ! basis ( ! ,*ri/ian4 ,9 a great *apt] ( 8 ,gospel 7,john v471 :]e9 ,jesus debates ) ! scribes ! "q ( ,8 own au?ority1 ! dialogue closes ) a d5unciation ( !m because !y se>* ! ,scriptures ) ! idea t 9 !m !y h et]nal life1 t is1 !y treat !m z a code ( precepts1 ob$i5ce to :i* w be ?us rew>d$4 ,on ! contr>y1 says ,jesus1 ! ,scriptures only be> witness to ! life t is pres5t 9 ,himself z ! inc>nate1 et]nal1 ,^w2 b ye w n come unto me t ye might h life4 ,footnote #b3 ,9 us+ traditional names & titles su* z ,luke1 ,john1 ,mat!w1 ,james1 no assumption is made z to au!nticity4 ,! designation is employ$ = conv5i5ce irrespective ( its critical accuracy or inaccuracy4 ,9 seek+ ! life beh9d ! lit]ature z ! real revelation1 ! ,johann9e writ] makes ! ess5tial di/9ction betwe5 ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian doctr9e4 ,he /&s betwe5 ,paul1 ^: peculi> view 0 bas$ on an exceptional p]sonal exp]i5ce1 & ! mod]n inve/igator1 :o c b treat all lit]>y monum5ts & records ( religi\s movem5ts objectively1 z data = ! hi/ory & psy*ology ( religion4 ,if ! /ud5t be dev\tly m9d$ ! ,scriptures w be to him1 too1 h[ev] condition$ by ! idiosyncrasies ( temporal environm5t & individual "*1 manife/ations ( ! life1 ev5 ! et]nal life1 :i* 0 ) ! ,fa!r & 0 manife/$ unto u4 ,b ! ,johann9e writ] 0 f> deep] & m 'spiritual'#c ?an ! tr5d ( 8 age4 ,ignatius' fri5d & contempor>y1 ,polyc>p1 ! fa!r ( ! ,*ri/ians ( ,asia1 9 8 ,epi/le to ! ,philippians 7#aaj-aag7 urges avoidance ( ! false tea*]s :o p]v]t ! say+s ( ! ,"l to _! own lu/s1 d5y+ ! 7bodily7 resurrection & judgm5t4 ,b he has no bett] rem$y ?an to turn 7probably 9 a some:at me*anical way7 to ! tradition h&$ d[n f ! beg9n+ & to /udy ! ,epi/les ( ,paul4 ,! =m] process is 9 full application 9 ,polyc>p's lat] colleague1 ,papias ( ,hi]apolis 7c4 #ade871 :o publi%es a little volume entitl$ ,int]pretation ( ! ,say+s ( ! ,"l4 ,x is bas$ on c>efully au!nticat$ traditions ( ! 'apo/les & eld]s1' especially a c]ta9 contempor>y ,eld] ,john :o speaks = ! ,j]usalem succession4 ,accord+ to ,papias our two ,greek ,gospels ( ,mat!w & ,m>k repres5t two apo/olic s\rces1 ! "o an ,aramaic compilation ( ! ,precepts ( ,jesus by ,mat!w1 ! o!r anecdotes ( 8 say+s & do+s collat$ f ! prea*+ ( ,pet]4 ,footnote #c3 ,! ,f\r? ,gospel is ?us *>act]iz$ by ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 mean+ t x _h a deep symbolic s5se4 ,grateful z we mu/ be = ,papias' ef=ts to au!nticate evangelic tradition1 s9ce !y are corroborat$ 9 _! ma9 results by all o!r anci5t tradition z well z by critical /udy ( ! docum5ts1 x is noticeable h[ !y /& 9 l9e ) ! t5d5cies ( ! age4 ,eusebius 7#cbe7 *>act]izes ! reign ( ,trajan 7#ih-aag7 z a p]iod :5 _m und]took to dissem9ate 9 writ+ ! div9e ,gospels4 ,"o ( our own evangeli/s1 ^: "w mu/ probably be ref]r$ to ! beg9n+ ( ?is p]iod1 b is n m5tion$ by '! ,eld]1' alludes to ! same ph5om5on4 ,! apo/les 7 gone4 ,h5ce to ,luke#d ! "q ( ord] 0 a p]plexity1 z ! ,eld] obs]ves t x _h already be5 to ,m>k4 ,soon aft] ,luke & ,papias comes ,basilides ) 8 ,exegetics1 probably bas$ on ,luke 7#abj871 & ,m>cion 7#adj71 bo? engag$ f _! own po9t ( view ) ! curr5t que/ions ( ,jesus' tea*+ & m9i/ry4 ,footnote #d3 ,see ,footnote #c above4 ,?us1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! second c5tury1 ! elem5ts necess>y to ! =mation ( a ,new ,te/am5t canon 7 all at h&4 ,!y includ$ ! tradition ( ! tea*+ & "w ( ,jesus1 ! lett]s ( apo/les & *ur* lead]s rev]$ z giv5 by au?ority ( ! ,_s & ! visions & revelations ( 'prophets4' ,n only ! elem5ts 7 pres5t1 ! irresi/ible pressure ( ! times 0 c]ta9 to =ce !m into cry/allization4 ,! wond] is n t ! canon %\ld h be5 =m$1 b t x %\ld h be5 delay$ s long4 ,= !re 7 also resi/ant factors4 ,phrygia1 ! sc5e ( ,paul's fir/ great mission>y conque/s1 ! immemorial home ( religi\s en?usiasm1 became ! seat1 ab\t ! middle ( ! second c5tury1 ( a movem5t ( prote/ aga9/ ! *ur* policy ( consolidation & /&>dization4 ,montanus arose to ma9ta9 ! p]si/5ce 9 ! *ur* ( ! gift ( prophecy1 trac+ ! succession 9 bo? ! male & female l9e back to ,silas ! companion ( ,paul & ! prophesy+ daught]s ( ,philip ! ,evangeli/4 ,! ',phrygians1' z !y 7 call$1 naturally made mu* ( ! writ+s curr5t 9 ,asia ,m9or1 especially ! book ( 'prophecy' attribut$ to ',john4' ,!oretically inde$ ! *ur* 0 unwill+ to ackn[l$ge ! disappe>ance ( ?is gift4 ,to ,h]mas 7#acj-adj7 & ! ,tea*+ ( ! ,twelve 7#abj-acj7 x is /ill a s9 aga9/ ! ,_s to int]rupt or oppose a prophet dur+ 8 ec/atic utt]ance4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,tea*+ reit]ates ! apo/olic w>n+s to try ! spirits1 ) prohibitions ( specific excesses ( ! ord]4 ,moreov] by ! "t ( ,montanus & ! ',phrygians' !oretical recognition ( revelation ?r\gh ! prophets 0 rapidly giv+ way be=e ! practical dang]s insep>able f 'revelations' ( ?is en?usia/ic "*1 ( :i* any memb] ( ! *ur*1 man or woman1 ignorant or le>n$1 lay or cl]ic1 might be ! recipi5t4 ,! /rict regulative control impos$ by bo? ,paul & ,john#e ^u ?is type ( spiritual gift 7#a/ ,!ss4 v4 #bj f42 #a/ ,cor4 xii4 #c2 xv4 #bi f4 #cb2 cf4 #a/ ,john iv4 #a7 0 f\nd to be d\bly necess>y 9 face ( ! dis9tegrat+ t5d5cies ( ! po/-apo/olic age1 & aft] long debate & mu* prote/ ! movem5t ( ,montanus 0 at la/ decre$ h]etical at ,rome1 ?\gh ,ir5aeus 7#ahf7 int]c$$ = x1 & ,t]tullian 7#baj7 became a conv]t4 ,footnote #e3 ,see ,footnote #c above4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is movem5t 9 ! =mative p]iod ( ! ,new ,te/am5t canon expla9s :y ! revelations ( ! prophets obta9$ b scant recognition z comp>$ ) ! ^w ( ! ,"l & ! comm&m5t ( ! apo/les4 ,la/ ( ! ?ree1 9 ord] ( rank 7#a/ ,cor4 xii4 #bh2 ,eph4 iv4 #aa71 la/ also to be codifi$ 9 writt5 =m1 we ne$ n be surpris$ t our pres5t ,new ,te/am5t reta9s b a s+le "o ( ! once curr5t books ( 'prophecy4' ,= a "t ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas & ! ,apocalypse ( ,pet] rivall$ ! claims to canonicity ( our own ,revelation ( ,john1 b 7 soon dropp$4 ,our own ,apocalypse has suff]$ m opposition ?an any o!r ,new ,te/am5t writ+1 be+ /ill exclud$ f ! canon 9 "s bran*es ( ! *ur*4 ,its prec>i\s place at ! end ( ! canon :i* we mod]ns h inh]it$ f ,a?anasius 7ob4 #cgc7 0 due1 9 fact1 f> less to its au?or's vigor\s ass]tions ( au?ority z an inspir$ prophet 7i4 #a-c2 xxii4 #f-i1 #ah f47 ?an to ! claims to apo/olicity put =w>d 9 ! preface & app5dix4 ,= until ! ?ird c5tury no "o dramm$ ( und]/&+ ! ,john ( ,rev4 i4 #d1 #i & xxii4 #h o!rwise ?an z ! ,apo/le4 ,eusebius accord+ly 7#cbe7 is unc]ta9 only z to :e!r ! book %\ld be class$ 9 8 fir/ gr\p ( accept$ writ+s1 along ) ! ,gospels & ,paul9e ,epi/les1 or 9 ! ?ird z spuri\s4 ,if writt5 by "s o!r ,john ?an ! ,apo/le he w\ld n ev5 hon\r x ) a place 9 8 second gr\p ( disput$ books1 along ) ,hebrews1 ,james1 ,jude1 & #bnd ,pet]4 ,?us at ! end ( ! second c5tury1 :ile !re 0 /ill mu* dispute 7de/9$ inde$ to cont9ue = c5turies7 z to ! limits ( ! ,new ,te/am5t canon1 !re _h 9 fact come to be a real canonical ,new ,te/am5t set ov] aga9/ ! ,old1 z ( equal1 or ev5 great] au?ority4 ,! ^w ( ! ,"l1 ! comm&m5t ( ! apo/les1 & at la/ ev5 ! revelations ( ! prophets1 _h successively ceas$ z liv+ realities1 & become cry/alliz$ into writt5 =m4 ,!y _h be5 codifi$ & canoniz$4 ,! *ur* _h travell$ ! beat5 track ( ! synagogue1 & all ! m rapidly f ! example set be=e x4 ,none ( ! e>ly canons 7i4 e4 li/s ( writ+s p]mitt$ to be read 9 ! *ur*es7 co9cides exactly1 x is true1 ) ! ,new ,te/am5t curr5t among ourselves4 ,! li/ ( ,a?anasius is ! fir/ to give j our books4 ,! ,roman li/ ( ! ,muratorian fragm5t 7#ahe-bjj7 omits ,hebrews1 ,james & #bnd ,pet]1 & gives at lea/ a p>tial sanction to ! ,apocalypse ( ,pet]4 ,! li/s ( ,orig5 7ob4 #bea7 & ,eusebius 7#cbe7 v>y z respects bo? inclusion & exclusion4 ,all e>ly au?orities express a d\btful judgm5t reg>d+ ! out] fr+e ( m9or writ+s su* z ,james1 ,jude1 #bnd ,pet]1 #bnd & #crd ,john4 ,ev5 ^? ( l>g] cont5t1 su* z ,hebrews & ,revelation1 if _! apo/olicity 0 que/ion$1 rema9$ subjects ( dispute4 ,b already by ,a4,d4 #bjj ! "t _h long s9ce pass$ :5 any ( ! ?irte5 epi/les be>+ ! "n ( ,paul c\ld be deem$ op5 to "q4 ,m>cion's exclusion ( ! ?ree ,pa/orals _h be5 =gott54 ,dispute ( ! f\r-gospel canon c\ld /ill be tol]at$2 b n = long4 ,ir5aeus 7#ahf7 has no pati5ce ) ^? wret*$ m5 :o _c see t 9 ! nature ( ! case !re %\ld be nei!r m nor less ?an ?is numb]4 ,b he explicitly ref]s to ^? :o disput$ t aspect ( ! gospel :i* is call$ ,john's4 ,!re 71 9 fact1 oppon5ts ( ,montanism at ,rome1 :o "u ! lead ( ,gaius _h d5i$ ! au!nticity ( all ! writ+s attribut$ to ,john1 includ+ ! ,gospel itself4 ,b ev5 ^? ( ! or?odox :o 7 will+ en\gh to reject ,revelation1 ) its n[ unfa%ionable es*atology1 agre$ t ,gaius' attack ^u ! f\r? ,gospel 0 too radical4 ,! small body :o cont9u$ = a few g5]ations to resi/ ! inclusion ( any ( ! ,johann9e writ+s 9 ! canon rema9$ )\t influ5ce1 & 7 ultimately =gott54 ,! 'ca?olic'#f *ur* _h repudiat$ h]esy1 /&>diz$ ! fai?1 & conf9$ its recogniz$ hi/oric expression to a 'canon' ( ,new ,te/am5t ,scripture4 ,footnote #f3 ,ca?olic is "h us$ 9 its etymological s5se ( g5]al or univ]sal4 ,we %all h occasion to apply ! t]m 9 a m limit$ s5se h]eaft]4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,reaction ,,to ,,criticism ,! consolidat$ 'ca?olic' *ur* ( ! ?ird c5tury might seem1 s f> z its doctr9e ( ,scripture 0 conc]n$1 to h retrac$ its /eps to a /&po9t correspond+ completely to t ( ! synagogue4 ,only1 ! p>adox /ill held t ! v writ+s canoniz$ 7 ^? supremely adapt$ to evoke a _s ( resi/ance to ! despotism ( ei!r prie/ or scribe4 ,! ,prote/ant ,re=mation 0 a revolt aga9/ ! =m]1 & x is noticeable h[ l>ge a "p 0 play$ by ! ,new ,te/am5t doctr9e ( ! ',_s' 9 ?is /ruggle ( spiritual democracy aga9/ hi]ocratic tyranny4 ,paul's ,epi/le to ! ,galatians became ,lu!r's ,palladium4 ,b ! po/-,re=mation dogmati/s took fright at _! own fre$om4 ,! pr$iction ( ! ,romani/s t repudiation ( traditional au?ority 9 its ecclesia/ical embodim5t w\ld result 9 int]nec9e s*ism & conflict seem$ on ! po9t ( be+ realiz$4 ,! !ological sy/em-mak]s1 l _! pr$ecessors ( ! po/-apo/olic age1 c\ld see no way out b to ?r[ all _! weight on a pa/ inspiration assum$ to be )\t error4 ,! canonical books 7 decl>$ to furni% an infallible rule ( fai? & practice4 ,x 0 9 ! s9c]e desire to meet ! requirem5ts ( ?is !ory t ! sci5ce ( criticism grew up4 ,9 ! e>li] days x did n v5ture = ! mo/ "p beyond :at is kn[n z 'textual' criticism4 ,= a doctr9e ( in]rancy is manife/ly uns]viceable until errors ( transmission h be5 elim9at$4 ,textual criticism set itself to ?is task1 ask+ ! "q3 ,z betwe5 ! v>i\s read+s f\nd 9 diff]5t ,new ,te/am5t manuscripts1 :i* is orig9al8 ,un=tunately1 to meet ! logical requirem5t ! critic1 if n back$ l ^? ( ,rome by a papal gu>antee1 mu/ himself be infallible4 ,! inevitable result ( ?is attempt1 begun 9 ! s9c]e/ _s ( apologetics1 0 to prove t an infallible text is hopelessly unatta9able4 ,textual criticism is indisp5sable2 b z ! s]vant ( apologetics x is =$oom$ to failure4 ,! v>iation ( ! manuscripts 0 n ! only ob/acle to biblical infallibility4 ,to say no?+ ( diff]5ces ( int]pretation !re 0 ! "q ( ! canon4 ,ei!r ! decision ( ! 'ca?olic' *ur* mu/ be accept$ z infallible1 or s*ol>%ip mu/ und]take a 'criticism ( ! canon' to def5d ! curr5t li/ ( inspir$ books4 ,a 'high]' criticism became necess>y if only to v9dicate ! *ur*'s *oice on hi/orical gr\nds4 ,roman ,ca?olics l ,simon1 ^: ,critical ,hi/ory ( ! ,biblical books appe>$ 9 #afhi-afie1 c\ld reop5 ! "q ) impunity4 ,^? :o bas$ _! au?ority on ! infallibility ( ,scripture alone c\ld n meet ! *all5ge o!rwise ?an z ,mi*aelis did 9 8 ,introduction to ! ,div9e ,writ+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 7#agej-aghj74 ,mi*aelis und]took a hi/orical inquiry into ! circum/ances ( orig9 ( ea* ( ! canonical books1 ) ! object ( prov+ ea* to be 9 reality :at tradition decl>$4 ,! tw5ty-sev5 commonly accept$ 7 suppos$ to h be5 ei!r writt5 by apo/les1 or at lea/ s sup]-int5d$ & gu>ante$ by !m1 z to cov] all ) ! aegis ( an infallibility n conc$$ to ! po/-apo/olic age4 ,s*ol>%ip 9 ! h>ness ( apologetics aga9 f\nd its task impracticable4 ,mi*aelis himself confess$ x difficult to prove au!nticity 9 cases l t ( ! ,epi/le ( ,jude4 ,conceive ! task z ! sci5tific v9dication ( a v]dict r5d]$ c5turies be=e on unkn[n gr\nds1 b n[ depriv$ ( (ficial au?ority1 & x becomes inevitably hopeless4 ,c x be expect$ t doctors w n disagree on ! au!nticity or pseudonymity ( #bnd ,pet]1 :o always h disagre$ on ?is & simil> que/ions1 & h j admitt$ failure to agree 9 ! matt] ( text8 ,= half a c5tury criticism seem$ lo/ 9 ! sl\gh ( m]e controv]sy ov] ! 7assum$7 infallible text1 & ! 7assum$7 infallible canon4 ,apologi/s f\ght m]ely on ! def5sive1 endeav\r+ to prove t m5 ^: fallibility 0 admitt$ _h nev]!less pron\nc$ an infallible v]dict on ! mo/ difficult subjects ( lit]>y & hi/orical inquiry4 ,critics _h an easy task 9 %[+ t ! *ur*'s !ory ( inspiration & canonicity 0 incorrect2 b made no progress t[>d a con/ructive explanation ( ! religi\s1 or ev5 ! hi/orical1 significance ( ! lit]ature4 ,real progress 0 made only :5 criticism left (f ! attempt ei!r to e/abli% or dise/abli% a 'receiv$' text1 or an 'au?oriz$' canon1 & became simply an in/rum5t 9 ! h& ( ! hi/orian1 z he seeks to trace to _! orig9s ! ideas ! *ur* en%r9$ 9 h] lit]ature because %e f\nd !m effective 9 h] gr[?4 ,= ! great awak5+ 9 :i* ,new ,te/am5t criticism 'f\nd itself' z a g5u9e & indisp5sable bran* ( ! hi/ory ( religion1 we are l>gely indebt$ to ! em95t *ur* hi/orian1 ,f]d9& ,*ri/ian ,baur 7ob4 #ahfj74 ,baur ga!r$ up ! fragm5t>y results ( a g5]ation ( m]e negation1 a w> ( indep5d5ce aga9/ ! tyranny ( dogmatic tradition1 & s\ght to place ! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s 9 _! true sett+ ( primitive *ur* hi/ory4 ,8 p>ticul> views h be5 sup]s$$4 ,subsequ5t /udy has disprov$ _m ( 8 inf]5ces1 & br\ght f fri5d & foe f>-rea*+ modifications to 8 g5]al !ory4 ,b1 consci\sly or n1 ,baur1 9 mak+ criticism ! h&-maid ( hi/ory1 0 work+ 9 ! int]e/ ( t con/ructive1 ,*ri/ian1 doctr9e ( inspir$ ,scripture :i* an anci5t & nameless tea*] ( ! *ur* _h describ$ z witness to ! ,life1 ev5 ! et]nal life1 :i* 0 ) ! ,fa!r1 & is 9 man1 & has be5 manife/$ 9 ! orig9 & hi/orical developm5t ( our religion4 ,! ,re=mation _h be5 a revolt aga9/ ! despotism ( ! prie/2 ?is 0 a revolt aga9/ ! despotism ( ! scribe4 ,baur gave scant--too scant--consid]ation to e>ly tradition1 mak+ 8 results unduly negative4 ,none ( ! ,new ,te/am5t books are dat$2 few besides ! ,paul9e ,epi/les embody ev5 an au?or's "n2 & ^! few1 #a/ & #bnd ,pet]1 ,james1 ,jude & ,revelation1 7 7#a/ ,pet] alone except$7 j ^? :i* ev5 ! canon-mak]s _h classifi$ z d\btful1 or spuri\s4 ,n ev5 a ,calv9 w\ld support ! au!nticity ( #bnd ,pet]1 a ,lu!r _h d5i$ ! value ( ,james & ,revelation4 ,x _h be5 an easy task = 'criticism ( ! canon' to %[ t ^? :o det]m9$ its cont5t _h n be5 actuat$ by consid]ations ( pure sci5ce4 ,^? books secur$ admission :i* 7 mo/ widely curr5t z anci5t & tru/wor?y1 & ^: or?odoxy met ! /&>ds ( ! "t4 ,^? 7 disput$1 or reject$1 :i* 7 less widely curr5t1 or unor?odox1 or c\ld e/abli% no direct relation to an apo/le4 ,x 0 prop] = ! critic1 once 8 aim _h become n apologetic b hi/orical1 to drop once = all ! "q :e!r ! canon-mak]s' selection--made n = sci5tific1 b = religi\s purposes--is good1 bad or indiff]5t4 ,! "t _h come = him to apply ! available evid5ce to 8 own sci5tific "q3 ,:at relation d ^! sev]al writ+s be> to ! developm5t ( ,*ri/ianity8 ,x rema9$ to be se5 :e!r he c\ld (f] con/ructive evid5ce m conv9c+ ?an tradition4 ,! late/ date to :i* an undat$1 or disput$1 writ+ c be assign$ is t :5 ! m>ks ( its employm5t by o!rs1 or influ5ce ^u !m1 become und5iable4 ,?is is t]m$ ! 'ext]nal' evid5ce4 ,! e>lie/ date1 conv]sely1 is t to :i* we are br\ght d[n by ref]5ces 9 ! book itself to antec$5t & curr5t ev5ts1 & writ+s1 or by und5iable m>ks ( _! influ5ce4 ,?is is t]m$ ! 'int]nal' evid5ce4 ,c\nt+ tradition z "p ( ! ext]nal evid5ce1 mod]n sci5tific criticism is able to fix )9 a few decades ! orig9 ( all ! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s1 )\t incurr+ opposition ev5 f ! apologi/4 ,no s*ol> n[ dreams ( adopt+ any o!r me?od ( pro(1 :atev] 8 doctr9al proclivities4 ,! ov]:elm+ majority are agre$ t ! p]iod cov]$1 f ! e>lie/ ,paul9e ,epi/les to ! late/ brief fulm9ations aga9/ ,gno/ic ,doketism & d5ial ( 'resurrection & judgm5t1' is includ$ 9 ! c5tury f ,a4,d4 #ej to #aej4 ,baur's conception ( ! c\rse ( ev5ts 9 ?is mom5t\s c5tury has be5 describ$ z a !ory ( hi/orical progress by fusion ( opposites 9 a high] unity4 ,! ,hegelian s*eme ( !sis1 anti!sis & syn!sis _h 9 fact "s ju/ification 9 ! recogniz$ ph5om5a ( ! developm5t ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,x _h sprung f ,judaism1 ov]com+ ! p>ticul>ism ( t /ill nationali/ic fai? by ! s5se ( its mission to ! _w at l>ge4 ,! conflict ackn[l$g$ 9 all ! s\rces & mo/ vividly reflect$ 9 ! great ,epi/les ( ,paul to ! ,galatians1 ,cor9?ians & ,romans1 a conflict betwe5 ^? :o conceiv$ ,*ri/ianity z a univ]sal religion1 & ^? :o look$ ^u x z only a re=m$1 spiritualiz$ & p]fect$ ,judaism1 0 ! *>act]i/ic ph5om5on ( ! fir/ or apo/olic age4 ,x 0 ! /ruggle ( ! infant fai? aga9/ its swaddl+ b&s4 ,! critical hi/orian is compell$ to e/imate all lat]1 anonym\s1 acc\nts ( ?is developm5t 9 ! light ( ! confess$ly e>li]1 & indubitably au!ntic records1 ! f\r great ,epi/les ( ,paul2 = ^! simply reflect ! actual conditions1 & are n affect$ by ! lat] disposition to idealize ! /ory4 ,!sis & anti!sis 7 !re=e really 9 evid5ce at ! beg9n+s4 ,equal unanimity prevail$ z to ! close ( ! p]iod 9 "q4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #aej to #bjj1 ,*ri/ianity 0 solidify+ into ! 'ca?olic' *ur*1 reject+ extremes ( doctr9e on bo? sides1 =mulat+ its 'rule ( fai?1' det]m9+ its canon1 c5traliz+ adm9i/rative control4 ,x _h ?r[n (f z h]etical ^u ! extreme left ,m>cion & ! ,gno/ics1 :o ei!r repudiat$ ! ,jewi% scriptures altoge!r1 or int]pret$ !m ) m ?an ,paul9e fre$om4 ,on ! extreme "r x _h r5\nc$ ! unprogressive ,ebionites ( ,pale/9e1 /ill unreconcil$ to ,paul1 & insi/5t on submission to ! ,law = ,jew & ,g5tile1 z ! condition ( a '%>e 9 ! _w to come4' ,:at c\ld be imag9$ z to ! c\rse ( ev5ts 9 ! int]v5+ c5tury ( obscurity8 ,mu/ x n h witness$ a progressive div]g5ce ( ! extremes ( ,paul9i/s & ,judaiz]s1 co9cid5tly ) a rappro*em5t ( ! mod]ates f ! side ( ,pet] & t ( ,paul respectively8 ,baur's outl9e seem$ ?us to describe adequately ! ma9 c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,he reli$ ^u int]nal evid5ce to det]m9e ! dates ( ! disput$ writ+s & _! relation to x4 ,b 'criticism ( ! canon' 9 ,baur's own1 & 9 ! prec$+ g5]ation1 _h come to include among ! writ+s ( d\btful date & au!nticity n only ^? disput$ 9 antiquity1 & ! anonym\s n>rative books1 b also #a/ ,pet] & ! m9or ,epi/les ( ,paul4 ,no?+ /rictly apo/olic 0 left save ! f\r great ,epi/les ( ,paul4 ,! !ory ( ,baur & ! ,tueb+5 s*ool 7= s 8 foll[]s came to be designat$7 0 broadly conceiv$ & ably advocat$4 ,9 two vital respects x has _h p]man5t influ5ce4 7#a7 ,criticism1 z already not$1 has ceas$ to be m]e debate ab\t text & canon1 & conc]ns itself to-day prim>ily ) ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ian ideas z embodi$ 9 its primitive lit]ature4 ,its problem is to relate ! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s1 toge!r ) all o!r cognate mat]ial1 to ! hi/ory ( ! develop+ religion f its e>lie/ traceable =m 9 ! great] ,paul9e ,epi/les to :]e x em]ges into ! full light ( day t[>d ! close ( ! second c5tury4 7#b7 ,aga91 ,baur's outl9e ( ! process ?r\gh :i* ! nasc5t fai? atta9$ to full self-consci\sness z a _w-religion requir$ correction r ?an dispro(4 ,x 0 a griev\s mi/ake to id5tify ,pet]1 ,james1 & ,john ) ^? :om ,paul bitt]ly d5\nces z ,judaiz+ false bre?r51 sup] extra apo/les1 m9i/]s ( ,satan4 ,x 0 a p]v]sion ( int]nal evid5ce to reject z po/-,paul9e ! ,epi/les ( ! lat] p]iod su* z ,philippians & ,colossians1 on ! gr\nd t ,paul himself did n live to p>ticipate 9 ! second crisis1 ! def5ce ( 8 doctr9e aga9/ p]v]sion on ! side ( my/ical1 ,hell5i/ic !osophy4 ,! great ,epi/les writt5 "u ! "n ( ,paul f ! p]iod ( 8 captivity are innoc5t ( ref]5ce to ! develop$ ,gno/ic sy/ems ( ! second c5tury4 ,!y antagonize only an incipi5t t5d5cy 9 ?is direction4 ,b :ile ! transition ( ,a4,d4 #ej-aej 0 bo? deep] & m complex ?an ,baur conceiv$1 ! transf] ( ! gospel dur+ t c5tury f ,jewi% to ,g5tile soil is really ! great out/&+ fact1 aga9/ :i* z a backgr\nd ! lit]ature mu/ be read2 & ! initial /age ( ! process is m>k$ by ! controv]sy ( ,paul ) ! ,galilean apo/les4 ,:at we mu/ call1 9 di/9ction f ,paul9ism1 'apo/olic' ,*ri/ianity is well repres5t$ 9 ! ,book ( ,acts4 ,paul's writ+s %[ t he felt himself & 8 *ur*es to repres5t an indep5d5t type ( ,*ri/ianity 9 all respects equal to ! 'apo/olic1' ! problem be+ unification ( ! two4 ,n[ x is axiomatic t ! inve/igator mu/ proce$ f ! relatively kn[n & det]m9able to ! unkn[n & disputable4 ,accord+ly x is 9 reality f ! ,epi/ol>y lit]ature ( ! *ur*1 9 p>ticul> ! great] ,paul9e ,epi/les1 t he mu/ take 8 />t4 ,z a s\rce = our und]/&+ ( ! developm5t ( ! life ( ! *ur* ! ,lit]ature ( ! ,apo/le1 directly p>ticipant 9 ! conflicts & issues ( ! times1 ev5 if 9 its lat] elem5ts ( d\btful or pseudonym\s au?or%ip1 takes prec$5ce z a :ole ov] ! ,lit]ature ( ! ,cate*i/1 ) its lat] & m or less idealiz$ n>ration1 exemplifi$ 9 ! ,book ( ,acts4 ,mod]n criticism ackn[l$ges1 !n1 its indebt$ness to ! ,tueb+5 s*ool = a cle>] def9ition ( bo? its task & me?od1 by conc5trat+ att5tion ^u ! contra/ betwe5 ! ,petr9e & ! ,paul9e conception ( '! gospel4' ,/ill x mu/ be admitt$ t mo/ ( ! inf]5ces fir/ drawn h s9ce be5 ov]?r[n4 ,9 _! *ronological s*eme ( ! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s ! ,tueb+5 critics "u-e/imat$ ! =ce ( ! ext]nal evid5ces 7includ+ e>ly tradition7 & mis9t]pret$ ! int]nal4 ,new discov]y & m c>eful /udy ( lit]>y relations h inv]t$ ,baur's views z to dates ( ! ,johann9e writ+s4 ,f\r ( ^! 7! ,gospel & ?ree ,epi/les7 are anonym\s4 ,baur's date = ^! has be5 =c$ back by no less ?an half a c5tury4 ,! fif? 7,revelation7 be>s ! "n ( ,john1 b 0 hotly disput$ z pseudonym\s 9 ! second c5tury1 & ev5 by its support]s 0 dat$ s late z ! end ( ! reign ( ,domitian 7#ie74 ,! ,tueb+5 s*ool plac$ ,revelation ?irty ye>s e>li]1 & attribut$ x to ! ,apo/le4 ,mod]n criticism emphatically rev]ts to ! anci5t date1 & reg>ds ! book z pseudonym\s1 or z writt5 by "s o!r ,john4 ,aga9 ! relative dates ( ! ,synoptic writ+s 7,mat!w1 ,m>k1 ,luke-,acts7 7 inv]t$ by ! ,tueb+5 critics1 prim>ily ?r\gh wrong application ( _! !ory ( doctr9al developm5t2 second>ily1 & z a consequ5ce1 ?r\gh mis9t]pretation ( ! intricate lit]>y relation%ips4 ,pres5t-day criticism consid]s x e/abli%$ t ,m>k is ! olde/ ( ! ?ree1 tak5 up by ea* ( ! o!r two4 ,!re is almo/ equal unanimity 9 reg>d+ ! disc\rse mat]ial common to ,mat!w & ,luke & v>i\sly comb9$ by ea* ) ,m>k1 z indep5d5tly drawn by !m f ! book ( ! ,precepts ( ! ,"l1 report$ by ,papias to h be5 compil$ by ,mat!w 9 ! ,hebrew 7i4 e4 ,aramaic7 tongue4 ,tueb+5 gospel criticism is ?us almo/ entirely set aside1 9 fav\r ( ! s-call$ ',two-docum5t' !ory4 ,s ) ! ,paul9e ,epi/les ( ! second p]iod4 ,d\bt /ill cl+s to ,ephesians4 ,x _h be5 treat$ by "s z pseudo-,paul9e ev5 be=e ! "t ( ,baur2 b ,baur's own foll[]s soon rec$$ f 8 extreme application ( 8 !ory to ! int]nal evid5ce ( ,philippians1 ,colossians & ,philemon4 ,x became evid5t t ,paul's gospel includ$ some?+ m ?an ! m]e anti!sis ( ,law & ,grace4 ,he _h o!r oppon5ts ?an ! ,judaiz]s1 & _h to def5d 8 doctr9e aga9/ p]v]sion by ,greciz+ my/ics z well z aga9/ opposition by ,ph>isaic legali/s4 ,two g5]ations ( rese>* & controv]sy h greatly advanc$ ! cause ( con/ructive criticism4 ,h& 9 h& ) a m accurate dat+ ( ! lit]ature1 secur$ ?r\gh m imp>tial judgm5t ( bo? ! ext]nal & int]nal evid5ce1 !re has gone a recon/ruction ( our conception ( ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,! t5d5cies 9 ! e>ly *ur* 7 n two only1 b f\r2 correspond+1 p]haps1 to ^? rebuk$ by ,paul at ,cor9?1 :i* call$ !mselves by ! names respectively ( ,pet]1 ( ,paul1 ( ,apollos & ( ,*ri/4 ,x seems probable f ! bitt]ness ) :i* 9 #bnd ,cor4 x4 #g ,paul d5\nces ! man :o says1 ,i am ( ,*ri/1 t ?is p>ty-cry 0 employ$ 9 ! s5se ( foll[+ ! example ( ,jesus z respects ob$i5ce to ! ,law 7= ev5 ,paul ackn[l$g$ t ,*ri/ _h be5 made a m9i/] ( ! circumcision = ! tru? ( ,god74 ,if s1 ! ,cor9?ian ,*ri/-p>ty may be id5tifi$ ) ^? m9i/]s ( ! circumcision :o d5i$ bo? ! apo/le%ip & ! gospel ( ,paul4 ,at all ev5ts ^? ( ,cephas 7 relatively h>mless4 ,!y may be id5tifi$ ) ! s-call$ 'weak' ( ,romans1 = ^: scruples on ! score ( 'pollutions ( idols' ,paul dem&s su* consid]ation bo? at ,cor9? & at ,rome4 ,8 own adh]5ts bo? at ,cor9? 7^? '( ,paul'7 & at ,rome 7! '/rong'7 are to foll[ 8 example n m]ely 9 recogniz+ t3 ,no idol is any?+ 9 ! _w1 t !re is no?+ unclean ( itself1 & t all ?+s are lawful4 ,x is to be foll[$ also 9 recogniz+ ! limitations ( ?is lib]ty4 ,limits are impos$ among o!r ?+s by ! scruples ( o!rs1 s t ,paul himself becomes z "u ! ,law :5 among ,jews1 ?\gh z )\t ! ,law among ! ,g5tiles4 ,! weak are to be resi/$ only :5 ! admission ( !mselves or _! claims w\ld lead to d\btful disputations1 or to a rebuild+ ( walls ( sep>ation t _h be5 torn d[n ?r\gh fai? 9 ,*ri/4 ,galatians s\nds ! battle-cry ( endang]$ lib]ty4 ,cor9?ians 7& ,romans 9 /ill high] degree7 %[s ! magnanimity ( ! victor4 ,:e!r x be possible to id5tify ^? ( ,apollos at ,cor9? ) ! beg9n+s ( t ,hell5i/ic p]v]sion ( ! ,paul9e gospel into a my/ical !osophy :i* aft]w>ds pass$ into ,gno/icism may be left an op5 "q4 ,at lea/ we h come to see t ! conditions ( ! *ur*'s gr[? 7 f> m complex ?an ,baur imag9$4 ,9 p>ticul> x is necess>y to di/+ui% f\r diff]5t attitudes on ! s+le "q ( ! obligation ( ! ,law4 ,!re 7 7#a7 ,judaiz]s :o insi/$ on complete submission to ! ,law z ! condition ( salvation1 = bo? ,jews & ,g5tiles2 7#b7 imitators ( ,cephas1 :o consid]$ believ]s ( ,jewi% bir? to be "u ! ,law1 b ask$ ( ,g5tiles only su* consid]ation = x z ! special conditions seem$ to require2 7#c7 ,paul9i/s1 :o held t nei!r ,jews nor ,g5tiles are "u ! law1 yet felt t consid]ation %\ld be %[n = ! scrupul\s :5 ask$ n z ( "r1 b z ( *>ity2 7#d7 radicals1 :o recogniz$ no limits to _! fre$om save ! "o new comm&m5t4 ,b :ile conflict fir/ broke out ov] ! m]e concrete "q ( ,g5tile lib]ty1 ! real di/9ction ( ,paul's gospel f t ( ! old] apo/les 0 f> deep]4 ,! "q z ,tueb+5 critics conceiv$ x conc]n$ prim>ily ! ext5t ( ! gospel message1--to h[ l>ge a circle 0 x (f]$8 ,mod]n criticism has come to see t ! diff]5ce 0 9 high] degree a diff]5ce ( quality4 ,paul's :ole message ( r$emption ?r\gh ! cross & resurrection />t$ f o!r premises ?an ^? ( ! ,galilean apo/les1 & 0 conceiv$ 9 o!r t]ms4 ,= ?is reason x leads ov] to a new ,*ri/ology4 ,9 %ort1 ! transition ( ,*ri/ianity f its ,jewi% to its ,g5tile =m is n a m]e enl>gem5t ( its field by ! abolition ( p>ticul>i/ic b>ri]s4 ,! backgr\nd we mu/ /udy = ! und]/&+ ( x is n s mu* m]e contempor>y hi/ory z ! contempor>y hi/ory ( religion4 ,! developm5t f ! ,petr9e gospel broadly *>act]i/ic ( ! ,synoptic writ+s1 ?r\gh ! ,paul9e ,epi/les to t ( ! ,johann9e writ+s1 is a transition f ,hebrew to ,hell5i/ic conceptions ( :at r$emption is1 & h[ x is effect$4 ,mod]n criticism expresses ! contra/ 9 its di/9ction ( ! gospel ( ,jesus f ! gospel ab\t ,jesus4 ,9 ! case ( bo? ,paul & 8 pr$ecessors 9 ! fai? !re is a common />t+-po9t4 ,x 0 ! doctr9e t ,god _h rais$ ,jesus f ! dead & exalt$ ,him z ,*ri/ & ,"l to ! ?rone ( glory4 ,its pro(s 7 ! ec/atic ph5om5a ( ! ,_s1 ^? /range manife/ations ( 'prophecy1' 'tongues1' & ! l 9 ! ,*ri/ian assembly4 ,! inf]5ce f ?is resurrection fai? = an apo/le ( ! ,galilean gr\p 0 t he mu/ tea* all m5 ev]y:]e to obs]ve all ?+s :atsoev] ,jesus _h comm&$4 ,jesus _h be5 rais$ up 9 ,israel z ! ,prophet l unto ,moses2 ,8 apo/le mu/ repeat ! rememb]$ ^w ( comm&m5t & ! ^w ( promise4 ,he w h an au?ority d]iv$ f ! manife/ations ( signs & wond]s4 ,^! _h accompani$ ,jesus' own c>e]1 & n[1 by grace ( ,8 end[m5t ( ,8 disciples ) ! ,_s1 !y w be repeat$ by _! h&s4 ,! 'apo/olic' gospel is ?us prim>ily hi/orical4 ,! ,paul9e gospel c5tres at ! o!r pole ( religi\s conviction4 ,x is prim>ily psy*ological4 ,= ,paul ! imm$iate effect ( ! revelation ( ,god's ,son 9 him is an irresi/ible impulse to relate 8 own s\l's exp]i5ce4 ,! gospel he prea*es is n s mu* :at ,jesus did or said :ile on e>?1 z :at ,god has done1 & is /ill do+1 ?r\gh ! life-giv+ ,_s :i* emanates f ! ris5 ,"l4 ,signs & wond]s are tok5s ( ! ,_s1 b are ( less value1 & mu/ vani% be=e ! abid+ e?ical gifts4 ,bo? ! ,paul9e & ! ,petr9e gospel />t f ! common confession ( ,jesus z ,"l2 b ! ,*ri/ology ( ! ,synoptic lit]ature is an ,apo!osis doctr9e1 fall+ back on ! hi/orical ,jesus4 ,t ( ! ,epi/les is a doctr9e ( ,inc>nation1 appeal+ to ! et]nal manife/ation ( ,god 9 man4 ,= ! =m]1 ,jesus 0 a prophet mighty 9 de$ & ^w1 rais$ up by ,god 9 accordance ) ! promise ( ,deut4 xviii4 #ah1 to turn ,israel to rep5tance4 ,hav+ fulfill$ ?is mission 9 rejection & m>tyrdom ,jesus _h be5 exalt$ to ,god's "r h& & made bo? ,"l & ,*ri/4 ,he !re awaits ! subjection ( all ,8 enemies4 ,9 ! ,paul9e gospel ! /ory ( ,jesus is a drama ( ! sup]nal regions1 :]e9 ,8 e>?ly c>e] z prophet1 lead]1 tea*]1 s9ks to ! level ( ! m]e/ episode4 ,z pre-exi/5t _s1 ,jesus _h be5 f ! beg9n+ ( ! creation 9 ! =m ( ,god4 ,z ! p]iod ( its consummation drew ne> ,he took ^u ,him human =m1 desc5d$ ?r\gh suff]+ & dea? to ! l[e/ dep?s ( ! und]world1 & by div9e p[] _h reasc5d$ above all ! heav5s ) _! ranks ( angelic hi]>*ies4 ,:e!r ,paul himself s conceiv$ x or n1 ! ,g5tile _w _h no o!r m\lds ( ?\ght :]e9 to =mulate su* a ,*ri/ology ?an ! curr5t my?s ( ,r$eem]-gods4 ,! value ( ! individual s\l _h at la/ be5 discov]$1 & m5 resort$ to ! anci5t p]sonifications ( ! =ces ( nature z deliv]]s ( ?is new-f\nd s\l f its weakness & mortality4 ,! influ5tial religions ( ! "t 7 ^? ( p]sonal r$emption by my/ic union ) a dy+ & resurrect$ ,savi\r-god1 an ,osiris1 an ,adonis1 an ,attis1 a ,mi?ra4 ,religions ( ?is type 7 ev]y:]e displac+ ! old national fai?s4 ,! ,g5tile c\ld n ?9k ( ! ,*ri/ prim>ily z a ,son ( ,david :o re/ores ! k+dom to ,israel1 %att]s ! ,g5tiles l a pott]'s vessel & rules !m ) a rod ( iron4 ,if he employ$ ?is ,old ,te/am5t language at all1 x _h = him a purely symbolical s5se4 ,! :ole conception 0 spiritualiz$4 ,! enemies ov]come 7 ! spiritual foes ( humanity1 s9 & dea?2 r$emption 0 n ! deliv]ance ( ,israel out ( ! h& ( all _! enemies1 t 7toge!r ) all af> (f t call ^u ! "n ( ?is m]ciful ,god7 !y may s]ve ,him 9 hol9ess & righte\sness all _! days4 ,x 0 ! rescue ( ! sons ( ,adam out ( ! bondage to evil ,p[]s incurr$ ?r\gh inh]itance ( ,adam's s9ful fle%4 ,?is _h be5 ! t5d5cy already ( ,jewi% apocalypse4 ,! />t+-po9t ( ,paul's own conceptions 0 n ,israel's bondage 9 ,egypt1 b a conception already t+$1 l ! late book ( ,jewi% philosophy call$ ! ,wisdom ( ,solomon1 ) ! ,/oic conception ( 'fle%' z prison-h\se ( '_s1' already inflam$1 l ! contempor>y ,jewi% apocalypses ( ,esdras & ,b>u*1 ) lurid visions ( a univ]se rescu$ by sup]human p[] f a ?raldom ( demonic rule4 ,paul's prea*+ 0 made real by 8 own exp]i5ce4 ,= if ev] !re 0 an evangeli/ ^: message 0 8 own exp]i5ce1 ,paul 0 su*4 ,& ,paul's exp]i5ce 0 n s mu* t ( a ,pale/9ian ,jew1 z t ( a ,hell5i/1 "o ^: :ole idea ( 'r$emption' has be5 unconsci\sly univ]saliz$1 individualiz$1 & spiritualiz$1 by contact ) ,greek & ,hell5i/ic ?\ght4 ,paul & ! ,galilean apo/les 7 n f> ap>t 9 _! expectations ( ! future4 ,bo? /ood gaz+ up into heav54 ,b = 8 au?ority ,paul inevitably look$ inw>ds1 ! ,galilean apo/les look$ backw>ds4 ,x is hopeless at ! pres5t /age ( acqua9tance ) ! hi/ory ( religion1 p>ticul>ly ! spread ( ! v>i\s 'my/]ies' & religions ( p]sonal r$emption 9 ! e>ly empire1 to d5y ?is contra/ betwe5 ! gospel ( ,paul & ! gospel ( ! apo/les & eld]s at ,j]usalem4 ,x is %ortsight$ to ov]look its significance 9 ! transition ( ! fai?4 ,:]eas ! ,jewi%-,*ri/ian _h z its pr9cipal backgr\nd ! national hi/ory1 m or less transc5d5taliz$ 9 ! =ms ( apocalypse1 ,paul's _h z its pr9cipal backgr\nd ! speculative my?ology ( ! ,hell5i/ic _w1 m or less adapt$ to ! =ms ( ,judaism4 ,only ignorance ( ! function ( my?ology1 especially z !n employ$ to express ! aspiration ( ! s\l = purity1 life & fell[%ip ) ,god1 c make ^! my?ologically fram$ religi\s ideas seem an inappropriate vehicle to convey ,paul's s5se ( ! significance ( ,jesus' message & life ( ,son %ip4 ,!y 7 at lea/ ! be/ expression ^? times & t environm5t c\ld af=d ( ! great] ,k+dom ,god _h proclaim$ 9 ! resurrection ( ! ,*ri/1 & 0 br++ to pass ?r\gh ! outp\r+ ( ,8 ,_s4 ,mod]n criticism mu/ !re=e recognize t ! beg9n+s ( our religion 7 n a m]e enl>gem5t ( ,judaism by abolition ( ! b>ri]s ( ! ,law1 b a fusion ( ! two great /reams ( religi\s ?\ght di/9ctive ( ! ,jewi% & ! ,hell5i/ic _w 9 a high] unity4 ,alex&]'s hop$-= m>riage ( ,europe & ,asia 0 consummat$ at la/ 9 ! field ( religion itself4 ,d5ationaliz$ ,judaism contribut$ ! social ideal3 ! messianic hope ( a _w-wide ,k+dom ( ,god4 ,x is ! wor?y contribution ( a highly e?ical national religion4 ,hell5ism contribut$ ! individual ideal3 p]sonal r$emption 9 my/ic union ) ! life ( ,god4 ,x is a concept d]iv$ f ! ,greek's newly-awak5$ consci\sness ( a p]sonality agoniz+ = deliv]ance out ( ! bondage ( ! mat]ial & transitory1 ali5 & degrad+ to its prop] life4 ,! critic :o has become a hi/orian ( ideas w f9d 8 /udy ( ! lit]ature ( ! apo/olic & po/-apo/olic age "h wid5+ out into a prospect ( unsuspect$ l>g5ess & significance4 ,he w see z ! two great divisions ( 8 subject1 7#a7 ! gospel ( ,jesus1 repres5t$1 z we are told1 9 ! fir/ beg9n+s ( lit]>y developm5t by an ,aramaic compilation ( ! ,precepts ( ! ,"l by ! ,apo/le ,mat!w1 circulat+ possibly ev5 be=e ! great ,paul9e ,epi/les among ! ,pale/9ian *ur*es2 7#b7 ! gospel ab\t ,jesus1 repres5t$ 9 ! ,paul9e ,epi/les1 & ^! bas$ on _! au?or's p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,x is a gospel ( ,god's action 9 ,*ri/1 reconcil+ ! _w4 ,x int]prets ! p]sonality ( ,jesus & 8 exp]i5ce ( ! cross & resurrection z manife/ations ( ! div9e idea4 ,! int]pretation employs ,hell5i/ically col\r$ =ms ( ?