,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals ,f ,augu/us to ,*>lemagne ,by ,william ,edw>d ,h>tpole ,lecky1 ,m4,a4 ,n9? ,edition ,9 ,two ,volumes ,vol4 #a4 ,london ,longmans1 ,gre51 ,& ,co4 #ahij ,,cont5ts ,adv]tisem5t ,to ,! ,?ird ,edition4 ,preface4 ,*apt] ,i4 ,! ,natural ,hi/ory ,( ,morals4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,pagan ,empire4 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! ,conv]sion ,( ,rome4 ,footnotes ,,adv]tisem5t ,,to ,,! ,,?ird ,,edition4 ,i h avail$ myself ( ! int]val s9ce ! la/ edition1 to subject ?is book to a m9ute & c>eful revision1 remov+ su* inaccuracies z ,i h be5 able myself to discov]1 z well z ^? :i* h be5 br\ght "u my notice by review]s or correspond5ts4 ,i mu/ especially ackn[l$ge ! great assi/ance ,i h d]iv$ 9 ?is task f my ,g]man translator1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,jol[icz--n[1 unhappily1 no m--"o ( ! mo/ consci5ti\s & accurate s*ol>s ) :om ,i h ev] be5 9 communication4 ,9 ! controv]sial "p ( ! fir/ *apt]1 :i* has giv5 rise to a good deal ( angry discussion1 f\r or five l9es :i* /ood 9 ! =m] editions h be5 omitt$1 & ?ree or f\r %ort passages h be5 ins]t$1 elucidat+ or support+ positions :i* _h be5 misund]/ood or conte/$4 ,janu>y #ahgg4 ,,preface4 ,! que/ions ) :i* an hi/orian ( ,morals is *iefly conc]n$ are ! *anges t h tak5 place 9 ! moral /&>d & 9 ! moral type4 ,by ! fir/1 ,i und]/& ! degrees 9 :i*1 9 diff]5t ages1 recognis$ virtues h be5 enjo9$ & practis$4 ,by ! second1 ,i und]/& ! relative importance t 9 diff]5t ages has be5 atta*$ to diff]5t virtues4 ,?us1 = example1 a ,roman ( ! age ( ,pl9y1 an ,engli%man ( ! age ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 & an ,engli%man ( our own day1 w\ld all agree 9 reg>d+ humanity z a virtue1 & its opposite z a vice2 b _! judgm5ts ( ! acts :i* are compatible ) a humane disposition w\ld be widely diff]5t4 ,a humane man ( ! fir/ p]iod might d]ive a ke5 enjoym5t f ^? gladiatorial games1 :i* an ,engli%man1 ev5 9 ! days ( ! ,tudors1 w\ld reg>d z atroci\sly b>b>\s2 & ?is la/ w\ld1 9 8 turn1 acquiesce 9 _m sport :i* w\ld n[ be emphatically condemn$4 ,& 9 addition to ?is *ange ( /&>d1 !re is a cont9ual *ange 9 ! ord] ( prec$5ce :i* is giv5 to virtues4 ,patriotism1 *a/ity1 *>ity1 & humility are examples ( virtues1 ea* ( :i* has 9 "s ages be5 br\ght =w>d z ( ! mo/ supreme & transc5d5t importance1 & ! v basis ( a virtu\s "*1 & 9 o!r ages be5 ?r[n into ! backgr\nd1 & reckon$ among ! m9or graces ( a noble life4 ,! h]oic virtues1 ! amiable virtues1 & :at are call$ m especially ! religi\s virtues1 =m di/9ct gr\ps1 to :i*1 9 diff]5t p]iods1 diff]5t degrees ( prom95ce h be5 assign$2 & ! nature1 causes1 & consequ5ces ( ^! *anges 9 ! moral type are among ! mo/ important bran*es ( hi/ory4 ,9 e/imat+1 h[ev]1 ! moral condition ( an age1 x is n suffici5t to exam9e ! ideal ( morali/s4 ,x is necess>y also to enquire h[ f> t ideal has be5 realis$ among ! p4 ,! corruption ( a nation is (t5 reflect$ 9 ! indulg5t & selfi% e?ics ( its tea*]s2 b x sometimes produces a reaction1 & impels ! morali/ to an asceticism :i* is ! extreme opposite ( ! prevail+ _s ( society4 ,! means :i* moral tea*]s possess ( act+ ^u _! fell[s1 v>y greatly 9 _! nature & efficacy1 & ! age ( ! highe/ moral tea*+ is (t5 n t ( ! highe/ g5]al level ( practice4 ,sometimes we f9d a k9d ( ari/ocracy ( virtue1 exhibit+ ! mo/ ref9$ excell5ce 9 _! tea*+ & 9 _! actions1 b ex]cis+ sc>cely any appreciable influ5ce ^u ! mass ( ! community4 ,sometimes we f9d morali/s ( a mu* less h]oic ord]1 ^: influ5ce has p]meat$ e section ( society4 ,9 addition1 !re=e1 to ! type & /&>d ( morals inculcat$ by ! tea*]s1 an hi/orian mu/ inve/igate ! realis$ morals ( ! p4 ,! ?ree que/ions ,i h n[ briefly indicat$ are ^? :i* ,i h especially reg>d$ 9 exam9+ ! moral hi/ory ( ,europe betwe5 ,augu/us & ,*>lemagne4 ,z a prelim9>y to ?is enquiry1 ,i h discuss$ at "s l5g? ! rival !ories conc]n+ ! nature & obligations ( morals1 & h also endeav\r$ to %[ :at virtues are especially appropriate to ea* successive /age ( civilisation1 9 ord] t we may aft]w>ds asc]ta9 to :at ext5t ! natural evolution has be5 affect$ by special ag5cies4 ,i h !n foll[$ ! moral hi/ory ( ! ,pagan ,empire1 review+ ! ,/oical1 ! ,eclectic1 & ! ,egyptian philosophies1 t 9 turn fl\ri%$1 %[+ 9 :at respects !y 7 ! products or expressions ( ! g5]al condition ( society1 trac+ _! influ5ce 9 _m dep>tm5ts ( legislation & lit]ature1 & inve/igat+ ! causes ( ! deep-seat$ corruption :i* baffl$ all ! ef=ts ( emp]ors & philosoph]s4 ,! triumph ( ! ,*ri/ian religion 9 ,europe next dem&s our att5tion4 ,9 treat+ ?is subject1 ,i h endeav\r$1 = ! mo/ "p1 to exclude all consid]ations ( a purely !ological or controv]sial "*1 all discussions conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ! fai? 9 ,pale/9e1 & conc]n+ ! fir/ type ( its doctr9e1 & to reg>d ! ,*ur* simply z a moral ag5t1 ex]cis+ its influ5ce 9 ,europe4 ,conf9+ myself )9 ^! limits1 ,i h exam9$ ! mann] 9 :i* ! circum/ances ( ! ,pagan ,empire imp$$ or assi/$ its gr[?1 ! nature ( ! opposition x _h to enc\nt]1 ! trans=mations x und]w5t "u ! influ5ce ( prosp]ity1 ( ! ascetic en?usiasm1 & ( ! b>b>ian invasions1 & ! _m ways 9 :i* x det]m9$ ! moral condition ( society4 ,! gr[+ s5se ( ! sanctity ( human life1 ! hi/ory ( *>ity1 ! =mation ( ! leg5ds ( ! hagiology1 ! effects ( asceticism ^u civic & dome/ic virtues1 ! moral influ5ce ( mona/]ies1 ! e?ics ( ! intellect1 ! virtues & vices ( ! decay+ ,*ri/ian ,empire & ( ! b>b>ian k+doms t replac$ x1 ! gradual apo!osis ( secul> rank1 & ! fir/ /ages ( t milit>y ,*ri/ianity :i* atta9$ its climax at ! ,crusades1 h be5 all discuss$ ) m or less detail2 & ,i h conclud$ my "w by review+ ! *anges t h tak5 place 9 ! position ( wom51 & 9 ! moral que/ions connect$ ) ! relations ( ! sexes4 ,9 inve/igat+ ^! num]\s subjects1 x has occasionally1 ?\gh r>ely1 happ5$ t my pa? has int]sect$ t :i* ,i _h pursu$ 9 a =m] "w1 & 9 two or ?ree in/ances ,i h n hesitat$ to repeat facts to :i* ,i _h !re briefly ref]r$4 ,i h ?\ght t su* a c\rse 0 pref]able to pres5t+ ! subject %orn ( "s mat]ial incid5t1 or to fall+ into :at has always ! appe>ance ( an unpleas+ egotism1 by appeal+ unnecess>ily to my own writ+s4 ,al?\gh ! hi/ory ( ! p]iod ,i h trac$ has nev]1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 be5 writt5 f exactly ! po9t ( view :i* ,i h adopt$1 ,i h1 ( c\rse1 be5 = ! mo/ "p mov+ ov] famili> gr\nd1 :i* has be5 (t5 & ably inve/igat$2 & any orig9ality t may be f\nd 9 ?is "w mu/ lie1 n s mu* 9 ! facts :i* h be5 exhum$1 z 9 ! mann] 9 :i* !y h be5 gr\p$1 & 9 ! significance t has be5 ascrib$ to !m4 ,i h endeav\r$ to ackn[l$ge ! m important works f :i* ,i h d]iv$ assi/ance2 & if ,i h n always done s1 ,i tru/ ! read] w ascribe x to ! great multitude ( ! special hi/ories relat+ to ! subjects ,i h treat$1 to my unwill+ness to ov]load my pages ) too num]\s ref]5ces1 & p]haps1 9 "s cases1 to ! difficulty t all :o h be5 mu* occupi$ ) a s+le dep>tm5t ( hi/ory mu/ sometimes h1 9 di/+ui%+ ! ideas :i* h sprung f _! own reflections1 f ^? :i* h be5 d]iv$ f books4 ,!re is "o writ]1 h[ev]1 :om ,i mu/ especially m5tion1 = 8 "n occurs cont9ually 9 ! foll[+ pages1 & 8 memory has be5 m frequ5tly1 & 9 ^! latt] mon?s m sadly1 pres5t to my m9d ?an any o!r4 ,brilliant & num]\s z are ! works ( ! late ,dean ,milman1 x 0 ^? only :o _h ! great privilege ( 8 fri5d%ip1 :o c\ld fully realise ! amaz+ ext5t & v>iety ( 8 k2 ! calm1 lum9\s1 & delicate judgm5t :i* he c>ri$ into s _m sph]es2 ! inimitable grace & tact ( 8 conv]sation1 coruscat+ ) ! happie/ anecdotes1 & ! brighte/ & yet ! g5tle/ hum\r2 &1 :at 0 p]haps m rem>kable ?an any s+le faculty1 ! admirable h>mony & symmetry ( 8 m9d & "*1 s free f all ! disproportion1 & ecc5tricity1 & exagg]ation t sometimes make ev5 g5ius assume ! =m ( a spl5did disease4 ,!y c nev] =get ^? yet high] attributes1 :i* r5d]$ him s unspeakably rev]5d to all :o knew him well--8 f]v5t love ( tru?1 8 wide tol]ance1 8 l>ge1 g5]\s1 & mascul9e judgm5ts ( m5 & ?+s2 8 almo/ in/9ctive p]ception ( ! good t is lat5t 9 ea* oppos+ p>ty1 8 disda9 = ! noisy triumphs & ! fleet+ popul>ity ( m]e sect>ian /rife1 ! fond & t\*+ affection ) :i* he dwelt ^u ! images ( ! pa/1 comb9+1 ev5 9 extreme old age1 ) ! ke5e/ & mo/ hopeful insight into ! progressive movem5ts ( 8 "t1 & ) a r>e p[] ( w9n+ ! confid5ce & read+ ! ?\ghts ( ! y\nge/ ab\t him4 ,t su* a writ] %\ld h devot$ himself to ! dep>tm5t ( hi/ory1 :i* m ?an any o!r has be5 di/ort$ by ignorance1 pu]ility1 & di%one/y1 ,i conceive to be "o ( ! happie/ facts 9 ,engli% lit]ature1 & 7?\gh sometimes div]g+ f 8 views7 9 _m p>ts ( ! foll[+ "w ,i h l>gely avail$ myself ( 8 rese>*es4 ,i _c conceal f myself t ?is book is likely to enc\nt] mu*1 & probably angry1 contradiction f diff]5t qu>t]s & on diff]5t gr\nds4 ,x is /rongly oppos$ to a s*ool ( moral philosophy :i* is at pres5t extremely influ5tial 9 ,engl&2 &1 9 addition to ! _m faults t may be f\nd 9 its execution1 its v plan mu/ make x displeas+ to _m4 ,its subject necess>ily includes que/ions on :i* x is exce$+ly difficult = an ,engli% writ] to t\*1 & ! portion ( hi/ory ) :i* x is conc]n$ has be5 obscur$ by no common measure ( misrepres5tation & passion4 ,i h endeav\r$ to c>ry into x a judicial imp>tiality1 & ,i tru/ t ! attempt1 h[ev] imp]fect1 may n be :olly useless to my read]s4 ,,london3 ,m>* #ahfi4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,morals4 ,a brief enquiry into ! nature & f\ndations ( morals appe>s an obvi\s1 &1 inde$1 almo/ an indisp5sable prelim9>y1 to any exam9ation ( ! moral progress ( ,europe4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 su* an enquiry is beset ) s]i\s difficulties1 aris+ 9 "p f ! extreme multiplicity ( detail :i* sy/ems ( moral philosophy pres5t1 & 9 "p f a fundam5tal antagonism ( pr9ciples1 divid+ !m into two oppos+ gr\ps4 ,! great controv]sy1 spr++ f ! rival claims ( intuition & utility to be reg>d$ z ! supreme regulator ( moral di/9ctions1 may be dimly trac$ 9 ! division betwe5 ,plato & ,ari/otle2 x appe>$ m cle>ly 9 ! division betwe5 ! ,/oics & ! ,epicureans2 b x has only acquir$ its full di/9ctness ( def9ition1 & ! importance ( ! que/ions dep5d+ on x has only be5 fully appreciat$1 9 mod]n times1 "u ! influ5ce ( su* writ]s z ,cudwor?1 ,cl>ke1 & ,butl] ^u ! "o side1 & ,hobbes1 ,helvtius1 & ,b5?am on ! o!r4 ,indep5d5tly ( ! broad intellectual difficulties :i* mu/ be enc\nt]$ 9 treat+ ?is "q1 !re is a difficulty ( a p]sonal k9d1 :i* x may be advisable at once to meet4 ,!re is a disposition 9 "s morali/s to res5t1 z an imputation aga9/ _! own *>act]s1 any *>ge ( immoral consequ5ces t may be br\ght aga9/ ! pr9ciples !y advocate4 ,n[ x is a peculi>ity ( ?is controv]sy t e morali/ is compell$1 by ! v nature ( ! case1 to br+ su* *>ges aga9/ ! op9ions ( 8 oppon5ts4 ,! bus9ess ( a moral philosophy is to acc\nt = & to ju/ify our moral s5tim5ts1 or 9 o!r words1 to %[ h[ we come to h our notions ( duty1 & to supply u ) a reason = act+ ^u !m4 ,if x does ?is adequately1 x is impregnable1 & !re=e a morali/ :o repudiates "o sy/em is call$ ^u to %[ t1 accord+ to its pr9ciples1 ! notion ( duty1 or ! motives = p]=m+ x1 c\ld nev] h be5 g5]at$4 ,! ,utilit>ian accuses 8 oppon5t ( bas+ ! entire sy/em ( morals on a faculty t has no exi/5ce1 ( adopt+ a pr9ciple t w\ld make moral duty v>y ) ! latitude & ! epo*1 ( resolv+ all e?ics into an idle s5tim5t4 ,! intuitive morali/1 = reasons ,i %all h]eaft] expla91 believes t ! ,utilit>ian !ory is pr(\ndly immoral4 ,b to suppose t ei!r ( ^! *>ges ext5ds to ! "* ( ! morali/ is altoge!r to misconceive ! position :i* moral !ories actually hold 9 life4 ,our moral s5tim5ts d n fl[ f1 b long prec$e our e?ical sy/ems2 & x is usually only aft] our *>act]s h be5 fully =m$ t we beg9 to reason ab\t !m4 ,x is bo? possible & v common = ! reason+ to be v defective1 )\t any correspond+ imp]fection 9 ! disposition ( ! man4 ,! two rival !ories ( morals are kn[n by _m names1 & are subdivid$ into _m gr\ps4 ,"o ( !m is g5]ally describ$ z ! /oical1 ! intuitive1 ! indep5d5t or ! s5tim5tal2 ! o!r z ! epicurean1 ! inductive1 ! utilit>ian1 or ! selfi%4 ,! morali/s ( ! =m] s*ool1 to /ate _! op9ions 9 ! broade/ =m1 believe t we h a natural p[] ( p]ceiv+ t "s qualities1 su* z b5evol5ce1 *a/ity1 or v]acity1 are bett] ?an o!rs1 & t we ought to cultivate !m1 & to repress _! opposites4 ,9 o!r words1 !y cont5d1 t by ! con/itution ( our nature1 ! notion ( "r c>ries ) x a feel+ ( obligation2 t to say a c\rse ( conduct is our duty1 is 9 itself1 & ap>t f all consequ5ces1 an intelligible & suffici5t reason = practis+ x2 & t we d]ive ! fir/ pr9ciples ( our duties f intuition4 ,! morali/ ( ! opposite s*ool d5ies t we h any su* natural p]ception4 ,he ma9ta9s t we h by nature absolutely no k ( m]it & dem]it1 ( ! comp>ative excell5ce ( our feel+s & actions1 & t we d]ive ^! notions solely f an obs]vation ( ! c\rse ( life :i* is conducive to human happ9ess4 ,t :i* makes actions good is1 t !y increase ! happ9ess or dim9i% ! pa9s ( mank9d4 ,t :i* con/itutes _! dem]it is _! opposite t5d5cy4 ,to procure 8! greate/ happ9ess = ! greate/ numb]10 is !re=e ! highe/ aim ( ! morali/1 ! supreme type & expression ( virtue4 ,x is manife/1 h[ev]1 t ?is la/ s*ool1 if x proce$$ no fur!r ?an ,i h /at$1 w\ld h fail$ to accompli% ! task :i* e morali/ mu/ und]take4 ,x is easy to und]/& t exp]i5ce may %[ t c]ta9 actions are conducive to ! happ9ess ( mank9d1 & t ^! actions may 9 consequ5ce be reg>d$ z supremely excell5t4 ,! "q /ill rema9s1 :y we are b\nd to p]=m !m4 ,if m51 :o believe t virtu\s actions are ^? :i* exp]i5ce %[s to be useful to society1 believe also t !y are "u a natural obligation to seek ! happ9ess ( o!rs1 r ?an _! own1 :5 ! two int]e/s conflict1 !y h c]ta9ly no claim to ! title ( inductive morali/s4 ,!y recognise a moral faculty1 or natural s5se ( moral obligation or duty z truly z ,butl] or z ,cudwor?4 ,&1 inde$1 a position v simil> to ?is has be5 adopt$ by sev]al intuitive morali/s4 ,?us ,hut*eson1 :o is ! v f\nd] 9 mod]n times ( ! doctr9e ( 8a moral s5se10 & :o has def5d$ ! dis9t]e/$ "* ( virtue m p[]fully ?an p]haps any o!r morali/1 resolv$ all virtue into b5evol5ce1 or ! pursuit ( ! happ9ess ( o!rs2 b he ma9ta9$ t ! excell5ce & obligation ( b5evol5ce are reveal$ to u by a 8moral s5se40 ,hume1 9 l mann]1 pron\nc$ utility to be ! crit]ion & ess5tial elem5t ( all virtue1 & is s f> und\bt$ly a ,utilit>ian2 b he ass]t$ also t our pursuit ( virtue is unselfi%1 & t x spr+s f a natural feel+ ( approbation or disapprobation di/9ct f reason1 & produc$ by a peculi> s5se1 or ta/e1 :i* rises up )9 u at ! contemplation ( virtue or ( vice47#a7 ,a simil> doctr9e has m rec5tly be5 advocat$ by ,mack9to%4 ,x is suppos$ by _m t x is a complete description ( ! ,utilit>ian sy/em ( morals1 t x judges all actions & dispositions by _! consequ5ces1 pron\nc+ !m moral 9 proportion to _! t5d5cy to promote1 immoral 9 proportion to _! t5d5cy to dim9i%1 ! happ9ess ( man4 ,b su* a summ>y is cle>ly inadequate1 = x deals only ) "o ( ! two que/ions :i* e morali/ mu/ answ]4 ,a !ory ( morals mu/ expla9 n only :at con/itutes a duty1 b also h[ we obta9 ! notion ( !re be+ su* a ?+ z duty4 ,x mu/ tell u n m]ely :at is ! c\rse ( conduct we ought to pursue1 b also :at is ! mean+ ( ?is ^w 8ought10 & f :at s\rce we d]ive ! idea x expresses4 ,^? :o h und]tak5 to prove t all our morality is a product ( exp]i5ce1 h n %runk f ?is task1 & h boldly ent]$ ^u ! "o pa? t 0 op5 to !m4 ,! notion ( !re be+ any su* feel+ z an orig9al s5se ( obligation di/9ct f ! anticipation ( pleasure or pa91 !y treat z a m]e illusion ( ! imag9ation4 ,all t is meant by say+ we ought to d an action is1 t if we d n d x1 we %all suff]4 ,a desire to obta9 happ9ess & to avoid pa9 is ! only possible motive to action4 ,! reason1 & ! only reason1 :y we %\ld p]=m virtu\s actions1 or 9 o!r words1 seek ! good ( o!rs1 is t on ! :ole su* a c\rse w br+ u ! greate/ am\nt ( happ9ess4 ,we h "h !n a g5]al /atem5t ( ! doctr9e :i* bases morals ^u exp]i5ce4 ,if we ask :at con/itutes virtu\s1 & :at vici\s actions1 we are told t ! fir/ are ^? :i* increase ! happ9ess or dim9i% ! pa9s ( mank9d2 & ! second are ^? :i* h ! opposite effect4 ,if we ask :at is ! motive to virtue1 we are told t x is an enlight5$ self-int]e/4 ,! words happ9ess1 utility1 & int]e/ include1 h[ev]1 _m diff]5t k9ds ( enjoym5t1 & h giv5 rise to _m diff]5t modifications ( ! !ory4 ,p]haps ! l[e/ & mo/ repulsive =m ( ?is !ory is t :i* 0 prop\nd$ by ,m&eville1 9 8 8,enquiry into ! ,orig9 ( ,moral ,virtue407#b7 ,accord+ to ?is writ]1 virtue sprang 9 ! fir/ in/ance f ! cunn+ ( rul]s4 ,^!1 9 ord] to gov]n m51 f\nd x necess>y to p]suade !m t x 0 a noble ?+ to re/ra91 in/ead ( indulg+ _! passions1 & to devote !mselves entirely to ! good ( ! community4 ,! mann] 9 :i* !y atta9$ ?is end 0 by act+ ^u ! feel+ ( vanity4 ,!y p]suad$ m5 t human nature 0 some?+ nobl] ?an ! nature ( animals1 & t devotion to ! community r5d]$ a man pre-em95tly great4 ,by /atues1 & titles1 & hon\rs2 by cont9ually extoll+ su* m5 z ,regulus or ,decius2 by repres5t+ ^? :o 7 addict$ to useless enjoym5ts z a l[ & despicable class1 !y at la/ s inflam$ ! vanity ( m5 z to k9dle an int5se emulation1 & inspire ! mo/ h]oic actions4 ,& soon new influ5ces came into play4 ,m5 :o began by re/ra9+ _! passions1 9 ord] to acquire ! pleasure ( ! e/eem ( o!rs1 f\nd t ?is re/ra9t sav$ !m f _m pa9ful consequ5ces t w\ld h naturally ensu$ f ov]-indulg5ce1 & ?is discov]y became a new motive to virtue4 ,ea* memb] ( ! community moreov] f\nd t he himself d]iv$ b5efit f ! self-sacrifice ( o!rs1 & also t :5 he 0 seek+ 8 own int]e/1 )\t reg>d to o!rs1 no p]sons /ood s mu* 9 8 way z ^? :o 7 simil>ly employ$1 & he _h ?us a d\ble reason = diffus+ abroad ! notion ( ! excell5ce ( self-sacrifice4 ,! result ( all ?is 0 t m5 agre$ to /igmatise "u ! t]m 8vice0 :atev] 0 injuri\s1 & to eulogise z 8virtue0 :atev] 0 b5eficial to society4 ,! op9ions ( ,m&eville attract$1 :5 !y 7 publi%$1 an att5tion greatly beyond _! intr9sic m]it1 b !y are n[ s9k+ rapidly into des]v$ oblivion4 ,! au?or1 9 a poem call$ ! 8,fable ( ! ,bees10 & 9 comm5ts atta*$ to x1 himself advocat$ a !sis altoge!r inconsi/5t ) t ,i h describ$1 ma9ta9+ t 8private vices 7 public b5efits10 & endeav\r+1 9 a long s]ies ( v feeble & sometimes v grotesque argum5ts1 to prove t vice 0 9 ! highe/ degree b5eficial to mank9d4 ,a f> great] writ] _h h[ev] already fram$ a s*eme ( morals :i*1 if some:at less repulsive1 0 9 no degree less selfi% ?an t ( ,m&eville2 & ! op9ions ( ,hobbes conc]n+ ! ess5ce & orig9 ( virtue1 h1 ) no v great v>iations1 be5 adopt$ by :at may be t]m$ ! n>r[] s*ool ( ,utilit>ians4 ,accord+ to ^! writ]s we are gov]n$ exclusively by our own int]e/47#c7 ,pleasure1 !y assure u1 is ! only good17#d7 & moral good & moral evil mean no?+ m ?an our volunt>y con=mity to a law t w br+ x to u47#e7 ,to love good simply z good1 is impossible47#f7 ,:5 we speak ( ! goodness ( ,god1 we mean only ,8 goodness to u47#g7 ,rev]5ce is no?+ m ?an our conviction1 t "o :o has p[] to d u bo? good & h>m1 w only d u good47#h7 ,! pleasures ( piety arise f ! belief t we are ab\t to receive pleasure1 & ! pa9s ( piety f ! belief t we are ab\t to suff] pa9 f ! ,deity47#i7 ,our v affections1 accord+ to "s ( ^! writ]s1 are all =ms ( self-love4 ,?us *>ity spr+s p>tly f our desire to obta9 ! e/eem ( o!rs1 p>tly f ! expectation t ! fav\rs we h be/[$ w be reciprocat$1 & p>tly1 too1 f ! gratification ( ! s5se ( p[]1 by ! pro( t we c satisfy n only our own desires b also ! desires ( o!rs47#aj7 ,pity is an emotion aris+ f a vivid realisation ( sorr[ t may befall ourselves1 sugge/$ by ! sight ( ! sorr[s ( o!rs4 ,we pity especially ^? :o h n des]v$ calamity1 because we consid] ourselves to belong to t category2 & ! spectacle ( suff]+ aga9/ :i* no =e?\ght c\ld provide1 rem9ds u mo/ =cibly ( :at may happ5 to ourselves47#aa7 ,fri5d%ip is ! s5se ( ! ne$ ( ! p]son befri5d$47#ab7 ,f su* a conception ( human nature x is easy to div9e :at sy/em ( morals mu/ fl[4 ,no "*1 feel+1 or action is naturally bett] ?an o!rs1 & z long z m5 are 9 a savage condition1 morality has no exi/5ce4 ,=tunately1 h[ev]1 we are all dep5d5t = _m ( our pleasures ^u o!rs4 ,co-op]ation & organisation are ess5tial to our happ9ess1 & ^! are impossible )\t "s re/ra9t be+ plac$ ^u our appetites4 ,laws are enact$ to secure ?is re/ra9t1 & be+ su/a9$ by rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 !y make x ! int]e/ ( ! individual to reg>d t ( ! community4 ,accord+ to ,hobbes1 ! disposition ( man is s an>*ical1 & ! importance ( re/ra9+ x s transc5d5t1 t absolute gov]nm5t alone is good2 ! comm&s ( ! sov]eign are supreme1 & mu/ !re=e con/itute ! law ( morals4 ,! o!r morali/s ( ! s*ool1 ?\gh repudiat+ ?is notion1 h giv5 a v great & di/+ui%$ place to legislation 9 _! s*emes ( e?ics2 = all our conduct be+ det]m9$ by our int]e/s1 virtue be+ simply ! con=mity ( our own int]e/s ) ^? ( ! community1 & a judici\s legislation be+ ! *ief way ( secur+ ?is con=mity1 ! functions ( ! morali/ & ( ! legislator are almo/ id5tical47#ac7 ,b 9 addition to ! rew>ds & puni%m5ts ( ! p5al code1 ^? aris+ f public op9ion--fame or infamy1 ! fri5d%ip or ho/ility ( ^? ab\t u--are enli/$ on ! side ( virtue4 ,! educat+ influ5ce ( laws1 & ! gr[+ p]ception ( ! id5tity ( int]e/s ( ! diff]5t memb]s ( ! community1 create a public op9ion fav\rable to all ! qualities :i* are 8! means ( peaceable1 sociable1 & com=table liv+407#ad7 ,su* are ju/ice1 gratitude1 mode/y1 equity1 & m]cy2 & su*1 too1 are purity & *a/ity1 :i*1 consid]$ 9 !mselves alone1 are 9 no degree m excell5t ?an ! co>se/ & mo/ indiscrim9ate lu/1 b :i* c be %[n to be conducive to ! happ9ess ( society1 & become 9 consequ5ce virtues47#ae7 ,?is education ( public op9ion gr[s cont9ually /rong] ) civilisation1 & gradually m\lds ! *>act]s ( m51 mak+ !m m & m dis9t]e/$1 h]oic1 & unselfi%4 ,a dis9t]e/$1 unselfi%1 & h]oic man1 x is expla9$1 is "o :o is /rictly engross$ 9 ! pursuit ( 8 own pleasure1 b :o pursues x 9 su* a mann] z to include 9 its gratification ! happ9ess ( o!rs47#af7 ,x is a v old ass]tion1 t a man :o prud5tly s\ght 8 own int]e/ w\ld live a life ( p]fect virtue4 ,?is op9ion is adopt$ by mo/ ( ^? ,utilit>ians :o are lea/ incl9$ to lay great /ress ^u religi\s motives2 & z !y ma9ta9 t e man necess>ily pursues exclusively 8 own happ9ess1 we return by ano!r pa? to ! old ,platonic doctr9e1 t all vice is ignorance4 ,virtue is a judici\s1 & vice an injudici\s1 pursuit ( pleasure4 ,virtue is a bran* ( prud5ce1 vice is no?+ m ?an imprud5ce or miscalculation47#ag7 ,he :o seeks to improve ! moral condition ( mank9d has two1 & only two1 ways ( accompli%+ 8 end4 ,! fir/ is1 to make x m & m ! int]e/ ( ea* to con=m to t ( ! o!rs2 ! second is1 to dispel ! ignorance :i* prev5ts m5 f see+ _! true int]e/47#ah7 ,if *a/ity or tru?1 or any o!r ( :at we reg>d z virtues1 c\ld be %[n to produce on ! :ole m pa9 ?an !y de/roy1 or to deprive m5 ( m pleasure ?an !y af=d1 !y w\ld n be virtues1 b vices47#ai7 ,if x c\ld be %[n t x is n = our own int]e/ to practise any ( :at are admitt$ to be virtues1 all obligation to practise !m w\ld imm$iately cease47#bj7 ,! :ole s*eme ( e?ics may be evolv$ f ! f\r canons ( ,epicurus4 ,! pleasure :i* produces no pa9 is to be embrac$4 ,! pa9 :i* produces no pleasure is to be avoid$4 ,! pleasure is to be avoid$ :i* prev5ts a great] pleasure1 or produces a great] pa94 ,! pa9 is to be endur$ :i* av]ts a great] pa91 or secures a great] pleasure47#ba7 ,s f> ,i h b>ely allud$ to any b t]re/rial motives4 ,^!1 9 ! op9ion ( _m ( ! mo/ illu/ri\s ( ! s*ool1 are suffici5t1 b o!rs--z we %all see1 ,i ?9k1 ) great reason--are ( a diff]5t op9ion4 ,_! obvi\s res\rce is 9 ! rew>ds & puni%m5ts ( ano!r _w1 & ^! !y accord+ly pres5t z ! motive to virtue4 ,( all ! modifications ( ! selfi% !ory1 ?is alone c be said to furni% int]e/$ motives = virtue :i* are inv>iably & inconte/ably adequate4 ,if m5 introduce ! notion ( inf9ite puni%m5ts & inf9ite rew>ds di/ribut$ by an omnisci5t ,judge1 !y c und\bt$ly supply /rong] reasons = practis+ virtue ?an c ev] be f\nd = practis+ vice4 ,:ile admitt+ !re=e 9 emphatic t]ms1 t any sacrifice ( our pleasure1 )\t ! prospect ( an equival5t rew>d1 is a simple act ( madness1 & unwor?y ( a rational be+17#bb7 ^! writ]s ma9ta9 t we may reasonably sacrifice ! enjoym5ts ( ?is life1 because we %all be rew>d$ by f> great] enjoym5t 9 ! next4 ,to ga9 heav5 & avoid hell %\ld be ! spr+ ( all our actions17#bc7 & virtue is simply prud5ce ext5d+ its calculations beyond ! grave47#bd7 ,?is calculation is :at we mean by ! 8religi\s motive407#be7 ,! belief t ! nobility & excell5ce ( virtue c\ld incite u1 0 a m]e delusion ( ! ,pagans47#bf7 ,consid]$ simply 9 ! light ( a prud5tial s*eme1 !re are only two possible objections t c\ld be br\ght aga9/ ?is !ory4 ,x might be said t ! am\nt ( virtue requir$ = ent]+ heav5 0 n def9$1 & t !re=e x w\ld be possible to enjoy "s vices on e>? ) impunity4 ,to ?is1 h[ev]1 x is answ]$ t ! v indef9it5ess ( ! requirem5t r5d]s zeal\s piety a matt] ( prud5ce1 & also t !re is probably a graduat$ scale ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts adapt$ to e v>iety ( m]it & dem]it47#bg7 ,x might be said too t pres5t pleasures are at lea/ c]ta91 & t ^? ( ano!r _w are n equally s4 ,x is answ]$ t ! rew>ds & puni%m5ts (f]$ 9 ano!r _w are s transc5d5tly great1 t accord+ to ! rules ( ord9>y prud5ce1 if !re 7 only a probability1 or ev5 a b>e possibility1 ( _! be+ real1 a wise man %\ld regulate 8 c\rse ) a view to !m47#bh7 ,among ^! writ]s1 h[ev]1 "s h div]g$ to a c]ta9 degree f ! broad /ream ( utilit>ianism1 decl>+ t ! f\ndation ( ! moral law is n utility1 b ! w or arbitr>y decree ( ,god4 ,?is op9ion1 :i* 0 prop\nd$ by ! s*oolman ,ockham1 & by sev]al o!r writ]s ( 8 age17#bi7 has 9 mod]n times f\nd _m adh]5ts17#cj7 & be5 def5d$ ?r\gh a v>iety ( motives4 ,"s h upheld x on ! philosophical gr\nd t a law c be no?+ b ! s5t5ce ( a lawgiv]2 o!rs f a desire to place morals 9 p]man5t subord9ation to !ology2 o!rs 9 ord] to answ] objections to ,*ri/ianity d]iv$ f app>5tly immoral acts said to h be5 sanction$ by ! ,div9ity2 & o!rs because hav+ adopt$ /rong ,calv9i/ic s5tim5ts1 !y 7 at once pr(\ndly oppos$ to utilit>ian morals1 & at ! same "t too firmly conv9c$ ( ! total depravity ( human nature to admit ! exi/5ce ( any tru/wor?y moral s5se47#ca7 ,9 ! majority ( cases1 h[ev]1 ^! writ]s h prov$ sub/antially utilit>ians4 ,:5 ask$ h[ we c "k ! w ( ,god1 !y answ] t 9 z f> z x is n includ$ 9 express revelation1 x mu/ be discov]$ by ! rule ( utility2 = nature proves t ! ,deity is supremely b5evol5t1 & desires ! welf>e ( m51 & !re=e any conduct t leads to t end is 9 con=mity ) ,8 w47#cb7 ,to ! "q :y ! ,div9e w %\ld be obey$1 !re are b two answ]s4 ,! fir/1 :i* is t ( ! intuitive morali/1 is t we are "u a natural obligation ( gratitude to our ,creator4 ,! second1 :i* is t ( ! selfi% morali/1 is t ! ,creator has inf9ite rew>ds & puni%m5ts at ,8 disposal4 ,! latt] answ] appe>s usually to h be5 adopt$1 & ! mo/ em95t memb] has summ$ up ) great succ9ctness ! op9ion ( 8 s*ool4 8,! good ( mank9d10 he says1 8is ! subject1 ! w ( ,god ! rule1 & ev]la/+ happ9ess ! motive & end ( all virtue407#cc7 ,we h se5 t ! di/9ctive *>act]i/ic ( ! inductive s*ool ( morali/s is an absolute d5ial ( ! exi/5ce ( any natural or innate moral s5se or faculty enabl+ u to di/+ui% betwe5 ! high] & l[] p>ts ( our nature1 reveal+ to u ei!r ! exi/5ce ( a law ( duty or ! conduct t x prescribes4 ,we h se5 t ! only po/ulate ( ^! writ]s is t happ9ess be+ univ]sally desir$ is a desirable ?+1 t ! only m]it !y recognise 9 actions or feel+s is _! t5d5cy to promote human happ9ess1 & t ! only motive to a virtu\s act !y conceive possible is ! real or suppos$ happ9ess ( ! ag5t4 ,! sanctions ( morality ?us con/itute its obligation1 & ap>t f !m ! ^w 8ought0 is absolutely unmean+4 ,^? sanctions1 z we h consid]$ !m1 are ( diff]5t k9ds & degrees ( magnitude4 ,paley1 ?\gh else:]e ackn[l$g+ ! o!rs1 reg>d$ ! religi\s "o z s immeasurably ! fir/1 t he repres5t$ x z ! "o motive ( virtue47#cd7 ,locke divid$ !m into ,div9e rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 legal p5alties & social p5alties27#ce7 ,b5?am into physical1 political1 moral or popul>1 & religi\s--! fir/ be+ ! bodily evils t result f vice1 ! second ! enactm5ts ( legislators1 ! ?ird ! pleasures & pa9s aris+ f social int]c\rse1 ! f\r? ! rew>ds & puni%m5ts ( ano!r _w47#cf7 ,dur+ ! great] "p ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies ! controv]sy 9 ,engl& betwe5 ^? :o d]iv$ ! moral code f exp]i5ce1 & ^? :o d]iv$ x f intuitions ( ! reason1 or f a special faculty1 or f a moral s5se1 or f ! p[] ( sympa?y1 turn$ ma9ly ^u ! exi/5ce ( an unselfi% elem5t 9 our nature4 ,! reality ( ?is exi/5ce hav+ be5 ma9ta9$ by ,%aftesbury1 0 e/abli%$ ) an unprec$5t$1 & ,i believe an irresi/ible =ce1 by ,hut*eson1 & ! same "q occupies a consid]able place 9 ! writ+s ( ,butl]1 ,hume1 & ,adam ,smi?4 ,! selfi%ness ( ! s*ool ( ,hobbes1 ?\gh 9 "s degree mitigat$1 may be trac$ 9 e page ( ! writ+s ( ,b5?am2 b "s ( 8 disciples h 9 ?is respect deviat$ v widely f _! ma/]1 & 9 _! h&s ! :ole tone & complexion ( utilit>ianism h be5 *ang$47#cg7 ,! two means by :i* ?is trans=mation has be5 effect$ are ! recognition ( our unselfi% or sympa!tic feel+s1 & ! doctr9e ( ! association ( ideas4 ,t human nature is s con/itut$ t we naturally take a pleasure 9 ! sight ( ! joy ( o!rs is "o ( ^? facts :i* to an ord9>y obs]v] might well appe> among ! mo/ pat5t t c be conceiv$4 ,we h se51 h[ev]1 t x 0 emphatically d5i$ by ,hobbes1 & dur+ ! great] "p ( ! la/ c5tury x 0 fa%ionable among writ]s ( ! s*ool ( ,helvtius to endeav\r to prove t all dome/ic or social affections 7 dictat$ simply by a ne$ ( ! p]son :o 0 belov$4 ,! reality ( ! pleasures & pa9s ( sympa?y 0 admitt$ by ,b5?am27#ch7 b 9 accordance ) ! :ole _s ( 8 philosophy1 he ?rew !m z mu* z possible into ! backgr\nd1 &1 z ,i h already notic$1 gave !m no place 9 8 summ>y ( ! sanctions ( virtue4 ,! t5d5cy1 h[ev]1 ( ! lat] memb]s ( ! s*ool has be5 to recognise !m fully17#ci7 ?\gh !y diff] z to ! s\rce f :i* !y spr+4 ,accord+ to "o section our b5evol5t affections are d]iv$ f our selfi% feel+s by an association ( ideas 9 a mann] :i* ,i %all pres5tly describe4 ,accord+ to ! o!r !y are an orig9al "p ( ! con/itution ( our nature4 ,h[ev] !y be g5]at$1 _! exi/5ce is admitt$1 _! cultivation is a ma9 object ( morals1 & ! pleasure d]iv$ f _! ex]cise a lead+ motive to virtue4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 ! intuitive morali/s & _! rivals on ?is po9t are ( two k9ds4 ,bo? ackn[l$ge ! exi/5ce 9 human nature ( bo? b5evol5t & malevol5t feel+s1 & t we h a natural p[] ( di/+ui%+ "o f ! o!r2 b ! fir/ ma9ta9 & ! second d5y t we h a natural p[] ( p]ceiv+ t "o is bett] ?an ! o!r4 ,bo? admit t we enjoy a pleasure 9 acts ( b5evol5ce to o!rs1 b mo/ writ]s ( ! fir/ s*ool ma9ta9 t t pleasure foll[s uns\ght =1 :ile writ]s ( ! o!r s*ool cont5d t ! desire ( obta9+ x is ! motive ( ! action4 ,b by f> ! mo/ +5i\s & at ! same "t mo/ influ5tial sy/em ( utilit>ian morals is t :i* owes its di/9ctive feature to ! doctr9e ( association ( ,h>tley4 ,?is doctr9e1 :i* among ! mod]n a*ievem5ts ( e?ics occupies on ! utilit>ian side a position correspond+ 9 importance to ! doctr9e ( innate moral faculties z di/+ui%$ f innate moral ideas on ! intuitive side1 0 n absolutely unkn[n to ! anci5ts1 ?\gh !y nev] p]ceiv$ ei!r ! ext5t to :i* x may be c>ri$ or ! important consequ5ces t might be d$uc$ f x4 ,"s traces ( x may be f\nd 9 ,ari/otle17#dj7 & "s ( ! ,epicureans appli$ x to fri5d%ip1 ma9ta9+ t1 al?\gh we fir/ ( all love our fri5d on acc\nt ( ! pleasure he c give u1 we come soon to love him = 8 own sake1 & ap>t f all consid]ations ( utility47#da7 ,among mod]ns ,locke has ! m]it ( hav+ devis$ ! phrase1 8association ( ideas207#db7 b he appli$ x only to "s cases ( app>5tly ecc5tric sympa?ies or antipa?ies4 ,hut*eson1 h[ev]1 closely anticipat$ bo? ! doctr9e ( ,h>tley & ! fav\rite illu/ration ( ! s*ool2 obs]v+ t we desire "s ?+s z !mselves pleasurable & o!rs only z means to obta9 pleasurable ?+s1 & t ^! latt]1 :i* he t]ms 8second>y desires10 may become z p[]ful z ! =m]4 8,?us1 z soon z we come to appreh5d ! use ( weal? or p[] to gratify any ( our orig9al desires we mu/ also desire !m4 ,h5ce arises ! univ]sality ( ^! desires ( weal? & p[]1 s9ce !y are ! means ( gratify+ all our desires407#dc7 ,! same pr9ciples 7 c>ri$ mu* f>!r by a cl]gyman nam$ ,gay 9 a %ort diss]tation :i* is n[ almo/ =gott51 b to :i* ,h>tley ascrib$ ! fir/ sugge/ion ( 8 !ory17#dd7 & 9 :i* inde$ ! mo/ valuable "p ( x is cle>ly laid d[n4 ,diff]+ altoge!r f ,hut*eson z to ! exi/5ce ( any innate moral s5se or pr9ciple ( b5evol5ce 9 man1 ,gay admitt$ t ! argum5ts ( ,hut*eson to prove t ! adult man possesses a moral s5se 7 irresi/ible1 & he attempt$ to reconcile ?is fact ) ! tea*+ ( ,locke by ! doctr9e ( 8second>y desires40 ,he rem>ks t 9 our reason+s we d n always fall back ^u fir/ pr9ciples or axioms1 b sometimes />t f propositions :i* ?\gh n self-evid5t we "k to be capable ( pro(4 ,9 ! same way 9 ju/ify+ our actions we d n always appeal to ! t5d5cy to produce happ9ess :i* is _! "o ultimate ju/ification1 b cont5t ourselves by %[+ t !y produce "s ( ! kn[n 8means to happ9ess40 ,^! 8means to happ9ess0 be+ cont9ually appeal$ to z ju/ify+ motives come ins5sibly to be reg>d$ z ends1 possess+ an intr9sic value irrespective ( _! t5d5cy2 & 9 ?is mann] x is t we love & admire virtue ev5 :5 unconnect$ ) our int]e/s47#de7 ,! great "w ( ,h>tley exp&+ & elaborat+ ^! views 0 publi%$ 9 #agdg4 ,x 0 encumb]$ by mu* physiological speculation into :i* x is ne$less = u n[ to ent]1 ab\t ! mann] 9 :i* emotions act ^u ! n]ves1 & al?\gh accept$ en?usia/ically by ,prie/ley & ,bel%am1 & 9 "s degree by ,tuck]1 ,i d n ?9k t its purely e?ical speculations _h mu* influ5ce until !y 7 adopt$ by "s lead+ utilit>ians 9 ! pres5t c5tury47#df7 ,:atev] may be ?\ght ( ! tru?1 x is impossible to )hold "s admiration f ! intellectual gr&eur ( a sy/em :i* />t+ f a conception ( human nature z l[ & z base z t ( ,m&eville or ,hobbes pr(esses )\t ! introduction ( a s+le new or nobl] elem5t1 by a /range process ( philosophic al*emy1 to evolve out ( ?is orig9al selfi%ness ! mo/ h]oic & mo/ s5sitive virtue4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ?is a*ievem5t is effect$ is commonly illu/rat$ by ! passion ( av>ice4 ,money 9 itself possesses absolutely no?+ t is admirable or pleasurable1 b be+ ! means ( procur+ u _m ( ! objects ( our desire1 x becomes associat$ 9 our m9ds ) ! idea ( pleasure2 x is !re=e itself lov$2 & x is possible = ! love ( money s completely to eclipse or sup]s$e ! love ( all ^? ?+s :i* money procures1 t ! mis] w =ego !m all1 r ?an "p ) a fraction ( 8 gold47#dg7 ,! same ph5om5on may be trac$1 x is said1 9 a multitude ( o!r =ms47#dh7 ,?us we seek p[]1 because x gives u ! means ( gratify+ _m desires4 ,x becomes associat$ ) ^? desires1 & is1 at la/1 itself passionately lov$4 ,praise indicates ! affection ( ! eulogi/1 & m>ks u out = ! affection ( o!rs4 ,valu$ at fir/ z a means1 x is soon desir$ z an end1 & to su* a pit* c our en?usiasm rise1 t we may sacrifice all e>?ly ?+s = po/hum\s praise :i* c nev] rea* our e>4 ,& ! =ce ( association may ext5d ev5 f>!r4 ,we love praise1 because x procures u c]ta9 advantages4 ,we !n love x m ?an ^! advantages4 ,we proce$ by ! same process to transf] our affections to ^? ?+s :i* naturally or g5]ally procure praise4 ,we at la/ love :at is praisewor?y m ?an praise1 & w endure p]petual obloquy r ?an ab&on x47#di7 ,to ?is process1 x is said1 all our moral s5tim5ts mu/ be ascrib$4 ,man has no natural b5evol5t feel+s4 ,he is at fir/ gov]n$ solely by 8 int]e/1 b ! infant le>ns to associate its pleasures ) ! idea ( its "m1 ! boy ) ! idea ( 8 family1 ! man ) ^? ( 8 class1 8 *ur*1 8 c\ntry1 & at la/ ( all mank9d1 & 9 ea* case an indep5d5t affection is at l5g? =m$47#ej7 ,! sight ( suff]+ 9 o!rs awak5s 9 ! *ild a pa9ful recollection ( 8 own suff]+s1 :i* p>5ts1 by appeal+ to ! infant imag9ation1 /ill fur!r /r5g!n1 & besides1 8:5 sev]al *ildr5 are educat$ toge!r1 ! pa9s1 ! d5ials ( pleasure1 & ! sorr[s :i* affect "o gradually ext5d 9 "s degree to all20 & ?us ! suff]+ ( o!rs becomes associat$ ) ! idea ( our own1 & ! feel+ ( compassion is eng5d]$47#ea7 ,b5evol5ce & ju/ice are associat$ 9 our m9ds ) ! e/eem ( our fell[-m51 ) reciprocity ( fav\rs1 & ) ! hope ( future rew>d4 ,!y are lov$ at fir/ = ^!1 & f9ally = !mselves1 :ile opposite tra9s ( association produce opposite feel+s t[>ds malevol5ce & inju/ice47#eb7 ,& ?us virtue1 consid]$ z a :ole1 becomes ! supreme object ( our affections4 ,( all our pleasures1 m are d]iv$ f ^? acts :i* are call$ virtu\s1 ?an f any o!r s\rce4 ,! virtu\s acts ( o!rs procure u c\ntless advantages4 ,our own virtue obta9s = u ! e/eem ( m5 & return ( fav\rs4 ,all ! epi!ts ( praise are appropriat$ to virtue1 & all ! epi!ts ( blame to vice4 ,religion tea*es u to connect hopes ( inf9ite joy ) ! "o1 & fe>s ( inf9ite suff]+ ) ! o!r4 ,virtue becomes !re=e peculi>ly associat$ ) ! idea ( pleasurable ?+s4 ,x is soon lov$1 indep5d5tly ( & m ?an ^!2 we feel a gl[ ( pleasure 9 practis+ x1 & an int5se pa9 9 violat+ x4 ,consci5ce1 :i* is ?us g5]at$1 becomes ! rul+ pr9ciple ( our lives17#ec7 & hav+ le>nt to sacrifice all e>?ly ?+s r ?an disobey x1 we rise1 by an association ( ideas1 into ! l(tie/ region ( h]oism47#ed7 ,! influ5ce ( ?is +5i\s1 ?\gh ,i ?9k 9 "s respect fanciful1 !ory dep5ds less ^u ! numb] ?an ^u ! ability ( its adh]5ts4 ,?\gh little kn[n1 ,i believe1 beyond ,engl&1 x has 9 ,engl& ex]cis$ a great fasc9ation ov] exce$+ly dissimil> m9ds17#ee7 & x does und\bt$ly evade "s ( ! objections to ! o!r =ms ( ! inductive !ory4 ,?us1 :5 intuitive morali/s cont5d t our moral judgm5ts1 be+ in/antane\s & effect$ "u ! manife/ impulse ( an emotion ( sympa?y or repulsion1 are z f> z possible remov$ f t cold calculation ( int]e/s to :i* ! utilit>ian r$uces !m1 x is answ]$1 t ! association ( ideas is suffici5t to eng5d] a feel+ :i* is ! proximate cause ( our decision47#ef7 ,alone1 ( all ! morali/s ( ?is s*ool1 ! disciple ( ,h>tley recognises consci5ce z a real & important elem5t ( our nature17#eg7 & ma9ta9s t x is possible to love virtue = itself z a =m ( happ9ess )\t any ?\ght ( ult]ior consequ5ces47#eh7 ,! imm5se value ?is !ory ascribes to education1 gives x an unusual practical importance4 ,:5 we are balanc+ betwe5 a crime & a virtue1 our wills1 x is said1 are necess>ily det]m9$ by ! great] pleasure4 ,if we f9d m pleasure 9 ! vice ?an 9 ! virtue1 we inevitably gravitate to evil4 ,if we f9d m pleasure 9 ! virtue ?an 9 ! vice1 we are z irresi/ibly attract$ t[>ds good4 ,b ! /r5g? ( su* motives may be immeasurably enhanc$ by an e>ly association ( ideas4 ,if we h be5 accu/om$ f *ildhood to associate our ideas ( praise & pleasure ) virtue1 we %all readily yield to virtu\s motives2 if ) vice1 to vici\s ones4 ,?is read9ess to yield to "o or o!r set ( motives1 con/itutes disposition1 :i* is ?us1 accord+ to ^! morali/s1 altoge!r an artificial ?+1 ! product ( education1 & effect$ by association ( ideas47#ei7 ,x w be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t ?is !ory1 ref9$ & impos+ z x may appe>1 is /ill ess5tially a selfi% "o4 ,ev5 :5 sacrific+ all e>?ly objects ?r\gh love ( virtue1 ! good man is simply seek+ 8 greate/ enjoym5t1 indulg+ a k9d ( m5tal luxury :i* gives him m pleasure ?an :at he =egoes1 j z ! mis] f9ds m pleasure 9 accumulation ?an 9 any =m ( exp5diture47#fj7 ,!re has be51 inde$1 "o attempt to emancipate ! !ory f ?is condition1 b x appe>s to me altoge!r futile4 ,x has be5 said t m5 9 ! fir/ in/ance indulge 9 baneful excesses1 on acc\nt ( ! pleasure !y af=d1 b ! habit be+ contract$1 cont9ue to practise !m aft] !y h ceas$ to af=d pleasure1 & t a simil> law may op]ate 9 ! case ( ! habit ( virtue47#fa7 ,b ! reason :y m5 :o h contract$ a habit cont9ue to practise x aft] x has ceas$ to give !m positive enjoym5t1 is because to desi/1 creates a re/lessness & uneas9ess :i* am\nts to acute m5tal pa94 ,to avoid t pa9 is ! motive ( ! action4 ,! read] :o has p]us$ ! passages ,i h accumulat$ 9 ! notes1 w be able to judge ) :at degree ( ju/ice utilit>ian writ]s d5\nce ) indignation ! imputation ( selfi%ness1 z a calumny aga9/ _! sy/em4 ,x is n1 ,i ?9k1 a /ra9$ or unnatural use ( language to describe z selfi% or int]e/$1 all actions :i* a man p]=ms1 9 ord] himself to avoid suff]+ or acquire ! greate/ possible enjoym5t4 ,if ?is be s1 ! t]m selfi% is /rictly applicable to all ! bran*es ( ?is sy/em47#fb7 ,at ! same "t x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t !re is a broad diff]5ce betwe5 ! ref9$ h$onism ( ! utilit>ians we h la/ notic$1 & ! writ+s ( ,hobbes1 ( ,m&eville1 or ( ,paley4 ,x mu/ be ackn[l$g$1 also1 t n a few intuitive or /oical morali/s h spok5 ( ! pleasure to be d]iv$ f virtue 9 language little if at all diff]5t f ^! writ]s47#fc7 ,! ma9 object ( ! e>li] memb]s ( ! inductive s*ool1 0 to depress human nature to _! /&>d1 by resolv+ all ! noble/ actions into co>se & selfi% elem5ts4 ,! ma9 object ( "s ( ! m influ5tial ( ! lat] memb]s ( ?is s*ool1 has be5 to sublimate _! conceptions ( happ9ess & int]e/ 9 su* a mann]1 z to include ! highe/ displays ( h]oism4 ,z we h se51 !y fully admit t consci5ce is a real ?+1 & %\ld be ! supreme guide ( our lives1 ?\gh !y cont5d t x spr+s orig9ally f selfi%ness1 trans=m$ "u ! influ5ce ( ! association ( ideas4 ,!y ackn[l$ge ! reality ( ! sympa!tic feel+s1 ?\gh !y usually trace !m to ! same s\rce4 ,!y _c1 x is true1 consi/5tly ) _! pr9ciples1 recognise ! possibility ( conduct :i* is 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! ^w unselfi%1 b !y cont5d t x is q possible = a man to f9d 8 highe/ pleasure 9 sacrific+ himself = ! good ( o!rs1 t ! association ( virtue & pleasure is only p]fect :5 x leads habitually to spontane\s & uncalculat+ action1 & t no man is 9 a heal?y moral condition :o does n f9d m pa9 9 committ+ a crime ?an he c\ld d]ive pleasure f any ( its consequ5ces4 ,! !ory 9 its pr9ciple rema9s un*ang$1 b 9 ! h&s ( "s ( ^! writ]s ! _s has :olly alt]$4 ,hav+ ?us giv5 a brief1 b1 ,i tru/1 cle> & fai?ful acc\nt ( ! diff]5t modifications ( ! inductive !ory1 ,i %all proce$ to /ate "s ( ! pr9cipal objections t h be5 & may be br\ght aga9/ x4 ,i %all !n endeav\r to def9e & def5d ! op9ions ( ^? :o believe t our moral feel+s are an ess5tial "p ( our con/itution1 develop$ by1 b n d]iv$ f education1 & ,i %all conclude ?is *apt] by an enquiry into ! ord] ( _! evolution2 s t hav+ obta9$ "s notion ( ! natural hi/ory ( morals1 we may be able1 9 ! ensu+ *apt]s1 to judge1 h[ f> _! normal progress has be5 accel]at$ or ret>d$ by religi\s or political ag5cies4 8,psy*ology10 x has be5 truly said1 8is b develop$ consci\sness407#fd7 ,:5 morali/s ass]t1 t :at we call virtue d]ives its reputation solely f its utility1 & t ! int]e/ or pleasure ( ! ag5t is ! "o motive to practise x1 our fir/ "q is naturally h[ f> ?is !ory agrees ) ! feel+s & ) ! language ( mank9d4 ,b if te/$ by ?is crit]ion1 !re nev] 0 a doctr9e m emphatically condemn$ ?an utilit>ianism4 ,9 all its /ages1 & 9 all its ass]tions1 x is 9 direct opposition to common language & to common s5tim5ts4 ,9 all nations & 9 all ages1 ! ideas ( int]e/ & utility on ! "o h& & ( virtue on ! o!r1 h be5 reg>d$ by ! multitude z p]fectly di/9ct1 & all languages recognise ! di/9ction4 ,! t]ms hon\r1 ju/ice1 rectitude or virtue1 & _! equival5ts 9 e language1 pres5t to ! m9d ideas ess5tially & broadly diff]+ f ! t]ms prud5ce1 sagacity1 or int]e/4 ,! two l9es ( conduct may co9cide1 b !y are nev] confus$1 & we h n ! slighte/ difficulty 9 imag9+ !m antagoni/ic4 ,:5 we say a man is gov]n$ by a high s5se ( hon\r1 or by /rong moral feel+1 we d n mean t he is prud5tly pursu+ ei!r 8 own int]e/s or ! int]e/s ( society4 ,! univ]sal s5tim5t ( mank9d repres5ts self-sacrifice z an ess5tial elem5t ( a m]itori\s act1 & means by self-sacrifice ! delib]ate adoption ( ! lea/ pleasurable c\rse )\t ! prospect ( any pleasure 9 return4 ,a selfi% act may be innoc5t1 b _c be virtu\s1 & to ascribe all good de$s to selfi% motives1 is n ! di/ortion b ! negation ( virtue4 ,no ,epicurean c\ld av[ be=e a popul> audi5ce t ! "o end ( 8 life 0 ! pursuit ( 8 own happ9ess )\t an outbur/ ( indignation & contempt47#fe7 ,no man c\ld consci\sly make ?is--:i* accord+ to ! selfi% !ory is ! only rational & inde$ possible motive ( action--! delib]ate object ( all 8 und]tak+s1 )\t 8 "* becom+ despicable & degrad$4 ,:e!r we look )9 ourselves or exam9e ! conduct ei!r ( our enemies or ( our fri5ds1 or adjudicate ^u ! *>act]s 9 hi/ory or 9 fiction1 our feel+s on ^! matt]s are ! same4 ,9 exact proportion z we believe a desire = p]sonal enjoym5t to be ! motive ( a good act is ! m]it ( ! ag5t dim9i%$4 ,if we believe ! motive to be :olly selfi% ! m]it is altoge!r de/roy$4 ,if we believe x to be :olly dis9t]e/$ ! m]it is altoge!r unalloy$4 ,h5ce1 ! admiration be/[$ ^u ,prome!us1 or suff]+ virtue con/ant b5ea? ! bl[s ( ,almighty malice1 or on ! a!i/ :o ) no prospect ( future rew>d suff]$ a fe>ful dea?1 r ?an abjure an op9ion :i* c\ld be ( no b5efit to society1 because he believ$ x to be ! tru?4 ,selfi% morali/s d5y ! possibility ( t :i* all ages1 all nations1 all popul> judgm5ts pron\nce to h be5 ! *>act]i/ic ( e noble act t has ev] be5 p]=m$4 ,n[1 :5 a philosophy :i* seeks by ! light ( consci\sness to deciph] ! laws ( our moral be+ proves s diametrically oppos$ to ! conclusions arriv$ at by ! great mass ( mank9d1 :o m]ely foll[ _! consci\sness )\t endeav\r+ to frame sy/ems ( philosophy1 t x makes mo/ ( ! di/9ctions ( common e?ical language absolutely unmean+1 ?is is1 to say ! lea/1 a /rong presumption aga9/ its tru?4 ,if ,molire's h]o _h be5 speak+ prose all 8 life )\t kn[+ x1 ?is 0 simply because he did n und]/& :at prose 04 ,9 ! pres5t case we are ask$ to believe t m5 h be5 "u a total delusion ab\t ! lead+ pr9ciples ( _! lives :i* !y _h di/+ui%$ by a :ole vocabul>y ( t]ms4 ,x is said t ! case becomes diff]5t :5 ! pleasure s\ght is n a gross or mat]ial enjoym5t1 b ! satisfaction ( p]=m$ virtue4 ,i suspect t if m5 c\ld p]suade !mselves t ! "o motive ( a virtu\s man 0 ! c]ta9ty t ! act he accompli%$ w\ld be foll[$ by a gl[ ( satisfaction s int5se z m ?an to comp5sate = any sacrifice he might h made1 ! diff]5ce w\ld n be z great z is suppos$4 ,9 fact1 h[ev]--& ! consci\sness ( ?is lies1 ,i conceive1 at ! root ( ! op9ions ( m5 ^u ! subject--! pleasure ( virtue is "o :i* c only be obta9$ on ! express condition ( its n be+ ! object s\ght4 ,ph5om5a ( ?is k9d are famili> to u all4 ,?us1 = example1 x has (t5 be5 obs]v$ t pray]1 by a law ( our nature & ap>t f all sup]natural int]v5tion1 ex]cises a reflex influ5ce ( a v b5eficial "* ^u ! m9ds ( ! wor%ipp]s4 ,! man :o (f]s up 8 petitions ) passionate e>ne/ness1 ) unfalt]+ fai?1 & ) a vivid realisation ( ! pres5ce ( an ,unse5 ,be+ has ris5 to a condition ( m9d :i* is itself em95tly fav\rable bo? to 8 own happ9ess & to ! expansion ( 8 moral qualities4 ,b he :o expects no?+ m w nev] atta9 ?is4 ,to him :o nei!r believes nor hopes t 8 petitions w receive a response su* a m5tal /ate is impossible4 ,no ,prote/ant be=e an image ( ! ,virg91 no ,*ri/ian be=e a pagan idol1 c\ld possibly atta9 x4 ,if pray]s 7 (f]$ up solely ) a view to ?is b5efit1 !y w\ld be absolutely /]ile & w\ld spe$ily cease4 ,?us aga91 c]ta9 political economi/s h cont5d$ t to give money 9 *>ity is worse ?an useless1 t x is positively noxi\s to society1 b !y h add$ t ! gratification ( our b5evol5t affections is pleas+ to ourselves1 & t ! pleasure we d]ive f ?is s\rce may be s mu* great] ?an ! evil result+ f our gift1 t we may ju/ly1 accord+ to ! 8greate/ happ9ess pr9ciple10 pur*ase ?is l>ge am\nt ( gratification to ourselves by a slight injury to our neighb\rs4 ,! political economy involv$ 9 ?is v *>act]i/ic specim5 ( utilit>ian e?ics ,i %all h]eaft] exam9e4 ,at pres5t x is suffici5t to obs]ve t no "o :o consci\sly practis$ b5evol5ce solely f ?is motive c\ld obta9 ! pleasure 9 "q4 ,we receive enjoym5t f ! ?\ght t we h done good4 ,we nev] c\ld receive t enjoym5t if we believ$ & realis$ t we 7 do+ h>m4 ,! same ?+ is pre-em95tly true ( ! satisfaction ( consci5ce4 ,a feel+ ( satisfaction foll[s ! accompli%m5t ( duty = itself1 b if ! duty be p]=m$ solely ?r\gh ! expectation ( a m5tal pleasure consci5ce refuses to ratify ! b>ga94 ,!re is no fact m conspicu\s 9 human nature ?an ! broad di/9ction1 bo? 9 k9d & degree1 drawn betwe5 ! moral & ! o!r p>ts ( our nature4 ,b ?is on utilit>ian pr9ciples is altoge!r unacc\ntable4 ,if ! excell5ce ( virtue consi/s solely 9 its utility or t5d5cy to promote ! happ9ess ( m51 we %\ld be compell$ to canonise a cr[d ( acts :i* are utt]ly remote f all our ord9>y notions ( morality4 ,! :ole t5d5cy ( political economy & philosophical hi/ory :i* reveal ! physiology ( societies1 is to %[ t ! happ9ess & welf>e ( mank9d are evolv$ mu* m f our selfi% ?an f :at are t]m$ our virtu\s acts4 ,! prosp]ity ( nations & ! progress ( civilisation are ma9ly due to ! ex]tions ( m5 :o :ile pursu+ /rictly _! own int]e/s1 7 unconsci\sly promot+ ! int]e/s ( ! community4 ,! selfi% in/9ct t leads m5 to accumulate1 conf]s ultimately m advantage ^u ! _w ?an ! g5]\s in/9ct t leads m5 to give4 ,a great hi/orian has cont5d$ ) "s =ce t intellectual developm5t is m important to societies ?an moral developm5t4 ,yet :o ev] s]i\sly que/ion$ ! reality ( ! di/9ction t sep>ates ^! ?+s8 ,! read] w probably exclaim t ! key to t di/9ction is to be f\nd 9 ! motive2 b x is "o ( ! p>adoxes ( ! utilit>ian s*ool t ! motive ( ! ag5t has absolutely no influ5ce on ! morality ( ! act4 ,accord+ to ,b5?am1 !re is b "o motive possible1 ! pursuit ( our own enjoym5t4 ,! mo/ virtu\s1 ! mo/ vici\s1 & ! mo/ indiff]5t ( actions1 if measur$ by ?is te/1 w\ld be exactly ! same1 & an inve/igation ( motives %\ld !re=e be altoge!r exclud$ f our moral judgm5ts47#ff7 ,:atev] te/ we adopt1 ! difficulty ( acc\nt+ = ! unique & pre-em95t position mank9d h assign$ to virtue w rema94 ,if we judge by t5d5cies1 a cr[d ( objects & ( acts to :i* no mortal ev] dream$ ( ascrib+ virtue1 contribute l>gely to ! happ9ess ( man4 ,if we judge by motives1 ! morali/s we are review+ h d5i$ all g5]ic diff]5ce betwe5 prud5tial & virtu\s motives4 ,if we judge by int5tions1 x is c]ta9 t h[ev] mu* tru? or *a/ity may contribute to ! happ9ess ( mank9d1 x is n ) philan?ropic int5tions t ^? virtues are cultivat$4 ,x is (t5 said t intuitive morali/s 9 _! reason+s are guilty ( cont9ually ab&on+ _! pr9ciples by !mselves appeal+ to ! t5d5cy ( c]ta9 acts to promote human happ9ess z a ju/ification1 & ! *>ge is usually accompani$ by a *all5ge to %[ any confess$ virtue t has n t t5d5cy4 ,to ! fir/ objection x may be %ortly answ]$ t no intuitive morali/ ev] dream$ ( d\bt+ t b5evol5ce or *>ity1 or 9 o!r words1 ! promotion ( ! happ9ess ( man1 is a duty4 ,he ma9ta9s t x n only is s1 b t we arrive at ?is fact by direct intuition1 & n by ! discov]y t su* a c\rse is conducive to our own int]e/4 ,b :ile he cordially recognises ?is bran* ( virtue1 & :ile he has !re=e a p]fect "r to allege ! b5eficial effects ( a virtue 9 its def5ce1 he refuses to admit t all virtue c be r$uc$ to ?is s+le pr9ciple4 ,) ! g5]al s5tim5t ( mank9d he reg>ds *>ity z a good ?+ only because x is ( use to ! _w4 ,) ! same g5]al s5tim5t ( mank9d he believes t *a/ity & tru? h an indep5d5t value1 di/9ct f _! influ5ce ^u happ9ess4 ,to ! "q :e!r e confess$ virtue is conducive to human happ9ess1 x is less easy to reply1 = x is usually extremely difficult to calculate ! remote t5d5cies ( acts1 & 9 cases :]e1 9 ! common appreh5sion ( mank9d1 ! morality is v cle>1 ! consequ5ces are (t5 v obscure4 ,not)/&+ ! claim ( great precision :i* utilit>ian writ]s s boa/fully make1 ! /&>d by :i* !y pr(ess to measure morals is itself absolutely incapable ( def9ition or accurate explanation4 ,happ9ess is "o ( ! mo/ indet]m9ate & undef9able words 9 ! language1 & :at are ! conditions ( 8! greate/ possible happ9ess0 no "o c precisely say4 ,no two nations1 p]haps no two individuals1 w\ld f9d !m ! same47#fg7 ,& ev5 if e virtu\s act 7 inconte/ably useful1 x by no means foll[s t its virtue is d]iv$ f its utility4 ,x may be readily grant$1 t z a g5]al rule ^? acts :i* we call virtu\s1 are unque/ionably productive ( happ9ess1 if n to ! ag5t1 at lea/ to mank9d 9 g5]al1 b we h already se5 t !y h by no means t monopoly or pre-em95ce ( utility :i* on utilit>ian pr9ciples1 ! unique position assign$ to !m w\ld appe> to imply4 ,x may be add$1 t if we 7 to proce$ 9 detail to e/imate acts by _! consequ5ces1 we %\ld soon be l$ to v />tl+ conclusions4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is obvi\s t if virtues are only good because !y promote1 & vices only evil because !y impair ! happ9ess ( mank9d1 ! degrees ( excell5ce or crim9ality mu/ be /rictly proportion$ to ! degrees ( utility or ! rev]se47#fh7 ,e action1 e disposition1 e class1 e condition ( society mu/ take its place on ! moral scale precisely 9 accordance ) ! degree 9 :i* x promotes or dim9i%es human happ9ess4 ,n[ x is extremely que/ionable1 :e!r "s ( ! mo/ mon/r\s =ms ( s5suality :i* x is sc>cely possible to "n1 cause z mu* unhapp9ess z "s infirmities ( temp]1 or procra/9ation or ha/9ess ( judgm5t4 ,x is sc>cely d\btful t a mode/1 diffid5t1 & retir+ nature1 di/ru/ful ( its own abilities1 & %r9k+ ) humility f conflict1 produces on ! :ole less b5efit to ! _w ?an ! self-ass]tion ( an audaci\s & arrogant nature1 :i* is impell$ to e /ruggle1 & developes e capacity4 ,gratitude has no d\bt done mu* to s(t5 & sweet5 ! int]c\rse ( life1 b ! correspond+ feel+ ( rev5ge 0 = c5turies ! "o bulw>k aga9/ social an>*y1 & is ev5 n[ "o ( ! *ief re/ra9ts to crime47#fi7 ,on ! great !atre ( public life1 especially 9 p]iods ( great convulsions :5 passions are fi]cely r\s$1 x is nei!r ! man ( delicate scrupulosity & s9c]e imp>tiality1 nor yet ! s+le-m9d$ religi\s en?usia/1 incapable ( dissimulation or procra/9ation1 :o conf]s mo/ b5efit ^u ! _w4 ,x is mu* r ! a/ute /atesman e>ne/ ab\t 8 ends b unscrupul\s ab\t 8 means1 equally free f ! trammels ( consci5ce & f ! bl9dness ( zeal1 :o gov]ns because he p>tly yields to ! passions & ! prejudices ( 8 "t4 ,b h[ev] mu* "s mod]n writ]s may idolize ! h]oes ( success1 h[ev] mu* !y may despise & ridicule ^? f> nobl] m51 ^: wide tol]ance & scrupul\s hon\r r5d]$ !m unfit lead]s 9 ! fray1 x has sc>cely yet be5 cont5d$ t ! delicate consci5ti\sness :i* 9 ^! cases impairs utility con/itutes vice4 ,if utility is ! sole measure ( virtue1 x is difficult to und]/& h[ we c\ld look ) moral disapprobation on any class :o prev5t great] evils ?an !y cause4 ,b ) su* a pr9ciple we might f9d /range prie/esses at ! utilit>ian %r9e4 8,auf] m]etrices de rebus humanis10 said ,/4 ,augu/9e1 8turbav]is omnia libid9ibus407#gj7 ,let u suppose an enquir] :o int5d$ to regulate 8 life consi/5tly by ! utilit>ian pr9ciple2 let u suppose him to h ov]come ! fir/ great difficulty ( 8 s*ool1 aris+ f ! app>5t div]g5ce ( 8 own int]e/s f 8 duty1 to h conv9c$ himself t t div]g5ce does n exi/1 & to h accord+ly made ! pursuit ( duty 8 s+le object1 x rema9s to consid] :at k9d ( c\rse he w\ld pursue4 ,he is in=m$ t x is a pure illusion to suppose t human actions h any o!r end or rule ?an happ9ess1 t no?+ is intr9sically good or intr9sically bad ap>t f its consequ5ces1 t no act :i* is useful c possibly be vici\s1 & t ! utility ( an act con/itutes & measures its value4 ,"o ( 8 fir/ obs]vations w be t 9 v _m special cases acts su* z murd]1 !ft1 or falsehood1 :i* ! _w calls crim9al1 & :i* 9 ! majority ( in/ances w\ld und\bt$ly be hurtful1 appe> em95tly productive ( good4 ,:y !n1 he may ask1 %\ld !y n 9 ^! cases be p]=m$8 ,! answ] he receives is t !y w\ld n really be useful1 because we mu/ consid] ! remote z well z ! imm$iate consequ5ces ( actions1 & al?\gh 9 p>ticul> in/ances a falsehood or ev5 a murd] might appe> b5eficial1 x is "o ( ! mo/ important int]e/s ( mank9d t ! sanctity ( life & prop]ty %\ld be pres]v$1 & t a high /&>d ( v]acity %\ld be ma9ta9$4 ,b ?is answ] is obvi\sly insuffici5t4 ,x is necess>y to %[ t ! ext5t to :i* a s+le act ( :at ! _w calls crime w\ld weak5 ^! great bulw>ks ( society is su* z to c\nt]balance ! imm$iate good :i* x produces4 ,if x does n1 ! balance w be on ! side ( happ9ess1 ! murd] or !ft or falsehood w be useful1 & !re=e1 on utilit>ian pr9ciples1 w be virtu\s4 ,n[ ev5 9 ! case ( public acts1 ! effect ( ! example ( an obscure individual is usually small1 b if ! act be accompli%$ 9 p]fect secrecy1 ! evil effects result+ f ! example w be entirely abs5t4 ,x has be5 said t x w\ld be dang]\s to give m5 p]mission to p]petrate :at m5 call crimes 9 secret4 ,?is may be a v good reason :y ! utilit>ian %\ld n proclaim su* a pr9ciple1 b x is no reason :y he %\ld n act ^u x4 ,if a man be conv9c$ t no act :i* is useful c possibly be crim9al1 if x be 9 8 p[] by p]petrat+ :at is call$ a crime to obta9 an end ( great imm$iate utility1 & if he is able to secure su* absolute secrecy z to r5d] x p]fectly c]ta9 t 8 act _c become an example1 & _c 9 consequ5ce ex]cise any influ5ce on ! g5]al /&>d ( morals1 x appe>s demon/rably c]ta9 t on utilit>ian pr9ciples he w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 p]=m+ x4 ,if :at we call virtue be only virtu\s because x is useful1 x c only be virtu\s :5 x is useful4 ,! "q ( ! morality ( a l>ge numb] ( acts mu/ !re=e dep5d ^u ! probability ( _! detection17#ga7 & a little adroit hypocrisy mu/ (t51 n m]ely 9 appe>ance b 9 reality1 conv]t a vice into a virtue4 ,! only way by :i* x has be5 attempt$ ) any plausibility to evade ?is conclusion has be5 by ass]t+ t ! act w\ld impair ! disposition ( ! ag5t1 or 9 o!r words pr$ispose him on o!r occasions to p]=m acts :i* are g5]ally hurtful to society4 ,b 9 ! fir/ place a s+le act has no su* effect ^u disposition z to c\nt]act a great imm$iate good1 especially :51 z we h suppos$1 t act is n a revolt aga9/ :at is believ$ to be "r1 b is p]=m$ "u ! full belief t x is 9 accordance ) ! "o rational rule ( morals1 & 9 ! next place1 z f> z ! act w\ld =m a habit x w\ld appe> to be ! habit ( 9 all cases regulat+ actions by a precise & m9ute calculation ( _! utility1 :i* is ! v ideal ( utilit>ian virtue4 ,if our enquir] happ5s to be a man ( /rong imag9ation & ( solit>y habits1 x is v probable t he w be accu/om$ to live mu* 9 a _w ( imag9ation1 a _w peopl$ ) be+s t are to him z real z ^? ( fle%1 ) its joys & sorr[s1 its temptations & its s9s4 ,9 ob$i5ce to ! common feel+s ( our nature he may h /ruggl$ long & pa9fully aga9/ s9s ( ! imag9ation1 :i* he 0 nev] s]i\sly tempt$ to conv]t into s9s ( action4 ,b 8 new philosophy w be admirably fitt$ to console 8 m9d4 ,if remorse be abs5t ! indulg5ce ( ! mo/ vici\s imag9ation is a pleasure1 & if ?is indulg5ce does n lead to action x is a cle> ga91 & !re=e to be applaud$4 ,t a c\rse may be cont9ually pursu$ 9 imag9ation )\t lead+ to correspond+ actions he w spe$ily discov]1 & inde$ x has always be5 "o ( ! *ief objections br\ght aga9/ fiction t ! con/ant ex]cise ( ! sympa?ies 9 fav\r ( imag9>y be+s is f\nd positively to indispose m5 to practical b5evol5ce47#gb7 ,proce$+ f>!r 9 8 c\rse1 our morali/ w soon f9d reason to qualify ! doctr9e ( remote consequ5ces1 :i* plays s l>ge a "p 9 ! calculations ( utilit>ianism4 ,x is said t x is crim9al to de/roy human be+s1 ev5 :5 ! crime w\ld appe> productive ( great utility1 = e in/ance ( murd] weak5s ! sanctity ( life4 ,b exp]i5ce %[s t x is possible = m5 to be p]fectly indiff]5t to "o p>ticul> section ( human life1 )\t ?is indiff]5ce ext5d+ to o!rs4 ,?us among ! anci5t ,greeks1 ! murd] or exposition ( ! *ildr5 ( poor p>5ts 0 cont9ually practis$ ) ! mo/ absolute call\sness1 )\t ex]cis+ any appreciable influ5ce ^u ! respect = adult life4 ,9 ! same mann] :at may be t]m$ religi\s unv]acity1 or ! habit ( propagat+ :at are deem$ useful sup]/itions1 ) ! consci\sness ( _! be+ false1 or at lea/ suppress+ or misrepres5t+ ! facts t might invalidate !m1 does n 9 any degree imply indu/rial unv]acity4 ,no?+ is m common ?an to f9d extreme di%one/y 9 speculation coexi/+ ) scrupul\s v]acity 9 bus9ess4 ,if any vice might be expect$ to con=m /rictly to ! utilit>ian !ory1 x w\ld be cruelty2 b cruelty to animals may exi/ )\t lead+ to cruelty to m51 & ev5 :]e spectacles 9 :i* animal suff]+ =ms a lead+ elem5t ex]cise an injuri\s influ5ce on "*1 x is m ?an d\btful :e!r ! measure ( human unhapp9ess !y may ultimately produce is at all equival5t to ! passionate enjoym5t !y imm$iately af=d4 ,?is la/ consid]ation1 h[ev]1 makes x necess>y to notice a new1 & z x appe>s to me1 almo/ grotesque developm5t ( ! utilit>ian !ory4 ,! duty ( humanity to animals1 ?\gh = a long p]iod too mu* neglect$1 may1 on ! pr9ciples ( ! intuitive morali/1 be easily expla9$ & ju/ifi$4 ,our circum/ances & *>act]s produce 9 u _m & v>i\s affections t[>ds all ) :om we come 9 contact1 & our consci5ces pron\nce ^! affections to be good or bad4 ,we feel t humanity or b5evol5ce is a good affection1 & also t x is due 9 diff]5t degrees to diff]5t classes4 ,?us x is n only natural b "r t a man %\ld c>e = 8 own family m ?an = ! _w at l>ge1 & ?is obligation applies n only to p>5ts :o are responsible = hav+ br\ght _! *ildr5 into exi/5ce1 & to *ildr5 :o owe a debt ( gratitude to _! p>5ts1 b also to bro!rs :o h no su* special tie4 ,s too we feel x to be bo? unnatural & wrong to feel no /rong] int]e/ 9 our fell[-c\ntrym5 ?an 9 o!r m54 ,9 ! same way we feel t !re is a wide int]val betwe5 ! humanity x is bo? natural & "r to exhibit t[>ds animals1 & t :i* is due to our own species4 ,/rong philan?ropy c\ld h>dly coexi/ ) cannibalism1 & a man :o _h no hesitation 9 de/roy+ human life = ! sake ( obta9+ ! sk9s ( ! victims1 or ( free+ himself f "s trifl+ inconv5i5ce1 w\ld sc>cely be eulogis$ = 8 b5evol5ce4 ,yet a man may be reg>d$ z v humane to animals :o has no scruple 9 sacrific+ _! lives = 8 food1 8 pleasures1 or 8 conv5i5ce4 ,t[>ds ! close ( ! la/ c5tury an en]getic agitation 9 fav\r ( humanity to animals arose 9 ,engl&1 & ! utilit>ian morali/s1 :o 7 !n ris+ into influ5ce1 caught ! _s ( _! "t & made v cr$itable ef=ts to ext5d x47#gc7 ,x is manife/1 h[ev]1 t a !ory :i* recognis$ no o!r end 9 virtue ?an ! promotion ( human happ9ess1 c\ld supply no adequate basis = ! movem5t4 ,"s ( ! rec5t memb]s ( ! s*ool h accord+ly enl>g$ _! !ory1 ma9ta9+ t acts are virtu\s :5 !y produce a net result ( happ9ess1 & vici\s :5 !y produce a net result ( suff]+1 altoge!r irrespective ( ! "q :e!r ?is enjoym5t or suff]+ is ( m5 or animals4 ,9 o!r words1 !y place ! duty ( man to animals on exactly ! same basis z ! duty ( man to 8 fell[-m51 ma9ta9+ t no suff]+ c be rightly inflict$ on brutes1 :i* does n produce a l>g] am\nt ( happ9ess to man47#gd7 ,! fir/ reflection sugge/$ by ?is !ory is1 t x appe>s difficult to und]/& h[1 on ! pr9ciples ( ! inductive s*ool1 x c\ld be arriv$ at4 ,b5evol5ce1 z we h se51 accord+ to ^! writ]s beg9s 9 int]e/4 ,we fir/ ( all d good to m51 because x is = our advantage1 ?\gh ! =ce ( ! habit may at la/ act irrespective ( int]e/4 ,b 9 ! case ( animals :i* _c res5t b>b>ity1 ?is f\ndation ( self-int]e/ does n = ! mo/ "p7#ge7 exi/4 ,probably1 h[ev]1 an association ( ideas might help to solve ! difficulty1 & ! habit ( b5evol5ce g5]at$ orig9ally f ! social relations ( m5 might at la/ be ext5d$ to ! animal _w2 b t x %\ld be s to ! ext5t ( plac+ ! duty to animals on ! same basis z ! duty to m51 ,i d n anticipate1 or 7at ! risk ( be+ accus$ ( great inhumanity71 ,i mu/ add1 desire4 ,i _c look =w>d to a "t :5 no "o w we> any article ( dress =m$ out ( ! sk9 ( an animal1 or fe$ ^u animal fle%1 till he has asc]ta9$ t ! pleasure he d]ives f do+ s1 exce$s ! pa9 inflict$ ^u ! animal1 z well z ! pleasure ( :i* by abridg+ its life he has depriv$ x47#gf7 ,& suppos+ t ) su* a calculation be=e him1 ! utilit>ian %\ld cont9ue to fe$ on ! fle% ( animals1 8 pr9ciple might c>ry him to fur!r conclusions1 f :i* ,i confess ,i %\ld recoil4 ,if1 :5 ,swift 0 writ+ 8 fam\s essay 9 fav\r ( employ+ = food ! r$undant babies ( a half-/>v+ population1 he _h be5 in=m$ t1 accord+ to ! m advanc$ morali/s1 to eat a *ild1 & to eat a %eep1 re/ ^u exactly ! same gr\nd2 t 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r1 ! s+le "q = ! morali/ is1 :e!r ! repa/ on ! :ole produces m pleasure ?an pa91 x mu/ be own$ t ! discov]y w\ld h greatly facilitat$ 8 task4 ,! consid]ations ,i h adduc$ w1 ,i ?9k1 be suffici5t to %[ t ! utilit>ian pr9ciple if pu%$ to its full logical consequ5ces w\ld be by no means z accordant ) ord9>y moral notions z is sometimes alleg$2 t x w\ld1 on ! contr>y1 lead to conclusions utt]ly & outrage\sly repugnant to ! moral feel+s x is int5d$ to expla94 ,i w conclude ?is "p ( my argum5t by v briefly adv]t+ to two great fields 9 :i*1 z ,i believe1 x w\ld prove especially revolution>y4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! field ( *a/ity4 ,x w be necess>y = me 9 ! c\rse ( ! pres5t "w to dwell at great] l5g? ?an ,i %\ld desire ^u que/ions connect$ ) ?is virtue4 ,at pres5t1 ,i w m]ely ask ! read] to conceive a m9d f :i* all notion ( ! intr9sic excell5ce or nobility ( purity 0 bani%$1 & to suppose su* a m9d comp>+1 by a utilit>ian /&>d1 a p]iod 9 :i* s5suality 0 almo/ unbridl$1 su* z ! age ( ,a!nian glory or ! ,engli% re/oration1 ) a p]iod ( au/]e virtue4 ,! "q :i* ( ^! societies 0 morally ! be/ w\ld ?us resolve itself solely into ! "q 9 :i* !re 0 produc$ ! greate/ am\nt ( enjoym5t & ! smalle/ am\nt ( suff]+4 ,! pleasures ( dome/ic life1 ! pleasures result+ f a fre] social int]c\rse17#gg7 ! diff]5t degrees ( suff]+ inflict$ on ^? :o violat$ ! law ( *a/ity1 ! ult]ior consequ5ces ( ea* mode ( life ^u well-be+ & ^u population1 w\ld be ! *ief elem5ts ( ! comp>ison4 ,c any "o believe t ! balance ( enjoym5t w\ld be s unque/ionably & s l>gely on ! side ( ! m au/]e society z to ju/ify ! degree ( sup]iority :i* is assign$ to x87#gh7 ,! second sph]e is t ( speculative tru?4 ,no class ( m5 h m highly valu$ an unfl9*+ ho/ility to sup]/ition ?an utilit>ians4 ,yet x is m ?an d\btful :e!r ^u _! pr9ciples x c be ju/ifi$4 ,_m sup]/itions d und\bt$ly answ] to ! ,greek conception ( slavi% 8fe> ( ! gods10 & h be5 productive ( unspeakable mis]y to mank9d1 b !re are v _m o!rs ( a diff]5t t5d5cy4 ,sup]/itions appeal to our hopes z well z to our fe>s4 ,!y (t5 meet & gratify ! inmo/ long+s ( ! he>t4 ,!y (f] c]ta9ties :5 reason c only af=d possibilities or probabilities4 ,!y supply conceptions on :i* ! imag9ation loves to dwell4 ,!y sometimes ev5 imp>t a new sanction to moral tru?s4 ,creat+ wants :i* !y alone c satisfy1 & fe>s :i* !y alone c quell1 !y (t5 become ess5tial elem5ts ( happ9ess1 & _! consol+ efficacy is mo/ felt 9 ! languid or tr\bl$ h\rs :5 x is mo/ ne$$4 ,we owe m to our illusions ?an to our k4 ,! imag9ation1 :i* is altoge!r con/ructive1 probably contributes m to our happ9ess ?an ! reason1 :i* 9 ! sph]e ( speculation is ma9ly critical & de/ructive4 ,! rude *>m :i* 9 ! h\r ( dang] or di/ress ! savage clasps s confid5tly to 8 brea/1 ! sacr$ picture :i* is believ$ to %$ a hall[+ & protect+ influ5ce ov] ! poor man's cottage1 c be/[ a m real consolation 9 ! d>ke/ h\r ( human suff]+ ?an c be af=d$ by ! gr&e/ !ories ( philosophy4 ,! fir/ desire ( ! he>t is to f9d some?+ on :i* to lean4 ,happ9ess is a condition ( feel+1 n a condition ( circum/ances1 & to common m9ds "o ( its fir/ ess5tials is ! exclusion ( pa9ful & h>ass+ d\bt4 ,a sy/em ( belief may be false1 sup]/iti\s1 & reaction>y1 & may yet be conducive to human happ9ess if x furni%es great multitudes ( m5 ) :at !y believe to be a key to ! univ]se1 if x consoles !m 9 ^? seasons ( agoniz+ b]eavem5t :5 ! consolations ( enlight5$ reason are b empty words1 if x supports _! feeble & tott]+ m9ds 9 ! gloomy h\rs ( sickness & ( approa*+ dea?4 ,a cr$ul\s & sup]/iti\s nature may be degrad$1 b 9 ! _m cases :]e sup]/ition does n assume a p]secut+ or appall+ =m x is n unhappy1 & degradation1 ap>t f unhapp9ess1 c h no place 9 utilit>ian e?ics4 ,no error c be m grave ?an to imag9e t :5 a critical _s is abroad ! pleasant beliefs w all rema91 & ! pa9ful ones alone w p]i%4 ,to introduce into ! m9d ! consci\sness ( ignorance & ! pangs ( d\bt is to inflict or endure mu* suff]+1 :i* may ev5 survive ! p]iod ( transition4 8,:y is x10 said ,lu!r's wife1 look+ sadly back ^u ! s5su\s cre$ :i* %e _h left1 8t 9 our old fai? we pray$ s (t5 & s w>mly1 & t our pray]s are n[ s few & s cold807#gi7 ,x is relat$ ( an old monk nam$ ,s]apion1 :o _h embrac$ ! h]esy ( ! an?ropomorphites1 t he 0 conv9c$ by a bro!r monk ( ! folly ( attribut+ to ! ,almighty a human =m4 ,he b[$ 8 reason humbly to ! ,ca?olic cre$2 b :5 he knelt d[n to pray1 ! image :i* 8 imag9ation _h conceiv$1 & on :i* = s _m ye>s 8 affections _h be5 conc5trat$1 _h disappe>$1 & ! old man bur/ into te>s1 exclaim+1 8,y h depriv$ me ( my ,god407#hj7 ,^! are inde$ facts :i* mu/ be deeply pa9ful to all :o are conc]n$ ) ! hi/ory ( op9ion4 ,! possibility ( (t5 add+ to ! happ9ess ( m5 by diffus+ abroad1 or at lea/ su/a9+ pleas+ falsehoods1 & ! suff]+ t mu/ commonly result f _! dissolution1 c h>dly reasonably be d5i$4 ,!re is "o1 & b "o1 adequate reason t c always ju/ify m5 9 critically review+ :at !y h be5 taught4 ,x is1 ! conviction t op9ions %\ld n be reg>d$ z m]e m5tal luxuries1 t tru? %\ld be deem$ an end di/9ct f & sup]ior to utility1 & t x is a moral duty to pursue x1 :e!r x leads to pleasure or :e!r x leads to pa94 ,among ! _m wise say+s :i* antiquity ascrib$ to ,py?agoras1 few are m rem>kable ?an 8 division ( virtue into two di/9ct bran*es--to be tru?ful & to d good47#ha7 ,( ! sanctions :i*1 accord+ to ! utilit>ians1 con/itute ! sole motives to virtue1 !re is "o1 z ,i h said1 unexceptionably adequate4 ,^? :o adopt ! religi\s sanction1 c always appeal to a balance ( int]e/ 9 fav\r ( virtue2 b z ! great majority ( mod]n utilit>ians confid5tly sev] _! !ory f all !ological consid]ations1 ,i w dismiss ?is sanction ) two or ?ree rem>ks4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is obvi\s t ^? :o reg>d ! arbitr>y w ( ! ,deity z ! sole rule ( morals1 r5d] x p]fectly idle to repres5t ! ,div9e attributes z des]v+ ( our admiration4 ,to speak ( ! goodness ( ,god1 ei!r implies t !re is su* a quality z goodness1 to :i* ! ,div9e acts con=m1 or x is an unmean+ tautology4 ,:y %\ld we extol1 or h[ c we admire1 ! p]fect goodness ( a ,be+ ^: w & acts con/itute ! sole /&>d or def9ition ( p]fection87#hb7 ,! !ory :i* tea*es t ! arbitr>y w ( ! ,deity is ! "o rule ( morals1 & ! anticipation ( future rew>ds & puni%m5ts ! "o reason = con=m+ to x1 consi/s ( two p>ts4 ,! fir/ annihilates ! goodness ( ,god2 ! second1 ! virtue ( man4 ,ano!r & equally obvi\s rem>k is1 t :ile ^! !ologians repres5t ! hope ( future rew>ds1 & ! fe> ( future puni%m5ts1 z ! only reason = do+ "r1 "o ( our /ronge/ reasons = believ+ 9 ! exi/5ce ( ^! rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 is our deep-seat$ feel+ ( m]it & dem]it4 ,t ! pres5t disposition ( affairs is 9 _m respects unju/1 t suff]+ (t5 att5ds a c\rse :i* des]ves rew>d1 & happ9ess a c\rse :i* des]ves puni%m5t1 leads m5 to inf] a future /ate ( retribution4 ,take away ! consci\sness ( des]t1 & ! inf]5ce w\ld no long] be made4 ,a ?ird rem>k1 :i* ,i believe to be equally true1 b :i* may n be acquiesc$ 9 ) equal read9ess1 is t )\t ! concurr5ce ( a moral faculty1 x is :olly impossible to prove f nature t supreme goodness ( ! ,creator1 :i* utilit>ian !ologians assume4 ,we speak ( ! b5evol5ce %[n 9 ! joy ( ! insect glitt]+ 9 ! sunbeam1 9 ! protect+ in/9cts s lib]ally be/[$ among ! animal _w1 9 ! k9dness ( ! p>5t to its "y1 9 ! happ9ess ( little *ildr51 9 ! beauty & ! b\nty ( nature1 b is !re n ano!r side to ! picture8 ,! hide\s disease1 ! c\ntless =ms ( rap9e & ( suff]+1 ! entozoa t live )9 ! bodies1 & fe$ ^u ! angui% ( s5ti5t be+s1 ! f]oci\s in/9ct ( ! cat1 t prolongs ) delight ! agonies ( its victim1 all ! multitud9\s =ms ( mis]y t are manife/$ among ! innoc5t portion ( creation1 are n ^! also ! works ( nature8 ,we speak ( ! ,div9e v]acity4 ,:at is ! :ole hi/ory ( ! intellectual progress ( ! _w b "o long /ruggle ( ! intellect ( man to emancipate itself f ! deceptions ( nature8 ,e object t meets ! eye ( ! savage awak5s 8 curiosity only to lure him into "s deadly error4 ,! sun t seems a dim9utive light revolv+ ar\nd 8 _w2 ! moon & ! />s t appe> =m$ only to light 8 pa?2 ! /range fanta/ic diseases t sugge/ irresi/ibly ! notion ( pres5t dmons2 ! t]rific ph5om5a ( nature :i* appe> ! results1 n ( bl9d =ces1 b ( isolat$ spiritual ag5cies--all ^! ?+s fatally1 inevitably1 inv9cibly impel him into sup]/ition4 ,?r\gh long c5turies ! sup]/itions ?us g5]at$ h delug$ ! _w ) blood4 ,millions ( pray]s h be5 va9ly brea!d to :at we n[ "k 7 inexorable laws ( nature4 ,only aft] ages ( toil did ! m9d ( man emancipate itself f ^? deadly errors to :i* by ! deceptive appe>ances ( nature ! long infancy ( humanity is univ]sally doom$4 ,& 9 ! laws ( weal? h[ diff]5t are ! appe>ances f ! realities ( ?+s6 ,:o c e/imate ! w>s t h be5 k9dl$1 ! bitt]ness & ! wret*$ness t h be5 caus$1 by errors relat+ to ! app>5t antagonism ( ! int]e/s ( nations :i* 7 s natural t = c5turies !y entangl$ ! v /ronge/ intellects1 & x 0 sc>cely till our own day t a t>dy sci5ce came to dispel !m8 ,:at %all we say to ^! ?+s8 ,if induction alone 7 our guide1 if we possess$ absolutely no k ( "s ?+s be+ 9 _! own nature good1 & o!rs 9 _! own nature evil1 h[ c\ld we rise f ?is spectacle ( nature to ! conception ( an all-p]fect ,au?or8 ,ev5 if we c\ld discov] a pr$om9ance ( b5evol5ce 9 ! creation1 we %\ld /ill reg>d ! m+l$ attributes ( nature z a reflex ( ! m+l$ attributes ( its ,contriv]4 ,our k ( ! ,supreme ,excell5ce1 our be/ evid5ce ev5 ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,creator1 is d]iv$ n f ! mat]ial univ]se b f our own moral nature47#hc7 ,x is n ( reason b ( fai?4 ,9 o!r words x spr+s f t in/9ctive or moral nature :i* is z truly a "p ( our be+ z is our reason1 :i* tea*es u :at reason c\ld nev] tea*1 ! supreme & transc5d5t excell5ce ( moral good1 :i* ris+ dissatisfi$ above ?is _w ( s5se1 proves itself by ! v int5sity ( its aspiration to be adapt$ = ano!r sph]e1 & :i* con/itutes at once ! evid5ce ( a ,div9e elem5t )9 u1 & ! augury ( ! future t is be=e u47#hd7 ,^! ?+s belong r to ! sph]e ( feel+ ?an ( reason+4 ,^? :o are mo/ deeply p]suad$ ( _! tru?1 w probably feel t !y are unable by argum5t to express adequately ! int5sity ( _! conviction1 b !y may po9t to ! record$ exp]i5ce ( ! be/ & greate/ m5 9 all ages1 to ! incapacity ( t]re/rial ?+s to satisfy our nature1 to ! manife/ t5d5cy1 bo? 9 individuals & nations1 ( a pure & h]oic life to k9dle1 & ( a selfi% & corrupt life to cl\d1 ^! aspirations1 to ! hi/orical fact t no philosophy & no scepticism h be5 able p]man5tly to repress !m4 ,! l9es ( our moral nature t5d upw>ds4 ,9 x we h ! common root ( religion & ( e?ics1 = ! same consci\sness t tells u t1 ev5 :5 x is 9 fact ! weake/ elem5t ( our con/itution1 x is by "r supreme1 comm&+ & au?oritative1 tea*es u also t x is ,div9e4 ,all ! nobl] religions t h gov]n$ mank9d1 h done s by virtue ( ! aff9ity ( _! tea*+ ) ?is nature1 by speak+1 z common religi\s language correctly describes x1 8to ! he>t10 by appeal+ n to self-int]e/1 b to t ,div9e elem5t ( self-sacrifice :i* is lat5t 9 e s\l47#he7 ,! reality ( ?is moral nature is ! "o great "q ( natural !ology1 = x involves t connection betwe5 our own & a high] nature1 )\t :i* ! exi/5ce ( a ,fir/ ,cause 7 a m]e "q ( ar*ology1 & religion b an ex]cise ( ! imag9ation4 ,i return gladly to ! secul> sanctions ( utilit>ianism4 ,! majority ( its disciples assure u t ^! are suffici5t to e/abli% _! !ory1 or 9 o!r words1 t our duty co9cides s /rictly ) our int]e/ :5 rightly und]/ood1 t a p]fectly prud5t w\ld necess>ily become a p]fectly virtu\s man47#hf7 ,bodily vice !y tell u ultimately br+s bodily weakness & suff]+4 ,extravagance is foll[$ by ru92 unbridl$ passions by ! loss ( dome/ic peace2 disreg>d = ! int]e/s ( o!rs by social or legal p5alties2 :ile on ! o!r h&1 ! mo/ moral is also ! mo/ tranquil disposition2 b5evol5ce is "o ( ! true/ ( our pleasures1 & virtue may become by habit1 an ess5tial ( enjoym5t4 ,z ! %opkeep] :o has made 8 =tune1 /ill sometimes cont9ues at ! c\nt]1 because ! daily r\t9e has become necess>y to 8 happ9ess1 s ! 8moral h]o0 may cont9ue to practise t virtue :i* 0 at fir/ ! m]e in/rum5t ( 8 pleasures1 z be+ 9 itself m preci\s ?an all besides47#hg7 ,?is !ory ( ! p]fect co9cid5ce ( virtue & int]e/ rightly und]/ood1 :i* has always be5 a commonplace ( morali/s1 & has be5 advocat$ by _m :o 7 f> f wi%+ to resolve virtue into prud5ce1 conta9s no d\bt a c]ta9 am\nt ( tru?1 b only ( ! mo/ g5]al k9d4 ,x does n apply to nations z :oles1 = al?\gh luxuri\s & effem9ate vices d und\bt$ly corrode & en]vate national "*1 ! hi/ories ( anci5t ,rome & ( n a few mod]n mon>*ies abundantly prove t a c>e] ( consi/5t rapacity1 ambition1 selfi%ness1 & fraud may be em95tly conducive to national prosp]ity47#hh7 ,x does n apply to imp]fectly organis$ societies1 :]e ! re/ra9ts ( public op9ion are unfelt & :]e =ce is ! "o measure ( "r4 ,x does n apply except 9 a v p>tial degree ev5 to ! mo/ civilis$ ( mank9d4 ,x is1 inde$1 easy to %[ t 9 a poli%$ community a c]ta9 l[ /&>d ( virtue is ess5tial to prosp]ity1 to pa9t ! evils ( unre/ra9$ passions1 & to prove t x is bett] to obey ?an to violate ! laws ( society4 ,b if turn+ f ! crim9al or ! drunk>d we 7 to comp>e ! man :o simply falls 9 ) or slightly surpasses ! av]age morals ( ^? ab\t him1 & indulges 9 a little vice :i* is nei!r injuri\s to 8 own heal? nor to 8 reputation1 ) ! man :o e>ne/ly & pa9fully adopts a mu* high] /&>d ?an t ( 8 "t or ( 8 class1 we %\ld be driv5 to ano!r conclusion4 ,hone/y x is said is ! be/ policy--a fact1 h[ev]1 :i* dep5ds v mu* ^u ! condition ( ! police =ce--b h]oic virtue mu/ re/ ^u a diff]5t basis4 ,if happ9ess 9 any ( its =ms be ! supreme object ( life1 mod]ation is ! mo/ emphatic c\nsel ( our be+1 b mod]ation is z oppos$ to h]oism z to vice4 ,!re is no =m ( intellectual or moral excell5ce :i* has n a g5]al t5d5cy to produce happ9ess if cultivat$ 9 mod]ation4 ,!re are v few :i* if cultivat$ to great p]fection h n a t5d5cy directly ! rev]se4 ,?us a m9d t is suffici5tly enl>g$ to range abroad amid ! pleasures ( intellect has no d\bt secur$ a fund ( inexhau/ible enjoym5t2 b he :o inf]r$ f ?is t ! highe/ intellectual em95ce 0 ! condition mo/ fav\rable to happ9ess w\ld be lam5tably deceiv$4 ,! diseas$ n]v\s s5sibility t accompanies int5se m5tal ex]tion1 ! we>y1 wa/+ s5se ( ignorance & vanity1 ! dis5*antm5t & dis9tegration t commonly foll[ a pr(\nd rese>*1 h fill$ lit]ature ) m\rnful e*oes ( ! words ( ! royal sage1 8,9 mu* wisdom is mu* grief1 & he t increase? k increase? sorr[40 ,! lives ( m5 ( g5ius h be5 = ! mo/ "p a consci\s & delib]ate realisation ( ! anci5t my?--! tree ( k & ! tree ( life /ood side by side1 & !y *ose ! tree ( k r ?an ! tree ( life4 ,nor is x o!rwise 9 ! realm ( morals47#hi7 ,! virtue :i* is mo/ conducive to happ9ess is pla9ly t :i* c be realis$ )\t mu* suff]+1 & su/a9$ )\t mu* ef=t4 ,legal & physical p5alties apply only to ! gross] & m extreme =ms ( vice4 ,social p5alties may /rike ! v highe/ =ms ( virtue47#ij7 ,t v s5tim5t ( unity ) mank9d :i* utilit>ians assure u is "o day to become s /rong z to ov]p[] all unsocial feel+s1 w\ld make x m & m impossible = m5 consi/5tly ) _! happ9ess to adopt any c\rse1 :e!r v virtu\s or v vici\s1 t w\ld place !m out ( h>mony ) ! g5]al s5tim5t ( society4 ,x may be said t ! tranquillity ( a p]fectly virtu\s m9d is ! highe/ =m ( happ9ess1 & may be reasonably pref]r$ n only to mat]ial advantages1 b also to ! approbation ( society2 b no man c fully atta91 & few c ev5 approximate1 to su* a condition4 ,:5 vici\s passions & impulses are v /rong1 x is idle to tell ! suff]] t he w\ld be m happy if 8 nature 7 radically diff]5t f :at x is4 ,if happ9ess be 8 object1 he mu/ regulate 8 c\rse ) a view to ! actual condition ( 8 be+1 & !re c be little d\bt t 8 peace w\ld be mo/ promot$ by a compromise ) vice4 ,! selfi% !ory ( morals applies only to ! virtues ( temp]am5t1 & n to t mu* high] =m ( virtue :i* is su/a9$ 9 defiance ( temp]am5t47#ia7 ,we h no d\bt a c]ta9 pleasure 9 cultivat+ our good t5d5cies1 b we h by no means ! same pleasure 9 repress+ our bad ones4 ,!re are m5 ^: :ole lives are sp5t 9 will+ "o ?+1 & desir+ ! opposite4 ,9 su* cases z ^! virtue cle>ly involves a sacrifice ( happ9ess2 = ! suff]+ caus$ by resi/+ natural t5d5cies is mu* great] ?an w\ld ensue f _! mod]ate gratification4 ,! pla9 tru? is t no proposition c be m palpably & egregi\sly false ?an ! ass]tion t z f> z ?is _w is conc]n$1 x is inv>iably conducive to ! happ9ess ( a man to pursue ! mo/ virtu\s c>e]4 ,circum/ances & disposition w make "o man f9d 8 highe/ happ9ess 9 ! happ9ess1 & ano!r man 9 ! mis]y1 ( 8 k9d2 & if ! second man acts accord+ to 8 int]e/1 ! utilit>ian1 h[ev] mu* he may deplore ! result1 has no "r to blame or condemn ! ag5t4 ,= t ag5t is foll[+ 8 greate/ happ9ess1 & ?is1 9 ! eyes ( utilit>ians1 9 "o =m or ano!r1 is ! highe/1 or to speak m accurately1 ! only motive by :i* human nature c be actuat$4 ,we may rem>k too t ! di/urbance or pa9 :i* does und\bt$ly usually accompany :at is evil1 be>s no k9d ( proportion to ! enormity ( ! guilt4 ,an irritability ( temp]1 :i* is *iefly due to a d]angem5t ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 or a habit ( procra/9ation or indecision1 w (t5 cause m suff]+ ?an "s ( ! wor/ vices t c corrupt ! he>t47#ib7 ,b x may be said ?is calculation ( pa9s & pleasures is defective ?r\gh ! omission ( "o elem5t4 ,al?\gh a man :o _h a v /rong natural impulse t[>ds "s vice w\ld appe> m likely to promote ! tranquillity ( 8 nature by a mod]ate & circumspect gratification ( t vice1 ?an by endeav\r+ pa9fully to repress 8 natural t5d5cies1 yet he possesses a consci5ce :i* adjudicates ^u 8 conduct1 & its /+ or its approval con/itutes a pa9 or pleasure s int5se1 z m ?an to r$ress ! balance4 ,n[ ( c\rse1 no intuitive morali/ w d5y1 :at = a long "t 8 s*ool may be almo/ said to h be5 alone 9 ass]t+1 ! reality ( consci5ce1 or ! pleasures & pa9s x may af=d4 ,he simply d5ies1 & he appeals to consci\sness 9 atte/ation ( 8 position1 t ^? pa9s & pleasures are s p[]ful or s proportion$ to our acts z to become an adequate basis = virtue4 ,consci5ce1 :e!r we reg>d x z an orig9al faculty1 or z a product ( ! association ( ideas1 ex]cises two di/9ct functions4 ,x po9ts out a diff]5ce betwe5 "r & wrong1 & :5 its comm&s are violat$1 x inflicts a c]ta9 measure ( suff]+ & di/urbance4 ,! fir/ function x ex]cises p]si/5tly ?r\gh life4 ,! second x only ex]cises "u c]ta9 special circum/ances4 ,x is sc>cely conceivable t a man 9 ! possession ( 8 faculties %\ld pass a life ( gross depravity & crime )\t be+ consci\s t he 0 do+ wrong2 b x is extremely possible = him to d s )\t ?is consci\sness hav+ any appreciable influ5ce ^u 8 tranquillity4 ,! condition ( _! consci5ces1 z ,mr4 ,c>lyle obs]ves1 has less influ5ce on ! happ9ess ( m5 ?an ! condition ( _! liv]s4 ,consid]$ z a s\rce ( pa91 consci5ce be>s a /rik+ resemblance to ! feel+ ( disgu/4 ,not)/&+ ! ass]tion ( ,dr4 ,johnson1 ,i v5ture to ma9ta9 t !re are multitudes to :om ! necessity ( dis*>g+ ! duties ( a but*] w\ld be s inexpressibly pa9ful & revolt+1 t if !y c\ld obta9 fle% diet on no o!r condition1 !y w\ld rel9qui% x = ev]4 ,b to ^? :o are inur$ to ! trade1 ?is repugnance has simply ceas$4 ,x has no place 9 _! emotions or calculations4 ,nor c x be reasonably que/ion$ t mo/ m5 by an assidu\s att5dance at ! slaught]-h\se c\ld acquire a simil> indiff]5ce4 ,9 l mann]1 ! reproa*es ( consci5ce are d\btless a v real & important =m ( suff]+ to a s5sitive1 scrupul\s1 & virtu\s girl :o has committ$ "s trivial act ( levity or disob$i5ce2 b to an old & h>d5$ crim9al !y are a matt] ( ! mo/ absolute indiff]5ce4 ,n[ x is und\bt$ly conceivable1 t by an association ( ideas m5 might acquire a feel+ t w\ld cause t :i* w\ld naturally be pa9ful to !m to be pleasurable1 & t :i* w\ld naturally be pleasurable to be pa9ful47#ic7 ,b ! "q w imm$iately arise1 :y %\ld !y respect ?is feel+8 ,we h se5 t1 accord+ to ! inductive !ory1 !re is no su* ?+ z natural duty4 ,m5 ent] into life solely desir\s ( seek+ _! own happ9ess4 ,! :ole edifice ( virtue arises f ! obs]v$ fact1 t ow+ to ! con/itution ( our nature1 & ! intimacy ( our social relations1 x is necess>y = our happ9ess to ab/a9 f "s c\rses t w\ld be imm$iately pleasurable & to pursue o!rs t are imm$iately ! rev]se4 ,self-int]e/ is ! "o ultimate reason = virtue1 h[ev] mu* ! moral *emi/ry ( ,h>tley may disguise & trans=m x4 ,ought or ought n1 means no?+ m ?an ! prospect ( acquir+ or ( los+ pleasure4 ,! fact t "o l9e ( conduct promotes1 & ano!r impairs ! happ9ess ( o!rs is1 accord+ to ^! morali/s1 9 ! la/ analysis1 no reason :atev] = pursu+ ! =m] or avoid+ ! latt]1 unless su* a c\rse is t :i* br+s u ! greate/ happ9ess4 ,! happ9ess may arise f ! action ( society ^u ourselves1 or f our own naturally b5evol5t disposition1 or1 aga91 f an association ( ideas1 :i* means ! =ce ( a habit we h =m$1 b 9 any case our own happ9ess is ! "o possible or conceivable motive ( action4 ,if ?is be a true picture ( human nature1 ! reasonable c\rse = e man is to modify 8 disposition 9 su* a mann] t he may atta9 ! greate/ possible am\nt ( enjoym5t4 ,if he has =m$ an association ( ideas1 or contract$ a habit :i* inflicts m pa9 ?an x prev5ts1 or prev5ts m pleasure ?an x af=ds1 8 reasonable c\rse is to dissolve t association1 to de/roy t habit4 ,?is is :at he 8ought0 to d accord+ to ! only mean+ t ^w c possess 9 ! utilit>ian vocabul>y4 ,if he does n1 he w ju/ly incur ! *>ge ( imprud5ce1 :i* is ! only *>ge utilit>ianism c consi/5tly br+ aga9/ vice4 ,t x w\ld be = ! happ9ess z x w\ld c]ta9ly be 9 ! p[] ( a man ( a temp]am5t su* z ,i h lately describ$1 to qu5* t consci5ti\s feel+1 :i* by its pa9ful reproa*es prev5ts him f pursu+ ! c\rse t w\ld be mo/ conducive to 8 tranquillity1 ,i conceive to be self-evid5t4 ,&1 inde$1 on ! :ole1 x is m ?an d\btful :e!r consci5ce1 consid]$ ap>t f ! c\rse ( action x prescribes1 is n ! cause ( m pa9 ?an pleasure4 ,its reproa*es are m felt ?an its approval4 ,! self-complac5cy ( a virtu\s man reflect+ ) delight ^u 8 own exce$+ m]it1 is frequ5tly spok5 ( 9 ! writ+s ( moral philosoph]s17#id7 b is r>ely f\nd 9 actual life :]e ! mo/ tranquil is seldom ! mo/ p]fect nature1 :]e ! s5sitiv5ess ( consci5ce increases at lea/ 9 proportion to moral gr[?1 & :]e 9 ! be/ m5 a feel+ ( mode/y & humility is always pres5t to *eck ! exub]ance ( self-gratulation4 ,9 e s\nd sy/em ( morals & religion ! motives ( virtue become m p[]ful ! m ! m9d is conc5trat$ ^u !m4 ,x is :5 !y are lo/ sight (1 :5 !y are obscur$ by passion1 unrealis$ or =gott51 t !y cease to op]ate4 ,b x is a peculi>ity ( ! utilit>ian conception ( virtue t x is :olly unable to resi/ ! solv5t ( analysis1 & t ! m ! m9d realises its orig9 & its nature1 ! m its influ5ce on "* mu/ decl9e4 ,! pleasures ( ! s5ses w always defy ! =ce ( analysis1 = !y h a real f\ndation 9 our be+4 ,!y h _! basis 9 ! et]nal nature ( ?+s4 ,b ! pleasure we d]ive f ! practice ( virtue re/s1 accord+ to ?is s*ool1 on a :olly diff]5t basis4 ,x is ! result ( casual & artificial association1 ( habit1 ( a confusion by ! imag9ation ( means ) ends1 ( a c]ta9 dignity ) :i* society inve/s qualities or actions t are useful to itself4 ,j 9 proportion z ?is is felt1 j 9 proportion z ! m9d sep>ates ! idea ( virtue f t ( natural excell5ce & obligation1 & realises ! purely artificial "* ( ! connection1 j 9 t proportion w ! co]cive p[] ( ! moral motive be de/roy$4 ,! utilit>ian rule ( judg+ actions & dispositions by _! t5d5cy to promote or dim9i% happ9ess1 or ! maxim ( ,kant t man %\ld always act s t ! rule ( 8 conduct might be adopt$ z a law by all rational be+s1 may be v useful z a guide 9 life2 b 9 ord] t !y %\ld acquire moral weight1 x is necess>y to presuppose ! s5se ( moral obligation1 ! consci\sness t duty1 :5 discov]$1 has a legitimate claim to be ! guid+ pr9ciple ( our lives4 ,& x is ?is elem5t :i*1 9 ! eye ( reason1 ! m]e artificial association ( ideas c nev] furni%4 ,if ! pati5ce ( ! read] has enabl$ him to accompany me ?r\gh ?is long tra9 ( t$i\s argum5ts1 he w1 ,i ?9k1 h conclud$ t ! utilit>ian !ory1 ?\gh und\bt$ly held by _m m5 ( ! pure/1 & by "s m5 ( almo/ h]oic virtue1 w\ld if c>ri$ to its logical conclusions prove subv]sive ( morality1 & especially1 & 9 ! v highe/ degree1 unfav\rable to self-d5ial & to h]oism4 ,ev5 if x expla9s ^!1 x fails to ju/ify !m1 & consci5ce be+ trac$ to a m]e confusion ( ! means ( happ9ess ) its end1 w\ld be :olly unable to resi/ ! solv5t ( criticism4 ,t ?is !ory ( consci5ce gives a true or adequate description ( ! ph5om5on x seeks to expla91 no intuitive morali/ w admit4 ,x is a complete ?\gh common mi/ake to suppose t ! bus9ess ( ! morali/ is m]ely to expla9 ! g5esis ( c]ta9 feel+s we possess4 ,at ! root ( all morals lies an intellectual judgm5t :i* is cle>ly di/9ct f lik+ or dislik+1 f pleasure or f pa94 ,a man :o has injur$ 8 position by "s fooli% b p]fectly innoc5t act1 or :o has inadv]t5tly violat$ "s social rule1 may exp]i5ce an emotion ( self-reproa* or ( %ame q z acute z if he _h committ$ a crime4 ,b he is at ! same "t cle>ly consci\s t 8 conduct is n a fit subject = moral reprobation1 t ! gr\nds on :i* x may be condemn$ are ( a diff]5t & ( a l[] k9d4 ,! s5se ( obligation & ( legitimate supremacy1 :i* is ! ess5tial & *>act]i/ic feature ( consci5ce1 & :i* di/+ui%es x f all ! o!r p>ts ( our nature1 is :olly unacc\nt$ = by ! association ( ideas4 ,to say t a c]ta9 c\rse ( conduct is pleas+1 & t a c]ta9 am\nt ( pa9 results f ! weak5+ ( feel+s t impel m5 t[>ds x1 is pla9ly diff]5t f :at m5 mean :5 !y say we ought to pursue x4 ,! virtue ( ,h>tley is1 9 its la/ analysis1 b a disease ( ! imag9ation4 ,x may be m advantage\s to society ?an av>ice2 b x is =m$ 9 ! same mann]1 & has exactly ! same degree ( b9d+ =ce47#ie7 ,^! consid]ations w help to supply an answ] to ! common utilit>ian objection t to speak ( duty z di/9ct f self-int]e/ is unmean+1 because x is absurd to say t we are "u an obligation to d any ?+ :5 no evil consequ5ces w\ld result to u f n do+ x4 ,rew>ds & puni%m5ts x may be answ]$ are und\bt$ly necess>y to en=ce1 b !y are n necess>y to con/itute1 duty4 ,?is di/9ction1 :e!r x be real or n1 has at all ev5ts ! advantage ( appe>+ self-evid5t to all :o are n philosoph]s4 ,?us :5 a p>ty ( coloni/s occupy a new t]ritory !y divide ! unoccupi$ l& among !mselves1 & !y murd]1 or employ = ! gratification ( _! lu/s1 ! savage inhabitants4 ,bo? acts are done ) p]fect impunity1 b "o is felt to be innoc5t & ! o!r wrong4 ,a lawful gov]nm5t appropriates ! l& & protects ! aborig9als1 support+ its enactm5ts by p5alties4 ,9 ! "o case ! law bo? creates & en=ces a duty1 9 ! o!r x only en=ces x4 ,! intuitive morali/ simply ass]ts t we h ! p[] ( p]ceiv+ t c]ta9 c\rses ( action are high]1 nobl]1 & bett] ?an o!rs1 & t by ! con/itution ( our be+1 ?is fact1 :i* is g5]ically di/9ct f ! prospect ( pleasure or ! rev]se1 may & ought to be & cont9ually is a motive ( action4 ,x is no d\bt possible = a man to pref] ! l[] c\rse1 & 9 ?is case we say he is des]v+ ( puni%m5t1 & if he rema9s unpuni%$ we say t x is unju/4 ,b if !re 7 no p[] to rew>d or puni% him1 8 acts w\ld n be indiff]5t4 ,!y w\ld /ill be intelligibly describ$ z ess5tially base or noble1 %ameful ?\gh !re 7 none to c5sure1 admirable ?\gh !re 7 none to admire4 ,t m5 h ! p[] ( pref]r+ o!r objects ?an happ9ess is a proposition :i* mu/ ultimately be left to ! atte/ation ( consci\sness4 ,t ! pursuit ( virtue1 h[ev] mu* happ9ess may ev5tually foll[ 9 its tra91 is 9 ! fir/ in/ance an example ( ?is pref]5ce1 mu/ be e/abli%$ by t common voice ( mank9d :i* has inv>iably reg>d$ a virtu\s motive z g5]ically diff]5t f an int]e/$ "o4 ,& inde$ ev5 :5 ! conflict betwe5 /rong passions & a /rong s5se ( duty does n exi/ x is impossible to measure ! degrees ( virtue by ! scale ( enjoym5t4 ,! highe/ nature is r>ely ! happie/4 ,petronius ,arbit] 01 v probably1 a happi] man ?an ,m>cus ,aurelius4 ,= eighte5 c5turies ! religi\s in/9ct ( ,*ri/5dom has recognis$ its ideal 9 ! =m ( a 8,man ( ,sorr[s40 ,consid]ations su* z ,i h n[ urg$ lead ! intuitive morali/s to reject ! pr9ciples ( ! utilit>ian4 ,!y ackn[l$ge inde$ t ! effect ( actions ^u ! happ9ess ( mank9d =ms a mo/ important elem5t 9 det]m9+ _! moral quality1 b !y ma9ta9 t )\t natural moral p]ceptions we nev] %\ld h kn[n t x 0 our duty to seek ! happ9ess ( mank9d :5 x div]g$ f our own1 & !y d5y t virtue 0 ei!r orig9ally evolv$ f or is necess>ily proportion$ to utility4 ,!y ackn[l$ge t 9 ! exi/+ condition ( society !re is at lea/ a g5]al co9cid5ce betwe5 ! pa?s ( virtue & ( prosp]ity1 b !y cont5d t ! obligation ( virtue is ( su* a nature t no conceivable convulsion ( affairs c\ld de/roy x1 & t x w\ld cont9ue ev5 if ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w belong$ to supreme malice in/ead ( supreme b5evol5ce4 ,virtue1 !y believe1 is some?+ m ?an a calculation or a habit4 ,x is impossible to conceive its fundam5tal pr9ciples rev]s$4 ,not)/&+ ! /rong t5d5cy to confuse cognate feel+s1 ! s5se ( duty & ! s5se ( utility rema9 p]fectly di/9ct 9 ! appreh5sion ( mank9d1 & we are q capable ( recognis+ ea* sep>ate +r$i5t 9 ! same act4 ,our respect = a gallant b dang]\s enemy1 our contempt = a useful traitor1 our c>e 9 ! la/ mom5ts ( life = ! int]e/s ( ^? :o survive u1 our cle> di/9ction betwe5 int5tional & un9t5tional injuries1 & betwe5 ! consci\sness ( imprud5ce & ! consci\sness ( guilt1 our conviction t ! pursuit ( int]e/ %\ld always be *eck$ by a s5se ( duty1 & t selfi% & moral motives are s ess5tially oppos$1 t ! pres5ce ( ! =m] necess>ily weak5s ! latt]1 our indignation at ^? :o :5 hon\r or gratitude call !m to sacrifice _! int]e/s pause to calculate remote consequ5ces1 ! feel+ ( remorse :i* diff]s f e o!r emotion ( our nature--9 a ^w1 ! univ]sal1 un/udi$ s5tim5ts ( mank9d all concur 9 lead+ u to sep>ate widely our virtu\s affections f our selfi% ones4 ,j z pleasure & pa9 are ultimate gr\nds ( action1 & no reason c be giv5 :y we %\ld seek ! =m] & avoid ! latt]1 except t x is ! con/itution ( our nature t we %\ld d s1 s we are consci\s t ! words "r & wrong express ultimate intelligible motives1 t ^! motives are g5]ically diff]5t f ! o!rs1 t !y are ( a high] ord]1 & t !y c>ry ) !m a s5se ( obligation4 ,any s*eme ( morals t omits ^! facts fails to give an accurate & adequate description ( ! /ates ( feel+ :i* consci\sness reveals4 ,! consci5ces ( m5 9 e age w\ld h e*o$ ! ass]tion ( ,cic]o t to sacrifice pleasure ) a view ( obta9+ any =m or modification ( pleasure 9 return1 no m answ]s to our idea ( virtue1 ?an to l5d money at int]e/ to our idea ( *>ity4 ,! conception ( pure dis9t]e/$ness is presuppos$ 9 our e/imates ( virtue4 ,x is ! root ( all ! emotions ) :i* we contemplate acts ( h]oism4 ,we feel t man is capable ( pursu+ :at he believes to be "r al?\gh pa9 & disa/] & m5tal suff]+ & an e>ly dea? be ! consequ5ce1 & al?\gh no prospect ( future rew>d light5 ^u 8 tomb4 ,?is is ! highe/ pr]ogative ( our be+1 ! po9t ( contact betwe5 ! human nature & ! div9e4 ,9 addition to ! direct argum5ts 9 its support1 ! utilit>ian s*ool owes mu* ( its influ5ce to "s v p[]ful moral & intellectual pr$ispositions 9 its fav\r--! fir/1 :i* we %all h]eaft] exam9e1 consi/+ ( ! t5d5cy manife/$ 9 c]ta9 conditions ( society t[>ds ! qualities x is mo/ calculat$ to produce1 & ! second ( ! almo/ irresi/ible attraction :i* unity & precision ex]cise on _m m9ds4 ,x 0 ?is desire to simplify human nature1 by r$uc+ its v>i\s faculties & complex op]ations to a s+le pr9ciple or process1 t gave its great popul>ity to ! s5sational s*ool ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,x l$ mo/ metaphysicians ( t s*ool to d5y ! duality ( human nature4 ,x l$ ,bonnet & ,condillac to propose an animat$ /atue1 end[$ ) ! five s5ses z *annels ( ideas1 & ) faculties exclusively employ$ 9 trans=m+ ! products ( s5sation1 z a p]fect repres5tative ( humanity4 ,x l$ ,helvtius to ass]t t ! orig9al faculties ( all m5 7 precisely ! same1 all ! diff]5ce betwe5 :at we call g5ius & :at we call /upidity aris+ f diff]5ces ( circum/ances1 & all ! diff]5ce betwe5 m5 & animals aris+ ma9ly f ! /ructure ( ! human h&4 ,9 morals1 !ories ( unification are peculi>ly plausible1 & ,i ?9k peculi>ly dang]\s1 because1 ow+ to ! int]action ( our moral s5tim5ts1 & ! _m trans=mations t ea* c und]go1 !re are few affections t might n "u "s conceivable circum/ances become ! p>5ts ( e o!r4 ,:5 ,hobbes1 9 ! "n ( ! philosophy ( self-int]e/1 cont5d$ t 8,pity is b ! imag9ation ( future calamity to ourselves1 produc$ by ! s5se ( ano!r man's calamity207#if7 :5 ,hut*eson1 9 ! "n ( ! philosophy ( b5evol5ce1 argu$ t ! vice ( intemp]ance is t x impels u to viol5ce t[>ds o!rs1 & weak5s our capacity = do+ !m good27#ig7 :5 o!r morali/s def5d+ ! excell5ce ( our nature ma9ta9$ t compassion is s emphatically ! highe/ ( our pleasures t a desire ( gratify+ x is ! cause ( our acts ( b>b>ity27#ih7 ea* ( ^! !ories1 extravagant z x is1 conta9s a g]m ( und\bt$ psy*ological tru?4 ,x is true t a m9d int5sely appreh5sive ( future calamities w\ld on t acc\nt receive a %ock at ! sight ( ! calamities ( o!rs4 ,x is true t a v ke5 & absorb+ s5tim5t ( b5evol5ce w\ld be 9 itself suffici5t to div]t m5 f any habit t impair$ _! p[] ( gratify+ x4 ,x is true t compassion involves a c]ta9 am\nt ( pleasure1 & conceivable t t pleasure might be s int5sifi$ t we might seek x by a crime4 ,! error 9 ^! !ories is n t !y exagg]ate ! possible efficacy ( ! motives1 b t !y exagg]ate _! actual int5sity 9 human nature & describe falsely ! process by :i* ! results !y seek to expla9 h be5 arriv$ at4 ,! function ( obs]vation 9 moral philosophy is n simply to atte/ ! moral s5tim5ts we possess1 leav+ x to ! reason to det]m9e d$uctively h[ !y may h be5 =m$2 x is r to foll[ !m ?r\gh all ! /ages ( _! =mation4 ,& "h ,i may obs]ve t ! t]m inductive1 l mo/ o!rs t are employ$ 9 moral philosophy1 may give rise to s]i\s misconception4 ,x is prop]ly appli$ to ^? morali/s :o1 disbeliev+ ! exi/5ce ( any moral s5se or faculty reveal+ to u :at is "r & wrong1 ma9ta9 t ! orig9 ( ^? ideas is simply our exp]i5ce ( ! t5d5cy ( diff]5t l9es ( conduct to promote or impair true happ9ess4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 to be sometimes imag9$ t inductive morali/s alone ?9k t x is by induction or exp]i5ce t we ought to asc]ta9 :at is ! orig9 ( our moral ideas4 ,b ?is ,i conceive to be a complete mi/ake4 ,! basis ( morals is a di/9ct "q f ! basis ( !ories ( morals4 ,^? :o ma9ta9 ! exi/5ce ( a moral faculty d n1 z is sometimes said1 assume ?is proposition z a fir/ pr9ciple ( _! argum5ts1 b !y arrive at x by a process ( induction q z sev]e z any t c be employ$ by _! oppon5ts47#ii7 ,!y exam9e1 analyse1 & classify _! exi/+ moral feel+s1 asc]ta9 9 :at respects ^? feel+s agree ) or diff] f o!rs1 trace !m ?r\gh _! v>i\s phases1 & only assign !m to a special faculty :5 !y ?9k !y h %[n !m to be incapable ( resolution1 & g5]ically diff]5t f all o!rs47#ajj7 ,?is sep>ation is all t is meant by a moral faculty4 ,we are apt to reg>d ! t]m z imply+ a di/9ct & well def9$ organ1 be>+ to ! m9d ! same k9d ( relation z a limb to ! body4 ,b ( ! exi/5ce ( su* organs1 & ( ! propriety ( su* mat]ial imag]y1 we "k no?+4 ,p]ceiv+ 9 ourselves a w1 & a cr[d ( intellectual & emotional ph5om5a t seem :olly diff]5t f ! prop]ties ( matt]1 we inf] ! exi/5ce ( an immat]ial sub/ance :i* wills1 ?9ks1 & feels1 & c classify its own op]ations ) consid]able precision4 ,! t]m faculty is simply an expression ( classification4 ,if we say t ! moral faculty diff]s f ! /hetic faculty1 we c only mean t ! m9d =ms c]ta9 judgm5ts ( moral excell5ce1 & also c]ta9 judgm5ts ( beauty1 & t ^! two m5tal processes are cle>ly di/9ct4 ,to ask to :at "p ( our nature moral p]ceptions %\ld be attribut$1 is only to ask to :at tra9 ( m5tal ph5om5a !y be> ! close/ resemblance4 ,if ?is simple1 b (t5 neglect$1 consid]ation be borne 9 m9d1 ! app>5t discordance ( intuitive morali/s w appe> less pr(\nd ?an might at fir/ sight be suppos$1 = ea* section m]ely elucidates "s "o *>act]i/ic ( moral judgm5ts4 ,?us ,butl] insi/s ^u ! s5se ( obligation t is involv$ 9 !m1 cont5ds t ?is sep>ates !m f all o!r s5tim5ts1 & assigns !m 9 consequ5ce to a special faculty ( supreme au?ority call$ consci5ce4 ,adam ,smi? & _m o!r writ]s 7 especially /ruck by _! sympa!tic "*4 ,we are naturally attract$ by humanity1 & repell$ by cruelty1 & ?is in/9ctive1 unreason+ s5tim5t con/itutes1 accord+ to ^! morali/s1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 "r & wrong4 ,cudwor?1 h[ev]1 ! ,engli% precursor ( ,kant1 _h already anticipat$1 & lat] metaphysicians h m fully exhibit$1 ! inadequacy ( su* an analysis4 ,ju/ice1 humanity1 v]acity1 & k9dr$ virtues n m]ely h ! p[] ( attract+ u1 we h also an intellectual p]ception t !y are ess5tially & immutably good1 t _! nature does n dep5d ^u1 & is n relative to1 our con/itutions2 t x is impossible & inconceivable !y %\ld ev] be vices1 & _! opposites1 virtues4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 x is said1 intuitions ( ! reason4 ,cl>ke1 develop+ ! same rational s*ool1 & foll[+ 9 ! /eps ( ^? morali/s :o reg>d our nature z a hi]>*y ( p[]s or faculties1 ) diff]5t degrees ( dignity1 & an appropriate ord] ( supremacy & subord9ation1 ma9ta9$ t virtue consi/$ 9 h>mony ) ! nature ( ?+s4 ,wolla/on endeav\r$ to r$uce x to tru?1 & ,hut*eson to b5evol5ce1 :i* he ma9ta9$ is recognis$ & approv$ by :at 8 respect = ! philosophy ( ,locke induc$ him to call 8a moral s5se10 b :at ,%aftesbury _h reg>d$ z a moral 8ta/e40 ,! pleasure att5d+ ! gratification ( ?is ta/e1 accord+ to ,%aftesbury & ,h5ry ,m1 is ! motive to virtue4 ,! doctr9e ( a moral s5se or faculty 0 ! basis ( ! e?ics ( ,reid4 ,hume ma9ta9$ t ! peculi> quality ( virtue is its utility1 b t our affections are purely dis9t]e/$1 & t we arrive at our k ( :at is virtu\s by a moral s5se implant$ 9 our nature1 :i* leads u in/9ctively to approve ( all acts t are b5eficial to o!rs4 ,exp&+ a pregnant h9t :i* _h be5 ?r[n out by ,butl]1 he laid ! f\ndation = a union ( ! s*ools ( ,cl>ke & ,%aftesbury1 by urg+ t our moral decisions are n simple1 b complex1 conta9+ bo? a judgm5t ( ! reason1 & an emotion ( ! he>t4 ,?is fact has be5 elucidat$ /ill fur!r by lat] writ]s1 :o h obs]v$ t ^! two elem5ts apply 9 v>y+ degrees to diff]5t k9ds ( virtue4 ,accord+ to ,"l ,kames1 our intellectual p]ception ( "r & wrong applies mo/ /rictly to virtues l ju/ice or v]acity1 :i* are ( :at is call$ 8p]fect obligation10 or1 9 o!r words1 are ( su* a nature1 t _! violation is a di/9ct crime1 :ile ! emotion ( attraction or affection is %[n mo/ /rongly t[>ds virtues ( imp]fect obligation1 l b5evol5ce or *>ity4 ,l ,hut*eson & ,%aftesbury1 ,"l ,kames notices ! analogies betwe5 our moral & /hetical judgm5ts4 ,^! la/ analogies op5 out a region ( ?\ght widely diff]5t f t we h be5 trav]s+4 ,! close connection betwe5 ! good & ! beautiful has be5 always felt1 s mu* s1 t bo? 7 9 ,greek express$ by ! same ^w1 & 9 ! philosophy ( ,plato1 moral beauty 0 reg>d$ z ! ar*etype ( :i* all visible beauty is only ! %ad[ or ! image4 ,we all feel t !re is a /rict propriety 9 ! t]m moral beauty4 ,we feel t !re are diff]5t =ms ( beauty :i* h a natural correspond5ce to diff]5t moral qualities1 & mu* ( ! *>m ( poetry & eloqu5ce re/s ^u ?is h>mony4 ,we feel t we h a direct1 imm$iate1 intuitive p]ception t "s objects1 su* z ! sky above u1 are beautiful1 t ?is p]ception ( beauty is totally diff]5t1 & c\ld n possibly be d]iv$1 f a p]ception ( _! utility1 & t x be>s a v /rik+ resemblance to ! in/antane\s & unreason+ admiration elicit$ by a g5]\s or h]oic action4 ,we p]ceive too1 if we exam9e ) c>e ! op]ations ( our own m9d1 t an /hetical judgm5t includes an intuition or intellectual p]ception1 & an emotion ( attraction or admiration1 v simil> to ^? :i* compose a moral judgm5t4 ,! v idea ( beauty aga9 implies t x %\ld be admir$1 z ! idea ( happ9ess implies t x %\ld be desir$1 & ! idea ( duty t x %\ld be p]=m$4 ,!re is also a /rik+ correspond5ce betwe5 ! degree & k9d ( uni=mity we c 9 ea* case discov]4 ,t !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 "r & wrong1 & betwe5 beauty & ugl9ess1 are bo? propositions :i* are univ]sally felt4 ,t "r is bett] ?an wrong1 & beauty ?an ugl9ess1 are equally unque/ion$4 ,:5 we g fur!r1 & attempt to def9e ! nature ( ^! qualities1 we are met inde$ by great div]sities ( detail1 b by a f> l>g] am\nt ( sub/antial unity4 ,poems l ! ,iliad or ! ,psalms1 spr++ 9 ! mo/ dissimil> qu>t]s1 h comm&$ ! admiration ( m51 ?r\gh all ! *anges ( "s #c1jjj ye>s4 ,! *>m ( music1 ! h>mony ( ! female c\nt5ance1 ! maje/y ( ! />ry sky1 ( ! ocean or ( ! m\nta91 ! g5tl] beauties ( ! murmur+ /ream or ( ! twilight %ades1 7 felt1 z !y are felt n[1 :5 ! imag9ation ( ! infant _w fir/ embodi$ itself 9 writt5 words4 ,& 9 ! same way types ( h]oism1 & ( virtue1 desc5d+ f ! remote/ ages1 comm& ! admiration ( mank9d4 ,we c sympa?ise ) ! emotions ( praise or blame reveal$ 9 ! e>lie/ hi/orians1 & ! mo/ anci5t morali/s /rike a responsive *ord 9 e he>t4 ,! broad l9es rema9 un*ang$4 ,no "o ev] cont5d$ t ju/ice 0 a vice or inju/ice a virtue2 or t a summ] sunset 0 a repulsive object1 or t ! sores ^u a human body 7 beautiful4 ,always1 too1 ! objects ( /hetical admiration 7 divid$ into two great classes1 ! sublime & ! beautiful1 :i* 9 e?ics h _! manife/ c\nt]p>ts 9 ! h]oic & ! amiable4 ,if1 aga91 we exam9e ! und\bt$ div]sities t exi/ 9 judgm5ts ( virtue & ( beauty1 we soon discov] t 9 ea* case a l>ge proportion ( !m are to be ascrib$ to ! diff]5t degrees ( civilisation4 ,! moral /&>d *anges )9 c]ta9 limits1 & accord+ to a regul> process ) ! evolutions ( society4 ,!re are virtues v highly e/imat$ 9 a rude civilisation :i* s9k into comp>ative insignificance 9 an organis$ society1 :ile conv]sely1 virtues t 7 deem$ second>y 9 ! fir/ become prim>y 9 ! o!r4 ,!re are ev5 virtues t x is impossible = any b highly cultivat$ m9ds to recognise4 ,que/ions ( virtue & vice1 su* z ! diff]5ce betwe5 humanity & b>b>ity1 or betwe5 temp]ance & intemp]ance1 are sometimes m]ely que/ions ( degree1 & ! /&>d at "o /age ( civilisation may be mu* high] ?an at ano!r4 ,j 9 ! same way a /eady modification ( ta/es1 :ile a recognition ( ! broad features ( beauty rema9s un*ang$1 accompanies advanc+ civilisation4 ,! pref]5ce ( gaudy to subdu$ t9ts1 ( col\r to =m1 ( a florid to a *a/e /yle1 ( convulsive attitudes1 gigantic figures1 & /rong emotions1 may be look$ = ) consid]able confid5ce 9 an un9/ruct$ p4 ,! ref9+ influ5ce ( cultivation is 9 no sph]e m rem>kable ?an 9 ! canons ( ta/e x produces1 & !re are few bett] measures ( ! civilisation ( a p ?an ! conceptions ( beauty x =ms1 ! type or ideal x endeav\rs to realise4 ,_m div]sities1 h[ev]1 bo? ( moral & /hetical judgm5ts1 may be trac$ to accid5tal causes4 ,"s "o :o is greatly admir$1 or :o possesses great influ5ce1 is di/+ui%$ by "s peculi>ity ( appe>ance1 or introduces "s peculi>ity ( dress4 ,he w soon f9d c\ntless imitators4 ,gradually ! natural s5se ( beauty w become vitiat$2 ! eye & ! ta/e w adju/ !mselves to a false & artificial /&>d1 & m5 w at la/ judge accord+ to x ) ! mo/ absolute spontaneity4 ,9 ! same way1 if any accid5tal circum/ance has elevat$ an indiff]5t action to peculi> hon\r1 if a religi\s sy/em en=ces x z a virtue or br&s x z a vice1 ! consci5ces ( m5 w aft] a "t accommodate !mselves to ! s5t5ce1 & an appeal to a wid] ?an a local tribunal is necess>y to correct ! error4 ,e nation1 aga91 f its peculi> circum/ances & position1 t5ds to "s p>ticul> type1 bo? ( beauty & ( virtue1 & x naturally extols its national type beyond all o!rs4 ,! virtues ( a small poor nation1 liv+ among b>r5 m\nta9s1 surr\nd$ by p[]ful enemies1 & ma9ta9+ its indep5d5ce only by ! mo/ inflexible discipl9e1 wat*fulness1 & c\rage1 w be 9 "s degree diff]5t f ^? ( a ri* p remov$ f all fe> ( invasion & plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( comm]ce4 ,! =m] w look ) a v l5i5t eye on acts ( b>b>ity or trea*]y1 :i* to ! latt] w\ld appe> unspeakably horrible1 & w value v highly c]ta9 virtues ( discipl9e :i* ! o!r w comp>atively neglect4 ,s1 too1 ! conceptions ( beauty =m$ by a nation ( negroes w be diff]5t f ^? =m$ by a nation ( :ites27#aja7 ! spl5d\r ( a tropical sky or ! savage gr&eur ( a nor!rn ocean1 ! aspect ( great m\nta9s or ( wide pla9s1 w n only supply nations ) pres5t images ( sublimity or beauty1 b w also contribute to =m _! /&>d & affect _! judgm5ts4 ,local cu/oms or obs]vances become s int]wov5 ) our e>lie/ recollections1 t we at la/ reg>d !m z ess5tially v5]able1 & ev5 9 ! mo/ trivial matt]s x requires a c]ta9 ef=t to dissolve ! association4 ,!re 0 mu* wisdom z well z mu* wit 9 ! picture ( ! noveli/ :o describ$ ! ,engli% footman's contempt = ! uni=ms ( ! ,fr5*1 8blue be+ altoge!r ridicul\s = regim5tals1 except 9 ! blue gu>ds & artill]y20 & ,i suppose !re are few ,engli%m5 into ^: fir/ confus$ impression ( ,france !re does n ent] a half-in/9ctive feel+ ( repugnance caus$ by ! f]oci\s appe>ance ( a peasantry :o are all dress$ l but*]s47#ajb7 ,x has be5 said7#ajc7 t 8! feel+s ( beauty1 gr&eur1 & :atev] else is compreh5d$ "u ! "n ( ta/e1 d n lead to action1 b t]m9ate 9 delightful contemplation1 :i* con/itutes ! ess5tial di/9ction betwe5 !m & ! moral s5tim5ts to :i* 9 "s po9ts ( view !y may d\btless be lik5$40 ,?is position ,i conceive to be altoge!r unt5able4 ,our /hetical judgm5t is ( ! nature ( a pref]5ce4 ,x leads u to pref] "o class ( objects to ano!r1 & :5ev] o!r ?