,transcrib]'s notes3 7#a7 ,numb]s foll[+ lett]s 7)\t space7 l ,c#b 7 orig9ally pr9t$ 9 subscript4 ,lett] subscripts are prec$$ by an und]score1 l ,cn4 7#b7 ,*>act]s foll[+ a c>at 77 7 pr9t$ 9 sup]script4 7#c7 ,side-notes 7 relocat$ to function z titles ( _! respective p>agraphs4 7#d7 ,macrons & breves above lett]s & dots bel[ lett]s 7 n ins]t$4 7#e7 root /&s = ! root symbol2 alpha1 beta1 etc4 = greek lett]s4 7#f7 ,! foll[+ typographical errors h be5 correct$3 ,,article ,,h9duism3 ,b1 9 ?is respect1 we also meet 9 ! epics ) ! fir/ cle> evid5ce ( :at 9 aft] "t became ! prom95t feature ( ! wor%ip ( ,siva & 8 consort all ov] ,india 444 'respect' am5d$ f 'repect'4 ,,article ,,h9duism3 ,?\gh ! ,l+ayats /ill %[ a c]ta9 animosity t[>ds ! ,brahmans1 & 9 ! ,c5sus li/s are accord+ly class$ z an indep5d5t gr\p beside ! ,h9dus 444 'class$' am5d$ f 'classes'4 ,,article ,,h9t]l&3 ,9 ! purely physical s5se 'int]ior' or 'back c\ntry' is m commonly us$1 b ! ^w has ga9$ a di/9ct political significance4 'or' am5d$ f 'on'4 ,,article ,,hippodrome3 444 s t ! wid? 0 f> great]1 be+ ab\t #djj ft41 ! c\rse be+ #fjj to #gjj ft4 long4 'c\rse' am5d$ f 'c\rce'4 ,,article ,,hirsau3 ,c4 ,h4 ,klaib]1 ,das ,klo/] ,hirs*au 7,tub+51 #ahhf72 & ,ba]1 ,die ,hirsau] ,baus*ule 7,freiburg1 #ahig74 ',hirsau]' am5d$ f ',hirsau]s'4 ,,article ,,hobbes1 ,,?omas3 ,9 politics ! revulsion f 8 p>ticul> conclusions did n prev5t ! m cle>-sight$ ( 8 oppon5ts f recogniz+ ! =ce ( 8 supreme demon/ration ( ! practical irresponsibility ( ! sov]eign p[] 444 'p>ticul>' am5d$ f 'p>ticu>'4 ,,article ,,h(fmann1 ,,johann ,,joseph3 ,8 ,japanese gramm> 7,japanis*e ,spra*lehre7 0 publi%$ 9 ,dut* & ,engli% 9 #ahfg1 & 9 ,engli% & ,g]man 9 #ahgf4 ',spra*lehre' am5d$ f ',spre*lehre'4 ,,article ,,h(meyr1 ,,jan ,,h5drik3 ,he 0 editor ( ! ,zuid ,afrikaan till its incorporation ) ,ons ,l&1 & ( ! ,zuid ,afrikaans*e ,tijds*rift4 ',tijds*rift' am5d$ f ',tidjs*rift'4 ,,article ,,hoh5lohe3 444 :i* 0 to ex]cise an important influ5ce on 8 political activity4 ,z ! y\ng] son ( a cadet l9e ( 8 h\se x 0 necess>y = ,pr9ce ,*lodwig to foll[ a pr(ession4 'political' am5d$ f 'politcal'4 ,,article ,,holl&3 ,! height ( ! boezem peil ranges betwe5 #a7a_/c7 ft4 above to #a7e_/f7 ft4 bel[ ! ,am/]dam z]o 444 'betwe5' am5d$ f 'bewe5'4 ,,article ,,holl&3 444 ,nieuwe ,w&el+5 door ,n$]l&1 by ,j4 ,cra&ijk & ,p4 ,a4 ,s*ipp]us 7,ha>lem1 #ahhh7 444 ',w&el+5' am5d$ f ',w&]l+5'4 ,,article ,,holl&3 444 agre$ to accept ! sov]eignty ( ! ,ne!rl&s prov9ces1 except ,holl& & ,zeel&4 ',ne!rl&s' am5d$ f ',ne!rl&'4 ,,article ,,holl&3 left ,engl& on ! #bbnd ( ,augu/ = ,sa9te-,m]e ,eglise 9 ,norm&y4 ',eglise' am5d$ f ',eglide'4 ,,encyclopa$ia ,,britannica ,a ,,diction>y ,,( ,,arts1 ,,sci5ces1 ,,lit]ature ,,& ,,g5]al ,,in=mation ,,elev5? ,,edition ,,volume ,,xiii1 ,,slice ,v ,h9duism to ,home1 ,e>ls ( ,,articles ,,9 ,,?is ,,slice3 ,,h9duism ,,hody1 ,,humphrey ,,h9du ,,ku% ,,hoe1 ,,ri*>d ,,m>* ,,h9dur ,,hoe ,,h+anghat ,,hoefnagel1 ,,joris ,,h+e ,,h( ,,h+ham ,,h(]1 ,,&reas ,,h9ri*s1 ,,h]mann ,,wilhelm ,,h(fd+1 ,,h>ald ,,h9s*ius1 ,,paul ,,h(fmann1 ,,augu/ ,,he9ri* ,,h9t]l& ,,h(fmann1 ,,ern/ ,,!odor ,,wilhelm ,,h9ton1 ,,james ,,h(fmann1 ,,francois ,,b5oit ,,hiogo ,,h(fmann1 ,,fri$ri* ,,hip ,,h(fmann1 ,,johann ,,joseph ,,hip-,,knob ,,h(mann1 ,,augu/ ,,wilhelm ,,von ,,hipp>*us ,,h(mann1 ,,johann ,,*ri/ian ,,konrad ,,von ,,hippasus ,,( ,,metapontum ,,h(mann1 ,,mel*ior ,,hippea/rum ,,h(mei/]1 ,,wilhelm ,,fri$ri* ,,b5$ict ,,hipp$ ,,ro( ,,h(meyr1 ,,jan ,,h5drik ,,hippel1 ,,!odor ,,gottlieb ,,von ,,h(/$e ,,de ,,groot1 ,,petrus ,,hippias ,,( ,,elis ,,hog>?1 ,,william ,,hippo ,,hogg1 ,,james ,,hippocras ,,hogg1 ,,?omas ,,jeff]son ,,hippocrates ,,hogmanay ,,hippocr5e ,,hog%ead ,,hippodamus ,,hoh5asp]g ,,hippodrome ,,hoh5fri$b]g ,,hippolytus 7,greek leg5d hunt]7 ,,hoh5heim ,,hippolytus 7,*ur* writ]7 ,,hoh5limburg ,,hippolytus1 ,,! ,,canons ,,( ,,hoh5lohe ,,hipponax ,,hoh5/auf5 ,,hippopotamus ,,hoh5/e9 ,,hippuric ,,acid ,,hoh5zoll]n ,,hipurnias ,,hokkaido ,,hira ,,hokusai ,,hirado ,,holba*1 ,,paul ,,he9ri* ,,dietri* ,,hire-,,pur*ase ,,agreem5t ,,holbea* ,,hir+ ,,holbe91 ,,hans 7! eld]7 ,,hirosaki ,,holbe91 ,,hans 7! y\ng]7 ,,hiro%ige ,,holb]g1 ,,ludvig ,,holb]g ,,hiro%ima ,,holborn ,,hirp9i ,,holcr(t1 ,,?omas ,,hirsau ,,hold51 ,,hub]t ,,a%ton ,,hirs*1 ,,maurice ,,de ,,hold51 ,,sir ,,isaac ,,hirs*1 ,,samson ,,raphael ,,hold]l91 ,,johann ,,*ri/ian ,,fri$ri* ,,hirs*b]g ,,hold]nesse1 ,,e>l ,,( ,,hirson ,,holdheim1 ,,samuel ,,hirtius1 ,,aulus ,,holgu9 ,,hi%am ,,ibn ,,al-,,kalbi ,,holiday ,,hispellum ,,hol9%$1 ,,raphael ,,hiss> 7di/rict 9 ,asia7 ,,holk> ,,hiss> 7,indian t[n di/rict7 ,,holl1 ,,frank ,,hi/iaeus ,,holl&1 ,,*>les ,,hi/ology ,,holl&1 ,,sir ,,h5ry ,,hi/ory ,,holl&1 ,,h5ry ,,fox ,,hit ,,holl&1 ,,h5ry ,,ri* ,,hita1 ,,g9es ,,p]ez ,,de ,,holl&1 ,,h5ry ,,ri*>d ,,vassall ,,fox ,,hit*cock1 ,,edw>d ,,holl&1 ,,josiah ,,gilb]t ,,hit*cock1 ,,george ,,holl&1 ,,philemon ,,hit*cock1 ,,roswell ,,dwight ,,holl&1 ,,ri*>d ,,hit*9 ,,holl& 7c\ntry7 ,,hittites ,,holl&1 ,,c\nty ,,& ,,prov9ce ,,( ,,hittorff1 ,,jacques ,,ignace ,,holl& 7,mi*igan1 ,u4,s4,a47 ,,hitzack] ,,holl& 7clo?7 ,,hitzig1 ,,f]d9& ,,holl>1 ,,w5zel or ,,w5ceslaus ,,hiung-,,nu ,,holles1 ,,d5zil ,,holles ,,hivites ,,holl[ay1 ,,?omas ,,hjorr+ ,,holly ,,hkamti ,,long ,,hollyhock ,,hlo?h]e ,,holly ,,spr+s ,,hoactz9 ,,holman1 ,,james ,,hoadly1 ,,b5jam9 ,,holmes1 ,,oliv] ,,w5dell ,,ho>1 ,,samuel ,,holmfir? ,,ho>e1 ,,sir ,,ri*>d ,,colt ,,holocau/ ,,hob>t1 ,,g>ret ,,augu/us ,,holoc5e ,,hob>t1 ,,john ,,h5ry ,,holroyd1 ,,sir ,,*>les ,,hob>t ,,pa%a ,,hol/e91 ,,fri$ri* ,,von ,,hob>t 7capital ( ,tasmania7 ,,hol/e9 7du*y ( ,g]many7 ,,hobbema1 ,,meynd]t ,,hol/51 ,,k>l ,,*ri/ian ,,johann ,,hobbes1 ,,?omas ,,hol/5ius1 ,,lucas ,,hobby ,,hol/] ,,hobh\se1 ,,ar?ur ,,hobh\se ,,holt1 ,,sir ,,john ,,hobok5 7t[n ( ,belgium7 ,,holtei1 ,,k>l ,,edu>d ,,von ,,hobok5 7,new ,j]sey1 ,u4,s4,a47 ,,holty1 ,,ludwig ,,he9ri* ,,*ri/oph ,,hobson',s ,,*oice ,,holtz5dorff1 ,,joa*im ,,franz ,,philipp ,,von ,,hoby1 ,,sir ,,?omas ,,holtzmann1 ,,he9ri* ,,julius ,,ho*e1 ,,laz>e ,,holub1 ,,emil ,,ho*heim ,,holy ,,ho*/ ,,holy ,,alliance1 ,,! ,,ho*/adt ,,holyhead ,,ho*/ett]1 ,,f]d9& ,,von ,,holy ,,isl& ,,hockey ,,holyoake1 ,,george ,,jacob ,,hock-,,tide ,,holyoke ,,hocus ,,holy/one ,,hodd5 ,,holy ,,wat] ,,hoddesdon ,,holy ,,week ,,hod$a ,,holywell ,,hod5+ ,,holywood ,,hodge1 ,,*>les ,,holzm9d5 ,,hodgk91 ,,?omas ,,holztrompete ,,hodgk9son1 ,,eaton ,,homage ,,hodgson1 ,,brian ,,h\ghton ,,homb]g1 ,,wilhelm ,,hodmezo-,,vas>hely ,,homburg-,,vor-,,d]-,,hohe ,,hodograph ,,home1 ,,e>ls ,,( ,,hodson1 ,,william ,,/eph5 ,,raikes ,,h9duism1 a t]m g5]ally employ$ to compreh5d ! social in/itutions1 pa/ & pres5t1 ( ! ,h9dus :o =m ! great majority ( ! p ( ,india2 z well z ! multitud9\s crop ( _! religi\s beliefs :i* has gr[n up1 9 ! c\rse ( _m c5turies1 on ! f\ndation ( ! ,brahmanical scriptures4 ,! actual proportion ( ! total population ( ,india 7#bid millions7 includ$ "u ! "n ( ,h9dus has be5 comput$ 9 ! c5sus report = #aija at some?+ l #gj 7#bjf millions72 ! rema9+ #cj be+ made up p>tly ( ! foll[]s ( =eign cre$s1 su* z ,mahomm$ans1 ,p>sees1 ,*ri/ians & ,jews1 p>tly ( ! vot>ies ( indig5\s =ms ( belief :i* h at v>i\s times sep>at$ f ! ma9 /ock1 & develop$ into indep5d5t sy/ems1 su* z ,buddhism1 ,ja9ism & ,sikhism2 & p>tly ( isolat$ hill & jungle tribes1 su* z ! ,santals1 ,bhils 7,bhilla7 & ,kols1 ^: crude animi/ic t5d5cies h hi!rto kept !m1 ei!r :olly or = ! mo/ "p1 outside ! pale ( ! ,brahmanical community4 ,! "n ,h9du itself is ( =eign orig91 be+ d]iv$ f ! ,p]sians1 by :om ! riv] ,s9dhu 0 call$ ,h9dhu1 a "n subsequ5tly appli$ to ! inhabitants ( t fronti] di/rict1 & gradually ext5d$ ov] ! upp] & middle rea*es ( ! ,gangetic valley1 :5ce ?is :ole tract ( c\ntry betwe5 ! ,himalaya & ! ,v9dhya m\nta9s1 we/ ( ,b5gal1 came to be call$ by ! =eign conqu]ors ,h9du/an1 or ! abode ( ! ,h9dus2 :il/ ! native writ]s call$ x ,aryav>ta1 or ! abode ( ! ,aryas4 ,b :il/1 9 its m compreh5sive acceptation1 ! t]m ,h9duism w\ld ?us range ov] ! entire hi/orical developm5t ( ,brahmanical ,india1 x is also n infrequ5tly us$ 9 a n>r[] s5se1 z d5ot+ m especially ! mod]n phase ( ,indian social & religi\s in/itutions--f ! e>li] c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era d[n to our own days--z di/+ui%$ f ! p]iod dom9at$ by ! au?oritative doctr9e ( pan!i/ic belief1 =mulat$ by ! speculative !ologians dur+ ! c5turies imm$iately succe$+ ! ,v$ic p]iod 7see ,,brahmanism74 ,9 ?is its m re/rict$ s5se ! t]m may ?us practically be tak5 to apply to ! lat] bewild]+ v>iety ( popul> sect>ian =ms ( belief1 ) its social concomitant1 ! fully develop$ ca/e-sy/em4 ,b1 ?\gh "o may at times f9d x conv5i5t to speak ( ,brahmanism & ,h9duism1 x mu/ be cle>ly und]/ood t ! di/9ction impli$ 9 ! comb9ation ( ^! t]ms is an extremely vague "o1 especially f ! *ronological po9t ( view4 ,! foll[+ consid]ations w probably make ?is cle>4 ,connexion ) ,brahmanism4 ,! *>act]i/ic t5et ( or?odox ,brahmanism consi/s 9 ! conception ( an absolute1 all-embrac+ _s1 ! ,brahma 7neutr471 be+ ! "o & only reality1 itself uncondition$1 & ! orig9al cause & ultimate goal ( all individual s\ls 7jiva1 i4e4 liv+ ?+s74 ,c\pl$ ) ?is ab/ract conception are two o!r doctr9es1 viz4 fir/1 ! transmigration ( s\ls 7sams>a71 reg>d$ by ,indian ?9k]s z ! necess>y complem5t ( a belief 9 ! ess5tial sam5ess ( all ! v>i\s spiritual units1 h[ev] contam9at$1 to a great] or less degree1 !y may be by _! mat]ial embodim5t2 & 9 _! ultimate re-union ) ! ,p>amatman1 or ,supreme ,self2 & second1 ! assumption ( a triple manife/ation ( ! ceaseless work+ ( t ,absolute ,_s z a creative1 cons]vative & de/ructive pr9ciple1 repres5t$ respectively by ! div9e p]sonalities ( ,brahma 7masc471 ,vi%nu & ,siva1 =m+ ! ,trimurti or ,triad4 ,z reg>ds ?is latt]1 purely exot]ic1 doctr9e1 !re c be little d\bt ( its ow+ its orig9 to consid]ations ( !ological exp$i5cy1 z be+ calculat$ to supply a suffici5tly wide =mula ( belief = g5]al acceptance2 & ! v fact ( ?is div9e triad includ+ ! two pr9cipal deities ( ! lat] sect>ian wor%ip1 ,vi%nu & ,siva1 goes f> to %[ t ^! two gods at all ev5ts mu/ h be5 already 9 ^? e>ly days fav\rite objects ( popul> adoration to an ext5t suffici5t to preclude _! be+ ignor$ by a diplomatic prie/hood b5t ^u ! =mulation ( a common cre$4 ,?us1 s f> f sect>ianism be+ a m]e mod]n developm5t ( ,brahmanism1 x actually goes back to beyond ! =mulation ( ! ,brahmanical cre$4 ,nay1 :51 on analys+ ! functions & attributes ( ^? two div9e figures1 ea* ( !m is f\nd to be b a comp\nd ( sev]al previ\sly recogniz$ deities1 sect>ian wor%ip may well be trac$ "r up to ! ,v$ic age4 ,t ! !ory ( ! triple manife/ation ( ! deity 0 inde$ only a compromise betwe5 ,brahmanical aspirations & popul> wor%ip1 probably l>gely influ5c$ by ! traditional sanctity ( ! numb] ?ree1 is suffici5tly cle> f ! fact t1 :il/ ,brahma1 ! creator1 & at ! same "t ! v embodim5t ( ,brahmanical class pride1 has practically rema9$ a m]e figurehead 9 ! actual wor%ip ( ! p1 ,siva1 on ! o!r h&1 s f> f be+ m]ely ! de/roy]1 is also ! unmi/akable repres5tative ( g5]ative & reproductive p[] 9 nature4 ,9 fact1 ,brahma1 hav+ p]=m$ 8 legitimate "p 9 ! mundane evolution by 8 orig9al creation ( ! univ]se1 has retir$ into ! backgr\nd1 be+1 z x 71 look$ ^u z functus (ficio1 l a v5]able figure ( a =m] g5]ation1 :5ce 9 epic poetry he is commonly /yl$ pitamaha1 ! gr&sire4 ,b despite ! artificial "* ( ! ,trimurti1 x has reta9$ to ?is day at lea/ its !oretical validity 9 or?odox ,h9duism1 :il/ x has also und\bt$ly ex]cis$ consid]able influ5ce 9 %ap+ sect>ian belief1 9 promot+ feel+s ( tol]ation t[>ds ! claims ( rival deities2 & 9 a t5d5cy t[>ds id5tify+ div9e figures newly sprung into popul> fav\r ) "o or o!r ( ! pr9cipal deities1 & ?us help+ to br+ into vogue t notion ( avat>s1 or p]iodical desc5ts or inc>nations ( ! deity1 :i* has become s prom95t a feature ( ! lat] sect>ian belief4 ,"u m fav\rable political conditions1#a ! sac]dotal class might p]haps1 9 c\rse ( "t1 h succe$$ 9 impos+ some?+ l an effective common cre$ on ! het]og5e\s m$ley ( races & tribes scatt]$ ov] ! p59sula1 j z !y c]ta9ly did succe$ 9 e/abli%+ ! social pr]ogative ( _! own ord] ov] ! l5g? & bread? ( ,india4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 fat$ to fall f> %ort ( su* a consummation2 & at all times or?odox ,brahmanism has _h to w9k at1 or ignore1 all mann] ( gross sup]/itions & repulsive practices1 along ) ! popul> wor%ip ( c\ntless ho/s ( godl+s1 demons1 spirits & gho/s1 & my/ic objects & symbols ( e description4 ,inde$1 accord+ to a rec5t acc\nt by a close obs]v] ( ! religi\s practices preval5t 9 s\!rn ,india1 fully f\r-fif?s ( ! p ( ! ,dravidian race1 :il/ nom9ally ackn[l$g+ ! spiritual guidance ( ! ,brahmans1 are to ?is day practically giv5 ov] to ! wor%ip ( _! nondescript local village deities 7grama-devata71 usually att5d$ by animal sacrifices frequ5tly involv+ ! slaught]1 "u revolt+ circum/ances1 ( ?\s&s ( victims4 ,curi\sly en\gh ^! local deities are ne>ly all ( ! female1 n ! male sex4 ,9 ! e/imation ( ^! p ,siva & ,vi%nu may be m dignifi$ be+s1 b ! village deity is reg>d$ z a m pres5t help 9 tr\ble1 & m intimately conc]n$ ) ! happ9ess & prosp]ity ( ! villag]s4 ,! orig9 ( ?is =m ( ,h9duism is lo/ 9 antiquity1 b x is probable t x repres5ts a pre-,aryan religion1 m or less modifi$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( s\? ,india by ,brahmanical influ5ce4 ,at ! same "t1 _m ( ! deities !mselves are ( q rec5t orig91 & x is easy to obs]ve a deity 9 mak+ ev5 at ! pres5t day4#b ,x is a significant fact t1 :il/ 9 ! wor%ip ( ,siva & ,vi%nu1 at :i* no animal sacrifices are (f]$1 ! (ficiat+ prie/s are almo/ inv>iably ,brahmans1 ?is is practically nev] ! case at ! popul> p]=mance ( ^? gloomy & weird rites = ! propitiation ( angry deities1 or ! driv+ away ( evil spirits1 :5 ! puj>is 7or m9i/rants7 are drawn f all o!r ca/es1 ev5 f ! ,p>iahs1 ! out-ca/e section ( ,indian society4 ,ca/e4 ,z f ! po9t ( view ( religi\s belief1 s also f t ( social organization no cle> l9e ( dem>cation c be drawn betwe5 ,brahmanism & ,h9duism4 ,?\gh x 0 n till lat] times t ! network ( class divisions & subdivisions atta9$ any?+ l ! degree ( intricacy :i* x %[s 9 ^! latt] days1 /ill 9 its orig9 ! ca/e-sy/em is und\bt$ly co9cid5t ) ! rise ( ,brahmanism1 & may ev5 be said to be ( ! v ess5ce ( x4#c ,! c>d9al pr9ciple :i* und]lies ! sy/em ( ca/e is ! pres]vation ( purity ( desc5t1 & purity ( religi\s belief & c]emonial usage4 ,n[1 t same pr9ciple _h be5 op]ative f ! v dawn ( ! hi/ory ( ,aryaniz$ ,india4 ,! social organism ( ! ,aryan tribe did n probably diff] ess5tially f t ( mo/ communities at t primitive /age ( civilization2 :il/ ! body ( ! p--! ,vis 7or aggregate ( ,vaisyas7--w\ld be ma9ly occupi$ ) agricultural & pa/oral pursuits1 two pr(essional classes--^? ( ! w>rior & ! prie/--_h already made good _! claim to social di/9ction4 ,z yet1 h[ev]1 ! tribal community w\ld /ill feel "o 9 race & traditional usage4 ,b :5 ! fair-col\r$ ,aryan immigrants fir/ came 9 contact )1 & drove back or subdu$ ! d>k-sk9n$ race t occupi$ ! nor!rn pla9s--d\btless ! ance/ors ( ! mod]n ,dravidian p--! pres]vation ( _! racial type & tradition>y ord] ( ?+s w\ld naturally become to !m a matt] ( s]i\s conc]n4 ,9 ! extreme nor?-we/]n di/ricts--! ,punjab & ,rajputana1 judg+ f ! fairly uni=m physical features ( ! pres5t population ( ^! p>ts--!y seem to h be5 signally successful 9 _! endeav\r to pres]ve _! racial purity1 probably by be+ able to cle> a suffici5tly ext5sive area ( ! orig9al occupants = !mselves ) _! wives & *ildr5 to settle ^u4 ,! case 01 h[ev]1 v diff]5t 9 ! adjo9+ valley ( ! ,jumna & ,ganges1 ! sacr$ ,madhyadesa or ,middle-l& ( classical ,india4 ,"h ! ,aryan immigrants 7 n all[$ to e/abli% !mselves )\t und]go+ a consid]able admixture ( =eign blood4 ,x mu/ rema9 unc]ta9 :e!r x 0 t ! ?ickly-populat$ "* ( ! l& sc>cely admitt$ ( complete occupation1 b only ( a conque/ by an army ( fight+ m51 />t+ f ! ,aryaniz$ region--:o might1 h[ev]1 subsequ5tly draw wom5 ( _! own k9 aft] !m--or :e!r1 z has be5 sugge/$1 a second ,aryan invasion ( ,india took place at t "t ?r\gh ! m\nta9\s tracts ( ! upp] ,indus & nor!rn ,ka%mir1 :]e ! nature ( ! road w\ld r5d] x impracticable = ! invad+ b&s to be accompani$ by wom5 & *ildr54 ,be ?is z x may1 ! physical appe>ance ( ! population ( ?is c5tral region ( nor!rn ,india--,h9du/an & ,beh>--cle>ly po9ts to an int]mixture ( ! tall1 fair-col\r$1 f9e-nos$ ,aryan ) ! %ort-siz$1 d>k-sk9n$1 broad-nos$ ,dravidian2 ! latt] type becom+ m pron\nc$ t[>ds ! l[] /rata ( ! social ord]4#d ,n[1 x 0 precisely 9 ?is "p ( ,india t ma9ly arose ! body ( lit]ature :i* records ! gradual rise ( ! ,brahmanical hi]>*y & ! e>ly developm5t ( ! ca/e-sy/em4 ,! problem t n[ lay be=e ! successful invad]s 0 h[ to deal ) ! indig5\s p1 probably va/ly outnumb]+ !m1 )\t los+ _! own racial id5tity4 ,!y dealt ) !m 9 ! way ! :ite race usually deals ) ! col\r$ race--!y kept !m socially ap>t4 ,! l& be+ appropriat$ by ! conqu]ors1 husb&ry1 z ! mo/ respectable indu/rial occupation1 became ! legitimate call+ ( ! ,aryan settl]1 ! ,vaisya2 :il/ h&icrafts1 gradually multiply+ ) advanc+ civilization & m5ial s]vice1 7 assign$ to ! subject race4 ,! g5]ic "n appli$ to ! latt] 0 ,sudra1 orig9ally probably ! "n ( "o ( ! subject$ tribes4 ,s f> ! social developm5t proce$$ on l9es h>dly diff]+ f ^? ) :i* "o is famili> 9 ! hi/ory ( o!r nations4 ,! ,indo-,aryans1 h[ev]1 w5t a /ep f>!r4 ,:at !y did 0 n only to keep ! native race ap>t f social int]c\rse ) !mselves1 b to %ut !m out f all p>ticipation 9 _! own high] aims1 & especially 9 _! own religi\s convictions & c]emonial practices4 ,s f> f attempt+ to raise _! /&>d ( spiritual life1 or ev5 leav+ x to ord9>y int]c\rse to gradually br+ ab\t a c]ta9 community ( intellectual culture & religi\s s5tim5t1 !y delib]ately set up artificial b>ri]s 9 ord] to prev5t _! own traditional modes ( wor%ip f be+ contam9at$ ) ! obnoxi\s practices ( ! s]vile race4 ,! s]f1 ! ,sudra1 0 n to wor%ip ! gods ( ! ,aryan freem54 ,! result 0 ! sy/em ( f\r ca/es 7v>na1 i4e4 col\r2 or jati1 g5s74 ,?\gh ! ,brahman1 :o by ?is "t _h firmly secur$ 8 supremacy ov] ! k%atriya1 or noble1 9 matt]s spiritual z well z 9 legislative & adm9i/rative functions1 w\ld naturally be ! prime mov] 9 ?is regulation ( ! social ord]1 !re seems no reason to believe t ! o!r two upp] classes 7 n equally int]e/$ 9 see+ _! h]$it>y privileges ?us p]petuat$ by div9e sanction4 ,no?+1 inde$1 is m rem>kable 9 ! :ole developm5t ( ! ca/e-sy/em ?an ! jeal\s pride :i* e ca/e1 f ! highe/ to ! l[e/1 takes 9 its own peculi> occupation & sph]e ( life4 ,! di/9ctive badge ( a memb] ( ! ?ree upp] ca/es 0 ! sacr$ triple cord or ?read 7sutra7--made ( cotton1 hemp or wool1 accord+ to ! respective ca/e--) :i* he 0 inve/$ at ! upanayana c]emony1 or initiation into ! use ( ! sacr$ savitri1 or pray] to ! sun 7also call$ gayatri71 con/itut+ 8 second bir?4 ,:il/ ! ,arya 0 ?us a dvi-ja1 or twice-born1 ! ,sudra rema9$ unreg5]ate dur+ 8 lifetime1 8 consolation be+ ! hope t1 on ! fai?ful p]=mance ( 8 duties 9 ?is life1 he might h]eaft] be born aga9 into a high] grade ( life4 ,9 lat] times1 ! /rict adh]5ce to ca/e duties w\ld naturally receive consid]able support f ! belief 9 ! transmigration ( s\ls1 already preval5t be=e ,buddha's "t1 & f ! v g5]al acceptance ( ! doctr9e ( k>ma 7de$71 or retribution1 accord+ to :i* a man's pres5t /ation & mann] ( life are ! result ( ! sum-total ( 8 actions & ?\ghts 9 8 =m] exi/5ce2 z 8 actions "h w aga91 by ! same automatic process ( retribution1 det]m9e 8 /atus & condition 9 8 next exi/5ce4 ,?\gh ?is doctr9e is especially insi/$ ^u 9 ,buddhism1 & its designation z a specific t]m 7,pali1 ,kamma7 may be due to t cre$1 ! notion itself 0 d\btless already preval5t 9 pre-,buddhi/ times4 ,x w\ld ev5 seem to be necess>ily & naturally impli$ 9 ,brahmanical belief 9 metempsy*osis2 :il/ 9 ! doctr9e ( ,buddha1 :o admits no s\l1 ! !ory ( ! net result or fruit ( a man's actions s]v+ h]eaft] to =m or condition ! exi/5ce ( "s new individual :o w h no consci\s id5tity ) himself1 seems ( a peculi>ly artificial & my/ic "*4 ,b1 be ?is z x may1 ! doctr9e ( k>ma is c]ta9ly "o ( ! firme/ beliefs ( all classes ( ,h9dus1 & ! fe> t a man %all reap z he has s[n is an appreciable elem5t 9 ! av]age morality 444 ! idea ( =giv5ess is absolutely want+2 evil done may inde$ be outweigh$ by m]itori\s de$s s f> z to ensure a bett] exi/5ce 9 ! future1 b x is n effac$1 & mu/ be aton$ = 7,c5sus ,report1 i4 #cfd74 ,9 spite1 h[ev]1 ( ! artificial re/rictions plac$ on ! int]m>ry+ ( ! ca/es1 ! m+l+ ( ! two races seems to h proce$$ at a tol]ably rapid rate4 ,inde$1 ! paucity ( wom5 ( ! ,aryan /ock w\ld probably r5d] ^! mix$ unions almo/ a necessity f ! v outset2 & ! vaunt$ purity ( blood :i* ! ca/e rules 7 calculat$ to p]petuate c sc>cely h rema9$ ( m ?an a relative degree ev5 9 ! case ( ! ,brahman ca/e4 ,c]ta9 x is t mix$ ca/es are f\nd ref]r$ to at a comp>atively e>ly p]iod2 & at ! "t ( ,buddha--"s five or six c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian era--! social organization w\ld seem to h pres5t$ an appe>ance n s v unlike t ( mod]n times4 ,x mu/ be confess$1 h[ev]1 t our in=mation reg>d+ ! developm5t ( ! ca/e-sy/em is f> f complete1 especially 9 its e>li] /ages4 ,?us1 we are almo/ entirely left to conjecture on ! important po9t z to ! orig9al social organization ( ! subject race4 ,?\gh d\btless divid$ into diff]5t tribes scatt]$ ov] an ext5sive tract ( l&1 ! subject$ aborig9es 7 slump$ toge!r "u ! designation ( ,sudras1 ^: duty x 0 to s]ve ! upp] classes 9 all ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( manual lab\r1 save ^? ( a d[nright sordid & degrad+ "* :i* x 0 left to vratyas or outca/s to p]=m4 ,h[1 !n1 0 ! di/ribution ( crafts & habitual occupations ( all k9ds br\ght ab\t8 ,0 ! process "o ( spontane\s gr[? adapt+ an already exi/+ social organization to a new ord] ( ?+s2 or 0 x orig9at$ & p]petuat$ by regulation f above8 ,or 0 x r t ! /atus & duties ( exi/+ (fices & trades came to be det]m9$ & made h]$it>y by "s su* artificial sy/em z t by :i* ! ,!odosian ,code succe$$ = a "t 9 organiz+ ! ,roman society 9 ! #e? c5tury ( our era8 ,x is well kn[n 7says ,pr(essor ,dill7 t ! t5d5cy ( ! lat] ,empire 0 to /]eotype society1 by compell+ m5 to foll[ ! occupation ( _! fa!rs1 & prev5t+ a free circulation among diff]5t call+s & grades ( life4 ,! man :o br\ght ! gra9 f ,africa to ! public /ores at ,o/ia1 ! bak] :o made x into loaves = di/ribution1 ! but*]s :o br\ght pigs f ,samnium1 ,lucania or ,bruttium1 ! purveyors ( w9e & oil1 ! m5 :o f$ ! furnaces ( ! public ba?s1 7 b\nd to _! call+s f "o g5]ation to ano!r4 ,x 0 ! pr9ciple ( rural s]fdom appli$ to social functions4 ,e av5ue ( escape 0 clos$4 ,a man 0 b\nd to 8 call+ n only by 8 fa!r's b also by 8 "m's condition4 ,m5 7 n p]mitt$ to m>ry out ( _! gild4 ,if ! daught] ( "o ( ! bak] ca/e m>ri$ a man n belong+ to x1 h] husb& 0 b\nd to h] fa!r's call+4 ,n ev5 a disp5sation obta9$ by "s means f ! imp]ial *anc]y1 n ev5 ! p[] ( ! ,*ur* c\ld avail to break ! *a9 ( s]vitude4 ,x c h>dly be ga9said t ^! artificial arrangem5ts be> a v /rik+ analogy to ^? ( ! ,indian ca/e-sy/em2 & if ^! class re/rictions 7 comp>atively %ort-liv$ on ,italian gr\nd1 x 0 n p]haps s mu* t s /range a plant f\nd !re an e?nic soil less cong5ial to its p]man5t gr[?1 b because x 0 n all[$ suffici5t "t to become firmly root$2 = already great political ev5ts 7 imp5d+ :i* )9 a few decades 7 to lay ! mighty empire 9 ru9s4 ,9 ,india1 on ! o!r h&1 ! in/itution ( ca/e--ev5 if artificially contriv$ & impos$ by ! ,indo-,aryan prie/ & rul]--_h at lea/ ample "t all[$ x to become firmly e/abli%$ 9 ! social habits1 & ev5 9 ! affections1 ( ! p4 ,at ! same "t1 "o c\ld m easily und]/& h[ su* a sy/em c\ld h f\nd g5]al acceptance all ov] ! ,dravidian region ( s\!rn ,india1 ) its m]e/ spr9kl+ ( ,aryan blood1 if x 7 possible to assume t class arrangem5ts ( a simil> k9d mu/ h already be5 preval5t among/ ! aborig9al tribes prior to ! adv5t ( ! ,aryan4 ,:e!r a m intimate acqua9tance ) ! mann]s & cu/oms ( ^? rude tribes t h hi!rto kept !mselves comp>atively free f ,h9du influ5ces may yet ?r[ "s light on ?is "q1 rema9s to be se54 ,b1 by ?is z x may1 ! in/itution ( ca/e1 :5 once e/abli%$1 c]ta9ly appe>s to h gone on /eadily develop+2 & n ev5 ! long p]iod ( ,buddhi/ asc5dancy1 ) its uncompromis+ resi/ance to ! ,brahman's claim to be+ ! sole arbit] 9 matt]s ( fai?1 seems to h _h any v appreciable ret>dant effect ^u ! progress ( ! movem5t4 ,x 0 n only by ! =mation ( ev] new endogam\s ca/es & sub-ca/es t ! sy/em ga9$ 9 ext5t & intricacy1 b ev5 m s by ! con/ant subdivision ( ! ca/es into num]\s exogam\s gr\ps or septs1 !mselves (t5 involv+ gradations ( social /atus important en\gh to s]i\sly affect ! possibility ( int]m>riage1 already hamp]$ by v>i\s o!r re/rictions4 ,?us a man wi%+ to m>ry 8 son or daught] _h to look = a suitable mat* outside 8 sept1 b )9 8 ca/e4 ,b :il/ = 8 son he might *oose a wife f a l[] sept ?an 8 own1 = 8 daught]1 on ! o!r h&1 ! law ( hyp]gamy compell$ him1 if at all possible1 to f9d a husb& 9 a high] sept4 ,?is w\ld naturally lead to an excess ( wom5 ov] m5 9 ! high] septs1 & w\ld r5d] x difficult = a man to get 8 daught] respectably m>ri$ )\t pay+ a high price = a suitable bridegroom & incurr+ o!r heavy m>riage exp5ses4 ,x c h>dly be d\bt$ t ?is cu/om has be5 l>gely responsible = ! crime ( female infanticide1 =m]ly s preval5t 9 ,india2 z x also probably is to "s ext5t = infant m>riages1 /ill too common 9 "s p>ts ( ,india1 especially ,b5gal2 & ev5 = ! all b univ]sal repugnance to ! re-m>riage ( wid[s1 ev5 :5 ^! _h be5 m>ri$ 9 e>ly *ildhood & _h nev] jo9$ _! husb&s4 ,yet violations ( ^! rules are jeal\sly wat*$ by ! o!r memb]s ( ! sept1 & are liable--9 accordance ) ! g5]al cu/om 9 :i* communal matt]s are regulat$ 9 ,india--to be br\ght be=e a special c\ncil 7pan*ayat71 orig9ally consi/+ ( five 7pan*a71 b n[ no long] limit$ to t numb]1 s9ce x is *iefly ! great] or less /rictness 9 ! obs]vance ( ca/e rules & ! or?odox c]emonial g5]ally t det]m9e ! /atus ( ! sept 9 ! social scale ( ! ca/e4 ,:il/ community ( occupation 0 an important factor 9 ! orig9al =mation ( non-tribal ca/es1 ! practical exig5cies ( life h l$ to consid]able laxity 9 ?is respect--n lea/ s 9 ! case ( ,brahmans :o h (t5 _h to take to call+s :i* w\ld seem altoge!r incompatible ) ! prop] spiritual functions ( _! ca/e4 ,?us1 ! prejudice aga9/ eat+ cook$ food t has be5 t\*$ by a man ( an inf]ior ca/e is s /rong t1 al?\gh ! ,%a/ras d n prohibit ! eat+ ( food cook$ by a ,k%atriya or ,vaisya1 yet ! ,brahmans1 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 w\ld n eat su* food4 ,= ^! reasons1 e ,h9du h\sehold--:e!r ,brahman1 ,k%atriya or ,sudra--t c af=d to keep a paid cook g5]ally ent]ta9s ! s]vices ( a ,brahman = ! p]=mance ( its cuis9e--! result be+ t 9 ! l>g] t[ns ! v "n ( ,brahman has suff]$ a /range degradation ( late1 s z to mean only a cook 7,jog5dra ,na? ,bhatta*>ya1 ,h9du ,ca/es & ,sects74 ,9 ?is ca/e1 h[ev]1 z 9 all o!rs1 !re are c]ta9 k9ds ( occupation to :i* a memb] c\ld n turn = a livelihood )\t incurr+ s]i\s defilem5t4 ,9 fact1 adh]5ce to ! traditional c]emonial & respectability ( occupation g v mu* h&-9-h&4 ,?us1 among/ agricultural ca/es1 ^? engag$ 9 vegetable-gr[+ or m>ket-g>d5+ are inf]ior to ! g5u9e peasant or yeoman1 su* z ! ,jat & ,rajput2 :il/ ( ^! ! ,jat :o practises wid[-m>riage ranks bel[ ! ,rajput :o prides himself on 8 tradition ( c]emonial or?odoxy--?\gh racially !re seems little1 if any1 diff]5ce betwe5 ! two2 & ! ,rajput1 aga91 is look$ d[n ^u by ! ,babhan ( ,beh> because he does n1 l himself1 scruple to h&le ! pl\gh1 in/ead ( inv>iably employ+ l[-ca/e m5 = ?is manual lab\r4 ,s also :5 memb]s ( ! ,baidya1 or physician1 ca/e ( ,b5gal1 rang+ next to t ( ! ,brahman1 f>m l& on t5ure1 !y w on no acc\nt hold ! pl\gh1 or engage 9 any =m ( manual lab\r1 & ?us necess>ily c>ry on _! cultivation by means ( hir$ s]vants 7,h4 ,h4 ,risley1 ,c5sus ,report74 ,! scale ( social prec$5ce z recogniz$ by native public op9ion is concisely review$ 7ib47 z reveal+ itself 9 ! facts t p>ticul> ca/es are suppos$ to be mod]n repres5tatives ( "o or o!r ( ! orig9al ca/es ( ! !oretical ,h9du sy/em2 t ,brahmans w take wat] f c]ta9 ca/es2 t ,brahmans ( high /&+ w s]ve p>ticul> ca/es2 t c]ta9 ca/es1 ?\gh n s]v$ by ! be/ ,brahmans1 h nev]!less got ,brahmans ( _! own ^: rank v>ies accord+ to circum/ances2 t c]ta9 ca/es are n s]v$ by ,brahmans at all b h prie/s ( _! own2 t ! /atus ( c]ta9 ca/es has be5 rais$ by _! tak+ to infant-m>riage or ab&on+ ! re-m>riage ( wid[s2 t ! /atus ( o!rs has be5 modifi$ by _! pursu+ "s occupations 9 a special or peculi> way2 t "s c claim ! s]vices ( ! village b>b]1 ! village palanqu9-be>]1 ! village midwife1 c41 :ile o!rs _c2 t "s ca/es may n ent] ! c\rty>ds ( c]ta9 temples2 t "s ca/es are subject to special taboos1 su* z t !y mu/ n use ! village well1 or may draw wat] only ) _! own vessels1 t !y mu/ live outside ! village or 9 a sep>ate qu>t]1 t !y mu/ leave ! road on ! approa* ( a high-ca/e man & mu/ call out to give w>n+ ( _! approa*4 444 ,! fir/ po9t to obs]ve is ! pr$om9ance ?r\gh\t ,india ( ! influ5ce ( ! traditional sy/em ( f\r orig9al ca/es4 ,9 e s*eme ( gr\p+ ! ,brahman heads ! li/4 ,!n come ! ca/es :om popul> op9ion accepts z ! mod]n repres5tatives ( ! ,k%atriyas2 & ^! are foll[$ by ! m]cantile gr\ps suppos$ to be ak9 to ! ,vaisyas4 ,:5 we leave ! high] circles ( ! twice-born1 ! difficulty ( f9d+ a uni=m basis ( classification becomes app>5t4 ,! anci5t designation ,sudra f9ds no great fav\r 9 mod]n times1 & we c po9t to no gr\p t is g5]ally recogniz$ z repres5t+ x4 ,! t]m is us$ 9 ,bombay1 ,madras & ,b5gal to d5ote a consid]able numb] ( ca/es ( mod]ate respectability1 ! high] ( :om are consid]$ 'clean' ,sudras1 :ile ! precise /atus ( ! l[] is a "q :i* l5ds itself to endless controv]sy4 444 ,9 nor!rn & nor?-we/]n ,india1 on ! o!r h&1 ! grade next bel[ ! twice-born rank is occupi$ by a numb] ( ca/es f ^: h&s ,brahmans & memb]s ( ! high] ca/es w take wat] & c]ta9 k9ds ( sweetmeats4 ,bel[ ^! aga9 is r an indet]m9ate gr\p f :om wat] is tak5 by "s ( ! high] ca/es1 n by o!rs4 ,fur!r d[n1 :]e ! te/ ( wat] no long] applies1 ! /atus ( ! ca/e dep5ds on ! nature ( its occupation & its habits 9 respect ( diet4 ,!re are ca/es ^: t\* defiles ! twice-born1 b :o d n commit ! cr[n+ enormity ( eat+ beef4444 ,9 we/]n & s\!rn ,india ! idea t ! social /ate ( a ca/e dep5ds on :e!r ,brahmans w take wat] & sweetmeats f its memb]s is unkn[n1 = ! high] ca/es w z a rule take wat] only f p]sons ( _! own ca/e & sub-ca/e4 ,9 ,madras especially ! idea ( c]emonial pollution by ! proximity ( an unclean ca/e has be5 develop$ ) mu* elaboration4 ,?us ! table ( social prec$5ce atta*$ to ! ,co*9 report %[s t :ile a ,nay> c pollute a man ( a high] ca/e only by t\*+ him1 p ( ! ,kammalan gr\p1 includ+ masons1 blacksmi?s1 c>p5t]s & work]s 9 lea!r1 pollute at a di/ance ( #bd ft41 toddy-draw]s at #cf ft41 ,pulayan or ,*]uman cultivators at #dh ft41 :ile 9 ! case ( ! ,p>aiyan 7,p>iahs7 :o eat beef ! range ( pollution is no less ?an #fd ft4 ,9 ?is bewild]+ maze ( social grades & class di/9ctions1 ! ,brahman1 z w h be5 se51 cont9ues to hold ! dom9ant position1 be+ respect$ & ev5 wor%ipp$ by all ! o!rs4 ,! m or?odox ,sudras c>ry _! v5]ation = ! prie/ly class to su* a degree t !y w n cross ! %ad[ ( a ,brahman1 & x is n unusual = !m to be "u a v[ n to eat any food 9 ! morn+1 be=e dr9k+ ,bipra*>anamrita1 i4e4 wat] 9 :i* ! toe ( a ,brahman has be5 dipp$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! pride ( ! ,brahmans is su* t !y d n b[ to ev5 ! images ( ! gods wor%ipp$ 9 a ,sudra's h\se by ,brahman prie/s 7,jog4 ,na? ,bh474 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 n a few classes ( ,brahmans :o1 = v>i\s reasons1 h become degrad$ f _! high /ation1 & =m$ sep>ate ca/es ) :om respectable ,brahmans refuse to int]m>ry & consort4 ,*ief among/ ^! are ! ,brahmans :o m9i/] = unclean ,sudras & l[] ca/es1 includ+ ! mak]s & deal]s 9 spiritu\s liquors2 z well z ^? :o (ficiate at ! great public %r9es or places ( pilgrimage :]e !y might be liable to accept =bidd5 gifts1 &1 z a matt] ( fact1 (t5 amass consid]able weal?2 & ^? :o (ficiate z paid prie/s at cremations & fun]al rites1 :5 ! we>+ app>el & b$d+ ( ! deceas$ are n unfrequ5tly claim$ by !m z _! p]quisites4 ,z reg>ds ! o!r two twice-born ca/es1 sev]al mod]n gr\ps d inde$ claim to be _! direct desc5dants1 & 9 v9dication ( _! title make x a po9t to p]=m ! upanayana c]emony & to we> ! sacr$ ?read4 ,b ?\gh ! ,brahmans1 too1 w (t5 acquiesce 9 ! reasonabl5ess ( su* claims1 x is probably only z a matt] ( policy t !y d s1 :il/ 9 reality !y reg>d ! o!r two high] ca/es z hav+ long s9ce disappe>$ & be5 m]g$ by misceg5ation 9 ! ,sudra mass4 ,h5ce1 9 ! lat] classical ,sanskrit lit]ature1 ! t]m dvija1 or twice-born1 is us$ simply z a synonym = a ,brahman4 ,z reg>ds ! num]\s gr\ps includ$ "u ! t]m ( ,sudras1 ! di/9ction betwe5 clean & unclean ,sudras is ( especial importance = ! upp] classes1 inasmu* z only ! =m]--( :om n9e di/9ct ca/es are usually recogniz$--are z a rule consid]$ fit = employm5t 9 h\sehold s]vice4 ,!ology4 ,! picture ?us pres5t$ by ,h9du society--z made up ( a confus$ cong]ies ( social gr\ps ( ! mo/ v>i$ /&+1 ea* held toge!r & kept sep>ate f o!rs by a traditional body ( c]emonial rules & by ! notion ( social gradations be+ due to a div9ely in/itut$ ord] ( ?+s--f9ds some?+ l a c\nt]p>t 9 ! religi\s life ( ! p4 ,z 9 ! social sph]e1 s also 9 ! sph]e ( religi\s belief1 we f9d ! :ole scale ( types repres5t$ f ! l[e/ to ! highe/2 & "h z !re1 we meet ) ! same failure ( weld+ ! confus$ mass into a well-ord]$ :ole4 ,9 _! !ory ( a triple manife/ation ( an imp]sonal deity1 ! ,brahmanical !ologians1 z we h se51 _h inde$ elaborat$ a doctr9e :i* might h seem$ to =m a reasonable1 au?oritative cre$ = a community already /rongly imbu$ ) pan!i/ic notions2 yet1 at be/1 t cre$ c\ld only appeal to ! sympa?ies ( a comp>atively limit$ portion ( ! p4 ,inde$1 ! sac]dotal class !mselves _h made its univ]sal acceptance an impossibility1 see+ t _! laws1 by :i* ! relations ( ! classes 7 to be regulat$1 aim$ at p]man5tly exclud+ ! entire body ( aborig9al tribes f ! religi\s life ( _! ,aryan ma/]s4 ,!y 7 to be left = all "t com+ to _! own traditional idolatr\s notions & practices4 ,h[ev]1 ! two races c\ld n1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 be p]man5tly kept sep>ate f ea* o!r4 ,inde$1 ev5 prior to ! def9ite e/abli%m5t ( ! ca/e-sy/em1 ! m+l+ ( ! l[] race ) ! upp] classes1 especially ) ! ari/ocratic l&[n]s & /ill m s ) ! yeomanry1 _h probably be5 go+ on to su* an ext5t z to h result$ 9 two fairly well-def9$ int]m$iate types ( col\r betwe5 ! prie/ly ord] & ! s]vile race & to h facilitat$ ! ultimate division into f\r col\rs 7v>na74 ,9 c\rse ( "t ! process ( int]m+l+1 z we h se51 assum$ su* proportions t ! prie/ly class1 9 _! pride ( blood1 felt naturally tempt$ to recognize1 z ( old1 only two col\rs1 ! ,aryan ,brahman & ! non-,aryan ,sudra4 ,"u ^! conditions ! religi\s practices ( ! l[] race c\ld h>dly h fail$ 9 ! long run to tell s]i\sly ^u ! spiritual life ( ! lay body ( ! ,brahmanical community4 ,to :at ext5t ?is may h be5 ! case1 our limit$ k ( ! e>ly phases ( ! sect>ian wor%ip ( ! p does n enable u to det]m9e4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! same process ( racial int]mixture also t5d$ to gradually draw ! l[] race m or less "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,brahmanical =ms ( wor%ip1 & ?us contribut$ t[>ds ! %ap+ ( ! religi\s sy/em ( mod]n ,h9duism4 ,! grossly idolatr\s practices1 h[ev]1 /ill s l>gely preval5t 9 ! ,dravidian ,s\?1 %[ h[ sup]ficial1 aft] all1 t influ5ce has be5 9 ^? p>ts ( ,india :]e ! admixture ( ,aryan blood has be5 s slight z to h practically _h no effect on ! racial *>act]i/ics ( ! p4 ,^! pres5t-day practices1 & ! attitude ( ! ,brahman t[>ds !m1 help at all ev5ts to expla9 ! av]sion ) :i* ! /range rites ( ! subject$ tribes 7 look$ ^u by ! wor%ipp]s ( ! ,v$ic pan!on4 ,at ! same "t1 9 judg+ ! app>5tly inhuman way 9 :i* ! ,sudras 7 treat$ 9 ! ca/e rules1 "o has always to be> 9 m9d ! fact t ! belief 9 metempsy*osis 0 already univ]sal at ! "t1 & seem$ to af=d ! only rational explanation ( ! app>5t inju/ice involv$ 9 ! unequal di/ribution ( ! good ?+s 9 ?is _w2 & t1 if ! ,sudra 0 /rictly exclud$ f ! religi\s rites & beliefs ( ! sup]ior classes1 ?is exclusion 9 no way involv$ ! "q ( 8 ultimate emancipation & 8 union ) ! ,inf9ite ,_s1 :i* 7 z c]ta9 9 8 case z 9 t ( any o!r s5ti5t be+4 ,:at x did make impossible = him 0 to atta9 t union imm$iately on ! cessation ( 8 pres5t life1 z he w\ld fir/ h to pass ?r\gh high] & pur] /ages ( mundane exi/5ce be=e rea*+ t goal2 b 9 ?is respect he only %>$ ! lot ( all b a v few ( ! sa9tlie/ 9 ! high] sph]es ( life1 s9ce ! ord9>y twice-born w\ld be liable to s9k1 aft] 8 pres5t life1 to grades yet l[] ?an t ( ! ,sudra4 ,to :at ext5t ! *anges1 :i* ! religi\s belief ( ! ,aryan classes und]w5t 9 po/-,v$ic times1 may h be5 due to aborig9al influ5ces is a "q n easily answ]$1 ?\gh ! lat] cre$s (f] only too _m features 9 :i* "o might feel incl9$ to suspect influ5ces ( t k9d4 ,! lit]>y docum5ts1 bo? 9 ,sanskrit & ,pali1 dat+ f ab\t ! "t ( ,buddha onw>ds--p>ticul>ly ! two epic poems1 ! ,mahabh>ata & ,ramayana--/ill %[ u 9 ! ma9 ! p]sonnel ( ! old pan!on2 b ! "* ( ! gods has *ang$2 !y h become an?ropomorphiz$ & almo/ purely my?ological figures4 ,a numb] ( ! *ief gods1 sometimes f\r1 b g5]ally eight ( !m1 n[ appe> z lokapalas or _w-gu>dians1 hav+ def9ite qu>t]s or int]m$iate qu>t]s ( ! compass assign$ to !m z _! special doma9s4 ,"o ( !m1 ,kub]a1 ! god ( weal?1 is a new figure2 :il/ ano!r1 ,v>una1 ! mo/ spiritual & e?ical ( ,v$ic deities--! k+ ( ! gods & ! univ]se2 ! nightly1 />-spangl$ firmam5t--has become ! ,indian ,neptune1 ! god ( wat]s4 ,indra1 _! *ief1 is virtually a k9d ( sup]ior raja1 resid+ 9 sv>ga1 & z su* is on visit+ t]ms ) e>?ly k+s1 driv+ ab\t 9 mid-air ) 8 *>iote] ,matali4 ,z might happ5 to any e>?-"l1 ,indra is actually defeat$ 9 battle by ! son ( ! demon-k+ ( ,lanka 7,ceylon71 & kept !re a prison] till ransom$ by ,brahma & ! gods conf]r+ immortality on 8 conqu]or4 ,a qua9t figure 9 ! pan!on ( ! h]oic age is ,hanuman1 ! deifi$ *ief ( monkeys--probably meant to repres5t ! aborig9al tribes ( s\!rn ,india--^: wond]ful exploits z ,rama's ally on ! exp$ition to ,lanka ,indian audi5ces w nev] we>y ( he>+ rec\nt$4 ,! ,g&h>vas figure already 9 ! ,v$a1 ei!r z a s+le div9ity1 or z a class ( g5ii1 conceiv$ ( z ! body-gu>d ( ,soma & z connect$ ) ! moon4 ,9 ! lat] ,v$ic times !y are repres5t$ z be+ fond (1 & dang]\s to1 wom52 ! ,aps>as1 app>5tly orig9ally wat]-nymphs1 be+ closely associat$ ) !m4 ,9 ! h]oic age ! ,g&h>vas h become ! heav5ly m9/rels ply+ _! art at ,indra's c\rt1 ) ! ,aps>as z _! wives or mi/resses4 ,^! fair damsels play1 h[ev]1 yet ano!r "p1 & "o f> f complim5t>y to ! dignity ( ! gods4 ,9 ! epics consid]able m]it is atta*$ to a life ( seclusion & ascetic practices by means ( :i* man is consid]$ capable ( acquir+ sup]natural p[]s equal or ev5 sup]ior to ^? ( ! gods--a notion p]haps n unnaturally spr++ f ! pan!i/ic conception4 ,n[1 9 cases ( dang] be+ ?reat5$ to _! own asc5dancy by su* practices1 ! gods z a rule proce$ to employ ! usually successful exp$i5t ( despat*+ "s lovely nymph to lure ! sa9tly m5 back to worldly pleasures4 ,see+ t ! epic poems1 z repeat$ by pr(essional recit]s1 ei!r 9 _! orig9al ,sanskrit text1 or 9 _! v]nacul> v]sions1 z well z dramatic compositions bas$ on !m1 =m to ?is day ! *ief s\rce ( intellectual enjoym5t = mo/ ,h9dus1 ! leg5d>y matt] conta9$ 9 ^! h]oic poems1 h[ev] m>vell\s & incr$ible x may appe>1 /ill ent]s l>gely into ! religi\s convictions ( ! p4 ,^! popul> recitals f ! ,ramayan are done into ,guj>ati 9 easy1 fl[+ n>rative v]se 444 by ,preman&1 ! sweete/ ( our b>ds4 ,!y are read out by an intellig5t ,brahman to a mix$ audi5ce ( all classes & bo? sexes4 ,x has a p]ceptible influ5ce on ! ,h9du "*4 ,i believe ! rem>kable fre$om f infidelity :i* is to be se5 9 mo/ ,h9du families1 9 spite ( _! /range greg>i\s habits1 c be trac$ to t influ5ce2 & little wond] 7,b4 ,m4 ,malab>i1 ,guj>at & ! ,guj>atis74 ,h5ce also ! univ]sal rev]5ce paid to s]p5ts 7naga7 s9ce ^? e>ly days2 ?\gh :e!r x simply arose f ! sup]/iti\s dread inspir$ by ! insidi\s reptile s fatal to man 9 ,india1 or :e!r ! v]bal co9cid5ce ) ! "n ( ! once-p[]ful non-,aryan tribe ( ,nagas _h some?+ to d ) x mu/ rema9 d\btful4 ,indian my? repres5ts !m z a race ( demons sprung f ,kadru1 ! wife ( ! sage ,kasyapa1 ) a jewel 9 _! heads :i* gives !m _! sp>kl+ look2 & inhabit+ "o ( ! sev5 beautiful worlds bel[ ! e>? 7& above ! hells71 :]e !y are rul$ ov] by ?ree *iefs or k+s1 ,se%a1 ,vasuki & ,tak%aka2 _! fair daught]s (t5 ent]+ into matrimonial alliances ) m51 l ! m]maids ( we/]n leg5d4 ,9 addition to su* ess5tially my?ological conceptions1 we meet 9 ! religi\s life ( ?is p]iod ) an elem5t ( m s]i\s aspect 9 ! two gods1 on "o or o!r ( :om ! religi\s f]v\r ( ! l>ge majority ( ,h9dus has ev] s9ce conc5trat$ itself1 viz4 ,vi%nu & ,siva4 ,bo? ^! div9e figures h gr[n out ( ,v$ic conceptions--! g5ial ,vi%nu ma9ly out ( a n v prom95t sol> deity ( ! same "n2 :il/ ! /]n ,siva1 i4e4 ! k9d or graci\s "o--d\btless a euphemi/ic "n--has 8 prototype 9 ! old fi]ce /orm-god ,rudra1 ! ,ro>]1 ) c]ta9 additional features d]iv$ f o!r deities1 especially ,pu%an1 ! gu>dian ( flocks & be/[] ( prosp]ity1 work$ up !re)4 ,! exact process ( ! evolution ( ! two deities & _! advance 9 popul> fav\r are /ill some:at obscure4 ,9 ! epic poems :i* may be assum$ to h tak5 _! f9al %ape 9 ! e>ly c5turies be=e & aft] ! ,*ri/ian era1 _! popul> "*1 s /rik+ly illu/rat$ by _! inclusion 9 ! ,brahmanical triad1 appe>s 9 full =ce2 :il/ _! cult is likewise atte/$ by ! co9s & inscriptions ( ! e>ly c5turies ( our era4 ,! co-ord9ation ( ! two gods 9 ! ,trimurti does n by any means exclude a c]ta9 rivalry betwe5 !m2 b1 on ! contr>y1 a supreme position z ! true embodim5t ( ! ,div9e ,_s is claim$ = ea* ( !m by _! respective vot>ies1 )\t1 h[ev]1 an hon\rable1 if subord9ate1 place be+ refus$ to ! rival deity1 :]ev] ! latt]1 z is n infrequ5tly ! case1 is n actually repres5t$ z m]ely ano!r =m ( ! fav\r$ god4 ,:il/ at times a truly mono!i/ic f]v\r manife/s itself 9 ! adoration ( ^! two gods1 ! poly!i/ic in/9cts ( ! p did n fail to ext5d ! pan!on by gr\ps ( new deities 9 connexion ) !m4 ,two ( su* new gods actually pass z ! sons ( ,siva & 8 consort ,p>vati1 viz4 ,sk&a--also call$ ,kum>a 7! y\?71 ,k>ttikeya1 or ,subrahmanya 79 ! s\?7--! six-head$ w>-"l ( ! gods2 & ,ganese1 ! "l 7or lead]7 ( ,siva's tr\pes ( att5dants1 be+ at ! same "t ! elephant-head$1 paun*-belli$ god ( wisdom2 :il/ a ?ird1 ,kama 7,kamadeva7 or ,k&>pa1 ! god ( love1 gets 8 popul> epi!t ( ,ananga1 ! bodiless1 f 8 hav+ once1 9 frolicsome play1 tri$ ! p[] ( 8 arr[s ^u ,siva1 :il/ engag$ 9 au/]e practices1 :5 a s+le glance f ! ?ird 7=ehead7 eye ( ! angry god r$uc$ ! mis*iev\s ur*9 to a%es4 ,= 8 *ief att5dant1 ! great god 7,mahadeva1 ,mahesv>a7 has already ) him ! holy ,n&i--presumably1 ?\gh 8 %ape is n specifi$1 id5tical 9 =m z 9 "n ) ,siva's sacr$ bull ( lat] times1 ! appropriate symbol ( ! god's reproductive p[]4 ,b1 9 ?is respect1 we also meet 9 ! epics ) ! fir/ cle> evid5ce ( :at 9 aft] "t became ! prom95t feature ( ! wor%ip ( ,siva & 8 consort all ov] ,india1 viz4 ! feature repres5t$ by ! l+a1 or phallic symbol4 ,z reg>ds ,vi%nu1 ! epic poems1 includ+ ! supplem5t to ! ,mahabh>ata1 ! ,h>ivamsa1 supply practically ! entire framework ( leg5d>y matt] on :i* ! lat] ,vai%nava cre$s are bas$4 ,! !ory ( ,avat>as :i* makes ! deity--also v>i\sly call$ ,n>ayana1 ,puru%ottama1 or ,vasudeva--p]iodically assume "s mat]ial =m 9 ord] to rescue ! _w f "s great calamity1 is fully develop$2 ! t5 univ]sally recogniz$ desc5ts be+ enum]at$ 9 ! l>g] poem4 ,?\gh ,siva1 too1 assumes v>i\s =ms1 ! inc>nation !ory is peculi>ly *>act]i/ic ( ,vai%navism2 & ! fact t ! pr9cipal h]o ( ! ,ramayana 7,rama71 & "o ( ! prom95t w>riors ( ! ,mahabh>ata 7,kri%na7 become 9 ?is way id5tifi$ ) ! supreme god1 & rema9 to ?is day ! *ief objects ( ! adoration ( ,vai%nava sect>ies1 naturally imp>ts to ^! cre$s a human int]e/ & sympa!tic aspect :i* is :olly want+ 9 ! wor%ip ( ,siva4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 un=tunately b too true t 9 "s ( ^! cre$s ! devotional ard\r has develop$ features ( a highly objectionable "*4 ,ev5 grant+ ! reasonabl5ess ( ! triple manife/ation ( ! ,div9e ,_s1 h[ is "o to reconcile all ^! idolatr\s practices1 ?is wor%ip ( c\ntless gods & godl+s1 demons & spirits indwell+ 9 e imag9able object r\nd ab\t u1 ) ! pan!i/ic doctr9e ( ! ,ekam ,advitiyam1 ! ,"o )\t a ,second8 ,! ,indian !osophi/ w\ld d\btless h little difficulty 9 answ]+ t "q4 ,= him !re is only ! ,"o ,absolute ,be+1 ! "o reality t is all 9 all2 :il/ all ! ph5om5al exi/5ces & occurr5ces t cr[d ^u our s5ses are no?