99       99       99       99       99  
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-------------------      ,transcrib]'s  
,note3                                  
,inconsi/5t hyph5ation 9 ! orig9al      
docum5t has           be5 pres]v$4      
,obvi\s typographical errors h be5      
correct$4 ,=           a complete li/1  
please see ! end ( ?is docum5t4         
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-------------------         99       99 
99       99       99                    
#be ,,c5ts                              
,,socialism                             
,,utopian ,,& ,,sci5tific               
,by ,fr$]ick ,engels                    
,illu/ration3 ,labor                    
,,*>les ,h4 ,,k]r  ,,company            
,publi%]s ,,*icago     ,,pr9t$ ,,9      
,u4,s4,a4       ,,socialism    ,,utopian
 ,,& ,,sci5tific     ,,by    ,,fr$]ick  
,,engels     ,,translat$ ,,by ,,edw>d   
,,avel+   ,d4,sc41 ,fell[ ( ,univ]sity  
,college1 ,london     ,,) ,a ,,special  
,,introduction ,,by ,,! ,,au?or         

,,*icago   ,,*>les ,h4 ,,k]r  ,,company 
,,publi%]',s ,,note   ,socialism1       
,utopian & ,sci5tific ne$s no preface4  
,x ranks ) ! ,communi/ ,manife/o z "o ( 
! indisp5sable books = any "o desir+ to 
und]/& ! mod]n sociali/ movem5t4 ,x has 
be5 translat$ into e language :]e       
capitalism prevails1 & its circulation  
is m rapid ?an ev] be=e4  ,9 #aijj1 :5  
our publi%+ h\se _h j begun !           
circulation ( sociali/ books1 we br\ght 
out ! fir/ ,am]ican repr9t ( ! au?oriz$ 
translation ( ?is "w4 ,! _m editions    
requir$ by ! gr[+ dem& h worn out !     
plates1 & we are n[ repr9t+ x 9 m       
attractive =m4  ,x w be obs]v$ t ! au?or
 9 8 introduction says t f #ahhc to     
#ahib1 #bj1jjj copies ( ! book 7 sold 9 
,g]many4 ,our own sales ( ! book 9      
,am]ica f #aijj to #aijh 7 n less ?an   
#cj1jjj4  ,la/ ye> we publi%$ ! fir/    
,engli% v]sion ( ! l>g] "w to :i* !     
au?or ref]s 9 ! op5+ page ( 8           
introduction4 ,! translation is by ,au/9
 ,lewis1 & be>s ! title ,l&m>ks (       

,sci5tific ,socialism 7clo?1 #a4jj74 ,x 
includes ! great] portion ( ! orig9al   
"w1 omitt+ :at is pres5t$ "h1 & also "s 
( ! p]sonalities due to ! heat (        
controv]sy4  ,fr$]ick ,engels is second 
only to ,k>l ,m>x among sociali/ writ]s1
 & 8 influ5ce 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is only 
beg9n+4                                 
,c4,h4,k4    ,june1 #aijh4              
,,introduction   ,! pres5t little book  
is1 orig9ally1 a "p ( a l>g] :ole4 ,ab\t
 #ahge1 ,dr4 ,e4 ,duehr+1 privatdoc5t at
 ,b]l9 ,univ]sity1 sudd5ly & r          
clamor\sly ann\nc$ 8 conv]sion to       
,socialism1 & pres5t$ ! ,g]man public n 
only ) an elaborate ,sociali/ !ory1 b   
also ) a complete practical plan = !    
reorganization ( society4 ,z a matt] (  
c\rse1 he fell f\l ( 8 pr$ecessors2     
above all1 he honor$ ,m>x by p\r+ out ^u
 him ! full vials ( 8 wra?4  ,?is took  
place ab\t ! "t :5 ! two sections ( !   
,sociali/ p>ty 9 ,g]many--,eis5a*]s &   
,lassallians--_h j effect$ _! fusion1 & 
?us obta9$ n only an imm5se increase (  

/r5g?1 b1 :at 0 m1 ! faculty ( employ+ !
 :ole ( ?is /r5g? aga9/ ! common enemy4 
,! ,sociali/ p>ty 9 ,g]many 0 fa/ becom+
 a p[]4 ,b to make x a p[]1 ! fir/      
condition 0 t ! newly-conqu]$ unity %\ld
 n be imp]il$4 ,& ,dr4 ,duehr+ op5ly    
proce$$ to =m ar\nd himself a sect1 !   
nucleus ( a future sep>ate p>ty4 ,x ?us 
became necess>y to take up ! gauntlet   
?r[n d[n to u1 & to fight out ! /ruggle 
:e!r we lik$ x or n4  ,?is1 h[ev]1 ?\gh 
x might n be an ov] difficult1 0        
evid5tly a long-w9d$1 bus9ess4 ,z is    
well kn[n1 we ,g]mans are ( a t]ribly   
pond]\s ,gru5dli*keit1 radical pr(undity
 or pr(\nd radicality1 :atev] y may l to
 call x4 ,:5ev] anyone ( u exp\nds :at  
he consid]s a new doctr9e1 he has fir/  
to elaborate x into an all-compris+     
sy/em4 ,he has to prove t bo? ! fir/    
pr9ciples ( logic & ! fundam5tal laws ( 
! univ]se _h exi/$ f all et]nity = no   
o!r purpose ?an to ultimately lead to   
?is newly-discov]$1 cr[n+ !ory4 ,& ,dr4 
,duehr+1 9 ?is respect1 0 q up to !     

national m>k4 ,no?+ less ?an a complete 
,sy/em ( ,philosophy1 m5tal1 moral1     
natural1 & hi/orical2 a complete ,sy/em 
( ,political ,economy & ,socialism2 &1  
f9ally1 a ,critical ,hi/ory ( ,political
 ,economy--?ree big volumes 9 octavo1   
heavy extr9sically & intr9sically1 ?ree 
army-corps ( argum5ts mobiliz$ aga9/ all
 previ\s philosoph]s & economi/s 9      
g5]al1 & aga9/ ,m>x 9 p>ticul>--9 fact1 
an attempt at a complete revolution 9   
sci5ce--^! 7 :at ,i %\ld h to tackle4 ,i
 _h to treat ( all & e possible subject1
 f ! concepts ( "t & space to           
,bimetallism2 f ! et]nity ( matt] &     
motion to ! p]i%able nature ( moral     
ideas2 f ,d>w9's natural selection to ! 
education ( y\? 9 a future society4     
,anyh[1 ! sy/ematic compreh5siv5ess ( my
 oppon5t gave me ! opportunity (        
develop+1 9 opposition to him1 & 9 a m  
connect$ =m ?an _h previ\sly be5 done1 !
 views held by ,m>x & myself on ?is     
great v>iety ( subjects4 ,& t 0 !       
pr9cipal reason :i* made me und]take ?is

 o!rwise ungrateful task4  ,my reply 0  
fir/ publi%$ 9 a s]ies ( articles 9 !   
,leipzig ,vorwa]ts1 ! *ief organ ( !    
,sociali/ p>ty1 & lat] on z a book3     
,h]rn ,eug5 ,duehr+'s ,umwaelzung d]    
,wiss5s*aft 7,mr4 ,e4 ,duehr+'s         
,revolution 9 ,sci5ce71 a second edition
 ( :i* appe>$ 9 ,zu]i*1 #ahhf4  ,at !   
reque/ ( my fri5d1 ,paul ,laf>gue1 n[   
repres5tative ( ,lille 9 ! ,fr5* ,*amb] 
( ,deputies1 ,i arrang$ ?ree *apt]s (   
?is book z a pamphlet1 :i* he translat$ 
& publi%$ 9 #ahhj1 "u ! title3          
,socialisme utopique et ,socialisme     
sci5tifique4 ,f ?is ,fr5* text a ,poli% 
& a ,spani% edition 7 prep>$4 ,9 #ahhc1 
our ,g]man fri5ds br\ght out ! pamphlet 
9 ! orig9al language4 ,italian1         
,russian1 ,dani%1 ,dut*1 & ,r\manian    
translations1 bas$ ^u ! ,g]man text1 h  
s9ce be5 publi%$4 ,?us1 ) ! pres5t      
,engli% edition1 ?is little book        
circulates 9 t5 languages4 ,i am n aw>e 
t any o!r ,sociali/ "w1 n ev5 our       
,communi/ ,manife/o ( #ahdh or ,m>x's   

,capital1 has be5 s (t5 translat$4 ,9   
,g]many x has _h f\r editions ( ab\t    
#bj1jjj copies 9 all4  ,! economic t]ms 
us$ 9 ?is "w1 z f> z !y are new1 agree )
 ^? us$ 9 ! ,engli% edition ( ,m>x's    
,capital4 ,we call production (         
commodities t economic phase :]e        
articles are produc$ n only = ! use ( ! 
produc]s1 b also = purposes ( ex*ange2 t
 is1 z commodities1 n z use-values4 ,?is
 phase ext5ds f ! fir/ beg9n+s (        
production = ex*ange d[n to our pres5t  
"t2 x atta9s its full developm5t "u     
capitali/ production only1 t is1 "u     
conditions :]e ! capitali/1 ! own] ( !  
means ( production1 employs1 = wages1   
labor]s1 p depriv$ ( all means (        
production except _! own labor-p[]1 &   
pockets ! excess ( ! sell+ price ( !    
products ov] 8 outlay4 ,we divide !     
hi/ory ( indu/rial production s9ce !    
,middle ,ages into ?ree p]iods3 7#a7    
h&icraft1 small ma/] craftsm5 ) a few   
j\rneym5 & appr5tices1 :]e ea* labor]   
produces ! complete article2 7#b7       

manufacture1 :]e great] numb]s ( workm51
 gr\p$ 9 "o l>ge e/abli%m5t1 produce !  
complete article on ! pr9ciple (        
division ( labor1 ea* workman p]=m+ only
 "o p>tial op]ation1 s t ! product is   
complete only aft] hav+ pass$           
successively ?r\gh ! h&s ( all2 7#c7    
mod]n indu/ry1 :]e ! product is produc$ 
by ma*9]y driv5 by p[]1 & :]e ! "w ( !  
labor] is limit$ to sup]9t5d+ & correct+
 ! p]=mances ( ! me*anical ag5t4  ,i am 
p]fectly aw>e t ! cont5ts ( ?is "w w    
meet ) objection f a consid]able portion
 ( ! ,briti% public4 ,b if we           
,cont95tals _h tak5 ! slighte/ notice ( 
! prejudices ( ,briti% respectability1  
we %\ld be ev5 worse (f ?an we are4 ,?is
 book def5ds :at we call hi/orical      
mat]ialism1 & ! ^w mat]ialism grates ^u 
! e>s ( ! imm5se majority ( ,briti%     
read]s4 ,agno/icism might be tol]at$1 b 
mat]ialism is utt]ly inadmissible4  ,&  
yet ! orig9al home ( all mod]n          
mat]ialism1 f ! sev5te5? c5tury onw>ds1 
is ,engl&4  ,mat]ialism is !            

natural-born son ( ,great ,brita94      
,already ! ,briti% s*oolman1 ,duns      
,scotus1 ask$1 ':e!r x 0 impossible =   
matt] to ?9k8'  ,9 ord] to effect ?is   
miracle1 he took refuge 9 ,god's        
omnipot5ce1 i4e41 he made !ology prea*  
mat]ialism4 ,moreov]1 he 0 a nom9ali/4  
,nom9alism1 ! fir/ =m ( mat]ialism1 is  
*iefly f\nd among ! ,engli% s*oolm54  ,!
 real prog5itor ( ,engli% mat]ialism is 
,bacon4 ,to him natural philosophy is ! 
only true philosophy1 & physics bas$ ^u 
! exp]i5ce ( ! s5ses is ! *iefe/ "p (   
natural philosophy4 ,anaxagoras & 8     
homoiom]iae1 ,democritus & 8 atoms1 he  
(t5 quotes z 8 au?orities4 ,accord+ to  
him ! s5ses are infallible & ! s\rce (  
all k4 ,all sci5ce is bas$ on exp]i5ce1 
& consi/s 9 subject+ ! data furni%$ by !
 s5ses to a rational me?od (            
inve/igation4 ,induction1 analysis1     
comp>ison1 obs]vation1 exp]im5t1 are !  
pr9cipal =ms ( su* a rational me?od4    
,among ! qualities inh]5t 9 matt]1      
motion is ! fir/ & =emo/1 n only 9 ! =m 

( me*anical & ma!matical motion1 b      
*iefly 9 ! =m ( an impulse1 a vital _s1 
a t5sion--or a 'qual1' to use a t]m (   
,jacob ,boehme's,a--( matt]4  ,9 ,bacon1
 its fir/ creator1 mat]ialism /ill      
occludes )9 itself ! g]ms ( a _m-sid$   
developm5t4 ,on ! "o h&1 matt]1 surr\nd$
 by a s5su\s1 poetic glam\r1 seems to   
attract man's :ole entity by w9n+       
smiles4 ,on ! o!r1 ! aphori/ically      
=mulat$ doctr9e pullulates )            
inconsi/5cies import$ f !ology4  ,9 its 
fur!r evolution1 mat]ialism becomes     
"o-sid$4 ,hobbes is ! man :o sy/ematizes
 ,baconian mat]ialism4 ,k bas$ ^u !     
s5ses loses its poetic blossom1 x passes
 into ! ab/ract exp]i5ce ( !            
ma!matician2 geometry is proclaim$ z !  
que5 ( sci5ces4 ,mat]ialism takes to    
misan?ropy4 ,if x is to ov]come its     
oppon5t1 misan?ropic1 fle%less          
spiritualism1 & t on ! latt]'s own      
gr\nd1 mat]ialism has to *a/ise its own 
fle% & turn ascetic4 ,?us1 f a s5sual1 x
 passes into an intellectual1 entity2 b 

?us1 too1 x evolves all ! consi/5cy1    
reg>dless ( consequ5ces1 *>act]i/ic ( ! 
intellect4  ,hobbes1 z ,bacon's         
cont9uator1 argues ?us3 if all human k  
is furni%$ by ! s5ses1 !n our concepts &
 ideas are b ! phantoms1 dive/$ ( _!    
s5sual =ms1 ( ! real _w4 ,philosophy c b
 give names to ^! phantoms4 ,"o "n may  
be appli$ to m ?an "o ( !m4 ,!re may ev5
 be names ( names4 ,x w\ld imply a      
contradiction if1 on ! "o h&1 we ma9ta9$
 t all ideas _h _! orig9 9 ! _w (       
s5sation1 &1 on ! o!r1 t a ^w 0 m ?an a 
^w2 t besides ! be+s kn[n to u by our   
s5ses1 be+s :i* are "o & all            
individuals1 !re exi/$ also be+s ( a    
g5]al1 n individual1 nature4 ,an        
unbodily sub/ance is ! same absurdity z 
an unbodily body4 ,body1 be+1 sub/ance1 
are b diff]5t t]ms = ! same reality4 ,x 
is impossible to sep>ate ?\ght f matt] t
 ?9ks4 ,?is matt] is ! sub/ratum ( all  
*anges go+ on 9 ! _w4 ,! ^w inf9ite is  
mean+less1 unless x /ates t our m9d is  
capable ( p]=m+ an endless process (    

addition4 ,only mat]ial ?+s be+         
p]ceptible to u1 we _c "k any?+ ab\t !  
exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,my own exi/5ce alone is
 c]ta94 ,e human passion is a me*anical 
movem5t :i* has a beg9n+ & an end4 ,!   
objects ( impulse are :at we call good4 
,man is subject to ! same laws z nature4
 ,p[] & fre$om are id5tical4  ,hobbes _h
 sy/ematiz$ ,bacon1 )\t1 h[ev]1 furni%+ 
a pro( = ,bacon's fundam5tal pr9ciple1 !
 orig9 ( all human k f ! _w ( s5sation4 
,x 0 ,locke :o1 9 8 ,essay on ! ,human  
,und]/&+1 suppli$ ?is pro(4  ,hobbes _h 
%att]$ ! !i/ic prejudices ( ,baconian   
mat]ialism2 ,coll9s1 ,dodwall1 ,c[>d1   
,h>tley1 ,prie/ley simil>ly %att]$ ! la/
 !ological b>s t /ill hemm$-9 ,locke's  
s5sationalism4 ,at all ev5ts1 =         
practical mat]iali/s1 ,!ism is b an     
easy-go+ way ( gett+ rid ( religion4,b  
,?us ,k>l ,m>x wrote ab\t ! ,briti%     
orig9 ( mod]n mat]ialism4 ,if ,engli%m5 
n[adays d n exactly reli% ! complim5t he
 paid _! ance/ors1 m's ! pity4 ,x is    
none ! less und5iable t ,bacon1 ,hobbes1

 & ,locke are ! fa!rs ( t brilliant     
s*ool ( ,fr5* mat]iali/s :i* made !     
eighte5? c5tury1 9 spite ( all battles  
on l& & sea won ov] ,fr5*m5 by ,g]mans &
 ,engli%m51 a pre-em95tly ,fr5* c5tury1 
ev5 be=e t cr[n+ ,fr5* ,revolution1 !   
results ( :i* we outsid]s1 9 ,engl& z   
well z 9 ,g]many1 are /ill try+ to      
acclimatize4  ,!re is no d5y+ x4 ,ab\t !
 middle ( ?is c5tury1 :at /ruck e       
cultivat$ =eign] :o set up 8 resid5ce 9 
,engl&1 01 :at he 0 !n b\nd to consid] !
 religi\s bigotry & /upidity ( ! ,engli%
 respectable middle-class4 ,we1 at t "t1
 7 all mat]iali/s1 or1 at lea/1 v       
advanc$ free?9k]s1 & to u x appe>$      
inconceivable t almo/ all educat$ p 9   
,engl& %\ld believe 9 all sorts (       
impossible miracles1 & t ev5 geologi/s l
 ,buckl& & ,mantell %\ld contort ! facts
 ( _! sci5ce s z n to cla% too mu* ) !  
my?s ( ! book ( ,g5esis2 :ile1 9 ord] to
 f9d p :o d>$ to use _! own intellectual
 faculties ) reg>d to religi\s matt]s1 y
 _h to g among/ ! un$ucat$1 ! great     

unwa%$1 z !y 7 !n call$1 ! work+ p1     
especially ! ,ow5ite ,sociali/s4  ,b    
,engl& has be5 civiliz$ s9ce !n4 ,!     
exhibition ( #ahea s\nd$ ! knell (      
,engli% insul> exclusiv5ess4 ,engl&     
became gradually int]nationaliz$1 9     
diet1 9 mann]s1 9 ideas2 s mu* s t ,i   
beg9 to wi% t "s ,engli% mann]s & cu/oms
 _h made z mu* headway on ! ,cont95t z  
o!r cont95tal habits h made "h4 ,anyh[1 
! introduction & spread ( salad-oil     
7be=e #ahea kn[n only to ! ari/ocracy7  
has be5 accompani$ by a fatal spread (  
cont95tal scepticism 9 matt]s religi\s1 
& x has come to ?is1 t agno/icism1 ?\gh 
n yet consid]$ ! ?+ q z mu* z ! ,*ur* ( 
,engl&1 is yet v ne>ly on a p>1 z f> z  
respectability goes1 ) ,baptism1 &      
decid$ly ranks above ! ,salvation ,army4
 ,& ,i _c help believ+ t "u ^!          
circum/ances x w be consol+ to _m :o    
s9c]ely regret & condemn ?is progress ( 
infidelity1 to le>n t ^! new-fangl$     
notions are n ( =eign orig91 are n made 
9 ,g]many1 l s _m o!r articles ( daily  

use1 b are und\bt$ly ,old ,engli%1 & t  
_! ,briti% orig9ators two hundr$ ye>s   
ago w5t a good deal fur!r ?an _!        
desc5dants n[ d>e to v5ture4  ,:at1     
inde$1 is agno/icism1 b1 to use an      
expressive ,lanca%ire t]m1 %amefac$     
mat]ialism8 ,! agno/ic's conception (   
,nature is mat]iali/ic ?r\gh\t4 ,!      
entire natural _w is gov]n$ by law1 &   
absolutely excludes ! int]v5tion (      
action f )\t4 ,b1 he adds1 we h no means
 ei!r ( asc]ta9+ or ( disprov+ ! exi/5ce
 ( "s ,supreme ,be+ beyond ! kn[n       
univ]se4 ,n[1 ?is might hold good at !  
"t :5 ,laplace1 to ,napoleon's "q1 :y 9 
! great a/ronom]'s ,mecanique cele/e !  
,creator 0 n ev5 m5tion$1 pr\dly repli$3
 ,je n'avais pas beso9 de cette hypo!se4
 ,b n[adays1 9 our evolution>y          
conception ( ! univ]se1 !re is          
absolutely no room = ei!r a ,creator or 
a ,rul]2 & to talk ( a ,supreme ,be+ %ut
 out f ! :ole exi/+ _w1 implies a       
contradiction 9 t]ms1 &1 z x seems to   
me1 a gratuit\s insult to ! feel+s (    

religi\s p4  ,aga91 our agno/ic admits t
 all our k is bas$ ^u ! in=mation imp>t$
 to u by our s5ses4 ,b1 he adds1 h[ d we
 "k t our s5ses give u correct          
repres5tations ( ! objects we p]ceive   
?r\gh !m8 ,& he proce$s to in=m u t1    
:5ev] he speaks ( objects or _!         
qualities1 he does 9 reality n mean ^!  
objects & qualities1 ( :i* he _c "k     
any?+ = c]ta91 b m]ely ! impressions :i*
 !y h produc$ on 8 s5ses4 ,n[1 ?is l9e (
 reason+ seems und\bt$ly h>d to beat by 
m]e argum5tation4 ,b be=e !re 0         
argum5tation1 !re 0 action4 ,im ,anfang 
w> die ,t4 ,& human action _h solv$ !   
difficulty long be=e human +5uity inv5t$
 x4 ,! pro( ( ! pudd+ is 9 ! eat+4 ,f ! 
mom5t we turn to our own use ^! objects1
 accord+ to ! qualities we p]ceive 9 !m1
 we put to an infallible te/ !          
correctness or o!rwise ( our            
s5se-p]ceptions4 ,if ^! p]ceptions h be5
 wrong1 !n our e/imate ( ! use to :i* an
 object c be turn$ mu/ also be wrong1 & 
our attempt mu/ fail4 ,b if we succe$ 9 

accompli%+ our aim1 if we f9d t ! object
 does agree ) our idea ( x1 & does answ]
 ! purpose we int5d$ x =1 !n t is       
positive pro( t our p]ceptions ( x & (  
its qualities1 s f>1 agree ) reality    
outside ourselves4 ,& :5ev] we f9d      
ourselves face to face ) a failure1 !n  
we g5]ally are n long 9 mak+ out ! cause
 t made u fail2 we f9d t ! p]ception ^u 
:i* we act$ 0 ei!r incomplete &         
sup]ficial1 or comb9$ ) ! results ( o!r 
p]ceptions 9 a way n w>rant$ by !m--:at 
we call defective reason+4 ,s long z we 
take c>e to tra9 & to use our s5ses     
prop]ly1 & to keep our action )9 !      
limits prescrib$ by p]ceptions prop]ly  
made & prop]ly us$1 s long we %all f9d t
 ! result ( our action proves ! con=mity
 ( our p]ceptions ) ! objective nature (
 ! ?+s p]ceiv$4 ,n 9 "o s+le in/ance1 s 
f>1 h we be5 l$ to ! conclusion t our   
s5se-p]ceptions1 sci5tifically          
controll$1 induce 9 our m9ds ideas      
respect+ ! out] _w t are1 by _! v       
nature1 at v>iance ) reality1 or t !re  

is an inh]5t incompatibility betwe5 !   
out] _w & our s5se-p]ceptions ( x4  ,b  
!n come ! ,neo-,kantian agno/ics & say3 
,we may correctly p]ceive ! qualities ( 
a ?+1 b we _c by any s5sible or m5tal   
process grasp ! ?+ 9 itself4 ,?is ?+ 9  
itself is beyond our k54 ,to ?is ,hegel1
 long s9ce1 has repli$3 ,if y "k all !  
qualities ( a ?+1 y "k ! ?+ itself2 no?+
 rema9s b ! fact t ! said ?+ exi/s )\t  
u2 & :5 y\r s5ses h taught y t fact1 y h
 grasp$ ! la/ remnant ( ! ?+ 9 itself1  
,kant's celebrat$ unkn[able ,d+ an si*4 
,to :i* x may be add$1 t 9 ,kant's "t   
our k ( natural objects 0 inde$ s       
fragm5t>y t he might well suspect1 beh9d
 ! little we knew ab\t ea* ( !m1 a      
my/]i\s ?+ 9 itself4 ,b "o aft] ano!r ^!
 ungraspable ?+s h be5 grasp$1 analyz$1 
&1 :at is m1 reproduc$ by ! giant       
progress ( sci5ce2 & :at we c produce1  
we c]ta9ly _c consid] z unkn[able4 ,to !
 *emi/ry ( ! fir/ half ( ?is c5tury     
organic sub/ances 7 su* my/]i\s objects2
 n[1 we le>n to build !m up "o aft]     

ano!r f _! *emical elem5ts )\t ! aid (  
organic processes4 ,mod]n *emi/s decl>e 
t z soon z ! *emical con/itution ( no   
matt] :at body is kn[n1 x c be built up 
f its elem5ts4 ,we are /ill f> f kn[+ ! 
con/itution ( ! highe/ organic          
sub/ances1 ! album9\s bodies2 b !re is  
no reason :y we %\ld n1 if only aft]    
c5turies1 arrive at t k &1 arm$ ) x1    
produce artificial album54 ,b if we     
arrive at t1 we %all at ! same "t h     
produc$ organic life1 = life1 f its l[e/
 to its highe/ =ms1 is b ! normal mode (
 exi/5ce ( album9\s bodies4  ,z soon1   
h[ev]1 z our agno/ic has made ^! =mal   
m5tal res]vations1 he talks & acts z !  
rank mat]iali/ he at bottom is4 ,he may 
say t1 z f> z we "k1 matt] & motion1 or 
z x is n[ call$1 en]gy1 c nei!r be      
creat$ nor de/roy$1 b t we h no pro( (  
_! n hav+ be5 creat$ at "s "t or o!r4 ,b
 if y try to use ?is admission aga9/ him
 9 any p>ticul> case1 he w quickly put y
 out ( c\rt4 ,if he admits ! possibility
 ( spiritualism 9 ab/racto1 he w h none 