+s are equal1 becomes a gr\nd = action4 ,9 *oos+ ! p]sons ) :om we live1 ! neighb\rhood we inhabit1 ! objects t surr\nd u1 we pref] t :i* is beautiful to t :i* is ! rev]se1 & 9 e case 9 :i* a *oice betwe5 beauty & de=mity is 9 "q1 & no c\nt]act+ motive int]v5es1 we *oose ! =m]1 & avoid ! latt]4 ,!re are no d\bt innum]able ev5ts 9 life 9 :i* ?is "q does n arise1 b !re are also v _m 9 :i* we are n call$ ^u to make a moral judgm5t4 ,we say a man is actuat$ by /rong moral pr9ciple :o *ooses accord+ to its dictates 9 e case involv+ a moral judgm5t t comes naturally be=e him1 & :o 9 ob$i5ce to its impulse pursues special c\rses ( action4 ,correspond+ propositions may be ma9ta9$ ) p]fect tru? conc]n+ our s5se ( beauty4 ,9 proportion to its /r5g? does x guide our c\rse 9 ord9>y life1 & det]m9e our peculi> pursuits4 ,we may inde$ sacrifice our s5se ( mat]ial beauty to consid]ations ( utility ) mu* m alacrity ?an our s5se ( moral beauty2 we may cons5t to build a %apeless h\se soon] ?an to commit a di%on\rable action1 b we _c volunt>ily *oose t :i* is simply de=m$1 r ?an t :i* is beautiful1 )\t a c]ta9 feel+ ( pa91 & a pa9 ( ?is k9d1 accord+ to ! s*ool ( ,h>tley1 is ! precise def9ition ( consci5ce4 ,nor is x at all difficult to conceive m5 ) a s5se ( beauty s /rong t !y w\ld die r ?an outrage x4 ,consid]+ all ^! ?+s1 x is n surpris+ t _m morali/s %\ld h reg>d$ moral excell5ce z simply ! highe/ =m ( beauty1 & moral cultivation z ! supreme ref9em5t ( ta/e4 ,b al?\gh ?is mann] ( reg>d+ x is1 z ,i ?9k1 f> m plausible ?an ! !ory :i* resolves virtue into utility1 al?\gh ! ,greek morali/s & ! s*ool ( ,%aftesbury h abundantly prov$ t !re is an extremely close connection betwe5 ^! ord]s ( ideas1 !re are two consid]ations :i* appe> to %[ ! inadequacy ( ?is !ory4 ,we are cle>ly consci\s ( ! propriety ( apply+ ! epi!t 8beautiful0 to virtues su* z *>ity1 rev]5ce1 or devotion1 b we _c apply x ) ! same propriety to duties ( p]fect obligation1 su* z v]acity or integrity4 ,! s5se ( beauty & ! affection t foll[s x atta* !mselves r to modes ( en?usiasm & feel+ ?an to ! c\rse ( simple duty :i* con/itutes a m]ely tru?ful & upright man47#ajd7 ,besides ?is1 z ! ,/oics & ,butl] h %[n1 ! position ( consci5ce 9 our nature is :olly unique1 & cle>ly sep>ates morals f a /udy ( ! beautiful4 ,:ile ea* ( our s5ses or appetites has a re/rict$ sph]e ( op]ation1 x is ! function ( consci5ce to survey ! :ole con/itution ( our be+1 & assign limits to ! gratification ( all our v>i\s passions & desires4 ,diff]+ n 9 degree1 b 9 k9d f ! o!r pr9ciples ( our nature1 we feel t a c\rse ( conduct :i* is oppos$ to x may be intelligibly describ$ z unnatural1 ev5 :5 9 accordance ) our mo/ natural appetites1 = to consci5ce is assign$ ! pr]ogative ( bo? judg+ & re/ra9+ !m all4 ,its p[] may be insignificant1 b its title is undisput$1 & 8if x _h might z x has "r1 x w\ld gov]n ! _w407#aje7 ,x is ?is faculty1 di/9ct f1 & sup]ior to1 all appetites1 passions1 & ta/es1 t makes virtue ! supreme law ( life1 & adds an imp]ative "* to ! feel+ ( attraction x inspires4 ,x is ?is :i* 0 describ$ by ,cic]o z ! ,god rul+ )9 u2 by ! ,/oics z ! sov]eignty ( reason2 by ,/4 ,paul z ! law ( nature2 by ,butl] z ! supremacy ( consci5ce4 ,! di/9ction ( diff]5t p>ts ( our nature1 z high] or l[]1 :i* appe>s 9 ! =ego+ reason+1 & :i* occupies s important a place 9 ! intuitive sy/em ( morals1 is "o t c only be def5d$ by ! way ( illu/rations4 ,a writ] c only select cases 9 :i* su* di/9ctions seem mo/ app>5t1 & leave !m to ! feel+s ( 8 read]4 ,a few examples w1 ,i hope1 be suffici5t to %[ t ev5 9 our pleasures1 we are n simply det]m9$ by ! am\nt ( enjoym5t1 b t !re is a diff]5ce ( k9d1 :i* may be reasonably describ$ by ! epi!ts1 high] or l[]4 ,if we suppose a be+ f ano!r sph]e1 :o d]iv$ 8 conceptions f a purely rational process1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( ! s5ses1 to desc5d to our _w1 & to enquire into ! pr9ciples ( human nature1 ,i imag9e !re are few po9ts t w\ld /rike him z m anomal\s1 or :i* he w\ld be m absolutely unable to realise1 ?an ! diff]5t e/imates 9 :i* m5 hold ! pleasures d]iv$ f ! two s5ses ( ta/+ & he>+4 ,"u ! fir/ is compris$ ! enjoym5t result+ f ! action ( c]ta9 k9ds ( food ^u ! palate4 ,"u ! second ! *>m ( music4 ,ea* ( ^! =ms ( pleasure is natural1 ea* c be greatly height5$ by cultivation1 9 ea* case ! pleasure may be vivid1 b is v transi5t1 & 9 nei!r case d evil consequ5ces necess>ily ensue4 ,yet ) s _m und\bt$ po9ts ( resemblance1 :5 we turn to ! actual _w1 we f9d ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two ord]s ( pleasure ( su* a nature1 t a comp>ison seems absolutely ludicr\s4 ,9 :at !n does ?is diff]5ce consi/8 ,n1 surely1 9 ! great] int5sity ( ! enjoym5t d]iv$ f music1 = 9 _m cases ?is sup]iority does n exi/47#ajf7 ,we are all consci\s t 9 our comp>ison ( ^! pleasures1 !re is an elem5t di/9ct f any consid]ation ( _! int5sity1 duration1 or consequ5ces4 ,we naturally atta* a fa9t notion ( %ame to ! "o1 :ile we z naturally glory 9 ! o!r4 ,a v ke5 s5se ( ! pleasures ( ! palate is look$ ^u z 9 a c]ta9 degree discr$itable4 ,a man w h>dly boa/ t he is v fond ( eat+1 b he has no hesitation 9 ackn[l$g+ t he is v fond ( music4 ,! fir/ ta/e l[]s1 & ! second elevates him 9 8 own eyes1 & 9 ^? ( 8 neighb\rs4 ,aga91 let a man ( *e]ful disposition1 & ( a cultivat$ b n v fa/idi\s ta/e1 obs]ve 8 own emotions & ! c\nt5ances ( ^? ar\nd him dur+ ! repres5tation ( a clev] trag$y & ( a clev] f>ce1 & x is probable t he w come to ! conclusion t 8 enjoym5t 9 ! latt] case has be5 bo? m unm+l$ & m int5se ?an 9 ! =m]4 ,he has felt no lassitude1 he has n endur$ ! am\nt ( pa9 t necess>ily accompanies ! pleasure ( pa?os1 he has exp]i5c$ a vivid1 absorb+ pleasure1 & he has trac$ simil> emotions 9 ! viol5t demon/rations ( 8 neighb\rs4 ,yet he w readily admit t ! pleasure d]iv$ f ! trag$y is ( a high] ord] ?an t d]iv$ f ! f>ce4 ,sometimes he w f9d himself hesitat+ :i* ( ! two he w *oose4 ,! love ( m]e enjoym5t leads him to ! "o4 ,a s5se ( its nobl] "* incl9es him to ! o!r4 ,a simil> di/9ction may be obs]v$ 9 o!r dep>tm5ts4 ,except 9 ! relation ( ! sexes1 x is probable t a m int5se pleasure is usually obta9$ f ! grotesque & ! ecc5tric1 ?an f ! p]fections ( beauty4 ,! pleasure d]iv$ f beauty is n viol5t 9 its nature1 & x is 9 mo/ cases peculi>ly mix$ ) melan*oly4 ,! feel+s ( a man :o is deeply mov$ by a lovely l&scape are r>ely ^? ( extreme elation4 ,a %ade ( melan*oly /eals ov] 8 m9d4 ,8 eyes fill ) te>s4 ,a vague & unsatisfi$ long+ fills 8 s\l4 ,yet1 tr\bl$ & brok5 z is ?is =m ( enjoym5t1 few p]sons w\ld hesitate to pron\nce x ( a high] k9d ?an any t c be d]iv$ f ! exhibitions ( oddity4 ,if pleasures 7 ! sole objects ( our pursuit1 & if _! excell5ce 7 measur$ only by ! quantity ( enjoym5t !y af=d1 no?+ c\ld appe> m obvi\s ?an t ! man w\ld be e/eem$ mo/ wise :o atta9$ 8 object at lea/ co/4 ,yet ! :ole c\rse ( civilisation is 9 a precisely opposite direction4 ,a *ild d]ives ! ke5e/ & mo/ exquisite enjoym5t f ! simple/ objects4 ,a fl[]1 a doll1 a rude game1 ! lea/ arti/ic tale1 is suffici5t to en*ant x4 ,an un$ucat$ peasant is enraptur$ ) ! wilde/ /ory & ! co>se/ wit4 ,increas$ cultivation almo/ always produces a fa/idi\sness :i* r5d]s necess>y ! increas$ elaboration ( our pleasures4 ,we atta* a c]ta9 discr$it to a man :o has reta9$ ^? ( *ildhood4 ,! v fact ( our d]iv+ pleasure f c]ta9 amusem5ts creates a k9d ( humiliation1 = we feel t !y are n 9 h>mony ) ! nobility ( our nature47#ajg7 ,our judgm5ts ( societies resemble 9 ?is respect our judgm5ts ( individuals4 ,few p]sons1 ,i ?9k1 :o h comp>$ ! modes ( popul> life 9 /agnant & undevelop$ c\ntries l ,spa9 ) ^? 9 ! great c5tres ( indu/rial civilisation1 w v5ture to pron\nce ) any confid5ce t ! quantum or av]age ( actual realis$ enjoym5t is great] 9 ! civilis$ ?an 9 ! semi-civilis$ society4 ,an undevelop$ nature is by no means necess>ily an unhappy nature1 & al?\gh we possess no accurate gauge ( happ9ess1 we may1 at lea/1 be c]ta9 t its degrees d n co9cide ) ! degrees ( prosp]ity4 ,! ta/es & habits ( m5 9 a backw>d society accommodate !mselves to ! n>r[ circle ( a few pleasures1 & probably f9d 9 ^! z complete satisfaction z m civilis$ m5 9 a wid] range2 & if !re is 9 ! fir/ condition some:at m ( ! we>9ess ( monotony1 !re is 9 ! second mu* m ( ! anxiety ( discont5t4 ,! sup]iority ( a highly civilis$ man lies *iefly 9 ! fact t he belongs to a high] ord] ( be+1 = he has approa*$ m ne>ly to ! end ( 8 exi/5ce1 & has call$ into action a l>g] numb] ( 8 capacities4 ,& ?is is 9 itself an end4 ,ev5 if1 z is n improbable1 ! l[] animals are happi] ?an man17#ajh7 & semi-b>b>ians ?an civilis$ m51 /ill x is bett] to be a man ?an a brute1 bett] to be born amid ! fi]ce /ruggles ( civilisation ?an 9 "s /r&$ nation ap>t f all ! fl[ ( ent]prise & k4 ,ev5 9 t mat]ial civilisation :i* utilit>ianism delights to glorify1 !re is an elem5t :i* ! philosophy ( m]e enjoym5t _c expla94 ,aga91 if we ask ! reason ( ! va/ & indisputable sup]iority :i* ! g5]al voice ( mank9d gives to m5tal pleasures1 consid]$ z pleasures1 ov] physical ones1 we %all f9d1 ,i ?9k1 no adequate or satisfactory answ] on ! supposition t pleasures owe all _! value to ! quantity ( enjoym5t !y af=d4 ,! =m]1 x is truly said1 are m v>i$ & m prolong$ ?an ! latt] b on ! o!r h&1 !y are atta9$ ) m ef=t1 & !y are diffus$ ov] a f> n>r[] circle4 ,no "o :o comp>es ! class ( m5 :o d]ive _! pleasure *iefly f field sports or o!r =ms ( physical enjoym5t ) ^? :o d]ive _! pleasure f ! highe/ intellectual s\rces2 no "o :o comp>es ! p]iod ( boyhood :5 enjoym5ts are *iefly animal ) e>ly manhood :5 !y are *iefly intellectual1 w be able to discov] 9 ! diff]5t levels ( happ9ess any ju/ification ( ! great int]val ! _w places betwe5 ^! pleasures4 ,no pa9t] or noveli/1 :o wi%$ to depict an ideal ( p]fect happ9ess1 w\ld seek x 9 a pr(\nd /ud5t4 ,)\t ent]+ into any d\btful que/ions conc]n+ ! relations ( ! body to all m5tal /ates1 x may be ma9ta9$ t bodily conditions h 9 g5]al m influ5ce ^u our enjoym5t ?an m5tal ones4 ,! happ9ess ( ! great majority ( m5 is f> m affect$ by heal? & by temp]am5t17#aji7 result+ f physical conditions1 :i* aga9 physical enjoym5ts are (t5 calculat$ to produce1 ?an by any m5tal or moral causes1 & acute physical suff]+s p>alyse all ! en]gies ( our nature to a great] ext5t ?an any m5tal di/ress4 ,x is probable t ! ,am]ican inv5tor ( ! fir/ an/hetic has done m = ! real happ9ess ( mank9d ?an all ! moral philosoph]s f ,socrates to ,mill4 ,moral causes may tea* m5 pati5ce1 & ! endurance ( felt suff]+1 or may ev5 alleviate its pangs1 b !re are temp]am5ts due to physical causes f :i* mo/ suff]+s glance almo/ unfelt4 ,x is said t :5 an anci5t 0 ask$ 8:at use is philosophy80 he answ]$1 8x tea*es m5 h[ to die10 & he v]ifi$ 8 words by a noble dea?2 b x has be5 prov$ on a ?\s& battle-fields1 x has be5 prov$ on a ?\s& scaffolds1 x is prov$ ?r\gh all ! wide regions ( ,*9a & ,india1 t ! dull & animal nature :i* feels little & realises fa9tly1 c meet dea? ) a calm t philosophy c b>ely rival47#aaj7 ,! tru? is1 t ! m5tal "p ( our nature is n reg>d$ z sup]ior to ! physical "p1 because x contributes mo/ to our happ9ess4 ,! sup]iority is ( a diff]5t k9d1 & may be intelligibly express$ by ! epi!ts high] & l[]4 ,&1 once m1 !re is a class ( pleasures result+ f ! gratification ( our moral feel+s :i* we naturally place 9 ! =emo/ rank4 ,to ! great majority ( mank9d x w probably appe>1 9 spite ( ! doctr9e ( ,paley1 t no multiple ( ! pleasure ( eat+ pa/ry c be an equival5t to ! pleasure d]iv$ f a g5]\s action4 ,x is n t ! latt] is s inconceivably int5se4 ,x is t x is ( a high] ord]4 ,?is di/9ction ( k9d has be5 neglect$ or d5i$ by mo/ utilit>ian writ]s27#aaa7 & al?\gh an attempt has rec5tly be5 made to introduce x into ! sy/em1 x appe>s manife/ly incompatible ) its pr9ciple4 ,if ! reality ( ! di/9ction be admitt$1 x %[s t our wills are s f> f t5d+ necess>ily to t :i* produces mo/ enjoym5t t we h ! p[] ev5 9 our pleasures ( recognis+ a high] & a :olly diff]5t quality1 & ( mak+ t quality r ?an enjoym5t ! object ( our *oice4 ,if x be possible = a man 9 *oos+ betwe5 two pleasures delib]ately to select z pref]able1 ap>t f all consid]ation ( consequ5ces1 t :i* he is consci\s gives lea/ enjoym5t because he recognises 9 x a great] wor?9ess1 or elevation1 x is c]ta9 t 8 conduct is ei!r :olly irrational1 or t he is act+ on a pr9ciple ( judgm5t = :i* '! greate/ happ9ess' philosophy is unable to acc\nt4 ,consi/5tly ) t philosophy1 ! t]ms high] & l[] z appli$ to diff]5t p>ts ( our nature1 to diff]5t regions ( ?\ght or feel+1 c h no o!r mean+ ?an t ( productive ( m or less enjoym5t4 ,b if once we admit a di/9ction ( quality z well z a di/9ction ( quantity 9 our e/imate ( pleasure1 all is *ang$4 ,x !n appe>s evid5t t ! diff]5t p>ts ( our nature to :i* ^! pleasures ref]1 be> to ea* o!r a relation ( ano!r k9d1 :i* may be cle>ly & ju/ly describ$ by ! t]ms high] & l[]2 & ! ass]tion t our reason reveals to u intuitively & directly ?is hi]>*y ( our be+1 is a fundam5tal position ( ! greate/ s*ools ( intuitive morali/s4 ,accord+ to ^! writ]s1 :5 we say t our moral & intellectual is sup]ior to our animal nature1 t ! b5evol5t affections are sup]ior to ! selfi% ones1 t consci5ce has a legitimate supremacy ov] ! o!r p>ts ( our be+2 ?is language is n arbitr>y1 or fanta/ic1 or caprici\s1 because x is intelligible4 ,:5 su* a subord9ation is ann\nc$1 x corresponds ) feel+s we all possess1 falls 9 ) ! natural c\rse ( our judgm5ts1 ) our habitual & un/udi$ language4 ,! argum5ts t h be5 direct$ aga9/ ! !ory ( natural moral p]ceptions are ( two k9ds1 ! fir/1 :i* ,i h already notic$1 be+ design$ to %[ t all our moral judgm5ts may be resolv$ into consid]ations ( utility2 ! second re/+ ^u ! div]sity ( ^! judgm5ts 9 diff]5t nations & /ages ( civilisation1 :i*1 x is said1 is altoge!r inexplicable ^u ! supposition ( a moral faculty4 ,z ^! v>iations =m ! great /umbl+-block 9 ! way ( ! doctr9e ,i am ma9ta9+1 & z !y con/itute a v important "p ( ! hi/ory ( morals1 ,i %all make no apology = notic+ !m 9 "s detail4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re are _m cases 9 :i* div]sities ( moral judgm5t arise f causes t are n moral1 b purely intellectual4 ,?us1 = example1 :5 !ologians pron\nc$ loans at int]e/ contr>y to ! law ( nature & pla9ly extortionate1 ?is error obvi\sly arose f a false notion ( ! uses ( money4 ,!y believ$ t x 0 a /]ile ?+1 & t he :o has re/or$ :at he borr[$1 has cancell$ all ! b5efit he receiv$ f ! transaction4 ,at ! "t :5 ! fir/ ,*ri/ian morali/s treat$ ! subject1 special circum/ances _h r5d]$ ! rate ( int]e/ extremely high1 & consequ5tly extremely oppressive to ! poor1 & ?is fact1 no d\bt1 /r5g!n$ ! prejudice2 b ! root ( ! condemnation ( usury 0 simply an error 9 political economy4 ,:5 m5 came to und]/& t money is a productive ?+1 & t ! sum l5t enables ! borr[] to create s\rces ( weal? t w cont9ue :5 ! loan has be5 return$1 !y p]ceiv$ t !re 0 no natural inju/ice 9 exact+ paym5t = ?is advantage1 & usury ei!r ceas$ to be assail$1 or 0 assail$ only ^u ! gr\nd ( positive comm&s4 ,?us aga9 ! "q ( ! crim9ality ( abortion has be5 consid]ably affect$ by physiological speculations z to ! "t :5 ! ftus 9 ! womb acquires ! nature1 & !re=e ! rights1 ( a sep>ate be+4 ,! g5]al op9ion among ! anci5ts seems to h be5 t x 0 b a "p ( ! "m1 & t %e _h ! same "r to de/roy x z to caut]ise a tum\r ^u h] body4 ,plato & ,ari/otle bo? admitt$ ! practice4 ,! ,roman law conta9$ no enactm5t aga9/ volunt>y abortion till ! "t ( ,ulpian4 ,! ,/oics ?\ght t ! infant receiv$ its s\l :5 respiration began4 ,! ,ju/9ian code fix$ its animation at =ty days aft] conception4 ,9 mod]n legislations x is treat$ z a di/9ct be+ f ! mom5t ( conception47#aab7 ,x is obvi\s t ! solution ( su* que/ions1 ?\gh affect+ our moral judgm5ts1 mu/ be s\ght entirely outside ! range ( moral feel+s4 ,9 ! next place1 !re is a broad di/9ction to be drawn betwe5 duties :i* re/ imm$iately on ! dictates ( consci5ce1 & ^? :i* are bas$ ^u positive comm&s4 ,! iniquity ( !ft1 murd]1 falsehood1 or adult]y re/s ^u gr\nds g5]ically di/9ct f ^? on :i* m5 pron\nce x to be s9ful to eat meat on ,friday1 or to "w on ,sunday1 or to ab/a9 f religi\s assemblies4 ,! reproa*es consci5ce directs aga9/ ^? :o are guilty ( ^! la/ acts are purely hypo!tical1 consci5ce enjo9+ ob$i5ce to ! ,div9e comm&s1 b leav+ x to reason to det]m9e :at ^? comm&s may be4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ^! two classes ( duties becomes app>5t on ! slighte/ reflection1 & ! v>iations 9 _! relative prom95ce =m "o ( ! mo/ important bran*es ( religi\s hi/ory4 ,closely connect$ ) ! prec$+ are ! div]sities :i* result f an anci5t cu/om becom+ at la/1 ?r\gh its v antiquity1 or ?r\gh ! confusion ( means ) ends1 an object ( religi\s rev]5ce4 ,among ! _m safegu>ds ( female purity 9 ! ,roman republic 0 an enactm5t =bidd+ wom5 ev5 to ta/e w9e1 & ?is v intelligible law be+ en=c$ ) ! e>lie/ education1 became at la/1 by habit & tradition>y rev]5ce1 s incorporat$ ) ! moral feel+s ( ! p1 t its violation 0 spok5 ( z a mon/r\s crime4 ,aulus ,gellius has pres]v$ a passage 9 :i* ,cato obs]ves1 8t ! husb& has an absolute au?ority ov] 8 wife2 x is = him to condemn & puni% h]1 if %e has be5 guilty ( any %ameful act1 su* z dr9k+ w9e or committ+ adult]y407#aac7 ,z soon z ! rev]5ce = tradition 0 dim9i%$1 & m5 v5tur$ to judge old cu/oms ^u _! own m]its1 !y 7 able1 by /eadily reflect+ ^u ?is belief1 to r$uce x to its primitive elem5ts1 to sep>ate ! act f ! ideas ) :i* x _h be5 associat$1 & ?us to p]ceive t x 0 n necess>ily oppos$ to any ( ^? great moral laws or feel+s :i* _! consci5ces reveal$1 & :i* 7 ! basis ( all _! reason+s on morals4 ,a confus$ association ( ideas1 :i* is easily expos$ by a pati5t analysis1 lies at ! root ( m s]i\s anomalies4 ,?us to ^? :o reflect deeply ^u moral hi/ory1 few ?+s1 ,i suppose1 are m humiliat+ ?an to contra/ ! admiration & pr(\ndly rev]5tial atta*m5t excit$ by a conqu]or1 :o ?r\gh ! prompt+s ( simple vanity1 ?r\gh love ( fame1 or ?r\gh gre$ ( t]ritory1 has wantonly caus$ ! dea?s1 ! suff]+s1 or ! b]eavem5ts ( ?\s&s1 ) ! abhorr5ce produc$ by a s+le act ( murd] or robb]y committ$ by a poor & ignorant man1 p]haps "u ! pressure ( extreme want or intol]able wrong4 ,! attraction ( g5ius & p[]1 :i* ! vulg> usually measure by _! mat]ial fruits1 ! advantages acquir$ by ! nation to :i* he belongs1 ! belief t battles are decid$ by provid5tial int]f]5ce1 & t milit>y success is !re=e a pro( ( ,div9e fav\r1 & ! sanctity ascrib$ to ! regal (fice1 h all no d\bt conspir$ to veil ! atrocity ( ! conqu]or's c>e]2 b !re is probably ano!r & a deep] influ5ce beh9d4 ,t :i* inve/s w>1 9 spite ( all ! evils t att5d x1 ) a c]ta9 moral gr&eur1 is ! h]oic self-sacrifice x elicits4 ,) p]haps ! s+le exception ( ! ,*ur*1 x is ! sph]e 9 :i* m]c5>y motives h lea/ sway1 9 :i* p]=mance is lea/ weigh$ & measur$ by /rict obligation1 9 :i* a dis9t]e/$ en?usiasm has mo/ scope4 ,a battle-field is ! sc5e ( de$s ( self-sacrifice s transc5d5t1 & at ! same "t s dramatic1 t 9 spite ( all its horrors & crimes1 x awak5s ! mo/ passionate moral en?usiasm4 ,b ?is feel+ produc$ by ! ?\ght ( s _m :o h sacrific$ _! life-blood = _! flag or = _! *ief1 ne$s "s def9ite object on :i* to re/4 ,! multitude ( nameless combatants d n /rike ! imag9ation4 ,!y d n /& out1 & are n realis$1 z di/9ct & liv+ figures conspicu\s to ! view4 ,h5ce x is t ! *ief1 z ! mo/ prom95t1 becomes ! repres5tative w>rior2 ! m>tyr's aureole desc5ds ^u 8 br[1 & ?us by a confusion t seems ! v irony ( fate1 ! en?usiasm evok$ by ! self-sacrifice ( ?\s&s %$s a sacr$ gl[ ar\nd ! v man ^: prodigi\s egotism _h r5d]$ t sacrifice necess>y4 ,ano!r =m ( moral p>adox is d]iv$ f ! fact t positive religions may ov]ride our moral p]ceptions 9 su* a mann]1 t we may consci\sly admit a moral contradiction4 ,9 ?is respect !re is a /rict p>allelism betwe5 our intellectual & our moral faculties4 ,x is at pres5t ! pr(ess$ belief ( at lea/ ?ree-f\r?s ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 & 0 = "s c5turies ! firm belief ( ! entire ,*ur*1 t on a c]ta9 night ! ,f\nd] ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 be+ seat$ at a supp] table1 held ,8 own body 9 ,8 own h&1 broke t body1 di/ribut$ x to ,8 disciples1 :o proce$$ to eat x1 ! same body rema9+ at ! same mom5t seat$ intact at ! table1 & soon aft]w>ds proce$+ to ! g>d5 ( ,ge?semane4 ,! fact ( su* a doctr9e be+ believ$1 does n imply t ! faculties ( ^? :o hold x are ( su* a nature t !y p]ceive no contradiction or natural absurdity 9 ^! /atem5ts4 ,! well-kn[n argum5t d]iv$ f ! obscurity ( ! metaphysical notion ( sub/ance is int5d$ only 9 "s slight degree to s(t5 ! difficulty4 ,! contradiction is cle>ly p]ceiv$1 b x is accept$ by fai? z "p ( ! tea*+ ( ! ,*ur*4 ,:at transub/antiation is 9 ! ord] ( reason ! ,augu/9ian doctr9e ( ! damnation ( unbaptis$ infants1 & ! ,calv9i/ic doctr9e ( reprobation1 are 9 ! ord] ( morals4 ,( ^! doctr9es x is n too mu* to say1 t 9 ! =m 9 :i* !y h (t5 be5 /at$1 !y surpass 9 atrocity any t5ets t h ev] be5 admitt$ into any pagan cre$1 & w\ld1 if !y =m$ an ess5tial "p ( ,*ri/ianity1 amply ju/ify ! t]m 8p]nici\s sup]/ition10 :i* ,tacitus appli$ to ! fai?4 ,t a little *ild :o lives b a few mom5ts aft] bir? & dies be=e x has be5 spr9kl$ ) ! sacr$ wat] is 9 su* a s5se responsible = its ance/ors hav+ #f1jjj ye>s be=e eat5 "s =bidd5 fruit t x may ) p]fect ju/ice be resuscitat$ & ca/ into an abyss ( et]nal fire 9 expiation ( ?is ance/ral crime1 t an all-righte\s & all-m]ciful ,creator 9 ! full ex]cise ( ^? attributes delib]ately calls into exi/5ce s5ti5t be+s :om ,he has f et]nity irrevocably de/9$ to endless1 unspeakable1 unmitigat$ torture1 are propositions :i* are at once s extravagantly absurd & s ineffably atroci\s t _! adoption might well lead m5 to d\bt ! univ]sality ( moral p]ceptions4 ,su* tea*+ is 9 fact simply dmonism1 & dmonism 9 its mo/ extreme =m4 ,x attributes to ! ,creator acts ( inju/ice & ( b>b>ity1 :i* x w\ld be absolutely impossible = ! imag9ation to surpass1 acts be=e :i* ! mo/ mon/r\s excesses ( human cruelty dw9dle into insignificance1 acts :i* are 9 fact consid]ably worse ?an any t !ologians h attribut$ to ! devil4 ,if !re 7 m5 :o :ile vividly realis+ ! nature ( ^! acts naturally turn$ to !m z ! exhibitions ( p]fect goodness1 all sy/ems ( e?ics f\nd$ ^u innate moral p]ceptions w\ld be false4 ,b happily ?is is n s4 ,^? :o embrace ^! doctr9es d s only because !y believe t "s inspir$ ,*ur* or writ] has taught !m1 & because !y are /ill 9 t /age 9 :i* m5 consid] x m irreligi\s to "q ! infallibility ( an apo/le ?an to disfigure by any conceivable imputation ! "* ( ! ,deity4 ,!y accord+ly e/eem x a matt] ( duty1 & a comm5dable ex]cise ( humility1 to /ifle ! moral feel+s ( _! nature1 & !y at la/ succe$ 9 p]suad+ !mselves t _! ,div9ity w\ld be extremely (f5d$ if !y hesitat$ to ascribe to him ! attributes ( a fi5d4 ,b _! moral feel+s1 ?\gh n unimpair$ by su* conceptions1 are n on ord9>y subjects g5]ically diff]5t f ^? ( _! neighb\rs4 ,) an amiable inconsi/5cy !y c ev5 f9d some?+ to revolt !m 9 ! lives ( a ,caligula or a ,n]o4 ,_! !ological e/imate ( ju/ice & m]cy is isolat$4 ,_! doctr9e is accept$ z a k9d ( moral miracle1 & z is cu/om>y ) a c]ta9 s*ool ( !ologians1 :5 !y enunciate a proposition :i* is palpably self-contradictory !y call x a my/]y & an occasion = fai?4 ,9 ?is in/ance a di/9ct moral contradiction is consci\sly admitt$4 ,9 ! case ( p]secution1 a /rictly moral & logical inf]5ce is drawn f a v immoral proposition :i* is accept$ z "p ( a sy/em ( dogmatic !ology4 ,! two elem5ts t %\ld be consid]$ 9 puni%+ a crim9al are ! he9\sness ( 8 guilt & ! injury he inflicts4 ,:5 ! greate/ guilt & ! greate/ injury are comb9$1 ! greate/ puni%m5t naturally foll[s4 ,no "o w\ld argue aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( a moral faculty1 on ! gr\nd t m5 put murd]]s to dea?4 ,:5 !re=e !ologians believ$ t a man 0 int5sely guilty :o held c]ta9 op9ions1 & t he 0 caus+ ! damnation ( 8 fell[s if he propagat$ !m1 !re 0 no moral difficulty 9 conclud+ t ! h]etic %\ld be put to dea?4 ,selfi% consid]ations may h direct$ p]secution aga9/ h]esy r ?an aga9/ vice1 b ! ,ca?olic doctr9es ( ! guilt ( error1 & ( ! infallibility ( ! ,*ur*1 7 amply suffici5t to ju/ify x4 ,x appe>s !n t a dogmatic sy/em :i* is accept$ on rational or o!r gr\nds1 & support$ by prospects ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 may tea* a code ( e?ics diff]+ f t ( consci5ce2 & t 9 ?is case ! voice ( consci5ce may be ei!r disreg>d$ or /ifl$4 ,x is h[ev] also true1 t x may be p]v]t$4 ,:51 = example1 !ologians dur+ a long p]iod h inculcat$ habits ( cr$ulity1 r ?an habits ( enquiry2 :5 !y h p]suad$ m5 t x is bett] to *]i% prejudice ?an to analyse x2 bett] to /ifle e d\bt ( :at !y h be5 taught ?an hone/ly to inve/igate its value1 !y w at la/ succe$ 9 =m+ habits ( m9d t w in/9ctively & habitually recoil f all imp>tiality & intellectual hone/y4 ,if m5 cont9ually violate a duty !y may at la/ cease to feel its obligation4 ,b ?is1 ?\gh x =ms a great difficulty 9 e?ical enquiries1 is no argum5t aga9/ ! reality ( moral p]ceptions1 = x is simply a law to :i* all our p[]s are subject4 ,a bad intellectual education w produce n only errone\s or imp]fect in=mation b also a false ply or habit ( judgm5t4 ,a bad /hetical education w produce false canons ( ta/e4 ,sy/ematic abuse w p]v]t & vitiate ev5 "s ( our physical p]ceptions4 ,9 ea* case ! exp]i5ce ( _m m9ds "u _m conditions mu/ be appeal$ to1 to det]m9e ! /&>d ( "r & wrong1 & long & difficult discipl9e is requir$ to re/ore ! diseas$ organ to sanity4 ,we may decide p>ticul> moral que/ions by reason+1 b our reason+ is an appeal to c]ta9 moral pr9ciples :i* are reveal$ to u by intuition4 ,! pr9cipal difficulty ,i imag9e :i* mo/ m5 h 9 admitt+ t we possess c]ta9 natural moral p]ceptions arises f ! supposition t x implies ! exi/5ce ( "s my/]i\s ag5t l ! dmon ( ,socrates1 :i* gives u specific & infallible in=mation 9 p>ticul> cases4 ,b ?is ,i conceive to be a complete mi/ake4 ,all t is necess>ily meant by ! adh]5ts ( ?is s*ool is compris$ 9 two propositions4 ,! fir/ is t our w is n gov]n$ exclusively by ! law ( pleasure & pa91 b also by ! law ( duty1 :i* we feel to be di/9ct f ! =m]1 & to c>ry ) x ! s5se ( obligation4 ,! second is t ! basis ( our conception ( duty is an intuitive p]ception t among ! v>i\s feel+s1 t5d5cies1 & impulses t con/itute our emotional be+1 !re are "s :i* are ess5tially good1 & ought to be enc\rag$1 & "s :i* are ess5tially bad1 & ought to be repress$4 ,!y cont5d t x is a psy*ological fact t we are intuitively consci\s t our b5evol5t affections are sup]ior to our malevol5t ones1 tru? to falsehood1 ju/ice to inju/ice1 gratitude to +ratitude1 *a/ity to s5suality1 & t 9 all ages & c\ntries ! pa? ( virtue has be5 t[>ds ! high] & n t[>ds ! l[] feel+s4 ,x may be t ! s5se ( duty is s weak z to be sc>cely p]ceptible1 & !n ! l[] "p ( our nature w be supreme4 ,x may happ5 t c]ta9 conditions ( society lead m5 to direct _! anxiety = moral improvem5t altoge!r 9 "o or two *annels1 z 0 ! case 9 anci5t ,greece1 :]e civic & intellectual virtues 7 v highly cultivat$1 & ! virtue ( *a/ity 0 almo/ neglect$4 ,x may happ5 t diff]5t p>ts ( our high] nature 9 a measure conflict1 z :5 a v /rong s5se ( ju/ice *ecks our b5evol5t feel+s4 ,dogmatic sy/ems may enjo9 m5 to propitiate c]ta9 unse5 be+s by acts :i* are n 9 accordance ) ! moral law4 ,special circum/ances may influ5ce1 & ! int]m+l+ ( _m diff]5t motives may obscure & complicate1 ! moral evolution2 b above all ^! "o great tru? appe>s4 ,no "o :o desires to become holi] & bett] imag9es t he does s by becom+ m malevol5t1 or m untru?ful1 or m un*a/e4 ,e "o :o desires to atta9 p]fection 9 ^! dep>tm5ts ( feel+ is impell$ t[>ds b5evol5ce1 t[>ds v]acity1 t[>ds *a/ity47#aad7 ,n[ x is manife/ t accord+ to ?is !ory ! moral unity to be expect$ 9 diff]5t ages is n a unity ( /&>d1 or ( acts1 b a unity ( t5d5cy4 ,m5 come into ! _w ) _! b5evol5t affections v inf]ior 9 p[] to _! selfi% ones1 & ! function ( morals is to inv]t ?is ord]4 ,! ext9ction ( all selfi% feel+ is impossible = an individual1 & if x 7 g5]al1 x w\ld result 9 ! dissolution ( society4 ,! "q ( morals mu/ always be a "q ( proportion or ( degree4 ,at "o "t ! b5evol5t affections embrace m]ely ! family1 soon ! circle exp&+ includes fir/ a class1 !n a nation1 !n a coalition ( nations1 !n all humanity1 & f9ally1 its influ5ce is felt 9 ! deal+s ( man ) ! animal _w4 ,9 ea* ( ^! /ages a /&>d is =m$1 diff]5t f t ( ! prec$+ /age1 b 9 ea* case ! same t5d5cy is recognis$ z virtue4 ,we h 9 ?is fact a simple1 & z x appe>s to me a conclusive1 answ] to ! ov]:elm+ majority ( ! objections t are cont9ually & confid5tly urg$ aga9/ ! intuitive s*ool4 ,t "s savages kill _! old p>5ts1 t infanticide has be5 practis$ )\t compunction by ev5 civilis$ nations1 t ! be/ ,romans saw no?+ wrong 9 ! gladiatorial %[s1 t political or rev5geful assass9ations h be5 = c5turies admitt$1 t slav]y has be5 sometimes hon\r$ & sometimes condemn$1 are unque/ionable pro(s t ! same act may be reg>d$ 9 "o age z innoc5t1 & 9 ano!r z crim9al4 ,n[ x is und\bt$ly true t 9 _m cases an hi/orical exam9ation w reveal special circum/ances1 expla9+ or palliat+ ! app>5t anomaly4 ,x has be5 (t5 %[n t ! gladiatorial %[s 7 orig9ally a =m ( human sacrifice adopt$ ?r\gh religi\s motives2 t ! rude nomadic life ( savages r5d]+ impossible ! pres]vation ( ag$ & helpless memb]s ( ! tribe1 ! murd] ( p>5ts 0 reg>d$ z an act ( m]cy bo? by ! murd]] & ! victim2 t be=e an effective adm9i/ration ( ju/ice 0 organis$1 private v5geance 0 ! sole pres]vative aga9/ crime17#aae7 & political assass9ation aga9/ usurpation2 t ! ins5sibility ( "s savages to ! crim9ality ( !ft arises f ! fact t !y 7 accu/om$ to h all ?+s 9 common2 t ! ,sp>tan law1 legalis+ !ft1 arose p>tly f a desire to fo/] milit>y dext]ity among ! p1 b *iefly f a desire to disc\rage weal?2 t slav]y 0 introduc$ ?r\gh motives ( m]cy1 to prev5t conqu]ors f kill+ _! prison]s47#aaf7 ,all ?is is true1 b !re is ano!r & a m g5]al answ]4 ,x is n to be expect$1 & x is n ma9ta9$1 t m5 9 all ages %\ld h agre$ ab\t ! application ( _! moral pr9ciples4 ,all t is cont5d$ = is t ^! pr9ciples are !mselves ! same4 ,"s ( :at appe> to u mon/r\s acts ( cruelty1 7 dictat$ by t v feel+ ( humanity1 ! univ]sal p]ception ( ! m]it ( :i* !y are cit$ to disprove17#aag7 & ev5 :5 ?is is n ! case1 all t c be inf]r$ is1 t ! /&>d ( humanity 0 v l[4 ,b /ill humanity 0 recognis$ z a virtue1 & cruelty z a vice4 ,at ?is po9t1 ,i may obs]ve h[ completely fallaci\s is ! ass]tion t a progressive morality is impossible ^u ! supposition ( an orig9al moral faculty47#aah7 ,to su* /atem5ts !re are two v simple answ]s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 al?\gh ! intuitive morali/ ass]ts t c]ta9 qualities are necess>ily virtu\s1 he fully admits t ! degree 9 :i* !y are act$ ^u1 or 9 o!r words1 ! /&>d ( duty1 may become progressively high]4 ,9 ! next place1 al?\gh he refuses to resolve all virtue into utility1 he admits z fully z 8 oppon5ts1 t b5evol5ce1 or ! promotion ( ! happ9ess ( man1 is a virtue1 & t !re=e discov]ies :i* exhibit m cle>ly ! true int]e/s ( our k9d1 may ?r[ new light ^u ! nature ( our duty4 ,! consid]ations ,i h urg$ ) ref]5ce to humanity1 apply ) equal =ce to ! v>i\s relations ( ! sexes4 ,:5 ! passions ( m5 are altoge!r unre/ra9$1 community ( wives & all ecc5tric =ms ( s5suality w be admitt$4 ,:5 m5 seek to improve _! nature 9 ?is respect1 _! object w be to abridge & conf9e ! empire ( s5suality4 ,b to ?is process ( improvem5t !re are obvi\s limits4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! cont9uance ( ! species is only possible by a s5sual act4 ,9 ! next place ! /r5g? ( ?is passion & ! weakness ( humanity are s great1 t ! morali/ mu/ take into acc\nt ! fact t 9 all societies1 & especially 9 ^? 9 :i* free scope _h long be5 giv5 to ! passions1 a l>ge am\nt ( indulg5ce w arise :i* is n due to a simple desire ( propagat+ ! species4 ,if !n ince/ is prohibit$1 & community ( wives replac$ by ord9>y polygamy1 a moral improvem5t w h be5 effect$1 & a /&>d ( virtue =m$4 ,b ?is /&>d soon becomes ! />t+-po9t ( new progress4 ,if we exam9e ! ,jewi% law1 we f9d ! legislator prohibit+ adult]y1 regulat+ ! degrees ( m>riage1 b at ! same "t au?oris+ polygamy1 ?\gh ) a caution aga9/ ! excessive multiplication ( wives4 ,9 ,greece monogamy1 ?\gh n )\t exceptions1 _h be5 en=c$1 b a concurr5ce ( unfav\rable influ5ces prev5t$ any high /&>d be+ atta9$ among ! m51 & 9 _! case almo/ e =m ( indulg5ce beyond ! limits ( m>riage 0 p]mitt$4 ,9 ,rome ! /&>d 0 f> high]4 ,monogamy 0 firmly e/abli%$4 ,! ideal ( female morality 0 plac$ z high z among ,*ri/ian nations4 ,among m51 h[ev]1 :ile unnatural love & adult]y 7 reg>d$ z wrong1 simple un*a/ity be=e m>riage 0 sc>cely consid]$ a fault4 ,9 ,ca?olicism m>riage is reg>d$ 9 a tw(old light1 z a means = ! propagation ( ! species1 & z a concession to ! weakness ( humanity1 & all o!r s5sual enjoym5t is /r+5tly prohibit$4 ,9 ^! cases !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! degrees ( e>ne/ness ) :i* m5 ex]t !mselves 9 ! repression ( _! passions1 & 9 ! am\nt ( indulg5ce :i* is conc$$ to _! l[] nature27#aai7 b !re is no diff]5ce 9 ! direction ( ! virtu\s impulse4 ,:ile1 too1 9 ! case ( adult]y1 & 9 ! production ( *ildr51 que/ions ( int]e/ & utility d und\bt$ly int]v5e1 we are consci\s t ! g5]al progress turns ^u a totally diff]5t ord] ( ideas4 ,! feel+ ( all m5 & ! language ( all nations1 ! s5tim5t :i* ?\gh (t5 weak5$ is nev] :olly effac$1 t ?is appetite1 ev5 9 its mo/ legitimate gratification1 is a ?+ to be veil$ & )drawn f sight1 all t is kn[n "u ! names ( dec5cy & indec5cy1 concur 9 prov+ t we h an innate1 intuitive1 in/9ctive p]ception t !re is some?+ degrad+ 9 ! s5sual "p ( our nature1 some?+ to :i* a feel+ ( %ame is naturally atta*$1 some?+ t j>s ) our conception ( p]fect purity1 some?+ we c\ld n ) any propriety ascribe to an all-holy be+4 ,x may be que/ion$ :e!r anyone 0 ev] altoge!r de/itute ( ?is p]ception1 & no?+ b ! mo/ invet]ate passion = sy/em c\ld induce m5 to resolve x into a m]e calculation ( int]e/s4 ,x is ?is feel+ or in/9ct :i* lies at ! root ( ! :ole movem5t ,i h describ$1 & x is ?is too t produc$ t s5se ( ! sanctity ( p]fect cont95ce :i* ! ,ca?olic *ur* has s w>mly enc\rag$1 b :i* may be trac$ ?r\gh ! mo/ di/ant ages1 & ! mo/ v>i\s cre$s4 ,we f9d x among ! ,naz>5es & ,ess5es ( ,juda1 among ! prie/s ( ,egypt & ,india1 9 ! mona/]ies ( ,t>t>y1 9 ! hi/ories ( miracul\s virg9s t are s num]\s 9 ! my?ologies ( ,asia4 ,su*1 = example1 0 ! ,*9ese leg5d t tells h[ :5 !re 0 b "o man ) "o woman ^u e>?1 ! woman refus$ to sacrifice h] virg9ity ev5 9 ord] to p ! globe1 & ! gods hon\r+ h] purity grant$ t %e %\ld conceive b5ea? ! gaze ( h] lov]'s eyes1 & a virg9-"m became ! p>5t ( humanity47#abj7 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! s5suality ( anci5t ,greece1 *a/ity 0 ! pre-em95t attribute ( sanctity ascrib$ to ,a!ne & ,artemis4 8,*a/e daught] ( ,zeus10 pray$ ! suppliants 9 s*ylus1 8?\ ^: calm eye is nev] tr\bl$1 look d[n ^u u6 ,virg91 def5d ! virg9s40 ,! ,p>!non1 or virg9's temple1 0 ! noble/ religi\s edifice ( ,a!ns4 ,celibacy 0 an ess5tial condition 9 a few ( ! ord]s ( prie/s1 & 9 sev]al ord]s ( prie/esses4 ,plato bas$ 8 moral sy/em ^u ! di/9ction betwe5 ! bodily or s5sual1 & ! spiritual or rational "p ( our nature1 ! fir/ be+ ! sign ( our degradation1 & ! second ( our dignity4 ,! :ole s*ool ( ,py?agoras made *a/ity "o ( its lead+ virtues1 & ev5 lab\r$ = ! creation ( a mona/ic sy/em4 ,! conception ( ! cele/ial ,aphrodite1 ! unit] ( s\ls1 unsulli$ by ! ta9t ( matt]1 l+]$ side by side ) t ( ! e>?ly ,aphrodite or patroness ( lu/1 & if !re 0 a "t :5 ! sculptors s\ght to p&] to ! excesses ( passion !re 0 ano!r 9 :i* all _! art 0 display$ 9 ref9+ & idealis+ x4 ,/rabo m5tions ! exi/5ce 9 ,?race ( societies ( m5 aspir+ to p]fection by celibacy & au/]e lives4 ,plut>* applauds c]ta9 philosoph]s :o v[$ to ab/a9 = a ye> f w9e & wom5 9 ord] 8to hon\r ,god by _! cont95ce407#aba7 ,9 ,rome ! religi\s rev]5ce 0 conc5trat$ m especially ^u m>ri$ life4 ,! great prom95ce accord$ to ! ,p5ates 0 ! religi\s sanction ( dome/icity4 ,s too1 at fir/1 0 ! wor%ip s popul> among ! ,roman wom5 ( ! ,bona ,dea--! ideal wife :o accord+ to ! leg5d _h1 :5 on e>?1 nev] look$ 9 ! face or kn[n ! "n ( any man b h] husb&47#abb7 8,= alt> & he>?0 0 ! rally+ cry ( ! ,roman soldi]4 ,b above all ?is we f9d ! traces ( a high] ideal4 ,we f9d x 9 ! int5se sanctity attribut$ to ! ve/al virg9s ^: cont95ce 0 gu>d$ by su* fe>ful p5alties1 & suppos$ to be s closely l9k$ ) ! prosp]ity ( ! /ate1 ^: pray] 0 believ$ to possess a miracul\s p[]1 & :o 7 p]mitt$ to drive ?r\gh ! /reets ( ,rome at a "t :5 t privilege 0 refus$ ev5 to ! ,empress47#abc7 ,we f9d x 9 ! leg5d ( ,claudia1 :o1 :5 ! %ip be>+ ! image ( ! "m ( ! gods _h be5 /r&$ 9 ! ,tib]1 atta*$ h] girdle to its pr[1 & v9dicat$ h] *all5g$ *a/ity by draw+ ) h] virg9 h&1 ! pond]\s mass :i* /rong m5 _h s\ght 9 va9 to move4 ,we f9d x 9 ! prophetic gift s (t5 attribut$ to virg9s17#abd7 9 ! law :i* %elt]$ !m f ! degradation ( an execution17#abe7 9 ! language ( ,/atius1 :o describ$ m>riage itself z a fault47#abf7 ,9 ,*ri/ianity "o great s\rce ( ! attraction ( ! fai? has be5 ! ascription ( virg9ity to its female ideal4 ,! ,ca?olic mona/ic sy/em has be5 s con/ruct$ z to draw _m ?\s&s f ! sph]e ( active duty2 its irrevocable v[s h d\btless l$ to mu* suff]+ & n a little crime2 its opposition to ! normal developm5t ( our m+l$ nature has (t5 result$ 9 grave ab]rations ( ! imag9ation1 & x has plac$ its ban ^u dome/ic affections & sympa?ies :i* h a v high moral value2 b 9 its c5tral conception t ! purely animal side ( our be+ is a l[ & a degrad$ side1 x reflects1 ,i believe1 ) p]fect fidelity ! feel+s ( our nature47#abg7 ,to ^! consid]ations "s o!rs ( a diff]5t nature may be add$4 ,x is n true t "s anci5t nations reg>d$ polygamy z good 9 ! same s5se z o!rs reg>d$ *a/ity4 ,!re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 deem+ a /ate p]missible & propos+ x z a condition ( sanctity4 ,if ,mohamm$ans p p>adise ) images ( s5suality1 x is n because ^! =m _! ideal ( hol9ess4 ,x is because !y reg>d e>? z ! sph]e ( virtue1 heav5 z t ( simple enjoym5t4 ,if "s pagan nations deifi$ s5suality1 ?is 0 simply because ! deification ( ! =ces ( nature1 ( :i* ! prolific en]gy is "o ( ! mo/ conspicu\s1 is among ! e>lie/ =ms ( religion1 & long prec$es ! id5tification ( ! ,deity ) a moral ideal47#abh7 ,if !re h be5 nations :o atta*$ a c]ta9 /igma to virg9ity1 ?is has n be5 because !y e/eem$ s5suality intr9sically holi] ?an *a/ity2 b because a scanty1 w>like p ^: position 9 ! _w dep5ds *iefly on ! numb] ( its w>riors1 w naturally make x its ma9 object to enc\rage population4 ,?is 0 especially ! case ) ! anci5t ,jews1 :o always reg>d$ extreme popul\sness z indissolubly connect$ ) national prosp]ity1 ^: religion 0 ess5tially patriotic1 & among :om ! possibility ( becom+ an ance/or ( ! ,messiah _h imp>t$ a peculi> dignity to *ildbir?4 ,yet ev5 among ! ,jews ! ,ess5es reg>d$ virg9ity z ! ideal ( sanctity4 ,! read] w n[ be 9 a position to p]ceive ! utt] futility ( ! objections :i* f ! "t ( ,locke h be5 cont9ually br\ght aga9/ ! !ory ( natural moral p]ceptions1 ^u ! gr\nd t "s actions :i* 7 admitt$ z lawful 9 "o age1 h be5 reg>d$ z immoral 9 ano!r4 ,all ^! become absolutely wor?less :5 x is p]ceiv$ t 9 e age virtue has consi/$ 9 ! cultivation ( ! same feel+s1 ?\gh ! /&>ds ( excell5ce atta9$ h be5 diff]5t4 ,! t]ms high] & l[]1 nobl] or less noble1 pur] or less pure1 repres5t moral facts ) mu* great] fidelity ?an ! t]ms "r or wrong1 or virtue or vice4 ,!re is a c]ta9 s5se 9 :i* moral di/9ctions are absolute & immutable4 ,!re is ano!r s5se 9 :i* !y are altoge!r relative & transi5t4 ,!re are "s acts :i* are s manife/ly & grossly oppos$ to our moral feel+s1 t !y are reg>d$ z wrong 9 ! v e>lie/ /ages ( ! cultivation ( ^! feel+s4 ,!re are di/9ctions1 su* z t betwe5 tru? & falsehood1 :i* f _! nature assume at once a %>pness ( def9ition t sep>ates !m f m]e virtues ( degree1 ?\gh ev5 9 ^! cases !re are wide v>iations 9 ! am\nt ( scrupulosity t is 9 diff]5t p]iods requir$4 ,b ap>t f positive comm&s1 ! sole ext]nal rule enabl+ m5 to designate acts1 n simply z bett] or worse1 b z positively "r or wrong1 is1 ,i conceive1 ! /&>d ( society2 n an arbitr>y /&>d l t :i* ,m&eville imag9$1 b ! level :i* society has atta9$ 9 ! cultivation ( :at our moral faculty tells u is ! high] or virtu\s "p ( our nature4 ,he :o falls bel[ ?is is ob/ruct+ ! t5d5cy :i* is ! ess5ce ( virtue4 ,he :o m]ely atta9s ?is1 may n be ju/ifi$ 9 8 own consci5ce1 or 9 o!r words1 by ! /&>d ( 8 own moral developm5t1 b z f> z any ext]nal rule is conc]n$1 he has done 8 duty4 ,he :o rises above ?is has ent]$ into ! region ( ?+s :i* x is virtu\s to d1 b n vici\s to neglect--a region kn[n among ,ca?olic !ologians by ! "n ( 8c\nsels ( p]fection40 ,no discussions1 ,i conceive1 c be m idle ?an :e!r slav]y1 or ! slaught] ( prison]s 9 w>1 or gladiatorial %[s1 or polygamy1 are ess5tially wrong4 ,!y may be wrong n[--!y 7 n s once--& :5 an anci5t c\nt5anc$ by 8 example "o or o!r ( ^!1 he 0 n committ+ a crime4 ,! un*angeable proposition = :i* we cont5d is ?is--t b5evol5ce is always a virtu\s disposition--t ! s5sual "p ( our nature is always ! l[] "p4 ,at ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 a v difficult problem naturally arises4 ,admitt+ t our moral nature is sup]ior to our intellectual or physical nature1 admitt+1 too1 t by ! con/itution ( our be+ we p]ceive ourselves to be "u an obligation to develope our nature to its p]fection1 e/abli%+ ! supreme asc5d5cy ( moral motives1 ! "q /ill rema9s :e!r ! disp>ity betwe5 ! diff]5t p>ts ( our be+ is su* t no mat]ial or intellectual advantage1 h[ev] great1 may be rightly pur*as$ by any sacrifice ( our moral nature1 h[ev] small4 ,?is is ! great "q ( casui/ry1 ! "q :i* div9es express by ask+ :e!r ! end ev] ju/ifies ! means2 & on ?is subject !re exi/s among !ologians a doctr9e :i* is absolutely unrealis$1 :i* no "o ev] dreams ( apply+ to actual life1 b ( :i* x may be truly said t ?\gh prop\nd$ ) ! be/ int5tions1 x w\ld1 if act$ ^u1 be utt]ly incompatible ) ! v rudim5ts ( civilisation4 ,x is said t an und\bt$ s91 ev5 ! mo/ trivial1 is a ?+ 9 its ess5ce & 9 its consequ5ces s unspeakably dreadful1 t no conceivable mat]ial or intellectual advantage c c\nt]balance x2 t r ?an x %\ld be committ$1 x w\ld be bett] t any am\nt ( calamity :i* did n br+ ) x s9 %\ld be endur$1 ev5 t ! :ole human race %\ld p]i% 9 agonies47#abi7 ,if ?is be ! case1 x is manife/ t ! supreme object ( humanity %\ld be s9lessness1 & x is equally manife/ t ! means to ?is end is ! absolute suppression ( ! desires4 ,to exp& ! circle ( wants is necess>ily to multiply temptations1 & !re=e to increase ! numb] ( s9s4 ,x may inde$ elevate ! moral /&>d1 = a torpid s9lessness is n a high moral condition2 b if e s9 be :at ^! !ologians ass]t1 if x be a ?+ des]v+ et]nal agony1 & s inconceivably frightful t ! ru9 ( a _w is a less evil ?an its commission1 ev5 moral advantages are utt]ly incomm5surate ) x4 ,no height5+ ( ! moral tone1 no dep? or ec/asy ( devotion1 c = a mom5t be plac$ 9 ! balance4 ,! consequ5ces ( ?is doctr9e1 if appli$ to actual life1 w\ld be s extravagant1 t _! simple /atem5t is a refutation4 ,a sov]eign1 :5 calculat+ ! consequ5ces ( a w>1 %\ld reflect t a s+le s9 occasion$ by t w>1 a s+le blasphemy ( a w\nd$ soldi]1 ! robb]y ( a s+le h5coop1 ! violation ( ! purity ( a s+le woman1 is a great] calamity ?an ! ru9 ( ! entire comm]ce ( 8 nation1 ! loss ( h] mo/ preci\s prov9ces1 ! de/ruction ( all h] p[]4 ,he mu/ believe t ! evil ( ! increase ( un*a/ity1 :i* inv>iably results f ! =mation ( an army1 is an immeasurably great] calamity ?an any mat]ial or political disa/]s t army c possibly av]t4 ,he mu/ believe t ! mo/ fe>ful plague or fam9e t desolates 8 l& %\ld be reg>d$ z a matt] ( rejoic+1 if x has b ! feeble/ & mo/ transi5t influ5ce 9 repress+ vice4 ,he mu/ believe t if ! agglom]ation ( 8 p 9 great cities adds b "o to ! numb] ( _! s9s1 no possible intellectual or mat]ial advantages c prev5t ! con/ruction ( cities be+ a fe>ful calamity4 ,accord+ to ?is pr9ciple1 e elaboration ( life1 e amusem5t t br+s multitudes toge!r1 almo/ e art1 e accession ( weal? t awak5s or /imulates desires1 is an evil1 = all ^! become ! s\rces ( "s s9s1 & _! advantages are = ! mo/ "p purely t]re/rial4 ,! entire /ructure ( civilisation is f\nd$ ^u ! belief t x is a good ?+ to cultivate intellectual & mat]ial capacities1 ev5 at ! co/ ( c]ta9 moral evils :i* we are (t5 able accurately to =esee47#acj7 ,! "t may come :5 ! man :o lays ! f\ndation-/one ( a manufacture w be able to pr$ict ) assurance 9 :at proportion ! drunk5ness & ! un*a/ity ( 8 city w be increas$ by 8 ent]prise4 ,yet he w /ill pursue t ent]prise1 & mank9d w pron\nce x to be good4 ,! !ological doctr9e on ! subject1 consid]$ 9 its full /r+5cy1 ?\gh pr(ess$ by _m1 is1 z ,i h said1 realis$ & consi/5tly act$ on by no "o2 b ! practical judgm5ts ( mank9d conc]n+ ! ext5t ( ! sup]iority ( moral ov] all o!r int]e/s v>y greatly1 & ?is v>iation supplies "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s objections to intuitive morali/s4 ,! ne>e/ practical approa* to ! !ological e/imate ( a s9 may be f\nd 9 ! ranks ( ! ascetics4 ,_! :ole sy/em re/s ^u ! belief t x is a ?+ s transc5d5tly dreadful z to be> no proportion or appreciable relation to any e>?ly int]e/s4 ,/>t+ f ?is belief1 ! ascetic makes x ! exclusive object ( 8 life to avoid s9n+4 ,he accord+ly ab/a9s f all ! active bus9ess ( society1 rel9qui%es all worldly aims & ambitions1 dulls by cont9u$ discipl9e 8 natural desires1 & endeav\rs to pass a life ( complete absorption 9 religi\s ex]cises4 ,& 9 all ?is 8 conduct is reasonable & consi/5t4 ,! natural c\rse ( e man :o adopts ?is e/imate ( ! enormity ( s9 is at e co/ to avoid all ext]nal influ5ces t c prove temptations1 & to att5uate z f> z possible 8 own appetites & emotions4 ,x is 9 ?is respect t ! exagg]ations ( !ologians p>alyse our moral be+4 ,= ! dim9ution ( s9s1 h[ev] important1 is b "o "p ( moral progress4 ,:5ev] x is =c$ into a disproportionate prom95ce1 we f9d tame1 languid1 & mutilat$ natures1 de/itute ( all fire & en]gy1 & ?is t5d5cy has be5 /ill fur!r aggravat$ by ! extreme prom95ce usually giv5 to ! virtue ( g5tl5ess1 :i* may inde$ be atta9$ by m5 ( /rong natures & vehem5t emotions1 b is evid5tly m cong5ial to a some:at feeble & passionless "*4 ,ascetic practices are manife/ly & rapidly disappe>+1 & _! decl9e is a /rik+ pro( ( ! evanesc5ce ( ! moral notions ( :i* !y 7 ! expression1 b 9 _m exi/+ que/ions relat+ to ! same matt]1 we f9d p]plex+ div]sity ( judgm5t4 ,we f9d x 9 ! contra/ betwe5 ! sy/em ( education usually adopt$ by ! ,ca?olic prie/hood1 :i* has = its pre-em95t object to prev5t s9s1 & = its means a con/ant & m9ute sup]vision1 & ! ,engli% sy/em ( public s*ools1 :i* is c]ta9ly n ! mo/ fitt$ to gu>d aga9/ ! possibility ( s91 or to fo/] any v delicate scrupulosity ( feel+2 b is int5d$1 & popul>ly suppos$1 to secure ! heal?y expansion ( e v>iety ( capacity4 ,we f9d x 9 ! widely diff]5t attitudes :i* good m5 9 diff]5t p]iods h adopt$ t[>ds religi\s op9ions !y believe to be false2 "s1 l ! re=m]s1 refus+ to p>ticipate 9 any sup]/iti\s s]vice1 or to )hold on any occasion1 or at any co/1 _! prote/ aga9/ :at !y reg>d$ z a lie2 o!rs1 l mo/ anci5t1 & "s mod]n philosoph]s & politicians1 comb9+ ! mo/ absolute p]sonal incr$ulity ) an assidu\s obs]vance ( sup]/iti\s rites1 & /rongly c5sur+ ^? :o di/urb$ delusions :i* are useful or consolatory to ! p2 :ile a ?ird class sil5tly1 b )\t prote/1 )draw !mselves f ! obs]vances1 & desire t _! op9ions %\ld h a free expression 9 lit]ature1 b at ! same "t disc\rage all proselytis+ ef=ts to =ce !m rudely on unprep>$ m9ds4 ,we f9d x 9 ! frequ5t conflicts betwe5 ! political economi/ & ! ,ca?olic prie/ on ! subject ( e>ly m>riages1 ! =m] oppos+ !m on ! gr\nd t x is an ess5tial condition ( mat]ial well-be+ t ! /&>d ( com=t %\ld n be depress$1 ! latt] advocat+ !m on ! gr\nd t ! po/ponem5t ( m>riages1 ?r\gh prud5tial motives1 by any l>ge body ( m51 is ! f]tile "m ( s94 ,we f9d x mo/ conspicu\sly 9 ! m>k$ div]sities ( tol]ance manife/$ 9 diff]5t communities t[>ds amusem5ts :i* may 9 !mselves be p]fectly innoc5t1 b :i* prove ! s\rces or ! occasions ( vice4 ,! ,scot* ,puritans probably repres5t "o extreme1 ! ,p>isian society ( ! empire ! o!r1 :ile ! position ( av]age ,engli%m5 is p]haps equidi/ant betwe5 !m4 ,yet ?is diff]5ce1 great z x is1 is a diff]5ce n ( pr9ciple1 b ( degree4 ,no ,puritan s]i\sly desires to suppress e clan-ga!r+1 e highl& game :i* may h occasion$ an isolat$ fit ( drunk5ness1 ?\gh he may be unable to %[ t x has prev5t$ any s9 t w\ld o!rwise h be5 committ$4 ,no ,fr5*man w "q t !re is a c]ta9 am\nt ( demoralisation :i* %\ld n be tol]at$1 h[ev] great ! enjoym5t t accompanies x4 ,yet ! "o dwells almo/ exclusively ^u ! moral1 ! o!r ^u ! attractive1 nature ( a spectacle4 ,betwe5 ^! !re are num]\s gradations1 :i* are %[n 9 frequ5t disputes ab\t ! m]its & dem]its ( ! racec\rse1 ! ball1 ! !atre1 & ! conc]t4 ,:]e !n1 x may be ask$1 is ! l9e to be drawn8 ,by :at rule c ! po9t be det]m9$ at :i* an amusem5t becomes vitiat$ by ! evil ( its consequ5ces8 ,to ^! que/ions ! intuitive morali/ is oblig$ to answ]1 t su* a l9e _c be drawn1 t su* a rule does n exi/4 ,! col\rs ( our moral nature are r>ely sep>at$ by ! %>p l9es ( our vocabul>y4 ,!y fade & bl5d into "o ano!r s imp]ceptibly1 t x is impossible to m>k a precise po9t ( transition4 ,! end ( man is ! full developm5t ( 8 be+ 9 t symmetry & proportion :i* nature has assign$ x1 & su* a developm5t implies t ! supreme1 ! pr$om9ant motive ( 8 life1 %\ld be moral4 ,if 9 any society or individual ?is asc5d5cy does n exi/1 t society or t individual is 9 a diseas$ & abnormal condition4 ,b ! sup]iority ( ! moral "p ( our nature1 ?\gh unque/ionable1 is indef9ite n inf9ite1 & ! prevail+ /&>d is n at all times ! same4 ,! morali/ c only lay d[n g5]al pr9ciples4 ,individual feel+ or ! g5]al s5tim5t ( society mu/ draw ! application4 ,! vagu5ess t on su* que/ions confess$ly hangs ov] ! intuitive !ory1 has always be5 insi/$ ^u by memb]s ( ! opposite s*ool1 :o '9 ! greate/ happ9ess pr9ciple' claim to possess a def9ite =mul>y1 enabl+ !m to draw boldly ! fronti] l9e betwe5 ! lawful & ! illicit1 & to remove moral disputes f ! doma9 ( feel+ to t ( demon/ration4 ,b ?is claim1 :i* =ms ! great attraction ( ! utilit>ian s*ool1 is1 if ,i mi/ake n1 "o ( ! grosse/ ( impo/ures4 ,we comp>e ) accuracy & confid5ce ! value ( ! mo/ v>i\s mat]ial commodities1 = we mean by ?is t]m1 ex*angeable value1 & we h a common measure ( ex*ange4 ,b we seek 9 va9 = su* a measure enabl+ u to comp>e diff]5t k9ds ( utility or happ9ess4 ,?us1 to take a v famili> example1 ! "q may be propos$1 :e!r excursion tra9s f a c\ntry di/rict to a seaport t[n produce m good ?an evil1 :e!r a man gov]n$ by moral pr9ciples %\ld enc\rage or oppose !m4 ,!y give innoc5t & heal?y enjoym5t to _m ?\s&s1 !y enl>ge 9 "s degree ! range ( _! ideas1 !y c h>dly be said to prev5t any s9 t w\ld o!rwise h be5 committ$1 !y give rise to _m cases ( drunk5ness1 ea* ( :i*1 accord+ to ! !ological doctr9e we h review$1 %\ld be deem$ a m dreadful calamity ?an ! e>?quake ( ,lisbon1 or a visitation ( ! *ol]a1 b :i* h n usually any la/+ t]re/rial effects2 !y also (t5 produce a measure1 & sometimes no small measure1 ( m s]i\s vice1 & x is probable t hundr$s ( wom5 may trace _! fir/ fall to ! excursion tra94 ,we h "h a numb] ( advantages & disadvantages1 ! fir/ be+ intellectual & physical1 & ! second moral4 ,ne>ly all morali/s w\ld ackn[l$ge t a few in/ances ( immorality w\ld n prev5t ! excursion tra9 be+1 on ! :ole1 a good ?+4 ,all w\ld ackn[l$ge t v num]\s in/ances w\ld m ?an c\nt]balance its advantages4 ,! intuitive morali/ confesses t he is unable to draw a precise l9e1 %[+ :]e ! moral evils outweigh ! physical b5efits4 ,9 :at possible respect ! introduction ( ,b5?amite =mul>ies improves ! matt]1 ,i am unable to und]/&4 ,no utilit>ian w\ld r$uce ! "q to "o ( simple majority1 or w\ld h ! cynicism to balance ! ru9 ( "o woman by ! day's enjoym5t ( ano!r4 ,! impossibility ( draw+1 9 su* cases1 a di/9ct l9e ( division1 is no argum5t aga9/ ! intuitive morali/1 = t impossibility is %>$ to ! full ext5t by 8 rival4 ,!re are1 z we h se51 two k9ds ( int]e/ ) :i* utilit>ian morali/s are conc]n$--! private int]e/ :i* !y believe to be ! ultimate motive1 & ! public int]e/ :i* !y believe to be ! end1 ( all virtue4 ,) ref]5ce to ! fir/1 ! intuitive morali/ d5ies t a selfi% act c be a virtu\s or m]itori\s "o4 ,if a man :5 ab\t to commit a !ft1 became sudd5ly consci\s ( ! pres5ce ( a policeman1 & ?r\gh fe> ( arre/ & puni%m5t 7 to ab/a9 f ! act he w\ld o!rwise h committ$1 ?is ab/95ce w\ld n appe> 9 ! eyes ( mank9d to possess any moral value2 & if he 7 det]m9$ p>tly by consci5ti\s motives1 & p>tly by fe>1 ! pres5ce ( ! latt] elem5t w\ld1 9 proportion to its /r5g?1 detract f 8 m]it4 ,b al?\gh selfi% consid]ations are di/9ctly oppos$ to virtu\s ones1 x w\ld be a mi/ake to imag9e !y c nev] ultimately h a purely moral influ5ce4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a well-ord]$ sy/em ( ?reats & puni%m5ts m>ks out ! pa? ( virtue ) a di/9ctness ( def9ition x c\ld sc>cely h o!rwise atta9$4 ,9 ! next place1 x (t5 happ5s t :5 ! m9d is sway$ by a conflict ( motives1 ! expectation ( rew>d or puni%m5t w s re9=ce or support ! virtu\s motives1 z to secure _! victory2 &1 z e triumph ( ^! motives increases _! /r5g? & weak5s ! oppos+ pr9ciples1 a /ep w ?us h be5 made t[>ds moral p]fection1 :i* w r5d] m probable ! future triumph ( unassi/$ virtue4 ,) ref]5ce to ! int]e/s ( society1 !re are two di/9ct ass]tions to be made4 ,! fir/ is1 t al?\gh ! pursuit ( ! welf>e ( o!rs is und\bt$ly "o =m ( virtue1 x does n include all virtue1 or1 9 o!r words1 t !re are =ms ( virtue :i*1 ev5 if b5eficial to mank9d1 d n become virtu\s on t acc\nt1 b h an intr9sic excell5ce :i* is n proportion$ to or dep5d5t on _! utility4 ,! second is1 t !re may occasionally arise consid]ations ( extreme & ov]:elm+ utility t may ju/ify a sacrifice ( ^! virtues4 ,?is sacrifice may be made 9 v>i\s ways--z1 :5 a man und]takes an ent]prise :i* is 9 itself p]fectly innoc5t1 b :i* 9 addition to its great mat]ial advantages w1 z he well kn[s1 produce a c]ta9 measure ( crime2 or :51 ab/a9+ f a prote/1 he tacitly c\nt5ances beliefs :i* he consid]s untrue1 because he reg>ds !m z transc5d5tly useful2 or aga91 :51 = ! b5efit ( o!rs1 & "u circum/ances ( great urg5cy1 he utt]s a direct falsehood1 z1 = example1 :5 by su* means alone he c save ! life ( an innoc5t man47#aca7 ,b ! fact1 t 9 ^! cases consid]ations ( extreme utility are suff]$ to ov]ride consid]ations ( morality1 is 9 no degree inconsi/5t ) ! facts1 t ! latt] diff] 9 k9d f ! =m]1 t !y are ( a high] nature1 & t !y may supply adequate & legitimate motives ( action n only di/9ct f1 b ev5 9 opposition to utility4 ,gold & silv] are diff]5t metals4 ,gold is m valuable ?an silv]2 yet a v small quantity ( gold may be advantage\sly ex*ang$ = a v l>ge quantity ( silv]4 ,! la/ class ( objections to ! !ory ( natural moral p]ceptions :i* x is necess>y = me to notice1 arises f a v mis*iev\s equivocation 9 ! ^w natural47#acb7 ,! t]m natural man is sometimes reg>d$ z synonym\s ) man 9 8 primitive or b>b>\s condition1 & sometimes z express+ all 9 a civilis$ man t is due to nature z di/+ui%$ f artificial habits or acquirem5ts4 ,?is equivocation is especially dang]\s1 because x implies "o ( ! mo/ extravagant excesses to :i* ! s5sational philosophy c\ld be pu%$--! notion t ! diff]5ce betwe5 a savage & a civilis$ man is simply a diff]5ce ( acquisition1 & n at all a diff]5ce ( developm5t4 ,9 accordance ) ?is notion1 ^? :o d5y orig9al moral di/9ctions h ransack$ ! acc\nts ( travell]s = examples ( savages :o appe>$ de/itute ( moral s5tim5ts1 & h adduc$ !m z conclusive evid5ce ( _! position4 ,n[ x is1 ,i ?9k1 abundantly evid5t t ^! n>ratives are usually exce$+ly untru/wor?y47#acc7 ,!y h be5 9 mo/ cases collect$ by uncritical & unphilosophical travell]s1 :o knew little ( ! language & /ill less ( ! inn] life ( ! p !y describ$1 ^: means ( in=mation 7 acquir$ 9 simply trav]s+ ! c\ntry1 :o 7 m /ruck by moral p>adox1 ?an by uno/5tati\s virtue1 :o 7 prov]bially addict$ to embelli%+ & exagg]at+ ! s+ul>ities !y witness$1 & :o v r>ely inve/igat$ _! orig94 ,x %\ld n be =gott5 t ! ,fr5* morali/s ( ! la/ c5tury1 :o insi/$ mo/ /rongly on ?is species ( evid5ce1 7 also ! dupes ( "o ( ! mo/ curi\s delusions 9 ! :ole compass ( lit]>y hi/ory4 ,^? unfl9*+ sceptics :o claim$ to be ! true disciples ( ! apo/le :o believ$ no?+ t he _h n t\*$1 & ^: rel5tless criticism play$ ) )]+ effect on all ! holie/ feel+s ( our nature1 & on all ! t5ets ( traditional cre$s1 _h discov]$ "o happy l& :]e ! ideal _h ceas$ to be a dream4 ,!y c\ld po9t to "o p ^: pure & rational morality1 purg$ f all ! cl\ds ( bigotry & en?usiasm1 %one ) an almo/ dazzl+ spl5d\r above ! ignorance & sup]/ition ( ,europe4 ,voltaire =got to gibe1 & ,helvtius k9dl$ into en?usiasm1 :5 ,*9a & ! ,*9ese rose be=e _! m9ds1 & to ?is semi-b>b>\s nation !y habitually attribut$ maxims ( conduct t nei!r ,roman nor ,*ri/ian virtue _h ev] realis$4 ,b putt+ aside ^! consid]ations1 & assum+ ! fidelity ( ! pictures ( savage life ^u :i* ^! writ]s rely1 !y fail to prove ! po9t = :i* !y are adduc$4 ,! morali/s ,i am def5d+1 ass]t t we possess a natural p[] ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! high] & l[] p>ts ( our nature4 ,b ! eye ( ! m9d1 l ! eye ( ! body1 may be clos$4 ,moral & rational facilities may be alike dormant1 & !y w c]ta9ly be s if m5 are :olly imm]s$ 9 ! gratification ( _! s5ses4 ,man is l a plant1 :i* requires a fav\rable soil = ! full expansion ( its natural or innate p[]s47#acd7 ,yet ^? p[]s bo? rational & moral are !re1 & :5 quick5$ into action1 ea* w dis*>ge its appo9t$ functions4 ,if x c\ld be prov$ t !re are savages :o are absolutely de/itute ( ! progressive en]gy :i* di/+ui%es reason f in/9ct & ( ! moral aspiration :i* con/itutes virtue1 ?is w\ld n prove t rational or moral faculties =m no "p ( _! nature4 ,if x c\ld be %[n t !re is a /age ( b>b>ism 9 :i* man kn[s1 feels & does no?+ t might n be kn[n1 felt & done by an ape1 ?is w\ld n be suffici5t to r$uce him to ! level ( ! brute4 ,!re w\ld /ill be ?is broad di/9ction betwe5 !m--! "o possesses a capacity = developm5t :i* ! o!r does n possess4 ,"u fav\rable circum/ances ! savage w become a reason+1 progressive1 & moral man3 "u no circum/ances c a simil> trans=mation be effect$ 9 ! ape4 ,x may be z difficult to detect ! oakleaf 9 ! acorn z 9 ! /one2 yet ! acorn may be conv]t$ into an oak3 ! /one w always cont9ue to be a /one47#ace7 ,! =ego+ pages w1 ,i tru/1 h exhibit$ ) suffici5t cle>ness ! nature ( ! two great divisions ( moral philosophy--! s*ool :i* proce$s f ! primitive tru? t all m5 desire happ9ess1 & endeav\rs out ( ?is fact to evolve all e?ical doctr9es1 & ! s*ool :i* traces our moral sy/ems to an intuitive p]ception t c]ta9 p>ts ( our nature are high] or bett] ?an o!rs4 ,x is obvi\s t ?is diff]5ce conc]n+ ! orig9 ( our moral conceptions =ms "p ( ! v mu* wid] metaphysical "q1 :e!r our ideas are d]iv$ exclusively f s5sation or :e!r !y spr+ 9 "p f ! m9d itself4 ,! latt] !ory 9 antiquity 0 *iefly repres5t$ by ! ,platonic doctr9e ( pre-exi/5ce1 :i* re/$ on ! conviction t ! m9d has ! p[] ( draw+ f its own dep?s c]ta9 conceptions or ideas :i* _c be expla9$ by any po/-natal exp]i5ce1 & mu/ !re=e1 x 0 said1 h be5 acquir$ 9 a previ\s exi/5ce4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury x took ! =m ( a doctr9e ( innate ideas4 ,b ?\gh ?is !ory 9 ! =m 9 :i* x 0 pr(ess$ by ,"l ,h]b]t ( ,*]bury & assail$ by ,locke has almo/ disappe>$1 ! doctr9e t we possess c]ta9 faculties :i* by _! own expansion1 & n by ! reception ( notions f )\t1 are n only capable (1 b mu/ necess>ily atta91 c]ta9 ideas1 z ! bud mu/ necess>ily exp& into its own specific fl[]1 /ill occupies a di/+ui%$ place 9 ! _w ( speculation1 & its probability has be5 greatly /r5g!n$ by rec5t obs]vations ( ! range & pot5cy ( in/9ct 9 animals4 ,f "s passages 9 8 ,essay1 x appe>s t ,locke himself _h a confus$ p]ception ( ?is di/9ction17#acf7 :i* 0 by no means unkn[n to previ\s writ]s2 & aft] ! publication ( ! philosophy ( ,locke x 0 cle>ly exhibit$ by ,%aftesbury & ,leibnitz1 & incid5tally notic$ by ,b]keley long be=e ,kant e/abli%$ 8 di/9ction betwe5 ! =m & ! matt] ( our k1 betwe5 ideas :i* are receiv$ a priori & ideas :i* are receiv$ a po/]iori4 ,! exi/5ce or non-exi/5ce ( ?is s\rce ( ideas =ms ! basis ( ! opposition betwe5 ! inductive philosophy ( ,engl& & ! ,fr5* philosophy ( ! eighte5? c5tury on ! "o h&1 & ! ,g]man & ,scot* philosophies1 z well z ! ,fr5* eclecticism ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ^u ! o!r4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! fir/ s*ool is to re/rict z f> z possible ! active p[]s ( ! human m9d1 & to aggr&ise z f> z possible ! empire ( ext]nal circum/ances4 ,! o!r s*ool dwells especially on ! in/9ctive side ( our nature1 & ma9ta9s ! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 intuitions ( ! reason1 c]ta9 categories or orig9al conceptions1 :i* are presuppos$ 9 all our reason+s & _c be resolv$ into s5sations4 ,! boa/ ( ! fir/ s*ool is t its se>*+ analysis leaves no m5tal ph5om5on unresolv$1 & its attraction is ! extreme simplicity x c atta94 ,! second s*ool multiplies faculties or orig9al pr9ciples1 conc5trates its att5tion ma9ly ^u ! nature ( our und]/&+1 & ass]ts v /rongly ! initiative =ce bo? ( our w & ( our intellect4 ,we f9d ?is connection betwe5 a philosophy bas$ ^u ! s5ses1 & a morality f\nd$ ^u utility f ! e>lie/ times4 ,ari/otle 0 di/+ui%$ among ! anci5ts = ! emphasis ) :i* he dwelt ^u ! utility ( virtue1 & x 0 f ! writ+s ( ,ari/otle t ! s*oolm5 d]iv$ ! fam\s =mul>y :i* has become ! motto ( ! s*ool ( ,locke4 ,locke himself devot$ especial rese>* to ! refutation ( ! doctr9e ( a natural moral s5se1 :i* he endeav\r$ to ov]?r[ by a catalogue ( immoral practices t exi/ among savages1 & ! hesitation he occasionally exhibit$ 9 8 moral doctr9e corresponds n unfai?fully to ! obscurity ?r[n ov] 8 metaphysics by ! admission ( reflection z a s\rce ( ideas4 ,if 8 oppon5t ,leibnitz made pleasure ! object ( moral action1 x 0 only t ref9$ pleasure :i* is produc$ by ! contemplation ( ! happ9ess ( o!rs4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ,condillac & 8 foll[]s1 remov+ reflection f ! position ,locke _h assign$ x1 r$uc$ ! philosophy ( s5sation to its simple/ expression1 & :5 ! ,scot* & ,g]man writ]s elaborat$ ! pr9ciples ( ! opposite s*ool1 ! moral t5d5cies ( bo? 7 indisputably manife/$4 ,ev]y:]e ! philosophy ( s5sation 0 accompani$ by ! morals ( int]e/1 & ! ideal philosophy1 by an ass]tion ( ! exi/5ce ( a moral faculty1 & e influ5ce t has affect$ ! prevail+ !ory conc]n+ ! orig9 ( our ideas1 has ex]cis$ a correspond+ influ5ce ^u ! !ories ( e?ics4 ,! great movem5t ( mod]n ?\ght1 ( :i* ,bacon 0 at once ! highe/ repres5tative & "o ( ! *ief ag5ts1 has be5 truly said to exhibit a /rik+ resemblance1 & at ! same "t a /rik+ contra/1 to ! movem5t ( anci5t ?\ght1 :i* 0 effect$ *iefly by ! g5ius ( ,socrates4 ,9 ! "n ( utility1 ,socrates div]t$ ! intellect ( antiquity f ! fanta/ic cosmogonies ) :i* x _h long be5 occupi$1 to ! /udy ( ! moral nature ( man4 ,9 ! "n ( ! same utility ,bacon lab\r$ to div]t ! mod]n intellect f ! idle metaphysical speculations ( ! s*oolm5 to natural sci5ce1 to :i* newly discov]$ in/rum5ts ( rese>*1 8 own s\nd] me?od1 & a clu/] ( spl5did intellects1 soon gave an unprec$5t$ impulse4 ,to ! indirect influ5ce ( ?is movem5t1 p]haps1 ev5 m ?an to ! direct tea*+ ( ,gass5di & ,locke1 may be ascrib$ ! great asc5d5cy ( s5sational philosophy among mod]n nations1 & x is also connect$ ) "s ( ! mo/ important diff]5ces betwe5 anci5t & mod]n hi/ory4 ,among ! anci5ts ! human m9d 0 *iefly direct$ to philosophical speculations1 9 :i* ! law seems to be p]petual oscillation1 :ile among ! mod]ns x has r t5d$ t[>ds physical sci5ce1 & t[>ds inv5tions1 9 :i* ! law is p]petual progress4 ,national p[]1 & 9 mo/ cases ev5 national indep5d5ce1 impli$ among ! anci5ts ! con/ant en]gy ( high intellectual or moral qualities4 ,:5 ! h]oism or ! g5ius ( ! p _h relax$1 :5 an en]vat+ philosophy or ! lassitude t (t5 accompanies civilisation arriv$1 ! :ole edifice spe$ily tott]$1 ! sceptre 0 transf]r$ to ano!r /ate1 & ! same hi/ory 0 else:]e reproduc$4 ,a great nation bequea!d inde$ to its successors works ( transc5d5t beauty 9 art & lit]ature1 philosophies t c\ld avail only :5 ! m9d _h ris5 to _! level1 examples t might /imulate ! h]oism ( an aspir+ p1 w>n+s t might sometimes arre/ x on ! pa? to ru94 ,b all ^! act$ only ?r\gh ! m9d4 ,9 mod]n times1 on ! o!r h&1 if we put aside religi\s influ5ces1 ! pr9cipal causes ( ! sup]iority ( civilis$ m5 are to be f\nd 9 inv5tions :i* :5 once discov]$ c nev] pass away1 & ! effects ( :i* are 9 consequ5ce 9 a great measure remov$ f ! fluctuations ( moral life4 ,! causes :i* mo/ di/urb$ or accel]at$ ! normal progress ( society 9 antiquity 7 ! appe>ance ( great m51 9 mod]n times !y h be5 ! appe>ance ( great inv5tions4 ,pr9t+ has secur$ ! intellectual a*ievem5ts ( ! pa/1 & furni%$ a sure gu>antee ( future progress4 ,gunp[d] & milit>y ma*9]y h r5d]$ ! triumph ( b>b>ians impossible4 ,/eam has unit$ nations 9 ! close/ bonds4 ,innum]able me*anical contrivances h giv5 a decisive prepond]ance to t indu/rial elem5t :i* has col\r$ all ! developm5ts ( our civilisation4 ,! lead+ *>act]i/ics ( mod]n societies are 9 consequ5ce m>k$ out mu* m by ! triumphs ( inv5tive skill ?an by ! su/a9$ en]gy ( moral causes4 ,n[ x w appe> evid5t1 ,i ?9k1 to ^? :o reflect c>efully ^u _! own m9ds1 & ^u ! c\rse ( hi/ory1 t ^! ?ree ?+s1 ! /udy ( physical sci5ce1 inv5tive skill1 & indu/rial ent]prise1 are connect$ 9 su* a mann]1 t :5 9 any nation !re is a long-su/a9$ t5d5cy t[>ds "o1 ! o!rs w naturally foll[4 ,?is connection is p>tly t ( cause & effect1 = success 9 ei!r ( ^! bran*es facilitates success 9 ! o!rs1 a k ( natural laws be+ ! basis ( _m ( ! mo/ important inv5tions1 & be+ itself acquir$ by ! aid ( in/rum5ts ( rese>*1 :ile indu/ry is manife/ly indebt$ to bo?4 ,b besides ?is connection1 !re is a connection ( congruity4 ,! same ca/ or habit ( ?\ght developes itself 9 ^! ?ree =ms4 ,!y all repres5t ! natural t5d5cies ( :at is commonly call$ ! practical z oppos$ to ! !oretical m9d1 ( ! inductive or exp]im5tal z oppos$ to ! d$uctive or ideal1 ( ! cauti\s & ! plodd+ z oppos$ to ! imag9ative & ! ambiti\s1 ( ! m9d t t5ds naturally to matt] z oppos$ to t :i* dwells naturally on ideas4 ,among ! anci5ts1 ! di/a/e = physical sci5ce1 :i* ! belief 9 ! caprici\s div9e gov]nm5t ( all natural ph5om5a1 & ! di/a/e = indu/rial ent]prise :i* slav]y produc$1 conspir$ to fav\r ! philosophical t5d5cy1 :ile among ! mod]ns physical sci5ce & ! habits ( indu/rial life cont9ually react ^u "o ano!r4 ,!re c be no "q t ! intellectual t5d5cies ( mod]n times are f> sup]ior to ^? ( antiquity1 bo? 9 respect to ! mat]ial prosp]ity !y effect1 & to ! un9t]rupt$ progress !y secure4 ,^u ! o!r h&1 x is1 ,i ?9k1 equally unque/ionable t ?is sup]iority is pur*as$ by ! sacrifice ( some?+ ( dignity & elevation ( "*4 ,x is :5 ! cultivation ( m5tal & moral qualities is deem$ ! prim>y object1 :5 ! m9d & its int]e/s are mo/ remov$ f ! ?+s ( s5se1 t great *>act]s are mo/ frequ5t1 & ! /&>d ( h]oism is mo/ high4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 o!r cases1 ! law ( congruity is supreme4 ,! m9d t is conc5trat$ mo/ on ! prop]ties ( matt]1 is pr$ispos$ to d]ive all ideas f ! s5ses1 :ile t :i* dwells naturally ^u its own op]ations incl9es to an ideal philosophy1 & ! prevail+ sy/em ( morals dep5ds l>gely ^u ! di/9ction4 ,9 ! next place1 we may obs]ve t ! practical consequ5ces1 s f> z e?ics are conc]n$17#acg7 ( ! opposition betwe5 ! two great s*ools ( morals1 are less ?an might be inf]r$ f ! intellectual *asm t sep>ates !m4 ,morali/s gr[ up 9 ! atmosph]e ( society1 & exp]i5ce all ! common feel+s ( o!r m54 ,:atev] !ory ( ! g5esis ( morals !y may =m1 !y commonly recognise z "r ! broad moral pr9ciples ( ! _w1 & !y endeav\r--?\gh ,i h attempt$ to %[ n always successfully--to prove t ^! pr9ciples may be acc\nt$ = & ju/ifi$ by _! sy/em4 ,! great practical diff]5ce betwe5 ! s*ools lies1 n 9 ! diff]5ce ( ! virtues !y inculcate1 b 9 ! diff]5t degrees ( prom95ce !y assign to ea*1 9 ! diff]5t ca/s ( m9d !y repres5t & promote4 ,z ,adam ,smi? obs]v$1 a sy/em l t ( ! ,/oics1 :i* makes self-control ! ideal ( excell5ce1 is especially fav\rable to ! h]oic qualities1 a sy/em l t ( ,hut*eson1 :i* resolves virtue into b5evol5ce1 to ! amiable qualities1 & utilit>ian sy/ems to ! indu/rial virtues4 ,a society 9 :i* any "o ( ^! ?ree =ms ( moral excell5ce is especially prom95t1 has a natural t5d5cy t[>ds ! correspond+ !ory ( e?ics2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ?is !ory1 :5 =m$1 reacts ^u & /r5g!ns ! moral t5d5cy t elicit$ x4 ,! ,epicureans & ! ,/oics c ea* claim a great hi/orical fact 9 _! fav\r4 ,:5 e o!r ,greek s*ool modifi$ or ab&on$ ! tea*+ ( its f\nd]1 ! disciples ( ,epicurus at ,a!ns pres]v$ _! h]$it>y fai? unsulli$ & un*ang$47#ach7 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! ,roman empire1 almo/ e great "*1 almo/ e ef=t 9 ! cause ( lib]ty1 emanat$ f ! ranks ( ,/oicism1 :ile ,epicureanism 0 cont9ually id5tifi$ ) corruption & ) tyranny4 ,! intuitive s*ool1 n hav+ a cle> & simple ext]nal /&>d1 has (t5 prov$ some:at liable to assimilate ) sup]/ition & my/icism1 to become fanta/ic1 unreason+1 & unpractical1 :ile ! prom95ce accord$ to int]e/1 & ! con/ant int]v5tion ( calculation 9 utilit>ian sy/ems1 h a t5d5cy to depress ! ideal1 & give a sordid & unh]oic ply to ! "*4 ,! fir/1 dwell+ on ! moral initiative1 elevates ! tone & /&>d ( life4 ,! second1 reveal+ ! influ5ce ( surr\nd+ circum/ances ^u "*1 leads to ! mo/ important practical re=ms47#aci7 ,ea* s*ool has ?us prov$ 9 "s s5se at once ! corrective & ! complem5t ( ! o!r4 ,ea* :5 pu%$ to its extreme results1 produces evils :i* lead to ! reappe>ance ( its rival4 ,hav+ n[ consid]$ at "s l5g? ! nature & t5d5cies ( ! !ories accord+ to :i* m5 te/ & classify _! moral feel+s1 we may pass to an exam9ation ( ! process accord+ to :i* ^! feel+s are develop$1 or1 9 o!r words1 ( ! causes t lead societies to elevate _! moral /&>d & det]m9e _! pref]5ce ( "s p>ticul> k9ds ( virtue4 ,! obs]vations ,i h to (f] on ?is subject w be ( a some:at miscellane\s "*1 b !y w all1 ,i tru/1 t5d to %[ ! nature ( ! *anges t con/itute moral hi/ory1 & to furni% u ) "s g5]al pr9ciples :i* may be appli$ 9 detail 9 ! succe$+ *apt]s4 ,x is suffici5tly evid5t1 t1 9 proportion to ! high organisation ( society1 ! amiable & ! social virtues w be cultivat$ at ! exp5se ( ! h]oic & ! ascetic4 ,a c\rage\s endurance ( suff]+ is probably ! fir/ =m ( human virtue1 ! "o conspicu\s in/ance 9 savage life ( a c\rse ( conduct oppos$ to natural impulses1 & pursu$ ?r\gh a belief t x is high] or nobl] ?an ! opposite4 ,9 a di/urb$1 disorganis$1 & w>like society1 acts ( great c\rage & great endurance are v frequ5t1 & det]m9e to a v l>ge ext5t ! c\rse ( ev5ts2 b 9 proportion to ! organisation ( communities ! occasions = _! display1 & _! influ5ce :5 display$1 are alike re/rict$4 ,besides ?is ! ta/es & habits ( civilisation1 ! innum]able inv5tions design$ to promote com=t & dim9i% pa91 set ! curr5t ( society 9 a direction altoge!r diff]5t f h]oism1 & some:at emasculate1 ?\gh !y ref9e & s(t51 ! "*4 ,asceticism aga9--includ+ "u ?is t]m1 n m]ely ! mona/ic sy/em1 b also all ef=ts to )draw f ! _w 9 ord] to cultivate a high degree ( sanctity--belongs naturally to a society :i* is some:at rude1 & 9 :i* isolation is frequ5t & easy4 ,:5 m5 become unit$ 9 v close bonds ( co-op]ation1 :5 indu/rial ent]prise becomes v ard5t1 & ! prevail+ impulse is /rongly t[>ds mat]ial weal? & luxuri\s enjoym5ts1 virtue is reg>d$ *iefly or solely 9 ! light ( ! int]e/s ( society1 & ?is t5d5cy is /ill fur!r /r5g!n$ by ! educational influ5ce ( legislation1 :i* impr9ts moral di/9ctions v deeply on ! m9d1 b at ! same "t accu/oms m5 to measure !m solely by an ext]nal & utilit>ian /&>d47#adj7 ,! fir/ table ( ! law gives way to ! second4 ,good is n lov$ = itself1 b z ! means to an end4 ,all t virtue :i* is requir$ to =m upright & b5evol5t m5 is 9 ! highe/ degree useful to society1 b ! qualities :i* con/itute a sa9tly or spiritual "* z di/+ui%$ f "o t is simply moral & amiable1 h n ! same direct1 uni=m & manife/ t5d5cy to ! promotion ( happ9ess1 & !y are accord+ly little valu$47#ada7 ,9 savage life ! animal nature be+ supreme1 ^! high] qualities are unkn[n4 ,9 a v elaborate mat]ial civilisation ! prevail+ atmosph]e is n fav\rable ei!r to _! production or _! appreciation4 ,_! place has usually be5 9 an int]m$iate /age4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are c]ta9 virtues t are ! natural product ( a cultivat$ society4 ,indep5d5tly ( all local & special circum/ances1 ! transition ( m5 f a b>b>\s or semi-civilis$ to a highly organis$ /ate necess>ily br+s ) x ! de/ruction or abridgm5t ( ! legitimate sph]e ( rev5ge1 by transf]r+ ! (fice ( puni%m5t f ! wrong$ p]son to a passionless tribunal appo9t$ by society27#adb7 a gr[+ sub/itution ( pacific = w>like occupations1 ! introduction ( ref9$ & intellectual ta/es :i* gradually displace amusem5ts t d]ive _! ze/ f _! b>b>ity1 ! rapid multiplication ( ties ( connection betwe5 all classes & nations1 & also ! /r5g!n+ ( ! imag9ation by intellectual culture4 ,?is la/ faculty1 consid]$ z ! p[] ( realisation1 =ms ! *ief tie betwe5 our moral & intellectual natures4 ,9 ord] to pity suff]+ we mu/ realise x1 & ! int5sity ( our compassion is usually proportion$ to ! vividness ( our realisation47#adc7 ,! mo/ frightful cata/rophe 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 an e>?quake1 a %ipwreck1 or a battle1 w elicit less compassion ?an ! dea? ( a s+le individual :o has be5 br\ght prom95tly be=e our eyes4 ,to ?is cause mu/ be *iefly ascrib$ ! extraord9>y measure ( compassion usually be/[$ ^u a conspicu\s condemn$ crim9al1 ! affection & en?usiasm t c5tre ^u sov]eigns1 & _m ( ! gl>+ inconsi/5cies ( our hi/orical judgm5ts4 ,! recollection ( "s isolat$ act ( magnanimity display$ by ,alex&] or ,cs> moves u m ?an ! ?\ght ( ! #cj1jjj ,!bans :om ! ,mac$onian sold z slaves1 ( ! #b1jjj prison]s he crucifi$ at ,tyre1 ( ! #a1ajj1jjj m5 on ^: corpses ! ,roman rose to fame4 ,wrapt 9 ! pale w9d+-%eet ( g5]al t]ms ! greate/ trag$ies ( hi/ory evoke no vivid images 9 our m9ds1 & x is only by a great ef=t ( g5ius t an hi/orian c galvanise !m into life4 ,! irritation display$ by ! captive ( ,/4 ,hel5a 9 8 bick]+s ) 8 gaol] affects mo/ m5 m ?an ! ?\ght ( ! nameless ?\s&s :om 8 insatiable egotism _h hurri$ to ! grave4 ,su* is ! frailty ( our nature t we are m mov$ by ! te>s ( "s captive pr9cess1 by "s trifl+ biographical incid5t t has float$ d[n ! /ream ( hi/ory1 ?an by ! sorr[s ( all ! c\ntless multitudes :o p]i%$ b5ea? ! sword ( a ,tam]lane1 a ,bajazet1 or a ,z5ghis ,khan4 ,if our b5evol5t feel+s are ?us ! slaves ( our imag9ations1 if an act ( realisation is a necess>y antec$5t & condition ( compassion1 x is obvi\s t any influ5ce t augm5ts ! range & p[] ( ?is realis+ faculty is fav\rable to ! amiable virtues1 & x is equally evid5t t education has 9 ! highe/ degree ?is effect4 ,to an un$ucat$ man all classes1 nations1 modes ( ?\ght & exi/5ce =eign to 8 own are unrealis$1 :ile e increase ( k br+s ) x an increase ( insight1 & !re=e ( sympa?y4 ,b ! addition to 8 k is ! smalle/ "p ( ?is *ange4 ,! realis+ faculty is itself int5sifi$4 ,e book he reads1 e intellectual ex]cise 9 :i* he engages1 accu/oms him to rise above ! objects imm$iately pres5t to 8 s5ses1 to ext5d 8 realisations into new sph]es1 & reproduce 9 8 imag9ation ! ?\ghts1 feel+s1 & *>act]s ( o!rs1 ) a vividness inconceivable to ! savage4 ,h5ce1 9 a great degree1 ! tact ) :i* a ref9$ m9d le>ns to discrim9ate & adapt itself to ! mo/ delicate %ades ( feel+1 & h5ce too ! s5sitive humanity ) :i*1 9 proportion to _! civilisation1 m5 realise & recoil f cruelty4 ,we h "h1 h[ev]1 an important di/9ction to draw4 ,"u ! "n ( cruelty are compris$ two k9ds ( vice1 altoge!r diff]5t 9 _! causes & 9 mo/ ( _! consequ5ces4 ,!re is ! cruelty :i* spr+s f call\sness & brutality1 & !re is ! cruelty ( v9dictiv5ess4 ,! fir/ belongs *iefly to h>d1 dull1 & some:at le?>gic *>act]s1 x appe>s mo/ frequ5tly 9 /rong & conqu]+ nations & 9 temp]ate climates1 & x is due 9 a v great degree to defective realisation4 ,! second is r a fem99e attribute1 x is usually display$ 9 oppress$ & suff]+ communities1 9 passionate natures1 & 9 hot climates4 ,great v9dictiv5ess is (t5 unit$ ) great t5d]ness1 & great call\sness ) great magnanimity1 b a v9dictive nature is r>ely magnanim\s1 & a brutal nature is /ill m r>ely t5d]4 ,! anci5t ,romans exhibit$ a rem>kable comb9ation ( great call\sness & great magnanimity1 :ile by a curi\s contra/ ! mod]n ,italian "* v]ges manife/ly t[>ds ! opposite comb9ation4 ,bo? =ms ( cruelty are1 if ,i mi/ake n1 dim9i%$ ) advanc+ civilisation1 b by diff]5t causes & 9 diff]5t degrees4 ,call\s cruelty disappe>s be=e ! s5sitiv5ess ( a cultivat$ imag9ation4 ,v9dictive cruelty is dim9i%$ by ! sub/itution ( a p5al sy/em = private rev5ge4 ,! same intellectual culture t facilitates ! realisation ( suff]+1 & !re=e produces compassion1 facilitates also ! realisation ( "* & op9ions1 & !re=e produces *>ity4 ,! great majority ( un*>itable judgm5ts 9 ! _w may be trac$ to a defici5cy ( imag9ation4 ,! *ief cause ( sect>ian animosity1 is ! incapacity ( mo/ m5 to conceive ho/ile sy/ems 9 ! light 9 :i* !y appe> to _! adh]5ts1 & to ent] into ! en?usiasm !y inspire4 ,! acquisition ( ?is p[] ( intellectual sympa?y is a common accompanim5t ( a l>ge & cultivat$ m9d1 & :]ev] x exi/s1 x assuages ! ranc\r ( controv]sy4 ,! sev]ity ( our judgm5t ( crim9als is also (t5 excessive1 because ! imag9ation f9ds x m easy to realise an action ?an a /ate ( m9d4 ,any "o c conceive a fit ( drunk5ness or a de$ ( viol5ce1 b few p]sons :o are by nature v sob] or v calm c conceive ! natural disposition t pr$isposes to x4 ,a good man br\ght up among all ! associations ( virtue reads ( "s horrible crime1 8 imag9ation exhau/s itself 9 depict+ its circum/ances1 & he !n e/imates ! guilt ( ! crim9al1 by ask+ himself1 8,h[ guilty %\ld ,i be1 7 ,i to p]petrate su* an act80 ,to realise ) any adequacy ! =ce ( a passion we h nev] exp]i5c$1 to conceive a type ( "* radically diff]5t f our own1 above all1 to =m any j appreciation ( ! lawlessness & obtus5ess ( moral temp]am5t1 inevitably g5]at$ by a vici\s education1 requires a p[] ( imag9ation :i* is among ! r>e/ ( human end[m5ts4 ,ev5 9 judg+ our own conduct1 ?is feebl5ess ( imag9ation is sometimes %[n1 & an old man recall+ ! fooli% actions1 b hav+ lo/ ! p[] ( realis+ ! feel+s1 ( 8 y\?1 may be v unju/ to 8 own pa/4 ,t :i* makes x s difficult = a man ( /rong vici\s passions to unbosom himself to a naturally virtu\s man1 is n s mu* ! virtue z ! ignorance ( ! latt]4 ,x is ! conviction t he _c possibly und]/& ! =ce ( a passion he has nev] felt4 ,t :i* alone r5d]s tol]able to ! m9d ! ?\ght ( judgm5t by an all-pure ,be+1 is ! union ( ! attribute ( omnisci5ce ) t ( purity1 = p]fect k implies a p]fect p[] ( realisation4 ,! fur!r our analysis ext5ds1 & ! m our realis+ faculties are cultivat$1 ! m s5sible we become ( ! influ5ce ( circum/ances bo? ^u "* & ^u op9ions1 & ( ! exagg]ations ( our fir/ e/imates ( moral inequalities4 ,/rong antipa?ies are ?us gradually s(t5$ d[n4 ,m5 ga9 mu* 9 *>ity1 b !y lose some?+ 9 zeal4 ,we may pu%1 ,i ?9k1 ?is ve9 ( ?\ght "o /ep f>!r4 ,our imag9ation1 :i* gov]ns our affections1 has 9 its e>li] & feebl] /ages little p[] ( grasp+ ideas1 except 9 a p]sonifi$ & concrete =m1 & ! p[] ( ris+ to ab/ractions is "o ( ! be/ measures ( intellectual progress4 ,! beg9n+ ( writ+ is ! hi]oglyphic or symbolical picture2 ! beg9n+ ( wor%ip is feti%ism or idolatry2 ! beg9n+ ( eloqu5ce is pictorial1 s5su\s1 & metaphorical2 ! beg9n+ ( philosophy is ! my?4 ,! imag9ation 9 its fir/ /ages conc5trates itself on individuals2 gradually by an ef=t ( ab/raction x rises to an in/itution or well-def9$ organisation2 x is only at a v advanc$ /age t x c grasp a moral & intellectual pr9ciple4 ,loyalty1 patriotism1 & atta*m5t to a cosmopolitan cause are !re=e ?ree =ms ( moral en?usiasm respectively appropriate to ?ree successive /ages ( m5tal progress1 & !y h1 ,i ?9k1 a c]ta9 analogy to idolatr\s wor%ip1 *ur* feel+1 & moral culture1 :i* are ! c5tral ideas ( ?ree /ages ( religi\s hi/ory4 ,! read] w readily und]/& t g5]alisations ( ?is k9d c pret5d to no?+ m ?an an approximate tru?4 ,our k ( ! laws ( moral progress is l t ( ! laws ( climate4 ,we lay d[n g5]al rules ab\t ! temp]ature to be expect$ z we approa* or rec$e f ! equator1 & exp]i5ce %[s t !y are sub/antially correct2 b yet an elevat$ pla91 or a *a9 ( m\nta9s1 or ! neighb\rhood ( ! sea1 w (t5 9 "s degree d]ange our calculations4 ,s1 too1 9 ! hi/ory ( moral *anges1 innum]able special ag5cies1 su* z religi\s or political in/itutions1 geographical conditions1 traditions1 antipa?ies1 & aff9ities1 ex]cise a c]ta9 ret>d+1 accel]at+1 or deflect+ influ5ce1 & some:at modify ! normal progress4 ,! proposition = :i* ,i am cont5d+ is simply t !re is su* a ?+ z a natural hi/ory ( morals1 a def9$ & regul> ord]1 9 :i* our moral feel+s are unfold$2 or1 9 o!r words1 t !re are c]ta9 gr\ps ( virtues :i* spr+ spontane\sly out ( ! circum/ances & m5tal conditions ( an uncivilis$ p1 & t !re are o!rs :i* are ! normal & appropriate products ( civilisation4 ,! virtues ( uncivilis$ m5 are recognis$ z virtues by civilis$ m51 b !y are nei!r exhibit$ 9 ! same p]fection1 nor giv5 ! same position 9 ! scale ( duties4 ,( ^! moral *anges none are m obvi\s ?an ! gradual decad5ce ( h]oism bo? active & passive1 ! increase ( compassion & ( *>ity1 & ! transition f ! en?usiasm ( loyalty to ^? ( patriotism & lib]ty4 ,ano!r =m ( virtue :i* usually increases ) civilisation is v]acity1 a t]m :i* mu/ be reg>d$ z includ+ some?+ m ?an ! simple avoidance ( direct falsehood4 ,9 ! ord9>y int]c\rse ( life x is readily und]/ood t a man is (f5d+ aga9/ tru?1 n only :5 he utt]s a delib]ate falsehood1 b also :5 9 8 /atem5t ( a case he suppresses or endeav\rs to conceal ess5tial facts1 or makes positive ass]tions )\t hav+ consci5ti\sly v]ifi$ _! gr\nds4 ,! e>lie/ =m 9 :i* ! duty ( v]acity is en=c$ is probably ! obs]vance ( v[s1 :i* occupy a position ( mu* prom95ce 9 y\?ful religions4 ,) ! subsequ5t progress ( civilisation1 we f9d ! successive inculcation ( ?ree =ms ( v]acity1 :i* may be t]m$ respectively indu/rial1 political1 & philosophical4 ,by ! fir/ ,i und]/& t accuracy ( /atem5t or fidelity to engagem5ts :i* is commonly meant :5 we speak ( a tru?ful man4 ,?\gh 9 "s cases su/a9$ by ! /rong s5se ( hon\r :i* accompanies a milit>y _s1 ?is =m ( v]acity is usually ! special virtue ( an indu/rial nation1 = al?\gh indu/rial ent]prise af=ds great temptations to deception1 mutual confid5ce1 & !re=e /rict tru?fulness1 are 9 ^! occupations s transc5d5tly important t !y acquire 9 ! m9ds ( m5 a value !y _h nev] be=e possess$4 ,v]acity becomes ! fir/ virtue 9 ! moral type1 & no "* is reg>d$ ) any k9d ( approbation 9 :i* x is want+4 ,x is made m ?an any o!r ! te/ di/+ui%+ a good f a bad man4 ,we accord+ly f9d t ev5 :]e ! impositions ( trade are v num]\s1 ! supreme excell5ce ( v]acity is cordially admitt$ 9 !ory1 & x is "o ( ! fir/ virtues t e man aspir+ to moral excell5ce endeav\rs to cultivate4 ,?is con/itutes probably ! *ief moral sup]iority ( nations p]vad$ by a /rong indu/rial _s ov] nations l ! ,italians1 ! ,spani>ds1 or ! ,iri%1 among :om t _s is want+4 ,! usual *>act]i/ic ( ! latt] nations is a c]ta9 laxity or in/ability ( "*1 a pron5ess to exagg]ation1 a want ( tru?fulness 9 little ?+s1 an infidelity to engagem5ts f :i* an ,engli%man1 educat$ 9 ! habits ( indu/rial life1 readily inf]s a complete abs5ce ( moral pr9ciple4 ,b a l>g] philosophy & a deep] exp]i5ce dispel 8 error4 ,he f9ds t :]e ! indu/rial _s has n p5etrat$1 tru?fulness r>ely occupies 9 ! popul> m9d ! same prom95t position 9 ! catalogue ( virtues4 ,x is n reckon$ among ! fundam5tals ( morality1 & x is possible & ev5 common to f9d 9 ^? nations--:at w\ld be sc>cely possible 9 an indu/rial society--m5 :o are habitually di%one/ & untru?ful 9 small ?+s1 & ^: lives are nev]!less influ5c$ by a deep religi\s feel+1 & adorn$ by ! consi/5t practice ( "s ( ! mo/ difficult & mo/ pa9ful virtues4 ,tru/ 9 ,provid5ce1 cont5t & resignation 9 extreme pov]ty & suff]+1 ! mo/ g5u9e amiability & ! mo/ s9c]e read9ess to assi/ _! bre?r51 an adh]5ce to _! religi\s op9ions :i* no p]secutions & no bribes c %ake1 a capacity = h]oic1 transc5d5t1 & prolong$ self-sacrifice1 may be f\nd 9 "s nations 9 m5 :o are habitual li>s & habitual *eats4 ,! promotion ( indu/rial v]acity is probably ! s+le =m 9 :i* ! gr[? ( manufactures ex]cises a fav\rable influ5ce ^u morals4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 = ?is virtue to exi/ 9 great p]fection )\t any correspond+ gr[? ( political v]acity1 or 9 o!r words1 ( t _s ( imp>tiality :i* 9 matt]s ( controv]sy desires t all op9ions1 argum5ts1 & facts %\ld be fully & fairly /at$4 ,?is habit ( :at is commonly t]m$ 8fair play0 is especially ! *>act]i/ic ( free communities1 & x is pre-em95tly fo/]$ by political life4 ,! practice ( debate creates a s5se ( ! inju/ice ( suppress+ "o side ( a case1 :i* gradually ext5ds ?r\gh all =ms ( intellectual life1 & becomes an ess5tial elem5t 9 ! national "*4 ,b beyond all ?is !re is a /ill high] =m ( intellectual virtue4 ,by enl>g$ intellectual culture1 especially by philosophic /udies1 m5 come at la/ to pursue tru? = its own sake1 to e/eem x a duty to emancipate !mselves f p>ty _s1 prejudices1 & passion1 & ?r\gh love ( tru? to cultivate a judicial _s 9 controv]sy4 ,!y aspire to ! intellect n ( a sect>ian b ( a philosoph]1 to ! intellect n ( a p>tisan b ( a /atesman4 ,( ^! ?ree =ms ( a tru?ful _s ! two la/ may be said to belong exclusively to a highly civilis$ society4 ,! la/ especially c h>dly be atta9$ by any b a cultivat$ m9d1 & is "o ( ! late/ fl[]s ( virtue t bloom 9 ! human he>t4 ,! gr[?1 h[ev]1 bo? ( political & philosophical v]acity has be5 unnaturally ret>d$ by ! opposition ( !ologians1 :o made x dur+ _m c5turies a ma9 object ( _! policy to suppress all writ+s t 7 oppos$ to _! views1 & :o1 :5 ?is p[] _h escap$ _! grasp1 proce$$ to disc\rage 9 e way imp>tiality ( m9d & judgm5t1 & to associate x ) ! notion ( s94 ,to ! obs]vations ,i h already made conc]n+ ! moral effects ( indu/rial life1 ,i %all at pres5t add b two4 ,! fir/ is t an indu/rial _s creates two :olly diff]5t types ( "*--a ?rifty "* & a speculat+ "*4 ,bo? types gr[ out ( a /rong s5se ( ! value & a /rong desire = ! atta9m5t ( mat]ial com=ts1 b !y are pr(\ndly diff]5t bo? 9 _! virtues & _! vices4 ,! *ief *>act]i/ic ( ! "o type is caution1 t ( ! o!r ent]prise4 ,?rift9ess is "o ( ! be/ regulators ( life4 ,x produces ord]1 sobriety1 mod]ation1 self-re/ra9t1 pati5t indu/ry1 & all t ca/ ( virtues :i* is designat$ by ! t]m respectability2 b x has also a t5d5cy to =m contract$ & ung5]\s natures1 incapable ( en?usiasm or lively sympa?y4 ,! speculat+ "*1 on ! o!r h&1 is re/less1 fi]y1 & unc]ta91 v liable to fall into great & conspicu\s vices1 impati5t ( r\t9e1 b by no means unfav\rable to /rong feel+s1 to great g5]osity or resolution4 ,:i* ( ^! two =ms ! indu/rial _s assumes dep5ds ^u local circum/ances4 ,?rift9ess fl\ri%es *iefly among m5 plac$ outside ! great /ream ( comm]ce1 & 9 positions :]e weal? is only to be acquir$ by sl[ & /eady indu/ry1 :ile ! speculat+ "* is mo/ common 9 ! great c5tres ( ent]prise & ( weal?4 ,9 ! next place1 x may be rem>k$ t indu/rial habits br+ =e?\ght into a new position 9 ! moral type4 ,9 e>ly /ages ( !ological belief1 m5 reg>d+ e incid5t t happ5s to !m z ! result ( a special div9e decree1 sometimes e/eem x a te/ ( fai? & a =m ( duty to take no precautions = ! future1 b to leave que/ions ( food & clo?+ to ,provid5tial int]position4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 an indu/rial civilisation1 prud5t =e?\ght is reg>d$ n simply z lawful1 b z a duty1 & a duty ( ! v highe/ ord]4 ,a good man ( ! indu/rial type deems x a duty n to m>ry till he has ensur$ ! ma9t5ance ( a possible family2 if he possesses *ildr51 he regulates 8 exp5ses n simply by ! relation ( 8 income to 8 imm$iate wants1 b ) a con/ant view to ! education ( 8 sons1 to ! portion+ ( 8 daught]s1 to ! future necessities & c>e]s ( ea* memb] ( 8 family4 ,con/ant =e?\ght is ! guid+ pr9ciple ( 8 :ole life4 ,no s+le circum/ance is reg>d$ z a bett] te/ ( ! civilisation ( a p ?an ! ext5t to :i* x is diffus$ among !m4 ,! old doctr9e virtually disappe>s1 & is int]pret$ to mean no?+ m ?an t we %\ld accept ) resignation :at no ef=ts & no =e?\ght c\ld av]t4 ,?is *ange is b "o ( sev]al influ5ces :i*1 z civilisation advances1 dim9i% ! _s ( rev]5ce among mank9d4 ,rev]5ce is "o ( ^? feel+s :i*1 9 utilit>ian sy/ems1 w\ld occupy at be/ a v ambigu\s position2 = x is extremely que/ionable :e!r ! great evils t h gr[n out ( x 9 ! =m ( religi\s sup]/ition & political s]vitude h n made x a s\rce ( m unhapp9ess ?an happ9ess4 ,yet1 h[ev] d\btful may be its position if e/imat$ by its be>+ on happ9ess & on progress1 !re are few p]sons :o are n consci\s t no "* c atta9 a supreme degree ( excell5ce 9 :i* a rev]5tial _s is want+4 ,( all ! =ms ( moral goodness x is t to :i* ! epi!t beautiful may be mo/ emphatically appli$4 ,yet ! habits ( advanc+ civilisation are1 if ,i mi/ake n1 on ! :ole inimical to its gr[?4 ,= rev]5ce gr[s out ( a s5se ( con/ant dep5d5ce4 ,x is fo/]$ by t condition ( religions ?\ght 9 :i* m5 believe t ea* incid5t t befalls !m is directly & specially orda9$1 & :5 e ev5t is !re=e fraught ) a moral import4 ,x is fo/]$ by t condition ( sci5tific k 9 :i* e port5t\s natural ph5om5on is suppos$ to be ! result ( a direct div9e int]position1 & awak5s 9 consequ5ce emotions ( humility & awe4 ,x is fo/]$ 9 t /age ( political life :5 loyalty or rev]5ce = ! sov]eign is ! dom9at+ passion1 :5 an ari/ocracy1 bran*+ =? f ! ?rone1 spreads habits ( def]5ce & subord9ation ?r\gh e village1 :5 a revolution>y1 a democratic1 & a sceptical _s are alike unkn[n4 ,e great *ange1 ei!r ( belief or ( circum/ances1 br+s ) x a *ange ( emotions4 ,! self-ass]tion ( lib]ty1 ! levell+ ( democracy1 ! dissect+-knife ( criticism1 ! economical revolutions t r$uce ! relations ( classes to simple contracts1 ! agglom]ation ( population1 & ! facilities ( locomotion t sev] s _m anci5t ties1 are all incompatible ) ! type ( virtue :i* exi/$ be=e ! p[] ( tradition 0 brok51 & :5 ! *a/ity ( fai? 0 yet un/a9$4 ,b5evol5ce1 uprightness1 ent]prise1 intellectual hone/y1 a love ( fre$om1 & a hatr$ ( sup]/ition are gr[+ ar\nd u1 b we look 9 va9 = t mo/ beautiful "* ( ! pa/1 s di/ru/ful ( self1 & s tru/ful ( o!rs1 s simple1 s mode/1 & s dev\t1 :i* ev5 :51 ,ixion-l1 x be/[$ its affections ^u a cl\d1 made its v illusions ! s\rce ( "s ( ! pure/ virtues ( our nature4 ,9 a few m9ds1 ! contemplation ( ! sublime ord] ( nature produces a rev]5tial feel+1 b to ! great majority ( mank9d x is an inconte/able ?\gh m\rnful fact1 t ! discov]y ( controll+ & un*ang+ law deprives ph5om5a ( _! moral significance1 & ne>ly all ! social & political sph]es 9 :i* rev]5ce 0 fo/]$ h pass$ away4 ,its mo/ beautiful displays are n 9 nations l ! ,am]icans or ! mod]n ,fr5*1 :o h ?r[n !mselves mo/ fully into ! t5d5cies ( ! age1 b r 9 seclud$ regions l ,/yria or ! ,tyrol4 ,its arti/ic expression is f\nd 9 no "w ( mod]n g5ius1 b 9 ! m$ival ca!dral1 :i*1 mell[$ b n impair$ by "t1 /ill gazes on u 9 its dea?less beauty ?r\gh ! c5turies ( ! pa/4 ,a sup]/iti\s age1 l e o!r phase ( human hi/ory1 has its di/9ctive virtues1 :i* mu/ necess>ily decl9e be=e a new /age ( progress c be atta9$4 ,! virtues & vices gr[+ out ( ! relation betwe5 ! sexes are difficult to treat 9 g5]al t]ms1 bo? on acc\nt ( ! obvi\s delicacy ( ! subject1 & also because _! natural hi/ory is extremely obscur$ by special causes4 ,9 ! moral evolutions we h z yet exam9$1 ! normal influ5ces are mo/ p[]ful1 & ! importance ( d]ang+ & modify+ circum/ances is altoge!r subsidi>y4 ,! expansion ( ! amiable virtues1 ! decl9e ( h]oism & loyalty1 & ! gr[? ( indu/rial habits spr+ out ( *anges :i* necess>ily take place "u almo/ all =ms ( civilisation17#add7 & ! broad features ( ! movem5t are !re=e 9 almo/ all nations sub/antially ! same4 ,b 9 ! hi/ory ( s5suality1 special causes1 su* z slav]y1 religi\s doctr9es1 or laws affect+ m>riage1 h be5 ! mo/ p[]ful ag5ts4 ,! imm5se *anges effect$ 9 ?is field by ! ,*ri/ian religion ,i %all h]eaft] exam9e4 ,9 ! pres5t *apt] ,i %all cont5t myself ) two or ?ree v g5]al rem>ks relat+ to ! nature ( ! vice1 & to ! effect ( diff]5t /ages ( civilisation ^u its progress4 ,!re are1 ,i conceive1 few great] fallacies ?an are involv$ 9 ! me?od s popul> among mod]n writ]s ( judg+ ! immorality ( a nation by its /ati/ics ( illegitimate bir?s4 ,indep5d5tly ( ! obvi\s defect ( ?is me?od 9 exclud+ simple pro/itution f our comp>ison1 x altoge!r neglects ! fact t a l>ge numb] ( illegitimate bir?s arise f causes totally diff]5t f ! great viol5ce ( ! passions4 ,su*1 = example1 is ! notion prevail+ 9 _m c\ntry di/ricts ( ,engl&1 t ! m>riage c]emony has a retrospective virtue1 cancell+ previ\s immorality2 & su* too is ! cu/om s g5]al among "s classes on ! ,cont95t ( =m+ p]man5t connections )\t ! sanction ei!r ( a legal or a religi\s c]emony4 ,h[ev] deeply su* facts may be repreh5d$ & deplor$1 x w\ld be obvi\sly absurd to inf] f !m t ! nations 9 :i* !y are mo/ prom95t are mo/ conspicu\s = ! uncontroll$ viol5ce ( _! s5sual passions4 ,9 ,sw$51 :i* long rank$ among ! l[e/ 9 ! moral scale1 if measur$ by ! numb] ( illegitimate bir?s1 ! *ief cause appe>s to h be5 ! difficulties ) :i* legislators surr\nd$ m>riage47#ade7 ,ev5 9 displays ( actual & viol5t passion1 !re are di/9ctions to be drawn :i* /ati/ics are :olly unable to rea*4 ,! co>se1 cynical1 & o/5tati\s s5suality :i* =ms ! mo/ repulsive feature ( ! ,fr5* "*1 ! dreamy1 languid1 & /hetical s5suality ( ! ,spani>d or ! ,italian1 ! furtive & retir+ s5suality ( "s nor!rn nations1 ?\gh all =ms ( ! same vice1 are widely diff]5t feel+s1 & ex]cise widely diff]5t effects ^u ! prevail+ disposition4 ,9 addition to ! v important influ5ce ^u public morals :i* climate1 ,i ?9k1 und\bt$ly ex]cises 9 /imulat+ or allay+ ! passions1 x has a p[]ful indirect action ^u ! position1 "*1 & ta/es ( wom51 by det]m9+ ! preval5ce ( indoor or out-(-door life1 & also ! classes among :om ! gift ( beauty is diffus$4 ,9 nor!rn c\ntries ! prevail+ ca/ ( beauty dep5ds r on col\r ?an on =m4 ,x consi/s *iefly ( a fre%ness & delicacy ( complexion :i* sev]e lab\r & con/ant exposure necess>ily de/roy1 & :i* is !re=e r>ely f\nd 9 ! highe/ p]fection among ! v poor4 ,b ! s\!rn type is ess5tially democratic4 ,! fi]ce rays ( ! sun only mell[ & mature its *>ms4 ,its mo/ p]fect examples may be f\nd 9 ! hovel z 9 ! palace1 & ! effects ( ?is diffusion ( beauty may be trac$ bo? 9 ! mann]s & ! morals ( ! p4 ,x is probable t ! obs]vance ( ?is =m ( virtue is naturally mo/ /rict 9 a rude & semi-civilis$ b n b>b>\s p1 & t a v ref9$ civilisation is n (t5 fav\rable to its gr[?4 ,s5suality is ! vice ( "y m5 & ( old nations4 ,a languid epicureanism is ! normal condition ( nations :i* h atta9$ a high intellectual or social civilisation1 b :i*1 ?r\gh political causes1 h no adequate sph]e = ! ex]tion ( _! en]gies4 ,! temptation aris+ f ! great weal? ( "s1 & f ! fev]i% long+ = luxury & excit+ pleasures 9 o!rs1 :i* exi/s 9 all l>ge t[ns1 has be5 peculi>ly fatal to female virtue1 & ! :ole t5d5cy ( ! public amusem5ts ( civilisation is 9 ! same direction4 ,! rude combats :i* =m ! *ief enjoym5ts ( b>b>ians produce cruelty4 ,! dramatic & arti/ic ta/es & ! social habits ( ref9$ m5 produce s5suality4 ,education raises _m poor wom5 to a /age ( ref9em5t t makes !m suitable companions = m5 ( a high] rank1 & n suitable = ^? ( _! own4 ,indu/rial pursuits h1 inde$1 a fav\rable influ5ce 9 promot+ habits ( self-re/ra9t1 & especially 9 *eck+ ! lic5ce ( milit>y life2 b on ! o!r h&1 !y greatly increase temptation by enc\rag+ po/ponem5t ( m>riage1 & 9 communities1 ev5 m ?an 9 individuals1 moral inequalities are mu* m due to diff]5ces ( temptation ?an to diff]5ces ( self-re/ra9t4 ,9 l>ge bodies ( m5 a consid]able increase ( temptation always br+s ) x an increase1 ?\gh n necess>ily a proportionate increase1 ( vice4 ,among ! *ecks on excessive multiplication1 ! hi/orical influ5ce ( volunt>y cont95ce has be51 x mu/ be fe>$1 v small4 ,physical & moral evils h alone be5 decisive1 & z ^! =m ! two opposite weights1 we unhappily v frequ5tly f9d t ! dim9ution ( ! "o has be5 foll[$ by ! increase ( ! o!r4 ,! ne>ly univ]sal cu/om ( e>ly m>riages among ! ,iri% peasantry has alone r5d]$ possible t high /&>d ( female *a/ity1 t int5se & jeal\s s5sitiv5ess respect+ female hon\r1 = :i*1 among _m fail+s & "s vices1 ! ,iri% poor h long be5 pre-em95t 9 ,europe2 b ^! v m>riages are ! mo/ conspicu\s pro(s ( ! national improvid5ce1 & "o ( ! mo/ fatal ob/acles to indu/rial prosp]ity4 ,_h ! ,iri% peasants be5 less *a/e1 !y w\ld h be5 m prosp]\s4 ,_h t fe>ful fam9e1 :i* 9 ! pres5t c5tury desolat$ ! l&1 fall5 ^u a p :o ?\ght m ( accumulat+ subsi/5ce ?an ( avoid+ s91 multitudes might n[ be liv+ :o p]i%$ by lit]al />vation on ! dre>y hills ( ,lim]ick or ,skibb]e54 ,! example ( ,irel& furni%es u1 h[ev]1 ) a rem>kable in/ance ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! influ5ce ( a moral feel+ may act beyond ! circum/ances t gave x bir?4 ,!re is no fact 9 ,iri% hi/ory m s+ul> ?an ! complete1 &1 ,i believe1 unp>allel$ abs5ce among ! ,iri% prie/hood ( ^? moral sc&als :i* 9 e cont95tal c\ntry occasionally prove ! dang] ( v[s ( celibacy4 ,! unsuspect$ purity ( ! ,iri% prie/s 9 ?is respect is ! m rem>kable1 because1 ! gov]nm5t ( ! c\ntry be+ ,prote/ant1 !re is no special inquisitorial legislation to ensure x1 because ( ! almo/ unb\nd$ influ5ce ( ! cl]gy ov] _! p>i%ion]s1 & also because if any j cause ( suspicion exi/$1 9 ! fi]ce sect>ianism ( ,iri% public op9ion1 x w\ld assur$ly be magnifi$4 ,consid]ations ( climate are q inadequate to expla9 ?is fact2 b ! *ief cause is1 ,i ?9k1 suffici5tly obvi\s4 ,! habit ( m>ry+ at ! fir/ developm5t ( ! passions has produc$ among ! ,iri% peasantry1 f :om ! prie/s = ! mo/ "p spr+1 an extremely /rong feel+ ( ! iniquity ( irregul> sexual indulg5ce1 :i* reta9s its p[] ev5 ov] ^? :o are b\nd to p]petual celibacy4 ,x w appe> evid5t f ! =ego+ consid]ations t1 :ile ! ess5tial nature ( virtue & vice is unalt]$1 !re is a p]petual1 & 9 "s bran*es an ord]ly & necess>y *ange1 z society advances1 bo? 9 ! proportionate value atta*$ to diff]5t virtues 9 !ory1 & 9 ! p]fection 9 :i* !y are realis$ 9 practice4 ,x w appe> too t1 :ile !re may be 9 societies su* a ?+ z moral improvem5t1 !re is r>ely or nev]1 on a l>ge scale1 su* a ?+ z unmix$ improvem5t4 ,we may ga9 m ?an we lose1 b we always lose some?+4 ,!re are virtues :i* are cont9ually dy+ away ) advanc+ civilisation1 & ev5 ! l[e/ /age possesses its di/9ctive excell5ce4 ,!re is no spectacle m pite\s or m horrible to a good man ?an t ( an oppress$ nationality wri?+ 9 angui% b5ea? a tyrant's yoke2 b !re is no condition 9 :i* passionate1 unque/ion+ self-sacrifice & h]oic c\rage1 & ! true s5tim5t ( frat]nity are m gr&ly elicit$1 & x is probable t ! triumph ( lib]ty w 9 ^! =ms n only less5 ! moral p]=mances1 b ev5 weak5 ! moral capacities ( mank9d4 ,w> is1 no d\bt1 a fe>ful evil1 b x is ! se$-plot ( magnanim\s virtues1 :i* 9 a pacific age mu/ )] & decay4 ,ev5 ! gambl+-table fo/]s among its m skilful vot>ies a k9d ( moral n]ve1 a capacity = be>+ losses ) calmness1 & controll+ ! =ce ( ! desires1 :i* is sc>cely exhibit$ 9 equal p]fection 9 any o!r sph]e4 ,!re is /ill s great a div]sity ( civilisation 9 exi/+ nations t trav]s+ tracts ( space is almo/ l trav]s+ tracts ( "t1 = x br+s u 9 contact ) liv+ repres5tatives ( ne>ly e phase ( pa/ civilisation4 ,b ^! diff]5ces are rapidly disappe>+ be=e ! unp>allel$ diffusion & simplification ( k1 ! /ill m amaz+ progress 9 means ( locomotion1 & ! political & milit>y causes t are manife/ly conv]t+ ,europe into a f$]ation ( va/ c5tralis$ & democratic ,/ates4 ,ev5 to ^? :o believe t ! lead+ *anges are on ! :ole b5eficial1 !re is mu* t is melan*oly 9 ?is revolution4 ,^? small ,/ates :i* w soon h disappe>$ f ! map ( ,europe1 besides _! va/ sup]iority to mo/ great empires 9 f9ancial prosp]ity1 9 ! mat]ial well-be+ ( ! inhabitants1 & 9 _m cases 9 political lib]ty1 pacific ta/es1 & intellectual progress1 =m "o ( ! *ief refuges ( t _s ( cont5t1 repose1 & retrospective rev]5ce :i* is pre-em95tly want+ 9 mod]n civilisation1 & _! security is 9 e age "o ( ! lea/ equivocal measures ( int]national morality4 ,! mona/ic sy/em1 h[ev] p]nici\s :5 enl>g$ to excess1 has und\bt$ly contribut$ to ! happ9ess ( ! _w1 by supply+ an asylum especially suit$ to a c]ta9 type ( "*2 & t v9dictive & %ort-sight$ revolution :i* is extirpat+ x f ,europe is de/roy+ "o ( ! be/ correctives ( ! excessive indu/rialism ( our age4 ,x is = ! advantage ( a nation t x %\ld atta9 ! mo/ advanc$ exi/+ type ( progress1 b x is extremely que/ionable :e!r x is = ! advantage ( ! community at l>ge t all nations %\ld atta9 ! same type1 ev5 :5 x is ! mo/ advanc$4 ,! influ5ce ( v v>i\s circum/ances is absolutely necess>y to p]fect moral developm5t4 ,h5ce1 "o ( ! great political advantages ( class repres5tation1 :i* br+s )9 ! range ( politics a f> great] v>iety bo? ( capacities & moral qualities ?an c be exhibit$ :5 "o class has an exclusive or ov]:elm+ly prepond]at+ influ5ce1 & also ( het]og5e\s empires1 9 :i* diff]5t degrees ( civilisation produce diff]5t k9ds ( excell5ce :i* react ^u & complete "o ano!r4 ,9 ! rude "w ( ,india & ,au/ralia a type ( "* is =m$ :i* ,engl& c\ld ill af=d to lose4 ,! rem>ks ,i h n[ made w be suffici5t1 ,i hope1 to ?r[ "s light ^u ^? great que/ions conc]n+ ! relations ( intellectual & moral progress :i* h ( late ye>s attract$ s l>ge an am\nt ( att5tion4 ,x has be5 cont5d$ t ! hi/orian ( human progress %\ld conc5trate 8 att5tion exclusively on ! intellectual elem5ts2 = !re is no su* ?+ z moral hi/ory1 morals be+ ess5tially /ation>y1 & ! rude/ b>b>ians be+ 9 ?is respect z f> advanc$ z ourselves4 ,9 opposition to ?is view1 ,i h ma9ta9$ t :ile :at may be t]m$ ! primal elem5ts ( morals are unalt]$1 !re is a p]petual *ange 9 ! /&>d :i* is exact$1 & also 9 ! relative value atta*$ to p>ticul> virtues1 & t ^! *anges con/itute "o ( ! mo/ important bran*es ( g5]al hi/ory4 ,x has be5 cont5d$ by o!r writ]s t1 al?\gh su* *anges d take place1 & al?\gh !y play an extremely great "p 9 ! _w1 !y mu/ be look$ ^u z ! result ( intellectual causes1 *anges 9 k produc+ *anges 9 morals4 ,9 ?is view1 z we h se51 !re is "s tru?1 b x c only1 ,i ?9k1 be accept$ ) great qualification4 ,x is "o ( ! pla9e/ ( facts t nei!r ! individuals nor ! ages mo/ di/+ui%$ = intellectual a*ievem5ts h be5 mo/ di/+ui%$ = moral excell5ce1 & t a high intellectual & mat]ial civilisation has (t5 coexi/$ ) mu* depravity4 ,9 "s respects ! conditions ( intellectual gr[? are n fav\rable to moral gr[?4 ,! agglom]ation ( m5 9 great cities--:i* are always ! c5tres ( progress & enlight5m5t--is "o ( ! mo/ important causes ( mat]ial & intellectual advance3 b great t[ns are ! peculi> se$-plots ( vice1 & x is extremely que/ionable :e!r !y produce any special & equival5t effloresc5ce ( virtue1 = ev5 ! social virtues are probably m cultivat$ 9 small populations1 :]e m5 live 9 m intimate relations4 ,_m ( ! mo/ spl5did outbur/s ( moral en?usiasm may be trac$ to an ov]:elm+ =ce ( conviction r>ely f\nd 9 v cultivat$ m9ds1 :i* are ke5ly s5sible to possibilities ( error1 conflict+ argum5ts1 & qualify+ circum/ances4 ,civilisation has on ! :ole be5 m successful 9 repress+ crime ?an 9 repress+ vice4 ,x is v fav\rable to ! g5tl]1 *>itable1 & social virtues1 &1 :]e slav]y does n exi/1 to ! indu/rial virtues1 & x is ! especial nurse ( ! intellectual virtues2 b x is 9 g5]al n equally fav\rable to ! production ( self-sacrifice1 en?usiasm1 rev]5ce1 or *a/ity4 ,! moral *anges1 h[ev]1 :i* are effect$ by civilisation may ultimately be ascrib$ *iefly to intellectual causes1 = ^! lie at ! root ( ! :ole /ructure ( civilis$ life4 ,sometimes1 z we h se51 intellectual causes act directly1 b m frequ5tly !y h only an indirect influ5ce1 produc+ habits ( life :i* 9 _! turn produce new conceptions ( duty4 ,! morals ( m5 are m gov]n$ by _! pursuits ?an by _! op9ions4 ,a type ( virtue is fir/ =m$ by circum/ances1 & m5 aft]w>ds make x ! model ^u :i* _! !ories are fram$4 ,?us geographical or o!r circum/ances1 t make "o nation milit>y & ano!r indu/rial1 w produce 9 ea* a realis$ type ( excell5ce1 & correspond+ conceptions ab\t ! relative importance ( diff]5t virtues widely diff]5t f ^? :i* are produc$ 9 ! o!r1 & ?is may be ! case al?\gh ! am\nt ( k 9 ! two communities is sub/antially equal4 ,hav+ discuss$ ^! que/ions z fully z ! nature ( my subject requires1 ,i w conclude ?is *apt] by notic+ a few v preval5t errors 9 ! moral judgm5ts ( hi/ory1 & w also endeav\r to elucidate "s important consequ5ces t may be d$uc$ f ! nature ( moral types4 ,x is probable t ! moral /&>d ( mo/ m5 is mu* l[] 9 political judgm5ts ?an 9 private matt]s 9 :i* _! own int]e/s are conc]n$4 ,!re is no?+ m common ?an = m5 :o 9 private life are models ( ! mo/ scrupul\s integrity to ju/ify or excuse ! mo/ flagrant acts ( political di%one/y & viol5ce2 & we %\ld be altoge!r mi/ak5 if we argu$ rigidly f su* approvals to ! g5]al moral s5tim5ts ( ^? :o utt] !m4 ,n unfrequ5tly too1 by a curi\s moral p>adox1 political crimes are closely connect$ ) national virtues4 ,a p :o are submissive1 g5tle1 & loyal1 fall by reason ( ^! v qualities "u a despotic gov]nm5t2 b ?is uncontroll$ p[] has nev] fail$ to ex]cise a mo/ p]nici\s influ5ce on rul]s1 & _! num]\s acts ( rapacity & aggression be+ attribut$ 9 hi/ory to ! nation !y repres5t1 ! national "* is :olly mis9t]pret$47#adf7 ,!re are also p>ticul> k9ds bo? ( virtue & ( vice :i* appe> prom95tly be=e ! _w1 :ile o!rs ( at lea/ equal influ5ce almo/ escape ! notice ( hi/ory4 ,?us1 = example1 ! sect>ian animosities1 ! horrible p]secutions1 ! bl9d hatr$ ( progress1 ! ung5]\s support ( e gall+ disqualification & re/ra9t1 ! int5se class selfi%ness1 ! ob/9ately protract$ def5ce ( intellectual & political sup]/ition1 ! *ildi% b :imsically f]oci\s qu>rels ab\t m9ute dogmatic di/9ctions1 or dresses1 or c&le/icks1 :i* con/itute toge!r ! ma9 features ( ecclesia/ical hi/ory1 might naturally1 ?\gh v unju/ly1 lead m5 to place ! ecclesia/ical type 9 almo/ ! l[e/ rank1 bo? intellectually & morally4 ,^! are1 9 fact1 ! displays ( ecclesia/ical influ5ce :i* /& 9 bold relief 9 ! pages ( hi/ory4 ,! civilis+ & moralis+ influ5ce ( ! cl]gyman 9 8 p>i%1 ! simple1 uno/5tati\s1 unselfi% zeal ) :i* he educates ! ignorant1 guides ! err+1 com=ts ! sorr[+1 braves ! horrors ( pe/il5ce1 & %$s a hall[+ influ5ce ov] ! dy+ h\r1 ! c\ntless ways 9 :i*1 9 8 little sph]e1 he allays evil passions1 & s(t5s mann]s1 & elevates & purifies ^? ar\nd him--all ^! ?+s1 ?\gh v evid5t to ! detail$ obs]v]1 d n /& out 9 ! same vivid prom95ce 9 hi/orical records1 & are cont9ually =gott5 by hi/orians4 ,x is always haz>d\s to argue f ! "* ( a corporation to ! "* ( ! memb]s :o compose x1 b 9 no o!r case is ?is me?od ( judgm5t s fallaci\s z 9 ! hi/ory ( ecclesia/ics1 = !re is no o!r class ^: di/9ctive excell5ces are less app>5t1 & ^: m5tal & moral defects are m gl>+ly conspicu\s 9 corporate action4 ,9 diff]5t nations1 aga91 ! motives ( virtue are widely diff]5t1 & s]i\s misconceptions arise f ! application to "o nation ( ! measure ( ano!r4 ,?us ! *ief national virtues ( ! ,fr5* p result f an int5se p[] ( sympa?y1 :i* is also ! f\ndation ( "s ( _! mo/ beautiful intellectual qualities1 ( _! social habits1 & ( _! unrivall$ influ5ce 9 ,europe4 ,no o!r nation has s habitual & vivid a sympa?y ) great /ruggles = fre$om beyond its bord]4 ,no o!r lit]ature exhibits s expansive & cum5ical a g5ius1 or exp\nds s skilfully1 or appreciates s g5]\sly1 =eign ideas4 ,9 h>dly any o!r l& w\ld a dis9t]e/$ w> = ! support ( a suff]+ nationality f9d s l>ge an am\nt ( support4 ,! national crimes ( ,france are _m & griev\s1 b mu* w be =giv5 h] because %e lov$ mu*4 ,! ,anglo-,saxon nations1 on ! o!r h&1 ?\gh sometimes r\s$ to /rong b transi5t en?usiasm1 are habitually s+ul>ly n>r[1 unappreciative1 & unsympa!tic4 ,! great s\rce ( _! national virtue is ! s5se ( duty1 ! p[] ( pursu+ a c\rse :i* !y believe to be "r1 indep5d5tly ( all consid]ations ( sympa?y or fav\r1 ( en?usiasm or success4 ,o!r nations h f> surpass$ !m 9 _m qualities t are beautiful1 & 9 "s qualities t are great4 ,x is ! m]it ( ! ,anglo-,saxon race t beyond all o!rs x has produc$ m5 ( ! /amp ( a ,wa%+ton or a ,hampd52 m5 c>eless1 inde$1 = glory1 b v c>eful ( hon\r2 :o made ! supreme maje/y ( moral rectitude ! guid+ pr9ciple ( _! lives1 :o prov$ 9 ! mo/ try+ circum/ances t no allurem5ts ( ambition1 & no /orms ( passion1 c\ld cause !m to deviate "o hair's bread? f ! c\rse !y believ$ to be _! duty4 ,?is 0 also a ,roman *>act]i/ic--especially t ( ,m>cus ,aurelius4 ,! unwe>y1 uno/5tati\s1 & +lori\s crusade ( ,engl& aga9/ slav]y may probably be reg>d$ z among ! ?ree or f\r p]fectly virtu\s pages compris$ 9 ! hi/ory ( nations4 ,al?