+ m ?an an illusion ( ! individual s\l e/rang$ = a "t f its div9e s\rce--an illusion only to be dispell$ 9 ! end by ! s\l's full] k ( its own true nature & its be+ "o ) ! et]nal f\nta9 ( blissful be+4 ,b to ! man ( ord9>y und]/&+1 unus$ to ! r>efi$ atmosph]e ( ab/ract ?\ght1 ?is conception ( a transc5d5tal1 imp]sonal ,_s & ! unreality ( ! ph5om5al _w c h no mean+3 :at he requires is a deity t /&s 9 intimate relation to ?+s mat]ial & to all t affects man's life4 ,h5ce ! exot]ic !ory ( manife/ations ( ! ,supreme ,_s2 & t n only ! manife/ations impli$ 9 ! triad ( gods repres5t+ ! c>d9al processes ( mundane exi/5ce--creation1 pres]vation1 & de/ruction or reg5]ation--b ev5 su* z w\ld t5d to supply a rational explanation = sup]/iti\s imag9+s ( e k9d4 ,= ! ,indian philosophy does n ignore or hold alo( f ! religion ( ! masses3 x und]lies1 supports & int]prets _! poly!ism4 ,?is may be acc\nt$ ! key/one ( ! fabric ( ,brahmanism1 :i* accepts & ev5 enc\rages ! rude/ =ms ( idolatry1 expla9+ ev]y?+ by giv+ x a high] mean+4 ,x treats all ! wor%ips z outw>d1 visible signs ( "s spiritual tru?1 & is ready to %[ h[ ea* p>ticul> image or rite is ! symbol ( "s aspect ( univ]sal div9ity4 ,! ,h9dus1 l ! pagans ( antiquity1 adore natural objects & =ces--a m\nta91 a riv] or an animal4 ,! ,brahman holds all nature to be ! ve/ure or cloak ( indwell+1 div9e en]gy1 :i* inspires ev]y?+ t produces awe or passes man's und]/&+ 7,sir ,alfr$ ,c4 ,lyall1 ,brahm9ism74 ,sect>ianism4 ,dur+ ! e>ly c5turies ( our era1 :il/ ,buddhism1 :]e c\nt5anc$ by ! political rul]s1 0 /ill hold+ its own by ! side ( ,brahmanism1 sect>ian belief 9 ! ,h9du gods seems to h made /eady progress4 ,! ca/e-sy/em1 always calculat$ to fav\r unity ( religi\s practice )9 its social gr\ps1 mu/ naturally h contribut$ to ! advance ( sect>ianism4 ,ev5 great] 0 ! support x receiv$ lat] on f ! ,puranas1 a class ( poetical works ( a p>tly leg5d>y1 p>tly discursive & controv]sial "*1 ma9ly compos$ 9 ! int]e/ ( special deities1 ( :i* eighte5 pr9cipal 7maha-purana7 & z _m second>y ones 7upa-purana7 are recogniz$1 ! olde/ ( :i* may g back to ab\t ! #d? c5tury ( our era4 ,x 0 probably also dur+ ?is p]iod t ! female elem5t 0 fir/ def9itely admitt$ to a prom95t place among/ ! div9e objects ( sect>ian wor%ip1 9 ! %ape ( ! wives ( ! pr9cipal gods view$ z _! sakti1 or female en]gy1 !oretically id5tifi$ ) ! ,maya1 or cosmic ,illusion1 ( ! ideali/ic ,v$anta1 & ! ,prakriti1 or pla/ic matt]1 ( ! mat]iali/ic ,sankhya philosophy1 z ! prim>y s\rce ( mundane ?+s4 ,! connubial relations ( ! deities may ?us be consid]$ to typify ! my/ical union ( ! two et]nal pr9ciples1 _s & matt]1 = ! production & reproduction ( ! univ]se4 ,b :il/ ?is privilege ( div9e wor%ip 0 claim$ = ! consorts ( all ! gods1 x is pr9cipally to ,siva's consort1 9 "o or o!r ( h] num]\s =ms1 t adoration on an ext5sive scale came to be (f]$ by a special sect ( vot>ies1 ! ,saktas4 ,sank>a4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ^! conflict+ t5d5cies1 an attempt 0 made1 ab\t ! latt] "p ( ! #h? c5tury1 by ! di/+ui%$ ,malab> !ologian & philosoph] ,sank>a ,a*>ya to re/ore ! ,brahmanical cre$ to some?+ l its pri/9e purity1 & ?us once m to br+ ab\t a uni=m sy/em ( or?odox ,h9du belief4 ,?\gh himself1 l mo/ ,brahmans1 app>5tly by pr$ilection a foll[] ( ,siva1 8 aim 0 ! revival ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,brahma z ! "o self-exi/5t ,be+ & ! sole cause ( ! univ]se2 c\pl$ ) ! recognition ( ! practical wor%ip ( ! or?odox pan!on1 especially ! gods ( ! ,trimurti1 z manife/ations ( ! supreme deity4 ,! practical result ( 8 lab\rs 0 ! f\ndation ( a new sect1 ! ,sm>tas1 i4e4 adh]5ts ( ! smriti or tradition1 :i* has a num]\s foll[+ among/ s\!rn ,brahmans1 &1 :il/ pr(ess+ ,sank>a's doctr9es1 is usually class$ z "o ( ! ,saiva sects1 its memb]s adopt+ ! horizontal sect>ial m>k peculi> to ,saivas1 consi/+ 9 _! case ( a triple l9e1 ! tripundra1 prep>$ f ! a%es ( burnt c[-dung & pa9t$ on ! =ehead4 ,sank>a also f\nd$ f\r ,ma?s1 or conv5ts1 = ,brahmans2 ! *ief "o be+ t ( ,sr+]i 9 ,mysore1 ! spiritual head 7,guru7 ( :i* wields consid]able p[]1 ev5 t ( excommunication1 ov] ! ,saivas ( s\!rn ,india4 ,9 nor!rn ,india1 ! pr(ess$ foll[]s ( ,sank>a are ma9ly limit$ to c]ta9 classes ( m5dicants & ascetics1 al?\gh ! t5ets ( ?is great ,v$anta tea*] may be said virtually to con/itute ! cre$ ( intellig5t ,brahmans g5]ally4 ,:il/ ,sank>a's *ief title to fame re/s on 8 philosophical works1 z ! uphold] ( ! /rict moni/ic !ory ( ,v$anta1 he d\btless play$ an important "p 9 ! p>tial remodell+ ( ! ,h9du sy/em ( belief at a "t :5 ,buddhism 0 rapidly los+ gr\nd 9 ,india4 ,n t !re is any evid5ce ( ,buddhi/s ev] hav+ be5 actually p]secut$ by ! ,brahmans1 or /ill less ( ,sank>a himself ev] hav+ done s2 b ! traditional belief 9 "s p]sonal god1 z ! pr9cipal repres5tative ( an invisible1 all-p]vad+ deity1 w\ld d\btless appeal m directly to ! m9ds & he>ts ( ! p ?an ! col\rless e?ical sy/em promulgat$ by ! ,sakya sa9t4 ,nor d ,buddhi/ places ( wor%ip appe> z a rule to h be5 de/roy$ by ,h9du sect>ies1 b !y seem r to h be5 tak5 ov] by !m = _! own religi\s uses2 at any rate !re are to ?is day n a few ,h9du %r9es1 especially 9 ,b5gal1 d$icat$ to ,dh>m>aj1 ! pr9ce ( righte\sness1 z ! ,buddha is commonly /yl$4 ,t ! t5ets & practices ( s *>act]i/ic a fai? z ,buddhism1 s long preval5t 9 ,india1 _c b h left _! m>ks on ,h9du life & belief may readily be assum$1 ?\gh x is n s easy to lay "o's f+] on ! precise features t might seem to betray su* an influ5ce4 ,if ! g5]al t5d]ness t[>ds animals1 bas$ on ! pr9ciple ( ahimsa1 or inflict+ no injury on s5ti5t be+s1 be due to ,buddhi/ tea*+1 t influ5ce mu/ h made itself felt at a comp>atively e>ly p]iod1 see+ t s5tim5ts ( a simil> nature are repeat$ly urg$ 9 ! ,code ( ,manu4 ,?us1 9 v4 #df-dh1 ,he :o does n will+ly cause ! pa9 ( conf9em5t & dea? to liv+ be+s1 b desires ! good ( all1 obta9s endless bliss4 ,he :o injures no creature obta9s )\t ef=t :at he ?9ks (1 :at he /rives =1 & :at he fixes 8 m9d on4 ,fle%-meat _c be procur$ )\t injury to animals1 & ! slaught] ( animals is n conducive to heav5ly bliss3 f fle%-meat1 !re=e1 let man ab/a94 ,moreov]1 9 view ( ! fact t ,ja9ism1 :i* orig9at$ ab\t ! same "t z ,buddhism1 inculcates ! same pr9ciple1 ev5 to an extravagant degree1 x seems by no means improbable t ! _s ( k9dl9ess t[>ds liv+ be+s g5]ally 0 already widely diffus$ among ! p :5 ^! new doctr9es 7 promulgat$4 ,to ! same t5d5cy d\btless is due ! gradual decl9e & ultimate discont9uance ( animal sacrifices by all sects except ! extreme bran* ( ,sakti-wor%ipp]s4 ,9 ?is respect1 ! v5]ation %[n to s]p5ts & monkeys has1 h[ev]1 to be view$ 9 a some:at diff]5t light1 z hav+ a my?ical backgr\nd2 :il/ q a special significance atta*es to ! sacr$ "* assign$ to ! c[ by all classes ( ,h9dus1 ev5 ^? :o are n prep>$ to admit ! claim ( ! ,brahman to ! exalt$ position ( ! e>?ly god usually conc$$ to him4 ,9 ! ,v$a no t5d5cy %[s itself z yet t[>ds r5d]+ div9e hon\r to ! c[2 & ?\gh ! importance assign$ h] 9 an agricultural community is easily und]/ood1 /ill ! exact process ( h] deification & h] id5tification ) ! "m e>? 9 ! "t ( ,manu & ! epics requires fur!r elucidation4 ,an idealiz$ type ( ! useful quadrup$--likewise (t5 id5tifi$ ) ! e>?--pres5ts itself 9 ! my?ical ,c[ ( ,pl5ty1 or wi%-c[ 7,kamadh5u1 or ,kamadugha1 i4e4 wi%-milk]71 already appe>+ 9 ! ,a?>vav$a1 & 9 epic times assign$ to ,indra1 or id5tifi$ ) ,surabhi1 ! fragrant1 ! sacr$ c[ ( ! sage ,vasi%?a4 ,possibly ! gr[? ( ! leg5d ( ,kri%na--8 be+ re>$ at ,gokula 7c[-/ation72 8 t5d] relations to ! gopis1 or c[-h]desses1 ( ,vr9davana2 8 epi!ts ,gopala1 ! c[h]d1 & ,gov9da1 c[-f9d]1 actually expla9$ z recov]] ( ! e>? 9 ! great epic1 & ! g-loka1 or c[-_w1 assign$ to him z 8 heav5ly abode--may h "s connexion ) ! sacr$ "* ascrib$ to ! c[ f e>ly times4 ,wor%ip4 ,s9ce ! "t ( ,sank>a1 or = m ?an a ?\s& ye>s1 ! gods ,vi%nu & ,siva1 or ,h>i & ,h>a z !y are also commonly call$--) _! wives1 especially t ( ! latt] god--h %>$ betwe5 !m ! practical wor%ip ( ! va/ majority ( ,h9dus4 ,b1 ?\gh ! p h ?us be5 divid$ betwe5 two diff]5t religi\s camps1 sect>ian animosity has ^u ! :ole kept )9 reasonable limits4 ,9 fact1 ! respectable ,h9du1 :il/ own+ special allegiance to "o ( ! two gods z 8 i%ta devata 7fav\rite deity71 w n )hold 8 tribute ( adoration f ! o!r gods ( ! pan!on4 ,! high-ca/e ,brahman w probably keep at 8 home a salagram /one1 ! fav\rite symbol ( ,vi%nu1 z well z ! *>act]i/ic emblems ( ,siva & 8 consort1 to bo? ( :i* he w d rev]5ce 9 ! morn+2 & :5 he visits "s holy place ( pilgrimage1 he w n fail to pay 8 homage at bo? ! ,saiva & ! ,vai%nava %r9es !re4 ,inde$1 sect>ian bigotry & exclusiv5ess are to be f\nd *iefly among ! pr(essional lead]s ( ! mod]n bro!rhoods & _! l[-ca/e foll[]s1 :o are taught to believe t !irs are ! only true gods1 & t ! re/ d n des]ve any rev]5ce :atev] 7,jog4 ,na?74 ,! same _s ( tol]ation %[s itself 9 ! celebration ( ! num]\s religi\s fe/ivals4 ,:il/ "s ( ^!--e4g4 ! ,sankranti 7call$ ,pongal1 i4e4 boil$ rice1 9 ! s\?71 :i* m>ks ! entrance ( ! sun into ! sign ( ,capricorn & ! beg9n+ ( its nor?w>d c\rse 7utt>ayana7 on ! #a/ day ( ! mon? ,magha 7c4 ,jan4 #ab72 ! ,ganesa-catur?i1 or #d? day ( ! light =tnight ( ,bhadra 7,augu/-,septemb]71 consid]$ ! bir?day ( ,ganesa1 ! god ( wisdom2 & ! ,holi1 ! ,indian ,saturnalia 9 ! mon? ( ,phalguna 7,febru>y to ,m>*7--h no?+ ( a sect>ian t5d5cy ab\t !m2 o!rs aga91 :i* are ( a di/9ctly sect>ian "*--su* z ! ,kri%na-janma%tami1 ! bir?day ( ,kri%na on ! #h? day ( ! d>k half ( ,bhadra1 or 79 ! s\?7 ( ,sravana 7,july-,augu/71 ! ,durga-puja & ! ,dipavali1 or lamp fea/1 celebrat+ ,kri%na's victory ov] ! demon ,n>akasura1 on ! la/ two days ( ,asv9a 7,septemb]-,octob]7--are likewise obs]v$ & he>tily jo9$ 9 by ! :ole community irrespective ( sect4 ,widely diff]5t1 h[ev]1 z is ! "* ( ! two lead+ gods are also ! modes ( wor%ip practis$ by _! vot>ies4 ,siva has at all times be5 ! fav\rite god ( ! ,brahmans1#e & 8 wor%ip is accord+ly m widely ext5d$ ?an t ( 8 rival1 especially 9 s\!rn ,india4 ,inde$ !re is h>dly a village 9 ,india :i* _c boa/ ( a %r9e d$icat$ to ,siva1 & conta9+ ! emblem ( 8 reproductive p[]2 = almo/ ! only =m 9 :i* ! ,great ,god is ador$ is ! ,l+a1 consi/+ usually ( an upright cyl9drical block ( m>ble or o!r /one1 mo/ly re/+ on a circul> p]=at$ slab4 ,! my/ic nature ( ^! emblems seems1 h[ev]1 to be b little und]/ood by ! common p2 &1 z ,h4 ,h4 ,wilson rem>ks1 not)/&+ ! ackn[l$g$ purport ( ?is wor%ip1 x is b ju/ice to /ate t x is unatt5d$ 9 ,upp] ,india by any indec5t or indelicate c]emonies1 & x requires a r lively imag9ation to trace any resemblance 9 its symbols to ! objects !y are suppos$ to repres5t4 ,9 spite1 h[ev]1 ( its wide diffusion1 & ! va/ numb] ( %r9es d$icat$ to x1 ! wor%ip ( ,siva has nev] assum$ a really popul> "*1 especially 9 nor!rn ,india1 be+ att5d$ ) sc>cely any solemnity or display ( emotional _s4 ,! temple1 :i* usually /&s 9 ! middle ( a c\rt1 is z a rule a build+ ( v mod]ate dim5sions1 consi/+ ei!r ( a s+le squ>e *amb]1 surm\nt$ by a pyramidal /ructure1 or ( a *amb] = ! l+a & a small ve/ibule4 ,! wor%ipp]1 hav+ fir/ circumambulat$ ! %r9e z (t5 z he pleases1 keep+ x at 8 "r-h& side1 /eps up to ! ?re%old ( ! sanctum1 & pres5ts 8 (f]+ ( fl[]s or fruit1 :i* ! (ficiat+ prie/ receives2 he !n pro/rates himself1 or m]ely lifts 8 h&s--jo9$ s z to leave a holl[ space betwe5 ! palms--to 8 =ehead1 mutt]+ a %ort pray]1 & takes 8 dep>ture4 ,among/ ! _m ?\s&s ( ,l+as1 twelve are usually reg>d$ z ( especial sanctity1 "o ( :i*1 t ( ,somna? 9 ,guj>at1 :]e ,siva is wor%ipp$ z ! "l ( ,soma1 01 h[ev]1 %att]$ by ,mahmud ( ,ghazni2 :il/ ano!r1 repres5t+ ,siva z ,visvesv>a1 or ,"l ( ! ,univ]se1 is ! *ief object ( adoration at ,b5>es1 ! great c5tre ( ,siva-wor%ip4 ,! ,saivas ( s\!rn ,india1 on ! o!r h&1 s+le out z peculi>ly sacr$ five ( _! temples :i* are suppos$ to en%r9e z _m *>act]i/ic aspects 7l+a7 ( ! god 9 ! =m ( ! five elem5ts1 ! mo/ holy ( ^! be+ ! %r9e ( ,*idamb>am 7i4e4 ?\ght-e!r7 9 ,s4 ,arcot1 suppos$ to conta9 ! e!r-l+a4 ,accord+ to ,p&it ,s4 ,m4 ,natesa 7,h9du ,fea/s1 ,fa/s & ,c]emonies71 ! sev]al =ms ( ! god ,siva 9 ^! sacr$ %r9es are consid]$ to be ! bodies or casem5ts ( ! s\l ^: natural bases are ! five elem5ts--e>?1 wat]1 fire1 air & e!r4 ,! appreh5sion ( ,god 9 ! la/ ( ^! five z e!r is1 accord+ to ! ,saiva s*ool ( philosophy1 ! highe/ =m ( wor%ip1 = x is n ! wor%ip ( ,god 9 a tangible =m1 b ! wor%ip ( :at1 to ord9>y m9ds1 is vacuum1 :i* nev]!less leads to ! atta9m5t ( a k ( ! all-p]vad+ )\t physical accessories 9 ! %ape ( any l+a1 :i* is1 aft] all1 an emblem4 ,t ?is is ! case at ,*idamb>am is kn[n to e ,h9du1 = if he ev] asks ! prie/s to %[ him ! ,god 9 ! temple he is po9t$ to an empty space 9 ! holy ( holies1 :i* has be5 t]m$ ! ,akasa1 or e!r-l+a4 ,b1 h[ev] cong5ial ?is ref9$ symbolism may be to ! wor%ipp] ( a speculative turn ( m9d1 x is difficult to see h[ x c\ld ev] satisfy ! religi\s wants ( ! common man little giv5 to ab/ract conceptions ( ?is k9d4 ,m5dicant ord]s4 ,f e>ly times1 deta*m5t f ! _w & ! practice ( au/]ities h be5 reg>d$ 9 ,india z peculi>ly conducive to a _s ( godl9ess1 & ultimately to a /ate ( ec/atic communion ) ! deity4 ,on ^! gr\nds x 0 actually laid d[n z a rule = a man solicit\s = 8 spiritual welf>e to pass ! la/ two ( ! f\r /ages 7asrama7 ( 8 life 9 su* conditions ( r5unciation & self-re/ra9t4 ,?\gh !re is h>dly a sect :i* has n contribut$ its %>e to ! elem5t ( religi\s m5dicancy & asceticism s preval5t 9 ,india1 x is 9 connexion ) ! ,siva-cult t ^! t5d5cies h be5 mo/ ext5sively cultivat$4 ,inde$1 ! p]sonality ( ! /]n ,god himself exhibits ?is feature 9 a v m>k$ degree1 :5ce ! t]m mahayogi or great ascetic is (t5 appli$ to him4 ,( ,saiva m5dicant & ascetic ord]s1 ! memb]s ( :i* are consid]$ m or less foll[]s ( ,sank>a ,a*>ya1 ! foll[+ may be m5tion$3 7#a7 ,d&is1 or /aff-be>]s1 :o c>ry a w& ) a piece ( r$ clo?1 conta9+ ! sacr$ cord1 atta*$ to x1 & also we> "o or m pieces ( clo? ( ! same col\r4 ,!y wor%ip ,siva 9 8 =m ( ,bhairava1 ! t]rible4 ,a sub-section ( ?is ord] are ! ,d&i ,dasnamis1 or ,d&i ( t5 names1 s call$ f _! assum+ "o ( ! names ( ,sank>a's f\r disciples1 & six ( _! pupils4 7#b7 ,yogis 7or popul>ly1 ,jogis71 i4e4 adh]5ts ( ! ,yoga philosophy & ! sy/em ( ascetic practices enjo9$ by x ) ! view ( m5tal ab/raction & ! suppos$ atta9m5t ( sup]human p[]s--practices :i*1 :5 n m]ely pret5d$1 b rigidly c>ri$ out1 are only too apt to produce vacuity ( m9d & wild fits ( fr5zy4 ,9 ^! deg5]ate days _! sup]natural p[]s consi/ *iefly 9 conjur+1 soo?-say+1 & feats ( juggl]y1 by :i* !y seldom fail 9 impos+ ^u a cr$ul\s public4 7#c7 ,sannyasis1 devotees :o r5\nce e>?ly conc]ns1 an ord] n conf9$ ei!r to ! ,brahmanical ca/e or to ! ,saiva p]suasion4 ,^? ( ! latt] are 9 ! habit ( sme>+ _! bodies ) a%es1 & we>+ a tig]-sk9 & a necklace or ros>y ( rudrak%a b]ries 7,elaeoc>pus ,ganitrus1 lit4 ,rudra's eye71 sacr$ to ,siva1 & all[+ _! hair to gr[ till x becomes matt$ & fil?y4 7#d7 ,p>ama-hamsas1 i4e4 supreme geese 7or swans71 a t]m appli$ to ! _w-s\l ) :i* !y claim to be id5tical4 ,?is is ! highe/ ord] ( asceticism1 memb]s ( :i* are suppos$ to be solely engag$ 9 m$itat+ on ! ,brahma1 & to be equally indiff]5t to pleasure or pa91 ins5sible ( heat or cold1 & incapable ( satiety or want4 ,"s ( !m g ab\t nak$1 b ! majority are clad l ! ,d&is4 7#e7 ,aghora ,pan?is1 a vile & disreputable class ( m5dicants1 n[ r>ely met )4 ,_! fil?y habits & disgu/+ practices ( gross promiscu\s fe$+1 ev5 to ! ext5t ( eat+ (fal & dead m5's fle%1 look almo/ l a direct repudiation ( ! /rict ,brahmanical code ( c]emonial purity & cleanl9ess1 & ( ! rules regulat+ ! matt] & mann] ( eat+ & dr9k+2 & !y c]ta9ly make !m objects ( loa?+ & t]ror :]ev] !y are se54 ,on ! g5]al effect ( ! mann] ( life l$ by ,sadhus or holy m51 a rec5t obs]v] 7,j4 ,c4 ,oman1 ,my/ics1 ,ascetics & ,sa9ts ( ,india1 p4 #bgc7 rem>ks3 ,sadhuism1 :e!r p]petuat+ ! peculi> idea ( ! effici5cy ( au/]ities = ! acquisition ( f>-rea*+ p[]s ov] natural ph5om5a1 or be>+ its te/imony to ! belief 9 ! indisp5sabl5ess ( deta*m5t f ! _w z a prep>ation = ! ineffable joy ( ec/atic communion ) ! ,div9e ,be+1 has und\bt$ly t5d$ to keep be=e m5's eyes1 z ! highe/ ideal1 a life ( purity1 self-re/ra9t1 & contempt ( ! _w & human affairs4 ,x has also necess>ily ma9ta9$ among/ ! laity a s5se ( ! righte\s claims ( ! poor ^u ! *>ity ( ! m afflu5t memb]s ( ! community4 ,moreov]1 sadhuism1 by ! multiplicity ( ! indep5d5t sects :i* h aris5 9 ,india1 has eng5d]$ & fav\r$ a _s ( tol]ance :i* _c escape ! notice ( ! mo/ sup]ficial obs]v]4 ,l+ayats4 ,an indep5d5t ,saiva sect1 or1 inde$1 ! only /rictly ,saiva sect1 are ! ,vira ,saivas1 m commonly call$ ,l+ayats 7popul>ly ,l+aits7 or ,l+avats1 f _! practice ( we>+ on _! p]son a phallic emblem ( ,siva1 made ( copp] or silv]1 & usually enclos$ 9 a case susp5d$ f ! neck by a /r+4 ,app>5tly f ! movable nature ( _! badge1 _! ,gurus are call$ ,jangamas 7movable74 ,?is sect c\nts num]\s adh]5ts 9 s\!rn ,india2 ! ,c5sus ,report ( #aija record+ ne>ly a million & a half1 includ+ "s #gj or #hj diff]5t1 mo/ly endogam\s1 ca/es4 ,! reput$ f\nd]1 or r re=m]1 ( ! sect 0 ,basava 7or ,basaba71 a ,brahman ( ! ,belgaum di/rict :o seems to h liv$ 9 ! #aa? or #ab? c5tury4 ,accord+ to ! ,basava-purana he e>ly 9 life r5\nc$ 8 ca/e & w5t to reside at ,kalyana1 !n ! capital ( ! ,*alukya k+dom1 & lat] on at ,sangamesv>a ne> ,ratnagiri1 :]e he 0 initiat$ into ! ,vira ,saiva fai? :i* he subsequ5tly made x 8 life's "w to propagate4 ,8 doctr9e1 :i* may be said to con/itute a k9d ( reaction aga9/ ! sev]e sac]dotalism ( ,sank>a1 has spread ov] all classes ( ! s\!rn community1 mo/ ( ! prie/s ( ,saiva temples !re be+ adh]5ts ( x2 :il/ 9 nor!rn ,india its vot>ies are only occasionally met )1 & !n mo/ly z m5dicants1 lead+ ab\t a neatly cap>ison$ bull z repres5t+ ,siva's sacr$ bull ,n&i4 ,?\gh ! ,l+ayats /ill %[ a c]ta9 animosity t[>ds ! ,brahmans1 & 9 ! ,c5sus li/s are accord+ly class$ z an indep5d5t gr\p beside ! ,h9dus1 /ill !y c h>dly be exclud$ f ! ,h9du community1 & are sure soon] or lat] to f9d _! way back to ! ,brahmanical fold4 ,avat>s4 ,vi%nu1 :il/ less popul> ) ,brahmans ?an 8 rival1 has f e>ly times prov$ to ! lay m9d a m attractive object ( adoration on acc\nt ( ! g5ial &1 s to speak1 romantic "* ( 8 my?ical p]sonality4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 s mu* ! orig9al figure ( ! god himself t enli/s ! sympa?ies ( 8 adh]5ts z ! additional elem5ts x has receiv$ ?r\gh ! !ory ( p]iodical desc5ts 7avat>a7 or inc>nations appli$ to ?is deity4 ,:il/ ! ,saiva philosoph]s d n approve ( ! notion ( inc>nations1 z be+ d]ogatory to ! dignity ( ! deity1 ! ,brahmans h nev]!less ?\ght fit to adopt x z app>5tly a conv5i5t exp$i5t = br++ c]ta9 t5d5cies ( popul> wor%ip )9 ! pale ( _! sy/em1 & probably also = c\nt]act+ ! ,buddhi/ doctr9es2 & = ?is purpose ,vi%nu w\ld obvi\sly (f] himself z ! mo/ attractive figure 9 ! ,brahmanical tr9ity4 ,:e!r ! inc>nation !ory />t$ f ! orig9al sol> nature ( ! god sugge/ive ( regul> visits to ! _w ( m51 or 9 :at o!r way x may h orig9at$1 mu/ rema9 d\btful4 ,c]ta91 h[ev]1 x is t at lea/ "o ( 8 ,avat>s is cle>ly bas$ on ! ,v$ic conception ( ! sun-god1 viz4 t ( ! dw>f :o claims z mu* gr\nd z he c cov] by ?ree /eps1 & !n ga9s ! :ole univ]se by 8 ?ree mighty /rides4 ,( ! t5 or m ,avat>s1 assum$ by diff]5t au?orities1 only two h ent]$ to any consid]able ext5t into ! religi\s wor%ip ( ! p1 viz4 ^? ( ,rama 7or ,rama*&ra7 & ,kri%na1 ! fav\rite h]oes ( epic romance4 ,t ^! two figures w\ld appeal f> m /rongly to ! he>ts & feel+s ( ! p1 especially ! w>like ,k%atriyas1#f ?an ! au/]e ,siva is only :at might h be5 expect$2 &1 inde$1 s9ce ! "t ( ! epics _! cult seems nev] to h lack$ num]\s adh]5ts4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ess5tially human nature ( ^! two gods w\ld naturally t5d to modify ! "* ( ! relations betwe5 wor%ipp] & wor%ipp$1 & to imp>t to ! modes & =ms ( adoration features ( a m popul> & m human k9d4 ,& accord+ly x is exactly 9 connexion ) ^! two inc>nations ( ,vi%nu1 especially t ( ,kri%na1 t a new _s 0 infus$ into ! religi\s life ( ! p by ! s5tim5t ( f]v5t devotion to ! deity1 z x f\nd expression 9 c]ta9 portions ( ! epic poems1 especially ! ,bhagavadgita1 & 9 ! ,bhagavata-purana 7z aga9/ ! m or?odox ,vai%nava works ( ?is class su* z ! ,vi%nu-purana71 & 0 =mulat$ into a regul> doctr9e ( fai? 9 ! ,s&ilya-sutra1 & ultimately translat$ into practice by ! ,vai%nava re=m]s4 ,ramanujas4 ,! fir/ successful ,vai%nava reaction aga9/ ,sank>a's recon/ruct$ cre$ 0 l$ by ,ramanuja1 a s\!rn ,brahman ( ! #ab? c5tury4 ,8 foll[]s1 ! ,ramanujas1 or ,sri-,vai%navas z !y are usually call$1 wor%ip ,vi%nu 7,n>ayana7 ) 8 consort ,sri or ,lak%mi 7! goddess ( beauty & =tune71 or _! inc>nations ,rama ) ,sita & ,kri%na ) ,rukm9i4 ,ramanuja's doctr9e1 :i* is especially direct$ aga9/ ! ,l+a-wor%ip1 is ess5tially bas$ on ! t5ets ( an old ,vai%nava sect1 ! ,bhagavatas or ,pan*>atras1 :o wor%ipp$ ! ,supreme ,be+ "u ! "n ( ,vasudeva 7subsequ5tly id5tifi$ ) ,kri%na1 z ! son ( ,vasudeva1 :o inde$ is cr$it$ by "s s*ol>s ) ! f\ndation ( t mono!i/ic cre$74 ,! sect>ial m>k ( ! ,ramanujas resembles a capital ,u 7or1 9 ! case ( ano!r division1 a ,y71 pa9t$ ) a :ite clay call$ gopi-*&ana1 betwe5 ! hair & ! root ( ! nose1 ) a r$ or yell[ v]tical /roke 7repres5t+ ! female elem5t7 betwe5 ! two :ite l9es4 ,!y also usually we>1 l all ,vai%navas1 a necklace ( tulasi1 or basil wood1 & a ros>y ( se$s ( ! same %rub or ( ! lotus4 ,_! mo/ important %r9es are ^? ( ,srirangam ne> ,tri*9opoly1 ,mailkote 9 ,mysore1 ,dv>aka 7! city ( ,kri%na7 on ! ,ka?iaw> coa/1 & ,jaganna? 9 ,orissa2 all ( !m decorat$ ) ,vi%nu's emblems1 ! tulasi plant & salagram /one4 ,! ,ramanuja ,brahmans are mo/ punctili\s 9 ! prep>ation ( _! food & 9 reg>d to ! privacy ( _! meals1 be=e tak+ :i* !y h to ba! & put on wooll5 or silk g>m5ts4 ,:il/ ,sank>a's m5dicant foll[]s 7 prohibit$ to t\* fire & _h to subsi/ entirely on ! *>ity ( ,brahman h\sehold]s1 ,ramanuja1 on ! contr>y1 n only all[$ 8 foll[]s to use fire1 b /rictly =bade _! eat+ any food cook$1 or ev5 se51 by a /rang]4 ,on ! speculative side1 ,ramanuja also met ,sank>a's /rictly moni/ic !ory by ano!r recogniz+ ,vi%nu z id5tical ) ,brahma z ! ,supreme ,_s animat+ ! mat]ial _w z well z ! individual s\ls :i* h become e/rang$ f ,god ?r\gh unbelief1 & c only atta9 aga9 consci\s union ) him ?r\gh devotion or love 7bhakti74 ,8 t5ets are exp\nd$ 9 v>i\s works1 especially 9 8 comm5t>ies on ! ,v$anta-sutras & ! ,bhagavadgita4 ,! foll[]s ( ,ramanuja h split into two sects1 a nor!rn "o1 recogniz+ ! ,v$as z _! *ief au?ority1 & a s\!rn "o1 bas+ _! t5ets on ! ,nalayir1 a ,tamil "w ( ! ,upani%ad ord]4 ,9 po9t ( doctr9e1 !y diff] 9 _! view ( ! relation betwe5 ,god ,vi%nu & ! human s\l2 :il/ ! =m] sect def9e x by ! ape !ory1 :i* makes ! s\l cl+ to ,god z ! "y ape does to its "m1 ! latt] expla9 x by ! cat !ory1 by :i* ,vi%nu himself seizes & rescues ! s\ls z ! "m cat does h] "y ones4 ,madhvas4 ,madhva ,a*>ya1 ano!r di/+ui%$ ,v$anta tea*] & f\nd] ( a ,vai%nava sect1 born 9 ,kan>a 9 ,a4,d4 #aaii1 0 less intol]ant ( ! ,l+a cult ?an ,ramanuja1 b seems r to h aim$ at a reconciliation ( ! ,saiva & ,vai%nava =ms ( wor%ip4 ,! ,madhvas or ,madhva*>is fav\r ,kri%na & 8 consort z _! special objects ( adoration1 :il/ images ( ,siva1 ,p>vati1 & _! son ,ganesa are1 h[ev]1 likewise admitt$ & wor%ipp$ 9 "s ( _! temples1 ! mo/ important ( :i* is at ,udipi 9 ,s\? ,kan>a1 ) eight mona/]ies connect$ ) x4 ,?is %r9e conta9s an image ( ,kri%na :i* is said to h be5 rescu$ f ! wreck ( a %ip :i* br\ght x f ,dv>aka1 :]e x 0 suppos$ to h be5 set up ( old by no o!r ?an ,kri%na's fri5d ,arjuna1 "o ( ! five ,p&ava pr9ces4 ,foll[]s ( ! ,madhva cre$ are b r>ely met ) 9 ,upp] ,india4 ,_! sect>ial m>k is l ! ,u ( ! ,sri-,vai%navas1 except t _! c5tral l9e is black in/ead ( r$ or yell[4 ,madhva--:o aft] 8 initiation assum$ ! "n ,an&atir?a--compos$ num]\s ,sanskrit works1 includ+ comm5t>ies on ! ,brahma sutras 7i4e4 ! ,v$anta aphorisms71 ! ,gita1 ! ,rigv$a & _m ,upani%ads4 ,8 philosophical !ory 0 a duali/ic "o1 po/ulat+ di/9ctness ( nature = ! div9e & ! human s\l1 & h5ce indep5d5t exi/5ce1 in/ead ( absorption1 aft] ! completion ( mundane exi/5ce4 ,ramats4 ,! ,raman&is or ,ramavats 7popul>ly ,ramats7 are a num]\s nor!rn sect ( simil> t5ets to ^? ( ! ,ramanujas4 ,inde$ its f\nd]1 ,raman&a1 :o probably fl\ri%$ 9 ! latt] "p ( ! #ad? c5tury1 accord+ to ! traditional acc\nt1 0 orig9ally a ,sri-,vai%nava monk1 &1 hav+ come "u ! suspicion ( laxity 9 obs]v+ ! /rict rules ( food dur+ 8 p]egr9ations1 & be5 ord]$ by 8 sup]ior 7,mahant7 to take 8 meals ap>t f 8 bre?r51 left ! mona/]y 9 a huff & set up a s*ismatic ma? ( 8 own at ,b5>es4 ,! sect>ial m>k ( 8 sect diff]s b slightly f t ( ! p>5t /ock4 ,! di/9ctive features ( _! cre$ consi/ 9 _! mak+ ,rama & ,sita1 ei!r s+ly or conjo9tly1 ! *ief objects ( _! adoration1 in/ead ( ,vi%nu & ,lak%mi1 & _! atta*+ little or no importance to ! obs]vance ( privacy 9 ! cook+ & eat+ ( _! food4 ,_! m5dicant memb]s1 usually kn[n z ,vairagis1 are1 l ! g5]al body ( ! sect1 drawn f all ca/es )\t di/9ction4 ,?us1 ! f\nd]'s twelve *ief disciples include1 besides ,brahmans1 a weav]1 a curri]1 a ,rajput1 a ,jat & a b>b]--=1 !y argue1 see+ t ,bhagavan1 ! ,holy ,"o 7,vi%nu71 became inc>nate ev5 9 animal =m1 a ,bhakta 7believ]7 may be born ev5 9 ! l[e/ ( ca/es4 ,raman&a's tea*+ 0 ?us ( a di/9ctly levell+ & popul> "*2 &1 9 accordance !re)1 ! ,bhakta-mala & o!r au?oritative writ+s ( ! sect are compos$1 n 9 ,sanskrit1 b 9 ! popul> dialects4 ,a foll[] ( ?is cre$ 0 ! di/+ui%$ poet ,tulsidas1 ! compos] ( ! beautiful ,h9di v]sion ( ! ,ramayana & o!r works :i* ex]cise m influ5ce ^u ! great body ( ,h9du population ?an ! :ole volum9\s s]ies ( ,sanskrit composition 7,h4 ,h4 ,wilson74 ,kabir4 ,! traditional li/ ( ,raman&a's imm$iate disciples includes ! "n ( ,kabir1 ! weav]1 a rem>kable man :o w\ld accord+ly h liv$ 9 ! latt] "p ( ! #ae? c5tury1 & :o is claim$ by bo? ,h9dus & ,moslems z hav+ be5 born )9 _! fold4 ,! /ory goes t1 hav+ be5 deeply impress$ by ,raman&a's tea*+1 he s\ght to atta* himself to him2 &1 "o day at ,b5>es1 9 /epp+ d[n ! ghat at daybreak to ba! 9 ! ,ganges1 & putt+ himself 9 ! way ( ! tea*]1 ! latt]1 hav+ inadv]t5tly /ruck him ) 8 foot1 utt]$ 8 cu/om>y exclamation ,ram ,ram1 :i*1 be+ also ! initiatory =mula ( ! sect1 0 claim$ by ,kabir z su*1 mak+ him ,raman&a's disciple4 ,be ?is z x may1 ,kabir's own re=matory activity lay 9 ! direction ( a compromise betwe5 ! ,h9du & ! ,mahomm$an cre$s1 ! religi\s practices ( bo? ( :i* he criticiz$ ) equal sev]ity4 ,8 foll[]s1 ! ,kabir ,pan?is 7^? foll[+ ,kabir's pa?71 ?\gh nei!r wor%ipp+ ! gods ( ! pan!on1 nor obs]v+ ! rites & c]emonial ( ! ,h9dus1 are nev]!less 9 close t\* ) ! ,vai%nava sects1 especially ! ,ramavats1 & g5]ally wor%ip ,rama z ! supreme deity1 :5 !y d n r address _! homage1 9 hymns & o!rwise1 to ! f\nd] ( _! cre$ himself4 ,:il/ v num]\s1 p>ticul>ly among/ ! l[-ca/e population1 9 we/]n1 c5tral & nor!rn ,india1 resid5t adh]5ts ( ,kabir's doctr9e are r>e 9 ,b5gal & ! s\?2 al?\gh !re is h>dly a t[n 9 ,india :]e /roll+ begg>s may n be f\nd s++ songs ( ,kabir 9 ! orig9al or z translat$ into ! local dialects4 ,! m5dicants ( ?is cre$1 h[ev]1 nev] actually solicit alms2 &1 inde$1 ! quak]-l _s ( ! sect1 _! abhorr5ce ( all viol5ce1 _! reg>d = tru? & ! inobtrusiv5ess ( _! op9ions r5d] !m v in(f5sive memb]s ( ! /ate 7,h4 ,h4 ,wilson74 ,! doctr9es ( ,kabir are taught1 mo/ly 9 ! =m ( dialogues1 9 num]\s ,h9di works1 compos$ by 8 disciples & adh]5ts1 :o1 h[ev]1 usually pr(ess to give ! tea*]'s own words4 ,! peculi> conciliatory t5d5cies ( ,kabir 7 c>ri$ on ) ev5 great] zeal f ! latt] "p ( ! #ae? c5tury by "o ( 8 foll[]s1 ,nanak ,%ah1 ! promulgator ( ! cre$ ( ! ,nanak ,%ahis or ,sikhs--i4e4 7,sanskr47 si%ya1 disciples1 ^: guru1 or tea*]1 he call$ himself--a peaceful sect at fir/ until1 9 consequ5ce ( ,mahomm$an p]secution1 a m>tial _s 0 infus$ into x by ! t5?1 & la/1 guru1 ,gov9d ,%ah1 *ang+ x into a political organization4 ,:il/ orig9ally m ak9 9 its pr9ciples to ! ,moslem fai?1 ! sect seems latt]ly to h %[n t5d5cies t[>ds drift+ back to ! ,h9du pale4 ,( ,raman&a's disciples & successors sev]al o!rs1 besides ,kabir1 h e/abli%$ s*ismatic divisions ( _! own1 :i* d n1 h[ev]1 (f] any v m>k$ diff]5ces ( cre$4 ,! mo/ important ( ^!1 ! ,dadu ,pan?i sect1 f\nd$ by ,dadu ab\t ! ye> #afjj1 has a num]\s foll[+ 9 ,ajmir & ,m>w>1 "o section ( :om1 ! ,nagas1 engage l>gely 9 milit>y s]vice1 :il/ ! o!rs are ei!r h\sehold]s or m5dicants4 ,! foll[]s ( ?is cre$ we> no di/9ctive sect>ial m>k or badge1 except a skull-cap2 nor d !y wor%ip any visible image ( any deity1 ! repetition 7japa7 ( ! "n ( ,rama be+ ! only k9d ( adoration practis$ by !m4 ,eroticism & ,kri%na wor%ip4 ,al?\gh ! ,vai%nava sects hi!rto notic$1 9 _! adoration ( ,vi%nu & 8 inc>nations1 ,kri%na & ,rama*&ra1 usually associate ) ^! gods _! wives1 z _! saktis1 or female en]gies1 ! sexual elem5t is1 z a rule1 only j all[$ suffici5t scope to enhance ! emotional "* ( ! rites ( wor%ip4 ,9 "s ( ! lat] ,vai%nava cre$s1 on ! o!r h&1 ?is elem5t is f> f be+ kept )9 ! b\nds ( mod]ation & dec5cy4 ,! fav\rite object ( adoration ) adh]5ts ( ^! sects is ,kri%na ) 8 mate--b n ! devot$ fri5d & c\nsellor ( ! ,p&avas & deifi$ h]o ( epic song1 nor ! rul] ( ,dv>aka & w$d$ "l ( ,rukm9i1 b ! juv5ile ,kri%na1 ,gov9da or ,bala ,gopala1 ! c[h]d lad1 ! fo/] son ( ! c[h]d ,n&a ( ,gokula1 tak5 up ) 8 amor\s sports ) ! ,gopis1 or wives ( ! c[h]ds ( ,vr9davana 7,br9daban1 ne> ,ma?ura on ! ,yamuna71 especially 8 fav\rite mi/ress ,radha or ,radhika4 ,?is episode 9 ! leg5d>y life ( ,kri%na has e appe>ance ( be+ a lat] accretion4 ,aft] b>ely a few allusions to x 9 ! epics1 x bur/s =? full-bl[n 9 ! ,h>ivansa1 ! ,vi%nu-purana1 ! ,n>ada-,pan*>atra & ! ,bhagavata-purana1 ! t5? canto ( :i*1 deal+ ) ! life ( ,kri%na1 has become1 ?r\gh v]nacul> v]sions1 especially ! ,h9di ,prem-sag>1 or ocean ( love1 a fav\rite romance all ov] ,india1 & has d\btless help$ l>gely to popul>ize ! cult ( ,kri%na4 ,/range to say1 h[ev]1 no m5tion is z yet made by any ( ^! works ( ,kri%na's fav\rite ,radha2 x is only 9 ano!r ,purana--?\gh sc>cely des]v+ t designation--t %e makes h] appe>ance1 viz4 9 ! ,brahma-vaiv>ta1 9 :i* ,kri%na's am\rs 9 ,n&a's c[-/ation are dwelt ^u 9 fulsome & we>isome detail2 :il/ ! poet ,jayadeva1 9 ! #ab? c5tury1 made h] love = ! gay & incon/ant boy ! !me ( 8 beautiful1 if highly voluptu\s1 lyrical drama1 ,gita-gov9da4 ,! e>lie/ ( ! sects :i* associate ,radha ) ,kri%na 9 _! wor%ip is t ( ! ,nimavats1 f\nd$ by ,nimbaditya or ,nimb>ka 7i4e4 ! sun ( ! ,nimba tree71 a tea*] ( unc]ta9 date1 said to h be5 a ,telugu ,brahman :o subsequ5tly e/abli%$ himself at ,ma?ura 7,muttra7 on ! ,yamuna1 :]e ! headqu>t]s ( 8 sect h rema9$ ev] s9ce4 ,! ,mahant ( _! mona/]y at ,dhruva ,k%etra ne> ,ma?ura1 :o claims direct desc5t f ,nimb>ka1 is said to place ! f\ndation ( t e/abli%m5t z f> back z ! #e? c5tury--d\btless an exagg]at$ claim2 b if ,jayadeva1 z is alleg$1 & seems by no means improbable1 0 really a foll[] ( ,nimb>ka1 ?is tea*] mu/ h fl\ri%$1 at late/1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! #ab? c5tury4 ,he is inde$ tak5 by "s au?orities to be id5tical ) ! ma!matician ,bhask>a ,a*>ya1 :o is kn[n to h complet$ 8 *ief "w 9 ,a4,d4 #aaej4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k1 9 ?is respect1 t--9 accordance ) ,ramanuja's & ,nimb>ka's philosophical !ories--,jayadeva's pres5tation ( ,kri%na's fickle love = ,radha is usually int]pret$ 9 a my/ical s5se1 z allegorically depict+ ! human s\l's /riv+1 ?r\gh love1 = reunion ) ,god1 & its ultimate atta9m5t1 aft] _m backslid+s1 ( ! long$-= goal4 ,z ! *ief au?ority ( _! t5ets1 ! ,nimavats recognize ! ,bhagavata-purana2 ?\gh sev]al works1 ascrib$ to ,nimb>ka--p>tly ( a devotional "* & p>tly expository ( ,v$anta topics--are /ill extant4 ,adh]5ts ( ?is sect are fairly num]\s 9 nor!rn ,india1 _! frontal m>k consi/+ ( ! usual two p]p5dicul> :ite l9es1 )1 h[ev]1 a circul> black spot betwe5 !m4 ,( great] importance ?an ! sect j notic$1 because ( _! f> l>g] foll[+1 are ! two sects f\nd$ e>ly 9 ! #af? c5tury by ,vallabha 7,ballabha7 ,a*>ya & ,*aitanya4 ,9 ! =ms ( wor%ip fav\r$ by vot>ies ( ^! cre$s ! emotional & erotic elem5ts are all[$ yet fre] scope ?an 9 ^? t prec$$ !m2 &1 z an effective auxili>y to ^! t5d5cies1 ! use ( ! v]nacul> dialects 9 pray]s & hymns ( praise takes an important "p 9 ! religi\s s]vice4 ,! ,vallabha*>is1 or1 z !y are usually call$1 f ! title ( _! spiritual heads1 ! ,gokula/ha ,gosa9s1 i4e4 ! c[-lords 7gosvam97 resid+ 9 ,gokula1 are v num]\s 9 we/]n & c5tral ,india4 ,vallabha1 ! son ( a ,tel+a ,brahman1 aft] ext5sive j\rney+s all ov] ,india1 settl$ at ,gokula ne> ,ma?ura1 & set up a %r9e ) an image ( ,kri%na ,gopala4 ,ab\t ! ye> #afgc1 9 consequ5ce ( ! fanatical p]secutions ( ! ,mogul emp]or1 ?is image 0 transf]r$ to ,na?dv>a 9 ,udaipur 7,mew>71 :]e ! %r9e ( ,sr9a?a 7! "l ( ,sri1 i4e4 ,vi%nu7 cont9ues to be ! *ief c5tre ( wor%ip = adh]5ts ( ?is cre$2 :il/ sev5 o!r images1 transf]r$ f ,ma?ura at ! same "t1 are locat$ at diff]5t places 9 ,rajputana4 ,vallabha himself w5t subsequ5tly to reside at ,b5>es1 :]e he di$4 ,9 ! doctr9e ( ?is ,vai%nava prophet1 ! aduali/ic !ory ( ,sank>a is resort$ to z ju/ify+ a joyful & voluptu\s cult ( ! deity4 ,=1 if ! human s\l is id5tical ) ,god1 ! practice ( au/]ities mu/ be disc>d$ z direct$ aga9/ ,god1 & x is r by a free indulg5ce ( ! natural appetites & ! pleasures ( life t man's love = ,god w be/ be %[n4 ,! foll[]s ( 8 cre$1 among/ :om !re are _m weal?y m]*ants & bank]s1 direct _! wor%ip *iefly to ,gopal ,lal1 ! boyi% ,kri%na ( ,vr9davana1 ^: image is s$ul\sly att5d$ l a rev]$ liv+ p]son eight times a day--f its e>ly ris+ f its c\* up to its retir+ to repose at night4 ,! sect>ial m>k ( ! adh]5ts consi/s ( two r$ p]p5dicul> l9es1 meet+ 9 a semicircle at ! root ( ! nose1 & hav+ a r\nd r$ spot pa9t$ betwe5 !m4 ,_! pr9cipal doctr9al au?ority is ! ,bhagavata-purana1 z comm5t$ ^u by ,vallabha himself1 :o 0 also ! au?or ( sev]al o!r ,sanskrit works highly e/eem$ by 8 foll[]s4 ,9 ?is sect1 *ildr5 are solemnly admitt$ to full memb]%ip at ! e>ly age ( f\r1 & ev5 two1 ye>s ( age1 :5 a ros>y1 or necklace1 ( #ajh beads ( basil 7tulsi7 wood is pass$ r\nd _! necks1 & !y are taught ! use ( ! octo-syllabic =mula ,sri-,kri%nah s>anam mama1 ,holy ,kri%na is my refuge4 ,ano!r special feature ( ?is sect is t _! spiritual heads1 ! ,gosa9s1 also call$ ,mah>ajas1 s f> f submitt+ !mselves to self-discipl9e & au/]e practices1 adorn !mselves 9 spl5did g>m5ts1 & all[ !mselves to be habitually regal$ by _! adh]5ts ) *oice k9ds ( food2 & be+ reg>d$ z ! liv+ repres5tatives ( ! "l ( ! ,gopis himself1 !y claim & receive 9 _! own p]sons all acts ( atta*m5t & wor%ip due to ! deity1 ev51 x is alleg$1 to ! ext5t ( complete self-surr5d]4 ,9 ! f9al judgm5t ( ! fam\s libel case ( ! ,bombay ,mah>ajas1 be=e ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,bombay1 9 ,janu>y #ahfb1 ^! improprieties 7 sev]ely comm5t$ ^u2 & ?\gh s unsp>+ a critic ( ,indian sects z ,jog5dra ,na? seems n to believe 9 actual immoral practices on ! "p ( ! ,mah>ajas1 /ill he admits t ! corrupt+ influ5ce ( a religion1 t c make its female vot>ies address amor\s songs to _! spiritual guides1 mu/ be v great4 ,a mod]n (f%oot ( ,vallabha's cre$1 =m$ ) ! av[$ object ( purg+ x ( its objectionable features1 0 />t$1 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! #ai? c5tury1 by ,sahajan&a1 a ,brahman ( ! ,oudh c\ntry1 :o subsequ5tly assum$ ! "n ( ,svami ,n>ayana4 ,hav+ ent]$ on 8 mission>y lab\rs at ,ahmadabad1 & aft]w>ds remov$ to ,jetalpur1 :]e he _h a meet+ ) ,bi%op ,heb]1 he subsequ5tly settl$ at ! village ( ,w>tal1 to ! nor?-we/ ( ,b>oda1 & erect$ a temple to ,lak%mi-,n>ayana1 :i*1 ) ano!r at ,ahmadabad1 =ms ! two *ief c5tres ( ! sect1 ea* be+ presid$ ov] by a ,mah>aja4 ,_! wor%ip is address$ to ,n>ayana1 i4e4 ,vi%nu1 z ! ,supreme ,be+1 toge!r ) ,lak%mi1 z well z to ,kri%na & ,radha4 ,! sect is said to be ga9+ gr\nd 9 ,guj>at4 ,*aitanya1 ! f\nd] ( ! great ,vai%nava sect ( ,b5gal1 0 ! son ( a high-ca/e ,brahman ( ,nadiya1 ! fam\s ,b5gal seat ( ,sanskrit le>n+1 :]e he 0 born 9 #adhe1 two ye>s aft] ! bir? ( ,m>t9 ,lu!r1 ! ,g]man re=m]4 ,hav+ m>ri$ 9 due "t1 & a second "t aft] ! dea? ( 8 fir/ wife1 he liv$ z a h\sehold] 7griha/ha7 till ! age ( #bd1 :5 he r5\nc$ 8 family ties & set out z a religi\s m5dicant 7vairag971 visit+ dur+ ! next six ye>s ! pr9cipal places ( pilgrimage 9 nor!rn ,india1 & prea*+ ) rem>kable success 8 doctr9e ( ,bhakti1 or passionate devotion to ,kri%na1 z ! ,supreme ,deity4 ,he subsequ5tly made ov] to 8 pr9cipal disciples ! task ( consolidat+ 8 community1 & pass$ ! la/ twelve ye>s ( 8 life at ,puri 9 ,orissa1 ! great c5tre ( ! wor%ip ( ,vi%nu z ,jaganna?a1 or "l ( ! _w1 :i* he remodell$ 9 accordance ) 8 doctr9e1 caus+ ! my/ic songs ( ,jayadeva to be recit$ be=e ! images 9 ! morn+ & ev5+ z "p ( ! daily s]vice2 &1 9 fact1 z 9 ! o!r ,vai%nava cre$s1 seek+ to humanize div9e adoration by br++ x into accord ) ! exp]i5ce ( human love4 ,to ?is end1 music1 danc+1 s++-p>ties 7sankirtan71 !atricals--9 %ort any?+ calculat$ to produce ! desir$ impression--w\ld prove welcome to him4 ,8 doctr9e ( ,bhakti di/+ui%es five grades ( devotional feel+ 9 ! ,bhaktas1 or fai?ful adh]5ts3 viz4 7santi7 calm contemplation ( ! deity2 7dasya7 active s]vitude2 7sakhya7 fri5d%ip or p]sonal reg>d2 7vatsalya7 t5d] affection z betwe5 p>5ts & *ildr52 7madhurya7 love or passionate atta*m5t1 l t :i* ! ,gopis felt = ,kri%na4 ,*aitanya also seems to h done mu* to promote ! celebration on an impos+ scale ( ! great ,puri fe/ival ( ! ,ra?a-yatra1 or c>-procession1 9 ! mon? ( ,a%adha1 :51 amid/ multitudes ( pilgrims1 ! image ( ,kri%na1 toge!r ) ^? ( 8 bro!r ,bal>ama & 8 si/] ,subhadra1 is drawn along1 9 a huge c>1 by ! devotees4 ,j z ?is fe/ival 01 & cont9ues to be1 att5d$ by p f all p>ts ( ,india1 )\t di/9ction ( ca/e or sex1 s also 7 all classes1 ev5 ,mahomm$ans1 admitt$ by ,*aitanya z memb]s ( 8 sect4 ,:il/ num]\s obs]vances are recomm5d$ z m or less m]itori\s1 ! ord9>y =m ( wor%ip is a v simple "o1 consi/+ z x does ma9ly ( ! con/ant repetition ( names ( ,kri%na1 or ,kri%na & ,radha1 :i* ( itself is consid]$ suffici5t to ensure future bliss4 ,! p>tak+ ( fle% food & spiritu\s liquor is /rictly prohibit$4 ,by ! foll[]s ( ?is sect1 also1 an extravagant degree ( rev]5ce is habitually paid to _! gurus or spiritual heads4 ,inde$1 ,*aitanya himself1 z well z 8 imm$iate disciples1 h come to be reg>d$ z complete or p>tial inc>nations ( ! deity to :om adoration is due1 z to ,kri%na himself2 & _! mod]n successors1 ! ,gosa9s1 %>e to ! fulle/ ext5t 9 ! dev\t att5tions ( ! wor%ipp]s4 ,*aitanya's movem5t1 be+ *iefly direct$ aga9/ ! vile practices ( ! ,saktas1 !n v preval5t 9 ,b5gal1 0 d\btless prompt$ by ! be/ & pure/ ( int5tions2 b 8 own doctr9e ( div9e1 ?\gh all too human1 love 01 l t ( ,vallabha1 by no means free f corruptive t5d5cies1--yet1 h[ f> ^! t5d5cies h work$ _! way1 :o w\ld say8 ,on ?is po9t1 ,dr ,w4 ,w4 ,hunt]--:o is ( op9ion t ! dea? ( ! re=m] m>ks ! beg9n+ ( ! spiritual decl9e ( ,vi%nu-wor%ip1 obs]ves 7,orissa1 i4 #aaa71 ,! mo/ deplorable corruption ( ,vi%nu-wor%ip at ! pres5t day is t :i* has cov]$ ! temple walls ) indec5t sculptures1 & fill$ its inn]mo/ sanctu>ies ) lic5ti\s rites 444 yet 444 x is difficult = a p]son n a ,h9du to pron\nce ^u ! real ext5t ( ! evil4 ,none b a ,h9du c ent] any ( ! l>g] temples1 & none b a ,h9du prie/ really kn[s ! tru? ab\t _! inn] my/]ies2 :il/ ! well-kn[n native s*ol> ,babu ,raj5dralal ,mitra po9ts out 7,antiquities ( ,orissa1 i4 #aaa7 t su* z !y are1 ^! sculptures date f c5turies be=e ! bir? ( ,*aitanya1 & _c1 !re=e1 be attribut$ to 8 doctr9es or to 8 foll[]s4 ,z a ,h9du by bir?1 & a ,vai%nava by family religion1 ,i h _h ! free/ access to ! inn]mo/ sanctu>ies & to ! mo/ secret ( scriptures4 ,i h /udi$ ! subject mo/ ext5sively1 & h _h opportunities ( judg+ :i* no ,european c h1 & ,i h no hesitation 9 say+ t1 '! my/ic songs' ( ,jayadeva & ! 'ocean ( love' not)/&+1 !re is no?+ 9 ! rituals ( ,jaganna?a :i* c be call$ lic5ti\s4 ,:il/ 9 ,*aitanya's cre$1 ,kri%na1 9 8 relations to ,radha1 rema9s at lea/ !oretically ! *ief p>tn]1 an almo/ inevitable /ep 0 tak5 by "s m9or sects 9 atta*+ ! great] importance to ! female elem5t1 & mak+ ,kri%na's love = 8 mi/ress ! guid+ s5tim5t ( _! fai?4 ,( ^! sects1 x w suffice to m5tion t ( ! ,radha-,vallabhis1 />t$ 9 ! latt] "p ( ! #af? c5tury1 :o wor%ip ,kri%na z ,radha-vallabha1 ! d>l+ ( ,radha4 ,! doctr9es & practices ( ^! sects cle>ly v]ge ^u ^? obta9+ 9 ! ?ird pr9cipal division ( ,indian sect>ians :i* w n[ be consid]$4 ,saktas ,! ,saktas1 z we h se51 are wor%ipp]s ( ! sakti1 or ! female pr9ciple z a prim>y factor 9 ! creation & reproduction ( ! univ]se4 ,& z ea* ( ! pr9cipal gods is suppos$ to h associat$ ) him 8 own p>ticul> sakti1 z an indisp5sable complem5t enabl+ him to prop]ly p]=m 8 cosmic functions1 adh]5ts ( ?is p]suasion might be expect$ to be recruit$ f all sects4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t ?is is inde$ ! case2 b ?\gh ,vai%navism1 & especially ! ,kri%na cre$1 ) its luxuriant gr[? ( erotic leg5ds1 might h seem$ peculi>ly fav\rable to a developm5t 9 ?is direction1 x is practically only 9 connexion ) ! ,saiva sy/em t an indep5d5t cult ( ! female pr9ciple has be5 develop$2 :il/ 9 o!r sects--&1 inde$1 9 ! ord9>y ,saiva cult z well--su* wor%ip1 ev5 :]e x is at all prom95t1 is comb9$ )1 & subord9at$ to1 t ( ! male pr9ciple4 ,:at has made ?is cult atta* itself m especially to ! ,saiva cre$ is d\btless ! "* ( ,siva z ! type ( reproductive p[]1 9 addition to 8 function z de/roy] :i*1 z we %all see1 is likewise reflect$ 9 "s ( ! =ms ( 8 ,sakti4 ,! !ory ( ! god & 8 ,sakti z cosmic pr9ciples is p]haps already =e%ad[$ 9 ! ,v$ic c\ple ( ,heav5 & ,e>?1 :il/ 9 ! speculative treatises ( ! lat] ,v$ic p]iod1 z well z 9 ! po/-,v$ic ,brahmanical writ+s1 ! assumption ( ! self-exi/5t be+ divid+ himself into a male & a female half usually =ms ! />t+-po9t ( cosmic evolution4#g ,9 ! lat] ,saiva my?ology ?is !ory f9ds its arti/ic repres5tation 9 ,siva's &rogyn\s =m ( ,ardha-n>isa1 or half-woman-"l1 typify+ ! union ( ! male & female en]gies2 ! male half 9 ?is =m ( ! deity occupy+ ! "r-h&1 & ! female ! left-h& side4 ,9 accordance ) ?is type ( productive en]gy1 ! ,saktas divide !mselves into two di/9ct gr\ps1 accord+ to :e!r !y atta* ! great] importance to ! male or to ! female pr9ciple2 viz4 ! ,dak%9a*>is1 or "r-h&-obs]v]s 7also call$ ,dak-%9a-m>gis1 or foll[]s ( ! "r-h& pa?71 & ! ,vama*>is1 or left-h&-obs]v]s 7or ,vama-m>gis1 foll[]s ( ! left pa?74 ,?\gh "s ( ! ,puranas1 ! *ief repositories ( sect>ian doctr9es1 ent] l>gely into ,sakta topics1 x is only 9 ! num]\s ,tantras t ^! are fully & sy/ematically develop$4 ,9 ^! works1 almo/ inv>iably compos$ 9 ! =m ( a colloquy1 ,siva1 z a rule1 9 answ] to que/ions ask$ by 8 consort ,p>vati1 unfolds ! my/]ies ( ?is occult cre$4 ,! pr9cipal seat ( ,sakta wor%ip is ! nor?-ea/]n "p ( ,india--,b5gal1 ,assam & ,beh>4 ,! great majority ( its adh]5ts pr(ess to foll[ ! "r-h& practice2 & ap>t f ! impli$ purport & ! emblems ( ! cult1 _! mode ( adoration does n seem to (f] any v objectionable features4 ,& ev5 among/ ! adh]5ts ( ! left-h& mode ( wor%ip1 _m ( ^! are said to foll[ x z a matt] ( family tradition r ?an ( religi\s conviction1 & to practise x 9 a sob] & temp]ate mann]2 :il/ only an extreme section--! s-call$ ,kaulas or ,kul9as1 :o appeal to a spuri\s ,upani%ad1 ! ,kaulopani%ad1 z ! div9e au?ority ( _! t5ets--p]si/ 9 c>ry+ on ! my/ic & lic5ti\s rites taught 9 _m ( ! ,tantras4 ,b /rict secrecy be+ enjo9$ 9 ! p]=mance ( ^! rites1 x is n easy to *eck any /atem5ts made on ?is po9t4 ,! ,sakta cult is1 h[ev]1 kn[n to be especially preval5t--?