,,! ,,grotesque ,,9 ,,*ur* ,,art4 ,only #djj copies ( ?is ,book publi%$ = ,sale1 & ?is is ,no4 #cae ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,jonah1 ,,ripon4 ,! ,grotesque 9 ,*ur* ,art ,by ,t4 ,t9dall ,wildridge ,illu/ration ,,london3 ,,william ,,&rews ,,co41 #e1 ,,f>r+don ,,av5ue1 ,e4,c4 #ahii4 ,preface4 ,! designs ( :i* ?is book treats h va/ fields outside ! ,engli% *ur* works to :i* x has be5 ?\ght good to limit x4 ,books & build+s und\bt$ly mutually int]*ang$ "s =ms ( _! ornam5ts1 yet ! temple 0 ! e>li] repository ( man's ideas express$ 9 art1 & ! prop] home ( ! religi\s symbolism :i* =ms s l>ge a proportion ( my subject4 ,9 view also ( ! gr\nd ,i h v5tur$ to h9t may be tak5 up z to ! d]ivation1 ( a l>g] numb] ?an is g5]ally suppos$1 ( *ur* designs f hea!n prototypes by ! h&s ( appr5tic$ masons1 x is fitt+ t ! evid5ces %\ld be f _! *isels4 ,! only exceptions are a few wall-pa9t+s1 :i* s]ve to po9t a diff]5ce 9 /yle & orig94 ,9 e case ! examples are f *ur*es 9 our own l&4 ,! conclusions d n ne>ly approa* a complete /udy ( ! que/ions1 ! rese>* to ! pres5t1 great z x is1 *iefly %ew+ h[ mu* has yet to be le>n$ 9 ord] to accurately comp>e ! extant ) ! long-=gott54 ,! endeav\r has be5 to pres5t suffici5t to enable g5]al inf]5ces to be drawn 9 ! "r direction4 ,( ! num]\s works consult$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?is essay1 ! mo/ useful has be5 ,*oir ,/alls & _! ,c>v+s1 sket*$ by ,miss ,emma ,phipson4 ,:ile t5d]+ my ackn[l$gm5ts = mu* assi/ance obta9$ f t lady's book1 ,i w\ld add t ! 'second s]ies' sugge/$ _c b equal ! fir/ z a s]vice to ! cause ( comp>ative my?ology & folk-lore4 ,?is place may be tak5 to dispose ( two k9ds ( grotesques 9 *ur* art :i* belong to my title1 ?\gh n to my int5tion4 ,! memorial erections put into s _m *ur*es aft] ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury are to be plac$ 9 ! same category z ! less (t5 ludicr\s effigies ( e>li] times1 & may be dismiss$ z ugly monum5tal vanities1 miscall$ sculpture4 ,! grotesqu5ess ( "s ( ^! sepul*ral excresc5ces may 9 future c5turies be /ill m app>5t1 ?\gh to _m ev5 "t _c supply int]e/4 ,n all are l ! impos+ monum5t to a doctor 9 ,s\?w>k ,ca!dral1 on :i*1 by ! way1 ! epitaph is ma9ly devot$ to laudation ( 8 pills4 ,yet1 ?\gh ! grotesque is n entirely want+ 9 ev5 ^! monum5ts1 x is *iefly ?r\gh errors ( ta/e4 ,! wor/ ( !m are m pa!tic ?an any?+ else4 ,! grotesque prop] implies a proportion ( levity1 :]eas ! e>ne/ness ev9c$ by ^! effigies are m 9 keep+ ) ! solemnity ( ! *ur*'s purpose ?an ! inf9itely m arti/ic & unobtrusive ornam5t ( ! fabric4 ,! o!r class ( grotesque is ! mod]n imitation ( m$iaeval c>v+1 ) orig9al design4 ,luckily1 x is some:at r>e to f9d ! _s ( ! old sculptors animat+ a mod]n *isel4 ,"o ( ! be/ s]ies ( mod]n antiques ( ?is k9d is a set ( g>goyles at ,/4 ,ni*olas's1 ,ab+don1 execut$ ab\t #ahha1 ( :i* ,i ?9k x wor? :ile to app5d a w>n+ sample4 ,^! two classes are left out ( acc\nt 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mod]n ,,g>goyle1 ,,ab+don1 #ahha4 ,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,preface v ,,introduction #a ,,def9itions ,,( ,,! ,,grotesque #e ,,! ,,c>v]s #i ,,! ,,arti/ic ,,qualities ,,( ,,*ur* ,,grotesques #ai ,,go?ic ,,ornam5t ,,n ,,didactic #bd ,,+ra9$ ,,paganism #bg ,,my?ic ,,orig9 #cd ,,hell',s ,,m\? #fj ,,satanic ,,repres5tations #fd ,,! ,,devil ,,& ,,! ,,vices #gh ,,ale ,,& ,,! ,,alewife #ii ,,satires ,,)\t ,,satan #ajf ,,scriptural ,,illu/rations #aab ,,masks ,,& ,,faces #aba ,,! ,,dome/ic ,,& ,,popul> #acd ,,! ,,pig ,,& ,,o!r ,,animal ,,musicians #aeb ,,comp\nd ,,=ms #aeg ,,nondescripts #afi ,,rebuses #agc ,,tr9ities #age ,,! ,,fox ,,9 ,,*ur* ,,art #ahd ,,situations ,,( ,,grotesque ,,ornam5t ,,9 ,,*ur* ,,art #bac ,,index #bai ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,ro( ,,support]1 ,,ewelme1 ,,oxon4 ,! ,grotesque 9 ,*ur* ,art4 ,introduction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gorgonic ,,mask1 ,,ewelme4 ,! m l(ty ! e>li] manife/ations ( man's intellect1 ! m complete & imm$iate seems to h be5 _! advancem5t4 ,t is to say1 :]e ! products ( g5ius dep5d ma9ly ^u ! recognition ( great pr9ciples & delib]ate adh]5ce to !m1 !y are m satisfy+ ?an :5 success dep5ds ^u dext]\s manipulation ( mat]ial4 ,:at ,i h 9 view 9 ?is respect 9 connection ) ar*itecture has its co-relative 9 language4 ,! subtlety & poetic =ce ( ,ayran roots %ew a ref9$ application ( pr9ciple--t ( imag]y--9 f> advance ( ! languages ris+ f !m4 ,! successive gr[?s ( ! detail ( language1 = use or ornam5t1--& ! useful ( "o age w\ld seem to become ! ornam5tal ( ano!r--necess>ily (t5 =sake ! high purity ( ! primeval /&>d1 & give rise1 n only to ! commonplace1 b1 by misconception or wantonness1 to p]v]sion ( ta/e4 ,s 9 ar*itecture4 ,temples 7 noble be=e _! ornam5ts4 ,! grotesque is ! slang ( ar*itecture4 ,n[h]e s mu* z 9 ,go?ic ar*itecture has ! grotesque be5 fo/]$ & develop$1 =1 except = a bl9d adh]5ce to anci5t designs1 due to some?+ l gild cont9uity1 ! :ole detail 0 introduc$ apropos ( no?+4 ,! assi/+ circum/ance w\ld appe> to h be5 ! indiff]5ce ( ! ar*itects to ! precise significance ( ! detail ornam5ts ( _! build+s4 ,go?ic1 or 9 fact any ar*itecture admitt+ ornam5t1 calls = crisp sub-regul> projections1 :i* %all1 by _! prom95ce & brok5 surface1 attract ! eye1 b by ! vagu5ess ( _! g5]al =m attract x s slightly z to lose individuality 9 a g5]al view4 ,^! encru/+ ornam5ts1 by _! opposition to ! light ( :at ! c>v]s call a busy surface1 increase & acc5tuate r ?an detract f ! effect ( ! sweep ( ar*es or dy+ vi/as ( recurr+ pill>s4 ,!y af=d a sort ( punctuation1 or measur]s ( ! rhy?m ( ! composition4 ,l$ f po9t to po9t1 ! eye ga!rs an impression ( ri* elaboration t does n int]f]e ) its appreciation ( ! ord]l9ess ( ! ma9 design4 ,^! objects ga9$1 ! ar*itects did n1 app>5tly1 enquire :at ! less] m9ds1 :o c>v$ ! boss or drip/one1 consid]$ appropriate ornam5t4 ,h5ce we h a ?\s& fancies1 (t5 beautifully work$ out1 b (t5 utt]ly incongru\s ) ! int5t ( ! edifice !y are int5d$ to adorn1 & unwor?y ( ! ar*itecture ( :i* !y are a "p4 ,z 9 language ! grotesque is sometimes produc$ by inadv]t5cy & misconception1 s 9 ornam5t n all ! grotesque is ( set purpose1 & "h ! consid]ation ( ! less developm5t ( ! less idea has its *ief example4 ,z orig9al mean+ became lo/1 ! real m]it ( e>ne/ness decreas$1 & ! grotesque became an art4 ,moreov]1 ! execution ( ,go?ic ornam5t is excell5t 9 proportion to its arti/ic eas9ess4 ,?us ! foliate & florate designs are bett] c>v$ ?an ! animal =ms1 & bo? bett] ?an ! human4 ,) ! exception ( little else besides ! ,angel ,*oir at ,l9coln1 & portions ( ! ,p]cy ,%r9e at ,bev]ley1 !re is no?+ 9 ,go?ic repres5tation ( s5ti5t =m really wor?y ( ! p]fect conceptions ( ar*itecture af=d$ by scores ( ,engli% *ur*es4 ,x may1 ( c\rse1 be consid]$ t any?+ b conv5tional =m is out ( place z ar*itectural ornam5t2 on ! o!r h&1 x mu/ n be ignor$ t conv5tionality is a gr[?4 ,x is only to be expect$1 !re=e1 t :]e ! arti/ f\nd "* beyond 8 rea* he fell readily into c>icature1 ?\gh x is a matt] = surprise to f9d su* a high /&>d ( ability 9 t1 & 9 ! c>v$ "w g5]ally4 ,we f9d no in/ances ( c>v+ s l[ 9 absolute m]it z are ! be/ ( ! wall-pa9t+s ( ! same p]iods4 ,! s\rces f :i* ! arti/s obta9$ _! mat]ial are z wide z ! air4 ,a *ief aim ( ?is volume is to indicate ^? s\rces1 & ?is is done 9 "s cases r m9utely1 ?\gh n 9 any exhau/ively4 ,! po9t ( view f :i* ! subject is survey$ is t ! orig9al detail ( ! temples entirely consi/$ ( symbols ( wor%ip & attributes1 f\nd$ *iefly ^u a/ronomical ph5om5a3 t ow+ to ! gild organization ( ! masons1 ! same =ms 7 me*anically p]petuat$ long aft] ! wor%ip ( ! heav5ly bodies _h giv5 way to ,*ri/ianity1 (t5 ) ! ?9ne/ veil ( ,*ri/ian symbolism ?r[n ov] !m4 ,to ?is mat]ial1 desc5d$ f remote antiquity1 came gradually to be add$ a multitude ( designs f nature & f fancy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h>py1 ,,exet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rage ,,& ,,t]ror1 ,,ripon4 ,def9itions ( ! ,grotesque4 ,! t]m ,grotesque1 :i* conveys to u an idea ( hum\r\s di/ortion or exagg]ation1 is simply grotto-esque1 be+ lit]ally ! /yle ( art f\nd 9 ! grottos or ba?s ( ! anci5ts4 ,! t]m rose t[>ds ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 :5 exhumation br\ght to light ! fanta/ic decorations ( ! m private ap>tm5ts ( ! lic5ti\s ,romans4 ,! use at t p]iod ( a simil> /yle = n unsimil> purposes gave ! ^w common curr5cy1 & x has spread to ev]y?+ :i*1 comb9$ ) wit or n1 provokes a smile by a real or pret5d$ violation ( ! laws ( ,nature & ,beauty4 ,9 its lat]1 & n 9 its orig9al1 mean+ is ! ^w appli$ to ! extraord9>y productions ( *ur* art4 ,we may usefully inquire z to ! causes ( ^? rem>kable *>act]i/ics ( ,go?ic art :i* h caus$ ! ^w ,grotesque to fitt+ly describe s mu* ( its detail4 ,! joke has a diff]5t mean+ = e age4 ,! capacity = simultane\sly recogniz+ lik5ess & contra/ betwe5 ?+s ! mo/ incongru\s & wide-sund]$1 :i* is at ! root ( our appreciation ( wit1 hum\r1 or ! grotesque1 is a quality ( sl[ gr[? among nations4 ,no d\bt e>ly man enjoy$ 8 laugh1 b x 0 a diff]5t ?+ f ! laught] ( our day4 ,_m races h left no suspicion ( _! ev] hav+ smil$2 ev5 :]e !re are ample pictorial rema9s1 hum\r is g5]ally unrepres5t$4 ,! ,assyrians h left u ! smalle/ possible gr\nds = cr$it+ !m ) its possession4 ,in/ances h be5 adduc$ ( ,egyptian hum\r1 b "s are d\btful1 & 9 any case ! proportion ( fun p] acre ( picture is inf9itesimally small4 ,! ,greeks1 p]haps1 came ! ne>e/ to :at we consid] ! comic1 b ) bo? ,greek & ,roman ! hum\r has some?+ ( bitt]ness & /]ility2 ev5 9 :at 0 pr(ess$ly comic we _c always see any real fun4 ,:]e x /rikes out unexpect$ly 9 brief fla%es x is ) a cold light t leaves no impression ( w>m? beh9d4 ,! me*anical "* ( _! languages1 ) a multitude ( fix$ =mulae1 is p]haps an index to _! m5tal developm5t4 ,! subtleties ( wit ran 9 ! direction ( gratify+ e/abli%$ ta/es & prejudices by satirical ref]5ces1 b r>ely condesc5d+ to amuse = m]e hum\r's sake4 ,:]e is f\nd ! ne>e/ approa* to m]r9ess is 9 :at n[-a-days we reg>d z ! lea/ int]e/+ & m]itori\s grade ( hum\r1 ! =mal p>ody4 ,! ,greeks _h1 outside _! fun1 let x be not$1 some?+ bett] ?an jococity1 & t 0 joy\sness4 ,! lat] ,romans became hum\r\s 9 a l[ way :i* has _h a p]man5t influ5ce ^u lit]ature & art4 ,s5se ( hum\r grew ) ! c5turies1 & by ! "t t ! ,go?ic /yle ( ar*itecture arose1 appreciation ( ! ludicr\s-9-g5]al 7i4e4 t :i* is )\t special ref]5ce to an e/abli%$ phase ( ?\ght7 is traceable z a *>act]i/ic (1 at lea/1 ! ,teuton nations4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ! popul> v]bal fun ( ! middle ages is n always easy to grasp1 b x _c be d5i$ t :]e und]/ood1 or :]e its outlet is f\nd 9 ! graphic or glyphic arts1 !re is alli$ to ! innoc5t co>s5ess & unscrupul\sness1 a ri*ness ( conceit1 a weal? ( hum\r1 & a delicate & accurate s5se ( ! laughable f> beyond ,greek wit or ,roman jocul>ity4 ,x is to ! embodim5ts ( ! _s ( hum\r z f\nd 9 our m$iaeval *ur*es t our pres5t /udy is direct$4 ,x may be z well to fir/ say a little ^u ^? comicalities :i* may be /yl$ 'grotesques by misadv5ture4' ,?is is a bran* ( ! subject to be approa*$ ) "s diffid5ce1 = x is 9 _m cases difficult to discrim9ate betwe5 t :i* 0 int5d$ to be grotesque1 & t :i* 0 execut$ ) s]i\s or (t5 dev\t feel+s1 b = "o ( sev]al causes (t5 pres5t+ to u an irresi/ibly comic effect4 ,! causes may be five4 ,fir/1 ! v>y+ me*anical & con/ructive incompet5cy ( ! arti/s to embody _! ideas4 ,second1 ! copy+ ( an e>li] "w ) executive ability1 ) /rong p]ception ( its un9t5tional & lat5t hum\r1 b )\t respect to1 or )\t k (1 its s]i\s mean+4 ,?ird1 ! use ( symbolic repres5tation1 9 :i* ! great] ! skill1 (t5 ! great] ! ludicr\s effect4 ,f\r?1 ! *ange ( fa%ion1 mann]s1 & cu/oms4 ,fif?1 a bias ( m9d :i* impell$ to :imsical treatm5t4 ,consid]ation ( ! causes ?us r\ghly analys$ w expla9 away a l>ge proportion ( ! irrev]5ce ( ! irrev]5t pa9t+s & c>v+s :i* excite su* surprise1 & sometimes disgu/1 9 ! m9ds ( _m mod]n obs]v]s ( ecclesiological detail4 ,x w be se5 t ! plac+ ( c>v+s 9 any "o ( ^! five classes1 or 9 ! category ( int5tional grotesques1 mu/1 9 _m cases1 be a m]e matt] ( op9ion4 ,= ! pres5t purpose x w n be necess>y to sep>ate !m1 except s f> z ! plan ( ! "w does x automatically4 ,_m ecclesia/ical & o!r seals af=d famili> in/ances ( ! 'comic )\t int5tion1' p>allel to :at is said above z to c>v+s4 ,! ,c>v]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,l9coln1 #ad? c5t4 ,seem+ly probability & evid5ce g h& 9 h& to %ew t a great bulk ( ! *ur* mason "w ( ?is c\ntry 0 ! "w ( =eign]s4 ,saxon *ur*es 7 probably fir/ built by ,roman workm51 ^: erections w\ld tea* suffici5t to enable ,saxons to aft]w>d build = !mselves4 ,import$ tal5t1 h[ev]1 is likely to h be5 con/antly employ$4 ,edw>d ! ,confessor br\ght back ) him f ,france new ,fr5* designs = ! rebuild+ ( ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 & d\btless he br\ght ,fr5* masons also4 ,anglo-,norman is /rongly ,byzant9e 9 "*1 & ?\gh ! *annels ?r\gh :i* x pass$ may be v>i\s1 !re is little d\bt t its orig9 0 ! great ,empire ( ! ,ea/4 ,aga91 ! great work%op ( ,europe1 :]e ,ea/]n ideas 7 ga!r$ toge!r & dige/$1 & :i* suppli$ ca!drals & ca!dral build]s at comm&1 0 ,fl&]s2 & !re is little d\bt t dur+ "s five c5turies aft] ! ,norman ,conque/1 ,flem+s 7 employ$1 9 a great] or less degree1 on ,engli% "w4 ,italians 7 l>gely employ$4 ,! ,angel ,*oir ( ,l9coln is "o di/9ct witness to t4 ,! workm5 :o execut$ ! f9ely-c>v$ woodwork ( ,/4 ,george's ,*apel1 ,w9dsor1 ,k+'s ,college1 ,cambridge1 & ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 7 *iefly ,italians1 "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ,torregiano1 a ,flor5t9e arti/4 ,he 0 a fell[-pupil ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 & is be/ kn[n by ! da/>dly bl[ he dealt him ) a mallet1 disfigur+ him = life4 ,! res5tm5t ( ,lor5zo de ,m$ici at ?is caus$ ,torregiano to leave ,flor5ce4 ,he came to ,engl& 9 #aejc4 ,! ar*itect1 h[ev]1 ( ,k+ ,h5ry ,,vii4's ,*apel 0 ,bi%op ,alcock1 an ,engli%man1 born at ,hull1 ! already exi/+ ,gramm> ,s*ool ( :i* place he end[$1 &1 p]haps1 rebuilt4 ,_m o!r ar*itects ( ,engli% build+s 7 ,engli%m51 probably ! majority1 & d\btless a l>ge proportion ( ! workm5 also1#a b x w\ld be idle to d5y t import$ art speaks l\dly f "w ( all ! /yles4 ,! c>v$ detail may be reli$ ^u to tell u some?+1 & x speaks ( an orig9al reliance ^u ! ,ea/1 :i* 0 nev] outgr[n4 ,! c>v+s f\nd 9 ,engl& are n m>k$ by any?+ at all approa*+ a national _s1 ev5 9 ! limit$ degree t 0 possible4 ,except = a few c>v+s ( armorial designs1 & /ill few] ) slight local ref]5ce1 !re are none 9 wood or /one :i* w\ld n be equally 9 place 9 any ,romance c\ntry 9 ,europe4 ,! c>v+s1 also1 9 ! ,cont95tal *ur*es pres5t famili> aspects to ! /ud5t ( ,engli% ornam5t4 ,b if we h yet to wait "s =tunate discov]y ( rolls ( workm5's names1 ) _! rate ( wages1 we are n )\t su* int]e/+ in=mation conc]n+ ! old c>v]s z is conta9$ 9 portraits !y h left ( !mselves4 ,j z au?ors sometimes recognize h[ satisfactory x is to h _! effigies done at ! fronts ( _! books1 s h ! c>v]s ( old sometimes atta*$ to _! works portraits ( !mselves or _! fell[s1 9 _! habits z !y liv$1 9 _! attitudes z !y lab\r$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,indu/ri\s ,,c>v]1 ,,lynn4 ,our fir/ c>v] hails f ,l9coln%ire4 ,9 #aheb1 :5 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,ni*olas1 ,lynn1 0 re/or$1 ! mis]icordes 7 tak5 out & n replac$1 b pass$ z articles ( comm]ce ev5tually to ! ,ar*itectural ,museum1 ,tufton ,/reet1 ,london4 ,among ^! is a view ( a c>v]'s /udio1 %ew+ ! indu/ri\s ma/] seat$1 tapp+ c>efully away at a design ^u ! b5* be=e him4 ,!re are ?ree appr5tices 9 ! backgr\nd work+ at b5*es2 !re are at ! back "s incis$ panels1 & a piece ( op5 scre5-"w4 ,p]haps we may suppose ! wea!r to be cold1 = ! c>v] has on an exce$+ly com=table cloak or surcoat4 ,at 8 feet reposes 8 dog4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c>v]',s ,,initials1 ,,/4 ,,ni*olas',s1 ,,lynn4 ,!re is an int]e/+ peculi>ity ab\t ^! ,lynn c>v+s2 ! sides ( ! mis]icordes are designs 9 ! fa%ion ( monograms1 or rebuses4 ,! sides support+ ! c>v] are 8 initials1 pi]c$ ) 8 c>v+ tools1 a saw & a *isel4 ,! difficulty is ! same 9 all ( ! set2 ! mean+ ( ! monograms is n to be lightly det]m9$4 ,9 ?is case x may be ,u4,v41 or p]haps ,u is twice repeat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,communicat+ ,a ,,/rik+ ,,idea1 ,,bev]ley ,,m9/]4 ,! next c>v]s belong to ! foll[+ c5tury4 ,"h also we see ! pr9cipal figures 9 ! mid/ ( "w4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 !re has arriv$ an int]ruption4 ,ei!r "o ( ! work]s is ab\t to commit mock assault & batt]y ^u ano!r ) a mallet1 or a brilliant idea = a grotesque has j /ruck him1 & he ha/5s to imp>t x4 ,f ! expression ( ! faces1 & ! attitudes = :i* two o!r workm5 h /ood z models1 at ! sides1 ! latt] may be ! m likely4 ,x is n impossible t ! c>v] ( ! f9e set ( sixty-eight mis]icordes 9 ,bev]ley ,m9/] _h 9 m9d ! incid5t ( ! bl[ giv5 to ,mi*ael ,angelo1 & x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k if any ( ,torregiano's ,italians work$ at ,bev]ley4 ,?is apron$1 noisy1 jocul> crew are v diff]5t f ! dignifi$ arti/ we h j left1 b d\btless !y turn$ out good "w ( ! humor\s class4 ,! two sidesm5 are occupi$ 9 ! two ways ( %ew+ intellig5ce & contempt kn[n z tak+ a sight1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mutual ,,contempt1 ,,bev]ley ,,m9/]4 ,! next c>v] is a figure at ,well+bor\gh1 ,nor?ampton%ire4 ,?is is locally kn[n z ! ,well+bor\gh %oemak]1 b ne>ly all local designations ( su* ?+s are wrong1 & ?is is no exception4 ,else:]e 9 speak+ ( ?is s$ate figure1 ,i h conjectur$ he may be cutt+ some?+ out ( lea!r1 & n mak+ %oes4 ,h[ev]1 ,i h s9ce arriv$ at ,miss ,phipson's conclusion3 ! figure c only be t ( a c>v]4 ,he is fa%ion+ n a lea!r rosette1 b a ,tudor rose 9 oak1 to be aft]w>ds p9n$ ) an oak p9 9 "s sp&rel4 ,he is r a res]v$-look+ individual1 b a ma/] ( 8 craft1 if we may suppose he has turn$ out ! two eagles at 8 "r & left4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,piece ,,( ,,f9e ,,"w1 ,,well+bor\gh4 ,no d\bt !re 7 sev]al ways ( build+ *ur*es1 or supply+ !m ) _! art decorations4 ,"s masons w\ld be atta*$ to a ca!dral1 & be l5t or s5t "h & !re by arrangem5t4 ,o!rs w\ld be ev] w&]+1 seek+ *ur* "w4 ,o!rs might come f abroad = p>ticul> "w1 & return ) ! h>ve/ ( ,engli% money :5 ! "w 0 done4 ,= special objects !re 7 depots4 ,x is an ackn[l$g$ fact t ! black basalt fonts ( ,norman times 7 import$ f ,fl&]s4 ,!re are occasionally met o!r ?+s ( ?is mat]ial ) ! same class ( design1 evid5tly f ! same s\rce1 su* z ! sculptur$ c(f9-lid at ,bridl+ton ,priory1 giv5 on a foll[+ page4 ,i h n se5 x not$1 b ,i ?9k x w be e/abli%$ t brasses1 s mu* alike all ov] ! c\ntry1 7 mo/ly ready-made articles also f ,fl&]s4 ,f ! /]eotyp$ conv5tionality ( ! alt>-tomb effigies1 !y also may be judg$ to be ! productions ( work%ops do+ little b ?is "w1 & probably =eign4 ,:at is requir$ to det]m9e ! g5]al facts on ^! po9ts is a return f v>i\s fabric acc\nts4 ,we %all probably f9d bo? ,engli% & =eign c>v]s4 ,!re is little or no d\bt t ! c>v]s ( our grotesques 7 memb]s ( ! my/]i\s society :i* has develop$ into ! mod]n body ( ,freemasons4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+--if x 7 n s app>5tly impossible--to trace 9 ! records ( e>ly ,freemasonry1 n only ! names & nationalities ( ! masons & c>v]s1 b ! details ( t f9e organization :i* enabl$ !m to develope ideas & improvem5ts simultane\sly ?r\gh\t ,europe2 & :i* w\ld tell u1 moreov]1 some?+ ( ! ma/] m9ds :i* conceiv$ & direct$ ! *anges ( /yle4 ,b ! masonic hi/ory ( our c>v]s is mu* envelop$ 9 error to ! outside _w4 ,?us we are told t 9 ! m9ority ( ,h5ry ,,vi4 ! masons 7 suppress$ by /atute1 b t on 8 assum+ ! control ( affairs he repeal$ ! ,act1 & himself became a mason2 moreov]1 we are told he wrote out ,c]tayne ,que/yons ) ,awnsw]es to ! same conc]n+ ! ,my/]y ( ,maconrye :i* 0 aft]w>ds copy$ by me ,johan ,leyl&e ,antiqu>ius1 at ! comm& ( ,h5ry ,,viii42 ! ,,ms4 be+ gravely /at$ to be 9 ! ,bodleian ,libr>y4 ,no su* ,,ms4 exi/s at ! ,bodleian ,libr>y4 ,if x did1 its diction & spell+ 7:i* is all on pret5d$ record 9 c]ta9 books probably repudiat$ by ! masonic body prop]7 w\ld in/antly condemn x z a =g]y4 ,c]ta9ly an ,act 0 pass$1 #c ,h5ry ,,vi41 :i* is 9 itself a hi/orical monum5t to ! importance ( ,freemasonry4 ,x is a brief enactm5t t ! ye>ly meet+s ( ! masons1 be+ contr>y to ! ,/atute ( ,lab\r]s 7( #be ,edw>d ,,iii41 #acea7 fix+ ! rates ( lab\r1 :i* ! masons v>i$ & app>5tly increas$1 7 no long] to be held2 (f5d]s to be judg$ guilty ( felony4 ,! ,commons did n q "k :at to /yle ! meet+s1 us+ 9 ?is %ort ,act ! foll[+ t]ms = !m3 ,*apt]s1 ,assemblies1 ,congregations1 & ,conf$]acies4 ,b important ?\gh ?is proves ! masons to h be51 !re is no acc\nt ( ! /atute be+ repeal$ until ! #e ,elizabe?1 :5 ano!r took its place equally intol]ant to ! _s ( ,freemasonry1 & ,freemasonry really only became legal by ! ,act ( #f ,george ,,iv4 ,b ! prohibition ( #adbd 0 n abolition4 ,if ! masons 7 deb>r$ f be+ all[$ to ex]cise _! advanc$ notions ( remun]ation1 or to h any legal recognition :atev]1 x sc>cely seems to h affect$ _! action4 ,= if !y _h refra9$ f ex]cis+ _! fre$om1 & submitt$ to be+ put d[n by /atute1 x is probable we %\ld h met !m 9 ! =m ( m ord9>y gilds z in/itut$ by o!r craftsm54 ,b we d n meet !m ?us1 & ! inf]5ce is t !y w5t on 9 _! own way1 at _! own "t1 & at _! own price4 ,x may be presum$ t ! m or less migratory habits ( ! masons made ! ,act impossible to be rigidly en=c$4 ,com+ d[n t[>ds ! end ( ,go?ic times1 we f9d1 at any rate1 !re 0 "o place :]e images might be ord]$4 ,9 ! ,/an=d *ur*w>d5s' acc\nts = #aeef !re occur ! foll[+ entries3-- ,x4 ,9 exp5ces to ,abyndon to speke = ymages vijd4 ,x4 = iij ymages1 ! ,rode1 ,m>e1 & ,john xxijs4 iiijd4 ,x w h be5 notic$ t ! portraits ( ! c>v]s are ,late4 ,x is a great m]it1 on antiqu>ian gr\nds1 t ,go?ic "w1 prior to ! revival 9 art1 0 too mu* unconsci\s to admit any?+ s self-p]sonal z a ?\ght ( ! work]s !mselves1 ?\gh frequ5tly _! 'm>ks' are unobtrusively set ^u _! works4 ,by ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! sculptor's art develop$ ) ! re/ ( m5tal ef=t1 & ! arti/s drank fre% draughts f ! spr+s com+ by way ( ,rome1 spr+s ^: wat]s _h be5 conc]n$ 9 ! exi/5ce ( ne>ly all ! art t _h be5 9 ,europe = t5 c5turies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dog ,,& ,,bone1 ,,bre*94 ,! ,arti/ic ,quality ( ,*ur* ,grotesques4 ,! grotesque has be5 pron\nc$ a false ta/e1 & n desirable to be p]petuat$4 ,reflection ^u ! causes & mean+s ( ,go?ic grotesque w %ew t p]petuation is to be regrett$ = o!r ?an arti/ic reasons4 ,if ! ta/e be false yet ! "w is valuable on hi/oric gr\nds1 = :at x tea*es ( its own "t & mu* m = :at x h9ts ( e>li] p]iods ( :i* !re is meagre record any:]e4 ,!re=e x w\ld be well n to confuse ! /ud5t ( ! future ) our clev] v>iations ( imp]fectly und]/ood ideas4 ,practically ! grotesque & emblematic p]iod end$ at ! ,re=mation2 & x 0 well4 ,b :ile leav+ ! fals5ess ( ! ta/e = grotesques an op5 "q1 !re is some?+ to be said = !m )\t /ra9+ fact4 ,= x is c]ta9 t !re is und]ly+ ,go?ic grotesque ornam5t a unique &1 if n und]/ood1 an uncopiable beauty1 be ! subject nev] s ugly4 ,! fasc9at+ elem5t appe> to be1 fir/1 ! complet5ess ( ! g5ius :i* 0 ex]cis$ ^u x4 ,x n only conveys ! trave/y+ idea1 b also suffici5tly conveys ! orig9al ?\ght trave/i$4 ,:at is x at :i* we laugh8 ,x %all be a figure :i* is ( a k9d g5]ally dignifi$1 n[ ) no dignity2 g5]ally to be respect$1 b n[ comm&+ no respect2 capable ( be+ fe>$1 b n[ inspir+ no fe>2 usually lovable1 b n[ provok+ no love4 ,x %all be a figure ( :i* ! preconceiv$ idea 0 ei!r wor?y or dreadful--:i* sudd5ly we h pres5t$ to u %orn ( its sup]ior attributes4 ,ideals are unconsci\sly en%r9$ 9 ! m9d1 & :5 images proclaim+ !mselves ! same ideals appe> 9 %>p degrad$ contra/--we laugh4 ,?us we affirm ! correctness ( ! orig9al judgm5ts bo? z to ! great & ! contemptible imitat+ x1 = laught] is ! effect ( appreciation ( incongruity4 ,cu/om ov]rides ne>ly all1 & blunts contra/ ( ideas1 yet wit1 d>t+ "h & !re among m51 ev] f9ds fre% contra/s & fre% laught]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dog ,,& ,,bone1 ,,*ri/*ur*1 ,,hamp%ire4 ,fur!r c\nts = some?+ ! excell5ce ( ! arti/ic managem5t1 :i* 9 ! treatm5t ( ! mo/ unpromis+ subjects fill$ ! composition ) beautiful l9es4 ,x 0 left to ,hog>?'s g5ius to insi/ on ! reality ( ! l9e ( beauty z gov]n+ all lovel9ess1 & he sugge/s t a p]ceptive recognition ( ?is exi/$ on ! "p ( ! classic sculptors4 ,?is applies to _! "w 9 g5]al1 b he also m5tions _! frequ5t addition ( "s curv$ object connect$ ) ! subject1 z ?\gh x 7 a k9d ( key to ! arti/ic composition4 ,:e!r consci\sly or n1 ! anci5ts us$ _m su* adjunctive curv$ l9es1 & ,hog>?'s conclusions _c be /yl$ fanciful4 ,! helmet1 plume1 & s]p5t-edg$ aegis ( ,m9]va1 ! d\ble-b[$ bolt & s]p5ts ( ,jupit]1 ! ornam5ts ( ! trid5t1 ! aplu/re & ! twi/$ rope ( ,neptune1 ! b[ & s]p5t ( ,apollo1 ! plume ( ,m>s1 ! caduceus ( ,m]cury1 ! %ip-pr[ ( ,saturn1 ! gub]num or rudd] ( ,v5us1 ! dr9k+ horn ( ,pan1 toge!r ) _m ano!r =m to be obs]v$ 9 p>ticul> works ( ! anci5ts1 is ea* a def9ite & p]fect example ( ! faultless l9e4 ,n[1 to repeat1 _m--an inf9ite numb]--( ! ornam5ts ( ,go?ic ar*itecture1 & n less ! grotesque ?an any o!r description1 are likewise compos$ ( ! mo/ beautiful l9es conceivable1 ei!r entirely1 or comb9$ ) l9es ( abrupt & ungraceful turn t seem to delib]ately provoke "o's arti/ic prote/2 & yet ! :ole composition %all1 by its curi\s mixture ( beauty & biz>re1 its contra/ ( elegance ) awkw>dness1 leave a real & unique s5se ( pleasure 9 ! m9d4 ,d\btless ! root ( ?is pleasure is ! gratification ( ! m9d at hav+ secretly detect$ itself respond+ to ! call ( art to ex]cise itself 9 appreciative discrim9ation4 ,?is may be unconsci\sly done2 & 9 a great measure ! qualities :i* give ! pleasure w\ld be be/[$ ^u ! "w 9 simil> happy unconsci\sness ( ! exact :y & :]e=e4 ,(t51 z 9 ! anci5t /atues1 a small curv$ =m is introduc$ z an app5dage to a m$iaeval grotesque4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hawks ,,or ,,eagles8 ,,well+bor\gh1 ,,nor?ampton%ire4 ,?us we see t !re are comb9ations ( two k9ds ( contra/ :i* make ,go?ic grotesques agreeable1 ! arti/ic contra/s among ! m]e l9es ( ! c>v+s1 & ! significatory contra/s evolv$ by ! mean+s ( ! c>v+s4 ,z f> back z ! twelf? c5tury1 a critic ( *ur* grotesques recogniz$ _! comb9ation ( contra/s4 ,?is 0 ,/4 ,b]n>d ( ,clairvaux1 :o1 speak+ ( ! ecclesia/ical decoration ( 8 "t1 paid ! grotesques ( *ur* art ! exact tribute !y s (t5 m]it2 probably ! great] portion ( :at he saw has giv5 place to succe$+ c>v+s1 ?