\gh x _c be said t any virtue is ! negation ( ano!r1 x is und\bt$ly true t virtues are naturally gr\p$ accord+ to pr9ciples ( aff9ity or congruity1 :i* are ess5tial to ! unity ( ! type4 ,! h]oical1 ! amiable1 ! indu/rial1 ! intellectual virtues =m 9 ?is mann] di/9ct gr\ps2 & 9 "s cases ! developm5t ( "o gr\p is incompatible1 n inde$ ) ! exi/5ce1 b ) ! prom95ce ( o!rs4 ,cont5t _c be ! lead+ virtue 9 a society animat$ by an int5se indu/rial _s1 nor submission nor tol]ance ( injuries 9 a society =m$ ^u a milit>y type1 nor intellectual virtues 9 a society :]e a believ+ _s is made ! ess5tial ( goodness1 yet ea* ( ^! conditions is ! special sph]e ( "s p>ticul> class ( virtues4 ,! di/9ctive beauty ( a moral type dep5ds n s mu* on ! elem5ts ( :i* x is compos$1 z on ! proportions 9 :i* ^? elem5ts are comb9$4 ,! *>act]s ( ,socrates1 ( ,cato1 ( ,bay>d1 ( ,fnelon1 & ( ,/4 ,francis are all beautiful1 b !y diff] g5]ically1 & n simply 9 degrees ( excell5ce4 ,to endeav\r to imp>t to ,cato ! di/9ctive *>m ( ,/4 ,francis1 or to ,/4 ,francis t ( ,cato1 w\ld be z absurd z to endeav\r to unite 9 a s+le /atue ! beauties ( ! ,apollo & ! ,laocoon1 or 9 a s+le l&scape ! beauties ( ! twilight & ( ! m]idian sun4 ,take away pride f ! anci5t ,/oic or ! mod]n ,engli%man1 & y w\ld h de/roy$ ! basis ( _m ( 8 noble/ virtues1 b humility 0 ! v pr9ciple & root ( ! moral qualities ( ! monk4 ,!re is no quality virtu\s 9 a woman t is n also virtu\s 9 a man1 yet t disposition or hi]>*y ( virtues :i* con/itutes a p]fect woman w\ld be :olly unsuit$ = a p]fect man4 ,! moral is 9 ?is respect l ! physical type4 ,! beauty ( man is n ! beauty ( woman1 nor ! beauty ( ! *ild z ! beauty ( ! adult1 nor ! beauty ( an ,italian z ! beauty ( an ,engli%woman4 ,all types ( "* are n good1 z all types ( c\nt5ance are n beautiful2 b !re are _m di/9ct ca/s ( goodness1 z !re are _m di/9ct ca/s ( beauty4 ,?is mo/ important tru? may be /at$ 9 a some:at diff]5t =m4 ,:5ev] a man is em95tly defici5t 9 any virtue1 x1 ( c\rse1 foll[s t 8 "* is imp]fect1 b x does n necess>ily foll[ t he is n 9 o!r respects moral & virtu\s4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 usually "s "o virtue1 :i* ,i may t]m rudim5t>y1 :i* is br\ght =w>d s prom95tly be=e ! _w1 z ! fir/ condition ( moral excell5ce1 t x may be safely inf]r$ t a man :o has absolutely neglect$ x is entirely indiff]5t to moral culture4 ,rudim5t>y virtues v>y 9 diff]5t ages1 nations1 & classes4 ,?us1 9 ! great republics ( antiquity patriotism 0 rudim5t>y1 = x 0 s assidu\sly cultivat$1 t x appe>$ at once ! mo/ obvi\s & ! mo/ ess5tial ( duties4 ,among ourselves mu* private virtue may co-exi/ ) complete indiff]5ce to national int]e/s4 ,9 ! mona/ic p]iod1 & 9 a some:at diff]5t =m 9 ! age ( *ivalry1 a _s ( rev]5tial ob$i5ce 0 rudim5t>y1 & ! basis ( all moral progress2 b we may n[ frequ5tly f9d a good man )\t x1 8 moral en]gies hav+ be5 cultivat$ 9 o!r directions4 ,common tru?fulness & hone/y1 z ,i h already said1 are rudim5t>y virtues 9 indu/rial societies1 b n 9 o!rs4 ,*a/ity1 9 ,engl& at lea/1 is a rudim5t>y female virtue1 b sc>cely a rudim5t>y virtue among m51 & x has n be5 9 all ages1 & is n n[ 9 all c\ntries1 rudim5t>y among wom54 ,!re is no m important task devolv+ ^u a moral hi/orian1 ?an to discov] 9 ea* p]iod ! rudim5t>y virtue1 = x regulates 9 a great degree ! position assign$ to all o!rs4 ,f ! consid]ations ,i h urg$1 x w appe> t !re is consid]able dang] 9 propos+ too absolutely a s+le "*1 h[ev] admirable1 z ! model to :i* all m5 mu/ necess>ily con=m4 ,a "* may be p]fect 9 its own k9d1 b no "* c possibly embrace all types ( p]fection2 =1 z we h se51 ! p]fection ( a type dep5ds n only ^u ! virtues t con/itute x1 b also ^u ! ord] & prom95ce assign$ to !m4 ,all t c be expect$ 9 an ideal is1 t x %\ld be p]fect ( its own k9d1 & %\ld exhibit ! type mo/ ne$$ 9 its age1 & mo/ widely useful to mank9d4 ,! ,*ri/ian type is ! glorification ( ! amiable1 z ! ,/oic type 0 t ( ! h]oic qualities1 & ?is is "o ( ! reasons :y ,*ri/ianity is s mu* m fitt$ ?an ,/oicism to preside ov] civilisation1 = ! m society is organis$ & civilis$1 ! great] is ! scope = ! amiable1 & ! less = ! h]oic qualities4 ,! hi/ory ( t moral intol]ance :i* endeav\rs to r$uce all *>act]s to a s+le type has nev]1 ,i ?9k1 be5 exam9$ z x des]ves1 & ,i %all frequ5tly h occasion to adv]t to x 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,no "o c h fail$ to obs]ve h[ common x is = m5 to make _! own ta/es or excell5ces ! measure ( all goodness1 pron\nc+ all t is broadly diff]5t f !m to be imp]fect or l[1 or ( a second>y value4 ,& ?is1 :i* is usually attribut$ to vanity1 is probably 9 mo/ cases mu* m due to feebl5ess ( imag9ation1 to ! difficulty mo/ m5 h 9 conceiv+ 9 _! m9ds an ord] ( "* fundam5tally diff]5t f _! own4 ,a good man c usually sympa?ise mu* m ) a v imp]fect "* ( 8 own type ?an ) a f> m p]fect "o ( a diff]5t type4 ,to ?is cause1 q z mu* z to hi/orical causes or occasional div]g5ces ( int]e/1 may be trac$ ! extreme difficulty ( effect+ cordial int]national fri5d%ips1 especially 9 ^? cases :5 a diff]5ce ( race co9cides ) ! diff]5ce ( nationality4 ,ea* nation has a di/9ct type ( excell5ce1 ea* e/eems ! virtues 9 :i* x excels1 & 9 :i* its neighb\rs are (t5 mo/ defici5t1 incomp>ably ! greate/4 ,ea* reg>ds ) especial antipa?y ! vices f :i* x is mo/ free1 & to :i* its neighb\rs maybe mo/ addict$4 ,h5ce arises a m+l$ feel+ ( contempt & dislike1 f :i* ! m enlight5$ m9ds are1 inde$1 soon emancipat$1 b :i* con/itutes ! popul> s5tim5t4 ,! type ( "* ( e individual dep5ds p>tly ^u innate temp]am5t & p>tly ^u ext]nal circum/ances4 ,a w>like1 a ref9$1 an indu/rial society ea* evokes & requires its specific qualities1 & produces its appropriate type4 ,if a man ( a diff]5t type arise--if1 = example1 a man =m$ by nature to exhibit to ! highe/ p]fection ! virtues ( g5tl5ess or meekness1 be born 9 ! mid/ ( a fi]ce milit>y society--he w f9d no suitable scope = action1 he w j> ) 8 age1 & 8 type w be reg>d$ ) disfav\r4 ,& ! effect ( ?is opposition is n simply t he w n be appreciat$ z he des]ves1 he w also nev] succe$ 9 develop+ 8 own di/9ctive virtues z !y w\ld h be5 develop$ "u o!r circum/ances4 ,ev]y?+ w be aga9/ him--! =ce ( education1 ! habits ( society1 ! op9ions ( mank9d1 ev5 8 own s5se ( duty4 ,all ! highe/ models ( excell5ce ab\t him be+ =m$ on a diff]5t type1 8 v ef=ts to improve 8 be+ w dull ! qualities 9 :i* nature int5d$ him to excel4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 a man ) naturally h]oic qualities be born 9 a society :i* pre-em95tly values h]oism1 he w n only be m appreciat$1 he w also1 "u ! concurr5ce ( fav\rable circum/ances1 c>ry 8 h]oism to a f> high] po9t ?an w\ld o!rwise h be5 possible4 ,h5ce *ang+ circum/ances produce *ang+ types1 & h5ce1 too1 ! possibility ( moral hi/ory & ! necessity ( unit+ x ) g5]al hi/ory4 ,religions1 consid]$ z moral tea*]s1 are realis$ & effective only :5 _! moral tea*+ is 9 con=mity ) ! t5d5cy ( _! age4 ,if any "p ( x is n s1 t "p w be ei!r op5ly ab&on$1 or ref9$ away1 or tacitly neglect$4 ,among ! anci5ts1 ! co-exi/5ce ( ! ,epicurean & ,/oical s*ools1 :i* (f]$ to ! _w two entirely diff]5t ar*etypes ( virtue1 secur$ 9 a v rem>kable mann] ! recognition ( diff]5t k9ds ( excell5ce2 = al?\gh ea* ( ^! s*ools (t5 atta9$ a pre-em95ce1 nei!r ev] succe$$ 9 :olly de/roy+ or discr$it+ ! o!r4 ,( ! two elem5ts t compose ! moral condition ( mank9d1 our g5]alis$ k is almo/ re/rict$ to "o4 ,we "k mu* ( ! ways 9 :i* political1 social1 or intellectual causes act ^u "*1 b sc>cely any?+ ( ! laws t gov]n innate disposition1 ( ! reasons & ext5t ( ! natural moral div]sities ( individuals or races4 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 t mo/ p]sons :o reflect ^u ! subject w conclude t ! progress ( m$ic9e1 reveal+ ! physical causes ( diff]5t moral pr$ispositions1 is likely to place a v l>ge measure ( k on ?is po9t )9 our rea*4 ,( all ! great bran*es ( human k1 m$ic9e is t 9 :i* ! accompli%$ results are mo/ obvi\sly imp]fect & provisional1 9 :i* ! field ( unrealis$ possibilities is mo/ ext5sive1 & f :i*1 if ! human m9d 7 direct$ to x1 z x has be5 dur+ ! pa/ c5tury to locomotive & o!r indu/rial inv5tions1 ! mo/ spl5did results might be expect$4 ,our almo/ absolute ignorance ( ! causes ( "s ( ! mo/ fatal diseases1 & ! empirical nature ( ne>ly all our be/ m$ical treatm5t1 h be5 (t5 recognis$4 ,! m$ic9e ( inhalation is /ill 9 its infancy1 & yet x is by inhalation t ,nature produces mo/ ( h] diseases1 & effects mo/ ( h] cures4 ,! m$ical p[] ( electricity1 :i* ( all kn[n ag5cies be>s mo/ resemblance to life1 is almo/ unexplor$4 ,! discov]y ( an/hetics has 9 our own day op5$ out a field ( ine/imable importance1 & ! prov$ possibility1 "u c]ta9 physical conditions1 ( gov]n+ by ext]nal sugge/ions ! :ole curr5t ( ! feel+s & emotions1 may possibly contribute yet fur!r to ! alleviation ( suff]+1 & p]haps to t eu?anasia :i* ,bacon propos$ to physicians z an end ( _! art4 ,b 9 ! eyes bo? ( ! philan?ropi/ & ( ! philosoph]1 ! greate/ ( all results to be expect$ 9 ?is1 or p]haps any o!r field1 are1 ,i conceive1 to be look$ = 9 ! /udy ( ! relations betwe5 our physical & our moral natures4 ,he :o raises moral pa?ology to a sci5ce1 exp&+1 sy/ematis+1 & apply+ _m fragm5t>y obs]vations t h be5 already made1 w probably take a place among ! ma/] intellects ( mank9d4 ,! fa/+s & ble$+s ( ! m$ival monk1 ! m$ic9es = allay+ or /imulat+ ! s5sual passions1 ! treatm5t ( n]v\s diseases1 ! moral influ5ces ( insanity & ( ca/ration1 ! rese>*es ( phr5ology1 ! moral *anges t accompany ! successive /ages ( physical developm5ts1 ! in/ances ( diseases :i* h alt]$1 sometimes p]man5tly1 ! :ole complexion ( ! "*1 & h act$ ?r\gh ! "* ^u all ! intellectual judgm5ts17#adg7 are examples ( ! k9d ( facts ) :i* su* a sci5ce w\ld deal4 ,m9d & body are s closely connect$ t ev5 ^? :o mo/ e>ne/ly prote/ aga9/ mat]ialism readily admit t ea* acts cont9ually ^u ! o!r4 ,! sudd5 emotion t quick5s ! pulse1 & blan*es or flu%es ! *eek1 & ! effect ( fe> 9 pr$ispos+ to an epidemic1 are famili> in/ances ( ! action ( ! m9d ^u ! body1 & ! m p[]ful & p]man5t influ5ce ( ! body ^u ! disposition is atte/$ by c\ntless obs]vations4 ,x is probable t ?is action ext5ds to all p>ts ( our moral con/itution1 t e passion or *>act]i/ic t5d5cy has a physical pr$ispos+ cause1 & t if we 7 acqua9t$ ) ^!1 we might treat by m$ic9e ! _m v>ieties ( moral disease z sy/ematically z we n[ treat physical disease4 ,9 addition to its incalculable practical importance1 su* k w\ld h a great philosophical value1 ?r[+ a new light ^u ! filiation ( our moral qualities1 enabl+ u to treat exhau/ively ! moral influ5ce ( climate1 & )draw+ ! great "q ( ! influ5ce ( race f ! impressions ( isolat$ obs]v]s to place x on ! firm basis ( exp]im5t4 ,x w\ld ?us =m ! complem5t to ! lab\rs ( ! hi/orian4 ,su* discov]ies are1 h[ev]1 p]haps f> f atta9m5t1 & _! discussion does n fall )9 ! compass ( ?is "w4 ,my pres5t object is simply to trace ! action ( ext]nal circum/ances ^u morals1 to exam9e :at h be5 ! moral types propos$ z ideal 9 diff]5t ages1 9 :at degree !y h be5 realis$ 9 practice1 & by :at causes !y h be5 modifi$1 impair$1 or de/roy$4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,pagan ,,empire4 ,"o ( ! fir/ facts t mu/ /rike a /ud5t :o exam9es ! e?ical tea*+ ( ! anci5t civilisations is h[ imp]fectly t tea*+ 0 repres5t$1 & h[ feebly x 0 influ5c$ by ! popul> cre$4 ,! moral ideas _h at no "t be5 s\ght 9 ! actions ( ! gods1 & long be=e ! triumph ( ,*ri/ianity1 poly!ism _h ceas$ to h any great influ5ce ^u ! m cultivat$ intellects ( mank9d4 ,9 ,greece we may trace f ! e>lie/ "t ! foot/eps ( a religion ( nature1 :olly diff]5t f ! leg5ds ( ! my?ology4 ,! language 9 :i* ! fir/ ,greek dramati/s ass]t$ ! supreme au?ority & univ]sal provid5ce ( ,zeus 0 s emphatic1 t ! ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs commonly attribut$ x ei!r to direct inspiration or to a k ( ! ,jewi% writ+s1 :ile lat] !ologians ( ! s*ool ( ,cudwor? h argu$ f x 9 fav\r ( ! orig9al mono!ism ( our race4 ,! philosoph]s 7 always ei!r contemptu\s or ho/ile to ! prevail+ leg5ds4 ,py?agoras is said to h decl>$ t he _h se5 ,hesiod ti$ to a braz5 pill> 9 hell1 & ,hom] hung ^u a tree surr\nd$ by s]p5ts1 on acc\nt ( ! fables !y _h inv5t$ ab\t ! gods47#adh7 ,plato1 = ! same reason1 bani%$ ! poets f 8 republic4 ,/ilpo turn$ to ridicule ! :ole sy/em ( sacrifices17#adi7 & 0 exil$ f ,a!ns = d5y+ t ! ,a!ne ( ,phidias 0 a goddess47#aej7 ,x5ophanes rem>k$ t ea* nation attribut$ to ! gods its di/9ctive national type1 ! gods ( ! ?iopians be+ black1 ! gods ( ! ,?racians fair & blue-ey$47#aea7 ,diagoras & ,!odorus are said to h d5i$1 & ,protagoras to h que/ion$ ! exi/5ce ( ! gods17#aeb7 :ile ! ,epicureans deem$ !m :olly indiff]5t to human affairs1 & ! ,pyrrhoni/s pron\nc$ our faculties absolutely incapable ( atta9+ any sure k1 ei!r human or div9e4 ,! ,cynic ,anti/h5es said t !re 7 _m popul> gods1 b !re 0 only "o god ( nature47#aec7 ,! ,/oics1 reproduc+ an op9ion :i* 0 support$ by ,ari/otle & attribut$ to ,py?agoras17#aed7 believ$ 9 an all-p]vad+ s\l ( nature1 b unlike "s mod]n s*ools :i* h adopt$ ?is view1 !y ass]t$ 9 emphatic language ! doctr9e ( ,provid5ce1 & ! self-consci\sness ( ! ,deity4 ,9 ! ,roman republic & empire1 a g5]al scepticism _h likewise aris5 among ! philosoph]s z ! fir/ fruit ( intellectual developm5t1 & ! educat$ classes 7 spe$ily divid$ betwe5 av[$ or virtual a!i/s1 l ! ,epicureans17#aee7 & pure !i/s1 l ! ,/oics & ! ,platoni/s4 ,! fir/1 repres5t$ by su* writ]s z ,lucretius & ,petronius1 reg>d$ ! gods simply z ! creations ( fe>1 d5i$ e =m ( ,provid5ce1 attribut$ ! _w to a concurr5ce ( atoms1 & life to spontane\s g5]ation1 & reg>d$ x z ! *ief end ( philosophy to bani% z illusions ( ! imag9ation e =m ( religi\s belief4 ,! o!rs =m$ a m or less pan!i/ic conception ( ! ,deity1 ass]t$ ! exi/5ce ( a ,provid5ce17#aef7 b treat$ ) great contempt ! prevail+ leg5ds :i* !y endeav\r$ 9 v>i\s ways to expla94 ,! fir/ sy/ematic !ory ( explanation appe>s to h be5 t ( ! ,sicilian ,euhem]us1 ^: "w 0 translat$ by ,ennius4 ,he pret5d$ t ! gods 7 orig9ally k+s1 ^: hi/ory & g5ealogies he pr(ess$ to trace1 & :o aft] dea? _h be5 deifi$ by mank9d47#aeg7 ,ano!r attempt1 :i* 9 ! fir/ p]iod ( ,roman scepticism 0 m g5]ally popul>1 0 t ( "s ( ! ,/oics1 :o reg>d$ ! gods z p]sonifications ( ! diff]5t attributes ( ! ,deity1 or ( diff]5t =ces ( nature4 ,?us ,neptune 0 ! sea1 ,pluto 0 fire1 ,h]cules repres5t$ ! /r5g? ( ,god1 ,m9]va ,8 wisdom1 ,c]es ,8 f]tilis+ en]gy47#aeh7 ,m ?an a hundr$ ye>s be=e ! ,empire1 ,v>ro _h decl>$ t 8! s\l ( ! _w is ,god1 & t its p>ts are true div9ities407#aei7 ,virgil & ,manilius describ$1 9 l9es ( s+ul> beauty1 t univ]sal _s1 ! pr9ciple ( all life1 ! effici5t cause ( all motion1 :i* p]meates & animates ! globe4 ,pl9y said t 8! _w & sky1 9 ^: embrace all ?+s are enclos$1 mu/ be deem$ a god1 et]nal1 imm5se1 nev] begott51 & nev] to p]i%4 ,to seek ?+s beyond ?is is ( no pr(it to man1 & !y transc5d ! limits ( 8 faculties407#afj7 ,cic]o _h adopt$ ! high] ,platonic conception ( ! ,deity z m9d fre$ f all ta9t ( matt]17#afa7 :ile ,s5eca celebrat$ 9 magnific5t language 8,jupit] ! gu>dian & rul] ( ! univ]se1 ! s\l & _s1 ! "l & ma/] ( ?is mundane sph]e1 444 ! cause ( causes1 ^u :om all ?+s hang4444 ,^: wisdom ov]sees ! _w t x may move uncontroll$ 9 its c\rse1 444 f :om all ?+s proce$1 by ^: _s we live1 444 :o comprises all we see407#afb7 ,lucan1 ! great poet ( /oicism1 rose to a /ill high] /ra91 & to "o :i* /ill m accurately express$ ! s5tim5ts ( 8 s*ool1 :5 he describ$ ,jupit] z t maje/ic1 all-p]vasive _s1 ^: ?rone is virtue & ! univ]se47#afc7 ,qu9tilian def5d$ ! subjugation ( ! _w b5ea? ! sceptre ( a s+le man1 on ! gr\nd t x 0 an image ( ! gov]nm5t ( ,god4 ,o!r philosoph]s cont5t$ !mselves ) ass]t+ ! supreme au?ority ( ,jupit] ,maximus1 & r$uc+ ! o!r div9ities to m]e adm9i/rative & angelic functions1 or1 z ! ,platoni/s express$ x1 to ! position ( dmons4 ,accord+ to "s ( ! ,/oics1 a f9al cata/rophe w\ld consume ! univ]se1 ! resuscitat$ spirits ( m5 & all ^! m9or gods1 & ! :ole creation be+ absorb$ into ! great p>5t _s1 ,god w\ld be all 9 all4 ,! v *ildr5 & old wom5 ridicul$ ,c]b]us & ! ,furies7#afd7 or treat$ !m z m]e metaphors ( consci5ce47#afe7 ,9 ! deism ( ,cic]o ! popul> div9ities 7 disc>d$1 ! oracles refut$ & ridicul$1 ! :ole sy/em ( div9ation pron\nc$ a political impo/ure1 & ! g5esis ( ! miracul\s trac$ to ! exub]ance ( ! imag9ation1 & to c]ta9 diseases ( ! judgm5t47#aff7 ,be=e ! "t ( ,con/ant9e1 num]\s books _h be5 writt5 aga9/ ! oracles47#afg7 ,! great] numb] ( ^! _h actually ceas$1 & ! able/ writ]s ju/ly saw 9 ?is cessation an evid5ce ( ! decl9+ cr$ulity ( ! p1 & a pro( t ! oracles _h be5 a fruit ( t cr$ulity47#afh7 ,! ,/oics1 hold+1 z 0 _! cu/om1 alo( f direct religi\s discussion1 dissuad$ _! disciples f consult+ !m1 on ! gr\nd t ! gifts ( =tune 7 ( no acc\nt1 & t a good man %\ld be cont5t ) 8 consci5ce1 mak+ duty & n success ! object ( 8 life47#afi7 ,cato wond]$ t two augurs c\ld meet ) gravity47#agj7 ,! ,roman g5]al ,s]torius made ! =g]y ( auspici\s om5s a cont9ual res\rce 9 w>f>e47#aga7 ,! ,roman wits made div9ation ! fav\rite subject ( _! ridicule47#agb7 ,! d5unciation :i* ! e>ly ,greek morali/s laun*$ aga9/ ! popul> ascription ( immoral de$s to ! gods 0 e*o$ by a long s]ies ( lat] philosoph]s17#agc7 :ile ,ovid made ^! fables ! !me ( 8 mock+ ,metamorphoses1 & 9 8 mo/ immoral poem propos$ ,jupit] z a model ( vice4 ,) an irony n unlike t ( ,isaiah1 ,horace describ$ ! c>p5t] delib]at+ :e!r he %\ld conv]t a %apeless log into a b5* or into a god47#agd7 ,cic]o1 ,plut>*1 ,maximus ( ,tyre1 & ,dion ,*ryso/om ei!r d5\nc$ idolatry or def5d$ ! use ( images simply on ! gr\nd t !y 7 signs & symbols ( ! ,deity17#age7 well suit$ to aid ! devotions ( ! ignorant4 ,s5eca7#agf7 & ! :ole s*ool ( ,py?agoras object$ to ! sacrifices4 ,^! examples w be suffici5t to %[ h[ widely ! philosophic classes 9 ,rome 7 remov$ f ! pr(ess$ religion ( ! ,/ate1 & h[ necess>y x is to seek else:]e ! s\rces ( _! moral life4 ,b ! op9ions ( le>n$ m5 nev] reflect fai?fully ^? ( ! vulg>1 & ! *asm betwe5 ! two classes 0 ev5 wid] ?an at pres5t be=e ! dawn ( ,*ri/ianity & ! inv5tion ( pr9t+4 ,! a!i/ic en?usiasm ( ,lucretius & ! sceptical en?usiasm ( "s ( ! disciples ( ,c>neades 7 isolat$ ph5om5a1 & ! great majority ( ! anci5t philosoph]s1 :ile speculat+ ) ! utmo/ fre$om 9 private1 or 9 writ+s t 7 read by ! few1 c\nt5anc$1 practis$1 & ev5 def5d$ ! religi\s rites t !y despis$4 ,x 0 believ$ t _m diff]5t pa?s adapt$ to diff]5t nations & grades ( k conv]ge to ! same ,div9ity1 & t ! mo/ errone\s religion is good if x =ms good dispositions & inspires virtu\s actions4 ,! oracle ( ,delphi _h said t ! be/ religion is t ( a man's own city4 ,polybius & ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus1 :o reg>d$ all religions simply z political ag5cies1 dilat$ 9 raptur\s t]ms ^u ! devotion ( ! ,romans & ! comp>ative purity ( _! cre$47#agg7 ,v>ro op5ly pr(ess$ ! belief t !re are religi\s tru?s :i* x is exp$i5t t ! p %\ld n "k1 & falsehoods :i* !y %\ld believe to be true47#agh7 ,! ,academic ,cic]o & ! ,epicurean ,cs> 7 bo? high (fic]s ( religion4 ,! ,/oics taught t e man %\ld duly p]=m ! religi\s c]emonies ( 8 c\ntry47#agi7 ,b ! ,roman religion1 ev5 9 its be/ days1 ?\gh an admirable sy/em ( moral discipl9e1 0 nev] an indep5d5t s\rce ( moral en?usiasm4 ,x 0 ! creature ( ! ,/ate1 & d]iv$ its inspiration f political feel+4 ,! ,roman gods 7 n1 l ^? ( ! ,greeks1 ! creations ( an unbridl$ & irrev]5t fancy1 nor1 l ^? ( ! ,egyptians1 repres5tations ( ! =ces ( nature2 !y 7 = ! mo/ "p simple allegories1 frigid p]sonifications ( diff]5t virtues1 or presid+ spirits imag9$ = ! protection ( diff]5t dep>tm5ts ( indu/ry4 ,! religion e/abli%$ ! sanctity ( an oa?1 x gave a k9d ( (ficial consecration to c]ta9 virtues1 & commemorat$ special in/ances 9 :i* !y _h be5 display$2 its local "* /r5g!n$ patriotic feel+1 its wor%ip ( ! dead fo/]$ a vague belief 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l17#ahj7 x su/a9$ ! supremacy ( ! fa!r 9 ! family1 surr\nd$ m>riage ) _m impos+ solemnities1 & creat$ simple & rev]5t *>act]s pr(\ndly submissive to an ov]-rul+ ,provid5ce & scrupul\sly obs]vant ( sacr$ rites4 ,b ) all ?is x 0 purely selfi%4 ,x 0 simply a me?od ( obta9+ prosp]ity1 av]t+ calamity1 & read+ ! future4 ,anci5t ,rome produc$ _m h]oes1 b no sa9t4 ,its self-sacrifice 0 patriotic1 n religi\s4 ,its religion 0 nei!r an indep5d5t tea*] nor a s\rce ( inspiration1 al?\gh its rites m+l$ ) & /r5g!n$ "s ( ! be/ habits ( ! p4 ,b ^! habits1 & ! religi\s rev]5ce ) :i* !y 7 connect$1 soon disappe>$ amid ! immorality & decomposition t m>k$ ! clos+ ye>s ( ! ,republic & ! dawn ( ! ,empire4 ,! /]n simplicity ( life1 :i* ! c5sors _h s zeal\sly & (t5 s tyrannically en=c$17#aha7 0 ex*ang$ = a luxury :i* fir/ appe>$ aft] ! return ( ! army ( ,manlius f ,asia17#ahb7 increas$ to imm5se proportions aft] ! almo/ simultane\s conque/s ( ,c>?age1 ,cor9?1 & ,mac$onia17#ahc7 receiv$ an additional /imulus f ! example ( ,antony17#ahd7 & at la/1 "u ! ,empire1 rose to excesses :i* ! wilde/ ,ori5tal orgies h nev] surpass$47#ahe7 ,! complete subv]sion ( ! social & political sy/em ( ! ,republic1 ! an>*y ( civil w>1 ! ev]-increas+ conc\rse ( /rang]s1 br++ ) !m new philosophies1 cu/oms1 & gods1 _h dissolv$ or effac$ all ! old bonds ( virtue4 ,! simple juxtaposition ( _m =ms ( wor%ip effect$ :at c\ld n h be5 effect$ by ! mo/ sceptical lit]ature or ! mo/ audaci\s philosophy4 ,! moral influ5ce ( religion 0 almo/ annihilat$4 ,! feel+ ( rev]5ce 0 almo/ ext9ct4 ,augu/us solemnly degrad$ ! /atue ( ,neptune because 8 fleet _h be5 wreck$47#ahf7 ,:5 ,g]manicus di$1 ! populace /on$ or ov]?rew ! alt>s ( ! gods47#ahg7 ,! idea ( sanctity 0 s f> remov$ f ! popul> div9ities t x became a cont9ual compla9t t pray]s 7 (f]$ :i* ! mo/ deprav$ w\ld blu% to pron\nce al\d47#ahh7 ,amid ! corruption ( ! ,empire1 we meet ) _m noble ef=ts ( re=m made by philosoph]s or by emp]ors1 b we f9d sc>cely a trace ( ! moral influ5ce ( ! old religion4 ,! apo!osis ( ! emp]ors consummat$ its degradation4 ,! =eign gods 7 id5tifi$ ) ^? ( ,rome1 & all _! immoral leg5ds associat$ ) ! national cre$47#ahi7 ,! !atre greatly ext5d$ ! area ( scepticism4 ,cic]o m5tions ! ass5t+ plaudits ) :i* ! p he>d ! l9es ( ,ennius1 decl>+ t ! gods1 ?\gh real be+s1 take no c>e = ! ?+s ( man47#aij7 ,plut>* tells ( a spectator at a !atre ris+ up ) indignation aft] a recital ( ! crimes ( ,diana1 & exclaim+ to ! actor1 8,may y h a daught] l h] :om y h describ$607#aia7 ,/4 ,augu/9e & o!r ( ! ,fa!rs long aft] ridicul$ ! pagans :o satiris$ 9 ! !atres ! v gods !y wor%ipp$ 9 ! temples47#aib7 ,m5 7 /ill pr(\ndly sup]/iti\s1 b !y resort$ to ea* new religion z to a *>m or talisman ( especial p[]1 or a sy/em ( magic reveal+ ! future4 ,!re exi/$1 too1 to a v l>ge ext5t1 a k9d ( sup]/iti\s scepticism :i* occupies a v prom95t place 9 religi\s hi/ory4 ,!re 7 multitudes :o1 decl>+ t !re 7 no gods1 or t ! gods nev] int]f]$ ) human affairs1 pr(ess$ ) ! same brea? an absolute fai? 9 all port5ts1 auguries1 dreams1 & miracles4 ,innum]able natural objects1 su* z comets1 meteors1 e>?quakes1 or mon/r\s bir?s1 7 suppos$ to possess a k9d ( occult or magical virtue1 by :i* !y =e%ad[$1 & 9 "s cases influ5c$1 ! de/9ies ( m54 ,a/rology1 :i* is ! special repres5tative ( ?is mode ( ?\ght1 rose to great prom95ce4 ,! eld] ,pl9y notices t 9 8 "t a belief 0 rapidly ga9+ gr\nd1 bo? among ! le>n$ & among ! vulg>1 t ! :ole de/9y ( man is det]m9$ by ! /> t presides ov] 8 nativity2 t ,god1 hav+ orda9$ ?is1 nev] int]f]es ) human affairs1 & t ! reality ( ! port5ts is due to ?is pre-orda9m5t47#aic7 ,"o ( ! lat] hi/orians ( ! ,empire rem>ks t numb]s :o d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( any div9ity believ$ nev]!less t !y c\ld n safely appe> 9 public1 or eat or ba!1 unless !y _h fir/ c>efully consult$ ! almanac to asc]ta9 ! position ( ! planet ,m]cury1 or h[ f> ! moon 0 f ! ,crab47#aid7 ,except1 p]haps1 among ! peasants 9 ! c\ntry di/ricts1 ! ,roman religion1 9 ! la/ ye>s ( ! ,republic1 & 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,empire1 sc>cely exi/$1 except 9 ! /ate ( a sup]/ition1 & he :o w\ld exam9e ! true moral influ5ce ( ! "t mu/ turn to ! great s*ools ( philosophy :i* _h be5 import$ f ,greece4 ,! va/ place :i* ! rival sy/ems ( ,z5o & ,epicurus occupy 9 ! moral hi/ory ( mank9d1 & especially 9 ! clos+ ye>s ( ! empire ( paganism1 may easily lead u to exagg]ate ! creative g5ius ( _! f\nd]s1 :o1 9 fact1 did little m ?an give def9itions or intellectual expression to types ( excell5ce t _h at all times exi/$ 9 ! _w4 ,!re h ev] be5 /]n1 upright1 self-controll$1 & c\rage\s m51 actuat$ by a pure s5se ( duty1 capable ( high ef=ts ( self-sacrifice1 some:at intol]ant ( ! frailties ( o!rs1 some:at h>d & unsympa?is+ 9 ! ord9>y int]c\rse ( society1 b ris+ to h]oic gr&eur z ! /orm l[]$ ^u _! pa?1 & m ready to rel9qui% life ?an ! cause !y believ$ to be true4 ,!re h also always be5 m5 ( easy temp]s & ( amiable disposition1 g5tle1 b5evol5t1 & pliant1 cordial fri5ds & =giv+ enemies1 selfi% at he>t1 yet ev] ready1 :5 x is possible1 to unite _! gratifications ) ^? ( o!rs1 av]se to all en?usiasm1 my/icism1 utopias1 & sup]/ition1 ) little dep? ( "* or capacity = self-sacrifice1 b admirably fitt$ to imp>t & to receive enjoym5t1 & to r5d] ! c\rse ( life easy & h>moni\s4 ,! fir/ are by nature ,/oics1 & ! second ,epicureans1 & if !y proce$ to reason ab\t ! summum bonum or ! affections1 x is m ?an probable t 9 ea* case _! *>act]s w det]m9e _! !ories4 ,! fir/ w e/imate self-control above all o!r qualities1 w disp>age ! affections1 & w endeav\r to sep>ate widely ! ideas ( duty & ( int]e/1 :ile ! second w sy/ematically pref] ! amiable to ! h]oic1 & ! utilit>ian to ! my/ical4 ,b :ile x is und\bt$ly true t 9 ^! matt]s "* usually det]m9es op9ion1 x is n less true t "* is itself 9 a great measure gov]n$ by national circum/ances4 ,! ref9$1 arti/ic1 s5sual civilisations ( ,greece & ,asia ,m9or might easily produce f9e examples ( ! ,epicurean type1 b ,rome 0 f ! e>lie/ times pre-em95tly ! home ( /oicism4 ,long be=e ! ,romans _h begun to reason ab\t philosophy1 !y _h exhibit$ x 9 action1 & 9 _! speculative days x 0 to ?is doctr9e t ! noble/ m9ds naturally t5d$4 ,a great nation engag$ 9 p]petual w>s 9 an age :5 success 9 w>f>e dep5d$ nei!r ^u weal? nor ^u me*anical g5ius1 b ^u ! con/ant en]gy ( patriotic en?usiasm1 & ^u ! unfl9*+ ma9t5ance ( milit>y discipl9e1 ! :ole =ce ( ! national "* t5d$ to ! production ( a s+le def9ite type4 ,9 ! absolute au?ority accord$ to ! fa!r ov] ! *ildr51 to ! husb& ov] ! wife1 to ! ma/] ov] ! slave1 we may trace ! same habits ( discipl9e t prov$ s =midable 9 ! field4 ,patriotism & milit>y hon\r 7 indissolubly connect$ 9 ! ,roman m9d4 ,!y 7 ! two s\rces ( national en?usiasm1 ! *ief +r$i5ts ( ! national conception ( greatness4 ,!y det]m9$ irresi/ibly ! moral !ory :i* 0 to prove supreme4 ,n[ w>1 :i* br+s ) x s _m demoralis+ influ5ces1 has1 at lea/1 always be5 ! great s*ool ( h]oism4 ,x tea*es m5 h[ to die4 ,x famili>ises ! m9d ) ! idea ( noble actions p]=m$ "u ! influ5ce1 n ( p]sonal int]e/1 b ( hon\r & ( en?usiasm4 ,x elicits 9 ! highe/ degree /r5g? ( "*1 accu/oms m5 to ! abnegation ne$$ = simultane\s action1 compels !m to repress _! fe>s1 & e/abli% a firm control ov] _! affections4 ,patriotism1 too1 leads !m to subord9ate _! p]sonal wi%es to ! int]e/s ( ! society 9 :i* !y live4 ,x ext5ds ! horizon ( life1 tea*+ m5 to dwell among ! great m5 ( ! pa/1 to d]ive _! moral /r5g? f ! /udy ( h]oic lives1 to look =w>d cont9ually1 ?r\gh ! vi/as ( a di/ant future1 to ! welf>e ( an organisation :i* w cont9ue :5 !y h pass$ away4 ,all ^! influ5ces 7 develop$ 9 ,roman life to a degree :i* c n[ nev] be reproduc$4 ,w>1 = ! reasons ,i h /at$1 0 f> m ?an at pres5t ! s*ool ( h]oic virtues4 ,patriotism1 9 ! abs5ce ( any /rong !ological passion1 _h assum$ a transc5d5t p[]4 ,! citiz51 pass+ cont9ually f political to milit>y life1 exhibit$ to p]fection ! moral effects ( bo?4 ,! habits ( comm& =m$ by a long p]iod ( almo/ univ]sal empire1 & by ! ari/ocratic organisation ( ! city1 contribut$ to ! elevation1 & also to ! pride1 ( ! national "*4 ,x w appe>1 ,i ?9k1 suffici5tly evid5t1 f ^! consid]ations1 t ! circum/ances ( ! ,roman p t5d$ inevitably to ! production ( a c]ta9 type ( "*1 :i*1 9 its ess5tial *>act]i/ics1 0 ! type ( /oicism4 ,9 addition to ! pr$isposition :i* leads m5 9 _! e/imate ( ! comp>ative excell5ce ( diff]5t qualities to select = ! highe/ eulogy ^? :i* are mo/ congru\s to _! own *>act]s1 ?is fact d]ives a great importance f ! l>ge place :i* ! biographical elem5t occupi$ 9 anci5t e?ical tea*+4 ,among ,*ri/ians ! ideals h commonly be5 ei!r sup]natural be+s or m5 :o 7 9 con/ant connection ) sup]natural be+s1 & ^! m5 h usually be5 ei!r ,jews or sa9ts1 ^: lives 7 ( su* a nature z to isolate !m f mo/ human sympa?ies1 & to efface z f> z possible ! national type4 ,among ! ,greeks & ,romans ! examples ( virtue 7 usually _! own fell[-c\ntrym52 m5 :o _h liv$ 9 ! same moral atmosph]e1 /ruggl$ = ! same ends1 acquir$ _! reputation 9 ! same sph]es1 exhibit$ 9 all _! int5sity ! same national *>act]i/ics z _! admir]s4 ,hi/ory _h assum$ a didactic "* x has n[ almo/ :olly lo/4 ,"o ( ! fir/ tasks ( e morali/ 0 to collect traits ( "* illu/rat+ ! precepts he en=c$4 ,val]ius ,maximus repres5t$ fai?fully ! me?od ( ! tea*]s ( antiquity :5 he wrote 8 book giv+ a catalogue ( diff]5t moral qualities1 & illu/rat+ ea* by a pr(usion ( examples d]iv$ f ! hi/ory ( 8 own or ( =eign nations4 8,:5ev]10 said ,plut>*1 8we beg9 an ent]prise1 or take possession ( a *>ge1 or exp]i5ce a calamity1 we place be=e our eyes ! example ( ! greate/ m5 ( our own or ( bygone ages1 & we ask ourselves h[ ,plato or ,epam9ondas1 ,lycurgus or ,agesilaus1 w\ld h act$4 ,look+ into ^! p]sonages z into a fai?ful mirror1 we c rem$y our defects 9 ^w or de$4444 ,:5ev] any p]plexity arrives1 or any passion di/urbs ! m9d1 ! /ud5t ( philosophy pictures to himself "s ( ^? :o h be5 celebrat$ = _! virtue1 & ! recollection su/a9s 8 tott]+ /eps & prev5ts 8 fall407#aie7 ,passages ( ?is k9d cont9ually occur 9 ! anci5t morali/s17#aif7 & !y %[ h[ naturally ! highe/ type ( national excell5ce det]m9$ ! prevail+ s*ool ( moral philosophy1 & also h[ ! influ5ce ( ! h]oic p]iod ( national hi/ory w\ld act ^u ! be/ m9ds 9 ! subsequ5t & :olly diff]5t phases ( developm5t4 ,x 0 !re=e n surpris+ t dur+ ! ,empire1 ?\gh ! conditions ( national life 7 pr(\ndly alt]$1 ,/oicism %\ld /ill be ! philosophical religion1 ! great s\rce & regulator ( moral en?usiasm4 ,epicureanism _h1 inde$1 spread widely 9 ! ,empire17#aig7 b x prov$ little m ?an a pr9ciple ( dis9tegration or an apology = vice1 or at be/ ! religion ( tranquil & indiff]5t natures animat$ by no /rong moral en?usiasm4 ,x is inde$ true t ,epicurus _h himself be5 a man ( ! mo/ blameless "*1 t 8 doctr9es 7 at fir/ c>efully di/+ui%$ f ! co>se s5suality ( ! ,cyr5aic s*ool :i* _h prec$$ !m1 t !y admitt$ 9 !ory almo/ e =m ( virtue1 & t ! s*ool _h produc$ _m disciples :o1 if !y _h n atta9$ ! highe/ grades ( excell5ce1 _h at lea/ be5 m5 ( h>mless lives1 int5sely devot$ to _! ma/]1 & especially not$ = ! w>m? & con/ancy ( _! fri5d%ips47#aih7 ,b a s*ool :i* plac$ s high a value on ease & pleasure 0 em95tly unfit to /ruggle aga9/ ! fe>ful difficulties t beset ! tea*]s ( virtue amid ! an>*y ( a milit>y despotism1 & ! virtues & ! vices ( ! ,romans 7 alike fatal to its success4 ,all ! great ideals ( ,roman excell5ce belong$ to a diff]5t type4 ,su* m5 z a ,decius or a ,regulus w\ld h be5 impossible 9 an ,epicurean society1 = ev5 if _! actuat+ emotion 7 no nobl] ?an a desire = po/hum\s fame1 su* a desire c\ld nev] gr[ p[]ful 9 a moral atmosph]e *>g$ ) ! %rewd1 placid1 uns5tim5tal utilit>ianism ( ,epicurus4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! di/9ctions ! ,epicureans _h drawn betwe5 m or less ref9$ pleasures & _! elevat$ conceptions ( :at con/itutes ! true happ9ess ( m51 7 un9telligible to ! ,romans1 :o knew h[ to sacrifice enjoym5t1 b :o1 :5 pursu+ x1 gravitat$ naturally to ! co>se/ =ms4 ,! mission ( ,epicureanism 0 !re=e *iefly negative4 ,! anti-patriotic t5d5cy ( its tea*+ contribut$ to t de/ruction ( national feel+ :i* 0 necess>y to ! rise ( cosmopolitanism1 :ile its /rong opposition to !ological beliefs1 support$ by ! g5ius & en?usiasm ( ,lucretius1 told p[]fully ^u ! decay+ fai?4 ,su* be+ ! functions ( ,epicureanism1 ! con/ructive or positive side ( e?ical tea*+ devolv$ almo/ exclusively ^u ,/oicism2 = al?\gh !re 7 a few philosoph]s :o express$ !mselves 9 /rong opposition to "s portions ( ! ,/oical sy/em1 _! ef=ts usually t5d$ to no m ?an a modification ( its extreme & h>%e/ features4 ,! ,/oics ass]t$ two c>d9al pr9ciples--t virtue 0 ! sole legitimate object to be aspir$ to1 & t x involv$ s complete an asc5dancy ( ! reason z altoge!r to ext+ui% ! affections4 ,! ,p]ipatetics & _m o!r philosoph]s1 :o d]iv$ _! op9ions *iefly f ,plato1 endeav\r$ to s(t5 d[n ! exagg]ation ( ^! pr9ciples4 ,!y admitt$ t virtue 0 an object :olly di/9ct f int]e/1 & t x %\ld be ! lead+ motive ( life2 b !y ma9ta9$ t happ9ess 0 also a good1 & a c]ta9 reg>d = x legitimate4 ,!y admitt$ t virtue consi/$ 9 ! supremacy ( ! reason ov] ! affections1 b !y all[$ ! ex]cise ( ! latt] )9 re/rict$ limits4 ,! ma9 di/+ui%+ features1 h[ev]1 ( ,/oicism1 ! unselfi% ideal & ! controll+ reason1 7 acquiesc$ 91 & ea* repres5ts an important side ( ! anci5t conception ( excell5ce :i* we mu/ n[ proce$ to exam9e4 ,9 ! fir/ we may easily trace ! intellectual expression ( ! high _s ( self-sacrifice :i* ! patriotic en?usiasm _h elicit$4 ,! _s ( patriotism has ?is peculi> *>act]i/ic1 t1 :ile x has evok$ acts ( h]oism :i* are bo? v num]\s & v sublime1 x has done s )\t pres5t+ any prospect ( p]sonal immortality z a rew>d4 ,( all ! =ms ( human h]oism1 x is probably ! mo/ unselfi%4 ,! ,sp>tan & ! ,roman di$ = 8 c\ntry because he lov$ x4 ,! m>tyr's ec/asy ( hope _h no place 9 8 dy+ h\r4 ,he gave up all he _h1 he clos$ 8 eyes1 z he believ$1 = ev]1 & he ask$ = no rew>d 9 ?is _w or 9 ! next4 ,ev5 ! hope ( po/hum\s fame--! mo/ ref9$ & sup]s5sual ( all t c be call$ rew>d--c\ld exi/ only = ! mo/ conspicu\s lead]s4 ,x 0 examples ( ?is nature t =m$ ! culm9ations or ideals ( anci5t sy/ems ( virtue1 & !y naturally l$ m5 to draw a v cle> & deep di/9ction betwe5 ! notions ( int]e/ & ( duty4 ,x may1 inde$1 be truly said1 t :ile ! conception ( :at con/itut$ duty 0 (t5 v imp]fect 9 antiquity1 ! conviction t duty1 z di/+ui%$ f e modification ( selfi%ness1 %\ld be ! supreme motive ( life 0 m cle>ly en=c$ among ! ,/oics ?an 9 any lat] society4 ,! read] w probably h ga!r$ f ! la/ *apt] t !re are f\r di/9ct motives :i* moral tea*]s may propose = ! purpose ( lead+ m5 to virtue4 ,!y may argue t ! disposition ( ev5ts is su* t prosp]ity w att5d a virtu\s life1 & adv]sity a vici\s "o--a proposition !y may prove by po9t+ to ! normal c\rse ( affairs1 & by ass]t+ ! exi/5ce ( a special ,provid5ce 9 behalf ( ! good 9 ! pres5t _w1 & ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts 9 ! future4 ,z f> z ^! latt] argum5ts are conc]n$1 ! efficacy ( su* tea*+ re/s ^u ! firmness ) :i* c]ta9 !ological t5ets are held1 :ile ! =ce ( ! fir/ consid]ations w dep5d ^u ! degree & mann] 9 :i* society is organis$1 = !re are und\bt$ly "s conditions ( society 9 :i* a p]fectly upright life has n ev5 a g5]al t5d5cy to prosp]ity4 ,! peculi> circum/ances & dispositions ( individuals w also influ5ce l>gely ! way 9 :i* !y receive su* tea*+1 &1 z ,cic]o obs]v$1 8:at "o utility has creat$1 ano!r w (t5 de/roy40 ,!y may argue1 aga91 t vice is to ! m9d :at disease is to ! body1 & t a /ate ( virtue is 9 consequ5ce a /ate ( heal?4 ,j z bodily heal? is desir$ = its own sake1 z be+ ! abs5ce ( a pa9ful1 or at lea/ displeas+ /ate1 s a well-ord]$ & virtu\s m9d may be valu$ = its own sake1 & indep5d5tly ( all ! ext]nal good to :i* x may lead1 z be+ a condition ( happ9ess2 & a m9d di/ract$ by passion & vice may be avoid$1 n s mu* because x is an ob/acle 9 ! pursuit ( prosp]ity1 z because x is 9 itself ess5tially pa9ful & di/urb+4 ,?is conception ( virtue & vice z /ates ( heal? or sickness1 ! "o be+ 9 itself a good & ! o!r 9 itself an evil1 0 a fundam5tal proposition 9 ! e?ics ( ,plato47#aii7 ,x 0 admitt$1 b only to a subsidi>y place1 by ! ,/oics17#bjj7 & has pass$ m or less into all ! succe$+ sy/ems4 ,x is especially fav\rable to l>ge & elevat+ conceptions ( self-culture1 = x leads m5 to dwell mu* less ^u isolat$ acts ( virtue or vice ?an ^u ! habitual condition ( m9d f :i* !y spr+4 ,x is possible1 9 ! ?ird place1 to argue 9 fav\r ( virtue by (f]+ z a motive t s5se ( pleasure :i* foll[s ! delib]ate p]=mance ( a virtu\s act4 ,?is emotion is a di/9ct & isolat$ gratification foll[+ a di/9ct action1 & may !re=e be easily sep>at$ f t habitual placidity ( temp] :i* results f ! ext9ction ( vici\s & p]turb+ impulses4 ,x is ?is !ory :i* is impli$ 9 ! common exhortations to enjoy '! luxury ( do+ good1' & ?\gh especially /rong 9 acts ( b5evol5ce1 9 :i* case sympa?y ) ! happ9ess creat$ int5sifies ! feel+1 ?is pleasure att5ds e k9d ( virtue4 ,^! ?ree motives ( action h all ?is common *>act]i/ic1 t !y po9t z _! ultimate end to ! happ9ess ( ! ag5t4 ,! fir/ seeks t happ9ess 9 ext]nal circum/ances2 ! second & ?ird 9 psy*ological conditions4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a f\r? k9d ( motive :i* may be urg$1 & :i* is ! peculi> *>act]i/ic ( ! intuitive s*ool ( morali/s & ! /umbl+-block ( its oppon5ts4 ,x is ass]t$ t we are s con/itut$ t ! notion ( duty furni%es 9 itself a natural motive ( action ( ! highe/ ord]1 :olly di/9ct f all ! ref9em5ts & modifications ( self-int]e/4 ,! coactive =ce ( ?is motive is altoge!r indep5d5t ( surr\nd+ circum/ances1 & ( all =ms ( belief4 ,x is equally true = ! man :o believes & = ! man :o rejects ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 = ! believ] 9 a future _w & = ! believ] 9 ! mortality ( ! s\l4 ,x is n a "q ( happ9ess or unhapp9ess1 ( rew>d or puni%m5t1 b ( a g5]ically diff]5t nature4 ,m5 feel t a c]ta9 c\rse ( life is ! natural end ( _! be+1 & !y feel b\nd1 ev5 at ! exp5se ( happ9ess1 to pursue x4 ,!y feel t c]ta9 acts are ess5tially good & noble1 & o!rs ess5tially base & vile1 & ?is p]ception leads !m to pursue ! "o & to avoid ! o!r1 irrespective ( all consid]ations ( enjoym5t4 ,i h recurr$ to ^! di/9ctions1 :i* 7 m fully discuss$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 because ! s*ool ( philosophy we are review+ furni%es ! mo/ p]fect ( all hi/orical examples ( ! p[] :i* ! high] ( ^! motives c ex]cise ov] ! m9d4 ,! co>s] =ms ( self-int]e/ 7 9 /oicism absolutely condemn$4 ,x 0 "o ( ! fir/ pr9ciples ( ^! philosoph]s t all ?+s t are n 9 our p[] %\ld be e/eem$ indiff]5t2 t ! object ( all m5tal discipl9e %\ld be to )draw ! m9d f all ! gifts ( =tune1 & t prud5ce mu/ 9 consequ5ce be altoge!r exclud$ f ! motives ( virtue4 ,to en=ce ^! pr9ciples !y cont9ually dilat$ ^u ! vanity ( human ?+s1 & ^u ! maje/y ( ! indep5d5t m9d1 & !y indulg$1 ?\gh sc>cely m ?an o!r sects1 9 _m exagg]ations ab\t ! impassive tranquillity ( ! sage47#bja7 ,9 ! ,roman empire /oicism fl\ri%$ at a p]iod :i*1 beyond almo/ any o!r1 seem$ unfav\rable to su* tea*+4 ,!re 7 reigns :51 9 ! emphatic words ( ,tacitus1 8virtue 0 a s5t5ce ( dea?40 ,9 no p]iod _h brute =ce m completely triumph$1 9 none 0 ! ?ir/ = mat]ial advantages m int5se1 9 v few 0 vice m o/5tati\sly glorifi$4 ,yet 9 ! mid/ ( all ^! circum/ances ! ,/oics taught a philosophy :i* 0 n a compromise1 or an attempt to mod]ate ! popul> excesses1 b :i* 0 r 9 its au/]e sanctity ! extreme anti!sis ( all t ! prevail+ examples & _! own int]e/s c\ld dictate4 ,& ^! m5 7 no impassion$ fanatics1 fir$ ) ! prospect ( com+ glory4 ,!y 7 m5 f ^: motives ( action ! belief 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l 0 resolutely exclud$4 ,9 ! scepticism t accompani$ ! fir/ introduction ( philosophy into ,rome1 9 ! dissolution ( ! old fables ab\t ,t>t>us & ! ,/yx1 & ! dissem9ation ( ,epicureanism among ! p1 ?is doctr9e _h sunk v l[1 not)/&+ ! beautiful reason+s ( ,cic]o & ! religi\s fai? ( a few :o clung l ,plut>* to ! my/]ies 9 :i* x 0 p]petuat$4 ,an int]locutor 9 ,cic]o express$ :at 0 probably a common feel+ :5 he ackn[l$g$ t1 ) ! writ+s ( ,plato be=e him1 he c\ld believe & realise x2 b :5 he clos$ ! book1 ! reason+s seem$ to lose _! p[]1 & ! _w ( spirits grew pale & unreal47#bjb7 ,if ,ennius c\ld elicit ! plaudits ( a !atre :5 he proclaim$ t ! gods took no "p 9 human affairs1 ,cs> c\ld ass]t 9 ! s5ate1 )\t sc&al & almo/ )\t diss5t1 t dea? 0 ! end ( all ?+s47#bjc7 ,pl9y1 p]haps ! greate/ ( ,roman s*ol>s1 adopt+ ! s5tim5t ( all ! s*ool ( ,epicurus1 describes ! belief 9 a future life z a =m ( madness1 a pu]ile & a p]nici\s illusion47#bjd7 ,! op9ions ( ! ,/oics 7 wav]+ & unc]ta94 ,_! fir/ doctr9e 0 t ! s\l ( man has a future & indep5d5t1 b n an et]nal exi/5ce1 t x survives until ! la/ conflagration :i* 0 to de/roy ! _w1 & absorb all f9ite ?+s into ! all-p]vad+ s\l ( nature4 ,*rysippus1 h[ev]1 re/rict$ to ! be/ & noble/ s\ls ?is future exi/5ce1 :i* ,clean!s _h aw>d$ to all17#bje7 & among ! ,roman ,/oics ev5 ?is 0 greatly d\bt$4 ,! belief t ! human s\l is a deta*$ fragm5t ( ! ,deity naturally l$ to ! belief t aft] dea? x w\ld be reabsorb$ into ! p>5t ,_s4 ,! doctr9e t !re is no real good b virtue depriv$ ! ,/oics ( ! argum5t = a future _w d]iv$ f unrequit$ m]it & unpuni%$ crime1 & ! e>ne/ness ) :i* !y cont5d$ t a good man %\ld act irrespectively ( rew>d incl9$ !m1 z x is said to h incl9$ "s ,jewi% ?9k]s17#bjf7 to ! d5ial ( ! exi/5ce ( ! rew>d47#bjg7 ,pantius1 ! f\nd] ( ,roman /oicism1 ma9ta9$ t ! s\l p]i%$ ) ! body17#bjh7 & 8 op9ion 0 foll[$ by ,epictetus17#bji7 & ,cornutus47#baj7 ,s5eca contradict$ himself on ! subject47#baa7 ,m>cus ,aurelius nev] rose beyond a vague & m\rnful aspiration4 ,^? :o believ$ 9 a future _w believ$ 9 x fa9tly & unc]ta9ly1 & ev5 :5 !y accept$ x z a fact1 !y %rank f propos+ x z a motive4 ,! :ole sy/em ( ,/oical e?ics1 :i* c>ri$ self-sacrifice to a po9t t has sc>cely be5 equall$1 & ex]cis$ an influ5ce :i* has r>ely be5 surpass$1 0 evolv$ )\t any assi/ance f ! doctr9e ( a future life47#bab7 ,pagan antiquity has bequea!d u few nobl] treatises ( morals ?an ! 8,de ,(ficiis0 ( ,cic]o1 :i* 0 av[$ly an expansion ( a "w ( ,pantius47#bac7 ,x has left u no gr&] example ?an t ( ,epictetus1 ! sickly1 de=m$ slave ( a ma/] :o 0 notori\s = 8 b>b>ity1 enfran*is$ late 9 life1 b soon driv5 into exile by ,domitian2 :o1 :ile s\nd+ ! v abyss ( human mis]y1 & look+ =w>d to dea? z to simple decomposition1 0 yet s fill$ ) ! s5se ( ! ,div9e pres5ce t 8 life 0 "o cont9u$ hymn to ,provid5ce1 & 8 writ+s & 8 example1 :i* appe>$ to 8 contempor>ies almo/ ! ideal ( human goodness1 h n lo/ _! consol+ p[] ?r\gh all ! ages & ! vicissitudes !y h surviv$47#bad7 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 ano!r =m ( immortality :i* ex]cis$ a mu* great] influ5ce among ! ,roman morali/s4 ,! desire = reputation1 & especially = po/hum\s reputation--t 8la/ infirmity ( noble m9ds07#bae7--;assum$ an extraord9>y prom95ce among ! spr+s ( ,roman h]oism1 & 0 also ! orig9 ( t !atrical & ov]/ra9$ phraseology :i* ! greate/ ( anci5t morali/s r>ely escap$47#baf7 ,b we %\ld be altoge!r 9 error if we inf]r$1 z "s h done1 t paganism nev] rose to ! conception ( virtue conceal+ itself f ! _w1 & cons5t+ volunt>ily to degradation4 ,no *>act]s 7 m highly appreciat$ 9 antiquity ?an ^? ( m5 :o1 ?r\gh a s5se ( duty1 oppos$ ! /rong curr5t ( popul> fav\r2 ( m5 l ,fabius1 :o cons5t$ = ! sake ( _! c\ntry to incur ! reputation t is mo/ fatal to a soldi]27#bag7 ( m5 l ,cato1 :o rema9$ unmov$ among ! sc(fs1 ! insults1 & ! ridicule ( an angry cr[d47#bah7 ,cic]o1 exp\nd+ ! pr9ciples ( ,/oicism1 decl>$ t no "o has atta9$ to true philosophy :o has n le>nt t all vice %\ld be avoid$1 8?\gh x 7 conceal$ f ! eyes ( gods & m5107#bai7 & t no de$s are m laudable ?an ^? :i* are done )\t o/5tation1 & f> f ! sight ( m547#bbj7 ,! writ+s ( ! ,/oics are cr[d$ ) s5t5ces to ! same effect4 8,no?+ = op9ion1 all = consci5ce407#bba7 8,he :o wi%es 8 virtue to be blaz$ abroad is n lab\r+ = virtue b = fame407#bbb7 8,no "o is m virtu\s ?an ! man :o sacrifices ! reputation ( a good man r ?an sacrifice 8 consci5ce407#bbc7 8,i d n %r9k f praise1 b ,i refuse to make x ! end & t]m ( "r407#bbd7 8,if y d any?+ to please m51 y h fall5 f y\r e/ate407#bbe7 8,ev5 a bad reputation nobly e>n$ is pleas+407#bbf7 8,a great man is n ! less great :5 he lies vanqui%$ & pro/rate 9 ! du/407#bbg7 8,nev] =get t x is possible to be at once a div9e man1 yet a man unkn[n to all ! _w407#bbh7 8,t :i* is beautiful is beautiful 9 itself2 ! praise ( man adds no?+ to its quality407#bbi7 ,m>cus ,aurelius1 foll[+ an example t is ascrib$ to ,py?agoras1 made x a special object ( m5tal discipl9e1 by cont9ually m$itat+ on dea?1 & evok+1 by an ef=t ( ! imag9ation1 :ole societies t _h pass$ away1 to acquire a realis$ s5se ( ! vanity ( po/hum\s fame4 ,! y\ng] ,pl9y pa9t$ fai?fully ! ideal ( ,/oicism :5 he describ$ "o ( 8 fri5ds z a man 8:o did no?+ = o/5tation1 b all = consci5ce2 :o s\ght ! rew>d ( virtue 9 itself1 & n 9 ! praise ( man407#bcj7 ,nor 7 ! ,/oics less emphatic 9 di/+ui%+ ! obligation f ! attraction ( virtue4 ,x 0 on ?is po9t t !y sep>at$ f ! m ref9$ ,epicureans1 :o 7 (t5 will+ to sublimate to ! highe/ degree ! k9d ( pleasure !y propos$ z an object1 provid$ only x 7 admitt$ t pleasure is necess>ily ! ultimate end ( our actions4 ,b ?is ! ,/oics firmly d5i$4 8,pleasure10 !y argu$1 8is ! companion1 n ! guide1 ( our c\rse407#bca7 8,we d n love virtue because x gives u pleasure1 b x gives u pleasure because we love x407#bcb7 8,! wise man w n s91 ?\gh bo? gods & m5 %\ld ov]look ! de$1 = x is n ?r\gh ! fe> ( puni%m5t or ( %ame t he ab/a9s f s94 ,x is f ! desire & obligation ( :at is j & good407#bcc7 8,to ask to be paid = virtue is z if ! eye dem&$ a recomp5se = see+1 or ! feet = walk+407#bcd7 ,9 do+ good1 man 8%\ld be l ! v9e :i* has produc$ grapes1 & asks = no?+ m aft] x has produc$ its prop] fruit407#bce7 ,8 end1 accord+ to ^! tea*]s1 is n to f9d peace ei!r 9 life or 9 dea?4 ,x is to d 8 duty1 & to tell ! tru?4 ,! second di/+ui%+ feature ( ,/oicism ,i h notic$ 0 ! complete suppression ( ! affections to make way = ! absolute asc5dancy ( reason4 ,!re are two great divisions ( "* correspond+ v ne>ly to ! ,/oical & ,epicurean temp]am5ts ,i h describ$--t 9 :i* ! w pr$om9ates1 & t 9 :i* ! desires are supreme4 ,a good man ( ! fir/ class is "o ^: w1 direct$ by a s5se ( duty1 pursues ! c\rse he believes to be "r1 9 spite ( /rong temptations to pursue an opposite c\rse1 aris+ ei!r f 8 own passions & t5d5cies1 or f ! circum/ances t surr\nd him4 ,a good man ( ! second class is "o :o is s happily con/itut$ t 8 sympa?ies & desires in/9ctively t5d to virtu\s ends4 ,! fir/ "* is ! only "o to :i* we c1 /rictly speak+1 atta* ! idea ( m]it1 & x is also ! only "o :i* is capable ( ris+ to high ef=ts ( cont9u\s & h]oic self-sacrifice2 b on ! o!r h& !re is a *>m 9 ! spontane\s action ( ! un=c$ desires :i* discipl9$ virtue c p]haps nev] atta94 ,! man :o is consi/5tly g5]\s ?r\gh a s5se ( duty1 :5 8 natural temp]am5t impels him to av>ice & :5 e ex]cise ( b5evol5ce causes him a pang1 des]ves 9 ! v highe/ degree our admiration2 b he ^: g5]osity co/s him no ef=t1 b is ! natural gratification ( 8 affections1 attracts a f> l>g] measure ( our love4 ,correspond+ to ^! two ca/s ( "*1 we f9d two di/9ct !ories ( education1 ! aim ( ! "o be+ *iefly to /r5g!n ! w1 & t ( ! o!r to guide ! desires4 ,! pr9cipal examples ( ! fir/ are ! ,sp>tan & ,/oical sy/ems ( antiquity1 &1 ) "s modifications1 ! asceticism ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! object ( ^! sy/ems 0 to enable m5 to endure pa91 to repress manife/ & ackn[l$g$ desires1 to rel9qui% enjoym5ts1 to e/abli% an absolute empire ov] _! emotions4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is a me?od ( education :i* 0 nev] m preval5t ?an 9 ! pres5t day1 :i* exhau/s its ef=ts 9 mak+ virtue attractive1 9 associat+ x ) all ! *>ms ( imag9ation & ( prosp]ity1 & 9 ?us ins5sibly draw+ ! desires 9 ! wi%$-= direction4 ,z ! fir/ sy/em is especially suit$ to a di/urb$ & milit>y society1 :i* requires & elicits /rong ef=ts ( ! w1 & is !re=e ! special sph]e ( h]oic virtues1 s ! latt] belongs naturally to a tranquil & highly organis$ civilisation1 :i* is !re=e v fav\rable to ! amiable qualities1 & x is probable t z civilisation advances1 ! h]oic type w1 9 consequ5ce1 become m & m r>e1 & a k9d ( self-indulg5t goodness m common4 ,! circum/ances ( ! anci5t societies l$ !m to ! =m] type1 ( :i* ! ,/oics furni%$ ! extreme expression 9 _! doctr9e t ! affections are ( ! nature ( a disease7#bcf7--;a doctr9e :i* !y ju/ifi$ by ! same k9d ( argum5ts z ^? :i* are n[ (t5 employ$ by metaphysicians to prove t love1 ang]1 & ! l c only be ascrib$ by a figure ( spee* to ! ,deity4 ,p]turbation1 !y cont5d$1 is necess>ily imp]fection1 & none ( its =ms c 9 consequ5ce be ascrib$ to a p]fect be+4 ,we h a cle> intuitive p]ception t reason is ! highe/1 & %\ld be ! direct+1 p[] ( an intellig5t be+2 b e act :i* is p]=m$ at ! in/igation ( ! emotions is )drawn f ! empire ( reason4 ,h5ce x 0 inf]r$ t :ile ! w %\ld be educat$ to act habitually 9 ! direction ( virtue1 ev5 ! emotions t seem mo/ fitt$ to second x %\ld be absolutely proscrib$4 ,?us ,s5eca has elaborat$ at l5g? ! di/9ction betwe5 clem5cy & pity1 ! fir/ be+ "o ( ! highe/ virtues1 & ! latt] a positive vice4 ,clem5cy1 he says1 is an habitual disposition to g5tl5ess 9 ! application ( puni%m5ts4 ,x is t mod]ation :i* remits some?+ ( an incurr$ p5alty1 x is ! opposite ( cruelty1 :i* is an habitual disposition to rig\r4 ,pity1 on ! o!r h&1 be>s to clem5cy ! same k9d ( relation z sup]/ition to religion4 ,x is ! weakness ( a feeble m9d t fl9*es at ! sight ( suff]+4 ,clem5cy is an act ( judgm5t1 b pity di/urbs ! judgm5t4 ,clem5cy adjudicates ^u ! proportion betwe5 suff]+ & guilt4 ,pity contemplates only suff]+1 & gives no ?\ght to its cause4 ,clem5cy1 9 ! mid/ ( its noble/ ef=ts1 is p]fectly passionless2 pity is unreason+ emotion4 ,clem5cy is an ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( ! sage2 pity is only suit$ = weak wom5 & = diseas$ m9ds4 8,! sage w console ^? :o weep1 b )\t weep+ ) !m2 he w succ\r ! %ipwreck$1 give hospitality to ! proscrib$1 & alms to ! poor1 444 re/ore ! son to ! "m's te>s1 save ! captive f ! ar5a1 & ev5 bury ! crim9al2 b 9 all ?is 8 m9d & 8 c\nt5ance w be alike untr\bl$4 ,he w feel no pity4 ,he w succ\r1 he w d good1 = he is born to assi/ 8 fell[s1 to lab\r = ! welf>e ( mank9d1 & to (f] to ea* "o 8 "p4444 ,8 c\nt5ance & 8 s\l w betray no emotion z he looks ^u ! )]$ legs1 ! tatt]$ rags1 ! b5t & emaciat$ frame ( ! begg>4 ,b he w help ^? :o are wor?y1 &1 l ! gods1 8 lean+ w be t[>ds ! wret*$4444 ,x is only diseas$ eyes t gr[ moi/ 9 behold+ te>s 9 o!r eyes1 z x is no true sympa?y1 b only weakness ( n]ves1 t leads "s to laugh always :5 o!rs laugh1 or to yawn :5 o!rs yawn407#bcg7 ,cic]o1 9 a s5t5ce :i* might be adopt$ z ! motto ( ,/oicism1 said t ,hom] 8attribut$ human qualities to ! gods2 x w\ld h be5 bett] to h imp>t$ div9e qualities to m540 ,! rem>kable passage ,i h j cit$ s]ves to %[ ! extremes to :i* ! ,/oics pu%$ ?is imitation4 ,& inde$1 if we comp>e ! diff]5t virtues t h fl\ri%$ among ,pagans & ,*ri/ians1 we inv>iably f9d t ! prevail+ type ( excell5ce among ! =m] is t 9 :i* ! w & judgm5t1 & among ! latt] t 9 :i* ! emotions1 are mo/ prom95t4 ,fri5d%ip r ?an love1 hospitality r ?an *>ity1 magnanimity r ?an t5d]ness1 clem5cy r ?an sympa?y1 are ! *>act]i/ics ( anci5t goodness4 ,! ,/oics1 :o c>ri$ ! suppression ( ! emotions f>!r ?an any o!r s*ool1 lab\r$ ) great zeal to comp5sate ! injury ?us done to ! b5evol5t side ( our nature1 by greatly enl>g+ ! sph]e ( reason$ & passionless philan?ropy4 ,!y taught1 9 ! mo/ emphatic language1 ! frat]nity ( all m51 & ! consequ5t duty ( ea* man consecrat+ 8 life to ! welf>e ( o!rs4 ,!y develop$ ?is g5]al doctr9e 9 a s]ies ( detail$ precepts1 :i*1 = ! range1 dep?1 & beauty ( _! *>ity1 h nev] be5 surpass$4 ,!y ev5 ext5d$ _! compassion to crime1 & adopt+ ! p>adox ( ,plato1 t all guilt is ignorance17#bch7 treat$ x z an involunt>y disease1 & decl>$ t ! only legitimate gr\nd ( puni%m5t is prev5tion47#bci7 ,b1 h[ev] fully !y might reconcile 9 !ory _! pr9ciples ) ! wide/ & mo/ active b5evol5ce1 !y c\ld n :olly c\nt]act ! practical evil ( a sy/em :i* decl>$ w> aga9/ ! :ole emotional side ( our be+1 & r$uc$ human virtue to a k9d ( maje/ic egotism2 propos+ z examples ,anaxagoras1 :o1 :5 told t 8 son _h di$1 simply obs]v$1 8,i nev] suppos$ t ,i _h begott5 an immortal207#bdj7 or ,/ilpo1 :o1 :5 8 c\ntry _h be5 ru9$1 8 native city captur$1 & 8 daught]s c>ri$ away z slaves or z concub9es1 boa/$ t he _h lo/ no?+1 = ! sage is indep5d5t ( circum/ances4 ,! framework or !ory ( b5evol5ce might be !re1 b ! animat+ _s 0 abs5t4 ,m5 :o taught t ! husb& or ! fa!r %\ld look ) p]fect indiff]5ce on ! dea? ( 8 wife or 8 *ild1 & t ! philosoph]1 ?\gh he may %$ te>s ( pret5d$ sympa?y 9 ord] to console 8 suff]+ fri5d1 mu/ suff] no real emotion to p5etrate 8 brea/17#bda7 c\ld nev] f\nd a true or la/+ religion ( b5evol5ce4 ,m5 :o refus$ to recognise pa9 & sickness z evils 7 sc>cely likely to be v eag] to relieve !m 9 o!rs4 ,9 tru?1 ! ,/oics1 :o taught t all virtue 0 con=mity to nature1 71 9 ?is respect1 em95tly false to _! own pr9ciple4 ,human nature1 z reveal$ to u by reason1 is a composite ?+1 a con/itution ( _m p>ts diff]+ 9 k9d & dignity1 a hi]>*y 9 :i* _m p[]s are int5d$ to co-exi/1 b 9 diff]5t positions ( asc5dancy or subord9ation4 ,to make ! high] "p ( our nature our :ole nature1 is n to re/ore b to mutilate humanity1 & ?is mutilation has nev] be5 attempt$ )\t produc+ grave evils4 ,z philan?ropi/s1 ! ,/oics1 ?r\gh _! passion = unity1 7 l$ to ! extirpation ( ^? emotions :i* nature int5d$ z ! *ief spr+s ( b5evol5ce4 ,z speculative philosoph]s1 !y 7 entangl$ by ! same desire 9 a long tra9 ( pitiable p>adoxes4 ,_! fam\s doctr9es t all virtues are equal1 or1 m correctly1 are ! same1 t all vices are equal1 t no?+ is an evil :i* does n affect our w1 & t pa9 & b]eavem5t are1 9 consequ5ce1 no ills17#bdb7 ?\gh p>tially expla9$ away & frequ5tly disreg>d$ by ! ,roman ,/oics1 7 yet suffici5tly prom95t to give _! tea*+ some?+ ( an unnatural & affect$ appe>ance4 ,priz+ only a s+le object1 & develop+ only a s+le side ( _! nature1 _! m9ds became n>r[ & _! views contract$4 ,?us1 :ile ! ,epicureans1 urg+ m5 to /udy nature 9 ord] to bani% sup]/ition1 endeav\r$ to correct t ignorance ( physical sci5ce :i* 0 "o ( ! *ief imp$im5ts to ! progress ( ! anci5t m9d1 ! ,/oics = ! mo/ "p disda9$ a /udy :i* 0 o!r ?an ! pursuit ( virtue47#bdc7 ,:ile ! ,epicurean poet pa9t$ 9 magnific5t language ! p]petual progress ( mank9d1 ! ,/oic 0 ess5tially retrospective1 & exhau/$ 8 /r5g? 9 va9 ef=ts to re/ore ! simplicity ( a by-gone age4 ,:ile1 too1 ! s*ool ( ,z5o produc$ _m ( ! be/ & greate/ m5 :o h ev] liv$1 x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t its records exhibit a r unusual numb] ( examples ( high pr(essions falsifi$ 9 action1 & ( m5 :o1 display+ 9 "s =ms ! mo/ und\bt$ & transc5d5t virtue1 fell 9 o!rs f> bel[ ! av]age ( mank9d4 ,! eld] ,cato1 :o1 ?\gh n a philosoph]1 0 a model ( philosoph]s1 0 conspicu\s = 8 inhumanity to 8 slaves47#bdd7 ,brutus 0 "o ( ! mo/ extortionate usur]s ( 8 "t1 & sev]al citiz5s ( ,salamis di$ ( />vation1 imprison$ because !y c\ld n pay ! sum he dem&$47#bde7 ,no "o eulogis$ m eloqu5tly ! au/]e simplicity ( life :i* ,/oicism advocat$ ?an ,sallu/1 :o 9 a corrupt age 0 notori\s = 8 rapacity4 ,s5eca himself 0 con/itutionally a n]v\s & timid man1 endeav\r+1 n always ) success1 to support himself by a sublime philosophy4 ,he guid$1 "u circum/ances ( extreme difficulty1 ! cause ( virtue1 & 8 dea? is "o ( ! noble/ antiquity records2 b 8 life 0 deeply m>k$ by ! ta9t ( flatt]y1 & n free f ! ta9t ( av>ice1 & x is unhappily c]ta9 t he l5t 8 p5 to conceal or v>ni% "o ( ! wor/ crimes ( ,n]o4 ,! c\rage ( ,lucan fail$ signally "u torture1 & ! flatt]y :i* he be/[$ ^u ,n]o1 9 8 8,ph>salia10 ranks ) ! ,epigrams ( ,m>tial z probably ! extreme limit ( sycophancy to :i* ,roman lit]ature desc5d$4 ,:ile1 too1 ! ma9 object ( ! ,/oics 0 to popul>ise philosophy1 ! high /&>d ( self-control !y exact$ r5d]$ _! sy/em exce$+ly unfit = ! great majority ( mank9d1 & = ! ord9>y condition ( affairs4 ,life is hi/ory1 n poetry4 ,x consi/s ma9ly ( little ?+s1 r>ely illum9$ by fla%es ( great h]oism1 r>ely brok5 by great dang]s1 or dem&+ great ex]tions4 ,a moral sy/em1 to gov]n society1 mu/ accommodate itself to common *>act]s & m+l$ motives4 ,x mu/ be capable ( influ5c+ natures t c nev] rise to an h]oic level4 ,x mu/ t9cture1 modify1 & mitigate :]e x _c eradicate or trans=m4 ,9 ,*ri/ianity !re are always a few p]sons seek+ by cont9ual & pa9ful ef=ts to rev]se or ext+ui% ! ord9>y feel+s ( humanity1 b 9 ! great majority ( cases ! influ5ce ( ! religi\s pr9ciple ^u ! m9d1 ?\gh v real1 is n ( a nature to cause any s]i\s /ra9 or /ruggle4 ,x is display$ 9 a c]ta9 acquir$ spontaneity ( impulse4 ,x s(t5s ! "*1 purifies & directs ! imag9ation1 bl5ds ins5sibly ) ! habitual modes ( ?\ght1 &1 )\t revolutionis+1 gives a tone & bias to all ! =ms ( action4 ,b ,/oicism 0 simply a s*ool ( h]oes4 ,x recognis$ no gradations ( virtue or vice4 ,x condemn$ all emotions1 all spontaneity1 all m+l$ motives1 all ! pr9ciples1 feel+s1 & impulses ^u :i* ! virtue ( common m5 ma9ly dep5ds4 ,x 0 capable ( act+ only on moral natures t 7 /rung to ! highe/ t5sion1 & x 0 !re=e naturally reject$ by ! multitude4 ,! c5tral conception ( ?is philosophy ( self-control 0 ! dignity ( man4 ,pride1 :i* looks )91 mak+ man seek 8 own approbation1 z di/+ui%$ f vanity1 :i* looks )\t1 & %apes its conduct accord+ to ! op9ions ( o!rs1 0 n only p]mitt$ 9 ,/oicism1 x 0 ev5 its lead+ moral ag5t4 ,! s5se ( virtue1 z ,i h else:]e obs]v$1 occupies 9 ?is sy/em mu* ! same place z ! s5se ( s9 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,s91 9 ! conception ( ! anci5ts1 0 simply disease1 & !y deem$ x ! "p ( a wise man to correct x1 b n to dwell ^u its circum/ances4 ,9 ! _m disquisitions :i* ,epictetus & o!rs h left u conc]n+ ! prop] frame ( m9d 9 :i* man %\ld approa* dea?1 rep5tance = pa/ s9 has absolutely no place1 nor d ! anci5ts appe> to h ev] realis$ ! purify+ & spiritualis+ influ5ce x ex]cises ^u "*4 ,& :ile ! reality ( moral disease 0 fully recognis$1 :ile a l(ty & inde$ unatta9able ideal 0 cont9ually propos$1 no "o d\bt$ ! ess5tial excell5ce ( human nature1 & v few d\bt$ ! possibility ( man acquir+ by 8 own w a high degree ( virtue4 ,9 ?is la/ respect !re 0 a wide diff]5ce betwe5 ! tea*+ ( ! ,roman morali/s & ( ! ,greek poets47#bdf7 ,hom] cont9ually repres5ts c\rage1 ang]1 & ! l1 z ! direct inspiration ( ,heav54 s*ylus1 ! great poet ( fatalism1 reg>ds e human passion z b a s+le l9k 9 ! great *a9 ( causes =g$ by ! inexorable w ( ,zeus4 ,!re are1 inde$1 few gr&] ?+s 9 poetry ?an 8 picture ( ! _m & v>i\s motives t urg$ ,clytemne/ra to ! slaught] ( ,agamemnon--rev5ge = h] murd]$ daught]1 love = gi/hus1 res5tm5t at pa/ brea*es ( conjugal duty1 jeal\sy ( ,cass&ra1 all bl5d+ 9 t fi]ce hatr$ t n]v$ h] arm aga9/ h] husb&'s life2 :ile above all ?is tumult ( passion ! solemn song ( ,cass&ra proclaim$ t ! de$ 0 b ! decree ( ,heav51 ! h>ve/ ( blood spr++ f ! se$ ( crime1 ! accompli%m5t ( ! anci5t curse t 0 de/9$ to cl+ = ev] to ! hapless race ( ,atreus4 ,be=e ! body ( ! murd]$ k+1 & 9 pres5ce ( ! wilde/ p>oxysms ( human passion1 ! by/&]s b[$ _! heads1 exclaim+1 8,zeus has will$ x--,zeus ! supreme ,rul]1 ! ,god :o does all2 = :at c happ5 9 ! _w )\t ! w ( ,zeus80 ,b conceptions ( ?is k9d _h little or no place 9 ! philosophy ( ,rome4 ,! issue ( human ent]prises & ! disposition ( ! gifts ( =tune 7 recognis$ z "u ! control ( ,provid5ce2 b man 0 ma/] ( 8 own feel+s1 & 0 capable ( atta9+ su* excell5ce t he might ev5 *all5ge comp>ison ) ! gods4 ,audaci\s z su* s5tim5ts may n[ appe>1 !y 7 common to mo/ s*ools ( ,roman morali/s4 8,we boa/ ju/ly ( our own virtue10 said ! eclectic ,cic]o1 8:i* we c\ld n d if we d]iv$ x f ! ,deity & n f ourselves40 8,all mortals judge t =tune is to be receiv$ f ! gods & wisdom f ourselves407#bdg7 ,! ,epicurean ,horace1 9 8 noble/ ode1 describ$ ! j man1 confid5t 9 8 virtue1 undaunt$ amid ! cra% ( worlds1 & he tells u to pray only = ^? ?+s :i* ,jupit] gives & takes away4 8,he gives life1 he gives weal?2 an untr\bl$ m9d ,i secure = myself407#bdh7 8,! calm ( a m9d ble/ 9 ! consci\sness ( its virtue10 0 ! expression ( supreme felicity ! ,epicureans _h d]iv$ f _! ma/]47#bdi7 ,lucretius1 9 a magnific5t passage1 designates ,epicurus z a god1 & boa/s t ! popul> div9ities dw9dle into insignificance be=e him4 ,c]es1 he says1 gave m5 corn1 & ,bac*us w9e1 b ,epicurus ! pr9ciples ( virtue4 ,h]cules conqu]$ mon/]s1 ,epicurus conqu]$ vice47#bej7 8,pray10 said ,juv5al1 8= a heal?y m9d 9 a heal?y body4 ,ask = a brave s\l unsc>$ by dea?4444 ,b !re are ?+s y c give y\rself407#bea7 8,mis=tune1 & losses1 & calumny10 said ,s5eca1 8disappe> be=e virtue z ! tap] be=e ! sun407#beb7 8,9 "o po9t ! sage is sup]ior to ,god4 ,god owes x to ,8 nature n to fe>1 b ! sage owes x to himself4 ,sublime condition6 he jo9s ! frailty ( a man to ! security ( a god407#bec7 8,except = immortality10 he else:]e writes1 8! sage is l to ,god407#bed7 8,x is ! *>act]i/ic ( a wise man10 add$ ,epictetus1 8t he looks = all 8 good & evil f himself407#bee7 8,z f> z 8 rational nature is conc]n$1 he is 9 no degree inf]ior to ! gods407#bef7 ,!re 71 h[ev]1 o!r ve9s ( ?\ght exhibit$ 9 /oicism :i* greatly modifi$ & sometimes positively contradict$ ?is view ( ! relations ( man to ! ,deity4 ,! !ology ( ! ,/oics 0 an ill-def9$1 unc]ta91 & some:at inconsi/5t ,pan!ism2 ! ,div9ity 0 especially wor%ipp$ "u ! two aspects ( ,provid5ce & moral goodness1 & ! s\l ( man 0 reg>d$ z 8a deta*$ fragm5t ( ! ,deity107#beg7 or z at lea/ p]vad$ & accompani$ by a div9e en]gy4 8,!re nev]10 said ,cic]o1 80 a great man1 )\t an inspiration f on high407#beh7 8,no?+10 said ,s5eca1 8is clos$ to ,god4 ,he is pres5t 9 our consci5ce4 ,he int]v5es 9 our ?\ghts407#bei7 8,i tell !e1 ,lucilius10 he else:]e writes1 8a sacr$ _s dwells )9 u1 ! obs]v] & ! gu>dian ( our good & evil de$s4444 ,no man is good )\t ,god4 ,:o1 save by ,8 assi/ance1 c rise above =tune8 ,he gives noble & l(ty c\nsels4 ,a ,god 7:at ,god ,i "k n7 dwells 9 e good man407#bfj7 8,(f] to ! ,god t is 9 !e10 said ,m>cus ,aurelius1 8a manly be+1 a citiz51 a soldi] at 8 po/ ready to dep>t f life z soon z ! trumpet s\nds407#bfa7 8,x is suffici5t to believe 9 ! ,g5ius :o is )9 u1 & to hon\r him by a pure wor%ip407#bfb7 ,passages ( ?is k9d are n unfrequ5t 9 ,/oical writ+s4 ,m commonly1 h[ev]1 virtue is repres5t$ z a human act imitat+ ,god4 ,?is 0 ! mean+ ( ! ,platonic maxim1 8foll[ ,god10 :i* ! ,/oics cont9ually repeat$1 :i* !y develop$ 9 _m passages ( ! mo/ t\*+ & beautiful piety1 & to :i* !y add$ ! duty ( ! mo/ absolute & unque/ion+ submission to ! decrees ( ,provid5ce4 ,_! doctr9e on ?is latt] po9t h>monis$ well ) _! antipa?y to ! emotional side ( our be+4 8,to weep1 to compla91 to groan1 is to rebel207#bfc7 8to fe>1 to grieve1 to be angry1 is to be a des]t]407#bfd7 8,rememb] t y are b an actor1 act+ :atev] "p ! ,ma/] has orda9$4 ,x may be %ort1 or x may be long4 ,if ,he wi%es y to repres5t a poor man1 d s he>tily2 if a cripple1 or a magi/rate1 or a private man1 9 ea* case act y\r "p ) hon\r407#bfe7 8,nev] say ( any?+ t y h lo/ x1 b t y h re/or$ x2 y\r wife & *ild die--y h re/or$ !m2 y\r f>m is tak5 f y--t also is re/or$4 ,x is seiz$ by an impi\s man4 ,:at is x to y by ^: in/rum5tality ,he :o gave x reclaims x807#bff7 8,god does n keep a good man 9 prosp]ity2 ,he tries1 ,he /r5g!ns him1 ,he prep>es him = ,himself407#bfg7 8,^? :om ,god approves1 :om ,he loves1 ,he h>d5s1 ,he proves1 ,he ex]cises2 b ^? :om ,he seems to indulge & sp>e1 ,he pres]ves = future ills407#bfh7 ,) a beautiful outbur/ ( submissive gratitude1 ,m>cus ,aurelius exclaims1 8,"s h said1 ,oh1 de> city ( ,cecrops6--b ?\1 can/ ?\ say1 ,oh1 de> city ( ,jupit]8444 ,all t is suitable to !e1 oh _w1 is suitable to me407#bfi7 ,^! passages1 :i* might be indef9itely multipli$1 s]ve to %[ h[ successfully ! ,/oics lab\r$1 by dilat+ ^u ! conception ( ,provid5ce1 to mitigate ! arrogance :i* "o aspect ( _! tea*+ unque/ionably display$4 ,b 9 ?is v attempt ano!r dang] 0 incurr$1 ^u :i* a v l>ge proportion ( ! moral sy/ems ( all ages h be5 wreck$4 ,a doctr9e :i* ?us enjo9s absolute submission to ! decrees ( ,provid5ce17#bgj7 :i* proscribes ! affections1 & :i* repres5ts its disciples z altoge!r indep5d5t ( surr\nd+ circum/ances1 w\ld 9 mo/ conditions ( society h l$ necess>ily to quietism1 & prov$ absolutely incompatible ) active virtue4 ,=tunately1 h[ev]1 9 ! anci5t civilisations ! idea ( virtue _h f ! e>lie/ times be5 s indissolubly connect$ ) t ( political activity t ! dang] 0 = a long p]iod altoge!r avoid$4 ,! ,/ate occupi$ 9 antiquity a prom95ce 9 ! ?\ghts ( m5 :i* x nev] has atta9$ 9 mod]n times4 ,! influ5ce ( patriotism ?rill$ ?r\gh e fibre ( moral & intellectual life4 ,! mo/ pr(\nd philosoph]s1 ! pure/ morali/s1 ! mo/ sublime poets1 _h be5 soldi]s or /atesm54 ,h5ce arose ! excessive pr$om9ance occasionally accord$ to civic virtues 9 anci5t sy/ems ( e?ics1 & also n a few ( _! mo/ revolt+ p>adoxes4 ,plato advocat$ community ( wives ma9ly on ! gr\nd t ! *ildr5 produc$ w\ld be atta*$ m exclusively to _! c\ntry47#bga7 ,ari/otle may be almo/ said to h made ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,greek & b>b>ian ! basis ( 8 moral code4 ,! ,sp>tan legislation 0 cont9ually extoll$ z an ideal1 z ! ,v5etian con/itution by ! writ]s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! contact ( ! sph]es ( speculation & ( political activity ex]cis$ 9 "o respect a v b5eficial influ5ce ^u anci5t philosophies4 ,patriotism almo/ always occupi$ a prom95ce 9 ! scale ( duties1 :i* =ms a /rik+ contra/ to ! neglect or discr$it into :i* x has fall5 among mod]n tea*]s4 ,we d1 inde$1 read ( an ,anaxagoras po9t+ to heav5 z to 8 true c\ntry1 & pron\nc+ exile to be no evil1 z ! desc5t to ! inf]nal regions is ! same f e l&27#bgb7 b su* s5tim5ts1 ?\gh n unkn[n among ! ,epicureans & ! ,cynics1 7 diametrically oppos$ to ! prevail+ tone4 ,patriotism 0 repres5t$ z a moral duty1 & a duty ( ! highe/ ord]4 ,cic]o only e*o$ ! common op9ion ( antiquity 9 t noble passage1 9 :i* he ass]ts t ! love we owe our c\ntry is ev5 holi] & m pr(\nd ?an t we owe our ne>e/ k9sman1 & t he c h no claim to ! title ( a good man :o ev5 hesitates to die 9 its behalf47#bgc7 ,a necess>y consequ5ce ( ?is prom95ce ( patriotism 0 ! practical "* ( mo/ anci5t e?ics4 ,we f9d1 inde$1 morali/s (t5 exhort+ m5 to mod]ate _! ambition1 consol+ !m "u political adv]sity1 & urg+ t !re are "s circum/ances "u :i* an upright man %\ld = a "t )draw f public affairs27#bgd7 b ! g5]al duty ( tak+ "p 9 political life 0 emphatically ass]t$1 & ! vanity ( ! quieti/ !ory ( life n only ma9ta9$1 b ev5 some:at exagg]at$4 ,?us ,cic]o decl>$ t 8all virtue is 9 action407#bge7 ,! y\ng] ,pl9y m5tions t he once lam5t$ to ! ,/oic ,euphrates ! small place :i* 8 (ficial duties left = philosophical pursuits2 b ,euphrates answ]$ t ! dis*>ge ( public affairs & ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice =m$ a "p1 & ! mo/ important "p1 ( philosophy1 = he :o is s engag$ is b practis+ ! precepts ( ! s*ools47#bgf7 ,x 0 a fundam5tal maxim ( ! ,/oics t humanity is a body 9 :i* ea* limb %\ld act solely & cont9ually ) a view to ! int]e/s ( ! :ole4 ,m>cus ,aurelius1 ! pure/ m9d ( ! sect1 0 = n9ete5 ye>s ! active rul] ( ! civilis$ globe4 ,?rasea1 ,helvidius1 ,cornutus1 & a cr[d ( o!rs :o _h adopt$ ,/oicism z a religion1 liv$1 & 9 _m cases di$1 9 ob$i5ce to its precepts1 /ruggl+ = ! lib]ties ( _! c\ntry 9 ! d>ke/ h\rs ( tyranny4 ,m5 :o _h =m$ su* high conceptions ( duty1 :o _h bridl$ s completely ! tumult ( passion1 & ^: lives 7 sp5t 9 a calm s5se ( virtue & ( dignity1 7 little likely to be assail$ by ! sup]/iti\s fe>s t are ! nightm>e ( weak] m54 ,! prep>ation = dea? 0 deem$ "o ( ! *ief ends ( philosophy47#bgg7 ,! ?\ght ( a com+ *ange assi/$ ! m9d 9 deta*+ itself f ! gifts ( =tune1 & ! ext9ction ( all sup]/iti\s t]rors complet$ ! type ( self-reliant maje/y :i* ,/oicism _h *os5 = its ideal4 ,b :ile x is c]ta9 t no philosoph]s expatiat$ ^u dea? ) a gr&] eloqu5ce1 or met x ) a m placid c\rage1 x c h>dly be d5i$ t _! con/ant disquisitions =c$ x into an unheal?y prom95ce1 & some:at discol\r$ _! :ole view ( life4 8,! ,/oics10 z ,bacon has said1 8be/[$ too mu* co/ on dea?1 & by _! prep>ations made x m fe>ful407#bgh7 ,!re is a pr(\nd wisdom 9 ! maxims ( ,sp9oza1 t 8! prop] /udy ( a wise man is n h[ to die1 b h[ to live10 & t 8!re is no subject on :i* ! sage w ?9k less ?an dea?407#bgi7 ,a life ( active duty is ! be/ prep>ation = ! end1 & s l>ge a "p ( ! evil ( dea? lies 9 its anticipation1 t an attempt to deprive x ( its t]rors by con/ant m$itation almo/ necess>ily defeats its object1 :ile at ! same "t x =ms an unnaturally t5se1 fev]i%1 & tragical "*1 annihilates ! ambition & en?usiasm t are ess5tial to human progress1 & n unfrequ5tly ca/s a *ill & a deadness ov] ! affections4 ,among ! _m half-pagan leg5ds t 7 connect$ ) ,irel& dur+ ! middle ages1 "o ( ! mo/ beautiful is t ( ! isl&s ( life & ( dea?4 ,9 a c]ta9 lake 9 ,mun/] x is said !re 7 two isl&s2 into ! fir/ dea? c\ld nev] ent]1 b age & sickness1 & ! we>9ess ( life1 & ! p>oxysms ( fe>ful suff]+ 7 all kn[n !re1 & !y did _! "w till ! inhabitants1 tir$ ( _! immortality1 le>n$ to look ^u ! opposite isl& z ^u a hav5 ( repose3 !y laun*$ _! b>ks ^u ! gloomy wat]s2 !y t\*$ its %ore & !y 7 at re/47#bhj7 ,?is leg5d1 :i* is f> m ak9 to ! _s ( paganism ?an to t ( ,*ri/ianity1 & is 9 fact only ano!r =m ( ! my? ( ,ti?onus1 repres5ts ) great fidelity ! aspect 9 :i* dea? 0 reg>d$ by ! expon5ts ( ,/oicism4 ,!re 0 mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion & ( c]titude 9 ! judgm5ts ( ! anci5t philosoph]s conc]n+ ! future de/9ies ( ! s\l1 b !y 7 unanim\s 9 reg>d+ dea? simply z a natural re/1 & 9 attribut+ ! t]rors t 7 connect$ ) x to a diseas$ imag9ation4 ,dea?1 !y said1 is ! only evil t does n afflict u :5 pres5t4 ,:ile we are1 dea? is n1 :5 dea? has come we are n4 ,x is a false belief t x only foll[s1 x also prec$es1 life4 ,x is to be z we 7 be=e we 7 born4 ,! c&le :i* has be5 ext+ui%$ is 9 ! same condition z be=e x 0 lit1 & ! dead man z ! man unborn4 ,dea? is ! end ( all sorr[4 ,x ei!r secures happ9ess or ends suff]+4 ,x frees ! slave f 8 cruel ma/]1 op5s ! prison door1 calms ! qualms ( pa91 closes ! /ruggles ( pov]ty4 ,x is ! la/ & be/ boon ( nature1 = x frees man f all 8 c>es4 ,x is at wor/ b ! close ( a banquet we h enjoy$4 ,:e!r x be desir$ or :e!r x be %unn$1 x is no curse & no evil1 b simply ! resolution ( our be+ into its primitive elem5ts1 ! law ( our nature to :i* x is our duty *e]fully to con=m4 ,su* 7 ! lead+ topics t 7 employ$ 9 t beautiful lit]ature ( 8,consolations10 :i* ! academic ,crantor is said to h orig9at$1 & :i* occupies s l>ge a place 9 ! writ+s ( ,cic]o1 ,plut>*1 & ! ,/oics4 ,cic]o1 l all ! s*ool ( ,plato1 add$ to ^! motives a v firm & con/ant ref]5ce to ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,plut>* held ! same doctr9e ) equal assurance1 b he gave x a mu* less conspicu\s position 9 8 8,consolations10 & he bas$ x n ^u philosophical gr\nds1 b ^u ! te/imonies ( ! oracles1 & ^u ! my/]ies ( ,bac*us47#bha7 ,among ! ,/oics ! doctr9e %one ) a fa9t & unc]ta9 light1 & 0 seldom or nev] adopt$ z a motive4 ,b t :i* is mo/ impressive to a /ud5t :o turns f ! religi\s lit]ature ( ,*ri/ianity to ! pagan philosophies1 is ! complete abs5ce 9 ! latt] ( all notion conc]n+ ! p5al "* ( dea?4 ,dea?1 accord+ to ,socrates17#bhb7 ei!r ext+ui%es life or emancipates x f ! ?raldom ( ! body4 ,ev5 9 ! fir/ case x is a bless+1 9 ! la/ x is ! greate/ ( boons4 8,accu/om y\rself10 said ,epicurus1 8to ! ?\ght t dea? is indiff]5t2 = all good & all evil consi/ 9 feel+1 & :at is dea? b ! privation ( feel+807#bhc7 8,s\ls ei!r rema9 aft] dea?10 said ,cic]o1 8or !y p]i% 9 dea?4 ,if !y rema9 !y are happy2 if !y p]i% !y are n wret*$407#bhd7 ,s5eca1 consol+ ,polybius conc]n+ ! dea? ( 8 bro!r1 exhorts 8 fri5d to ?9k1 8if ! dead h any s5sations1 !n my bro!r1 let loose z x 7 f a lifelong prison1 & at la/ enjoy+ 8 lib]ty1 looks d[n f a l(ti] height on ! wond]s ( nature & on all ! de$s ( m51 & sees m cle>ly ^? div9e ?+s :i* he _h s long s\ght 9 va9 to und]/&4 ,b :y %\ld ,i be afflict$ = "o :o is ei!r happy or is no?+8 ,to lam5t ! fate ( "o :o is happy is envy2 to lam5t ! fate ( a non5tity is madness407#bhe7 ,b :ile ! ,greek & ,roman philosoph]s 7 on ?is po9t unanim\s1 !re 0 a /rong oppos+ curr5t 9 ! popul> m9d4 ,! ,greek ^w = sup]/ition signifies lit]ally1 fe> ( gods or dmons1 & ! philosoph]s sometimes repres5t ! vulg> z %udd]+ at ! ?\ght ( dea?1 ?r\gh dread ( c]ta9 endless suff]+s to :i* x w\ld lead !m4 ,! ,greek my?ology conta9s _m fables on ! subject4 ,! e>ly ,greek vases occasionally repres5t sc5es ( inf]nal torm5ts1 n unlike ^? ( ! m$ival frescoes47#bhf7 ,! rapture ) :i* ,epicureanism 0 receiv$1 z lib]at+ ! human m9d f ! ?raldom ( sup]/iti\s t]rors1 %[s h[ gall+ mu/ h be5 ! yoke4 ,9 ! poem ( ,lucretius1 9 occasional passages ( ,cic]o & o!r ,lat9 morali/s1 above all1 9 ! treatise ( ,plut>* 8,on ,sup]/ition10 we may trace ! deep impression ^! t]rors _h made ^u ! populace1 ev5 dur+ ! lat] p]iod ( ! ,republic1 & dur+ ! ,empire4 ,to de/roy !m 0 repres5t$ z ! highe/ function ( philosophy4 ,plut>* d5\nc$ !m z ! wor/ calumny aga9/ ! ,deity1 z m p]nici\s ?an a!ism1 z ! evil consequ5ces ( immoral fables1 & he gladly turn$ to o!r leg5ds :i* taught a diff]5t lesson4 ,?us x 0 relat$ t :51 dur+ a c]ta9 fe/ival at ,argos1 ! horses t 7 to draw ! /atue ( ,juno to ! temple 7 deta9$1 ! sons ( ! prie/ess yok$ !mselves to ! c>1 & _! "m1 admir+ _! piety1 pray$ ! goddess to rew>d !m ) :atev] boon 0 ! be/ = man4 ,h] pray] 0 answ]$--!y sank asleep & di$47#bhg7 ,9 l mann] ! ar*itects ( ! great temple ( ,apollo at ,delphi1 pray$ ! god to select t rew>d :i* 0 be/4 ,! oracle told !m 9 reply to sp5d sev5 days 9 rejoic+1 & on ! foll[+ night _! rew>d w\ld come4 ,!y too di$ 9 sleep47#bhh7 ,! swan 0 consecrat$ to ,apollo because its dy+ song 0 believ$ to spr+ f a prophetic impulse47#bhi7 ,! ,spani% ,celts rais$ temples1 & sang hymns ( praise to dea?47#bij7 ,no philosoph] ( antiquity ev] que/ion$ t a good man1 review+ 8 life1 might look ^u x )\t %ame & ev5 ) positive complac5cy1 or t ! rev]5ce ) :i* m5 reg>d h]oic dea?s is a =eta/e ( ! s5t5ce ( ! ,creator4 ,to ?is confid5ce may be trac$ ! tranquil c\rage1 ! complete abs5ce ( all remorse1 s conspicu\s 9 ! clos+ h\rs ( ,socrates1 & ( _m o!r ( ! sages ( antiquity4 ,!re is no fact 9 religi\s hi/ory m />tl+ ?an ! radical *ange t has 9 ?is respect pass$ ov] ! "* ( devotion4 ,x is said ( ,*ilon1 "o ( ! sev5 sages ( ,greece1 t at ! close ( 8 c>e] he ga!r$ 8 disciples ar\nd him1 & congratulat$ himself t 9 a long life he c\ld recall b a s+le act t sadd5$ 8 dy+ h\r4 ,x 0 t1 9 a p]plex+ dilemma1 he _h all[$ 8 love ( a fri5d 9 "s slight degree to obscure 8 s5se ( ju/ice47#bia7 ,! writ+s ( ,cic]o 9 8 old age are full ( passionate aspirations to a future _w1 uncl\d$ by "o regret or by "o fe>4 ,s5eca di$ tranquilly1 bequea?+ to 8 fri5ds 8! mo/ preci\s ( 8 possessions1 ! image ( 8 life407#bib7 ,titus on 8 dea?b$ decl>$ t he c\ld rememb] only a s+le act ) :i* to reproa* himself47#bic7 ,on ! la/ night 9 :i* ,anton9us ,pius liv$1 ! tribune came to ask = ! pass-^w ( ! night4 ,! dy+ emp]or gave him 8quanimitas407#bid7 ,julian1 ! la/ great repres5tative ( 8 expir+ cre$1 caught up ! same maje/ic /ra94 ,amid ! curses ( angry prie/s1 & ! imp5d+ ru9 ( ! cause he lov$1 he calmly di$ 9 ! consci\sness ( 8 virtue2 & 8 dea?1 :i* is among ! mo/ fe>less t antiquity records1 0 ! la/ prote/ ( philosophic paganism aga9/ ! new doctr9e t _h aris547#bie7 ,x is cu/om>y ) "s writ]s1 :5 exhibit+ ! _m po9ts 9 :i* ! anci5t philosoph]s anticipat$ ,*ri/ian e?ics1 to repres5t ,*ri/ianity z if x 7 m]ely a developm5t or au?oritative confirmation ( ! highe/ tea*+ ( paganism1 or z if ! additions 7 at lea/ ( su* a nature t !re is b little d\bt t ! be/ & pure/ spirits ( ! pagan _w1 _h !y kn[n !m1 w\ld h gladly welcom$ !m4 ,b ?is conception1 :i* conta9s a l>ge am\nt ( tru? if appli$ to ! tea*+ ( _m ,prote/ants1 is ei!r grossly exagg]at$ or absolutely false if appli$ to t ( ! patri/ic p]iod or ( m$ival ,ca?olicism4 ,on ! v subject :i* ! philosoph]s deem$ ! mo/ important _! unanim\s conclusion 0 ! extreme anti!sis ( ! tea*+ ( ,ca?olicism4 ,! philosoph]s taught t dea? is 8a law & n a puni%m5t207#bif7 ! fa!rs taught t x is a p5al infliction introduc$ into ! _w on acc\nt ( ! s9 ( ,adam1 :i* 0 also ! cause ( ! appe>ance ( all noxi\s plants1 ( all convulsions 9 ! mat]ial globe1 &1 z 0 sometimes ass]t$1 ev5 ( a dim9ution ( ! light ( ! sun4 ,! fir/ taught t dea? 0 ! end ( suff]+2 !y ridicul$ z ! extreme ( folly ! notion t physical evils c\ld await ^? ^: bodies _h be5 r$uc$ to a%es1 & !y dwelt ) emphatic eloqu5ce ^u ! approa*+1 &1 z !y believ$1 f9al ext9ction ( sup]/iti\s t]rors4 ,! second taught t dea? to ! va/ majority ( ! human race is b ! beg9n+ ( endless & excruciat+ tortures--tortures be=e :i* ! mo/ gha/ly ( t]re/rial suff]+s dw9dle into insignificance--tortures :i* no c\rage c\ld defy--:i* none b an immortal be+ c\ld endure4 ,! fir/ repres5t$ man z pure & innoc5t until 8 w _h s9n$2 ! second repres5t$ him z "u a s5t5ce ( condemnation at ! v mom5t ( 8 bir?4 8,no fun]al sacrifices0 said a great writ] ( ! fir/ s*ool1 8are (f]$ = *ildr5 :o die at an e>ly age1 & none ( ! c]emonies practis$ at ! fun]als ( adults are p]=m$ at _! tombs1 = x is believ$ t infants h no hold ^u e>? or ^u t]re/rial affections4444 ,! law =bids u to hon\r !m because x is irreligi\s to lam5t = ^? pure s\ls :o h pass$ into a bett] life & a happi] dwell+-place407#big7 8,:osoev] %all tell u10 said a di/+ui%$ expon5t ( ! patri/ic !ology1 8t infants %all be quick5$ 9 ,*ri/ :o die )\t p>tak+ 9 ,8 ,sacram5t1 does bo? contradict ! ,apo/le's tea*+ & condemn ! :ole ,*ur*4444 ,& he t is n quick5$ 9 ,*ri/ mu/ rema9 9 t condemnation ( :i* ! ,apo/le speaks1 #8by "o man's (f5ce condemnation came ^u all m5 to condemnation4' ,to :i* condemnation infants are born liable z all ! ,*ur* believes407#bih7 ,! "o s*ool endeav\r$ to plant its f\ndations 9 ! moral nature ( mank9d1 by proclaim+ t man c become acceptable to ! ,deity by 8 own virtue1 & by ?is alone1 t all sacrifices1 rites1 & =ms are indiff]5t1 & t ! true wor%ip ( ,god is ! recognition & imitation ( ,8 goodness4 ,accord+ to ! o!r s*ool1 ! mo/ h]oic ef=ts ( human virtue are insuffici5t to av]t a s5t5ce ( et]nal condemnation1 unless unit$ ) an implicit belief 9 ! tea*+s ( ! ,*ur*1 & a due obs]vance ( ! rites x enjo9s4 ,by ! philosoph]s ! ascription ( ang] & v5geance to ! ,deity1 & ! appreh5sion ( future torture at ,8 h&s1 7 unanim\sly repudiat$27#bii7 by ! prie/s ! opposite op9ion 0 deem$ equally c5surable47#cjj7 ,^! are fundam5tal po9ts ( diff]5ce1 = !y relate to ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! anci5t philosophy4 ,! ma9 object ( ! pagan philosoph]s 0 to dispel ! t]rors ! imag9ation _h ca/ ar\nd dea?1 & by de/roy+ ?is la/ cause ( fe> to secure ! lib]ty ( man4 ,! ma9 object ( ! ,ca?olic prie/s has be5 to make dea? 9 itself z revolt+ & appall+ z possible1 & by repres5t+ escape f its t]rors z hopeless1 except by complete subjection to _! rule1 to conv]t x into an in/rum5t ( gov]nm5t4 ,by multiply+ ! danc+ or w>n+ skeletons1 & o!r sepul*ral images repres5t+ ! loa?som5ess ( dea? )\t its repose2 by sub/itut+ inhumation = incremation1 & conc5trat+ ! imag9ation on ! gha/l9ess ( decay2 above all1 by peopl+ ! unse5 _w ) demon phantoms & ) excruciat+ tortures1 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* succe$$ 9 mak+ dea? 9 itself unspeakably t]rible1 & 9 ?us prep>+ m5 = ! consolations x c\ld (f]4 ,its leg5ds1 its c]emonies1 its art17#cja7 its dogmatic tea*+1 all conspir$ to ?is end1 & ! hi/ory ( its miracles is a /rik+ evid5ce ( its success4 ,! great majority ( sup]/itions h ev] clu/]$ ar\nd two c5tres--! fe> ( dea? & ! belief t e ph5om5on ( life is ! result ( a special spiritual int]position4 ,among ! anci5ts !y 7 usually ( ! latt] k9d4 ,auguries1 prophecies1 int]v5tions 9 w>1 prodigies av5g+ ! neglect ( "s rite or m>k+ "s epo* 9 ! =tunes ( a nation or ( a rul]1 are ! =ms !y usually assum$4 ,9 ! middle ages1 al?\gh ^! 7 v common1 ! mo/ conspicu\s sup]/itions took ! =m ( visions ( purgatory or hell1 conflicts ) visible demons1 or ,satanic miracles4 ,l ^? mo!rs :o gov]n _! *ildr5 by p]suad+ !m t ! d>k is cr[d$ ) spectres t w seize ! disob$i5t1 & :o (t5 succe$ 9 creat+ an association ( ideas :i* ! adult man is unable altoge!r to dissolve1 ! ,ca?olic prie/s resolv$ to base _! p[] ^u ! n]ves2 & z !y long ex]cis$ an absolute control ov] education1 lit]ature1 & art1 !y succe$$ 9 completely rev]s+ ! tea*+ ( anci5t philosophy1 & 9 mak+ ! t]rors ( dea? = c5turies ! nightm>e ( ! imag9ation4 ,!re is1 inde$1 ano!r side to ! picture4 ,! vague unc]ta9ty ) :i* ! be/ pagans reg>d$ dea? pass$ away be=e ! tea*+ ( ! ,*ur*1 & x 0 (t5 replac$ by a rapture ( hope1 :i*1 h[ev]1 ! doctr9e ( purgatory contribut$ at a lat] p]iod l>gely to quell4 ,b1 :atev] may be ?\ght ( ! ju/ice ( ! ,ca?olic conception ( dea? or ( its influ5ce ^u human happ9ess1 x is pla9 t x is radically diff]5t f t ( ! pagan philosoph]s4 ,t man is n only an imp]fect b a fall5 be+1 & t dea? is ! p5al consequ5ce ( 8 s91 0 a doctr9e pr(\ndly new to mank9d1 & x has ex]cis$ an influ5ce ( ! mo/ s]i\s "* ^u ! moral hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,! wide div]g5ce ( ! classical f ! ,ca?olic conception ( dea? appe>s v pla9ly 9 ! attitude :i* ea* sy/em adopt$ t[>ds suicide4 ,?is is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ /rik+ ( all ! po9ts ( contra/ betwe5 ! tea*+ ( antiquity1 & especially ( ! ,roman ,/oics1 on ! "o h&1 & t ( almo/ all mod]n morali/s on ! o!r4 ,x is inde$ true t ! anci5ts 7 by no means unanim\s 9 _! approval ( ! act4 ,py?agoras1 to :om s _m ( ! wise/ say+s ( antiquity are ascrib$1 is said to h =bidd5 m5 8to dep>t f _! gu>d or /ation 9 life )\t ! ord] ( _! comm&]1 t is1 ( ,god407#cjb7 ,plato adopt$ simil> language1 ?\gh he p]mitt$ suicide :5 ! law requir$ x1 & also :5 m5 _h be5 /ruck d[n by intol]able calamity1 or _h sunk to ! l[e/ dep?s ( pov]ty47#cjc7 ,ari/otle condemn$ x on civic gr\nds1 z be+ an injury to ! ,/ate47#cjd7 ,! roll ( ,greek suicides is n long1 ?\gh x conta9s "s illu/ri\s names1 among o!rs ^? ( ,z5o & ,clean!s47#cje7 ,9 ,rome1 too1 :]e suicide acquir$ a great] prom95ce1 its lawfulness 0 by no means accept$ z an axiom1 & ! /ory ( ,regulus1 :e!r x be a hi/ory or a leg5d1 %[s t ! pati5t endurance ( suff]+ 0 once ! supreme ideal47#cjf7 ,virgil pa9t$ 9 gloomy col\rs ! condition ( suicides 9 ! future _w47#cjg7 ,cic]o /rongly ass]t$ ! doctr9e ( ,py?agoras1 ?\gh he prais$ ! suicide ( ,cato47#cjh7 ,apuleius1 exp\nd+ ! philosophy ( ,plato1 taught t 8! wise man nev] ?r[s (f 8 body except by ! w ( ,god407#cji7 ,cs>1 ,ovid1 & o!rs urg$ t 9 extreme di/ress x is easy to despise life1 & t true c\rage is %[n 9 endur+ x47#caj7 ,among ! ,/oics !mselves1 ! belief t no man may %r9k f a duty co-exi/$ ) ! belief t e man has a "r to dispose ( 8 own life4 ,s5eca1 :o emphatically advocat$ suicide1 admits t !re 7 "s :o deem$ x wrong1 & he himself attempt$ to mod]ate :at he t]m$ 8! passion = suicide01 t _h aris5 among 8 disciples47#caa7 ,m>cus ,aurelius wav]s a little on ! subject1 sometimes ass]t+ ! "r ( e man to leave life :5 he pleases1 sometimes incl9+ to ! ,platonic doctr9e t man is a soldi] ( ,god1 occupy+ a po/ :i* x is crim9al to ab&on47#cab7 ,plot9us & ,porphyry argu$ /rongly aga9/ all suicide47#cac7 ,b1 not)/&+ ^! passages1 !re c be no "q t ! anci5t view ( suicide 0 broadly & /rongly oppos$ to our own4 ,a g5]al approval ( x float$ d[n ?r\gh mo/ ( ! s*ools ( philosophy1 & ev5 to ^? :o condemn$ x1 x nev] seems to h assum$ its pres5t aspect ( extreme enormity4 ,?is 0 9 ! fir/ in/ance due to ! anci5t notion ( dea?2 & we h also to rememb] t :5 a society once le>ns to tol]ate suicide1 ! de$1 9 ceas+ to be disgraceful1 loses mu* ( its actual crim9ality1 = ^? :o are mo/ firmly conv9c$ t ! /igma & suff]+ x n[ br+s ^u ! family ( ! deceas$ d n con/itute its entire guilt1 w readily ackn[l$ge t !y greatly aggravate x4 ,9 ! conditions ( anci5t ?\ght1 ?is aggravation did n exi/4 ,epicurus exhort$ m5 8to weigh c>efully1 :e!r !y w\ld pref] dea? to come to !m1 or w\ld !mselves g to dea?207#cad7 & among 8 disciples1 ,lucretius1 ! illu/ri\s poet ( ! sect1 di$ by 8 own h&17#cae7 z did also ,cassius ! tyrannicide1 ,atticus ! fri5d ( ,cic]o17#caf7 ! voluptu>y ,petronius17#cag7 & ! philosoph] ,diodorus47#cah7 ,pl9y describ$ ! lot ( man z 9 ?is respect at lea/ sup]ior to t ( ,god1 t man has ! p[] ( fly+ to ! tomb17#cai7 & he repres5t$ x z "o ( ! greate/ pro(s ( ! b\nty ( ,provid5ce1 t x has fill$ ! _w ) h]bs1 by :i* ! we>y may f9d a rapid & a pa9less dea?47#cbj7 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ figures t a pass+ notice ( ,cic]o br+s be=e u1 is t ( ,hegesias1 :o 0 surnam$ by ! anci5ts 8! orator ( dea?40 ,a conspicu\s memb] ( t ,cyr5aic s*ool :i* e/eem$ ! pursuit ( pleasure ! sole end ( a rational be+1 he taught t life 0 s full ( c>es1 & its pleasure s fleet+ & s alloy$1 t ! happie/ lot = man 0 dea?2 & su* 0 ! p[] ( 8 eloqu5ce1 s int5se 0 ! fasc9ation he ca/ ar\nd ! tomb1 t 8 disciples embrac$ ) rapture ! consequ5ce ( 8 doctr9e1 multitudes fre$ !mselves by suicide f ! tr\bles ( ! _w1 & ! contagion 0 s great1 t ,ptolemy1 x is said1 0 compell$ to bani% ! philosoph] f ,alex&ria47#cba7 ,b x 0 9 ! ,roman ,empire & among ! ,roman ,/oics t suicide assum$ its greate/ prom95ce1 & its philosophy 0 mo/ fully elaborat$4 ,f an e>ly p]iod self-immolation1 l t ( ,curtius or ,decius1 _h be5 e/eem$ 9 "s circum/ances a religi\s rite1 be+1 z has be5 well sugge/$1 probably a l+]+ remnant ( ! cu/om ( human sacrifices17#cbb7 & t[>ds ! clos+ days ( paganism _m influ5ces conspir$ 9 ! same direction4 ,! example ( ,cato1 :o _h become ! ideal ( ! ,/oics1 & ^: dramatic suicide 0 ! fav\rite subject ( _! eloqu5ce17#cbc7 ! indiff]5ce to dea? produc$ by ! great multiplication ( gladiatorial %[s1 ! _m in/ances ( b>b>ian captives1 :o1 soon] ?an slay _! fell[-c\ntrym51 or m9i/] to ! pleasures ( _! conqu]ors1 plung$ _! lances into _! own necks1 or f\nd o!r & /ill m horrible roads to fre$om17#cbd7 ! cu/om ( compell+ political prison]s to execute _! own s5t5ce1 &1 m ?an all1 ! caprici\s & atroci\s tyranny ( ! ,cs>s17#cbe7 _h rais$ suicide into an extraord9>y prom95ce4 ,few ?+s are m t\*+ ?an ! passionate joy ) :i*1 9 ! reign ( ,n]o1 ,s5eca clung to x z ! "o refuge = ! oppress$1 ! la/ bulw>k ( ! tott]+ m9d4 8,to dea? alone x is due t life is n a puni%m5t1 t1 erect b5ea? ! fr[ns ( =tune1 ,i c pres]ve my m9d un%ak5 & ma/] ( itself4 ,i h "o to :om ,i c appeal4 ,i see be=e me ! crosses ( _m =ms4444 ,i see ! rack & ! sc\rge1 & ! in/rum5ts ( torture adapt$ to e limb & to e n]ve2 b ,i also see ,dea?4 ,%e /&s beyond my savage enemies1 beyond my haughty fell[-c\ntrym54 ,slav]y loses its bitt]ness :5 by a /ep ,i c pass to lib]ty4 ,aga9/ all ! injuries ( life1 ,i h ! refuge ( dea?407#cbf7 8,:]ev] y look1 !re is ! end ( evils4 ,y see t yawn+ precipice--!re y may desc5d to lib]ty4 ,y see t sea1 t riv]1 t well--lib]ty sits at ! bottom4444 ,d y seek ! way to fre$om8--y may f9d x 9 e ve9 ( y\r body407#cbg7 8,if ,i c *oose betwe5 a dea? ( torture & "o t is simple & easy1 :y %\ld ,i n select ! latt]8 ,z ,i *oose ! %ip 9 :i* ,i w sail1 & ! h\se ,i w inhabit1 s ,i w *oose ! dea? by :i* ,i w leave life4444 ,9 no matt] m ?an 9 dea? %\ld we act accord+ to our desire4 ,dep>t f life z y\r impulse leads y1 :e!r x be by ! sword1 or ! rope1 or ! poison creep+ ?r\gh ! ve9s2 g y\r way1 & break ! *a9s ( slav]y4 ,man %\ld seek ! approbation ( o!rs 9 8 life2 8 dea? conc]ns himself alone4 ,t is ! be/ :i* pleases him mo/4444 ,! et]nal law has decre$ no?+ bett] ?an ?is1 t life %\ld h b "o entrance & _m exits4 ,:y %\ld ,i endure ! agonies ( disease1 & ! cruelties ( human tyranny1 :5 ,i c emancipate myself f all my torm5ts1 & %ake (f e bond8 ,= ?is reason1 b = ?is alone1 life is n an evil--t no "o is oblig$ to live4 ,! lot ( man is happy1 because no "o cont9ues wret*$ b by 8 fault4 ,if life pleases y1 live4 ,if n1 y h a "r to return :5ce y came407#cbh7 ,^! passages1 :i* are b a few select$ out ( v _m1 w suffici5tly %[ ! passion ) :i* ! mo/ influ5tial tea*] ( ,roman ,/oicism advocat$ suicide4 ,z a g5]al proposition1 ! law recognis$ x z a "r1 b two slight re/rictions 7 aft] a "t impos$47#cbi7 ,x _h become cu/om>y ) _m m5 :o 7 accus$ ( political (f5ces to commit suicide be=e trial1 9 ord] to prev5t ! ignom9i\s exposure ( _! bodies & ! confiscation ( _! goods2 b ,domitian clos$ ?is res\rce by orda9+ t ! suicide ( an accus$ p]son %\ld entail ! same consequ5ces z 8 condemnation4 ,hadrian aft]w>ds assimilat$ ! suicide ( a ,roman soldi] to des]tion47#ccj7 ,) ^! exceptions1 ! lib]ty appe>s to h be5 absolute1 & ! act 0 committ$ "u ! mo/ v>i\s motives4 ,! suicide ( ,o?o1 :o is said to h kill$ himself to avoid be+ a second "t a cause ( civil w>1 0 extoll$ z equal 9 gr&eur to t ( ,cato47#cca7 ,9 ! ,dacian w>1 ! enemy1 hav+ captur$ a di/+ui%$ ,roman g5]al nam$ ,long9us1 endeav\r$ to extort t]ms f ,trajan z a condition ( 8 surr5d]1 b ,long9us1 by tak+ poison1 fre$ ! emp]or f 8 emb>rassm5t47#ccb7 ,on ! dea? ( ,o?o1 "s ( 8 soldi]s1 fill$ ) grief & admiration1 kill$ !mselves be=e 8 corpse17#ccc7 z did also a fre$man ( ,agripp9a1 at ! fun]al ( ! empress47#ccd7 ,be=e ! close ( ! ,republic1 an en?usia/ic p>tisan ( "o ( ! factions 9 ! *>iot races flung himself ^u ! pile on :i* ! body ( a fav\rite coa*man 0 consum$1 & p]i%$ 9 ! flames47#cce7 ,a ,roman1 unm5ac$ 9 8 =tune1 & /&+ high 9 ! fav\r ( 8 sov]eign1 kill$ himself "u ,tib]ius1 because he c\ld n endure to witness ! crimes ( ! empire47#ccf7 ,ano!r1 be+ afflict$ by an incurable malady1 po/pon$ 8 suicide till ! dea? ( ,domitian1 t at lea/ he might die free1 & on ! assass9ation ( ! tyrant1 ha/5$ *e]fully to ! tomb47#ccg7 ,! ,cynic ,p]egr9us ann\nc$ t1 be+ we>y ( life1 he w\ld on a c]ta9 day dep>t1 &1 9 pres5ce ( a l>ge conc\rse1 he m\nt$ ! fun]al pile47#cch7 ,mo/ frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 dea? 0 reg>d$ z 8! la/ physician ( disease107#cci7 & suicide z ! legitimate relief f intol]able suff]+4 8,above all ?+s10 said ,epictetus1 8rememb] t ! door is op54 ,be n m timid ?an boys at play4 ,z !y1 :5 !y cease to take pleasure 9 _! games1 decl>e !y w no long] play1 s d y1 :51 all ?+s beg9 to pall ^u y1 retire2 b if y /ay1 d n compla9407#cdj7 ,s5eca decl>$ t he :o waits ! extremity ( old age is n 8f> remov$ f a c[>d10 8z he is ju/ly reg>d$ z too mu* addict$ to w9e :o dra9s ! flask to ! v dregs40 8,i w n rel9qui% old age10 he add$1 8if x leaves my bett] "p intact4 ,b if x beg9s to %ake my m9d1 if x de/roys its faculties "o by "o1 if x leaves me n life b brea?1 ,i w dep>t f ! putrid or tott]+ edifice4 ,i w n escape by dea? f disease s long z x may be heal$1 & leaves my m9d unimpair$4 ,i w n raise my h& aga9/ myself on acc\nt ( pa91 = s to die is to be conqu]$4 ,b if ,i "k t ,i mu/ suff] )\t hope ( relief1 ,i w dep>t1 n ?r\gh fe> ( ! pa9 itself1 b because x prev5ts all = :i* ,i w\ld live407#cda7 8,j z a l&lord10 said ,musonius1 8:o has n receiv$ 8 r5t1 pulls d[n ! doors1 removes ! raft]s1 & fills up ! well1 s ,i seem to be driv5 out ( ?is little body1 :5 nature1 :i* has let x to me1 takes away1 "o by "o1 eyes & e>s1 h&s & feet4 ,i w n1 !re=e1 delay long]1 b w *e]fully dep>t z f a banquet407#cdb7 ,?is conception ( suicide z an eu?anasia1 an abridgm5t ( ! pangs ( disease1 & a gu>antee aga9/ ! dotage ( age1 0 n conf9$ to philosophical treatises4 ,we h consid]able evid5ce ( its be+ frequ5tly put 9 practice4 ,among ^? :o ?us abridg$ _! lives 0 ,silius ,italicus1 "o ( ! la/ ( ! ,lat9 poets47#cdc7 ,! y\ng] ,pl9y describes 9 t]ms ( ! mo/ gl[+ admiration ! conduct ( "o ( 8 fri5ds1 :o1 /ruck d[n by disease1 resolv$ calmly & delib]ately ^u ! pa? he %\ld pursue4 ,he det]m9$1 if ! disease 0 only dang]\s & long1 to yield to ! wi%es ( 8 fri5ds & await ! /ruggle2 b if ! issue 0 hopeless1 to die by 8 own h&4 ,hav+ reason$ on ! propriety ( ?is c\rse ) all ! tranquil c\rage ( a ,roman1 he summon$ a c\ncil ( physicians1 &1 ) a m9d indiff]5t to ei!r fate1 he calmly await$ _! s5t5ce47#cdd7 ,! same writ] m5tions ! case ( a man :o 0 afflict$ ) a horrible disease1 :i* r$uc$ 8 body to a mass ( sores4 ,8 wife1 be+ conv9c$ t x 0 incurable1 exhort$ h] husb& to %ort5 8 suff]+s2 %e n]v$ & enc\rag$ him to ! ef=t1 & %e claim$ x z h] privilege to accompany him to ! grave4 ,husb& & wife1 b\nd toge!r1 plung$ into a lake47#cde7 ,s5eca1 9 "o ( 8 lett]s1 has left u a detail$ description ( ! dea?-b$ ( "o ( ! ,roman suicides4 ,tullius ,m>cell9us1 a "y man ( rem>kable abilities & v e>ne/ "*1 :o _h long ridicul$ ! tea*+s ( philosophy1 b _h end$ by embrac+ x ) all ! passion ( a conv]t1 be+ afflict$ ) a grave & l+]+ ?\gh n incurable disease1 resolv$ at l5g? ^u suicide4 ,he ga!r$ 8 fri5ds ar\nd him1 & _m ( !m entreat$ him to cont9ue 9 life4 ,among !m1 h[ev]1 0 "o ,/oical philosoph]1 :o address$ him 9 :at ,s5eca t]ms ! v noble/ ( disc\rses4 ,he exhort$ him n to lay too mu* /ress ^u ! "q he 0 decid+1 z if exi/5ce 0 a matt] ( great importance4 ,he urg$ t life is a ?+ we possess 9 common ) slaves & animals1 b t a noble dea? %\ld inde$ be priz$1 & he conclud$ by recomm5d+ suicide4 ,m>cell9us gladly embrac$ ! c\nsel :i* 8 own wi%es _h anticipat$4 ,accord+ to ! advice ( 8 fri5d1 he di/ribut$ gifts among 8 fai?ful slaves1 consol$ !m on _! approa*+ b]eavem5t1 ab/a9$ d9+ ?ree days f all food1 & at la/1 :5 8 /r5g? _h be5 :olly exhau/$1 pass$ into a w>m ba? & calmly di$1 describ+ ) 8 la/ brea? ! pleas+ s5sations t accompani$ rec$+ life47#cdf7 ,! doctr9e ( suicide 0 inde$ ! culm9at+ po9t ( ,roman ,/oicism4 ,! pr\d1 self-reliant1 unb5d+ "* ( ! philosoph] c\ld only be su/a9$ :5 he felt t he _h a sure refuge aga9/ ! extreme =ms ( suff]+ or ( despair4 ,al?\gh virtue is n a m]e creature ( int]e/1 no great sy/em has ev] yet fl\ri%$ :i* did n pres5t an ideal ( happ9ess z well z an ideal ( duty4 ,/oicism taught m5 to hope little1 b to fe> no?+4 ,x did n array dea? 9 brilliant col\rs1 z ! pa? to positive felicity1 b x endeav\r$ to dive/ x1 z ! end ( suff]+1 ( e t]ror4 ,life lo/ mu* ( its bitt]ness :5 m5 _h f\nd a refuge f ! /orms ( fate1 a spe$y deliv]ance f dotage & pa94 ,dea? ceas$ to be t]rible :5 x 0 reg>d$ r z a rem$y ?an z a s5t5ce4 ,life & dea? 9 ! ,/oical sy/em 7 attun$ to ! same key4 ,! deification ( human virtue1 ! total abs5ce ( all s5se ( s91 ! pr\d /ubborn w t deem$ humiliation ! wor/ ( /a9s1 appe>$ alike 9 ea*4 ,! type ( its own k9d 0 p]fect4 ,all ! virtues & all ! maje/y t accompany human pride1 :5 develop$ to ! highe/ po9t1 & direct$ to ! noble/ ends1 7 "h display$4 ,all ^? :i* accompany humility & self-abasem5t 7 abs5t4 ,i desire at ?is /age ( our enquiry to pause = a mom5t1 9 ord] to retrace briefly ! lead+ /eps ( ! =ego+ argum5t1 & ?us to br+ into ! cle>e/ light ! connection :i* _m details & quotations may h occasionally obscur$4 ,su* a review w %[ at a s+le glance 9 :at respects ,/oicism 0 a result ( ! pre-exi/5t /ate ( society1 & 9 :at respects x 0 an active ag5t1 h[ f> its influ5ce 0 prep>+ ! way = ,*ri/ian e?ics1 & h[ f> x 0 oppos$ to !m4 ,we h se51 !n1 t among ! ,romans1 z among o!r p1 a v cle> & def9ite type ( moral excell5ce 0 creat$ be=e m5 _h =m$ any cle> intellectual notions ( ! nature & sanctions ( virtue4 ,! *>act]s ( m5 are *iefly gov]n$ by _! occupations1 & ! republic be+ organis$ altoge!r ) a view to milit>y success1 x _h atta9$ all ! virtues & vices ( a milit>y society4 ,we h se51 too1 t at all times1 b mo/ especially "u ! conditions ( anci5t w>f>e1 milit>y life is v unfav\rable to ! amiable1 & v fav\rable to ! h]oic virtues4 ,! ,roman _h le>nt to value =ce v highly4 ,be+ cont9ually engag$ 9 inflict+ pa91 8 natural or in/9ctive humanity 0 v l[4 ,8 moral feel+s 7 almo/ b\nd$ by political limits1 act+ only1 & ) diff]5t degrees ( int5sity1 t[>ds 8 class1 8 c\ntry1 & its allies4 ,indomitable pride 0 ! mo/ prom95t elem5t ( 8 "*4 ,a victori\s army :i* is humble or diffid5t1 or tol]ant ( insult1 or anxi\s to take ! second place1 is1 inde$1 almo/ a contradiction ( t]ms4 ,! _s ( patriotism1 9 its relation to =eign]s1 l t ( political lib]ty 9 its relation to gov]nors1 is a _s ( con/ant & jeal\s self-ass]tion2 & al?\gh bo? are v consonant ) high morality & great self-devotion1 we r>ely f9d t ! grace ( g5u9e humility c fl\ri% 9 a society t is int5sely p]vad$ by _! influ5ce4 ,! k9d ( excell5ce t f\nd mo/ fav\r 9 ,roman eyes 0 simple1 =cible1 massive1 b co>se-gra9$4 ,subtilty ( motives1 ref9em5ts ( feel+s1 delicacies ( susceptibility1 7 r>ely appreciat$4 ,?is 0 ! d>k] side ( ! picture4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! national "*1 be+ =m$ by a pr(ession 9 :i* m]c5>y consid]ations are less p[]ful1 & spl5did examples ( self-devotion m frequ5t1 ?an 9 any o!r1 _h e>ly ris5 to a h]oic level4 ,dea? be+ cont9ually confront$1 to meet x ) c\rage 0 ! *ief te/ ( virtue4 ,! habits ( m5 7 unaffect$1 frugal1 hon\rable1 & labori\s4 ,a /]n discipl9e p]vad+ all ages & classes ( society1 ! w 0 tra9$1 to an almo/ unexampl$ degree1 to repress ! passions1 to endure suff]+ & opposition1 to t5d /eadily & fe>lessly t[>ds an unpopul> end4 ,a s5se ( duty 0 v widely diffus$1 & a deep atta*m5t to ! int]e/s ( ! city became ! p>5t ( _m virtues4 ,su* 0 ! type ( excell5ce ! ,roman p _h atta9$ at a "t :5 its intellectual cultivation produc$ philosophical discussions1 & :5 num]\s ,greek pr(essors1 attract$ p>tly by political ev5ts1 & p>tly by ! patronage ( ,scipio milianus1 arriv$ at ,rome1 br++ ) !m ! t5ets ( ! great s*ools ( ,z5o & ,epicurus1 & ( ! _m m9or sects t clu/]$ ar\nd !m4 ,epicureanism be+ ess5tially oppos$ to ! pre-exi/+ type ( virtue1 ?\gh x spread greatly1 nev] atta9$ ! position ( a s*ool ( virtue4 ,/oicism1 taught by ,pantius ( ,rhodes1 & soon aft] by ! ,syrian ,posidonius1 became ! true religion ( ! educat$ classes4 ,x furni%$ ! pr9ciples ( virtue1 col\r$ ! noble/ lit]ature ( ! "t1 & guid$ all ! developm5ts ( moral en?usiasm4 ,! ,/oical sy/em ( e?ics 0 9 ! highe/ s5se a sy/em ( indep5d5t morals4 ,x taught t our reason reveals to u a c]ta9 law ( nature1 & t a desire to con=m to ?is law1 irrespectively ( all consid]ations ( rew>d or puni%m5t1 ( happ9ess or ! rev]se1 is a possible & a suffici5t motive ( virtue4 ,x 0 also 9 ! highe/ s5se a sy/em ( discipl9e4 ,x taught t ! w1 act+ "u ! complete control ( ! reason1 is ! sole pr9ciple ( virtue1 & t all ! emotional "p ( our be+ is ( ! nature ( a disease4 ,its :ole t5d5cy 0 !re=e to dignify & /r5g!n ! w1 & to degrade & suppress ! desires4 ,x taught1 moreov]1 t man is capable ( atta9+ an extremely high degree ( moral excell5ce1 t he has no?+ to fe> beyond ! pres5t life1 t x is ess5tial to ! dignity & consi/5ce ( 8 "* t he %\ld reg>d dea? )\t dismay1 & t he has a "r to ha/5 x if he desires4 ,x is easy to see t ?is sy/em ( e?ics 0 /rictly consonant ) ! type ( "* ! circum/ances ( ! ,roman p _h =m$4 ,x is also manife/ t :ile ! =ce ( circum/ances _h 9 ! fir/ in/ance secur$ its asc5dancy1 ! en]gy ( w :i* x produc$ w\ld enable x to (f] a p[]ful resi/ance to ! t5d5cies ( an alt]$ condition ( society4 ,?is 0 pre-em95tly %[n 9 ! hi/ory ( ,roman ,/oicism4 ,! au/]e purity ( ! writ+s ( ,s5eca & 8 s*ool is a fact probably unique 9 hi/ory1 :5 we consid]1 on ! "o h&1 ! int5se & undisguis$ depravity ( ! ,empire1 & on ! o!r1 ! prom95t position ( mo/ ( ! lead+ ,/oics 9 ! v c5tre ( ! /ream4 ,m ?an once 9 lat] p]iods did great intellectual brilliancy co9cide ) g5]al depravity1 b on none ( ^! occasions 0 ?is moral ph5om5on reproduc$4 ,9 ! age ( ,leo ,x41 9 ! age ( ! ,fr5* ,reg5cy1 or ( ,lewis ,,xv41 we look 9 va9 = high moral tea*+ 9 ! c5tre ( ,italian or ( ,p>isian civilisation4 ,! true tea*]s ( ^? ages 7 ! re=m]s1 :o arose 9 obscure t[ns ( ,g]many or ,switz]l&1 or t diseas$ recluse :o1 f 8 solitude ne> ,g5eva1 fasc9at$ ,europe by ! gleams ( a dazzl+ & almo/ pe]less eloqu5ce1 & by a moral tea*+ :i*1 ?\gh (t5 fev]i%1 p>adoxical1 & unpractical1 ab\nd$ 9 passages ( transc5d5t maje/y & ( ! mo/ entranc+ purity & beauty4 ,b ev5 ! be/ moral tea*]s :o rose 9 ! c5tres ( ! deprav$ society felt ! contagion ( ! surr\nd+ vice4 ,_! ideal 0 depress$1 _! au/]ity 0 relax$1 !y appeal$ to sordid & worldly motives1 _! judgm5ts ( "* 7 wav]+ & unc]ta91 _! :ole tea*+ 0 ( ! nature ( a compromise4 ,b 9 anci5t ,rome1 if ! tea*]s ( virtue act$ b feebly ^u ! surr\nd+ corruption1 _! own t5ets 7 at lea/ un/a9$4 ,! spl5d\r ( ! g5ius ( ,cs> nev] eclips$ ! moral gr&eur ( ! vanqui%$ ,cato1 & amid all ! dramatic vicissitudes ( civil w> & ( political convulsion1 ! supreme au?ority ( moral di/9ctions 0 nev] =gott54 ,! eloqu5ce ( ,livy 0 *iefly employ$ 9 pa9t+ virtue1 ! eloqu5ce ( ,tacitus 9 br&+ vice4 ,! ,/oics nev] l[]$ _! /&>d because ( ! depravity ar\nd !m1 & if we trace 9 _! tea*+ any reflection ( ! prevail+ wor%ip ( enjoym5t1 x is only 9 ! passionate int5sity ) :i* !y dwelt ^u ! tranquillity ( ! tomb4 ,b x is n suffici5t = a moral sy/em to =m a bulw>k aga9/ vice1 x mu/ also be capable ( admitt+ ^? ext5sions & ref9em5ts ( moral sympa?ies :i* advanc+ civilisation produces1 & ! inflexibility ( its antagonism to evil by no means implies its capacity ( enl>g+ its conceptions ( good4 ,dur+ ! p]iod :i* elaps$ betwe5 ! importation ( ,/oical t5ets into ,rome & ! asc5dancy ( ,*ri/ianity1 an extremely important trans=mation ( moral ideas _h be5 effect$ by political *anges1 & x became a "q h[ f> ! new elem5ts c\ld coalesce ) ! ,/oical ideal1 & h[ f> !y t5d$ to replace x by an ess5tially diff]5t type4 ,^! *anges 7 tw(old1 b 7 v closely connect$4 ,!y consi/$ ( ! increas+ prom95ce ( ! b5evol5t or amiable1 z di/+ui%$ f ! h]oic qualities1 & ( ! enl>gem5t ( moral sympa?ies1 :i* hav+ at fir/ compris$ only a class or a nation1 came at la/1 by ! de/ruction ( _m artificial b>ri]s1 to include all classes & all nations4 ,! causes ( ^! *anges--:i* 7 ! mo/ important antec$5ts ( ! triumph ( ,*ri/ianity--are v complicat$ & num]\s1 b x w1 ,i ?9k1 be possible to give 9 a few pages a suffici5tly cle> outl9e ( ! movem5t4 ,x orig9at$ 9 ! ,roman ,empire at ! "t :5 ! union ( ! ,greek & ,lat9 civilisations 0 effect$ by ! conque/ ( ,greece4 ,! g5]al humanity ( ! ,greeks _h always be5 incomp>ably great] ?an t ( ! ,romans4 ,! ref9+ influ5ce ( _! art & lit]ature1 _! ignorance ( gladiatorial games1 & _! comp>ative fre$om f ! _s ( conque/1 _h sep>at$ !m widely f _! semi-b>b>\s conqu]ors1 & _h giv5 a peculi> s(tness & t5d]ness to _! ideal *>act]s4 ,p]icles1 :o1 :5 ! fri5ds :o _h ga!r$ r\nd 8 dea?-b$1 imag9+ him to be ins5sible1 7 rec\nt+ 8 spl5did de$s1 told !m t !y _h =gott5 8 be/ title to fame--t 8no ,a!nian _h ev] worn m\rn+ on 8 acc\nt20 ,ari/ides1 pray+ ! gods t ^? :o _h bani%$ him might nev] be compell$ by dang] or suff]+ to recall him2 ,phocion1 :5 unju/ly condemn$1 exhort+ 8 son nev] to av5ge 8 dea?1 all repres5t a type ( "* ( a mild] k9d ?an t :i* ,roman influ5ces produc$4 ,! plays ( ,euripides _h be5 to ! anci5t _w ! fir/ great revelation ( ! supreme beauty ( ! g5tl] virtues4 ,among ! _m =ms ( wor%ip t fl\ri%$ at ,a!ns1 !re 0 an alt> :i* /ood alone1 conspicu\s & hon\r$ beyond all o!rs4 ,! suppliants ?rong$ ar\nd x1 b no image ( a god1 no symbol ( dogma 0 !re4 ,x 0 d$icat$ to ,pity1 & 0 v5]at$ ?r\gh all ! anci5t _w z ! fir/ great ass]tion among mank9d ( ! supremo sanctity ( ,m]cy47#cdg7 ,b :ile ! ,greek _s 0 f a v e>ly p]iod di/+ui%$ = its humanity1 x 0 at fir/ z f> remov$ f cosmopolitanism z t ( ,rome4 ,x is well kn[n t ,phryni*us 0 f9$ because 9 8 8,conque/ ( ,miletus0 he _h repres5t$ ! triumph ( b>b>ians ov] ,greeks47#cdh7 ,8 successor1 s*ylus1 deem$ x necess>y to violate all dramatic probabilities by mak+ ! ,p]sian k+ & c\rti]s cont9ually speak ( !mselves z b>b>ians4 ,socrates1 inde$1 _h proclaim$ himself a citiz5 ( ! _w17#cdi7 b ,ari/otle taught t ,greeks _h no m duties to b>b>ians ?an to wild bea/s1 & ano!r philosoph] 0 believ$ to h ev9c$ an almo/ excessive range ( sympa?y :5 he decl>$ t 8 affections ext5d$ beyond 8 own ,/ate1 & includ$ ! :ole p ( ,greece4 ,b ! dissolv+ & dis9tegrat+ philosophical discussions t soon foll[$ ! dea? ( ,socrates1 /r5g!n$ by political ev5ts1 t5d$ p[]fully to de/roy ?is feel+4 ,! traditions t atta*$ ,greek philosophy to ,egypt1 ! subsequ5t admiration = ! s*ools ( ,india to :i* ,pyrrho & ,anax>*us are said to h resort$17#cej7 ! preval5ce ( ,cynicism & ,epicureanism1 :i* agre$ 9 inculcat+ indiff]5ce to political life1 ! complete decomposition ( ! popul> national religions1 & ! incompatibility ( a n>r[ local feel+ ) great k & matur$ civilisation1 7 ! intellectual causes ( ! *ange1 & ! movem5t ( expansion receiv$ a great political /imulus :5 ,alex&] eclips$ ! glories ( ,sp>tan & ,a!nian hi/ory by ! vision ( univ]sal empire1 accord$ to ! conqu]$ nations ! privileges ( ! conqu]ors1 & creat$ 9 ,alex&ria a great c5tre bo? ( comm]cial int]c\rse & ( philosophical eclecticism47#cea7 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t ! preval5ce ( ,greek ideas 9 ,rome w\ld be 9 a two-fold way de/ructive ( n>r[ national feel+s4 ,x 0 ! asc5dancy ( a p :o 7 n ,romans1 & ( a p :o _h already become 9 a great degree emancipat$ f local s5tim5ts4 ,x is also evid5t t ! ,greeks hav+ _h = sev]al c5turies a spl5did lit]ature1 at a "t :5 ! ,romans _h none1 & :5 ! ,lat9 language 0 /ill too rude = lit]>y purposes1 ! p]iod 9 :i* ! ,romans fir/ em]g$ f a purely milit>y condition into an intellig5t civilisation w\ld br+ ) x an asc5dancy ( ,greek ideas4 ,fabius ,pictor & ,c9cius ,alim5tus1 ! e>lie/ native ,roman hi/orians1 bo? wrote 9 ,greek17#ceb7 & al?\gh ! poems ( ,ennius1 & ! 8,orig9es0 ( ,m>cus ,cato1 contribut$ l>gely to improve & fix ! ,lat9 language1 ! prec$5t 0 n at once discont9u$47#cec7 ,aft] ! conque/ ( ,greece1 ! political asc5dancy ( ! ,romans & ! intellectual asc5dancy ( ,greece 7 alike univ]sal47#ced7 ,! conqu]$ p1 ^: patriotic feel+s _h be5 greatly enfeebl$ by ! influ5ces ,i h notic$1 acquiesc$ readily 9 _! new condition1 & not)/&+ ! vehem5t ex]tions ( ! cons]vative p>ty1 ,greek mann]s1 s5tim5ts1 & ideas soon p5etrat$ into all classes1 & m\ld$ all ! =ms ( ,roman life4 ,! eld] ,cato1 z an acute obs]v] has notic$1 desir$ all ,greek philosoph]s to be expell$ f ,rome4 ,! y\ng] ,cato made ,greek philosoph]s 8 mo/ intimate fri5ds47#cee7 ,roman virtue f\nd its highe/ expression 9 ,/oicism4 ,roman vice %elt]$ itself "u ! "n ( ,epicurus4 ,diodorus ( ,sicily & ,polybius fir/ sket*$ 9 ,greek ! outl9es ( univ]sal hi/ory4 ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus explor$ ,roman antiquities4 ,greek arti/s & ,greek ar*itects ?rong$ ! city2 b ! fir/1 "u ,roman influ5ce1 ab&on$ ! ideal = ! portrait1 & ! second degrad$ ! noble ,cor9?ian pill> into ! ba/>d composite47#cef7 ,! !atre1 :i* n[ />t$ into sudd5 life1 0 borr[$ altoge!r f ! ,greeks4 ,ennius & ,pacuvius imitat$ ,euripides2 ,ccilius1 ,plautus1 ,t]5ce1 & ,nvius devot$ !mselves *iefly to ,m5&]4 ,ev5 ! lov] 9 ! days ( ,lucretius pa9t$ 8 lady's *>ms 9 ,greek47#ceg7 ,imm5se sums 7 giv5 = ,greek lit]>y slaves1 & ! attractions ( ! capital drew to ,rome ne>ly all t 0 brilliant 9 ,a!nian society4 ,:ile ! complete asc5dancy ( ! intellect & mann]s ( ,greece 0 de/roy+ ! simplicity ( ! old ,roman type1 & at ! same "t enl>g+ ! range ( ,roman sympa?ies1 an equally p[]ful influ5ce 0 break+ d[n ! ari/ocratic & class feel+ :i* _h s long rais$ an insurm\ntable b>ri] betwe5 ! nobles & ! plebeians4 ,_! long cont5tions _h issu$ 9 ! civil w>s1 ! dictator%ip ( ,julius ,cs>1 & ! ,empire1 & ^! *anges 9 a great measure oblit]at$ ! old l9es ( dem>cation4 ,=eign w>s1 :i* develop ) great int5sity di/9ctive national types1 & div]t ! public m9d f int]nal *anges1 are usually fav\rable to ! cons]vative _s2 b civil w>s are ess5tially revolution>y1 = !y ov]:elm all class b>ri]s & ?r[ op5 ! highe/ prizes to en]gy & g5ius4 ,two v rem>kable & altoge!r unprec$5t$ illu/rations ( ?is tru? occurr$ at ,rome4 ,v5tidius ,bassus1 by 8 milit>y skill1 & by ! fri5d%ip ( ,julius ,cs>1 & aft]w>ds ( ,antony1 rose f ! position ( mule-driv] to ! comm& ( a ,roman army1 & at la/ to ! consulate17#ceh7 :i* 0 also atta9$1 ab\t #dj ,b4,c41 by ! ,spani>d ,cornelius ,balbus47#cei7 ,augu/us1 ?\gh ! mo/ ari/ocratic ( emp]ors1 9 ord] to disc\rage celibacy1 p]mitt$ all citiz5s :o 7 n s5ators to int]m>ry ) fre$wom54 ,! empire 0 9 sev]al di/9ct ways unfav\rable to class di/9ctions4 ,x 0 = ! mo/ "p ess5tially democratic1 w9n+ its popul>ity f ! masses ( ! p1 & cru%+ ! s5ate1 :i* _h be5 ! common c5tre ( ari/ocracy & ( fre$om4 ,a new despotic p[]1 be>+ alike on all classes1 r$uc$ !m to an equality ( s]vitude4 ,! emp]ors 7 !mselves 9 _m cases ! m]e creatures ( revolt1 & _! policy 0 gov]n$ by _! orig94 ,_! jeal\sy /ruck d[n _m ( ! nobles1 :ile o!rs 7 ru9$ by ! public games1 :i* x became cu/om>y to give1 or by ! luxury to :i*1 9 ! abs5ce ( political occupations1 !y 7 impell$1 & ! relative importance ( all 0 dim9i%$ by ! new creations4 ,! asc5dancy ( weal? began to pass into new qu>t]s4 ,delators1 or political in=m]s1 enc\rag$ by ! emp]ors1 & enri*$ by ! confiscat$ prop]ties ( ^? ^: condemnation !y _h procur$1 rose to great influ5ce4 ,f ! "t ( ,caligula1 = sev]al reigns1 ! mo/ influ5tial citiz5s 7 fre$m51 :o occupi$ ! pr9cipal (fices 9 ! palace1 & usually obta9$ complete asc5dancy ov] ! emp]ors4 ,?r\gh !m alone petitions 7 pres5t$4 ,by _! in/rum5tality ! ,imp]ial fav\rs 7 di/ribut$4 ,!y sometimes de?ron$ ! emp]ors4 ,!y reta9$ _! p[] un%ak5 ?r\gh a succession ( revolutions4 ,9 weal?1 9 p[]1 9 ! cr[d ( _! c\rti]s1 9 ! spl5d\r ( _! palaces 9 life1 & ( _! tombs 9 dea?1 !y eclips$ all o!rs1 & m5 :om ! e>ly ,roman patricians w\ld h almo/ disda9$ to notice1 saw ! pr\de/ /ruggl+ = _! fav\r47#cfj7 ,toge!r ) ^! influ5ces _m o!rs ( a k9dr$ nature may be detect$4 ,! colonial policy :i* ! ,grac*i _h advocat$ 0 c>ri$ out at ,n>bonne1 & dur+ ! latt] days ( ,julius ,cs>1 to ! amazem5t & sc&al ( ! ,romans1 ,gauls ( ?is prov9ce obta9$ seats 9 ! s5ate47#cfa7 ,! imm5se ext5t ( ! empire made x necess>y = num]\s troops to rema9 dur+ long p]iods ( "t 9 di/ant prov9ces1 & ! =eign habits t 7 ?us acquir$ began ! de/ruction ( ! exclusive feel+s ( ! ,roman army1 :i* ! subsequ5t enrolm5t ( b>b>ians complet$4 ,! public games1 ! imm5se luxury1 ! conc5tration ( p[]1 weal?1 & g5ius1 made ,rome ! c5tre ( a va/ & ceaseless conc\rse ( /rang]s1 ! focus ( all ! v>i\s philosophies & religions ( ! empire1 & its population soon became an amorph\s1 het]og5e\s mass1 9 :i* all nations1 cu/oms1 languages1 & cre$s1 all degrees ( virtue & vice1 ( ref9em5t & b>b>ism1 ( scepticism & cr$ulity1 int]m+l$ & int]act$4 ,travell+ _h become m easy & p]haps m frequ5t ?an x has be5 at any o!r p]iod be=e ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! subjection ( ! :ole civilis$ _w to a s+le rule remov$ ! *ief ob/acles to locomotion4 ,magnific5t roads1 :i* mod]n nations h r>ely rivall$ & nev] surpass$1 int]sect$ ! entire empire1 & relays ( po/-horses enabl$ ! voyag] to proce$ ) an a/oni%+ rapidity4 ,! sea1 :i*1 aft] ! de/ruction ( ! fleets ( ,c>?age1 _h fall5 almo/ completely "u ! dom9ion ( pirates1 _h be5 cle>$ by ,pompey4 ,! ,european %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean & ! port ( ,alex&ria 7 ?rong$ ) vessels4 ,romans trav]s$ ! :ole ext5t ( ! empire on political1 milit>y1 or comm]cial err&s1 or 9 se>* ( heal?1 or k1 or pleasure47#cfb7 ,! entranc+ beauties ( ,como & ( ,tempe1 ! luxuri\s mann]s ( ,bai & ,cor9?1 ! s*ools1 comm]ce1 climate1 & temples ( ,alex&ria1 ! s(t w9t]s ( ,sicily1 ! arti/ic wond]s & hi/oric recollections ( ,a!ns & ! ,nile1 ! great colonial int]e/s ( ,gaul1 attract$ _! ?