\ght1 & is =c$ to v9dicate itself fir/ aga9/ subjection to legalism1 aft]w>ds aga9/ p]v]sion into an une?ical1 sup]/iti\s !osophy4 ,b surely ! doctr9e ab\t ,jesus1 int]pret+ ! significance ( ,8 p]son & "w z ! culm9ation ( r$emption ?r\gh ! indwell+ ( ,god 9 m5 & among m5 belongs z mu* to ! ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity z ! gospel ( love & fai? proclaim$ by ,jesus4 ,besides ^! two pr9cipal types ( gospel & _! subord9ate comb9ations ! critical hi/orian may see ultimately em]g+ a type ( 'spiritual' gospel1 gr[+ ^u ,g5tile soil1 9 fact1 receiv+ its fir/ lit]>y expression 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! second c5tury at ! v headqu>t]s ( ! ,paul9e mission-field4 ,?is ?ird type aims to be compreh5sive ( ! o!r two4 ,x is ess5tially a gospel ab\t ,jesus1 ?\gh x takes ! =m = its ma9 lit]>y expression ( a gospel prea*$ by ,jesus4 ,! f\r? evangeli/ is ! true successor ( ,paul1 ?\gh ! conditions ( ! age compel him to g beyond ! lit]>y =m ( ! ,epi/le & to con/ruct a ,gospel :]e9 bo? factors ( ! sacr$ tradition %all appe>1 ! words & works1 ! ,precepts & ! ,sav+ ,m9i/ry ( ,jesus4 ,b x is 9 no me*anical or slavi% s5se t ! f\r? evangeli/ appeals to ?is supreme au?ority4 ,he lifts ! :ole message above ! level ( m]e baptiz$ legalism1 ev5 :ile he gu>ds x aga9/ ! unbridl$ lic5ce ( ,gno/ic !osophy1 apply+ to ?is purpose 8 doctr9e ( ! ,inc>nate ,logos4 ,8 basis is psy*ology z well z hi/ory4 ,x is ! ,life :i* is ! light ( m51 t life ^: s\rce is ,god1 & :i* p]meates & r$eems ,8 creation2 ev5 ! et]nal ,life :i* 0 ) ! ,fa!r & 0 manife/$ to u4 ,9 ! critical gr\p+ ( our ,new ,te/am5t writ+s ! ,gospel & ,epi/les ( ,john c occupy1 !n1 no less] place ?an t ( ! key/one ( ! ar*4 ,to sum up3 ! ,lit]ature ( ! ,apo/le ow$ its e>ly developm5t & long cont9uance among ! ,paul9e *ur*es ( ,asia ,m9or & ,greece1 to ! impetus & example ( ,paul's apo/olic au?ority4 ,! ,lit]ature ( ! ,tea*] & ,prophet1 gr[+ up ar\nd ,j]usalem & its daught] *ur*es at ,antio* & ,rome1 came sl[ly to surpass 9 influ5ce ! comm&m5t ( ! apo/les1 z ! *ur* became m & m exclusively dep5d5t ^u x = ! tea*+ ( ! ,"l4 ,x 0 ! function ( ! great !ologian ( ,ephesus 7z he came e>ly to be call$71 l9k+ ! au?ority ( bo?1 to furni% ! fundam5tal basis = ! ca?olic fai?4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,! ,,lit]ature ,,( ,,! ,,apo/le ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,paul ,,z ,,mission>y ,,& ,,def5d] ,,( ,,! ,,gospel ,,( ,,grace ,mo/ vital ( all passages = hi/orical appreciation ( ! great p]iod ( ,paul's mission>y activity & its lit]ature is ! retrospect ov] 8 c>e] z apo/le to ! ,g5tiles & def5d] ( a gospel )\t ! yoke ( ! ,law 9 ,gal4 i4-ii4 ,especially mu/ ! contra/ be obs]v$ betwe5 ?is & ! v diff]5t acc\nt 9 ,acts ix4-xvi4 ,galatians aims to c\nt]act ! encroa*m5ts ( c]ta9 ,judaiz+ int]lop]s ^u ,paul's field1 & seems to h be5 writt5 f ,cor9?1 %ortly aft] 8 arrival !re 7c4 #ej7 on ! ,second ,mission>y ,j\rney 7,acts xv4 #cf--xviii4 #bb74 ,we take ! *ur*es ( ,galatia to be ^? f\nd$ by ,paul 9 company ) ,b>nabas on ! ,fir/ ,mission>y ,j\rney 7,acts xiii4-xiv471 & revisit$ ) ,silas aft] a division ( ! rec5tly evangeliz$ t]ritory :]eby ,cyprus _h be5 left to ,b>nabas & ,m>k 7,acts xv4 #cf--xvi4 #e2 cf4 ,gal4 iv4 #ac74 ,! retrospect is 9 two p>ts3 7#a7 a pro( ( ! div9e orig9 ( ,paul's apo/le%ip & gospel by ! indep5d5ce ( 8 conv]sion & mission>y c>e]2 7#b7 an acc\nt ( 8 def5ce ( 8 gospel ( uncircumcision on ! two occasions :5 x _h be5 ?reat5$4 ,visit+ ,j]usalem = ! second "t "s fifte5 ye>s#g aft] 8 conv]sion1 he secur$ f its pill>s1 ,james1 ,pet]1 & ,john1 an unqualifi$1 ?\gh private1 endorsem5t4 ,at ,antio* subsequ5tly he ov]came r5ew$ opposition by public exposure ( ! inconsi/5cy ( ,pet]1 :o _h be5 won ov] by ! reaction>ies4 ,footnote #g3 ,or p]haps ?irte54 ,gal4 ii4 #a may reckon f ! conv]sion 7#ca-cc74 ,9 bo? p]iods 7,gal4 i4 #ah1 & ii4 #a7 bo? t]m9i are c\nt$4 ,acts rev]ses ,paul's po9t ( view1 mak+ 8 c>e] 9 ! p]iod ( unob/ruct$ evangelization "o ( lab\r = ,jews alone1 9 complete dep5d5ce on ! ,twelve4 ,x practically excludes ! p]iod ( opposition by a det]m9ation ( ! ,g5tile /atus 9 an ',apo/olic ,c\ncil4' ,paul is repres5t$ z simply acquiesc+ 9 ?is decision4 ,z describ$ by ,paul1 ! :ole e>li] p]iod ( fifte5 ye>s _h be5 occupi$ by mission>y ef=t = ,g5tiles1 fir/ at ,damascus1 aft]w>ds 9 ! regions ( ,syria & ,cilicia4 ,x 0 int]rupt$ only by a j\rney to ,arabia1 & lat]1 ?ree ye>s aft] 8 conv]sion1 by a two-weeks' private visit to ,pet] 9 ,j]usalem4 ,9 ?is p]iod mu/ fall mo/ ( ! j\rneys & adv5tures ( #bnd ,cor4 xi4 #bc-cc4 ,x 0 practically )\t contact ) ,judaea4 ,8 gospel 0 :at ,god alone _h taught him ?r\gh an inw>d manife/ation ( ! ris5 ,jesus4 ,z describ$ by ,luke#h ! :ole p]iod 0 sp5t 9 ! evangelization ( ,greek-speak+ ,jews1 pr9cipally at ,j]usalem4 ,?is 0 ,paul's *os5 field1 work$ "u direction ( ! apo/les4 ,only aga9/ 8 w#i 0 he driv5 = refuge to ,t>sus1 :5ce ,b>nabas1 :o _h fir/ introduc$ him to ! apo/les1 br\ght him to ,antio*4 ,!re 0 no ,g5tile mission until ,b>nabas & he 7 by t *ur* made its 'apo/les4' ,?is mission 0 on express direction ( ! ,_s 7,acts ix4 #ai-cj2 xi4 #be f42 xiii4 #a-c2 cf4 xxii4 #aj-ba74 ,paul's apo/le%ip to ! ,g5tiles beg9s1 !n1 accord+ to ,luke1 ) ! ,fir/ ,mission>y ,j\rney1 :5 9 company ) 7& at fir/ 9 subord9ation to7 ,b>nabas he evangelizes ,cyprus & s\!rn ,galatia4 ,! two are ag5ts ( ,antio*1 ) lett]s ( comm5dation f ! apo/les & eld]s 9 ,j]usalem 7,acts xv4 #bc-bf74 ,paul is n an apo/le ( ,*ri/ 9 ! same s5se z ! ,twelve 7cf4 ,acts i4 #ba f474 ,he is a provid5tial vessel ( ! ,_s1 orda9$ by m5 & ?r\gh m54 ,8 gospel is ,pet]'s unalt]$ 7cf4 ,acts xxvi4 #af-bc74 ,footnote #h3 ,we apply ! "n to ! writ] ( ,luke-,acts )\t prejudice to ! "q ( au?or%ip4 ,footnote #i3 ,acts xxii4 #aj-ba is n q consi/5t ) xxvi4 #ae-ah2 b ! g5]al s5se is cle>4 ,!re is ev5 wid] disp>ity reg>d+ ! p]iod ( opposition4 ,luke slightly po/pones its beg9n+ & v greatly ant$ates its suppression4 ,moreov]1 he makes ,paul accept a solution :i* 8 lett]s emphatically repudiate4 ,accord+ to ,acts !re 0 no opposition be=e ! ,fir/ ,mission>y ,j\rney1 = ! excell5t reason t !re _h be5 no ,g5tile propag&a4#aj ,!re 0 no opposition aft] ! ,c\ncil call$ to consid] x 7,acts xv471 = ! conclusive reason t ! apo/les & eld]s left no?+ to dispute ab\t4 ,z soon z ! objections 7 rais$ ! *ur* 9 ,antio* laid ! "q be=e ^! au?orities1 s5d+ ,paul & ,b>nabas to te/ify4 ,on _! witness to ! grace ( ,god among ! ,g5tiles1 ,pet] 7explicitly claim+ = himself 767 ?is special apo/le%ip1 ,acts xv4 #g7 proposes unconditional ackn[l$gm5t ( ,g5tile lib]ty1 ref]r+ to ! prec$5t ( ,cornelius4 ,9 ?is !re 0 g5]al acquiesc5ce4 ,9 fact ! matt] _h really be5 decid$ be=e 7,acts xi4 #a-ah74 ,! only :olly new po9t 0 t rais$ by ,james 9 behalf ( ! ,jews among ! ,g5tiles 7,acts xv4 #ba2 cf4 xxi4 #ba74 ,= _! sake x is held necess>y to limit ,g5tile fre$om on f\r po9ts4 ,!y mu/ ab/a9 f ?ree prohibit$ meats1 & f =nication1 = ^! convey ! pollution ( idols4 ,! necessity lies 9 ! fact t lib]ty f ! ,law is n conc$$ to ,jews4 ,!y w be 7involunt>ily7 defil$ if !y eat ) _! ,g5tile bre?r5 unprotect$4 ,=nication is add$ because 79 ! words ( an anci5t ,jewi% ,*ri/ian7 x diff]s f all o!r s9s 9 t x defiles n only ! s9n]1 b ^? also :o eat or associate ) him4 ,paul & ,b>nabas1 accord+ to ,luke1 gladly accept$ ^! decrees1 & ,paul di/ribut$ !m = to keep among 8 conv]ts 9 ,galatia 7674 ,pet] is ! apo/le to ! ,g5tiles4 ,antio* & ,j]usalem decide ! "q ( _! /atus4 ,! t]ms ( fell[%ip are ^? ( ,james & ,pet]4 ,footnote #aj3 ,cornelius' case 7,acts x4-xi4 #ah7 is exceptional1 & no propag&a foll[s4 ,! read+ ,greeks 9 ,acts xi4 #bj1 ?\gh requir$ by ! s5se & !re=e adopt$ by ! ,engli% translators1 is n support$ by ! textual evid5ce4 ,luke has "h correct$ 8 s\rce to suit 8 !ory1 j z 9 x4 #a--xi4 #ah he passes by ! true significance ( ! /ory1 :i* really deals ) ! "q ( eat+ ) ,g5tiles 7xi4 #c1 #g f474 ,paul has no m5tion ( ei!r ,c\ncil or 'decrees4' ,8 t]ms ( fell[%ip positively exclude bo?4 ,he falls back ^u ! private ,conf]5ce1 & lays b>e a /ory ( agoniz+ /ruggle to make effective its recognition ( ! equality & indep5d5ce ( ,g5tile ,*ri/ianity4 ,! /ruggle is a result ( 8 resi/ance to emiss>ies f ,james at ,antio*1 :o _h br\ght ov] all ! ,jewi% elem5t 9 t mix$ *ur*1 includ+ ,pet] & ev5 ,b>nabas to t]ms ( fell[%ip acceptable to ! ,pill>s4 ,aft] ! collision at ,antio* ,paul leaves ! regions ( ,syria & ,cilicia1 & transf]s ! sc5e ( 8 mission>y ef=ts to ! ,greek _w betwe5 ! ,taurus range & ! ,adriatic4 ,= ! next t5 ye>s we see him on ! "o side conduct+ an indep5d5t mission1 proclaim+ ! doctr9e ( ! ,cross z inaugurat+ a new era1 :]e9 law has be5 done away1 & ,jew & ,g5tile h access 9 "o ,_s unto ! ,fa!r4 ,on ! o!r he is def5d+ ?is gospel ( 'grace' aga9/ unscrupul\s ,jewi%-,*ri/ian traduc]s1 & lab\r+ to reconcile diff]5ces betwe5 8 own foll[]s & ^? ( '! circumcision' :o are n actively ho/ile1 b only h tak5 '(f5ce4' ,?r\gh\t ! p]iod1 until ! arre/ 9 ,j]usalem :i* ends 8 c>e] z an evangeli/1 ,paul /&s alone z *ampion ( unre/rict$ ,g5tile lib]ty & equality4 ,he _c admit t]ms ( fell[%ip :i* imply a cont9uance ( ! legal disp5sation4 ,jewi% ,*ri/ians may keep circumcision & ! cu/oms if !y wi%2 b may n hold or recomm5d !m z conf]r+ ! slighte/ advantage 9 ,god's sight4 ,he w n admit ! doctr9e ( salvation by fai? ) works ( law4 ,jew z well z ,g5tile mu/ h di$ to ! ,law4 ,!re is no ju/ification except by fai? ap>t f works ( law4#aa ,footnote #aa3 ,! ass]tion has rec5tly be5 made 9 v high qu>t]s on ! basis ( #a/ ,cor4 vii4 #ah t ,paul also took ! apo/olic view t ! ,*ri/ian ( ,jewi% bir? rema9s "u obligation to keep ! law4 ,"o w\ld ?9k ,paul _h n add$ v]se #ai6 ,unless we di/9ctly appreh5d ! deep diff]5ce1 almo/ casually br\ght out by ?is "q ( ! 7conv]t$7 ,jew among ,g5tiles & 8 obligation to eat ) 8 ,g5tile bro!r1 a diff]5ce betwe5 'apo/olic' ,*ri/ianity z ,luke gives x1 & ! 'gospel' ( ,paul1 we c h no adequate appreciation ( ! great ,epi/les produc$ dur+ ?is p]iod ( conflict4 ,! basis ( ,luke's pleas+ picture ( peace & concord is a fundam5tally diff]5t conception ( ! relation ( ,law & ,grace4 ,paul & ,luke bo? hold t ! ,mosaic comm&m5ts are n b9d+ on ,g5tiles4 ,! po9t ( diff]5ce--& ,paul's own acc\nt ( 8 ,conf]5ce ) ! ,pill>s goes to %[ t ,luke's idea is also !irs2 else :y ne$ !re be a division ( 'sph]es ( influ5ce'8--is ,paul's doctr9e t ! believ+ ,jew z well z ! ,g5tile is dead to ! ,law4 ,& ?is doctr9e 0 nev] accept$ s\? ( ! ,taurus range4 ,agreem5t & union 7 sure to come1 if only by ! rapid disappe>ance f ! *ur* aft] #gj ,a4,d4 ( ! elem5t ( ! circumcis$1 & ! progressive realization 9 ',syria & ,cilicia' ( ! impracticability ( ! ,j]usalem-,antio* plan ( requir+ ,g5tiles to make _! tables innocu\s to ! legali/4 ,if only ! p>ticipation ( ,paul & ,b>nabas be exclud$ f ! /ory ( ,acts xv4 7or bett]1 re/or$ to its prop] sequ5ce aft] ,acts xi4 #cj7 we h e reason to accept ,luke's acc\nt ( an ,apo/olic ,c\ncil held at ,j]usalem n long aft] ,pet] came to ,antio* to settle betwe5 ! *ur*es ( nor!rn & s\!rn ,syria ! knotty "q ( ! ,*ri/ian ,jew's eat+ or n eat+ ) ,g5tiles4 ,x is almo/ c]ta9 t ,syria did adopt ?is modus viv5di = ! bre?r5 :i* are ( ! ,g5tiles 9 ,antio*1 ,syria & ,cilicia 7,acts xv4 #bc72 = we c trace its gradual obsolesc5ce !re4 ,9 ,revelation 7a book ( ,pale/9ian orig9 republi%$ at ,ephesus c4 #ie2 cf4 ,rev4 ii4 #ad1 #bj1 #bd7 9 ! ,tea*+ ( ! ,twelve 7#abe71 & 9 ! ',we/]n' text ( ,acts xv4 7#aej87 !re is a progressive scal+ d[n ( ! 'burd54' ,g5tiles are at la/ ask$ to d almo/ no?+ m ?an ,paul _h dem&$ on moral gr\nds )\t recognition ( ! validity ( di/9ctions ( meats4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #abj ! 'burd5' is3 ,conc]n+ meats1 keep :at ?\ art able2 h[ev]1 ab/a9 at all ev5ts f ?+s (f]$ to idols1 = x is ! food ( dead gods4 ,b to take ,luke's acc\nt ( h[ peace 0 re/or$1 ) its implication t ! ,paul9e gospel z develop$ 9 ,greek ,*ri/5dom betwe5 ! ,taurus range & ! ,adriatic 0 no?+ m ?an a bran* f ! p>5t /ock ( ! 'apo/olic' *ur* 9 ,syria & ,cilicia1 w\ld be l view+ ! hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates f ! /&po9t ( a ,briti% imp]iali/ ( a p]iod ( ,anglo-,saxon reunion 9 ,a4,d4 #bjjj1 :o %\ld omit entirely ! ,am]ican ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce1 hold+ t ,wa%+ton & ,frankl9 aft] be>+ te/imony be=e ,p>liam5t accept$ = ! colonies a plan ( settlem5t prep>$ by a ,lib]al ,gov]nm5t :i* r$uc$ to a m9imum ! obnoxi\s requirem5ts ( ! ,tories4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is p]iod ( ! developm5t ( ! indep5d5t 'gospel' ( ,paul & ( 8 indep5d5t *ur*es is s vital1 & s confus$ by g5]ations ( well-mean+ 'h>moniz]s1' t we mu/ take "t to contra/ once m ,luke's !ory ( ! process ( reunion ) ,paul's4 ,9 ,acts ,paul takes precisely ! view ( ,pet] & ,james4 ,he is himself '"u ! ,law4' ,he does n disreg>d x ev5 among ,g5tiles4 ,on ! contr>y1 he sets an example ( scrupul\s legality to ! ,jews among ! ,g5tiles1 himself 'walk+ ord]ly1 keep+ ! ,law4' ,! /atem5t t he tea*es !m to =sake ,moses1 tell+ !m n to circumcise _! *ildr51 nor to obey ! cu/oms is a calumny 767 :i* he takes public occasion to disprove 7,acts xxi4 #bj-bf74 ,be=e ! ,sanh$r9 he emphatically decl>es himself a consi/5t ,ph>isee 7,acts xxiii4 #a1 #f72 be=e ,felix & ,fe/us1 blameless by ! /&>d ( ,law & ,prophets 7xxiv4 #ad-af2 xxv4 #h72 be=e ,agrippa1 a /rict ,ph>isee 9 8 conduct hi!rto 7xxvi4 #e1 #bb f474 ,titus1 ^: circumcision ,paul /r5u\sly resi/$1 is nev] m5tion$ 9 ,acts4 ,conv]sely ,timo?y 7a ,jew only on 8 "m's side7 ,paul took & circumcis$ imm$iately aft] ! ,j]usalem ,c\ncil because ( ! ,jews t 7 9 ^? p>ts 7,galatia674 ,8 visit ) ,b>nabas to ,j]usalem is n occasion$ by opposition to ,g5tile missions1 ?\gh x falls betwe5 ,b>nabas' mission f ,j]usalem to inve/igate ! al>m+ reports ( ,g5tile conv]sions at ,antio*1 & ! ,fir/ ,mission>y ,j\rney on :i* ! two take ) !m ,m>k1 :o _h accompani$ !m f ,j]usalem4 ,no2 accord+ to ,luke ,g5tile missions did n yet exi/#ab7674 ,?is visit 7t ( ! ,conf]5ce1 ,gal4 ii4 #a-aj7 0 m]ely to convey a gift f ! ,antio* *ur* to t ( ,j]usalem because ( ! fam9e ab\t t "t 7x occurr$ 9 #df-dg74 ,conv]sely ! great '(f]+ ( ! ,g5tiles' made at ! risk ( ,paul's life 9 company ) delegates f ea* prov9ce ( 8 field1 z a pr(f] ( peace1 ! ent]prise :i* occupies s l>ge a place 9 8 ef=t & 8 lett]s ( ?is p]iod 7#a/ ,cor4 xvi4 #a-f2 #bnd ,cor4 #h-i2 ,rom4 xv4 #ae1 #af1 #be-cb71 has 9 ,acts no relation to ! controv]sy--= ! demon/ration ( ,paul's exempl>y legalism 9 ! temple is m]ely incid5tal4 ,! gift ,paul br\ght 0 alms to my nation 767 7,acts xxiv4 #ag74 ,! read] asks 9 va9 :at necessitates ?is dang]\s j\rney4 ,! only motives assign$ are a ,naz>ite v[ assum$ 9 ,c5*reae 7xviii4 #ah2 xxi4 #bd71 & reg>d = ! ,jewi% fea/s 7xx4 #af74 ,footnote #ab3 ,on ! read+ ,greeks 9 ,acts xi4 #bj see ,footnote #aj above41 p4 #ei4 ,! backgr\nd ( hi/ory aga9/ :i* ! mod]n read] mu/ place ! great lett]s ( ,paul ( ! fir/ p]iod1 is manife/ly some?+ q diff]5t f ! m]e unsift$ /ory ( ,acts4 ,_! real orig9 is 9 a pr(\nd diff]5ce 9 ,paul's idea ( '! gospel' & ! necessity ( def5d+ ! indep5d5ce ( x & ( ! ,g5tile *ur*es f\nd$ on x4 ,! diff]5ce orig9ates 9 ,paul's own religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,x f\nd its fir/ expression 9 8 anti!sis ( ,law & ,grace1 8 doctr9e t ! cross m>ks ! abolition ( ! economy ( ,law4 ,bo? 9 ,galatians & ev]y:]e else ,paul treats on equal t]ms ) ! repres5tatives ( ! apo/le%ip ( ! circumcision4 ,he d5\nces ,pet] & ! re/ ( ! ,jews1 includ+ ev5 ,b>nabas1 at ,antio*1 aft] !y h )drawn f ,g5tile fell[%ip 9 ord] to pres]ve _! legal 'cleanness1' & ! po9t ( ! d5unciation is t ?is is inconsi/5t ) _! 7impli$7 ab&onm5t ( ! ,law z a means ( salvation :5 !y s\ght to be ju/ifi$ by fai? 9 ,*ri/4 ,?is makes _! conduct n only inconsi/5t b c[>dly & hypocritical4 ,"h is some?+ f> deep] ?an a m]e "q ( policy4 ,paul's attitude %[s t f ! beg9n+ he has really be5 prea*+ a diff]5t gospel4 ,a gospel ab\t ,*ri/ 9 :i* ! c5tral fact is ! cross z ! tok5 ( ! abolition ( a disp5sation ( ,law :]e9 ,jew & ,g5tile alike 7 9 a s]vile relation to ,god1 "u angelic 7or demonic7 /ew>ds & gov]nors1 & ! inauguration ( a disp5sation ( ,grace1 :]e9 all :o h 'fai?' & receive 9 baptism ! gift ( '! ,_s1' are !reby adopt$ to be ,god's sons4 ,beside ?is cosmic drama ( ! cross & resurrection :]e9 ,god reveals 8 r$emptive purpose = ! _w1 ! m]e inculcation ( ! easy yoke ( ,jesus z a new ,law1 simplify+ & supplem5t+ ! old by re/or+ ! doctr9e ( =giv5ess = ! rep5tant believ] 7cf4 ,matt4 xxviii4 #bj2 ,acts x4 #db f42 xiii4 #ci2 xxvi4 #bb f47 seems only half a gospel4 ,paul c nev] surr5d] ! indep5d5ce ( 8 ,god-giv5 message1 nor ! lib]ty :]e) ,*ri/ has made all believ]s free 9 aboli%+ ! economy ( law & mak+ !m sons by ! ,_s4 ,& yet he is ev5 m det]m9$ to a*ieve peace & reunion ?an ! apo/les '( ! circumcision'2 only he has a diff]5t plan4 ,paul & 8 *ur*es fall back ^u ! ,j]usalem ,conf]5ce1 n ^u ! ',apo/olic ,c\ncil4' ,! ,conf]5ce is _! ,magna ,c>ta4 ,its recognition ( ,paul's indep5d5t gospel & apo/le%ip z no less div9e ?an ,pet]'s is _! gu>antee ( lib]ty & equality2 its reque/ = bro!rly aid is _! promise ( frat]nity4 ,approa*es 7 made on bo? sides4 ,x is true ! ill-advis$ attempt ( ! ,judaiz]s to secure unity by a r5ewal ( _! propag&a ( ! ,law1 s$uc+ ! ,greek *ur*es f _! loyalty to ,paul & 8 gospel1 provok$ f him only su* ?und]bolts z ,galatians1 ) its def5ce ( ! lib]ty :]e) ,*ri/ ha? made u free1 or #bnd ,cor4 x4 #a to xiii4 #aj1 ) its d5unciation ( ! m9i/]s ( ,satan4 ,peace ?r\gh surr5d] 0 n to ,paul's m9d4 ,b ! s9c]e attempt ( ! foll[]s ( ,pet] to f9d a modus viv5di1 ev5 if !y did n v5ture to claim lib]ty f ! ,law = !mselves1 f\nd ,paul prep>$ to g m ?an half-way4 ,8 epi/les are n m rem>kable = _! /r5u\s def5ce ( ! lib]ty ( ,son %ip1 ?an = _! insi/5ce on ! obligation ( bro!rly love4 ,8 *ur*es mu/ be n only morally pure = _! own sakes1 b mu/ avoid (f5ces to ! m scrupul\s4 ,ev5 t :i* ,*ri/ian lib]ty all[s mu/ be sacrific$ to ! scruples ( ! 'weak1' if only x be n unto d\btful disputations1 or dem&$ z ( "r4 ,f #a/ ,!ssalonians 7,cor9?1 ,a4,d4 #ej71 :]e1 9 ! abs5ce ( all ,judaiz+ opposition ,paul m]ely exhibits 8 simple gospel ( ! resurrection & judgm5t to come1 unaffect$ by que/ions ( ,law & ,grace1 on ?r\gh ,galatians ) its sublime polemic = ! lib]ty ( sons1 to ! ,cor9?ian correspond5ce1 ) its insi/5ce on ! duty ( consid]ation & =be>ance1 its /rong] note ( love1 its revelation ( ! widespread1 /r5u\s ex]tions ( ,paul to promote 8 great '(f]+1' d[n to ,romans1 :]e ! '(f]+ ( ! ,g5tiles' is ready to be made 7,rom4 xv4 #af-cc71 & ,paul is s$ul\sly prep>+ to ent] a great new field already p>tially occupi$1 by pres5t+ a full & sup]latively conciliatory /atem5t ( 8 entire 'gospel' 7i4 #ae-ag71 !re is /eady progress t[>d ! peace & acceptance :i* he hopes to f9d 9 ,j]usalem4 ,! lat] ,epi/les1 ) _! diff]5t phase ( conflict1 ! v attitude ( 'apo/olic' ,*ri/ianity t[>d ,paul1 z exhibit$ 9 ,acts1 make x incr$ible t sub/antial unity 0 n 9 fact secur$4#ac ,we _c1 inde$1 accept ,luke's repres5tation ( ,paul z p]=m+ ! ,naz>ite c]emonial 9 ! temple 9 ord] to prove t he does n tea* t ! ,law is n b9d+ on ,jews4 ,b x does n foll[ t ,paul may n h done ev5 ?is to prove t 8 pr9ciple ( accommodation to ! weak 7#a/ ,cor4 ix4 #ai-bb7 left ample room = fell[%ip ) ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ian--except :5 7z ) ,pet] & ,b>nabas at ,antio*7 ! ne$less scruples ( ! legali/ 7 made a pretext = compell+ ! ,g5tiles to live z d ! ,jews4 ,footnote #ac3 ,! actual outcome is se5 9 ! r$uction ( ! 'burd5' to ! two items ( ab/95ce f =nication & f ?+s (f]$ to idols4 ,paul's nic] di/9ctions "u ! latt] head 7#a/ ,cor4 viii4 #a-ac1 x4 #ad-bc7 z well z 8 di/9ction betwe5 ! c]emonial & ! moral gr\nds = ab/95ce1 7 disreg>d$4 ,_h unity be5 atta9$ ?r\gh ! simple process imag9$ by ,luke1 ob$i5t acquiesc5ce ( ,paul & ! ,g5tiles 9 ! div9ely inspir$ v]dict ( ! apo/les & eld]s 9 ,j]usalem1 ,*ri/ianity w\ld h be5 an immeasurably poor] ?+ ?an x became4 ,inde$1 x is que/ionable :e!r a gospel ( m]e simplification1 ext5sion & supplem5tation ( ! ,law w\ld ev] h made p]man5t conque/ ( ! ,g5tile _w4 ,x is because ,paul /ood out on ?is "q ( 'meats' = ! equal "r ( 8 indep5d5t gospel1 refus+ submission until 8 great t5-ye>s' "w ( evangelization by tongue & p5 _h made ,g5tile ,*ri/ianity a factor ( at lea/ equal importance ) ,jewi%1 t our religion 0 enri*$ by its ,hell5i/ic /ra94 ,! deep] insight into ! real significance ( ,jesus' "w & fate born ( ,paul's peculi> exp]i5ce & 8 ,hell5i/ic appreh5sion ( ! gospel f\nd embodim5t 9 ! beg9n+s ( a ,new ,te/am5t lit]ature4 ,! writ+s ( ?is p]iod mu/ accord+ly be view$ aga9/ ! backgr\nd ( a critical hi/ory4 ,luke's acc\nt1 writt5 9 ! int]e/ ( apo/olic au?ority1 mu/ receive su* modifications z ! contempor>y docum5ts require4 ,tak+ up ! /ory at ! po9t ( div]g5ce we see ,paul & ,b>nabas return+ to ,antio* aft] ! ,conf]5ce ) ! ,pill>s1 glad at he>t1 & expect+ n[ to resume ! "w = ,g5tiles )\t imp$im5t4 ,besides ,titus1 ,john ,m>k ( ,j]usalem1 a nephew ( ,b>nabas1 accompani$ !m4 ,! ,mission>y ,j\rney to ,cyprus & 7s\!rn7 ,galatia foll[s1 ,m>k return+1 h[ev]1 to ,j]usalem aft] leav+ ,cyprus4 ,x 0 probably dur+ ! abs5ce ( ! mission>ies t ,pet] came to ,antio* &1 at fir/1 foll[$ ! ,paul9e practice ( disreg>d+ 'di/9ctions ( meats4' ,lat]1 on arrival ( c]ta9 f ,james he drew back & sep>at$ himself1 fe>+ ^? ( ! circumcision4 ,:ile matt]s 7 at ?is /age ,paul & ,b>nabas reappe>$ on ! sc5e4 ,paul ?\ght x necess>y to rebuke ,pet] op5ly1 be=e !m all4 ,b>nabas1 =m] head ( ! ,antio* *ur*1 took sides ) ,pet] & ! re/ ( ! ,jews1 d\btless det]m9+ ! attitude ( ! *ur*2 = ,paul says no?+ ( prevail+ ^u !m by 8 argum5t1 b m]ely turns x at once ^u ! ,galatians !mselves4 ,moreov]1 ,b>nabas n[ takes ,cyprus z 8 mission field1 ) ,m>k z 8 help]1 :ile ,paul ) a new companion1 ,silvanus 79 ,acts ,silas1 a be>] ( ! 'decrees' f ,j]usalem71 takes ! nor!rn half ( ! newly evangeliz$ t]ritory1 & ?r\gh mu* difficulty & opposition makes 8 way to ! coa/s ( ! ,a,egean4 ,?is second visit to ! *ur*es ( ,galatia 7,acts xvi4 #a-e7 0 signaliz$ by w>n+s aga9/ ! 7possible7 prea*+ ( ano!r gospel 7,gal4 i4 #i72 = ,paul _h reason to anticipate tr\ble f ! false bre?r54 ,if ,acts may be believ$1 x 0 also m>k$ by an extraord9>y evid5ce ( ,paul's read9ess to become all ?+s to all m5 9 ! int]e/ ( conciliation4 ,he is said to h circumcis$ a ,galatian half-,jew nam$ ,timo?y4 ,if s1 x 0 c]ta9ly n to prove 8 respect = ! legal requirem5t1 b r its indiff]5ce4 ,circumcision is no?+ & uncircumcision no?+2 only fai? work+ ?r\gh love4 ,b ^! g5]\s 'accommodations' ( ,paul produc$ m ( misrepres5tation ?an ( conciliation4 ,he _h cause to regret 8 lib]ality lat] 7,gal4 i4 #aj2 v4 #aa f42 cf4 #a/ ,cor4 vii4 #ah74 ,"s unexpla9$ ob/acle 7,acts xvi4 #f7 prev5t$ ,paul's entrance into ! ,prov9ce ( ,asia at ?is "t4 ,ephesus1 8 probable objective1 _h p]haps already be5 occupi$ 7xviii4 #bd-bh74 ,he turn$ nor? ?r\gh ,phrygia-,galatia1 hop+ to f9d a field 9 ,bi?ynia1 b 0 aga9 disappo9t$4 ,at ,troas1 ! v extremity ( ,asia1 came ! turn+-po9t 9 ! =tunes ( ! mission>ies4 ,enc\rag$ by a vision !y cross$ into ,mac$onia & f\nd fields :ite = ! h>ve/4 ,! ,epi/les to ,!ssalonica address "o ( ^! ,mac$onian *ur*es f ,cor9?1 :i!r ! mission>ies h be5 driv54 ,timo?y _h be5 s5t back f ,a!ns :5 ,paul's own repeat$ attempts to return _h be5 fru/rat$1 & has j arriv$ ) good news ( ! *ur*'s p]sev]ance 9 spite ( a p]secution /irr$ up by ! ,jews4 ,x is aga9/ ^!1 app>5tly1 n aga9/ ,jewi%-,*ri/ian detractors1 t ,paul def5ds 8 "* & message 7#a/ ,!ss4 ii4 #a-ac74 ,!re is also an urg5t w>n+ aga9/ =nication 7iv4 #a-h7 & exhortation to ab\nd 9 love 7iv4 #i-ab71 ) correction ( ! natural ,greek t5d5cy to misappreh5d ! ,jewi% es*atology & resurrection-doctr9e 7iv4 #ac--v4 #a-aa2 cf4 #a/ ,cor4 xv474 ,! clos+ admonitions relate to ! direction ( *ur* meet+s & discipl9e4 #bnd ,!ssalonians corrects & supplem5ts ! es*atology ( #a/ ,!ssalonians by add+ a doctr9e ( ,anti*ri/1 :i* is at all ev5ts ?or\ghly ,jewi% & e>li] ?an #gj1 :5 ! temple 0 de/roy$ 9 :i* x expects ! manife/ation ( ! man ( s94 ,x is ! only "o ( ! ,epi/les ( ?is p]iod ^: au!nticity is s]i\sly que/ion$ by critical s*ol>%ip4 ,h[ little ?is affects ! "q ( ,paul's 'gospel' may be se5 by ! fact t ! entire cont5ts cov] less ?an #c p] c5t4 ( ! e>li] ,epi/les1 :ile ! subject is a m]e detail4 ,f> m significant is x to obs]ve ! close correspond5ce betwe5 ! mission>y prea*+ ( ,paul z "h describ$ by himself 7#a/ ,!ss4 i4 #i f47 & ! g5]al apo/olic message 7k]ygma7 z describ$ by ,luke 7,acts x4 #db f42 xiv4 #ae-ag2 xvii4 #bd-ca74 ,:]e !re are no ,judaiz]s !re is no ref]5ce to ! disp5sations ( ,law & ,grace & ! abolition ( ! =m] 9 ! ,cross4 ,! doctr9e is ! common gospel ( ! ,resurrection1 :]e9 ,jesus has be5 manife/$ z ! ,messiah4 ,fai? 9 him secures =giv5ess to ! rep5tant2 all o!rs are doom$ to p]i% 9 ! judgm5t %[n by 8 'manife/ation' to be at h& 7cf4 #a/ ,cor4 xv4 #aa2 ,rom4 i4 #c-e74 ,galatians 0 writt5 b slightly be=e 7or aft]87 ! lett]s to ,!ssalonica4 ,its s+le !me 7aft] ! retrospect7 is ! ,adoption to ,son %ip ?r\gh ! ,_s4 ,aga9/ ! ,judaiz]'s plea t to %>e 9 ! ,inh]itance "o mu/ be adopt$ 7pref]ably by circumcision7 into ! family ( ,abraham1 or at all ev5ts pay respect to ! ,mosaic ,law1 ,paul ass]ts ! s+le fact ( ! adoption ( ! ,_s4 ,x is because ye are sons t ,god s5t =? ! ,_s ( 8 ,son into our he>ts cry+ 79 ! ec/atic utt]ances ( 'tongues'7 ,abba1 t is1 ,fa!r 7,gal4 iv4 #f74 ,to g back to legal obs]vances is to rev]t f r$emption to bondage4 ,all ,*ri/ians are inde$ sons ( ,abraham1 b only z %>]s ( 8 tru/ 9 ,god4 ,abraham 0 made heir ( ! _w 7,rom4 iv4 #ac7 = 8 fai?4 ,circumcision & ! ,law came aft]w>ds4 ,!y 7 n sup]impos$ /ipulations & conditions ( ! promise4 ,on ! contr>y !y 7 tempor>y p$agogic measures int5d$ to produce ! consci\sness ( s9 & 7moral7 dea?1 s t :5 ! ,heir %\ld come m5 %\ld be ready to ca/ !mselves on ! m]cy ( ,god display$ 9 8 vic>i\s dea?4#ad ,?us ! messianic ,r$emption is a r$emption f a sy/em issu+ 9 s9 & dea?4 ,on ! cross ev5 ! s9less ,*ri/ incurr$ ! curse 9 ord] t believ]s ?us r$eem$ might h ! ,bless+ ( ! ,abrahamic promise 7,gal4 iii4 #a--;iv4 #g74 ,footnote #ad3 ,romans enl>ges ! conception ( ! economy ( ,law by mak+ x include ! ,g5tile law ( 'consci5ce' 7,rom4 i4 #ah--;ii4 #af74 ,9 ,galatians ?is po9t is cov]$ only by class+ ! angels ?r\gh :om ! ,mosaic ,law 0 giv51 ) ! ,elem5ts hon\r$ 9 ,g5tile religion4 ,bo? are codes ( /ew>ds & gov]nors4 ,b ?is transf] f bondage to lib]ty1 f ! legal to ! filial relation1 does n make ,*ri/ a m9i/] ( s94 ,on ! contr>y1 if ! deliv]+ ,_s ( ,son %ip has be5 receiv$ at all1 x controls ! life = purity & love4 ,"o _c be a son & be unfilial or unbro!rly4 ,! unity ( ! r$eem$ _w 9 ,*ri/ is ! unity ( lov+ s]vice1 n ( subjection to a bygone sy/em ( rules 7iv4 #h--vi4 #ah74 ,?us does ,galatians meet ! insidi\s plea ( ! ,judaiz]s1 & _! *>ges aga9/ ,paul9e lib]ty4 ,! *ur* f\nd$ by ,paul 9 ,cor9? 7,acts xviii4 #a-ag7 0 gr\nd$ f ! beg9n+ 9 ?is doctr9e ( ! ,cross4 ,paul purposely re/rict$ himself to x 7#a/ ,cor4 i4 #ag-be2 ii4 #a-e74 ,he _h inde$ a _w-view1 ( :i* we le>n m 9 ! ,epi/les ( ! ,captivity1 a philosophy reveal$ by ! ,_s z a my/]y ( ,god4 ,^? :o aft]w>ds 9 ,cor9? came to call !mselves foll[]s ( ,apollos _h no?+ to tea* him on ?is score4 ,b consid]ation ( ?is ,greciz+ t5d5cy1 too (t5 issu+ 9 a m]e philosophy & va9 deceit aft] ! ,elem5ts ( ! _w & n aft] ,*ri/ 7,col4 ii4 #h71 mu/ be def]r$1 9 fav\r ( que/ions :i* became m imm$iately press+4 ,= aft] ,paul _h left ,cor9? to make a brief visit via ,ephesus to ,caes>ea & ,antio*1 & _h return$ ?r\gh ! n[ pacifi$ ,galatian *ur*es to make ,ephesus 8 p]man5t headqu>t]s 7,acts xviii4 #ah-bc71 he receiv$ di/urb+ news ( conditions 9 ,cor9?4 ,"u ,apollos 7n[ at ,ephesus ) ,paul7 an ,alex&rian conv]t ?or\ghly indoctr9at$ ) ,paul's gospel 7,acts xviii4 #bd-bh7 ! *ur* _h fl\ri%$1 b discussions _h subsequ5tly aris51 result+ 9 a lett] to ,paul ask+ 8 advice on disput$ po9ts4 ,besides ?is !re 7 moral blemi%es4 ,fir/ ! facti\s /rife itself1 ( :i* ,paul has le>nt f newcom]s f ,cor9?2 secondly a case ( unpuni%$ ince/4 ,a previ\s lett] f ,paul 7n[ lo/1 or b p>tially pres]v$ 9 #bnd ,cor4 vi4 #ad--vii4 #a7 _h requir$ ! *ur* to h no company ) =nicators4 ,! *ur*1 mak+ ! application g5]al1 _h plead$ ! impracticability ( go+ out ( ! _w4 ,paul n[ expla9s3 ,if any man t is nam$ a bro!r be a =nicator 444 ) su* a "o no1 n to eat4 ,aft] fur!r rebuke = litigi\sness1 & a lack ( moral tone1 especially 9 ! matt] ( =nication 7*4 vi471 ,paul takes up s]iatim ! ?+s :]e( ye wrote4 ,we are *iefly int]e/$ 9 ! long section 7viii4 #a--xi4 #a7 on ?+s (f]$ to idols :]e9 ,paul in/ructs ^? :o w\ld be imitators ( 8 fre$om1 b :o =get t he has always refus$ to ass]t 8 rights :5 !reby ! 'weak' 7 /umbl$4 ,moreov] =nication is nev] among ! p]missible ?+s1 nor ev5 ! eat+ ( meats (f]$ to idols at ! hea!n banquet itself4 ,su* food is unobjectionable only :5 x has be5 sold 9 ! m>ket1 & c be eat5 )\t '(f5ce4' ,! o!r que/ions relat$ to *ur* meet+s = ! ,"l's supp] & ! ex]cise ( spiritual gifts4 ,!y give opportunity = ! developm5t ( ,paul's noble doctr9e ( unity ?r\gh lov+ s]vice 7xi4 #b--xiv4 #dj74 ,! doctr9al section ( #a/ ,cor9?ians concludes ) a full /atem5t ( ,paul's doctr9e ( ! resurrection body 7call$ =? by ,greek objections to ! ,jewi%74 ,f ! items ( bus9ess at ! close we le>n t ! collection = ! sa9ts has be5 "u way "s "t already 9 ,galatia1 & t ,paul hopes1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh ,mac$onia1 to jo9 ! delegation :i* is to c>ry ! money to ,j]usalem 7xvi4 #a-f74 ,z x turn$ out ,paul actually foll[$ ! it9]>y outl9$ 9 #a/ ,cor4 xvi4 #a-f1 b n until aft] di/ress+ exp]i5ces4 ,timo?y1 s5t 7by way ( ,mac$onia1 ,acts xix4 #bb7 z ,paul's repres5tative 7iv4 #ag2 xvi4 #aj f471 0 unable to re/ore ord]4 ,! opposition to ,paul's apo/olic au?ority1 treat$ almo/ contemptu\sly 9 ix4 #a-ad1 grew to al>m+ proportions4 ,paul receiv$ s direct & p]sonal an affront 7ei!r on a ha/y visit und]tak5 9 p]son f ,ephesus1 or 9 ! p]son ( ,timo?y7 t he despat*$ a p]emptory ultimatum1 ^: effect he is anxi\sly wait+ to he> :5 #bnd ,cor9?ians op5s ) ,paul driv5 out f ,ephesus1 a refugee 9 ,mac$onia 7c4 #ee74 ,x is highly probable t ! disconnect$ section app5d$ betwe5 #bnd ,cor4 ix4 #ae & ! ,f>ewell1 is tak5 f ?is griev\s lett] writt5 out ( mu* affliction & angui% ( he>t ) _m te>s 7#bnd ,cor4 ii4 #a-d2 vii4 #h-af72 = x 0 n only a p]emptory dem& = puni%m5t ( ! (f5d]1 b also a lett] ( =c$ self-comm5dation4 ,paul _c h writt5 9 self-comm5dation on m ?an "o occasion1 & he promises n to repeat ?is 9 iii4 #a ff4 ,we may take #bnd ,cor4 x4-xiii41 !n1 z repres5t+ ! griev\s lett]4 ,! opposition emanates f ,judaiz]s :o say !y are ( ,*ri/1 & may !re=e be id5tical ) ^? ( #a/ ,cor4 i4 #ab4 ,b x has gr[n to proportions :i* = a "t made ,paul despair ( ! *ur*'s loyalty4 ,titus' arrival 9 ,mac$onia ) news ( _! re/or$ ob$i5ce _h be5 an inexpressible relief 7ii4 #e-ag2 vii4 #h-af74 ,x rema9s only to set 8 'm9i/ry ( ! new cov5ant' once m 9 contra/ ) ! ,mosaic 'm9i/ry ( condemnation & dea?1' includ+ fur!r elucidation ( ! doctr9e ( ! resurrection body 7iii4 #a--vi4 #aj7 & to urge g5]osity 9 ! matt] ( ! collection 7*h4 viii4-ix474 ,! some:at disord]$1 b unmi/akably g5u9e mat]ial ( #bnd ,cor9?ians 0 probably giv5 out z a k9d ( residuum ( ,paul9e mat]ial long aft] our #a/ ,cor9?ians _h be5 put 9 circulation1 p]haps :5 r5ew$ /rife _h caus$ ! *ur* 9 ,rome to int]v5e ?r\gh ,clem5t 7#ie71 :o quotes #a/ ,cor9?ians1 b %[s no k ( #bnd ,cor9?ians4 ,! correspond5ce is n only invaluable to ! *ur* = its paean ( love z ! inv9cible1 abid+ gift ( ! ,_s 7#a/ ,cor4 xiii47 & its sublime eulogy ( ! m9i/ry ( ! new cov5ant1 b in/ructive 9 ! highe/ degree to ! hi/orian4 ,almo/ e aspect ( ,paul's "w z mission>y1 def5d] ( 8 own indep5d5t apo/le%ip & gospel1 guide & in/ructor ( develop+ ,g5tile-,*ri/ian ?\ght1 & ard5t commission] = peace ) ! apo/olic community 9 ,syria1 is "h set =?4 ,! be/ exposition ( ! hi/ory is ! docum5t>y mat]ial itself1 & conv]sely4 ,romans 0 writt5 dur+ ! peaceful w9t] at ,cor9? 7#ee-ef7 :i* foll[$ ^! weeks ( torm5t+ anxiety 9 ,mac$onia 7,acts xx4 #a-c74 ,paul feels t he has c>ri$ ! gospel to ! v %ores ( ! ,adriatic 7xv4 #ai74 ,he is on ! po9t ( go+ to ,j]usalem ) 8 great '(f]+ ( ! ,g5tiles1' & has already fix$ 8 eye on ,rome & ,spa96 ,j z be=e ! ,fir/ ,mission>y ,j\rney he =e/all$ opposition by frankly lay+ 8 gospel be=e ! ,pill>s1 s n[ he lays x be=e ! *ur* 9 ,rome1 b mo/ delicately & tactfully1 n z ?\gh assum+ to admoni% ,*ri/ians already fill$ ) all k & able to admoni% "o ano!r 7xv4 #ad71 b t ,i ) y may be com=t$ 9 y1 ea* ( u by ! o!r's fai? 7i4 #ab74 ,?us ! ,epi/le is an eir5icon4 ,= ,rome 0 ev5 m ?an ,ephesus _h be51 a preoccupi$ t]ritory1 ?\gh a metropolis ( ,paul's mission-field4 ,mo/ ( ! *ur* are ,paul's sympa?iz]s1 b !re are _m ( ! 'weak1' :o may easily be '(f5d$4' ,! lett] repeats & enl>ges ! argum5t ( ,galatians = ! gospel ( ,grace1 c>ry+ back ! promise to ,abraham to its antec$5t 9 ! fall ( ,adam1 :]eby all mank9d _h pass$ "u ! dom9ation ( ,s9 & ,dea?4 ,! function ( ! ,law is aga9 made cle> z br++ m5 to consci\sness ( ?is bondage1 till x is done away by 7my/ical7 dea? & resurrection ) ,*ri/4 ,9 ! adoption wr\ght by ! ,_s ! :ole creation ev51 groan+ s9ce ,adam's "t "u 'vanity1' is lib]at$ 9 ! manife/ation ( ! sons ( ,god4 ,jesus1 glorifi$ at ! "r h& ( ,god1 is ! fir/fruits ( ! cosmic r$emption 7,rom4 i4-viii474 ,su* is ,paul's !ory ( 'evolution4' ,x is foll[$ by a v9dication ( ,god 9 hi/ory4 ,rom4 ix4-xi4 exhibits ! relation ( ,jew & ,g5tile 9 ! process ( ! r$emption4 ,israel has = ! "t be+ be5 h>d5$ t ! ,g5tiles may be br\ght 94 ,ultimately _! v jeal\sy at ?is result w br+ !m also to rep5tant fai?4 ,paul's sublime exposition ( 8 view ( cosmic & hi/oric r$emption is foll[$ 7z 9 all ! ,epi/les7 by a practical exhortation 7*h4 xii4-xiv471 ! keynote ( :i* is unity ?r\gh mutual =be>ance & lov+ s]vice4 ,x repeats ! ,cor9?ian figure ( ! memb]s 9 ! body1 & ! ,galatian def9ition ( ! 