\gh ( precisely ! same *>act]i/ics4 ,he calls !m a wond]ful sort ( hide\s beauty & beautiful de=mity4 ,he1 moreov]1 put a "q1 _m times s9ce repeat$ by hundr$s :o nev] he>d ( him1 ask+ ! use ( plac+ ridicul\s mon/rosities 9 ! cloi/]s be=e ! eyes ( ! bre?r5 :5 occupi$ ) _! /udies4 ,x is n possible to expla9 ! use ( p]petuat+ ! b>b>\s symbols ( a long-=gott5 pa/2 b x w be int]e/+ to %ew t !re 7 actual causes acc\nt+ = _! cont9u$ exi/5ce & _! cont9u$ production1 unkn[n ages aft] _! own epo*4 ,go?ic ,ornam5ts n ,didactic4 ,reflection w n lead u to believe c>v+s to h be5 plac$ 9 *ur*es ) direct int5t to tea* or prea*4 ,_m writ]s h co9cid$ 9 produc+ a g5]al op9ion t ! *ur*es1 z conta9+ ^! c>v+s1 7 practically ! picture 7or sculpture7 gall]ies & illu/rat$ pap]s = ! illit]ate ( ! pa/4 ,?is supposition w n be> exam9ation4 ,x w\ld mean t 9 ! days :5 humble m5 r>ely travell$ f home1 & !n mo/ly by compulsion1 to fight = "l or k+1 or aga9/ him1 ! inhabitant ( a village or t[n _h = ! 7say7 =ty ye>s soj\rn 9 8 spot ( ,m]rie ,engl&1 a small collection ( composite animals1 mon/]s1 m]maids1 impossible fl[]s1 etc4--) p]haps "o d\btful dome/ic sc5e ( a lady break+ a vessel ov] ! head ( a g5tleman :o is inquisitive z to boots--) :i* to improve 8 m9d4 ,sometimes 8 *ur* w\ld conta9 n half-a-doz5 =ms1 & mo/ly n "o he c\ld und]/& or c>$ to int]pret4 ,mis]icordes1 ! second>y seats or %elves all[$ z a relaxation dur+ ! anci5t long /&+ s]vices1 are inv>iably c>v$1 & episode is m likely to be f\nd !re ?an any:]e else 9 ! *ur*4 ,h5ce1 mis]icordes h be5 specially select$ = ?is errone\s consid]ation ( ornam5t to be ! /ory-book ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,?is is un=tunate = ! !ory1 = !y 7 plac$ only 9 *ur*es hav+ connection ) a mona/ic or collegiate e/abli%m5t4 ,!y are 9 ! *ancels1 :]e ! feet ( laym5 r>ely trod1 &1 moreov]1 !re w\ld be few h\rs out ( ! tw5ty-f\r :5 ! /alls w\ld n be occupi$ by ! p]=m]s ( ! daily (fices or celebrations4 ,! fact appe>s to be t ! c>v+s 7 ! outcome ( causes f> diff]5t f an int5tion to produce g5re pictures4 ,x is pat5t t any?+ :i* kept )9 its prop] me*anical & ar*itectural outl9e1 0 admitt$4 ,:at 0 (f]$ dep5d$ ^u a multitude ( consid]ations1 b *iefly ^u ! traditions ( mason-craft4 ,! ,rev4 ,*>les ,b\tell has an apt description t\*+ ^u ! orig9 ( ! c>v+s3 call+ !m *ronicles1 he says !y 7 writt5 by m5 :o 7 altoge!r unconsci\s ( be+ *ronicl]s at all4444 ,!y work$ "u ! impulse ( motives altoge!r devoid ( ! hi/orical elem5t4 ,!y 7 influ5c$ by ! traditions ( _! art1 by _! own feel+s1 & 7 direct$ by _! own k1 exp]i5ce1 & obs]vation1 & also by ! associations ( _! e-day lives4 ,?is appe>s to expla9 9 g5]al t]ms ! s\rces ( iconography4 ,9 brief1 ! sculptor _h a /ock-9-trade ( designs1 :i* he v>i$ or supplem5t$1 accord+ to 8 ability & orig9ality4 ,t ! /ock-9-trade1 or traditions ( ! art1 h&$ d[n f ma/] to appr5tice1 g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 p]si/5tly reta9$ an imm5se am\nt ( intellectualia ?us d]iv$ f a remote antiquity1 is b an item ( ?is subject1 b ! mo/ important ( :i* ?is "w has cognizance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sea-,,horse ,,dragonz$1 ,,l9coln1 #ad? c5t4 ,+ra9$ ,paganism4 ,we at ?is day may be excus$ = n p>ticipat+ 9 ! good ,/4 ,b]n>d's dislike to ! hide\s beauties ( ! grotesque1 & = n deplor+1 z he does1 ! money exp5d$ on _! production4 ,= _m ( !m are ! embodim5ts ( ideas :i* ! masons _h p]petuat$ f a p]iod c5turies be=e 8 "t1 & :i* c\ld 9 no o!r way h be5 h&$ d[n to u4 ,!re are _m reasons :y books 7 unlikely m$ia = e>ly times2 = lat]1 ! s]i\s import ( ! orig9 ( ! designs w\ld be likely to be d\bt$2 & = ! mo/ "p ! special function ( ! designs has be5 ! adornm5t ( edifices ( religion4 ,!y 71 9 fact1 religi\s symbols :i* 9 v>i\s ages ( ! _w h be5 us$ ) v>y+ degrees ( purity4 ,"o ( ! ,rabbis1 ,maimonides1 has an in/ructive passage on ! rise ( symbolic images4 ,speak+ ( m5's fir/ fall+ away f a presum$ e>ly pure religion he says3--,!y began to build temples to ! />s1 444 & ?is 0 ! root ( idolatry 444 & ! false prophet %[$ !m ! image t he _h feign$ out ( 8 own he>t1 & said x 0 ! image ( t /> :i* 0 made kn[n to him by prophecy2 & !y began aft] ?is mann] to make images 9 temples & "u trees 444 & ?is ?+ 0 spread ?r\gh\t ! _w--to s]ve images ) s]vices diff]5t "o f ano!r & to sacrifice unto1 & wor%ip !m4 ,s 9 process ( "t ! glori\s & fe>ful "n 0 =gott5 out ( ! m\? ( all liv+ 444 & !re 0 f\nd on e>? no p t knew aught save images ( wood & /one1 & temples ( /one :i* !y built4 ,! anci5t ,h9doo fables also indicate h[ imag]y arose2 !y speak ( ! god ,ram1 :o1 hav+ no %ape1 is describ$ by a similitude4 ,! wor%ip ( ! ,ho/ ( ,heav5 0 />-wor%ip1 or ,baalim4 ,! ,sabean idolatry 0 ! wor%ip ( ! />s1 to :i* belongs mu* ( ! e>li] image c>v+1 = ! h\sehold gods ( ! anci5t ,hebrews1 ! ,t]aphim 7z ! images ( ,laban /ol5 by ,ra*el71 7 probably 9 ! human =m z repres5t+ planets1 ev5 9 v>y+ a/ronomical aspects ( ! same planet4 ,!y are said to h be5 ( metal4 ,! anci5t ,g]mans _h simil> h\sehold gods ( wood1 c>v$ out ( ! root ( ! m&ragora plant1 or alraun z !y call$ x1 f ! sup]/ition k9dr$ to t ( ! ,ea/1 t ! images w\ld answ] que/ions 7f raun5 to :isp] 9 ! e>74 ,exam9ation ( _m anci5t ,attic figur9es appe>s to %ew t !y _h a n unsimil> orig91 rem9d+ u t bo? ,h]odotus & ,plato /ate ! orig9al religion ( ! ,greeks to h be5 />-wor%ip1 & h5ce is d]iv$ ! ,greek3 ,!os god1 f ,greek3 ,!9 to run4 ,?us 9 o!r ?an ! poet's s5se are ! />s eld] scripture4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ! =ms met 9 ar*itectural ornam5t1 x may be fitt+ly reit]at$1 h a m or less close connection ) ! wor%ips :i* exi/$ 9 times long prior to ,*ri/ianity4 ,a portion ( !m 0 cont9u\sly us$ simply because ! masons 7 accu/om$ to !m1 or 9 lat] ,go?ic on acc\nt ( ! univ]sal practice ( copy+ exi/+ works2 unless we c take x = grant$ 9 place ( t practice1 t !re exi/$ d[n to ,re=mation days portfolios ( c>v]'s designs :i* 7 to ! la/ h&$ d[n f ma/] to appr5tice1 z mu/ h und\bt$ly be5 ! case 9 e>li] times4 ,o!r portions ( ! anci5t wor%ip designs are f\nd 9 ,*ri/ian art because !y 7 receiv$ & graft$ ^u ! symbolic sy/em ( ! ,*ur*'s tea*+4 ,! ret5tion ( ^! fragm5ts ( sup]s$$ paganism does n always appe> to h be5 ( delib]ate or will+ int5tion4 ,! e>ly days ( ! ,*ur* ev5 aft] its firm e/abli%m5t1 7 mu* occupi$ 9 combat+ e =m ( paganism4 ,! conv]ts 7 con/antly laps+ into _! old beliefs1 & ! ?und]s ( ! e>ly ecclesia/ical c\ncils 7 z con/antly be+ direct$ aga9/ ! anci5t sup]/itions4 ,suffici5t rema9s on record to %ew h[ h>d ! gods di$4 ,to ne> ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury ! *ief intellig5ce ( ,rome publicly pr(ess$ ! ,olympic fai?4 ,) ! next c5tury1 h[ev]1 comm5c$ a m or less det]m9$ programme ( p]secutory repression4 ,?us1 c\ncils held at ,arles ab\t #deb rul$ t a bi%op 0 guilty ( sacrilege :o neglect$ to extirpate ! cu/om ( ador+ f\nta9s1 trees1 & /ones4 ,at t ( ,orleans 9 #ecc ,ca?olics 7 to be excommunicat$ :o return$ to ! wor%ip ( idols or ate fle% (f]$ to idols4 ,at ,t\rs 9 #efg sev]al pagan sup]/itions 7 =bidd51 & at ,n>borne 9 #eij2 freem5 :o transgress$ 7 to h p5ance1 b slaves to be beat54 ,at ,nicea 9 #fha image wor%ip 0 all[$ ( ,*ri/4#b ,at ,augsburgh 787 9 #gdb ! ,c\nt ,gravio 0 associat$ ) ! ,bi%op to wat* aga9/ popul> lapses into paganism4 ,9 #gdc ,pep9 held a c\ncil 9 :i* he rul$1 z 8 fa!r _h done be=e1 t he :o practis$ any pagan rites be f9$ #ae s\s 7#ae_/bb ( a livre74 ,to ! ord]s 0 atta*$ ! r5unciation1 9 ,g]man1 ( ! wor%ip ( ,od9 by ! ,saxons1 & a li/ ( ! pagan sup]/itions ( ! ,g]mans4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,frank=t 9 #gid ord]$ ! sacr$ woods to be de/roy$4 ,con/ant9ople _h app>5tly already n only become a *annel = ! conveyance ( ori5tal paganism 9 a/ro-symbolic images1 b 0 also evid5tly ne>] to ! l[] idolatry ( hea!nism ?an ! ,*ur* ( ! ,we/4 ,?us we f9d ! bi%ops ( ,gaul1 ,g]many1 & ,italy 9 c\ncil at ,frank=t1 reject+ ) ana!ma1 & z idolatr\s1 ! doctr9es ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,con/ant9ople ^u ! wor%ip ( images4 ,:ile all ?is repression 0 go+ on1 ! ,*ur* 0 mak+ itself acceptable1 j z ! ,mosaic sy/em _h done 9 its day1 by assimilat+ ! symbols ( ! =bidd5 fai?s4 ,itself in/itut$ )\t =mul>ies or c]emonial1 bo? 7 ne$$ :5 x became a /ep-ladd] ( ambition & ! exp$i5t displac] ( ! corrupt idolatries into :i* sun-wor%ip _h dis9tegrat$4 ,h5ce among ! means ( organization1 obs]vance & symbol took ! place ( orig9al simplicity1 & x is small wond] t ideas 7 adopt$ :i* 7 already 9 m5's m9ds4 ,elem5ts ( hea!nism :i*1 aft] ! lapse ( c5turies1 /ill clung to ! ,*ur*'s robes1 became an int]wov5 "p ( h] de>e/ symbolism4 ,if m5 did n burn :at !y _h ador$1 !y 9 effect ador$ t :i* !y _h burn$4 ,9 spite1 h[ev]1 ( edicts & adoptions1 paganism has nev] be5 entirely root$ out2 :at ,sismondi calls ! rights ( long possession1 ! sacr$ness ( "t-hall[$ op9ion1 & ! pot5cy ( habit1 are n yet entirely ov]come 9 ! mid/ ( ! mo/ enlight5$ peoples4 ,! c>v+s :i* po9t back to =gott5 my?s h _! p>allels 9 curi\s sup]/itions & odd cu/oms :i* are n less v5]able4 ,!re 7 _m compromises made on acc\nt ( ! in]adicable atta*m5t ( ! p to religi\s cu/oms into :i* !y 7 born4 ,*ri/ian fe/ivals 7 erect$ on ! dates ( hea!n obs]vances4 ,9 ! six? c5tury1 ,pope ,gregory s5t ^w to ,augu/9e1 !n 9 ,engl&1 t ! idolatr\s temples ( ! ,engli% ne$ n be de/roy$1 ?\gh ! idols %\ld1 & t ! cattle sacrific$ to ! hea!n deities %\ld be kill$ on ! anniv]s>y ( d$ication or on ! nativities ( ! sa9ts ^: relics 7 )9 ! *ur*4 ,x is said t x 01 lat]1 usual to br+ a fat buck into ,/4 ,paul's1 ,london1 ) ! hunt]s' horns bl[+1 9 ! mid/ ( div9e s]vice1 = ! ca!dral 0 built on or ne> ! site ( a =m] temple ( ,diana4 ,?is cu/om 0 made ! condition ( a feudal t5ure4 ,! /ory ( ,prosp]9e1 ano!r =m ( ,diana1 0 ! subject ( hea!n plays1 & d[n to ! sixte5? c5tury ! "* appe>s 9 religi\s my/]y plays z ! recipi5t ( mu* abuse4 ,anci5t my?ology po9ts 9 "o *ief direction4 ,omnes ,deos ref]ri ad solem1 says ,macrobius1 ,all ,gods ref] to ! sun1 & 9 ! light ( t say+ a ?\s& complicat$ fables ( antiquity melt into simplicity4 ,! anci5t poets call$ ! sun 7at "o "t symbolically ( a ,fir/ ,great ,cause1 at ano!r absolutely7 ! ,lead]1 ! ,mod]ator1 ! ,depository ( ,light1 ! ,orda9] ( human ?+s2 ea* ( 8 virtues 0 /yl$ a diff]5t god1 & giv5 its di/9ct "n4 ,! moon also1 & ! />s 7 made ! symbols ( deities4 ,^! symbols put be=e ! p z vehicles = ab/ract ideas1 7 quickly adopt$ z gods1 ! symbolism be+ disreg>d$1 & ! end 0 practically ! same z t n>rat$ by ! anci5t rabbi j quot$4 ,b x may be d\bt$ :e!r ! pan!ism ( ! classic nations 0 ev] entirely gross4 ,! great fe/ivals ( ! gods 7 accompani$ by ! initiation ( c>efully select$ p]sons into c]ta9 my/]ies ( :i* no description is extant4 ,?irlwall haz>ds ! conjecture t !y 7 ! rema9s ( a wor%ip :i* prec$$ ! rise ( ! ,hell5ic my?ology 444 gr\nd$ on a view ( nature less fanciful1 m e>ne/ & bett] fitt$ to awak5 bo? philosophical ?\ght & religi\s feel+4 ,:e!r a pur] sy/em 0 unfold$ to ! initiat$ on ^! occasions or n1 !re is little d\bt t x _h exi/$ & 0 at ! root ( ! symbol rites4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,imp ,,on ,,cu%ions1 ,,*ri/*ur*1 ,,hants41 e>ly #af? c5t4 ,my?ic ,orig9 ( ,*ur* ,c>v+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tau ,,cross1 ,,well+bor\gh4 ,! discov]ies 9 ,egypt 9 rec5t ye>s und\bt$ly press ^u u ! fact t !re 0 9 ,europe an e>ly indig5\s civilization1 & t ! ex*ange ( ideas betwe5 ,ea/ & ,we/ 0 at lea/ equal4 ,= ! purpose ( ?is /udy1 h[ev]1 ! !ory ( indep5d5ce is n accept$ absolutely2 x is premis$ t ?\gh !re 7 9 num]\s p>ts ( ! old _w e>ly native sy/ems ( wor%ip ( mu* simil>ity1 yet t su* relics ( !m z are met 9 ar*itecture came f ! ,ea/4 ,! my?ic ideas at ! root ( ,go?ic decoration 7 probably e>ly dissem9at$ ?r\gh ,europe 9 vague & v>y+ ways1 ^: *ief impress is 9 folk-lore2 b ! concrete =ms !mselves appe> to h be5 introduc$ lat]1 aft] be+ br\ght1 z x 71 to a focus1 be+ select$ & assimilat$ at "s great m5tal c5tre4 ,alex&ria 0 ! place :]e ,ea/]n & ,we/]n culture imp+$ on ea* o!r1 & result$ 9 a conglom]ate ( ideas4 ,^! ideas1 h[ev]1 7 n ess5tially diff]5t 9 _! nature1 ?\gh ea* s*ool1 ,assyrian1 ,babylonian1 ,egyptian1 ,greek1 & ,hebrew1 _h div]g$ widely if !y came f an unkn[n common s\rce4 ,b if ,alex&ria 0 ! furnace 9 :i* ! mat]ial 0 fus$1 ,byzantium appe>s to h be5 ! great work%op :]e ! results 7 utiliz$1 & f :5ce !y 7 issu$ to ,europe4 ,sculptur$ ornam5t is n alone 9 ! fact ( its be+ a direct legacy f remotely anci5t =ms1 ?\gh1 on comp>+ t ) any ( ! o!r arts hi!rto recogniz$ z ( ,ea/]n orig91 x w be f\nd t none be>s su* di/9ct m>ks ( its p>5tage1 or %ews su* cont9uity ( =m4 ,?us exam9ation ( ,european glaz$ pott]y1 :i* comes p]haps ! ne>e/ to our subject1 %ews t ! ornam5t+ devices occasionally betray an acqua9tance ) ! old symbolic patt]ns1 b !re is less recognition ( mean+1 sc>cely any int5tion to p]petuate idea1 & no cont9uity ( design4 ,x 0 n 9 ! nature ( ! pott]'s purpose t !re %\ld be any ( ^!1 ! diff]5ce be+ t = ! mason's & ! sculptor's art !re 0 a v close association ) ! gild sy/em4 ,! fir/ ,*ri/ian sculptors w\ld be masons br\ght up 9 pagan gilds1 & ! gild in/9cts & traditions _h und\bt$ly z /rong an effect ^u _! "w1 on ! :ole1 z any religi\s beliefs !y might possess4 ,! symbolism ( ! animals ( ! *ur* 9 ! late po9ts ( view ( ! ,be/i>ies & ( ! expository writ]s ( ! ,middle ,ages1 is n "h to be made ! subject ( special att5tion4 ,t is a dep>tm5t well treat$ 9 o!r works1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! volume1 ,animal ,symbolism 9 ,ecclesia/ical ,ar*itecture1 by ,mr4 ,e4 ,p4 ,evans1 :i* yet rema9s to be equall$4 ,x is to be not$1 h[ev]1 t ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 see+ ! animals & _! comp\nds s integral a portion ( pagan imag]y1 endeav\r$ to twi/ e mean+ to "o suffici5tly ,*ri/ian3 b :at is *iefly wor?y ( note is ! unconsci\s resi/ance ( ! sculptors to ! treatm5t4 ,al?\gh a multitude ( figures c be trac$ z us$ symbolically 9 accordance ) ! ,*ri/ian dicta1 !re are at lea/ z _m :i* %ew /rong] aff9ity to pagan my?4 ,!re is evid5ce t ?is 0 e>ly recogniz$ by ! propog&i/s4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,nice 9 #ghg1 9 enjo9+ ^u ! fai?ful ! due reg>d ( images1 ord]$ t ! works ( art 7 n to be drawn f ! imag9ation ( ! pa9t]s1 b to be only su* z 7 approv$ by ! rules & traditions ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,s also orda9$ ! ,c\ncil ( ,milan 9 #aefe4 ,! ,arti/s1 h[ev]1 did n inv5t ! images s mu* z use old mat]ial1 &1 ! injunctions ( ! ,c\ncil not)/&+1 ! anci5t symbols app>5tly held _! gr\nd4 ,! prote/s ( ,/4 ,nilus1 9 ! fif? c5tury1 aga9/ animal figures 9 ! sanctu>y1 7 e*o$ by ! repudiations ( ,/4 ,b]n>d 9 ! twelf? & ,gauti] de ,co9si 9 ! ?irte5?1 a f9al condemnation be+ made at ! ,c\ncil ( ,milan 9 #aefe1 all equally 9 va94 ,?\gh ! =ce ( ! my? symbols has pass$ away1 !y h left ano!r legacy ?an ! grotesques ( *ur* art4 ,! art works ( ! ,greeks arose f ! same mat]ials1 ! glori\s /atues & epics be+ ! highe/ embodim5t ( ! symbolic1 s l(tily ov]topp+ all o!r =ms by ! =ce ( supreme physical beauty z to almo/ ju/ify & c]ta9ly purify ! religion ( :i* !y 7 ! outcome2 s1 lat]1 ! same ideas clo!d ) ! moral beauty ( supreme unselfi%ness enabl$ ,*ri/ianity to take hold ( ! nations4 ,by ! diatribes ( ,b]n>d we c see :at mat]ials 7 extant 9 ! twelf? c5tury = a /udy ( wor%ip-symbols & ( ! grotesque1 ?\gh he ignores any possible mean+ !y may h4 ,he says1 ,sometimes y may see _m bodies "u "o head2 at o!r times1 _m heads to "o body2 "h is se5 ! tail ( a s]p5t atta*$ to ! body ( a quadrup$2 !re ! head ( a quadrup$ on ! body ( a fi%4 ,9 ano!r place appe>s an animal1 ! =e half ( :i* repres5ts a horse1 & ! h9d] portion a goat4 ,else:]e y h a horn$ animal ) ! h9d] p>ts ( a horse2 inde$ !re appe>s ev]y:]e s multif>i\s & s wond]ful a v>iety ( div]se =ms t "o is m apt to con ov] ! sculptures ?an to /udy ! scriptures1 to occupy ! :ole day 9 wond]+ at ^! ?an 9 m$itat+ ^u ,god's law4 ,x has n[ to be obs]v$ h[ f> ! symbolic fancies ( anci5t beliefs h left _! impress on ! grotesque art ( our *ur*es4 ,a common repres5tation ( ! great sun-my? 0 t ( two eagles1 or dragons1 wat*+ "o at ea* side ( an alt>4 ,^! 7 ! p[]s ( d>kness1 "o at ea* limit ( ! day1 wait+ to de/roy ! light4 ,?is poetic idea has come d[n to u 9 _m =ms4 ,greek art 0 unconsci\sly frequ5t 9 its use ( ! =m1 & m$iaeval sculptors1 be+ (t5 q ignorant ( ! significance ( ! design1 use x 9 a v>iety ( ways1 9 _m ( :i* ! lik5ess to ! orig9al is entirely lo/1 ! composition end+ 9 b a semi-natural repres5tation ( birds peck+ at fruit4 ,9 ! above block f ,l9coln ,m9/]1 ! alt> is well pres]v$4 ,9 ! next block1 :i* is f a c>v+ connect$ ) ! prec$+ "o1 ! idea is m di/antly h9t$ at4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,alt> ,,( ,,light ,,& ,,! ,,birds ,,( ,,d>kness1 ,,l9coln4 ,illu/ration3 ,,symbols ,,( ,,d>kness1 ,,l9coln4 ,at ,exet]1 an +5i\s grotesque composition ( two duck-foot$ h>pies1 "o on ei!r side ( a fleur-de-lis1 is evid5tly f ! same s\rce4 ,examples ( ?is c\ld be multipli$ v readily4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,alt> ,,( ,,light ,,& ,,! ,,birds ,,( ,,d>kness1 ,,exet]4 ,! ,cat & ! ,fiddle are subjects ( c>v+s at ,bev]ley & at ,wells4 ,man has an almo/ univ]sal passion = ! oral transmission ( ! fruits ( 8 m5tal activity4 ,9 ! p>ticul> in/ances ( _m l+ual compositions ?is passion has become an invet]ate race habit1 & ! rhymes or reasons h be5 transmitt$ v]bally to po/]ity long aft] _! orig9al mean+ has be5 lo/ or obscur$4 ,x is no new ?+ t a nurs]y rhyme has be5 f\nd to be ! relic ( an ar*aic poem long misund]/ood or p]v]t$4 ,! l9es z to ! cat & ! fiddle are an excell5t in/ance ( ! aptitude to cont9ue ! use ( metrical composition ! s5se ( :i* has dep>t$4 ,! full v]se is1 z x /&s1 a curi\s jumble ( disconnect$ s5t5ces4 ,hey1 diddle1 diddle1 ! cat & ! fiddle1 ,! c[ jump$ ov] ! moon1 ,! little dog laugh$ to see su* sport1 ,:ile ! di% run away ) ! spoon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,weeks ,,danc+ ,,to ,,! ,,music ,,( ,,! ,,mon?1 ,,bev]ley ,,m9/]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hey1 ,,diddle1 ,,diddle1 ,,! ,,cat ,,& ,,! ,,fiddle1 ,,wells4 ,i am n aw>e t any attempt has yet be5 made to expla9 ?is extraord9>y v]se4 ,exam9ation seem+ly %ews t x 0 orig9ally a satire 9 d]ision ( ! wor%ip ( ,diana4 ,! moon-goddess _h a ?ree-fold exi/5ce4 ,on ! e>? %e 0 ,diana4 ,among ! ,egyptians we f9d h] z ,isis1 & h] *ief symbol 0 ! cat4 ,apuleius calls h] ! "m ( ! gods4 ,9 ! wor%ip ( ,isis 0 us$ a musical in/rum5t1 ! si/rum1 :i* _h f\r metal b>s loosely ins]t$ 9 a frame s z to be %ak52 on ! apex ( ?is frame1 :i* 0 %ap$ n unlike a horse-%oe1 0 c>v$ ! figure ( a cat1 z emblematic ( ! moon4 ,! f\r b>s are said by ,plut>* to repres5t ! elem5ts1 b x is m likely !y 7 c]ta9 notes ( ! diapason4 ,! wor%ip ( ,isis pass$ to ,italy1 ?\gh ! ,greeks _h previ\sly connect$ ! cat ) ! moon4 ,! fiddle1 z an in/rum5t play$ ) a b[1 0 n kn[n to classic times1 b ! ^w = fiddle--fides--0 appli$ to a lyre4 ,x is equival5t to a ,greek ^w = gut-/r+4 ,9 ! light ( :at foll[s1 ,i sugge/ t ! ,cat & ! ,fiddle is a mock+ allusion to ! wor%ip ( ,diana ^u e>?4 ,9 ! heav5s ! moon-goddess _h ! "n ( ,luna1 & h] *ief symbol 0 ! cresc5t1 :i* is sometimes met figur$ z a pair ( c['s horns4 ,images ( ,isis 7 cr[n$ ) cresc5t horns2 %e 0 believ$ to be p]sonifi$ 9 ! c[1 z ,osiris 0 9 ! bull1 & h] symbol1 a cresc5t moon1 is met 9 sculpture ov] ! back ( ! animal4 ,?is app>5tly sugge/$ ! second l9e4 ,! ?ird p]sonality ( ! goddess 0 ,hecate1 :i* 0 ! "n by :i* %e 0 kn[n 9 ! inf]nal regions1--:i* means ( c\rse1 9 nature1 :5 %e 0 bel[ ! horizon4 ,n[ ano!r "n by :i* %e 0 kn[n 0 ,prosp]9e 7,roman71 & ,p]sephone 7,greek71 & h] c>ry+ d[n into ,hades by ,pluto 7,roman71 or ,dis 7,greek71 0 ! fable wr\ght out ( ! simple ph5om5on ( moon-set4 ,i sugge/ t ! la/ l9e ( ! v]se is a grotesque r5d]+ ( ! /atem5t t-- ,dis ran away ) ,p]sephone4 ,dis is equival5t to ,s]apis ! ,bull1 o!rwise ,ammon1 ,a,esculapius1 ,nilus1 etc41 t is1 ! ,sun4 ,:y ! little dog laugh$ to see su* sport is n easy to expla94 ,x may be an allusion to "o ( ! heads ( ,hecate1 t ( a dog1 to indicate ! wat*fulness ( ! moon4 ,!re is ano!r ,hecate 7a bad1 z ! above-m5tion$ 0 consid]$ a b5efici5t deity71 b :i* 0 orig9ally no d\bt ! same1 ^: attributes 7 two black dogs1 i4e41 ! d>kness prec$+ & foll[+ ! moonlight 9 %ort lun> appe>ances4 ,or x may be an allusion to ! fact t ! dog 0 associat$ ) ,dis1 be+ consid]$ ! imp]sonation ( ,sirius ! ,dog-/>4 ,9 v>i\s repres5tations ( ! rape ( ,prosp]9e1 ,dis is accompani$ by a dog1 e4g41 ! gr9n+ h\nd 9 ,titian's picture4 ,prosp]9e's symbol ( a cresc5t moon 0 adopt$ z "o ( ^? ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 & ,c&lemas ,day1 #bnd ,febru>y1 takes ! place ( ! ,roman fe/ival1 ! c&les us$ to illu/rate ! text1 a light to light5 ! ,g5tiles1 be+ ! repres5tatives ( ! tor*es c>ri$ 9 ! processions :i* affect$ to se>* = ! lo/ ,prosp]9e4 ,h9doo my?ology has also a ?ree-fold ,isis1 or moon-goddess2 namely1 ,bhu on e>?1 ,sw> 9 heav51 ,patala1 bel[ ! e>?4 ,! moon-deity has n come d[n to u z 9 e case a female p]sonation4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 expla9$ by an e>ly fable 9 ! ,puranas ( ! ,h9doos1 9 :i* x is n>rat$ t ,*&ra1 or ,lunus1 lo/ 8 sex 9 ! =e/ ( ,gauri1 & became ,*&ri1 or ,luna4 ,! orig9 ( ?is has yet to be discov]$2 x may be no?+ m ?an ! acc\nt ( an etymological *ange1 produc$ by a transcript ( dialect4 ,:e!r ! ,bev]ley arti/ knew t ! cat 0 a moon-symbol may be d\bt$4 ,! fiddle has f\r /r+s1 z ! si/rum _h f\r b>s4 ,z well z ! elem5ts & ! f\r seasons ( ! ye>1 ! f\r may mean ! f\r weeks4 ,x w be obs]v$ t z ! ,h\rs are said to dance by ! side ( ! *>iot ( ! sun1 s "h f\r weeks dance to ! music ( ! moon-sph]e2 ! ^w moon means ! measur]1 & ! cat is play+ a dance measure6 ,! cat is n a v frequ5t subject4 ,at ,%]borne %e is %ewn hang$ by mice1 "o ( ! retributive pieces :i* po9t to a confid5ce 9 ! exi/5ce ( some?+ call$ ju/ice1 n always self-evid5t 9 ! old5-"t4 ,rats & mice are ! emblem ( ,/4 ,g]trude4 ,! dog _h a high] place 9 anci5t e/imation ?an 8 m5tion 9 lit]ature w\ld w>rant2 ! fact t among ! ,romans he 0 ! emblem ( ! ,l>es1 ! h\sehold gods1 is a weighty te/imonial to t effect1 :ile ! ,egyptians _h a city nam$ aft] & devot$ to ! dog4 ,among ! pre-exi/+ symbols seiz$ by ! ,*ri/ians1 ! ,egyptian ,cross & ,druidical ,tau mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,x is f\nd on ! capitals ( pill>s at ,cant]bury & o!r places2 ! example giv5 9 ! initial on page #cd is p]haps ! late/ example 9 ,engli% ,go?ic4 ,its admission z a grotesque is due to its1 p]haps m]ely accid5tal1 use z a mask z not$ 9 ! *apt] on ,masks & ,faces4 ,! s9u\s c\rse ( ! sun among ! con/ellations is m5tion$ 9 lit]ature z f> back z ,euripides z an explanation ( ! pres5ce ( ! dragon 9 ar*aic sy/ems ( my?ology4 ,?is may h be5 ! orig9 ( ! figure4 ,yet 9 addition to t !re always seems to h be5 ! recognition ( an evil pr9ciple1 ( :i* by a *ange ( mean+1 ! dragonic or s]p5t9e />-pa? ( ! sun 0 made ! p]sonification or symbol4 ,accord+ to ,pausanius ! dragon ( ! ,greeks 0 only a l>ge snake4 ,x might n be impossible to collect sev]al hundr$s ( names by :i* ! dei/ic "* ( ! sun has be5 express$ by v>i\s peoples2 & ! same applies1 ?\gh 9 a less degree1 to ! ,d>kness1 ,/orm1 ,cold1 & ,wet1 :i* are tak5 z 8 anti!sis4 ,"o ( ! olde/ ( ^! ,dragon-names is ,typhon1 :i* is met 9 ,egyptian my?ology4 ,typhon is said to be ! ,*9ese ,tai-fun1 ! hot w9d1 &1 if ?is be s1 d\btless ! adv]se pr9ciple 0 tak5 to be ! _s ( ! des]t :i* ev] seeks to embrace ,egypt 9 its arid arms4 ,! symbol ( ,typhon 0 ! crocodile1 & d\btless ! dragon =m ?us l>gely rose4 ,rahu1 an evil deity 9 ,h9doo my?ology1 ?\gh g5]ally call$ a dragon1 is sometimes met repres5t$ z a crocodile1 & 8 num]\s prog5y are /yl$ crocodiles4 ,! con/ellation call$ by ! ,japanese ! crocodile is t kn[n to u z ! dragon4 ,c x be t 9 ! univ]sal dragon we h a *ronicle ( our race's dim recollection ( "s survival ( ! t]rible ,jurassic reptiles1 & h5ce ( _! p]iod8 ,b ! my? has ev] "o end+2 ! p[] ( ! evil "o is de/roy$ = a "t by ! com+ ( ! sun-god1 ?\gh ev5tually ! evil triumphs1 t is de>? recurs4 ,9 ! ,sc&9avian my?1 ,od9 ! son ( ,bur1 broke = a season ! /r5g? ( ! great s]p5t ,jo]mung>d1 :o1 h[ev]1 ev5tually swall[$ ! h]o4 ,?us 0 ,od9 ! sun2 & 8 companions1 ! o!r ,asir1 7 m or less sun attributes4 ,9 ! case ( ,egypt ! god is ,horus 7! sun-light71 ! y\?ful son ( ,osiris & ,isis1 :o drives back ,typhon to ! des]ts2 = t c\ntry ! ris+ ( ! ,nile is ! happy crisis4 ,horus is sometimes call$ ,nilus4 ,:e!r ! above d]ivation ( ! ^w ,typhon be correct or n1 :i* may be d\btful1#c t ( ,horus f ! root ,hur light1 connect$ ) ! ,sanscrit ,u% to burn 7:5ce also ,aurora1 etc417 is c]ta94 ,:5 ! great my? became translat$ to diff]5t climates1 ! evil pr9ciple took on diff]5t =ms ( dread4 ,wat]1 ! ra9y season 9 "s c\ntries1 ! d>kness & cold ( w9t] 9 o!rs1 7 ! ,dragon :i* ! ,h]o-god1 ! ,sun1 _h to ov]come--out ( :i* conflict arose my?s innum]able1 yet "o & ! same 9 ess5ce4 ,apollo slew ! ,py?on1 ! sunbeams dry+ up ! wat]s be+ 8 arr[s2 ,p]seus slew ! ,dragon1 by turn+ him to /one1 :i* p]haps means t ! spr+ sun dri$ up ! mud ( ! p>ticul> locality :]e ! fable rose4 ,lat]1 ,sigurd slew ! ,dragon ,fafnir4 ,:5 ! ,*ri/ians f\nd !mselves by exp$i5cy committ$ to adopt ! =m1 & to a c]ta9 degree ! _s1 ( hea!n beliefs1 ! ,sun v]sus ,d>kness1 or ! ,spr+ v]sus ,w9t] my? 0 a difficulty 9 v _m places4 ,at fir/ ! idea 0 kept up ( a mat]ial victory ov] ! adv]se =ces ( nature1 & we f9d hon\rable m5tion ( v>i\s bi%ops & sa9ts1 :o--by means ( :i* !re is little detail1 b :i* may be suppos$ to be t great mona/ic b5efic5ce1 intellig5t dra9age--conqu]$ ! dragons ( flood & f54 ,x is some:at odd t ! ,psalmi/ attributes to ! ,deity ! victory ( break+ ! heads ( ! dragons 9 ! wat]s4 ,?us ,/4 ,roma9 ( ,r\5 slew !re ! ,dragon ,g>g\ille1 :i* is b ! "n ( a dra9+-gutt] aft] all1 & h5ce ! grotesque wat]sp\ts ( our *ur*es are mo/ly dragons4 ,/4 ,m>?a slew ! ,dragon ,t>asque at ,aix-la-*apelle1 b t "n is d]iv$ f t>ir1 to dra94 ,/4 ,keyne slew ! ,corni% ,dragon1 &1 to be brief1 at lea/ twelve o!r wor?ies slew dragons1 & d\btless = _! respective di/ricts suppli$ ! place ( ! old] my?4 ,among ^!1 ,/4 ,george is notewor?y4 ,he is said to h be5 born at ,lydda1 9 ,syria1 :]e 8 leg5d await$ ! ,crusad]s1 :o took him z _! patron1 br++ him to ! we/1 z ! la/ ,*ri/ian adoption ( a sun-my? idea1 to become ! patron sa9t ( ,engl&4 ,a figure ( ,/4 ,george 0 a private badge ( ,engli% k+s till ! "t ( ! ,/u>ts4 ,on ! old ,engli% angel ! combat is betwe5 ,/4 ,mi*ael & ! ,dragon1 & ?