\s&s1 :ile ,roman luxury ne$$ ! products ( ! remote/ l&s1 & ! dem& = animals = ! amphi!atre spread ,roman ent]prise into ! wilde/ des]ts4 ,9 ! capital1 ! tol]ation accord$ to diff]5t cre$s 0 su* t ! city soon became a m9iature ( ! _w4 ,almo/ e v>iety ( *>latanism & ( belief display$ itself un*eck$1 & boa/$ its tra9 ( proselytes4 ,=eign ideas 7 9 e =m 9 ! asc5dant4 ,greece1 :i* _h presid$ ov] ! intellectual developm5t ( ,rome1 acquir$ a new influ5ce "u ! fav\r+ policy ( ,hadrian1 & ,greek became ! language ( "s ( ! lat] z x _h be5 ( ! e>lie/ writ]s4 ,egyptian religions & philosophies excit$ ! wilde/ en?usiasm4 ,z e>ly z ! reign ( ,augu/us !re 7 _m ?\s&s ( ,jewi% resid5ts at ,rome17#cfc7 & _! mann]s & cre$ spread widely among ! p47#cfd7 ,! ,c>?ag9ian ,apuleius17#cfe7 ! ,gauls ,floras & ,favor9us1 ! ,spani>ds ,lucan1 ,columella1 ,m>tial1 ,s5eca1 & ,qu9tilian1 _h all 9 _! diff]5t dep>tm5ts a high place 9 ,roman lit]ature or philosophy4 ,9 ! slave _w a correspond+ revolution 0 tak+ place4 ,! l>ge proportion ( physicians & sculptors :o 7 slaves1 ! appe>ance ( ?ree or f\r di/+ui%$ au?ors 9 ! slave class1 ! num]\s lit]>y slaves import$ f ,greece1 & ! spl5did examples ( c\rage1 endurance1 & devotion to _! ma/]s furni%$ by slaves dur+ ! civil w>s1 & dur+ "s ( ! wor/ p]iods ( ! ,empire1 7 bridg+ ! *asm betwe5 ! s]vile & ! free classes1 & ! same t5d5cy 0 m p[]fully /imulat$ by ! va/ numb]s & ov]:elm+ influ5ce ( ! fre$m54 ,! enorm\s scale & frequ5t fluctuations ( ! great ,roman e/abli%m5ts1 & ! innum]able captives r$uc$ to slav]y aft] e w>1 r5d]$ manumission bo? frequ5t & easy1 & x 0 soon reg>d$ z a normal result ( fai?ful s]vice4 ,_m slaves b\ght _! fre$om out ( ! sav+s :i* _! ma/]s always p]mitt$ !m to make4 ,o!rs paid = x by _! lab\r aft] _! emancipation4 ,"s ma/]s emancipat$ _! slaves 9 ord] to obta9 _! "p 9 ! di/ribution ( corn1 o!rs to prev5t ! discov]y ( _! own crimes by ! torture ( _! slaves1 o!rs ?r\gh vanity1 be+ desir\s ( hav+ _! fun]als att5d$ by a long tra9 ( fre$m51 v _m simply z a rew>d = long s]vice47#cff7 ,! fre$man 0 /ill "u :at 0 t]m$ ! patronage ( 8 =m] ma/]2 he 0 b\nd to him by :at 9 a lat] age w\ld h be5 call$ a feudal tie1 & ! political & social importance ( a noble dep5d$ 9 a v great degree ^u ! multitude ( 8 cli5ts4 ,! *ildr5 ( ! emancipat$ slave 7 9 ! same relation to ! patron1 & x 0 only 9 ! ?ird g5]ation t all disqualifications & re/ra9ts 7 abrogat$4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is sy/em1 manumission 0 (t5 ! int]e/ ( ! ma/]4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 life he enfran*is$ individual slaves4 ,on 8 dea?-b$ or by 8 w he con/antly emancipat$ multitudes4 ,emancipation by te/am5t acquir$ su* dim5sions1 t ,augu/us f\nd x necess>y to re/rict ! p[]2 & he made sev]al limitations1 ( :i* ! mo/ important 0 t no "o %\ld emancipate by 8 w m ?an "o hundr$ ( 8 slaves47#cfg7 ,x 0 once propos$ t ! slaves %\ld be di/+ui%$ by a special dress1 b ! proposition 0 ab&on$ because _! numb] 0 s great t to reveal to !m _! /r5g? w\ld be to place ! city at _! m]cy47#cfh7 ,ev5 among ^? :o 7 n slaves1 ! elem5t t 0 d]iv$ f slav]y soon prepond]at$4 ,! majority ( ! free population _h probably ei!r !mselves be5 slaves1 or 7 desc5d$ f slaves1 & m5 ) ?is ta9t$ l9eage p5etrat$ to all ! (fices ( ! ,/ate47#cfi7 8,!re 010 z has be5 well said1 8a circulation ( m5 f all ! univ]se4 ,rome receiv$ !m slaves1 & s5t !m back ,romans407#cgj7 ,x is manife/ h[ pr(\nd a *ange _h tak5 place s9ce ! ,republican days1 :5 ! highe/ dignities 7 long monopolis$ by a s+le class1 :5 ! c5sors repress$ ) a /r+5t sev]ity e =m or exhibition ( luxury1 :5 ! rhetoricians 7 bani%$ f ! city1 le/ ! fa9te/ t+e ( =eign mann]s %\ld impair ! /]n simplicity ( ! p1 & :5 ! proposal to transf] ! capital to ,veii1 aft] a great disa/]1 0 reject$ on ! gr\nd t x w\ld be impi\s to wor%ip ! ,roman deities any:]e b on ! ,capitol1 or = ! ,flam5s & ! ,ve/als to emigrate beyond ! walls47#cga7 ,! great] numb] ( ^! t5d5cies to univ]sal fusion or equality 7 bl9d =ces result+ f ! /ress ( circum/ances1 & n f any human =e?\ght1 or 7 ag5cies t 7 put 9 motion = a diff]5t object4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be ackn[l$g$ t a def9ite !ory ( policy _h a consid]able "p 9 accel]at+ ! movem5t4 ,! policy ( ! ,republic may be broadly describ$ z a policy ( conque/1 & t ( ! ,empire z a policy ( pres]vation4 ,! ,romans hav+ acquir$ a va/ dom9ion1 7 met by ! great problem :i* e fir/-class p[] is call$ ^u to solve--by :at means _m communities1 ) diff]5t languages1 cu/oms1 *>act]s1 & traditions1 c be reta9$ peaceably "u a s+le rul]4 ,9 mod]n times1 ?is difficulty has be5 mo/ successfully met by local legislatures1 :i*1 if !y supply a 8l9e ( cleavage10 a nucleus ar\nd :i* ! _s ( opposition may =m1 h on ! o!r h& ! priceless advantage ( giv+ ! annex$ p a l>ge measure ( self-gov]nm5t1 a c5tre & safety-valve ( local public op9ion1 a sph]e = local ambitions1 & a hi]>*y ( in/itutions adapt$ to ! di/9ctive national type4 ,"u no o!r conditions c a complex empire be c>ri$ on ) s little /ra91 or ef=t1 or humiliation1 or its inevitable f9al dissolution be effect$ ) s little dang] or convulsion4 ,b local legislatures1 :i* are ! especial glory ( ,engli% /atesman%ip1 belong exclusively to mod]n civilisation4 ,! ,roman me?od ( conciliation 01 fir/ ( all1 ! mo/ ample tol]ation ( ! cu/oms1 religion1 & municipal fre$om ( ! conqu]$1 & !n _! gradual admission to ! privileges ( ! conqu]or4 ,by confid+ to !m 9 a great measure ! def5ce ( ! empire1 by ?r[+ op5 to !m ! (fices ( ,/ate1 & especially by accord+ to !m ! "r ( ,roman citiz5%ip1 :i* _h be5 = c5turies jeal\sly re/rict$ to ! inhabitants ( ,rome1 & 0 aft]w>ds only conc$$ to ,italy & ,cisalp9e ,gaul1 ! emp]ors s\ght to atta* !m to _! ?rone4 ,! process 0 v gradual1 b ! :ole movem5t ( political emancipation atta9$ its completion :5 ! ,imp]ial ?rone 0 occupi$ by ! ,spani>d ,trajan1 & by ,p]t9ax1 ! son ( a fre$man1 & :5 an edict ( ,c>acalla ext5d$ ! rights ( ,roman citiz5%ip to all ! prov9ces ( ! empire4 ,x w appe> evid5t1 f ! =ego+ sket*1 t ! p]iod :i* elaps$ betwe5 ,pantius & ,con/ant9e exhibit$ an irresi/ible t5d5cy to cosmopolitanism4 ,! conv]g5ce1 :5 we consid] ! numb]1 =ce1 & h>mony ( ! influ5ces t compos$ x1 is inde$ unexampl$ 9 hi/ory4 ,! movem5t ext5d$ ?r\gh all ! fields ( religi\s1 philosophical1 political1 indu/rial1 milit>y1 & dome/ic life4 ,! "* ( ! p 0 completely trans=m$1 ! l&m>ks ( all its in/itutions 7 remov$1 ! :ole pr9ciple ( its organisation 0 rev]s$4 ,x w\ld be impossible to f9d a m /rik+ example ( ! mann] 9 :i* ev5ts gov]n "*1 de/roy+ old habits & associations1 & ?us alt]+ t national type ( excell5ce :i* is1 = ! mo/ "p1 ! expression or net moral result ( ! national in/itutions & circum/ances4 ,! effect ( ! movem5t 01 no d\bt1 9 _m respects evil1 & "s ( ! be/ m51 su* z ! eld] ,cato & ,tacitus1 oppos$ x1 z lead+ to ! demoralisation ( ! empire2 b if x increas$ vice1 x also gave a peculi> "* to virtue4 ,x 0 impossible t ! conception ( excell5ce1 =m$ 9 a society :]e ev]y?+ conspir$ to deep5 class divisions & national jeal\sies & antipa?ies1 %\ld be reta9$ unalt]$ 9 a p]iod ( univ]sal int]c\rse & amalgamation4 ,! moral expression ( ! fir/ p]iod is obvi\sly to be f\nd 9 ! n>r[] milit>y & patriotic virtues2 t ( ! second p]iod 9 enl>g$ philan?ropy & sympa?y4 ,! ,/oical philosophy 0 admirably fitt$ to preside ov] ?is ext5sion ( sympa?ies4 ,al?\gh x prov$ itself 9 e age ! *ief s*ool ( patriots1 x recognis$ also1 f ! v fir/1 & 9 ! mo/ unequivocal mann]1 ! frat]nity ( mank9d4 ,! ,/oic taught t virtue alone is a good1 & t all o!r ?+s are indiff]5t2 & f ?is position he inf]r$ t bir?1 rank1 c\ntry1 or weal? are ! m]e accid5ts ( life1 & t virtue alone makes "o man sup]ior to ano!r4 ,he taught also t ! ,deity is an all-p]vad+ ,_s1 animat+ ! univ]se1 & reveal$ ) especial cle>ness 9 ! s\l ( man2 & he conclud$ t all m5 are fell[-memb]s ( a s+le body1 unit$ by p>ticipation 9 ! same ,div9e ,_s4 ,^! two doctr9es =m$ "p ( ! v fir/ tea*+ ( ! ,/oics1 b x 0 ! special glory ( ! ,roman tea*]s1 & an obvi\s result ( ! condition ( affairs ,i h describ$1 to h br\ght !m into full relief4 ,"o ( ! mo/ emphatic z well z "o ( ! e>lie/ extant ass]tions ( ! duty ( 8*>ity to ! human race107#cgb7 occurs 9 ! treatise ( ,cic]o ^u duties1 :i* 0 av[$ly bas$ ^u ,/oicism4 ,writ+ at a p]iod :5 ! movem5t ( amalgamation _h = a g5]ation be5 rapidly proce$+17#cgc7 & adopt+ almo/ )\t re/riction ! e?ics ( ! ,/oics1 ,cic]o ma9ta9$ ! doctr9e ( univ]sal bro!rhood z di/9ctly z x 0 aft]w>ds ma9ta9$ by ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 8,?is :ole _w10 he tells u1 8is to be reg>d$ z ! common city ( gods & m5407#cgd7 8,m5 7 born = ! sake ( m51 t ea* %\ld assi/ ! o!rs407#cge7 8,nature orda9s t a man %\ld wi% ! good ( e man1 :oev] he may be1 = ?is v reason1 t he is a man407#cgf7 8,to r$uce man to ! duties ( 8 own city & to dis5gage him f duties to ! memb]s ( o!r cities1 is to break ! univ]sal society ( ! human race407#cgg7 8,nature has incl9$ u to love m51 & ?is is ! f\ndation ( ! law407#cgh7 ,! same pr9ciples 7 reit]at$ ) increas+ emphasis by ! lat] ,/oics4 ,adopt+ ! well-kn[n l9e :i* ,t]5ce _h translat$ f ,m5&]1 !y ma9ta9$ t man %\ld deem no?+ human =eign to 8 int]e/4 ,lucan expatiat$ ) all ! f]v\r ( a ,*ri/ian poet ^u ! "t :5 8! human race w ca/ aside its weapons1 & :5 all nations w le>n to love407#cgi7 8,! :ole univ]se10 said ,s5eca1 8:i* y see ar\nd y1 compris+ all ?+s1 bo? div9e & human1 is "o4 ,we are memb]s ( "o great body4 ,nature has made u relatives :5 x begat u f ! same mat]ials & = ! same de/9ies4 ,%e plant$ 9 u a mutual love1 & fitt$ u = a social life407#chj7 8,:at is a ,roman knight1 or fre$man1 or slave8 ,^! are b names spr++ f ambition or f injury407#cha7 8,i "k t my c\ntry is ! _w1 & my gu>dians are ! gods407#chb7 8,y are a citiz510 said ,epictetus1 8& a "p ( ! _w4444 ,! duty ( a citiz5 is 9 no?+ to consid] 8 own int]e/ di/9ct f t ( o!rs1 z ! h& or foot1 if !y possess$ reason & und]/ood ! law ( nature1 w\ld d & wi% no?+ t _h n "s relation to ! re/ ( ! body407#chc7 8,an ,anton9e10 said ,m>cus ,aurelius1 8my c\ntry is ,rome2 z a man1 x is ! _w407#chd7 ,s f> ,/oicism appe>s fully equal to ! moral requirem5ts ( ! age4 ,x w\ld be impossible to recognise m cordially or to en=ce m beautifully t doctr9e ( univ]sal bro!rhood = :i* ! circum/ances ( ! ,roman ,empire _h made m5 ripe4 ,plato _h said t no "o is born = himself alone1 b t he owes himself 9 "p to 8 c\ntry1 9 "p to 8 p>5ts1 & 9 "p to 8 fri5ds4 ,! ,roman ,/oics1 tak+ a wid] survey1 decl>$ t man is born n = himself b = ! :ole _w47#che7 ,& _! doctr9e 0 p]fectly consi/5t ) ! orig9al pr9ciples ( _! s*ool4 ,b :ile ,/oicism 0 q capable ( repres5t+ ! wid5+ movem5t1 x 0 n equally capable ( repres5t+ ! s(t5+ movem5t ( civilisation4 ,its condemnation ( ! affections1 & its /]n1 t5se ideal1 admirably fitt$ = ! /ruggles ( a simple milit>y age1 7 unsuit$ = ! mild mann]s & luxuri\s ta/es ( ! age ( ! ,anton9es4 ,a class ( writ]s began to arise :o1 l ! ,/oics1 believ$ virtue1 r ?an enjoym5t1 to be ! supreme good1 & :o ackn[l$g$ t virtue consi/$ solely ( ! control :i* ! enlight5$ w ex]cises ov] ! desires1 b :o at ! same "t gave free scope to ! b5evol5t affections & a m religi\s & my/ical tone to ! :ole s*eme ( morals4 ,pr(ess+ v>i\s speculative doctr9es1 & call+ !mselves by _m names--eclectics1 p]ipatetics1 or ,platoni/s--!y agre$ 9 =m+ or repres5t+ a moral "*1 less /rong1 less sublime1 less capable ( endurance & h]oism1 less conspicu\s = en]gy ( w1 ?an t ( ! ,/oics1 b f> m t5d] & attractive4 ,! virtues ( =ce began to rec$e1 & ! g5tl] virtues to advance1 9 ! moral type4 ,ins5sibility to suff]+ 0 no long] pr(ess$2 indomitable /r5g? 0 no long] idolis$1 & x 0 felt t weakness & sorr[ h _! own appropriate virtues47#chf7 ,! works ( ^! writ]s are full ( delicate t\*es :i* no?+ b /rong & lively feel+s c\ld h sugge/$4 ,we f9d ?is 9 ! well-kn[n lett] ( ,pl9y on ! dea? ( 8 slaves17#chg7 9 ! frequ5t prote/s aga9/ ! o/5tation ( indiff]5ce ) :i* ! ,/oics reg>d$ ! loss ( _! fri5ds1 9 _m in/ances ( simple1 artless pa?os1 :i* /rike ! f9e/ *ords ( our nature4 ,:5 ,plut>*1 aft] ! dea? ( 8 daught]1 0 writ+ a lett] ( consolation to 8 wife1 we f9d him turn+ away f all ! commonplaces ( ! ,/oics z ! recollection ( "o simple trait ( 8 little *ild ru%$ ^u 8 m9d3--8,%e desir$ h] nurse to press ev5 h] dolls to ! brea/4 ,%e 0 s lov+ t %e wi%$ ev]y?+ t gave h] pleasure to %>e 9 ! be/ ( :at %e _h40 ,plut>*1 ^: fame z a biograph] has1 ,i ?9k1 unduly eclips$ 8 reputation z a morali/1 may be ju/ly reg>d$ z ! lead] ( ?is movem5t1 & 8 moral writ+s may be pr(itably comp>$ ) ^? ( ,s5eca1 ! mo/ ample expon5t ( ! /]n] s*ool4 ,s5eca is n unfrequ5tly self-consci\s1 !atrical1 & ov]/ra9$4 ,8 precepts h some?+ ( ! affect$ r+ ( a popul> prea*]4 ,! imp]fect fusion ( 8 %ort s5t5ces gives 8 /yle a disjo9t$ &1 s to speak1 granulat$ "*1 :i* ! ,emp]or ,caligula happily express$ :5 he comp>$ x to s& )\t cem5t2 yet he (t5 rises to a maje/y ( eloqu5ce1 a gr&eur bo? ( ?\ght & ( expression1 t few morali/s h ev] rivall$4 ,plut>*1 ?\gh f> less sublime1 is m su/a9$1 equable1 & uni=mly pleas+4 ,! ,montaigne ( antiquity1 8 g5ius coruscates playfully & gracefully ar\nd 8 subject2 he delights 9 illu/rations :i* are (t5 s+ul>ly vivid & orig9al1 b :i*1 by _! excessive multiplication1 appe> sometimes r ! texture ?an ! ornam5t ( 8 disc\rse4 ,a g5tle1 t5d] _s1 & a judgm5t equally free f p>adox1 exagg]ation1 & excessive subtilty1 are ! *>act]i/ics ( all he wrote4 ,plut>* excels mo/ 9 collect+ motives ( consolation2 ,s5eca 9 =m+ *>act]s t ne$ no consolation4 ,!re is some?+ ( ! woman 9 ,plut>*2 ,s5eca is all a man4 ,! writ+s ( ! fir/ resemble ! /ra9s ( ! flute1 to :i* ! anci5ts attribut$ ! p[] ( calm+ ! passions & *>m+ away ! cl\ds ( sorr[1 & draw+ m5 by a g5tle suasion into ! pa?s ( virtue2 ! writ+s ( ! o!r are l ! trumpet-bla/1 :i* k9dles ! s\l ) an h]oic c\rage4 ,! fir/ is mo/ fitt$ to console a "m sorr[+ ov] h] dead *ild1 ! second to n]ve a brave man1 )\t fl9*+ & )\t illusion1 to grapple ) an inevitable fate4 ,! elaborate lett]s :i* ,s5eca has left u on di/9ctive t5ets ( ! ,/oical s*ool1 su* z ! equality ( vices or ! evil ( ! affections1 h n[ little m ?an an hi/oric int]e/2 b ! g5]al tone ( 8 writ+s gives !m a p]man5t importance1 = !y reflect & fo/] a c]ta9 type ( excell5ce :i*1 s9ce ! ext9ction ( ,/oicism1 has _h no adequate expression 9 lit]ature4 ,! prevail+ moral tone ( ,plut>*1 on ! o!r h&1 be+ =m$ ma9ly on ! prom95ce ( ! amiable virtues1 has be5 eclips$ or transc5d$ by ! ,*ri/ian writ]s1 b 8 def9ite contributions to philosophy & morals are m important ?an ^? ( ,s5eca4 ,he has left u "o ( ! be/ works on sup]/ition1 & "o ( ! mo/ +5i\s works on ,provid5ce1 we possess4 ,he 0 probably ! fir/ writ] :o advocat$ v /rongly humanity to animals on ! broad gr\nd ( univ]sal b5evol5ce1 z di/+ui%$ f ! ,py?agorean doctr9e ( transmigration1 & he 0 also rem>kable1 beyond all 8 contempor>ies1 = 8 high s5se ( female excell5ce & ( ! sanctity ( female love4 ,! ,romans _h at all times c>$ m = ! practical t5d5cy ( a sy/em ( philosophy ?an = its logical or speculative consi/5cy4 ,"o ( ! *ief attractions ( ,/oicism1 9 _! eyes1 _h be5 t its ma9 object 0 n to build a sy/em ( op9ion1 b to propose a patt]n ( life17#chh7 & ,/oicism itself 0 only adapt$ to ! ,roman "* aft] x _h be5 simplifi$ by ,pantius47#chi7 ,al?\gh ! sy/em c\ld nev] free itself altoge!r f t h>dness :i* r5d]$ x s unsuit$ = an advanc$ civilisation1 x 0 pr(\ndly modifi$ by ! lat] ,/oics1 :o r>ely scrupl$ to temp] x by ! admixture ( new doctr9es4 ,s5eca himself 0 by no means an unmix$ ,/oic4 ,if ,epictetus 0 m ne>ly s1 ?is 0 probably because ! extreme h>d%ip he und]w5t made him dwell m ?an 8 contempor>ies ^u ! importance ( =titude & endurance4 ,m>cus ,aurelius 0 surr\nd$ by ! disciples ( ! mo/ v>i\s s*ools1 & 8 ,/oicism 0 mu* t9ctur$ by ! mild] & m religi\s _s ( ,platonism4 ,! ,/oics1 l all o!r m51 felt ! moral curr5t ( ! "t1 ?\gh !y yield$ to x less readily ?an "s o!rs4 ,9 ,?rasea1 :o occupi$ 9 8 age a position analog\s to t ( ,cato 9 an e>li] p]iod1 we f9d little or no?+ ( ! asp]ity & h>dness ( 8 great prototype4 ,9 ! writ+s ( ! lat] ,/oics1 if we f9d ! same elem5ts z 9 ^? ( _! pr$ecessors1 ^! elem5ts are at lea/ comb9$ 9 diff]5t proportions4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,/oicism became m ess5tially religi\s4 ,! ,/oical "*1 l all o!rs ( a high ord]1 _h always be5 rev]5tial2 b its rev]5ce diff]$ widely f t ( ,*ri/ians4 ,x 0 conc5trat$ mu* less ^u ! ,deity ?an ^u virtue1 & especially ^u virtue z exhibit$ 9 great m54 ,:5 ,lucan1 extoll+ 8 h]o1 boa/$ t 8! gods fav\r$ ! conqu]+ cause1 b ,cato ! conqu]$10 or :5 ,s5eca describ$ 8! =tune ( ,sulla0 z 8! crime ( ! gods10 ^! s5t5ces1 :i* s\nd to mod]n e>s grossly blasphem\s1 appe> to h excit$ no murmur4 ,we h already se5 ! audaci\s language ) :i* ! sage claim$ an equality ) ! ,div9ity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! rev]5ce = virtue ap>t f all conditions ( success1 & especially = m5 ( ! /amp ( ,cato1 :o ?r\gh a /rong moral conviction /ruggl$ bravely1 ?\gh unsuccessfully1 aga9/ =ce1 g5ius1 or circum/ances1 0 p]haps m /eady & m passionate ?an 9 any lat] age4 ,! duty ( absolute submission to ,provid5ce1 z ,i h already %[n1 0 cont9ually inculcat$1 & ! pan!i/ic notion ( all virtue be+ a "p or emanation ( ! ,deity 0 (t5 ass]t$1 b man 0 /ill ! c5tre ( ! ,/oic's s*eme1 ! ideal to :i* 8 rev]5ce & devotion aspir$4 ,9 lat] ,/oicism ?is po9t ( view 0 gradually *ang$4 ,)\t any =mal ab&onm5t ( _! pan!i/ic conceptions1 ! language ( philosoph]s recognis$ ) mu* great] cle>ness a di/9ct & p]sonal ,div9ity4 ,e page ( ,epictetus & ,m>cus ,aurelius is impregnat$ ) ! deepe/ religi\s feel+4 8,! fir/ ?+ to le>n10 said ! =m]1 8is t !re is a ,god1 t ,8 k p]vades ! :ole univ]se1 & t x ext5ds n only to our acts b to our ?\ghts & feel+s4444 ,he :o seeks to please ! gods mu/ lab\r z f> z lies 9 him to resemble !m4 ,he mu/ be fai?ful z ,god is fai?ful1 free z ,he is free1 b5efic5t z ,he is b5efic5t1 magnanim\s z ,he is magnanim\s407#cij7 8,to h ,god = our mak] & fa!r & gu>dian1 %\ld n t emancipate u f all sadness & f all fe>807#cia7 8,:5 y h %ut y\r door & d>k5$ y\r room1 say n to y\rself y are alone4 ,god is 9 y\r room1 & y\r att5dant g5ius likewise4 ,?9k n t !y ne$ ! light to see :at y d47#cib7 ,:at c ,i1 an old man & a cripple1 d b praise ,god8 ,if ,i 7 a night+ale1 ,i w\ld dis*>ge ! (fice ( a night+ale2 if a swan1 t ( a swan4 ,b ,i am a reasonable be+2 my mission is to praise ,god1 & ,i fulfil x2 nor %all ,i ev]1 z f> z lies 9 me1 %r9k f my task1 & ,i exhort y to jo9 9 ! same song ( praise407#cic7 ,! same religi\s "* is exhibit$1 if possible1 9 a /ill great] degree 9 ! 8,m$itations0 ( ,m>cus ,aurelius2 b 9 "o respect ! e?ics ( ! emp]or diff] widely f ^? ( ! slave4 ,9 ,epictetus we inv>iably f9d ! /ronge/ s5se ( ! maje/y ( man4 ,z ! *ild ( ! ,deity1 z a be+ capable ( atta9+ ! mo/ exalt$ virtue1 he magnifi$ him to ! highe/ po9t1 & nev] m s ?an 9 ! v passage 9 :i* he exhort$ 8 disciples to bew>e ( haught9ess4 ,! ,jupit] ,olympus ( ,phidias1 he rem9ds !m1 exhibits no arrogance1 b ! uncl\d$ s]5ity ( p]fect confid5ce & /r5g?47#cid7 ,m>cus ,aurelius1 on ! o!r h&1 dwelt r on ! weakness ?an on ! =ce ( man1 & 8 m$itations brea! a _s1 if n ( ,*ri/ian humility1 at lea/ ( ! g5tle/ & mo/ t\*+ mode/y4 ,he 0 n1 x is true1 l "s lat] sa9ts1 :o habitually apply to !mselves language ( reprobation :i* w\ld be exagg]at$ if appli$ to ! murd]] or ! adult]]4 ,he did n %r9k f recognis+ human virtue z a reality1 & ?ank+ ,provid5ce = ! degree 9 :i* he _h atta9$ x1 b he cont9ually review$ ) an unsp>+ sev]ity ! weaknesses ( 8 "*1 he accept$ & ev5 solicit$ repro(s f e tea*] ( virtue1 he made x 8 aim1 9 a position ( supreme p[]1 to *eck e emotion ( arrogance & pride1 & he set be=e him an ideal ( excell5ce :i* aw$ & subdu$ 8 m9d4 ,ano!r v rem>kable feature ( lat] ,/oicism 0 its increas+ly introspective "*4 ,9 ! philosophy ( ,cato & ,cic]o1 virtue 0 display$ almo/ exclusively 9 action4 ,9 ! lat] ,/oics1 self-exam9ation & purity ( ?\ght 7 cont9ually inculcat$4 ,!re are "s writ]s :o1 ) an ob/9acy :i* x is m easy to expla9 ?an to excuse1 p]si/1 9 defiance ( ! v cle>e/ evid5ce to ! contr>y1 9 repres5t+ ^! virtues z exclusively ,*ri/ian1 & 9 ma9ta9+1 )\t a %ad[ ( pro(1 t ! place !y und5iably occupy 9 ! lat] ,roman morali/s 0 due to ! direct or indirect influ5ce ( ! new fai?4 ,! pla9 fact is t !y 7 fully kn[n to ! ,greeks1 & bo? ,plato & ,z5o ev5 exhort$ m5 to /udy _! dreams1 on ! gr\nd t ^! (t5 reveal ! lat5t t5d5cies ( ! disposition47#cie7 ,py?agoras urg$ 8 disciples daily to exam9e !mselves :5 !y retir$ to re/17#cif7 & ?is practice soon became a recognis$ "p ( ! ,py?agorean discipl9e47#cig7 ,x 0 introduc$ into ,rome ) ! s*ool be=e ! close ( ! ,republic4 ,x 0 kn[n 9 ! "t ( ,cic]o7#cih7 & ,horace47#cii7 ,sextius1 "o ( ! ma/]s ( ,s5eca1 a philosoph] ( ! s*ool ( ,py?agoras1 :o fl\ri%$ *iefly be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 0 accu/om$ daily to devote a portion ( "t to self-exam9ation2 & ,s5eca1 :o at fir/ incl9$ mu* to ! t5ets ( ,py?agoras17#djj7 expressly tells u t x 0 f ,sextius he le>nt ! practice47#dja7 ,! increas+ prom95ce ( ! ,py?agorean philosophy :i* accompani$ ! invasion ( ,ori5tal cre$s1 ! natural t5d5cy ( ! empire1 by clos+ ! av5ues ( political life1 to div]t ! att5tion f action to emotion1 & also ! increas$ latitude all[$ to ! play ( ! sympa?ies or affections by ! lat] ,/oics1 br\ght ?is emotional "p ( virtue into great prom95ce4 ,! lett]s ( ,s5eca are a k9d ( moral m$ic9e appli$ = ! mo/ "p to ! cure ( diff]5t infirmities ( "*4 ,plut>*1 9 a beautiful treatise on 8,! ,signs ( ,moral ,progress10 treat$ ! culture ( ! feel+s ) delicate skill4 ,! duty ( s]v+ ! ,div9ity ) a pure m9d r ?an by =mal rites became a commonplace ( lit]ature1 & self-exam9ation "o ( ! mo/ recognis$ ( duties4 ,epictetus urg$ m5 s to purify _! imag9ations1 t at ! sight ( a beautiful woman !y %\ld n ev5 m5tally exclaim1 8,happy h] husb&607#djb7 ,! m$itations ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 above all1 are ?r\gh\t an ex]cise ( self-exam9ation1 & ! duty ( wat*+ ov] ! ?\ghts is cont9ually inculcat$4 ,x 0 a say+ ( ,plut>* t ,/oicism1 :i* sometimes ex]cis$ a prejudicial & h>d5+ influ5ce ^u *>act]s t 7 by nature /]n & unb5d+1 prov$ peculi>ly useful z a cordial to ^? :i* 7 naturally g5tle & yield+4 ,( ?is tru? we c h no bett] illu/ration ?an is furni%$ by ! life & writ+s ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 ! la/ & mo/ p]fect repres5tative ( ,roman ,/oicism4 ,a simple1 *ildlike1 & em95tly affectionate disposition1 ) little /r5g? ( intellect or p]haps orig9ally ( w1 mu* m incl9$ to m$itation1 speculation1 solitude1 or fri5d%ip1 ?an to active & public life1 ) a pr(\nd av]sion to ! pomp ( royalty & ) a r /rong natural lean+ to p$antry1 he _h embrac$ ! =tify+ philosophy ( ,z5o 9 its be/ =m1 & t philosophy made him p]haps z ne>ly a p]fectly virtu\s man z has ev] appe>$ ^u our _w4 ,tri$ by ! *equ]$ ev5ts ( a reign ( n9ete5 ye>s1 presid+ ov] a society t 0 pr(\ndly corrupt1 & ov] a city t 0 notori\s = its lic5se1 ! p]fection ( 8 "* aw$ ev5 calumny to sil5ce1 & ! spontane\s s5tim5t ( 8 p proclaim$ him r a god ?an a man47#djc7 ,v few m5 h ev] liv$ conc]n+ ^: inn] life we c speak s confid5tly4 ,8 8,m$itations10 :i* =m "o ( ! mo/ impressive1 =m also "o ( ! true/ books 9 ! :ole range ( religi\s lit]ature4 ,!y consi/ ( rude fragm5t>y notes )\t lit]>y skill or arrangem5t1 writt5 = ! mo/ "p 9 ha/y1 brok51 & sometimes almo/ un9telligible s5t5ces amid ! turmoil ( a camp17#djd7 & record+1 9 acc5ts ( ! mo/ p5etrat+ s9c]ity1 ! /ruggles1 d\bts1 & aims ( a s\l ( :i*1 to employ "o ( 8 own images1 x may be truly said t x possess$ ! purity ( a />1 :i* ne$s no veil to hide its nak$ness4 ,! undisput$ ma/] ( ! :ole civilis$ _w1 he set be=e him z models su* m5 z ,?rasea & ,helvidius1 z ,cato & ,brutus1 & he made x 8 aim to realise ! conception ( a free ,/ate 9 :i* all citiz5s are equal1 & ( a royalty :i* makes x its fir/ duty to respect ! lib]ty ( ! citiz5s47#dje7 ,8 life 0 pass$ 9 unremitt+ activity4 ,= ne>ly twelve ye>s he 0 abs5t ) armies 9 ! di/ant prov9ces ( ! empire2 & al?\gh 8 political capacity has be5 mu* & p]haps ju/ly que/ion$1 x is impossible to d5y ! unwe>i$ zeal ) :i* he dis*>g$ ! duties ( 8 great position4 ,yet few m5 h ev] c>ri$ f>!r ! virtue ( little ?+s1 ! delicate moral tact & ! m9ute scruples :i*1 ?\gh (t5 exhibit$ by wom5 & by seclud$ religioni/s1 v r>ely survive mu* contact ) active life4 ,! solicitude ) :i* he endeav\r$ to p]suade two jeal\s rhetoricians to ab/a9 dur+ _! debates f retorts t might de/roy _! fri5d%ip17#djf7 ! c>eful gratitude ) :i*1 9 a camp 9 ,hung>y1 he recall$ e moral obligation he c\ld trace1 ev5 to ! mo/ obscure ( 8 tutors17#djg7 8 anxiety to avoid all p$antry & mann]ism 9 8 conduct17#djh7 & to repel e voluptu\s imag9ation f 8 m9d17#dji7 8 deep s5se ( ! obligation ( purity17#daj7 8 labori\s ef=ts to correct a habit ( dr[s9ess into :i* he _h fall51 & 8 self-reproval :5 he _h yield$ to x17#daa7 become all1 ,i ?9k1 inexpressibly t\*+ :5 we rememb] t !y 7 exhibit$ by "o :o 0 ! supreme rul] ( ! civilis$ globe1 & :o 0 cont9ually engag$ 9 ! direction ( ! mo/ gigantic int]e/s4 ,b t :i* is especially rem>kable 9 ,m>cus ,aurelius is ! complete abs5ce ( fanaticism 9 8 philan?ropy4 ,despotic mon>*s s9c]ely anxi\s to improve mank9d are naturally l$ to endeav\r1 by acts ( legislation1 to =ce society into ! pa?s :i* !y believe to be good1 & su* m51 act+ "u su* motives1 h sometimes be5 ! sc\rges ( mank9d4 ,philip ,,ii4 & ,isabella ! ,ca?olic inflict$ m suff]+ 9 ob$i5ce to _! consci5ces ?an ,n]o & ,domitian 9 ob$i5ce to _! lu/s4 ,b ,m>cus ,aurelius /eadily resi/$ ! temptation4 8,nev] hope10 he once wrote1 8to realise ,plato's ,republic4 ,let x be suffici5t t y h 9 "s slight degree ameliorat$ mank9d1 & d n ?9k t amelioration a matt] ( small importance4 ,:o c *ange ! op9ions ( m58 & )\t a *ange ( s5tim5ts :at c y make b reluctant slaves & hypocrites807#dab7 ,he promulgat$ _m laws inspir$ by a _s ( ! pure/ b5evol5ce4 ,he mitigat$ ! gladiatorial %[s4 ,he treat$ ) inv>iable def]5ce ! s5ate1 :i* 0 ! la/ bulw>k ( political fre$om4 ,he end[$ _m *airs ( philosophy :i* 7 int5d$ to diffuse k & moral tea*+ ?r\gh ! p4 ,he endeav\r$ by ! example ( 8 ,c\rt to correct ! extravagances ( luxury t 7 preval5t1 & he exhibit$ 9 8 own c>e] a p]fect model ( an active & consci5ti\s adm9i/rator2 b he made no ra% ef=ts to =ce ! p by /r+5t laws out ( ! natural *annel ( _! lives4 ,( ! corruption ( 8 subjects he 0 ke5ly s5sible1 & he bore x ) a m\rnful b g5tle pati5ce4 ,we may trace 9 ?is respect ! mild] _s ( ^? ,greek tea*]s :o _h div]g$ f ,/oicism1 b x 0 especially f ! ,/oical doctr9e t all vice spr+s f ignorance t he d]iv$ 8 rule ( life1 & ?is doctr9e1 to :i* he repeat$ly recurr$1 imp>t$ to all 8 judgm5ts a sad b t5d] *>ity4 8,m5 7 made = m52 correct !m1 !n1 or support !m407#dac7 8,if !y d ill1 x is evid5tly 9 spite ( !mselves & ?r\gh ignorance407#dad7 8,correct !m if y c2 if n1 rememb] t pati5ce 0 giv5 y to ex]cise x 9 _! behalf407#dae7 8,x w\ld be %ameful = a physician to deem x /range t a man 0 suff]+ f fev]407#daf7 8,! immortal gods cons5t = c\ntless ages to endure )\t ang]1 & ev5 to surr\nd ) bless+s1 s _m & su* wick$ m52 b ?\ :o ha/ s %ort a "t to live1 art ?\ already we>y1 & t :5 ?\ art ?yself wick$807#dag7 8,x is involunt>ily t ! s\l is depriv$ ( ju/ice1 & temp]ance1 & goodness1 & all o!r virtues4 ,cont9ually rememb] ?is2 ! ?\ght w make y m g5tle to all mank9d407#dah7 8,x is "r t man %\ld love ^? :o h (f5d$ him4 ,he w d s :5 he rememb]s t all m5 are 8 relations1 & t x is ?r\gh ignorance & involunt>ily t !y s9--& !n we all die s soon407#dai7 ,! "* ( ! virtue ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 ?\gh exhibit+ ! s(t5+ influ5ce ( ! ,greek _s :i* 9 8 "t p]vad$ ! empire1 0 9 its ess5tials /rictly ,roman47#dbj7 ,?\gh full ( rev]5tial gratitude to ,provid5ce1 we d n f9d 9 him t int5se humility & t deep & subtle religi\s feel+ :i* 7 ! pr9ciples ( ,hebrew virtue1 & :i* h giv5 ! ,jewi% writ]s s great an asc5dancy ov] ! he>ts ( m54 ,?\gh borne naturally & in/9ctively to goodness1 8 8,m$itations0 d n display ! ke5 /hetical s5se ( ! beauty ( virtue :i* 0 ! lead+ motive ( ,greek morals1 & :i* ! writ+ ( ,plot9us aft]w>ds made v famili> to ! ,roman _w4 ,l mo/ ( ! be/ ,romans1 ! pr9ciple ( 8 virtue 0 ! s5se ( duty1 ! conviction ( ! exi/5ce ( a law ( nature to :i* x is ! aim & purpose ( our be+ to con=m4 ,( second>y motives he appe>s to h be5 little s5sible4 ,! belief 9 a sup]9t5d+ ,provid5ce 0 ! /ronge/ ( 8 religi\s convictions1 b ev5 t 0 occasionally ov]ca/4 ,on ! subject ( a future _w 8 m9d float$ 9 a despond+ d\bt4 ,! desire = po/hum\s fame he deem$ x 8 duty sy/ematically to mortify4 ,:ile mo/ writ]s ( 8 s*ool reg>d$ dea? *iefly z ! end ( sorr[s1 & dwelt ^u x 9 ord] to dispel its t]rors1 9 ,m>cus ,aurelius x is *iefly repres5t$ z ! la/ great demon/ration ( ! vanity ( e>?ly ?+s4 ,seldom1 inde$1 has su* active & unrelax+ virtue be5 unit$ ) s little en?usiasm1 & be5 *e]$ by s little illusion ( success4 8,!re is b "o ?+10 he wrote1 8( real value--to cultivate tru? & ju/ice1 & to live )\t ang] 9 ! mid/ ( ly+ & unju/ m5407#dba7 ,! comm& he _h acquir$ ov] 8 feel+s 0 s great t x 0 said ( him t 8 c\nt5ance 0 nev] kn[n to betray ei!r elation or despond5cy47#dbb7 ,we1 h[ev]1 :o h be=e u ! records ( 8 inn] life1 c h no difficulty 9 detect+ ! deep melan*oly t ov]%ad[$ 8 m9d1 & 8 clos+ ye>s 7 d>k5$ by _m & v>i\s sorr[s4 ,8 wife1 :om he de>ly lov$ & deeply hon\r$1 & :o1 if we may believe ! ,c\rt sc&als t are report$ by hi/orians1 0 n wor?y ( 8 affection17#dbc7 _h prec$$ him to ! tomb4 ,8 only surviv+ son _h already display$ ! vici\s t5d5cies t aft]w>ds made him "o ( ! wor/ ( rul]s4 ,! philosoph]s1 :o _h in/ruct$ him 9 8 y\?1 & to :om he _h clung ) an affectionate fri5d%ip1 _h "o by "o disappe>$1 & no new race _h aris5 to supply _! place4 ,aft] a long reign ( self-d5y+ virtue1 he saw ! decad5ce ( ! empire cont9ually m app>5t4 ,! ,/oical s*ool 0 rapidly fad+ be=e ! passion = ,ori5tal sup]/itions4 ,! b>b>ians1 repell$ = a "t1 7 aga9 m5ac+ ! fronti]s1 & x 0 n difficult to =esee _! future triumph4 ,! mass ( ! p _h become too in]t & too corrupt = any ef=ts to reg5]ate !m4 ,a fe>ful pe/il5ce1 foll[$ by _m m9or calamities1 _h fall5 ^u ! l& & spread mis]y & panic ?r\gh _m prov9ces4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ^! calamities1 ! emp]or 0 /ruck d[n ) a mortal illness1 :i* he bore ) ! placid c\rage he _h always display$1 exhibit+ 9 almo/ ! la/ words he utt]$ 8 =getfulness ( self & 8 con/ant anxiety = ! condition ( 8 p47#dbd7 ,%ortly be=e 8 dea? he dismiss$ 8 att5dants1 &1 aft] "o la/ int]view1 8 son1 & he di$ z he long _h liv$1 alone47#dbe7 ,?us sank to re/ 9 cl\ds & d>kness ! pure/ & g5tle/ _s ( all ! pagan _w1 ! mo/ p]fect model ( ! lat] ,/oics4 ,9 him ! h>dness1 asp]ity1 & arrogance ( ! sect _h altoge!r disappe>$1 :ile ! affectation its p>adoxes t5d$ to produce 0 greatly mitigat$4 ,)\t fanaticism1 sup]/ition1 or illusion1 8 :ole life 0 regulat$ by a simple & unwav]+ s5se ( duty4 ,! contemplative & emotional virtues :i* ,/oicism _h long depress$1 _h rega9$ _! place1 b ! active virtues _h n yet decl9$4 ,! virtues ( ! h]o 7 /ill deeply hon\r$1 b g5tl5ess & t5d]ness _h acquir$ a new prom95ce 9 ! ideal type4 ,b :ile ! =ce ( circum/ances 0 ?us develop+ ! e?ical conceptions ( antiquity 9 new directions1 ! mass ( ! ,roman p 7 plung$ 9 a condition ( depravity :i* no m]e e?ical tea*+ c\ld adequately correct4 ,! moral condition ( ! empire is1 inde$1 9 "s respects "o ( ! mo/ appall+ pictures on record1 & writ]s h mu* m frequ5tly und]tak5 to pa9t or ev5 to exagg]ate its enormity ?an to inve/igate ! circum/ances by :i* x may be expla9$4 ,su* circum/ances1 h[ev]1 mu/ unque/ionably exi/4 ,!re is no reason to believe t ! innate prop5sities ( ! p 7 worse dur+ ! ,empire ?an dur+ ! be/ days ( ! ,republic4 ,! depravity ( a nation is a ph5om5on :i*1 l all o!rs1 may be trac$ to def9ite causes1 & 9 ! in/ance be=e u !y are n difficult to discov]4 ,i h already said t ! virtue ( ! ,romans 0 a milit>y & patriotic virtue1 =m$ by ! national in/itutions1 & to :i* religi\s tea*+ 0 m]ely accessory4 ,! dome/ic1 milit>y1 & c5sorial discipl9e1 concurr+ ) ! g5]al pov]ty & also ) ! agricultural pursuits ( ! p1 _h creat$ ! simple/ & mo/ au/]e habits1 :ile ! in/itutions ( civic lib]ty provid$ ample sph]es = hon\rable ambition4 ,! nobles1 be+ ! highe/ body 9 a free ,/ate1 & be+ at ! same "t cont9ually confront$ by a =midable opposition "u ! guidance ( ! tribunes1 7 ard5tly devot$ to public life4 ,! dang]\s rivalry ( ! surr\nd+ ,italian ,/ates1 & aft]w>ds ( ,c>?age1 dem&$ & secur$ a con/ant vigilance4 ,roman education 0 skilfully design$ to elicit h]oic patriotism1 & ! great m5 ( ! pa/ became ! ideal figures ( ! imag9ation4 ,religion hall[$ ! local feel+ by rites & leg5ds1 in/itut$ _m useful & dome/ic habits1 taught m5 ! sanctity ( oa?s1 &1 by fo/]+ a cont9ual s5se ( a sup]9t5d+ ,provid5ce1 gave a dep? & solemnity to ! :ole "*4 ,su* 7 ! *ief influ5ces by :i* ! national type ( virtue _h be5 =m$1 b ne>ly all ( ^! 7 corrod$ or p]v]t$ by advanc+ civilisation4 ,! dome/ic & local religion lo/ its asc5dancy amid ! increase ( scepticism & ! invasion ( a cr[d ( =eign sup]/itions4 ,! simplicity ( mann]s1 :i* sumptu>y laws & ! in/itution ( ! c5sor%ip _h long ma9ta9$1 0 replac$ by ! extravagances ( a ,babylonian luxury4 ,! ari/ocratic dignity p]i%$ ) ! privileges on :i* x repos$4 ,! patriotic en]gy & en?usiasm di$ away 9 a univ]sal empire :i* embrac$ all v>ieties ( language1 cu/om1 & nationality4 ,b al?\gh ! virtues ( a poor & /ruggl+ community necess>ily disappe> be=e increas+ luxury1 !y are 9 a normal condition ( society replac$ by virtues ( a diff]5t /amp4 ,g5tl] mann]s & enl>g$ b5evol5ce foll[ 9 ! tra9 ( civilisation1 great] intellectual activity & m ext5d$ indu/rial ent]prise give a new importance to ! moral qualities :i* ea* ( ^! require1 ! circle ( political int]e/s exp&s1 & if ! virtues t spr+ f privilege dim9i%1 ! virtues t spr+ f equality increase4 ,9 ,rome1 h[ev]1 !re 7 ?ree great causes :i* imp$$ ! normal developm5t--! ,imp]ial sy/em1 ! in/itution ( slav]y1 & ! gladiatorial %[s4 ,ea* ( ^! ex]cis$ an influ5ce ( ! wide/ & mo/ p]nici\s "* on ! morals ( ! p4 ,to trace ^? influ5ces 9 all _! ramifications w\ld lead me f> beyond ! limits ,i h assign$ to ! pres5t "w1 b ,i %all endeav\r to give a concise view ( _! nature & g5]al "*4 ,! !ory ( ! ,roman ,empire 0 t ( a repres5tative despotism4 ,! v>i\s (fices ( ! ,republic 7 n annihilat$1 b !y 7 gradually conc5trat$ 9 a s+le man4 ,! s5ate 0 /ill o/5sibly ! depository ( supreme p[]1 b x 0 made 9 fact ! m]e creature ( ! ,emp]or1 ^: p[] 0 virtually uncontroll$4 ,political spies & private accus]s1 :o 9 ! latt] days ( ! ,republic _h be5 enc\rag$ to d5\nce plots aga9/ ! ,/ate1 began "u ,augu/us to d5\nce plots aga9/ ! ,emp]or2 & ! class be+ enorm\sly increas$ "u ,tib]ius1 & /imulat$ by ! promise ( "p ( ! confiscat$ prop]ty1 !y m5ac$ e lead+ politician & ev5 e weal?y man4 ,! nobles 7 gradually depress$1 ru9$1 or driv5 by ! dang]s ( public life into orgies ( private luxury4 ,! poor 7 conciliat$1 n by any increase ( lib]ty or ev5 ( p]man5t prosp]ity1 b by gratuit\s di/ributions ( corn & by public games1 :ile1 9 ord] to inve/ !mselves ) a sacr$ "*1 ! emp]ors adopt$ ! religi\s device ( an apo!osis4 ,?is la/ sup]/ition1 ( :i* "s traces may /ill be f\nd 9 ! titles appropriat$ to royalty1 0 n :olly a sugge/ion ( politicians4 ,deifi$ m5 _h long occupi$ a prom95t place 9 anci5t belief1 & ! f\nd]s ( cities _h be5 v frequ5tly wor%ipp$ by ! inhabitants47#dbf7 ,al?\gh to m educat$ m9ds ! ascription ( div9ity to a sov]eign 0 simply an unmean+ flatt]y1 al?\gh x 9 no degree prev5t$ ei!r innum]able plots aga9/ 8 life1 or an unsp>+ criticism ( 8 memory1 yet ! popul> rev]5ce n unfrequ5tly anticipat$ politicians 9 repres5t+ ! emp]or z 9 "s special way "u ! protection ( ,provid5ce4 ,ar\nd ,augu/us a :ole con/ellation ( miracul\s /ories soon clu/]$4 ,an oracle1 x 0 said1 _h decl>$ 8 native city de/9$ to produce a rul] ( ! _w4 ,:5 a *ild1 he _h be5 borne by invisible h&s f 8 cradle1 & plac$ on a l(ty t[]1 :]e he 0 f\nd ) 8 face turn$ to ! ris+ sun4 ,he rebuk$ ! frogs t croak$ ar\nd 8 gr&fa!r's home1 & !y became sil5t = ev]4 ,an eagle snat*$ a piece ( bread f 8 h&1 so>$ into ! air1 & !n1 desc5d+1 pres5t$ x to him aga94 ,ano!r eagle dropp$ at 8 feet a *ick51 be>+ a laurel-bran* 9 its beak4 ,:5 8 body 0 burnt1 8 image 0 se5 ris+ to heav5 above ! flames4 ,:5 ano!r man tri$ to sleep 9 ! b$ 9 :i* ! ,emp]or _h be5 born1 ! pr(ane intrud] 0 dragg$ =? by an unse5 h&4 ,a patrician nam$ ,ltorius1 hav+ be5 condemn$ = adult]y1 plead$ 9 mitigation ( ! s5t5ce t he 0 ! happy possessor ( ! spot ( gr\nd on :i* ,augu/us 0 born47#dbg7 ,an ,asiatic t[n1 nam$ ,cyzicus1 0 depriv$ ( its fre$om by ,tib]ius1 *iefly because x _h neglect$ ! wor%ip ( ,augu/us47#dbh7 ,p>tly1 no d\bt1 by policy1 b p>tly also by t spontane\s process by :i* 9 a sup]/iti\s age conspicu\s *>act]s s (t5 become ! nuclei ( leg5ds17#dbi7 ea* emp]or 0 surr\nd$ by a sup]natural aureole4 ,e usurpation1 e break 9 ! ord9>y l9e ( succession1 0 adumbrat$ by a s]ies ( miracles2 & signs1 bo? 9 heav5 & e>?1 7 manife/$ :5ev] an emp]or 0 ab\t to die4 ,( ! emp]ors !mselves1 a great majority1 no d\bt1 accept$ _! div9e hon\rs z an empty pageant1 & m ?an "o exhibit$ b5ea? ! purple a simplicity ( ta/es & "* :i* ! boa/$ h]oes ( ! ,republic _h nev] surpass$4 ,x is relat$ ( ,vespasian t1 :5 dy+1 he je/$ m\rnfully on 8 approa*+ dignity1 obs]v+1 z he felt 8 /r5g? ebb+ away1 8,i ?9k ,i am becom+ a god407#dcj7 ,alex&] ,sev]us & ,julian refus$ to accept ! ord9>y language ( adulation1 & ( ^? :o did n reject x we "k t _m look$ ^u x z a mod]n sov]eign looks ^u ! phraseology ( petitions or ! c]emonies ( ! ,c\rt4 ,ev5 ,n]o 0 s f> f be+ intoxicat$ ) 8 ,imp]ial dignity t he cont9ually s\ght triumphs z a s+] or an actor1 & x 0 8 arti/ic skill1 n 8 div9e pr]ogatives1 t excit$ 8 vanity47#dca7 ,caligula1 h[ev]1 :o appe>s to h be5 lit]ally d]ang$17#dcb7 is said to h accept$ 8 div9ity z a s]i\s fact1 to h sub/itut$ 8 own head = t ( ,jupit] on _m ( ! /atues17#dcc7 & to h once />t$ furi\sly f 8 seat dur+ a ?und]/orm t _h int]rupt$ a gladiatorial %[1 %\t+ ) frantic ge/ures 8 imprecations aga9/ ,heav51 & decl>+ t ! divid$ empire 0 inde$ intol]able1 t ei!r ,jupit] or himself mu/ spe$ily succumb47#dcd7 ,heliogabalus1 if we may give any cr$5ce to 8 biograph]1 conf\nd$ all ?+s1 human & div9e1 9 hide\s & blasphem\s orgies1 & design$ to unite all =ms ( religion 9 ! wor%ip ( himself47#dce7 ,a curi\s consequ5ce ( ?is apo!osis 0 t ! images ( ! emp]ors 7 inve/$ ) a sacr$ "* l ^? ( ! gods4 ,!y 7 ! recognis$ refuge ( ! slave or ! oppress$17#dcf7 & ! smalle/ disrespect to !m 0 res5t$ z a he9\s crime4 ,"u ,tib]ius1 slaves & crim9als 7 accu/om$ to hold 9 _! h&s an image ( ! emp]or1 &1 be+ ?us protect$1 to p\r ) impunity a torr5t ( defiant insol5ce ^u _! ma/]s or judges47#dcg7 ,"u ! same emp]or1 a man hav+1 :5 drunk1 accid5tally t\*$ a nameless dome/ic ut5sil ) a r+ on :i* ! head ( ! emp]or 0 c>v$1 he 0 imm$iately d5\nc$ by a spy47#dch7 ,a man 9 ?is reign 0 accus$ ( high treason = hav+ sold an image ( ! emp]or ) a g>d547#dci7 ,x 0 made a capital (f5ce to beat a slave1 or to undress1 ne> a /atue ( ,augu/us1 or to ent] a bro!l ) a piece ( money on :i* 8 head 0 engrav$17#ddj7 & at a lat] p]iod a woman1 x is said1 0 actually execut$ = undress+ be=e ! /atue ( ,domitian47#dda7 ,x may easily be conceiv$ t m5 :o _h be5 rais$ to ?is p9nacle ( arrogance & p[]1 m5 :o ex]cis$ uncontroll$ au?ority 9 ! mid/ ( a society 9 a /ate ( pr(\nd corruption1 7 (t5 guilty ( ! mo/ atroci\s extravagances4 ,9 ! fir/ p]iod ( ! ,empire m especially1 :5 traditions 7 n yet =m$1 & :5 exp]i5ce _h n yet %[n ! dang]s ( ! ?rone1 ! bra9s ( "s ( its occupants reel$ at _! elevation1 & a k9d ( moral insanity ensu$4 ,! pages ( ,suetonius rema9 z an et]nal witness ( ! abysses ( depravity1 ! hide\s1 intol]able cruelty1 ! hi!rto unimag9$ extravagances ( nameless lu/ t 7 !n manife/$ on ! ,palat9e1 & :ile !y ca/ a fe>ful light ^u ! moral *aos into :i* pagan society _h sunk1 !y furni% ample evid5ce ( ! demoralis+ influ5ces ( ! empire4 ,! ?rone 01 x is true1 occupi$ by "s ( ! be/ z well z by "s ( ! wor/ m5 :o h ev] liv$2 b ! evil1 ?\gh *eck$ & mitigat$1 0 nev] aboli%$4 ,! corruption ( a ,c\rt1 ! =mation ( a pr(ession ( spies1 ! enc\ragem5t giv5 to luxury1 ! di/ributions ( corn1 & ! multiplication ( games1 7 evils :i* v>i$ greatly 9 _! degrees ( int5sity1 b ! v exi/5ce ( ! empire prev5t$ ! creation ( ^? habits ( political life :i* =m$ ! moral type ( ! great republics ( antiquity4 ,lib]ty1 :i* is (t5 v unfav\rable to !ological sy/ems1 is almo/ always 9 ! end fav\rable to morals2 = ! mo/ effectual me?od t has be5 devis$ = div]t+ m5 f vice is to give free scope to a high] ambition4 ,?is scope 0 absolutely want+ 9 ! ,roman ,empire1 & ! moral condition1 9 ! abs5ce ( la/+ political habits1 fluctuat$ greatly ) ! "* ( ! ,emp]ors4 ,! results ( ! in/itution ( slav]y 7 probably ev5 m s]i\s4 ,9 addition to its manife/ effect 9 enc\rag+ a tyrannical & f]oci\s _s 9 ! ma/]s1 x ca/ a /igma ^u all lab\r1 & at once degrad$ & impov]i%$ ! free poor4 ,9 mod]n societies ! =mation ( an influ5tial & num]\s middle class1 tra9$ 9 ! sob] & regul> habits ( indu/rial life1 is ! *ief gu>antee ( national morality1 & :]e su* a class exi/s1 ! disord]s ( ! upp] ranks1 ?\gh und\bt$ly injuri\s1 are nev] fatal to society4 ,! influ5ce ( great outbur/s ( fa%ionable depravity1 su* z t :i* foll[$ ! ,re/oration 9 ,engl&1 is r>ely m ?an sup]ficial4 ,! ari/ocracy may revel 9 e excess ( o/5tati\s vice1 b ! great mass ( ! p1 at ! loom1 ! c\nt]1 or ! pl\gh1 cont9ue unaffect$ by _! example1 & ! habits ( life into :i* !y are =c$ by ! condition ( _! trades pres]ve !m f gross depravity4 ,x 0 ! mo/ frightful feature ( ! corruption ( anci5t ,rome t x ext5d$ ?r\gh e class ( ! community4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( all b ! simple/ ma*9]y1 manufactures1 ) ! va/ indu/rial life !y beget1 7 unkn[n4 ,! poor citiz5 f\nd almo/ all ! sph]es 9 :i* an hon\rable livelihood might be obta9$ :olly or at lea/ 9 a v great degree preoccupi$ by slaves1 :ile he _h le>nt to reg>d trade ) an inv9cible repugnance4 ,h5ce foll[$ ! imm5se increase ( corrupt & corrupt+ pr(essions1 z actors1 pantomimes1 hir$ gladiators1 political spies1 m9i/]s to passion1 a/rolog]s1 religi\s *>latans1 pseudo-philosoph]s1 :i* gave ! free classes a prec>i\s & occasional subsi/5ce1 & h5ce1 too1 ! gigantic dim5sions ( ! sy/em ( cli5tage4 ,e ri* man 0 surr\nd$ by a tra9 ( dep5dants1 :o liv$ 9 a great measure at 8 exp5se1 & sp5t _! lives 9 m9i/]+ to 8 passions & flatt]+ 8 vanity4 ,&1 above all1 ! public di/ribution ( corn1 & occasionally ( money1 0 c>ri$ on to su* an ext5t1 t1 s f> z ! fir/ necess>ies ( life 7 conc]n$1 ! :ole poor free population ( ,rome 0 support$ gratuit\sly by ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,to effect ?is di/ribution promptly & lavi%ly 0 ! ma9 object ( ! ,imp]ial policy1 & its consequ5ces 7 worse ?an c\ld h result$ f ! mo/ extravagant poor-laws or ! mo/ excessive *>ity4 ,! mass ( ! p 7 support$ 9 absolute idl5ess by corn1 :i* 0 giv5 )\t any ref]5ce to des]t1 & 0 receiv$1 n z a fav\r1 b z a "r1 :ile gratuit\s public amusem5ts /ill fur!r div]t$ !m f lab\r4 ,"u ^! influ5ces ! population rapidly dw9dl$ away4 ,productive ent]prise 0 almo/ ext9ct 9 ,italy1 & an unexampl$ concurr5ce ( causes made a vici\s celibacy ! habitual condition4 ,already 9 ! days ( ,augu/us ! evil 0 app>5t1 & ! dang]s :i* 9 lat] reigns drove ! patricians /ill m g5]ally f public life1 drove !m m & m into e extravagance ( s5suality4 ,greece1 s9ce ! de/ruction ( h] lib]ty1 & also ! lead+ cities ( ,asia ,m9or & ( ,egypt1 _h become c5tres ( ! wilde/ corruption1 & ,greek & ,ori5tal captives 7 innum]able 9 ,rome4 ,ionian slaves ( a surpass+ beauty1 ,alex&rian slaves1 fam\s = _! subtle skill 9 /imulat+ ! jad$ s5ses ( ! confirm$ & sat$ lib]t9e1 became ! ornam5ts ( e patrician h\se1 ! companions & ! in/ructors ( ! "y4 ,! dis9cl9ation to m>riage 0 s g5]al1 t m5 :o sp5t _! lives 9 endeav\r+ by flatt]ies to secure ! inh]itance ( weal?y ba*elors became a num]\s & a notori\s class4 ,! slave population 0 itself a hotb$ ( vice1 & x contam9at$ all ) :i* x came 9 contact2 :ile ! attractions ( ! games1 & especially ( ! public ba?s1 :i* became ! habitual resort ( ! idle1 comb9$ ) ! *>ms ( ! ,italian climate1 & ) ! mis]able dome/ic ar*itecture t 0 g5]al1 to draw ! poor citiz5s f indoor life4 ,idl5ess1 amusem5ts1 & a b>e subsi/5ce 7 alone desir$1 & ! g5]al practice ( abortion among ! ri*1 & ( infanticide & exposition 9 all classes1 /ill fur!r *eck$ ! population4 ,! de/ruction ( all public _s 9 a population s situat$ 0 complete & inevitable4 ,9 ! days ( ! ,republic a consul _h once advocat$ ! admission ( a brave ,italian p to ! "r ( ,roman citiz5%ip1 on ! gr\nd t 8^? :o ?\ght only ( lib]ty des]v$ to be ,romans407#ddb7 ,9 ! ,empire all lib]ty 0 *e]fully b>t]$ = games & corn1 & ! wor/ tyrant c\ld by ^! means be secure ( popul>ity4 ,9 ! ,republic1 :5 ,m>ius ?rew op5 ! h\ses ( ^? he _h proscrib$1 to be plund]$1 ! p1 by a noble ab/95ce1 rebuk$ ! act1 = no ,roman c\ld be f\nd to avail himself ( ! p]mission47#ddc7 ,9 ! ,empire1 :5 ! armies ( ,vitellius & ,vespasian 7 disput+ ! possession ( ! city1 ! deg5]ate ,romans ga!r$ ) delight to ! spectacle z to a gladiatorial %[1 plund]$ ! des]t$ h\ses1 enc\rag$ ei!r army by _! reckless plaudits1 dragg$ out ! fugitives to be sla91 & conv]t$ into a fe/ival ! calamity ( _! c\ntry47#ddd7 ,! degradation ( ! national "* 0 p]man5t4 ,nei!r ! tea*+ ( ! ,/oics1 nor ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,anton9es1 nor ! triumph ( ,*ri/ianity c\ld re/ore x4 ,indiff]5t to lib]ty1 ! ,roman n[1 z !n1 asks only = an idle subsi/5ce & = public spectacles1 & c\ntless mona/]ies & ecclesia/ical pageants occupy 9 mod]n ,rome ! same place z did ! di/ributions ( corn & ! games ( ! amphi!atre 9 ! ,rome ( ! ,cs>s4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 too1 t :ile public _s _h ?us decay$ 9 ! capital ( ! empire1 !re exi/$ no indep5d5t or rival p[] to reanimate by its example ! sm\ld]+ flame4 ,! exi/5ce 9 mod]n ,europe ( _m di/9ct nations on ! same level ( civilisation1 b ) diff]5t =ms ( gov]nm5t & conditions ( national life1 secures ! p]man5ce ( "s measure ( patriotism & lib]ty4 ,if ^! p]i% 9 "o nation1 !y survive 9 ano!r1 & ea* p affects ^? ab\t x by its rivalry or example4 ,b an empire :i* compris$ all ! civilis$ globe c\ld "k no?+ ( ?is political int]action4 ,9 religi\s1 social1 intellectual1 & moral life1 =eign ideas 7 v disc]nible1 b ! enslav$ prov9ces c\ld h no influ5ce 9 rek9dl+ political life 9 ! c5tre1 & ^? :i* rivall$ ,italy 9 _! civilisation1 ev5 surpass$ x 9 _! corruption & _! s]vility4 ,9 review+1 h[ev]1 ! conditions ^u :i* ! moral /ate ( ! empire dep5d$1 !re are /ill two v important c5tres or se$-plots ( virtue to :i* x is necess>y to adv]t4 ,i mean ! pursuit ( agriculture & ! discipl9e ( ! army4 ,a v e>ly tradition1 :i* 0 attribut$ to ,romulus1 _h decl>$ t w>f>e & agriculture 7 ! only hon\rable occupations = a citiz517#dde7 & x w\ld be difficult to ov]rate ! influ5ce ( ! la/ 9 =m+ temp]ate & virtu\s habits among ! p4 ,x is ! subject ( ! only extant "w ( ! eld] ,cato4 ,virgil _h adorn$ x ) ! lu/re ( 8 poetry4 ,a v l>ge "p ( ! ,roman religion 0 int5d$ to symbolise its /ages or consecrate its op]ations4 ,v>ro express$ an em95tly ,roman s5tim5t 9 t beautiful s5t5ce :i* ,c[p] has introduc$ into ,engli% poetry1 8,div9e ,provid5ce made ! c\ntry1 b human art ! t[n407#ddf7 ,! re=ms ( ,vespasian consi/$ *iefly ( ! elevation to high positions ( ! agriculturi/s ( ! prov9ces4 ,anton9us1 :o 0 probably ! mo/ p]fect ( all ! ,roman emp]ors1 0 ?r\gh 8 :ole reign a zeal\s f>m]4 ,z f> z ! di/ant prov9ces 7 conc]n$1 x is probable t ! ,imp]ial sy/em 0 on ! :ole a good4 ,! sc&al\s rapacity ( ! prov9cial gov]nors1 :i* disgrac$ ! clos+ ye>s ( ! ,republic1 & :i* is immortalis$ by ! indignant eloqu5ce ( ,cic]o1 appe>s to h ceas$1 or at lea/ greatly dim9i%$1 "u ! sup]vision ( ! emp]ors4 ,ample municipal fre$om1 good roads1 & = ! mo/ "p wise & temp]ate rul]s1 secur$ = ! di/ant sections ( ! empire a l>ge measure ( prosp]ity4 ,b 9 ,italy itself1 agriculture1 ) ! habits ( life t att5d$ x1 spe$ily & fatally decay$4 ,! peasant proprietor soon glid$ hopelessly into debt4 ,! imm5se advantages :i* slav]y gave ! ri* gradually ?rew ne>ly all ! ,italian soil into _! h&s4 ,! peasant :o ceas$ to be proprietor f\nd himself exclud$ by slave lab\r f ! position ( a hir$ cultivator1 :ile ! gratuit\s di/ributions ( corn drew him readily to ! metropolis4 ,! gigantic scale ( ^! di/ributions induc$ ! rul]s to obta9 _! corn 9 ! =m ( a tribute f di/ant c\ntries1 *iefly f ,africa & ,sicily1 & x almo/ ceas$ to be cultivat$ 9 ,italy4 ,! l& fell to wa/e1 or 0 cultivat$ by slaves or conv]t$ into pa/ure1 & ov] va/ tracts ! race ( free peasants entirely disappe>$4 ,?is great revolution1 :i* pr(\ndly affect$ ! moral condition ( ,italy1 _h long be5 imp5d+4 ,! debts ( ! poor peasants1 & ! t5d5cy ( ! patricians to monopolise ! conqu]$ t]ritory1 _h occasion$ "s ( ! fi]ce/ conte/s ( ! ,republic1 & 9 ! e>lie/ days ( ! ,empire ! blight t seem$ to h fall5 on ! ,italian soil 0 cont9ually & pa!tically lam5t$4 ,livy1 ,v>ro1 ,columella1 & ,pl9y h notic$ x 9 ! mo/ emphatic t]ms17#ddg7 & ,tacitus obs]v$ t z e>ly z ! reign ( ,claudius1 ,italy1 :i* _h once suppli$ ! di/ant prov9ces ) corn1 _h become dep5d5t = ! v necess>ies ( life ^u ! w9ds & ! waves47#ddh7 ,! evil 0 inde$ ( an almo/ hopeless k9d4 ,adv]se w9ds1 or any o!r accid5tal int]ruption ( ! convoys ( corn1 occasion$ sev]e di/ress 9 ! capital2 b ! prospect ( ! calamities t w\ld ensue if any mis=tune deta*$ ! great corn-gr[+ c\ntries f ! empire1 might well h appall$ ! politician4 ,yet ! comb9$ influ5ce ( slav]y1 & ( ! gratuit\s di/ributions ( corn1 act+ 9 ! mann] ,i h describ$1 r5d]$ e ef=t to revive ,italian agriculture abortive1 & slav]y _h tak5 su* deep root t x w\ld h be5 impossible to aboli% x1 :ile no emp]or d>$ to enc\nt] ! calamities & rebellion t w\ld foll[ a susp5sion or ev5 a re/riction ( ! di/ributions47#ddi7 ,_m s]i\s ef=ts 7 made to rem$y ! evil47#dej7 ,alex&] ,sev]us advanc$ money to ! poor to buy portions ( l&1 & accept$ a gradual paym5t )\t int]e/ f ! produce ( ! soil4 ,p]t9ax settl$ poor m5 z proprietors on des]t$ l&1 on ! sole condition t !y %\ld cultivate x4 ,m>cus ,aurelius began1 & ,aurelian & ,val5t9ian cont9u$1 ! sy/em ( settl+ great numb]s ( b>b>ian captives ^u ! ,italian soil1 & compell+ !m z slaves to till x4 ,! introduction ( ?is l>ge =eign elem5t into ! he>t ( ,italy 0 ev5tually "o ( ! causes ( ! d[nfall ( ! empire1 & x is also ab\t ?is "t t we fir/ dimly trace ! condition ( s]fdom or s]vitude to ! soil into :i* slav]y aft]w>ds fad$1 & :i* 0 = "s c5turies ! g5]al condition ( ! ,european poor4 ,b ! economical & moral causes t 7 de/roy+ agriculture 9 ,italy 7 too /rong to be resi/$1 & ! simple habits ( life :i* agricultural pursuits promote _h little or no place 9 ! lat] empire4 ,a some:at less rapid b 9 ! end n less complete decad5ce _h tak5 place 9 milit>y life4 ,! ,roman army 0 at fir/ recruit$ exclusively f ! upp] classes1 & ! s]vice1 :i* la/$ only dur+ actual w>f>e1 0 gratuit\s4 ,be=e ! close ( ! ,republic1 h[ev]1 ^! conditions _h disappe>$4 ,milit>y pay is said to h be5 in/itut$ at ! "t ( ! siege ( ,veii47#dea7 ,"s ,spani>ds :o 7 enroll$ dur+ ! rivalry ( ,rome & ,c>?age 7 ! fir/ example ( ! employm5t ( =eign m]c5>ies by ! =m]47#deb7 ,m>ius aboli%$ ! prop]ty qualification ( ! recruits47#dec7 ,9 long resid5ces 9 ,spa9 & 9 ! ,asiatic prov9ces discipl9e gradually relax$1 & ! hi/orian :o trac$ ! progress ( ,ori5tal luxury 9 ,rome dwelt ) a j emphasis ^u ! om9\s fact t x _h fir/ be5 introduc$ into ! city by soldi]s47#ded7 ,! civil w>s contribut$ to ! de/ruction ( ! old milit>y traditions1 b be+ conduct$ by able g5]als x is probable t !y _h m effect ^u ! patriotism ?an ^u ! discipl9e ( ! army4 ,augu/us reorganis$ ! :ole milit>y sy/em1 e/abli%+ a body ( soldi]s kn[n z ! ,prtorian gu>d1 & dignifi$ ) "s special privileges1 p]man5tly 9 ,rome1 :ile ! o!r legions 7 *iefly mu/]$ ^u ! fronti]s4 ,dur+ 8 long reign1 & dur+ t ( ,tib]ius1 bo? sections 7 quiesc5t1 b ! murd] ( ,caligula by 8 soldi]s op5$ a consid]able p]iod ( insubord9ation4 ,claudius1 x 0 obs]v$1 fir/ set ! fatal example ( pur*as+ 8 safety f 8 soldi]s by bribes47#dee7 ,! armies ( ! prov9ces soon discov]$ t x 0 possible to elect an emp]or outside ,rome1 & ,galba1 ,o?o1 ,vitellius1 & ,vespasian 7 all ! creatures ( revolt4 ,! evil 01 h[ev]1 n yet pa/ recov]y4 ,vespasian & ,trajan en=c$ discipl9e ) great /r+5cy & success4 ,! emp]ors began m frequ5tly to visit ! camps4 ,! numb] ( ! soldi]s 0 small1 & = "s "t ! turbul5ce subsid$4 ,! hi/ory ( ! wor/ p]iod ( ! ,empire1 x has be5 truly obs]v$1 is full ( in/ances ( brave soldi]s try+1 "u circum/ances ( extreme difficulty1 simply to d _! duty4 ,b ! hi/orian _h soon occasion to notice aga9 ! pr(\nd influ5ce ( ! voluptu\s ,asiatic cities ^u ! legions47#def7 ,remov$ = _m ye>s f ,italy1 !y lo/ all national pride1 _! allegiance 0 transf]r$ f ! sov]eign to ! g5]al1 & :5 ! ,imp]ial sceptre fell into ! h&s ( a succession ( incompet5t rul]s1 !y habitually urg$ _! comm&]s to revolt1 & at la/ r$uc$ ! empire to a condition ( milit>y an>*y4 ,a rem$y 0 f\nd = ?is evil1 ?\gh n = ! luxuri\s habits t _h be5 acquir$1 9 ! division ( ! empire1 :i* plac$ ea* army "u ! direct sup]vision ( an emp]or1 & x is probable t at a lat] p]iod ,*ri/ianity dim9i%$ ! insubord9ation1 ?\gh x may h also dim9i%$ ! milit>y fire1 ( ! soldi]s47#deg7 ,b o!r & /ill m p[]ful causes 7 9 op]ation prep>+ ! milit>y d[nfall ( ,rome4 ,! habits ( inactivity :i* ! ,imp]ial policy _h produc$1 & :i*1 ?r\gh a desire = popul>ity1 mo/ emp]ors lab\r$ to enc\rage1 l$ to a pr(\nd dis9cl9ation = ! h>d%ips ( milit>y life4 ,ev5 ! ,prtorian gu>d1 :i* 0 long exclusively ,italian1 0 select$ aft] ,septimus ,sev]us f ! legions on ! fronti]s17#deh7 :ile1 ,italy be+ reliev$ f ! regul> conscription1 ^! 7 recruit$ solely 9 ! prov9ces1 & innum]able b>b>ians 7 subsidis$4 ,! political & milit>y consequ5ces ( ?is *ange are suffici5tly obvi\s4 ,9 an age :51 artill]y be+ unkn[n1 ! milit>y sup]iority ( civilis$ nations ov] b>b>ians 0 f> less ?an at pres5t1 ! ,italians _h become absolutely unaccu/om$ to real w>1 & _h acquir$ habits t 7 beyond all o!rs incompatible ) milit>y discipl9e1 :ile _m ( ! b>b>ians :o m5ac$ & at la/ subv]t$ ! empire _h be5 actually tra9$ by ,roman g5]als4 ,! moral consequ5ce is equally pla9--milit>y discipl9e1 l agricultural lab\r1 ceas$ to h any "p among ! moral influ5ces ( ,italy4 ,to ^? :o h duly e/imat$ ! consid]ations ,i h enum]at$1 ! d[nfall & moral debasem5t ( ! empire c cause no surprise1 ?\gh !y may ju/ly wond] t its agony %\ld h be5 s protract$1 t x %\ld h produc$ a multitude ( good & great m51 bo? pagan & ,*ri/ian1 & t ^! %\ld h ex]cis$ s wide an influ5ce z !y unque/ionably did4 ,almo/ e in/itution or pursuit by :i* virtu\s habits w\ld naturally h be5 =m$ _h be5 ta9t$ or de/roy$1 :ile ag5cies ( t]rific p[] 7 impell+ ! p to vice4 ,! ri*1 exclud$ f mo/ hon\rable pa?s ( ambition1 & surr\nd$ by c\ntless p>asites :o inflam$ _! e passion1 f\nd !mselves absolute ma/]s ( innum]able slaves :o 7 _! will+ m9i/]s1 & (t5 _! tea*]s1 9 vice4 ,! poor1 hat+ indu/ry & de/itute ( all intellectual res\rces1 liv$ 9 habitual idl5ess1 & look$ ^u abject s]vility z ! normal road to =tune4 ,b ! picture becomes truly appall+ :5 we rememb] t ! ma9 amusem5t ( bo? classes 0 ! spectacle ( blood%$1 ( ! dea?1 & sometimes ( ! torture1 ( m54 ,! gladiatorial games =m1 inde$1 ! "o feature ( ,roman society :i* to a mod]n m9d is almo/ inconceivable 9 its atrocity4 ,t n only m51 b wom51 9 an advanc$ p]iod ( civilisation--m5 & wom5 :o n only pr(ess$ b v frequ5tly act$ ^u a high code ( morals--%\ld h made ! c>nage ( m5 _! habitual amusem5t1 t all ?is %\ld h cont9u$ = c5turies1 ) sc>cely a prote/1 is "o ( ! mo/ />tl+ facts 9 moral hi/ory4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 p]fectly normal1 & 9 no degree inconsi/5t ) ! doctr9e ( natural moral p]ceptions1 :ile x op5s out fields ( e?ical enquiry ( a v deep ?\gh pa9ful int]e/4 ,^! games1 :i* long eclips$1 bo? 9 int]e/ & 9 influ5ce1 e o!r =m ( public amusem5t at ,rome17#dei7 7 orig9ally religi\s c]emonies celebrat$ at ! tombs ( ! great1 & int5d$ z human sacrifices to appease ! ,manes ( ! dead47#dfj7 ,!y 7 aft]w>ds def5d$ z a means ( su/a9+ ! milit>y _s by ! con/ant spectacle ( c\rage\s dea?17#dfa7 & ) ?is object x 0 cu/om>y to give a gladiatorial %[ to soldi]s be=e _! dep>ture to a w>47#dfb7 ,9 addition to ^! functions !y _h a consid]able political importance1 = at a "t :5 all ! regul> organs ( lib]ty 7 p>alys$ or aboli%$1 ! rul] 0 accu/om$ 9 ! ar5a to meet t5s ( ?\s&s ( 8 subjects1 :o avail$ !mselves ( ! opportunity to pres5t _! petitions1 to decl>e _! grievances1 & to c5sure freely ! sov]eign or 8 m9i/]s47#dfc7 ,! games are said to h be5 ( ,etruscan orig92 !y 7 fir/ introduc$ into ,rome1 ,b4,c4 #bfd1 :5 ! two sons ( a man nam$ ,brutus compell$ ?ree pair ( gladiators to fight at ! fun]al ( _! fa!r17#dfd7 & be=e ! close ( ! ,republic !y 7 common on great public occasions1 &1 :at appe>s ev5 m horrible1 at ! banquets ( ! nobles47#dfe7 ,! rivalry ( ,cs> & ,pompey greatly multipli$ !m1 = ea* s\ght by ?is means to +ratiate himself ) ! p4 ,pompey introduc$ a new =m ( combat betwe5 m5 & animals47#dff7 ,cs> aboli%$ ! old cu/om ( re/rict+ ! mortu>y games to ! fun]als ( m51 & 8 daught] 0 ! fir/ ,roman lady ^: tomb 0 desecrat$ by human blood47#dfg7 ,besides ?is innovation1 ,cs> replac$ ! tempor>y edifices 9 :i* ! games _h hi!rto be5 held by a p]man5t wood5 amphi!atre1 %ad$ ! spectators by an awn+ ( preci\s silk1 compell$ ! condemn$ p]sons on "o occasion to fight ) silv] lances17#dfh7 & drew s _m gladiators into ! city t ! ,s5ate 0 oblig$ to issue an enactm5t re/rict+ _! numb]47#dfi7 ,9 ! e>lie/ ye>s ( ! ,empire1 ,/atilius ,taurus erect$ ! fir/ amphi!atre ( /one47#dgj7 ,augu/us ord]$ t n m ?an #abj m5 %\ld fight on a s+le occasion1 & t no prtor %\ld give m ?an two spectacles 9 a s+le ye>17#dga7 & ,tib]ius aga9 fix$ ! maximum ( combatants17#dgb7 b not)/&+ ^! attempts to limit !m ! games soon acquir$ ! mo/ gigantic proportions4 ,!y 7 celebrat$ habitually by great m5 9 hon\r ( _! dead relatives1 by (ficials on com+ into (fice1 by conqu]ors to secure popul>ity1 & on e occasion ( public rejoic+1 & by ri* tradesm5 :o 7 desir\s ( acquir+ a social position47#dgc7 ,!y 7 also among ! attractions ( ! public ba?s4 ,s*ools ( gladiators--(t5 ! private prop]ty ( ri* citiz5s--exi/$ 9 e lead+ city ( ,italy1 &1 besides slaves & crim9als1 !y 7 ?rong$ ) freem51 :o volunt>ily hir$ !mselves = a t]m ( ye>s4 ,9 ! eyes ( multitudes1 ! l>ge sums t 7 paid to ! victor1 ! patronage ( nobles & (t5 ( emp]ors1 & /ill m ! delirium ( popul> en?usiasm t c5tr$ ^u ! successful gladiator1 outweigh$ all ! dang]s ( ! pr(ession4 ,a complete recklessness ( life 0 soon eng5d]$ bo? 9 ! spectators & ! combatants4 ,! 8lani/10 or purveyors ( gladiators1 became an important pr(ession4 ,w&]+ b&s ( gladiators trav]s$ ,italy1 hir+ !mselves = ! prov9cial amphi!atres4 ,! influ5ce ( ! games gradually p]vad$ ! :ole texture ( ,roman life4 ,!y became ! common-place ( conv]sation47#dgd7 ,! *ildr5 imitat$ !m 9 _! play47#dge7 ,! philosoph]s drew f !m _! metaphors & illu/rations4 ,! arti/s p\rtray$ !m 9 e v>iety ( ornam5t47#dgf7 ,! ve/al virg9s _h a seat ( hon\r 9 ! ar5a47#dgg7 ,! ,colosseum1 :i* is said to h be5 capable ( conta9+ m ?an #hj1jjj spectators1 eclips$ e o!r monum5t ( ,imp]ial spl5d\r1 & is ev5 n[ at once ! mo/ impos+ & ! mo/ *>act]i/ic relic ( pagan ,rome4 ,9 ! prov9ces ! same passion 0 display$4 ,f ,gaul to ,syria1 :]ev] ! ,roman influ5ce ext5d$1 ! spectacles ( blood 7 introduc$1 & ! gigantic rema9s ( amphi!atres 9 _m l&s /ill atte/ by _! ru9$ gr&eur ! scale on :i* !y 7 pursu$4 ,9 ! reign ( ,tib]ius1 m ?an #bj1jjj p]sons are said to h p]i%$ by ! fall ( ! amphi!atre at ! suburban t[n ( ,fid547#dgh7 ,"u ,n]o1 ! ,syracusans obta9$1 z a special fav\r1 an exemption f ! law :i* limit$ ! numb] ( gladiators47#dgi7 ,( ! va/ tra9 ( prison]s br\ght by ,titus f ,judea1 a l>ge proportion 7 de/9$ by ! conqu]or = ! prov9cial games47#dhj7 ,9 ,syria1 :]e !y 7 introduc$ by ,antio*us ,epiphanes1 !y at fir/ produc$ r t]ror ?an pleasure2 b ! effem9ate ,syrians soon le>n$ to contemplate !m ) a passionate enjoym5t17#dha7 & on a s+le occasion ,agrippa caus$ #a1djj m5 to fight 9 ! amphi!atre at ,b]ytus47#dhb7 ,greece alone 0 9 "s degree an exception4 ,:5 an attempt 0 made to introduce ! spectacle into ,a!ns1 ! cynic philosoph] ,demonax appeal$ successfully to ! bett] feel+s ( ! p by exclaim+1 8,y mu/ fir/ ov]?r[ ! alt> ( ,pity407#dhc7 ,! games are said to h aft]w>ds p5etrat$ to ,a!ns1 & to h be5 suppress$ by ,apollonius ( ,tyana27#dhd7 b ) ! exception ( ,cor9?1 :]e a v l>ge =eign population exi/$1 ,greece nev] appe>s to h %>$ ! g5]al en?usiasm47#dhe7 ,"o ( ! fir/ consequ5ces ( ?is ta/e 0 to r5d] ! p absolutely unfit = ^? tranquil & ref9$ amusem5ts :i* usually accompany civilisation4 ,to m5 :o 7 accu/om$ to witness ! fi]ce vicissitudes ( deadly combat1 any spectacle t did n elicit ! /ronge/ excitem5t 0 insipid4 ,! only amusem5ts t at all rivall$ ! spectacles ( ! amphi!atre & ! circus 7 ^? :i* appeal$ /rongly to ! s5sual passions1 su* z ! games ( ,flora1 ! po/ures ( ! pantomimes1 & ! ballet47#dhf7 ,roman com$y1 inde$1 fl\ri%$ = a %ort p]iod1 b only by ?r[+ itself into ! same c>e]4 ,! p&] & ! c\rtesan are ! lead+ *>act]s ( ,plautus1 & ! m mode/ ,t]5ce nev] atta9$ an equal popul>ity4 ,! diff]5t =ms ( vice h a cont9ual t5d5cy to act & react ^u "o ano!r1 & ! int5se crav+ aft] excitem5t :i* ! amphi!atre mu/ necess>ily h produc$1 _h probably no small influ5ce 9 /imulat+ ! orgies ( s5suality :i* ,tacitus & ,suetonius describe4 ,b if com$y c\ld to a c]ta9 ext5t fl\ri% ) ! gladiatorial games1 x 0 n s ) trag$y4 ,x is1 inde$1 true t ! tragic actor c exhibit displays ( m int5se agony & ( a gr&] h]oism ?an 7 ev] witness$ 9 ! ar5a4 ,8 mission is n to pa9t nature z x exi/s 9 ! light ( day1 b nature z x exi/s 9 ! he>t ( man4 ,8 ge/ures1 8 tones1 8 looks1 are su* z w\ld nev] h be5 exhibit$ by ! p]son he repres5ts1 b !y display to ! audi5ce ! full int5sity ( ! emotions :i* t p]son w\ld h felt1 b :i* he w\ld h be5 unable adequately to reveal4 ,b to ^? :o 7 habituat$ to ! int5se realism ( ! amphi!atre1 ! idealis$ suff]+ ( ! /age 0 unimpressive4 ,all ! g5ius ( a ,siddons or a ,ri/ori w\ld fail to move an audi5ce :o _h cont9ually se5 liv+ m5 fall ble$+ & mangl$ at _! feet4 ,"o ( ! fir/ functions ( ! /age is to raise to ! highe/ po9t ! susceptibility to disgu/4 ,:5 ,horace said t ,m$ea %\ld n kill h] *ildr5 ^u ! /age1 he enunciat$ n a m]e arbitr>y rule1 b "o :i* gr[s necess>ily out ( ! developm5t ( ! drama4 ,x is an ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( a ref9$ & cultivat$ ta/e to be %ock$ & (f5d$ at ! spectacle ( blood%$2 & ! !atre1 :i* some:at dang]\sly dissociates s5tim5t f action1 & causes m5 to wa/e _! compassion on ideal suff]+s1 is at lea/ a b>ri] aga9/ ! extreme =ms ( cruelty by develop+ ?is susceptibility to ! highe/ degree4 ,! gladiatorial games1 on ! o!r h&1 de/roy$ all s5se ( disgu/1 & !re=e all ref9em5t ( ta/e1 & !y r5d]$ ! p]man5t triumph ( ! drama impossible47#dhg7 ,x is abundantly evid5t1 bo? f hi/ory & f pres5t exp]i5ce1 t ! in/9ctive %ock1 or natural feel+ ( disgu/1 caus$ by ! sight ( ! suff]+s ( m5 is n g5]ically diff]5t f t :i* is caus$ by ! sight ( ! suff]+s ( animals4 ,! latt]1 to ^? :o are n accu/om$ to x1 is int5sely pa9ful4 ,! =m] cont9ually becomes by use a matt] ( absolute indiff]5ce4 ,if ! repugnance :i* is felt 9 ! "o case appe>s great] ?an 9 ! o!r1 x is n on acc\nt ( any innate s5tim5t :i* comm&s u to rev]5ce our species1 b simply because our imag9ation f9ds less difficulty 9 realis+ human ?an animal suff]+1 & also because education has /r5g!n$ our feel+s 9 ! "o case mu* m ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no fact m cle>ly e/abli%$ ?an t :5 m5 h reg>d$ x z n a crime to kill "s class ( _! fell[-m51 !y h soon le>nt to d s ) no m natural compunction or hesitation ?an !y w\ld exhibit 9 kill+ a wild animal4 ,?is is ! normal condition ( savage m54 ,coloni/s & ,r$ ,indians ev5 n[ (t5 %oot ea* o!r ) precisely ! same indiff]5ce z !y %oot bea/s ( prey1 & ! :ole hi/ory ( w>f>e--especially :5 w>f>e 0 conduct$ on m savage pr9ciples ?an at pres5t--is an illu/ration ( ! fact4 ,/>tl+1 !re=e1 z x may n[ appe>1 x is 9 no degree unnatural t ,roman spectators %\ld h contemplat$ ) p]fect equanimity ! slaught] ( m54 ,! ,spani>d1 :o is br\ght 9 infancy to ! bull-r+1 soon le>ns to gaze ) indiff]5ce or ) pleasure ^u sights be=e :i* ! unpractis$ eye ( ! /rang] quails ) horror1 & ! same process w\ld be equally efficaci\s _h ! spectacle be5 ! suff]+s ( m54 ,we n[ look back ) indignation ^u ?is indiff]5ce2 b yet1 al?\gh x may be h>d to realise1 x is probably true t !re is sc>cely a human be+ :o might n by cu/om be s indurat$ z to %>e x4 ,_h ! mo/ b5evol5t p]son liv$ 9 a c\ntry 9 :i* ! innoc5ce ( ^! games 0 deem$ axiomatic1 _h he be5 tak5 to !m 9 8 v *ildhood1 & accu/om$ to associate !m ) 8 e>lie/ dreams ( romance1 & _h he !n be5 left simply to ! play ( ! emotions1 ! fir/ p>oxysm ( horror w\ld h soon subsid$1 ! %r9k+ repugnance t foll[$ w\ld h gr[n weak] & weak]1 ! feel+ ( int]e/ w\ld h be5 ar\s$1 & ! "t w\ld probably come 9 :i* x w\ld reign alone4 ,b ev5 ?is absolute indiff]5ce to ! sight ( human suff]+ does n repres5t ! full evil result+ f ! gladiatorial games4 ,t "s m5 are s con/itut$ z to be capable ( tak+ a real & lively pleasure 9 ! simple contemplation ( suff]+ z suff]+1 & )\t any ref]5ce to _! own int]e/s1 is a proposition :i* has be5 /r5u\sly d5i$ by ^? 9 ^: eyes vice is no?+ m ?an a displacem5t1 or exagg]ation1 ( lawful self-reg>d+ feel+s1 & o!rs1 :o h admitt$ ! reality ( ! ph5om5on1 h treat$ x z a v r>e & exceptional disease47#dhh7 ,t x is s--at lea/ 9 its extreme =ms--9 ! pres5t condition ( society1 may reasonably be hop$1 ?\gh ,i imag9e t few p]sons :o h wat*$ ! habits ( boys w\ld "q t to take pleasure 9 giv+ at lea/ "s degree ( pa9 is suffici5tly common1 & ?\gh x is n q c]ta9 t all ! sports ( adult m5 w\ld be ent]$ into ) exactly ! same ze/ if _! victims 7 n s5ti5t be+s4 ,b 9 e society 9 :i* atroci\s puni%m5ts h be5 common1 ?is side ( human nature has acquir$ an und\bt$ prom95ce4 ,x is relat$ ( ,claudius t 8 special delight at ! gladiatorial %[s 0 9 wat*+ ! c\nt5ances ( ! dy+1 = he _h le>nt to take an arti/ic pleasure 9 obs]v+ ! v>iations ( _! agony47#dhi7 ,:5 ! gladiator lay pro/rate x 0 cu/om>y = ! spectators to give ! sign ) _! ?umbs1 indicat+ :e!r !y desir$ him to be sp>$ or sla91 & ! giv] ( ! %[ reap$ mo/ popul>ity :51 9 ! latt] case1 he p]mitt$ no consid]ation ( economy to make him hesitate to sanction ! popul> aw>d47#dij7 ,besides ?is1 ! m]e desire = novelty impell$ ! p to e excess or ref9em5t ( b>b>ity47#dia7 ,! simple combat became at la/ insipid1 & e v>iety ( atrocity 0 devis$ to /imulate ! flagg+ int]e/4 ,at "o "t a be> & a bull1 *a9$ toge!r1 roll$ 9 fi]ce conte/ along ! s&2 at ano!r1 crim9als dress$ 9 ! sk9s ( wild bea/s 7 ?r[n to bulls1 :i* 7 madd5$ by r$-hot irons1 or by d>ts tipp$ ) burn+ pit*4 ,f\r hundr$ be>s 7 kill$ on a s+le day "u ,caligula2 ?ree hundr$ on ano!r day "u ,claudius4 ,"u ,n]o1 f\r hundr$ tig]s f\ght ) bulls & elephants2 f\r hundr$ be>s & ?ree hundr$ lions 7 slaught]$ by 8 soldi]s4 ,9 a s+le day1 at ! d$ication ( ! ,colosseum by ,titus1 five ?\s& animals p]i%$4 ,"u ,trajan1 ! games cont9u$ = "o hundr$ & tw5ty-?ree successive days47#dib7 ,lions1 tig]s1 elephants1 rh9oc]oses1 hippopotami1 giraffes1 bulls1 /ags1 ev5 crocodiles & s]p5ts1 7 employ$ to give novelty to ! spectacle4 ,nor 0 any =m ( human suff]+ want+4 ,! fir/ ,gordian1 :5 edile1 gave twelve spectacles1 9 ea* ( :i* f "o hundr$ & fifty to five hundr$ pair ( gladiators appe>$47#dic7 ,eight hundr$ pair f\ght at ! triumph ( ,aurelian47#did7 ,t5 ?\s& m5 f\ght dur+ ! games ( ,trajan47#die7 ,n]o illum9$ 8 g>d5s dur+ ! night by ,*ri/ians burn+ 9 _! pit*y %irts47#dif7 ,"u ,domitian1 an army ( feeble dw>fs 0 compell$ to fight17#dig7 &1 m ?an once1 female gladiators desc5d$ to p]i% 9 ! ar5a47#dih7 ,a crim9al p]sonat+ a fictiti\s "* 0 nail$ to a cross1 & !re torn by a be>47#dii7 ,ano!r1 repres5t+ ,scvola1 0 compell$ to hold 8 h& 9 a real flame47#ejj7 ,a ?ird1 z ,h]cules1 0 burnt alive ^u ! pile47#eja7 ,s int5se 0 ! crav+ = blood1 t a pr9ce 0 less unpopul> if he neglect$ ! di/ribution ( corn ?an if he neglect$ ! games2 & ,n]o himself1 on acc\nt ( 8 munific5ce 9 ?is respect1 0 probably ! sov]eign :o 0 mo/ belov$ by ! ,roman multitude4 ,heliogabalus & ,gal]ius are report$1 :5 d9+1 to h regal$ !mselves ) ! sight ( crim9als torn by wild bea/s4 ,x 0 said ( ! latt] t 8he nev] supp$ )\t human blood407#ejb7 ,x is well = u to look /eadily on su* facts z ^!4 ,!y display m vividly ?an any m]e philosophical disquisition ! abyss ( depravity into :i* x is possible = human nature to s9k4 ,!y furni% u ) /rik+ pro(s ( ! reality ( ! moral progress we h atta9$1 & !y enable u 9 "s degree to e/imate ! reg5]at+ influ5ce t ,*ri/ianity has ex]cis$ 9 ! _w4 ,= ! de/ruction ( ! gladiatorial games is all its "w4 ,philosoph]s1 inde$1 might deplore !m1 g5tle natures might %r9k f _! contagion1 b to ! multitude !y possess$ a fasc9ation :i* no?+ b ! new religion c\ld ov]come4 ,nor 0 ?is fasc9ation surpris+1 = no pageant has ev] comb9$ m p[]ful elem5ts ( attraction4 ,! magnific5t circus1 ! gorge\s dresses ( ! assembl$ ,c\rt1 ! contagion ( a passionate en?usiasm ?rill+ almo/ visibly ?r\gh ! mighty ?rong1 ! brea?less sil5ce ( expectation1 ! wild *e]s bur/+ simultane\sly f eighty ?\s& tongues1 & e*o+ to ! f>!/ outskirts ( ! city1 ! rapid alt]nations ( ! fray1 ! de$s ( spl5did c\rage t 7 manife/$1 7 all well fitt$ to entrance ! imag9ation4 ,! crimes & s]vitude ( ! gladiator 7 = a "t =gott5 9 ! blaze ( glory t surr\nd$ him4 ,repres5t+ to ! highe/ degree t c\rage :i* ! ,romans deem$ ! fir/ ( virtues1 ! cynosure ( c\ntless eyes1 ! *ief object ( conv]sation 9 ! metropolis ( ! univ]se1 de/9$1 if victori\s1 to be immortalis$ 9 ! mosaic & ! sculpture17#ejc7 he n unfrequ5tly rose to h]oic gr&eur4 ,! gladiator ,sp>tacus = ?ree ye>s defi$ ! brave/ armies ( ,rome4 ,! greate/ ( ,roman g5]als _h *os5 gladiators = 8 body-gu>d47#ejd7 ,a b& ( gladiators1 fai?ful ev5 to dea?1 foll[$ ! =tunes ( ! fall5 ,antony1 :5 all besides _h des]t$ him47#eje7 ,beautiful eyes1 trembl+ ) passion1 look$ d[n ^u ! fight1 & ! noble/ ladies 9 ,rome1 ev5 ! empress h]self1 _h be5 kn[n to crave ! victor's love47#ejf7 ,we read ( gladiators lam5t+ t ! games occurr$ s seldom17#ejg7 compla9+ bitt]ly if !y 7 n p]mitt$ to desc5d into ! ar5a17#ejh7 scorn+ to fight except ) ! mo/ p[]ful antagoni/s17#eji7 laugh+ al\d z _! w\nds 7 dress$17#eaj7 & at la/1 :5 pro/rate 9 ! du/1 calmly turn+ _! ?roats to ! sword ( ! conqu]or47#eaa7 ,! en?usiasm t ga!r$ r\nd !m 0 s int5se t special laws 7 f\nd necess>y1 & 7 sometimes insuffici5t to prev5t patricians f enli/+ 9 _! ranks17#eab7 :ile ! tranquil c\rage ) :i* !y nev] fail$ to die suppli$ ! philosoph] ) 8 mo/ /rik+ examples47#eac7 ,! sev]e cont95ce t 0 requir$ be=e ! combat1 contra/+ vividly ) ! lic5ti\sness ( ,roman life1 _h ev5 inve/$ !m ) some?+ ( a moral dignity2 & x is a s+ul>ly sugge/ive fact t ( all pagan *>act]s ! gladiator 0 select$ by ! ,fa!rs z ! close/ approximation to a ,*ri/ian model47#ead7 ,/4 ,augu/9e tells u h[ "o ( 8 fri5ds1 be+ drawn to ! spectacle1 endeav\r$ by clos+ 8 eyes to gu>d aga9/ a fasc9ation he knew to be s9ful4 ,a sudd5 cry caus$ him to break 8 resolution1 & he nev] c\ld )draw 8 gaze aga947#eae7 ,& :ile ! influ5ces ( ! amphi!atre ga9$ a complete asc5dancy ov] ! populace1 ! ,roman 0 n )\t excuses t c\ld lull 8 moral feel+s to repose4 ,! games1 z ,i h said1 7 orig9ally human sacrifices--religi\s rites sacr$ to ! dead--& x 0 argu$ t ! dea? ( ! gladiator 0 bo? m hon\rable & m m]ciful ?an t ( ! passive victim1 :o1 9 ! ,hom]ic age1 0 sacrific$ at ! tomb4 ,! combatants 7 ei!r pr(essional gladiators1 slaves1 crim9als1 or milit>y captives4 ,! lot ( ! fir/ 0 volunt>y4 ,! second _h = a long "t be5 reg>d$ z almo/ b5ea? or beyond a freeman's c>e2 b :5 ! enl>g+ circle ( sympa?y _h made ! ,romans reg>d _! slaves z 8a k9d ( second human nature107#eaf7 !y p]ceiv$ ! atrocity ( expos+ !m 9 ! games1 & an edict ( ! emp]or =bade x47#eag7 ,! ?ird _h be5 condemn$ to dea?1 & z ! victori\s gladiator 0 at lea/ sometimes p>don$17#eah7 a p]mission to fight 0 reg>d$ z an act ( m]cy4 ,! fate ( ! f\r? c\ld n /rike ! e>ly ,roman ) ! horror x w\ld n[ inspire1 = ! "r ( ! conqu]ors to massacre _! prison]s 0 almo/ univ]sally admitt$47#eai7 ,b1 beyond ! po9t ( desir+ ! games to be 9 "s degree re/rict$1 extremely few ( ! morali/s ( ! ,roman ,empire ev] advanc$4 ,t x 0 a horrible & demoralis+ ?+ to make ! spectacle ( ! dea?s1 ev5 ( guilty m51 a =m ( popul> amusem5t1 0 a position :i* no ,roman s*ool _h atta9$1 & :i* 0 only rea*$ by a v few individuals4 ,cic]o obs]ves1 8t ! gladiatorial spectacles appe> to "s cruel & inhuman10 &1 he adds1 8,i "k n :e!r z !y are n[ conduct$ x is n s1 b :5 guilty m5 are compell$ to fight1 no bett] discipl9e aga9/ suff]+ & dea? c be pres5t$ to ! eye407#ebj7 ,s5eca1 x is true1 adopts a f> nobl] language4 ,he d5\nc$ ! games ) a passionate eloqu5ce4 ,he refut$ indignantly ! argum5t d]iv$ f ! guilt ( ! combatants1 & decl>$ t "u e =m & modification ^! amusem5ts 7 brutalis+1 savage1 & dete/able47#eba7 ,plut>* w5t ev5 f>!r1 & condemn$ ! combats ( wild bea/s on ! gr\nd t we %\ld h a bond ( sympa?y ) all s5ti5t be+s1 & t ! sight ( blood & ( suff]+ is necess>ily & ess5tially deprav+47#ebb7 ,to ^! in/ances we may add ,petronius1 :o condemn$ ! %[s 9 8 poem on ! civil w>2 ,junius ,mauricus1 :o refus$ to p]mit ! inhabitants ( ,vi5ne to celebrate !m1 & repli$ to ! remon/rances ( ! emp]or1 8,w\ld to ,heav5 x 7 possible to aboli% su* spectacles1 ev5 at ,rome607#ebc7 &1 above all1 ,m>cus ,aurelius1 :o1 by compell+ ! gladiators to fight ) blunt$ swords1 r5d]$ !m = a "t comp>atively h>mless47#ebd7 ,b ^!1 ) ! ,a!nian remon/rances ,i h already notic$1 are almo/ ! only in/ances n[ rema9+ ( pagan prote/s aga9/ ! mo/ conspicu\s z well z ! mo/ atroci\s feature ( ! age4 ,juv5al1 ^: unsp>+ satire has trav]s$ ! :ole field ( ,roman mann]s1 & :o d5\nces fi]cely all cruelty to slaves1 has repeat$ly notic$ ! gladiatorial %[s1 b on no s+le occasion does he intimate t !y 7 inconsi/5t ) humanity4 ,( all ! great hi/orians :o record$ !m1 n "o seems to h be5 consci\s t he 0 record+ a b>b>ity1 n "o appe>s to h se5 9 !m any great] evils ?an an increas+ t5d5cy to pleasure & ! excessive multiplication ( a dang]\s class4 ,! ,roman s\ght to make m5 brave & fe>less1 r ?an g5tle & humane1 & 9 8 eyes t spectacle 0 to be applaud$ :i* /eel$ ! he>t aga9/ ! fe> ( dea?1 ev5 at ! sacrifice ( ! affections4 ,titus & ,trajan1 9 ^: reigns1 probably1 ! greate/ numb] ( %[s 7 compress$ into a %ort "t1 7 bo? m5 ( conspicu\s clem5cy1 & no ,roman seems to h imag9$ t ! fact ( #c1jjj m5 hav+ be5 compell$ to fight "u ! "o1 & #aj1jjj "u ! o!r1 ca/ ! fa9te/ %ad[ ^u _! *>act]s4 ,suetonius m5tions1 z an in/ance ( ! amiability ( ,titus1 t he 0 accu/om$ to je/ ) ! p dur+ ! combats ( ! gladiators17#ebe7 & ,pl9y especially eulogis$ ,trajan because he did n patronise spectacles t en]vate ! "*1 b r ^? :i* impel m5 8to noble w\nds & to ! contempt ( dea?407#ebf7 ,! same writ]1 :o 0 himself 9 _m ways conspicu\s = 8 g5tl5ess & *>ity1 hav+ w>mly comm5d$ a fri5d = acc$+ to a petition ( ! p ( ,v]ona1 :o desir$ a spectacle1 adds ?is />tl+ s5t5ce3 8,aft] s g5]al a reque/1 to h refus$ w\ld n h be5 firmness--x w\ld h be5 cruelty407#ebg7 ,ev5 9 ! clos+ ye>s ( ! f\r? c5tury1 ! prfect ,symma*us1 :o 0 reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ e/imable pagans ( 8 age1 collect$ "s ,saxon prison]s to fight 9 hon\r ( 8 son4 ,!y /rangl$ !mselves 9 prison1 & ,symma*us lam5t$ ! mis=tune t _h befall5 him f _! 8impi\s h&s10 b endeav\r$ to calm 8 feel+s by recall+ ! pati5ce ( ,socrates & ! precepts ( philosophy47#ebh7 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 ,i h no desire to disguise or palliate ! extreme atrocity ( ?is aspect ( ,roman life1 !re are c]ta9 v natural exagg]ations1 aga9/ :i* x is necess>y = u to gu>d4 ,!re are 9 human nature1 & m especially 9 ! ex]cise ( ! b5evol5t affections1 inequalities1 inconsi/5cies1 & anomalies1 ( :i* !ori/s d n always take acc\nt4 ,we %\ld be altoge!r 9 error if we suppos$ t a man :o took pleasure 9 a gladiatorial combat 9 anci5t ,rome 0 necess>ily z inhuman z a mod]n w\ld be :o took pleasure 9 a simil> spectacle4 ,a man :o falls b a little bel[ ! /&>d ( 8 own m]ciful age is (t5 9 reality f> worse ?an a man :o _h con=m$ to ! /&>d ( a mu* m b>b>\s age1 ev5 ?\gh ! latt] w d "s ?+s ) p]fect equanimity f :i* ! o!r w\ld recoil ) horror4 ,we h a mu* great] p[] ?an is sometimes suppos$ ( localis+ bo? our b5evol5t & malevol5t feel+s4 ,if a man is v k9d1 or v h>% to "s p>ticul> class1 ?is is usually1 & on ! :ole ju/ly1 reg>d$ z an index ( 8 g5]al disposition1 b ! inf]5ce is n infallible1 & x may easily be pu%$ too f>4 ,!re are "s :o appe> to exp5d all _! k9dly feel+s on a s+le class1 & to treat ) p]fect indiff]5ce all outside x4 ,!re are o!rs :o reg>d a c]ta9 class z q outside ! pale ( _! sympa?ies1 :ile 9 o!r sph]es _! affections prove lively & con/ant4 ,!re are _m :o w\ld acc$e )\t ! fa9te/ reluctance to a b>b>\s cu/om1 b w\ld be q incapable ( an equally b>b>\s act :i* cu/om _h n consecrat$4 ,our affections are s caprici\s 9 _! nature t x is cont9ually necess>y to correct by detail$ exp]i5ce ! mo/ plausible d$uctions4 ,?us1 = example1 x is a v unque/ionable & a v important tru? t cruelty to animals naturally indicates & promotes a habit ( m9d :i* leads to cruelty to m52 & t1 on ! o!r h&1 an affectionate & m]ciful disposition to animals commonly implies a g5tle & amiable nature4 ,b1 if we adopt$ ?is pr9ciple z an infallible crit]ion ( humanity1 we %\ld soon f9d ourselves at fault4 ,to ! some:at too hackney$ anecdote ( ,domitian gratify+ 8 savage prop5sities by kill+ flies17#ebi7 we might oppose ,sp9oza1 "o ( ! pure/1 mo/ g5tle1 mo/ b5evol5t ( mank9d1 ( :om x is relat$ t almo/ ! only amusem5t ( 8 life 0 putt+ flies into spid]s' webs1 & wat*+ _! /ruggles & _! dea?s47#ecj7 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t a v l>ge proportion ( ! m5 :o dur+ ! ,fr5* ,revolution prov$ !mselves mo/ absolutely indiff]5t to human suff]+ 7 deeply atta*$ to animals4 ,f\rni] 0 devot$ to a squirrel1 ,c\?on to a spaniel1 ,panis to two gold pheasants1 ,*aumette to an avi>y1 ,m>at kept doves47#eca7 ,bacon has notic$ t ! ,turks1 :o are a cruel p1 are nev]!less conspicu\s = _! k9dness to animals1 & he m5tions ! in/ance ( a ,*ri/ian boy :o 0 ne>ly /on$ to dea? = gagg+ a long-bill$ f[l47#ecb7 ,9 ,egypt !re are hospitals = sup]annuat$ cats1 & ! mo/ loa?some insects are reg>d$ ) t5d]ness2 b human life is treat$ z if x 7 ( no acc\nt1 & human suff]+ sc>cely elicits a c>e47#ecc7 ,! same contra/ appe>s m or less 9 all ,ea/]n nations4 ,on ! o!r h&1 travell]s are unanim\s 9 decl>+ t 9 ,spa9 an int5se passion = ! bull-fight is q compatible ) ! mo/ active b5evol5ce & ! mo/ amiable disposition4 ,aga91 to pass to ano!r sph]e1 x is n uncommon to f9d conqu]ors1 :o w sacrifice ) p]fect call\sness great masses ( m5 to _! ambition1 b :o1 9 _! deal+s ) isolat$ individuals1 are di/+ui%$ by an inv>iable clem5cy4 ,anomalies ( ?is k9d cont9ually appe> 9 ! ,roman population4 ,! v m5 :o look$ d[n ) delight :5 ! s& ( ! ar5a 0 r$d5$ ) human blood1 made ! !atre r+ ) applause :5 ,t]5ce1 9 8 fam\s l9e1 proclaim$ ! univ]sal bro!rhood ( man4 ,:5 ! s5ate1 be+ unable to discov] ! murd]] ( a patrician1 resolv$ to put 8 f\r hundr$ slaves to dea?1 ! p rose 9 op5 rebellion aga9/ ! s5t5ce47#ecd7 ,a knight nam$ ,erixo1 :o 9 ! days ( ,augu/us _h s sc\rg$ 8 son t he di$ ( ! effects1 0 ne>ly torn to pieces by ! indignant population47#ece7 ,! eld] ,cato depriv$ a s5ator ( 8 rank1 because he _h fix$ an execution at su* an h\r t 8 mi/ress c\ld enjoy ! spectacle47#ecf7 ,ev5 9 ! amphi!atre !re 7 c]ta9 traces ( a mild] _s4 ,drusus1 ! p compla9$1 took too visible a pleasure at ! sight ( blood27#ecg7 ,caligula 0 too curi\s 9 wat*+ dea?27#ech7 ,c>acalla1 :5 a boy1 won en?usia/ic plaudits by %$d+ te>s at ! execution ( crim9als47#eci7 ,among ! mo/ popul> spectacles at ,rome 0 rope-danc+1 & !n1 z n[1 ! cord be+ /ret*$ at a great height above ! gr\nd1 ! app>5t1 & inde$ real1 dang] add$ an evil ze/ to ! p]=mances4 ,9 ! reign ( ,m>cus ,aurelius an accid5t _h occurr$1 & ! emp]or1 ) 8 usual s5sitive humanity1 ord]$ t no rope-danc] %\ld p]=m )\t a net or a mattress be+ spread out bel[4 ,x is a s+ul>ly curi\s fact t ?is precaution1 :i* no ,*ri/ian nation has adopt$1 cont9u$ 9 =ce dur+ m ?an a c5tury ( ! wor/ p]iod ( ! ,roman ,empire1 :5 ! blood ( captives 0 p\r$ out l wat] 9 ! ,colosseum47#edj7 ,! /&>d ( humanity 0 v l[1 b ! s5tim5t 0 /ill manife/1 ?\gh its displays 7 caprici\s & inconsi/5t4 ,! sket* ,i h n[ drawn w1 ,i ?9k1 be suffici5t to display ! broad *asm t exi/$ betwe5 ! ,roman morali/s & ! ,roman p4 ,on ! "o h& we f9d a sy/em ( e?ics1 ( :i* :5 we consid] ! range & beauty ( its precepts1 ! sublimity ( ! motives to :i* x appeal$1 & its p]fect fre$om f sup]/iti\s elem5ts1 x is n too mu* to say t ?\gh x may h be5 equall$1 x has nev] be5 surpass$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we f9d a society almo/ absolutely de/itute ( moralis+ in/itutions1 occupations1 or beliefs1 exi/+ "u an economical & political sy/em :i* inevitably l$ to g5]al depravity1 & passionately addict$ to ! mo/ brutalis+ amusem5ts4 ,! moral code1 :ile x exp&$ 9 !oretical ca?olicity1 _h contract$ 9 practical application4 ,! e>ly ,romans _h a v n>r[ & imp]fect /&>d ( duty1 b _! patriotism1 _! milit>y sy/em1 & _! en=c$ simplicity ( life _h made t /&>d ess5tially popul>4 ,! lat] ,romans _h atta9$ a v high & spiritual conception ( duty1 b ! philosoph] ) 8 gr\p ( disciples1 or ! writ] ) 8 few read]s1 _h sc>cely any po9t ( contact ) ! p4 ,! great practical problem ( ! anci5t philosoph]s 0 h[ !y c\ld act ^u ! masses4 ,simply to tell m5 :at is virtue1 & to extol its beauty1 is insuffici5t4 ,some?+ m mu/ be done if ! *>act]s ( nations are to be m\ld$ & invet]ate vices eradicat$4 ,?is problem ! ,roman ,/oics 7 incapable ( meet+1 b !y did :at lay 9 _! p[]1 & _! ef=ts1 ?\gh altoge!r inadequate to ! disease1 7 by no means contemptible4 ,9 ! fir/ place !y rais$ up _m great & good rul]s :o ex]t$ all ! influ5ce ( _! position 9 ! cause ( virtue4 ,9 mo/ cases ^! re=ms 7 aboli%$ on ! accession ( ! fir/ bad emp]or1 b !re 7 at lea/ "s t rema9$4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t ! luxury ( ! table1 :i* _h acquir$ ! mo/ extravagant proportions dur+ ! p]iod t elaps$ betwe5 ! battle ( ,actium & ! reign ( ,galba1 began f ?is p]iod to decl9e1 & ! *ange is *iefly attribut$ to ,vespasian1 :o _h 9 a measure re=m$ ! ,roman ari/ocracy by ! introduction ( _m prov9cials1 & :o made 8 c\rt an example ( ! /ricte/ frugality47#eda7 ,! p]iod f ! accession ( ,n]va to ! dea? ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 compris+ no less ?an eighty-f\r ye>s1 exhibits a uni=mity ( good gov]nm5t :i* no o!r despotic mon>*y has equall$4 ,ea* ( ! five emp]ors :o !n reign$ des]ves to be plac$ among ! be/ rul]s :o h ev] liv$4 ,trajan & ,hadrian1 ^: p]sonal *>act]s 7 mo/ defective1 7 m5 ( great & conspicu\s g5ius4 ,anton9us & ,m>cus ,aurelius1 ?\gh less di/+ui%$ z politicians1 7 among ! mo/ p]fectly virtu\s m5 :o h ev] sat on a ?rone4 ,dur+ =ty ye>s ( ?is p]iod1 p]fect1 unbrok5 peace reign$ ov] ! entire civilis$ globe4 ,! b>b>ian encroa*m5ts _h n yet begun4 ,! di/9ct nationalities t compos$ ! ,empire1 gratifi$ by p]fect municipal & by p]fect intellectual fre$om1 _h lo/ all c>e = political lib]ty1 & little m ?an ?ree hundr$ ?\s& soldi]s gu>d$ a t]ritory :i* is n[ protect$ by mu* m ?an ?ree millions47#edb7 ,9 creat+ ?is condition ( affairs1 ,/oicism1 z ! *ief moral ag5t ( ! ,empire1 _h a consid]able ?\gh n a prepond]at+ influ5ce4 ,9 o!r ways its influ5ce 0 m evid5t & exclusive4 ,x 0 a fundam5tal maxim ( ! sect1 8t ! sage %\ld take "p 9 public life107#edc7 & x 0 !re=e impossible t ,/oicism %\ld fl\ri% )\t produc+ a resuscitation ( patriotism4 ,! same moral impulse :i* trans=m$ ! ,neoplatoni/ into a dream+ my/ic & ! ,ca?olic into a useless h]mit1 impell$ ! ,/oic to ! =emo/ po/ ( dang] 9 ! s]vice ( 8 c\ntry4 ,:ile l&m>k aft] l&m>k ( ,roman virtue 0 subm]g$1 :ile luxury & scepticism & =eign habits & =eign cre$s 7 corrod+ ! :ole framework ( ! national life1 amid ! la/ p>oxysms ( expir+ lib]ty1 amid ! hide\s c>nival ( vice t soon foll[$ ^u its fall1 ! ,/oic rema9$ un*ang$1 ! repres5tative & ! su/a9] ( ! pa/4 ,a p>ty :i* _h acquir$ ! noble title ( ! ,p>ty ( ,virtue1 guid$ by su* m5 z ,cato or ,?rasea or ,helvidius or ,burrhus1 upheld ! bann] ( ,roman virtue & ,roman lib]ty 9 ! d>ke/ h\rs ( despotism & ( apo/asy4 ,l all m5 :o c>ry an int5se religi\s f]v\r into politics1 !y 7 (t5 n>r[-m9d$ & intol]ant1 bl9d to ! inevitable *anges ( society1 incapable ( compromise1 turbul5t & inopportune 9 _! dem&s17#edd7 b !y m ?an r$eem$ _! errors by _! noble con/ancy & c\rage4 ,! au/]e purity ( _! lives1 & ! h]oic gr&eur ( _! dea?s1 kept alive ! tradition ( ,roman lib]ty ev5 "u a ,n]o or a ,domitian4 ,:ile su* m5 exi/$ x 0 felt t all 0 n lo/4 ,!re 0 /ill a rally+ po9t ( fre$om1 a se$ ( virtue t might g]m9ate anew1 a liv+ prote/ aga9/ ! despotism & ! corruption ( ! ,empire4 ,a ?ird & /ill m important s]vice :i* ,/oicism r5d]$ to popul> morals 0 9 ! =mation ( ,roman jurisprud5ce47#ede7 ,( all ! _m =ms ( intellectual ex]tion 9 :i* ,greece & ,rome /ruggl$ = ! ma/]y ?is is p]haps ! only "o 9 :i* ! sup]iority ( ! latt] is indisputable4 8,to rule ! nations0 0 ju/ly pron\nc$ by ! ,roman poet ! supreme glory ( 8 c\ntrym51 & _! adm9i/rative g5ius is ev5 n[ unrivall$ 9 hi/ory4 ,a deep rev]5ce = law 0 long "o ( _! *ief moral *>act]i/ics1 & 9 ord] t x might be inculcat$ f ! e>lie/ ye>s x 0 a "p ( ! ,roman sy/em ( education to oblige ! *ildr5 to repeat by rote ! code ( ! decemvirs47#edf7 ,! laws ( ! ,republic1 h[ev]1 be+ an expression ( ! contract$1 local1 milit>y1 & sac]dotal _s t dom9at$ among ! p1 7 necess>ily unfit = ! political & intellectual expansion ( ! ,empire1 & ! process ( r5ovation :i* 0 begun "u ,augu/us by ! ,/oic ,labeo17#edg7 0 cont9u$ ) great zeal "u ,hadrian & ,alex&] ,sev]us1 & issu$ 9 ! fam\s compilations ( ,!odosius & ,ju/9ian4 ,9 ?is movem5t we h to obs]ve two p>ts4 ,!re 7 c]ta9 g5]al rules ( guidance laid d[n by ! great ,roman lawy]s :i* con/itut$ :at may be call$ ! ideal ( ! jurisconsults--! ends to :i* _! special enactm5ts t5d$--! pr9ciples ( equity to guide ! judge :5 ! law 0 sil5t or ambigu\s4 ,!re 7 also def9ite enactm5ts to meet specific cases4 ,! fir/ "p 0 simply borr[$ f ! ,/oics1 ^: doctr9es & me?od ?us pass$ f ! n>r[ circle ( a philosophical academy & became ! av[$ moral beacons ( ! civilis$ globe4 ,! fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 ,/oicism & e>ly ,roman ?\ght 0 t ! =m] ma9ta9$ ! exi/5ce ( a bond ( unity among mank9d :i* transc5d$ or annihilat$ all class or national limitations4 ,! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( ! ,/oical me?od 0 ! ass]tion ( ! exi/5ce ( a c]ta9 law ( nature to :i* x 0 ! end ( philosophy to con=m4 ,^! t5ets 7 laid d[n 9 ! mo/ unqualifi$ language by ! ,roman lawy]s4 8,z f> z natural law is conc]n$10 said ,ulpian1 8all m5 are equal407#edh7 8,nature10 said ,paul1 8has e/abli%$ among u a c]ta9 relation%ip407#edi7 8,by natural law10 ,ulpian decl>$1 8all m5 are born free407#eej7 8,slav]y0 0 def9$ by ,flor5t9us z 8a cu/om ( ! law ( nations1 by :i* "o man1 contr>y to ! law ( nature1 is subject$ to ! dom9ion ( ano!r407#eea7 ,9 accordance ) ^! pr9ciples x became a maxim among ! ,roman lawy]s t 9 e d\btful case :]e ! alt]native ( slav]y or fre$om 0 at issue1 ! decision ( ! judge %\ld be t[>ds ! latt]47#eeb7 ,! ,roman legislation 0 9 a tw(old mann] ! *ild ( philosophy4 ,x 0 9 ! fir/ place itself =m$ ^u ! philosophical model1 =1 in/ead ( be+ a m]e empirical sy/em adju/$ to ! exi/+ requirem5ts ( society1 x laid d[n ab/ract pr9ciples ( "r to :i* x endeav\r$ to con=m27#eec7 &1 9 ! next place1 ^! pr9ciples 7 borr[$ directly f ,/oicism4 ,! prom95ce ! sect _h acquir$ among ,roman morali/s1 its active int]v5tion 9 public affairs1 & also ! precision & brevity ( its phraseology1 _h recomm5d$ x to ! lawy]s17#eed7 & ! union !n effect$ betwe5 ! legal & philosophical _s is felt to ! pres5t day4 ,to ! ,/oics & ! ,roman lawy]s is ma9ly due ! cle> recognition ( ! exi/5ce ( a law ( nature above & beyond all human enactm5ts :i* has be5 ! basis ( ! be/ moral & ( ! mo/ influ5tial ?\gh mo/ *im]ical political speculation ( lat] ages1 & ! r5ew$ /udy ( ,roman law 0 an important elem5t 9 ! revival t prec$$ ! ,re=mation4 ,x is n necess>y = my pres5t purpose to foll[ into v m9ute detail ! application ( ^! pr9ciples to practical legislation4 ,x is suffici5t to say1 t !re 7 few dep>tm5ts into :i* ! ca?olic & humane pr9ciples ( ,/oicism 7 n 9 "s degree c>ri$4 ,9 ! political _w1 z we h already se51 ! "r ( ,roman citiz5%ip1 ) ! protection & ! legal privileges atta*$ to x1 f be+ ! monopoly ( a small class1 0 gradually b v widely diffus$4 ,9 ! dome/ic sph]e1 ! p[] :i* ! old laws _h giv5 to ! fa!r ( ! family1 ?\gh n de/roy$1 0 greatly abridg$1 & an important innovation1 :i* is well wor?y ( a brief notice1 0 ?us introduc$ into ! social sy/em ( ! ,empire4 ,x is probable t 9 ! *ronology ( morals1 dome/ic virtue takes ! prec$5ce ( all o!rs2 b 9 its e>lie/ phase x consi/s ( a s+le article--! duty ( absolute submission to ! head ( ! h\sehold4 ,x is only at a lat] p]iod1 & :5 ! affections h be5 9 "s degree evok$1 t ! reciprocity ( duty is felt1 & ! :ole t5d5cy ( civilisation is to dim9i% ! disp>ity betwe5 ! diff]5t memb]s ( ! family4 ,! process by :i* ! wife f a simple slave becomes ! companion & equal ( h] husb&1 ,i %all endeav\r to trace 9 a future *apt]4 ,! relations ( ! fa!r to 8 *ildr5 are pr(\ndly modifi$ by ! new position ! affections assume 9 education1 :i* 9 a rude nation re/s *iefly ^u au?ority1 b 9 a civilis$ community ^u sympa?y4 ,9 ,rome ! absolute au?ority ( ! head ( ! family 0 ! c5tre & ar*etype ( t :ole sy/em ( discipl9e & subord9ation :i* x 0 ! object ( ! legislator to su/a94 ,filial rev]5ce 0 en=c$ z ! fir/ ( duties4 ,x is ! "o virtue :i* ,virgil attribut$ 9 any rem>kable degree to ! f\nd] ( ! race4 ,! m>ks ( ext]nal respect paid to old m5 7 sc>cely less ?an 9 ,sp>ta47#eee7 ,x 0 ! boa/ ( ! lawy]s t 9 no o!r nation _h ! p>5t s great an au?ority ov] 8 *ildr547#eef7 ,! *ild 0 inde$ ! absolute slave ( 8 fa!r1 :o _h a "r at any "t to take away 8 life & dispose ( 8 entire prop]ty4 ,he c\ld look to no "t dur+ ! life ( 8 fa!r 9 :i* he w\ld be fre$ f ! ?raldom4 ,! man ( fifty1 ! consul1 ! g5]al1 or ! tribune1 0 9 ?is respect 9 ! same position z ! infant1 & might at any mom5t be depriv$ ( all ! e>n+s ( 8 lab\r1 driv5 to ! mo/ m5ial employm5ts1 or ev5 put to dea?1 by ! pat]nal comm&47#eeg7 ,!re c1 ,i ?9k1 be little "q t ?is law1 at lea/ 9 ! latt] p]iod ( its exi/5ce1 defeat$ its own object4 ,!re are few errors ( education to :i* m unhappy homes may be trac$ ?an ?is--t p>5ts h s\ght to comm& ! ob$i5ce1 be=e !y h s\ght to w9 ! confid5ce1 ( _! *ildr54 ,?is 0 ! pa? :i* ! ,roman legislator indicat$ to ! p>5t1 & its natural consequ5ce 0 to *ill ! sympa?ies & ar\se ! res5tm5t ( ! "y4 ,( all ! =ms ( virtue filial affection is p]haps t :i* appe>s mo/ r>ely 9 ,roman hi/ory4 ,9 ! plays ( ,plautus x is treat$ mu* z conjugal fidelity 0 treat$ 9 ,engl& by ! playwrit]s ( ! ,re/oration4 ,an hi/orian ( ! reign ( ,tib]ius has rem>k$ t ! civil w>s 7 equally rem>kable = ! _m examples !y suppli$ ( ! devotion ( wives to _! husb&s1 ( ! devotion ( slaves to _! ma/]s1 & ( ! trea*]y or indiff]5ce ( sons to _! fa!rs47#eeh7 ,! re=ms t 7 effect$ dur+ ! pagan empire did n recon/ruct ! family1 b !y at lea/ greatly mitigat$ its despotism4 ,! pr(\nd *ange ( feel+ t _h tak5 place on ! subject is %[n by ! contra/ betwe5 ! respectful1 ?\gh some:at %r9k+1 acquiesc5ce1 ) :i* ! anci5t ,romans reg>d$ p>5ts :o _h put _! *ildr5 to dea?17#eei7 & ! indignation excit$ "u ,augu/us by ! act ( ,erixo4 ,hadrian1 app>5tly by a /ret* ( despotic p[]1 bani%$ a man :o _h assass9at$ 8 son47#efj7 ,infanticide 0 =bidd51 ?\gh n s]i\sly repress$1 b ! "r ( putt+ to dea? an adult *ild _h long be5 obsolete1 :5 ,alex&] ,sev]us =mally )drew x f ! fa!r4 ,! prop]ty ( *ildr5 0 also 9 "s slight degree protect$4 ,a few in/ances are record$ ( wills t 7 annull$ because !y _h dis9h]it$ legitimate sons17#efa7 & ,hadrian1 foll[+ a policy t _h be5 feebly initiat$ by 8 two pr$ecessors1 gave ! son an absolute possession ( :atev] he might ga9 9 ! milit>y s]vice4 ,diocletian r5d]$ ! sale ( *ildr5 by ! fa!rs1 9 all cases1 illegal47#efb7 ,9 ! field ( slav]y ! legislative re=ms 7 m important4 ,?is in/itution1 inde$1 is "o t meets u at e turn ( ! moral hi/ory ( ,rome1 & on two sep>ate occasions 9 ! pres5t *apt] ,i h already _h occasion to notice x4 ,i h %[n t ! great prom95ce ( ! slave elem5t 9 ,roman life 0 "o ( ! causes ( ! enl>gem5t ( sympa?ies t *>act]ises ! philosophy ( ! ,empire1 & also t slav]y 0 9 a v high degree1 & 9 sev]al di/9ct ways1 a cause ( ! corruption ( ! free classes4 ,9 consid]+ ! condition ( ! slaves !mselves1 we may di/+ui%1 ,i ?9k1 ?ree p]iods4 ,9 ! e>li] & simpl] days ( ! ,republic1 ! head ( ! family 0 absolute ma/] ( 8 slaves1 b circum/ances 9 a great measure mitigat$ ! evil ( ! despotism4 ,! slaves 7 v few 9 numb]4 ,ea* ,roman proprietor _h commonly "o or two :o assi/$ him 9 cultivat+ ! soil1 & sup]9t5d$ 8 prop]ty :5 he 0 abs5t 9 ! army4 ,9 ! frugal habits ( ! "t1 ! ma/] 0 br\ght into ! mo/ intimate connection ) 8 slaves4 ,he %>$ _! lab\rs & _! food1 & ! control he ex]cis$ ov] !m1 9 mo/ cases probably diff]$ little f t :i* he ex]cis$ ov] 8 sons4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 great b>b>ity to slaves1 ?\gh always possible1 0 n likely to be common1 & ! protection ( religion 0 add$ to ! =ce ( habit4 ,h]cules1 ! god ( lab\r1 0 ! special patron ( slaves4 ,!re 0 a leg5d t ,sp>ta _h once be5 ne>ly de/roy$ by an e>?quake s5t by ,neptune to av5ge ! trea*]\s murd] ( "s ,helots47#efc7 ,9 ,rome1 x 0 said1 ,jupit] _h once 9 a dream commission$ a man to express to ! s5ate ! div9e ang] at ! cruel treatm5t ( a slave dur+ ! public games47#efd7 ,by ! pontifical law1 slaves 7 exempt$ f field lab\rs on ! religi\s fe/ivals47#efe7 ,! ,saturnalia & ,matronalia1 :i* 7 especially int5d$ = _! b5efit1 7 ! mo/ popul> holidays 9 ,rome1 & on ^! occasions ! slaves 7 accu/om$ to sit at ! same table ) _! ma/]s47#eff7 ,ev5 at ?is "t1 h[ev]1 x is probable t great atrocities 7 occasionally committ$4 ,ev]y?+ 0 p]mitt$ by law1 al?\gh x is probable t ! c5sor 9 cases ( extreme abuse might int]f]e1 & ! ari/ocratic feel+s ( ! e>ly ,roman1 ?\gh correct$ 9 a measure by ! associations ( daily lab\r1 sometimes broke out 9 a fi]ce scorn = all classes b 8 own4 ,! eld] ,cato1 :o may be reg>d$ z a type ( ! ,romans ( ! e>li] p]iod1 speaks ( slaves simply z in/rum5ts = obta9+ weal?1 & he enc\rag$ ma/]s1 bo? by 8 precept & 8 example1 to sell !m z useless :5 ag$ & infirm47#efg7 ,9 ! second p]iod1 ! condition ( slaves _h greatly det]iorat$4 ,! victories ( ,rome1 especially 9 ! ,ea/1 _h introduc$ into ! city innum]able slaves7#efh7 & ! wilde/ luxury1 & ! despotism ( ! ma/] rema9$ unqualifi$ by law1 :ile ! habits ( life t _h orig9ally mitigat$ x _h disappe>$4 ,! religi\s s5tim5ts ( ! p 7 at ! same "t fatally impair$1 & _m new causes conspir$ to aggravate ! evil4 ,! passion = gladiatorial %[s _h begun1 & x cont9ually produc$ a savage indiff]5ce to ! infliction ( pa94 ,! s]vile w>s ( ,sicily1 & ! /ill m =midable revolt ( ,sp>tacus1 _h %ak5 ,italy to ! c5tre1 & ! %ock 0 felt 9 e h\sehold4 8,z _m enemies z slaves10 _h become a ,roman prov]b4 ,! fi]ce /ruggles ( b>b>ian captives 7 repaid by fe>ful puni%m5ts1 & _m ?\s&s ( revolt$ slaves p]i%$ on ! cross4 ,an atroci\s law1 int5d$ to secure ! safety ( ! citiz5s1 provid$ t if a ma/] 7 murd]$1 all ! slaves 9 8 h\se1 :o 7 n 9 *a9s or absolutely helpless ?r\gh illness1 %\ld be put to dea?47#efi7 ,num]\s acts ( ! mo/ odi\s b>b>ity 7 committ$4 ,! well-kn[n anecdotes ( ,flam9ius ord]+ a slave to be kill$ to gratify1 by ! spectacle1 ! curiosity ( a gue/2 ( ,v$ius ,pollio fe$+ 8 fi% on ! fle% ( slaves2 & ( ,augu/us s5t5c+ a slave1 :o _h kill$ & eat5 a fav\rite quail1 to crucifixion1 are ! extreme examples t are record$2 = we ne$ n reg>d z an hi/orical fact ! fam\s picture 9 ,juv5al ( a ,roman lady1 9 a mom5t ( caprice1 ord]+ h] un(f5d+ s]vant to be crucifi$4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 _m o!r v horrible glimpses ( slave life at ! close ( ! ,republic & 9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,empire4 ,! m>riage ( slaves 0 entirely unrecognis$ by law1 & 9 _! case ! words adult]y1 ince/1 or polygamy _h no legal mean+4 ,_! te/imony 0 9 g5]al only receiv$ 9 ! law-c\rts :5 !y 7 "u torture4 ,:5 execut$ = a crime1 _! dea?s 7 ( a mo/ hide\s k9d4 ,! erga/ula1 or private prisons1 ( ! ma/]s 7 frequ5tly _! only sleep+-places4 ,old & infirm slaves 7 con/antly expos$ to p]i% on an isl& ( ! ,tib]4 ,we read ( slaves *a9$ z port]s to ! doors1 & cultivat+ ! fields 9 *a9s4 ,ovid & ,juv5al describe ! fi]ce ,roman ladies te>+ _! s]vants' faces1 & ?ru/+ ! long p9s ( _! broo*es into _! fle%4 ,! ma/]1 at ! close ( ! ,republic1 _h full p[] to sell 8 slave z a gladiator1 or z a combatant ) wild bea/s47#egj7 ,all ?is is v horrible1 b x mu/ n be =gott5 t !re 0 ano!r side to ! picture4 ,x is ! cu/om ( _m ecclesia/ical writ]s to pa9t ! pagan society ( ! ,empire z a k9d ( p&emonium1 & ) ?is object !y collect ! facts ,i h cit$1 :i* are = ! mo/ "p n>rat$ by ,roman satiri/s or hi/orians1 z examples ( ! mo/ extreme & revolt+ cruelty2 !y repres5t !m z fair specim5s ( ! ord9>y treatm5t ( ! s]vile class1 & !y simply exclude f _! consid]ation ! _m qualify+ facts t might be alleg$4 ,al?\gh ! m>riage ( a slave 0 n legally recognis$1 x 0 sanction$ by cu/om1 & x does n appe> to h be5 common to sep>ate 8 family47#ega7 ,two cu/oms to :i* ,i h already ref]r$ di/+ui% anci5t slav]y broadly f t ( mod]n times4 ,! peculium1 or private prop]ty ( slaves1 0 freely recognis$ by ma/]s1 to :om1 h[ev]1 aft] ! dea? ( ! slave1 "p or all ( x usually rev]t$17#egb7 ?\gh "s ma/]s p]mitt$ _! slaves to dispose ( x by w47#egc7 ,! enfran*isem5t ( slaves 0 also c>ri$ on to su* an ext5t z s]i\sly to affect ! population ( ! city4 ,x appe>s f a passage 9 ,cic]o t an indu/ri\s & well-conduct$ captive might commonly look =w>d to 8 fre$om 9 six ye>s47#egd7 ,isolat$ acts ( great cruelty und\bt$ly occurr$2 b public op9ion /rongly repreh5d$ !m1 & ,s5eca assures u t ma/]s :o ill-treat$ _! slaves 7 po9t$ at & insult$ 9 ! /reets47#ege7 ,! slave 0 n necess>ily ! degrad$ be+ he has s9ce appe>$4 ,! physician :o t5d$ ! ,roman 9 8 sickness1 ! tutor to :om he confid$ ! education ( 8 son1 ! arti/s ^: works comm&$ ! admiration ( ! city1 7 usually slaves4 ,slaves sometimes mix$ ) _! ma/]s 9 ! family1 ate habitually ) !m at ! same table17#egf7 & 7 reg>d$ by !m ) ! w>me/ affection4 ,tiro1 ! slave & aft]w>ds ! fre$man ( ,cic]o1 compil$ 8 ma/]'s lett]s1 & has pres]v$ "s 9 :i* ,cic]o address$ him 9 t]ms ( ! mo/ s9c]e & delicate fri5d%ip4 ,i h already ref]r$ to ! lett] 9 :i* ! y\ng] ,pl9y p\r$ out 8 deep sorr[ = ! dea? ( "s ( 8 slaves1 & endeav\r$ to console himself ) ! ?\ght t z he _h emancipat$ !m be=e _! dea?1 at lea/ !y _h di$ free47#egg7 ,epictetus pass$ at once f slav]y to ! fri5d%ip ( an emp]or47#egh7 ,! great multiplication ( slaves1 ?\gh x remov$ !m f ! sympa?y ( _! ma/]s1 mu/ at lea/ h 9 mo/ cases alleviat$ _! burd5s4 ,! application ( torture to slave witnesses1 horrible z x 01 0 a matt] ( r>e occurr5ce1 & 0 c>efully re/rict$ by law47#egi7 ,mu* vice 0 und\bt$ly fo/]$1 b yet ! annals ( ! civil w>s & ( ! ,empire are cr[d$ ) ! mo/ spl5did in/ances ( ! fidelity ( slaves4 ,9 _m cases !y refus$ ! boon ( lib]ty & defi$ ! mo/ horrible tortures r ?an betray _! ma/]s1 accompani$ !m 9 _! flight :5 all o!rs _h ab&on$ !m1 display$ undaunt$ c\rage & untir+ +5uity 9 rescu+ !m f dang]1 & 9 "s cases sav$ ! lives ( _! own]s by ! delib]ate sacrifice ( _! own47#ehj7 ,?is 01 inde$1 = "s "t ! pre-em95t virtue ( ,rome1 & x proves conclusively t ! ma/]s 7 n s tyrannical1 & t ! slaves 7 n s degrad$1 z is sometimes alleg$4 ,! duty ( humanity to slaves _h be5 at all times "o ( ^? :i* ! philosoph]s _h mo/ ard5tly inculcat$4 ,plato & ,ari/otle1 ,z5o & ,epicurus1 71 on ?is po9t1 sub/antially agre$47#eha7 ,! ,roman ,/oics gave ! duty a simil> prom95ce 9 _! tea*+1 & ,s5eca especially has fill$ pages ) exhortations to ma/]s to rememb] t ! accid5t ( position 9 no degree affects ! real dignity ( m51 t ! slave may be free by virtue :ile ! ma/] may be a slave by vice1 & t x is ! duty ( a good man to ab/a9 n only f all cruelty1 b ev5 f all feel+ ( contempt t[>ds 8 slaves47#ehb7 ,b ^! exhortations1 9 :i* "s h imag9$ t !y h discov]$ ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 71 9 fact1 simply an e*o ( ! tea*+ ( anci5t ,greece1 & especially ( ,z5o1 ! f\nd] ( ,/oicism1 :o _h laid d[n1 long be=e ! dawn ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! broad pr9ciples t 'all m5 are by nature equal1 & t virtue alone e/abli%es a diff]5ce betwe5 !m4'7#ehc7 ,! s(t5+ influ5ce ( ! peace ( ! ,anton9es assi/$ ?is movem5t ( humanity1 & ! slaves d]iv$ a c]ta9 incid5tal b5efit f "o ( ! wor/ features ( ! despotism ( ! ,cs>s4 ,! emp]ors1 :o cont9ually appreh5d$ plots aga9/ _! lives or p[]1 enc\rag$ num]\s spies ar\nd ! m important ( _! subjects1 & ! facility ) :i* slaves c\ld discov] ! proce$+s ( _! ma/]s incl9$ ! ,gov]nm5t 9 _! fav\r4 ,"u all ^! influ5ces _m laws 7 promulgat$ :i* pr(\ndly alt]$ ! legal position ( ! slaves1 & op5$ :at may be t]m$ ! ?ird p]iod ( ,roman slav]y4 ,! ,petronian law1 :i* 0 issu$ by ,augu/us1 or1 m probably1 by ,n]o1 =bade ! ma/] to condemn 8 slave to combat ) wild bea/s )\t a s5t5ce f a judge47#ehd7 ,"u ,claudius1 "s citiz5s expos$ _! sick slaves on ! isl& ( sculapius 9 ! ,tib]1 to avoid ! tr\ble ( t5d+ !m1 & ! emp]or decre$ t if ! slave s expos$ recov]$ f 8 sickness he %\ld become free1 & also1 t ma/]s :o kill$ _! slaves in/ead ( expos+ !m %\ld be puni%$ z murd]]s47#ehe7 ,x is possible t succ\r 0 af=d$ to ! ab&on$ slave 9 ! temple ( sculapius17#ehf7 & x w\ld appe> f ^! laws t ! wanton slaught] ( a slave 0 already illegal4 ,ab\t ?is "t ! /atue ( ! emp]or _h become an asylum = slaves47#ehg7 ,"u ,n]o1 a judge 0 appo9t$ to he> _! compla9ts1 & 0 in/ruct$ to puni% ma/]s :o treat$ !m ) b>b>ity1 made !m ! in/rum5ts ( lu/1 or )held f !m a suffici5t quantity ( ! necess>ies ( life47#ehh7 ,a consid]able pause appe>s to h ensu$2 b ,domitian made a law1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds reit]at$1 =bidd+ ! ,ori5tal cu/om ( mutilat+ slaves = s5sual purposes1 & ! re=ms 7 r5ew$ ) great en]gy 9 ! p]iod ( ! ,anton9es4 ,hadrian & 8 two successors =mally depriv$ ma/]s ( ! "r ( kill+ _! slaves2 =bade !m to sell slaves to ! lani/1 or speculators 9 gladiators2 de/roy$ ! erga/ula1 or private prisons2 ord]$ t1 :5 a ma/] 0 murd]$1 ^? slaves only %\ld be tortur$ :o 7 )9 he>+27#ehi7 appo9t$ (fic]s ?r\gh all ! prov9ces to he> ! compla9ts ( slaves2 enjo9$ t no ma/] %\ld treat 8 slaves ) excessive sev]ity2 & comm&$ t1 :5 su* sev]ity 0 prov$1 ! ma/] %\ld be compell$ to sell ! slave he _h ill-treat$47#eij7 ,:5 we add to ^! laws ! broad maxims ( equity ass]t+ ! ess5tial equality ( ! human race1 :i* ! juri/s _h borr[$ f ! ,/oics1 & :i* suppli$ ! pr9ciples to guide ! judges 9 _! decisions1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ! slave code ( ,imp]ial ,rome comp>es n unfav\rably ) ^? ( "s ,*ri/ian nations4 ,:ile a consid]able portion ( ! pr9ciples1 & ev5 mu* ( ! phraseology1 ( ,/oicism pass$ into ! sy/em ( public law1 ! ,roman philosoph]s _h o!r m direct means ( act+ on ! p4 ,on occasions ( family b]eavem5t1 :5 ! m9d is mo/ susceptible ( impressions1 !y 7 habitually call$ 9 to console ! survivors4 ,dy+ m5 ask$ _! com=t & support 9 ! la/ h\rs ( _! life4 ,!y became ! directors ( consci5ce to numb]s :o resort$ to !m = a solution ( p]plex+ cases ( practical morals1 or "u ! influ5ce ( despond5cy or remorse47#eia7 ,!y _h _! special exhortations = e vice1 & _! rem$ies adapt$ to e v>iety ( "*4 ,_m cases 7 cit$ ( ! conv]sion ( ! vici\s or ! c>eless1 :o _h be5 s\ght out & fasc9at$ by ! philosoph]17#eib7 & :o1 "u 8 guidance1 _h pass$ ?r\gh a long c\rse ( moral discipl9e1 & _h at la/ atta9$ a high degree ( virtue4 ,education fell 9 a great degree into _! h&s4 ,_m great families kept a philosoph] among !m 9 :at 9 mod]n language might be t]m$ ! capacity ( a dome/ic *apla917#eic7 :ile a sy/em ( popul> prea*+ 0 creat$ & widely diffus$4 ,( ^! prea*]s !re 7 two classes :o diff]$ greatly 9 _! *>act]s & _! me?ods4 ,! fir/1 :o h be5 v happily t]m$ ! 8monks ( ,/oicism107#eid7 7 ! ,cynics1 :o appe> to h assum$ among ! lat] morali/s ( ! ,pagan empire a position some:at resembl+ t ( ! m5dicant ord]s 9 ,ca?olicism4 ,9 a s+ul>ly curi\s diss]tation ( ,epictetus17#eie7 we h a picture ( ! ideal at :i* a ,cynic %\ld aim1 & x is impossible 9 read+ x n to be /ruck by ! resemblance x be>s to ! mission>y fri>4 ,! ,cynic %\ld be a man devot+ 8 entire life to ! in/ruction ( mank9d4 ,he mu/ be unm>ri$1 = he mu/ h no family affections to div]t or to dilute 8 en]gies4 ,he mu/ we> ! meane/ dress1 sleep ^u ! b>e gr\nd1 fe$ ^u ! simple/ food1 ab/a9 f all e>?ly pleasures1 & yet exhibit to ! _w ! example ( uni=m *e]fulness & cont5t4 ,no "o1 "u pa9 ( provok+ ! ,div9e ang]1 %\ld embrace su* a c>e]1 unless he believes himself to be call$ & assi/$ by ,jupit]4 ,x is 8 mission to g among m5 z ! ambassador ( ,god1 rebuk+1 9 season & out ( season1 _! frivolity1 _! c[>dice1 & _! vice4 ,he mu/ /op ! ri* man 9 ! m>ket-place4 ,he mu/ prea* to ! populace 9 ! highway4 ,he mu/ "k no respect & no fe>4 ,he mu/ look ^u all m5 z 8 sons1 & ^u all wom5 z 8 daught]s4 ,9 ! mid/ ( a je]+ cr[d1 he mu/ exhibit su* a placid calm t m5 may imag9e him to be ( /one4 ,ill-treatm5t1 & exile1 & dea? mu/ h no t]ror 9 8 eyes1 = ! discipl9e ( 8 life %\ld emancipate him f e e>?ly tie2 &1 :5 he is beat51 8he %\ld love ^? :o beat him1 = he is at once ! fa!r & ! bro!r ( all m540 ,a curi\s contra/ to ! ,cynic 0 ! philosophic rhetorician1 :o ga!r$ ar\nd 8 *air all t 0 mo/ brilliant 9 ,roman or ,a!nian society4 ,! passion = oratory :i* ! free in/itutions ( ,greece _h =m$1 _h surviv$ ! causes t produc$ x1 & giv5 rise to a v s+ul> b a v influ5tial pr(ession2 :i*1 ?