( x 9 concreto4 ,z f> z we "k & c "k1 he
 w tell y !re is no ,creator & no ,rul] 
( ! univ]se2 z f> z we are conc]n$1     
matt] & en]gy c nei!r be creat$ nor     
annihilat$2 = u1 m9d is a mode ( en]gy1 
a function ( ! bra92 all we "k is t !   
mat]ial _w is gov]n$ by immutable laws1 
& s =?4 ,?us1 z f> z he is a sci5tific  
man1 z f> z he kn[s any?+1 he is a      
mat]iali/2 outside 8 sci5ce1 9 sph]es   
ab\t :i* he kn[s no?+1 he translates 8  
ignorance into ,greek & calls x         
agno/icism4  ,at all ev5ts1 "o ?+ seems 
cle>3 ev5 if ,i 0 an agno/ic1 x is      
evid5t t ,i c\ld n describe ! conception
 ( hi/ory sket*$ out 9 ?is little book1 
z hi/orical agno/icism4 ,religi\s p w\ld
 laugh at me1 agno/ics w\ld indignantly 
ask1 0 ,i go+ to make fun ( !m8 ,& ?us  
,i hope ev5 ,briti% respectability w n  
be ov]%ock$ if ,i use1 9 ,engli% z well 
z 9 s _m o!r languages1 ! t]m1 hi/orical
 mat]ialism1 to designate t view ( !    
c\rse ( hi/ory1 :i* seeks ! ultimate    
cause & ! great mov+ p[] ( all important

 hi/oric ev5ts 9 ! economic developm5t (
 society1 9 ! *anges 9 ! modes (        
production & ex*ange1 9 ! consequ5t     
division ( society into di/9ct classes1 
& 9 ! /ruggles ( ^! classes aga9/ "o    
ano!r4  ,?is indulg5ce w p]haps be      
accord$ to me all ! soon] if ,i %[ t    
hi/orical mat]ialism may be ( advantage 
ev5 to ,briti% respectability4 ,i h     
m5tion$ ! fact1 t ab\t =ty or fifty ye>s
 ago1 any cultivat$ =eign] settl+ 9     
,engl& 0 /ruck by :at he 0 !n b\nd to   
consid] ! religi\s bigotry & /upidity ( 
! ,engli% respectable middle-class4 ,i  
am n[ go+ to prove t ! respectable      
,engli% middle-class ( t "t 0 n q z     
/upid z x look$ to ! intellig5t =eign]4 
,its religi\s lean+s c be expla9$4  ,:5 
,europe em]g$ f ! ,middle ,ages1 ! ris+ 
middle-class ( ! t[ns con/itut$ its     
revolution>y elem5t4 ,x _h conqu]$ a    
recogniz$ position )9 m$iaeval feudal   
organization1 b ?is position1 also1 _h  
become too n>r[ = its expansive p[]4 ,! 
developm5t ( ! middle-class1 !          

b\rgeoisie1 became incompatible ) !     
ma9t5ance ( ! feudal sy/em2 ! feudal    
sy/em1 !re=e1 _h to fall4  ,b ! great   
int]national c5t] ( feudalism 0 ! ,roman
 ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,x unit$ ! :ole (      
feudaliz$ ,we/]n ,europe1 9 spite ( all 
int]nal w>s1 into "o gr& political      
sy/em1 oppos$ z mu* to ! s*ismatic      
,greeks z to ! ,mohamm$ian c\ntries4 ,x 
surr\nd$ feudal in/itutions ) ! halo (  
div9e consecration4 ,x _h organiz$ its  
own hi]>*y on ! feudal model1 &1 la/ly1 
x 0 itself by f> ! mo/ p[]ful feudal "l1
 hold+1 z x did1 fully "o-?ird ( ! soil 
( ! ,ca?olic _w4 ,be=e pr(ane feudalism 
c\ld be successively attack$ 9 ea*      
c\ntry & 9 detail1 ?is1 its sacr$ c5tral
 organization1 _h to be de/roy$4        
,moreov]1 p>allel ) ! rise ( !          
middle-class w5t on ! great revival (   
sci5ce2 a/ronomy1 me*anics1 physics1    
anatomy1 physiology1 7 aga9 cultivat$4  
,& ! b\rgeoisie1 = ! developm5t ( its   
indu/rial production1 requir$ a sci5ce  
:i* asc]ta9$ ! physical prop]ties (     

natural objects & ! modes ( action ( !  
=ces ( ,nature4 ,n[ up to !n sci5ce _h b
 be5 ! humble h&maid ( ! ,*ur*1 _h n be5
 all[$ to ov]/ep ! limits set by fai?1 &
 = t reason _h be5 no sci5ce at all4    
,sci5ce rebell$ aga9/ ! ,*ur*2 !        
b\rgeoisie c\ld n d )\t sci5ce1 &1      
!re=e1 _h to jo9 9 ! rebellion4  ,!     
above1 ?\gh t\*+ b two ( ! po9ts :]e !  
ris+ middle-class 0 b\nd to come into   
collision ) ! e/abli%$ religion1 w be   
suffici5t to %[1 fir/1 t ! class mo/    
directly int]e/$ 9 ! /ruggle aga9/ !    
pret5sions ( ! ,roman ,*ur* 0 !         
b\rgeoisie2 & second1 t e /ruggle aga9/ 
feudalism1 at t "t1 _h to take on a     
religi\s disguise1 _h to be direct$     
aga9/ ! ,*ur* 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,b if ! 
univ]sities & ! trad]s ( ! cities />t$ !
 cry1 x 0 sure to f9d1 & did f9d1 a     
/rong e*o 9 ! masses ( ! c\ntry p1 !    
peasants1 :o ev]y:]e _h to /ruggle = _! 
v exi/5ce ) _! feudal lords1 spiritual &
 temporal4  ,! long fight ( ! b\rgeoisie
 aga9/ feudalism culm9at$ 9 ?ree great1 

decisive battles4  ,! fir/ 0 :at is     
call$ ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation 9 ,g]many4
 ,! w>-cry rais$ aga9/ ! ,*ur* by ,lu!r 
0 respond$ to by two insurrections ( a  
political nature3 fir/1 t ( ! l[]       
nobility "u ,franz von ,sick+5 7#aebc71 
!n ! great ,peasants' ,w>1 #aebe4 ,bo? 7
 defeat$1 *iefly 9 consequ5ce ( !       
indecision ( ! p>ties mo/ int]e/$1 !    
burgh]s ( ! t[ns--an indecision into !  
causes ( :i* we _c "h ent]4 ,f t mom5t !
 /ruggle deg5]at$ into a fight betwe5 ! 
local pr9ces & ! c5tral p[]1 & end$ by  
blott+ out ,g]many1 = two hundr$ ye>s1 f
 ! politically active nations ( ,europe4
 ,! ,lu!ran re=mation produc$ a new cre$
 inde$1 a religion adapt$ to absolute   
mon>*y4 ,no soon] 7 ! peasants (        
,nor?-ea/ ,g]many conv]t$ to ,lu!ranism 
?an !y 7 f freem5 r$uc$ to s]fs4  ,b :]e
 ,lu!r fail$1 ,calv9 won ! day4 ,calv9's
 cre$ 0 "o fit = ! bolde/ ( ! b\rgeoisie
 ( 8 "t4 ,8 pr$e/9ation doctr9e 0 !     
religi\s expression ( ! fact t 9 !      
comm]cial _w ( competition success or   

failure does n dep5d ^u a man's activity
 or clev]ness1 b ^u circum/ances        
uncontrollable by him4 ,x is n ( him t  
wille? or ( him t runne?1 b ( ! m]cy (  
unkn[n sup]ior economic p[]s3 & ?is 0   
especially true at a p]iod ( economic   
revolution1 :5 all old comm]cial r\tes &
 c5t]s 7 replac$ by new ones1 :5 ,india 
& ,am]ica 7 op5$ to ! _w1 & :5 ev5 ! mo/
 sacr$ economic articles ( fai?--! value
 ( gold & silv]--began to tott] & to    
break d[n4 ,calv9's *ur* con/itution 0  
?or\ghly democratic & republican2 & :]e 
! k+dom ( ,god 0 republicaniz$1 c\ld !  
k+doms ( ?is _w rema9 subject to mon>*s1
 bi%ops1 & lords8 ,:ile ,g]man          
,lu!ranism became a will+ tool 9 ! h&s (
 pr9ces1 ,calv9ism f\nd$ a republic 9   
,holl&1 & active republican p>ties 9    
,engl&1 &1 above all1 ,scotl&4  ,9      
,calv9ism1 ! second great b\rgeois      
upheaval f\nd its doctr9e ready cut &   
dri$4 ,?is upheaval took place 9 ,engl&4
 ,! middle-class ( ! t[ns br\ght x on1 &
 ! yeomanry ( ! c\ntry di/ricts f\ght x 

out4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 9 all ! ?ree great
 b\rgeois ris+s1 ! peasantry furni%es ! 
army t has to d ! fight+2 & ! peasantry 
is j ! class t1 ! victory once ga9$1 is 
mo/ surely ru9$ by ! economic           
consequ5ces ( t victory4 ,a hundr$ ye>s 
aft] ,cromwell1 ! yeomanry ( ,engl& _h  
almo/ disappe>$4 ,anyh[1 _h x n be5 = t 
yeomanry & = ! plebeian elem5t 9 ! t[ns1
 ! b\rgeoisie alone w\ld nev] h f\ght ! 
matt] out to ! bitt] end1 & w\ld nev] h 
br\ght ,*>les ,i4 to ! scaffold4 ,9 ord]
 to secure ev5 ^? conque/s ( !          
b\rgeoisie t 7 ripe = ga!r+ at ! "t1 !  
revolution _h to be c>ri$ consid]ably   
fur!r--exactly z 9 #agic 9 ,france &    
#ahdh 9 ,g]many4 ,?is seems1 9 fact1 to 
be "o ( ! laws ( evolution ( b\rgeois   
society4  ,well1 ^u ?is excess (        
revolution>y activity !re necess>ily    
foll[$ ! inevitable reaction :i* 9 its  
turn w5t beyond ! po9t :]e x might h    
ma9ta9$ itself4 ,aft] a s]ies (         
oscillations1 ! new c5t] ( gravity 0 at 
la/ atta9$ & became a new />t+-po9t4 ,! 

gr& p]iod ( ,engli% hi/ory1 kn[n to     
respectability "u ! "n ( ! ,great       
,rebellion1 & ! /ruggles succe$+ x1 7   
br\ght to a close by ! comp>atively puny
 ev5t entitl$ by ,lib]al hi/orians1 !   
,glori\s ,revolution4  ,! new />t+-po9t 
0 a compromise betwe5 ! ris+            
middle-class & ! ex-feudal l&[n]s4 ,!   
latt]1 ?\gh call$1 z n[1 ! ari/ocracy1  
_h be5 long s9ce on ! way :i* l$ !m to  
become :at ,l\is ,philippe 9 ,france    
became at a mu* lat] p]iod1 ! fir/      
b\rgeois ( ! k+dom4 ,=tunately = ,engl&1
 ! old feudal b>ons _h kill$ "o ano!r   
dur+ ! ,w>s ( ! ,roses4 ,_! successors1 
?\gh mo/ly scions ( ! old families1 _h  
be5 s mu* out ( ! direct l9e ( desc5t t 
!y con/itut$ q a new body1 ) habits &   
t5d5cies f> m b\rgeois ?an feudal4 ,!y  
fully und]/ood ! value ( money1 & at    
once began to increase _! r5ts by turn+ 
hundr$s ( small f>m]s out & replac+ !m  
by %eep4 ,h5ry ,,viii41 :ile squ&]+ !   
,*ur* l&s1 creat$ fre% b\rgeois l&lords 
by :olesale2 ! innum]able confiscations 

( e/ates1 regrant$ to absolute or       
relative up/>ts1 & cont9u$ dur+ ! :ole (
 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 _h ! same result4   
,consequ5tly1 ev] s9ce ,h5ry ,,vii41 !  
,engli% ari/ocracy1 f> f c\nt]act+ !    
developm5t ( indu/rial production1 _h1  
on ! contr>y1 s\ght to indirectly pr(it 
!reby2 & !re _h always be5 a section ( !
 great l&[n]s will+1 f economical or    
political reasons1 to co-op]ate ) !     
lead+ m5 ( ! f9ancial & indu/rial       
b\rgeoisie4 ,! compromise ( #afhi 01    
!re=e1 easily accompli%$4 ,! political  
spoils ( pelf & place 7 left to ! great 
l&-own+ families1 provid$ ! economic    
int]e/s ( ! f9ancial1 manufactur+1 &    
comm]cial middle-class 7 suffici5tly    
att5d$ to4 ,& ^! economic int]e/s 7 at t
 "t p[]ful en\gh to det]m9e ! g5]al     
policy ( ! nation4 ,!re might be        
squabbles ab\t matt]s ( detail1 b1 on ! 
:ole1 ! ari/ocratic olig>*y knew too    
well t its own economic prosp]ity 0     
irretrievably b\nd up ) t ( ! indu/rial 
& comm]cial middle-class4  ,f t "t1 !   

b\rgeoisie 0 a humble1 b /ill a         
recogniz$ compon5t ( ! rul+ classes (   
,engl&4 ,) ! re/ ( !m1 x _h a common    
int]e/ 9 keep+ 9 subjection ! great     
work+ mass ( ! nation4 ,! m]*ant or     
manufactur] himself /ood 9 ! position ( 
ma/]1 or1 z x 0 until lately call$1 (   
natural sup]ior to 8 cl]ks1 8           
workpeople1 8 dome/ic s]vants4 ,8 int]e/
 0 to get z mu* & z good "w out ( !m z  
he c\ld2 = ?is end !y _h to be tra9$ to 
prop] submission4 ,he 0 himself         
religi\s2 8 religion _h suppli$ ! /&>d  
"u :i* he _h f\ght ! k+ & ! lords2 he 0 
n long 9 discov]+ ! opportunities ?is   
same religion (f]$ him = work+ ^u ! m9ds
 ( 8 natural inf]iors1 & mak+ !m        
submissive to ! behe/s ( ! ma/]s x _h   
pleas$ ,god to place ov] !m4 ,9 %ort1 ! 
,engli% b\rgeoisie n[ _h to take a "p 9 
keep+ d[n ! l[] ord]s1 ! great produc+  
mass ( ! nation1 & "o ( ! means employ$ 
= t purpose 0 ! influ5ce ( religion4    
,!re 0 ano!r fact t contribut$ to /r5g!n
 ! religi\s lean+s ( ! b\rgeoisie4 ,t 0 

! rise ( mat]ialism 9 ,engl&4 ,?is new  
doctr9e n only %ock$ ! pi\s feel+s ( !  
middle-class2 x ann\nc$ itself z a      
philosophy only fit = s*ol>s & cultivat$
 m5 ( ! _w1 9 contra/ to religion :i* 0 
good en\gh = ! un$ucat$ masses1 includ+ 
! b\rgeoisie4 ,) ,hobbes x /epp$ on !   
/age z a def5d] ( royal pr]ogative &    
omnipot5ce2 x call$ ^u absolute mon>*y  
to keep d[n t pu] robu/us s$ malitiosus1
 to wit1 ! p4 ,simil>ly1 ) ! successors 
( ,hobbes1 ) ,bol+broke1 ,%aftesbury1   
etc41 ! new dei/ic =m ( mat]ialism      
rema9$ an ari/ocratic1 esot]ic doctr9e1 
&1 !re=e1 hateful to ! middle-class bo? 
= its religi\s h]esy & = its            
anti-b\rgeois political connections4    
,accord+ly1 9 opposition to ! mat]ialism
 & deism ( ! ari/ocracy1 ^? ,prote/ant  
sects :i* _h furni%$ ! flag & ! fight+  
cont+5t aga9/ ! ,/u>ts1 cont9u$ to      
furni% ! ma9 /r5g? ( ! progressive      
middle-class1 & =m ev5 to-day ! backbone
 ( ! ,great ,lib]al ,p>ty4  ,9 !        
meantime mat]ialism pass$ f ,engl& to   

,france1 :]e x met & coalesc$ ) ano!r   
mat]iali/ic s*ool ( philosoph]s1 a bran*
 ( ,c>tesianism4 ,9 ,france1 too1 x     
rema9$ at fir/ an exclusively           
ari/ocratic doctr9e4 ,b soon its        
revolution>y "* ass]t$ itself4 ,! ,fr5* 
mat]iali/s did n limit _! criticism to  
matt]s ( religi\s belief2 !y ext5d$ x to
 :atev] sci5tific tradition or political
 in/itution !y met )2 & to prove ! claim
 ( _! doctr9e to univ]sal application1  
!y took ! %orte/ cut1 & boldly appli$ x 
to all subjects ( k 9 ! giant "w aft]   
:i* !y 7 nam$--! ,encyclop$ie4 ,?us1 9  
"o or ! o!r ( its two =ms--av[$         
mat]ialism or deism--x became ! cre$ ( !
 :ole cultur$ y\? ( ,france2 s mu* s t1 
:5 ! great ,revolution broke out1 !     
doctr9e hat*$ by ,engli% ,royali/s gave 
a !oretical flag to ,fr5* ,republicans &
 ,t]rori/s1 & furni%$ ! text = !        
,decl>ation ( ! ,rights ( ,man4 ,! great
 ,fr5* ,revolution 0 ! ?ird upris+ ( !  
b\rgeoisie1 b ! fir/ t _h entirely ca/  
(f ! religi\s cloak1 & 0 f\ght out on   

undisguis$ political l9es2 x 0 ! fir/1  
too1 t 0 really f\ght out to !          
de/ruction ( "o ( ! combatants1 !       
ari/ocracy1 & ! complete triumph ( !    
o!r1 ! b\rgeoisie4 ,9 ,engl& ! cont9uity
 ( pre-revolution>y & po/-revolution>y  
in/itutions1 & ! compromise betwe5      
l&lords & capitali/s1 f\nd its          
expression 9 ! cont9uity ( judicial     
prec$5ts & 9 ! religi\s pres]vation ( ! 
feudal =ms ( ! law4 ,9 ,france !        
,revolution con/itut$ a complete brea* )
 ! traditions ( ! pa/2 x cle>$ out ! v  
la/ ve/iges ( feudalism1 & creat$ 9 !   
,code ,civil a ma/]ly adaptation ( ! old
 ,roman law--t almo/ p]fect expression (
 ! juridical relations correspond+ to ! 
economic /age call$ by ,m>x ! production
 ( commodities--to mod]n capitali/ic    
conditions2 s ma/]ly t ?is ,fr5*        
revolution>y code /ill s]ves z a model =
 re=ms ( ! law ( prop]ty 9 all o!r      
c\ntries1 n except+ ,engl&4 ,let u1     
h[ev]1 n =get t if ,engli% law cont9ues 
to express ! economic relations (       

capitali/ic society 9 t b>b>\s feudal   
language :i* corresponds to ! ?+        
express$1 j z ,engli% spell+ corresponds
 to ,engli% pronunciation--v\s ecrivez  
,londres et v\s prononcez ,con/ant9ople1
 said a ,fr5*man--t same ,engli% law is 
! only "o :i* has pres]v$ ?r\gh ages1 & 
transmitt$ to ,am]ica & ! ,colonies !   
be/ "p ( t old ,g]manic p]sonal fre$om1 
local self-gov]nm5t1 & indep5d5ce f all 
int]f]5ce b t ( ! law c\rts1 :i* on !   
,cont95t has be5 lo/ dur+ ! p]iod (     
absolute mon>*y1 & has n[h]e be5 z yet  
fully recov]$4  ,to return to our       
,briti% b\rgeois4 ,! ,fr5* ,revolution  
gave him a spl5did opportunity1 ) ! help
 ( ! ,cont95tal mon>*ies1 to de/roy     
,fr5* m>itime comm]ce1 to annex ,fr5*   
colonies1 & to cru% ! la/ ,fr5*         
pret5sions to m>itime rivalry4 ,t 0 "o  
reason :y he f\ght x4 ,ano!r 0 t ! ways 
( ?is revolution w5t v mu* aga9/ 8 gra94
 ,n only its execrable t]rorism1 b ! v  
attempt to c>ry b\rgeois rule to        
extremes4 ,:at %\ld ! ,briti% b\rgeois d

