,illustration3 ,,miss ,,murray',s ,,black ,,pugs4 ,frontispiece ,a ,,manual ,,of ,,toy ,,dogs ,,how ,,to ,,breed1 ,,rear1 ,,and ,,feed ,,them ,,by ,,mrs4 ,,leslie ,,williams ,,third ,,edition ,,third ,,impression ,,london ,,edward ,,arnold #da #dh1 ,,maddox ,,street1 ,,bond ,,street1 ,w4 #aiai ,copyright #aijd ,all rights reserved ,,preface ,,to ,,the ,,third ,,edition ,this little book1 in its earlier editions1 met with so uniformly kind and gracious a reception1 that ,i am encouraged to hope it may still make new friends on this1 its third appearance4 ,it has given me the greatest pleasure to hear from correspondents in many countries that they have found it as helpful as ,i hoped a manual drawn entirely from actual personal experience might prove to be4 ,in the years which have elapsed since ,i first wrote upon dogs1 there has been a wonderful advance in veterinary science and practice4 ,operative surgery under anaesthetics has become nearly as confident in relieving our pets as in abating our own miseries4 ,much disease1 however1 is still present among dogs for which there is no warrant in ,nature1 and which might be entirely conquered in the course of a few generations1 could the prejudice against natural and rational diet be completely abandoned4 ,to persuade dog-owners to give meat-feeding a trial--one honest experiment has never in my experience failed to convince the most sceptical--has been my constant endeavour1 and ,i cannot let the ,toy ,dog ,manual go forth on another journey without once more laying emphasis on the fact that the really successful dog-owner's secret is a very simple one1 spelt in the four letters--,,meat4 ,i have to thank numerous kind friends for help in providing the illustrations1 nearly all pictures of actual present-day winning dogs1 and examples not only of beauty and show points1 but of perfect health4 ,i am also greatly indebted to ,the ,illustrated ,kennel ,news for the loan of blocks and for other kind courtesies1 as also to ,the ,ladies' ,field1 a paper devoted in its kennel columns to the best interest of dogs4 ,m4 ,l4 ,,williams4 ,,swanswick1 ,,bath1 ,may #eth1 #aiaj4 ,,contents ,,page ,,toy ,,dogs ,,for ,,profit #a ,,on ,,breeding #e ,,the ,,toy ,,bitch ,,when ,,pupping #i ,,on ,,rearing ,,pups #ad ,,on ,,feeding ,,toys #ai ,,exhibiting ,,and ,,preparing ,,for ,,exhibition #bc ,,the ,,choice ,,of ,,breeds #cj ,,ailments ,,and ,,illnesses #db ,,club ,,standards1 ,,descriptions ,,and ,,points ,,of ,,various ,,toy ,,breeds #hj ,,index #aje ,,manual ,,of ,,toy ,,dogs ,,chapter #a ,,toy ,,dogs ,,for ,,profit ,perhaps the question which is most frequently asked anent toy dogs is whether the keeping them as a pleasure and hobby can be combined with profit by means of breeding them and selling the puppies4 ,to such a query it is very hard to give a definite reply1 for this reason--whether or not toy dog breeding can be made profitable depends1 firstly1 on the character of the enterpriser1 and1 secondly1 on that inscrutable factor--,fate4 ,some of us devote ourselves to our dogs1 take endless trouble for them1 and spend money on them freely1 with the poorest possible return2 others1 while not making nearly so much fuss about their pets1 manage to turn out healthy litters at regular intervals1 and sell them at remunerative prices4 ,all that can be done is to put before the novice how not to do it1 and leave to each individually the chances called luck1 for which their star is answerable4 ,taking one year with another1 and presupposing patience1 perseverance1 affection for the dogs1 and some business-like qualities in the aspirant1 ,i am of opinion that toy dogs can be made to pay their expenses1 and leave a margin of profit2 this in the case of non-exhibitors4 ,where exhibiting is contemplated1 the luck element is still more to the front1 and a degree of experience1 both local and general1 is essential to success4 ,if success1 however1 in winning prizes is once attained1 the sales of puppies become much more assured1 and higher prices are naturally obtainable4 ,as a means of eking out a small income1 dog breeding is occasionally successful1 supposing the breeder to possess advantages in the way of proper quarters1 and plenty of time to spare1 natural aptitude not being wanted2 but ,i should greatly hesitate to suggest to a poor lady1 without experience in dogs1 that she should embark capital in such a venture4 ,many people seem possessed with the idea that they have only to buy a female dog1 or dogs 7generally the latter1 since the novice is always inclined to split upon the rock of overcrowding and overstocking at first71 and get it mated with some well-known sire1 to ensure a fine1 healthy litter of pups1 which can be immediately sold at high prices1 having in the meantime been fed on dog biscuit and attended to1 more or less1 by any one who happens to be at home4 ,no greater mistake6 ,if you want to succeed with toy dogs1 you must1 at any rate until you have considerable experience and1 in addition1 the ability to direct others and make them understand1 which is never an easy task1 look after the pets yourself1 not spasmodically1 but regularly2 see that they have exercise and proper food in proper quantity and variety1 and at fixed and regular hours2 you must have an eye always open to notice the smallest beginnings of illness--a watchfulness servants1 for example1 never can comprehend1 still less practise2 and lastly1 you must set an aim before you and keep to it with perseverance1 even though you may1 and probably will1 often feel impatient and despairing4 ,then1 too1 you must be prepared to nurse the dogs properly if1 or when1 they are ill4 ,nobody can expect to be exempt from illness1 dog or man1 and good nursing is as needful in the one case as in the other4 ,a sick toy dog must be kept clean1 petted1 sat with1 talked to1 and tempted with nice things1 like a sick baby1 for the little spirit has much to do with the tender frame1 and pain and weakness need sympathy1 and respond to it eagerly4 ,a little toy bitch1 accustomed to fly to her owner at every impulse1 cannot be left to have puppies all alone--though her fussy preparations1 which may last all night1 are rather wearisome4 ,some one must stay with her and comfort her until her troubles are over2 otherwise1 she will fret and worry until1 when the pups do appear1 she has no milk for them4 ,all these little requirements and necessities may seem absurd to those who think a dog is a dog and nothing more2 but we have bred generation after generation of toys to be in our constant company1 and made them almost humanly intelligent1 while1 naturally1 their small brains have no human balance2 and that a nervous toy dog does need such consideration will be granted1 ,i am sure1 by all successful breeders4 ,at the same time1 ,i am by no means advocating the silly system of over-petting and over-feeding1 whereby dogs can be made a nuisance to themselves and every one else4 ,because a child must be taken care of1 it does not follow that it need be spoiled3 we ought to put a hat on its head when it goes out in the sun1 but we need not walk beside it1 holding an umbrella over it2 and so with our small dogs--they must be watched and cared for1 but they need not1 and should not1 be coddled and made silly4 ,i have no opinion of a dog which will not go out because it is raining1 preferring to make itself objectionable in the house2 or of one which leaves the small proportion of biscuit in its dinner and comes round scratching your arm for more meat2 or of one which rushes back to the fire when a walk is suggested on a chilly day4 ,dogs like this have not been properly cared for2 it is not affection for them1 seeking their well-being1 but downright silliness1 which is responsible for their self-indulgent ways4 ,thanks be that toy dogs of this kind are becoming much less common1 and indeed1 in the case of any person desiring to keep them with an idea of profit1 such ways would be discouraged by self-interest1 for pampered dogs are not those which breed freely and do their puppies justice4 ,where it is necessary that the dogs shall pay their way1 it is of the first necessity that the inevitable expenses of starting and gaining experience shall be carefully considered4 ,it is not a bad plan to get a little cheap dog1 and see it through a litter before embarking in a paying breed1 as where these are concerned it is useless to expect return unless a really good price has been paid for valuable stock to begin with4 ,one does occasionally see such toys as ,japs and ,poms advertised very cheaply2 and ,i have known people who studied these advertisements with rosy visions of picking up a bitch from an excellent strain1 at a guinea or two--with some slight fault1 like a few white hairs1 to cheapen her--of breeding show stock from her and making a little fortune4 ,chances like this seldom come in the way of the novice4 ,the best start a would-be breeder who is without any experience can have1 is by placing herself in the hands of some one who has been successful1 buying a young bitch which comes of a winning strain1 though it may possess some fault1 at a fair price--which will not be a small one--and taking the breeder's advice as to mating1 etc4 ,or it is by no means a bad plan to buy a brace of unrelated young puppies and rear them4 ,of this1 more in the chapter on breeding4 ,to buy imported or pedigreeless small toys for breeding is a complete lottery4 ,foreign breeders are extremely careless with regard to their strains1 and purity of blood can never be depended on4 ,another point which must be insisted upon in relation to profitable toy breeding is the necessity for health in the kennel4 ,i say kennel because it is a useful word1 but am far from suggesting that toys of any kind should be kept in the way understood by having a kennel among larger dogs4 ,the breeder who succeeds best is invariably the one who keeps one or two1 or even four or five1 pet bitches1 running about the house enjoying full liberty and all the happiness of personal favourites1 with1 it may be1 a dog also of the party4 ,the breeder who is most troubled with skin complaints1 distemper1 lengthy vet's bills1 and all the expenses1 such as sick diet1 which eat up profits1 is the one who has built or fitted kennels1 no matter at what expense1 and filled them with dogs4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,on ,,breeding ,very small bitches1 and especially those belonging to certain breeds which are known to be shy1 are not only often reluctant to breed at all1 but are not infrequently very indifferent mothers1 while there are great risks to the bitch in pupping where the sire is larger than herself1 or where larger dogs occur in the immediate ancestry on either side4 ,for these reasons1 brood bitches are always wisely chosen of medium size1 and mated to very tiny dogs4 ,in all the breeds which come under the head of toys1 smallness is a desideratum1 but the practice of inbreeding which has been extensively resorted to cannot be too highly condemned2 while the equally mistaken idea of attaining this end by under-feeding puppies has also contributed to the weakliness of constitution which is an immense drawback to some breeds4 ,reckoning size by weight is another faulty practice much against the true interests of toys1 which we want to be small and healthy at the same time2 for a very tiny dog1 if compact and sturdy1 may weigh much more than a leggy specimen which1 to the eye1 seems half as large again4 ,a bitch from #e lbs4 to #g lbs41 if1 as ,i said before1 of a small strain1 may be safely used for breeding1 and the smaller the dog the better1 provided he is healthy4 ,the plan of sending away bitches to a stud dog saves the expense of buying a dog of one's own2 the sire's wins help to sell the puppies very materially1 and the good offices of his owner may generally be reckoned upon to assist the novice2 but there are other facets to the question4 ,these tiny dogs1 which are frequently exhibited1 are often very unreliable sires2 they work too hard1 and their owners are sometimes very indifferent as to whether the visiting bitches are satisfactorily attended to4 ,true1 the terms always do1 or certainly always should1 include a second visit free if the first proves fruitless1 but there is the loss of time1 the disappointment to the owner1 and sometimes to the little bitch herself1 who may have been quite anxious to breed and not have had a fair chance1 and the trouble and expense of travelling for her4 ,on the whole1 ,i am much inclined to advise the novice to1 at any rate1 begin by rearing up a male puppy of such breeds as ,pekingese and ,griffons1 or the scarcer toy ,bulldogs1 and using it for the home stud2 for the other plan is less likely to result in disappointment when a little knowledge has been gained of the kennel world in general4 ,this1 of course1 unless the whole thing is gone into under the aegis of some experienced owner1 as before suggested4 ,some little bitches are exceedingly capricious1 and will not take the least notice of a strange dog1 where they would willingly mate with one they knew and liked2 others are so upset by a journey and a strange place as to be useless pro tem42 others1 again1 instead of being ready to breed twice a year1 as is the usual habit of female dogs1 may only come in season once in twelve months1 and then but fugitively4 ,in such cases it is a positive necessity to have a dog on the spot4 ,where a sire must be chosen from among strangers1 his points should correct any in which the bitch is deficient2 your toy pug may have too small a head1 with little wrinkle--you must look for a dog with good head properties as her mate2 your ,pom may be long in back1 and you must seek a male with the opposite quality1 and a plume well over and touching his frill4 ,the first puppies of two young dogs are generally larger than the parents1 but ,i do not believe the theory often advanced that the first litter is always the best4 ,puppies by a very old sire are usually small4 ,a toy bitch1 if sent away1 should be carefully packed in a roomy1 warm basket2 the provision of draughty1 tumble-to-pieces baskets is false economy1 both for show and breeding purposes4 ,if possible1 a toy dog of either sex should have a cosy little basket kennel1 with a door1 which it can use at home as a sleeping-place1 and in which it can travel2 the basket can be fitted with an outer case of wood for greater security1 but the dog will stand the journey much better if it is in a familiar basket4 ,something with a peaked or rounded top should be chosen2 the ventilation being safer in this1 as flat-sided and flat-topped packages may be so crowded upon with others in a guard's van as to suffocate the inmate4 ,illustration3 ,,griffon ,,bruxellois4 ,sparklets1 the property of ,miss ,johnson4 ,the usual period of willingness to breed in a toy bitch is1 more or less1 one week4 ,this is preceded by about a fortnight's preparation1 a week or so of gradual enlargement of the parts concerned1 and a week of a coloured discharge from the uterus and vagina4 ,either or all of the stages may last a longer or shorter time2 but three weeks is generally accepted as the period4 ,no attempt at mating the bitch should be made during the first two stages2 it is when the discharge begins to cease that she is ready1 and the correct judging of this time is what chiefly puzzles amateurs1 though after they have once been through it they will not find any difficulty4 ,as a rule1 bitches are sent away too soon1 and as the conveniences for keeping them at the stud dog's house are often few1 they are cooped up for day after day1 and may become quite stale and dull before the real mating time comes--a poor prospect4 ,if the two dogs are in the house together1 the male should be kept entirely away from the female from the very beginning of her attraction for him1 until she is ready1 otherwise he will worry her incessantly and become himself ultimately indifferent and useless in the matter4 ,toy dogs should never be left to themselves in breeding matters2 it is highly dangerous to do so1 especially if they are young and inexperienced1 and ,i strongly advise the beginner either to get some experienced breeder to overlook matters and give advice1 or failing this1 when the female is ready1 to send the two dogs for a few hours to some kind and sensible veterinary surgeon4 ,they should be allowed to be together twice1 either on consecutive days1 or with a day between4 ,once mated1 the little toy bitch must be petted and taken good care of3 not over-fed1 but given plenty of good1 nourishing food1 and systematically exercised4 ,if she is in pup it will become evident about the fifth to the seventh week4 ,some dogs show it much more than others2 whether she has puppies or not1 she will have the natural provision of milk for them4 ,if she does not pup1 she may very likely come in season again in half the usual time4 ,a failure to prove in pup is generally evidenced by a time of great heaviness and dullness1 the bitch sleeping a great deal1 getting very fat1 and decidedly stupid2 under these circumstances give her extra exercise and one or two small doses of sulphate of magnesia in food1 to ward off skin irritation1 a not uncommon correlative4 ,people are far too apt to decide that missing is the bitch's fault2 certainly she is apt to miss if she is too fat at the time of mating1 and ,nature often1 and very sensibly1 arranges that she shall do so when she has been regularly bred from at her seasons for a number of times2 but outside these occasions it is quite as often the dog's fault as not4 ,a question which is frequently asked is as to the desirability or otherwise of giving a toy bitch worm medicine1 or an aperient1 while she is in pup or just before her babies arrive4 ,it is as well to give one mild dose of worm medicine about the end of the third week1 if the bitch is known to be troubled with these parasites to any great extent2 but it would be much better to have dosed her before her breeding time came on4 ,as to the aperient before pupping which we often see advised1 it is a totally unnecessary interference with ,nature1 and when castor oil1 a violent irritant to dogs1 is employed1 it is a sheer piece of cruelty1 likely to have very bad effects4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,the ,,toy ,,bitch ,,when ,,pupping ,too much interference is generally alternated in the case of dogs with a disregard of their natural feelings where the arrival of puppies is concerned4 ,it is quite natural that the little bitch1 feeling distressed and uneasy1 should claim a great deal of notice and attention1 and if she has been made a pet of she will expect1 and deserve1 to be allowed to have her puppies in her mistress's dressing-room or some similar luxury2 in which she should be indulged4 ,but once she has got over the preliminaries1 which ,i will presently describe1 she should1 if possible1 be left to herself as far as manual assistance goes4 ,nature will bring the puppies into the world far better than our clumsy hands1 and the merest little tyro of a year-old bitch generally possesses the marvellous instinct teaching her to put her babies comfortably afloat on the sea of life4 ,the disregard of a pet dog's feelings at which ,i have hinted may take the form of sending a tiny bitch out to the stable to pup under the care of a coachman or groom1 and this may or may not be cruel according to whether she has any affection for the man or any knowledge of her temporary quarters2 personally1 ,i should consider it an unkind thing to do under any circumstances4 ,the beginning of the toy bitch's trouble is apparent to her owner almost as soon as to herself4 ,she pants1 and runs about excitedly1 scratching here and there1 making wildly impossible and absurd nests for her puppies in all kinds of unsuitable places4 ,this may last for days1 but is generally only done for a few hours before the puppies arrive1 which1 by the way1 will be nine weeks after mating4 ,some bitches shriek in a very distressing way before they pup1 and1 as a rule1 food is refused1 and the little mother that is to be is often sick4 ,no anxiety1 however1 need be felt4 ,as soon as she really means business she will quiet down and settle in the place prepared for her1 which by choice should be a big1 deep arm-chair1 with a white blanket--any old thing will do that is clean--folded in the seat of it1 and over this an old cotton sheet1 likewise folded1 and so secured that the bitch cannot scrabble it up in the foolish endeavour to improve human bed-making which always possesses dogs1 and1 if indulged1 lands them in desperate discomfort on the top of a kind of volcano of rags6 ,in nine cases out of ten a bitch chooses to pup in the night1 and the hours often seem very long1 while she may lie and sleep in evident uneasiness1 getting up every now and then to make her bed1 and panting as if exhausted4 ,it is quite safe to leave her in this condition for twelve hours1 but if by that time she seems to be getting weaker and no puppies have come1 the vet's services should be requisitioned4 ,probably she will not eat1 but she may be offered a little cold milk4 ,on no account give her anything hot1 externally or internally1 and do not be tempted to do anything whatever to her2 the only interference which is ever excusable is the application of a very little sweet oil or vaseline externally1 which she will lick off1 and which does no harm and no good1 in my experience4 ,if help is called for at all1 it must be the skilled aid of a surgeon2 any other is worse than useless4 ,illustration3 ,,french ,,toy ,,bulldog4 ,la ,reine des ,roses1 owned by ,mrs4 ,townsend ,green4 ,the puppies are born singly1 and if a bitch has a large litter they generally come in twos and threes1 with a very short interval between the items of each brace or trio1 and a long rest between the batches4 ,the first services the mother has to render her babies are to free them from the bag of membranes in which they are born1 and to bite the cord which joins each puppy to the afterbirth--a fleshy substance which comes away with or shortly after it4 ,all animals intensely dislike being watched while they perform these operations2 but every bitch who is anything at all of a mother will manage them perfectly4 ,next comes the licking of the puppies1 which have been enclosed each in its membranous bag full of liquid 7the liquor amniae71 and are consequently dripping wet4 ,here is the crucial test3 a good mother licks her babies until they are warm and dry1 then feeds them1 and snuggles down with them into a contented heap of intense happiness4 ,a bad mother1 on the contrary1 leaves her poor infants to dry as best they can1 a process which invariably ends in their developing a kind of infantile skin complaint1 which appears like a scab of cheesy substance attached to the roots of the hair4 ,it grows away with the hair by degrees1 and gets well without treatment1 but is ugly and disfiguring for the time being1 and a sad evidence of incompetence on the part of the mother4 ,when the family have settled down1 and the puppies are dry and comfortable1 it is time to give them a little attention4 ,have a saucer full of nice1 warm milk-gruel1 made with patent groats as daintily as for an invalid1 and let the mother drink it1 which she will be sure to do with gratitude2 she may have more at intervals during the first day4 ,then roll away the soiled folds of sheet from under her and the litter1 which can now be done without disturbing them1 and leave them cosily ensconced on the clean1 warm blanket1 which has been all the time underneath4 ,a little later the mother may be put out into the garden for a few minutes1 not more than two or three2 but she must not be allowed to get chilled4 ,after the first day she should go out for a little walk morning and afternoon1 the time of her absence to be gradually lengthened as the puppies grow older4 ,until they begin to crawl1 valuable toy puppies are much safer and better upstairs in a big chair as described1 or in a flat basket with a folded blanket at the bottom set upon the chair1 than they can possibly be in any stable or in the kitchen premises1 for1 no matter how warm1 such places are draughty too4 ,there is absolutely nothing about a litter of little toys1 if healthy1 to be in the least offensive anywhere1 and a good mother will keep them in the very pink of perfection for nearly a month under such circumstances4 ,where a poor or weakly mother is concerned1 and where the puppies are restless1 squall1 and seem damp and comfortless1 it is another matter4 ,by constant attention as to the changing of the bed1 partial hand-feeding from a small old silver spoon with cream and hot water1 and ,plasmon or ,lactol1 half and half 7better than milk1 though warm milk will do71 and a great deal of patience1 the mother may be helped out and the puppies saved2 but where they are not valuable it is better to destroy all but one or two2 and where they are so1 a good foster-mother offers them by far the best chance of life and health4 ,there