\gh exclud$ f ! ,roman ,republic1 acquir$ a great developm5t aft] ! de/ruction ( political lib]ty4 ,! rhetoricians 7 a k9d ( it9]ant lectur]s1 :o w5t ab\t f city to city1 deliv]+ h>angues t 7 (t5 receiv$ ) ! ke5e/ int]e/4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 nei!r _! *>act]s nor _! tal5ts appe> to h des]v$ mu* respect4 ,num]\s anecdotes are record$ ( _! vanity & rapacity1 & _! success 0 a /rik+ pro( ( ! decad5ce ( public ta/e47#eif7 ,!y _h cultivat$ ! hi/rionic "p ( oratory ) ! mo/ m9ute att5tion4 ,! arrangem5t ( _! hair1 ! folds ( _! dresses1 all _! po/ures & ge/ures 7 /udi$ ) arti/ic c>e4 ,!y _h det]m9$ ! diff]5t k9ds ( action t are appropriate = ea* bran* ( a disc\rse & = ea* =m ( eloqu5ce4 ,sometimes !y p]sonat$ *>act]s 9 ,hom] or 9 anci5t ,greek hi/ory1 & deliv]$ spee*es :i* ^? *>act]s might h deliv]$ 9 c]ta9 conjunctures ( _! lives4 ,sometimes !y awak5$ ! admiration ( _! audi5ce by mak+ a fly1 a cockroa*1 du/1 smoke1 a m\se1 or a p>rot ! subject ( _! eloqu5t eulogy47#eig7 ,o!rs1 aga91 ex]cis$ _! +5uity 9 def5d+ "s gl>+ p>adox or sophism1 or 9 debat+ "s intricate case ( law or morals1 or !y deliv]$ lit]>y lectures rem>kable = a m9ute b capti\s & fa/idi\s criticism4 ,"s ( ! rhetoricians recit$ only h>angues prep>$ ) ! mo/ elaborate c>e1 o!rs 7 ready debat]s1 & !y travell$ f city to city1 *all5g+ oppon5ts to discuss "s subtle & usually frivol\s "q4 ,! poet ,juv5al & ! satiri/ ,lucian _h bo? = a "t foll[$ ?is pr(ession4 ,_m ( ! mo/ em95t acquir$ imm5se weal?1 travell$ ) a spl5did ret9ue1 & excit$ transports ( en?usiasm 9 ! cities !y visit$4 ,!y 7 (t5 *>g$ by cities to appe> be=e ! emp]or to plead = a remission ( taxes1 or ( ! puni%m5t due = "s (f5ce4 ,!y became 9 a great measure ! educators ( ! p1 & contribut$ v l>gely to =m & direct _! ta/e4 ,x _h be5 f ! fir/ ! cu/om ( "s philosoph]s to adopt ?is pr(ession1 & to exp\nd 9 ! =m ( rhetorical lectures ! pr9ciples ( _! s*ool4 ,9 ! ,flavian p]iod & 9 ! age ( ! ,anton9es1 ?is alliance ( philosophy1 & especially ( ,/oical philosophy1 ) rhetoric became m m>k$1 & ! f\ndation ( lib]ally end[$ *airs ( rhetoric & philosophy by ,vespasian1 ,hadrian1 & ,m>cus ,aurelius contribut$ to su/a9 x4 ,disc\rses ( ! ,platoni/ ,maximus ( ,tyre1 & ( ! ,/oic ,dion ,*ryso/om1 h come d[n to u1 & !y are bo? ( a high ord] ( intr9sic m]it4 ,! fir/ turn *iefly on su* subjects z ! comp>ative excell5ce ( active & contemplative life1 ! pure & noble conceptions ( ! ,div9e nature :i* und]lie ! fables or allegories ( ,hom]1 ! dmon ( ,socrates1 ! ,platonic notions ( ! ,div9ity1 ! duty ( pray]1 ! end ( philosophy1 & ! e?ics ( love47#eih7 ,dion ,*ryso/om1 9 8 orations1 exp\nd$ ! noble/ & pure/ !ism1 exam9$ ! place :i* images %\ld occupy 9 wor%ip1 advocat$ humanity to slaves1 & 01 p]haps1 ! e>lie/ writ] 9 ! ,roman ,empire :o d5\nc$ h]$it>y slav]y z illegitimate47#eii7 ,8 life 0 v ev5tful & v noble4 ,he _h become fam\s z a sophi/ & rhetorician1 skill$ 9 ! labori\s frivolities ( ! pr(ession4 ,calamity1 h[ev]1 & ! writ+s ( ,plato induc$ him to ab&on !m & devote himself exclusively to ! improvem5t ( mank9d4 ,hav+ def5d$ ) a g5]\s ra%ness a man :o _h be5 proscrib$ by ! tyranny ( ,domitian1 he 0 compell$ to fly f ,rome 9 ! g>b ( a begg>2 &1 c>ry+ ) him only a "w ( ,plato & a spee* ( ,demo/h5es1 he travell$ to ! mo/ di/ant fronti]s ( ! empire4 ,he ga9$ 8 livelihood by ! "w ( 8 h&s1 = he refus$ to receive money = 8 disc\rses2 b he taught & captivat$ ! ,greek coloni/s :o 7 scatt]$ among ! b>b>ians1 & ev5 ! b>b>ians !mselves4 ,^u ! assass9ation ( ,domitian1 :5 ! legions hesitat$ to give _! allegiance to ,n]va1 ! eloqu5ce ( ,dion ,*ryso/om ov]came _! irresolution4 ,by ! same eloqu5ce he m ?an once appeas$ s$itions 9 ,alex&ria & ! ,greek cities ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,he prea*$ be=e ,trajan on ! duties ( royalty1 tak+ a l9e ( ,hom] = 8 text4 ,he electrifi$ ! va/ & poli%$ audi5ce assembl$ at ,a!ns = ! ,olympic games z he _h be=e done ! rude b>b>ians ( ,scy?ia4 ,?\gh 8 ta/e 0 by no means unta9t$ by ! frivolities ( ! rhetorician1 he 0 skill$ 9 all ! arts t awak5 curiosity & att5tion1 & 8 eloqu5ce comm&$ ! mo/ v>i\s audi5ces 9 ! mo/ di/ant l&s4 ,8 special mission1 h[ev]1 0 to popul>ise ,/oicism by diffus+ its pr9ciples ?r\gh ! masses ( mank9d47#fjj7 ,! names1 & 9 "s cases a few fragm5ts1 ( ! writ+s ( _m o!r rhetorical philosoph]s1 su* z ,h]od ,atticus1 ,favor9us1 ,fronto1 ,taurus1 ,fabianus1 & ,julianus1 h come d[n to u1 & ea* 0 ! c5tre ( a gr\p ( passionate admir]s1 & contribut$ to =m a lit]>y society 9 ! great cities ( ! empire4 ,we h a vivid picture ( ?is movem5t 9 ! 8,attic ,nights0 ( ,aulus ,gellius--a "w :i* is1 ,i ?9k1 "o ( ! mo/ curi\s & in/ructive 9 ,lat9 lit]ature1 & :i* be>s to ! lit]>y society ( ! p]iod ( ! ,anton9es mu* ! same relation z ! writ+s ( ,helvtius be> to ! ,p>isian society on ! eve ( ! ,revolution4 ,helvtius1 x is said1 collect$ ! mat]ials = 8 great "w on 8,m9d0 *iefly f ! conv]sation ( ! draw+-rooms ( ,p>is at a "t :5 t conv]sation _h atta9$ a degree ( p]fection :i* ev5 ,fr5*m5 _h nev] be=e equall$4 ,he wrote 9 ! age ( ! 8,encyclopdia10 :5 ! social & political convulsions ( ! ,revolution 7 z yet unfelt2 :5 ! fir/ dazzl+ gleams ( intellectual fre$om _h fla%$ ^u a society long cl\d$ by sup]/ition & ari/ocratic pride2 :5 ! g5ius ( ,voltaire & ! pe]less conv]sational p[]s ( ,did]ot1 irradiat+ ! bold philosophies ( ,bacon & ,locke1 _h k9dl$ an intellectual en?usiasm ?r\gh all ! ranks ( fa%ion27#fja7 & :5 ! contempt = ! wisdom & ! me?ods ( ! pa/ 0 only equall$ by ! prevail+ confid5ce 9 ! future4 ,brilliant1 graceful1 v]satile1 & sup]ficial1 ) easy eloqu5ce & lax morals1 ) a pr(\nd disbelief 9 moral excell5ce1 & an int5se appreciation ( intellectual beauty1 disda9+ all p$antry1 sup]/ition1 & my/]y1 & ) an almo/ fanatical p]suasion ( ! omnipot5ce ( analysis1 he embodi$ ! pr9ciples ( 8 contempor>ies 9 a philosophy :i* repres5ts all virtue & h]oism z b disguis$ self-int]e/2 he illu/rat$ e argum5t1 n by ! p$antic le>n+ ( ! s*ools1 b by ! sp>kl+ anecdotes & acute lit]>y criticisms ( ! draw+-room1 & he ?us produc$ a "w :i*1 besides its intr9sic m]its1 0 ! mo/ p]fect mirror ( ! society f :i* x sprang47#fjb7 ,v diff]5t1 bo? 9 =m1 subject1 & t5d5cy1 b no less truly repres5tative1 0 ! "w ( ,aulus ,gellius4 ,x is ! j\rnal1 or common-place book1 or miscellany ( a s*ol> mov+ 9 ! c5tre ( ! lit]>y society ( bo? ,rome & ,a!ns dur+ ! latt] p]iod ( ! ,anton9es1 pr(\ndly imbu$ ) its _s1 & devot+ 8 leisure to pa9t+ its lead+ figures1 & compil+ ! sub/ance ( _! tea*+4 ,few books exhibit a m curi\s picture ( ! comb9ation ( int5se *ild-l lit]>y & moral en?usiasm ) ! mo/ hopeless intellectual deg5]acy4 ,ea* prom95t philosoph] 0 surr\nd$ by a tra9 ( en?usia/ic disciples1 :o made ! lecture-room res\nd ) _! applause17#fjc7 & accept$ him z _! monitor 9 all ! affairs ( life4 ,he rebuk$ publicly e in/ance ( vice or ( affectation he _h obs]v$ 9 _! conduct1 receiv$ !m at 8 own table1 became _! fri5d & confidant 9 _! tr\bles1 & sometimes assi/$ !m by 8 advice 9 _! pr(essional duties47#fjd7 ,taurus1 ,favor9us1 ,fronto1 & ,atticus 7 ! mo/ prom95t figures1 & ea* seems to h =m$1 9 ! c5tre ( a corrupt society1 a little company ( "y m5 devot$ ) ! simple/ & mo/ ard5t e>ne/ness to ! cultivation ( intellectual & moral excell5ce4 ,yet ?is society 0 s+ul>ly pu]ile4 ,! age ( g5ius _h clos$1 & ! age ( p$antry _h succe$$ x4 ,m9ute1 curi\s1 & fa/idi\s v]bal criticism ( ! great writ]s ( ! pa/ 0 ! *ief occupation ( ! s*ol>1 & ! :ole tone ( 8 m9d _h become retrospective & ev5 ar*aic4 ,ennius 0 e/eem$ a great] poet ?an ,virgil1 & ,cato a great] prose writ] ?an ,cic]o4 ,x 0 ! affectation ( "s to tesselate _! conv]sation ) antiquat$ & obsolete words47#fje7 ,! /udy ( etymologies _h ris5 into great fav\r1 & curi\s que/ions ( gramm> & pronunciation 7 ard5tly debat$4 ,logic1 z 9 mo/ ages ( intellectual pov]ty1 0 greatly /udi$ & priz$4 ,bold speculations & orig9al ?\ght _h almo/ ceas$1 b x 0 ! delight ( ! philosoph]s to ?r[ ! argum5ts ( great writ]s into ! =m ( syllogisms1 & to debate !m accord+ to ! rules ( ! s*ools4 ,! v amusem5ts ( ! s*ol>s took ! =m ( a :imsical & pu]ile p$antry4 ,gellius recalls1 ) a ?rill ( emotion1 ^? en*ant+ ev5+s :51 _! m s]i\s /udies be+ t]m9at$1 ! disciples ( ,taurus assembl$ at ! table ( _! ma/] to pass ! happy h\rs 9 discuss+ su* que/ions z :5 a man c be said to die1 :e!r 9 ! la/ mom5t ( life or 9 ! fir/ mom5t ( dea?2 or :5 he c be said to get up1 :e!r :5 he is /ill on 8 b$ or :5 he has j left x47#fjf7 ,sometimes !y propos$ to "o ano!r lit]>y que/ions1 z :at old writ] _h employ$ "s common ^w 9 a s5se t _h s9ce become obsolete2 or !y discuss$ su* syllogisms z ^!3--8,y h :at y h n lo/2 y h n lo/ horns1 !re=e y h horns40 8,y are n :at ,i am4 ,i am a man2 !re=e y are n a man407#fjg7 ,z morali/s1 !y exhibit$ a v g5u9e love ( moral excell5ce1 b ! same p$antic & retrospective "*4 ,!y 7 cont9ually dilat+ on ! regulations ( ! c5sors & ! cu/oms ( ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ! ,republic4 ,!y acquir$ ! habit ( nev] en=c+ ! simple/ lesson )\t illu/rat+ x by a pr(usion ( anci5t examples & by deta*$ s5t5ces f "s philosoph]1 :i* !y employ$ mu* z texts ( ,scripture are (t5 employ$ 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,puritans47#fjh7 ,above all1 !y delight$ 9 cases ( consci5ce1 :i* !y discuss$ ) ! subtilty ( ! s*oolm54 ,lactantius has rem>k$ t ! ,/oics 7 especially not$ = ! popul> or democratic "* ( _! tea*+47#fji7 ,to _! success 9 ?is respect _! alliance ) ! rhetoricians probably l>gely contribut$2 b 9 o!r ways x ha/5$ ! d[nfall ( ! s*ool4 ,! useless speculations1 ref9em5ts1 & p>adoxes :i* ! subtle g5ius ( ,*rysippus _h connect$ ) ! simple morals ( ,/oicism1 _h be5 = ! mo/ "p ?r[n into ! backgr\nd by ! e>ly ,roman ,/oics2 b 9 ! tea*+ ( ! rhetoricians !y became supreme4 ,! end[m5ts giv5 by ! ,anton9es to philosoph]s attract$ a multitude ( impo/ors1 :o wore long be>ds & ! dress ( ! philosoph]1 b ^: lives 7 notori\sly immoral4 ,! ,cynics especially1 pr(ess+ to reject ! ord9>y conv5tionalities ( society1 & be+ "u none ( t discipl9e or sup]9t5d5ce :i* 9 ! wor/ p]iod has secur$ at lea/ ext]nal morality among ! m5dicant monks1 cont9ually ?rew (f e ve/ige ( virtue & ( dec5cy4 ,in/ead ( m\ld+ great *>act]s & inspir+ h]oic actions1 ,/oicism became a s*ool ( ! idle/ casui/ry1 or ! cloak = manife/ impo/ure47#faj7 ,! v g5]ation :i* saw ,m>cus ,aurelius on ! ?rone1 saw also ! ext9ction ( ! influ5ce ( 8 sect4 ,! int]nal causes ( ! decad5ce ( ,/oicism1 ?\gh v p[]ful1 are insuffici5t to expla9 ?is complete eclipse4 ,! *ief cause mu/ be f\nd 9 ! fact t ! m9ds ( m5 _h tak5 a new turn1 & _! en?usiasm 0 fl[+ rapidly 9 ! direction ( ,ori5tal religions1 &1 "u ! guidance ( ,plot9us1 ,porphyry1 ,iambli*us1 & ,proclus1 ( a my?ical philosophy :i* 0 p>tly ,egyptian & p>tly ,platonic4 ,x rema9s = me1 9 conclud+ ?is review ( ! ,pagan empire1 to indicate & expla9 ?is la/ trans=mation ( ,pagan morals4 ,x 0 9 ! fir/ place a v natural reaction aga9/ ! extreme aridity ( ! ,/oical casui/ry1 & also aga9/ ! scepticism :i* ,sextus ,empiricus _h reviv$1 & 9 ?is respect x repres5ts a law ( ! human m9d :i* has be5 m ?an once illu/rat$ 9 lat] times4 ,?us1 ! capti\s1 unsatisfy+1 intellectual subtleties ( ! s*oolm5 7 met by ! purely emotional & my/ical s*ool ( ,/4 ,bonav5tura1 & aft]w>ds ( ,taul]1 & ?us ! adoration ( ! human intellect1 t 0 g5]al 9 ! philosophy ( ! la/ c5tury1 prep>$ ! way = ! complete d5ial ( its compet5cy by ,de ,mai/re & by ,lam5nais4 ,9 ! next place1 my/icism 0 a normal cont9uation ( ! spiritualis+ movem5t :i* _h long be5 advanc+4 ,we h already se5 t ! /rong t5d5cy ( e?ics1 f ,cato to ,m>cus ,aurelius1 0 to enl>ge ! prom95ce ( ! emotions 9 ! type ( virtue4 ,! =mation ( a g5tle1 a spiritual1 &1 9 a ^w1 a religi\s "* _h become a prom95t "p ( moral culture1 & x 0 reg>d$ n simply z a means1 b z an end4 ,/ill1 bo? ,m>cus ,aurelius & ,cato 7 ,/oics4 ,!y bo? repres5t$ ! same g5]al ca/ or conception ( virtue1 al?\gh 9 ,m>cus ,aurelius ! type _h be5 pr(\ndly modifi$4 ,b ! "t 0 soon to come :5 ! balance betwe5 ! practical & ! emotional p>ts ( virtue1 :i* _h be5 /eadily *ang+1 %\ld be decisively turn$ 9 fav\r ( ! latt]1 & ! type ( ,/oicism 0 !n necess>ily disc>d$4 ,a concurr5ce ( political & comm]cial causes _h aris51 v fav\rable to ! propagation ( ,ori5tal beliefs4 ,comm]ce _h produc$ a con/ant int]c\rse betwe5 ,egypt & ,italy4 ,great numb]s ( ,ori5tal slaves1 passionately devot$ to _! national religions1 exi/$ 9 ,rome2 & ,alex&ria1 :i* comb9$ a great intellectual developm5t ) a geographical & comm]cial position exce$+ly fav\rable to a fusion ( _m doctr9es1 soon creat$ a s*ool ( ?\ght :i* act$ p[]fully ^u ! _w4 ,f\r great sy/ems ( eclecticism arose2 ,ari/obulus & ,philo t9ctur$ ,judaism ) ,greek & ,egyptian philosophy4 ,! ,gno/ics & ! ,alex&rian fa!rs unit$1 ?\gh 9 v diff]5t proportions1 ,*ri/ian doctr9es ) ! same elem5ts2 :ile ,neoplatonism1 at lea/ 9 its lat] =ms1 repres5t$ a fusion ( ! ,greek & ,egyptian m9d4 ,a great analogy 0 discov]$ betwe5 ! ideal philosophy ( ,plato & ! my/ical philosophy t 0 indig5\s to ! ,ea/1 & ! two sy/ems readily bl5d$47#faa7 ,b ! mo/ p[]ful cause ( ! movem5t 0 ! int5se desire = positive religi\s belief1 :i* _h long be5 gr[+ 9 ! ,empire4 ,! p]iod :5 ,roman incr$ulity rea*$ its extreme po9t _h be5 ! c5tury t prec$$ & ! half c5tury t foll[$ ! bir? ( ,*ri/4 ,! sudd5 dissolution ( ! old habits ( ! ,republic effect$ ?r\gh political causes1 ! fir/ comp>ison ( ! multitud9\s religions ( ! ,empire & also ! writ+s ( ,euhem]us _h produc$ an absolute religi\s disbelief :i* ,epicureanism repres5t$ & enc\rag$4 ,?is belief1 h[ev]1 z ,i h already notic$1 co-exi/$ ) num]\s magical & a/rological sup]/itions1 & ! ignorance ( physical sci5ce 0 s great1 & ! conception ( g5]al laws s fa9t1 t ! mat]ials = a great revival ( sup]/ition /ill rema9$4 ,f ! middle ( ! fir/ c5tury1 a m believ+ & rev]5t _s began to arise4 ,! wor%ip ( ,isis & ,s]apis =c$ its way into ,rome 9 spite ( ! opposition ( ! rul]s4 ,apollonius ( ,tyana1 at ! close ( ! ,flavian p]iod1 _h endeav\r$ to unite moral tea*+ ) religi\s practices2 ! oracles1 :i* _h long ceas$1 7 p>tially re/or$ "u ! ,anton9es2 ! calamities & visible decl9e ( ! ,empire )drew ! m9ds ( m5 f t pr\d patriotic wor%ip ( ,roman greatness1 :i* 0 long a sub/itute = religi\s feel+2 & ! frightful pe/il5ce t swept ov] ! l& 9 ! reigns ( ,m>cus ,aurelius & 8 successor 0 foll[$ by a bl9d1 fev]i%1 & spasmodic sup]/ition4 ,besides ?is1 m5 h nev] acquiesc$ = any consid]able "t 9 a neglect ( ! great problems ( ! orig91 nature1 & de/9ies ( ! s\l1 or disp5s$ ) "s =m ( religi\s wor%ip & aspiration4 ,t religi\s in/9cts are z truly a "p ( our nature z are our appetites & our n]ves1 is a fact :i* all hi/ory e/abli%es1 & :i* =ms "o ( ! /ronge/ pro(s ( ! reality ( t unse5 _w to :i* ! s\l ( man cont9ually t5ds4 ,e>ly ,roman ,/oicism1 :i* 9 ?is respect some:at resembl$ ! mod]n positive s*ool1 div]t$ = ! mo/ "p its vot>ies f ! great problems ( religion1 & attempt$ to evolve its entire sy/em ( e?ics out ( exi/+ human nature1 )\t appeal+ to any ext]nal sup]natural sanction4 ,b ! ,platonic s*ool1 & ! ,egyptian s*ool :i* connect$ itself ) ! "n ( ,py?agoras1 7 bo? ess5tially religi\s4 ,! fir/ aspir$ to ! ,deity z ! s\rce & model ( virtue1 admitt$ dmons or subord9ate spiritual ag5ts act+ ^u mank9d1 & expla9$ & purifi$1 9 no ho/ile _s1 ! popul> religions4 ,! latt] made ! /ate ( ec/asy or quietism its ideal condition1 & s\ght to purify ! m9d by !urgy or special religi\s rites4 ,bo? philosophies conspir$ to effect a great religi\s re=mation1 9 :i* ! ,greek _s usually repres5t$ ! rational1 & ! ,egyptian ! my/ical1 elem5t4 ,( ! fir/1 ,plut>* 0 ! head4 ,he taught ! supreme au?ority ( reason4 ,he argu$ elaborately t sup]/ition is worse ?an a!ism1 = x calumniates ! "* ( ! ,deity1 & its evils are n negative1 b positive4 ,at ! same "t1 he is f> f reg>d+ ! ,my?ology z a tissue ( fables4 ,"s ?+s he d5ies4 ,o!rs he expla9s away4 ,o!rs he frankly accepts4 ,he tea*es = ! mo/ "p a pure mono!ism1 :i* he reconciles ) ! common belief1 p>tly by describ+ ! diff]5t div9ities z simply popul> p]sonifications ( ,div9e attributes1 & p>tly by ! usual explanation ( dmons4 ,he disc>d$ mo/ ( ! fables ( ! poets1 apply+ to !m ) fe>less sev]ity ! te/s ( human morality1 & reject+ indignantly ^? :i* attribute to ! ,deity cruel or immoral actions4 ,he d5\nces all religi\s t]rorism1 & draws a broad l9e ( di/9ction betwe5 bo? ! sup]/iti\s & idolatr\s conception ( ! ,deity on ! "o h&1 & ! philosophical conception on ! o!r4 8,! sup]/iti\s man believes 9 ! gods1 b he has a false idea ( _! nature4 ,^? good be+s ^: provid5ce wat*es ov] u ) s mu* c>e1 ^? be+s s ready to =get our faults1 he repres5ts z f]oci\s & cruel tyrants1 tak+ pleasure 9 torm5t+ u4 ,he believes ! f\nd]s ( brass1 ! sculptors ( /one1 ! m\ld]s ( wax2 he attributes to ! gods a human =m2 he adorns & wor%ips ! image he has made1 & he li/5s n to ! philosoph]s1 & m5 ( k :o associate ! ,div9e image1 n ) bodily beauty1 b ) gr&eur & maje/y1 ) g5tl5ess & goodness407#fab7 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,plut>* believ$ t !re 0 und\bt$ly a c]ta9 sup]natural basis 9 ! ,pagan cre$2 he believ$ 9 oracles2 he def5d$1 9 a v +5i\s essay1 h]$it>y puni%m5t1 & ! doctr9e ( a special ,provid5ce2 he admitt$ a future retribution1 ?\gh he repudiat$ ! notion ( physical torm5t2 & he br\ght into cle> relief ! moral tea*+ convey$ 9 "s ( ! fables ( ! poets4 ,! position :i* ,plut>* occupi$ "u ,trajan1 ,maximus ( ,tyre occupi$ 9 ! next g5]ation4 ,l ,plut>*1 b ) a great] consi/5cy1 he ma9ta9$ a pure mono!i/ic doctr9e1 decl>+ t 8,zeus is t mo/ anci5t & guid+ m9d t begot all ?+s--,a!ne is prud5ce--,apollo is ! sun407#fac7 ,l ,plut>*1 he develop$ ! ,platonic doctr9e ( dmons z an explanation ( mu* ( ! my?ology1 & he appli$ an allegorical int]pretation ) great fre$om to ! fables ( ,hom]1 :i* =m$ ! text-book or ! ,bible ( ,paganism4 ,by ^! means he endeav\r$ to cl>ify ! popul> cre$ f all elem5ts inconsi/5t ) a pure mono!ism1 & f all leg5ds ( d\btful morality1 :ile he sublimat$ ! popul> wor%ip into a h>mless symbolism4 8,! gods10 he assures u1 8!mselves ne$ no images10 b ! infirmity ( human nature requires visible signs 8on :i* to re/40 8,^? :o possess su* faculties1 t ) a /eady m9d !y c rise to heav51 & to ,god1 are 9 no ne$ ( /atues4 ,b su* m5 are v r>e40 ,he !n proce$s to rec\nt ! diff]5t ways by :i* m5 h endeav\r$ to repres5t or symbolise ! ,div9e nature1 z ! /atues ( ,greece1 ! animals ( ,egypt1 or ! sacr$ flame ( ,p]sia4 8,! ,god10 he cont9ues1 8! ,fa!r & ! ,f\nd] ( all t exi/s1 old] ?an ! sun1 old] ?an ! sky1 great] ?an all "t1 ?an e age1 & ?an all ! works ( nature1 :om no words c express1 :om no eye c see4444 ,:at c we say conc]n+ 8 images8 ,only let m5 und]/& t !re is b "o ,div9e nature2 b :e!r ! art ( ,phidias *iefly pres]ves 8 memory among ! ,greeks1 or ! wor%ip ( animals among ! ,egyptians1 a riv] among ^!1 or a flame among ^?1 ,i d n blame ! v>iety ( ! repres5tations--only let m5 und]/& t !re is b "o2 only let !m love "o1 let !m pres]ve "o 9 _! memory407#fad7 ,a ?ird writ] :o1 ne>ly at ! same "t z ,maximus ( ,tyre1 made "s ef=ts 9 ! same direction1 0 ,apuleius1 :o1 h[ev]1 bo? z a moral tea*]1 & 9 8 fre$om f sup]/ition1 0 f> inf]ior to ! prec$+4 ,! religion he mo/ admir$ 0 ! ,egyptian2 b 9 8 philosophy he 0 a ,platoni/1 & 9 t capacity1 besides an exposition ( ! ,platonic code ( morals1 he has left u a s+ul>ly cle> & /rik+ disquisition on ! doctr9e ( dmons4 8,^! dmons10 he says1 8are ! be>]s ( bless+s & pray]s betwe5 ! inhabitants ( e>? & heav51 c>ry+ pray]s f ! "o & assi/ance f ! o!r4444 ,by !m also1 z ,plato ma9ta9$ 9 8 #8,banquet1' all revelations1 all ! v>i\s miracles ( magicians1 all k9ds ( om5s1 are rul$4 ,!y h _! sev]al tasks to p]=m1 _! diff]5t dep>tm5ts to gov]n2 "s direct+ dreams1 o!rs ! disposition ( ! entrails1 o!rs ! flight ( birds4444 ,! supreme deities d n desc5d to ^! ?+s--!y leave !m to ! int]m$iate div9ities407#fae7 ,b ^! int]m$iate spirits are n simply ! ag5ts ( sup]natural ph5om5a--!y are also ! gu>dians ( our virtue & ! record]s ( our actions4 8,ea* man has 9 life witnesses & gu>ds ( 8 de$s1 visible to no "o1 b always pres5t1 witness+ n only e act b e ?\ght4 ,:5 life has end$ & we mu/ return :5ce we came1 ! same g5ius :o _h *>ge ov] u1 takes u away & hurries u 9 8 cu/ody to judgm5t1 & !n assi/s u 9 plead+ our cause4 ,if any ?+ is falsely ass]t$ he corrects x--if true1 he sub/antiates x1 & accord+ to 8 witness our s5t5ce is det]m9$407#faf7 ,!re are _m aspects 9 :i* ^! attempts at religi\s re=m are bo? int]e/+ & important4 ,!y are int]e/+1 because ! doctr9e ( dmons1 m+l$1 x is true1 ) ! !ory ( ,euhem]us ab\t ! orig9 ( ! deities1 0 univ]sally accept$ by ! ,fa!rs z ! true explanation ( ! ,pagan !ology1 because ! notion &1 aft] ! ?ird c5tury1 ev5 ! arti/ic type ( ! gu>dian g5ius reappe>$ 9 t ( ! gu>dian angel1 & because ! transition f poly!ism to ! conception ( a s+le deity act+ by ! delegation or m9i/ration ( an army ( subsidi>y spirits1 0 manife/ly fitt$ to prep>e ! way = ! reception ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,!y are int]e/+1 too1 z %[+ ! anxiety ( ! human m9d to sublimate its religi\s cre$ to ! level ( ! moral & intellectual /&>d x _h atta9$1 & to make religi\s ord9ances 9 "s degree ! in/rum5ts ( moral improvem5t4 ,b !y are int]e/+ above all1 because ! ,greek & ,egyptian me?ods ( re=m repres5t ) typical di/9ctness ! two great t5d5cies ( religi\s ?\ght 9 all succe$+ p]iods4 ,! ,greek _s 0 ess5tially rationali/ic & eclectic2 ! ,egyptian _s 0 ess5tially my/ical & devotional4 ,! ,greek sat 9 judgm5t ^u 8 religion4 ,he modifi$1 curtail$1 ref9$1 allegoris$1 or select$4 ,he treat$ its inconsi/5cies or absurdities1 or immoralities1 ) precisely ! same fre$om ( criticism z ^? he enc\nt]$ 9 ord9>y life4 ,! ,egyptian1 on ! o!r h&1 b[$ l[ be=e ! ,div9e pres5ce4 ,he veil$ 8 eyes1 he humbl$ 8 reason1 he repres5t$ ! introduction ( a new elem5t into ! moral life ( ,europe1 ! _s ( religi\s rev]5ce & awe4 8,! ,egyptian deities10 x 0 obs]v$ by ,apuleius1 87 *iefly hon\r$ by lam5tations1 & ! ,greek div9ities by dances407#fag7 ,! tru? ( ! la/ "p ( ?is v significant rem>k appe>s 9 e page ( ,greek hi/ory4 ,no nation _h a ri*] collection ( games & fe/ivals gr[+ out ( its religi\s sy/em2 9 none did a light1 sportive1 & (t5 lic5ti\s fancy play m fe>lessly ar\nd ! popul> cre$1 9 none 0 religi\s t]rorism m r>e4 ,! ,div9ity 0 seldom look$ ^u z holi] ?an man1 & a due obs]vance ( c]ta9 rites & c]emonies 0 deem$ an ample tribute to pay to him4 ,9 ! ,egyptian sy/em ! religi\s c]emonies 7 veil$ 9 my/]y & allegory4 ,*a/ity1 ab/95ce f animal food1 ablutions1 long & my/]i\s c]emonies ( prep>ation or initiation1 7 ! mo/ prom95t features ( wor%ip4 ,! deities repres5t+ ! great =ces ( nature1 & %r\d$ by my/]i\s symbols1 excit$ a degree ( awe :i* no o!r anci5t religion approa*$4 ,! speculative philosophy1 & ! conceptions ( morals1 t accompani$ ! inroad ( ,ori5tal religions1 7 ( a k9dr$ nature4 ,! mo/ prom95t *>act]i/ic ( ! fir/ 0 its t5d5cy to sup]s$e ! d$uctions ( ! reason by ! intuitions ( ec/asy4 ,neoplatonism1 & ! philosophies t 7 alli$ to x1 7 fundam5tally pan!i/ic17#fah7 b !y diff]$ widely f ! pan!ism ( ! ,/oics4 ,! ,/oics id5tifi$ man ) ,god1 = ! purpose ( glorify+ man--! ,neoplatoni/s = ! purpose ( aggr&is+ ,god4 ,9 ! conception ( ! fir/1 man1 indep5d5t1 self-controll$1 & p>ticipat+ 9 ! highe/ nature ( ! univ]se1 has no sup]ior 9 creation4 ,accord+ to ! latt]1 man is almo/ a passive be+1 sway$ & p]meat$ by a div9e impulse4 ,yet he is n altoge!r div9e4 ,! div9ity is lat5t 9 8 s\l1 b dull$1 dimm$1 & cru%$ by ! tyranny ( ! body4 8,to br+ ! ,god t is 9 u into con=mity ) ! ,god t is 9 ! univ]se10 to elicit ! ideas t are grav5 9 ! m9d1 b obscur$ & hidd5 by ! passions ( ! fle%--above all1 to subdue ! body1 :i* is ! sole ob/acle to our complete fruition ( ! ,deity--0 ! ma9 object ( life4 ,porphyry describ$ all philosophy z an anticipation ( dea?--n 9 ! ,/oical s5se ( tea*+ u to look calmly on our end1 b because dea? realises ! ideal ( philosophy1 ! complete sep>ation ( s\l & body4 ,h5ce foll[$ an ascetic morality1 & a sup]s5sual philosophy4 8,! greate/ ( all evils10 we are told1 8is pleasure2 because by x ! s\l is nail$ or rivet$ to ! body1 & ?9ks t true :i* ! body p]suades x1 & is ?us depriv$ ( ! s5se ( div9e ?+s407#fai7 8,ju/ice1 beauty1 & goodness1 & all ?+s t are =m$ by !m1 no eye has ev] se51 no bodily s5se c appreh5d4 ,philosophy mu/ be pursu$ by pure & unm+l$ reason & ) dead5$ s5ses2 = ! body di/urbs ! m9d1 s t x _c foll[ aft] wisdom4 ,z long z x is lo/ & m+l$ 9 ! clay1 we %all nev] suffici5tly possess ! tru? we desire407#fbj7 ,b ! reason :i* is ?us extoll$ z ! reveal] ( tru? mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! process ( reason+4 ,x is some?+ q diff]5t f criticism1 analysis1 comp>ison1 or d$uction4 ,x is ess5tially intuitive1 b x only acquires its p[] ( transc5d5tal intuition aft] a long process ( discipl9e4 ,:5 a man passes f ! daylight into a room :i* is almo/ d>k1 he is at fir/ absolutely unable to see ! objects ar\nd him2 b gradually 8 eye gr[s accu/om$ to ! feeble light1 ! outl9e ( ! room becomes dimly visible1 object aft] object em]ges into sight1 until at la/1 by int5tly gaz+1 he acquires ! p[] ( see+ ar\nd him ) tol]able di/9ctness4 ,9 ?is fact we h a p>tial image ( ! ,neoplatonic doctr9e ( ! k ( div9e ?+s4 ,our s\l is a d>k *amb]1 d>k5$ by contact ) ! fle%1 b 9 x !re are grav5 div9e ideas1 !re exi/s a liv+ div9e elem5t4 ,! eye ( reason1 by long & /eady introspection1 c le>n to deciph] ^! *>act]s2 ! w1 aid$ by an appo9t$ c\rse ( discipl9e1 c evoke ?is div9e elem5t1 & cause x to bl5d ) ! univ]sal _s f :i* x sprang4 ,! p[]s ( m5tal conc5tration1 & ( metaphysical ab/raction1 are !re=e ! highe/ intellectual gifts2 & quietism1 or ! absorption ( our nature 9 ,god1 is ! la/ /age ( virtue4 8,! end ( man10 said ,py?agoras1 8is ,god40 ,! my/]i\s ',"o1' ! metaphysical ab/raction )\t attributes & )\t =m :i* con/itutes ! ,fir/ ,p]son ( ! ,alex&rian ,tr9ity1 is ! acme ( human ?\ght1 & ! condition ( ec/asy is ! acme ( moral p]fection4 ,plot9us1 x 0 said1 _h sev]al times atta9$ x4 ,porphyry1 aft] ye>s ( discipl9e1 once1 & b once47#fba7 ,! process ( reason+ is "h n only useless1 b p]nici\s4 8,an innate k ( ! gods is implant$ 9 our m9ds prior to all reason+407#fbb7 ,9 div9e ?+s ! task ( man is n to create or to acquire1 b to educe4 ,8 means ( p]fection are n dialectics or rese>*1 b long & pati5t m$itation1 sil5ce1 ab/95ce f ! di/ractions & occupations ( life1 ! subjugation ( ! fle%1 a life ( cont9ual discipl9e1 a con/ant att5dance on ^? my/]i\s rites :i* deta* him f mat]ial objects1 ov]awe & elevate 8 m9d1 & quick5 8 realisation ( ! ,div9e pres5ce47#fbc7 ,! sy/em ( ,neoplatonism repres5ts a mode ( ?\ght :i* 9 _m =ms1 & "u _m names1 may be trac$ ?r\gh ! mo/ v>i\s ages & cre$s4 ,my/icism1 transc5d5talism1 inspiration1 & grace1 are all words express+ ! deep-seat$ belief t we possess f\nta9s ( k ap>t f all ! acquisitions ( ! s5ses2 t !re are c]ta9 /ates ( m9d1 c]ta9 fla%es ( moral & intellectual illum9ation1 :i* _c be acc\nt$ = by any play or comb9ation ( our ord9>y faculties4 ,= ! sobriety1 ! timidity1 ! fluctuations ( ! reason+ _s1 ,neoplatonism sub/itut$ ! transports ( ! imag9ation2 &1 ?\gh x cultivat$ ! p[] ( ab/raction1 e o!r intellectual gift 0 sacrific$ to ! discipl9e ( asceticism4 ,x made m5 cr$ul\s1 because x suppress$ t critical _s :i* is ! sole b>ri] to ! ev]-encroa*+ imag9ation2 because x repres5t$ sup]/iti\s rites z especially conducive to t /ate ( ec/asy :i* 0 ! condition ( revelation2 because x =m$ a n]v\s1 diseas$1 expectant temp]am5t1 ev] prone to halluc9ations1 ev] agitat$ by vague & unc]ta9 feel+s t 7 readily attribut$ to inspiration4 ,z a moral sy/em x c>ri$1 inde$1 ! purification ( ! feel+s & imag9ation to a high] p]fection ?an any prec$+ s*ool1 b x _h ! deadly fault ( sep>at+ s5tim5t f action4 ,9 ?is respect x 0 well fitt$ to be ! close1 ! f9al suicide1 ( ,roman philosophy4 ,cic]o assign$ a place ( happ9ess 9 ! future _w to all :o fai?fully s]v$ ! ,/ate47#fbd7 ,! ,/oics _h taught t all virtue 0 va9 t did n issue 9 action4 ,ev5 ,epictetus1 9 8 portrait ( ! ascetic cynic--ev5 ,m>cus ,aurelius1 9 8 m9ute self-exam9ation--_h nev] =gott5 ! out] _w4 ,! e>ly ,platoni/s1 ?\gh !y dwelt v /rongly on m5tal discipl9e1 7 equally practical4 ,plut>* rem9ds u t ! same ^w is us$ = light1 & = man17#fbe7 = ! duty ( man is to be ! light ( ! _w2 & he %rewdly rem>k$ t ,hesiod exhort$ ! husb&man to pray = ! h>ve/1 b to d s ) 8 h& ^u ! pl\gh4 ,apuleius1 exp\nd+ ,plato1 taught 8t he :o is inspir$ by nature to seek aft] good mu/ n deem himself born = himself alone1 b = all mank9d1 ?\gh ) div]se k9ds & degrees ( obligation1 = he is =m$ fir/ ( all = 8 c\ntry1 !n = 8 relations1 !n = ^? ) :om he is jo9$ by occupation or k40 ,maximus ( ,tyre devot$ two noble essays to %[+ ! vanity ( all virtue :i* exhau/s itself 9 m5tal transports )\t radiat+ 9 action among mank9d4 8,:at use10 he ask$1 8is !re 9 k unless we d ^? ?+s = :i* k is pr(itable8 ,:at use is !re 9 ! skill ( ! physician unless by t skill he heals ! sick1 or 9 ! art ( ,phidias unless he *isels ! ivory or ! gold4444 ,h]cules 0 a wise man1 b n = himself1 b t by 8 wisdom he might diffuse b5efits ov] e l& & sea4444 ,_h he pref]r$ to lead a life ap>t f m51 & to foll[ an idle wisdom1 ,h]cules w\ld inde$ h be5 a ,sophi/1 & no "o w\ld call him ! son ( ,zeus4 ,= ,god himself is nev] idle2 7 ,he to re/1 ! sky w\ld cease to move1 & ! e>? to produce1 & ! riv]s to fl[ into ! ocean1 & ! seasons to pursue _! appo9t$ c\rse407#fbf7 ,b ! ,neoplatoni/s1 ?\gh !y sometimes spoke ( civic virtues1 reg>d$ ! condition ( ec/asy z n only transc5d+1 b includ+ all1 & t condition c\ld only be arriv$ at by a passive life4 ,! say+ ( ,anaxagoras1 t 8 mission 0 8to contemplate ! sun1 ! />s1 & ! c\rse ( nature1 & t ?is contemplation 0 wisdom10 0 accept$ z an epitome ( _! philosophy47#fbg7 ,a s5ator nam$ ,rogantianus1 :o _h foll[$ ! tea*+ ( ,plot9us1 acquir$ s int5se a disgu/ = ! ?+s ( life1 t he left all 8 prop]ty1 refus$ to fulfil ! duties ( a prtor1 ab&on$ 8 s5atorial functions1 & )drew himself f e =m ( bus9ess & pleasure4 ,plot9us1 in/ead ( reproa*+ him1 ov]:elm$ him ) eulogy1 select$ him z 8 fav\rite disciple1 & cont9ually repres5t$ him z ! model ( a philosoph]47#fbh7 ,! two *>act]i/ics ,i h notic$--! ab&onm5t ( civic duties1 & ! disc\ragem5t ( ! critical _s--_h f a v e>ly p]iod be5 manife/ 9 ! ,py?agorean s*ool47#fbi7 ,9 ! bl5d+ philosophies ( ! ?ird & f\r? c5turies1 !y became cont9ually m app>5t4 ,plot9us 0 /ill an indep5d5t philosoph]1 inh]it+ ! traditions ( ,greek ?\ght1 ?\gh n ! traditions ( ,greek life1 build+ 8 sy/em av[$ly by a rational me?od1 & altoge!r reject+ !urgy or religi\s magic4 ,8 disciple1 ,porphyry1 fir/ made ,neoplatonism anti-,*ri/ian1 &1 9 8 viol5t antipa?y to ! new fai?1 began to conv]t x into a religi\s sy/em4 ,iambli*us1 :o 0 himself an ,egyptian prie/1 complet$ ! trans=mation17#fcj7 resolv$ all moral discipl9e into !urgy1 & sacrific$ all reason+ to fai?47#fca7 ,julian attempt$ to realise ! conception ( a reviv$ ,paganism1 bl5d+ ) & purifi$ by philosophy4 ,9 e =m ! appetite = miracles & = belief 0 display$4 ,! !ory ( dmons completely sup]s$$ ! old ,/oical naturalism1 :i* reg>d$ ! diff]5t ,pagan div9ities z allegories or p]sonifications ( ! ,div9e attributes4 ,! ,platonic e?ics 7 aga91 = ! mo/ "p1 9 ! asc5dant1 b !y 7 deeply t9ctur$ by a =eign elem5t4 ,?us1 suicide 0 condemn$ by ! ,neoplatoni/s1 n m]ely on ! pr9ciple ( ,plato1 t x is an ab&onm5t ( ! po/ ( duty to :i* ! ,deity has call$ u1 b also on ! quieti/ gr\nd1 t p]turbation is necess>ily a pollution ( ! s\l1 & t1 z m5tal p]turbation accompanies ! act1 ! s\l ( ! suicide dep>ts pollut$ f ! body47#fcb7 ,! belief 9 a future _w1 :i* 0 ! common glory ( ! s*ools ( ,py?agoras & ( ,plato1 _h become univ]sal4 ,z ,roman greatness1 9 :i* m5 _h long se5 ! rew>d ( virtue1 fad$ rapidly away1 ! conception ( 8a city ( ,god0 began to gr[ m cle>ly 9 ! m9ds ( m51 & ! c\ntless slaves :o 7 among ! *ief propagators ( ,ori5tal fai?s1 & :o _h begun to ex]cise an unprec$5t$ influ5ce 9 ,roman life1 turn$ ) a natural & a t\*+ eag]ness t[>ds a happi] & a fre] _w47#fcc7 ,! incr$ulity ( ,lucretius1 ,cs>1 & ,pl9y _h disappe>$4 ,above all1 a fusion _h be5 effect$ betwe5 moral discipl9e & religion1 & ! morali/ s\ght 8 *ief means ( purification 9 ! c]emonies ( ! temple4 ,i h n[ complet$ ! long & complicat$ task to :i* ! pres5t *apt] has be5 devot$4 ,i h endeav\r$ to exhibit1 s f> z c be done1 by a description ( g5]al t5d5cies1 & by a selection ( quotations1 ! _s ( ! long s]ies ( ,pagan morali/s :o taught at ,rome dur+ ! p]iod t elaps$ betwe5 ! rise ( ,roman philosophy & ! triumph ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,my object has n be5 to classify ^! writ]s ) m9ute accuracy1 accord+ to _! speculative t5ets1 b r1 z ,i _h propos$1 to exhibit ! orig91 ! nature1 & ! =tunes ( ! g5]al notion or type ( virtue :i* ea* morali/ _h reg>d$ z supremely good4 ,hi/ory is n a m]e succession ( ev5ts connect$ only by *ronology4 ,x is a *a9 ( causes & effects4 ,!re is a great natural diff]5ce ( degree & direction 9 bo? ! moral & intellectual capacities ( individuals1 b x is n probable t ! g5]al av]age ( natural morals 9 great bodies ( m5 mat]ially v>ies4 ,:5 we f9d a society v virtu\s or v vici\s--:5 "s p>ticul> virtue or vice occupies a peculi> prom95ce1 or :5 important *anges pass ov] ! moral conceptions or /&>d ( ! p--we h to trace 9 ^! ?+s simply ! action ( ! circum/ances t 7 dom9ant4 ,! hi/ory ( ,roman e?ics repres5ts a /eady & uni=m curr5t1 guid$ by ! g5]al conditions ( society1 & its progress may be m>k$ by ! successive asc5dancy ( ! ,roman1 ! ,greek1 & ! ,egyptian _s4 ,9 ! age ( ,cato & ,cic]o ! "* ( ! ideal 0 :olly ,roman1 al?\gh ! philosophical expression ( t "* 0 d]iv$ f ! ,greek ,/oics4 ,x exhibit$ all ! =ce1 ! gr&eur1 ! h>dness1 ! practical t5d5cy :i* ,roman circum/ances _h e>ly creat$1 comb9$ ) t ca?olicity ( _s :i* result$ f v rec5t political & intellectual *anges4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t1 ! ,greek elem5t1 :i* repres5t$ ! g5tl] & m humane _s ( antiquity1 ga9$ an asc5dancy4 ,x did s by simple propag&ism1 aid$ by ! long peace ( ! ,anton9es1 by ! effem9ate habits produc$ by ! increas+ luxury1 by ! attractions ( ! metropolis1 :i* _h drawn multitudes ( ,greeks to ,rome1 by ! patronage ( ! ,emp]ors1 & also by ! increas+ realisation ( ! doctr9e ( univ]sal bro!rhood1 :i* ,pantius & ,cic]o _h ass]t$1 b ( :i* ! full consequ5ces 7 only p]ceiv$ by _! successors4 ,! *ange 9 ! type ( virtue 0 %[n 9 ! influ5ce ( eclectic1 & = ! mo/ "p ,platonic1 morali/s1 ^: special assaults 7 direct$ aga9/ ! ,/oical condemnation ( ! emotions1 & 9 ! gradual s(t5+ ( ! ,/oical type4 ,9 ,s5eca ! h>dness ( ! sect1 ?\gh v app>5t1 is brok5 by precepts ( a real & ext5sive b5evol5ce1 ?\gh t b5evol5ce spr+s r f a s5se ( duty ?an f t5d]ness ( feel+4 ,9 ,dion ,*ryso/om ! practical b5evol5ce is n less prom95t1 b !re is less bo? ( pride & ( call\sness4 ,epictetus embodi$ ! /]ne/ ,/oicism 9 8 ,manual1 b 8 diss]tations exhibit a deep religi\s feel+ & a wide range ( sympa?ies4 ,9 ,m>cus ,aurelius ! emotional elem5ts _h greatly increas$1 & ! amiable qualities began to pr$om9ate ov] ! h]oic ones4 ,we f9d at ! same "t a new /ress laid ^u purity ( ?\ght & imag9ation1 a gr[+ feel+ ( rev]5ce1 & an e>ne/ desire to re=m ! popul> religion4 ,?is second /age exhibits a happy comb9ation ( ! ,roman & ,greek spirits4 ,dis9t]e/$1 /rictly practical1 av]se to ! speculative subtilties ( ! ,greek intellect1 ,/oicism 0 /ill ! religion ( a p :o 7 ! rul]s & ! organis]s ( ! _w1 ^: en?usiasm 0 ess5tially patriotic1 & :o _h le>nt to sacrifice ev]y?+ b pride to ! s5se ( duty4 ,x _h1 h[ev]1 become amiable1 g5tle1 & spiritual4 ,x _h ga9$ mu* 9 beauty1 :ile x _h lo/ some?+ 9 =ce4 ,9 ! _w ( morals1 z 9 ! _w ( physics1 /r5g? is ne>ly alli$ to h>dness4 ,he :o feels ke5ly is easily mov$1 & a s5sitive sympa?y :i* lies at ! root ( an amiable "* is 9 consequ5ce a pr9ciple ( weakness4 ,! race ( great ,roman ,/oics1 :i* _h nev] ceas$ dur+ ! tyranny ( ,n]o or ,domitian1 began to fail4 ,9 ! v mom5t :5 ! ideal ( ! sect _h atta9$ its supreme p]fection1 a new movem5t appe>$1 ! philosophy sank into disrepute1 & ! la/ act ( ! drama began4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 ! prec$+ ones1 all 0 normal & regul>4 ,! long cont9uance ( despotic gov]nm5t _h gradually de/roy$ ! active public _s ( :i* ,/oicism 0 ! expression4 ,! pr$om9ance ( ! subtle intellect ( ,greece1 & ! multiplication ( rhetoricians1 _h conv]t$ ! philosophy into a s*ool ( disputation & ( casui/ry4 ,! increas+ cultivation ( ! emotions cont9u$1 till :at may be t]m$ ! moral c5tre 0 *ang$1 & ! developm5t ( feel+ 0 deem$ m important ?an ! regulation ( actions4 ,?is cultivation ( ! emotions pr$ispos$ m5 to religion4 ,a reaction1 int5sifi$ by _m m9or causes1 set 9 aga9/ ! scepticism ( ! prec$+ g5]ation1 & ,alex&ria gradually became ! moral capital ( ! empire4 ,! ,roman type spe$ily disappe>$4 ,a union 0 effect$ betwe5 sup]/iti\s rites & philosophy1 & ! wor%ip ( ,egyptian deities prep>$ ! way = ! tea*+ ( ! ,neoplatoni/s1 :o comb9$ ! mo/ vision>y "p ( ! speculations ( ,plato ) ! anci5t philosophies ( ! ,ea/4 ,9 ,plot9us we f9d mo/ ( ! fir/2 9 ,iambli*us mo/ ( ! second4 ,! m9ds ( m51 "u _! influ5ce1 grew introspective1 cr$ul\s1 & sup]/iti\s1 & f\nd _! ideal /ates 9 ! halluc9ations ( ec/asy & ! calm ( an unpractical my/icism4 ,su* 7 ! influ5ces :i* act$ 9 turn ^u a society :i*1 by despotism1 by slav]y1 & by atroci\s amusem5ts1 _h be5 debas$ & corrupt$ to ! v core4 ,ea* sect :i* successively arose contribut$ some?+ to rem$y ! evil4 ,/oicism plac$ beyond cavil ! great di/9ctions betwe5 "r & wrong4 ,x inculcat$ ! doctr9e ( univ]sal bro!rhood1 x creat$ a noble lit]ature & a noble legislation1 & x associat$ its moral sy/em ) ! patriotic _s :i* 0 !n ! animat+ _s ( ,roman life4 ,! e>ly ,platoni/s ( ! ,empire correct$ ! exagg]ations ( ,/oicism1 gave free scope to ! amiable qualities1 & suppli$ a !ory ( "r & wrong1 suit$ n m]ely = h]oic *>act]s & = extreme em]g5cies1 b also = ! *>act]s & ! circum/ances ( common life4 ,! ,py?agorean & ,neoplatonic s*ools reviv$ ! feel+ ( religi\s rev]5ce1 inculcat$ humility1 pray]fulness1 & purity ( ?\ght1 & accu/om$ m5 to associate _! moral ideals ) ! ,deity1 r ?an ) !mselves4 ,! moral improvem5t ( society 0 n[ to pass into o!r h&s4 ,a religion :i* _h long be5 increas+ 9 obscurity began to em]ge into ! light4 ,by ! beauty ( its moral precepts1 by ! sy/ematic skill ) :i* x gov]n$ ! imag9ation & habits ( its wor%ipp]s1 by ! /rong religi\s motives to :i* x c\ld appeal1 by its admirable ecclesia/ical organisation1 &1 x mu/ be add$1 by its unsp>+ use ( ! arm ( p[]1 ,*ri/ianity soon eclips$ or de/roy$ all o!r sects1 & became = _m c5turies ! supreme rul] ( ! moral _w4 ,comb9+ ! ,/oical doctr9e ( univ]sal bro!rhood1 ! ,greek pr$ilection = ! amiable qualities1 & ! ,egyptian _s ( rev]5ce & religi\s awe1 x acquir$ f ! fir/ an int5sity & univ]sality ( influ5ce :i* none ( ! philosophies x _h sup]s$$ _h approa*$4 ,i h n[ to exam9e ! moral causes t gov]n$ ! rise ( ?is religion 9 ,rome1 ! ideal ( virtue x pres5t$1 ! degree & mann] 9 :i* x /amp$ its image ^u ! "* ( nations1 & ! p]v]sions & di/ortions x und]w5t4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,conv]sion ,,( ,,rome4 ,!re is no fact 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human m9d m rem>kable ?an ! complete unconsci\sness ( ! importance & ! de/9ies ( ,*ri/ianity1 manife/$ by ! ,pagan writ]s be=e ! accession ( ,con/ant9e4 ,s l>ge an am\nt ( att5tion has be5 be/[$ on ! t5 or twelve allusions to x !y furni%1 t we are sometimes apt to =get h[ few & meagre ^? allusions are1 & h[ utt]ly impossible x is to con/ruct f !m1 ) any degree ( c]ta9ty1 a hi/ory ( ! e>ly ,*ur*4 ,plut>* & ! eld] ,pl9y1 :o probably surpass all o!r writ]s ( _! "t 9 ! range ( _! illu/rations1 & ,s5eca1 :o 0 c]ta9ly ! mo/ illu/ri\s morali/ ( 8 age1 nev] ev5 m5tion x4 ,epictetus & ,m>cus ,aurelius h ea* adv]t$ to x ) a pass+ & contemptu\s c5sure4 ,tacitus describes 9 detail ! p]secution by ,n]o1 b treats ! suff]+ religion m]ely z 8an execrable sup]/ition20 :ile ,suetonius1 employ+ ! same expression1 reckons ! p]secution among ! acts ( ! tyrant t 7 ei!r laudable or indiff]5t4 ,our mo/ important docum5t is ! fam\s lett] ( ! y\ng] ,pl9y4 ,lucian ?r[s "s light bo? on ! ext5t ( ,*ri/ian *>ity1 & on ! aspect 9 :i* ,*ri/ians 7 reg>d$ by ! religi\s juggl]s ( _! age1 & ! long s]ies ( ,pagans :o wrote ! lives ( ! ,emp]ors 9 t mo/ critical p]iod f ! accession ( ,hadrian1 almo/ to ! eve ( ! triumph ( ! ,*ur*1 among a cr[d ( details conc]n+ ! dresses1 games1 vices1 & follies ( ! ,c\rt1 supply u ) six or sev5 %ort notices ( ! religion t 0 trans=m+ ! _w4 ,! g5]al sil5ce ( ! ,pagan writ]s on ?is subject did n arise f any re/rictions impos$ ^u !m by au?ority1 = 9 ?is field ! wide/ latitude 0 conc$$1 nor yet f ! notions ( ! dignity ( hi/ory1 or ! importance ( individual ex]tions1 :i* h induc$ "s hi/orians to resolve _! task into a catalogue ( ! a*ievem5ts ( k+s1 /atesm51 & g5]als4 ,! conception ( hi/ory1 z ! record & explanation ( moral revolutions1 ?\gh ( c\rse n develop$ to ! same prom95ce z among "s mod]n writ]s1 0 by no means unkn[n 9 antiquity17#fcd7 & 9 _m bran*es our k ( ! social *anges ( ! ,roman ,empire is extremely copi\s4 ,! dissolution ( old beliefs1 ! decomposition ( ! entire social & moral sy/em t _h aris5 "u ! ,republic1 engag$ 9 ! v highe/ degree ! att5tion ( ! lit]>y classes1 & !y display$ ! mo/ comm5dable dilig5ce 9 trac+ its /ages4 ,x is v curi\s & in/ructive to contra/ ! ample in=mation !y h furni%$ u conc]n+ ! gr[? ( ,roman luxury1 ) _! almo/ absolute sil5ce conc]n+ ! gr[? ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! moral importance ( ! =m] movem5t !y cle>ly recognis$1 & !y h accord+ly pres]v$ s full a record ( all ! *anges 9 dress1 banquets1 build+s1 & spectacles1 t x w\ld be possible to write ) ! mo/ m9ute detail ! :ole hi/ory ( ,roman luxury1 f ! day :5 a c5sor depriv$ an elector ( 8 vote because 8 g>d5 0 neglig5tly cultivat$1 to ! orgies ( ,n]o or ,heliogabalus4 ,! moral importance ( ! o!r movem5t !y altoge!r ov]look$1 & _! ov]sight leaves a *asm 9 hi/ory :i* c nev] be suppli$4 ,t ! greate/ religi\s *ange 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d %\ld h tak5 place "u ! eyes ( a brilliant galaxy ( philosoph]s & hi/orians1 :o 7 pr(\ndly consci\s ( ! decomposition ar\nd !m1 t all ( ^! writ]s %\ld h utt]ly fail$ to pr$ict ! issue ( ! movem5t !y 7 obs]v+1 & t1 dur+ ! space ( ?ree c5turies1 !y %\ld h treat$ z simply contemptible an ag5cy :i* all m5 mu/ n[ admit to h be51 = good or = evil1 ! mo/ p[]ful moral lev] t has ev] be5 appli$ to ! affairs ( man1 are facts well wor?y ( m$itation 9 e p]iod ( religi\s transition4 ,! explanation is to be f\nd 9 t broad sep>ation betwe5 ! sph]es ( morals & ( positive religion we h consid]$ 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,9 mod]n times1 m5 :o 7 exam9+ ! probable moral future ( ! _w1 w\ld naturally1 & 9 ! fir/ place1 direct _! att5tion to ! relative positions & ! probable de/9ies ( religi\s in/itutions4 ,9 ! ,/oical p]iod ( ! ,roman ,empire1 positive religion _h come to be reg>d$ z m]ely an art = obta9+ pret]natural assi/ance 9 ! affairs ( life1 & ! moral amelioration ( mank9d 0 deem$ altoge!r ext]nal to its sph]e4 ,philosophy _h become to ! educat$ mo/ lit]ally a religion4 ,x 0 ! rule ( life1 ! exposition ( ! ,div9e nature1 ! s\rce ( devotional feel+4 ,! num]\s ,ori5tal sup]/itions t _h delug$ ! city 7 reg>d$ z peculi>ly p]nici\s & contemptible1 & ( ^! none 0 less likely to attract ! fav\r ( ! philosoph]s ?an t ( ! ,jews17#fce7 :o 7 notori\s z ! mo/ sordid1 ! mo/ turbul5t17#fcf7 & ! mo/ unsocial7#fcg7 ( ! ,ori5tal coloni/s4 ,( ! ignorance ( _! t5ets1 display$ ev5 by ! mo/ em95t ,romans1 we h a /rik+ illu/ration 9 ! long s]ies ( grotesque fables conc]n+ _! belief1 probably d]iv$ f "s satirical pamphlet1 :i* ,tacitus has gravely ins]t$ 9 8 hi/ory47#fch7 ,*ri/ianity1 9 ! eyes ( ! philosoph]1 0 simply a sect ( ,judaism4 ,al?\gh ,i am anxi\s 9 ! pres5t "w to avoid1 z f> z possible1 all que/ions t are purely !ological1 & to consid] ,*ri/ianity m]ely 9 its aspect z a moral ag5t1 x w be necess>y to be/[ a few prelim9>y pages ^u its triumph 9 ! ,roman ,empire1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 h[ f> t triumph 0 due to moral causes1 & :at 7 its relations to ! prevail+ philosophy4 ,!re are "s writ]s :o h be5 s /ruck ) ! con=mity betwe5 "s ( ! doctr9es ( ! lat] ,/oics & ^? ( ,*ri/ianity t !y h imag9$ t ,*ri/ianity _h e>ly obta9$ a decisive influ5ce ov] philosophy1 & t ! lead+ tea*]s ( ,rome _h be5 9 "s measure its disciples4 ,!re are o!rs :o r$uce ! conv]sion ( ! ,roman ,empire to a m]e "q ( evid5ces1 to ! ov]:elm+ pro(s ! ,*ri/ian tea*]s produc$ ( ! au!nticity ( ! ,gospel n>ratives4 ,!re are o!rs1 aga91 :o deem ! triumph ( ,*ri/ianity simply miracul\s4 ,ev]y?+1 !y tell u1 0 aga9/ x4 ,! c\rse ( ! ,*ur* 0 l t ( a %ip sail+ rapidly & /eadily to ! goal1 9 direct defiance ( bo? w9d & tide1 & ! conv]sion ( ! ,empire 0 z lit]ally sup]natural z ! rais+ ( ! dead1 or ! sudd5 quell+ ( ! /orm4 ,on ! fir/ ( ^! !ories x w n1 ,i ?9k1 be necess>y1 aft] ! la/ *apt]1 to expatiate at l5g?4 ,x is admitt$ t ! greate/ morali/s ( ! ,roman ,empire ei!r nev] m5tion$ ,*ri/ianity1 or m5tion$ x ) contempt2 t !y habitually disreg>d$ ! _m religions :i* _h aris5 among ! ignorant2 & t we h no direct evid5ce ( ! slighte/ value ( _! ev] hav+ come 9 contact ) or fav\r$ ! ,*ri/ians4 ,! supposition t !y 7 influ5c$ by ,*ri/ianity re/s ma9ly ^u _! en=cem5t ( ! ,*ri/ian duty ( self-exam9ation1 ^u _! /rong ass]tion ( ! univ]sal bro!rhood ( mank9d1 & ^u ! delicate & expansive humanity !y at la/ ev9c$4 ,b al?\gh on all ^! po9ts ! lat] ,/oics approximat$ mu* to ,*ri/ianity1 we h already se5 t x is easy to discov] 9 ea* case ! cause ( ! t5d5cy4 ,! duty ( self-exam9ation 0 simply a ,py?agorean precept1 en=c$ 9 t s*ool long be=e ! rise ( ,*ri/ianity1 introduc$ into ,/oicism :5 ,py?agoreanism became popul> 9 ,rome1 & confess$ly borr[$ f ?is s\rce4 ,! doctr9e ( ! univ]sal bro!rhood ( mank9d 0 ! manife/ expression ( ^? political & social *anges :i* r$uc$ ! :ole civilis$ globe to "o great empire1 ?rew op5 to ! mo/ di/ant tribes ! "r ( ,roman citiz5%ip1 & subv]t$ all ^? class divisions ar\nd :i* moral !ories _h be5 =m$4 ,cic]o ass]t$ x z emphatically z ,s5eca4 ,! !ory ( pan!ism1 repres5t+ ! entire creation z "o great body1 p]vad$ by "o ,div9e s\l1 h>monis$ ) x2 & x is a curi\s fact t ! v phraseology conc]n+ ! fell[-memb]%ip ( all ?+s 9 ,god1 :i* has be5 mo/ confid5tly adduc$ by "s mod]n writ]s z prov+ ! connection betwe5 ,s5eca & ,*ri/ianity1 0 select$ by ,lactantius z ! cle>e/ illu/ration ( ! pan!ism ( ,/oicism47#fci7 ,! humane "* ( ! lat] ,/oical tea*+ 0 obvi\sly due to ! infusion ( ! ,greek elem5t into ,roman life1 :i* began be=e ! f\ndation ( ! ,empire1 & receiv$ a new impulse 9 ! reign ( ,hadrian1 & also to ! s(t5+ influ5ce ( a luxuri\s civilisation1 & ( ! long peace ( ! ,anton9es4 ,:ile f> inf]ior to ! ,greeks 9 practical & realis$ humanity1 ! ,romans nev] surpass$ _! ma/]s 9 !oretical humanity except 9 "o respect4 ,! humanity ( ! ,greeks1 ?\gh v e>ne/1 0 conf9$ )9 a n>r[ circle4 ,! social & political circum/ances ( ! ,roman ,empire de/roy$ ! b>ri]4 ,! only case 9 :i* any plausible argum5ts h be5 urg$ 9 fav\r ( ! notion t ! writ+s ( ! ,/oics 7 influ5c$ by ! ,new ,te/am5t is t ( ,s5eca4 ,?is philosoph] 0 reg>d$ by all ! m$ival writ]s z a ,*ri/ian1 on ! gr\nd ( a correspond5ce ) ,/4 ,paul1 :i* =m$ "p ( a =g$ acc\nt ( ! m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul1 attribut$ to ,/4 ,l9us4 ,^! lett]s1 :i* 7 absolutely unnotic$ dur+ ! fir/ ?ree c5turies1 & are fir/ m5tion$ by ,/4 ,j]ome1 are n[ almo/ univ]sally ab&on$ z =g]ies27#fdj7 b _m curi\s co9cid5ces ( phraseology h be5 po9t$ out betwe5 ! writ+s ( ,s5eca & ! epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul2 & ! presumption d]iv$ f !m has be5 /r5g!n$ by ! facts t ! bro!r ( ,s5eca 0 t ,gallio :o refus$ to he> ! disputes betwe5 ,/4 ,paul & ! ,jews1 & t ,burrhus1 :o 0 ! fri5d & colleague ( ,s5eca1 0 ! (fic] to ^: cu/ody ,/4 ,paul _h be5 entru/$ at ,rome4 ,into ! m9ute v]bal criticism to :i* ?is "q _h giv5 rise17#fda7 x is n necess>y = me to ent]4 ,x has be5 %[n t mu* ( :at 0 deem$ ,*ri/ian phraseology grew out ( ! pan!i/ic notion ( "o great body includ+1 & "o ,div9e m9d animat+ & guid+1 all exi/+ ?+s2 & _m o!r ( ! pret5d$ co9cid5ces are s slight z to be altoge!r wor?less z an argum5t4 ,/ill ,i ?9k mo/ p]sons :o review :at has be5 writt5 on ! subject w conclude t x is probable "s fragm5ts at lea/ ( ,*ri/ian language _h come to ! e>s ( ,s5eca4 ,b to suppose t 8 sy/em ( morals is 9 any degree =m$ aft] ! model or "u ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 is to be bl9d to ! mo/ obvi\s *>act]i/ics ( bo? ,*ri/ianity & ,/oicism2 = no o!r morali/ c\ld be s aptly select$ z repres5t+ _! extreme div]g5ce4 ,rev]5ce & humility1 a con/ant s5se ( ! supreme maje/y ( ,god & ( ! weakness & s9fulness ( man1 & a p]petual ref]5ce to ano!r _w1 7 ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! s\rce ( all its p[]1 ! basis ( its di/9ctive type4 ,( all ^!1 ! tea*+ ( ,s5eca is ! direct anti!sis4 ,c>eless ( ! future _w1 & pr(\ndly conv9c$ ( ! supreme maje/y ( man1 he lab\r$ to emancipate 8 disciples 8f e fe> ( ,god & man20 & ! pr\d language 9 :i* he claim$ = ! sage an equality ) ! gods repres5ts1 p]haps1 ! highe/ po9t to :i* philosophic arrogance has be5 c>ri$4 ,! ,jews1 ) :om ! ,*ri/ians 7 !n univ]sally id5tifi$1 he emphatically describes z 8an accurs$ race407#fdb7 ,"o man1 inde$1 !re 0 among ! lat] ,/oics :o _h almo/ realis$ ! ,*ri/ian type1 & 9 ^: pure & g5tle nature ! arrogance ( 8 s*ool c be sc>cely trac$2 b ,m>cus ,aurelius1 :o ( all ! ,pagan _w1 if we argu$ by int]nal evid5ce alone1 w\ld h be5 mo/ readily id5tifi$ ) ,*ri/ianity1 0 a p]secutor ( ! fai?1 & he has left on record 9 8 8,m$itations0 8 contempt = ! ,*ri/ian m>tyrs47#fdc7 ,! relation betwe5 ! ,pagan philosoph]s & ! ,*ri/ian religion 0 a subject ( mu* discussion & ( pr(\nd diff]5ce ( op9ion 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*47#fdd7 ,:ile ! writ]s ( "o s*ool apologis$ = ! murd] ( ,socrates1 describ$ ! m>tyr$ ,greek z ! 'buffoon ( ,a!ns1'7#fde7 & attribut$ 8 inspiration to diabolical influ5ce27#fdf7 :ile !y designat$ ! writ+s ( ! philosoph]s z 8! s*ools ( h]etics10 & collect$ ) a malici\s assiduity all ! calumnies t _h be5 heap$ ^u _! memory--!re 7 o!rs :o made x a lead+ object to e/abli% a close aff9ity betwe5 ,pagan philosophy & ! ,*ri/ian revelation4 ,imbu$ 9 _m in/ances1 almo/ f *ildhood1 ) ! noble tea*+ ( ,plato1 & ke5ly alive to ! analogies betwe5 8 philosophy & _! new fai?1 ^! writ]s f\nd ! exhibition ( ?is resemblance at once deeply grateful to !mselves & ! mo/ successful way ( dispell+ ! prejudices ( _! ,pagan neighb\rs4 ,! success t _h att5d$ ! ,*ri/ian prophecies attribut$ to ! ,sibyls & ! oracles1 ! passion = eclecticism1 :i* ! social & comm]cial position ( ,alex&ria _h g5]at$1 & also ! example ( ! ,jew ,ari/obulus1 :o _h "s "t be=e cont5d$ t ! ,jewi% writ+s _h be5 translat$ into ,greek1 & _h be5 ! s\rce ( mu* ( ! ,pagan wisdom1 enc\rag$ !m 9 _! c\rse4 ,! mo/ conciliatory1 & at ! same "t ! mo/ philosophical s*ool1 0 ! e>lie/ 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr--! fir/ ( ! ,fa!rs ^: writ+s possess any g5]al philosophical int]e/--cordially recognises ! excell5ce ( _m p>ts ( ! ,pagan philosophy1 & ev5 attributes x to a ,div9e inspiration1 to ! action ( ! g5]ative or 8sem9al ,logos10 :i* f ! e>lie/ times _h exi/$ 9 ! _w1 _h inspir$ tea*]s l ,socrates & ,musonius1 :o _h be5 p]secut$ by ! dmons1 & _h receiv$ 9 ,*ri/ianity its f9al & p]fect manife/ation47#fdg7 ,! same g5]\s & expansive appreciation may be trac$ 9 ! writ+s ( sev]al lat] ,fa!rs1 al?\gh ! s*ool 0 spe$ily disfigur$ by "s grotesque extravagances4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria--a writ] ( wide sympa?ies1 consid]able orig9ality1 v ext5sive le>n+1 b ( a feeble & fanta/ic judgm5t--:o imm$iately succe$$ ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 attribut$ all ! wisdom ( antiquity to two s\rces4 ,! fir/ s\rce 0 tradition2 = ! angels1 :o _h be5 fasc9at$ by ! ant$iluvian ladies1 _h endeav\r$ to +ratiate !mselves ) _! fair companions by giv+ !m an ab/ract ( ! metaphysical & o!r le>n+ :i* 0 !n curr5t 9 heav51 & ! sub/ance ( ^! conv]sations1 be+ transmitt$ by tradition1 suppli$ ! ,pagan philosoph]s ) _! lead+ notions4 ,! angels did n "k ev]y?+1 & !re=e ! ,greek philosophy 0 imp]fect2 b ?is ev5t =m$ ! fir/ great epo* 9 lit]>y hi/ory4 ,! second & mo/ important s\rce ( ,pagan wisdom 0 ! ,old ,te/am5t17#fdh7 ! influ5ce ( :i* _m ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians trac$ 9 e dep>tm5t ( anci5t wisdom4 ,plato _h borr[$ f x all 8 philosophy1 ,hom] ! noble/ conceptions ( 8 poetry1 ,demo/h5es ! f9e/ t\*es ( 8 eloqu5ce4 ,ev5 ,miltiades ow$ 8 milit>y skill to an assidu\s /udy ( ! ,p5tateu*1 & ! ambuscade by :i* he won ! battle ( ,m>a?on 0 imitat$ f ! /rategy ( ,moses47#fdi7 ,py?agoras1 moreov]1 _h be5 himself a circumcis$ ,jew47#fej7 ,plato _h be5 in/ruct$ 9 ,egypt by ! prophet ,j]emiah4 ,! god ,s]apis 0 no o!r ?an ! patri>* ,joseph1 8 ,egyptian "n be+ manife/ly d]iv$ f 8 great-gr&mo!r ,s>ah47#fea7 ,absurdities ( ?is k9d1 ( :i* ,i h giv5 extreme b by no means ! only examples1 7 usually prim>ily int5d$ to repel argum5ts aga9/ ,*ri/ianity1 & !y are illu/rations ( ! t5d5cy :i* has always exi/$ 9 an uncritical age to inv5t1 )\t a %ad[ ( f\ndation1 ! mo/ elaborate !ories ( explanation r ?an recognise ! smalle/ =ce 9 an objection4 ,?us1 :5 ! ,pagans attempt$ to r$uce ,*ri/ianity to a normal product ( ! human m9d1 by po9t+ to ! v num]\s ,pagan leg5ds :i* 7 precisely p>allel to ! ,jewi% hi/ories1 x 0 answ]$ t ! dmons 7 c>eful /ud5ts ( prophecy1 t !y =esaw ) t]ror ! adv5t ( _! ,div9e ,conqu]or1 & t1 9 ord] to prev5t m5 believ+ 9 him1 !y _h inv5t$1 by anticipation1 a s]ies ( leg5ds resembl+ ! ev5ts :i* 7 =etold47#feb7 ,m frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 ! e>ly ,*ri/ians retort$ ! accusations ( plagi>ism1 & by =g$ writ+s attribut$ to ,pagan au?ors1 or1 by po9t+ out alleg$ traces ( ,jewi% influ5ce 9 g5u9e ,pagan writ+s1 !y endeav\r$ to trace ?r\gh ! pa/ ! foot/eps ( _! fai?4 ,b ?is me?od ( assimilation1 :i* culm9at$ 9 ! ,gno/ics1 ! ,neoplatoni/s1 & especially 9 ,orig51 0 direct$ n to ! lat] ,/oics ( ! ,empire1 b to ! great philosoph]s :o _h prec$$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,x 0 9 ! writ+s ( ,plato1 n 9 ^? ( ,epictetus or ,m>cus ,aurelius1 t ! ,fa!rs ( ! fir/ ?ree c5turies f\nd ! influ5ce ( ! ,jewi% ,scriptures1 & at ! "t :5 ! passion = discov]+ ^! connections 0 mo/ extravagant1 ! notion ( ,s5eca & 8 foll[]s be+ inspir$ by ! ,*ri/ians 0 unkn[n4 ,dismiss+ !n1 z altoge!r gr\ndless1 ! notion t ,*ri/ianity _h obta9$ a complete or ev5 a p>tial influ5ce ov] ! philosophic classes dur+ ! p]iod ( ,/oical asc5dancy1 we come to ! op9ion ( ^? :o suppose t ! ,roman ,empire 0 conv]t$ by a sy/em ( evid5ces--by ! miracul\s pro(s ( ! div9ity ( ,*ri/ianity1 submitt$ to ! adjudication ( ! p4 ,to e/imate ?is view aright1 we h to consid] bo? ! capacity ( ! m5 ( t age = judg+ miracles1 & also--:i* is a diff]5t "q--! ext5t to :i* su* evid5ce w\ld weigh ^u _! m9ds4 ,to treat ?is subject satisfactorily1 x may be advisable to ent] at "s little l5g? into ! broad "q ( ! evid5ce ( ! miracul\s4 ,) ! exception ( a small m9ority ( ! prie/s ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 a g5]al incr$ulity on ! subject ( miracles n[ und]lies ! op9ions ( almo/ all educat$ m54 ,ne>ly e "o1 h[ev] cordially he may admit "s "o p>ticul> class ( miracles1 z a g5]al rule reg>ds ! acc\nts ( su* ev5ts1 :i* are s frequ5t 9 all old hi/orians1 z false & incr$ible1 ev5 :5 he fully believes ! natural ev5ts t are au!nticat$ by ! same te/imony4 ,! reason ( ?is incr$ulity is n altoge!r ! impossibility or ev5 extreme natural improbability ( miracles2 =1 :atev] may be ! case ) "s1 !re is at lea/ "o class or conception ( !m :i* is p]fectly free f logical difficulty4 ,!re is no contradiction involv$ 9 ! belief t spiritual be+s1 ( p[] & wisdom immeasurably transc5d+ our own1 exi/1 or t1 exi/+1 !y might1 by ! normal ex]cise ( _! p[]s1 p]=m feats z f> surpass+ ! und]/&+ ( ! mo/ gift$ ( mank9d1 z ! electric telegraph & ! pr$iction ( an eclipse surpass ! faculties ( a savage4 ,nor does ! incr$ulity arise1 ,i ?9k1 z is commonly ass]t$1 f ! want ( t am\nt & k9d ( evid5ce :i* 9 o!r dep>tm5ts is deem$ suffici5t4 ,v few ( ! m9or facts ( hi/ory are au!nticat$ by z mu* evid5ce z ! ,/igmata ( ,/4 ,francis1 or ! miracle ( ! holy ?orn1 or ^? :i* 7 said to h be5 wr\ght at ! tomb ( ! ,abb ,p>is4 ,we believe1 ) tol]able assurance1 a cr[d ( hi/orical ev5ts on ! te/imony ( "o or two ,roman hi/orians2 b :5 ,tacitus & ,suetonius describe h[ ,vespasian re/or$ a bl9d man to sight1 & a cripple to /r5g?17#fec7 _! delib]ate ass]tions d n ev5 beget 9 our m9ds a suspicion t ! n>rative may possibly be true4 ,we are q c]ta9 t miracles 7 n ord9>y occurr5ces 9 classical or m$ival times1 b ne>ly all ! contempor>y writ]s f :om we d]ive our k ( ^? p]iods 7 conv9c$ t !y 74 ,if1 !n1 ,i h correctly int]pret$ ! op9ions ( ord9>y educat$ p on ?is subject1 x appe>s t ! common attitude t[>ds miracles is n t ( d\bt1 ( hesitation1 ( discont5t ) ! exi/+ evid5ce1 b r ( absolute1 d]isive1 & ev5 unexam9+ incr$ulity4 ,su* a fact1 :5 we consid] t ! antec$5t possibility ( at lea/ "s miracles is usually admitt$1 & 9 ! face ( ! va/ mass ( tradition t may be adduc$ 9 _! fav\r1 appe>s at fir/ sight a /rik+ anomaly1 & ! m s because x c be %[n t ! belief 9 miracles _h 9 mo/ cases n be5 reason$ d[n1 b _h simply fad$ away4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! process by :i* ?is /ate ( m9d has be5 atta9$1 we may take an example 9 a sph]e :i* is happily remov$ f controv]sy4 ,!re are v few p]sons ) :om ! fictiti\s "* ( fairy tales has n ceas$ to be a "q1 or :o w\ld hesitate to disbelieve or ev5 to ridicule any anecdote ( ?is nature :i* 0 told !m1 )\t ! v smalle/ exam9ation ( its evid5ce4 ,yet1 if we ask 9 :at respect ! exi/5ce ( fairies is naturally contradictory or absurd1 x w\ld be difficult to answ] ! "q4 ,a fairy is simply a be+ possess+ a mod]ate %>e ( human intellig5ce1 ) little or no moral faculty1 ) a body pellucid1 w+$1 & volatile1 l t ( an insect1 ) a passion = danc+1 &1 p]haps1 ) an extraord9>y k ( ! prop]ties ( diff]5t plants4 ,t su* be+s %\ld exi/1 or t1 exi/+1 !y %\ld be able to d _m ?+s beyond human p[]1 are propositions :i* d n pres5t ! smalle/ difficulty4 ,= _m c5turies _! exi/5ce 0 almo/ univ]sally believ$4 ,!re is n a c\ntry1 n a prov9ce1 sc>cely a p>i%1 9 :i* traditions ( _! appe>ance 7 n long pres]v$4 ,s great a weight ( tradition1 s _m indep5d5t tra9s ( evid5ce atte/+ /atem5ts p]fectly free f intr9sic absurdity1 or ev5 improbability1 might appe> suffici5t1 if n to e/abli% conviction1 at lea/ to supply a v /rong prim facie case1 & ensure a pati5t & respectful inve/igation ( ! subject4 ,x has n done s1 & ! reason is suffici5tly pla94 ,! "q ( ! cr$ibility ( fairy tales has n be5 resolv$ by an exam9ation ( evid5ce1 b by an obs]vation ( ! laws ( hi/oric developm5t4 ,:]ev] we f9d an ignorant & ru/ic population1 ! belief 9 fairies is f\nd to exi/1 & circum/antial acc\nts ( _! app>itions are circulat$4 ,b inv>iably ) increas$ education ?is belief passes away4 ,x is n t ! fairy tales are refut$ or expla9$ away1 or ev5 n>r[ly scrut9is$4 ,x is t ! fairies cease to appe>4 ,f ! uni=mity ( ?is decl9e1 we inf] t fairy tales are ! normal product ( a c]ta9 condition ( ! imag9ation2 & ?is position is rais$ to a moral c]ta9ty :5 we f9d t ! decad5ce ( fairy tales is b "o ( a long s]ies ( simil> trans=mations4 ,:5 ! savage looks ar\nd ^u ! _w & beg9s to =m 8 !ories ( exi/5ce1 he falls at once into ?ree great errors1 :i* become ! fir/ pr9ciples ( 8 subsequ5t op9ions4 ,he believes t ?is e>? is ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 & t all ! bodies encircl+ x are int5d$ = its use2 t ! di/urbances & dislocations x pres5ts1 & especially ! ma/] curse ( dea?1 are connect$ ) "s ev5t 9 8 hi/ory1 & also t ! num]\s ph5om5a & natural vicissitudes he sees ar\nd him are due to direct & isolat$ volitions1 ei!r ( spirits presid+ ov]1 or ( intellig5ces inh]5t 91 matt]4 ,ar\nd ^! lead+ conceptions a cr[d ( p>ticul> leg5ds spe$ily clu/]4 ,if a /one falls beside him1 he naturally inf]s t "s "o has ?r[n x4 ,if x be an arolite1 x is attribut$ to "s cele/ial be+4 ,believ+ t ea* comet1 tempe/1 or pe/il5ce results f a direct & isolat$ act1 he proce$s to make !ories reg>d+ ! motives t h induc$ 8 spiritual p]secutors to assail him1 & ! me?ods by :i* he may assuage _! ang]4 ,f9d+ num]\s di/9ct tra9s or s]ies ( ph5om5a1 he inv5ts = ea* appropriate presid+ spirits4 ,miracles are to him nei!r /range ev5ts nor violations ( natural law1 b simply ! unveil+ or manife/ation ( ! ord9>y gov]nm5t ( ! _w4 ,) ^! broad intellectual conceptions sev]al m9or influ5ces concur4 ,a lat5t feti*ism1 :i* is betray$ 9 t love ( direct p]sonification1 or ( apply+ epi!ts d]iv$ f s5ti5t be+s to inanimate nature1 :i* appe>s s l>gely 9 all poetry & eloqu5ce1 & especially 9 ^? ( an e>ly p]iod ( society1 is ! root ( a great "p ( our op9ions4 ,if--to employ a v famili> illu/ration--! mo/ civilis$ & rational ( mank9d w obs]ve 8 own emotions1 :5 by "s accid5t he has /ruck 8 head viol5tly aga9/ a door-po/1 he w probably f9d t 8 fir/ exclamation 0 n m]ely ( pa9 b ( ang]1 & ( ang] direct$ aga9/ ! wood4 ,9 a mom5t reason *ecks ! emotion2 b if he obs]ves c>efully 8 own feel+s1 he may easily conv9ce himself ( ! unconsci\s feti*ism :i*1 is lat5t 9 8 m9d1 & :i*1 9 ! case ( a *ild or a savage1 displays itself )\t res]ve4 ,man in/9ctively ascribes volition to :atev] p[]fully affects him4 ,! feebl5ess ( 8 imag9ation conspires ) o!r causes to prev5t an uncivilis$ man f ris+ above ! conception ( an an?ropomorphic ,deity1 & ! caprici\s or isolat$ acts ( su* a be+ =m 8 exact notion ( miracles4 ,! same feebl5ess ( imag9ation makes him clo! all intellectual t5d5cies1 all conflict+ emotions1 all =ces1 passions1 or fancies1 9 mat]ial =ms4 ,8 m9d naturally translates ! conflict betwe5 oppos+ feel+s into a hi/ory ( ! combat betwe5 rival spirits4 ,a va/ accumulation ( my?s is spontane\sly =m$--ea* leg5d be+ m]ely ! mat]ial expression ( a moral fact4 ,! simple love ( ! wond]ful1 & ! complete abs5ce ( all critical _s1 aid ! =mation4 ,9 ?is mann] we f9d t 9 c]ta9 /ages ( society1 & "u ! action ( ! influ5ces ,i h /at$1 an accretion ( miracul\s leg5ds is naturally =m$ ar\nd prom95t p]sonages or in/itutions4 ,we look = !m z we look = %[]s 9 ,april1 or = h>ve/ 9 autumn4 ,we c v r>ely %[ ) any confid5ce ! precise mann] 9 :i* a p>ticul> leg5d is creat$ or ! nucleus ( tru? x conta9s1 b we c analyse ! g5]al causes t h impell$ m5 t[>ds ! miracul\s2 we c %[ t ^! causes h nev] fail$ to produce ! effect1 & we c trace ! gradual alt]ation ( m5tal conditions inv>iably accompany+ ! decl9e ( ! belief4 ,:5 m5 are de/itute ( critical _s1 :5 ! notion ( uni=m law is yet unborn1 & :5 _! imag9ations are /ill incapable ( ris+ to ab/ract ideas1 hi/ories ( miracles are always =m$ & always believ$1 & !y cont9ue to fl\ri% & to multiply until ^! conditions h alt]$4 ,miracles cease :5 m5 cease to believe & to expect !m4 ,9 p]iods t are equally cr$ul\s1 !y multiply or dim9i% 9 proportion to ! int5sity ) :i* ! imag9ation is direct$ to !ological topics4 ,a comp>ison ( ! hi/ories ( ! mo/ diff]5t nations %[s ! my?ical p]iod to h be5 common to all2 & we may trace 9 _m qu>t]s sub/antially ! same miracles1 ?\gh v>i$ by national *>act]i/ics1 & ) a c]ta9 local ca/ & col\r+4 ,z among ! ,alps ! same %[] falls z ra9 9 ! sunny valleys1 & z sn[ among ! l(ty peaks1 s ! same intellectual conceptions :i* 9 "o moral latitude take ! =m ( nymphs1 or fairies1 or sportive leg5ds1 appe> 9 ano!r z dmons or appall+ app>itions4 ,sometimes we c discov] ! precise natural fact :i* ! sup]/ition _h misread4 ,?us1 epilepsy1 ! ph5om5on ( nightm>e1 & t =m ( madness :i* leads m5 to imag9e !mselves trans=m$ into "s animal1 are1 d\btless1 ! explanation ( _m tales ( demoniacal possession1 ( incubi1 & ( lycan?ropy4 ,9 o!r cases we may detect a s+le error1 su* z ! notion t ! sky is close to ! e>?1 or t ! sun revolves ar\nd ! globe1 :i* _h sugge/$ ! leg5d4 ,b m frequ5tly we c give only a g5]al explanation1 enabl+ u to assign ^! leg5ds to _! place1 z ! normal expression ( a c]ta9 /age ( k or intellectual p[]2 & ?is explanation is _! refutation4 ,we d n say t !y are impossible1 or ev5 t !y are n au!nticat$ by z mu* evid5ce z _m facts we believe4 ,we only say t1 9 c]ta9 conditions ( society1 illusions ( ! k9d inevitably appe>4 ,no "o c prove t !re are no su* ?+s z gho/s2 b if a man ^: bra9 is reel+ ) fev] decl>es t he has se5 "o1 we h no great difficulty 9 =m+ an op9ion ab\t 8 ass]tion4 ,! gradual decad5ce ( miracul\s n>ratives :i* accompanies advanc+ civilisation may be *iefly trac$ to ?ree causes4 ,! fir/ is t g5]al accuracy ( obs]vation & ( /atem5t :i* all education t5ds m or less to produce1 :i* *ecks ! amplifications ( ! undiscipl9$ imag9ation1 & is spe$ily foll[$ by a mu* /rong] moral feel+ on ! subject ( tru? ?an ev] exi/s 9 a rude civilisation4 ,! second is an increas$ p[] ( ab/raction1 :i* is likewise a result ( g5]al education1 & :i*1 by correct+ ! e>ly habit ( p]sonify+ all ph5om5a1 de/roys "o ( ! mo/ prolific s\rces ( leg5ds1 & closes ! my?ical p]iod ( hi/ory4 ,! ?ird is ! progress ( physical sci5ce1 :i* gradually dispels t conception ( a univ]se gov]n$ by p]petual & arbitr>y int]f]5ce1 f :i*1 = ! mo/ "p1 ^! leg5ds orig9ally sprang4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( physical sci5ce is "o cont9u$ revelation ( ! reign ( law4 ,! same law t gov]ns ! motions ( a gra9 ( du/1 or ! light ( ! gl[worm's lamp1 is %[n to preside ov] ! m>* ( ! mo/ maje/ic planet or ! fire ( ! mo/ di/ant sun4 ,c\ntless ph5om5a1 :i* 7 = c5turies univ]sally believ$ to be ! results ( spiritual ag5cy1 port5ts ( calamity1 or acts ( ,div9e v5geance1 h be5 "o by "o expla9$1 h be5 %[n to rise f bl9d physical causes1 to be capable ( pr$iction1 or am5able to human rem$ies4 ,=ms ( madness :i* 7 = ages suppos$ to result f possession1 are treat$ successfully 9 our hospitals4 ,! adv5t ( ! comet is pr$ict$4 ,! wire inv5t$ by ! sceptic ,frankl9 def5ds ! crosses on our *ur*es f ! lightn+ /roke ( heav54 ,:e!r we exam9e ! c\rse ( ! planets or ! _w ( ! animalcul2 to :atev] field ( physical nature our rese>* is turn$1 ! uni=m1 inv>iable result ( sci5tific enquiry is to %[ t ev5 ! mo/ app>5tly irregul> & surpris+ ph5om5a are gov]n$ by natural antec$5ts1 & are p>ts ( "o great connect$ sy/em4 ,f ?is va/ concurr5ce ( evid5ce1 f ?is uni=mity ( exp]i5ce 9 s _m sph]es1 !re arises 9 ! m9ds ( sci5tific m5 a conviction1 am\nt+ to absolute moral c]ta9ty1 t ! :ole c\rse ( physical nature is gov]n$ by law1 t ! notion ( ! p]petual int]f]5ce ( ! ,deity ) "s p>ticul> classes ( its ph5om5a is false & unsci5tific1 & t ! !ological habit ( int]pret+ ! cata/rophes ( nature z ,div9e w>n+s or puni%m5ts1 or discipl9es1 is a baseless & a p]nici\s sup]/ition4 ,! effects ( ^! discov]ies ^u miracul\s leg5ds are ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a va/ numb] :i* h clu/]$ ar\nd ! notion ( ! irregul>ity ( "s ph5om5on :i* is prov$ to be regul>--su* z ! innum]able acc\nts collect$ by ! anci5ts to corroborate _! op9ion ( ! port5t\s nature ( comets--are directly ov]?r[n4 ,9 ! next place1 ! revelation ( ! int]dep5d5ce ( ph5om5a greatly increases ! improbability ( "s leg5ds :i* x does n actually disprove4 ,?us1 :5 m5 believ$ ! sun to be simply a lamp revolv+ ar\nd & light+ our _w1 !y _h no great difficulty 9 believ+ t x 0 "o day lit]ally arre/$ 9 its c\rse1 to illum9ate an army :i* 0 engag$ 9 massacr+ its enemies2 b ! case became diff]5t :5 x 0 p]ceiv$ t ! sun 0 ! c5tre ( a va/ sy/em ( worlds1 :i* a susp5sion ( ! e>?'s motion mu/ h r$uc$ to *aos1 )\t a miracle ext5d+ ?r\gh x all4 ,?us1 aga91 ! old belief t "s animals became = ! fir/ "t c>nivor\s 9 consequ5ce ( ! s9 ( ,adam1 appe>$ tol]ably simple s long z ?is revolution 0 suppos$ to be only a *ange ( habits or ( ta/es2 b x became m difficult ( belief :5 x 0 %[n to involve a *ange ( tee?2 & ! difficulty 01 ,i suppose1 /ill fur!r aggravat$ :5 x 0 prov$ t1 e animal hav+ dige/ive organs specially adapt$ to its food1 ^! also mu/ h be5 *ang$4 ,9 ! la/ place1 physical sci5ce ex]cises a /ill wid] influ5ce by de/roy+ :at ,i h call$ ! c5tre ideas out ( :i* c\ntless p>ticul> !ories 7 evolv$1 ( :i* !y 7 ! natural expression1 & ^u :i* _! p]man5ce dep5ds4 ,prov+ t our _w is n ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 b is a simple planet1 revolv+ ) _m o!rs ar\nd a common sun2 prov+ t ! di/urbances & suff]+s ( ! _w d n result f an ev5t :i* occurr$ b #f1jjj ye>s ago2 t long be=e t p]iod ! e>? 0 dislocat$ by ! mo/ fe>ful convulsions2 t c\ntless g5]ations ( s5ti5t animals1 & also1 z rec5t discov]ies appe> conclusively to %[1 ( m51 n only liv$ b di$2 prov+1 by an imm5se accumulation ( evid5ce1 t ! notion ( a univ]se gov]n$ by isolat$ acts ( special int]v5tion is untrue--physical sci5ce _h giv5 new directions to ! curr5ts ( ! imag9ation1 suppli$ ! judgm5t ) new measures ( probability1 & ?us affect$ ! :ole circle ( our beliefs4 ,) mo/ m51 h[ev]1 ! transition is z yet b imp]fectly accompli%$1 & t "p ( physical nature :i* sci5ce has hi!rto fail$ to expla9 is reg>d$ z a sph]e ( special int]position4 ,?us1 multitudes :o recognise ! fact t ! cele/ial ph5om5a are subject to inflexible law1 imag9e t ! disp5sation ( ra9 is 9 "s s5se ! result ( arbitr>y int]positions1 det]m9$ by ! conduct ( mank9d4 ,ne> ! equator1 x is true1 x is tol]ably con/ant & capable ( pr$iction2 b 9 proportion z we rec$e f ! equator1 ! ra9fall becomes m v>iable1 & consequ5tly1 9 ! eyes ( "s1 sup]natural1 & al?\gh no sci5tific man has ! fa9te/ d\bt t x is gov]n$ by laws z inflexible z ^? :i* det]m9e ! motions ( ! planets1 yet because1 ow+ to ! great complexity ( ! det]m9+ causes1 we are unable fully to expla9 !m1 x is /ill cu/om>y to speak ( 8plagues ( ra9 & wat]0 s5t on acc\nt ( our s9s1 & ( 8sc>city & de>?1 :i* we mo/ ju/ly suff] = our iniquity40 ,correspond+ language is employ$ ab\t ! =ms ( disease & dea? :i* sci5ce has b imp]fectly expla9$4 ,if m5 are employ$ 9 "s pr(ession :i* compels !m to inhale /eel fil+s or noxi\s vap\rs1 or if !y live 9 a pe/il5tial m>%1 ! diseases t result f ^! conditions are n reg>d$ z a judgm5t or a discipl9e1 = ! natural cause is obvi\s & decisive4 ,b if ! conditions t produc$ ! disease are v subtle & v complicat$2 if physicians are incapable ( trac+ ) c]ta9ty its nature or its effects2 if1 above all1 x assumes ! "* ( an epidemic1 x is cont9ually treat$ z a ,div9e judgm5t4 ,! presumption aga9/ ?is view arises n only f ! fact t1 9 exact proportion z m$ical sci5ce advances1 diseases are prov$ to be ! necess>y consequ5ce ( physical conditions1 b also f _m *>act]i/ics ( unexpla9$ disease :i* unequivocally prove x to be natural4 ,?us1 *ol]a1 :i* is frequ5tly treat$ accord+ to ! !ological me?od1 v>ies ) ! conditions ( temp]ature1 is eng5d]$ by p>ticul> =ms ( diet1 foll[s ! c\rse ( riv]s1 yields 9 "s measure to m$ical treatm5t1 c be aggravat$ or mitigat$ by c\rses ( conduct t h no relation to vice or virtue1 takes its victims indiscrim9ately f all grades ( morals or op9ion4 ,usually1 :5 def9ite causes are assign$ = a suppos$ judgm5t1 !y lead to consequ5ces ( ! mo/ grotesque absurdity4 ,?us1 :5 a deadly & my/]i\s disease fell ^u ! cattle ( ,engl&1 "s div9es1 n cont5t ) treat+ x z a judgm5t1 proce$$ to trace x to c]ta9 popul> writ+s conta9+ :at 7 deem$ het]odox op9ions ab\t ! ,p5tateu*1 or ab\t ! et]nity ( puni%m5t4 ,x may be true t ! disease 0 import$ f a c\ntry :]e su* speculations are unkn[n2 t ! au?ors object$ to _h no cattle2 t ! f>m]s1 :o *iefly suff]$ by ! disease1 7 = ! mo/ "p absolutely unconsci\s ( ! exi/5ce ( ^! books1 & if !y knew !m w\ld h indignantly repudiat$ !m2 t ! t[n populations1 :o *iefly read !m1 7 only affect$ indirectly by a rise 9 ! price ( food1 :i* falls ) p]fect imp>tiality ^u ! or?odox & ^u ! het]odox2 t p>ticul> c\nties 7 peculi>ly suff]]s1 )\t be+ at all conspicu\s = _! scepticism2 t simil> writ+s appe>$ 9 =m] p]iods1 )\t cattle be+ 9 any respect ! worse2 & t1 at ! v p]iod at :i* ! plague 0 rag+1 o!r c\ntries1 9 :i* f> m audaci\s speculations 7 rife1 enjoy$ an absolute immunity4 ,9 ! face ( all ^! consequ5ces1 ! !ory has be5 confid5tly urg$ & w>mly applaud$4 ,x is n1 ,i ?9k1 suffici5tly obs]v$ h[ l>ge a proportion ( su* que/ions are capable ( a /rictly inductive me?od ( discussion4 ,if x is said t plagues or pe/il5ces are s5t z a puni%m5t ( error or ( vice1 ! ass]tion mu/ be te/$ by a compreh5sive exam9ation ( ! hi/ory ( plagues on ! "o h&1 & ( p]iods ( great vice & het]odoxy on ! o!r4 ,if x be said t an influ5ce m p[]ful ?an any milit>y ag5cy directs ! c\rse ( battles1 ! action ( ?is =ce mu/ be detect$ z we w\ld detect electricity1 or any o!r =ce1 by exp]im5t4 ,if ! attribute ( infallibility be ascrib$ to a p>ticul> ,*ur*1 an inductive reason] w n be cont5t ) enquir+ h[ f> an infallible ,*ur* w\ld be a desirable ?+1 or h[ f> c]ta9 anci5t words may be con/ru$ z a pr$iction ( its appe>ance2 he w exam9e1 by a wide & c>eful survey ( ecclesia/ical hi/ory1 :e!r ?is ,*ur* has actually be5 immutable & consi/5t 9 its tea*+2 :e!r x has nev] be5 affect$ by ! ignorance or ! passion ( ! age2 :e!r its influ5ce has uni=mly be5 ex]t$ on ! side :i* prov$ to be true2 :e!r x has nev] support$ by its au?ority sci5tific views :i* 7 aft]w>ds demon/rat$ to be false1 or c\nt5anc$ & consolidat$ popul> errors1 or ?r[n ob/acles 9 ! pa? ( ^? :o 7 aft]w>ds recognis$ z ! enlight5]s ( mank9d4 ,if ecclesia/ical delib]ations are said to be specially inspir$ or direct$ by an illum9at+ & sup]natural p[]1 we %\ld exam9e :e!r ! c\ncils & convocations ( cl]gym5 exhibit a degree & h>mony ( wisdom t _c reasonably be acc\nt$ = by ! play ( our unassi/$ faculties4 ,if in/itutions are said to owe _! gr[? to special sup]natural ag5cies1 di/9ct f ! ord9>y sy/em ( natural laws1 we mu/ exam9e :e!r _! c\rses are s /rik+ & s peculi> t natural laws fail to expla9 !m4 ,:5ev]1 z 9 ! case ( a battle1 v _m influ5ces concur to ! result1 x w frequ5tly happ5 t t result w baffle our pr$ictions4 ,x w also happ5 t /range co9cid5ces1 su* z ! frequ5t recurr5ce ( ! same numb] 9 a game ( *ance1 w occur4 ,b !re are limits to ^! v>iations f :at we reg>d z probable4 ,if1 9 ?r[+ ! dice1 we uni=mly atta9$ ! same numb]1 or if 9 w> ! army :i* 0 mo/ de/itute ( all milit>y advantages 0 uni=mly victori\s1 we %\ld readily inf] t "s special cause 0 op]at+ to produce ! result4 ,we mu/ rememb]1 too1 t 9 e great hi/orical crisis ! preval5ce ( ei!r side w br+ ) x a long tra9 ( consequ5ces1 & t we only see "o side ( ! picture4 ,if ,hannibal1 aft] 8 victory at ,cann1 _h captur$ & burnt ,rome1 ! va/ s]ies ( results t h foll[$ f ! asc5dancy ( ! ,roman ,empire w\ld nev] h tak5 place1 b ! supremacy ( a m>itime1 comm]cial1 & comp>atively pacific p[] w\ld h produc$ an entirely diff]5t s]ies1 :i* w\ld h =m$ ! basis & be5 ! ess5tial condition ( all ! subsequ5t progress2 a civilisation1 ! type & "* ( :i* x is n[ impossible to conjecture1 w\ld h aris51 & its !ologians w\ld probably h reg>d$ ! c>e] ( ,hannibal z "o ( ! mo/ manife/ in/ances ( special int]position on record4 ,if we w\ld =m s\nd op9ions on ^! matt]s1 we mu/ take a v wide & imp>tial survey ( ! ph5om5a ( hi/ory4 ,we mu/ exam9e :e!r ev5ts h t5d$ 9 a giv5 direction ) a uni=mity or a p]si/5ce t is n naturally explicable4 ,we mu/ exam9e n only ! facts t corroborate our !ory1 b also ^? :i* oppose x4 ,t su* a me?od is n ord9>ily adopt$ mu/ be manife/ to all4 ,z ,bacon said1 m5 8m>k ! hits1 b n ! misses20 !y collect indu/ri\sly ! examples 9 :i* _m1 & sometimes improbable1 circum/ances h conv]g$ to a result :i* !y consid] good1 & !y simply leave out ( _! consid]ation ! circum/ances t t5d 9 ! opposite direction4 ,!y expatiate ) triumph ^u ! c>e]s ( emp]ors :o h be5 ! unconsci\s pione]s or ag5ts 9 "s great movem5t ( human progress1 b !y d n dwell ^u ^? ^: g5ius 0 exp5d$ 9 a hopeless resi/ance1 or ^u ^? :o1 l ,bajazet or ,tam]lane1 hav+ inflict$ incalculable evils ^u mank9d1 pass$ away1 leav+ no endur+ fruit beh9d !m4 ,a hundr$ mission>ies />t ^u an ent]prise1 ! success ( :i* appe>s exce$+ly improbable4 ,n9ety-n9e p]i% & are =gott54 ,"o mission>y succe$s1 & 8 success is attribut$ to sup]natural int]f]5ce1 because ! probabilities 7 s greatly aga9/ him4 ,x is obs]v$ t a long tra9 ( political or milit>y ev5ts ensur$ ! triumph ( ,prote/antism 9 c]ta9 nations & p]iods4 ,x is =gott5 t ano!r tra9 ( ev5ts de/roy$ ! same fai? 9 o!r l&s1 & p>alys$ ! ef=ts ( its noble/ m>tyrs4 ,we are told ( %[]s ( ra9 t foll[$ public pray]2 b we are n told h[ (t5 pray]s = ra9 prov$ abortive1 or h[ mu* long] ?an usual ! dry wea!r _h already cont9u$ :5 !y 7 (f]$47#fed7 ,z ! old philosoph] obs]v$1 ! votive tablets ( ^? :o escap$ are susp5d$ 9 ! temple1 :ile ^? :o 7 %ipwreck$ are =gott54 ,un=tunately1 ^! inconsi/5cies d n arise simply f intellectual causes4 ,a feel+ :i* 0 int5d$ to be religi\s1 b :i* 0 9 tru? deeply ! rev]se1 once l$ m5 to %r9k f exam9+ ! causes ( "s ( ! m t]rible ( physical ph5om5a1 because x 0 ?\ght t ^! %\ld be deem$ special in/ances ( ,div9e int]f]5ce1 & %\ld1 !re=e1 be reg>d$ z too sacr$ = inve/igation47#fee7 ,9 ! _w ( physical sci5ce ?is mode ( ?\ght has almo/ vani%$1 b a correspond+ s5tim5t may be (t5 detect$ 9 ! common judgm5ts ( hi/ory4 ,v _m well-mean+ m5--c5sur+ ! pursuit ( tru? 9 ! "n ( ! ,god ( ,tru?--:ile !y reg>d x z comm5dable & religi\s to collect facts illu/rat+ or corroborat+ ! !ological !ory ( life1 consid] x irrev]5t & wrong to apply to ^? facts1 & to t !ory1 ! ord9>y sev]ity ( inductive reason+4 ,:at ,i h writt5 is n 9 any degree inconsi/5t ) ! belief t1 by ! disp5sation ( ,provid5ce1 moral causes h a natural & (t5 ov]:elm+ influ5ce ^u happ9ess & ^u success1 nor yet ) ! belief t our moral nature ent]s into a v real1 con/ant1 & imm$iate contact ) a high] p[]4 ,nor does x at all disprove ! possibility ( ,div9e int]f]5ce ) ! ord] ev5 ( physical nature4 ,a _w gov]n$ by special acts ( int]v5tion1 su* z t :i* m$ival !ologians imag9$1 is p]fectly conceivable1 ?\gh x is probable t mo/ imp>tial enquir]s w conv9ce !mselves t ?is is n ! sy/em ( ! planet we inhabit2 & if any in/ance ( su* int]f]5ce be suffici5tly atte/$1 x %\ld n be reject$ z intr9sically impossible4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ! fundam5tal error ( mo/ writ]s on miracles1 t !y conf9e _! att5tion to two po9ts--! possibility ( ! fact1 & ! nature ( ! evid5ce4 ,!re is a ?ird elem5t1 :i* 9 ^! que/ions is ( capital importance3 ! pr$isposition ( m5 9 c]ta9 /ages ( society t[>ds ! miracul\s1 :i* is s /rong t miracul\s /ories are !n inv>iably circulat$ & cr$it$1 & :i* makes an am\nt ( evid5ce t w\ld be q suffici5t to e/abli% a natural fact1 altoge!r inadequate to e/abli% a sup]natural "o4 ,! positions = :i* ,i h be5 cont5d+ are t a p]petual int]f]5ce ( ! ,deity ) ! natural c\rse ( ev5ts is ! e>lie/ & simple/ notion ( miracles1 & t ?is notion1 :i* is impli$ 9 s _m sy/ems ( belief1 arose 9 "p f an ignorance ( ! laws ( nature1 & 9 "p also f an incapacity = inductive reason+1 :i* l$ m5 m]ely to collect facts co9cid+ ) _! preconceiv$ op9ions1 )\t att5d+ to ^? t 7 inconsi/5t ) !m4 ,by ?is me?od !re is no sup]/ition t c\ld n be def5d$4 ,volumes h be5 writt5 giv+ p]fectly au!ntic hi/ories ( w>s1 fam9es1 & pe/il5ces t foll[$ ! appe>ance ( comets4 ,!re is n an om51 n a progno/ic1 h[ev] *ildi%1 t has n1 9 ! inf9ite v>iety ( ev5ts1 be5 occasionally v]ifi$1 & to m9ds t are "u ! influ5ce ( a sup]/iti\s imag9ation ^! occasional v]ifications m ?an outweigh all ! in/ances ( error4 ,simple k is :olly insuffici5t to correct ! disease4 ,no "o is s firmly conv9c$ ( ! reality ( lucky & unlucky days1 & ( sup]natural port5ts1 z ! sailor1 :o has sp5t 8 life 9 wat*+ ! deep1 & has le>nt to read ) almo/ un]r+ skill ! promise ( ! cl\ds4 ,no "o is m p]suad$ ( ! sup]/itions ab\t =tune ?an ! habitual gambl]4 ,soon] ?an ab&on 8 !ory1 !re is no extravagance ( hypo!sis to :i* ! sup]/iti\s man w n resort4 ,! anci5ts 7 conv9c$ t dreams 7 usually sup]natural4 ,if ! dream 0 v]ifi$1 ?is 0 pla9ly a prophecy4 ,if ! ev5t 0 ! exact opposite ( :at ! dream =e%ad[$1 ! latt] 0 /ill sup]natural1 = x 0 a recognis$ pr9ciple t dreams %\ld sometimes be int]pret$ by contr>ies4 ,if ! dream bore no relation to subsequ5t ev5ts1 unless x 7 trans=m$ into a fanta/ic allegory1 x 0 /ill sup]natural1 = allegory 0 "o ( ! mo/ ord9>y =ms ( revelation4 ,if no +5uity ( int]pretation c\ld f9d a prophetic mean+ 9 a dream1 its sup]natural "* 0 ev5 !n n necess>ily de/roy$2 = ,hom] said !re 0 a special portal ?r\gh :i* deceptive visions pass$ into ! m9d1 & ! ,fa!rs decl>$ t x 0 "o ( ! occupations ( ! dmons to p]plex & bewild] u ) unmean+ dreams4 ,to e/imate aright ! =ce ( ! pr$isposition to ! miracul\s %\ld be "o ( ! fir/ tasks ( ! enquir] into its reality2 & no "o1 ,i ?9k1 c exam9e ! subject ) imp>tiality )\t arriv+ at ! conclusion t 9 _m p]iods ( hi/ory x has be5 s /rong z to accumulate ar\nd pure delusions an am\nt ( evid5ce f> great] ?an w\ld be suffici5t to e/abli% ev5 improbable natural facts4 ,?r\gh ! entire duration ( ,pagan ,rome1 x 0 reg>d$ z an unque/ionable tru?1 e/abli%$ by ! mo/ ample exp]i5ce1 t prodigies ( v>i\s k9ds ann\nc$ e memorable ev5t1 & t sacrifices _h ! p[] ( mitigat+ or arre/+ calamity4 ,9 ! ,republic1 ! ,s5ate itself (ficially v]ifi$ & expla9$ ! prodigies47#fef7 ,9 ! ,empire !re is n an hi/orian1 f ,tacitus d[n to ! meane/ writ] 9 ! ,augu/an hi/ory1 :o 0 n conv9c$ t num]\s prodigies =e%ad[$ ! accession & dea? ( e sov]eign1 & e great cata/rophe t fell ^u ! p4 ,cic]o c\ld say ) tru? t !re 0 n a s+le nation ( antiquity1 f ! poli%$ ,greek to ! rude/ savage1 :i* did n admit ! exi/5ce ( a real art enabl+ m5 to =etell ! future1 & t ! spl5did temples ( ! oracles1 :i* = s _m c5turies comm&$ ! rev]5ce ( mank9d1 suffici5tly atte/$ ! int5sity ( ! belief47#feg7 ,! reality ( ! wit* miracles 0 e/abli%$ by a critical tribunal1 :i*1 h[ev] imp]fect1 0 at lea/ ! mo/ se>*+ !n exi/+ 9 ! _w1 by ! judicial decisions ( ! law c\rts ( e ,european c\ntry1 support$ by ! unanim\s voice ( public op9ion1 & corroborat$ by ! inve/igation ( "s ( ! able/ m5 dur+ sev]al c5turies4 ,! belief t ! k+'s t\* c cure scr(ula fl\ri%$ 9 ! mo/ brilliant p]iods ( ,engli% hi/ory47#feh7 ,x 0 un%ak5 by ! mo/ num]\s & public exp]im5ts4 ,x 0 ass]t$ by ! privy c\ncil1 by ! bi%ops ( two religions1 by ! g5]al voice ( ! cl]gy 9 ! palmie/ days ( ! ,engli% ,*ur*1 by ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d1 & by ! en?usia/ic ass5t ( ! p4 ,x surviv$ ! ages ( ! ,re=mation1 ( ,bacon1 ( ,milton1 & ( ,hobbes4 ,x 0 by no means ext9ct 9 ! age ( ,locke1 & w\ld probably h la/$ /ill long]1 _h n ! *ange ( dyna/y at ! ,revolution assi/$ ! t>dy scepticism47#fei7 ,yet !re is n[ sc>cely an educat$ man :o w def5d ^! miracles4 ,consid]$ ab/ract$ly1 inde$1 x is p]fectly conceivable t ,provid5ce might h ann\nc$ com+ ev5ts by prodigies1 or imp>t$ to "s "o a miracul\s p[]1 or p]mitt$ evil spirits to exi/ among mank9d & assi/ !m 9 _! ent]prises4 ,! evid5ce e/abli%+ ^! miracles is cumulative1 & x is immeasurably great] ?an ! evid5ce ( _m natural facts1 su* z ! e>?quakes at ,antio*1 :i* no "o w\ld dream ( que/ion+4 ,we disbelieve ! miracles1 because an ov]:elm+ exp]i5ce proves t 9 c]ta9 intellectual conditions1 & "u ! influ5ce ( c]ta9 errors :i* we are enabl$ to trace1 sup]/itions ( ?is ord] inv>iably appe> & fl\ri%1 & t1 :5 ^! intellectual conditions h pass$1 ! prodigies z inv>iably cease1 & ! :ole fabric ( sup]/ition melts sil5tly away4 ,x is extremely difficult = an ord9>y man1 :o is little conv]sant ) ! writ+s ( ! pa/1 & :o unconsci\sly transf]s to o!r ages ! critical _s ( 8 own1 to realise ! fact t hi/ories ( ! mo/ grotesquely extravagant nature c\ld1 dur+ ! space ( _m c5turies1 be cont9ually prop\nd$ )\t ei!r provok+ ! smalle/ "q or possess+ ! smalle/ tru?4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 und]/& some?+ ( ?is cr$ulity :5 we rememb] ! div]sion ( ! anci5t m9d f physical sci5ce to speculative philosophy2 ! want ( ! _m *ecks ^u error :i* pr9t+ af=ds2 ! complete abs5ce ( t habit ( cauti\s1 exp]im5tal rese>* :i* ,bacon & 8 contempor>ies infus$ into mod]n philosophy2 &1 9 ,*ri/ian times1 ! !ological notion t ! _s ( belief is a virtue1 & ! _s ( scepticism a s94 ,we mu/ rememb]1 too1 t be=e m5 _h f\nd ! key to ! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies--be=e ! false !ory ( ! vortices & ! true !ory ( gravitation--:5 ! multitude ( app>5tly caprici\s ph5om5a 0 v great1 ! notion t ! _w 0 gov]n$ by di/9ct & isolat$ influ5ces 0 t :i* appe>$ mo/ probable ev5 to ! mo/ rational intellect4 ,9 su* a condition ( k--:i* 0 t ( ! mo/ enlight5$ days ( ! ,roman ,empire--! hypo!sis ( univ]sal law 0 ju/ly reg>d$ z a ra% & premature g5]alisation4 ,e enquir] 0 confront$ ) innum]able ph5om5a t 7 deem$ pla9ly miracul\s4 ,:5 ,lucretius s\ght to bani% ! sup]natural f ! univ]se1 he 0 compell$ to employ mu* +5uity 9 endeav\r+ to expla91 by a natural law1 :y a miracul\s f\nta9 ne> ! temple ( ,jupit] ,ammon 0 hot by night & cold by day1 & :y ! temp]ature ( wells 0 high] 9 w9t] ?an 9 summ]47#ffj7 ,eclipses 7 suppos$ by ! populace to =e%ad[ calamity2 b ! ,roman soldi]s believ$ t by beat+ drums & cymbals !y c\ld cause ! moon's disc to rega9 its brightness47#ffa7 ,9 ob$i5ce to dreams1 ! great ,emp]or ,augu/us w5t begg+ money ?r\gh ! /reets ( ,rome17#ffb7 & ! hi/orian :o records ! act himself wrote to ,pl9y1 entreat+ ! po/ponem5t ( a trial47#ffc7 ,! /roke ( ! lightn+ 0 an augury17#ffd7 & its m5ace 0 direct$ especially aga9/ ! great1 :o c[]$ 9 abject t]ror dur+ a ?und]-/orm4 ,augu/us us$ to gu>d himself aga9/ ?und] by we>+ ! sk9 ( a sea-calf47#ffe7 ,tib]ius1 :o pr(ess$ to be a complete free?9k]1 _h great] fai? 9 laurel leaves47#fff7 ,caligula 0 accu/om$ dur+ a ?und]/orm to creep b5ea? 8 b$47#ffg7 ,dur+ ! games 9 hon\r ( ,julius ,cs>1 a comet appe>+ = sev5 days 9 ! sky1 ! p believ$ x to be ! s\l ( ! dead17#ffh7 & a temple 0 erect$ 9 its hon\r47#ffi7 ,sometimes we f9d ?is cr$ulity brok5 by curi\s inconsi/5cies ( belief1 or semi-rationali/ic explanations4 ,livy1 :o relates ) p]fect fai? innum]able prodigies1 has obs]v$1 nev]!less1 t ! m prodigies are believ$1 ! m !y are ann\nc$47#fgj7 ,^? :o admitt$ mo/ fully ! reality ( ! oracles occasionally repres5t$ !m z natural cont5d+ t a prophetic faculty 0 innate 9 all m51 ?\gh dormant 9 mo/2 t x might be quick5$ into action by sleep1 by a pure & ascetic life1 or 9 ! pro/ration t prec$es dea?1 or 9 ! delirium produc$ by c]ta9 vap\rs2 & t ! gradual enfeebl+ ( ! la/ 0 ! cause ( ! cessation ( ! oracles47#fga7 ,e>?quakes 7 believ$ to result f sup]natural int]positions1 & to call = expiatory sacrifices1 b at ! same "t !y _h direct natural antec$5ts4 ,! ,greeks believ$ t !y 7 caus$ by subt]ranean wat]s1 & !y accord+ly sacrific$ to ,poseidon4 ,! ,romans 7 unc]ta9 z to _! physical antec$5ts1 & !re=e inscrib$ no "n on ! alt> ( expiation47#fgb7 ,py?agoras is said to h attribut$ !m to ! /ruggl+s ( ! dead47#fgc7 ,pl9y1 aft] a long discussion1 decid$ t !y 7 produc$ by air =c+ itself ?r\gh fissures ( ! e>?1 b he imm$iately proce$s to ass]t t !y are inv>iably ! precursors ( calamity47#fgd7 ,! same writ]1 hav+ rec\nt$ ! triumph ( a/ronom]s 9 pr$ict+ & expla9+ eclipses1 bur/s into an eloqu5t apo/rophe to ^? great m5 :o _h ?us reclaim$ man f ! dom9ion ( sup]/ition1 & 9 high & en?usia/ic t]ms urges !m to pursue /ill fur!r _! lab\r 9 break+ ! ?raldom ( ignorance47#fge7 ,a few *apt]s lat] he pr(esses 8 unhesitat+ belief 9 ! om9\s "* ( comets47#fgf7 ,! notions1 too1 ( magic & a/rology1 7 deta*$ f all !ological belief1 & might be f\nd among _m :o 7 absolute a!i/s47#fgg7 ,^! few examples w be suffici5t to %[ h[ fully ! ,roman soil 0 prep>$ = ! reception ( miracul\s hi/ories1 ev5 aft] ! writ+s ( ,cic]o & ,s5eca1 9 ! brilliant days ( ,augu/us & ! ,anton9es4 ,! feebl5ess ( ! uncultivat$ m9d1 :i* _c rise above mat]ial conceptions1 _h inde$ pass$ away1 ! leg5ds ( ! popul> !ology _h lo/ all p[] ov] ! educat$1 b at ! same "t an absolute ignorance ( physical sci5ce & ( inductive reason+ rema9$4 ,! facility ( belief t 0 manife/$ by "s ( ! mo/ em95t m51 ev5 on matt]s t 7 n deem$ sup]natural1 c only be realis$ by ^? :o h an intimate acqua9tance ) _! works4 ,?us1 to give b a few examples1 t great naturali/ :om ,i h s (t5 cit$ tells u ) ! utmo/ gravity h[ ! fi]ce/ lion trembles at ! cr[+ ( a cock27#fgh7 h[ elephants celebrate _! religi\s c]emonies27#fgi7 h[ ! /ag draws s]p5ts by its brea? f _! holes1 & !n tramples !m to dea?27#fhj7 h[ ! salam&] is s deadly t ! food cook$ 9 wat]1 or ! fruit gr[n on trees x has t\*$1 are fatal to man27#fha7 h[1 :5 a %ip is fly+ be=e s fi]ce a tempe/ t no an*ors or *a9s c hold x1 if only ! remora or e*9us fa/5s on its keel1 x is arre/$ 9 its c\rse1 & rema9s motionless & root$ among ! waves47#fhb7 ,on matt]s t w\ld appe> ! mo/ easily v]ifi$1 he is equally confid5t4 ,?us1 ! human saliva1 he assures u1 has _m my/]i\s prop]ties4 ,if a man1 especially :5 fa/+1 spits into ! ?roat ( a s]p5t1 x is said t ! animal spe$ily dies47#fhc7 ,x is c]ta9 t to ano9t ! eyes ) spittle is a sov]eign rem$y aga9/ oph?almia47#fhd7 ,if a pugili/1 hav+ /ruck 8 adv]s>y1 spits into 8 own h&1 ! pa9 he caus$ in/antly ceases4 ,if he spits into 8 h& be=e /rik+1 ! bl[ is ! m sev]e47#fhe7 ,ari/otle1 ! greate/ naturali/ ( ,greece1 _h obs]v$ t x 0 a curi\s fact t on ! sea-%ore no animal ev] dies except dur+ ! ebb+ ( ! tide4 ,sev]al c5turies lat]1 ,pl9y1 ! greate/ naturali/ ( an empire t 0 wa%$ by _m tidal seas1 direct$ 8 att5tion to ?is /atem5t4 ,he decl>$ t1 aft] c>eful obs]vations :i* _h be5 made 9 ,gaul1 x _h be5 f\nd to be inaccurate1 = :at ,ari/otle /at$ ( all animals 0 9 fact only true ( man47#fhf7 ,x 0 9 #agbg & ! two foll[+ ye>s1 t sci5tific obs]vations made at ,ro*e=t & at ,bre/ f9ally dissipat$ ! delusion47#fhg7 ,volumes might be fill$ ) illu/rations ( h[ readily1 9 ! mo/ enlight5$ days ( ! ,roman ,empire1 /range1 & especially miracul\s1 tales 7 believ$1 ev5 "u circum/ances t w\ld appe> to give e facility = ! detection ( ! impo/ure4 ,9 ! field ( ! sup]natural1 h[ev]1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t a movem5t1 :i* ,i h trac$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 _h produc$ a v exceptional am\nt ( cr$ulity dur+ ! c5tury & a half t prec$$ ! conv]sion ( ,con/ant9e4 ,nei!r ! writ+s ( ,cic]o & ,s5eca1 nor ev5 ^? ( ,pl9y & ,plut>*1 c be reg>d$ z fair samples ( ! belief ( ! educat$4 ,! ,epicurean philosophy :i* reject$1 ! ,academic philosophy :i* d\bt$1 & ! ,/oic philosophy :i* simplifi$ & sublimat$ sup]/ition1 _h alike disappe>$4 ,! 8,m$itations0 ( ,m>cus ,aurelius clos$ ! p]iod ( ,/oical influ5ce1 & ! 8,dialogues0 ( ,lucian 7 ! la/ solit>y prote/ ( expir+ scepticism47#fhh7 ,! aim ( ! philosophy ( ,cic]o _h be5 to asc]ta9 tru? by ! free ex]cise ( ! critical p[]s4 ,! aim ( ! ,py?agorean philosophy 0 to atta9 ! /ate ( ec/asy1 & to purify ! m9d by religi\s rites4 ,e philosoph] soon plung$ into magical practices1 & 0 encircl$1 9 ! eyes ( 8 disciples1 ) a halo ( leg5d4 ,apollonius ( ,tyana1 :om ! ,pagans oppos$ to ,*ri/1 _h rais$ ! dead1 heal$ ! sick1 ca/ out devils1 fre$ a "y man f a lamia or vampire ) :om he 0 enam\r$1 prophesi$1 se5 9 "o c\ntry ev5ts t 7 occurr+ 9 ano!r1 & fill$ ! _w ) ! fame ( 8 miracles & ( 8 sanctity47#fhi7 ,a simil> p[]1 not)/&+ 8 own disclaim]1 0 popul>ly attribut$ to ! ,platoni/ ,apuleius47#fij7 ,lucian has left u a detail$ acc\nt ( ! impo/ures by :i* ! philosoph] ,alex&] endeav\r$ to acquire ! fame ( a miracle-work]47#fia7 ,:5 a magician plott$ aga9/ ,plot9us1 8 spells recoil$ miracul\sly aga9/ himself2 & :5 an ,egyptian prie/ endeav\r$ by incantations to evoke ! gu>dian dmon ( ! philosoph]1 in/ead ( a dmon ! temple ( ,isis 0 irradiat$ by ! pres5ce ( a god47#fib7 ,porphyry 0 said to h expell$ an evil dmon f a ba?47#fic7 ,x 0 report$ among 8 disciples t :5 ,iambli*us pray$ he 0 rais$ 7l ! sa9ts ( ano!r cre$7 t5 cubits f ! gr\nd1 & t 8 body & 8 dress assum$ a gold5 hue47#fid7 ,x 0 well kn[n t he _h at ,gad>a drawn =? f ! wat]s ( two f\nta9s _! gu>dian spirits1 & exhibit$ !m 9 bodily =m to 8 disciples47#fie7 ,a woman nam$ ,sospitra _h be5 visit$ by two spirits "u ! =m ( ag$ ,*aldeans1 & _h be5 end[$ ) a transc5d5t beauty & ) a sup]human k4 ,rais$ above all human frailties1 save only love & dea?1 %e 0 able to see at once ! de$s :i* 7 done 9 e l&1 & ! p1 dazzl$ by h] beauty & h] wisdom1 ascrib$ to h] a %>e ( ! omnipres5ce ( ! ,deity47#fif7 ,*ri/ianity float$ into ! ,roman ,empire on ! wave ( cr$ulity t br\ght ) x ?is long tra9 ( ,ori5tal sup]/itions & leg5ds4 ,9 its moral aspect x 0 broadly di/+ui%$ f ! sy/ems ar\nd x1 b its miracles 7 accept$ by bo? fri5d & foe z ! ord9>y accompanim5ts ( religi\s tea*+4 ,! ,jews1 9 ! eyes ( ! ,pagans1 _h long be5 prov]bial = _! cr$ulity17#fig7 & ! ,*ri/ians inh]it$ a d\ble measure ( _! reputation4 ,nor is x possible to d5y t 9 ! matt] ( ! miracul\s ! reputation 0 des]v$4 ,among ! ,pagans ! !ory ( ,euhem]us1 :o believ$ ! gods to be b deifi$ m51 _h be5 ! /ronghold ( ! ,sceptics1 :ile ! ,platonic notion ( dmons 0 adopt$ by ! m believ+ philosoph]s4 ,! ,*ri/ian tea*]s comb9$ bo? !ories1 ma9ta9+ t deceas$ k+s _h orig9ally suppli$ ! names ( ! deities1 b t malevol5t dmons _h tak5 _! places2 & )\t a s+le exception ! ,fa!rs ma9ta9$ ! reality ( ! ,pagan miracles z fully z _! own47#fih7 ,! oracles1 z we h se51 _h be5 ridicul$ & reject$ by numb]s ( ! philosoph]s1 b ! ,*ri/ians unanim\sly admitt$ _! reality4 ,!y appeal$ to a long s]ies ( oracles z pr$ictions ( _! fai?2 & !re is1 ,i believe1 no example ( ! d5ial ( _! sup]natural "* 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* till #afif1 :5 a ,dut* ,anabapti/ m9i/] nam$ ,van ,dale1 9 a rem>kable book17#fii7 :i* 0 abridg$ & translat$ by ,font5elle1 ass]t$1 9 opposition to ! unanim\s voice ( ecclesia/ical au?ority1 t !y 7 simple impo/ures--a !ory :i* is n[ almo/ univ]sally accept$4 ,to suppose t m5 :o held ^! op9ions 7 capable1 9 ! second or ?ird c5turies1 ( asc]ta9+ ) any degree ( j confid5ce :e!r miracles _h tak5 place 9 ,juda 9 ! fir/ c5tury1 is grossly absurd2 nor w\ld ! conviction ( _! reality h made any great impression on _! m9ds at a "t :5 miracles 7 suppos$ to be s abundantly diffus$4 ,9 tru?1 ! "q ( ! reality ( ! ,jewi% miracles mu/ be c>efully di/+ui%$ f t ( ! conv]sion ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,) ! light t is furni%$ to u by mod]n inve/igations & habits ( ?\ght1 we weigh ! te/imony ( ! ,jewi% writ]s2 b mo/ ( ! m judici\s ( mod]n apologi/s1 consid]+ ! extreme cr$ulity ( ! ,jewi% p1 decl9e to make ! "q simply "o ( evid5ce1 & occupy !mselves *iefly 9 endeav\r+ to %[ t miracles are possible1 t ^? record$ 9 ! ,biblical n>ratives are relat$ 9 su* a mann]1 & are s int]wov5 ) ! texture ( a simple & artless n>rative1 z to c>ry ) !m an int]nal pro( ( _! reality2 t !y diff] 9 k9d f lat] miracles1 & especially t ! "* & de/9ies ( ,*ri/ianity are su* z to r5d] its miracul\s orig9 antec$5tly probable4 ,b 9 ! ages :5 ! ,roman ,empire 0 *iefly conv]t$1 all s\nd & discrim9at+ hi/orical inve/igation ( ! evid5ce ( ! e>ly miracles 0 impossible1 nor 0 any l>ge use made ( ^? miracles z pro(s ( ! religion4 ,! rhetorician ,arnobius is probably ! only "o ( ! e>ly apologi/s :o gives1 among ! evid5ces ( ! fai?1 any prom95t place to ! miracles ( ,*ri/47#gjj7 ,:5 evid5tial reason+ 0 employ$1 x 0 usually an appeal n to miracles1 b to prophecy4 ,b "h aga9 ! op9ions ( ! patri/ic age mu/ be pron\nc$ absolutely wor?less4 ,to prove t ev5ts _h tak5 place 9 ,juda1 accurately correspond+ ) ! prophecies1 or t ! prophecies 7 !mselves g5u9e1 7 bo? tasks f> transc5d+ ! critical p[]s ( ! ,roman conv]ts4 ,! wild extravagance ( fanta/ic allegory1 commonly connect$ ) ,orig51 b :i* appe>s at a mu* e>li] date 9 ! writ+s ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr & ,ir5u1 _h ?r[n ! int]pretation ( prophecy into hopeless confusion1 :ile ! delib]ate & app>5tly p]fectly unscrupul\s =g]y ( a :ole lit]ature1 de/9$ to fur!r ! propagation ei!r ( ,*ri/ianity z a :ole1 or ( "s p>ticul> class ( t5ets t _h aris5 )9 its bord]17#gja7 made criticism at once pre-em95tly difficult & necess>y4 ,a long s]ies ( oracles 7 cit$1 pr$ict+ 9 detail ! suff]+s ( ,*ri/4 ,! prophecies =g$ by ! ,*ri/ians1 & attribut$ by !m to ! hea!n ,sibyls1 7 accept$ z g5u9e by ! entire ,*ur*1 & 7 cont9ually appeal$ to z among ! mo/ p[]ful evid5ces ( ! fai?4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr decl>$ t x 0 by ! in/igation ( dmons t x _h be5 made a capital (f5ce to read !m47#gjb7 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria pres]v$ ! tradition t ,/4 ,paul _h urg$ ! bre?r5 to /udy !m47#gjc7 ,celsus designat$ ! ,*ri/ians ,sibylli/s1 on acc\nt ( ! p]t9acity ) :i* !y insi/$ ^u !m47#gjd7 ,con/ant9e ! ,great adduc$ !m 9 a solemn spee* be=e ! ,c\ncil ( ,nice47#gje7 ,/4 ,augu/9e notices t ! ,greek ^w = a fi%1 :i*1 conta9+ ! initial lett]s ( ! "n & titles ( ,*ri/1 _h be5 adopt$ by ! ,e>ly ,*ur* z its sacr$ symbol1 conta9s also ! initial lett]s ( "s prophetic l9es ascrib$ to ! ,sibyl ( ,ery?ra47#gjf7 ,! ,pagans1 x is true1 accus$ _! oppon5ts ( hav+ =g$ or int]polat$ ^! prophecies27#gjg7 b !re 0 n a s+le ,*ri/ian writ] ( ! patri/ic p]iod :o disput$ _! au?ority1 & !re 7 v few ev5 ( ! mo/ illu/ri\s :o did n appeal to !m4 ,unanim\sly admitt$ by ! ,*ur* ( ! ,fa!rs1 !y 7 unanim\sly admitt$ dur+ ! middle ages1 & an allusion to !m pass$ into ! mo/ beautiful lyric ( ! ,missal4 ,x 0 only at ! p]iod ( ! ,re=mation t ! great b unhappy ,ca/ellio po9t$ out _m passages 9 !m :i* c\ld n possibly be g5u9e4 ,he 0 foll[$1 9 ! fir/ ye>s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 by a ,jesuit nam$ ,possev91 :o obs]v$ t ! ,sibyls 7 kn[n to h liv$ at a lat] p]iod ?an ,moses1 & t _m passages 9 ! ,sibyll9e books purport$ to h be5 writt5 be=e ,moses4 ,^? passages1 !re=e1 he said1 7 int]polat$2 & he add$1 ) a *>act]i/ic sagacity1 t !y _h d\btless be5 ins]t$ by ,satan1 = ! purpose ( ?r[+ suspicion ^u ! books47#gjh7 ,x 0 9 #afdi t a ,fr5* ,prote/ant m9i/]1 nam$ ,blondel1 v5tur$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* to d5\nce ^! writ+s z delib]ate & clumsy =g]ies1 & aft] mu* angry controv]sy 8 s5tim5t has acquir$ an almo/ undisput$ asc5dancy 9 criticism4 ,b al?\gh ! op9ion ( ! ,roman conv]ts 0 extremely wor?less1 :5 deal+ ) pa/ hi/ory or ) lit]>y criticism1 !re 0 "o bran* ( miracles conc]n+ :i* _! position 0 some:at diff]5t4 ,contempor>y miracles1 (t5 ( ! mo/ extraord9>y "*1 b usually ( ! nature ( visions1 exorcisms1 or heal+ ! sick1 7 f ! "t ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr uni=mly repres5t$ by ! ,fa!rs z exi/+ among !m17#gji7 & !y cont9ue /eadily along ! pa? ( hi/ory1 till 9 ! pages ( ,evagrius & ,!odoret1 9 ! ,lives ( ,hil>ion & ,paul1 by ,/4 ,j]ome1 ( ,antony1 by ,/4 ,a?anasius1 & ( ,gregory ,?aumaturgus1 by 8 namesake ( ,nyssa1 & 9 ! ,dialogues ( ,/4 ,gregory ! ,great1 !y atta9 z grotesque an extravagance z ! wilde/ m$ival leg5ds4 ,few ?+s are m /rik+ ?an ! ass]tions haz>d$ on ?is matt] by "s ( ! able/ ( ! ,fa!rs4 ,?us1 ,/4 ,ir5u assures u t all ,*ri/ians possess$ ! p[] ( work+ miracles2 t !y prophesi$1 ca/ out devils1 heal$ ! sick1 & sometimes ev5 rais$ ! dead2 t "s :o _h be5 ?us resuscitat$ liv$ = _m ye>s among !m1 & t x w\ld be impossible to reckon ! wond]ful acts t 7 daily p]=m$47#gaj7 ,/4 ,epiphanius tells u t "s riv]s & f\nta9s 7 annually trans=m$ into w9e1 9 atte/ation ( ! miracle ( ,cana2 & he adds t he _h himself drunk ( "o ( ^! f\nta9s1 & 8 bre?r5 ( ano!r47#gaa7 ,/4 ,augu/9e notices t miracles 7 less frequ5t & less widely kn[n ?an =m]ly1 b t _m /ill occurr$1 & "s ( !m he _h himself witness$4 ,:5ev] a miracle 0 report$1 he ord]$ t a special exam9ation into its circum/ances %\ld be made1 & t ! depositions ( ! witnesses %\ld be read publicly to ! p4 ,he tells u1 besides _m o!r miracles1 t ,gamaliel 9 a dream reveal$ to a prie/ nam$ ,lucianus ! place :]e ! bones ( ,/4 ,/eph5 7 buri$2 t ^? bones1 be+ ?us discov]$1 7 br\ght to ,hippo1 ! diocese ( :i* ,/4 ,augu/9e 0 bi%op2 t !y rais$ five dead p]sons to life2 & t1 al?\gh only a portion ( ! miracul\s cures !y effect$ _h be5 regi/]$1 ! c]tificates drawn up 9 two ye>s 9 ! diocese1 & by ! ord]s ( ! sa9t1 7 ne>ly sev5ty4 ,9 ! adjo9+ diocese ( ,calama !y 7 incomp>ably m num]\s47#gab7 ,9 ! height ( ! great conflict betwe5 ,/4 ,ambrose & ! ,arian ,empress ,ju/9a1 ! sa9t decl>$ t x _h be5 reveal$ to him by an irresi/ible pres5tim5t--or1 z ,/4 ,augu/9e1 :o 0 pres5t on ! occasion1 says1 9 a dream--t relics 7 buri$ 9 a spot :i* he indicat$4 ,! e>? be+ remov$1 a tomb 0 f\nd fill$ ) blood1 & conta9+ two gigantic skeletons1 ) _! heads sev]$ f _! bodies1 :i* 7 pron\nc$ to be ^? ( ,/4 ,g]vasius & ,/4 ,protasius1 two m>tyrs ( rem>kable physical dim5sions1 :o 7 said to h suff]$ ab\t #cjj ye>s be=e4 ,to prove t !y 7 g5u9e relics1 ! bones 7 br\ght 9 contact ) a bl9d man1 :o 0 re/or$ to sight1 & ) demoniacs1 :o 7 cur$2 ! dmons1 h[ev]1 9 ! fir/ place1 ackn[l$g+ t ! relics 7 g5u9e2 t ,/4 ,ambrose 0 ! deadly enemy ( ! p[]s ( hell2 t ! ,tr9it>ian doctr9e 0 true2 & t ^? :o reject$ x w\ld infallibly be damn$4 ,! next day ,/4 ,ambrose deliv]$ an invective aga9/ all :o que/ion$ ! miracle4 ,/4 ,augu/9e record$ x 9 8 works1 & spread ! wor%ip ( ! sa9ts ?r\gh ,africa4 ,! transport ( en?usiasm ) :i* ! miracles 7 greet$ at ,milan enabl$ ,/4 ,ambrose to ov]come e ob/acle2 b ! ,arians treat$ !m ) a d]isive incr$ulity1 & decl>$ t ! pret5d$ demoniacs _h be5 brib$ by ! sa9t47#gac7 ,/atem5ts ( ?is k9d1 :i* are select$ f v _m t are equally positive1 ?\gh n equally precise1 sugge/ ve9s ( ?\ght ( obvi\s int]e/ & importance4 ,we are n[1 h[ev]1 only conc]n$ ) ! fact1 t1 ) ! exception ( "o or two isolat$ miracles1 su* z ! la/ ,i h notic$1 & ( "o class ( miracles :i* ,i %all proce$ to describe1 ^! prodigies1 :e!r true or false1 7 wr\ght = ! exclusive edification ( confirm$ believ]s4 ,! exceptional miracles 7 ^? ( exorcism1 :i* occupi$ a v s+ul> position 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*4 ,! belief t c]ta9 diseases 7 inflict$ by ,div9e ag5cy 0 famili> to ! anci5ts1 b among ! e>ly ,greeks ! notion ( diabolical possession appe>s to h be5 unkn[n4 ,a dmon1 9 ! philosophy ( ,plato1 ?\gh inf]ior to a deity1 0 n an evil _s1 & x is extremely d\btful :e!r ! exi/5ce ( evil dmons 0 kn[n ei!r to ! ,greeks or ,romans till ab\t ! "t ( ! adv5t ( ,*ri/47#gad7 ,! belief 0 introduc$ ) ! ,ori5tal sup]/itions :i* !n p\r$ into ,rome1 & x br\ght 9 its tra9 ! notions ( possession & exorcism4 ,! ,jews1 :o 9 _! own c\ntry appe> to h reg>d$ x z a mo/ ord9>y occurr5ce to meet m5 walk+ ab\t visibly possess$ by devils1 & :o pr(ess$ to h le>nt f ,solomon ! means ( expell+ !m1 soon became ! pr9cipal exorci/s1 accompli%+ _! feats p>tly by adjuration1 & p>tly by means ( a c]ta9 miracul\s root nam$ ,ba>as4 ,josephus assures u t he _h himself1 9 ! reign ( ,vespasian1 se5 a ,jew nam$ ,eleaz> draw+ by ^! means a dmon ?r\gh ! no/rils ( a possess$ p]son1 :o fell to ! gr\nd on ! accompli%m5t ( ! miracle2 :ile1 ^u ! comm& ( ! magician1 ! devil1 to prove t x _h really left 8 victim1 ?rew d[n a cup ( wat] :i* _h be5 plac$ at a di/ance47#gae7 ,! gr[? ( ,neoplatonism & k9dr$ philosophies greatly /r5g!n$ ! belief1 & "s ( ! lat] philosoph]s1 z well z _m religi\s *>latans1 practis$ exorcism4 ,b1 ( all classes1 ! ,*ri/ians became 9 ?is respect ! mo/ fam\s4 ,f ! "t ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 = ab\t two c5turies1 !re is1 ,i believe1 n a s+le ,*ri/ian writ] :o does n solemnly & explicitly ass]t ! reality & frequ5t employm5t ( ?is p[]27#gaf7 & al?\gh1 aft] ! ,c\ncil ( ,laodicea1 ! in/ances became less num]\s1 !y by no means ceas$4 ,! ,*ri/ians fully recognis$ ! sup]natural p[] possess$ by ! ,jewi% & ,g5tile exorci/s1 b !y claim$ to be 9 _m respects _! sup]iors4 ,by ! simple sign ( ! cross1 or by repeat+ ! "n ( _! ,ma/]1 !y pr(ess$ to be able to ca/ out devils :i* _h resi/$ all ! en*antm5ts ( ,pagan exorci/s1 to sil5ce ! oracles1 to compel ! dmons to confess ! tru? ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,sometimes _! p[] ext5d$ /ill fur!r4 ,dmons1 we are told1 7 accu/om$ to ent] into animals1 & ^! also 7 expell$ by ! ,*ri/ian adjuration4 ,/4 ,j]ome1 9 8 8,life ( ,/4 ,hil>ion10 has giv5 u a graphic acc\nt ( ! c\rage ) :i* t sa9t confront$1 & ! success ) :i* he reliev$1 a possess$ camel47#gag7 ,9 ! reign ( ,julian1 ! v bones ( ! m>tyr ,babylas 7 suffici5t to sil5ce ! oracle ( ,daphne2 & :51 amid ! triumphant *ants ( ! ,*ri/ians1 ! relics1 by ! comm& ( ,julian1 7 remov$1 ! lightn+ desc5d$ f heav5 & consum$ ! temple47#gah7 ,/4 ,gregory ,?aumaturgus hav+ expell$ ! dmons f an idol temple1 ! prie/1 f9d+ 8 means ( subsi/5ce de/roy$1 came to ! sa9t1 implor+ him to p]mit ! oracles to be r5ew$4 ,/4 ,gregory1 :o 0 !n on 8 j\rney1 wrote a note conta9+ ! words 8,satan1 return10 :i* 0 imm$iately obey$1 & ! prie/1 awe-/ruck by ! miracle1 0 conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity47#gai7 ,t]tullian1 writ+ to ! ,pagans 9 a "t ( p]secution1 9 language ( ! mo/ delib]ate e>ne/ness1 *all5ges 8 oppon5ts to br+ =? any p]son :o is possess$ by a dmon or any ( ^? virg9s or prophets :o are suppos$ to be inspir$ by a div9ity4 ,he ass]ts t1 9 reply to ! int]rogation ( any ,*ri/ian1 ! dmons w be compell$ to confess _! diabolical "*2 he invites ! ,pagans1 if x be o!rwise1 to put ! ,*ri/ian imm$iately to dea?2 & he proposes ?is z at once ! simple/ & mo/ decisive demon/ration ( ! fai?47#gbj7 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr17#gba7 ,orig517#gbb7 ,lactantius17#gbc7 ,a?anasius17#gbd7 & ,m9ucius ,felix17#gbe7 all 9 language equally solemn & explicit1 call ^u ! ,pagans to =m _! op9ions f ! confessions wrung f _! own gods4 ,we he> f !m1 t :5 a ,*ri/ian began to pray1 to make ! sign ( ! cross1 or to utt] ! "n ( 8 ,ma/] 9 ! pres5ce ( a possess$ or inspir$ p]son1 ! latt]1 by screams & frightful contortions1 exhibit$ ! torture t 0 inflict$1 & by ?is torture ! evil _s 0 compell$ to av[ its nature4 ,sev]al ( ! ,*ri/ian writ]s decl>e t ?is 0 g5]ally kn[n to ! ,pagans4 ,9 "o respect1 x 0 obs]v$1 ! miracle ( exorcism 0 especially available = evid5tial purposes2 =1 z dmons w\ld n expel dmons1 x 0 ! only miracle :i* 0 necess>ily div9e4 ,x w\ld be curi\s to exam9e ! mann] 9 :i* ! *all5ge 0 receiv$ by ! ,pagan writ]s2 b unhappily1 ! writ+s :i* 7 direct$ aga9/ ! fai? hav+ be5 de/roy$ by ! ,*ri/ian emp]ors1 our means ( in=mation on ?is po9t are v scanty4 ,"s in=mation1 h[ev]1 we possess1 & x w\ld appe> to %[ t1 among ! educat$ classes at lea/1 ^! ph5om5a did n extort any great admiration4 ,! eloqu5t sil5ce ab\t diabolical possession obs]v$ by ! e>ly philosoph]s1 :5 discuss+ su* que/ions z ! nature ( ! s\l & ( ! spiritual _w1 decisively %[ t 9 _! "t possession _h n assum$ any great prom95ce or acquir$ any g5]al cr$5ce4 ,plut>*1 :o admitt$ ! reality ( evil dmons1 & :o 0 ! mo/ /r5u\s def5d] ( ! oracles1 treats ! :ole class ( sup]/itions to :i* exorcism belongs ) mu* contempt47#gbf7 ,m>cus ,aurelius1 9 rec\nt+ ! b5efits he _h receiv$ f diff]5t p]sons ) :om he _h be5 connect$1 ackn[l$ges 8 debt ( gratitude to ! philosoph] ,diognetus = hav+ taught him to give no cr$5ce to magicians1 juggl]s1 & expell]s ( dmons47#gbg7 ,lucian decl>es t e cunn+ juggl] c\ld make 8 =tune by go+ ov] to ! ,*ri/ians & prey+ ^u _! simplicity47#gbh7 ,celsus describ$ ! ,*ri/ians z juggl]s p]=m+ _! tricks among ! "y & ! cr$ul\s47#gbi7 ,! mo/ decisive evid5ce1 h[ev]1 we possess1 is a law ( ,ulpian1 direct$1 x is ?\ght1 aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians1 :i* condemns ^? 8:o use incantations or imprecations1 or 7to employ ! common ^w ( impo/ors7 exorcisms407#gcj7 ,mod]n criticism has not$ a few facts :i* may ?r[ "s light ^u ?is obscure subject4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t ! symptoms ( possession 7 = ! mo/ "p id5tical ) ^? ( lunacy or epilepsy2 t x is q possible t ! excitem5t ( an impos+ religi\s c]emony might produce or susp5d ! disord]2 t lead+ que/ions might 9 ^! cases be foll[$ by ! desir$ answ]s2 & t "s passages f ! ,fa!rs %[ t ! exorcisms 7 n always successful1 or ! cures always p]man5t4 ,x has be5 obs]v$1 too1 t at fir/ ! p[] ( exorcism 0 op5 to all ,*ri/ians )\t re/ra9t2 t ?is lic5ce1 9 an age :5 religi\s juggl]s 7 v common1 & 9 a ,*ur* ^: memb]s 7 v cr$ul\s1 gave great facilities to impo/ors2 t :5 ! ,laodicean ,c\ncil1 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 =bade any "o to exorcise1 except ^? :o 7 duly au?oris$ by ! bi%op1 ^! miracles spe$ily decl9$2 & t1 9 ! v beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury1 a physician nam$ ,posidonius d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( possession47#gca7 ,to sum up ?is :ole subject1 we may conclude t :at is call$ ! evid5tial sy/em _h no prom95t place 9 effect+ ! conv]sion ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,hi/orical criticisms 7 f> too imp]fect to make appeals to ! miracles ( =m] days ( any value1 & ! notion ( ! wide diffusion ( miracul\s or magical p[]s1 z well z ! g5]ally private "* ( ! alleg$ miracles ( ! ,patri/ic age1 made contempor>y wond]s v unimpressive4 ,! prophecies attribut$ to ! ,sibyls1 & ! practice ( exorcism1 _h1 h[ev]1 a c]ta9 weight2 = ! fir/ 7 connect$ ) a religi\s au?ority1 long & deeply rev]$ at ,rome1 & ! second _h be5 =c$ by sev]al circum/ances into great prom95ce4 ,b ! effect ev5 ( ^! may be safely reg>d$ z altoge!r subsidi>y1 & ! ma9 causes ( ! conv]sion mu/ be look$ = 9 ano!r & a wid] sph]e4 ,^! causes 7 ! g5]al t5d5cies ( ! age4 ,!y are to be f\nd 9 t va/ movem5t ( m+l$ scepticism & cr$ulity1 9 t amalgamation or dissolution ( _m cre$s1 9 t pr(\nd trans=mation ( habits1 ( feel+s1 & ( ideals1 :i* ,i h attempt$ to pa9t 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,"u circum/ances m fav\rable to religi\s proselytism ?an ! _w _h ev] be=e kn[n1 ) ! pa? cle>$ by a long c\rse ( de/ructive criticism1 ! religions & philosophies ( mank9d 7 /ruggl+ = ! ma/]y 9 t great metropolis :]e all 7 amply repres5t$1 & 9 :i* alone ! de/9ies ( ! _w c\ld be decid$4 ,among ! educat$ a frigid ,/oicism1 tea*+ a maje/ic b unatta9able gr&eur1 & scorn+ ! support ( ! affections1 ! hope ( ano!r _w1 & ! consolations ( wor%ip1 _h = a "t be5 9 ! asc5dant1 & x only t]m9at$ its noble & mo/ fruitful c>e] :5 x _h become manife/ly inadequate to ! religi\s wants ( ! age4 ,among o!r classes1 religion aft] religion ran its conqu]+ c\rse4 ,! ,jews1 al?\gh a numb] ( causes _h made !m ! mo/ hat$ ( all ! ,roman subjects1 & al?\gh _! religion1 f its int5sely national "*1 seem$ peculi>ly unsuit$ = proselytism1 _h yet1 by ! =ce ( _! mono!ism1 _! *>ity1 & _! exorcisms1 spread ! cre$ ( ,moses f> & wide4 ,! ,empress ,poppa is said to h be5 a proselyte4 ,! passion ( ,roman wom5 = ,jewi% rites 0 "o ( ! compla9ts ( ,juv5al4 ,! ,sabba? & ! ,jewi% fa/s became famili> facts 9 all ! great cities1 & ! antiquity ( ! ,jewi% law ! subject ( eag] discussion4 ,o!r ,ori5tal religions 7 ev5 m successful4 ,! wor%ip ( ,mi?ra1 &1 above all1 ( ! ,egyptian div9ities1 attract$ _! ?