\gh app>5tly n 9 a v extreme =m--among/ memb]s ( ! v respectable ,kaya/ha or writ] ca/e ( ,b5gal1 & z ^! are l>gely employ$ z cl]ks & acc\ntants 9 ,upp] ,india1 !re is reason to fe> t _! vici\s practices are gradually be+ dissem9at$ ?r\gh !m4 ,! div9e object ( ! adoration ( ! ,saktas1 !n1 is ,siva's wife--! ,devi 7goddess71 ,mahadevi 7great goddess71 or ,jagan-mata 7"m ( ! _w7--9 "o or o!r ( h] num]\s =ms1 b5ign or t]rible4 ,! =ms 9 :i* %e is wor%ipp$ 9 ,b5gal are ( ! latt] category1 viz4 ,durga1 ! unapproa*able1 & ,kali1 ! black "o1 or1 z "s take x1 ! wife ( ,kala1 "t1 or dea? ! great dissolv]1 viz4 ,siva4 ,9 hon\r ( ! =m]1 ! ,durga-puja is celebrat$ dur+ t5 days at ! "t ( ! autumnal equ9ox1 9 commemoration ( h] victory ov] ! buffalo-head$ demon ,mahi%asura2 :5 ! image ( ! t5-arm$ goddess1 hold+ a weapon 9 ea* h&1 is wor%ipp$ = n9e days1 & ca/ into ! wat] on ! t5? day1 call$ ! ,dasah>a1 :5ce ! fe/ival itself is commonly call$ ,das>a 9 we/]n ,india4 ,kali1 on ! o!r h&1 ! mo/ t]rible ( ! goddess's =ms1 has a special s]vice p]=m$ to h]1 at ! ,kali-puja1 dur+ ! d>ke/ night ( ! succe$+ mon?2 :5 %e is repres5t$ z a nak$ black woman1 f\r-arm$1 we>+ a g>l& ( heads ( giants sla9 by h]1 & a /r+ ( skulls r\nd h] neck1 danc+ on ! brea/ ( h] husb& 7,mahakala71 ) gap+ m\? & protrud+ tongue2 & :5 %e has to be propitiat$ by ! slaught] ( goats1 %eep & buffaloes4 ,on o!r occasions also ,vama*>is commonly (f] animal sacrifices1 usually "o or m kids2 ! head ( ! victim1 :i* has to be sev]$ by a s+le /roke1 be+ always plac$ 9 front ( ! image ( ! goddess z a blood-(f]+ 7bali71 ) an e>!n lamp f$ ) ghee burn+ above x1 :il/ ! fle% is cook$ & s]v$ to ! gue/s att5d+ ! c]emony1 except t ( buffaloes1 :i* is giv5 to ! l[-ca/e musicians :o p]=m dur+ ! s]vice4 ,ev5 "s adh]5ts ( ?is class h1 h[ev]1 discont9u$ animal sacrifices1 & use c]ta9 k9ds ( fruit1 su* z coco-nuts or pumpk9s1 in/ead4 ,! use ( w9e1 :i* at "o "t 0 v common on ^! occasions1 seems also to h become mu* m re/rict$2 & only memb]s ( ! extreme section w\ld /ill seem to adh]e to ! practice ( ! s-call$ five m's prescrib$ by "s ( ! ,tantras1 viz4 mamsa 7fle%71 matsya 7fi%71 madya 7w9e71 mai?una 7sexual union71 & mudra 7my/ical f+] signs7--probably ! mo/ degrad+ cult ev] practis$ "u ! pretext ( religi\s wor%ip4 ,9 connexion ) ! pr9cipal object ( ?is cult1 ,tantric !ory has devis$ an elaborate sy/em ( female figures repres5t+ ei!r special =ms & p]sonifications or att5dants ( ! ,great ,goddess4 ,!y are g5]ally arrang$ 9 gr\ps1 ! mo/ important ( :i* are ! ,mahavidyas 7great sci5ces71 ! #h 7or #i7 ,mat>as 7mo!rs7 or ,mahamat>as 7great mo!rs71 consi/+ ( ! wives ( ! pr9cipal gods2 ! #h ,nayikas or mi/resses2 & diff]5t classes ( sorc]esses & ogresses1 call$ ,yog9is1 ,dak9is & ,sak9is4 ,a special feature ( ! ,sakti cult is ! use ( obscure ,v$ic mantras1 (t5 *ang$ s z to be q mean+less & on t v acc\nt deem$ ! m efficaci\s = ! acquisition ( sup]human p[]s2 z well z ( my/ic lett]s & syllables call$ bija 7g]m71 ( magic circles 7*akra7 & diagrams 7yantra71 & ( amulets ( v>i\s mat]ials inscrib$ ) =mulae ( fanci$ my/]i\s import4 ,g5]al conclusions4 ,?is survey ( ! ,indian sects w h %[n h[ little ! "* ( _! div9e objects ( wor%ip is calculat$ to ex]t t elevat+ & spiritualiz+ influ5ce1 s *>act]i/ic ( true religi\s devotion4 ,9 all b a few ( ! m9or gr\ps religi\s f]v\r is only too apt to deg5]ate into t v /ate ( sexual excitation :i* devotional ex]cises %\ld surely t5d to repress4 ,if ! wor%ip ( ,siva1 despite ! purport ( 8 *ief symbol1 seems on ! :ole less liable to produce ^! undesirable effects ?an t ( ! rival deity1 x is d\btless due p>tly to ! real nature ( t emblem be+ little realiz$ by ! common p1 & p>tly to ! some:at repell5t "* ( ! great god1 m fav\rable to evok+ feel+s ( awe & t]ror ?an a _s ( f]vid devotion4 ,all ! m are1 h[ev]1 ! gross /imulants1 connect$ ) ! adoration ( 8 consort1 calculat$ to "w up ! c>nal in/9cts ( ! devotees to an extreme degree ( s5sual fr5zy4 ,9 ! ,vai%nava camp1 on ! o!r h&1 ! cult ( ,kri%na1 & m especially t ( ! y\?ful ,kri%na1 c sc>cely fail to ex]t an influ5ce :i*1 if ( a subtl] & m ins9uat+1 is n on t acc\nt ( a less demoraliz+ k9d4 ,inde$1 x w\ld be h>d to f9d any?+ less consonant ) godl9ess & div9e p]fection ?an ! pranks ( ?is juv5ile god2 & if poets & ?9k]s try to expla9 !m away by d9t ( allegorical int]pretation1 ! pla9 man w n = all _! ref9em5ts take ^! amus+ adv5tures any ! less au pi$ de la lettre4 ,no fault1 9 ?is respect1 c assur$ly be f\nd ) ! leg5d>y ,rama1 a v p>agon ( knightly hon\r & virtue1 ev5 z 8 consort ,sita is ! v model ( a noble & fai?ful wife2 & yet ?is cult has p]haps reta9$ ev5 m ( ! "* ( m]e h]o-wor%ip ?an t ( ,kri%na4 ,s9ce by ! univ]sally accept$ doctr9e ( k>man 7de$7 or k>mavipaka 7! matur+ ( de$s7 man himself--ei!r 9 8 pres5t1 or "s future1 exi/5ce--enjoys ! fruit (1 or has to atone =1 8 =m] good & bad actions1 !re c\ld h>dly be room 9 ,h9du pan!ism = a belief 9 ! remission ( s9 by div9e grace or vic>i\s sub/itution4 ,& accord+ly ! desc5ts or inc>nations ( ! deity h = _! object1 n s mu* ! spiritual reg5]ation ( man z ! deliv]ance ( ! _w f "s mat]ial calamity ?reat5+ to ov]:elm x4 ,! g5]ally recogniz$ pr9cipal ,avat>s d n1 h[ev]1 by any means con/itute ! only occasions ( a direct int]cession ( ! deity 9 worldly affairs1 b--9 ! same way z to ?is day ! eclipses ( ! sun & moon are ascrib$ by ! ord9>y ,h9du to ^! lum9>ies be+ tempor>ily swall[$ by ! dragon ,rahu 7or ,graha1 ! seiz]7--s any uncommon occurr5ce w\ld be apt to be set d[n z a special manife/ation ( div9e p[]2 & any man cr$it$ ) exceptional m]it or a*ievem5t1 or ev5 rem>kable = "s /range incid5t connect$ ) 8 life or dea?1 might ultimately come to be look$ ^u z a v]itable inc>nation ( ! deity1 capable ( influ5c+ ! de/9ies ( man1 & might become an object ( local adoration or sup]/iti\s awe & propitiatory rites to multitudes ( p4 ,t ! transmigration !ory1 :i* makes ! _s ( ! dep>t$ hov] ab\t = a "t 9 que/ ( a new corporeal abode1 w\ld naturally l5d itself to sup]/iti\s notions ( ?is k9d c sc>cely be d\bt$4 ,( peculi> importance 9 ?is respect is ! wor%ip ( ! ,pitris 7fa!rs7 or deceas$ ance/ors1 z ent]+ l>gely into ! ev]yday life & family relations ( ! ,h9dus4 ,at /at$ int]vals to (f] rev]5tial homage & oblations ( food to ! =efa!rs up to ! ?ird degree is "o ( ! mo/ sacr$ duties ! dev\t ,h9du has to dis*>ge4 ,! p]iodical p]=mance ( ! commemorative rite ( obsequies call$ ,sraddha--i4e4 an oblation made 9 fai? 7sraddha1 ,lat4 cr$o7--is ! duty & privilege ( ! elde/ son ( ! deceas$1 or1 fail+ him1 ( ! ne>e/ relative :o !reby e/abli%es 8 "r z next ( k9 9 respect ( inh]itance2 & ^? o!r relatives :o h ! "r to take "p 9 ! c]emony are call$ sap9da1 i4e4 %>+ 9 ! p9das 7or balls ( cook$ rice1 con/itut+ along ) libations ( wat] ! usual (f]+ to ! ,manes7--su* relation%ip be+ held a b> to int]m>riage4 ,! fir/ ,sraddha takes place z soon z possible aft] ! antye%ti 7f9al (f]+7 or fun]al c]emony prop]1 usually spread ov] t5 days2 be+ aft]w>ds repeat$ once a mon? = a ye>1 & subsequ5tly at e anniv]s>y & o!rwise volunt>ily on special occasions4 ,moreov]1 a simple libation ( wat] %\ld be (f]$ to ! ,fa!rs twice daily at ! morn+ & ev5+ devotion call$ s&hya 7twilight74 ,x is d\btless a s5se ( filial obligation c\pl$ ) s5tim5ts ( piety & rev]5ce t gave rise to ?is practice ( (f]+ gifts ( food & dr9k to ! deceas$ ance/ors4 ,h5ce also frequ5t allusion is made by poets to ! anxi\s c>e caus$ to ! ,fa!rs by ! possibility ( ! liv+ head ( ! family be+ afflict$ ) failure ( (fspr+2 ?is dire prospect compell+ !m to use b sp>+ly _! little /ore ( provisions1 9 case ! supply %\ld %ortly cease altoge!r4 ,at ! same "t "o also meets ) frank av[als ( a sup]/iti\s fe> le/ any irregul>ity 9 ! p]=mance ( ! obsequial rites %\ld cause ! ,fa!rs to haunt _! old home & tr\ble ! peace ( _! undutiful desc5dant1 or ev5 prematurely draw him aft] !m to ! ,pitri-loka or _w ( ! ,fa!rs1 suppos$ to be locat$ 9 ! s\!rn region4 ,t]m9at+ z x usually does ) ! fe$+ & fee+ ( a great] or less numb] ( ,brahmans & ! fea/+ ( memb]s ( ! p]=m]s' own ca/e1 ! ,sraddha1 especially its fir/ p]=mance1 is (t5 a matt] ( v consid]able exp5se2 & m ?an ord9>y b5efit to ! deceas$ is suppos$ to accrue f x :5 x takes place at a spot ( recogniz$ sanctity1 su* z "o ( ! great places ( pilgrimage l ,prayaga 7,allahabad1 :]e ! ?ree sacr$ riv]s1 ,ganga1 ,yamuna & ,s>asvati1 meet71 ,ma?ura1 & especially ,gaya & ,kasi 7,b5>es74 ,b inde$ ! tir?a-yatra1 or pilgrimage to holy ba?+-places1 is 9 itself consid]$ an act ( piety conf]r+ religi\s m]it 9 proportion to ! "t & tr\ble exp5d$ ^u x4 ,! numb] ( su* places is legion & is con/antly increas+4 ,! banks ( ! great riv]s su* z ! ,ganga 7,ganges71 ! ,yamuna 7,jumna71 ! ,n>bada1 ! ,kri%na 7,ki/na71 are /udd$ ) !m1 & ! wat] ( ^! riv]s is suppos$ to be imbu$ ) ! ess5ce ( sanctity capable ( cleans+ ! pi\s ba!r ( all s9 & moral ta9t4 ,to foll[ ! entire c\rse ( "o ( ! sacr$ riv]s f ! m\? to ! s\rce on "o side & back aga9 on ! o!r 9 ! sun-wise 7pradak%9a7 direction--t is1 always keep+ ! /ream on "o's "r-h& side--is held to be a highly m]itori\s und]tak+ :i* x requires ye>s to c>ry ?r\gh4 ,no wond] t wat] f ^! riv]s1 especially ! ,ganges1 is s5t & tak5 9 bottles to all p>ts ( ,india to be us$ on occasion z heal+ m$ic9e or = sacram5tal purposes4 ,9 ,v$ic times1 at ! ,rajasuya1 or inauguration ( a k+1 "s wat] f ! holy riv] ,s>asvati 0 mix$ ) ! spr9kl+ wat] us$ = consecrat+ ! k+4 ,h5ce also sick p]sons are frequ5tly convey$ long di/ances to a sacr$ riv] to heal !m ( _! maladies2 & = a dy+ man to brea! 8 la/ at ! side ( ! ,ganges is dev\tly believ$ to be ! sure/ way ( secur+ = him salvation & et]nal bliss4 ,su* probably 0 ! belief ( ! ord9>y ,h9du two ?\s& ye>s ago1 & su* x rema9s to ?is day4 ,9 ! light ( facts su* z ^!1 :o c\ld v5ture to say :at ! future ( ,h9duism is likely to be8 ,is ! reg5]ation ( ,india to be br\ght ab\t by ! mod]n !i/ic movem5ts1 su* z ! ,brahma-samaj & ,arya-samaj1 z s close & sympa!tic an obs]v] ( ,h9du life & ?\ght z ,sir ,a4 ,lyall seems to ?9k8 ,! ,h9du m9d1 he rem>ks1 is ess5tially speculative & transc5d5tal2 x w nev] cons5t to be %ut up 9 ! prison ( s5sual exp]i5ce1 = x has grasp$ & holds firmly ! c5tral idea t all ?+s are manife/ations ( "s p[] outside ph5om5a4 ,& ! t5d5cy ( contempor>y religi\s discussion 9 ,india1 s f> z x c be foll[$ f a di/ance1 is t[>ds an e?ical re=m on ! old f\ndations1 t[>ds se>*+ = "s me?od ( reconcil+ _! ,v$ic !ology ) ! practices ( religion tak5 z a rule ( conduct & a sy/em ( moral gov]nm5t4 ,"o c already disc]n a movem5t 9 v>i\s qu>t]s t[>ds a recognition ( imp]sonal !ism1 & t[>ds fix+ ! tea*+ ( ! philosophical s*ools ^u "s def9itely au?oriz$ sy/em ( fai? & morals1 :i* may satisfy a ris+ e?ical /&>d1 & may ?us p]man5tly embody t t5d5cy to sub/itute spiritual devotion = ext]nal =ms & ca/e rules :i* is ! *>act]i/ic ( ! sects t h f "t to "t diss5t$ f or?odox ,brahm9ism4 ,,au?orities4--,c5sus ( ,india 7#aija71 vol4 i4 "p i42 ,india1 by ,h4 ,h4 ,risley & ,e4 ,a4 ,gait2 vol4 i4 ,e?nographical ,app5dices1 by ,h4 ,h4 ,risley2 ,! ,indian ,empire1 vol4 i4 7new ed41 ,ox=d1 #aijg72 ,j4 ,muir1 ,orig9al ,sanskrit ,texts 7#bnd ed41 #e vols41 ,london1 #ahgc72 ,moni] ,williams1 ,religi\s ,?\ght & ,life 9 ,india 7,london1 #ahhc72 ,mod]n ,india & ! ,indians 7,london1 #ahgh1 #crd ed4 #ahgi72 ,h9duism 7,london1 #ahgg72 ,sir ,alfr$ ,c4 ,lyall1 ,asiatic ,/udies 7#b s]ies1 ,london1 #ahii72 ,h9duism 9 ,religi\s ,sy/ems ( ! ,_w 7,london1 #aijd72 ,brahm9ism 9 ,great ,religions ( ! ,_w 7,new ,york & ,london1 #aijb72 ,w4 ,j4 ,wilk9s1 ,mod]n ,h9duism 7,london1 #ahhg72 ,j4 ,c4 ,oman1 ,indian ,life1 ,religi\s & ,social 7,london1 #ahgi72 ,! ,my/ics1 ,ascetics & ,sa9ts ( ,india 7,london1 #aijc72 ,! ,brahmans1 ,!i/s & ,muslims ( ,india 7,london1 #aijg72 ,s4 ,c4 ,bose1 ,! ,h9dus z !y are 7#bnd ed41 ,calcutta1 #ahhc72 ,j4 ,robson1 ,h9duism & ,*ri/ianity 7,ed9burgh & ,london1 #crd ed41 #aije72 ,j4 ,murray ,mit*ell1 ,h9duism ,pa/ & ,pres5t 7#bnd ed41 ,london1 #ahig72 ,jog5dra ,na? ,bhatta*>ya1 ,h9du ,ca/es & ,sects 7,calcutta1 #ahif72 ,a4 ,b>?1 ,! ,religions ( ,india 7,london1 #ahhb72 ,e4 ,w4 ,hopk9s1 ,! ,religions ( ,india 7,london1 #ahif74 7,j4 ,e47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,x is1 p]haps1 by survey+ ,india t we at ?is day c be/ repres5t to ourselves & appreciate ! va/ ext]nal re=m work$ ^u ! hea!n _w by ,*ri/ianity1 z x 0 organiz$ & execut$ ?r\gh\t ,europe by ! comb9$ au?ority ( ! ,holy ,roman ,empire & ! ,*ur* ,apo/olic4 ,sir ,alfr$ ,c4 ,lyall1 ,asiatic ,/udies1 i4 #b4 #b ,h5ry ,:itehead1 ,d4 ,d41 bi%op ( ,madras1 ,! ,village ,deities ( ,s\!rn ,india 7,madras1 #aijg74 #c ,! effect ( ca/e is to give all ,h9du society a religi\s basis4 ,sir ,a4 ,c4 ,lyall1 ,brahmanism4 #d ,?us1 9 ,b]>1 !re is a /rong non-,aryan leav5 9 ! dregs ( ! agricultural class1 d]iv$ f ! primitive races :i* h gradually melt$ d[n into settl$ life1 & ?us become fus$ ) ! g5]al community1 :ile ^! same races are /ill di/9ct tribes 9 ! wild tracts ( hill & jungle4 ,sir ,alfr$ ,c4 ,lyall1 ,z4 ,/41 i4 #f4 #e ,siva is said to h fir/ appe>$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t age z ,sveta1 ! ,:ite1 = ! purpose ( b5efit+ ! ,brahmans1 & he is inv>iably pa9t$ :ite2 :il/ ,vi%nu1 :5 pictur$1 is always ( a d>k-blue col\r4 #f ,z 9 ! case ( ,siva's traditional :ite complexion1 x may n be )\t significance1 f a racial po9t ( view1 t ,vi%nu1 ,rama & ,kri%na h v>i\s d>k] %ades ( col\r attribut$ to !m1 viz4 blue1 hyac9?9e1 & d>k azure or d>k br[n respectively4 ,! names ( ! two h]oes mean+ simply black or d>k1 ! blue t9t may orig9ally h belong$ to ,vi%nu1 :o is also call$ pitavasas1 dress$ 9 yell[ g>m5t1 i4e4 ! col\rs ( sky & sun comb9$4 #g ,?is notion n improbably took its orig9 9 ! my/ic cosmogonic hymn1 ,rigv4 x4 #abi1 :]e x is said t--t "o 7exi/5t1 neutr47 brea!d brea?less by 7or )7 its svadha 78 inh]5t p[]1 or nature71 beyond t !re 0 no?+ :atev] 444 t "o live 7g]m7 :i* 0 enclos$ 9 ! void 0 g5]at$ by ! p[] ( heat 7or f]v\r72 desire !n fir/ came ^u x1 :i* 0 ! fir/ se$ ( ! m9d 444 f]tiliz+ =ces !re 71 svadha bel[1 prayati 78 w7 above4 ,,h9du ,,ku%1 a range ( m\nta9s 9 ,c5tral ,asia4 ,?r\gh\t #ejj m4 ( its l5g?1 f its roots 9 ! ,pamir regions till x fades into ! ,koh-i-,baba to ! we/ ( ,kabul1 ?is great range =ms ! wat]-divide betwe5 ! ,kabul & ! ,oxus bas9s1 &1 = ! fir/ #bjj m4 reckon+ we/w>ds1 ! s\!rn b\nd>y ( ,afghani/an4 ,x may be said to spr+ f ! head ( ! ,taghdumba% ,pamir1 :]e x unites ) ! great m]idional sy/em ( ,s>ikol /ret*+ nor?w>ds1 & ! yet m impressive m\nta9 b>ri] ( ,muztagh1 ! nor!rn base ( :i* sep>ates ,*9a f ! semi-indep5d5t t]ritory ( ,kanjut4 ,! ,wakhjir pass1 cross+ ! head ( ! ,taghdumba% ,pamir into ! s\rces ( ! riv] ,hunza1 almo/ m>ks ! tri-junction ( ! ?ree great *a9s ( m\nta9s4 ,z ! ,h9du ,ku% /rikes we/w>ds1 aft] fir/ r\nd+ ! head ( an ,oxus tribut>y 7! ,ab-i-,panja1 :i* ,curzon consid]s to be ! true s\rce ( ! ,oxus71 x closely ov]looks ! tr\gh ( t glaci]-f$ /ream "u its nor!rn spurs1 its cre/ at ! ne>e/ po9t be+ sep>at$ f ! riv] by a di/ance :i* _c mu* exce$ #aj m4 ,z ! riv] is "h ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ,afghani/an1 & ! cre/ ( ! ,h9du ,ku% ! s\!rn b\nd>y1 ?is di/ance repres5ts ! wid? ( ! ,afghan k+dom at t po9t4 ,physiography4--,= ! fir/ #ajj m4 ( its l5g? ! ,h9du ,ku% is a comp>atively flat-back$ range ( consid]able wid?1 p]mitt+ ! =mation ( small lakes on ! cre/1 & possess+ no consid]able peaks4 ,x is cross$ by _m passes1 v>y+ 9 height f #ab1ejj ft4 to #ag1ejj ft41 ! l[e/ & ! easie/ be+ ! well-kn[n gr\p ab\t ,b>oghil1 :i* has f "t immemorial (f]$ a l9e ( approa* f ,high ,asia to ,*itral & ,jalalabad4 ,z ! ,h9du ,ku% gradually rec$es f ! ,ab-i-,panja & turns s\?-we/w>ds x ga9s 9 altitude1 & we f9d prom95t peaks on ! cre/ :i* measure m ?an #bd1jjj ft4 above sea-level4 ,ev5 "h1 h[ev]1 ! ma9 c5tral wat]-divide1 or axis ( ! *a91 is app>5tly n ! l9e ( highe/ peaks1 :i* mu/ be look$ = to ! s\?1 :]e ! great squ>e-head$ giant call$ ,tira* ,mir dom9ates ,*itral f a s\!rn spur4 ,= "s #dj or #ej m4 ( ?is s\?-we/]ly b5d1 be>+ away f ! ,oxus1 :]e ! ,h9du ,ku% ov]looks ! m\nta9 wild]ness ( ,badak%an to ! we/1 ! cre/ is int]sect$ by _m passes1 ( :i* ! mo/ important is ! ,dorah gr\p 7includ+ ! ,m9jan & ! ,m&al71 :i* rise to ab\t #ae1jjj ft41 & :i* are1 "u fav\rable conditions1 practicable l9ks betwe5 ! ,oxus & ,*itral bas9s4 ,kafiri/an section4 ,f ! ,dorah to ! ,khawak pass 7or gr\p ( passes1 = x is seldom t "o l9e ( approa* only is to be f\nd across ! ,h9du ,ku%71 :i* is betwe5 #aa1jjj & #ab1jjj ft4 9 altitude1 ! wat]-divide ov]looks ,kafiri/an & ,badak%an4 ,"h its exact position is matt] ( conjecture4 ,x lies amid/ a wild1 inaccessible region ( sn[b\nd cre/s1 & is c]ta9ly n[h]e less ?an #ae1jjj ft4 above sea-level4 ,!re is a tradition t ,timur attempt$ ! passage ( ! ,h9du ,ku% by "o ( ! unmapp$ passes h]eab\ts1 & t1 hav+ fail$1 he left a record ( 8 failure engrav$ on a rock 9 ! pass4 ,passes4 ,! ,khawak1 at ! head ( ! ,panj%ir tribut>y ( ! ,kabul riv]1 lead+ /raight f ,badak%an to ,*>ik> & ! city ( ,kabul1 is n[ an excell5t kafila r\te1 ! road hav+ be5 eng9e]$ "u ! amir ,abdur ,rahman's direction1 & x is said to be available = traffic ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,f ! ,khawak to ! head ( ! ,ghorb& 7a riv] ( ! ,h9du ,ku% :i*1 ris+ to ! nor?-we/ ( ,kabul1 fl[s nor?-ea/ to meet ! ,panj%ir ne> ,*>ik>1 :5ce !y run unit$ into ! pla9s ( ,kohi/an7 ! ,h9du ,ku% is int]sect$ by passes at int]vals1 all ( :i* 7 survey$1 & sev]al utiliz$1 dur+ ! return ( ! ,russo-,afghan b\nd>y commission f ! ,oxus to ,kabul 9 #ahhf4 ,^? utiliz$ 7 ! ,kao%an 7! ,h9du ,ku% pass p> excell5ce71 #ad1cdj ft42 ! ,*ah>d> 7#ac1ijj ft471 :i* is a l9k 9 "o ( ! amir ( ,afghani/an's high roads to ,turke/an2 & ! ,%ib> 7#ihjj ft471 :i* is m]ely a div]sion into ! upp] ,ghorb& ( t gr\p ( passes betwe5 ,bamian & ! ,kabul pla9s :i* are repres5t$ by ! ,irak1 ,hajigak1 ,unai1 c4 ,ab\t ?is po9t x is geographically correct to place ! s\!rn extremity ( ! ,h9du ,ku%1 = "h comm5ces ! ,koh-i-,baba sy/em into :i* ! ,h9du ,ku% is m]g$4 ,g5]al con=mation4 ,! g5]al con=mation ( ! ,h9du ,ku% sy/em s\? ( ! ,khawak1 no less ?an su* fragm5t>y evid5ce ( its rock composition z at pres5t exi/s to ! nor?1 po9ts to its con/ruction "u ! same conditions ( upheaval & subsequ5t d5udation z are common to ! we/]n ,himalaya & ! :ole ( ! trans-,indus bord]l&4 ,its upheaval above ! great sea :i* subm]g$ all ! nor?-we/ ( ! ,indian p59sula long aft] ! ,himalaya _h mass$ itself z a =midable m\nta9 *a91 belongs to a comp>atively rec5t geologic p]iod1 & ! same ?ru/ upw>ds ( va/ masses ( cretace\s lime/one has di/urb$ ! ov]ly+ rec5t b$s ( %ale & clays ) v simil> results to ^? :i* h left s m>k$ an impress on ! ,balu* fronti]4 ,successive flexures or ridges are rang$ 9 m or less p>allel l9es1 & f betwe5 ! b&s ( h>d1 unyield+ rock ( old] =mation ! s(t b$s ( rec5t %ale h be5 wa%$ out1 to be c>ri$ ?r\gh ! enclos+ ridges by rifts :i* break across _! axes4 ,! ,h9du ,ku% is1 9 fact1 b ! face ( a great upheav$ mass ( plateau-l& ly+ beyond x nor?w>ds1 j z ! ,himalaya =ms ! s\!rn face ( ! great c5tral tablel& ( ,tibet1 & its g5]al physiography1 exhibit+ long1 n>r[1 lat]al valleys & transv]se l9es ( antec$5t dra9age1 is simil>4 ,!re are few passes across ! s\!rn section ( ! ,h9du ,ku% 7& ?is section is1 f ! politico-geographical po9t ( view1 m important to ,india ?an ! :ole ,himalayan sy/em7 :i* h n to surm\nt a succession ( cre/s or ridges z !y cross f ,afghan ,turke/an to ,afghani/an4 ,! exceptions are1 ( c\rse1 notable1 & h play$ an important "p 9 ! milit>y hi/ory ( ,asia f "t immemorial4 ,f a little ice-b\nd lake call$ ,gaz ,kul1 or ,k>amb>1 :i* lies on ! cre/ ( ! ,h9du ,ku% ne> its nor!rn orig9 at ! head ( ! ,taghdumba% ,pamir1 two v important riv] sy/ems 7^? ( ,*itral & ,hunza7 are believ$ to orig9ate4 ,! lake really lies on ! wat]%$ betwe5 ! two1 & is probably a glacial relic4 ,its contribution to ei!r infant /ream appe>s to dep5d on conditions ( ov]fl[ det]m9$ by ! block+ ( ice masses t[>ds "o end4 ,x m>ks ! comm5cem5t ( ! wat]-divide :i* prim>ily sep>ates ! ,gilgit bas9 f t ( ! ,ya%kun1 or ,*itral1 riv]1 & subsequ5tly divides ! dra9age ( ,swat & ,baj\r f t ( ! ,*itral 7or ,kun>74 ,! ,ya%kun-,*itral-,kun> riv] 7x is call$ by all ?ree names7 is ! longe/ afflu5t ( ! ,kabul1 & x is 9 _m respects a m important riv] ?an ! ,kabul4 ,?r\gh\t its l5g? x is closely flank$ on its left bank by ?is ma9 wat]-divide1 :i* is call$ ,mo%ab> or ,%&ur 9 its nor!rn sections1 & owns a great v>iety ( names :]e x divides ,baj\r f ! ,kun> valley4 ,x is ?is range1 cr[n$ by peaks ( #bb1jjj ft4 altitude & ma9ta9+ an av]age elevation ( "s #aj1jjj ft4 ?r\gh\t its l5g? ( #bej m41 t is ! real b>ri] ( ! nor?--n ! ,h9du ,ku% itself4 ,across x1 at its head1 are ! glacial passes :i* lead to ! foot ( ! ,b>oghil4 ,( ^! ,d>kot1 ) a glacial /aircase on ea* side1 is typical4 7,see ,,gilgit47 ,^? passes 7! ,kilik & ,m9taka7 f ! ,pamir regions1 :i* lead into ! rocky gorges & defiles ( ! upp] afflu5ts ( ! ,hunza to ! ea/ ( ! ,d>kot1 belong r to ! ,muztagh sy/em ?an to ! ,h9du ,ku%4 ,o!r passes across ?is important wat]-divide are ! ,%&ur 7#ab1bej ft471 betwe5 ,gilgit & ,ma/uj2 ! ,l[>ai 7#aj1dej ft471 betwe5 ! ,panjkora & ,*itral valleys2 & f>!r s\? c]ta9 l[] cross+s :i* once =m$ "p ( ! great highway betwe5 ,kabul & ,india4 ,*itral4 ,deep d[n 9 ! tr\gh ( ! ,*itral riv]1 ab\t midway betwe5 its s\rce & its junction ) ! ,kabul at ,jalalabad1 is ! village & =t ( ,*itral 7q4v474 ,fac+ ,*itral1 on ! "r bank ( ! riv]1 & ext5d+ = "s #gj m4 f ! ,h9du ,ku%1 is ! l(ty sn[-clad spur ( ! ,h9du ,ku% kn[n z ,%awal1 across :i* "o or two difficult passes lead into ! ,ba%gol valley ( ,kafiri/an4 ,?is spur c>ries ! b\nd>y ( ,afghani/an s\?w>ds to ,arnawai 7"s #ej m4 bel[ ,*itral71 :]e x crosses ! riv] to ! long ,%&ur wat]%$4 ,s\? ( ,arnawai ! ,kun> valley becomes a "p ( ,afghani/an 7see ,,kun>74 ,! value ( ,*itral z an outpo/ ( ,briti% ,india may be be/ gaug$ by its geographical position4 ,x is ab\t #ajj m4 7direct map measurem5t7 f ! outpo/ ( ,russia at ,lang> ,ki%t on ! riv] ,panja1 ) ! ,dorah pass across ! ,h9du ,ku% int]v5+4 ,! ,dorah may be said to be ab\t half-way betwe5 ! two outpo/s1 & ! m\nta9 tracks lead+ to x on ei!r side are r\gh & difficult4 ,! ,dorah1 h[ev]1 is n ! only pass :i* leads into ! ,*itral valley f ! ,oxus4 ,! ,m&al pass1 a few miles s\? ( ! ,dorah1 is ! connect+ l9k betwe5 ! ,oxus & ! ,ba%gol valley ( ,kafiri/an2 & ! ,ba%gol valley leads directly to ! ,*itral valley at ,arnawai1 ab\t #ej m4 bel[ ,*itral4 ,nor mu/ we ov]look ! connexion betwe5 nor? & s\? ( ! ,h9du ,ku% :i* is af=d$ by ! long n>r[ valley ( ! ,*itral 7or ,ya%kun7 itself1 lead+ up to ! ,b>oghil pass4 ,?is r\te 0 once made use ( by ! ,*9ese = purposes ( pilgrimage1 if n = invasion4 ,access to ,*itral f ! nor? is !re=e b a matt] ( practicable tracks1 or passes1 9 two or ?ree directions1 & ! measure ( practicability "u any giv5 conditions c be/ be reckon$ f ,*itral itself4 ,by mo/ au?orities ! possibility ( an advance 9 =ce f ! nor?1 ev5 "u ! mo/ fav\rable conditions1 is consid]$ to be exce$+ly small2 b ! tracks & passes ( ! ,h9du ,ku% are only impracticable s long z !y are left z nature has made !m4 ,hi/orical ,notices4--,h9du ,ku% is ! ,caucasus ( ,alex&]'s hi/orians4 ,x is also includ$ 9 ! ,p>opamisus1 ?\gh ! latt] t]m embraces m1 ,caucasus be+ app>5tly us$ only :5 ! alp9e b>ri] is 9 "q4 ,:e!r ! "n 0 giv5 9 m]e vanity to ! b>ri] :i* ,alex&] pass$ 7z ,arrian & o!rs repeat$ly allege71 or 0 f\nd$ also on "s v]bal confusion1 _c be /at$4 ,x 0 no d\bt reg>d$ 7& p]haps n altoge!r untruly7 z a "p ( a great alp9e zone believ$ to trav]se ,asia f we/ to ea/1 :e!r call$ ,taurus1 ,caucasus or ,imaus4 ,arrian himself applies ,caucasus di/9ctly to ! ,himalaya also4 ,! application ( ! "n ,tanais to ! ,syr seems to indicate a real confusion ) ,col*ian ,caucasus4 ,alex&]1 aft] build+ an ,alex&ria at its foot 7probably at ,hupian ne> ,*>ik>71 cross$ into ,bactria1 fir/ rea*+ ,drapsaca1 or ,adrapsa4 ,?is has be5 int]pret$ z ,&]ab1 9 :i* case he probably cross$ ! ,khawak ,pass1 b ! id5tity is unc]ta94 ,! anci5t ,z5d "n is1 accord+ to ,rawl9son1 ,p>es9a1 ! ess5tial "p ( ,p>opamisus2 ?is acc\nts = ! great ,asia/ic ,p>nassus ( ,ari/otle1 & ! ,pho-lo-s9-a ( ,hsuan ,tsang4 ,! "n ,h9du ,ku% is us$ by ,ibn ,batuta1 :o cross$ 7c4 #accb7 f ,&]ab1 & he gives ! explanation ( ! "n :i*1 h[ev] d\btful1 is /ill popul>1 z 7,p]s47 ,h9du-,kill]1 because ( ! numb] ( ,indian slaves :o p]i%$ 9 pass+ its sn[s4 ,bab] always calls ! range ,h9du ,ku%1 & ! way 9 :i* he speaks ( x %[s cle>ly t x 0 a range t 0 meant1 n a solit>y pass or peak 7accord+ to mod]n local use1 z alleg$ by ,elph9/one & ,burnes74 ,probably1 h[ev]1 ! title 0 conf9$ to ! section f ,khawak to ,koh-i-,baba4 ,! "n has by "s lat] ,ori5tal writ]s be5 modifi$ into ,h9du ,koh 7m\nta971 b ?is is factiti\s1 & ?r[s no m light on ! orig9 ( ! title4 ,! "n seems to h become kn[n to ,european geograph]s by ! ,ori5tal translations ( ! two ,petis de la ,croix1 & 0 tak5 up by ,delisle & ,d',anville4 ,r5nell & ,elph9/one famili>iz$ x4 ,burnes fir/ cross$ ! range 7#ahcb74 ,a ,briti% =ce 0 /ation$ at ,bamian beyond x 9 #ahdj1 ) an outpo/ at ,saighan4 ,! ,h9du ,ku%1 =midable z x seems1 & (t5 z x has be5 ! limit betwe5 petty /ates1 has h>dly ev] be5 ! b\nd>y ( a consid]able p[]4 ,greeks1 ,:ite ,huns1 ,samanidae ( ,bokh>a1 ,ghaznevides1 ,mongols1 ,timur & ,timuridae1 d[n to ,saddozais & ,b>akzais1 h rul$ bo? sides ( ?is great alp9e *a94 ,,au?orities4--,in=mation ab\t ! ,h9du ,ku% & ,*itral is n[ comp>atively exact4 ,! ,russo-,afghan ,b\nd>y ,commission ( #ahhd & ! ,*itral exp$ition ( #ahie op5$ up a va/ area = geographical inve/igation1 & ! in=mation collect$ is to be f\nd 9 ! reports & gazette]s ( ! ,indian gov]nm5t4 ,! foll[+ are ! *ief rec5t au?orities3--,report ( ! ,russo-,afghan ,b\nd>y ,commission 7#ahhf72 ,report ( ,lockh>t's ,mission 7#ahhf72 ,report ( ,asm> ,b\nd>y ,commission 7#ahie72 ,report ( ,pamir ,b\nd>y ,commission 7#ahif72 ,j4 ,biddulph1 ,tribes ( ! ,h9du ,ku% 7,calcutta1 #ahhj72 ,w4 ,m',nair1 ,visit to ,kafiri/an1 vol4 vi4 ,r4,g4,s4 ,proc41 #ahhd2 ,f4 ,y\nghusb&1 ,j\rneys on ! ,pamirs1 c41 vol4 xiv4 ,r4,g4,s4 ,proc41 #ahib2 ,colonel ,dur&1 ,mak+ a ,fronti] 7,london1 #ahii72 ,sir ,g4 ,rob]tson1 ,*itral 7,london1 #ahii74 7,t4 ,h4 ,h4997 ,,h9dur1 or ,,nalag>h1 "o ( ! ,simla hill /ates1 "u ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,punjab1 ,india4 ,pop4 7#aija7 #eb1eea2 area1 #bef sq4 m42 e/imat$ rev5ue1 ,l#hfjj4 ,! c\ntry 0 ov]run by ! ,gurkhas = "s ye>s be=e #ahae1 :5 !y 7 driv5 out by ! ,briti%1 & ! raja 0 confirm$ 9 possession ( ! t]ritory4 ,! pr9cipal products are gra9 & opium4 ,,h+anghat1 a t[n ( ,briti% ,india 9 ,w>dha di/rict1 ,c5tral ,prov9ces1 #ba m4 ,s4,w4 ( ,w>dha t[n4 ,pop 7#aija7 #ab1ffb4 ,x is a ma9 seat ( ! cotton trade1 ! cotton "h produc$ 9 ! ri* ,w>dha valley hav+ giv5 its "n to "o ( ! be/ indig5\s /aples ( ,india4 ,! pr9cipal native trad]s are ,m>w>is1 _m ( :om h l>ge transactions & export on _! own acc\nt2 b ! great] numb] act z middle-m54 ,!re are two cotton-mills & sev]al g9n+ & press+ factories4 ,,h+e 79 ,mid4 ,eng4 h5ge or he5g1 f h5g51 to hang71 a movable jo9t1 p>ticul>ly t by :i* a door or w9d[ hangs f its side-po/1 or by :i* a lid or cov] is atta*$ to t :i* x closes2 also any device :i* all[s two p>ts to be jo9$ toge!r & move ^u ea* o!r 7see ,,jo9]y74 ,figuratively ! ^w is us$ ( t on :i* some?+ dep5ds1 a c>d9al or turn+ po9t1 a crisis4 ,,h+ham1 a t[n%ip ( ,plym\? c\nty1 ,massa*usetts1 ,u4,s4,a41 on ,massa*usetts ,bay4 ,pop 7#ahij7 #defd2 7#aijj7 #ejei 7#ifi be+ =eign-born72 7#aije1 /ate c5sus7 #dhai2 7#aiaj7 #dife4 ,area1 ab\t #cj sq4 m4 ,! t[n%ip is trav]s$ by ! ,new ,york1 ,new ,hav5 ,h>t=d railway1 & conta9s ! villages ( ,h+ham1 ,we/ ,h+ham1 ,h+ham ,c5t]1 & ,s\? ,h+ham4 ,d]by ,academy1 a co-educational s*ool f\nd$ & end[$ ) ab\t ,l#ab1jjj 9 #aghd by ,s>ah ,d]by 7#agad-agij71 0 op5$ 9 #agia4 ,h+ham has a public libr>y 7#ahfh71 ) #ab1jjj volumes 9 #aijh4 ,! ,old ,meet+ ,h\se1 erect$ 9 #afha1 is "o ( ! olde/ *ur* build+s 9 ! c\ntry us$ cont9u\sly4 ,manufactures 7 relatively mu* m important 9 ! #ag? & #ah? c5turies ?an s9ce4 ,!re 7 settl]s "h z e>ly z #afcc1 "s ( !m--notably ,edmund ,hob>t1 ance/or ( ,bi%op ,john ,h5ry ,hob>t1--be+ natives ( ,h+ham1 ,norfolk1 ,engl&1 :5ce ! "n2 & 9 #afce common l& call$ ,b>ecove became ! t[n%ip ( ,h+ham4 ,see ,hi/ory ( ! ,t[n ( ,h+ham 7#d vols41 ,h+ham1 #ahic74 ,,h9ri*s1 ,,h]mann ,,fri$ri* ,,wilhelm 7#agid-ahfa71 ,g]man philosoph]1 /udi$ !ology at ,/rassburg1 & philosophy at ,heidelb]g "u ,hegel 7q4v471 :o wrote a preface to 8 ,religion im inn]n ,v]haltniss zur ,wiss5s*aft 7,heidelb]g1 #agbb74 ,he became a ,privatdoz5t 9 #ahai1 & held pr(essor%ips at ,breslau 7#ahbb7 & ,halle 7#ahbd74 ,,works4--7#a7 ,philosophical3 ,grundl9i5 d] ,philosophie d] ,logik 7,halle1 #ahbf72 ,g5esis des ,wiss5s 7,heidelb]g1 #ahce74 7#b7 ,on ae/hetics3 ,vorlesung5 ub] ,goe!s ,fau/ 7,halle1 #ahbe72 ,s*ill]s ,di*tung5 na* ihrem hi/oris*5 ,zusamm5hang 7,leipzig1 #ahcg-ahci74 ,by ^! works he became a recogniz$ expon5t ( or?odox ,hegelianism4 7#c7 ,hi/orical3 ,ges*i*te d] ,re*ts- und ,/aatspr9zipi5 seit d] ,re=mation bis auf die ,geg5w>t 7,leipzig1 #ahdh-aheb72 ,die ,konige 7#bnd ed41 ,leipzig1 #ahec74 ,,h9s*ius1 ,,paul 7#ahce-ahih71 ,g]man juri/1 0 ! son ( ,franz ,sales ,augu/ ,h9s*ius 7#ahjg-ahgg71 & 0 born 9 ,b]l9 on ! #be? ( ,decemb] #ahce4 ,8 fa!r 0 n only a sci5tific juri/1 b also a lawy] 9 l>ge practice 9 ,b]l94 ,aft] work+ "u 8 fa!r1 ,h9s*ius 9 #aheb began to /udy jurisprud5ce at ,heidelb]g & ,b]l91 ! tea*] :o _h mo/ influ5ce ^u him be+ ,aemilius ,ludwig ,ri*t] 7#ahjh-ahfd71 to :om he aft]w>ds ascrib$ ! great revival ( ! /udy ( ecclesia/ical law 9 ,g]many4 ,9 #ahee ,h9s*ius took ! degree ( doctor utriusque juris1 & 9 #ahei 0 admitt$ to ! juridical faculty ( ,b]l94 ,9 #ahfc he w5t z pr(essor extraord9>ius to ,halle1 return+ 9 ! same capacity to ,b]l9 9 #ahfe2 & 9 #ahfh became pr(essor ord9>ius at ! univ]sity ( ,kiel1 :i* he repres5t$ 9 ! ,prussian ,upp] ,h\se 7#ahgj-ahga74 ,he also assi/$ 8 fa!r 9 edit+ ! ,preussis*e ,anwaltszeitung f #ahfb to #ahff & ! ,zeits*rift fur ,gesetzgebung und ,re*tspflege 9 ,preuss5 f #ahfg to #ahga4 ,9 #ahgb he 0 appo9t$ pr(essor ord9>ius ( ecclesia/ical law at ,b]l94 ,9 ! same ye> he took "p 9 ! conf]5ces ( ! m9i/ry ( ecclesia/ical affairs1 :i* issu$ 9 ! fam\s ,falk laws4 ,9 connexion ) ! developm5ts ( ! ,kulturkampf :i* result$ f ! ,falk laws1 he wrote sev]al treatises3 e4g4 on ,! ,attitude ( ! ,g]man ,/ate ,gov]nm5ts t[>ds ! ,decrees ( ! ,vatican ,c\ncil 7#ahga71 on ,! ,prussian ,*ur* ,laws ( #ahgc 7#ahgc71 ,! ,prussian ,*ur* ,laws ( ! ye>s #ahgd & #ahge 7#ahge71 & ,! ,prussian ,*ur* ,law ( #ad? ,july #ahhj 7#ahha74 ,he sat 9 ! ,rei*/ag z a ,national ,lib]al f #ahgb to #ahgh1 & aga9 9 #ahha & #ahhb1 & f #ahhi onw>ds he repres5t$ ! univ]sity ( ,b]l9 9 ! ,prussian ,upp] ,h\se4 ,he di$ on ! #ac? ( ,decemb] #ahih4 ,! two great works by :i* ,h9s*ius e/abli%$ 8 fame are ! ,decretales ,pseudo-,isidorianae et capitula ,angilramni 7#b p>ts1 ,leipzig1 #ahfc7 & ,das ,kir*5re*t d] ,ka?olik5 und ,prote/ant5 9 ,deuts*l&1 vols1 i4-vi4 7,b]l91 #ahfi-ahgg74 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 = :i* dur+ #ahfj & #ahfa he _h ga!r$ mat]ials 9 ,italy1 ,spa91 ,france1 ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 ,irel&1 ,holl& & ,belgium1 0 ! fir/ critical edition ( ! ,false ,decretals4 ,8 mo/ monum5tal "w1 h[ev]1 is ! ,kir*5re*t1 :i* rema9s incomplete4 ,! six volumes actually publi%$ 7,sy/em des ka?olis*5 ,kir*5re*ts7 cov] only book i4 ( ! "w z plann$2 !y are devot$ to an exhau/ive hi/orical & analytical /udy ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic hi]>*y & its gov]nm5t ( ! *ur*4 ,! "w is plann$ ) special ref]5ce to ,g]many2 b 9 fact its s*eme embraces ! :ole ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic organization 9 its pr9ciples & practice4 ,un=tunately ev5 ?is "p ( ! "w rema9s incomplete2 two *apt]s ( book i4 & ! :ole ( book ii41 :i* 0 to h dealt ) ! rights & duties ( ! memb]s ( ! hi]>*y1 rema9 unwritt52 ! mo/ notable omission is t ( ! ecclesia/ical law 9 relation to ! regul> ord]s4 ,incomplete z x is1 h[ev]1 ! ,kir*5re*t rema9s a "w ( ! highe/ sci5tific au?ority4 ,epo*-mak+ 9 its application ( ! mod]n hi/orical me?od to ! /udy ( ecclesia/ical law 9 its !ory & practice1 x has become ! model = ! y\ng] s*ool ( canoni/s4 ,see ! articles s4v4 by ,e4 ,seckel 9 ,h]zog-,hauck1 ,real5cyklopadie 7#crd ed41 #aijj71 & by ,ulri* ,/eitz 9 ! ,allgeme9e deuts*e ,biographie1 vol4 #ej 7,leipzig1 #aije74 ,,h9t]l& 7,g]man = ! l& beh9d71 ! region ly+ beh9d a coa/ or riv] l9e1 or a c\ntry dep5d5t = trade or comm]ce on any o!r region4 ,9 ! purely physical s5se int]ior or back c\ntry is m commonly us$1 b ! ^w has ga9$ a di/9ct political significance4 ,x fir/ came into prom95ce dur+ #ahhc-ahhe1 :5 ,g]many insi/$ t %e _h a "r to ex]cise jurisdiction 9 ! t]ritory beh9d ^? p>ts ( ! ,african coa/ t %e _h occupi$4 ,! doctr9e ( ! h9t]l& 0 t ! possessor ( ! littoral 0 entitl$ to z mu* ( ! back c\ntry z geographically1 economically or politically 0 dep5d5t ^u ! coa/ l&s1 a doctr9e :i*1 9 ! space ( t5 ye>s1 l$ to ! p>tition ( ,africa betwe5 v>i\s ,european p[]s4 ,,h9ton1 ,,james 7#ahbb-ahge71 ,engli% surgeon & au?or1 son ( ,john ,h[>d ,h9ton 7#agia-ahgc71 ,bapti/ m9i/] & au?or ( ! ,hi/ory & ,topography ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & o!r works1 0 born at ,read+ 9 #ahbb4 ,he 0 educat$ at 8 gr&fa!r's s*ool ne> ,ox=d1 & at ! ,noncon=mi/ s*ool at ,h>p5d51 & 9 #ahch1 on 8 fa!r's removal to ,london1 0 appr5tic$ to a wooll5-drap] 9 ,:ite*apel4 ,aft] reta9+ ?is situation ab\t a ye> he became cl]k 9 an insurance (fice4 ,8 ev5+s 7 sp5t 9 int5se /udy1 & ?is1 jo9$ to ! ard\r1 am\nt+ to morbidness1 ( 8 int]e/ 9 moral problems1 s affect$ 8 heal? t 9 8 n9ete5? ye> he resolv$ to seek refuge f 8 own ?\ghts by runn+ away to sea4 ,8 int5tion hav+1 h[ev]1 be5 discov]$1 he 0 s5t1 on ! advice ( ! physician :o 0 consult$ reg>d+ 8 heal?1 to ,/ ,b>?olomew's ,hospital to /udy = ! m$ical pr(ession4 ,aft] receiv+ 8 diploma 9 #ahdg1 he 0 = "s "t assi/ant surgeon at ,newport1 ,essex1 b ! same ye> he w5t out to ,si]ra ,leone to take m$ical *>ge ( ! free lab\r]s on _! voyage !nce to ,jamaica1 :]e he /ay$ "s "t4 ,he return$ to ,engl& 9 #ahej1 & ent]$ into p>tn]%ip ) a surgeon 9 ,london1 :]e he soon _h 8 int]e/ awak5$ specially 9 aural surg]y1 & gave also mu* ( 8 att5tion to physiology4 ,he made 8 fir/ appe>ance z an au?or 9 #ahef by contribut+ pap]s on physiological & e?ical subjects to ! ,*ri/ian ,spectator2 & 9 #ahei he publi%$ ,man & 8 ,dwell+-place4 ,a s]ies ( pap]s entitl$ ,physiological ,riddles1 9 ! ,cornhill ,magaz9e1 aft]w>ds publi%$ z ,life 9 ,nature 7#ahfb71 z well z ano!r s]ies entitl$ ,?\ghts on ,heal? 7#ahga71 prov$ 8 aptitude = popul> sci5tific exposition4 ,aft] be+ appo9t$ aural surgeon to ,guy's ,hospital 9 #ahfc1 he spe$ily acquir$ a reputation z ! mo/ skilful aural surgeon ( 8 day1 :i* 0 fully borne out by 8 works1 ,an ,atlas ( ,diseases ( ! membrana tympani 7#ahgd71 & ,que/ions ( ,aural ,surg]y 7#ahgd74 ,b 8 heal? broke d[n1 & 9 #ahgd he gave up practice2 & he di$ at ! ,azores ( acute inflammation ( ! bra9 on ! #af? ( ,decemb] #ahge4 ,9 addition to ! works already m5tion$1 he 0 ! au?or ( ,! ,my/]y ( ,pa9 7#ahff7 & ,! ,place ( ! ,physician 7#ahgd74 ,on acc\nt ( _! fre% & vigor\s discussion ( _m ( ! important moral & social problems ( ! "t1 8 writ+s _h a wide circulation on bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic4 ,8 ,life & ,lett]s1 edit$ by ,ellice ,hopk9s1 ) an introduction by ,sir ,w4 ,w4 ,gull1 appe>$ 9 #ahgh4 ,,hiogo ,,hyogo1 a t[n ( ,japan 9 ! prov9ce ( ,settsu1 ,nippon1 on ! we/]n %ore ( ! bay ( ,osaka1 adjo9+ ! =eign settlem5t ( ,kobe1 #ba m4 ,w4 ( ,osaka by rail4 ,! gr[? ( its prosp]ity has be5 v rem>kable4 ,its population1 includ+ t ( ,kobe1 0 #ace1fci 9 #ahia1 & #bhe1jjb 9 #aijc4 ,f #ahhd to ! close ( ! c5tury its trade increas$ ne>ly eightfold1 & ! increase 0 n conf9$ to a few /aples ( comm]ce1 b 0 spread ov] almo/ ! :ole trade1 9 :i* silk & cotton fabrics1 floor-mats1 /raw-plaits1 mat*es1 & cotton y>ns are specially important4 ,kobe owes mu* ( its prosp]ity to ! fact ( s]v+ l>gely z ! %ipp+ port ( ,osaka1 ! *ief manufactur+ t[n 9 ,japan4 ,! =eign community1 exclusive ( ,*9ese1 exce$s #ajjj p]sons4 ,kobe is consid]$ ! brighte/ & heal?ie/ ( all ! places assign$ z =eign settlem5ts 9 ,japan1 its pure1 dry air & granite subsoil con/itut+ special advantages4 ,x is 9 railway communication ) all p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & :>ves admit ( /eam]s ( l>ge size load+ & dis*>g+ c>go )\t ! aid ( light]s4 ,! area orig9ally appropriat$ = a =eign settlem5t soon prov$ too re/rict$1 & =eign]s receiv$ p]mission to lease l&s & h\ses direct f ,japanese own]s beyond ! treaty limits1 a privilege :i*1 toge!r ) t ( build+ villas on ! hills beh9d ! t[n1 ultimately involv$ "s diplomatic complications4 ,kobe has a %ipbuild+ y>d1 & docks 9 its imm$iate neighb\rhood4 ,hiogo has sev]al temples ( int]e/1 "o ( :i* has ne> x a huge bronze /atue ( ,buddha1 :ile by ! ,m9atogawa1 :i* fl[s into ! sea betwe5 ,hiogo & ,kobe1 a temple commemorates ! spot :]e ,kusunoki ,masa%ige1 ! mirror ( ,japanese loyalty1 met 8 dea? 9 battle 9 #accf4 ,! temple ( ,ikuta 0 erect$ on ! site ( ! anci5t fane built by ,j+o on h] return f ,korea 9 ! #crd c5tury4 ,hiogo's orig9al "n 0 ,bako4 ,its position ne> ! entrance ( ! ,inl& ,sea gave x "s m>itime importance f a v e>ly p]iod1 b x did n become really prom95t until ! #ab? c5tury1 :5 ,kiyomori1 *ief ( ! ,taira clan1 transf]r$ ! capital f ,kioto to ,fukuh>a1 9 ,hiogo's imm$iate neighb\rhood1 & und]took v>i\s public works = improv+ ! place4 ,! *ange ( capital 0 v brief1 b ,hiogo b5efit$ p]man5tly f ! di/9ction4 ,,hip4 7#a7 7,f ,o4 ,eng4 hype1 a ^w common 9 v>i\s =ms to _m ,teutonic languages2 cf4 ,dut* heup1 & ,g]4 ,hufte71 ! project+ "p ( ! body =m$ by ! top ( ! ?ighbone & ! side ( ! pelvis1 9 quadrup$s g5]ally kn[n z ! haun* 7see ,,jo9ts74 7#b77,o4 ,eng4 heope1 f same root z ,m4,h4 ,g]4 hiefe1 a ?orn-bu%71 ! fruit ( ! dog-rose 7,rosa can9a72 hips are usually jo9$ ) haws1 ! fruit ( ! haw?orn4 ,,hip-,,knob1 9 ar*itecture1 ! f9ial on ! hip ( a ro(1 betwe5 ! b>ge-bo>ds ( a gable4 ,,hipp>*us 7fl4 #adf-abf ,b4,c471 ,greek a/ronom]1 0 born at ,nicaea 9 ,bi?ynia e>ly 9 ! #bnd c5tury ,b4,c4 ,he obs]v$ 9 ! isl& ( ,rhodes probably f #afa1 c]ta9ly f #adf until ab\t #abf ,b4,c41 & made ! capital discov]y ( ! precession ( ! equ9oxes 9 #acj 7see ,,a/ronomy3 ,hi/ory74 ,! outbur/ ( a new /> 9 #acd ,b4,c4 is /at$ by ,pl9y 7,hi/4 nat4 ii4 #bf7 to h prompt$ ! prep>ation ( 8 catalogue ( #ajhj />s1 sub/antially embodi$ 9 ,ptolemy's ,almage/4 ,hipp>*us f\nd$ trigonometry1 & compil$ ! fir/ table ( *ords4 ,sci5tific geography orig9at$ ) 8 inv5tion ( ! me?od ( fix+ t]re/rial positions by circles ( latitude & longitude4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ! fundam5tal "p ( 8 a/ronomical k 0 d]iv$ f ,*aldaea4 ,none ( 8 _m works has surviv$ except a ,comm5t>y on ! ,pha5om5a ( ,aratus & ,eudoxus1 publi%$ by ,p4 ,victorius at ,flor5ce 9 #aefg1 & includ$ by ,d4 ,petavius 9 8 ,uranologium 7,p>is1 #afcj74 ,a new edition 0 publi%$ by ,c>olus ,manitius 7,leipzig1 #ahid74 ,see ,j4 ,b4 ,j4 ,delambre1 ,hi/oire de l'a/ronomie anci5ne1 i4 #agc2 ,p4 ,tann]y1 ,re*]*es sur l'hi/oire de l'a/r4 anci5ne1 p4 #acj2 ,a4 ,b]ry1 ,hi/4 ( ,a/ronomy1 pp4 #dj-fa2 ,m4 ,m>ie1 ,hi/4 des sci5ces1 i4 #bjg2 ,g4 ,cornewall ,lewis1 ,a/ronomy ( ! ,anci5ts1 p4 #bjg2 ,r4 ,grant1 ,hi/4 ( ,phys4 ,a/ronomy1 pp4 #cah1 #dcg2 ,f4 ,boll1 ,spha]a1 p4 #fa 7,leipzig1 #aijc72 ,r4 ,wolf1 ,ges*i*te d] ,a/ronomie1 p4 #de2 ,j4 ,f4 ,montucla1 ,hi/4 des ma!matiques1 t4 i4 p4 #beg2 ,j4 ,a4 ,s*midt1 ,v>iorum philosophicorum decas1 cap4 i4 7,j5ae1 #afia74 7,a4 ,m4 ,c47 ,,hippasus ,,( ,,metapontum1 ,py?agorean philosoph]1 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ ( ! disciples ( ,py?agoras4 ,he is m5tion$ bo? by ,diog5es ,la]tius & by ,iambli*us1 b no?+ is kn[n ( 8 life4 ,diog5es says t he left no writ+s1 b o!r au?orities make him ! au?or ( a ,greek3 my/ikos logos direct$ aga9/ ! ,py?agoreans4 ,accord+ to ,ari/otle 7,metaphysica1 i4 #c71 he 0 an adh]5t ( ! ,h]aclitean fire-doctr9e1 :]eas ! ,py?agoreans ma9ta9$ ! !ory t numb] is ! pr9ciple ( ev]y?+4 ,he seems to h reg>d$ ! s\l z compos$ ( igne\s matt]1 & s approximates ! or?odox ,py?agorean doctr9e ( ! c5tral fire1 or ,he/ia1 to ! m detail$ !ories ( ,h]aclitus4 ,9 spite ( ?is div]g5ce1 ,hippasus is always reg>d$ z a ,py?agorean4 ,see ,diog5es viii4 #hd2 ,br&is1 ,hi/ory ( ,greek & ,roman ,philosophy2 also ,,py?agoras4 ,,hippea/rum1 9 botany1 a g5us ( ! natural ord] ,am>yllidaceae1 conta9+ ab\t #ej species ( bulb\s plants1 natives ( tropical & sub-tropical ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,9 cultivation !y are g5]ally kn[n z ,am>yllis4 ,! h&some funnel-%ap$ fl[]s are borne 9 a clu/] ( two to _m1 at ! end ( a %ort holl[ scape4 ,! species & ! num]\s hybrids :i* h be5 obta9$ artificially1 %[ a great v>iety 9 size & col\r ( ! fl[]1 includ+ ! ri*e/ deep crimson & blood-r$1 :ite1 or ) /rip$1 mottl$ or bl5d$ col\rs4 ,!y are ( easy culture1 & free-bloom+ habit4 ,l o!r bulbs !y are increas$ by (fsets1 :i* %\ld be c>efully remov$ :5 ! plants are at re/1 & %\ld be all[$ to atta9 a fair size be=e removal4 ,^! "y bulbs %\ld be pott$ s+ly 9 ,febru>y or ,m>*1 9 mell[ loamy soil ) a mod]ate quantity ( s&1 ab\t two-?irds ( ! bulb be+ kept above ! level ( ! soil1 :i* %\ld be made q solid4 ,!y %\ld be remov$ to a temp]ature ( #fj deg4 by night & #gj deg4 by day1 v c>efully wat]$ until ! roots h begun to gr[ freely1 aft] :i* ! soil %\ld be kept mod]ately moi/4 ,z !y advance ! temp]ature %\ld be rais$ to #gj deg4 at night1 & to #hj deg4 or high] ) sun heat by day4 ,!y d n ne$ %ad+1 b %\ld h pl5ty ( air1 & be syr+$ daily 9 ! aft]noon4 ,:5 gr[+ !y require a good supply ( wat]4 ,aft] ! decay ( ! fl[]s !y %\ld be return$ to a brisk moi/ temp]ature ( f #gj deg4 to #hj deg4 by day dur+ summ] to p]fect _! leaves1 & !n be rip5$ (f 9 autumn4 ,?r\gh ! w9t] !y %\ld h less wat]1 b mu/ n be kept entirely dry4 ,! m9imum temp]ature %\ld n[ be ab\t #ee deg41 to be increas$ #aj deg4 or #ae deg4 9 spr+4 ,z ! bulbs get l>ge !y w occasionally ne$ %ift+ into l>g] pots4 ,propagation is also readily effect$ by se$s = rais+ new v>ieties4 ,se$s are s[n :5 ripe 9 well dra9$ pans ( s&y loam at a temp]ature ( ab\t #fe deg4 ,! se$l+s :5 l>ge en\gh to h&le are plac$ ei!r s+ly 9 v small pots or sev]al 9 a pot or %all[ pan1 & put 9 a bottom heat1 9 a moi/ atmosph]e ) a temp]ature f #fj deg4 to #gj deg4 ,h4 ,ack]manni1 ) l>ge1 h&some1 crimson fl[]s--itself a hybrid--is ! p>5t ( _m ( ! l>ge-fl[]$ =ms2 ,h4 eque/re 7,b>bados lily71 ) yell[i%-gre5 fl[]s tipp$ ) sc>let1 has also giv5 rise to sev]al h&some =ms2 ,h4 aulicum 7fl[]s crimson & gre571 ,h4 p>d9um 7fl[]s creamy-:ite spott$ ) crimson71 & ,h4 vittatum 7fl[]s :ite ) r$ /ripes1 a beautiful species & ! p>5t ( _m v>ieties71 are /ove or w>m gre5h\se plants4 ,^! k9ds1 h[ev]1 are n[ only reg>d$ z botanical curiosities1 & are r>ely gr[n 9 private or comm]cial e/abli%m5ts4 ,!y h be5 ou/$ by ! m gorge\s look+ hybrids1 :i* h be5 evolv$ dur+ ! pa/ #ajj ye>s4 ,h4 ,johnsoni is nam$ aft] a ,lanca%ire wat*mak] :o rais$ x 9 #agii by cross+ ,h4 ,reg9ae ) ,h4 vittatum4 ,s9ce t "t o!r species h be5 us$ = hybridiz+1 notably ,h4 reticulatum1 ,h4 aulicum1 ,h4 sol&riflorum1 & sometimes ,h4 eque/re & ,h4 psittac9um4 ,! f9e/ =ms s9ce #ahhj h be5 evolv$ f ,h4 ,leopoldi & ,h4 p>d9um4 7,j4 ,ws47 ,,hipp$ ,,ro(1 ! "n giv5 9 ar*itecture to a ro( :i* slopes d[n on all f\r sides in/ead ( t]m9at+ on two sides aga9/ a v]tical gable4 ,sometimes a compromise is made betwe5 ! two1 half ! ro( be+ hipp$ & half re/+ on ! v]tical wall2 ?is gives mu* m room inside ! ro(1 & ext]nally a mo/ picturesque effect1 :i* is "o ( ! great attractions ( dome/ic ar*itecture 9 ! s\? ( ,engl&1 & is r>ely f\nd 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,,hippel1 ,,!odor ,,gottlieb ,,von 7#agda-agif71 ,g]man satirical & humor\s writ]1 0 born on ! #ca/ ( ,janu>y #agda1 at ,g]dau5 9 ,ea/ ,prussia1 :]e 8 fa!r 0 rector ( a s*ool4 ,he enjoy$ an excell5t education at home1 & 9 8 sixte5? ye> he ent]$ ,konigsb]g univ]sity z a /ud5t ( !ology4 ,int]rupt+ 8 /udies1 he w5t1 on ! invitation ( a fri5d1 to ,/ ,pet]sburg1 :]e he 0 introduc$ at ! brilliant c\rt ( ! empress ,ca!r9e ,,ii4 ,return+ to ,konigsb]g he became a tutor 9 a private family2 b1 fall+ 9 love ) a "y lady ( high position1 8 ambition 0 ar\s$1 & giv+ up 8 tutor%ip he devot$ himself ) en?usiasm to legal /udies4 ,he 0 successful 9 8 pr(ession1 & 9 #aghj 0 appo9t$ *ief burgoma/] 9 ,konigsb]g1 & 9 #aghf privy c\ncillor ( w> & presid5t ( ! t[n4 ,z he rose 9 ! _w1 h[ev]1 8 incl9ation = matrimony vani%$1 & ! lady :o _h /imulat$ 8 ambition 0 =gott54 ,he di$ at ,konigsb]g on ! #bcrd ( ,april #agif1 leav+ a consid]able =tune4 ,hippel _h extraord9>y tal5ts1 ri* 9 wit & fancy2 b 8 0 a "* full ( contra/s & contradictions4 ,cauti\sness & ard5t passion1 dry p$antry & piety1 morality & s5suality2 simplicity & o/5tation compos$ 8 nature2 &1 h5ce1 8 lit]>y productions nev] atta9$ arti/ic f9i%4 ,9 8 ,leb5slaufe na* auf/eig5d] ,l9ie 7#aggh-agha7 he int5d$ to describe ! lives ( 8 fa!r & gr&fa!r1 b he ev5tually conf9$ himself to 8 own4 ,x is an autobiography1 9 :i* p]sons well kn[n to him are introduc$1 toge!r ) a mass ( het]og5e\s reflections on life & philosophy4 ,kreuz- und ,qu]zuge des ,ritt]s ,a bis ,z 7#agic-agid7 is a satire levell$ aga9/ ! follies ( ! age--ance/ral pride & ! ?ir/ = ord]s1 decoration & ! l4 ,among o!rs ( 8 bett] kn[n works are ,ub] die ,ehe 7#aggd7 & ,ub] die burg]li*e ,v]bess]ung d] ,weib] 7#agib74 ,hippel has be5 call$ ! =e-runn] ( ,jean ,paul ,ri*t]1 & has "s resemblance to ?is au?or1 9 8 con/ant digressions & 9 ! int]weav+ ( sci5tific matt] 9 8 n>rative4 ,l ,ri*t] he 0 /rongly influ5c$ by ,laur5ce ,/]ne4 ,9 #ahbg-ahch a collect$ edition ( ,hippel's works 9 #ad vols41 0 issu$ at ,b]l94 ,ub] die ,ehe has be5 edit$ by ,e4 ,br5n+ 7,leipzig1 #ahgb71 & ! ,leb5slaufe na* auf/eig5d] ,l9ie has 9 a mod]niz$ edition by ,a4 von ,ott+5 7#ahgh71 gone ?r\gh sev]al editions4 ,see ,j4 ,cz]ny1 ,/]ne1 ,hippel und ,jean ,paul 7,b]l91 #aijd74 ,,hippias ,,( ,,elis1 ,greek sophi/1 0 born ab\t ! middle ( ! #e? c5tury ,b4,c4 & 0 ?us a y\ng] contempor>y ( ,protagoras & ,socrates4 ,he 0 a man ( great v]satility & won ! respect ( 8 fell[-citiz5s to su* an ext5t t he 0 s5t to v>i\s t[ns on important embassies4 ,at ,a!ns he made ! acqua9tance ( ,socrates & o!r lead+ ?9k]s4 ,) an assurance *>act]i/ic ( ! lat] sophi/s1 he claim$ to be reg>d$ z an au?ority on all subjects1 & lectur$1 at all ev5ts ) f9ancial success1 on poetry1 gramm>1 hi/ory1 politics1 ar*aeology1 ma!matics & a/ronomy4 ,he boa/$ t he 0 m popul> ?an ,protagoras1 & 0 prep>$ at any mom5t to deliv] an extempore address on any subject to ! assembly at ,olympia4 ,( 8 ability !re is no "q1 b x is equally c]ta9 t he 0 sup]ficial4 ,8 aim 0 n to give k1 b to provide 8 pupils ) ! weapons ( argum5t1 to make !m f]tile 9 discussion on all subjects alike4 ,x is said t he boa/$ ( we>+ no?