are people who make it their business to supply fosters1 and one of these should be applied to as soon as possible2 taking pains to ensure1 by careful examination on arrival1 that the stranger has no skin disease and is free from objectionable insects4 ,small toy bitches sometimes have but little milk at first1 but by giving warm food only for the first few days1 and plenty of milk to drink1 it generally comes all right1 and so long as the pups seem fairly content1 all is well2 the flow is sure to increase4 ,both before and after pupping there is generally a little diarrhoea1 which is of no consequence2 but if it goes on beyond the second day after pupping1 get the bitch on to her usual diet1 with a little cold milk to drink1 and stop all sloppy foods4 ,oatmeal1 as gruel or otherwise1 should never be given after the second day4 ,a discharge1 of mucus mixed with blood1 is usual after pupping1 and may continue for several weeks in gradually lessening amount4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,on ,,rearing ,,pups ,an indispensable adjunct in the rearing of valuable toy puppies1 which1 as a general rule1 do far better in the house than in any stable or out-of-door premises1 is one of ,spratt's or ,boulton and ,paul's little houses and runs4 ,as personal and vicarious experiences are all that any writer can adduce to support theory1 ,i may be allowed to describe the procedure which has been found successful with my own puppies--born1 bred1 and reared in house and garden as they are4 ,directly they leave the basket of their infancy 7in which1 par parenthese1 ,i must say1 ,i think them more delightful1 helpless little soft morsels1 than even when they begin to run about1 show intelligence1 and need feeding7 they are introduced to one of these useful abodes1 comprising a sleeping house1 provided with a cosy blanket1 freely washable and often changed1 and a little wired-in run about #d ft4 by #b ft4 ,the bigger this the better1 of course2 and if it has a floor1 as some have1 pierced with small holes and draining into a removable tray to be kept full of earth1 or sawdust1 it will be well4 ,mine is a humbler affair1 floorless1 and stands on a piece of oilcloth1 covered with a large sheet of brown paper1 which can be daily renewed2 yet it answers its purpose very well4 ,in this1 with outings two or three times a day1 for variety1 the puppies live until they are seven weeks old2 the mother1 loose about the house1 visiting them at her inclination and sleeping with them4 ,at between three and four weeks old they must be taught to lap1 which is easy enough with some pups and difficult with others4 ,warm1 boiled milk should be the only addition to what the mother gives them until they are over a month old3 it is a mistake to hurry puppies on to patent foods1 bread and milk1 and the like4 ,do not let them have a saucer and upset it1 tumbling into it and getting themselves in a mess1 to dry all sour and disagreeable1 but hold their little heads one by one as they lap1 for they will nod into the saucer and send the milk flying4 ,as soon as the puppies are strong on their legs1 they need more exercise and fun than the run can allow them1 and now is the time to take them off the carpets1 which they will never respect in after life if they have been allowed to treat them evilly as elderly babies4 ,it is not a bad plan to let them live in the kitchen from this time forth1 various things being provisional4 ,one is1 that the presiding genius will see to their little meals under your supervision2 that is1 you feed them four times a day1 and she or he undertakes to see that no one else does so4 ,another1 that the kitchen opens into the1 or a1 garden1 and that the puppies can run there in the sunshine1 in warm weather1 and so insensibly learn manners2 yet another1 that it is a warm1 draughtless place1 with a nice corner for their sleeping basket4 ,some folks1 whose lower regions do not answer this description1 or whose servants are not amenable1 may have an occupied stable at command1 where the puppies can have a loose box or stall4 ,this plan ,i do not recommend1 for toy pups do far better in constant human companionship2 but it1 or the alternative one of keeping them in a room with an oilcloth floor1 are all that offer themselves1 failing the desirable kitchen4 ,i have known toy pups do splendidly in a sunny little room1 floored with cork carpet1 provided with cosy sleeping boxes1 and opening into a terrace-walk1 where on all fine and sunny days they were allowed to play2 but they were not too much left to themselves1 and their apartment was carefully looked after1 and brush and sawdust-pan kept going1 just as1 in my kitchen1 the servants hasten to remove any unbecoming traces of their presence4 ,this period1 while toy pups are too young to be trained1 too old for their mother to clean them up1 and also so young as to require warmth and constant watching1 is the troublesome one in their lives and the one in which so many of them die4 ,neglect1 or dirty surroundings1 are fatal to these little delicate atoms1 which really call for the same attention we should give a baby2 monotony--being kept shut up in one small room for hours or days--and lack of fresh air1 carry off many2 while sour milk1 meals left about in odds and ends1 irregular feeding1 and lying to sleep in draughts1 are all elements of danger4 ,we want to give them warmth and dryness1 without stuffiness and overheating2 we want to give them sweet1 tempting1 clean little meals1 regularly1 four times a day1 just as much as they can eat eagerly and no more2 we want to give them a cosy day-bed to go to sleep whenever they feel inclined--which will be often--and1 lastly1 to let them have all the fresh air and out-of-door sunshine they can get without fear of chill4 ,thus it is that summer puppies1 born in the spring1 with all the best weather before them1 do so much better than those which have the critical teething period to pass through in winter time4 ,a toy puppy grows more quickly than1 for instance1 a terrier1 and1 of course1 is adult far sooner than a big dog2 the short-haired varieties1 again1 coming to maturity sooner than the long-coated ones4 ,a ,yorkshire terrier is adult at a year1 but does not get his full beauty of coat until he is two years old1 or thereabouts4 ,a toy ,schipperke is1 so to speak1 grown-up at ten or eleven months1 but goes on thickening and improving in shape1 and probably increasing and hardening in coat for another year at least4 ,a ,pom's jacket gets grander at each moult until he is three years old4 ,as a general rule it may be laid down that the dog is a puppy no longer at ten months1 when his teething is almost always entirely completed4 ,this same teething is a tiresome process1 comprising the change of the first set of wee ivories for the permanent forty-two which are to carry the owner through life4 ,nearly every puppy suffers more or less in the process1 some from fits1 some from skin irritation1 some from colds in the head and eyes1 some from general feverishness2 but the troubles are ephemeral1 and generally subside between whiles1 returning as each big tooth is cut4 ,what makes the worst trouble is when the first teeth are severally not shed1 but remain in situ1 a second tooth forcing itself up at one side of the lingering intruder4 ,this condition is pretty sure to mean teething fits1 of which more anon4 ,dentition begins about the fourth month1 and once safely over1 the dog may be considered well reared4 ,illustration3 ,,pomeranian ,,puppy4 ,at the ugly age4 ,distemper1 that is1 the two diseases usually so described1 are a bugbear1 but it is enough to say that no puppy ought to have them4 ,if he does1 it is because some one has allowed him to get the contagion1 by accident or carelessness2 left to himself1 he could not indulge in it1 for it is not1 cannot be1 spontaneous4 ,small skin troubles1 such as puppy pox1 in which the skin in the under parts of the body is red1 and small pustules form and suppurate1 after the manner of chicken pox--though puppy pox is not catching--often affect the strongest puppies2 and a pup which teethes with a rash is generally thought by breeders to be one which1 if in the way of contagion1 will not take distemper very badly1 if at all1 though whether there is any foundation for this opinion ,i cannot undertake to say4 ,personally1 my puppies never have distemper1 simply because they never have a chance2 but where other dogs from the house are going to and fro to shows they are almost certain1 sooner or later1 to bring it home to the babies4 ,some day we shall have a crusade for stamping these horrible diseases out1 or discover prophylactics1 no doubt2 at present they must be looked upon as ill-luck which may never come our way4 ,the training of puppies to the house is a task which is most easily accomplished by bringing them in from the kitchens1 or wherever they live in a general way1 to some sitting-room for a short time daily1 and by degrees teaching them that each offence is instantly followed by dismissal to the garden1 or out of doors4 ,beating little dogs is useless and unkind1 but a mild scolding may be given and the infant be carried out by the scruff of its neck4 ,the great thing is to make this sequel invariable1 as dogs have a great sense of justice1 and soon learn that they have done wrong in this case2 whereas1 if they are allowed to do a thing three times and beaten for it on the fourth occasion they quite fail to understand the reason of the rebuke4 ,some breeds of toys are much easier to teach than others2 personally1 ,i have found ,poms comparatively difficult dogs to train to the house1 and black-and-tan terriers are seldom altogether reliable2 while fawn pugs are generally averse to going out of doors in wet or very cold weather2 but patience and perseverance will do it in almost all cases4 ,on the other hand1 some little dogs take to the house at once1 and give no trouble at all from the very first4 ,a dog just off a journey1 or strange to a place1 is not generally well-behaved just at first1 so that the buyer of a puppy1 warranted trained1 ought to give it a little law before deciding that its education is not properly complete4 ,i am sometimes asked if there is not some magical preparation which cures dogs of untidy habits1 but am compelled to own that1 in the present state of our knowledge1 such a thing not only does not exist1 but does not seem likely to be discovered6 ,small puppies1 under three or five months1 are physically incapable of resisting any impulse1 therefore it is quite useless to attempt to train them too soon4 ,comparison between the sexes in this matter is sometimes made2 some preferring males as house dogs1 and others females4 ,i fancy there is not the least difference1 and certainly1 given a promising and intelligent individual1 a little boy pup is as easy to teach manners to as a little girl1 and per contra4 ,much depends upon character2 here and there we find some toy dogs which have mean1 cringing spirits1 and these are generally the ones which won't go out in rain4 ,they may be vulgarly described as sneaks1 and ,i would not keep a dog of this description4 ,mere timidity is a different thing altogether1 and can be eradicated by kindness and judicious petting4 ,the sneak is no companion1 and should not be bred from4 ,it will not follow well out of doors1 is seldom a good mother1 and is apt to transmit its faults of disposition to its offspring4 ,,chapter ,v ,,on ,,feeding ,,toys ,in feeding toys1 variety is essential1 and it is also desirable to give them food which will nourish and support the constitution without fattening them unduly1 or heating the blood4 ,it is far better to give a toy a very small dinner1 as far as bulk is concerned1 of roast meat cut up2 or a little boiled mutton and rice2 or a bit of cutlet minced1 than to give a much larger dinner of rice and biscuit flooded with milk or soup4 ,big1 sloppy meals are most undesirable1 and the last meal at night1 above all1 should be dry4 ,half a penny sponge cake makes an excellent supper for a toy dog1 or a couple of ,osborne biscuits4 ,toy dogs should never be given any biscuit containing oatmeal or ,indian corn meal1 or peameal4 ,these two are much used in dog-biscuit making1 on account of their cheapness1 and they are both too heating for toy dogs1 and1 in quantity1 indigestible1 although oatmeal is occasionally valuable1 as in the form of groats1 to be made into milk gruel and given to bitches after confinement4 ,rice1 well boiled1 is used as a staple1 to give bulk to meals1 by all breeders of ,yorkshire terriers1 and it is a valuable food1 for this purpose1 for it does not fatten1 and is as easily digested as any cereal can be4 ,although ,i advocate small1 dry meals as against large1 sloppy ones1 ,i do not mean to say that a certain amount of bulk is not desirable--it is1 for without it there would not be the natural stimulus of distension to the intestinal canal4 ,but although the dog has a very large gullet and can swallow1 and wishes to swallow1 very large quantities as compared to its size1 its stomach is not so very large in proportion1 and the juste milieu--enough and not too much--is easy to ascertain4 ,eating between meals is quite as bad for dogs as for babies4 ,they should be fed regularly1 and restrained from picking up bits out of doors--which may be poisoned1 and are sure to be unwholesome4 ,many dogs have a shocking habit of scavenging1 which often means that they are anaemic and harbour worms2 if a tonic and worm dose does not mend matters1 a muzzle will4 ,a toy dog of #e lbs4 or #f lbs41 which has a biscuit at breakfast time1 a varied and tempting meal of meat or fish at lunch1 and a piece of stale sponge cake in the evening1 is being reasonably fed1 and should have a healthy appetite4 ,it is a mistake to feed only once a day1 as such treatment is only suitable for dogs so far in a state of nature that they can gorge themselves to their fullest and sleep for hours afterwards2 and then take hard exercise4 ,it is quite a modern theory that the sins formerly laid to the charge of meat are all unproven1 but it is a perfectly just one4 ,not only do skin complaints arise from malnutrition1 or from improper feeding1 or a too large amount of starchy food1 but a cure for them is frequently found in changing the diet to one of raw or underdone meat only4 ,this is modern veterinary practice1 as set forth by the cleverest man of the day--,mr4 ,sewell--and others whose ability is unquestioned2 in the olden times the vet's invariable dictum1 whether he understood the case or not--and generally he was in dense ignorance as to whether mange1 eczema1 or erythema was the trouble--was ,no meat6 ,this idea1 like others primarily due to ignorance1 dies hard1 and these are still to be found people who1 ignoring the way a dog's teeth are formed1 pronounce his proper diet to be farinaceous1 notwithstanding the fact that he was created among the carnivora4 ,of course1 we cannot keep a house pet1 altered by centuries of evolution1 just as ,nature kept him1 on raw flesh--for one thing1 because he is not living the same sort of life2 but the conditions are not so different as to have turned a flesh-eating animal into a graminivorous one4 ,i write1 as ,i feel1 strongly on this subject2 for many a time have ,i been vexed to see how obstinacy in compelling a dog to live on utterly unnatural food1 has made a miserable creature of one that would have been happy1 properly fed2 and the same applies to many a litter of puppies4 ,it has long been a common habit to feed puppies on sloppy1 farinaceous food1 even up to the time when they are well on in getting their permanent teeth2 if this is a mistake with larger dogs1 it is a grievous folly with toys4 ,people feed their pups four or five times a day on watery bread and milk1 ,indian corn meal and oatmeal1 and powdered biscuit1 all slopped with milk2 they may even leave it about all day4 ,some of the puppies1 the greedy ones to wit1 nearly burst themselves1 whereupon ,nature rebels and relieves the pressure by means of diarrhoea2 others1 dainty feeders1 are sickened after one or two doses1 and can hardly be got to feed at all4 ,they loathe their food1 and getting them on is a constant worry2 presently they begin to be often sick 7this is the stomach's protest against being constantly distended with liquid food7 and if they have1 as most puppies have1 the ova of worms inside them1 these are immensely encouraged to develop1 and lose no time in doing so4 ,a nice preparation for the critical period of teething6 ,if those who find toy puppies difficult to rear thus1 would forsake slops and feed them rationally1 they would1 ,i think1 share the success of a number of breeders1 whose toys are noted for their health and beauty1 and whose methods ,i rely upon to back up my contention4 ,up to the time the puppy can use its first teeth1 give it nothing but milk1 pure1 sweet1 fresh1 and warm mixed with plasmon or any other good dried milk powder2 cold milk will give the baby colic4 ,teach it to lap from a saucer of warm milk2 either good cow's milk1 if you can rely on getting it free from boracic acid2 pure cream and hot water to the thickness of milk2 goat's milk1 best of all2 or1 in the last resource1 condensed milk1 thinned with hot water4 ,the latter must be the kind which is not over-sweetened1 and not the kind which has had the cream separated4 ,up to six weeks ,i find my puppies do best on milk only2 when their little teeth are through1 and their mother forsakes them1 get them on to solids4 ,a puppy loves to gnaw a lump of stalish sponge cake1 or suck a rusk2 it comforts him to use his sharp little needlepoints--feeds and amuses him at once4 ,let him then have milk for breakfast and tea2 an ,osborne biscuit broken up1 a rusk of the kind known as tops and bottoms1 just softened with a little drop of milk1 not made into a slop1 or a bit of sponge cake1 for his dinner and supper4 ,at four weeks he may have a little minced chicken or boiled fish for dinner1 or shredded boiled mutton2 at two months he may be fed like his elders1 but with no big lumps of meat4 ,all meat given to puppies should be cut up finely1 until they are six months old4 ,as to bones1 a big bone is good for a puppy to suck and gnaw2 but he must not have any kind of bone which he can swallow in whole or part4 ,for grown-up toys any bones1 but those of chicken1 game1 and fish1 are a permissible treat1 one at a time1 and that time at least a week from the next or the last4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,exhibiting ,,and ,,preparing ,,for ,,exhibition4 ,although the profits to be obtained from exhibiting are of a secondary nature1 and relative simply to the influence exercised on sales and the way in which showing them brings dogs into public notice1 it is well worth the while of the dog owner who has a really good little toy to exhibit it sometimes for the fun of the thing4 ,at a show one can learn more about breeds and points1 and all the little details which interest doggy folk1 than is possible otherwise2 compare notes with other owners1 and obtain many useful hints4 ,i am sorry to say that we can also see a good deal going on which would be well suppressed1 and get glimpses of the less attractive side of human nature which keen competition and rivalry are apt to call forth1 and which the socialistic mixture of all classes composing the dog fancy encourages4 ,faking --dyeing pale tan bright1 pulling out coat1 or tweaking white hairs1 dusting disguising powder into the stained jackets of white dogs1 training ears to fall or stand erect 7temporarily7 in the desired way1 with other little improvements1 such as clipping the hair from the edges of ,poms' ears and from their paws and legs1 are all practices nobody would own to1 but which nevertheless exist2 while even perfectly honest owners are able to bring their dogs to the front by legitimate methods which are unknown to the novice1 and which she can learn from the initiated4 ,as to the cruelty of showing1 which ,ouida so strongly deprecates1 a word may be said4 ,it is certainly not kind to send a little petted toy1 accustomed to regular ways and the constant society of its owners to a show on its own1 unattended1 and with no care but such as the show officials may feel disposed to bestow upon it--often of a perfunctory character4 ,on the other hand1 if its owner takes it to the show1 establishes it in its pen1 visits it from time to time1 feeds it1 and takes it out of the show at evening time to spend the night with her1 as can always be arranged1 ,i fail to see the slightest cruelty in the matter--in fact1 many dogs enjoy being exhibited1 and it is quite the exception to see a melancholy face in the rows of pens devoted to the well-cared-for toy section4 ,the first thing to be thought of where exhibiting is contemplated is getting the dog1 or dogs1 up to their very best form4 ,a toy which is properly looked after at home ought to be always1 more or less1 in show condition1 that is1 as far as ,nature's arrangements for the shedding of coat1 etc41 permit2 but a little extra care for a few weeks before a show is desirable4 ,short-coated dogs1 which1 par parenthese1 should never be washed at all if it can be helped1 must certainly not be washed for at least a fortnight beforehand1 but the least possible trace of vaseline or cocoa-nut oil may be applied to their jackets and polished off with a clean handkerchief2 while brushing and hand-rubbing the right way of the hair get up a beautiful gloss and sheen upon their coat1 and a little milk to drink daily helps this effect4 ,eyes should be washed1 and if noses are1 as some1 unfortunately1 are too prone to be1 dry1 a little vaseline well rubbed in with the finger twice a day will remedy the defect4 ,long-coated dogs1 of course1 need much more attention4 ,they must have extra combing and brushing1 and1 if dirty or flat in coat1 but not otherwise1 should receive a tub about forty-eight hours before appearing in the ring4 ,for this1 use soft1 warm water1 with1 in the case of ,poms1 whose jackets ought to stand out well1 a teaspoonful of powdered borax and a quarter of an ounce of dissolved gelatine to each two quarts of water4 ,the soap used should be carefully chosen1 and of the best--,vinolia or ,e4 ,cook ,son's ,toilet ,soap for choice2 common soaps are most unsuitable4 ,many people also use and much like this firm's ,improved ,dog ,soap4 ,these stiff1 stand-out coats are encouraged by habitually brushing the wrong way of the hair1 and this is advisable1 too1 for the manes of ,schipperkes4 ,flat-coated dogs1 like ,yorkshires and toy spaniels1 often spend their lives1 the former especially1 in the intervals of shows1 like summer fire-irons1 in grease--that is1 their coats saturated with oil4 ,to such an extent as this1 the preparation may be left to the professional exhibitor 7with whom1 it is as well to remark1 few inexperienced amateurs have much chance1 as far as the ,yorkshire terrier is concerned72 but a little cocoa-nut oil1 with the merest trace of cantharides1 well rubbed into the roots of the hair for some weeks beforehand1 encourages the coat to look its best4 ,great care is needful in washing white dogs1 and only the best of soap should be used2 also soft water1 with a little borax in it1 and a squeeze of a blue-bag in the rinsing-water1 to prevent the hair from showing a yellow tinge4 ,yorkshire terriers must not be rubbed up and about anyhow in their bath2 neither must ,maltese nor toy spaniels2 the hair so carefully kept parted down the middle of the back in the two former breeds must be sponged downwards from the parting1 while hot towels and warmed1 soft brushes should be used for drying1 in such a way as to preserve the habit of growth1 which is such a point in these dogs4 ,rubbing all over also encourages curliness--a fatal fault in the breeds mentioned--and this is an additional reason for care4 ,in washing dogs great pains should be taken to dry the insides of the ears thoroughly1 and the bath1 which most dogs so detest1 will be robbed of half its terrors if the head is not soaped or soused2 it can be effectually washed with a sponge1 thus avoiding the miseries of soap in nose and eyes4 ,washing1 however1 as an habitual thing1 is most injurious to coat and skin1 ruins the colour of black dogs1 and should never be made a practice4 ,daily grooming with brush and comb will keep any properly-fed dog perfectly sweet and clean4 ,illustration3 ,,black ,,pug4 ,fiji1 owned by ,miss ,hyde4 ,poodles are1 perhaps1 as troublesome to prepare for show as any dogs4 ,there are1 as yet1 no corded toy poodles to speak of1 but the curly toys are very delightful little dogs1 deserving much more than their present popularity4 ,their shaving or clipping is1 of course1 an ever-recurring task1 which must at no time be neglected1 and is necessary once a month2 but1 after the first time or two1 it is not at all difficult to manage4 ,the shaved parts should be gone over1 the dog having been washed the day before1 with one of ,spratt's ,patent ,poodle ,clippers1 a little machine exactly like a small horse-clipper1 always working against the trend of the hair from the tail along the back to the middle of the body1 and from the feet upwards4 ,a pair of scissors1 with curved-up points1 will be needed for the face and toes1 which are the most troublesome parts to do2 but actual shaving with a razor is only done as a finishing touch just before a show4 ,it makes the skin rather tender and is the one part of the toilet1 not needful for everyday attire1 which calls for expert aid4 ,after clipping1 the skin should be well rubbed with a very little white vaseline oil1 which brings up a nice gloss and prevents the dog from taking cold4 ,there are various professional poodle clippers in ,london1 among them a lady1 who will visit dogs at their own homes for the modest charge of five shillings2 but country exhibitors are generally obliged to resort to home talent for the operation4 ,the long hair is now fashionably arranged in a fluff1 teased out with a comb1 and well brushed until it stands out2 the forelock is tied up on the top of the head with a big satin bow1 and voila1 la toilette de monsieur est fini6--the indispensable bracelet and smart collar being alone wanting4 ,entering dogs for a show is a simple enough matter4 ,having ascertained what show you intend to patronise1 send a card to the secretary1 whose address will be found with the advertisements of the show in the doggy papers1 asking for a schedule4 ,on receiving it1 read the rules carefully1 and also the matter relating to specials1 and enter the dog according to the form enclosed2 if the show is held under ,kennel ,club rules1 exhibits must first be registered with that body4 ,if merely under ,kennel ,club licence1 this is unnecessary4 ,occasionally1 the reply to1 or acknowledgement of1 such registration1 which is made on a form always sent with schedules and stud entry forms1 and accompanied by an indispensable half-crown1 is so much delayed that the novice-exhibitor trembles with fear lest her exhibit should be disqualified2 but such terrors are groundless--so long as the entry has been sent in before the date of the show1 all will be well4 ,the next question is the burning one of escort4 ,personally ,i should not like to send little toy dogs to a show without some trusted attendant1 and ,i cannot1 therefore1 advise anyone else to do otherwise4 ,taking them oneself1 with maid or man in reserve to leave in charge1 is the most pleasant way1 for all parties1 of arranging matters1 and the paraphernalia accompanying is somewhat as follows3-- ,a warm and comfortable travelling basket for each dog--preferably a little house in which it can sleep at night4 ,a campstool for the attendant4 ,standing about at shows is killing work1 and chairs are not always obtainable4 ,coats for the dogs if the weather is at all cold1 for exhibition buildings are almost invariably draughty4 ,the ,petanelle coats 7sold by ,spratt's71 of ,french pattern1 with storm collars1 are specially warm and smart1 and are also aseptic1 and the ,petanelle cushions are charming in every way4 ,some suitable food4 ,toy dogs will seldom eat what the show authorities provide1 and are often too excited to take anything but what is specially dainty4 ,a lunch-basket tin of small pieces of chicken or meat1 ready cut up1 with the dog's own little plate1 will be found useful4 ,milk at shows is not always reliable1 and if any is wanted it should be taken in a bottle1 especially for litters4 ,a brush and comb4 ,a warm1 large shawl4 ,i say nothing about the millinery with which people often hang their pens1 the satin cushions1 etc41 with which ,i can but say the dogs are often made to look extremely silly1 but unless there is any rule in the schedule to the contrary1 exhibitors are at liberty to provide anything which appeals to their taste in this line4 ,the shawl1 or blanket1 is often useful for draping round wire pens to keep away draughts1 and as such things cannot be got without much trouble once the show has begun1 it is as well to be provided beforehand4 ,taking dogs out of the show at night can always be managed1 usually on payment of a deposit2 and the trouble is quite worth while1 for fatal colds are apt to be the result of leaving delicate toys to shift for themselves in the colder hours of dark and dawn4 ,leading into the ring is1 of course1 the crux of the exhibitor's anxiety1 for now comes the critical moment--will the dog show or not8 ,some dogs are born showers--brisk up1 look smart and knowing1 accept the judge's overtures graciously1 and generally exhibit themselves to the best advantage4 ,others are variable1 and cannot be depended upon2 will sometimes show well1 and at other times--if they are a little out of sorts1 for instance1 or do not like the look of their rivals in the ring--will not do themselves justice4 ,others1 again1 obstinately1 lower tail and ears1 crouch and cringe1 or1 worst of all1 roll over on their backs4 ,if a dog1 after several attempts at showing him1 persists in such conduct1 it is generally best to give him up as far as exhibition is concerned4 ,but a good deal may be done beforehand to teach little dogs how to show themselves4 ,they may be made accustomed to being led about in a chain1 and encouraged to strain from the collar after a ball1 etc4 ,also1 they should be taught to receive attention from strangers affably4 ,just one word as to the exhibitor's own conduct in the ring may not be amiss4 ,sometimes old hands at showing are by no means polite to new-comers1 sad to say1 and will very probably endeavour to screen the novice1 if good enough to be a rival1 from the judge's eye1 by thrusting themselves and their exhibits forward2 while1 terrible to relate1 such incidents as a sly poke with the foot1 administered to a rival's shy dog1 or the intentional treading on a toe1 are not altogether unheard of4 ,the novice should keep her dog well to the fore1 disregard what other exhibitors are saying or doing1 so far as strict politeness and good feeling allow1 and1 while not obtruding her exhibit on the judge's eye1 try to get him to notice it in all legitimate ways4 ,speaking to a judge in the ring1 and while acting1 is a great breach of etiquette1 unless some question is asked by him1 which should be replied to audibly2 but most judges are quite willing to give reasons for their decision1 or a candid opinion1 if asked to do so when the judging is over4 ,it is1 of course1 needless to warn gentlewomen against any show of feeling at being overlooked1 etc42 but the fact that lamentable exhibitions of disappointment do occasionally take place is one not to be denied1 while1 of course1 strict justice is occasionally lacking4 ,still1 taking things for all in all1 a very little experience will enable the novice to take her proper place in the show world1 where she will be sure to meet with much kindness and unselfish help--such1 at least1 is my experience2 while exhibiting adds a zest to dog owning unobtainable by any other means4 ,the principal shows where toy dogs are catered for are the ,kennel ,club ,show1 in ,october2 the ,toy ,dog ,shows and ,cruft's1 generally held in ,february1 at the ,agricultural ,hall2 with the shows arranged by the ,ladies' ,kennel ,association1 the best of which1 from a toy owner's point of view1 usually takes place in the summer1 and with the provincial fixtures1 such as ,birmingham1 ,manchester1 and ,bristol1 and numerous licence shows in all parts of the country1 at all of which there is generally a fair classification for toys4 ,all shows may be found advertised in the ,illustrated ,kennel ,news and other dog papers4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,the ,,choice ,,of ,,breeds ,the choice of a breed to take up is generally dictated by personal preference1 and fashion has a large spoke in the wheel4 ,just at present1 the fashionable breeds among toys are certainly ,pomeranians1 or ,spitz toys--commonly known as ,poms1 ,japanese spaniels1 ,pekingese or ,chinese spaniels--sometimes called ,chinese pugs1 toy bulldogs1 and ,griffons ,bruxellois4 ,of the choice of a breed for profit ,i have spoken before1 and will now consider the question from the point of view of a lonely dame seeking a pet1 or pets1 and having no preconceived prejudices4 ,the ,pom1 then1 is a little dog1 hard to get good1 but really valuable when so secured4 ,a good toy ,pom means one as small as possible1 certainly under #h lbs41 and preferably under #f lbs41 not long-legged and weedy1 but short-backed and compact2 with tiny erect ears1 a fine-pointed muzzle1 small dark eyes1 tail--or plume1 as it should be called--well over the exact median line of the back2 small1 fine1 and delicate legs and feet1 covered with short hair2 and last1 but far from least1 a profuse coat standing out well all over the body1 and amplified about the neck with the characteristic frill1 and at the backs of the hind legs with the criniere4 ,bright brown and chocolate are very much more common than they were a year or two ago1 when either was scarce and much desired1 but blacks are always favourites4 ,black-pointed sables 7wolf-coloured ,poms7 seldom have good stiff coats1 and1 like the beautiful orange sables1 are apt to be flat-coated1 thus are not so popular2 while parti-coloured dogs depend for attraction upon their quality otherwise4 ,blues1 which1 unless large1 generally have hairless ears1 are very charming1 and carry excellent coats1 but are comparatively seldom seen4 ,the usual faults of toy ,poms are apple-headedness--a term which explains itself--scarcity of coat1 coarseness in head or leg1 tails badly carried1 big ears1 or protuberant eyes1 legginess and weediness1 or curliness4 ,a wave in the coat spoils some from a show point of view1 and though washing with borax and water1 and combing out with a comb dipped in a weak solution of gelatine1 will temporarily remedy the defect1 it spoils the desirable bushy look of a ,pom to a great extent4 ,poms are capital little companions1 faithful1 exceedingly sharp and intelligent1 and generally devoted to one person2 they are good with children if brought up with them2 but they are fussy and excitable little things1 bark a great deal1 and have nerves4 ,i do not consider the character some people give them of snappishness at all justified by facts2 but here and there a sharp-tempered ,pom may be found4 ,their quality of disdain towards strangers is one which ought to be considered a virtue in all pet dogs4 ,they are not of the easiest dogs to train to the house1 especially when kept in numbers1 and are not always reliable in this way1 mainly on account of their quick1 nervous disposition2 but for cleverness1 affection1 and beauty1 they have few1 if any1 equals among toy dogs1 and they are never likely to lose their popularity2 a really good toy ,pom is always immensely admired and courted wherever it is taken4 ,puppies are not now so easily saleable at high prices as was formerly the case1 as so many people took them up that they have become plentiful3 and it is not worth while to breed second-raters2 but a good ,pom will still sell4 ,illustration3 ,,schipperke4 ,fandango1 owned by ,dr4 ,freeman4 ,next to toy ,poms ,i will mention toy ,schipperkes1 because1 though they are not as yet so fashionable1 and probably never will be1 they resemble ,poms in many ways4 ,as house dogs they are eminently desirable1 wonderfully clean and well-mannered1 and like the ,pom in cleverness and fidelity to one person1 while they are much hardier and easier to rear and keep in good condition4 ,they are not at all nervous dogs2 but wildly full of life and greedy for exercise2 their incessant activity vying with that of the merry little ,spitz4 ,they are decidedly barky and exceedingly inquisitive1 good travellers1 and dogs which settle themselves down anywhere1 and are content so long as they are with the favourite human they specially possess4 ,schipperkes are extremely heavy dogs for their size1 and quite a wee one will weigh four times as much as a ,pom which hardly looks smaller4 ,both breeds require a meat diet and plenty of good food1 which they work off by their active ways2 but the bulk of the ,schip's meals should be larger4 ,as a rule1 ,schips are very good-tempered dogs1 and1 like ,poms1 sharp followers at heel4 ,they are1 however1 pugnacious little things1 and have only the grand forbearance of bigger dogs to thank for the prevention of many a tragedy due to uppish self-assertion4 ,black is their colour1 and taillessness their most intimate quality2 some1 we are told1 are born tailless1 most--are not6 ,brown and fawn ,schips are common enough in ,belgium1 the home of the race2 and we have now not infrequently classes for them over here2 while whites1 which are really fawns1 exist1 occurring in litters now and then from a throwing back to some distant ancestor1 and are really pretty dogs1 though ,i confess the piquancy and charm of the blacks1 with their sharply-pricked1 thin ears1 their rounded-off flank1 hard1 shiny coats1 and dense masses of mane and culotte1 the ,schip's distinctive points1 are to me lost in an off-coloured dog4 ,their faults1 as toys1 are soft1 silky coats1 toyish or apple or badly-shaped heads 7that universal stumbling block71 ,pommy1 quality of coat 7there is no blemish on a ,schip's escutcheon greater than a putative cross with a ,pom71 white hairs or markings1 ears which are rounded at the tip instead of pointed1 too big1 or badly carried1 short faces1 unlevel jaws1 spread feet1 crooked or distorted legs1 and long backs4 ,the whole appearance of the dog should be very smart and cobby1 intensely alert1 and altogether clean and well put together1 qualities difficult to describe1 but which sautent aux yeux4 ,toy bulldogs are yearly becoming more popular4 ,they are absolutely ideal dogs as to temper and all the other qualities necessary for a pet and companion1 and almost uncannily intelligent1 but alas6 they are delicate beyond denying4 ,they are hard to breed1 and hard to rear2 few of the bitches are good mothers1 while their babies have little stamina2 they are shy breeders moreover1 and altogether need incessant care and watchfulness4 ,if they can have this1 well and good1 and their puppies will sell immediately2 so that1 as a source of profit1 they may be recommended1 always provided luck and a capacity for taking much well-directed pains are on the owner's side4 ,the prices obtained for these dogs1 if really small and of good strain1 are somewhat high for the ordinary amateur1 while a small bulldog bred from bigger ones1 such as can be most cheaply obtained1 in the way of a toy1 is but a poor speculation1 since her first litter will probably kill her4 ,the limit of weight at which a toy bulldog ends and the bulldog proper begins1 has been matter of controversy1 and the original limit of some #bj lbs4 was found to present so many difficulties that many breeders desired to have it altered4 ,an equal1 or even greater1 amount of discussion raged round the question of drop1 rose1 or bat ears--that is1 of upright or falling ones4 ,finally the sensible decision of having two clubs1 one for toys in all respects like the large ,english bulldogs1 and one for dogs of ,french origin1 though now of ,english breeding1 with upright or bat ears1 to be called ,french toy bulldogs1 was arrived at4 ,the ,english type is now known as the ,miniature ,bulldog4 ,illustration3 ,,pekingese4 ,foo-,kwai of ,newnham1 owned by ,mrs4 ,w4 ,h4 ,herbert4 ,japanese spaniels are quite one of the derniers cris of fashion4#a ,with them ,i include ,pekingese1 as although the latter are hardier dogs altogether1 and easier to manage1 they are also ,eastern1 so making things even4 ,japs are pretty little dogs1 of average intelligence and affection1 if not quite equal in these respects to the first two breeds discussed4 ,up to the present distemper has been their chief scourge1 and keeping them in numbers seems to be an invariable invitation for a visit from some pest1 to the contagion of all which they seem peculiarly susceptible4 ,griffon breeders say that if a ,griffon feels ill it dies1 and this is in some measure applicable to ,japs also4 ,there is no reason why it should be so1 for in their native country they are hardy enough1 and the cause is traceable to inbreeding1 occasioned by the difficulties put in the way of their importation both by the ,japanese authorities and our own1 and resorted to with the idea of keeping them small2 the delicacy caused by the hardships of the voyage1 which they stood very badly2 to the pioneers of the race over here1 and the rush for small sires1 often too much used1 and over shown4 ,if breeders would buy young1 unrelated puppies1 feed them on meat1 bring them up healthily1 and so found fresh strains1 this delicacy could surely be overcome with comparative ease4 ,in appearance1 ,japs are extremely fascinating4 ,their colours are black and white1 red and white1 and yellow or lemon and white--the latter two combinations being the rarest2 their coloured ears1 like butterfly wings1 the short-faced head between forming the body1 their heavily fringed feet1 and their plumed tail making up a charming and piquant tout ensemble4 ,they are frequently confounded with ,pekingese1 which are whole coloured1 red or yellow1 with black markings1 and whose ears are not set on at the same angle4 ,a ,pekingese pup is perhaps the very prettiest puppy going1 before it reaches the lanky stage1 which breeders of all toys1 except perhaps pugs and ,schips1 know means the utter indifference1 even scorn1 of the uninitiated public4 ,the prices of ,japs rule fairly high1 and a good puppy cannot be obtained1 unless by special luck1 for less than ,l#aj #ajs42 a larger female pup for a trifle less perhaps--but such1 if good in points1 are quickly snapped up for brood bitches4 ,japs have the same toy weight limit as ,poms--#h lbs4--and the over toy weight dogs are far hardier and easier to breed than the midgets4 ,footnote #a3 ,japanese ,spaniels4--,the five rules of ,japanese spaniel beauty1 according to the ,delhi ,morning ,post1 are these3 7#a7 ,the butterfly head2 7#b7 the sacred ,v2 7#c7 the bump of knowledge2 7#d7 vulture feet2 7#e7 the chrysanthemum tail4 ,to attain the butterfly head and the sacred ,v1 a ,jap must own a broad skull with a white ,v-shape up it 7the body of the butterfly71 the small1 black1 ,v-shaped ears forming the butterfly's wings4 ,the bump of knowledge is a small1 round1 black spot between the ears4 ,the hair on the vulture feet feathers to a point in front1 but must not widen the slender foot1 and to the eye of faith the beautiful1 silky1 plumed tail1 tightly curled over the back1 presents the semblance of the national flower1 the chrysanthemum4 ,griffons ,bruxellois are quaintness personified1 and their funny little characters1 full of dignity and self-sufficiency1 are indicated by their no less funny little exteriors4 ,the characteristics of a good ,griffon are smallness1 hardness of coat1 deep1 rich red colour1 huge black eyes1 a fleur de tete1 the shortest possible black-ended nose1 as flat as may be with the face 7this appearance generally aided by the breeder1 who presses the baby cartilage upwards at every opportunity71 and fine and sound legs and feet4 ,the tail is docked1 but the ears may not now be interfered with--a righteous rule4 ,an undershot monkey face is the desideratum1 and though sometimes shy breeders1 these little dogs are well worth having1 and make the best of house pets4 ,of black-and-tan toy terriers there is not much to be said1 for the simple reason that they are at present quite out of fashion4 ,a vague idea still1 ,i believe1 prevails that the bare and leathery1 not to say mangy1 appearance some of the former little creatures present about their appleheads and big ears1 is a sign of good breeding2 indeed1 ,i have often been seriously invited to consider the high claims of a spidery1 ill-shaped atom so affected to distinction on the score of aristocratic descent4 ,in the show-ring things like this are not tolerated1 and the really well-bred black-and-tan is not like the little abortions sold--but seldom now1 though frequently of old--by itinerant vendors whose characters were far from being above suspicion1 and by dog-dealers1 as the creme de la creme of pet dogdom4 ,the show black-and-tan toy is like a miniature ,manchester terrier--glossy of skin1 long and neat in head1 with small1 dark eyes1 oval1 not round and goggling2 fine1 well-made limbs1 with the correct pencilling of deep1 rich tan on the toes4 ,there must be no tan down the backs of the hind legs1 and the ears must be neat and well carried2 the tail a whip4 ,illustration3 ,,yorkshire ,,terrier4 ,trixie1 owned by ,miss ,o',donnell4 ,yorkshire terriers1 if small and well coated1 always find a sale1 and will never be without friends4 ,i like them much as single pet dogs1 but a kennel of ,yorkshires is a life's work1 and only the enthusiast can give them all the care they need4 ,a ,yorkie must be brushed 7lengthily7 every day3 it must be rubbed with oils and washes1 especially when its hair is breaking1 the process which turns the short-coated black-and-tan puppy into the full-blown blue-and-tan beauty of mature age4 ,if the coat is to be done justice to1 the puppy must1 when necessary1 be most carefully washed 7though washed as little as possible71 restrained from scratching by having little wash-leather socks kept upon its hind feet1 and dieted with every attention directed towards the prevention of any skin disorder4 ,no dog can carry a heavy coat unless well nourished1 and the old idea that farinaceous foods sufficed for this is exploded4 ,to avoid anaemia1 keep the blood pure and rich1 and give strength1 a ,yorkie must have the nourishment of meat4 ,withal1 it is a merry little soul1 and if its coat can be to some extent sacrificed1 a good companion1 fond of outdoor life1 very barky and lively1 and tolerably affectionate2 but a really lovely show ,yorkie is not a being for every day4 ,the breed does not suffer much from distemper1 and1 strange to say1 in spite of generations of coddling and fussing1 and breeding for smallness and coat1 is a decidedly healthy one4 ,the white ,yorkshires1 a new variety some folk have tried to push1 is1 ,i think1 in no way especially desirable--the ,maltese can do all that is necessary in that line2 while the attempt to make silver ,yorkshires popular1 too1 simply means that bad-coloured dogs without any tan 7paleness of tan is the stumbling-block in many a ,yorkshire's career71 are classed by themselves and offered prizes4 ,toy pugs are1 ,i think1 invariably fascinating to those who have a liking for pug kind2 they are big pugs in little1 and everyone knows the points of a pug4 ,my own toy fawn pugs loved their comforts too much to be perfect dogs for companioning a person of active outdoor habits1 but they were sweet-tempered1 gentle things1 and1 as such1 to be commended4 ,pugs as a race seem strangely apt to skin trouble1 and the toys are no exception4 ,i have not seen many really good and very small fawn toys1 but there are some1 and where a pug is to be bought1 a toy is really most desirable4 ,they make good house dogs1 and are seldom or never noisy1 while those of a comparatively active strain1 bred to plenty of outdoor fun1 and not indulged in the greediness which1 alas6 is generally a feature in their character1 need by no means acquire the stout1 snoring wheeziness which some folk think an elderly pug cannot escape4 ,all the same1 ,i can but say that ,i prefer the black variety on the whole1 for they unite the sweet temper1 faithfulness1 and gentleness of the fawns with an untiring energy1 to my mind one of the best qualities a dog can possess4 ,they are also hardier1 less subject to distemper and kindred ills1 and very alert and intelligent4 ,one merit1 if such it be1 they do not share with the fawns--the latter are not expensive dogs1 for they are almost always good mothers and prolific breeders4 ,not that the blacks fail in these respects1 but as yet they are comparatively dear--that is1 the really good ones4 ,head properties make much of their value just now1 for a good-headed black pug1 with a broad skull1 large eyes1 and plenty of skin and wrinkle1 is not in every litter1 and narrow skulls are much disliked1 though ,nature1 with characteristic contrariety1 seems to rejoice in producing them4 ,pugs cannot stand heating foods any more than ,yorkshires1 which agree with them in doing better upon boiled rice as an addition to meat to make needful bulk1 than upon any other farinaceous food4 ,next to it in value comes wheat meal2 oatmeal and ,indian corn meal will surely bring skin disaster4 ,lean meat1 underdone for choice1 fish1 and chicken1 may be varied to make the meals1 with a small amount of the needful staple as bulk4 ,toy spaniels in general are not difficult dogs to deal with4 ,they are faithful and extremely affectionate dogs1 and the ,blenheims make good country pets1 having often a considerable amount of sporting instinct1 even when they come of stock which has been kept for show only for many years4 ,the ,marlborough ,blenheims are1 of course1 examples of the sporting ,blenheim1 though they are not correct in show points2 and there is no reason why one of these dogs1 toys though they be1 and fit to win1 should not be a good little country companion4 ,for towns1 white long-haired dogs are not to be recommended1 because of the occasional washing1 which is a vexation alike to dog and owner4 ,the colouring of the ,blenheims is very taking1 and one with all the show points1 spot on the head included1 is sure to be admired2 but toy spaniels1 as a race1 the ,jap and ,pekingese excepted1 are very much in the hands of professional exhibitors1 and but seldom now seen as pets4 ,the black-and-tan ,king ,charles is inclined to be rather a silly dog1 pretty enough1 but not brainy2 a loving little thing1 but unintellectual--such1 at least1 is my experience of him4 ,the faults of both breeds are generally too much leg1 long heads and noses1 instead of the big round skulls desired2 small eyes1 and curliness--the latter a direful mistake4 ,the ,prince ,charles1 or ,tricolour1 is the ,king ,charles over again in three colours--black1 tan1 and white2 and the ,ruby is1 as its name implies1 all red2 rather scarce1 this is1 to my mind1 the prettiest of the toy spaniels4 ,all are very susceptible to damp and cold1 and should be carefully dried1 especially as to the feet1 after being out in rain or mud4 ,they are sweet dogs in skin1 and seldom smell doggy--a great virtue4 ,maltese have a good many friends4 ,these are the oldest of all lap dogs1 and a good specimen1 with perfectly straight hair--which is1 however1 but seldom found--is really a thing of beauty4 ,they should be treated like ,yorkshire terriers1 except that some of the ever-recurring tubs may be avoided by dusting flour or violet powder 7pure starch7 into the coat and well brushing it out again4 ,they are often spoiled by brown noses1 which are a great handicap1 and also by the brown marks caused by running of the eyes1 which are a great disfigurement in a white dog4 ,here ,i may break off to remark that these marks would also spoil white toy ,poms1 but for the fact that white toys of that breed are scarce4 ,breeders have done their best to get them1 and a good many small ones--under #f lbs4--have been bred1 but the tiny whites shown are generally deficient in some point4 ,of toy whites1 over #f lbs4 and under #h lbs41 there are now many1 and good2 especially in a certain west-country kennel2 but some of the best are dangerously near the limit of weights4 ,the tear-channels which led to this digression can be helped not to exist by using a boracic acid lotion to the eye2 but the stains are often ineffaceable4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,ailments ,,and ,,illnesses ,anaemia--a condition of general depression in health1 with impoverishment of the blood--is of all serious diseases the most common among dogs4 ,it is this condition that causes dogs to have worms2 it is this deficiency in the blood supply1 both in quantity and quality1 which brings about ninety out of every hundred cases of skin disease4 ,the original cause of the disease in toy dogs was the way in which they were1 and unfortunately often still are1 kept1 fed1 and housed4 ,a number of dogs kept together in some artificially-heated building1 confined in small pens1 obliged to breathe impure air1 and fed on ,indian meal1 biscuits1 oatmeal1 and other cereals1 with little or no meat--this is kennel life1 and a splendid foundation for anaemia4 ,we all know how worms and eczema and other skin troubles beset toys kept in kennels1 but not until the knowledge has caused people to give up keeping them thus1 and handing on hereditary eczema and hereditarily vitiated blood to their puppies1 shall we get rid of the inherited tendency to poverty of blood which makes so many toy dogs possessions of anxiety rather than sources of satisfaction to their owners4 ,if a law could be passed obliging all dogs to receive a suitable daily allowance of good1 fresh1 underdone meat1 and abolishing farinaceous feeding altogether1 even for five years1 it is not too much to say that at the end of this time eczma in its more common forms would have died out1 worms be the infrequent exception rather than the rule1 and distemper would have ceased to be a thing of terror4 ,it is extraordinary how ignorant educated people1 otherwise well informed1 can show themselves on this subject4 ,i have repeatedly received letters in which1 after detailing a diet of milk puddings1 oatmeal porridge1 vegetables1 bread and gravy1 and so on1 the writer gravely adds the assurance--,but ,i have never given a farinaceous diet6 ,green vegetables and such starchy vegetables as potatoes are absolutely useless to dogs1 and so indigestible as only to rank second to absolute poisons1 like carrots and turnips4 ,no dog can get the mineral salts necessary to healthy blood out of oatmeal1 ,indian corn meal1 or any other meal1 nor out of a little iron-hard1 dried gristle or some similar substance1 such as appears in some so-called meat foods4 ,it can only get these substances out of its natural and proper food--meat4 ,puppies fed on meat from the time their teeth can bite it do not have anaemia1 and are consequently free from skin trouble3 their blood is rich and pure1 and they do not harbour worms4 ,i only ask any reader who doubts these statements to try the very simple experiment of separating a litter at seven weeks1 and feeding half the pups on meat1 of course varied1 cut up small1 and given in moderate quantity three times1 and subsequently twice1 a day1 with a very small proportion of wheaten flour-stuff given merely as a treat and variety1 in the form of small sweet biscuits or sponge cake1 to afford the needful bulk to the meals4 ,no gravy1 milk1 vegetables1 nor any liquid but water to be given4 ,the other pups in the litter can be fed on the old1 artificial1 unnatural plan of constant1 large1 sloppy meals of milk food4 ,if the conditions are otherwise equal--plenty of fun1 sunshine1 and exercise being given--the difference between the two sets of pups will probably be quite sufficiently marked to uphold my argument1 with the further addition that the meat-fed puppies will be found a good deal less objectionable in the house before their education begins1 and infinitely easier to train1 than their brethren on farinaceous diet4 ,in cases of anaemia1 as shown by skin trouble1 bareness round the eyes1 poor or capricious appetite1 languor1 unpleasant breath1 thinness1 and a general look of unthriftiness1 a liberal meat diet is the first essential1 and plenty of fresh air--not necessarily hard exercise1 for which the patient is generally unfit--the next4 ,a tonic is always desirable1 and iron the most suitable4 ,there are several forms of this useful drug4 ,reduced iron can be given in very small dosage2 sulphate of iron is cheap and useful in pill form3 both of these have a tendency to constipate4 ,the saccharated carbonate of iron is a beautiful preparation that does not constipate--is1 indeed1 a little laxative in action4 ,it is a powder1 tasteless except for sweetness1 and will be taken readily enough if sprinkled on meat1 or it can be made into pills with the addition of a tonic bitter1 as in the form of the ,kanofelin tonic pills4 ,it is the most expensive of the forms of iron1 but that is not saying much1 as all are absurdly low in price4 ,the dose for a toy is from two to four grains twice a day1 in1 or immediately after1 food4 ,cod liver oil is a useful medicine in bad cases of anaemia1 especially where1 by reason of having or having inherited1 this habit of body1 a long-haired toy is always poor in coat4 ,some dogs never grow coats1 merely because they have not the strength to do so1 and others inherit sparseness of hair4 ,but if there is any hair in reserve1 a course of cod liver oil will help it on1 and better far than plain cod liver oil is its preparation with malt4 ,cheap cod liver oil1 however1 is horrid1 and should never be given4 ,it will only act as a purgative1 and be worse than useless4 ,nor should a dog ever be forced to take this substance if he has a dislike to it4 ,but if the anaemic1 scantily-coated patient will take it readily1 a teaspoonful of some good brand of cod liver oil and malt extract1 besides three grains of saccharated carbonate of iron twice a day1 with meat diet1 will make a most marvellously different dog of him in six weeks' or two months' time4 ,it is quite useless to give any tonic for a week or ten days1 or irregularly4 ,it must be given for a long time and with perfect regularity1 or it does no good whatever3 it must have time to be absorbed into the system1 to permeate it1 and be taken up by the blood4 ,bad ,teeth4--,the existence of canker in dogs' teeth is generally another consequence of bad rearing and farinaceous feeding4 ,meat-fed pups1 from meat-fed parents1 have conspicuously good sound teeth1 whereas among kennelled dogs it is not at all uncommon to find specimens of mouths cankered throughout1 and this condition is certainly sometimes transmitted to the offspring4 ,the teeth look deep yellow1 or brown1 the dental enamel is soft1 and in bad cases they drop out4 ,the gums are soft and spongy and pale4 ,the disease being constitutional1 little or nothing can be done to arrest the decay of the teeth1 which luckily seems painless4 ,the dog should be carefully fed on the most nutritious underdone meat1 and the mouth may be washed out daily with a very weak solution of permanganate of potash3 just enough of the crystals to tinge warm water pink being used4 ,the best way to perform this little operation--one to which most dogs object very strongly--is to get someone to hold the head1 with the nose pointing downwards1 over a basin1 and to introduce the nozzle of a gutta-percha ball syringe between the lips at the back of one side1 letting it enter that spot in the jaw where there is a hiatus between the lower teeth4 ,two or three squeezes of the ball will then wash out the mouth pretty effectually4 ,this cankered condition of dogs' teeth may be brought about by the absorption of mercury into the system4 ,a dog which had been troubled with very obstinate recurrent eczema1 known to be inherited from ill-reared parents1 was apparently cured as by magic when sent to a veterinary surgeon1 who dressed him all over with mercurial ointment4 ,the improvement in his condition continued for about three months1 when it was discovered that he ate with difficulty4 ,his mouth being examined1 the teeth1 previously sound1 were found to be like so much dark1 yellow-brown leather1 and the gums sore4 ,the next development was in the form of a cancerous growth in the posterior nares1 and so the poor animal died1 a victim to a cruel fate1 for which the surgeon had obtained the credit of a cure4 ,such cases are not at all uncommon4 ,dental ,caries1 such as affects our own teeth when they decay and have to be stopped1 occasionally1 though luckily not often1 distresses dogs4 ,they may bruise the dental pulp inside a tooth by biting very hard on a bone1 or by playing too roughly1 and more especially by carrying stones1 a very bad practice4 ,the only thing to be done is generally to extract the tooth under chloroform1 since it is difficult to find dog-dentists who will stop a decayed tooth4 ,a dog with toothache1 rubbing his face on the ground and crying1 is a pitiable sight4 ,abscesses between or on the ,toes are a form of eczema1 and should be treated constitutionally1 as suggested under the heading of ,anaemia1 eczema's usual cause4 ,dogs will worry these sores1 and must be prevented from doing so by having the foot encased in a sock made of strong washed calico1 tied round the leg with tape4 ,before putting on the sock1 dress the sore with iodoform powder or zinc ointment4 ,docking ,puppies4--,being docked is not an ailment nor an illness1 but as a very sad conclusion may be put to a valuable pup's life by the operation carelessly performed1 it is as well to say a word about it4 ,docking should never be left until the eyes open and the nervous system is fully organized4 ,at such an age it is a piece of gross cruelty and the risk of haemorrhage is enormously increased4 ,unless puppies are very weakly1 they should be docked at five days old at latest4 ,happy is the owner whose ,poms or ,pugs require no such improvement6 ,the ,schipperke owner has been especially commiserated or vituperated1 as the case might be1 but as a matter of fact there is1 in the hands of a competent surgeon1 used to operate on these and other dogs1 not one iota more risk or more pain or more difficulty than in dealing with a terrier4 ,docking should be done by a skilled veterinary surgeon1 with proper antiseptic precautions4 ,his hands and the strong scissors used are first made thoroughly antiseptic by washing in carbolic or some other antiseptic solution1 and the operation can be done without the pup's losing any blood at all to speak of4 ,the wounds are dressed with iodoform powder and tannic acid powder1 mixed1 and in one hour the mother1 who should be sent out for a walk while the surgeon is in the house1 will be admitted to them1 and they will be sucking as if nothing had happened4 ,occasionally1 owing to some idiosyncrasy of the individual1 a puppy may bleed after docking1 and therefore a careful watch must always be kept4 ,if there is any haemorrhage1 bathe with very cold water in which alum has been dissolved1 and apply a styptic1 as tannic acid or perchloride of iron4 ,but it is always well to ask the operator to remain for an hour or so1 until all risk is over4 ,the blood vessels very quickly seal up at their ends 7to use untechnical language71 and the tongue of the mother1 when re-admitted after the necessary interval1 will do no harm4 ,though docking is neither dangerous nor cruel when properly done on puppies so young that they have little or no sensation in their undeveloped nerves1 it is a barbarism to let any ignorant person1 as a groom or coachman1 do it2 and the dog owner who will not sacrifice her own possible repugnance sufficiently to co-operate with the skilled surgeon in seeing it properly done1 at least owes it as a duty to her dumb dependents to pay him to take all reasonable care1 and bring an assistant to hold them1 and stay until they are quite safe and comfortable4 ,bilious ,attacks4--,a slight chill1 in east-windy times of year1 or from any undue exposure to cold1 will sometimes bring on a liver attack in dogs1 while some are habitually subject to sick-headache after the manner of their owners4 ,a bilious dog shivers1 looks miserable1 brings up a little yellow liquid or some froth1 after a good deal of retching1 and refuses to eat4 ,such an attack is always easy to diagnose1 because the nose remains1 as a rule1 cold and moist1 while there is no rise in temperature4 ,the same symptoms1 with feverishness1 would probably mean commencing serious illness1 necessitating skilled advice2 but without rise of temperature are not important1 unless they resist treatment and continue for longer than about twelve hours4 ,the patient should be kept warm1 covered up before the fire if the weather is severe1 and given a soft pill of three grains of carbonate of bismuth and one grain of bicarbonate of soda1 every four hours1 until appetite returns4 ,loss of appetite is a symptom which should never be disregarded4 ,it may be quite right for the owners of sporting dogs to use the phrase so frequently heard3 ,oh1 if he won't eat1 he's better without it1 but want of appetite in a toy dog should never be a matter of indifference to the owner4 ,it may1 of course1 arise only from previous over-eating1 and over-fed dogs are certainly subject to bilious attacks which do not call for much sympathy2 but it is always desirable to assure oneself that nothing more serious is the matter before dismissing the subject4 ,in cases where loss of appetite is the precursor and accompaniment of illness1 as in distemper1 it would be most unwise to leave the dog to itself1 and by allowing it to go without food1 pull down the vitality and give the disease a firmer hold4 ,as a general rule1 a dog may be allowed to miss one meal without much anxiety2 but1 if a second is refused1 inquisition should be made1 and the temperature be taken1 without loss of time4 ,a clinical thermometer is a most useful adjunct in the dog-room1 and any temperature over #ajj degs4 or #aja degs4--the former the dog's normal one--is suspicious4 ,the easiest way of taking it is by inserting the instrument between the thigh and the body1 and1 as it were1 holding these together1 over it4 ,puppies will often refuse food simply because their gums are sore from teething1 and here1 again1 it would be extremely foolish to let them go on in a state of semi-starvation4 ,when a puppy is seen to pick up his food with his front teeth1 shake each piece1 and turn it over indifferently1 it is a pretty sure sign that he cannot eat comfortably2 if the natural process of cutting the teeth is in fault1 all that need be done is to give minced meat and soft though dry food--a sponge cake will nearly always be willingly negotiated--and keep a watch to see that he gets enough to maintain him in good condition and pull him through the critical time2 if1 as is sometimes the case with an older dog1 a too-lingering first tooth is setting up irritation and needs extracting1 the vet's services must be requisitioned1 as it is not advisable for any amateur to try his hand at canine dentistry4 ,the main characteristic of the new or ,stuttgart disease1 or of gastritis1 by the way1 is inability to take food1 the mouth being ulcerated1 in addition to stomach complications2 and here1 again1 commencing loss of appetite must be regarded with suspicion4 ,simple biliousness is not common among properly-fed dogs1 but is sometimes brought on in individuals by what ,i may be so technically medical as to call idiosyncrasy--to wit1 inability to digest certain foods4 ,many toy dogs cannot eat vegetables1 which of course are to all unnatural and very indigestible1 and others are invariably sick if they are given milk1 and the dog can no more help these peculiarities than human beings similarly afflicted4 ,biliousness1 brought on either by over-eating1 a chill on the liver1 or some unsuitable food1 is easily recognized1 and here abstinence for a while is advisable4 ,the patient will be chilly1 probably having cold paws1 and may be sick several times1 producing only a little yellow froth2 most dogs eat grass and soon feel better1 requiring no medicine2 but if appetite does not return quickly1 give a bismuth-and-soda pill every four hours1 the proportion being three grains of bicarbonate of soda to one grain of carbonate of bismuth4 ,indigestion is by no means uncommon among toy dogs1 and frequently leads to the odious habit of eating horrible things in the street1 about which dog owners sometimes complain1 and with reason4 ,the presence of worms leads up to this habit1 too1 and where it exists they may be first suspected2 and then1 if their existence is disproved1 indigestion comes in as the likely factor4 ,its treatment is not difficult1 but the owner must make up her mind to persevere1 and to feed her dog herself--no servant1 no matter how careful1 possesses judgment enough to deal with a case of this kind4 ,absolute regularity in feeding is necessary2 the meals must be small1 yet very nourishing1 and the dog should not be allowed to drink immediately after eating4 ,a digestive tonic containing nux vomica is almost invariably useful1 but it is not a medicine which can be prescribed at large1 for nux vomica is in itself a dangerous drug1 and acts much more freely upon some dogs than upon others1 making it most unwise to prescribe so much for all dogs alike4 ,with this proviso1 ,i will give a prescription intended for a ,yorkshire terrier weighing about #f lbs41 which may be safely tried upon toys between #e lbs4 and #h lbs4 weight1 the quantity of this particular ingredient being reduced by one-half for dogs between #d lbs4 and #e lbs4 and by two-thirds for toy puppies1 upon whom its administration must be watched with extra vigilance3 ,rx pulv4 nucis vom41 #a_/b gr42 pulv4 radix gentianae1 #a gr42 carb4 bismuthi1 #d grs42 bicarb1 sodii1 #a-a_/b grs42 ferri carb4 sacch41 #c grs4 ,m4 ,h4 ,d4 ,exhib4 cum cib4 bis vel ter die4 ,a pill somewhat similar1 but in some respects superior to this1 is sold as one of the ,kanofelin remedies4 ,the symptom of too great susceptibility to the action of strychnine 7nux vomica7 will be1 in bold language1 twitching and nervousness1 and where these are observed to follow a dose it must be diminished or stopped altogether1 and in this latter case the powder without the first ingredient may be tried4 ,disagreeable ,breath and ,eructation4--,beta-naphthol1 given in pills containing #a_/b gr4 each1 is a valuable drug in cases of indigestion where eructation and disagreeable breath are noticeable4 ,for toys under #e lbs4 #a_/d gr4 pills must be given2 one pill in either case to be given about ten minutes after each meal4 ,the effect of the drug is simply to check the fermentation of the food and the consequent formation of foul gases in the stomach4 ,where this form of indigestion is accompanied by diarrhoea1 salol may be given instead of naphthol1 in the same doses2 but it and naphthol do not suit all dogs alike1 though neither can do any harm1 and if the patient is sick after a dose1 the sign has been given that marks the treatment as unsuitable to his individuality4 ,as in the case of human patients1 the dog doctor may have to try several methods of treatment before he hits upon the cure4 ,pills are often troublesome to give1 which fault cannot be found with powdered vegetable charcoal1 to which few dogs make any objection when it is sprinkled upon their food and lightly covered with a few tiny bits of something very dainty2 but where the owner prefers to give medicine apart from the food1 enclosure of powder in a capsule is always practicable4 ,a simple and tasteless powder is included among the ,kanofelin ,remedies1 and may always have a trial1 given with the food1 in cases of indigestion4 ,the ,bad ,doer4--,want of appetite for no particular reason1 except general debility of the stomach1 is the annoying characteristic of the kennel-man's horror--the bad doer1 who is characterised by thinness and bad coat4 ,here and there we find a thin little dog that nothing will fatten2 hardly ever hungry1 and dainty to the distraction of his owner2 a dog who will not eat in a strange place or from an unusual plate1 and who only grows the thinner and more miserable for what he does eat4 ,he is an unenviable possession1 but we must make the best of him1 coax him with small and frequent meals1 for he will often accept a teaspoonful of raw meat minced1 or a tablespoonful of cream1 where he would not even look at an ordinary dog's meal1 and get him up as well as we can for show with a daily new-laid egg1 beaten up in a very little milk1 and that useful and valuable dog-owner's aid1 cod liver oil and malt4 ,most dogs will take this with a little tempting meat to help it down4 ,of course it must not be pushed at first1 but given1 to begin with1 in very small doses1 and gradually increased until our usefully typical #f lb4 dog is taking a full teaspoonful twice a day4 ,it is a wonderful hair producer4 ,cod liver oil alone1 without the malt1 is of much less use1 and cheap preparations of either or both are to be sternly avoided2 in the nature of things1 such a medicine cannot be cheap1 if it is to be thoroughly good4 ,and here1 ,i may remark1 that because we are only dealing with a dog is no reason why we should put cheap drugs of any kind into him4 ,his system is just as beautiful and delicate in its balance as that of a human being1 though his teeth and his digestion may be stronger--such is not invariably the case by any means--and the administration of impure or adulterated medicine is just as great a cruelty to it as to the human machinery4 ,to give a toy dog crude cod liver oil1 imperfectly purified1 because it is cheap1 is like expecting to do fine carving upon oak with a hatchet1 because it is oak and not satin-wood4 ,internal ,parasites4--,in no case has modern progress in knowledge disclosed more fallacies1 held formerly as firm beliefs1 than where the internal parasites--which for our present purpose1 this being only a popular manual1 may be classed as tape-worms and round worms--of the dog are concerned4 ,only a few years ago1 if a dog suffered from skin disease in any one of its several forms1 worms were at once cited as the cause4 ,now we know--or rather1 those among us know1 who either have some understanding of canine anatomy and physiology or will take the word of the scientist for it--that worms cause nothing3 they are not a cause1 but an effect4 ,they are a symptom of anaemia2 and as skin trouble almost invariably accompanies any severe degree of anaemia in dogs1 skin trouble and worms are usually found together4 ,we cannot1 therefore1 cure dogs of harbouring worms by