'law ( ,*ri/4' ,special application is made to ! case ( ! scrupul\s :o make di/9ctions ( days & ( meats4 ,"h1 h[ev] 7xiv4 #a--xv4 #ac71 !re is no long] ne$ to resi/ a ?reat5$ yoke4 ,only t5d]ness & consid]ation are urg$ = ! ov]-scrupul\s bro!r 9 ,*ri/4 ,x 0 9 ?is _s t ,paul & 8 great company ( delegates f ! *ur*es ( ! ,g5tiles w5t up to ,j]usalem 7,acts xx4 #d--xxi4 #ag74 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,paul ,,z ,,prison] ,,& ,,*ur* ,,fa!r ,! second p]iod ( ,paul's lit]>y c>e] beg9s aft] an int]val ( sev]al ye>s4 ,?is int]val is cov]$ inde$1 s f> z ! great ev5ts ( ! ,apo/le's p]sonal /ory are conc]n$1 by ! la/ n9e *apt]s ( ,acts1 b exce$+ly obscure z respects ! =tunes ( 8 mission-field & ! occasion = ! gr\p ( ,epi/les :i* come to u aft] its close4 ,x is b>ely possible t a fragm5t or two f ! s-call$ ,pa/oral ,epi/les 7#a/ ,timo?y1 #bnd ,timo?y1 ,titus71 :i* seem to be compil$ long aft] ,paul's dea? on ! basis ( "s remnants ( 8 correspond5ce1 may h be5 writt5 %ortly aft] ! arre/ 9 ,j]usalem & fir/ def5ce4 ,9 #bnd ,tim4 iv4 #aa-ah a j\rney is ref]r$ to f ,troas by way ( ,ephesus :i* co9cides 9 _m respects ) t ( ,acts xx4 ,if ! fragm5t c\ld be tak5 out f its pres5t sett+ x might be possible to id5tify ! two2 = x is cle> f ! =eca/ ( ,acts xx4 #be1 #ch t ,paul nev] did revisit ?is region4 ,! grip ( ,rome ^u h] tr\blesome prison] 0 n relax$ until 8 m>tyrdom1 probably "s consid]able "t be=e ! great multitude :om ,n]o condemn$ aft] ! conflagration ( #fd4 ,h[ev]1 until analysis c dissect out ) great] def9it5ess ! g5u9e elem5ts ( ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les1 !y _c be us$ to ?r[ light ^u ! lat] p]iod ( ,paul's c>e]4 ,a hi/orical backgr\nd has inde$ be5 creat$ to meet _! requirem5ts--a release ( ,paul1 resumption ( mission>y activities on ! coa/s ( ! ,a,egean1 r5ew$ imprisonm5t 9 ,rome & ultimate m>tyrdom4 ,b ?is has absolutely no w>rant outside ! ,pa/orals !mselves1 & is bo? inconsi/5t ) ,acts & op5 to criticism intr9sically4 ,! /ory ?us creat$ ( a release1 second visitation ( ! ,greek *ur*es1 & second imprisonm5t mu/1 !re=e1 be reg>d$ z fictiti\s1 & ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les 9 _! pres5t =m z products ( ! po/-,paul9e age4 ,x is our task to trace ! developm5t among ! ,greek *ur*es ( ,*ri/ianity conceiv$ z a revelation ( ,god 9 ,*ri/1 alongside ( its developm5t 9 ! 'apo/olic' *ur*1 until ! p]iod ( 'ca?olic' unity & ! complet$ canon4 ,^u ?is developm5t ! /ory ( ,paul's p]sonal =tunes 9 ,acts ?r[s b little light4 ,we m]ely see t 8 great peace-mak+ visit to ,j]usalem 0 sudd5ly int]rupt$ by 8 arre/ 9 ! temple1 :ile engag$ 9 an act ( wor%ip und\bt$ly int5d$ by him to demon/rate 8 will+ness 9 ! int]e/ ( unity to become z "u ! ,law to !m t are "u ! ,law4 ,aft] ?is 8 great delegation f ! ,g5tile *ur*es mu/ h scatt]$ to _! homes4 ,paul rema9$ a prison] = two ye>s 9 ,caes>ea1 & aft] an adv5tur\s j\rney cov]+ ! ensu+ autumn & w9t] 7#ei-fj71 sp5t two m ye>s 9 less rigid conf9em5t at ,rome4 ,we ne$ no h9t f 8 reque/ 9 #bnd ,tim4 iv4 #ac = books & p>*m5ts to inf] t ! ye>s ( =c$ seclusion 9 ,caes>ea 7 m>k$ by /udy & m$itation2 b n>rative & inf]5ce toge!r convey b little ( :at we ma9ly desire to "k3 ! c\rse ( religi\s developm5t 9 ! ,paul9e *ur*es1 z a backgr\nd = ! lit]ature4 ,on ! o!r h& rec5t rese>* into religi\s conditions 9 ! e>ly ,empire has remov$ ! pr9cipal objections to ! au!nticity ( ,philippians1 ,philemon1 ,colossians1 & ev5 ,ephesians4 ,we are f> f be+ compell$ to come d[n to ! "t ( ! great ,gno/ic sy/ems ( ! second c5tury to f9d a hi/orical situation appropriate to ?is gr\p ( lett]s purport+ to be writt5 by ,paul f 8 captivity4 ,inde$ !y exhibit on any !ory ( _! orig9 a *>act]i/ic & legitimate developm5t ( ! ,paul9e gospel ( ,son %ip by ! ,_s ( ,adoption aboli%+ ! disp5sation ( ,law4 ,x is a developm5t almo/ inevitable 9 a conception ( '! gospel' =m$ on ,greek ideas ( ,r$emption1 if we place 9 opposition to x a c]ta9 bas] type ( sup]/iti\s1 mongrel ,judaism1 reveal$ 9 ! ,epi/les !mselves1 repeat$ly ref]r$ to 9 ,acts1 & n[ kn[n to u by a mass ( extrane\s docum5t>y mat]ial4 ,! new di/urb]s ( ! *ur*es' peace reveal$ 9 ! ,epi/les ( ! ,captivity are /ill ( ,jewi% orig9 & t5d5cy2 b at lea/ 9 ! region ( ,colossae 79 ! ,lycus ,valley1 adjac5t to s\!rn ,galatia7 ! issue is no long] t betwe5 ,law & ,grace1 b conc]ns ! nature & ext5t ( ! ,r$emption4 ,! tr\ble /ill comes f a sup]/iti\s exaltation ( ! ,mosaic revelation2 b ^? :om ,paul "h opposes d n use ! ,law lawfully1 frankly insi/+ on its p]man5t obligation z ! w ( ,god = all sons1 unaffect$ by ! ,cross4 ,x is n[ admitt$ to be an ord9ance ( angels2 b ! obs]vance ( x is inculcat$ because man's r$emption c only come ?r\gh conciliation ( ^! high] be+s4 ,my/ical union ) sup]human ,p[]s is to be promot$ by its obs]vances4 ,?is sup]/ition is nei!r purely ,jewi%1 nor purely ,greek4 ,x is composite--,hell5i/ic4 ,judaism is imitat$ 9 ! sup]/iti\s rev]5ce = ! ,law2 b ! conception ( ,r$emption leaves beh9d e ?\ght ( national p>ticul>ism & is op5ly individuali/ic4 ,! r$emption s\ght is t ( ! individual s\l f ! limitations ( humanity1 & d\btless ! "n ( ,jesus play$ an important role 9 ! emancipation1 z 9 ! exorcisms ( ! sons ( ,sceva 7,acts xix4 #ac f472 only x 0 n above e "n4 ,b ev5 ,jewi% apocalypses su* z ,eno* & ,b>u* ) all _! sup]/iti\s angelology & demonology manage someh[ to cl+ to ! anci5t ,jewi% fai? 9 ! primacy ( man1 & ,paul 9 l mann] upholds aga9/ ! !osophi/s ! doctr9e ( ! believ]'s ,son %ip & jo9t-heir%ip ) ,*ri/4 ,9 fact ! ,adoption1 ,r$emption & ,inh]itance accord$ 9 ! gift ( ! ,_s are to 8 m9d gifts s great & exalt$ z to make x a gratuit\s self-humiliation to pay homage1 9 ,mosaic or o!r c]emonial1 to angels1 pr9cipalities1 or p[]s4 ,9 ,*ri/ we already h a foo?old 9 ! heav5ly regions4 ,we 7 =eorda9$ 9 8 p]son to be heirs be=e ! f\ndation ( ! _w4 ,8 resurrection & asc5sion to ! "r h& ( ,god p>ticipat$ 9 by u ?r\gh ! ,_s 0 a triumph ov] ! ',elem5ts' & ',rul]s4' ,!y %\ld be b5ea? ! ,*ri/ian's feet 9 feel+1 z !y soon w be 9 reality4 ,?is exalt$ doctr9e ( ,*ri/'s ,son %ip z comp>$ ) ! m]e tempor>y au?ority ( angels & pr9cipalities & p[]s1 secures to ! ,epi/les ( ! ,captivity _! well-des]v$ title ( ,*ri/ological2 = !y lay ! f\ndation = all lat] doctr9es ( ! ,logos or ,^w4 ,x is well to realize1 h[ev]1 t ! doctr9e is 9 orig9 & mean+ simply a v9dication ( ! div9e dignity ( manhood4 ,an idea ( outw>d conditions at ! "t ( writ+ may be ga9$ f ! two ,epi/les ( ! gr\p mo/ univ]sally admitt$ to be g5u9e1 ,philemon & ,philippians4 ,bo? are writt5 f captivity1 almo/ c]ta9ly 9 ,rome1 because ! writ] is expect+1 if releas$1 to revisit ! ,a,egean coa/s1 :i* 0 n ,paul's expectation 9 ,caes>ea4 ,b !re is a wide diff]5ce betwe5 ! two z respects ! circum/ances presuppos$4 ,! tone ( ,philemon is hopeful1 sprightly1 ev5 jocose4 ,paul is 9 company ) a gr\p ( fell[-work]s :i* significantly includes ,m>k1 z well z two companions ( ! voyage to ,rome1 ,ari/>*us ( ,!ssalonica1 & ,luke 7,acts xxvii4 #b74 ,epaphras1 8 fell[-prison]1 appe>s 9 ,colossians z ! f\nd] ( t *ur* & a tea*] 9 ! adjac5t t[ns ( ,hi]apolis & ,laodicea4 ,he has br\ght to ,paul ei!r ( 8 own k or by report f o!rs1 di/urb+ news ( ! inroads ( ! h]esy4 ,onesimus1 ^: case occasions ! lett] to ,philemon1 is an escap$ slave ( ?is fri5d & conv]t ( ,paul4 ,! apo/le is s5d+ back ! slave ) ! reque/ t he be =giv5 & manumitt$4 ,! int]relation ( ! p]sons m5tion$ 9 ,philemon & ,colossians %[s t ! occasion is ! same4 ,ty*icus 7cf4 ,acts xx4 #c7 ! be>] ( ,colossians 7,col4 iv4 #g7 accompanies ,onesimus4 ,ephesians 7if au!ntic7 belongs to ! same gr\p1 be+ also c>ri$ by ,ty*icus 7,eph4 vi4 #ba74 ,x 0 c]ta9ly n int5d$ = ,ephesus1 b = "s *ur* or *ur*es n directly kn[n to ,paul 7i4 #ae2 iii4 #b74 ,x be>s mu* ! same relation to ,colossians z ,romans to ,galatians4 ,9 spite ( copi\s evid5ces ( its use rea*+ back ev5 to ,clem5t ( ,rome 7#ie7 ! g5u95ess ( ,ephesians is m s]i\sly que/ion$ ?an t ( any o!r ,paul9e lett] save ! ,pa/orals4 ,9 ! pres5t writ]'s judgm5t ?is suspicion is unf\nd$1 b ! "q ( ,paul9e1 semi-,paul9e or deut]o-,paul9e is immat]ial to ! g5]al developm5t4 ,philippians is ( lat] date ?an ,philemon & its companions4 ,paul has be5 9 circum/ances ( dire physical di/ress1 & is com=t+ 8 correspond5ts 9 view ( an imm$iately imp5d+ decision ( 8 case 7ii4 #bc74 ,! issue w be life or dea?1 & ,paul has no e>?ly 7b only sup]-e>?ly7 reasons = hop+ ! v]dict may n be adv]se4 ,he is /ill expect+1 if releas$1 to revisit ! ,a,egean coa/ 7ii4 #bd72 b x is only smil+ ?r\gh 8 te>s :5 he tells ! ,philippians t _! ne$ ( him is s great t he is confid5t he w be sp>$ to !m 7,phil4 #a4 #ab-cj74 ,kn[+ t ?is j\rney 0 nev] made1 we c b inf] t ! fate s ne> at h& 9 ,phil4 ii4 #ag came actually to pass4 ,paul's blood 0 p\r$ out a libation1 z tradition ( extreme antiquity cr$ibly reports1 & x c h>dly h be5 aft] a release1 return to ,greece & second arre/4 ,! passage 9 #bnd ,tim iv4 #e-h :i* repeats ! figure ( ! libation 7,phil4 ii4 #ag71 treat+ x no long] z d\btful1 b a tragic c]ta9ty1 w h be5 p5n$ 7if au!ntic7 b a few weeks at mo/ aft] ,philippians1 & imm$iately be=e ! end4 ,if ,philemon-,colossians-,ephesians be dat$ 9 #fb1 ,philippians1 ) ! possible fragm5ts 9 #bnd ,timo?y1 may be dat$ a few mon?s lat]4 ,conditions at ,philippi appe> only 9 a fav\rable light f ?is late/ au!ntic epi/le4 ,paul c ?ank ,god ^u e remembrance ( ^! loyal & lib]al ,mac$onian fri5ds4 ,9 ,rome1 h[ev]1 he is /ill affect$ by ,judaiz+ opposition1 ?\gh 8 attitude t[>d x 79 ,rome at lea/7 %[s ! significant diff]5ce f ,galatians t he c n[ be ?ankful t ,*ri/ is prea*$ ev5 ?us 7,phil4 i4 #ae-ah74 ,moreov] !re is a diff]5ce 9 ! type ( legalism repres5t$2 = :ile 9 8 w>n+ to ! ,philippians ( ! possible com+ ( ! h]etics ,paul is mov$ to recall 8 own r5unciation ( legali/ic righte\sness1 ! t]ms ( opprobrium appli$ to ! di/urb]s imply an immorality & assimilation to hea!nism 7,phil4 iii4 #b #ai2 cf4 ,rom4 xvi4 #ag-bj7 :i* c\ld n ju/ly be said to *>act]ize ! legalism ( ! synagogue4 ,! doctr9al elem5ts ( ,philippians consi/ ( two passages3 7#a7 ! d5unciation ( ! concision 7a t]m appli$ to ! hea!niz$ r5egade ,jew7 end+ ) a rem9d] ( ! high en?ronem5t ( our spiritual ,r$eem] 7iii4 #a-ba72 7#b7 ! def9ition ( ! m9d1 or disposition1 ( ,*ri/ exhibit$ 9 8 self-abnegat+ inc>nation1 ob$i5t suff]+1 & supreme exaltation 7ii4 #e-aa74 ,bo? passages are *>act]i/ic ( ,paul's gospel 9 g5]al1 :i* is always1 z aga9/ t ( ! ,judaiz]s1 ! gospel ( a drama1 or spectacle1 witness$2 n a gospel ( tea*+s he>d4 ,x is a gospel ab\t ,jesus1 n ( precepts inculcat$ by ,jesus1 a drama ( r$emption = all mank9d out ( s]vitude into ,son %ip1 :]e9 ! cross is c5tral4 ,bo? passages are also *>act]i/ic1 z we %all see1 ( ! lat] p]iod ( ,paul's lit]>y activity2 = ev5 9 ,philippians1 ! dom9ant doctr9al motive is ! ,r$emption to :i* ,paul is look+ =w>d1 & ?is is n[ conceiv$ ev5 m /rongly ?an 9 ! e>li] lett]s 9 t]ms ( p]sonal religion4 ,he anticipates dep>t+ to be ) ,*ri/ 7i4 #bc7 r ?an await+ ,him on e>? 7#a/ ,!ss4 iv4 #ag74 ,! goal t[>d :i* ! ,*ri/ian presses on is p]sonal immortality ?r\gh my/ic union ) ,*ri/ 9 ! life ( ,god 7iii4 #aj-ad74 ,?is too is a real doctr9e ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god2 b its />t+-po9t is humanity's triumph ov] its enemies 's9' & 'dea?1' n ,israel's triumph ov] its oppressors4 ,/ill m 9 ! ,colossian gr\p does x become app>5t h[ ! 'f>-(f1 div9e ev5t' is a unity ( mank9d ?r\gh ! ,_s correspond+ to ! ,/oic figure ( ! memb]s & ! body r ?an ! ',k+dom ( ,david4' ,aga9 ! oppon5ts 9 ,phil4 iii4 #b1 #ah f4 are n m]e ,ph>isaic legali/s1 unable to see t ,law & ,grace are mutually exclusive sy/ems1 & nullify+ ! significance ( ! ,cross by p]petuat+ ! sy/em x 0 int5d$ to aboli%4 ,if we may expla9 ! diff]5ce by ,colossians1 !y are ,jews ( hea!ni% t5d5cies1 pret5d$ adh]5ts ( ! gospel1 :o nullify its significance by p]petuat+ reg>d = ! ,law2 only ! s]vility deplor$ is n s]vility t[>d ,god1 b t[>d angels 7,col4 ii4 #ah74 ,to appreciate ! enl>gem5t :i* has come to ,*ri/ianity beyond its m]ely 'apo/olic' =m ?r\gh ! indep5d5t developm5t ( ! ,greek *ur*es 9 ?is second p]iod we mu/ realize t ,paul's 'gospel ( ! uncircumcision' diff]$ 9 respect to promise z well z law4 ,! com+ ,k+dom :i* he prea*$ 0 some?+ m ?an ! k+dom ( our fa!r ,david ext5d$ f ,j]usalem4 ,:at x really 0 becomes fully app>5t only 9 ! ',*ri/ological ,epi/les4' ,b we mu/ /udy ! opposition to appreciate h[ diff]5tly ! idea ( ,r$emption _h develop$ on ,greek soil4 ,t aspect ( ,judaism :i* 0 mo/ conspicu\s to ! outsid] 9 ,paul's day 0 n ! legalism ( ! scribes & ! ,pale/9ian synagogue1 p]petually embalm$ 9 ! ,talmud & or?odox rabb9ism ( to-day4 ,x 0 ! sup]/ition & magic :i* excite ! contempt ( satiri/s l ,horace1 ,juv5al1 & ,m>tial1 & call =? descriptions l t ( ! lett] ( ,hadrian to ,s]vianus1 *>act]iz+ ! ,sam>itans1 ,jews & ,*ri/ians dwell+ 9 ,egypt z all a/rolog]s1 h>uspices1 & quacksalv]s4 ,x is ?is type ( ,jew :o is mo/ widely kn[n 9 ! contempor>y ,hell5i/ic _w2 ^: spells & incantations1 fram$ 9 ,old ,te/am5t language1 are p]petuat$ 9 ! lead5 incantation rolls & magic papyri ( ! ,b]l9 collection2 ^: portrait is pa9t$ 9 ! ,simon ,magus ( ,acts viii4 #ad-bd1 ! ,elymas ! sorc]] ( ,acts xiii4 #f-ab1 ! /roll+ ,jews1 exorci/s1 & ! sev5 sons ( ,sceva ( ,acts xix4 #ac-bj4 ,a ,*ri/ian writ] e>ly 9 ! second c5tury is s impress$ ) ?is *>act]i/ic ( contempor>y ,judaism t he ev5 di/+ui%es z ! ?ird type ( religion1 besides idolatry & ,*ri/ianity1 ! ,jews1 :o fancy t !y alone "k ,god1 b d n1 wor%ipp+ angels & ar*angels1 ! moon & ! mon?1 & seeks to prove 8 case by cit+ ! ,old ,te/am5t fe/al sy/em4 ,inde$ ?is idea ( ,judaism is ! pr$om9ant "o among ! second-c5tury apologi/s4 ,jewi% sup]/ition is a notori\s fact ( ! "t4 ,! transc5d5taliz+ ( ,jewi% !ology aft] ! ,p]sian p]iod _h l$ inevitably to an elaborate angelology & demonology4 ,:5 z "p ( ?is process a m & m sup]natural "* 0 attribut$ to ! ,law x c\ld b h a two-fold effect4 ,! le>n$ & or?odox w\ld treat x sob]ly z a revelation ( ! div9e w4 ,?is is ! legali/ic developm5t we see 9 ! ,talmud & ! ,pale/9ian synagogue4 ,! ignorant & sup]/iti\s1 especially 9 ! ,greek-speak+ _w1 w\ld use x z a book ( magic4 ,?is is :at we see among _m ,jewi% sects1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,sam>ia1 ,egypt & among ! ,greek-speak+ ,jews4 ,! t5d5cy 0 m>k$ ev5 9 ,galilee4 ,jesus ,himself /igmatizes ! morbid crav+ ( ,8 c\ntrym5 = miracles z ! m>k ( an adult]\s g5]ation1 because ! p[] invok$ 0 n div9e1 b always angelic1 or ev5 demonic4 ,paul alludes to ! same trait 7#a/ ,cor4 i4 #bb74 ,b :ile !re is a s+ul> abs5ce bo? f ! ,paul9e & ! ,johann9e writ+s ( any ref]5ce to exorcism1 ! typical miracle ( ,synoptic /ory1 x has be5 ju/ly rem>k$ t no elem5t ( ,paul's ?\ght has be5 s little affect$ by t ( ,jesus z 8 angelology & demonology4 ,paul's _w-view1 l t ( ! apocalypses ( 8 "t1 is a p]fect phantasmagoria ( angels & demons1 gods _m & lords _m4 ,8 conception ( ! r$emption conflict is n a wre/l+ aga9/ fle% & blood1 b aga9/ _w-rul]s ( ?is 7l[] region (7 d>kness1 aga9/ ar*angels1 elem5ts1 pr9cipalities1 p[]s4 ,! "o ?+ :i* takes away all h>mful influ5ce f ?is cr$ulity 7if we mu/ apply an unfairly mod]n judgm5t to an anci5t writ]7 is 8 doctr9e ( ! ,son %ip & ,lord%ip ( ,jesus1 ) :om ! r$eem$ are jo9t-heirs ( ! entire creation & ?us sup]ior to angels4 ,9 ?is respect ,paul has imbib$ ! m9d ( ,*ri/4 ,jesus' rem$y = sup]/ition is n sci5tific b religi\s4 ,x does n d5y ! popul>ly assum$ relation to spirits good or evil1 b affirms a direct relation to ! ,inf9ite ,_s1 :i* r$uces all angels & demons to insignificance save z m9i/]s4 ,paul's _w-view />ts ) ! creation ( man to be "l & heir ( ! _w 7,gal4 iv4 #a2 #a/ ,cor4 iii4 #bb2 cf4 ,g54 i4 #bh74 ,! purpose ( ,god1 :i* he purpos$ 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus1 be=e ! creation1 unto a disp5sation ( ! fulness ( ! ages is to our glory4 ,x w\ld be fru/rat$ if ! ,second ,adam did n become ! ,heir1 9 :om ! r$eem$ creation w\ld f9d ! goal ( its long expectancy4 ,paul has a cosmology z well z ,eno*4 ,he c\ld n be a wor?y foll[] ( ,jesus--he c\ld n ev5 be a loyal son ( ! ,law )\t hold+ to ! accept$ doctr9e ( ! ,inh]itance int5d$ = ,messiah & 8 ob$i5t p4 ,x did n make him less firm 9 ?is conviction :5 z a ,*ri/ian he ?\ght ( ,jesus z ! ,messiah1 & ( ,jew & ,g5tile unit$ 9 8 k+dom2 only ! />t+-po9t is n ! subjection ( ! sons ( ,abraham "u ,g5tiles1 b ! subjection ( ! sons ( ,adam "u _w-rul]s ( ?is d>kness4 ,:5 he comb9es ,ps4 viii4 & ,ps4 cx4 9 8 depiction ( ! reign ( ,*ri/ 9 #a/ ,cor4 xv4 #bd-bg1 x is a sure indication ( its scope z ,paul und]/ood x4 ,he includ$ 9 ! lord%ip ov] creation1 & ! subjection ( all enemies :i* ! exalt$ ,*ri/ is await+ at ! "r h& ( ,god1 ! subjection ( angels1 & pr9cipalities1 & p[]s & e "n t is nam$1 :e!r ( be+s 9 heav51 or on e>?1 or "u ! e>?4 ,paul pursues1 !n1 ! me?od ( ! apocalyptic writ]s 9 mak+ 8 doctr9e ( ,r$emption & ! ,k+dom transc5d5tal4 ,by mak+ x cosmic he und]m9es its ,jewi% p>ticul>ism4 ,he avoids ! sup]/ition by hold+ firmly to ,jesus' doctr9e ( ,son %ip by moral aff9ity ) ,god4 ,9 ! ,*ri/ological ,epi/les accord+ly x is app>5t t ! ,paul9e *ur*es are le>n+ to ?9k ( ! com+ ,k+dom 9 a widely diff]5t way f ! 'apo/olic4' ,! ,greek doctr9e ( my/ic union1 n ! rabb9ic ( a %>e 9 ! _w to come1 is ! basis4 ,9 due "t we %all see h[ difficult ! process ( reconciliation became betwe5 ,greek & ,semitic ?\ght 9 ?is field also4 ,= ! pres5t we c only note h[ 9 ! great !me ( ! ,unity ( ! ,_s 9 ,eph4 iv4 #a--vi4 #i x is n ! 'apo/olic' ideal ( a re/oration ( ! k+dom to ,israel accord+ to ! oa? sworn to ,abraham 7,luke i4 #fh-ge2 cf4 ,acts i4 #f7 t dom9ates1 b an enl>gem5t ( ! figure ( ! body & memb]s1 a figure commonly employ$ by ,/oic writ]s1 to apply to ! unity ( ! *ur* 9 ,cor9?ians & ,romans4 ,9 ! ,epi/les ( ! ,captivity ! doctr9e ( ! ,k+dom is a social organism p]meat$ & vitaliz$ by ,*ri/'s _s ( s]vice4 ,p]sonal immortality is union ) ! life ( ,god4 ,9 view ( ! notoriety ( ,ephesus z ! v c5tre ( ! trade 9 magic 7s mu* s t spells & incantations 7 te*nically kn[n z ,ephesian lett]s7 & ( :at ,acts tells u ( ! enorm\s de/ruction !re ( books ( magic effect$ by ,paul's prea*+1 x is n surpris+ t ,asia & ,phrygia %\ld appe> a few ye>s aft] ,paul's dep>ture z ! hot-b$ ( a philosophy & va9 deceit1 aft] ! tradition ( m51 aft] ! 'elem5ts' ( ! _w1 & n aft] ,*ri/4 ,acts xx4 #bi makes ,paul pr$ict ! h]esy4 ,su* 0 especially ! case at ,colossae1 a little t[n long aft] notori\s = its sup]/ition1 :]e ,epaphras1 n[ ,paul's fell[-prison]1 _h f\nd$ ! *ur*4 ,epaphras himself at ! "t ( ,paul's writ+ 0 9 great anxiety bo? = ?is *ur* & = ! adjo9+ *ur*es at ,hi]apolis & ,laodicea4 ,colossians is writt5 to meet ?is dang]1 & 0 s5t by ! same be>]s z ! note to ,philemon4 ,x 0 to be ex*ang$1 aft] be+ read at ,colossae1 = ano!r epi/le s5t simultane\sly to ,laodicea4 ,:e!r our ,ephesians is ?is companion lett] or only a deut]o-,paul9e production fram$ on ! basis ( "s g5u9e lett] writt5 on ?is occasion1 is a disput$ po9t among critics4 ,9 ,m>cion's canon our ,ephesians 0 call$ ,laodiceans1 & 9 our own olde/ textual au?orities x has no address4 ,we may assume t ,ephesians is really ! companion lett]1 ^: orig9al address 0 = "s reason cancell$2#ae or t x is b p>tially f ,paul's own h&4 ,nei!r view w mat]ially alt] our conception ( 8 tea*+1 or ! special application ( x to ! circum/ances ( ! *ur*es ( ! ,lycus ,valley4 ,! important ?+ to obs]ve is t :]eas ! application 9 ,colossians is specific1 9 ,ephesians x is sy/ematic & g5]al4 ,colossians wages a direct polemic aga9/ ^? :o are mak+ believ]s ! spoil ( m]e ',elem5ts' by introduc+ di/9ctions ( meats & dr9ks 7a /ep beyond ,mosaism71 ) obs]vance ( fea/ days1 new moons & sabba?s4 ,9 ,ephesians we h1 ei!r altoge!r at fir/ h&1 or to a great] or less ext5t at second1 a g5]al1 affirmative pres5tation ( ,paul's doctr9e ( ,lord%ip 9 ,*ri/4 ,x has only incid5tal allusion to be+ deceiv$ ) empty words 7v4 #f71 & a w>n+ n to be *ildr5 toss$ to & fro & c>ri$ ab\t ) e w9d ( doctr9e1 by ! sleight ( m5 9 craft9ess1 aft] ! wiles ( error 7iv4 #ad74 ,footnote #ae3 ,h>nack v +5i\sly sugge/s z a reason ! ill repute lat] incurr$ by ,laodicea 7cf4 ,rev4 iii4 #ae f472 comp>+ ! *isell+ out f inscriptions ( ! names ( unpopul> k+s4 ,colossians & ,ephesians develop1 accord+ly1 t 7cosmological7 wisdom ( ,god convey$ to ,paul by ! ,_s ( ,*ri/ 9 a my/]y1 at :i* he _h only h9t$ 9 #a/ ,cor4 ii4 #a-af4 ,paul's gnosis1 or insight1 conc]ns ! purpose ( ,god 9 creation1 hidd5 ev5 f ! 7angelic7 _w-rul]s1 :o are com+ to n\ght4 ,! ,_s ( ,*ri/1 :o z ! div9e ,wisdom _h be5 ! ag5t ( creation1 is giv5 to ,*ri/ian apo/les & prophets4 ,x af=ds !m 9 ! revelation ( ?is my/]y a philosophy bo? ( creation & r$emption :i* puts to %ame m]e speculative reason+4 ,! ,inh]itance--! ?+s ,god prep>$ = ^? t love ,him--consi/s 7z an apocalyptic writ] _h said7 ( ?+s :i* eye _h n se51 nor e> he>d1 nor _h ent]$ into ! he>t ( man to conceive4 ,paul _h purposely refra9$ f unfold+ ?is reveal$ cosmology & philosophy ( hi/ory to ! ,cor9?ians1 9 ord] to avoid j ! evils :i* ! tea*+ ( ,apollos _h app>5tly precipitat$ at ! "t :5 #a/ ,cor9?ians 0 writt54 ,/ill1 we c ga9 f ?is v epi/le 7#a/ ,cor4 viii4 #f2 xv4 #bd-bh7 a p>tial conception ( 8 doctr9e ( ,*ri/ z ! beg9n+ & end ( ! creation1 ! ,wisdom ( ,god by :om & = :om z ,heir1 all ?+s 7 creat$4 ,f ,romans i4-viii4 & ix4-xi4 we c easily see t z ,second ,adam ! ,messiah 0 to ,paul ! key to ! _w's developm5t & to human hi/ory2 = s9ce ! triumph ( ,satan 9 ,ed5 ! :ole creation _h wait$1 groan+1 = ! adv5t ( ! sons4 ,galatians makes x no less cle> t he ?\ght ( ! ,cross z ! epo*-mak+ ev5t1 :i* m>ks ! transition f ! p]iod ( ! control ( ! _w by second>y ag5cies1 to ! rule ( ! ,son4 ,?is my/]y is simply br\ght out & develop$ n[ 9 ! ,epi/les ( ! ,captivity4 ,! ef=t & pray] is t ! read]s may h ! eyes ( _! he>t enlight5$1 obta9 some?+ ( ,paul's own insight into ! ri*es ( ! inh]itance !y are to %>e ) ,*ri/1 some?+ ( ,paul's exp]i5ce ( ! p[] ( ,god 9 rais+ ,*ri/ f ! dead & sett+ ,him on ! ?rone ( glory4 ,if !y b realize :at ,son %ip & heir%ip ) ,*ri/ implies--if !y b take 9 ! fact t by ! resurrection ,_s )9 !m !y h already 9 a s5se %>$ 9 ?is deliv]ance & ?is exaltation1 !y w be =e>m$ aga9/ all ! va9 deceits ( !osophy4 ,x is 9 fact ?is resurrection ,_s :i* br+s ab\t ! unity ( ! _w z a s+le organism4 ,x ext5ds f ! upp]mo/ height to ! ne!rmo/ abyss4 ,& because x is ! ,_s ( ,jesus1 x fills all x t\*es ) ! disposition to lov+ s]vice4 ,x af=ds a new e?ics & a new politics ^: keynote is ! law ( love 9 imitation ( ,god & ,*ri/4 ,all social relations are recreat$ by x1 beg9n+ ) family & *ur*4 ,h5ce we mu/ ?9k ( our r$emption z l ,israel's f ! bondage & d>kness ( ,egypt4 ,! pr9cipalities & p[]s ( ?is _w1 spiritual ho/s ( wick$ness 9 ! sup]-t]re/rial regions1 are va9ly endeav\r+ to hold back ! p ( ,god1 9 ?is d>kness4 ,we h only to wait l ,israel at ! ,passov] ) our lo9s girt1 & our feet %od4 ,! ,deliv]] w soon appe> f heav51 clad 9 arm\r ( salvation1 z 9 ! anci5t passov] songs1 cleav+ ! d>kness ) 8 sword ( light1 & lead+ =? ! captives4 ,9 ^! !mes1 v>i\sly int]wov5 9 ,ephesians & ,colossians1 x is difficult to say :e!r x is ! note ( unity or ! note ( fre$om :i* pr$om9ates4 ,c]ta9ly we c recognize ! same great apo/le ( lib]ty :o 9 ! epi/les ( ! e>li] p]iod _h prov$ ! p[] & value ( 8 religi\s insight by seiz+ ^u ! doctr9e ( ,son %ip z ! ess5tial he>t ( ! gospel4 ,x is ! same g5ius consci\sly taught ( ,god :o _h dem&$ & obta9$ recognition on equal t]ms = 8 gospel ( ,grace & ,son %ip1 a gospel giv5 by revelation ( ,god's ,son 9 him1 :o n[ dem&s t ! gift ( ! ,_s to ,jew & ,g5tile be recogniz$ z call+ = recon/ruction ( ! doctr9e ( ! com+ ,k+dom4 ,he t asc5d$ is ! same also t desc5d$ to ! l[e/ dep?s t he might fill all ?+s4 ,& he p\r$ out ! gifts 9 ord] t !y might make "o organism ( ! new social ord]1 a new creation animat$ & vitaliz$ by ,jesus' _s ( lov+ s]vice4 ,= j z 9 all ! great e>li] epi/les ! note ( long+ = peace & unity 9 love r+s ev] /rong] & cle>] above ! /rife1 s 9 ! lat] epi/les1 ! note ( triumph 9 lib]ty has a deep "u-*ord ( ?anksgiv+ = reconciliation a*iev$4 ,! great paean ( rev]5t adoration = ! glory ( ,god's grace 9 ,eph4 i4 #c-ad1 is a ?anksgiv+ = ! union ( ,jew & ,g5tile 9 "o common r$emption4 ,! retrospect ( ! "w ( ,god 9 ii4 #aa-ba is ! proclamation ( peace to him t 0 f> (f & peace to him t 0 nigh4 ,x is describ$ z ! build+ ( ,jew & ,g5tile into "o liv+ temple1 ^u ! f\ndation ( ! apo/les & prophets1 ,*ri/ ,jesus ,himself be+ ! *ief corn]-/one4 ,! exhortation to ! unity ( ! ,_s 9 iv4 #a--vi4 #i re/s ^u an exultant application ( ! figure ( ! "o new man 9 ^: body all are memb]s1 t w\ld be inconceivable if at ! "t ( writ+ ! *ur* :i* _h receiv$ ! gifts f ! asc5d$ ,"l 0 n inde$ "o body1 b two bodies /&+ ap>t 9 mutual di/ru/ & jeal\sy4 ,9 fact we may say n ( ,ephesians only1 b ( ,colossians likewise1 & inde$ ( all ! gr\p3 ,_! keynote is n s mu* ! conque/ ( all ?+s by ,*ri/ z ! reconciliation ( all ?+s 9 ,*ri/1 :e!r ?+s ^u ! e>?1 or ?+s 9 ! heav5s 7,col4 i4 #bj74 ,x is n unreasonable to inf] f su* und]tones z ^! t ! pray] 0 answ]$ 9 :i* ,paul :5 he set out f ,cor9? _h bes\ght ! ,roman *ur* by our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ & by ! love ( ! ,_s to /rive toge!r ) him1 t 8 m9i/ration :i* he _h = ,j]usalem might be acceptable to ! sa9ts1 t s 8 com+ to !m 9 ,rome ?r\gh ! w ( ,god might be 9 joy1 & t toge!r ) !m he might f9d re/4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,pseudo-,,apo/olic ,,epi/les ,we _c wond] t an epo* ( ! *ur*'s hi/ory :i* foll[$ ^u ! m>tyrdom 9 rapid succession ( all its rema9+ great lead]s1 %\ld at fir/ be poor 9 lit]>y products4 ,james ! ,"l's bro!r 0 /on$ to dea? by a mob 9 ,j]usalem 9 ! ye> #fa-b4 ,8 namesake1 bro!r ( ,john1 _h be5 behead$ e>ly 9 #dd by ,h]od ,agrippa ,i4 ,among ! o!rs :o1 z ,josephus in=ms u1 p]i%$ along ) ,james 9 #fa1 we may1 p]haps1 reckon ,john1 :o /&s beside him 9 ,paul's li/ ( ! ,pill>s4 ,?is ,john1 son ( ,zeb$ee1 bro!r ( ! o!r ,james1 is reckon$ a m>tyr 9 ! same s5se z 8 bro!r 9 ! e>lie/ gospels4 ,! bro!rs are assur$ t !y %all dr9k ! same cup ( suff]+ z ! ,"l1 ?\gh !y may n claim 9 return pre-em95t seats 9 glory 7,m>k x4 #ci f474 ,john did n suff] ) 8 bro!r ,james 9 #dd1 because he is pres5t at ! conf]5ce 9 #df-g 7,gal4 ii4 #i72 b "o ( ! traditions ( ! ,j]usalem eld]s report$ by ,papias decl>$ t he 0 kill$ by ! ,jews 9 fulfilm5t ( ! ,"l's pr$iction1 & ?is e>ly tradition mu/ be accept$ 9 spite ( its conflict ) "o :i* gradually sup]s$$ x aft] ,john came to be reg>d$ z au?or ( ,revelation & ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,! /atem5t t he 0 kill$ toge!r ) ,james 8 bro!r may be due m]ely to ! 7n infrequ5t7 confusion ( ! two ,jameses4 ,paul's decapitation 9 ,rome occurr$ n m ?an a ye> or two lat]1 & 0 foll[$ !re 9 #fd1 accord+ to v anci5t & tru/wor?y tradition1 by ! m>tyrdom ( ,pet]4 ,! dea? ( all ! pr9cipal lead]s expla9s :y ! ,j]usalem *ur* :5 x reassembl$ aft] ! ov]?r[ ( city & temple 9 ! ye> #gj1 put =w>d no m prom95t c&idates = ! lead]%ip ?an a c]ta9 ,symeon1 son ( ,clopas1 "o ( ! gr\p ( 'relatives ( ! ,"l' :o are traceable until ! "t ( ,trajan1 & a c]ta9 unkn[n ,!bu?is4 ,symeon1 accord+ to ,eusebius1 :o takes 8 acc\nt f ,hegesippus 7#afe71 0 ! repres5tative ( ^? ( ! apo/les & disciples ( ! ,"l t 7 /ill liv+1 toge!r ) ! ,"l's relatives4 ,!bu?is is said to h sprung f "o ( ! h]etical ,jewi% sects & to h organiz$ a s*ism 9 consequ5ce ( 8 disappo9tm5t4 ,all we c be sure ( is t ,j]usalem 'd[n to ! "t ( ,trajan' cont9u$ to reg>d itself z ! seat ( apo/olic au?ority & arbit] ( or?odoxy1 on acc\nt ( its succession ( disciples & relatives ( ! ,"l4 ,among ! latt] ! lead+1 if n ! only1 repres5tatives ( ! se$ ( ,david1 :5 se>* 0 made 9 ! p]secution "u ,domitian 7#ha-ie71 7 two gr&sons ( ,jude1 ! ,"l's bro!r4 ,jude himself1 !n1 0 no long] liv+4 ,luke 7c4 #ajj71 ,papias 7#ade71 & ,hegesippus 7#afe7 successively exhibit ! gr[+ au?ority ( ! tradition h&$ d[n1 especially t ( ! apo/les & eld]s 9 ,j]usalem4 ,b :at ,papias records ( ! traditions ( ^! eld]s does n rise above ! level ( ,jewi% midra%1 & ! epi/les :i* be> ! names ( ,james & ,jude h little intr9sic value1 & enjoy$ f ! beg9n+ only ! mo/ meagre acceptance4 ,at ,rome tradition atta*es to ! "n ( ,pet]1 b besides ! b>e fact ( 8 m>tyrdom at ! same "t ) ,paul 7#fd-e7 x has little ( value to relate4 ,we _c safely g beyond ! tradition report$ by ,porphyry t ,pet] f$ ! lambs 7at ,rome7 = a few mon?s be=e 8 m>tyrdom1 & t report$ by ,papias t ,m>k1 :o _h be5 ,pet]'s assi/ant1 compil$ !re ! ,gospel :i* be>s 8 "n1 bas+ x ^u 8 recollections ( ,pet]'s prea*+4 ,( ?is vitally important "w 7c4 ,a4,d4 #ge7 we mu/ speak 9 ano!r connection4 ,we are conc]n$ at pres5t ) writ+s :i* directly reflect ! developm5t ( ,*ri/ian life & doctr9e 9 ?is sub-apo/olic p]iod1 especially t 9 ! ,paul9e mission-field4 ,except = ! appe>ance ( ! ,gospel ( ,m>k at ,rome 7c4 #ge7 !re rema9s no?+ to break ! sil5ce & d>kness ( tw5ty ye>s aft] ! dea?s ( ,james & ,pet] & ,paul4 ,! writ+s :i* f9ally did appe> 7 almo/ inevitably anonym\s or pseudepigraphic1 because apo/olic au?ority /ood s high t no o!r c\ld secure circulation4 ,hebrews 7c4 #he7 has an epi/ol>y atta*m5t at ! close ( its exhortation1 b ei!r nev] _h an address or sup]scription1 or else has be5 depriv$ ( x4 ,all ! ,synoptic writ+s are anonym\s1 ?\gh ,luke-,acts 7c4 #ajj7 is d$icat$ to a lit]>y patron4 ,revelation 7c4 #ie7 is boldly ass]t$ to be ! "w ( ! ,apo/le ,john 9 ! prefatory *apt]s & ! epilogue 7i4 #b1 #d1 #i2 xxii4 #h74 ,b ! body ( ! "w1 ?\gh ( ,pale/9ian orig91 has a totally diff]5t /&po9t1 & claims ! au?ority ( a prophet1 n t ( an apo/le4 ,simil>ly ! ,f\r? gospel :5 f9ally publi%$ receiv$ an app5dix 7*4 xxi47 :i* cauti\sly sugge/s ! ,apo/le ,john z its au?or2 b ! ?ree ,epi/les by ! same writ] are anonym\s4 ,! homily call$ ,james 7#ij-ajj7 has a sup]scription :i* sup]ficially connects x ) ! *ief au?ority 9 ,j]usalem1 & ! ,epi/le ( ,jude prefixes to itself ! "n :i* /ood next 9 ! same class4 ,b ev5 9 antiquity !y _h a prec>i\s /&+1 & nei!r is a real lett]4 ,f9ally !re are ! ,epi/les to ,timo?y & ,titus1 purport+ to be writt5 by ,paul1 & a :ole s]ies ( e k9d1 epi/les1 gospel1 acts1 & apocalypse1 writt5 9 ! "n ( ,pet]1 ( :i* only two secur$ f9al adoption into ! canon4 ,( all ^! only #a/ ,pet] & ! s-call$ ,pa/oral ,epi/les 7#a/ & #bnd ,timo?y & ,titus7 h "s claim to be consid]$ g5u9e2 = #a/ ,pet] is c]ta9ly ( e>ly orig9 7c4 #he71 & 0 undisput$ 9 antiquity2 :ile ! ,pa/orals1 ?\gh reject$ by ,m>cion1 & z a :ole ( late date 7#ij-aaj71 are made up on ! basis ( "s au!ntic ,paul9e mat]ial4 ,! po/-apo/olic epi/les may be gr\p$ into two classes1 accord+ z !y are pr$om9antly occasion$ 7a7 by int]nal dang]s ( h]esy & moral laxity2 or 7b7 by ! ext]nal p]il ( p]secution4 ,to ! =m] 7a7 mu/ be reckon$ 7#a7 ! s-call$ ,pa/oral ,epi/les2 7#b7 ,jude2 7#c7 #bnd ,pet]4 ,all ^! conc]n !mselves outspok5ly ) a type ( false doctr9e :i* has c]ta9 m or less def9ite traits1 & is t5d+ t[>d ! ,gno/ic h]esies ( ! second c5tury1 if n yet cle>ly id5tifiable ) !m4 ,b ! inspir$ g5ius ( ,paul is want+4 ,! age is n creative1 b cons]vative4 ,its writ]s are ecclesia/ics & *ur* tea*]s1 n apo/les & prophets4 ,_! di/9ctive note is appeal to apo/olic au?ority4 ,:e!r ! "n by :i* !y cov] _! own insignificance be t ( ,paul1 or ,jude ! bro!r 7son87 ( ,james1 or ,pet]1 !y h little or no indep5d5t message4 ,!y h>k back to ! patt]n ( s\nd words ! deposit1 ! fai? once = all deliv]$ to ! sa9ts1 ! words spok5 be=e by ! holy prophets1 & ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,"l & ,savi\r ?r\gh y\r apo/les1 9 p>ticul> ! wisdom ( our belov$ bro!r ,paul :o 79 ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les7 _h pr$ict$ ! h]esy1 & 9 all 8 epi/les _h spok5 ( ! resurrection & judgm5t4 ,second ,pet]1 :i* ref]s 9 ! passage j quot$ 7#bnd ,pet4 iii4 #b1 #ae f47 to ! ,paul9e ,epi/les alongside ! o!r ,scriptures belongs to a v late p]iod 7c4 #aej74 ,9 fact ?is ,epi/le1 n[ almo/ univ]sally recogniz$ to be pseudonym\s1 m]ely re$its ! ,epi/le ( ,jude1 supply+ a prefix 7*4 i47 & an app5dix 7*4 iii47 to make special application ( its d5unciations to ! case ( ! false tea*]s :o 7 d5y+ ! 7bodily7 resurrection & ! judgm5t4 ,nei!r plagi>ism nor pseudonymity 7 recogniz$ (f5ces at ! "t2 s t we br+ no indictm5t aga9/ ! au?or ( #bnd ,pet]1 7 he ! ,apo/le or n4 ,/ill our conception ( ! ,galilean fi%]man w be high] )\t ?is example ( pulpit rhetoric ?an ) x4 ,( ! nature ( ! h]esies controv]t$ 9 ?is s]ies ( writ+s we mu/ speak lat]4 ,z to ! region :5ce !y orig9ate some?+ c be made out already4 ,n inde$ f #bnd ,pet]1 :i* is ( too late date to be ( s]vice4 ,true ! read]s address$ are assum$ to be ! same z 9 ! fir/ epi/le1 9 o!r words ! ,paul9e mission-field ( ,asia ,m9or 7#a/ ,pet4 i4 #a71 & !re is reason to ?9k ,asia 0 ! region fir/ affect$4 ,ephesus & ,asia are 9 fact ! regions affect$ 9 #a/ & #bnd ,timo?y 7#a/ ,tim4 i4 #c f42 #bnd ,tim4 i4 #ae74 ,moreov] x is 9 ?is same region t we f9d ,polyc>p 7#aaj-aag7 adv]t+ to ^? :o p]v]t ! say+s ( ! ,"l to _! own lu/s1 & d5y ! resurrection & judgm5t4 ,to ! same region & ! same p]iod belong ! lett]s ( ! ,_s 9 ,rev4 i4-iii4 7c4 #ie7 ) _! d5unciation ( ! ,balaamite & ,nicolaitan h]etics1 & /ill fur!r #a/-#crd ,john & ! ,epi/les ( ,ignatius1 :i* are also polemics aga9/ a ,gno/ic h]esy 7,doketism7 t5d+ to moral laxity4 ,x is d\btful1 h[ev]1 9 view ( ! g5]al address 7#bnd ,pet4 i4 #a71 :e!r ! au?or ( #bnd ,pet] really has a def9ite circle 9 m9d1 & does n r 9 iii4 #a mi/ak5ly treat #a/ ,pet] z a g5]al epi/le4 ,d5ial ( ! resurrection & judgm5t 0 n limit$ to "o locality or p]iod4 ,hegesippus reg>ds x z a pre-,*ri/ian h]esy combat$ already by ,james4 ,equally prec>i\s w\ld be ! assumption t ,jude1 ) its simil> g5]al address1 0 necess>ily int5d$ = ,asia ,m9or4 ,! false tea*]s resemble ^? we "k ( !re1 & ! d5unciation is incorporat$ by #bnd ,pet]1 b ',ca9ites' & ',balaamites' 7 n conf9$ to ! regions ( #a/ ,john & ,revelation1 & ,jude might h almo/ any date betwe5 #ij & #abj4 ,! mo/ t c be said is t be=e ! dea? ( ,paul ! la/ view we obta9 ( 8 mission-field %[s x expos$1 especially 9 ! region ( ,ephesus1 to a ris+ flood ( sup]/ition & false doctr9e1 :ile docum5ts t c be dat$ ) "s def9it5ess 9 #ie-aag1 su* z ,revelation1 ! ,johann9e & ,ignatian ,epi/les1 & ! lett] ( ,polyc>p1 %[ a great advance ( h]etical tea*+ 9 ! same region4 ,! lat] h]esy corresponds 9 sev]al respects to t combat$ 9 ! ,pa/orals1 ,jude & #bnd ,pet]1 b becomes at la/ m di/9ctly def9able z ,doketism1 ^: mo/ obnoxi\s =m comes to be d5ial ( ! 