\gh ,/4 ,george is g5]ally %ewn m\nt$1 z 0 also sometimes ,horus1 ! ,egyptian deity1 he is sometimes repres5t$ on foot1 l ,/4 ,mi*ael4 ,! ,dragon is g5]ally ! same 9 ! two cases1 be+ ! ,wyv]n or two-legg$ v>iety4 ,ano!r =m ( dragon is drake4 ,c]ta9 =ms ( cannon 7 call$ bo? dragons & drakes4 ,sometimes ! dragon is f\nd t]m$ ! ,l9d5-worm1 or ,l9d-drake1 9 places z widely sund]$ z ,scotl& & ,g]many4 ,x is said ?is is on acc\nt ( ! dragon dwell+ "u ! l9d51 a sacr$ tree1 b ?is is probably only1 z yet1 half expla9$4 ,p]haps ?r\gh all "t ! sun-my? 0 accompani$ by a con/ant feel+ t good & evil 7 symbolis$ by ! alt]nation ( season4 ,x is to be expect$ t ! feel+ w\ld increase & solidify ^u ! adv5t ( ,*ri/ianity1 = ! p]iodic dragon ( hea!ndom 0 become ! p]man5t enemy ( man1 ! ,devil4 ,! frequ5t combats betwe5 m5 7& o!r animals7 & ! dragons1 met among *ur* grotesques1 ?\gh _! models1 f> remote 9 antiquity1 7 repres5tations ( sun-my?s1 w\ld be c>v$ & read z ! ev]-cont9u+ fight betwe5 good & evil4 ,t1 h[ev]1 x is reasonable to see 9 ^! ,dragon sculptures direct repres5tatives ( ! anci5t cult1 we "k f a fact ( date4 ,! fe/ival ( ,horus1 ! ,egyptian deity1 0 ! #bcrd ( ,april4 ,t is ! date ( ,/4 ,george's ,day4 ,less ?an ! =ego+ w\ld sc>cely be suffici5t to expla9 ! frequ5cy & significance ( ! ,dragon =ms :i* cr[d our subject4 ,dur+ ! ?ree ,rogation days1 :i* took ! place ( ! ,roman processional fe/ivals ( ! ,amb>valia & ,c]ealia1 ! ,dragon 0 c>ri$ z a symbol bo? 9 ,engl& & on ! cont95t4 ,:5 ! ,my/]y pageantry ( ,norwi* 0 swept away1 an exception 0 made 9 fav\r ( ! ,dragon1 :o1 x 0 orda9$1 %\ld come =? & %ew himself z ( old4 ,! ,rogation ,dragon 9 ,france 0 borne1 dur+ ! fir/ two days ( ! ?ree1 be=e ! cross1 ) a great tail /uff$ ) *aff1 b on ! ?ird day x 0 c>ri$ beh9d ! cross1 ) ! tail empti$ ( its cont5ts4 ,?is signifi$1 x is said1 ! undi/urb$ dom9ion ( ,satan ov] ! _w dur+ ! two days t ,*ri/ 0 9 ,hell1 & 8 complete humiliation on ! ?ird day4 ,9 "s c\ntries ! figure ( ! ,dragon1 or ano!r ( ! ,devil1 aft] ! procession1 0 plac$ on ! alt>1 !n drawn up to ! ro(1 & be+ all[$ to fall 0 brok5 into pieces4 ,e>ly ,keltic & o!r pa/oral /aves end 9 two ,dragons' heads1 recall+ ! caduceus ( ,m]cury & rod ( ,moses2 ! ,dragon 0 a ,keltic milit>y or tribal ensign4 ,h5ry ,,vii4 assum$ a r$ dragon z "o ( ! support]s ( ! royal arms1 on acc\nt ( 8 ,wel% desc5t2 ,edw>d ,,iv4 _h z "o ( 8 num]\s badges a black dragon4 ,a dragon issu+ f a *alice is ! symbol ( ,/4 ,john ! ,evangeli/1 an allusion to ! dragon ( ! ,apocalypse4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,slay] ,,( ,,! ,,dragon1 ,,iffley4 ,! ,dragon combat "h pres5t$ is f ! s\? doorway ( ,iffley ,*ur*1 ne> ,ox=d4 ,9 ?is example ( ,norman sculpture1 ! hum\r int5t is m m>k$ ?an usual4 ,! h]o is seat$ a/ride ! dragon's back1 &1 grasp+ its upp] & l[] jaws1 is te>+ !m asund]4 ,! dragon is rudely en\gh execut$1 b ! man's face & extremities h good draw+4 ,! cloak fly+ beh9d him %ew t he has leap$ into ! quo9 ( vantage1 & recalls ! classic4 ,! calm exultation ) :i* ! h]o seizes 8 enemy is only equall$ by ! good-natur$ amusem5t :i* ! creature ev9ces at its own undo+4 ,we n[ arrive at a =m ( ! sun-my? :i* appe>s to h come d[n )\t mu* int]f]5ce4 ,! god ,horus is allud$ to z a *ild1 & 9 a curi\s s]ies ( c>v+s ! be+ attack$ by a ,dragon is a *ild4 ,x is attempt$1 & ) consid]able success1 to be repres5t$ z ( great beauty4 ,! po9t to expla9 is ! position ( ! *ild1 ris+ z x does f a %ell4 ,?is leads u fur!r into ! v>i\s cont+5t my?ologies deal+ ) ! ,typhon /ory4 ,horus 7also call$ ,av]is1 or ,orus71 0 9 ,egyptian lore also /yl$ ,caimis1 & is equival5t to ,cama1 ! ,cupid ( ! ,h9doos4 ,typhon 7also kn[n z ,smu1 & z ,samb>7 is /at$ to h kill$ him1 & left him 9 ! wat]s1 :]e ,isis re/or$ him to life4 ,t is ! acc\nt ( ,h]odotus1 b ,a,elian says t ,osiris ?rew ,cupid into ! ocean1 & gave him a %ell = 8 abode4 ,aft] :i* he at l5g? kill$ ,typhon4 ,h5ce ! %ell 9 ! my?-c>v+s to be f\nd to-day 9 m$iaeval ,*ri/ian *ur*es4 ,! ,greeks repres5t$ ,cupid1 & also ,n]ites1 z liv+ 9 %ells1 &1 /rangely en\gh1 locat$ !m on ! ,r$ ,sea coa/1 adjac5t to ! home ( ! ,typhon my?4 ,x is probable t ! ^w san*a1 a sea-%ell1 us$ 9 ?is connection1 is f suca1 a cave1 a t5t2 & we may conjecture t !re is an allusion to c]ta9 dwell]s 9 t5ts1 :o1 com+ we/w>d1 work$1 aft] a /ruggle1 a political & dyna/ic revolution1 c>ry+ ) x great *anges 9 agriculture4 ,?is is a conjecture we may1 h[ev]1 readily )draw 9 fav\r ( ano!r1 t ! %ell itself is m]ely a symbol ( ! ocean1 & t ,cupid em]g+ is a figure ( ! sun ris+ f ! sea at "s p>ticul> zodiacal p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,*ild ,,& ,,dragon1 ,,l9coln4 ,ano!r /ory k9dr$ to t ( ,typhon & ,horus is t ( ,sani & ,aurva1 met 9 ,h9doo lit]ature4 ,!y 7 ! sons ( ,surya1 reg5t ( ! ,sun 7,vi%nu72 ,sani 0 appo9t$ rul]1 b becom+ a tyrant 0 depos$1 & ,aurva reign$ 9 8 place4 ,?is recalls t "o ( ! names giv5 to ,typhon 9 ,india 0 ,sw>bhanu1 light ( heav51 f :i* x is evid5t t he is ,lucif]1 ! fall5 angel2 s t accept+ ! figurative mean+ ( all ! n>ratives1 we c see ev5 a propriety 9 ! ,go?ic transmission ( ^! symbolic repres5tations4 ,x may be add$ to ?is t ! e>ly conception ( ,cupid 0 z ! god ( ,love 9 a f> wid] & high] s5se ?an indicat$ 9 ! lat] poetical & popul> idea4 ,he 0 n orig9ally consid]$ ! son ( ,v5us1 :om he prec$$ 9 bir?4 ,x is sc>cely too mu* to say t he p]sonifi$ ! love ( a ,supreme ,unkn[n = creation2 & h5ce ! assumption by ,love ( ! "* ( a deliv]]4 ,!re are o!r %ell deities 9 my?ology4 ,v5us _h h] %ell1 & h] ,nor!rn co-type1 ,frigga1 ! wife ( ! ,nor!rn sun-god1 ,od91 rode 9 a %ell *>iot4 ,! e>lie/ ( our examples is ! mo/ s]i\s & precise4 ,! ,dragon is a v bili\s & repulsive reptile1 :ile ! *ild =m1 ?rice repeat$ 9 ! same c>v+1 has grace & orig9ality4 ,?is is f ,l9coln ,m9/]4 ,! next is also on a mis]icorde1 & is 9 ,man*e/] ,ca!dral4 ,"h ! %ell is diff]5t 9 position1 be+ upright4 ,! ,*ild 9 ?is has long hair4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dragon ,,& ,,*ild1 ,,bev]ley ,,m9/]4 ,! ?ird example is f a mis]icorde at ,bev]ley ,m9/]1 ! s]ies at :i* place %ews /rong evid5ce ( hav+ be5 execut$ f ! same set ( designs z ^? ( ,man*e/] ,ca!dral1 & 7 c>v$ "s twelve ye>s lat]4 ,_m ( ! subjects are id5tically ! same1 b 9 ?is case x w be se5 h[ a mean+ may be lo/ by a c>v]'s misappreh5sion4 ,! %ell w\ld n be recognizable )\t comp>ison ) ! o!r in/ances1 & ! ,dragon has become two4 ,! head ( ! ,*ild 9 ?is c>v+ appe>s to be 9 a close hood1 or ,puritan infantile cap1 :i*1 z ! f\ndl+ cap1 surviv$ into ?is c5tury4 ,9 all ! ?ree c>v+s1 ! ,dragons are ( ! two-legg$ k9d1 :i* ,/4 ,george is usually %ewn slay+4 ,x is a little rem>kable t ! ,*ild's weapon 9 all ?ree cases is brok5 away4 ,! object borne sceptre-wise by ! left h& *ild 9 ! ,l9coln c>v+1 is app>5tly simil> to ! ,egyptian hi]oglyphic symbol1 ! ,greek ,greek3 z1 ,european s4 ,x may be wor? :ile to sugge/ t ! greatly-discuss$ coll> ( ss1 worn by ! lords *ief ju/ices1 & o!rs 9 au?ority1 may h its orig9 9 ?is hi]oglyphic z a symbol ( sov]eignty1 r ?an 9 any ( ! arbitr>y ascriptions ( a m$iaeval initial4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,*ild ,,& ,,dragon1 ,,man*e/]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,slay+ ,,( ,,! ,,snail1 ,,bev]ley ,,m9/]4 ,! weapon is evid5tly a =m ( ! falx1 or falcula1 = x 0 ) su* a "o 7& "h we see fur!r di/ribution ( ! my?7 t ,jupit] w\nd$ ,typhon1 & su* 0 ! in/rum5t ) :i* ,p]seus slew ! sea-dragon3 ! falx1 ! prun+-hook1 sickle or scy!1 is an emblem ( ,saturn1 & ! olde/ repres5tation ( x 9 t connection %ew x 9 simple curv$ =m4 ,saturn's sickle became a scy!1 & ! planet deity ?us arm$ became1 on acc\nt ( ! l5g? ( 8 p]iodical revolution1 our famili> figure ( ,fa!r ,"t4 ,osiris1 ! fa!r ( ,horus1 is /yl$ ! cause ( ,"t4 ,an ,egyptian regal co9 be>s a man cutt+ corn ) a sickle ( semi-circul> blade4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ,engl&1 ! sickle is spok5 ( simply z a hook4 ,illu/ration3 ,,grotesque ,,( ,,horus ,,9 ,,! ,,%ell4 ,,! ,,palm] ,,fox ,,exhibit+ ,,holy ,,wat]4 ,,new ,,college1 ,,ox=d4 ,app>5tly ! c>v] ( ! ,bev]ley mis]icorde 0 consci\s he _h r5d]$ ! %ell v badly1 = 9 ! side support] ( ! c>v+ he _h plac$1 by way ( rem9d] z to an attack ^u ! occupant ( a %ell1 a man 9 a fa%ionable dress1 pi]c+ a snail z x approa*es him4 ,9 m$iaeval c>v+s1 z 9 _m ( _! explanations1 x is sc>cely a /ep f ! sublime to ! ridicul\s4 ,"o o!r c>v+ :i* seems to po9t to ! =ego+ is at ,new ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,x is a g5u9e grotesque1 & may be a satire ^u ! m s]i\s works4 ,x repres5ts1 seat$ 9 ! same univalve k9d ( %ell z ! o!rs1 a fox or ape 9 a religi\s habit1 display+ a bottle conta9+1 p]haps1 wat] f ! ,holy ,l&1 ! ,virg9's ,milk1 or o!r wondr\s liquid4 ,"o ( ! side c>v+s is an ape 9 a hood br++ a bottle4 ,hell's ,m\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hell',s ,,m\?1 ,,holy ,,cross1 ,,/rat=d-,,on-,,avon4 ,hell's ,m\? 0 "o ( ! mo/ popul> conceptions ( m$iaeval times4 ,except s f> z conc]ns ! dragon =m ( ! head ^: m\? 0 suppos$ to be ! gates ( ,hell1 ! idea appe>s to be entirely ,*ri/ian4 ,*ri/'s desc5t into ,hell 0 a fav\rite subject ( ,my/]y plays4 ,9 ! ,cov5try pageant ! book ( words conta9$ b six v]ses1 9 :i* ,hell is /yl$ ! c9d]y cell4 ,! ,*e/] play is mu* long]1 & is drawn f ! ,apocryphal ,gospel ( ,nicodemus4 ,?is gospel1 :i* has a v]sion 9 ,anglo-,saxon ( ,a4,d4 #iej1 is no d\bt ! s\rce f :i* is d]iv$ a preval5t =m ( ,hell's ,m\? 9 :i* ,*ri/ is repres5t$ hold+ ! h& ( "o ( ! p]sons engulp$ 9 ! inf]nal jaws4 ,?is is se5 9 a c>v+ on ! ea/ w9d[ ( ,dor*e/] ,abbey4 ,! ,m\? is "h sc>cely t ( a dragon1 b t ( an exce$+ly well-/udi$ s]p5t2 = int5t & p[]ful malignity ! expression ( ?is f9e /one c>v+ w\ld be difficult to surpass4 ,! ,desc5t into ,hell is "o ( a s]ies1 on ! same w9d[1 ( incid5ts 9 ! life ( ,*ri/2 all are exce$+ly qua9t1 b _! di/ance f ! gr\nd improves !m 9 a m ?an ord9>y degree1 & _! e>ne/ int5tion prevails ov] _! accid5tal grotesqu5ess4 ,! beautiful curves 9 ?is vip]\s head are well wor?y ( notice 9 connection ) ! rem>ks ^u ! arti/ic qualities ( ,go?ic grotesques4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hell',s ,,m\?1 ,,dor*e/]1 ,,oxon4 ,! v]se ( ! ,gospel 7xix41 #ab71 expla9s :o ! p]son is4 ,& ! ,"l tak+ hold ( ,adam by 8 "r h& he asc5d$ f hell & all ! sa9ts ( ,god foll[$ him4 ,! female figure is ( c\rse ,eve1 :o is %ewn ) ,adam 9 engrav+s ( ! subject by ,alb]t ,dur] 7#aeab1 etc417 & o!rs4 ,! vision ( ,pi]s ,pl\ghman 7circa #acfb71 has p>ticul> m5tion ( ,adam & ,eve among ,satan's captive colony4 ,satan1 on he>+ ! ord] ( a voice to op5 ! gates ( ,hell1 exclaims3-- ,yf he reve me ( my ryght he robbe? me by ma/rie1 ,= by ryght & reson ! reukes rooks t be on "h ,body & s\l be? myne bo? good & ille ,= he hyms-self hit seide t ,syre is ( ,helle1 ,t ,adam & ,eve & al hus issue ,%old5 deye ) deol %\ld die ) grief & "h dwell ev]e ,yf !i t\*$e a tree o?r toke !r ( an appel4 ,a ,,ms4 volume 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ( poems writt5 9 ! ?irty-f\r? ye> ( ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,vi41 has ,our ,lady's ,song ( ! ,*yld t sok$ hyr bre/1 9 :i* o!r p]sons ?an ,adam & ,eve are /at$ to h be5 tak5 out ( hell on ! same occasion3-- ,adam & ,eve wy? hym he take1 ,kyng ,david1 ,moyses & ,salamon ,& h>y$ hell e noke1 ,wy?yn hyt left he s\lys non4 ,! belief 9 ! desc5t 9 ,hell c be trac$ back to ! second c5tury4 ,! =m ( ,hell z a m\? is mu* lat]4 ,!re is m5tion ( a c]ta9 ,m\? ( ,hell1 :i* 9 #adcg 0 us$ 9 a ,passion play 9 ! pla9 ( ,veximiel2 ?is ,m\? 0 report$ z v well done1 = x op5$ & %ut :5 ! devils requir$ to pass 9 or out1 & x _h two l>ge eyes ( /eel4 ,! great ea/ w9d[ ( ,york ,ca!dral1 ! we/ front & s\? doorway ( ,l9coln1 & ! ea/ side ( ! alt>-scre51 ,bev]ley ,m9/]1 h repres5tations ( ! ,m\? ( ,hell4 ,! *ancel ar* ( ,s\?leigh has a l>ge e>ly fresco ( ! subject1 9 :i* two angels1 a good & a bad 7:ite & black71 are ga!r+ ! p out ( _! graves2 ! black _s is pluck+ up c]ta9 bodies 7or s\ls7 ) a fle%-hook1 & 8 companions are convey+ !m to ! adjac5t ,m\?4 ,9 a ,flemi% ,book ( ,h\rs ( ! fifte5? c5tury 79 ! ,bodleian ,libr>y7 !re is a repres5tation ) v m9ute details ( all ! usual adjuncts ( ! ,m\?1 &1 9 addition1 sev]al basketsful ( *ildr5 7presumably ! unbaptiz$7 br\ght 9 on ! backs ( wolf-l fi5ds1 & on sl$ges1 a common m$iaeval me?od ( conveyance4 ,sackvil m5tions ,hell z an hide\s hole t-- ,) ougly m\? & griesly jawes do? gape4 ,fur!r in/ances ( ,hell's ,m\? are 9 ! block ( ! ,ludl[ ale-wife on a foll[+ page4 ,satanic ,repres5tations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,w9*e/] ,,college1 #ad? c5tury4 ,qua9t z are ! grotesques d]iv$ f ! great symbolic ,dragon1 !re is ano!r s]ies ( del9eations ( ,evil1 :i* are /ill m curi\s4 ,^! are ! repres5tations ( ,evil :i* are to be reg>d$ n s mu* symbolic z p]sonal4 ,! con/ant pres5ce ( ,satan & 8 satellites on capital & corbel1 arcade & mis]icorde1 is to be expla9$ by ! exce$+ly /rong belief 9 _! active p>ticipation 9 mundane affairs 9 robu/ physical %apes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,satan ,,& ,a ,,s\l1 ,,dor*e/]1 ,,oxon4 ,x w\ld1 p]haps1 n seem improp] to ref] ! class ( c>v+ in/anc$ by ! ?ree cuts1 next foll[+1 to ! ,typhon my?4 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 a di/9ction may be drawn betwe5 su* c>v+s z repres5t combat1 & su* z repres5t victimization2 ! =m] ,i w\ld attribute to ! my?1 ! latt] to ! ,*ri/ian idea ( ! torm5ts consequ5t on s94 ,at ! same "t1 ! victim-c>v+1 g5]ally easily dispos$ ( by /yl+ x ,satan & a ,s\l1 is und\bt$ly l>gely influ5c$ by ! my?-idea ( ,typhon 7by :atev] "n kn[n7 z a seiz]1 z indicat$ def9itely 9 "o ( 8 g5]al names1 ,graha4 ,! figure 0 naturally "o accord+ well ) ! m$iaeval und]/&+ ( spiritual puni%m5t1 & its v>ieties 9 c>v+ are num]\s en\gh to furni% an adequate inf]no4 ,! ,dor*e/] example is a small boss 9 ! gro9$ ceil+ ( ! s$ilia ( celebrants2 t at ,ewelme is a wea!r-worn p>apet-ornam5t on ! s\? ( ! *oir2 ! c>v+ at ,f>n%am is on a mis]icorde4 ,illu/ration3 ,,satan ,,& ,a ,,s\l1 ,,ewelme1 ,,oxon4 ,n entirely1 ?\gh 9 "s degree1 ! two next illu/rations support ! !ory1 ( puni%m5t r ?an conflict1 = ! o!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,remorse1 ,,york4 ,! c>v+ 9 ,york ,ca!dral is ( a graceful type2 !re is "o closely resembl+ x at ,wells4 ,! ,glasg[ sket* is f ! draw+ ( a fragm5t ( ! ca!dral2 x is m vivid & ludicr\s ?an ! o!r4 ,a comp>ison ( ^! two af=ds a good idea ( ! excell5t 9 ,go?ic ornam5t4 ,! ,glasg[ c>v+ lacks ev]y?+ b vigor2 ! ,york production1 ?\gh no exceptional example1 has vigor1 poetry1 & grace4 ,we w n[ rev]t to ! m p]sonal & human aspect ( ,satan4 ,illu/ration3 ,,remorse1 ,,glasg[4 ,a writ]#d 9 ! ,art ,j\rnal "s ye>s ago (f]$ excell5t g5]al obs]vations ^u ! ideas ( ! ,evil ,"o f\nd at v>i\s p]iods4 ,he po9t$ out t ! frolicsome "* ( ! m$iaeval demon 0 imp>t$ by ,*ri/ianity1 ) its =bidd5 ,satan com+ into contact ) ! popul> belief 9 hobgobl9s & fairies :i* 7 common 9 ! old hea!n belief ( ?is isl&1 & s ! /]n] tea*+ 0 t+$ by m popul> fancies4 ,!re is mu* tru? 9 ?is1 except t = ! hobgobl9s & fairies we may v well read anci5t deities1 = ! ultimate effect ( ,*ri/ianity ^u ,pagan rev]5ce 0 to turn x into contempt & abhorr5ce = good & bad deities alike4 ,we c read ?is 9 ! sl5d] records ( anci5t wor%ips ^: traces are left 9 language4 ,?us ,bo is app>5tly "o ( ! anci5t root-words imply+ div9ity2 ,bod1 ! goddess ( fecundity2 ,boivani1 goddess ( de/ruction2 ,bolay1 ! giant :o ov]came heav51 e>? & hell2 ,b\d]s1 or ,b\dons1 ! g5ii gu>d+ ,%iva1 & ,boroon1 a sea-god1 are 9 ,indian my?ology4 ,bossum is a good deity ( ,africa4 ,borvo & ,bormania 7 gu>dians ( hot spr+s1 & ) ,b\ljanus 7 gods ( old ,gaul4 ,borr 0 ! fa!r ( ,od91 & ,bure 0 ,borr's si/]4 ,! ,bo-tree ( ,india is ! sacr$ tree ( wisdom4 ,9 ,sumatra boo is a root-^w mean+ good 7z 9 booroo74 ,bog is ! ,slavonic = god4 ,^! are giv5 to %ew a probable connection among wide-spread wor%ips4 ,illu/ration3 ,,satan ,,& ,a ,,s\l1 ,,dor*e/]4 ,we are n[ *iefly conc]n$ ) ! la/ in/ance4 ,! ,slavonic ,bog1 a god1 is met 9 ,saxon z a gobl91 = ! boy :o came into ! c\rt ( ,k+ ,ar?ur & laid 8 w& ^u a bo>'s head 0 cle>ly a bog 7! ,saxon g be+ ex*ang$ errone\sly = y1 z 9 dag's aeg1 day's eye1 etc74 ,9 ,wel%1 simil>ly1 ,brog is a gobl91 & we h ! evil idea 9 bug4 ,w>wick 0 a bug t fe>$ u all4 --,%akespe>e4 ,h5ry ,,iv41 v41 #b4 ,t is ,w>wick 0 a gobl9 t made u all afraid4 ,! ,bogg>t is a fairy /ill believ$ 9 by ,/af=d%ire peasants4 ,we h yet bugbe>1 z ! ,russians h ,buka1 & ! ,italians ,buggaboo1 ( simil> mean+4 ,z ) ! b>b>ic gods1 s ) ! classic deities1 :o equally suppli$ mat]ial ( :i* to make f\l fi5ds4 ,bac*us1 ) ! legs & spr\t+ horns ( a goat1 t haunt] ( v9e-y>ds1 !n 8 fauns con/ruct$ on ! same symbolic pr9ciple1 gave rise to ! satyrs4 ,^!1 (f]+ 9 _! =m disreputable po9ts = reprobation1 7 f\nd to be a suffici5tly appropriate symbol ( ! ,devil4 ,! reasons ( v>iety 9 ! satyr figure are n f> to seek1 beyond ! con/ant t5d5cy ( ! m$iaeval arti/ to v>y =m :ile pres]v+ ess5ce4 ,e arti/ _h 8 idea ( ! devil1 ei!r drawn f ! ri* dep?s ( a ,go?ic imag9ation1 f ! descriptions accumulat$ by popul> cr$ulity1 & mo/ ( all f t result ( bo?--! ,devil ( ! ,my/]y or ,miracle ,plays4 ,! plays 7 p]=m$ by trade gilds4 ,e t[n _h _m ( ^! gilds1 ?\gh sev]al w\ld sometimes jo9 at ! plays2 & ev5 v small villages _h bo? gild & plays4 ,!re are yet exi/+ "s slight traces ( ! reputation :i* obscure villages _h 9 _! own vic9ity = _! plays1 ( :i* ,*ri/mas mumm+ conta9s ! la/ tatt]$ relic4 ,s t1 ! ,devil be+ a fav\rite "* 9 ! pieces s widely p]=m$1 x is n surpris+ to f9d him equally at home among ! works ( ! c>v]s1 :o1 accord+ to ! nature ( arti/s ( all "t1 w\ld d\btless holiday x ) ! be/1 & look ) m or less appreciation ^u su* drama z 0 set be=e !m4 ,:]e we see ,satan z ! satyr1 he is ! rollick+ fi5d ( ! ,my/]y /age1 tempt+ ) sly good-hum\r1 torm5t+ ) a grim & f]oci\s joy1 or (t5 m]ely po/ur+ & cap]+ 9 a mu* to be envi$ height ( ! wilde/ animal spirits4 ,!re is 9 popul> art no trace1 s f> z ! writ]'s obs]vation ext5ds1 ( t l(ty sorr[ at man's unwor?9ess1 :i* has occasionally be5 attribut$ to ,satan4 ,! g5]al feel+ is t indicat$ by ! semi-contemptu\s epi!ts appli$ to ! satyr-idea ( ,auld ,clootie 7clov5-foot$71 & ,auld ,hornie1 ( our ,nor!rn bre?r54 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,man-,,goat1 ,,all ,,s\ls1 ,,ox=d4 ,horns 7 among all anci5t nations symbolic ( p[] & dignity4 ,anci5t co9ages %ew ! heads ( k+s & deities ?us adorn$4 ,! ,go?s wore horns4 ,alex&] frequ5tly wore an actual horn to indicate 8 presumption ( div9e desc5t4 ,! head dress ( prie/s 0 horn$ on ?is acc\nt4 ,?is may po9t to a pre-hi/oric p]iod :5 ! horn$ animals 7 n s mu* ( a prey z we f9d !m 9 lat] days2 ?us ! auro*s ( ,we/]n ,europe appe>s to h be5 m dread$ by ! wild m5 ( its "t1 ?an has be51 say1 ! n[ fa/-disappe>+ bison by ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! m>vell\s cont9uity ( nature's designs lead u to recognize t ! c>nivor\s animals mu/ always h _h ! "r to be ! symbols ( physical p[]4 ,!re=e1 ! idea ( p[]1 orig9ally convey$ by ! horns1 is t c>ri$ by ! possession ( ri*es 9 ! %ape ( flocks & h]ds4 ,! pecunia 7 ! means ( p[]1 & _! horns ! symbol ( x4 ,) ! ,egyptians1 ! ox signifi$ agriculture & subsi/5ce4 ,ph>aoh saw ! k9e com+ out ( ! ,nile because ! f]tility ( ,egypt dep5ds ^u t riv]4 ,s t x is easy to see h[ ! ox became ! figure ( ! sun1 & ( life4 ,simil> significance atta*$ to ! %eep1 ! goat1 & ! ram4 ,horus is met z ,orus1 ! ,%eph]d4 ,ammon wore ! horns ( a ram4 ,m5des 0 wor%ipp$ z a goat4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,*]i%$ ,,be>d1 ,,*i*e/]4 ,! goat *>act]i/ics are well c>v$ on a seat 9 ,all ,s\ls4 ,a goat figure ( ! ?irte5? c5tury at ,*i*e/] has ! head ( a man ) a curi\s twi/$ or ti$ be>d1 clut*$ by "o ( ! h&s 9 :i* ! =e feet t]m9ate4 ,! clut*+ ( ! be>d is n uncommon among ,go?ic figures1 & has d\btless "s orig9al on a co91 or o!r anci5t /&>d design4 ,at ,/4 ,hel5's1 ,ab+don1 ,b]k%ire1 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! *ur*1 ?ree heads1 "o be+ a k+1 ano!r a bi%op1 are %ewn grasp+ or /rok+ ea* 8 own be>d4 ,x is to be rememb]$ t ! /rok+ ( ! be>d is a well-kn[n ,ea/]n habit4 ,( close k9dr$ to ! goat =m is ! bull =m4 ,j z ,c]es symboliz$ ! fecundity ( ! e>? 9 ! matt] ( c]eals1 s ,pan 0 ! emblem by :i* 0 figur$ its productiv5ess ( animal life4 ,?us ,priapus 0 r5d]$ 9 goat =m1 z ! ready type ( animal sexual vigor2 b n less famili> 9 ?is connection 0 ! bull1 & t animal also symbolizes ,pan1 :o became1 :5 sup]/ition grew out ( imag]y1 ! protector ( cattle 9 g5]al4 ,an old ,engli% sup]/ition 0 t a piece ( horn1 hung to ! /able or c[h\se key1 w\ld protect ! animals f night-fright & o!r ills4 ,:5 ! pagan ,gods 7 skilfully turn$ into ,*ri/ian devils1 we f9d ! bull equally ) ! goat z a ,satanic =m1 & sev]al examples w be se5 9 ! draw+s4 ,! ox1 z ! symbol ( ,/4 ,luke1 is /at$ to ref]1 on acc\nt ( its cud-*ew+1 to ! eclectic "* ( ?is evangeli/'s gospel4 ,ir5aeus1 speak+ ( ! second *]ubim ( ! ,revelation1 :i* is ! same animal1 says ! calf signifies ! sac]dotal (fice ( ,*ri/2 b ! fanciful symbolisms ( ! fa!rs & ( ! ,be/i>ies are (t5 indiff]5t guides to orig9al mean+4 ,x may be t 9 ! ox =ms we h a/ronomical allusions to ,taurus1 ,bac*us1 to ,diana1 or to ,pan4 ,a note on ! emblems ( ! ,evangeli/s foll[s 9 ! rem>ks on ! comb9atory =ms met 9 grotesque art4 ,be=e pass+ on to consid] p>ticul> examples ( satyr or bull-=m fi5ds1 a few words may be said z to ano!r =m :i*1 ?\gh alli$ to ! dragon-%ape embodim5ts1 has ! p]sonal "*4 ,?is is ! ,s]p5t4 ,! orig9 ( ?is appe>s to be ! translation ( ! ^w ,na*as* = s]p5t 9 ! ,biblical acc\nt ( ! mom5t\s ,ed5 episode1 a r5d]+ :i*1 )\t philological c]ta9ty1 is c\nt5anc$ by ! g5]al pres5ce ( ! s]p5t 9 "o =m or ano!r 9 e sy/em ( !ology 9 ! _w4 ,jewi% tradition /ates t ! s]p5t1 ) beauty ( =m & p[] ( flight1 _h no spee*1 until 9 ! pres5ce ( ,eve he ate ( ! fruit ( ! ,tree1 & s acquir$ spee*1 imm$iately us+ ! gift to tempt ,eve4 ,o!r traditions say t ,na*as* 0 a camel1 & became a s]p5t by ! curse4 ,adam ,cl>ke ma9ta9$ t ,na*as* 0 a monkey4 ,! traditional & my/ic =m ( ! angels 0 t ( a s]p5t4 ,s]aph means a fi]y s]p5t4 ,9 ,isaiah's vision1 ! s]aphim are human-head$ s]p5ts4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable items 9 ! hi/ory ( wor%ip is ! acc\nt ( ! symbolic s]p5t erect$ by ,moses1 & ! subsequ5t use ( x z an idol until ! "t ( ,hezekiah4 ,9 ! fir/ satire ( ,p]seus1 he says1 pa9t two snakes1 ! place is sacr$6 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,s]p5t1 ,,ely4 ,! use ( ! s]p5t z ! ,*ur* symbol ( reg5]ation & revival ( heal? or life is n common 9 c>v+s4 ,9 ^! s5ses x 0 us$ by ! ,greeks1 ?\gh *iefly z ! symbol ( ! ,supreme ,intellect1 be+ ! special attribute & co-type ( ,m9]va4 ,! p]sonal app>ition :i* confront$ ,eve is n s infrequ5t1 ?\gh )\t mu* v>iety4 ,9 a repres5tation ( ! temptation ( ,adam & ,eve among ! mis]icordes ( ,ely1 ! tree ( ! k ( good & evil is %ewn ( a v peculi> %ape4 ,! s]p5t1 ^: coils are difficult to di/+ui% f ! foliage ( ! tree1 has ! head ( a saturn9e ,asiatic1 :o is tak+ ! lea/ possible notice ( our fir/ p>5ts1 z !y /& eat+ apples & be+ a%am$1 "o on ea* side ( ! composition4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,old ,,s]p5t1 ,,*i*e/]4 #ac? c5tury4 ,a c>v+ 9 ! *oir ( ,*i*e/] ,ca!dral %ews 9 a d\ble repetition1 "o half ( :i* is "h %ewn1 ! evil head ) an attempt at ! leg5d>y comel9ess1 m+l$ ) debas$ traits1 t is arti/ically v cr$itable to ! sculptor4 ,z ?\gh dissatisfi$ ) ! am\nt ( beauty he _h succe$$ 9 imp>t+ to ! heads on ! s]p5ts1 he adds1 on ! side-pieces ( ! c>v+1 two o!r heads ( females 9 ea/]n head-dresses1 to :i* he has imp>t$ a demure ,dut* beauty1 due p]haps to 8 own nationality4 ,human-head$ s]p5ts are 9 c>v+s at ,norwi* & at ,bridge1 ,k5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,demur5ess ,,m$itat+ ,,mis*ief4 ,,deut*o-,,egyptian ,,mask1 ,,*i*e/]4 ,) reg>d to ,satan's /atus z an angel1 a consid]able numb] ( repres5tations ( him are to be f\nd1 9 :i* he con=ms to a preval5t m$iaeval idea z to ! plumage ( ! _s race4 ,angels are f\nd clo!d entirely ) fea!rs1 z repeat$ "s scores ( times 9 ! memorial *apel1 at ,ewelme1 ( ,alice1 ,du*ess ( ,suffolk1 gr&-daught] ( ,*auc]1 :o di$ 9 #adge4 ,! annex$ block %ews a small ar*angel :i* surm\nts ! font canopy1 & is ( ! same "* z ! *apel angels4 ,at ,all ,s\ls1 ,ox=d1 is a c>v+ ( a w>rior-visag$ p]son we>+ a morion1 & arm$ ) a fal*ion & buckl]4 ,he is clad 9 fea!rs only1 appe>+ to be fly+ d[nw>d1 & is ei!r a repres5tation ( ,/4 ,mi*ael or ,lucif]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,angel1 ,,ewelme4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/4 ,,mi*ael1 ,,all ,,s\ls1 ,,ox=d4 ,satan is (t5 simil>ly treat$4 ,loki1 ! tempt] ( ! ,sc&9avian ,ed51 :o 0 ord]$ to seek ! lo/ ,idun he _h deceiv$1 _h to g =? clad 9 borr[$ g>m5ts ( falcon's fea!rs ) w+s4 ,:5 ! pageant at ! ,sett+ ( ! ,midsumm] ,wat* at ,*e/] 0 =bidd5 by ! ,mayor1 9 #aeii1 "o ( ! prohibit$ figures 0 ! ,devil & 8 ,fea!rs4 ,!re may be a connection betwe5 ! f9al puni%m5t ( ,loki & ! idea embodi$ 9 ! c>v+s m5tion$ above z be+ at1 among o!r places1 ,wells1 ,york1 & ,glasg[1 & :i* h be5 consid]$ z conceptions ( ,remorse4 ,loki 0 condemn$ to be fa/5$ to a rock to helplessly endure ! et]nal dropp+ ^u 8 br[ ( poison f ! jaws ( a s]p5t2 only t !re is nei!r 9 ^! c>v+s1 nor any o!rs not$ to ! pres5t1 any indication ( ! pres5ce ( ! m9i/]+ woman-_s :o = ev5 ! fi5d ,loki /ood by to cat* ! dea?