 )\t 8 ari/ocracy1 t taught him mann]s1 
su* z !y 71 & inv5t$ fa%ions = him--t   
furni%$ (fic]s = ! army1 :i* kept ord]  
at home1 & ! navy1 :i* conqu]$ colonial 
possessions & new m>kets abroad8 ,!re 0 
inde$ a progressive m9ority ( !         
b\rgeoisie1 t m9ority ^: int]e/s 7 n s  
well att5d$ to "u ! compromise2 ?is     
section1 compos$ *iefly ( ! less weal?y 
middle-class1 did sympa?ize ) !         
,revolution1 b x 0 p[]less 9 ,p>liam5t4 
,?us1 if mat]ialism became ! cre$ ( !   
,fr5* ,revolution1 ! ,god-fe>+ ,engli%  
b\rgeois held all ! fa/] to 8 religion4 
,_h n ! reign ( t]ror 9 ,p>is prov$ :at 
0 ! up%ot1 if ! religi\s in/9cts ( !    
masses 7 lo/8 ,! m mat]ialism spread f  
,france to neighbor+ c\ntries1 & 0      
re9=c$ by simil> doctr9al curr5ts1      
notably by ,g]man philosophy1 ! m1 9    
fact1 mat]ialism & free?\ght g5]ally    
became1 on ! ,cont95t1 ! necess>y       
qualifications ( a cultivat$ man1 ! m   
/ubbornly ! ,engli% middle-class /uck to
 its manifold religi\s cre$s4 ,^! cre$s 

might diff] f "o ano!r1 b !y 71 all (   
!m1 di/9ctly religi\s1 ,*ri/ian cre$s4  
,:ile ! ,revolution ensur$ ! political  
triumph ( ! b\rgeoisie 9 ,france1 9     
,engl& ,watt1 ,arkwright1 ,c>twright1 & 
o!rs1 initiat$ an indu/rial revolution1 
:i* completely %ift$ ! c5t] ( gravity ( 
economic p[]4 ,! weal? ( ! b\rgeoisie   
increas$ consid]ably fa/] ?an t ( ! l&$ 
ari/ocracy4 ,)9 ! b\rgeoisie itself1 !  
f9ancial ari/ocracy1 ! bank]s1 etc41 7 m
 & m pu%$ into ! backgr\nd by !         
manufactur]s4 ,! compromise ( #afhi1 ev5
 aft] ! gradual *anges x _h und]gone 9  
favor ( ! b\rgeoisie1 no long]          
correspond$ to ! relative position ( !  
p>ties to x4 ,! "* ( ^! p>ties1 too1 _h 
*ang$2 ! b\rgeoisie ( #ahcj 0 v diff]5t 
f t ( ! prec$+ c5tury4 ,! political p[] 
/ill left to ! ari/ocracy1 & us$ by !m  
to resi/ ! pret5sions ( ! new indu/rial 
b\rgeoisie1 became incompatible ) ! new 
economic int]e/s4 ,a fre% /ruggle ) !   
ari/ocracy 0 necess>y2 x c\ld end only 9
 a victory ( ! new economic p[]4 ,fir/1 

! ,re=m ,act 0 pu%$ ?r\gh1 9 spite ( all
 resi/ance1 "u ! impulse ( ! ,fr5*      
,revolution ( #ahcj4 ,x gave to !       
b\rgeoisie a recogniz$ & p[]ful place 9 
,p>liam5t4 ,!n ! ,repeal ( ! ,corn      
,laws1 :i* settl$1 once = all1 !        
supremacy ( ! b\rgeoisie1 & especially (
 its mo/ active portion1 ! manufactur]s1
 ov] ! l&$ ari/ocracy4 ,?is 0 ! greate/ 
victory ( ! b\rgeoisie2 x 01 h[ev]1 also
 ! la/ x ga9$ 9 its own1 exclusive      
int]e/4 ,:atev] triumphs x obta9$ lat]  
on1 x _h to %>e ) a new social p[]1 fir/
 its ally1 b soon its rival4  ,!        
indu/rial revolution _h creat$ a class (
 l>ge manufactur+ capitali/s1 b also a  
class--& a f> m num]\s "o--( manufactur+
 "w-p4 ,?is class gradually increas$ 9  
numb]s1 9 proportion z ! indu/rial      
revolution seiz$ ^u "o bran* (          
manufacture aft] ano!r1 & 9 ! same      
proportion x increas$ 9 p[]4 ,?is p[] x 
prov$ z e>ly z #ahbd1 by =c+ a reluctant
 ,p>liam5t to repeal ! acts =bidd+      
comb9ations ( workm54 ,dur+ ! ,re=m     

agitation1 ! work+-m5 con/itut$ !       
,radical w+ ( ! ,re=m p>ty2 ! ,act (    
#ahcb hav+ exclud$ !m f ! suffrage1 !y  
=mulat$ _! dem&s 9 ! ,p's ,*>t]1 &      
con/itut$ !mselves1 9 opposition to !   
great b\rgeois ,anti-,corn ,law p>ty1   
into an indep5d5t p>ty1 ! ,*>ti/s1 !    
fir/ work+-m5's p>ty ( mod]n times4  ,!n
 came ! ,cont95tal revolutions (        
,febru>y & ,m>*1 #ahdh1 9 :i* ! work+ p 
play$ su* a prom95t "p1 &1 at lea/ 9    
,p>is1 put =w>d dem&s :i* 7 c]ta9ly     
inadmissible f ! po9t ( view (          
capitali/ic society4 ,& !n came ! g5]al 
reaction4 ,fir/ ! defeat ( ! ,*>ti/s on 
! #aj? ,april1 #ahdh1 !n ! cru%+ ( !    
,p>is work+-m5's insurrection 9 ,june ( 
! same ye>1 !n ! disa/]s ( #ahdi 9      
,italy1 ,hung>y1 ,s\? ,g]many1 & at la/ 
! victory ( ,l\is ,bonap>te ov] ,p>is1  
#bnd ,decemb]1 #ahea4 ,= a "t1 at lea/1 
! bugbe> ( work+-class pret5sions 0 put 
d[n1 b at :at co/6 ,if ! ,briti%        
b\rgeois _h be5 conv9c$ be=e ( !        
necessity ( ma9ta9+ ! common p 9 a      

religi\s mood1 h[ mu* m mu/ he feel t   
necessity aft] all ^! exp]i5ces8        
,reg>dless ( ! sne]s ( 8 ,cont95tal     
compe]s1 he cont9u$ to sp5d ?\s&s & t5s 
( ?\s&s1 ye> aft] ye>1 ^u !             
evangelization ( ! l[] ord]s2 n cont5t )
 8 own native religi\s ma*9]y1 he       
appeal$ to ,bro!r ,jona?an1 ! greate/   
organiz] 9 exi/5ce ( religion z a trade1
 & import$ f ,am]ica revivalism1 ,moody 
& ,sankey1 & ! l2 &1 f9ally1 he accept$ 
! dang]\s aid ( ! ,salvation ,army1 :i* 
revives ! propag&a ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity1  
appeals to ! poor z ! elect1 fights     
capitalism 9 a religi\s way1 & ?us fo/]s
 an elem5t ( e>ly ,*ri/ian class        
antagonism1 :i* "o day may become       
tr\blesome to ! well-to-d p :o n[ f9d ! 
ready money = x4  ,x seems a law (      
hi/orical developm5t t ! b\rgeoisie c 9 
no ,european c\ntry get hold ( political
 p[]--at lea/ = any l5g? ( "t--9 ! same 
exclusive way 9 :i* ! feudal ari/ocracy 
kept hold ( x dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,ev5
 9 ,france1 :]e feudalism 0 completely  

ext+ui%$1 ! b\rgeoisie1 z a :ole1 has   
held full possession ( ! ,gov]nm5t = v  
%ort p]iods only4 ,dur+ ,l\is           
,philippe's reign1 #ahcj-dh1 a v small  
portion ( ! b\rgeoisie rul$ ! k+dom2 by 
f> ! l>g] "p 7 exclud$ f ! suffrage by !
 high qualification4 ,"u ! second       
,republic1 #ahdh-ea1 ! :ole b\rgeoisie  
rul$1 b = ?ree ye>s only2 _! incapacity 
br\ght on ! second ,empire4 ,x is only  
n[1 9 ! ?ird ,republic1 t ! b\rgeoisie z
 a :ole h kept possession ( ! helm = m  
?an tw5ty ye>s2 & !y are already %[+    
lively signs ( decad5ce4 ,a durable     
reign ( ! b\rgeoisie has be5 possible   
only 9 c\ntries l ,am]ica1 :]e feudalism
 0 unkn[n1 & society at ! v beg9n+ />t$ 
f a b\rgeois basis4 ,& ev5 9 ,france &  
,am]ica1 ! successors ( ! b\rgeoisie1 ! 
work+ p1 are already knock+ at ! door4  
,9 ,engl&1 ! b\rgeoisie nev] held       
undivid$ sway4 ,ev5 ! victory ( #ahcb   
left ! l&$ ari/ocracy 9 almo/ exclusive 
possession ( all ! lead+ ,gov]nm5t      
(fices4 ,! meekness ) :i* ! weal?y      

middle-class submitt$ to ?is1 rema9$    
inconceivable to me until ! great       
,lib]al manufactur]1 ,mr4 ,w4,a4 ,=/]1 9
 a public spee* implor$ ! "y m5 (       
,brad=d to le>n ,fr5*1 z a means to get 
on 9 ! _w1 & quot$ f 8 own exp]i5ce h[  
%eepi% he look$ :51 z a ,cab9et ,m9i/]1 
he _h to move 9 society :]e ,fr5* 01 at 
lea/1 z necess>y z ,engli%6 ,! fact 01 !
 ,engli% middle-class ( t "t 71 z a     
rule1 q un$ucat$ up/>ts1 & c\ld n help  
leav+ to ! ari/ocracy ^? sup]ior        
,gov]nm5t places :]e o!r qualifications 
7 requir$ ?an m]e insul> n>r[ness &     
insul> conceit1 season$ by bus9ess      
%>pness4,c ,ev5 n[ ! endless newspap]   
debates ab\t middle-class education %[ t
 ! ,engli% middle-class does n yet      
consid] itself good en\gh = ! be/       
education1 & looks to some?+ m mode/4   
,?us1 ev5 aft] ! ,repeal ( ! ,corn      
,laws1 x appe>$ a matt] ( c\rse1 t ! m5 
:o _h c>ri$ ! day1 ! ,cobd5s1 ,brights1 
,=/]s1 etc41 %\ld rema9 exclud$ f a %>e 
9 ! (ficial gov]nm5t ( ! c\ntry1 until  

tw5ty ye>s aft]w>ds1 a new ,re=m ,act   
op5$ to !m ! door ( ! ,cab9et4 ,!       
,engli% b\rgeoisie are1 up to ! pres5t  
day1 s deeply p5etrat$ by a s5se ( _!   
social inf]iority t !y keep up1 at _!   
own exp5se & t ( ! nation1 an ornam5tal 
ca/e ( drones to repres5t ! nation      
wor?ily at all ,/ate functions2 & !y    
consid] !mselves highly honor$ :5ev] "o 
( !mselves is f\nd wor?y ( admission    
into ?is select & privileg$ body1       
manufactur$1 aft] all1 by !mselves4  ,! 
indu/rial & comm]cial middle-class _h1  
!re=e1 n yet succe$$ 9 driv+ ! l&$      
ari/ocracy completely f political p[] :5
 ano!r competitor1 ! work+-class1 appe>$
 on ! /age4 ,! reaction aft] ! ,*>ti/   
movem5t & ! ,cont95tal revolutions1 z   
well z ! unp>allel$ ext5sion ( ,engli%  
trade f #ahdh-ahff1 7ascrib$ vulg>ly to 
,free ,trade alone1 b due f> m to !     
colossal developm5t ( railways1 ocean   
/eam]s1 & means ( int]c\rse g5]ally71 _h
 aga9 driv5 ! work+-class into !        
dep5d5cy ( ! ,lib]al p>ty1 ( :i* !y =m$1

 z 9 pre-,*>ti/ times1 ! ,radical w+4   
,_! claims to ! fran*ise1 h[ev]1        
gradually became irresi/ible2 :ile !    
,:ig lead]s ( ! ,lib]als funk$1         
,disraeli %[$ 8 sup]iority by mak+ !    
,tories seize ! favorable mom5t &       
introduce h\sehold suffrage 9 ! bor\ghs1
 along ) a r$i/ribution ( seats4 ,!n    
foll[$ ! ballot2 !n 9 #ahhd ! ext5sion (
 h\sehold suffrage to ! c\nties & a fre%
 r$i/ribution ( seats1 by :i* electoral 
di/ricts 7 to "s ext5t equaliz$4 ,all ^!
 measures consid]ably increas$ !        
electoral p[] ( ! work+-class1 s mu* s t
 9 at lea/ #aej to #bjj con/itu5cies t  
class n[ furni%es ! majority ( vot]s4 ,b
 p>liam5t>y gov]nm5t is a capital s*ool 
= tea*+ respect = tradition2 if !       
middle-class look ) awe & v5]ation ^u   
:at ,"l ,john ,mann]s playfully call$   
our old nobility1 ! mass ( ! work+-p !n 
look$ up ) respect & def]5ce to :at us$ 
to be designat$ z _! bett]s1 !          
middle-class4 ,inde$1 ! ,briti% workman1
 "s fifte5 ye>s ago1 0 ! model workman1 

^: respectful reg>d = ! position ( 8    
ma/]1 & ^: self-re/ra9+ mode/y 9 claim+ 
rights = himself1 consol$ our ,g]man    
economi/s ( ! ,ka!d]-,sociali/ s*ool = !
 incurable communi/ic & revolution>y    
t5d5cies ( _! own work+-m5 at home4  ,b 
! ,engli% middle-class--! good m5 (     
bus9ess z !y are--saw f>!r ?an ! ,g]man 
pr(essors4 ,!y _h %>$ _! p[] b          
reluctantly ) ! work+-class4 ,!y _h     
le>nt1 dur+ ! ,*>ti/ ye>s1 :at t pu]    
robu/us s$ malitiosus1 ! p1 is capable  
(4 ,& s9ce t "t1 !y _h be5 compell$ to  
incorporate ! bett] "p ( ! ,p's ,*>t] 9 
! ,/atutes ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,n[1 if   
ev]1 ! p mu/ be kept 9 ord] by moral    
means1 & ! fir/ & =emo/ ( all moral     
means ( action ^u ! masses is &         
rema9s--religion4 ,h5ce ! p>sons'       
majorities on ! ,s*ool ,bo>ds1 h5ce !   
increas+ self-taxation ( ! b\rgeoisie = 
! support ( all sorts ( revivalism1 f   
ritualism to ! ,salvation ,army4  ,& n[ 
came ! triumph ( ,briti% respectability 
ov] ! free?\ght & religi\s laxity ( !   

,cont95tal b\rgeois4 ,! workm5 ( ,france
 & ,g]many _h become rebelli\s4 ,!y 7   
?or\ghly infect$ ) socialism1 &1 = v    
good reasons1 7 n at all p>ticul> z to !
 legality ( ! means by :i* to secure _! 
own asc5d5cy4 ,! pu] robu/us1 "h1 turn$ 
f day to day m malitiosus4 ,no?+ rema9$ 
to ! ,fr5* & ,g]man b\rgeoisie z a la/  
res\rce b to sil5tly drop _! free?\ght1 
z a y\ng/]1 :5 sea-sickness creeps ^u   
him1 quietly drops ! burn+ cig> he      
br\ght swagg]+ly on bo>d2 "o by "o1 !   
sc(f]s turn$ pi\s 9 outw>d behavior1    
spoke ) respect ( ! ,*ur*1 its dogmas & 
rites1 & ev5 con=m$ ) ! latt] z f> z    
c\ld n be help$4 ,fr5* b\rgeoisie d9$   
maigre on ,fridays1 & ,g]man ones sat   
out long ,prote/ant s]mons 9 _! pews on 
,sundays4 ,!y _h come to grief )        
mat]ialism4 ,die ,religion muss dem     
,volk erhalt5 w]d51--religion mu/ be    
kept alive = ! p--t 0 ! only & ! la/    
means to save society f utt] ru94       
,un=tunately = !mselves1 !y did n f9d   
?is out until !y _h done _! level be/ to

 break up religion = ev]4 ,& n[ x 0 !   
turn ( ! ,briti% b\rgeois to sne] & to  
say3 ,:y1 y fools1 ,i c\ld h told y t   
two hundr$ ye>s ago6  ,h[ev]1 ,i am     
afraid nei!r ! religi\s /olidity ( !    
,briti%1 nor ! po/ fe/um conv]sion ( !  
,cont95tal b\rgeois w /em ! ris+        
,prolet>ian tide4 ,tradition is a great 
ret>d+ =ce1 is ! vis in]tiae ( hi/ory1  
b1 be+ m]ely passive1 is sure to be     
brok5 d[n2 & ?us religion w be no la/+  
safegu>d to capitali/ society4 ,if our  
juridical1 philosophical1 & religi\s    
ideas are ! m or less remote (f%oots ( !
 economical relations prevail+ 9 a giv5 
society1 su* ideas _c1 9 ! long run1 )/&
 ! effects ( a complete *ange 9 ^!      
relations4 ,&1 unless we believe 9      
sup]natural revelation1 we mu/ admit t  
no religi\s t5ets w ev] suffice to prop 
up a tott]+ society4  ,9 fact1 9 ,engl&1
 too1 ! work+-p h begun to move aga94   
,!y are1 no d\bt1 %ackl$ by traditions (
 v>i\s k9ds4 ,b\rgeois traditions1 su* z
 ! widespread belief t !re c be b two   

p>ties1 ,cons]vatives & ,lib]als1 & t ! 
work+-class mu/ "w out its salvation by 
& ?r\gh ! great ,lib]al p>ty4           
,work+-m5's traditions1 inh]it$ f _!    
fir/ t5tative ef=ts at indep5d5t action1
 su* z ! exclusion1 f ev] s _m old      
,trade ,unions1 ( all applicants :o h n 
gone ?r\gh a regul> appr5tice%ip2 :i*   
means ! bre$+1 by e su* union1 ( its own
 blacklegs4 ,b = all t ! ,engli%        
work+-class is mov+1 z ev5 ,pr(essor    
,br5tano has sorr[fully _h to report to 
8 bro!r ,ka!d]-,sociali/s4 ,x moves1 l  
all ?+s 9 ,engl&1 ) a sl[ & measur$ /ep1
 ) hesitation "h1 ) m or less           
unfruitful1 t5tative attempts !re2 x    
moves n[ & !n ) an ov]-cauti\s mi/ru/ ( 
! "n ( ,socialism1 :ile x gradually     
absorbs ! sub/ance2 & ! movem5t spreads 
& seizes "o lay] ( ! work]s aft] ano!r4 
,x has n[ %ak5 out ( _! torpor !        
unskill$ labor]s ( ! ,ea/ ,end (        
,london1 & we all "k :at a spl5did      
impulse ^! fre% =ces h giv5 x 9 return4 
,& if ! pace ( ! movem5t is n up to !   

impati5ce ( "s p1 let !m n =get t x is !
 work+-class :i* keeps alive ! f9e/     
qualities ( ! ,engli% "*1 & t1 if a /ep 
9 advance is once ga9$ 9 ,engl&1 x is1 z
 a rule1 nev] lo/ aft]w>ds4 ,if ! sons (
 ! old ,*>ti/s1 = reasons expla9$ above1
 7 n q up to ! m>k1 ! gr&sons bid fair  
to be wor?y ( _! =efa!rs4  ,b ! triumph 
( ! ,european work+-class does n dep5d  
^u ,engl& alone4 ,x c only be secur$ by 
! co-op]ation (1 at lea/1 ,engl&1       
,france1 & ,g]many4 ,9 bo? ! latt]      
c\ntries ! work+-class movem5t is well  
ahead ( ,engl&4 ,9 ,g]many x is ev5 )9  
measurable di/ance ( success4 ,!        
progress x has !re made dur+ ! la/      
tw5ty-five ye>s is unp>allel$4 ,x       
advances ) ev]-increas+ velocity4 ,if ! 
,g]man middle-class h %[n !mselves      
lam5tably defici5t 9 political capacity1
 discipl9e1 c\rage1 en]gy1 & p]sev]ance1
 ! ,g]man work+-class h giv5 ample pro( 
( all ^! qualities4 ,f\r hundr$ ye>s    
ago1 ,g]many 0 ! />t+-po9t ( ! fir/     
upheaval ( ! ,european middle-class2 z  

?+s are n[1 is x outside ! limits (     
possibility t ,g]many w be ! sc5e1 too1 
( ! fir/ great victory ( ! ,european    
prolet>iat8                             
,f4 ,,engels4    ,april #bj?1 #ahib4    
,,footnotes3  ,a ,qual is a             
philosophical play ^u words4 ,qual      
lit]ally means torture1 a pa9 :i* drives
 to action ( "s k9d2 at ! same "t !     
my/ic ,boehme puts into ! ,g]man ^w     
some?+ ( ! mean+ ( ! ,lat9 qualitas2 8  
qual 0 ! activat+ pr9ciple aris+ f1 &   
promot+ 9 its turn1 ! spontane\s        
developm5t ( ! ?+1 relation1 or p]son   
subject to x1 9 contradi/9ction to a pa9
 inflict$ f )\t4  ,b ,m>x & ,engels1    
,die ,heilige ,familie1 ,frankfurt a4   
,m4 #ahde1 pp4 #bja-bjd4  ,c ,& ev5 9   
bus9ess matt]s1 ! conceit ( national    
,*auv9ism is b a sorry advis]4 ,up to q 
rec5tly1 ! av]age ,engli% manufactur]   
consid]$ x d]ogatory f an ,engli%man to 
speak any language b 8 own1 & felt r    
pr\d ?an o!rwise ( ! fact t poor devils 
( =eign]s settl$ 9 ,engl& & took (f 8   

h&s ! tr\ble ( dispos+ ( 8 products     
abroad4 ,he nev] notic$ t ^! =eign]s1   
mo/ly ,g]mans1 ?us got comm& ( a v l>ge 
"p ( ,briti% =eign trade1 imports &     
exports1 & t ! direct =eign trade (     
,engli%m5 became limit$1 almo/ entirely1
 to ! colonies1 ,*9a1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 &
 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,nor did he notice t ^!  
,g]mans trad$ ) o!r ,g]mans abroad1 :o  
gradually organiz$ a complete network ( 
comm]cial colonies all ov] ! _w4 ,b :5  
,g]many1 ab\t =ty ye>s ago1 s]i\sly     
began manufactur+ = export1 ?is network 
s]v$ h] admirably 9 h] trans=mation1 9 s
 %ort a "t1 f a corn-export+ into a     
fir/-rate manufactur+ c\ntry4 ,!n1 ab\t 
t5 ye>s ago1 ! ,briti% manufactur] got  
fright5$1 & ask$ 8 ambassadors & consuls
 h[ x 0 t he c\ld no long] keep 8       
cu/om]s toge!r4 ,! unanim\s answ] 03    
7#a7 ,y don't le>n y\r cu/om]'s language
 b expect him to speak y\r own2 7#b7 ,y 
don't ev5 try to suit y\r cu/om]'s      
wants1 habits1 & ta/es1 b expect him to 
con=m to y\r ,engli% ones4              