7bodily7 resurrection & judgm5t4 ,! ?ree ,pa/oral ,epi/les1 ,jude & #bnd ,pet] may1 !re=e1 be tak5 z probably reflect+ ! gr[+ int]nal dang] confront$ by ! *ur*es ( ,asia 7if n by all ! *ur*es7 9 ! sub-apo/olic age4 ,un=tunately1 lit]>y relations sometimes int]f]e ) hi/orical classification1 & we are1 !re=e1 compell$ to def] treatm5t ( #a/-#crd ,john & ! ,epi/les ( ! ,_s to ! *ur*es 7,rev4 i4 #c71 :i* really belong to our pres5t gr\p 7a7 ( writ+s aga9/ ! h]esies ( 7proconsul>7 ,asia4 ,_! relation to ! special canon ( ,ephesus1 ^: writ+s are all ascrib$ to ,john1 makes x conv5i5t to consid] !m 9 ano!r connection4 ,! read] %\ld be> 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t ! gr\p ext5ds cont9u\sly d[n to ! ,epi/les ( ,ignatius & c5tres ^u ,ephesus1 :]e1 accord+ to ,acts xx4 #bi f41 ! griev\s wolves 7 to ent] 9 aft] ,paul's dep>t+4 ,simil> consid]ations affect ! gr\p+ ( ! ,epi/le ( ,james1 :i* almo/ dem&s a class by itself4 ,x might be call$ anti-h]etical1 except t its nature is ! rev]se ( controv]sial1 & its au?or seems to h no direct contact ) ! false tea*]s4 ,9 a remote & g5]al way he deplores ! va9 talk & disputation :i* g h& 9 h& ) a relaxation ( ! practical ,*ri/ian virtues4 ,on ! :ole x seems m correct to class ,james ) #a/ ,pet] & ,hebrews1 p>ticul>ly z x displays direct lit]>y dep5d5ce on ! =m]1 if n on bo?4 ,our second gr\p 7b7 consi/s ( writ+s n prim>ily conc]n$ ) h]esy4 ,its fir/ & be/ example speaks 9 ! "n ( ,pet] z repres5tative ( apo/olic ,*ri/ianity at ,rome4 ,b ! doctr9e1 & ev5 ! phraseology & illu/rations ( #a/ ,pet] are l>gely borr[$ f ! great] ,epi/les ( ,paul1 p>ticul>ly ,romans & ,ephesians4 ,no?+ ev5 remotely sugge/s an au?or :o _h enjoy$ p]sonal relations ) ,jesus1 or c\ld relate 8 wond]ful words & de$s4 ,on ! contr>y ! doctr9e is ,paul's gospel m9us ! /+ ( ! abolition ( ! ,law4 ,9 view ( ! kn[n int]nal conditions ( ! *ur*es to :i* #a/ ,pet] is address$ 9 ,pontus1 ,galatia1 ,cappadocia1 ,asia & ,bi?ynia x is rem>kable h[ completely ! subject ( h]esy or false doctr9e is ignor$4 ,_! adv]s>y ! devil is n at pres5t tak+ ! =m ( a s$uc+ s]p5t 7#bnd ,cor4 xi4 #c71 b ( a ro>+ lion op5ly de/roy+ & dev\r+ 7#a/ ,pet4 v4 #h f471 & ! same suff]+s ! ,asiatics are call$ ^u to endure are be+ inflict$ ^u _! bre?r5 ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,a sy/ematic1 univ]sal fi]y p]secution is go+ on1 :i* has come almo/ z a surprise 7iv4 #ab7 & may compel any believ]1 aft] hav+ made def5ce be=e ! magi/rate ( ! hope t is 9 him1 to suff] z a ,*ri/ian & to glorify ,god 9 ?is "n4 ,! au?or exhorts to irreproa*able conduct z citiz5s1 & k9dness & good ord] 9 ! bro!rhood4 ,if su* blamelessness ( liv+ be comb9$ ) pati5t endurance ( ! unju/ puni%m5t1 ,*ri/ians :o /ill mu/ sanctify 9 _! he>ts ,*ri/ 7& n ! ,emp]or7 z ,"l1 w ultimately be left unh>m$4 ,sup]ior z is ?is noble exhortation to pati5t endurance ( suff]+ 9 ! meekness ( ,*ri/ to ! controv]sial rhetoric ( #bnd ,pet]1 immeasurably bett] z is its atte/ation 9 anci5t & mod]n times1 ev5 ! mo/ cons]vative mod]n critics are compell$ to reg>d x z at lea/ semi-pseudonym\s4 ,x might be j possible to c>ry back ! conditions ( p]secution presuppos$ to ! "t ( ,n]o4 ,b if x be ,pet] writ+ f ,rome aft] ! rec5t m>tyrdoms ( ,james & ,paul1 :y is !re no allusion to ei!r8 ,aga91 we might possibly prolong ! life ( ,pet] 7aga9/ all probability7 d[n to ! beg9n+ ( ! reign ( ,domitian 7#ha-ie74 ,9 t case ! abs5ce ( any allusion to ! great ev5ts ( rec5t occurr5ce 9 ,pale/9e w\ld be almo/ equally h>d to expla94 ,moreov]1 ) any dat+ ! real au?or rema9s a lit]>y man1 a ,paul9i/1 a ,grecian ,jew1 & ! %>e attributable to ,pet] p]sonally becomes mo/ %ad[y4 ,! simpl]1 & 7z ! pres5t writ] has come to believe7 ! m probable view is t #a/ ,pet]1 l ! lat] writ+s :i* assum$ ! "n1 is :olly pseudonym\s4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x appe>$ 7z we are p]suad$7 "s tw5ty ye>s aft] ! ,apo/le's dea?1 among ^? p]fectly aw>e ( ! fact1 assum+ no o!r disguise1 b frankly deal+ ) ! exi/+ situation1 ?is is a k9d ( pseudonymity :i* %\ld be class$ ) lit]>y fictions & conv5tions :i* are h>mless because 7at ! "t7 p]fectly transp>5t4 ,lett]s writt5 "u fictiti\s names 7 9 fact a v common lit]>y device ( ! age4 ,at all ev5ts ! ,apo/le appe>s z an old man 7v4 #a7 writ+ f ,babylon--rightly tak5 by ! fa!rs to be a cryptogram = ,rome4 ,salutations are convey$ f ,m>k1 8 son 7cf4 ,philem4 i4 #aj74 ,! be>] 7writ]87 is repres5t$ to be ,silvanus 7l ,m>k a companion ( ,paul ) relations to ,j]usalem z well71 & ,silvanus is comm5d$ z a tru/wor?y disciple4 ,! au?or /ates x z 8 object to exhort & te/ify t ?is is ! true grace ( ,god :]e9 ye /&4 ,ignorant z we are ( its au?or's "n x is =tunate = our /udy ( ! times t ! date ( #a/ ,pet] is fairly det]m9able by ! conv]g5ce ( ext]nal & int]nal evid5ce4 ,e*oes f x appe> already 9 ,clem5t ( ,rome 7#ie7 z well z 9 ,james & ,h]mas4 ,we mu/ ?9k ( x1 !n1 z a h& ( cordial enc\ragem5t ext5d$ by a repres5tative ( ! ,petro-,paul9e *ur* at ,rome1 soon aft] ! outbreak ( ! p]secution ( ,domitian 7c4 #ij71 to ! /ill indep5d5t b suff]+ *ur*es ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,if we rememb] t x und]takes to endorse ! doctr9e ( "o ?ird ( contempor>y ,*ri/5dom1 & 79 sub/ance7 (f]s a 'lett] ( comm5dation' to ,silvanus1 x w be obvi\s t no "n ( less au?ority ?an t ( ,pet] c\ld h s]v$4 ,z ,zahn has well rem>k$3 ,! significant ?+ 444 is t x is ,pet]1 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ apo/le ( ! circumcision 7,gal4 ii4 #g7 :o be>s witness to ! g5u95ess ( _! /ate ( grace4 ,we mu/ place alongside ( #a/ ,pet] "o o!r epi/le 9 :i* ! motive ( exhortation to endurance ( p]secution )\t relaxation ( ! moral /&>d is prom95t1 ?\gh n exclusive1 & a second1 :]e9 x appe>s only 9 a fa9t e*o ( trials1 :i* turn out1 h[ev]1 z ! read] proce$s1 to be only temptations1 :ile ! real occasion ( writ+ is pla9--moral relaxation )\t ei!r h]esy or p]secution to excuse x4 ,! two writ+s 9 "q are ! anonym\s exhortation h&$ d[n "u ! title ,to ! ,hebrews1 & ! s-call$ ,epi/le 79 reality a homily7 ( ,james4 ,hebrews beg9s z an exposition ( ! two psalms ,paul _h quot$ 9 8 ref]5ce 9 #a/ ,cor4 xv4 #bd-bh to ! exaltation ( ,jesus 7,pss4 viii4 & cx47 prov+ ,him to be ! ,son1 :o1 aft] tempor>y subord9ation to ! angels1 has be5 exalt$ above !m to ! place ( supreme dom9ion4 ,*ri/ has ?us effect$ a great] r$emption ?an ,moses & ,jo%ua4 ,he is also a high-prie/ aft] ! ord] ( ,mel*iz$ek accord+ to ,ps4 cx42 s t ! ,a>onic prie/hood & c]emonial are surpass$ z well z ! ,mosaic legislation1 by ! sacrifice ( ,calv>y & int]cession ( ! ris5 ,r$eem]4 ,x is no wond] t 9 ! p]iod ( debate aga9/ ,judaism ! canon-mak]s gave to ?is anonym\s s]mon a title :i* ranks x fir/ 9 ! class ( subsequ5t controv]sial pamphlets aga9/ ! ,jews4 ,controv]sy1 h[ev]1 is subord9ate 9 ! writ]'s purpose to edification4 ,he is n unconsci\s ( ! dang]s ( t sup]/iti\s 'wor%ip ( ! angels1' aga9/ :i* ,paul's ,asian epi/les _h be5 direct$1 b 8 demon/ration ( ! sup]iority ( ! in/itutions & aims ( ,*ri/ianity to ^? ( ,judaism has ! practical object ( re9=c+ ! c\rage & fai? ( 8 read]s "u pressure ( p]secution4 ,8 argum5t culm9ates 9 an inspir+ li/ ( ,scriptural h]oes & m>tyrs1 lead+ up z a climax to ,jesus ! au?or & p]fect] ( our fai?4 ,z ,jesus endur$1 look+ beyond ! %ame & suff]+ ( ! cross to ! joy ( ,8 rew>d1 s %\ld ! read]s endure _! *a/5+4 ,apo/acy w meet a fe>ful doom 9 ! judgm5t ( fire4 ,to ?is homily 7,heb4 i4-xii47 is app5d$ a conclud+ *apt] 7probably by ! au?or himself7 :i* trans=ms x into a lett]4 ,! au?or is a *ur*-tea*] ( ! second g5]ation1 z he frankly confesses himself 7ii4 #c72 a disciple ( ,paul1 to judge by 8 use ( ,paul's doctr9e & "s ( 8 epi/les1 especially ,romans4 ,to judge by 8 rhetorical /yle & 8 ,alex&rian ideas & mode ( ?\ght1 he is ! sort ( tea*] ,apollos w h be54 ,j at pres5t he is sep>at$ f 8 flock 7xiii4 #ai74 ,:]e !y are we c only inf] f xiii4 #bd1 :i* conveys salutations f ^? 9 ! writ]'s neighb\rhood :o are f ,italy4 ,he himself is probably among ! ,paul9e *ur*es1 = he s5ds news ( ,timo?y 7xiii4 #bc7 & hopes to come soon 9 company ) him4 ,ephesus1 :]e ,apollos 0 at la/ acc\nts1 may possibly be ! place ( writ+4 ,hebrews w\ld seem !n to be writt5 to ,rome1 long aft] ! fir/ great fight ( afflictions 7! ,n]onian outbreak ( #fd7 & :5 ! dang] ( fa9t+ "u ! *a/5+ ( a second p]secution 7t ( ,domitian c4 #ij7 0 imm95t4 ,su* slight indications z we h ( a lit]>y relation betwe5 ,hebrews & #a/ ,pet] sugge/ ! priority ( ,hebrews1 b ! date & occasion mu/ be ne>ly ! same4 ,james is also a homily exhort+ to pati5t endurance1 b !re is no?+ to sugge/ its hav+ ev] be5 s5t any:]e z a lett]1 save ! brief sup]scription writt5 9 imitation ( #a/ ,pet4 i4 #a4 ,james 444 to ! twelve tribes ( ! ,disp]sion4 ,imag9e ! mode ( deliv]y6 ,nor is x call$ =? by any special em]g5cy4 ,!re is an allusion to false doctr9e4 ,x is ! h]esy 767 ( ju/ification by fai? ap>t f works4 ,b ! writ] is no m consci\s ( contradict+ ,paul ?an is ,luke 9 describ+ ,paul's apo/le%ip & gospel4 ,he m]ely imp]sonates ! 'bi%op ( bi%ops' address+ ,*ri/5dom at l>ge1 deprecat+ ! loquacity ( ! _m tea*]s1 & comm5d+ ! 'wisdom' ( a good life in/ead4 ,!re is prote/ aga9/ oppression4 ,b x is only ! oppression ( ! poor by ! ri* 9 ! ,*ri/ian bro!rhood4 ,he returns to ?is subject con amore4 ,evid5tly ! *ur* ( 8 age is *>act]iz$ by worldl9ess bo? ( ?\ght & conduct1 among cl]gy & laity4 ,b all col\r ( region or p]iod is want+4 ,take #a/ ,pet]1 sub/itute ! head ( ! ,j]usalem succession = ! head ( ! ,roman1 remove ! ,paul9e doctr9e1 ! traces ( ,jesus & 8 gospel ( ,son %ip1 remove ! special ref]5ces to local conditions & p>ticul> em]g5cies1 leav+ only moral g5]alities1 & ! result w be n unlike ! ,epi/le ( ,james4 ,! au?or has he>d some?+ ( ,paul9ism1 has read ,hebrews 7,jas4 ii4 #ba-be2 v4 #aj71 & imitat$ #a/ ,pet] 7,jas4 i4 #a1 #ah1 #ba2 iv4 #f f42 v4 #bj74 ,/rong argum5ts h ev5 be5 advanc$ to prove t he 0 n a ,*ri/ian at all4 ,he probably 01 if only f 8 lit]>y connection ) ! above-nam$ e>li] writ+s1 & ! influ5ce ex]t$ by 8 own on ,h]mas 7,rome1 #abj-adj71 & p]haps ,clem5t 7,rome1 #ie74 ,b z = connection ) ! hi/oric ,jesus--,elijah is 8 example ( ! man ( pray] 7v4 #ac-ah71 & ,job & ! prophets 8 example ( suff]+ & pati5ce 7v4 #aj f474 ,hebrews c %[ m ( ! influ5ce ( ,jesus ?an ?is 7,heb4 v4 #g f41 xii4 #b-d74 ,l ,h]mas 7:o1 h[ev]1 does n ev5 m5tion ! "n ( ,jesus7 ',james' ?9ks ( ,him simply z ! ,"l ( glory1 )\t rais+ ! "q h[ ,he came to be su*4 ,ap>t f ! sup]scription1 ^: object is only to clo! ! homily ) ! au?ority ( a "n rev]$ ?r\gh\t ! 'ca?olic' *ur*1 !re is no?+ to connect ,james ) ,syria r ?an any o!r region outside ,paul's mission-field4 ,ev5 ,pale/9e might be its place ( orig9 if ! date 7 late en\gh to acc\nt = ! ,greek /yle4 ,at all ev5ts x comes fir/ to our k at ,rome4 ,!re is "s reason to ?9k t ,clem5t ( ,rome 7,a4,d4 #ie71 ^: moraliz+ is ( a simil> type1 has be5 directly influ5c$ by ,james4 ,if s we h 9 ,james1 ,clem5t & ,h]mas a s]ies illu/rative ( ! decl9e at ,rome ( ! ,paul9e gospel ( consci\s revelation & inspiration t[>d ! hum-drum levels ( m]e 'ca?olic' cate*etics4 ,) e all[ance = diff]5ces among critics z to date & orig9 ( ! non-controv]sial epi/les ( ! sub-apo/olic age1 x is easy to see t ! resi/less m>* ( ev5ts is tak+ up & accompli%+ ,paul's ef=t & pray] = ! unity ( ! two bran*es ( ! ,*ur*4 ,"o great ev5t ( ?is p]iod1 :i* = u /&s out ) />tl+ vividness ^u ! pages ( hi/ory1 is curi\sly )\t trace or reflection 9 ?is lit]ature4 ,we se>* ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 va9 = ! slighte/ allusion 7outside ! writ+s directly or indirectly d]iv$ f ,pale/9e itself7 to ! fall ( ,j]usalem 9 ,a4,d4 #gj1 & ! consequ5t cessation ( ,jewi% national life & temple c]emonial4 ,! remot5ess ( ! writ]s ) :om we are deal+ bo? 9 "t & national int]e/ f ! affairs ( ,j]usalem is n ! only cause4 ,! fate ( ! temple _h no effect to weak5 ! types ( ,judaism ) :i* ! *ur* ( ! sub-apo/olic age _h to cont5d4 ,! ,ph>isaic legalism ( ! synagogue became only ! /rong] :5 ! holl[ ,sadducean prie/hood collaps$1 & temple c]emonial became simply a c]emonial on pap]1 ! affair no long] ( prie/ & ,levite1 b ( scribe & ,ph>isee4 ,s also ) ! d5ationaliz$ ,judaism ( ! ,disp]sion1 a m insidi\s dang] = e>ly conv]ts f hea!nism ?an ! /rict]1 legali/ic type4 ,! cru%+ ( ! nationali/ic rebellion1 ! tempor>y suppression ( ! w>-p>ty1 ! ,zealots1 only /r5g!n$ & promot$ ,ph>isaism1 & ! ,disp]sion 0 sc>cely affect$ by ! losses ( ! w>4 ,:5 ,j]usalem & ! temple fell1 temple & city _h become entirely sup]flu\s factors to bo? p>ties 9 ! great /rife ( *ur* v]sus synagogue4 ,hebrews kn[s ( a type ( ,judaism :i* is =midable by reason ( ! appeal ( its ord9ances ( angels & its sac]dotal sy/em writt5 9 a book ( ackn[l$g$ div9e au?ority4 ,b ! *>act]i/ic po9t is t 9 ,hebrews1 z truly z 9 ,b>nabas & ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 x is only ! prescription & n ! practice :i* is 9 "q4 ,b = ! fact t ! new te/am5t ( ,heb4 ix4 #ae is /ill unwritt51 its controv]sy might prop]ly be describ$ z a battle ( books4 ,on ! o!r h& ! pressure ( p]secution )\t1 comb9$ ) ! disappe>ance ( creative lead]%ip )91 is visibly =c+ ! indep5d5t prov9ces ( ,*ri/5dom t[>d organic unity "u ! pr9ciple ( apo/olic au?ority4 ,fir/ ,pet] is ! fir/ & greate/ evid5ce ( ?is t5d5cy to union promot$ by ext]nal pressure4 ,hebrews & ,james foll[ z illu/rative ( ! ne$ felt = ma9ta9+ ! /&>ds bo? ( doctr9e & ( morals at _! full height4 ,*ri/ianity mu/ n be ?\ght ( z on a level ) ,judaism1 x is ! f9al & univ]sal revelation4 ,x mu/ n be practis$ half-he>t$ly1 ) d\ble-m9d$ness1 nor 9 va9 philosophiz+ & pr(essions beli$ by de$s4 ,x mu/ be obey$ z a new & royal law1 ! mirror ( div9e p]fection4 ,if1 !n1 we turn f ^! evid5ces ( g5]al conditions 9 *ur* & empire to ! inw>d dang]s reveal$ by ! writ+s aga9/ h]esy1 we %all see h[ ?is disruptive influ5ce1 already di/9ctly appreh5d$ 9 ,paul's lat] writ+s1 makes itself m & m /rongly felt1 & 9 m & m def9ite =m1 ) ,ephesus & ! *ur*es ( ,asia z its *ief bre$+-place4 ,! ,pa/oral ,epi/les 9 _! pres5t =m _c be dat$ mu* be=e ! "t :5 !y beg9 to be us$ by ,ignatius & ,polyc>p 7#aaj-aag74 ,inde$ "s phrases 7p]haps editorial additions7 seem to imply a /ill lat] date1 z :5 9 #a/ ,tim4 vi4 #bj1 ,timo?y is w>n$ aga9/ ! anti!ses ( miscall$ ,gnosis1 z if ) direct ref]5ce to ,m>cion's sy/em ( ?is title4 ,_! av[$ purpose is to c\nt]act ! inroads ( h]esy1 & ! rem$y appli$ is ecclesia/ical au?ority & discipl9e4 ,f> m ( ,paul's inspir$ gospel ( ,son %ip & lib]ty1 f> m ( 8 conception ( ! r$emption 9 ,*ri/ z a triumph ov] ! spiritual _w-rul]s ( ?is d>kness1 is f\nd 9 #a/ ,pet] & ,hebrews ?an "h4 ,no?+ appe>s ( ,paul's broad horizon1 8 _s ( mission>y conque/1 8 devotion to ! unity ( ,jew & ,g5tile 9 _! common access to ! ,fa!r 9 "o ,_s4 ,!re is no trace ( ! great ,paul9e doctr9es ( ! conflict ( fle% & _s1 ! sup]s$+ ( ! disp5sation ( ,law by ! disp5sation ( ,grace1 ! ,adoption1 ! ,r$emption1 ! ,inh]itance4 ,! att5tion is turn$ :olly to local conditions1 ma9t5ance ( ! transmitt$ doctr9e & ord]1 resi/ance to ! advance ( va9 talk1 ,jewi% fables1 fooli% que/ion+s1 g5ealogies & /rifes ab\t ! ,law1 :i* g h& 9 h& ) moral laxity4 ,9 %ort ! outlook & temp] are ^? ( ! ,epi/le ( ,james1 :ile ! rem$y is t ( ,acts & ! ,epi/les ( ,ignatius4 ,! ,paul :o "h speaks is n ! mission>y & my/ic1 b ! %rewd ecclesia/ic4 ,!re is only too mu* evid5ce to %[ t 9 ! ,paul9e mission-field ! rem$y resort$ to aga9/ ! lic5ce 9 ?\ght & action :i* ?reat5$ decad5ce & dissolution aft] apo/olic inspiration _h di$ out1 0 ! religion ( au?ority1 doctr9al & discipl9>y1 n ! religion ( ! ,_s4 ,ecclesia/ical appo9tees take ! place z tea*]s & def5d]s ( ! fai? ( ^? :o _h be5 ! inspir$ apo/les & prophets ( its ext5sion4 ,& on ! o!r side are ! false tea*]s4 ,!y are ( ,jewi% "* 9 _! doctr9e1 aspir+ to be tea*]s ( ! ,law ?\gh really ignorant ( its mean+4 ,! wor/ ( !m are actual ,jews 7,tit4 i4 #aj71 :i* implies t "s 7 n4 ,moreov] ! type ( doctr9e is /ill less l ! ,ph>isaism ( ! synagogue ?an ! philosophy & va9 deceit rebuk$ by ,paul at ,colossae4 ,!re is simil> di/9ction ( meats 7treat$ 9 #bnd ,tim4 iv4 #a-e z a doctr9e ( s$uc+ spirits & demons71 & a prohibition ( w9e & m>riage4 ,!re is side by side ) ?is ascetic t5d5cy "o equally m>k$ t[>d lib]t9ism & love ( money 7#bnd ,tim4 iii4 #a-i74 ,bo? phases rem9d u ( ! concision ( ,paul's lat] lett]s4 ,b besides ! l>g] developm5t new features appe> ( ,hell5i/ic r ?an ,jewi% type4 ,! new doctr9e ( ! resurrection z some?+ pa/ already is m closely connect$ ) ! ,paul9e my/icism1 ! pres5t union ( ! believ] ) ! life ( ,*ri/ hid 9 ,god1 ?an ) ! ,jewi% idea ( return to e>? 9 resuscitat$ fle%4 ,! ,paul9i/ ( ! ,pa/orals is already =e%ad[+ ! great conflict ( ,ignatius1 ,ju/9 & ,ir5aeus aga9/ ^? :o d5i$ ! resurrection1 p]v]t+ 7z ! fa!rs allege7 ! mean+ ( ,paul's say+1 fle% & blood _c inh]it ! k+dom ( ,god 7cf4 #bnd ,pet4 iii4 #af74 ,& ! ,pa/orals t5d t[>d ! un-,paul9e doctr9e soon to be =mulat$ 9 ! 'ca?olic' *ur*3 ,i believe 9 ! resurrection ( ! fle%4 ,aga9 ! false doctr9e n[ di/9ctly av[s itself a =m ( ,gnosis4 ,!y pr(ess t !y "k ,god1 b by _! works !y d5y him1 be+ abom9able & disob$i5t1 & unto e good "w reprobate4 ,& our ,paul9i/'s rem$y is ! traditional doctr9e1 ! patt]n ( s\nd words1 ! deposit ( ! ,*ur* tea*]1 m especially ! :ole-"s words1 ev5 ! words ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 & ! doctr9e :i* is accord+ to godl9ess4 ,?us ev5 ! ri*1 if !y d good1 & become ri* 9 good works w lay up 9 /ore = !mselves a good f\ndation aga9/ ! "t to come4 ,we h only to place ^! pseudo-,paul9e writ+s side by side ) ! ,epi/les ( ,john & ,ignatius to recognize ! advance ( ! h]esy :i* soon decl>$ itself z ,gno/ic ,doketism1 ) ! ,jew ,c]9?us at ,ephesus z its pr9cipal expon5t4 ,moreov] ?is /eadily increas+ inw>d dang] ( ! ,paul9e mission-field1 a dang] n m]ely sporadic l ! outbur/s ( p]secution1 b con/ant & increas+1 is =c+ ! two great bran*es ( ! ,*ri/ian bro!rhood toge!r on ! basis ( 'ca?olicity' & ! 'apo/olic' tradition4 ,betwe5 ! *ur*es ( ! ,a,egean & t ( ,rome1 :]e bo? p>ties /& on neutral gr\nd1 !re are ex*ang$ g5]\s & sympa!tic assurances ( ess5tial unity ( doctr9e 9 ! great outbreak ( p]secution 9 #he-ij4 ,among ! ,paul9e *ur*es !mselves !re is an irresi/ible reaction aga9/ ! vag>ies & moral laxity ( h]etical tea*+ t[>d 'apo/olic' tradition & ecclesia/ical au?ority4 ,x appe>s ) almo/ />tl+ vividness 9 ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les1 & meets its answ] f )\t1 p]haps f ,rome1 p]haps f ,syria1 9 ! homily dress$ z an encyclical call$ ! ,epi/le ( ,james4 ,x is n h>d to =esee :at sort ( ,*ri/ian unity is de/9$ to come ab\t4 ,nev]!less ! creative _s & g5ius ( ,paul 0 to f9d expression 9 "o m spl5did product ( ,ephesus be=e ! ,roman unity 0 to be a*iev$4--,b be=e we take up ! writ+s ( ! great '!ologian' ( ,ephesus we mu/ trace ! gr[? 9 ,syria & at ,rome ( ! ,lit]ature ( ! ,*ur* ,tea*] & ,prophet4 ,,"p ,,iii ,,! ,,lit]ature ,,( ,,cate*i/ ,,& ,,prophet ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,mat?aean ,,tradition ,,( ,,! ,,precepts ,,( ,,jesus ,z we h se5 9 our /udy ( ! lat] lit]ature address$ to1 or emanat+ f1 ! ,paul9e mission-field1 ! *ur* tea*] & ecclesia/ic :o !re took up ! p5 aft] ! dea? ( ,paul _h sc>cely any alt]native b to foll[ ! lit]>y model ( ! great f\nd] ( ,g5tile ,*ri/ianity4 ,inevitably ! typical lit]>y product ( ?is region became ! apo/olic lett]1 fram$ on ! model ( ,paul's1 borr[+ 8 phraseology & ideas1 :5 n actually embody+ fragm5ts f 8 p5 & cov]+ itself ) 8 "n4 ,homilies are made ov] into epi/les4 ,ev5 'prophecy1' to obta9 lit]>y circulation1 mu/ h prefix$ epi/les ( ! ,_s to ! *ur*es2 & :5 at la/ a gospel is produc$1 ?is too is accompani$1 z we %all see1 by ?ree successive lay]s ( enclos+ 'epi/les4' ,at ! seat ( 'apo/olic' ,*ri/ianity x 0 equally inevitable t ! lit]>y products %\ld foll[ a diff]5t model4 ,"h1 f ! beg9n+1 ! /&>d ( au?ority _h be5 ! comm&m5t ( ,jesus4 ,apo/le%ip _h meant ability to transmit 8 tea*+1 n end[m5t ) insight into ! my/]y ( ! div9e purpose reveal$ 9 8 cross & resurrection4 ,! gospel 0 ! gospel ( ,jesus4 ,! lett]s ( ,paul1 if !y circulat$ at all 9 ,syria & ,cilicia at ?is e>ly "t1 h _h comp>atively small effect on writ]s l ,luke & ,james4 ,at ,rome ! case 0 some:at diff]5t4 ,"h ,paul9e influ5ce _h be5 effectually sup]impos$ ^u an orig9ally ,jewi%-,*ri/ian /ock4 ,! ,roman ,gospel ( ,m>k1 accord+ly1 has j ! *>act]i/ics we %\ld expect f ?is ,petro-,paul9e community4 ,antio*1 too1 ?\gh at ! disruption ov] ! "q ( table-fell[%ip x took ! side ( ,james1 ,pet]1 & ,b>nabas aga9/ ,paul1 _h always _h a /rong ,g5tile elem5t4 ,b ,j]usalem1 ! *ur* ( ! apo/les & eld]s1 ) its caliphate 9 ! family ( ,jesus1 & its zeal = ,jewi% in/itutions & ! ,law1 0 ! pre-em95t seat ( traditional au?ority4 ,no o!r gospel1 oral or writt51 c\ld = a mom5t comp>e 9 its eyes ) its own *]i%$ treasury ( ! precepts ( ,jesus4 ,its own e/imate ( itself z cons]vator ( or?odoxy1 & cu/odian ( ! sacr$ deposit1 vividly reflect$ f ! pages ( ,hegesippus1 0 increas+ly accept$ by ! o!r *ur*es4 ',james' & ',jude' 7 probably n ! real names ( ! writ]s ( ^! 'g5]al' or 'ca?olic' epi/les2 b !y %[ 9 :at direction m5 look$ :5 !re 0 ne$ to c\nt]act a widespread t5d5cy to moral relaxation & va9 disputations1 or to demoraliz+ h]esy4 ,we h also se5 h[ inevitable 0 ! reaction aft] ,paul's dea?1 ev5 among 8 own *ur*es1 t[>d a hi/oric /&>d ( au?ority4 ,ev5 m m>k$ ?an ! disposition to draw toge!r 9 frat]nal sympa?y "u p]secution1 is ! reliance %[n by ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les on heal?-giv+ words1 ev5 ! words ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ 7#a/ ,tim4 vi4 #c71 & on a consolidat$ apo/olic succession z a bulw>k aga9/ ! dis9tegrat+ advance ( h]esy4 ,9 7proconsul>7 ,asia e>ly 9 ! second c5tury !re is an unmi/akable & sweep+ disposition to turn to ! ^w h&$ d[n to u f ! beg9n+ 7,ep4 ( ,polyc41 vii47 aga9/ ^? :o 7 p]v]t+ ! say+s ( ! ,"l to _! own lu/s4 ,! anci5t ^w ( prophecy & ! =m] revelations grant$ to apo/olic se]s 7 also turn$ to acc\nt by m5 l ,papias & ! au?or ( #bnd ,pet] aga9/ ^? :o d5i$ ! resurrection & judgm5t4 ,?is ,papias ( ,hi]apolis1 ! fri5d & colleague ( ,polyc>p1 _h und]tak5 9 opposition to ! false tea*]s1 & ^? :o h s v mu* to say1 to write 7probably aft] ! utt] de/ruction ( ! community ( 'apo/les1 eld]s1 & witnesses' at ,j]usalem 9 #ace71 an ,exposition ( ! ,say+s ( ! ,"l4 ,he bas$ ! "w on au!ntic tradition ( ! ,j]usalem witnesses1 two ( :om 7,ari/ion1 & ,john '! ,eld]'7 7 /ill liv+ at ! "t ( 8 inquiries4 ,9 fact1 ?is mu* debat$ ,john ! ,eld]1 cle>ly di/+ui%$ by ,papias f ,john ! disciple ( ! ,"l1 may be id5tifi$1 9 our judgm5t1 ) ! ,john m5tion$ by ,eusebius & ,epiphanius midway 9 ! succession ( ',eld]s' ( ! ,j]usalem *ur* betwe5 ,a4,d4 #fb & #ace4 ,epiphanius dates 8 dea? 9 #aag4 ,papias gives u practically all ! in=mation we h reg>d+ ! beg9n+s ( gospel lit]ature4 ,he may h kn[n all f\r ( our ,gospels4 ,he c]ta9ly knew ,revelation & v\*$ = its tru/wor?9ess1 d\btless aga9/ ! d5i]s ( ! resurrection & judgm5t4 ,he us$ te/imonies f #a/ ,john1 & probably ! say+ ( ,jesus ( ,john xiv4 #b2 b he seems to h bas$ 8 ,exposition on two gospels only1 giv+ :at he _h be5 able to le>n ( _! hi/ory f travell]s :o report$ to him te/imonies ( '! eld]s4' ,papias' two gospels 7 our ,mat!w & our ,m>k1 ^: diff]5ces he reconcil$ by :at ! ,j]usalem eld]s _h report$ z to _! orig94 ,mat!w1 accord+ to ^! au?orities 7871 repres5t$ 9 its ,greek =m a collection ( ! ,precepts ( ! ,"l :i* _h =m]ly be5 curr5t 9 ! orig9al ,aramaic1 s t its circulation _h ( c\rse be5 limit$ to ,pale/9e4 ,! orig9al compil] _h be5 ! ,apo/le ,mat!w4 ,v>i\s ,greek equival5ts ( ?is compilation _h tak5 its place :]e ,aramaic 0 n curr5t4 ,?us ,papias1 9 explicit dep5d5ce on ! ,eld] s f> z ,m>k is conc]n$1 b )\t special designation ( 8 au?ority = ! /atem5t reg>d+ ,mat!w4 ,x is ev5 possible t 8 repres5tation t ! primitive ,mat!w 0 9 ! ,hebrew tongue may be due to rum\rs ^: real />t+-po9t 0 no?+ m ?an ! ,gospel ( ! ,naz>5es1 a product ( c4 #aaj-adj :i* misl$ _m lat] fa!rs1 p>ticul>ly ,j]ome4 ,we _c af=d1 h[ev]1 to slight ! g5]al be>+ ( te/imony borne by "o su* z ,papias reg>d+ ! orig9s ( gospel composition1 & p>ticul>ly ! two bran*es into :i* ! tradition 0 divid$4 ,= ,papias _h made dilig5t inquiry4 ,moreov] 8 witness does n /& alone1 b has ! support ( /ill m anci5t ref]5ce 7e4 g4 #a/ ,tim4 vi4 #c1 ,acts i4 #a7 & ! int]nal evid5ce ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels !mselves4 ,! motive = 8 /atem5t is apologetic4 ,diff]5ces betwe5 ! two ,gospels _h be5 po9t$ out on ! score bo? ( words & ev5ts4 ,papias %[s t ,gospel tradition is n to be held responsible = v]bal agreem5t betwe5 ! two p>allel reports ( ! ,"l's words4 ,! diff]5ces are attributable to translation4 ,s1 too1 reg>d+ ev5ts4 ,exact correspond5ce ( ,m>k ) ,mat!w 7or o!r gospels7 is n to be look$ =1 especially z reg>ds ! ord]2 because ,m>k _h n himself be5 a disciple1 & c\ld n get ! true ord] f ,pet]1 ^: anecdotes he reproduc$2 = :5 ,m>k wrote ,pet] 0 no long] liv+4 ,m>k has reproduc$ fai?fully & accurately 8 recollection ( ?+s ei!r said or done1 z relat$ by ,pet]4 ,b ,pet] _h _h no su* int5tion z ,mat!w ( mak+ a sy/ematic compilation 7syntagma7 ( ! say+s ( ! ,"l1 & _h only relat$ 8 anecdotes z occasion requir$4 ,if ! tradition reg>d+ ,mat!w1 z well z t reg>d+ ,m>k1 0 d]iv$ f ! ,eld]1 he1 too1 z well z ,papias1 knew ! ,greek ,mat!w2 reg>d+ x z a translation ( ! apo/olic ,logia1 he naturally makes ,mat!w ! /&>d & acc\nts z above = ! wide div]g5ce ( ,m>k z to ord]4 ,! ,j]usalem eld] :o ?us diff]5tiates ! two great bran*es ( gospel tradition into ,mat?aean ,precepts & ,petr9e ,say+s & ,do+s1 is probably ! ,eld] ,john2 = ?is eld]'s traditions 7 s copi\sly cit$ by ,papias z to lead ,ir5aeus1 & aft] him ,eusebius1 to ! unw>rant$ inf]5ce ( p]sonal contact4 ,ir5aeus ev5 id5tifi$ ! ,eld] ,john ) ! ,apo/le1 ?us transport+ n only him1 b ! entire body ( ,eld]s & disciples f ,j]usalem to ,asia1 a pregnant misappreh5sion to :i* we mu/ return lat]4 ,9 ! meantime we mu/ note t ?is fundam5tal di/9ction betwe5 syntagmas ( ! ,precepts1 & n>ratives ( ! ,say+s & ,do+s1 c>ries u back z f> z x is possible to p5etrate into ! hi/ory ( gospel composition4 ,! primitive "w ( ! ,apo/le ,mat!w1 0 probably done 9 & = ,j]usalem & vic9ity--c]ta9ly s if writt5 9 ,aramaic4 ,! date1 if e>ly tradition may be believ$1 0 :5 ,pet] & ,paul 7 prea*+ & f\nd+ ! *ur* at ,rome4 ,oral tradition mu/ h begun ! process ev5 e>li]4#af ,m>k's "w 0 done at ,rome1 accord+ to int]nal evid5ce no less ?an by ! unanim\s voice ( e>ly tradition4 ,x dates f aft] ! dea? ( ,pet] 7#fd-e7 accord+ to anci5t tradition4 ,accord+ to ! int]nal evid5ce x 0 writt5 c]ta9ly n long be=e1 & probably "s few ye>s aft]1 ! ov]?r[ ( ,j]usalem & ! temple 7#gj74 ,at ! "t ( ,papias' writ+1 !n 7c4 #ade71 all f\r gospels 7 probably kn[n1 ?\gh only ,mat!w & ,m>k 7 tak5 z au?oritative because 7indirectly7 apo/olic4 ,at ! "t ( prosecution ( 8 inquiries ! voice ( 7,pale/9ian7 tradition 0 /ill liv+ & abid+4 ,if1 z t5ses & phraseology seem to imply1 ?is means ,ari/ion & ! ,eld] ,john 7ob4 #aag87 x is reasonable to reg>d x z ext5d+ back ov] a full g5]ation4 ,! orig9al ,mat!w 0 ev5 !n 7c4 #ajj71 & 9 ,pale/9e itself1 a sup]s$$ book4 ,x _h ?ree successors1 if n m1 two ,greek & "o ,aramaic1 all /ill reta9+ _! claim to ! "n & au?ority ( ,mat!w#ag2 b all _h be5 re-ca/ 9 a n>rative frame1 :i* at lea/ 9 ! case ( our canonical fir/ ,gospel 0 borr[$ f ! ,roman "w ( ,m>k4 ,s f> z ! rema9+ fragm5ts ( its rivals enable u to judge1 ! same is true 9 _! case also1 ?\gh to a less ext5t4 ,x is q unmi/akably true ( ,luke1 ! gospel ( ,antio*1 t its n>rative repres5ts ! same memorabilia ( ,pet]2 = s ,m>k's gospel came to be call$4 ,?us ! ,petr9e /ory appe>s almo/ f ! />t to h ga9$ undisput$ supremacy4 ,b side by side ) ?is rem>kable fact z to gospel n>rative is ! equally notable confirmation ( ! o!r /atem5ts ( '! ,eld]s' reg>d+ ! ,precepts4 ,= all mod]n criticism admits1 t besides ! mat]ial ( ,m>k1 :i* bo? ,mat!w & ,luke freely incorporate1 omitt+ v little1 our fir/ & ?ird evangeli/s h embodi$1 9 7usually7 ! same ,greek translation b 9 greatly v>i$ ord]1 l>ge sections f "o or m e>ly compilations ( ! ,say+s ( ,jesus4 ,footnote #af3 ,"s au?orities ( ! fir/ rank ?9k !re is evid5ce ( lit]>y dep5d5ce 9 #a/ ,cor4 i4 #ah-ba on ! ,say+ 7,matt4 xi4 #be-bg ,lk4 x4 #ba f474 ,footnote #ag3 ,! or?odox ,aramaic ,gospel ( ! ,naz>5es borr[s f ,luke z well z ,mat!w1 b speaks 9 ! "n ( ,mat!w4 ,?is apo/le 0 also reg>d$ z au?or ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 a h]etical product ( c4 #abj1 curr5t 9 ,greek among ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ians ( ,pale/9e 7,ebionites74 ,x is indisp5sable to a hi/orical appreciation ( ! environm5t out ( :i* any gospel has aris5 t we realize t no community ev] produc$ & p]man5tly adopt$ z its gospel a p>tial pres5tation ( ! message ( salvation4 ,to its m9d ! writ+ mu/ h embodi$1 = ! "t at lea/1 ! message1 ! :ole message1 & no?+ b ! message4 ,*ange ( m9d z to ! ess5tial cont5ts ( ! message w\ld involve supplem5tation or alt]ation ( ! writt5 gospel employ$4 ,no writ+ ( ! k9d w\ld be produc$ ) tacit ref]5ce to "s o!r = ano!r aspect ( ! tru?4 ,x 0 n1 !n1 ! m]e limitation ( its language :i* caus$ ! anci5t ,mat?aean ,say+s 7! s-call$ ,logia7 to be sup]s$$ & disappe>2 nor is m]e translation ! ^w to describe t :i* took its place4 ,! gr[? ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,greek-speak+ _w n only call$ ^u ,j]usalem to p\r out its treasure ( evangelic tradition 9 ! language ( ! empire1 b /imulat$ a s5se ( its own increas+ ne$4 ,t :i* c\ld once be suppli$ by eye-witnesses1 ! te/imony ( ,jesus' mighty works1 8 dea? & resurrection1 0 n[ fa/ disappe>+4 ,& simultane\sly ! appreciation ( its importance 0 gr[+4 ,x 0 impossible to be bl9d to ! conque/s made by ! gospel ab\t ,jesus4 ,enclos$ 9 x1 z "p ( its sub/ance ! gospel ( ,jesus f\nd its f9al re/+-place1 mu* z ! "m *ur* itself 0 lat] tak5 up & incorporat$ 9 a ca?olic ,*ri/5dom4 ,s x is t 9 ! ,eld]'s "t ! *ur* ( ! 'apo/les1 eld]s & witnesses' h done m ?an m]ely sup]s$e _! ,aramaic787 ,syntagma ( ! ,precepts by translations4 ,!y _h adopt$ alongside ( x f ,rome ,m>k's ,memorabilia ( ,pet] z to ?+s ei!r said or done by ! ,"l4 ,we c see inde$ f ! apologetic way 9 :i* '! ,eld]' speaks ( ,m>k's limitations 7,pet] is n to be held responsible = ! lack ( ord]7 t ,m>k's au?ority is /ill held q second>y to ,mat!w's2 b ! v fact t 8 "w is giv5 au?oritative /&+ at all1 /ill m ! fact t x has become ! framework into :i* ! old-"t syntagma has be5 set1 m>ks a great & fundam5tal *ange ( view z to :at con/itutes ! gospel4 ,no m]e syntagma ( ! ,precepts ( ,jesus has ev] come d[n to u1 ?\gh ! papyrus leaves ( ,say+s ( ,jesus discov]$ 9 #ahig at ,behneseh 9 ,egypt by ,gr5fell & ,hunt _h some?+ ( ?is "*4#a ,x 0 impossible t any community outside ! mo/ primitive "o1 :]e p]sonal witnesses ( ! ,"l /ill surviv$ until ! times ( ,trajan1 c\ld be satisfi$ ) a gospel :i* gave only ! precepts ( ,jesus )\t s mu* z an acc\nt ( 8 crucifixion & resurrection4 ,&1 /range z x may seem1 ! evid5ce ( ,q 7i4 e4 ! co9cid5t mat]ial 9 ,mat!w & ,luke n d]iv$ f ,m>k71 z judg$ by ne>ly all critics1 is t no n>rative ( ! k9d 0 giv5 9 ! e>ly compilation ( disc\rses f :i* ?is elem5t 0 ma9ly d]iv$4 ,aft] ! witnesses1 apo/olic & o!r1 _h begun to disappe>1 a m]e syntagma ( ,jesus' say+s c\ld n suffice4 ,x became inevitable t ! precepts %\ld be embodi$ 9 ! /ory4 ,& yet we h at lea/ two significant facts to corroborate ! intimations ( anci5t tradition t ?is comb9ation 0 long po/pon$4 7#ah7 ,:5 x is at la/ effect$1 & c]ta9ly 9 ! regions ( s\!rn ,syria1#ai !re is ev5 !re practically no?+ left ( au!ntic n>rative mat]ial b ! ,petr9e tradition z compil$ by ,m>k at ,rome4 ,our ,mat!w1 a ,pale/9ian ,jew1 ! only writ] ( ! ,new ,te/am5t :o consi/5tly uses ! ,hebrew ,bible1 makes a !oretical recon/ruction ( ! ord] ( ev5ts 9 ! ,galilean m9i/ry1 b o!rwise he j incorporates ,m>k sub/antially z x 04 ,:at he adds 9 ! way ( n>rative is s meagre 9 am\nt1 & s manife/ly inf]ior & apocryphal 9 "*1 z to prove ! extreme pov]ty ( 8 res\rces ( oral tradition ( ?is type4 ,luke has some:at l>g]1 & 7z lit]>y products7 bett]1 n>rative additions ?an ,mat!w's2 b ! am\nt is /ill extremely meagre1 & (t5 hi/orically ( slight value4 ,"s ( x reappe>s 9 ! surviv+ fragm5ts ( ! ,prea*+ ( ,pet]4 ,to sum up1 !re is outside ( ,m>k no consid]able am\nt ( hi/orical mat]ial1 canonical or uncanonical1 = ! /ory ( ,jesus4 ,?is fact w\ld be h>d to acc\nt = if 9 ! regions :]e witnesses surviv$1 ! fir/ g5]ation really took an int]e/ 9 p]petuat+ n>rative tradition4 7#b7 ,! ord] ( ev5 su* ev5ts z secur$ p]petuation 0 already hopelessly lo/ at a "t m remote ?an ! writ+ ( our e>lie/ gospel4 ,?is is true n only = ,m>k1 z '! ,eld]' frankly confesses1 b = ,mat!w1 ,luke & e "o else4 ,un*ronological z ,m>k's ord] (t5 is 7& ! tradition z to ! 