-drops 9 a cup ( m]cy4 ,! ,devil & ! ,vices4 ,illu/ration3 ,,record+ ,,imp4 ,,/4 ,,ka!r9e',s1 ,,reg5t',s ,,p>k4 7,initial add$74 ,hav+ exam9$ ! v>i\s l[] =ms giv5 by man to 8 great enemy1 & n[ not+ t to su* =ms may be add$ ! human figure 9 :ole or "p1 we w next take 9 review a few ( ! s9s :i* br+ err+ humanity into ! clut*es ( ,satan2 = we f9d "s ( ! mo/ grotesque ( antique c>v+s devot$ to repres5tation ( :at may be call$ ! f9ale ( ! ,s9n]'s ,progress4 ,^! are probably l>gely d]iv$ f ! ,my/]y ,plays2 = ! moral tea*+ has ! same direct s\ndness4 ,! ideas are (t5 jocosely put1 b ! pr9ciple is "o ( m]e retribution4 ,! ,devil _c hurt ! ,sa9t & he pays out to ! ,wick$ ! exact price ( 8 wrong-do+4 ,?us 9 ne>ly all ( :at may be t]m$ ! ,s9 s]ies !re is a ,record+ ,imp :o be>s a tablet or scroll1 on :i* we are to suppose ! evil commissions & omissions ( ! s9n] are duly ent]$1 entitl+ ! fi5d to take possession4 ,?is rem9ds ( ! ,egyptian ,m]cury1 ,?o?1 :o record$ ^u 8 tablets ! actions ( m51 9 ord] t at ! ,judgm5t !re might be prop] evid5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,unse5 ,,witness1 ,,ely4 ,! ,acc\nt ,pres5t$4 ,satan ,satisfi$4 ,! ,record ( ,s94 ,!re is a s]ies ( c>v+s1 examplifi$ at ,ely1 ,new ,college1 ,ox=d1 ,/4 ,ka!r9e's 7remov$ f ne> ! ,t[] to ! ,reg5t's ,p>k7 & ,gayton1 :i* h ,satan enc\rag+ or embrac+ two figures app>5tly engag$ 9 conv]sation4 ,i h plac$ ^! among ! ,s9s1 = ?\gh no v p>ticul> explanation is =?com+ z to ! mean+ ( ! gr\p1 x is cle> t ! two human be+s are engag$ 9 "s occupation highly agreeable to ! fi5d4 ,?is evid5tly has a connection ) ! monki% /ory told ( ,/4 ,britius4 ,"o day1 :ile ,/4 ,m>t9 0 say+ mass1 ,britius1 :o 0 (ficiat+ z deacon1 saw ! devil beh9d ! alt>1 writ+ on a slip ( p>*m5t z long z a proctor's bill ! s9s :i* ! congregation 7 !n & !re committ+4 ,! p1 bo? m5 & wom51 appe> to h be5 do+ _m o!r ?+s besides li/5+ to ,/4 ,m>t91 = ! devil soon fill$ 8 scroll on bo? sides4 ,?us f> our c>v+s4 ,! /ory goes fur!r1 & /ates t ! devil1 hav+ fur!r s9s to record1 b no fur!r space on :i* to write !m1 attempt$ to /ret* ! p>*m5t ) tee? & claws1 :i*1 h[ev]1 broke ! record1 ! devil fall+ back aga9/ a wall4 ,! /ory !n betrays itself4 ,britius laugh$ l\dly1 :]eat ,/4 ,m>t91 highly displeas$1 dem&$ ! reason1 :5 ,britius told him :at he _h se51 :i* relation ! o!r sa9t accept$ z be+ true4 ,?is /ory is "o ( a class common among m$iaeval pulpit anecdotes4 ,x _c well be consid]$ t ! c>v+s arose f ! /ory1 nor ! /ory f ! c>v+s4 ,probably bo? arose f some?+ else1 acc\nt+ = ! numb] ( s9n]s be+ uni=mly two1 & = ! attitude ( ! fi5d 9 ea* case be+ s simil>4 ,) reg>d to ! latt] ,i mu/ leave ! matt] z x is4 ,i v5ture1 z to ! signification ( ! two figures1 to make a sugge/ion to /& good until a bett] be f\nd4 ,9 ! ,my/]y ,play entitl$ ! ,trial ( ,m>y & ,joseph 7,cotton ,,ms41 ,pageant xiv41 amplifi$ out ( ! ,apocryphal ,new ,te/am5t1 ,protevan1 xi471 ! /ory runs t ,m>y & ,joseph1 p>ticul>ly ! =m]1 are defam$ by two ,sl&]]s4 ,! ,bi%op s5ds 8 ,summon] = ! two accus$ p]sons1 & ord]s t !y dr9k ! wat] ( v5geance :i* is = trial1 a k9d ( miracul\s ordeal by poison4 ,joseph dr9ks & is unhurt2 ,m>y likewise & is decl>$ a pure maid 9 spite ( facts4 ,"o ( ! ,sl&]]s decl>es t ! dr9k has be5 *ang$ because ! ,virg9 0 ( ! ,high ,prie/'s k9dr$1 ^u :i* ! ,sl&]] is himself ord]$ to dr9k :at is left 9 ! cup4 ,do+ s he in/antly becomes frantic4 ,all ask p>don ( ,m>y = _! suspicions1 &1 t be+ grant$1 ! play is end$4 ,n[ ! play comm5ces ) ! meet+ ( ! ,two ,sl&]]s4 ,a brief extract or two w %ew _! me?od4 #a,,/ ,,detractor4--,to reyse blaw?yr is al my lay1 ,bakbyt] is my bro!r ( blood ,d$e he ought come he?yr 9 al ?is day ,n[ wolde ,god t he 7 "h1 ,&1 by my trew?1 ,i d>e well say ,t if we tweyn to ge?yr ap]e ,mor slawndyr we two s*al a r]e ,) 9 an h[re ?orwe ou? ?is t[n1 ,?an evyr !r 0 ?is ?\ws& y]1 ,n[1 be my trew?1 ,i h a sight ,evyn ( my bro!r 444 ,welcome 444 #b,,nd ,,detractor4--,i am ful glad we met ?is day4 #a,,/ ,,detractor4--,telle all ^! pepyl ! audi5ce :at is yor "n-- #b,,nd ,,detractor4--,i am ,bakbyt]1 t spylly? all game1 ,bo? hyd & kn[n 9 _m a place4 ,!n !y fall to1 & 9 t]ms ( "s wit & mu* fre$om describe ! physical condition ( %e :o 0 calde mayd ,m>y4 ,! ,two ,sl&]]s 9 ?is play are und\bt$ly m51 = ea* /yles ! o!r bro!r4 ,yet !re are words 9 _! dialogue1 n suit$ to ^! pages1 :i* c\ld prop]ly only be us$ by wom54 ,z 9 at lea/ "o ( ! c>v+s ! s9n]s are wom51 if my hypo!sis has any correctness !re mu/ be "s o!r =m ( ! /ory 9 :i* ! detractors are female4 ,x is to be not$1 also1 t ! play f :i* ,i h quot$ has no m5tion ( ! devil4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,backbit]1 ,,/4 ,,ka!r9e',s4 ,ye>s be=e ,i met ) ! play ( ! trial ( ,joseph & ,m>y1 ,i consid]$ t ! s9 ( ! ,two might be sc&al1 & put d[n a curi\s c>v+ adjo9+ ! ,/4 ,ka!r9e gr\p z a ref]5ce to x1 & sugge/$ x might be a humor\s r5d]+ ( a ,backbit]4 ,?is is %ewn 9 ! accompany+ block4 ,x 0 !re=e agreeable to f9d "o ( ! ,my/]y detractors actually nam$ ,backbit]4 ,aga9/ t x may be m5tion$ t ! composite figure ) a head at ! re> is n unique4 ,at ,ro?well1 ,nor?ampton%ire1 is a dragon attempt1 rude ?\gh probably ( late fifte5? c5tury "w1 ) a simil> head 9 ! same anatomical direction2 ?is is n connect$ ) any?+ t c be consid]$ be>+ ^u ! subject ( ! ,my/]y1 unless ! heads on ! same mis]icorde are meant to be ^? ( ,jews4 ,! example at ,ely %ews ! fi5d closely embrac+ ! two s9n]s :o are evid5tly 9 ! height ( an impressive conv]sation4 ,"o figure has a book on its knee1 ! o!r is tell+ ! beads ( a ros>y4 ,at ! sides are two imps ( a some:at ,rob9 ,goodfell[-l "*1 ea* be>+ a scroll ) ! acc\nt ( ! misde$s ( ! s9n]s1 & :i* we may presume are ! w>rants by :i* ,satan is entitl$ to seize 8 prey4 ,he is ! picture ( jovial good-nature4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,backbit]1 ,,ro?well1 ,,nor?ants4 ,new ,college1 ,ox=d1 has a mis]icorde ( ! subject 9 :i* ! figures1 female 9 appe>ance1 are seat$ 9 a sort ( box4 ,?is rem9ds u ( ,bald9i & ,boticelli's picture ( ,hell1 :i* is divid$ into v>i\s ov5s = diff]5t vices4 ,t may be ! idea "h1 or p]haps ! object is a c(f9 & is us$ to emphasize :at ! wages ( s9 are4 ,!y1 l ! two s9n]s ( ,ely1 are 9 animat$ conv]sation4 ,satan "h is ( a bull-head$ =m ) w+s r l ^? ( a butt]fly4 ,^! are ( ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,unse5 ,,witness1 ,,new ,,college1 ,,ox=d4 ,!re are =eign c>v+s describ$ by ,mr4 ,evans z be+ ( ! devil tak+ notes ( ! idle words ( two wom5 dur+ mass4 ,?is is1 p]haps1 ! simple mean+ ( all ?is s]ies1 & an evid5ce ( ! res5tm5t ( ecclesia/ics aga9/ ! irrev]5t4 ,!re is consid]able evid5ce t religi\s s]vice 0 sc>cely a solemn ?+ 9 m$iaeval times4 ,if ?is is ! signification ! box arrangem5t describ$ above may be "s sort ( e>ly pew4 ,! next example1 f ,/4 ,ka!r9e's 7lately7 by ! ,t[]1 has ! fi5d 9 a fa%ionable sla%$ suit4 ,! ladies "h are only 9 bu/1 & ?\gh ( demurely int]e/$ expression !y h n t rapport & animation :i* di/+ui% ! two previ\sly notic$4 ,satan does n embrace !m1 b /&s beh9d ) legs out/ret*$ & h&s1 or r claws1 on knees1 ready to clut* !m at ! prop] mom5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,unse5 ,,witness1 ,,/4 ,,ka!r9e',s4 ,at ,gayton1 ,nor?ants1 is a fur!r curi\s in/ance ( ?is gr\p4 ,! two ,s9n]s are 9 ?is case unque/ionably males1 &1 b = ! co9cid5ce ) ! prec$+ examples1 ! m5 might h be5 suppos$ to h be5 engag$ 9 "s game ( *ance4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! "o to ! "r has a ros>y z 9 ! fir/-nam$ c>v+4 ,satan "h is well clo!d 9 fea!rs1 & 9 8 left w+ is ! head ( :at is probably "o ( ! in/rum5ts ( torture await+ ! v mu* ov]%ad[$ victims4 ,x is a k9d ( rake or fle%-hook1 ) ?ree %>p1 hook$ tee?2 p]haps a figure ( ! tongue ( a sl&]]1 mat]ializ$ = 8 own subsequ5t sc>ification2 x may be add$ z a k9d ( satanic badge4 ,satan be>s on 8 "r arm a leaf-%ap$ %ield4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,unse5 ,,witness1 ,,gayton1 ,,nor?ants4 ,! vice next to be reg>d$ is ,av>ice4 ,9 a mis]icorde at ,bev]ley ,m9/] we h ?ree sc5es f ! hi/ory ( ! ,devil4 ,"o gives u ! av>ici\s man b5d+ be=e 8 c(f]s4 ,he has tak5 out a co92 if we read aright 8 contemplative & affectionate look1 x is gold4 ,hidd5 beh9d ! *e/ behold ,satan1 "o ( ^: bullock horns is visible z he lurks out ( ! mis]'s sight1 gr9n+ to ?9k h[ surely ! victim is 84 ,at ! opposite end ( ! c>v+ is ! o!r extreme1 ,gluttony4 ,a man is dr9k+ out ( a huge flask1 :i* he holds 9 8 "r h&1 :ile 9 ! o!r he grasps a ham 7or is x n impossible t ?is is a second bottle74 ,9 ?is ! devil is likewise pres5t2 he is app>5tly desp]ately anxi\s ! victim %\ld h en\gh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,devil ,,& ,,! ,,mis]1 ,,bev]ley ,,m9/]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,satan ,,& ,a ,,s\l1 ,,bev]ley ,,m9/]4 ,betwe5 ^! two reliefs appe>s ,satan seiz+ a nak$ s\l4 ,9 ! orig9al all t rema9s ( ! ,devil's head is ! outl9e & "o horn2 ( ! s\l's head !re rema9s only ! outl9e2 ! two faces ,i h v5tur$ to supply1 also ! =e-arm ( ! ,devil4 ,! fi5d is "h aga9 pres5t$ ) ! attributes ( a bullock1 r ?an a goat4 ,satan has _h plac$ on 8 abdom5 a mask or face1 a some:at common me?od ( add+ to ! />tl+ effect ( 8 boi/]\s p]sonality4 ,! f9e ru% :i* ! fi5d is mak+ ^u ! s\l1 & ! %r9k+ horror ( ! latt]1 are exce$+ly well r5d]$4 ,! moral is1 we may suppose1 t ! s9n]s on ei!r side w come to ! same bad end4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,devil ,,& ,,! ,,glutton1 ,,bev]ley ,,m9/]4 ,among ! seat-c>v+s ( ,h5ry ,,vii's4 ,*apel1 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 we h ! vice ( ,av>ice m fully treat$1 !re be+ two c>v+s devot$ to ! subject4 ,9 ! fir/ we see a monk sudd5ly seiz$ by a qua9t & curi\s devil 7to :om ,i h suppli$ 8 "r =e-arm74 ,! monk1 horror-/rick51 yet angry1 has dropp$ 8 bag ( sov]eigns1 or nobles1 & ! co9s fall out4 ,he w\ld escape if he c\ld1 b ! claws ( ! fi5d h him fa/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dismay1 ,,we/m9/]4 ,9 ! companion c>v+ we h ! incid5t--& ! monk--c>ri$ a little fur!r4 ,! devil has pick$ him up1 ?r[n him d[n along 8 conv5i5tly horizontal back1 & /rides on ) him ?r\gh a wild place ( rocks & trees1 hold+ :at appe>s to be a flam+ tor*1 :i* he also uses z a /aff4 ,! monk has manag$ to ga!r up 8 de>ly-lov$ bag ( money1 & is frantically clut*+ at ! rocks z he is swiftly borne along4 ,satan 9 ! fir/ c>v+ has r a b5evol5t human face1 9 ! second a debas$ bea/ face1 unkn[n to natural hi/ory4 ,!re is no explanation ( h[ ,sa?anus has dispos$ 9 ! second sc5e ( ! graceful dragon w+s he we>s 9 ! fir/4 ,x is probable t two ( ! ,italians :o c>v$ ?is set ea* took ! same subject1 & we h "h _! respective r5d]+s4 ,i m5tion ) diffid5ce t if ! mild & timor\s face ( ,bi%op ,alcock 7:i* may be se5 at ,jesus ,college1 ,cambridge71 ! ar*itect ( ?is "p ( ! abbey1 c\ld be suppos$ to h un=tunately borne at any "t ! expressions ^u ei!r ( ^! two repres5tations ( ! monk1 ! lik5ess w\ld1 9 my op9ion1 be r /rik+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,ov]tak+ ,,( ,,av>ice1 ,,we/m9/]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,tak+ ,,( ,,! ,,av>ici\s1 ,,we/m9/]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,demoniacal ,,drumm]1 ,,we/m9/]4 ,on ! side c>v+ ( ! c>ry+-away sc5e is %ewn a woman1 dismay$ at ! sight4 ,on ! opposite side a fi5d is welcom+ ! monk ) beat ( drum1 j z we %all see ! ale-wife salut$ ) ! drone ( ! bagpipes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,vanity1 ,,/4 ,,m>y',s ,,m9/]4 ,a c>v+ at ,/4 ,m>y's ,m9/]1 ,isle ( ,?anet1 has ! devil look+ out ) a vex$ fr[n f betwe5 ! horns ( a l(ty head-dress1 :i* is on a lady's head4 ,:e!r ?is be a r5d]+ ( ! di%one/ ale-wife1 or a sep>ate w>n+ aga9/ ! vice ( ,vanity1 _c well be decid$4 ,!re 0 a popul> op9ion at "o "t t ! bulk ( *ur* c>v+s 7 jokes at ! exp5se ( cl]gy1 probably l>gely because e hood 0 ?\ght to be a c[l4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no d\bt z to ! c>v+ "h pres5t$4 ,x may repres5t ! consecration ( a bi%op4 ,! pres5ce ( ,satan dom9at+ bo? ! individuals1 & pull+ =w>d ! c[l ( ! seat$ figure1 appe>s to decl>e t ?is is to illu/rate ! vice ( ,hypocrisy4 ,x is at ,new ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hypocrisy1 ,,new ,,college1 ,,ox=d4 ,ale & ! ,ale-wife4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,jolly ,,tap/]1 ,,ludl[4 ,ale1 good old ale1 has =m$ ! burd5 ( m songs & satires anci5t & mod]n1 ?an w ev] be br\ght toge!r4 ,ale 0 ! /aple bev]age = morn+1 noon1 & ev5+ meals4 ,x is probable t swoll5 z is ! be] portion ( ! ,budget1 ! consumption ( ale1 man = man1 is mu* less ?an t ( any m$iaeval "t4 ,! records ( all ! au?oritative bodies :o dealt ) ! liquor traffic ( ! old5 "t are cr[d$ ) rules & regulations t pla9ly demon/rate n only ! univ]sal preval5ce ( be] dr9k+ 9 a prop] & dome/ic degree1 b also ! con/ant gr[+ abuse ( ! sale ( ! liquor4 ,9 ! reign ( ,elizabe? ! evils ( ! tav]n _h become s notori\s1 t 9 "s places wom5 7 =bidd5 to keep ale-h\ses4 ,z f> back z ,a4,d4 #gid1 ale-h\ses _h become an in/itution1 = we f9d ! ord]s pass$ at ! ,c\ncil ( ,frank=t 9 t ye> includ$ "o by :i* ecclesia/ics & monks 7 =bidd5 to dr9k 9 an ale-h\se4 ,/4 ,adrian 0 ! patron ( brew]s4 ,9 "s bor\ghs 7,hull may be giv5 z an in/ance7 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! ,mayor 0 n all[$ to keep a tav]n 9 8 ye> ( (fice4 ,brew]s & tav]n keep]s1 ) _m nice di/9ctions ( grade among !m1 7 duly lic5s$ & sup]vis$1 v>i\s p5alties meet+ attempts at illicit trade4 ,! quality ( ale 0 also an object ( solicitude1 & an (ficial1 call$ ! ale-ta/]1 0 9 ne>ly e c5tre ( population made responsible = ! due /r5g? & purity ( ! national bev]age4 ,x 0 cu/om>y 9 "s places 9 ! fifte5? c5tury = ! ale-ta/] to be remun]at$ by a paym5t ( #d;d4 a ye> f ea* brew]4 ,x has to be rememb]$ ale 0 drunk at ! meals at :i* we n[ use tea1 c(fee1 & cocoa2 x w be int]e/+ to glance at an in/ance ( ! rate at :i* x 0 consum$4 ,at ! ,hospital ( ,/4 ,cross1 f\nd$ 9 #aacb1 at ,w9*e/]1 ?irte5 impot5t m5 _h ea* a daily all[ance ( a gallon & a half ( good small be]1 ) m on holidays2 ?is 0 aft]w>ds r$uc$ to ?ree qu>ts ) "s two qu>ts extra = holidays4 ,! port] at ! gate _h only ?ree qu>ts to give away to begg>s4 ,!re 0 great idea ( cont9uity at ?is e/abli%m5t2 ev5 9 #ahcf !re 0 sp5t ,l#acc #es4 = malt & hops = ! ye>'s brew+4 ,! happy ?irte5 _h ea* yet ?ree qu>ts e day z well z a jack 7say f\r gallons7 extra among !m on holidays1 ) #ds4 = be] money4 ,two gallons ( be] 7 also daily disp5s$ at ! gate at ! rate ( a horn ( n q half a p9t to ea* applicant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lettice ,,littletru/ ,,& ,a ,,simple ,,simon4 ,,well+bor\gh1 #ad? c5tury4 ,ale1 no m ?an o!r ?+s1 c\ld be kept out ( *ur*4 ,a c>v+ at ,well+bor\gh1 ,nor?ampton%ire1 %ews u an int]view betwe5 a w\ld-be cu/om] on ! "o "p & an ale-wife on ! o!r "p4 ,!re is1 9 a li/ ( imag9>y names 9 an epilogue or gagg+ summons to a miracle play1 m5tion ( "o ,letyce ,lytyltru/1 :om surely we see above4 ,evid5tly ! man is bett] kn[n ?an tru/$1 & :ile a g5]\s supply ( ! desir$ refre%m5t is on res]ve 9 a de> old jug1 "s intimation has be5 made t ca% is requir$2 he1 l "o ,simon on a simil> occasion1 has n a p5ny1 & ) "o h& dipp$ into 8 empty pocket1 he scrat*es 8 head ) ! o!r4 ,8 good-natur$ p]plexity contra/s well ) ! indiff]5t tradeswoman-l air ( ! ale-wife1 :o :ile %e re/s ! jug ^u a b5*1 does n rel9qui% ! h&le4 ,he is say+ to himself1 ,nay1 m>ry1 an ,i want$ a cup o' ale a=etime ,i 0 ev] s]v$4 ,a ?ir/y morn is ?is4 ,i "k n :at to say to t' jade2 :ile %e is mutt]+1 ,an he wipe (f ! *alk ah9t ! door ev51 he might dr9k & welcome1 sorry rogue ?o' he be4 ,b no use to cry pay :5 t' b>rel be empty4 ,at ,edgew>e 9 #aeeh1 an innkeep]1 0 f9$ = sell+ a p9t & a half ( ale at an exorbitant price1 namely1 "o p5ny4 ,a qu>t 0 ev]y:]e ! prop] quantity1 & t ( ! /ronge/2 small ale sold at "o p5ny = two qu>ts4 ,) reg>d to ! !n high] value ( money1 h[ev]1 ! prices may be consid]$ to be ab\t ! same z at pres5t1 & ! same may be said ( _m commodities :i* appe> 9 records at l[ figures4 ,( an e>li] date is ! tap/] ( ! initial block1 f ,ludl[1 :o furni%es a com=table idea ( a cong5ial1 & to judge f 8 p\*1 a pr(itable occupation4 ,x is to be presum$ ! smallness ( ! b>rel z comp>$ ) t ( ! jug--probably ( copp]1 & dazzl+ly bright--0 ! arti/'s means ( gett+ its full outl9e )9 ! picture1 & n an indication ( ! relations ( supply & dem&4 ,alas = ! f9al fate ( ! di%one/ woman :o c\ld *eat m5 9 ! important matt] ( ale6 ,at ,ludl[ we are %ewn su* a "o1 /ripp$ ( all b ! head dress & necklace ( h] vanity1 & c>ri$ ignom9i\sly & indecor\sly to ,hell's ,m\? on ! %\ld]s ( a /alw>t demon 7^: head is suppli$ 9 ! block74 ,9 h] h&1 & p>tak+ ( h] own rev]se1 %e be>s ! hoop$ tank>d ) :i* %e defraud$ h] cu/om]s4 ,x is ! measure ( h] woe4 ,! demon ?us load$ ) mis*ief is met by ano!r1 arm$ ) ! bagpipes4 ,) hil>i\s air & fi5di% gr9 he welcomes ! late/ addition to ! collection ( evil-do]s )94 ,to ! "r are ! usual gap+ jaws ( ,hell's ,m\?1 into :i* are disappe>+ two nude females1 :o1 we may suppose1 are o!r ale-wifes n m m]itori\s ?an ! lady ( ! horn$ head dress4 ,to ! left is ! ,record+ ,imp4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,ale-,,wife1 ,,ludl[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,female ,,draw]1 ,,all ,,s\ls1 ,,ox=d4 ,!re is allusion 9 a copy ( ! ,*e/] ,my/]y ( ,*ri/'s ,desc5t into ,hell1 among ! ,h>leian ,,mss41 to an ale-wife ( ,*e/]1 :i* d\btless sugge/$ ?is c>v+4 ,?is lady1 a little-tru/ & a *eat] 9 h] day1 lam5ts hav+ to dwell among ! fi5ds2 %e endeav\rs to propitiate "o ( !m by address+ him z ,my ,sweet ,ma/] ,sir ,sattanas1 :o returns ! complim5t by call+ h] 8 de> d>l+4 ,%e ann\nces t3-- ,"s tyme ,i 0 a tav]n]e1 ,a g5till gossipe & a tap/]e1 ,( wyne & ale a tru/ie brew]1 ,:i* wo ha? me wr\ghte4 ,( cannes ,i kepte no trewe measu] ,my cuppes ,i s\lde at my pleasu]1 ,deceav+ manye a creature1 ,?o' my ale 7 naughte4 ,! ,devil !n deliv]s a %ort spee*1 :i* is "o ( ! e>lie/ temp]ance addresses on record4 ,he says3-- ,welckome1 d]e ladye1 ,i %all !e w$d1 ,= _m a heavye & dronck5 head ,cause ( ?y ale 7 br\ghte to b$ ,f>re worse ?an anye bea/e4 ,!re is an old say+ pull ,devil1 pull ,bak] connect$ ) ! repres5tation ( a bak] :o sold 8 bread %ort ( weight1 & 0 c>ri$ to ! l[] regions 9 8 own basket2 ! ale-wife1 ( our c>v+1 h[ev]1 does n appe> to h reta9$ any p[] ( resi/ance1 h[ev] slight or ineffectual4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,horn ,,( ,,ale1 ,,ely4 ,at ,all ,s\ls1 ,ox=d1 !re is a good c>v+ ( a woman draw+ ale4 ,x is n1 app>5tly1 ! ale-wife h]self1 b ! maid s5t d[n into ! cell>4 ,! maid1 p]haps aft] a good draught ( ! brew1 seems to be bl[+ a :i/le to convey1 to ! probably li/5+ e>s ( h] mi/ress up/airs1 ! impression t ! jug has n receiv$ any improp] att5tion f h]4 ,! artful expression ( ! ale-lov+ maid l5ds c\nt5ance to ! conjecture t ! precaution has n be5 entirely efficaci\s4 ,x is to ?is day a jocul> expression 9 ,ox=d%ire1 & p]haps else:]e1 ,y _h bett] :i/le :ile y are draw+ t be]4 ,a c>v+ at ,ely repres5ts ,pan z an appreciative imbib] f a v]itable horn ( ale4 ,satires )\t ,satan4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,slumb]+ ,,prie/1 ,,new ,,college1 ,,ox=d4 ,!re are numb]s ( grotesques :i* are satires evid5tly aim$ at s9s1 b :i* h n ! visible att5dance ( ! evil "o himself4 ,among ^! mu/ be includ$ a curi\s c>v+ f ,sw9e1 9 ,hold]ness4 ,! priory ( ,sw9e 0 a ,ci/]cian nunn]y ( fifte5 si/]s & a prioress4 ,mr4 ,?omas ,bla%ill /ates1 ,!re 71 h[ev]1 two canons at lea/1 to assi/ 9 ! (fices ( religion1 :o did n refra9 f m$dl+ 9 secul> affairs4#e ,!re 0 also a small community ( lay-bre?r54 ,! female 9 ! c5tre ( ! c>v+ is a nun2 h] hood is drawn p>tly ov] h] face1 s t only "o eye is fully visible1 b ) ! o!r eye %e is execut+ a well-kn[n movem5t ( b mom5t>y duration4 ,! two ugly animals betwe5 :i* %e pe]s are int5d$ = h>es1 a symbol ( libid9\sness1 z well z ( timidity4 ,ano!r c>v+ 9 ! same *ancel may be 9 d]ision ( "s (ficial ( ! papal c\rt1 :i*1 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 on an occasion ( ! contumacy ( ! nuns 9 refus+ to pay c]ta9 ti!s1 caus$ ! *ur*1 ) t adjo9+1 ( ! lay bre?r51 to be clos$4 ,! nuns defi$ all au?ority1 broke op5 ! *apels1 & 9 g5]al dur+ ! long conte/ act$ 9 a curi\sly ungov]nable1 irresponsible mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,papal ,,mon/]1 ,,sw9e1 ,,york%ire4 ,at ,bi%op's ,/ort=d1 ,h]t=d%ire1 are "s mis]icordes1 :i*1 says ,miss ,phipson1 are /at$ to h orig9ally belong$ to ,old ,/4 ,paul's4 ,among !m is ! annex$ subject4 ,! wick$ expression ( ! face1 & ! g5]al incorrectness ( ! composition1 are a hi/orical evid5ce ( indecorum ak9 to ! ge/ures ( ! ,bev]ley c>v]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,impud5ce1 ,,bi%op',s ,,/ort=d1 ,,h]t=d%ire4 ,f ! f9e *oir c>v+s ( ,we/m9/] ,abbey yet ano!r example is giv54 ,x is "o 9 :i* ! _s ( ! old ,comptes a ,plaisance is well illu/rat$4 ,a well-clad man1 sugge/+ ,fal/aff 9 8 prime1 is seat$ ) a lady among luxuri\s foliage4 ,8 arm is "r r\nd 8 companion's wai/1 :ile 8 left h& dips into 8 capaci\s & app>5tly well-l9$ p\*1 or gipci]e4 ,he has be5 /yl$ a m]*ant4 ,he is manife/ly mak+ a b>ga94 ,! lady is evid5tly a daught] ( ! hirel+ 7hirudo671 & is cry+1 ,give1 give4 ,9 spite ( ?is be+ ! "w ( an ,italian arti/1 ! arti/ic feel+ ab\t x w\ld seem to recall slightly ! l9es ( ,holbe94 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,w9k+ ,,nun1 ,,sw9e1 ,,york%ire4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,"q ,,( ,,price1 ,,we/m9/] ,,abbey4 ,! small c>v+ to ! "r ( ! above is a highly-elate pig1 play+ ! pipe4 ,?is is %ewn 9 a %ort *apt] h]eaft] giv5 on ,animal ,musicians4 ,! initial at ! head ( ?is *apt] is illu/rat$ ) ! slumb]+ prie/1 ! c>v+ ( :om is at ! "r ( t ( ! ',unse5 ,witness1' drawn on page #he4 ,?is d\btless implies t "s portion ( ! s9 ( ! p 0 to be attribut$ to ! indiff]5ce ( ! cl]gy4 ,balanc+ ?is1 !re is 9 ! orig9al c>v+ an ag$ p]son kneel+1 &1 support$ by a crut*1 c\nt+ h] beads4 ,9 a subsequ5t *apt] 7on ,comp\nd ,=ms 9 ,go?ic7 ! h>py is m5tion$1 & %ewn to be a n uncommon subject ( *ur* art1 ei!r z f ! malignant classic =m :i* symboliz$ fi]ce bad wea!r1 or z ! m b5efici5t ?\gh n unsimil> figure :i* 0 ! symbol ( ,a?or1 ! ,egyptian ,v5us4 ,a ,w9*e/] example :i* might seem 9 place among ! rem>ks on ! ,comp\nds1 is includ$ "h1 z x is evid5tly int5d$ to embody a s94 ,x s]ves to %[ t a mod]n use ( ! ^w h>py 0 well und]/ood 9 m$iaeval times4 ,! design is simple1 ! vulture w+s be+ made to take ! position ( ! hair ( ! woman head4 ,%e lies 9 wait spid]-wise1 h] great claws 9 read9ess = ! prey2 & is evid5tly a "*-sket* ( a co>se1 insatiable daught] ( ! horse-lee*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,h>py ,,9 ,,wait1 ,,w9*e/]4 ,scriptural ,illu/rations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,adam ,,& ,,eve1 ,,bev]ley ,,m9/]4 ,my/]y ,plays1 we h se51 drew ^u ! ,apocryphal ,new ,te/am5t = subjects1 b x has simply happ5$ t ! examples ( vice c>v+s illu/rate ^? writ+s1 = ,my/]y ,plays 7 9 g5]al f\nd$ ^u ! canonical scriptures4 ,!re are _m c>v+s :i* h ,biblical incid5ts = _! subject1 b x is (t5 impossible to say :e!r ! text 7 ! sole mat]ial ( ! design]1 or :e!r 8 ideas 7 =m$ by repres5tations he _h se5 on ! ,my/]y /age4 ,x may be presum$ t ! effect w\ld n be greatly diff]5t 9 "o case f ! o!r4 ,! /ory ( ,jonah furni%es a subject = two mis]icordes 9 ,ripon ,ca!dral4 ,"o is 9 ! frontispiece ( ?is volume4 ,9 ! fir/ ! prophet is be+ pu%$ by ?ree m5 unc]emoni\sly ov] ! side ( ! vessel :i* has ! usual m$iaeval *>act]i/ics1 &1 9 :i*1 pla9ly1 !re is no room = a f\r? p]son4 ,! %ip is rid+ easily on by no means tumultu\s waves1 out ( :i* protrudes ! head ( ! great fi%4 ,! fi% & ,jonah appe> to reg>d ! situation ) equal complac5cy4 ,9 ! sequel c>v+ ,jonah is %ewn be+ ca/ out by ! fi%1 ( :i*1 z 9 ! o!r1 ! head only is visible4 ,! mon/] ( ! deep has alt]$ its appe>ance slightly dur+ ! p]iod ( ,jonah's inc>c]ation1 its squ>e upp] tee? hav+ become po9t$4 ,! prophet is repres5t$ kneel+ among ! tee?1 app>5tly (f]+ up ?anks = 8 deliv]ance4 ,! sea is b\nd$ by a rocky %ore on :i* /& trees ( ! well-kn[n grotesque type 9 :i* !y are excell5t fir-cones4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,jonah4 ,,! ,,ca/+ ,,out4 ,^! two c>v+s are ( some:at special int]e/1 z _! precise orig9 is kn[n4 ,!y are bo? exce$+ly close copies ( engrav+s 9 ! ,biblia ,paup]um1 or ,poor ,man's ,bible1 o!rwise call$ ,speculum ,humanae ,salvationis1 or ! ,mirror ( ,human ,salvation4 ,o!r ,biblical subjects 9 ! ,ripon ,s]ies ( ,mis]icordes are f ! same s\rce4 ,did ! ,sculptor or ,sculptors ( ! s]ies fall %ort ( subjects1 or 7 _! eyes caught by ! def9ite outl9es ( ! pr9ts 9 ! ,picture ,bible z x lay *a9$ 9 ! ,m9/]8 ,! ,adoration1 9 a c>v+ 9 ! *oir ( ,worce/]1 comes "u ! head ( un9t5tional grotesques4 ,x is a pro( t ?\gh ! manipulative skill ( ! arti/ may be great1 t may only acc5tuate 8 failure to grasp ! true _s ( a subject2 & r5d] :at might h be5 only a piece ( simplicity1 into an elaborate grotesque4 ,! common-place1 ugly features--:]e n brok5 away--! repeat$ attitudes & ! symmetric arrangem5t jo9 to defeat ! arti/'s aim4 ,add to ^? ! ana*ronisms1 ! anci5t ,ea/]n rul]s 9 ,edw>d ,,iii4 cr[ns & g[ns1 seat$ b5ea? late ,go?ic ,decorat$ ,ar*es (f]+ gifts1 & ! absurdity is ne>ly complete4 ,x is difficult to q und]/& ! pres5ce ( ! lady ) gn>l$ features1 on ! left1 be>+ ! swa!d infant 7headless7 :i* seems to demon/rate t ?is 0 c>v$ by a =eign]1 or 0 f a =eign s\rce2 = ?\gh swa?+ 0 practis$ to "s ext5t 9 ,engl&1 ,i c only f9d t 9 ,holl&1 ,g]many1 etc41 & m especially 9 ,italy1 ! *ildr5 7 swa!d to ?is ext5t1 9 ! complete mummy fa%ion /yl$ bamb9o4 ,p]haps ! reason ( ! two figures "r & left 0 t ! arti/ w5t ) ! arti/ic tide 9 repres5t+ ! rec5tly-born infant z a /rapp+ boy ( f\r or five2 yet 8 common-s5se tell+ him t 0 a violation ( fact he put ! o!r figure 9 ) ! /rapp$ infant to %[ :at--9 8 own private op9ion--! *ild w\ld really be l at ! "t4 ,we might h suppos$ x to be ,/4 ,john1 b he 0 old] & n y\ng] ?an ! ,div9e ,*ild4 ,9 ! ,sc&9avian my?ology1 ,vali1 ! ,new ,ye>1 is repres5t$ z a *ild 9 swaddl+ clo!s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,adoration ,,( ,,! ,,magi1 ,,wor*e/]4 ,! ,scriptural subjects 9 c>v$ "w may be comp>$ ) ! wall pa9t+s :i* 9 a few in/ances h surviv$ ! re=m+ zeal ( bygone :ite-wa%+ *ur*w>d5s4 ,! comp>ison is inf9itely to ! advantage ( ! c>v+s4 ,^! pa9t+s are 9 di/emp] & 7 ! humble in>ti/ic precursors ( noble frescoes 9 ! cont95tal fanes1 b :i* _h 9 ,engl& no developm5t4 ,to :at ext5t !re 0 m]it 9 ! mural decoration ( ! ,engli% ca!drals _c well be /at$4 ,su* examples1 z 9 a few *ur*es are left to u1 are simply curiosities4 ,?