\s&s1 & dur+ m ?an ?ree c5turies ! ,roman writ+s are cr[d$ ) allusions to _! progress4 ,! my/]ies ( ! ,bona ,dea17#gcb7 ! solemn wor%ip ( ,isis1 ! expiatory rites t cleans$ ! guilty s\l1 excit$ a v delirium ( en?usiasm4 ,juv5al describes ! ,roman wom51 at ! dawn ( ! w9t] day1 break+ ! ice ( ! ,tib] to plunge ?ree times into its sacr$ /ream1 dragg+ !mselves on ble$+ knees 9 p5ance ar\nd ! field ( ,t>qu91 (f]+ to und]take pilgrimages to ,egypt to seek ! holy wat] = ! %r9e ( ,isis1 fondly dream+ t !y _h he>d ! voice ( ! goddess47#gcc7 ,apuleius has drawn a graphic picture ( ! solemn maje/y ( h] processions1 & ! spell !y ca/ ^u ! mo/ lic5ti\s & ! mo/ sceptical47#gcd7 ,commodus1 ,c>acalla1 & ,heliogabalus 7 passionately devot$ to !m47#gce7 ,! temples ( ,isis & ,s]apis1 & ! /atues ( ,mi?ra1 are among ! la/ prom95t works ( ,roman art4 ,9 all o!r =ms ! same cr$ulity 0 manife/$4 ,! oracles t _h be5 sil5t 7 he>d aga92 ! a/rolog]s sw>m$ 9 e city2 ! philosoph]s 7 surr\nd$ ) an atmosph]e ( leg5d2 ! ,py?agorean s*ool _h rais$ cr$ulity into a sy/em4 ,on all sides1 & to a degree unp>allel$ 9 hi/ory1 we f9d m5 :o 7 no long] satisfi$ ) _! old local religion1 ?ir/+ = belief1 passionately & re/lessly seek+ = a new fai?4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ?is movem5t1 ,*ri/ianity ga9$ its asc5dancy1 & we c be at no loss to discov] ! cause ( its triumph4 ,no o!r religion1 "u su* circum/ances1 _h ev] comb9$ s _m di/9ct elem5ts ( p[] & attraction4 ,unlike ! ,jewi% religion1 x 0 b\nd by no local ties1 & 0 equally adapt$ = e nation & = e class4 ,unlike ,/oicism1 x appeal$ 9 ! /ronge/ mann] to ! affections1 & (f]$ all ! *>m ( a sympa!tic wor%ip4 ,unlike ! ,egyptian religions1 x unit$ ) its di/9ctive tea*+ a pure & noble sy/em ( e?ics1 & prov$ itself capable ( realis+ x 9 action4 ,x proclaim$1 amid a va/ movem5t ( social & national amalgamation1 ! univ]sal bro!rhood ( mank9d4 ,amid ! s(t5+ influ5ce ( philosophy & civilisation1 x taught ! supreme sanctity ( love4 ,to ! slave1 :o _h nev] be=e ex]cis$ s l>ge an influ5ce ov] ,roman religi\s life1 x 0 ! religion ( ! suff]+ & ! oppress$4 ,to ! philosoph] x 0 at once ! e*o ( ! highe/ e?ics ( ! lat] ,/oics1 & ! expansion ( ! be/ tea*+ ( ! s*ool ( ,plato4 ,to a _w ?ir/+ = prodigy1 x (f]$ a hi/ory replete ) wond]s m /range t ^? ( ,apollonius2 :ile ! ,jew & ! ,*aldean c\ld sc>cely rival its exorci/s1 & ! leg5ds ( cont9ual miracles circulat$ among its foll[]s4 ,to a _w deeply consci\s ( political dissolution1 & pry+ eag]ly & anxi\sly into ! future1 x proclaim$ ) a ?rill+ p[] ! imm$iate de/ruction ( ! globe--! glory ( all its fri5ds1 & ! damnation ( all its foes4 ,to a _w t _h gr[n v we>y gaz+ on ! cold & passionless gr&eur :i* ,cato realis$1 & :i* ,lucan sung1 x pres5t$ an ideal ( compassion & ( love--a ,tea*] :o c\ld weep by ! sepul*re ( ,8 fri5d1 :o 0 t\*$ ) ! feel+ ( our infirmities4 ,to a _w1 9 f9e1 di/ract$ by ho/ile cre$s & collid+ philosophies1 x taught its doctr9es1 n z a human speculation1 b z a ,div9e revelation1 au!nticat$ mu* less by reason ?an by fai?4 8,) ! he>t man believe? unto righte\sness20 8,he t doe? ! w ( my ,fa!r w "k ! doctr9e1 :e!r x be ( ,god20 8,unless y believe y _c und]/&20 8,a he>t naturally ,*ri/ian20 8,! he>t makes ! !ologian10 are ! phrases :i* be/ express ! fir/ action ( ,*ri/ianity ^u ! _w4 ,l all great religions1 x 0 m conc]n$ ) modes ( feel+ ?an ) modes ( ?\ght4 ,! *ief cause ( its success 0 ! congruity ( its tea*+ ) ! spiritual nature ( mank9d4 ,x 0 because x 0 true to ! moral s5tim5ts ( ! age1 because x repres5t$ fai?fully ! supreme type ( excell5ce to :i* m5 7 !n t5d+1 because x correspond$ ) _! religi\s wants1 aims1 & emotions1 because ! :ole spiritual be+ c\ld !n exp& & expatiate "u its influ5ce1 t x plant$ its roots s deeply 9 ! he>ts ( m54 ,to all ^! elem5ts ( attraction1 o!rs ( a diff]5t ord] mu/ be add$4 ,*ri/ianity 0 n m]ely a moral influ5ce1 or a sy/em ( op9ions1 or an hi/orical record1 or a collection ( wond]-work+ m52 x 0 also an in/itution def9itely1 elaborately1 & skilfully organis$1 possess+ a weight & a /ability :i* isolat$ or undiscipl9$ tea*]s c\ld nev] rival1 & evok+1 to a degree be=e unexampl$ 9 ! _w1 an en?usia/ic devotion to its corporate welf>e1 analog\s to t ( ! patriot to 8 c\ntry4 ,! _m =ms ( ,pagan wor%ip 7 pliant 9 _! nature4 ,ea* (f]$ c]ta9 advantages or spiritual gratifications2 b !re 0 no reason :y all %\ld n exi/ toge!r1 & p>ticipation 9 "o by no means impli$ disrespect to ! o!rs4 ,b ,*ri/ianity 0 emphatically exclusive2 its adh]5t 0 b\nd to dete/ & abjure ! fai?s ar\nd him z ! workman%ip ( dmons1 & to consid] himself plac$ 9 ! _w to de/roy !m4 ,h5ce !re sprang a /]n1 aggressive1 & at ! same "t discipl9$ en?usiasm1 :olly unlike any o!r t _h be5 witness$ ^u e>?4 ,! duties ( public wor%ip2 ! sacram5ts1 :i* 7 repres5t$ z ! oa?s ( ! ,*ri/ian w>rior2 ! fa/s & p5ances & commemorative days1 :i* /r5g!n$ ! ,*ur* feel+2 ! int]v5tion ( religion 9 ! mo/ solemn epo*s ( life1 conspir$ to su/a9 x4 ,above all1 ! doctr9e ( salvation by belief1 :i* !n = ! fir/ "t fla%$ ^u ! _w2 ! p]suasion1 realis$ ) all ! vividness ( novelty1 t ,*ri/ianity op5$ out to its vot>ies et]nal happ9ess1 :ile all beyond its pale 7 doom$ to an et]nity ( torture1 suppli$ a motive ( action z p[]ful z x is p]haps possible to conceive4 ,x /ruck alike ! co>se/ *ords ( hope & fe>1 & ! f9e/ *ords ( compassion & love4 ,! poly!i/1 admitt+ t ,*ri/ianity might possibly be true1 0 l$ by a m]e calculation ( prud5ce to embrace x1 & ! f]v5t ,*ri/ian w\ld %r9k f no suff]+ to draw ^? :om he lov$ )9 its pale4 ,nor 7 o!r inducem5ts want+4 ,to ! confessor 0 grant$ 9 ! ,*ur* a great & v5]able au?ority1 su* z ! bi%op c\ld sc>cely claim47#gcf7 ,to ! m>tyr1 besides ! fruition ( heav51 belong$ ! highe/ glory on e>?4 ,by w9n+ t blood/a9$ cr[n1 ! meane/ ,*ri/ian slave might ga9 a reputation z glori\s z t ( a ,decius or a ,regulus4 ,8 body 0 laid to re/ ) a sumptu\s spl5d\r27#gcg7 8 relics1 embalm$ or %r9$1 7 v5]at$ ) an almo/ idolatr\s homage4 ,! anniv]s>y ( 8 bir? into ano!r life 0 commemorat$ 9 ! ,*ur*1 & be=e ! great assembly ( ! sa9ts 8 h]oic suff]+s 7 rec\nt$47#gch7 ,h[1 inde$1 %\ld he n be envi$8 ,he _h pass$ away into et]nal bliss4 ,he _h left ^u e>? an abid+ "n4 ,by ! 8baptism ( blood0 ! s9s ( a life _h be5 9 a mom5t effac$4 ,^? :o are accu/om$ to recognise h]oic en?usiasm z a normal product ( c]ta9 natural conditions1 w h no difficulty 9 und]/&+ t1 "u su* circum/ances z ,i h describ$1 a transc5d5t c\rage %\ld h be5 evok$4 ,m5 seem$ inde$ to be 9 love ) dea?4 ,believ+1 ) ,/4 ,ignatius1 t !y 7 8! :eat ( ,god10 !y pant$ = ! day :5 !y %\ld be 8gr\nd by ! tee? ( wild bea/s into ! pure bread ( ,*ri/60 ,b5ea? ?is "o burn+ en?usiasm all ! ties ( e>?ly love 7 snapt 9 twa94 ,orig51 :5 a boy1 be+ re/ra9$ by =ce f go+ =? to deliv] himself up to ! p]secutors1 wrote to 8 imprison$ fa!r1 implor+ him n to let any ?\ght ( 8 family int]v5e to qu5* 8 resolution or to det] him f seal+ 8 fai? ) 8 blood4 ,/4 ,p]petua1 an only daught]1 a "y "m ( tw5ty-two1 _h embrac$ ! ,*ri/ian cre$1 confess$ x be=e h] judges1 & decl>$ h]self ready to endure = x ! m>tyr's dea?4 ,aga9 & aga9 h] fa!r came to h] 9 a p>oxysm ( agony1 entreat+ h] n to deprive him ( ! joy & ! consolation ( 8 clos+ ye>s4 ,he appeal$ to h] by ! memory ( all ! t5d]ness he _h lavi%$ ^u h]--by h] infant *ild--by 8 own gray hairs1 t 7 soon to be br\ght d[n 9 sorr[ to ! grave4 ,=gett+ 9 8 deep angui% all ! dignity ( a p>5t1 he fell ^u 8 knees be=e 8 *ild1 cov]$ h] h&s ) kisses1 &1 ) te>s /ream+ f 8 eyes1 implor$ h] to h m]cy ^u him4 ,b %e 0 un%ak5 ?\gh n unt\*$2 %e saw h] fa!r1 fr5zi$ ) grief1 dragg$ f be=e ! tribunal2 %e saw him te>+ 8 :ite be>d1 & ly+ pro/rate & brok5-he>t$ on ! prison floor2 %e w5t =? to die = a fai? %e lov$ m de>ly--= a fai? t told h] t h] fa!r w\ld be lo/ = ev]47#gci7 ,! desire = m>tyrdom became at times a =m ( absolute madness1 a k9d ( epidemic ( suicide1 & ! lead+ m9ds ( ! ,*ur* f\nd x necess>y to ex]t all _! au?ority to prev5t _! foll[]s f ?ru/+ !mselves into ! h&s ( ! p]secutors47#gdj7 ,t]tullian m5tions h[1 9 a little ,asiatic t[n1 ! entire population once flock$ to ! proconsul1 decl>+ !mselves to be ,*ri/ians1 & implor+ him to execute ! decree ( ! emp]or & grant !m ! privilege ( m>tyrdom4 ,! bewild]$ function>y ask$ !m :e!r1 if !y 7 s we>y ( life1 !re 7 no precipices or ropes by :i* !y c\ld end _! days2 & he put to dea? a small numb] ( ! suppliants1 & dismiss$ ! o!rs47#gda7 ,two illu/ri\s ,pagan morali/s & "o pr(ane ,pagan satiri/ h notic$ ?is passion ) a mo/ unpleas+ scorn4 8,!re are "s10 said ,epictetus1 8:om madness1 !re are o!rs1 l ! ,galilans1 :om cu/om1 makes indiff]5t to dea?407#gdb7 8,:at m9d10 said ,m>cus ,aurelius1 8is prep>$1 if ne$ be1 to g =? f ! body1 :e!r x be to be ext+ui%$1 or to be disp]s$1 or to endure8--prep>$ by delib]ate reflection1 & n by pure ob/9acy1 z is ! cu/om ( ! ,*ri/ians407#gdc7 8,^! wret*es10 said ,lucian1 speak+ ( ! ,*ri/ians1 8p]suade !mselves t !y are go+ to be altoge!r immortal1 & to live = ev]2 :]e=e !y despise dea?1 & _m ( _! own accord give !mselves up to be sla9407#gdd7 8,i s5d aga9/ y m5 :o are z gre$y ( dea? z y are ( pleasures10 7 ! words :i*1 9 aft] days1 ! ,mohamm$an *ief address$ to ! deg5]ate ,*ri/ians ( ,syria1 & :i* 7 at once ! presage & ! explanation ( 8 triumph4 ,su* words might ) equal propriety h be5 employ$ by ! e>ly ,*ri/ian lead]s to _! ,pagan adv]s>ies4 ,! zeal ( ! ,*ri/ians & ( ! ,pagans diff]$ alike 9 degree & 9 k9d4 ,:5 ,con/ant9e made ,*ri/ianity ! religion ( ! ,/ate1 x is probable t its adh]5ts 7 b a m9ority 9 ,rome4 ,ev5 9 ! days ( ,!odosius ! s5ate 0 /ill w$d$ to ,paganism27#gde7 yet ! measures ( ,con/ant9e 7 bo? natural & necess>y4 ,! majority 7 )\t inflexible belief1 )\t moral en?usiasm1 )\t def9ite organisation1 )\t any ( ^? pr9ciples t inspire ! h]oism ei!r ( resi/ance or aggression4 ,! m9ority =m$ a s]ri$ phalanx1 animat$ by e motive t c\ld purify1 discipl9e1 & su/a9 _! zeal4 ,:5 once ! ,*ri/ians _h acquir$ a consid]able position1 ! "q ( _! de/9y 0 a simple "o4 ,!y mu/ ei!r be cru%$ or !y mu/ reign4 ,! failure ( ! p]secution ( ,diocletian conduct$ !m inevitably to ! ?rone4 ,x may inde$ be confid5tly ass]t$ t ! conv]sion ( ! ,roman ,empire is s f> f be+ ( ! nature ( a miracle or susp5sion ( ! ord9>y pr9ciples ( human nature1 t !re is sc>cely any o!r great movem5t on record 9 :i* ! causes & effects s manife/ly correspond4 ,! app>5t anomalies ( hi/ory are n inconsid]able1 b !y mu/ be s\ght = 9 o!r qu>t]s4 ,t )9 ! n>r[ limits & scanty population ( ! ,greek ,/ates %\ld h aris5 m5 :o1 9 almo/ e conceivable =m ( g5ius1 9 philosophy1 9 epic1 dramatic & lyric poetry1 9 writt5 & spok5 eloqu5ce1 9 /atesman%ip1 9 sculpture1 9 pa9t+1 & probably also 9 music1 %\ld h atta9$ almo/ or altoge!r ! highe/ limits ( human p]fection--t ! cre$ ( ,mohamm$ %\ld h pres]v$ its pure mono!ism & its fre$om f all idolatr\s t5d5cies1 :5 adopt$ by va/ populations 9 t intellectual condition 9 :i*1 "u all o!r cre$s1 a gross & mat]ial wor%ip has prov$ inevitable1 bo? ^! are facts :i* we c only v imp]fectly expla94 ,consid]ations ( climate1 & /ill m ( political1 social1 & intellectual cu/oms & in/itutions1 may palliate ! fir/ difficulty1 & ! attitude ,mohamm$ assum$ to art may supply u ) a p>tial explanation ( ! second2 b ,i suppose t1 aft] all has be5 said1 mo/ p]sons w feel t !y are 9 pres5ce ( ph5om5a v exceptional & a/oni%+4 ,! fir/ rise ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ,juda is a subject :olly ap>t f ?is book4 ,we are exam9+ only ! subsequ5t movem5t 9 ! ,roman ,empire4 ,( ?is movem5t x may be boldly ass]t$ t ! assumption ( a moral or intellectual miracle is utt]ly gratuit\s4 ,nev] be=e 0 a religi\s trans=mation s manife/ly inevitable4 ,no o!r religion ev] comb9$ s _m =ms ( attraction z ,*ri/ianity1 bo? f its intr9sic excell5ce1 & f its manife/ adaptation to ! special wants ( ! "t4 ,"o great cause ( its success 0 t x produc$ m h]oic actions & =m$ m upright m5 ?an any o!r cre$2 b t x %\ld d s 0 precisely :at might h be5 expect$4 ,to ^! reason+s1 h[ev]1 ^? :o ma9ta9 t ! triumph ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ,rome is naturally inexplicable1 reply by po9t+ to ! p]secutions :i* ,*ri/ianity _h to enc\nt]4 ,z ?is subject is "o on :i* _m misconceptions exi/1 & z x is ( extreme importance on acc\nt ( its connection ) lat] p]secutions1 x w be necess>y briefly to discuss x4 ,x is manife/ t ! reasons t may induce a rul] to suppress by =ce "s =ms ( religi\s wor%ip or op9ion1 are v v>i\s4 ,he may d s on moral gr\nds1 because !y directly or indirectly produce immorality2 or on religi\s gr\nds1 because he believes !m to be (f5sive to ! ,deity2 or on political gr\nds1 because !y are injuri\s ei!r to ! ,/ate or to ! ,gov]nm5t2 or on corrupt gr\nds1 because he desires to gratify "s v9dictive or av>ici\s passion4 ,f ! simple fact1 !re=e1 ( a religi\s p]secution we _c at once inf] ! pr9ciples ( ! p]secutor1 b mu/ exam9e 9 detail by :i* ( ! above motives1 or by :at comb9ation ( !m1 he has be5 actuat$4 ,n[1 ! p]secution :i* has tak5 place at ! in/igation ( ! ,*ri/ian prie/s diff]s 9 "s respects broadly f all o!rs4 ,x has be5 f> m su/a9$1 sy/ematic1 & unfl9*+4 ,x has be5 direct$ n m]ely aga9/ acts ( wor%ip1 b also aga9/ speculative op9ions4 ,x has be5 support$ n m]ely z a "r1 b also z a duty4 ,x has be5 advocat$ 9 a :ole lit]ature ( !ology1 by ! classes t are especially dev\t1 & by ! mo/ oppos+ sects1 & x has inv>iably decl9$ 9 conjunction ) a l>ge portion ( !ological dogmas4 ,i h else:]e exam9$ 9 great detail ! hi/ory ( p]secutions by ,*ri/ians1 & h endeav\r$ to %[ t1 :ile exceptional causes h und\bt$ly occasionally occurr$1 !y 71 9 ! ov]:elm+ majority ( cases1 simply ! natural1 legitimate1 & inevitable consequ5ce ( a c]ta9 portion ( ! receiv$ !ology4 ,t portion is ! doctr9e t correct !ological op9ions are ess5tial to salvation1 & t !ological error necess>ily involves guilt4 ,to ^! two op9ions may be di/9ctly trac$ almo/ all ! suff]+s t ,*ri/ian p]secutors h caus$1 almo/ all ! ob/ructions !y h ?r[n 9 ! pa? ( human progress2 & ^? suff]+s h be5 s griev\s t x may be reasonably que/ion$ :e!r sup]/ition has n (t5 prov$ a great] curse ?an vice1 & t ob/ruction 0 s p]t9aci\s1 t ! contraction ( !ological influ5ce has be5 at once ! be/ measure1 & ! ess5tial condition ( intellectual advance4 ,! notion t he might himself be possibly mi/ak5 9 8 op9ions1 :i* alone c\ld cause a man :o 0 ?or\ghly imbu$ ) ^! pr9ciples to %r9k f p]secut+1 0 exclud$ by ! !ological virtue ( fai?1 :i*1 :atev] else x might involve1 impli$ at lea/ an absolute unbrok5 c]ta9ty1 & l$ ! devotee to reg>d all d\bt1 & !re=e all action bas$ ^u d\bt1 z s94 ,to ?is g5]al cause ( ,*ri/ian p]secution ,i h %[n t two subsidi>y influ5ces may be jo9$4 ,a l>ge portion ( !ological e?ics 0 d]iv$ f writ+s 9 :i* religi\s massacres1 on ! :ole ! mo/ ru?less & sangu9>y ^u record1 7 said to h be5 directly enjo9$ by ! ,deity1 9 :i* ! duty ( suppress+ idolatry by =ce 0 giv5 a great] prom95ce ?an any article ( ! moral code1 & 9 :i* ! _s ( intol]ance has f\nd its mo/ eloqu5t & mo/ passionate expressions47#gdf7 ,besides ?is1 ! de/9y !ologians repres5t$ z await+ ! misbeliev] 0 s gha/ly & s appall+ z to r5d] x almo/ *ildi% to lay any /ress ^u ! e>?ly suff]+ t might be inflict$ 9 ! extirpation ( error4 ,t ^! are ! true causes ( ! great bulk ( ,*ri/ian p]secution1 ,i believe to be "o ( ! mo/ c]ta9 z well z "o ( ! mo/ important facts 9 hi/ory4 ,= ! detail$ pro( ,i c only ref] to :at ,i h else:]e writt52 b ,i may "h notice t t pro( comb9es e conceivable k9d ( evid5ce t 9 su* a "q c be dem&$4 ,x c be %[n t ^! pr9ciples w\ld naturally lead m5 to p]secute4 ,x c be %[n t f ! "t ( ,con/ant9e to ! "t :5 ! rationali/ic _s wre/$ ! blood/a9$ sword f ! prie/ly h&1 p]secution 0 uni=mly def5d$ ^u !m--def5d$ 9 long1 le>n$1 & elaborate treatises1 by ! be/ & greate/ m5 ! ,*ur* _h produc$1 by sects t diff]$ on almo/ all o!r po9ts1 by multitudes :o prov$ 9 e conceivable mann] ! purity ( _! zeal4 ,x c be %[n1 too1 t tol]ation began ) ! di/9ction betwe5 fundam5tal & non-fundam5tal doctr9es1 exp&$ 9 exact proportion to ! gr[+ latitud9>ianism1 & triumph$ only :5 indiff]5ce to dogma _h become a prevail+ s5tim5t among legislators4 ,x 0 only :5 ! battle _h be5 won--:5 ! anti-dogmatic p>ty1 act+ 9 opposition to ! ,*ur*1 _h r5d]$ p]secution impossible--t ! great body ( !ologians revis$ _! argum5ts1 & discov]$ t to puni% m5 = _! op9ions 0 :olly at v>iance ) _! fai?4 ,) ! m]its ( ?is pleas+ ?\gh some:at t>dy conv]sion ,i am n n[ conc]n$2 b few p]sons1 ,i ?9k1 c foll[ ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ian p]secution )\t a feel+ ( extreme a/oni%m5t t "s mod]n writ]s1 n cont5t ) ma9ta9+ t ! doctr9e ( exclusive salvation ought n to h produc$ p]secution1 h v5tur$1 9 defiance ( ! unanim\s te/imony ( ! !ologians ( s _m c5turies1 to dispute ! pla9 hi/orical fact t x did produce x4 ,!y argue t ! ,pagans1 :o did n believe 9 exclusive salvation1 p]secut$1 & t !re=e t doctr9e _c be ! cause ( p]secution4 ,! answ] is t no sane man ev] ma9ta9$ t all ! p]secutions on record 7 f ! same s\rce4 ,we c prove by ! cle>e/ evid5ce t ,*ri/ian p]secutions sprang *iefly f ! causes ,i h alleg$4 ,! causes ( ,pagan p]secutions1 ?\gh diff]5t1 are equally manife/1 & ,i %all proce$ %ortly to indicate !m4 ,!y 7 p>tly political & p>tly religi\s4 ,! ,gov]nm5ts 9 mo/ ( ! anci5t ,/ates1 9 ! e>li] /ages ( _! exi/5ce1 und]took ! complete education ( ! p2 pr(ess$ to control & regulate all ! details ( _! social life1 ev5 to ! dresses !y wore1 or ! di%es t 7 s]v$ ^u _! tables2 &1 9 a ^w1 to m\ld _! :ole lives & *>act]s into a uni=m type4 ,h5ce1 all organisations & corporations n connect$ ) ! ,/ate1 & especially all t emanat$ f =eign c\ntries1 7 look$ ^u ) di/ru/ or antipa?y4 ,b ?is antipa?y 0 greatly /r5g!n$ by a religi\s consid]ation4 ,no belief 0 m deeply root$ 9 ! anci5t m9d ?an t good or bad =tune sprang f ! int]v5tion ( spiritual be+s1 & t to neglect ! sacr$ rites 0 to br+ d[n calamity ^u ! city4 ,9 ! dim9utive ,greek ,/ates1 :]e ! function ( ! ,gov]nm5t 0 imm5sely enl>g$1 a /rong intol]ance exi/$1 :i* ext5d$ = "s "t n m]ely to practices1 b to writ+s & disc\rses4 ,! well-kn[n p]secutions ( ,anaxagoras1 ,!odorus1 ,diagoras1 ,/ilpo1 & ,socrates2 ! laws ( ,plato1 :i* 7 z oppos$ to religi\s z to dome/ic fre$om2 & ! exi/5ce 9 ,a!ns ( an inquisitorial tribunal17#gdg7 suffici5tly atte/$ x4 ,b long be=e ! f9al ru9 ( ,greece1 speculative lib]ty _h be5 fully atta9$4 ,! ,epicurean & ! ,sceptical s*ools develop$ unmole/$1 & ev5 9 ! days ( ,socrates1 ,ari/ophanes 0 able to ridicule ! gods ^u ! /age4 ,9 ! e>li] days ( ,rome religion 0 look$ ^u z a function ( ! ,/ate2 its *ief object 0 to make ! gods auspici\s to ! national policy17#gdh7 & its pr9cipal c]emonies 7 p]=m$ at ! direct comm& ( ! ,s5ate4 ,! national !ory on religi\s matt]s 0 t ! be/ religion is always t ( a man's own c\ntry4 ,at ! same "t1 ! wide/ tol]ance 0 grant$ to ! religions ( conqu]$ nations4 ,! temples ( e god 7 respect$ by ! ,roman army4 ,be=e besieg+ a city1 ! ,romans 7 accu/om$ to supplicate ! presid+ deities ( t city4 ,) ! s+le exception ( ! ,druids1 ^: human sacrifices x 0 ?\ght a matt] ( humanity to suppress17#gdi7 & ^: fi]ce rebellions x 0 ?\ght necess>y to cru%1 ! tea*]s ( all national religions cont9u$ unmole/$ by ! conqu]or4 ,?is policy1 h[ev]1 appli$ specially to religi\s rites practis$ 9 ! c\ntries 9 :i* !y 7 indig5\s4 ,! lib]ty to be grant$ to ! va/ conflu5ce ( /rang]s attract$ to ,italy dur+ ! ,empire 0 ano!r "q4 ,9 ! old ,republican days1 :5 ! c5sors regulat$ ) ! mo/ despotic au?ority ! m9ute/ affairs ( life1 & :5 ! national religion 0 int]wov5 ) e detail ( political & ev5 dome/ic transactions1 b little lib]ty c\ld be expect$4 ,:5 ,c>neades endeav\r$ to inculcate 8 univ]sal scepticism ^u ! ,romans1 by argu+ alt]nately = & aga9/ ! same proposition1 ,cato imm$iately urg$ ! ,s5ate to expel him f ! city1 le/ ! p %\ld be corrupt$ by 8 tea*+47#gej7 ,= a simil> reason all rhetoricians _h be5 bani%$ f ! ,republic47#gea7 ,! mo/ rem>kable1 h[ev]1 & at ! same "t ! extreme expression ( ,roman intol]ance t has desc5d$ to u1 is ! advice :i* ,mc5as is repres5t$ z hav+ giv5 to ,octavius ,cs>1 be=e 8 accession to ! ?rone4 8,always10 he said1 8& ev]y:]e1 wor%ip ! gods accord+ to ! rites ( y\r c\ntry1 & compel o!rs to ! same wor%ip4 ,pursue ) y\r hatr$ & ) puni%m5ts ^? :o introduce =eign religions1 n only = ! sake ( ! gods--! despis]s ( :om c assur$ly nev] d any?+ great--b also because !y :o introduce new div9ities entice _m to use =eign laws4 ,h5ce arise conspiracies1 societies1 & assemblies1 ?+s v unsuit$ to an homog5e\s empire4 ,tol]ate no despis] ( ! gods1 & no religi\s juggl]4 ,div9ation is necess>y1 & !re=e let ! aruspices & augurs by all means be su/a9$1 & let ^? :o w1 consult !m2 b ! magicians mu/ be utt]ly prohibit$1 :o1 ?\gh !y sometimes tell ! tru?1 m frequ5tly1 by false promises1 urge m5 on to conspiracies407#geb7 ,?is /rik+ passage exhibits v cle>ly ! ext5t to :i* 9 "s m9ds ! intol]ant _s 0 c>ri$ 9 antiquity1 & also ! bl5d+ motives t produc$ x4 ,we %\ld be1 h[ev]1 widely mi/ak5 if we reg>d$ x z a picture ( ! actual religi\s policy ( ! ,empire4 ,9 ord] to realise ?is1 x w be necess>y to notice sep>ately lib]ty ( speculation & lib]ty ( wor%ip4 ,:5 ,as9ius ,pollio f\nd$ ! fir/ public libr>y 9 ,rome1 he plac$ x 9 ! ,temple ( ,lib]ty4 ,! lesson :i* 0 ?us taught to ! lit]>y classes 0 nev] =gott54 ,x is probable t 9 no o!r p]iod ( ! hi/ory ( ! _w 0 speculative fre$om s p]fect z 9 ! ,roman ,empire4 ,! fe>less scrut9y ( all notions ( popul> belief1 display$ 9 ! writ+s ( ,cic]o1 ,s5eca1 ,lucretius1 or ,lucian1 did n excite an ef=t ( repression4 ,philosoph]s 71 inde$1 p]secut$ by ,domitian & ,vespasian = _! ard5t opposition to ! despotism ( ! ?rone17#gec7 b on _! own subjects !y 7 :olly untrammell$4 ,! ,greek writ]s consol$ !mselves = ! ext9ction ( ! indep5d5ce ( _! c\ntry by ! reflection t 9 ! sph]e ( intellect ! m$dl+ policy ( ! ,greek ,/ates 0 replac$ by an absolute & a maje/ic fre$om47#ged7 ,! fi]c5ess ( ! opposition ( sects fad$ b5ea? its influ5ce4 ,( all ! speculative conflicts ( antiquity1 t :i* mo/ ne>ly approa*$ ! virul5ce ( lat] !ological controv]sies 0 probably t betwe5 ! ,/oics & ! ,epicureans2 b x is well wor?y ( notice t "s ( ! mo/ emphatic te/imonies to ! moral goodness ( ,epicurus h come f ! writ+s ( 8 oppon5ts4 ,b ! policy ( ! ,roman rul]s t[>ds religi\s rites 0 v diff]5t f1 & w\ld at fir/ sight appe> to be 9 direct opposition to1 _! policy t[>ds op9ions4 ,an old law1 :i* ,cic]o m5tions1 expressly =bade ! introduction ( new religions17#gee7 & 9 ! ,republican days & ! e>lie/ days ( ! ,empire !re are _m in/ances ( its be+ en=c$4 ,?us1 9 ,a4,u4,c4 #cbf1 a sev]e dr\ght hav+ l$ m5 to seek help f new gods1 ! ,s5ate *>g$ ! diles to all[ none b ,roman deities to be wor%ipp$47#gef7 ,lutatius1 soon aft] ! fir/ ,punic w>1 0 =bidd5 by ! ,s5ate to consult =eign gods1 8because10 said ! hi/orian1 8x 0 deem$ "r ! ,republic %\ld be adm9i/]$ accord+ to ! national auspices1 & n accord+ to ^? ( o!r l&s407#geg7 ,dur+ ! second ,punic w>1 a sev]e edict ( ! ,s5ate enjo9$ ! suppression ( c]ta9 rec5t innovations47#geh7 ,ab\t ,a4,u4,c4 #fae ! prtor ,hispalus exil$ ^? :o _h introduc$ ! wor%ip ( ! ,sabasian ,jupit]47#gei7 ,! rites ( ,bac*us1 be+ accompani$ by gross & sc&al\s obsc5ity1 7 suppress$1 ! consul1 9 a rem>kable spee*1 call+ ^u ! p to revive ! religi\s policy ( _! ance/ors47#gfj7 ,! wor%ip ( ,isis & ,s]apis only ga9$ its foot+ aft] a long /ruggle1 & no small am\nt ( p]secution4 ,! gross immorality x sometimes fav\r$1 its wild & abject sup]/ition1 s ?or\ghly ali5 to ! :ole "* ( ,roman life & tradition1 & also ! organisation ( its prie/hood1 r5d]$ x peculi>ly obnoxi\s to ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,:5 ! fir/ edict ( suppression 0 issu$1 ! p hesitat$ to de/roy a temple :i* seem$ s v5]able 9 _! eyes1 & ! consul milius ,paulus dispell$ _! fe>s by seiz+ an axe & /rik+ ! fir/ bl[ himself47#gfa7 ,dur+ ! latt] days ( ! ,republic1 edicts _h comm&$ ! de/ruction ( ! ,egyptian temples4 ,octavius1 h[ev]1 9 8 y\ng] days1 fav\r$ ! new wor%ip1 b1 soon aft]1 x 0 aga9 suppress$47#gfb7 ,"u ,tib]ius x _h once m crept 92 b ! prie/s ( ,isis hav+ enabl$ a patrician nam$ ,mundus to disguise himself z ! god ,anubis1 & w9 ! fav\rs ( a dev\t wor%ipp]1 ! temple1 by ord] ( ! emp]or1 0 de/roy$1 ! images 7 ?r[n into ! ,tib]1 ! prie/s 7 crucifi$1 & ! s$uc] 0 bani%$47#gfc7 ,"u ! same emp]or f\r ?\s& p]sons 7 exil$ to ,s>d9ia1 z affect$ ) ,jewi% & ,egyptian sup]/itions4 ,!y 7 commission$ to repress robb]s2 b x 0 at ! same "t add$1 ) a *>act]i/ic scorn1 t if !y di$ ?r\gh ! unheal?9ess ( ! climate1 x w\ld be b a 8small loss407#gfd7 ,^! measures repres5t toge!r a consid]able am\nt ( religi\s repression1 b !y 7 produc$ exclusively by notions ( policy or discipl9e4 ,!y grew out ( t int5se national _s :i* sacrific$ e o!r int]e/ to ! ,/ate1 & resi/$ e =m ( innovation1 :e!r secul> or religi\s1 t c\ld impair ! unity ( ! national type1 & dissolve ! discipl9e :i* ! pr$om9ance ( ! milit>y _s & ! /]n gov]nm5t ( ! ,republic _h =m$4 ,!y 7 also1 9 "s cases1 ! result ( moral sc&als4 ,:51 h[ev]1 x became evid5t t ! int]nal condition ( ! ,republic 0 unsuit$ = ! ,empire1 ! rul]s frankly acquiesc$ 9 ! *ange1 & f ! "t ( ,tib]ius1 ) ! s+le exception ( ! ,*ri/ians1 p]fect lib]ty ( wor%ip seems to h be5 grant$ to ! pr(essors ( all religions 9 ,rome47#gfe7 ,! old law ^u ! subject 0 n revok$1 b x 0 n g5]ally en=c$4 ,sometimes ! new cre$s 7 expressly au?oris$4 ,sometimes !y 7 tacitly p]mitt$4 ,) a s+le exception1 all ! religions ( ! _w rais$ _! heads unmole/$ 9 ! 8,holy ,city407#gff7 ,! lib]ty1 h[ev]1 ( pr(ess+ & practis+ a =eign wor%ip did n disp5se ! ,roman f ! obligation ( p]=m+ also ! sacrifices or o!r religi\s rites ( 8 own l&4 ,x 0 "h t :atev] religi\s fanaticism m+l$ ) ,pagan p]secutions 0 display$4 ,eusebius tells u t religion 0 divid$ by ! ,romans into ?ree p>ts--! my?ology1 or leg5ds t _h desc5d$ f ! poets2 ! int]pretations or !ories by :i* ! philosoph]s endeav\r$ to rationalise1 filt]1 or expla9 away ^! leg5ds2 & ! ritual or (ficial religi\s obs]vances4 ,9 ! fir/ two sph]es p]fect lib]ty 0 accord$1 b ! ritual 0 plac$ "u ! control ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 & 0 made a matt] ( compulsion47#gfg7 ,9 ord] to realise ! /r5g? ( ! feel+ t support$ x1 we mu/ rememb] t ! multitude firmly believ$ t ! prosp]ity & adv]sity ( ! ,empire dep5d$ *iefly ^u ! zeal or indiff]5ce t 0 %[n 9 conciliat+ ! national div9ities1 & also t ! philosoph]s1 z ,i h notic$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 = ! mo/ "p n only practis$1 b w>mly def5d$1 ! (ficial obs]vances4 ,! love ( tru? 9 _m =ms 0 exhibit$ among ! ,pagan philosoph]s to a degree :i* has nev] be5 surpass$2 b !re 0 "o =m 9 :i* x 0 absolutely unkn[n4 ,! belief t x is wrong = a man 9 religi\s matt]s to act a lie1 to sanction by 8 pres5ce & by 8 example :at he reg>ds z baseless sup]/itions1 _h no place 9 ! e?ics ( antiquity4 ,! religi\s flexibility :i* poly!ism _h orig9ally g5]at$1 ! /rong political feel+ t p]vad$ all classes1 & also ! manife/ impossibility ( mak+ philosophy ! cre$ ( ! ignorant1 _h r5d]$ ne>ly univ]sal among philosoph]s a /ate ( feel+ :i* is (t5 exhibit$1 b r>ely op5ly pr(ess$1 among ourselves47#gfh7 ,! religi\s op9ions ( m5 _h b little influ5ce on _! religi\s practices1 & ! sceptic consid]$ x n m]ely lawful1 b a duty1 to att5d ! obs]vances ( 8 c\ntry4 ,no "o did m to scatt] ! anci5t sup]/itions ?an ,cic]o1 :o 0 himself an augur1 & :o /rongly ass]t$ ! duty ( comply+ ) ! national rites47#gfi7 ,s5eca1 hav+ rec\nt$ 9 ! mo/ d]isive t]ms ! absurdities ( ! popul> wor%ip1 concludes 8 enum]ation by decl>+ t 8! sage w obs]ve all ^! ?+s1 n z pleas+ to ! ,div9ities1 b z comm&$ by ! law10 & t he %\ld rememb] 8t 8 wor%ip is due to cu/om1 n to belief407#ggj7 ,epictetus1 ^: au/]e cre$ rises to ! pure/ mono!ism1 tea*es z a fundam5tal religi\s maxim t e man 9 8 devotions %\ld 8con=m to ! cu/oms ( 8 c\ntry407#gga7 ,! ,jews & ,*ri/ians1 :o alone refus$ to d s1 7 ! repres5tatives ( a moral pr9ciple t 0 unkn[n to ! ,pagan _w4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$1 too1 t ! ,ori5tal cu/om ( deify+ emp]ors hav+ be5 introduc$ into ,rome1 to burn inc5se be=e _! /atues _h become a k9d ( te/ ( loyalty4 ,?is adoration does n1 x is true1 appe> to h impli$ any p>ticul> article ( belief1 & x 0 probably reg>d$ by mo/ m5 z we reg>d ! application ( ! t]m 8,sacr$ ,maje/y0 to a sov]eign1 & ! cu/om ( kneel+ 9 8 pres5ce2 b x 0 e/eem$ inconsi/5t ) ,*ri/ianity1 & ! consci5ti\s refusal ( ! ,*ri/ians to comply ) x ar\s$ a feel+ resembl+ t :i* 0 long produc$ 9 ,*ri/5dom by ! refusal ( ,quak]s to comply ) ! usages ( c\rts4 ,! obligation to p]=m ! sacr$ rites ( an idolatr\s wor%ip1 if rigidly en=c$1 w\ld h am\nt$1 9 ! case ( ! ,jews & ! ,*ri/ians1 to a complete proscription4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 appe> t ! ,jews 7 ev] p]secut$ on ?is gr\nd4 ,!y =m$ a l>ge & influ5tial colony 9 ,rome4 ,!y reta9$ undim9i%$1 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,pagan population1 _! exclusive habits1 refus+ n m]ely all religi\s communion1 b mo/ social int]c\rse ) ! idolat]s1 occupy+ a sep>ate qu>t] ( ! city1 & s$ul\sly practis+ _! di/9ctive rites4 ,tib]ius1 z we h se51 appe>s to h involv$ !m 9 8 proscription ( ,egyptian sup]/itions2 b !y 7 usually p]fectly unmole/$1 or 7 mole/$ only :5 _! riot\s conduct _h attract$ ! att5tion ( ! rul]s4 ,! ,gov]nm5t 0 s f> f compell+ !m to p]=m acts contr>y to _! religion1 t ,augu/us expressly *ang$ ! day ( ! di/ribution ( corn1 9 ord] t !y might n be r$uc$ to ! alt]native ( =feit+ _! %>e1 or ( break+ ! ,sabba?47#ggb7 ,x appe>s1 !n1 t ! old ,republican intol]ance _h 9 ! ,empire be5 s modifi$ z almo/ to h disappe>$4 ,! lib]ty ( speculation & discussion 0 entirely un*eck$4 ,! lib]ty ( practis+ =eign religi\s rites1 ?\gh o/5sibly limit$ by ! law aga9/ unau?oris$ religions1 0 aft] ,tib]ius equally secure4 ,! lib]ty ( ab/a9+ f ! (ficial national rites1 ?\gh m prec>i\s1 0 fully conc$$ to ! ,jews1 ^: jeal\sy ( idolatry 0 9 no degree inf]ior to t ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,x rema9s1 !n1 to exam9e :at 7 ! causes ( ! v exceptional fanaticism & animosity t 7 direct$ aga9/ ! latt]4 ,! fir/ cause ( ! p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians 0 ! religi\s notion to :i* ,i h already ref]r$4 ,! belief t our _w is gov]n$ by isolat$ acts ( ,div9e int]v5tion1 & t1 9 consequ5ce1 e great calamity1 :e!r physical1 or milit>y1 or political1 may be reg>d$ z a puni%m5t or a w>n+1 0 ! basis ( ! :ole religi\s sy/em ( antiquity47#ggc7 ,9 ! days ( ! ,republic e fam9e1 pe/il5ce1 or dr\ght 0 foll[$ by a se>*+ inve/igation ( ! sacr$ rites1 to asc]ta9 :at irregul>ity or neglect _h caus$ ! ,div9e ang]1 & two in/ances are record$ 9 :i* ve/al virg9s 7 put to dea? because _! un*a/ity 0 believ$ to h provok$ a national calamity47#ggd7 ,x might appe> at fir/ sight t ! fanaticism :i* ?is belief w\ld naturally produce w\ld h be5 direct$ aga9/ ! ,jews z /rongly z aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians2 b a mom5t's reflection is suffici5t to expla9 ! diff]5ce4 ,! ,jewi% religion 0 ess5tially cons]vative & unexpansive4 ,al?\gh1 9 ! passion = ,ori5tal religions1 _m ( ! ,romans _h begun to practise its c]emonies1 !re 0 no _s ( proselytism 9 ! sect2 & x is probable t almo/ all :o foll[$ ?is religion1 to ! exclusion ( o!rs1 7 ( ,hebrew nationality4 ,! ,*ri/ians1 on ! o!r h&1 7 ard5t mission>ies2 !y 71 = ! mo/ "p1 ,romans :o _h ?r[n (f ! allegiance ( _! old gods1 & _! activity 0 s great t f a v e>ly p]iod ! temples 7 9 "s di/ricts almo/ des]t$47#gge7 ,besides ?is1 ! ,jews simply ab/a9$ f & despis$ ! religions ar\nd !m4 ,! ,*ri/ians d5\nc$ !m z ! wor%ip ( dmons1 & lo/ no opportunity ( insult+ !m4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 surpris+ t ! populace %\ld h be5 firmly conv9c$ t e great cata/rophe t occurr$ 0 due to ! pres5ce ( ! enemies ( ! gods4 8,if ! ,tib] asc5ds to ! walls10 says ,t]tullian1 8or if ! ,nile does n ov]fl[ ! fields1 if ! heav5 refuses its ra91 if ! e>? quakes1 if fam9e & pe/il5ce desolate ! l&1 imm$iately ! cry is rais$1 #8,! ,*ri/ians to ! lions6' 07#ggf7 8,!re is no ra9--! ,*ri/ians are ! cause10 _h become a popul> prov]b 9 ,rome47#ggg7 ,e>?quakes1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( _! peculi>ly appall+1 &1 to ignorant m51 my/]i\s nature1 h play$ a v l>ge "p 9 ! hi/ory ( sup]/ition1 7 frequ5t & t]rible 9 ! ,asiatic prov9ces1 & 9 ?ree or f\r in/ances ! p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians may be di/9ctly trac$ to ! fanaticism !y produc$4 ,!re is no "p ( ecclesia/ical hi/ory m curi\s ?an ! effects ( ?is belief 9 alt]nately assi/+ or imp$+ ! progress ( diff]5t ,*ur*es4 ,9 ! fir/ ?ree c5turies ( ,*ri/ian hi/ory1 x 0 ! cause ( fe>ful suff]+s to ! fai?2 b ev5 !n ! ,*ri/ians usually accept$ ! !ory ( _! adv]s>ies1 ?\gh !y diff]$ conc]n+ its application4 ,t]tullian & ,cyprian /rongly ma9ta9$1 sometimes t ! calamities 7 due to ! ang] ( ! ,almighty aga9/ idolatry1 sometimes t !y 7 int5d$ to av5ge ! p]secution ( ! tru?4 ,a collection 0 e>ly made ( m5 :o1 hav+ be5 ho/ile to ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 _h di$ by "s horrible dea?1 & _! dea?s 7 pron\nc$ to be ,div9e puni%m5ts47#ggh7 ,! victory :i* e/abli%$ ! p[] ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ian emp]or1 & ! sudd5 dea? ( ,arius1 7 aft]w>ds accept$ z decisive pro(s ( ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ( ! falsehood ( ,arianism47#ggi7 ,b soon ! manife/ signs ( ! dissolution ( ! ,empire reviv$ ! zeal ( ! ,pagans1 :o began to reproa* !mselves = _! +ratitude to _! old gods1 & :o recognis$ 9 ! calamities ( _! c\ntry ! v5geance ( an insult$ ,heav54 ,:5 ! alt> ( ,victory 0 remov$ contemptu\sly f ! ,s5ate1 :5 ! sacr$ college ( ! ve/als 0 suppress$1 :51 above all1 ! armies ( ,al>ic encircl$ ! ,imp]ial city1 angry murmurs arose :i* di/urb$ ! ,*ri/ians 9 _! triumph4 ,! /&+-po9t ( ! !ologians 0 !n some:at alt]$4 ,/4 ,ambrose dissect$ ) ! mo/ unsp>+ rationalism ! !ory t ascrib$ ! national decl9e to ! suppression ( ! ve/als1 trac$ x to all its consequ5ces1 & expos$ all its absurdities4 ,orosius wrote 8 hi/ory to prove t great mis=tunes _h befall5 ! ,empire be=e its conv]sion4 ,salvian wrote 8 treatise on ,provid5ce to prove t ! b>b>ian invasions 7 a ,div9e judgm5t on ! immorality ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,/4 ,augu/9e conc5trat$ all 8 g5ius on a great "w1 writt5 "u ! impression ( ! invasion ( ,al>ic1 & int5d$ to prove t 8! city ( ,god0 0 n on e>?1 & t ! d[nfall ( ! ,empire ne$ !re=e cause no disquietude to ! ,*ri/ians4 ,/4 ,gregory ! ,great cont9ually repres5t$ ! calamities ( ,italy z w>n+s =ebod+ ! de/ruction ( ! _w4 ,:5 ,rome sank f9ally be=e ! b>b>ian ho/s1 x w\ld seem z ?\gh ! doctr9e t temporal success 0 ! pro( ( ,div9e fav\r mu/ be f9ally ab&on$4 ,b ! ,*ri/ian cl]gy dis5gag$ _! cause f t ( ! ru9$ ,empire1 proclaim$ its d[nfall to be a fulfilm5t ( prophecy & a ,div9e judgm5t1 confront$ ! b>b>ian conqu]ors 9 all ! maje/y ( _! sacr$ (fice1 & ov]aw$ !m 9 ! v mom5t ( _! victory4 ,9 ! conv]sion ( ! uncivilis$ tribes1 ! doctr9e ( special int]v5tion occupi$ a comm&+ place4 ,! ,burgundians1 :5 defeat$ by ! ,huns1 resolv$1 z a la/ res\rce1 to place !mselves "u ! protection ( ! ,roman ,god :om !y vaguely believ$ to be ! mo/ p[]ful1 & ! :ole nation 9 consequ5ce embrac$ ,*ri/ianity47#ghj7 ,9 a critical mom5t ( a great battle1 ,clovis invok$ ! assi/ance ( ! ,god ( 8 wife4 ,! battle 0 won1 & he1 ) _m ?\s&s ( ,franks1 0 conv]t$ to ! fai?47#gha7 ,9 ,engl&1 ! conv]sion ( ,nor?umbria 0 p>tly1 & ! conv]sion ( ,m]cia 0 ma9ly1 due to ! belief t ! ,div9e int]position _h secur$ ! victory ( a ,*ri/ian k+47#ghb7 ,a ,bulg>ian pr9ce 0 driv5 into ! ,*ur* by ! t]ror ( a pe/il5ce1 & he spe$ily effect$ ! conv]sion ( 8 subjects47#ghc7 ,! de/ruction ( s _m %r9es1 & ! defeat ( s _m ,*ri/ian armies1 by ! foll[]s ( ,mohamm$2 ! disa/r\s & ignom9i\s ov]?r[ ( ! ,crusad]s1 :o w5t =? protect$ by all ! bless+s ( ! ,*ur*1 7 unable to impair ! belief4 ,all ?r\gh ! middle ages1 & = "s c5turies aft] ! middle ages _h pass$1 e />tl+ cata/rophe 0 reg>d$ z a puni%m5t1 or a w>n+1 or a sign ( ! approa*+ t]m9ation ( ! _w4 ,*ur*es & mona/]ies 7 built4 ,religi\s societies 7 f\nd$4 ,p5ances 7 p]=m$4 ,jews 7 massacr$1 & a long catalogue might be giv5 ( ! !ories by :i* m5 attempt$ to connect e vicissitude ( =tune1 & e convulsion ( nature1 ) ! wrangl+s ( !ologians4 ,?us1 to give b a few examples3 ,/4 ,ambrose confid5tly ass]t$ t ! dea? ( ,maximus 0 a consequ5ce ( ! crime he _h committ$ 9 compell+ ! ,*ri/ians to rebuild a ,jewi% synagogue !y _h de/roy$47#ghd7 ,"o ( ! laws 9 ! ,ju/9ian code1 direct$ aga9/ ! ,jews1 ,sam>itans1 & ,pagans1 expressly attributes to !m ! /]ility ( ! soil1 :i* 9 an e>li] age ! ,pagans _h s (t5 attribut$ to ! ,*ri/ians47#ghe7 ,a volcanic eruption t broke out at ! comm5cem5t ( ! iconocla/ic p]secution 0 adduc$ z a cle> pro( t ! ,div9e ang] 0 ar\s$1 accord+ to "o p>ty1 by ! ho/ility ( ! emp]or to ! sacr$ images2 accord+ to ! o!r p>ty1 by 8 s9ful hesitation 9 extirpat+ idolatry47#ghf7 ,bod91 9 a lat] age1 consid]$ t ! e>ly dea? ( ! sov]eign :o comm&$ ! massacre ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew 0 due to :at he deem$ ! ma/] crime ( t sov]eign's reign4 ,he _h sp>$ ! life ( a fam\s sorc]]47#ghg7 ,9 ! /ruggles t foll[$ ! ,re=mation1 physical calamities 7 cont9ually ascrib$ 9 "o age to ! tol]ation1 9 ano!r to ! end[m5t1 ( ei!r h]esy or ,pop]y47#ghh7 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 !y 7 trac$ to ! !atre1 & sometimes to ! writ+s ( free?9k]s4 ,b gradually1 & almo/ ins5sibly1 ^! notions fad$ away4 ,! old language is (t5 he>d1 b x is no long] realis$ & op]ative1 & ! doctr9e :i* play$ s l>ge a "p 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w has ceas$ to ex]cise any appreciable influ5ce ^u ! actions ( mank9d4 ,9 addition to ?is religi\s motive1 :i* act$ *iefly ^u ! vulg>1 !re 0 a political motive :i* r5d]$ ,*ri/ianity obnoxi\s to ! educat$4 ,! ,*ur* con/itut$ a va/1 highly organis$1 & 9 _m respects secret society1 & z su* 0 n only di/9ctly illegal1 b 0 also 9 ! v highe/ degree calculat$ to excite ! appreh5sions ( ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,!re 0 no pr9ciple 9 ! ,imp]ial policy m /ubbornly upheld ?an ! suppression ( all corporations t might be made ! nuclei ( revolt4 ,! ext5t to :i* ?is policy 0 c>ri$ is /rik+ly ev9c$ by a lett] f ,trajan to ,pl9y1 9 :i* ! emp]or =bade ! =mation ev5 ( a guild ( firem51 on ! gr\nd t !y w\ld con/itute an association & hold meet+s47#ghi7 ,9 su* a /ate ( feel+1 ! exi/5ce ( a va/ association1 gov]n$ by c\ntless function>ies1 %r\d+ its meet+s & "s ( its doctr9es 9 imp5etrable obscurity1 evok+ a degree ( atta*m5t & devotion great] ?an c\ld be elicit$ by ! ,/ate1 ramify+ ?r\gh ! :ole ext5t ( ! empire1 & re/lessly ext5d+ its influ5ce1 w\ld naturally ar\se ! /ronge/ appreh5sion4 ,t x did s is cle>ly recognis$ by ! ,*ri/ian apologi/s1 :o1 h[ev]1 ju/ly retort$ ^u ! objectors ! impossibility ( %[+ a s+le in/ance 9 :i*1 9 an age ( cont9ual conspiracies1 ! num]\s & p]secut$ ,*ri/ians _h prov$ disloyal4 ,:atev] we may ?9k ( _! doctr9e ( passive ob$i5ce1 x is impossible n to admire ! con/ancy ) :i* !y clung to x1 :5 all _! int]e/s 7 ! o!r way4 ,b yet ! ,pagans 7 n altoge!r wrong 9 reg>d+ ! new association z fatal to ! greatness ( ! ,empire4 ,x consi/$ ( m5 :o reg>d$ ! ,roman ,empire z a manife/ation ( ,anti*ri/1 & :o look$ =w>d ) passionate long+ to its de/ruction4 ,x sub/itut$ a new en?usiasm = t patriotism :i* 0 ! v life-blood ( ! national exi/5ce4 ,_m ( ! ,*ri/ians deem$ x wrong to fight = _! c\ntry4 ,all ( !m aspir$ to a type ( "*1 & 7 actuat$ by hopes & motives1 :olly inconsi/5t ) t pr\d m>tial ard\r by :i* ! triumphs ( ,rome _h be5 won1 & by :i* alone h] imp5d+ ru9 c\ld be av]t$4 ,! aims & pr9ciples ( ?is association 7 v imp]fectly und]/ood4 ,! greate/ & be/ ( ! ,pagans spoke ( x z a hateful sup]/ition1 & ! phrase !y mo/ frequ5tly reit]at$1 :5 speak+ ( its memb]s1 0 8enemies0 or 8hat]s ( ! human race40 ,su* a *>ge1 direct$ p]si/5tly aga9/ m5 ^: ma9 pr9ciple 0 ! supreme excell5ce ( love1 & ^: *>ity unque/ionably rose f> above t ( any o!r class1 0 probably due 9 ! fir/ place to ! unsocial habits ( ! conv]ts1 :o deem$ x necess>y to ab/a9 f all ! =ms ( public amusem5t1 to refuse to illum9ate _! h\ses1 or hang g>l&s f _! portals 9 hon\r ( ! national triumphs1 & :o some:at o/5tati\sly exhibit$ !mselves z sep>ate & ali5 f _! c\ntrym54 ,x may also h aris5 f a k ( ! popul> ,*ri/ian doctr9e ab\t ! future de/9y ( ,pagans4 ,:5 ! ,roman le>nt :at fate ! ,*ri/ian assign$ to ! h]oes & sages ( 8 nation1 & to ! imm5se mass ( 8 liv+ fell[-c\ntrym51 :5 he 0 told t ! de/ruction ( ! once glori\s ,empire to :i* he belong$ 0 "o ( ! mo/ f]v5t aspirations ( ! ,*ur*1 8 feel+s 7 v likely to clo! !mselves 9 su* language z ,i h cit$4 ,b1 9 addition to ! g5]al *>ges1 specific accusations7#gij7 ( ! grosse/ k9d 7 direct$ aga9/ ,*ri/ian morals4 ,at a "t :5 ! moral /&>d 0 v l[1 !y 7 *>g$ ) de$s s atroci\s z to sc&alise ! mo/ corrupt4 ,!y 7 repres5t$ z habitually1 9 _! secret assemblies1 celebrat+ ! mo/ lic5ti\s orgies1 fe$+ on human fle%1 & !n1 ! lights hav+ be5 ext+ui%$1 indulg+ 9 promiscu\s1 & especially 9 ince/u\s1 int]c\rse4 ,! p]si/5ce ) :i* ^! accusations 7 made is %[n by ! great prom95ce !y occupy1 bo? 9 ! writ+s ( ! apologi/s & 9 ! n>rations ( ! p]secutions4 ,t ^! *>ges 7 absolutely false w n[ be que/ion$ by no "o4 ,! ,fa!rs 7 long able to *all5ge _! adv]s>ies to produce a s+le in/ance 9 :i* any o!r crime ?an 8 fai? 0 prov$ aga9/ a m>tyr1 & !y urg$ ) a j & noble pride t :atev] d\bt !re might be ( ! tru? ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9es1 or ( ! ,div9e orig9 ( ! ,*ri/ian miracles1 !re 0 at lea/ no d\bt t ,*ri/ianity _h trans=m$ ! *>act]s ( multitudes1 vivifi$ ! cold he>t by a new en?usiasm1 r$eem$1 reg5]at$1 & emancipat$ ! mo/ deprav$ ( mank9d4 ,noble lives1 cr[n$ by h]oic dea?s1 7 ! be/ argum5ts ( ! infant ,*ur*47#gia7 ,_! enemies !mselves n unfrequ5tly ackn[l$g$ x4 ,! love %[n by ! e>ly ,*ri/ians to _! suff]+ bre?r5 has nev] be5 m emphatically atte/$ ?an by ,lucian17#gib7 or ! beautiful simplicity ( _! wor%ip ?an by ,pl9y17#gic7 or _! ard5t *>ity ?an by ,julian47#gid7 ,!re 01 x is true1 ano!r side to ! picture2 b ev5 :5 ! moral /&>d ( ,*ri/ians 0 greatly l[]$1 x 0 l[]$ only to t ( ! community ab\t !m4 ,^! calumnies 7 greatly enc\rag$ by ! ecclesia/ical rule1 :i* )held f ! unbaptis$ all k ( "s ( ! m my/]i\s doctr9es ( ! ,*ur*1 & veil$1 at lea/1 "o ( its c]emonies 9 great obscurity4 ,vague rum\rs ab\t ! nature ( t sacram5tal fea/1 to :i* none b ! baptis$ ,*ri/ian 0 suff]$ to p5etrate1 & :i* no ecclesia/ic 0 p]mitt$ to expla9 ei!r to ! cate*um5s or to ! _w1 7 probably ! orig9 ( ! *>ge ( cannibalism2 :ile ! ,agap or love fea/s1 ! c]emony ( ! kiss ( love1 & ! peculi> &1 to ! ,pagans1 p]haps un9telligible1 language 9 :i* ! ,*ri/ians proclaim$ !mselves "o body & fell[-memb]s 9 ,*ri/1 may h sugge/$ ! o!r *>ges4 ,! eag] cr$ulity ) :i* equally baseless accusations aga9/ ! ,jews 7 = c5turies believ$1 illu/rates ! read9ess ) :i* !y 7 accept$1 & ! extremely imp]fect sy/em ( police :i* r5d]$ ! v]ification ( secret crimes v difficult1 _h no d\bt greatly enl>g$ ! sph]e ( calumny4 ,b1 9 addition to ^! consid]ations1 ! or?odox 7 9 "s respects exce$+ly un=tunate4 ,9 ! eyes ( ! ,pagans !y 7 reg>d$ z a sect ( ,jews2 & ! ,jews1 on acc\nt ( _! cont9ual riots1 _! inext+ui%able hatr$ ( ! ,g5tile _w17#gie7 & ! atrocities t frequ5tly accompani$ _! rebellions1 _h e>ly excit$ ! ang] & ! contempt ( ! ,pagans4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,jew1 :o deem$ ! ab&onm5t ( ! law ! mo/ he9\s ( crimes1 & ^: patriotism only %one ) a fi]c] flame amid ! calamities ( 8 nation1 reg>d$ ! ,*ri/ian ) an implacable ho/ility4 ,scorn$ or hat$ by ^? ar\nd him1 8 temple levell$ ) ! du/1 & ! la/ ve/ige ( 8 indep5d5ce de/roy$1 he clung ) a desp]ate t5acity to ! hopes & privileges ( 8 anci5t cre$4 ,9 8 eyes ! ,*ri/ians 7 at once apo/ates & traitors4 ,he c\ld n =get t 9 ! la/ d>k h\r ( 8 c\ntry's agony1 :5 ! armies ( ! ,g5tile encompass$ ,j]usalem1 & :5 ! ho/s ( ! fai?ful flock$ to its def5ce1 ! ,*ri/ian ,jews _h ab&on$ ! =tunes ( _! race1 & refus$ to be> any "p 9 ! h]oism & ! suff]+s ( ! clos+ sc5e4 ,!y _h proclaim$ t ! promis$ ,messiah1 :o 0 to re/ore ! fad$ glories ( ,israel1 _h already come2 t ! privileges :i* 7 s long ! monopoly ( a s+le p _h pass$ to ! ,g5tile _w2 t ! race :i* 0 once supremely ble/ 0 = all future "t to be accurs$ among mank9d4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 surpris+ t !re %\ld h aris5 betwe5 ! two cre$s an animosity :i* ,paganism c\ld nev] rival4 ,:ile ! ,*ri/ians view$ ) too mu* exultation ! calamities t fell ^u ! pro/rate p17#gif7 ^: cup ( bitt]ness !y 7 de/9$ ?r\gh long c5turies to fill to ! brim1 ! ,jews lab\r$ ) unwe>i$ hatr$ to fom5t by calumnies ! passions ( ! ,pagan multitude47#gig7 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,ca?olic ,*ri/ians %[$ !mselves extremely will+ to draw d[n ! sword ( ! p]secutor ^u ! h]etical sects4 ,:5 ! ,pagans accus$ ! ,*ri/ians ( indulg+ 9 orgies ( gross lic5ti\sness1 ! fir/ apologi/1 :ile repudiat+ ! *>ge1 0 c>eful to add1 ( ! h]etics1 8,:e!r or n ^! p commit ^? %ameful & fabul\s acts1 ! putt+ out ! lights1 indulg+ 9 promiscu\s int]c\rse1 & eat+ human fle%1 ,i "k n407#gih7 ,9 a few ye>s ! language ( d\bt & ins9uation 0 ex*ang$ = t ( direct ass]tion2 &1 if we may believe ,/4 ,ir5u & ,/4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ! foll[]s ( ,c>pocrates1 ! ,m>cionites1 & "s o!r ,gno/ic sects1 habitually indulg$1 9 _! secret meet+s1 9 acts ( impurity & lic5ti\sness z hide\s & z mon/r\s z c be conceiv$1 & _! conduct 0 "o ( ! causes ( ! p]secution ( ! or?odox47#gii7 ,ev5 ! mo/ extravagant *>ges ( ! ,pagan populace 7 reit]at$ by ! ,fa!rs 9 _! accusations ( ! ,gno/ics4 ,/4 ,epiphanius1 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 assures u t "s ( _! sects 7 accu/om$ to kill1 to dress ) spices1 & to eat ! *ildr5 born ( _! promiscu\s int]c\rse47#hjj7 ,! h]etics1 9 _! turn1 gladly accus$ ! ,ca?olics27#hja7 :ile ! ,roman judge1 9 ^: eyes ,judaism1 or?odox ,*ri/ianity1 & h]esy 7 b slightly diff]+ modifications ( "o despicable sup]/ition1 d\btless f\nd 9 ?is int]*ange ( accusations a corroboration ( 8 prejudices4 ,ano!r cause ( ! peculi> animosity felt aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians 0 ! con/ant int]f]5ce ) dome/ic life1 aris+ f ! great numb] ( female conv]sions4 ,! ,*ri/ian tea*] 0 e>ly not$ = 8 unrivall$ skill 9 play+ on ! *ords ( a woman's he>t47#hjb7 ,! graphic title ( 8,e>pick] ( ladies107#hjc7 :i* 0 giv5 to a s$uctive pontiff ( a some:at lat] p]iod1 might h be5 appli$ to _m 9 ! days ( ! p]secution2 & to ! ,roman1 :o reg>d$ ! supreme au?ority ( ! head ( ! family1 9 all religi\s matt]s1 z ! v f\ndation ( dome/ic morality1 no "* c\ld appe> m infam\s or m revolt+4 8,a wife10 said ,plut>*1 express+ ! deepe/ conviction ( ! ,pagan _w1 8%\ld h no fri5ds b ^? ( h] husb&2 &1 z ! gods are ! fir/ ( fri5ds1 %e %\ld "k no gods b ^? :om h] husb& adores4 ,let h] %ut ! door1 !n1 aga9/ idle religions & =eign sup]/itions4 ,no god c take pleasure 9 sacrifices (f]$ by a wife )\t ! k ( h] husb&407#hjd7 ,b ^! pr9ciples1 ^u :i* ! :ole social sy/em ( ,paganism _h re/$1 7 n[ disreg>d$4 ,wives 9 multitudes des]t$ _! homes to frequ5t ! nocturnal meet+s7#hje7 ( a sect :i* 0 look$ ^u ) ! deepe/ suspicion1 & 0 plac$ "u ! ban ( ! law4 ,aga9 & aga91 ! husb&1 z he laid 8 head on ! pill[ by 8 wife1 _h ! bitt]ness ( ?9k+ t all h] sympa?ies 7 )drawn f him2 t h] affections belong$ to an ali5 prie/hood & to a =eign cre$2 t1 ?\gh %e might dis*>ge h] duties ) a g5tle & uncompla9+ fidelity1 he _h = ev] lo/ ! p[] ( t\*+ h] he>t--he 0 to h] only z an outca/1 z a br& prep>$ = ! burn+4 ,ev5 to a ,*ri/ian m9d !re is a deep pa?os 9 ! picture :i* ,/4 ,augu/9e has drawn ( ! brok5-he>t$ husb& implor+ ! assi/ance ( ! gods1 & receiv+ f ! oracle ! bitt] answ]3 8,y may m easily write 9 endur+ *>act]s on ! wave1 or fly ) fea!rs ?r\gh ! air1 ?an purge ! m9d ( a woman :5 once ta9t$ by ! sup]/ition407#hjf7 ,i h already notic$ ! prom95ce :i* ! practice ( exorcism _h acquir$ 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*1 ! contempt ) :i* x 0 reg>d$ by ! m philosophic ,pagans1 & ! law :i* _h be5 direct$ aga9/ its pr(essors4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 probable t ?is practice1 ?\gh x l[]$ ! ,*ri/ians 9 ! eyes ( ! educat$ z mu* z x elevat$ !m 9 ! eyes ( ! populace1 _h any appreciable influ5ce 9 provok+ p]secution4 ,9 ! cr[d ( sup]/itions t 7 invad+ ! ,roman ,empire1 exorcism _h a prom95t place2 all su* practices 7 popul> ) ! masses2 ! only =m ( magic :i* "u ! ,empire 0 s]i\sly p]secut$ 0 political a/rology or div9ation ) a view to discov]+ ! successors to ! ?rone1 & ( ?is ! ,*ri/ians 7 nev] accus$47#hjg7 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 ano!r =m ( :at 0 deem$ sup]/ition connect$ ) ! ,*ur*1 :i* 0 reg>d$ by ,pagan philosoph]s ) a mu* deep] feel+ ( av]sion4 ,to agitate ! m9ds ( m5 ) religi\s t]rorism1 to fill ! unkn[n _w ) hide\s images ( suff]+1 to gov]n ! reason by al>m+ ! imag9ation1 0 9 ! eyes ( ! ,pagan _w "o ( ! mo/ he9\s ( crimes47#hjh7 ,^! fe>s 7 to ! anci5ts ! v def9ition ( sup]/ition1 & _! de/ruction 0 a ma9 object bo? ( ! ,epicurean & ( ! ,/oic4 ,to m5 hold+ su* s5tim5ts1 x is easy to p]ceive h[ obnoxi\s mu/ h appe>$ religi\s tea*]s :o ma9ta9$ t an et]nity ( torture 0 res]v$ = ! entire human race !n exi/+ 9 ! _w1 beyond ! range ( _! own community1 & :o made ! ass]tion ( ?is doctr9e "o ( _! ma9 in/rum5ts ( success47#hji7 ,enquiry1 among ! e>ly !ologians1 0 mu* less valu$ ?an belief17#haj7 & reason 0 less appeal$ to ?an fe>4 ,9 philosophy ! mo/ compreh5sive1 b 9 !ology ! mo/ intol]ant1 sy/em is naturally ! /ronge/4 ,to weak wom51 to ! "y1 ! ignorant1 & ! timid1 to all1 9 a ^w1 :o 7 d\btful ( _! own judgm5t1 ! doctr9e ( exclusive salvation mu/ h come ) an appall+ p[]2 &1 z no o!r religion pr(ess$ x1 x suppli$ ! ,*ur* ) an invaluable vantage-gr\nd1 & d\btless drove multitudes into its pale4 ,to ?is doctr9e we may also1 9 a great degree1 ascribe ! agony ( t]ror t 0 s (t5 display$ by ! apo/ate1 ^: fle% %rank f ! pres5t torture1 b :o 0 conv9c$ t ! weakness he c\ld n ov]come w\ld be expiat$ by an et]nity ( torm5t47#haa7 ,to ! indignation excit$ by su* tea*+ 0 probably due a law ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 :i* decre$ t 8if any "o %all d any?+ :]eby ! weak m9ds ( any may be t]rifi$ by sup]/iti\s fe>1 ! (f5d] %all be exil$ into an isl&407#hab7 ,!re c1 inde$1 be little d\bt t a *ief cause ( ! ho/ility felt aga9/ ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 0 ! intol]ant aspect x at t "t display$4 ,! ,romans 7 prep>$ to tol]ate almo/ any =m ( religion t w\ld tol]ate o!rs4 ,! ,jews1 ?\gh q z ob/9ate z ! ,*ri/ians 9 refus+ to sacrifice to ! emp]or1 7 r>ely mole/$1 except 9 ! p]iods imm$iately foll[+ _! insurrections1 because ,judaism1 h[ev] exclusive & unsocial1 0 /ill an unaggressive national fai?4 ,b ! ,*ri/ian tea*]s taught t all religions1 except _! own & t ( ! ,jews1 7 con/ruct$ by devils1 & t all :o diss5t$ f _! ,*ur* mu/ be lo/4 ,x 0 impossible t m5 /rung to ! v highe/ pit* ( religi\s excitem5t1 & imag9+ !y saw 9 e c]emony & oracle ! direct work+ ( a pres5t dmon1 c\ld re/ra9 _! zeal1 or respect 9 any degree ! feel+s ( o!rs4 ,proselytis+ ) an untir+ en]gy1 p\r+ a fi]ce /ream ( invective & ridicule ^u ! gods on ^: fav\r ! multitude believ$ all national prosp]ity to dep5d1 n unfrequ5tly insult+ ! wor%ipp]s1 & defac+ ! idols17#hac7 !y soon /ung ! ,pagan devotees to madness1 & conv9c$ !m t e calamity t fell ^u ! empire 0 ! righte\s v5geance ( ! gods4 ,nor 0 ! sceptical politician m likely to reg>d ) fav\r a religion ^: developm5t 0 pla9ly incompatible ) ! :ole religi\s policy ( ! ,empire4 ,! new ,*ur*1 z x 0 !n organis$1 mu/ h appe>$ to him ess5tially1 fundam5tally1 necess>ily intol]ant4 ,to p]mit x to triumph 0 to p]mit ! ext9ction ( religi\s lib]ty 9 an empire :i* compris$ all ! lead+ nations ( ! _w1 & tol]at$ all _! cre$s4 ,x 0 inde$ true t 9 ! days ( _! di/ress ! apologi/s proclaim$1 9 high & eloqu5t language1 ! iniquity ( p]secution1 & ! priceless value ( a free wor%ip2 b x ne$$ no great sagacity to p]ceive t ! language ( ! dom9ant ,*ur* w\ld be v diff]5t4 ,! ,pagan philosoph] c\ld n =esee ! gha/ly hi/ories ( ! ,inquisition1 ( ! ,albig5ses1 or ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew2 b he c\ld sc>cely d\bt t ! ,*ri/ians1 :5 9 ! asc5dant1 w\ld nev] tol]ate rites :i* !y believ$ to be consecrat$ to devils1 or re/ra91 9 ! season ( _! p[]1 a religi\s animosity :i* !y sc>cely bridl$ :5 !y 7 weak4 ,x ne$$ no prophetic inspiration to anticipate ! "t1 t s spe$ily arriv$1 :51 amid ! wail+s ( ! wor%ipp]s1 ! idols & ! temples 7 %att]$1 & :5 all :o practis$ ! religi\s c]emonies ( _! =efa!rs 7 subject to ! p5alty ( dea?4 ,!re has probably nev] exi/$ ^u e>? a community ^: memb]s 7 b\nd to "o ano!r by a deep] or a pur] affection ?an ! ,*ri/ians1 9 ! days ( ! p]secution4 ,!re has probably nev] exi/$ a community :i* exhibit$ 9 its deal+s ) crime a g5tl] or m judici\s k9dness1 :i* comb9$ m happily an unfl9*+ opposition to s9 ) a b\ndless *>ity to ! s9n]1 & :i* 0 9 consequ5ce m successful 9 reclaim+ & trans=m+ ! mo/ vici\s ( mank9d4 ,!re has1 h[ev]1 also nev] exi/$ a community :i* display$ m cle>ly ! intol]ance t w\ld necess>ily foll[ its triumph4 ,v e>ly tradition has relat$ ?ree anecdotes ( ! apo/le ,john :i* illu/rate fai?fully ?is triple aspect ( ! ,*ur*4 ,x is said t :5 ! assemblies ( ! ,*ri/ians ?rong$ ar\nd him to he> "s exhortation f 8 lips1 ! only words he w\ld utt] 71 8,my little *ildr51 love "o ano!r20 = 9 ?is1 he said1 is compris$ ! entire law4 ,x is said t a "y man he _h once confid$ to ! *>ge ( a bi%op1 hav+ fall5 into ! ways ( vice1 & become ! capta9 ( a b& ( robb]s1 ! apo/le1 on he>+ ( x1 bitt]ly reproa*$ ! neglig5ce ( ! pa/or1 &1 ?\gh 9 extreme old age1 betook himself to ! m\nta9s till he _h be5 captur$ by ! robb]s1 :51 fall+ ) te>s on ! neck ( ! *ief1 he re/or$ him to ! pa? ( virtue4 ,x is said t ! same apo/le1 once see+ ! h]etic ,c]9?us 9 an e/abli%m5t ( ba?s into :i* he _h ent]$1 imm$iately ru%$ =?1 fe>+ le/ ! ro( %\ld fall because a h]etic 0 b5ea? x47#had7 ,all t fi]ce hatr$ :i* dur+ ! ,arian & ,donati/ controv]sies convuls$ ! ,empire1 & :i* 9 lat] times has delug$ ! _w ) blood1 may be trac$ 9 ! ,*ur* long be=e ! conv]sion ( ,con/ant9e4 ,already1 9 ! second c5tury1 x 0 ! rule t ! or?odox ,*ri/ian %\ld hold no conv]sation1 %\ld int]*ange none ( ! mo/ ord9>y c\rtesies ( life1 ) ! excommunicat$ or ! h]etic47#hae7 ,common suff]+s 7 impot5t to assuage ! animosity1 & ! pure/ & fonde/ relations ( life 7 pollut$ by ! new intol]ance4 ,! ,decian p]secution _h sc>cely clos$1 :5 ,/4 ,cyprian wrote 8 treatise to ma9ta9 t x is no m possible to be sav$ beyond ! limits ( ! ,*ur*1 ?an x 0 dur+ ! deluge beyond ! limits ( ! ark2 t m>tyrdom itself has no p[] to efface ! guilt ( s*ism2 & t ! h]etic1 :o = 8 ma/]'s cause expir$ 9 tortures ^u ! e>?1 pass$ at once1 by t ma/]'s decree1 into an et]nity ( torm5t 9 hell67#haf7 ,ev5 9 ! ar5a ! ,ca?olic m>tyrs )drew f ! ,montani/s1 le/ !y %\ld be m+l$ ) ! h]etics 9 dea?47#hag7 ,at a lat] p]iod ,/4 ,augu/9e relates t1 :5 he 0 a ,mani*ean1 8 "m = a "t refus$ ev5 to eat at ! same table ) h] err+ *ild47#hah7 ,:5 ,/4 ,ambrose n only def5d$ ! act ( a ,*ri/ian bi%op1 :o _h burnt d[n a synagogue ( ! ,jews1 b d5\nc$ z a deadly crime ! decree ( ! ,gov]nm5t :i* ord]$ x to be rebuilt27#hai7 :5 ! same sa9t1 9 advocat+ ! plund] ( ! ve/al virg9s1 ma9ta9$ ! doctr9e t x is crim9al = a ,*ri/ian ,/ate to grant any end[m5t to ! m9i/]s ( any religion b 8 own17#hbj7 :i* x has ne$$ all ! ef=ts ( mod]n lib]alism to efface f legislation1 he 0 b foll[+ 9 ! traces ( ^? e>li] ,*ri/ians1 :o w\ld n ev5 we> a laurel cr[n17#hba7 or jo9 9 ! mo/ innoc5t civic fe/ival1 le/ !y %\ld appe> 9 "s indirect way to be acquiesc+ 9 ! ,pagan wor%ip4 ,:ile ! apologi/s 7 ma9ta9+ aga9/ ! ,pagan p]secutors ! duty ( tol]ance1 ! ,sibyll9e books1 :i* 7 ! popul> lit]ature ( ! ,*ri/ians1 7 fill$ ) passionate anticipations ( ! viol5t de/ruction ( ! ,pagan temples47#hbb7 ,& no soon] _h ,*ri/ianity m\nt$ ! ?rone ?an ! policy !y =e%ad[$ became asc5dant4 ,! indiff]5ce or worldly sagacity ( "s ( ! rul]s1 & ! impos+ numb] ( ! ,pagans1 delay$1 no d\bt1 ! f9al consummation2 b1 f ! "t ( ,con/ant9e1 re/rictive laws 7 put 9 =ce1 ! influ5ce ( ! ecclesia/ics 0 ceaselessly ex]t$ 9 _! fav\r1 & no sagaci\s man c\ld fail to anticipate ! spe$y & absolute proscription ( ! ,pagan wor%ip4 ,x is relat$ ( ! philosoph] ,anton9us1 ! son ( ! ,pagan prophetess ,sospitra1 t1 /&+ "o day ) 8 disciples be=e t noble temple ( ,s]apis1 at ,alex&ria1 :i* 0 "o ( ! wond]s ( anci5t art1 & :i* 0 de/9$ soon aft] to p]i% by ! rude h&s ( ! ,*ri/ian monks1 ! prophetic _s ( 8 "m fell ^u him4 ,l ano!r prophet be=e ano!r %r9e1 he appall$ 8 he>]s by ! pr$iction ( ! approa*+ ru94 ,! "t w\ld come1 he said1 :5 ! glori\s edifice be=e !m w\ld be ov]?r[n1 ! c>v$ images w\ld be defac$1 ! temples ( ! gods w\ld be turn$ into ! sepul*res ( ! dead1 & a great d>kness w\ld fall ^u mank9d67#hbc7 ,&1 besides ! lib]ty ( wor%ip1 ! lib]ty ( ?\ght & ( expression1 :i* 0 ! supreme atta9m5t ( ,roman civilisation1 0 9 p]il4 ,! new religion1 unlike t :i* 0 disappe>+1 claim$ to dictate ! op9ions z well z ! actions ( m51 & its tea*]s /igmatis$ z an atroci\s crime ! free expression ( e op9ion on religi\s matt]s div]g+ f _! own4 ,( all ! =ms ( lib]ty1 x 0 ?is :i* la/$ ! longe/1 & 0 ! mo/ de>ly priz$4 ,ev5 aft] ,con/ant9e1 ! ,pagans ,libanius1 ,!mi/ius1 ,symma*us1 & ,sallu/ en=c$ _! views ) a fre$om t contra/s rem>kably ) ! re/ra9ts impos$ ^u _! wor%ip1 & ! beautiful fri5d%ips ( ,/4 ,basil & ,libanius1 ( ,synesius & ,hypatia1 are among ! mo/ t\*+ episodes ( _! "t4 ,b ?\gh ! traditions ( ,pagan fre$om1 & ! true ca?olicism ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr & ,orig51 l+]$ long1 x 0 inevitable t error1 be+ deem$ crim9al1 %\ld be made p5al4 ,! dogmatism ( ,a?anasius & ,augu/9e1 ! increas+ p[] ( ! cl]gy1 & ! fanaticism ( ! monks1 ha/5$ ! end4 ,! suppression ( all religions b "o by ,!odosius1 ! murd] ( ,hypatia at ,alex&ria by ! monks ( ,cyril1 & ! clos+ by ,ju/9ian ( ! s*ools ( ,a!ns1 are ! ?ree ev5ts :i* m>k ! decisive ov]?r[ ( intellectual fre$om4 ,a ?\s& ye>s _h roll$ away be=e t fre$om 0 9 "p re/or$4 ,! consid]ations ,i h briefly enum]at$ %\ld n 9 ! smalle/ degree detract f ! admiration due to ! surpass+ c\rage1 to ! pure1 t\*+1 & sacr$ virtues ( ! ,*ri/ian m>tyrs2 b !y 9 "s degree palliate ! conduct ( ! p]secutors1 among :om mu/ be includ$ "o emp]or1 :o 0 probably1 on ! :ole1 ! be/ & mo/ humane sov]eign :o has ev] sat ^u a ?rone1 & at lea/ two o!rs1 :o 7 consid]ably above ! av]age ( virtue4 ,:51 comb9$ ) ! indiff]5ce to human suff]+1 ! ?ir/ = blood1 :i* ! spectacles ( ! amphi!atre _h eng5d]$1 !y assur$ly make ! p]secutions abundantly explicable4 ,!y %[ t if x c be prov$ t ,*ri/ian p]secutions sprang f ! doctr9e ( exclusive salvation1 ! fact t ! ,roman ,pagans1 :o did n hold t doctr9e1 also p]secut$1 ne$ n cause ! slighte/ p]plexity4 ,t ! p]secutions ( ,*ri/ianity by ! ,roman emp]ors1 sev]e z !y und\bt$ly 71 7 n ( su* a cont9u\s nature z :olly to c\nt]act ! va/ moral1 social1 & intellectual ag5cies t 7 fav\rable to its spread1 a few dates w %[4 ,we h se5 t :5 ! ,egyptian rites 7 introduc$ into ,rome1 !y 7 met by prompt & en]getic measures ( repression2 t ^! measures 7 aga9 & aga9 repeat$1 b t at la/1 :5 !y prov$ ineffectual1 ! gov]nors desi/$ f _! opposition1 & ! new wor%ip assum$ a recognis$ place4 ,! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity1 9 its relation to ! ,gov]nm5t1 is ! rev]se ( ?is4 ,its fir/ introduction into ,rome appe>s to h be5 altoge!r unoppos$4 ,t]tullian ass]ts t ,tib]ius1 on ! gr\nd ( a report f ,pontius ,pilate1 desir$ to enrol ,*ri/ among ! ,roman gods1 b t ! ,s5ate reject$ ! proposal2 b ?is ass]tion1 :i* is altoge!r unsupport$ by tru/wor?y evid5ce1 & is1 intr9sically1 extremely improbable1 is n[ g5]ally recognis$ z false47#hbd7 ,an isolat$ passage ( ,suetonius /ates t 9 ! "t ( ,claudius 8! ,jews1 be+ cont9ually riot+1 at ! in/igation ( a c]ta9 ,*re/us107#hbe7 7 expell$ f ! city2 b no ,*ri/ian writ] speaks ( 8 co-religioni/s be+ di/urb$ 9 ?is reign1 :ile all1 ) a p]fect unanimity1 & ) great emphasis1 describe ,n]o z ! fir/ p]secutor4 ,8 p]secution began at ! close ( ,a4,d4 #fd47hbf7 ,x 0 direct$ aga9/ ,*ri/ians1 n o/5sibly on ! gr\nd ( _! religion1 b because !y 7 falsely accus$ ( hav+ set fire to ,rome1 & x is v d\btful :e!r x ext5d$ beyond ! city47#hbg7 ,x _h also ?is peculi>ity1 t1 be+ direct$ aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians n z ,*ri/ians1 b z inc5di>ies1 x 0 impossible to escape f x by apo/asy4 ,)9 ! walls ( ,rome x rag$ ) great fury4 ,! ,*ri/ians1 :o _h be5 = _m ye>s7#hbh7 proselytis+ )\t re/ra9t 9 ! great conflu5ce ( nations1 & amid ! dis9tegration ( old beliefs1 _h become a =midable body4 ,!y 71 we le>n f ,tacitus1 pr(\ndly unpopul>2 b ! hide\s tortures to :i* ,n]o subject$ !m1 & ! conviction t1 :atev] o!r crimes !y might h committ$1 !y 7 n guilty ( sett+ fire to ! city1 awoke g5]al pity4 ,"s ( !m1 clad 9 sk9s ( wild bea/s1 7 torn by dogs4 ,o!rs1 array$ 9 %irts ( pit*1 7 burnt alive 9 ,n]o's g>d547#hbi7 ,o!rs 7 affix$ to crosses4 ,great multitudes p]i%$4 ,! deep impression ! p]secution made on ! ,*ri/ian m9d is %[n 9 ! :ole lit]ature ( ! ,sibyls1 :i* arose soon aft]1 9 :i* ,n]o is usually ! c5tral figure1 & by ! belief1 t l+]$ = c5turies1 t ! tyrant 0 yet alive1 & w\ld return once m z ! imm$iate precursor ( ,anti*ri/1 to inflict ! la/ great p]secution ^u ! ,*ur*47#hcj7 ,n]o di$ ,a4,d4 #fh4 ,f t "t1 = at lea/ tw5ty-sev5 ye>s1 ! ,*ur* enjoy$ absolute repose4 ,!re is no cr$ible evid5ce :atev] ( ! smalle/ int]f]5ce ) its fre$om till ! la/ ye> ( ! reign ( ,domitian2 & a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! fe>lessness ) :i* x exhibit$ itself to ! _w has be5 lately furni%$ 9 ! discov]y1 ne> ,rome1 ( a l>ge & h&some por* lead+ to a ,*ri/ian catacomb1 built above gr\nd betwe5 ! reigns ( ,n]o & ,domitian1 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( "o ( ! pr9cipal highways47#hca7 ,! long reign ( ,domitian1 ?\gh x may h be5 surpass$ 9 f]ocity1 0 nev] surpass$ 9 ! ,roman annals 9 ! skilfulness & ! p]si/5ce ( its tyranny4 ,! ,/oics & lit]>y classes1 :o upheld ! traditions ( political fre$om1 & :o _h already suff]$ mu* at ! h&s ( ,vespasian1 7 p]secut$ ) rel5tless animosity4 ,metius ,mode/us1 ,arul5us ,ru/icus1 ,s5ecio1 ,helvidius1 ,dion ,*ryso/om1 ! y\ng] ,priscus1 ,junius ,mauricus1 ,artemidorus1 ,euphrates1 ,epictetus1 ,arria1 ,fannia1 & ,gratilla 7 ei!r kill$ or bani%$47#hcb7 ,no measures1 h[ev]1 appe> to h be5 tak5 aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians till ,a4,d4 #ie1 :5 a %ort & app>5tly n v sev]e p]secution1 conc]n+ :i* our in=mation is bo? scanty & conflict+1 0 direct$ aga9/ !m4 ,( ! special cause t produc$ x we are left 9 mu* d\bt4 ,eusebius m5tions1 on ! n v tru/wor?y au?ority ( ,hegesippus1 t ! emp]or1 hav+ he>d ( ! exi/5ce ( ! gr&*ildr5 ( ,judas1 ! bro!r ( ,*ri/1 ord]$ !m to be br\ght be=e him1 z be+ ( ! family ( ,david1 & !re=e possible pret5d]s to ! ?rone2 b on f9d+ t !y 7 simple peasants1 & t ! promis$ k+dom ( :i* !y spoke 0 a spiritual "o1 he dismiss$ !m 9 peace1 & arre/$ ! p]secution he _h begun47#hcc7 ,a ,pagan hi/orian /ates t1 ! f9ances ( ! ,empire be+ exhau/$ by lavi% exp5diture 9 public games1 ,domitian1 9 ord] to repl5i% 8 ex*equ]1 resort$ to a sev]e & special taxation ( ! ,jews2 t "s ( ^!1 9 ord] to evade ! impo/1 conceal$ _! wor%ip1 :ile o!rs1 :o are suppos$ to h be5 ,*ri/ians1 are describ$ z foll[+ ! ,jewi% rites )\t be+ pr(ess$ ,jews47#hcd7 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 ! simple/ explanation is ! true/1 & ! p]secution may be ascrib$ to ! antipa?y :i* a despot l ,domitian mu/ necess>ily h felt to an in/itution :i*1 ?\gh x did n1 l ,/oicism1 resi/ 8 policy1 at lea/ ex]cis$ a va/ influ5ce altoge!r remov$ f 8 control4 ,/4 ,john1 :o 0 !n a v old man1 is said to h be5 at ?is "t exil$ to ,patmos4 ,flavius ,clem5s1 a consul1 & a relative ( ! emp]or1 0 put to dea?4 ,8 wife1 or1 accord+ to ano!r acc\nt1 8 niece ,domitilla1 0 bani%$1 accord+ to "o acc\nt1 to ! isl& ( ,pontia1 accord+ to ano!r1 to ! isl& ( ,p&at>ia1 & _m o!rs 7 compell$ to accompany h] into exile47#hce7 ,numb]s1 we are told1 8accus$ ( conv]sion to impiety or ,jewi% rites10 7 condemn$4 ,"s 7 kill$1 & o!rs depriv$ ( _! (fices47#hcf7 ,( ! cessation ( ! p]secution !re are two diff]5t v]sions4 ,t]tullian7#hcg7 & ,eusebius7#hch7 say t ! tyrant spe$ily revok$ 8 edict1 & re/or$ ^? :o _h be5 bani%$2 b accord+ to ,lactantius ^! measures 7 n tak5 till aft] ! dea? ( ,domitian17#hci7 & ?is latt] /atem5t is corroborat$ by ! ass]tion ( ,dion ,cassius1 t ,n]va1 ^u 8 accession1 8absolv$ ^? :o 7 accus$ ( impiety1 & recall$ ! exiles407#hdj7 ,:5 we consid] ! v %ort "t dur+ :i* ?is p]secution la/$1 & ! v slight notice t 0 tak5 ( x1 we may fairly1 ,i ?9k1 conclude t x 0 n ( a nature to *eck 9 any appreciable degree a /rong religi\s movem5t l t ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! assass9ation ( ,domitian introduces u to ! gold5 age ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,9 ! eyes ( ! ,pagan hi/orian1 ! p]iod f ! accession ( ,n]va1 9 ,a4,d4 #if1 to ! dea? ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 9 ,a4,d4 #ahj1 is memorable z a p]iod ( uni=m good gov]nm5t1 ( rapidly advanc+ humanity1 ( great legislative re=ms1 & ( a peace :i* 0 v r>ely s]i\sly brok54 ,to ! ,*ri/ian hi/orian x is /ill m rem>kable1 z "o ( ! mo/ critical p]iods 9 ! hi/ory ( 8 fai?4 ,! ,*ur* ent]$ into x consid]able inde$1 z a sect1 b n l>ge en\gh to be reckon$ an important p[] 9 ! ,empire4 ,x em]g$ f x s increas$ 9 its numb]s1 & s ext5d$ 9 its ramifications1 t x might fairly defy ! mo/ =midable assaults4 ,x rema9s1 !re=e1 to be se5 :e!r ! opposition aga9/ :i*1 dur+ ^! eighty-f\r ye>s1 x _h s successfully /ruggl$ 0 ( su* a k9d & int5sity t ! triumph mu/ be reg>d$ z a miracle4 ,ne>ly at ! close ( ?is p]iod1 dur+ ! p]secution ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 ,/4 ,melito1 ,bi%op ( ,s>dis1 wrote a lett] ( expo/ulation to ! emp]or1 9 :i* he explicitly ass]ts t 9 ,asia ! p]secution ( ! pi\s 0 an ev5t :i* 8_h nev] be=e occurr$10 & 0 ! result ( 8new & /range decrees20 t ! ance/ors ( ! emp]or 7 accu/om$ to hon\r ! ,*ri/ian fai? 8l o!r religions20 & t 8,n]o & ,domitian alone0 _h be5 ho/ile to x47#hda7 ,r m ?an tw5ty ye>s lat]1 ,t]tullian ass]t$1 9 language equally di/9ct & emphatic1 t ! two p]secutors ( ! ,*ri/ians 7 ,n]o & ,domitian1 & t x w\ld be impossible to "n a s+le good sov]eign :o _h mole/$ !m4 ,m>cus ,aurelius himself1 ,t]tullian refuses to numb] among ! p]secutors1 &1 ev5 rely+ ^u a lett] :i* 0 falsely imput$ to him1 enrols him among ! protectors ( ! ,*ur*47#hdb7 ,ab\t a c5tury lat]1 ,lactantius1 review+ ! hi/ory ( ! p]secutions1 decl>$ t ! good sov]eigns :o foll[$ ,domitian ab/a9$ f p]secut+1 & passes at once f ! p]secution ( ,domitian to t ( ,decius4 ,hav+ notic$ ! measures ( ! =m] emp]or1 he proce$s3 8,! acts ( ! tyrant be+ revok$1 ! ,*ur* 0 n only re/or$ to its =m] /ate1 b %one =? ) a great] spl5d\r & luxuriance2 & a p]iod foll[+ 9 :i* _m good sov]eigns wield$ ! ,imp]ial sceptre1 x suff]$ no assaults f its enemies1 b /ret*$ out its h&s to ! ea/ & to ! we/2 444 b at la/ ! long peace 0 brok54 ,aft] _m ye>s1 t hateful mon/] ,decius arose1 :o tr\bl$ ! ,*ur*407#hdc7 ,we h "h ?ree sep>ate passages1 f :i* we may conclusively inf] t ! normal & habitual condition ( ! ,*ri/ians dur+ ! eighty-f\r ye>s we are consid]+1 &1 if we accept ! la/ two passages1 dur+ a mu* long] p]iod1 0 a condition ( peace1 b t peace 0 n absolutely unbrok54 ,! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 :i* 0 at fir/ reg>d$ simply z a bran* ( ,judaism1 _h begun to be recognis$ z a sep>ate body1 & ! ,roman law pr(ess$ly tol]at$ only ^? religions :i* 7 expressly au?oris$4 ,x is inde$ true t ) ! ext5sion ( ! ,empire1 & especially ( ! city1 ! !ory1 or at lea/ ! practice1 ( religi\s legislation _h be5 pr(\ndly modifi$4 ,fir/ ( all1 c]ta9 religions1 ( :i* ! ,jewi% 0 "o1 7 (ficially recognis$1 & !n _m o!rs1 )\t be+ expressly au?oris$1 7 tol]at$4 ,9 ?is mann]1 all attempts to resi/ ! torr5t ( ,ori5tal sup]/itions prov+ va91 ! legislator _h desi/$ f 8 ef=ts1 & e =m ( wild sup]/ition 0 practis$ ) publicity & impunity4 ,/ill ! laws =bidd+ !m 7 unrevok$1 al?\gh !y 7 suff]$ to rema9 = ! mo/ "p obsolete1 or 7 at lea/ only put 9 action on ! occasion ( "s special sc&al1 or ( "s real or appreh5d$ political dang]4 ,! municipal & prov9cial indep5d5ce "u ! ,empire 01 h[ev]1 s l>ge1 t v mu* dep5d$ on ! "* ( ! local gov]nor2 & x cont9ually happ5$ t 9 "o prov9ce ! ,*ri/ians 7 unmole/$ or fav\r$1 :ile 9 ! adjo9+ prov9ce !y 7 sev]ely p]secut$4 ,z we h already se51 ! ,*ri/ians _h = _m reasons become pr(\ndly obnoxi\s to ! p4 ,!y %>$ ! unpopul>ity ( ! ,jews1 ) :om !y 7 conf\nd$1 :ile ! g5]al cr$5ce giv5 to ! calumnies ab\t ! crimes said to h be5 p]petrat$ at _! secret meet+s1 _! ab/95ce f public amusem5ts1 & ! belief t _! ho/ility to ! gods 0 ! cause ( e physical calamity1 7 special causes ( antipa?y4 ,! hi/ory ( ! p]iod ( ! ,anton9es cont9ually manife/s ! desire ( ! populace to p]secute1 re/ra9$ by ! humanity ( ! rul]s4 ,9 ! %ort reign ( ,n]va !re appe>s to h be5 no p]secution1 & our k ( ! (ficial proce$+s ) ref]5ce to ! religion is compris$ 9 two s5t5ces ( a ,pagan hi/orian1 :o tells u t ! emp]or 8absolv$ ^? :o _h be5 convict$ ( impiety10 & 8p]mitt$ no "o to be convict$ ( impiety or ,jewi% rites40 ,"u ,trajan1 h[ev]1 "s s]i\s ?\gh purely local di/urbances took place4 ,! emp]or himself1 ?\gh "o ( ! mo/ sagaci\s1 & 9 mo/ respects humane ( ,roman sov]eigns1 0 n]v\sly jeal\s ( any societies or associations among 8 subjects1 & _h prop\nd$ a special edict aga9/ !m2 b ! p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians appe>s to h be5 n s mu* political z popul>4 ,if we may believe ,eusebius1 local p]secutions1 app>5tly ( ! nature ( riots1 b sometimes c\nt5anc$ by prov9cial gov]nors1 broke out 9 sev]al qu>t]s ( ! ,empire4 ,9 ,bi?ynia1 ,pl9y ! ,y\ng] 0 ! gov]nor1 & he wrote a v fam\s lett] to ,trajan1 9 :i* he pr(ess$ himself absolutely ignorant ( ! proce$+s to be tak5 aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians1 :o _h already s multipli$ t ! temples 7 des]t$1 & :o 7 arraign$ 9 great numb]s be=e 8 tribunal4 ,he _h1 he says1 releas$ ^? :o cons5t$ to burn inc5se be=e ! image ( ! emp]or1 & to curse ,*ri/1 b _h caus$ ^? to be execut$ :o p]si/$ 9 _! refusal1 & :o 7 n ,roman citiz5s1 8n d\bt+ t a p]t9aci\s ob/9acy des]v$ puni%m5t40 ,he _h que/ion$ ! prison]s z to ! nature ( _! fai?1 & _h n hesitat$ to seek revelations by tortur+ two maid-s]vants1 b _h 8discov]$ no?+ b a base & immod]ate sup]/ition40 ,he _h ask$ ! nature ( _! secret s]vices1 & _h be5 told t !y assembl$ on a c]ta9 day be=e dawn to s+ a hymn to ,*ri/ z to a god2 t !y made a v[ to ab/a9 f e crime1 & t !y !n1 be=e p>t+1 p>took toge!r ( a h>mless fea/1 :i*1 h[ev]1 !y _h giv5 up s9ce ! decree aga9/ associations4 ,to ?is lett] ,trajan answ]$ t ,*ri/ians1 if br\ght be=e ! tribunals & convict$1 %\ld be puni%$1 b t !y %\ld n be s\ght =2 t1 if !y cons5t$ to sacrifice1 no inquisition %\ld be made into _! pa/ lives1 & t no anonym\s accusations %\ld be receiv$ aga9/ !m47#hdd7 ,9 ?is reign !re are two au!ntic in/ances ( m>tyrdom47#hde7 ,simeon1 ,bi%op ( ,j]usalem1 a man1 x is said1 "o hundr$ & tw5ty ye>s old1 hav+ be5 accus$ by ! h]etics1 0 tortur$ dur+ sev]al days1 & at la/ crucifi$4 ,ignatius1 ! ,bi%op ( ,antio*1 0 arre/$1 br\ght to ,rome1 &1 by ! ord] ( ,trajan himself1 ?r[n to wild bea/s4 ,( ! cause ( ?is la/ act ( sev]ity we are left 9 ignorance1 b x has be5 notic$ t ab\t ?is "t ,antio* _h be5 ! sc5e ( "o ( ^? viol5t e>?quakes :i* s frequ5tly produc$ an outbur/ ( religi\s excitem5t17#hdf7 & ! "* ( ,ignatius1 :o 0 passionately desir\s ( m>tyrdom1 may h v probably l$ him to "s act ( exceptional zeal4 ,! lett]s ( ! m>tyr prove t at ,rome ! fai? 0 op5ly & fe>lessly pr(ess$2 ! ,gov]nm5t dur+ ! n9ete5 ye>s ( ?is reign nev] appe>s to h tak5 any initiative aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians1 &1 9 spite ( occasional local tumults1 !re 0 no?+ resembl+ a g5]al p]secution4 ,dur+ ! two foll[+ reigns1 ! ,gov]nm5t 0 m decid$ly fav\rable to ! ,*ri/ians4 ,hadrian1 hav+ he>d t ! populace at ! public games frequ5tly call$ = _! execution1 issu$ an edict 9 :i* he comm&$ t none %\ld be puni%$ simply 9 ob$i5ce to ! outcries aga9/ !m1 or )\t a =mal trial & a conviction ( "s (f5ce aga9/ ! law1 & he ord]$ t all false accus]s %\ld be puni%$47#hdg7 ,8 disposition t[>ds ! ,*ri/ians 0 s pacific z to give rise to a leg5d t he int5d$ to enrol ,*ri/ among ! gods27#hdh7 b x is probable t1 al?\gh curi\s on religi\s matt]s1 he reg>d$ ,*ri/ianity ) ! indiff]5ce ( a ,roman free?9k]2 & a lett] is ascrib$ to him 9 :i* he conf\nd$ x ) ! wor%ip ( ,s]apis47#hdi7 ,z f> z ! ,gov]nm5t 7 conc]n$1 ! ,*ri/ians appe> to h be5 entirely unmole/$2 b _m ( !m suff]$ dreadful tortures at ! h&s ( ! ,jewi% insurg5ts1 :o 9 ?is reign1 ) a desp]ate b ill-fat$ h]oism1 made "o la/ ef=t to rega9 _! fre$om47#hej7 ,! mutual ho/ility exhibit$ at ?is "t by ! ,jews & ,*ri/ians contribut$ to sep>ate !m 9 ! eyes ( ! ,pagans1 & x is said t :5 ,hadrian =bade ! ,jews ev] aga9 to ent] ,j]usalem1 he recognis$ ! di/9ction by grant+ a full p]mission to ! ,*ri/ians47#hea7 ,anton9us1 :o succe$$ ,hadrian1 made new ef=ts to re/ra9 ! passions ( ! p aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians4 ,he issu$ an edict comm&+ t !y %\ld n be mole/$1 & :51 z a consequ5ce ( "s e>?quakes 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ! popul> ang] 0 fi]cely r\s$1 he comm&$ t _! accus]s %\ld be puni%$47#heb7 ,if we except ^! riots1 ! tw5ty-?ree ye>s ( 8 reign appe> to h be5 ye>s ( absolute peace1 :i* seems also to h cont9u$ dur+ sev]al ye>s ( ! reign ( ,m>cus ,aurelius2 b at la/ p]secut+ edicts1 ( ! exact nature ( :i* we h no k1 7 issu$4 ,( ! reasons :i* induc$ "o ( ! be/ m5 :o h ev] reign$ to p]secute ! ,*ri/ians1 we "k little or no?+4 ,t x 0 n any f]ocity ( disposition or any impati5ce ( resi/ance may be confid5tly ass]t$ ( "o ^: only fault 0 a some:at excessive g5tl5ess--:o1 on ! dea? ( 8 wife1 ask$ ! ,s5ate1 z a s+le fav\r1 to console him by sp>+ ! lives ( ^? :o _h rebell$ aga9/ him4 ,t x 0 n1 z has be5 /rangely urg$1 a religi\s fanaticism resembl+ t :i* l$ ,/4 ,lewis to p]secute1 is equally pla94 ,/4 ,lewis p]secut$ because he believ$ t to reject 8 religi\s op9ions 0 a he9\s crime1 & t h]esy 0 ! pa? to hell4 ,m>cus ,aurelius _h no su* belief1 & he1 ! fir/ ,roman emp]or :o made ! ,/oical philosophy 8 religion & 8 com=t1 0 also ! fir/ emp]or :o end[$ ! pr(essors ( ! philosophies t 7 mo/ ho/ile to 8 own4 ,! fact t ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 exi/+ z a ,/ate )9 a ,/ate1 ) gov]nm5t1 ideals1 en?usiasms1 & hopes :olly diff]5t f ^? ( ! nation1 0 incompatible ) ! exi/+ sy/em ( ! ,empire1 _h become m evid5t z ! ,*ur* increas$4 ,! accusations ( cannibalism & ince/u\s impurity _h acquir$ a great] consi/5cy1 & ! latt] are said to h be5 ju/ly applicable to ! ,c>pocratian h]etics1 :o _h rec5tly aris54 ,! ,/oicism ( ,m>cus ,aurelius may h revolt$ f ! practices ( exorcism or ! appeals to ! t]rors ( ano!r _w1 & ! philosoph]s :o surr\nd$ him probably /imulat$ 8 ho/ility1 = 8 ma/] & fri5d ,fronto _h writt5 a book aga9/ ,*ri/ianity17#hec7 :ile ,ju/9 ,m>tyr is said to h p]i%$ by ! ma*9ations ( ! ,cynic ,cresc5s47#hed7 ,x mu/ be add$1 too1 t1 :ile x is impossible to acquit ! emp]or ( hav+ issu$ sev]e edicts aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians17#hee7 ! atroci\s details ( ! p]secutions 9 8 reign 7 due to ! f]ocity ( ! populace & ! weakness ( ! gov]nors 9 di/ant prov9ces2 & x is inconceivable t1 if he _h be5 a v bitt] enemy ( ! ,*ri/ians1 ,t]tullian1 writ+ little m ?an tw5ty ye>s lat]1 %\ld h be5 s ignorant ( ! fact z to repres5t him z "o ( ! mo/ conspicu\s ( _! protectors4 ,b1 :atev] may be ?\ght on ^! po9ts1 !re c1 unhappily1 be no "q t 9 ?is reign ,rome 0 /a9$ by ! blood ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ! fir/ philosoph]1 & "o ( ! pure/ & g5tle/ natures 9 ! ,*ur*1 & t p]secution 0 widely ext5d$4 ,9 two f> di/ant qu>t]s1 at ,smyrna & at ,lyons1 x f> exce$$ 9 atrocity any t ,*ri/ianity _h endur$ s9ce ,n]o1 & 9 ea* case a h]oism ( ! mo/ transc5d5t ord] 0 display$ by ! m>tyrs4 ,! p]secution at ,smyrna1 9 :i* ,/4 ,polyc>p & _m o!rs mo/ nobly di$1 took place on ! occasion ( ! public games1 & we may trace ! influ5ce ( ! ,jews 9 /imulat+ x47#hef7 ,! p]secution at ,lyons1 :i* 0 "o ( ! mo/ atroci\s 9 ! :ole compass ( ecclesia/ical hi/ory1 & :i* has suppli$ ! m>tyrology ) "s ( its gr&e/ & mo/ pa!tic figures1 d]iv$ its wor/ features f a comb9ation ( ! fury ( ! populace & ( ! subs]vi5cy ( ! gov]nor47#heg7 ,c]ta9 s]vants ( ! ,*ri/ians1 t]rifi$ by ! prospect ( torture1 accus$ _! ma/]s ( all ! crimes :i* popul> report attribut$ to !m1 ( ince/1 ( infanticide1 ( cannibalism1 ( hide\s impurity4 ,a fe>ful outbur/ ( f]ocity ensu$4 ,tortures almo/ too horrible to rec\nt 7 = h\rs & ev5 days appli$ to ! bodies ( old m5 & ( weak wom51 :o display$ amid _! agonies a nobl] c\rage ?an has ev] %one ^u a battle-field1 & ^: memories are immortal among mank9d4 ,bl&9a & ,po?9us wrote 9 blood ! fir/ page ( ! glori\s hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* ( ,france47#heh7 ,b al?\gh1 dur+ ! clos+ ye>s ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 sev]e p]secutions took place 9 ?ree or f\r prov9ces1 !re 0 no g5]al & organis$ ef=t to suppress ,*ri/ianity ?r\gh\t ! ,empire47#hei7 ,we may next consid]1 z a s+le p]iod1 ! space ( "t t elaps$ f ! dea? ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 9 ,a4,d4 #ahj1 to ! accession ( ,decius1 ,a4,d4 #bdi4 ,dur+ all ?is "t ,*ri/ianity 0 a great & p[]ful body1 ex]cis+ an important influ5ce1 & dur+ a great "p ( x ,*ri/ians fill$ high civil & milit>y positions4 ,! ho/ility manife/$ t[>ds !m began n[ to assume a m political complexion ?an x _h previ\sly done1 except p]haps 9 ! lat] ye>s ( ,m>cus ,aurelius4 ,! exi/5ce ( a va/ & rapidly increas+ corporation1 v ali5 to ! sy/em ( ! ,empire1 confront$ e rul]4 ,emp]ors l ,commodus or ,heliogabalus 7 usually too imm]s$ 9 selfi% pleasures to h any di/9ct policy2 b sagaci\s sov]eigns1 s9c]ely desir+ ! well-be+ ( ! ,empire1 ei!r1 l ,m>cus ,aurelius & ,diocletian1 endeav\r$ to repress ! ris+ cre$1 or1 l ,alex&] ,sev]us1 & at la/ ,con/ant9e1 actively enc\rag$ x4 ,! measures ,m>cus ,aurelius _h tak5 aga9/ ,*ri/ianity 7 arre/$ "u ,commodus1 ^: fav\rite mi/ress1 ,m>cia1 supplies "o ( ! v few record$ in/ances ( female influ5ce1 :i* has be5 ! cause ( s mu* p]secution1 be+ ex]t$ 9 behalf ( tol]ation27#hfj7 yet a ,*ri/ian philosoph] nam$ ,apollonius1 & at ! same "t1 by a curi\s retribution1 8 accus]1 7 9 ?is reign execut$ at ,rome47#hfa7 ,dur+ ! sixty-n9e ye>s we are consid]+1 ! g5]al peace ( ! ,*ur* 0 only twice brok54 ,! fir/ occasion 0 9 ! reign ( ,septimus ,sev]us1 :o 0 = "s "t v fav\rable to ! ,*ri/ians1 b :o1 9 ,a4,d4 #bjb or #bjc1 issu$ an edict1 =bidd+ any ,pagan to jo9 ! ,*ri/ian or ,jewi% fai?27#hfb7 & ?is edict 0 foll[$ by a sangu9>y p]secution 9 ,africa & ,syria1 9 :i* ! fa!r ( ,orig51 & also ,/4 ,felicitas & ,/4 ,p]petua1 p]i%$4 ,?is p]secution does n appe> to h ext5d$ to ! ,we/1 & 0 app>5tly r ! "w ( prov9cial gov]nors1 :o int]pret$ ! ,imp]ial edict z a sign ( ho/ility to ! ,*ri/ians1 ?an ! direct act ( ! emp]or17#hfc7 ^: decree appli$ only to ,*ri/ians actively proselytis+4 ,x is wor?y ( notice t ,orig5 obs]v$ t previ\s to ?is "t ! numb] ( ,*ri/ian m>tyrs _h be5 v small47#hfd7 ,! second p]secution 0 occasion$ by ! murd] ( ,alex&] ,sev]us by ,maxim9us4 ,! usurp] pursu$ ) great bitt]ness ! lead+ c\rti]s ( ! deceas$ emp]or1 among :om 7 "s ,*ri/ian bi%ops17#hfe7 & ab\t ! same "t sev]e e>?quakes 9 ,pontus & ,cappadocia produc$ ! cu/om>y popul> ebullitions4 ,b ) ^! exceptions ! ,*ri/ians 7 undi/urb$4 ,c>acalla1 ,macr9us1 & ,heliogabalus took no measures aga9/ !m1 :ile ,alex&] ,sev]us1 :o reign$ = ?irte5 ye>s1 w>mly & /eadily support$ !m4 ,a ,pagan hi/orian assures u t ?is emp]or int5d$ to build temples 9 hon\r ( ,*ri/1 b 0 dissuad$ by ! prie/s1 :o urg$ t all ! o!r temples w\ld be des]t$4 ,he v5]at$ 9 8 private oratory ! /atues ( ,apollonius ( ,tyana1 ,abraham1 ,orpheus1 & ,*ri/4 ,he decre$ t ! prov9cial gov]nors %\ld n be appo9t$ till ! p _h ! opportunity ( decl>+ any crime !y _h committ$1 borr[+ ?is rule av[$ly f ! proc$ure ( ! ,jews & ,*ri/ians 9 elect+ _! cl]gy2 he ord]$ ! precept 8,d n unto o!rs :at y w\ld n t !y %\ld d unto y0 to be engrav5 on ! palace & o!r public build+s1 & he decid$ a dispute conc]n+ a piece ( gr\nd :i* ! ,*ri/ians _h occupi$1 & :i* ! own]s ( c]ta9 eat+-h\ses claim$1 9 fav\r ( ! =m]1 on ! gr\nd t ! wor%ip ( a god %\ld be mo/ consid]$47#hff7 ,philip ! ,arab1 :o reign$ dur+ ! la/ five ye>s ( ! p]iod we are consid]+1 0 s fav\rable to ! ,*ri/ians t he 0 believ$1 ?\gh on no tru/wor?y evid5ce1 to h be5 baptis$4 ,we h n[ review$ ! hi/ory ( ! p]secutions to ! ye> ,a4,d4 #bdi1 or ab\t two hundr$ ye>s aft] ! plant+ ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ,rome4 ,we h se5 t1 al?\gh dur+ t p]iod mu* suff]+ 0 occasionally endur$1 & mu* h]oism display$1 by ! ,*ri/ians1 !re 01 ) ! v d\btful exception ( ! ,n]onian p]secution1 no s+le attempt made to suppress ,*ri/ianity ?r\gh\t ! ,empire4 ,local p]secutions ( great sev]ity _h tak5 place at ,smyrna & ,lyons1 "u ,m>cus ,aurelius2 9 ,africa & "s ,asiatic prov9ces1 "u ,sev]us2 popul> tumults1 aris+ 9 ! excitem5t ( ! public games1 or produc$ by "s e>?quake or inundation1 or by "s calumni\s accusation1 7 n unfrequ5t2 b !re 0 at no "t t cont9u\s1 organis$1 & univ]sal p]secution by :i*1 9 lat] p]iods1 ecclesia/ical tribunals h aga9 & aga9 suppress$ op9ions repugnant to _! own2 & !re 0 no "p ( ! ,empire 9 :i* :ole g5]ations did n pass away absolutely undi/urb$4 ,no m>tyr _h fall5 9 ,gaul or 9 great "p ( ,asia ,m9or till ,m>cus ,aurelius4 ,9 ,italy1 aft] ! dea? ( ,n]o1 ) ! exception ( "s slight tr\bles "u ,domitian & ,maxim9us1 probably due to causes altoge!r di/9ct f religion1 !re 71 dur+ ! :ole p]iod we are consid]+1 only a few isolat$ in/ances ( m>tyrdom4 ,! bi%ops1 z ! lead]s ( ! ,*ur*1 7 ! special objects ( ho/ility1 & sev]al 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w _h fall52 b x is extremely que/ionable :e!r any ,roman bi%op p]i%$ aft] ! apo/olic age1 till ,fabianus 0 m>tyr$ "u ,decius47#hfg7 ,if ,*ri/ianity 0 n =mally au?oris$1 x 01 l _m o!r religions 9 a simil> position1 g5]ally acquiesc$ 91 &1 dur+ a great "p ( ! "t we h review$1 its pr(essors appe> to h f\nd no ob/acles to _! pref]m5t 9 ! ,c\rt or 9 ! army4 ,! emp]ors 7 = ! mo/ "p indiff]5t or fav\rable to !m4 ,! prie/s 9 ! ,pagan society _h b little influ5ce1 & d n appe> to h tak5 any prom95t "p 9 ! p]secution till ne> ! "t ( ,diocletian4 ,) ! s+le exception ( ! ,jews1 no class held t doctr9e ( ! crim9ality ( error :i* has be5 ! p>5t ( mo/ mod]n p]secutions2 & al?\gh ! belief t great calamities 7 ! result ( neglect+ or insult+ ! gods furni%$ ! ,pagans ) a religi\s motive = p]secution1 ?is motive only act$ on ! occasion ( "s r>e & exceptional cata/rophe47#hfh7 ,9 ,*ri/ian times1 ! fir/ objects ( ! p]secutor are to control education1 to prev5t ! publication ( any het]odox works1 to in/itute su* a m9ute police inspection z to r5d] impossible ! celebration ( ! wor%ip he desires to suppress4 ,b no?+ ( ?is k9d 0 attempt$1 or inde$ 0 possible1 9 ! p]iod we are consid]+4 ,) ! exception ( ! body-gu>d ( ! emp]or1 almo/ ! :ole army1 :i* 0 ( extremely mod]ate dim5sions1 0 mass$ along ! va/ fronti] ( ! ,empire4 ,! police =ce 0 ( ! scantie/ k9d1 suffici5t only to keep common ord] 9 ! /reets4 ,! ,gov]nm5t _h done some?+ to enc\rage1 b absolutely no?+ to control1 education1 & p>5ts or societies 7 at p]fect lib]ty to educate ! "y z !y pleas$4 ,! expansion ( lit]ature1 by reason ( ! facilities :i* slav]y gave to transcription1 0 v great1 & x 0 = ! mo/ "p entirely uncontroll$47#hfi7 ,augu/us1 x is true1 _h caus$ "s volumes ( =g$ prophecies to be burnt17#hgj7 &1 "u ! tyranny ( ,tib]ius & ,domitian1 political writ]s & hi/orians :o eulogis$ tyrannicide1 or vehem5tly oppos$ ! ,empire1 7 p]secut$2 b ! extreme indignation ^! acts elicit$ atte/s _! r>ity1 &1 on matt]s unconnect$ ) politics1 ! lib]ty ( lit]ature 0 absolute47#hga7 ,9 a ^w1 ! ,*ur* proselytis$ 9 a society 9 :i* tol]ation 0 ! rule1 & at a "t :5 municipal1 prov9cial1 & p]sonal indep5d5ce _h rea*$ ! highe/ po9t1 :5 ! rul+ classes 7 = ! mo/ "p absolutely indiff]5t to religi\s op9ions1 & :5 an unprec$5t$ conc\rse ( influ5ces facilitat$ its progress4 ,:5 we reflect t ^! 7 ! circum/ances ( ! ,*ur* till ! middle ( ! ?ird c5tury1 we may readily p]ceive ! absurdity ( ma9ta9+ t ,*ri/ianity 0 propagat$ 9 ! face ( su* a fi]ce & cont9u\s p]secution t no op9ions c\ld h surviv$ x )\t a miracle1 or ( argu+ f ! hi/ory ( ! e>ly ,*ur* t p]secution nev] has any real efficacy 9 suppress+ tru?4 ,:51 9 addition to ! circum/ances "u :i* x op]at$1 we consid] ! unexampl$ means bo? ( attraction & ( intimidation t 7 possess$ by ! ,*ur*1 we c h no difficulty 9 und]/&+ t x %\ld h acquir$ a magnitude t w\ld enable x to defy ! f> m s]i\s assaults x 0 /ill de/9$ to endure4 ,t x _h acquir$ ?is ext5sion we h abundant evid5ce4 ,! language ,i h quot$ f ,lactantius is b a feeble e*o ( ! emphatic /atem5ts ( writ]s be=e ! ,decian p]secution47#hgb7 8,!re is no race ( m51 :e!r ,greek or b>b>ian10 said ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 8among :om pray]s & ?anks are n (f]$ up 9 ! "n ( ! crucifi$407#hgc7 8,we are b ( ye/]day10 cri$ ,t]tullian1 8& we fill all y\r cities1 isl&s1 =ts1 c\ncils1 ev5 ! camps !mselves1 ! tribes1 ! decuries1 ! palaces1 ! s5ate1 & ! =um407#hgd7 ,eusebius has pres]v$ a lett] ( ,cornelius1 ,bi%op ( ,rome1 conta9+ a catalogue ( ! (fic]s ( 8 ,*ur* at ! "t ( ! ,decian p]secution4 ,x consi/$ ( "o bi%op1 =ty-six presbyt]s1 sev5 deacons1 sev5 subdeacons1 =ty-two acolytes1 fifty-two exorci/s1 read]s1 & janitors4 ,! ,*ur* also support$ m ?an fifte5 hundr$ wid[s1 & poor or suff]+ p]sons47#hge7 ,! ,decian p]secution1 :i* broke out 9 ,a4,d4 #bdi1 & 0 probably begun 9 hopes ( re/or+ ! ,empire to its anci5t discipl9e1 & elim9at+ f x all extrane\s & unpatriotic influ5ces17#hgf7 is ! fir/ example ( a delib]ate attempt1 support$ by ! :ole ma*9]y ( prov9cial gov]nm5t1 & ext5d+ ov] ! entire surface ( ! ,empire1 to extirpate ,*ri/ianity f ! _w4 ,x w\ld be difficult to f9d language too /rong to pa9t its horrors4 ,! f]oci\s in/9cts ( ! populace1 t 7 long repress$1 bur/ out anew1 & !y 7 n only p]mitt$1 b enc\rag$ by ! rul]s4 ,f> worse ?an ! dea?s :i* m5ac$ ^? :o %rank f ! idolatr\s sacrifices1 7 ! hide\s & prolong$ tortures by :i* ! magi/rates (t5 s\ght to subdue ! con/ancy ( ! m>tyr1 ! nameless outrages t 7 sometimes inflict$ on ! ,*ri/ian virg947#hgg7 ,! ,*ur*1 en]vat$ by a long peace1 & deeply infect$ ) ! vices ( ! age1 tott]$ b5ea? ! bl[4 ,x _h long s9ce arriv$ at ! p]iod :5 m5 7 ,*ri/ians n by conviction1 b ?r\gh family relation%ip2 :5 ! m opul5t ,*ri/ians vi$ 9 luxury ) ! ,pagans among :om !y mix$1 & :5 ev5 ! bi%ops 71 9 _m in/ances1 worldly aspirants aft] civil (fices4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 surpris+ t ! defection 0 v l>ge4 ,! ,pagans m>k$ ) triumphant ridicule1 & ! ,fa!rs ) a burn+ indignation1 ! ?\s&s :o ?rong$ to ! alt>s at ! v comm5cem5t ( p]secution1 ! sudd5 collapse ( ! mo/ illu/ri\s *ur*es1 ! eag]ness ) :i* ! (f] ( prov9cial gov]nors to furni% c]tificates ( apo/asy1 )\t exact+ a compliance ) ! conditions :i* ^? c]tificates atte/$1 0 accept$ by multitudes47#hgh7 ,! "q :e!r ^? :o ab&on$ ! fai? %\ld aft]w>ds be readmitt$ to communion1 became ! *ief "q t divid$ ! ,novatians1 & "o ( ! que/ions t divid$ ! ,montani/s f ! ,ca?olics1 :ile ! pret5sions ( ! confessors to furni% indulg5ces1 remitt+ ! p5ances impos$ by ! bi%ops1 l$ to a conflict :i* contribut$ v l>gely to e/abli% ! undisput$ asc5dancy ( ! episcopacy4 ,b ! ,decian p]secution1 ?\gh x exhibits ! ,*ur* 9 a some:at less noble attitude ?an ! p]secutions :i* prec$$ & :i* foll[$ x1 0 adorn$ by _m examples ( extreme c\rage & devotion1 display$ 9 n a few cases by ^? :o 7 physically among ! fraile/ ( mank9d4 ,x 0 ( a k9d em95tly fitt$ to cru% ! ,*ur*4 ,_h x tak5 place at an e>li] p]iod1 _h x be5 cont9u$ = a long succession ( ye>s1 ,*ri/ianity1 )\t a miracle1 mu/ h p]i%$4 ,b ! ,decian p]secution fell ^u a ,*ur* :i* _h exi/$ = two c5turies1 & x la/$ less ?an two ye>s47#hgi7 ,its int5sity v>i$ mu* 9 diff]5t prov9ces4 ,9 ,alex&ria & ! neighb\r+ t[ns1 :]e a popul> tumult _h anticipat$ ! m5aces ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 x 0 extremely horrible47#hhj7 ,9 ,c>?age1 at fir/1 ! proconsul be+ abs5t1 no capital s5t5ce 0 pass$1 b on ! arrival ( t function>y ! p5alty ( dea?1 accompani$ by dreadful tortures1 0 sub/itut$ = t ( exile or imprisonm5t47#hha7 ,! rage ( ! p 0 especially direct$ aga9/ ! bi%op ,/4 ,cyprian1 :o prud5tly retir$ till ! /orm _h pass$47#hhb7 ,9 g5]al1 x 0 obs]v$ t ! object ( ! rul]s 0 mu* less to slay ?an to vanqui% ! ,*ri/ians4 ,horrible tortures 7 cont9ually employ$ to extort an apo/asy1 &1 :5 ^? tortures prov$ va91 great numb]s 7 ultimately releas$4 ,! ,decian p]secution is rem>kable 9 ,*ri/ian ar*ology z be+1 x is believ$1 ! fir/ occasion 9 :i* ! ,*ri/ian catacombs 7 violat$4 ,^? va/ subt]ranean corridors1 l9$ ) tombs & exp&+ v frequ5tly into small *apels adorn$ ) pa9t+s1 (t5 ( no mean beauty1 _h = a long p]iod be5 an inviolable asylum 9 seasons ( p]secution4 ,! extreme sanctity :i* ! ,romans 7 accu/om$ to atta* to ! place ( burial repell$ ! pr(ane1 & z e>ly1 x is said1 z ! v beg9n+ ( ! ?ird c5tury1 ! catacombs 7 recognis$ z legal possessions ( ! ,*ur*47#hhc7 ,! ,roman legislators1 h[ev] unfav\rable to ! =mation ( guilds or associations1 made an exception 9 fav\r ( burial societies1 or associations ( m5 subscrib+ a c]ta9 sum to ensure to ea* memb] a dec5t burial 9 gr\nd :i* belong$ to ! corporation4 ,! ,*ur* is believ$ to h avail$ itself ( ?is privilege1 & to h atta9$1 9 ?is capacity1 a legal exi/5ce4 ,! tombs1 :i* 7 orig9ally ! prop]ties ( di/9ct families1 became 9 ?is mann] an ecclesia/ical doma91 & ! catacombs 71 f p]haps ! fir/1 made some?+ m ?an places ( burial47#hhd7 ,! *apels ) :i* !y ab\nd1 & :i* are ( ! smalle/ dim5sions & utt]ly unfit = g5]al wor%ip1 7 probably mortu>y *apels1 & may h also be5 employ$ 9 ! s]vices commemorat+ ! m>tyrs1 :ile ! ord9>y wor%ip 0 probably at fir/ conduct$ 9 ! private h\ses ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,! decision ( ,alex&] ,sev]us1 :i* ,i h already notic$1 is ! e>lie/ notice we possess ( ! exi/5ce ( build+s specially devot$ to ! ,*ri/ian s]vices2 b we _c tell h[ long be=e ?is "t !y may h exi/$ 9 ,rome47#hhe7 ,9 s]i\s p]secution1 h[ev]1 !y w\ld d\btless h to be ab&on$2 &1 z a la/ resort1 ! catacombs prov$ a refuge f ! p]secutors4 ,! reign ( ,decius only la/$ ab\t two ye>s1 & be=e its close ! p]secution _h almo/ ceas$47#hhf7 ,on ! accession ( 8 son ,gallus1 9 ! la/ mon? ( ,a4,d4 #bea1 !re 0 = a %ort "t p]fect peace2 b ,gallus resum$ ! p]secution 9 ! spr+ ( ! foll[+ ye>1 & al?\gh app>5tly n v sev]e1 or v g5]al1 x seems to h cont9u$ to 8 dea?1 :i* took place a ye> aft]47#hhg7 ,two ,roman bi%ops1 ,cornelius1 :o _h succe$$ ! m>tyr$ ,fabianus1 & 8 successor ,lucius1 7 at ?is "t put to dea?47#hhh7 ,val]ian1 :o asc5d$ ! ?rone ,a4,d4 #bed1 at fir/ n only tol]at$1 b w>mly patronis$ ! ,*ri/ians1 & attract$ s _m to 8 ,c\rt t 8 h\se1 9 ! language ( a contempor>y1 appe>$ 8! ,*ur* ( ! ,"l407#hhi7 ,b aft] r m ?an f\r ye>s 8 disposition *ang$4 ,at ! p]suasion1 x is said1 ( an ,egyptian magician1 nam$ ,macrianus1 he sign$ 9 ,a4,d4 #beh an edict ( p]secution condemn+ ,*ri/ian ecclesia/ics & s5ators to dea?1 & o!r ,*ri/ians to exile1 or to ! =feiture ( _! prop]ty1 & prohibit+ !m f ent]+ ! catacombs47#hij7 ,a sangu9>y & g5]al p]secution ensu$4 ,among ! victims 7 ,sixtus1 ! ,bi%op ( ,rome1 :o p]i%$ 9 ! catacombs17#hia7 & ,cyprian1 :o 0 exil$1 & aft]w>ds behead$1 & 0 ! fir/ ,bi%op ( ,c>?age :o suff]$ m>tyrdom47#hib7 ,at la/1 ,val]ian1 hav+ be5 captur$ by ! ,p]sians1 ,galli5us1 9 ,a4,d4 #bfj1 asc5d$ ! ?rone1 & imm$iately proclaim$ a p]fect tol]ation ( ! ,*ri/ians47#hic7 ,! p]iod f ! accession ( ,decius1 9 ,a4,d4 #bdi1 to ! accession ( ,galli5us1 9 ,a4,d4 #bfj1 :i* ,i h n[ v briefly notic$1 0 by f> ! mo/ disa/r\s ! ,*ur* _h yet endur$4 ,) ! exception ( ab\t five ye>s 9 ! reigns ( ,gallus & ,val]ian1 ! p]secution 0 cont9u\s1 ?\gh x v>i$ mu* 9 its int5sity & its range4 ,dur+ ! fir/ portion1 if measur$1 n by ! numb] ( dea?s1 b by ! atrocity ( ! tortures inflict$1 x 0 probably z sev]e z any ^u record4 ,x 0 subsequ5tly direct$ *iefly aga9/ ! lead+ cl]gy1 &1 z we h se51 f\r ,roman bi%ops p]i%$4 ,9 addition to ! political reasons t inspir$ x1 ! popul> fanaticism caus$ by great calamities1 :i* 7 ascrib$ to ang] ( ! gods at ! neglect ( _! wor%ip1 _h 9 ?is z 9 =m] p]iods a great influ5ce4 ,political disa/]s1 :i* =e%ad[$ cle>ly ! approa*+ d[nfall ( ! ,empire1 7 foll[$ by fe>ful & g5]al fam9es & plagues4 ,/4 ,cyprian1 9 a treatise address$ to "o ( ! p]secutors :o 0 mo/ confid5t 9 ascrib+ ^! ?+s to ! ,*ri/ians1 pres5ts u ) an extremely curi\s picture bo? ( ! g5]al despond5cy t _h fall5 ^u ! ,empire1 & ( ! mann] 9 :i* ^! calamities 7 reg>d$ by ! ,*ri/ians4 ,l mo/ ( 8 co-religioni/s1 ! sa9t 0 conv9c$ t ! clos+ sc5e ( ! e>? 0 at h&4 ,! decrepitude ( ! _w1 he said1 _h arriv$1 ! =ces ( nature 7 almo/ exhau/$1 ! sun _h no long] its old lu/re1 or ! soil its old f]tility1 ! spr+ "t _h gr[n less lovely1 & ! autumn less b\nte\s1 ! en]gy ( man _h decay$1 & all ?+s 7 mov+ rapidly to ! end4 ,fam9es & plagues 7 ! precursors ( ! day ( judgm5t4 ,!y 7 s5t to w>n & puni% a rebelli\s _w1 :i*1 /ill b[+ d[n be=e idols1 p]secut$ ! believ]s 9 ! tru?4 8,s true is ?is1 t ! ,*ri/ians are nev] p]secut$ )\t ! sky manife/+ at once ! ,div9e displeasure40 ,! conception ( a conv]t$ ,empire nev] appe>s to h fla%$ across ! m9d ( ! sa9t27#hid7 ! only triumph he pr$ict$ = ! ,*ur* 0 t ( ano!r _w2 & to ! ?reats ( ! p]secutors he rejo9$ by fe>ful m5aces4 8,a burn+1 scor*+ fire w = ev] torm5t ^? :o are condemn$2 !re w be no respite or end to _! torm5ts4 ,we %all ?r\gh et]nity contemplate 9 _! agonies ^? :o = a %ort "t contemplat$ u 9 tortures1 & = ! brief pleasure :i* ! b>b>ity ( our p]secutors took 9 fea/+ _! eyes ^u an inhuman spectacle1 !y w be !mselves expos$ z an et]nal spectacle ( agony40 ,z a la/ w>n+1 calamity aft] calamity broke ^u ! _w1 &1 ) ! solemnity ( "o on :om ! %ad[ ( dea? _h already fall51 ,/4 ,cyprian adjur$ ! p]secutors to rep5t & to be sav$47#hie7 ,! accession ( ,galli5us introduc$ ! ,*ur* to a new p]iod ( p]fect peace1 :i*1 ) a s+le inconsid]able exception1 cont9u$ = no less ?an =ty ye>s4 ,! exception 0 furni%$ by ,aurelian1 :o dur+ ne>ly ! :ole ( 8 reign _h be5 exce$+ly fav\rable to ! ,*ri/ians1 & _h ev5 be5 appeal$ to by ! or?odox bi%ops1 :o desir$ him to expel f ,antio* a prelate !y _h excommunicat$ = h]esy17#hif7 b :o1 at ! close ( 8 reign1 int5d$ to p]secute4 ,he 0 assass9at$1 h[ev]1 accord+ to "o acc\nt1 :5 he 0 j ab\t to sign ! decrees2 accord+ to ano!r1 be=e !y _h be5 s5t ?r\gh ! prov9ces2 & if any p]secution actually took place1 x 0 altoge!r inconsid]able47#hig7 ,*ri/ianity1 dur+ all ?is "t1 0 n only p]fectly free1 x 0 greatly hon\r$4 ,*ri/ians 7 appo9t$ gov]nors ( ! prov9ces1 & 7 expressly exon]at$ f ! duty ( sacrific+4 ,! bi%ops 7 treat$ by ! civil au?orities ) pr(\nd respect4 ,! palaces ( ! emp]or 7 fill$ ) ,*ri/ian s]vants1 :o 7 au?oris$ freely to pr(ess _! religion1 & 7 greatly valu$ = _! fidelity4 ,! popul> prejudice seems to h be5 lull$ to re/2 & x has be5 notic$ t ! rapid progress ( ! fai? excit$ no tumult or ho/ility4 ,spaci\s *ur*es 7 erect$ 9 e qu>t]1 & !y c\ld sc>cely conta9 ! multitude ( wor%ipp]s47#hih7 ,9 ,rome itself1 be=e ! outbur/ ( ! ,diocletian p]secution1 !re 7 no less ?an =ty *ur*es47#hii7 ,! ,*ri/ians may /ill h be5 outnumb]$ by ! ,pagans2 b :5 we consid] _! organisation1 _! zeal1 & _! rapid progress1 a spe$y triumph appe>$ inevitable4 ,b be=e t triumph 0 a*iev$ a la/ & a t]rific ordeal 0 to be und]gone4 ,diocletian1 ^: "n has be5 some:at unju/ly associat$ ) a p]secution1 ! responsibility ( :i* belongs f> m to 8 colleague ,gal]ius1 hav+ left ! ,*ri/ians 9 p]fect peace = ne>ly eighte5 ye>s1 suff]$ himself to be p]suad$ to make "o m ef=t to eradicate ! =eign cre$4 ,?is emp]or1 :o _h ris5 by 8 m]its f ! humble/ position1 exhibit$ 9 all ! o!r actions ( 8 reign a mod]ate1 placable1 & conspicu\sly humane nature1 &1 al?\gh he greatly magnifi$ ! ,imp]ial au?ority1 ! simplicity ( 8 private life1 8 volunt>y abdication1 &1 above all1 8 s+ul>ly noble conduct dur+ _m ye>s ( retirem5t1 display$ a r>e magnanimity ( "*4 ,z a politician1 he des]ves1 ,i ?9k1 to rank v high4 ,anton9us & ,m>cus ,aurelius _h be5 too fasc9at$ by ! traditions ( ! ,republic1 & by ! au/]e tea*+ & retrospective _s ( ! ,/oics1 to realise ! necessity ( adapt+ in/itutions to ! wants ( a luxuri\s & highly civilis$ p1 & !y !re=e _h little p]man5t influ5ce ^u ! de/9ies ( ! ,empire4 ,b ,diocletian inv>iably exhibit$ 9 8 legislation a f>-see+ & compreh5sive m9d1 well aw>e ( ! condition ( ! society he rul$1 & provid5t ( di/ant ev5ts4 ,p]ceiv+ t ,roman corruption 0 incurable1 he attempt$ to reg5]ate ! ,empire by creat+ new c5tres ( political life 9 ! great & comp>atively unp]v]t$ capitals ( ! prov9ces2 & ,nicom$ia1 :i* 0 8 habitual resid5ce1 ,c>?age1 ,milan1 & ,rav5na1 all receiv$ abundant tok5s ( 8 fav\r4 ,he swept away or disreg>d$ ! obsolete & ineffici5t in/itutions ( ,republican lib]ty t /ill rema9$1 & inde$ gave 8 gov]nm5t a some:at ,ori5tal "*2 b1 at ! same "t1 by ! bold1 &1 x mu/ be admitt$1 v p]il\s measure ( divid+ ! ,empire into f\r sections1 he abridg$ ! p[] ( ea* rul]1 ensur$ ! bett] sup]vision & increas$ au?ority ( ! prov9ces1 & devis$ ! fir/ effectual *eck to ^? milit>y revolts :i* _h = "s "t be5 ?reat5+ ! ,empire ) an>*y4 ,) ! same en]getic /atesman%ip1 we f9d him reorganis+ ! :ole sy/em ( taxation1 & attempt+1 less wisely1 to regulate comm]cial transactions4 ,to su* an emp]or1 ! problem pres5t$ by ! rapid progress & ! pr(\ndly anti-national "* ( ,*ri/ianity mu/ h be5 a matt] ( s]i\s consid]ation1 & ! weaknesses ( 8 "* 7 mo/ unfav\rable to ! ,*ur*2 = ,diocletian1 ) _m noble qualities ( he>t & head1 0 yet sup]/iti\s1 tortu\s1 n]v\s1 & vacillat+1 & 0 too readily sway$ by ! rude & f]oci\s soldi]1 :o 0 impetu\sly incit+ him aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians4 ,! extreme passion :i* ,gal]ius display$ on ?is subject is ascrib$1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to ! influ5ce ( 8 "m1 :o 0 ard5tly devot$ to ! ,pagan wor%ip4 ,he is himself pa9t$ 9 d>k col\rs by ! ,*ri/ian writ]s z a man ( b\ndless & unbridl$ s5suality1 ( an imp]i\sness t rose to fury at opposition1 & ( a cruelty :i* _h long pass$ ! /age ( call\sness1 & become a fi5di% delight1 9 ! infliction & contemplation ( suff]+47#ijj7 ,8 /rong atta*m5t to ,paganism made him at l5g? ! av[$ repres5tative ( 8 p>ty1 :i* sev]al causes _h contribut$ to /r5g!n4 ,! philosophy ( ! ,empire _h by ?is "t fully pass$ into its ,neoplatonic & ,py?agorean phases1 & 0 closely connect$ ) religi\s obs]vances4 ,hi]ocles & ,porphyry1 :o 7 among its mo/ em95t expon5ts1 _h bo? writt5 books aga9/ ,*ri/ianity1 & ! ,ori5tal religions fo/]$ mu* fanaticism among ! p4 ,political int]e/s unit$ ) sup]/ition1 = ! ,*ri/ians 7 n[ a v =midable body 9 ! ,/ate4 ,_! int]e/s 7 suppos$ to be repres5t$ by ! ,cs> ,con/antius ,*lorus1 & ! religion 0 ei!r adopt$1 or at lea/ w>mly fav\r$1 by ! wife & daught] ( ,diocletian 7! latt] ( :om 0 m>ri$ to ,gal]ius7#ija771 & op5ly pr(ess$ by "s ( ! lead+ (ficials at ! ,c\rt4 ,a magnific5t *ur* cr[n$ ! hill fac+ ! palace ( ! emp]or at ,nicom$ia4 ,! bi%ops 71 9 mo/ cities1 among ! mo/ active & influ5tial citiz5s1 & _! influ5ce 0 n always ex]cis$ = good4 ,a few cases1 9 :i* an ill-consid]$ zeal l$ ,*ri/ians to insult ! ,pagan wor%ip1 "o or two in/ances ( ,*ri/ians refus+ to s]ve 9 ! army1 because !y believ$ milit>y life repugnant to _! cre$1 a sc&al\s relaxation ( morals1 t _h aris5 dur+ ! long peace1 & ! fi]ce & notori\s discord display$ by ! lead]s ( ! ,*ur*1 contribut$ 9 diff]5t ways to accel]ate ! p]secution47#ijb7 ,= a consid]able "t ,diocletian resi/$ all ! urg5cy ( ,gal]ius aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians1 & ! only measure tak5 0 ! dismissal by ! latt] sov]eign ( a numb] ( ,*ri/ian (fic]s f ! army4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #cjc1 h[ev]1 ,diocletian yield$ to ! entreaties ( 8 colleague1 & a fe>ful p]secution1 :i* _m circum/ances conspir$ to /imulate1 began4 ,! prie/s1 9 "o ( ! public c]emonies1 _h decl>$ t ! pres5ce ( ,*ri/ians prev5t$ ! entrails f %[+ ! accu/om$ signs4 ,! oracle ( ,apollo1 at ,miletus1 be+ consult$ by ,diocletian1 exhort$ him to p]secute ! ,*ri/ians4 ,a fanatical ,*ri/ian1 :o av[$ 8 de$1 & expiat$ x by a fe>ful dea?1 tore d[n ! fir/ edict ( p]secution1 & replac$ x by a bitt] taunt aga9/ ! emp]or4 ,twice1 aft] ! outbur/ ( ! p]secution1 ! palace at ,nicom$ia1 :]e ,diocletian & ,gal]ius 7 resid+1 0 set on fire1 & ! act 0 ascrib$1 n )\t probability1 to a ,*ri/ian h&1 z 7 also "s slight di/urbances t aft]w>ds arose 9 ,syria47#ijc7 ,edict aft] edict foll[$ 9 rapid succession4 ,! fir/ ord]$ ! de/ruction ( all ,*ri/ian *ur*es & ( all ,bibles1 m5ac$ ) dea? ! ,*ri/ians if !y assembl$ 9 secret = ,div9e wor%ip1 & depriv$ !m ( all civil rights4 ,a second edict ord]$ all ecclesia/ics to be ?r[n into prison1 :ile a ?ird edict ord]$ t ^! prison]s1 & a f\r? edict t all ,*ri/ians1 %\ld be compell$ by torture to sacrifice4 ,at fir/ ,diocletian refus$ to p]mit _! lives to be tak51 b aft] ! fire at ,nicom$ia ?is re/riction 0 remov$4 ,_m 7 burnt alive1 & ! tortures by :i* ! p]secutors s\ght to %ake _! resolution 7 s dreadful t ev5 su* a dea? seem$ an act ( m]cy4 ,! only prov9ce ( ! ,empire :]e ! ,*ri/ians 7 at peace 0 ,gaul1 :i* _h receiv$ its baptism ( blood "u ,m>cus ,aurelius1 b 0 n[ gov]n$ by ,con/antius ,*lorus1 :o protect$ !m f p]sonal mole/ation1 ?\gh he 0 compell$1 9 ob$i5ce to ! emp]or1 to de/roy _! *ur*es4 ,9 ,spa91 :i* 0 also "u ! gov]nm5t1 b n "u ! direct inspection1 ( ,con/antius1 ! p]secution 0 mod]ate1 b 9 all o!r p>ts ( ! ,empire x rag$ ) fi]c5ess till ! abdication ( ,diocletian 9 #cje4 ,?is ev5t almo/ imm$iately re/or$ peace to ! ,we/]n prov9ces17#ijd7 b greatly aggravat$ ! mis=tunes ( ! ,ea/]n ,*ri/ians1 :o pass$ "u ! absolute rule ( ,gal]ius4 ,horrible1 v>i$1 & prolong$ tortures 7 employ$ to quell _! =titude1 & _! f9al resi/ance 0 cr[n$ by ! mo/ dreadful ( all dea?s1 roa/+ ov] a sl[ fire4 ,x 0 n till ,a4,d4 #caa1 eight ye>s aft] ! comm5cem5t ( ! g5]al p]secution1 t5 ye>s aft] ! fir/ measure aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians1 t ! ,ea/]n p]secution ceas$4 ,gal]ius1 ! ar*-enemy ( ! ,*ri/ians1 0 /ruck d[n by a fe>ful disease4 ,8 body1 x is said1 became a mass ( loa?some & ftid sores--a liv+ corpse1 dev\r$ by c\ntless worms1 & exhal+ ! od\r ( ! *>nel-h\se4 ,he :o _h %$ s mu* innoc5t blood1 %rank himself f a ,roman dea?4 ,9 8 extreme angui% he appeal$ 9 turn to physician aft] physician1 & to temple aft] temple4 ,at la/ he rel5t$ t[>ds ! ,*ri/ians4 ,he issu$ a proclamation re/or+ !m to lib]ty1 p]mitt+ !m to rebuild _! *ur*es1 & ask+ _! pray]s = 8 recov]y47#ije7 ,! era ( p]secution n[ clos$4 ,"o brief spasm1 inde$1 due to ! ,cs> ,maximian1 %ot ?r\gh ! long afflict$ ,*ur* ( ,asia ,m9or27#ijf7 b x 0 rapidly allay$4 ,! accession ( ,con/ant9e1 ! proclamation ( ,milan1 ,a4,d4 #cac1 ! defeat ( ,lic9ius1 & ! conv]sion ( ! conqu]or1 spe$ily foll[$1 & ,*ri/ianity became ! religion ( ! ,empire4 ,su*1 s f> z we c trace x1 is ! outl9e ( ! la/ & mo/ t]rible p]secution inflict$ on ! e>ly ,*ur*4 ,un=tunately we c place little reliance on any in=mation we possess ab\t ! numb] ( its victims1 ! provocations t produc$ x1 or ! objects ( its au?ors4 ,! ecclesia/ical acc\nt ( ^! matt]s is absolutely un*eck$ by any ,pagan /atem5t1 & x is d]iv$ almo/ exclusively f ! hi/ory ( ,eusebius1 & f ! treatise 8,on ! ,dea?s ( ! ,p]secutors10 :i* is ascrib$ to ,lactantius4 ,eusebius 0 a writ] ( great le>n+1 & ( critical abilities n bel[ ! v l[ level ( 8 "t1 & he _h p]sonal k ( "s ( ! ev5ts 9 ,pale/9e :i* he has record$2 b he _h no pret5sions :atev] to imp>tiality4 ,he has frankly told u t 8 pr9ciple 9 writ+ hi/ory 0 to conceal ! facts t 7 injuri\s to ! reputation ( ! ,*ur*27#ijg7 & al?\gh 8 practice 0 sometimes bett] ?an 8 pr9ciple1 ! portrait he has drawn ( ! sa9tly virtues ( 8 patron ,con/ant9e1 :i* we are able to correct f o!r s\rces1 abundantly proves ) h[ little scruple ! c\rtly bi%op c\ld /ray into ! pa?s ( fiction4 ,! treatise ( ,lactantius1 :i* has be5 well t]m$ 8a p>ty pamphlet10 is mu* m untru/wor?y4 ,x is a hymn ( exultation ov] ! disa/r\s ends ( ! p]secutors1 & especially ( ,gal]ius1 writt5 9 a /ra9 ( ! fi]ce/ & mo/ passionate invective1 & be>+ on e page unequivocal signs ( inaccuracy & exagg]ation4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( ! e>ly p]secution 0 soon envelop$ 9 a ?ick cl\d ( falsehood4 ,a notion1 d]iv$ f prophecy1 t t5 great p]secutions mu/ prec$e ! day ( judgm5t1 at an e>ly p]iod /imulat$ ! imag9ation ( ! ,*ri/ians1 :o believ$ t day to be imm95t2 & x 0 natural t z "t roll$ on m5 %\ld magnify ! suff]+s t _h be5 endur$1 & t 9 cr$ul\s & uncritical ages a s+le real incid5t %\ld be (t5 multipli$1 div]sifi$1 & exagg]at$ 9 _m di/9ct n>ratives4 ,mon/r\s fictions1 su* z ! crucifixion ( t5 ?\s& ,*ri/ians ^u ,m\nt ,ar>at "u ,trajan1 ! lett] ( ,tib]ianus to ,trajan1 compla9+ t he 0 we>y ( ceaselessly kill+ ,*ri/ians 9 ,pale/9e1 & ! ,!ban legion ( six ?\s& m51 said to h be5 massacr$ by ,maximilian1 7 boldly propagat$ & readily believ$47#ijh7 ,! virtue suppos$ to atta* to ! bones ( m>tyrs1 & ! cu/om1 &1 aft] a decree ( ! second ,c\ncil ( ,nice1 9 ! eigh? c5tury1 ! obligation1 ( plac+ sa9tly rema9s "u e alt>1 l$ to an imm5se multiplication ( spuri\s relics1 & a correspond+ dem& = leg5ds4 ,almo/ e hamlet soon requir$ a patron m>tyr & a local leg5d1 :i* ! ne>e/ mona/]y 0 usually ready to supply4 ,! monks occupi$ _! "t 9 compos+ & dissem9at+ innum]able acts ( m>tyrs1 :i* purport$ to be /rictly hi/orical1 b :i* 71 9 fact1 delib]ate1 ?\gh x 0 ?\ght edify+1 =g]ies2 & pictures ( hide\s tortures1 enliv5$ by fanta/ic miracles1 soon became ! fav\rite popul> lit]ature4 ,to discrim9ate accurately ! g5u9e acts ( m>tyrs f ! imm5se mass t 7 fabricat$ by ! monks1 has be5 attempt$ by ,ru9>t1 b is p]haps impossible4 ,mod]n criticism has1 h[ev]1 done mu* to r$uce ! anci5t p]secutions to _! true dim5sions4 ,! fam\s essay ( ,dodwell1 :i* appe>$ t[>ds ! close ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ?\gh writt51 ,i ?9k1 a little 9 ! _s ( a special plead]1 & n free f its own exagg]ations1 has _h a great & abid+ influ5ce ^u ecclesia/ical hi/ory1 & ! /ill m fam\s *apt] :i* ,gibbon devot$ to ! subject r5d]$ ! conclusions ( ,dodwell famili> to ! _w4 ,not)/&+ ! great k & critical acum5 display$ 9 ?is *apt]1 few p]sons1 ,i imag9e1 c rise f its p]usal )\t a feel+ bo? ( repulsion & dissatisfaction4 ,! complete abs5ce ( all sympa?y ) ! h]oic c\rage manife/$ by ! m>tyrs1 & ! frigid &1 9 tru?1 mo/ unphilosophical sev]ity ) :i* ! hi/orian has weigh$ ! words & actions ( m5 engag$ 9 ! agonies ( a deadly /ruggle1 mu/ repel e g5]\s nature1 :ile ! p]si/5ce ) :i* he e/imates p]secutions by ! numb] ( dea?s r ?an by ! am\nt ( suff]+1 div]ts ! m9d f ! really di/9ctive atrocities ( ! ,pagan p]secutions4 ,he has obs]v$1 t :ile ! ang] ( ! p]secutors 0 at all times especially direct$ aga9/ ! bi%ops1 we "k f ,eusebius t only n9e bi%ops 7 put to dea? 9 ! entire ,diocletian p]secution1 & t ! p>ticul> enum]ation1 :i* ! hi/orian made on ! spot1 ( all ! m>tyrs :o p]i%$ dur+ ?is p]secution 9 ,pale/9e1 :i* 0 "u ! gov]nm5t ( ,gal]ius1 & 0 !re=e expos$ to ! full fury ( ! /orm1 %[s ! entire numb] to h be5 n9ety-two4 ,/>t+ f ?is fact1 ,gibbon1 by a well-kn[n process ( calculation1 has e/imat$ ! probable numb] ( m>tyrs 9 ! :ole ,empire1 dur+ ! ,diocletian p]secution1 at ab\t two ?\s&1 :i* happ5s to be ! numb] ( p]sons burnt by ! ,spani% ,inquisition dur+ ! presid5cy ( ,torquemada alone17#iji7 & ab\t "o tw5ty-fif? ( ! numb] :o are said to h suff]$ = _! religion 9 ! ,ne!rl&s 9 ! reign ( ,*>les ,v47#iaj7 ,b al?