giving expellent doses1 no matter how glowingly advertised and boomed1 of the various irritant drugs which act as vermifuges4 ,we can only by this means temporarily drive out the enemy1 which is certain to return1 because the conditions prevailing in an anaemic intestine suit it perfectly1 and encourage its increase1 whereas in the healthy intestine it more or less shares the fate of food on being digested1 and is incapable of rapid or sustained increase4 ,the effect of an anaemic or vitiated condition of the blood-supply to the villi1 or1 in non-scientific language1 digesting pores which exist all over the mucoid lining of the intestinal tract1 is to prevent their throwing out those strong juices or digestive fluids which they normally produce4 ,their secretions are altered and weakened1 and have no injurious effect on the parasites1 which then increase rapidly4 ,when1 therefore1 it becomes evident1 by the appearance of short yellowish-white segments1 generally about an inch long1 and varying in breadth from a mere line to about a quarter of an inch1 dropped about by a dog1 that tape-worm exists2 or it is seen by his vomiting them up or otherwise1 that he has round worms1 which somewhat resemble earth-worms1 what we have to do is to alter that condition of the general health which allows these pests to exist4 ,in brief1 we have to treat the dog for anaemia1 which subject has been already discussed4 ,it is1 of course1 occasionally possible for a healthy1 meat-fed dog to become accidentally infected by swallowing tape-worm ova1 and in such a case a few of the parasites may be harboured for a considerable time1 not increasing1 but now and then making their presence manifest4 ,infection is possible by the swallowing of fleas1 which are intermediate hosts of tape-worm1 or by eating the insides of rabbits1 which usually swarm with these creatures1 or1 in the opinion of some authorities1 by sniffing the ova up through the nasal passages and subsequently swallowing them4 ,as1 however1 one cannot always be certain that the apparently healthy dog is not a trifle below par1 it is always well to treat him with a course of iron1 giving the powders or tonic pills advised for anaemia for a month1 and at the expiration of that period1 when the system is toned up so that the worms' position is almost untenable1 and their expulsion will be final1 one or two vermifuge doses may be given4 ,all sorts of quack remedies have been praised and boomed as infallible1 but many are exceedingly drastic1 and some positively dangerous4 ,areca nut1 so frequently advised1 is a most violent irritant1 actually poisonous in its effects on young puppies1 and a very cruel remedy in all cases4 ,wormseed oil1 an ,american preparation1 possibly from one of the inulas1 a family of plants known in ,english gardens1 is sometimes an ingredient2 also such highly unsuitable1 inert1 useless1 or dangerous substances as sulphate of magnesia1 salt1 or cowhage1 with strong doses of santonine1 a drug that should never be given in unknown quantity4 ,a violent purgative action often accompanies these secret remedies1 adding to their danger4 ,the intelligent dog owner should know what he is giving1 and to some extent understand its action2 but in a country where quack1 much-advertised medicines are largely given to children1 ,i suppose it will be difficult to prevent their being also administered to dogs4 ,in any case1 no worm medicine whatever1 of any sort or kind1 other than an iron tonic1 should be given to young puppies1 no known drug possessing a stronger action than iron upon the parasites being safe for toy pups under three months old4 ,after that age it is safe to give very small doses of oil of male-fern and absolutely minute ones of santonine4 ,these are best combined in a capsule1 in which form they can be given without distressing the patient1 and a perfectly safe capsule after this formula is1 among the ,kanofelin remedies--which are not secret1 but are compounded after recognised formulae1 and equally suitable for dogs or children in the purity of their drugs and safety of their action4 ,if any of the popular advertised remedies are used for adults1 experiment should be made at first with much smaller doses than are cited1 and safety thus assured1 for a microscopic dose will often act quite severely enough for the toy dog owner's purpose1 and dogs are as variously sensitive to drug action as we ourselves4 ,in very young puppies the bringing up by the mouth of round worms is not at all unusual1 especially when they are pups born of kennel parents1 dogs crowded together in numbers1 insufficiently fed 7although possibly upon an excessive quantity of oatmeal and ,indian corn meal71 denied meat1 and leading a completely unnatural life in every respect4 ,it is rather a shock to an amateur when this occurs1 but as a rule little anxiety need be felt1 for if the puppy is properly fed upon small dry meals of a very digestible and nourishing nature1 say two tablespoonfuls of good underdone rump-steak1 or the same quantity of roast mutton1 three times a day for a dog the size of a pug1 and given a one-grain dose of iron with two of these meals1 he will be pretty sure to grow out of his troubles4 ,in any such case great attention must be paid to keeping up the strength of the patient1 in order to tide him over the time when by reason of youth and his very tender little stomach1 it is impossible to give him any stronger medicine with safety4 ,extreme thinness and loss of coat are sometimes attributed to that wonderful power worms1 in old-fashioned eyes1 possessed4 ,both of these symptoms are those of an anaemic condition1 as is foetor of the breath4 ,finally1 the treatment of that over-rated bugbear in the way of diseases1 ,worms1 is easily summarised thus--,meat feeding2 an iron tonic2 a vermifuge after the tonic course1 and not before4 ,after male-fern capsules it is quite unnecessary to give any aperient4 ,most inventors of worm pills and the like order castor oil to be given after their boluses1 a terrible aggravation both to operator and patient4 ,aperients4--,some people have an idea that it is desirable to dose dogs periodically1 on the quaint old spring-medicine principle1 extended over all the year4 ,no greater mistake can be made4 ,a dog should never be given drugs of any kind unless really ill1 and this it will never be in the direction indicated1 if it is properly fed and regularly exercised4 ,a dog's natural and proper food is meat2 but the stimulus of distension must be given to the intestine by adding some bulk of innutritious food to the meat4 ,we cannot give quite enough meat to afford this stimulus constantly1 because by doing so we should overload the system4 ,in a state of nature dogs ate the fur and skins of their prey1 like other carnivora3 now we must give them a certain proportion1 but only a small one1 of biscuits made of wheat 7not of oatmeal or ,indian corn meal1 which are too indigestible7 or of brown bread1 to provide bulk without nourishment4 ,they may1 if any aperient be absolutely necessary1 have a meal of boiled liver1 a teaspoonful or two of pure olive oil poured over a little meat1 or given from a spoon1 or some cod liver oil1 which may be voluntarily taken1 and is equally efficacious4 ,milk is very laxative1 and sometimes1 where there is no biliousness1 a small saucerful makes a good aperient4 ,always take a dog for his run at the same time of day1 wet or fine1 and never lose sight of the fact that a well-behaved clean little house-pet may bring upon itself a dangerous attack of constipation by its good manners if its appeal for a walk is ignored4 ,illustration3 ,,typical ,,japanese ,,spaniel4 ,distemper4--,as a matter of actual fact1 there is no such disease as distemper4 ,there are two diseases1 or two groups of diseases1 both more or less contagious1 which1 for want of skilled diagnosis1 are indifferently so named1 but their popular designation is so firmly rooted that distemper will be with us to the end of the chapter1 and so long as the disease is properly treated it matters little whether we call it bronchial catarrh1 gastro-enteritis1 typhoid1 or distemper4 ,perhaps1 in a manual not intended for the learned1 it will be most useful1 as it is certainly most simple1 and1 ,i think1 practical1 to speak of two forms of distemper1 since the chest and lung diseases of the dog all call for one sort of home treatment1 and the more ordinary diseases of the intestinal tract can with safety be lumped together as needing another fairly uniform style of treatment4 ,further than this the non-medical dog owner is not wise to venture1 since it is quite as necessary that a canine patient should have skilled advice as that it should be called in for his master--that is1 if his recovery is desired4 ,roughly speaking1 then1 there are two kinds of distemper--that which affects the nose1 throat1 and chest1 and in slight cases may pass as being only a very bad cold1 and that which affects the intestinal canal1 involving the whole alimentary system4 ,this latter is certainly the more troublesome for an amateur to treat1 and decidedly the more fatal2 but1 fortunately1 the former is the more common4 ,it is very easy to tell when a dog is the subject of distemper in the catarrhal form1 and when in this state he is1 ,i think1 much more likely to do well if carefully nursed at home2 but in the typhoid form it requires skilled nursing to do the case justice1 and the physical conditions are such that if--it is a big if--the right sort of vet can be found1 the dog has a better chance with him4 ,the symptoms of catarrhal distemper are shivering1 feverishness--temperature generally not very high at first1 but a degree or two over the normal--profuse discharge from the eyes and nose1 and1 in short1 all those of a bad1 feverish cold2 and the treatment may be exactly that which we should give a child under the same circumstances4 ,the great thing1 in both forms1 is to keep up the strength from the very beginning2 this is far more important than giving medicine of any kind1 and if the patient will not eat1 he should be given food forcibly4 ,i do not by this mean that a large quantity of food should be forced upon the unwilling animal2 he should have about two teaspoonfuls of some invalid nourishment every two hours1 and this should be as varied as possible1 and kept as sweet and dainty as if for a human patient4 ,a raw egg beaten up with the smallest possible quantity of milk2 a little good beef-tea1 made by cutting lean1 raw beef into small cubes1 and slowly drawing all the goodness out of it in an earthenware jar1 tightly covered1 in the oven1 only two tablespoonfuls of water to the pound of meat being added2 veal broth similarly made2 arrowroot1 with a few drops of the juice of raw meat added2 strong chicken tea1 with a little rice boiled in it and strained out--all these may be rung upon for change4 ,some dogs will eat solid food all through the disease1 and this simplifies matters immensely4 ,where there is no appetite1 liquids or semi-liquids must be given4 ,concentrated foods and other invalid preparations1 though useful on occasion1 very soon pall and sicken the patient1 and while it saves trouble to use things like this1 they have not the same effect in keeping up the strength as good1 honest home-cookery4 ,the necessity for thus dieting and feeding is the same in either form of distemper1 and the dog must not be left all night without attention1 but fed at intervals then also4 ,warmth and evenness of temperature come next in importance4 ,a little flannel jacket or cross-over1 made of thick1 new flannel1 is as good as poultices1 and should be put1 and kept1 on well into convalescence1 when1 of course1 it must not be left off too suddenly4 ,i do not say anything about medicine1 actual poulticing1 etc41 because a distemper patient1 in view of the complications which are always apt to arise in this disease1 should be nursed under skilled veterinary direction4 ,i only insist on the need for feeding up and warmth4 ,distemper patients cannot go out of doors1 in cold weather1 unless there is to be no regard to the great risk they run in such a change of temperature2 therefore1 as soon as the disease declares itself1 it is well to settle the patient somewhere where a tray of earth can be provided1 absolute quiet maintained1 and an even warmth kept up1 and here let the disease run its course4 ,relapses from distemper are even more serious than the first attack1 and they are very apt to occur where the patient is allowed to go out1 or move about too soon or too much4 ,stimulants--brandy and port wine--are very useful where the weakness is great1 and champagne will often be kept down where water or broth would be rejected4 ,the new disease1 commonly called the ,stuttgart disease1 which has created so much excitement among dog owners during the last year or two1 and is of the nature of gastritis1 or inflammation of the lining membrane of the stomach1 spreading upwards and downwards1 calls in some ways for quite a different treatment to that of the typhoid form of distemper4 ,they are alike in this3 that a teaspoonful or so of iced champagne or iced soda and milk1 will sometimes be retained where nothing else will1 but in gastric catarrh1 or gastritis1 the patient must not be allowed to drink water1 or to make the slightest exertion4 ,it may1 perhaps1 be as well to state what1 ,i suppose1 is not yet known to all dog owners--namely1 the fact that it is by no means a necessity for a toy1 or any other dog for that matter1 to have distemper4 ,like scarlet fever in the human subject1 distemper may occur in a dog's life1 or may not4 ,the child takes scarlet fever if it has been in the way of infection1 and the dog distemper if the contagion has been conveyed to it either by some person who has been near an affected dog1 by that dog itself1 or by some article on which infected discharges of any kind have been deposited4 ,the one quarrel we all have with shows is that they certainly offer opportunities of spreading distemper to people who do not consider its existence in their kennels a sufficient reason for withholding entries1 and carry the contagion with them1 although the dogs they exhibit may be in themselves unaffected4 ,an old-fashioned piece of advice in distemper1 and one always given1 was that at the outset of the disease a dose of castor oil1 or some other aperient1 should be administered4 ,i have no hesitation at all in saying that whereas castor oil--to the dog a violent irritant purgative--has carried off many and many a puppy and delicate adult that1 if not so weakened just when all the reserve forces of strength were most needed1 might have pulled through1 this practice is a most mistaken one1 to say the least of it4 ,if there is any probability of there being any collection in the intestine which needs clearing away1 pure olive oil will do all1 and more than castor oil1 and will neither cause the pain at the time nor the subsequent constipation1 which will be the inevitable results1 if there are no worse ones1 of the stronger1 and1 ,i must call it1 vile1 drug4 ,another fallacy is the supposed desirability of constantly washing the eyes and nose with warm water4 ,this is often not properly dried off1 and chill results1 while all the fuss and worry is quite needless and does no good4 ,a little bit of old linen rag may be torn up and the fragments used to clean off the discharges and at once burnt4 ,once1 or even twice1 a day a sponge damped with boracic lotion can be used1 but very sparingly4 ,the watchword in distemper1 as ,i said before1 is nursing--good nursing alone will pull most dogs through--and ,i deliberately refrain from giving any prescriptions1 because1 as each case varies according to circumstances and the patient's constitution1 each should be prescribed for on its merits4 ,for far too long we have gone on in a rough-and-ready rule-of-thumb method of dosing dogs all in the same way1 without regard to idiosyncrasy1 which all the time has been as marked in them as in human kind--and the sooner we change all this and study each dog after its kind1 the better for them and for us4 ,skin ,troubles4--,the most annoying thing about the skin complaints which occasionally beset toy dogs is the difficulty to the amateur of diagnosing them correctly4 ,even veterinary surgeons are sometimes hazy in this respect1 and it is therefore well when a skin trouble refuses to yield to simple remedies1 incapable of doing harm1 to consult a man really experienced in toys1 and not some uninterested1 and even rather contemptuous1 practitioner1 who may even commit such a cruel barbarity as ,i have heard of1 in the advising of sheep dip6 ,the most common form of skin disease in adult dogs is eczema1 which for purposes of rough1 or popular1 classification1 may be divided into two forms1 wet and dry4 ,weeping eczema is decidedly uncommon1 but is the only form of skin disease offering open sores and raw surfaces likely to affect comparatively well-cared-for toy dogs4 ,in this1 as in the dry1 severer forms of eczema1 it is useless to attempt cure by mere outward applications4 ,the mischief is in the blood1 and until the blood is put right the external symptoms will continue1 unless1 indeed1 strong mercurial lotion or ointment be used1 which may fatally drive the disease in1 and by clearing up the skin and so depriving the body of the safety-valve of outward lesions1 eventually kill the animal4 ,such a proceeding is occasionally resorted to by unscrupulous persons whose only desire is to sell their mangy or eczematous dogs1 for the immediate effect of dressing with mercurial ointment is often almost miraculously good to the eye4 ,therefore1 my advice to the amateur is1 under no circumstances to purchase a dog which is known to have suffered from any severe form of skin disease4 ,even if the complaint has not been doctored in the way described1 and has been cured by honest methods1 it may always break out again1 for it is in the constitution4 ,i must1 of course1 except cases in which contagious eczema has been given to the victim by some other dog1 but in dealing with strangers1 shops1 or professional dealers1 it is wisest to avoid a purchase where skin disease has existed4 ,some breeds are very much more subject to skin trouble than others1 and all long-haired dogs are apt to suffer from simple eczema and erythema1 the latter especially when young2 while distemper of a severe kind is often followed by a disease of the skin1 closely resembling mange1 for which it is often unfortunately mistaken4 ,it should be simply treated with a mild antiseptic ointment1 while the constitutional weakness is the focus for attention4 ,puppies often teeth with a rash1 called puppy-pox1 which shows as general redness of the skin1 generally on the bare parts of the body1 under the forelegs1 etc41 and here and there groups of pustules1 each of which contains a drop of thin pus4 ,this is a complaint allied to chicken-pox in children1 and by no means dangerous--in fact1 a puppy which teethes with such a rash has generally the making of a strong and healthy dog4 ,at the same time1 whenever either this trouble1 or bare patches about the legs and face1 are seen on puppies1 the teeth should be looked to1 for it is probable they are in some way irritating the system4 ,the existence of too many worms in puppies generally accompanies skin trouble in the form of bare patches1 which may be well rubbed daily with a sponge dipped in an extremely simple1 safe1 and useful lotion1 which ,i can recommend to be given a trial in all forms of skin disease1 as in no case can it do harm1 while in many cases it will effect a cure so far as any outward application is capable of doing4 ,it is known as the ,kanofelin lotion1 a preparation of phenyl1 which is not irritating1 or in any way poisonous or disagreeable to the nose1 but has a taste which prevents dogs from licking it off2 should they do so1 however1 it will not harm them4 ,the lotion1 after being applied and well rubbed in with the sponge to smooth1 bare places1 where the skin is not broken1 should be wiped off with a towel or handkerchief1 as it is not wise to leave the dog wet4 ,it should be used twice a day1 and where the skin is broken1 very gently with a soft sponge1 and1 of course1 no rubbing in4 ,some dry and scaly skin eruptions1 of which pityriasis is the most common1 need different treatment4 ,where-ever bare places appearing on the toy dog look scurfy1 and scales fall off1 do not use any lotion1 nor rub1 but lightly dab on a little zinc ointment if the dog is not given to licking the parts2 if he is1 use a plain1 rather thin1 sulphur ointment3 ,sublimated sulphur1 #a oz42 vaseline1 #d ozs4 ,this latter may also be used in cases where the ,kanofelin lotion is useful1 and then be well rubbed in2 but the rule is no rubbing when scales or scurf are present4 ,the ,kanofelin ointment is harmless and useful in all cases4 ,applications can be much varied to suit cases1 and where violent irritation is present1 it is sometimes necessary to use a more complex preparation than those mentioned4 ,the poisonous nature of some of the ingredients1 included in the most efficacious of them1 however1 makes it very undesirable to use them otherwise than under the advice of a skilled surgeon4 ,the following cream is a most useful application for use in cases where the skin is not broken1 where great irritation and redness of the skin are present1 and where the affected parts either cannot be reached by the patient1 or the latter can be muzzled during treatment4 ,it is1 however1 poisonous1 on account of the carbolic acid and lead it contains3 ,liquor plumbi diacet41 #d drs42 liquor carbonis detergens1 #dj mns42 boracic acid powder1 #a oz42 new milk1 to #d ozs4 ,shake well before use1 and apply frequently with a bit of sponge4 ,label3 ,poison4 ,in the treatment of medicated baths1 usually composed of that most evil-smelling compound liver of sulphur and water--in professional language1 a sulphuretted potash solution--,i own ,i have little or no faith4 ,a plain sulphur ointment is twice as efficacious1 far easier to apply1 and has no disagreeable smell2 while1 if well rubbed into the skin1 as it and other skin ointments should be1 and not left in the hair1 it is not in any way unpleasant4 ,in all cases where skin trouble is accompanied by a strong and most unpleasant smell1 mange 7either follicular1 or1 more commonly1 sarcoptic71 may be suspected4 ,the latter is easier to cure than many forms of eczema1 but it is absolutely needful to keep the patient smothered in a dressing of sweet oil and sulphur1 than which there is nothing better1 for several days1 then to wash and dress again2 and such cases are not suitable for home treatment1 although no veterinary surgeon should be permitted to apply strong dressings like paraffin1 mercurial ointment1 or tar 7otherwise creosote7 to delicate toys4 ,mercurial dressings1 in all cases1 are rank poison1 the absorption of the drug into the system having fatal effects for the future4 ,follicular mange1 in which the insect causing the trouble burrows deep1 is a horrible disease1 about the worst a dog can have1 and here skilled veterinary assistance cannot be dispensed with4 ,but it is safe for the amateur1 in all cases of commencing skin trouble1 where there is no smell and the bare patches do not spread rapidly1 to use the phenyl lotion or sulphur or ,kanofelin ointment1 according to the state of the skin1 and to begin the more important internal treatment by a complete change of diet4 ,a very dry or confined diet1 certain meals1 as oatmeal or ,indian corn meals1 either in biscuits or otherwise2 too little food2 more rarely too much2 absence of meat from the dietary1 or too little of it2 as before1 but very rarely too much--these are all incentives to skin trouble1 while heredity has much to say to a tendency thereto4 ,a dog which has not been having much meat1 but has been chiefly fed on dog biscuit1 may1 on the appearance of skin irritation1 be given plenty of good1 underdone meat--roast mutton1 sheep's head1 and bullock's heart1 all being very suitable4 ,in no case of skin disease should either oatmeal or ,indian corn be given2 and sea air should be avoided1 as it is always aggravating to skin troubles4 ,tripe is nourishing and very digestible1 and fresh fish suits most of the invalids very well4 ,together with the entire change of diet--the hours for meals need not1 of course1 be altered--a course of iron and cod liver oil is always well worth trying4 ,personally1 ,i pin my faith to the following method1 which ,i have known most successful in difficult cases1 and which1 as ,i can say of the other remedies advised in this little book1 can do no harm4 ,powerful drugs are often a source of danger in inexperienced hands1 and a good many of the medicines one sees advised are1 so to speak1 extremely speculative4 ,get1 then1 a bottle of cod liver oil and malt1 and #a oz4--or more1 if you please--of saccharated carbonate of iron4 ,in your pet's dinner mix1 at first1 well covered over with cut-up meat of extra