+ :i* he _h n made ) 8 own h&s4 ,plato's two dialogues1 ! ,hippias major & m9or1 conta9 an expose ( 8 me?ods1 exagg]at$ no d\bt = purposes ( argum5t b writt5 ) full k ( ! man & ! class :i* he repres5t$4 ,a/ d5ies _! au!nticity1 b !y mu/ h be5 writt5 by a contempor>y writ] 7z !y are m5tion$ 9 ! lit]ature ( ! #d? c5tury71 & und\bt$ly repres5t ! attitude ( s]i\s ?9k]s to ! gr[+ influ5ce ( ! pr(essional ,sophi/s4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no "q t ,hippias did a real s]vice to ,greek lit]ature by insi/+ on ! mean+ ( words1 ! value ( rhy?m & lit]>y /yle4 ,he is cr$it$ ) an excell5t "w on ,hom]1 collections ( ,greek & =eign lit]ature1 & ar*aeological treatises1 b no?+ rema9s except ! b>e/ notes4 ,he =ms ! connect+ l9k betwe5 ! fir/ great sophi/s1 ,protagoras & ,prodicus1 & ! innum]able eri/ics :o br\ght _! "n into disrepute4 ,= ! g5]al atmosph]e 9 :i* ,hippias mov$ see ,,sophi/s2 also hi/ories ( ,philosophy 7e4g4 ,w9delb&1 ,eng4 trans4 by ,tufts1 pt4 #a1 c4 #b1 ,,ss #g & #h74 ,,hippo1 a ,greek philosoph] & natural sci5ti/1 class$ ) ! ,ionian or physical s*ool4 ,he 0 probably a contempor>y ( ,ar*elaus & liv$ *iefly 9 ,a!ns4 ,ari/otle decl>$ t he 0 unwor?y ( ! "n ( philosoph]1 &1 :ile comp>+ him ) ,?ales 9 8 ma9 doctr9e1 adds t 8 intellect 0 too %all[ = s]i\s consid]ation4 ,he held t ! pr9ciple ( all ?+s is moi/ure 7,greek3 to hygron72 t fire develops f wat]1 & f fire ! mat]ial univ]se4 ,fur!r he d5i$ all exi/5ce save t ( mat]ial ?+s z kn[n ?r\gh ! s5ses1 & 01 !re=e1 class$ among ! ,a!i/s4 ,! gods are m]ely great m5 canoniz$ by popul> tradition4 ,x is said t he compos$ 8 own epitaph1 :]e9 he claims = himself a place 9 ?is company4 ,,hippocras1 an old m$ic9al dr9k or cordial1 made ( w9e mix$ ) spices--su* z c9namon1 g+] & sug>--& /ra9$ ?r\gh wooll5 clo?s4 ,! e>ly spell+ usual 9 ,engli% 0 ipocras1 or ypocras4 ,! ^w is an adaptation ( ! ,m$4 ,lat4 ,v9um ,hippocraticum1 or w9e ( ,hippocrates1 s call$1 n because x 0 suppos$ to be a receipt ( ! physician1 b f an apo!c>y's "n = a /ra9] or sieve1 ,hippocrates' sleeve 7see ,w4 ,w4 ,skeat1 ,*auc]1 note to ! ,m]*ant's ,tale74 ,,hippocrates1 ,greek philosoph] & writ]1 t]m$ ! ,fa!r ( ,m$ic9e1 0 born1 accord+ to ,soranus1 9 ,cos1 9 ! fir/ ye> ( ! #hj? ,olympiad1 i4e4 9 #dfj ,b4,c4 ,he 0 a memb] ( ! family ( ! ,asclepiadae1 & 0 believ$ to be ei!r ! n9ete5? or sev5te5? 9 direct desc5t f ,aesculapius4 ,x is also claim$ = him t he 0 desc5d$ f ,h]cules ?r\gh 8 "m1 ,pha5>ete4 ,he /udi$ m$ic9e "u ,h]aclides1 8 fa!r1 & ,h]odicus ( ,selymbria2 9 philosophy ,gorgias ( ,leont9i & ,democritus ( ,abd]a 7 8 ma/]s4 ,8 e>li] /udies 7 prosecut$ 9 ! fam\s ,asclepion ( ,cos1 & probably also at ,cnidos4 ,he travell$ ext5sively1 & taught & practis$ 8 pr(ession at ,a!ns1 probably also 9 ,?race1 ,!ssaly1 ,delos & 8 native isl&4 ,he di$ at ,l>issa 9 ,!ssaly1 8 age be+ v>i\sly /at$ z #he1 #ij1 #ajd & #aji4 ,! incid5ts ( 8 life are %r\d$ by unc]ta9 traditions1 :i* naturally sprang up 9 ! abs5ce ( any au!ntic record2 ! e>lie/ biography 0 by "o ( ! ,sorani1 probably ,soranus ! y\ng] ( ,ephesus1 9 ! #bnd c5tury2 ,suidas1 ! lexicograph]1 wrote ( him 9 ! #aa?1 & ,tzetzes 9 ! #ab? c5tury4 ,9 all ^! biographies !re is int]nal evid5ce ( confusion2 _m ( ! incid5ts relat$ are else:]e told ( o!r p]sons1 & c]ta9 ( !m are q irreconcilable ) 8 "*1 s f> z x c be judg$ ( f 8 writ+s & f ! op9ions express$ ( him by 8 contempor>ies2 we may safely reject1 = in/ance1 ! leg5ds t he set fire to ! libr>y ( ! ,temple ( ,heal? at ,cnidos1 9 ord] to de/roy ! evid5ce ( plagi>ism1 & t he refus$ to visit ,p]sia at ! reque/ ( ,artax]xes ,longimanus1 dur+ a pe/il5tial epidemic1 on ! gr\nd t he w\ld 9 s do+ be assi/+ an enemy4 ,he is ref]r$ to by ,plato 7,protag4 p4 #bhc2 ,pha$r4 p4 #baa7 z an em95t m$ical au?ority1 & 8 op9ion is also quot$ by ,ari/otle4 ,! v5]ation 9 :i* he 0 held by ! ,a!nians s]ves to dissipate ! calumnies :i* h be5 ?r[n on 8 "* by ,&reas1 & ! :ole tone ( 8 writ+s bespeaks a man ( ! highe/ integrity & pure/ morality4 ,born ( a family ( prie/-physicians1 & inh]it+ all its traditions & prejudices1 ,hippocrates 0 ! fir/ to ca/ sup]/ition aside1 & to base ! practice ( m$ic9e on ! pr9ciples ( inductive philosophy4 ,x is impossible to trace directly ! influ5ce ex]cis$ ^u him by ! great m5 ( 8 "t1 b "o _c fail to connect 8 emancipation ( m$ic9e f sup]/ition ) ! widespread p[] ex]cis$ ov] ,greek life & ?\ght by ! liv+ "w ( ,socrates1 ,plato1 ,aes*ylus1 ,sophocles1 ,euripides1 ,h]odotus & ,?ucydides4 ,x 0 a p]iod ( great intellectual developm5t1 & x only ne$$ a p[]ful m9d su* z 8 to br+ to be> ^u m$ic9e ! same influ5ces :i* 7 at "w 9 o!r sci5ces4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t 8 tra9+ 0 n altoge!r bad1 al?\gh sup]/ition ent]$ s l>gely into x4 ,he _h a great ma/] 9 ,democritus1 ! orig9ator ( ! doctr9e ( atoms1 & !re is e reason to believe t ! v>i\s asclepia 7 v c>efully conduct$ hospitals = ! sick1 possess+ a curi\s sy/em ( case-books1 9 ! =m ( votive tablets1 left by ! pati5ts1 on :i* 7 record$ ! symptoms1 treatm5t & result ( ea* case4 ,he _h ^! records at 8 comm&2 & he _h ! opportunity ( obs]v+ ! sy/em ( tra9+ & ! treatm5t ( injuries 9 ! gymnasia4 ,"o ( 8 great m]its is t he 0 ! fir/ to dissociate m$ic9e f prie/-craft1 & to direct exclusive att5tion to ! natural hi/ory ( disease4 ,h[ /rongly 8 m9d revolt$ aga9/ ! use ( *>ms1 amulets1 incantations & su* devices appe>s f 8 writ+s2 & he has expressly record$1 z und]ly+ all 8 practice1 ! conviction t1 h[ev] diseases may be reg>d$ f ! religi\s po9t ( view1 !y mu/ all be sci5tifically treat$ z subject to natural laws 7,de a]e1 #bi74 ,nor 0 he anxi\s to ma9ta9 ! connexion betwe5 philosophy & m$ic9e :i* _h = long exi/$ 9 a confus$ & confus+ fa%ion4#a ,8 k ( anatomy1 physiology & pa?ology 0 necess>ily defective1 ! respect 9 :i* ! dead body 0 held by ! ,greeks preclud+ him f practis+ dissection2 ?us we f9d him writ+ ( ! tissues )\t di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! v>i\s textures ( ! body1 confus+ art]ies1 ve9s & n]ves1 & speak+ vaguely ( ! muscles z fle%4 ,b :5 we come to /udy 8 obs]vations on ! natural hi/ory ( disease z pres5t$ 9 ! liv+ subject1 we recognize at once ! pres5ce ( a great cl9ical physician4 ,hippocrates bas$ 8 pr9ciples & practice on ! !ory ( ! exi/5ce ( a spiritual re/or+ ess5ce or pr9ciple1 ,greek3 physis1 ! vis m$icatrix naturae1 9 ! managem5t ( :i* ! art ( ! physician consi/$4 ,?is art c\ld1 he held1 be only obta9$ by ! application ( exp]i5ce1 n only to disease at l>ge1 b to disease 9 ! individual4 ,he /rongly deprecat$ bl9d empiricism2 ! aphorism ,greek3 he peira sphal]e1 he krisis *alepe 7:e!r x be 8 or n71 t]sely illu/rates 8 position4 ,hold+ firmly to ! pr9ciple1 ,greek3 n\son physies ietroi1 he did n all[ himself to rema9 inactive 9 ! pres5ce ( disease2 he 0 n a m]ely expectant physician2 z ,syd5ham puts x1 8 practice 0 ! support ( enfeebl$ & ! co]cion ( outrage\s nature4 ,he l>gely employ$ p[]ful m$ic9es & blood-lett+ bo? ord9>y & by cupp+4 ,he advises1 h[ev]1 great caution 9 _! application4 ,he plac$ great dep5d5ce on diet & regim51 & "h1 qua9t z _m ( 8 directions may n[ s\nd1 n only 9 !mselves1 b 9 ! reasons giv51 !re is mu* :i* is /ill adh]$ to at ! pres5t day4 ,8 treatise ,greek3 ,p]i a]on1 hydaton1 kai topon 7,airs1 ,wat]s1 & ,places7 conta9s ! fir/ enunciation ( ! pr9ciples ( public heal?4 ,al?\gh ! treatises ,greek3 ,p]i krisimon _c be accept$ z au!ntic1 we f9d 9 ! ,greek3 ,progno/ikon evid5ce ( ! acut5ess ( obs]vation 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! occurr5ce ( critical days 9 disease is enunciat$4 ,8 me?od ( report+ cases is mo/ int]e/+ & in/ructive2 9 !m we c read h[ ?or\ghly he _h sep>at$ himself f ! prie/-physician4 ,la5nec1 to :om we are indebt$ = ! practice ( auscultation1 freely admits t ! idea 0 sugge/$ to him by /udy ( ,hippocrates1 :o1 treat+ ( ! pres5ce ( morbid fluids 9 ! ?orax1 gives v p>ticul> directions1 by means ( succussion1 = arriv+ at an op9ion reg>d+ _! nature4 ,la5nec says1 ,hippocrate avait t5te l'auscultation imm$iate4 ,al?\gh ! treatise ,greek3 ,p]i n\son is d\btfully f ! p5 ( ,hippocrates1 x conta9s /rong evid5ce ( hav+ be5 ! "w ( 8 gr&son1 repres5t+ ! views ( ! ,fa!r ( ,m$ic9e4 ,al?\gh n accurate 9 ! conclusions rea*$ at ! "t1 ! value ( ! me?od ( diagnosis is %[n by ! ret5tion 9 mod]n m$ic9e ( ! "n & ! practice ( ,hippocratic succussion4 ,! p[] ( graphic description ( ph5om5a 9 ! ,hippocratic writ+s is illu/rat$ by ! ret5tion ( ! t]m facies ,hippocratica1 appli$ to ! appe>ance ( a moribund p]son1 pictur$ 9 ! ,progno/ics4 ,9 surg]y 8 writ+s are important & int]e/+1 b !y d n be> ! same "* ( caution z ! treatises on m$ic9e2 = in/ance1 9 ! essay ,on ,injuries ( ! ,head1 he advocates ! op]ation ( treph9+ m /rongly & 9 wid] classes ( cases ?an w\ld be w>rant$ by ! exp]i5ce ( lat] times4 ,! ,hippocratic ,collection consi/s ( eighty-sev5 treatises1 ( :i* a "p only c be accept$ z g5u9e4 ,! collection has be5 submitt$ to ! close/ criticism 9 anci5t & mod]n times by a l>ge numb] ( comm5tators 7= full li/ ( ! e>ly comm5tators1 see ,adams's ,g5u9e ,works ( ,hippocrates1 ,syd5ham ,society1 i4 #bg1 #bh74 ,! treatises h be5 classifi$ accord+ to 7#a7 ! direct evid5ce ( anci5t writ]s1 7#b7 peculi>ities ( /yle & me?od1 & 7#c7 ! pres5ce ( ana*ronisms & ( op9ions oppos$ to ! g5]al ,hippocratic tea*+--greate/ weight be+ atta*$ to ! op9ions ( ,erotian & ,gal54 ,! g5]al e/imate ( comm5tators is ?us /at$ by ,adams3 ,! peculi> /yle & me?od ( ,hippocrates are held to be concis5ess ( expression1 great cond5sation ( matt]1 & disposition to reg>d all pr(essional subjects 9 a practical po9t ( view1 to es*ew subtle hypo!ses & modes ( treatm5t bas$ on vague ab/ractions4 ,! treatises h be5 gr\p$ 9 ! f\r foll[+ sections3 7#a7 g5u9e2 7#b7 ^? consi/+ ( notes tak5 by /ud5ts & collect$ aft] ! dea? ( ,hippocrates2 7#c7 essays by disciples2 7#d7 ^? utt]ly spuri\s4 ,littre accepts ! foll[+ ?irte5 z absolutely g5u9e3 7#a7 ,on ,anci5t ,m$ic9e 7,greek3 ,p]i ar*aies ietrikes72 7#b7 ,! ,progno/ics 7,greek3 ,progno/ikon72 7#c7 ,! ,aphorisms 7,greek3 ,aphorismoi72 7#d7 ,! ,epidemics1 i4 & iii4 7,greek3 ,epidemion a' kai g'72 7#e7 ,on ,regim5 9 ,acute ,diseases 7,greek3 ,p]i diaites oxeon72 7#f7 ,on ,airs1 ,wat]s1 & ,places 7,greek3 ,p]i a]on1 hydaton1 kai topon72 7#g7 ,on ! ,articulations 7,greek3 ,p]i ar?ron72 7#h7 ,on ,fractures 7,greek3 ,p]i agmon72 7#i7 ,! ,in/rum5ts ( ,r$uction 7,greek3 ,mo*likos72 7#aj7 ,! ,physician's ,e/abli%m5t1 or ,surg]y 7,greek3 ,kat' ietreion72 7#aa7 ,on ,injuries ( ! ,head 7,greek3 ,p]i ton en kephale tromaton72 7#ab7 ,! ,oa? 7,greek3 ,horkos72 7#ac7 ,! ,law 7,greek3 ,nomos74 ,( ^! ,adams accepts z c]ta9ly g5u9e ! #bnd1 #f?1 #e?1 #crd 7#g books71 #d?1 #g?1 #h?1 #i? & #ab?1 & z pretty confid5tly ackn[l$g$ z g5u9e1 al?\gh ! evid5ce 9 _! fav\r is n s /rong1 ! #a/1 #aj? & #ac?1 &1 9 addition1 7#ad7 ,on ,ulc]s 7,greek3 ,p]i helkon72 7#ae7 ,on ,fi/ulae 7,greek3 ,p]i syr+on72 7#af7 ,on ,hemorrhoids 7,greek3 ,p]i haimorrhoidon72 7#ag7 ,on ! ,sacr$ ,disease 7,greek3 ,p]i hi]es n\s\74 ,accord+ to ! sceptical & some:at subjective criticism ( ,erm]9s1 ! :ole collection is to be reg>d$ z spuri\s except ,epidemics1 books i4 & iii4 7) a few int]polations71 ,on ,airs1 ,wat]s1 & ,places1 ,on ,injuries ( ! ,head 7insigne fragm5tum libri ,hippocratei71 ! =m] portion ( ! treatise ,on ,regim5 9 ,acute ,diseases1 & ! obvi\sly ,hippocratic fragm5ts ( ! ,coan ,progno/ics4 ,p]haps also ! ,oa? may be accept$ z g5u9e2 its comp>ative antiquity is n d5i$4 ,! ,aphorisms are c]ta9ly lat] & inf]ior4 ,9 ! o!r non-,hippocratic writ+s ,erm]9s ?9ks he c di/+ui% ! h&s ( no few] ?an n9ete5 diff]5t au?ors1 mo/ ( !m anonym\s1 & "s ( !m v late4 ,! e>lie/ ,greek edition ( ! ,hippocratic writ+s is t :i* 0 publi%$ by ,aldus & ,asulanus at ,v5ice 9 #aebf 7folio72 x 0 spe$ily foll[$ by t ( ,frob5ius1 :i* is mu* m accurate & complete 7fol41 ,basel1 #aech74 ,( ! num]\s subsequ5t editions1 probably ! be/ 0 t ( ,foesius 7,frank=t1 #aeie1 #afba1 ,g5eva1 #afeg71 until ! publication ( ! great works ( ,littre1 ,oeuvres completes d',hippocrate1 traduction n\velle avec le texte grec en reg>d1 collationnee sur les manuscrits et t\tes les editions1 accompagnee d'une introduction1 de comm5taires m$icaux1 de v>iantes1 et de notes philologiques 7#aj vols41 ,p>is1 #ahci-ahfa71 & ( ,f4 ,z4 ,erm]9s1 ,hippocratis et aliorum m$icorum vet]um reliquiae 7#c vols41 ,utre*t1 #ahei-ahfd74 ,see also ,adams 7z cit$ above71 & ,re9hold's ,hippocrates 7#b vols41 ,a!ns1 #ahfd-ahfg74 ,d>emb]g's edition ( ! ,oeuvres *oisies 7#bnd ed41 ,p>is1 #ahee7 includes ! ,oa?1 ! ,law1 ! ,prorrhetics1 book i41 ! ,progno/ics1 ,on ,airs1 ,wat]s1 & ,places1 ,epidemics1 books i4 & iii41 ,regim51 & ,aphorisms4 ,( ! sep>ate works attribut$ to ,hippocrates ! editions & translations are almo/ innum]able2 ( ! ,progno/ics1 = example1 sev5ty editions are kn[n1 :ile ( ! ,aphorisms !re are said to exi/ z _m z ?ree hundr$4 ,= "s notice ( ! ,arabic1 ,syriac & ,hebrew translations ( works pr(ess$ly by ,hippocrates 7,ibukrat or ,bukrat71 ! numb] ( :i* greatly exce$s t ( ! extant ,greek orig9als1 ref]5ce may be made to ,flugel's contribution to ! article ,hippokrates 9 ! ,encyklopadie ( ,ers* & ,grub]4 ,!y h be5 p>tially catalogu$ by ,fabricius 9 8 ,biblio!ca ,graeca4 7,j4 ,b4 ,t47 ,,footnote3 #a ,hippocrates ,c\s1 primus quidem ex omnibus memoria dignus1 ab /udio sapi5tiae discipl9am hanc sep>avit1 vir et arte et facundia insignis 7,celsus1 ,de m$ic9a74 ,,hippocr5e 7! f\nta9 ( ! horse1 ,greek3 he hipp\ kr5e71 ! spr+ on ,mt ,helicon1 9 ,boeotia1 :i*1 l ! o!r spr+ !re1 ,aganippe1 0 sacr$ to ! ,muses & ,apollo1 & h5ce tak5 z ! s\rce ( poetic inspiration4 ,! spr+1 surr\nd$ by an anci5t wall1 is n[ kn[n z ,kryopegadi or ! cold spr+4 ,accord+ to ! leg5d1 x 0 produc$ by ! /amp+ ( ! ho( ( ,bell]ophon's horse ,pegasus4 ,! same /ory acc\nts = ! ,hippocr5e 9 ,troez5 & ! spr+ ,peir5e at ,cor9?4 ,,hippodamus1 ( ,miletus1 a ,greek ar*itect ( ! #e? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,x 0 he :o introduc$ ord] & regul>ity into ! plann+ ( cities1 9 place ( ! previ\s intricacy & confusion4 ,= ,p]icles he plann$ ! arrangem5t ( ! h>b\r-t[n ,peiraeus at ,a!ns4 ,:5 ! ,a!nians f\nd$ ,?urii 9 ,italy he accompani$ ! colony z ar*itect1 & aft]w>ds1 9 #djh ,b4,c41 he sup]9t5d$ ! build+ ( ! new city ( ,rhodes4 ,8 s*emes consi/$ ( s]ies ( broad1 /raight /reets1 cutt+ "o ano!r at "r angles4 ,,hippodrome 7,gr4 ,greek3 hippodromos1 f ,greek3 hippos1 horse1 & ,greek3 dromos1 racec\rse71 ! c\rse provid$ by ! ,greeks = horse & *>iot rac+2 x correspond$ to ! ,roman circus1 except t 9 ! latt] only f\r *>iots ran at a "t1 :]eas t5 or m cont5d$ 9 ! ,greek games1 s t ! wid? 0 f> great]1 be+ ab\t #djj ft41 ! c\rse be+ #fjj to #gjj ft4 long4 ,! ,greek hippodrome 0 usually set out on ! slope ( a hill1 & ! gr\nd tak5 f "o side s]v$ to =m ! embankm5t on ! o!r side4 ,"o end ( ! hippodrome 0 semicircul>1 & ! o!r end squ>e ) an ext5sive portico1 9 front ( :i*1 at a l[] level1 7 ! /alls = ! horses & *>iots4 ,! mod]n hippodrome is m = eque/rian & o!r displays ?an = horse rac+4 ,! ,hippodrome 9 ,p>is some:at resembles ! ,roman amphi!atre1 be+ op5 9 ! c5tre to ! sky1 ) seats r\nd on ris+ levels4 ,,hippolytus1 9 ,greek leg5d1 son ( ,!seus & ,hippolyte1 que5 ( ! ,amazons 7or ( h] si/] ,antiope71 a fam\s hunt] & *>iote] & fav\rite ( ,artemis4 ,8 /epmo!r ,pha$ra became enam\r$ ( him1 b1 f9d+ h] advances reject$1 %e hang$ h]self1 leav+ a lett] 9 :i* %e accus$ ,hippolytus ( an attempt ^u h] virtue4 ,!seus !reupon drove 8 son f 8 pres5ce ) curses & call$ ^u 8 fa!r ,poseidon to de/roy him4 ,:ile ,hippolytus 0 driv+ along ! %ore at ,troez5 7! sc5e ( ! ,hippolytus ( ,euripides71 a sea-mon/] 7a bull or phoca7 s5t by ,poseidon em]g$ f ! waves2 ! horses 7 sc>$1 ,hippolytus 0 ?r[n out ( ! *>iot1 & 0 dragg$ along1 entangl$ 9 ! re9s1 until he di$4 ,accord+ to a tradition ( ,epidaurus1 ,asclepius re/or$ him to life at ! reque/ ( ,artemis1 :o remov$ him to ,italy 7see ,,virbius74 ,at ,troez51 :]e he _h a special sanctu>y & prie/1 & 0 wor%ipp$ ) div9e hon\rs1 ! /ory ( 8 dea? 0 d5i$4 ,he 0 said to h be5 rescu$ by ! gods at ! critical mom5t1 & to h be5 plac$ among/ ! />s z ! ,*>iote] 7,auriga74 ,x 0 also ! cu/om ( ! ,troez5ian maid5s to cut (f a lock ( _! hair & to d$icate x to ,hippolytus be=e m>riage 7see ,fraz] on ,pausanias ii4 #cb4 #a74 ,well-kn[n classical p>allels to ! ma9 !me are ,bell]ophon & ,antea 7or ,/h5eboea7 & ,peleus & ,a/ydamia4 ,! /ory 0 ! subject ( two plays by ,euripides 7! lat] ( :i* is extant71 ( a trag$y by ,s5eca & ( ,rac9e's ,ph$re4 ,a trace ( x has surviv$ 9 ! leg5d>y dea? ( ! apocryphal m>tyr ,hippolytus1 a ,roman (fic] :o 0 torn to pieces by wild horses z a conv]t to ,*ri/ianity 7see ,j4 ,j4 ,doll+]1 ,hippolytus & ,calli/us1 ,eng4 tr4 by ,a4 ,plumm]1 #ahgf1 pp4 #bh-ci1 #ea-fj74 ,accord+ to ! old] explanations1 ,hippolytus repres5t$ ! sun1 :i* sets 9 ! sea 7cf4 ! sc5e ( 8 dea? & ! /ory ( ,phae?on71 & ,pha$ra ! moon1 :i* travels beh9d ! sun1 b is unable to ov]take x4 ,x is m probable1 h[ev]1 t he 0 a local h]o fam\s = 8 *a/ity1 p]haps orig9ally a prie/ ( ,artemis1 wor%ipp$ z a god at ,troez51 :]e he 0 closely connect$ & sometimes conf\nd$ ) ,asclepius4 ,x is notewor?y t1 9 a spee* put into ! m\? ( ,!seus by ,euripides1 ! fa!r1 :o ( c\rse believes 8 wife's /ory & reg>ds ,hippolytus z a hypocrite1 ?r[s 8 son's pret5d$ misogyny & asceticism 7,orphism7 9 8 tee?4 ,?is seems to po9t to a /ruggle betwe5 a new ritual & t ( ,poseidon1 ! *ief deity ( ,troez51 9 :i* ! repres5tative ( ! intrud+ religion meets 8 dea? ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! (f5d$ god1 z ,orpheus 7q4v47 0 torn to pieces by ! vot>ies ( ! jeal\s ,dionysus4 ,accord+ to ,s4 ,re9a* 7,ar*iv fur ,religionswiss5s*aft1 x41 #aijg1 p4 #dg71 ! ,troez5ian ,hippolytus 0 a horse1 ! hypo/asis ( an eque/rian div9ity p]iodically torn to pieces by ! fai?ful1 :o call$ !mselves1 & believ$ !mselves to be1 horses4 ,dea? 0 foll[$ by resuscitation1 z 9 ! simil> my?s ( ,adonis 7! sacr$ bo>71 ,orpheus 7! fox71 ,p5!us 7! fawn71 ,phae?on 7! :ite sun-horse74 ,see ,wilam[itz-,moll5dorff's ,introduction to 8 ,g]man translation ( ,euripides' ,hippolytus 7#ahia72 ,a4 ,kalkmann1 ,de ,hippolytis ,euripideis 7,bonn1 #ahhb72 & 7= repres5tations 9 art7 ,ub] ,d>/ellung d] ,hippolytussage 9 ,ar*aologis*e ,zeitung 7xli4 #ahhc72 ,j4 ,e4 ,h>rison1 ,my?ology & ,monum5ts ( ,anci5t ,a!ns 7#ahij71 cl4 ,,hippolytus1 a writ] ( ! e>ly ,*ur*4 ,! my/]y :i* envelop$ ! p]son & writ+s ( ,hippolytus1#a "o ( ! mo/ prolific ecclesia/ical writ]s ( e>ly times1 _h "s light ?r[n ^u x = ! fir/ "t ab\t ! middle ( ! #ai? c5tury by ! discov]y ( ! s-call$ ,philosophum5a 7see bel[74 ,assum+ ?is writ+ to be ! "w ( ,hippolytus1 ! in=mation giv5 9 x z to ! au?or & 8 times c be comb9$ ) o!r traditional dates to =m a tol]ably cle> picture4 ,hippolytus mu/ h be5 born 9 ! second half ( ! #bnd c5tury1 probably 9 ,rome4 ,photius describes him 9 8 ,biblio!ca 7cod4 #aba7 z a disciple ( ,ir5aeus1 & f ! context ( ?is passage x is suppos$ t we may conclude t ,hippolytus himself s /yl$ himself4 ,b ?is is n c]ta91 & ev5 if x 71 x does n necess>ily imply t ,hippolytus enjoy$ ! p]sonal tea*+ ( ! celebrat$ ,gallic bi%op2 x may p]haps m]ely ref] to t relation ( 8 !ological sy/em to t ( ,ir5aeus :i* c easily be trac$ 9 8 writ+s4 ,z a presbyt] ( ! *ur* at ,rome "u ,bi%op ,zephyr9us 7#aii-bag71 ,hippolytus 0 di/+ui%$ = 8 le>n+ & eloqu5ce4 ,x 0 at ?is "t t ,orig51 !n a "y man1 he>d him prea* 7,hi]on4 ,vir4 ill4 #fa2 cp4 ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 vi4 #ad1 #aj74 ,x 0 probably n long be=e que/ions ( !ology & *ur* discipl9e br\ght him into direct conflict ) ,zephyr9us1 or at any rate ) 8 successor ,calixtus ,i4 7q4v474 ,he accus$ ! bi%op ( fav\r+ ! ,*ri/ological h]esies ( ! ,mon>*ians1 &1 fur!r1 ( subv]t+ ! discipl9e ( ! ,*ur* by 8 lax action 9 receiv+ back into ! ,*ur* ^? guilty ( gross (f5ces4 ,! result 0 a s*ism1 & = p]haps ov] t5 ye>s ,hippolytus /ood z bi%op at ! head ( a sep>ate *ur*4 ,!n came ! p]secution "u ,maxim9us ! ,?racian4 ,hippolytus & ,pontius1 :o 0 !n bi%op1 7 transport$ 9 #bce to ,s>d9ia1 :]e x w\ld seem t bo? ( !m di$4 ,f ! s-call$ *ronograph ( ! ye> #ced 7,catalogus ,lib]ianus7 we le>n t on ! #ac? ( ,augu/1 probably 9 #bcf1 ! bodies ( ! exiles 7 int]r$ 9 ,rome & t ( ,hippolytus 9 ! cemet]y on ! ,via ,tiburt9a4 ,s we mu/ suppose t be=e 8 dea? ! s*ismatic 0 receiv$ aga9 into ! bosom ( ! ,*ur*1 & ?is is confirm$ by ! fact t 8 memory 0 h5ce=? celebrat$ 9 ! ,*ur* z t ( a holy m>tyr4 ,pope ,damasus ,i4 d$icat$ to him "o ( 8 fam\s epigrams1 & ,prud5tius 7,p]i/ephanon1 #aa7 drew a highly col\r$ picture ( 8 gruesome dea?1 ! details ( :i* are c]ta9ly purely leg5d>y3 ! my? ( ,hippolytus ! son ( ,!seus 0 transf]r$ to ! ,*ri/ian m>tyr4 ,( ! hi/orical ,hippolytus little rema9$ 9 ! memory ( aft] ages4 ,nei!r ,eusebius 7,h4,e4 vi4 #bj1 #b7 nor ,j]ome 7,vir4 ill4 #fa7 knew t ! au?or s mu* read 9 ! ,ea/ & ! ,roman sa9t 7 "o & ! same p]son4 ,! notice 9 ! ,*ronicon ,pas*ale pres]ves "o slight rem9isc5ce ( ! hi/orical facts1 namely1 t ,hippolytus's episcopal see 0 situat$ at ,portus ne> ,rome4 ,9 #aeea a m>ble /atue ( a seat$ man 0 f\nd 9 ! cemet]y ( ! ,via ,tiburt9a3 on ! sides ( ! seat 7 c>v$ a pas*al cycle1 & on ! back ! titles ( num]\s writ+s4 ,x 0 ! /atue ( ,hippolytus1 a "w at any rate ( ! #crd c5tury2 at ! "t ( ,pius ,,ix4 x 0 plac$ 9 ! ,lat]an ,museum1 a record 9 /one ( a lo/ tradition4 ,hippolytus's volum9\s writ+s1 :i* = v>iety ( subject c be comp>$ ) ^? ( ,orig51 embrace ! sph]es ( exegesis1 homiletics1 apologetics & polemic1 *ronography & ecclesia/ical law4 ,8 works h un=tunately come d[n to u 9 su* a fragm5t>y condition t x is difficult to obta9 f !m any v exact notion ( 8 intellectual & lit]>y importance4 ,( 8 exegetical works ! be/ pres]v$ are ! ,comm5t>y on ! ,prophet ,daniel & ! ,comm5t>y on ! ,song ( ,songs4 ,9 spite ( _m in/ances ( a want ( ta/e 9 8 typology1 !y are di/+ui%$ by a c]ta9 sobriety & s5se ( proportion 9 8 exegesis4 ,we are unable to =m an op9ion ( ,hippolytus z a prea*]1 = ! ,homilies on ! ,fea/ ( ,epiphany :i* g "u 8 "n are wrongly attribut$ to him4 ,he wrote polemical words direct$ aga9/ ! pagans1 ! ,jews & h]etics4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! polemical treatises is ! ,refutation ( all ,h]esies1 :i* has come to be kn[n by ! inappropriate title ( ! ,philosophum5a4 ,( its t5 books1 ! second & ?ird are lo/2 ,book i4 0 = a long "t pr9t$ 7) ! title ,philosophum5a7 among ! works ( ,orig52 ,books iv4-x4 7 f\nd 9 #ahdb by ! ,greek ,m9oides ,mynas1 )\t ! "n ( ! au?or1 9 a ,,ms4 at ,m\nt ,a?os4 ,x is n[adays univ]sally admitt$ t ,hippolytus 0 ! au?or1 & t ,books i4 & iv4-x4 belong to ! same "w4 ,! importance ( ! "w has1 h[ev]1 be5 mu* ov]rat$2 a close exam9ation ( ! s\rces = ! exposition ( ! ,gno/ic sy/em :i* is conta9$ 9 x has prov$ t ! in=mation x gives is n always tru/wor?y4 ,( ! dogmatic works1 t on ,*ri/ & ,anti*ri/ survives 9 a complete /ate4 ,among o!r ?+s x includes a vivid acc\nt ( ! ev5ts prec$+ ! end ( ! _w1 & x 0 probably writt5 at ! "t ( ! p]secution "u ,septimius ,sev]us1 i4e4 ab\t #bjb4 ,! influ5ce ( ,hippolytus 0 felt *iefly ?r\gh 8 works on *ronographic & ecclesia/ical law4 ,8 *ronicle ( ! _w1 a compilation embrac+ ! :ole p]iod f ! creation ( ! _w up to ! ye> #bcd1 =m$ a basis = _m *ronographical works bo? 9 ! ,ea/ & ,we/4 ,9 ! great compilations ( ecclesia/ical law :i* arose 9 ! ,ea/ s9ce ! #d? c5tury 7see bel[3 also ,,apo/olic ,,con/itutions7 mu* ( ! mat]ial 0 tak5 f ! writ+s ( ,hippolytus2 h[ mu* ( ?is is g5u9ely 81 h[ mu* ( x work$ ov]1 & h[ mu* ( x wrongly attribut$ to him1 c no long] be det]m9$ beyond dispute ev5 by ! mo/ le>n$ inve/igation4 ,,bibliography4--,! edition ( ,j4 ,a4 ,fabricius1 ,hippolyti op]a graece et lat9e 7#b vols41 ,hamburg1 #agaf-agah1 repr9t$ 9 ,gall&i1 ,biblio!ca vet]um patrum 7vol4 ii41 #agff71 & ,migne1 ,cursus patrol4 s]4 ,graeca1 vol4 x47 is out ( date4 ,! prep>ation ( a complete critical edition has be5 und]tak5 by ! ,prussian ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,! task is "o ( extraord9>y difficulty1 = ! textual problems ( ! v>i\s writ+s are complex & confus$3 ! ,greek orig9al is extant 9 a few cases only 7! ,comm5t>y on ,daniel1 ! ,refutation1 on ,anti*ri/1 p>ts ( ! ,*ronicle1 & "s fragm5ts72 = ! re/ we are dep5d5t on fragm5ts ( translations1 *iefly ,slavonic1 all ( :i* are n ev5 publi%$4 ,( ! ,academy's edition "o volume 0 publi%$ at ,b]l9 9 #ahig1 conta9+ ! ,comm5t>ies on ,daniel & on ! ,song ( ,songs1 ! treatise on ,anti*ri/1 & ! ,less] ,exegetical & ,homiletic ,works1 edit$ by ,na?anael ,bonwets* & ,hans ,a*elis4 ,! ,comm5t>y on ! ,song ( ,songs has also be5 publi%$ by ,bonwets* 7,leipzig1 #aijb7 9 a ,g]man translation bas$ on a ,russian translation by ,n4 ,m>r ( ! ,grusian 7,georgian7 text1 & he add$ to x 7,leipzig1 #aijd7 a translation ( v>i\s small exegetical pieces1 :i* are pres]v$ 9 a ,georgian v]sion only 7,! ,bless+ ( ,jacob1 ,! ,bless+ ( ,moses1 ,! ,n>rative ( ,david & ,golia?74 ,a great "p ( ! orig9al ( ! ,*ronicle has be5 publi%$ by ,adolf ,bau] 7,leipzig1 #aije7 f ! ,codex ,matrit5sis ,graecus1 #bba4 ,= ! ,refutation we are /ill dep5d5t on ! editions ( ,mill] 7,ox=d1 #ahea71 ,dunck] & ,s*neidew9 7,gott+51 #ahei71 & ,cruice 7,p>is1 #ahfj74 ,an ,engli% translation is to be f\nd 9 ! ,ante-,nic5e ,*ri/ian ,libr>y 7,ed9burgh1 #ahfh-ahfi74 ,see ,buns51 ,hippolytus & 8 ,age 7#aheb1 #bnd ed41 #ahed2 ,g]4 ed41 #ahec72 ,doll+]1 ,hippolytus und ,kalli/us 7,reg5sb4 #ahec2 ,eng4 transl41 ,ed9b41 #ahgf72 ,g]h>d ,fick]1 ,/udi5 zur ,hippolytfrage 7,leipzig1 #ahic72 ,hans ,a*elis1 ,hippolyt/udi5 7,leipzig1 #ahig72 ,k>l ,johannes ,neumann1 ,hippolytus von ,rom 9 se9] ,/ellung zu ,/aat und ,welt1 "p i4 7,leipzig1 #aijb72 ,adhem> d',ales1 ,la ,!ologie de ,sa9t ,hippolyte 7,p>is1 #aijf74 7,g4 ,k47 ,,footnote3 #a ,accord+ to ! leg5d ,/ ,hippolytus 0 a ,roman soldi] :o 0 conv]t$ by ,/ ,lawr5ce4 ,,hippolytus1 ,,! ,,canons ,,(4 ,?is book /&s at ! head ( a s]ies ( ,*ur* ,ord]s1 :i* conta9 in/ructions 9 reg>d to ! *oice & ord9ation ( ,*ri/ian m9i/]s1 regulations z to wid[s & virg9s1 conditions ( reception ( conv]ts f hea!nism1 prep>ation = & adm9i/ration ( baptism1 rules = ! celebration ( ! eu*>i/1 = fa/+1 daily pray]s1 *>ity supp]s1 memorial meals1 fir/-fruits1 c4 ,we %all give 7#a7 a description ( ! book z we h x at pres5t2 7#b7 a brief /atem5t ( its relation to alli$ docum5ts2 7#c7 "s rem>ks on ! evid5ce = its date & au?or%ip4 #a4 ,we possess ! ,canons ( ,hippolytus only 9 an ,arabic v]sion1 itself made f a ,coptic v]sion ( ! orig9al ,greek4 ,att5tion 0 call$ to ! book by ,wansleb5 & ,ludolf t[>ds ! end ( ! #ag? c5tury1 b x 0 only 9 #ahgj t x 0 edit$ by ,haneb]g1 :o add$ a ,lat9 translation1 & s made x g5]ally accessible4 ,9 #ahia ,h4 ,a*elis reproduc$ ?is translation 9 a revis$ =m1 embody+ x 9 a synopsis ( alli$ docum5ts4 ,he suspect$ mu* int]polation & d]angem5t ( ord]1 & consequ5tly re>rang$ its cont5ts ) a free h&4 ,9 #aijj a ,g]man translation 0 made by ,h4 ,ri$el1 bas$ on fre% ,,mss4 ,^! %[$ t ! book1 z hi!rto edit$1 _h be5 ?r[n into disord] by ! displacem5t ( two pages ne> ! end2 !y also remov$ o!r difficulties ^u :i* ! !ory ( int]polation _h be5 bas$4 ,fur!r discov]ies1 to be spok5 ( pres5tly1 h add$ to our mat]ials = ! /udy ( ! book4 ,! book is attribut$ to ,hippolytus1 ! *ief ( ! bi%ops ( ,rome1 & is divid$ into ?irty-eight canons1 to :i* %ort head+s are prefix$4 ,?is division is c]ta9ly n orig9al1 b x is conv5i5t = purposes ( ref]5ce4 ,canon #a is prefatory2 x conta9s a brief confession ( fai? 9 ! ,tr9ity1 & especially 9 ! ,^w1 ! ,son ( ,god2 & x speaks ( ! expulsion ( h]etics f ! ,*ur*4 ,canons #b-e give regulations = ! selection & ord9ation ( bi%ops1 presbyt]s & deacons4 ,! bi%op is *os5 by ! :ole congregation3 "o ( ! bi%ops & presbyt]s is to lay h&s ^u him & say a pray] :i* foll[s 7#c73 he is at once to proce$ ) ! (f]+1 tak+ up ! eu*>i/ic s]vice at ! po9t :]e ! sursum corda comes 94 ,a presbyt] 7#d7 is to be orda9$ ) ! same pray] z a bi%op1 ) ! exception ( ! ^w bi%op2 b he is giv5 no p[] ( ord9ation 7?is appe>s to be inconsi/5t ) c4 #b74 ,! duties ( a deacon are describ$1 & ! pray] ( 8 ord9ation foll[s 7#e74 ,canons #f-i deal ) v>i\s classes 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,"o :o has suff]$ puni%m5t = ! fai? 7#f7 is to be c\nt$ a presbyt] )\t ord9ation3 8 confession is 8 ord9ation4 ,read]s & sub-deacons 7#g7 are giv5 ! ,gospel1 b are n orda9$ by lay+-on ( h&s4 ,a claim to ord9ation on ! gr\nd ( gifts ( heal+ 7#h7 is to be admitt$1 if ! facts are cle> & ! heal+ is f ,god4 ,wid[s are n orda9$ 7#i73 ord9ation is = m5 only4 ,canons #aj-ae describe conditions = ! admission ( conv]ts4 ,c]ta9 occupations are incompatible ) ,*ri/ian life3 only "u compulsion may a ,*ri/ian be a soldi]4 ,canons #af-ah deal *iefly ) regulations conc]n+ wom54 ,canon #ai is a long "o deal+ ) cate*um5s1 prep>ation = baptism1 adm9i/ration ( t sacram5t1 & ( ! eu*>i/ = ! newly baptiz$4 ,! c&idate is twice ano9t$3 fir/1 ) ! oil ( exorcism1 aft] he has said1 ) 8 face we/w>d1 ,i r5\nce !e1 ,o devil1 & all ?y foll[+2 &1 aga91 imm$iately aft] ! baptism4 ,z he /&s 9 ! wat]1 he decl>es 8 fai? 9 response to an int]rogatory cre$2 & aft] ea* ( ! ?ree clauses he is imm]s$4 ,aft] ! second ano9t+ ! bi%op gives ?anks = t ,?\ ha/ made !m wor?y t !y %\ld be born aga91 & ha/ p\r$ out ,?y ,holy ,gho/ ^u !m1 s t !y may belong1 ea* "o ( !m1 to ! body ( ! ,*ur*3 he signs !m ) ! cross on _! =eheads1 & kisses !m4 ,! eu*>i/ !n proce$s3 ! bi%op gives !m ( ! body ( ,*ri/ & says1 ,?is is ! body ( ,*ri/1 & !y answ] ,am52 & simil>ly = ! cup4 ,milk & honey are !n giv5 to !m z be+ born a second "t z little *ildr54 ,a w>n+ is add$ aga9/ eat+ any?+ be=e communicat+4 ,canons #bj-bb deal ) fa/-days1 daily s]vices 9 *ur*1 & ! fa/ ( ! passov]-week4 ,canon #bc seems z if x clos$ ! s]ies1 speak+1 z x does1 ( our bre?r5 ! bi%ops :o 9 _! cities h made regulations accord+ to ! comm&s ( our fa!rs ! apo/les3 let none ( our successors alt] !m2 because x sai? t ! tea*+ is great] ?an ! sea1 & ha? no end4 ,we pass on1 h[ev]1 to regulations ab\t ! sick 7#bd7 :o are to be visit$ by ! bi%op1 because x is a great ?+ = ! sick t ! high-prie/ %\ld visit !m 7= ! %ad[ ( ,pet] heal$ ! sick74 ,canons #be-bg deal aga9 ) pray]s & *ur*-s]vices4 ,! sev5 h\rs are specifi$1 ) reasons = _! obs]vance 7#be73 att5dance at s]mons is urg$ 7#bf71 = ! ,"l is 9 ! place :]e 8 lord%ip is proclaim$ 7comp4 ,dida*e #d1 "p ( ! ,two ,ways74 ,:5 !re are no pray]s 9 *ur*1 read+ at home is enjo9$ 7#bg73 let ! sun ea* morn+ see ! book ^u ?y knees 7comp4 ,a?4 ,ad virg41 ,s #ab1 ,let ! sun :5 he arise? see ! book 9 ?y h&s74 ,pray] mu/ be prec$$ by ! wa%+ ( ! h&s4 ,no believ] mu/ take food be=e communicat+1 especially on fa/-days3 only believ]s may communicate 7#bh74 ,! sacr$ elem5ts mu/ be gu>d$1 le/ any?+ fall into ! cup1 & x be a s9 unto dea? = ! presbyt]s4 ,no crumb mu/ be dropp$1 le/ an evil _s get possession ( x4 ,canons #cj-ce conta9 v>i\s rules1 & specially deal ) supp]s = ! poor 7i4e4 agapae7 & memorial fea/s4 ,!n we h a pray] = ! (f]+ ( fir/-fruits 7#cf72 a direction t m9i/]s %all we> fair g>m5ts at ! my/]ies 7#cg72 & a comm& to wat* dur+ ! night ( ! resurrection 7#ch74 ,! la/ canon h]eupon passes into a g5]al exhortation to "r liv+1 :i* =ms a six? "p ( ! :ole book4 ,9 ,ri$el's translation we read ?is = ! fir/ "t z a connect$ :ole4 ,x falls into two p>ts1 & describes1 fir/1 ! true life ( ord9>y ,*ri/ians1 w>n+ !m aga9/ an empty pr(ession1 & lay+ d[n _m precepts ( morality2 & !n x addresses itself to ! ascete :o wi%es to belong to ! rank ( ! angels1 & :o lives a life ( solitude & pov]ty4 ,he is enc\rag$ by an exposition1 on some:at /range l9es1 ( ! temptations ( our ,"l1 & is specially w>n$ aga9/ spiritual pride & contempt ( o!r m54 ,! book closes ) an appeal = love & mutual s]vice1 bas$ on ! p>ables 9 ,/ ,mat!w xxv4 #b4 ,x is impossible to e/imate ! position ( ! ,canons ( ,hippolytus )\t "s ref]5ce to alli$ docum5ts 7see ,,apo/olical ,,con/itutions74 7a7 ,! mo/ important ( ^! is :at is n[ commonly call$ ! ,egyptian ,*ur* ,ord]4 ,?is is pres]v$ to u 9 ,coptic & ,ae?iopic v]sions1 ( :i* ,a*elis1 9 8 synopsis1 gives ,g]man translations4 ,! subject-matt] & arrangem5t ( ^! canons correspond g5]ally to ^? ( ,hippolytus2 b _m ( ! details are modifi$ to br+ !m into accord ) a lat] practice4 ,a new light 0 ?r[n on ! criticism ( ?is "w by ,haul]'s discov]y 7#aijj7 ( a ,lat9 v]sion 7( :i*1 un=tunately1 ab\t half is miss+7 9 ! ,v]ona palimpse/1 f :i* he has also giv5 u l>ge ,lat9 fragm5ts ( ! ,didascalia 7:i* und]lies books i4-vi4 ( ! ,apo/olic ,con/itutions1 & :i* hi!rto we h only kn[n f ! ,syriac74 ,! ,lat9 ( ! ,egyptian ,*ur* ,ord] is some:at m primitive ?an ! ,coptic1 & approa*es m ne>ly1 at "s po9ts1 to ! ,canons ( ,hippolytus4 ,x has a preface :i* ref]s to a treatise ,conc]n+ ,spiritual ,gifts1 z hav+ imm$iately prec$$ x2 b nei!r ?is nor ! ,coptic-,ae?iopic =m has ei!r ! introduction or conclud+ exhortation :i* is f\nd 9 ! ,canons ( ,hippolytus4 7b7 ,! ,te/am5t ( ! ,"l is a docum5t 9 ,syriac1 ( :i* ! op5+ "p _h be5 publi%$ by ,lag>de1 & ( :i* ,rahmani 7#ahii7 has giv5 u ! :ole4 ,x pr(esses to conta9 in/ructions giv5 by our ,"l to ! apo/les aft] ! resurrection4 ,aft] an introduction conta9+ apocalyptical matt]1 x passes on to give elaborate directions = ! ord]+ ( ! ,*ur*1 embody+1 9 a mu*-exp&$ =m1 ! ,egyptian ,*ur* ,ord]1 & %[+ a k ( ! preface to t docum5t :i* appe>s 9 ! ,lat9 v]sion4 ,x _c be plac$ ) probability e>li] ?an ! latt] "p ( ! #d? c5tury4 7c7 ,! ,apo/olic ,con/itutions is a composite docum5t1 :i* probably belongs to ! end ( ! #d? c5tury4 ,its fir/ six books are an exp&$ edition ( a ,didascalia :i* we h already m5tion$3 its sev5? book simil>ly exp&s & modifies ! ,dida*e its eigh? book beg9s by treat+ ( spiritual gifts1 & !n 9 c4 #c passes on to exp& 9 l mann] ! ,egyptian ,*ur* ,ord]4 ,! h& :i* has wr\ght up all ^! docum5ts has be5 %[n to be t ( ! int]polator ( ! ,ignatian ,epi/les 9 ! long] ,greek rec5sion4 7d7 ,! ,canons ( ,basil is ! title ( an ,arabic "w1 ( :i* a ,g]man translation has be5 giv5 u by ,ri$el1 :o ?9ks t !y h come ?r\gh ,coptic f an orig9al ,greek book4 ,!y embody1 9 a modifi$ =m1 consid]able portions ( ! ,canons ( ,hippolytus4 #c4 ,we n[ approa* ! difficult que/ions ( date & au?or%ip4 ,mu* ( ! mat]ial has be5 q rec5tly br\ght to light1 & criticism has n _h "t to inve/igate & pron\nce ^u x4 ,"s provisional rem>ks1 !re=e1 are all t c prud5tly be made4 ,x seems pla9 t we h two l9es ( tradition3 7#a7 ,! ,canons ( ,hippolytus1 foll[$ by ! ,canons ( ,basil2 7#b7 ! ,egyptian ,*ur* ,ord]1 itself repres5t$ 7a7 by ! ,lat9 v]sion1 ! ,te/am5t ( ! ,"l1 & ! ,apo/olic ,con/itutions1 :i* are l9k$ toge!r by ! same preface 7or portions ( x72 7b7 by ! ,coptic & ,ae?iopic v]sions4 ,n[1 ! preface ( ! ,lat9 v]sion po9ts to a "t :5 ! canons 7 embodi$ 9 a corpus ( simil> mat]ials1 or1 at ! lea/1 7 prec$$ by a "w on ,spiritual ,gifts4 ,! ,canons ( ,hippolytus h a :olly diff]5t preface1 & also a long exhortation at ! close4 ,! "q :i* criticism mu/ endeav\r to answ] is1 :e!r ! ,canons ( ,hippolytus are ! orig9al f :i* ! ,egyptian ,*ur* ,ord] is d]iv$1 or :e!r an e>li] body ( canons lies beh9d !m bo?4 ,at pres5t x is probably wise to assume t ! latt] is ! true explanation4 ,= ! ,canons ( ,hippolytus appe> to conta9 contradictory regulations 7e4g4 cc4 #b & #d ( ! presbyt]s71 & also sugge/ t !y h receiv$ a consid]able supplem5t 7aft] c4 #bc74 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no d\bt t !y pres5t u ) a m primitive /age ( ,*ur* life ?an we f9d 9 ! ,egyptian ,*ur* ,ord]4 ,! m5tion ( sub-deacons 7:i*1 aft] ,ri$el's fre% manuscript evid5ce1 _c n[ be dismiss$ z due to int]polation7 makes x difficult to assign a date mu* e>li] ?an ! middle ( ! #crd c5tury4 ,! ,puritan sev]ity ( ! canons well accords ) ! temp] ( ! writ] to :om ! ,arabic title attributes !m2 & x is to be not$ t ! exhortation at ! close conta9s a quotation f #b ,pet] actually attribut$ to ! apo/le1 & ,hippolytus is p]haps ! e>lie/ au?or :o c ) c]ta9ty be said to h us$ ?is epi/le4 ,b ! g5]al /yle ( ,hippolytus1 :i* is simple1 /raight-=w>d & /rong1 is 9 m>k$ contra/ ) t ( ! clos+ passage ( ! canons2 moreov]1 8 m9d1 z pres5t$ to u 9 8 extant writ+s1 appe>s to be a mu* l>g] "o ?an t ( ! writ] ( ^! canons2 x is z difficult to ?9k ( ,hippolytus z x w\ld be to ?9k ( ,orig5 9 su* a connexion4 ,h[1 !n1 are we to acc\nt = ! attribution8 ,!re is evid5ce to %[ t ,hippolytus 0 highly rev]5c$ ?r\gh\t ! ,ea/3 8 writ+s1 :i* 7 9 ,greek1 7 kn[n1 b 8 hi/ory 0 entirely unkn[n4 ,he 0 suppos$ to be a pupil 7,greek3 gnorimos7 ( apo/les 7,palladius1 #d? c5tury71 & ! ,arabic title calls him *ief ( ! bi%ops ( ,rome1 i4e4 ar*bi%op ( ,rome4 ,x is h>d to tru/ ?is attribution m ?an ! attribution ( a ,coptic disc\rse on ! ,dormitio ,m>iae to ,evodius1 ar*bi%op ( ! great city ,rome1 :o 0 ! second aft] ,pet] ! apo/le 7,texts & ,/udies1 iv4 #b-dd7--;,evodius be+ by tradition fir/ bi%op ( ,antio*4 ,a :ole gr\p ( books on ,*ur* ,ord] be>s ! "n ( ,clem5t ( ,rome2 & ! attribution ( our canons to ,hippolytus may be only an example ( ! same t5d5cy4 ,! fact t ,hippolytus wrote a treatise ,conc]n+ ,spiritual ,gifts1 & t "s su* treatise is n only ref]r$ to 9 ! ,lat9 preface to ! ,egyptian ,*ur* ,ord]1 b is actually f\nd at ! beg9n+ ( book viii4 ( ! ,apo/olic ,con/itutions1 introduces an int]e/+ complication2 b we _c "h pursue ! matt] fur!r4 ,dom ,mor9's +5i\s attribution ( ! canons to ,dionysius ( ,alex&ria 7on ! gr\nd ( ,eusebius1 ,h4,e4 vi4 #df41 #e7 _c be accept$ 9 view ( ! broad] *ur* policy :i* t writ] repres5ts4 ,if ! ,hippolytean au?or%ip be giv5 up1 x is probable t ,egypt w make ! /ronge/ claim to be ! locality 9 :i* ! canons 7 compil$ 9 _! pres5t =m4 ,! au?orities ( *ief practical importance are ,h4 ,a*elis1 ,texte u4 ,unt]s4 vi4 #d 7#ahia72 ,rahmani1 ,te/am5tum ,dom9i 7#ahii72 ,haul]1 ,didascaliae ,apo/olorum 7#aijj72 ,ri$el1 ,kir*5re*tsquell5 des ,patri>*ats ,alex&ri5 7#aijj74 7,j4 ,a4 ,r47 ,,hipponax1 ( ,ephesus1 ,greek iambic poet4 ,expell$ f ,ephesus 9 #edj ,b4,c4 by ! tyrant ,a!nagoras1 he took refuge 9 ,clazom5ae1 :]e he sp5t ! re/ ( 8 life 9 pov]ty4 ,8 de=m$ figure & malici\s disposition expos$ him to ! c>icature ( ! ,*ian sculptors ,bupalus & ,a!nis1 ^u :om he rev5g$ himself by issu+ aga9/ !m a s]ies ( satires4 ,!y are said to h hang$ !mselves l ,lycambes & 8 daught]s :5 assail$ by ,ar*ilo*us1 ! model & pr$ecessor ( ,hipponax4 ,8 co>s5ess ( ?\ght & feel+1 8 rude vocabul>y1 8 want ( grace & ta/e1 & 8 num]\s allusions to matt]s ( m]ely local int]e/ prev5t$ 8 becom+ a fav\rite 9 ,attica4 ,he 0 consid]$ ! inv5tor ( p>ody & ( a peculi> metre1 ! scazon or *oliambus1 :i* sub/itutes a spondee = ! f9al iambus ( an iambic s5>ius1 & is an appropriate =m = ! burlesque "* ( 8 poems4 ,fragm5ts 9 ,b]gk1 ,poetae lyrici ,graeci2 see also ,b4 ,j4 ,peltz]1 ,de p>odica ,graecorum poesi 7#ahee71 conta9+ an acc\nt ( ,hipponax & ! fragm5ts4 ,,hippopotamus 7riv]-horse1 ,gr4 ,greek3 hippos1 horse & ,greek3 potamos1 riv]71 ! "n ( ! l>ge/ repres5tative ( ! non-rum9at+ artiodactyle ungulate mammals1 & its liv+ & ext9ct relatives4 ,! common hippopotamus 7,hippopotamus amphibius71 :i* =m]ly inhabit$ all ! great riv]s ( ,africa b ^: range has n[ be5 mu* re/rict$1 is mo/ likely ! behemo? ( ,scripture1 & may v probably 9 ,biblical times h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,jordan valley1 s9ce at a /ill e>li] 7,plei/oc5e7 epo* x rang$ ov] a l>ge "p ( ,europe4 ,x typifies n only a g5us1 b likewise a family1 ,hippopotamidae1 di/+ui%$ f its relatives ! pigs & pecc>ies1 or ,suidae1 by ! foll[+ assemblage ( *>act]s3 ,muzzle v broad & r\nd$4 ,feet %ort & broad1 ) f\r subequal toes1 be>+ %ort r\nd$ ho(s1 & all rea*+ ! gr\nd 9 walk+4 ,incisors n root$ b cont9u\sly gr[+2 ^? ( ! upp] jaw curv$ & direct$ d[nw>ds2 ^? ( ! l[] /raight & procumb5t4 ,can9es v l>ge1 curv$1 cont9u\sly gr[+2 upp] ones direct$ d[nw>ds4 ,premol>s #d_/d2 mol>s #c_/c4 ,/oma* complex4 ,no caecum4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,hippopotamus 7,hippopotamus amphibius74 ,9 =m ! hippopotamus is a huge1 unwieldy creature1 measur+ 9 ! l>ge/ specim5s fully #ad ft4 f ! extremity ( ! upp] lip to ! tip ( ! tail1 :ile x ord9>ily atta9s a l5g? ( #ab ft41 ) a height ( #e ft4 at ! %\ld]s1 & a gir? r\nd ! ?icke/ "p ( ! body almo/ equal to its l5g?4 ,! small e>s are exce$+ly flexible1 & kept 9 con/ant motion :5 ! animal is seek+ to cat* a di/ant s\nd2 ! eyes are plac$ high up on ! head1 b little bel[ ! level ( ! e>s2 :ile ! gape is wide1 & ! upp] lip ?ick & bulg+ s z to cov] ov] ev5 its l>ge tusks :5 ! m\? is clos$4 ,! mol>s1 :i* %[ trefoil-%ap$ gr9d+-surfaces are well adapt$ = ma/icat+ vegetable sub/ances1 :ile ! =midable array ( long spe>-l incisors & curv$ *isel-edg$ can9es or tusks root up rank grass l an agricultural implem5t4 ,! legs are %ort1 s t ! body is b little elevat$ above ! gr\nd2 & ! feet1 :i* are small 9 proportion to ! size ( ! animal1 t]m9ate 9 f\r %ort toes ea* be>+ a small ho(4 ,) ! exception ( a few tufts ( hair on ! lips1 on ! sides ( ! head & neck1 & at ! extremity ( ! %ort robu/ tail1 ! sk9 ( ! hippopotamus1 "s portions ( :i* are #b 94 9 ?ickness1 is de/itute ( cov]+4 ,hippopotamuses are greg>i\s animals1 liv+ 9 h]ds ( f #bj to #dj individuals on ! banks & 9 ! b$s ( riv]s1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( :i* !y mo/ readily f9d appropriate food4 ,?is consi/s *iefly ( grass & ( aquatic plants1 ( :i* ^! animals consume enorm\s quantities1 ! /oma* be+ capable ( conta9+ f #e to #f bu%els4 ,!y fe$ pr9cipally by night1 rema9+ 9 ! wat] dur+ ! day1 al?\gh 9 di/ricts :]e !y are little di/urb$ !y are less exclusively aquatic4 ,9 su* remote qu>t]s1 !y put _! heads boldly out ( ! wat] to bl[1 b :5 r5d]$ suspici\s !y become exce$+ly cauti\s 9 ?is respect1 only expos+ _! no/rils above ! wat]1 & ev5 ?is !y pref] do+ amid ! %elt] ( wat] plants4 ,9 spite ( _! enorm\s size & unc\? =m1 !y are exp]t swimm]s & div]s1 & c rema9 easily "u ! wat] f five to eight m9utes4 ,!y walk on ! bottoms ( riv]s1 b5ea? at lea/ #a ft4 ( wat]4 ,at nightfall !y come on l& to fe$2 & :51 z (t5 happ5s on ! banks ( ! ,nile1 !y rea* cultivat$ gr\nd1 !y d imm5se damage to gr[+ crops1 de/roy+ by _! pond]\s tread ev5 m ?an !y dev\r4 ,to sc>e away ^! unwelcome visitors ! natives 9 su* di/ricts are 9 ! habit ( k9dl+ fires at night4 ,al?