'casual anecdotes' agrees ) ! critical ph5om5a ( ! text71 x is va/ly m hi/orical ?an ,mat!w's recon/ruction4 ,on ! o!r h& ,luke1 :ile expressly und]tak+ to improve 9 ?is special respect ^u 8 pr$ecessors1 almo/ nev] v5tures to dep>t f ! ord] ( ,m>k1 & :5 he does has nev] ! support ( ,mat!w1 & usually n t ( real probability4 ,9 %ort1 incorrect z !y knew ! ord] ( ,m>k to be1 x 0 ! be/ t c\ld be _h 9 ! days :5 evangeli/s began to g beyond ! m]e syntagmas1 & to write gospels z we und]/& !m1 or1 9 _! own language1 ! ?+s :i* ,jesus began bo? to d & to tea* 7,acts i4 #a74 ,f ^! two great out/&+ ph5om5a ( gospel criticism alone x w\ld be app>5t t ! di/9ction dimly p]ceiv$ 9 ! tradition ( ! ,j]usalem eld]s report$ by ,papias1 & inde$ by _m lat] writ]s1 is no illusion1 b an important & vital fact4 ,footnote #ah3 ,x 0 sup]scrib$ ,^! are ! 444 words 7logoi z 9 ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les1 n logia z 9 ,papias & ,polyc>p7 :i* ,jesus ! liv+ ,"l spoke to ! disciples & ,?omas4 ,footnote #ai3 ,! possibility %\ld be left op5 t ! ,greek ,mat!w 0 writt5 9 ,egypt 7cf4 ,matt4 ii4 #ae71 z "s critics hold4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ! *ur* hi/orian1 h[ev]1 ,egypt mu/ really be class$ z 9 ! regions ( s\!rn ,syria4 ,its relations ) ,j]usalem 7 close & con/ant4 ,a ?ird big1 unexpect$ fact looms up z we r\nd ! capes ( critical analysis1 subtract+ f ,mat!w & ,luke fir/ ! elem5ts peculi> to ea*1 !n t d]iv$ by ea* f ,m>k4 ,x is a fact susceptible1 h[ev]1 ( v>i\s int]pretation4 ,to "s x only proves ei!r ! futility ( criticism1 or ! wor?lessness ( anci5t tradition4 ,to u x proves simply t ! process ( transition 9 ,pale/9e1 ! home ( evangelic tradition1 f ! primitive syntagma ( ,precepts1 fram$ on ! plan ( ! ,talmudic treatise kn[n z ,pirke ,abo?1 or ,say+s ( ! ,fa!rs1 to ! ,greek type ( n>rative gospel1 0 a long] & m complex "o ?an has commonly be5 imag9$4 ,a cursory /atem5t ( ! results ( critical ef=ts to reproduce ! s-call$ second s\rce ( ,mat!w & ,luke 7,m>k be+ consid]$ ! fir/71 w s]ve to br+ out ! fact to :i* we ref]1 & at ! same "t1 we hope1 to ?r[ light ^u ! hi/ory ( gospel developm5t4 ,! m]e process ( subtraction above describ$ to obta9 ! elem5t ,q (f]s no s]i\s difficulties1 & = ^? :o atta* value to ! tradition ( '! ,eld]s' x is natural to anticipate t ! rema9d] w %[ traits correspond+ to ! description ( an apo/olic syntagma ( say+s ( ! ,"l translat$ f ! ,aramaic1 9 %ort ! mu*-desir$ ,logia ( ,mat!w4 ,! actual result is disappo9t+ to su* an expectation4 ,! widely1 ?\gh p]haps some:at ?\ghtlessly accept$ equival5ce ,q ! ,logia is simply false4 ,q is n ! ,logia4 ,x is n a syntagma1 nor ev5 a consi/5t :ole1 & z x lay be=e our fir/ & ?ird evangeli/s x 0 n 7= a consid]able "p at lea/7 9 ,aramaic4 ,true1 ,q does consi/ almo/ exclusively ( disc\rse mat]ial1 a l>ge "p ( :i* has only topical ord]1 & is :olly1 or ma9ly1 de/itute ( n>rative connection4 ,also we f9d traces "h & !re ( translation at "s p]iod f ! ,aramaic1 ?\gh n m 9 ! ,q elem5t ?an 9 ,m>k4 ,b to ^? :o look$ = imm$iate confirmation ( ! tradition ! result has be5 on ! :ole disappo9t+4 ,"s1 m p>ticul>ly among ,engli% critics1 h consid]$ x to ju/ify a fall+ back ^u ! vagu] g5]alities ( ! once preval5t !ory ( oral tradition4 ,9 reality we are simply call$ ^u to r5ew ! process ( discrim9ation4 ,mo/ ( ! ,q mat]ial has ! say+-"* & is /rung toge!r ) t lack ( all save topical ord] :i* we look = 9 a syntagma4 ,b p>ts ( x1 su* z ! ,heal+ ( ! ,c5turion's s]vant 7,matt4 viii4 #e-aj1 #ac ,luke vii4 #a-aj71 or ! ,prea*+ ( ! ,bapti/ & ,temptation ,/ory 7,matt4 iii4 #g-aj1 #ab2 iv4 #b-aa ,luke iii4 #g-i1 #ag2 iv4 #b-ac71 ob/9ately refuse to be br\ght "u ?is category4 ,moreov]1 ! latt] section has ! unmi/akable motive ( pres5t+ ,jesus 9 8 "* & m9i/ry z ! ,son ( ,god1 precisely z 9 ,m>k4 ,x beg9s by introduc+ ,jesus on ! /age at ! baptism ( ,john1 aft] ! anci5t n>rative outl9e 7,acts i4 #bb2 x4 #cg f471 & _c be imag9$ z =m+ "p ( any?+ else b a n>rative hav+ ! conclusion *>act]i/ic ( our own type ( gospel4 ,o!r consid]able sections ( ,q1 su* z ! ,"q ( ,john's ,disciples & ,disc\rse ( ,jesus on ^? t 7 ',/umbl$' 9 him 7,matt4 xi4 #b-aa1 #af-bg2 ,luke vii4 #ah-ce2 x4 #ac-bb71 %>e ) ! ,baptism & ,temptation section n only ! doctr9al motive ( comm5d+ ,jesus 9 8 p]son & m9i/ry z ! long$-= ,son ( ,god1 b 9 a numb] ( *>act]i/ics :i* set !m q ap>t f ! g5]al mass ( precepts & p>ables 9 ,q4 ,we c "h m5tion only ! foll[+3 7#a7 ! co9cid5ce 9 language betwe5 ,mat!w & ,luke is mu* great] 9 ^! sections ( ,q1 (t5 ev5 great] ?an 9 ! sections borr[$ f ,m>k1 %[+ cle>ly ! exi/5ce ( a common docum5t writt5 n 9 ,aramaic1 b 9 ! ,greek language4 7#b7 ,?is mat]ial1 unlike mo/ ( ,q1 has s]v$ z a s\rce & model 9 _m portions ( ,m>k4 7#c7 ,x is = ! mo/ "p n includ$ 9 ! five great blocks into :i* ,mat!w has divid$ ! ,precepts by means ( a special conclud+ =mula 7vii4 #bh2 xi4 #a2 xiii4 #ec2 xix4 #a1 & xxvi4 #a7 b appe>s outside1 9 ! =m ( supplem5ts to ! ,m>kan n>rative 7iii4 #g--;iv4 #aa2 viii4 #e-ac1 #ah-bb1 xi4 #b-bg2 xii4 #ch-de1 etc474 ,f9ally 7#d7 ! ,q mat]ial ( ?is type seems to be giv5 m copi\sly by ,luke ?an by ,mat!w1 & ) some?+ m ?an m]e conjecture ( 8 own z to its hi/orical occasion4 ,9 fact1 s9ce x appe>s t at lea/ ?is elem5t ( ,q 0 kn[n to ,m>k1 !re is no?+ to ju/ify exclusion f x ( su* mat]ial z ! ,transfiguration /ory1 ?\gh 9 ?is case x w\ld be ne$ful to prove t ,m>k 0 n ! s\rce4 ,simil>ly x w\ld be reasonable to ?9k ( ,luke's wide div]g5ce f ,m>k 9 8 /ory ( ! ,passion z occasion$ by 8 pref]5ce = mat]ial d]iv$ f ?is s\rce4 ,only1 s9ce ,mat!w has pref]r$ to foll[ ,m>k1 we h no means ( det]m9+ :5ce ,luke did d]ive 8 new & "h (t5 valuable mat]ial4 ,! exi/5ce1 !n1 ( an elem5t ( ,q :i* q fails to correspond to :at we take ! ,mat?aean syntagma to h be5 by no means proves ei!r ! futility ( criticism or ! wor?lessness ( ! anci5t tradition4 ,x only %[s t our synoptic evangeli/s 7 n ! fir/ to attempt ! comb9ation ( disc\rse ) n>rative1 b t ,luke at lea/ _h a pr$ecessor 9 ! field1 to :om all are m or less indebt$4 ,criticism & tradition toge!r %[ t !re are two great /reams f :i* all hi/orically tru/wor?y mat]ial has be5 d]iv$4 ,! "o is ,evangelic ,/ory1 & is ma9ly d]iv$ f ,m>k's outl9e ( ! m9i/ry bas$ on ! anecdotes ( ,pet]1 ?\gh "s elem5ts come f ano!r s\rce1 pr9cipally pres]v$ by ,luke1 :i* we mu/ discuss 9 a lat] *apt] devot$ to ! gr[? ( ,petr9e /ory at ,rome & ,antio*4 ,! o!r /ream1 ,words ( ! ,"l1 comes f ,j]usalem1 & is always associat$ 9 all its =ms ) ! "n ( ,mat!w4 ,we h e reason = accept+ ! /atem5t t z e>ly z ! f\nd+ ( ! *ur* 9 ,rome 7#de-ej7 ! ,apo/le ,mat!w _h begun ! "w ( compil+ ! ,precepts ( ,jesus1 9 a =m s]viceable to ! object ( tea*+ m5 to obs]ve all ?+s :atsoev] he _h comm&$4 ,our pres5t ,gospel ( ,mat!w1 h[ev]1 is nei!r ?is "w nor a translation ( x2 = ! only ?ree ?+s told u ab\t ! apo/le's "w are all irreconcilable ) ! *>act]i/ics ( our ,mat!w4 ,! compilation ( ,words ( ! ,"l 0 7#a7 a syntagma & n1 l ,m>k1 an outl9e ( ! m9i/ry4 ,x 0 7#b7 writt5 9 ,aramaic2 :]eas our ,mat!w is an orig9al ,greek composition4 ,x 0 7#c7 by an apo/le :o _h p]sonal acqua9tance ) ,jesus2 :]eas our fir/ evangeli/ is to ! la/ degree dep5d5t ^u ! confess$ly defective /ory ( ,m>k4 ,/ill if we take our ,mat!w z ! la/ l9k 9 ! long *a9 ( developm5t1 cov]+ p]haps half a c5tury1 & includ+ su* by-products z ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews & ! ,gospel ( ! ,naz>5es1 we may obta9 a welcome light ^u ! environm5t out ( :i* has come d[n ! "w :i* an able s*ol> ju/ly decl>$1 ! mo/ important book ev] writt51 ! ,gospel accord+ to ,mat!w4 ,! language 9 :i* x 0 writt5 0 alone suffici5t to place ! ,greek ,mat!w beyond all possible competition 9 ! l>g] _w f ,aramaic rivals4 ,b its compreh5siv5ess & ca?olicity /ill fur!r help$ x to ! position :i* x soon atta9$ z ! mo/ widely us$ ( all ! gospels4 ,mat!w is n only 9 its :ole /ructure a composite gospel1 b %[s 9 high degree ! ca?oliciz+ t5d5cy ( ! times4 ,j z x frankly adopts ! ,roman-,petr9e n>rative ( ,m>k ) slighte/ possible modification1 s also x places 9 ,pet]'s h& ) equal frankness ! primacy 9 apo/olic succession4 ,almo/ ! only additions x makes to ,m>k's acc\nt ( ! public m9i/ry are ! /ory ( ,pet]'s walk+ on ! sea 7xiv4 #bh-cc71 & 8 paym5t ( ! temple tribute = ,*ri/ & himself ) ! co9 f ! fi%'s m\? 7xvii4 #bd-bg74 ,! latt] /ory introduces ! *apt] on ! ex]cise ( rul]%ip 9 ! *ur* 7*4 xviii471 beg9n+ ) ! disciples' "q3 ,:o !n is greate/ 9 ! k+dom8 ,pet] is aga9 9 x ! "o sali5t figure 7xviii4 #ba74 ,an equally important addition1 connect$ ) xviii4 #ag f4 is ! fam\s committal to ,pet] ( ! p[] ( ! keys1 ) ! decl>ation mak+ him = 8 confession ! ',rock' f\ndation ( ! *ur*4 ,?is addition to ,m>k's /ory ( ! rebuke ( ,pet] at ,caes>ea ,philippi1 is "o :i* decid$ly alt]s its be>+1 & seems ev5 to borr[ ! v language ( ,gal4 i4 #af f4 9 ord] to exalt ! apo/le%ip ( ,pet]4 ,9 fact1 ! ,roman gospel & ! ,pale/9ian almo/ rev]se ! roles we %\ld expect ,pet] to play 9 ea*4 ,mat!w alone makes ,pet] ! fir/ 7x4 #b71 :ile ,m>k seems to take special pa9s to record rebukes ( ! twelve & ! bre?r5 ( ! ,"l1 & especially ! rebukes call$ d[n ^u !mselves by ,pet]1 or ,pet] & ,john4 ,9 respect to ! primacy ( ,pet] we c obs]ve a c]ta9 diff]5ce ev5 among ! ,pale/9ian gospels :i* succe$$ to ! primitive syntagma ( ,mat!w4 ,little1 inde$1 is kn[n ( ! or?odox ,gospel ( ! ,naz>5es1 beyond its relatively late & composite "*2 = x borr[$ f ,mat!w1 ,m>k & ,luke 9 turn4 ,its li/ ( apo/les1 h[ev]1 beg9s ) ,john & ,james ! sons ( ,zeb$ee1 !n ,simon & ,&rew1 & w9ds up3 ,!e also1 ,mat!w1 did ,i call1 z ?\ w]t sitt+ at ! seat ( cu/om1 & ?\ foll[$/ me4 ,! anti-,paul9e ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews %[s its conception ( ! seat ( apo/olic au?ority by giv+ to ,james ! ,j ! place ( ,pet] z recipi5t ( t fir/ manife/ation ( ! ris5 ,"l1 :i* laid ! f\ndation ( ! fai?4 ,:y !n does ! ,greek ,pale/9ian gospel1 9 contra/ ) its rivals1 lay su* special /ress on ! primacy ( ,pet]8 ,f ! cauti\s & 7z x 77 deprecatory tone ( ! app5dix to ,john 7,john xxi47 9 seek+ to comm5d ! o!r disciple :om ,jesus lov$ z wor?y to be accept$ z a true witness )\t detrim5t to ! ackn[l$g$ au?ority ( ,pet] z *ief "u-%eph]d ( ! flock1 we may inf] t n at ,rome alone1 b :]ev] !re 0 "q ( 'apo/olic' tradition1 ! au?ority ( ,pet] 0 com+ rapidly to ! =e4 ,! t5d5cy at ,antio* is ev5 m m>k$ ?an at ,rome1 z is manife/ f ,acts4 ,if1 !n1 x seems /rong] /ill 9 a region :]e we %\ld expect ! au?ority ( ,james to be put =w>d1 ?is ne$ n be tak5 z a specifically ,roman trait4 ,we mu/ realize ! %>p antagonism :i* exi/$ 9 ,pale/9e f ! "t ( ! ,apo/olic c\ncil d[n1 betwe5 7#a7 ! consi/5t legali/s1 :o ma9ta9$ d[n to ! p]iod ( ,ju/9 7#aec7 & ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies & ,recognitions 7#ahj-bjj71 _! bitt] ho/ility to ,paul & 8 gospel ( ,g5tile fre$om f ! ,law2 & 7#b7 ! 'ca?olic1' or lib]al1 ,jewi%-,*ri/ians1 :o took ! /&po9t ( ! ,pill>s4 ,x is b "o ( _m indications ( its 'ca?olic' t5d5cy t our ,mat!w increases ! emphasis on ! apo/olic au?ority ( ,pet] to ! po9t ( an actual primacy4 ,! ph5om5on mu/ be judg$ 9 ! light ( ! disappe>ance or suppression ( all evangelic /ory save :at came "u ! "n ( ,pet]1 & ! t5d5cy 9 ,acts to br+ "u 8 "n ev5 ! entire apo/le%ip to ! ,g5tiles4 ,pet] is n yet 9 ^! e>ly writ+s ! repres5tative ( ,rome1 b ( ca?olicity4 ,! issue 9 ,mat!w is n z betwe5 ,rome & "s o!r dom9ant see1 b 7z ! reflection ( ! language ( ,gal4 i4 #ag f4 9 ,matt4 xvi4 #ag %[s7 z betwe5 'ca?olic' apo/olic au?ority & ! unsafe t5d5cies ( ,paul9e indep5d5ce4 ,nev]!less1 = all 8 lean+s to ca?olicity ! ,greek ,mat!w has n :olly succe$$ 9 exclud+ mat]ials :i* /ill reflect ,jewi%-,*ri/ian ho/ility to ,paul1 or at lea/ to ! t5d5cies ( ,paul9e ,*ri/ianity4 ,ov] & ov] aga9 special additions are made 9 ,mat!w to emphasize a w>n+ aga9/ ! work]s ( lawlessness4 ,! exhortation ( ,jesus 9 ,luke vi4 #db-de to effect 7self-7re=mation n on ! surface1 nor 9 ^w1 b by *ange ( ! inw>d root ( disposition fructify+ 9 de$s1 is alt]$ 9 ,matt4 vii4 #ae-bb into a w>n+ aga9/ ! false prophets :o "w lawlessness1 & :o mu/ be judg$ by _! fruits4 ,!y make ! confession ( ,lord%ip 7cf4 ,rom4 x4 #i7 b are n ob$i5t to ,jesus' comm&m5t1 & lack good works4 ,9 p>ticul> ! te/ ( ,m>k ix4 #ch-dj is directly rev]s$4 ,! pr9ciple ,:osoev] is n aga9/ u is = u is n to be tru/$4 ,a tea*] may ex]cise ! 'spiritual gifts' ( prophecy1 exorcism1 & miracles wr\ght 9 ! "n ( ,jesus1 & /ill be a reprobate4 ,a simil> 7& mo/ incongru\s7 addition is made to ,m>k's p>able ( ! ,pati5t ,husb&man 7,m>k iv4 #bf-bi71 9 ,matt4 xiii4 #bd-cj1 & reit]at$ 9 a specially app5d$ int]pretation 7xiii4 #cf-dc74 ,?is addition lik5s ! work]s ( lawlessness to t>es s[n alongside ! good se$ ( ! ^w by an enemy4 ,a simil> incongru\s atta*m5t is made to ! p>able ( ! ,m>riage fea/ 7,matt4 xxii4 #a-ad2 cf4 ,luke xiv4 #ae-bd7 to w>n aga9/ ! lack ( ! 'g>m5t ( good works4' ,f9ally1 ,mat!w closes 8 :ole s]ies ( ! disc\rses ( ,jesus ) a gr\p ( ?ree p>ables develop$ ) great elaboration & rhetorical effect1 out ( relatively slight sugge/ions z f\nd else:]e4 ,! sole !me ( ! s]ies is ! indisp5sabl5ess ( good works 9 ! judgm5t 7,matt4 #be2 cf4 ,luke xii4 #ce-ch2 xix4 #aa-bh1 & ,m>k ix4 #cg1 #da74 ,a simil> int]e/ appe>s 9 ,mat!w's insi/5ce on ! p]man5t obligation ( ! ,law 7v4 7#af7 #ag-bj2 xix4 #af-bb--;9 contra/ ) ,m>k x4 #ag-bb71 on respect = ! temple 7xvii4 #bd-bg7 & on ! ,davidic desc5t ( ,jesus1 ) fulfilm5t ( messianic promise 9 him 7*h4 i4-ii42 ix4 #bg74 ,he limits ! activity ( ,jesus to ! ,holy ,l& 7xv4 #bb2 contra/ ,m>k vii4 #bd f471 makes him 9 s5d+ =? ! ,twelve 7x4 #e f47 specifically =bid mission "w among ,sam>itans or ,g5tiles1 & :ile ! prohibition is f9ally remov$ 9 xxviii4 #ah-bj1 ! apo/olic seat _c be remov$1 b rema9s z 9 x4 #bc1 among ! cities ( ,israel to ! end ( ! _w4 ,!re is probably no m ( int5tional opposition to ,paul or to 8 gospel 9 all ?is ?an 9 ,james or ,luke4 ,we _c = example reg>d x z m ?an accid5tal co9cid5ce t 9 ! phrase an enemy ha? done ?is1 9 ! p>able ( ! t>es1 we h ! same epi!t :i* ! ,ebionite lit]ature applies to ,paul4 ,b en\gh rema9s to indicate h[ /rongly ,jewi%-,*ri/ian prejudices & limitations /ill affect$ our evangeli/4 ,) respect to date1 ! atmosph]e is 9 all respects su* z *>act]izes ! p]iod ( ! n9eties4 ,x does n belong to our pres5t purpose to analyze ?is gospel into its con/itu5t elem5ts4 ,! process c be foll[$ 9 _m treatises on gospel criticism1 & ! results w be f\nd summ>iz$ 9 ,introductions to ! ,new ,te/am5t su* z ! rec5t s*ol>ly "w ( ,m(fatt4 ,we h "h b to note ! g5]al "* & /ructure ( ! book z reveal+ ! ma9 outl9es ( its hi/ory & ! conditions :i* gave x bir?4 ,mat!w & ,luke are alike 9 t bo? repres5t comp>atively late attempts to comb9e ! anci5t ,mat?aean syntagma ) ! ',memorabilia ( ,pet]' compil$ by ,m>k4 ,b !re is a great diff]5ce4 ,luke contemplates 8 "w ) "s ( ! motives ( ! hi/orian4 ,he adopts ! me?od ( n>rative1 & !re=e subord9ates 8 disc\rse mat]ial to a conception 7(t5 confus$ en\gh7 ( sequ5ce 9 space & "t4 ,mat!w1 z ! /ructure ( 8 gospel1 no less ?an 8 own av[al %[s1 _h an aim m ne>ly correspond+ to ! anci5t ,pale/9ian type4 ,! dem& = ! n>rative =m _h become irresi/ible4 ,x controll$ ev5 8 lat] ,greek & ,aramaic rivals4 ,b ,mat!w has subord9at$ ! hi/orical to ! e?ical motive4 ,he aims at1 & has r5d]$1 j ! s]vice :i* 8 age dem&$ & = :i* x c\ld look to no o!r region ?an ,j]usalem1 a full compilation ( ! comm&m5ts & precepts ( ,jesus4 ,! n>rative framework is adopt$ f ,m>k )\t s]i\s alt]ation1 because ?is "w _h already prov$ its effectiv5ess 9 conv9c+ m5 ev]y:]e t ,jesus 0 ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god4 ,l ,luke1 ,mat!w prefixes an acc\nt ( ,jesus' miracul\s bir? & *ildhood1 because 9 8 "t 7c4 #ij7 ! anci5t beg9n+ ( ! gospel ) ! baptism by ,john _h giv5 opportunity to ! h]esy ( ! ,adoptioni/s1 repres5t$ by ,c]9?us1 :o ma9ta9$ t ,jesus became ! ,son ( ,god at 8 baptism1 a m]ely tempor>y receptacle ( ! ,_s4 ,! prefix$ *apt]s h no inc>nation doctr9e1 & no doctr9e ( pre-exi/5ce4 ,!y d n int5d 9 _! /ory ( ! miracul\s bir? to relate ! incom+ ( a sup]human or non-human be+ into ! _w1 else !y c\ld n take up ! p$igree ( ,joseph z exhibit+ ,jesus' title to ! ?rone ( ,david4 ,miracle att5ds & signalizes ! bir? ( t ,son ( ,david :o is de/9$ to become ! ,son ( ,god4 ,ap>t f ! m]e "q ( att5dant prodigy ! aim ( ,mat!w's /ory ( ! ,infancy is su* z %\ld comm& ! respect & sympa?y ( e rational ?9k]4 ,aga9/ all ,doketic dualism x ma9ta9s t ! ,son ( ,god is su* f bir? to dea?4 ,! pres5ce ( ,god's ,_s ) him is n a m]e c\nt]p>t to demonic possession1 b is "p ( 8 nature z true man f ! beg9n+4 ,b ! doctr9al int]e/ ( ,mat!w sc>cely goes beyond ! po9t ( prov+ t ,jesus is ! ,*ri/ =etold by ! prophets4 ,doctr9e z well z hi/ory is subord9ate to ! "o great aim ( tea*+ m5 to obs]ve all ?+s :atsoev] ,jesus comm&$4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,petr9e ,,tradition4 ,,evangelic ,,/ory ,( ! ext5t to :i* ! e>ly *ur* c\ld d )\t n>rative ( ,jesus' e>?ly m9i/ry we h extraord9>y evid5ces 9 ! lit]ature ( ,paul9e ,*ri/ianity on ! "o side & ( ,jewi% ,*ri/ianity on ! o!r4 ,= ,paul himself1 z we "k1 ! real /ory ( ,jesus 0 a transc5d5tal drama ( ! ,inc>nation1 ,r$emption1 & ,exaltation4 ,x is probable t :5 at la/ ?ree ye>s aft] 8 conv]sion he w5t up to ,j]usalem to get acqua9t$ ) ,pet]1 ! /ory he 0 int]e/$ to he> _h ev5 !n m to d ) t common apo/olic witness ( ! resurrection appe>ances reproduc$ 9 #a/ ,cor4 xv4 #c-aa1 ?an ) ! say+s & do+s ( ! m9i/ry4 ,z to ?is ,paul pres]ves1 z we h se51 an almo/ unbrok5 sil5ce4 ,& t :i* did n int]e/ ,paul1 naturally did n int]e/ 8 *ur*es4 ,on ! o!r h& ^? :o c\ld h p]petuat$ a full & au!ntic acc\nt ( ! m9i/ry 7 almo/ incr$ibly sl[ to und]take ! task2 p>tly1 no d\bt1 because ( _! vivid expectation ( ! imm$iate end ( ! _w1 b l>gely also because to _! m9d ! data mo/ 9 ne$ ( pres]vation 7 ! 'life-giv+ words4' ,! impression ( ,jesus' "*1 8 p]son & au?ority 0 n1 z !y reg>d$ x1 a ?+ to be ga9$ f ! hi/orical outl9e ( 8 c>e]4 ,x 0 e/abli%$ by ! fact ( ! ,resurrection1 by ! pr$ictions ( ! prophets1 :i* f\nd fulfilm5t 9 ! circum/ances ( ,jesus' bir?1 p>ticul> incid5ts "h & !re 9 8 c>e] & fate1 b mo/ ( all 9 8 resurrection & ! gifts ( ! ,_s :i* argu$ 8 pres5t session at ! "r h& ( ,god4 ,once ?is au?ority ( ,jesus 0 e/abli%$ ! believ] _h only to obs]ve 8 comm&m5ts z h&$ d[n by ! apo/les1 eld]s & witnesses4 ,on all sides !re 0 an indiff]5ce to su* hi/orical inquiry z ! mod]n man w\ld ?9k natural & inevitable1 an indiff]5ce t mu/ rema9 altoge!r inexplicable to u unless we realize t until at lea/ ! "t ( ! f\r? evangeli/ ! ma9 pro(s ( messiah%ip 7 n look$ = 9 ,jesus' e>?ly c>e]4 ,8 ,*ri/hood 0 ?\ght ( z some?+ 9 ! future1 n yet realiz$4 ,ev5 8 resurrection & manife/ation 9 glory at ! "r h& ( ,god1 :i* is to bo? ,paul 7,rom4 i4 #d7 & 8 pr$ecessors 7,acts ii4 #cb-cf7 ! assurance t ,god ha? made him bo? ,"l & ,*ri/1 is n yet ! beg9n+ ( 8 specific messianic programme4 ,pot5tially ?is has begun1 because ,jesus has already be5 seat$ on ! '?rone ( glory1' f h5ce=? expect+ until 8 enemies be made ! foot/ool ( 8 feet4 ,practically x is n yet4 ,! ,*ri/ is /ill a ,*ri/ t is to be4 ,8 messianic rule is delay$ until ! subjugation ( ! enemies2 & ?is subjugation 9 turn is delay$ by ! long suff]+ ( ,god1 :o wille? n t any %\ld p]i%1 b t all m5 %\ld come to rep5tance4 ,meantime a special outp\r+ ( ! ,_s is giv5 9 'tongues1' 'prophecies1' 'miracle work+1' & ! l1 9 fulfilm5t ( scriptural promise1 z a k9d ( coronation l>gess to all loyal subjects4 ,?is outp\r+ ( ! ,_s1 !n1 is ! great pro( & assurance t ! ,heir has really asc5d$ ! '?rone ( glory' 9 spite ( ! cont9uance ( all ?+s z !y 7 f ! f\ndation ( ! _w4 ,^! 'gifts' are fir/fruits ( ! ,_s1 pl$ges ( ! ultimate inh]itance1 pro(s bo? to believ]s & unbeliev]s ( ! complete ,inh]itance soon to be receiv$4 ,b ! gifts h also a practical aspect4 ,!y are all end[m5ts = s]vice4 ,! ,great ,rep5tance 9 ,israel & among ! ,g5tiles is n to be br\ght ab\t )\t ! co-op]ation ( believ]s4 ,! "q :i* at once arises :5 ! manife/ation ( ! ris5 ,*ri/ is grant$1 ,"l1 do/ ?\ at ?is "t re/ore ! k+dom to ,israel8 is !re=e answ]$ by ! assurance t ! "t is 9 ,god's h& alone1 b t ! 'gifts ( ! ,_s1' soon to be imp>t$1 are int5d$ to enable believ]s to d _! "p1 at home & abroad1 t[>d effect+ ! ,great ,rep5tance 7,acts i4 #f-h74bj ,footnote #bj3 ,! p>allel 9 ,m>k xvi4 #ad-ah is v in/ructive1 b ne$s ! rec5tly discov]$ connection betwe5 v]ses #ad & #ae to complete ! s5se3 ,& !y excus$ !mselves 7= _! unbelief7 say+1 ,?is age ( lawlessness & unbelief is "u ! dom9ion ( ,satan1 :o by means ( ! unclean spirits prev5ts ! tru? & p[] ( ,god f be+ appreh5d$4 ,on ?is acc\nt reveal ?y righte\sness 7i4 e4 ju/ice1 9 ! s5se ( ,isa4 lvi1 #a b7 ev5 n[4 ,& ,*ri/ repli$ to !m1 ,! limit ( ye>s ( ,satan's p[] is 7already7 fulfill$1 b o!r t]rible ?+s are at h&2 moreov] ,i 0 deliv]$ up to dea? on behalf ( s9n]s 9 ord] t !y might return unto ! tru? & s9 no m1 t !y might inh]it ! spiritual & incorruptible glory :i* is 9 heav54 ,!n foll[s ! mission into all ! _w & end[m5t ) ! gifts4 ,= a *ur* :i* felt itself end[$ ) liv+ & pres5t evid5ces ( ! messianic p[] ( ,jesus x 0 naturally only a second ?\ght 7& n a v e>ly "o at t7 to look back = pro( to occurr5ces 9 ,jesus' life 9 ,galilee1 h[ev] notable 8 c>e] z a prophet mighty 9 de$ & ^w be=e ,god & all ! p4 ,! pres5t gifts ( 8 p[] w\ld be 7at lea/ 9 demon/rative effect7 great] works ?an ^!4 ,) ^? :o _h ! resurrection te/imony ( #a/ ,cor4 xv4 #c-aa1 & ev5 ! recurr5t exp]i5ce ( visions & revelations ( ! ,"l1 anticipatory revelations ( 8 messiah%ip1 utt]ances1 l t to ,pet] at ,caes>ea ,philippi1 :]e9 ,jesus only pr$ict$ ! great "w to be div9ely accompli%$ ?r\gh him1 :e!r by life or dea?1 9 go+ up to ,j]usalem1 intimations :i* _h be5 disreg>d$ or disbeliev$ at ! "t1 c\ld n rank ) pres5t k1 exp]i5ce & insight4 ,!y w\ld be recall$ m]ely z confirmatory =egleams ( ! true light t n[ %9e?1 z ! two :o _h receiv$ ! manife/ation at ,emmaus exclaim1 ,did n our he>t burn )9 u :ile he talk$ to u 9 ! way8 ,we c\ld n inde$ psy*ologically acc\nt = ! developm5t ( ! resurrection fai? aft] ! crucifixion1 if be=e x ,jesus' life & utt]ances _h n be5 su* z to make 8 manife/ation 9 glory seem to ! disciples j :at !y ought to h expect$4 ,b1 conv]sely1 no?+ is m c]ta9 ?an ! fact t !y did n expect x2 & t :5 ! belief _h become e/abli%$ by o!r means1 ! attitude t[>d ! say+s & do+s ma9ta9$ by ^? :o _h !m to relate--z we "k1 ! mo/ successful mission>y ( all felt x no h&icap to be entirely )\t !m--0 "o ( look+ back into an obscure pa/ = ?+s ^: pregnant significance became appreciable only 9 ! light ( pres5t k4 ,^! ?+s und]/ood n 8 disciples at ! fir/1 b :5 ,jesus 0 glorifi$1 !n rememb]$ !y t ^! ?+s _h be5 writt5 ( him1 & t !y _h done ^! ?+s unto him4 ,we are =tunate 9 hav+ ev5 "o example ( ! consecutive n>ratives 7diegeses7 ref]r$ to 9 ,luke i4 #a4 ,our ,m>k is a gospel writt5 purely & simply f ?is po9t ( view1 aim+ only to %[ h[ ! e>?ly c>e] ( ,jesus gave evid5ce t ?is 0 ! ,son ( ,god1 pr$e/9$ to exaltation to ! "r h& ( p[]1 ) little attempt1 if any1 to br+ 9 ! precepts ( ! ,new ,law4 ,we %\ld realize1 h[ev]1 t ?is is already a beg9n+ 9 ! process soon to become controll+1 a process ( c>ry+ back into ! e>?ly life ( ,jesus 9 ,galilee ( fir/ ?is trait1 !n t1 !n all ! attributes ( ! glorifi$ ,"l4 ,anci5t & reliable tradition in=ms u t ?is fir/ endeav\r to tell ! /ory ( ,jesus ,*ri/ ! ,son ( ,god 0 compos$ at ,rome by ,john ,m>k1 a =m] companion ( bo? ,pet] & ,paul1 f data drawn f ! anecdotes casually employ$ by ,pet] 9 8 prea*+4 ,!re is mu* to confirm ?is 9 ! /ructure1 ! /yle1 & ! doctr9al object & /&po9t ( ! ,gospel4 ,to beg9 )1 ! date ( composition _c be f> f #ge4 ,m>k is n only presuppos$ by bo? ,mat!w & ,luke1 b 9 _! "t _h already acquir$ an extraord9>y pr$om9ance4 ,to judge by :at rema9s to u ( simil> products1 ,m>k 9 its own field might almo/ be said to reign supreme & reign alone4 ,su* almo/ exclusive supremacy c\ld n h be5 atta9$1 ev5 by a writ+ commonly und]/ood to repres5t ! prea*+ ( ,pet]1 %ort ( a decade or m ( ye>s4 ,on ! o!r h& we h ! reluctant te/imony ( antiquity1 anxi\s to claim z mu* z possible ( apo/olic au?ority = ! record1 b unwill+ to commit ,pet] to app>5t contradictions ( ,mat!w1 t x 0 writt5 aft] ,pet]'s dea? 7#fd-e74ba ,int]nal evid5ce w\ld 9 fact br+ d[n ! date ( ! "w 9 its pres5t =m a full decade !reaft]4 ,x is true t !re are _m /ructural evid5ces ( m ?an "o =m ( ! n>rative1 & t ! apocalyptic *apt] 7*4 xiii471 :i* furni%es mo/ ( ! evid5ce ( date1 may well belong among ! lat] supplem5ts4 ,b 9 ! judgm5t ( mo/ critics ?is 'es*atological disc\rse' 7almo/ ! only connect$ disc\rse ( ! ,gospel7 is cle>ly fram$ 9 real retrospect ^u ! ov]?r[ ( ,j]usalem & ! temple1 & ! att5dant tribulation on ^? t are 9 ,judaea4 ,! writ] applies a g5]al say+ ( ,jesus kn[n to u f o!r s\rces ab\t de/roy+ & rebuild+ ! temple specifically to ! demolition effect$ by ,titus 7#gj74 ,he w>ns 8 read]s 9 ! same connection t ! end is n to foll[ imm$iately ^u ! great ,judaean w>1 b only :5 ! p[]s ( evil 9 ! heav5ly places1 p[]s inhabit+ sun1 moon & />s1 are %ak5 7xiii4 #ba-bg74 ,! ,paul9e doctr9e ( #bnd ,!ss4 ii4 #a-ab is adopt$1 b ) c>eful avoidance ( ! pr$iction t ! man ( s9 is to appe> 9 ! temple ( ,god4 ,paul's man ( s9 is n[ id5tifi$ ) ,daniel's abom9ation t make? desolate 7,dan4 xii4 #aa71 :i* !re=e is spok5 ( z he 7mascul9e74 ,8 appe>ance w prelude ! great ,judaean tribulation2 b 8 /&+ place is ill-def9$4 ,x is only :]e he ought n4 ,mat!w 7foll[+ 8 usual practice7 returns m ne>ly to ! language ( ,daniel4 ,) him ! ,abom9ation is aga9 an object /&+ 9 a holy place4 ,b ,mat!w is already apply+ ! prophecy to ano!r tribulation /ill to come4 ,he does n see t ,m>k ref]s to ! sack ( ,j]usalem on :i* he himself looks back 9 8 addition to ! p>able ( ! ,supp] 7,matt4 xxii4 #f f42 cf4 ,luke xiv4 #ae-bd71 b takes ,m>k xiii4 #ad-bc z ,jesus' pr$iction ( a great f9al tribulation /ill to come4 ,footnote #ba3 ,s ,ir5aeus 7#ahf7 & 7by implication7 ,papias4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria 7#baj7 meets ! difficulty by alleg+ t ,pet] 0 /ill alive1 b gave no aid to ! writ]4 ,m>k's crudities ( language & /yle1 8 frequ5t lat9isms1 8 explanation to 8 read]s 7almo/ contemptu\sly exagg]at$7 ( ,jewi% purifications & di/9ctions ( meats 7vii4 #c f471 presupposition ( ! ,roman =m ( divorce 7x4 #ab71 explanation 9 ,roman money ( ! value ( ! 7,greek & ,ori5tal7 mite 7lepton71 are well-kn[n confirmations ( ! tradition ( ! writ+'s place ( orig94 ,b ^! are sup]ficial *>act]i/ics4 ,m important = u to note is ! fundam5tal conception ( :at con/itutes ! gospel1 & ! writ]'s attitude on que/ions ( ! relation ( ,jew & ,g5tile & ! au?ority ( ! apo/les & k9dr$ ( ! ,"l4 ,! mo/ /rik+ *>act]i/ic ( ,m>k is t x aims to pres5t ! gospel ab\t ,jesus1 & is relatively indiff]5t to ! gospel ( ,jesus4 ,_h ! writ] conceiv$ 8 task aft] ! mann] ( a ,mat!w !re is little d\bt t he c\ld h compil$ cate*etic disc\rses ( ,jesus l ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt or ! disc\rse on pray] ( ,luke xi4 #a-ac4 ,! fact t he disreg>ds su* records ( ,jesus' e?ical & religi\s in/ruction does n mean t he 7tacitly7 ref]s 8 read]s to ! ,mat?aean ,precepts1 or simil> compilations1 to supplem5t 8 own defici5cies4 ,x means a diff]5t1 m ,paul9e1 conception ( :at ! gospel is4 ,m>k conceives its prim>y elem5t to be atta*m5t to ! p]son ( ,jesus1 & has already gone f> t[>d oblit]at+ ! primitive di/9ction betwe5 a ,jesus ^: e>?ly c>e] _h be5 9 great humility1 & ! glorifi$ ,son ( ,god4 ,! e>?ly ,jesus is /ill1 x is true1 only a man end[$ ) ! ,_s ( ,adoption4 ,b he is s completely 9 ! ,_s1 & s fully end[$ ) x1 z almo/ to assume ! ,greek figure ( a demi-god tread+ ! e>? incognito4 ,no wond] ?is ,gospel became ! fav\rite ( ! ,adoptioni/s & ,doketi/s4 ,m>k does n leave 8 read] 9 ! d>k z to :at a man mu/ d to inh]it et]nal life4 ,! requirem5t does n appe> until aft] ,jesus has tak5 up ) ! twelve ! road to ,calv>y1 because x is di/9ctly n a keep+ ( comm&m5ts1 new or old4 ,x is an adoption ( ! m9d t 0 9 ,*ri/1 :o humbl$ himself & became ob$i5t unto dea?4 ,9 ,mat!w's 'improv$' v]sion ( ,jesus' answ] to ! ri* applicant = et]nal life1 ! suppliant is told he may obta9 x by obey+ ! comm&m5ts1 ) sup]]ogatory m]it 7if ?\ w\lde/ be p]fect71 if he foll[s ,jesus' example ( self-abnegat+ s]vice4 ,9 ! =m & context f :i* ,mat!w borr[s 7,m>k x4 #ac-de7 !re is no trace ( ?is legalism1 & ! :ole idea ( sup]]ogatory m]it1 or high] rew>d1 is /r5u\sly1 almo/ indignantly1 repudiat$4 ,no man c receive ! k+dom at all :o does n receive x z a little *ild4 ,e man mu/ be prep>$ to make e sacrifice1 ev5 if he has kept all ! comm&m5ts f 8 y\? up4 ,pet] & ! disciples :o h left all & foll[$ are 9 respect to rew>d on ! same level z o!rs4 ,pet]'s plea = ! twelve is answ]$1 ,!re is no man t ha? left e>?ly possessions = ,*ri/'s sake t is n amply comp5sat$ ev5 "h4 ,he mu/ expect p]secution n[1 b w receive et]nal life h]eaft]4 ,only _m t are fir/ %all be la/1 & la/ fir/4 ,ev5 ! m>tyr-apo/les ,james & ,john w h no sup]ior rights 9 ! ,k+dom4 ,su* passages z ! above n only reveal :y ,m>k's gospel %[s comp>ative disreg>d ( ! ,precepts1 b also displays an attitude t[>d ! gr[+ claims ( apo/olic au?ority & neo-legalism :i* 9 contra/ ) ,mat!w & ,luke is altoge!r refre%+4 ,! k9dr$ ( ! ,"l appe> b twice 7iii4 #bj f41 #ca-ce & vi4 #a-f71 bo? times 9 a :olly unfav\rable light4 ,john appe>s b once1 & t to receive a rebuke = intol]ance4 ,james & ,john appe> only to be rebuk$ = selfi% ambition4 ,pet] seldom o!rwise ?an = rebuke4 ,all ! disciples %[ con/antly ! bl9dness & h>dness ( he>t :i* is explicitly said to *>act]ize _! nation 7vi4 #eb2 vii4 #ah2 viii4 #ab1 #ad-ba74 ,_! self-seek+ & unfai?fulness is ! foil to ,jesus' self-d5ial & fai?fulness 7viii4 #cc2 ix4 #f1 #ah f41 #bi2 x4 #bd1 #bh1 #cb1 #cg1 #da2 xiv4 #bg-ca1 #cg-da1 #ej1 #ff-gb74 ,t :i* 9 ,mat!w 7xvi4 #af-ai7 has become a special div9e revelation to ,pet] ( ! messiah%ip1 m>k+ ! f\ndation ( ! *ur*1 is 9 ! e>li] ,m>kan =m 7,m>k viii4 #bg-cc7 n a revelation ( ! messiah%ip at all4 ,pet]'s answ]1 ,?\ are ! ,*ri/1 is common k4 ,! twelve are n suppos$ to be m ignorant ?an ! demons6 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a cau/ic rebuke ( ,pet] = 8 c>nal1 ,jewi% idea ( ! implications ( ,*ri/hood4 ,a revelation ( its significance almo/ ,doketic 9 "* is inde$ grant$ j aft] to ,pet]1 ,james & ,john2 b !y rema9 )\t appreciation or und]/&+ ( ! 'vision1' ?\gh x exhibits ,jesus 9 8 heav5ly glory 9 company ) ! translat$ h]oes ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! revelation /ill rema9s1 !re=e1 a seal$ book until aft] ! resurrection4 ,?is exagg]ation ( ! disciples' obtus5ess is p>tly due1 no d\bt1 to apologetic motives4 ,! evangeli/ has to meet ! objection1 ,if ,jesus 0 really ! extraord9>y1 sup]human be+ repres5t$1 & 0 op5ly proclaim$ su* by ! evil spirits1 :y 0 no?+ he>d ( 8 claims until aft] ! crucifixion & alleg$ resurrection8 ,8 c>ry+ back into ! ,galilean m9i/ry ( ! glorifi$ ,be+ ( ,paul's r$emption doctr9e compels him to repres5t ! twelve z %>+ ! dullness ( ! p :o hav+ eyes see n1 & hav+ e>s he> n4 ,b ) all all[ance = ?is1 ! ,roman ,gospel %[s small consid]ation = ! apo/les & k9dr$ ( ! ,"l4 ,x %[s q z little = ,jewi% pr]ogative & ,jewi% law4 ,jesus speaks 9 p>ables because to ^? )\t 8 prea*+ is to be int5tionally a 'veil$' gospel 7iv4 #a-cd74 ,! ,inh]itance w be tak5 away f !m & giv5 to o!rs 7xii4 #a-ab74 ,prie/s & p toge!r 7 guilty ( ! rejection & murd] ( ,jesus 7xv4 #aa-ae1 #bi-cb74 ,=giv5ess ( s9s is (f]$ by ,jesus on 8 own au?ority 9 defiance ( ! scribes4 ,_! exclusion ( ! publicans & s9n]s he disreg>ds1 proclaims abolition ( _! fa/s1 & holds _! sabba?-keep+ up to scorn 7ii4 #a--;iii4 #f74 ,on ! "q ( di/9ctions ( meats 8 position is ! mo/ radical possible4 ,! ,jewi% c]emonial is a va9 wor%ip1 m]e comm&m5ts ( m54 ,defilem5t _c be contract$ by :at goes into a man4 ,jesus' say+ ab\t inw>d purity 0 n aim$ at ! m]e 'h$ge ( ! ,law' 7,matt4 xv4 #ac71 nor ! m]e matt] ( ablutions 7,matt4 xv4 #bj71 b 0 int5d$ to make all meats clean 7vii4 #a-bc74 ,moses' law 9 "s ( its enactm5ts does n repres5t ! real div9e w1 b a human accommodation to human weakness 7x4 #b-i74 ,ob$i5ce to its highe/ code does n ensure et]nal life 7x4 #ai-ba74 ,! s+le law ( love is mu* m ?an all :ole burnt (f]+ & sacrifices 7xii4 #bh-cd74 ,:5 all ! ref]5ces to ,judaism1 its ,law1 its in/itutions1 & its pr]ogative1 are ( ?is "*1 :5 ,jesus always appe>s 9 radical opposition to ! ,law & its expon5ts 7xii4 #ch-dj2 xiii4 #a f471 nev] z _! support] 9 any degree1 ! evangeli/ comes ne> to mak+ x too h>d = u to believe t he really 0 ( ,jewi% bir?4 ,on ! o!r h& we _c d\bt ! /atem5t t he d]ives 8 anecdotes1 h[ev] indirectly1 f ! prea*+ ( ,pet]4 ,! prologue 7i4 #a-ac71 inde$1 makes no pret5ce ( report+ ! te/imony ( any witness1 b acqua9ts ! read] ) ! true nature ( ,jesus z ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god by means ( a my/ical acc\nt ( 8 baptism & end[m5t ) ! ,_s ( ,adoption1 probably re/+ ^u t docum5t ( ,q1 :i* we h di/+ui%$ f ! ,precepts4 ,b ! ensu+ /ory ( ! m9i/ry op5s at ! home ( ,pet] 9 ,cap]naum1 & cont9ues m or less connect$ !re) 9 spite ( int]ject$ gr\ps ( anecdotes ^: connection is n *ronological b topical1 su* z ii4 #a--;iii4 #f2 iii4 #bb-cj2 iv4 #a-cd4 ,x rea*es its climax :]e ,jesus at ,caes>ea ,philippi takes ,pet] into 8 confid5ce4 ,"h aga9 ! my/ical ,revelation or ,transfiguration vision 7ix4 #b-aj7 int]rupts ! connection1 & %[s its =eign d]ivation by ! transc5d5tal s5se 9 :i* x int]prets ! p]son ( ,jesus4 ,c]ta9 features sugge/ its hav+ be5 tak5 f ! same s\rce z ! prologue 7i4 #a-ac74 ,! /ory issues 9 ! trag$y at ,j]usalem1 :]e1 z be=e1 ,pet]'s figure1 h[ev] unfav\rable ! contra/ 9 :i* x is set to t ( ,jesus1 is /ill ! sali5t "o4 ,! outl9e 9 g5]al is id5tical ) t s briefly sket*$ 9 ,acts x4 #ch-db--;except t ! absolutely ess5tial po9t1 ! "o ?+ :i* no gospel n>rative c possibly h lack$1 ! resurrection manife/ation to ! disciples1 & ! commission to prea* ! gospel1 is absolutely lack+6 ,t ,m>k's gospel once conta9$ su* a conclusion is almo/ a c]ta9ty4 ,imag9e a gospel n>rative )\t a report ( ! manife/ation ( ! ris5 ,"l to 8 disciples6 ,imag9e a *ur*--& t ! *ur* at ,rome--giv+ out z ! fir/1 ! au!ntic1 orig9al1 & 79 int5tion7 ! only acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? 