daintiness1 a scant half-teaspoonful of the solution with a dust of the iron1 which is a sweet powder4 ,nearly all dogs will take this without any trouble1 and soon get very fond of the oil1 even if they object to it at first2 but they must not see the dose introduced into the meal4 ,let them think it an accident1 or at any rate1 in the natural way of things1 and they are far less likely to object than if they see you making a parade of mixing and covering4 ,the dose1 given twice a day1 in meat dinner and supper1 should be gradually increased1 until a dog of #f lbs4 is taking a full teaspoonful of the solution twice a day1 with #c grs4 of iron to each dose2 and patience will be needed1 for1 to do any good1 this dosing must go on for at least a month4 ,it may then be left off gradually1 and resumed again if necessary4 ,in obstinate cases of skin disease1 arsenic is a most valuable remedy1 and may with most effect be combined with the system of cod liver oil1 malt extract1 and saccharated carbonate of iron just described4 ,fowler's solution1 which is generally recommended1 should not be used1 because it contains oil of lavender1 which is very offensive to dogs1 and sickens them2 the ,british ,pharmacopoeia solution should be the one used4 ,of this the dose is from one drop twice a day1 to be gradually increased up to four drops twice a day for toys2 the best way is to get the ,b4,p4 solution from your chemist1 mixed with such a quantity of distilled water as that there are four drops in each teaspoonful4 ,this may be given with iron and without the cod liver oil1 or with cod liver oil without the iron1 or alone1 in food--it is tasteless--but is far better given in combination with the two4 ,mr4 ,appleby1 ,argyle ,street1 ,bath1 puts up the iron and arsenic together in a very easily used form1 known as the ,kanofelin ,blood ,mixture1 ,this1 my own formula1 ,i generally advise to my readers whose dogs do not or cannot take cod liver oil2 he also1 inter alia1 puts up the worm capsules to my prescription as mentioned for the use of toy dog owners2 and it is sometimes an advantage to get your medicines ready made4 ,arsenic is what is known as a cumulative drug2 it produces no special effect until a good deal is stored up in the system4 ,when enough has been given1 the said system revolts1 and now1 when the dog's eyes begin to look watery1 and the mucous membrane lining the mouth may be a little red1 you have given enough1 and must cease2 for a time only if the disease is not subdued--in permanence if it be4 ,one last word--arsenic is the dernier ressort1 and should not be used until other means have failed1 whereas some people fly to it when a much simpler treatment would have done all that was necessary4 ,another skin complaint which1 is much more common than is generally supposed1 is ringworm4 ,i have often seen this diagnosed as eczema1 whereas it really is very easy to tell its true nature1 as it has very marked characteristics4 ,it begins with tiny1 round1 bare spots1 about as large as the head of a pin1 which usually escape notice at first1 but gradually spread round the edges1 not always in a circular form1 but sometimes as irregular patches1 the skin appearing greyish1 but not unhealthy4 ,on looking closely it will be seen that the hairs have been broken off short1 close to the skin1 but are clearly visible1 which is the chief feature of the disease and the infallible sign4 ,ringworm may be caught at any time1 most frequently from a visit to some infested stable1 but occasionally from chance contagion in the streets4 ,horses are subject to the same form of the complaint1 and dogs generally catch it from them2 it is sporadic1 and the spores may1 of course1 fall about anywhere from an infected horse or another dog4 ,it is extremely capricious in its inception2 dogs in the same house may or may not catch it from one another1 and sometimes a whole kennel will be infected1 with the exception of one or two dogs apparently immune4 ,there is1 however1 no excuse for allowing it to spread1 as it is easy to cure4 ,some of the strongest tincture of iodine available should be well soaked into the spot1 and round the edges thereof1 using a little ball of cotton wool tied on to the end of a tiny stick1 or an aural sponge1 and rubbing the iodine somewhat in with this4 ,two applications will generally kill the spores--the disease is a parasitic fungus--and should be made at an interval of a couple of days4 ,for some time fresh spots are likely to appear1 and should be touched up at once4 ,the muzzle1 legs1 and chest are generally most affected4 ,if left quite alone the complaint would disfigure the dog terribly1 but would1 after a time1 die out of its own accord4 ,i have not found that human subjects were infected with this disease from the dog4 ,a little iodide of potassium ointment may be put on the patches once or twice1 to hasten the complete cure1 or they may be washed with the phenyl lotion1 in which the proportion is #a in #dj4 ,the hairs are weakened1 and take some little time to grow properly again1 but the disease is by no means a serious one1 and it is not necessary to use any such stronger and dangerous remedies as carbolic acid1 as sometimes suggested4 ,erythema1 a general redness and rash1 most often seen over the inside of the thighs1 and sometimes all over a dog's least hairy parts1 is about the only skin disease--if we except the curious and rare condition1 hide-bound--from which dogs very occasionally suffer1 that1 in a common way1 arises from over-feeding4 ,it is best treated by change of diet1 small nourishing meat meals1 and the avoidance of any heating1 farinaceous substances1 milk1 or greasy food of any kind4 ,a small dose of sulphate of magnesia twice a week in food--as much as will lie1 not heaped1 on sixpence for a #f-lb4 dog--is often all the medicine needful4 ,want of exercise is a frequent producer of skin disease4 ,dogs not sufficiently exercised1 or kept much shut up in hot rooms1 have inactive livers1 whence all kinds of evils4 ,i have never seen but one case of hide-bound in a house-dog1 and that not in a toy4 ,the skin was thickened and hard4 ,although the complaint is an interesting one from its rarity1 that same fortunate quality renders it unnecessary for me to enter into the question--a veterinary surgeon must undertake such a case4 ,the ,ears4--,the ears in toy dogs are often the seat of a slight congestion which has no particular cause1 but is more common in some individuals than others1 and generally occurs at intervals in those subjects which have once had it4 ,if taken early1 the cure of an attack is very simple2 but if neglected1 the congested state may increase and culminate in inflammation of the middle ear1 otitis1 and the bugbear canker1 of which we hear so much1 and which is really extremely rare4 ,there are many stages of the trouble1 from the slightly hot and red external ear1 which causes the dog to put two claws in the passage and try to scratch it1 and sometimes succeed in making a sore place thereby1 through the phases of rubbing the side of the head on the carpet or ground1 groaning and shaking the head violently1 and other manifestations of pain1 up to the existence of real canker1 when there is much soreness and redness externally1 with swelling of the meatus1 or passage1 a profuse and very dark brown discharge1 and a very disagreeable odour4 ,there is always a slight characteristic smell about a bad ear1 which any experienced person can recognise in an instant1 often before any other sign of trouble is seen4 ,some dogs--most1 in fact--need watching in this respect4 ,the moment the toy is seen to be a little one-sided as to head1 or evinces any disposition to scratch his ear1 a small lump of boric ointment should be put in the meatus1 pushed in with the little finger1 and worked about until it melts down into the passage and convolutions4 ,next day the ear may be cleaned out with the tip of the little finger covered with a very soft handkerchief1 and the ointment again used1 and this1 in slight cases1 will effect a cure4 ,never attempt to put any hard instrument1 or1 indeed1 any instrument at all1 other than the soft suppleness of a feeling finger1 into a dog's ear4 ,if the trouble has gone on a good while1 and there is much brown discharge1 it will be necessary to use a lotion4 ,first of all use the ointment1 as described1 and clear away as much of the softened discharge as possible by this means1 being1 of course1 exceedingly gentle in your manipulation1 for these1 at best1 are very tender parts4 ,then take the following lotion3 ,warm water1 #a_/b pt42 ,goulard's extract of lead1 #a tablespoonful2 powdered boracic acid1 #a_/b dr4 ,the boracic powder to be added to the water first1 and the ,goulard after1 and the whole on no account to be used otherwise than nicely warm1 or it will cause pain4 ,the bottle can1 of course1 be filled at once1 and a little of the contents warmed for use as needed4 ,lay the patient down on the sound side1 with the bad ear uppermost1 and get someone to hold him firmly4 ,then gently pour about half to one teaspoonful of the warm lotion into the ear1 and work it about from outside4 ,keep him lying still for three or five minutes1 then let him go1 and fly6 ,for he will shake the superfluous lotion all over you if you are not cautious4 ,a great deal of remonstrant ploughing about generally follows1 but the application does not really cause any pain1 and will soon cure if persevered with--twice a day for a week or so4 ,such frightful and almost1 if not quite1 incurable cases as one sometimes meets with in sporting dogs1 where the ears have become thoroughly diseased from1 in the first place1 getting wet and dirty1 and being subsequently neglected1 are1 ,i rejoice to say1 unknown among well-cared-for toys4 ,people are sometimes alarmed because their puppies' ears do not stand erect when they should1 or are pointing in all directions but the right when they should drop4 ,this is a common thing enough during teething1 and will generally come quite right later on4 ,if it does not1 no active remedy--by operation--is permissible if the dog is to be shown1 but a good deal can be done by oiling the ears and manipulating them constantly in the desired direction by massage1 while1 in the case of youngish puppies1 two or three thicknesses of horses' leg bandage plaster1 cut to fit the inside and point of the ear1 will either1 if stuck in by warming it1 help the ear to drop or to stand up1 as is desired4 ,this is a legitimate fake1 ,i may remark4 ,but1 of course1 the process must not be used with any idea of deception1 though it is allowable to aid ,nature in the way she should go4 ,the ,eyes4--,the eye of the dog is an even more delicate structure than the ear1 and only skilled surgical aid should approach it in any but the simplest ailments4 ,of these are the simple catarrhal ophthalmia1 the symptoms of which are redness of the lining membrane of the lids1 and a greenish discharge1 turning brown and dry later1 which comes from cold and weakness of constitution4 ,the victim of this must be kept in an even temperature1 be not allowed to lie by the fire1 or look into it1 or to go out of doors in wind1 hot sunshine1 or cold1 and be well fed with good nourishing meat and light1 digestible food4 ,the discharge should be wiped away from the eyes at morning and evening with a bit of sponge dipped in a warm boracic lotion which any chemist will supply of the proper strength2 and immediately afterwards a little bit of yellow oxide of mercury ointment1 about as large as a small split pea1 should be gently introduced under the lid of the affected eye with a camel's hair brush4 ,do not1 on any account1 accept golden ointment1 if the chemist happens to offer you this old-fashioned remedy 7,i believe7 for styes6 ,it is made of the red oxide of mercury1 and is a very great deal stronger than the yellow oxide of mercury ointment1 which1 by the way1 should be made in the strength of #b grs4 to the ounce4 ,this latter ointment may also be used where1 after distemper1 a bluish film lingers in the eye4 ,amaurosis is not uncommon in the dog4 ,the eyes look perfectly right1 but the dog is blind4 ,this may be an hereditary condition1 but sometimes comes in as a result of weakness pure and simple4 ,iron tonics1 cod liver oil1 nux vomica1 etc41 may be given1 and sometimes prove effectual4 ,good living is essential4 ,these cases are occasionally cured rather suddenly1 but as a rule are incurable4 ,simple cold in the eyes--or more often1 only in one--is a very ordinary ailment1 but distressing both to sufferer and owner4 ,the affected eye waters more or less profusely1 and is kept partly closed4 ,within1 there is the same appearance as in catarrhal ophthalmia1 but in a less degree1 and there may be fever and constitutional disturbance1 in which case the patient must be treated for a coryza1 or common cold4 ,a boracic and poppy-head lotion is the quickest cure for cold in the eyes1 and is also useful in the ophthalmic condition4 ,it soothes the pain greatly1 and is best applied by means of a small all-indiarubber ball syringe4 ,on no account must a syringe with a bone or glass or vulcanite point be used3 the indiarubber nozzle is soft1 and from it one or two drops can easily be inserted between the eyelids4 ,the amount of resistance the patient makes will be proportionate to the severity of the inflammation1 and as this lessens he will endure the operation with serenity4 ,to make the lotion at home1 buy a poppy-head1 price about a halfpenny1 from any chemist1 and boil it for an hour or longer in half a pint of water1 adding to this as it evaporates4 ,when the water is sherry-coloured1 dissolve #aj grs4 of boracic acid powder in each fluid ounce1 allow to cool1 and use as frequently as convenient--once every hour1 while the congestion of the lining membrane of the eyelids is active4 ,sore ,feet4--,eczema1 or little boils between the toes and round the dew-claw on the front legs1 is a trouble which besets some dogs4 ,constitutional treatment1 as laid down for eczema1 is needful1 and as the dog will invariably worry the sores incessantly by licking1 they should be dusted with zinc or ichthyol powder1 and then bandaged or socked4 ,if a dog is constantly licking its dew-claw1 look at it to make sure it is not growing in4 ,in this case it needs to be cut rather short1 preferably by a veterinary surgeon1 and the sore dressed4 ,dew-claws on the hind legs should always be removed by a veterinary surgeon in puppy-hood4 ,colds and ,coughs4--,colds1 or coryza1 beset dogs as they do humans1 but in lesser degree4 ,a chest cold needs a flannel cross-over1 sometimes a hot linseed poultice 7in treating dogs it is much better to use1 if possible1 some dry poultice which will not leave the dog sopping after it is removed71 or a mustard-leaf4 ,rubbing with white vaseline oil and ten drops of turpentine to each ounce1 if vigorously done1 is as good for colds as for rheumatism4 ,everyone knows what a cold is1 and the toy dog's cold should be treated like one's own4 ,the clinical thermometer should be used1 and if the temperature exceeds #ajj deg41 a pill of #e grs4 of nitrate of potash should be given every four hours until it is normal again1 or1 if it cannot be got down thus1 give #a_/b gr4 of sulphate of quinine and #a gr4 of phenacetin1 using the tabloids1 and dividing them as desired4 ,the strength must be well kept up4 ,coughs--the dog's hollow1 deep-drawn brand--are a sore trial to the hearer4 ,they sound terrible1 but are seldom of much moment4 ,if from cold1 put a little vaseline or glycerine on the nose three or four times a day4 ,it will be licked off1 and give relief1 while some dogs will eat glycerine lozenges if not flavoured with lemon4 ,vaseline1 again1 is an excellent thing for bronchial wheezing1 such as pugs are especially subject to1 and will always be taken if put on the nose4 ,cream also is soothing1 and where is the dog that does not like it8 ,chest ,diseases4--,the worst-sounding coughs are often the least important1 and may pass off in a few days without treatment1 but a bronchial rattling in the throat calls for care4 ,bronchitis in toy dogs must be treated exactly as in children1 and1 needless to say1 the dog must not go out until the acute stage is passed4 ,most clean dogs will go to a box of earth in a cellar4 ,a bronchitis kettle must be kept going in the room1 and the patient will need an invalidish diet and much petting and amusement to carry him through the dull hours of discomfort4 ,dogs have congestion of the lungs1 pleurisy1 pneumonia1 just as people do1 and need the same careful nursing4 ,medicine in such cases is usually unnecessary1 because it worries the patient and can do little good4 ,a mild fever mixture may be prescribed by the vet1 who should always be called in the moment the breathing goes wrong4 ,dulness1 lassitude1 shivering1 and a high temperature--the clinical thermometer is of all things needed here--with troubled breathing1 are symptoms of the highest importance1 and skilled aid should be immediately called to them4 ,the amateur cannot diagnose these lung and chest troubles4 ,stomach ,coughs4--,very dreadful coughs are sometimes heard proceeding entirely from the stomach4 ,for these a little course of indigestion treatment often does wonders4 ,or1 again1 coughing may be caused by a fish-bone or something similar in the throat1 though this is the rarest of all causes in the dog1 owing to his possessing a most tremendous gullet1 quite out of proportion to his size4 ,shivering4--,shivering is a bad trick some dogs acquire1 and others have by nature4 ,it generally1 if unaccompanied by a high temperature1 means nothing whatever1 unless it be nerves4 ,but1 short of the ,weir ,mitchell treatment1 ,i imagine nothing benefits these latter more than a mild scolding1 with admonitions not to be so silly4 ,hysteria4--,there are1 most certainly1 hysterical dogs1 and their temperament is that of the habitual shiverer1 though very thin-skinned toys sometimes really shiver from cold4 ,a hysterical dog will bark itself quite out of breath at the least disturbance1 and shriek exactly like its prototype human4 ,nature cannot be changed1 but a tonic sometimes does good4 ,excitability and nervousness are characteristic of some breeds4 ,poms are1 perhaps1 the most excitable of small dogs1 and pugs certainly the least so4 ,obesity4--,extreme fatness may be a disease in the dog as in the human being1 and in this case it is cruel to accuse the poor creature of systematic over-eating1 as it is everyone's impulse to do4 ,the bromides and iodides are useful1 but cannot be prescribed haphazard4 ,thyroid gland tabloids may also be tried1 beginning with one once a day1 and gradually creeping up to three a day1 according to the dog's size4 ,their effect on the digestion is not always happy1 so that the dog must be watched to assure the owner of its toleration of them4 ,poison4--,not an ailment1 but a subject which needs a few words1 is the taking of poison by toy dogs4 ,unluckily1 there is always risk in a town1 not only of the wilful poisoner1 who apparently exists1 but of the ingestion of poisoned meat or bread and butter put for rats or beetles1 and afterwards thrown out4 ,in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred a poisoned dog has had strychnine1 this being the favourite drug of all those who employ poison at all4 ,arsenic is too slow1 and of other poisons1 thank ,providence6 the vulgar have mostly no knowledge4 ,the symptoms of strychnine poisoning are1 firstly1 excitement--the patient runs about1 and barks with a peculiar strident shriek4 ,according to the quantity of the poison taken and the quantity of food in the stomach at the time1 this stage occupies a longer or shorter period4 ,taken shortly after a good meal1 the poison seems less rapid in action than when the stomach is empty4 ,presently come convulsions1 and constant shrieking2 then the limbs stick out and are perfectly stiff and rigid4 ,even at this stage the dog can often be saved if means are at hand4 ,never be without a bottle of syrup of chloral in the house2 it will keep indefinitely4 ,first make the dog sick4 ,use sulphate of zinc in water1 or weak mustard and warm water1 and give plenty of this latter4 ,the best way is by putting it in a phial1 and running it down the throat by way of a pouch of lower lip drawn out from the teeth at the angle of the mouth4 ,as soon as the patient has been sick1 give a teaspoonful of the syrup of chloral in water4 ,this is the antidote to strychnine4 ,if you cannot wait to make the patient sick1 give the chloral at once--but give it3 and the dose may be repeated every two hours until the convulsions cease4 ,for a tiny pup or dog under #e lbs4 the dose may be halved4 ,recovery from strychnine is very rapid1 and it leaves1 as a rule1 no ill effects1 though there is a widespread belief1 and a mistaken one1 that it subsequently affects the kidneys4 ,all the other kinds of poison dogs are likely to get or be given work as irritants1 and these need veterinary diagnosis4 ,salt1 ,i may here remark1 is so violent and irritating a purgative to the dog that it is next door to a poison1 and the effects of castor oil in his intestine are not so very far behind4 ,constant drugging is a thing as much to be avoided in dogs as in their owners1 and ,i cannot too strongly deprecate the foolish practice--foolish or worse--of giving doses of castor oil after shows1 or as so-called prophylactics--preventives of illness4 ,if a dog has been much confined at a show1 and is likely to be irregular in consequence1 a little pure olive oil with his dinner 7not the nut oil often sold by grocers as olive oil7 will do no harm1 although a dinner of oatmeal gruel or boiled sheep's liver would be much more sensible and act better2 if he seems well and lively1 leave him alone4 ,some people actually go the length of dosing their puppies with castor oil at intervals1 for no reason that ,i can ascertain beyond a vague idea that it clears the system4 ,so it does--of strength and the healthy mucoid secretion of the intestine1 without which natural functions cannot be properly performed4 ,syrup of buck-thorn1 or cascara sagrada1 is another medicine that should never be given to small dogs3 it is far too irritating and severe4 ,when we have such excellent aperients as olive oil1 magnesia1 and rhubarb among drugs1 and boiled sheep's liver among meats1 we want no semi-poisonous irritant and violent drugs like castor oil1 which1 in the end1 produce the very condition they were supposed to cure1 and by pulling down the system1 open the door to illness4 ,fits4--,of these1 epileptic fits are the most dangerous and by far the least common4 ,a dog suffering from epilepsy which is thoroughly established1 is practically incurable1 in the present state of canine medical science4 ,later1 perhaps1 the ,roentgen rays may be beneficially applied to this disease in dogs1 as in human beings4 ,in a popular manual it is scarcely necessary to go further into the subject than to say that epilepsy need not be suspected unless the convulsive attacks are more or less recurrent1 and so frequent as to exhaust the animal4 ,not until we have tried such treatment as an amateur can safely give1 which is quite enough to cure ordinary teething or suckling fits due merely to some reflex irritation affecting the brain1 and found it fail1 need we fear epilepsy2 and when we do fear it with any reason1 skilled advice and diagnosis is absolutely needful1 since the case must be watched and treated on its merits4 ,suckling fits are exceedingly common among small1 highly-organised1 and sensitive bitches4 ,they generally begin about the end of the second week of nursing puppies1 and do not seem to be in any way caused by overstrain2 that is1 a small female suckling five puppies is not more likely to suffer from these fits than one only bringing up a brace4 ,their exact cause is difficult to determine1 since very healthy1 well-fed animals may have them in common with those that are weak and miserable from under-feeding 7which in this case is synonymous with feeding on a non-meat diet7 or kennel life4 ,whatever the cause1 the symptoms are always easy to recognise4 ,the bitch first loses interest in her litter1 though her milk-supply is seldom1 if ever1 lessened4 ,she twitches1 and her eyes look dull and filmy1 or glassy and staring4 ,she wanders restlessly about1 and sometimes pants in the same way as she did when expecting her confinement4 ,now is the time to intervene1 and give one teaspoonful of syrup of chloral with an equal quantity of water4 ,if this is not done1 the attack will proceed to staggering1 shrieking1 and more or less violent convulsions4 ,the administration of the chloral generally causes the symptoms to subside gradually2 but should the patient be no better in two hours1 repeat the dose1 and if giving bromide of potassium in #e-;gr4 doses twice or three times a day1 immediately after food1 does not keep her right1 she must go on taking the chloral4 ,neither chloral nor bromide affects the milk2 if any