\gh1 if measur$ by ! numb] ( m>tyrs1 ! p]secutions inflict$ by ,pagans 7 less t]rible ?an ^? inflict$ by ,*ri/ians1 !re is "o aspect 9 :i* ! =m] appe> by f> ! m atroci\s1 & a tru?ful hi/orian %\ld suff] no false delicacy to prev5t him f unfl9*+ly /at+ x4 ,! conduct ( ! prov9cial gov]nors1 ev5 :5 !y 7 compell$ by ! ,imp]ial edicts to p]secute1 0 (t5 conspicu\sly m]ciful4 ,! ,*ri/ian records conta9 sev]al examples ( rul]s :o refus$ to se>* out ! ,*ri/ians1 :o disc\nt5anc$ or ev5 puni%$ _! accus]s1 :o sugge/$ +5i\s evasions ( ! law1 :o tri$ by e>ne/ & pati5t k9dness to ov]come :at !y reg>d$ z insane ob/9acy1 & :o1 :5 _! ef=ts _h prov$ va91 mitigat$ by _! own au?ority ! s5t5ce !y 7 compell$ to pron\nce4 ,x 0 only on v r>e occasions t any1 except conspicu\s lead]s ( ! ,*ur*1 & sometimes p]sons ( a s]vile condition1 7 9 dang]2 ! "t t 0 conc$$ !m be=e _! trials gave !m great facilities = escap+1 &1 ev5 :5 condemn$1 ,*ri/ian wom5 _h usually full p]mission to visit !m 9 _! prisons1 & to console !m by _! *>ity4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ,*ri/ian writ+s1 :i* x is impossible to dispute1 cont9ually record b>b>ities inflict$ ^u conv]ts1 s gha/ly & s hide\s t ! wor/ horrors ( ! ,inquisition pale be=e !m4 ,x is1 inde$1 true t burn+ h]etics by a sl[ fire 0 "o ( ! accompli%m5ts ( ! ,inquisitors1 & t !y 7 among ! mo/ consummate ma/]s ( torture ( _! age4 ,x is true t 9 "o ,ca?olic c\ntry !y introduc$ ! atroci\s cu/om ( mak+ ! spectacle ( m5 burnt alive = _! religi\s op9ions an elem5t 9 ! public fe/ivities47#iaa7 ,x is true1 too1 t ! imm5se majority ( ! acts ( ! m>tyrs are ! transp>5t =g]ies ( ly+ monks2 b x is also true t among ! au!ntic records ( ,pagan p]secutions !re are hi/ories :i* display1 p]haps m vividly ?an any o!r1 bo? ! dep? ( cruelty to :i* human nature may s9k1 & ! h]oism ( resi/ance x may atta94 ,!re 0 a "t :5 x 0 ! j boa/ ( ! ,romans1 t no ref9em5ts ( cruelty1 no prolongations ( torture1 7 admitt$ 9 _! /]n b simple p5al code4 ,b all ?is 0 *ang$4 ,^? hateful games1 :i* made ! spectacle ( human suff]+ & dea? ! delight ( all classes1 _h spread _! brutalis+ influ5ce :]ev] ! ,roman "n 0 kn[n1 _h r5d]$ millions absolutely indiff]5t to ! sight ( human suff]+1 _h produc$ 9 _m1 9 ! v c5tre ( an advanc$ civilisation1 a reli% & a passion = torture1 a rapture & an exultation 9 wat*+ ! spasms ( extreme agony1 su* z an ,african or an ,am]ican savage alone c equal4 ,! mo/ horrible record$ in/ances ( torture 7 usually inflict$1 ei!r by ! populace1 or 9 _! pres5ce1 9 ! ar5a47#iab7 ,we read ( ,*ri/ians b\nd 9 *airs ( r$-hot iron1 :ile ! /5* ( _! half-consum$ fle% rose 9 a suffocat+ cl\d to heav52 ( o!rs :o 7 torn to ! v bone by %ells1 or hooks ( iron2 ( holy virg9s giv5 ov] to ! lu/ ( ! gladiator1 or to ! m]cies ( ! p&]2 ( two hundr$ & tw5ty-sev5 conv]ts s5t on "o occasion to ! m9es1 ea* ) ! s9ews ( "o leg sev]$ by a r$-hot iron1 & ) an eye scoop$ f its socket2 ( fires s sl[ t ! victims wri!d = h\rs 9 _! agonies2 ( bodies torn limb f limb1 or spr9kl$ ) burn+ lead2 ( m+l$ salt & v9eg> p\r$ ov] ! fle% t 0 ble$+ f ! rack2 ( tortures prolong$ & v>i$ ?r\gh entire days4 ,= ! love ( _! ,div9e ,ma/]1 = ! cause !y believ$ to be true1 m51 & ev5 weak girls1 endur$ ^! ?+s )\t fl9*+1 :5 "o ^w w\ld h fre$ !m f _! suff]+s4 ,no op9ion we may =m ( ! proce$+s ( prie/s 9 a lat] age %\ld impair ! rev]5ce ) :i* we b5d be=e ! m>tyr's tomb4 ,,footnotes #a ,! op9ions ( ,hume on moral que/ions are grossly misrepres5t$ by _m writ]s1 :o p]si/ 9 describ+ !m z sub/antially id5tical ) ^? ( ,b5?am4 ,h[ f> ,hume 0 f d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( a moral s5se1 ! foll[+ passages w %[3--8,! f9al s5t5ce1 x is probable1 :i* pron\nces *>act]s & actions amiable or odi\s1 praisewor?y or blameable 444 dep5ds on "s int]nal s5se or feel+ :i* nature has made univ]sal 9 ! :ole species40--,enquiry ,conc]n+ ,morals1 #a4 8,! hypo!sis we embrace 444 def9es virtue to be :atev] m5tal action or quality gives to ! spectator ! pleas+ s5tim5t ( approbation40--,ibid4 ,app5d4 ,i4 8,! crime or immorality is no p>ticul> fact or relation :i* c be ! object ( ! und]/&+1 b arises entirely f ! s5tim5t ( disapprobation1 :i*1 by ! /ructure ( human nature1 we unavoidably feel on ! appreh5sion ( b>b>ity or trea*]y40--,ibid4 8,reason in/ructs u 9 ! sev]al t5d5cies ( actions1 & humanity makes a di/9ction 9 fav\r ( ^? :i* are useful & b5eficial40--,ibid4 8,z virtue is an end1 & is desirable on its own acc\nt )\t fee or rew>d1 m]ely = ! imm$iate satisfaction x conveys1 x is requisite t !re %\ld be "s s5tim5t :i* x t\*es1 "s int]nal ta/e or feel+1 or :atev] y please to call x1 :i* di/+ui%es moral good & evil1 & :i* embraces ! "o & rejects ! o!r40--,ibid4 ,! two writ]s to :om ,hume 0 mo/ indebt$ 7 ,hut*eson & ,butl]4 ,9 "s int]e/+ lett]s to ! =m] 7,burton's ,life ( ,hume1 vol4 i471 he discusses ! po9ts on :i* he diff]$ f !m4 #b 8,! *ief ?+ !re=e :i* lawgiv]s & o!r wise m5 t h lab\r$ = ! e/abli%m5t ( society h endeav\r$1 has be5 to make ! p !y 7 to gov]n believe t x 0 m b5eficial = ev]ybody to conqu] ?an to indulge 8 appetites1 & mu* bett] to m9d ! public ?an :at seem$ 8 private int]e/ 444 obs]v+ t none 7 ei!r s savage z n to be *>m$ ) praise1 or s despicable z pati5tly to be> contempt1 !y ju/ly conclud$ t flatt]y mu/ be ! mo/ p[]ful argum5t t c\ld be us$ to human creatures4 ,mak+ use ( ?is bewit*+ eng9e1 !y extoll$ ! excell5cy ( our nature above o!r animals 444 by ! help ( :i* we 7 capable ( p]=m+ ! mo/ noble a*ievem5ts4 ,hav+1 by ?is artful flatt]y1 ins9uat$ !mselves into ! he>ts ( m51 !y began to in/ruct !m 9 ! notions ( hon\r & %ame1 c40--,enquiry into ! ,orig9 ( ,moral ,virtue4 #c 8,i conceive t :5 a man delib]ates :e!r he %all d a ?+ or n d x1 he does no?+ else b consid] :e!r x be bett] = himself to d x or n to d x40--,hobbes ,on ,lib]ty & ,necessity4 8,good & evil are names t signify our appetites & av]sions40--,ibid4 ,levia?an1 "p i4 *4 xvi4 8,obligation is ! necessity ( do+ or omitt+ any action 9 ord] to be happy40--,gay's diss]tation prefix$ to ,k+'s ,orig9 ( ,evil1 p4 #cf4 8,! only reason or motive by :i* individuals c possibly be induc$ to ! practice ( virtue1 mu/ be ! feel+ imm$iate or ! prospect ( future private happ9ess40--,br[n ,on ! ,*>act]i/ics1 p4 #aei4 8,en t\t temps1 en t\t lieu1 tant en matire de morale qu'en matire d'esprit1 c'e/ l'intrt p]sonnel qui dicte le jugem5t des p>ticuli]s1 et l'intrt gnral qui dicte celui des nations4444 ,t\t homme ne pr5d dans ses jugem5ts conseil que de son intrt40--,helvtius ,de l',esprit1 disc\rs ii4 8,nature has plac$ mank9d "u ! gov]nance ( two sov]eign ma/]s1 pa9 & pleasure4 ,x is = !m alone to po9t out :at we ought to d1 z well z to det]m9e :at we %all d4444 ,! pr9ciple ( utility recognises ?is subjection1 & assumes x = ! f\ndation ( t sy/em1 ! object ( :i* is to re> ! fabric ( felicity by ! h&s ( reason & ( law4 ,sy/ems :i* attempt to "q x1 deal 9 s\nds in/ead ( s5se1 9 caprice in/ead ( reason1 9 d>kness in/ead ( light40--,b5?am's ,pr9ciples ( ,morals & ,legislation1 *4 i4 8,by ! pr9ciple ( utility is meant t pr9ciple :i* approves or disapproves ( e action :atsoev]1 accord+ to ! t5d5cy :i* x appe>s to h to augm5t or dim9i% ! happ9ess ( ! p>ty ^: int]e/ is 9 "q40--,ibid4 8,je reg>de l'am\r clair de n\s-mmes comme le pr9cipe de t\t sacrifice moral40--,d',alemb]t quot$ by ,d4 ,/ew>t1 ,active & ,moral ,p[]s1 vol4 i4 p4 #bbj4 #d 8,pleasure is 9 itself a good2 nay1 ev5 sett+ aside immunity f pa91 ! only good2 pa9 is 9 itself an evil1 &1 inde$1 )\t exception1 ! only evil1 or else ! words good & evil h no mean+40--,b5?am's ,pr9ciples ( ,morals & ,legislation1 *4 x4 #e 8,good & evil are no?+ b pleasure & pa91 or t :i* occasions or procures pleasure or pa9 to u4 ,moral good & evil !n is only ! con=mity or disagreem5t ( our volunt>y actions to "s law :]eby good or evil is drawn on u by ! w & p[] ( ! law mak]1 :i* good & evil1 pleasure or pa91 att5d+ our obs]vance or brea* ( ! law by ! decree ( ! law mak]1 is t we call rew>d or puni%m5t40--,locke's ,essay1 book ii4 *4 xxviii4 8,take away pleasures & pa9s1 n only happ9ess1 b ju/ice1 & duty1 & obligation1 & virtue1 all ( :i* h be5 s elaborately held up to view z indep5d5t ( !m1 are s _m empty s\nds40--,b5?am's ,spr+s ( ,action1 *4 i4 #ae4 #f 8,il lui e/ aussi impossible d'aim] le bi5 p\r le bi51 que d'aim] le mal p\r le mal40--,helvtius ,de l',esprit1 disc4 ii4 *4 v4 #g 8,ev5 ! goodness :i* we appreh5d 9 ,god ,almighty1 is 8 goodness to u40--,hobbes ,on ,human ,nature1 *4 vii4 #c4 ,s ,wat]l&1 8,to love ,god is 9 effect ! same ?+ z to love happ9ess1 et]nal happ9ess2 & ! love ( happ9ess is /ill ! love ( ourselves40--,?ird ,s]mon on ,self-love4 #h 8,rev]5ce is ! conception we h conc]n+ ano!r1 t he ha? ! p[] to d unto u bo? good & hurt1 b n ! w to d u hurt40--,hobbes ,on ,human ,nature1 *4 viii4 #g4 #i 8,! pleasures ( piety are ! pleasures t accompany ! belief ( a man's be+ 9 ! acquisition1 or 9 possession ( ! goodwill or fav\r ( ! ,supreme ,be+2 & z a fruit ( x1 ( 8 be+ 9 ! way ( enjoy+ pleasures to be receiv$ by ,god's special appo9tm5t ei!r 9 ?is life or 9 a life to come40--,b5?am's ,pr9ciples ( ,morals & ,legislation1 *4 v4 8,! pa9s ( piety are ! pa9s t accompany ! belief ( a man's be+ obnoxi\s to ! displeasure ( ! ,supreme ,be+1 & 9 consequ5ce to c]ta9 pa9s to be inflict$ by ,8 especial appo9tm5t1 ei!r 9 ?is life or 9 a life to come4 ,^! may be also call$ ! pa9s ( religion40--,ibid4 #aj 8,!re c be no great] argum5t to a man ( 8 own p[]1 ?an to f9d himself able n only to accompli% 8 own desires1 b also to assi/ o!r m5 9 !irs2 & ?is is t conception :]e9 consi/e? *>ity40--,hobbes ,on ,hum4 ,nat4 *4 ix4 #ag4 8,no man give? b ) int5tion ( good to himself1 because gift is volunt>y2 & ( all volunt>y acts1 ! object to e man is 8 own good40--,hobbes' ,levia?an1 "p i4 *4 xv4 8,dream n t m5 w move _! little f+] to s]ve y1 unless _! advantage 9 s do+ be obvi\s to !m4 ,m5 nev] did s1 & nev] w :ile human nature is made ( its pres5t mat]ials40--,b5?am's ,deontology1 vol4 ii4 p4 #acc4 #aa 8,pity is imag9ation or fiction ( future calamity to ourselves1 proce$+ f ! s5se ( ano!r man's calamity4 ,b :5 x lighte? on su* z we ?9k h n des]v$ ! same1 ! compassion is great]1 because !re !n appe>e? m probability t ! same may happ5 to u2 = ! evil t happ5e? to an innoc5t man may happ5 to e man40--,hobbes ,on ,hum4 ,nat4 *4 ix4 #aj4 8,la piti e/ s\v5t un s5tim5t de nos propres maux dans les maux d'autrui4 ,c'e/ une habile prvoyance des malheurs o n\s p\vons tomb]4 ,n\s donnons des sec\rs aux autres p\r les engag] n\s en donn] en de semblables occasions1 et ces s]vices que n\s leur r5dons sont1 proprem5t p>l]1 des bi5s que n\s n\s faisons n\s-mmes p> avance40--,la ,ro*ef\cauld1 ,maximes1 #bfd4 ,butl] has rem>k$ t if ,hobbes' acc\nt 7 true1 ! mo/ fe>ful w\ld be ! mo/ compassionate nature2 b ?is is p]haps n q j1 = ,hobbes' notion ( pity implies ! union ( two n absolutely id5tical1 ?\gh ne>ly alli$1 influ5ces1 timidity & imag9ation4 ,! !ory ( ,adam ,smi?1 ?\gh closely connect$ )1 diff]s totally 9 consequ5ces f t ( ,hobbes on ?is po9t4 ,he says1 8,:5 ,i condole ) y = ! loss ( y\r son1 9 ord] to ent] into y\r grief1 ,i d n consid] :at ,i1 a p]son ( su* a "* & pr(ession1 %\ld suff] if ,i _h a son1 & if t son %\ld die--,i consid] :at ,i %\ld suff] if ,i 0 really y4 ,i n only *ange circum/ances ) y1 b ,i *ange p]sons & *>act]s4 ,my grief1 !re=e1 is entirely ^u y\r acc\nt4444 ,a man may sympa?ise ) a woman 9 *ild-b$1 ?\gh x is impossible he %\ld conceive himself suff]+ h] pa9s 9 8 own prop] p]son & "*40--,moral ,s5tim5ts1 "p vii4 *4 i4 #c4 #ab 8,ce que les hommes ont nomm amiti n'e/ qu'une socit1 qu'un mnagem5t rciproque d'intrts et qu'un *ange de bons (fices4 ,ce n'e/ enf9 qu'un comm]ce o l'am\r-propre se propose t\j\rs quelque *ose gagn]40--,la ,ro*ef\cauld1 ,max4 #hc4 ,see ?is idea develop$ at l>ge 9 ,helvtius4 #ac 8,la sci5ce de la morale n'e/ autre *ose que la sci5ce mme de la lgislation40--,helvtius ,de l',esprit1 ii4 #ag4 #ad ,?is doctr9e is exp\nd$ at l5g? 9 all ! moral works ( ,hobbes & 8 s*ool4 ,! foll[+ passage is a fair specim5 ( _! mean+3--8,moral philosophy is no?+ else b ! sci5ce ( :at is good & evil 9 ! conv]sation & society ( mank9d4 ,good & evil are names t signify our appetites & av]sions1 :i* 9 diff]5t temp]s1 cu/oms1 & doctr9es ( m5 are diff]5t 444 f :5ce arise disputes1 controv]sies1 & at la/ w>4 ,& !re=e1 s long z man is 9 ?is condition ( m]e nature 7:i* is a condition ( w>71 8 private appetite is ! measure ( good & evil4 ,& consequ5tly all m5 agree 9 ?is1 t peace is good1 & !re=e also t ! ways or means ( peace1 7:i*1 z ,i h %[$ be=e7 are ju/ice1 gratitude1 mode/y1 equity1 m]cy1 & ! re/ ( ! laws ( nature are good 444 & _! contr>y vices evil40--,hobbes' ,levia?an1 "p i4 *4 xvi4 ,see1 too1 a /rik+ passage 9 ,b5?am's ,deontology1 vol4 ii4 p4 #acb4 #ae ,z an +5i\s writ] 9 ! ,saturday ,review 7,aug4 #aj1 #ahfg7 expresses x3 8,*a/ity is m]ely a social law creat$ to enc\rage ! alliances t mo/ promote ! p]man5t welf>e ( ! race1 & to ma9ta9 woman 9 a social position :i* x is ?\ght advisable %e %\ld hold40 ,see1 too1 on ?is view1 ,hume's ,inquiry conc]n+ ,morals1 #d1 & also note x43 8,to :at o!r purpose d all ! ideas ( *a/ity & mode/y s]ve8 ,nisi utile e/ quod facimus1 fru/ra e/ gloria40 #af 8,all pleasure is necess>ily self-reg>d+1 = x is impossible to h any feel+s out ( our own m9d4 ,b !re are modes ( delight t br+ also satisfaction to o!rs1 f ! r\nd t !y take 9 _! c\rse4 ,su* are ! pleasures ( b5evol5ce4 ,o!rs imply no p>ticipation by any second p>ty1 z1 = example1 eat+1 dr9k+1 bodily w>m?1 prop]ty1 & p[]2 :ile a ?ird class are f$ by ! pa9s & privations ( fell[-be+s1 z ! delights ( sport & tyranny4 ,! condemnatory phrase1 selfi%ness1 applies ) especial emphasis to ! la/-m5tion$ class1 &1 9 a qualifi$ degree1 to ! second gr\p2 :ile su* t]ms z unselfi%ness1 dis9t]e/$ness1 self-devotion1 are appli$ to ! vic>i\s position :]e9 we seek our own satisfaction 9 t ( o!rs40--,ba9 ,on ! ,emotions & ,w1 p4 #aac4 #ag 8,vice may be def9$ to be a miscalculation ( *ances1 a mi/ake 9 e/imat+ ! value ( pleasures & pa9s4 ,x is false moral ari?metic40--,b5?am's ,deontology1 vol4 i4 p4 #aca4 #ah 8,la rcomp5se1 la punition1 la gloire et l'infamie s\mises ses volonts sont quatre espces de div9its avec lesquelles le lgislateur peut t\j\rs opr] le bi5 public et crer des hommes illu/res en t\s les g5res4 ,t\te l'tude des morali/es consi/e dt]m9] l'usage qu'on doit faire de ces rcomp5ses et de ces punitions et les sec\rs qu'on peut tir] p\r li] l'intrt p]sonnel l'intrt gnral40--,helvtius ,de l',esprit1 ii4 #bb4 8,la ju/ice de nos jugem5ts et de nos actions n'e/ jamais que la r5contre heureuse de notre intrt avec l'intrt public40--,ibid4 ii4 #g4 8,to prove t ! immoral action is a miscalculation ( self-int]e/1 to %[ h[ errone\s an e/imate ! vici\s man makes ( pa9s & pleasures1 is ! purpose ( ! intellig5t morali/4 ,unless he c d ?is he does no?+2 =1 z has be5 /at$ above1 = a man n to pursue :at he deems likely to produce to him ! greate/ sum ( enjoym5t1 is1 9 ! v nature ( ?+s1 impossible40--,b5?am's ,deontology4 #ai 8,if ! effect ( virtue 7 to prev5t or de/roy m pleasure ?an x produc$1 or to produce m pa9 ?an x prev5t$1 its m appropriate "n w\ld be wick$ness & folly2 wick$ness z x affect$ o!rs1 folly z respect$ him :o practis$ x40--,b5?am's ,deontology1 vol4 i4 p4 #adb4 8,weigh pa9s1 weigh pleasures1 & z ! balance /&s w /& ! "q ( "r & wrong40--,ibid4 vol4 i4 p4 #acg4 8,moralis philosophi caput e/1 ,fau/9e fili1 ut scias quibus ad beatam vitam p]v5iri rationibus possit40--,apuleius1 ,ad ,doct4 ,platonis1 ii4 8,atque ipsa utilitas1 ju/i prope mat] et qui40--,horace1 ,sat4 ,i4 iii4 #ih4 #bj 8,we c be oblig$ to no?+ b :at we ourselves are to ga9 or lose some?+ by2 = no?+ else c be #8viol5t motive' to u4 ,z we %\ld n be oblig$ to obey ! laws or ! magi/rate unless rew>ds or puni%m5ts1 pleasure or pa91 someh[ or o!r1 dep5d$ ^u our ob$i5ce2 s nei!r %\ld we1 )\t ! same reason1 be oblig$ to d :at is "r1 to practise virtue1 or to obey ! comm&s ( ,god40--,paley's ,moral ,philosophy1 book ii4 *4 ii4 #ba ,see ,gass5di ,philosophi ,epicuri ,syntagma4 ,^! f\r canons are a skilful cond5sation ( ! argum5t ( ,torquatus 9 ,cic]o1 ,de ,f94 i4 #b4 ,see1 too1 a v /rik+ lett] by ,epicurus himself1 giv5 9 8 life by ,diog5es ,lartius4 #bb 8,sanus igitur non e/1 qui nulla spe majore proposita1 iis bonis quibus ct]i utuntur 9 vita1 labores et cruciatus et mis]ias anteponat4444 ,non alit] 8 bonis prs5tibus ab/95dum e/ quam si s9t aliqua majora1 propt] qu tanti sit et voluptates omitt]e et mala omnia su/9]e40--,lactantius1 ,div4 ,in/4 vi4 #i4 ,macaulay1 9 "s y\?ful essays aga9/ ! ,utilit>ian !ory 7:i* he *>act]i/ically describ$ z 8,n mu* m laughable ?an phr5ology1 & immeasurably m humane ?an cock-fight+071 ma9ta9s ! !ological =m ( selfi%ness 9 v /rong t]ms4 8,:at proposition is !re respect+ human nature :i* is absolutely & univ]sally true8 ,we "k ( only "o1 & t is n only true b id5tical1 t m5 always act f self-int]e/40--,review ( ,mill's ,essay on ,gov]nm5t4 8,( ?is we may be sure1 t ! words #8greate/ happ9ess' w nev] 9 any man's m\? mean m ?an ! greate/ happ9ess ( o!rs1 :i* is consi/5t ) :at he ?9ks 8 own4444 ,?is direction 7,d z y w\ld be done by7 w\ld be utt]ly unmean+1 z x actually is 9 ,mr4 ,b5?am's philosophy1 unless x 7 accompani$ by a sanction4 ,9 ! ,*ri/ian s*eme accord+ly x is accompani$ by a sanction ( imm5se =ce4 ,to a man ^: greate/ happ9ess 9 ?is _w is inconsi/5t ) ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb]1 is held out ! prospect ( an inf9ite happ9ess h]eaft]1 f :i* he excludes himself by wrong+ 8 fell[-creatures "h40--,answ] to ! ,we/m9/] ,review's ,def5ce ( ,mill4 #bc 8,all virtue & piety are ?us resolvable into a pr9ciple ( self-love4 ,x is :at ,scripture itself resolves !m into by f\nd+ !m ^u fai? 9 ,god's promises1 & hope 9 ?+s unse54 ,9 ?is way x may be rightly said t !re is no su* ?+ z dis9t]e/$ virtue4 ,x is ) ref]5ce to ourselves & = our own sakes t we love ev5 ,god ,himself40--,wat]l&1 ,?ird ,s]mon on ,self-love4 8,to risk ! happ9ess ( ! :ole duration ( our be+ 9 any case :atev]1 7 x possible1 w\ld be fooli%40--,rob]t ,hall's ,s]mon on ,mod]n ,infidelity4 8,9 ! moral sy/em ! means are virtu\s practice2 ! end1 happ9ess40-- ,w>burton's ,div9e ,legation1 book ii4 ,app5dix4 #bd 8,!re is always und]/ood to be a diff]5ce betwe5 an act ( prud5ce & an act ( duty4 ,?us1 if ,i di/ru/$ a man :o ow$ me a sum ( money1 ,i %\ld reckon x an act ( prud5ce to get ano!r p]son b\nd ) him2 b ,i %\ld h>dly call x an act ( duty4444 ,n[ 9 :at1 y w ask1 does ! diff]5ce consi/1 inasmu* z1 accord+ to our acc\nt ( ! matt]1 bo? 9 ! "o case & ! o!r1 9 acts ( duty z well z acts ( prud5ce1 we consid] solely :at we ourselves %all ga9 or lose by ! act8 ,! diff]5ce1 & ! only diff]5ce1 is ?is3 t 9 ! "o case we consid] :at we %all ga9 or lose 9 ! pres5t _w2 9 ! o!r case1 we consid] also :at we %all ga9 or lose 9 ! _w to come40--,paley's ,moral ,philosophy1 ii4 #c4 #be 8,h5ce we may see ! weakness & mi/ake ( ^? falsely religi\s 444 :o are sc&alis$ at our be+ det]m9$ to ! pursuit ( virtue ?r\gh any degree ( reg>d to its happy consequ5ces 9 ?is life4444 ,= x is evid5t t ! religi\s motive is precisely ( ! same k9d1 only /rong]1 z ! happ9ess expect$ is great] & m la/+40--,br[n's ,essays on ! ,*>act]i/ics1 p4 #bbj4 #bf 8,if a ,*ri/ian1 :o has ! view ( happ9ess & mis]y 9 ano!r life1 be ask$ :y a man mu/ keep 8 ^w1 he w give ?is z a reason1 because ,god1 :o has ! p[] ( et]nal life & dea?1 requires x ( u4 ,b if an ,hobbi/ be ask$ :y1 he w answ]1 because ! public requires x1 & ! ,levia?an w puni% y if y d n4 ,& if "o ( ! old hea!n philosoph]s _h be5 ask$1 he w\ld h answ]$1 because x 0 di%one/1 bel[ ! dignity ( man1 & opposite to virtue1 ! highe/ p]fection ( human nature1 to d o!rwise40--,locke's ,essay1 i4 #c4 #bg ,?us ,paley rem>ks t--8,! ,*ri/ian religion ha? n asc]ta9$ ! precise quantity ( virtue necess>y to salvation10 & he !n proce$s to urge ! probability ( graduat$ scales ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts4 7,moral ,philosophy1 book i4 *4 vii47 #bh ,?is view 0 develop$ by ,locke 7,essay on ! ,human ,und]/&+1 book ii4 *4 xxi47 ,pascal1 9 a well-kn[n passage1 appli$ ! same argum5t to ,*ri/ianity1 urg+ t ! rew>ds & puni%m5ts x promises are s great1 t x is ! "p ( a wise man to embrace ! cre$1 ev5 ?\gh he believes x improbable1 if !re be b a possibility 9 its fav\r4 #bi ,cudwor?1 9 8 ,immutable ,morals1 has collect$ ! names ( a numb] ( ! s*oolm5 :o held ?is view4 ,see1 too1 an int]e/+ note 9 ,miss ,cobbe's v le>n$ ,essay on ,intuitive ,morals1 pp4 #ah1 #ai4 #cj ,e4g4 ,soame ,j5yns1 ,dr4 ,johnson1 ,crusius1 ,pascal1 ,paley1 & ,au/94 ,w>burton is g5]ally quot$ 9 ! li/1 b n ,i ?9k q fairly4 ,see 8 !ory1 :i* is r complicat$ 7,div9e ,legation1 i4 #d74 ,wat]l& appe>s to h held ?is view1 & also ,condillac4 ,see a v rem>kable *apt] on morals1 9 8 ,trait des ,animaux1 "p ii4 *4 vii4 ,closely connect$ ) ?is doctr9e is ! notion t ! morality ( ,god is g5]ically diff]5t f ! morality ( m51 :i* hav+ be5 held ) m or less di/9ctness by _m !ologians 7,ar*bi%op ,k+ be+ p]haps ! mo/ prom95t71 has f\nd 9 our own day an able def5d] 9 ,dr4 ,mansel4 ,mu* in=mation on ! hi/ory ( ?is doctr9e w be f\nd 9 ,dr4 ,mansel's ,second ,lett] to ,pr(essor ,goldw9 ,smi? 7,ox=d1 #ahfb74 #ca ,leibnitz notic$ ! frequ5cy ) :i* ,supralaps>ian ,calv9i/s adopt ?is doctr9e4 7,?odice1 "p ii4 #agf47 ,ar*bi%op ,:ately1 :o f 8 connection ) ! ,iri% ,cl]gy _h admirable opportunities ( /udy+ ! t5d5cies ( ,calv9ism1 makes a simil> rem>k z ! result ( 8 own exp]i5ce4 7,:ately's ,life1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cci47 #cb 8,god designs ! happ9ess ( all ,8 s5ti5t creatures4444 ,kn[+ ! t5d5cies ( our actions1 & kn[+ ,8 b5evol5t purpose1 we "k ,8 tacit comm&s40--,au/9's ,lectures on ,jurisprud5ce1 vol4 i4 p4 #ca4 8,! comm&s :i* ,he has reveal$ we mu/ ga!r f ! t]ms :]e9 !y are promulgat$4 ,! comm&s :i* ,he has n reveal$ we mu/ con/rue by ! pr9ciple ( utility40--,ibid4 p4 #if4 ,s ,paley's ,moral ,philosophy1 book ii4 *4 iv4 v4 #cc ,paley's ,moral ,philosophy1 book i4 *4 vii4 ,! "q ( ! dis9t]e/$ness ( ! love we %\ld be> to ,god 0 agitat$ 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 ,bossuet tak+ ! selfi%1 & ,fnelon ! unselfi% side4 ,! op9ions ( ,fnelon & ,mol9os on ! subject 7 au?oritatively condemn$4 ,9 ,engl&1 ! less dogmatic "* ( ! national fai?1 & also ! fact t ! great anti-,*ri/ian writ]1 ,hobbes1 0 ! advocate ( extreme selfi%ness 9 morals1 _h1 ,i ?9k1 a fav\rable influ5ce ^u ! e?ics ( ! *ur*4 ,hobbes gave ! fir/ great impulse to moral philosophy 9 ,engl&1 & 8 oppon5ts 7 naturally impell$ to an unselfi% !ory4 ,bi%op ,cumb]l& l$ ! way1 resolv+ virtue 7l ,hut*eson7 into b5evol5ce4 ,! majority ( div9es1 h[ev]1 till ! pres5t c5tury1 h1 ,i ?9k1 be5 on ! selfi% side4 #cd ,moral ,philosophy1 ii4 #c4 #ce ,essay on ! ,human ,und]/&+1 ii4 #bh4 #cf ,pr9ciples ( ,morals & ,legislation1 *4 iii4 ,mr4 ,mill obs]ves t1 8,b5?am's idea ( ! _w is t ( a collection ( p]sons pursu+ ea* 8 sep>ate int]e/ or pleasure1 & ! prev5tion ( :om f jo/l+ "o ano!r m ?an is unavoidable1 may be attempt$ by hopes & fe>s d]iv$ f ?ree s\rces--! law1 religion1 & public op9ion4 ,to ^! ?ree p[]s1 consid]$ z b9d+ human conduct1 he gave ! "n ( sanctions2 ! political sanction op]at+ by ! rew>ds & p5alties ( ! law2 ! religi\s sanction by ^? expect$ f ! rul] ( ! univ]se2 & ! popul>1 :i* he *>act]i/ically calls also ! moral sanction1 op]at+ ?r\gh ! pa9s & pleasures aris+ f ! fav\r or disfav\r ( our fell[-creatures40--,diss]tations1 vol4 i4 pp4 #cfb-cfc4 #cg ,hume on ?is1 z on mo/ o!r po9ts1 0 emphatically oppos$ to ! s*ool ( ,hobbes1 & ev5 decl>$ t no "o c\ld hone/ly & 9 good fai? d5y ! reality ( an unselfi% elem5t 9 man4 ,foll[+ 9 ! /eps ( ,butl]1 he expla9$ x 9 ! foll[+ passage3--8,hung] & ?ir/ h eat+ & dr9k+ = _! end1 & f ! gratification ( ^! prim>y appetites arises a pleasure :i* may become ! object ( ano!r species ( desire or incl9ation t is second>y & int]e/$4 ,9 ! same mann] !re are m5tal passions by :i* we are impell$ imm$iately to seek p>ticul> objects1 su* z fame or p[] or v5geance1 )\t any reg>d to int]e/1 & :5 ^! objects are atta9$ a pleas+ enjoym5t ensues4444 ,n[ :]e is ! difficulty ( conceiv+ t ?is may likewise be ! case ) b5evol5ce & fri5d%ip1 & t f ! orig9al frame ( our temp] we may feel a desire ( ano!r's happ9ess or good1 :i* by means ( t affection becomes our own good1 & is aft]w>ds pursu$1 f ! comb9$ motives ( b5evol5ce & self-enjoym5t80--,hume's ,enquiry conc]n+ ,morals1 ,app5dix ,,ii4 ,comp>e ,butl]1 8,if !re be any appetite or any inw>d pr9ciple besides self-love1 :y may !re n be an affection t[>ds ! good ( our fell[-creatures1 & delight f t affection's be+ gratifi$ & uneas9ess f ?+s go+ contr>y to x80--,s]mon on ,compassion4 #ch 8,by sympa!tic s5sibility is to be und]/ood ! prop5sity t a man has to d]ive pleasure f ! happ9ess1 & pa9 f ! unhapp9ess1 ( o!r s5sitive be+s40--,b5?am's ,pr9ciples ( ,morals & ,legislation1 *4 vi4 8,! s5se ( sympa?y is univ]sal4 ,p]haps !re nev] exi/$ a human be+ :o _h rea*$ full age )\t ! exp]i5ce ( pleasure at ano!r's pleasure1 ( uneas9ess at ano!r's pa94444 ,community ( int]e/s1 simil>ity ( op9ion1 are s\rces f :5ce x spr+s40--,deontology1 vol4 i4 pp4 #afi-agj4 #ci 8,! idea ( ! pa9 ( ano!r is naturally pa9ful4 ,! idea ( ! pleasure ( ano!r is naturally pleasurable4444 ,9 ?is1 ! unselfi% "p ( our nature1 lies a f\ndation1 ev5 indep5d5tly ( inculcation f )\t1 = ! g5]ation ( moral feel+s0--,mill's ,diss]tations1 vol4 i4 p4 #acg4 ,see1 too1 ,ba9's ,emotions & ! ,w1 pp4 #bhi1 #cac2 & especially ,au/9's ,lectures on ,jurisprud5ce4 ,! fir/ volume ( ?is brilliant "w conta9s1 ,i ?9k )\t exception1 ! be/ mod]n /atem5t ( ! utilit>ian !ory 9 its mo/ plausible =m--a /atem5t equally rem>kable = its ability1 its c&\r1 & its uni=m c\rtesy to oppon5ts4 #dj ,see a collection ( passages f ,ari/otle1 be>+ on ! subject1 9 ,mack9to%'s ,diss]tation4 #da ,cic4 ,de ,f9ibus1 i4 #e4 ,?is view is adopt$ 9 ,tuck]'s ,light ( ,nature 7ed4 #ahdb71 vol4 i4 p4 #afg4 ,see1 too1 ,mill's ,analysis ( ! ,human ,m9d1 vol4 ii4 p4 #agd4 #db ,essay1 book ii4 *4 xxxiii4 #dc ,hut*eson ,on ! ,passions1 #a4 ,! 8second>y desires0 ( ,hut*eson are closely relat$ to ! 8reflex affections0 ( ,%aftesbury4 8,n only ! outw>d be+s :i* (f] !mselves to ! s5se are ! objects ( ! affection2 b ! v actions !mselves1 & ! affections ( pity1 k9dness1 gratitude1 & _! contr>ies1 be+ br\ght into ! m9d by reflection1 become objects4 ,s t by means ( ?is reflect$ s5se1 !re arises ano!r k9d ( affection t[>ds ^? v affections !mselves40--,%aftesbury's ,enquiry conc]n+ ,virtue1 book i4 "p ii4 #c4 #dd ,see ! preface to ,h>tley ,on ,man4 ,gay's essay is prefix$ to ,law's translation ( ,ar*bi%op ,k+ ,on ! ,orig9 ( ,evil4 #de 8,! case is ?is4 ,we fir/ p]ceive or imag9e "s real good2 i4e4 fitness to promote our happ9ess 9 ^? ?+s :i* we love or approve (4444 ,h5ce ^? ?+s & pleasures are s ti$ toge!r & associat$ 9 our m9ds1 t "o _c pres5t itself1 b ! o!r w also occur4 ,& ! association rema9s ev5 aft] t :i* at fir/ gave !m ! connection is q =gott51 or p]haps does n exi/1 b ! contr>y40--,gay's ,essay1 p4 lii4 8,all affections :atsoev] are f9ally resolvable into reason1 po9t+ out private happ9ess1 & are conv]sant only ab\t ?+s appreh5d$ to be means t5d+ to ?is end2 & :5ev] ?is end is n p]ceiv$1 !y are to be acc\nt$ = f ! association ( ideas1 & may prop]ly en\gh be call$ habits40--,ibid4 p4 xxxi4 #df ,pr9cipally by ,mr4 ,james ,mill1 ^: *apt] on association1 9 8 ,analysis ( ! ,human ,m9d1 may probably rank ) ,paley's beautiful *apt] on happ9ess1 at ! head ( all mod]n writ+s on ! utilit>ian side1--ei!r ( !m1 ,i ?9k1 be+ f> m valuable ?an any?+ ,b5?am ev] wrote on morals4 ,?is la/ writ]--^: contempt = 8 pr$ecessors 0 only equall$ by 8 ignorance ( _! works1 & :o has add$ surpris+ly little to moral sci5ce 7consid]+ ! reputation he atta9$71 except a b>b>\s nom5clature & an int]m9able s]ies ( classifications ev9c+ no real subtlety ( ?\ght--makes1 z f> z ,i am aw>e1 no use ( ! doctr9e ( association4 ,paley /ates x ) 8 usual admirable cle>ness4 8,hav+ exp]i5c$ 9 "s in/ances a p>ticul> conduct to be b5eficial to ourselves1 or obs]v$ t x w\ld be s1 a s5tim5t ( approbation rises up 9 our m9ds1 :i* s5tim5t aft]w>ds accompanies ! idea or m5tion ( ! same conduct1 al?\gh ! private advantage :i* fir/ exi/$ no long] exi/40--,paley1 ,moral ,philos4 i4 #e4 ,paley1 h[ev]1 made less use ( ?is doctr9e ?an might h be5 expect$ f s en?usia/ic an admir] ( ,tuck]4 ,9 our own day x has be5 mu* us$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill4 #dg ,?is illu/ration1 :i* 0 fir/ employ$ by ,hut*eson1 is v happily develop$ by ,gay 7p4 lii474 ,x 0 !n us$ by ,h>tley1 & f9ally ,tuck] reproduc$ ! :ole !ory ) ! usual illu/ration )\t any ackn[l$gm5t ( ! works ( 8 pr$ecessors1 employ+ h[ev]1 ! t]m 8translation0 in/ead ( 8association0 ( ideas4 ,see 8 curi\s *apt] on ! subject1 ,light ( ,nature1 book i4 *4 xviii4 #dh 8,x is ! nature ( translation to ?r[ desire f ! end ^u ! means1 :i* !nce=w>d become an end capable ( excit+ an appetite )\t prospect ( ! consequ5ces :]eto !y lead4 ,our habits & mo/ ( ! desires t occupy human life are ( ?is translat$ k9d40--,tuck]'s ,light ( ,nature1 vol4 ii4 7ed4 #ahdb71 p4 #bha4 #di ,mill's ,analysis ( ! ,human ,m9d4 ,! desire = po/hum\s fame is usually cit$ by intuitive morali/s z a pro( ( a naturally dis9t]e/$ elem5t 9 man4 #ej ,mill's ,analysis4 #ea ,h>tley ,on ,man1 vol4 i4 pp4 #dgd-dge4 #eb 8,b5evol5ce 444 has also a high degree ( hon\r & e/eem annex$ to x1 procures u _m advantages & returns ( k9dness1 bo? f ! p]son oblig$ & o!rs1 & is mo/ closely connect$ ) ! hopes ( rew>d 9 a future /ate1 & ( self-approbation or ! moral s5se2 & ! same ?+s hold ) respect to g5]osity 9 a mu* high] degree4 ,x is easy !re=e to see h[ su* associations may be =m$ z to engage u to =ego great pleasure1 or endure great pa9 = ! sake ( o!rs1 h[ ^! associations may be att5d$ ) s great a degree ( pleasure z to ov]rule ! positive pa9 endur$ or ! negative "o f ! =ego+ ( a pleasure1 & yet h[ !re may be no direct explicit expectation ( rew>d ei!r f ,god or man1 by natural consequ5ce or express appo9tm5t1 n ev5 ( ! concomitant pleasure t engages ! ag5t to und]take ! b5evol5t & g5]\s action2 & ?is ,i take to be a pro( f ! doctr9e ( association t !re is & mu/ be su* a ?+ z pure dis9t]e/$ b5evol5ce2 also a j acc\nt ( ! orig9 & nature ( x40--,h>tley ,on ,man1 vol4 i4 pp4 #dgc-dgd4 ,see too ,mill's ,analysis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #beb4 #ec ,mill's ,analysis1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bdd-bdg4 #ed 8,) self-int]e/10 said ,h>tley1 8man mu/ beg92 he may end 9 self-annihilation20 or z ,col]idge happily puts x1 8,legality prec$es morality 9 e individual1 ev5 z ! ,jewi% disp5sation prec$$ ! ,*ri/ian 9 ! _w at l>ge40--,notes ,!ological & ,political1 p4 #cdj4 ,x might be retort$ ) mu* tru?1 t we beg9 by practis+ morality z a duty--we end by practis+ x z a pleasure1 )\t any ref]5ce to duty4 ,col]idge1 :o express$ = ! ,b5?amite !ories a v cordial dete/ation1 sometimes glid$ into !m himself4 8,! happ9ess ( man10 he says1 8is ! end ( virtue1 & tru? is ! k ( ! means40 7,! ,fri5d1 ed4 #ahej1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aib47 8,:at c be ! object ( human virtue b ! happ9ess ( s5ti5t1 /ill m ( moral be+s80 7,notes ,!ol4 & ,polit4 p4 #cea47 ,leibnitz says1 8,qu& on aura appris faire des actions l\ables p> ambition1 on les f]a aprs p> incl9ation40 7,sur l' ,art de connatre les ,hommes47 #ee ,e4g4 ,mack9to% & ,james ,mill4 ,col]idge 9 8 y\ng] days 0 an en?usia/ic admir] ( ,h>tley2 b *iefly1 ,i believe1 on acc\nt ( 8 !ory ( vibrations4 ,he nam$ 8 son aft] him1 & describ$ him 9 "o ( 8 poems z3-- 8,he ( mortal k9d ,wise/1 ! fir/ :o m>k$ ! ideal tribes ,up ! f9e fibres ?r\gh ! s5ti5t bra940 ,religi\s ,mus+s4 #ef ,?is position is elaborat$ 9 a passage too long = quotation by ,mr4 ,au/94 7,lectures on ,jurisprud5ce1 vol4 i4 p4 #dd47 #eg ,hobbes def9es consci5ce z 8! op9ion ( evid5ce0 7,on ,human ,nature1 *4 vi4 #h74 ,locke z 8our own op9ion or judgm5t ( ! moral rectitude or pravity ( our own actions0 7,essay1 book i4 *4 iii4 #h74 ,9 ,b5?am !re is v little on ! subject2 b 9 "o place he in=ms u t 8consci5ce is a ?+ ( fictiti\s exi/5ce1 suppos$ to occupy a seat 9 ! m9d0 7,deontology1 vol4 i4 p4 #acg72 & 9 ano!r he ranks 8love ( duty0 7:i* he describes z an 8impossible motive1 9 s f> z duty is synonym\s to obligation07 z a v>iety ( ! 8love ( p[]0 7,spr+s ( ,action1 ii47 ,mr4 ,ba9 says1 8consci5ce is an imitation )9 ourselves ( ! gov]nm5t )\t u40 7,emotions & ,w1 p4 #cac47 #eh 8,h[ev] mu* !y utilit>ians may believe 7z !y d7 t actions & dispositions are only virtu\s because !y promote ano!r end ?an virtue1 yet ?is be+ grant$ 444 !y n only place virtue at ! v head ( ! ?+s :i* are good z means to ! ultimate end1 b !y also recognise z a psy*ological fact ! possibility ( its be+ to ! individual a good 9 itself4444 ,virtue1 accord+ to ! utilit>ian doctr9e1 is n naturally & orig9ally "p ( ! end1 b x is capable ( becom+ s4444 ,:at 0 once desir$ z an in/rum5t = ! atta9m5t ( happ9ess has come to be desir$ 444 z "p ( happ9ess4444 ,human nature is s con/itut$ z to desire no?+ :i* is n ei!r a "p ( happ9ess or a means ( happ9ess40--,j4 ,s4 ,mill's ,utilit>ianism1 pp4 #ed1 #ee1 #ef1 #eh4 #ei 8,a man is tempt$ to commit adult]y ) ! wife ( 8 fri5d4 ,! composition ( ! motive is obvi\s4 ,he does n obey ! motive4 ,:y8 ,he obeys o!r motives :i* are /rong]4 ,?\gh pleasures are associat$ ) ! immoral act1 pa9s are associat$ ) x also--! pa9s ( ! injur$ husb&1 ! pa9s ( ! wife1 ! moral indignation ( mank9d1 ! future reproa*es ( 8 own m9d4 ,"s m5 obey ! fir/ r ?an ! second motive4 ,! reason is obvi\s4 ,9 ^! ! association ( ! act ) ! pleasure is f habit unduly /rong1 ! association ( ! act ) pa9s is f want ( habit unduly weak4 ,?is is ! case ( a bad education4444 ,among ! diff]5t classes ( motives1 !re are m5 :o are m easily & /rongly op]at$ on by "s1 o!rs by o!rs4 ,we h also se5 t ?is is entirely ow+ to habits ( association4 ,?is facility ( be+ act$ ^u by motives ( a p>ticul> description1 is t :i* we call disposition40--,mill's ,analysis1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bab1 #bac1 c4 ,adam ,smi? says1 ,i ?9k ) mu* wisdom1 t 8! great secret ( education is to direct vanity to prop] objects40--,moral ,s5tim5ts1 "p vi4 #c4 #fj 8,goodness 9 ourselves is ! prospect ( satisfaction annex$ to ! welf>e ( o!rs1 s t we please !m = ! pleasure we receive ourselves 9 s do+1 or to avoid ! uneas9ess we %\ld feel 9 omitt+ x4 ,b ,god is completely happy 9 ,himself1 nor c ,8 happ9ess receive increase or dim9ution f any?+ befall+ ,8 creatures2 :]e=e ,8 goodness is pure1 dis9t]e/$ b\nty1 )\t any return ( joy or satisfaction to ,himself4 ,!re=e x is no wond] we h imp]fect notions ( a quality :]e( we h no exp]i5ce 9 our own nature40--,tuck]'s ,light ( ,nature1 vol4 i4 p4 #cee4 8,x is ! privilege ( ,god alone to act ^u pure1 dis9t]e/$ b\nty1 )\t ! lea/ addition !reby to ,8 own enjoym5t40--,ibid4 vol4 ii4 p4 #bgi4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,hut*eson asks1 8,if !re be su* disposition 9 ! ,deity1 :]e is ! impossibility ( "s small degree ( ?is public love 9 ,8 creatures1 & :y mu/ !y be suppos$ incapable ( act+ b f self-love80--,enquiry conc]n+ ,moral ,good1 #b4 #fa 8,we gradually1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( association1 come to desire ! means )\t ?9k+ ( ! end2 ! action itself becomes an object ( desire1 & is p]=m$ )\t ref]5ce to any motive beyond itself4 ,?us f>1 x may /ill be object$ t ! action hav+1 ?r\gh association1 become pleasurable1 we are z mu* z be=e mov$ to act by ! anticipation ( pleasure1 namely1 ! pleasure ( ! action itself4 ,b grant+ ?is1 ! matt] does n end "h4 ,z we proce$ 9 ! =mation ( habits1 & become accu/om$ to w a p>ticul> act 444 because x is pleasurable1 we at la/ cont9ue to w x )\t any ref]5ce to its be+ pleasurable4444 ,9 ?is mann] x is t habits ( hurtful excess cont9ue to be practis$1 al?\gh !y h ceas$ to be pleasurable1 & 9 ?is mann] also x is t ! habit ( will+ to p]sev]e 9 ! c\rse :i* he has *os51 does n des]t ! moral h]o1 ev5 :5 ! rew>d 444 is any?+ b an equival5t = ! suff]+ he und]goes1 or ! wi%es he may h to r5\nce40--,mill's ,logic 7#d? edition71 vol4 ii4 pp4 #daf1 #dag4 #fb 8,9 reg>d to int]e/ 9 ! mo/ ext5d$1 :i* is ! orig9al & only /rictly prop] s5se ( ! ^w dis9t]e/$1 no human act has ev] be5 or ev] c be dis9t]e/$4444 ,9 ! only s5se 9 :i* dis9t]e/$ness c ) tru? be pr$icat$ ( human actions1 x is employ$ 444 to d5ote1 n ! abs5ce ( all int]e/ 444 b only ! abs5ce ( all int]e/ ( ! self-reg>d+ class4 ,n b t x is v frequ5tly pr$icat$ ( human action 9 cases 9 :i* div]s int]e/s1 to no "o ( :i* ! appellation ( self-reg>d+ c ) propriety be d5i$1 h be5 ex]cis+ _! influ5ce1 & 9 p>ticul> fe> ( ,god1 or hope f ,god1 & fe> ( ill-repute1 or hope ( good repute4 ,if :at is above be correct1 ! mo/ dis9t]e/$ ( m5 is n less "u ! dom9ion ( int]e/ ?an ! mo/ int]e/$4 ,! only cause ( 8 be+ /yl$ dis9t]e/$1 is its n hav+ be5 obs]v$ t ! sort ( motive 7suppose x sympa?y = an individual or class7 has z truly a correspond+ int]e/ belong+ to x z any o!r species ( motive has4 ,( ?is contradiction betwe5 ! tru? ( ! case & ! language employ$ 9 speak+ ( x1 ! cause is t 9 ! "o case m5 h n be5 9 ! habit ( mak+--z 9 po9t ( consi/5cy !y ought to h made--( ! ^w int]e/ t use :i* 9 ! o!r case !y h be5 9 ! habit ( mak+ ( x40--,b5?am's ,spr+s ( ,action1 ii4 #b4 #fc ,among o!rs ,bi%op ,butl]1 :o draws "s v subtle di/9ctions on ! subject 9 8 fir/ s]mon 8on ! love ( our neighb\r40 ,dugald ,/ew>t rem>ks t 8al?\gh we apply ! epi!t selfi% to av>ice & to l[ & private s5suality1 we nev] apply x to ! desire ( k or to ! pursuits ( virtue1 :i* are c]ta9ly s\rces ( m exquisite pleasure ?an ri*es or s5suality c be/[40--,active & ,moral ,p[]s1 vol4 i4 p4 #ai4 #fd ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton4 #fe ,cic4 ,de ,f94 lib4 ii4 #ff 8,z !re is n any sort ( pleasure t is n itself a good1 nor any sort ( pa9 ! exemption f :i* is n a good1 & z no?+ b ! expectation ( ! ev5tual enjoym5t ( pleasure 9 "s %ape1 or ( exemption f pa9 9 "s %ape1 c op]ate 9 ! "* ( a motive1 a necess>y consequ5ce is t if by motive be meant sort ( motive1 !re is n any su* ?+ z a bad motive40--,b5?am's ,spr+s ( ,action1 ii4 #d4 ,! fir/ clauses ( ! foll[+ passage ,i h already quot$3 8,pleasure is itself a good1 nay1 sett+ aside immunity f pa91 ! only good4 ,pa9 is 9 itself an evil1 & inde$1 )\t exception1 ! only evil1 or else ! words good & evil h no mean+4 ,& ?is is alike true ( e sort ( pa91 & ( e sort ( pleasure4 ,x foll[s !re=e imm$iately & inconte/ably t !re is no su* ?+ z any sort ( motive t is 9 itself a bad "o40--,pr9ciples ( ,morals & ,legislation1 *4 ix4 8,! se>* aft] motive is "o ( ! prom95t causes ( m5's bewild]m5t 9 ! inve/igation ( que/ions ( morals4444 ,b ?is is a pursuit 9 :i* e mom5t employ$ is a mom5t wa/$4 ,all motives are ab/ract$ly good4 ,no man has ev] _h1 c1 or c\ld h a motive diff]5t f ! pursuit ( pleasure or ( %unn+ pa940--,deontology1 vol4 i4 p4 #abf4 ,mr4 ,mill's doctr9e appe>s some:at diff]5t f ?is1 b ! diff]5ce is ,i ?9k only app>5t4 ,he says3 8,! motive has no?+ to d ) ! morality ( ! action1 ?\gh mu* ) ! wor? ( ! ag5t10 & he aft]w>ds expla9s ?is la/ /atem5t by say+ t ! 8motive makes a great diff]5ce 9 our moral e/imation ( ! ag5t1 especially if x indicates a good or a bad habitual disposition1 a b5t ( "* f :i* useful or f :i* hurtful actions are likely to arise40--,utilit>ianism1 #bnd ed4 pp4 #bf-bg4 #fg ,?is tru? has be5 admirably illu/rat$ by ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] 7,social ,/atics1 pp4 #a-h74 #fh 8,on value la gr&eur de la v]tu en comp>ant les bi5s obt5us aux maux au prix desquels on les a*te3 l'excdant en bi5 mesure la valeur de la v]tu1 comme l'excdant en mal mesure le degr de ha9e que doit inspir] le vice40--,*4 ,comte1 ,trait de ,lgislation1 liv4 ii4 *4 xii4 #fi ,m4 ,dumont1 ! translator ( ,b5?am1 has elaborat$ 9 a r fam\s passage ! utilit>ian notions ab\t v5geance4 8,t\te espce de satisfaction entranant une pe9e p\r le dl9quant produit naturellem5t un plaisir de v5geance p\r la p>tie lse4 ,ce plaisir e/ un ga94 ,il rappelle la p>abole de ,samson4 ,c'e/ le d\x qui sort du t]rible4 ,c'e/ le miel recueilli dans la gueule du lion4 ,produit sans frais1 rsultat net d'une opration ncessaire d'autres titres1 c'e/ une j\issance cultiv] comme t\te autre2 c> le plaisir de la v5geance considre ab/raitem5t n'e/ comme t\t autre plaisir qu'un bi5 en lui-mme40--,pr9cipes du ,code pnal1 #bme p>tie1 *4 xvi4 ,accord+ to a v acute liv+ writ] ( ?is s*ool1 8,! crim9al law /&s to ! passion ( rev5ge 9 mu* ! same relation z m>riage to ! sexual appetite0 7,j4 ,f4 ,/eph51 ,on ! ,crim9al ,law ( ,engl&1 p4 #ii74 ,mr4 ,mill obs]ves t1 8,9 ! gold5 rule ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 we read ! complete _s ( ! e?ics ( utility0 7,utilit>ianism1 p4 #bd74 ,x is b fair to give a specim5 ( ! opposite ord] ( extravagance4 8,s well conv9c$ 0 ,fa!r ,clav] ( ! et]nal happ9ess ( almo/ all :om he assi/$10 says ?is sa9tly mission>y's biograph]1 8t speak+ once ( "s p]sons :o _h deliv]$ a crim9al into ! h&s ( ju/ice1 he said1 ,god =give !m2 b !y h secur$ ! salvation ( ?is man at ! probable risk ( _! own40--,newman's ,anglican ,difficulties1 p4 #bje4 #gj ,de ,ord9e1 ii4 #d4 ,! exp]im5t has m ?an once be5 tri$ at ,v5ice1 ,pisa1 c41 & always ) ! results ,/4 ,augu/9e pr$ict$4 #ga ,! read] w "h obs]ve ! v transp>5t sophi/ry ( an ass]tion :i* is repeat$ ad nauseam by utilit>ians4 ,!y tell u t a reg>d to ! remote consequ5ces ( our actions w\ld lead u to ! conclusion t we %\ld nev] p]=m an act :i* w\ld n be conducive to human happ9ess if x 7 univ]sally p]=m$1 or1 z ,mr4 ,au/9 expresses x1 t 8! "q is if acts ( ?is class 7 g5]ally done or g5]ally =borne or omitt$1 :at w\ld be ! probable effect on ! g5]al happ9ess or good80 7,lectures on ,jurisprud5ce1 vol4 i4 p4 #cb47 ,! "q is no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,if ,i am conv9c$ t utility alone con/itutes virtue1 & if ,i am m$itat+ any p>ticul> act1 ! sole "q ( morality mu/ be :e!r t act is on ! :ole useful1 produces a net result ( happ9ess4 ,to det]m9e ?is "q ,i mu/ consid] bo? ! imm$iate & ! remote consequ5ces ( ! act2 b ! latt] are n asc]ta9$ by ask+ :at w\ld be ! result if e "o did z ,i d1 b by ask+ h[ f>1 z a matt] ( fact1 my act is likely to produce imitators1 or affect ! conduct & future acts ( o!rs4 ,x may no d\bt be conv5i5t & useful to =m classifications bas$ on ! g5]al t5d5cy ( diff]5t c\rses to promote or dim9i% happ9ess1 b su* classifications _c alt] ! morality ( p>ticul> acts4 ,x is q cle> t no act :i* produces on ! :ole m pleasure ?an pa9 c on utilit>ian pr9ciples be vici\s4 ,x is1 ,i ?9k1 equally cle> t no "o c\ld act consi/5tly on su* a pr9ciple )\t be+ l$ to consequ5ces :i* 9 ! common judgm5t ( mank9d are grossly & sc&al\sly immoral4 #gb ,!re are "s v good rem>ks on ! possibility ( liv+ a life ( imag9ation :olly di/9ct f ! life ( action 9 ,mr4 ,ba9's ,emotions & ,w1 p4 #bdf4 #gc ,b5?am especially recurs to ?is subject frequ5tly4 ,see ,sir ,j4 ,b[r+'s edition ( 8 works 7,ed9burgh1 #ahdc71 vol4 i4 pp4 #adb1 #adc1 #efb2 vol4 x4 pp4 #edi-eej4 #gd 8,grant$ t any practice causes m pa9 to animals ?an x gives pleasure to man2 is t practice moral or immoral8 ,& if exactly 9 proportion z human be+s raise _! heads out ( ! sl\gh ( selfi%ness !y d n ) "o voice answ] #8immoral1' let ! morality ( ! pr9ciple ( utility be = ev] condemn$40--,mill's ,diss]t4 vol4 ii4 p4 #dhe4 8,we deprive !m animals ( life1 & ?is is ju/ifiable--_! pa9s d n equal our enjoym5ts4 ,!re is a balance ( good40--,b5?am's ,deontology1 vol4 i4 p4 #ad4 ,mr4 ,mill accord+ly def9es ! pr9ciple ( utility1 )\t any special ref]5ce to man4 8,! cre$ :i* accepts z ! f\ndation ( morals1 utility or ! great happ9ess pr9ciple1 holds t actions are "r 9 proportion z !y t5d to promote happ9ess1 wrong z !y t5d to produce ! rev]se ( happ9ess40--,utilit>ianism1 pp4 #i-aj4 #ge ,! exception ( c\rse be+ dome/ic animals1 :i* may be injur$ by ill treatm5t1 b ev5 ?is exception is a v p>tial "o4 ,no selfi% reason c\ld prev5t any am\nt ( cruelty to animals t 7 ab\t to be kill$1 & ev5 9 ! case ( previ\s ill-usage ! calculations ( selfi%ness w dep5d greatly ^u ! price ( ! animal4 ,i h be5 told t on "s p>ts ( ! cont95t dilig5ce horses are sy/ematically "u-f$1 & work$ to a spe$y dea?1 _! *eapness r5d]+ su* a c\rse ! mo/ economical4 #gf ,b5?am1 z we h se51 is ( op9ion t ! ga/ronomic pleasure w\ld produce ! requisite excess ( enjoym5t4 ,h>tley1 :o has "s amiable & beautiful rem>ks on ! duty ( k9dness to animals1 )\t absolutely condemn+1 speaks ) mu* av]sion ( ! cu/om ( eat+ 8our bro!rs & si/]s10 ! animals4 7,on ,man1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bbb-bbc47 ,paley1 obs]v+ t x is q possible = m5 to live )\t fle%-diet1 concludes t ! only suffici5t ju/ification = eat+ meat is an express div9e revelation 9 ! ,book ( ,g5esis4 7,moral ,philos4 book ii4 *4 #aa47 ,"s reason]s evade ! ma9 issue by cont5d+ t !y kill animals because !y w\ld o!rwise ov]run ! e>?2 b ?is1 z ,w9dham said1 8is an indiff]5t reason = kill+ fi%40 #gg ,9 comm5t+ ^u ! ,fr5* lic5ti\sness ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ,hume says1 9 a passage :i* has excit$ a great deal ( animadv]sion3--8,our neighb\rs1 x seems1 h resolv$ to sacrifice "s ( ! dome/ic to ! social pleasures2 & to pref] ease1 fre$om1 & an op5 comm]ce1 to /rict fidelity & con/ancy4 ,^! ends are bo? good1 & are some:at difficult to reconcile2 nor mu/ we be surpris$ if ! cu/oms ( nations incl9e too mu* sometimes to ! "o side1 & sometimes to ! o!r40--,dialogue4 #gh ,!re are few ?+s m pitiable ?an ! blund]s into :i* writ]s h fall5 :5 try+ to base ! pla9 virtue ( *a/ity on utilit>ian calculations4 ,?us s9ce ! writ+s ( ,mal?us x has be5 g5]ally recognis$ t "o ( ! v fir/ conditions ( all mat]ial prosp]ity is to *eck e>ly m>riages1 to re/ra9 ! t5d5cy ( population to multiply m rapidly ?an ! means ( subsi/5ce4 ,kn[+ ?is1 :at c be m deplorable ?an to f9d morali/s mak+ su* argum5ts z ^! ! v f\ndation ( morals8--8,! fir/ & great mis*ief1 & by consequ5ce ! guilt1 ( promiscu\s concub9age consi/s 9 its t5d5cy to dim9i% m>riages40 7,paley's ,moral ,philosophy1 book iii4 "p iii4 *4 ii47 8,t is always ! mo/ happy condition ( a nation1 & t nation is mo/ accurately obey+ ! laws ( our con/itution1 9 :i* ! numb] ( ! human race is mo/ rapidly increas+4 ,n[ x is c]ta9 t "u ! law ( *a/ity1 t is1 :5 individuals are exclusively unit$ to ea* o!r1 ! increase ( population w be m rapid ?an "u any o!r circum/ances40 7,wayl&'s ,elem5ts ( ,moral ,sci5ce1 p4 #bih1 #aa? ed41 ,bo/on1 #ahci47 ,i am sorry to br+ su* subjects be=e ! read]1 b x is impossible to write a hi/ory ( morals )\t do+ s4 #gi ,see ,lu!r's ,table ,talk4 #hj ,tillemont1 ,mm4 p\r s]vir l',hi/4 ecclsia/ique1 tome x4 p4 #eg4 #ha 4 7lian1 ,v>4 ,hi/4 xii4 #ei47 ,long9us 9 l mann] divides virtue into 4 7,de ,sublim4 #a47 ,! opposite view 9 ,engl& is cont9ually express$ 9 ! say+1 8,y %\ld nev] pull d[n an op9ion until y h some?+ to put 9 its place10 :i* c only mean1 if y are conv9c$ t "s religi\s or o!r hypo!sis is false1 y are morally b\nd to repress or conceal y\r conviction until y h discov]$ positive affirmations or explanations z unqualifi$ & consolatory z ^? y h de/roy$4 #hb ,see ?is p[]fully /at$ by ,%aftesbury4 7,inquiry conc]n+ ,virtue1 book i4 "p iii47 ,! same objection applies to ,dr4 ,mansel's modification ( ! !ological doctr9e--viz4 t ! orig9 ( morals is n ! w b ! nature ( ,god4 #hc 8,! "o great & b9d+ gr\nd ( ! belief ( ,god & a h]eaft] is ! law ( consci5ce40--,col]idge1 ,notes ,!ological & ,political1 p4 #cfg4 ,t our moral faculty is our "o reason = ma9ta9+ ! supreme b5evol5ce ( ! ,deity 0 a fav\rite position ( ,kant4 #hd 8,nescio quomodo inhret 9 m5tibus quasi sculorum quoddam augurium futurorum2 idque 9 maximis +5iis altissimisque animis et exsi/it maxime et app>et facillime40--,cic4 ,tusc4 ,disp4 i4 #ad4 #he 8,x is a calumny to say t m5 are r\s$ to h]oic actions by ease1 hope ( pleasure1 recomp5se--sug>-plums ( any k9d 9 ?is _w or ! next4 ,9 ! meane/ mortal !re lies some?+ nobl]4 ,! poor swe>+ soldi] hir$ to be %ot has 8 #8hon\r ( a soldi]1' diff]5t f drill1 regulations1 & ! %ill+ a day4 ,x is n to ta/e sweet ?+s1 b to d noble & true ?+s1 & v9dicate himself "u ,god's heav5 z a ,god-made man1 t ! poore/ son ( ,adam dimly longs4 ,%[ him ! way ( do+ t1 ! dulle/ day-drudge k9dles into a h]o4 ,!y wrong man greatly :o say he is to be s$uc$ by ease4 ,difficulty1 abnegation1 m>tyrdom1 dea?1 are ! allurem5ts t act on ! he>t ( man4 ,k9dle ! inn] g5ial life ( him1 y h a flame t burns up all l[] consid]ations40--,c>lyle's ,h]o-wor%ip1 p4 #bcg 7ed4 #aheh74 #hf 8,clamat ,epicurus1 is quem vos nimis voluptatibus esse d$itum dicitis1 non posse jucunde vivi nisi sapi5t]1 hone/e1 ju/eque vivatur1 nec sapi5t]1 hone/e1 ju/e nisi jucunde40--,cic]o1 ,de ,f94 i4 #ah4 #hg 8,! virtues to be complete mu/ h fix$ _! resid5ce 9 ! he>t & become appetites impell+ to actions )\t fur!r ?\ght ?an ! gratification ( !m2 s t aft] _! exp$i5ce ceases !y /ill cont9ue to op]ate by ! desire !y raise4444 ,i knew a m]c] :o hav+ gott5 a compet5cy ( =tune1 ?\ght to retire & enjoy himself 9 quiet2 b f9d+ he c\ld n be easy )\t bus9ess 0 =c$ to return to ! %op & assi/ 8 =m] p>tn]s gratis1 9 ! nature ( a j\rneyman4 ,:y !n %\ld x be ?\ght /range t a man long inur$ to ! practice ( moral duties %\ld p]sev]e 9 !m out ( lik+1 :5 !y c yield him no fur!r advantage80--,tuck]'s ,light ( ,nature1 vol4 i4 p4 #bfi4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill 9 8 ,utilit>ianism dwells mu* on ! h]oism :i* he ?9ks ?is view ( morals may produce4 #hh ,see ,lactantius1 ,in/4 ,div4 vi4 #i4 ,montesquieu1 9 8 ,dcad5ce de l',empire roma91 has %[n 9 detail ! mann] 9 :i* ! crimes ( ,roman politicians contribut$ to ! greatness ( _! nation4 ,mod]n hi/ory furni%es only too _m illu/rations ( ! same tru?4 #hi 8,t quick s5sibility :i* is ! gr\ndwork ( all advances t[>ds p]fection increases ! pung5cy ( pa9s & vexations40--,tuck]'s ,light ( ,nature1 ii4 #af1 #d4 #ij ,?is position is =cibly illu/rat$ by ,mr4 ,maurice 9 8 f\r? lecture ,on ,consci5ce 7#ahfh74 ,x is manife/ t a tradesman resi/+ a di%one/ or illegal trade cu/om1 an ,iri% peasant 9 a di/urb$ di/rict revolt+ aga9/ ! agr>ian conspiracy ( 8 class1 or a soldi] 9 _m c\ntries consci5ti\sly refus+ 9 ob$i5ce to ! law to fight a duel1 w\ld incur ! full =ce ( social p5alties1 because he fail$ to d t :i* 0 illegal or crim9al4 #ia ,see ,br[n ,on ! ,*>act]i/ics1 pp4 #bjf-bji4 #ib 8,a too?a*e produces m viol5t convulsions ( pa9 ?an a ph?isis or a dropsy4 ,a gloomy disposition 444 may be f\nd 9 v wor?y *>act]s1 ?\gh x is suffici5t alone to embitt] life4444 ,a selfi% villa9 may possess a spr+ & alacrity ( temp]1 :i* is inde$ a good quality1 b :i* is rew>d$ mu* beyond its m]it1 & :5 att5d$ ) good =tune w comp5sate = ! uneas9ess & remorse aris+ f all ! o!r vices40--,hume's ,essays3 ,! ,sceptic4 #ic ,at ! same "t1 ! foll[+ passage conta9s1 ,i ?9k1 a great deal ( wisdom & ( a k9d peculi>ly ne$$ 9 ,engl& at ! pres5t day3--8,! nature ( ! subject furni%es ! /ronge/ presumption t no bett] sy/em w ev]1 = ! future1 be inv5t$1 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( ! b5evol5t f ! selfi% affections1 & r$uce all ! v>i\s emotions ( ! human m9d to a p]fect simplicity4 ,! case is n ! same 9 ?is species ( philosophy z 9 physics4 ,_m an hypo!sis 9 nature1 contr>y to fir/ appe>ances1 has be5 f\nd1 on m accurate scrut9y1 solid & satisfactory4444 ,b ! presumption always lies on ! o!r side 9 all enquiries conc]n+ ! orig9 ( our passions1 & ( ! int]nal op]ations ( ! human m9d4 ,! simple/ & mo/ obvi\s cause :i* c !re be assign$ = any ph5om5on1 is probably ! true "o4444 ,! affections are n susceptible ( any impression f ! ref9em5ts ( reason or imag9ation2 & x is always f\nd t a vigor\s ex]tion ( ! latt] faculties1 necess>ily1 f ! n>r[ capacity ( ! human m9d1 de/roys all activity 9 ! =m]40--,hume's ,enquiry ,conc]n+ ,morals1 ,app5d4 ,,ii4 #id 8,! pleas+ consci\sness & self-approbation t rise up 9 ! m9d ( a virtu\s man1 exclusively ( any direct1 explicit1 consid]ation ( advantage likely to accrue to himself f 8 possession ( ^? good qualities0 7,h>tley ,on ,man1 vol4 i4 p4 #dic71 =m a !me ^u :i* morali/s ( bo? s*ools are fond ( dilat+1 9 a /ra9 t rem9ds "o irresi/ibly ( ! self-complac5cy ( a fam\s nurs]y h]o1 :ile reflect+ ^u 8 own m]its ov] a ,*ri/mas-pie4 ,?us ,adam ,smi? says1 8,! man :o1 n f frivol\s fancy1 b f prop] motives1 has p]=m$ a g5]\s action1 :5 he looks =w>d to ^? :om he has s]v$1 feels himself to be ! natural object ( _! love & gratitude1 & by sympa?y ) !m1 ( ! e/eem & approbation ( all mank9d4 ,& :5 he looks backw>d to ! motive f :i* he act$1 & surveys x 9 ! light 9 :i* ! indiff]5t spectator w survey x1 he /ill cont9ues to ent] into x1 & applauds himself by sympa?y ) ! approbation ( ?is suppos$ imp>tial judge4 ,9 bo? ^! po9ts ( view1 8 conduct appe>s to him e way agreeable4444 ,mis]y & wret*$ness c nev] ent] ! brea/ 9 :i* dwells complete self-satisfaction40--,!ory ( ,moral ,s5tim5ts1 "p ii4 *4 ii4 #b2 "p iii4 *4 iii4 ,i suspect t _m morali/s confuse ! self-gratulation :i* !y suppose a virtu\s man to feel1 ) ! delight a religi\s man exp]i5ces f ! s5se ( ! protection & fav\r ( ! ,deity4 ,b ^! two feel+s are cle>ly di/9ct1 & x w1 ,i believe1 be f\nd t ! latt] is mo/ /rongly exp]i5c$ by ! v m5 :o mo/ s9c]ely disclaim all s5se ( m]it4 8,7 ! p]fect man to exi/10 said t good & great writ]1 ,ar*] ,butl]1 8he himself w\ld be ! la/ to "k x2 = ! highe/ /age ( advancem5t is ! l[e/ desc5t 9 humility40 ,at all ev5ts1 ! read] w obs]ve1 t on utilit>ian pr9ciples no?+ c\ld be m p]nici\s or crim9al ?an t mode/1 humble1 & diffid5t _s1 :i* dim9i%es ! pleasure ( self-gratulation1 "o ( ! highe/ utilit>ian motives to virtue4 #ie ,h>tley has tri$ 9 "o place to evade ?is conclusion by an appeal to ! doctr9e ( f9al causes4 ,he says t ! fact t consci5ce is n an orig9al pr9ciple ( our nature1 b is =m$ me*anically 9 ! mann] ,i h describ$1 does n invalidate ! fact t x is int5d$ = our guide1 8= all ! ?+s :i* h evid5t f9al causes1 are pla9ly br\ght ab\t by me*anical means20 & he appeals to ! milk 9 ! brea/1 :i* is int5d$ = ! su/5ance ( ! "y1 b :i* is nev]!less me*anically produc$4 7,on ,man1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #cch-cci47 ,b x is pla9 t ?is mode ( reason+ w\ld ju/ify u 9 attribut+ an au?oritative "* to any habit--e4g4 to t ( av>ice--:i* ^! writ]s assure u is 9 ! mann] ( its =mation an exact p>allel to consci5ce4 ,! lat] foll[]s ( ,h>tley c]ta9ly _c be accus$ ( any excessive pr$ilection = ! doctr9e ( f9al causes1 yet we sometimes f9d !m ask+ :at great diff]5ce x c make :e!r 7:5 consci5ce is admitt$ by bo? p>ties to be real7 x is reg>d$ z an orig9al pr9ciple ( our nature1 or z a product ( association8 ,simply ?is4 ,if by ! con/itution ( our nature we are subject to a law ( duty :i* is diff]5t f & high] ?an our int]e/1 a man :o violates ?is law ?r\gh int]e/$ motives1 is des]v+ ( reprobation4 ,if on ! o!r h& !re is no natural law ( duty1 & if ! pursuit ( our int]e/ is ! "o orig9al pr9ciple ( our be+1 no "o c be c5sur$ :o pursues x1 & ! fir/ crit]ion ( a wise man w be 8 det]m9ation to eradicate e habit 7consci5ti\s or o!rwise7 :i* imp$es him 9 do+ s4 #if ,on ,human ,nature1 *ap4 ix4 #aj4 #ig ,enquiry conc]n+ ,good & ,evil4 #ih ,?is !ory is notic$ by ,hut*eson1 & a writ] 9 ! ,spectator 7,no4 #dcf7 sugge/s t x may expla9 ! attraction ( prize-fights4 ,! case ( ! pleasure d]iv$ f fictiti\s sorr[ is a di/9ct "q1 & has be5 admirably treat$ 9 ,"l ,kames' ,essays on ,morality4 ,bi%op ,butl] notices 7,second ,s]mon on ,compassion71 t x is possible = ! v int5sity ( a feel+ ( compassion to div]t m5 f *>ity by mak+ !m 8indu/ri\sly turn away f ! mis]able20 & x is well kn[n t ,goe!1 on acc\nt ( ?is v susceptibility1 made x "o ( ! rules ( 8 life to avoid ev]y?+ t c\ld sugge/ pa9ful ideas4 ,hobbes makes ! foll[+ v *>act]i/ic comm5ts on "s fam\s l9es ( ,lucretius3 8,f :at passion proce$e? x t m5 take pleasure to behold f ! %ore ! dang] ( ^? t are at sea 9 a tempe/ or 9 fight1 or f a safe ca/le to behold two armies *>ge "o ano!r 9 ! field8 ,x is c]ta9ly 9 ! :ole sum joy1 else m5 w\ld nev] flock to su* a spectacle4 ,nev]!less1 !re is bo? joy & grief1 = z !re is novelty & remembrance ( our own security pres5t1 :i* is delight1 s !re is also pity1 :i* is grief4 ,b ! delight is s f> pr$om9ant t m5 usually are cont5t 9 su* a case to be spectators ( ! mis]y ( _! fri5ds40 7,on ,human ,nature1 *4 ix4 #ai47 ,good ,*ri/ians1 accord+ to "s !ologians1 are expect$ to enjoy ?is pleasure 9 great p]fection 9 heav54 8,we may believe 9 ! next _w also ! goodness z well z ! happ9ess ( ! ble/ w be confirm$ & advanc$ by reflections naturally aris+ f ! view ( ! mis]y :i* "s %all und]go1 :i* seems to be a good reason = ! creation ( ^? be+s :o %all be f9ally mis]able1 & = ! cont9uation ( !m 9 _! mis]able exi/5ce 444 ?\gh 9 "o respect ! view ( ! mis]y :i* ! damn$ und]go might seem to detract f ! happ9ess ( ! bless$ ?r\gh pity & commis]ation1 yet "u ano!r1 a ne>] & mu* m affect+ consid]ation1 viz4 t all ?is is ! mis]y !y !mselves 7 (t5 expos$ to & 9 dang] ( incurr+1 :y may n ! s5se ( _! own escape s f> ov]come ! s5se ( ano!r's ru9 z q to ext+ui% ! pa9 t usually att5ds ! idea ( x1 & ev5 r5d] x productive ( "s real happ9ess8 ,to ?is purpose1 ,lucretius' ,suave m>i10 etc4 7,law's notes to 8 ,translation ( ,k+'s ,orig9 ( ,evil1 pp4 #dgg1 #dgi47 #ii ,see e4g4 ,reid's ,essays on ! ,active ,p[]s1 essay iii4 *4 v4 #ajj ,! error ,i h trac$ 9 ?is p>agraph w be f\nd runn+ ?r\gh a great "p ( :at ,mr4 ,buckle has writt5 ^u morals--,i ?9k ! weake/ portion ( 8 great "w4 ,see1 = example1 an elaborate confusion on ! subject1 ,hi/ory ( ,civilisation1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dbi4 ,mr4 ,buckle ma9ta9s t all ! philosoph]s ( :at is commonly call$ 8! ,scot* s*ool0 7a s*ool f\nd$ by ! ,iri%man ,hut*eson1 & to :i* ,hume does n belong71 7 incapable ( inductive reason+1 because !y ma9ta9$ ! exi/5ce ( a moral s5se or faculty1 or ( fir/ pr9ciples1 incapable ( resolution2 & he ent]s into a le>n$ enquiry into ! causes :i* made x impossible = ,scot* writ]s to pursue or appreciate ! inductive me?od4 ,x is curi\s to contra/ ?is view ) ! language ( "o1 :o1 :atev] may be ! value ( 8 orig9al speculations1 is1 ,i conceive1 among ! v able/ philosophical critics ( ! pres5t c5tury4 8,les philosophes cossais adoptr5t les procds que ,bacon avait recomm& d'appliqu] l'tude du monde physique1 et les transportr5t dans l'tude du monde moral4 ,ils fir5t voir que l'induction baconi5ne1 c'e/--dire1 l'induction prcde d'une obs]vation scrupuleuse des phnomnes1 e/ en philosophie comme en physique la seule m?ode lgitime4 ,c'e/ un de leurs titres les plus honorables d'avoir insi/ sur cette dmon/ration1 et d'avoir en mme temps jo9t l'exemple au prcepte4444 ,il e/ vrai que le zle des philosophes cossais en faveur de la m?ode d'obs]vation leur a presque fait dpass] le b4 ,ils ont incl9 r5f]m] la psy*ologie dans la description m9utieuse et cont9uelle de phnomnes de l'me sans rfl*ir assez que cette description doit faire place l'induction et au raisonnem5t dductif1 et qu'une philosophie qui se born]ait l'obs]vation s]ait aussi /rile que celle qui s'amus]ait con/ruire des hypo?ses sans avoir pralablem5t obs]v40--,c\s91 ,hi/4 de la ,philos4 ,morale au xviiime ,sicle1 ,tome #d1 p4 #ad-af4 ,dugald ,/ew>t _h said mu* ! same ?+1 b he 0 a ,scot*man1 & !re=e1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,buckle 7,hi/4 ( ,civ4 ii4 pp4 #dhe-hf71 incapable ( und]/&+ :at induction 04 ,i may add t "o ( ! pr9cipal objections ,m4 ,c\s9 makes aga9/ ,locke is1 t he inve/igat$ ! orig9 ( our ideas be=e analys+ m9utely _! nature1 & ! propriety ( ?is me?od is "o ( ! po9ts on :i* ,mr4 ,mill 7,exam9ation ( ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton7 is at issue ) ,m4 ,c\s94 #aja ,m4 ,*4 ,comte1 9 8 v le>n$ ,trait de ,lgislation1 liv4 iii4 *4 iv41 has made an extremely curi\s collection ( in/ances 9 :i* diff]5t nations h made _! own di/9ctive peculi>ities ( col\r & =m ! ideal ( beauty4 #ajb 8,h[ p>ticul>ly f9e ! h>d !ta is 9 our ,engli% t]m9ations1 z 9 t gr& ^w dea?1 = :i* ! ,g]mans gutturise a s\nd t puts y 9 m9d ( no?+ b a loa?some toad40--,col]idge's ,table ,talk1 p4 #aha4 #ajc ,mack9to%1 ,diss]t4 p4 #bch4 #ajd ,"l ,kames' ,essays on ,morality 7#a/ edition71 pp4 #ee-ef4 #aje ,see ,butl]'s ,?ree ,s]mons on ,human ,nature1 & ! preface4 #ajf ,speak+ ( ! animat$ /atue :i* he reg>d$ z a repres5tative ( man1 ,condillac says1 8,le gt peut ord9airem5t contribu] plus que l'odorat son bonheur et son malheur4444 ,il y contribue mme encore plus que les sons h>monieux1 p>ce que le beso9 de n\rriture lui r5d les saveurs plus ncessaires1 et p> consqu5t les lui fait gt] avec plus de vivacit4 ,la faim p\rra la r5dre malheureuse1 mais ds qu'elle aura rem>qu les s5sations propres l'apais]1 elle y dt]m9]a davantage son att5tion1 les dsir]a avec plus de viol5ce et en j\ira avec plus de dlire40--,trait des ,s5sations1 #are p>tie *4 x4 #ajg ,?is is "o ( ! fav\rite ?\ghts ( ,pascal1 :o1 h[ev]1 9 8 usual fa%ion dwells ^u x 9 a some:at morbid & exagg]at$ /ra94 8,c'e/ une bi5 gr&e misre que de p\voir pr5dre plaisir des *oses si basses et si mprisables 444 l'homme e/ encore plus pla9dre de ce qu'il peut se div]tir ces *oses si frivoles et si basses1 que de ce qu'il s'afflige de ses misres effectives4444 ,d'ou vi5t que cet homme1 qui a p]du depuis peu son fils unique1 et qui1 accabl de procs et de qu]elles1 tait ce mat9 si tr\bl1 n'y p5se plus ma9t5ant8 ,ne v\s en tonnez pas2 il e/ t\t occup voir p> o pass]a un c]f que ses *i5s p\rsuiv5t4444 ,c'e/ une joie de malade et de frntique40--,p5ses 7,misre de l'homme74 #ajh 8,qu s+ula improvidam mortalitatem involvunt1 solum ut int] i/a c]tum sit1 nihil esse c]ti1 nec mis]ius quidquam hom9e1 aut sup]bius4 ,ct]is quippe animantium sola victus cura e/1 9 quo sponte natur b5ignitas sufficit3 uno quidem vel prf]5da cunctis bonis1 quod de gloria1 de pecunia1 ambitione1 sup]que de morte1 non cogitant40--,pl94 ,hi/4 ,nat4 ii4 #e4 #aji ,paley1 9 8 v +5i\s1 & 9 "s respects admirable1 *apt] on happ9ess tries to prove ! inf]iority ( animal pleasures1 by %[+ ! %ort "t _! enjoym5t actually la/s1 ! ext5t to :i* !y are dull$ by repetition1 & ! cases 9 :i* !y incapacitate m5 = o!r pleasures4 ,b ?is calculation omits ! influ5ce ( "s animal enjoym5ts ^u heal? & temp]am5t4 ,! fact1 h[ev]1 t heal?1 :i* is a condition ( body1 is ! *ief s\rce ( happ9ess1 ,paley fully admits4 8,heal?10 he says1 8is ! "o ?+ ne$ful 444 :5 we are 9 p]fect heal? & spirits1 we feel 9 ourselves a happ9ess indep5d5t ( any p>ticul> outw>d gratification4444 ,?is is an enjoym5t :i* ! ,deity has annex$ to life1 & probably con/itutes 9 a great measure ! happ9ess ( infants & brutes 444 ( oy/]s1 p]iw9kles1 & ! l2 = :i* ,i h sometimes be5 at a loss to f9d out amusem5t40 ,on ! te/ ( happ9ess he v fairly says1 8,all t c be said is t !re rema9s a presumption 9 fav\r ( ^? conditions ( life 9 :i* m5 g5]ally appe> mo/ *e]ful & cont5t$2 = ?\gh ! app>5t happ9ess ( mank9d be n always a true measure ( _! real happ9ess1 x is ! be/ measure we h40--,moral ,philosophy1 i4 #f4 #aaj ,a writ] :o devot$ a great "p ( 8 life to /udy+ ! dea?s ( m5 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 classes1 & *ur*es1 & to collect+ f o!r physicians in=mation on ! subject1 says3 8 mesure qu'on s'loigne des gr&s foy]s de civilisation1 qu'on se rappro*e des pla9es et des montagnes1 le c>actre de la mort pr5d de plus en plus l'aspect calme du ciel p> un beau crpuscule du soir4444 ,en gnral la mort s'accomplit d'une manire d'autant plus simple et naturelle qu'on e/ plus libre des innombrables li5s de la civilisation40--,lauv]gne1 ,de l'agonie de la ,mort1 tome i4 pp4 #aca-acb4 #aaa 8,i w omit mu* usual declamation ^u ! dignity & capacity ( our nature1 ! sup]iority ( ! s\l to ! body1 ( ! rational to ! animal "p ( our con/itution1 ^u ! wor?9ess1 ref9em5t1 & delicacy ( "s satisfactions1 or ! meanness1 grossness1 & s5suality ( o!rs2 because ,i hold t pleasures diff] 9 no?+ b 9 cont9uance & int5sity40--,paley's ,moral ,philosophy1 book i4 *4 vi4 ,b5?am 9 l mann] said1 8,quantity ( pleasure be+ equal1 pu%p9 is z good z poetry10 & he ma9ta9$ t ! value ( a pleasure dep5ds on--its 7#a7 int5sity1 7#b7 duration1 7#c7 c]ta9ty1 7#d7 prop9quity1 7#e7 purity1 7#f7 fecundity1 7#g7 ext5t 7,spr+s ( ,action74 ,! recognition ( ! 8purity0 ( a pleasure might seem to imply ! di/9ction = :i* ,i h cont5d$ 9 ! text1 b ?is is n s4 ,! purity ( a pleasure or pa91 accord+ to ,b5?am1 is 8! *ance x has ( n be+ foll[$ by s5sations ( ! opposite k9d3 t is pa9 if x be a pleasure1 pleasure if x be a pa940--,morals & ,legislation1 i4 #h4 ,mr4 ,buckle 7,hi/4 ( ,civilisation1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #cii-djj7 writes 9 a some:at simil> /ra91 b less unequivocally1 = he admits t m5tal pleasures are 8m ennobl+0 ?an physical ones4 ,! old] utilit>ians1 z f> z ,i h obs]v$1 did n ev5 adv]t to ! "q4 ,?is be+ ! case1 x mu/ h be5 a matt] ( surprise z well z ( gratification to mo/ intuitive morali/s to f9d ,mr4 ,mill fully recognis+ ! exi/5ce ( diff]5t k9ds ( pleasure1 & admitt+ t ! sup]iority ( ! high] k9ds does n spr+ f _! be+ great] 9 am\nt4--,utilit>ianism1 pp4 #aa-ab4 ,if x be meant by ?is t we h ! p[] ( recognis+ "s pleasures z sup]ior to o!rs 9 k9d1 irrespective ( all consid]ation ( _! int5sity1 _! co/1 & _! consequ5ces1 ,i submit t ! admission is completely incompatible ) ! utilit>ian !ory1 & t ,mr4 ,mill has only succe$$ 9 introduc+ ,/oical elem5ts into 8 sy/em by loos5+ its v f\ndation4 ,! impossibility ( e/abli%+ an ari/ocracy ( enjoym5ts 9 :i*1 ap>t f all consid]ations ( consequ5ces1 "s :i* give less pleasure & are less widely diffus$ are reg>d$ z intr9sically sup]ior to o!rs :i* give m pleasure & are m g5]al1 )\t admitt+ into our e/imate a moral elem5t1 :i* on utilit>ian pr9ciples is :olly illegitimate1 has be5 p[]fully %[n s9ce ! fir/ edition ( ?is book by ,pr(essor ,grote1 9 8 ,exam9ation ( ! ,utilit>ian ,philosophy1 *ap4 iii4 #aab ,b*n]1 ,=ce et ,matire1 pp4 #afc-afd4 ,!re is a v curi\s collection ( ! speculations ( ! anci5t philosoph]s on ?is subject 9 ,plut>*'s treatise1 ,de ,placitis ,philos4 #aac ,aulus ,gellius1 ,noctes1 x4 #bc4 ,! law is giv5 by ,dion4 ,halic>n4 ,val]ius ,maximus says1 8,v9i usus olim ,romanis fem9is ignotus fuit1 ne scilicet 9 aliquod d$ecus prolab]5tur3 quia proximus a ,lib]o patre intemp]anti gradus ad inconcessam ,v5]em esse consuevit0 7,val4 ,max4 ii4 #a1 #e74 ,?is is also notic$ by ,pl9y 7,hi/4 ,nat4 xiv4 #ad71 :o ascribes ! law to ,romulus1 & :o m5tions two cases 9 :i* wom5 7 said to h be5 put to dea? = ?is (f5ce1 & a ?ird 9 :i* ! (f5d] 0 depriv$ ( h] d[ry4 ,cato said t ! anci5t ,romans 7 accu/om$ to kiss _! wives = ! purpose ( discov]+ :e!r !y _h be5 dr9k+ w9e4 ,! ,bona ,dea1 x is said1 0 orig9ally a woman nam$ ,fatua1 :o 0 fam\s = h] mode/y & fidelity to h] husb&1 b :o1 un=tunately1 hav+ once f\nd a cask ( w9e 9 ! h\se1 got drunk1 & 0 9 consequ5ce sc\rg$ to dea? by h] husb&4 ,he aft]w>ds rep5t$ ( 8 act1 & paid div9e hon\rs to h] memory1 & z a memorial ( h] dea?1 a cask ( w9e 0 always plac$ ^u ! alt> dur+ ! rites4 7,lactantius1 ,div4 ,in/4 i4 #bb47 ,! ,milesians1 also1 & ! inhabitants ( ,m>seilles are said to h _h laws =bidd+ wom5 to dr9k w9e 7lian1 ,hi/4 ,v>4 ii4 #ch74 ,t]tullian describes ! prohibition ( w9e among ! ,roman wom5 z 9 8 "t obsolete1 & a ta/e = x 0 "o ( ! great trials ( ,/4 ,monica 7,aug4 ,conf4 x4 #h74 #aad 8,la loi fondam5tale de la morale agit sur t\tes les nations bi5 connues4 ,il y a mille diffr5ces dans les int]prtations de cette loi en mille circon/ances2 mais le fond subsi/e t\j\rs le mme1 et ce fond e/ l'ide du ju/e et de l'inju/e40--,voltaire1 ,le ,philosophe ignorant4 #aae ,! feel+ 9 its fav\r be+ (t5 int5sifi$ by filial affection4 8,:at is ! mo/ beautiful ?+ on ! e>?80 said ,osiris to ,horus4 8,to av5ge a p>5t's wrongs10 0 ! reply4--,plut>* ,de ,iside et ,osiride4 #aaf ,h5ce ! ,ju/9ian code & also ,/4 ,augu/9e 7,de ,civ4 ,dei1 xix4 #ae7 d]iv$ s]vus f 8s]v>e10 to pres]ve1 because ! victor pres]v$ 8 prison]s alive4 #aag 8,les habitants du ,congo tu5t les malades qu'ils imag95t ne p\voir en rev5ir2 c'e/1 dis5tils1 p\r leur p>gn] les d\leurs de l'agonie4 ,dans l'le ,=mose1 lorsqu'un homme e/ dang]eusem5t malade1 on lui passe un nud c\lant au col et on l'trangle1 p\r l'arra*] la d\leur40--,helvtius1 ,de l',esprit1 ii4 #ac4 ,a simil> explanation may be (t5 f\nd = cu/oms :i* are quot$ to prove t ! nations :]e !y exi/$ _h no s5se ( *a/ity4 8,c'e/ p>eillem5t s\s la sauveg>de des lois que les ,siamoises1 la gorge et les cuisses moiti dc\v]tes1 portes dans les rues sur les palanqu9s1 s'y prs5t5t dans des attitudes trs-lascives4 ,cette loi fut tablie p> une de leurs re9es nomme ,tirada1 qui1 p\r dgt] les hommes d'un am\r plus d%onnte1 crut devoir employ] t\te la puissance de la beaut40--,de l',esprit1 ii4 #ad4 #aah 8,! conte/ betwe5 ! morality :i* appeals to an ext]nal /&>d1 & t :i* gr\nds itself on int]nal conviction1 is ! conte/ ( progressive morality aga9/ /ation>y1 ( reason & argum5t aga9/ ! deification ( m]e op9ion & habit40 7,mill's ,diss]tations1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dgb72 a passage ) a true ,b5?am r+4 ,see1 too1 vol4 i4 p4 #aeh4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a s*ism on ?is po9t 9 ! utilit>ian camp4 ,! views :i* ,mr4 ,buckle has express$ 9 8 mo/ eloqu5t *apt] on ! comp>ative influ5ce ( intellectual & moral ag5cies 9 civilisation div]ge widely f ^? ( ,mr4 ,mill4 #aai 8,e/ enim s5sualitas qudam vis anim inf]ior4444 ,ratio v]o vis anim e/ sup]ior40--,pet] ,lomb>d1 ,s5t4 ii4 #bd4 #abj ,helvtius1 ,de l',esprit1 disc\rs iv4 ,see too1 ,dr4 ,drap]'s extremely rem>kable ,hi/ory ( ,intellectual ,developm5t 9 ,europe 7,new ,york1 #ahfd71 pp4 #dh1 #ec4 #aba ,plut>*1 ,de ,cohib5da ,ira4 #abb ,lactantius1 ,div4 ,in/4 i4 #bb4 ,! my/]ies ( ! ,bona ,dea became1 h[ev]1 aft] a "t1 ! occasion ( great disord]s4 ,see ,juv5al1 ,sat4 vi4 ,m4 ,magn9 has exam9$ ! nature ( ^! rites 7,orig9es du ,?tre1 pp4 #beg-bei74 #abc ,! hi/ory ( ! ve/als1 :i* =ms "o ( ! mo/ curi\s pages 9 ! moral hi/ory ( ,rome1 has be5 fully treat$ by ! ,abb ,nadal1 9 an extremely int]e/+ & well-writt5 memoir1 read be=e ! ,acadmie des ,belles-lettres1 & republi%$ 9 #agbe4 ,x 0 believ$ t ! pray] ( a ve/al c\ld arre/ a fugitive slave 9 8 flight1 provid$ he _h n got pa/ ! city walls4 ,pl9y m5tions ?is belief z g5]al 9 8 "t4 ,! records ( ! ord] conta9$ _m miracles wr\ght at diff]5t times to save ! ve/als or to v9dicate _! que/ion$ purity1 & also "o miracle :i* is v rem>kable z furni%+ a precise p>allel to t ( ! ,jew :o 0 /ruck dead = t\*+ ! ark to prev5t its fall+4 #abd ,z = example ! ,sibyls & ,cass&ra4 ,! same prophetic p[] 0 attribut$ 9 ,india to virg9s4--,clem4 ,alex&r94 ,/rom4 iii4 #g4 #abe ,?is cu/om cont9u$ to ! wor/ p]iod ( ! empire1 ?\gh x 0 %amefully & *>act]i/ically evad$4 ,aft] ! fall ( ,sejanus ! s5ate _h no compunction 9 putt+ 8 innoc5t daught] to dea?1 b _! religi\s feel+s 7 %ock$ at ! idea ( a virg9 fall+ b5ea? ! axe4 ,s by way ( improv+ matt]s 8filia con/uprata e/ prius a c>nifice1 quasi impium esset virg9em 9 c>c]e p]ire40--,dion ,cassius1 lviii4 #aa4 ,see too1 ,tacitus1 ,annal4 v4 #i4 ,if a ve/al met a prison] go+ to execution ! prison] 0 sp>$1 provid$ ! ve/al decl>$ t ! enc\nt] 0 accid5tal4 ,on ! rev]5ce ! anci5ts paid to virg9s1 see ,ju/us ,lipsius1 ,de ,ve/a et ,ve/alibus4 #abf ,see 8 picture ( ! fir/ night ( m>riage3-- 8,tacit subit ille supremus ,virg9itatis amor1 primque mode/ia culp ,confundit vultus4 ,tunc ora rigantur hone/is ,imbribus40 ,!baidos1 lib4 ii4 #bcb-cd4 #abg ,bees 7:i* ,virgil said _h 9 !m some?+ ( ! div9e nature7 7 suppos$ by ! anci5ts to be ! special emblems or models ( *a/ity4 ,x 0 a common belief t ! bee "m begot h] "y )\t los+ h] virg9ity4 ,?us 9 a fragm5t ascrib$ to ,petronius we read1 8,sic s9e concubitu textis apis excita c]is ,f]vet1 et audaci milite ca/ra replet40 ,petron4 ,de ,v>ia ,animalium ,g5]atione4 ,s too ,virgil3-- 8,quod neque concubitu indulg5t nec corpora segnes ,9 ,v5]em solvunt aut ftus nixibus edunt40--,georg4 iv4 #aih-ii4 ,plut>* says t an un*a/e p]son _c approa* bees1 = !y imm$iately attack him & cov] him ) /+s4 ,fire 0 also reg>d$ z a type ( virg9ity4 ,?us ,ovid1 speak+ ( ! ve/als1 says3-- 8,nataque de fiamma corpora nulla vides3 ,jure igitur virgo e/1 qu sem9a nulla remittit ,nec capit1 et comites virg9itatis amat40 8,! ,egyptians believ$ t !re are no males among vultures1 & !y accord+ly made t bird an emblem ( nature40--,ammianus ,m>cell9us1 xvii4 #d4 #abh 8,la div9it tant considre comme r5f]mant en elle t\tes les qualits1 t\tes les =ces intellectuelles et morales de l'homme1 *acune de ces =ces ou de ces qualits1 conue sp>m5t1 s'(frait comme un tre div94444 ,de-l aussi les contradictions les plus *oquantes dans les notions que les anci5s avai5t des attributs div9s40--,maury1 ,hi/4 des ,religions de la ,grce antique1 tome i4 pp4 #egh-egi4 #abi 8,! ,*ur* holds t x 7 bett] = sun & moon to drop f heav51 = ! e>? to fail1 & = all ! _m millions :o are ^u x to die ( />vation 9 extreme/ agony1 s f> z temporal affliction goes1 ?an t "o s\l1 ,i w n say %\ld be lo/1 b %\ld commit "o s+le v5ial s91 %\ld tell "o wilful untru?1 ?\gh x h>m$ no "o1 or /eal "o poor f>?+ )\t excuse40--,newman's ,anglican ,difficulties1 p4 #aij4 #acj ,!re is a rem>kable diss]tation on ?is subject1 call$ 8,! ,limitations ( ,morality10 9 a v +5i\s & sugge/ive little "w ( ! ,b5?amite s*ool1 call$ ,essays by a ,b>ri/] 7repr9t$ f ! ,saturday ,review74 #aca ,! foll[+ passage1 ?\gh r vague & rhetorical1 is n unimpressive3 8,oui1 dit ,jacobi1 je m5tirais comme ,desdemona m\rante1 je tromp]ais comme ,ore/e qu& il veut m\rir la place de ,pylade1 j'assass9]ais comme ,timolon1 je s]ais p>jure comme pam9ondas et ,jean de ,witt1 je me dt]m9]ais au suicide comme ,caton1 je s]ais sacrilge comme ,david2 c> j'ai la c]titude en moi-mme qu'en p>donnant ces fautes suivant la lettre l'homme ex]ce le droit s\v]a9 que la maje/ de son tre lui confre2 il appose le sceau de sa div9e nature sur la grce qu'il accorde40--,b>*\ de ,p5ho51 ,hi/4 de la ,philos4 allem&e1 tome i4 p4 #bie4 #acb ,?is equivocation seems to me to lie at ! root ( ! fam\s dispute :e!r man is by nature a social be+1 or :e!r1 z ,hobbes av]r$1 ! /ate ( nature is a /ate ( w>4 ,few p]sons :o h obs]v$ ! rec5t light ?r[n on ! subject w "q t ! primitive condition ( man 0 t ( savage life1 & few] /ill w "q t savage life is a /ate ( w>4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is1 ,i ?9k1 equally c]ta9 t man necess>ily becomes a social be+ 9 exact proportion to ! developm5t ( ! capacities ( 8 nature4 #acc ,"o ( ! be/ liv+ au?orities on ?is "q writes3 8,! ass]t$ exi/5ce ( savages s l[ z to h no moral /&>d is too gr\ndless to be discuss$4 ,e human tribe has its g5]al views z to :at conduct is "r & :at wrong1 & ea* g5]ation h&s ! /&>d on to ! next4 ,ev5 9 ! details ( _! moral /&>ds1 wide z _! diff]5ces are1 !re is yet wid] agreem5t ?r\gh\t ! human race40--,tylor on ,primitive ,society1 ,contempor>y ,review1 ,april #ahgc1 p4 #gjb4 #acd ,! di/9ction betwe5 innate faculties evolv$ by exp]i5ce & innate ideas indep5d5t ( exp]i5ce1 & ! analogy betwe5 ! expansion ( ! =m] & t ( ! bud into ! fl[] has be5 v happily treat$ by ,reid4 7,on ! ,active ,p[]s1 essay iii4 *ap4 viii4 p4 #d47 ,pr(essor ,s$gwick1 criticis+ ,locke's notion ( ! s\l be+ orig9ally l a %eet ( :ite pap]1 beautifully says3 8,nak$ man comes f 8 "m's womb1 end[$ ) limbs & s5ses inde$ well fitt$ to ! mat]ial _w1 yet p[]less f want ( use2 & z = k1 8 s\l is "o unv>i$ blank2 yet has ?is blank be5 already t\*$ by a cele/ial h&1 & :5 plung$ 9 ! col\rs :i* surr\nd x1 x takes n its t+e f accid5t b design1 & comes =? cov]$ ) a glori\s patt]n40 7,on ! ,/udies ( ! ,univ]sity1 p4 #ed47 ,leibnitz says3 8,l'esprit n'e/ po9t une table rase4 ,il e/ t\t ple9 de c>actres que la s5sation ne peut que dc\vrir et mettre en lumire au lieu de les y imprim]4 ,je me suis s]vi de la comp>aison d'une pi]re de m>bre qui a des ve9es plutt que d'une pi]re de m>bre t\t unie4444 ,s'il y avait dans la pi]re des ve9es qui m>quass5t la figure d',h]cule prfrablem5t d'autres figures1 444 ,h]cule y s]ait comme inn en quelque faon1 quoiqu'il fallt du travail p\r dc\vrir ces ve9es40--,critique de l',essai sur l',ent5dem5t4 #ace ,! argum5t aga9/ ! intuitive morali/s d]iv$ f savage life 0 employ$ at "s l5g? by ,locke4 ,paley !n adopt$ x1 tak+ a hi/ory ( base +ratitude relat$ by ,val]ius ,maximus1 & ask+ :e!r a savage w\ld view x ) disapprobation4 7,moral ,phil4 book i4 *4 #e47 ,dugald ,/ew>t 7,active & ,moral ,p[]s1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bcj-bca7 & o!r writ]s h v fully answ]$ ?is1 b ! same objection has be5 reviv$ 9 ano!r =m by ,mr4 ,au/91 :o supposes 7,lectures on ,jurisprud5ce1 vol4 i4 pp4 #hb-hc7 a savage :o fir/ meets a hunt] c>ry+ a dead de]1 kills ! hunt] & /eals ! de]1 & is aft]w>ds himself assail$ by ano!r hunt] :om he kills4 ,mr4 ,au/9 asks :e!r ! savage w\ld p]ceive a moral diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two acts ( homicide8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,9 ?is e>ly /age ( developm5t1 ! savage recognises a duty ( ju/ice & humanity to ! memb]s ( 8 tribe1 b to no "o beyond ?is circle4 ,he is 9 a 8/ate ( w>0 ) ! =eign hunt]4 ,he has a "r to kill ! hunt] & ! hunt] an equal "r to kill him4 #acf ,ev]yone :o is acqua9t$ ) metaphysics kn[s t !re has be5 an almo/ endless controv]sy ab\t ,locke's mean+ on ?is po9t4 ,! fact seems to be t ,locke1 l mo/ great orig9ators ( ?\ght1 & inde$ m ?an mo/1 (t5 fail$ to p]ceive ! ultimate consequ5ces ( 8 pr9ciples1 & p>tly ?r\gh "s confusion ( ?\ght1 & p>tly ?r\gh unhapp9ess ( expression1 has left passages involv+ ! conclusions ( bo? s*ools4 ,z a matt] ( hi/ory ! s5sual s*ool ( ,condillac grew pr(ess$ly out ( 8 philosophy4 ,9 def5ce ( ! legitimacy ( ! process by :i* ^! writ]s evolv$ _! conclusions f ! premisses ( ,locke1 ! read] may consult ! v able lectures ( ,m4 ,c\s9 on ,locke4 ,! o!r side has be5 treat$1 among o!rs1 by ,dugald ,/ew>t 9 8 ,diss]tation1 by ,pr(essor ,webb 9 8 ,intellectualism ( ,locke1 & by ,mr4 ,rog]s 9 an essay repr9t$ f ! ,ed9burgh ,review4 #acg ,i make ?is qualification1 because ,i believe t ! d5ial ( a moral nature 9 man capable ( p]ceiv+ ! di/9ction betwe5 duty & int]e/ & ! rightful supremacy ( ! =m]1 is bo? philosophically & actually subv]sive ( natural !ology4 #ach ,see ! =cible passage 9 ! life ( ,epicurus by ,diog5es ,lartius4 ,s ,mack9to%3 8,x is rem>kable t1 :ile1 ( ! ?ree pr(essors :o sat 9 ! ,por* f ,z5o to ,posidonius1 e "o ei!r s(t5$ or exagg]at$ ! doctr9es ( 8 pr$ecessor1 & :ile ! beautiful & rev]5d philosophy ( ,plato _h 9 8 own ,academy deg5]at$ into a scepticism :i* did n sp>e morality itself1 ! sy/em ( ,epicurus rema9$ )\t *ange2 8 disciples cont9u$ = ages to %[ p]sonal hon\r to 8 memory 9 a mann] :i* may seem unacc\ntable among ^? :o 7 taught to measure propriety by a calculation ( palpable & outw>d usefulness40--,diss]tation on ,e?ical ,philosophy1 p4 #he1 ed4 #ahcf4 ,see1 too1 ,t5nemann 7,manuel de la ,philosophie1 ed4 ,c\s91 tome i4 p4 #baa74 #aci ,?us e4g4 ! magnific5t *apt]s ( ,helvtius on ! moral effects ( despotism1 =m "o ( ! be/ mod]n contributions to political e?ics4 ,we h a curi\s illu/ration ( ! emphasis ) :i* ?is s*ool dwells on ! moral importance ( in/itutions 9 a memoir ( ,m4 ,de ,tracy1 ,on ! be/ ,plan ( ,national ,education1 :i* appe>$ fir/ t[>ds ! close ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 & 0 repr9t$ dur+ ! ,re/oration4 ,! au?or1 :o 0 "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( ! disciples ( ,condillac1 argu$ t ! mo/ effici5t ( all ways ( educat+ a p is1 ! e/abli%m5t ( a good sy/em ( police1 = ! con/ant association ( ! ideas ( crime & puni%m5t 9 ! m9ds ( ! masses is ! "o effectual me?od ( creat+ moral habits1 :i* w cont9ue to act :5 ! fe> ( puni%m5t is remov$4 #adj ,an important intellectual revolution is at pres5t tak+ place 9 ,engl&4 ,! asc5d5cy 9 lit]>y & philosophical que/ions :i* belong$ to ! writ]s ( books is manife/ly pass+ 9 a v great degree to weekly & ev5 daily pap]s1 :i* h long be5 supreme 9 politics1 & h begun )9 ! la/ t5 ye>s sy/ematically to treat e?ical & philosophical que/ions4 ,f _! imm5se circulation1 _! inconte/able ability & ! p[] !y possess ( cont9ually reit]at+ _! di/9ctive doctr9es1 f ! impati5ce1 too1 ( long & elaborate writ+s1 :i* newspap]s g5]ate 9 ! public1 x has come to pass t ^! p]iodicals ex]cise probably a great] influ5ce ?an any o!r productions ( ! day1 9 =m+ ! ways ( ?9k+ ( ord9>y educat$ ,engli%m54 ,! _m consequ5ces1 good & evil1 ( ?is *ange x w be ! duty ( future lit]>y hi/orians to trace1 b !re is "o :i* is1 ,i ?9k1 mu* felt 9 ! sph]e ( e?ics4 ,an important effect ( ^! j\rnals has be5 to evoke a l>ge am\nt ( lit]>y tal5t 9 ! lawy] class4 ,m5 ^: pr(essional duties w\ld r5d] x impossible = !m to write long books1 are q capable ( treat+ philosophical subjects 9 ! =m ( %ort essays1 & h 9 fact become conspicu\s 9 ^! p]iodicals4 ,!re has seldom1 ,i ?9k1 be=e1 be5 a "t :5 lawy]s occupi$ su* an important lit]>y position z at pres5t1 or :5 legal ways ( ?9k+ _h s great an influ5ce ov] ,engli% philosophy2 & ?is fact has be5 em95tly fav\rable to ! progress ( utilit>ianism4 #ada ,!re are "s good rem>ks on ?is po9t 9 ! v /rik+ *apt] on ! pres5t condition ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ,wilb]=ce's ,practical ,view4 #adb ,see ,reid's ,essays on ! ,active ,p[]s1 iii4 i4 #adc ,i say usually proportion$1 because x is1 ,i believe1 possible = m5 to realise int5sely suff]+1 & to d]ive pleasure f t v fact4 ,?is is especially ! case ) v9dictive cruelty1 b x is n1 ,i ?9k1 altoge!r conf9$ to t sph]e4 ,?is "q we %all h occasion to exam9e :5 discuss+ ! gladiatorial %[s4 ,mo/ cruelty1 h[ev]1 spr+s f call\sness1 :i* is simply dulness ( imag9ation4 #add ,! pr9cipal exception be+ :]e slav]y1 coexi/+ ) advanc$ civilisation1 ret>ds or prev5ts ! gr[? ( indu/rial habits4 #ade ,see ,mr4 ,la+'s ,travels 9 ,sw$54 ,a simil> cause is said to h _h a simil> effect 9 ,bav>ia4 #adf ,?is has be51 ,i ?9k1 especially ! case ) ! ,au/rians4 #adg ,see "s rem>kable in/ances ( ?is 9 ,cabanis1 ,rapports du ,physique et du ,moral de l',homme4 #adh ,diog4 ,lart4 ,py?ag4 #adi ,plut>*1 ,de ,pr(ectibus 9 ,virt4 #aej ,diog4 ,lart4 ,/ilpo4 #aea ,clem4 ,alex&4 ,/rom4 vii4 #aeb ,cic]o1 ,de ,nat4 ,deorum1 i4 #a4 #aec ,lactant4 ,in/4 ,div4 i4 #e4 #aed 8,py?agoras ita def9ivit quid esset ,deus3 ,animus qui p] univ]sas mundi p>tes1 omnemque naturam commeans atque diffusus1 ex quo omnia qu nascuntur animalia vitam capiunt40--,ibid4 ,lactantius 9 ?is *apt] has collect$ sev]al o!r philosophic def9itions ( ! ,div9ity4 ,see too ,plut>*1 ,de ,placit4 ,philos4 ,t]tullian expla9s ! /oical !ory by an +5i\s illu/ration3 8,/oici enim volunt ,deum sic p] mat]iem decucurrisse quomodo mel p] favos40--,t]t4 ,de ,anima4 #aee ,z ,cic]o says3 8,epicurus re tollit1 oratione rel9quit1 deos40--,de ,nat4 ,deor4 i4 #dd4 #aef ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 !y re/rict$ its op]ation to ! great ev5ts ( life4 ,z an int]locutor 9 ,cic]o says3 8,magna dii curant1 p>va negligunt40--,cic4 ,de ,natur4 ,deor4 ii4 #ff4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr notices 7,trypho1 i47 t "s philosoph]s ma9ta9$ t ,god c>$ = ! univ]sal or species1 b n = ! individual4 ,s5eca ma9ta9s t ! ,div9ity has det]m9$ all ?+s by an inexorable law ( de/9y1 :i* ,he has decre$1 b :i* ,he ,himself obeys4 7,de ,provid5t4 v47 #aeg ,see on ?is !ory ,cic]o1 ,de ,natur4 ,deor4 i4 #db2 ,lactantius1 ,in/4 ,div4 i4 #aa4 #aeh ,diog4 ,lart4 ,vit4 ,z5o4 ,/4 ,aug4 ,de ,civ4 ,dei1 iv4 #aa4 ,maximus ( ,tyre1 ,diss]t4 x4 79 "s editions xxix47 #h4 ,s5eca1 ,de ,b5eficiis1 iv4 #g-h4 ,cic4 ,de ,natur4 ,deor4 i4 #ae4 ,cic]o has devot$ ! fir/ two books ( ?is "w to ! /oical !ology4 ,a full review ( ! allegorical & my?ical int]pretations ( paganism is giv5 by ,eusebius1 ,evang4 ,prp>4 lib4 iii4 #aei ,/4 ,aug4 ,de ,civ4 vii4 #e4 #afj ,pl94 ,hi/4 ,nat4 ii4 #a4 #afa 8,nec v]o ,deus ipse qui intelligitur a nobis1 alio modo intelligi pote/ nisi m5s soluta qudam et lib]a1 segregata ab omni concretione mortali1 omnia s5ti5s et mov5s1 ipsaque prdita motu sempit]no40--,tusc4 ,qu/4 i4 #bg4 #afb ,s5ec4 ,qu/4 ,nat4 ii4 #de4 #afc 8,e/ne ,dei s$es1 nisi t]ra et pontus et ar4 ,et clum et virtus8 ,sup]os quid qurimus ultra8 ,jupit] e/ quodcumque vides1 quodcumque mov]is40 ,ph>sal4 ix4 #egh-hj4 #afd 8,quve anus tam excors inv5iri pote/1 qu illa1 qu quondam cr$ebantur apud inf]os port5ta1 extimescat80--,cic4 ,de ,nat4 ,deor4 ii4 #b4 8,esse aliques ,manes et subt]ranea regna 444 ,nec pu]i cr$unt nisi qui nondum re lavantur40 ,juv4 ,sat4 ii4 #adi1 #aeb4 ,see on ?is subject a good review by ! ,abb ,freppel1 ,les ,pres ,apo/oliques1 leon viii4 #afe ,cic]o1 ,de ,leg4 i4 #ad2 ,macrobius1 ,94 ,som4 ,scip4 i4 #aj4 #aff ,see 8 works ,de ,div9atione & ,de ,nat4 ,deorum1 :i* =m a curi\s contra/ to ! religi\s cons]vatism ( ! ,de ,legibus1 :i* 0 writt5 *iefly f a political po9t ( view4 #afg ,eusebius1 ,prp4 ,evang4 lib4 iv4 #afh ,! oracles fir/ gave _! answ]s 9 v]se1 b _! bad poetry 0 ridicul$1 & !y gradually sank to prose1 & at la/ ceas$4 ,plut>* def5d$ ! inspiration ( ! bad poetry on ! gr\nd t ! inspir+ _s avail$ itself ( ! natural faculties ( ! prie/ess = ! expression ( its infallible tru?s--a !ory :i* is /ill mu* 9 vogue among ,biblical critics1 & is1 ,i believe1 call$ dynamical inspiration4 ,see ,font5elle1 ,hi/4 des ,oracles 7#a/ ed471 pp4 #bib-bic4 #afi ,see ! fam\s description ( ,cato refus+ to consult ! oracle ( ,jupit] ,ammon 9 ,lucan1 ,ph>s4 ix42 & also ,arrian1 ii4 #g4 ,s5eca beautifully says1 8,vis deos propiti>e8 bonus e/o4 ,satis illos coluit quisquis imitatus e/40--,ep4 xcv4 #agj ,cic]o1 ,de ,div94 ii4 #bd4 #aga ,aulus ,gellius1 ,noct4 ,att4 xv4 #bb4 #agb ,see a long /r+ ( witticisms collect$ by ,leg5dre1 ,trait de l',op9ion1 ou ,mmoires p\r s]vir l',hi/oire de l',esprit huma9 7,v5ise1 #agce71 tome i4 pp4 #chf-chg4 #agc ,see ,cic]o1 ,de ,natura ,deorum2 ,s5eca1 ,de ,brev4 ,vit4 c4 xvi42 ,pl94 ,hi/4 ,nat4 ii4 #e2 ,plut>*1 ,de ,sup]/itione4 #agd 8,olim truncus eram ficulnus1 inutile lignum1 ,cum fab]1 inc]tus scamnum fac]etne ,priapum1 ,maluit esse ,deum40 ,sat4 ,i4 viii4 #a-c4 #age ,!re is a v curi\s discussion on ?is subject1 report$ to h tak5 place betwe5 ,apollonius ( ,tyana & an ,egyptian prie/4 ,! =m] def5d$ ! ,greek fa%ion ( wor%ipp+ ! ,div9ity "u ! =m ( ! human image1 sculptur$ by ,phidias & ,praxiteles1 ?is be+ ! noble/ =m we c conceive1 & !re=e ! lea/ inadequate to ! ,div9e p]fections4 ,! latt] def5d$ ! ,egyptian cu/om ( wor%ipp+ animals1 because1 z he said1 x is blasphem\s to attempt to conceive an image ( ! ,deity1 & ! ,egyptians !re=e conc5trate ! imag9ation ( ! wor%ipp] on objects t are pla9ly m]ely allegorical or symbolical1 & d n pret5d to (f] any su* image 7,philos4 ,apoll4 ( ,tyana1 vi4 #ai74 ,pl9y %ortly says1 8,effigiem ,dei =mamque qur]e imbecillitatis human reor0 7,hi/4 ,nat4 ii4 #e74 ,see too ,max4 ,tyrius1 ,diss4 xxxviii4 ,!re 0 a leg5d t ,numa =bade all idols1 & t = #bjj ye>s !y 7 unkn[n 9 ,rome 7,plut>*1 ,life ( ,numa74 ,dion ,*ryso/om said t ! ,gods ne$ no /atues or sacrifices1 b t by ^! means we atte/ our devotion to !m 7,orat4 xxxi474 ,on ! vanity ( ri* idols1 see ,plut>*1 ,de ,sup]/itione2 ,s5eca1 ,ep4 xxxi4 #agf #a ,lact4 ,in/4 ,div4 vi4 #be4 #agg ,dion4 ,halic4 ii42 ,polyb4 vi4 #ef4 #agh ,/4 ,aug4 ,de ,civ4 ,dei1 iv4 #ca4 #agi ,epictetus1 ,en*ir4 xxxix4 #ahj ,cic]o1 speak+ ( ! wor%ip ( deifi$ m51 says1 8indicat omnium quidem animos immortales esse1 s$ =tium bonorumque div9os40--,de ,leg4 ii4 #aa4 ,! ,roman wor%ip ( ! dead1 :i* 0 ! c5tre ( ! dome/ic religion1 has be5 rec5tly inve/igat$ ) mu* ability by ,m4 ,c\langes 7,la ,cit antique74 #aha ,on ! m9ute sup]vision ex]cis$ by ! c5sors on all ! details ( dome/ic life1 see ,aul4 ,gell4 ,noct4 ii4 #bd2 iv4 #ab1 #bj4 #ahb ,livy1 xxxix4 #f4 #ahc ,vell4 ,pat]culus1 i4 #aa-ac2 ,eutropius1 iv4 #f4 ,sallu/ ascrib$ ! decad5ce ( ,rome to ! de/ruction ( its rival1 ,c>?age4 #ahd ,plut>*1 ,de ,adulatore et ,amico4 #ahe ,!re is mu* curi\s in=mation ab\t ! gr[? ( ,roman luxury 9 ,pl9y 7,hi/4 ,nat4 lib4 xxxiv474 ,! movem5t ( decomposition has be5 lately fully trac$ by ,momms5 7,hi/4 ( ,rome72 ,dll+] 7,jew & ,g5tile72 ,d5is 7 ,hi/4 des ,ides morales dans l',antiquit72 ,press5s 7,hi/4 des trois premi]s ,sicles72 9 ! hi/ories ( ,*ampagny1 & 9 ! beautiful clos+ *apt]s ( ! ,aptres ( ,r5an4 #ahf ,sueton4 ,aug4 xvi4 #ahg ,ibid4 ,calig4 v4 #ahh ,p]sius1 ,sat4 ii42 ,horace1 ,ep4 i4 #af1 vv4 #eg-fj4 #ahi ,see1 on ! id5tification ( ! ,greek & ,egyptian my?s1 ,plut>*'s ,de ,iside et ,osiride4 ,! ,greek & ,roman gods 7 habitually reg>d$ z id5tical1 & ,cs> & ,tacitus1 9 l mann]1 id5tifi$ ! deities ( ,gaul & ,g]many ) ^? ( _! own c\ntry4 ,see ,dll+]1 ,jew & ,g5tile1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #afj-afe4 #aij 8,ego dem g5us esse semp] dixi et dicam clitum2 ,s$ eos non cur>e op9or quid agat hom9um g5us40 ,cic]o adds3 8magno plausu loquitur ass5ti5te populo40--,de ,div94 ii4 #ej4 #aia ,plut>*1 ,de ,sup]/itione4 #aib ,/4 ,aug4 ,de ,civ4 ,dei1 vi4 #f2 ,t]tul4 ,apol4 #ae2 ,arnobius1 ,adv4 ,g5tes1 iv4 #aic 8,p>s alia et hanc pellit1 a/roque suo ev5tus assignat1 nasc5di legibus2 semelque 9 omnes futuros unquam ,deo decretum2 9 reliquum v]o otium datum4 ,s$]e cpit s5t5tia hc p>it]que et eruditum vulgus et rude 9 eam cursu vadit4 ,ecce fulgurum monitus1 oraculorum prscita1 aruspicum prdicta1 atque etiam p>va dictu1 9 auguriis /]num5ta et (f5siones p$um40--,hi/4 ,nat4 ii4 #e4 ,pl9y himself expresses great d\bt ab\t a/rology giv+ _m examples ( m5 ) diff]5t de/9ies1 :o _h be5 born at ! same "t1 & !re=e "u ! same />s 7vii4 #ej74 ,tacitus expresses complete d\bt ab\t ! exi/5ce ( ,provid5ce4 7,ann4 vi4 #bb47 ,tib]ius is said to h be5 v indiff]5t to ! gods & to ! wor%ip ( ! temples1 be+ :olly addict$ to a/rology & conv9c$ t all ?+s 7 pre-orda9$4 7,suet4 ,tib4 lxix47 #aid ,ammianus ,m>cell9us1 xxviii4 #aie ,de ,pr(ectibus 9 ,virt4 ,x 0 orig9ally ! cu/om at ,roman fea/s to s+ to a pipe ! actions & ! virtues ( ! greate/ m54 7,cic4 ,tusc4 ,qu/4 iv47 #aif ,e4g4 ,epictetus1 ,en*4 lii4 ,s5eca is full ( simil> exhortations4 #aig ,accord+ to ,cic]o1 ! fir/ ,lat9 "w on philosophy 0 by ! ,epicurean ,amafanius4 7,tusc4 ,qu/4 iv47 #aih ,see on ! great p]fection ( ! "* ( ,epicurus 8 life by ,diog5es ,lartius1 & on ! purity ( ! philosophy he taught & ! degree 9 :i* x 0 di/ort$ & misrepres5t$ by 8 ,roman foll[]s4 ,s5eca ,de ,vita ,beata1 c4 xii4 xiii4 & ,ep4 xxi4 ,gass5di1 9 a v int]e/+ little "w entitl$ ,philosophi ,epicuri ,syntagma1 has abundantly prov$ ! possibility ( unit+ ,epicurean pr9ciples ) a high code ( morals4 ,b probably ! mo/ beautiful picture ( ! ,epicurean sy/em is ! fir/ book ( ! ,de ,f9ibus1 9 :i* ,cic]o endeav\rs to pa9t x z x w\ld h be5 pa9t$ by its adh]5ts4 ,:5 we rememb] t ! writ] ( ?is book 0 "o ( ! mo/ =midable & unfl9*+ oppon5ts ( ,epicureanism 9 all ! anci5t _w1 x mu/ be own$ t x w\ld be impossible to f9d a gr&] example ( t noble love ( tru?1 t sublime & scrupul\s ju/ice to oppon5ts1 :i* 0 ! pre-em95t glory ( anci5t philosoph]s1 & :i*1 aft] ! de/ruction ( philosophy1 0 = _m c5turies almo/ unkn[n 9 ! _w4 ,x is impossible to d\bt t ,epicureanism 0 logically compatible ) a v high degree ( virtue4 ,x is1 ,i ?9k1 equally impossible to d\bt t its practical t5d5cy 0 t[>ds vice4 #aii ,mr4 ,grote gives ! foll[+ v cle> summ>y ( ,plato's e?ical !ory1 :i* he believes to be orig9al3--8,ju/ice is 9 ! m9d a condition analog\s to good heal? & /r5g? 9 ! body4 ,inju/ice is a condition analog\s to sickness1 corruption1 impot5ce 9 ! body4444 ,to possess a heal?y body is desirable = its consequ5ces z a means t[>ds o!r con/itu5ts ( happ9ess1 b x is /ill m desirable 9 itself z an ess5tial elem5t ( happ9ess p] se1 i4e41 ! negation ( sickness1 :i* w\ld ( itself make u mis]able4444 ,9 l mann]1 ! j m9d blesses ! possessor twice3 fir/ & *iefly by br++ to him happ9ess 9 itself2 next1 also1 z x leads to ult]ior happy results4 ,! unju/ m9d is a curse to its possessor 9 itself & ap>t f results1 ?\gh x also leads to ult]ior results :i* r5d] x /ill m a curse to him40--,grote's ,plato1 vol4 iii4 p4 #aca4 ,accord+ to ,plut>*1 ,ari/o ( ,*io def9$ virtue z 8! heal? ( ! s\l40 7,de ,virtute ,morali47 #bjj 8,beata e/ ergo vita conv5i5s natur su2 qu non alit] cont+]e pote/ quam si primum sana m5s e/ et 9 p]petu possessione sanitatis su40--,s5eca1 ,de ,vita ,beata1 c4 iii4 #bja ,! fam\s p>adox t 8! sage c\ld be happy ev5 9 ! bull ( ,phal>is10 comes f ! writ+s n ( ,z5o b ( ,epicurus--?\gh ! ,/oics adopt$ & greatly admir$ x4 7,cic4 ,tusc4 ii4 ,see ,gass5di1 ,philos4 ,epicuri ,syntagma1 p>s iii4 c4 #a47 #bjb 8,s$ nescio quomodo dum lego ass5tior2 cum posui librum et mecum ipse de immortalitate animorum cpi cogit>e1 ass5sio omnis illa elabitur40--,cic4 ,tusc4 i4 #bjc ,sallu/1 ,catil9a1 cap4 li4 #bjd ,see t mo/ impressive passage 7,hi/4 ,nat4 vii4 #ef74 ,t ! sleep ( annihilation is ! happie/ end ( man is a fav\rite ?\ght ( ,lucretius4 ,?us3 8,nil igitur mors e/1 ad nos neque p]t9et hilum1 ,qu&oquidem natura animi mortalis habetur40--iii4 #hdb4 ,?is mode ( ?\ght has be5 rec5tly express$ 9 ,mr4 ,sw9burne's v beautiful poem on ,! ,g>d5 ( ,pros]p9e4 #bje ,diog4 ,lartius4 ,! op9ion ( ,*rysippus seems to h prevail$1 & ,plut>* 7,de ,placit4 ,philos47 speaks ( x z t ( ! s*ool4 ,cic]o s>ca/ically says1 8,/oici autem usuram nobis l>giuntur1 tanquam cornicibus3 diu mansuros aiunt animos2 semp]1 negant40--,tusc4 ,disp4 i4 #ca4 #bjf ,x has be5 v frequ5tly ass]t$ t ,antigonus ( ,so*o hav+ taught t virtue %\ld be practis$ = its own sake1 8 disciple1 ,zadok1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,sadducees1 inf]r$ ! non-exi/5ce ( a future _w2 b ! evid5ce = ?is :ole /ory is exce$+ly unsatisfactory4 ,! read] may f9d its hi/ory 9 a v rem>kable article by ,mr4 ,twisleton on ,sadducees1 9 ,smi?'s ,biblical ,diction>y4 #bjg ,on ! ,/oical op9ions ab\t a future life see ,m>t91 ,la ,vie future 7,p>is1 #aheh72 ,c\rdaveaux ,de l'immortalit de l'me dans le ,/ocisme 7,p>is1 #aheg72 & ,alg]'s ,critical ,hi/4 ( ! ,doctr9e ( a ,future ,life 7,new ,york1 #ahff74 #bjh ,8 argum5ts are met by ,cic]o 9 ! ,tusculans4 #bji ,see a collection ( passages f 8 disc\rses collect$ by ,m4 ,c\rdaveaux1 9 ! introduction to 8 ,fr5* translation ( t book4 #baj ,/obu1 ,eclog4 ,physic4 lib4 i4 cap4 #eb4 #baa ,9 8 consolations to ,m>cia1 he seems to incl9e to a belief 9 ! immortality1 or at lea/ ! future exi/5ce1 ( ! s\l4 ,9 _m o!r passages1 h[ev]1 he speaks ( x z annihilat$ at dea?4 #bab 8,les ,/oci5s ne faisai5t aucunem5t dp5dre la morale de la p]spective des pe9es ou de la rmunration dans une vie future4444 ,la croyance l'immortalit de l'me n'app>t5ait donc1 selon leur manire de voir1 qu' la physique1 c'e/--dire la psy*ologie40--,deg]&o1 ,hi/4 de la ,philos4 tome iii4 p4 #ef4 #bac 8,pantius igitur1 qui s9e controv]sia de (ficiis accuratissime disputavit1 quemque nos1 correctione quadam adhibita1 potissimum secuti sumus40--,de ,(fic4 iii4 #b4 #bad ,m>cus ,aurelius ?anks ,provid5ce1 z = "o ( ! great bless+s ( 8 life1 t he _h be5 made acqua9t$ ) ! writ+s ( ,epictetus4 ,! /ory is well kn[n h[ ! old philosoph] w>n$ 8 ma/]1 :o 0 beat+ him1 t he w\ld soon break 8 leg1 & :5 ! leg 0 brok51 calmly rem>k$1 8,i told y y w\ld d s40 ,celsus quot$ ?is 9 opposition to ! ,*ri/ians1 ask+1 8,did y\r lead] "u suff]+ ev] say any?+ s noble80 ,orig5 f9ely repli$1 8,he did :at 0 /ill nobl]--,he kept sil5ce40 ,a ,*ri/ian an*orite 7"s say ,/4 ,nilus1 :o liv$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury7 0 s /ruck ) ! ,en*iridion ( ,epictetus1 t he adapt$ x to ,*ri/ian use4 ,! conv]sations ( ,epictetus1 z report$ by ,arrian1 are said to h be5 ! fav\rite read+ ( ,t\ssa9t l',ouv]ture4 #bae ,tacitus _h us$ ?is expression be=e ,milton3 8,qu&o etiam sapi5tibus cupido glori novissima exuitur40--,hi/4 iv4 #f4 #baf ,two rem>kable in/ances h come d[n to u ( em95t writ]s begg+ hi/orians to adorn & ev5 exagg]ate _! acts4 ,see ! v curi\s lett]s ( ,cic]o to ! hi/orian ,lucceius 7,ep4 ad ,div]s4 v4 #ab72 & ( ! y\ng] ,pl9y to ,tacitus 7,ep4 vii4 #cc74 ,cic]o has himself confess$ t he 0 too fond ( glory4 #bag 8,unus homo nobis cunct&o re/ituit rem2 ,non ponebat enim rumores ante salutem40--,ennius4 #bah ,see ! beautiful description ( ,cato's tranquillity "u insults4 ,s5eca1 ,de ,ira1 ii4 #cc2 ,de ,con/4 ,sap4 #a1 #b4 #bai ,de ,(ficiis1 iii4 #i4 #bbj ,tusc4 ii4 #bf4 #bba ,s5eca1 ,de ,vit4 ,beat4 c4 xx4 #bbb ,s5eca1 ,ep4 cxiii4 #bbc ,s5eca1 ,ep4 lxxxi4 #bbd ,p]sius1 ,sat4 i4 #de-dg4 #bbe ,epictetus1 ,en*4 xxiii4 #bbf ,s5eca1 ,de ,ira1 iii4 #da4 #bbg ,s5eca1 ,cons4 ad ,helv4 xiii4 #bbh ,m>c4 ,aur4 vii4 #fg4 #bbi ,m>c4 ,aur4 iv4 #bj4 #bcj ,pl9y1 ,ep4 i4 #bb4 #bca 8,non dux1 s$ comes voluptas40--,de ,vit4 ,beat4 c4 viii4 #bcb 8,voluptas non e/ m]ces nec causa virtutis s$ accessio2 nec quia delectat placet s$ quia placet delectat40--,ibid41 c4 ix4 #bcc ,p]egr9us apud ,aul4 ,gellius1 xii4 #aa4 ,p]egr9us 0 a ,cynic1 b 8 doctr9e on ?is po9t 0 id5tical ) t ( ! ,/oics4 #bcd ,m>c4 ,aurel4 ix4 #db4 #bce ,m>c4 ,aurel4 v4 #f4 #bcf ,s5eca1 h[ev]1 9 "o ( 8 lett]s 7,ep4 lxxv471 subtilises a good deal on ?is po9t4 ,he draws a di/9ction betwe5 affections & maladies4 ,! fir/1 he says1 are irrational1 & !re=e repreh5sible movem5ts ( ! s\l1 :i*1 if repeat$ & unrepress$1 t5d to =m an irrational & evil habit1 & to ! la/ he 9 ?is lett] re/ricts ! t]m disease4 ,he illu/rates ?is di/9ction by obs]v+ t colds & any o!r slight ailm5ts1 if un*eck$ & neglect$1 may produce an organic disease4 ,! wise man1 he says1 is :olly free f moral disease1 b no man c completely emancipate himself f affections1 ?\gh he %\ld make ?is 8 con/ant object4 #bcg ,de ,clem4 ii4 #f1 #g4 #bch 8,peccantes v]o quid habet cur od]it1 cum error illos 9 hujusmodi delicta compellat80--,s54 ,de ,ira1 i4 #ad4 ,?is is a fav\rite ?\ght ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 to :i* he rev]ts aga9 & aga94 ,see1 too1 ,arrian1 i4 #ah4 #bci 8,ergo ne hom9i quidem nocebimus quia peccavit s$ ne peccet1 nec unquam ad prt]itum s$ ad futurum pna ref]etur40--,ibid4 ii4 #ca4 ,9 ! philosophy ( ,plato1 on ! o!r h&1 puni%m5t 0 *iefly expiatory & purificatory4 7,l]m9i]1 ,introd4 l',hi/oire du ,droit1 p4 #abc47 #bdj ,s5eca1 ,de ,con/ant4 ,sap4 v4 ,comp>e & contra/ ?is fam\s s5t5ce ( ,anaxagoras ) t ( "o ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian h]mits4 ,someone told ! h]mit t 8 fa!r 0 dead4 8,cease y\r blasphemy10 he answ]$1 8my fa!r is immortal40--,socrates1 ,eccl4 ,hi/4 iv #bc4 #bda ,epictetus1 ,en*4 #af1 #ah4 #bdb ,! dispute ab\t :e!r any?+ b virtue is a good1 01 9 reality1 a some:at *ildi% qu>rel ab\t words2 = ! ,/oics1 :o indignantly d5\nc$ ! ,p]ipatetics = ma9ta9+ ! affirmative1 admitt$ t heal?1 fri5ds1 c41 %\ld be s\ght n z 8goods0 b z 8pref]ables40 ,see a long discussion on ?is matt] 9 ,cic]o 7,de ,f9ib4 lib4 iii4 iv474 ,! ,/oical doctr9e ( ! equality ( all vices 0 =mally repudiat$ by ,m>cus ,aurelius1 :o ma9ta9$ 7ii4 #aj71 ) ,!ophra/us1 t faults ( desire 7 worse ?an faults ( ang]4 ,! o!r ,/oics1 :ile dogmatically ass]t+ ! equality ( all virtues z well z ! equality ( all vices1 9 _! p>ticul> judgm5ts graduat$ _! praise or blame mu* 9 ! same way z ! re/ ( ! _w4 #bdc ,see ,s5eca 7,ep4 lxxxix474 ,s5eca himself1 h[ev]1 has devot$ a "w to natural hi/ory1 b ! g5]al t5d5cy ( ! s*ool 0 c]ta9ly to conc5trate all att5tion ^u morals1 & all1 or ne>ly all ! great naturali/s 7 ,epicureans4 ,cic]o puts into ! m\? ( ! ,epicurean ! s5t5ce1 8,omnium autem r]um natura cognita levamur sup]/itione1 lib]amur mortis metu1 non conturbamur ignoratione r]um0 7,de ,f94 i472 & ,virgil express$ an em95tly ,epicurean s5tim5t 9 8 fam\s l9es3-- 8,felix1 qui potuit r]um cognosc]e causas1 ,quique metus omnes et inexorabile fatum ,subjecit p$ibus1 /repitumque ,a*]ontis av>i40 ,georg4 #dij-dib4 #bdd ,plut>*1 ,cato ,major4 #bde ,cic]o1 ,ad ,attic4 vi4 #b4 #bdf ,?is contra/ is notic$ & l>gely illu/rat$ by ,m4 ,monte 9 8 int]e/+ little "w ,le ,/ocisme ,rome1 & also by ,leg5dre 9 8 ,trait de l',op9ion1 ou ,mmoires p\r s]vir l'hi/oire de l'esprit huma9 7,v5ise1 #agce74 #bdg 8,atque hoc quidem omnes mortales sic hab5t 444 commoditatem prosp]itatemque vit a diis se hab]e1 virtutem autem nemo unquam acceptam deo retulit4 ,nimirum recte4 ,propt] virtutem enim jure laudamur et 9 virtute recte gloriamur4 ,quod non cont+]et si id donum a deo1 non a nobis hab]emus40--,cic]o1 ,de ,nat4 ,deor4 iii4 #cf4 #bdh ,ep4 i4 #ah4 #bdi ,s5eca ,ep4 lxvi4 #bej ,lucretius1 v4 ,x 0 a ,greek prov]b1 t ,apollo begat sculapius to heal ! body1 & ,plato to heal ! s\l4 7,leg5dre1 ,trait de l',op9ion1 tome i4 p4 #aig47 #bea 8,or&um e/ ut sit m5s sana 9 corpore sano3 ,=tem posce animum1 mortis t]rore c>5tem4444 ,mon/ro1 quod ipse tibi possis d>e40 ,juv5al1 ,sat4 x4 #cef4 ,m>cus ,aurelius recomm5ds pray]1 b only t we may be fre$ f evil desires4 7ix4 #aa47 #beb ,s5eca1 ,ep4 lxvi4 #bec ,ibid4 ,ep4 liii4 #bed ,de ,con/4 ,sap4 viii4 #bee ,en*4 xlviii4 #bef ,arrian1 i4 #ab4 #beg ,arrian1 ii4 #h4 ,! same doctr9e is /rongly /at$ 9 ,s5eca1 ,ep4 xcii4 #beh ,cic]o1 ,de ,nat4 ,deor4 ii4 #ff4 #bei ,ep4 lxxxiii4 ,some:at simil> s5tim5ts are attribut$ to ,?ales & ,bion 7,diog4 ,lart474 #bfj ,ep4 xli4 ,!re are "s beautiful s5tim5ts ( ?is k9d 9 ,plut>*'s treatise1 ,de ,s]a ,num9is ,v9dicta4 ,x 0 a say+ ( ,py?agoras1 t 8we become bett] z we approa* ! gods40 #bfa ,m>c4 ,aur4 iii4 #e4 #bfb ,m>cus ,aurelius4 #bfc ,s5eca1 ,prf4 ,nat4 ,qu/4 iii4 #bfd ,m>c4 ,aur4 x4 #be4 #bfe ,epict4 ,en*4 xvii4 #bff ,epict4 ,en*4 xi4 #bfg ,s5eca1 ,de ,prov4 i4 #bfh ,ibid4 iv4 #bfi ,m>c4 ,aurel4 ii4 #b1 #c4 #bgj ,! language 9 :i* ! ,/oics sometimes spoke ( ! inexorable det]m9ation ( all ?+s by ,provid5ce w\ld appe> logically inconsi/5t ) free w4 ,9 fact1 h[ev]1 ! ,/oics ass]t$ ! latt] doctr9e 9 unequivocal language1 & 9 _! practical e?ics ev5 exagg]at$ its p[]4 ,aulus ,gellius 7,noct4 ,att4 vi4 #b7 has pres]v$ a passage 9 :i* ,*rysippus ex]t$ 8 subtlety 9 reconcil+ ! two ?+s4 ,see1 too1 ,arrian1 i4 #ag4 #bga ,we h an extremely curi\s illu/ration ( ?is mode ( ?\ght 9 a spee* ( ,ar*ytas ( ,t>5tum on ! evils ( s5suality1 :i* ,cic]o has pres]v$4 ,he consid]s ! greate/ ( ^! evils to be t ! vice pr$isposes m5 to unpatriotic acts4 8,nullam capitaliorem pe/em quam corporis voluptatem1 hom9ibus a natura datam4444 ,h9c patri proditiones1 h9c r]umpublic>um ev]siones1 h9c cum ho/ibus cl&e/9a colloquia nasci10 etc4--,cic]o1 ,de ,s5ect4 xii4 #bgb ,diog4 ,lart4 ,anax4 #bgc 8,c>i sunt p>5tes1 c>i lib]i1 prop9qui1 famili>es2 s$ omnes omnium c>itates patria una complexa e/2 pro qua quis bonus dubitet mortem oppet]e si ei sit pr(uturus80--,de ,(fic4 i4 #ag4 #bgd ,see ,s5eca1 ,consol4 ad ,helviam & ,de ,otio ,sapi542 & ,plut>*1 ,de ,exilio4 ,! fir/ ( ^! works is ! basis ( "o ( ! mo/ beautiful compositions 9 ! ,engli% language1 ,bol+broke's ,reflections on ,exile4 #bge ,de ,(ficiis4 #bgf ,epi/4 i4 #aj4 #bgg 8,tota enim philosophorum vita1 ut ait idem1 comm5tatio mortis e/40--,cic]o1 ,tusc4 i4 #cj1 ad f94 #bgh ,essay on ,dea?4 #bgi ,sp9oza1 ,e?ics1 iv4 #fg4 #bhj ,camd54 ,montalemb]t notices a simil> leg5d z exi/+ 9 ,brittany 7,les ,mo9es d',occid5t1 tome ii4 p4 #bhg74 ,procopius 7,de ,bello ,go?4 iv4 #bj7 says t x is impossible = m5 to live 9 ! we/ ( ,brita91 & t ! di/rict is believ$ to be inhabit$ by ! s\ls ( ! dead4 #bha ,9 8 ,de ,s]a ,num9is ,v9dicta & 8 ,consolatio ad ,uxorem4 #bhb ,9 ! ,phd1 passim4 ,see1 too1 ,m>c4 ,aurelius1 ii4 #ab4 #bhc ,see a v /rik+ lett] ( ,epicurus quot$ by ,diog5es ,lart4 9 8 life ( t philosoph]4 ,except a few s5t5ces1 quot$ by o!r writ]s1 ^! lett]s 7 all t rema9$ ( ! works ( ,epicurus1 till ! rec5t discov]y ( "o ( 8 treatises at ,h]culaneum4 #bhd ,tusc4 ,qu/4 i4 #bhe ,consol4 ad ,polyb4 xxvii4 #bhf ,maury1 ,hi/4 des ,religions de la ,grce antique1 tom4 i4 pp4 #ehb-ehh4 ,m4 ,ravaisson1 9 8 ,memoir on ,/oicism 7,acad4 des ,inscriptions et ,belles-lettres1 tom4 xxi47 has enl>g$ on ! t]rorism ( paganism1 b has1 ,i ?9k1 exagg]at$ x4 ,religions :i* select$ games z ! natural =m ( devotion c nev] h _h any v al>m+ "*4 #bhg ,plut>*1 ,ad ,apollonium4 #bhh ,ibid4 #bhi ,cic4 ,tusc4 ,qu/4 i4 #bij ,philo/4 ,apoll4 ( ,tyan4 v4 #d4 ,h5ce _! passion = suicide1 :i* ,silius ,italicus commemorates 9 l9es :i* ,i ?9k v beautiful3-- 8,prodiga g5s anim et prop]>e facillima mortem2 ,namque ubi transc5dit flor5tes viribus annos ,impati5s vi1 sp]nit novisse s5ectam ,et fati modus 9 dextra e/40--i4 #bbe-bbh4 ,val]ius ,maximus 7ii4 vi4 #ab7 speaks ( ,celts :o celebrat$ ! bir? ( m5 ) lam5tation1 & _! dea?s ) joy4 #bia ,aulus ,gellius1 ,noctes1 i4 #c4 #bib ,tacitus1 ,annales1 xv4 #fb4 #bic ,sueton4 ,titus1 #aj4 #bid ,capitol9us1 ,anton9us4 #bie ,see ! beautiful acc\nt ( 8 la/ h\rs giv5 by ,ammianus ,m>cell9us & reproduc$ by ,gibbon4 ,!re are "s rem>ks well wor? read+ ab\t ! dea? ( ,julian1 & ! /ate ( ?\ght t r5d]$ su* a dea? possible1 9 ,dr4 ,newman's ,disc\rses on ,univ]sity ,education1 lect4 ix4 #bif 8,lex non pna mors0 0 a fav\rite say+ among ! anci5ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,t]tullian v di/9ctly enunciat$ ! patri/ic view1 8,qui autem primordia hom9is novimus1 aud5t] det]m9amus mortem non ex natura secutam hom9em s$ ex culpa40--,de ,anima1 #eb4 #big ,plut>*1 ,ad ,uxorem4 #bih ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,epi/4 #aff4 #bii 8,at hoc quidem commune e/ omnium philosophorum1 non eorum modo qui deum nihil hab]e ipsum negotii dicunt1 et nihil exhib]e alt]i2 s$ eorum etiam1 qui deum semp] ag]e aliquid et moliri volunt1 numquam nec irasci deum nec noc]e40--,cic4 ,de ,(fic4 iii4 #bh4 #cjj ,see ! refutation ( ! philosophic notion 9 ,lactantius1 ,de ,ira ,dei4 #cja 8,revelation10 z ,less+ obs]ves 9 8 essay on ?is subject1 8has made ,dea? ! #8k+ ( t]rors1' ! awful (fspr+ ( s9 & ! dread way to its puni%m5t2 ?\gh to ! imag9ation ( ! anci5t hea!n _w1 ,greek or ,etrurian1 he 0 a y\?ful g5ius--! tw9 bro!r ( ,sleep1 or a lu/y boy ) a tor* held d[nw>ds40--,col]idge's ,biographia ,litt]>ia1 cap4 xxii41 note by ,s>a ,col]idge4 #cjb 8,vetat ,py?agoras injussu imp]atoris1 id e/ ,dei1 de prsidio et /atione vit dec$]e40--,cic4 ,de ,s5ec4 xx4 ,if we believe ! v untru/wor?y evid5ce ( ,diog4 ,lartius 7,py?agoras7 ! philosoph] himself committ$ suicide by />vation4 #cjc ,see 8 ,laws1 lib4 ix4 ,9 8 ,phdon1 h[ev]1 ,plato w5t fur!r1 & condemn$ all suicide4 ,libanius says 7,de ,vita ,sua7 t ! argum5ts ( ! ,phdon prev5t$ him f committ+ suicide aft] ! dea? ( ,julian4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,cic]o m5tions a c]ta9 ,cleombrotus1 :o 0 s fasc9at$ by ! pro( ( ! immortality ( ! s\l 9 ! ,phdon t he =?) ca/ himself into ! sea4 ,cato1 z is well kn[n1 *ose ?is "w to /udy1 ! night he committ$ suicide4 #cjd ,ari/4 ,e?ic4 v4 #cje ,see a li/ ( ^! 