,,socialism  ,,utopian ,,& ,,sci5tific  
,i   ,mod]n ,socialism is1 9 its ess5ce1
 ! direct product ( ! recognition1 on ! 
"o h&1 ( ! class antagonisms1 exi/+ 9 ! 
society ( to-day1 betwe5 proprietors &  
non-proprietors1 betwe5 capitali/s &    
wage-work]s2 on ! o!r h&1 ( ! an>*y     
exi/+ 9 production4 ,b1 9 its !oretical 
=m1 mod]n ,socialism orig9ally appe>s   
o/5sibly z a m logical ext5sion ( !     
pr9ciples laid d[n by ! great ,fr5*     
philosoph]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,l e   
new !ory1 mod]n ,socialism _h1 at fir/1 
to connect itself ) ! intellectual      
/ock-9-trade ready to its h&1 h[ev]     
deeply its roots lay 9 mat]ial economic 
facts4  ,! great m51 :o 9 ,france prep>$
 m5's m9ds = ! com+ revolution1 7       
!mselves extreme revolutioni/s4 ,!y     
recogniz$ no ext]nal au?ority ( any k9d 
:atev]4 ,religion1 natural sci5ce1      
society1 political in/itutions1 ev]y?+1 
0 subject$ to ! mo/ unsp>+ criticism2   
ev]y?+ mu/ ju/ify its exi/5ce be=e !    
judgm5t-seat ( reason1 or give up       

exi/5ce4 ,reason became ! sole measure (
 ev]y?+4 ,x 0 ! "t :51 z ,hegel says1 ! 
_w /ood ^u its head2#a fir/1 9 ! s5se t 
! human head1 & ! pr9ciples arriv$ at by
 its ?\ght1 claim$ to be ! basis ( all  
human action & association2 b by & by1  
also1 9 ! wid] s5se t ! reality :i* 0 9 
contradiction to ^! pr9ciples _h1 9     
fact1 to be turn$ upside d[n4 ,e =m (   
society & gov]nm5t !n exi/+1 e old      
traditional notion 0 flung into !       
lumb]-room z irrational3 ! _w _h hi!rto 
all[$ itself to be l$ solely by         
prejudices2 ev]y?+ 9 ! pa/ des]v$ only  
pity & contempt4 ,n[1 = ! fir/ "t1      
appe>$ ! light ( day1 ! k+dom ( reason2 
h5ce=? sup]/ition1 inju/ice1 privilege1 
oppression1 7 to be sup]s$$ by et]nal   
tru?1 et]nal ,"r1 equality bas$ on      
,nature & ! inali5able rights ( man4    
,we "k to-day t ?is k+dom ( reason 0    
no?+ m ?an ! idealiz$ k+dom ( !         
b\rgeoisie2 t ?is et]nal ,"r f\nd its   
realization 9 b\rgeois ju/ice2 t ?is    
equality r$uc$ itself to b\rgeois       

equality be=e ! law2 t b\rgeois prop]ty 
0 proclaim$ z "o ( ! ess5tial rights (  
man2 & t ! gov]nm5t ( reason1 ! ,contrat
 ,social ( ,r\sseau1 came into be+1 &   
only c\ld come into be+1 z a democratic 
b\rgeois republic4 ,! great ?9k]s ( !   
eighte5? c5tury c\ld1 no m ?an _!       
pr$ecessors1 g beyond ! limits impos$ ^u
 !m by _! epo*4  ,b1 side by side ) !   
antagonism ( ! feudal nobility & !      
burgh]s1 :o claim$ to repres5t all ! re/
 ( society1 0 ! g5]al antagonism (      
exploit]s & exploit$1 ( ri* idl]s & poor
 work]s4 ,x 0 ?is v circum/ance t made x
 possible = ! repres5tatives ( !        
b\rgeoisie to put !mselves =w>d z       
repres5t+1 n "o special class1 b ! :ole 
( suff]+ humanity4 ,/ill fur!r4 ,f its  
orig91 ! b\rgeoisie 0 saddl$ ) its      
anti!sis3 capitali/s _c exi/ )\t        
wage-work]s1 &1 9 ! same proportion z ! 
m$iaeval burgh] ( ! guild develop$ into 
! mod]n b\rgeois1 ! guild j\rneyman & ! 
day-labor]1 outside ! guilds1 develop$  
into ! prolet>ian4 ,& al?\gh1 ^u ! :ole1

 ! b\rgeoisie1 9 _! /ruggle ) !         
nobility1 c\ld claim to repres5t at !   
same "t ! int]e/s ( ! diff]5t           
work+-classes ( t p]iod1 yet 9 e great  
b\rgeois movem5t !re 7 indep5d5t        
outbur/s ( t class :i* 0 ! =]unn]1 m or 
less develop$1 ( ! mod]n prolet>iat4 ,= 
example1 at ! "t ( ! ,g]man re=mation & 
! peasants' w>1 ! ,anabapti/s & ,?omas  
,mu5z]2 9 ! great ,engli% revolution1 ! 
,levell]s2 9 ! great ,fr5* revolution1  
,baboeuf4  ,!re 7 !oretical enunciations
 correspond+ ) ^! revolution>y upris+s (
 a class n yet develop$2 9 ! sixte5? &  
sev5te5? c5turies1 ,utopian pictures (  
ideal social conditions2 9 ! eighte5?1  
actual communi/ic !ories 7,morelly &    
,mably74 ,! dem& = equality 0 no long]  
limit$ to political rights2 x 0 ext5d$  
also to ! social conditions (           
individuals4 ,x 0 n simply class        
privileges t 7 to be aboli%$1 b class   
di/9ctions !mselves4 ,a ,communism1     
ascetic1 d5\nc+ all ! pleasures ( life1 
,sp>tan1 0 ! fir/ =m ( ! new tea*+4 ,!n 

came ! ?ree great ,utopians2 ,sa9t      
,simon1 to :om ! middle-class movem5t1  
side by side ) ! prolet>ian1 /ill _h a  
c]ta9 significance2 ,f\ri]2 & ,ow51 :o 9
 ! c\ntry :]e capitali/ production 0 mo/
 develop$1 & "u ! influ5ce ( !          
antagonisms begott5 ( ?is1 work$ out 8  
proposals = ! removal ( class di/9ction 
sy/ematically & 9 direct relation to    
,fr5* mat]ialism4  ,"o ?+ is common to  
all ?ree4 ,n "o ( !m appe>s z a         
repres5tative ( ! int]e/s ( t           
prolet>iat1 :i* hi/orical developm5t _h1
 9 ! meantime1 produc$4 ,l ! ,fr5*      
philosoph]s1 !y d n claim to emancipate 
a p>ticul> class to beg9 )1 b all       
humanity at once4 ,l !m1 !y wi% to br+ 9
 ! k+dom ( reason & et]nal ju/ice1 b ?is
 k+dom1 z !y see x1 is z f> z heav5 f   
e>?1 f t ( ! ,fr5* philosoph]s4  ,=1 to 
our ?ree social re=m]s1 ! b\rgeois _w1  
bas$ ^u ! pr9ciples ( ^! philosoph]s1 is
 q z irrational & unju/1 &1 !re=e1 f9ds 
its way 9 ! du/-hole q z readily z      
feudalism & all ! e>li] /ages ( society4

 ,if pure reason & ju/ice h n1 hi!rto1  
rul$ ! _w1 ?is has be5 ! case only      
because m5 h n rightly und]/ood !m4 ,:at
 0 want$ 0 ! individual man ( g5ius1 :o 
has n[ aris5 & :o und]/&s ! tru?4 ,t he 
has n[ aris51 t ! tru? has n[ be5 cle>ly
 und]/ood1 is n an inevitable ev5t1     
foll[+ ( necessity 9 ! *a9 ( hi/orical  
developm5t1 b a m]e happy accid5t4 ,he  
might j z well h be5 born #ejj ye>s     
e>li]1 & might !n h sp>$ humanity #ejj  
ye>s ( error1 /rife1 & suff]+4  ,we saw 
h[ ! ,fr5* philosoph]s ( ! eighte5?     
c5tury1 ! =]unn]s ( ! ,revolution1      
appeal$ to reason z ! sole judge ( all t
 is4 ,a rational gov]nm5t1 rational     
society1 7 to be f\nd$2 ev]y?+ t ran    
c\nt] to et]nal reason 0 to be          
remorselessly done away )4 ,we saw also 
t ?is et]nal reason 0 9 reality no?+ b !
 idealiz$ und]/&+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury   
citiz51 j !n evolv+ into ! b\rgeois4 ,! 
,fr5* ,revolution _h realiz$ ?is        
rational society & gov]nm5t4  ,b ! new  
ord] ( ?+s1 rational en\gh z comp>$ )   

e>li] conditions1 turn$ out to be by no 
means absolutely rational4 ,! ,/ate bas$
 ^u reason completely collaps$4         
,r\sseau's ,contrat ,social _h f\nd its 
realization 9 ! ,reign ( ,t]ror1 f :i* !
 b\rgeoisie1 :o _h lo/ confid5ce 9 _!   
own political capacity1 _h tak5 refuge  
fir/ 9 ! corruption ( ! ,directorate1 &1
 f9ally1 "u ! w+ ( ! ,napoleonic        
despotism4 ,! promis$ et]nal peace 0    
turn$ into an endless w> ( conque/4 ,!  
society bas$ ^u reason _h f>$ no bett]4 
,! antagonism betwe5 ri* & poor1 in/ead 
( dissolv+ into g5]al prosp]ity1 _h     
become int5sifi$ by ! removal ( ! guild 
& o!r privileges1 :i* _h to "s ext5t    
bridg$ x ov]1 & by ! removal ( !        
*>itable in/itutions ( ! ,*ur*4 ,!      
fre$om ( prop]ty f feudal fett]s1 n[    
v]itably accompli%$1 turn$ out to be1 = 
! small capitali/s & small proprietors1 
! fre$om to sell _! small prop]ty1 cru%$
 "u ! ov]ma/]+ competition ( ! l>ge     
capitali/s & l&lords1 to ^! great lords1
 & ?us1 z f> z ! small capitali/s &     

peasant proprietors 7 conc]n$1 became   
fre$om f prop]ty4 ,! developm5t (       
indu/ry ^u a capitali/ic basis made     
pov]ty & mis]y ( ! work+ masses         
conditions ( exi/5ce ( society4 ,ca%    
paym5t became m & m1 9 ,c>lyle's phrase1
 ! sole nexus betwe5 man & man4 ,! numb]
 ( crimes increas$ f ye> to ye>4 ,=m]ly1
 ! feudal vices _h op5ly /alk$ ab\t 9   
broad daylight2 ?\gh n eradicat$1 !y 7  
n[ at any rate ?ru/ into ! backgr\nd4 ,9
 _! /ead1 ! b\rgeois vices1 hi!rto      
practic$ 9 secret1 began to blossom all 
! m luxuriantly4 ,trade became to a     
great] & great] ext5t *eat+4 ,!         
frat]nity ( ! revolution>y motto 0      
realiz$ 9 ! *ican]y & rivalries ( !     
battle ( competition4 ,oppression by =ce
 0 replac$ by corruption2 ! sword1 z !  
fir/ social lev]1 by gold4 ,! "r ( !    
fir/ night 0 transf]r$ f ! feudal lords 
to ! b\rgeois manufactur]s4 ,pro/itution
 increas$ to an ext5t nev] he>d (4      
,m>riage itself rema9$1 z be=e1 !       
legally recogniz$ =m1 ! (ficial cloak ( 

pro/itution1 &1 moreov]1 0 supplem5t$ by
 ri* crops ( adult]y4  ,9 a ^w1 comp>$ )
 ! spl5did promises ( ! philosoph]s1 !  
social & political in/itutions born ( ! 
triumph ( reason 7 bitt]ly disappo9t+   
c>icatures4 ,all t 0 want+ 0 ! m5 to    
=mulate ?is disappo9tm5t1 & !y came ) ! 
turn ( ! c5tury4 ,9 #ahjb ,sa9t ,simon's
 ,g5eva lett]s appe>$2 9 #ahjh appe>$   
,f\ri]'s fir/ "w1 al?\gh ! gr\ndwork ( 8
 !ory dat$ f #agii2 on ,janu>y #a1      
#ahjj1 ,rob]t ,ow5 und]took ! direction 
( ,new ,lan>k4  ,at ?is "t1 h[ev]1 !    
capitali/ mode ( production1 & ) x !    
antagonism betwe5 ! b\rgeoisie & !      
prolet>iat1 0 /ill v incompletely       
develop$4 ,mod]n ,indu/ry1 :i* _h j     
aris5 9 ,engl&1 0 /ill unkn[n 9 ,france4
 ,b ,mod]n ,indu/ry develops1 on ! "o   
h&1 ! conflicts :i* make absolutely     
necess>y a revolution 9 ! mode (        
production1 & ! do+ away ) its          
capitali/ic "*--conflicts n only betwe5 
! classes begott5 ( x1 b also betwe5 ! v
 productive =ces & ! =ms ( ex*ange      

creat$ by x4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 x         
develops1 9 ^! v gigantic productive    
=ces1 ! means ( end+ ^! conflicts4 ,if1 
!re=e1 ab\t ! ye> #ahjj1 ! conflicts    
aris+ f ! new social ord] 7 only j      
beg9n+ to take %ape1 ?is holds /ill m   
fully z to ! means ( end+ !m4 ,! h-no?+ 
masses ( ,p>is1 dur+ ! ,reign ( ,t]ror1 
7 able = a mom5t to ga9 ! ma/]y1 & ?us  
to lead ! b\rgeois revolution to victory
 9 spite ( ! b\rgeoisie !mselves4 ,b1 9 
do+ s1 !y only prov$ h[ impossible x 0 =
 _! dom9ation to la/ "u ! conditions !n 
obta9+4 ,! prolet>iat1 :i* !n = ! fir/  
"t evolv$ itself f ^! h-no?+ masses z ! 
nucleus ( a new class1 z yet q incapable
 ( indep5d5t political action1 appe>$ z 
an oppress$1 suff]+ ord]1 to :om1 9 its 
incapacity to help itself1 help c\ld1 at
 be/1 be br\ght 9 f )\t1 or d[n f above4
  ,?is hi/orical situation also dom9at$ 
! f\nd]s ( ,socialism4 ,to ! crude      
conditions ( capitali/ic production & ! 
crude class conditions correspond$ crude
 !ories4 ,! solution ( ! social         

problems1 :i* z yet lay hidd5 9         
undevelop$ economic conditions1 !       
,utopians attempt$ to evolve out ( !    
human bra94 ,society pres5t$ no?+ b     
wrongs2 to remove ^! 0 ! task ( reason4 
,x 0 necess>y1 !n1 to discov] a new & m 
p]fect sy/em ( social ord] & to impose  
?is ^u society f )\t by propag&a1 &1    
:]ev] x 0 possible1 by ! example ( model
 exp]im5ts4 ,^! new social sy/ems 7     
=$oom$ z ,utopian2 ! m completely !y 7  
work$ out 9 detail1 ! m !y c\ld n avoid 
drift+ (f into pure phantasies4  ,^!    
facts once e/abli%$1 we ne$ n dwell a   
mom5t long] ^u ?is side ( ! "q1 n[ :olly
 belong+ to ! pa/4 ,we c leave x to !   
lit]>y small fry to solemnly quibble ov]
 ^! phantasies1 :i* to-day only make u  
smile1 & to cr[ ov] ! sup]iority ( _!   
own bald reason+1 z comp>$ ) su*        
insanity4 ,= ourselves1 we delight 9 !  
/up5d\sly gr& ?\ghts & g]ms ( ?\ght t   
ev]y:]e break out ?r\gh _! phanta/ic    
cov]+1 & to :i* ^! ,phili/9es are bl9d4 
,sa9t ,simon 0 a son ( ! great ,fr5*    

,revolution1 at ! outbreak ( :i* he 0 n 
yet ?irty4 ,! ,revolution 0 ! victory ( 
! ?ird e/ate1 i4e41 ( ! great masses ( !
 nation1 work+ 9 production & 9 trade1  
ov] ! privileg$ idle classes1 ! nobles &
 ! prie/s4 ,b ! victory ( ! ?ird e/ate  
soon reveal$ itself z exclusively !     
victory ( a small "p ( ?is e/ate1 z !   
conque/ ( political p[] by ! socially   
privileg$ section ( x1 i4e41 ! prop]ti$ 
b\rgeoisie4 ,& ! b\rgeoisie _h c]ta9ly  
develop$ rapidly dur+ ! ,revolution1    
p>tly by speculation 9 ! l&s ( !        
nobility & ( ! ,*ur*1 confiscat$ &      
aft]w>ds put up = sale1 & p>tly by      
frauds ^u ! nation by means ( army      
contracts4 ,x 0 ! dom9ation ( ^! sw9dl]s
 t1 "u ! ,directorate1 br\ght ,france to
 ! v]ge ( ru91 & ?us gave ,napoleon !   
pretext = 8 c\p-d'etat4  ,h5ce1 to ,sa9t
 ,simon ! antagonism betwe5 ! ?ird e/ate
 & ! privileg$ classes took ! =m ( an   
antagonism betwe5 work]s & idl]s4 ,!    
idl]s 7 n m]ely ! old privileg$ classes1
 b also all :o1 )\t tak+ any "p 9       

production or di/ribution1 liv$ on _!   
incomes4 ,& ! work]s 7 n only !         
wage-work]s1 b also ! manufactur]s1 !   
m]*ants1 ! bank]s4 ,t ! idl]s _h lo/ !  
capacity = intellectual lead]%ip &      
political supremacy _h be5 prov$1 & 0 by
 ! ,revolution f9ally settl$4 ,t !      
non-possess+ classes _h n ?is capacity  
seem$ to ,sa9t ,simon prov$ by !        
exp]i5ces ( ! ,reign ( ,t]ror4 ,!n1 :o 0
 to lead & comm&8 ,accord+ to ,sa9t     
,simon1 sci5ce & indu/ry1 bo? unit$ by a
 new religi\s bond1 de/9$ to re/ore t   
unity ( religi\s ideas :i* _h be5 lo/   
s9ce ! "t ( ! ,re=mation--a necess>ily  
my/ic & rigidly hi]>*ic new ,*ri/ianity4
 ,b sci5ce1 t 0 ! s*ol>s2 & indu/ry1 t 0
 9 ! fir/ place1 ! work+ b\rgeois1      
manufactur]s1 m]*ants1 bank]s4 ,^!      
b\rgeoisie 7 c]ta9ly1 int5d$ by ,sa9t   
,simon to trans=m !mselves into a k9d ( 
public (ficials1 ( social tru/ees2 b !y 
7 /ill to hold1 vis-a-vis ( ! work]s1 a 
comm&+ & economically privileg$         
position4 ,! bank]s especially 7 to be  

call$ ^u to direct ! :ole ( social      
production by ! regulation ( cr$it4 ,?is
 conception 0 9 exact keep+ ) a "t 9 :i*
 ,mod]n ,indu/ry 9 ,france &1 ) x1 !    
*asm betwe5 b\rgeoisie & prolet>iat 0   
only j com+ into exi/5ce4 ,b :at ,sa9t  
,simon especially lays /ress ^u is ?is3 
:at int]e/s him fir/1 & above all o!r   
?+s1 is ! lot ( ! class t is ! mo/      
num]\s & ! mo/ poor 7la classe la plus  
nombreuse et la plus pauvre74  ,already1
 9 8 ,g5eva lett]s1 ,sa9t ,simon lays   
d[n ! proposition t all m5 ought to "w4 
,9 ! same "w he recognizes also t !     
,reign ( ,t]ror 0 ! reign ( !           
non-possess+ masses4 ,see1 says he to   
!m1 :at happ5$ 9 ,france at ! "t :5 y\r 
comrades held sway !re2 !y br\ght ab\t a
 fam9e4 ,b to recognize ! ,fr5*         
,revolution z a class w>1 & n simply "o 
betwe5 nobility & b\rgeoisie1 b betwe5  
nobility1 b\rgeoisie1 & ! non-possess]s1
 01 9 ! ye> #ahjb1 a mo/ pregnant       
discov]y4 ,9 #ahaf1 he decl>es t        
politics is ! sci5ce ( production1 &    

=etells ! complete absorption ( politics
 by economics4 ,! k t economic          
conditions are ! basis ( political      
in/itutions appe>s "h only 9 embryo4    
,yet :at is "h already v pla9ly express$
 is ! idea ( ! future conv]sion (       
political rule ov] m5 into an           
adm9i/ration ( ?+s & a direction (      
processes ( production--t is to say1 !  
abolition ( ! ,/ate1 ab\t :i* rec5tly   
!re has be5 s mu* noise4  ,sa9t ,simon  
%[s ! same sup]iority ov] 8             
contempor>ies1 :5 9 #ahad1 imm$iately   
aft] ! entry ( ! allies into ,p>is1 &   
aga9 9 #ahae1 dur+ ! ,hundr$ ,days' ,w>1
 he proclaims ! alliance ( ,france )    
,engl&1 & !n ( bo? ^! c\ntries )        
,g]many1 z ! only gu>antee = ! prosp]\s 
developm5t & peace ( ,europe4 ,to prea* 
to ! ,fr5* 9 #ahae an alliance ) !      
victors ( ,wat]loo requir$ z mu* c\rage 
z hi/orical =esight4  ,if 9 ,sa9t ,simon
 we f9d a compreh5sive bread? ( view1 by
 virtue ( :i* almo/ all ! ideas ( lat]  
,sociali/s1 t are n /rictly economic1   

are f\nd 9 him 9 embryo1 we f9d 9 ,f\ri]
 a criticism ( ! exi/+ conditions (     
society g5u9ely ,fr5* & witty1 b n ^u t 
acc\nt any ! less ?or\gh4 ,f\ri] takes !
 b\rgeoisie1 _! inspir$ prophets be=e ! 
,revolution1 & _! int]e/$ eulogi/s aft] 
x1 at _! own ^w4 ,he lays b>e remorsely 
! mat]ial & moral mis]y ( ! b\rgeois _w4
 ,he confronts x ) ! e>li] philosoph]s' 
dazzl+ promises ( a society 9 :i* reason
 alone %\ld reign1 ( a civilization 9   
:i* happ9ess %\ld be univ]sal1 ( an     
illimitable human p]fectibility1 & ) !  
rose-color$ phraseology ( ! b\rgeois    
ideologi/s ( 8 "t4 ,he po9ts out h[     
ev]y:]e ! mo/ pitiful reality           
corresponds ) ! mo/ high-s\nd+ phrases1 
& he ov]:elms ?is hopeless fiasco (     
phrases ) 8 mordant s>casm4  ,f\ri] is n
 only a critic2 8 imp]turbably s]5e     
nature makes him a satiri/1 & assur$ly  
"o ( ! greate/ satiri/s ( all "t4 ,he   
depicts1 ) equal p[] & *>m1 ! sw9dl+    
speculations t blossom$ out ^u ! d[nfall
 ( ! ,revolution1 & ! %opkeep+ _s       

preval5t 91 & *>act]i/ic (1 ,fr5*       
comm]ce at t "t4 ,/ill m ma/]ly is 8    
criticism ( ! b\rgeois =m ( ! relations 
betwe5 ! sexes1 & ! position ( woman 9  
b\rgeois society4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to decl>e
 t 9 any giv5 society ! degree ( woman's
 emancipation is ! natural measure ( !  
g5]al emancipation4  ,b ,f\ri] is at 8  
greate/ 9 8 conception ( ! hi/ory (     
society4 ,he divides its :ole c\rse1 ?us
 f>1 into f\r /ages (                   
evolution--savag]y1 b>b>ism1 !          
patri>*ate1 civilization4 ,?is la/ is   
id5tical ) ! s-call$ civil1 or b\rgeois1
 society ( to-day--i4e41 ) ! social ord]
 t came 9 ) ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,he proves
 t ! civiliz$ /age raises e vice        
practic$ by b>b>ism 9 a simple fa%ion1  
into a =m ( exi/5ce1 complex1 ambigu\s1 
equivocal1 hypocritical--t civilization 
moves 9 a vici\s circle1 9              
contradictions :i* x con/antly          
reproduces )\t be+ able to solve !m2    
h5ce x con/antly arrives at ! v opposite
 to t :i* x wants to atta91 or pret5ds  

to want to atta91 s t1 e4g41 "u         
civilization pov]ty is born (           
sup]abundance itself4  ,f\ri]1 z we see1
 uses ! dialectic me?od 9 ! same ma/]ly 
way z 8 contempor>y ,hegel4 ,us+ ^! same
 dialectics1 he argues1 aga9/ ! talk    
ab\t illimitable human p]fectibility t e
 hi/orical phase has its p]iod ( asc5t &
 also its p]iod ( desc5t1 & he applies  
?is obs]vation to ! future ( ! :ole     
human race4 ,z ,kant introduc$ into     
natural sci5ce ! idea ( ! ultimate      
de/ruction ( ! e>?1 ,f\ri] introduc$    
into hi/orical sci5ce t ( ! ultimate    
de/ruction ( ! human race4  ,:il/ 9     
,france ! hurricane ( ! ,revolution     
swept ov] ! l&1 9 ,engl& a quiet]1 b n  
on t acc\nt less trem5d\s1 revolution 0 
go+ on4 ,/eam & ! new tool-mak+ ma*9]y 7
 trans=m+ manufacture into mod]n        
indu/ry1 & ?us revolutioniz+ ! :ole     
f\ndation ( b\rgeois society4 ,! sluggi%
 m>* ( developm5t ( ! manufactur+ p]iod 
*ang$ into a v]itable /orm & /ress p]iod
 ( production4 ,) con/antly increas+    

swiftness ! splitt+-up ( society into   
l>ge capitali/s & non-possess+          
prolet>ians w5t on4 ,betwe5 ^!1 in/ead (
 ! =m] /able middle-class1 an un/able   
mass ( artisans & small %opkeep]s1 ! mo/
 fluctuat+ portion ( ! population1 n[ l$
 a prec>i\s exi/5ce4  ,! new mode (     
production 01 z yet1 only at ! beg9n+ ( 
its p]iod ( asc5t2 z yet x 0 ! normal1  
regul> me?od ( production--! only "o    
possible "u exi/+ conditions4           
,nev]!less1 ev5 !n x 0 produc+ cry+     
social abuses--! h]d+ toge!r ( a        
homeless population 9 ! wor/ qu>t]s ( ! 
l>ge t[ns2 ! loos5+ ( all traditional   
moral bonds1 ( patri>*al subord9ation1 (
 family relations2 ov]work1 especially (
 wom5 & *ildr51 to a frightful ext5t2   
complete demoralization ( ! work+-class1
 sudd5ly flung into altoge!r new        
conditions1 f ! c\ntry into ! t[n1 f    
agriculture into mod]n indu/ry1 f /able 
conditions ( exi/5ce into insecure ones 
t *ang$ f day to day4  ,at ?is juncture 
!re came =w>d z a re=m] a manufactur]   