of it passes therein1 the quantity is so very minute as to make no difference to the puppies4 ,it is not at all necessary to take the bitch away from her litter2 in fact1 it is better to let her go on feeding them4 ,some will wish to leave their babies1 and these should be taken to them and shut in with them1 four times a day1 and during the night4 ,if she is thoroughly well fed1 it never does the bitch any harm to bring up her family1 and it would be a very great pity for the puppies to be lost when it is not necessary4 ,but it is exceedingly important that she should be kept in a state of hyper-nutrition--that is1 that she should have as much good1 underdone meat as she can digest4 ,bromides are lowering1 and besides this1 the state of the nerves demands the highest possible feeding4 ,it may be expensive to feed a fitty bitch on good beefsteak or roast mutton four times a day1 giving her a sponge cake the last thing at night and a little milk1 or1 what is much better and more digestible1 a raw new-laid egg or raw fresh cream1 in the early morning2 but it is1 on the whole1 a cheap way of saving a litter of valuable pups4 ,if there are a large number of pups1 some may be given to a foster-mother2 but as a rule these are difficult to get1 and not often satisfactory4 ,bromides should always be given immediately after food2 on no account when the stomach is empty4 ,chloral may be given at any time when there is a necessity for it4 ,the #e-;gr4 bromide tabloids obtainable at any chemist's are very useful2 it is unnecessary to dissolve them in water for dogs1 but1 as before stated1 they must be given with or directly after food4 ,teething fits should be treated1 as far as medicine goes1 exactly as suckling fits4 ,just as a badly-reared1 non-meat-fed bitch who1 by reason of an anaemic habit1 harbours worms1 is a poor subject for the latter trouble1 so is a puppy that has been brought up on milky slops and large1 wet messes of oatmeal and bread and milk1 and thus has a weakened digestion1 very likely to suffer badly from fits that in a strong young dog would pass off with small trouble4 ,there is usually some warning of teething fits1 as staring eyes1 etc42 but sometimes1 and especially if a puppy of from six to ten months has been much excited1 taken out walking on a hot day1 allowed to play in the sun1 or dragged unwillingly on a lead1 they come on very suddenly4 ,while out in hot sun1 the dog may suddenly give a shriek and begin to run with all his might1 taking no notice of calls4 ,as a general rule1 he has the sense to run home1 unless some officious person on the way imagines him mad and acts as silly people do under such circumstances4 ,if it is possible to catch the runaway1 he should have his head covered to keep the light out of his eyes1 and be taken home as quickly and quietly as possible to be shut in some cool and perfectly dark place until the fit passes off sufficiently to give him a dose of chloral4 ,afterwards he should have a diet of minced1 underdone meat1 with bromide of potassium to follow1 for a day or two4 ,a plunge into cold water will often stop a fit like this1 but is too heroic a remedy to be safe unless the circumstances are very urgent4 ,cold sponging to the head is good1 and quiet and darkness are essential4 ,some times teething fits go on increasing in frequency and severity until they merge into epilepsy1 and the dog is lost4 ,this is occasionally caused by allowing a very young1 highly nervous1 and excitable dog to be with others of the opposite sex1 when these should be in seclusion4 ,fits1 very much like mild teething fits1 are not uncommon in run-down dogs suffering from anaemia and the likely corollary1 worms4 ,these are often very transient1 and a course of tonic treatment1 with rest from excitement1 and good feeding1 will banish them4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,club ,,standards1 ,,descriptions ,,and ,,points ,,of ,,various ,,toy ,,breeds ,pomeranians4--,these are now divided into ,pomeranians 7over #g lbs47 and ,pomeranians ,miniature1 and the ,committee of the ,kennel ,club have laid down the following standard1 applying from ,june #a1 #aiji3 ,,the ,,pomeranian4--,appearance4--,the ,pomeranian in build and appearance should be a compact1 short-coupled dog1 well-knit in frame4 ,his head and face should be fox-like1 with small erect ears that appear sensible to every sound4 ,he should exhibit great intelligence in his expression1 docility in his disposition1 and activity and buoyancy in his deportment4 ,in weight and size the ,pomeranian varies considerably4 ,he must be over #g lbs41 but preferably he should weigh about #aj to #ad lbs4 ,head4--,the head should be somewhat foxy in outline or wedge-shaped1 the skull being flat1 large in proportion to the muzzle1 which should finish rather fine1 and be free from lippiness4 ,the teeth should be level1 and on no account undershot4 ,the hair on the head and face must be smooth and short-coated4 ,,the ,,pomeranian ,,miniature--,appearance4--,the ,pomeranian ,miniature in build and appearance should be a compact1 short-coupled dog4 ,his head and face should be like a miniature fox1 with small1 erect1 and very mobile ears1 pricked and brought well together1 and in no case lop-eared4 ,he should be full of life1 intelligent in expression1 and docile in disposition4 ,the ,pomeranian ,miniature should preferably weigh about #c to #e lbs41 but must not exceed #g lbs4 ,dogs above #g lbs4 must be registered as ,pomeranians4 ,dogs below #g lbs4 in weight must1 at twelve months of age or after1 be registered or re-registered as ,pomeranians ,miniature1 and being so registered or re-registered1 can never compete in classes for ,pomeranians4 ,head4--,the head should be wedge-shaped and rather foxy in outline1 but the skull may be rounder than the ,pomeranian4 ,,standard ,,and ,,scale ,,of ,,points ,,as ,,laid ,,down ,,by ,,the ,,pomeranian ,,club4--,secretary1 ,g4 ,m4 ,hicks1 ,esq41 ,granville ,house1 ,blackheath1 ,london1 ,s4,e4#b ,appearance4--,the ,pomeranian in build and appearance should be a compact1 short-coupled dog1 well-knit in frame4 ,his head and face should be fox-like1 with small1 erect ears1 that appear sensible to every sound2 he should exhibit great intelligence in his expression1 docility in his disposition1 and activity and buoyancy in his deportments4--#ae points4 ,head4--,somewhat foxy in outline1 or wedge-shaped1 the skull being slightly flat 7although in the toy varieties the skull may be rather rounder71 large in proportion to the muzzle1 which should finish rather fine1 and be free from lippiness4 ,the teeth should be level1 and on no account undershot4 ,the head in its profile may exhibit a little stop1 which1 however1 must not be too pronounced1 and the hair on head and face must be smooth or short-coated4--#e points4 ,eyes4--,should be medium in size1 rather oblique in shape1 not set too wide apart1 bright and dark in colour1 showing great intelligence and docility of temper4 ,in a white dog black rims round the eyes are preferable4--#e points4 ,ears4--,should be small1 and carried perfectly erect1 or pricked like those of a fox1 and1 like the head1 should be covered with soft1 short hair4 ,no plucking or trimming is allowable4--#e points4 ,nose4--,in black-and-tan1 or white dogs1 the nose should be black2 in other coloured ,pomeranians it may more often be brown or liver coloured2 but in all cases the nose must be self not parti-coloured1 and never white4--#e points4 ,neck and ,shoulders4--,the neck1 if anything1 should be rather short1 well set in and lion-like1 covered with a profuse mane and frill of long1 straight1 glossy hair1 sweeping from under the jaw1 and covering the whole of the front part of the shoulders and chest1 as well as flowing on the top of the shoulders4 ,the shoulders must be tolerably clean and laid well back4--#e points4 ,body4--,the back must be short1 and the body compact1 being well ribbed up1 and the barrel well rounded4 ,the chest must be fairly deep1 and not too wide4--#aj points4 ,legs4--,the forelegs must be perfectly straight1 of medium length--not such as would be termed either leggy or low on leg--but in due proportion in length and strength to a well-balanced frame1 and the forelegs and thighs must be well feathered1 the feet small and compact in shape4 ,no trimming is allowable4--#e points4 ,coat4--,properly speaking1 there should be two coats1 an under and an over coat--the one a soft1 fluffy under coat1 the other a long1 perfectly straight and glistening coat1 covering the whole of the body1 being very abundant round the neck and forepart of the shoulders and chest1 where it should form a frill of long1 flowing hair1 extending over the shoulders1 as previously described4 ,the hindquarters1 like those of a collie1 should be similarly clad with long hair or feathering from the top of the rump to the hocks4 ,the hair on the tail must be profuse and flowing over the back4--#be points4 ,tail4--,the tail is a characteristic of the breed1 and should be well twisted right up from the root tightly over the back1 or lying flat on the back1 slightly on either side1 and profusely covered with long hair1 spreading out and flowing over the back4--#aj points4 ,colour4--,the following colours are admissible3 ,white1 black1 blue1 brown1 black-and-tan1 fawn1 sable1 red1 and parti-colours4 ,the white must be quite free from lemon or any colour1 and the blacks1 blues1 browns1 black-and-tan1 and reds free from white4 ,a few white hairs in any of the self-colours shall not absolutely disqualify1 but should carry great weight against the dog4 ,in parti-coloured dogs1 the colours should be evenly distributed on the body4 ,whole-coloured dogs with a white foot or feet1 leg or legs1 are decidedly objectionable1 and should be discouraged1 and cannot compete as whole-coloured specimens4 ,in mixed classes--i4e41 where whole-coloured and parti-coloured ,pomeranians compete together--the preference should1 if in other points they are equal1 be given to the whole-coloured specimens4--#aj points4 ,total--#ajj points4 ,footnote #b3 ,in most cases the names of the ,secretaries of the various clubs are given1 but it must be remembered that an annual re-election takes place4 ,also catered for by the ,north of ,england ,pomeranian ,club4 ,secretary1 ,j4 ,tweedale1 ,valley ,house1 ,oversley ,ford1 ,wilmslow2 and the ,midland ,counties ,pomeranian ,club4 ,hon4 ,secretary1 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,parker1 ,meadowland1 ,uttoxeter ,road1 ,derby4 ,toy ,spaniels 7,english74--,points as defined by the ,toy ,spaniel ,club4 ,hon4 ,secretary1 ,miss ,m4 ,hall1 ,chalk ,hill ,house1 ,norwich4 ,head4--,should be well domed1 and in good specimens is absolutely semi-globular1 sometimes even extending beyond the half-circle1 and absolutely projecting over the eyes1 so as nearly to meet the upturned nose4 ,eyes4--,the eyes are set wide apart1 with the eyelids square to the line of the face--not oblique or fox-like4 ,the eyes themselves are large1 so as to be generally considered black2 their enormous pupils1 which are absolutely of that colour1 increasing the description4 ,from their large size1 there is always a certain amount of weeping shown at the inner angles2 this is owing to a defect in the lachrymal duct4 ,stop4--,the stop or hollow between the eyes1 is well marked1 as in the bulldog1 or even more so2 some good specimens exhibiting a hollow deep enough to bury a small marble4 ,nose4--,the nose must be short and well turned up between the eyes1 and without any indication of artificial displacement afforded by a deviation to either side4 ,the colour of the end should be black1 and it should be both deep and wide1 with open nostrils4 ,jaw4--,the lower jaw must be wide between its branches1 leaving plenty of space for the tongue and for the attachment of the lower lips1 which should completely conceal the teeth4 ,it should also be turned up or finished1 so as to allow of its meeting the end of the upper jaw1 turned up in a similar way1 as above described4 ,ears4--,the ears must be long1 so as to approach the ground4 ,in an average-sized dog they measure #bj ins4 from tip to tip1 and some reach #bb ins41 or even a trifle more4 ,they should be set low on the head1 and be heavily feathered4 ,in this respect the ,king ,charles is expected to exceed the ,blenheim1 and his ears occasionally extend to #bd ins4 ,size4--,the most desirable size is from #g lbs4 to #aj lbs4 ,shape4--,in compactness of shape these spaniels almost rival the pug1 but the length of coat adds greatly to the apparent bulk1 as the body1 when the coat is wetted1 looks small in comparison with that dog4 ,still1 it ought to be decidedly cobby1 with strong1 stout legs1 broad back1 and wide chest4 ,the symmetry of the toy spaniel is of importance1 but it is seldom that there is any defect in this respect4 ,coat4--,the coat should be long1 silky1 soft1 and wavy1 but not curly4 ,in the ,blenheim there should be a profuse mane1 extending well down in the front of the chest4 ,the feather should be well displayed on the ears and feet1 where it is so long as to give the appearance of their being webbed4 ,it is also carried well up the backs of the legs4 ,in the ,king ,charles the feather on the ears is very long and profuse1 exceeding that of the ,blenheim by an inch or more4 ,the feather on the tail 7which is cut to the length of about #c-a_/b ins4 to #d ins47 should be silky1 and from #e ins4 to #f ins4 in length1 constituting a marked flag of a square shape1 and not carried above the level of the back4 ,colour4--,the colour varies with the breed4 ,the ,king ,charles is a rich1 glossy black1 and deep tan2 tan spots over the eyes and on cheeks1 and the usual markings on the legs are also required4 ,the ,ruby ,spaniel is a rich chestnut red4 ,the presence of a few white hairs intermixed with the black on the chest of a ,king ,charles1 or intermixed with the red on the chest of a ,ruby ,spaniel1 shall carry very great weight against a dog1 but shall not in itself absolutely disqualify2 but a white patch on the chest1 or white on any other part of a ,king ,charles or ,ruby ,spaniel shall be a disqualification4 ,the ,blenheim must not on any account be whole-coloured1 but should have a ground of pure pearly white1 with bright1 rich chestnut or ruby-red marking evenly distributed in large patches4 ,the ears and cheeks should be red1 with a blaze of white extending from the nose up to the forehead1 and ending between the ears in a crescentive curve4 ,in the centre of this blaze there should be a clear spot of red of the size of a sixpence4 ,the tricolour1 or ,charles the ,first ,spaniel1 should have the tan of the ,king ,charles1 with markings like the ,blenheim in black instead of red on a pearly-white ground4 ,the ears and under the tail should also be lined with tan4 ,the tricolour has no spot1 that beauty being peculiarly the property of the ,blenheim4 ,the only name by which the tricolour1 or black1 white1 and tan1 in future shall be recognised is ,prince ,charles4 ,that in future the all-red toy spaniel be known by the name of ,ruby ,spaniel4 ,the colour of the nose to be black4 ,the points of the ,ruby to be the same as those of the ,king ,charles1 differing only in colour4 ,,scale ,,of ,,points4 ,king ,charles1 ,prince ,charles1 and ,ruby ,spaniels4 ,symmetry1 condition1 and size #bj ,head #ae ,stop #e ,muzzle #aj ,eyes #aj ,ears #ae ,coat and feathering #ae ,colour #aj --- ,total #ajj ,blenheim4 ,symmetry1 condition1 and size #ae ,head #ae ,stop #e ,muzzle #aj ,eyes #aj ,ears #aj ,coat and feathering #ae ,colour and markings #ae ,spot #e --- ,total #ajj ,the ,toy ,trawler ,spaniel4--,this little dog1 having had some classes given for it at shows1 deserves notice1 and its standard and scale of points are appended1 together with some remarks made upon it by a lady who has introduced it1 and whose kennel of beautiful ,toy ,spaniels of all breeds is well known4 ,points4--,head small and light1 with very pointed1 rather short1 nose1 fine and tapery1 with a very slight curve upwards of tip of nose4 ,a curve downwards 7as in the ,borzoi7 should be an absolute disqualification4 ,the stop well marked1 and the skull rather raised1 but flat on the top1 not dome-shaped4 ,muzzle just finished1 not overshot4 ,long ears1 set high1 and carried pricked forwards1 framing the face4 ,large dark eyes1 set wide apart1 and showing the white when turned4 ,they must be set perfectly straight1 not obliquely1 in the head4 ,whatever colour the dog may be1 the nose and lips must be black4 ,neck arched4 ,back broad and short4 ,tail set on a level with the back1 and carried gaily1 though not straight up in the air1 or curled over the back like a ,pomeranian4 ,it should be docked to about #d or #e inches1 and well furnished with long feathering4 ,general carriage very smart and gay4 ,legs reasonably short1 and perfectly straight1 bone light1 though strong4 ,build square1 sturdy1 and compact1 but never heavy4 ,the action should be smart and prancing1 coat very curly1 but not woolly4 ,it should be rather silky in texture1 and very glossy4 ,liberal feathering1 waistcoat1 and breechings4 ,shape is all important2 colour a secondary matter4 ,best colour a brilliant black1 with white waistcoat4 ,next1 red with white waistcoat1 black and white1 and red and white4 ,best size from #aa to #ac inches at shoulder4 ,any tendency to weediness should be carefully avoided1 and the height at shoulders should just about equal the length from top of shoulders to root of tail4 ,the size should not be judged by weight1 but by height1 as they should weigh heavily for their size4 ,a dog about #ac inches high should weigh about #ae lbs4 ,very small specimens--i4e41 under #i inches high--are only desirable if the type1 soundness1 compactness1 and sturdiness are unimpaired4 ,feet close1 firm1 and hard4 ,they and the lower part of the legs should not be too heavily feathered4 ,the expression of face should be very alert1 and very sweet4 ,the dogs should be very bold and courageous4 ,timidity is a great fault1 and should tell against them in the ring4 ,they are excellent ratters and rabbiters4 ,as to proportion of head1 if the total length of head be about #f inches1 the ears should be set about #d inches apart4 ,the whole head1 seen from a bird's-eye point of view1 should be triangle1 with the tip of nose as apex4 ,general appearance should be that of an exquisitely pretty little sporting dog1 very strong1 and exceedingly smart and compact4 ,they must not be confounded with ,cockers1 being a totally different type4 ,,scale ,,of ,,points4 ,general appearance1 including condition and smartness #ab ,coat #aj ,head and expression #ae ,eyes #f ,curve and proportion of muzzle #f ,set on of ears #e ,legs and feet #e ,colour #e ,action and soundness of limb #aj ,size #e ,compactness1 levelness of back1 and set of tail #aj ,boldness and alertness #h ,soundness of teeth #c --- ,total #ajj ,,points ,,that ,,should ,,disqualify4 #a4 ,a flesh-coloured nose4 #b4 ,a downward curve of muzzle4 #c4 ,no stop4 #d4 ,hanging lips4 #e4 ,crooked forelegs4 #f4 ,light-coloured eyes4 #g4 ,slanting eyes4 #h4 ,a very long body4 #i4 ,bad action4 ,,points ,,that ,,are ,,very ,,undesirable4 #a4 ,timidity4 #b4 ,a straight coat4 #c4 ,low set ears4 #d4 ,exaggeratedly short or long legs4 #e4 ,sluggishness4 #f4 ,exaggeration of any kind4 #g4 ,drooping tail4 #h4 ,showing teeth or tongue4 #i4 ,an apple head4 ,,measurements ,,of ,a ,,perfect ,,specimen4 ,inches4 ,breadth of skull at eyes from each outside corner of eyes across head #e ,length of skull #d ,length of nose #b-a_/d ,circumference of skull #aj-a_/b ,circumference of muzzle under eyes #f-c_/d ,space between eyes #a-c_/h ,space between ears when not pricked #d-a_/d ,length of ears 7leather7 #d ,height at shoulders #ac ,length from top of shoulders to root of tail #ac ,length of forelegs to elbow #g-a_/b ,breadth at shoulders #f ,breadth at quarters #f ,girth #ai ,feathering on tail flag #f ,waistcoat feathering #d ,the origin of the breed is unknown1 but it is supposed to be descended from the original curly ,king ,charles ,spaniel 7see ,mr4 ,watson's ,book of the ,dog7 and the old-fashioned curly ,sussex ,spaniel1 now extinct4 ,there is no certainty in this4 ,the breed exists in ,italy and ,holland4 ,toy ,spaniels also have the ,northern ,toy ,spaniel ,club4 ,secretary1 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,a4 ,furnival1 ,eastwood1 ,mauldeth ,road1 ,heaton ,mersey1 ,manchester4 ,griffons ,bruxellois4--,points as defined by the ,griffon ,bruxellois ,club4 ,hon4 ,secretary1 ,miss ,l4 ,feilding1 #dh1 ,grosvenor ,gardens1 ,london1 ,s4,w4 ,general ,appearance4--,a lady's little dog1 intelligent1 sprightly1 robust1 of compact appearance1 reminding one of a cob1 and captivating the attention by a quasi-human expression4 ,head4--,rounded1 and covered with coarse1 rough hairs1 somewhat longer round the eyes and on the nose1 lips1 and cheeks4 ,ears4--,erect when clipped1 semi-erect when not clipped4 ,eyes4--,very large without being watery1 round1 nearly black2 eyelids edged with black2 eyelashes long and black1 leaving the eye they encircle perfectly uncovered4 ,nose4--,always black1 short1 surrounded with hair converging upwards and going to meet that which surrounds the eyes2 the break 7or stop in the nose7 pronounced1 but not exaggerated4 ,lips4--,edged with black1 furnished with moustache2 a little black in the moustache is not a fault4 ,chin4--,prominent1 without showing the teeth1 and edged by a small beard4 ,chest4--,rather wide4 ,legs4--,as straight as possible1 of medium length4 ,tail4--,upward1 and cut to the two-thirds4 ,colour4--,red4 ,texture of ,coat4--,harsh and wiry1 rather long4 ,weight4--,light weight #e lbs4 maximum1 and heavy weight #i lbs4 the maximum4 ,faults4--,brown nose1 pale-coloured eyes1 silky tuft on the head1 white spot on the chest or paw4 ,,scale ,,of ,,points4 ,hard coat #ae ,reddish colour #aj ,eyes #g ,nose and muzzle #g ,ears #c ,legs and body #e ,height and size #c ,general appearance #aj --- ,total #fj ,the ,brussels ,griffon ,club of ,london 7,secretary1 ,miss ,a4 ,f4 ,hall1 #b1 ,park ,place ,villas1 ,maida ,hill1 ,london1 ,w47 offers practically the same standard1 but makes a brown nose1 white hairs1 and a hanging tongue disqualify1 while as faults it cites light eyes1 silky hair on head1 brown nails1 and teeth showing2 and its description of the typical coat is as follows3--,texture of coat harsh and wiry1 irregular1 rather long and thick4 ,schipperkes4--,the description of the ,schipperke adopted at a general meeting of the ,belgian ,schipperke ,club1 ,june #aith1 #ahhh1 has been adopted by the ,st4 ,hubert ,schipperke ,club1 and is copyright4 ,the ,schipperke ,club1 ,england1 advances the following scale of points1 and the ,secretary is ,g4 ,h4 ,killick1 ,esq41 ,moor ,house1 ,chorley1 ,lancashire4 ,head4--,foxy in type2 skull should not be round1 but broad1 and with little stop4 ,the muzzle should be moderate in length2 fine1 but not weak2 should be well filled out under the eyes4 ,nose4--,black and small4 ,eyes4--,dark brown1 small1 more oval than round1 and not full2 bright and full of expression4 ,ears4--,shape3 ,of moderate length1 not too broad at the base1 tapering to a point4 ,carriage3 ,stiffly erect1 and1 when in that position1 the inside edge to form as near as possible a right angle with the skull1 and strong enough not to be bent otherwise than lengthways4 ,teeth4--,strong and level4 ,neck4--,strong and full1 rather short1 set broad on the shoulders1 and slightly arched4 ,shoulders4--,muscular and sloping4 ,chest4--,broad and deep in brisket4 ,back4--,short1 straight1 and strong4 ,loins4--,powerful1 well drawn up from the brisket4 ,forelegs4--,perfectly straight1 well under the body1 with bone in proportion to the body4 ,hindlegs4--,strong1 muscular2 hocks well let down4 ,feet4--,small1 catlike1 and standing well on the toes4 ,nails4--,black4 ,hindquarters4--,fine compared to the foreparts2 muscular and well-developed thighs2 tailless2 rump well rounded4 ,coat4--,black1 abundant1 dense1 and harsh1 smooth on the head1 ears1 and legs2 lying close on the back and sides1 but erect and thick round the neck1 forming a mane and frill1 and well feathered on back of thighs4 ,weight4--,about #ab lbs4 ,general ,appearance4--,a small1 cobby animal1 with sharp expression1 intensely lively1 presenting the appearance of being always on the alert4 ,disqualifying ,points4--,drop or semi-erect ears4 ,faults4--,white hairs are objected to1 but are not disqualifying4 ,,relative ,,value ,,of ,,points4 ,head1 nose1 eyes1 and teeth #bj ,ears #aj ,neck1 shoulders1 and chest #aj ,back and loins #e ,forelegs #e ,hindlegs #e ,feet #e ,hindquarters #aj ,coat and colour #bj ,general appearance #aj --- ,total #ajj ,the ,st4 ,hubert ,schipperke ,club standard is practically identical with that of the ,schipperke ,club1 ,england1 the only variation being as regards the weight limits1 which this club1 however1 also fixes at a maximum of #ab lbs4 for small-sized dogs1 while it allots #cj points to