\gh *ang+ ) ! /yles !y are m crude ?an ! sculptures1 & ! mod]n eye 9 se>* ( ! grotesque1 f9ds "h compositions inf9itely m excruciat+ly imbecile ?an 9 any o!r dep>tm5t ( art-"w ( pret5sion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,baptismal ,,sc5e1 ,,guild=d4 ,at ! same "t :5 !y are consid]$ 9 conjunction ) ! mo/ p]fect ( ! pa9t+s ( _! p]iod !y are by no means s l[ 9 ! scale ( m]it z at ! fir/ ?\ght might be suppos$4 ,outside ! pres5t purpose ( look+ at !m z un9t5tional grotesques !y are v valuable specim5s ( ! ,engli% art ( pa9t+ ( dates :i* h1 except 9 illum9ations1 no o!r examples4 ,^? ( ,/4 ,m>y's1 ,guild=d1 are v qua9t4 ,! fir/ select$ f ! s]ies is a repres5tation ( ,*ri/ att5d+ ! m9i/ration ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,/4 ,john has app>5tly tak5 d[n to ! riv] bank a classic font1 9 :i* is seat$ a conv]t4 ,! ,bapti/ himself1 we>+ a ,phrygian cap 7probably ,saxon71 is turn+ away f ! figures ( ,*ri/ & ! man 9 ! font1 & is app>5tly address+ a company :i* does n appe> 9 ! picture4 ,j z ! font 0 put 9 to make ! idea ( baptism easily und]/ood1 s1 we may suppose1 ! curi\s buttons on ?ongs1 or :atev] !y are1 7 %ewn atta*$ to ,/4 ,john's wri/1 to indicate t he is speak+ ( ! %oe-lat*ets4 ,! wat]s & bank ( ! ,jordan are indicat$ 9 a few l9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ca/+ ,,out ,,( ,,devils1 ,,guild=d4 ,! o!r selection is /ill m biz>re4 ,x evid5tly portrays ,*ri/ ca/+ out devils4 ,! *ief po9t ( int]e/ 9 ?is pa9t+ is ! orig9al conception ( ! devils4 ,any?+ m vici\s1 degrad$1 & abhorr5t1 x w\ld be difficult to produce 9 s few l9es4 ,r\ghly speak+1 !y are a comp\nd ( ! hawk1 ! hog1 & ! monkey2 ?is curi\s illu/ration is an excell5t p5dant to ! m>ks made ^u e>ly ,satanic depictions on a previ\s page4 ,! faces are ,saxon1 except 9 ! case ( ! man ) ! sword1 :o is a di/9ct attempt at a ,roman4 ,! arti/ _h evid5tly 9 8 m9d "o :o 0 set 9 au?ority4 ,! *ur*es ( ! ,midl&s are ri* 9 wall-pa9t+s4 ,a f9e example is 9 ,nor? ,/oke ,*ur*1 ,ox=d%ire1 :i* has two ,scriptural subjects1 a s]ies ( angelic figures1 & sev]al o!r figures1 etc41 only fragm5tally visible4 ,!y 7 all f\nd accid5tally "u ?ick coats ( :itewa%4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r !y 7 ev] f9i%$4 ,! two ,biblical subjects are ,*ri/ betray$ 9 ! ,g>d51 & ,*ri/ be=e ,pilate4 ,*ri/ is a small app>5tly bl9d-fold$ figure1 ( :i* only ! head & "o %\ld] rema9s4 ,pilot is ! ,saxon "l1 pos+ z ! seat$ figure ( legal au?ority1 pois+ a hiltless sword 9 8 "r h&4 ,! figure address+ ,pilate is app>5tly a ,roman 7,saxon7 (ficial2 8 h& is v l>ge1 b !re is a simple =ce ab\t 8 draw+4 ,! f\r? figure 9 a mitre is d\btless meant = a ,jewi% prie/1 & he has a na/y1 clamor\s look4 ,pilate1 un=tunately1 has no pupils to 8 eyes1 b 8 g5]al appe>ance is z ?\gh he 0 expo/ulat+ ) ! prie/4 ,!re is a c>ol1 pr9t$ 9 #ahbj1 :i* has a woodcut ( ! subject n less rude & n less ( an ana*ronism ?an ?is3 b :at is curi\s1 z illu/rat+ ! ma9 !ory ( ! pres5t volume--! t5acity ) :i* =m is adh]$ to 9 unconsci\s art--is t ! disposition ( ! figures is exactly ! same 9 bo? pictures4 ,:]e ! ,saxon "l is seat$1 imag9e a be>d$ magi/rate1 at a sort ( ,georgian qu>t]-sessions b5*1 ) panell$ front4 ,= ! simple ,saxon1 ) v&yk$ %irt1 suppose a ,roman half-soldi]1 half-village-policeman4 ,!n comes ! figure ( ,*ri/1 ) ! head mu* l[] ?an ^? ( ! o!rs because he is ne>]4 ,la/ly1 !re is an incomplete figure beh9d4 ,9 ?is case ! p]fect correspond5ce may be m]e co9cid5ce2 x is difficult to expla9 o!rwise4 ,! design1 h[ev]1 is ! same1 only ! ,anglo-,norman fill$ 9 8 detail f 8 obs]vation ( a manorial c\rt1 ! ,moorfield engrav] f 8 k ( ,b[ ,/reet police-c\rt4 ,to conclude1 al?\gh ^! pa9t+s are ludicr\s 9 ! extreme1 ! arti/s1 :o _h no easy task1 7 absolutely s]i\s1 & _! works1 dive/$ ( ! comic aspect conf]r$ by ha/e & manipulative incompet5ce1 are m>k$ by bold impressiv5ess4 ,! initial to ?is *apt] is f "o ( a s]ies ( simil> ornam5ts on ! p>apet ( ! s\? side ( ! nave ( ,bev]ley ,m9/]2 x illu/rates ! toilsome nature ( ! lat] portion ( ,adam's life4 ,masks & ,faces4 ,illu/ration3 ,,foliate ,,mask1 ,,! ,,*oir1 ,,bev]ley ,,m9/]4 ,! m]rie/1 odde/1 mo/ ill-assort$ company 9 ! _w meet toge!r 9 ! masks & faces ( ,go?ic ornam5t4 ,space c\ld always be f\nd = a head1 & skill to execute x4 ,yet ?\gh ! v>iety is imm5se1 ! faces ( ,go?ic art w be f\nd to classify !mselves v def9itely4 ,illu/ration3 ,,foliate ,,mask1 ,,dor*e/]1 ,,oxon4 ,p]haps ! mo/ preval5t type is ! classic mask ) leaves issu+ f ! m\?4 ,?is may be an idea ( ! mask :i* e play] 9 ! anci5t drama wore1 display$ z an ornam5t ) laurel1 bay1 oak1 ivy1 or :at n1 ins]t$ 9 ! m\?1 because x 0 pi]c$ = speak+ ?r\gh1 & ! only ap]ture 9 :i* ! decorative bran*es c\ld be ins]t$4 ,or se$s might g]m9ate 9 sculptur$ masks & s h sugge/$ ! idea4 ,masks 7 hung 9 v9ey>ds1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,foliate ,,mask1 ,,/4 ,,m>y',s ,,m9/]1 ,,isle ,,( ,,?anet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,foliate ,,mask1 ,,bev]ley ,,m9/]4 ,a mask above ! int]nal t[]-doorway 9 ! ,lady ,*apel ( ,dor*e/] ,abbey has a close resemblance to ! classic mask 9 ! protrud+ lips1 :i*1 = ! convey+ ( ! voice = ! great di/ance necess>y 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! anci5t !atres1 7 (t5 %ap$ l a %all[ speak+-trumpet4 ,! leaves appe> to be ! v9e1 & s ! head1 p]haps1 t ( ,bac*us4 ,betwe5 ! eyebr[s w be notic$ an angul> projection4 ,?is is probably expla9$ by a mask 9 a mis]icorde 9 ,/4 ,m>y's ,m9/]1 9 :i* "s object1 p]haps ! nasal ( a helmet1 comes d[n ! middle ( ! =ehead4 ,! leaves 9 ?is case appe> to be oak1 :i* is1 inde$1 ! prevail+ tree us$ = ! purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,indian ,,mask1 ,,/4 ,,m>y',s1 ,,bev]ley4 ,illu/ration3 ,,late ,,italian ,,foliate ,,mask1 ,,we/m9/]4 ,occasionally a mask ) leaves has ! tongue protrud+4 ,p]haps "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable masks 9 ,go?ic is on ano!r mis]icorde 9 ! same t[n1 b 9 ,/4 ,m>y's ,*ur*2 9 :i* ! features1 ! head-dress1 ! treatm5t ( ! e>s1 are all ,indian1 :ile ! leaves are ^? ( ! palm4 ,?is is1 p]haps1 unique z an in/ance ( ,go?ic "w s ne>ly purely ,indian 9 its =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ripon1 late ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,sometimes ! leaves are mu* elaborat$ z 9 "o ( ! late mis]icordes ( ,we/m9/] ,abbey2 9 a few cases ! orig9al simplicity is q lo/1 & we h1 z at ,ripon1 ! mask idea run mad1 inv]t$1 & ! leaves become a graceful composition ( foliage1 fl[]1 & fruit4 ,a rosette f ! tomb ( ,bi%op de ,la ,wi*1 ,*i*e/]1 has f\r animal faces 9 an excell5t design4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rosette ,,on ,,tomb ,,( ,,bi%op ,,de ,,la ,,wi*1 ,,*i*e/]4 ,(t5 masks are ( ! simple description kn[n z ! ,not*-head2 ^! are ( ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies4 ,!y are g5]ally f\nd 9 expos$ situations at "s elevation1 z among ! s]ies ( corbels 7corbula a small basket7 or brackets call$ ! corbel-table1 support+ a /one c\rse or cornice4 ,! lik5ess to ! human face caus$ by ! %ad[s ( ! ,t v>ies 9 diff]5t examples4 ,t bel[1 by curv+ back at ! base1 sugge/s ! idea ( a m\?4 ,occasionally1 z at ,f9$on1 ,nor?ampton%ire1 ! not*-head has its lik5ess to a face increas$ by ! addition ( e>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mask1 ,,buckle1 ,,or ,,not* ,,head1 ,,culham1 ,,york%ire4 ,norman masks are int]e/+1 z !y expla9 "s odd appe>ances 9 lat] "w4 ,9 _m *ur*es are faces scor$ ) l9es across ! *eeks1 reg>dless ( ! ord9>y l9es ( expression1 9 a mann] closely resembl+ ! tattoo incisions ( ! ,new ,zeal& w>rior4 ,?is appe>ance1 h[ev]1 is simply ! too fai?ful copy+ ( crude ,norman masks1 9 :i* ! l9es are meant to be ! semi-circles r\nd eyes & m\?4 ,moreov]1 ! ,norman heads are mo/ (t5 ! heads ( animals gr9n+ to %ew ! tee?1 al?\gh _! g5]al effect is t ( grotesque human heads4 ,iffley we/ doorway furni%es ! be/ example4 ,"h we h ! well-kn[n beak head ornam5t4 ,! semicircle & upp] portion ( ! jambs h s+le heads1 n two ( :i* are exactly alike1 ?\gh all closely resemble ea* o!r4 ,!y are heads ( ! eagle or gryphon ord]1 ) a =ehead ornam5t v ,assyrian 9 "*4 ,! heads ( ! jambs are comp\nd1 be+ ! head ( a gr9n+ bea/1 probably a lion1 f ! m\? ( :i* em]ges a gryphon head ( small size4 ,^! are sometimes call$ ,cat-heads1 & ! gryphon head is sometimes consid]$ 7& p]haps occasionally %ewn z su*7 a tongue4 ,a f9e doorway ( beak-heads is at ,/4 ,pet]'s-9-!-,ea/1 ,ox=d1 :i* *ur* 0 probably execut$ by ! workm5 :o 7 responsible = ,iffley4 ,illu/ration3 ,,beak ,,heads1 ,,iffley4 ,x is probable t ! symbolism ( ?is is ! swall[+ up ( night by day or vice v]sa4 ,! out] ar* ( ! ,iffley doorway consi/s ( zodiacal signs1 & at ! s\? doorway are o!r designs else:]e m5tion$ 9 ?is volume1 f> remov$ f ,*ri/ian int5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,norman ,,mask1 ,,ro*e/]4 ,! grotesqu5ess ( ,norman "w is almo/ entirely unconsci\s4 ,! work]s 7 full ( ,byzant9e ideas1 & ! sev]e & awful 0 _! object r ?an ! comic4 ,!y frequ5tly attempt$ pretty detail 9 _! symbolic designs1 b 9 all ! =ms :i* h come f _! *isels x is easy to see h[ incomplete an embodim5t !y gave to _! conceptions1 or r to ! conceptions ( _! traditional s*ool4 ,norman "w1 beyond ! ,go?ic1 irrespective ( ! ar*itectural peculi>ities1 has traces ( its ea/]n orig9 9 ! classic connection ( its designs4 ,adel ,*ur*1 ne> ,le$s1 is peculi> 9 hav+ co-m+l$ ) its ea/]n designs m ?an ord9>ily tangible ref]5ces to anci5t ,keltic wor%ip1 b ne>ly all ,norman ideographic detail conc]ns itself ) old-_w my?s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gorgonic ,,mask1 ,,ewelme4 ,an excell5t conception1 well c>ri$ out1 is 9 a mask :i* is "o ( a s]ies ( late c>v+s alt]nat+ ) ! g>goyles ( ,ewelme4 ,9 ?is1 in/ead ( leaves issu+ f ! m\? ( ! mask1 !re are two dragons4 ,if ^? ) leaves are deities1 ?is surely mu/ be "o ( ! ,furies4 ,x is on ! nor? side ( ! nave2 on ! ext]ior ( ! aisle1 at ! same side1 o!r sculptures =m a k9d ( irregul> corbel-table1 & special att5tion may be drawn to !m z af=d+ an indication ( ! d]ivation ( su* ornam5ts f ! antefixes or decorat$ tiles occupy+ a ne>ly correspond+ position 9 classic ar*itecture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,foliate ,,mask1 ,,ewelme4 ,"o ( ^? on ! aisle (f]s a fur!r explanation ( ! m>k be=e m5tion$ z be+ on ! =eheads ( "s masks4 ,9 ?is case ! prom95ces ( ! eyebr[s bran* (f into foliage4 ,?is appe>s also to be ! int5tion 9 a capital c>v+ 9 ,l9coln ,*apt] ,h\se4 ,roslyn ,*apel has "s v reali/ic heads1 notably ( apes or gorillas ne> ! s\? doorway1 ( :i* "o is drawn 7opposite74 ,illu/ration3 ,,foliate ,,mask1 ,,l9coln4 ,norman "w has frequ5tly "s v grotesque heads 9 corbel tables & t[] corn]s1 to ! odd appe>ance ( :i* ! decay by wea!r has no d\bt mu* contribut$4 ,two examples f ,sutton ,c\rtney1 ,ox=d%ire1 illu/rate ?is wea!r-worn :imsicality4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gorilla1 ,,roslyn ,,*apel4 ,!n comes a cr[d ( faces :i* h no p>ticul> significance1 be+ simply ! outcome ( ! unre/ra9able fun ( ! c>v]4 ,"s are m]ely oddities1 :ile o!rs are full ( life-l "*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,g>goyle1 ,,sutton ,,c\rtney4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wea!r-,,worn ,,norman1 ,,sutton ,,c\rtney1 ,,b]k%ire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hum\r1 ,,york4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mask ,,) ,,sausage1 ,,/rat=d-,,^u-,,avon4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,jeal\s ,,eye1 ,,york4 ,! knight ) ! twi/$ be>d1 f ,sw9e1 may be a portrait1 & ! ,g>gantuan-fac$ dom9us f ,/4 ,m>y's ,m9/] c]ta9ly is4 ,an old b>b>ian head f a cro*e or elb[-re/ at ,bakewell is rude & worn1 b yet bold & f9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,be>d ,,) ,a ,,twi/1 ,,sw9e1 ,,york%ire4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,quizzical ,,visage1 ,,bakewell4 ,illu/ration3 ,,grimace ,,mak]1 ,,bev]ley ,,m9/]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fool',s ,,heads1 ,,bev]ley ,,m9/]4 ,"s ( ^! are bett] ?an ! joculators & mimes' faces 9 :i* ! arti/ s]i\sly set himself a humor\s task1 z 9 ! ?ree heads 7page #acj7 f ,bev]ley ,m9/]1 ?\gh ! latt] are 9 "s respects m grotesque4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,portrait1 ,,/4 ,,m>y',s ,,m9/]4 ,,isle ,,( ,,?anet4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,r\gh ,,"*1 ,,bakewell4 ,ano!r curi\s in/ance ( a grimace & po/ure mak]1 assi/+ 8 c\nt5ance's contortions by ! use ( 8 f+]s1 is at ,dor*e/] ,abbey4 ,9 ?is ! arti/ has n be5 ma/] ( ! facial anatomy1 & %[s a d\ble pair ( lips1 "o pair 9 repose1 ! o!r pull$ back at ! corn]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,grimace ,,mak]1 ,,dor*e/]1 ,,oxon4 ,(t5 a grotesque face w be f\nd add$ to a beautiful design ( foliage1 ei!r z ! conv5tional mask1 z 9 ! design 9 ,l9coln ,*apt] ,h\se1 or a reali/ic head1 z ! foll[+ grim1 d\r visage betwe5 graceful curves on a mis]icord at ,k+'s ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,grace ,,& ,,! ,,graceless1 ,,k+',s ,,college1 ,,cambridge4 ,! ,dome/ic & ,popul>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,weak] ,,vessel1 ,,%]borne4 ,dome/ic & popul> incid5ts are pl5tiful among ! c>v+s1 ( :i* !y =m1 inde$1 a di/9ct class2 & !y af=d a consid]able am\nt ( mat]ial ) :i* might be built up1 9 a truly ,hog>?ian & exagg]at$ _s1 an elaborate acc\nt ( m$iaeval mann]s 9 g5]al4 ,9 ! majority ( cases ! incid5ts h a famili>1 if n an ende>+ sugge/iv5ess4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dome/ic ,,discipl9e1 ,,bev]ley ,,m9/]4 ,! records ( mank9d are n want+ 9 /ormy incid5ts 9 :i* ! g5tle female _s has *af$ "u "s presum$ fooli%ness or wick$ness ( ! head ( ! h\se1 & at l5g? break+ b\nds1 inflict$ on him p]sonal rem9d]s t pati5ce endure? b = a season4 ,an example ( ?is is giv5 above1 :i* %ews ! possibility ( su* a ?+ z f> back z #aebj1 ! date ( ! ,bev]ley ,m9/] mis]icordes4 ,:ile ! lady is devot+ h] att5tion to ! flagellation ( h] un=tunate & p]haps entirely blameless sp\se1 a dog avails himself ( ! opportunity to rifle ! caldron4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,unk9d ,,f>e1 ,,bev]ley ,,m9/]4 ,! picture 9 ! initial1 tak5 f a c>v+ 9 ! *oir ( ,%]borne ,m9/]1 %ews ano!r dome/ic incid5t 9 :i* ! lady adm9i/]s ca/igation4 ,?\gh 9 itself no m ?an a vulg> satire1 x is probable t ?is c>v+ 0 copi$ f "s repres5tation ( ,/4 ,lucy1 :o is sometimes %ewn ) a /aff 9 h] h&1 & beh9d h] ! devil pro/rate4 ,x is n easy to say :at is ! mean+ ( ano!r c>v+ 9 ,bev]ley ,m9/]1 or :e!r x has any connection ) t j not$4 ,! probability is t x has n4 ,?is may be a %rewi% wife be+ :eel$ 9 ! tumbril to ! wat]side1 !re to und]go = ! bett] rul+ ( h] tongue1 a puni%m5t ! au?ority = :i* 0 cu/om old] ?an law4 ,b ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ano!r read+ w be ne>] ! tru?4 ,! vehicle is n ! tumbril b a :eelb>r[1 & ! man propell+ x is y\ng] ?an ! lady1 :o is pull+ 8 hair4 ,i imag9e ! man is appr5tice or husb&1 & is n v *e]fully trundl+ 8 companion home4 ,a simil>1 b m def9ite mis]icorde is 9 ,ripon ,ca!dral4 ,9 ?is b>r[1 ! old woman1 we>+ a cap ) hat on ! top1 z yet occasionally se5 9 c\ntry places1 is seat$ 9 a mi/ress-l way4 ,%e is n committ+ any viol5ce1 b app>5tly is (f]+ ! man 7call him ! bridegroom7 8 *oice ( ei!r a bag ( money ) dutiful ob$i5ce1 or a huge cudgel1 :i* %e wields ) muscul> p[]1 ) d]eliction4 ,! gem ( ! c>v+ is ! man's face4 ,he smiles a quiet1 amus$1 satirical smile1 z ( "o :o w\ld say1 ',tis no h>m to hum\r ^! fooli% old bodies1 & mu/ be done1 ,i tr[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,*>iot1 ,,ripon4 ,b ! object call$ a bag ( money is z likely to be a bottle1 & ! :ole subject may be some?+ q diff]5t4 ,%e may be go+ to ! doctor1 or (f]+ ! man a dr9k2 or x may be ,noah :eel+ 8 wife into ! ,ark1 :i*1 x 0 "o ( ! jokes 9 a ,my/]y play to suppose %e 0 v unwill+ to ent]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pilgrimage ,,9 ,,com=t1 ,,cant]bury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m>t9mas4 ,,*ri/mas4 ,,holy ,,tr9ity1 ,,hull4 ,! block f ! capital ( a column 9 ! crypt ( ,cant]bury ,ca!dral1 tells u little ( its hi/ory4 ,x is giv5 z an example ( a *e]ful grace & ease n common 9 e>ly "w4 ,! hunt+ ( ! bo> is a frequ5t subject ( ! ,go?ic c>v]1 be+ g5]ally consid]$ ! sport ( ,septemb]1 ?\gh ,sir ,edw>d ,coke says ! season = ! bo> 0 f ,*ri/mas to ,c&lemas4 ,x is uncommon to f9d ! bo>'s head %ewn treat$ z 9 ! accompany+ block1 /ruck (f1 & ) ! lemon 9 8 m\?1 ready = ! table4 ,^! quatrefoils are ! only two ) a special design ^u !m1 out ( twelve on ! font ( ,holy ,tr9ity ,*ur*1 ,hull1 ! o!rs hav+ rosettes4 ,!re is no rule 9 ?is1 b !re are o!r examples 9 :i* small portions ( fonts are pick$ out = significant decoration1 & possibly on ! side orig9ally int5d$ to be turn$ t[>ds ! door ( ! *ur*1 or ! alt>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,huntsman ,,& ,,de]1 ,,york4 ,hunt+ sc5es frequ5tly occur4 ,a boss 9 ,york ,m9/] %ews a huntsman break+ a de] z x hangs f a tree4 ,! wild sweetness ( "o /r+$ & "o w9d in/rum5t--n uncommonly met z h>p & piccolo ne> ,london saloon b>s--0 a usual duet ( ! middle ages4 ,9 ,/oeffl]'s ,cal5d>um ,romanorum ,magnum 7( #aeah7 9 a s]ies ( woodcuts illu/rat+ ! mon?s1 & :i* are o!rwise reasonable1 he gives "o ( ^! duets p]=m$ 9 a field z a prop] occupation ( ! mon? ( ,april ) ! foll[+ highly appropriate di/i*-- ,aprilis patule nucis sub umbra po/ convivia dormio lib5t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,curi\s ,,duet1 ,,*i*e/]4 ,9 ?is c>v+1 h[ev]1 ! musicians appe> to be )9 doors & to be giv+ a set duet4 ,to ! int]e/ ( ! e> !y add a curi\s spectacle = ! eye1 = !y are seat$ 9 *airs :i* h no =e-legs1 & _! balance is kept by ! flageoleti/ tak+ hold ( ! h>p z ! play]s sit fac+1 s t :ile lean+ back !y =m a c\nt]-poise to ea* o!r4 ,! *airs are a curi\s /udy 9 m$iaeval furniture4 ,x is n unlikely t ! sculptor 9 ! case ( ! annex$ block _h 9 8 m9d some?+ simil> to ! say+-- ,:5 a man's s+le he lives at 8 ease4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ba*elor ,,qu>t]s1 ,,worce/]4 ,a man come 9 f1 we may presume1 fro/ & sn[1 has tak5 (f 8 boots1 & w>ms 8 feet z1 seat$ on 8 fald-/ool by ! fire1 he /irs ! pot ) lively anticipation ( ! meal prep>+ inside4 ,he is probably a %eph]d or sw9e-h]d2 on "o side is seat$ 8 dog1 at ! o!r are hung two fat gammons ( bacon4 ,illu/ration ,%eph]ds & %eph]d+ furni% frequ5t subjects to ! c>v]4 ,9 a ,cov5try ,corpus ,*ri/i play ( #aecd "o ( ! ?ree %eph]ds pres5ts 8 gloves to ! infant ,savi\r 9 ^! words-- ,h "h my mytt5s1 to pytt en ?i hondis1 ,o!r treysure h ,i none to pres5t !e )4 ,?is c>v+ has be5 call$ ! ,good ,%eph]d4 ,if ! arti/ really meant ,*ri/ by ?is %eph]d ) a hood ov] 8 head & hat ov] t1 ) great gloves & %oes1 ) a r\nd be>dless face1 ) 8 arms r\nd ! necks ( two %eep1 hold+ _! feet 9 8 h&s1 x is ! f9e/ piece ( religi\s burlesque extant4 ,b x is n to be suppos$ t ! idea ev5 occurr$ to ! sculptor4 ,! ,fea/ ( ,fools 0 a k9d ( religi\s f>ce1 a my/]y run riot4 ,c$ranus1 a ,byzant9e hi/orian1 :o wrote 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 records t x 0 introduc$ into ! ,greek ,*ur* ,a4,d4 #iij1 by ,!ophylact1 patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,we c p>tly und]/& t ! popul> crav+ = ! wild lib]ties ( ! ,saturnalia might be met1 & p]haps modifi$1 by a brief removal ( ! solemn con/ra9t ( ! ,*ri/ian prie/-rule4 ,b lic5ti\sness 9 *ur* wor%ip 0 no new ?+1 &1 long be=e ! "t ( ,!ophylact1 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,we/1 & probably ! ,greek ,*ur* also1 _h be5 r5d]$ sc&al\s by ! laxity ) :i* ! *ur* s]vices 7 conduct$4 ,at ! ,c\ncil ( ,orleans1 9 ,a4,d4 #ecc1 x 0 f\nd necess>y to rule t no p]son 9 a *ur* %all s+1 dr9k1 or d any?+ unbecom+2 at ano!r 9 ,*alons1 9 ,a4,d4 #fej1 wom5 7 =bidd5 to s+ indec5t songs 9 *ur*4 ,!re is 9 fact e evid5ce1 includ+ ! sculptures ( our subject1 t religion 0 n1 popul>ly1 a ?+ solemn 9 itself4 ,c$ranus m5tions ! diabolic dances among ! enormities practis$ at ! ,fea/ ( ,fools1 :i* 0 g5]ally held ab\t ,*ri/mas1 ?\gh n conf9$ to t fe/ival4 ,9 ! twelf? c5tury1 ! abuse increas$2 songs ( ! mo/ indec5t & (f5sive "* 7 sung 9 ! mid/ ( ! mock s]vices2 pudd+s 7 eat51 & dice rattl$ on ! alt>1 & old %oes burnt z inc5se4 ,illu/ration3 ,,danc+ ,,fools1 ,,bev]ley ,,m9/]4 ,?is obs]vance1 s evid5tly an exp$i5t p>ody ( ! old-"t fe/ivals1 is traceable 9 ,engl&1 & said to h be5 aboli%$ ab\t ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,! c>v+s 9 ,bev]ley ,m9/]1 "h pres5t$1 are suppos$ to ref] to ! ,fea/1 & at any rate give u a good idea ( ! m$iaeval fool4 ,!re 7 innum]able classic dances4 ,! ,greeks s5d d[n ! names ( two hundr$ k9ds4 ,a dance ) arms 0 ! ,pyrrhic dance1 :i* 0 simil> 9 "s ( its v>ieties to ! milit>y dance kn[n z ! ,morris4 ,! ,morris 0 introduc$ into ,spa9 by ! ,moors1 & br\ght into ,engl& by ,john ( ,gaunt 9 #accb4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 little us$ until ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 ,!re 7 o!r vivaci\s dances1 call$ ,bayle1 ( ,moori% orig91 :i*1 z well z v>i\s k9ds ( ! /ately ,c\rt dance1 7 us$ by ! ,spani>ds4 ,x is difficult1 f g5]al s\rces1 to asc]ta9 ! dances 9 vogue 9 old ,engl&4 ,a draw+ 9 ! ,cotton ,,mss4 %ews a ,saxon danc+ a reel4 ,! g5]al inf]5ce is1 h[ev]1 t ! ,morris 7( ! ,moors or ,moriscoes7 0 ! *ief dance ( ! ,engli%1 & p]haps x is t 9 :i* ! saltatory fools ( ! c>v+ are engag$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,abject ,,object4 ,,w9*e/] ,,college ,,*apel4 ,probably ! extraord9>y mon/rosity %ewn 9 ! annex$ block _h an actual exi/5ce4 ,!re are fairly num]\s acc\nts ( su* mal=mities 9 m$iaeval times1 & x 0 a function ( m$iaeval hum\r to make capital out ( un=tunate de=mity4 ,?is poor man has di/ort$ h&s in/ead ( feet1 & he moves ab\t on patt5s or wood5 clogs /rapp$ to 8 h&s & legs4 ,!re is little mean+ 9 ! side c>v+s4 ,! fool-ape1 mak+ an unc\? ge/ure1 is p]haps to %ew ! "* ( ^? :o mock mis=tune4 ,! man ) ! scimit> may repres5t ! al>m ( "o :o might sudd5ly come ^u ! sight ( ! abortion1 & fe>+ "s my/]y or trap1 draw 8 blade4 ,9 a s5se ?is is a hum\r\s c>v+--yet !re is a quality = :i* x is mu* m rem>kable1 & t is its elem5t ( =cible & reali/ic pa?os4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,my?ological ,,episode1 ,,york4 ,two reliefs f ,york ,m9/] are presumably sc5es f classic my?ology1 f1 9 reg>d to ! co/umes1 a ,saxon po9t ( view4 ,"o may be suppos$ to be ! rape ( ,ganym$e4 ,oak leaves are an attribute ( ,jupit]1 z is also ! eagle :i* bore ,ganym$e to ,olympus4 ,! o!r may be ,vulcan giv+ ,v5us a piece ( 8 m9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m>ital ,,viol5ce1 ,,york4 ,if ^! read+s are correct ^! two c>v+s are among ! v few in/ances ( repres5tations ( circum/antial detail ( ! ,olympian my?ology4 ,mo/ ( ! *ur* ref]5ces to my?ology h m connection ) ! e>li] symbolic mean+s ?an ) ! lat] n>rative hi/ories into :i* ! cults deg5]at$4 ,o!r examples are 9 ! ref]5ces to ,h]cules 9 ! sixte5? c5tury /alls ( ,h5ry ,,vii4's ,*apel1 ,we/m9/]4 ,!re is 9 m$iaeval art sev]al examples rema9+ ( :at may be call$ topsy-turveyism1 9 :i* two figures mutually l5t _! p>ts to ea* o!r 9 su* a way t f\r figures may be f\nd4 ,an excell5t example ( ?is is at ,new ,college1 ,ox=d1 9 :i*1 ?\gh ! f\r figures are s app>5t :5 once se51 ! two 7tak5 z upp] & l[]71 are 9 a natural & +5i\s acrobatic position4 ,! grotesque head at ! base is put 9 to balance ! composition1 & p]haps to prev5t ! trick be+ disc]n$ at once4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,cont9u\s ,,gr\p ,,( ,,f\r ,,figures1 ,,ox=d4 ,! grace ( ! free if some:at meagre ,cor9?ian acan?us z us$ 9 ,e>ly ,engli% "w is (t5 r5d]$ m m>k$ by ! introduction ( an extrane\s subject4 ,?us at ,wells ! foliate design is reliev$ by ! unga9ly figure ( a melan*oly individual1 :o1 be=e retir+ to re/1 pursues an exam9ation into 8 p$al callosities1 or extracts ! poignant ?orn4 ,or c x be t we h "h a rem9d] ( ! ,egyptian mon>*1 ,som>aja1 m5tion$ 9 ! ,h9doo acc\nts ( ! ,egyptian my?ology1 :o 0 dissolute & outca/1 & :o1 to %ew 8 rep5tance & pati5ce1 /ood twelve days ^u "o leg8 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,pilgrim',s ,,pa9s1 ,,wells4 ,?is discursive *apt] w\ld n be complete )\t a ref]5ce to ! alleg$ impropriety ( *ur* grotesques4 ,?\gh x is n to be d5i$ t 9 ! wide range ( subjects a consid]able numb] ( indec5t subjects h crept 91 yet _! proportion is small4 ,exam9ation w\ld lead to ! belief t ^u ! :ole ! art ( ! *ur*es is mu* pur] ?an ! lit]ature or ! popul> ta/e ( ! respective p]iods4 ,?\gh !re may be sometimes met examples ( grossness ( hum\r & a frank want ( res]ve1 su* z 9 ! annex$ draw+ f ! *apel ( ,all ,s\ls1 ,ox=d1 yet ^! are r>ely ( ! mo/ gross or lea/ res]v$ "*4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,po/uri/1 ,,all ,,s\ls1 ,,ox=d4 ,x may be well to note1 9 ?is connection t ! lit]ature f :i* we draw ! bulk ( our ideas z to m$iaeval life1 are =eign1 & t1 al?\gh ,engli% mann]s w\ld n be remotely diff]5t 9 ess5tials1 yet !re w\ld be z _m absolute diff]5ces z !re are yet rema9+ to our eyes 9 ar*itecture & 9 art g5]ally4 ,! ,pig & o!r ,animal ,musicians4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ape ,,z ,,pip]1 ,,bev]ley4 ,"o might c\nt 9 ! *ur*es animal musicians1 p]haps1 by ?