#bi ye>s old--a man ( almo/ sublime1    
*ildlike simplicity ( "*1 & at ! same "t
 "o ( ! few born lead]s ( m54 ,rob]t    
,ow5 _h adopt$ ! tea*+ ( ! mat]iali/ic  
philosoph]s3 t man's "* is ! product1 on
 ! "o h&1 ( h]$ity1 on ! o!r1 ( !       
environm5t ( ! individual dur+ 8        
lifetime1 & especially dur+ 8 p]iod (   
developm5t4 ,9 ! indu/rial revolution   
mo/ ( 8 class saw only *aos & confusion1
 & ! opportunity ( fi%+ 9 ^! tr\bl$     
wat]s & mak+ l>ge =tunes quickly4 ,he   
saw 9 x ! opportunity ( putt+ into      
practice 8 favorite !ory1 & s ( br++    
ord] out ( *aos4 ,he _h already tri$ x )
 success1 z sup]9t5d5t ( m ?an five     
hundr$ m5 9 a ,man*e/] factory4 ,f #ahjj
 to #ahbi1 he direct$ ! great cotton    
mill at ,new ,lan>k1 9 ,scotl&1 z manag+
 p>tn]1 along ! same l9es1 b ) great]   
fre$om ( action & ) a success t made him
 a ,european reputation4 ,a population1 
orig9ally consi/+ ( ! mo/ div]se &1 = ! 
mo/ "p1 v demoraliz$ elem5ts1 a         
population t gradually grew to #b1ejj1  

he turn$ into a model colony1 9 :i*     
drunk5ness1 police1 magi/rates1         
lawsuits1 poor laws1 *>ity1 7 unkn[n4 ,&
 all ?is simply by plac+ ! p 9          
conditions wor?y ( human be+s1 &        
especially by c>efully br++ up ! ris+   
g5]ation4 ,he 0 ! f\nd] ( infant s*ools1
 & introduc$ !m fir/ at ,new ,lan>k4 ,at
 ! age ( two ! *ildr5 came to s*ool1 :]e
 !y enjoy$ !mselves s mu* t !y c\ld     
sc>cely be got home aga94 ,:il/ 8       
competitors work$ _! p ?irte5 or f\rte5 
h\rs a day1 9 ,new ,lan>k ! work+-day 0 
only t5 & a half h\rs4 ,:5 a crisis 9   
cotton /opp$ "w = f\r mon?s1 8 work]s   
receiv$ _! full wages all ! "t4 ,& ) all
 ?is ! bus9ess m ?an d\bl$ 9 value1 & to
 ! la/ yield$ l>ge pr(its to its        
proprietors4  ,9 spite ( all ?is1 ,ow5 0
 n cont5t4 ,! exi/5ce :i* he secur$ = 8 
work]s 01 9 8 eyes1 /ill f> f be+ wor?y 
( human be+s4 ,! p 7 slaves at my m]cy4 
,! relatively favorable conditions 9 :i*
 he _h plac$ !m 7 /ill f> f all[+ a     
rational developm5t ( ! "* & ( !        

intellect 9 all directions1 mu* less ( !
 free ex]cise ( all _! faculties4 ,&    
yet1 ! work+ "p ( ?is population (      
#b1ejj p]sons 0 daily produc+ z mu* real
 weal? = society z1 less ?an half a     
c5tury be=e1 x w\ld h requir$ ! work+ "p
 ( a population ( #fjj1jjj to create4 ,i
 ask$ myself1 :at became ( ! diff]5ce   
betwe5 ! weal? consum$ by #b1ejj p]sons 
& t :i* w\ld h be5 consum$ by #fjj1jjj8b
  ,! answ] 0 cle>4 ,x _h be5 us$ to pay 
! proprietors ( ! e/abli%m5t #e p] c5t4 
on ! capital !y _h laid out1 9 addition 
to ov] ,l#cjj1jjj cle> pr(it4 ,& t :i*  
held = ,new ,lan>k held to a /ill great]
 ext5t = all ! factories 9 ,engl&4 ,if  
?is new weal? _h n be5 creat$ by ma*9]y1
 imp]fectly z x has be5 appli$1 ! w>s ( 
,europe1 9 opposition to ,napoleon1 & to
 support ! ari/ocratic pr9ciples (      
society1 c\ld n h be5 ma9ta9$4 ,& yet   
?is new p[] 0 ! creation ( !            
work+-classes4#c ,to !m1 !re=e1 ! fruits
 ( ?is new p[] belong$4 ,! newly-creat$ 
gigantic productive =ces1 hi!rto us$    

only to enri* individuals & to enslave !
 masses1 (f]$ to ,ow5 ! f\ndations = a  
recon/ruction ( society2 !y 7 de/9$1 z !
 common prop]ty ( all1 to be work$ = !  
common good ( all4  ,ow5's ,communism 0 
bas$ ^u ?is purely bus9ess f\ndation1 ! 
outcome1 s to say1 ( comm]cial          
calculation4 ,?r\gh\t1 x ma9ta9$ ?is    
practical "*4 ,?us1 9 #ahbc1 ,ow5       
propos$ ! relief ( ! di/ress 9 ,irel& by
 ,communi/ colonies1 & drew up complete 
e/imates ( co/s ( f\nd+ !m1 ye>ly       
exp5diture1 & probable rev5ue4 ,& 9 8   
def9ite plan = ! future1 ! te*nical     
work+ out ( details is manag$ ) su*     
practical k--gr\nd plan1 front & side & 
bird's-eye views all includ$--t ! ,ow5  
me?od ( social re=m once accept$1 !re is
 f ! practical po9t ( view little to be 
said aga9/ ! actual arrangem5t (        
details4  ,8 advance 9 ! direction (    
,communism 0 ! turn+-po9t 9 ,ow5's life4
 ,z long z he 0 simply a philan?ropi/1  
he 0 rew>d$ ) no?+ b weal?1 applause1   
honor1 & glory4 ,he 0 ! mo/ popul> man 9

 ,europe4 ,n only m5 ( 8 own class1 b   
/atesm5 & pr9ces li/5$ to him approv+ly4
 ,b :5 he came out ) 8 ,communi/ !ories1
 t 0 q ano!r ?+4 ,?ree great ob/acles   
seem$ to him especially to block ! pa?  
to social re=m3 private prop]ty1        
religion1 ! pres5t =m ( m>riage4 ,he    
knew :at confront$ him if he attack$    
^!--outlawry1 excommunication f (ficial 
society1 ! loss ( 8 :ole social         
position4 ,b no?+ ( ?is prev5t$ him f   
attack+ !m )\t fe> ( consequ5ces1 & :at 
he _h =ese5 happ5$4 ,bani%$ f (ficial   
society1 ) a conspiracy ( sil5ce aga9/  
him 9 ! press1 ru9$ by 8 unsuccessful   
,communi/ exp]im5ts 9 ,am]ica1 9 :i* he 
sacrific$ all 8 =tune1 he turn$ directly
 to ! work+-class & cont9u$ work+ 9 _!  
mid/ = ?irty ye>s4 ,e social movem5t1 e 
real advance 9 ,engl& on behalf ( !     
work]s l9ks itself on to ! "n ( ,rob]t  
,ow54 ,he =c$ ?r\gh 9 #ahai1 aft] five  
ye>s' fight+1 ! fir/ law limit+ ! h\rs (
 labor ( wom5 & *ildr5 9 factories4 ,he 
0 presid5t ( ! fir/ ,congress at :i* all

 ! ,trade ,unions ( ,engl& unit$ 9 a    
s+le great trade association4 ,he       
introduc$ z transition measures to !    
complete communi/ic organization (      
society1 on ! "o h&1 coop]ative         
societies = retail trade & production4  
,^! h s9ce t "t1 at lea/1 giv5 practical
 pro( t ! m]*ant & ! manufactur] are    
socially q unnecess>y4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he 
introduc$ labor baza>s = ! ex*ange ( !  
products ( labor ?r\gh ! m$ium (        
labor-notes1 ^: unit 0 a s+le h\r ( "w2 
in/itutions necess>ily doom$ to failure1
 b completely anticipat+ ,pr\dhon's bank
 ( ex*ange ( a mu* lat] p]iod1 & diff]+ 
entirely f ?is 9 t x did n claim to be !
 panacea = all social ills1 b only a    
fir/ /ep t[>ds a mu* m radical          
revolution ( society4  ,! ,utopians'    
mode ( ?\ght has = a long "t gov]n$ !   
sociali/ ideas ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 &    
/ill gov]ns "s ( !m4 ,until v rec5tly   
all ,fr5* & ,engli% ,sociali/s did      
homage to x4 ,! e>li] ,g]man ,communism1
 includ+ t ( ,weitl+1 0 ( ! same s*ool4 

,to all ^! ,socialism is ! expression ( 
absolute tru?1 reason1 & ju/ice1 & has  
only to be discov]$ to conqu] all ! _w  
by virtue ( its own p[]4 ,& z absolute  
tru? is indep5d5t ( "t1 space1 & ( !    
hi/orical developm5t ( man1 x is a m]e  
accid5t :5 & :]e x is discov]$4 ,) all  
?is1 absolute tru?1 reason1 & ju/ice are
 diff]5t ) ! f\nd] ( ea* diff]5t s*ool4 
,& z ea* "o's special k9d ( absolute    
tru?1 reason1 & ju/ice is aga9          
condition$ by 8 subjective und]/&+1 8   
conditions ( exi/5ce1 ! measure ( 8 k & 
8 intellectual tra9+1 !re is no o!r end+
 possible 9 ?is conflict ( absolute     
tru?s ?an t !y %all be mutually         
exclusive "o ( ! o!r4 ,h5ce1 f ?is no?+ 
c\ld come b a k9d ( eclectic1 av]age    
,socialism1 :i*1 z a matt] ( fact1 has  
up to ! pres5t "t dom9at$ ! m9ds ( mo/ (
 ! sociali/ work]s 9 ,france & ,engl&4  
,h5ce1 a mi%-ma% all[+ ( ! mo/ manifold 
%ades ( op9ion2 a mi%-ma% ( su* critical
 /atem5ts1 economic !ories1 pictures (  
future society by ! f\nd]s ( diff]5t    

sects1 z excite a m9imum ( opposition2 a
 mi%-ma% :i* is ! m easily brew$ ! m !  
def9ite %>p edges ( ! individual        
con/itu5ts are rubb$ d[n 9 ! /ream (    
debate1 l r\nd$ pebbles 9 a brook4  ,to 
make a sci5ce ( ,socialism1 x _h fir/ to
 be plac$ ^u a real basis4              
,,footnotes3  #a ,?is is ! passage on ! 
,fr5* ,revolution3 ,?\ght1 ! concept (  
law1 all at once made itself felt1 &    
aga9/ ?is ! old scaffold+ ( wrong c\ld  
make no /&4 ,9 ?is conception ( law1    
!re=e1 a con/itution has n[ be5         
e/abli%$1 & h5ce=? ev]y?+ mu/ be bas$ ^u
 ?is4 ,s9ce ! sun _h be5 9 ! firmam5t1 &
 ! planets circl$ r\nd him1 ! sight _h  
nev] be5 se5 ( man /&+ ^u 8 head--i4e41 
on ! ,idea--& build+ reality aft] ?is   
image4 ,anaxagoras fir/ said t ! ,n\s1  
reason1 rules ! _w2 b n[1 = ! fir/ "t1  
_h man come to recognize t ! ,idea mu/  
rule ! m5tal reality4 ,& ?is 0 a        
magnific5t sunrise4 ,all ?9k+ ,be+s h   
p>ticipat$ 9 celebrat+ ?is holy day4 ,a 
sublime emotion sway$ m5 at t "t1 an    

en?usiasm ( reason p]vad$ ! _w1 z if n[ 
_h come ! reconciliation ( ! ,div9e     
,pr9ciple ) ! _w4 ,hegel3 ,philosophy ( 
,hi/ory1 #ahdj1 p4 #ece4 ,is x n high "t
 to set ! anti-,sociali/ law 9 action   
aga9/ su* tea*+s1 subv]sive & to !      
common dang]1 by ! late ,pr(essor       
,hegel8  #b ,f ,! ,revolution 9 ,m9d &  
,practice1 p4 #ba1 a memorial address$  
to all ! r$ ,republicans1 ,communi/s &  
,sociali/s ( ,europe1 & s5t to !        
provisional gov]nm5t ( ,france1 #ahdh1 &
 also to ,que5 ,victoria & h]           
responsible advis]s4  #c ,note1 l4 c41  
p4 #gj4     ,,ii   ,9 ! meantime1 along 
) & aft] ! ,fr5* philosophy ( ! eighte5?
 c5tury _h aris5 ! new ,g]man           
philosophy1 culm9at+ 9 ,hegel4 ,its     
greate/ m]it 0 ! tak+ up aga9 (         
dialectics z ! highe/ =m ( reason+4 ,!  
old ,greek philosoph]s 7 all born       
natural dialecticians1 & ,ari/otle1 !   
mo/ encyclopa$ic intellect ( !m1 _h     
already analyz$ ! mo/ ess5tial =ms (    
dialectic ?\ght4 ,! new] philosophy1 on 

! o!r h&1 al?\gh 9 x also dialectics _h 
brilliant expon5ts 7e4g4 ,desc>tes &    
,sp9oza71 _h1 especially ?r\gh ,engli%  
influ5ce1 become m & m rigidly fix$ 9 ! 
s-call$ metaphysical mode ( reason+1 by 
:i* also ! ,fr5* ( ! eighte5? c5tury 7  
almo/ :olly dom9at$1 at all ev5ts 9 _!  
special philosophical "w4 ,outside      
philosophy 9 ! re/rict$ s5se1 ! ,fr5*   
nev]!less produc$ ma/]pieces (          
dialectic4 ,we ne$ only call to m9d     
,did]ot's ,le ,neveu de ,rameau1 &      
,r\sseau's ,disc\rs sur l'orig9e et les 
fondem5ts de l'inegalite p>mi les       
hommes4 ,we give "h1 9 brief1 ! ess5tial
 "* ( ^! two modes ( ?\ght4  ,:5 we     
consid] & reflect ^u nature at l>ge1 or 
! hi/ory ( mank9d1 or our own           
intellectual activity1 at fir/ we see ! 
picture ( an endless entanglem5t (      
relations & reactions1 p]mutations &    
comb9ations1 9 :i* no?+ rema9s :at1 :]e1
 & z x 01 b ev]y?+ moves1 *anges1 comes 
into be+ & passes away4 ,we see1 !re=e1 
at fir/ ! picture z a :ole1 ) its       

individual p>ts /ill m or less kept 9 ! 
backgr\nd2 we obs]ve ! movem5ts1        
transitions1 connections1 r ?an ! ?+s t 
move1 comb9e1 & are connect$4 ,?is      
primitive1 naive1 b intr9sically correct
 conception ( ! _w is t ( anci5t ,greek 
philosophy1 & 0 fir/ cle>ly =mulat$ by  
,h]aclitus3 ev]y?+ is & is n1 = ev]y?+  
is fluid1 is con/antly *ang+1 con/antly 
com+ into be+ & pass+ away4  ,b ?is     
conception1 correctly z x expresses !   
g5]al "* ( ! picture ( appe>ances z a   
:ole1 does n suffice to expla9 ! details
 ( :i* ?is picture is made up1 & s long 
z we d n und]/& ^!1 we h n a cle> idea (
 ! :ole picture4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ^!   
details we mu/ deta* !m f _! natural or 
hi/orical connection & exam9e ea* "o    
sep>ately1 its nature1 special causes1  
effects1 etc4 ,?is is1 prim>ily1 ! task 
( natural sci5ce & hi/orical rese>*2    
bran*es ( sci5ce :i* ! ,greeks (        
classical times1 on v good gr\nds1      
relegat$ to a subord9ate position1      
because !y _h fir/ ( all to collect     

mat]ials = ^! sci5ces to "w ^u4 ,a c]ta9
 am\nt ( natural & hi/orical mat]ial mu/
 be collect$ be=e !re c be any critical 
analysis1 comp>ison1 & arrangem5t 9     
classes1 ord]s1 & species4 ,! f\ndations
 ( ! exact natural sci5ces 71 !re=e1    
fir/ work$ out by ! ,greeks ( !         
,alex&rian p]iod1 & lat] on1 9 ! ,middle
 ,ages1 by ! ,arabs4 ,real natural      
sci5ce dates f ! second half ( ! fifte5?
 c5tury1 & !nce onw>d x has advanc$ )   
con/antly increas+ rapidity4 ,! analysis
 ( ,nature into its individual p>ts1 !  
gr\p+ ( ! diff]5t natural processes &   
objects 9 def9ite classes1 ! /udy ( !   
int]nal anatomy ( organiz$ bodies 9 _!  
manifold =ms--^! 7 ! fundam5tal         
conditions ( ! gigantic /rides 9 our k (
 ,nature t h be5 made dur+ ! la/ f\r    
hundr$ ye>s4 ,b ?is me?od ( "w has also 
left u z legacy ! habit ( obs]v+ natural
 objects & processes 9 isolation1 ap>t f
 _! connection ) ! va/ :ole2 ( obs]v+ !m
 9 repose1 n 9 motion2 z con/ants1 n z  
ess5tially v>iables2 9 _! dea?1 n 9 _!  

life4 ,& :5 ?is way ( look+ at ?+s 0    
transf]r$ by ,bacon & ,locke f natural  
sci5ce to philosophy1 x begot ! n>r[1   
metaphysical mode ( ?\ght peculi> to !  
la/ c5tury4  ,to ! metaphysician1 ?+s & 
_! m5tal reflexes1 ideas1 are isolat$1  
are to be consid]$ "o aft] ! o!r & ap>t 
f ea* o!r1 are objects ( inve/igation   
fix$1 rigid1 giv5 once = all4 ,he ?9ks 9
 absolutely irreconcilable anti!ses4 ,8 
communication is 'yea1 yea2 nay1 nay2' =
 :atsoev] is m ?an ^! come? ( evil4 ,=  
him a ?+ ei!r exi/s or does n exi/2 a ?+
 _c at ! same "t be itself & some?+     
else4 ,positive & negative absolutely   
exclude "o ano!r2 cause & effect /& 9 a 
rigid anti!sis "o to ! o!r4  ,at fir/   
sight ?is mode ( ?9k+ seems to u v      
lum9\s1 because x is t ( s-call$ s\nd   
commons5se4 ,only s\nd commons5se1      
respectable fell[ t he is1 9 ! homely   
realm ( 8 own f\r walls1 has v wond]ful 
adv5tures directly he v5tures out into !
 wide _w ( rese>*4 ,& ! metaphysical    
mode ( ?\ght1 ju/ifiable & necess>y z x 

is 9 a numb] ( doma9s ^: ext5t v>ies    
accord+ to ! nature ( ! p>ticul> object 
( inve/igation1 soon] or lat] rea*es a  
limit1 beyond :i* x becomes "o-sid$1    
re/rict$1 ab/ract1 lo/ 9 insoluble      
contradictions4 ,9 ! contemplation (    
individual ?+s1 x =gets ! connection    
betwe5 !m2 9 ! contemplation ( _!       
exi/5ce1 x =gets ! beg9n+ & end ( t     
exi/5ce2 ( _! repose1 x =gets _! motion4
 ,x _c see ! wood = ! trees4  ,= ev]yday
 purposes we "k & c say e4g41 :e!r an   
animal is alive or n4 ,b1 ^u clos]      
inquiry1 we f9d t ?is is1 9 _m cases1 a 
v complex "q1 z ! juri/s "k v well4 ,!y 
h cudgell$ _! bra9s 9 va9 to discov] a  
rational limit beyond :i* ! kill+ ( !   
*ild 9 its "m's womb is murd]4 ,x is j z
 impossible to det]m9e absolutely !     
mom5t ( dea?1 = physiology proves t dea?
 is n an in/antane\s1 mom5t>y ph5om5on1 
b a v protract$ process4  ,9 l mann]1 e 
organiz$ be+ is e mom5t ! same & n !    
same2 e mom5t x assimilates matt]       
suppli$ f )\t1 & gets rid ( o!r matt]2 e

 mom5t "s cells ( its body die & o!rs   
build !mselves anew2 9 a long] or %ort] 
"t ! matt] ( its body is completely     
r5ew$1 & is replac$ by o!r molecules (  
matt]1 s t e organiz$ be+ is always     
itself1 & yet some?+ o!r ?an itself4    
,fur!r1 we f9d ^u clos] inve/igation t !
 two poles ( an anti!sis1 positive &    
negative1 e4g41 are z insep>able z !y   
are oppos$1 & t despite all _!          
opposition1 !y mutually int]p5etrate4 ,&
 we f9d1 9 l mann]1 t cause & effect are
 conceptions :i* only hold good 9 _!    
application to individual cases2 b z    
soon z we consid] ! individual cases 9  
_! g5]al connection ) ! univ]se z a     
:ole1 !y run into ea* o!r1 & !y become  
conf\nd$ :5 we contemplate t univ]sal   
action & reaction 9 :i* causes & effects
 are et]nally *ang+ places1 s t :at is  
effect "h & n[ w be cause !re & !n1 &   
vice v]sa4  ,none ( ^! processes & modes
 ( ?\ght ent]s into ! framework (       
metaphysical reason+4 ,dialectics1 on ! 
o!r h&1 compreh5ds ?+s & _!             

repres5tations1 ideas1 9 _! ess5tial    
connection1 concat5ation1 motion1 orig91
 & end+4 ,su* processes z ^? m5tion$    
above are1 !re=e1 s _m corroborations ( 
its own me?od ( proc$ure4  ,nature is ! 
pro( ( dialectics1 & x mu/ be said =    
mod]n sci5ce t x has furni%$ ?is pro( ) 
v ri* mat]ials increas+ daily1 & ?us has
 %[n t1 9 ! la/ resort1 ,nature works   
dialectically & n metaphysically2 t %e  
does n move 9 ! et]nal on5ess ( a       
p]petually recurr+ circle1 b goes ?r\gh 
a real hi/orical evolution4 ,9 ?is      
connection ,d>w9 mu/ be nam$ be=e all   
o!rs4 ,he dealt ! metaphysical          
conception ( ,nature ! heavie/ bl[ by 8 
pro( t all organic be+s1 plants1        
animals1 & man himself1 are ! products (
 a process ( evolution go+ on ?r\gh     
millions ( ye>s4 ,b ! naturali/s :o h   
le>n$ to ?9k dialectically are few & f> 
betwe51 & ?is conflict ( ! results (    
discov]y ) preconceiv$ modes ( ?9k+     
expla9s ! endless confusion n[ reign+ 9 
!oretical natural sci5ce1 ! despair (   

tea*]s z well z le>n]s1 ( au?ors &      
read]s alike4  ,an exact repres5tation (
 ! univ]se1 ( its evolution1 ( !        
developm5t ( mank9d1 & ( ! reflection ( 
?is evolution 9 ! m9ds ( m51 c !re=e    
only be obta9$ by ! me?ods ( dialectics 
) its con/ant reg>d to ! innum]able     
actions & reactions ( life & dea?1 (    
progressive or retrogressive *anges4 ,& 
9 ?is _s ! new ,g]man philosophy has    
work$4 ,kant began 8 c>e] by resolv+ !  
/able sol> sy/em ( ,newton & its et]nal 
duration1 aft] ! fam\s initial impulse  
_h once be5 giv51 into ! result ( a     
hi/oric process1 ! =mation ( ! sun & all
 ! planets out ( a rotat+ nebul\s mass4 
,f ?is he at ! same "t drew ! conclusion
 t1 giv5 ?is orig9 ( ! sol> sy/em1 its  
future dea? foll[$ ( necessity4 ,8 !ory 
half a c5tury lat] 0 e/abli%$           
ma!matically by ,laplace1 & half a      
c5tury aft] t ! spectroscope prov$ !    
exi/5ce 9 space ( su* inc&esc5t masses (
 gas 9 v>i\s /ages ( cond5sation4  ,?is 
new ,g]man philosophy culm9at$ 9 !      