7,m>k i4 #a71 a n>rative :i* end$ ) ! apo/les scatt]$ 9 c[>dly des]tion1 & ,pet] ! mo/ conspicu\s1 mo/ remorseful r5egade ( !m all6 ,he :o writes 9 ,pet]'s "n f ,rome b %ortly aft]1 affectionately nam+ ,m>k my son1 mu/ h _h inde$ a =giv+ _s4 ,b traces ( ! real sequel h n all disappe>$4 ,_m outside allusions /ill rema9 to ! turn+ aga9 ( ,pet] & /abli%+ ( 8 bre?r5 9 ! resurrection fai?4 ,! e>lie/ is ,paul's 7#a/ ,cor4 xv4 #e74 ,! pres5t ,m>k itself implies t x once _h su* an end+2 = ,jesus promises to rally 8 flock 9 ,galilee aft] he is rais$ up 7xiv4 #bh71 & ! wom5 at ! sepul*re are bidd5 to rem9d ! disciples ( ! promise1 ?\gh !y fail to deliv] _! message4 ,inde$ ! :ole ,gospel looks =w>d to x4 ,to ?is end ! my/]y ( ! k+dom is giv5 to ! *os5 twelve 7iii4 #ac f41 #ca-ce2 iv4 #aj-ab72 = ?is !y are =ew>n$ 7?\gh va9ly7 ( ! cata/rophe 7viii4 #cd--;ix4 #a1 #cj-cb2 x4 #cb-cd2 xiv4 #bg-ca74 ,9 fact ! promise ( a baptism ( ! ,_s 7i4 #h7 probably implies t ! orig9al sequel relat$ n only ! appe>ance to ,pet] & 7lat]7 to ! re/ ) ! *>ge to prea*1 b also _! end[m5t ) ! gifts1 p]haps z 9 ,john xx4 #ai-bc4 ,:at we n[ h is only a sub/itute = ?is orig9al sequel1 a sub/itute s ill-fitt+ z to h provok$ repeat$ attempts at improvem5t4 ,f xvi4 #h onw>ds1 z is well kn[n1 ! olde/ textual au?orities h simply a blank4 ,lat] au?orities give a %ort] or long] sub/itute = ! miss+ ,manife/ation & ,*>ge to ! twelve4 ,! %ort] foll[s ,mat!w1 ! long] foll[s ,luke1 ) traces ( acqua9tance ) ,john4 ,fanciful !ories to expla9 ^! textual ph5om5a1 su* z accid5tal mutilation ( ! only copy1 are improbable1 & d n expla94 ,if conjecture be p]missible x is m likely t ! orig9al "w 0 9 two p>ts1 aft] ! mann] ( ,luke-,acts1 ! '=m] treatise' end+ ) ! c5turion's te/imony1 ,truly ?is man 0 a ,son ( ,god 7xv4 #ci74 ,! second "p cont9u$ ! n>rative 9 ! =m ( a ,prea*+ ( ,pet]1 p]haps end+ ) 8 com+ to ,rome2 = ! anci5t lit]ature ( ! *ur* _h sev]al n>ratives ( ?is type4 ,its disappe>ance w h be5 due to ! sup]s$+ 7p]haps ! embodim5t7 ( x by ! "w ( ,luke4 ,:5 ! primitive ,m>kan '=m] treatise' 0 adapt$ = sep>ate use z a gospel x 0 q natural t x %\ld be supplem5t$ 7we c h>dly say complet$7 by ! addition ( ! /ory ( ! ,empty ,sepul*re 7xv4 #dj--xvi4 #h71 ?\gh ?is n>rative is q unkn[n to ! primitive resurrection prea*+ 7cf4 #a/ ,cor4 xv4 #c-aa71 & "o 9 :i* e "* save ,pilate is a complete /rang] to ! body ( ! "w4 ,! subsequ5t fur!r additions ( ! s-call$ long] & %ort] end+s belong to ! hi/ory ( transcription aft] ,a4,d4 #adj4 ,x w be app>5t f ! above t ! ,gospel ( ,m>k is no exception to ! rule t *ur*-writ+s ( ?is type inevitably und]go reca/+ & supplem5tation until ! advanc+ process ( canonization at la/ fixes _! text ) unalt]able rigidity4 ,:e!r we recognize s\rces1 or e>li] =ms1 or only e>li] editions ( ,m>k1 x is c]ta9 t app5dices c\ld /ill be atta*$ long aft] ! appe>ance ( ,luke1 & probable t 9 ! e>ly p]iod ( its purely local curr5cy at ,rome ! fund ( ,petr9e anecdote _h receiv$ m ?an "o adaptation ( =m be=e x 0 c>ri$ to ,syria & embodi$ sub/antially z we n[ h x 9 ! composite gospels ( ,mat!w & ,luke4 ,! omission by ,luke ( ,m>k vi4 #de--viii4 #bf is int5tional1#bb & _c be us$ to prove ! exi/5ce ( a %ort] =m2 & ! same is probably true ( ! omission ( ,m>k ix4 #ch-dj by ,mat!w4 ,m>k xii4 #da-dd1 h[ev]1 is probably an addition lat] ?an ,mat!w's "t4 ,nei!r ,mat!w nor ,luke _h a text ext5d+ beyond xvi4 #h4 ,b signs ( acqua9tance ) ! orig9al sequel appe> 9 ! app5dix to ,john 7,john xxi47 & 9 ! late & composite ,gospel ( ,pet] 7c4 #adj74 ,accord+ to ! latt] ! twelve rema9$ 9 ,j]usalem scatt]$ & 9 hid+ = ! rema9+ six days ( ! fea/4 ,at its close !y dep>t$1 m\rn+ & griev+1 ea* man to 8 own home4 ,pet] & a few o!rs1 includ+ ,levi ! son ( ,alpheus1 resum$ _! fi%+ on ! sea4 444 ,! fragm5t breaks (f at ?is po9t4 ,! /ory may be conjecturally complet$ f #a/ ,cor4 xv4 #e-h1 ) comp>ison ( ,john xxi4 #a-ac2 ,luke v4 #d-h2 xxii4 #ca f42 xxiv4 #cd1 #cf-dc4 ,footnote #bb3 ,see bel[4 ,z we look back ^u ! und]tak+ ( ?is humble au?or1 nam$ only by tradition1 "o among ! cate*i/s ( ! great *ur* ( ,paul & ,pet]1 writ+ b a few ye>s aft] _! dea?1 b a few ye>s be=e #a/ ,pet] & ,hebrews1 "o is /ruck by ! gr&eur ( 8 aim4 ,x is true he 0 n :olly )\t pr$ecessors 9 ! field4 ,! "w :i* af=d$ him at lea/ ! sub/ance ( 8 prologue1 & 9 all probability o!r consid]able sections ( 8 book1 _h already aim$ 9 a m my/ical way to connect ! ,paul9e doctr9e ( ,*ri/ z ! ,wisdom ( ,god ) ! mighty works & tea*+s ( ,jesus4 ,duplication ( a consid]able "p ( ,m>k's /ory 7vii4 #ca--viii4 #bf repeats ) "s v>iation vi4 #cj--vii4 #cj7 %[s t 8 "w 0 "o ( comb9ation z well z creation4 ,b outl9e1 proportion & onw>d m>* ( ! /ory %[ n only skill & c>e1 b l>ge-m9d$ & consi/5t adh]5ce to ! fundam5tal plan to tell ! orig9 ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? 7,m>k i4 #a74 ,confirmation ( ! belief & practice ( ! *ur*--x is = ?is t ,m>k reports all he c le>n ( ! ye>s ( obscurity 9 ,galilee foll[$ by ! trag$y 9 ,j]usalem4 ,n only belief 9 ,jesus z ! ,son ( ,god w be ju/ifi$ by ! /ory1 b ! f\nd+1 in/itutions1 & ritual ( ! exi/+ *ur*4 ,he manife/ly adapts x to %[ n only ! sup]human p[]s & attributes ( ! *os5 ,son ( ,god1 b ! g]m & type ( all ! *ur*'s in/itutions4 ,its baptism ( rep5tance & accompany+ gift ( ! ,_s ( ,adoption only repeats ! exp]i5ce ( ,jesus at ! baptism ( ,john4 ,end[m5t ) ! ^w ( wisdom & ! ^w ( p[] is b ! c\nt]p>t ( ,jesus' div9e equipm5t ) ! p[] ( ! ,_s :5 he taught & heal$ 9 ,galilee4 ,! ,s5d+ ( ! ,twelve sets ! /&>d = ! *ur*'s evangeli/s & mission>ies1 j z ! ,break+ ( ! ,bread 9 ,galilee gives ! model = its frat]nal banquet4 ,s = ! ,judaean m9i/ry z well4 ,! pa? ( m>tyrdom is t :i* all mu/ foll[1 its ,passov] ,supp] ( ! ,"l & ,vigil 9 ,ge?semane are models = ! *ur*'s annual obs]vance1 its ,passov] ( ! ,"l1 its ,vigil1 its ,resurrection fea/4 ,! gr\p+ ( ! anecdotes is n all ( ,m>k's do+1 = we c /ill see 9 _m cases h[ !y h gr[n up ar\nd ! *ur* obs]vances1 to expla9 & ju/ify ! rites1 r ?an to =m "p ( an outl9$ c>e]4 ,b tak+ ! "w z a :ole1 & consid]+ h[ f> beyond t ( any o!r *ur* 0 ! opportunity at ,rome1 :]e ,paul _h transmitt$ ! l(ty conception ( ! ,son ( ,god1 & ,pet] ! concrete tradition ( 8 e>?ly life1 we _c wond] t ,m>k's outl9e s soon became ! /&>d acc\nt ( ,jesus' e>?ly m9i/ry1 & ultimately ! only "o4 ,b little space rema9s 9 :i* to trace ! developm5ts ( gospel /ory 9 o!r fields4 ,s\!rn ,syria & ,egypt soon f\nd x ne$ful1 z we h se51 to adopt ! "w ( ,m>k1 b indep5d5tly & z a framework = ! ,mat?aean ,precepts4 ,x _c h be5 long aft] t ,antio* & ,nor!rn ,syria foll[$ suit4 ,= ,luke1 ?\gh acqua9t$ ) ! "w ( '_m' pr$ecessors gives no sure evid5ce ( acqua9tance ) ,mat!w4 ,:5 we f9d su* uns(t5$ contradictions z ^? display$ betwe5 ^! two ,greek gospels 9 _! op5+ & clos+ *apt]s1 & obs]ve1 moreov]1 t :ile bo? indulge 9 hundr$s ( corrections & improvem5ts ^u ,m>k1 ^! are r>ely co9cid5t & nev] make ! assumption ( int]dep5d5ce necess>y1 x is h>d to resi/ ! conclusion t nei!r evangeli/ 0 directly acqua9t$ ) ! o!r's "w4 ,n[ no o!r gospel comp>es ) ,mat!w 9 ! rapidity & ext5t ( its circulation1 :ile ,luke decl>es himself a dilig5t inquir]4 ,he c\ld n ignore ! claims ( apo/olic au?ority to :i* ?is e>ly & wide acceptance ( ,mat!w 7 ma9ly due4 ,! inf]5ce is reasonable t ,luke's date 0 b little lat] ?an t ( ,mat!w4 ,if ! probability ( 8 employm5t ( ! ,antiquities ( ,josephus c\ld be rais$ to a c]ta9ty ?is w\ld suffice to date ! ,gospel & ,book ( ,acts n e>li] ?an #if4 ,int]nal & ext]nal evid5ce1 z judg$ by mo/ s*ol>s1 conv]ge on a date approximat+ #ajj4 ,! ,nor?-,syrian d]ivation ( ,luke-,acts is less firmly e/abli%$ 9 tradition ?an ! ,roman orig9 ( ,m>k & ! ,s\?-,syrian ( ,mat!w4 ,anci5t tradition c po9t to no?+ weighti] ?an ! /atem5t ( ,eusebius1 drawn we "k n :5ce1 b indep5d5tly made 9 ! argum5ta 7prefix$ descriptions7 ( sev]al ,vulgate manuscripts t ,luke 0 ( ,antio*ian bir?4 ,h[ev]1 int]nal evid5ce supplies corroboration 9 r unusual degree4 ,if ! read+ ( "s texts 9 ,acts xi4 #bh1 ,& z we 7 assembl$1 c\ld be accept$1 ?is alone w\ld be almo/ conclusive corroboration4 ,b dubi\s z x is1 x furni%es support4 ,= if an alt]ation ( ! orig9al1 x is at any rate extremely e>ly 7c4 #aej87 & aim$ to support ! belief 9 "q4#bc ,moreov] ! :ole attitude ( ,luke-,acts 9 respect to apo/olic au?ority1 settlem5t ( ! great "q ( ! t]ms ( fell[%ip betwe5 ,jew & ,g5tile1 & description ( ! f\nd+ ( ! ,paul9e *ur*es1 is su* z to make its orig9 any:]e betwe5 ! ,taurus range & ! ,adriatic mo/ improbable2 :ile if we place x 9 ,rome we %all h an insoluble problem 9 ! relation ( its extreme emphasis on apo/olic au?ority1 & quasi-deification ( ,pet]1 to ! /alw>t indep5d5ce ( ,m>k4 ,conv]sely !re are _m individual traits :i* sugge/ ,antio* z ! place ( orig94 ,next to ,j]usalem1 ! nev]-to-be-=gott5 *ur* ( ! apo/les & eld]s1 ,antio* is ! "m *ur* ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,!re ! "n ,*ri/ian _h its orig94 ,!re ! "w ( conv]t+ ! ,g5tiles 0 begun4 ,! ,greek *ur*es ( ,cyprus & ,asia ,m9or are reg>d$ z dep5d5cies ( ,antio*4 ,ev5 ^? ( ! ,greek p59sula are l9k$ z well z may be to ,antio* & ,j]usalem1 ) suppression ( ! /ory ( ! s*ism4 ,antio*1 n ! ,paul9e ,greek *ur*es1 is ! b5efactress ( ! poor sa9ts 9 ,j]usalem1 & at ! in/ance ( ,antio*1 by appeal to ! apo/les & eld]s1 ! decrees are obta9$ :i* p]man5tly settle ! tr\blesome "q ( ! obligation ( ma9ta9+ c]emonial cleanness :i* /ill re/s ^u ! ,jews :i* are among ! ,g5tiles4 ,z we h se51 ! settlem5t is z f> f t ( ,m>k & ! ,paul9e *ur*es on ! "o side1 z f ! ?or\ghgo+ legalism ( ,j]usalem on ! o!r4 ,z late z ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les ab/95ce f meats :i* ,god creat$ to be receiv$ ) ?anksgiv+ by !m t believe & "k ! tru? is to ! ,paul9e *ur*es a doctr9e ( devils & s$uc+ spirits taught ?r\gh ! hypocrisy ( m5 t speak lies4 ,di/9ctions ( meats belong to ,jewi% sup]/ition1 because e creature ( ,god is good & no?+ is to be reject$1 if x be receiv$ ) ?anksgiv+ 7#a/ ,tim4 iv4 #a-e74 ,m>k1 z we h se51 takes precisely ?is /&po9t4 ,he is equally radical 9 condemn+ di/9ctions ( meats z ess5tially va9 wor%ip1 & a comm&m5t ( m5 7,m>k vii4 #a-bc74 ,9 tru? if we di/+ui% "o ( ,luke's s\rces f ,luke himself we %all f9d exactly ?is doctr9e taught to ,pet] himself by special div9e revelation 9 ,acts x4 #aj-af2 xi4 #c-aj4 ,only1 z we h already se5 7p4 #ei1 note71 ?is is n ! application made by ! ,book ( ,acts1 z x n[ /&s1 ( ! mat]ial4 ,to ',luke' no?+ c\ld be m repugnant ?an ! idea ( an apo/le =sak+ ! religion ( 8 fa!rs1 ( :i* circumcision & ! cu/oms are an ess5tial "p4 ,8 cancellation1 9 ! /ory ( ,pet]'s revelation & ! ,apo/le's subsequ5t def5ce ( x be=e ! *ur* 9 ,j]usalem1 ( "o ( its ess5tial factors1 viz4 ! "r to eat ) ,g5tiles1 reg>dless ( man-made di/9ctions ( meats 7:at ,god ha? cleans$ make n ?\ common7 is q z significant z 8 re/riction ( ev5 ,paul's activity to ,greek-speak+ ,jews1 until ! ,_s has expressly direct$ ! *ur* 9 ,antio*1 imm$iately aft] ! p]secution ( ,agrippa ,i1 to proce$ ) ! propag&a4 ,bo? alt]ations ( ! e>li] =m ( ! /ory are 9 l9e ) a multitude ( m9or indications1 & furni% u1 9 comb9ation ) !m1 ! real keynote ( ! n>rative4 ,9 ,luke-,acts m cle>ly ?an 9 any ( ! gospels ! writ] assumes ! di/9ctive function ( ! hi/orian4 ,he1 too1 w\ld relate1 l ,m>k1 ! orig9 ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 & t f ! v fir/4 ,he ev5 d$uces ! p$igree ( ,jesus f ,adam1 :i* 0 ! son ( ,god4 ,b ! object is f> m to prove ! p$igree ( ! fai? ?an ! p$igree ( ,jesus4 ,*ri/ianity is to be def5d$ aga9/ ! *>ge ( be+ a nova sup]/itio1 a religio illicita4 ,on ! contr>y x is ! "o true & reveal$ religion1 ! p]fect fl[] & consummation ( ,judaism4 ,yet x is n1 l ,judaism1 p>ticul>i/ic & national1 b univ]sal2 = :ile ,god at fir/ made t nation ! special repository ( 8 tru?1 x 0 8 det]m9ate =ekn[l$ge & c\nsel t !y %\ld reject & crucify _! ,messiah1 mak+ x possible to proclaim ?is salvation unto ! ,g5tiles4 ,! "o ?+ ,luke is s anxi\sly conc]n$ to prove t he we>ies ! read] ) con/ant reit]ation ( x1 proclaims x1 argues x1 9 season & out ( season1 ) 8 s\rces1 aga9/ 8 s\rces1 ) ! facts1 aga9/ ! facts1 is t ?is fai? 0 nev]1 nev]1 (f]$ to ! ,g5tiles except by express direction ( ,god & aft] ! ,jews _h demon/rat$ to ! la/ extremity ( /iff-neck$ opposition t !y w\ld h none ( x4 ,*ri/ianity1 !n1 & n ,judaism1 is ! true primitive & reveal$ religion1 ! heir ( all ! div9e promises4 ,footnote #bc3 ,note1 also1 h[ 9 ,acts vi4 #e ! li/ ( deacon-evangeli/s concludes & ,ni*olas a proselyte ( ,antio*4 ,we c see n[ :y ,luke f9ds x impossible to adopt ,m>k's /ory ( a mission>y j\rney ( ,jesus 9 ! coa/s ( ,tyre & ,sidon & w n ev5 m5tion ! "n ( ,caes>ea ,philippi4 ,8 me?od 9 omitt+ ,m>k vi4 #de--viii4 #bf is m radical ?an ,mat!w's1 b 8 motive is simil>4 ,! c5tral !me ( ?is portion ( ,m>k appe>s 9 ! *apt] 7*4 vii47 record+ ,jesus' repudiation ( ! ,jewi% di/9ctions ( clean & unclean z precepts ( m51 & dep>t+ to heal & prea* 9 pho5ecia & ,decapolis4 ,?is is ! !me ( ,luke's second treatise2 &1 z we h se51 8 solution ( ! problem is radically diff]5t4 ,if he _c admit t ev5 ,paul disreg>d$ ! cu/oms or ,pet] prea*$ to ,g5tiles until aft] express & reit]at$ direction ( ! ,_s1 we surely ought n to expect him to admit ! /atem5t t ,jesus repudiat$ ! di/9ctions ( ,mosaism1 decl>$ all meats clean1 & dep>t+ into ! coa/s ( ,tyre & ,sidon fir/ heal$ ! daught] ( a ,g5tile & aft]w>d cont9u$ 8 j\rney ?r\gh ,sidon & ! regions ( ,decapolis1 repeat+ ! symbolic miracles ( op5+ deaf e>s & bl9d eyes1 & fe$+ ) loaves & fi%es4 ,ev5 if ?is suppos$ m9i/ry ( ,jesus among ! ,g5tiles /ood on a mu* /rong] f\ndation ( hi/orical probability ?an is un=tunately ! case 7cf4 ,rom4 xv4 #h71 x c\ld n logically be admitt$ to ! "w ( ,luke )\t an ab&onm5t ( "o ( 8 firme/ convictions & a rewrit+ ( bo? 8 treatises4 ,luke 0 probably n ! fir/ to divide 8 "w into a =m] treatise cov]+ bo? ! say+s & do+s ( ,jesus until ! "t t he 0 tak5 up1 & a second devot$ to ! "w ( ! apo/les aft] !y _h receiv$ ! *>ge to proclaim ! gospel to ! utt]mo/ p>ts ( ! e>?4 ,_m1 z he tells u1 _h already und]tak5 to draw up n>ratives 7diegeses7 ( ?is k9d1 ( :i* ! "o ,luke himself has *iefly employ$1 _h orig9ally1 z we conclud$1 a sequel l 8 own ,book ( ,acts4 ,!re are ev5 features ( ! ,petr9e s\rce ( ,acts :i* p>ticul>ly connect x ) ,roman doctr9e 7e4 g4 ,acts x4 #aj-ae2 cf4 ,rom4 xiv4 #ad & ,m>k vii4 #ah f47 & ev5 ) ! p]son ( ,m>k 7,acts xii4 #ab74 ,its balance betwe5 ,pet] & ,paul & its close ) ! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity at ,rome1 are also sugge/ive t ! great] "p ( ,luke's second treatise came ultimately f ! same s\rce z 8 fir/4 ,b ! division ( ! "w into two p>ts3 7#a7 ! gospel among ! ,jews2 7#b7 ! gospel among ! ,g5tiles1 w\ld h foll[$1 indep5d5tly ( any su* prec$5t1 f ! :ole purpose & /ructure ( ! "w4 ,*ri/ianity is to be prov$ 9 ! light ( its orig91 & 9 spite ( ! ho/ility ( ! ,jews among :om x arose1 & ^: sacr$ writ+s x adopts1 to be ! orig9al1 true1 reveal$ religion4 ,to prove ?is x mu/ be %[n t ! rejection & crucifixion ( ,jesus by 8 own p z a result ( 8 e>?ly m9i/ry 0 due n to 8 own failure to meet ! ideal ( ! ,scriptures 9 "q1 b to _! p]v]sity & wilful bl9dness4 ,if x is important to prove 9 ! =m] treatise t ! opposition ( ! controll+ au?orities among ! ,jews 0 due to ?is p]v]sity & jeal\sy1 x is at lea/ equally s to %[ t ! l[ly & dev\t receiv$ him gladly4 ,h5ce ! peculi> hospitality ( ,luke t[>d mat]ial %[+ ,jesus' acceptance ( & by ! humbl] & ! outca/ classes1 ! poor & l[ly1 wom51 ,sam>itans1 publicans & s9n]s4 ,! idyllic sc5es ( 8 bir? & *ildhood are ca/ among m5 & wom5 ( ?is type ( ,old ,te/am5t piety1 quietly wait+ = ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,dur+ 8 c>e] x is ^! :o receive & hang ^u him4 ,ev5 on ,calv>y "o ( ! ?ieves mu/ jo9 ) ?is ?rong ( dev\t & p5it5t believ]s4 ,jesus' prea*+ beg9s ) 8 rejection by 8 own fell[-t[nsm5 only because no prophet is accept$ 9 8 own c\ntry2 ?\gh be=e _! attempt to slay him he proves f ,scripture h[ ,elijah & ,eli%a _h be5 s5t unto ! ,g5tiles4 ,8 m9i/ry ends ) 8 demon/ration to ! disciples aft] 8 resurrection f ,moses & all ! prophets h[ t x 0 ne$ful t ! ,*ri/ %\ld suff] be=e ent]+ 8 glory1 & t aft] 8 rejection by ,israel rep5tance & remission ( s9s %\ld be prea*$ 9 8 "n among all nations1 beg9n+ at ,j]usalem4 ,! second treatise %[s h[ ?is purpose ( ,god to secure ! dissem9ation ( ! true fai? by ! disob$i5ce & h>d5+ ( its fir/ cu/odians 0 accompli%$1 *ief /ress be+ always laid ^u ! fact t x 0 only :5 ! ,jews contradict$ & blasphem$ t ! apo/les said1 ,x 0 necess>y t ! ^w ( ,god %\ld fir/ be spok5 to y1 b see+ ye put x f y1 & judge y\rselves unwor?y ( et]nal life1 lo1 we turn to ! ,g5tiles4 ,!re is no int]e/ tak5 9 ! subsequ5t =tunes ( ,j]usalem & ,jewi% ,*ri/ianity1 nor ev5 9 ! fate ( ,pet] & ,james1 aft] ?is transition has be5 effect$ to ,g5tile soil4 ,!re is no int]e/ tak5 9 ! spread ( ,*ri/ianity z su*1 9 ,egypt1 ,e?iopia1 ,cyr5aica1 ,cyprus1 ,mesopotamia2 b only :]e ! conflict rages ov] ! respective claim ( ,jew & ,g5tile to be ! true heir ( ! promises1 i4 e4 ! mission-field ( ,paul4 ,at ! individual c5tres ! /ory goes j f> en\gh to relate h[ ! gospel 0 (f]$ to ! ,jews & reject$1 compell+ )drawal f ! synagogue1 & !reaft] x is told ov] aga9 ) slight v>iations at ! next c5tre4 ,! book concludes ) a repetition ( ! /]eotyp$ sc5e at ,rome itself1 9 spite ( ! repres5tation ( ! v s\rce employ$1 t an important *ur* _h long exi/$ !re be=e ,paul's com+1 end+ ) a quotation ( ! classic passage f ,isa4 vi4 #i f4 to prove ,god's orig9al purpose to h>d5 ! he>t ( ,israel1 s t 8 salvation might be s5t unto ! ,g5tiles4 ,! v fate ( ,paul himself has s little int]e/ = ,luke 9 comp>ison ) ?is demon/ration ( ,*ri/ianity z ! "o orig9al1 reveal$ religion1 enclos$ 9 ,judaism z se$s are conf9$ 9 ! h>d5+ se$-pod until dissem9at$ by its bur/+1 t he leaves x unm5tion$1 l t ( all o!r lead]s ( ! *ur* ^: dea? 0 n directly contributory to ! process4 ,_m1 & vitally important to ! developm5t ( ,gospel ,/ory z we "k x1 z 7 ! s\rces ( ,luke1 bo? by 8 own /atem5t 7,luke i4 #a7 & ! int]nal evid5ces ( 8 "w1 he has made analysis extremely difficult by ! skilful & elaborate /yli/ic embroid]y ) :i* he has ov]laid ! gaps & seams4 ,nor is ?is a prop] occasion = ent]+ ! field ( ! high] critic4 ,luke-,acts repres5ts ! complet$ developm5t1 n ! naive beg9n+s ( ?is type ( ! ,lit]ature ( ! ,*ur* ,tea*]4 ,we h se5 reason to ?9k we may h traces ( ! e>li] n>ratives 7diegeses7 to :i* ,luke ref]s1 n only 9 ! great ,roman "w ( ,m>k1 b 9 a "p ( ! ,q mat]ial itself4 ,if ,antio* 7 ! place ( orig9 ( ?is e>ly s\rce1 if "h too 7 f\nd ^? ar*ives ( mission>y activity :5ce came ! fam\s ,di>y employ$ 9 ,acts xvi4-xxviii41 ! contribution ( ?is *ur* to ,gospel ,/ory 0 su* z to make ,antio* ! appropriate c5tre = ! great hi/orical s*ool ( int]pretation ( ! f\r? & fif? c5turies4 ,:5 we consid] ! dom9ant motive ( ,luke & 8 extraord9>y exaltation ( 'apo/olic' au?ority we seem to be brea?+ ! v atmosph]e ( ,ignatius ! great apo/le ( ecclesia/icism & apo/olic ord]1 discipl9e & succession4 ,ignatius' hatr$ ( ,doketism1 too1 is n )\t a c]ta9 anticipation 9 ! op5+ & clos+ *apt]s ( ,luke's ,gospel1 & p]haps 9 ! fact t ! great exsection f ,m>k beg9s ) ! /ory ( ! ,walk+ on ! ,sea 7,m>k vi4 #de-eb74 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,johann9e ,,tradition4 ,,prophecy ,9 ,paul's enum]ation ( ! gifts by :i* ! ,_s qualifies v>i\s classes ( m5 to build 9 v>i\s ways ^u ! /ructure ( ! *ur*1 ! class ( prophets takes ! place next aft] t ( apo/les1 a rank ev5 sup]ior 7z m manife/ly 'spiritual'7 to t ( pa/ors & tea*]s4 ,! ,book ( ,acts %[s u z its mo/ conspicu\s c5tre ( prophecy ! h\se ( ,philip ! ,evangeli/ at ,caes>ea4 ,?is man _h f\r unm>ri$ daught]s :o prophesi$1 & 9 8 h\se ,paul receiv$ a 'prophetic' w>n+ ( 8 fate f a c]ta9 ,agabus :o _h come d[n f ,judaea4 ,!re 7 also prophets 9 ,antio* 7,acts xiii4 #a71 ?\gh ! only ones m5tion$ by "n are ?is same ,agabus#bd & ,silas1 or ,silvanus1 :o is also f ,judaea4 ,9 ! ,tea*+ ( ! ,twelve ! 'prophet' /ill appe>s among ! regul> function>ies ( ! *ur*1 = ! mo/ "p a travell] f place to place1 & op5 to m or less suspicion1 z is ! case at ,rome1 :]e ,h]mas comb9es rev]5ce = ! angel t speaks ?r\gh ! true prophet1 ) w>n+s aga9/ ! self-seek]4 ,9 #a/ ,john ! false prophets are a s]i\s dang]1 propagat+ ,doketic h]esy :]ev] !y g4 ,9 fact1 ?is h]esy 01 z we "k1 ! great p]il 9 ,asia4 ,h[ev]1 ,asia1 if plagu$ by w&]+ false prophets1 _h also become by ?is "t a notable seat ( true & au!ntic prophecy2 = ! same ,papias :o %[s su* sympa?y ) ,polyc>p aga9/ ^? :o 7 p]v]t+ ! ,say+s ( ! ,"l to _! own lu/s1 & _h turn$1 z ,polyc>p advis$1 to ! tradition h&$ d[n f ! beg9n+1 _h simil> means = c\nt]act+ ^? :o d5i$ ! resurrection & judgm5t4 ,among ^? ^u :om he pr9cipally reli$ z expon5ts ( ! apo/olic doctr9e 7 two ( ^? same prophesy+ daught]s ( ,philip ! ,evangeli/1 :o ) _! fa!r _h migrat$ f ,caes>ea ,pale/9a to ,hi]apolis1 leav+1 h[ev]1 "o1 :o _h m>ri$1 a resid5t till h] dea? at ,ephesus4 ,z late z ! "t ( ,montanus 7#aej-agj71 ! ,phrygians trac$ _! succession ( prophets & prophetesses back to ,silvanus & ! daught]s ( ,philip4 ,footnote #bd3 ,! m5tion ( ,agabus1 h[ev]1 9 xi4 #bg f4 is h>dly consi/5t ) xiii4 #a & xxi4 #aj-ad4 ,x seems to be due to ! editorial reca/+ ( xi4 #bb-cj4 ,we _c be sure t ! traditions ,papias report$ f ^! prophetesses 7 d]iv$ at fir/ h&1 ?\gh x is n impossible t ,papias himself may h se5 !m4 ,h[ev] x is c]ta9 t _m ( 8 traditions ( '! ,eld]s' _h to d ) es*atology1 & aim$ to prove ! mat]ial & concrete "* ( ! rew>ds ( ! k+dom2 = we h sev]al examples ( ^! traditions1 attribut+ to ,jesus apocryphal descriptions ( ! m>vell\s f]tility ( ,pale/9e 9 ! com+ reign ( ,messiah1 & p>ticul>iz+ ab\t ! abodes ( ! bless$4 ,moreov] ,eusebius blames ,papias = ! crude ideas ( ,ir5aeus & o!r second c5tury fa!rs :o held ! views call$ *ilia/ic 7i4 e4 bas$ on ! ?\s& ye> reign ( ,*ri/ 9 ,rev4 xx4 #b f474 ,we also "k t ,papias def5d$ ! tru/wor?9ess ( ,revelation1 a book :i* s]v$ z ! great au?ority ( ! *ilia/s = ! next fifty ye>s 9 _! fight aga9/ ! d5i]s ( ! resurrection4 ,he quot$ f x1 9 fact1 ! passage above ref]r$ to2 s t if reason mu/ be s\ght = 8 plac+ ,john & ,mat!w toge!r at ! end ( 8 li/ ( sev5 apo/les in/ead ( 9 _! usual place1 x is probably because !y 7 8 ultimate apo/olic au?orities = ! ^w ( prophecy & = ! comm&m5t ( ! ,"l respectively4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ,papias' contempor>y at ,rome1 ?\gh conv]t$ 9 ,ephesus1 & unque/ionably det]m9$ 9 8 m\ld ( ?\ght by ,asiatic ,paul9ism1 has1 l ,papias1 b two au?orities = 8 gospel tea*+3 7#a7 ! comm&m5t ( ! ,"l repres5t$ 9 ! ,petr9e & ,mat?aean tradition2 7#b7 prophecy1 repres5t$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian cont9uation ( ! ,old ,te/am5t gift4 ,?is second au?ority1 h[ev]1 is n appeal$ to )\t ! support ( apo/olicity4 ,revelation is quot$ z among our writ+s1 l ! memorabilia ( ! apo/les call$ ,gospels1 b n )\t ! additional assurance t ! se] 0 ,john1 "o ( ! apo/les ( ,*ri/4 ,= 'prophecy1' h[ev] acclimat$ else:]e1 0 9 its orig9 di/9ctively a ,pale/9ian product4 ,its /ock 9 trade 0 ,jewi% es*atology z develop$ 9 ! long succession ( writ]s ( 'apocalypse' s9ce ,daniel 7#afe ,b4,c474 ,( ! nature ( ?is curi\s & fanta/ic type ( lit]ature we h se5 "s examples 9 #bnd ,!ssalonians & ! ,synoptic es*atology 7,m>k xiii4,matt4 xxiv4,luke xxi474 ,m c be le>nt by comp>+ ! contempor>y ,jewi% writ+s ( ?is type kn[n z #bnd ,esdras & ! ,apocalypse ( ,b>u*4 ,old] examples are f\nd 9 ! prophecies & visions purport+ to come f ,eno*4 ,= apocalypse became ! successor ( true prophecy 9 proportion z ! loss ( ,israel's sep>ate national exi/5ce & ! enl>gem5t ( its horizon compell$ x to make its messianic hopes transc5d5tal1 & its notion ( ! ,k+dom cosmic4 ,h5ce comes all ! phantasmagoria ( allegorical mon/]s1 spirits & demons1 ! great conflict no long] aga9/ ,assyria & ,babylon1 b a w> ( ! p[]s ( light & d>kness1 heav5 & hell4 ,yet all c5tres /ill ^u ,j]usalem z ! ultimate metropolis ( ! _w1 ^: empires1 n[ giv5 ov] to ! lead]%ip ( ,satan1 w soon lie pro/rate b5ea? h] feet4 ,"s su* es*atology ( div9e judgm5t & rew>d is an almo/ necess>y complem5t to ! legali/ic type ( religion4 ,if ,*ri/ianity be conceiv$ z a sy/em ( comm&m5ts impos$ by sup]natural au?ority x mu/ h z a motive = ob$i5ce a sy/em ( sup]natural rew>ds & puni%m5ts4 ,n m]ely1 !n1 because = c5turies ! legalism ( ! scribes _h actually _h its correspond+ developm5t ( apocalypse1 ) visions ( ! great judgm5t & ,day ( ,yahweh1 b because ( an inh]5t & necess>y aff9ity betwe5 ! two1 ,judaea cont9u$ to be ! home ( 'prophecy' 9 ,new ,te/am5t times also4 ,h[ev]1 ! "o great example ( ?is type ( lit]ature t has be5 7some:at reluctantly7 p]mitt$ to reta9 a place 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t canon appe>s at fir/ blu% to be cle>ly & di/9ctively a product ( ,ephesus4 ,( no book has e>ly tradition s cle> & def9ite a pron\ncem5t to make z ( ,revelation4 ,s9ce ! "t ( ,paul ! ,jewi% ideas ( resurrection provok$ opposition 9 ! ,greek m9d4 ,! ,greek readily accept$ immortality1 b ! crudity ( ,jewi% mill5>ianism1 ) its return ( ! dead f ! grave = a visible1 concrete rule ( ,messiah 9 ,pale/9e repell$ him4 ,! repres5tation ( ,acts xvii4 #cb is fully borne out by ! con/ant ef=t ( ,paul 9 8 ,greek epi/les to remove ! /umbl+-blocks ( ?is doctr9e4 ,x is no surprise1 !n1 to f9d ! 'prophecy' ( ,revelation1 & m p>ticul>ly its doctr9e ( ! ?\s&-ye> reign ( ,messiah 9 ,j]usalem1 a subject ( dispute at lea/ s9ce ,melito ( ,s>dis 7#afg71 & probably s9ce ,papias 7#ade74 ,=tunately controv]sy br\ght out ) unusual def9it5ess1 & f ! e>lie/ times1 positive /atem5ts reg>d+ ! orig9 ( ! book4 ,ir5aeus 7#ahf7 decl>$ x a "w ( ! ,apo/le ,john giv5 him 9 vision 9 ! end ( ! reign ( ,domitian4 ,! same date 7#ic71 may be d$uc$ f /atem5ts ( ,epiphanius reg>d+ ! hi/ory ( ! *ur* 9 ,?yatira4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr 7#aec71 z we h se51 v\*es = ! crucial passage 7,rev4 xx4 #b f47 z f "o ( ourselves1 ,john1 an apo/le ( ! ,"l4 ,papias 7#ade7 v\*$ = its or?odoxy at lea/1 if n its au!nticity4 ,!re c be no reasonable d\bt t x came to be accept$ 9 ,asia e>ly 9 ! second c5tury1 9 spite ( opposition1 z repres5t+ ! au?ority ( ! ,apo/le ,john1 & z hav+ appe>$ !re c4 #ie4 ,9 fact1 !re is no book ( ! entire ,new ,te/am5t ^: ext]nal atte/ation c comp>e ) t ( ,revelation1 9 ne>ness1 cle>ness1 def9it5ess1 & positiv5ess ( /atem5t4 ,john is z di/9ctively ! fa!r ( 'prophecy' 9 second c5tury tradition z ,mat!w ( ',dom9ical ,precepts' & ,pet] ( ',n>ratives4' ,moreov] ! book itself purports to be writt5 f ,patmos1 an isl& (f ! coa/ ( ,asia4 ,x speaks 9 ! "n ( ,john z ( "s v high & exceptional au?ority1 well kn[n to all ! sev5 important *ur*es address$1 ! fir/ ( :i* is ,ephesus4 ,by its ref]5ces to local names & conditions x ev5 proves1 9 ! judgm5t ( all ! mo/ em95t mod]n s*ol>s1 t x really did see ! light = ! fir/ "t 7at lea/ = ! fir/ "t 9 its pres5t =m7 9 ,ephesus n f> f ,a4,d4 #ie4 ,"o w\ld ?9k ! case = apo/olic au!nticity c\ld h>dly be /rong]4 ,& yet no book ( ! ,new ,te/am5t has _h su* difficulty z ?is1 :e!r 9 anci5t or mod]n times1 to ma9ta9 its place 9 ! canon4 ,x mu/ also be said t no book gives /rong] int]nal evid5ce ( hav+ pass$ ?r\gh at lea/ two highly div]se /ages 9 process ( developm5t to its pres5t =m4 ,! !ory ( ano!r ,john is inde$ comp>atively mod]n4 ,nobody dramm$ ( su* a solution until ,dionysius ( ,alex&ria hesitat+ly advanc$ ! conjecture 9 8 controv]sy ) ,nepos ! ,*ilia/4 ,ev5 !n 7c4 #bej7 ,dionysius 7?\gh he mu/ h kn[n ! little "w ( ,papias7 c\ld ?9k ( no o!r ,john at ,ephesus ?an ! ,apo/le1 unless x 7 p]haps ,john ,m>k6 ,x is ,eusebius :o joyfully helps him out ) ! discov]y 9 ,papias ( ,john ! ,eld]4 ,b ,eusebius himself is c&id en\gh to admit t ,papias only quot$ traditions ( ,john & m5tion$ him frequ5tly 9 8 writ+s4 ,:5 we read ,papias' own words1 ?\gh !y are cit$ by ,eusebius = ! express purpose ( prov+ ! debatable po9t1 x is obvi\s t !y prove no?+ ( ! k9d1 b r imply ! contr>y1 viz4 t ,john ! ,eld]1 ?\gh a contempor>y ( ,papias1 0 n accessible1 b kn[n to him only at second h&1 by report ( travell]s :o came 8 way4 ,9 %ort1 z we h se51 ,ari/ion & ,john ! ,eld] 7 ! surviv+ memb]s ( a gr\p ( 'apo/les1 eld]s & witnesses ( ! ,"l' 9 ,j]usalem4 ,if1 !n1 "o *ose to attribute ! 'prophecies' ( ,rev4 iv4-xxi4 to ?is ,eld] !re c\ld be no s]i\s objections on ! score ( doctr9e1 = ! traditions ( ,john report$ by ,papias 7 n lack+ 9 mill5>ian col\r4 ,only1 x is n ! 'prophecies' ( ,rev4 iv4-xxi4 :i* conta9 ! ref]5ces to ,john1 b ! enclos+ prologue & epilogue2 & ^! conc]n !mselves ) ! *ur*es ( ,asia z exclusively z ! 'prophecies' ) ! qu>rel ( ,j]usalem ) ,rome4 ,! second c5tury is1 z we h se51 unanim\s 9 exclud+ f consid]ation any o!r ,john 9 ,asia save ! ,apo/le1 & if ! writ] ( ,rev4 i4 & xxii4 produc$ ?is impression 9 all contempor>y m9ds )\t exception1 includ+ ev5 su* z oppos$ ! book & its doctr9e1 x is sup]latively probable t su* 0 8 int5tion4 ,! d5i]s ( ! resurrection & judgm5t did n po9t out to ,polyc>p1 ,papias1 ,ju/91 ,melito & ,caius1 t !y 7 confus+ two ,johns1 attribut+ ! "w ( a m]e ,eld] to ! ,apo/le4 ,!y plumply decl>$ ! attribution to ,john fictiti\s2 & s9ce ! int]nal evid5ce f ! condition ( ! *ur*es & gr[? ( h]esy 9 *h4 i4-iii4 & ! imp]ial succession d[n to ,domitian 9 *h4 xiii4 & xvii4 /rongly corroborate ! date assign$ 9 antiquity 7c4 #ic71 we h no alt]native1 if we admit t ! ,apo/le ,john _h long be=e be5 kill$ by ! ,jews1#be b to suppose t ?is book1 l ne>ly all ! books ( 'prophecy1' is1 inde$1 pseudonym\s4 ,x does n foll[ t he :o assumes ! "n ( ,john 9 prologue & epilogue 7i4 #a f41 #d1 #i2 xxii4 #h7 to tell ! read] def9itely :o ! prophet is1 0 guilty ( int5tional misrepres5tation4 ,if any?+ c be made cle> by criticism x is cle> t ! prophecies 7 n 8 own4 ,!y 7 tak5 f "s nameless s\rce4 ,! pseudonymity consi/s simply 9 clo?+ a conjecture ) ! appe>ance ( indubitable fact4 ,footnote #be3 ,see above1 p4 #ajd4 ,b :y %\ld a writ] :o wi%$ to clo! ) apo/olic au?ority ! 'prophecies' he 0 promulgat+1 n assume boldly ! title ( apo/le1 z ! au?or ( #bnd ,pet] has done 9 adapt+ simil>ly ! ,epi/le ( ,jude8 ,:y1 if he assumes ! "n ( ! m>tyr$ ,apo/le ,john at all1 does he refra9 f say+1 ,i ,john1 an apo/le1 or disciple ( ! ,"l1 & cont5t himself ) ! humbl] designation & au?ority ( 'prophet'8 ,?is "q br+s u face to face ) ! mo/ rem>kable /ructural ph5om5a ( ! book1 & _c be und]/&+ly answ]$ until we h consid]$ !m4 ,! out/&+ *>act]i/ic ( ,revelation is its adaptation ( lit]>y mat]ial deal+ )1 & applicable to1 "o hi/orical & geographical situation1 to ano!r situation almo/ completely diff]5t4 ,! op5+ *apt]s1 devot$ to ,john's vision on ,patmos & ! conditions & dang]s ( ! sev5 ,*ur*es ( ,asia1 employ inde$ "s ( ! expressions ( ! sub/ance ( ! book4 ,! promises ( ! ,_s to ! *ur*es recall ! glories ( ! ,new ,j]usalem ( ! conclud+ vision ( ! se]4 ,!re is "s ref]5ce to local p]secution at ,smyrna incit$ by ! ,jews 7a synagogue ( ,satan7 & :i* is to la/ t5 days1 & !re is an isolat$ ref]5ce to a m>tyrdom ( days long gone by 9 ! message to ! *ur* 9 ,p]gamum 7ii4 #ac7 recall+ remotely ! blood & suff]+ ( :i* ! body ( ! "w is full4 ,?is we %\ld ( c\rse expect f an adapt] ( exi/+ 'prophecies4' ,b ! conv]se1 i4 e4 consid]ation = ! hi/orical conditions ( ,ephesus & its si/] *ur*es1 on ! "p ( ! body ( ! "w1 is absolutely want+4 ,on ! "o side is ! situation ( ! ,paul9e *ur*es on ! ea/ coa/ ( ! ,a,egean 9 ,a4,d4 #ic-ie4 ,! prologue & epilogue 7,rev4 i4-iii4 & xxii4 #f-ba7 are conc]n$ ) ^! *ur*es ( ,asia1 & _! developm5t 9 ! fai?1 p>ticul>ly _! gr[? 9 good works1 purity f defilem5ts ( ! _w1 & resi/ance to ! inroads ( h]etical tea*+4 ,! message ( ! ,_s1 convey$ ?r\gh ,john1 is meant to enc\rage ! memb]s ( ^! *ur*es to pure liv+ 9 ! face ( temptations to worldl9ess & impurity4 ,! epi/les to ! *ur*es1 9 a ^w1 belong 9 ! same class ) ! ,pa/orals1 ,jude1 & #bnd ,pet]1 z reg>ds _! object & ! situation confront$2 ?\gh !y are writt5 to enclose apocalyptic visions :i* deal ) a totally diff]5t situation4 ,! visions1 on ! contr>y1 take n ! smalle/ notice ( 7proconsul>7 ,asia & its problems4 ,_! sc5e is ,pale/9e1 _! subject ! outcome ( ,j]usalem's agoniz+ /ruggle aga9/ ,rome4 ,f ! mom5t ! ?re%old ( iv4 #a is cross$ !re is no consci\sness ( ! exi/5ce ( su* places z ,ephesus1 ,smyrna & ,?yatira4 ,! sc5es are ,pale/9ian4 ,! great battle-field is ,h>-,mag$on 7i4 e4 city ( ,megiddo1 on ! pla9 ( ,esdraelon1 ! sc5e ( ,josiah's ov]?r[1 #bnd ,k+s xxiii4 #bi f474 ,! city1 ! great city1 ! holy city is ,j]usalem2 ?\gh spiritually 79 allegory7 x is call$ ,sodom & ,egypt 7i4 e4 a place f :i* ! sa9ts escape to avoid its doom74 ,:5 ! sa9ts flee f ! oppression ( ! dragon x is to ! wild]ness4 ,:5 ! invad+ hordes ru% 9 x is f beyond ! ,euphrates4 ,:5 ! r$eem$ appe> 9 company ) ! ,*ri/ x is on ,m\nt ,zion2 !y con/itute an army ( #add1jjj1 twelve ?\s& f ea* ( ! twelve tribes4 ,two antagoni/ic p[]s are oppos$4 ,on ! "o side is ,j]usalem & its temple1 n[ giv5 ov] to ! ,g5tiles to be trodd5 "u foot =ty & two mon?s1 on ! o!r is ,rome1 no long]1 z ) ,paul1 a b5efic5t & protect+ p[]1 b ! city ( ! bea/1 ,babylon ! great h>lot1 at ^: imp5d+ judgm5t ! ,g5tiles w m\rn1 b all ! s]vants ( ,god rejoice4 ,j]usalem rebuilt1 glorifi$1 ! metropolis ( ! _w1 seat & resid5ce ( ,god & 8 ,*ri/1 w take ! place ( ,rome1 ! seat ( ! bea/ & ! false prophet4 ,! gates ( ?is ,new ,j]usalem w /& op5 to receive tribute f all ! ,g5tile nations1 & w h on !m ! names ( ! twelve tribes ( ,israel4 ,! f\ndations ( ! city wall w h on !m ! names ( ! twelve apo/les ( ! ,lamb4 ,all ?is is cumulative pro( t ! horizon ( ! se] ( ,rev4 iv4-xx4 is t ( ,pale/9e4 ,its expansion 9 ! introductory ,lett]s ( ! ,_s to ! ,*ur*es to include ! sev5 *ur*es ( 7proconsul>7 ,asia1 is z limit$ 9 its way z ! orig9al4 ,! lat] writ] m]ely adds ! special prov9ce :]e he wi%es ! 