9 ,lactantius' ,in/4 ,div4 iii4 #ah4 ,_m ( ^! in/ances re/ on v d\btful evid5ce4 #cjf ,adam ,smi?'s ,moral ,s5tim5ts1 "p vii4 #b4 #cjg 8,proxima de9de t55t m/i loca qui sibi le?um ,insontes pep]]e manu1 lucemque p]osi ,projec]e animas4 ,quam vell5t !re 9 alto ,nunc et paup]iem et duros p]f]re labores40 --neid1 vi4 #dcd-dcg4 #cjh ,cic]o has c5sur$ suicide 9 8 ,de ,s5ectute1 9 ! ,somn4 ,scipionis1 & 9 ! ,tusculans4 ,conc]n+ ! dea? ( ,cato1 he says1 t ! occasion 0 su* z to con/itute a div9e call to leave life4--,tusc4 i4 #cji ,apuleius1 ,de ,philos4 ,plat4 lib4 i4 #caj ,?us ,ovid3-- 8,rebus 9 adv]sis facile e/ contemn]e vitam1 ,=tit] ille facit qui mis] esse pote/40 ,see1 too1 ,m>tial1 xi4 #ef4 #caa ,especially ,ep4 xxiv4 ,s5eca desires t m5 %\ld n commit suicide ) panic or trepidation4 ,he says t ^? condemn$ to dea? %\ld await _! execution1 = 8x is a folly to die ?r\gh fe> ( dea?20 & he recomm5ds m5 to support old age z long z _! faculties rema9 unimpair$4 ,on ?is la/ po9t1 h[ev]1 8 language is some:at contradictory4 ,!re is a good review ( ! op9ions ( ! anci5ts 9 g5]al1 & ( ,s5eca 9 p>ticul>1 on ?is subject 9 ,ju/us ,lipsius' ,manuductio ad ,/oicam ,philosophiam1 lib4 iii4 diss]t4 #bb1 #bc1 f :i* ,i h borr[$ mu*4 #cab ,9 8 ,m$itations1 ix4 #c1 he speaks ( ! duty ( pati5tly await+ dea?4 ,b 9 iii4 #a1 x4 #h1 #bb-cb1 he cle>ly recognises ! "r ( suicide 9 "s cases1 especially to prev5t moral deg5]acy4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! ,m$itations ( ,m>cus ,aurelius 7 private notes = 8 p]sonal guidance1 t all ! ,/oics admitt$ x to be wrong to commit suicide 9 cases :]e ! act w\ld be an injury to society1 & t ?is consid]ation 9 itself w\ld be suffici5t to div]t an emp]or f ! de$4 ,anton9us1 ! uncle1 pr$ecessor1 & model ( ,m4 ,aurelius1 _h consid]$ x 8 duty sev]al times to prev5t ,hadrian f committ+ suicide 7,sp>tianus1 ,hadrianus74 ,accord+ to ,capitol9us1 ,m>cus ,aurelius 9 8 la/ illness purposely accel]at$ 8 dea? by ab/95ce4 ,! duty ( n ha/ily1 or ?r\gh c[>dice1 ab&on+ a pa? ( duty1 & ! "r ( man to quit life :5 x appe>s intol]able1 are comb9$ v cle>ly by ,epictetus1 ,arrian1 i4 #i2 & ! latt] is ass]t$ 9 ! /ronge/ mann]1 i4 #bd-be4 #cac ,porphyry1 ,de ,ab/4 ,c>nis1 ii4 #dg2 ,plot9us1 #a/ ,enn4 ix4 ,porphyry says 7,life ( ,plot9us7 t ,plot9us dissuad$ him f suicide4 ,!re is a good epitome ( ! argum5ts ( ?is s*ool aga9/ suicide 9 ,macrobius1 ,9 ,som4 ,scip4 #a4 #cad ,quot$ by ,s5eca1 ,ep4 xxvi4 ,cic]o /ates ! ,epicurean doctr9e to be1 8,ut si tol]abiles s9t dolores1 f]amus1 s9 m9us quo animo e vita1 cum ea non placet1 tanquam e !atro1 exeamus0 7,de ,f9ib4 i4 #ae72 & aga91 8,de ,diis immortalibus s9e ullo metu v]a s5tit4 ,non dubitat1 si ita melius sit1 de vita migr>e40--,id4 i4 #ai4 #cae ,?is is notic$ by ,/4 ,j]ome4 #caf ,corn4 ,nepos1 ,atticus4 ,he kill$ himself :5 an old man1 to %ort5 a hopeless disease4 #cag ,petronius1 :o 0 call$ ! arbitrator ( ta/es 78eleganti arbit]071 0 "o ( ! mo/ fam\s voluptu>ies ( ! reign ( ,n]o4 ,unlike mo/ ( 8 contempor>ies1 h[ev]1 he 0 end[$ ) ! mo/ exquisite & ref9$ ta/e2 8 graceful mann]s fasc9at$ all ab\t him1 & made him 9 matt]s ( pleasure ! rul] ( ! ,c\rt4 ,appo9t$ ,proconsul ( ,bi?ynia1 & aft]w>ds ,consul1 he display$ ! en]gies & ! abilities ( a /atesman4 ,a ,c\rt intrigue ?rew him out ( fav\r2 & believ+ t 8 dea? 0 resolv$ on1 he det]m9$ to anticipate x by suicide4 ,call+ 8 fri5ds ab\t him1 he op5$ 8 ve9s1 %ut !m1 & op5$ !m aga92 prolong$ 8 l+]+ dea? till he _h arrang$ 8 affairs2 disc\rs$ 9 8 la/ mom5ts1 n ab\t ! immortality ( ! s\l or ! dogmas ( philosoph]s1 b ab\t ! gay songs & epigrams ( ! h\r2 & p>tak+ ( a *e]ful banquet1 di$ z recklessly z he _h liv$4 7,tacit4 ,annal4 xvi4 #ah-ai47 ,x has be5 a matt] ( mu* dispute :e!r or n ?is ,petronius 0 ! au?or ( ! ,satyricon1 "o ( ! mo/ lic5ti\s & repulsive works 9 ,lat9 lit]ature4 #cah ,s5eca1 ,de ,vita ,beata1 xix4 #cai 8,imp]fect v]o 9 hom9e natur prcipua solatia1 ne ,deum quidem posse omnia2 namque nec sibi pote/ mortem conscisc]e si velit1 quod hom9i d$it optimum 9 tantis vit pnis40--,hi/4 ,nat4 ii4 #e4 #cbj ,hi/4 ,nat4 ii4 #fc4 ,we ne$ n be surpris$ at ?is writ] ?us speak+ ( sudd5 dea?1 8,mortes rep5t9 7hoc e/ summa vit felicitas710 vii4 #ed4 #cba ,tusc4 ,qu/4 lib4 #a4 ,ano!r rem>kable example ( an epidemic ( suicide occurr$ among ! "y girls ( ,miletus4 7,aul4 ,gell4 xv4 #aj47 #cbb ,sir ,cornewall ,lewis1 ,on ! ,cr$ibility ( ,e>ly ,roman ,hi/ory1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dcj4 ,see1 too1 on ?is class ( suicides1 ,cromaziano1 ,i/orica ,critica del ,suicidio 7,v5ezia1 #aghh71 pp4 #ha-hb4 ,! real "n ( ! au?or ( ?is book 7:i* is1 ,i ?9k1 ! be/ hi/ory ( suicide7 0 ,buonaf$e4 ,he 0 a ,cele/9e monk4 ,! book 0 fir/ publi%$ at ,lucca 9 #agfa4 ,x 0 translat$ into ,fr5* 9 #ahda4 #cbc ,s5ec4 ,de ,provid4 ii42 ,ep4 xxiv4 #cbd ,see "s examples ( ?is 9 ,s5eca1 ,ep4 lxx4 #cbe ,see a long catalogue ( suicides aris+ f ?is cause1 9 ,cromaziano1 ,i/4 del ,suicidio1 pp4 #aab-aad4 #cbf ,consol4 ad ,m>c4 c4 xx4 #cbg ,de ,ira1 iii4 #ae4 #cbh ,ep4 lxx4 #cbi ,see ,donne's ,bia?anatos 7,london1 #agjj71 pp4 #ef-eg4 ,gibbon's ,decl9e & ,fall1 *4 xliv4 ,black/one1 9 8 *apt] on suicide1 quotes ! s5t5ce ( ! ,roman lawy]s on ! subject3 8,si quis impati5tia doloris aut tdio vit aut morbo aut furore aut pudore mori maluit non animadv]tatur 9 eum40 ,ulpian expressly ass]ts t ! wills ( suicides 7 recognis$ by law1 & num]\s examples ( ! act1 notori\sly prep>$ & publicly & gradually accompli%$1 prove its legality 9 ,rome4 ,suetonius1 x is true1 speaks ( ,claudius accus+ a man = hav+ tri$ to kill himself 7,claud1 xvi471 & ,xiphil9 says 7lxix4 #h7 t ,hadrian gave special p]mission to ! philosoph] ,euphrates to commit suicide1 8on acc\nt ( old age & disease20 b 9 ! fir/ case x appe>s f ! context t a reproa* & n a legal action 0 meant1 :ile ,euphrates1 ,i suppose1 ask$ p]mission to %[ 8 loyalty to ! emp]or1 & n z a matt] ( /rict necessity4 ,!re 71 h[ev]1 "s ,greek laws condemn+ suicide1 probably on civic gr\nds4 ,josephus m5tions 7,de ,bell4 ,jud4 iii4 #h7 t 9 "s nations 8! "r h& ( ! suicide 0 amputat$1 & t 9 ,judea ! suicide 0 only buri$ aft] sunset40 ,a v /range law1 said to h be5 d]iv$ f ,greece1 is report$ to h exi/$ at ,m>seilles4 ,poison 0 kept by ! s5ate ( ! city1 & giv5 to ^? :o c\ld prove t !y _h suffici5t reason to ju/ify _! desire = dea?1 & all o!r suicide 0 =bidd54 ,! law 0 int5d$1 x 0 said1 to prev5t ha/y suicide1 & to make delib]ate suicide z rapid & pa9less z possible4 7,val]4 ,maximus1 ii4 #f1 #g47 ,9 ! ,reign ( ,t]ror 9 ,france1 a law 0 made simil> to t ( ,domitian4 7,c>lyle's ,hi/4 ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 book v4 c4 ii47 #ccj ,comp>e ) ?is a curi\s 8ord] ( ! day10 issu$ by ,napoleon 9 #ahjb1 ) ! view ( *eck+ ! preval5ce ( suicide among 8 soldi]s4 7,lisle1 ,du ,suicide1 pp4 #dfb-dfc47 #cca ,see ,suetonius1 ,o?o4 c4 x4-xi41 & ! v f9e description 9 ,tacitus1 ,hi/4 lib4 ii4 c4 #dg-di4 ,m>tial comp>es ! dea? ( ,o?o to t ( ,cato3 8,sit ,cato1 dum vivit1 sane vel ,cs>e major2 ,dum moritur1 numquid major ,o?one fuit80 --,ep4 vi4 #cb4 #ccb ,xiphil91 lxviii4 #ab4 #ccc ,tacit4 ,hi/4 ii4 #di4 ,suet4 ,o?o1 #ab4 ,suetonius says t1 9 addition to ^!1 _m soldi]s :o 7 n pres5t kill$ !mselves on he>+ ! news4 #ccd ,ibid4 ,annal4 xiv4 #i4 #cce ,pl94 ,hi/4 ,nat4 vii4 #ed4 ,! opposite faction attribut$ ?is suicide to ! madd5+ effects ( ! p]fumes burnt on ! pile4 #ccf ,tacit4 ,annal4 vi4 #bf4 #ccg ,pl94 ,ep4 i4 #ab4 #cch ,?is hi/ory is satirically & unfeel+ly told by ,lucian4 ,see1 too1 ,ammianus ,m>cell9us1 xxix4 #a4 #cci ,sophocles4 #cdj ,arrian1 i4 #bd4 #cda ,s5eca1 ,ep4 lviii4 #cdb ,/obu4 ,"o ( ! mo/ delib]ate suicides record$ 0 t ( a ,greek woman ( n9ety ye>s old4--,val4 ,maxim4 ii4 #f1 #h4 #cdc ,pl94 ,ep4 iii4 #g4 ,he />v$ himself to dea?4 #cdd ,ep4 i4 #bb4 ,"s ( ,pl9y's expressions are rem>kable3--8,id ego arduum 9 primis et prcipua laude dignum puto4 ,nam impetu quodam et in/9ctu procurr]e ad mortem1 commune cum multis3 delib]>e v]o et causas ejus exp5d]e1 utque suas]it ratio1 vit mortisque consilium suscip]e vel pon]e1 +5tis e/ animi40 ,9 ?is case ! doctors pron\nc$ t recov]y 0 possible1 & ! suicide 0 9 consequ5ce av]t$4 #cde ,lib4 vi4 ,ep4 xxiv4 #cdf ,ep4 lxxvii4 ,on ! =m] c>e] ( ,m>cell9us1 see ,ep4 xxix4 #cdg ,see ! v beautiful l9es ( ,/atius3-- 8,urbe fuit m$ia nulli concessa pot5tum ,ara ,deum1 mitis posuit ,clem5tia s$em3 ,et mis]i fec]e sacram1 s9e supplice numquam ,illa novo2 nulla damnavit vota repulsa4 ,auditi quicunque rogant1 noctesque diesque ,ire datum1 et solis num5 plac>e qu]elis4 ,p>ca sup]/itio2 non ?urea flamma1 nec altus ,accipitur sanguis1 la*rymis alt>ia sudant 444 ,nulla autem effigies1 nulli commissa metallo ,=ma ,de1 m5tes habit>e et pectora gaudet4 ,semp] habet trepidos1 semp] locus horret eg5is ,ctibus1 ignot tantum felicibus ar40--,!baid1 xii4 #dha-dif4 ,?is alt> 0 v old1 & 0 said to h be5 f\nd$ by ! desc5dants ( ,h]cules4 ,diodorus ( ,sicily1 h[ev]1 makes a ,syracusan say t x 0 br\ght f ,syracuse 7lib4 xiii4 #bb74 ,m>cus ,aurelius erect$ a temple to 8,b5efic5tia0 on ! ,capitol4 7,xiphil91 lib4 lxxi4 #cd47 #cdh ,h]odotus1 vi4 #ba4 #cdi ,see ,arrian's ,epictetus1 i4 #i4 ,! v exi/5ce ( ! ^w %[s t ! idea 0 n altoge!r unkn[n4 #cej ,diog4 ,lart4 ,pyrrho4 ,!re 0 a tradition t ,py?agoras _h himself p5etrat$ to ,india1 & le>nt philosophy f ! gymnosophi/s4 7,apuleius1 ,florid4 lib4 ii4 c4 #ae47 #cea ,?is aspect ( ! c>e] ( ,alex&] 0 notic$ 9 a rem>kable passage ( a treatise ascrib$ to ,plut>* 7,de ,=t4 ,alex474 8,conceiv+ he 0 s5t by ,god to be an umpire betwe5 all1 & to unite all toge!r1 he r$uc$ by arms ^? :om he c\ld n conqu] by p]suasion1 & =m$ ( a hundr$ div]se nations "o s+le univ]sal body1 m+l+1 z x 71 9 "o cup ( fri5d%ip ! cu/oms1 m>riages1 & laws ( all4 ,he desir$ t all %\ld reg>d ! :ole _w z _! common c\ntry1 444 t e good man %\ld be e/eem$ a ,hell5e1 e evil man a b>b>ian40 ,see on ?is subject ! ?ird lecture ( ,mr4 ,m]ivale 7^: translation ( ,plut>* ,i h borr[$7 ,on ! ,conv]sion ( ! ,roman ,empire4 #ceb ,!y 7 bo? born ab\t ,b4,c4 #bej4 ,see ,sir ,c4 ,lewis1 ,cr$ibility ( ,e>ly ,roman ,hi/ory1 vol4 i4 p4 #hb4 #cec ,aulus ,gellius m5tions ! indignation ( ,m>cus ,cato aga9/ a consul nam$ ,alb9us1 :o _h writt5 9 ,greek a ,roman hi/ory1 & prefac$ x by an apology = 8 faults ( /yle1 on ! gr\nd t he 0 writ+ 9 a =eign language4 7,noct4 ,att4 xi4 #h47 #ced ,see a vivid picture ( ! ,greek influ5ce ^u ,rome1 9 ,momms5's ,hi/4 ( ,rome 7,eng4 trans471 vol4 iii4 pp4 #dbc-dbf4 #cee ,pl94 ,hi/4 ,nat4 vii4 #ca4 #cef ,see ,fri$lnd]1 ,murs roma9es du rgne d',augu/e la f9 des ,anton9s 7,fr5* trans41 #ahfe71 tome i4 pp4 #f-g4 #ceg ,see ! curi\s catalogue ( ,greek love t]ms 9 vogue 7,lucretius1 lib4 iv4 l9e #aafj1 c474 ,juv5al1 m ?an a hundr$ ye>s lat]1 0 extremely angry ) ! ,roman ladies = mak+ love 9 ,greek 7,sat4 vi4 l9es #aij-aie74 ,fri$lnd] rem>ks t !re is no special t]m 9 ,lat9 = to ask 9 m>riage 7tome i4 p4 #ced74 #ceh ,aul4 ,gell4 ,noct4 xv4 #d2 ,vell4 ,pat]culus1 ii4 #fe4 ,! p 7 mu* sc&alis$ at ?is elevation1 & made epigrams ab\t x4 ,!re is a curi\s catalogue ( m5 :o at diff]5t times rose 9 ,rome f l[ positions to p[] & dignity1 9 ,leg5dre1 ,trait de l',op9ion1 tome ii4 pp4 #bed-bee4 #cei ,dion ,cassius1 xlviii4 #cb4 ,pl94 ,hi/4 ,nat4 v4 #e2 vii4 #dd4 #cfj ,! hi/ory ( ! influ5ce ( fre$m5 is m9utely trac$ by ,fri$lnd]1 ,murs roma9es du rgne d',augu/e la f9 des ,anton9s1 tome i4 pp4 #eh-ic4 ,/atius & ,m>tial sang _! praises4 #cfa ,see ,tacit4 ,ann4 vi4 #bc-be4 #cfb ,on ! ,roman j\rneys1 see ! almo/ exhau/ive diss]tation ( ,fri$lnd]1 tome ii4 #cfc ,joseph4 7,antiq4 xvii4 #aa1 #a7 says above #h1jjj ,jews resid5t 9 ,rome took "p 9 a petition to ,cs>4 ,if ^! 7 all adult males1 ! total numb] ( ,jewi% resid5ts mu/ h be5 extremely l>ge4 #cfd ,see ! fam\s fragm5t ( ,s5eca cit$ by ,/4 ,augu/9 7,de ,civ4 ,dei1 vi4 #aa73 8,usque eo scel]atissim g5tis consuetudo convaluit1 ut p] omnes jam t]ras recepta sit3 victi victoribus leges d$]unt40 ,!re are num]\s scatt]$ allusions to ! ,jews 9 ,horace1 ,juv5al1 & ,m>tial4 #cfe ,! ,c>?ag9ian influ5ce 0 specially conspicu\s 9 e>ly ,*ri/ian hi/ory4 ,t]tullian & ,cyprian 7bo? ,africans7 are ju/ly reg>d$ z ! f\nd]s ( ,lat9 !ology4 7,see ,milman's ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity 7ed4 #ahfg71 vol4 i4 pp4 #ce-cf47 #cff ,milo _h emancipat$ "s slaves to prev5t !m f be+ tortur$ z witnesses4 7,cic4 ,pro ,milo47 ,?is 0 made illegal4 ,! o!r reasons = enfran*isem5t are giv5 by ,dion4 ,halic>n4 ,antiq4 lib4 iv4 #cfg ,?is subject is fully treat$ by ,wallon1 ,hi/4 de l',esclavage dans l',antiquit4 #cfh ,s5ec4 ,de ,clem54 i4 #bd4 #cfi ,see1 on ! prom95ce & ! insol5ce ( ! fre$m51 ,tacit4 ,annal4 iii4 #bf-bg4 #cgj ,montesquieu1 ,dcad5ce des ,roma9s1 *4 xiii4 #cga ,see ! v curi\s spee* attribut$ to ,camillus 7,livy1 v4 #eb74 #cgb 8,c>itas g5]is humani40--,de ,f9ib4 ,s1 too1 he speaks 7,de ,leg4 i4 #bc7 ( e good man z 8civis totius mundi40 #cgc ,he speaks ( ,rome z 8civitas ex nationum conv5tu con/ituta40 #cgd ,de ,legib4 i4 #g4 #cge ,de ,(fic4 #cgf ,ibid4 iii4 #f4 #cgg ,de ,(fic4 iii4 #f4 #cgh ,de ,legib4 i4 #ae4 #cgi 8,tunc g5us humanum positis sibi consulat armis1 ,inque vicem g5s omnis amet40 --,ph>salia1 vi4 #chj ,ep4 xcv4 #cha ,ep4 xxxi4 #chb ,de ,vita ,beata1 xx4 #chc ,arrian1 ii4 #aj4 #chd vi4 #dd4 #che 8,hc duri immota ,catonis ,secta fuit1 s]v>e modum1 f9emque t5]e1 ,naturamque sequi1 patrique imp5d]e vitam1 ,nec sibi s$ toti g5itum se cr$]e mundo40 ,lucan1 ,ph>s4 ii4 #chj-chc4 #chf ,!re is a passage on ?is subject 9 "o ( ! lett]s ( ,pl9y1 :i* ,i ?9k extremely rem>kable1 & to :i* ,i c recall no pagan p>allel3--8,nup] me cujusdam amici languor admonuit1 optimos esse nos dum infirmi sumus4 ,quem enim infirmum aut av>itia aut libido solicitat8 ,non amoribus s]vit1 non appetit honores 444 tunc deos1 tunc hom9em esse se mem9it40--,pl94 ,ep4 vii4 #bf4 #chg ,ep4 viii4 #af4 ,he says3 8,hom9is e/ enim affici dolore1 s5tire1 resi/]e tam51 et solatia admitt]e1 non solatiis non eg]e40 #chh ,?is *>act]i/ic ( ,/oicism is well notic$ 9 ,grant's ,ari/otle1 vol4 i4 p4 #bed4 ,! fir/ volume ( ?is "w conta9s an extremely good review ( ! pr9ciples ( ! ,/oics4 #chi ,cie4 ,de ,f9ib4 lib4 iv4 #cij ,arrian1 ,epict4 ii4 #ad4 #cia ,ibid4 i4 #i4 #cib ,ibid4 i4 #ad4 #cic ,ibid4 i4 #af4 #cid ,arrian1 ii4 #h4 #cie ,plut>*1 ,de ,pr(ect4 9 ,virt4 ,?is precept 0 en=c$ by ,bi%op ,s&]son 9 "o ( 8 s]mons4 7,s\!y's ,commonplace ,book1 vol4 i4 p4 #ib47 #cif ,diog4 ,lart4 ,py?agoras4 #cig ,?us ,cic]o makes ,cato say3 8,py?agoreorumque m1 ex]c5d memori gratia1 quid quoque die dix]im1 audiv]im1 eg]im1 commemoro vesp]i40--,de ,s5ect4 xi4 #cih ,ibid4 #cii ,s]mon1 i4 #d4 #djj ,he ev5 gave up1 = a "t1 eat+ meat1 9 ob$i5ce to ! ,py?agorean pr9ciples4 7,ep4 cviii47 ,s5eca _h two ma/]s ( ?is s*ool1 ,sextius & ,sotion4 ,he 0 at ?is "t n m ?an sev5te5 ye>s old4 7,see ,aub]t91 tude critique sur les ,rapports supposs entre ,snque et ,/4 ,paul1 p4 #aef47 #dja ,see 8 v beautiful description ( ! self-exam9ation ( ,sextius & ( himself4 7,de ,ira1 iii4 #cf47 #djb ,arrian1 ii4 #ah4 ,comp>e ! ,manual ( ,epictetus1 xxxiv4 #djc 8,quod de ,romulo gre cr$itum e/1 omnes p>i cons5su prsums]unt1 ,m>cum clo receptum esse40--,aur4 ,vict4 ,epit4 xvi4 8,deusque etiam nunc habetur40--,capitol9us4 #djd ,! fir/ book ( 8 ,m$itations 0 writt5 on ! bord]s ( ! ,granua1 9 ,hung>y4 #dje i4 #ad4 #djf ,see 8 t\*+ lett] to ,fronto1 :o 0 ab\t to engage 9 a debate ) ,h]od ,atticus4 #djg i4 #f-ae4 ,! eulogy he pass$ on 8 ,/oic ma/] ,apollonius is wor?y ( notice4 ,apollonius furni%$ him ) an example ( ! comb9ation ( extreme firmness & g5tl5ess4 #djh ,e4g4 8,bew>e ( ,cs>is+40 7vi4 #cj47 8,be nei!r a trag$ian nor a c\rtesan40 7v4 #bh47 8,be j & temp]ate & a foll[] ( ! gods2 b be s ) simplicity1 = ! pride ( mode/y is ! wor/ ( all40 7xii4 #bg47 #dji iii4 #d4 #daj i4 #ag4 #daa v4 #a4 #dab ix4 #bi4 #dac viii4 #ei4 #dad xi4 #ah4 #dae ix4 #aa4 #daf viii4 #ae4 #dag vii4 #gj4 #dah vii4 #fc4 #dai vii4 #bb4 #dbj ,mr4 ,maurice1 9 ?is respect1 comp>es & contra/s him v happily ) ,plut>*4 8,l ,plut>*1 ! ,greek & ,roman *>act]s 7 9 ,m>cus ,aurelius rem>kably bl5d$2 b1 unlike ,plut>*1 ! f\ndation ( 8 m9d 0 ,roman4 ,he 0 a /ud5t t he might m effectually c>ry on ! bus9ess ( an emp]or40--,philosophy ( ! ,fir/ ,six ,c5turies1 p4 #cb4 #dba vi4 #dg4 #dbb ,capitol9us1 ,aurelius ,victor4 #dbc ,m4 ,suckau1 9 8 admirable tude sur ,m>c-,aurle1 & ,m4 ,r5an1 9 a v acute & le>n$ ,exam5 de quelques faits relatifs l'impratrice ,fau/9e 7read be=e ! ,in/itut1 ,augu/ #ad1 #ahfg71 h %[n ! extreme unc]ta9ty ( ! /ories ab\t ! debau*]ies ( ,fau/9a1 :i* ! biograph]s ( ,m>cus ,aurelius h collect$4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! emp]or himself has left an emphatic te/imony to h] virtue1 & to ! happ9ess he d]iv$ f h] 7i4 #ag72 t ! e>lie/ extant biograph] ( ,m>cus ,aurelius 0 a g5]ation lat]2 & t ! infam\s "* ( ,commodus naturally pr$ispos$ m5 to imag9e t he 0 n ! son ( s p]fect an emp]or4 #dbd 8,quid me fletis1 et non magis de pe/il5tia et communi morte cogitatis80 ,capitol9us1 ,m4 ,aurelius4 #dbe ,ibid4 #dbf ,_m examples ( ?is are giv5 by ,c\langes1 ,la ,cit antique1 pp4 #agg-agh4 #dbg ,all ?is is relat$ by ,suetonius1 ,augu/4 #dbh ,tacit4 ,annal4 iv4 #cf4 #dbi ,see1 e4g41 ! s5tim5ts ( ! p ab\t ,julius ,cs>1 ,sueton4 ,j4 ,c4 lxxxviii4 #dcj ,sueton4 ,vesp4 xxiii4 #dca 8,qualis artifex p]eo0 7 8 dy+ words4 #dcb ,see ,sueton4 ,calig4 #a4 #dcc ,sueton4 ,calig4 xxii4 ,a /atue ( ,jupit] is said to h bur/ out laugh+ j be=e ! dea? ( ?is emp]or4 #dcd ,s5eca1 ,de ,ira1 i4 #df2 ,sueton4 ,calig4 xxii4 #dce ,lampridius1 ,heliogab4 #dcf ,s5ec4 ,de ,clem54 i4 #ah4 #dcg ,tacit4 ,annal4 iii4 #cf4 #dch ,s5ec4 ,de ,b5efic4 iii4 #bf4 #dci ,tacit4 ,annal4 i4 #gc4 ,tib]ius refus$ to all[ ?is case to be proce$$ )4 ,see1 too1 ,philo/4 ,apollonius ( ,tyana1 i4 #ae4 #ddj ,suet4 ,tib]4 lviii4 #dda 8,muli] qudam1 quod semel exu]at ante /atuam ,domitiani1 damnata et int]fecta e/40--,xiphil91 lxvii4 #ab4 #ddb 8,eos demum1 qui nihil prt]quam de lib]tate cogit5t1 dignos esse1 qui ,romani fiant40--,livy1 viii4 #ba4 #ddc ,val]ius ,maximus1 iv4 #c1 #ad4 #ddd ,see ! picture ( ?is sc5e 9 ,tacitus1 ,hi/4 iii4 #hc4 #dde ,dion4 ,halic>nass4 #ddf 8,div9a ,natura d$it agros2 ars humana dificavit urbes40 #ddg ,see a collection ( passages f ^! writ]s 9 ,wallon1 ,hi/4 de l',esclavage1 tome ii4 pp4 #cgh-cgi4 ,pl9y1 9 ! fir/ c5tury1 notic$ 7,hi/4 ,nat4 xviii4 #g7 t ! latifundia1 or sy/em ( l>ge prop]ties1 0 ru9+ bo? ,italy & ! prov9ces1 & t six l&lords :om ,n]o kill$ 7 ! possessors ( half ,roman ,africa4 #ddh ,tacit4 ,annal4 xii4 #dc4 ,! same compla9t _h be5 made /ill e>li] by ,tib]ius1 9 a lett] to ! ,s5ate4 7,annal4 iii4 #ed47 #ddi ,augu/us1 = a "t1 contemplat$ aboli%+ ! di/ributions1 b soon gave up ! idea4 7,suet4 ,aug4 xlii47 ,he notic$ t x _h ! effect ( caus+ ! fields to be neglect$4 #dej ,m4 ,wallon has c>efully trac$ ?is hi/ory4 7,hi/4 de l',esclav4 tome iii4 pp4 #bid-big47 #dea ,livy1 iv4 #ei-fj4 ,florus1 i4 #ab4 #deb ,livy1 xxiv4 #di4 #dec ,sallu/1 ,bell4 ,jugur?4 #hd-hf4 #ded ,livy1 xxxix4 #f4 #dee 8,primus ,cs>um fidem militis etiam prmio pign]atus40--,suet4 ,claud4 x4 #def ,see ,tacitus1 ,annal4 xiii4 #ce2 ,hi/4 ii4 #fi4 #deg ,m4 ,sismondi ?9ks t ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity 9 subdu+ ! _s ( revolt1 if n 9 ! army1 at lea/ 9 ! p1 0 v great4 ,he says3 8,il e/ rem>quable qu'en c9q ans1 sept prt5dans au trne1 t\s bi5 suprieurs ,honorius en c\rage1 en tal5s et en v]tus1 fur5t successivem5t envoys captifs ,rav5ne ou punis de mort1 que le peuple applaudit t\j\rs ces jugem5s et ne se sp>a po9t de l'autorit lgitime1 tant la doctr9e du droit div9 des rois que les vques avoi5t comm5c pr*] s\s ,?odose avoit fait de progrs1 et tant le monde roma9 sembloit det]m9 prir avec un mon>que imbcile plutt que t5t de se donn] un sauveur40--,hi/4 de la ,*ute de l',empire roma91 tome i4 p4 #bba4 #deh ,see ,gibbon1 *4 v42 ,m]ivale's ,hi/4 ( ,rome1 *4 lxvii4 ,x 0 ?\ght t troops ?us select$ w\ld be less likely to revolt4 ,con/ant9e aboli%$ ! ,prtorians4 #dei ,! gladiatorial %[s are treat$ incid5tally by mo/ ,roman hi/orians1 b ! ?ree works f :i* ,i h d]iv$ mo/ assi/ance 9 ?is "p ( my subject are ! ,saturnalia ( ,ju/us ,lipsius1 ,magn91 ,orig9es du ,?tre 7an extremely le>n$ & int]e/+ book1 :i* 0 unhappily nev] complet$71 & ,fri$lnd]'s ,roman ,mann]s f ,augu/us to ! ,anton9es 7! second volume ( ! ,fr5* translation74 ,m4 ,wallon has also compress$ into a few pages 7,hi/4 de l',esclavage1 tome ii4 pp4 #abi-aci7 mu* in=mation on ! subject4 #dfj ,h5ce ! old "n ( bu/u>ii 7f bu/um1 a fun]al pile7 giv5 to gladiators 7,nieupoort1 ,de ,ritibus ,romanorum1 p4 #ead74 ,accord+ to ,pl9y 7,hi/4 ,nat4 xxx4 #c71 8regul> human sacrifices 7 only aboli%$ 9 ,rome by a decree ( ! s5ate1 ,b4,c4 #ig10 & !re are "s in/ances ( !m at a /ill lat] p]iod4 ,mu* in=mation ab\t !m is collect$ by ,sir ,c4 ,lewis1 ,cr$ibility ( ,roman ,hi/ory1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dcj2 ,m]ivale1 ,conv]sion ( ! ,roman ,empire1 pp4 #bcj-bcc2 ,leg5dre1 ,trait de l',op9ion1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bbi-bca4 ,porphyry1 9 8 ,de ,ab/95tia ,c>nis1 devot$ consid]able rese>* to ?is matt]4 ,games 7 habitually celebrat$ by weal?y private individuals1 dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! empire1 at ! fun]als ( _! relatives1 b _! mortu>y "* gradually ceas$1 & aft] ,m>cus ,aurelius !y _h become m]e public spectacles1 & 7 r>ely celebrat$ at ,rome by private m54 7,see ,wallon1 ,hi/4 de l',esclav4 tome ii4 pp4 #ace-acf47 ,! games _h !n really pass$ into _! purely secul> /age1 ?\gh !y 7 /ill nom9ally d$icat$ to ,m>s & ,diana1 & ?\gh an alt> ( ,jupit] ,lati>is /ood 9 ! c5tre ( ! ar5a4 7,nieupoort1 p4 #cfe47 #dfa ,cic]o1 ,tusc4 lib4 ii4 #dfb ,capitol9us1 ,maximus et ,balb9us4 ,capitol9us says ?is is ! mo/ probable orig9 ( ! cu/om1 ?\gh o!rs reg>d$ x z a sacrifice to appease ,nemesis by an (f]+ ( blood4 #dfc ,mu* curi\s in=mation on ?is subject may be f\nd 9 ,fri$lnd]1 ,murs roma9es1 liv4 vi4 *4 i4 ,v few ,roman emp]ors v5tur$ to disreg>d or to repress ^! outcries1 & !y l$ to ! fall ( sev]al ( ! mo/ p[]ful m9i/]s ( ! empire4 ,on ! :ole ^! games repres5t ! /range/ & mo/ gha/ly =m political lib]ty has ev] assum$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! p readily b>t]$ all g5u9e fre$om = abundant games4 #dfd ,val]4 ,maximus1 ii4 #d1 #g4 #dfe ,on ! gladiators at banquets1 see ,j4 ,lipsius1 ,saturnalia1 lib4 i4 c4 vi41 ,magn92 ,orig9es du ,?tre1 pp4 #chj-che4 ,?is 0 orig9ally an ,etruscan cu/om1 & x 0 also v common at ,capua4 ,z ,silius ,italicus says3-- 8,exhil>>e viris convivia cde ,mos olim1 et misc]e epulis spectacula dira40 ,v]us1 ! colleague ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 0 especially addict$ to ?is k9d ( ent]ta9m5t4 7,capitol9us1 ,v]us47 ,see1 too1 ,a!nu iv4 #dj1 #da4 #dff ,s5ec4 ,de ,brevit4 ,vit4 c4 xiii4 #dfg ,sueton4 ,j4 ,cs>1 xxvi4 ,pl9y 7,ep4 vi4 #cd7 comm5ds a fri5d = hav+ giv5 a %[ 9 memory ( 8 dep>t$ wife4 #dfh ,pl9y1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 xxxiii4 #af4 #dfi ,sueton4 ,cs>1 x42 ,dion ,cassius1 xliii4 #bd4 #dgj ,sueton4 ,aug4 xxix4 ,! hi/ory ( ! amphi!atres is giv5 v m9utely by ,fri$lnd]1 :o1 l ne>ly all o!r antiqu>ies1 believes ?is to h be5 ! fir/ ( /one4 ,pl9y m5tions ! exi/5ce1 at an e>li] p]iod1 ( two connect$ wood5 !atres1 :i* swung r\nd on h+es & =m$ an amphi!atre4 7,hi/4 ,nat4 xxxvi4 #bd47 #dga ,dion ,cassius1 liv4 #b4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 f an inscription1 t #aj1jjj gladiators f\ght 9 ! reign & by ! comm& ( ,augu/us4 ,wallon1 ,hi/4 de l',esclavage1 tome ii4 p4 #acc4 #dgb ,sueton4 ,tib]4 xxxiv4 ,n]o made ano!r slight re/riction 7,tacit4 ,annal4 xiii4 #ca71 :i* appe>s to h be5 little obs]v$4 #dgc ,m>tial notices 7,ep4 iii4 #ei7 & ridicules a spectacle giv5 by a %oemak] at ,bologna1 & by a full] at ,mod5a4 #dgd ,epictetus1 ,en*ir4 xxxiii4 #b4 #dge ,arrian1 iii4 #ae4 #dgf ,see ^! po9ts m9utely prov$ 9 ,fri$lnd]4 #dgg ,suet4 ,aug4 xliv4 ,?is 0 notic$ be=e by ,cic]o4 ,! ,*ri/ian poet ,prud5tius dwelt on ?is aspect ( ! games 9 "s =cible l9es3-- 8,virgo mode/a jubet conv]so pollice rumpi ,ne lateat p>s ulla anim vitalibus imis ,altius impresso dum palpitat ense secutor40 #dgh ,sueton4 ,tib]ius1 xl4 ,tacitus1 :o gives a graphic description ( ! disa/] 7,annal4 iv4 #fb-fc71 says #ej1jjj p]sons 7 kill$ or w\nd$4 #dgi ,tacit4 ,annal4 xiii4 #di4 #dhj ,joseph4 ,bell4 ,jud4 vi4 #i4 #dha ,see ! v curi\s picture :i* ,livy has giv5 7xli4 #bj7 ( ! gr[? ( ! fasc9ation4 #dhb ,joseph4 ,antiq4 ,jud4 xix4 #g4 #dhc ,lucian1 ,demonax4 #dhd ,philo/4 ,apoll4 iv4 #bb4 #dhe ,fri$lnd]1 tome ii4 pp4 #ie-if4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 sev]al extant ,greek inscriptions relat+ to gladiators1 & prov+ ! exi/5ce ( ! %[s 9 ,greece4 ,pompeii1 :i* 0 a ,greek colony1 _h a va/ amphi!atre1 :i* we may /ill admire2 &1 "u ,n]o1 games 7 prohibit$ at ,pompeii = t5 ye>s1 9 consequ5ce ( a riot t broke out dur+ a gladiatorial %[4 7,tacit4 ,annal4 xiv4 #ag47 ,aft] ! defeat ( ,p]seus1 ,paulus ,emilius celebrat$ a %[ 9 ,mac$onia4 7,livy1 xli4 #bj47 #dhf ,^! are fully discuss$ by ,magn9 & ,fri$lnd]4 ,!re is a v beautiful description ( a ballet1 repres5t+ ! 8,judgm5t ( ,p>is10 9 ,apuleius1 ,metamorph4 x4 #dhg ,pacuvius & ,accius 7 ! f\nd]s ( ,roman trag$y4 ,! abridg]1 ,velleius ,pat]culus1 :o is ! only ,roman hi/orian :o pays any att5tion to lit]>y hi/ory1 boa/s t ! latt] might rank hon\rably ) ! be/ ,greek trag$ians4 ,he adds1 8ut 9 illis ! ,greeks lim1 9 hoc pne plus videatur fuisse sangu9is40--,hi/4 ,rom4 ii4 #i4 #dhh ,?us1 e4g41 ,hobbes3 8,ali5 calamitatis contemptus nom9atur crudelitas1 proc$itque a propri securitatis op9ione4 ,nam ut aliquis sibi placeat 9 malis ali5is s9e alio f9e1 videtur mihi impossibile40--,levia?an1 p>s i4 c4 vi4 #dhi ,sueton4 ,claudius1 xxxiv4 #dij 8,et v]so pollice vulgi ,quemlibet occidunt popul>it]40--,juv5al1 ,sat4 iii4 #cf-cg4 #dia ,besides ! _m incid5tal notices scatt]$ ?r\gh ! ,roman hi/orians1 & ?r\gh ! writ+s ( ,s5eca1 ,plut>*1 ,juv5al1 & ,pl9y1 we h a curi\s little book1 ,de ,spectaculis1 by ,m>tial--a book :i* is n m horrible f ! atrocities x rec\nts ?an f ! p]fect abs5ce ( all feel+ ( repulsion or compassion x ev]y:]e displays4 #dib ,^! are b a few ( ! _m examples giv5 by ,magn91 :o has collect$ a va/ array ( au?orities on ! subject4 7,orig9es du ,?tre1 pp4 #dde-dec47 ,m4 ,mongez has devot$ an int]e/+ memoir to 8,les animaux prom5s ou tus dans le cirque40 7,mm4 de l',acad4 des ,inscrip4 et ,belles-lettres1 tome x47 ,see1 too1 ,fri$lnd]4 ,pl9y r>ely gives an acc\nt ( any wild animal )\t accompany+ x by /ati/ics ab\t its appe>ances 9 ! ar5a4 ,! fir/ in/ance ( a wild bea/ hunt 9 ! amphi!atre is said to be t record$ by ,livy 7xxxix4 #bb71 :i* took place ab\t #hj ,b4,c4 #dic ,capitol9us1 ,gordiani4 #did ,vopiscus1 ,aurelian4 #die ,xiphil91 lxviii4 #ae4 #dif ,tacit4 ,annal4 xv4 #dd4 #dig ,xiphil91 lxvii4 #h2 ,/atius1 ,sylv4 i4 #f4 #dih ,dur+ ! ,republic1 a ri* man ord]$ 9 8 w t "s wom5 he _h pur*as$ = ! purpose %\ld fight 9 ! fun]al games to 8 memory1 b ! p annull$ ! clause4 7,a!neus1 iv4 #ci47 ,"u ,n]o & ,domitian1 female gladiators seem to h be5 n uncommon4 ,see ,/atius1 ,sylv4 i4 #f2 ,sueton4 ,domitian1 iv42 ,xiphil91 lxvii4 #h4 ,juv5al describes ! en?usiasm ) :i* ,roman ladies practis$ ) ! gladiatorial weapons 7,sat4 vi4 #bdh1 c471 & ,m>tial 7,de ,spectac4 vi47 m5tions ! combats ( wom5 ) wild bea/s4 ,"o1 he says1 kill$ a lion4 ,a combat ( female gladiators1 "u ,sev]us1 creat$ "s tumult1 & x 0 decre$ t !y %\ld no long] be p]mitt$4 7,xiphil91 lxxv4 #af47 ,see ,magn91 pp4 #dcd-dce4 #dii ,m>tial1 ,de ,spectac4 vii4 #ejj ,ibid4 ,ep4 viii4 #cj4 #eja ,t]tullian1 ,ad ,nation4 i4 #aj4 ,"o ( ! mo/ gha/ly features ( ! games 0 ! comic aspect !y sometimes assum$4 ,?is 0 ! case 9 ! combats ( dw>fs4 ,!re 7 also combats by bl9d-fold$ m54 ,petronius 7,satyricon1 c4 xlv47 has giv5 u a horrible description ( ! maim$ & feeble m5 :o 7 sometimes compell$ to fight4 ,p afflict$ ) epilepsy 7 accu/om$ to dr9k ! blood ( ! w\nd$ gladiators1 :i* !y believ$ to be a sov]eign rem$y4 7,pl9y1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 xxviii4 #b2 ,t]tul4 ,apol4 ix47 #ejb 8,nec unquam s9e humano cruore cnabat0--,lactan4 ,de ,mort4 ,p]sec4 ,mu* ! same ?+ is told ( ! ,*ri/ian emp]or ,ju/9ian ,,ii41 :o liv$ at ! end ( ! sev5? c5tury4 7,sismondi1 ,hi/4 de la ,*ute de l',empire ,roma91 tome ii4 p4 #he47 #ejc ,w9ckelmann says ! /atue call$ 8,! ,dy+ ,gladiator0 does n repres5t a gladiator4 ,at a lat] p]iod1 h[ev]1 /atues ( gladiators 7 n uncommon1 & ,pl9y notices 7,hi/4 ,nat4 xxxv4 #cc7 pa9t+s ( !m4 ,a f9e specim5 ( mosaic portraits ( gladiators is n[ 9 ! ,lat]an ,museum4 #ejd ,plut>*'s ,life ( ,cs>4 #eje ,dion ,cassius1 li4 #g4 #ejf ,fau/9a1 ! wife ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 0 especially accus$ ( ?is weakness4 7,capitol9us1 ,m>cus ,aurelius47 #ejg ,s5eca1 ,de ,provid5t4 iv4 #ejh ,arrian's ,epictetus1 i4 #bi4 #eji ,s5eca1 ,de ,provid5t4 iii4 #eaj ,aulus ,gellius1 xii4 #e4 #eaa ,cic]o1 ,tusc4 lib4 ii4 #eab ,"s ,equites f\ght "u ,julius ,cs>1 & a s5ator nam$ ,fulvius ,set9us wi%$ to fight1 b ,cs> prev5t$ him4 7,suet4 ,cs>1 xxxix42 ,dion ,cassius1 xliii4 #bc47 ,n]o1 accord+ to ,suetonius1 compell$ m5 ( ! highe/ rank to fight4 ,laws prohibit+ patricians f fight+ 7 sev]al times made & violat$4 7,fri$lnd]1 pp4 #ci-da47 ,commodus is said to h be5 himself passionately fond ( fight+ z a gladiator4 ,mu*1 h[ev]1 ( :at ,lampridius relates on ?is po9t is p]fectly incr$ible4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! pr(ession ( ! gladiator 0 con/antly spok5 ( z infam\s2 b ?is oscillation betwe5 extreme admiration & contempt w surprise no "o :o has notic$ ! tone cont9ually adopt$ ab\t prize-fight]s 9 ,engl&1 & ab\t ! memb]s ( "s o!r pr(essions on ! ,cont95t4 ,juv5al dwells 7,sat4 viii4 #aig-baj7 ) great indignation on an in/ance ( a patrician fight+4 #eac 8,quis m$iocris gladiator +emuit1 quis vultum mutavit unquam80--,cic4 ,tusc4 ,qu/4 lib4 ii4 #ead ,e4g4 ,clem4 ,alex4 ,/rom4 iii4 ,!re is a well-kn[n passage ( ?is k9d 9 ,horace1 ,ars ,poet4 #dab-dae4 ,! comp>ison ( ! good man to an a?lete or gladiator1 :i* ,/4 ,paul employ$1 occurs also 9 ,s5eca & ,epictetus1 f :i* "s h inf]r$ t !y mu/ h kn[n ! writ+s ( ! ,apo/le4 ,m4 ,d5is1 h[ev]1 has %[n 7,ides morales dans l',antiquit1 tome ii4 p4 #bdj7 t ! same comp>ison _h be5 us$1 be=e ! rise ( ,*ri/ianity1 by ,plato1 s*9es1 & ,cic]o4 #eae ,confess4 vi4 #h4 #eaf 8,s]vi etsi p] =tunam 9 omnia obnoxii1 tam5 quasi secundum hom9um g5us sunt40--,florus1 ,hi/4 iii4 #bj4 #eag ,macr9us1 h[ev]1 puni%$ fugitive slaves by compell+ !m to fight z gladiators4 7,capitol9us1 ,macr9us47 #eah ,tacit4 ,annal4 xii4 #ef4 ,accord+ to ,fri$lnd]1 h[ev]1 !re 7 two classes ( crim9als4 ,"o class 7 condemn$ only to fight1 & p>don$ if !y conqu]$2 ! o!rs 7 condemn$ to fight till dea?1 & ?is 0 consid]$ an aggravation ( capital puni%m5t4 #eai 8,ad concili&um plebis favorem effusa l>gitio1 quum spectaculis indulget1 supplicia quondam ho/ium artem facit40--,florus1 iii4 #ab4 #ebj ,tusc4 ,qu/4 ii4 #ag4 #eba ,see 8 magnific5t lett] on ! subject4 7,ep4 vii47 #ebb ,9 8 two treatises ,de ,esu ,c>nium4 #ebc ,pl9y4 ,ep4 iv4 #bb4 #ebd ,xiphil91 lxxi4 #bi4 ,capitol9us1 ,m4 ,aurelius4 ,! emp]or also once c>ri$ (f ! gladiators to a w> ) 8 army1 mu* to ! indignation ( ! p4 7,capit47 ,he has himself notic$ ! extreme we>9ess he felt at ! public amusem5ts he 0 oblig$ to att5d4 7vii4 #c47 #ebe ,sueton4 ,titus1 viii4 #ebf 8,visum e/ spectaculum inde non en]ve nec fluxum1 nec quod animos virorum molliret et frang]et1 s$ quod ad pul*ra vuln]a contemptumque mortis acc5d]et40--,pl9y1 ,paneg4 xxxiii4 #ebg 8,prt]ea tanto cons5su rogab>is1 ut neg>e non con/ans s$ durum vid]etur40--,pl94 ,epi/4 vi4 #cd4 #ebh ,symma*4 ,epi/4 ii4 #df4 #ebi ,sueton4 ,domitian1 iii4 ,x is v curi\s t ! same emp]or1 ab\t ! same "t 7! beg9n+ ( 8 reign71 _h su* a horror ( blood%$ t he resolv$ to prohibit ! sacrifice ( ox54 7,suet4 ,dom4 ix47 #ecj 8,p5dant qu'il re/ait au logis1 il n'tait incommode p]sonne2 il y passait la meilleure p>tie de son temps tranquillem5t dans sa *ambre4444 ,il se div]tissait aussi quelquefois fum] une pipe de tabac2 ou bi5 lorsqu'il v\lait se rel*] l'esprit un peu plus longtemps1 il *]*ait des araignes qu'il faisait battre ensemble1 ou des m\*es qu'il jetait dans la toile d'araigne1 et reg>dait ensuite cette bataille avec tant de plaisir qu'il clatait quelquefois de rire40--,col]us1 ,vie de ,sp9oza4 #eca ,?is is notic$ by ,george ,duval 9 a curi\s passage ( 8 ,s\v5irs de la ,t]reur1 quot$ by ,"l ,lytton 9 a note to 8 ,zanoni4 #ecb ,essay on ,goodness4 #ecc ,?is contra/ has be5 notic$ by ,ar*bi%op ,:ately 9 a lecture on ,egypt4 ,see1 too1 ,leg5dre1 ,trait de l',op9ion1 tome ii4 p4 #cgd4 #ecd ,tacit4 ,annal4 xiv4 #de4 #ece ,s5ec4 ,de ,clem54 i4 #ad4 #ecf ,val4 ,max4 ii4 #i4 ,?is writ] speaks ( 8! eyes ( a mi/ress delight+ 9 human blood0 ) z mu* horror z if ! gladiatorial games 7 unkn[n4 ,livy gives a r diff]5t v]sion ( ?is /ory4 #ecg ,tacit4 ,annal4 i4 #gf4 #ech ,sueton4 ,calig4 xi4 #eci ,sp>tian4 ,c>acalla4 ,t]tullian m5tions t 8 nurse 0 a ,*ri/ian4 #edj ,capitol9us1 ,m>cus ,aurelius4 ,capitol9us1 :o wrote "u ,diocletian1 says t 9 8 "t ! cu/om ( spread+ a net "u ! rope-danc] /ill cont9u$4 ,i d n "k :5 x ceas$ at ,rome1 b ,/4 ,*ryso/om m5tions t 9 8 "t x _h be5 aboli%$ 9 ! ,ea/4--,jort9's ,rem>ks on ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 ii4 #ga 7ed4 #ahdf74 #eda ,tacit4 ,ann4 iii4 #ee4 #edb ,*ampagny1 ,les ,anton9s1 tome ii4 pp4 #agi-bjj4 #edc 4--,diog4 ,lart4 ,z5o4 #edd ,?us ,tigell9us spoke ( 8,/oicorum arrogantia sectaque qu turbidos et negotiorum appet5tes faciat40--,tacit4 ,ann4 xiv4 #eg4 ,! accusation does n appe> to h be5 q untrue1 = ,vespasian1 :o 0 a v mod]ate emp]or1 ?\ght x necess>y to bani% ne>ly all ! philosoph]s f ,rome on acc\nt ( _! facti\sness4 ,sometimes ! ,/oics %[$ _! indep5d5ce by a r gratuit\s insol5ce4 ,dion ,cassius relates t1 :5 ,n]o 0 ?9k+ ( writ+ a poem 9 #djj books1 he ask$ ! advice ( ! ,/oic ,cornutus1 :o said1 t no "o w\ld read s long a "w4 8,b10 answ]$ ,n]o1 8y\r fav\rite ,*rysippus wrote /ill m num]\s books40 8,true10 rejo9$ ,cornutus1 8b !n !y 7 ( use to humanity40 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,s5eca is ju/ly accus$ ( condesc5d+ too mu* to ! vices ( ,n]o 9 8 ef=ts to mitigate _! effects4 #ede ,! influ5ce ( ,/oicism on ,roman law has be5 (t5 exam9$4 ,see1 especially1 ,deg]&o1 ,hi/4 de la ,philosophie 7#bnd ed471 tome iii4 pp4 #bjb-bjd2 ,laf]rire1 ,de l',influ5ce du ,/ocisme sur les ,jurisconsultes roma9s2 ,d5is1 ,?ories et ,ides morales dans l',antiquit1 tome ii4 pp4 #ahg-bag2 ,troplong1 ,influ5ce du ,*ri/ianisme sur le ,droit civil des ,roma9s2 ,m]ivale1 ,conv]sion ( ! ,roman ,empire1 lec4 iv42 & ! great "w ( ,grav9a1 ,de ,ortu et ,progressu ,juris civilis4 #edf ,cic4 ,de ,legib4 ii4 #d1 #bc4 #edg ,!re 7 two rival s*ools1 t ( ,labeo & t ( ,capito4 ,! fir/ 0 rem>kable = its /rict adh]5ce to ! lett] ( ! law--! second = ! latitude ( int]pretation x admitt$4 #edh ,dig4 lib4 i4 tit4 #ag-cb4 #edi ,ibid4 i4 tit4 #a-c4 #eej ,ibid4 i4 tit4 #a-d4 #eea ,dig4 lib4 i4 tit4 #d-e4 #eeb ,laf]rire1 p4 #cb4 ,wallon1 ,hi/4 de l',esclavage dans l',antiquit1 tome iii4 pp4 #ga-hj4 ,m4 ,wallon gives _m curi\s in/ances ( legal decisions on ?is po9t4 #eec ,to prove t ?is is ! correct conception ( law 0 ! ma9 object ( ,cic]o's treatise ,de ,legibus4 ,ulpian def9$ jurisprud5ce z 8div9>um atque human>um r]um notitia1 ju/i atque inju/i sci5tia40--,dig4 lib4 i4 tit4 #a-aj4 ,s ,paul 8,id quod semp] quum ad bonum e/ jus dicitur ut e/ jus naturale40--,dig4 lib4 i4 tit4 #a-aa4 ,& ,gaius1 8,quod v]o naturalis ratio int] omnes hom9es con/ituit 444 vocatur jus g5tium40--,dig4 lib4 i4 tit4 #a-i4 ,! ,/oics _h def9$ true wisdom z 8r]um div9>um atque human>um sci5tia40--,cic4 ,de ,(fic4 i4 #dc4 #eed ,cic]o comp>es ! phraseology ( ! ,/oics ) t ( ! ,p]ipatetics1 ma9ta9+ t ! precision ( ! =m] is well adapt$ to legal discussions1 & ! r$undancy ( ! latt] to oratory4 8,omnes f]e ,/oici prud5tissimi 9 diss]5do s9t et id arte faciant1 s9tque ar*itecti p5e v]borum2 iidem traducti a disput&o ad dic5dum1 inopes rep]iantur3 unum excipio ,catonem4444 ,p]ipateticorum in/itutis commodius f+]etur oratio 444 nam ut ,/oicorum a/rictior e/ oratio1 aliquantoque contractior quam aures populi requirunt3 sic illorum lib]ior et latior quam patitur consuetudo judiciorum et =i40--,de ,cl>is ,oratoribus4 ,a v judici\s hi/orian ( philosophy obs]ves3 8,en gnral ,rome le petit nombre d'hommes livrs la mditation et l'en?\siasme prfrr5t ,py?agore et ,platon2 les hommes du monde et ceux qui cultivai5t les sci5ces naturelles s'atta*r5t picure2 les orateurs et les hommes d'tat la n\velle ,acadmie2 les juris-consultes au ,portique40--,deg]&o1 ,hi/4 de la ,philos4 tome iii4 p4 #aif4 #eee ,see a v rem>kable passage 9 ,aulus ,gellius1 ,noct4 ii4 #ae4 #eef 8,f]e enim nulli alii sunt hom9es qui talem 9 filios suos habeant pote/atem qualem nos habemus40--,gaius4 #eeg ,a full /atem5t ( ^! laws is giv5 by ,dion4 ,halic>n4 ii4 #d4 ,x 0 provid$ t if a fa!r sold 8 son & if ! son 0 aft]w>ds enfran*is$ by ! pur*as]1 he became aga9 ! slave ( 8 fa!r1 :o might sell him a second1 &1 if manumission aga9 ensu$1 a ?ird "t4 ,x 0 only on ! ?ird sale t he pass$ = ev] out ( ! p>5tal control4 ,a m m]ciful law1 attribut$ to ,numa1 provid$ t :5 ! son m>ri$ 7if t m>riage 0 ) ! cons5t ( ! fa!r71 ! fa!r lo/ ! p[] ( sell+ him4 ,9 no o!r way1 h[ev]1 0 8 au?ority ev5 !n abridg$4 #eeh ,velleius ,pat]culus1 ii4 #fg4 ,a great increase ( p>ricide 0 notic$ dur+ ! ,empire 7,s5ec4 ,de ,clem4 i4 #bc74 ,at fir/1 x is said1 !re 0 no law aga9/ p>ricide1 = ! crime 0 believ$ to be too atroci\s to be possible4 #eei ,num]\s in/ances ( ^! executions are collect$ by ,livy1 ,val4 ,maximus1 c42 _! hi/ory is fully giv5 by ,cornelius van ,bynk]%oek1 8,de ,jure occid5di1 v5d5di1 et expon5di lib]os apud vet]es ,romanos10 9 8 works 7,cologne1 #agfa74 #efj ,?is proce$+ ( ,hadrian1 :i* is relat$ by ! lawy] ,m>cian1 is d\bly rem>kable1 because ! fa!r _h surpris$ 8 son 9 adult]y ) 8 /epmo!r4 ,n[ a ,roman _h orig9ally n only absolute au?ority ov] ! life ( 8 son1 b also ! "r ( kill+ any "o :om he f\nd committ+ adult]y ) 8 wife4 ,yet ,m>cian praises ! sev]ity ( ,hadrian1 8,nam patria pote/as 9 pietate debet1 non atrocitate1 consi/]e40--,dige/4 lib4 xlviii4 tit4 #i1 #e4 #efa ,val]4 ,max4 vii4 #g4 #efb ,see1 on all ?is subject1 ,gibbon1 ,decl9e & ,fall1 *4 xliv42 ,troplong1 ,influ5ce du ,*ri/ianisme sur le ,droit1 *4 ix42 ,d5is1 ,hi/4 des ,ides morales1 tome ii4 pp4 #ajg-abj2 ,laf]rire1 ,influ5ce du ,/ocisme sur les ,jurisconsultes1 pp4 #cg-dd4 #efc lian1 ,hi/4 ,v>4 vi4 #g4 #efd ,livy1 ii4 #cf2 ,cic]o1 ,de ,div94 ii4 #bf4 #efe ,cic]o1 ,de ,legibus1 ii4 #h-ab4 ,cato1 h[ev]1 ma9ta9$ t slaves might on ^? days be employ$ on "w :i* did n require ox54--,wallon1 ,hi/4 de l',esclavage1 tome ii4 p4 #bae4 #eff ,see ! ,saturnalia ( ,macrobius4 #efg ,see 8 ,life by ,plut>*1 & 8 book on agriculture4 #efh ,! numb] ( ! ,roman slaves has be5 a matt] ( mu* controv]sy4 ,m4 ,dureau de la ,malle 7,econ4 politique des ,roma9s7 has re/rict$ x m ?an any o!r writ]4 ,gibbon 7,decl9e & ,fall1 *ap4 ii47 has collect$ _m /ati/ics on ! subject1 b ! fulle/ exam9ation is 9 ,m4 ,wallon's admirable ,hi/4 de l',esclavage4 ,on ! contra/ betwe5 ! "* ( ! slaves ( ! ,republic & ^? ( ! ,empire1 see ,tac4 ,ann4 xiv4 #dd4 #efi ,tacit4 ,annal4 xiii4 #cb2 xiv4 #db-de4 ,wallon1 ,hi/4 de l',esclav4 ii4 #bic4 ,i h already notic$ ! indignant ris+ ( ! p caus$ by ! proposal to execute ! #djj slaves ( ! murd]$ ,p$anius4 ,_! int]position 01 h[ev] 7z ,tacitus in=ms u71 unavail+1 & ! slaves1 gu>d$ aga9/ rescue by a /rong b& ( soldi]s1 7 execut$4 ,x 0 propos$ to bani% ! fre$m5 :o 7 9 ! h\se1 b ,n]o int]pos$ & prev5t$ x4 ,pl9y notices 7,ep4 viii4 #ad7 ! bani%m5t ( ! fre$m5 ( a murd]$ man4 #egj ,see all ?is fully illu/rat$ 9 ,wallon4 ,! plays ( ,plautus & ! ,roman writ]s on agriculture conta9 num]\s allusions to ! condition ( slaves4 #ega ,wallon1 tome ii4 pp4 #bji-baj1 #ceg4 ,!re 7 no laws till ! "t ( ! ,*ri/ian emp]ors aga9/ sep>at+ ! families ( slaves1 b x 0 a maxim ( ! jurisconsults t 9 =c$ sales !y %\ld n be sep>at$4 7,wallon1 tome iii4 pp4 #ee-ef47 #egb ,ibid4 tome ii4 pp4 #baa-bac4 #egc ,pl94 ,epi/4 viii4 #af4 ,x 0 cu/om>y to all[ ! public or ,/ate slaves to dispose ( half _! goods by w4 7,wallon1 tome iii4 p4 #ei47 #egd ,wallon1 tome ii4 p4 #dai4 ,?is appe>s f an allusion ( ,cic]o1 ,philip4 viii4 #aa4 #ege ,s5ec4 ,de ,clem4 i4 #ah4 #egf ,ibid4 ,ep4 xlvii4 #egg ,pl9y1 ,ep4 viii4 #af4 #egh ,sp>tianus1 ,hadrianus4 #egi ,comp>e ,wallon1 tome ii4 p4 #ahf2 tome iii4 pp4 #fe-ff4 ,slaves 7 only to be call$ z witnesses 9 cases ( ince/1 adult]y1 murd]1 & high treason1 & :]e x 0 impossible to e/abli% ! crime )\t _! evid5ce4 ,hadrian consid]$ t ! reality ( ! crime mu/ h already acquir$ a /rong probability1 & ! jurisconsult ,paul laid d[n t at lea/ two free witnesses %\ld be he>d be=e slaves 7 submitt$ to torture1 & t ! (f] ( an accus$ p]son to h 8 slaves tortur$ t !y might atte/ 8 innoc5ce %\ld n be accept$4 #ehj ,num]\s & v noble in/ances ( slave fidelity are giv5 by ,s5eca1 ,de ,b5efic4 iii4 #ai-bg2 ,val4 ,max4 vi4 #h2 & 9 ,appian's ,hi/ory ( ! ,civil ,w>s4 ,see1 too1 ,tacit4 ,hi/4 i4 #c4 #eha ,ari/otle _h1 x is true1 decl>$ slav]y to be "p ( ! law ( nature--an op9ion :i*1 he said1 0 reject$ by "s ( 8 contempor>ies2 b he advocat$ humanity to slaves q z emphatically z ! o!r philosoph]s 7,economics1 i4 #e74 ,epicurus 0 conspicu\s ev5 among ,greek philosoph]s = 8 k9dness to slaves1 & he associat$ "s ( 8 own ) 8 philosophical lab\rs4 7,diog4 ,lart4 ,epicurus47 #ehb ,de ,b5ef4 iii4 #ah-bh2 ,de ,vita ,beata1 xxiv42 ,de ,clem4 i4 #ah1 & especially ,ep4 xlvii4 ,epictetus1 z might be expect$ f 8 hi/ory1 frequ5tly recurs to ! duty4 ,plut>* writes v beautifully ^u x 9 8 treatise ,de ,cohib5da ,ira4 #ehc ,diog4 ,lart4 ,z5o4 #ehd ,bod9 ?9ks x 0 promulgat$ by ,n]o1 & he has be5 foll[$ by ,troplong & ,mr4 ,m]ivale4 ,*ampagny 7,les ,anton9s1 tome ii4 p4 #aae7 ?9ks t no law aft] ,tib]ius 0 call$ lex4 #ehe ,sueton4 ,claud4 xxv42 ,dion ,cass4 lx4 #bi4 #ehf ,see ,dumas1 ,sec\rs publics *ez les ,anci5s 7,p>is1 #ahac71 pp4 #abe-acj4 #ehg ,s5ec4 ,de ,clem4 i4 #ah4 #ehh ,s5ec4 ,de ,b5ef4 iii4 #bb4 #ehi ,sp>tian4 ,hadrianus4 ,hadrian exil$ a ,roman lady = five ye>s = treat+ h] slaves ) atroci\s cruelty4 7,dige/4 lib4 i4 tit4 #f1 #b47 #eij ,see ^! laws fully exam9$ by ,wallon1 tome iii4 pp4 #ea-ib1 & also ,laf]rire1 ,sur l',influ5ce du ,/ocisme sur le ,droit4 ,! jurisconsults gave a v wide scope to _! def9itions ( cruelty4 ,a ma/] :o degrad$ a lit]>y slave1 or a slave musician1 to "s co>se manual employm5t1 su* z a port]1 0 decid$ to h ill-treat$ him4 7,wallon1 tome iii4 p4 #fb47 #eia ,?us1 e4g41 ,livia call$ 9 ! ,/oic ,areus to console h] aft] ! dea? ( ,drusus 7,s5ec4 ,ad ,m>c474 ,_m ( ! lett]s ( ,s5eca & ,plut>* are writt5 to console ! suff]+4 ,cato1 ,?rasea1 & _m o!rs appe> to h =tifi$ _! la/ h\rs by conv]sation ) philosoph]s4 ,! :ole ( ?is aspect ( ,/oicism has be5 admirably treat$ by ,m4 ,m>?a 7,les ,morali/es de l',empire ,roma974 #eib ,we h a pleas+ picture ( ! affection philosoph]s & _! disciples sometimes bore to "o ano!r 9 ! l9es ( ,p]sius 7,sat4 v47 to 8 ma/] ,cornutus4 #eic ,grant's ,ari/otle1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bgg-bgh4 #eid ,*ampagny1 ,les ,anton9s1 tome i4 p4 #dje4 #eie ,arrian1 iii4 #bb4 ,julian has also pa9t$ ! "* ( ! true ,cynic1 & contra/$ x ) t ( ! impo/ors :o assum$ ! g>b4 ,see ,ne&]'s ,life ( ,julian 7,london1 #ahej71 p4 #id4 #eif ,s5eca ! rhetorician 7fa!r ( ! philosoph]7 collect$ _m ( ! say+s ( ! rhetoricians ( 8 "t4 ,at a lat] p]iod1 ,philo/ratus wrote ! lives ( em95t rhetoricians1 ,qu9tilian discuss$ _! rules ( oratory1 & ,aulus ,gellius pa9t$ ! :ole society 9 :i* !y mov$4 ,on _! injuri\s influ5ce ^u eloqu5ce1 see ,petronius1 ,satyricon1 i4 #b4 ,mu* curi\s in=mation ab\t ! rhetoricians is collect$ 9 ,m>?a1 ,morali/es de l',empire ,roma91 & 9 ,nis>d1 ,etudes sur les ,potes ,lat9s de la ,dcad5ce1 art4 ,juv5al4 #eig 8,cep5dant ces orateurs n'tai5t jamais plus admirs que lorsqu'ils avai5t le bonheur de tr\v] un sujet o la l\ange fut un t\r de =ce4444 ,luci5 a fait l'loge de la m\*e2 ,fronton de la p\ssire1 de la fume1 de la nglig5ce2 ,dion ,*ryso/ome de la *evelure1 du p]roquet1 etc4 ,au c9quime sicle1 ,synsius1 qui fut un gr& vque1 f]a le pangyrique de la calvitie1 long ouvrage o t\tes les sci5ces sont mises contribution p\r appr5dre aux hommes ce qu'il y a non-seulem5t de bonheur mais aussi de mrite tre *auve40--,m>?a1 ,morali/es de l',empire ,roma9 7ed4 #ahfe71 p4 #bge4 #eih ,!re is a good review ( ! tea*+ ( ,maximus 9 ,*ampagny1 ,les ,anton9s1 tome ii4 pp4 #bjg-bae4 #eii ,orat4 xv42 ,de ,s]vitute4 #fjj ,see ! s+ul>ly *>m+ essay on ,dion ,*ryso/om1 9 ,m4 ,m>?a's book4 #fja ,mr4 ,buckle1 9 8 admirable *apt] on ! 8,proximate ,causes ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution0 7,hi/4 ( ,civilisation1 vol4 i471 has pa9t$ ?is fa%ionable en?usiasm = k ) great p[]1 & illu/rat$ x ) ample le>n+4 #fjb ,! say+ ( ,mme4 ,dudeff& ab\t ,helvtius is well kn[n3 8,c'e/ un homme qui a dit le secret de t\t le monde40 ,h[ truly ,helvtius repres5t$ ?is fa%ionable society appe>s v pla9ly f ! vivid portrait ( x 9 ! ,n\velle ,hlose1 "p ii4 lett] xvii41 a ma/]piece ( its k9d4 #fjc ,musonius tri$ to /op ?is cu/om ( applaud+ ! lectur]4 7,aul4 ,gell4 ,noct4 v4 i47 ,! habits t 7 =m$ 9 ! s*ools ( ! rhetoricians 7 sometimes c>ri$ into ! *ur*es1 & we h notices ( prea*]s 7especially ,/4 ,*ryso/om7 be+ vocif]\sly applaud$4 #fjd ,?us ,gellius himself consult$ ,favor9us ab\t a p]plex+ case :i* he _h1 9 8 capacity ( magi/rate1 to det]m9e1 & receiv$ f 8 ma/] a long diss]tation on ! duties ( a judge 7xiv4 #b74 #fje i4 #aj4 #fjf ,noct4 ,att4 vi4 #ac4 ,!y call$ ^! que/ions symposiac1 z be+ well fitt$ to /imulate m9ds already mell[$ by w9e4 #fjg xviii4 #b4 #fjh ,we h a curi\s example ( ?is 9 a lett] ( ,m>cus ,aurelius pres]v$ by ,gallicanus 9 8 ,life ( ,avidius ,cassius4 #fji 8,s5s]unt hoc ,/oici qui s]vis et muli]ibus philosoph&um esse dix]unt40--,lact4 ,nat4 ,div4 iii4 #be4 ,z5o 0 (t5 reproa*$ = ga!r+ ! poore/ & mo/ sordid ar\nd him :5 he lectur$4 7,diog4 ,lart4 ,z5o47 #faj ,?is decad5ce 0 notic$ & rebuk$ by "s ( ! lead+ philosoph]s4 ,see ! language ( ,epictetus 9 ,arrian1 ii4 #ai1 iv4 #h1 & ( ,h]od ,atticus 9 ,aul4 ,gell4 i4 #b1 ix4 #b4 ,/4 ,augu/9e speaks ( ! ,cynics z hav+ 9 8 "t sunk into univ]sal contempt4 ,see mu* evid5ce on ?is subject 9 ,fri$lnd]1 ,hi/4 des ,murs ,roma9es1 tome iv4 #cgh-che4 #faa ,?is movem5t is well treat$ by ,va*]ot1 ,hi/4 de l'cole d',alex&rie4 #fab ,de ,sup]/itione4 #fac ,diss]tations1 x4 #h 7ed4 ,davis1 ,london1 #agdj74 ,9 "s editions ?is is ,diss4 xxix4 #fad ,diss]t4 xxxviii4 #fae ,de ,dmone ,socratis4 #faf ,de ,dmone ,socratis4 ,see1 on ! (fice ( dmons or g5ii1 ,arrian i4 #ad1 & a curi\s *apt] 9 ,ammianus ,m>cell4 xxi4 #ad4 ,see1 too1 ,plot9us1 #crd ,enn4 lib4 iv4 #fag ,de ,dmone ,socratis4 #fah ,i %\ld except ,plot9us1 h[ev]1 :o 0 fai?ful 9 ?is po9t to ,plato1 & 0 9 consequ5ce mu* prais$ by ! ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs4 #fai 8,omnium malorum maximum voluptas1 qua tanquam clavo et fibula anima corpori nectitur2 putatque v]a qu et corpus suadet1 et ita spoliatur r]um div9>um aspectu40--,iambli*us1 ,de ,secta ,py?agor4 7,rom1 #aeef71 p4 #ch4 ,plot9us1 #a/ ,enn4 vi4 #f4 #fbj ,de ,sect4 ,py?4 pp4 #cf1 #cg4 #fba ,porphyry1 ,life ( ,plot9us4 #fbb ,iambli*us1 ,de ,my/]iis4 #a4 #fbc ,see1 on ?is doctr9e ( ec/asy1 ,va*]ot1 ,hi/4 de l'cole d',alex&rie1 tome i4 p4 #egf1 c4 #fbd 8,sic habeto1 omnibus qui patriam cons]vav]9t1 adjuv]9t1 aux]9t1 c]tum esse 9 clo ac def9itum locum ubi beati vo sempit]no fruantur40--,cic4 ,somn4 ,scip4 #fbe 1 :i*1 accord+ to ,plut>* 7:o "h confuses two di/9ct words71 is poetically us$ = man 7,de ,lat5t] ,viv5do74 ,a simil> ?\ght occurs 9 ,m4 ,aurelius1 :o speaks ( ! good man z light :i* only ceases to %9e :5 x ceases to be4 #fbf ,diss4 xxi4 #f4 #fbg ,iambli*us1 ,de ,sect4 ,py?agor1 p4 #ce4 #fbh ,porphyry1 ,life ( ,plot9us1 cap4 vii42 ,plot9us1 #a/ ,enn4 iv4 #g4 ,see on ?is subject ,deg]&o1 ,hi/4 de la ,philos4 iii4 p4 #chc4 #fbi ,?us x 0 said ( ,apollonius t 9 8 tea*+ at ,ephesus he did n speak aft] ! mann] ( ! foll[]s ( ,socrates1 b endeav\r$ to deta* 8 disciples f all occupation o!r ?an philosophy4--,philo/r4 ,apoll4 ( ,tyana1 iv4 #b4 ,cic]o notices ! av]sion ! ,py?agoreans ( 8 "t display$ to argum5t3 8,quum ex iis qur]etur qu>e ita esset1 respond]e solitos1 ,ipse dixit2 ipse autem erat ,py?agoras40--,de ,nat4 ,deor4 i4 #e4 #fcj ,see ,va*]ot1 tome ii4 p4 #ff4 #fca ,see ,deg]&o1 ,hi/4 de la ,philosophie1 tome iii4 pp4 #djj1 #dja4 #fcb ,plot9us1 #a/ ,enn4 ix4 #fcc ,see a /rong passage1 on ! univ]sality ( ?is belief1 9 ,plot9us1 #a/ ,enn4 i4 #ab1 & ,orig51 ,cont4 ,cels4 vii4 ,a v old tradition repres5t$ ! ,egyptians z ! fir/ p :o held ! doctr9e ( ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,cic]o 7,tusc4 ,qu/47 says t ! ,syrian ,ph]ecydes1 ma/] ( ,py?agoras1 fir/ taught x4 ,maximus ( ,tyre attributes its orig9 to ,py?agoras1 & 8 slave ,zamolxis 0 said to h introduc$ x into ,greece4 ,o!rs say t ,?ales fir/ taught x4 ,none ( ^! ass]tions h any real hi/orical value4 #fcd ,we h a rem>kable in/ance ( ! cle>ness ) :i* "s ev5 ( ! mo/ insignificant hi/orians recognis$ ! folly ( conf9+ hi/ory to ! biographies ( ! ,emp]ors1 9 ! op5+ *apt] ( ,capitol9us1 ,life ( ,macr9us4--,tacitus is full ( beautiful episodes1 describ+ ! mann]s & religion ( ! p4 #fce ,! passages relat+ to ! ,jews 9 ,roman lit]ature are collect$ 9 ,aub]t9's ,rapports supposs entre ,snque et ,/4 ,paul4 ,*ampagny1 ,rome et ,jude1 tome i4 pp4 #acd-acg4 #fcf ,cic]o1 pro ,flacco1 #bh2 ,sueton4 ,claudius1 #be4 #fcg ,juv5al1 ,sat4 xiv4 #fch ,hi/4 v4 #fci ,lact4 ,in/4 ,div4 vii4 #c4 #fdj ,see _! hi/ory fully inve/igat$ 9 ,aub]t94 ,augu/9e foll[$ ,j]ome 9 m5tion+ ! lett]s1 b nei!r ( ^! writ]s ass]t$ _! g5u95ess4 ,lactantius1 ne>ly at ! same "t 7,in/4 ,div4 vi4 #bd71 di/9ctly spoke ( ,s5eca z a ,pagan1 z ,t]tullian 7,apol4 #ej7 _h done be=e4 ,! imm5se numb] ( =g$ docum5ts is "o ( ! mo/ disgraceful features ( ! ,*ur* hi/ory ( ! fir/ few c5turies4 #fda ,fleury has writt5 an elaborate "w ma9ta9+ ! connection betwe5 ! apo/le & ! philosoph]4 ,troplong 7,influ5ce du ,*ri/ianisme sur le ,droit7 has adopt$ ! same view4 ,aub]t91 9 ! "w ,i h already cit$1 has ma9ta9$ ! opposite view 7:i* is t ( all or ne>ly all ,engli% critics7 ) ma/]ly skill & le>n+4 ,! ,abb ,d\rif 7,rapports du ,/ocisme et du ,*ri/ianisme7 has plac$ side by side ! passages f ea* writ] :i* are mo/ alike4 #fdb ,quot$ by ,/4 ,augu/9e4--,de ,civ4 ,dei1 vi4 #aa4 #fdc xi4 #c4 #fdd ,! hi/ory ( ! two s*ools has be5 elaborately trac$ by ,ritt]1 ,press5s1 & _m o!r writ]s4 ,i w\ld especially ref] to ! f\r? volume ( ,deg]&o's mo/ fasc9at+ ,hi/oire de la ,philosophie4 #fde 8,scurra ,atticus10 ,m94 ,felix1 ,octav4 ,?is t]m is said by ,cic]o to h be5 giv5 to ,socrates by ,z5o4 7,cic4 ,de ,nat4 ,deor4 i4 #cd47 #fdf ,t]tull4 ,de ,anima1 #ci4 #fdg ,see especially 8 ,apol4 ii4 #h1 #ab1 #ac4 ,he speaks ( ! 4 #fdh ,see1 on all ?is1 ,clem4 ,alex4 ,/rom4 v41 & also i4 #bb4 #fdi ,/4 ,clem5t repeats ?is twice 7,/rom4 i4 #bd1 v4 #ad74 ,! writ+s ( ?is ,fa!r are full ( curi\s1 & sometimes +5i\s1 attempts to trace diff]5t phrases ( ! great philosoph]s1 orators1 & poets to ,moses4 ,a va/ am\nt ( le>n+ & +5uity has be5 exp5d$ 9 ! same cause by ,eusebius4 7,prp4 ,evan4 xii4 xiii47 ,! tradition ( ! d]ivation ( ,pagan philosophy f ! ,old ,te/am5t f\nd 9 g5]al little fav\r among ! ,lat9 writ]s4 ,!re is "s curi\s in=mation on ?is subject 9 ,wat]l&'s 8,*>ge to ! ,cl]gy ( ,middlesex1 to prove t ! wisdom ( ! anci5ts 0 borr[$ f revelation2 deliv]$ 9 #agca40 ,x is 9 ! #h? volume ( ,wat]l&'s works 7ed4 #agca74 #fej ,/4 ,clem5t 7,/rom4 i47 m5tions t "s ?9k him to h be5 ,ezekiel1 an op9ion :i* ,/4 ,clem5t himself does n hold4 ,see1 on ! patri/ic notions ab\t ,py?agoras1 ,leg5dre1 ,trait de l',op9ion1 tome i4 p4 #afd4 #fea ,?is 0 ! op9ion ( ,julius ,firmicus ,mat]nus1 a ,lat9 writ] ( ! age ( ,con/ant9e1 8,nam quia ,s> pronepos fu]at 444 ,s]apis dictus e/ ,grco s]mone1 hoc e/ 40--,julius ,firmicus ,mat]nus1 ,de ,errore ,pr(an>um ,religionum1 cap4 xiv4 #feb ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ,apol4 i4 #ed2 ,trypho1 #fi-gj4 ,!re is a v curi\s collection ( ,pagan leg5ds t 7 p>allel to ,jewi% incid5ts1 9 ,la ,mo! le ,vay]1 let4 xciii4 #fec ,suet4 ,vesp4 #g2 ,tacit4 ,hi/4 iv4 #ha4 ,!re is a slight diff]5ce betwe5 ! two hi/orians ab\t ! second miracle4 ,suetonius says x 0 ! leg1 ,tacitus t x 0 ! h&1 t 0 diseas$4 ,! god ,s]apis 0 said to h reveal$ to ! pati5ts t !y w\ld be cur$ by ! emp]or4 ,tacitus says t ,vespasian did n believe 9 8 own p[]2 t x 0 only aft] mu* p]suasion he 0 induc$ to try ! exp]im5t2 t ! bl9d man 0 well kn[n 9 ,alex&ria1 :]e ! ev5t occurr$1 & t eyewitnesses :o _h no motive to lie /ill atte/$ ! miracle4 #fed ,! foll[+ is a good specim5 ( ! language :i* may /ill be utt]$1 app>5tly )\t excit+ any prote/1 f ! pulpit 9 "o ( ! great c5tres ( ,engli% le>n+3 8,b we h pray$1 & n be5 he>d1 at lea/ 9 ?is pres5t visitation4 ,h we des]v$ to be he>d8 ,9 =m] visitations x 0 obs]v$ commonly h[ ! *ol]a less5$ f ! day ( ! public humiliation4 ,:5 we dread$ fam9e f long-cont9u$ dr\ght1 on ! morn+ ( our pray]s ! heav5 ov] our head 0 ( brass2 ! cle> burn+ sky %[$ no tok5 ( *ange4 ,m5 look$ ) awe at its unmitigat$ cle>ness4 ,9 ! ev5+ 0 ! cl\d l a man's h&2 ! relief 0 come40 7,& !n ! au?or adds1 9 a note73 8,?is describes :at ,i myself saw on ! ,sunday morn+ 9 ,ox=d1 on return+ f ! e>ly communion at ,/4 ,m>y's at eight4 ,!re 0 no visible *ange till ! ev5+40--,pusey's ,miracles ( ,pray]1 prea*$ at ,ox=d1 #ahff4 #fee ,e4g43 8,a ma/] ( philosophy1 travell+ ) o!rs on ! way1 :5 a fe>ful ?und]/orm arose1 *eck$ ! fe> ( 8 fell[s1 & disc\rs$ to !m ( ! natural reasons ( t upro> 9 ! cl\ds1 & ^? sudd5 fla%es :]e) !y seem$ 7out ( ! ignorance ( causes7 to be too mu* affright$3 9 ! mid/ ( 8 philosophical disc\rse he 0 /ruck dead ) ! dreadful eruption :i* he slight$4 ,:at c\ld ?is be b ! f+] ( t ,god :o w h 8 works r ent]ta9$ ) wond] & trembl+ ?an ) curi\s scann+80--,bi%op ,hall1 ,! ,invisible ,_w1 vi4 #fef ,sir ,c4 ,lewis ,on ! ,cr$ibility ( ,roman ,hi/4 vol4 i4 p4 #ej4 #feg ,cic4 ,de ,div94 lib4 i4 c4 #a4 #feh 8,! days on :i* ! miracle ( ! k+'s t\* 0 to be wr\ght 7 fix$ at sitt+s ( ! ,privy ,c\ncil1 & 7 solemnly notifi$ by ! cl]gy to all ! p>i% *ur*es ( ! realm4 ,:5 ! appo9t$ "t came1 sev]al div9es 9 full canonicals /ood r\nd ! canopy ( /ate4 ,! surgeon ( ! royal h\sehold introduc$ ! sick4 ,a passage ( ,m>k xvi4 0 read4 ,:5 ! words #8,!y %all lay _! h&s on ! sick & !y %all recov]1' _h be5 pron\nc$1 !re 0 a pause & "o ( ! sick 0 br\ght to ! k+4 ,8 ,maje/y /rok$ ! ulc]s4444 ,!n came ! ,epi/le1 c4 ,! ,s]vice may /ill be f\nd 9 ! ,pray] ,books ( ! reign ( ,anne4 ,inde$1 x 0 n until "s "t aft] ! accession ( ,george ,i4 t ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d ceas$ to repr9t ! (fice ( heal+1 toge!r ) ! ,liturgy4 ,!ologians ( em95t le>n+1 ability1 & virtue gave ! sanction ( _! au?ority to ?is mumm]y1 &1 :at is /rang] /ill1 m$ical m5 ( high note believ$1 or affect$ to believe1 x4444 ,*>les ,,ii41 9 ! c\rse ( 8 reign1 t\*$ ne> #ajj1jjj p]sons4444 ,9 #afhb he p]=m$ ! rite #h1ejj times4 ,9 #afhd ! ?rong 0 su* t six or sev5 ( ! sick 7 trampl$ to dea?4 ,james1 9 "o ( 8 progresses1 t\*$ #hjj p]sons 9 ! *oir ( ! ca!dral ( ,*e/]40--,macaulay's ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 c4 xiv4 #fei ,"o ( ! surgeons ( ,*>les ,,ii4 nam$ ,john ,br[n1 ^: (ficial duty x 0 to sup]9t5d ! c]emony1 & :o assures u t he has witness$ _m ?\s&s t\*$1 has writt5 an extremely curi\s acc\nt ( x1 call$ ,*>isma ,basilicon 7,london1 #afhd74 ,?is miracul\s p[] exi/$ exclusively 9 ! ,engli% & ,fr5* royal families1 be+ d]iv$1 9 ! fir/1 f ,edw>d ! ,confessor1 9 ! second1 f ,/4 ,lewis4 ,a surgeon atte/$ ! reality ( ! disease be=e ! miracle 0 p]=m$4 ,! k+ hung a rib& ) a gold co9 r\nd ! neck ( ! p]son t\*$2 b ,br[n ?9ks ! gold1 ?\gh possess+ great virtue1 0 n ess5tial to ! cure4 ,he _h kn[n cases :]e ! cur$ p]son _h sold1 or ceas$ to we>1 ! m$al1 & 8 disease return$4 ,! gift 0 unimpair$ by ! ,re=mation1 & an obdurate ,ca?olic 0 conv]t$ on f9d+ t ,elizabe?1 aft] ! ,pope's excommunication1 c\ld cure 8 scr(ula4 ,francis ,i4 cur$ _m p]sons :5 prison] 9 ,spa94 ,*>les ,i41 :5 a prison]1 cur$ a man by 8 simple b5$iction1 ! ,puritans n p]mitt+ him to t\* him4 ,8 blood _h ! same efficacy2 & ,*>les ,,ii41 :5 an exile 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 /ill reta9$ x4 ,!re 71 h[ev]1 "s 8,a!i/s1 ,sadducees1 & ill-condition$ ,ph>isees0 :o ev5 !n disbeliev$ x2 & ,br[n gives ! lett] ( "o :o w5t1 a complete sceptic1 to satisfy 8 fri5ds1 & came away cur$ & conv]t$4 ,x 0 popul>ly1 b ,br[n says errone\sly1 believ$ t ! t\* 0 peculi>ly efficaci\s on ,good ,friday4 ,an (ficial regi/] 0 kept1 = e mon? 9 ! reign ( ,*>les ,,ii41 ( ! p]sons t\*$1 b two ye>s & a half appe> to be want+4 ,! smalle/ numb] t\*$ 9 "o ye> 0 #b1ihc 79 #affi72 ! total1 9 ! :ole reign1 #ib1ajg4 ,br[n gives numb]s ( specific cases ) great detail4 ,%akspe>e has notic$ ! p[] 7,macbe?1 ,act iv4 ,sc5e #c74 ,dr4 ,johnson1 :5 a boy1 0 t\*$ by ,que5 ,anne2 b at t "t few p]sons1 except ,jacobites1 believ$ ! miracle4 #ffj ,lucretius1 lib4 vi4 ,! poet says !re are c]ta9 se$s ( fire 9 ! e>?1 ar\nd ! wat]1 :i* ! sun attracts to itself1 b :i* ! cold ( ! night represses1 & =ces back ^u ! wat]4 ,! f\nta9 ( ,jupit] ,ammon1 & _m o!rs t 7 deem$ miracul\s1 are notic$ by ,pl9y1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 ii4 #ajf4 8,fly n yet2 ! f\nt t play$ ,9 times ( old ?r\gh ,ammon's %ade1 ,?\gh icy cold by day x ran1 ,yet /ill1 l s\ls ( mir?1 began ,to burn :5 night 0 ne>40--,moore's ,melodies4 #ffa ,tacit4 ,annal4 i4 #bh4 ,long aft]w>ds1 ! p ( ,tur9 7 accu/om$ to greet e eclipse ) l\d cries1 & ,/4 ,maximus ( ,tur9 en]getically combat$ _! sup]/ition4 7,ceilli]1 ,hi/4 des ,auteurs sacrs1 tome xiv4 p4 #fjg47 #ffb ,suet4 ,aug4 xci4 #ffc ,see ! answ] ( ! y\ng] ,pl9y 7,ep4 i4 #ah71 sugge/+ t dreams %\ld (t5 be int]pret$ by contr>ies4 ,a great _m in/ances ( dreams t 7 believ$ to h be5 v]ifi$ are giv5 9 ,cic4 7,de ,div9atione1 lib4 i47 & ,val]ius ,maximus 7lib4 i4 c4 vii474 ,m>cus ,aurelius 7,capitol9us7 0 said to h appe>$ to _m p]sons aft] 8 dea? 9 dreams1 & pr$ict$ ! future4 #ffd ,! augurs _h not$ elev5 k9ds ( lightn+ ) diff]5t significations4 7,pl9y1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 ii4 #ec47 ,pl9y says all nations agree 9 clapp+ _! h&s :5 x light5s 7xxviii4 #e74 ,cic]o v %rewdly rem>k$ t ! ,roman consid]$ lightn+ a good om5 :5 x %one ^u 8 left1 :ile ! ,greeks & b>b>ians believ$ x to be auspici\s :5 x 0 ^u ! "r4 7,cic4 ,de ,div9at4 ii4 #ci47 ,:5 ,con/ant9e prohibit$ all o!r =ms ( magic1 he especially au?oris$ t :i* 0 int5d$ to av]t hail & lightn+4 7,cod4 ,!od4 lib4 ix4 tit4 xvi4 #a4 #c47 #ffe ,suet4 ,aug4 xc4 #fff ,ibid4 ,tib]4 lxix4 ,! virtue ( laurel leaves1 & ( ! sk9 ( a sea-calf1 z pres]vatives aga9/ lightn+1 are notic$ by ,pl9y 7,hi/4 ,nat4 ii4 #ef71 :o also says 7xv4 #dj7 t ! laurel leaf is believ$ to h a natural antipa?y to fire1 :i* x %[s by its angry crackl+ :5 9 contact ) t elem5t4 #ffg ,suet4 ,calig4 ii4 #ffh ,suet4 ,jul4 ,cs4 lxxxviii4 #ffi ,pl94 ,hi/4 ,nat4 ii4 #bc4 #fgj 8,prodigia eo anno multa nuntiata sunt1 qu quo magis cr$ebant simplices ac religiosi hom9es eo plura nuntiabantur0 7xxiv4 #aj74 ,comp>e ) ?is ! rem>k ( ,cic]o on ! oracles3 8,qu&o autem illa vis evanuit8 ,an po/quam hom9es m9us cr$uli esse cp]unt80 7,de ,div4 ii4 #eg47 #fga ,?is !ory1 :i* is develop$ at l5g? by ! ,/oic1 9 ! fir/ book ( ! ,de ,div9atione ( ,cic]o1 grew out ( ! pan!i/ic notion t ! human s\l is a "p ( ! ,deity1 & !re=e by nature a p>ticipator 9 ! ,div9e attribute ( presci5ce4 ,! s\l1 h[ev]1 0 cru%$ by ! weight ( ! body2 & !re 7 two ways ( evok+ its presci5ce--! ascetic way1 :i* att5uates ! body1 & ! magical way1 :i* /imulates ! s\l4 ,apollonius decl>$ t 8 p[] ( prophecy 0 n due to magic1 b solely to 8 ab/95ce f animal food4 7,philo/4 ,ap4 ( ,tyana1 viii4 #e47 ,among ^? :o believ$ ! oracles1 !re 7 two !ories4 ,! fir/ 0 t !y 7 inspir$ by dmons or spirits ( a degree l[] ?an ! gods4 ,! second 01 t !y 7 due to ! action ( c]ta9 vap\rs :i* emanat$ f ! cav]ns b5ea? ! temples1 & :i*1 by ?r[+ ! prie/ess into a /ate ( delirium1 evok$ h] prophetic p[]s4 ,! fir/ !ory 0 t ( ! ,platoni/s1 & x 0 adopt$ by ! ,*ri/ians1 :o1 h[ev]1 *ang$ ! signification ( ! ^w dmon4 ,! second !ory1 :i* appe>s to be due to ,ari/otle 7,baltus1 ,rponse l',hi/oire des ,oracles1 p4 #acb71 is notic$ by ,cic4 ,de ,div4 i4 #ai2 ,pl94 ,h4 ,n4 ii4 #ie2 & o!rs4 ,x is closely alli$ to ! mod]n belief 9 clairvoyance4 ,plut>*1 9 8 treatise on ! decl9e ( ! oracles1 attributes t decl9e sometimes to ! dea? ( ! dmons 7:o 7 believ$ to be mortal71 & sometimes to ! exhau/ion ( ! vap\rs4 ,! oracles !mselves1 accord+ to ,porphyry 7,font5elle1 ,hi/4 des ,oracles1 pp4 #bbj-bbb1 fir/ ed471 attribut$ x to ! second cause4 ,iambli*us 7,de ,my/4 iii4 c4 xi47 comb9es bo? !ories1 & bo? are v cle>ly /at$ 9 ! foll[+ curi\s passage3 8,quamquam ,platoni cr$am int] deos atque hom9es1 natura et loco m$ias quasdam divorum pote/ates int]sitas1 easque div9ationes cunctas et magorum miracula gub]n>e4 ,qu9 et illud mecum reputo1 posse animum humanum1 prs]tim1 pu]ilem et simplicem1 seu c>m9um avocam5to1 sive odorum del5im5to1 sopor>i1 et ad oblivionem prs5tium ext]n>i3 et paulis p] remota corporis memoria1 r$igi ac r$ire ad naturam suam1 qu e/ immortalis scilicet et div9a2 atque ita veluti quodam sopore1 futura r]um prsagire40--,apuleius1 ,apolog4 #fgb ,aul4 ,gell4 ,noct4 ii4 #bh4 ,florus1 h[ev] 7,hi/4 i4 #ai71 m5tions a ,roman g5]al appeas+ ! goddess ,e>? on ! occasion ( an e>?quake t occurr$ dur+ a battle4 #fgc lian1 ,hi/4 ,v>4 iv4 #ag4 #fgd ,hi/4 ,nat4 ii4 #ha-hf4 #fge ,ibid4 ii4 #i4 #fgf ,ibid4 ii4 #bc4 #fgg ,i h ref]r$ 9 ! la/ *apt] to a /rik+ passage ( ,am4 ,m>cell9us on ?is comb9ation4 ,! read] may f9d "s curi\s in/ances ( ! sup]/itions ( ,roman sceptics 9 ,*ampagny1 ,les ,anton9s1 tome iii4 p4 #df4 #fgh viii4 #ai4 ,?is is also m5tion$ by ,lucretius4 #fgi viii4 #a4 #fhj viii4 #ej4 ,?is 0 "o ( ! reasons :y ! e>ly ,*ri/ians sometimes adopt$ ! /ag z a symbol ( ,*ri/4 #fha xxix4 #bc4 #fhb xxxii4 #a4 #fhc vii4 #b4 #fhd xxviii4 #g4 ,! bl9d man re/or$ to sight by ,vespasian 0 cur$ by ano9t+ 8 eyes ) spittle4 7,suet4 ,vesp4 #g2 ,tacit4 ,hi/4 iv4 #ha47 #fhe ,ibid4 ,! cu/om ( spitt+ 9 ! h& be=e /rik+ /ill exi/s among pugili/s4 #fhf ii4 #aja4 #fhg ,leg5dre1 ,trait de l',op9ion1 tome ii4 p4 #ag4 ,! sup]/ition is1 h[ev]1 said /ill to l+] 9 _m sea-coa/ t[ns4 #fhh ,lucian is believ$ to h di$ ab\t two ye>s be=e ,m>cus ,aurelius4 #fhi ,see 8 v curi\s ,life by ,philo/ratus4 ,?is ,life 0 writt5 at ! reque/ ( ,julia ,domna1 ! wife ( ,septimus ,sev]us1 :e!r or n ) ! int5tion ( oppos+ ! ,gospel n>rative is a "q /ill fi]cely discuss$4 ,among ! mo/ rec5t ,*ur* hi/orians1 ,press5s ma9ta9s ! affirmative1 & ,ne&] ! negative4 ,apollonius 0 born at ne>ly ! same "t z ,*ri/1 b outliv$ ,domitian4 ,! traces ( 8 influ5ce are widely spread ?r\gh ! lit]ature ( ! empire4 ,eunapius calls him 8 1 40--,lives ( ! ,sophi/s4 ,xiphil9 relates 7lxvii4 #ah7 ! /ory1 told also by ,philo/ratus1 h[ ,apollonius1 be+ at ,ephesus1 saw ! assass9ation ( ,domitian at ,rome4 ,alex&] ,sev]us plac$ 7,lampridius ,sev]us7 ! /atue ( ,apollonius ) ^? ( ,orpheus1 ,abraham1 & ,*ri/1 = wor%ip 9 8 oratory4 ,aurelian 0 report$ to h be5 div]t$ f 8 int5tion ( de/roy+ ,tyana by ! gho/ ( ! philosoph]1 :o appe>$ 9 8 t5t1 rebuk$ him1 & sav$ ! city 7,vopiscus1 ,aurelian72 &1 la/ly1 ! ,pagan philosoph] ,hi]ocles wrote a book oppos+ ,apollonius to ,*ri/1 :i* 0 answ]$ by ,eusebius4 ,! ,fa!rs ( ! f\r? c5tury always spoke ( him z a great magician4 ,"s curi\s passages on ! subject are collect$ by ,m4 ,*assang1 9 ! introduction to 8 ,fr5* translation ( ! "w ( ,philo/ratus4 #fij ,see 8 def5ce aga9/ ! *>ge ( magic4 ,apuleius1 :o 0 at once a brilliant rhetorician1 ! writ] ( an extremely curi\s novel 7,! ,metamorphoses1 or ,gold5 ,ass71 & ( _m o!r works1 & an indefatigable /ud5t ( ! religi\s my/]ies ( 8 "t1 liv$ ?r\gh ! reigns ( ,hadrian & 8 two successors4 ,aft] 8 dea? 8 fame 0 = ab\t a c5tury app>5tly eclips$2 & x has be5 notic$ z v rem>kable t ,t]tullian1 :o liv$ a g5]ation aft] ,apuleius1 & :o1 l him1 0 a ,c>?ag9ian1 has nev] ev5 m5tion$ him4 ,dur+ ! f\r? c5tury 8 reputation reviv$1 & ,lactantius1 ,/4 ,j]ome1 & ,/4 ,augu/9e relate t _m miracles 7 attribut$ to him1 & t he 0 plac$ by ! ,pagans on a level ) ,*ri/1 & reg>d$ by "s z ev5 a great] magician4 ,see ! sket* ( 8 life by ,m4 ,btolaud prefix$ to ! ,panck\cke edition ( 8 works4 #fia ,life ( ,alex&]4 ,!re is an extremely curi\s picture ( ! religi\s juggl]s1 :o 7 w&]+ ab\t ! ,empire1 9 ! eigh? & n9? books ( ! ,metamorphoses ( ,apuleius4 ,see1 too1 ,juv5al1 ,sat4 vi4 #eaj-ehe4 #fib ,porphyry's ,life ( ,plot9us4 #fic ,eunapius1 ,porph4 #fid ,ibid4 ,iamb4 ,iambli*us himself only laugh$ at ! report4 #fie ,eunapius1 ,iamb4 #fif ,see h] life 9 ,eunapius1 descus4 lian & ! rhetorician ,ari/ides are also full ( ! wilde/ prodigies4 ,!re is an int]e/+ diss]tation on ?is subject 9 ,fri$lnd] 7,trad4 ,franc4 tome iv4 p4 #agg-ahf74 #fig 8,cr$at ,judu ,apella40--,hor4 ,sat4 v4 #ajj4 #fih ,?is appe>s f all ! writ+s ( ! ,fa!rs4 ,!re 71 h[ev]1 two =ms ( ,pagan miracles ab\t :i* !re 0 "s hesitation 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*--! b5efic5t miracle ( heal+ & ! miracle ( prophecy4 ,conc]n+ ! fir/1 ! common op9ion 0 t ! dmons only cur$ diseases !y _h !mselves caus$1 or t1 at lea/1 if !y ev] 79 ord] to en?ral m5 m effectually7 cur$ purely natural diseases1 !y did x by natural means1 :i* _! sup]ior k & p[] plac$ at _! disposal4 ,conc]n+ prophecy1 x 0 ! op9ion ( "s ( ! ,fa!rs t intuitive presci5ce 0 a ,div9e pr]ogative1 & t ! presci5ce ( ! dmons 0 only acquir$ by obs]vation4 ,_! imm5se k enabl$ !m to =eca/ ev5ts to a degree f> transc5d+ human faculties1 & !y employ$ ?is p[] 9 ! oracles4 #fii ,de ,orig9e ac ,progressu ,idolatri 7,am/]dam74 #gjj ,?is *>act]i/ic ( e>ly ,*ri/ian apology is =cibly exhibit$ by ,press5s1 ,hi/4 des trois premi]s ,sicles1 #bme srie1 tome ii4 #gja ,! imm5se numb] ( ^! =g$ writ+s is notic$ by all c&id hi/orians1 & !re is1 ,i believe1 only "o in/ance ( any attempt be+ made to prev5t ?is pi\s fraud4 ,a prie/ 0 degrad$ = hav+ =g$ "s voyages ( ,/4 ,paul & ,/4 ,!cla4 7,t]t4 ,de ,baptismo1 #ag47 #gjb ,apol4 i4 #gjc ,/rom4 vi4 c4 #e4 #gjd ,orig51 ,cont4 ,cols4 v4 #gje ,oratio 7apud ,euseb47 xviii4 #gjf ,de ,civ4 ,dei1 xviii4 #bc4 #gjg ,con/ant9e1 ,oratio xix4 8,8 te/imoniis quidam revicti sol5t eo confug]e ut aiant non esse illa c>m9a ,sibyll9a1 s$ a no/ris conficta atque composita40--,lactant4 ,div4 ,in/4 iv4 #ae4 #gjh ,antonius ,possev9us1 ,app>atus ,sac] 7#afjf71 v]b4 8,sibylla40 #gji ,?is subject is fully treat$ by ,middleton 9 8 ,free ,enquiry1 :om ,i h closely foll[$4 #gaj ,ir5u1 ,contr4 ,hres4 ii4 #cb4 #gaa ,epiphan4 ,adv4 ,hres4 ii4 #cj4 #gab ,/4 ,aug4 ,de ,civ4 ,dei1 xxii4 #h4 #gac ,?is hi/ory is relat$ by ,/4 ,ambrose 9 a lett] to 8 si/] ,m>cell9a2 by ,/4 ,paul9us ( ,nola1 9 8 ,life ( ,ambrose2 & by ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,de ,civ4 ,dei1 xxii4 #h2 ,confess4 ix4 #g4 #gad ,plut>* ?\ght !y 7 kn[n by ,plato1 b ?is op9ion has be5 mu* que/ion$4 ,see a v le>n$ discussion on ! subject 9 ,f>m]'s ,diss]tation on ,miracles1 pp4 #abi-adj2 & ,font5elle1 ,hi/4 des ,oracles1 pp4 #bf1 #bg4 ,porphyry speaks mu* ( evil dmons4 #gae ,josephus1 ,antiq4 viii4 #b1 #e4 #gaf ,?is v curi\s subject is fully treat$ by ,baltus 7,rponse l',hi/oire des ,oracles1 ,/rasburg1 #agjg1 publi%$ anonym\sly 9 reply to ,van ,dale & ,font5elle71 :o believ$ 9 ! reality ( ! ,pagan z well z ! patri/ic miracles2 by ,b+ham 7,antiquities ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 vol4 i4 pp4 #caf-cbd71 :o ?9ks ! ,pagan & ,jewi% exorci/s 7 impo/ors1 b n ! ,*ri/ians2 & by ,middleton 7,free ,enquiry1 pp4 #hj-ic71 :o disbelieves 9 all ! exorci/s aft] ! apo/olic times4 ,x has also be5 ! subject ( a special controv]sy 9 ,engl&1 c>ri$ on by ,dodwell1 ,*ur*1 ,f>m]1 & o!rs4 ,ar*deacon ,*ur* says3 8,if we _c v9dicate !m ! ,fa!rs ( ! fir/ ?ree c5turies on ?is article1 _! cr$it mu/ be lo/ = ev]2 & we mu/ be oblig$ to decl9e all fur!r def5ce ( !m4 ,x is impossible = any words m /rongly to express a claim to ?is miracle ?an ^? us$ by all ! be/ writ]s ( ! second & ?ird c5turies40--,v9dication ( ! ,miracles ( ! ,fir/ ,?ree ,c5turies1 p4 #aii4 ,s1 also1 ,baltus3 8,de t\s les anci5s auteurs ecclsia/iques1 n'y en ayant pas un qui n'ait p>l de ce p\voir admirable que les ,*rti5s avoi5t de *ass] les dmons0 7p4 #bif74 ,gregory ( ,t\rs describes exorcism z suffici5tly common 9 8 "t1 & m5tions hav+ himself se5 a monk nam$ ,julian cure by 8 words a possess$ p]son4 7,hi/4 iv4 #cb47 #gag ,vit4 ,hil>4 ,orig5 notices t cattle 7 sometimes possess$ by devils4 ,see ,middleton's ,free ,enquiry1 pp4 #hh1 #hi4 #gah ,! miracle ( ,/4 ,babylas is ! subject ( a homily by ,/4 ,*ryso/om1 & is relat$ at l5g? by ,!odoret1 ,sozom51 & ,socrates4 ,libanius m5tions t1 by comm& ( ,julian1 ! bones ( ,/4 ,babylas 7 remov$ f ! temple4 ,! ,*ri/ians said ! temple 0 de/roy$ by lightn+2 ! ,pagans decl>$ x 0 burnt by ! ,*ri/ians1 & ,julian ord]$ measures ( reprisal to be tak54 ,amm4 ,m>cell9us1 h[ev]1 m5tions a report t ! fire 0 caus$ accid5tally by "o ( ! num]\s c&les employ$ 9 ! c]emony4 ,! p ( ,antio* defi$ ! emp]or by *ant+1 z !y remov$ ! relics1 8,conf\nd$ be all !y t tru/ 9 grav5 images40 #gai ,see ! ,life ( ,gregory ,?aumaturgus1 by ,gregory ( ,nyssa4 ,/4 ,gregory ! ,great assures u 7,dial4 iii4 #aj7 t ,sab9us1 ,bi%op ( ,plac5tia1 wrote a lett] to ! riv] ,po1 :i* _h ov]fl[$ its banks & flood$ "s *ur* l&s4 ,:5 ! lett] 0 ?r[n into ! /ream ! wat]s at once subsid$4 #gbj 8,edatur hic aliquis sub tribunalibus ve/ris1 quem dmone agi con/et4 ,jussus a quolibet ,*ri/iano loqui spiritus ille1 tam se dmonem confitebitur de v]o1 quam alibi deum de falso4 que producatur aliquis ex iis qui de deo pati exi/imantur1 qui aris inhalantes num5 de nidore concipiunt 444 nisi se dmones confessi fu]9t1 ,*ri/iano m5tiri non aud5tes1 ibidem illius ,*ri/iani procacissimi sangu9em fundite4 ,quid i/o op]e manife/ius8 quid hc probatione fidelius80--,t]t4 ,apol4 xxiii4 #gba ,apol4 i42 ,trypho4 #gbb ,cont4 ,cels4 vii4 #gbc ,in/4 ,div4 iv4 #bg4 #gbd ,life ( ,antony4 #gbe ,octavius4 #gbf ,de ,sup]/itione4 #gbg i4 #f4 #gbh ,de ,mort4 ,p]egr94 #gbi ,orig51 ,adv4 ,cels4 vi4 ,comp>e ! curi\s lett] :i* ,vopiscus 7,saturn9us7 attributes to ,hadrian1 8,nemo illic i4e4 9 ,egypt ar*isynagogus ,judorum1 nemo ,sam>ites1 nemo ,*ri/ianorum presbyt]1 non ma!maticus1 non aruspex1 non aliptes40 #gcj 8,si incantavit1 si imprecatus e/1 si 7ut vulg>i v]bo impo/orum utor7 exorcizavit40--,b+ham1 ,antiquities ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 7,oxf41 #ahee71 vol4 i4 p4 #cah4 ,?is law is believ$ to h be5 direct$ specially aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians1 because ^! 7 v prom95t z exorci/s1 & because ,lactantius 7,in/4 ,div4 v4 #aa7 says t ,ulpian _h collect$ ! laws aga9/ !m4 #gca ,philo/orgius1 ,hi/4 ,eccl4 viii4 #aj4 #gcb ,see ,juv5al1 ,sat4 vi4 #cad-cce4 #gcc ,see ,juv5al1 ,sat4 vi4 #ebj-ecj4 #gcd ,metamorphoses1 book x4 #gce ,see _! ,lives1 by ,lampridius & ,sp>tianus4 #gcf ,! conflict betwe5 ,/4 ,cyprian & ! confessors1 conc]n+ ! p[] ( remitt+ p5ances claim$ by ! latt]1 ?\gh x end$ 9 ! defeat ( ! confessors1 %[s cle>ly ! influ5ce !y _h obta9$4 #gcg 8,?ura plane non emimus2 si ,arabi qu]untur sci5t ,sabi pluris et c>ioris suas m]ces ,*ri/ianis sepeli5dis pr(lig>i quam diis fumig&is40--,apol4 #db4 ,sometimes ! ,pagans burnt ! bodies ( ! m>tyrs1 9 ord] to prev5t ! ,*ri/ians v5]at+ _! relics4 #gch ,_m int]e/+ p>ticul>s ab\t ^! commemrative fe/ivals are collect$ 9 ,cave's ,primitive ,*ri/ianity1 "p i4 c4 vii4 ,! anniv]s>ies 7 call$ 8,natalia10 or bir?-days4 #gci ,see h] acts 9 ,ru9>t4 #gdj ,/4 ,clem4 ,alex4 ,/rom4 iv4 #aj4 ,!re are o!r passages ( ! same k9d 9 o!r ,fa!rs4 #gda ,ad ,scapul4 v4 ,eusebius 7,m>tyrs ( ,pale/9e1 *4 iii47 has giv5 a detail$ acc\nt ( six "y m51 :o 9 ! v height ( ! ,gal]ian p]secution1 at a "t :5 ! mo/ hide\s tortures 7 appli$ to ! ,*ri/ians1 volunt>ily gave !mselves up z believ]s4 ,sulp4 ,sev]us 7,hi/4 ii4 #cb71 speak+ ( ! volunt>y m>tyrs "u ,diocletian1 says t ,*ri/ians !n 8long$ = dea? z !y n[ long = bi%oprics40 8,cogi qui pote/1 nescit mori10 0 ! noble maxim ( ! ,*ri/ians4 #gdb ,arrian1 iv4 #g4 ,x is n c]ta91 h[ev]1 t ?is passage alludes to ! ,*ri/ians4 ,! foll[]s ( ,judas ( ,galilee 7 call$ ,galilans1 & !y 7 fam\s = _! indiff]5ce to dea?4 ,see ,joseph4 ,antiq4 xviii4 #a4 #gdc xi4 #c4 #gdd ,p]egr9us4 #gde ,zosimus4 #gdf 8,d ,i n hate !m1 ,o ,"l1 t hate !e8--yea1 ,i hate !m ) a p]fect hatr$40 #gdg ,see ,r5an's ,aptres1 p4 #cad4 #gdh ,m4 ,press5s v truly says ( ! ,romans1 8,leur religion tait ess5tiellem5t un art--l'art de dc\vrir les desse9s des dieux et d'agir sur eux p> des rites v>is40--,hi/4 des ,trois premi]s ,sicles1 tome i4 p4 #aib4 ,montesquieu has writt5 an int]e/+ essay on ! political nature ( ! ,roman religion4 #gdi ,sueton4 ,claud4 xxv4 #gej ,pl94 ,hi/4 ,nat4 vii4 #ca4 #gea ,tacit4 ,de ,orat4 xxxv42 ,aul4 ,gell4 ,noct4 xv4 #aa4 ,x w\ld appe>1 f ?is la/ au?ority1 t ! rhetoricians 7 twice expell$4 #geb ,dion ,cassius1 lii4 #cf4 ,mo/ hi/orians believe t ?is spee* repres5ts ! op9ions1 n ( ! ,augu/an age1 b ( ! age ( ! writ] :o relates x4 #gec ,on ! ho/ility ( ,vespasian to philosoph]s1 see ,xiphil91 lxvi4 #ac2 on t ( ,domitian1 ! ,lett]s ( ,pl9y & ! ,agricola ( ,tacitus4 #ged ,see a rem>kable passage 9 ,dion ,*ryso/om1 ,or4 lxxx4 ,de ,lib]tate4 #gee ,cic4 ,de ,legib4 ii4 #aa2 ,t]tull4 ,apol4 v4 #gef ,livy1 iv4 #cj #geg ,val4 ,maximus1 i4 #c1 #a4 #geh ,livy1 xxv4 #a4 #gei ,val4 ,max4 i4 #c1 #b4 #gfj ,see ! acc\nt ( ^! proce$+s1 & ( ! v rem>kable spee* ( ,po/umius1 9 ,livy1 xxxix4 #h-ai4 ,po/umius notices ! old prohibition ( =eign rites1 & ?us expla9s x3--8,judicabant enim prud5tissimi viri omnis div9i humanique juris1 nihil que dissolv5d religionis esse1 quam ubi non patrio s$ ext]no ritu sacrific>etur40 ,! ,s5ate1 ?\gh suppress+ ^! rites on acc\nt ( ! outrage\s immoralities connect$ ) !m1 decre$1 t if any "o ?\ght x a matt] ( religi\s duty to p]=m religi\s c]emonies to ,bac*us1 he %\ld be all[$ to d s on apply+ = p]mission to ! ,s5ate1 provid$ !re 7 n m ?an five assi/ants1 no common purse1 & no presid+ prie/4 #gfa ,val4 ,max4 i4 #c4 #gfb ,see ,dion ,cassius1 xl4 #dg2 xlii4 #bf2 xlvii4 #ae2 liv4 #f4 #gfc ,joseph4 ,antiq4 xviii4 #c4 #gfd ,tacit4 ,annal4 ii4 #he4 #gfe ,tacitus relates 7,ann4 xi4 #ae7 t "u ,claudius a s5atus consultus ord]$ ! pontiffs to take c>e t ! old ,roman 7or1 m prop]ly1 ,etruscan7 sy/em ( div9ation 0 obs]v$1 s9ce ! influx ( =eign sup]/itions _h l$ to its disuse2 b x does n appe> t ?is measure 0 int5d$ to int]f]e ) any o!r =m ( wor%ip4 #gff 8,sacrosanctam i/am civitatem acc$o40--,apuleius1 ,metam4 lib4 x4 ,x is said t !re 7 at "o "t no less ?an #dbj des sacr 9 ,rome4 ,nieupoort1 ,de ,ritibus ,romanorum 7#agaf71 p4 #bgf4 #gfg ,euseb4 ,prp4 ,evang4 iv4 #a4 ,font5elle says v truly1 8,il y a lieu de croire que *ez les pay5s la religion n'e/oit qu'une pratique1 dont la spculation e/oit indiffr5te4 ,faites comme les autres et croyez ce qu'il v\s plaira40--,hi/4 des ,oracles1 p4 #ie4 ,x 0 a say+ ( ,tib]ius1 t x is = ! gods to c>e = ! injuries done to !m3 8,deorum injurias diis cur40--,tacit4 ,annal4 i4 #gc4 #gfh ,! mo/ melan*oly mod]n in/ance ,i rememb] is a lett] ( ,hume to a "y man :o 0 ?9k+ ( tak+ ord]s1 b :o1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 /udies1 became a complete sceptic4 ,hume /rongly advis$ him n to all[ ?is consid]ation to int]f]e ) 8 c>e] 7,burton1 ,life ( ,hume1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ahg1 #ahh47 ,! utilit>ian pr9ciples ( ! philosoph] 7 d\btless at ! root ( 8 judgm5t4 #gfi ,de ,div9at4 ii4 #cc2 ,de ,nat4 ,deor4 ii4 #c4 #ggj 8,qu omnia sapi5s s]vabit tanquam legibus jussa non tanquam diis grata4444 ,mem9]imus cultum ejus magis ad morem quam ad rem p]t9]e40--,/4 ,aug4 ,de ,civ4 ,dei1 vi4 #aj4 ,/4 ,augu/9e d5\nces ?is view ) great p[]4 ,see1 too1 ,lactantius4 ,in/4 ,div4 ii4 #c4 #gga ,en*irid4 xxxi4 #ggb ,?is is notic$ by ,philo4 #ggc ,! %ip 9 :i* ! a!i/ ,diagoras sail$ 0 once ne>ly wreck$ by a tempe/1 & ! sailors decl>$ t x 0 a j retribution f ! gods because !y _h receiv$ ! philosoph] into _! vessel4 ,diagoras1 po9t+ to ! o!r %ips t 7 toss$ by ! same /orm1 ask$ :e!r !y imag9$ !re 0 a ,diagoras 9 ea*4 7,cic4 ,de ,nat4 ,deor4 iii4 #cg47 #ggd ,! ve/al ,oppia 0 put to dea? because ! div9]s attribut$ to h] un*a/ity c]ta9 8prodigies 9 ! heav5s10 t _h al>m$ ! p at ! beg9n+ ( ! w> ) ,veii4 7,livy1 ii4 #db47 ,! ve/al ,urb9ia 0 buri$ alive on acc\nt ( a plague t _h fall5 ^u ! ,roman wom51 :i* 0 attribut$ to h] incont95ce1 & :i* is said to h ceas$ sudd5ly ^u h] execution4 7,dion4 ,halic>4 ix47 #gge ,pl9y1 9 8 fam\s lett] to ,trajan ab\t ! ,*ri/ians1 notices t ?is _h be5 ! case 9 ,bi?ynia4 #ggf ,t]t4 ,apol4 xl4 ,see1 too1 ,cyprian1 contra ,demetrian41 & ,arnobius1 ,apol4 lib4 i4 #ggg ,/4 ,aug4 ,de ,civ4 ,dei1 ii4 #c4 #ggh ,in/ances ( ?is k9d are giv5 by ,t]tullian ,ad ,scapulam1 & ! :ole treatise ,on ! ,dea?s ( ! ,p]secutors1 attribut$ to ,lactantius1 is a developm5t ( ! same !ory4 ,/4 ,cyprian's treatise aga9/ ,demetrianus ?r[s mu* light on ! mode ( ?\ght ( ! ,*ri/ians ( 8 "t4 ,9 ! lat] hi/orians1 anecdotes ( adv]s>ies ( ! ,*ur* dy+ horrible dea?s became v num]\s4 ,!y 7 said especially to h be5 eat5 by worms4 ,_m examples ( ?is k9d are collect$ by ,jort94 7,rem>ks on ,eccles4 ,hi/4 vol4 i4 p4 #dcb47 #ggi 8,x is rem>kable1 9 all ! proclamations & docum5ts :i* ,eusebius assigns to ,con/ant9e1 "s ev5 writt5 by 8 own h&1 h[1 almo/ exclusively1 he dwells on ?is worldly sup]iority ( ! ,god ador$ by ! ,*ri/ians ov] ^? ( ! hea!ns1 & ! visible temporal advantages :i* att5d on ! wor%ip ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,8 own victory1 & ! disa/]s ( 8 enemies1 are 8 conclusive evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity40--,milman1 ,hi/4 ( ,e>ly ,*ri/ianity 7ed4 #ahfg71 vol4 ii4 p4 #cbg4 8,x 0 a /&+ argum5t ( ,a?anasius1 t ! dea? ( ,arius 0 a suffici5t refutation ( 8 h]esy40--,ibid4 p4 #chb4 #ghj ,socrates1 ,eccl4 ,hi/41 vii4 #cj4 #gha ,greg4 ,tur4 ii4 #cj1 #ca4 ,clovis wrote to ,/4 ,avitus1 8,y\r fai? is our victory40 #ghb ,milman's ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity 7ed4 #ahfg71 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bcf-bde4 #ghc ,ibid4 vol4 iii4 p4 #bdh4 #ghd ,ep4 xl4 #ghe 8,an diutius p]f]imus mut>i temporum vices1 irata cli temp]ie8 ,qu ,paganorum exac]bata p]fidia nescit natur libram5ta s]v>e4 ,unde enim v] solitam gratiam abjuravit8 unde /as1 messe jejuna1 laboriosum agricolam 9 spe de/ituit ari/>um8 unde hyemis intemp]ata f]ocitas ub]itatem t]r>um p5etrabili frigore /]ilitatis lsione damnavit8 nisi quod ad impietatis v9dictam transit lege sua natur decretum40--,novell4 lii4 ,!odos4 ,de ,judis1 ,sam>itanis1 et ,hreticis4 #ghf ,milman's ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity vol4 ii4 p4 #ced4 #ghg ,dmonomanie des ,sorci]s1 p4 #aeb4 #ghh ,see a curi\s in/ance 9 ,bayle's ,diction>y1 art4 8,v]g]ius40 #ghi ,pl9y1 ,ep4 x4 #dc4 ,trajan notic$ t ,nicom$ia 0 peculi>ly turbul5t4 ,on ! edict aga9/ ! hetri1 or associations1 see ,ep4 x4 #ig4 #gij ,all ! apologi/s are full ( ^! *>ges4 ,! *ief passages h be5 collect$ 9 t v useful & le>n$ "w1 ,kor?olt1 ,de ,calumniis contra ,*ri/ianos4 7,cologne1 #afhc47 #gia ,ju/9 ,m>tyr tells u x 0 ! brave dea?s ( ! ,*ri/ians t conv]t$ him4 7,apol4 ii4 #ab47 #gib ,p]egr9us4 #gic ,ep4 x4 #ig4 #gid ,ep4 ii4 #gie ,juv5al describes ! popul> e/imate ( ! ,jews3-- 8,tradidit arcano quodcunque volum9e ,moses2 ,non mon/r>e vias1 eadem nisi sacra col5ti1 ,qusitum ad fontem solos d$uc]e v]pos40 ,sat4 xix4 #ajb-aje4 ,x is n true t ! ,mosaic law conta9s ^! precepts4 #gif ,see ,m]ivale's ,hi/4 ( ,rome1 vol4 viii4 p4 #agf4 #gig ,see ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ,trypho1 xvii4 #gih ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ,apol4 i4 #bf4 #gii ,eusebius expressly notices t ! lic5ti\sness ( ! sect ( ,c>pocrates occasion$ calumnies aga9/ ! :ole ( ! ,*ri/ian body4 7iv4 #g47 ,a numb] ( passages f ! ,fa!rs describ+ ! immorality ( ^! h]etics are ref]r$ to by ,cave1 ,primitive ,*ri/ianity1 "p ii4 *4 v4 #hjj ,epiphanius1 ,adv4 ,hr4 lib4 i4 ,hr4 #bf4 ,! *>ge ( murd]+ *ildr51 & especially infants1 occupies a v prom95t place among ! recrim9ations ( religioni/s4 ,! ,pagans1 z we h se51 br\ght x aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians1 & ! or?odox aga9/ "s ( ! e>ly h]etics4 ,! ,*ri/ians accus$ ,julian ( murd]+ infants = magical purposes1 & ! b$ ( ! ,orontes 0 said to h be5 *ok$ ) _! bodies4 ,! accusation 0 !n commonly direct$ aga9/ ! ,jews1 aga9/ ! wit*es1 & aga9/ ! mid-wives1 :o 7 suppos$ to be 9 conf$]ation ) ! wit*es4 #hja ,see an example 9 ,eusebius1 iii4 #cb4 ,aft] ! triumph ( ,*ri/ianity ! ,arian h]etics appe> to h be5 accu/om$ to br+ accusations ( immorality aga9/ ! ,ca?olics4 ,!y procur$ ! deposition ( ,/4 ,eu/a?ius1 ,bi%op ( ,antio*1 by suborn+ a pro/itute to accuse him ( be+ ! fa!r ( h] *ild4 ,! woman aft]w>ds1 on h] dea?-b$1 confess$ ! impo/ure4 7,!odor4 ,hi/4 i4 #ba-bb47 ,!y also accus$ ,/4 ,a?anasius ( murd] & un*a/ity1 bo? ( :i* *>ges he mo/ triumphantly repell$4 7,ibid4 i4 #cj47 #hjb ,! great ex]tions & success ( ! ,*ri/ians 9 mak+ female conv]ts is indignantly notic$ by ,celsus 7,orig57 & by ! ,pagan int]locutor 9 ,m9ucius ,felix 7,octavius71 & a m m9ute exam9ation ( ecclesia/ical hi/ory amply confirms _! /atem5ts4 ,i %all h 9 a future *apt] to rev]t to ?is matt]4 ,t]tullian graphically describes ! ang] ( a man he knew1 at ! conv]sion ( 8 wife1 & decl>es he w\ld r h _h h] 8a pro/itute ?an a ,*ri/ian40 7,ad ,nationes1 i4 #d47 ,he also m5tions a gov]nor ( ,cappadocia1 nam$ ,h]m9ianus1 ^: motive = p]secut+ ! ,*ri/ians 0 8 ang] at ! conv]sion ( 8 wife1 & :o1 9 consequ5ce ( 8 hav+ p]secut$1 0 dev\r$ by worms4 7,ad ,scapul4 #c47 #hjc 8,matron>um ,auriscalpius40 ,! title 0 giv5 to ,pope ,/4 ,damasus4 ,see ,jort9's ,rem>ks on ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bg4 ,ammianus ,m>cell9us notices 7xxvii4 #c7 ! great weal? ! ,roman bi%ops ( 8 "t _h acquir$ ?r\gh ! gifts ( wom54 ,!odoret 7,hi/4 ,eccl4 ii4 #ag7 gives a curi\s acc\nt ( ! en]getic proce$+s ( ! ,roman ladies ^u ! exile ( ,pope ,lib]ius4 #hjd ,conj4 ,prcept4 ,?is passage has be5 ?\ght to ref] to ! ,*ri/ians2 if s1 x is ! s+le example ( its k9d 9 ! writ+s ( ,plut>*4 #hje ,pl9y1 9 8 lett] on ! ,*ri/ians1 notices t _! assemblies 7 be=e daybreak4 ,t]tullian & ,m9ucius ,felix speak frequ5tly ( ! 8nocturnes convocationes10 or 8nocturnes congregationes0 ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,! foll[+ passage1 :i* ! la/ ( ^! writ]s puts into ! m\? ( a ,pagan1 describes =cibly ! popul> feel+ ab\t ! ,*ri/ians3 8,qui de ultima fce collectis imp]itioribus et muli]ibus cr$ulis sexus sui facilitate lab5tibus1 plebem pr(an conjurationis in/ituunt3 qu nocturnis congregationibus et jejuniis sol5nibus et inhumanis cibis non sacro quodam s$ piaculo fd]antur1 latebrosa et lucifugax natio1 9 publico muta1 9 angulis g>rula2 templa ut bu/a despiciunt1 deos despuunt1 rid5t sacra40--,octavius4 ,t]tullian1 9 exhort+ ! ,*ri/ian wom5 n to int]m>ry ) ,pagans1 gives z "o reason t !y w\ld n p]mit !m to att5d ?is 8nightly convocation40 7,ad ,uxorem1 ii4 #d47 ,?is :ole *apt] is a graphic b deeply pa9ful picture ( ! utt] impossibility ( a ,*ri/ian woman hav+ any real community ( feel+ ) a 8s]vant ( ! devil40 #hjf ,de ,civ4 ,dei1 xix4 #bc4 #hjg ,! policy ( ! ,romans ) ref]5ce to magic has be5 m9utely trac$ by ,maury1 ,hi/4 de la ,magie4 ,dr4 ,j]emie conjectures t ! exorcisms ( ! ,*ri/ians may h excit$ ! antipa?y ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 he1 z ,i h already notic$1 be+ a disbeliev] on ?is subject4 7,j]emie1 ,hi/4 ( ,*ur* 9 ! ,second & ,?ird ,c5t4 p4 #bf47 ,b ?is is m]e conjecture4 #hjh ,see ! picture ( ! s5tim5ts ( ! ,pagans on ?is matt]1 9 ,plut>*'s noble ,treatise on ,sup]/ition4 #hji ,?us ,ju/9 ,m>tyr3 8,s9ce s5sation rema9s 9 all m5 :o h be5 9 exi/5ce1 & ev]la/+ puni%m5t is 9 /ore1 d n hesitate to believe1 & be conv9c$ t :at ,i say is true4444 ,?is ,geh5na is a place :]e all w be puni%$ :o live unrighte\sly1 & :o believe n t :at ,god has taught ?r\gh ,*ri/ w come to pass40--,apol4 #a4 #ah-ai4 ,arnobius has /at$ v =cibly ! fav\rite argum5t ( _m lat] !ologians3 8,cum ergo hc sit conditio futurorum ut t5]i et compreh5di nullius poss9t anticipationis attactu3 nonne purior ratio e/1 ex duobus inc]tis et 9 ambigua expectatione p5d5tibus1 id potius cr$]e quod aliquas spes f]at1 quam omn9o quod nullas8 ,9 illo enim p]iculi nihil e/1 si quod dicitur imm9]e cassum fiat et vacuum4 ,9 hoc damnum e/ maximum40--,adv4 ,g5tes1 lib4 i #haj ,! cont9ual en=cem5t ( ! duty ( belief1 & ! cr$ulity ( ! ,*ri/ians1 7 p]petually dwelt on by ,celsus & ,julian4 ,accord+ to ! fir/1 x 0 usual = !m to say1 8,d n exam9e1 b believe only40 ,accord+ to ! latt]1 8! sum ( _! wisdom 0 compris$ 9 ?is s+le precept1 believe40 ,! apologi/s frequ5tly notice ?is *>ge ( cr$ulity z br\ght aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians1 & "s fam\s s5t5ces ( ,t]tullian g f> to ju/ify x4 ,see ,middleton's ,free ,enquiry1 ,introd4 pp4 xcii1 xciii4 #haa ,see ! graphic picture ( ! agony ( t]ror manife/$ by ! apo/ates z !y tott]$ to ! alt> at ,alex&ria1 9 ! ,decian p]secution1 9 ,dionysius apud ,eusebius1 vi4 #da4 ,miracul\s judgm5ts 7(t51 p]haps1 ! natural consequ5ce ( ?is extreme fe>7 7 said to h frequ5tly fall5 ^u ! apo/ates4 ,/4 ,cyprian has pres]v$ a numb] ( ^! 9 8 treatise ,de ,lapsis4 ,p]sons1 :5 excommunicat$1 7 also said to h be5 sometimes visibly possess$ by devils4 ,see ,*ur*1 ,on ,miracul\s ,p[]s 9 ! ,fir/ ,?ree ,c5turies1 pp4 #eb-ed4 #hab 8,si quis aliquid fec]it1 quo leves hom9um animi sup]/itione num9is t]r]5tur1 ,divus ,m>cus hujusmodi hom9es 9 insulam releg>i rescripsit10 ,dig4 xlviii4 tit4 #ai1 l4 #cj4 #hac ,a numb] ( in/ances h be5 record$1 9 :i* ! puni%m5t ( ! ,*ri/ians 0 due to _! hav+ brok5 idols1 ov]turn$ alt>s1 or 9 o!r ways insult$ ! ,pagans at _! wor%ip4 ,! read] may f9d _m examples ( ?is collect$ 9 ,cave's ,primitive ,*ri/ianity1 "p i4 c4 v42 ,kor?olt1 ,de ,calumniis contra ,*ri/ianos2 ,b>beyrac1 ,morale des ,pres1 c4 xvii42 ,tillemont1 ,mm4 ecclsia/4 tome vii4 pp4 #ced-cee2 ,ceilli]1 ,hi/4 des ,auteurs sacrs1 tome iii4 pp4 #eca-ecc4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,illib]is f\nd x necess>y to make a canon refus+ ! title ( 8m>tyr0 to ^? :o 7 execut$ = ^! (f5ces4 #had ,! fir/ ( ^! anecdotes is told by ,/4 ,j]ome1 ! second by ,/4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ! ?ird by ,/4 ,ir5u4 #hae ,! sev]e discipl9e ( ! e>ly ,*ur* on ?is po9t has be5 amply treat$ 9 ,m>%all's ,p5it5tial ,discipl9e ( ! ,primitive ,*ur* 7fir/ publi%$ 9 #agad1 b repr9t$ 9 ! libr>y ( ,anglo-,ca?olic !ology71 & 9 ,b+ham's ,antiquities ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 vol4 vi4 7,ox=d1 #ahee74 ,! lat] sa9ts cont9ually dwelt ^u ?is duty ( sep>ation4 ,?us1 8,/4 ,?odore de ,ph]m disoit1 que qu& une p]sonne dont n\s tions amis e/oit tombe dans la =nication1 n\s devions luy donn] la ma9 et faire notre possible p\r le relev]2 mais que s'il e/oit tomb dans quelque erreur contre la foi1 et qu'il ne v\lu/ pas s'en corrig] aprs les premires remon/rances1 il falloit l'ab&onn] promptem5t et rompre t\te amiti avec luy1 de peur qu'en n\s amusant le v\loir retir] de ce g\ffre1 il ne n\s y entrana/ n\s-mmes40--,tillemont1 ,mm4 ,eccls4 tome xii4 p4 #cfg4 #haf 8,hab]e jam non pote/ ,deum patrem qui ecclesiam non habet matrem4 ,si potuit evad]e quisquam qui extra arcam ,noe fuit1 et qui extra ecclesiam =is fu]it evadit 444 hanc unitatem qui non t5et 444 vitam non t5et et salutem 444 esse m>tyr non pote/ qui 9 ecclesia non e/4444 ,cum ,deo man]e non possunt qui esse 9 ecclesia ,dei unanimes nolu]unt4 ,ardeant licet flammis et ignibus traditi1 vel objecti be/iis animas suas ponunt1 non erit illa fidei corona1 s$ pna p]fidi1 nec religios virtutis exitus gloriosus s$ desp]ationis int]itus4 ,occidi talis pote/1 coron>i non pote/4 ,sic se ,*ri/ianum esse pr(itetur quo modo et ,*ri/um diabolus spe m5titur40--,cyprian1 ,de ,unit4 ,eccles4 #hag ,eusebius1 v4 #af4 #hah ,confess4 iii4 #aa4 ,%e 0 aft]w>ds p]mitt$ by a special revelation to sit at ! same table ) h] son6 #hai ,ep4 xl4 #hbj ,ep4 xviii4 #hba ,t]tull4 ,de ,corona4 #hbb ,milman's ,hi/4 ( ,*ri/ianity1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #aaf-abe4 ,x is rem>kable t ! ,s]apeum ( ,alex&ria 01 9 ! ,sibyll9e books1 specially m5ac$ ) de/ruction4 #hbc ,eunapius1 ,lives ( ! ,sophi/s4 ,eunapius gives an extremely pa!tic acc\nt ( ! d[nfall ( ?is temple4 ,!re is a ,*ri/ian acc\nt 9 ,!odoret 7v4 #bb74 ,!ophilus1 ,bi%op ( ,alex&ria1 0 ! lead] ( ! monks4 ,! ,pagans1 "u ! guidance ( a philosoph] nam$ ,olympus1 made a desp]ate ef=t to def5d _! temple4 ,! :ole /ory is v f9ely told by ,dean ,milman4 7,hi/4 ( ,*ri/ianity1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #fh-gb47 #hbd ,apology1 v4 ,! ov]:elm+ difficulties att5d+ ?is ass]tion are well /at$ by ,gibbon1 *4 xvi4 ,traces ( ?is fable may be f\nd 9 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr4 ,! fre$om ( ! ,*ri/ian wor%ip at ,rome appe>s n only f ! unanimity ) :i* ,*ri/ian writ]s date _! tr\bles f ,n]o1 b also f ! express /atem5t 9 ,acts xxviii4 #ca4 #hbe 8,judos1 impulsore ,*re/o1 assidue tumultuantes1 ,roma expulit40--,sueton4 ,claud4 xxv4 ,?is bani%m5t ( ! ,jews is m5tion$ 9 ,acts xviii4 #b1 b is n !re connect$ 9 any way ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,a passage 9 ,dion ,cassius 7lx4 #f7 is suppos$ to ref] to ! same transaction4 ,lactantius notices t ! ,pagans 7 accu/om$ to call ,*ri/us1 ,*re/us3 8,eum immutata lit]a ,*re/um sol5t dic]e40--,div4 ,in/4 iv4 #g4 #hbf ,?is p]secution is fully describ$ by ,tacitus 7,annal4 xv4 #dd71 & briefly notic$ by ,suetonius 7,n]o1 xvi474 #hbg ,?is has be5 a matt] ( v great controv]sy4 ,look+ at ! "q ap>t f direct te/imony1 x appe>s improbable t a p]secution direct$ aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians on ! *>ge ( hav+ burnt ,rome1 %\ld h ext5d$ to ,*ri/ians :o did n live ne> ,rome4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x has be5 argu$ t ,tacitus speaks ( !m z 8haud p]9de 9 crim9e inc5dii1 quam odio humani g5]is convicti20 & x has be5 ma9ta9$ t 8hatr$ ( ! human race0 0 treat$ z a crime1 & puni%$ 9 ! prov9ces4 ,b ?is is1 ,i ?9k1 extremely f>-fet*$2 & x is evid5t f ! sequel t ! ,*ri/ians at ,rome 7 burnt z inc5di>ies1 & t x 0 ! conviction t !y 7 n guilty ( t crime t extort$ ! pity :i* ,tacitus notices4 ,!re is also no ref]5ce 9 ,tacitus to any p]secution beyond ! walls4 ,if we pass to ! ,*ri/ian evid5ce1 a ,spani% inscription ref]r+ to ! ,n]onian p]secution1 :i* 0 once appeal$ to z decisive1 is n[ unanim\sly admitt$ to be a =g]y4 ,9 ! f\r? c5tury1 h[ev]1 ,sulp4 ,sev]us 7lib4 ii47 & ,orosius 7,hi/4 vii4 #g7 decl>$ t g5]al laws condemnatory ( ,*ri/ianity 7 promulgat$ by ,n]o2 b ! te/imony ( cr$ul\s hi/orians :o wrote s long aft] ! ev5t is n ( mu* value4 ,rossi1 h[ev]1 imag9es t a fragm5t ( an inscription f\nd at ,pompeii indicates a g5]al law aga9/ ,*ri/ians4 ,see 8 ,bullet9o d',ar*eologia ,cri/iana 7,roma1 ,dec4 #ahfe71 :i*1 h[ev]1 %\ld be comp>$ ) ! v rem>kable ,compte r5du ( ,m4 ,aub1 ,acad4 des ,inscrip4 et ,belles-lettres1 ,ju9 #ahff4 ,^! two pap]s conta9 an almo/ complete discussion ( ! p]secutions ( ,n]o & ,domitian4 ,gibbon ?9ks x q c]ta9 ! p]secution 0 conf9$ to ! city2 ,mo%eim 7,eccl4 ,hi/4 i4 p4 #ga7 adopts ! opposite view1 & appeals to ! passage 9 ,t]tullian 7,ap4 v471 9 :i* he speaks ( 8leges i/ 444 quas ,trajanus ex p>te fru/ratus e/1 vit&o inquiri ,*ri/ianos10 z imply+ ! exi/5ce ( special laws aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians4 ,?is passage1 h[ev]1 may m]ely ref] to ! g5]al law aga9/ unau?oris$ religions1 :i* ,t]tullian notices 9 ?is v *apt]2 & ,pl9y1 9 8 fam\s lett]1 does n %[ any k ( ! exi/5ce ( special legislation ab\t ! ,*ri/ians4 #hbh ,ecclesia/ical hi/orians ma9ta91 b n on v /rong evid5ce1 t ! ,*ur* ( ,rome 0 f\nd$ by ,/4 ,pet]1 ,a4,d4 #db or #dd4 ,/4 ,paul came to ,rome ,a4,d4 #fa4 #hbi ,on ?is horrible puni%m5t see ,juv5al1 ,sat4 i4 #aee-aeg4 #hcj ,lactantius1 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 speaks ( ?is op9ion z /ill held by "s 8madm50 7,de ,mort4 ,p]sec4 cap4 ii472 b ,sulp4 ,sev]us 7,hi/4 lib4 ii47 speaks ( x z a common notion1 & he says t ,/4 ,m>t91 :5 ask$ ab\t ! end ( ! _w1 answ]$1 8,n]onem et ,anti*ri/um prius esse v5turos3 ,n]onem 9 occid5tali plaga regibus subactis decem1 imp]aturum1 p]secutionem autem ab eo hact5us ex]c5dam ut idola g5tium coli cogat40--,dial4 ii4 ,among ! ,pagans1 ! notion t ,n]o 0 yet alive l+]$ long1 & tw5ty ye>s aft] 8 dea? an adv5tur] pret5d+ to be ,n]o 0 en?usia/ically receiv$ by ! ,p>?ians 7,sueton4 ,n]o1 lvii474 #hca ,see ! full description ( x 9 ,rossi's ,bullet9o d',ar*eol4 ,cri/4 ,dec4 #ahfe4 ,eusebius 7iii4 #ag7 & ,t]tullian 7,apol4 v47 h expressly notic$ ! v rem>kable fact t ,vespasian1 :o 0 a bitt] enemy to ! ,jews1 & :o exil$ all ! lead+ ,/oical philosoph]s except ,musonius1 nev] tr\bl$ ! ,*ri/ians4 #hcb ,see a pa!tic lett] ( ,pl9y1 lib4 iii4 ,ep4 xi4 & also lib4 i4 ,ep4 v4 & ! ,agricola ( ,tacitus4 #hcc ,euseb4 iii4 #bj4 #hcd 8,prt] ct]os ,judaicus fiscus ac]bissime actus e/4 ,ad quem def]ebantur1 qui vel impr(essi ,judaicam intra urbem viv]5t vitam1 vel dissimulata orig9e imposita g5ti tributa non pep5diss5t40--,sueton4 ,domit4 xi4 ,suetonius adds t1 :5 a "y man1 he saw an old man ( n9ety exam9$ be=e a l>ge assembly to asc]ta9 :e!r he 0 circumcis$4 #hce ,euseb4 iii4 #ah4 #hcf ,see ! acc\nts ( ^! transactions 9 ,xiphil91 ! abbreviator ( ,dion ,cassius 7lxvii4 #ad72 ,euseb4 iii4 #ag-ah4 ,suetonius notices 7,domit4 xv47 t ,flavius ,clem5s 7:om he calls a man 8contemptissim in]ti07 0 kill$ 8ex t5uissima suspicione40 ,! language ( ,xiphil91 :o says he 0 kill$ = 8impiety & ,jewi% rites20 ! express ass]tion ( ,eusebius1 t x 0 = ,*ri/ianity2 & ! decl>ation ( ,t]tullian1 t ,*ri/ians 7 p]secut$ at ! close ( ?is reign1 leave1 ,i ?9k1 little d\bt t ?is execution 0 connect$ ) ,*ri/ianity1 ?\gh "s writ]s h que/ion$ x4 ,at ! same "t1 x is v probable1 z ,mr4 ,m]ivale ?9ks 7,hi/4 ( ,rome1 vol4 vii4 pp4 #cha-chd71 t ?\gh ! pretext ( ! execution might h be5 religi\s1 ! real motive 0 political jeal\sy4 ,domitian _h already put to dea? ! bro!r ( ,flavius ,clem5s on ! *>ge ( treason4 ,8 sons _h be5 recognis$ z successors to ! ?rone1 & at ! "t ( 8 execution ano!r lead+ noble nam$ ,glabrio 0 accus$ ( hav+ f\ght 9 ! ar5a4 ,"s ecclesia/ical hi/orians h imag9$ t !re may h be5 two ,domitillas--! wife & niece ( ,flavius ,clem5s4 ,! isl&s ( ,pontia & ,p&at>ia 7 close to "o ano!r4 #hcg 8,t5tav]at et ,domitianus1 portio ,n]onis de crudelitate2 s$ qua et homo facile cptum repressit1 re/itutis etiam quos relegav]at40 7,apol4 #e47 ,x w be obs]v$ t ,t]tullian makes no m5tion ( any puni%m5t m sev]e ?an exile4 #hch ,euseb4 iii4 #bj4 #hci ,de ,mort4 ,p]sec4 iii4 #hdj ,xiphil91 lxviii4 #a4 ,an annotator to ,mo%eim conjectures t ! edict may h be5 issu$ j be=e ! dea? ( ! emp]or1 b n act$ on till aft] x4 #hda ,euseb4 iv4 #bf4 ,! :ole ( ?is apology has be5 rec5tly recov]$1 & translat$ into ,lat9 by ,m4 ,r5an 9 ! ,spicilegium ,solesm5se4 #hdb ,apol4 #e4 #hdc ,lactant4 ,de ,mort4 ,p]sec4 #c-d4 #hdd ,pl9y1 ,ep4 x4 #ig-ih4 #hde ,euseb4 lib4 iii4 #hdf ,!re is a description ( ?is e>?quake 9 ,m]ivale's ,hi/4 ( ! ,romans1 vol4 viii4 pp4 #aee-aef4 ,orosius 7,hi/4 vii4 #ab7 ?\ght x 0 a judgm5t on acc\nt ( ! p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians4 #hdg ,eusebius1 iv4 #h-i4 ,see1 too1 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ,apol4 i4 #fh-fi4 #hdh ,?is is m5tion$ incid5tally by ,lampridius 9 8 ,life ( ,a4 ,sev]us4 #hdi ,see ?is v curi\s lett] 9 ,vopiscus1 ,saturn9us4 #hej ,ju/9 ,m>t4 ,ap4 i4 #ca4 ,eusebius quotes a passage f ,hegesippus to ! same effect4 7iv4 #h47 #hea 8,prcepitque ne cui ,judo introeundi ,hi]osolymam esset lic5tia1 ,*ri/ianis tantum civitate p]missa40--,oros4 vii4 #ac4 #heb ,a lett] :i* ,eusebius gives at full 7iv4 #ac71 & ascribes to ,anton9us ,pius1 has creat$ a good deal ( controv]sy4 ,ju/9 ,m>t4 7,apol4 i4 #ga7 & ,t]tullian 7,apol4 #e7 ascribe x to ,m>cus ,aurelius4 ,x is n[ g5]ally believ$ to be a =g]y by a ,*ri/ian h&1 be+ m l a ,*ri/ian apology ?an ! lett] ( a ,pagan emp]or4 ,/4 ,melito1 h[ev]1 writ+ to ,m>cus ,aurelius1 expressly /ates t ,anton9us _h writt5 a lett] =bidd+ ! p]secution ( ,*ri/ians4 7,euseb4 iv4 #bf47 #hec ,x is allud$ to by ,m9ucius ,felix4 #hed ,eusebius1 iv4 #af4 #hee ,/4 ,melito expressly /ates t ! edicts ( ,m>cus ,aurelius produc$ ! ,asiatic p]secution4 #hef ,eusebius1 iv4 #ae4 #heg ,see ! mo/ t\*+ & horrible description ( ?is p]secution 9 a lett] writt5 by ! ,*ri/ians ( ,lyons1 9 ,eusebius1 v4 #a4 #heh ,sulpicius ,sev]us 7:o 0 himself a ,gaul7 says ( _! m>tyrdom 7,h4 ,e41 lib4 ii471 8,tum primum intra ,gallias ,m>tyria visa1 s]ius trans ,alpes ,dei religione suscepta40 ,tradition ascribes ,gallic ,*ri/ianity to ! apo/les1 b ! evid5ce ( inscriptions appe>s to confirm ! acc\nt ( ,sev]us4 ,x is at lea/ c]ta9 t ,*ri/ianity did n acquire a great ext5sion till lat]4 ,! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian inscriptions f\nd are 7"o 9 ea* ye>7 ( ,a4,d4 #ccd1 #cdg1 #cgg1 #dje1 & #dji4 ,!y d n become common till ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,see a full discussion ( ?is 9 ! preface ( ,m4 ,le ,blant's admirable & inde$ exhau/ive "w1 ,inscriptions ,*rti5nes de la ,gaule4 #hei ,x 0 alleg$ among ! ,*ri/ians1 t t[>ds ! close ( 8 reign ,m>cus ,aurelius issu$ an edict protect+ ! ,*ri/ians1 on acc\nt ( a ,*ri/ian legion hav+1 9 ,g]many1 9 a mom5t ( great di/ress1 procur$ a %[] ( ra9 by _! pray]s4 7,t]t4 ,apol4 #e47 ,! %[] is m5tion$ by ,pagan z well z ,*ri/ian writ]s1 & is portray$ on ! column ( ,anton9us4 ,x 0 8ascrib$ to ! incantations ( an ,egyptian magician1 to ! pray]s ( a legion ( ,*ri/ians1 or to ! fav\r ( ,jove t[>ds ! be/ ( mortals1 accord+ to ! v>i\s prejudices ( diff]5t obs]v]s40--,m]ivale's ,hi/4 ( ,rome1 vol4 viii4 p4 #cch4 #hfj ,xiphil91 lxxii4 #d4 ,! mo/ atroci\s ( ! ,pagan p]secutions 0 attribut$1 z we %all see1 to ! "m ( ,gal]ius1 & 9 ,*ri/ian times ! ,spani% ,inquisition 0 f\nd$ by ,isabella ! ,ca?olic2 ! massacre ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew 0 *iefly due to ,ca!r9e ( ,m$icis1 & ! mo/ horrible ,engli% p]secution to ,m>y ,tudor4 #hfa ,euseb4 v4 #ba4 ,! accus]1 we le>n f ,/4 ,j]ome1 0 a slave4 ,on ! law condemn+ slaves :o accus$ _! ma/]s1 comp>e ,press5s1 ,hi/4 des ,trois premi]s ,sicles 7#bme srie71 tome i4 pp4 #ahb-ahc1 & ,j]emie's ,*ur* ,hi/ory ( ,second & ,?ird ,c5turies1 p4 #bi4 ,apollonius 0 ( s5atorial rank4 ,x is said t "s o!r m>tyrs di$ at ! same "t4 #hfb 8,judos fi]i sub gravi pna vetuit4 ,idem etiam de ,*ri/ianis sanxit40--,sp>tian4 ,s4 ,sev]us4 ,! p]secution is describ$ by ,eusebius1 lib4 vi4 ,t]tullian says ,sev]us 0 fav\rable to ! ,*ri/ians1 a ,*ri/ian nam$ ,proculus 7:om he1 9 consequ5ce1 reta9$ 9 ! palace till 8 dea?7 hav+ cur$ him ( an illness by ! application ( oil4 7,ad ,scapul4 #d47 #hfc 8,( ! p]secution "u ,sev]us !re are few1 if any1 traces 9 ! ,we/4 ,x is conf9$ to ,syria1 p]haps to ,cappadocia1 to ,egypt1 & to ,africa1 & 9 ! latt] prov9ces appe>s z ! act ( ho/ile gov]nors proce$+ ^u ! exi/+ laws1 r ?an ! consequ5ce ( any rec5t edict ( ! emp]or40--,milman's ,hi/4 ( ,*ri/ianity1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #aef-aeg4 #hfd ,adv4 ,cels4 iii4 ,see ,gibbon1 *4 xvi4 #hfe ,eusebius1 vi4 #bh4 #hff ,lampridius1 ,a4 ,sev]us4 ,! hi/orian adds1 8,judis privilegia res]vavit4 ,*ri/ianos esse passus e/40 #hfg ,comp>e ,milman's ,hi/ory ( ,e>ly ,*ri/ianity 7#ahfg71 vol4 ii4 p4 #ahh1 & 8 ,hi/ory ( ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity 7#ahfg71 vol4 i4 pp4 #bf-ei4 ,!re are only two cases ( alleg$ m>tyrdom be=e ?is "t t c excite any reasonable d\bt4 ,ir5u di/9ctly ass]ts t ,telesphorus 0 m>tyr$2 b 8 m>tyrdom is put 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! reign ( ,anton9us ,pius 7he _h assum$ ! mitre ne> ! end ( ! reign ( ,hadrian71 & ,anton9us is repres5t$1 by ! g5]al voice ( ! ,*ur*1 z p]fectly free f ! /a9 ( p]secution4 ,a tradition1 :i* is 9 itself suffici5tly probable1 /ates t ,pontianus1 hav+ be5 exil$ by ,maxim9us1 0 kill$ 9 bani%m5t4 #hfh ,tacitus has a v +5i\s rem>k on ?is subject1 :i* illu/rates happily ! half-scepticism ( ! ,empire4 ,aft] rec\nt+ a numb] ( prodigies t 7 said to h tak5 place 9 ! reign ( ,o?o1 he rem>ks t ^! 7 ?+s habitually notic$ 9 ! ages ( ignorance1 b n[ only notic$ 9 p]iods ( t]ror4 8,rudibus sculis etiam 9 pace obs]vata1 qu nunc tantum 9 metu audiuntur40--,hi/4 i4 #hf4 #hfi ,m4 de ,*ampagny has devot$ an extremely beautiful *apt] 7,les ,anton9s1 tome ii4 pp4 #agi-bjj7 to ! lib]ty ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,see1 too1 ! fifty-f\r? *apt] ( ,mr4 ,m]ivale's ,hi/ory4 ,x is ! cu/om ( "s ( ! apologi/s = mod]n ,cs>ism to def5d x by po9t+ to ! ,roman ,empire z ! happie/ p]iod 9 human hi/ory4 ,no apology c be m un=tunate4 ,! fir/ task ( a mod]n despot is to c5tralise to ! highe/ po9t1 to br+ e dep>tm5t ( ?\ght & action "u a sy/em ( police regulation1 &1 above all1 to impose 8 %ackl+ tyranny ^u ! human m9d4 ,! v p]fection ( ! ,roman ,empire 01 t ! municipal & p]sonal lib]ty x admitt$ _h nev] be5 surpass$1 & ! intellectual lib]ty _h nev] be5 equall$4 #hgj ,sueton4 ,aug4 xxxi4 ,x appe>s f a passage 9 ,livy 7xxxix4 #af7 t books ( oracles _h be5 sometimes burnt 9 ! ,republic4 #hga ,tacitus has giv5 u a v rem>kable acc\nt ( ! trial ( ,cremutius ,cordus1 "u ,tib]ius1 = hav+ publi%$ a hi/ory 9 :i* he _h prais$ ,brutus & call$ ,cassius ! la/ ( ,romans4 7,annal4 iv4 #cd-ce47 ,he expressly t]ms ?is 8novo ac tunc primum audito crim9e10 & he puts a spee* 9 ! m\? ( ! accus$1 describ+ ! lib]ty previ\sly accord$ to writ]s4 ,cordus avoid$ execution by suicide4 ,8 daught]1 ,m>cia1 pres]v$ "s copies ( 8 "w1 & publi%$ x 9 ! reign & ) ! approbation ( ,caligula4 7,s5ec4 ,ad4 ,m>c4 #a2 ,suet4 ,calig4 #af47 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s traces ( an e>li] p]secution ( lett]s4 ,"u ! sanction ( a law ( ! decemvirs aga9/ libell]s1 ,augu/us exil$ ! satiric writ] ,cassius ,sev]us1 & he also de/roy$ ! works ( an hi/orian nam$ ,labi5us1 on acc\nt ( _! s$iti\s s5tim5ts4 ,^! writ+s 7 re-publi%$ ) ^? ( ,cordus4 ,g5]ally1 h[ev]1 ,augu/us 0 v magnanim\s 9 8 deal+s ) 8 assailants4 ,he refus$ ! reque/ ( ,tib]ius to puni% !m 7,suet4 ,aug4 #ea71 & only exclud$ f 8 palace ,timag5es1 :o bitt]ly satiris$ bo? him & ! empress1 & proclaim$ himself ev]y:]e ! enemy ( ! emp]or4 7,s5ec4 ,de ,ira1 iii4 #bc47 ,a simil> magnanimity 0 %[n by mo/ ( ! o!r emp]ors2 among o!rs1 by ,n]o4 7,suet4 ,n]o1 #ci47 ,"u ,vespasian1 h[ev]1 a poet1 nam$ ,mat]nus1 0 oblig$ to ret\* a trag$y on ,cato 7,tacit4 ,de ,or4 #b-c71 & ,domitian all[$ no writ+s oppos$ to 8 policy4 7,tacit4 ,agric47 ,b no attempt appe>s to h be5 made 9 ! ,empire to control religi\s writ+s till ! p]secution ( ,diocletian1 :o ord]$ ! ,scriptures to be burnt4 ,! example 0 spe$ily foll[$ by ! ,*ri/ian emp]ors4 ,! writ+s ( ,arius 7 burnt 9 ,a4,d4 #cba1 ^? ( ,porphyry 9 ,a4,d4 #chh4 ,pope ,gelasius1 9 ,a4,d4 #dif1 drew up a li/ ( books :i* %\ld n be read1 & all lib]ty ( publication spe$ily became ext9ct4 ,see on ?is subject ,peignot1 ,essai hi/orique sur la ,lib]t d'crire2 ,villema91 tudes de ,littr4 anci5ne2 ,sir ,c4 ,lewis on ! ,cr$ibility ( ,roman ,hi/4 vol4 i4 p4 #eb2 ,nadal1 ,mmoire sur la lib]t qu'avoi5t les soldats roma9s de dire des v]s satyriques contre ceux qui triomphoi5t 7,p>is #agbe74 #hgb ,see a collection ( passages on ?is po9t 9 ,press5s1 ,hi/4 des ,trois premi]s ,sicles 7#bme srie71 tome i4 pp4 #c-d4 #hgc ,trypho4 #hgd ,apol4 xxxvii4 #hge ,euseb4 vi4 #dc4 #hgf ,eusebius1 x is true1 ascribes ?is p]secution 7vi4 #ci7 to ! hatr$ ,decius bore to 8 pr$ecessor ,philip1 :o 0 v fri5dly to ! ,*ri/ians4 ,b al?\gh su* a motive might acc\nt = a p]secution l t ( ,maxim91 :i* 0 direct$ *iefly aga9/ ! bi%ops :o _h be5 ab\t ! ,c\rt ( ,sev]us1 x is insuffici5t to acc\nt = a p]secution s g5]al & s sev]e z t ( ,decius4 ,x is rem>kable t ?is emp]or is uni=mly repres5t$ by ! ,pagan hi/orians z an em95tly wise & humane sov]eign4 ,see ,dodwell1 ,de ,paucitate ,m>tyrum1 lii4 #hgg ,/4 ,cyprian 7,ep4 vii47 &1 at a lat] p]iod1 ,/4 ,j]ome 7,vit4 ,pauli71 bo? notice t dur+ ?is p]secution ! desire ( ! p]secutors 0 to subdue ! con/ancy ( ! ,*ri/ians by torture1 )\t gratify+ _! desire = m>tyrdom4 ,! consignm5t ( ,*ri/ian virg9s to h\ses ( ill fame 0 "o ( ! mo/ common incid5ts 9 ! lat] acts ( m>tyrs :i* 7 inv5t$ 9 ! middle ages4 ,unhappily1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t !re are "s und\bt$ traces ( x at an e>li] date4 ,t]tullian1 9 a fam\s passage1 speaks ( ! cry 8,ad ,l5onem0 z sub/itut$ = t ( 8,ad ,leonem20 & ,/4 ,ambrose rec\nts "s /range /ories on ?is subject 9 8 treatise ,de ,virg9ibus4 #hgh ,/4 ,cyprian has drawn a v highly col\r$ picture ( ?is g5]al corruption1 & ( ! apo/asy x produc$1 9 8 treatise ,de ,lapsis1 a mo/ int]e/+ picture ( ! society ( 8 "t4 ,see1 too1 ! ,life ( ,/4 ,gregory ,?aumaturgus1 by ,greg4 ( ,nyssa4 #hgi 8,la p]scution de ,dce ne dura qu'environ un an dans sa gr&e viol5ce4 ,c> ,s4 ,cypri51 dans les lettres crites en #bea1 ds devant ,pasque1 et mesme dans quelques-unes crites app>emm5t ds la f9 de #bej1 tmoigne que son glise j\issoit dj de quelque paix1 mais d'une paix encore peu aff]mie1 en sorte que le mo9dre accid5t eu/ pu r5\vel] le tr\ble et la p]scution4 ,il semble mesme que l'on n'eu/ pas encore la lib]t d'y t5ir les assembles1 et nanmo9s il p>oi/ que t\s les confesseurs prisonni]s ,c>?age y avoi5t e/ mis en lib]t ds ce temps-l40--,tillemont1 ,mm4 d',hi/4 ecclsia/ique1 tome iii4 p4 #cbd4 #hhj ,dionysius ! bi%op wrote a full acc\nt ( x1 :i* ,eusebius has pres]v$ 7vi4 #da-db74 ,9 ,alex&ria1 ,dionysius says1 ! p]secution produc$ by popul> fanaticism prec$$ ! edict ( ,decius by an entire ye>4 ,he has pres]v$ a p>ticul> catalogue ( all :o 7 put to dea? 9 ,alex&ria dur+ ! entire ,decian p]secution4 ,!y 7 sev5te5 p]sons4 ,sev]al ( ^! 7 kill$ by ! mob1 & _! dea?s 7 9 ne>ly all cases accompani$ by circum/ances ( extreme atrocity4 ,besides ^!1 o!rs 7we "k n h[ _m7 _h be5 put to torture4 ,_m1 ,dionysius says1 p]i%$ 9 o!r cities or villages ( ,egypt4 #hha ,see ,/4 ,cyprian1 ,ep4 viii4 #hhb ,!re 0 mu* controv]sy at ?is "t z to ! propriety ( bi%ops evad+ p]secution by flight4 ,! ,montani/s ma9ta9$ t su* a conduct 0 equival5t to apo/asy4 ,t]tullian _h writt5 a book1 ,de ,fuga 9 ,p]secutione1 ma9ta9+ ?is view2 & among ! or?odox ! conduct ( ,/4 ,cyprian 7:o aft]w>ds nobly atte/$ 8 c\rage by 8 dea?7 did n escape animadv]sion4 ,! m mod]ate op9ion prevail$1 b ! lead+ bi%ops f\nd x necess>y to support _! conduct by decl>+ t !y _h receiv$ special revelations exhort+ !m to fly4 ,/4 ,cyprian1 :o con/antly appeal$ to 8 dreams to ju/ify him 9 8 controv]sies 7see "s curi\s in/ances collect$ 9 ,middleton's ,free ,enquiry1 pp4 #aja-aje71 decl>$ 7,ep4 ix471 & 8 biograph] & fri5d ,pontius re-ass]t$ 7,vit4 ,cyprianis71 t 8 flight 0 8by ! comm& ( ,god40 ,dionysius1 ! ,bi%op ( ,alex&ria1 ass]ts ! same ?+ ( 8 own flight1 & atte/s x by an oa? 7see 8 own words 9 ,euseb4 vi4 #dj72 & ! same ?+ 0 aft]w>ds relat$ ( ,/4 ,gregory ,?aumaturgus4 7,see 8 ,life by ,gregory ( ,nyssa47 #hhc 8,e v]am5te *e alm5o f9o dal secolo t]zo i f$eli abbiano poss$uto cimit]i a nome commune1 e *e il loro possesso sia /ato riconosciuto dagl' imp]atori1 cosa impossibile a neg>e40--,rossi1 ,roma ,sott]ranea1 tomo i4 p4 #ajc4 #hhd ,?is is all fully discuss$ by ,rossi1 ,roma ,sott]ranea1 tomo i4 pp4 #aja-ajh4 ,rossi ?9ks ! ,*ur*1 9 its capacity ( burial society1 0 kn[n by ! "n ( 8ecclesia fratrum40 #hhe ,see1 on ! hi/ory ( e>ly ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es1 ,cave's ,primitive ,*ri/ianity1 "p i4 c4 vi4 #hhf ,dodwell 7,de ,paucit4 ,m>tyr4 lvii47 has collect$ evid5ce ( ! subsid5ce ( ! p]secution 9 ! la/ ye> ( ! reign ( ,decius4 #hhg ,?is p]secution is n notic$ by ,/4 ,j]ome1 ,orosius1 ,sulpicius ,sev]us1 or ,lactantius4 ,! v little we "k ab\t x is d]iv$ f ! lett]s ( ,/4 ,cyprian1 & f a %ort notice by ,dionysius ( ,alex&ria1 9 ,eusebius1 vii4 #a4 ,dionysius says1 ,gallus began ! p]secution :5 8 reign 0 advanc+ prosp]\sly1 & 8 affairs succe$+1 :i* probably means1 aft] he _h procur$ ! dep>ture ( ! ,go?s f ! ,illyrian prov9ce1 e>ly 9 ,a4,d4 #beb 7see ,gibbon1 *ap4 x474 ,! disa/r\s position into :i* affairs _h be5 ?r[n by ! defeat ( ,decius appe>s1 at fir/1 to h engross$ 8 att5tion4 #hhh ,lucius 0 at fir/ exil$ & !n p]mitt$ to return1 on :i* occasion ,/4 ,cyprian wrote him a lett] ( congratulation 7,ep4 lvii474 ,he 01 h[ev]1 aft]w>ds re-arre/$ & sla91 b x is n1 ,i ?9k1 cle> :e!r x 0 "u ,gallus or ,val]ian4 ,/4 ,cyprian speaks 7,ep4 lxvi47 ( bo? ,cornelius & ,lucius z m>tyr$4 ,! emp]ors 7 probably at ?is "t beg9n+ to realise ! p[] ! ,bi%ops ( ,rome possess$4 ,we "k h>dly any?+ ( ! ,decian p]secution at ,rome except ! execution ( ! bi%op2 & ,/4 ,cyprian says 7,ep4 li47 t ,decius w\ld h pref]r$ a pret5d] to ! ?rone to a ,bi%op ( ,rome4 #hhi ,dionysius1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,alex&ria2 see ,euseb4 vii4 #aj4 #hij ,eusebius1 vii4 #aj-ab2 ,cyprian1 ,ep4 lxxxi4 ,lactantius says ( ,val]ian1 8,multum quamvis brevi tempore ju/i sangu9is fudit40--,de ,mort4 ,p]sec4 c4 v4 #hia ,cyprian4 ,ep4 lxxxi4 #hib ,see 8 ,life by ! deacon ,pontius1 :i* is reproduc$ by ,gibbon4 #hic ,eusebius1 vii4 #ac4 #hid ,t]tullian _h be=e1 9 a curi\s passage1 spok5 ( ! impossibility ( ,*ri/ian ,cs>s4 8,s$ et ,cs>es cr$idiss5t sup] ,*ri/o si aut ,cs>es non ess5t seculo necess>ii1 aut si et ,*ri/iani potuiss5t esse ,cs>es40--,apol4 xxi4 #hie ,contra ,demetrianum4 #hif ,eusebius1 vii4 #cj4 ,aurelian decid$ t ! ca!dral at ,antio* %\ld be giv5 up to :oev] 0 appo9t$ by ! bi%ops ( ,italy4 #hig ,comp>e ! acc\nts 9 ,eusebius1 vii4 #cj1 & ,lactantius1 ,de ,mort4 c4 vi4 #hih ,see ! =cible & v c&id description ( ,eusebius1 viii4 #a4 #hii ,?is is notic$ by ,optatus4 #ijj ,see ! vivid pictures 9 ,lact4 ,de ,mort4 ,p]sec4 #ija ,lactant4 ,de ,mort4 ,p]sec4 #ae4 #ijb ,eusebius1 viii4 #ijc ,^! incid5ts are notic$ by ,eusebius 9 8 ,hi/ory1 & 9 8 ,life ( ,con/ant9e1 & by ,lactantius1 ,de ,mort4 ,p]sec4 #ijd 8,italy1 ,sicily1 ,gaul1 & :atev] p>ts ext5d t[>ds ! ,we/1--,spa91 ,mauritania1 & ,africa40--,euseb4 ,m>t4 ,pale/4 *4 xiii4 ,b 9 ,gaul1 z ,i h said1 ! p]secution _h n ext5d$ beyond ! de/ruction ( *ur*es2 9 ^! prov9ces ! p]secution1 ,eusebius says1 la/$ n q two ye>s4 #ije ,! hi/ory ( ?is p]secution is giv5 by ,eusebius1 ,hi/4 lib4 viii41 9 8 "w on ! ,m>tyrs ( ,pale/9e1 & 9 ,lactantius1 ,de ,mort4 ,p]sec4 ,! p]secution 9 ,pale/9e 0 n q cont9u\s3 9 ,a4,d4 #cjh x _h almo/ ceas$2 x !n reviv$ fi]cely1 b at ! close ( ,a4,d4 #cji1 & 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,a4,d4 #caj1 !re 0 aga9 a %ort lull1 app>5tly due to political causes4 ,see ,mo%eim1 ,eccles4 ,hi/4 7edit$ by ,soames71 vol4 i4 pp4 #bhf-bhg4 #ijf ,eusebius4 #ijg ,see two passages1 :i* ,gibbon ju/ly calls rem>kable4 7,h4 ,e4 viii4 #b2 ,m>tyrs ( ,pale/4 *4 xii47 #ijh ,!re is "o in/ance ( a :olesale massacre :i* appe>s to re/ on good au?ority4 ,eusebius ass]ts t1 dur+ ! ,diocletian p]secution1 a village 9 ,phrygia1 ! "n ( :i* he does n m5tion1 be+ inhabit$ entirely by ,*ri/ians :o refus$ to sacrifice1 0 attack$ & burnt ) all t 7 9 x by ! ,pagan soldi]y4 ,lactantius 7,in/4 ,div4 v4 #aa7 conf9es ! conflagration to a *ur* 9 :i* ! entire population 0 burnt2 & an e>ly ,lat9 translation ( ,eusebius /ates t ! p 7 fir/ summon$ to )draw1 b refus$ to d s4 ,gibbon 7*4 xvi47 ?9ks t ?is trag$y took place :5 ! decree ( ,diocletian ord]$ ! de/ruction ( ! *ur*es4 #iji ,m>iana 7,de ,rebus ,hispani1 xxiv4 #ag74 ,llor5te ?\ght ?is numb] p]i%$ 9 ! s+le ye> #adhb2 b ! expressions ( ,m>iana1 ?\gh he speaks ( 8?is beg9n+10 d n necess>ily imply ?is re/riction4 ,besides ^! m>tyrs1 #ag1jjj p]sons 9 ,spa9 recant$1 & endur$ puni%m5ts less ?an dea?1 :ile great numb]s fl$4 ,!re does n appe> to h be51 9 ?is case1 ei!r ! provocation or ! political dang] :i* /imulat$ ! ,diocletian p]secution4 #iaj ,?is is accord+ to ! calculation ( ,s>pi4 ,grotius e/imates ! victims at #ajj1jjj4--;,gibbon1 *4 xvi4 #iaa ,see "s curi\s in=mation on ?is 9 ,ticknor's ,hi/4 ( ,spani% ,lit]ature 7#crd ,am]ican edition71 vol4 iii4 pp4 #bcf-bcg4 #iab ,?is 0 ! case 9 ! p]secutions at ,lyons & ,smyrna1 "u ,m>cus ,aurelius4 ,9 ! ,diocletian p]secution at ,alex&ria ! populace 7 all[$ to torture ! ,*ri/ians z !y pleas$4 7,eusebius1 viii4 #aj47