,hegelian sy/em4 ,9 ?is sy/em--& h]e9 is
 its great m]it--= ! fir/ "t ! :ole _w1 
natural1 hi/orical1 intellectual1 is    
repres5t$ z a process1 i4e41 z 9 con/ant
 motion1 *ange1 trans=mation1           
developm5t2 & ! attempt is made to trace
 out ! int]nal connection t makes a     
cont9u\s :ole ( all ?is movem5t &       
developm5t4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ! hi/ory 
( mank9d no long] appe>$ z a wild :irl (
 s5seless de$s ( viol5ce1 all equally   
condemnable at ! judgm5t seat ( mature  
philosophic reason1 & :i* are be/ =gott5
 z quickly z possible2 b z ! process (  
evolution ( man himself4 ,x 0 n[ ! task 
( ! intellect to foll[ ! gradual m>* (  
?is process ?r\gh all its devi\s ways1 &
 to trace out ! inn] law runn+ ?r\gh all
 its app>5tly accid5tal ph5om5a4  ,t !  
,hegelian sy/em did n solve ! problem x 
prop\nd$ is "h immat]ial4 ,its epo*-mak+
 m]it 0 t x prop\nd$ ! problem4 ,?is    
problem is "o t no s+le individual w ev]
 be able to solve4 ,al?\gh ,hegel 0--)  
,sa9t ,simon--! mo/ encyclopa$ic m9d ( 8

 "t1 yet he 0 limit$1 fir/1 by !        
necess>ily limit$ ext5t ( 8 own k1 &1   
second1 by ! limit$ ext5t & dep? ( ! k &
 conceptions ( 8 age4 ,to ^! limits a   
?ird mu/ be add$4 ,hegel 0 an ideali/4  
,to him ! ?\ghts )9 8 bra9 7 n ! m or   
less ab/ract pictures ( actual ?+s &    
processes1 b1 conv]sely1 ?+s & _!       
evolution 7 only ! realiz$ pictures ( ! 
,idea1 exi/+ some:]e f et]nity be=e ! _w
 04 ,?is way ( ?9k+ turn$ ev]y?+ upside 
d[n1 & completely rev]s$ ! actual       
connection ( ?+s 9 ! _w4 ,correctly &   
+5i\sly z _m individual gr\ps ( facts 7 
grasp$ by ,hegel1 yet1 = ! reasons j    
giv51 !re is mu* t is bot*$1 artificial1
 labor$1 9 a ^w1 wrong 9 po9t ( detail4 
,! ,hegelian sy/em1 9 itself1 0 a       
colossal misc>riage--b x 0 also ! la/ ( 
its k9d4 ,x 0 suff]+1 9 fact1 f an      
int]nal & incurable contradiction4 ,^u !
 "o h&1 its ess5tial proposition 0 !    
conception t human hi/ory is a process (
 evolution1 :i*1 by its v nature1 _c f9d
 its intellectual f9al t]m 9 ! discov]y 

( any s-call$ absolute tru?4 ,b1 on !   
o!r h&1 x laid claim to be+ ! v ess5ce (
 ?is absolute tru?4 ,a sy/em ( natural &
 hi/orical k1 embrac+ ev]y?+1 & f9al =  
all "t1 is a contradiction to !         
fundam5tal law ( dialectic reason+4 ,?is
 law1 inde$1 by no means excludes1 b1 on
 ! contr>y1 includes ! idea t !         
sy/ematic k ( ! ext]nal univ]se c make  
giant /rides f age to age4  ,! p]ception
 ( ! fundam5tal contradiction 9 ,g]man  
idealism l$ necess>ily back to          
mat]ialism1 b nota b5e1 n to ! simply   
metaphysical1 exclusively me*anical     
mat]ialism ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,old    
mat]ialism look$ ^u all previ\s hi/ory z
 a crude heap ( irrationality & viol5ce2
 mod]n mat]ialism sees 9 x ! process (  
evolution ( humanity1 & aims at discov]+
 ! laws !re(4 ,) ! ,fr5* ( ! eighte5?   
c5tury1 & ev5 ) ,hegel1 ! conception    
obta9$ ( ,nature z a :ole1 mov+ 9 n>r[  
circles1 & =ev] immutable1 ) its et]nal 
cele/ial bodies1 z ,newton1 & unalt]able
 organic species1 z ,l9naeus1 taught4   

,mod]n mat]ialism embraces ! m rec5t    
discov]ies ( natural sci5ce1 accord+ to 
:i* ,nature also has its hi/ory 9 "t1 ! 
cele/ial bodies1 l ! organic species t1 
"u favorable conditions1 p !m1 be+ born 
& p]i%+4 ,& ev5 if ,nature1 z a :ole1   
mu/ /ill be said to move 9 recurr5t     
cycles1 ^! cycles assume inf9itely l>g] 
dim5sions4 ,9 bo? aspects1 mod]n        
mat]ialism is ess5tially dialectic1 & no
 long] requires ! assi/ance ( t sort (  
philosophy :i*1 que5-l1 pret5d$ to rule 
! rema9+ mob ( sci5ces4 ,z soon z ea*   
special sci5ce is b\nd to make cle> its 
position 9 ! great totality ( ?+s & (   
our k ( ?+s1 a special sci5ce deal+ )   
?is totality is sup]flu\s or unnecess>y4
 ,t :i* /ill survives ( all e>li]       
philosophy is ! sci5ce ( ?\ght & its    
laws--=mal logic & dialectics4 ,ev]y?+  
else is subsum$ 9 ! positive sci5ce (   
,nature & hi/ory4  ,:il/1 h[ev]1 !      
revolution 9 ! conception ( ,nature c\ld
 only be made 9 proportion to !         
correspond+ positive mat]ials furni%$ by

 rese>*1 already mu* e>li] c]ta9        
hi/orical facts _h occurr$ :i* l$ to a  
decisive *ange 9 ! conception ( hi/ory4 
,9 #ahca1 ! fir/ work+-class ris+ took  
place 9 ,lyons2 betwe5 #ahch & #ahdb1 ! 
fir/ national work+-class movem5t1 t ( !
 ,engli% ,*>ti/s1 rea*$ its height4 ,!  
class /ruggle betwe5 prolet>iat &       
b\rgeoisie came to ! front 9 ! hi/ory ( 
! mo/ advanc$ c\ntries 9 ,europe1 9     
proportion to ! developm5t1 ^u ! "o h&1 
( mod]n indu/ry1 ^u ! o!r1 ( !          
newly-acquir$ political supremacy ( !   
b\rgeoisie4 ,facts m & m /r5u\sly gave !
 lie to ! tea*+s ( b\rgeois economy z to
 ! id5tity ( ! int]e/s ( capital &      
labor1 z to ! univ]sal h>mony & univ]sal
 prosp]ity t w\ld be ! consequ5ce (     
unbridl$ competition4 ,all ^! ?+s c\ld  
no long] be ignor$1 any m ?an ! ,fr5* & 
,engli% ,socialism1 :i* 0 _! !oretical1 
?\gh v imp]fect1 expression4 ,b ! old   
ideali/ conception ( hi/ory1 :i* 0 n yet
 dislodg$1 knew no?+ ( class /ruggles   
bas$ ^u economic int]e/s1 knew no?+ (   

economic int]e/s2 production & all      
economic relations appe>$ 9 x only z    
incid5tal1 subord9ate elem5ts 9 ! hi/ory
 ( civilization4  ,! new facts made     
imp]ative a new exam9ation ( all pa/    
hi/ory4 ,!n x 0 se5 t all pa/ hi/ory1 ) 
! exception ( its primitive /ages1 0 !  
hi/ory ( class /ruggles2 t ^! w>r+      
classes ( society are always ! products 
( ! modes ( production & ( ex*ange--9 a 
^w1 ( ! economic conditions ( _! "t2 t !
 economic /ructure ( society always     
furni%es ! real basis1 />t+ f :i* we c  
alone "w out ! ultimate explanation ( ! 
:ole sup]/ructure ( juridical &         
political in/itutions z well z ( !      
religi\s1 philosophical1 & o!r ideas ( a
 giv5 hi/orical p]iod4 ,hegel _h fre$   
hi/ory f metaphysics--he _h made x      
dialectic2 b 8 conception ( hi/ory 0    
ess5tially ideali/ic4 ,b n[ idealism 0  
driv5 f its la/ refuge1 ! philosophy (  
hi/ory2 n[ a mat]iali/ic treatm5t (     
hi/ory 0 prop\nd$1 & a me?od f\nd (     
expla9+ man's kn[+ by 8 be+1 in/ead (1 z

 h]et(ore1 8 be+ by 8 kn[+4  ,f t "t    
=w>d ,socialism 0 no long] an accid5tal 
discov]y ( ?is or t +5i\s bra91 b !     
necess>y outcome ( ! /ruggle betwe5 two 
hi/orically develop$ classes--!         
prolet>iat & ! b\rgeoisie4 ,its task 0  
no long] to manufacture a sy/em (       
society z p]fect z possible1 b to exam9e
 ! hi/orico-economic succession ( ev5ts 
f :i* ^! classes & _! antagonism _h (   
necessity sprung1 & to discov] 9 !      
economic conditions ?us creat$ ! means (
 end+ ! conflict4 ,b ! ,socialism (     
e>li] days 0 z incompatible ) ?is       
mat]iali/ic conception z ! conception ( 
,nature ( ! ,fr5* mat]iali/s 0 )        
dialectics & mod]n natural sci5ce4 ,!   
,socialism ( e>li] days c]ta9ly         
criticis$ ! exi/+ capitali/ic mode (    
production & its consequ5ces4 ,b x c\ld 
n expla9 !m1 &1 !re=e1 c\ld n get !     
ma/]y ( !m4 ,x c\ld only simply reject  
!m z bad4 ,! m /rongly ?is e>li]        
,socialism d5\nc$ ! exploitation ( !    
work+-class1 inevitable "u ,capitalism1 

! less able 0 x cle>ly to %[ 9 :at ?is  
exploitation consi/$ & h[ x arose4 ,b = 
?is x 0 necess>y--7#a7 to pres5t !      
capitali/ic me?od ( production 9 its    
hi/orical connection & its inevitabl5ess
 dur+ a p>ticul> hi/orical p]iod1 &     
!re=e1 also1 to pres5t its inevitable   
d[nfall2 & 7#b7 to lay b>e its ess5tial 
"*1 :i* 0 /ill a secret4 ,?is 0 done by 
! discov]y ( surplus-value4 ,x 0 %[n t !
 appropriation ( unpaid labor is ! basis
 ( ! capitali/ mode ( production & ( !  
exploitation ( ! work] t occurs "u x2 t 
ev5 if ! capitali/ buys ! labor-p[] ( 8 
labor] at its full value z a commodity  
on ! m>ket1 he yet extracts m value f x 
?an he paid =2 & t 9 ! ultimate analysis
 ?is surplus-value =ms ^? sums ( value f
 :i* are heap$ up ! con/antly increas+  
masses ( capital 9 ! h&s ( ! possess+   
classes4 ,! g5esis ( capitali/          
production & ! production ( capital 7   
bo? expla9$4  ,^! two great discov]ies1 
! mat]iali/ic conception ( hi/ory & !   
revelation ( ! secret ( capitali/ic     

production ?r\gh surplus-value1 we owe  
to ,m>x4 ,) ^! discov]ies ,socialism    
became a sci5ce4 ,! next ?+ 0 to "w out 
all its details & relations4     ,,iii  
,! mat]iali/ conception ( hi/ory />ts f 
! proposition t ! production ( ! means  
to support human life &1 next to        
production1 ! ex*ange ( ?+s produc$1 is 
! basis ( all social /ructure2 t 9 e    
society t has appe>$ 9 hi/ory1 ! mann] 9
 :i* weal? is di/ribut$ & society divid$
 into classes or ord]s1 is dep5d5t ^u   
:at is produc$1 h[ x is produc$1 & h[ ! 
products are ex*ang$4 ,f ?is po9t ( view
 ! f9al causes ( all social *anges &    
political revolutions are to be s\ght1 n
 9 m5's bra9s1 n 9 man's bett] insight  
into et]nal tru? & ju/ice1 b 9 *anges 9 
! modes ( production & ex*ange4 ,!y are 
to be s\ght1 n 9 ! philosophy1 b 9 !    
economics ( ea* p>ticul> epo*4 ,! gr[+  
p]ception t exi/+ social in/itutions are
 unreasonable & unju/1 t reason has     
become unreason1 & "r wrong1 is only    
pro( t 9 ! modes ( production & ex*ange 

*anges h sil5tly tak5 place1 ) :i* !    
social ord]1 adapt$ to e>li] economic   
conditions1 is no long] 9 keep+4 ,f ?is 
x also foll[s t ! means ( gett+ rid ( ! 
incongruities t h be5 br\ght to light1  
mu/ also be pres5t1 9 a m or less       
develop$ condition1 )9 ! *ang$ modes (  
production !mselves4 ,^! means are n to 
be inv5t$ by d$uction f fundam5tal      
pr9ciples1 b are to be discov]$ 9 !     
/ubborn facts ( ! exi/+ sy/em (         
production4  ,:at is1 !n1 ! position (  
mod]n ,socialism 9 ?is connection8  ,!  
pres5t /ructure ( society--?is is n[    
pretty g5]ally conc$$--is ! creation ( !
 rul+ class ( to-day1 ( ! b\rgeoisie4 ,!
 mode ( production peculi> to !         
b\rgeoisie1 kn[n1 s9ce ,m>x1 z !        
capitali/ mode ( production1 0          
incompatible ) ! feudal sy/em1 ) !      
privileges x conf]r$ ^u individuals1    
entire social ranks & local             
corporations1 z well z ) ! h]$it>y ties 
( subord9ation :i* con/itut$ ! framework
 ( its social organization4 ,!          

b\rgeoisie broke up ! feudal sy/em &    
built ^u its ru9s ! capitali/ ord] (    
society1 ! k+dom ( free competition1 (  
p]sonal lib]ty1 ( ! equality1 be=e !    
law1 ( all commodity own]s1 ( all ! re/ 
( ! capitali/ bless+s4 ,!nce=w>d !      
capitali/ mode ( production c\ld develop
 9 fre$om4 ,s9ce /eam1 ma*9]y1 & ! mak+ 
( ma*9es by ma*9]y trans=m$ ! old]      
manufacture into mod]n indu/ry1 !       
productive =ces evolv$ "u ! guidance ( !
 b\rgeoisie develop$ ) a rapidity & 9 a 
degree unhe>d ( be=e4 ,b j z ! old]     
manufacture1 9 its "t1 & h&icraft1      
becom+ m develop$ "u its influ5ce1 _h   
come into collision ) ! feudal trammels 
( ! guilds1 s n[ mod]n indu/ry1 9 its m 
complete developm5t1 comes into         
collision ) ! b\nds )9 :i* ! capitali/ic
 mode ( production holds x conf9$4 ,!   
new productive =ces h already outgr[n ! 
capitali/ic mode ( us+ !m4 ,& ?is       
conflict betwe5 productive =ces & modes 
( production is n a conflict eng5d]$ 9 !
 m9d ( man1 l t betwe5 orig9al s9 &     

div9e ju/ice4 ,x exi/s1 9 fact1         
objectively1 outside u1 indep5d5tly ( ! 
w & actions ev5 ( ! m5 t h br\ght x on4 
,mod]n ,socialism is no?+ b ! reflex1 9 
?\ght1 ( ?is conflict 9 fact2 its ideal 
reflection 9 ! m9ds1 fir/1 ( ! class    
directly suff]+ "u x1 ! work+-class4    
,n[1 9 :at does ?is conflict consi/8    
,be=e capitali/ic production1 i4e41 9 ! 
,middle ,ages1 ! sy/em ( petty indu/ry  
obta9$ g5]ally1 bas$ ^u ! private       
prop]ty ( ! labor]s 9 _! means (        
production2 9 ! c\ntry1 ! agriculture ( 
! small peasant1 freeman or s]f2 9 !    
t[ns1 ! h&icrafts organiz$ 9 guilds4 ,! 
in/rum5ts ( labor--l&1 agricultural     
implem5ts1 ! work%op1 ! tool--7 !       
in/rum5ts ( labor ( s+le individuals1   
adapt$ = ! use ( "o work]1 &1 !re=e1 (  
necessity1 small1 dw>fi%1 circumscrib$4 
,b1 = ?is v reason !y belong$1 z a rule1
 to ! produc] himself4 ,to conc5trate ^!
 scatt]$1 limit$ means ( production1 to 
enl>ge !m1 to turn !m into ! p[]ful     
lev]s ( production ( ! pres5t day--?is 0

 precisely ! hi/oric role ( capitali/   
production & ( its uphold]1 !           
b\rgeoisie4 ,9 ! f\r? section ( ,capital
 ,m>x has expla9$ 9 detail1 h[ s9ce !   
fifte5? c5tury ?is has be5 hi/orically  
work$ out ?r\gh ! ?ree phases ( simple  
co-op]ation1 manufacture1 & mod]n       
indu/ry4 ,b ! b\rgeoisie1 z is also %[n 
!re1 c\ld n trans=m ^! puny means (     
production into mighty productive =ces1 
)\t trans=m+ !m1 at ! same "t1 f means (
 production ( ! individual into social  
means ( production only workable by a   
collectivity ( m54 ,! sp9n+-:eel1 !     
h&loom1 ! blacksmi?'s hamm]1 7 replac$  
by ! sp9n+-ma*9e1 ! p[]-loom1 !         
/eam-hamm]2 ! individual work%op1 by !  
factory imply+ ! co-op]ation ( hundr$s &
 ?\s&s ( workm54 ,9 l mann]1 production 
itself *ang$ f a s]ies ( individual into
 a s]ies ( social acts1 & ! products f  
individual to social products4 ,! y>n1 !
 clo?1 ! metal articles t n[ came out ( 
! factory 7 ! jo9t product ( _m work]s  
?r\gh ^: h&s !y _h successively to pass 

be=e !y 7 ready4 ,no "o p]son c\ld say (
 !m3 ,i made t2 ?is is my product4  ,b  
:]e1 9 a giv5 society1 ! fundam5tal =m (
 production is t spontane\s division (  
labor :i* creeps 9 gradually & n ^u any 
preconceiv$ plan1 !re ! products take on
 ! =m ( commodities1 ^: mutual ex*ange1 
buy+ & sell+1 enable ! individual       
produc]s to satisfy _! manifold wants4  
,& ?is 0 ! case 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,!   
peasant1 e4g41 sold to ! artisan        
agricultural products & b\ght f him !   
products ( h&icraft4 ,into ?is society (
 individual produc]s1 (                 
commodity-produc]s1 ! new mode (        
production ?ru/ itself4 ,9 ! mid/ ( !   
old division ( labor1 gr[n up           
spontane\sly & ^u no def9ite plan1 :i*  
_h gov]n$ ! :ole ( society1 n[ arose    
division ( labor ^u a def9ite plan1 z   
organiz$ 9 ! factory2 side by side )    
individual production appe>$ social     
production4 ,! products ( bo? 7 sold 9 !
 same m>ket1 &1 !re=e1 at prices at lea/
 approximately equal4 ,b organization ^u

 a def9ite plan 0 /rong] ?an spontane\s 
division ( labor4 ,! factories work+ ) !
 comb9$ social =ces ( a collectivity (  
individuals produc$ _! commodities f> m 
*eaply ?an ! individual small produc]s4 
,individual production succumb$ 9 "o    
dep>tm5t aft] ano!r4 ,socializ$         
production revolutioniz$ all ! old      
me?ods ( production4 ,b its revolution>y
 "* 01 at ! same "t1 s little recogniz$1
 t x 01 on ! contr>y1 introduc$ z a     
means ( increas+ & develop+ ! production
 ( commodities4 ,:5 x arose1 x f\nd     
ready-made1 & made lib]al use (1 c]ta9  
ma*9]y = ! production & ex*ange (       
commodities2 m]*ants' capital1 h&icraft1
 wage-labor4 ,socializ$ production ?us  
introduc+ itself z a new =m ( !         
production ( commodities1 x 0 a matt] ( 
c\rse t "u x ! old =ms ( appropriation  
rema9$ 9 full sw+1 & 7 appli$ to its    
products z well4  ,9 ! m$iaeval /age (  
evolution ( ! production ( commodities1 
! "q z to ! own] ( ! product ( labor    
c\ld n arise4 ,! individual produc]1 z a

 rule1 _h1 f raw mat]ial belong+ to     
himself1 & g5]ally 8 own h&iwork1       
produc$ x ) 8 own tools1 by ! labor ( 8 
own h&s or ( 8 family4 ,!re 0 no ne$ =  
him to appropriate ! new product4 ,x    
belong$ :olly to him1 z a matt] ( c\rse4
 ,8 prop]ty 9 ! product 01 !re=e1 bas$  
^u 8 own labor4 ,ev5 :]e ext]nal help 0 
us$1 ?is 01 z a rule1 ( little          
importance1 & v g5]ally 0 comp5sat$ by  
some?+ o!r ?an wages4 ,! appr5tices &   
j\rneym5 ( ! guilds work$ less = bo>d & 
wages ?an = education1 9 ord] t !y might
 become ma/] craftsm5 !mselves4  ,!n    
came ! conc5tration ( ! means (         
production & ( ! produc]s 9 l>ge        
work%ops & manufactories1 _!            
trans=mation into actual socializ$ means
 ( production & socializ$ produc]s4 ,b !
 socializ$ produc]s & means ( production
 & _! products 7 /ill treat$1 aft] ?is  
*ange1 j z !y _h be5 be=e1 i4e41 z !    
means ( production & ! products (       
individuals4 ,hi!rto1 ! own] ( !        
in/rum5ts ( labor _h himself appropriat$