\gh hippopotamuses d n will+ly g f> f ! wat] on :i* _! exi/5ce dep5ds1 !y occasionally travel long di/ances by night 9 se>* ( food1 & 9 spite ( _! clumsy appe>ance are able to climb /eep banks & precipit\s rav9es ) ease4 ,( a w\nd$ hippopotamus :i* ,sir ,s4 ,bak] saw leav+ ! wat] & gallop+ inl&1 he writes3 ,i nev] c\ld h imag9$ t s unwieldy an animal c\ld h exhibit$ su* spe$4 ,no man c\ld h _h a *ance ( escape4 ,! hippopotamus does n conf9e itself to riv]s & lakes1 b has be5 kn[n to pref] ! wat]s ( ! ocean z its home dur+ ! day4 ,( a mild & in(f5sive disposition1 x seeks to avoid collision ) man2 :5 w\nd$1 h[ev]1 or 9 def5ce ( its "y1 x exhibits great f]ocity1 & native canoes are capsiz$ & occasionally demoli%$ by its infuriat$ attacks2 ! bell[+ grunt !n becom+ l\d en\gh to be he>d a mile away4 ,z among elephants1 s also among hippopotamuses !re are rogues--old bulls :i* h become s\r$ 9 solitude1 & are at all times dang]\s4 ,assum+ ! (f5sive on e occasion1 !y attack all & sundry )\t %ad[ ( provocation2 & ! natives avoid _! haunts1 :i* are usually well kn[n4 ,! only o!r liv+ species is ! pygmy hippopotamus1 ,h4 7,*o]opsis7 lib]i5sis1 ( ,we/ ,africa1 an animal n l>g] ?an a clumsily made pig ( full dim5sions1 & *>act]iz$ by hav+ g5]ally "o 79 place ( two7 pair ( incisors4 ,x is mu* less aquatic ?an its giant relative1 hav+1 9 fact1 ! habits ( a pig4 ,a small ext9ct species 7,h4 lem]lei7 inhabit$ ,madagasc> at a comp>atively rec5t date2 :ile o!r dw>f k9ds 7 natives ( ,crete 7,h4 m9utus7 & ,malta & ,sicily 7,h4 p5tl&i7 dur+ ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,a l>ge =m ( ! ord9>y species 7,h4 amphibius major7 0 di/ribut$ ov] ,europe z f> nor? z ,york%ire at ! same epo*2 :ile an alli$ species 7,h4 palae9dicus7 inhabit$ ,plei/oc5e ,india4 ,contempor>y ) ! latt] 01 h[ev]1 a species 7,h4 namadicus7 ) ?ree pairs ( incisors2 & hexaprotodont hippopotamuses are also *>act]i/ic ( ! ,plioc5e ( ,india & ,burma 7,h4 sival5sis & ,h4 iravadicus71 & ( ,alg]ia1 ,egypt & s\!rn ,europe 7,h4 hippon5sis74 ,= ! ance/ral g5]a ( ! hippopotamus l9e1 see ,,artiodactyla4 7,r4 ,l4997 ,,hippuric ,,acid 7,gr4 ,greek3 hippos1 horse1 ,greek3 ouron1 ur9e71 b5zoyl glycocoll or b5zoyl amidoacetic acid1 ,c#i;,h#i,,no#c or ,c#f;,h#e;,,co4,,nh4,,*#b4;,,co#b;,h1 an organic acid f\nd 9 ! ur9e ( horses & o!r h]bivorae4 ,x is excret$ :5 _m aromatic comp\nds1 su* z b5zoic acid & tolu5e1 are tak5 int]nally4 ,j4 v4 ,liebig 9 #ahbi %[$ t x diff]$ f b5zoic acid1 & 9 #ahci det]m9$ its con/itution1 :ile 9 #ahec ,v4 ,dessaignes 7,ann4 #hg1 p4 #cbe7 syn!siz$ x by act+ ) b5zoyl *loride on z9c glycocollide4 ,x is also =m$ by heat+ b5zoic anhydride ) glycocoll 7,?4 ,curtius1 ,b]41 #ahhd1 #ag1 p4 #affb71 & by heat+ b5zamide ) mono*loracetic acid4 ,x cry/allizes 9 rhombic prisms :i* are readily soluble 9 hot wat]1 melt at #ahg deg4 ,c4 & decompose at ab\t #bdj deg4 ,c4 ,x is readily hydrolys$ by hot cau/ic alkalis to b5zoic acid & glycocoll4 ,nitr\s acid conv]ts x into b5zoyl glycollic acid1 ,c#f;,h#e;,,co4,o4,,*#b4;,,co#b;,h4 ,its e?yl e/] reacts ) hydraz9e to =m hippuryl hydraz9e1 ,c#f;,h#e;,,co4,,nh4,,*#b4;,,co4,,nh4,,n h#b1 :i* 0 us$ by ,curtius = ! prep>ation ( azoimide 7q4v474 ,,hipurnias1 a tribe ( ,s\? ,am]ican ,indians1 #bjjj or #cjjj 9 numb]1 liv+ on ! riv] ,purus1 we/]n ,brazil4 ,_! h\ses are long1 l[ & n>r[3 ! side walls & ro( are "o1 poles be+ fix$ 9 ! gr\nd & !n b5t toge!r s z to meet & =m a po9t$ ar* = ! cross-sections4 ,!y use small b>k canoes4 ,_! *ief weapons are poison$ arr[s4 ,!y h a native god call$ ,gu9t9iri4 ,,hira1 ! capital ( an ,arabian k+dom1 f\nd$ 9 ! #bnd c5tury ,a4,d41 on ! we/]n edge ( ,irak1 0 situat$ at #cb deg4 ,n41 #dd deg4 #bj' ,e41 ab\t #d m4 ,s4,e4 ( mod]n ,nejef1 by ! ,sa'ade canal1 on ! %ore ( ! ,bahr ,nejef or ,assyrium ,/agnum4 ,its k+s gov]n$ ! we/]n %ore ( ! l[] ,euphrates & ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 _! k+dom ext5d+ inl& to ! conf9es ( ! ,nejd4 ,?is ,lakhmid k+dom 0 m or less dep5d5t1 dur+ ! f\r c5turies ( its exi/5ce1 on ! ,sassanian empire1 to :i* x =m$ a sort ( buff] /ate t[>ds ,arabia4 ,aft] ! battle ( ,kadesiya & ! f\nd+ ( ,kufa by ! ,arabs1 ,hira lo/ its importance & fell into decay4 ,! ru9 m\nds cov]+ ! anci5t site1 :ile ext5sive1 are insignificant 9 appe>ance & give no indications ( ! exi/5ce ( important build+s4 ,,hirado1 an isl& belong+ to ,japan1 #ai7a_/b7 m4 long & #f m4 wide1 ly+ (f ! we/ coa/ ( ! prov9ce ( ,hiz51 ,kiu%iu1 9 #cc deg4 #ae' ,n4 & #abi deg4 #be' ,e4 ,x is celebrat$ z ! site ( ! orig9al ,dut* factory--(t5 errone\sly writt5 ,fir&o--& z ! place :]e "o ( ! f9e/ blue-&-:ite porcela9s ( ,japan 7,hiradoyaki7 0 produc$ 9 ! #ag? & #ah? c5turies4 ,! kilns are /ill active4 ,,hire-,,pur*ase ,,agreem5t1 9 ! law ( contract1 a =m ( bailm5t ( goods1 on cr$it1 :i* has ext5d$ v consid]ably ( late ye>s4 ,orig9ally appli$ to ! sale ( ! m exp5sive k9ds ( goods1 su* z pianos & articles ( furniture1 ! hire-pur*ase agreem5t has n[ be5 ext5d$ to almo/ e description4 ,! agreem5t is usually 9 writ+1 ) a /ipulation t ! paym5ts to pur*ase %all be by weekly1 mon?ly or o!r in/alm5ts4 ,! agreem5t is virtually "o to pur*ase1 b 9 ord] t ! v5dor may be able to recov] ! goods at any "t on non-paym5t ( an in/alm5t1 x is treat$ z an agreem5t to let & hire1 ) a provision t :5 ! la/ in/alm5t has be5 paid ! goods %all become ! prop]ty ( ! hir]4 ,a clause provides t 9 case ( default ( any in/alm5t1 or brea* ( any "p ( ! agreem5t1 all previ\s paym5ts %all be =feit$ to ! l5d]1 :o c =cibly recov] ! goods4 ,su* agreem5ts1 !re=e1 d n pass ! prop]ty 9 ! goods1 :i* rema9s 9 ! l5d] until all ! in/alm5ts h be5 paid4 ,b ! t]ms ( ! agreem5t may sometimes purposely obscure ! nature ( ! transaction betwe5 ! p>ties1 :]e1 = example1 ! hire-pur*ase is m]ely to create a security = money4 ,9 su* a case a judge w look to ! true nature ( ! transaction4 ,if x is n a real lett+ & hir+1 ! agreem5t w require regi/ration "u ! ,bills ( ,sale ,acts4 ,if ! agreem5t conta9s words to ! effect t a p]son has b\ght or agre$ to buy goods1 ! transaction comes "u ! ,factors ,act #ahhi1 & ! p]son 9 possession ( ! goods may dispose ( !m & give a good title4 ,! doctr9e ( reput$ own]%ip1 by :i* a bankrupt is deem$ ! reput$ own] ( goods 9 8 app>5t possession1 has be5 some:at modifi$ by trade cu/oms1 9 accordance ) :i* prop]ty is frequ5tly let out on ! hire-pur*ase sy/em 7see ,,bankruptcy74 ,,hir+ 7f ,o4 ,eng4 hyrian1 a ^w common to _m ,teutonic languages cf4 ,g]4 heu]n1 ,dut* hur51 c471 9 law1 a contract by :i* "o man grants ! use ( a ?+ to ano!r 9 return = a c]ta9 price4 ,x corresponds to ! locatio-conductio ( ,roman law4 ,t contract 0 ei!r a lett+ ( a ?+ 7locatio-conductio rei7 or ( lab\r 7locatio op]>um74 ,! di/+ui%+ feature ( ! contract 0 ! price4 ,?us ! contracts ( mutuum1 commodatum1 depositum & m&atum1 :i* are all gratuit\s contracts1 become1 if a price is fix$1 cases ( locatio-conductio4 ,9 mod]n ,engli% law ! t]m c sc>cely be said to be us$ 9 a /rictly te*nical s5se4 ,! contracts :i* ! ,roman law gr\p$ toge!r "u ! head ( locatio-conductio--su* z ^? ( l&lord & t5ant1 ma/] & s]vant1 c4--are n 9 ,engli% law treat$ z cases ( hir+ b z indep5d5t v>ieties ( contract4 ,nei!r 9 law books nor 9 ord9>y disc\rse c\ld a t5ant f>m] be said to hire 8 l&4 ,hir+ w\ld g5]ally be appli$ to contracts 9 :i* ! s]vices ( a man or ! use ( a ?+ are engag$ = a %ort "t4 ,hir+ ,fairs1 or ,/atute ,fairs1 /ill held 9 ,wales & "s p>ts ( ,engl&1 7 =m]ly an annual fixture 9 e important c\ntry t[n4 ,^! fairs s]v$ to br+ toge!r ma/]s & s]vants4 ,! m5 & maids seek+ "w /ood 9 r[s1 ! males toge!r & ! females toge!r1 :ile ma/]s & mi/resses walk$ d[n ! l9es & select$ ^? :o suit$ !m4 ,orig9ally ^! hir+-fairs 7 always held on ,m>t9mas ,day 7#aa? ( ,novemb]74 ,n[ !y are held on diff]5t dates 9 diff]5t t[ns1 usually 9 ,octob] or ,novemb]4 ,9 ,cumb]l& ! m5 seek+ "w /ood ) /raws 9 _! m\?s4 ,9 ,l9coln%ire ! b>ga9 betwe5 employ] & employ$ 0 clos$ by ! giv+ ( ! fa/5-p5ny1 ! e>ne/ money1 usually a %ill+1 :i* fa/5$ ! contract = a twelvemon?4 ,"s few days aft] ! ,/atute ,fair x 0 cu/om>y to hold a second call$ a ,mop ,fair or ,runaway ,mop4 ,mop 7f ,lat4 mappa1 napk91 or small clo?7 meant 9 ,old ,engli% a tuft or tassel1 & ! fair 0 s call$1 x is sugge/$1 9 allusion to tufts or badges worn by ^? seek+ employm5t4 ,?us ! c>t] wore :ipcord on 8 hat1 ! c[h]d a tuft ( c['s hair1 & s on4 ,ano!r possible explanation w\ld be to take ! ^w mop 9 its old prov9cial slang s5se ( a fool1 mop fair be+ ! fools' fair1 a sort ( la/ *ance (f]$ to ^? :o 7 too dull or slov5ly-look+ to be hir$ at ! /atute fair4 ,p]haps runaway sugge/s ! idea ( ^? abs5t ?r\gh drunk5ness1 or ^? :o simply fe>$ to face ! ordeal ( ! l>g] hir+ & s ran away4 ,,hirosaki1 a t[n ( ,japan 9 ! prov9ce ( ,mi*moku or ,riku*iu1 nor? ,nippon1 #bb m4 ,s4,w4 ( ,aomori by rail4 ,pop4 ab\t #cg1jjj4 ,! f9e isolat$ cone ( ,iwakisan1 a m\nta9 ( pilgrimage1 rises to ! we/4 ,hirosaki is a v old place1 =m]ly resid5ce ( a great daimio 7or daimyo7 & capital ( a va/ pr9cipality1 & /ill ! seat ( a high c\rt ) jurisdiction ov] ! surr\nd+ di/ricts ( ,aomori & ,akita4 ,l mo/ places 9 nor? ,nippon1 x is built ) cont9u\s v]&as ext5d+ f h\se to h\se1 & af=d+ a prom5ade completely %elt]$ f ! sn[s ( w9t]4 ,apples ( f9e flav\r gr[ 9 ! di/rict1 :i* also enjoys "s reputation = its peculi> gre5 lacqu]-w>e4 ,,hiro%ige 7#agig-aheh71 ,japanese arti/1 0 "o ( ! pr9cipal memb]s ( t bran* ( ! ,ukiyo-ye or ,popul> ,s*ool ( ,pa9t+ 9 ,japan1 a s*ool :i* *iefly made col\r-pr9ts4 ,8 family "n 0 ,&o ,tokit>o2 t "u :i* he is kn[n hav+ be51 9 accordance ) ,japanese practice1 adopt$ by him 9 recognition ( ! fact t he 0 a pupil ( ,toyohiro4 ,! e>lie/ ref]5ce to him is 9 ! acc\nt giv5 by an inhabitant ( ! ,lu-*u isl&s ( a visit to ,japan2 :]e a sket* ( a procession drawn ) great skill by ,hiro%ige at ! age ( t5 ye>s only is m5tion$ z "o ( ! rem>kable sights se54 ,at ! age ( fifte5 he appli$ unsuccessfully to be admitt$ to ! /udio ( ! eld] ,toyokuni2 b 0 ev5tually receiv$ by ,toyohiro4 ,on ! dea? ( ! latt] 9 #ahbh1 he began to practise on 8 own acc\nt1 b f9d+ small enc\ragem5t at ,y$o 7,tokyo7 he remov$ to ,kioto1 :]e he publi%$ a set ( l&scapes4 ,he soon return$ to ,y$o1 :]e 8 "w soon became popul>1 & 0 imitat$ by o!r arti/s4 ,he di$ 9 t city on ! #f? day ( ! #i? mon? ( ! ye>1 ,ansei #e?1 at ! age ( sixty-two1 & 0 buri$ at ,asakusa4 ,"o ( 8 pupils1 ,hironobu1 receiv$ f him ! "n ( ,hiro%ige ,,ii4 & ano!r1 ,&o ,tokubei1 t ( ,hiro%ige ,,iii4 ,all ?ree 7 closely associat$ ) ! "w sign$ ) ! "n ( ! ma/]4 ,hiro%ige ,,ii4 "s "t aft] ! ye> #ahfc fell into disgrace & 0 compell$ to leave ,y$o = ,nagasaki1 :]e he di$2 ,hiro%ige ,,iii4 !n call$ himself ,hiro%ige ,,ii4 ,he di$ 9 #ahif4 ,! e>li] pr9ts by ^! arti/s1 ^: "w c h>dly be sep>at$1 are ( extraord9>y m]it4 ,!y appli$ ! process ( col\r block pr9t+ to ! purposes ( depict+ l&scape1 ) a bread?1 skill & suitability ( conv5tion t has be5 equall$ only by ,hokusai 9 ,japan1 & by no ,european4 ,mo/ ( _! subjects 7 d]iv$ f ! neighb\rhood ( ,y$o1 or 7 sc5es on ! old high road--! ,tokaido--t ran f t city to ,kioto4 ,! two eld] ( ! "n 7 compet5t pa9t]s1 & pictures & draw+s by !m are occasionally to be met )4 ,see ,e4 ,f4 ,/range1 ,japanese ,col\r-pr9ts 7,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum ,h&book1 #aijd74 7,e4 ,f4 ,s47 ,,hiro%ima1 a city & seaport ( ,japan1 capital ( ! gov]nm5t ( its "n 9 c5tral ,nippon4 ,pop4 7#aijc7 #aac1ede4 ,x is v beautifully situat$ on a small pla9 surr\nd$ by hills1 ! bay be+ /udd$ ) isl&s4 ,9 its g5]al aspect x resembles ,osaka1 f :i* x is #aij m4 ,w4 by rail1 & next to t place & ,hiogo x is ! mo/ important comm]cial c5tre on ! ,inl& ,sea4 ,! gov]nm5t has an area ( ab\t #cjjj sq4 m41 ) a population ( ab\t #a1ejj1jjj4 ,hiro%ima is fam\s all ov] ,japan ow+ to its association ) ! neighb\r+ islet ( ,itaku-,%ima1 ,isl& ( ,light1 :i* is d$icat$ to ! goddess ,b5t9 & reg>d$ z "o ( ! ?ree wond]s ( ,japan4 ,! *ief temple dates f ! ye> #ehg1 & ! isl&1 :i* is inhabit$ l>gely by prie/s & _! att5dants1 is annually visit$ by ?\s&s ( pilgrims4 ,b ! hall[$ soil is nev] till$1 s t all provisions h to be br\ght f ! surr\nd+ di/ricts4 ,,hirp9i 7f an ,oscan or ,sab9e /em hirpo-1 wolf71 an inl& ,samnite tribe 9 ! s\? ( ,italy1 ^: t]ritory 0 b\nd$ by t ( ! ,lucani on ! ,s41 ! ,campani on ! ,s4,w41 ! ,appuli 7,apuli7 & ,fr5tani on ! ,e4 & ,n4,e4 ,on ! ,n4 we f9d !m1 politically speak+1 id5tifi$ ) ! ,p5tri & ,c>ac5i1 & ) !m con/itut+ ! ,samnite alliance 9 ! w>s ( ! #d? c5tury ,b4,c4 7see ,,samnites74 ,! ,roman policy ( sep>ation cut !m (f f ^! allies by ! f\ndation ( ,b5ev5tum 9 #bfh ,b4,c41 & h5ce=w>d !y are a sep>ate unit2 !y jo9$ ,hannibal 9 #baf ,b4,c41 & reta9$ _! indep5d5ce until1 aft] jo9+ 9 ! ,social w>1 :i* 9 _! "p ( ,italy c h>dly be said to h ceas$ till ! f9al defeat ( ! ,samnites by ,sulla 9 #hc ,b4,c41 !y receiv$ ! ,roman fran*ise4 ,( _! ,oscan spee*1 besides ! evid5ce ( _! place-names1 only a few fragm5ts survive 7,r4 ,s4 ,conway1 ,! ,italic ,dialects1 pp4 #agj ff42 & = hirpo-1 ib4 p4 #bjj74 ,9 ! e?nology ( ,italy ! ,hirp9i appe> f "o po9t ( view z ! pure/ type ( ,saf9e /ock1 namely1 t 9 :i* ! proportion ( e?nica =m$ ) ! suffix -no- is highe/1 ?irty-?ree out ( ?irty-six tribal or municipal epi!ts be+ =m$ !reby 7e4g4 ,caud9i1 ,compsani7 & only "o ) ! suffix -ti- 7,abell9ates71 :]e x is cle>ly second>y4 ,on ! significance ( ?is see ,,sab9i4 7,r4 ,s4 ,c47 ,,hirsau 7=m]ly ,hirs*au71 a village ( ,g]many1 9 ! k+dom ( ,wurttemb]g1 on ! ,nagold & ! ,p=zheim-,horb railway1 #b m4 ,n4 ( ,calw4 ,pop4 #hjj4 ,hirsau has "s small manufactures1 b x owes its orig9 & hi/orical int]e/ to its =m] ,b5$ict9e mona/]y1 ,mona/]ium ,hirsaugi5se1 at "o p]iod "o ( ! mo/ fam\s 9 ,europe4 ,its picturesque ru9s1 ( :i* only ! *apel ) ! libr>y hall are /ill 9 good pres]vation1 te/ify to ! pri/9e gr&eur ( ! e/abli%m5t4 ,x 0 f\nd$ ab\t #hcj by ,c\nt ,erlafri$ ( ,calw1 at ! in/igation ( 8 son1 ,bi%op ,nott+ ( ,v]celli1 :o enri*$ x )1 among o!r treasures1 ! body ( ,/ ,aurelius4 ,its fir/ occupants 7#hch7 7 a colony ( fifte5 monks f ,fulda1 disciples ( ,hrabanus ,maurus & ,walafrid ,/rabo1 head$ by ! abbot ,liudeb]t4 ,dur+ ab\t a c5tury & a half1 "u ! fo/]+ c>e ( ! c\nts ( ,calw1 x enjoy$ great prosp]ity1 & became an important seat ( le>n+2 b t[>ds ! end ( ! #aj? c5tury ! ravages ( ! pe/il5ce comb9$ ) ! rapacity ( its patrons1 & ! selfi%ness & immorality ( its inmates1 to br+ x to ! l[e/ ebb4 ,aft] x _h be5 desolate & 9 ru9s = upw>ds ( sixty ye>s x 0 rebuilt 9 #ajei1 & "u ,abbot ,william--,wilhelm von ,hirsau--abbot f #ajfi to #ajia1 x m ?an rega9$ its =m] spl5d\r4 ,by 8 ,con/itutiones ,hirsaugi5ses1 a new religi\s ord]1 ! ,ordo ,hirsaugi5sis1 0 =m$1 ! rule ( :i* 0 aft]w>ds adopt$ by _m mona/ic e/abli%m5ts ?r\gh\t ,g]many1 su* z ^? ( ,blaubeur51 ,erfurt & ,s*affhaus54 ,! fri5d & correspond5t ( ,pope ,gregory ,,vii41 & ( ,anselm ( ,cant]bury1 ,abbot ,william took active "p 9 ! politico-ecclesia/ical controv]sies ( 8 "t2 :ile a treatise f 8 p51 ,de musica et tonis1 z well z ! ,philosophic>um et a/ronomic>um in/itutionum libri iii41 be>s witness to 8 int]e/ 9 sci5ce & philosophy4 ,ab\t ! end ( ! #ab? c5tury ! mat]ial & moral welf>e ( ,hirsau 0 aga9 v p]ceptibly on ! decl9e2 & x nev] aft]w>ds aga9 rose into importance4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! ,re=mation x 0 secul>iz$ 9 #aeeh2 9 #afib x 0 laid 9 ru9s by ! ,fr5*4 ,! ,*ronicon ,hirsaugi5se1 or1 z 9 ! lat] edition x is call$1 ,annales ,hirsaugi5ses ( ,abbot ,tri!mius 7,basel1 #aeei2 ,/ ,gall1 #afij71 is1 al?\gh conta9+ mu* t is m]ely leg5d>y1 an important s\rce ( in=mation1 n only on ! affairs ( ?is mona/]y1 b also on ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,g]many4 ,! ,codex ,hirsaugi5sis 0 edit$ by ,a4 ,f4 ,gfror] & pr9t$ at ,/uttg>t 9 #ahdc4 ,see ,/eck1 ,das ,klo/] ,hirs*au 7#ahdd72 ,helmsdorf]1 ,=s*ung5 zur ,ges*i*te des ,abts ,wilhelm von ,hirs*au 7,gott+51 #ahgd72 ,weizsack]1 ,fuhr] dur* die ,ges*i*te des ,klo/]s ,hirs*au 7,/uttg>t1 #ahih72 ,sussmann1 ,=s*ung5 zur ,ges*i*te des ,klo/]s ,hirs*au 7,halle1 #aijc72 ,giseke1 ,die ,hirs*au] wahr5d des ,inve/itur/reits 7,go?a1 #ahhc72 ,c4 ,h4 ,klaib]1 ,das ,klo/] ,hirs*au 7,tub+51 #ahhf72 & ,ba]1 ,die ,hirsau] ,baus*ule 7,freiburg1 #ahig74 ,,hirs*1 ,,maurice ,,de1 ,,b>on ,,hirs* ,,auf ,,g]eu?1 9 ! b>onage ( ,bav>ia 7#ahca-ahif71 capitali/ & philan?ropi/ 7,g]man by bir?1 ,au/ro-,hung>ian by domicile71 0 born at ,muni*1 #i? ,decemb] #ahca4 ,8 gr&fa!r1 ! fir/ ,jewi% l&[n] 9 ,bav>ia1 0 ennobl$ ) ! pradikat auf ,g]eu? 9 #ahah2 8 fa!r1 :o 0 bank] to ! ,bav>ian k+1 0 creat$ a b>on 9 #ahfi4 ,! family = g5]ations has occupi$ a prom95t position 9 ! ,g]man ,jewi% community4 ,at ! age ( ?irte5 "y ,hirs* 0 s5t to ,brussels to s*ool1 b :5 sev5te5 ye>s old he w5t into bus9ess4 ,9 #ahee he became associat$ ) ! bank+ h\se ( ,bis*(f%eim ,golds*midt1 ( ,brussels1 ,london & ,p>is4 ,he amass$ a l>ge =tune1 :i* he increas$ by pur*as+ & work+ railway concessions 9 ,au/ria1 ,turkey & ! ,balkans1 & by speculations 9 sug> & copp]4 ,:ile liv+ 9 great spl5d\r 9 ,p>is & ,london & on 8 e/ates 9 ,hung>y1 he devot$ mu* ( 8 "t to s*emes = ! relief ( 8 ,hebrew co-religioni/s 9 l&s :]e !y 7 p]secut$ & oppress$4 ,he took a deep int]e/ 9 ! educational "w ( ! ,alliance ,israelite ,univ]selle1 & on two occasions pres5t$ ! society ) gifts ( a million francs4 ,= "s ye>s he regul>ly paid ! deficits 9 ! acc\nts ( ! ,alliance1 am\nt+ to sev]al ?\s& p\nds a ye>4 ,9 #ahhi he capitaliz$ 8 donations & pres5t$ ! society ) securities produc+ an annual income ( ,l#af1jjj4 ,on ! occasion ( ! =tie? anniv]s>y ( ! emp]or ,francis ,joseph's accession to ! ,au/rian ?rone he gave ,l#ejj1jjj = ! e/abli%m5t ( prim>y & te*nical s*ools 9 ,galicia & ! ,buk[9a4 ,! greate/ *>itable ent]prise on :i* he emb>k$ 0 9 connexion ) ! p]secution ( ! ,jews 9 ,russia 7see ,,anti-,,semitism74 ,he gave ,l#aj1jjj to ! funds rais$ = ! repatriation ( ! refugees 9 #ahhb1 b1 feel+ t ?is 0 a v lame conclusion to ! ef=ts made 9 we/]n ,europe = ! relief ( ! ,russian ,jews1 he (f]$ ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t ,l#b1jjj1jjj = ! end[m5t ( a sy/em ( secul> education to be e/abli%$ 9 ! ,jewi% pale ( settlem5t4 ,! ,russian ,gov]nm5t 0 will+ to accept ! money1 b decl9$ to all[ any =eign] to be conc]n$ 9 its control or adm9i/ration4 ,!reupon ,b>on de ,hirs* resolv$ to devote ! money to an emigration & colonization s*eme :i* %\ld af=d ! p]secut$ ,jews opportunities ( e/abli%+ !mselves 9 agricultural colonies outside ,russia4 ,he f\nd$ ! ,jewi% ,colonization ,association z an ,engli% society1 ) a capital ( ,l#b1jjj1jjj1 & 9 #ahib he pres5t$ to x a fur!r sum ( ,l#g1jjj1jjj4 ,on ! dea? ( 8 wife 9 #ahii ! capital 0 increas$ to ,l#aa1jjj1jjj1 ( :i* ,l#a1bej1jjj w5t to ! ,treasury1 aft] "s litigation1 9 dea? duties4 ,?is enorm\s fund1 :i* is probably ! greate/ *>itable tru/ 9 ! _w1 is n[ manag$ by delegates ( c]ta9 ,jewi% societies1 *iefly ! ,anglo-,jewi% ,association ( ,london & ! ,alliance ,israelite ,univ]selle ( ,p>is1 among :om ! %>es 9 ! association h be5 divid$4 ,! association1 :i* is prohibit$ f work+ = pr(it1 possesses l>ge colonies 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,canada & ,asia ,m9or4 ,9 addition to its va/ agricultural "w x has a gigantic & complex ma*9]y = deal+ ) ! :ole problem ( ,jewi% p]secution1 includ+ emigration & di/ribut+ ag5cies1 te*nical s*ools1 co-op]ative factories1 sav+s & loan banks & model dwell+s 9 ! conge/$ ,russian jewries4 ,x also subv5tions & assi/s a l>ge numb] ( societies all ov] ! _w ^: "w is connect$ ) ! relief & rehabilitation ( ,jewi% refugees4 ,besides ?is great organization1 ,b>on de ,hirs* f\nd$ 9 #ahia a b5evol5t tru/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! b5efit ( ,jewi% immigrants1 :i* he end[$ ) ,l#dic1jjj4 ,8 m9or *>ities 7 on a pr9cely scale1 & dur+ 8 resid5ce 9 ,london he di/ribut$ ov] ,l#ajj1jjj among ! local hospitals4 ,x 0 9 ?is mann] t he dispos$ ( ! :ole gross proce$s d]iv$ f 8 successes on ! ,engli% turf1 ( :i* he 0 a lavi% patron4 ,he rac$1 z he said himself1 = ! ,london hospitals1 & 9 #ahib1 :5 8 filly1 ,la ,fle*e1 won ! ,oaks1 ,/ ,leg] & ,"o ,?\s& ,gu9eas1 8 donations f ?is s\rce am\nt$ to ab\t ,l#dj1jjj4 ,b>on de ,hirs* m>ri$ on #bh? ,june #ahee ,cl>a1 daught] ( ,s5ator ,bis*(f%eim ( ,brussels 7b4 #ahcc71 by :om he _h a son & daught]1 bo? ( :om pr$eceas$ him4 ,he di$ at ,ogyalla1 ne> ,komorn1 9 ,hung>y1 #ba/ ,april #ahif4 ,! b>oness1 :o second$ h] husb&'s *>itable "w ) great munific5ce--_! total b5efactions h be5 e/imat$ at ,l#ah1jjj1jjj1--;di$ at ,p>is on ! #a/ ( ,april #ahii4 ,= details ( ,b>on de ,hirs*'s *ief *>ities see ! annual reports ( ! ,alliance ,israelite ,univ]selle & ( ! ,adm9i/ration ,c5trale ( ! ,jewi% ,colonization ,association4 7,l4 ,w47 ,,hirs*1 ,,samson ,,raphael 7#ahjh-ahhh71 ,jewi% !ologian1 0 born 9 ,hamburg 9 #ahjh & di$ at ,frank=t-on-!-,ma9 9 #ahhh4 ,he oppos$ ! re=m t5d5cy ( ,geig] 7q4v471 & pres5t$ ,jewi% or?odoxy 9 a new & attractive light4 ,8 philosophical conception ( tradition1 associat$ z x 0 ) cons]vatism 9 ritual practice1 creat$ :at is (t5 kn[n z ! ,frank=t ,neo-,or?odoxy4 ,hirs* ex]cis$ a pr(\nd influ5ce on ! ,synagogue & und\bt$ly /emm$ ! tide ( lib]alism4 ,8 fam\s ,n9ete5 ,lett]s 7#ahcf71 ) :i* ! ,neo-,or?odoxy began1 7 translat$ into ,engli% by ,dra*mann 7,new ,york1 #ahii74 ,o!r works by ,hirs* 7 ,horeb1 & comm5t>ies on ! ,p5tateu* & ,psalms4 ,^! are m>k$ by mu* orig9ality1 b _! exegesis is fanciful4 ,?ree volumes ( 8 essays h be5 publi%$ 7#aijb-aijh72 ^! 7 collect$ z ,gesammelte ,s*rift5 f 8 p]iodical ,jes*urun4 ,= ,hirs*'s religi\s philosophy see ,s4 ,a4 ,hirs*1 ,a ,book ( ,essays 7,london1 #aije74 7,i4 ,a47 ,,hirs*b]g1 a t[n ( ,g]many1 9 ! ,prussian prov9ce ( ,silesia1 beautifully situat$ at ! conflu5ce ( ! ,bob] & ,zack51 #aabj ft4 above ! sea-level1 #dh m4 ,s4,e4 ( ,gorlitz1 on ! railway to ,glatz1 ) bran*es to ,grun?al & ,s*mi$eb]g4 ,pop4 7#aije7 #ai1cag4 ,x is surr\nd$ by pleasant prom5ades occupy+ ! site ( its =m] =tifications4 ,x possesses an ,evangelical *ur*1 ! *ur* ( ! ,holy ,cross1 "o ( ! six ,gnad5 ,kir*5 = ! ,silesian ,prote/ants /ipulat$ = 9 ! agreem5t at ,altran/adt betwe5 ,*>les ,,xii4 ( ,sw$5 & ! emp]or ,joseph ,i4 9 #agjg1 f\r ,roman ,ca?olic *ur*es1 "o ( :i* dates f ! #ad? c5tury1 a synagogue1 sev]al s*ools1 an orphanage & an asylum4 ,! t[n is ! pr9cipal emporium ( comm]ce 9 ! ,silesian m\nta9s1 & its indu/ries include ! c>d+ & sp9n+ ( wool1 & ! manufacture ( l95 & cotton fabrics1 y>n1 artificial fl[]s1 pap]1 cem5t1 porcela91 seal+-wax1 black+1 *emicals & cid]4 ,!re is also a lively trade 9 corn1 w9e & agricultural produce4 ,! t[n is celebrat$ = its romantic surr\nd+s1 includ+ ! ,cavali]b]g1 f :i* !re is a spl5did view1 ! ,hausb]g1 ! ,helicon1 cr[n$ by a small ,doric temple1 ! ,kreuzb]g1 ) walks comm&+ beautiful views1 & ! ,sattl] rav9e1 ov] :i* !re is a railway viaduct4 ,hirs*b]g 0 9 exi/5ce 9 ! #aa? c5tury1 & obta9$ t[n rights 9 #aajh f ,duke ,boleslaus ( ,pol&4 ,x )/ood a siege by ! ,hussites 9 #adbg1 & an attack ( ! imp]ial troops 9 #afdj4 ,! f\ndation ( its prosp]ity 0 laid 9 ! #af? c5tury by ! introduction ( ! manufacture ( l95 & veils4 ,hirs*b]g is also ! "n ( a t[n ( ,?ur+ia on ! ,saale ) manufactures ( lea!r & knives4 ,pop4 #bjjj4 ,,hirson1 a t[n ( nor!rn ,france 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,aisne1 #ce m4 by rail ,n4,e4 ( ,laon1 on ! ,oise4 ,pop4 7#aijf7 #hcce4 ,x occupies an important /rategic position close to ! po9t ( int]section ( sev]al railway l9es1 & n f> f ! ,belgian fronti]4 ,= its def5ce !re are a p]man5t =t & two batt]ies1 ne> ! railway junction4 ,! t[n c>ries on ! manufacture ( glass bottles1 tiles1 iron & t9 goods1 wool-sp9n+ & brew+4 ,,hirtius1 ,,aulus 7c4 #ij-dc ,b4,c471 ,roman hi/orian & /atesman4 ,he 0 ) ,julius ,caes> z legate 9 ,gaul1 b aft] ! civil w> broke out 9 #di he seems to h rema9$ 9 ,rome to protect ,caes>'s int]e/s4 ,he 0 also a p]sonal fri5d ( ,cic]o4 ,he 0 nom9at$ ) ,c4 ,vibius ,pansa by ,caes> = ! consul%ip ( #dc2 & aft] ! dictator's assass9ation 9 ,m>* #dd1 he & 8 colleague support$ ! s5atorial p>ty aga9/ ,m4 ,antonius1 ) :om ,hirtius _h at fir/ sid$4 ,! consuls set out = ,mut9a1 :]e ,antonius 0 besieg+ ,decimus ,brutus4 ,on ! #ae? ( ,april1 ,pansa 0 attack$ by ,antonius at ,=um ,gallorum1 ab\t #h m4 f ,mut9a1 & lo/ 8 life 9 ! engagem5t4 ,hirtius1 h[ev]1 compell$ ,antonius to retire on ,mut9a1 :]e ano!r battle took place on ! #be? 7or #bg?7 ( ,april1 9 :i* ,hirtius 0 sla94 ,( ! cont9uations ( ,caes>'s ,comm5t>ies--! eigh? book ( ! ,gallic w>1 ! hi/ory ( ! ,alex&rian1 ,african & ,spani% w>s--! fir/ is g5]ally all[$ to be by ,hirtius2 ! ,alex&rian w> is p]haps by him 7or ,oppius72 ! la/ two are suppos$ to h be5 writt5 at 8 reque/1 by p]sons :o _h tak5 "p 9 ! ev5ts describ$1 ) a view to subsequ5t revision & incorporation 9 8 propos$ "w on milit>y comm&]s4 ,! language ( ,hirtius is good1 b 8 /yle is monoton\s & lacks vig\r4 ,hirtius & ! o!r cont9uators ( ,caes> are discuss$ 9 ,m4 ,s*anz1 ,ges*i*te d] romis*5 ,lit]atur1 i42 also ,r4 ,s*neid]1 ,bellum ,africanum 7#aije74 ,= ! hi/ory ( ! p]iod see "u ,,antonius2 ,cic]o's ,lett]s 7ed4 ,tyrrell & ,purs]72 ,g4 ,boissi]1 ,cic]o & 8 ,fri5ds 7,eng4 trans41 #ahig74 ,,hi%am ,,ibn ,,al-,,kalbi ,abu-l ,mundhir ,hi%am ibn ,mahomm$ ibn u-,sa'b ul-,kalb 7d4 c4 #hai71 ,arabic hi/orian1 0 born 9 ,kufa1 b sp5t mu* ( 8 life 9 ,bagdad4 ,l 8 fa!r1 on ^: au?ority he reli$ l>gely1 he collect$ in=mation ab\t ! g5ealogies & hi/ory ( ! anci5t ,arabs4 ,accord+ to ! ,fihri/ 7see ,,nadim7 he wrote #adj works4 ,z indep5d5t works !y h almo/ entirely ceas$ to exi/1 b 8 acc\nt ( ! g5ealogies ( ! ,arabs is cont9ually quot$ 9 ! ,kitab ul-,aghani4 ,l>ge extracts f ano!r ( 8 works1 ! ,kitab ul-,asnam1 are conta9$ 9 ! ,khizanat ul-,adab 7iii4 #bdb-bdf7 & 9 ! geography ( ,yaqut 7q4v474 ,^! latt] h be5 translat$ ) comm5ts by ,j4 ,wellhaus5 9 8 ,re/e des arabis*5 ,heid5tums 7#bnd ed41 ,b]l91 #ahig74 7,g4 ,w4 ,t47 ,,hispellum 7mod4 ,spello1 q4v471 an anci5t t[n ( ,umbria1 ,italy1 #c m4 ,n4 ( ,fulg9iae1 on ! road betwe5 x & ,p]usia1 #ajcj ft4 above sea-level4 ,x does n appe> to be m5tion$ be=e ! "t ( ,augu/us1 :o f\nd$ a colony !re 7,colonia ,iulia ,hispellum7 & ext5d$ its t]ritory to ! spr+s ( ! ,clitumnus1 :i* _h orig9ally belong$ to ! t]ritory ( ,mevania4 ,x receiv$ ! "n ( ,flavia ,con/ans by a rescript ( ! emp]or ,con/ant9e1 a copy ( :i* on a m>ble tablet is /ill pres]v$ at ,spello4 ,! gate by :i* ! t[n is ent]$ is anci5t & has ?ree portrait /atues above x2 two o!r gates & a "p ( ! city wall1 built ( rectangul> blocks ( local lime/one1 may /ill be se51 z also ! ru9s ( :at is possibly a triumphal ar* 7attribut$ to ,augu/us7 & an amphi!atre1 & p]haps ( a !atre1 close to ! mod]n high-road1 outside ! t[n4 7,t4 ,z47 ,,hiss>1 a di/rict 9 ,c5tral ,asia1 ly+ betwe5 #ff deg4 #cj' & #gj deg4 ,e4 & #ci deg4 #ae' & #cg deg4 ,n4 & dep5d5t on ! amir ( ,bokh>a4 ,x =ms t "p ( ! bas9 ( ! ,amu-d>ya or ,oxus :i* lies on ! nor? side ( ! riv]1 opposite ! ,afghan prov9ce ( ,balkh4 ,! we/]n prolongation ( ! ,tian-%an1 :i* divides ! bas9 ( ! ,z>af%an f t ( ! upp] ,amu1 aft] ris+ to a height ( #ab1cjj ft41 bifurcates 9 #fg deg4 #de' ,e4 ,! ma9 *a91 ! s\!rn arm ( ?is bifurcation1 designat$ ! ,hiss> range1 b sometimes call$ also ,koh-i-tau1 =ms ! ,n4 & ,n4,w4 b\nd>ies ( ,hiss>4 ,on ! ,w4 x is :olly b\nd$ by ! des]t2 ! ,amu limits x on ! ,s4 & ,s4,e42 & ,k>ategh9 & ,d>vaz complete ! b\nd>y on ! ,e4 ,until #ahge x 0 "o ( ! lea/ kn[n tracts ( ,c5tral ,asia4 ,hiss> is trav]s$ f nor? to s\? by f\r tribut>ies ( ! ,amu1 viz4 ! ,surkhab or ,vakh%1 ,kafirnihan1 ,surkhan & ,%irabad-d>ya1 :i* desc5d f ! sn[y m\nta9s to ! nor? & =m a s]ies ( f]tile valleys1 dispos$ 9 a fan-%ape1 )9 :i* lie ! pr9cipal t[ns4 ,9 ! ,n4,w4 b\nd>y range betwe5 ,khuz> & ,d]b5t is situat$ ! defile =m]ly call$ ! ,iron ,gate 7,caspian ,gates1 ,bab-al-,hadid1 ,d> ,ahan9 & 9 ,*9ese ,t'ie-m5-kuan7 b n[ /yl$ ,buzghol-khana or ! ,goat-h\se4 ,x 0 also call$ ,kohluga1 said to be a ,mongol ^w mean+ b>ri]4 ,?is pass is describ$ z a deep b n>r[ *asm 9 a transv]se range1 ^: rocks ov]hang & ?reat5 to *oke ! tortu\s & gloomy corridor 79 places b five paces wide7 :i* af=ds ! only exit f ! valley4 ,9 anci5t times x 0 a vantage po9t ( mu* importance & comm&$ "o ( ! *ief r\tes betwe5 ,turke/an & ,india4 ,hsuan ,tsang1 ! ,*9ese travell]1 :o pass$ ?r\gh x 9 ! #g? c5tury1 /ates t !re 7 !n two fold+ doors or gates1 cas$ ) iron & hung ) bells1 plac$ across ! pass4 ,clavijo1 ! ,spani% ambassador to ! c\rt ( ,timur1 he>d ( ?is :5 he pass$ ?r\gh ! defile ne>ly #hjj ye>s lat]1 b ! gates _h !n disappe>$4 ,! ,surkhan valley is highly cultivat$1 especially 9 its upp] portion4 ,x supplies ,bokh>a ) corn & %eep1 b its *ief products are rice & flax4 ,! t[n ( ,hiss> 7pop4 #ae1jjj7 comm&s ! entrance into ! f]tile valleys ( ! ,surkhan & ,kafirnihan1 j z ,kabadian at ! s\!rn end ( ! latt] def5ds !m f ! s\?4 ,hiss> 0 long fam\s = its damasc5$ swords & its silk goods4 ,kulab produces :eat 9 abundance1 & gold is br\ght ?i!r f ! surr\nd+ di/ricts4 ,kabadian is a l>ge1 silk-produc+ t[n1 & is surr\nd$ ) rice-fields4 ,! population consi/s pr9cipally ( ,uzbegs & ,tajiks1 ! =m] pr$om9at+ & gradually pu%+ ! ,tajiks into ! hills4 ,on ! banks ( ! ,amu !re are ,turkomans :o "w ! f]ries1 drive %eep & accompany c>avans4 ,lyuli 7gipsies71 ,jews1 ,h9dus & ,afghans are o!r elem5ts ( ! population4 ,! climate ( ! valleys ( ,hiss> & ,kulab is pleasant1 z !y are protect$ by m\nta9s to ! nor? & op5 t[>ds ! s\?4 ,!y produce all ! c]eals & g>d5 plants indig5\s to ,c5tral ,asia4 ,cotton is gr[n 9 ! di/rict ( ,%irabad2 & cotton1 :eat1 flax1 %eep & rock-salt are all export$4 ,hi/ory4--,?is c\ntry 0 anci5tly "p ( ! ,p]sian empire ( ! ,a*aem5idae1 & probably aft]w>ds ( ! ,graeco-,bactrian k+dom1 & !n subject to ! invad+ ,asiatic tribes :o broke up t k+dom1 e4g4 ! ,yue-*i4 ,x 0 aft]w>ds conqu]$ by ! ,eph?alites or ,:ite ,huns1 :o 7 subdu$ by ! ,turks 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! #g? c5tury4 ,x !n became subject successively to ! ,mahomm$an invad]s f ,p]sia1 & aft] to ! ,mongol dyna/y ( ,j5ghiz ,khan1 & to ,timur & 8 successors4 ,x subsequ5tly became a clu/] ( ,uzbeg /ates & 0 annex$ by ! amir ( ,bokh>a 7q4v47 9 #ahfi-ahgj1 soon aft] ! ,russian occupation ( ,sam>k&4 7,j4 ,t4 ,be42 ,c4 ,el47 ,,hiss>1 a t[n & di/rict ( ,briti% ,india1 9 ! ,delhi division ( ! ,punjab4 ,! t[n is situat$ on ! ,rajputana railway & ! ,we/]n ,jumna canal1 #ajb m4 ,w4,n4,w4 ( ,delhi4 ,pop4 7#aija7 #ag1fdg4 ,x 0 f\nd$ 9 #acef by ! emp]or ,f]oz ,%ah1 :o con/ruct$ ! canal to supply x ) wat]2 b ?is fell into decay dur+ ! #ah? c5tury1 ow+ to ! con/ant inroads ( m>aud]s4 ,hiss> 0 almo/ completely depopulat$ dur+ ! fam9e ( #aghc1 b 0 aft]w>ds occupi$ by ! fam\s ,iri% adv5tur] ,george ,?omas1 :o built a =t & collect$ inhabitants4 ,x is n[ *iefly kn[n = its cattle & horse fairs1 & has a cotton factory4 ,! ,,di/rict comprises an area ( #ebag sq4 m4 ,x =ms ! we/]n bord] di/rict ( ! great ,bikanir des]t1 & consi/s = ! mo/ "p ( s&y pla9s dott$ ) %rub & bru%wood1 & brok5 by undulations t[>ds ! s\?1 :i* rise into hills ( rock l isl&s out ( a sea ( s&4 ,! ,ghagg> is its only riv]1 ^: supply is unc]ta91 dep5d+ mu* on ! fall ( ra9 9 ! l[] ,himalayas2 its ov]fl[ 9 times ( heavy ra9 is caught by jhils1 :i* dry up 9 ! hot season4 ,! ,we/]n ,jumna canal crosses ! di/rict f ea/ to we/1 irrigat+ _m villages4 ,! soil is 9 places h>d & clayey1 & difficult to till2 b :5 suffici5tly irrigat$ x is highly productive4 ,old mosques & o!r build+s exi/ 9 p>ts ( ! di/rict4 ,hiss> produces a bre$ ( l>ge milk-:ite ox51 :i* are 9 great reque/ = ! c>riages ( natives4 ,! di/rict has always be5 subject to fam9e4 ,! fir/ calamity ( ?is k9d ( :i* !re is au!ntic record 0 9 #aghc2 & ,hiss> has suff]$ sev]ely 9 m rec5t fam9es4 ,its population 9 #aija 0 #gha1gag1 %[+ practically no increase 9 ! decade1 :]eas 9 ! previ\s decade !re _h be5 an increase ( #ae4 ,! climate is v dry1 hot we/]ly w9ds bl[+ f ! middle ( ,m>* till ,july4 ,cotton weav+1 g9n+ & press+ are c>ri$ on4 ,! di/rict is s]v$ by ! ,rajputana-,malwa1 ! ,s\!rn ,punjab & ! ,jodhpur-,bikanir railways4 ,! *ief trad+ c5tres are ,bhiwani1 ,hansi1 ,hiss> & ,sirsa4 ,be=e ! ,mahomm$an conque/1 ! semi-des]t tract ( :i* ,hiss> di/rict n[ =ms "p 0 ! retreat ( ,*auhan ,rajputs4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! #ah? c5tury ! ,bhattis ( ,bhattiana ga9$ asc5dancy aft] bloody /ruggles4 ,to complete ! ru9 br\ght on by ^! conflicts1 nature l5t h] aid 9 ! great fam9e ( #aghc4 ,hiss> pass$ nom9ally to ! ,briti% 9 #ahjc1 b !y c\ld n en=ce ord] till #ahaj4 ,e>ly 9 ! mut9y ( #aheg ,hiss> 0 :olly lo/ = a "t to ,briti% rule1 & all ,europeans 7 ei!r murd]$ or compell$ to fly4 ,! ,bhattis rose "u _! h]$it>y *iefs1 & ! majority ( ! ,mahomm$an population foll[$ _! example4 ,be=e ,delhi _h be5 recov]$1 ! rebels 7 utt]ly r\t$4 ,,hi/iaeus 7d4 #did ,b4,c471 tyrant ( ,miletus "u ! ,p]sian k+ ,d>ius ,hy/aspis4 ,accord+ to ,h]odotus he r5d]$ great s]vice to ,d>ius :ile he 0 campaign+ 9 ,scy?ia by p]suad+ 8 fell[-despots n to de/roy ! bridge ov] ! ,danube by :i* ! ,p]sians mu/ return4 ,*oos+ 8 own rew>d = ?is s]vice1 he became possessor ( t]ritory ne> ,myrc9us 7aft]w>ds ,amphipolis71 ri* 9 timb] & m9]als4 ,! success ( 8 ent]prise l$ to 8 be+ invit$ to ,susa1 :]e 9 ! mid/ ( e k9d ( hon\r he 0 virtually a prison] ( ,d>ius1 :o _h reason to dread 8 gr[+ p[] 9 ,ionia4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ! ,greek cities 7 left "u native despots support$ by ,p]sia1 ,ari/agoras1 son-9-law ( ,hi/iaeus1 be+ rul] ( ,miletus 9 8 /ead4 ,?is pr9ce1 hav+ fail$ aga9/ ,naxos 9 a jo9t exp$ition ) ! satrap ,artaph]nes1 began to /ir up ! ,ionians to revolt1 & ?is result 0 br\ght to pass1 accord+ to ,h]odotus1 by a secret message f ,hi/iaeus4 ,! revolt assum$ a =midable "* & ,hi/iaeus p]suad$ ,d>ius t he alone c\ld quell x4 ,he 0 all[$ to leave ,susa1 b on 8 arrival at ! coa/ f\nd himself suspect$ by ! satrap1 & 0 ultimately driv5 to e/abli% himself 7,h]odotus says z a pirate2 m probably 9 *>ge ( ! ,bosporus r\te7 at ,byzantium4 ,aft] ! total failure ( ! revolt at ! battle ( ,lade1 he made v>i\s attempts to re-e/abli% himself1 b 0 captur$ by ! ,p]sian ,h>pagus & crucifi$ by ,artaph]nes at ,s>dis4 ,8 head 0 embalm$ & s5t to ,d>ius1 :o gave x hon\rable burial4 ,! !ory ( ,h]odotus t ! ,ionian revolt 0 caus$ by ! s+le message ( ,hi/iaeus is incr$ible2 !re is evid5ce to %[ t ! ,ionians _h be5 m$itat+ s9ce ab\t #eab a patriotic revolt aga9/ ! ,p]sian dom9ation & ! tyrants on :om x re/$ 7see ,grote1 ,hi/4 ( ,greece1 ed4 #aijg1 especially p4 #abb note2 art4 ,,ionia1 & au?orities2 also ,s4 ,he9le9 9 ,klio1 #aiji1 pp4 #cda-cea74 ,,hi/ology 7,gr4 ,greek3 hi/os1 web1 tissue1 prop]ly ! web-beam ( ! loom1 f ,greek3 hi/anai1 to make to /&71 ! sci5ce :i* deals ) ! /ructure ( ! tissues ( plants & animals 7see ,,cytology74 ,,hi/ory4 ,! ^w hi/ory is us$ 9 two s5ses4 ,x may mean ei!r ! record ( ev5ts1 or ev5ts !mselves4 ,orig9ally 7see bel[7 limit$ to inquiry & /atem5t1 x 0 only 9 comp>atively mod]n times t ! mean+ ( ! ^w 0 ext5d$ to include ! ph5om5a :i* =m or might =m _! subject4 ,x 0 p]haps by a some:at c>eless transf]5ce ( ideas t ?is ext5sion 0 br\ght ab\t4 ,n[ inde$ x is ! common] mean+4 ,we speak ( ! hi/ory ( ,engl& )\t ref]5ce to any lit]>y n>rative4 ,we t]m k+s & /atesm5 ! mak]s ( hi/ory1 & sometimes say t ! hi/orian only records ! hi/ory :i* !y make4 ,hi/ory 9 ?is connexion is obvi\sly n ! record1 b ! ?+ to be record$4 ,x is un=tunate t su* a d\ble mean+ ( ! ^w %\ld h gr[n up1 = x is productive ( n a little confusion ( ?\ght4 ,hi/ory 9 ! wid] s5se is all t has happ5$1 n m]ely all ! ph5om5a ( human life1 b ^? ( ! natural _w z well4 ,x includes ev]y?+ t und]goes *ange2 & z mod]n sci5ce has %[n t !re is no?+ absolutely /atic1 !re=e ! :ole univ]se1 & e "p ( x1 has its hi/ory4 ,! discov]y ( e!r br\ght ) x a recon/ruction ( our ideas ( ! physical univ]se1 transf]r+ ! emphasis f ! ma!matical expression ( /atic relation%ips to a dynamic conception ( a univ]se 9 con/ant trans=mation2 matt] 9 equipoise became en]gy 9 gradual readju/m5t4 ,solids are solids no long]4 ,! univ]se is 9 motion 9 e p>ticle ( e "p2 rock & metal m]ely a transition /age betwe5 cry/allization & dissolution4 ,?is idea ( univ]sal activity has 9 a s5se made physics itself a bran* ( hi/ory4 ,x is ! same ) ! o!r sci5ces--especially ! biological division1 :]e ! doctr9e ( evolution has induc$ an attitude ( m9d :i* is di/9ctly hi/orical4 ,b ! t5d5cy to look at ?+s hi/orically is n m]ely ! attitude ( m5 ( sci5ce4 ,our outlook ^u life diff]s 9 j ?is p>ticul> f t ( prec$+ ages4 ,we recognize ! un/able nature ( our :ole social fabric1 & are !re=e m & m capable ( trans=m+ x4 ,our in/itutions are no long] held to be inevitable & immutable creations4 ,we d n attempt to fit !m to absolute =mulae1 b cont9ually adapt !m to a *ang+ environm5t4 ,ev5 mod]n ar*itecture1 notably 9 ,am]ica1 reflects ! consci\sness ( *ange4 ,! p]man5t "* ( anci5t or m$ieval build+s 0 fitt$ only to a society dom9at$ by /atic ideals4 ,n[ ! ar*itect builds1 n = all "t1 b = a set ( conditions :i* w inevitably cease 9 ! n di/ant future4 ,?us our :ole society n only be>s ! m>ks ( its evolution1 b %[s its gr[+ consci\sness ( ! fact 9 ! mo/ evid5t ( its arts4 ,9 lit]ature1 philosophy & political sci5ce1 !re is ! same hi/orical tr5d4 ,criticism no long] judges by absolute /&>ds2 x applies ! /&>ds ( ! au?or's own environm5t4 ,we no long] condemn ,%akespe>e = hav+ violat$ ! anci5t dramatic laws1 nor ,voltaire = hav+ object$ to ! violations4 ,ea* age has its own expression1 & 9 judg+ ea* we ent] ! field ( hi/ory4 ,9 e?ics1 aga91 ! revolt aga9/ absolute /&>ds limits u to ! relative1 & morals are inve/igat$ on ! basis ( hi/ory1 z l>gely condition$ by economic environm5t & ! gr[? ( intellectual fre$om4 ,revelation no long] appeals to sci5tific m9ds z a s\rce ( k4 ,exp]i5ce on ! o!r h& is hi/ory4 ,z = political sci5ce1 we d n reg>d ! national /ate z t ultimate & f9al product :i* m5 once saw 9 ! ,roman ,empire4 ,x has h>dly come into be+ be=e =ces are evid5t :i* aim at its de/ruction4 ,int]nationalism has ga9$ gr\nd 9 ,europe 9 rec5t ye>s2 & ,socialism itself1 :i* is bas$ ^u a di/9ct int]pretation ( hi/ory1 is reg>d$ by its foll[]s z m]ely a /age 9 human progress1 l ^? :i* h gone be=e x4 ,x is evid5t t ,freeman's def9ition ( hi/ory z pa/ politics is mis]ably inadequate4 ,political ev5ts are m]e ext]nals4 ,hi/ory ent]s into e phase ( activity1 & ! economic =ces :i* urge society along are z mu* its subject z ! political result4 ,9 %ort ! hi/orical _s ( ! age has invad$ e field4 ,! _w-picture pres5t$ 9 ?is encyclopa$ia is t ( a dynamic univ]se1 ( ph5om5a 9 process ( ceaseless *ange4 ,ow+ to ?is insi/5t *ange all ?+s :i* happ51 or seem to happ51 are hi/ory 9 ! broad] s5se ( ! ^w4 ,! encyclopa$ia itself is a hi/ory ( !m 9 ! /rict] s5se1--! description & record ( ?is univ]sal process4 ,?is n>r[] mean+ is ! subject ( ! re/ ( ?is article4 ,! ^w hi/ory comes f ! ,gr4 ,greek3 hi/oria1 :i* 0 us$ by ! ,ionians 9 ! #f? c5tury ,b4,c4 = ! se>* = k 9 ! wide/ s5se4 ,x meant inquiry1 inve/igation1 n n>rative4 ,x 0 n until two c5turies lat] t ! hi/orikos1 ! recit] ( /ories1 sup]s$$ ! hi/oreon 7,greek3 hi/oreon71 ! seek] aft] k4 ,?us hi/ory began z a bran* ( sci5tific rese>*1--mu* ! same z :at ! ,a!nians lat] t]m$ philosophy4 ,h]odotus himself 0 z mu* a sci5tific explor] z a recit] ( n>rative1 & 8 life-long inve/igation 0 hi/orie 9 8 ,ionian spee*4 ,yet x 0 ,h]odotus himself :o fir/ h9t$ at ! new use ( ! ^w1 appli$ m]ely to ! details accumulat$ dur+ a long se>* = k4 ,x is n until ,ari/otle1 h[ev]1 t we h x def9itely appli$ to ! lit]>y product in/ead ( ! inquiry :i* prec$es x4 ,f ,ari/otle to mod]n times1 hi/ory 7,lat4 hi/oria7 has be5 a =m ( lit]ature4 ,x is only 9 ! sci5tific environm5t ( to-day t we recognize once m1 ) ^? e>lie/ ( ! =]unn]s ( ,h]odotus1 t hi/ory involves two di/9ct op]ations1 "o ( :i*1 inve/igation1 is 9 ! field ( sci5ce1 :ile ! o!r1 ! lit]>y pres5tation1 is 9 ! field ( art4 ,! hi/ory ( hi/ory itself is !re=e two-fold4 ,hi/ory z art fl\ri%es ) ! arts4 ,x calls ^u ! imag9ation & ! lit]>y gifts ( expression4 ,its hi/ory does n run p>allel ) ! sci5tific side1 b r v>ies 9 inv]se ratio ) sci5tific activity4 ,^? p]iods :i* h be5 dom9at$ by ! great ma/]s ( /yle h be5 less int]e/$ 9 ! criticism ( ! hi/orian's me?ods ( inve/igation ?an 9 ! beauty ( 8 rhetoric4 ,! sci5tific hi/orian1 deeply int]e/$ 9 ! se>* = tru?1 is g5]ally b a poor arti/1 & 8 uncol\r$ picture ( ! pa/ w nev] rank 9 lit]ature beside ! spl5did di/ortions :i* gl[ 9 ! pages ( a ,mi*elet or ,macaulay4 ,hi/ory ! art1 9 s f> z x is condition$ ^u g5ius1 has no s+le traceable l9e ( developm5t4 ,"h ! product ( ! age ( ,p]icles rema9s unsurpass$ /ill2 ! works ( ,h]odotus & ,?ucydides /&+ along ) ^? ( ,pheidias z models = all "t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 hi/ory ! sci5ce has develop$ s t x has n only ga9$ recognition among hi/orians z a di/9ct subject1 b x has rais$ ) x a gr\p ( auxili>y sci5ces :i* s]ve ei!r z tools = inve/igation or z a basis = te/+ ! results4 ,! advance 9 ?is bran* ( hi/ory 9 ! #ai? c5tury 0 "o ( its greate/ a*ievem5ts4 ,! va/ gulf :i* lies betwe5 ! hi/ory ( ,egypt by ,h]odotus & t by ,fl9d]s ,petrie is ! measure ( its a*ievem5t4 ,by ! me*anism n[ at 8 disposal ! sci5tific explor] c read m hi/ory f ! du/-heaps ( ,abydos ?an ! greate/ travell] ( antiquity c\ld ga!r f ! prie/s ( ,sais4 ,9 trac+ ! hi/ory ( hi/ory we mu/ !re=e keep 9 m9d ! d\ble aspect4 ,hi/ory itself1 ?is d\ble subject1 ! sci5ce & ! art comb9$1 beg9s ) ! dawn ( memory & ! inv5tion ( spee*4 ,x is wrong to t]m ^? ages pre-hi/oric ^: hi/ory has n come d[n to u1 includ+ 9 "o category ! pre-lit]>y age & ! lit]>y ^: traces h be5 lo/4 ,ev5 ! pre-lit]>y _h its hi/ory1 fir/ 9 my? & !n 9 saga4 ,! saga1 or epos1 0 a great advance ^u ! my?1 = 9 x ! de$s ( m5 replace or t5d to replace ! de$s ( ! gods4 ,b we are /ill l>gely 9 ! realm ( imag9ation4 ,poetry1 z ,?ucydides compla9$1 is a mo/ imp]fect m$ium = fact4 ,! b>d w exagg]ate or di/ort 8 /ory4 ,true hi/ory1 z a record ( :at really has happ5$1 fir/ rea*$ maturity 9 prose4 ,!re=e1 al?\gh mu* ( ! pa/ has be5 h&$ d[n to u 9 epic1 9 ballad & 9 ! leg5ds ( folk-lore1 we mu/ turn f !m to :at became hi/ory 9 ! n>r[] s5se4 ,! e>lie/ prose orig9s ( hi/ory are ! inscriptions4 ,_! inadequacy is evid5t f two /&po9ts4 ,_! p]man5ce dep5ds n ^u _! importance1 b ^u ! durability ( ! sub/ance on :i* !y are inscrib$4 ,a note = a w$d+ r+ bak$ into ! clay ( ,babylon has be5 pres]v$1 :ile ! hi/ory ( ! greate/ ev5ts has p]i%$4 ,9 ! second place !y are seal$ to all b ^? :o "k h[ to read !m1 & s !y lie =gott5 = c5turies :ile oral tradition fl\ri%es1--be+ )9 ! rea* ( e man4 ,x is only rec5tly t ar*aeology1 turn+ f ! field ( art1 has und]tak5 to int]pret = u ?is fir/ writt5 hi/ory4 ,! process by :i* ! mod]n fits toge!r all ! obta9able rema9s ( an antiquity1 & recon/ructs ev5 t pa/ :i* left no writt5 record1 lies outside ! field ( ?is article4 ,b su* enl>gem5t ( ! field ( hi/ory is a mod]n sci5tific product1 & is to be di/+ui%$ f ! imp]fect beg9n+s ( hi/ory-writ+ :i* ! ar*aeologi/ is able to deciph]4 ,next to ! inscriptions1--sometimes id5tical ) !m1--are ! e>ly *ronicles4 ,^! are ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,family *ronicles pres]v$ ! memory ( h]oic ance/ors ^: de$s 9 ! e>lie/ age w\ld h pass$ into ! keep+ ( ! b>ds4 ,su* family ar*ives 7 p]haps ! ma9 s\rce = ,roman hi/orians4 ,b !y are n conf9$ to ,rome or ,greece4 ,g5ealogies also pass f ! bald v]se1 :i* 0 ! vehicle = oral transmission1 to su* elaborate tables z ^? 