'prophecy' to circulate1 ) its special int]e/s2 !re is no real int]relation ( ! two p>ts4 ,x is a problem ( great complexity to dis5tangle ! v>i\s /r&s ( ?is /range & fanta/ic "w1 c]ta9 z x is t we h "h a conglom]ate ^: mat]ials come f v>i\s p]iods4 ,"s elem5ts1 su* z *4 xi4 on ! fate ( ,j]usalem1 seem to date 9 "p f be=e #gj2 o!rs1 su* z *4 xviii4 on ! fate ( ,rome1 %[ t :ile orig9ally compos$ = ! circum/ances ( ! reign ( ,vespasian or ,titus1 ! "t has be5 ext5d$ to take 9 at lea/ ! beg9n+ ( t ( ,domitian4#bf ,! au?or re/s ma9ly ^u ! ,hebrew apocalyptic prophets1 su* z ,ezekiel1 ,daniel & ,eno*1 b he has n be5 altoge!r inhospitable to su* orig9ally ,g5tile my?ology z ! doctr9e ( ! sev5 spirits ( ,god1 & ! conflict ( ,mi*ael & 8 angels ) ! dragon4 ,he intimates himself t 8 prophesy+ _h n be5 conf9$ to "o p]iod or "o p 7x4 #aa74 ,:5 he translates ! ,hebrew "n ( ! angel ( ! abyss1 ,abaddon1 into its ,greek equival5t 7ix4 #aa71 or uses ,hebrew num]ical equival5ts = ! lett]s ( ! "n ( a man 7xiii4 #ah71 x is n difficult to guess t ?is prophecy _h at lea/ its orig9 9 ,pale/9e4 ,9 fact1 !re is no o!r c\ntry :]e ! geographical ref]5ces hold true1 & no o!r p]iod save t %ortly aft] ! ov]?r[ ( ,j]usalem by ,titus1 t af=ds ! hi/orical situation "h presuppos$1 :5 wor%ipp+ ! bea/ & 8 image is dem&$ ( ! sa9ts by ! e>?ly rul] 7,domitian71 & ! ov]?r[ ( ! sev5-hill$ city by "o ( its own rul]s 9 league ) less] p[]s is look$ =w>d to z ab\t to av5ge ! suff]+s inflict$ on ! ,jews4 ,z reg>ds ?is hope ( ! ov]?r[ ( ,rome1 we "k t ! leg5d ( ,n]o's prospective return at ! head ( ho/s ( ,p>?ian enemies to recapture 8 empire ga9$ curr5cy 9 ,asia ,m9or 9 ,domitian's reign1 & ?is leg5d is c]ta9ly develop$ 9 ,rev4 xiii4 & xvii4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! au?or1 if he ev] came to ,asia1 did n cease to be a ,pale/9ian ,jew4 ,he op]ates exclusively 7aft] iv4 #a7 ) ! mat]ials & int]e/s ( ,jewi% & ,jewi%-,*ri/ian apocalypse4 ,he has no int]e/ :atev] 9 ! *ur*es ( ,asia4 ,he does n betray by "o syllable a k ev5 ( _! exi/5ce1 to say no?+ ( _! dang]s1 _! h]esies1 _! temptations4 ,he does make x abundantly cle> t he is a ,*ri/ian prophet 7x4 #g-aa71 & 7to u7 almo/ equally cle> t he is n "o ( ! twelve apo/les ^: names he sees writt5 on ! f\ndation-/ones ( ! ,new ,j]usalem 7xxi4 #ad74 ,b s9ce 8 prophecy1 ) all its het]og5e\s elem5ts _h to d ) ! f9al triumph ( ,messiah1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( ,8 k+dom1 aft] ! ov]?r[ ( ! p[] ( ,satan--s9ce x depict$ ! "t ( ! dead to be judg$1 & ! "t to give _! rew>d to ?y s]vants ! prophets1 & to ! sa9ts & to !m t fe> ?y "n1 x c\ld n fail to be welcom$ by or?odox ,*ri/ians 9 7proconsul>7 ,asia4 ,= ! *ur*es ( ,asia 7 engag$ at ?is "t 9 a vigor\s /ruggle aga9/ ! h]etical d5i]s ( ! resurrection & judgm5t4 ,only1 a m]e anonym\s prophecy f ,pale/9e c\ld n obta9 any au?oritative curr5cy 9 ,asia4 ,to be accept$1 ev5 among ! or?odox1 "s "n ( apo/olic weight mu/ be atta*$ to x1 z we see 9 ! case ( ! two ,epi/les ( ,pet] & ^? ( ,james & ,jude4 ,! ,epi/les ( ! ,_s to ! *ur*es are1 !n1 z truly lett]s ( comm5dation z ?\gh !y introduc$ a liv+ prophet & n m]ely a writt5 prophecy4 ,! ,john :om !y pres5t is n call$ an apo/le = ! v simple reason t ! visions !mselves ev]y:]e ref] to _! recipi5t z a 'prophet4' ,! au?or ( ! prologue & epilogue does n disreg>d ! language ( 8 mat]ial4 ,z we h se51 he c>efully weaves its phraseology into ! 'lett]s4' ,s ) 8 ins]tion ( ! "n ,john4 ,x occurs n[h]e b 9 i4 #a f41 #d1 #i & xxii4 #h f4 ,all ^! passages1 b especially xxii4 #h f41 are bas$ ^u xix4 #i;b1 #aj1 add+ no?+ to ! repres5tation b ! "n ,john & ! location ,patmos4 ,9 fact1 xxii4 #f-i reproduces xix4 #i f41 = ! mo/ "p v]batim1 al?\gh x is cle>ly insupposable t ! se] ( ! =m] passage %\ld repres5t himself z (f]+ a second "t to wor%ip ! angel1 & z receiv+ aga9 exactly ! same rebuke he _h receiv$ s %ortly be=e4 ,he :o calls himself ,john 9 xxii4 #h is1 !re=e1 n ! prophet ( xix4 #aj4 ,! epilogue itself has app>5tly receiv$ successive supplem5ts1 & ! prologue its prefix2 b he :o ins]ts ! "n ,john has done s ) caution4 ,he may n h int5d$ to leave op5 ! ambiguity f\nd by ,dionysius & ,eusebius betwe5 ! ,apo/le & ! ,eld]1 z a refuge 9 case ( accusation1 b he has at lea/ be5 c>eful n to transgress ! limits ( ! text he reproduces4 ,! se] spoke ( himself z a prophet writ+ f ! mid/ ( great tribulation1 ab\t ! k+dom to foll[ to ^? t endur$4 ,he _h said t he receiv$ true words ( ,god f an angel :o decl>$ ,i am a fell[ s]vant ) !e & ) ?y bre?r5 t hold ! te/imony ( ,jesus 7i4 e4 ! confession ( m>tyrdom74 ,! prologue1 accord+ly1 describes ,john z a s]vant ( ,jesus1 :o receiv$ f an angel ! ^w ( ,god & ! te/imony ( ,jesus 7i4 #a f474 ,he is a bro!r & p>tak] 9 ! tribulation & k+dom & endurance :i* are 9 ,jesus4 ,:5 he comes to ,asia x is = ! ^w ( ,god & ! te/imony ( ,jesus4 ,! spot :5ce he issues 8 prophetic message is n locat$ 9 ,ephesus1 or 9 any city :]e ! resid5ts c\ld say1 ,b ! ,apo/le ,john 0 nev] among u4 ,he resides tempor>ily 7z a prison] 9 ! qu>ries87 9 ! unfrequ5t$ isl& ( ,patmos4 ,!nce he c\ld be suppos$ to see 9 ! ,_s ! condition ( affairs 9 ! *ur*es ( ,asia )\t inconv5i5t que/ions z to :51 & h[1 & :y4 ,footnote #bf3 ,note ! addition ( an eigh? emp]or 9 v]4 #aa4 ,we may ?9k1 !n1 ( ?is book ( 'prophecy' z br\ght =? 9 ! vic9ity ( ,ephesus ne> ! end ( ! reign ( ,domitian 7#ie74 ,b only ! enclos+ lett]s to ! *ur*es1 & ! epilogue gu>antee+ ! cont5ts1 orig9ate "h at ?is "t4 ,! 'prophecies1' occupi$ z !y are exclusively ) ! rivalry ( ,j]usalem & ,rome1 & ! judgm5t to be execut$ = ! =m] ^u h] ru?less adv]s>y1 be> unmi/akable m>ks ( _! ,pale/9ian orig91 n only 9 ! hi/orical & geographic situations presuppos$1 b 9 ! defiant ,hebraisms ( ! language1 & ! av[$ translations f ! ,hebrew4 ,!y are an importation f ,pale/9e l ! s\nd words1 ev5 ! words ( ! ,"l ,jesus ref]r$ to 9 ! ,pa/orals4 ,! *ur*es ( ,asia are feel+ ! ne$ ( apo/olic au?ority aga9/ ! d5i]s ( ! resurrection & ! judgm5t1 z mu* z aga9/ ! p]v]t]s ( ! ,"l's words4 ,su* c5tres z ! homes ( ! prophesy+ daught]s ( ,philip at ,ephesus & ,hi]apolis 7 ev5 m abundantly compet5t to supply ?is dem& ?an ! o!r4 ,agabus w n h be5 ! only ,judaean prophet :o visit$ !m1 especially aft] ! great tribulation :i* befell ^? 9 ,judaea4 ,!re is no?+ =eign to ! habit ( ! times1 ev5 9 ,*ri/ian circles1 if nameless 'prophecies' f su* a s\rce are translat$1 edit$1 & giv5 out "u cov] ( comm5datory epi/les writt5 9 ! "n ( ,john at a "t :5 ,john _h inde$ p>tak5 bo? ( ! tribulation & ( ! k+dom ( ,jesus4 ,!y w\ld h>dly h obta9$ curr5cy _h !y n be5 attribut$ to an apo/le2 = a d5ial ( ! apo/olicity ( ?is book has always depriv$ x ( au?ority4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! actual 7,pale/9ian7 prophet has no su* exalt$ op9ion ( himself z ( ^? ^: names he sees writt5 on ! f\ndation ( ! walls ( ! ,new ,j]usalem 7xxi4 #ad74 ,he is n an apo/le & does n claim to be4 ,he %[s n ! fa9te/ trace ( any association ) ! e>?ly ,jesus1 & inde$ displays a v9dictiv5ess t[>d ! enemies ( ,israel t has m ( ! _s ( ! imprecatory psalms ?an ! _s ( ,jesus4 ,he ?9ks ( ,jesus z a k+ & judge be/[+ heav5ly rew>ds ^u ! m>tyrs 9 a mann] q inconsi/5t ) 8 rebuke ( ,james & ,john 7,m>k x4 #dj74 ,x is a f> cry inde$ f ?is to apo/le%ip & p]sonal intimacy ) ,jesus4 ,! *ief value ( ,revelation to ! /ud5t ( ,*ri/ian orig9s is t by means ( its cle>ly det]m9able date 7,ephesus1 #ic-ie7 he c place himself at a po9t ( vantage :5ce to look n only ar\nd him at ! conditions ( ! ,paul9e *ur*es z depict$ 9 ! lett]s1 vex$ ) gr[+ ,gno/ic h]esy & moral laxity1 b also bo? backw>d & =w>d4 ,! backw>d glance %[s ,pale/9e em]g+ f ! horrors ( ! ,jewi% w>1 fill$ ) bitt]ness aga9/ ,rome1 held d[n "u hateful tyranny & long+ = v5geance ^u ! despot ) 8 names ( blasphemy & 8 dem&s ( wor%ip = ! image ( ! bea/ 7emp]or-wor%ip74 ,"h ,jewi% apocalyptic 7z 9 #bnd ,esdras7 & ,*ri/ian 'prophecy' are closely 9 accord4 ,inde$ a consid]able "p ( ! mat]ial ( ,rev4 iv4-xxi41 especially 9 *h4 xi4-xii4 is ultimately ( ,jewi% r ?an ,*ri/ian orig94 ,:at ! developm5t ( ,*ri/ian 'prophecy' 0 9 ,pale/9e f apo/olic times until ! scatt]+ ( ! *ur* ( ! apo/les & eld]s aft] ! w> ( ,b> ,co*eba 7#ace71 we c only inf] f ! k9dr$ ,jewi% apocalypses & ! *ilia/ic traditions ( ! ,eld]s quot$ by ,ir5aeus f ,papias4 ,a =w>d look f our vantage po9t 9 ,ephesus c4 ,a4,d4 #ie1 %[s ! effects ( ! ,pale/9ian importation ext5d+ d[n f g5]ation to g5]ation1 fir/ 9 ! long *ilia/ic controv]sy aga9/ ! ,doketic ,gno/ics1 includ+ ,montani/ 'prophecy'2 secondly1 9 ! gr[? ( a claim to apo/olic succession f ,john4 7#a7 ,9 ! *ilia/ic controv]sy = a c5tury ! *ief bones ( cont5tion are ! 7non-,paul9e7 doctr9e ( ! resurrection ( ! fle% 7s ! ,apo/les' ,cre$ & ! second-c5tury fa!rs71 & t ( a visible reign ( ,*ri/ = a ?\s& ye>s 9 ,j]usalem4 ,! new =m ( resurrection-gospel :i* at ab\t ?is "t beg9s to take ! place ( ! apo/olic ( #a/ ,cor4 xv4 #c-aa1 c5t]+ ^u ! empt9ess ( ! sepul*re & ! tangibility & food-consum+ functions ( ,jesus' resurrection body1 in/ead ( ! manife/ations to ! apo/les1 is *>act]i/ic ( ?is /ruggle aga9/ ! ,greek disposition to spiritualize4 ,luke & ,ignatius repres5t ! attitude ( ! or?odox1 ,ignatius' oppon5ts t ( ^? :o d5i$ t ,jesus 0 9 ! fle% aft] 8 resurrection4 ,revelation1 l ! traditions ( ! ,eld]s1 *ampions ! visible k+dom ( ,messiah 9 ,j]usalem4 7#b7 ,9 ! ef=t = apo/olic au?ority ! writ+s :i* came ultimately to repres5t ,asian or?odoxy h all be5 br\ght "u ! "n & au?ority ( ! ,apo/le ,john1 al?\gh = _m decades aft] ! appe>ance ( ,revelation1 ,paul1 & n ,john1 rema9s ! apo/olic au?ority to :i* appeal is made1 & al?\gh ! writ+s !mselves 7 orig9ally anonym\s4 ,!re 01 inde$1 a contributory cause = ! gr[? ( ?is tradition 9 ! accid5tal circum/ance t a ,pale/9ian ,eld] f :om ,papias d]iv$ indirect1 & ,polyc>p 9 all probability direct1 traditions1 bore also ! "n ( ,john1 & surviv$ until ,a4,d4 #aag4 ,/ill1 ! ma9 reason :y ?is p>ticul> apo/olic "n 0 ultimately plac$ ov] ! ,gospel & ,epi/les ( ,ephesian ,*ri/5dom1 c only h be5 its previ\s adoption to cov] ! compilation ( ,pale/9ian 'prophecies' ( ,a4,d4 #ie4 ,,"p ,,iv ,,! ,,lit]ature ,,( ,,! ,,!ologian ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,spiritual ,,gospel ,,& ,,epi/les ,asia1 z we h come to "k x ?r\gh a succession ( writ+s dat+ f ,colossians-,ephesians 7c4 #fb7 d[n to ,papias 7#ade71 _h come to be ! *ief sc5e ( mutual reaction betwe5 'apo/olic' & ,paul9e ,*ri/ianity at ! close ( ! fir/ c5tury4 ,"h at ,ephesus _h be5 ! great headqu>t]s ( ,paul's mission>y activity4 ,"h he _h reason$ daily 9 ! s*ool ( "o ,tyrannus1 a philosoph]1 & _h f\nd _m adv]s>ies4 ,"h he _h enc\nt]$ ! /roll+ ,jews1 exorci/s1 & _h secur$ ! de/ruction ( an imm5se mass ( books ( magic4 ,"h1 accord+ to ,acts1 he pr$ict$ ! inroads ( h]esy aft] 8 dep>ture1 & "h ! succe$+ lit]ature abundantly witnesses ! fulfilm5t ( ! pr$iction4 ,ephesians & ,colossians beg9 ! s]ies1 ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les 7c4 #ij7 cont9ue x4 ,!n foll[ ! 'lett]s to ! *ur*es' ( ,revelation 7#ie7 & ! ,ignatian ,epi/les 7#aaj-aag71 n to m5tion ^? ^: orig9 is unc]ta91 su* z ,jude & #bnd ,pet]4 ,! ,pa/orals already make x app>5t t ev5 ! ,paul9e *ur*es are n exempt f ! inevitable t5d5cy ( ! age to fall back ^u au?ority4 ,! v sublimity ( ,paul's consci\sness ( apo/olic inspiration made x ! h>d] = ! next g5]ation to ass]t any = itself4 ,moreov] h]esy 0 gr[+ apace4 ,if ev5 ! outw>d pressure ( p]secution t5d$ to drive ! *ur*es toge!r 9 bro!rly sympa?y1 /ill m indisp5sable w\ld appe> ! ne$ ( traditional /&>ds to ma9ta9 ! type ( s\nd doctr9e1 ! fai? once = all deliv]$ to ! sa9ts4 ,)\t su* x w\ld be impossible to *eck ! individualism ( errori/s :o took ,paul's s5se ( p]sonal inspiration & my/ical insight z _! model1 )\t ,paul's sobriety ( critical control "u ! /&>d ( ! law ( ,*ri/4 ,x is no surprise1 !n1 to f9d ev5 at ! headqu>t]s ( ,paul9ism e>ly 9 ! second c5tury a sweep+ t5d5cy to react t[>d ! 'apo/olic' /&>ds4 ,9 p>ticul>1 z ,gno/ic exagg]ation ( ! ,paul9e my/icism l$ cont9ually fur!r t[>d disreg>d ( ! dictates ( common morality1 & a wid] div]g5ce f ! ,jewi% conceptions ( ! _w to come1 x 0 natural t m5 l ,polyc>p & ,papias %\ld turn to ! ,mat?aean & ,petr9e tradition ( ! ,"l's oracles1 & to ! ,johann9e 'prophecies' reg>d+ ! resurrection & judgm5t4 ,_h no?+ int]v5$ betwe5 ,gno/ics & reaction>ies ! mo/ vital elem5ts ( ,paul's gospel might well h disappe>$1 ev5 at ?is great headqu>t]s ( ,paul9ism4 ,! ,doketi/s1 ) _! exagg]at$ ,hell5i/ic my/icism1 7 c]ta9ly n ! true successors ( ,paul4 ,!y %[$ an almo/ contemptu\s disreg>d = ! hi/oric ,jesus1 a "o-sid$ aim at p]sonal r$emption1 by my/ic union ( ! individual s\l ) ! ,*ri/-_s1 to ! disreg>d ( ! law ( ,*ri/1 ev5 9 "s cases ( common morality4 ,paul 0 *>act]iz$ by a spl5did loyalty to p]sonal purity1 to ! social ideal ( ! ,k+dom1 & to ! unity ( ! bro!rhood 9 ! _s ( reciprocal s]vice4 ,on ! o!r h& m5 l ! au?or ( ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les1 ,ignatius & ,polyc>p1 ) _! almo/ panic-/rick5 resort to ! au?ority ( ! pa/1 7 n p]petuat+ ! true _s ( ! great ,apo/le4 ,_! reliance 0 on ecclesia/ical discipl9e1 concrete & massive miracle 9 ! /ory ( ,jesus1 p>ticul>ly on ! po9t ( ! bodily--or1 z !y w\ld h said1 ! fle%ly--resurrection4 ,_! conception ( 8 record$ words1 made ( !m a fix$1 sup]human /&>d & rule1 a new law4 ,tea*]s ( ?is type1 mu* z !y desir$ & believ$ !mselves to be p]petuat+ ! sacr$ deposit ( ,paul1 7 9 reality cons]v+ its =m & miss+ its _s4 ,su* m5 w\ld gladly turn to ! tradition h&$ d[n1 ( ! ,mat?aean ,say+s1 & ! ,petr9e ,/ory4 ,b 9 ! =m] !y w\ld n f9d reflections ( ! s5se ( ,son %ip4 ,!y w\ld f9d only a supplem5t>y ,law1 a new & high] set ( rules4 ,9 ! /ory !y w\ld n discov] ! ,paul9e view ( ! pre-exi/5t div9e ,wisdom tab]nacl+ 9 man1 produc+ a second ,adam1 z eld] bro!r ( a new race1 ! *ildr5 & heirs ( ,god4 ,!y w\ld take ! my/icism ( ,paul & br+ x d[n to ! level ( ! man 9 ! /reet4 ,jesus w\ld be to !m ei!r a completely sup]human man1 approximat+ ! hea!n demi-god1 a div9ity incognito2 or else a man s end[$ ) ! :ole f\nta9 ( ! ,_s z to ex]cise p]petually & un9t]rupt$ly all its miracul\s functions4 ,! /ory ( ! cross w\ld be hidd5 beh9d ! prodigies4 ,lea/ ( all c\ld ! importation ( apocalyptic prophecy d ju/ice to ! ,paul9e doctr9e ( ! 'la/ ?+s4' ,true1 ,paul is himself a 'prophet1' ?or\ghly imbu$ ) ! fanta/ic ,pale/9ian doctr9es4 ,he1 too1 believes 9 a _w-conflict1 a triumph ( ! ,messiah ov] anti*ri/4 ,m p>ticul>ly 9 "o ( 8 v e>lie/ epi/les 7#bnd ,!ssalonians7 we get a glimpse into ^! ,jewi% peculi>ities4 ,b ^! are always c\nt]balanc$ 9 ,paul by a wid] & sob]] view1 :i* t5ds m & m to get ! upp] h&4 ,8 doctr9e ( spiritual union ) ,*ri/1 pres5t appreh5sion ( ! life t is hid ) ,*ri/ 9 ,god1 a doctr9e ( ,greek r ?an ,hebrew p>5tage1 prevails ov] ! imag]y ( ,jewi% apocalypse4 ,9 ! lat] epi/les he expects r to dep>t & be ) ,*ri/ ?an to be caught up into ! air ) ^? t are alive & rema9 at ! ',com+4' ,s ev5 if ,paul did h occasion aga9 & aga9 to def5d 8 ,jewi% resurrection-doctr9e aga9/ ! ,greek disposition to ref9e x away into a m]e doctr9e ( immortality1 8 rem$y is n a m]e fall+ back into ! crudities ( ,jewi% mill5>ianism4 ,lea/ ( all c\ld he h sympa?iz$ ) ! nationali/ic1 & ev5 v9dictive _s ( ,rev4 iv4-xxi41 ) its great battle ( ,j]usalem help$ by ,messiah & ! angels1 aga9/ ,rome help$ by ,satan & ! ,bea/4 ,paul's doctr9e ( ! resurrection ( ! body by clo?+ ( ! _s ) a tab]nacle d]iv$ f heav51 8 hope ( a messianic ,k+dom :i* is ! triumph ( humanity "u a second ,adam1 has its apocalyptic traits4 ,x is a victory ov] demonic enemies1 spiritual ho/s ( wick$ness 9 ! heav5ly places2 b x has ! res]ve ( an educat$ ,ph>isee aga9/ ! crud] =ms ( ,jewi% prophecy4 ,x %[s ! m9d ( ! cosmopolitan ,roman citiz5 & philosophic ?9k]1 n m]ely t ( ! ,jewi% ,zealot4 ,h[ salut>y if ,paul himself c\ld h liv$ to control ! div]g5t elem5ts among 8 *ur*es1 to *eck ! subjective individualism ( ! ,gno/ics on ! "o h&1 & ! reaction>y t5d5cies ( ! or?odox on ! o!r4 ,8 p>t+ words to 8 belov$ ,philippians are sadly appreciative ( h[ ne$ful x 0 = _! sake t he %\ld abide 9 ! fle% 7,phil4 i4 #bd74 ,yet !re 0 "o ?+ /ill m exp$i5t--t he %\ld abide ) !m 9 ! _s4 ,& t is j :at we f9d evid5c$ 9 ! great 'spiritual' ,gospel & its accompany+ ,epi/les f ,ephesus4 ,debate /ill rages ov] a m]e "n1 atta*$ by tradition to ^! writ+s t !mselves be> no "n4 ,! titles prefix$ by e>ly transcrib]s attribute !m to ,john4 ,b !y are nev] employ$ be=e #age-ahj 9 a way to ev5 remotely sugge/ t !y 7 !n reg>d$ z writt5 by ,john1 or ev5 z apo/olic 9 any s5se4 ,& :5 we trace ! tradition back to its e>lie/ =m1 9 ! ,epilogue atta*$ to ! ,gospel 7,john xxi47 x seems to be no m ?an a dubi\s attempt to id5tify t my/]i\s figure1 ! disciple :om ,jesus lov$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we po/pone ?is "q rais$ by ! ,epilogue1 ! writ+s c at lea/ be assign$ to a def9ite locality 7,ephesus7 & a fairly def9ite date 7c4 #aje-aaj71 ) ! g5]al cons5t bo? ( anci5t tradition & ( mod]n criticism4 ,?is is = u ! important ?+1 s9ce x enables u to und]/& _! purpose & be>+2 :]eas ev5 ^? :o cont5d t !y 7 writt5 by ! ,apo/le ,john c make little use ( ! alleg$ fact4 ,= 7#a7 ! little t is kn[n ( ,john f o!r s\rces is completely oppos$ to ! *>act]i/ics ( ^! writ+s4 ,!y are *>act]iz$ by a broad univ]salism1 & reproduce ! my/icism ( ,paul4 ,to attribute !m to ! ,pill> ( ,gal4 ii4 #i1 or ! ,galilean fi%]man ( ,m>k i4 #ai & ix4 #ch1 x becomes necess>y to suppose t ,john aft] migrat+ to ,ephesus und]w5t a trans=mation s complete z to make him 9 reality ano!r man4 7#b7 ,! meagre possibility t ! basis ( ,revelation might repres5t ! ,apo/le ,john becomes m remote ?an ev]4 ,n[ x is a curi\s fact t critics :o hold to ! mu*-disput$ tradition t ! ,apo/le ,john wrote ! ,gospel & ,epi/les1 al?\gh ^! writ+s make no su* claim1 & h no aff9ity ) ! kn[n "*1 %[ z a rule rem>kable alacrity to dismiss ! claims ( ,revelation1 :i* positively decl>es ,john to h be5 its au?or1 & has f> /rong] evid5ce1 bo? int]nal & ext]nal1 9 support ( ! claim1 ?an h ei!r ! ,gospel or ! ,epi/les4 ,we may pref] ! /yle & doctr9e ( ! ,gospel & ,epi/les1 b ?is play+ fa/ & loose ) ! evid5ce c only discr$it criticism ( ?is type4 7#c7 ,! value ( ! demon/ration ( ,johann9e au?or%ip w\ld lie 9 ! fact t we %\ld !n h a fir/-h& witness to ! actual life & tea*+ ( ,jesus1 immeasurably sup]ior to ! remote & indirect tradition ( ! pres5t ,synoptic s\rces4 ,b z a matt] ( real fact ^? :o ma9ta9 ! ,johann9e au?or%ip d n v5ture to ass]t any su* hi/orical sup]iority4 ,on ! contr>y !y consid] ! ,synoptic tradition n only hi/orically sup]ior to ,john1 z respects bo? say+s & c\rse ( ev5ts1 b !y are apt to attribute to ?is ,galilean apo/le an extreme ( ,philonic ab/raction1 s t he ev5 pref]s delib]ate fiction to fact4 ,?us ! reason+ employ$ to def5d ! tradition de/roys ! only factor :i* c\ld give x value4 ,on ! o!r h& x is possible to disreg>d ^! second>y disputes1 :i* aim only to increase or dim9i% ! au?ority ( ! writ+s by ass]t+ or d5y+ t !y 7 writt5 by ! ,apo/le ,john1 & to approa* ! int]pretation ( !m on ! basis only ( :at is really kn[n1 accr$it$ bo? by anci5t tradition & by mod]n criticism4 ,on ?is basis we c safely affirm t !y orig9at$ 9 ,ephesus e>ly 9 ! second c5tury1 'spiritualiz+' :at we h designat$ 'apo/olic' tea*+1 :ile at ! same "t /rongly react+ aga9/ ,doketic & ,ant9omian h]esy4 ,by su* a proc$ure we %all be employ+ mod]n critical me?ods to ! highe/ practical advantage 9 ! int]e/ ( g5u9ely hi/orical int]pretation4 ,ev5 ^? :o f9d m9ute di/9ctions 9 /yle & po9t ( view betwe5 ! ,epi/les & ,gospel ( ,john w admit t all f\r docum5ts emanate f ! same p]iod1 situation1 & circum/ances1 & repres5t ! same s*ool ( ?\ght4 ,we %all make no s]i\s mi/ake1 !n1 if we treat !m z writt5 by ! same individual1 & ev5 z int5d$ to accompany "o ano!r4 ,we %all h ! example ( s high an au?ority z ,lightfoot1 :o consid]$ #a/ ,john an ,epilogue compos$ to accompany ! ,gospel 9 place ( ! pres5t ,epilogue 7,john xxi474 ,moreov] ! di/9ctions 9 ! anci5t treatm5t ( #a/ ,john & ! two small] ,epi/les are all subsequ5t to ! attribution ( ! ,gospel & ,fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,apo/le1 & a consequ5ce ( x4 ,= #a/ ,john & ! ,gospel _h always be5 insep>able1 & hav+ no "n atta*$ c\ld easily be treat$ z ! ,apo/le's4 ,b #bnd & #crd ,john di/9ctly decl>e !mselves writt5 by an ,eld]2 & 9 ! days :5 m5 /ill appreciat$ ! di/9ction betwe5 an ,eld] & an ,apo/le x 0 felt to be s s]i\s a difficulty t #bnd & #crd ,john 7 put 9 ! class ( disput$ writ+s4 ,9 reality #a/ ,john & ! ,gospel are j z c]ta9ly ! "w ( an ,eld] z #bnd ,john & #crd ,john1 ?\gh no decl>ation to t effect is made4 ,moreov] #a/ ,john & ! ,gospel may safely be treat$ z f ! same au?or2 = su* m9ute diff]5ces z exi/ 9 /yle & po9t ( view c be fully acc\nt$ = by ! processes ( revision ! ,gospel has demon/rably und]gone4 ,?is is m reasonable ?an to imag9e two au?ors s extraord9>ily simil> to "o ano!r & extraord9>ily diff]5t f ev]ybody else4 ,! ,eld] does n give 8 "n1 & x is hopeless = u to try to guess x1 ?\gh x 0 ( c\rse well kn[n to 8 belov$ fri5d ,gaius1 to :om ! ?ird lett] 7! outside envelope7 0 address$4 ,we h simply ?ree epi/les1 "o 7#crd ,john7 p]sonal1 to ! a=esaid ,gaius1 :o is to s]ve z ! writ]'s int]m$i>y ) ! *ur*1 because ,diotrephes1 its bi%op1 viol5tly opposes him4 ,ano!r 7#bnd ,john7 is address$ to a p>ticul> *ur* 7! elect lady & h] *ildr571 9 all probability ! *ur* ( ,diotrephes & ,gaius4 ,x may be ! lett] ref]r$ to 9 #crd ,john #i4 ,! ?ird 7#a/ ,john7 is entirely g5]al1 n ev5 s mu* modifi$ f ! type ( ! homily t[>d t ( ! epi/le z ,hebrews or ,james2 = x has nei!r sup]scription nor epi/ol>y close4 ,& yet x is1 & speaks ( itself 7i4 #d2 ii4 #a1 #g1 #i1 #ab-ad1 etc47 z a lit]>y product4 ,x is n impossible t ?is gr\p ( 'epi/les1' "o individual1 "o to a p>ticul> *ur*1 "o g5]al1 0 compos$ aft] ! plan ( ! simil> gr\p address$ by ,paul to *ur*es ( ?is same region1 ,philemon1 ,colossians1 & ! m g5]al epi/le kn[n to u z ,ephesians4 ,!y may h be5 int5d$ to accompany & introduce ! ,gospel writt5 by ! same au?or1 j z ! prophecies ( ,rev4 iv4-xxi4 are introduc$ by ! 'epi/les' ( ,rev4 i4-iii41 or z ,luke-,acts is s5t "u enclosure to ,!ophilus = publication "u 8 patronage4 ,at all ev5ts1 be ! connection ) ! ,gospel clos] or m remote1 to le>n any?+ really reliable ab\t ! writ] & 8 purpose & environm5t we mu/ beg9 ) 8 own ref]5ces to !m1 fir/ 9 ! lett] to ,gaius1 !n 9 t to ! elect lady & h] *ildr51 !n 9 8 '^w ( exhortation' to "y & old1 ( #a/ ,john4 ,?us we %all ga9 a hi/orical approa* f9ally to t treatise on ! manife/ation ( ,god 9 ,*ri/ :i* has won him ! title s9ce antiquity ( ! '!ologian4' ,?ird ,john %[s ! au?or to be a man ( em95ce 9 ! 7l>g]87 *ur* :5ce he writes1 old en\gh to speak ( ,gaius ) comm5dation z "o ( 8 *ildr51 ?\gh ,gaius himself is c]ta9ly no m]e y\?1 & em95t en\gh to call ,diotrephes to answ] = 8 misconduct4 ,he has s5t out evangeli/ic work]s1 "s ( :om h rec5tly return$ & borne witness be=e ! *ur* to _! hospitable reception by ,gaius4 ,= ?is he ?anks ,gaius1 & urges him to cont9ue ! good "w4 ,! ma9 object ( ! lett]1 h[ev]1 is to comm5d ,demetrius1 :o is d\btless ! be>] ( ?is lett] z well z ano!r writt5 to ! *ur* 7#bnd ,john874 ,?is lett]1 ! au?or fe>s1 w nev] rea* its de/9ation if ,diotrephes has 8 way4 ,!re is v little to indicate :5ce ! opposition ( ,diotrephes arises1 b :at little !re is 7v]4 #aa7 po9ts to ^? :o make claims to see+ ,god & be+ ( ,him1 )\t adequate f\ndation 9 a life ( purity & b5efic5ce4 ,! lett] to ! *ur* is m explicit4 ,second ,john is p]fectly def9ite 9 its purpose4 ,aft] congratulat+ ! elect lady on ^? ( h] *ildr5 7memb]s7 :om ! writ] has f\nd lead+ consi/5t ,*ri/ian lives1 he entreats ! *ur* to rememb] ! new comm&m5t ( ,jesus1 :i* yet is n new b ! f\ndation ( all1 ! comm&m5t ( m9i/]+ love4 ,! reason = ?is urg5cy is t _m deceiv]s are gone =? into ! _w1 ev5 !y t confess n t ,jesus ,*ri/ come? 9 ! fle% 7v]4 #g74 ,& "h we come ^u a v novel & di/9ctive application ( an anci5t datum ( 'prophecy1' cle>ly diff]5tiat+ ?is writ] f ! au?or ( ,revelation4 ,! ,doketic h]esy is explicitly id5tifi$ ) ! deceiv] & ! anti*ri/4 ,t mu/ h be5 a new & surpris+ turn = m5 accu/om$ to connect ! anti*ri/ idea ) ! p]secut+ p[] ( ,rome4 ,satan1 z we "k1 _h be5 repeat$ly conceiv$ z op]at+ ?r\gh ! co]cion ( outw>d =ce br\ght aga9/ ! ,messiah & 8 p ?r\gh ! ,bea/ & ! false ,prophet 7,rev4 xiii474 ,!re 0 good au?ority1 too1 = a my/ical man ( s9 sett+ himself =? z ,god 9 ! temple 7#bnd ,!ss4 ii4 #d71 or = connect+ ,daniel's abom9ation t make? desolate ) ! suff]+s ( ! ,jewi% w> & ! lat] attempts ( false prophets to deceive ! elect ) ly+ wond]s 7#bnd ,!ss4 ii4 #i2 ,m>k xiii4 #bb2 ,rev4 xiii4 #ad74 ,b ?is 0 a new application ( ! prophecy4 ,to decl>e t ! h]etical tea*]s 7 !mselves anti*ri/s 0 to call ! att5tion ( ! *ur* back f outw>d opposition to inw>d disloyalty z ! great] p]il4 ,& ! id5tification is n enunciat$ 9 ?is g5]al w>n+ alone1 b fully develop$ & def5d$ 9 two elaborate p>agraphs ( ! '^w ( exhortation' 7#a/ ,john ii4 #ah-bi2 iv4 #a-f74 ,:51 !re=e1 we f9d ,polyc>p 9 8 lett] 7#aaj-aga7 quietly adopt+ ! idea1 almo/ z an und]/ood ?+1 decl>+ ,= e "o :o %all n confess t ,jesus ,*ri/ is come 9 ! fle%1 is anti*ri/ 7vii4 #a71 x becomes almo/ a c]ta9ty t he _h read #a/ ,john4#bg ,footnote #bg3 ,n #bnd ,john2 = x is only 9 #a/ ,john ii4 #ah t ! eld] speaks ( _m anti*ri/s1 id5tify+ ea* sep>ate ,doketi/ ) ! apocalyptic figure4 ,9 #bnd ,john vii4 x is ! h]esy itself z a ph5om5on :i* con/itutes ! anti*ri/4 ,our eld]'s w>n+ to ! *ur* 7p]haps m p>ticul>ly its gov]n+ body7 is to bew>e ( ^! deceiv]s2 n to receive !m1 nor ev5 to greet !m1 because !y g onw>d 7are 'progressives'7 & d n abide 9 ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/4 ,to abide 9 ?is tea*+ is ! *ur*'s only safegu>d4 ,if next we turn to ! m g5]al epi/le kn[n z #a/ ,john ! lack ( any sup]scription is m ?an c\nt]balanc$ by ! writ]'s full & explicit decl>ations reg>d+ motive & occasion4 ,! epi/le 0 c]ta9ly int5d$ to be read be=e entire congregations4 ,( "p ( x at lea/ ! au?or himself says t x 0 writt5 conc]n+ !m t w\ld lead y a/ray 7ii4 #bf74 ,comp>ison ( ! full d5unciation ) :at we "k ( ,doketism f its own writ+s1 su* z ! s-call$ ,acts ( ,john 7c4 #age71 %[s v pla9ly :at type ( h]esy is meant4 ,moreov] we h ! ,epi/les ( ,ignatius1 writt5 to ^! same *ur*es b a few ye>s lat]1 & ! detail$ descriptions ( ! ,doketi/ ,c]9?us & 8 doctr9es giv5 by ,ir5aeus1 toge!r ) ! explicit /atem5t t ! writ+s ( ,john 7 direct$ aga9/ ?is same ,c]9?us4 ,yet #a/ ,john is f> m ?an a m]e polemic4 ,! au?or writes to ^? t believe on ! "n ( ! ,son ( ,god1 t !y may "k t !y h et]nal life 7v4 #ac74 ,?is c]ta9ly is ! result ( ! consci\s indwell+ ( ! ,_s ( ,jesus4 ,x is n evid5c$1 h[ev]1 by boa/ful words z to illum9ation1 insight & k1 b by practical ob$i5ce to ! "o new comm&m5t2 = ,god is love1 & he t love? 7n he t ha? gnosis7 is begott5 ( ,god & kn[e? ,god4 ,?is inw>d witness ( ! ,_s is a gift1 or 7to use our au?or's t]m7 an ano9t+ 7i4 e4 a ',*ri/'-en+71 ^: ess5ce is z mu* beyond ! ,greek's ideal ( wisdom1 on ! "o side1 z x is beyond ! ,jew's ideal ( miracul\s p[]s on ! o!r4 ,x is a _s ( m9i/]+ love correspond+ to & emanat+ f ! nature ( ,god himself4 ,?is is ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/ 9 :i* alone x is safe to abide4 ,b aga9 z respects ! hi/oric tradition ( ! *ur* our au?or is n less emphatic4 ,he values ! record ( an actual1 real1 & tangible exp]i5ce ( ?is manife/$ life ( ,god 9 man4 ,! progressives may repudiate ! m]e ,jesus ( ! fle%1 9 fav\r ( "o :o comes by wat] only 7i4 e4 9 ! outp\r+ ( ! ,_s 9 baptism71 & n by ! blood ( ! cross4 ,= ! doctr9e ( ! cross 0 a special /umbl+-block to ,doketi/s1 :o reject$ ! sacram5t ( ! bread & w9e4#bh ,! actual s5d+ ( ,god's only-begott5 ,son into ! _w1 ! real propitiation = our s9s 7s lightly d5i$ by ! illum9ati71 is a vital po9t to ! writ]4 ,! s9s ( ! :ole _w 7 aton$ = 9 ,jesus' blood actually %$ on ,calv>y4 ,! *ur* possesses1 !n1 9 ?is /ory a record ( fact ( inf9ite significance to ! _w4 ,! ,doketi/s are play+ fa/ & loose ) ?is record ( ! hi/oric ,jesus4 ,!y d5y any value to ! fle% 9 :i* ! aeon ,*ri/ _h m]ely tab]nacl$ z its receptacle betwe5 ! p]iod ( ! baptism & ! asc5sion--an ev5t :i* !y date be=e ! dea? on ! cross4#bi ,!y are met "h ) a p]emptory *all5ge & decl>ation4 ,! exp]i5ce ( contact ) ! e>?ly ,jesus :i* ! ,*ur* *]i%es z its mo/ ine/imable treasure is ! assurance1 & ! only assurance t we h1 ( real fell[%ip ) ! ,fa!r2 = ! life1 ! et]nal life ( ,god 9 man1 ! ,logos--to borr[ frankly ! ,/oic expression--is kn[n n by m]e my/ical dreams1 b by ! hi/oric record ( ^? :o p]sonally knew ! real ,jesus4 ,! manife/ation ( ,god1 9 %ort1 is objective & hi/orical1 & n m]ely inw>d & self-consci\s2 & t outw>d & objective manife/ation may be summ$ up 9 :at we ( ! ,*ri/ian bro!rhood h se5 & kn[n ( ,jesus4 ,footnote #bh3 ,9 ! ,acts ( ,john ! ,*ri/ _s :i* _h be5 resid5t 9 ,jesus comes to ,john aft] he has fl$ to a cave on ! ,m\nt ( ,olives f ! posse t arre/$ ! ,"l4 ,! sweet voice ( ! invisible ,*ri/ in=ms him !re t ! bl9d$ multitude bel[ _h tortur$ a m]e bodily %ape :i* !y took to be ,*ri/1 :ile ,i /ood by & laugh$4 ,9 ! ,gospel ( ,pet] ,jesus hung ^u ! cross z "o :o feels no pa9 & 0 tak5 up be=e ! end4 ,footnote #bi3 ,see note prec$+4 ,x is :5 we approa* ! ,f\r? ,gospel by way ( its own au?or's adaptation ( 8 message to ! conditions ar\nd him t we beg9 to appreciate x hi/orically1 & 9 its true wor?4 ,! _s ( polemic is /ill prom95t 9 #a/ ,john1 b ! ,gospel %[s ! effect ( opposition only 9 ! m c>eful /atem5t ( ! evangeli/'s exact mean+4 ,x is a !ological treatise1 an int]pretation ( ! doctr9e ( ! p]son ( ,*ri/1 writt5 t ! read]s may believe t ,jesus is ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god1 & t believ+ !y may h life 9 8 "n 7xx4 #ca74 ,9 an age s eag]ly b5t on asc]ta9+ ! hi/oric facts reg>d+ ,jesus' life1 & ! true sequ5ce ( ev5ts 7,luke i4 #a-d71 x is insupposable t an au?or s /r5u\s to uphold ! concrete reality ( ! *ur*'s hi/oric tradition %\ld n give real hi/ory s f> z he 0 able4 ,he c\ld n af=d to depreciate x 9 ! face ( ,doketic my? & fancy & contempt = a ,*ri/ 9 ! fle%4 ,! idea t su* a writ] c\ld delib]ately pref] fiction to fact is mo/ improbable2 t5 times m s if he 0 ! only surviv+ repres5tative ( ! twelve1 a ,galilean disciple ev5 m intimate ?an ,pet] ) ,jesus f ! outset4 ,b real hi/ory 0 no long] atta9able4 ,! au?or ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel reports no ev5t :i* he does n take 9 good fai? to be fact4 ,yet x mu/ be app>5t f 8 own /atem5t ( 8 purpose z well z f ! v /ructure ( ! book t he does n aim to be a hi/orian1 b an int]pret] ( doctr9e4 ,he aims to give n fact b tru?4 ,& 8 h&l+ ( 7suppos$7 fact has ! fre$om we %\ld expect 9 a *ur* tea*] ( t age1 & ( ! s*ool ( ,paul ! my/ic4 ,! sev5 progressive signs t he n>rates1 culm9at+ 9 ! rais+ ( ,laz>us1 are av[$ly 7xx4 #ca7 illu/rative selections f a multitude ( curr5t tales ( miracle1 aim+ to produce t fai? 9 ,jesus z ! ,son ( ,god :i* w result 9 life1 i4 e4 ! et]nal life :i* consi/s 9 8 indwell+ 7#a/ ,john v4 #bj74 ,!y are n describ$ z acts ( pity1 drawn f "o ) :om ! p[] ( ,god 0 f\nd pres5t to heal4 ,jesus does n yield z 9 ! ,synoptics :5 compassion = tru/+ ne$ ov]comes reluctance to increase ! importunity t int]f]$ ) 8 high] mission4 ,_! prime purpose is to manife/ ! glory ( ! inc>nate ,logos1 & ,jesus p]=ms !m only :51 & z1 he *ooses4 ,pity & natural affection are almo/ trampl$ ^u t ?is manife/ation ( 8 glory may be made m effective 7ii4 #d2 iv4 #dh2 ix4 #c2 xi4 #d-f1 #ae74 ,z 9 ,paul1 !re is no exorcism4 ,?is mo/ typical & *>act]i/ic miracle ( ,petr9e /ory 7,m>k iii4 #ae2 ,acts x4 #hh7 has disappe>$4 ,or r 7z 9 ,paul7 ! ca/+ out ( ,satan f 8 dom9ion ov] ! entire _w has transc5d$ & sup]s$$ x 7,john xii4 #ca-cc2 cf4 ,col4 ii4 #ae74 ,9 ,john1 reque/s = miracle1 :e!r 9 fai? or unbelief1 always incur rebuke 7ii4 #d2 iv4 #dh2 vi4 #cj-cf2 vii4 #d-g2 xi4 #c-ae74 ,jesus (f]s & works !m :5 8 h\r comes1 :e!r appli$ = or n 7v4 #f-i2 vi4 #f2 ix4 #a-g74 ,8 res]ve is n due to a limitation ( almighty p[]2 = ! p[] is decl>$ explicitly to be 81 9 8 own "r 7v4 #ba2 xi4 #bb1 #be1 #db74 ,he re/ra9s x only t fai? may re/ ^u conviction ( ! tru? r ?an m]e wond] 7ii4 #bc-be2 iii4 #b f42 iv4 #ci-db1 #dh2 vi4 #bi-df2 xiv4 #aa74 ,he is1 9 %ort1 an omnisci5t 7i4 #dg-ej2 ii4 #be71 omnipot5t ,be+1 tempor>ily soj\rn+ on ! e>? 7iii4 #ac2 xvi4 #bh74 ,! dialogue int]wov5 ) ^! sev5 signs is closely relat$ 9 subject to !m4 ,x does n aim to repeat rememb]$ ,say+s1 b foll[s t lit]>y =m :i* s9ce ,plato _h be5 ! classic model = pres5t+ ! !mes ( philosophy4 ,! subject-matt] is no long]1 z 9 ! ,synoptics1 ! ,righte\sness requir$ by ,god1 ! ,nature & ,com+ ( ! ,k+dom1 ,duty to ,god & ,man4 ,x is ! p]son & function ( ! speak] himself4 ,in/ead ( ! p>ables we h allegories3 sev5 ',i am's' ( ,jesus1 9 debate ) ! ,jews ab\t ! doctr9e ( 8 own p]son z ,son ( ,god4 ,?is uni=mity ( topic corresponds ) a complete abs5ce ( any attempt to diff]5tiate 9 /yle betwe5 utt]ances ( ,jesus1 or ! ,bapti/1 or ! evangeli/ himself1 9 ,gospel or ,epi/les4 ,_h ! writ] desir$1 x is c]ta9 t he c\ld h collect$ say+s ( ,jesus1 & giv5 !m a =m simil> to ^? ( ,mat!w & ,luke4 ,he does n try4 ,! only device he employs to sugge/ a di/9ction is an oracul> ambiguity at fir/ misund]/ood1 & s requir+ progressive unfold+4 ,! ma9 !me is (t5 introduc$ by a peculi> & solemn ,v]ily1 v]ily4 ,z ) ! 