 ! product1 because1 z a rule1 x 0 8 own
 product & ! assi/ance ( o!rs 0 !       
exception4 ,n[ ! own] ( ! in/rum5ts (   
labor always appropriat$ to himself !   
product1 al?\gh x 0 no long] 8 product b
 exclusively ! product ( ! labor ( o!rs4
 ,?us1 ! products n[ produc$ socially 7 
n appropriat$ by ^? :o _h actually set 9
 motion ! means ( production & actually 
produc$ ! commodities1 b by !           
capitali/s4 ,! means ( production1 &    
production itself1 _h become 9 ess5ce   
socializ$4 ,b !y 7 subject$ to a =m (   
appropriation :i* presupposes ! private 
production ( individuals1 "u :i*1 !re=e1
 e "o owns 8 own product & br+s x to    
m>ket4 ,! mode ( production is subject$ 
to ?is =m ( appropriation1 al?\gh x     
aboli%es ! conditions ^u :i* ! latt]    
re/s4#d  ,?is contradiction1 :i* gives  
to ! new mode ( production its          
capitali/ic "*1 conta9s ! g]m ( ! :ole (
 ! social antagonisms ( to-day4 ,!      
great] ! ma/]y obta9$ by ! new mode (   
production ov] all important fields (   

production & 9 all manufactur+ c\ntries1
 ! m x r$uc$ individual production to an
 insignificant residuum1 ! m cle>ly 0   
br\ght out ! incompatibility ( socializ$
 production ) capitali/ic appropriation4
  ,! fir/ capitali/s f\nd1 z we h said1 
alongside ( o!r =ms ( labor1 wage-labor 
ready-made = !m on ! m>ket4 ,b x 0      
exceptional1 complem5t>y1 accessory1    
transitory wage-labor4 ,! agricultural  
labor]1 ?\gh1 ^u occasion1 he hir$      
himself out by ! day1 _h a few acres ( 8
 own l& on :i* he c\ld at all ev5ts live
 at a p9*4 ,! guilds 7 s organiz$ t !   
j\rneyman ( to-day became ! ma/] (      
to-morr[4 ,b all ?is *ang$1 z soon z !  
means ( production became socializ$ &   
conc5trat$ 9 ! h&s ( capitali/s4 ,!     
means ( production1 z well z ! product (
 ! individual produc] became m & m      
wor?less2 !re 0 no?+ left = him b to    
turn wage-work] "u ! capitali/4         
,wage-labor1 a=etime ! exception &      
accessory1 n[ became ! rule & basis (   
all production2 a=etime complem5t>y1 x  

n[ became ! sole rema9+ function ( !    
work]4 ,! wage-work] = a "t became a    
wage-work] = life4 ,! numb] ( ^! p]man5t
 wage-work]s 0 fur!r enorm\sly increas$ 
by ! break+-up ( ! feudal sy/em t       
occurr$ at ! same "t1 by ! disb&+ ( !   
reta9]s ( ! feudal lords1 ! eviction ( !
 peasants f _! home/eads1 etc4 ,!       
sep>ation 0 made complete betwe5 ! means
 ( production conc5trat$ 9 ! h&s ( !    
capitali/s on ! "o side1 & ! produc]s1  
possess+ no?+ b _! labor-p[]1 on ! o!r4 
,! contradiction betwe5 socializ$       
production & capitali/ic appropriation  
manife/$ itself z ! antagonism (        
prolet>iat & b\rgeoisie4  ,we h se5 t ! 
capitali/ic mode ( production ?ru/ its  
way into a society ( commodity-produc]s1
 ( individual produc]s1 ^: social bond 0
 ! ex*ange ( _! products4 ,b e society1 
bas$ ^u ! production ( commodities1 has 
?is peculi>ity3 t ! produc]s h lo/      
control ov] _! own social               
int]-relations4 ,ea* man produces =     
himself ) su* means ( production z he   

may happ5 to h1 & = su* ex*ange z he may
 require to satisfy 8 rema9+ wants4 ,no 
"o kn[s h[ mu* ( 8 p>ticul> article is  
com+ on ! m>ket1 nor h[ mu* ( x w be    
want$4 ,no "o kn[s :e!r 8 individual    
product w meet an actual dem&1 :e!r he w
 be able to make good 8 co/ ( production
 or ev5 to sell 8 commodity at all4     
,an>*y reigns 9 socializ$ production4   
,b ! production ( commodities1 l e o!r  
=m ( production1 has its peculi> inh]5t 
laws insep>able f x2 & ^! laws "w1      
despite an>*y1 9 & ?r\gh an>*y4 ,!y     
reveal !mselves 9 ! only p]si/5t =m (   
social int]-relations1 i4e41 9 ex*ange1 
& "h !y affect ! individual produc]s z  
compulsory laws ( competition4 ,!y are1 
at fir/1 unkn[n to ^! produc]s !mselves1
 & h to be discov]$ by !m gradually & z 
! result ( exp]i5ce4 ,!y "w !mselves    
out1 !re=e1 indep5d5tly ( ! produc]s1 & 
9 antagonism to !m1 z inexorable natural
 laws ( _! p>ticul> =m ( production4 ,! 
product gov]ns ! produc]s4  ,9 m$iaeval 
society especially 9 ! e>li] c5turies1  

production 0 ess5tially direct$ t[>ds   
satisfy+ ! wants ( ! individual4 ,x     
satisfi$1 9 ! ma91 only ! wants ( !     
produc] & 8 family4 ,:]e relations (    
p]sonal dep5d5ce exi/$1 z 9 ! c\ntry1 x 
also help$ to satisfy ! wants ( ! feudal
 "l4 ,9 all ?is !re 01 !re=e1 no        
ex*ange2 ! products1 consequ5tly1 did n 
assume ! "* ( commodities4 ,! family ( !
 peasant produc$ almo/ ev]y?+ !y want$3 
clo!s & furniture1 z well z means (     
subsi/5ce4 ,only :5 x began to produce m
 ?an 0 suffici5t to supply its own wants
 & ! paym5ts 9 k9d to ! feudal "l1 only 
!n did x also produce commodities4 ,?is 
surplus1 ?r[n into socializ$ ex*ange &  
(f]$ = sale1 became commodities4  ,!    
artisans ( ! t[ns1 x is true1 _h f !    
fir/ to produce = ex*ange4 ,b !y1 also1 
!mselves suppli$ ! greate/ "p ( _! own  
individual wants4 ,!y _h g>d5s & plots (
 l&4 ,!y turn$ _! cattle out into !     
communal =e/1 :i*1 also1 yield$ !m timb]
 & fir+4 ,! wom5 spun flax1 wool1 & s   
=?4 ,production = ! purpose ( ex*ange1  

production ( commodities1 0 only 9 its  
infancy4 ,h5ce1 ex*ange 0 re/rict$1 !   
m>ket n>r[1 ! me?ods ( production /able2
 !re 0 local exclusiv5ess )\t1 local    
unity )92 ! m>k#e 9 ! c\ntry1 9 ! t[n1 !
 guild4  ,b ) ! ext5sion ( ! production 
( commodities1 & especially ) !         
introduction ( ! capitali/ mode (       
production1 ! laws (                    
commodity-production1 hi!rto lat5t1 came
 into action m op5ly & ) great] =ce4 ,! 
old bonds 7 loos5$1 ! old exclusive     
limits brok5 ?r\gh1 ! produc]s 7 m & m  
turn$ into indep5d5t1 isolat$ produc]s (
 commodities4 ,x became app>5t t !      
production ( society at l>ge 0 rul$ by  
abs5ce ( plan1 by accid5t1 by an>*y2 &  
?is an>*y grew to great] & great]       
height4 ,b ! *ief means by aid ( :i* !  
capitali/ mode ( production int5sifi$   
?is an>*y ( socializ$ production1 0 !   
exact opposite ( an>*y4 ,x 0 ! increas+ 
organization ( production1 ^u a social  
basis1 9 e individual productive        
e/abli%m5t4 ,by ?is1 ! old1 peaceful1   

/able condition ( ?+s 0 end$4 ,:]ev] ?is
 organization ( production 0 introduc$  
into a bran* ( indu/ry1 x brook$ no o!r 
me?od ( production by its side4 ,! field
 ( labor became a battle-gr\nd4 ,! great
 geographical discov]ies1 & !           
colonization foll[+ ^u !m1 multipli$    
m>kets & quick5$ ! trans=mation (       
h&icraft into manufacture4 ,! w> did n  
simply break out betwe5 ! individual    
produc]s ( p>ticul> localities4 ,! local
 /ruggles begat 9 _! turn national      
conflicts1 ! comm]cial w>s ( ! sev5te5? 
& ! eighte5? c5turies4  ,f9ally1 mod]n  
indu/ry & ! op5+ ( ! _w-m>ket made !    
/ruggle univ]sal1 & at ! same "t gave x 
an unhe>d-( virul5ce4 ,advantages 9     
natural or artificial conditions (      
production n[ decide ! exi/5ce or       
non-exi/5ce ( individual capitali/s1 z  
well z ( :ole indu/ries & c\ntries4 ,he 
t falls is remorselessly ca/ aside4 ,x  
is ! ,d>w9ian /ruggle ( ! individual =  
exi/5ce transf]r$ f ,nature to society )
 int5sifi$ viol5ce4 ,! conditions (     

exi/5ce natural to ! animal appe> z !   
f9al t]m ( human developm5t4 ,!         
contradiction betwe5 socializ$          
production & capitali/ic appropriation  
n[ pres5ts itself z an antagonism betwe5
 ! organization ( production 9 !        
individual work%op & ! an>*y (          
production 9 society g5]ally4  ,!       
capitali/ic mode ( production moves 9 ^!
 two =ms ( ! antagonism imman5t to x f  
its v orig94 ,x is nev] able to get out 
( t vici\s circle1 :i* ,f\ri] _h already
 discov]$4 ,:at ,f\ri] c\ld n1 inde$1   
see 9 8 "t is1 t ?is circle is gradually
 n>r[+2 t ! movem5t becomes m & m a     
spiral1 & mu/ come to an end1 l !       
movem5t ( ! planets1 by collision ) !   
c5t]4 ,x is ! compell+ =ce ( an>*y 9 !  
production ( society at l>ge t m & m    
completely turns ! great majority ( m5  
into prolet>ians2 & x is ! masses ( !   
prolet>iat aga9 :o w f9ally put an end  
to an>*y 9 production4 ,x is ! compell+ 
=ce ( an>*y 9 social production t turns 
! limitless p]fectibility ( ma*9]y "u   

mod]n indu/ry into a compulsory law by  
:i* e individual indu/rial capitali/ mu/
 p]fect 8 ma*9]y m & m1 "u p5alty ( ru94
  ,b ! p]fect+ ( ma*9]y is mak+ human   
labor sup]flu\s4 ,if ! introduction &   
increase ( ma*9]y means ! displacem5t ( 
millions ( manual1 by a few             
ma*9e-work]s1 improvem5t 9 ma*9]y means 
! displacem5t ( m & m ( ! ma*9e-work]s  
!mselves4 ,x means1 9 ! la/ in/ance1 !  
production ( a numb] ( available        
wage-work]s 9 excess ( ! av]age ne$s (  
capital1 ! =mation ( a complete         
indu/rial res]ve army1 z ,i call$ x 9   
#ahde1f available at ! times :5 indu/ry 
is work+ at high pressure1 to be ca/ out
 ^u ! /reet :5 ! inevitable cra% comes1 
a con/ant dead weight ^u ! limbs ( !    
work+-class 9 its /ruggle = exi/5ce )   
capital1 a regulator = ! keep+ ( wages  
d[n to ! l[ level t suits ! int]e/s (   
capital4 ,?us x comes ab\t1 to quote    
,m>x1 t ma*9]y becomes ! mo/ p[]ful     
weapon 9 ! w> ( capital aga9/ !         
work+-class2 t ! in/rum5ts ( labor      

con/antly te> ! means ( subsi/5ce out ( 
! h&s ( ! labor]2 t ! v product ( !     
work] is turn$ into an in/rum5t = 8     
subjugation4 ,?us x comes ab\t t !      
economiz+ ( ! in/rum5ts ( labor becomes 
at ! same "t1 f ! outset1 ! mo/ reckless
 wa/e ( labor-p[]1 & robb]y bas$ ^u !   
normal conditions "u :i* labor          
functions2 t ma*9]y1 ! mo/ p[]ful       
in/rum5t = %ort5+ labor-"t1 becomes !   
mo/ unfail+ means = plac+ e mom5t ( !   
labor]'s "t & t ( 8 family at ! disposal
 ( ! capitali/ = ! purpose ( exp&+ !    
value ( 8 capital 7,capital1 ,am]ican   
edition1 p4 #dde74 ,?us x comes ab\t t  
ov]-"w ( "s becomes ! prelim9>y         
condition = ! idl5ess ( o!rs1 & t mod]n 
indu/ry1 :i* hunts aft] new consum]s ov]
 ! :ole _w1 =ces ! consumption ( !      
masses at home d[n to a />vation m9imum1
 & 9 do+ ?us de/roys its own home m>ket4
 ,! law t always equilibrates ! relative
 surplus population1 or indu/rial res]ve
 army1 to ! ext5t & en]gy (             
accumulation1 ?is law rivets ! labor] to

 capital m firmly ?an ! w$ges ( ,vulcan 
did ,prome!us to ! rock4 ,x e/abli%es an
 accumulation ( mis]y1 correspond+ )    
accumulation ( capital4 ,accumulation ( 
weal? at "o pole is1 !re=e1 at ! same   
"t1 accumulation ( mis]y1 agony ( toil1 
slav]y1 ignorance1 brutality1 m5tal     
degradation1 at ! opposite pole1 i4e41  
on ! side ( ! class t produces its own  
product 9 ! =m ( capital4 7,m>x'        
,capital ,vol4 ,i ,k]r  ,co44 p4 #gji47 
,& to expect any o!r division ( !       
products f ! capitali/ic mode (         
production is ! same z expect+ !        
electrodes ( a batt]y n to decompose    
acidulat$ wat]1 n to lib]ate oxyg5 at ! 
positive1 hydrog5 at ! negative pole1 s 
long z !y are connect$ ) ! batt]y4  ,we 
h se5 t ! ev]-increas+ p]fectibility (  
mod]n ma*9]y is1 by ! an>*y ( social    
production1 turn$ into a compulsory law 
t =ces ! individual indu/rial capitali/ 
always to improve 8 ma*9]y always to    
increase its productive =ce4 ,! b>e     
possibility ( ext5d+ ! field (          

production is trans=m$ = him into a     
simil> compulsory law4 ,! enorm\s       
expansive =ce ( mod]n indu/ry1 comp>$ ) 
:i* t ( gases is m]e *ild's play1 appe>s
 to u n[ z a necessity = expansion1 bo? 
qualitative & quantitative1 t laughs at 
all resi/ance4 ,su* resi/ance is (f]$ by
 consumption1 by sales1 by ! m>kets = ! 
products ( mod]n indu/ry4 ,b ! capacity 
= ext5sion1 ext5sive & int5sive1 ( !    
m>kets is prim>ily gov]n$ by q diff]5t  
laws1 t "w mu* less en]getically4 ,!    
ext5sion ( ! m>kets c n keep pace ) !   
ext5sion ( production4 ,! collision     
becomes inevitable1 & z ?is _c produce  
any real solution s long z x does n     
break 9 pieces ! capitali/ mode (       
production1 ! collisions become p]iodic4
 ,capitali/ production has begott5 ano!r
 vici\s circle4  ,z a matt] ( fact1 s9ce
 #ahbe1 :5 ! fir/ g5]al crisis broke    
out1 ! :ole indu/rial & comm]cial _w1   
production & ex*ange among all civiliz$ 
peoples & _! m or less b>b>ic hang]s-on1
 are ?r[n out ( jo9t ab\t once e t5     

ye>s4 ,comm]ce is at a /&-/ill1 ! m>kets
 are glutt$1 products accumulate1 z     
multitud9\s z !y are unsaleable1 h>d ca%
 disappe>s1 cr$it vani%es1 factories are
 clos$1 ! mass ( ! work]s are 9 want ( !
 means ( subsi/5ce1 because !y h produc$
 too mu* ( ! means ( subsi/5ce2         
bankruptcy foll[s ^u bankruptcy1        
execution ^u execution4 ,! /agnation    
la/s = ye>s2 productive =ces & products 
are wa/$ & de/roy$ :olesale1 until !    
accumulat$ mass ( commodities f9ally    
filt] (f1 m or less depreciat$ 9 value1 
until production & ex*ange gradually    
beg9 to move aga94 ,little by little !  
pace quick5s4 ,x becomes a trot4 ,!     
indu/rial trot breaks into a cant]1 !   
cant] 9 turn gr[s into ! headlong gallop
 ( a p]fect /eeple*ase ( indu/ry1       
comm]cial cr$it1 & speculation1 :i*     
f9ally1 aft] breakneck leaps1 ends :]e x
 began--9 ! dit* ( a crisis4 ,& s ov] & 
ov] aga94 ,we h n[1 s9ce ! ye> #ahbe1   
gone ?r\gh ?is five times1 & at ! pres5t
 mom5t 7#ahgg7 we are go+ ?r\gh x = !   

six? "t4 ,& ! "* ( ^! crises is s cle>ly
 def9$ t ,f\ri] hit all ( !m (f1 :5 he  
describ$ ! fir/ z crise ple?orique1 a   
crisis f ple?ora4  ,9 ^! crises1 !      
contradiction betwe5 socializ$          
production & capitali/ appropriation    
ends 9 a viol5t explosion4 ,!           
circulation ( commodities is1 = ! "t    
be+1 /opp$4 ,money1 ! means (           
circulation1 becomes a h9drance to      
circulation4 ,all ! laws ( production & 
circulation ( commodities are turn$     
upside d[n4 ,! economic collision has   
rea*$ its apogee4 ,! mode ( production  
is 9 rebellion aga9/ ! mode ( ex*ange4  
,! fact t ! socializ$ organization (    
production )9 ! factory has develop$ s  
f> t x has become incompatible ) ! an>*y
 ( production 9 society1 :i* exi/s side 
by side ) & dom9ates x1 is br\ght home  
to ! capitali/s !mselves by ! viol5t    
conc5tration ( capital t occurs dur+    
crises1 ?r\gh ! ru9 ( _m l>ge1 & a /ill 
great] numb] ( small1 capitali/s4 ,!    
:ole me*anism ( ! capitali/ mode (      

production breaks d[n "u ! pressure ( ! 
productive =ces1 its own creations4 ,x  
is no long] able to turn all ?is mass ( 
means ( production into capital4 ,!y lie
 fall[1 & = t v reason ! indu/rial      
res]ve army mu/ also lie fall[4 ,means (
 production1 means ( subsi/5ce1         
available labor]s1 all ! elem5ts (      
production & ( g5]al weal?1 are pres5t 9
 abundance4 ,b abundance becomes ! s\rce
 ( di/ress & want 7,f\ri]71 because x is
 ! v ?+ t prev5ts ! trans=mation ( !    
means ( production & subsi/5ce into     
capital4 ,= 9 capitali/ic society !     
means ( production c only function :5 !y
 h und]gone a prelim9>y trans=mation    
into capital1 into ! means ( exploit+   
human labor-p[]4 ,! necessity ( ?is     
trans=mation into capital ( ! means (   
production & subsi/5ce /&s l a gho/     
betwe5 ^! & ! work]s4 ,x alone prev5ts !
 com+ toge!r ( ! mat]ial & p]sonal lev]s
 ( production2 x alone =bids ! means (  
production to function1 ! work]s to "w &
 live4 ,on ! "o h&1 !re=e1 ! capitali/ic

 mode ( production /&s convict$ ( its   
own incapacity to fur!r direct ^!       
productive =ces4 ,on ! o!r1 ^!          
productive =ces !mselves1 ) increas+    
en]gy1 press =w>d to ! removal ( ! exi/+
 contradiction1 to ! abolition ( _!     
quality z capital1 to ! practical       
recognition ( _! "* z social productive 
=ces4  ,?is rebellion ( ! productive    
=ces1 z !y gr[ m & m p[]ful1 aga9/ _!   
quality z capital1 ?is /rong] & /rong]  
comm& t _! social "* %all be recogniz$1 
=ces ! capitali/ class itself to treat  
!m m & m z social productive =ces1 s f> 
z ?is is possible "u capitali/          
conditions4 ,! p]iod ( indu/rial high   
pressure1 ) its unb\nd$ inflation (     
cr$it1 n less ?an ! cra% itself1 by !   
collapse ( great capitali/ e/abli%m5ts1 
t5ds to br+ ab\t t =m ( ! socialization 
( great masses ( means ( production1 :i*
 we meet ) 9 ! diff]5t k9ds ( jo9t-/ock 
companies4 ,_m ( ^! means ( production &
 ( di/ribution are1 f ! outset1 s       
colossal1 t1 l ! railroads1 !y exclude  

all o!r =ms ( capitali/ic exploitation4 
,at a fur!r /age ( evolution ?is =m also
 becomes insuffici5t4 ,! produc]s on a  
l>ge scale 9 a p>ticul> bran* ( indu/ry 
9 a p>ticul> c\ntry unite 9 a ,tru/1 a  
union = ! purpose ( regulat+ production4
 ,!y det]m9e ! total am\nt to be        
produc$1 p>cel x out among !mselves1 &  
?us en=ce ! sell+ price fix$ be=eh&4 ,b 
tru/s ( ?is k9d1 z soon z bus9ess       
becomes bad1 are g5]ally liable to break
 up1 &1 on ?is v acc\nt1 compel a yet   
great] conc5tration ( association4 ,!   
:ole ( ! p>ticul> indu/ry is turn$ into 
"o gigantic jo9t-/ock company2 int]nal  
competition gives place to ! int]nal    
monopoly ( ?is "o company4 ,?is has     
happ5$ 9 #ahij ) ! ,engli% alkali       
production1 :i* is n[1 aft] ! fusion (  
#dh l>ge works1 9 ! h&s ( "o company1   
conduct$ ^u a s+le plan1 & ) a capital (
 ,l#f1jjj1jjj4  ,9 ! tru/s1 fre$om (    
competition *anges into its v           
opposite--into monopoly2 & ! production 
)\t any def9ite plan ( capitali/ic      

society capitulates to ! production ^u a
 def9ite plan ( ! invad+ sociali/ic     
society4 ,c]ta9ly ?is is s f> /ill to ! 
b5efit & advantage ( ! capitali/s4 ,b 9 
?is case ! exploitation is s palpable t 
x mu/ break d[n4 ,no nation w put up )  
production conduct$ by tru/s1 ) s       
b>efac$ an exploitation ( ! community by
 a small b& ( divid5d-mong]s4  ,9 any   
case1 ) tru/s or )\t1 ! (ficial         
repres5tative ( capitali/ society--!    
,/ate--w ultimately h to und]take !     
direction ( production4#g ,?is necessity
 = conv]sion into ,/ate-prop]ty is felt 
fir/ 9 ! great in/itutions = int]c\rse &
 communication--! po/(fice1 !           
telegraphs1 ! railways4  ,if ! crisis   
demon/rate ! incapacity ( ! b\rgeoisie =
 manag+ any long] mod]n productive =ces1
 ! trans=mation ( ! great e/abli%m5ts = 
production & di/ribution into jo9t-/ock 
companies1 tru/s1 & ,/ate prop]ty1 %[ h[
 unnecess>y ! b\rgeoisie are = t        
purpose4 ,all ! social functions ( !    
capitali/ are n[ p]=m$ by sal>i$        

employees4 ,! capitali/ has no fur!r    
social function ?an t ( pocket+         
divid5ds1 te>+ (f c\pons1 & gambl+ on ! 
,/ock ,ex*ange1 :]e ! diff]5t capitali/s
 despoil "o ano!r ( _! capital4 ,at fir/
 ! capitali/ic mode ( production =ces   
out ! work]s4 ,n[ x =ces out !          
capitali/s1 & r$uces !m1 j z x r$uc$ !  
work]s1 to ! ranks ( ! surplus          
population1 al?\gh n imm$iately into ^? 
( ! indu/rial res]ve army4  ,b !        
trans=mation1 ei!r into jo9t-/ock       
companies & tru/s1 or into ,/ate-own]%ip
 does n d away ) ! capitali/ic nature ( 
! productive =ces4 ,9 ! jo9t-/ock       
companies & tru/s ?is is obvi\s4 ,& !   
mod]n ,/ate1 aga91 is only !            
organization t b\rgeois society takes on
 9 ord] to support ! ext]nal conditions 
( ! capitali/ mode ( production aga9/ ! 
encroa*m5ts1 z well ( ! work]s z (      
individual capitali/s4 ,! mod]n ,/ate1  
no matt] :at its =m1 is ess5tially a    
capitali/ ma*9e1 ! /ate ( ! capitali/s1 
! ideal p]sonification ( ! total        

national capital4 ,! m x proce$s to !   
tak+ ov] ( productive =ces1 ! m does x  
actually become ! national capitali/1 ! 
m citiz5s does x exploit4 ,! work]s     
rema9 wage-work]s--prolet>ians4 ,!      
capitali/ relation is n done away )4 ,x 
is r br\ght to a head4 ,b1 br\ght to a  
head1 x topples ov]4 ,/ate-own]%ip ( !  
productive =ces is n ! solution ( !     
conflict1 b conceal$ )9 x are ! te*nical
 conditions t =m ! elem5ts ( t solution4
  ,?is solution c only consi/ 9 !       
practical recognition ( ! social nature 
( ! mod]n =ces ( production1 & !re=e 9 !
 h>moniz+ ! modes ( production1         
appropriation1 & ex*ange ) ! socializ$  
"* ( ! means ( production4 ,& ?is c only
 come ab\t by society op5ly & directly  
tak+ possession ( ! productive =ces :i* 
h outgr[n all control except t ( society
 z a :ole4 ,! social "* ( ! means (     
production & ( ! products to-day reacts 
aga9/ ! produc]s1 p]iodically disrupts  
all production & ex*ange1 acts only l a 
law ( ,nature work+ bl9dly1 =cibly1     

de/ructively4 ,b ) ! tak+ ov] by society
 ( ! productive =ces1 ! social "* ( !   
means ( production & ( ! products w be  
utiliz$ by ! produc]s ) a p]fect und]/&+
 ( its nature1 & in/ead ( be+ a s\rce ( 
di/urbance & p]iodical collapse1 w      
become ! mo/ p[]ful lev] ( production   
itself4  ,active social =ces "w exactly 
l natural =ces3 bl9dly1 =cibly1         
de/ructively1 s long z we d n und]/&1 & 
reckon )1 !m4 ,b :5 once we und]/& !m1  
:5 once we grasp _! action1 _!          
direction1 _! effects1 x dep5ds only ^u 
ourselves to subject !m m & m to our own
 w1 & by means ( !m to rea* our own     
ends4 ,& ?is holds q especially ( !     
mighty productive =ces ( to-day4 ,z long
 z we ob/9ately refuse to und]/& !      
nature & ! "* ( ^! social means (       
action--& ?is und]/&+ goes aga9/ ! gra9 
( ! capitali/ mode ( production & its   
def5d]s--s long ^! =ces are at "w 9     
spite ( u1 9 opposition to u1 s long !y 
ma/] u1 z we h %[n above 9 detail4  ,b  
:5 once _! nature is und]/ood1 !y c1 9 !