9 :i* ,mane?o has pres]v$ ! dyna/ies ( ,egyptian ,ph>aohs4 ,9 ?is field ! prie/ succe$s ! poet4 ,! temple itself became ! *ief repository ( records4 ,!re 7 simple religi\s annals1 votive tablets record+ miracles accompli%$ at a %r9e1 li/s ( prie/s & prie/esses1 acc\nts ( b5efactions1 ( prodigies & port5ts4 ,9 "s cases1 z 9 ,rome1 ! pontiffs kept a k9d ( regi/]1 n m]ely ( religi\s hi/ory1 b ( important political ev5ts z well4 ,d[n to ! "t ( ! ,grac*i 7#aca ,b4,c47 ! ,pontifex ,maximus inscrib$ ! ye>'s ev5ts ^u annual tablets ( wood :i* 7 pres]v$ 9 ! ,regia1 ! (ficial resid5ce ( ! pontiff 9 ! ,=um4 ,^! pontifical annals ?us came to be a sort ( civic hi/ory4 ,*ronicles ( ! ,greek cities 7 commonly ascrib$ to my?ical au?ors1 z = in/ance t ( ,miletus1 ! olde/1 to ,cadmus ! inv5tor ( lett]s4 ,b !y 7 cont9u$ & edit$ by m5 9 :om ! critical _s 0 awak5+1 z :5 ! *ronicl]s ( ,ionian t[ns began ! criticism ( ,hom]4 ,! fir/ hi/orians 7 ! logographi ( ^! ,ionian cities2 m5 :o c>ri$ _! inquiry 7hi/orie7 beyond bo? writt5 record & oral tradition to a /udy ( ! _w ar\nd !m4 ,_! say+ 7logos7 0 ga!r$ mo/ly f contempor>ies2 & ^u ! basis ( a wid5$ exp]i5ce !y became critics ( _! traditions4 ,! op5+ l9es ( ,hecataeus ( ,miletus beg9 ! hi/ory ( ! true hi/oric _s 9 words :i* read l a s5t5ce f ,voltaire4 ,hecataeus ( ,miletus ?us speaks3 ,i write z ,i deem true1 = ! traditions ( ! ,greeks seem to me manifold & laughable4 ,^? words m>k an epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght4 ,!y are ! introduction to hi/orical criticism & sci5tific inve/igation4 ,:atev] ! actual a*ievem5t ( ,hecataeus may h be51 f 8 "t onw>d ! sci5tific movem5t 0 set go+4 ,h]odotus ( ,h]aclea /ruggl$ to rationalize my?ology1 & e/abli%$ *ronology on a solid basis4 ,& f9ally ,h]odotus1 a pr(essional /ory-tell]1 rose to ! height ( g5u9e sci5tific inve/igation4 ,h]odotus' inquiry 0 n simply t ( an idle t\ri/4 ,he 0 a critical obs]v]1 :o te/$ 8 evid5ce4 ,x is easy = ! /ud5t n[ to %[ ! inadequacy ( 8 s\rces1 & 8 failure "h or !re to discrim9ate betwe5 fact & fable4 ,b giv5 ! imp]fect m$ium = inve/igation & ! abs5ce ( an ar*aeological basis = criticism1 ! "w ( ,h]odotus rema9s a sci5tific a*ievem5t1 z rem>kable = its approximation to tru? z = ! va/ness ( its scope4 ,yet x 0 ,h]odotus' *ief glory to h jo9$ to ?is sci5tific _s an arti/ic s5se :i* enabl$ him to ca/ ! mat]ial into ! true/ lit]>y =m4 ,he ga!r$ all 8 k ( ! anci5t _w1 n simply = itself1 b to mass x ar\nd ! /ory ( ! w> betwe5 ! ea/ & we/1 ! ,greeks & ! ,p]sians4 ,he is fir/ & =emo/ a /ory-tell]2 8 !me is l t ( ! b>ds1 a h]oic ev5t4 ,8 /ory is a va/ prose epos1 9 :i* sci5ce is to ?is ext5t subord9at$ to art4 ,?is is ! %[+ =? ( ! ,inquiry ( ,h]odotus ( ,halic>nassus1 to ! end t nei!r ! de$s ( m5 may be =gott5 by lapse ( "t1 nor ! works1 great & m>vell\s1 :i* h be5 produc$1 "s by ,hell5es1 "s by ,b>b>ians1 may lose _! r5[n1 & especially t ! causes may be rememb]$ = :i* ^! wag$ w> ) "o ano!r 7i4e4 ! ,p]sian w>74 ,9 ,?ucydides a high] art ?an t ( ,h]odotus 0 comb9$ ) a high] sci5ce4 ,he scorn$ ! /ory-tell] :o seeks to please ! e> r ?an to speak ! tru?1 & yet 8 rhetoric is ! culm9ation ( ,greek hi/orical prose4 ,he )drew f vulg> applause1 consci\s t 8 n>rative w\ld be consid]$ disappo9t+ to ! e>1 yet he reca/ ! mat]ials out ( :i* he con/ruct$ x 9 ord] to lift t n>rative into ! realm ( pure lit]ature4 ,spee*es1 lett]s & docum5ts are reword$ to be 9 tone ) ! re/ ( ! /ory4 ,x 0 8 art1 9 fact1 :i* really creat$ ! ,peloponnesian w> out ( its sep>ate p>ts4 ,& yet ?is art 0 m]ely ! language ( a sci5ti/4 ,! labori\s task ( :i* he speaks is t ( consult+ all possible evid5ce1 & weigh+ conflict+ acc\nts4 ,x is ?is :i* makes 8 rhetoric wor? :ile1 an ev]la/+ possession1 n a prize competition :i* is he>d & =gott54 ,f ! sublimity ( ,?ucydides1 & ,x5ophon's /raight-=w>d /ory1 hi/ory pass$ ) ,!opompus & ,ephorus into ! field ( rhetoric4 ,a revival ( ! sci5tific in/9ct ( inve/igation is disc]nable 9 ,timaeus ! ,sicilian1 at ! end ( ! #d? c5tury1 b 8 attack ^u 8 pr$ecessors 0 ! text ( a m cru%+ attack ^u himself by ,polybius1 :o decl>es him lack+ 9 critical insight & bias$ by passion4 ,polybius' comm5ts ^u ,timaeus rea* ! dignity ( a treatise ^u hi/ory4 ,he prote/s aga9/ its use = controv]sial pamphlets :i* di/ort ! tru?4 ,directly a man assumes ! moral attitude ( an hi/orian he ought to =get all consid]ations1 su* z love ( "o's fri5ds1 hatr$ ( "o's enemies4444 ,he mu/ sometimes praise enemies & blame fri5ds4 ,= z a liv+ creature is r5d]$ useless if depriv$ ( its eyes1 s if y take tru? f ,hi/ory1 :at is left b an impr(itable tale 7bk4 xii4 #ad74 ,^! are ! words ( a ,ranke4 ,un=tunately ,polybius1 l mo/ mod]n sci5tific hi/orians1 0 no arti/4 ,8 /yle is ! v opposite ( t ( ,isocrates & ! rhetoricians4 ,x is (t5 only cle> 9 ! light ( inscriptions1 s closely does x keep to ! s\rces4 ,! /yle f\nd no imitator2 hi/ory pass$ f ,greece to ,rome 9 ! guise ( rhetoric4 ,9 ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus ! rhetoric 0 comb9$ ) an ext5sive /udy ( ! s\rces2 b ! influ5ce ( ! ,greek rhetoricians ^u ,roman prose 0 deplorable f ! /&po9t ( sci5ce4 ,cic]o1 al?\gh he said t ! duty ( ! hi/orian is to conceal no?+ true1 to say no?+ false1 w\ld 9 practice h writt5 ! k9d ( hi/ory t ,polybius d5\nc$4 ,he f9ds fault ) ^? :o are non exornatores r]um s$ tantum n>ratores4 ,hi/ory = him is ! m9e f :i* to draw argum5t 9 oratory & example 9 education4 ,x is n ! subject ( a sci5tific curiosity4 ,x %\ld be not$ be=e we pass to ,rome t ) ! expansion ( ,hell5ism ! subject ( hi/orians exp&$ z well4 ,univ]sal hi/ory 0 begun by ,ephorus1 ! rhetorician1 & =m$ ! !me ( ,polybius & ,deodorus4 ,exil$ ,greeks 7 ! fir/ to write hi/ories ( ,rome wor?y ( ! "n4 ,! ,alex&rian ,erato/h5es plac$ *ronology ^u ! sci5tific basis ( a/ronomy1 & ,apollodorus drew up ! mo/ important *ronica ( antiquity4 ,hi/ory-writ+ 9 ,rome1--except = ! ,greek writ]s resid5t !re1--0 until ! fir/ half ( ! #a/ c5tury ,b4,c4 9 ! =m ( annals4 ,!n came rhetorical ornam5tation1--& ! ,cic]onian era4 ,! fir/ ,roman hi/orian :o rose to ! conception ( a sci5ce & art comb9$ 0 ,sallu/1 ! /ud5t ( ,?ucydides4 ,! ,augu/an age produc$ 9 ,livy a great popul> hi/orian & natural arti/ & a tra9$ rhetorician 79 ! spee*es71--b z uncritical & inaccurate z he 0 brilliant4 ,f ,livy to ,tacitus ! gulf is great] ?an f ,h]odotus to ,?ucydides4 ,tacitus is at lea/ a consummate arti/4 ,8 /yle ranges f ! brilliancy ( 8 y\? to ! /]nness & sombre gravity ( age1 pass+ almo/ to poetic expression 9 its epigrammatic t]s5ess4 ,yet 9 spite ( 8 se>*+ /udy ( au?orities1 8 ke5 judgm5t ( m51 & 8 p]ception ( und]ly+ pr9ciples ( moral law1 8 view 0 w>p$ by ! heat ( faction1 :i* gl[s b5ea? 8 ext]nal objectivity4 ,aft] him ,roman hi/ory-writ+ spe$ily deg5]at$4 ,suetonius' ,lives ( ! ,caes>s is b a sup]ior k9d ( j\rnalism4 ,b 8 gossip ( ! c\rt became ! model = hi/orians1 ^: works1 n[ lo/1 furni% ! ma9 s\rce = ! ,hi/oria ,augu/a4 ,! importance to u ( ?is uncritical collection ( biographies is suffici5t comm5t on ! decl9e ( hi/ory-writ+ 9 ! latt] empire4 ,f9ally1 f ! #d? c5tury ! epitomes ( ,eutropius & ,fe/us s]v$ to satisfy ! less5+ curiosity 9 ! pa/ & became ! h&books = ! middle ages4 ,! s+le figure ( ,ammianus ,m>cell9us /&s out ( ?is age l a belat$ disciple ( ,tacitus4 ,b ! _w 0 *ang+ f antique to ,*ri/ian ideals j z he 0 writ+1 & ) him we leave ?is outl9e ( anci5t hi/ory4 ,! #d? & #e? c5turies saw a great revolution 9 ! hi/ory ( hi/ory4 ,! /ory ( ! pagan pa/ slipp$ out ( m9d1 & 9 its place 0 set1 by ! g5ius ( ,eusebius1 ! /ory ( ! _w =ce :i* _h sup]s$$ x1 ,*ri/ianity1 & ( t small fraction ( antiquity f :i* x sprang1--! ,jews4 ,*ri/ianity f ! fir/ _h =c$ ?9k+ m5 to recon/ruct _! philosophy ( hi/ory1 b x 0 only aft] ! ,*ur*'s triumph t its po9t ( view became dom9ant 9 hi/oriography4 ,?ree c5turies m pass$ be=e ! pagan models 7 q lo/ to sight4 ,b f ! #g? c5tury to ! #ag?--f ,isidore ( ,seville & ! ,engli% ,b$e = a ?\s& ye>s1--mank9d 0 to look back along ! l9e ( ,jewi% prie/s & k+s to ! ,creation4 ,egypt 0 ( int]e/ only z x came into ,israelite hi/ory1 ,babylon & ,n9eveh 7 to illu/rate ! judgm5ts ( ,yahweh1 ,tyre & ,sidon to reflect ! glory ( ,solomon4 ,! process by :i* ! g5tiles h be5 robb$ ( _! legitimate hi/ory 0 ! inevitable result ( a religion ^: sacr$ books make !m lay figures = ! hi/ory ( ! ,jews4 ,reject$ by ! ,yahweh :o became ! ,*ri/ian ,god1 !y h rema9$ to ! pres5t day1 9 ,sunday s*ools & 9 common op9ion1 n nations ( liv+ m51 ) ! culture ( arts & sci5ces1 b outca/s :o d n ent] into ! div9e s*eme ( ! _w's hi/ory4 ,:5 a l9e 0 drawn betwe5 pagan & ,*ri/ian back to ! creation ( ! _w1 x left outside ! pale ( inquiry ne>ly all antiquity4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t t antiquity 0 "o 9 :i* ! ,g]man nations _h no p]sonal int]e/4 ,scipio & ! ,grac*i 7 ess5tially unreal to !m4 ,! "o liv+ organization ) :i* !y came into t\* 0 ! ,*ur*4 ,s ,cic]o & ,pompey pal$ be=e ,jo%ua & ,paul4 ,diocletian1 ! organiz+ g5ius1 became a blood?ir/y mon/]1 & ,con/ant9e1 ! murd]]1 a sa9t4 ,*ri/ian hi/ory beg9s ) ! triumph ( ! ,*ur*4 ,) ,eusebius ( ,caes>ea ! apologetic pamphlets ( ! age ( p]secutions gave way to a calm review ( ?ree c5turies ( ,*ri/ian progress4 ,eusebius' biography ( ,con/ant9e %[s :at di/ortion ( fact ! fa!r ( ,*ur* hi/ory p]mitt$ himself1 b ! ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory 0 =tunately writt5 = ^? :o want$ to "k :at really happ5$1 & rema9s to-day an invaluable repository ( ,*ri/ian antiquities4 ,) ! cont9uations ( ,socrates1 ,sozom5 & ,!odoret1 & ! ,lat9 manual :i* ,cassiodorus _h wov5 f !m 7! ,hi/oria trip>tita71 x =m$ ! body ( ,*ur* hi/ory dur+ all ! middle ages4 ,an ev5 great] influ5ce1 h[ev]1 0 ex]cis$ by ,eusebius' ,*ronica4 ,?r\gh ,j]ome's translation & additions1 ?is s*eme ( ?is _w's *ronology became ! basis = all m$ieval _w *ronicles4 ,x settl$ until our own day ! succession ( ye>s f ! ,creation to ! bir? ( ,*ri/1--fitt+ ! ,old ,te/am5t /ory into t ( anci5t hi/ory4 ,h5ce=? ! ,jewi% pa/1--t "o pa? back to ! beg9n+ ( ! _w1--0 m>k$ out by ! absolute laws ( ma!matics & revelation4 ,j]ome _h m>k$ x out2 ,sulpicius ,sev]us1 ! biograph] ( ,/ ,m>t91 9 8 ,hi/oria sacra1 adorn$ x ) ! attractions ( romance4 ,sulpicius 0 admirably fitt$ to int]pret ! miracul\s ,bible /ory to ! middle ages4 ,b !re 7 few :o c\ld write l him1 & ,j]ome's ,*ronicle itself1 or r portions ( x1 became1 9 ! age :i* foll[$1 a sort ( univ]sal preface = ! mona/ic *ronicl]4 ,= a "t !re 7 ev5 attempts to cont9ue imp]ial *ronicles1 b !y 7 insignificant comp>$ ) ! influ5ce ( ,eusebius & ,j]ome4 ,f ! fir/1 ,*ri/ianity _h a philosophy ( hi/ory4 ,its e>lie/ apologi/s s\ght to %[ h[ ! _w _h foll[$ a div9e plan 9 its long prep>ation = ! life ( ,*ri/4 ,f ?is c5tral fact ( all hi/ory1 mank9d %\ld cont9ue ?r\gh w> & suff]+ until ! div9e plan 0 complet$ at ! judgm5t day4 ,! fate ( nations is 9 ,god's h&s2 hi/ory is ! revelation ( ,8 wisdom & p[]4 ,:e!r ,he int]v5es directly by miracle1 or m]ely sets ,8 laws 9 op]ation1 ,he is ma/] ( m5's fate4 ,?is idea1 :i* has und]la9 all ,*ri/ian philosophy ( hi/ory1 f ! fir/ apologi/s :o prophesi$ ! fall ( ! ,empire & ! com+ ( ! mill5nium1 d[n to our own day1 receiv$ its classic /atem5t 9 ,/ ,augu/9e's ,city ( ,god4 ,! t]re/rial city1 ^: et]nity _h be5 ! !me ( pagan hi/ory1 _h j fall5 be=e ,al>ic's ,go?s4 ,augu/9e's explanation ( its fall passes 9 review n only ! calamities ( ,roman hi/ory--comb9$ ) a pa!tic p]ception ( its greatness1--b c>ries ! survey back to ! orig9 ( evil at ! creation4 ,!n ov] aga9/ ?is civitas t]r5a he sets ! div9e city :i* is to be realiz$ 9 ,*ri/5dom4 ,! ,roman ,empire1--! la/ g5]al =m ( ! e>?ly city1--gives way sl[ly to ! heav5ly4 ,?is is ! ma9 ?read ( ,augu/9e's philosophy ( hi/ory4 ,! ma!matical demon/ration ( its tru? 0 left by ,augu/9e = 8 disciple1 ,paulus ,orosius4 ,orosius' ,sev5 ,books ( ,hi/ories aga9/ ! ,pagans1 writt5 z a supplem5t to ! ,city ( ,god1 is ! fir/ attempt at a ,*ri/ian ,_w ,hi/ory4 ,?is manual = ! middle ages arrang$ ! rise & fall ( empires ) conv9c+ exactness4 ,! hi/ory ( antiquity1 accord+ to x1 beg9s ) ,n9us4 ,8 realm 0 ov]?r[n by ! ,m$es 9 ! same ye> 9 :i* ! hi/ory ( ,rome began4 ,f ! fir/ ye> ( ,n9us' reign until ! rebuild+ ( ,babylon by ,semiramis !re 7 sixty-f\r ye>s2 ! same betwe5 ! fir/ ( ,procas & ! build+ ( ,rome4 ,elev5 hundr$ & sixty-f\r ye>s aft] ea* city 0 built1 x 0 tak51--,babylon by ,cyrus1 ,rome by ,al>ic1 & ,cyrus' conque/ took place j :5 ,rome began ! ,republic4 ,b be=e ,rome becomes a _w empire1 ,mac$on & ,c>?age int]v5e1 gu>dians ( ,rome's y\? 7tutor curatorque74 ,?is s*eme ( ! f\r _w-mon>*ies1 :i* 0 to prevail ?r\gh all ! middle ages1 0 develop$ ?r\gh sev5 books fill$ ) ! /ory ( w> & suff]+4 ,z x 0 ,orosius' aim to %[ t ! _w _h improv$ s9ce ! com+ ( ,*ri/1 he us$ ,trogus ,pompeius' w> hi/ory1 writt5 to exalt ,roman triumphs1 to %[ ! rev]se ( victory1--disa/] & ru94 ,livy1 ,caes>1 ,tacitus & ,suetonius 7 plund]$ = ! /ory ( horrors2 until f9ally ev5 ! ,go?s 9 ,spa9 %9e by contra/ ) ! pagan h]oes2 & ?r\gh ! confusion ( ! ,g]man invasions "o may look =w>d to ,*ri/5dom1--& its peace4 ,! commone/ =m ( m$ieval hi/orical writ+ 0 ! *ronicle1 :i* rea*es all ! way f mona/ic annals1 m]e notes on ,ea/] tables1 to ! dignity ( national monum5ts4 ,utt]ly lack+ 9 p]spective1 & dom9at$ by ! idea ( ! miracul\s1 !y are = ! mo/ "p a record ( ! trivial or ! m>vell\s4 ,individual hi/orians sometimes rec\nt ! /ory ( _! own times ) sob] judgm5t1 b seldom "k h[ to te/ _! s\rces :5 deal+ ) ! pa/4 ,contradictions are (t5 copi$ d[n )\t ! writ] notic+ !m2 & s9ce ! middle ages =g$ & falsifi$ s _m docum5ts1--mona/]ies1 t[ns & corporations ga9+ privileges or titles ( possession by ! bold use ( !m1--! n>rative ( m$ieval writ]s _c be reli$ ^u unless we c v]ify x by collat]al evid5ce4 ,"s hi/orians1 l ,otto ( ,freis+1 ,guib]t ( ,nog5t or ,b]n>d ,gui1 w\ld h be5 sci5tific if !y _h _h our appliances = comp>ison4 ,b ev5 m5 l ,rog] ,bacon1 :o deplor$ ! inaccuracy ( texts1 _h work$ out no g5]al me?od to apply 9 _! re/oration4 ,t[>d ! close ( ! middle ages ! v]nacul> lit]atures 7 adorn$ ) ,villani's & ,froiss>t's *ronicles4 ,b ! m]it ( bo? lies 9 _! j\rnali/ic qualities ( contempor>y n>rative4 ,nei!r 0 a hi/ory 9 ! true/ s5se4 ,! ,r5aissance m>k$ ! fir/ great ga9 9 ! hi/oric s5se1 9 ! ef=ts ( ! humani/s to realize ! _s ( ! antique _w4 ,!y did n altoge!r succe$2 antiquity to !m meant l>gely ,plato & ,cic]o4 ,_! int]e/s 7 lit]>y1 & ! un-,cic]onian c5turies 7 g5]ally ignor$4 ,^? 9 :i* ! f\ndations ( mod]n ,europe 7 laid1 :i* produc$ p>liam5ts1 ca!drals1 cities1 ,dante & ,*auc]1 7 gr\p$ alike on "o dismal level & *ri/5$ ! middle ages4 ,! p]spective ( ! humani/s 0 only "o degree bett] ?an t ( ! middle ages4 ,hi/ory became ! s]vant to lit]ature1 an adjunct to ! classics4 ,?us x pass$ into ! s*ools1 :]e text-books /ill 9 use devote #bjj pages to ! ,peloponnesian w> & two to ! ,a!ns ( ,p]icles4 ,b if ! lit]>y side ( humanism has be5 a b>ri] to ! progress ( sci5tific hi/ory1 ! discov]y & elucidation ( texts fir/ made t progress possible4 ,hi/orical criticism soon awoke4 ,laur5tius ,valla's brilliant attack on ! ,donation ( ,con/ant9e 7#addj71 & ,ulri* von ,hutt5's rehabilitation ( ,h5ry ,,iv4 f monki% tales m>k ! rise ( ! new sci5ce4 ,"o sees at a glance :at an eng9e ( controv]sy x 0 to be2 yet = a :ile x rema9$ b a phase ( humanism4 ,x 0 nor? ( ! ,alps t x p>t$ company ) ! gramm>ians4 ,classical antiquity 0 an ,italian pa/1 ! ,g]man s*ol>s turn$ back to ! s\rces ( _! national hi/ory4 ,a5eas ,sylvius ,piccolom9i 7,pius ,,ii47 _h discov]$ ,otto ( ,freis+ & ,jordanes4 ,maximilian ,i4 enc\rag$ ! se>* = manuscripts1 & ,vi5na became a great humani/ic c5tre4 ,conrad ,celtes left 8 ,g]mania illu/rata unf9i%$1 b he _h f\nd ! works ( ,hros)a4 ,conrad ,peut+] ga!r$ all sorts ( ,*ronicles 9 8 room 9 ,vi5na1 & publi%$ sev]al1--among !m ,gregory ( ,t\rs4 ,?is national movem5t ( ! #ae? c5tury 0 n p>allel$ 9 ,france or ,engl&1 :]e ! classical humanities reign$4 ,! ,re=mation mean:ile gave ano!r turn to ! "w ( ,g]man s*ol>s4 ,! ,re=mation1 ) its heat$ controv]sies1 seems a /range />t+-po9t = sci5ce1 yet x1 ev5 m ?an ! ,r5aissance1 br\ght out sci5tific me?ods ( hi/orical inve/igation4 ,x n only sob]$ ! humani/ t5d5cy to sacrifice tru? = ae/hetic effect1 x call$ = ! docum5ts ( ! ,*ur* & subject$ !m to ! mo/ ho/ile criticism4 ,lu!r himself *all5g$ !m4 ,!n 9 ! ,magdeburg ,c5turies 7#aeei-aegd7 ,prote/antism tri$ to make good its attack on ! m$ieval ,*ur* by a great collection ( s\rces accompani$ ) mu* de/ructive criticism4 ,?is gigantic "w is ! fir/ monum5t ( mod]n hi/orical rese>*4 ,! reply ( ,c>d9al ,b>onius 7,annales ecclesia/ici1 #aehh-afig7 0 a /ill great] collection1 drawn f ar*ives :i* till !n _h n be5 us$ = sci5tific hi/ory4 ,b>onius' criticism & texts are faulty1 ?\gh f> surpass+ any?+ be=e 8 day1 & 8 collection is ! basis = mo/ subsequ5t ones1--9 spite ( ,j4 ,j4 ,scalig]'s refutation1 :i* 0 to conta9 an equal numb] ( volumes ( ! errors 9 ,b>onius4 ,! movem5t back to ! s\rces 9 ,g]many until ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w> 0 a notable "o4 ,collections 7 made by ,simon ,s*>d 7#aece-aegc71 ,johannes ,pi/orius 7#aegf-afjh71 ,m>qu>d ,freh] 7#aefe-afad71 ,mel*ior ,golda/ 7#aegf-afce7 & o!rs4 ,aft] ! w> ,leibnitz began a new epo*1 bo? by 8 philosophy ) its law ( cont9uity 9 ph5om5a1 & by 8 sy/ematic attempt to collect s\rces ?r\gh an association 7#afgj74 ,8 plan to h docum5ts pr9t$ z !y 71 in/ead ( correct+ !m1 0 a notable advance4 ,b f ,leibnitz until ! #ai? c5tury ,g]man national hi/oriography made little progress1--al?\gh *ur* hi/orians l ,mo%eim & ,ne&] /& out among ! greate/ hi/orians ( all "t4 ,france _h n p>allel$ ! activity ( ,maximilian's ,r5aissance hi/orians4 ,! fa!r ( mod]n ,fr5* hi/ory1 or at lea/ ( hi/orical rese>*1 0 ,&re ,du*esne 7#aehd-afdj71 ^: spl5did collections ( s\rces are /ill 9 use4 ,jean ,bod9 wrote ! fir/ treatise on sci5tific hi/ory 7,me?odus ad facilem hi/ori>um cognitionem1 #aeff71 b he did n apply 8 own pr9ciples ( criticism2 & x 0 left = ! ,b5$ict9e monks ( ! ,congregation ( ,/ ,maur to e/abli% def9itely ! new sci5ce4 ,! place ( ?is s*ool 9 ! hi/ory ( hi/ory is absolutely )\t a p>allel4 ,few ( ^? 9 ! audi5ces ( ,moli]e1 return+ home "u ! grey walls ( ,/ ,g]ma9-des-,pres1 knew t )9 t mona/]y ! m5 ^: midnight !y di/urb$ 7 lay+ ! basis = all sci5tific hi/ory2 & few ( ! lat] hi/orians ( t age h be5 any wis]4 ,b :5 ,luc d',a*]y turn$ f exegetics to patri/ics & ! lives ( ! sa9ts1 z a sort ( ,*ri/ian humani/1 he l$ ! way to t va/ "w ( collection & comp>ison ( texts :i* develop$ ?r\gh ,mabillon1 ,montfaucon1 ,ru9>t1 ,m>t5e1 ,b\quet & _! associates1 into ! indisp5sable implem5ts ( mod]n hi/orians4 ,"h1 z 9 ! ,re=mation1 controv]sy call$ out ! ri*e/ product4 ,jean ,mabillon's treatise1 ,de re diplomatica 7#afha71 0 due to ! criticisms ( t gr\p ( ,belgian ,jesuits ^: ,acta ,sanctorum quotquot toto orbe coluntur 7#afdc1 c41 see ,,boll&i/s7 0 de/9$ to gr[ into ! greate/ repository ( leg5d & biography ! _w has se54 ,9 reply to ,d4 ,papebro*'s criticisms ( ! *ronicle ( ,/ ,d5is1 ,mabillon prep>$ ?is manual = ! te/+ ( m$ieval docum5ts4 ,its canons are ! basis1 inde$1 almo/ ! :ole1 ( ! sci5ce ( diplomatic 7q4v471 ! t\*/one ( tru? = m$ieval rese>*4 ,h5ce=? ev5 ! m$iocre s*ol> _h a body ( te*nical rules by :i* to sort out ! va/ mass ( apocrypha 9 m$ieval docum5t>y s\rces4 ,sci5tific hi/ory dep5ds ^u implem5ts4 ,)\t manuals1 diction>ies1 & easy access to texts1 we %\ld g z f> a/ray z any m$ieval *ronicl]4 ,! ,france ( ! ,mauri/s suppli$ ! mo/ ess5tial ( ^! in/rum5ts4 ,! great gloss>y ( ,ducange is /ill 9 enl>g$ editions ! indisp5sable encyclopa$ia ( ! middle ages4 ,*ronology & palaeography 7 plac$ on a new foot+ by ,dom ,b]n>d de ,montfaucon's ,palaeographia graeca 7#agjh71 ! monum5tal ,art de v]ifi] les dates 7#crd ed41 #ahah-ahca1 9 #ch vols471 & ! ,n\veau ,traite de diplomatique 7#agej-agfe7 ( ,dom ,tass9 & ,dom ,t\/a94 ,! collections ( texts :i* ! ,mauri/s publi%$ are too _m & too va/ to be enum]at$ "h 7see ,c4 ,langlois1 ,manuel de bibliographie hi/orique1 pp4 #bic ff474 ,dom ,b\quet's ,hi/ori5s de la ,gaule et de la ,france--! national rep]tory = ,fr5* hi/orians--is b "o ( a doz5 tasks ( simil> magnitude4 ,dur+ ! #ah? c5tury ?is deep "u-"w ( sci5tific hi/ory cont9u$ to advance1 ?\gh = ! mo/ "p unse5 by ! brilliant writ]s ^: untru/wor?y g5]alities pass$ = hi/ory 9 ! salons ( ! old regime4 ,int]rupt$ by ! ,revolution1 x reviv$ 9 ! #ai? c5tury1 & ! roll ( hon\r ( ! ,fr5* ,ecole des ,*>tes has almo/ rivall$ t ( ,/ ,g]ma9-des-,pres4 ,! fa!r ( critical hi/ory 9 ,italy 0 ,l4 ,a4 ,muratori 7#afgb-agej71 ! ,italian c\nt]p>t ( ,leibnitz4 ,8 va/ collection ( s\rces 7,r]um ,italic>um scriptores71 prep>$ amid e disc\ragem5t1 rema9s to-day ! national monum5t ( ,italian hi/ory2 & x is b "o ( 8 collections4 ,8 output is p]haps ! greate/ ( any isolat$ work] 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( hi/oriography4 ,! same ha/e1 b mu* less c>e1 m>k$ ! "w ( ,j4 ,d4 ,mansi 7d4 #agfi71 ! compil] ( ! fulle/ collection ( ! ,c\ncils4 ,spa91 /ifl$ by ! ,inquisition1 produc$ no national collection ( s\rces dur+ ! #ag? & #ah? c5turies1 al?\gh ,nicolas ,antonio 7d4 #afhd7 produc$ a national lit]>y hi/ory ( ! fir/ rank4 ,engl& 9 ! #af? c5tury kept pace ) ,cont95tal hi/oriography4 ,h5ry ,,viii4's *apla91 ,john ,lel&1 is ! fa!r ( ,engli% antiqu>ies4 ,?ree ( ! mo/ preci\s collections ( m$ieval manuscripts /ill 9 exi/5ce 7 !n begun by ,?omas ,bodley 7! ,bodleian at ,ox=d71 ,ar*bi%op ,mat!w ,p>k] 7,corpus ,*ri/i at ,cambridge71 & ,rob]t ,cotton 7! ,cottonian collection ( ! ,briti% ,museum74 ,9 ,elizabe?'s reign a s]i\s ef=t 0 made to arrange ! national records1 b until ! end ( ! #ah? c5tury !y 7 scatt]$ 9 n less ?an fifte5 repositories4 ,9 ! #ag? & #ah? c5turies ,engli% s*ol>%ip 0 enri*$ by su* monum5ts ( rese>* z ,william ,dugdale's ,mona/icon1 ,?omas ,madox's ,hi/ory ( ! ,ex*equ]1 ,wilk9s's ,concilia1 & ,?omas ,rym]'s ,fo$]a4 ,b ^! works1 important z !y 71 gave b little idea ( ! weal? ( hi/orical s\rces :i* ! #ai? c5tury 0 to reveal 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ! #ai? c5tury ! sci5ce ( hi/ory und]w5t a sort ( indu/rial revolution4 ,! ma*9]y ( rese>*1 inv5t$ by ! g5ius ( m5 l ,mabillon1 0 p]fect$ & set go+ 9 all ! ar*ives ( ,europe4 ,isolat$ work]s or gr\ps ( work]s grew into national or int]national associations1 produc+ f ar*ives va/ collections ( mat]ial to be work$ up into ! arti/ic =m ( hi/ory4 ,! result ( ?is movem5t has be5 to revolutionize ! :ole subject4 ,^! m5 ( ! factory--devot+ _! lives to ! catalogu+ ( ar*ives & libr>ies1 to ! publication ( mat]ial1 & !n to ! gigantic task ( index+ :at !y h produc$--h made x possible = ! /ud5t 9 an ,am]ican or ,au/ralian college to ma/] 9 a few h\rs 9 8 libr>y s\rces ( hi/ory :i* baffl$ ! long ye>s ( rese>* ( a ,m>t5e or ,rym]4 ,! texts !mselves h mo/ly become z correct z !y c ev] be1 & manuals & bibliographies guide "o to & ?r\gh !m1 s t no "o ne$ g a/ray :o takes ! tr\ble to make use ( ! me*anism :i* is at 8 h&4 ,= example1 s9ce ! papal ar*ives 7 op5$1 s _m rege/a h appe>$ t soon x w be possible to foll[ ! lett]-writ+ ( ! m$ieval popes day by day = c5tury aft] c5tury4 ,! app>atus = ?is rese>* is too va/ to be describ$ "h4 ,ar*ives h be5 re=m$1 _! cont5ts catalogu$ or cal5d>$2 gov]nm5t commissions h rescu$ numb]less docum5ts f oblivion or de/ruction1 & le>n$ societies h supplem5t$ & criticiz$ ?is "w & co-ord9at$ ! results4 ,e /ate 9 ,europe n[ has publi%$ ! ma9 s\rces = its hi/ory4 ,! ,rolls s]ies1 ! ,monum5ta ,g]maniae hi/orica1 & ! ,docum5ts in$its are b ! m notable ( su* national products4 ,a s]ies ( p]iodicals keeps wat* ov] ?is enorm\s output4 ,! files & indices ( ! ,engli% ,hi/orical ,review1 ,hi/oris*e ,zeits*rift1 ,revue hi/orique1 or ,am]ican ,hi/orical ,review w alone reveal ! /r5g? & "* ( hi/orical rese>* 9 ! lat] #ai? c5tury4 ,e sci5ce :i* deals ) human ph5om5a is 9 a way an implem5t 9 ?is great factory sy/em1 9 :i* ! pa/ is weld$ toge!r aga94 ,psy*ology has be5 drawn ^u to int]pret ! movem5ts ( revolutions or religions1 an?ropology & e?nology furni% a clue to problems to :i* ! key ( docum5ts has be5 lo/4 ,g5ealogy1 h]aldry & *ronology run p>allel ) ! wid] subject4 ,b ! real auxili>y sci5ces to hi/ory are ^? :i* deal ) ^? traces ( ! pa/ t /ill exi/1 ! sci5ce ( language 7philology71 ( writ+ 7palaeography71 ( docum5ts 7diplomatic71 ( seals 7sphragi/ics71 ( co9s 7numismatics71 ( weights & measures1 & ar*aeology 9 ! wide/ s5se ( ! ^w4 ,^! sci5ces und]lie ! :ole developm5t ( sci5tific hi/ory4 ,diction>ies & manuals are ! in/rum5ts ( ?is indu/rial revolution4 ,)\t !m ! lit]>y rema9s ( ! race w\ld /ill be z useless z ,egyptian inscriptions to ! fellahe54 ,ar*aeology itself rema9$ b a m9or bran* ( art until ! ma*9]y 0 p]fect$ :i* enabl$ x to classify & int]pret ! rema9s ( ! pre-hi/oric age4 ,?is is ! mo/ rem>kable *apt] 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( hi/ory--! recov]y ( t pa/ :i* _h already be5 lo/ :5 our lit]>y hi/ory began4 ,! p]spective /ret*es out z f> ! o!r side ( ,hom] z we are ?is4 ,! old provid5tial s*eme ( hi/ory dis9tegrates be=e a new int]e/ 9 ! g5tile nations to ^: high culture ,hebrew s\rces bore unwill+ te/imony4 ,biblical criticism is a "p ( ! hi/oric process4 ,! ,jewi% texts1 once ! infallible basis ( hi/ory1 are n[ te/$ by ! libr>ies ( ,babylon1 f :i* !y 7 p>tly drawn1 & ,hebrew hi/ory s9ks into its prop] place 9 ! wide horizon ( antiquity4 ,! f9d+ ( ! ,rosetta /one left u no long] dep5d5t ^u ,greek1 ,lat9 or ,hebrew s\rces1 & n[ fifty c5turies ( ,egyptian hi/ory lie be=e u4 ,! sci5tific hi/orian ( antiquity works on ! hills ( ,crete1 r ?an 9 ! quiet ( a libr>y ) ! classics spread out be=e him4 ,!re he c recon/ruct ! spl5d\r ( t ,m9oan age to :i* ,hom]ic poems look back1 z ! ,g]manic epics look$ back to ,rome or ,v]ona4 ,8 discov]ies1 co-ord9at$ & arrang$ 9 va/ corpora inscriptionum1 /& n[ alongside ,h]odotus or ,livy1 furni%+ a basis = _! criticism4 ,m$ieval ar*aeology has1 s9ce ,qui*]at1 reveal$ h[ m5 7 liv+ :ile ! monks wrote *ronicles1 & n[ ca!drals & ca/les are /udi$ z g5u9e hi/oric docum5ts4 ,! imm5se increase 9 available s\rces1 ar*aeological & lit]>y1 has remade hi/orical criticism4 ,ranke's application ( ! pr9ciples ( high] criticism to works writt5 s9ce ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ 7,kritik neu]] ,ges*i*tss*reib]7 0 an epo*-mak+ *all5ge ( n>rative s\rces4 ,n[ !y are ev]y:]e *eck$ by contempor>y evid5ce1 & a cle>] s5se ( :at con/itutes a prim>y s\rce has discr$it$ mu* ( :at _h be5 curr5tly accept$ z true4 ,?is is true n only ( anci5t hi/ory1 :]e la/ ye>'s book may be a ?\s& ye>s out ( date1 b ( ! :ole field4 ,h>dly an old ma/] rema9s an au?oritative book ( ref]5ce4 ,gibbon1 ,grote1 ,giesebre*t1 ,guizot /& to-day by reason ( o!r virtues ?an _! tru?4 ,old l&m>ks drop out ( sight--e4g4 ! fall ( ! ,we/]n ,empire 9 #dgf1 ! com+ ( ! ,greeks to ,italy 9 #adej1 dates :i* once enclos$ ! middle ages4 ,! p]spective *anges--! ,r5aissance gr[s less & ! middle ages m2 ! ,prote/ant ,revolution becomes a complex ( economics & politics & religion2 ! ,fr5* ,revolution a va/ social re=m 9 :i* ! ,t]ror 0 an incid5t1 c41 c4 ,! result has be5 a complete trans=mation ( hi/ory s9ce ! middle ( ! #ai? c5tury4 ,9 ! #ag? c5tury ! ,augu/9ian s*eme ( _w hi/ory receiv$ its la/ classic /atem5t 9 ,bossuet's ,hi/oire univ]selle4 ,voltaire's reply to x 9 ! #ah? 7,essai sur les moeurs7 attack$ its limitations on ! basis ( deism1 & its miracul\s proc$ure on t ( sci5ce4 ,b :ile !re are =e%ad[+s ( ! evolution>y !ory 9 ?is "w1 nei!r ! philosophe hi/orians nor ,hume nor ,gibbon arriv$ at a con/ructive pr9ciple 9 hi/ory :i* c\ld take ! place ( ! ,provid5ce !y reject$4 ,religion1 ?\gh false1 might be a real hi/oric =ce4 ,hi/ory became ! tragic spectacle ( a game ( dupes--! real mov]s be+ prie/s1 k+s or w>riors4 ,! pawns sl[ly acquir$ reason1 & !n w\ld be able to regulate ! moves !mselves4 ,b all ?is fail$ to give a satisfactory explanation ( ! laws :i* det]m9e ! direction ( ?is evolution4 ,giovanni ,batti/a ,vico 7#affh-agdd7 0 ! fir/ to ask :y !re is no sci5ce ( human hi/ory4 ,b 8 lonely life & unrecogniz$ lab\rs leave him ap>t f ! ma9 movem5t1 until 8 works 7 discov]$ aga9 9 ! #ai? c5tury4 ,x 0 ,a4 ,l4 ,h4 ,he]5 :o1 at ! op5+ ( ! #ai? c5tury1 fir/ laid t emphasis ^u ! economic factors 9 hi/ory :i* is to-day sl[ly replac+ ! ,augu/9ian explanation ( its evolution4 ,he]5's own influ5ce1 h[ev]1 0 slight4 ,! fir/ half ( ! c5tury 7ap>t f ! sci5tific activity ( ,p]tz1 ,guizot1 c47 0 l>gely dom9at$ by ! romantici/s1 ) _! exagg]ation ( ! individual4 ,c>lyle's great man !ory ( hi/ory is logically connect$ ) ! age ( ,scott4 ,x 0 a philosophy ( hi/ory :i* l5t itself to magnific5t dramatic creations2 b x expla9$ no?+4 ,x sub/itut$ ! "w ( ! g5ius = ! miracul\s int]v5tion ( ,provid5ce1 b1 ap>t f c]ta9 ab/ract =mulae su* z ,tru? & ,"r1 knew no?+ ( :y or h[4 ,x is b deal+ 9 words to say t ! mean+ ( x all is ,god's revelation ( ,himself4 ,grant+ t1 :at is ! process8 ,:y does x s sl[ly reveal ! ,"r ( ! middle ages 7z 9 slav]y = in/ance7 to be ! ,wrong to-day8 ,c>lyle /&s to ,bossuet z ! sage to ! my?4 ,hegel got no clos] to realities4 ,8 ideali/ic s*eme ( hi/ory1 :i* makes religion ! keynote ( progress1 & describes ! function ( ea*--,judaism to typify duty1 ,confucianism ord]1 ,mahomm$anism ju/ice1 ,buddhism pati5ce1 & ,*ri/ianity love--does n acc\nt = ! facts ( ! hi/ory enact$ by ! devotees4 ,x *>act]izes1 n ! real process ( evolution1 b an ideal :i* hi/ory has n realiz$4 ,besides1 x does n face ! "q h[ f> religion itself is a product or a cause1 or bo? comb9$4 ,9 ! middle ( ! c5tury two m5 s\ght to incorporate 9 _! philosophy ! physical basis :i* ,hegel _h ignor$ 9 8 spiritism--recogniz+ t life is condition$ by an environm5t & n an ab/raction = metaphysics4 ,h4 ,t4 ,buckle1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,civilization 9 ,engl& 7#aheg71 0 ! fir/ to "w out ! influ5ces ( ! mat]ial _w ^u hi/ory1 develop+ ?r\gh a weal? ( illu/ration ! importance ( food1 soil & ! g5]al aspect ( nature ^u ! =mation ( society4 ,buckle did n1 z is g5]ally believ$1 make ^! ?ree factors dom9ate all hi/ory4 ,he di/9ctly /at$ t ! advance ( ,european civilization is *>act]iz$ by a dim9i%+ influ5ce ( physical laws & an increas+ influ5ce ( m5tal laws1 & ! measure ( civilization is ! triumph ( m9d ov] ext]nal ag5ts4 ,yet 8 *all5ge1 n only to ! !ologian1 b also to ^? hi/orians ^: indol5ce ( ?\ght or natural incapacity prev5t$ !m f attempt+ m ?an ! annali/ic record ( ev5ts1 call$ out a /orm ( prote/ f almo/ e side4 ,n[ t ! controv]sy has cle>$ away1 we see t 9 spite ( ,buckle's too confid5t =mulation ( 8 laws1 8 pione] "w 9 a great field m>ks him out z ! ,augu/9e ( ! sci5tific age4 ,among hi/orians1 h[ev]1 ,buckle's !ory receiv$ b little fav\r = ano!r g5]ation4 ,mean:ile ! economi/s _h !mselves tak5 up ! problem1 & x 0 f !m t ! hi/orians ( to-day h le>n$ x4 ,t5 ye>s be=e ,buckle publi%$ 8 hi/ory1 ,k>l ,m>x _h already =mulat$ ! economic !ory ( hi/ory4 ,accept+ ) res]vation ,feu]ba*'s attack on ! ,hegelian absolute idea1 bas$ on mat]iali/ic gr\nds 7,d] ,m5s* i/1 0 er is/71 ,m>x 0 l$ to ! conclusion t ! causes ( t process ( gr[? :i* con/itutes ! hi/ory ( society are to be f\nd 9 ! economic conditions ( exi/5ce4 ,f ?is he w5t on to socialism1 :i* bases its militant philosophy ^u ?is int]pretation ( hi/ory4 ,b ! tru? or fals5ess ( socialism does n affect ! !ory ( hi/ory4 ,9 #ahde ,m>x wrote ( ! ,"y-,hegelians t to sep>ate hi/ory f natural sci5ce & indu/ry 0 l sep>at+ ! s\l f ! body1 & f9d+ ! bir?place ( hi/ory1 n 9 ! gross mat]ial production on e>?1 b 9 ! mi/y cl\d =mation ( heav5 7,die heilige ,familie1 p4 #bch74 ,9 8 ,mis]e de la philosophie 7#ahdg7 he lays d[n ! pr9ciple t social relation%ips l>gely dep5d ^u modes ( production1 & !re=e ! pr9ciples1 ideas & categories :i* are ?us evolv$ are no m et]nal ?an ! relations !y express1 b are hi/orical & transitory products4 ,9 ! fam\s ,manife/o ( ! ,communi/ ,p>ty 7#ahdh7 ! !ory 0 appli$ to %[ h[ ! indu/rial revolution _h replac$ feudal ) mod]n conditions4 ,b x _h little vogue1 except among ,sociali/s1 until ! ?ird volume ( ,das ,kapital 0 publi%$ 9 #ahid1 :5 its importance 0 borne 9 ^u cont95tal s*ol>s4 ,s9ce !n ! controv]sy has be5 almo/ z heat$ z 9 ! days ( ! ,re=mation4 ,x is an exagg]ation ( ! !ory :i* makes x an explanation ( all human life1 b ! :ole sci5ce ( dynamic sociology re/s ^u ! po/ulate ( ,m>x4 ,! cont5t ( hi/ory always reflects ! int]e/s ( ! age 9 :i* x is writt54 ,x 0 s 9 ,h]odotus & 9 m$ieval *ronicles4 ,mod]n hi/orians began ) politics4 ,b z ! complex nature ( society became m evid5t 9 ! age ( democracy1 ! economic or sociological hi/ory ga9$ gr\nd4 ,hi/ories ( comm]ce & cities n[ rank beside ^? on w> & k+s1 al?\gh !re are read]s /ill :o pref] to foll[ ! p5nants ( robb] b>ons r ?an to wat* ! sl[ evolution ( mod]n conditions4 ,! drum-&-trumpet hi/ory has its place l t ( art1 jurisprud5ce1 sci5ce or philosophy4 ,only n[ we "k t no "o ( ^! is m ?an a s+le glimpse at a va/ complex ( ph5om5a1 mo/ ( :i* lie = ev] beyond our k54 ,?is expansion ( int]e/ has int5sifi$ specialization4 ,hi/orians no long] attempt to write _w hi/ories2 !y =m associations ( speciali/s = ! purpose4 ,ea* hi/orian *ooses 8 own epo* or c5tury & 8 own subject1 & sp5ds 8 life ma/]+ su* traces ( x z he c f9d4 ,8 "w !re enables him to judge ( ! me?ods ( 8 fell[s1 b 8 own rema9s re/rict$ by ! v weal? ( mat]ial :i* has be5 accumulat$ on ! s+le subject be=e him4 ,?us ! great ent]prises ( to-day are co-op]ative--! ,cambridge ,mod]n ,hi/ory1 ,lavisse & ,rambaud's ,hi/oire g5]ale1 or ,lavisse's ,hi/oire de ,france1 l ,hunt & ,poole's ,political ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 & ,onck5's ,allgeme9e ,ges*i*te 9 ,e9zeld>/ellung54 ,b ev5 ^! va/ sets cov] b ! m]e/ fraction ( _! subjects4 ,! ,cambridge hi/ory passes = ! mo/ "p along ! political cru/ ( society1 & seldom glances at ! social =ces )94 ,?is limitation ( ! pr(ess$ hi/orian is made up = by ! gr[+ly hi/orical treatm5t ( all ! sci5ces & arts--a t5d5cy not$ be=e1 to :i* ?is edition ( ! ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica is itself a notable witness4 ,inde$1 = a def9ition ( t limitless subject :i* includes all ! ph5om5a t /& ! w>p & /ress ( *ange1 "o might adapt a fam\s epitaph--si hi/oriam requiris1 circumspice4 ,,bibliography4--,see ,*4 ,v4 ,langlois1 ,manuel de bibliographie hi/orique 7#b vols41 #aijd74 ,?is =ms ! logical bibliography ( ?is article4 ,x is a g5]al survey ( ! :ole app>atus ( hi/orical rese>*1 & is ! indisp5sable guide to ! subject4 ,simil> bibliographies cov]+ sections ( hi/ory are not$ ) ! articles :]e !y prop]ly belong1 e4g4 9 ,engli% m$ieval hi/ory ! manual ( ,*as4 ,gross1 ,s\rces & ,lit]ature ( ,engli% ,hi/ory2 9 ,g]man hi/ory ! ,quell5kunde ( ,dahlmann-,waitz 7#g? ed472 = ,france ! ,bibliographie de l'hi/oire de ,france ( ,g4 ,monod 7antiquat$1 #ahhh71 or ! ,s\rces de l'hi/oire de ,france s ably begun by ,a4 ,mol9i]'s volumes on ! m$ieval p]iod4 ,p]haps ! sane/ survey ( ! pres5t sci5tific movem5t 9 hi/ory is ! cle> summ>y ( ,*4 ,v4 ,langlois & ,*4 ,seignobos1 ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,hi/ory 7trans4 ) preface by ,f4 ,york ,p[ell1 ,london1 #ahih74 ,mu* m ambiti\s is ,e4 ,b]nheim's ,lehrbu* d] hi/oris*5 ,me?ode und d] ,ges*i*tsphilosophie mit ,na*weis d] wi*tig/5 ,quell5 und ,hilfsmittel zum ,/udium d] ,ges*i*te 7#crd & #d? ed41 ,leipzig1 #aijc74 7,j4 ,t4 ,s4997 ,,hit1 a t[n ( ,asiatic ,turkey1 9 ! vilayet ( ,bagdad1 on ! we/ bank ( ! ,euphrates1 #gj m4 ,w4,n4,w4 ( ,bagdad1 9 #cc deg4 #ch' #h ,n41 #db deg4 #eb' #ae ,e4 ,x is picturesquely situat$ on a l9e ( hills1 p>tly natural1 b 9 l>ge "p c]ta9ly artificial1 ! accumulation ( c5turies ( =m] habitation1 f #cj to #ajj ft4 9 height1 bord]+ ! riv]4 ,! h\ses are built ( field /ones & mud4 ,a /rik+ feature ( ! t[n is a l(ty & well-proportion$ m9>et1 :i* leans q p]ceptibly4 ,beh9d & ar\nd ,hit is an ext5sive b utt]ly b>r5 pla91 ?r\gh :i* fl[ sev]al /reams ( bitt] wat]1 com+ f m9]al spr+s4 ,directly beh9d ! t[n are two bitum5 spr+s1 "o cold & "o hot1 )9 #cj ft4 ( "o ano!r4 ,! gypsum cliffs on ! edge ( ! pla91 & ! rocks :i* crop out "h & !re 9 ! pla91 are full ( seams ( bitum51 & ! :ole place is r$ol5t ( sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,across ! riv] !re are naph?a spr+s4 ,inde$1 ! entire region is "o possess+ great pot5tial weal? 9 m9]al oils & ! l4 ,hit1 ) its fr+e ( palms1 is l an oasis 9 ! des]t occasion$ by ! outcrop ( ^! deposits4 ,f "t immemorial x has be5 ! *ief s\rce ( supply ( bitum5 = ,babylonia1 ! prosp]ity ( ! t[n dep5d+ always ^u its bitum5 f\nta9s1 :i* are /ill ! prop]ty ( ! gov]nm5t1 b are r5t$ out to any "o :o wi%es to use !m4 ,!re is also a %ipy>d at ,hit1 :]e ! *>act]i/ic ,babylonian boats are /ill made1 sme>$ )9 & )\t ) bitum54 ,hit is ! head ( navigation on ! ,euphrates4 ,x is also ! po9t f :i* ! camel-po/ />ts across ! des]t to ,damascus4 ,ab\t #h m4 inl& f ,hit1 on a bitt] /ream1 lies ! small t[n ( ,kubei?a4 ,hit is m5tion$1 "u ! "n ( ,i/1 9 ! ,k>nak inscription z pay+ tribute to ,te?mosis 7,?o?mes7 ,,iii4 ,9 ! ,bible 7,ezra viii4 #ae7 x is call$ ,ahava2 ! orig9al ,babylonian "n seems to h be5 ,ihi1 :i* becomes 9 ! ,talmud ,ihidakira1 9 ,ptolemy ,greek3 ,idik>a1 & 9 ,zosimus & ,ammianus ,greek3 ,dakira & ,diacira4 ,see ,geo4 ,rawl9son's ,h]odotus1 i4 #agi1 & note by ,h4 ,c4 ,rawl9son2 ,j4 ,p4 ,pet]s1 ,nippur 7#ahig72 ,h4 ,v4 ,ge]e1 ,by ,nile & ,euphrates 7#aijd74 7,j4 ,p4 ,pe47 ,,hita1 ,,g9es ,,p]ez ,,de 7#aedd8-afje871 ,spani% noveli/ & poet1 0 born at ,mula 7,murcia7 ab\t ! middle ( ! #af? c5tury4 ,he s]v$ 9 ! campaign ( #aefi-aega aga9/ ! ,moriscos1 & 9 #aegb wrote a rhym$ hi/ory ( ! city ( ,lorca :i* rema9$ unpubli%$ till #ahhi4 ,he owes 8 wide celebrity to ! ,hi/oria de los b&os de ,zegries y ,ab5c]rajes 7#aeie-afjd71 bett] kn[n z ! ,gu]ras civiles de ,granada1 :i* purports to be a *ronicle bas$ on an ,arabic orig9al ascrib$ to a c]ta9 ,ab5-,ham94 ,ab5-,ham9 is a fictiti\s p]sonage1 & ! ,gu]ras de ,granada is 9 reality a hi/orical novel1 p]haps ! e>lie/ example ( its k9d1 & c]ta9ly ! fir/ hi/orical novel t atta9$ popul>ity4 ,9 ! fir/ "p ! ev5ts :i* l$ to ! d[nfall ( ,granada are relat$ ) uncommon brilliancy1 & ,hita's sympa!tic transcription ( life at ! ,emir's c\rt has cle>ly sugge/$ ! conv5tional pres5tation ( ! picturesque1 *ivalr\s ,moor 9 ! pages ( ,mlle de ,scud]y1 ,mme de ,lafayette1 ,*ateaubri& & ,wa%+ton ,irv+4 ,! second "p is conc]n$ ) ! au?or's p]sonal exp]i5ces1 & ! treatm5t is effective2 yet1 ?\gh ,cald]on's play1 ,am> despues de la mu]te1 is d]iv$ f x1 ! second "p has nev] enjoy$ ! vogue or influ5ce ( ! fir/4 ,! exact date ( ,hita's dea? is unkn[n4 ,8 blank v]se r5d]+ ( ! ,cronica ,troyana1 writt5 9 #aeif1 exi/s 9 manuscript4 ,,hit*cock1 ,,edw>d 7#agic-ahfd71 ,am]ican geologi/1 0 born ( poor p>5ts at ,de]field1 ,massa*usetts1 on ! #bd? ( ,may #agic4 ,he ow$ 8 education *iefly to 8 own ex]tions1 & 0 prep>+ himself to ent] ,h>v>d ,college :5 he 0 compell$ to int]rupt 8 /udies f a weakness 9 8 eyesight4 ,9 #ahae he became pr9cipal ( ! academy ( 8 native t[n2 b he resign$ ?is (fice 9 #ahah 9 ord] to /udy = ! m9i/ry4 ,hav+ be5 orda9$ 9 #ahba pa/or ( ! ,congregational *ur* ( ,conway1 ,mass41 he employ$ 8 leisure 9 mak+ a sci5tific survey ( ! we/]n c\nties ( ! /ate4 ,f #ahbe to #ahde he 0 pr(essor ( *emi/ry & natural hi/ory1 f #ahde to #ahfd 0 pr(essor ( natural !ology & geology at ,amh]/ ,college1 & f #ahde to #ahed 0 presid5t2 ! college ow$ its e>ly success l>gely to 8 en]getic ef=ts1 especially dur+ ! p]iod ( 8 presid5cy4 ,9 #ahcj he 0 appo9t$ /ate geologi/ ( ,massa*usetts1 & 9 #ahcf 0 made geologi/ ( ! fir/ di/rict ( ! /ate ( ,new ,york4 ,9 #ahdj he receiv$ ! degree ( ,,ll4,d4 f ,h>v>d1 & 9 #ahdf t ( ,d4,d4 f ,middlebury ,college1 ,v]mont4 ,besides 8 con/ant lab\rs 9 geology1 zoology & botany1 ,hit*cock took an active int]e/ 9 agriculture1 & 9 #ahej he 0 s5t by ! ,massa*usetts legislature to exam9e into ! me?ods ( ! agricultural s*ools ( ,europe4 ,9 geology he made a detail$ exam9ation & exposition ( ! fossil footpr9ts f ! ,triassic s&/ones ( ! ,connecticut valley4 ,8 collection is pres]v$ 9 ! ,hit*cock ,i*nological ,museum ( ,amh]/ ,college1 & a description ( x 0 publi%$ 9 #aheh 9 8 report to ! ,massa*usetts legislature on ! i*nology ( ,new ,engl&4 ,! footpr9ts 7 reg>d$ z ^? ( reptiles1 amphibia & birds 7874 ,9 #aheg he und]took1 ) ! aid ( 8 two sons1 ! geological survey ( ,v]mont1 :i* 0 complet$ 9 #ahfa4 ,z a writ] on geological sci5ce1 ,hit*cock 0 l>gely conc]n$ 9 det]m9+ ! connexion betwe5 x & religion1 & employ+ its results to expla9 & support :at he reg>d$ z ! tru?s ( revelation4 ,he di$ at ,amh]/1 on ! #bg? ( ,febru>y #ahfd4 ,8 son1 ,,*>les ,,h5ry ,,hit*cock 7#ahcf- 71 did good s]vice 9 geology1 9 ,v]mont1 ,new ,hamp%ire 7#ahfh-ahgh71 & o!r p>ts ( ,am]ica1 & became pr(essor ( geology at ,d>tm\? 9 #ahfh4 ,! foll[+ are ,edw>d ,hit*cock's pr9cipal works3 ,geology ( ! ,connecticut ,valley 7#ahbc72 ,catalogue ( ,plants gr[+ )\t cultivation 9 ! vic9ity ( ,amh]/ 7#ahbi72 ,reports on ! ,geology ( ,massa*usetts 7#ahcc-ahda72 ,elem5t>y ,geology 7#ahdj2 ed4 #b1 #ahda2 & lat] ed4 ) ,c4 ,h4 ,hit*cock1 #ahfb72 ,fossil ,footm>ks 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7#ahdh72 ,outl9e ( ! ,geology ( ! ,globe & ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 p>ticul> 7#ahec72 ,illu/rations ( ,surface ,geology 7#ahef72 ,i*nology ( ,new ,engl& 7#aheh72 ,! ,religion ( ,geology & its ,connect$ ,sci5ces 7#ahea2 new ed41 #ahfi72 ,rem9isc5ces ( ,amh]/ ,college 7#ahfc72 & v>i\s pap]s 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 & o!r p]iodicals4 ,,hit*cock1 ,,george 7#ahej- 71 ,am]ican arti/1 0 born at ,provid5ce1 ,rhode ,isl&1 9 #ahej4 ,he graduat$ f ,br[n ,univ]sity 9 #ahgb & f ! law s*ool ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity 9 #ahgd2 !n turn$ 8 att5tion to art & became a pupil ( ,b\lang] & ,lefebvre 9 ,p>is4 ,he attract$ notice 9 ! ,salon ( #ahhe ) 8 ,tulip ,gr[+1 a ,dut* g>d5 :i* he pa9t$ 9 ,holl&4 ,he _h = ye>s a /udio at ,egmond1 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,he became a ,*evali] ( ! ,legion ( ,hon\r1 ,france2 a memb] ( ! ,vi5na ,academy ( ,arts1 ! ,muni* ,secession ,society1 & o!r art bodies2 & is repres5t$ 9 ! ,dresd5 gall]y2 ! imp]ial collection1 ,vi5na2 ! ,*icago ,art ,in/itute1 & ! ,detroit ,museum ( ,f9e ,arts4 ,,hit*cock1 ,,roswell ,,dwight 7#ahag-ahhg71 ,am]ican div9e1 0 born at ,ea/ ,ma*ias1 ,ma9e1 on ! #ae? ( ,augu/ #ahag1 graduat$ at ,amh]/ ,college 9 #ahcf1 & lat] /udi$ at ,&ov] ,!ological ,sem9>y1 ,mass4 ,aft] a visit to ,g]many he 0 a tutor at ,amh]/ 9 #ahci-ahdb1 & 0 m9i/] ( ! ,fir/ 7,congregational7 ,*ur*1 ,exet]1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 9 #ahde-aheb4 ,he became pr(essor ( natural & reveal$ religion 9 ,b[do9 ,college1 ,brunswick1 ,ma9e1 9 #aheb1 & 9 #ahee pr(essor ( *ur* hi/ory 9 ! ,union ,!ological ,sem9>y 9 ,new ,york1 ( :i* he 0 presid5t 9 #ahhj-ahhg4 ,he di$ at ,som]set1 ,mass41 on ! #af? ( ,june #ahhg4 ,among 8 works are3 ,life ( ,edw>d ,rob9son 7#ahfc72 ,socialism 7#ahgi72 ,c>m9a ,sanctorum 7) ,z4 ,eddy & ,l4 ,w4 ,mudge1 #ahhe72 & ,et]nal ,atonem5t 7#ahhh74 ,,hit*91 a m>ket t[n 9 ! ,hit*9 p>liam5t>y division ( ,h]t=d%ire1 ,engl&1 on ! small riv] ,hiz1 #cb m4 ,n4 f ,london by ! ,great ,nor!rn railway4 ,pop4 ( urban di/rict 7#aija7 #aj1jgb4 ,x is ! junction ( ! ma9 l9e ) ! ,cambridge bran*1 & ) a bran* ( ! ,midl& railway to ,b$=d4 ,! *ur* ( ,/ ,m>y is ,p]p5dicul>1 ) a f9e por*1 a pa9t+ ( ! ,adoration ( ! ,magi1 attribut$ to ,rub5s1 a small crypt said to h be5 us$ by ,cromwell z a prison = ! ,royali/s1 & _m int]e/+ monum5ts4 ,hit*9 ,priory is a mansion on ! site ( a ,c>melite f\ndation ( ! e>ly #ad? c5tury4 ,a ,gilb]t9e nunn]y1 f\nd$ lat] 9 ! same c5tury1 /ood adjac5t to ! *ur*1 & portions ( ! build+s appe> 9 an exi/+ block ( alm%\ses4 ,! gramm> s*ool 7#afcb7 0 recon/itut$ 9 #ahhi = boys & girls4 ,/raw-plait+1 malt+1 brew+1 & ! cultivation & di/illation ( lav5d] & pepp]m9t are c>ri$ on4 ,,hittites1 an anci5t p1 allud$ to frequ5tly 9 ! e>li] records ( ,israel1 & also1 "u slightly v>iant names1 9 ,egyptian records ( ! ,x,v,i,i,ith1 ,x,i,xth & ,x,xth ,dyna/ies1 & 9 ,assyrian f ab\t #aajj to #gjj ,b4,c4 ,!y appe> also 9 ! ,vannic cunei=m texts1 & are believ$ to be ! au?ors ( a class ( monum5ts be>+ inscriptions 9 a peculi> pictographic "*1 & widely di/ribut$ ov] ,asia ,m9or & ,n4 ,syria1 ar\nd :i* mu* controv]sy has rag$ dur+ ! pa/ ?irty ye>s4 #a4 ,! ,bible4--,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ! "n ( ! race is writt5 ,he? 7) initial aspirate71 memb]s ( x be+ ,hitti1 ,hittim1 :i* ! ,septuag9t r5d]s ,greek3 *et1 ,greek3 *ettaios1 ,greek3 *ette9 or ,greek3 *etteim1 keep+1 x w be not$1 epsilon 9 ! /em ?r\gh\t4 ,! race appe>s 9 two connexions1 7a7 ,9 pre-,israelite ,pale/9e1 x is resid5t ab\t ,hebron 7,g54 xxiii4 #c71 & 9 ! c5tral upl&s 7,num4 xiii4 #bi74 ,to ,jo%ua 7i4 #d7 is promis$ f ! wild]ness & ?is ,lebanon ev5 unto ! great riv]1 ! riv] ,euphrates1 all ! l& ( ! ,hittites4 ,! t]m wild]ness "h is ( geographical ambiguity2 b ! promise is usually tak5 to mean t ,pale/9e itself 0 "p ( ! ,hittite l& be=e ! com+ ( ,israel2 & an apo/rophe ( ,ezekiel 7xvi4 #c7 to ,j]usalem1 ?y "m 707 an ,hittite1 is quot$ 9 confirmation4 ,"u ! mon>*y we he> frequ5tly ( ,hittites )9 ! bord]s ( ,israel1 b ei!r z a small subject p1 c\pl$ ) o!r petty tribes1 or z individuals 9 ! ,jewi% s]vice 7e4g4 ,uriah1 9 ! "t ( ,david74 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t !re surviv$ 9 ,pale/9e to late times a deta*$ ,hittite population1 ) :i* ,hebrews sometimes int]m>ri$ 7,judges iii4 #e-f2 ,g54 xxvi4 #cd7 & liv$ 9 relations n[ amicable1 n[ tyrannical 7e4g4 ,hittites 7 made tribut>y bondsm5 by ,solomon1 #a ,k+s ix4 #bj1 #ba2 #b ,*ron4 viii4 #g1 #h74 7b7 ,an indep5d5t & p[]ful ,hittite p 0 domicil$ ,n4 ( ,pale/9e prop]1 organiz$ r z a conf$]acy ( tribes ?an a s+le mon>*y 7#a ,k+s x4 #bh2 #b ,k+s vii4 #f74 ,presumably x 0 a daught] ( ^! ,hittites t ,solomon took to wife4 ,if ! em5dation ( #b ,sam4 xxiv4 #fd1 ,tahtim-hod%i1 bas$ on ! ,septuag9t v]sion ,greek3 g5 *etteim kades be accept$1 we he> ( !m at ,kade% on ,orontes2 & "s m9or ,hittite cities are m5tion$1 e4g4 ,luz2 b no "o capital city ( ! race is cle>ly indicat$4 ,c>*emi%1 on ! ,euphrates1 ?\gh m5tion$ ?ree times 7#b ,*ron4 xxxv4 #bj2 ,isa4 x4 #i2 ,j]4 xlvi4 #b71 is n connect$ explicitly ) ,hittites1 a fact :i* is n surpris+1 s9ce t city 0 no long] "u a ,hatti dyna/y at ! epo* ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ref]5ces4 ,s f> z ! ,old ,te/am5t goes1 !re=e1 we ga!r t ! ,hittites 7 a consid]able p1 widely spread 9 ,syria1 9 "p subdu$ & to "s ext5t assimilat$ by ,israel1 b 9 "p out ( rea*4 ,! latt] portion 0 n mu* kn[n to ! ,hebrews1 b 0 vaguely fe>$ z a p[] 9 ! e>ly days ( ! mon>*y1 ?\gh n 9 ! lat] pre-,captivity p]iod4 ,! id5tification ( ! nor!rn & s\!rn ,hittites1 h[ev]1 pres5ts c]ta9 difficulties n yet fully expla9$2 & x seems t we mu/ assume ,he? to h be5 ! "n bo? ( a c\ntry 9 ! nor? & ( a tribal population n conf9$ to t c\ntry4 #b4 ,egyptian ,records4--,! deciph]m5t ( ! inscriptions ( ! ,x,v,i,i,ith ,!ban ,dyna/y l$1 be=e ! middle ( ! #ai? c5tury1 to ! discov]y ( ! important "p play$ 9 ! ,syrian campaigns ( ,te?mosis 7,?o?mes7 ,,iii4 by ! ,h-t#h 7vulg>ly translit]at$ ,kheta1 ?