'signs' ! l+]+ ,synoptic s5se ( progress & proportion has disappe>$4 ,at ! v outset ,john ! ,bapti/ proclaims to 8 foll[]s t 8 own baptism has no value 9 itself4 ,x is n = rep5tance unto remission ( s9s4 ,x is only to make ! ,*ri/ manife/ 7i4 #ai-cd74 ,*ri/'s atonem5t alone w take away ! s9 7i4 #bi71 ,*ri/'s baptism alone w convey real help 7i4 #cd74 ,jesus1 too1 proclaims himself f ! outset ! ,*ri/1 9 ! full ,paul9e s5se ( ! ^w 7i4 #de-ea2 iv4 #bf1 etc474 ,he *ooses ,judas ) ! express purpose ( ! betrayal1 & =ces on ! reluctant ag5ts ( 8 fate 7vi4 #gj f42 xiii4 #bf f42 xviii4 #d-h2 xix4 #h-aa74 ,all ?is1 & mu* m :i* we ne$ n cite1 makes h>dly ! pret5ce ( be+ hi/ory4 ,x is frankly !ology1 or r apologetics4 ,we h z a framework ! g5]al outl9e ( ,m>k1 a ,galilean & a ,judaean m9i/ry 7*h4 i4-xii42 xiii4-xx471 ) traces ( a ,p]ean j\rney 7vii4 #a ff474 ,?is s*eme1 h[ev]1 is brok5 ?r\gh by ano!r bas$ on ! ,mosaic fe/al sy/em1 ,jesus %[+ 9 ea* case z he visits ,j]usalem1 ! high] symbolism ( ! c]emonial 7ii4 #ac ff4 ,passov]2 v4 #a ff4 ,p5teco/2 vii4 #a ff4 ,tab]nacles2 x4 #bb ff4 ,d$ication2 xii4 #a ff4 ,passov]74 ,!re is 9 *h4 i4-iv4 a 'tea*+ ( baptisms' & ( end[m5t ) ! ,_s correspond+ r\ghly to ,m>k i4 #a-de4 ,!re is 9 *4 v4 a tea*+ ( ! au?ority ( ,jesus aga9/ ,moses & ! ,law1 correspond+ to ,m>k ii4 #a--;iii4 #f4 ,!re is a tea*+ ( ! 'break+ ( bread' correspond+ to ,m>k vi4 #cj--viii4 #bf 9 ,john vi41 ?\gh ?is la/ has be5 relat$ n m]ely to ! bro!rhood banquet 7'love-fea/'7 z 9 ,m>k1 b anticipates & takes ! place ( ! tea*+ z to ! ,eu*>i/ 7cf4 ,john vi4 #eb-ei ) ,john xiii474 ,!re is a ,commission ( ! ,twelve l ,matt4 x4 #af-db1 ?\gh plac$ 7) ,luke xxii4 #ce-ch7 z a second s5d+ on ! night ( betrayal 7xiii4 #ca--xviii4 #bf74 ,!re is dep5d5ce on ,petr9e ,/ory1 & to "s ext5t on ,mat?aean ,say+s4 ,9 p>ticul> ,john xii4 #a-g comb9es ! data ( ,m>k xiv4 #c-i ) ^? ( ,luke vii4 #cf-ej2 x4 #ch-db 9 a curi\s comp\nd1 mak+ x c]ta9 t ! evangeli/ employ$ ^! two--& ,mat!w z well1 if xii4 #h be g5u9e 7x is n f\nd 9 ! anci5t ,syriac74 ,yet our ,synoptic ,gospels are n ! only s\rces1 & ! mat]ial borr[$ is h&l$ ) sov]eign sup]iority4 ,9 %ort1 z ev5 ! *ur* fa!rs recogniz$1 ?is ,gospel is ( a new type4 ,x does aim to supplem5t ! o!rs1 z !y recogniz$2 b n z "o n>rative may piece out & complete ano!r4 ,r z ! unse5 & spiritual supplem5ts ! ext]nal & visible4 ,?is ,gospel uses ! e/abli%$ =ms ( miracle-/ory & say+2 b x trans=ms ! "o into symbol1 ! o!r into dialogue & allegory4 ,!n by use ( ?is mat]ial 7supplem5t$ f unkn[n1 p]haps oral1 s\rces7 x con/ructs a s]ies ( int]pretations ( ! p]son & "w ( ! ,god-man4 ,( "o peculi>ly di/9ctive feature we h /ill to speak4 ,:]e ! read] has special ne$ ( an int]pret] to atte/ & int]pret a specially vital fact1 su* z ! sc5es ( ! night ( ! betrayal1 or ! reality ( ,jesus' propitiatory dea? 7d5i$ by ! ,doketi/s71 or ! beg9n+ ( ! resurrection fai?1 ,pet]'s te/imony is supplem5t$ & transc5d$ by t ( a hi!rto unkn[n figure1 :o anticipates all t ,pet] only sl[ly atta9s4 ,?is is ! my/]i\s1 unnam$ disciple :om ,jesus lov$ 7xiii4 #bc ff42 xviii4 #ae f42 xix4 #be-cg2 xx4 #a-aj2 cf4 ,gal4 xx4 #bj71 a ,paul pres5t 9 ! _s1 to see ?+s ) ! eye ( spiritual insight4 ,!re is no transfiguration-sc5e & no pray] ( ,ge?semane 9 ?is ,gospel--,transfiguration is ne$less :]e ! glory %9es un9t]rupt$ ?r\gh ! :ole c>e]4 ,pray] itself is impossible :]e on5ess ) ! ,god-head makes diff]5ce ( ?\ght or purpose inconceivable4 ,h5ce ! pray]s ( ,jesus are (t5 only = ! sake ( ^? t /& by 7xi4 #da f474 ,! same is true ( ! ,voice f heav5 at ! sc5e :i* takes ! place ( ,transfiguration & ,ge?semane 9 "o 7xii4 #bg-cc74 ,jesus w n ask = deliv]ance f t h\r1 because he _h s\ght x f ! beg9n+4 ,8 pray] is ,fa!r1 glorify ?y "n4 ,! ,voice1 :i* "s take to be an angel speak+ to him 7cf4 ,luke ix4 #ce2 xxii4 #dc7 is = ! sake ( ! by/&]s4 ,! ,voice at 8 baptism likewise is n address$ to him 7! inc>nate ,logos does n ne$ a revelation ( 8 own id5tity7 b to ! ,bapti/4 ,s aga9 & aga9 ,synoptic sc5es are ret\*$ & new sc5es are add$ 9 a way to pres5t a consi/5t picture ( ! tab]nacl+ ( ! pre-exi/5t ,son ( ,god 9 human fle%4 ,z we review ! :ole1 & ask ourselves1 ,:at is ! occasion ( ?is /range new pres5tation ( ! evangelic message8 we beg9 to realize h[ indisp5sable is ! key :i* ! evangeli/ has himself hung be=e ! door4 ,_m & complex are ! problems :i* confront u z we move ?r\gh ?is heap$-up tangle ( anecdote1 dialogue1 & allegory4 ,!re is room = ! ke5e/ scrut9y ( criticism to det]m9e1 if possible1 :51 & h[1 & f :at s\rces ^! m$itations 7 put toge!r4 ,b no?+ t critical insight1 analysis1 & comp>ison c furni% avails s mu* to ?r[ real light ^u ! "w z :at ! evangeli/ himself has done1 by sett+ =? 9 a prologue 7i4 #a-ah7 ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( 8 conception4 ,9 a ^w evangelic tradition z x _h hi!rto f\nd curr5cy /ill lack$ ! fundam5tal ?+ 9 ! ,*ri/ology ( ,paul--! ,inc>nation doctr9e4 ,paul conceiv$ ! /ory ( ,jesus z a sup]nal drama1 beg9n+ & end+ 9 heav5 at ,god's "r h&4 ,ev5 ,mat!w & ,luke1 c>ry+ back ! adoption to ,son %ip f ! baptism to ! bir? ( ,jesus1 _h n ess5tially *ang$ ! pre-,paul9e po9t ( view4 ,/ill !re 0 no pre-exi/5ce4 ,jesus 0 n yet %[n z ! ,wisdom ( ,god1 ?r\gh :om all ?+s 7 creat$1 ! heav5ly man1 ! second ,adam1 tak+ ^u him ! =m ( a s]vant1 humbl+ himself & becom+ ob$i5t unto dea?1 ri*1 & = our sakes becom+ poor4 ,he 0 /ill1 ev5 9 ,m>k1 j ! prophet mighty 9 de$ & ^w1 rais$ up by ,god f among 8 bre?r51 & = 8 ob$i5ce exalt$ to ! messianic ?rone ( glory4 ,h[ c\ld ?is satisfy *ur*es tra9$ 9 ! doctr9e ( ,paul8 ,we %\ld almo/ r m>vel t ! ,synoptic n>ratives ev] f\nd lodgm5t at all1 :]e ,paul _h prea*$ f ! beg9n+ a doctr9e ( ! et]nal ,*ri/4 ,& ! trans=mation is n "o :it m radical ?an we ought to anticipate4 ,! ,transfiguration /ory _h be5 a halt+ attempt to embody ,paul9e doctr9e 9 ,petr9e /ory4 ,b ap>t f ! obvi\s hold af=d$ to m]e ,doketism1 h[ inadequate to ,paul's conception ( ! ,man f heav56 ,! ,f\r? evangeli/ depicts ! p]son ( ,jesus consi/5tly & ?r\gh\t1 despite 8 meagre & refractory mat]ial1 along ! l9es ( ,paul9e ,*ri/ology4 ,!re is no concession to ,doketism1 = 9 spite ( all1 & design$ly 7iv4 #f2 xix4 #bh1 #cd71 ,jesus is /ill no phantasm1 b true man among m54 ,!re is no hesitation to ov]ride1 :]e ne$ful1 on vital po9ts ! great & gr[+ au?ority ( 'apo/olic' tradition4 ,tacitly1 b uncompromis+ly1 ,petr9e tradition is set aside4 ,! disciple :om ,jesus lov$ sees ! matt] o!rwise4 ,9 p>ticul>1 apocalyptic es*atology is firmly repress$ 9 fav\r ( a doctr9e ( et]nal life 9 ! ,_s4 ,! second ,com+ is n to be a manife/ation to ! _w4 ,x w be an inw>d indwell+ ( ,god & ,*ri/ 9 ! he>t ( ! believ] 7xiv4 #bb f474#cj ,! place ( future rew>d is n a glorifi$ ,pale/9e & transfigur$1 rebuilt ,j]usalem4 ,! disciple1 l ,paul1 w dep>t to be ) ,*ri/4 ,! ,fa!r's h\se is wid] ?an ! ,holy ,l&4 ,x has _m mansions1 & ! s]vant mu/ be cont5t to "k t 8 ,ma/] w receive him :]e he dwells himself 7xiv4 #a-c2 xvii4 #bd74 ,footnote #cj3 ,"s few passages inconsi/5t ) ?is are f\nd 9 ! body ( ! ,gospel4 ,l t ( ! app5dix 7xxi4 #bb7 !y are lat] modifications ( a doctr9e too ,hell5ic = ! majority4 ,to realize :at x meant to produce ! 'spiritual' ,gospel t comes to u f ,ephesus %ortly aft] ! close ( ! fir/ c5tury we mu/ place ourselves side by side ) m5 :o _h le>nt ! gospel ( ,paul ab\t ,jesus1 ! drama ( ! et]nal1 pre-exi/5t1 heav5ly ,man1 inc>nate1 triumphant ?r\gh ! cross ov] ! ,pr9ce ( ?is _w & p[]s ( d>kness4 ,we mu/ realize h[ !y f\nd x ne$ful to impregnate ! 'apo/olic' mat]ial ( ,petr9e & ,mat?aean tradition ) ?is deep] significance1 pres]v+ ! concrete1 hi/oric fact1 & ! real manhood1 & yet supplem5t+ ! disproportionately ext]nal /ory ) a weal? ( transc5d5tal mean+4 ,! _s ( ,paul 01 inde$1 n dead4 ,nei!r ,gno/ic h]esy c\ld dissipate x1 nor reaction>y ,*ri/ianiz$ legalism absorb x4 ,x _h be5 reborn 9 spl5did au?ority & p[]4 ,9 due "t x w\ld prove itself ! v m\ld ( 'ca?olic' doctr9e4 ,! ,f\r? gospel1 z its ,prologue =ew>ns1 is an application to ! /ory ( ,jesus z tradition report$ x ( ! ,paul9e inc>nation doctr9e =mulat$ "u ! ,/oic ,logos !ory4 ,x repres5ts a /udy 9 ! psy*ology ( religion appli$ to ! p]son ( ,*ri/4 ,poor z ,paul himself 9 k ( ! outw>d ,jesus1 unfamili> ) really hi/orical words & de$s1 its doctr9e ab\t ,jesus became1 nev]!less1 l t ( ! great ,apo/le to ! ,g5tiles1 ! true/ exposition ( '! he>t ( ,*ri/4' ,,*apt] ,x ,,epilogues ,,& ,,conclusions ,few ( ! great writ+s *]i%$ & transmitt$ by ! e>ly *ur* h escap$ ! natural t5d5cy to atta*m5ts at beg9n+ & end4 ,9 ! lat] p]iod su* atta*m5ts took ! =m ( prefix$ argum5ta1 i4 e4 prefatory descriptions ( au?or & cont5ts1 & affix$ subscriptions1 devot$ to a simil> purpose4 ,^!1 l ! titles1 7 cle>ly di/+ui%$ f ! text itself1 & 9 mod]n editions are usually n pr9t$1 ?\gh examples ( 'subscriptions' may be se5 9 ! ,k+ ,james v]sion aft] ! ,paul9e ,epi/les4 ,be=e ! "t :5 canonization _h made su* a process seem sacrilege !y 7 atta*$ to ! text itself1 ) great] or less attempt to weld ! p>ts toge!r4 ,we ne$ n add to :at has be5 already said z to c]ta9 sup]scriptions ( ! lat] epi/ol>y lit]ature1 su* z ,james & ,jude1 :]e ! relation to ! text impresses u z clos] ?an is sometimes admitt$2 nor ne$ we delay ) ! preamble to ,revelation 7,rev4 i4 #a-c74 ,t :i* has be5 add$ at ! close1 9 cases :]e real evid5ce exi/s ( su* lat] supplem5tation1 is ( special significance to our /udy1 inasmu* z x t5ds to ?r[ light :]e light is mo/ requir$4 ,= t is an obscure p]iod1 e>ly 9 ! second c5tury1 :5 n only ! *ur*es !mselves 7 draw+ toge!r t[>d ca?olic unity "u ! d\ble pressure ( inw>d & outw>d p]il1 b 7 br++ ) !m _! treasur$ writ+s1 sometimes a collection ( ,epi/les1 sometimes a ,gospel1 or a book ( ,prophecy1 sometimes1 z 9 ! gr\ps ( writ+s attribut$ to ,john & ,pet]1 a full canon ( ,gospel1 ,epi/les & ,apocalypse1 foll[$ b little lat] by ',acts' z well4 ,! mo/ anci5t li/ ( books au?oriz$ to be publicly read t we possess is t ( ! *ur* ( ,rome c4 #ahe1 call$ aft] its discov]] ! ,canon ( ,muratori4 ,f ?is fragm5t1 mutilat$ at beg9n+ & end1 we le>n t ,paul's lett]s to ! *ur*es 7 arrang$ 9 a gr\p ( sev5#ca ( :i* ,romans /ood la/4 ,x is probably due to its position at ! end t ,romans has be5 supplem5t$ by ! addition ( ,paul9e fragm5ts1 :i* did n appe> 9 "s e>ly editions ( ! text4 ,! lett] prop] ends ) *4 xv4 ?\gh xvi4 #ba-bc probably foll[$1 p]haps conclud+ ) v]4 #bd1 :i* "s texts ins]t aft] v]4 #ai4 ,v]4 #be-bg is ano!r fragm5t omitt$ 9 "s texts4 ,footnote #ca3 ,! p]sonal lett]s =m$ a sep>ate gr\p4 ,two lett]s to ! same *ur* 7#a/ ,cor41 #bnd ,cor47 7 c\nt$ z "o4 ,m>cion 7#adj7 c\nt$ t5 9 all1 & _h a diff]5t ord]4 ,we h se5 above 7p4 #bjj7 h[ ,revelation has receiv$ conclusion aft] conclusion1 s t ! relation ( p]sonalities has become almo/ un9telligible4 ,we h v meagre textual mat]ial = ,revelation1 & c sc>cely judge :e!r any ( ! process repres5t$ 9 ,rev4 xxii4 #f-ba belongs to ! p]iod ( transmission1 aft] ! publication ( ! book 9 its pres5t =m4 ,until ! discov]y ( new textual evid5ce ! ph5om5a 9 ,revelation mu/ be treat$ by pr9ciples ( ! high] criticism1 z p]ta9+ to its hi/ory be=e publication4 ,at all ev5ts we "k t ! attribution to ,john 7v]4 #h f47 0 curr5t z e>ly z ,ju/9's ,apology 7#aec74 ,! long] & %ort] supplem5ts to ,m>k belong aga9 to ! field ( textual criticism4 ,! manuscripts & e>ly translations c>ry u back to a "t :5 nei!r end+ 0 kn[n2 ?\gh only to leave u wond]+ h[ ! necessity arose = compos+ !m--a "q ( ! high] criticism4 ,m>k xvi4 #i-bj %[s acqua9tance ) ,luke1 & probably ) ,john xx4 ,x is notewor?y1 h[ev]1 9 view ( ! au?or's attempt to cov] ! resurrection appe>ances ( ^! two gospels1 t he betrays no sign ( acqua9tance ) ,john4 xxi4 ,9 ?is case ( ! ,roman gospel1 h[ev]1 textual evid5ce enables u to trace some?+ ( ! hi/ory ( supplem5tation4 ,! s-call$ ',%ort]' end+ provides a close = ! incomplete /ory1 resembl+ ,mat!w1 :ile ! ',long]' is drawn f ,luke & ,john4 i4-xx4 ,subsequ5t employm5ts %[ t ! ',long]' end+ _h be5 atta*$ 7p]haps at ,rome7 n lat] ?an c4 #aej4 ,x is ! fir/ evid5ce we h ( comb9ation ( ! ,f\r? gospel ) ! ,synoptics2 = ev5 ,ju/91 ?\gh affect$ by ,john1 does n use x z he uses ,mat!w1 ,m>k & ,luke4 ,p>ity among ! f\r is n traceable e>li] ?an ,tatian 7c4 #age71 ! fa!r ( gospel 'h>monies4' ,! ',%ort]' end+1 if n ! ,long] z well1 w\ld seem to h be5 add$ 9 ,egypt4 ,! supplem5ts to ,m>k h ?is at lea/ ( s+ul> int]e/1 t !y %[ ! progress ( a process ^: beg9n+s we trac$ back to ,pale/9e itself 9 ! *ur* ( ! 'apo/les1 eld]s & witnesses ( ! ,"l1' :]e ! ,eld] 9 ! tradition report$ by ,papias is already (f]+ explanations ( ! disagreem5ts ( ,mat!w & ,m>k ) a view to _! concurr5t circulation4 ,aft] ! addition ( ,m>k to ,mat!w x 0 comp>atively easy to take 9 ,luke-,acts z a ?ird1 & to =m composites out ( ! ?ree su* z ! ,gospel ( ,pet] 7,nor? ,syria c4 #acj7 & ! ,gospel ( ! ,naz>5es 7,coele-,syria c4 #adj74 ,ju/9 at ,rome 7c4 #aec7 is /ill su* a ?ree-gospel man1 ?\gh affect$ by ! ,f\r?2 :]eas 8 pr$ecessor ,h]mas 7#abe-adj7 seems to re/ on ,m>k alone1 ?\gh p]haps acqua9t$ ) ,mat!w4 ,! /ep 0 a h>d] "o :i* aim$ to take 9 ! ,f\r? gospel4 ,tatian at ,rome 7c4 #age7 & ,!ophilus at ,antio* 7#aha7 are ! ag5ts ( its accompli%m5t2 &1 z we h se51 x 0 n effect$ )\t a det]m9$ opposition1 l$ at ,rome by ! presbyt] ,gaius1 & answ]$ by ,ir5aeus 7c4 #ahf7 & ,hippolytus 7c4 #bae74 ,su* opposition f ! side ( advocates ( ,petr9e apo/olicity is anticipat$ 9 ! mo/ significant & important ( all ! epilogues1 ! s-call$ ,app5dix or ,epilogue to ! ,f\r? gospel 7,john xxi474 ,j :51 or :]e1 ?is supplem5t 0 add$ is "o ( ! mo/ difficult problems ( ! high] criticism4 ,on ! side ( ext]nal evid5ce we h ! fact t x %[s no effect 9 ,m>k xvi4 #i-ba1 :]e ,john xx4 is employ$1 & t !re is a great *ange ab\t ,a4,d4 #agj 9 ! treatm5t ( ?is ,gospel & its relat$ ,epi/les1 ^? :o use !m be=e ?is "t %[+ no disposition to treat !m z hav+ high apo/olic au?ority4 ,on ! side ( int]nal evid5ce !re are su* data z ! use ( ! second-c5tury "n = ! ,sea ( ,galilee 7,sea ( ,tib]ias1 xxi4 #a71 & ref]5ces to ! m>tyrdom ( ,pet] at ,rome 7xxi4 #ah f47 & to leg5ds ( ,john z ! 'witness' :o %\ld survive until ! ,com+ 7xxi4 #bc74 ,:e!r ^! data sugge/ an orig9 at ,ephesus1 or at ,rome1 & at j :at date1 are problems = te*nical rese>*4 ,t :i* is ( *ief int]e/ = u is ! motive & function ( ?is supplem5t to ! ,ephesian ,gospel1 & ! light x ?r[s ^u conditions 9 ! *ur* at l>ge4 ,x is q app>5t t ,john xxi4 =ms a subsequ5t atta*m5t aft] ! =mal conclusion ( ! ,gospel prop] 9 xx4 #cj f4 ,=1 ap>t f diff]5ces 9 /yle & doctr9al /&po9t1 x makes a complete new dep>ture along ! l9es ( ,m>k's /ory ( ,galilean resurrection manife/ations2 :]eas ! ,gospel foll[s ! ,lukan type1 & br+s ev]y?+ to a close )\t removal f ,j]usalem4 ,! message to ! disciples by ! wom5 at ! sepul*re is "h giv5 by ,jesus 9 p]son z 9 ,matt4 xxviii4 #aj1 & is actually deliv]$ z 9 ,luke xxiv4 #aj f4 ,x is foll[$ by ! promis$ manife/ation to ! disciples ) ! ov]com+ ( _! incr$ulity1 & by ! great ,commission1 accompani$ by ! ,gift ( ! ,_s4 ,! /ory has ?us be5 br\ght to a =mal conclusion1 ! inv>iable & necess>y conclusion ( all evangelic n>ratives4 ,! au?or's recapitulation ( ! nature & cont5ts ( 8 book & assurance 9 direct address to ! read] ( 8 purpose 9 writ+ 7t ye may believe7 foll[s appropriately z a w9d+ up ( ! :ole4 ,x is n conceivable t ! same writ] %\ld resume imm$iately aft] ?is1 at an e>li] po9t 9 ! n>rative1 :]e ! disciples are /ill scatt]$ 9 ,galilee1 unconsci\s ( _! vocation & commission4 ,= 9 spite ( ! endeav\r ( ! supplem5t] 9 v]4 #ad to make ?is out ! ?ird#cb "t t ,jesus 0 manife/$ !y h manife/ly return$ to _! orig9al means ( livelihood unawak5$ to ! resurrection fai?4 ,moreov] ! /ory culm9ates ) a re/oration ( ,pet] to fav\r1 ) unmi/akable ref]5ce to 8 humiliat+ failure to live up to ! promise 7xiii4 #cf-ch71 ,"l1 :y _c ,i foll[ !e ev5 n[8 ,i w lay d[n my life = !e 7cf4 xxi4 #ae-ai74 ,if x _h be5 ! evangeli/'s int5tion to tell ?is he w\ld h told x be=e ! ,commission 9 xx4 #ai-bc4 ,9 %ort1 we h "h two widely v>iant =ms ( ! tradition ( ! rally+ ( ! disciples f _! unbelief by ! ris5 ,*ri/ & commission+ ( !m to _! task4 ,! two commissions1 "o a g5]al commission ( all ! twelve1 l ,matt4 xviii4 #ah1 ! o!r a special commission ( ,pet] l ,matt4 xvi4 #ai1 are atta*$ "o aft] ! o!r1 ) ! curi\s infelicity t ! re/oration ( ,pet] f 8 defection1 toge!r ) 8 in/allation z *ief "u-%eph]d ( ! flock1 comes aft] ! commission 9 :i* he has already appe>$ ) ! re/1 re/or$ to full fai? & fav\r1 & gift$ ) ! inspiration & au?ority ( ! ,_s4 ,footnote #cb3 ,a misc\nt = f\r?1 unless we disreg>d xx4 #aa-ah1 or else 7) ,wellhaus57 consid] xx4 #bd-bi an ins]tion lat] ?an ! ,epilogue4 ,x is true t ! function ( t5d+ ! flock ( ,god 7cf4 #a/ ,pet4 v4 #b7 committ$ to ,pet] 9 xxi4 #ae-ai is a m special "o ?an ! apo/olate conf]r$ on all 9 xx4 #ba-bc2 b ! ,epilogue has previ\sly 7xxi4 #a-ad7 giv5 to ,pet] a special & comm&+ "p 9 ! apo/olate 7ext5sion ( ! gospel to ! _w74 ,no "o w "q t 9 su* a writ] z ! ,f\r? evangeli/ 7& if any?+ /ill m ! writ] ( ! ,epilogue7 n>ratives ( miracle are int5d$ to h a symbolical s5se4 ,nor w x be d5i$ t ! miracul\s draft ( fi%es1 :i* 9 ,luke v4 #a-aa att5ds ! orig9al vocation ( ,simon1#cc is "h appli$ to ! "w ! twelve are to accompli% 9 ! n[ op5+ future z fi%]s ( m54 ,! p>ticul>ization ( ! numb] ( ! fi%es1 & ! /atem5t t ! p]il ( ! r5d+ ( ! net 7cf4 ,luke v4 #f7 0 happily avoid$1 are1 ( c\rse1 also int5d$ to convey a symbolical s5se1 :i* ,j]ome makes /ill easi] to grasp by in=m+ u t #aec 0 tak5 by naturali/s ( ! "t to be ! full numb] ( all species ( fi%4 ,john xxi4 #a-ad is !re=e a primitive /ory ( ! appe>ance ( ,jesus aft] 8 resurrection to ,pet] & !m t 7 ) him1 9 ,galilee 7n 9 ,j]usalem z 9 ,john i4-xx4 & ,luke71 hav+ a relation to ,luke v4 #a-aa1 & probably also to ,matt4 xiv4 #bh-cc 7cf4 ,john xxi4 #g74 ,x is also ne>ly ak9 to ! fragm5t at ! end ( ! ,gospel ( ,pet]4 ,x symbolizes ! "w ( ! apo/olic mission "u ! figure ( ! fi%+ ( m5 7cf4 ,m>k i4 #ag2 ,matt4 xiii4 #dg-ej71 & gives to ,pet] ! lead+ "p4 ,9 fact ,pet] n only comes to ! ,"l 9 advance ( all ! re/1 & alone ma9ta9s ) him some?+ l ! intimate relations ( ! pa/1 b p]=ms aft] 8 private int]view ) ,jesus ! gigantic feat ( br++ unaid$ to l& ! entire miracul\s cat*4 ,! great & v>i\s multitude1 :i* all work+ 9 common _h enclos$ 9 ! net1 b _h n be5 able to lift into ! boat1 ,pet]1 at ,jesus' ^w1 br\ght safely home4 ,! writ] :o s employs ! already conv5tionaliz$ symbols ( ecclesia/ical imag]y1 surely _h no mean idea ( ! apo/le%ip ( ,pet]4 ,9 at lea/ z high degree z ! au?or ( ,acts he conceives ( ,pet] z commission$ 9 a special s5se to be ! great director & lead] ( all mission>y activity1 to ,g5tiles z well z ,jews 7,acts xv4 #g71 & to h be5 ! savi\r ( ! unity ( ! *ur* 9 ! h\r ( its ?reat5$ disruption4 ,:5 9 addition he is inve/$ by ,jesus ) ! insignia & (fice ( *ief "u-%eph]d ( ! flock ( ,god1 ! /a9 ( 8 ?reefold d5ial wip$ out by a ?reefold opportunity to prove 8 special love by special s]vice1 & ! ignom9y ( 8 previ\s failure to foll[ 7xiii4 #cf-ch7 aton$ = by ! promise t 9 old age he %all h opportunity to foll[ ,jesus 9 m>tyrdom 7xxi4 #ah f471 !re rema9s no?+ t ! mo/ exact+ fri5d ( 'ca?olic' apo/olicity c\ld dem& 9 ! way ( tribute to its great repres5tative4 ,footnote #cc3 ,! addition 9 v]4 #aj;a & ! plural !y 9 v]4 #aa1 are m]e editorial adaptations ( ! /ory to ,m>k i4 #af-bj4 ,& yet ! ma9 object ( ! ,epilogue has n yet be5 t\*$4 ,x 0 n writt51 we may be sure1 m]ely to glorify ,pet]2 ?\gh x is1 ( c\rse1 insupposable t ! ,gospel 9 its primitive =m simply left ,pet] 9 ! attitude ( a r5egade aft] xviii4 #bg1 to reappe> q z if no?+ _h happ5$ 9 xx4 #a ff4#cd ,x pays its tribute to ,pet] z *ief witness to ! resurrection1 *ief apo/le1 *ief savi\r ( ! unity ( ! *ur*1 *ief "u-%eph]d ( ! flock ( ,god1 9 ! int]e/ ( t ca?olic apo/olic unity :i* all *ur*m5 7 s e>ne/ly lab\r+ to a*ieve 9 ! writ]'s "t1 & = :i* ! "n ( ,pet] 0 increas+ly significant4 ,b ! *ief object ( ! ,epilogue is some?+ else4 ,x 0 writt5 prim>ily to comm5d & f9d room = ano!r au?ority1 ! au?ority ( ! ,gospel to :i* x is app5d$1 & :i* repeat$ly sets ov] aga9/ ,pet] a my/]i\s unnam$ figure1 :o always sees :5 ,pet] is bl9d1 believes :5 ,pet] is unbeliev+1 is fai?ful :5 ,pet] & all ! re/ h fl$ 9 c[>dly des]tion4 ,! object ( ! ,epilogue is to f9d room alongside ! gr[+ & salut>y au?ority ( ,pet] = ! au?ority & message ( ! disciple :om ,jesus lov$4 ,its purpose appe>s 9 its conclusion1 ,?is 7! disciple :om ,jesus lov$7 is ! disciple :i* be>e? witness ( ^! ?+s1 & wrote ^! ?+s1 & we 7! *ur* :i* *]i%es & gives =? ?is 'spiritual' ,gospel7 "k t 8 witness is true4 ,footnote #cd3 ,we mu/ conclude t bo? ^! data f ,synoptic tradition1 ! d5ial 7xiii4 #cf-ch2 xviii4 #ae-ah1 #be-bg7 & ! re/oration 7*4 xxi47 are supplem5ts to ! orig9al =m ( ! ,gospel4 ,! writ] does n explicitly say t he means ! ,apo/le ,john 7reput$ 9 ,ephesus ! au?or ( ,revelation72 = su* direct id5tification might well endang] 8 own object4 ,b he makes x cle> 9 two ways t ,john is really int5d$1 z1 inde$1 subsequ5t writ]s imm$iately inf]4#ce 7#a7 ,! sons ( ,zeb$ee are introduc$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ! entire "w 9 xxi4 #b1 among ! gr\p :o are pres5t ) ,pet]4 ,an easy process ( elim9ation1#cf !n1 leaves op5 to id5tification z ! disciple :om ,jesus lov$ 7v]4 #g7 only ,john1 or else "o ( ! two unnam$ o!r disciples1 :o c\ld h>dly be reckon$ among ,jesus' close/ intimates4 ,footnote #ce3 ,! ,muratorianum bases its leg5d>y acc\nt ( ! writ+ ( ! ,f\r? gospel by ,john ) ! endorsem5t ( 8 fell[-disciples & bi%ops on ,john xxi4 #bd4 ,footnote #cf3 ,! e>ly dea? ( ,james ! son ( ,zeb$ee 7,acts xii4 #a7 excludes him f consid]ation4 7#b7 ,! sc5e ( ! pr$iction ( ,pet]'s m>tyrdom 7xxi4 #ah f47 is foll[$ imm$iately 7v]4 #bj-bc7 by a ref]5ce to traditions :i* we "k to h be5 curr5t be=e ! close ( ! fir/ c5tury reg>d+ ! m>tyrdom ( ! two sons ( ,zeb$ee1 9 p>ticul> reg>d+ ,john4 ,pet] 9 xxi4 #ba raises ! "q z to ! fate ( ! disciple :om ,jesus lov$ 7lit]ally1 & z to ?is man1 :at874 ,! pregnant comm& ( ,jesus to ,pet]1 ,foll[ me1 is cle>ly int5d$ to h ref]5ce to m>tyrdom 7cf4 xiii4 #cf f471 & x is obey$ by ! disciple :om ,jesus lov$ z well z ,pet]4 ,pet]'s inquiry & ! ,"l's reply _h giv5 rise among ! bre?r5 to ! belief t ?is disciple w\ld t>ry till ! ,com+4 ,n[ x is ( ,john1 son ( ,zeb$ee1 & only ( him1 t we h a curi\s vacillation ( anci5t tradition betwe5 belief 9 8 m>tyrdom 9 ! same s5se z 8 bro!r ,james 7,m>k x4 #ci71 & a belief 7probably bas$ on ,m>k ix4 #a7 t he w\ld t>ry z an abid+ witness until ! ,com+ 7':ite m>tyrdom'74 ,! writ] ( ! ,epilogue has manife/ly ^! traditions ab\t ! fate ( ,john 9 m9d4 ,he w\ld h 8 read]s und]/& t ! enigmatic prophecy ( ,jesus nei!r promis$ ! p]man5t survival ( ,john1 nor 8 viol5t dea?1 b 0 at lea/ capable ( an int]pretation :i* set ,john alongside ( ,pet]1 n z a rival ( 8 lead]%ip1 or directive control1 b simply z a witness 7'm>tyr'7 to ! tru?4 ,pet] is will+ly grant$ ! (fice ( 'rul+ eld]' 9 ! *ur*1 if only ! disciple :om ,jesus lov$ may h ! function ( ! prophet & tea*] '9 ! ,_s1' ! man ( fai? & insight1 ^: function x is to int]pret '! m9d ( ,*ri/4' ,few ?+s c\ld be m significant ( ! conditions ( ,*ri/ian life & ?\ght 9 ! e>li] ye>s ( ! second c5tury ?an ?is ,epilogue1 app5d$ to ! 'spiritual' ,gospel to comm5d x to g5]al acceptance 9 ! *ur*4 ,x is n vitally important :e!r ! cauti\sly sugge/$ id5tification ( ! ,belov$ ,disciple ) ,john1 ! son ( ,zeb$ee1 be correct or n4 ,x is important to a hi/orical appreciation ( ! great lit]>y contribution ( ! *ur*es ( ,paul to ! 'ca?olic' ,*ri/ianity ( ! second c5tury1 t we realize :at ,petr9e ca?olicity _h !n come to mean1 & h[ ! ,paul9e spiritual gospel came half-way to meet x4 ,on ?is po9t a /udy ( ! epilogues is rew>d+1 b especially ( ! great ,epilogue to ! ,gospel ( ,john4 ,we h rea*$ ! p]iod = our own conclud+ words4 ,! process ( comb9ation & canonization ( ! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s1 :i* foll[$ ^u ! consolidation ( ! *ur*es 9 ! second c5tury falls outside our prov9ce4 ,we h s\ght only to give "s insight into ! orig9s1 consid]+ ! ,mak+ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t to apply r to ! creations ( ! =mative p]iod1 :5 consci\s inspiration 0 /ill 9 its full gl[1 ?an to ! p]iod ( collection into an (ficial canon4 ,z we look back ov] ! two lead+ types ( ,*ri/ian ?\ght1 ,paul9e & ',apo/olic1' ! ,greek-,*ri/ian gospel ab\t ,jesus1 & ! ,jewi%-,*ri/ian gospel ( ,jesus1 ! gospel ( ! ,_s & ! gospel ( au?ority1 we _c fail to realize h[ deep & broad & anci5t are ! two great curr5ts ( religi\s ?\ght & life t "h are m+l+1 cont5d+1 com+ to new expression & cle>] def9ition4 ,ea* has its v>i\s subdivisions & modifications1 ,paul9e ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,greek _w has its problems ( resi/ance to ,hell5i/ic p]v]sion on ! "o side1 to reaction t[>d ,jewi% ext]nal au?ority on ! o!r4 ,apo/olic ,*ri/ianity :e!r 9 its m cons]vative =m at ,j]usalem1 or 9 broad] assimilation to ,paul9e doctr9e at ,antio* & ,rome1 has also its div]g5t /reams1 its m primitive & its m develop$ /ages4 ,! lit]ature1 z we sl[ly come to appreciate x aga9/ ! backgr\nd ( ! times1 m & m reveals itself z an index to ! life4 ,n to ! m]e idiosyncrasies ( individuals1 b to ! great ,gulf-/ream ( ! human in/9ct = social ,righte\sness & = individual ,r$emption1 z x sweeps onw>d 9 its mighty tide4 ,! lit]ature ( ! ,new ,te/am5t mu/ be und]/ood hi/orically if und]/ood at all4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood z ! product1 we might almo/ say ! precipitate1 ( ! greate/ p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( religion4 ,x repres5ts ! meet+ & mutual adju/m5t ( two fundam5tal & complem5t>y conceptions ( religion4 ,! anti!sis is n m]ely t betwe5 ! p>ticul>ism ( ! ,jew & ! univ]salism ( ! ,g5tile4 ,x is an anti!sis ( ! social ideal ( ,law & ,prophets aga9/ ! individual ideal ( p]sonal r$emption ?r\gh union ) ! div9e ,_s1 :i* lay at ! he>t ( all vital ,hell5i/ic religi\s ?\ght 9 ?is p]iod ( ! ,empire4 ,*ri/ianity z we "k x1 ! religion ( humanity z x has come to be1 ! ultimate _w-religion z we believe x de/9$ to become1 is a resultant ( ^! two factors1 ,semitic & ,aryan1 ! social & ! individual ideal4 ,its canoniz$ lit]ature repres5ts ! comb9ation4 ,on ! "o side ! social ideal is pr$om9ant4 ,x p]petuates ! gospel ( ,jesus 9 ! =m ( ,mat?aean & ,petr9e tradition1 supplem5t$ by apocalypse1 :i* tradition atta*es conjecturally to ! "n ( ,john4 ,! goal x seeks is ! ,k+dom ( ,god1 righte\sness & peace on e>? z 9 heav54 ,on ! o!r side ! individual ideal pr$om9ates4 ,x p]petuates ! gospel ab\t ,jesus 9 ! =m ( ! ,paul9e & ,johann9e doctr9e ( 8 p]son1 reg>d$ z ! norm & type ( spiritual life4 ,! goal x seeks is p]sonal immortality by moral fell[%ip ) ,god4 ,its fai? is ,son %ip1 by p>ticipation 9 ! div9e nature1 )\t limitation 9 "t1 )\t loss ( individual id5tity4 ,bo? types ( gospel are ju/ifi$ 9 claim+ to emanate f ,jesus ( ,naz>e?2 b nei!r )\t ! o!r c claim to fully repres5t ! significance ( 8 _s & life4 ,! unity ( ! ,new ,te/am5t is a unity 9 div]sity4 ,j because x pres5ts s widely div]g5t conceptions ( :at ! gospel is1 x gives promise ( p]5nial fecundity4 ,/udi$ n aft] ! mann] ( ! scribes1 :o ?9k t 9 _! book ( precept & prophecy !y h a passport to rew>ds 9 a magical _w to come1 b /udi$ z a manife/ation ( ! life1 ev5 ! et]nal life ( ! ,_s ( ,god 9 man1 x w cont9ue to reproduce ! _s & m9d ( ,*ri/4 ,/udi$ z a reflection at v>i\s times & 9 div]s mann]s ( t r$emptive ,wisdom ( ,god1 :i* 9 e g5]ation ent]+ into holy s\ls makes m5 to be prophets & fri5ds ( ,god 7,sap4 vii4 #bg71 & :i* ! ,greeks1 consid]+ x1 un=tunately1 9 its intellectual r ?an its moral aspect1 call ! ,logos ( ,god1 x w prove1 z 9 s _m g5]ations pa/ x has prov$1 an incorruptible se$1 a ^w ( good tid+s prea*$ unto ! _w1 a ^w ( ! ,"l t abide? = ev]4 ,,bibliography #a4 ,g5]al ,introductions to ,n4,t4 ,lit]ature4 ,,m(fatt1 ,,jas4 ,int]nat4 ,!ol4 ,libr>y ,s]ies4 ,scribn]'s1 #aiaa4 ,/&>d1 compreh5sive1 progressive4 ,be/ comp5dium ( ! subject 9 ,engli%4 ,a book = exp]ts4 #fga pp41 #hvo4 ,j,ue,l,i,c,h,e,r1 ,a4 ,engl4 transl1 by ,d4 ,a4 ,w>d1 f #d? ,g]man ed4 ,london1 ,smi?1 ,eld] ,co41 #aijc4 ,! mo/ s]viceable ( mod]n ,g]man ,introductions1 bas$ on ! /&>d "w ( ! lib]al s*ool1 by ,h4 ,j4 ,holtzmann4 #fej pp41 l>ge #hvo4 ,,zahn1 ,,!o4 ,engl4 transl4 f #crd ,g]man ed41 by ,m4 ,w4 ,jacobus4 ,scribn]'s1 #aiji4 ,/&>d cons]vative "w4 ,imm5se s*ol>%ip 9 ! h>ness ( apologetics4 ,total1 #agej pp41 9 #c vols41 l>ge #hvo4 ,,bacon1 ,b4 ,w4 ,new ,te/4 ,h&book ,s]ies4 ,macmillan #aijj4 ,simil> to ,m(fatt's 9 /&po9t1 b )\t ! survey ( ! lit]ature4 ,= read]s less te*nically advanc$4 #cjj pp41 small #hvo4 ,,peake1 ,a4 ,s4 ,n4,y41 ,scribn]'s1 #aiaj4 #bej pp41 #abmo4 ,an excell5t prim] ( ! subject1 g5]ally cons]vative4 #b4 ,critical ,treatm5ts ( ,paul9e ,lit]ature4 ,,%aw1 ,r4 ,d4 ,! ,paul9e ,epi/les1 ,introductory & ,expository ,/udies1 #bnd ed4 ,t4 ,t4 ,cl>ke1 #aijd4 #eah pp41 l>ge #hvo4 ,sob] & cauti\s4 ,= g5]al read]s4 ,,ramsay1 ,w4 ,m4 ,paul9e & o!r ,/udies 9 ,e>ly ,*ri/ian ,hi/ory4 ,hodd] ,/\ghton1 #aijf4 #dbe pp41 l>ge #hvo4 ,! ,cities ( ,/4 ,paul 7#aijg1 #dfh pp47 is by ! same au?or1 an em95t geograph] & ar*aeologi/ ard5tly enli/$ aga9/ ,g]man criticism4 ,int]e/+ b diffuse4 ,,pfleid]]1 ,o4 ,paul9ism4 ,engl4 transl4 by ,e4 ,pet]s4 #bnd ed4 #ahia4 ,williams ,norgate4 #b vols4 #hvo4 ,total1 #ehj pp41 #hvo4 ,/ill a /&>d exposition ( ,paul's sy/em ( ?\ght4 ,a book = exp]ts4 ,,baur1 ,f4 ,c4 ,paul ! ,apo/le ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 8 ,life & ,"w1 ,epi/les & ,doctr9e4 ,engl4 transl4 ( ,zell]'s 7#bnd71 ,g]man ed41 by ,a4 ,m5zies4 ,williams ,norgate1 #ahgf4 ,two vols4 #hvo 7#cge #cej pp474 ,an epo*-mak+ book1 ! />t+-po9t ( mod]n criticism4 ,,s*weitz]1 ,a4 ,?is able1 ?\gh "o-sid$1 critic has issu$ already 7#aiab7 ! conclusion to 8 /udy ( mod]n ,lives ( ,*ri/ 7see bel[1 ,! ,que/ ( ! ,hi/orical ,jesus7 "u ! title ,ges*i*te d] ,paul9is*5 ,=s*ung4 ,x may be expect$ t ?is compreh5sive survey & se>*+ criticism ( ! lit]ature ( ,paul9e /udy w soon be made accessible to ! ,engli% read]4 ,,wr$e1 ,w4 ,paul4 ,engl4 transl4 by ,e4 ,lummis4 ,p4 ,gre51 ,london1 #aijg4 #aij pp41 #abmo4 ,a brief1 brilliant1 popul> sket*1 radical1 sugge/ive4 ,ne$s ! balance ( m cauti\s criticism4 ,,weiss1 ,j4 ,paul & ,jesus4 ,engl4 transl4 by ,h4 ,j4 ,*aytor4 ,london & ,new ,york1 ,h>p] ,bros41 #aiji4 #acj pp41 #abmo4 ,an effective answ] to ,wr$e's view ( ,paul z ! real creator ( ,*ri/ianity1 by a progressive & able critic4 ,lives ( ,paul by ,cone1 ,clem5 7,g]man7 & o!rs are abundant 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,see ! ,encyclopa$ias & ,diction>ies ( ! ,bible1 s4v4 ,paul4 #c4 ,critical ,treatm5ts ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels & ,acts4 ,,/anton1 ,v4 ,h4 ,! ,gospels z ,hi/orical ,docum5ts1 ,p>ts ,i & ,,ii4 ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,press1 #aijc-aiji4 #big #djj pp41 #hvo4 ,a /&>d survey ( ,gospel criticism f a cons]vative /&po9t1 ! "w ( a s*ol> = s*ol>s4 ,,cone1 ,o4 ,gospel ,criticism & ,hi/orical ,*ri/ianity4 ,putnam's1 ,n4,y41 #ahia4 #cge pp41 small #hvo4 ,lib]al1 semi-popul>4 ,,burkitt1 ,f4 ,c4 ,! ,e>lie/ ,s\rces = ! ,life ( ,jesus4 ,h\ghton ,miffl91 ,bo/on & ,new ,york1 #aiaj4 #acj pp41 #abmo4 ,simple & popul>4 ,burkitt is a lead+ progressive s*ol>4 #d4 ,! ,johann9e ,writ+s4 ,,drummond1 ,,jas4 ,"* & ,au?or%ip ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,scribn]'s1 ,n4,y41 #aijd4 #edd pp41 #hvo4 ,! able/ rec5t def5ce ( ! traditional au?or%ip4 ,s*ol>ly discussion ( ! lit]>y hi/ory4 ,,bacon1 ,b4 ,w4 ,! ,f\r? ,gospel 9 ,rese>* & ,debate4 ,m(fat1 ,y>d ,co41 ,n4,y41 #aiaj4 #eef pp41 #hvo4 ,a simil> discussion ( ! evid5ces rea*+ ! rev]se conclusion4 ,,scott1 ,e4 ,f4 ,! ,f\r? ,gospel1 its ,purpose & ,!ology4 ,t4 ,t4 ,cl>ke1 ,ed9burgh1 #aijf4 #chf pp41 #hvo4 ,admirable 9 temp]1 lucid 9 /yle1 semi-popul>4 ,,s*mi$el1 ,p4 ,w4 ,! ,johann9e ,writ+s4 ,engl4 transl41 by ,m4 ,a4 ,canney4 ,london1 ,a4 ,c4 ,black1 #aijc4 #bie pp41 #abmo4 ,brief1 popul>1 radical1 by "o ( ! able/ ( ,n4,t4 critics4 ,g5]al4 ,,reuss1 ,e4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,n4,t4 ,engl4 transl4 f #e? ,g]man ed41 by ,e4 ,l4 ,h\ghton4 ,bo/on1 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl9 ,co41 #ahhd4 #fdi pp4 #b vols4 l>ge #hvo4 ,a /&>d treasury ( s*ol>ly in=mation4 ,,w]nle1 ,p4 ,! ,beg9n+s ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,engl4 transl41 by ,g4 ,a4 ,bi5emann4 ,london1 ,williams ,norgate1 #aijd4 #chh #djd pp41 #hvo4 #b vols4 ,able1 s*ol>ly1 advanc$4 ,,pfleid]]1 ,o4 ,*ri/ian ,orig9s4 ,engl4 transl41 by ,d4 ,huebs*4 ,new ,york1 ,b4 ,w4 ,huebs*1 #aijf4 #bie pp41 #abmo4 ,popul> lectures %[+ some?+ ( ! views ( ! mod]n s*ool ( critics kn[n z religionsges*i*tli*4 ,pfleid]]'s critical op9ions are fully express$ 9 8 ,primitive ,*ri/ianity 7,engl4 transl41 by ,w4 ,montgom]y1 9 f\r vols41 #hvo4 ,putnams1 #aiji74 ,,muzzey1 ,d4 ,s4 ,! ,rise ( ! ,n4,t4 ,new ,york1 ,macmillan1 #aijj4 #aef pp41 #abmo4 ,an excell5t prim] = beg9n]s4 ,,wr$e1 ,w4 ,! ,orig9 ( ! ,n4,t4 ,engl4 transl4 by ,j4 ,s4 ,hill4 ,h>p] ,bros41 ,london ,new ,york1 #aiji4 #aea pp41 #abmo4 ,an admirable prim] by a brilliant lead] ( advanc$ criticism4 ,,von ,,sod54 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,e>ly ,*ri/ian ,lit]ature4 ,writ+s ( ! ,n4,t4 ,engl4 transl41 by ,j4 ,r4 ,wilk9son4 ,williams ,norgate1 #aijf4 #dgf pp41 #abmo4 ,a book = beg9n]s by a great ,n4,t4 s*ol> ( lib]al views4 ,a closely connect$ field is cov]$ by v>i\s ,hi/ories ( ! ,apo/olic ,age1 ( :i* ! mo/ rec5t & important are ^? 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gospel1 #bbc ,simon1 ,ri*>d1 #ce ,_s1 ,doctr9e ( !1 #ag1 #fg1 #aja #aef1 #bbj ,subscriptions1 #bcc ,sup]/iti\s ,judaism1 #ic f4 ,symeon1 son ( ,clopas1 #aje ,synoptic writ+s1 #dd1 #ajg ,synoptic writ+s 9 ,john1 #bbh ,syria & ,cilicia1 #fa1 #abi ,tea*+ ( ! ,twelve1 #bh1 #fc1 #ahe ,t]tullian1 #ai1 #bi ,!ssalonian ,epi/les1 #gc ,timo?y 7,see ,pa/oral ,epi/les71 #gh ,titus 7,see ,pa/oral ,epi/les7 ,transfiguration1 #afe1 #afg1 #bbh1 #bcj ,tueb+5 ,s*ool1 #dc ff4 ,unity ( ! ,*ur*1 #gj1 #ajc1 #abj ,unity ( ! ,n4,t41 #bdh ,way 7 sect71 #h ,weak 7p>ty ( !71 #de ,wisdom ( ,god1 #ii1 #bji1 #bbi ,wisdom ( ,solomon 7,sap471 #ea ,words ( ,jesus1 #ai1 #abi f41 #add f4 ,zahn1 #aae ,ri*>d ,clay ,sons1 ,limit$1 ,london & ,bungay4