\s&s1 & ! reason ( _! pres5ce is d\btless ! same z t :i* expla9s ! frequ5cy ( ! s]i\s c>v+s ( musicians :i* adorn ! ar*es ( nave & *oir ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry--namely ! preval5t use ( v>i\s k9ds ( in/rum5tal music 9 ! s]vice ( ! *ur*4 ,! animal musicians are ! burlesques ( ! human1 & ! fact t ! pig is ! mo/ frequ5t p]=m] may p]haps sugge/ t ! ability ( ! musician _h ov]:elm$ ! consid]ation ( o!r qualities :i* might be expect$1 b 7 n f\nd1 9 ! h>mony-produc+ *ori/]s4 ,clev] z musicians1 !y may h become m]ely function>ies z reg>ds int]e/ 9 ! *ur*1 z we see to-day 9 ! case ( our bell-r+]s1 :o = ! mo/ "p issue f ! *ur*es z wor%ipp]s ent] !m4 ,x may also be t ! frequ5cy ( suill9e musicians may h d]isive ref]5ce to ! anci5t v5]ation 9 :i* ! pig 0 held 9 ! my?ologies4 ,x 0 a symbol ( ! sun1 &1 d]ivatively1 ( fecundity4 ,p]haps ! /ronge/ trace ( ?is is 9 ,sc&9avian my?ology4 ,! nor!rn races sacrific$ a bo> to ,freyr1 ! patron deity ( ,sw$5 & ( ,icel&1 ! god ( f]tility2 he 0 fabl$ to ride ^u a bo> nam$ ,gull9bru/i1 or ,gold5 ,bri/le4 ,freyr's fe/ival 0 at ,yule-tide4 ,yule is jul or heol1 ! sun1 & ,gehul is ! ,saxon ,sunfea/4 ,! gods ( ,sc&9avia 7 said to nightly fea/ ^u ! great bo> ,saehrimnir1 :i* eat5 up1 0 e morn+ f\nd :ole aga94 ,?is seems some:at ak9 to ! ,h9doo /ory ( ,crorasura1 a demon ) ! face ( a bo>1 :o cont9ually read ! ,v$as & 0 s dev\t t ,vi%nu 7! sun god7 gave him a boon4 ,he ask$ t no creature exi/+ 9 ! ?ree worlds might h p[] to slay him1 :i* 0 grant$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s[ ,,& ,,fiddle1 ,,w9*e/]4 ,! special sacrifice ( ! pig 0 n peculi> to ,sc&9avia1 = ! ,druids & ! ,greeks also (f]$ up a bo> at ! w9t] sol/ice4 ,! sacrifice ( a pig 0 a con/ant prelim9>y ( ! ,a!nian assemblies4 ,z a corn de/roy] ! same animal 0 sacrific$ to ,c]es4 ,! above expla9s ! recurr5ce ( ! pig r ?an ! pig musician4 ,a pregnant s[ 01 h[ev]1 ye>ly sacrific$ to ,m]cury1 ! inv5tor ( ! h>p1 & a s[ play+ ! h>p is among ! ri* set ( *oir c>v+s 9 ,bev]ley ,m9/]4 ,! *ase ( ! bo> 0 ! sport ( ,septemb]1 ! ord9>y kill+ season1 ! sw9e be+ !n 9 condition aft] _! autumn fe$ ( bucon1 or bee*ma/ 7h5ce bacon71 ,8 ,m>t9mas has come pass$ into a prov]b4 ,! preval5ce ( ! pig z a food animal _h und\bt$ly its %>e 9 ! frequ5cy ( art ref]5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s[ ,,z ,,h>pi/1 ,,bev]ley ,,m9/]4 ,9 ! ,*ri/ian adoption ( pagan attributes1 ! pig 0 apportion$ to ,/4 ,an?ony1 x is said1 v>i\sly1 because he _h be5 a sw9e-h]d1 or liv$ 9 woods4 ,! smalle/ or weakl+ pig 9 a litt]1 call$ 9 ! nor? piggy-widdy 7small :ite pig71 & 9 ! s\? midl&s ! dill9 7p]haps equival5t to delay$71 & is else:]e /yl$ ! ,an?ony pig1 z specially ne$+ ! protection ( 8 patron4 ,illu/ration3 ,,music ,,at ,,d9n]1 ,,w9*e/]4 ,a common repres5tation ( ! pig musician is a s[ :o plays to h] brood4 ,at ,w9*e/]1 ! fea/ ( ! little ones is enliv5$ by ! /ra9s ( ! d\ble flute4 ,at ,durham ,ca/le1 9 a c>v+ =m]ly 9 ,aucl& ,ca/le ,*apel1 ! s[ plays ! bagpipes :ile ! "y pigs dance4 ,at ,ripon1 a vigor\s c>v+ has ! same subject1 & ano!r at ,bev]ley1 9 :i* a reali/ic tr\gh =ms ! =egr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s[ ,,& ,,bagpipes1 ,,durham ,,ca/le4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pigs ,,& ,,pipes1 ,,ripon4 ,! ,pig & ,:i/le =ms an old tav]n sign4 ,dr4 ,brew] expla9s ?is z ! pot1 b[l1 or cup 7! pig71 & ! wassail x conta9$4 ,! e>!nw>e vessel us$ to w>m ! feet 9 b$ is 9 ,scotl& yet call$ ! pig1 & to s\!rn /rang]s ! use ( ! ^w has caus$ a tempor>y emb>rassm5t4 ,if ?is explanation is n co9cid5t ) "s o!r n at pres5t to h&1 ! c>v+ ( ! pig & :i/le 9 ! sixte5? c5tury c>v+ 9 ,h5ry ,,vii4's *apel %[s t ! corruption ( ! pig & wassail 0 accept$ 9 ignorance z f> back z t p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pig ,,& ,,:i/le1 ,,we/m9/]4 ,b too mu* /ress is n to be laid ^u ! pig z a musician1 = at ,we/m9/] ! be> plays ! bagpipes1 j z at ,w9*e/] ! ape p]=ms on ! h>p4 ,9 ! ,bev]ley ,m9/] *oir an ape conv]ts a cat into an almo/ automatic in/rum5t by bit+ its tail4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ape ,,z ,,h>pi/1 ,,we/m9/]4 ,comp\nd ,=ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,a?or1 ,,*i*e/]4 ,9 ne>ly e *ur* comp\nd =ms are met :i* 9 a high degree m]it ! designation ( grotesque4 ,few religions h be5 )\t ^! symbolic repres5tations ( complex *>act]s4 ,if ! ,egyptian _h its cat-head$ & hawk-head$ m51 ! ,assyrian its human-head$ bull1 ! ,mexican its s]p5t-arm$ tig]-m51 s also ! ,sc&9avian my?ology _h its horse-head$ & vulture-head$ giants1 & its human-head$ eagle4 ,horace1 :o d\btless knew ! figurative mean+ ( :at he satirizes1 view$ ! repres5tations ( su* comp\nds 9 8 days1 & asks-- ,if 9 a picture y %\ld see ,a h&some woman ) a fi%es tail1 ,or a man's head ^u a horse's neck1 ,or limbs ( bea/s ( ! mo/ diff'r5t k9d1 ,cov]'d ) fea!rs ( all sorts ( birds ,w\ld y n laugh8#f ,x is1 p]haps1 a little remote f our subject to inquire :e!r ! poet or ! prie/ came ! fir/ 9 br++ ab\t ^! ar*aic comb9ations2 yet a ^w or two may be devot$ to sugge/+ ! inquiry4 ,x is probable t ! religi\s ideas & arti/ic =ms met 9 anci5t wor%ips fir/ solely exi/$ 9 poetic expressions ( ! qualities ( ! sun--( ! o!r memb]s ( ! sol> sy/em--( ! gods4 ,?us ! swiftness ( ! sun 9 8 c\rse & 9 8 light induc$ ! m5tion ( w+s4 ,h5ce ! w+s ( an eagle add$ to a circul> =m arose z ! symbol 9 "o place2 9 ano!r arose ! ,god ,m]cury2 :ile ,jove ! great sun-god is %ewn accompani$ by an eagle4 ,! f]tility ( ! e>? became z to corn ,c]es1 z to v9es ,bac*us1 z to fl[]s ,flora1 & s =?4 ,! human p]sonification1 9 cases :]e a comb9ation ( qualities or functions 0 s\ght to be indicat$1 result$ 9 m or less ab/ruse lit]>y fables2 on ! o!r h& ! arti/ or symbol seek] f\nd x easi] to select a l[] plane ( ?\ght = 8 embodim5ts4 ,?us1 :ile swiftness sugge/$ ! eagle1 /r5g? 0 figur$ by ! lion3 s :5 a symbol ( swiftness & /r5g? 0 requir$ arose ! comp\nd eagle-lion1 ! gryphon4 ,! gryphon1 h[ev]1 ?\gh con/antly met 9 ,go?ic1 is r>ely grotesque 9 itself4 ,ano!r =m :i* also1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 is incorruptible1 is t ( ! sph9x4 ,?is is a figure symbolic ( ! sun f ! ,egyptian po9t ( view1 9 :i* ! ,nile 0 all-important4 ,nilus1 or ,ammon1 ! ,egyptian ,jove1 0 ! sun-god1 an equival5t to ,osiris1 & ! sph9x 0 simil> 9 e/imation1 be+1 x is reasonably conjectur$1 a comp\nd ( ,leo & ,virgo1 at ^: conjunction ! ,nile has ye>ly ris54 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,bir*1 ! sph9x is to be read z be+ ! symbol ( ,h>ma*is or ! sun on ! horizon4 ,x may be t ! ,*ild ris+ f ! ,%ell is sunrise ov] ! sea1 & ! ,sph9x sunrise ov] ! l&4 ,x has be5 conjectur$ t ! *]ubim ( ! tab]nacle 7 sph9x-=m4 ,! *]ubim on ! ,mosaic ,ark are among ! subjects ( ! e>lie/ m5tion ( composite symbols4 ,ezekiel says !y 7 compos$ ( p>ts ( ! figures ( a man 7wisdom1 intellect71 a lion 7dom9ion71 a bull 7/r5g?71 & an eagle 7%>p-sight$ness1 swiftness47 ,! ,p]sians & ,h9doos _h simil> figures4 ,a man ) buffalo horns is pa9t$ 9 ! ,synh$ria ( ! ,am]ican ,indians 9 conjunction ) t ( a pan!r or puma-l bea/1 & ^! are suppos$ to be a contraction ( ! *]ubimical figures ( ! man1 ! bull1 & ! lion2 ^!1 r5ew$ ye>ly1 are ne> ! c>v$ figures ( eagles common 9 ! ,indian sun-wor%ip4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sph9x ,,& ,,buckl]1 ,,bev]ley ,,m9/]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sph9x ,,figure1 ,,dor*e/]1 ,,oxon4 ,a c>v+ 9 ! arm-re/ ( "o ( ! /alls ( ,bev]ley ,m9/]1 sugge/$ 9 ! block on page #aei1 %ews a sph9x ) a %ield2 !re are 9 ! same *ur* sev]al f9e examples seat$ 9 ! or?odox mann]4 ,on a capital 9 ! s$ilia ( ,dor*e/] ,abbey is a curi\s comp\nd :i* may be class$ z a sph9x4 ,"o ( ! h&s 7or paws7 is held ov] ! eyes ( a dog1 :i* sugge/s ! mann] 9 :i* animals 7 anci5tly sacrific$4 ,ano!r sph9x 9 ! same s$ilia is ( ! w+$ v>iety4 ,x has ! head c[l$2 _m ( ! m$iaeval comb9atory =ms are mantl$4 ,9 ,worce/] ,ca!dral is a comp\nd ( man1 ox1 & lion1 v diff]5t f ! sph9x or *]ubim %apes1 be+ a grotesque depriv$ ( all ! orig9al poetry ( ! conception4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c[l$ ,,sph9x1 ,,dor*e/]1 ,,oxon4 ,virgil describes ,scylla 7! ,punic ,scol1 de/ruction7 z a beautiful figure upw>ds1 half h] body be+ a beautiful virg92 d[nw>ds1 a horrible fi% ) a wolf's belly 7ut]o74 ,hom] simil>ly4 ,! m]maid is a frequ5t subject1 b m monoton\s 9 its =m & action ?an any o!r creature1 & is g5]ally f\nd execut$ ) a respectful simplicity t sc>cely ev] sav\rs ( grotesqu5ess4 ,! m]maid1 ! sea wolf ( ! abyss1 & ! mighty sea-woman ( ,boewulf1 has an e>ly orig9 z a deity ( fasc9at+ b malignant t5d5cies4 ,! c5taur1 p]haps1 ranks next to ! sph9x 9 arti/ic m]it4 ,to ! e>ly ,*ri/ians ! c5taur 0 m]ely a symbol ( unbridl$ passions1 & all m$iaeval ref]5ce classes x z evil4 ,virgil m5tions x z be+ met 9 numb]s ne> ! gates ( ,hades1 & ! ,p>!non sculptures %ew x z ! enemy ( m54 ,illu/ration3 ,,grotesque ,,*]ubim1 ,,worce/]4 ,! /ory ( ! encyclop$ias reg>d+ c5taurs is t !y 7 ,!ssalonian horsem51 :om ! ,greeks1 ignorant ( horseman%ip1 took to be half-m51 half-animals4 ,!y 7 call$1 x is said1 c5taurs1 f _! skill 9 kill+ ! wild bulls ( ! ,pelion m\nta9s1 &1 lat]1 hippo-c5taurs4 ,?is explanation may1 9 ! pres5ce ( o!r comb9atory =ms1 be consid]$ d\btful1 z x is m probable t ?is1 l ^?1 arose out ( a poetic appreciation ( ! qualities und]ly+ beauty ( =m1 t is1 out ( an intellig5t symbolism4 ,! horse1 :]e kn[n1 0 always a fav\rite animal among m54 ,innum]able co9ages atte/ ?is fact4 ,e>ly ,cor9?ian co9s h ! figure ( ,pegasus4 ,9 mo/ ! horse is %ewn alone4 ,9 ! next proportion he is atta*$ to a *>iot4 ,9 few is he %ewn be+ ridd51 z x is 8 qualities t 7 int5d$ to be express$1 & n ^? ( ! be+ :o has subject$ him4 ,"o ( ! old ,greek gold /at]s has a man driv+ a *>iot 9 :i* ! horse has a human head2 :ile ! man is urg+ ! horse ) ! sacr$ ?ree-bran*$ rod1 ea* bran* ( :i* t]m9ates 9 a trefoil4 ,! c5taur has a yet unallott$ place 9 ! symbolism ( ! sun-my?4 ,classic my?ology says ,*iron ! c5taur 0 ! tea*] ( ,apollo 9 music1 m$ic9e1 & hunt+1 & c5taurs are mo/ly sagitt>ii or ar*]s1 ^: arr[s1 l ^? ( ,apollo1 are ! sunbeams4 ,! c5taur met 9 ,go?ic ornam5t is ! ,zodiacal ,sagitt>ius1 & true to ?is orig9al d]ivation1 ! c5taur is g5]ally f\nd ) 8 b[ & arr[4 ,x is said t ! ,iri% sa9ts1 ,ci>an & ,nessan1 are ! same ) ! c5taurs ,*iron & ,nessus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mat]nal ,,c>es ,,( ,,! ,,c5taur1 ,,iffley4 ,a capital ( ! s\? doorway1 ,iffley1 has a unique composition ( c5taurs4 ,a female c5taur1 arm$ ) b[ 7brok57 & arr[1 is suckl+ a *ild c5taur aft] ! human mann]4 ,! equ9e portions ( ! figures are 9 exceptionally good draw+1 ?\gh ! trem5d\s elongation ( ! human trunks1 & ! ill-r5d]$ position1 r5d] ! gr\p v grotesque4 ,bo? ! "m & *ild we> ! classic ce/us or girdle4 ,! b[ c>ri$ by ! "m is held app>5tly 9 read9ess 9 ! left h&1 :ile x is probable t ! "r brea/ 0 meant to be %[n remov$1 z 0 /at$ ( ! ,amazons4 ,! "m looks (f1 & !re is an air ( al]tness ab\t ! two1 :i* is expla9$ by ! sculpture on ! return ( ! capital1 :]e ! fa!r-c5taur is se5 slay+ a wolf1 lion1 or o!r bea/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c5taur ,,z ,,dragon ,,slay]1 ,,exet]4 ,on a c5taur at ,exet] ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ! my?ical idea is some:at reta9$2 ! c5taur has %ot an arr[ into ! ?roat ( a dragon1 :i* is "p ( ! ornam5t4 ,?is is a v rude b sugge/ive c>v+4 ,is ! c5taur b a symbol ( ,apollo himself8 ,! next block 7at ,ely7 is also ( ! c5taur ord]1 ?\gh n sugge/ive ( aggression4 ,! figure is female1 & %e is play+ ! zi!r4 ,?is is ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,musical ,,c5taur1 ,,ely4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h>py1 ,,w9*e/]4 ,ano!r classic conception :i* has be5 p]petuat$ 9 ,go?ic is ! h>py1 ?\gh 9 mo/ cases )\t any app>5t recognition ( ! h>py "*4 ,exceptions are su* in/ances z t ( ! h>py drawn 9 ! *apt] ,satires )\t ,satan4 ,9 "o at ,w9*e/] a f9e m$iaeval effect is produc$ by putt+ a hood on ! human head4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ibis-,,head$ ,,figure ,,f ,,an ,,unkn[n ,,*ur*4 ,ano!r curi\s bird comb9ation is 9 a c>v+ 9 ! ,ar*itectural ,museum1 ,tufton ,/reet1 ,london1 f an unkn[n *ur*4 ,?is is a semi-human figure1 ^: upp] "p is skilfully drap$4 ,! head1 b5t t[>ds ! gr\nd1 is t ( a bird ( ! ibis species1 & x is probable t we h "h a relic ( ! ,egyptian ,m]cury ,?o?1 :o 0 inc>nat$ z an ibis4 ,?o? is call$ ! ,god ( ! ,he>t 7! consci5ce71 & ! ibis 0 said to be sacr$ to him because :5 sleep+ x assumes ! %ape ( a he>t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,swan ,,si/]1 ,,/4 ,,george',s ,,*apel1 ,,w9dsor4 ,an unusual comp\nd is t ( a swan ) ! agreeable head ( a "y woman1 9 ,/4 ,george's ,*apel1 ,w9dsor4 ,?is may be "o ( ! swan-si/]s 9 ! old /ory ( ! ,knight ( ! ,swan4 ,! initial lett] ( ?is section is a f9e grotesque r5d]+ ( ! ,egyptian goddess ,a?or1 ,a?yr1 or ,het-h] 7mean+ ! dwell+ ( ,god47 ,%e 0 ! daught] ( ! sun1 & bore 9 images ! sun's disc4 ,probably ?r\gh a lapse into ignorance on ! "p ( ! prie/-pa9t]s1 %e became ( less consid]ation1 & ! signification ev5 ( h] image 0 =gott54 ,%e _h always _h z "o ( h] repres5tations1 a bird ) a human head horn$ & be>+ ! disc2 b ! disc began to be %ewn z a tamb\r9e1 & %e h]self 0 /yl$ ! mi/ress ( dance & je/4 ,z 9 ! cosmogony ( "o ( ! ,egyptian ,tr9ities %e 0 ! ,?ird ,p]son1 z ,supreme ,love1 ! ,greeks held h] to be ! same z ,aphrodite4 ,! "n ( ! sun-disc 0 ,at51 & its wor%ip 0 k9dr$ to t ( ,ra1 ! mid-day sun4 ,! ,hebrew ,adonai & ! ,syriac ,adonis h be5 consid]$ to be d]iv$ f ?is ^w ,at54 ,sev]al examples ( bird-comp\nds are 9 ! ,exet] s]ies ( mis]icordes ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,!y are r5d]+s 9 wood ( ! old] ,anglo-,saxon /yle ( design1 & are ludicr\sly grotesque4 ,x is sc>cely to be consid]$ t ! comp\nd figures 7 influ5c$ by ! preval5ce ( mumm+ 9 ! p]iods ( ! v>i\s c>v+s4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 _m o!r respects1 ! traditions ( ! c>v]s' art protect$ x f be+ col\r$ by ! aspect ( ! times1 except 9 a limit$ degree1 %ewn 9 di/9ctly isolat$ examples4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bird-,,comp\nd1 ,,exet]4 ,non-descripts4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,be>d$ ,,bip$1 ,,/4 ,,ka!r9e',s4 ,!re is a l>ge numb] ( biz>re works :i* defy natural classification1 & ?\gh 9 _m cases !y are a bran* ( ! comp\nd ord] ( figures1 yet !y are frequ5tly well def9$ z non-descripts4 ,^!1 ?\gh 9 "o respect ! mo/ grotesque ( ! grotesques1 d n claim l5g?y description4 ,:]e !y are n traceable comp\nds1 !y are (t5 app>5tly ! creatures ( fancy1 )\t mean+ & )\t hi/ory4 ,x may be1 h[ev]1 t c\ld we trace x1 we %\ld f9d = ea* a p$igree z int]e/+1 if n z old1 z t ( any ( ! sun-my?s4 ,among ! absurd figures :i* sc>cely call = explanation are su* z t %[n 9 ! initial1 f ! ,hospital & ,collegiate ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,ka!r9e by ! ,t[] 7n[ remov$ to a sub/itut$ hospital 9 ,reg5t's ,p>k74 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,cloak$ ,,s91 ,,tufton ,,/reet4 ,9 ! ,ar*itectural ,museum1 ,tufton ,/reet1 ,london1 is a c>v+ f an unkn[n *ur*1 9 :i* appe> two figures :i* 7 n an uncommon subject = arti/s ( ! odd4 ,^! are human heads1 to :i* are atta*$ legs )\t int]m$i>y bodies1 & ) tails dep5d+ f ! back ( ! heads4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,worm ,,( ,,consci5ce4 7,f an unkn[n ,*ur*47 ,9 ! ,pilgremage ( ! ,s[le1 pr9t$ by ,caxton 9 #adhc1 translat$ f a ,fr5* manuscript ( #adce or e>li]1 is a description ( a man's consci5ce1 :i*1 !re is little d\bt1 furni%$ ! idealic mat]ial = ^! c>v+s4 ,a s[le be+ sn>ly$ 9 ! trappe ( ,satan1 is be+1 by a trave/y on ! =ms ( a c\rt ( law1 claim$ by bo? ! horrible ,sa?anas & its own ,w>d5 or ,gu>dian ,angel4 ,! ,devil calls = 8 *ief witness by ! "n ( ,synd]esys1 b ! witness calls himself ! ,worm ( ,consci5ce4 ,! foll[+ is ! s\l's description3--,!n came =? by me an old "o1 t long "t _h hid himself nigh me1 :i* be=e t "t ,i _h n p]ceiv$4 ,he 0 wond]fully hide\s & ( cruel c\nt5ance2 & he began to gr91 & %ew$ me 8 jaws & gums1 = tee? he _h none1 !y all be+ brok5 & worn away4 ,he _h no body1 b "u 8 head he _h only a tail1 :i* seem$ ! tail ( a worm ( exce$+ l5g? & greatness4 ,?is /range accus] tells ! ,s\l t he _h (t5 w>n$ x1 & s (t5 bitt5 x t all 8 tee? 7 wa/$ & brok51 8 function be+ to bite & w\nde !m t wrong !mselves4#g ,! above examples are sc>cely unique4 ,9 ,ripon ,ca!dral1 on a mis]icorde ( #adhi1 repres5t+ ! be>+ ( ! grapes ( ,es*ol on a /aff1 are two some:at simil> figures1 likewise m]e nobodies1 ?\gh )\t tails4 ,^! are a cov]t allusion to ! wond]ful /ories ( ! spies1 :i*1 x is ?us h9t$1 are ak9 to ! travell]s' tales ( m$iaeval times1 z well z a pun on ! report t !y _h se5 nobody4 ,illu/ration3 ,,nobodies1 ,,ripon4 ,x is evid5t t ! idea ( m5 )\t bodies came f ! ,ea/1 & also t x _h cr$5ce z an actual fact4 ,9 ! ,cosmographiae ,univ]salis1 pr9t$ 9 #aeej1 !y are allud$ to 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3--,sunt qui c]vicibus c>5t et 9 hum]is habet oculos2 ,de ,india ultra ,gangem fluvium sita4 ,illu/ration3 ,,non-,,descript1 ,,*ri/ ,,*ur*1 ,,hants4 ,!re are _m c>v+s :i* are m or less ( ! same "*1 & probably int5d$ to embody ! idea ( consci5ce or s9s4 ,! two r indecor\s figures %ewn 9 ! foll[+ block f ,great ,malv]n are v>ieties d\btless typify+ s9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s9s ,,9 ,,symbol1 ,,great ,,malv]n4 ,rebuses4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bolt-,,ton4 ,illu/ration3 ,,william ,,:ite1 ,,bev]ley ,,m9/]4 ,rebuses are (t5 met among ,go?ic sculptures1 b n 9 su* frequ5cy1 or ) an am\nt ( hum\r to claim any great att5tion "h4 ,!y are almo/ entirely1 z 9 ! case ( ! cant+ h]aldry ( seals1 ( late date1 be+ mo/ly ( ! #ae? & #af? c5turies4 ,!y are (t5 met z ! punn+ memorial ( ! "n ( a f\nd]1 build]1 or ar*itect1 z ! bolt-ton ( ,bi%op ,bolton 9 ,/4 ,b>?olomew's1 ,smi?field1 ! _m-times-repeat$ cock ( ,bi%op ,alcock 9 ,h5ry ,,vii's4 ,*apel1 ! eye & ! slip ( a tree1 & ! man slipp+ f a tree1 = ,bi%op ,islip1 ,we/m9/]2 & o!rs well kn[n4 ,9 ! s]ies ( mis]icordes 9 ,bev]ley ,m9/]1 !re are arma palantes ( ! dignit>ies ( ! ,*ur* 9 #aebj4 ,william ,:ite1 ! ,*ancellor1 has no less ?an sev5 diff]5t r5d]+s ( ! pun ^u 8 "n1 all be+ repres5tations ( weights1 app>5tly ( f\r-/one pond]osity4 ,?omas ,donn+ton1 ! ,prec5tor1 ^: "n w\ld d\btless (t5 be writt5 ,d'+ton1 has a doe ^u a ton or b>rel4 ,john ,sp]ke1 ! ,cl]k ( ! ,fabric1 has a dog ) a bone1 & a vigilant cock2 ?is1 h[ev]1 is n a "n-rebus s mu* z an allusion to ! exig5cies ( 8 (fice4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,ni*olas1 ,lynn1 _h mis]icordes 7"s ( :i* are n[ 9 ! ,ar*itectural ,museum7 :i* h sev]al monograms & rebuses4 ,un=tunately1 !y are some:at involv$1 & !re is at pres5t no key by :i* to read !m4 ,! lea/ d\btful is t giv5 bel[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,weight1 ,,rebus ,,= ,,:ite1 ,,bev]ley ,,m9/]4 ,x has a ton rebus :i* w admit1 h[ev]1 ( p]haps ?ree diff]5t r5d]+s4 ,x is mo/ likely ,?orn-ton1 less s ,b>-ton1 & /ill less ,hop-ton1 all ,l9coln%ire names4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m]*ant ,,m>k1 ,,cognizance ,,& ,,rebus1 ,,/4 ,,ni*olas',s1 ,,lynn4 ,tr9ities4 ,illu/ration3 ,,l>va-,,l ,,dragon1 ,,/4 ,,paul',s1 ,,b$=d4 ,repeat$ly has ! /atem5t be5 made t ! v>i\s my?ologies are only s _m corruptions ( ! ,mosaic sy/em4 ,manife/ly if ?is c\ld be admitt$ !re w\ld be little int]e/ 9 enquir+ fur!r into _! details4 ,b !re are ?ree argum5ts aga9/ ! /atem5t1 any "o ( :i* is effective4 ,al?\gh x is p]haps totally unnecess>y to contradict t :i* c be accept$ by ! unreflective only1 x is suffici5tly ne> ! purpose ( ?is volume to slightly t\* ^u ! matt]1 z po9t+ /rong di/9ctions among anci5t wor%ips4 ,fir/1 !re is ! simple fact record$ 9 ! ,mosaic acc\nt itself1 t !re exi/$ at t "t1 & _h done previ\sly1 v>i\s religi\s sy/ems1 ! root+ out ( :i* 0 an important function ( ! lib]at$ ,hebrews4 ,! only reply to ?is is t1 by a slight %ift ( gr\nd1 ! my?ologies 7 corruptions ( ! patri>*al religion1 n ! ,mosaic sy/em4 ,yet paganism surr\nd$ ! patri>*s4 ,! second po9t is t mo/ ( ! my?ologies _h cry/alliz$ into tak+ ! sun z ! ma9 symbol ( wor%ip1 & into tak+ ! equ9oxes & o!r po9ts ( ! con/ellation pa? z o!r symbols & rem9d]s ( p]iodic wor%ip2 :]eas 9 ! ,mosaic sy/em ! :ole /ructure ( ! sol> ye> is ignor$1 all ! calculations be+ lun>4 ,if x be object$ t ,numb]s ix4 #f-ac1 & ,,ii4 ,*ronicles xxx4 #b1 ref] indirectly to an int]cal>y mon?1 t1 if admitt$1 c\ld only = exp$i5cy's sake1 & has no be>+ ^u ! g5]al sil5ce z to ! sol> p]iods4 ,?is second po9t is an important te/imony to :at may be t]m$ ,mosaic orig9ality4 ,! ?ird po9t is t 9 mo/ ( ! my?ologies !re is ! di/9ct m5tion ( a ,tr9ity2 9 ! ,mosaic sy/em1 ! sy/em ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 none4 ,) ! "q z to :e!r ! ,new ,te/am5t supports ! notion ( a ,tr9ity1 we ne$ n conc]n ourselves "h2 x is en\gh t x has be5 adopt$ z an item ( ! ,*ri/ian belief4 ,! my?ological ,tr9ities are vague &1 ( c\rse1 difficult or impossible to und]/&4 ,mo/ ( !m appe> to be attempts ( great m9ds ( ar*aic times to reconcile ! manife/ contradictions ev] obs]vable 9 ! univ]se4 ,?is is done 9 v>i\s ways4 ,"s omit "o consid]ation1 "s ano!r2 b !y g5]ally agree t to h a ?ree-fold "* 9 "o deity is necess>y 9 expla9+ ! ph5om5on ( exi/5ce4 ,"s ( ! ,tr9ities may be recit$4 ,,p]sian4 ,,oromasdes1 ,goodness1 ! devis] ( ,creation4 ,,mi?ras1 ,et]nal ,intellect1 ! ar*itect & rul] ( ! _w1 lit]ally ! ,fri5d4 ,,arimanes1 ! mundane s\l 7,psy*e74 ,,grecian4 ,,zeus4 ,,pallas4 ,,h]a4 ,,roman4 ,,jupit]1 ,p[]4 ,,m9]va1 ,wisdom1 ,et]nal ,intellect4 ,,juno1 ,love4 ,,sc&9avian4 ,,od91 ,giv] ( ,life4 ,,ha5ir1 ,giv] ( motion & s5se4 ,,lodur1 ,giv] ( spee* & ! s5ses4 ,,am]ican ,,indian4 ,,otkon4 ,,mess\4 ,,atahuata4 ,,egyptian4 ,,cneph1 ! ,creator1 ,goodness4 ,,pta 7,opas71 ! active pr9ciple ( ,creation 7 ,vulcan74 ,,eicton4 ,! ,egyptians _h o!r ,tr9ities ?an ! above1 ea* *ief city hav+ its own =m2 9 ^!1 h[ev]1 ! ?ird p]sonality appe>s to be suppos$ to proce$ f ! o!r two1 :i* sc>cely seems to h be5 int5d$ 9 ! in/ances already giv54 ,"s ( ! city ,tr9ities 7 z foll[3-- ,,!bes4 ,,amun-,,ra 7 ,jupit]71 7,,ra ! ,mid-day ,sun47 ,,mant or ,,m5tu 7 ! "m1 ,juno47 ,,*onso 7 ,h]cules47 ,,philae ,,abydos4 ,,osiris 7 ,pluto74 ,,isis 7 ,prosp]9e74 ,,horus1 ! ,savi\r1 ! ,%eph]d 7! ,ris+ ,sun74 ,,aboo-,,simbel4 ,,pta or ,,ph?ah4 ,,amum-,,ra4 ,,a?or1 ,love 7! wife ( ,,horus74 ,s t x is no co9cid5ce t bo? ,h]cules & ,horus are met 9 ,go?ic c>v+s z deliv]]s f dragons4 ,,elephant9e4 ,,khum or ,,*n\mis4 ,,anuka4 ,,hak4 ,,memphis4 ,,ptah4 ,,m]5phtah4 ,,nef]-,,atum4 ,,heliopolis4 ,,tum 7,sett+ ,sun47 ,,nebhetp4 ,,horus4 ,ano!r ,egyptian triad1 /yl$ ,trimorph\s ,god6 03-- ,,bait4 ,,a?or4 ,,akori4 ,ano!r3-- ,,telephorus4 ,,esculapius4 ,,salus4 ,,v$ic ,,h9doo4 ,,agni1 ,fire1 gov]n+ ! ,e>?4 ,,indra1 ,! ,firmam5t1 gov]n+ ,space or ,mid ,air4 ,,surya1 ,! ,sun1 gov]n+ ! ,heav5s4 ,,brahm9ic ,,h9doo4 ,,brahma1 ! ,creator4 ,,vi%nu1 ! ,pres]v]4 ,,siva1 ! ,de/roy] 7! ,trans=m]7 7 ,fire74 ,! ,platonic & o!r philosophic ,tr9ities ne$ n deta9 u2 x has be5 ass]t$ t by _! means ! doctr9e ( ! pagan ,tr9ity 0 graft$ on to ,*ri/ianity4 ,"r d[n ?r\gh ! ages ! numb] ?ree has always be5 reg>d$ z ( my/ic =ce4 ,:]ev] p]fection or effici5cy 0 s\ght its means 7 tripl$2 ?us ,jove's ?und]bolt _h ?ree =ks ( lightn+1 ,neptune's lance 0 a trid5t1 & ,pluto's dog _h ?ree heads4 ,! ,graces1 ! ,fates1 & ! ,furies 7 ea* ?ree4 ,! trefoil 0 held sacr$ by ! ,greeks z well z o!r triad =ms4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ?ree 0 almo/ equally reg>d$4 ,?ree />s are frequ5tly met ^u ,asiatic seals4 ,! ,sc>abaeus 0 e/eem$ z hav+ ?irty jo9ts4 ,m$iaeval ?\ght1 9 accept+ ! idea ( ! ,*ri/ian ,tr9ity1 lavi%ly ?rew its symbolism ev]y:]e2 writ]s & symboli/s1 ar*itects & h]alds1 multipli$ ideas ( ?ree-fold qualities4 ,h]aldry is p]meat$ ) ?ree-fold repetitions1 a proportion ( at lea/ "o-?ird ( ! g5]ality ( h]aldic coats hav+ a tr9ity ( "o sort or ano!r4 ,9 all probability ! />s & b>s ( ,am]ica rose f ! coat-arm\r ( an ,engli% family 9 :i* ! />s 7 ?ree1 ! b>s ?ree4 ,/4 ,ni*olas _h z 8 attributes ?ree purses1 ?ree bulls ( gold1 ?ree *ildr54 ,sacr$ m>ks 7 ?ree dots1 sometimes alone1 sometimes 9 a triangle1 sometimes 9 a d\ble triangle2 ?ree balls atta*$1 mak+ a trefoil2 ?ree bones 9 a triangle cross+ at ! corn]s2 a fleur-de-lys 9 v>i\s designs ( ?ree conjo9$2 ?ree l9es cross$ by ?ree l9es2 & _m o!r =ms4 ,god1 ! symboli/s said1 0 symboliz$ by a hexagon1 ^: sides 7 ,glory1 ,p[]1 ,maje/y1 ,wisdom1 ,bless+1 & ,honor4 ,! ?ree /eps to heav5 7 ,oratio1 ,amor1 ,imitatio4 ,! ?ree /eps to ! alt>1 ! ?ree spires ( ! ca!dral1 ! ?ree lancets ( an ,e>ly ,engli% w9d[1 7 all suppos$ to ref] to ! ,tr9ity4 ,hav+ se5 t ! idea ( ! ,tr9ity is a "p ( mo/ ( ! anci5t religi\s sy/ems1 x rema9s to po9t to "o or two in/ances :]e1 9 common ) o!r ideas f t s\rce1 ! ,tr9ity has a place among *ur* grotesques4 ,!re is a triune head 9 ,/4 ,m>y's ,*ur*1 ,fav]%am1 ,k5t1 :i* 0 d\btless execut$ z indicative ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,! ,beehive ( ! ,romi%e ,*ur*1 9 #aegi1 says3 ,!y 9 _! *ur*es & ,masse ,bookes doe pa9t ! ,tr9itie ) ?ree faces2 = our "m ! holie ,*ur* did le>n t at ,rome1 :]e !y 7 wont to pa9t or c>ve ,janus ) two faces4 ,9 ! ,salisbury ,missal ( #aecd is a woodcut ( ! ,tr9ity triangle surm\nt$ by a ?ree-fac$ head simil> to ! above4 ,hone reproduces x 9 8 ,anci5t ,my/]ies ,describ$1 & asks1 ,may n ! triune head h be5 orig9ally sugge/$ by ! ?ree-head$ ,saxon deity nam$ ,trigla8 ,! ,fav]%am tria1 x w be notic$1 has ! curl$ & =mal be>ds ( ! ,greek mask4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,tr9ity1 ,,/4 ,,m>y',s1 ,,fav]%am4 ,ano!r in/ance ( a ?ree-fold head simil> to ! ,fav]%am c>v+ is at ,c>tmel4 ,a /ill m rem>kable =m ( ! same ?+ occurs z a rosette on ! tomb ( ,bi%op de la ,wi*1 9 ,*i*e/] ,ca!dral1 9 :i* ! tr9ity ( faces is d\bl$ & plac$ 9 a circle 9 an exce$+ly +5i\s & symmetrical mann]4 ,?is has oak leaves issu+ f ! m\?s1 :i* we h se5 z a frequ5t adjunct ( ! classic mask z indicat+ ,jupit]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,d\ble ,,tr9ity ,,( ,,foliate ,,masks1 ,,*i*e/]4 ,9 c>v+s ?ree w (t5 be f\nd to be a fav\rite numb] )\t a direct ref]5ce to ! ,tr9ity4 ,! =m ( ! mis]icorde is almo/ inv>iably a ?ree-"p design1 &1 be+ purely arbitr>y1 its univ]sal adoption is "o ( ! evid5ces ( ! organization ( ! craft gild4 ,z ) ! mis]icorde1 s ) its subjects4 ,at ,exet] we h se5 7page #d7 ! tail ( ! h>py made into a trefoil ornam5t1 :ile %e grasps a trefoil-head$ rod 7j z among ,assyrian c>v+s we %\ld h met a figure be>+ ! sacr$ ?ree-head$ poppy74 ,at ,gayton 7page #hg7 we h ! ?ree-too!d fle%-hook2 at ,maid/one is ano!r4 ,*i*e/] ,ca!dral & ,*i*e/] ,hospital h ea* ?ree gr\ps4 ,bev]ley ,m9/] has ?ree fi% int]lac$1 & ?ree h>es runn+ r\nd inside a circle4 ,9 ,worce/] ,ca!dral !re are ?ree mis]icordes1 9 ea* ( :i* !re are ?ree figures1 9 :i* gr\ps ! numb] is evid5tly int5tional4 ,?ree till ! gr\nd1 ?ree reap corn ) sickles1 ?ree m[ ) scy!s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tr9ity ,,( ,,m[]s1 ,,worce/]4 ,f !m z be+ unusual 9 treatm5t1 ev5 9 ?is /iff ,flemi% set1 is select$ ! tr9ity ( m[]s4 ,gr\ps ( ?ree 9 m[+ sc5es is a frequ5t numb]4 ,d\btless ?is c>v+ is indicative ( ,july1 t be+ ! ,hey-,mona? ( e>ly times4 ,"o ( ! side support]s or p5dant c>v+s ( ?is is a h>e rid+ ^u ! back ( a leop>d$ lion1 p]haps "s ref]5ce to ,leo1 ! sign gov]n+ ,july4 ,! ?ree m[]s d n make a pleas+ c>v+1 ow+ to ! repetition & want ( curve4 ,o!r in/ances ( triplication 9 ,go?ic design might be giv51 p>ticul>ly 9 ! *oice ( floral =ms 9 :i* nature has set ! patt]n4 ,?is section1 h[ev]1 is *iefly important z a conv5i5t means ( incorporat+ a record ( some?