\gh ! vocalization is unc]ta974 ,! co9cid5ce ( ?is "n1 beg9n+ ) an aspirate1 l$ ,h4 ,k4 ,brugs* to id5tify ! ,kheta ) ,he?4 ,t id5tification /&s1 & no e>li] ,egyptian m5tion ( ! race has be5 f\nd4 ,te?mosis ,,iii4 f\nd ! ,kheta 7,great & ,little7 9 ,n4 ,syria1 n app>5tly at ,kade%1 b at ,c>*emi%1 ?\gh !y _h n be5 9 possession ( ! latt] place long 7n 9 ! epo* ( ,te?mosis ,i4's ,syrian campaign74 ,!y 7 a p[] /rong en\gh to give ! ,ph>aoh cause to vaunt 8 success 7see also ,,egypt3 ,anci5t ,hi/ory1 ,s ,! ,new ,empire74 ,?\gh he says he levi$ tribute ^u !m1 8 successors 9 ! dyna/y ne>ly all record fre% w>s ) ! ,kheta :o appe> z ! nor!rnmo/ ( ,ph>aoh's enemies1 & ,am5ophis or ,am5hotep ,,iii4 saw fit to take to wife ,gilukhipa1 a ,syrian pr9cess1 :o may or may n h be5 a ,hittite4 ,?is que5 is by "s suppos$ to h introduc$ into ,egypt c]ta9 exotic ideas :i* blossom$ 9 ! reign ( ,am5ophis ,,iv4 ,! fir/ ,ph>aoh ( ! succe$+ dyna/y1 ,rameses ,i41 came to t]ms ) a ,kheta k+ call$ ,saplel or ,sap>ura2 b ,seti ,i4 aga9 attack$ ! ,kheta 7#acff ,b4,c471 :o _h app>5tly pu%$ s\?w>ds4 ,=c$ back by ,seti1 ! ,kheta return$ & 7 f\nd hold+ ,kade% by ,rameses ,,ii41 :o1 9 8 fif? ye>1 !re f\ght aga9/ !m & a l>ge body ( allies1 drawn probably 9 "p f beyond ,taurus1 ! battle :i* occasion$ ! monum5tal poem ( ,p5taur4 ,aft] long /ruggles1 a treaty 0 conclud$ 9 ,rameses's tw5ty-fir/ ye>1 betwe5 ,ph>aoh & ,khetas> 7i4e4 ,kheta-k+71 ( :i* we possess an ,egyptian copy4 ,! discov]y ( a cunei=m tablet conta9+ a copy ( ?is same treaty1 9 ! ,babylonian language1 0 report$ f ,boghaz ,keui 9 ,cappadocia by ,h4 ,w9ckl] 9 #aijg4 ,x argues ! ,kheta a p ( consid]able civilization4 ,! ,kheta k+ subsequ5tly visit$ ,ph>aoh & gave him 8 daught] to wife4 ,rameses' successor1 ,m9eptah1 rema9$ on t]ms ) ! ,kheta folk2 b 9 ! reign ( ,rameses ,,iii4 7,dyn4 ,,xx47 ! latt] seem to h jo9$ 9 ! great raid ( nor!rn tribes on ,egypt :i* 0 *eck$ by ! battle ( ,pelusium4 ,f ?is po9t 7c4 #aaej ,b4,c47--! po9t at :i* 7r\ghly7 ! mon>*ic hi/ory ( ,israel 9 ,pale/9e op5s--,egyptian records cease to m5tion ,kheta2 & z we "k f o!r s\rces t ! latt] cont9u$ p[]ful 9 ,c>*emi% = "s c5turies to come1 we mu/ presume t ! rise ( ! ,israelite /ate int]pos$ an effective political b>ri]4 #c4 ,assyrian ,records4--,9 an inscription ( ,tigla? ,piles] ,i4 7ab\t #aajj ,b4,c471 fir/ deciph]$ 9 #aheg1 a p call$ ,khatti is m5tion$ z p[]ful 9 ,girgami% on ,euphrates 7i4e4 ,c>*emi%72 & 9 o!r records ( ! same mon>*1 subsequ5tly read1 mu* m5tion is made ( ?is & ( o!r ,n4 ,syrian names4 ,^! ,khatti appe> aga9 9 ! inscriptions ( ,assur-nazir-pal 7e>ly #i? c5tury ,b4,c471 9 ^: "t ,c>*emi% 0 v weal?y1 & ! ,khatti p[] ext5d$ f> ov] ,n4 ,syria & ev5 into ,mesopotamia4 ,%almanes] ,,ii4 7d4 #hbe ,b4,c47 raid$ ! ,khatti & _! allies ye> aft] ye>2 & at la/ ,s>gon ,,iii41 9 #gag ,b4,c41 relates t he captur$ ,c>*emi% & its k+1 ,pisiris1 & put an end to its indep5d5ce4 ,we he> no m ( x !nce=w>d4 ,^! ,khatti1 !re is no reasonable d\bt1 are id5tical ) ,kheta4 7,= ! *ronology see fur!r "u ,,babylonia ,,& ,,assyria47 #d4 ,o!r ,cunei=m ,records4--,! "n ( ! race appe>s 9 c]ta9 ( ! ,tel-el-,am>na lett]s1 tablets writt5 9 ,babylonian script to ,am5ophis 7,am5hotep7 ,,iv4 & f\nd 9 #ahib on ! site ( 8 capital4 ,"s ( 8 gov]nors 9 ,syrian di/ricts 7e4g4 "o ,aziru ( ,pho5icia7 report movem5ts ( ! ,hittites1 :o 7 !n pursu+ an aggressive policy 7ab\t #adjj ,b4,c474 ,!re are also o!r lett]s f rul]s ( pr9cipalities 9 ,n4 ,syria 7,mitanni7 & ,e4 ,asia ,m9or 7,arzawa71 :o write 9 non-,semitic tongues & are suppos$ to h be5 ,hittites4 ,c]ta9 ,khate or ,khati are m5tion$ 9 ! ,vannic inscriptions 7deciph]$ p>tially by ,a4 ,h4 ,sayce & o!rs7 z attack$ by k+s ( ,bianas 7,van71 & app>5tly domicil$ on ! middle ,euphrates ,n4 ( ,taurus 9 ! #i? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,?is "n aga9 may safely be id5tifi$ ) ,khatti-,kheta4 ,! ,khatti also appe> on a prophecy-tablet1 ref]r+ o/5sibly to ! "t ( ,s>gon ( ,agade 7middle ( #d? mill5nium ,b4,c472 b ! docum5t is probably ( v mu* lat] date4 ,la/ly1 a fragm5t>y *ronicle ( ! #a/ ,babylonian ,dyna/y m5tions an invasion ( ,akkad by !m ab\t #ahjj ,b4,c4 ,f all ^! v>i\s s\rces we %\ld ga!r t ! ,hittites 7 among ! m important racial elem5ts 9 ,n4 ,syria & ,s4,e4 ,asia ,m9or = at lea/ a ?\s& ye>s4 ,! limits at ea* end1 h[ev]1 are v ill def9$1 ! sup]ior fall+ n lat] ?an #bjjj ,b4,c4 & ! inf]ior n e>li] ?an #fjj ,b4,c4 ,?is p 0 militant1 aggressive & unsettl$ 9 ! e>li] "p ( t "t2 comm]cial1 weal?y & en]vat$ 9 ! latt]4 ,a memorial ( its trad+ long rema9$ 9 ,asia 9 ! %ape ( ! weight-measure call$ 9 cunei=m records ! maneh ( ,c>*emi%4 ,^! ,hittites _h close relations ) o!r ,asia ,m9or peoples1 & at times head$ a conf$]acy4 ,dur+ ! lat] "p ( _! hi/ory !y 7 9 cont9ual contact ) ,assyria1 &1 z a ,syrian p[]1 & p]haps also z a ,cappadocian "o1 !y f9ally succumb$ to ,assyrian pressure4 ,! ,hittite ,monum5ts4--,x rema9s to consid] 9 ! light ( ! =ego+ evid5ce a class ( monum5ts to :i* att5tion began to be call$ ab\t #ahgj4 ,9 t ye> two ,am]icans1 ,consul ,j4 ,a4 ,johnson & ! ,rev4 ,s4 ,jessup1 r$iscov]$1 at ,hamah 7,hama?7 on ,orontes1 five basaltic blocks be>+ pictographic inscriptions 9 relief1 "o ( :i* _h be5 report$ by ,j4 ,l4 ,burckh>dt 9 #ahab4 ,9 spite ( _! ef=ts & subsequ5t attempts made by ,tyr:itt ,drake & ,ri*>d ,burton1 :5 consul at ,damascus1 prop] copies c\ld n be obta9$2 & x 0 n till ! end ( #ahgb t1 ?anks to ,w4 ,wright ( ,beirut1 ca/s 7 tak5 & ! /ones !mselves s5t to ,con/ant9ople by ,subhi ,pa%a ( ,damascus4 ,z usually happ5s :5 a new class ( antiquities is ann\nc$1 x 0 soon f\nd t ! ,hama?ite inscriptions did n /& alone4 ,a monum5t 9 ! same script _h be5 se5 9 ,aleppo by ,tyr:itt ,drake & ,george ,smi? 9 #ahgb4 ,x /ill exi/s1 built into a mosque on ! we/]n wall ( ! city4 ,c]ta9 clay seal+s1 eight ( :i* bore pictographic signs1 f\nd by ,a4 ,h4 ,lay>d 9 ! palace ( ,assur-bani-pal at ,kuyunjik 7,n9eveh71 z long ago z #ahea & notic$ !n z 9 a d\btful "*1 7 comp>$ by ,hayes ,w>d & f\nd to be ( ! ,hama?ite class4 ,a new copy ( ! long kn[n rock-sculpture at ,ivriz#a 9 ,s4,w4 ,cappadocia 0 publi%$ by ,e4 ,j4 ,davis 9 #ahgf1 & cle>ly %[$ ,hama?ite *>act]s accompany+ ! figures4 ,davis also report$1 b did n see1 a simil> inscription at ,bulg> ,mad51 n f> away4 ,sculptures se5 by ,w4 ,sk5e & ,george ,smi? at ,j]ablus1 on ! middle ,euphrates1 l$ to excavations be+ und]tak5 !re1 9 #ahgh1 by ! ,briti% ,museum1 & to ! discov]y ( c]ta9 ,hama?ite inscriptions accompany+ sculptures1 a few ( :i* 7 br\ght to ,london4 ,! conduct ( ^! excavations1 ow+ to ! dea? ( ,george ,smi?1 devolv$ on ,consul ,h5d]son ( ,aleppo1 & 0 n satisfactorily c>ri$ out4 ,mean:ile ,wright1 ,w>d & ,sayce _h all sugge/$ ,hittite z a sub/itute = ,hama?ite1 because no o!r ,n4 ,syrian p loom$ s l>ge 9 anci5t records z did ! ,hittites1 & ! sugge/ion began to f9d acceptance4 ,j]ablus 0 confid5tly id5tifi$ ) ,c>*emi% 7b )\t positive pro( to ?is day71 & ! occurr5ce ( ,hama?ite monum5ts !re 0 held to confirm ! ,hittite !ory4 ,9 #ahgf ,sayce po9t$ out ! resemblance betwe5 c]ta9 ,hittite signs & *>act]s 9 ! lately deciph]$ ,cypriote syllab>y1 & sugge/$ t ! comp>ison might lead to a beg9n+ ( deciph]m5t2 b ! hope has prov$ va94 ,to ?is s*ol>1 h[ev]1 is ow$ ! next great /ep ahead4 ,9 #ahgi x fir/ occurr$ to him to comp>e ! rock-monum5ts at ,boghaz ,keui 7see ,,pt]ia7 & ,euyuk 9 ,n4 ,cappadocia1 discov]$ by ,texi] & ,hamilton 9 #ahce & subsequ5tly explor$ by ,g4 ,p]rot & ,e4 ,guillaume4 ,^!1 he n[ saw1 bore ,hittite pictographs4 ,o!r rock-sculptures at ,giaur ,kalessi1 9 ,galatia1 & 9 ! ,k>abel pass ne> ,smyrna1 he suspect$ ( belong+ to ! same class#b2 & visit+ ! la/-nam$ locality 9 ! autumn1 he f\nd ,hittite pictographs accompany+ "o ( ! two figures4#c ,he ann\nc$ 8 discov]ies 9 #ahhj1 & proclaim$ ! fact t a great ,hittite empire1 ext5d+ f ,kade% to ,smyrna1 _h ris5 f ! dead4 ,a mon? lat] he _h ! good =tune to recov] copies ( a silv] boss1 or hilt-top1 (f]$ to v>i\s museums ab\t #ahfj1 b reject$ by !m z a mean+less =g]y & = a long "t lo/ aga9 to sight4 ,r\nd ! rim 0 a cunei=m leg5d1 & 9 ! field a ,hittite figure ) six ,hittite symbols engrav$ twice ov] on ei!r h& ( x4 ,read+ ! cunei=m z ,t>qu-dimme s> mat ,erme 7i4e4 ,t4 k+ ( ! c\ntry ,e471 ,sayce di/ribut$ phonetic values1 correspond+ to ! syllables ( ! two prop] names1 among f\r ( ! ,hittite *>act]s1 res]v+ two z ideograms ( k+ & c\ntry1 & laun*$ into ! field ( deciph]m5t4 ,b he subsequ5tly recogniz$ t ?is 0 a false />t1 & began afre% f ano!r basis4 ,s9ce !n a numb] ( o!r monum5ts h be5 f\nd1 "s on new sites1 o!rs on sites already kn[n to be ,hittite1 ! di/ribution ( :i* c be se5 by ref]5ce to ! accompany+ map4 ,x w be obs]v$ t1 s f> z at pres5t kn[n1 !y clu/] mo/ closely 9 ,commag5e1 ,cappadocia & ,s4 ,phrygia4 ,! foll[+ notes supplem5t ! map3-- ,a4 ,,we/ ,,asia ,,m9or4--,niobe 7,suratlu ,ta%7 & ,k>abel 7two72 rock-cut figures ) mu* defac$ hi]oglyphs 9 relief4 ,rema9s ( build+s1 n yet explor$1 lie ne> ! ,niobe figure4 ,no?+ purely ,hittite has be5 f\nd at ,s>dis or 9 any ,w4 ,asian excavation2 b small ,hittite objects h be5 sold 9 ,smyrna & ,aid94 ,b4 ,,phrygia4--,giaur-,kalessi2 rock-cut figures & rema9s ( a /ronghold1 b no inscriptions4 ,doghanlud]e & ,beikeui 9 ! ,phrygian rock-monum5t c\ntry2 at ! fir/ is a sculptur$ rock-panel ) a few pictographs 9 relief2 at ! latt] a fragm5t ( an inscription 9 relief 0 dis9t]r$ f a m\nd4 ,kolitolu ,yaila1 ne> ,ilgh92 block inscrib$ 9 relief1 dis9t]r$ f m\nds app>5tly m>k+ a camp or palace-enclosure4 ,eflatun ,bun> 7 ,plato's ,spr+71 ,w4 ( ,konia2 megali?ic build+ ) rude & greatly defac$ reliefs1 n c]ta9ly ,hittite3 no inscription4 ,fassil]1 ,w4 ( ,konia2 gigantic /ela1 or composite /atue 7figure on animals71 n c]ta9ly ,hittite2 no inscription4 ,konia2 relief ( w>rior1 drawn by ,texi] 9 #ahce & s9ce lo/2 ( v d\btful ,hittite "*4 ,a gold inscrib$ ,hittite r+1 n[ at ,ox=d1 0 b\ght !re 9 #aijc4 ,emirghazi 7anc4 ,ardi/ama872 ?ree inscriptions 9 relief 7two on alt>s7 & l>ge m\nds4 ,evid5tly an important ,hittite site4 ,k>a-,dagh2 hill-sanctu>y ) incis$ c>v+ ( seat$ figure & inscriptions1 f\nd by ,miss ,g4 ,l4 ,bell & ,sir ,w4 ,m4 ,ramsay 9 #aijg 7see _! ,?\s& & ,"o ,*ur*es1 #aiji74 ,c4 ,,nor? ,,cappadocia4--,boghaz ,keui 7see ,,pt]ia72 l>ge city ) rema9s ( palace1 citadel1 walls1 c4 ,long rock-cut inscription ( t5 l9es 9 relief1 two %ort relief inscriptions cut on blocks1 & also cunei=m tablets 9 ,babylonian & also 9 a native language1 fir/ f\nd 9 situ 9 #ahic1 & %[+ ! site to be ! capital ( ,arzawa1 :5ce came two ( ! ,tell el-,am>na lett]s4 ,ne> ! site are ! rock reliefs ( ,yasili ,kaya 9 two hypae?ral gall]ies1 %[+1 9 ! "o1 two processions compos$ ( ov] sixty figures meet+ at ! head ( ! gall]y2 9 ! o!r1 isolat$ gr\ps ( figures1 fifte5 9 numb] 7see = detail$ description ,murray's ,guide to ,asia ,m9or1 #ahie1 pp4 #bc ff474 ,pictographs accompany _m ( ! figures4 ,! :ole makes ! mo/ ext5sive gr\p ( ,hittite rema9s yet kn[n4 ,boghaz ,keui 0 nev] ?or\ghly explor$ until #aijg1 ! survey ( ,p]rot & ,guillaume hav+ be5 sup]ficial only & ! excavations ( ,e4 ,*antre 7#ahid7 v slight4 ,9 #aijf a ,g]man exp$ition "u ,pr(essor ,h4 ,w9ckl] und]took ! "w1 & great numb]s ( cunei=m tablets 7 f\nd4 ,^! ref] to ! reigns ( at lea/ f\r k+s f ,subbiluliuma 7 ,saplel1 see above7 to ,hattusil ,,ii4 or ,kh>tusil 7 ,khetas>1 see above74 ,! latt] 0 an ally ( ,kata%manturgu ( ,babylon1 & p[]ful en\gh to write to ! ,babylonian c\rt z a sov]eign ( equal /&+4 ,8 lett] %[s t he consid]$ ! rise ( ,assyria a m5ace to himself4 ,w9ckl] claims to read ,hatti z ! "n ( ! possessors ( ,boghaz ,keui1 & to f9d 9 ?is "n ! pro( ( ! ,hittite "* ( ,syro-,cappadocian p[] & ( ! imp]ial pr$om9ance ( ! city4 ,b x rema9s to be prov$ :e!r ^! tablets 7 writt5 !re1 & n r1 be+ 9 a =eign script1 abroad1 l mo/ ( ! ,tell el-,am>na ar*ives4 ,o4 ,pu*/e9 has cle>$ & /udi$ important ar*itectural rema9s4 ,euyuk2 l>ge m\nd ) rema9s ( palace ent]$ betwe5 sph9xes4 ,sculptur$ wall-dados1 b no ,hittite inscriptions4 ,cunei=m tablets2 "s ,babylonian1 o!rs 9 a native language4 ,also inscriptions 9 e>ly ,phrygian "* & language1 f\nd 9 #ahid4 ,! mo/ fam\s ( ,hittite reliefs is "h--a d\ble-head$ eagle display$ on ! flank ( "o ( ! gateway sph9xes4 ,?is is suppos$ to h sugge/$ to ! ,seljuks ( ,konia _! h]aldic device adopt$ 9 ! #ac? c5tury1 :i*1 br\ght to ,europe by ! ,crusad]s1 became ! emblem ( ,teutonic empire 9 #acde4 ,?is d]ivation mu/ be tak51 h[ev]1 cum grano1 pro( ( its successive /eps be+ want+4 ,k>a-,euyuk2 a m\nd ne> ,d$ik1 p>tially excavat$ by ,e4 ,*antre 9 #ahid4 ,cunei=m tablets & small objects possibly1 b n c]ta9ly1 ,hittite4 ,a colossal eagle 0 f\nd on a des]t$ site ne> ,yamuli on ! middle ,halys1 9 #aijg by ,w4 ,attmore ,rob9son4 ,illu/ration3 ,map ( ,hittite rema9s4 ,d4 ,,s\? ,,cappadocia4--,k>aburna2 long1 incis$ rock-inscription4 ,bogja1 eight h\rs we/ ( ,kais>iye2 f\r-sid$ /ela ) incis$ inscription4 ,ass>jik1 on ! side ( ,mt4 ,argaeus2 incis$ rock-inscription4 ,ekrek2 a fragm5t>y inscription 9 relief & an incis$ inscription on a /ela ( v late appe>ance4 ,frakt9 or ,f>akd9 7probably anc4 ,das-t>kon72 sculptur$ rock-panel %[+ two gr\ps ( figures 9 act ( cult1 ) hi]oglyphs 9 relief4 ,arslan ,ta%1 ne> ,comana 7,cappadocia71 on ! ,soghan ,dagh2 two colossal lions1 "o ) incis$ inscription4 ,ta%ji 9 ! ,zamanti valley2 rock-relief ) rudely incis$ inscription4 ,&aval & ,bor2 inscriptions incis$ on sculptur$ /elae ( k+s 7871 probably f ,tyana 7,ekuzli ,hiss>74 ,all are n[ 9 ,con/ant9ople4 ,a silv] seal ) hi]oglyphs1 n[ at ,ox=d1 came also f ,bor4 ,nigdeh2 basalt drum or alt> ) incis$ inscription4 ,ivriz2 rock-sculpture ( k+ ador+ god1 ) ?ree inscriptions 9 relief4 ,a second sculpture1 simil> 9 subject b small] & mu* defac$1 0 f\nd h>d by 9 #aijf4 ,bulg> ,mad52 long incis$ rock inscription1 ne> silv]-m9es4 ,gorun 7,gurun72 two rock-inscriptions 9 relief1 mu* damag$4 ,arslan-,tepe1 ne> ,ordasu 7two h\rs f ,malatia72 l>ge m\nd :5ce two sculptur$ /elae or wall-blocks ) inscriptions 9 relief h be5 une>!d 7n[ 9 ,con/ant9ople & ! ,l\vre74 ,f\r o!r reliefs1 report$ f\nd ne> ,malatia & publi%$ by ,j4 ,g>/ang 9 ,annals ,ar*4 & ,an?rop41 #aijh1 probably came also f ,arslan ,tepe4 ,palanga2 l[] aniconic half ( drap$ /atue ) incis$ inscription1 n[ 9 ,con/ant9ople4 ,also a small basalt lion4 ,arslan ,ta%1 ne> ,palanga2 two rude gateway lions1 un9scrib$4 ,yapalak2 defac$ inscription1 report$ by ,j4 ,s4 ,/]rett b nev] copi$4 ,izg92 obelisk ) long inscription 9 relief on all f\r faces1 n[ 9 ,con/ant9ople4 ,^! la/ f\r places seem to lie on a ma9 road lead+ f ,cappadocia to ,m>a% & ! ,syrian sites4 ,! exp$ition s5t out by ,cornell ,univ]sity 9 #aijg f\nd sev]al ,hittite inscriptions on rocks ne> ,d>5de 9 ! valley ( ! ,tokhma ,su4 ,e4 ,,nor? ,,syria4--,m>a%2 sev]al monum5ts 7/elae1 wall-blocks & two lions7 ) inscriptions1 bo? 9 relief & incis$ 7"p are n[ at ,con/ant9ople1 "p 9 ,b]l9 & ,am]ica72 evid5tly "o ( ! mo/ important ( ,hittite sites4 ,k>abur%lu1 ,arbi/an1 ,g]*91 ,s9j]li2 m\nds ab\t ! head-wat]s ( ! ,k>a ,su4 ,! la/-nam$ m\nd1 br\ght to ,o4 ,pu*/e9's notice 9 #ahhb by ! *ance discov]y ( sculptur$ wall-dados1 n[ 9 ,con/ant9ople1 0 ! sc5e ( ext5sive ,g]man excavations 9 #ahic-ahid1 direct$ by ,f4 v4 ,lus*an & ,k4 ,koldewey1 & 0 f\nd to cov] a wall$ t[n ) c5tral =tifi$ palace4 ,hittite1 cunei=m & old ,aramaean monum5ts 7 f\nd ) _m small objects1 mo/ ( :i* h be5 tak5 to ,b]l92 b no ,hittite inscriptions came to light4 ,sak*egeuzu 7,sak*egozu71 a site ) sev]al m\nds betwe5 ,s9j]li & ,a9tab2 s]ies ( reliefs1 once wall-dados1 n[ 9 ,b]l9 & ,con/ant9ople4 ,?is site is 9 process ( excavation by ,pr(essor ,j4 ,g>/ang ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,liv]pool4 ,a sculptur$ portico has come to light 9 ! smalle/ ( ! five m\nds1 & mu* pott]y1 ) incis$ & pa9t$ decoration1 has be5 recov]$4 ,a9tab2 fragm5t ( relief inscription4 ,samsat 7,samosata72 sculptur$ /ela ) incis$ inscription mu* defac$4 ,j]ablus2 see above4 ,sev]al ,hittite objects s5t f ,birejik & ,a9tab to ,europe probably came f ,j]ablus1 o!rs f ,tell ,ba%> on ! ,sajur4 ,kellekli1 ne> ,j]ablus2 two /elae1 "o ) relief inscription4 ,isk&]un 7,alex&retta72 s\rce ( a long inscription cut on bo? sides ( a sph]oidal object ( unkn[n orig94 ,kir*oglu1 a site on ! ,afr91 :5ce a fragm5t>y drap$ /atue ) incis$ inscription 0 s5t to ,b]l94 ,aleppo2 inscription 9 relief 7see above74 ,tell ,ahm> 7on left bank ( ,euphrates72 l>ge /ela ) sculpture & long relief inscription1 f\nd 9 #aijh ) sev]al sculptur$ slabs & two gateway lions1 inscrib$ 9 cunei=m4 ,two h\rs s\?1 a lion & a fragm5t ( a relief inscription 7 f\nd 9 #aiji by ,miss ,g4 ,l4 ,bell4 ,tell ,halaf 9 ,mid-,mesopotamia1 ne> ,ras el-,a92 sculptures on portico ( a temple or palace2 cunei=m inscriptions & l>ge m\nds1 explor$ 9 #aijb by ,opp5heim4 ,hamah2 five blocks inscrib$ 9 relief 7see above74 ,f4 ,,outly+ ,,sites4--,erz]um2 s\rce ( an incis$ inscription1 p]haps n orig9ally f\nd !re4 ,k$abeg2 metal boss or hilt-top ) pictographs1 f\nd 9 a tomb & /at$ by ,f4 ,hommel to be ,hittite1 b d\btful4 ,toprak ,kaleh2 bronze fragm5ts ) two pictographs2 d\btful if ,hittite4 ,n9eveh2 seal+s1 see above4 ,babylon2 a b[l & a /ela ( /orm-god1 bo? ) incis$ inscriptions2 d\btless spoil ( w> or tribute br\ght f ,syria4 ,! b[l is inscrib$ r\nd ! outside1 ! /ela on ! back4 7,= a detail$ description ( ! subjects ( ! reliefs1 c41 ) ! necess>y illu/rations1 see ! works indicat$ 9 ! bibliography47 ,/ructures4--,! /ructural rema9s f\nd z yet on ,hittite sites are few1 scanty & f> betwe54 ,!y consi/ (3 7a7 ,gr\nd plans ( a palatial build+ & ?ree temples & =tifications ) sculptur$ gate at ,boghaz ,keui4 ,! palace 0 built r\nd a c5tral c\rt1 flank$ by passages & ent]$ by a doorway ( ?ree battants hung on two columns4 ,! :ole plan be>s m ?an a sup]ficial resemblance to ^? ( ,cretan palaces 9 ! lat] ,m9oan p]iod4 ,only ! r\gh core ( ! walls is /&+ to a height ( ab\t #c ft4 ,! =tifications ( ! citadel h an elaborate d\ble gate ) flank+ t[]s1 7b7 ,=tifications1 palace1 c41 at ,s9j]li4 ,! gates "h are m elaborate ?an at ,boghaz ,keui1 b plann$ ) ! same idea--t ( entrapp+ 9 an enclos$ space1 b>r$ by a second door1 an enemy :o may h =c$ ! fir/ door1 :ile flank+ t[]s w\ld add to 8 discomfiture4 ,! palace plan is aga9 rectangul>1 ) a c5tral pill>$ hall1 & v simil> 9 plan to t ( ,boghaz ,keui4 ,! massive walls are also ( simil> con/ruction4 ,dados ( relief-sculpture run r\nd ! inn] walls2 ?is feature seems to h be5 common to ,hittite build+s ( a sumptu\s k9d1 & acc\nts = mo/ ( ! sculptur$ blocks t h be5 f\nd1 e4g4 at ,j]ablus1 ,sakh*egeuzu1 ,euyuk1 ,arslan ,tepe1 c4 ,columns1 probably ( wood1 re/$ on bases c>v$ z w+$ lions1 7c7 ,gate ) sculptur$ approa* at ,euyuk4 ,! gr\nd plan ( ! gate is practically ! same 9 idea z t at ,s9j]li4 ,/ructures 7 f\nd at ,j]ablus1 b nev] prop]ly uncov]$ or plann$1 7d7 ,sculptur$ porticoes ( temples or palaces uncov]$ at ,sak*egeuzu & ,tell ,halaf 7see above74 ,on o!r sites1 e4g4 ,arslan ,tepe 7,ordasu71 ,arbi/an1 ,m>a% 7above ! mod]n t[n & ne> ! spr+s71 ,beikeui1 m\nds1 d\btless cov]+ /ructures1 may be se51 & sculptur$ slabs h be5 recov]$4 ,! m\nds1 probably ,hittite1 9 ,n4 ,syria alone are to be c\nt$ by hundr$s4 ,no tombs c]ta9ly ,hittite h be5 f\nd1#d ?\gh x is possible t "s ( ! reliefs 7e4g4 at ,frakt97 are ( fun]>y "*4 ,sculptures & o!r ,objects ( ,art4--,! sculptures hi!rto f\nd consi/ ( reliefs on rocks & on /elae1 ei!r honorific or fun]>y2 reliefs on blocks =m+ p>ts ( wall-dados2 & a few figures m or less 9 ! r\nd1 ?\gh mo/ ( ^! 7e4g4 ! sph9xes ( ,euyuk & ! lions ( ,arslan ,ta% & ,m>a%7 are n completely dis5gag$ f ! block4 ,! mo/ consid]able sculptur$ rock-panels are at ,boghaz ,keui 7see ,pt]ia72 ! o!rs 7,ivriz1 ,frakt91 ,k>abel1 ,giaur ,kalessi1 ,doghanlud]e71 x %\ld be obs]v$1 all lie ,n4 ( ,taurus--a fact ( "s be>+ on ! problem ( ! orig9 & local domicile ( ! art1 s9ce rock-reliefs1 at any rate1 _c be o!rwise ?an 9 situ4 ,sculptur$ /elae1 honorific or fun]>y1 all ) pyramidal or slightly r\nd$ upp] ends1 & %[+ a s+le regal or div9e figure or two figures1 h come to light at ,bor1 ,m>a%1 ,s9j]li1 ,j]ablus1 ,babylon1 c4 ,^!1 l mo/ ( ! rock-panels1 are all m>k$ z ,hittite by accompany+ pictographic inscriptions4 ,! wall-blocks are seldom inscrib$1 ! exceptions 7e4g4 ! ,arslan ,tepe lion-hunt & c]ta9 blocks f ,m>a% & ,j]ablus7 be+ n m c]ta9ly wall-dados ?an /elae4 ,! only fairly complete an?ropoid /atue kn[n is ! mu*-defac$ ,niobe at ,suratlu ,ta%1 engag$ 9 ! rock beh9d4 ,! aniconic l[] "p ( an inscrib$ /atue :olly 9 ! r\nd 0 f\nd at ,palanga1 & p>ts ( o!rs at ,kir*oglu & ,m>a%4 ,despite consid]able diff]5ces 9 execution & details1 all ^! sculptures %[ "o g5]al type ( art1 a type :i* recalls n[ ,babylonian1 n[ ,assyrian1 n[ ,egyptian1 n[ ar*aic ,ionian1 /yle1 b is always individual & easily di/+ui%able f ! actual products ( ^? peoples4 ,! figures1 :e!r ( m5 or bea/s1 are ( a squat1 heavy ord]1 ) int]nal features 7e4g4 bones1 muscles1 c47 %[n z if ext]nal1 z 9 "s ,mesopotamian sculptures4 ,! human type is always v bra*ycephalic1 ) br[ rec$+ %>ply & long nose mak+ almo/ "o l9e ) ! slop+ =ehead4 ,9 ! sculptures ( ! ,commag5e & ! ,tyana di/ricts1 ! nose has a long curv+ tip1 ( v ,jewi% appe>ance1 b n unlike ! outl9e giv5 to ,kheta w>riors 9 ,egyptian sc5es4 ,! lips are full & ! *9 %ort & %av54 ,! :ole physiognomy is fle%y & m>k$ly di/9ct f t ( o!r ,syrians4 ,at ,boghaz ,keui1 ,euyuk & ,j]ablus1 ! facial type is v m>k$ly non-,semitic4 ,b n mu* /ress c be laid on ^! diff]5ces ow+ to 7#a7 great v>iety ( execution 9 diff]5t sculptures1 :i* argues arti/s ( v unequal capacity2 7#b7 d\bt :e!r individual portraits are int5d$ 9 "s cases & n 9 o!rs4 ,! hair ( males is sometimes1 b n always1 worn 9 pigtail4 ,! fa%ions ( head-cov]+ & clo!s are v v>i\s1 b sev]al ( !m--e4g4 ! horn$ cap ( ! ,ivriz god2 ! conical hat at ,boghaz ,keui1 ,frakt91 c2 ! jockey-cap on ! ,t>kudimme boss2 ! broad-bord]$ ov]-robe1 & ! upturn$ %oes--are n f\nd on o!r ,asiatic monum5ts1 except :]e ,hittites are portray$4 ,animals 9 pr(ile are repres5t$ m naturali/ically ?an human be+s1 e4g4 at ,yasili ,kaya1 & especially 9 "s pictographic symbols 9 relief 7e4g4 at ,hamah74 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a feature common to ,mesopotamian & ,egyptian1 & p]haps to all primitive art4 ,! subjects depict$ are processions ( figures1 human & div9e 7,yasili ,kaya1 ,euyuk1 ,giaur ,kalessi72 sc5es ( sacrifice or adoration1 or o!r cult-practice 7,yasili ,kaya1 ,euyuk1 ,frakt91 ,ivriz1 & p]haps ! figures seat$ beside tables at ,m>a% ,sak*egeuzu1 ,s9j]li1 c472 ( ! *ase 7,arslan ,tepe1 ,sak*egeuzu72 b n1 z kn[n at pres5t1 ( battle4 ,bo? at ,euyuk & ,yasili ,kaya reliefs 9 "o & ! same s]ies are widely sep>at$ 9 arti/ic conception & execution1 "s %[+ ! utmo/ naivete1 o!rs express+ bo? outl9e & motion ) fair success4 ,! fact w>ns u aga9/ draw+ ha/y inductions z to relative dates f /yle & execution4 ,besides sculptures1 well assur$1 ,hittite art-products include a few small objects 9 metal 7e4g4 heavy1 inscrib$ gold r+ b\ght by ,sir ,w4 ,m4 ,ramsay at ,konia2 base silv] seal1 support$ on ?ree lions' claws1 b\ght by ,d4 ,g4 ,hog>? at ,bor2 inscrib$ silv] boss ( ,t>kudimme1 m5tion$ above1 c4 c472 _m intaglios 9 v>i\s /ones 7*iefly 9 /eatite71 mo/ly ei!r sph]oidal or gable-%ap$1 b a few sc>abaeoid1 conical or cyl9drical1 be>+ sometimes pictographic symbols1 sometimes div9e1 human or animal figures4 ,! be/ collection is at ,ox=d4 ,! majority are ( v rude workman%ip1 bodies & limbs be+ repres5t$ by m]e skeleton l9es or unfill$ outl9es2 a few vessels 7e4g4 inscrib$ basalt b[l f\nd at ,babylon7 & fragm5ts ( w>e pa9t$ ) d>k ornam5t on light body-clay1 or 9 poly*rome on a cream-:ite slip1 or black burni%$1 f\nd on ,n4 ,cappadocian sites1 c4 ,! bronzes hi!rto claim$ z ,hittite h be5 b\ght on ! ,syrian coa/ or come f n c]ta9ly ,hittite sites 9 ,cappadocia 7see ,e4 ,*antre1 ,mission en ,cappadocie74 ,a great _m small objects 7 f\nd 9 ! excavations at ,s9j]li1 includ+ c>v$ ivories1 seals1 toilet-in/rum5ts1 implem5ts1 c41 b ^! h n be5 publi%$4 ,nor1 except provisionally1 has ! pott]y1 f\nd at ,sak*egeuzu4 ,inscriptions4--,^!1 n[ almo/ sixty 9 numb] 7exclud+ seals71 are all 9 a pictographic "* :i* employ$ symbols some:at elaborately depict$ 9 relief1 b r$uc$ to conv5tional & %or?& repres5tations 9 ! incis$ texts4 ,s f>1 ! majority ( our ,hittite inscriptions1 l ^? fir/ f\nd at ,hamah1 are 9 relief 7cameo72 b ! incis$ *>act]s1 fir/ obs]v$ 9 ! ,tyana di/rict1 h s9ce be5 %[n1 by discov]ies at ,m>a%1 ,babylon1 c41 to h _h a wid] range4 ,x has usually be5 assum$ t ! incis$ inscriptions1 be+ ! m conv5tionaliz$1 are all ( lat] date ?an ^? 9 relief2 b comp>ison ( ,egyptian inscriptions1 :]e9 bo? incis$ & cameo *>act]s coexi/$ back to v e>ly times1 sugge/s t ?is assumption is n necess>ily correct4 ,! ,hittite symbols at pres5t kn[n %[ ab\t two hundr$ v>ieties2 b new inscriptions cont9ually add to ! li/1 & great unc]ta9ty rema9s z to ! di/9ction ( _m symbols 7i4e4 :e!r m]e v>iants or n71 & z to _m o!rs :i* are defac$ or brok5 9 our texts4 ,! objects repres5t$ by ^! symbols h be5 c]ta9ly id5tifi$ 9 only a few in/ances4 ,a c]ta9 numb] are heads 7human & animal7 deta*$ f bodies1 9 a mann] n kn[n 9 ! ,egyptian hi]oglyphic sy/em1 ) :i* "s ( ! o!r symbols %[ obvi\s analogies4 ,articles ( dress1 weapons1 tools1 c41 also appe>4 ,! long] inscriptions are dispos$ 9 horizontal zones or panels1 divid$ by l9es1 &1 x seems1 !y 7 to be read b\/roph$on1 n only z reg>ds ! l9es 7:i* beg9 "r to left7 b also ! words1 :i* are writt5 9 column> fa%ion1 syllable bel[ syllable1 & read d[nw>ds & upw>ds alt]nately4 ,! direction ( read+ is t[>ds any faces :i* may be %[n among ! pictographs4 ,! words are p]haps di/+ui%$ 9 "s texts by punctuation m>ks4 ,long & pati5t ef=ts h be5 made to deciph] ?is script1 ev] s9ce x 0 fir/ re/or$ to our k2 & among ! w\ld-be deciph]]s hon\rable m5tion mu/ be made1 = p]si/5ce & c\rage1 ( ,pr(essor ,a4 ,h4 ,sayce & ( ,pr(essor ,p4 ,j5s54 ,o!r int]pretations h be5 put =w>d by ,f4 ,e4 ,peis] 7bas$ on conjectures z to ! names on ! ,n9eveh seal+s71 ,c4 ,r4 ,cond] 7bas$ l>gely on ,cypriote comp>isons & phonetic values transf]r$ f ^!7 & ,c4 ,j4 ,ball 7bas$ on ,hittite names record$ on ,egyptian & ,assyrian monum5ts1 & appli$ to ^w-gr\ps on ! ,hittite monum5ts74 ,^!1 h[ev]1 z hav+ arbitr>y & inadequate f\ndations1 & = o!r reasons1 h n be5 accept$4 ,f4 ,hommel1 ,j4 ,halevy & ,j4 ,m5ant h done useful "w 9 di/+ui%+ ^w-gr\ps1 & h essay$ p>tial int]pretations4 ,no o!r deciph]]s call = m5tion4 ,a4 ,h4 ,sayce & ,p4 ,j5s5 alone h enli/$ any l>ge body ( adh]5ts2 & ! =m]1 :o has work$ ^u 8 sy/em = ?irty ye>s & publi%$ 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,society = ,biblical ,ar*aeology = #aijg a summ>y ( 8 me?od & results1 has proce$$ on ! m sci5tific plan4 ,8 sy/em1 h[ev]1 l all o!rs1 is built 9 ! ma9 ^u hypo!ses incapable at pres5t ( q satisfactory v]ification1 su*1 = example1 z ! conjectural read+ ,g>gami% = a gr\p ( symbols :i* recurs 9 inscriptions f ,j]ablus & else:]e4 ,9 ?is case1 to add to ! o!r obvi\s elem5ts ( unc]ta9ty1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! location ( ,c>*emi% at ,j]ablus is n prov$1 ?\gh x is v probable4 ,o!r conjectural id5tifications ( gr\ps ( symbols ) ! place-names ,hama?1 ,m>a%1 ,tyana are bases ( ,sayce's sy/em4 ,j5s5's sy/em may be said to h be5 effectually demoli%$ by ,l4 ,mess]s*midt 9 8 ,bem]kung5 7#ahih72 b ,sayce's sy/em1 :i* has be5 approv$ by ,hommel & o!rs1 is probably 9 its ma9 l9es correct4 ,its frequ5t explanation1 h[ev]1 ( incompatible symbols by ! doctr9es ( phonetic v>iation & int]*ange1 or by alt]native values ( ! same symbol us$ z ideograph1 det]m9ative or phonetic complem5t1 & ! occasional use ( circul> argum5t 9 ! process ( v]ification1 d n inspire confid5ce 9 o!r ?an its broad] results4 ,sayce's phonetic values & int]pretations ( det]m9atives are 8 be/ assur$ a*ievem5ts4 ,b ! words ?us arriv$ at repres5t a language on :i* o!r kn[n tongues ?r[ little or no light1 & _! mean+ is usually to be guess$ only4 ,9 "s significant cases1 h[ev]1 ! ,boghaz ,keui tablets appe> to give /rik+ confirmation ( ,sayce's conjectures4 ,writ+ 9 #aijc ,l4 ,mess]s*midt1 editor ( ! be/ collection ( ,hittite texts up to date1 made a tabula rasa ( all sy/ems ( deciph]m5t1 ass]t+ t only "o sign out ( two hundr$--! bisect$ oval1 det]m9ative ( div9ity--_h be5 int]pret$ ) any c]ta9ty2 & 9 view ( ?is op9ion1 c\pl$ ) ! /eady refusal ( hi/orians to apply ! results ( any ,hittite deciph]m5t1 & ! obvi\s lack ( satisfactory v]ification1 )\t :i* ! pil+ ( hypo!sis on hypo!sis may only lead fur!r f probability1 !re is no *oice b to susp5d judgm5t = "s "t long] z to ! inscriptions & all d$uctions drawn f !m4 ,are ! ,monum5ts ,hittite8--,x is "t to ask ?is "q1 al?\gh a p]fectly satisfactory answ] c only be expect$ :5 ! inscriptions !mselves h be5 deciph]$4 ,almo/ all ,hittitologues assume a connexion betwe5 ! monum5ts & ! ,kheta-,khatti-,hittites1 b 9 v>i\s degrees2 e4g4 :ile ,sayce has said r\ndly t common s5se dem&s ! acceptance ( all z ! "w ( ! ,hittites1 :o 7 ! dom9ant ca/e ?r\gh\t a loosely-knit empire ext5d+ at "o "t f ! ,orontes to ! ,aegean1 ,mess]s*midt has /at$ ) equal dogmatism t ! ,hittites prop] 7 only "o p out ( _m#e 9 ,n4 ,syria & ,asia ,m9or :o %>$ a common civilization1 & t !re=e !y 7 au?ors ( a "p ( ! monum5ts only--presumably ! ,n4 ,syrian1 ,commag5ian & ,cataonian gr\ps4 ,o4 ,pu*/e9#f has d5i$ to ! ,hittites "s ( ! ,n4 ,syrian monum5ts1 hold+ ^! ( too late a date 7judg$ by _! ,assyrian analogies7 = ! fl\ri%+ p]iod ( ! ,kheta-,khatti1 z kn[n f ,egyptian & ,assyrian records4 ,he w\ld ascribe !m to ! ,kummukh 7,commag5ians71 :o seem to h succe$$ ! ,khatti z ! /ronge/ oppon5ts ( ,assyria 9 ^! p>ts4 ,he 0 possibly "r z reg>ds ! ,s9j]li & ,sak*egeuzu sculptures1 :i* are ( prov9cial appe>ance4 ,! foll[+ consid]ations1 h[ev]1 may be /at$ 9 fav\r ( ! ascription ( ! monum5ts to ! ,hittites3-- 7#a7 ,! monum5ts 9 "q are f\nd frequ5tly :]eev]1 f o!r records1 we "k ! ,hittites to h be5 domicil$ at "s p]iod1 i4e4 ?r\gh\t ,n4 ,syria & 9 ,cataonia4 7#b7 ,x 0 "u ! ,khatti t ,c>*emi% 0 a fl\ri%+ comm]cial city2 & if ,j]ablus be really ,c>*emi%1 x is significant t app>5tly ! mo/ num]\s & mo/ arti/ic ( ! monum5ts occur !re4 7#c7 ,among all ! e>ly peoples ( ,n4 ,syria & ,asia ,m9or kn[n to u f ,egyptian & ,assyrian records1 ! ,kheta-,khatti alone appe> frequ5tly z lead+ to w> peoples f f> beyond ,taurus4 7#d7 ,! ,kheta c]ta9ly _h a sy/em ( writ+ & a glyptic art 9 ! "t ( ,rameses ,,ii41 or else ! ,egyptian acc\nt ( _! copy ( ! treaty w\ld be baseless4 7#e7 ,! physiognomy giv5 to ,kheta w>riors by ,egyptian arti/s is fairly repres5tative ( ! prevail+ type %[n 9 ! ,hittite sculptures4 ,fur!rmore1 ! ,boghaz ,keui tablets1 ?\gh only p>tially deciph]$ z yet1 g f> to settle ! "q4 ,!y %[ t :e!r ,boghaz ,keui 0 actually ! capital ( ! ,hatti or n1 x 0 a great city ( ! ,hatti1 & t ! latt] 7 an important elem5t 9 ,cappadocia f v e>ly times4 ,be=e ! middle ( ! #af? c5tury ,b4,c4 ! ,cappadocian ,hatti 7 already 9 relations1 g5]ally m or less ho/ile1 ) a rival p[] 9 ,syria1 t ( ,mitanni2 & ,subbiluliuma 7 ,saplel or ,sap>ura71 k+ ( ^! ,hatti1 a contempor>y ( ,am5ophis ,,iv4 & ,rameses ,i41 seems to h obta9$ la/+ dom9ion 9 ,syria by subdu+ ,du%ratta ( ,mitanni4 ,c>*emi% !nce=w>d became a ,hatti city & ! s\!rn capital ( ,cappadocian p[]4 ,s9ce all ! ,syrian monum5ts ( ! ,hittite class1 s f> kn[n1 seem comp>atively late 7mo/ %[ su* /rong ,assyrian1 influ5ce t !y mu/ fall aft] #aajj ,b4,c4 & probably ev5 consid]ably lat]71 :ile ! ,nor? ,cappadocian monum5ts 7z ,sayce1 ,ramsay1 ,p]rot & o!rs saw long ago7 are ! e>li] 9 /yle1 we are b\nd to ascribe ! orig9 ( ! civilization :i* !y repres5t to ! ,cappadocian ,hatti4 ,:e!r ! ,mitanni _h %>$ 9 t civilization :ile indep5d5t1 & :e!r !y 7 racially k9 to ! ,hatti1 _c be det]m9$ at pres5t4 ,w9ckl] has adduc$ evid5ce f names ( local gods to %[ t !re 0 an ,indo-,european racial elem5t 9 ,mitanni2 b none = a simil> elem5t 9 ! ,hatti1 ^: *ief god 0 ,te%ub4 ,! majority ( s*ol>s has always reg>d$ ! ,hittites prop] z1 at any rate1 non-,semitic1 & "s lead+ au?orities h call$ !m proto-,arm5ian1 & believ$ t !y h mod]n desc5dants 9 ! ,caucasus4 ,?is racial "q c h>dly be det]m9$ till ^? ,hatti records1 :e!r 9 cunei=m or pictographic script1 :i* are c\*$ 9 a native tongue1 n 9 ,babylonian1 are read4 ,9 ! meantime we h prop] names to argue f2 & ^! give u at lea/ ! significant indication t ! ,hittite nom9ative end$ 9 s & ! accusative 9 m4 ,9 any case ! connexion ( ! ,hatti ) ! peculi> class ( monum5ts :i* we h be5 describ+1 c h>dly be fur!r que/ion$2 & x has become m ?an probable t ! ,hatti ( ,cappadocia 7 responsible 9 ! beg9n+ = ! art & script ( ^? monum5ts & = ! civilization ( :i* !y are memorials4 ,o!r peoples ( nor? ,syria & ,asia ,m9or 7e4g4 ! ,kummukh or ,commag5ians & ! ,muski or ,phrygians7 came no d\bt "u ! influ5ce ( ?is civilization & imitat$ its monum5ts1 :ile subject to or f$]at$ ) ! ,hatti4 ,?r\gh ,phrygia & ,lydia 7q4v47 influ5ces ( ?is same ,cappadocian civilization pass$ t[>ds ! we/2 & inde$1 be=e ! ,greek colonization ( ,asia ,m9or1 a loosely knit ,hatti empire may h /ret*$ ev5 to ! ,aegean4 ,! ,nymphi 7,k>a ,bel7 & ,niobe sculptures ne> ,smyrna are probably memorials ( t ext5sion4 ,c]ta9ly "s inl& ,anatolian p[] seems to h kept ,aegean settl]s & culture away f ! ,ionian coa/ dur+ ! ,bronze ,age1 & t p[] 0 9 all likelihood ! ,hatti k+dom ( ,cappadocia4 ,ow+ p]haps to ,assyrian aggression1 ?is p[] seems to h begun to suff] decay ab\t #ajjj ,b4,c4 & !reaft] to h %runk inw>ds1 leav+ ! coa/s op54 ,! p[]s ( ,phrygia & ,lydia rose successively out ( its ru9s1 & cont9u$ to (f] we/w>d passage to influ5ces ( ,mesopotamian culture till well into hi/oric times4 ,! ,greeks came too late to ,asia to h _h any contact ) ,hatti p[] obscur$ f _! view by ! int]m$iate & second>y /ate ( ,phrygia4 ,_! e>lie/ writ]s reg>d$ ! latt] z ! seat ( ! olde/ & mo/ godlike ( mank9d4 ,only "o ,greek au?or1 ,h]odotus1 alludes to ! pre-hi/oric ,cappadocian p[] & only at ! late/ mom5t ( its long decl9e4 ,at ! same "t1 "s ( ! ,greek leg5ds seem to %[ t peoples1 ) :om ! ,greeks came into e>ly contact1 _h vivid memories ( ! ,hatti4 ,su* are ! ,amazon /ories1 ^: local range 0 v ext5sive1 & ! my?s ( ,memnon & ,pelops4 ,! real ref]5ce ( ^! /ories1 h[ev]1 0 =gott51 & x has be5 res]v$ to our own g5]ation to r$iscov] ! records ( a p[] & a civilization :i* once dom9at$ ,asia ,m9or & nor? ,syria & occupi$ all ! cont95tal roads ( communication betwe5 ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/ ( ! anci5t _w4 ,! cr$it ( hav+ be5 ! fir/ to div9e ?is importance ( ! ,hittites %\ld always be ascrib$ to ,sayce4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,hatti & _! civilization1 !n1 w\ld appe> to h be51 v briefly1 ?is4 ,!y belong$ to an e?nic scatt]$ widely ov] ,ea/]n ,asia ,m9or & ,syria at an e>ly p]iod 7,khatti invad$ ,akkad ab\t #ahjj ,b4,c4 9 ! reign ( ,samsuditana72 b !y fir/ =m$ a /rong /ate 9 ,cappadocia late 9 ! #af? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,subbiluliuma became _! fir/ great k+1 ?\gh he _h at lea/ "o dyna/ic pr$ecessor ( ! "n ( ,hattusil4 ,! ,hatti n[ pu%$ s\?w>ds 9 =ce1 ov]came ! k+dom ( ,mitanni & proce$$ p>tly to occupy & p>tly to make tribut>y bo? nor? ,syria & we/]n ,mesopotamia :]e "s ( _! cong5]s 7 already settl$4 ,!y came e>ly into collision ) ,egypt1 & at ! height ( _! p[] "u ,hattusil ,,ii4 f\ght ! battle ( ,kade% ) ,rameses ,,ii41 on at lea/ equal t]ms4 ,bo? n[ & previ\sly ! diplomatic correspond5ce ( ! ,hatti mon>*s %[s t !y treat$ on t]ms ( practical equality ) bo? ! ,babylonian & ! ,egyptian c\rts2 & t !y wag$ con/ant w>s 9 ,syria1 ma9ly ) ! ,amorite tribes4 ,at ?is "t ! ,hatti empire or conf$]acy probably includ$1 on ! we/1 bo? ,phrygia & ,lydia4 ,! ,boghaz ,keui correspond5ce ceases to be important ) ! g5]ation foll[+ ,hattusil ,,ii41 & 9 ! ,assyrian records1 :i* beg9 ab\t a c\ple ( c5turies lat]1 we f9d ,c>*emi% ! *ief ,hatti city & ,n4 ,syria call$ ! ,hatti-l&4 ,x is possible !re=e t a *ange ( imp]ial c5tre took place aft] ! ,hatti _h ceas$ to fe> ,egypt 9 nor? ,syria4 ,if s1 ! cont9uation ( ,hittite hi/ory w h to be s\ght among ! rema9s at ,j]ablus & o!r middle ,euphratean sites1 r ?an 9 ^? at ,boghaz ,keui4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,hatti at ,c>*emi% n only made !m a comm]cial p & probably sapp$ _! highl& vig\r1 b also br\ght !m into clos] proximity to ! ris+ ,nor? ,semitic p[] ( ,assyria1 ^: adv5t _h be5 reg>d$ ) appreh5sion by ,hattusil ,,ii4 7see above74 ,"o ( 8 successors1 ,arnaunta 7late #ac? c5tury871 0 already feel+ ! effect ( ,assyrian pressure1 & ) ! accession ( ,tigla? ,piles] ,i41 ab\t a c5tury lat]1 a long b (t5 int]rupt$ s]ies ( ,assyrian ef=ts to break up ! ,hatti p[] began4 ,a succession ( ,n9evite armies raid$ nor? ,syria & ev5 s\?-ea/ ,asia ,m9or1 & gradually r$uc$ ! ,hatti4 ,b ! resi/ance ( ! latt] 0 /urdy & prolong$4 ,!y rema9$ ! /ronge/ p[] 9 ,syria & ea/]n ,asia ,m9or till well into ! fir/ mill5nium ,b4,c41 & _! ,syrian seat 0 n lo/ f9ally till aft] ! great ext5sion ( ,assyrian p[] :i* took place 9 ! latt] "p ( ! #i? c5tury4 ,:at _h be5 happ5+ to _! ,cappadocian prov9ce mean:ile we d n yet "k2 b ! pres5ce ( ,phrygian inscriptions at ,euyuk & ,tyana1 anci5t seats ( _! p[]1 sugge/s t ! cli5t mon>*y 9 ! ,sang>ius valley %ook itself free dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! ,hittite /ruggle ) ,assyria1 & 9 ! day ( ,hatti weakness ext5d$ its dom9ion ov] ! home t]ritory ( its =m] suz]a94 ,:ite ,syrians1 h[ev]1 7 /ill 9 ,cappadocia ev5 aft] ! ,cimm]ians _h de/roy$ ! ,phrygian mon>*y1 all[+ ,lydia to become indep5d5t "u ! ,m]mnad dyna/y4 ,croesus f\nd !m c5tr$ at ,pt]ia 9 ! #f? c5tury & dealt !m a f9al bl[4 ,b mu* ( _! secul> or religi\s cu/om liv$ on to be record$ by ,greek writ]s1 & reg>d$ by mod]n s*ol>s z typically ,anatolian4 ,,bibliography4--,g5]al summ>ies3 ,l4 ,mess]s*midt1 ,! ,hittites 7,anci5t ,ea/ s]ies1 vi41 #aijc72 ,a4 ,h4 ,sayce1 ,! ,hittites 7,bypa?s ( ,biblical ,k s]ies1 xii41 #bnd ed4 #ahib72 ,g4 ,p]rot & ,c4 ,*ipiez1 ,hi/ory ( ,art 9 ,s>d9ia1 ,judaea1 ,syria & ,asia ,m9or 7,eng4 trans41 vol4 ii41 #ahij72 ,l4 ,lant%e]e1 ,de la race et de la langue des ,hete5s 7#ahia72 ,p4 ,j5s51 ,hittit] und ,arm5i] 7#ahih72 ,m4 ,ja/r[1 f9al *apt] 9 ,h4 ,v4 ,hilpre*t1 ,exploration 9 ,bible ,l&s 7#aijc72 ,w4 ,wright1 ,empire ( ! ,hittites 7#ahhd72 ,f4 ,hommel1 ,hettit] und ,sky!n 7#ahih72 ,d4 ,g4 ,hog>?1 ,ionia & ! ,ea/ 7#aiji72 ,w4 ,max ,mull]1 ,asi5 und ,europa1 *ap4 xxv4 7#ahic74 ,see also au?orities = ,egyptian & ,assyrian hi/ory4 ,inscriptions3 ,l4 ,mess]s*midt1 ,corpus inscr4 ,hettitic>um1 ,zeits*4 d4 d4 morg5l&4 ,gesells*aft 7#aijj1 #aijb1 #aijf1 c471 & ,bem]kung5 zu d4 ,he?4 ,ins*rift51 ,mitteil4 d4 vord]asiat4 ,gesells*aft 7#ahih72 ,p4 ,j5s51 ,grundlag5 fur e9e ,entziff]ung d] 7,hat4 od]7 ,cilicis*5 ,ins*rift51 ,zeits*r4 d4 d4 morg5l&4 ,gesells*aft 7#ahid72 ,f4 ,e4 ,peis]1 ,die ,hettitis*5 ,ins*rift5 7#ahib72 ,a4 ,h4 ,sayce1 ,deciph]m5t ( ! ,hittite ,inscriptions1 ,proc4 ,soc4 ( ,bibl4 ,ar*aeology 7#aijc71 & ,hittite ,inscriptions1 translat$ & annotat$1 ibid4 7#aije1 #aijg72 ,j4 ,m5ant1 ,etudes ,hete5nes1 ,recueil de travaux rel4 a la philologie1 c41 & ,mem4 de l',acad4 ,inscr41 vol4 xxxiv4 7#ahij72 ,j4 ,halevy 9 ,revue semitique1 vol4 i4 ,also div]s articles by ,a4 ,h4 ,sayce1 ,f4 ,hommel & o!rs 9 ,proc4 & ,trans4 ,soc4 ,bibl4 ,ar*4 s9ce #ahgf1 & 9 ,recueil de travaux1 c41 s9ce its beg9n+4 ,exploration3 ,g4 ,p]rot & ,e4 ,guillaume1 ,exploration ar*4 de la ,galatie1 c4 7#ahfb-ahgb72 ,e4 ,*antre1 ,mission en ,cappadocie 7#ahih72 ,sir ,w4 ,m4 ,ramsay1 ,syro-,cappadocian ,monum5ts1 9 ,a!n4 ,mitteilung5 7#ahhi71 ) ,d4 ,g4 ,hog>?1 ,pre-,hell5ic ,monum5ts ( ,cappadocia1 9 ,recueil de travaux1 c4 7#ahib-ahie72 & ) ,miss ,g]trude ,bell1 ,! ,?\s& & ,"o ,*ur*es 7#aiji72 ,c4 ,humann & ,o4 ,pu*/e91 ,reis5 9 ,nord-,syri51 c4 7#ahij74 ,j4 ,g>/ang 9 ,annals ( ,ar*aeology & ,an?ropology1 i4 7#aijh7 & foll[+ numb]s4 ,reports on excavations at ,s9j]li 9 ,b]l4 ,philol4 ,wo*5s*rift 7#ahia71 pp4 #hjc1 #iea2 & ,f4 von ,lus*an1 & o!rs1 ,ausgrabung5 9 ,s5ds*irli 9 ,mitteil4 ,ori5t-,sammlung5 7,b]l9 ,museum1 #ahic ff472 & on excavations at ,boghaz-,keui1 ,h4 ,w9ckl] 9 ,ori5t4 ,lit]aturzeitung 7,b]l91 #aijg72 ,mitteil4 ,ori5t-,gesells*aft 7,dec4 #aijg74 ,see also s4v4 ,,pt]ia4 7,d4 ,g4 ,h47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,fir/ describ$ by ! ,turk1 ,hajji ,khalifa1 9 ! #ag? c5tury2 fir/ se5 by ! ,sw$i% travell] ,ott] 9 #agcf1 & fir/ publi%$ 9 #ahdj 9 ,ritt]'s ,erdkunde1 iii41 aft] a draw+ by ,major ,fis*]1 made 9 #ahcg4 #b ,! ,niobe /atue ne> ,manisa 0 n def9itely kn[n = ,hittite till #ahhb1 :5 ,g4 ,d5nis detect$ pictographs ne> x4 #c ,! pseudo-,seso/res ( ,h]odotus1 already demon/rat$ non-,egyptian by ,rosell9i4 ,! second figure 0 unkn[n1 till f\nd by ,dr ,b$doe 9 #ahef4 #d ,five intramural graves 7 explor$ at ,s9j]li1 b :e!r ( ! ,hittite or ( ! ,assyrian occupation is d\btful4 #e ,! ,assyrian records1 z well z ! ,egyptian1 di/+ui% _m peoples 9 bo? areas f ! ,kheta-,khatti2 & ! mo/ we c inf] f ^! records is t !re 0 an occasional league =m$ "u ! ,hittites1 n any imp]ial subjection or ev5 a cont9u\s f$]ation4 #f ,pseudo-,he?itis*e ,kun/ 7,b]l91 #ahij74 ,,hittorff1 ,,jacques ,,ignace 7#agib-ahfg71 ,fr5* ar*itect1 0 born at ,cologne on ! #bj? ( ,augu/ #agib4 ,aft] s]v+ an appr5tice%ip to a mason 9 8 native t[n1 he w5t 9 #ahaj to ,p>is1 & /udi$ = "s ye>s at ! ,academy ( ,f9e ,arts1 :]e he 0 a fav\rite pupil ( ,belang]1 ! gov]nm5t ar*itect1 :o 9 #ahad appo9t$ him 8 pr9cipal inspector4 ,succe$+ ,belang] z gov]nm5t ar*itect 9 #ahah1 he design$ _m important public & private build+s 9 ,p>is & also 9 ! s\? ( ,france4 ,f #ahai to #ahcj 9 collaboration ) le ,co9te he direct$ ! royal fetes & c]emonials4 ,aft] mak+ ar*itectural t\rs 9 ,g]many1 ,engl&1 ,italy & ,sicily1 he publi%$ ! result ( 8 obs]vations 9 ! latt] c\ntry 9 ! "w ,ar*itecture antique de la ,sicile 7#c vols41 #ahbf-ahcj2 new edition1 #ahff-ahfg71 & also 9 ,ar*itecture mod]ne de la ,sicile 7#ahbf-ahce74 ,"o ( 8 important discov]ies 0 t col\r _h be5 made use ( 9 anci5t ,greek ar*itecture1 a subject :i* he especially discuss$ 9 ,ar*itecture poly*rome *ez les ,grecs 7#ahcj7 & 9 ,re/itution du temple d',emp$ocle a ,sel9unte 7#ahea72 & 9 accordance ) ! doctr9es enunciat$ 9 ^! works he 0 9 ! habit ( mak+ col\r an important feature 9 mo/ ( 8 ar*itectural designs4 ,8 pr9cipal build+ is ! *ur* ( ,/ ,v9c5t de ,paul 9 ! basilica /yle1 :i* 0 con/ruct$ betwe5 #ahcj & #ahdd4 ,he also design$ ! two f\nta9s 9 ! ,place de la ,concorde1 ! ,circus ( ! ,empress1 ! ,rotunda ( ! panoramas1 _m cafes & re/aurants ( ! ,*amps ,elysees1 ! h\ses =m+ ! circle r\nd ! ,arc de ,triomphe de l',etoile1 besides _m embelli%m5ts ( ! ,bois de ,b\logne & o!r places4 ,9 #ahcc he 0 elect$ a memb] ( ! ,academy ( ,f9e ,arts4 ,he di$ 9 ,p>is on ! #be? ( ,m>* #ahfg4 ,,hitzack]1 a t[n ( ,g]many1 9 ! ,prussian prov9ce ( ,hanov] at ! influx ( ! ,jeetze into ! ,elbe1 #cc m4 ,n4,e4 ( ,luneburg by ! railway to ,witt5b]ge4 ,pop4 7#aije7 #aajf4 ,x has an ,evangelical *ur* & an old ca/le & num]\s m$ieval rema9s4 ,!re are *alybeate spr+s & a hydropa?ic e/abli%m5t 9 ! t[n4 ,! fam\s libr>y n[ 9 ,wolf5buttel 0 orig9ally f\nd$ "h by ,augu/us1 duke ( ,brunswick 7d4 #afff7 & 0 remov$ to its pres5t habitation 9 #afdc4 ,,hitzig1 ,,f]d9& 7#ahjg-ahge71 ,g]man biblical critic1 0 born at ,hau+51 ,bad51 :]e 8 fa!r 0 a pa/or1 on ! #bcrd ( ,june #ahjg4 ,he /udi$ !ology at ,heidelb]g "u ,h4 ,e4 ,g4 ,paulus1 at ,halle "u ,wilhelm ,ges5ius & at ,gott+5 "u ,ewald4 ,return+ to ,heidelb]g he became ,privatdoz5t 9 !ology 9 #ahbi1 & 9 #ahca publi%$ 8 ,begriff d] ,kritik am ,alt5 ,te/am5te praktis* erort]t1 a /udy ( ,old ,te/am5t criticism 9 :i* he expla9$ ! critical pr9ciples ( ! grammatico-hi/orical s*ool1 & 8 ,des ,prophet5 ,jonas ,orakel ub] ,moab1 an exposition ( ! #ae? & #af? *apt]s ( ! book ( ,isaiah attribut$ by him to ! prophet ,jonah m5tion$ 9 #b ,k+s xiv4 #be4 ,9 #ahcc he 0 call$ to ! univ]sity ( ,zuri* z pr(essor ord9>ius ( !ology4 ,8 next "w 0 a comm5t>y on ,isaiah ) a translation 7,ub]setzung u4 ,auslegung des ,prophet5 ,jesajas71 :i* he d$icat$ to ,he9ri* ,ewald1 & :i* ,h]mann ,hupfeld 7#agif-ahff71 well kn[n z a comm5tator on ! ,psalms 7#ahee-ahfa71 pron\nc$ to be 8 be/ exegetical "w4 ,at ,zuri* he lab\r$ = a p]iod ( tw5ty-eight ye>s1 dur+ :i*1 besides comm5t>ies on ,! ,psalms 7#ahce-ahcf2 #bnd ed41 #ahfc-ahfe71 ,! ,m9or ,prophets 7#ahch2 #crd ed41 #ahfc71 ,j]emiah 7#ahda2 #bnd ed41 #ahff71 ,ezekiel 7#ahdg71 ,daniel 7#ahej71 ,ecclesia/es 7#ahdg71 ,canticles 7#ahee71 & ,prov]bs 7#aheh71 he publi%$ a monograph1 ,ub] ,johannes ,m>kus u4 se9e ,s*rift5 7#ahdc71 9 :i* he ma9ta9$ ! *ronological priority ( ! second gospel1 & s\ght to prove t ! ,apocalypse 0 writt5 by ! same au?or4 ,he also publi%$ v>i\s treatises ( ar*aeological int]e/1 ( :i* ! mo/ important are ,die ,erf9dung des ,alphabets 7#ahdj71 ,urges*i*te u4 ,my?ologie d] ,phili/a] 7#ahde71 & ,die ,grabs*rift des ,es*munez>7#ahee74 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,fri$ri* ,umbreit 7#agie-ahfj71 "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! well-kn[n ,/udi5 und ,kritik51 he 0 call$ 9 #ahfa to succe$ him z pr(essor ( !ology at ,heidelb]g4 ,"h he wrote 8 ,ges*i*te des ,volkes ,israel 7#ahfi-ahgj71 9 two p>ts1 ext5d+ respectively to ! end ( ! ,p]sian dom9ation & to ! fall ( ,masada1 ,a4,d4 #gb1 z well z a "w on ! ,paul9e epi/les1 ,zur ,kritik ,paul9is*] ,briefe 7#ahgj71 on ! ,moabite ,/one1 ,die ,ins*rift des ,mes*a 7#ahgj71 & on ,assyrian1 ,spra*e u4 ,spra*5 ,assyri5s 7#ahga71 besides revis+ ! comm5t>y on ,job by ,ludwig ,hirzel 7#ahja-ahda71 :i* 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 #ahci4 ,he 0 also a contributor to ! ,monatss*rift des wiss5s*aftli*5 ,v]e9s 9 ,zuri*1 ! ,zeits*rift d] deuts*5 morg5l&is*5 ,gesells*aft1 ! ,!ologis*e ,/udi5 u4 ,kritik51 ,edu>d ,zell]'s ,!ologis*e ,jahrbu*]1 & ,adolf ,hilg5feld's ,zeits*rift fur wiss5s*aftli*e ,!ologie4 ,hitzig di$ at ,heidelb]g on ! #bbnd ( ,janu>y #ahge4 ,z a ,hebrew philologi/ he holds high rank2 & z a con/ructive critic he is rem>kable = acut5ess & sagacity4 ,z a hi/orian1 h[ev]1 "s ( 8 speculations h be5 consid]$ fanciful4 ,he places ! cradle ( ! ,israelites 9 ! s\? ( ,arabia1 &1 l _m o!r critics1 makes ! hi/orical times beg9 only ) ,moses 7,f4 ,li*t5b]g]1 ,hi/ory ( ,g]man ,!ology1 p4 #efi74 ,8 lectures on biblical !ology 7,vorlesung5 ub] biblis*e ,!ologie u4 messianis*e ,weissagung57 7 publi%$ 9 #ahhj aft] 8 dea?1 along ) a portrait & biographical sket* by 8 pupil1 ,j4 ,j4 ,kneuck] 7b4 #ahdj71 pr(essor ( !ology at ,heidelb]g4 ,see ,he9ri* ,/e9]1 ,f]d9& ,hitzig 7#ahhb72 & ,adolf ,kamphaus5's article 9 ,h]zog-,hauck's ,real5cyklopadie4 ,,hiung-,,nu1 ,,hiong-,,nu1 ,,heung-,,nu1 a p :o ab\t ! end ( ! #crd c5tury ,b4,c4 =m$1 accord+ to ,*9ese records1 a p[]ful empire f ! ,great ,wall ( ,*9a to ! ,caspian4 ,_! e?nical aff9ities h be5 mu* discuss$2 b x is mo/ probable t !y 7 ( ! ,turki /ock1 z 7 ! ,huns1 _! lat] we/]n repres5tatives4 ,!y are ! fir/ ,turki% p m5tion$ by ! ,*9ese4 ,a !ory :i* seems plausible is t :i* assumes !m to h be5 a het]og5\s collection ( ,mongol1 ,tungus1 ,turki & p]haps ev5 ,f9ni% hordes "u a ,mongol milit>y ca/e1 ?