 h&s ( ! produc]s work+ toge!r1 be      
trans=m$ f ma/] demons into will+       
s]vants4 ,! diff]5ce is z t betwe5 !    
de/ructive =ce ( electricity 9 ! lightn+
 ( ! /orm1 & electricity "u comm& 9 !   
telegraph & ! voltaic arc2 ! diff]5ce   
betwe5 a conflagration1 & fire work+ 9 !
 s]vice ( man4 ,) ?is recognition at la/
 ( ! real nature ( ! productive =ces (  
to-day1 ! social an>*y ( production     
gives place to a social regulation (    
production ^u a def9ite plan1 accord+ to
 ! ne$s ( ! community & ( ea*           
individual4 ,!n ! capitali/ mode (      
appropriation1 9 :i* ! product enslaves 
fir/ ! produc] & !n ! appropriator1 is  
replac$ by ! mode ( appropriation ( !   
products t is bas$ ^u ! nature ( ! mod]n
 means ( production2 ^u ! "o h&1 direct 
social appropriation1 z means to !      
ma9t5ance & ext5sion ( production--on ! 
o!r1 direct individual appropriation1 z 
means ( subsi/5ce & ( enjoym5t4  ,:il/ !
 capitali/ mode ( production m & m      
completely trans=ms ! great majority ( !

 population into prolet>ians1 x creates 
! p[] :i*1 "u p5alty ( its own          
de/ruction1 is =c$ to accompli% ?is     
revolution4 ,:il/ x =ces on m & m !     
trans=mation ( ! va/ means ( production1
 already socializ$1 into ,/ate prop]ty1 
x %[s itself ! way to accompli%+ ?is    
revolution4 ,! prolet>iat seizes        
political p[] & turns ! means (         
production into ,/ate prop]ty4  ,b 9 do+
 ?is1 x aboli%es itself z prolet>iat1   
aboli%es all class di/9ctions & class   
antagonisms1 aboli%es also ! ,/ate z    
,/ate4 ,society ?us f>1 bas$ ^u class   
antagonisms1 _h ne$ ( ! ,/ate4 ,t is1 ( 
an organization ( ! p>ticul> class :i* 0
 pro tempore ! exploit+ class1 an       
organization = ! purpose ( prev5t+ any  
int]f]5ce f )\t ) ! exi/+ conditions (  
production1 & !re=e1 especially1 = !    
purpose ( =cibly keep+ ! exploit$       
classes 9 ! condition ( oppression      
correspond+ ) ! giv5 mode ( production  
7slav]y1 s]fdom1 wage-labor74 ,! ,/ate 0
 ! (ficial repres5tative ( society z a  

:ole2 ! ga!r+ ( x toge!r into a visible 
embodim5t4 ,b x 0 ?is only 9 s f> z x 0 
! ,/ate ( t class :i* itself repres5t$1 
= ! "t be+1 society z a :ole2 9 anci5t  
times1 ! ,/ate ( slave-own+ citiz5s2 9 !
 middle ages1 ! feudal lords2 9 our own 
"t1 ! b\rgeoisie4 ,:5 at la/ x becomes !
 real repres5tative ( ! :ole ( society1 
x r5d]s itself unnecess>y4 ,z soon z !re
 is no long] any social class to be held
 9 subjection2 z soon z class rule1 & ! 
individual /ruggle = exi/5ce bas$ ^u our
 pres5t an>*y 9 production1 ) !         
collisions & excesses aris+ f ^!1 are   
remov$1 no?+ m rema9s to be repress$1 & 
a special repressive =ce1 a ,/ate1 is no
 long] necess>y4 ,! fir/ act by virtue (
 :i* ! ,/ate really con/itutes itself ! 
repres5tative ( ! :ole ( society--! tak+
 possession ( ! means ( production 9 !  
"n ( society--?is is1 at ! same "t1 its 
la/ indep5d5t act z a ,/ate4 ,/ate      
int]f]5ce 9 social relations becomes1 9 
"o doma9 aft] ano!r1 sup]flu\s1 & !n    
dies out ( itself2 ! gov]nm5t ( p]sons  

is replac$ by ! adm9i/ration ( ?+s1 & by
 ! conduct ( processes ( production4 ,! 
,/ate is n aboli%$4 ,x dies out4 ,?is   
gives ! measure ( ! value ( ! phrase a  
free ,/ate1 bo? z to its ju/ifiable use 
at times by agitators1 & z to its       
ultimate sci5tific insuffici5cy2 & also 
( ! dem&s ( ! s-call$ an>*i/s = !       
abolition ( ! ,/ate out ( h&4  ,s9ce !  
hi/orical appe>ance ( ! capitali/ mode (
 production1 ! appropriation by society 
( all ! means ( production has (t5 be5  
dream$ (1 m or less vaguely1 by         
individuals1 z well z by sects1 z !     
ideal ( ! future4 ,b x c\ld become      
possible1 c\ld become a hi/orical       
necessity1 only :5 ! actual conditions =
 its realization 7 !re4 ,l e o!r social 
advance1 x becomes practicable1 n by m5 
und]/&+ t ! exi/5ce ( classes is 9      
contradiction to ju/ice1 equality1 etc41
 n by ! m]e will+ness to aboli% ^!      
classes1 b by virtue ( c]ta9 new        
economic conditions4 ,! sep>ation (     
society into an exploit+ & an exploit$  

class1 a rul+ & an oppress$ class1 0 !  
necess>y consequ5ce ( ! defici5t &      
re/rict$ developm5t ( production 9 =m]  
times4 ,s long z ! total social labor   
only yields a produce :i* b slightly    
exce$s t b>ely necess>y = ! exi/5ce (   
all2 s long1 !re=e1 z labor engages all 
or almo/ all ! "t ( ! great majority ( !
 memb]s ( society--s long1 ( necessity1 
?is society is divid$ into classes4     
,side by side ) ! great majority1       
exclusively bond slaves to labor1 arises
 a class fre$ f directly productive     
labor1 :i* looks aft] ! g5]al affairs ( 
society2 ! direction ( labor1 ,/ate     
bus9ess1 law1 sci5ce1 art1 etc4 ,x is1  
!re=e1 ! law ( division ( labor t lies  
at ! basis ( ! division into classes4 ,b
 ?is does n prev5t ?is division into    
classes f be+ c>ri$ out by means (      
viol5ce & robb]y1 trick]y & fraud4 ,x   
does n prev5t ! rul+ class1 once hav+ ! 
upp] h&1 f consolidat+ its p[] at !     
exp5se ( ! work+-class1 f turn+ _!      
social lead]%ip into an int5sifi$       

exploitation ( ! masses4  ,b if1 ^u ?is 
%[+1 division into classes has a c]ta9  
hi/orical ju/ification1 x has ?is only =
 a giv5 p]iod1 only "u giv5 social      
conditions4 ,x 0 bas$ ^u ! insuffici5cy 
( production4 ,x w be swept away by !   
complete developm5t ( mod]n productive  
=ces4 ,&1 9 fact1 ! abolition ( classes 
9 society presupposes a degree (        
hi/orical evolution1 at :i* ! exi/5ce1 n
 simply ( ?is or t p>ticul> rul+ class1 
b ( any rul+ class at all1 &1 !re=e1 !  
exi/5ce ( class di/9ction itself has    
become an obsolete ana*ronism4 ,x       
presupposes1 !re=e1 ! developm5t (      
production c>ri$ out to a degree at :i* 
appropriation ( ! means ( production & (
 ! products1 &1 ) ?is1 ( political      
dom9ation1 ( ! monopoly ( culture1 & (  
intellectual lead]%ip by a p>ticul>     
class ( society1 has become n only      
sup]flu\s1 b economically1 politically1 
intellectually a h9drance to developm5t4
  ,?is po9t is n[ rea*$4 ,_! political &
 intellectual bankruptcy is sc>cely any 

long] a secret to ! b\rgeoisie !mselves4
 ,_! economic bankruptcy recurs regul>ly
 e t5 ye>s4 ,9 e crisis1 society is     
suffocat$ b5ea? ! weight ( its own      
productive =ces & products1 :i* x _c    
use1 & /&s helpless1 face to face ) !   
absurd contradiction t ! produc]s h no?+
 to consume1 because consum]s are want+4
 ,! expansive =ce ( ! means ( production
 bur/s ! bonds t ! capitali/ mode (     
production _h impos$ ^u !m4 ,_!         
deliv]ance f ^! bonds is ! "o           
precondition = an unbrok51              
con/antly-accel]at$ developm5t ( !      
productive =ces1 & !re) = a practically 
unlimit$ increase ( production itself4  
,nor is ?is all4 ,! socializ$           
appropriation ( ! means ( production    
does away1 n only ) ! pres5t artificial 
re/rictions ^u production1 b also ) !   
positive wa/e & deva/ation ( productive 
=ces & products t are at ! pres5t "t !  
inevitable concomitants ( production1 & 
t rea* _! height 9 ! crises4 ,fur!r1 x  
sets free = ! community at l>ge a mass (

 means ( production & ( products1 by do+
 away ) ! s5seless extravagance ( ! rul+
 classes ( to-day1 & _! political       
repres5tatives4 ,! possibility ( secur+ 
= e memb] ( society1 by means (         
socializ$ production1 an exi/5ce n only 
fully suffici5t mat]ially1 & becom+ day 
by day m full1 b an exi/5ce gu>antee+ to
 all ! free developm5t & ex]cise ( _!   
physical & m5tal faculties--?is         
possibility is n[ = ! fir/ "t "h1 b x is
 "h4#h  ,) ! seiz+ ( ! means (          
production by society1 production (     
commodities is done away )1 &1          
simultane\sly1 ! ma/]y ( ! product ov] !
 produc]4 ,an>*y 9 social production is 
replac$ by sy/ematic1 def9ite           
organization4 ,! /ruggle = individual   
exi/5ce disappe>s4 ,!n = ! fir/ "t1 man1
 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 is f9ally m>k$ (f f !  
re/ ( ! animal k+dom1 & em]ges f m]e    
animal conditions ( exi/5ce into really 
human ones4 ,! :ole sph]e ( ! conditions
 ( life :i* environ man1 & :i* h hi!rto 
rul$ man1 n[ comes "u ! dom9ion &       

control ( man1 :o = ! fir/ "t becomes ! 
real1 consci\s "l ( ,nature1 because he 
has n[ become ma/] ( 8 own social       
organization4 ,! laws ( 8 own social    
action1 hi!rto /&+ face to face ) man z 
laws ( ,nature =eign to1 & dom9at+1 him1
 w !n be us$ ) full und]/&+1 & s ma/]$  
by him4 ,man's own social organization1 
hi!rto confront+ him z a necessity      
impos$ by ,nature & hi/ory1 n[ becomes !
 result ( 8 own free action4 ,!         
extrane\s objective =ces t h hi!rto     
gov]n$ hi/ory1 pass "u ! control ( man  
himself4 ,only f t "t w man himself1 m &
 m consci\sly1 make 8 own hi/ory--only f
 t "t w ! social causes set 9 movem5t by
 him h1 9 ! ma9 & 9 a con/antly gr[+    
measure1 ! results int5d$ by him4 ,x is 
! asc5t ( man f ! k+dom ( necessity to !
 k+dom ( fre$om4  ,let u briefly sum up 
our sket* ( hi/orical evolution4  ,i4   
,m$iaeval ,society4--,individual        
production on a small scale4 ,means (   
production adapt$ = individual use2 h5ce
 primitive1 unga9ly1 petty1 dw>f$ 9     

action4 ,production = imm$iate          
consumption1 ei!r ( ! produc] himself or
 ( 8 feudal "l4 ,only :]e an excess (   
production ov] ?is consumption occurs is
 su* excess (f]$ = sale1 ent]s into     
ex*ange4 ,production ( commodities1     
!re=e1 only 9 its infancy4 ,b already x 
conta9s )9 itself1 9 embryo1 an>*y 9 !  
production ( society at l>ge4  ,,ii4    
,capitali/ ,revolution4--,trans=mation (
 indu/ry1 at fir/ by means ( simple     
co-op]ation & manufacture4 ,conc5tration
 ( ! means ( production1 hi!rto scatt]$1
 into great work%ops4 ,z a consequ5ce1  
_! trans=mation f individual to social  
means ( production--a trans=mation :i*  
does n1 on ! :ole1 affect ! =m (        
ex*ange4 ,! old =ms ( appropriation     
rema9 9 =ce4 ,! capitali/ appe>s4 ,9 8  
capacity z own] ( ! means ( production1 
he also appropriates ! products & turns 
!m into commodities4 ,production has    
become a social act4 ,ex*ange &         
appropriation cont9ue to be individual  
acts1 ! acts ( individuals4 ,! social   

product is appropriat$ by ! individual  
capitali/4 ,fundam5tal contradiction1   
:5ce arise all ! contradictions 9 :i*   
our pres5t day society moves1 & :i*     
mod]n indu/ry br+s to light4     ,a4    
,sev]ance ( ! produc] f ! means (       
production4    ,condemnation ( ! work]  
to wage-labor = life4 ,antagonism       
betwe5 ! prolet>iat & ! b\rgeoisie4     
,b4 ,gr[+ pr$om9ance & increas+         
effectiv5ess ( ! laws    gov]n+ !       
production ( commodities4 ,unbridl$     
competition4    ,contradiction betwe5   
socializ$ organization 9 ! individual   
factory & social an>*y 9 production z a 
:ole4     ,c4 ,on ! "o h&1 p]fect+ (    
ma*9]y1 made by competition             
compulsory = ea* individual manufactur]1
 & complem5t$ by    a con/antly gr[+    
displacem5t ( labor]s4 ,indu/rial       
res]ve-army4 ,on ! o!r h&1 unlimit$     
ext5sion (    production1 also          
compulsory "u competition1 = e          
manufactur]4 ,on bo? sides1 unhe>d (    
developm5t ( productive    =ces1 excess 

( supply ov] dem&1 ov]-production1      
glutt+    ( ! m>kets1 crises e t5 ye>s1 
! vici\s circle3    excess "h1 ( means (
 production & products--excess !re1    (
 labor]s1 )\t employm5t & )\t means (   
exi/5ce4    ,b ^! two lev]s ( production
 & ( social well-be+ are    unable to "w
 toge!r1 because ! capitali/ =m (       
production prev5ts ! productive =ces f  
work+ & !    products f circulat+1      
unless !y are fir/ turn$ into           
capital--:i* _! v sup]abundance prev5ts4
 ,!    contradiction has gr[n into an   
absurdity4 ,! mode (    production rises
 9 rebellion aga9/ ! =m ( ex*ange4 ,!   
b\rgeoisie are convict$ ( incapacity    
fur!r to manage _!    own social        
productive =ces4     ,d4 ,p>tial        
recognition ( ! social "* ( ! productive
    =ces =c$ ^u ! capitali/s !mselves4  
,tak+ ov] ( !    great in/itutions =    
production & communication1 fir/ by     
jo9t-/ock companies1 lat] on by tru/s1  
!n by ! ,/ate4 ,!    b\rgeoisie         
demon/rat$ to be a sup]flu\s class4 ,all

 its    social functions are n[ p]=m$ by
 sal>i$ employees4  ,,iii4 ,prolet>ian  
,revolution4--,solution ( !             
contradictions4 ,! prolet>iat seizes !  
public p[]1 & by means ( ?is trans=ms ! 
socializ$ means ( production1 slipp+ f !
 h&s ( ! b\rgeoisie1 into public        
prop]ty4 ,by ?is act ! prolet>iat frees 
! means ( production f ! "* ( capital !y
 h ?us f> borne1 & gives _! socializ$ "*
 complete fre$om to "w itself out4      
,socializ$ production ^u a pr$et]m9$    
plan becomes h5ce=? possible4 ,!        
developm5t ( production makes ! exi/5ce 
( diff]5t classes ( society !nce=? an   
ana*ronism4 ,9 proportion z an>*y 9     
social production vani%es1 ! political  
au?ority ( ! ,/ate dies out4 ,man1 at   
la/ ! ma/] ( 8 own =m ( social          
organization1 becomes at ! same "t ! "l 
ov] ,nature1 8 own ma/]--free4  ,to     
accompli% ?is act ( univ]sal            
emancipation is ! hi/orical mission ( ! 
mod]n prolet>iat4 ,to ?or\ghly compreh5d
 ! hi/orical conditions & ?us ! v nature

 ( ?is act1 to imp>t to ! n[ oppress$   
prolet>ian class a full k ( ! conditions
 & ( ! mean+ ( ! mom5t\s act x is call$ 
^u to accompli%1 ?is is ! task ( !      
!oretical expression ( ! prolet>ian     
movem5t1 sci5tific ,socialism4          
,,footnotes3  #d ,x is h>dly necess>y 9 
?is connection to po9t out1 t1 ev5 if ! 
=m ( appropriation rema9s ! same1 ! "* (
 ! appropriation is j z mu*             
revolutioniz$ z production is by !      
*anges describ$ above4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 a
 v diff]5t matt] :e!r ,i appropriate to 
myself my own product or t ( ano!r4     
,note 9 pass+ t wage-labor1 :i* conta9s 
! :ole capitali/ic mode ( production 9  
embryo1 is v anci5t2 9 a sporadic1      
scatt]$ =m x exi/$ = c5turies alongside 
( slave-labor4 ,b ! embryo c\ld duly    
develop into ! capitali/ic mode (       
production only :5 ! necess>y hi/orical 
preconditions _h be5 furni%$4  #e ,see  
,app5dix4  #f ,! ,condition ( !         
,work+-,class 9 ,engl& 7,sonn5s*e9      
,co471 p4 #hd4  #g ,i say h to4 ,= only 

:5 ! means ( production & di/ribution h 
actually outgr[n ! =m ( managem5t by    
jo9t-/ock companies1 & :51 !re=e1 ! tak+
 !m ov] by ! ,/ate has become           
economically inevitable1 only !n--ev5 if
 x is ! ,/ate ( to-day t effects ?is--is
 !re an economic advance1 ! atta9m5t (  
ano!r /ep prelim9>y to ! tak+ ov] ( all 
productive =ces by society itself4 ,b ( 
late1 s9ce ,bism>ck w5t 9 =             
,/ate-own]%ip ( indu/rial e/abli%m5ts1 a
 k9d ( spuri\s ,socialism has aris51    
deg5]at+1 n[ & aga91 into some?+ (      
flunkeyism1 t )\t m ado decl>es all     
,/ate-own]%ip1 ev5 ( ! ,bism>ckian sort1
 to be sociali/ic4 ,c]ta9ly1 if ! tak+  
ov] by ! ,/ate ( ! tobacco indu/ry is   
sociali/ic1 !n ,napoleon & ,mett]ni* mu/
 be numb]$ among ! f\nd]s ( ,socialism4 
,if ! ,belgian ,/ate1 = q ord9>y        
political & f9ancial reasons1 itself    
con/ruct$ its *ief railway l9es2 if     
,bism>ck1 n "u any economic compulsion1 
took ov] = ! ,/ate ! *ief ,prussian     
l9es1 simply to be ! bett] able to h !m 

9 h& 9 case ( w>1 to br+ up ! railway   
employees z vot+ cattle = ! ,gov]nm5t1 &
 especially to create = himself a new   
s\rce ( income indep5d5t ( p>liam5t>y   
votes--?is 01 9 no s5se1 a sociali/ic   
measure1 directly or indirectly1        
consci\sly or unconsci\sly4 ,o!rwise1 ! 
,royal ,m>itime ,company1 ! ,royal      
porcela9 manufacture1 & ev5 ! regim5tal 
tailor ( ! army w\ld also be sociali/ic 
in/itutions1 or ev51 z 0 s]i\sly propos$
 by a sly dog 9 ,fr$]ick ,william       
,,iii4's reign1 ! tak+ ov] by ! ,/ate ( 
! bro!ls4  #h ,a few figures may s]ve to
 give an approximate idea ( ! enorm\s   
expansive =ce ( ! mod]n means (         
production1 ev5 "u capitali/ pressure4  
,accord+ to ,mr4 ,giff51 ! total weal? (
 ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& am\nt$1 9 r\nd 
numb]s1 9      #ahad to                 
,l#b1bjj1jjj1jjj4     #ahfe to          
,l#f1ajj1jjj1jjj4     #ahge to          
,l#h1ejj1jjj1jjj4  ,z an in/ance ( !    
squ&]+ ( means ( production & ( products
 dur+ a crisis1 ! total loss 9 ! ,g]man 

iron indu/ry alone1 9 ! crisis (        
#ahgc-gh1 0 giv5 at ! second ,g]man     
,indu/rial ,congress 7,b]l91 ,febru>y   
#ba1 #ahgh7 z ,l#bb1gej1jjj4          99
       99       99       99       99    
----------------------------------------
-------------------      ,typographical 
errors correct$ 9 text3                 
,page  #bi3 cont]act+ replac$ )         
c\nt]act+              ,page  #fj3      
non-posses+ replac$ ) non-possess+      
,page #aaa3 ,b ! p]fect+ ( ma*9]y is !  
mak+                  human labor       
sup]flu\s4 replac$ )                    
,b ! p]fect+ ( ma*9]y is mak+           
human labor sup]flu\s4                  
,page #acj3 prelet>iat replac$ )        
prolet>iat                              
----------------------------------------
-------------------         99       99 
99       99       99