+ fur!r ( ! fundam5tal beliefs ( ! _w's y\?1 connect$ ) & ext5d+ ! "q ( ! remote orig9 ( ! ideas at ! root ( s _m grotesques 9 *ur* art4 ,! ,fox 9 ,*ur* ,art4 ,illu/ration3 ,,prea*+ ,,fox1 ,,*ri/*ur*1 ,,hamp%ire4 ,! ,fox1 apo/rophiz$ z foll[s3 ,o g5tle "o among ! bea/s ( prey ,o eloqu5t & comely-fac$ animal6 z an important subject 9 m$iaeval art1 has two di/9ct places4 ,!re is a g5]al impression t !re 0 a great popul> lit]>y composition1 runn+ ?r\gh _m editions & ?r\gh _m c5turies1 hav+ its own direct arti/ic illu/ration1 & a wide indirect illu/ration :i*1 lat]1 by its ability to /& alone1 _h brok5 away f close connection ) ! epic1 yet possess$ a d]ivative id5tity ) x4 ,clos] exam9ation1 h[ev]1 proves t !re is inde$ ! ,fox 9 its p>ticul> lit]ature ) its av[$ illu/rations1 b also t !re is ! ,fox 9 m$iaeval art1 illu/rative ( ideas p>tly f\nd 9 lit]ature1 b illu/rative ( no p>ticul> "w1 & yet await+ a key4 ,ea* is a sep>ate & di/9ct ?+4 ,among ! grotesques ( our *ur*es !re are "s ref]5ces to ! lit]>y ,reyn>d ! ,fox1 b !y are few & f> betwe52 :ile num]\s mo/ likely & prom95t incid5ts ( ,reyn>d's c>e]1 z n>rat$ 9 ! poem1 h no place among ! c>v+s4 ,! subjects ( ! c>v+s are mo/ly s _m v>iations ( ! idea ( ! ,fox turn$ ecclesia/ic & prey+ ^u 8 c>e & congregation2 & 9 ?is he is assi/$ by ! ape1 :o also takes sides ) him 9 c>v+s ( o!r proce$+s2 b 9 none ( ^! sc5es is !re evid5ce ( ref]5ce to ! epic4 ,a great po9t ( diff]5ce1 too1 lies 9 ! conclusion ( ! epic1 & ! conclusion ( ,reyn>d's life z %ewn 9 ! c>v+s4 ,9 ! epic1 ! ,k+ makes ,reyn>d ! ,"l ,*ancellor & fav\rite4 ,! end ( ! ,fox ( *ur* art1 h[ev]1 is f> diff]5t2 sev]al sculptures agree 9 %ew+ him hang$ by a body ( geese4 ,9 ! epic1 ,reyn>d's victims are _m4 ,! dea?s ( ! ,h>e & ! ,ram af=d good circum/antial pictures1 yet 9 ! c>v+s !re is nei!r ( ^!2 & x is sc>cely ,reyn>d :o plots1 & s9s1 & conceals1 b a m vulg> fox :o conc]ns himself1 *iefly ab\t geese1 9 an op51 v]m9\s way1 :ile _m ( ! sculptures are little m ?an natural hi/ory illu/rations1 9 :i* we see vulpes1 b n ! ,fox4 ,to enable1 h[ev]1 a fair comp>ison to be made betwe5 lit]ature & art 9 ?is byway1 x w be z well to glance at ! hi/ory ( ! poem1 & lay d[n a brief analysis ( its episodes2 &1 next1 to pres5t sket*es ( "s typical examples f ! c>v+s4 ,mu* ( anci5t satire owes its orig9 to t description ( fable :i* be/[s ! attributes & capacities ( ! human race ^u ! l[] animals1 :i* are made to reason & to speak4 ,_! m5tal processes & _! actions are entirely human1 al?\gh _! respective animal *>act]i/ics are (t5 us$ to acc5tuate _! human "*4 ,9 e animal ,edw>d ,c>p5t] sees v>y+ sp>ks ( ! actual m5tal life we call human1 91 x may be add$1 arre/$ or p]v]t$ developm5t1 9 :i*1 9 ea* in/ance1 "o *>act]i/ic has immeasurably prevail$4 ,= ! animal qualities1 :e!r human or n 9 k9d1 man has ev] _h a sympa!tic recognition1 :i* has made bo? symbol & fable easily acceptable4 ,p]haps symbolism1 :i* = s _m ages has tak5 ! v>i\s animals z figures to intelligibly express ab/ract qualities1 gave rise to fable4 ,if s1 fable may be consid]$ ! grotesque ( symbolism4 ,! same ideas--( c]ta9 qualities--are tak5 f _! orig9al s]i\s import1 & us$ to amuse1 &1 :ile amus+1 to /rike4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,grimm ass]ts t animal-fable arose 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 ,nor? ,france1 & ,we/ ,g]many1 ext5d+ nei!r to ! ,romance c\ntries1 nor to ! ,keltic2 :]eas we f9d animal symbolism ev]y:]e4 ,grimm's /atem5t may be tak5 to speak1 p]haps1 ( a c]ta9 class ( fable1 & ! c\ntries he names are c]ta9ly :]e we %\ld expect to f9d ! free-e/ h&l+ ( sup]/itions4 ,8 argum5ts are bas$ on ! ,g]manic =m ( ! names giv5 to ! bea/s1 b 8 localities seem to foll[ ! c\rse ( ! editions4 ,p]haps special causes1 & n ! influ5ce ( race1 decid$ ! localities4 ,! e>lie/ trace ( a connect$ animal-fable is ( t :i* is also ! mo/ wide-spread & popul>--! hi/ory ( ! ,fox4 ,?is e>ly production is a poem1 call$ ,is5gr9us1 9 ,lat9 hexamet]s1 by a cl]ic ( ,s\? ,fl&]s1 ^: "n has n surviv$4 ,x 0 writt5 9 ! fir/ half ( ! twelf? c5tury1 & fir/ pr9t$1 x is said1 s late z #ahcd4 ,9 ?is1 ! n>rative is briefly z foll[s3--,! ,lion is sick1 & calls a c\rt to *oose 8 successor4 ,reyn>d is ! only animal t does n appe>4 ,! ,wolf1 ,is5gr9us1 to ru9 ,reyn>d's adh]5ts1 ! ,goat & ! ,ram1 prescribes z a rem$y = ! ,lion's disord] a m$ic9e ( ,goat & ,ram liv]s4 ,!y def5d ! abs5t ,reyn>d1 & pron\nce him a great doctor1 &1 to save _! liv]s1 drive ! ,wolf by =ce f be=e ! ?rone4 ,reyn>d is summon$4 ,he comes ) h]bs1 :i*1 he says1 w only be efficaci\s if ! pati5t is wrapp$ 9 ! sk9 ( a wolf f\r ye>s old4 ,! ,wolf is sk9n$1 ! ,lion is cur$1 & ,fox made ,*ancellor4 ,9 ?is /ory is neatly dovetail$ ano!r1 n>rat+ h[ ! ,wolf _h be5 prev5t$ f dev\r+ a p>ty ( weak pilgrim animals by ! judici\s display ( a wolf's head4 ,?is head 0 cut (f a wolf f\nd hang+ 9 a tree1 &1 at ,reyn>d's in/igation1 ! p>ty1 on ! /r5g? ( possess+ x1 l$ ! ,wolf to believe !m to be a company ( pr(essional wolf-slay]s4 ,aft] ?is poem foll[$ ano!r at ! end ( ! same c5tury ) num]\s additions & alt]ations1 by a monk ( ,gh5t4 ,next came a high ,g]man poem1 also ( ! twelf? c5tury1 exp&$1 b )\t great addition4 ,aft] ?is came ! ,fr5* v]sion1 ,roman de ,r5>t1 :i*1 ) supplem5t>y compositions1 enl>g$ ! matt] to no less ?an #da1gdh v]ses4 ,!re is ano!r ,fr5* v]sion1 call$ ,r5>t le ,contrefet1 ( ne>ly ! same horrible l5g?4 ,a ,flemi% v]sion1 writt5 9 ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & cont9u$ 9 ! f\rte5?1 became ! great fa!r ( editions4 ,all ^! 7 9 v]se1 b on ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ ! ,flemi% =m 0 re-ca/ into prose1 & pr9t$ at ,g\da 9 #adgi1 & at ,delft 9 #adhe2 abridg$ & mutilat$ x 0 (t5 re-pr9t$ 9 ,holl&4 ,caxton pr9t$ a translation 9 #adha1 & ano!r a few ye>s lat]4 ,! ,engli% qu>to1 l ! ,dut*1 also gave rise 9 "t to a call = a *eap abridgm5t1 & x appe>$ 9 #afci1 z ,! ,mo/ delectable hi/ory ( ,reyn>d ! ,fox4 ,mean:ile a ,l[ ,saxon =m _h appe>$1 ,re9*e ,bos1 fir/ pr9t$ at ,lubeck 9 #adih1 & next at ,ro/ock 9 #aeag1 a translation1 ) alt]ations1 f ! ,flemi% publication4 ,v>i\s o!r editions 9 ,g]man foll[$1 ) cuts by ,amman4 ,9 all ^! & _! successors ! incid5ts 7 v>i$4 ,hav+ se5 t1 )9 at lea/ c]ta9 limits1 ! /ory mu/ h be5 exce$+ly well-kn[n & popul>1 we w run ?r\gh ! incid5ts n>rat$ 9 ! mo/ popul> ( ! ,g]man ,reyn>d poems1 *iefly tak5 f ,goe!'s r5d]+4 ,n\vel1 ! ,lion1 calls a p>liam5t1 & ! ,fox does n appe>1 & is accus$ ( v>i\s crimes4 ,! ,wolf accuses him ( sully+ ! hon\r ( 8 wife1 & bl9d+ 8 ?ree *ildr54 ,a little ,dog accuses him ( /eal+ a pudd+ end 7?is ! ,cat d5ies1 /at+ t ! pudd+ 0 "o ( h] own /eal+74 ,! ,leop>d accuses him ( murd]1 hav+ only ! day be=e rescu$ ! ,h>e f 8 clut* z he 0 ?rottl+ him1 "u pret5ce ( sev]ity 9 tea*+ ! ,cre$4 ,! ,badg]1 ,grimb>t1 n[ comes =w>d 9 def5ce4 ,an anci5t prov]b says1 quo? he1 ,ju/ice 9 an enemy ,is seldom to be f\nd4 ,he accuses ! ,wolf 9 8 turn ( violat+ ! bonds ( p>tn]%ip4 ,! ,fox & ! ,wolf _h arrang$ to rob a fi%-c>t4 ,! ,fox lay = dead on ! road1 & ! c>t]1 tak+ him up1 ?rew him on ! top ( ! load ( fi%1 turn+ to 8 horse aga94 ,reyn>d !n ?rew ! fi% on to ! road1 & jump+ d[n to jo9 9 ! fea/ f\nd left = him b f9 & scales4 ,! ,badg] expla9s away also ! /ory ( ,reyn>d's guilt z to ,dame ,is5gr91 &1 ) reg>d to ! ,h>e1 asks if a tea*] %all n *a/ise 8 s*ol>s4 ,9 %ort1 s9ce ! ,k+ proclaim$ a peace1 ,reyn>d 0 ?or\ghly re=m$1 & b = be+ absorb$ 9 p5ance w\ld no d\bt h be5 pres5t to def5d himself f any false reports4 ,un=tunately = ?is ju/ification1 at ! v mom5t ( its conclusion a fun]al procession passes2 ,on sable bi] ,! relics ( a ,h5 appe>1 :ile ,h5n+1 ! ,cock1 makes a pite\s compla9t ( ,reyn>d's misde$s4 ,he said h[ ! ,fox _h ,assur$ him he'd become a fri>1 ,& br\ght a lett] f 8 prior2 ,%['d him 8 hood & %irt ( hair1 ,8 ros>y & scapulaire2 ,took leave ( him ) pi\s grace1 ,t he might ha/5 to 8 place ,to read ! nona & ! sept1 ,& vesp] too be=e he slept2 ,& z he sl[ly took 8 way1 ,read 9 8 pocket brevi>y4 all ( :i* end$ 9 ! dev\t p5it5t eat+ n9ete5 ( ,h5n+'s brood4 ,! ,lion invites 8 c\ncil's advice4 ,x is decid$ to s5d an envoy to ,reyn>d1 & ,bruno1 ! ,be>1 is select$ to summon him to c\rt4 ,bruno f9ds him at 8 ca/le ( ,malep>t1 & ?und]s a summons4 ,reyn>d1 by plausible spee* & a /ory ( honey1 dis>ms "s ( 8 ho/ility1 & entices him (f to a c>p5t]'s y>d1 :]e an oak trunk1 half split1 yet has ! w$ge 94 ,reyn>d decl>+ ! honey is 9 ! cleft1 ,bruno puts 8 head & paws 94 ,reyn>d draws out ! w$ge4 ,! ,be> h[ls till ! :ole village is ar\s$1 & ,bruno1 to save 8 life1 draws himself out m9us sk9 f head & paws4 ,9 ! confusion ! p>son's cook falls into ! /ream1 & ! p>son (f]s two butts ( be] to ! man :o saves h]4 ,:ile ?is is be+ done1 ! ,be> escapes1 & ! ,fox taunts him4 ,! ,be> display+ 8 condition at c\rt1 ! ,k+ swe>s to hang ,reyn>d1 ?is "t s5d+ ,h+e1 ! ,cat1 to summon ,reyn>d to trial4 ,h+e is lur$ to ! p>son's h\se 9 hopes ( mice1 & caught 9 a noose fix$ = ,reyn>d4 ,! h\sehold wake1 & beat ! ,cat1 :o da%es und]nea? ! prie/'s robe1 rev5g+ himself 9 a cruel & unseemly way4 ,! ,cat is f9ally left app>5tly dead1 b reviv+1 gnaws ! cord1 & crawls back to c\rt4 ,! ,k+ 0 wro?1 z wro? c\ld be4 ,! ,badg] n[ (f]s to g1 ?ree times be+ ! necess>y numb] = summon+ a pe] ( ! realm4 ,he puts ! case pla9ly be=e ,reyn>d1 :o agrees to come1 & !y set out toge!r4 ,on ! way ,reyn>d has a fit ( remorse1 & confesses 8 s9s4 ,grimb>t plucks a twig1 makes ! ,fox beat himself1 leap ov] x ?ree times1 kiss x2 & !n decl>es him free f 8 s9s4 ,all ! "t ,reyn>d ca/s a gre$y eye on "s *ick5s1 & makes a da% at "o %ortly aft]4 ,accus$ by ,grimb>t1 he decl>es he _h only look$ aside to murmur a pray] = ^? :o die 9 yond] cloi/]4 ,& also ,i w\ld say ,a pray] = ! endless peace ,( _m long-dep>t$ geese1 ,:i*1 :5 9 a /ate ( s91 ,i /ole f ! nuns :o dwell !re94 ,! ,fox arrives at c\rt ) a pr\d /ep & a bold eye4 ,he is accus$1 b ,tri$ e %ift & va9 pret5ce ,to baffle tru? & common s5se1 ,& %ield 8 crimes ) eloqu5ce4 ,9 va94 ,he is condemn$ to die4 ,8 fri5d ,m>t9 ! ,ape1 ,grimb>t ! ,badg]1 & o!rs )draw 9 res5tm5t1 & ! ,k+ is tr\bl$4 ,at ! gall[s ,reyn>d pr(esses to deliv] a dy+ confession1 & introduces a /ory ( sev5 waggon-loads ( gold & jewels :i* _h be5 a secret ho>d ( 8 fa!r1 /ol5 = ! purpose ( brib+ *iefs to depose ! ,lion & place ! ,be> on ! ?rone4 ,reyn>d is p>don$ on condition ( po9t+ out ! treasure4 ,he decl>es x to be 9 ,hu/]lo1 b excuses himself f accompany+ ! ,k+ on 8 way !re1 z he1 ,reyn>d1 is excommunicat$ = once assi/+ ! ,wolf to escape f a mona/]y1 & mu/1 !re=e1 g to ,rome to get absolution4 ,! ,k+ ann\nces 8 p>don to ! c\rt4 ,! ,be> & ,wolf are ?r[n into prison1 & ,reyn>d has a scrip made ( a piece ( ! ,be>'s hide1 & %oes ( ! sk9 ( ! feet ( ! ,wolf & 8 wife4 ,bless$ by ,bell9 ! ,ram1 :o is ! ,k+'s *apla91 & accompani$ a %ort di/ance by ! :ole c\rt1 he sets out = ,rome4 ,! *apla9 ,ram & ,lampe ! ,h>e1 accompany him home to bid 8 wife f>ewell4 ,he inveigles ! ,h>e inside1 & ! family eat him4 ,he puts ! ,h>e's head 9 ! be>-sk9 wallet1 & tak+ x to ! impati5t ,bell9 outside1 asks him to take x to ! ,k+1 z x conta9s lett]s ( /ate policy4 ,! sat*el is op5$ 9 full c\rt1 & ,reyn>d once m proclaim$ a traitor1 accurs$ & bann$1 ! ,be> & ,wolf re/or$1 & ! ,ram & all 8 race giv5 to !m = atonem5t4 ,a twelve-day t\rney is held4 ,on ! eigh? day ! ,coney & ! ,cr[ pres5t compla9t aga9/ ,reyn>d2 he _h w\nd$ ! ,coney1 & eat5 ! ,cr['s wife4 ,x is resolv$1 9 spite ( ! ,lioness's second int]cession1 to besiege ,malep>t & hang ,reyn>d4 ,grimb>t secretly runs (f to w>n ,reyn>d1 :o decides to return to c\rt once m & plead 8 cause4 ,!y set out toge!r1 & ,reyn>d aga9 confesses 8 s9s4 ,?is introduces a /ory ( h[ he once fool$ ! ,wolf4 ,is5gr9 covet$ to eat a foal1 & s5t ! ,fox to inquire ! price f ! m>e4 ,%e repli$ ! price 0 writt5 on h] h9d] ho(4 ,! ,fox1 see+ ! trick1 return$ to ! ,wolf say+ he c\ld n und]/& ! inscription4 ,! ,wolf boa/s ( 8 le>n+1 hav+ long ago tak5 8 degrees z ,doctor ( ,bo? ,faculties4 ,! ,wolf b5ds d[n to exam9e ! newly-%od ho(1 & ! re/ may be suppos$4 ,on _! way to c\rt1 ,reyn>d & ,grimb>t meet ,m>t9 ! ,ape1 :o is b\nd = ,rome1 & promises 8 gold %all buy ,reyn>d's absolution4 ,arriv$ at c\rt1 ,reyn>d boldly expla9s away ! /ories ( ! ,coney & ! ,cr[1 & dem&s ! trial by battle4 ,! ,coney & ,cr[1 hav+ no witnesses1 & be+ av]se to battle1 )draw4 ,reyn>d accuses ! dead ,bell9 ( kill+ ! ,h>e ,lampe & secret+ r>e jewels he s5t to ! ,k+4 ,8 /ory is half believ$ 9 ! hope t ! jewels1 :i* he describ$ at great l5g?1 may be f\nd4 ,reyn>d's =m] s]vices to ! /ate are rememb]$1 & he is ab\t to dep>t triumphant1 :5 ! ,wolf1 unable to re/ra9 8 rage1 accuses him afre%4 ,9 ! end1 z ea* accusation is smoo?ly foil$1 he accepts ! wag] ( battle4 ,!y )draw to prep>e = ! li/s4 ,reyn>d is %orn & %av51 all b 8 tail1 by 8 relatives ! ,apes4 ,he is well oil$4 ,he is also enjo9$ to dr9k pl5tifully ov]night4 ,!y meet 9 ! li/s4 ,reyn>d kicks up ! du/ to bl9d ! ,wolf1 draws 8 wet tail across 8 eyes1 & at l5g? te>s an eye out4 ,he is1 h[ev]1 seiz$ by ! ,wolf's /rong jaw1 & is ab\t to be f9i%$ (f :5 he takes advantage ( a ^w ( p>ley to seize ! wolf 9 a t5d] "p ) 8 h&1 & ! fight recomm5ces1 end+ 9 ! total ov]?r[ ( ,is5gr94 ,! ,k+ ord]s ! fray to be /ay$ & ! ,wolf's life sp>$4 ,! ,wolf is c>ri$ (f4 ,all fly to congratulate ! victor1 ,all gaz$ 9 8 face ) fawn+ eyes1 ,& load$ him ) flatt]ies4 ,! ,k+ makes him ! ,"l ,*ancellor & takes him to 8 close e/eem4 ,! tale w9ds up3 ,to wisdom n[ let ea* "o turn1 ,avoid ! base & virtue le>n2 ,?is is ! end ( ,reyn>d's /ory1 ,may ,god assi/ u to ,8 glory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fox ,,return+ ,,f ,,hunt+1 ,,man*e/]4 ,! above is ! gi/ ( ! matt] deal+ ) ! ,fox 9 lett]s2 f ^! lively images we w turn to ! m wood5 a*ievem5ts ( ! c>v]s4 ,! g5]al fact t ! ,fox is a m>aud] specially fond ( ! fle% ( t bird ( long desc5t1 ! goose1 b also p>tial to t ( o!r birds1 is frequ5tly illu/rat$ by *ur* c>v+s4 ,9 ! *ur*es at ! foll[+ places he is c>v$ z hav+ seiz$ 8 prey3--,bev]ley 7,m9/]71 ,bo/on1 ,fair=d1 ,fav]%am1 ,gl\ce/]1 ,h]e=d1 ,norwi*1 ,ox=d 7,magdal571 ,pet]bor\gh1 ,ripon1 ,well+bor\gh1 ,w9*e/]1 & ,w9dsor 7,/4 ,george's ,*apel74 ,at ! la/-nam$ he is also %ewn z prey+ ^u a h54 ,at ,bev]ley 7,m9/]7 ,ely1 ,man*e/]1 & ,?anet 7,/4 ,m>y's ,m9/]7 ! picture ( ! abduction ( ! goose is height5$ 9 int]e/ by 8 pursuit by a woman arm$ ) a di/aff4 ,d\btless !re are o!rs2 ! object ?r\gh\t is to give examples1 n an exhau/ive li/4 ,a some:at unusual subject is "o 9 ,man*e/] ,ca!dral1 9 :i* ! ,fox is return+ f hunt+4 ,a c>v+ :]e ! ,fox is us$ to po9t a moral is ano!r1 9 ,/4 ,george's ,*apel1 ,w9dsor1 9 :i* ?ree monks1 convey$ 9 a :eel-b>r[ into ,hell's ,m\?1 are accompani$ by a ,fox ) a goose 9 8 m\?4 ,probably ! idea "h broadly express$ is int5d$ to be quietly sugge/$ by "s ( ! above4 ,next 9 frequ5cy is ! m def9ite satire ( ! ,fox prea*+ to ,geese4 ,we f9d x at ,bev]ley 7bo? ! ,m9/] & ,/4 ,m>y's71 ,bo/on1 ,bri/ol1 ,c>tmel1 ,ely1 ,et*+ham1 ,nantwi*1 ,ripon1 ,/[langcr(t1 & ,w9dsor 7,/4 ,george's ,*apel74 ,9 ! la/ he has a goose 9 8 c[l4 ,all ^? ne$ = _! completion ! supposition t ! text ( ! ,fox's s]mon is ! same z 0 giv5 at l5g? 9 a repres5tation ( a prea*+ sc5e on an anci5t /a9$-glass w9d[ 9 ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,m>t91 ,leice/]1 :i* 0 unhappily de/roy$ 9 ! la/ c5tury4 ,9 ?is1 f ! ,fox's m\? proce$$ ! words ,te/is e/ mihi ,deus1 quam cupiam vos omnes visc]ibus meus 7,god is my witness h[ ,i desire y all 9 my b[els4--,philippians1 i41 #h74 ,9 ,wolfius1 ,a4,d4 #acjj1 is a description ( ano!r su* repres5tation1 9 a ,,ms4 ( ,a,esop's ,fables4 ,x may accord q well ) ! !ory ( ! transmission ( designs by ! cont9uity ( ! artific]s' gild sy/em to suppose t "s proportion ( ! mat]ial f\nd its way into _! rep]toire ?r\gh ! m$ium ( manuscripts 7n necess>ily orig9al 9 !m71 especially = su* subjects z 7 ess5tially m$iaeval4 ,we h se5 h[ ! c>v+s ( ,jonah & ( ,samson1 at ,ripon1 7 tak5 f ! ,poor ,man's ,bible2 "h we h ! ,prea*+ ,fox m5tion$ 9 a book ( #acjj z be+ 9 an e>li] "w4 ,a ,fox be>+ two ,cocks by ! neck on a /aff is ! initial ,t 9 a ,,ms4 consid]$ by ,montflaucon to be ( ! n9? c5tury4 ,fr$eg>ius1 ! ,franki% hi/orian1 9 ! middle ( ! sev5? c5tury1 has a fable ( a ,fox at ! c\rt ( ! ,lion1 repeat$ by o!rs 9 ! t5? & elev5?4 ,paul9 ,p>is & ,?omas ,wright agre$ 9 ?9k+ ! :ole fable ( ,fr5* orig91 & fir/ 9 ! ,lat9 tongue4 ,s t we may reasonably suppose t ! c\ntless tons ( books & ,,mss4 7?\gh x is useless to grope n[ among ! m]e memories ( a%es71 burnt at ! ,re=mation1 w\ld conta9 mu* t w\ld h made cle>] our und]/&+ ( ?is subject ( ,go?ic grotesques4 ,x is cle>1 h[ev]1 t ! ,fox 0 us$ z a means ( satirical comm5t be=e ! writ+ ( ! ,is5gr9e ,fable1 & t mo/ ( ! *ur* c>v+s ref] to :at we may call pre-,fable or co-,fable conceptions4 ,!re may be o!r mat]ial ly+ hidd5 9 our great libr>ies1 b se>* = e>ly ,reyn>d draw+s produces almo/ no?+4 ,at ,ripon ! ,fox is %ewn )\t ve/m5ts1 9 a neat ,go?ic pulpit adorn$ ) c>v+s ( ! trefoil4#h ,8 h&s1 & :at !y may h held1 are gone4 ,8 congregation is to 8 "r a goose1 to 8 left a cock1 :o appe> to be utt]+ responses1 :ile 8 face is significant ( consci\s slyness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,prea*+ ,,fox1 ,,ripon4 ,9 ,bev]ley ,m9/] ! ,prea*+ ,fox is 9 a squ>e panell$ pulpit on f\r legs2 be=e him are sev5 geese1 "o ( :om slumb]s peacefully4 ,he we>s a g[n & c[l1 has a ros>y 9 8 "r h&1 & appe>s to be p]=m+ 8 "p ) "s animation4 ,beh9d ! pulpit /&s an ape ) a goose hung on a /ick1 :ile ano!r fox--to give po9t to ! lesson--is sl9k+ (f ) a goose slung ov] 8 back4 ,at ,/4 ,m>y's1 ,bev]ley1 ! v>i\s c>v+s h a decid$ly manuscript appe>ance4 ,! "o ( ! ,prea*+ ,fox has labels1 ^u :i*1 9 "s unkn[n orig9al1 may h be5 inscrib$ texts or o!r matt]4 ,"h ! ,fox we>s only 8 scapulaire1 & has 8 "r h& rais$ 9 correct exhortative mann]2 8 pulpit is ( /one1 & is e>ly4 ,beh9d /& two p]sons1 p]haps male & female1 ^: religi\s dress w\ld lead u to suppose !m to repres5t ! class to ^: tea*+ a fox-l "* is to be attribut$4 ,at ! front are seat$ two apes1 also 9 scapul>ies1 or hoods1 :o1 z well z ! ,fox1 may be "h to %ew ! real "* ( ! suppos$ sanctifi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,rule ,,& ,,! ,,roa/ ,,contra/$1 ,,/4 ,,m>y',s1 ,,bev]ley4 ,x w h be5 notic$ h[ frequ5tly ! c>v+s evade explanation2 all ^! satires on ! cl]gy may mean ei!r t ! sy/em 0 bad1 or t !re 0 mu* abuse ( x4 ,a rem>kable in/ance ( ?is is 9 ano!r mis]icorde 9 ,/4 ,m>y's1 ,bev]ley4 ,"h we h ! ,b5$ict9e ) mild & s]5e c\nt5ance1 )\t a sign ( s91 & be>+ ! scroll ( tru? & simplicity ( life--call x ! rule ( 8 ord]4 ,yet h[ d _m ( 8 foll[]s act8 ,) gre$ = ! temporalities1 !y aspire to ! pa/oral crook1 & dev\r _! flocks ) su* rapacity z to ?reat5 ! up-root+ ( ! :ole ord]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,prea*+ ,,fox1 ,,/4 ,,m>y',s1 ,,bev]ley4 ,su* might be "o r5d]+2 yet ! placid cl]ic may be simply introduc$ to %ew ! outw>d appe>ance ( ! rav5+ ones4 ,x has be5 a fav\rite explanation ( ^! anti-cl]ic c>v+s to say t !y 7 due to ! jeal\sy :i* exi/$ betwe5 ! regul> ord]s & ! prea*+ fri>s4 ,b c>v+s su* z ?is la/ are suffici5t to prove ! explanation errone\s2 prea*+ fri>s c>ri$ no crozi]s4 ,yet ano!r in/ance f ,/4 ,m>y's %ews u two foxes 9 scapul>ies read+ f a book plac$ on an eagle-lect]n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,foxes ,,at ,,! ,,lect]n1 ,,/4 ,,m>y',s1 ,,bev]ley4 ,! bird--lect]n or n--has r\nd its head a k9d ( aureola or glory2 x is probably an eagle1 b :o %all say x is n a dove8 ,! religi\sly-g>b$ foxes are alone unmi/akable4 ,at ,bo/on we h a mitr$ ,fox1 en?ron$ 9 ! episcopal seat 9 full canonicals1 clut*+ at a cock :i* /&s ne>1 :ile ano!r bird is at ! side4 ,close by ! ?rone1 ano!r fox1 9 a c[l only1 is read+ f a book4 ,at ,*ri/*ur*1 ,hamp%ire1 we see ! ,fox on a seat-elb[1 9 a pulpit ( good design1 & ne> him1 on a /ool1 ! ,cock2 x appe>s 9 ! initial ( ?is article4 ,at ,worce/]1 a scapul>i$ ,fox is kneel+ be=e a small table or alt>1 lay+ 8 h& ) an affectation ( rev]5ce ^u--a %eep's head4 ,?is is "o ( ! side c>v+s to ! mis]icorde ( ! ?ree m[]s1 consid]$ "u ! head ( ,tr9ities4 ,illu/ration3 ,,episcopal ,,hypocrisy1 ,,bo/on4 ,! ,fox seiz+ ! ,h51 at ,w9dsor1 rem9ds ( ! ,fable1 yet 9 s _m o!r in/ances x is ! ,cock :o is ! prey4 ,/ill fur!r remov+ ! c>v+s out ( ! sph]e ( ! ,fable is a c>v+ at ,*ice/] ( ! ,fox play+ ! h>p to a goose1 :ile an ape dances2 & ano!r at ,/4 ,george's1 ,w9dsor1 9 :i* x is an ape :o we>s ! /ole1 & is engag$ 9 ! lay+ on ( h&s4 ,9 ! ,fable ! ,fox tea*es ! ,h>e ! ,cre$1 yet 9 a c>v+ at ,man*e/] x is 8 two "y cubs :om he is tea*+ f a book4 ,! ,fox 9 ! ,%ell ( ,salvation1 artfully disc\rs+ on ! m]its ( a bottle ( holy wat]1 z drawn on page #eh1 may be consid]$ a ,prea*+ ,fox4 ,!re is at ,nantwi* a c>v+ :i*1 unlike any ( ^? already notic$1 is closely illu/rative ( an incid5t ( ! epic4 ,x repres5ts ! /ory told to ,n\vel's c\rt by ! wid[] ,cr[4 ,he & 8 wife1 9 travell+ ?r\gh ! c\ntry1 came across :at !y ?\ght 0 ! dead body ( ,reyn>d on ! hea?4 ,he 0 /iff1 8 tongue protrud$1 8 eyes 7 inv]t$4 ,!y lam5t$ 8 unhappy fate1 & c\rse s e>ly run4 ,! lady approa*$ 8 *91 n1 inde$1 ) any idea ( comm5c+ a meal2 f> f t1 x 0 to asc]ta9 if p]*ance any signs ( life rema9$1 :5--snap6 ,h] head 0 (f6 ,! ,cr[ himself _h ! melan*oly luck to fly to a tree1 !re to sit & wat* 8 wife eat5 up4 ,9 ! c>v+ we h ! cr[s fir/ com+ ^u ! sight ( ! c\nt]feit c>rion z x lies ne> a rabbit w>r54 ,to %ew h[ p]fect is ,reyn>d's semblance ( dea?1 ! re> portions ( two rabbits are to be se5 z !y hurry into _! holes on ! approa* ( ! cr[s1 ! proximity ( ! ,fox n hav+ previ\sly al>m$ !m4 ,! side figures h no simultane\s connection ) ! c5tral composition1 be+ m]ely repres5tations ( ,reyn>d1 once m z a l>d] reg>d]4 ,! pilgrim's hat1 borne by "o ( ! figures1 is a fur!r rem9d] ( ! ,fable1 & ! monki% g>b is ( c\rse 9 keep+4 ,^! two are some:at s+ul> 9 be+ fox-head$ m54 ,at ,*e/]1 also1 is a ,fox feign+ dea?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fox ,,feign+ ,,dea?1 ,,nantwi*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,temptation4 ,,! ,,puni%m5t4 ,,! ,,wake ,,knot4 ,,bev]ley ,,m9/]4 ,?us f> ! examples h be5 ( ,reyn>d's crimes2 we w n[ survey 8 puni%m5t4 ,9 ! fable he 0 to be hang$1 b 0 n1 ! ,wolf & ! ,be>1 :om he always outwitt$1 be+ ! disappo9t$ execution]s4 ,9 ! c>v+s he is really hang$1 & ! hangsm5 are ! geese ( 8 despoliation4 ,bev]ley ,m9/] has among its f9e c>v+s an admirable r5d]+ ( ?is subject4 ,reyn>d is hang$ on a squ>e gall[s1 a numb] ( birds1 geese1 tak+ a beak at ! rope4 ,to ! left ( ! gall[s /& two (ficial geese1 ) mace & battle-axe4 ,! left supplem5t>y c>v+ gives a note ( ! crime2 ,reyn>d is creep+ ^u two sleep+ geese4 ,! "r h& support+ c>v+ gives u ! ,fox aft] be+ cut d[n4 ,8 fri5d1 ! ,ape1 is unty+ ! rope f 8 neck4 ,obs]ve ! twi/ ( ! rope at ! end2 x decl>es t ,reyn>d is dead1 = x is a ,wake ,knot6 ,also at ,bo/on1 ,bri/ol1 ,nantwi*1 & ,%]borne are c>v+s ( ! hang+ by geese4 ,! gall[s ( ! ,%]borne execution is squ>e1 & made ( r\gh trees4 ,! g5]al action is less logical ?an 9 ! ,bev]ley sc5e1 b ! geese are full ( vivacity1 evid5tly enjoy+ ! ?or\ghness ) :i* !y are c>ry+ out _! int5tions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,execution ,,( ,,reyn>d1 ,,%]borne4 ,9 ! hang+ sc5es !re is no sugge/ion ( ! religi\s dress4 ,reyn>d has lo/ 8 ,b5efit ( ,cl]gy4 ,besides ! c>v+ ( ! ,ape lay+ out ! dead ,fox1 at ,bev]ley !re are also o!rs :]e ! ,ape is rid+ on ! ,fox's back1 & aga9 :]e he is t5d+ him 9 b$4 ,! ,ape succ\r+ ! ,fox is also in/anc$ at ,w9dsor4 ,h[ev]1 aft] ! two broad classes ( c>v+s are exhau/$--! ,fox delud+ or eat+ birds1 & ! ,fox hang$ by birds1 !re is little left to tell ( him4 ,x may be add$ t 8 hang+ by 8 "o-"t victims has sugge/$ to ! c>v] ano!r subject ( ! same k9d--! hang+ ( ! cat by mice1 or1 m probably1 rats1 m5tion$ on page #dc4 ,x is !re /at$ to be at ,%]borne1 9 error1 ! place be+ ,great ,malv]n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,execution ,,( ,,! ,,cat1 ,,great ,,malv]n4 ,! foll[+ curi\s sc5e f ! ,fox-fruitful *ur* ( ,/4 ,m>y's1 ,bev]ley1 is p]plex+1 & gives ! ,fox receiv+ 8 quietus "u unique circum/ances4 ,he is1 ) anxiety1 await+ ! diagnosis ( an ape-doctor1 :o is critically exam9+ ur9>y deposits2 8 heal? has be5 evid5tly n all he c\ld wi%4 ,:51 lo1 an arr[1 f ! b[ ( an ar*] 9 quilt$ lea!r1 pi]ces him ?r\gh ! he>t6 ,:at m ?is c>v+ means is a my/]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,reyn>d ,,9 ,,dang]1 ,,/4 ,,m>y',s1 ,,bev]ley4 ,c>v+s ( ! ord9>y fables 9 :i* ! ,fox is conc]n$ are n unkn[n4 ,at ,fav]%am1 ,k5t1 is "o ( ! ,fox & ! ,grapes2 at ,*e/] is ! ,fox & ! ,/ork4 ,! latt] is1 aga91 on a rem>kable slab1 probably a c(f9 lid1 9 ! ,priory ,*ur* ( ,bridl+ton1 ,ea/ ,york%ire1 ! /range comb9ation ( designs on :i* may be describ$4 ,at ! head appe> two curi\s dragon =ms oppos$ ov] an elaborate embattl$ temple1 sugge/ive ( ,saxon & ,byzant9e d]ivation1 ) a c5tral po9t$ ar*4 ,?is may be a r5d]+ ( ! sun-my?1 not$ on page #cg4 ,at ! foot is a rev]s$ lion1 ! curls & twi/s ( ^: mane & tail closely resembles ^? ( ! :ite porcela9 lions us$ by ! ,*9ese z inc5se-burn]s4 ,betwe5 ! temple & ! lion is incis$ an illu/ration ( ! fable ( ! ,fox & ! ,/ork4 ,! slab1 ( :i* a r\gh sket* is annex$1 is ( black basaltic m>ble1 simil> to t ( ! font ( ! *ur*1 :i* is ( ! type g5]ally consid]$ to be ,norman1 & to h be5 import$ ready made f ,fl&]s1 & on :i* dragons are sometimes ! ornam5t4 ,! ,fox on ?is slab is ! e>lie/ sculptur$ figure ( ! animal kn[n 9 ,engl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c(f9 ,,lid1 ,,bridl+ton1 ,,york%ire4 ,!re are also hunt+ sc5es 9 :i* ! fox is %ot ) b[ & arr[1 z 9 ,bev]ley ,m9/]2 or *as$ ) h\nds 9 a way m comm5d+ itself to mod]n sport+ ideas1 z at ,ripon4 ,9 conclusion1 ! satirical int5t ( ! fox inv5tions1 z we f9d !m 9 ! libr>y or 9 ! *ur*1 may be summ$ up1 = "h inde$ lies ! :ole secret ( _! preval5ce & popul>ity4 ,! section ( society satiriz$ by ! epic is l>ge1 b is pr9cipally cov]$ by ! feudal in/itution4 ,! notes /ruck are its gre$ ( weal? & its gre$ ( ! table1 its inju/ice "u ! pretext ( laws1 its exp$i5t ly+1 ! immunity f puni%m5t af=d$ by ri*es1 ! absolute yet revolution-fe>+ p[] ( ! sov]eign1 ! helplessness ( nobles s+le-h&$1 & ! g5]al influ5ce ( religion ?r[n ov] ev]y?