coat and colour1 and none to general appearance4 ,they also have the ,northern ,schipperke ,club4 ,hon4 ,secretary1 ,t4 ,w4 ,markland1 ,ingersley1 ,links ,gate1 ,st4 ,anne's-on-the-,sea4 ,pugs4--,standard and acknowledged points3 ,,the ,,standard4 ,symmetry #aj ,size #e ,condition #e ,body #aj ,legs #e ,feet #e ,head #e ,muzzle #e ,ears #e ,eyes #aj ,mask #e ,wrinkles #e ,tail #e ,trace #e ,coat #e ,colour #e ,general carriage #e --- ,total #ajj ,,acknowledged ,,points4 ,illustration3 ,,black ,,pug4 ,larchmoor ,peter ,pan1 owned by ,mrs4 ,lyle4 ,symmetry4--,symmetry and general appearance1 decidedly square and cobby4 ,a lean1 leggy pug and a dog with short legs and a long body are equally objectionable4 ,size and ,condition4--,the pug should be multum in parvo1 but this condensation 7if the word may be used7 should be shown by compactness of form1 well-knit proportions1 and hardness of developed muscle4 ,weight from #ac lbs4 to #ag lbs41 dog or bitch4 ,body4--,short and cobby1 wide in chest1 and well ribbed up4 ,legs4--,very strong1 straight1 of moderate length1 and well under4 ,feet4--,neither so long as the foot of the hare nor so round as that of the cat2 well split-up toes1 and the nail black4 ,muzzle4--,short1 blunt1 square1 but not up-faced4 ,head4--,large1 massive1 round1 not apple-headed1 with no indentation of the skull4 ,eyes4--,dark in colour1 very large1 bold1 and prominent1 globular in shape1 soft and solicitous in expression1 very lustrous1 and1 when excited1 full of fire4 ,ear4--,thin1 small1 soft1 like black velvet4 ,there are two kinds1 the rose and button4 ,preference is given to the latter4 ,markings4--,clearly defined4 ,the muzzle or mask1 ears1 moles on cheeks1 thumb-mark or diamond on forehead1 back-trace1 should be as black as possible4 ,mask4--,the mask should be black4 ,the more intense and well-defined it is the better4 ,wrinkles4--,large and deep4 ,trace4--,a black line extending from the occiput to the tail4 ,tail4--,curled tightly as possible over the hip4 ,the double curl is perfection4 ,coat4--,fine1 smooth1 soft1 short1 and glossy1 neither hard nor woolly4 ,colour4--,silver1 or apricot fawn4 ,each should be decided1 to make the contrast complete between the colour and the mask and trace4 ,n4,b4--,the points of black pugs1 except as to colour1 are the same as those for fawns4 ,the ,london and ,provincial ,pug ,club4 ,secretary1 ,j4 ,fabian1 #dfj1 ,camden ,road1 ,london1 ,n4 ,toy ,bulldogs4--,,points ,,of ,,toy ,,bulldogs4--,the general appearance of the toy bulldog must1 as nearly as possible1 resemble that of the big bulldog4 ,the skull should be large1 forehead flat1 the skin about it well wrinkled1 the stop broad and deep1 extending up the middle of the forehead4 ,eyes of moderate size1 situated low down on the skull1 and as wide apart as possible4 ,ears to be rose1 if possible2 tulip ears are allowable1 but not to be encouraged2 button1 or terrier-like ears are a decided fault4 ,face to be as short as possible1 nose jet black1 deeply set back1 almost between the eyes4 ,muzzle to be short1 broad1 and turned upwards4 ,the lower jaw should project considerably in front of the upper and turn up4 ,teeth not to be shown4 ,neck to be short1 with much loose skin about it4 ,frogginess is objectionable4 ,chest to be very wide1 round1 and deep4 ,back short and strong1 narrow towards the loins1 and broad at the shoulder4 ,a roach back is desirable4 ,tail to be short1 and not carried above the back4 ,forelegs to be short in proportion to the hindlegs4 ,hindquarters much lighter in proportion than forequarters4 ,the most desirable weight is below #bj lbs41 and dogs and bitches that exceed #bb lbs4 should be disqualified4 ,the ,miniature ,bulldog ,club4 ,secretary1 ,miss ,a4 ,bruce1 #db1 ,hill ,street1 ,berkeley ,square1 ,london1 ,w4 ,,scale ,,of ,,points4 ,general appearance and character #aj ,head #ae ,ears #ae ,body #aj ,size and weight #bj ,tail #e ,legs #ae ,chest #aj ,total #ajj ,illustration3 ,,french ,,toy ,,bulldog4 ,barkston ,billie1 owned by ,mrs4 ,townsend ,green4 ,,description ,,and ,,points ,,of ,,the ,,french ,,toy ,,bulldog4--,general ,appearance4--,the ,french bulldog ought to have the appearance of an active1 intelligent1 and very muscular dog1 of cobby build1 and heavy in bone for its size4 ,head is of great importance1 large and square4 ,forehead nearly flat1 the muscles of the cheek well developed1 but not prominent4 ,the stop should be as deep as possible4 ,the skin of the head should not be tight1 and the forehead should be well-wrinkled4 ,the muzzle should be short1 broad1 turn upwards1 and be very deep4 ,the lower jaw should project considerably in front of upper1 and should turn up1 but should not show the teeth4 ,the eyes should be of moderate size and of dark colour4 ,no white should be visible when the dog is looking straight in front of him4 ,they should be placed low down and wide apart4 ,the nose must be black and large4 ,ears4--,bat ears ought to be of a medium size1 large at the base and rounded at the tips4 ,they should be placed high on the head and carried straight4 ,the orifice of the ear looks forward1 and the skin should be fine and soft to the touch4 ,the neck should be thick1 short1 and well arched4 ,the body4--,the chest should be wide and well down between the legs1 and the ribs well sprung4 ,the body short and muscular1 and well cut up4 ,the back should be broad at the shoulder1 tapering towards the loins1 preferably well roached4 ,the tail should be set on low1 and be short1 thick at the root1 tapering to a point1 and should not be carried above the level of the back4 ,legs4--,the forelegs should be short1 straight1 and muscular4 ,the hindquarters1 though strong1 should be lighter in proportion to the forequarters4 ,hocks well let down4 ,feet should be compact and strong4 ,coat should be of a medium density3 black in colour is very undesirable4 ,their ,club is the ,bouledogue ,francais ,society4 ,secretary1 ,f4 ,everard1 #aa1 ,milk ,street1 ,london1 ,e4,c4 ,,scale ,,of ,,points4 ,general appearance and character #ae ,skull #ae ,under jaw 7special points for7 #aj ,weight#c #bj ,body #ae ,tail #e ,ears 7bat7 #aj ,legs #e ,chest #e --- ,total #ajj ,footnote #c3 ,no dog to win the maximum of points unless under #bb lbs4 ,weights4--,when three classes are provided1 weights shall be as follows3 7#a7 ,under #bj lbs42 7#b7 #bj lbs4 and under #bd lbs42 7#c7 #bd lbs4 and under #bh lbs4 ,when only two classes are provided1 weights shall be as follows3 7#a7 ,under #bd lbs42 7#b7 #bd lbs41 not exceeding #bh lbs4 ,these weights are subject to alteration4 ,yorkshire ,terriers4--,points of the ,yorkshire ,terrier1 as laid down by the ,yorkshire ,terrier ,club4 ,secretary1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,randall1 ,the ,clone1 ,hampton-on-,thames4 ,general ,appearance4--,should be that of a long-coated pet dog1 the coat hanging quite straight and evenly down each side1 a parting extending from the nose to the end of the tail4 ,the animal should be very compact and neat1 the carriage being very upright1 and having an important air4 ,although the frame is hidden beneath a mantle of hair1 the general outline should be such as to suggest the existence of a vigorous and well-proportioned body4 ,head4--,should be rather small and flat1 not too prominent or round in the skull1 nor too long in the muzzle1 with a perfectly black nose4 ,the fall on the head to be long1 of a rich golden tan1 deeper in colour at the sides of the head about the ear roots1 and on the muzzle1 where it should be very long4 ,the hair on the chest a rich bright tan4 ,on no account must the tan on the head extend on to the neck1 nor must there be any sooty or dark hair intermingled with any of the tan4 ,eyes4--,medium1 dark1 and sparkling1 having a sharp1 intelligent expression1 and placed so as to look directly forward4 ,they should not be prominent1 and the edge of the eyelids should be of a dark colour4 ,ears4--,small ,v-shaped1 and carried semi-erect or erect1 covered with short hair1 colour to be of a very deep rich tan4 ,mouth4--,perfectly even1 with teeth as sound as possible4 ,an animal having lost any teeth through accident not a fault1 providing the jaws are even4 ,body4--,very compact1 and a good loin4 ,level on the top of the back4 ,coat4--,the hair on body as long as possible1 and perfectly straight 7not wavy71 glossy like silk1 and of a fine silky texture4 ,colour1 a dark steel blue 7not silver blue7 extending from the occiput 7or back of skull7 to the root of tail1 and on no account mingled with fawn1 bronze1 or dark hairs4 ,legs4--,quite straight1 well covered with hair of a rich golden tan1 a few shades lighter at the ends than at the roots1 not extending higher on the forelegs than the elbow1 nor on the hindlegs than the stifle4 ,feet4--,as round as possible1 and the toe-nails black4 ,tail4--,cut to medium length2 with plenty of hair1 darker blue in colour than the rest of the body1 especially at the end of the tail1 and carried a little higher than the level of the back4 ,tan4--,all tan hair should be darker at the roots than in the middle1 shading to a still lighter tan at the tips4 ,weight4--,three classes3 #e lbs4 and under2 #g lbs4 and under1 but over #e lbs42 over #g lbs4 ,silver ,yorkshire4--,points identical with those of the ,standard ,yorkshire1 as described above1 except colouring1 which should be as follows3 ,back4--,silver4 ,head4--,pale tan or straw colour4 ,muzzle and ,legs4--,light tan4 ,ears4--,a shade darker tan4 ,,value ,,of ,,points ,,in ,,judging4 ,quantity and length of coat #ae ,quality and texture of coat #aj ,richness of tan on head and legs #ae ,colour of hair on body #ae ,head #aj ,eyes #e ,ears #e ,legs and feet #e ,tail 7carriage of7 #e ,mouth #e ,formation and general appearance #aj --- ,total #ajj ,italian ,greyhounds4--,the ,italian ,greyhound is somewhat fuller in proportion than the ,english ,greyhound1 and the nose is somewhat shorter4 ,in other respects this beautiful dog follows the lines of its prototype as closely as possible1 due allowance being made for difference in size4 ,the colour most prized is a golden fawn1 then cream1 or blue fawn1 followed by reds and whites2 mixtures are not considered desirable4 ,coat should be very fine1 soft1 and glossy4 ,the best size is that of a dog of about #h lbs4 weight4--,from ,rawdon ,lee's ,modern ,dogs4 ,hon4 ,secretary of ,club1 ,mrs4 ,scarlett1 ,went ,house1 ,west ,malling1 ,kent4 ,maltese4--,this is probably the oldest of the toy dogs1 having been highly prized by the ladies of ancient ,greece1 and doubtless of other nations at the same time4 ,the coat is very long1 straight1 and silky 7in first-rate specimens sweeping the ground71 quite free from woolliness and from the slightest curl4 ,colour1 pure white4 ,nose should be black1 also roof of the mouth4 ,ears moderately long1 the hair on them mingling with that on the neck4 ,tail short and well feathered1 curled tightly over back4 ,size should not exceed #e lbs4 or #f lbs41 the smaller the better1 other points being correct4--,rawdon ,lee's ,modern ,dogs4 ,they have the ,maltese ,club of ,london4 ,hon4 ,secretary1 ,arthur ,stevenson1 #eb1 ,holloway ,road1 ,n4 ,poodles4--,points of the perfect black poodle1 as defined by the ,poodle ,club4 ,secretary1 ,mr4 ,l4 ,w4 ,crouch1 ,the ,orchard1 ,swanley ,village1 ,kent4 ,general ,appearance4--,that of a very active1 intelligent1 and elegant-looking1 dog1 well built1 and carrying himself very proudly4 ,head4--,long1 straight1 and fine1 the skull not broad1 with a slight peak at the back4 ,muzzle4--,long 7but not snipy7 and strong2 not full in cheek2 teeth white1 strong1 and level2 gums black2 lips black and not showing lippiness4 ,eyes4--,almond-shaped1 very dark1 full of fire and intelligence4 ,nose4--,black and sharp4 ,ears4--,the leather long and wide1 low set on1 hanging close to the face4 ,neck4--,well proportioned and strong1 to admit of the head being carried high and with dignity4 ,shoulders4--,strong and muscular1 sloping well to the back4 ,chest4--,deep and moderately wide4 ,back4--,short1 strong1 and slightly hollowed1 the loins broad and muscular1 the ribs well sprung and braced up4 ,feet4--,rather small and of a good shape1 the toes well arched1 pads thick and hard4 ,illustration3 ,,poodles4 ,photo by ,j4 ,j4 ,gibson1 ,penge4 ,champion ,orchard ,admiral and ,l',enfant ,prodigue1 owned by ,mrs4 ,crouch4 ,legs4--,fore set straight from shoulder1 with plenty of bone and muscle2 hindlegs very muscular and well bent1 with the hocks well let down4 ,tail4--,set on rather high1 well carried1 never curled1 or carried over back4 ,coat4--,very profuse1 and of good1 hard texture2 if corded1 hanging in tight1 even cords2 if non-corded1 very thick and strong1 of even length1 the curls close and thick1 without knots or cords4 ,colours4--,all black1 all white1 all red1 all blue4 ,the white poodle should have dark eyes1 black or very dark liver nose1 lips1 and toe-nails4 ,the red poodle should have dark amber eyes1 dark liver nose1 lips1 and toe-nails4 ,the blue poodle should be of even colour1 and have dark eyes1 lips1 and toe-nails4 ,all the other points of white1 red1 and blue poodles should be the same as in the perfect black poodle4 ,n4,b4--,it is strongly recommended that only one-third of the body be clipped or shaved1 and that the hair on the forehead be left on4 ,also catered for by the ,curly ,poodle ,club1 ,hon4 ,secretary1 ,miss ,f4 ,brunker1 ,whippendell ,house1 ,king's ,langley1 ,herts4 ,,value ,,of ,,points4 ,general appearance and movement #ae ,head and ears #ae ,eyes and expression #aj ,neck and shoulders #aj ,shape of body1 loin1 back1 and carriage of stern #ae ,legs and feet #aj ,coat1 colour1 and texture of coat #ae ,bone1 muscle1 and condition #aj --- ,total #ajj ,the ,black-and-,tan ,terrier4--,points and standard1 as given by the ,black-and-,tan ,terrier ,club4 ,secretary1 ,mr4 ,s4 ,j4 ,atkinson1 #ahd1 ,adelaide ,road1 ,london1 ,n4,w4 ,head4--,long1 flat1 and narrow1 level and wedge-shaped1 without showing cheek muscles1 well filled up under the eyes1 with tapering1 tightly-lipped jaws and level teeth4 ,eyes4--,very small1 sparkling1 and dark1 set fairly close together1 and oblong in shape4 ,nose4--,black4 ,ears4--,small and ,v-shaped1 hanging close to the head above the eye4 ,neck and ,shoulders4--,the neck should be fairly long1 and tapering from the shoulders to the head1 with sloping shoulders1 the neck being free from throatiness1 and slightly arched at the occiput4 ,chest4--,narrow1 but deep4 ,body4--,moderately short1 and curving upwards at the loin2 ribs well sprung2 back slightly arched at the loin1 and falling again at the joining of the tail to the same height as the shoulders4 ,legs4--,must be quite straight1 set on well under the dog1 and of fair length4 ,feet4--,more inclined to be cat than hare-footed4 ,tail4--,moderate length1 and set on where the arch of the back ends1 thick where it joins the body1 tapering to a point1 and not carried higher than the back4 ,coat4--,close1 smooth1 short1 and glossy4 ,colour4--,jet black and rich mahogany tan1 distributed over the body as follows3 ,on the head the muzzle is tanned to the nose1 which1 with the nasal bone1 is jet black2 there is also a bright tan spot on each cheek and above each eye2 the under jaw and throat are tanned1 and the hair inside the ear is of the same colour4 ,the forelegs tanned up to the knee1 with black lines 7pencil marks7 up each toe1 and a black mark 7thumb mark7 above the foot4 ,inside the hindlegs tanned1 but divided with black at the hock joint1 and under the tail also tanned1 and so is the vent1 but only sufficiently to be easily covered by the tail2 also slightly tanned on each side of chest4 ,tan outside of hindlegs1 commonly called breeching1 a serious defect4 ,in all cases the black should not run into the tan1 or vice versa1 but the division between the two colours should be well defined4 ,general ,appearance4--,a terrier1 calculated to take his own part in the rat-pit1 and not of the whippet type4 ,weight 7for toys74--,not exceeding #g lbs4 ,,scale ,,of ,,points4 ,head #bj ,eyes #aj ,ears #e ,legs #aj ,feet #aj ,body #aj ,tail #e ,colour and markings #ae ,general appearance 7including terrier quality7 #ae --- ,total #ajj ,illustration3 ,,pekingese4 ,yen ,chu of ,newnham owned by ,mrs4 ,w4 ,h4 ,herbert4 ,japanese and ,pekingese ,spaniels4--,points of the ,japanese spaniel1 as set forth by the ,japanese and ,pekingese ,club4 ,this ,club is now divided into the ,japanese ,chin ,club and the ,pekingese ,club1 the ,secretary of both being ,mr4 ,e4 ,t4 ,cox1 #fe and #ff1 ,chancery ,lane1 ,london1 ,e4,c4 ,general ,appearance4--,that of a lively1 highly-bred little dog1 with dainty appearance1 smart1 compact carriage1 and profuse coat4 ,these dogs should be essentially stylish in movement1 lifting the feet high when in motion1 carrying the tail 7which is heavily feathered7 proudly curved or plumed over the back4 ,in size they vary considerably1 but the smaller they are the better1 provided type and quality are not sacrificed4 ,when divided by weight1 classes should be for under and over #g lbs4 ,coat4--,the coat should be long1 profuse1 and straight1 free from curl or wave1 and not be too flat2 it should have a tendency to stand out1 more particularly at the frill1 with profuse feathering on the tail and thighs4 ,colour4--,the dogs should be either black-and-white or red-and-white--i4e41 parti-coloured4 ,the term red includes all shades of sable1 brindle1 lemon1 and orange1 but the brighter and clearer the red the better4 ,the white should be clear white1 and the colour1 whether black or red1 should be evenly distributed patches over the body1 cheek1 and ears4 ,head4--,should be large for size of dog1 with a broad skull1 rounded in front2 eyes large1 dark1 set far apart2 muzzle very short and wide1 and well cushioned--i4e41 the upper lips rounded on each side of the nostrils1 which should be large and black1 except in the case of red-and-white dogs1 when a brown-coloured nose is as common as a black one4 ,ears4--,should be small1 set wide apart1 and high on the dog's head1 and carried slightly forward1 ,v-shaped4 ,body4--,should be squarely and compactly built1 wide in chest1 cobby in shape4 ,the length of the dog's body should be about its height4 ,legs and ,feet4--,the legs should be straight and the bone fine2 the feet should be long and hare-shaped4 ,the legs should be well feathered to the feet on the front legs and to the thighs behind4 ,the feet should also be feathered4 ,the points of ,pekingese 7as given by the same club74 ,general ,appearance4--,that of a quaint and intelligent little dog1 rather long in body1 with heavy front chest1 and bow legs--i4e41 very much out at elbow--the body falling away lighter behind4 ,the tail should be carried right up in a curve over the animal's back1 but not too tightly curled4 ,in size these dogs vary very much1 but the smaller the better1 provided type and points are not sacrificed4 ,when divided by weight1 classes should be for under #aj lbs4 and over #aj lbs4 ,legs4--,should be short and rather heavy in bone1 but not extravagantly so1 as coarseness is to be avoided in every point2 they should be well out at elbow1 and the feet turned outwards also4 ,both legs and feet should be feathered4 ,head4--,should be of medium size1 with broad skull1 flat between ears1 but rounded on the forehead1 muzzle very short 7not underhung71 and very wide4 ,the face should be wrinkled and nostrils black and full4 ,eyes large and lustrous2 ears set high in the head1 and ,v-shaped2 they should be moderate in size 7the tips never coming below the muzzle71 and should be covered with long1 silky hair1 which extends much below the leather of the ear proper4 ,colour4--,these dogs should either be red1 fawn1 sable1 or brindle1 with black masks1 face and ear shadings1 or else all black4 ,white patches on feet or chest1 although not a disqualification1 should not be encouraged4 ,coat4--,should be long1 flat1 and rather silky1 except at the frill1 where it should stand out1 like a lion's mane4 ,the feathering on thighs and tail should be very profuse1 and it is preferable that it should be of a lighter colour than the rest of the coat4 ,there is also the ,pekin ,palace ,dog ,association4 ,secretary1 ,miss ,l4 ,c4 ,smythe1 #aae1 ,delaware ,mansions1 ,sutherland ,avenue1 ,london1 ,w4 ,some other clubs are as follows 7but it is in many cases usual to change the ,secretary annually1 so that these addresses are not all permanent1 though letters generally find their mark73 ,halifax and ,district ,yorkshire ,terrier ,club 7,secretary1 ,t4 ,whiteley1 #aj1 ,high ,street1 ,halifax74 ,manchester and ,district ,yorkshire ,terrier ,club 7,secretary1 ,j4 ,hardman1 #i1 ,richmond ,street1 ,newton ,heath1 ,manchester74 ,oldham ,toy ,dog ,society 7,hon4 ,secretary1 ,a4 ,e4 ,stansfield1 #bji1 ,park ,road1 ,oldham74 ,yorkshire ,pom ,club 7,hon4 ,secretary1 ,e4 ,poppleton1 #a1 ,clarendon ,street1 ,wakefield74 ,toy ,dog ,society of ,scotland 7,secretary1 ,james ,cameron1 #fa1 ,lothian ,road1 ,edinburgh74 ,north of ,england ,toy ,dog ,club 7,secretary1 ,r4 ,weatherhead1 #ad1 ,arctic ,parade1 ,great ,horton1 ,bradford74 ,toy ,dog ,society 7,secretary1 ,e4 ,t4 ,cox1 #fe and #ff1 ,chancery ,lane1 ,e4,c474 ,,index ,abscesses on toes1 #df ,amaurosis1 #ga ,anaemia1 #db ,aperients1 #ef ,appetite1 loss of1 #dh ,areca-nut1 #ed ,arsenic1 #ff ,bad doer1 the1 #ea ,bare patches1 #fc ,bat ears1 #cd ,baths1 medicated1 #fd ,biliousness1 #dh ,black-and-tan terriers1 #cg standard of1 #ajj ,black pugs1 #dj standard of1 #ib ,blenheims1 #dj standard of1 #hf ,bones1 #bc ,breed1 choice of1 #cj ,breeding1 #e ,bronchitis1 #gd ,bulldogs1 toy1 #cd standard of1 #ic ,buying dogs1 #d ,canker in ears1 #fi in teeth1 #de ,caries1 dental1 #de ,castor oil1 #gf ,catarrhal distemper1 #eh ,chest diseases1 #gd ,chill1 #dh ,clinical thermometer1 #dh ,clubs1 supplementary list1 #ajd ,coat1 #bd1 #dd ,cod liver oil1 #dd ,cold in eyes1 #gb ,colds1 #gc ,conditioning1 #gb ,coughs1 #gc ,dew-claws1 #gc ,digestive tonic1 #ej ,disagreeable breath1 #ea ,discharge after pupping1 #ac ,distemper1 #eg ,docking1 #df ,ears1 #fi to alter carriage of1 #gj ,eczema1 #fa1 #gb ,entering dogs for shows1 #bg ,epilepsy1 #gg ,erythema or puppy-pox1 #fb1 #fh ,etiquette of shows1 #bi ,exhibiting1 #bc ,eyes1 #ga ,faking1 #bc ,fatness or obesity1 #ge ,feeding of ,toys1 #ai1 #db1 #fe ,feet1 sore1 #gb ,fits1 #gg ,french toy bulldog1 standard of1 #id ,gastritis1 #fj ,golden ointment1 #ga ,griffons ,bruxellois1 #cg standard of1 #hi ,hysteria1 #ge ,indigestion1 #ej ,internal parasites1 #eb ,iron tonic1 #dd ,italian greyhound1 standard of1 #ig ,japanese spaniel1 #ce standard of1 #aja ,kanofelin remedies1 #fc ,maltese1 #da standard of1 #ih ,mange1 follicular and sarcoptic1 #fd ,mating bitches1 #e ,meat diet1 #ba1 #db ,mercury1 #de1 #fb ,milk1 #bb ,missing1 #h ,ophthalmia1 #ga ,pekingese spaniels1 #ce standard of1 #aja ,pityriasis1 #fc ,poison1 #ge ,pomeranians1 #ca standard of1 #hj ,poodles1 #bg standard of1 #ih ,preparing for exhibition1 #bc ,pugs1 #ci standard of1 #ia ,puppies1 birth of1 #aj house for1 #ad rearing of1 #ad size of1 #f skin troubles of1 #fb training of1 #ah ,pupping1 #i ,rashes1 #fb ,relapse from distemper1 #ei ,requisites for shows1 #bh ,ringworm1 #fg ,round worms1 #ee ,salt1 #gf ,scavenging1 #bj ,schipperkes1 #cb standard of1 #ij ,season1 #g ,shivering1 #gd ,shows1 chief1 #cj ,shyness in ring1 #bi ,skin diseases1 #fa ,stomach coughs1 #gd ,strychnine1 #gf ,stuttgart disease1 #di1 #fj ,suckling fits1 #gg ,sulphur ointment1 #fc ,tape-worms1 #eb ,tear channels1 #db ,teeth1 bad1 #de ,teething1 #ag fits1 #gi ,temperature1 to take1 #di ,toothache1 #df ,toy spaniels1 standard of1 #hc ,washing1 #bf ,worm medicines1 #ed ,yorkshire terriers1 #ch standard of1 #if 99 99 99 99 99 ,,billing ,,and ,,sons1 ,,ltd41 ,,printers1 ,,guildford4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,from ,,mr4 ,,edward ,,arnold',s ,,list4 ,,by ,,the ,,same ,,author4 ,,darling ,,dogs4 ,,by ,,margaret ,,lilith ,,williams4 ,,with ,,illustrations4 ,price #es4 net4 ,,times4--,an attractive book of talk1 light and serious1 and of experiences of many kinds1 about dogs in the particular and in the abstract by an enthusiast4 ,,globe4--,a delightful volume1 especially so to dog-lovers4 ,,world4--,that it is written by one whose heart and soul is in her subject is apparent in the first few pages1 and for that very reason they go straight to the heart of every dog-lover4 ,altogether1 a charming volume1 excellently illustrated4 ,,daily ,,express4--,an account of the intimate life of certain dogs1 and to those who make dear friends and companions of them it may be confidently recommended4 ,,evening ,,standard4--,practical as well as enthusiastic4 ,,lady',s ,,field4--,all women who really love dogs--and perhaps all those who love animals of any kind--will like to have ',darling ,dogs1' 444 charmingly illustrated and written from the author's heart4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,london3 ,,edward ,,arnold1 #da #dc ,,maddox ,,st41 ,w4