+1 :ile = its own sake be+ all[$ to really influ5ce no?+4 ,! *ief po9t ( ! epic is g5]ally consid]$ to be t p[] 9 ! h&s ( ! feudal b>ons 0 accompani$ by a trivial am\nt ( intellig5ce1 :i* 0 easily deceiv$ by ! m a/ute elem5t ( society4 ,! c>v+s give no note ( ?is4 ,a fur!r object1 h[ev]1 may be se54 ,! :ole /ory ( ! ,fox is meant n only to %ew t ,x is n /r5g? t always w9s1 ,= wit do? /r5g? excel1 by play+ on ! passions & weaknesses ( mank9d1 b 9 p>ticul> to hold up to scorn ! immunity procur$ by pr(essional religion1 ?\gh x is fair to note t ! ,fox does n adopt a religi\s life because suit$ to 8 trea*]\s & deceitful "*1 b to conceal x4 ,?us s f> z !y elucidate ! g5]al fox9ess ( religi\s hypocrisy1 ! c>v+s & ! epic illu/rate ! same !me1 b x is evid5t t !y embodi$ & develop$ already-exi/+ popul> recognition ( ! evil1 ea* 9 its own way1 & )\t special ref]5ce "o to ! o!r4 ,situations ( ! ,grotesque ,ornam5t 9 ,*ur* ,art4 ,! places *os5 = ! execution ( ! "w :i*1 by reason ( its int5tion or its want ( con=mity ) :at we n[ consid] a true ta/e 9 art1 may be /yl$ ,grotesque1 d n seem to be 9 any m>k$ degree diff]5t f ! situations select$ = o!r ornam5tal "w4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be p]mitt$ to glance at ^? situations1 & enquire z to su* comp>isons z !y af=d1 ?\gh ! conclusions to be arriv$ at mu/ necess>ily be loose & g5]al4 ,9 ,norman "w ! *ief iconographical int]e/ is to be f\nd 9 ! capitals ( pila/]s & pill>s1 = "h is (t5 told a /ory ( "s complet5ess4 ,o!r places are ! ar*es1 *iefly ( doorways2 bosses ( gro9+1 & ! horizontal corn]s ( pill> pl9?s2 ext]iorly1 ! g>goyles are mo/ full ( mean+1 second$ by ! corbels ( ! corbel-table4 ,we may expect 9 ,norman grotesque "s ref]5ce to anci5t my/ics2 ! =ms are bold & rugg$1 su* appe>ance ( delicacy z exi/s be+ atta9$ by int]lac+ l9es 9 conv5tional patt]ns1 )1 also1 ! effect ( di/ance ^u repeat+ ornam5t4 ,transitional ,norman reta9$ all ! *>act]i/ic ornam5t ( ! pur] /yle1 b ) ! developm5t ( ,e>ly ,engli% ! grotesque = a "t some:at pass$ out ( vogue1 slight b em95tly graceful modifications ( ! ,cor9?ian acan?us supply+ mo/ ( ! places :]e /range bea/s _h =m]ly pres5t$ _! bewild]+ %apes4 ,x might n be impossible to connect ?is p>tial purification ( ornam5t ) a phase ( *ur* hi/ory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ape ,,corbel1 ,,c>ry+ ,,ro( ,,timb]1 ,,ewelme4 ,b 9 "s portions ( /ructure1 z ! g>goyles1 & 9 ! woodwork ( ! *oirs1 ! grotesque /ill held its own4 ,z ,e>ly ,engli% grew di/9ctly into ! ,decorat$1 e available spot 0 enri*$ ) c>v+4 ,! collections 7call$ portfolios else:]e7 ( ! old c>v]s w\ld seem to h be5 ransack$ & exhau/$1 all t _h gone be=e receiv+ fre% r5d]+ 9 wood & /one1 :ile life & nature 7 n[ (t5 call$ ^u to furni% new mat]ial4 ,! po9t$ ar* rema9$1 h[ev]1 an undecorat$ sweep ( m\ld+s1 & ! pl9? corn]s 7 r>ely t\*$2 9 fact !re 0 "h sc>cely n[ ! same squ>5ess ( space :i* be=e _h ask$ = ornam5t4 ,all ! o!r places ornam5t$ 9 ,norman "w 7 fill$ up 9 ,decorat$ ) ! new designs ( old subjects4 ,! re/+-places ( ornam5t 7 multipli$2 ! drip/ones ( e k9d ( ar*1 & ! capitals ( e k9d ( pill>1 :e!r 9 ! arcad+ ( ! walls1 ! heap$-up ri*ness ( ! r]$os1 or ! s+le subject ( ! pisc9a1 became ne/s ( ! grotesque4 ,9 a s+le gr\p ( s$ilia all ! ar*itecture ( a great ca!dral may be se5 9 m9iature1 9 ar*1 column1 gro9$ ro(1 boss1 w9d[-trac]y1 p9nacle1 & f9ial1 ea* "p ) its %>e ( ornam5t1 ( grotesque4 ,9 ! *oirs ! c>v]s _h busi$ !mselves ) summon+ odd =ms f out ! h>d oak1 till ! cro*es or elb[-re/s1 ! b5* ends1 ! /all canopies1 & bel[ all1 & above all1 ! mis]icordes1 sw>m$ ) all ! ideas ( ,asia & ,europe pa/ & pres5t4 ,musicians are ev]y:]e1 b mo/ p]si/5tly on ! int]sections ( ! *oir ar*es1 & some:at less s on ^? ( ! nave4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mis]icorde--,,lion ,,composition1 ,,well+bor\gh4 ,a fav\rite place = hum\r\s figures 0 on ! /one brackets or corbels :i* be> up timb] ro(s2 examples are 9 ! ape corbel 9 ?is article1 & ! responsible yet happy-look+ sa9t at ! end ( ! li/ ( ,cont5ts4 ,:5 ! ,p]p5dicul> /yle came ) o!r arts f ,italy1 & ! lavi% spread ( ! ,decorat$ 0 *a/5$ & ov]-*a/5$ into regul>ity1 !re came = ! second or ?ird "t ! same ideas f ! nev]-dy+ my?ologies1 _! concrete embodim5ts sometimes ) eloqu5ce r5d]$1 ne>ly always ) vig\r4 ,!y came to ! old places1 b 9 mo/ fulness to t mo/ full place1 ! d>k recess :]e lurks ! mis]icorde4 ,^u ! :ole x w\ld appe> t ! grotesque1 be x 9 ! relics ( a long-=gott5 symbolism1 9 crude attempts at realism1 or 9 ! fanta/ic :imseys ( irresponsibility1 is *iefly met 9 ! portions ( ! *ur* :]e w\ld occur1 9 ! developm5t ( ar*itecture1 ! problems & difficulties4 ,!y occur1 s to speak1 at ! jo9ts ( con/ruction4 ,x may be t ! plut]esques 7grotesque & o!r ornam5ts made ( metal7 employ$ 9 _m ,spani% *ur*es are to be acc\nt$ = 9 ?is way on ! score ( ! facility ( atta*m5t4 ,:]e x may be que/ion$ t ! ornam5t 0 to conceal juncture1 x is (t5 to be ackn[l$g$ t x 0 to give ext]nal app>5t lightness to masses :i* are 9 !mselves jo9ts or c5tres ( weight4 ,to conclude--to :atev] ext5t we may c>ry our inquiries into ! mean+ ( ! grotesques 9 *ur* art1 we h 9 !m und\bt$ly objects ^: associations are among ! mo/ anci5t ( ! human race2 :atev] our op9ion ( _! fitness = a place 9 ! temple1 x is pla9 t practically !y c\ld be n[h]e else4 ,illu/ration3 ,,musician ,,on ,,! ,,int]section ,,( ,,nave ,,ar*es1 ,,/4 ,,hel5',s1 ,,ab+don1 ,,b]k%ire4 ,,index4 ,index4 ,abdom9al ,mask1 #ia ,ab+don1 #ah1 #gb1 #bah1 & ,preface ,aboo-,simbel ,tr9ity1 #agg ,abydos ,tr9ity1 #agg ,acan?us1 #adi-ej1 #bad ,adam1 #fa1 #fb1 #gd2 & ,eve1 #aab1 #abj ,adam ,cl>ke1 #gd ,adel1 ,york%ire1 #abg ,adonai1 #afh ,adonis1 #afh ,adoration1 !1 #aac-e ,a,elian1 #ej ,a,esculapius1 #db ,a,esop's ,fables1 #aif ,africa1 #ff ,agni1 #agh ,aix-la-,*apelle1 #df ,akori1 #agh ,alcock1 ,bi%op1 #aj1 #ib1 #agc ,ale & ! ,alewife1 #ii-aje ,alewife1 #ig ,aleh\ses1 #ii ,ale-ta/]1 #ajj ,alex&]1 #ga ,alex&ria1 #cd ,all ,s\ls1 ,ox=d1 #ga1 #gf1 #ajd-e1 #aej-a ,alraun images1 #bh ,alt> ( ! ,sun1 #cg-ci ,amb>valia1 #dh ,am]ican ,arms1 #agi ,am]ican-,indian my?ology1 #aei ,am]ican-,indian ,tr9ity1 #agg ,amman1 ,ju/us1 #ahh ,ammon1 #db1 #gb1 #aeh ,amun-,ra1 #agg ,anci5t ,my/]ies describ$1 #ahj ,anci5t ,wor%ips1 #bg-ei1 #fd-gg1 #aeb-c1 #aeg-afh1 #age-ahc ,angel ,*oir1 ,l9coln1 #c1 #i ,angel 7co971 #dg ,angels1 #fc ,animal ,musicians1 #aeb-f ,animal symbolism1 #ce ,an?ony pig1 !1 #aed ,anuka1 #agh ,ar*]s1 #bje1 #bji-aj ,ape1 !1 #ei1 #bh-i1 #ade1 #aeb1 #aef1 #aib-d1 #aih1 #bja1 #bjc1 #bjg-aj1 #bad ,aphrodite1 #afh ,apocryphal ,new ,te/am5t1 !1 #fj1 #aab ,apollo1 #ba1 #df1 #afb1 #afe ,april1 #ada ,apuleius1 #da ,ar*itectural ,museum1 ,tufton ,/reet1 !1 #ab1 #afg1 #afi1 #agd ,arimanes1 #agf ,arles1 ! ,c\ncil (1 #bi ,arma palantes1 #agc ,ar?ur1 ,k+1 #fi ,arti/ic quality ( ,*ur* grotesques1 #ai-bc1 #fa ,art ,j\rnal1 !1 #ff ,asir1 #de ,assyrian my?1 #cd1 #aeg1 #aha ,assyrians1 no record ( _! hum\r1 #f ,a/ronomical symbols a s\rce ( ,go?ic design1 #d1 #bg-h1 #cg-ei1 #gc1 #aeg-fh1 #agg ,atahuata1 #agg ,at51 #afh ,a?or1 #aaa1 #aeg1 #afg1 #agg-h ,a?yr1 #afg ,attic figur9es1 #bh ,auckl& ,ca/le1 #aee ,augsburgh1 787 ,c\ncil (1 #cj ,auld ,clootie1 #gj ,auld ,hornie1 #gj ,aurva1 #ec ,av>ice1 #hg1 #ia-ie ,av]us 7,horus71 #ej ,baalim1 #bh ,babylonian my?1 #cd ,bacon1 #adb1 #aed ,bac*us1 #fi1 #gc1 #aeh ,backbit]1 #hb-hd ,badg] ,grimb>t1 #ahi1 #aia-c ,bagpipes1 #ajc1 #aeb1 #aee ,ba-x1 #agh ,bak]1 #aje ,bakewell1 ,d]by%ire1 #acj-a ,bald9i & ,boticelli1 #hd ,baptism ( ,john1 !1 #aag-h ,b>ton1 ,l9cs41 #agd ,basketsful ( ,*ildr51 #fc ,bayle1 a k9d ( dance1 #adg ,beakheads1 #abe-f ,be> ,bruno1 #aij-c ,be>1 !1 #aeb-aef ,be>d1 !1 #gb ,b$=d1 #age ,beehive ( ! ,romi%e ,*ur*1 #ahj ,bell9 ! ,ram1 #aib ,b]k%ire1 #ah1 #gb1 #abe1 #abi1 #bah ,be/i>ies1 !1 #gc ,bev]ley1 ,p]cy ,%r9e at1 #c2 ,c>v+s at1 #ac1 #ci1 #dj1 #ed1 #eg1 #fc1 #hg1 #aab1 #abj-c1 #acj1 #acc-f1 #add1 #aeb1 #aed-e1 #aei1 #agc1 #ahb1 #aie-f1 #aih-i1 #bja-b1 #bjh-aa ,bhu1 #db ,bible 7z ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts71 #agf ,biblia ,paup]um1 #aac ,bir*1 ,dr41 #aeh ,birds1 #d1 #i1 #bb1 #ch1 #ci ,bi%op ,foxes1 #aii1 #bjc ,bi%ops ,/ort=d1 #aji ,bla%ill1 ,mr4 ,?omas1 #ajf ,bo1 ,bo-tree4 ,bod1 ,bog1 ,bogg>t1 ,boivani1 ,bolay1 ,boo1 ,b\d]s1 ,b\dons1 ,boroon1 ,bormania1 ,borr1 ,borvo1 ,b\ljanus1 ,brog1 ,bug1 ,bugbe>1 ,buggaboo1 ,buka1 #ff1 #fi ,bo>1 #aci-dj1 #aeb ,bo>'s ,head1 #fi1 #aci ,bodleian ,libr>y1 #af1 #fc ,bolton1 ,bi%op1 #agc ,bo/on1 ,l9coln%ire1 #aie1 #aif1 #bjb1 #bjh ,b\tell1 ,rev4 ,c41 #be ,b[ & arr[1 #afb-e ,boy 7,bog71 #fi ,brahma1 #agh ,brahm9ic ,tr9ity1 #agh ,brea/1 removal (1 #afe ,bridge1 ,k5t1 #ge ,bridl+ton ,priory ,*ur*1 ,yorks1 #ae1 #baj-a ,bri/ol1 #aif1 #bjh ,briti% ,museum1 #fb ,bruno ! ,be>1 #aij-c ,buckle ,mask1 #abe ,bull1 !1 #da-b1 #gb-c1 #he1 #hh-i1 #ia1 #aei ,bur1 #de ,byzant9e ideas1 #abg ,byzantium1 #ce ,caimis1 #ej ,cal5d>um ,romanorum ,magnum1 #ada ,calf1 #gc ,cama1 #ej ,cambridge1 #aj1 #ib1 #acc ,cambridge%ire1 #gd ,c&lemas1 #db1 #adj ,cant]bury1 #aci ,cant+ h]aldry1 #agc ,c>icature 9 "p expla9$1 #c ,c>p5t]1 ,mr4 ,edw>d1 #ahf ,c>tmel1 #ahj1 #aif ,c>v]s1 #i-ah ,cat1 !1 #aef1 #ahi1 #aia1 #bji ,cat & ,fiddle1 !1 #ci-dc ,cat-heads1 #abf ,caxton1 #agj1 #ahh ,c$ranus1 #adc-d ,c5taur1 #afa-f ,c]ealia1 #dh ,c]es1 #gb1 #aec1 #aeh ,ce/us1 #afe ,*airs1 #ada ,*alons1 ,c\ncil (1 #adc ,*&ra1 ,*&ri1 #dc ,*]ubim1 #gc1 #aei1 #afa ,*e/]1 #fj1 #gg1 #ajc1 #bjg1 #baj ,*i*e/]1 #gb1 #ge1 #abd1 #ada1 #aeg1 #aha1 #ahb1 #bjc ,*iron ! ,c5taur1 #afb ,*n\mis1 #agh ,*onso1 #agg ,*ri/1 #cj1 #dh1 #fj-fb1 #ajd1 #aad-bj ,*ri/*ur* 7,hants71 #ba1 #cc1 #agb1 #ahd1 #bjb ,*ri/mas1 #aci-dj1 #add ,*ronicles1 ! ,book (1 #agf ,*ur* symbolism1 exp$i5cy1 etc41 #ca ,ci>an 7,/471 #afb ,cl]gy1 !1 #ig1 #aaa ,cneph1 #agg ,cock1 !1 #ahd1 #aig-h1 #bjb-c ,comp\nd ,=ms1 #cg1 #aaa1 #aeg-afh ,coney1 !1 #aic1 #bjd-e ,consci5ce1 #agj-a ,con/ant9ople1 ,c\ncil (1 #cj2 ,byzantium1 #ce ,cont9u\s gr\p1 #adi ,conv5tional =m a matt] ( developm5t1 #c ,cor9?ian ,acan?us1 #adi-ej1 #bad ,corpus ,*ri/i ,play1 #adb-c ,cosmographiae ,univ]salis1 #agb ,cotton ,,mss41 #hb1 #adg ,c\ncils1 ,arles1 #bi2 ,augsburgh 7871 #cj2 ,con/ant9ople1 #cj2 ,frankfurt1 #cj1 #ii2 ,n>bonne1 #cj2 ,nicea1 #cj2 ,orleans1 #bi2 ,t\rs1 #cj2 ,nice1 #cf2 ,milan1 #cf ,cov5try1 #fj1 #adb ,c[1 !1 #da ,creators1 ,my?ological1 #agf-h ,cresc5t1 !1 #da1 #db ,cripple1 #ade1 #adg ,crocodile1 #dd-e ,crorasura1 #aec ,cross1 !1 #dc ,cr[ & 8 wife1 !1 #aic1 #bjd-e ,crozi]s1 #aih1 #bjb ,crusad]s1 #dg ,culham1 ,b]k%ire1 #abe ,cupid1 #ej1 #ea1 #ec-ee ,dance1 #dj1 #dc1 #add1 #adg ,david1 ,k+1 #fb ,decorat$ ,c>v+s1 #bad-bag ,de]1 #adj ,def9itions ( ! ,grotesque1 #e-h ,de la ,wi*1 ,bi%op1 #aha ,delft1 #ahh ,d]by%ire1 #acj-a ,design1 ,cont9uity ( ,go?ic1 #d ,detractors1 #hb-c ,devil & ! ,vices1 !1 #gh-ih ,devil1 !1 #dg1 #fi1 #gj1 #gg1 #ajc-e ,devils1 #fc1 #aai ,diana1 #cb1 #dj-dc1 #gc ,diapason1 !1 #da ,dill9 pig1 !1 #aed ,disc ( ! ,sun1 #afg-h ,di/aff1 #aie ,dog1 #e1 #ai1 #ba1 #dj1 #db1 #adb1 #aei-fj1 #ahi ,dome/ic & ,popul>1 !1 #acd-aea ,donn+ton1 ,?omas 7#aebj71 #agd ,dor*e/] ,abbey1 ,oxon41 #fj1 #fd-e1 #aba-b1 #acc1 #aei-fj ,dragons1 #bf1 #cg1 #dd-eg1 #fj1 #fd-ff1 #hd1 #abg1 #afe1 #agg1 #baa ,drake 7dragon71 #dg ,druidical ,tau1 #dc-d ,drum 7,tabor71 #ig ,dur]1 ,alb]t1 #fa ,durham1 #aee ,eagle1 !1 #bb1 #cg1 #adh1 #aeh-i1 #bjb ,e>ly ,engli% ,c>v+s1 #bad ,ea/]n ideas1 #i-aj1 #cd-e ,ed51 #gc1 #gf ,edgew>e1 #ajb ,edw>d ! ,confessor1 #i ,edw>d ,,iii41 #ag ,edw>d ,,iv41 #di ,egypt1 #cd1 #dc-de ,egyptians1 little record ( _! hum\r1 #f ,egyptian my?1 etc41 #cd1 #da-e1 #dg-h1 #ej-f1 #aeg-h1 #agg-h ,egyptian ,tr9ities1 #agg-h ,eicton1 #agg ,elephant9e ,tr9ity1 #agh ,ely1 #gd1 #hj-a1 #hd1 #aje1 #aff1 #aie-f ,equ9oxes1 !1 #age ,es*ol1 #aga ,esculapius1 #agh ,et*+ham1 #aif ,evans1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,p41 #ce1 #he ,evil1 ,images (1 #a1 #bf1 #cc ,eve1 #fb1 #gd ,ewelme1 ,oxon41 ,c>v+s at1 #a1 #fe1 #fg 7n ,dor*e/]71 #gf1 #abg-h1 #bad ,exet]1 #d1 #ci1 #afe1 #afh1 #aha ,ezekiel1 #aei ,fable1 #ahf ,fafnir ! ,dragon1 #df ,fair=d1 #aie ,fairies1 #ff ,falx1 !1 #eg ,f>n%am1 #fe ,fates1 !1 #agh ,fauns1 #fi ,fav]%am1 ,k5t1 #ahj1 #aie1 #baj ,fea/ ( ,fools1 !1 #adc-g ,fea!r$ ,angels1 #ge-g ,fecundity1 ,goddess (1 #ff1 #gb ,fiddle1 #dj1 #da1 #aec ,figur9es z l>es1 #bh ,f9$on1 ,nor?ampton%ire1 #abe ,fire1 #agh ,fi%1 #ahb ,flagellation1 #acd ,fl&]s1 a *ur* work%op1 #i1 #ae ,fle% hook1 #fc1 #hg1 #ahb ,fleur-de-lys1 #ci1 #agi ,flora1 #aeh ,fools1 #acj ,fools1 ! ,fea/ (1 #adc-g ,=eign c>v]s1 #i-ah ,fox1 !1 #eh-i1 #ahd-bab ,fox & ,grapes1 !1 #baj ,fox & ,/ork1 !1 #baj-a ,france1 #dh ,frank=t1 ,c\ncil (1 #cj1 #ii ,fr$eg>ius1 #aig ,freemasonry1 #af1 #ag ,fr5* "w = ,saxons1 #i ,frigga1 #ec ,freyr1 #aec ,furies1 !1 #agh ,gall[s1 !1 #bjg-i ,ganges1 !1 #agb ,g>gonilles1 #df1 #abi ,gaul1 #ff ,gaul1 ,bi%ops (1 #cj ,gauri1 #dc ,gauti] de ,co9si1 #cf ,gayton1 ,nor?ants1 #ha1 #hf1 #hg ,geese1 ,reyn>d's !ft (1 etc41 #aia1 #aie1 #aih1 #bjc ,gehul1 #aec ,george ,,iv41 #ag ,g]man t]aphim1 #bh2 paganism1 #cj ,g]many1 ,bi%ops (1 #cj ,gh5t1 #ahh ,gild1 cont9uity ! explanation ( cont9uity ( design1 #d1 #ce1 #aif 7see ,freemasonry7 ,gilds1 #gj ,glasg[1 #fe1 #ff1 #gg ,gl\ce/]1 #aie ,gluttony1 #hh ,goat1 !1 #fi1 #ga-c1 #ahg ,goe!1 #ahi ,gold5 ,bri/le1 #aec ,gorgon1 #abg ,go?ic ornam5t1 uses (1 etc41 #b1 #c2 "s *>act]i/ics (1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #aj1 #ai-bc1 #bd-bf1 #ce-ci1 #di1 #ed2 n didactic1 #bd-bf2 situations (1 #bac1 #bah ,g\da1 #ahh ,graces1 !1 #agh ,gravio1 ,c\nt1 #cj ,great ,malv]n1 #agb1 #bji ,grecian ,tr9ity1 #agg ,greek wit1 #f2 />-wor%ip1 #bh2 my?1 #cd1 #da1 #agg-h2 art1 #cf-cg2 symbolism #gd2 dances1 #adg ,grimace-mak]s1 #acj1 #acc ,grimb>t1 ! ,badg]1 #ahi1 #aia-c ,grimm1 #ahf ,gryphon1 #abe1 #aeh ,guild=d1 ,surrey1 #aag-h ,gull9bru/i1 #aec ,hades1 #db1 #afa ,ha5ir1 #agg ,hak1 #agh ,hamp%ire1 #ba1 #cc1 #agb ,hang+ ( ! ,cat1 #bji ,hang+ ( ! ,fox1 #bjg-h ,h>e1 !1 #ajf-g1 #ahb1 #ahi1 #aib1 #aid1 #bjc ,h>leian ,,mss41 #ajd ,h>ma*is1 #aeh ,h>p1 !1 #adj-a1 #aec1 #aed1 #aee ,h>py1 !1 #d1 #aaa1 #aff1 #aha ,hebrew ,t]aphim1 #bh ,hecate1 #da1 #db ,heliopolis1 ,tr9ity (1 #agh ,hell1 #dh1 #hd1 #ajd ,hell's ,m\?1 #fj-fc1 #ajc1 #aif ,h51 !1 #aie1 #bjc ,h5n+ ! ,cock1 #aij ,h5ry ,,vi41 #af1 #fb ,h5ry ,,vii4's ,*apel1 #aj1 #ia1 #ie1 #adh1 #aef1 #agc ,h5ry ,,viii41 #af1 #di ,h]a1 #agg ,h]aldry1 cant+1 #agc ,h]aldry & ?ree-fold repetitions1 #agi ,h]cules1 #adh1 #agg ,h]e=d1 #aie ,h]odotus1 #bh1 #ej ,h]t=d%ire1 #aji ,het-h]1 #afg ,hexagon1 symbolic1 #agi ,hezekiah1 #gd ,h9doo my?1 #bh1 #db-de1 #ej1 #ec1 #aec1 #agh ,h+e ! ,cat1 #aia ,hippocampus1 ,l9coln1 #bf ,hippo-c5taurs1 #afa ,hobgobl9s1 #ff ,hog>?1 #bj1 #ba ,holy ,cross1 ,/rat=d-on-,avon1 #fj ,holy ,tr9ity1 ,hull1 #aci-dj ,hold]ness1 #ajf ,hom]1 #afj ,hone1 #ahj ,hopton1 #agd ,horace1 #aeg ,horns1 #gj2 ,horn1 #gc ,horse1 !1 #afb1 #aci ,horse-lee*1 #aaj-a ,horus1 #de1 #dh1 #ej-ef1 #eg1 #gb1 #agg1 #agh ,hull1 #aj1 #ajj1 #aci-dj ,hum\r1 ( nations1 #f1 #g2 def9$1 #bj ,hunt+1 #adj ,huntsman1 #aci ,hu/]lo1 #aib ,hypocrisy1 #ih ,ibis1 #afg ,icel&1 #aec ,idun1 #gf ,iffley1 #di1 #abf1 #afb1 #afc ,imag]y 9 ,ar*itecture & ,language comp>$1 #a-c ,impud5ce1 #aji ,indec5cy 9 *ur*1 #adc-g1 #aej-a ,india1 #agb ,indian mask1 #abc-d ,indian my?ology1 ,ea/1 #ff1 #fi1 #agh ,indian ,tr9ity1 ,am]ican1 #agg ,indra1 #agh ,ir5aeus1 #gc ,irrev]5ce 9 art expla9$ 9 "p1 #h ,isaiah1 #gd ,is5gr9us1 #ahg ,isis1 #da1 #db1 #de1 #ej1 #agg ,islip1 ,bi%op1 #agc ,italian work]s 9 ,engl&1 #i1 #aj1 #ac ,italy1 #da ,italy1 ,bi%ops (1 #cj ,janus1 #ahj ,japanese 7crocodile71 #de ,jesus ,college1 ,cambridge1 #ib ,joke1 !1 #f ,jonah1 #aab-c1 #aig ,jo]mung>d1 #de ,jove 7,jupit]71 #aa ,july1 #ahc ,juno1 #agg ,jupit]1 #ba1 #eg1 #adh1 #aeh1 #agg1 #agh1 #aha ,jurassic reptiles1 #ade ,keltic dragons1 #di ,k5t1 #ge1 #ahj1 #ahb ,khum1 #agh ,k+ ,ar?ur1 #fi ,k+ ,edw>d ! ,confessor1 #i ,k+ ,edw>d ,,iii41 #ag ,k+ ,edw>d ,,iv41 #di ,k+ ,george ,,iv41 #ag ,k+ ,h5ry ,,vi41 #af1 #fb ,k+ ,h5ry ,,vii41 #adg ,k+ ,h5ry ,,vii4 ,*apel1 #aj1 #agc ,k+ ,h5ry ,,viii41 #af1 #di ,k+'s ,college1 ,cambridge1 #aj1 #acc ,lampe ! ,h>e1 #aib1 #aid ,l>es1 #dc ,laught] ( nations1 #f-g2 def9$1 #bj ,lect]n1 #bjb ,leice/]1 #aif ,lel&1 ,john1 #af ,lemon1 #aci-dj ,leo1 #aeh ,leop>d1 ,!1 #ahi ,l9coln ,ca!dral1 #c1 #i1 #ch1 #ea1 #ed1 #fc1 #abh1 #acc ,l9coln%ire1 #aa1 #agd ,l9d-drake1 #dg ,l9d5 worm1 #dg ,l9d5 tree1 #dg ,l9e ( ,beauty1 #bj ,lion1 #e1 #aeh1 #ahc1 #ahg1 #ahi-ij1 #baj-a1 #bae ,lioness1 ,!1 #aic ,little-tru/1 ,lettice1 #aja ,lodur1 #agg ,loki1 #gf1 #gg ,love1 #ec ,lubeck1 #ahh ,lucif]1 #ec1 #gf ,ludl[1 #ii1 #ajb1 #ajc ,luna1 #da1 #dc ,lun> calculations ( ,mosaic sy/em1 #agf ,lunus1 #dc ,lydda1 #dg ,lynn1 #aa1 #agd ,macrobius1 #cb ,magdal5 ,college1 ,ox=d1 #aie ,magi1 ,adoration ( !1 #aac-e ,maid/one1 #ahb ,maimonides1 ! ,rabbi1 #bg ,malep>t1 #aij1 #aic ,malv]n1 ,great1 #agb1 #bji ,man*e/]1 #ed1 #ee1 #bjc-d1 #aie1 #aif ,m&ragora images1 #bh ,mann1 ,mr4 ,rob]t1 #ff ,mant1 #agg ,m>e & foal1 ! /ory (1 #aic ,m>s1 #ba ,m>ks1 sculptors'1 ignor$2 an example is on p4 #ajc ,m>t9mas1 #aci1 #aed ,m>t9 ! ,ape1 #aib-c ,m>y1 ! ,virg91 #cd1 #db1 #hb1 #hc ,masks & ,faces1 #aba-acc ,meaux ,abbey1 ,york%ire1 #aj ,memphis1 ,tr9ity (1 #agh ,m5des1 #gb ,m5tu1 #agg ,m]*ant m>k1 #agd ,m]cury1 #ba1 #di1 #gh1 #aec1 #aeh1 #afg ,m]5phtah1 #agh ,m]maid1 #afj ,messon1 #agg ,mexican my?1 #aeg ,mice1 #dj1 #dc1 #bji ,mi*ael ,angelo1 #aj1 #ac ,midsumm] ,wat*1 #gg ,milan1 ,c\ncil (1 #cf ,m9]va1 #ba1 #gd1 #agg ,miracle ,plays1 #gj ,mirror ( ,human ,salvation1 !1 #aac ,mis]icordes1 #bd-e1 #aha1 #bae1 #bag ,mi?ras1 #agf ,mon/rosity1 #adg ,montflaucon1 #aig ,moon wor%ip1 #cb1 #dj1 #dc ,morris ,dance1 #add1 #adg ,mosaic sy/em1 #ca2 ,ark1 #aei1 #age2 n ! orig9al ( pagan my?1 #age-f ,moses1 #fb1 #gd1 #age ,m\? ( ,hell1 #fj1 #fc ,m[]s1 #ahb ,mumm+1 #gj1 #afh ,music1 #adj1 #aeb ,monograms1 #ab ,my/]y ,plays1 #cb1 #dh1 #gj1 #hb1 #ajc1 #aab1 #adb-c ,my?ic orig9 ( ,*ur* c>v+s1 #cd-ei ,na*as*1 #gc ,nantwi*1 ,*e%ire1 #aif1 #bjd-e1 #bjh ,n>bonne1 ! ,c\ncil (1 #cj ,nebhetp1 #agh ,nef]-,atum1 #agh ,neptune1 #ba1 #agh ,n]ites1 #ej ,nessus ! ,c5taur1 #afb ,new ,college1 ,ox=d1 #eh-i1 #ha1 #hd-e1 #ih1 #ajf1 #adi ,nice1 #cf ,nicea1 ! ,c\ncil (1 #cj ,nicodemus1 ! ,gospel (1 #fj ,nile1 ! ,riv]1 #de1 #ga1 #aeh ,nilus1 #de1 #aeh2 ,/4 ,nilus1 see ,sa9ts ,nobodies1 #aga ,non-descripts1 #afi-agb ,norfolk1 #dh1 #ge1 #aie ,norman c>v+s1 #di1 #abe1 #abg1 #abi1 #afc1 #baa1 #bac2 fonts #ae ,nor? ,/oke1 #aai ,nor?ampton%ire1 #ad1 #bb1 #ha1 #hd1 #hf-g1 #aja1 #abe ,norwi*1 #dh1 #ge1 #aie ,not*-heads1 #abd-e ,n\vel ! ,lion1 #ahi ,numb]s1 ! ,book (1 #agf ,nuns1 #ajf-g ,nurs]y ,rhymes1 #ci ,oak1 !1 #adh1 #aha ,od91 #de1 #ec1 #fi1 #agg ,opas1 #agg ,orleans1 ! ,c\ncil (1 #adc ,ornam5t1 ! use ( ,go?ic1 #b ,oromasdes1 #agf ,orus 7see ,horus71 #ej1 #gb ,osiris1 #da1 #de1 #ej1 #eg1 #aeh1 #agg ,otkon1 #agg ,ox1 #ga1 #gc1 #afj ,ox=d1 #eh1 #ei1 #ga1 #gf1 #ha1 #hd1 #he1 #ig1 #ajd-f1 #adi1 #aea1 #aie ,ox=d%ire1 #di1 #fj1 #fd-e1 #fg1 #aje1 #aba-b1 #acc1 #aei ,paganism1 +ra9$ among nations1 #bg ,pallas1 #agg ,palm] ,fox1 #eh ,pan1 #ba1 #gb-c1 #aje ,pan!ism1 #cb ,pan!r1 !1 #aei ,p>is1 ,paul91 #aig ,p>ody1 a *>act]i/ic ( ,greek wit1 #g ,patala1 #db ,pa/oral /aves1 #di ,pausanius1 #dd ,pegasus1 #afb ,pep91 #cj ,p]cy ,%r9e1 #c ,p]p5dicul> ,ornam5t1 #bag ,p]sephone1 #da ,p]seus1 #df1 #eg ,p]sian ,tr9ity1 #agf ,pet]bor\gh1 #aie ,philaean ,tr9ity1 #agf ,philippians1 ! ,epi/le to !1 #aif ,phipson1 ,miss1 #ad1 #aji1 & preface ,phyrric ,dance1 !1 #adg ,picture ,bible1 !1 #aac1 #aig ,pig & ,:i/le1 #aee1 #aef ,pig1 & o!r ,animal ,musicians1 !1 #aaj1 #aeb-f ,piggy-widdy1 #aed ,pilgremage ( ! ,s[le1 !1 #agj ,pipes1 ,d\ble1 #aee ,planet symbols1 #bh ,plato1 #bh ,plut>*1 #da ,plut]esques1 #bah ,pluto1 #db1 #agg-h ,poor ,man's ,bible1 !1 #aac1 #aig ,poppy1 ,assyrian1 #ahb ,pott]y1 #ce ,prea*+ ,fox1 !1 #ahd1 #aif-bjd ,priapus1 #gc ,prideaux1 ,bi%op1 #cj ,prie/ sleep+1 #ajf1 #aaj-a ,prosp]9e1 #cb1 #da-b1 #agg ,protevan1 #hb ,psy*e1 #agf ,pta1 #agg-h ,pulpits1 #ahd1 #aig-h1 #bja ,puranas1 #dc ,py?on1 !1 #df ,ra1 #afh1 #agg ,rabbi ,maimonides1 #bg ,rahu1 #dd ,ram1 !1 #gb1 #ahg1 #aib ,ram ,bell91 #aib-c ,ram's ,head1 #ai ,ram1 ! ,h9doo deity1 #bh ,rebuses1 #ab1 #agc-d ,record+ ,imps1 #gh-i1 #ha1 #hd-e1 #ajc ,r$ ,sea1 !1 #ej ,re9*e ,bos1 #ahh ,r5>t le ,contrefet1 #ahh ,reyn>d ! ,fox1 #ahd ,reyn>d ! ,fox1 ! mo/ delectable hi/ory (1 #ahh ,ripon1 #e1 #aab-c1 #abd1 #acf-g1 #aee1 #aga1 #aie-h1 #baa ,ro*e/]1 #abg ,rogation1 #dh ,roman de ,r5>t1 #ahh ,roman ,tr9ity1 #agg ,roman1 ,wit bitt] & l[1 #f-g2 my?1 #db-c ,roman "w = ,saxons1 #i ,roscommon1 ! ,poet1 #aeg ,roslyn ,*apel1 #abh-i ,ro/ock1 #ahh ,ro?well1 ,nor?ants1 #hd ,sabean ,idolatry1 #bh ,sackville ! ,poet1 #fc ,sacr$ ,m>ks1 #ajc 7block71 #agi ,saehrimnir1 #aec ,sagitt>ius1 #afb-e ,sa9ts--,adrian1 #ii ,an?ony1 #aed ,augu/9e1 #ca ,b>?olomew's1 ,smi?field1 #agc ,b]n>d ( ,clairvaux1 #bc1 #bg1 #cf-g ,britius1 #ha ,ci>an1 #afb ,cross1 ,hospital (1 ,w9*e/]1 #ajj ,george1 #dg-h1 #eg ,george's ,*apel1 ,w9dsor1 #aj1 #afg1 #aie-f1 #bjc ,g]trude1 #dc ,hel5's1 ,ab+don1 #bah ,john1 #di1 #aah ,ka!r9e's1 ,reg5t's ,p>k1 #gh1 #ha1 #hc1 #hf1 #afi ,keyne1 #df ,lucy1 #acd-e ,luke1 #gc ,m>?a1 #df ,mi*ael1 #dg1 #gf ,m>t9's1 ,leice/]1 #aif ,m>t91 #ha ,m>y's1 ,bev]ley1 #abc 7see ,bev]ley7 ,m>y's1 ,fav]%am1 #ahj ,m>y's ,m9/]1 ,?anet1 #ig1 #abb-c1 #acj-a1 #aie ,nessan1 #afb ,ni*olas's1 ,lynn1 #aa-b1 #agd ,ni*olas1 #agi ,nilus1 #cf ,paul's1 ,b$=d1 #age ,paul's1 ,london1 #cb1 #aji ,pet]'s-9-!-,ea/1 ,ox=d1 #abf ,roma91 #df ,salus1 #agh ,samb>1 #ej ,samson1 #aih ,sani1 #ec ,satan1 #dh1 #fb1 #gj1 #ajd-f1 #agj ,satanic ,repres5tations1 #fd-gg1 #gh-aje ,sa?anus1 #agj ,satire1 #ahe ,satires )\t ,satan1 #ajf-aa ,satyrs1 #fi ,saturn1 #ba1 #eg ,saturnalia1 #adc ,saxon "w1 #i ,sc&9avian my?ology1 #de1 #gf1 #aec1 #aeg2 ,tr9ity1 #agg ,sc>abaeus1 #agh ,scriptural ,illu/rations1 #aab-abj ,scylla1 #afj ,scy!s1 #ahb ,sea-horse 7hippocampus71 #bf ,seals1 #h1 & end ( ,index ,septemb]1 #adj1 #aed ,s]aphim1 #gd ,s]apis1 #db ,s]p5t1 !1 #dd-e1 #fj-a1 #gc-e1 #gg ,sex ( ! ,moon1 #dc ,%eep1 #gb1 #adb ,%ell1 #ej-a1 #ed-e1 #eg-i1 #aei ,%ell ,*ild1 !1 #ej-i1 #aei ,%eph]d1 #gb1 #adb ,%]borne1 #acd-e1 #bjh ,%iva1 #ff ,sigurd1 #df ,s9 s]ies ( c>v+s1 #gh-aaa ,sirius1 #db ,sismondi1 #ca ,si/rum1 #da1 #dc ,situations ( ,*ur* ,grotesques1 #bac-h ,siva1 #agh ,sl&]]s1 #hb ,sl$ges1 #fc ,smu1 #ej ,snail1 #eg-h ,solomon1 ,k+1 #fb ,s\rces ( mat]ial = ,go?ic grotesques1 ,g5]al1 #d ,s\?leigh1 #fc ,speculum ,humanae ,salvationis1 #aac ,sp]ke1 ,john 7#aebj71 #agd ,sp9x1 !1 #aeh-i ,spr+s1 #ff ,,ss41 ! lett]1 & ,coll> (1 #eg ,/an=d1 ,b]k%ire1 #ah ,/> ,wor%ip1 #bg-h ,/>s & ,/ripes1 #agi ,/atute ( ,lab\r]s1 #ag ,/oeffl]1 #ada ,/[langcr(t1 #aif ,/rat=d-on-,avon1 #fj1 #abi ,suffolk1 ,du*ess ( 7ob4 #adge71 #gf ,sun1 #afg ,sun ,fea/1 #aec ,sun ,wor%ip1 #cb1 #cg1 #db1 #dd-ei1 #ga1 #aec1 #aeh1 #afb1 #age1 #baj-a ,sup]/ition1 ,horn1 #gc ,supreme ,intellect1 !1 #gd ,surya1 #ec1 #agh ,sutton ,c\rtney1 #abh-i ,sutton-9-,hold]ness1 #ajf ,swan1 #afg ,sw>1 #db ,swa?+ ( ,infants1 #aad ,sw>hanu1 #ec ,sw$51 #aec ,sw9e1 ,york%ire1 #ajf-g1 #aji1 #abi-cj ,symbolism & ,fable1 #ahf ,symbols ( wor%ip a g5]al s\rce ( ,go?ic ornam5t1 #d1 #bg ,syd]esys1 #agj ,syria1 #dg ,tabor 7drum71 #ig ,t>asque1 #df ,tau ,cross1 !1 #cd1 #dc-d ,taurus1 #gc ,telephorus1 #agh ,t]aphim1 #bh ,teutonic appreciation ( hum\r1 #g ,?anet1 ,isle (1 #ig1 #abb1 #acj-a1 #aie ,!ban ,tr9ity1 #agg ,!ophylact1 #adc ,?irlwall1 #cc ,?o?1 #gh1 #afg ,?ree1 ! numb]1 #afb 7see ,tr9ities7 ,?ree bran*$ rod1 #ajc 7block71 #afb1 #aha-b ,"t1 ,fa!r1 #eg ,titian1 #db ,topsey-turveyism1 #adi ,torregiano1 #aj ,tree ( ,k1 !1 #gd ,trefoil1 !1 #afb1 #agh-i ,trial ( ,m>y & ,joseph1 #hb ,trigla1 #ahj ,tr9ities1 #afh1 #age-ahc ,tufton ,/reet ,ar*itectural ,museum1 #ab ,tum1 ! ,sett+ ,sun1 #agh ,typhon1 #dd-eg1 #fd-e ,unse5 ,witness1 !1 #gi1 #he1 #hf1 #hg ,vali1 #aad ,vanity1 #ig ,v$ie ,tr9ity1 #agh ,v5us1 #ba1 #ec1 #aaa1 #adh ,veximiel1 #fb ,virgil1 !1 #afj-a ,virg9 ,m>y1 !1 #cj1 #db1 #hb-c ,virgo1 #aeh ,vi%nu1 #ec1 #aec1 #agh ,vulcan1 #adh1 #agg ,wall pa9t+s comp>$ ) c>v+s1 #aad-aag1 #aai-bj ,wake ,knot1 #bjg-h ,well+bor\gh1 #ad1 #ae1 #bb1 #cd1 #aja1 #aie1 #bae ,wells1 #fe1 #gg1 #aej ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 #i1 #aj1 #ia-ie1 #ig1 #aji-aaj1 #abc-d1 #aef1 #agc ,:eelb>r[s1 #ace-g1 #aif ,:i/l+ ,maid1 !1 #ajd-e ,:i/l+ :ile draw+ ale1 #aje ,:ite1 ,wm4 7#aebj71 #agc-d ,wi*1 ,bi%op de la1 #abd1 #aha ,w9*e/]1 #fd1 #ajj1 #aaa1 #ade1 #aed1 #aff1 #aie ,w9dsor1 #aj1 #afg1 #aie1 #bjc1 #bjh ,w9k+ ,nun1 !1 #ajf-g ,wolf1 !1 #ahg1 #ahi1 #aib2 /ory ( ! wolf's head1 #ahg ,wolfius1 #aif ,worce/]1 #aac-e1 #adb1 #afj1 #afa1 #ahb-c1 #bjc ,worm ( consci5ce1 !1 #agj ,wright1 ,?omas1 #aig ,wyv]n1 !1 #dg ,york1 #fc1 #fe1 #gg1 #abi-cj1 #adj1 #adh ,york%ire1 #aj1 #fc1 #fe1 #gg1 #ajf-g1 #aji1 #abg 7see ,bev]ley7 ,yule1 #aec ,zeus1 #agg ,zi!r1 #aff ,zodiac1 #de1 #ec ,,footnotes3 #a ,e>ly 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury unruly conv]ts ( ! ,abbey ( ,meaux1 ,york%ire1 71 to humble _! pride1 made /onemasons1 etc4 #b ,( ,*ri/1 ! ,virg91 & sa9ts only4 ,x is "h quot$ z evid5ce ( a t5d5cy4 ,x is pla9 t ! c\ncil protect$ itself1 = ! foll[+ di/i* is attribut$ to x1 :i* sums up ! orig9al int5t ( all images-- ,id ,deus e/1 quod ,imago docet1 s$ non deus ipse2 ,hanc ,videas1 s$ m5te colas2 quod cemis 9 ipse4 :i* ,prideaux1 ,bi%op ( ,worce/]1 translates 7#afha73 ,a ,god ! ,image repres5ts1 ,b is no ,god 9 k9d2 ,t's ! eye's object1 :at x %ews ,! object ( ! m9d4 #c ,yet ! ,h9doo signification ( ,typhon is ! p[] ( de/ruction by heat4 ,9 ?is we h ano!r piece ( evid5ce t bo? ! good & ! bad ( ! fable are ref]rable to ! sun z 8 v>y+ attributes1 & probably describe 8 p>ticul> effects at v>i\s portions ( ! zodiacal ye>4 ,! true1 or r ! close1 mean+ ( ! v>i\s acc\nts is obscur$ & confus$2 fir/ly1 by imp]fect k z to ! geographical situations :]e ! idea ( ! zodiac 0 conceiv$ & develop$2 secondly1 by ! gradual precession ( ! ,equ9oxes dur+ ! ages :i* h elaps$ s9ce su* conception4 #d ,mr4 ,rob]t ,mann4 #e ,sutton-9-,hold]ness4 #f ,roscommon4 #g ,hone4 #h ,! ,*ur* ,treasury1 by ,william ,&rews1 #ahih1 p4 #aic4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,passages 9 italics are indicat$ by italics4 ,! orig9al text includes ,greek *>act]s4 ,= ?is text v]sion ^! lett]s h be5 replac$ ) translit]ations4 ,! orig9al text conta9s a hi]oglyph4 ,?is is not$ 9 ?is text z symbol4