\gh ! ,mongolo-,tungus elem5t probably pr$om9at$4 ,t[>ds ! close ( ! #a/ c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era ! ,hiung-nu empire broke up4 ,_! subsequ5t hi/ory is obscure4 ,"s ( !m seem to h gone we/w>d & settl$ on ! ,ural riv]4 ,^!1 de ,guiques sugge/s1 7 ! ance/ors ( ! ,huns1 & _m e?nologi/s hold t ! ,hiung-nu 7 ! ance/ors ( ! mod]n ,turks4 ,see ,j\rnal ,an?ropological ,in/itute = #ahgd2 ,sir ,h4 ,h4 ,h[or?1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,mongols 7#ahgf-ahhj72 #f? ,congress ( ,ori5tali/s1 ,leid51 #ahhc 7,actes1 "p iv4 pp4 #agg-aie72 de ,guiques1 ,hi/oire g5]ale des ,huns1 des ,turcs1 des ,mongoles1 et des autres ,t>t>es occid5taux 7#agef-ageh74 ,,hivites1 an anci5t tribe ( ,pale/9e driv5 out by ! invad+ ,israelites4 ,9 ,jo%4 ix4 #g1 xi4 #ai !y are connect$ ) ,gibeon4 ,! mean+ ( ! "n is unc]ta92 ,wellhaus5 d]ives x f ,hebrew3 ,hava ,eve1 or s]p5t1 9 :i* case ! ,hivites 7 orig9ally ! snake clan2 o!rs expla9 x f ! ,arabic hayy1 family1 z mean+ dwell]s 9 7,b$\97 encampm5ts4 7,see ,,pale/9e2 ,,jews47 ,,hjorr+1 an anci5t t[n ( ,d5m>k1 capital ( ! amt 7c\nty7 ( its "n1 9 ! nor!rn insul> "p ( ! p59sula ( ,jutl&4 ,pop4 7#aija7 #gija4 ,x lies #g m4 inl& f ! %ore ( ,jamm] ,bay1 a /ret* ( coa/ notori\sly dang]\s to %ipp+4 ,on ! coa/ is ,lon/rup1 a fav\r$ seaside resort4 ,9 ?is neighb\rhood z well z to ! s\?-ea/ ( ,hjorr+1 slight elevations are se51 des]v+ ! "n ( hills 9 ?is l[-ly+ di/rict4 ,hjorr+ is on ! nor!rn railway ( ,jutl&1 :i* "h turns ea/w>d to ! ,cattegat "p ( ,fr$]ik%avn 7#bc m471 a h>b\r ( refuge4 ,,hkamti ,,long 7call$ ,kantigyi by ! ,burmese1 & ,bor ,hkampti by ! peoples on ! ,assam side71 a collection ( sev5 ,%an /ates subord9ate to ,burma1 b at pres5t beyond ! adm9i/rative bord]4 ,e/imat$ area1 #ijj sq4 m42 e/imat$ pop4 #aa1jjj4 ,x lies betwe5 #bg deg4 & #bh deg4 ,n4 & #ig deg4 & #ih deg4 ,e41 & is bord]$ by ! ,mi%mi c\ntry on ! ,n41 by ! ,patkai range on ! ,w41 by ! ,hukawng valley on ! ,s4 & ,e41 & inde$ all r\nd by v>i\s ,*+paw or ,ka*9 communities4 ,! c\ntry is little kn[n4 ,x 0 visit$ by ,t4 ,t4 ,coop]1 ! ,*9ese travell] & political ag5t at ,bhamo1 :]e he 0 murd]$2 by ,g5]al ,wood?orpe & ,colonel ,macgregor 9 #ahhd1 by ,mr ,errol ,grey 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 & by ,pr9ce ,h5ry ( ,orleans 9 #ahie4 ,all ( ^!1 h[ev]1 limit$ _! explorations to ! valley ( ! ,mali-hka1 ! we/]n bran* ( ! ,irrawaddy riv]4 ,hkamti has %runk v mu* f its old size4 ,x 0 no d\bt ! nor!rnmo/ prov9ce ( ! ,%an k+dom1 f\nd$ at ,mogaung by ,sam ,long-hpa1 ! bro!r ( ! rul] ( ,kambawsa1 :5 t empire _h rea*$ its greate/ ext5sion4 ,! irruption ( ,ka*9s or ,*+paw f ! nor? has n[ completely hemm$ ! /ate 94 ,pr9ce ,h5ry ( ,orleans describ$ x z a spl5did t]ritory1 f]tile 9 soil & abundant 9 wat]1 :]e tropical & temp]ate culture fl\ri% side by side1 & ! inhabitants are protect$ on ?ree fronts by m\nta9s4 ,accord+ to him ! ,kiutze1 ! p ( ! hills betwe5 ! ,irrawaddy & ! ,salwe51 call x ! k+dom ( ,moam4 ,,hlo?h]e1 k+ ( ,k5t1 succe$$ 8 bro!r ,ecgb]ht 9 #fgc1 & appe>s = a "t to h reign$ jo9tly ) 8 nephew ,eadric1 son ( ,ecgb]ht1 z a code ( laws /ill extant 0 issu$ "u bo? names4 ,nei!r is m5tion$ 9 ! acc\nt ( ! invasion ( ,ae!lr$ 9 #fgf4 ,9 #fhe ,eadric1 :o seems to h qu>rell$ ) ,hlo?h]e1 w5t into exile & l$ ! ,s\? ,saxons aga9/ him4 ,hlo?h]e 0 defeat$ & di$ ( 8 w\nds4 ,see ,b$e1 ,hi/4 eccl4 7,plumm]71 iv4 #e1 #ag1 #bf1 v4 #bd2 ,saxon ,*ronicle 7,e>le & ,plumm]71 s4a4 #fhe2 ,s*mid1 ,gesetze1 pp4 #aj sqq42 ,?orpe1 ,anci5t ,laws1 i4 #bf sqq4 ,,hoactz91 or ,,hoatz91 a bird ( tropical ,s\? ,am]ica1 ?\ght by ,buffon to be t indicat$ by ,h]n&ez or ,f]n&ez "u ^! names1 ! ,opi/hocomus hoaz9 or ,o4 cri/atus ( mod]n orni?ologi/s--a v curi\s & rem>kable =m1 :i* has long ex]cis$ ! +5uity ( classifi]s4 ,plac$ by ,buffon among 8 ,hoccos 7,curass[s71 & !n by ,p4 ,l4 ,s4 ,mull] & ,j4 ,f4 ,gmel9 9 ! ,l9naean g5us ,phasianus1 "s ( its _m peculi>ities 7 recogniz$ by ,j4 ,k4 ,w4 ,illig] 9 #ahaa z suffici5t to e/abli% x z a di/9ct g5us1 ,opi/hocomus2 b v>i\s positions 7 assign$ to x by subsequ5t sy/ematic au?ors4 ,l',h]m9i] 0 ! fir/ to give any acc\nt ( its anatomy 7,comptes r5dus1 #ahcg1 v4 #dcc71 & f 8 "t our k ( x has be5 successively increas$ by ,johannes ,mull] 7,b]4 ,akad4 ,wiss5s*4 ,b]l91 #ahda1 p4 #agg71 ,deville 7,rev4 et mag4 de zoologie1 #aheb1 p4 #bag71 ,g]vais 7,ca/elnau1 ,exp$4 ,am]ique du ,sud1 zoologie1 anatomie1 p4 #ff71 ,huxley 7,proc4 ,zool4 ,society1 #ahfh1 p4 #cjd71 ,p]r9 7,trans4 ,zool4 ,society1 ix4 p4 #cec71 & ,a4 ,h4 ,g>rod 7,proc4 ,zool4 ,society1 #ahgi1 p4 #aji74 ,aft] a m9ute description ( ! skeleton ( ,opi/hocomus1 ) ! especial object ( det]m9+ its aff9ities1 ,huxley decl>$ t x resembles ! ord9>y gall9ace\s birds & pigeons m ?an x does any o!rs1 & t :5 x div]ges f !m x is ei!r sui g5]is or approa*es ! ,musophagidae4 ,he accord+ly reg>d$ x z ! type & sole memb] ( a gr\p1 nam$ by him ,het]omorphae1 :i* sprang f ! great ,c>9ate /em lat] ?an ! ,t9amomorphae1 ,turnicomorphae1 or ,*>adriomorphae1 b be=e ! ,p]i/]omorphae1 ,pt]oclomorphae or ,alectoromorphae4 ,?is conclusion is sub/antially ! same z t at :i* ,a4 ,h4 ,g>rod subsequ5tly arriv$ aft] closely exam9+ & dissect+ specim5s pres]v$ 9 _s2 b ! latt] has gone fur!r & endeav\r$ to trace m p>ticul>ly ! desc5t ( ?is peculi> =m & "s o!rs1 rem>k+ t ! ance/or ( ,opi/hocomus mu/ h left ! p>5t /em v %ortly be=e ! true ,gall9ae fir/ appe>$1 & at ab\t ! same "t z ! indep5d5t p$igree ( ! ,cuculidae & ,musophagidae comm5c$--^! two gr\ps be+1 he believ$1 v closely relat$1 & ,opi/hocomus s]v+ to fill ! gap betwe5 !m4 ,! fir/ ?+ t /rikes ! obs]v] ( its skeleton is ! extraord9>y /ructure ( ! /]nal app>atus1 :i* is :olly unlike t ( any o!r bird kn[n4 ,! keel is only develop$ on ! po/]ior "p ( ! /]num--! =e "p be+1 z x 71 cut away1 :ile ! %ort furcula at its symphysis meets ! manubrium1 ) :i* x is firmly consolidat$ by means ( a prolong$ & /raight hypocleidium1 & ant]iorly ossifies ) ! coracoids4 ,?is unique arrangem5t seems to be correlat$ ) ! enorm\sly capaci\s crop1 :i* re/s ^u ! furcula & =e "p ( ! /]num1 & is also receiv$ 9 a cavity =m$ on ! surface ( ea* ( ! great pectoral muscles4 ,fur!rmore ?is crop is extremely muscul>1 s z m to resemble a gizz>d1 & consi/s ( two portions divid$ by a p>tial con/riction1 aft] a fa%ion ( :i* no o!r example is kn[n among birds4 ,! true gizz>d is greatly r$uc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,hoactz94 ,! hoactz9 appe>s to be ab\t ! size ( a small pheasant1 b is really a mu* small] bird4 ,! beak is /rong1 curi\sly d5ticulat$ along ! m>g9 ( ! maxilla ne> ! base1 & is beset by div]g+ bri/les4 ,! eyes1 plac$ 9 ! middle ( a pat* ( b>e sk91 are furni%$ ) bri/ly la%es1 resembl+ ^? ( horn-bills & "s few o!r birds4 ,! head be>s a long p5dant cre/ ( loose yell[i% fea!rs4 ,! body is olive-col\r$1 v>i$ ) :ite above1 & b5ea? is ( a dull bay4 ,! w+s are %ort & r\nd$4 ,! tail is long & tipp$ ) yell[4 ,! legs are r %ort1 ! feet /\t1 ! t>si reticulat$1 & ! toes scutellat$2 ! claws long & slightly curv$4 ,accord+ to all :o h obs]v$ ! habits ( ?is bird1 x lives 9 b&s on ! l[] trees & bu%es bord]+ ! /reams & lagoons1 fe$+ on leaves & v>i\s wild fruits1 especially1 says ,h4 ,w4 ,bates 7,naturali/ on ! ,riv] ,amazons1 i4 #abj71 ^? ( a species ( ,psidium1 & x is also cr$it$ ) eat+ ^? ( an arum 7,caladium arboresc5s71 :i* gr[s pl5tifully 9 its haunts4 ,its voice is a h>%1 grat+ hiss1 cont9ues ! same travell]1 & x makes ! noise :5 al>m$1 all ! individuals sibilat+ z !y fly heavily away f tree to tree1 :5 di/urb$ by pass+ canoes4 ,x exhales a v /rong od\r--:]e=e x is kn[n 9 ,briti% ,guiana z ! /9k-bird--comp>$ by ,bates to musk comb9$ ) wet hides1 & by ,deville to t ( a c[-h\se4 ,! species is said to be polygam\s2 ! ne/ is built on trees1 ( /icks plac$ above "o ano!r1 & s(t] mat]ials atop4 ,!re9 ! h5 lays h] eggs to ! numb] ( ?ree or f\r1 ( a dull-yell[i% :ite1 some:at pr(usely m>k$ ) r$di% blot*es & spots1 s z to resemble ^? ( "s ( ! ,rallidae 7,proc4 ,zool4 ,society1 #ahfg1 pl4 xv4 fig4 #g4 p4 #afd74 ,! "y are cov]$ only ) v scanty hair1 l d[n1 & h well-develop$ claws on ! fir/ & second f+]s ( ! w+1 :i* !y use 9 clamb]+ ab\t ! twigs 9 a quadrup$al mann]2 if plac$ 9 ! wat] !y swim & dive well1 al?\gh ! adults seem to be n at all aquatic4 7,a4 ,n47 ,,hoadly1 ,,b5jam9 7#afgf-agfa71 ,engli% div9e1 0 born at ,we/]ham1 ,k5t1 on ! #ad? ( ,novemb] #afgf4 ,9 #afia he ent]$ ,ca?>9e ,hall1 ,cambridge1 :]e he graduat$ ,m4,a4 & 0 = two ye>s tutor1 aft] :i* he held f #agja to #agaa ! lecture%ip ( ,/ ,mildr$ 9 ! ,p\ltry1 & along ) x f #agjd ! rectory ( ,/ ,pet]-le-,po]1 ,london4 ,8 fir/ important appe>ance z a controv]siali/ 0 aga9/ ,edmund ,calamy ! y\ng] 9 ref]5ce to con=mity 7#agjc-agjg71 & aft] ?is he came into conflict ) ,francis ,att]bury1 fir/ on ! int]pretation ( c]ta9 texts & !n on ! :ole ,anglican doctr9e ( non-resi/ance4 ,8 pr9cipal treatises on ?is subject 7 ! ,measures ( ,submission to ! ,civil ,magi/rate & ,! ,orig9 & ,in/itution ( ,civil ,gov]nm5t discuss$2 & 8 "p 9 ! discussion 0 s mu* appreciat$ by ! ,commons t 9 #agji !y pres5t$ an address to ! que5 pray+ h] to be/[ "s dignity 9 ! *ur* on ,mr ,hoadly = 8 em95t s]vices bo? to *ur* & /ate4 ,! que5 return$ a fav\rable answ]1 b ! dignity 0 n conf]r$4 ,9 #agaj he 0 pres5t$ by a private patron to ! rectory ( ,/rea?am 9 ,surrey4 ,9 #agae he 0 appo9t$ *apla9 to ! k+1 & ! same ye> he obta9$ ! bi%opric ( ,bangor4 ,he held ! see = six ye>s1 b nev] visit$ ! diocese4 ,9 #agaf1 9 reply to ,george ,hickes 7q4v471 he publi%$ a ,pres]vative aga9/ ! ,pr9ciples & ,practices ( ,nonjurors 9 ,*ur* & ,/ate1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> prea*$ be=e ! k+ 8 fam\s s]mon on ! ,k+dom ( ,*ri/1 :i* 0 imm$iately publi%$ by royal comm&4 ,^! works 7 attacks on ! div9e au?ority ( k+s & ( ! cl]gy1 b z ! s]mon dealt m specifically & di/9ctly ) ! p[] ( ! *ur*1 its publication caus$ an ecclesia/ical f]m5t :i* 9 c]ta9 aspects has no p>allel 9 religi\s hi/ory4 ,x 0 at once resolv$ to proce$ aga9/ him 9 convocation1 b ?is 0 prev5t$ by ! k+ prorogu+ ! assembly1 a /ep :i* _h consequ5ces ( vital be>+ on ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 s9ce f t p]iod ! great ,anglican c\ncil ceas$ to transact bus9ess ( a m ?an =mal nature4 ,! re/ra9$ s5tim5ts ( ! c\ncil 9 reg>d to ,hoadly f\nd expression 9 a w> ( pamphlets kn[n z ! ,bangorian ,controv]sy1 :i*1 p>tly f a want ( cle>ness 9 ! /atem5ts ( ,hoadly1 p>tly f ! dis+5u\sness ( 8 oppon5ts & ! confusion result+ f exasp]at$ feel+s1 develop$ into an intricate & bewild]+ maze ( side discussions 9 :i* ! ma9 issues ( ! dispute 7 conceal$ almo/ beyond ! possibility ( discov]y4 ,b h[ev] vague & unc]ta9 might be ! mean+ ( ,hoadly 9 reg>d to sev]al ( ! important be>+s ( ! que/ions ar\nd :i* he ar\s$ discussion1 he 0 explicit 9 d5y+ ! p[] ( ! ,*ur* ov] ! consci5ce1 & its "r to det]m9e ! condition ( m5 9 relation to ! fav\r ( ,god4 ,! mo/ able ( 8 oppon5ts 0 ,william ,law2 o!rs 7 ,&rew ,snape1 provo/ ( ,eton1 & ,?omas ,%]lock1 dean ( ,*i*e/]4 ,s ex]cis$ 0 ! m9d ( ! religi\s _w ov] ! dispute t 9 ,july #agag z _m z sev5ty-f\r pamphlets made _! appe>ance2 & at "o p]iod ! crisis became s s]i\s t ! bus9ess ( ,london 0 = "s days virtually at a /&-/ill4 ,hoadly1 be+ n unskill$ 9 ! art ( flatt]y1 0 translat$ 9 #agba to ! see ( ,h]e=d1 9 #agbc to ,salisbury & 9 #agcd to ,w9*e/]4 ,he di$ at 8 palace at ,*elsea on ! #ag? ( ,april #agfa4 ,8 controv]sial writ+s are vigor\s if prolix & 8 !ological essays h little m]it4 ,he mu/ h be5 a mu* hat$ man1 = 8 latitud9>ianism (f5d$ ! high *ur* p>ty & 8 rationalism ! o!r sections4 ,he 0 an intimate fri5d ( ,dr ,samuel ,cl>ke1 ( :om he wrote a life4 ,hoadly's bro!r1 ,,john ,,hoadly 7#afgh-agdf71 0 ar*bi%op ( ,dubl9 f #agcj to #agdb & ar*bi%op ( ,armagh f ! latt] date until 8 dea? on ! #ai? ( ,july #agdf4 ,9 e>ly life ! ar*bi%op 0 v intimate ) ,gilb]t ,burnet1 !n bi%op ( ,salisbury1 & 9 lat] life he 0 a prom95t figure 9 ,iri% politics4 ,! works ( ,b5jam9 ,hoadly 7 collect$ & publi%$ by 8 son ,john 9 #c vols4 7#aggc74 ,to ! fir/ volume 0 prefix$ ! article ,hoadly f ! supplem5t to ! ,biographia ,britannica4 ,see also ,l4 ,/eph51 ,engli% ,?\ght 9 ! #ah? ,c5tury4 ,,ho>1 ,,samuel 7#aggh--ahef71 ,am]ican lawy]1 0 born 9 ,l9coln1 ,massa*usetts1 on ! #ah? ( ,may #aggh4 ,he 0 ! son ( ,samuel ,ho>1 an (fic] 9 ! ,am]ican army dur+ ! ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce1 = _m ye>s a memb] ( ! ,massa*usetts ,g5]al ,c\rt1 & a memb] 9 #ahbj-ahba ( ! /ate ,con/itutional ,conv5tion4 ,! son graduat$ at ,h>v>d 9 #ahjb1 0 admitt$ to ! ,massa*usetts b> 9 #ahje & began practice at ,concord4 ,8 success 9 8 pr(ession 0 imm$iate1 & = a half-c5tury he 0 "o ( ! lead+ lawy]s ( ,massa*usetts4 ,he 0 9 e>ly life a ,f$]ali/ & 0 lat] an ard5t ,:ig 9 politics4 ,he 0 a memb] ( ! /ate s5ate 9 #ahbe1 #ahcb & #ahcc1 & ( ! national h\se ( repres5tatives 9 #ahce-ahcg1 dur+ :i* "t he made a notable spee* 9 fav\r ( ! con/itutional "r ( congress to aboli% slav]y 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia4 ,9 ,novemb] #ahdd1 hav+ retir$ f active legal practice "s ye>s be=e1 he w5t to ,*>le/on1 ,s4,c41 at ! reque/ ( ,gov]nor ,george ,nixon ,briggs 7#agif-ahfa71 to te/ 9 ! c\rts ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a ! con/itutionality ( ! /ate law :i* provid$ t x %all n be lawful = any free negro1 or p]son ( color1 to come into ?is /ate on bo>d any vessel1 z a cook1 /ew>d or m>9]1 or 9 any o!r employm5t1 & t su* free negroes %\ld be seiz$ & lock$ up until ! vessels on :i* !y _h come 7 ready = sea1 :5 !y %\ld be return$ to su* vessels4 ,8 visit ar\s$ great excitm5t1 he 0 ?reat5$ ) p]sonal injury1 ! /ate legislature pass$ resolutions call+ = 8 expulsion1 & he 0 compell$ to leave e>ly 9 ,decemb]4 ,9 #ahdh he 0 prom95t 9 ! ,free ,soil movem5t 9 ,massa*usetts1 & subsequ5tly assi/$ 9 ! organization ( ! ,republican ,p>ty4 ,9 #ahej he s]v$ 9 ! ,massa*usetts h\se ( repres5tatives4 ,he m>ri$ a daught] ( ,rog] ,%]man ( ,connecticut4 ,he di$ at ,concord1 ,massa*usetts1 on ! #bnd ( ,novemb] #ahef4 ,see a memoir by 8 son ,g4 ,f4 ,ho> 9 ,memorial ,biographies ( ! ,new ,engl& ,hi/oric ,g5ealogical ,society1 vol4 iii4 7,bo/on1 #ahhc72 ! e/imate by ,r4 ,w4 ,em]son 9 ,lectures & ,biographical ,sket*es 7,bo/on1 #aijc72 & ,samuel ,ho>'s ,expulsion f ,*>le/on1 ,old ,s\? ,leaflets1 vol4 vi4 ,no4 #adj4 ,8 son1 ,,eb5ez] ,,rockwood ,,ho> 7#ahaf-ahie71 0 born at ,concord1 ,massa*usetts1 on ! #ba/ ( ,febru>y #ahaf4 ,he graduat$ at ,h>v>d 9 #ahce & at ! ,h>v>d ,law ,s*ool 9 #ahci1 & 0 admitt$ to ! ,massa*usetts b> 9 #ahdj4 ,f #ahdi to #ahee he 0 a judge ( ! ,massa*usetts c\rt ( common pleas1 f #ahei to #ahfi a judge ( ! /ate supreme c\rt1 & 9 #ahfi-ahgj attorney-g5]al ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! cab9et ( ,presid5t ,grant1 & 9 t position f\ght unm]it$ ma*9e appo9tm5ts to (fices 9 ! civil s]vice until at ! pressure ( ! ma*9e ,grant ask$ = 8 resignation f ! cab9et4 ,! ,s5ate _h already %[n its disapproval ( ,ho>'s policy ( civil s]vice re=m by its failure 9 #ahgj to confirm ! ,presid5t's nom9ation ( ,ho> z associate-ju/ice ( ! supreme c\rt4 ,9 #ahga he 0 a memb] ( ! ,jo9t ,high ,commission :i* drew up ! ,treaty ( ,wa%+ton4 ,9 #ahgb he 0 a presid5tial elector on ! ,republican ticket1 & 9 #ahgc-ahge 0 a repres5tative 9 ,congress4 ,he 0 a memb] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,ov]se]s ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity f #ahfh to #ahhj & f #ahha to #ahhg1 & 0 presid5t ( ! ,bo>d 9 #ahgh-ahhj & 9 #ahha-ahhg4 ,he 0 also prom95t 9 ! affairs ( ! ,unit>ian *ur*4 ,he 0 a man ( high "* & brilliant wit4 ,he di$ at ,concord on ! #ca/ ( ,janu>y #ahie4 ,ano!r son1 ,,george ,,frisbie ,,ho> 7#ahbf-aijd71 0 born 9 ,concord1 ,massa*usetts1 on ! #bi? ( ,augu/ #ahbf4 ,he graduat$ at ,h>v>d 9 #ahdf & at ! ,h>v>d ,law ,s*ool 9 #ahdi4 ,he settl$ 9 ! practice ( law 9 ,worce/]1 ,massa*usetts1 :]e 9 #aheb he became a p>tn] ( ,emory ,wa%burn 7#ahjj-ahgg74 ,9 #aheb he 0 elect$ z a ,free-,soil] to ! ,massa*usetts ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 & dur+ 8 s+le t]m ( s]vice became ! lead] ( 8 p>ty 9 t body4 ,he 0 active 9 ! organization ( ! ,republican p>ty 9 ,massa*usetts1 & 9 #aheg 0 elect$ to ! ,/ate s5ate1 b decl9$ a re-election4 ,dur+ #ahef-aheg he 0 active 9 behalf ( ! ,free-,/ate cause 9 ,kansas4 ,he 0 a memb] ( ! ,national ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives f #ahfi until #ahgg1 & 9 ?is body took high rank z a ready debat] & a consci5ti\s committee work]4 ,he 0 prom95t z a def5d] & support] ( ! ,fre$man's ,bureau1 took a lead+ "p 9 ! lat] recon/ruction legislation & 9 ! inve/igation ( ! ,cr$it ,mobili] sc&al1 & 9 #ahgf 0 "o ( ! ,h\se manag]s ( ! impea*m5t ( ,g5]al ,w4 ,w4 ,belknap1 ,grant's secret>y ( w>4 ,9 #ahgg he 0 a memb] ( ! ,electoral ,commission :i* settl$ ! disput$ ,hayes-,tild5 election4 ,f #ahgg until 8 dea? he 0 a memb] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates s5ate4 ,9 ! s5ate almo/ f ! />t he took rank z "o ( ! mo/ influ5tial lead]s ( ! ,republican p>ty2 he 0 a memb] f #ahhb until 8 dea? ( ! important ,judici>y ,committee1 ( :i* he 0 *airman 9 #ahia-ahic & 9 #ahie-aijd4 ,8 mo/ important piece ( legislation 0 ! ,presid5tial ,succession ,act ( #ahhf4 ,he 0 a delegate to e ,republican ,national ,conv5tion f #ahgf to #aijd1 & presid$ ov] t at ,*icago 9 #ahhj4 ,he 0 a cons]vative by bir? & tra9+1 & al?\gh he did n leave 8 p>ty he disagre$ ) its policy 9 reg>d to ! ,philipp9es1 & spoke & vot$ aga9/ ! ratification ( ! ,spani% ,treaty4 ,he 0 reg5t ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution 9 #ahhj-ahha1 & long s]v$ z an ov]se] ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity 7#ahif-aijd7 & z presid5t ( its alumni association4 ,he 0 also presid5t ( ! ,am]ican ,hi/orical ,association 7#ahid-ahie7 & ( ! ,am]ican ,antiqu>ian ,society 7#ahhd-ahhg74 ,l 8 bro!r1 he 0 a lead+ ,unit>ian1 & 0 presid5t ( its ,national ,conf]5ce f #ahid to #aijb4 ,he di$ at ,worce/]1 ,massa*usetts1 on ! #cj? ( ,septemb] #aijd4 ,a memorial /atue has be5 erect$ !re4 ,see 8 ,recollections ( ,sev5ty ,ye>s 7,new ,york1 #aijc74 ,,ho>e1 ,,sir ,,ri*>d ,,colt1 ,,b>t4 7#ageh-ahch71 ,engli% antiqu>y1 0 ! elde/ son ( ,ri*>d ,ho>e1 :o 0 creat$ a b>onet 9 #aghf1 & 0 born on ! #i? ( ,decemb] #ageh4 ,he 0 desc5d$ f ,sir ,ri*>d ,ho>e 7#afdh-agah71 "l mayor ( ,london1 ! f\nd] ( ! family bank+ bus9ess4 ,an ample all[ance f 8 gr&fa!r1 ,h5ry ,ho>e1 enabl$ him to pursue ! ar*aeological /udies = :i* he _h already %[n an incl9ation4 ,9 #aghc he m>ri$ ,he/]1 daught] ( ,william ,h5ry1 ,"l ,lyttelton1 & aft] h] dea? 9 #aghe he paid a prolong$ visit to ,france1 ,italy & ,switz]l&4 ,he succe$$ to ! b>onetcy 9 #aghg1 & 9 #aghh made a second cont95tal t\r1 ! record ( 8 travels appe>+ 9 #ahai "u ! title ,a ,classical ,t\r ?r\gh ,italy & ,sicily4 ,a j\rney ?r\gh ,wales 0 foll[$ by a translation ( ! ,it9]>ium ,cambriae & ( ! ,descriptio ,cambriae ( ,giraldus ,cambr5sis1 ,ho>e add+ notes & a life ( ,giraldus to ! translation4 ,?is 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 #ahjd1 & has be5 revis$ by ,t4 ,wright 7,london1 #ahfc74 ,sir ,ri*>d di$ at ,/\rhead1 ,wilt%ire1 on ! #ai? ( ,may #ahch1 be+ succe$$ 9 ! b>onetcy by 8 half-bro!r1 ,h5ry ,hugh ,ho>e4 ,ho>e's mo/ important "w 0 8 ,anci5t ,hi/ory ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,wilt%ire 7#ahab-ahai72 he also did "s "w on ! l>ge ,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,wilt%ire 7#ahbb-ahdd74 ,= notices ( him & a li/ ( 8 works1 _m ( :i* 7 pr9t$ privately1 see ! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e = ,july #ahch1 & ! ,dict4 ,nat4 ,biog4 vol4 xxvii4 7#ahia74 ,see also ,e4 ,ho>e1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,ho>e ,family 7#ahhc74 ,,hob>t1 ,,g>ret ,,augu/us 7#ahdd-ahii71 ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates #ahig-ahii1 0 born at ,long ,bran*1 ,n4,j41 on ! #crd ( ,june #ahdd4 ,he graduat$ at ,rutg]s ,college 9 #ahfc1 0 admitt$ to ! b> 9 #ahfi1 practis$ law at ,pat]son1 ,n4,j41 & rose to prom95ce 9 ! ,/ate4 ,he 0 long conspicu\s 9 ! ,/ate ,republican organization1 0 *airman ( ! ,new ,j]sey ,/ate ,republican ,committee f #ahhj to #ahij1 became a memb] 9 #ahhd ( ! ,republican ,national ,committee1 & 0 ! delegate-at-l>ge f ,new ,j]sey to five successive ,republican national nom9at+ conv5tions4 ,he s]v$ 9 ! ,new ,j]sey ,assembly 9 #ahgc-ahgd1 & 9 ! ,new ,j]sey ,s5ate 9 #ahgg-ahhb1 & 0 speak] ( ! ,assembly 9 #ahgd & presid5t ( ! ,s5ate 9 #ahha & #ahhb4 ,he 0 also prom95t & successful 9 bus9ess & accumulat$ a l>ge =tune4 ,he accept$ ! nom9ation z ,vice-,presid5t 9 #ahif1 on ! ticket ) ,presid5t ,mc,kinley1 & 0 elect$2 b :ile /ill 9 (fice he di$ at ,pat]son1 ,n4,j41 on ! #ba/ ( ,novemb] #ahii4 ,see ! ,life 7,new ,york1 #aiaj7 by ,david ,magie4 ,,hob>t1 ,,john ,,h5ry 7#agge-ahcj71 ,am]ican ,prote/ant ,episcopal bi%op1 0 born 9 ,philadelphia1 ,p5nsylvania1 on ! #ad? ( ,septemb] #agge1 be+ fif? 9 direct desc5t f ,edmund ,hob>t1 a f\nd] ( ,h+ham1 ,massa*usetts4 ,he 0 educat$ at ! ,philadelphia ,lat9 ,s*ool1 ! ,college ( ,philadelphia 7n[ ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania71 & ,pr9ceton1 :]e he graduat$ 9 #agic4 ,aft] /udy+ !ology "u ,bi%op ,william ,:ite at ,philadelphia1 he 0 orda9$ deacon 9 #agih1 & prie/ two ye>s lat]4 ,he 0 elect$ assi/ant bi%op ( ,new ,york1 ) ! "r ( succession1 9 #ahaa1 & 0 act+ diocesan f t date because ( ! ill-heal? ( ,bi%op ,b5jam9 ,moore1 :om he =mally succe$$ on ! latt]'s dea? 9 ,febru>y #ahaf4 ,he 0 "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! ,g5]al ,!ological ,sem9>y1 became its pr(essor ( pa/oral !ology 9 #ahba1 & z bi%op 0 its gov]nor4 ,9 8 zeal = ! hi/oric episcopacy he publi%$ 9 #ahjg ,an ,apology = ,apo/olic ,ord] & its ,advocates1 a s]ies ( lett]s to ,rev4 ,john ,m4 ,mason1 :o1 9 ,! ,*ri/ian's ,magaz9e1 ( :i* he 0 editor1 _h attack$ ! ,episcopacy 9 g5]al & 9 p>ticul> ,hob>t's ,collection ( ,essays on ! ,subject ( ,episcopacy 7#ahjf74 ,hob>t's zeal = ! ,g5]al ,sem9>y & ! ,g5]al ,conv5tion l$ him to oppose ! plan ( ,phil&] ,*ase1 bi%op ( ,ohio1 = an ,episcopal sem9>y 9 t diocese2 b ! ,ohio sem9>y 0 made directly responsible to ! ,h\se ( ,bi%ops1 & ,hob>t approv$ ! plan4 ,8 /rong opposition to diss5t+ *ur*es 0 n[h]e s cle>ly %[n z 9 a pamphlet publi%$ 9 #ahaf to dissuade all ,episcopalians f jo9+ ! ,am]ican ,bible ,society1 :i* he ?\ght ! ,prote/ant ,episcopal ,*ur* _h n ! num]ical or ! f9ancial /r5g? to control4 ,9 #ahah1 to c\nt]balance ! influ5ce ( ! ,bible ,society & especially ( ,scott's ,comm5t>ies1 he began to edit ) select$ notes ! ,family ,bible ( ! ,society = ,promot+ ,*ri/ian ,k4 ,he deliv]$ episcopal *>ges to ! cl]gy ( ,connecticut & ,new ,york entitl$ ,! ,*ur*man 7#ahai7 & ,! ,high ,*ur*man ,v9dicat$ 7#ahbf71 9 :i* he accept$ ! "n high *ur*man1 & /at$ & expla9$ 8 pr9ciples 9 di/9ction f ! corruptions ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome & f ! ,errors ( ,c]ta9 ,prote/ant ,sects4 ,he ex]t$ himself greatly 9 build+ up 8 diocese1 attempt+ to make an annual visit to e p>i%4 ,8 fail+ heal? l$ him to visit ,europe 9 #ahbc-ahbe4 ,^u 8 return he prea*$ a *>act]i/ic s]mon entitl$ ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica comp>$ ) "s ,european ,c\ntries1 p>ticul>ly ,engl& 7publi%$ #ahbf71 9 :i*1 al?\gh !re 0 "s praise = ! ,engli% *ur*1 he s boldly criticiz$ ! e/abli%m5t1 /ate patronage1 cab9et appo9tm5t ( bi%ops1 lax discipl9e1 & ! l[ requirem5ts ( !ological education1 z to r\se mu* ho/ility 9 ,engl&1 :]e he _h be5 highly prais$ = two volumes ( ,s]mons on ! ,pr9cipal ,ev5ts & ,tru?s ( ,r$emption 7#ahbd74 ,he di$ at ,auburn1 ,new ,york1 on ! #ab? ( ,septemb] #ahcj4 ,he 0 able1 impetu\s1 frank1 p]fectly fe>less 9 controv]sy1 a speak] & prea*] ( mu* eloqu5ce1 a support] ( missions to ! ,oneida ,indians 9 8 diocese1 & ! compil] ( ! foll[+ devotional works3 ,a ,companion = ! ,alt> 7#ahjd71 ,fe/ivals & ,fa/s 7#ahjd71 ,a ,companion to ! ,book ( ,common ,pray] 7#ahje71 & ,a ,cl]gyman's ,companion 7#ahje74 ,see ,memorial ( ,bi%op ,hob>t1 conta9+ a ,memoir 7,new ,york1 #ahca72 ,john ,mc,vickar1 ,! ,e>ly ,life & ,pr(essional ,ye>s ( ,bi%op ,hob>t 7,new ,york1 #ahcd71 & ,! ,clos+ ,ye>s ( ,bi%op ,hob>t 7,new ,york1 #ahcf74 ,,hob>t ,,pa%a1 ,,augu/us ,,*>les ,,hob>t-,,hampd5 7#ahbb-ahhf71 ,engli% naval capta9 & ,turki% admiral1 0 born 9 ,leice/]%ire on ! #a/ ( ,april #ahbb1 be+ ! ?ird son ( ! #f? ,e>l ( ,buck+ham%ire4 ,9 #ahce he ent]$ ! ,royal ,navy & s]v$ z a mid%ipman on ! coa/ ( ,brazil 9 ! suppression ( ! slave trade1 display+ mu* gallantry 9 ! op]ations4 ,9 #ahee he took "p1 z capta9 ( ! ,driv]1 9 ! ,baltic ,exp$ition1 & 0 actively engag$ at ,bom>sund & ,abo4 ,9 #ahfb he retir$ f ! navy ) ! rank ( po/-capta92 b 8 love ( adv5ture l$ him1 dur+ ! ,am]ican ,civil ,w>1 to take ! comm& ( a blockade-runn]4 ,he _h ! good =tune to run ! blockade eighte5 times1 convey+ w> mat]ial to ,*>le/on & return+ ) a c>go ( cotton4 ,9 #ahfg ,hob>t ent]$ ! ,turki% s]vice1 & 0 imm$iately nom9at$ to ! comm& ( t fleet1 ) ! rank ( ,bahrie ,limassi 7re>-admiral74 ,9 ?is capacity he p]=m$ spl5did s]vice 9 help+ to suppress ! insurrection 9 ,crete1 & 0 rew>d$ by ! ,sultan ) ! title ( ,pa%a 7#ahfi74 ,9 #ahgd ,hob>t1 ^: "n _h1 on repres5tations made by ,greece1 be5 remov$ f ! ,briti% ,navy ,li/1 0 re9/at$2 8 re/oration did n1 h[ev]1 la/ long1 = on ! outbreak ( ! ,russo-,turki% w> he aga9 ent]$ ,turki% s]vice4 ,9 comm& ( ! ,turki% squadron he completely dom9at$ ! ,black ,sea1 blockad+ ! ports ( ,s\? ,russia & ! m\?s ( ! ,danube1 & p>alys+ ! action ( ! ,russian fleet4 ,on ! conclusion ( peace ,hob>t /ill rema9$ 9 ! ,turki% s]vice1 & 9 #ahha 0 appo9t$ ,mu%ir1 or m>%al1 be+ ! fir/ ,*ri/ian to hold t high (fice4 ,8 a*ievem5ts z a blockade-runn]1 8 blockade ( ,crete1 & 8 h&l+ ( ! ,turki% fleet aga9/ ! torp$o-l9$ coa/s ( ,russia1 %[$ him to be a d>+1 res\rceful1 & skilful comm&]1 wor?y to be rank$ among ! illu/ri\s names ( ,briti% naval h]oes4 ,he di$ at ,milan on ! #ai? ( ,june #ahhf4 ,see 8 ,sket*es ( ,my ,life 7#ahhf71 :i* mu/1 h[ev]1 be us$ ) caution1 s9ce x conta9s _m prov$ inaccuracies4 ,,hob>t1 ! capital ( ,tasmania1 9 ! c\nty ( ,buck+ham1 on ! s\!rn coa/ ( ! isl&4 ,x occupies a site ( great beauty1 /&+ on a s]ies ( l[ hills at ! foot ( ,m\nt ,well+ton1 a l(ty peak 7#daff ft47 :i* is sn[-clad = _m mon?s 9 ! ye>4 ,! t[n fronts ,sullivan's ,cove1 a picturesque bay op5+ into ! e/u>y ( ! riv] ,d]w5t1 & is ne>ly squ>e 9 =m1 laid out ) wide /reets int]sect+ at "r angles1 ! *ief ( :i* are s]v$ by electric tramways4 ,x is ! seat ( ! ,anglican bi%op ( ,tasmania1 & ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ar*bi%op ( ,hob>t4 ,! ,anglican ca!dral ( ,/ ,david dates f #ahgc1 ?\gh its f\ndations 7 laid z e>ly z #ahag4 ,/ ,m>y's ,roman ,ca?olic ca!dral is a beautiful build+2 b p]haps ! mo/ notable ecclesia/ical build+ 9 ,hob>t is ! great ,bapti/ tab]nacle 9 ,upp] ,elizabe? ,/reet4 ,! mo/ prom95t public build+s are ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t1 to :i* an excell5t libr>y is atta*$2 ! t[n hall1 a beautiful build+ ( br[n & :ite ,tasmanian free/one 9 ,italian /yle2 ! museum & national art gall]y1 & ! g5]al po/ (fice 7#aijd7 ) its l(ty clock-t[]4 ,gov]nm5t ,h\se1 ! resid5ce ( ! gov]nor ( ,tasmania1 a h&some ca/ellat$ build+1 /&s 9 its doma9 on ! banks ( ! ,d]w5t1 to ! nor? ( ! t[n4 ,! botanical g>d5s adjo94 ,( ! p>ks & public g>d5s1 ! mo/ ext5sive is ! ,que5's ,doma91 cov]+ an area ( ab\t #gjj acres1 :ile ! mo/ c5tral is ,frankl9 ,squ>e1 adorn$ ) a /atue ( ,sir ,john ,frankl91 ! fam\s ,arctic explor]1 :o 0 gov]nor ( ,tasmania f #ahcg to #ahdc4 ,! univ]sity ( ,tasmania1 e/abli%$ 9 #ahij1 & op5$ 9 #ahic1 has its headqu>t]s at ,hob>t4 ,! t[n is celebrat$ = its invigorat+ climate1 & its annual regatta on ! ,d]w5t attracts num]\s visitors4 ,! h>b\r is easy ( access1 well %elt]$ & deep1 ) :>f accommodation = vessels ( ! l>ge/ tonnage4 ,x is a regul> port ( call = sev]al int]colonial l9es f ,sydney & ,melb\rne1 & = l9es f ,london to ,new ,zeal&4 ,! exports1 ( an av]age value ( ,l#hej1jjj annually1 consi/ ma9ly ( fruit1 hops1 gra91 timb] & wool4 ,! indu/ries comprise brew+1 saw-mill+1 iron-f\nd+1 fl\r-mill+1 tann+1 & ! manufacture ( pott]y & wooll5 goods4 ,hob>t is ! c5tre ( a l>ge fruit-gr[+ di/rict1 ! produce ( :i*1 = ! mo/ "p1 is export$ to ,london & ,sydney4 ,! city 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahjd & takes its "n f ,"l ,hob>t 7see ,,buck+ham%ire1 ,,e>ls ,,(71 !n secret>y ( /ate = ! colonies4 ,x 0 creat$ a municipality 9 #ahec1 & a city 9 #aheg2 & 9 #ahha its "n 0 *ang$ f ,hob>t ,t[n to ! pres5t =m4 ,! *ief suburbs are ,newton1 ,s&y ,bay1 ,well+ton1 ,risdon1 ,gl5or*y1 ,bell]ive & ,beltana4 ,! population ( ! city prop] 9 #aija 0 #bd1feb1 or includ+ suburbs1 #cd1ahb4 ,,hobbema1 ,,meynd]t 7c4 #afch-agji71 ! greate/ l&scape pa9t] ( ! ,dut* s*ool aft] ,ruysdael1 liv$ at ,am/]dam 9 ! second half ( ! #ag? c5tury4 ,! facts ( 8 life are some:at obscure4 ,no?+ is m disappo9t+ ?an to f9d t 9 ,hobbema's case *ronology & sign$ pictures sub/antially contradict ea* o!r4 ,accord+ to ! latt] 8 practice la/$ f #afej to #afhi2 accord+ to ! =m] 8 bir? occurr$ 9 #afch1 8 dea? z late z #agji4 ,if ! ma/]piece =m]ly 9 ! ,br$el collection1 call$ ,a ,wood$ ,/ream1 hone/ly be>s ! date ( #afej1 or ,! ,cottages "u ,trees ( ! ,=d collection ! date ( #afeb1 ! pa9t] ( ^! canvases _c be ,hobbema1 ^: bir? took place 9 #afch1 unless inde$ we admit t ,hobbema pa9t$ "s ( 8 f9e/ works at ! age ( twelve or f\rte54 ,= a consid]able p]iod x 0 pr(itable to pass ,hobbemas z ,ruysdaels1 & ! "n ( ! less] ma/] 0 probably eras$ f sev]al ( 8 productions4 ,:5 ,hobbema's tal5t 0 recogniz$1 ! contr>y process 0 foll[$1 & 9 ?is way ! "n1 & p]haps fictiti\s dates1 reappe>$ by fraud4 ,an exp]i5c$ eye w note ! diff]5ces :i* occur 9 ,hobbema's signatures 9 su* well-kn[n examples z adorn ! gall]ies ( ,london & ,rott]dam1 or ! ,grosv5or & van d] ,hoop collections4 ,mean:ile1 we mu/ be cont5t to "k t1 if ! "q ( dates c\ld be br\ght into accordance ) records & *ronology1 ! facts ( ,hobbema's life w\ld be z foll[s4 ,meynd]t ,hobbema 0 m>ri$ at ! age ( ?irty to ,eeltije ,v9ck ( ,gorcum1 9 ! ,oudek]k or old *ur* at ,am/]dam1 on ! #bnd ( ,novemb] #affh4 ,witnesses to ! m>riage 7 ! bride's bro!r ,cornelius ,v9ck & ,jacob ,ruysdael4 ,we might suppose f ?is t ,hobbema & ,ruysdael1 ! two great ma/]s ( l&scape1 7 unit$ at ?is "t by ties ( fri5d%ip1 & accept ! belief t ! =m] 0 ! pupil ( ! latt]4 ,yet ev5 ?is is d5i$ to u1 s9ce records tell u t !re 7 two ,jacob ,ruysdaels1 c\s9s & contempor>ies1 at ,am/]dam 9 ! middle ( ! #ag? c5tury--"o a framemak]1 ! son ( ,solomon1 ! o!r a pa9t]1 ! son ( ,isaac ,ruysdael4 ,( ,hobbema's m>riage !re came betwe5 #affh & #afgc f\r *ildr54 ,9 #agjd ,eeltije di$1 & 0 buri$ 9 ! paup] section ( ! ,leid5 cemet]y at ,am/]dam4 ,hobbema himself surviv$ till ,decemb] #agji1 receiv+ burial on ! #ad? ( t mon? 9 ! paup] section ( ! ,we/]k]k cemet]y at ,am/]dam4 ,husb& & wife _h liv$ dur+ _! lifetime 9 ! ,roz5gra*t1 at no great di/ance f ,rembr&t1 :o also dwelt !re 9 8 lat] & impov]i%$ days4 ,rembr&t1 ,hals1 ,jacob ,ruysdael1 & ,hobbema 7 9 "o respect alike4 ,!y all di$ 9 mis]y1 insuffici5tly rew>d$ p]haps = _! toil1 imprud5t p]haps 9 ! use ( ! means d]iv$ f _! lab\rs4 ,po/]ity has recogniz$ t ,hobbema & ,ruysdael toge!r repres5t ! f9al developm5t ( l&scape art 9 ,holl&4 ,_! /yle is s relat$ t we _c suppose ! fir/ to h be5 unconnect$ ) ! second4 ,/ill _! works diff] 9 c]ta9 ways1 & _! "* is g5]ally s m>k$ t we %all f9d little difficulty 9 di/+ui%+ !m1 nor inde$ %all we hesitate 9 sep>at+ ^? ( ,hobbema f ! feebl] productions ( 8 imitators & pr$ecessors--,isaac ,ruysdael1 ,rontb\ts1 de ,vries1 ,dekk]1 ,loot51 ,v]boom1 du ,bois1 van ,kessel1 van d] ,hag51 ev5 ,philip de ,kon+k4 ,9 ! ex]cise ( 8 craft ,hobbema 0 pati5t beyond all conception4 ,x is d\btful :e!r any "o ev] s completely ma/]$ z he did ! /ill life ( woods & h$ges1 or mills & pools4 ,nor c we believe t he obta9$ ?is ma/]y o!rwise ?an by con/antly dwell+ 9 ! same neighb\rhood1 say 9 ,gueld]s or on ! ,dut* ,we/phalian bord]1 :]e day aft] day he might /udy ! bran*+ & foliage ( trees & und]wood emb[]+ cottages & mills1 "u e v>iety ( light1 9 e %ade ( transp>5cy1 9 all *anges produc$ by ! seasons4 ,?\gh 8 l&scapes are sev]ely & mod]ately ton$1 g5]ally 9 an olive key1 & (t5 attun$ to a puritanical grey or russet1 !y surprise u1 n only by ! v>iety ( _! leafage1 b by ! f9i% ( _! detail z well z ! boldness ( _! t\*4 ,) a/oni%+ subtlety light is %[n p5etrat+ cl\d1 & illum9at+1 sometimes transi5tly1 sometimes /eadily1 diff]5t portions ( ! gr\nd1 %9+ ?r\gh leaves ^u o!r leaves1 & multiply+ 9 an endless way ! transp>5cy ( ! picture4 ,if ! *ance be giv5 him he mirrors all ^! ?+s 9 ! /ill pool ne> a cottage1 ! rea*es ( a sluggi% riv]1 or ! swirl ( ! /ream t fe$s a busy mill4 ,! same spot w furni% him ) sev]al pictures4 ,"o mill gives him repeat$ opportunities ( *>m+ our eye2 & ?is wond]ful arti/1 :o is only second to ,ruysdael because he _h n ,ruysdael's v]satility & did n ext5d 8 /udy equally to d[ns & rocky em95ces1 or torr5ts & e/u>ies--?is is ! man :o liv$ p5uri\sly1 di$ poor1 & left no trace 9 ! arti/ic annals ( 8 c\ntry6 ,x has be5 said t ,hobbema did n pa9t 8 own figures1 b transf]r$ t duty to ,adrian van de ,velde1 ,l+elba*1 ,b>5dt ,gael1 & ,abraham ,/orck4 ,z to ?is mu* is conjecture4 ,! be/ ( ,hobbema's dat$ pictures are ^? ( ! ye>s #affc to #affg4 ,( ! =m]1 sev]al 9 ! gall]ies ( ,brussels & ,/ ,pet]sburg1 & "o 9 ! ,hol=d collection1 are celebrat$4 ,( #affe f9e specim5s are at ,grosv5or ,h\se & ! ,wallace collection4 ,( sev5 pieces 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 includ+ ! ,av5ue at ,middelh>nis1 :i* "s assign to #afhi1 & ! ,ru9s ( ,breb]ode ,ca/le1 two are dat$ #affg4 ,a sample ( ! la/ ( ^! ye>s is also 9 ! ,fitzwilliam ,museum at ,cambridge4 ,among/ ! ma/]pieces 9 private h&s 9 ,engl& may be notic$ two l&scapes 9 ,buck+ham ,palace1 two at ,bridgewat] ,h\se1 & "o belong+ to ,mr ,walt] ( ,be>wood4 ,on ! cont95t are a ,wood$ ,l&scape 9 ! ,b]l9 gall]y1 a ,=e/ belong+ to ! du*ess ( ,sagan 9 ,p>is1 & a ,glade 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,!re are o!r f9e ,hobbemas 9 ! ,antw]p ,museum1 ! ,ar5b]g gall]y at ,brussels1 & ! ,belv$]e at ,vi5na4 7,j4 ,a4 ,c47 ,,hobbes1 ,,?omas 7#aehh-afgi71 ,engli% philosoph]1 second son ( ,?omas ,hobbes1 0 born at ,we/port 7n[ "p ( ,malmesbury1 ,wilt%ire7 on ! #e? ( ,april #aehh4 ,8 fa!r1 vic> ( ,*>lton & ,we/port1 an illit]ate & *ol]ic man1 qu>rell$1 x is said1 ) a bro!r cl]gyman at ! *ur* door1 & 0 =c$ to decamp1 leav+ 8 ?ree *ildr5 to ! c>e ( an eld] bro!r ,francis1 a fl\ri%+ glov] at ,malmesbury4 ,?omas ,hobbes 0 put to s*ool at ,we/port *ur* at ! age ( f\r1 pass$ to ! ,malmesbury s*ool at eight1 & 0 taught aga9 9 ,we/port lat] at a private s*ool kept by a "y man nam$ ,rob]t ,latim]1 fre% f ,ox=d & a good ,grecian4 ,he _h begun ,lat9 & ,greek e>ly1 & "u ,latim] made su* progress z to be able to translate ! ,m$ea ( ,euripides into ,lat9 iambic v]se be=e he 0 f\rte54 ,ab\t ! age ( fifte5 he 0 s5t to ,ox=d & ent]$ at ,magdal5 ,hall4 ,dur+ 8 resid5ce1 ! fir/ pr9cipal ( ,magdal5 ,hall1 ,john ,hussee1 0 succe$$ by ,john ,wilk9son1 :o rul$ 9 ! int]e/ ( ! ,calv9i/ic p>ty 9 ! univ]sity4 ,?us e>ly 0 he br\ght into contact ) ! aggressive ,puritan _s4 ,ap>t f ?is1 ,hobbes ow$ little to 8 univ]sity tra9+1 :i* 0 bas$ on ! s*ola/ic logic !n preval5t4 ,we h f himself a lively record ( 8 /ud5t life 7,vit4 c>m4 exp4 p4 lxxxv471 :i*1 ?\gh p5n$ 9 extreme old age1 may be tak5 z tru/wor?y4 ,he tells h[1 :5 he _h sl[ly tak5 9 ! doctr9e ( logical figures & moods1 he put x aside & w\ld prove ?+s only 9 8 own way2 h[ he !n he>d ab\t bodies z consi/+ ( matt] & =m1 z ?r[+ (f species ( !mselves = p]ception1 & z mov$ by sympa?ies & antipa?ies1 ) mu* else ( a l sort1 all beyond 8 compreh5sion2 & h[ he !re=e turn$ to 8 old books aga91 f$ 8 m9d on maps & *>ts ( e>? & sky1 trac$ ! sun 9 8 pa?1 foll[$ ,drake & ,cav5di% girdl+ ! ma91 & gaz$ ) delight ^u pictur$ haunts ( m5 & wond]s ( unkn[n l&s4 ,v *>act]i/ic is ! int]e/ 9 m5 & ?+s1 & ! disposition to cut ?r\gh que/ions 9 ! s*ools aft] a tr5*ant fa%ion ( 8 own4 ,he 0 little attract$ by ! s*ola/ic le>n+1 ?\gh x w\ld be wrong to take 8 words z evid5ce ( a precoci\s insight into its weakness4 ,! tru? probably is t he took no int]e/ 9 /udies :i* !re 0 no risk 9 neglect+1 & ?\ght z little ( reject+ z ( accept+ ! traditional doctr9es4 ,he adds t he took 8 degree at ! prop] "t2 b 9 fact1 ^u any computation & f :atev] cause1 he rema9$ at ,magdal5 ,hall five1 in/ead ( ! requir$ f\r1 ye>s1 n be+ admitt$ z ba*elor till ! #e? ( ,febru>y #afjh4 ,translation ( ,?ucydides4 ,9 ! same ye> ,hobbes 0 recomm5d$ by ,wilk9son z tutor to ! son ( ,william ,cav5di%1 b>on ( ,h>dwick 7aft]w>ds #bnd e>l ( ,devon%ire71 & ?us began a lifelong connexion ) a great & p[]ful family4 ,twice x 0 loos5$--once1 = a %ort "t1 aft] tw5ty ye>s1 & aga91 = a long] p]iod1 dur+ ! ,civil ,w>--b x nev] 0 brok54 ,hobbes spoke ( ! fir/ ye>s ( 8 tutor%ip z ! happie/ ( 8 life4 ,"y ,cav5di% 0 h>dly y\ng] ?an ,hobbes1 & _h be5 m>ri$1 a few mon?s be=e1 at ! in/ance ( ! k+1 to ,*ri/iana1 ! only daught] ( ,edw>d1 ,"l ,bruce ( ,k9loss1 ?\gh by reason ( ! bride's age1 :i* 0 only twelve ye>s1 ! pair _h no e/abli%m5t = "s "t4 ,hobbes 0 8 companion r ?an tutor 7be=e becom+ secret>y72 &1 gr[+ greatly atta*$ to ea* o!r1 !y 7 s5t abroad toge!r on ! gr& t\r 9 #afaj4 ,dur+ ?is j\rney1 ! duration ( :i* _c be precisely /at$1 ,hobbes acquir$ "s k ( ,fr5* & ,italian1 & also made ! important discov]y t ! s*ola/ic philosophy :i* he _h le>n$ 9 ,ox=d 0 almo/ univ]sally neglect$ 9 fav\r ( ! sci5tific & critical me?ods ( ,galileo1 ,kepl] & ,montaigne4 ,unable at fir/ to cope ) _! unfamili> ideas1 he det]m9$ to become a s*ol>1 & until #afbh 0 engag$ 9 a c>eful /udy ( ,greek & ,lat9 au?ors1 ! outcome ( :i* 0 8 great translation ( ,?ucydides4 ,b :5 he _h f9i%$ 8 "w he kept x ly+ by him = ye>s1 be+ no long] s sure ( f9d+ appreciative read]s2 & :5 he did s5d x =?1 9 #afbh1 he 0 fa9 to be cont5t ) ! few & bett] sort4#a ,t he 0 f9ally det]m9$ to publication by ! political tr\bles ( ! ye> #afbh may be reg>d$ z c]ta91 n only f 8 own express decl>ation at a lat] "t 7,vit4 c>m4 exp471 b also f unmi/akable h9ts 9 ! acc\nt ( ! life & "w ( 8 au?or prefix$ to ! translation on its appe>ance4 ,?is 0 ! ye> ( ! ,petition ( ,"r1 extort$ f ! k+ 9 ! ?ird p>liam5t he _h tri$ )9 ?ree ye>s ( 8 accession2 &1 9 view ( ,hobbes's lat] activity1 x is significant t he came =w>d j !n1 at ! mature age ( =ty1 ) 8 v]sion ( ! /ory ( ! ,a!nian democracy z ! fir/ production ( 8 p54 ,no?+ else is kn[n ( 8 do+s be=e #afbh1 except t ?r\gh 8 connexion ) "y ,cav5di% he _h relations ) lit]>y m5 ( note l ,b5 ,jonson1 & also ) ,bacon & ,"l ,h]b]t ( ,*]bury4 ,if he nev] _h any sympa?y ) ,h]b]t's intuitionali/ pr9ciples 9 philosophy1 he 0 no less eag]1 z he aft]w>ds %[$1 ?an ,h]b]t to rationalize 9 matt]s ( religi\s doctr9e1 s t he may be call$ ! second ( ! ,engli% dei/s1 z ,h]b]t has be5 call$ ! fir/4 ,) ,bacon he 0 s intimate 7,aubrey's ,lives1 pp4 #bbb1 #fjb7 t "s writ]s h describ$ him z a disciple4 ,! facts t he us$ to walk ) ,bacon at ,gorhambury1 & w\ld jot d[n ) exceptional intellig5ce ! eag] ?9k]'s sudd5 notions1 & t he 0 employ$ to make ! ,lat9 v]sion ( "s ( ! ,essays1 prove no?+ :5 weigh$ aga9/ 8 own disreg>d ( all ,bacon's pr9ciples1 & ! o!r evid5ce t ! impulse to indep5d5t ?9k+ came to him n f ,bacon1 & n till "s "t aft] ,bacon's dea? 9 #afbf4b ,philosophic ,inquiry4 ,s f> z we h any positive evid5ce1 x 0 n be=e ! ye> #afbi t ,hobbes ent]$ on philosophical inquiry4 ,mean:ile a great *ange _h be5 wr\ght 9 8 circum/ances4 ,8 fri5d & ma/]1 aft] ab\t two ye>s' t5ure ( ! e>ldom ( ,devon%ire1 di$ ( ! plague 9 ,june #afbh1 & ! affairs ( ! family 7 s disord]$ f9ancially t ! wid[$ c\ntess 0 left ) ! task ( right+ !m 9 ! boyhood ( ! ?ird e>l4 ,hobbes w5t on = a "t liv+ 9 ! h\sehold2 b 8 s]vices 7 no long] 9 dem&1 &1 rema9+ inconsolable "u 8 p]sonal b]eavem5t1 he s\ght di/raction1 9 #afbi1 9 ano!r engagem5t :i* took him abroad z tutor to ! son ( ,sir ,g]vase ,clifton1 ( an old ,nott+ham%ire family4 ,?is1 8 second1 soj\rn abroad appe>s to h be5 sp5t *iefly 9 ,p>is1 & ! "o important fact record$ ( x is t he !n fir/ began to look into ,euclid4 ,! engagem5t came to an end 9 #afca1 :5 he 0 recall$ to tra9 ! "y e>l ( ,devon%ire1 n[ ?irte5 ye>s old1 son ( 8 previ\s pupil4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! next sev5 ye>s 9 ,d]by%ire & abroad1 ,hobbes took 8 pupil ov] rhetoric1#c logic1 a/ronomy1 & ! pr9ciples ( law1 ) o!r subjects4 ,8 m9d 0 n[ full ( ! ?\ght ( motion 9 nature1 & on ! cont95t he s\ght out ! philosophical speculators or sci5tific work]s4 ,9 ,flor5ce 9 #afcf he saw ,galileo1 = :om he ev] reta9$ ! w>me/ admiration1 & sp5t eight mon?s 9 daily conv]se ) ! memb]s ( a sci5tific circle 9 ,p>is1 held toge!r by ,m>9 ,m]s5ne 7q4v474 ,f t "t 7! w9t] ( #afcf-afcg7 he too1 z he tells u1 0 numb]$ among philosoph]s4 ,8 introduction to ,euclid took place accid5tally 9 #afbi 7,aubrey's ,lives1 p4 #fjd74 ,euclid's mann] ( pro( became ! model = 8 own way ( ?9k+ ^u all subjects4 ,x is less easy to det]m9e :5 he awoke to an int]e/ 9 ! physical doctr9e ( motion4 ,! /ory told by himself 7,vit4 p4 xx47 is t1 he>+ ! "q ask$ ,:at is s5se8 he fell to ?9k+ (t5 on ! subject1 till x sudd5ly occurr$ to him t if bodies & _! int]nal p>ts 7 at re/1 or 7 always 9 ! same /ate ( motion1 !re c\ld be no di/9ction ( any?+1 & consequ5tly no s5se2 ! cause ( all ?+s mu/ !re=e be s\ght 9 div]sity ( movem5ts4 ,/>t+ f ?is pr9ciple he 0 driv5 to geometry = insight into ! gr\nd & modes ( motion4 ,! biographies we possess d n tell u :]e or :5 ?is great *ange ( int]e/ occurr$4 ,no?+ is said1 h[ev]1 :i* contradicts a /atem5t t on 8 ?ird j\rney 9 ,europe he began to /udy ! doctr9e ( motion m s]i\sly1 be+ int]e/$ 9 x be=e2 & z he claims m ?an once 7,l4,w4 v4 #cjc2 ,e4,w4 vii4 #dfh7 to h expla9$ light & s\nd by a me*anical hypo!sis z f> back z #afcj1 ! inspiration may be assign$ to ! "t ( ! second j\rney4 ,b x 0 n till ! ?ird j\rney t ! new int]e/ became an ov]p[]+ passion1 & ! philosoph] 0 on 8 way home be=e he _h advanc$ s f> z to conceive ! s*eme ( a sy/em ( ?\ght to ! elaboration ( :i* 8 life %\ld h5ce=? be devot$4 ,hobbes 0 able to c>ry out 8 plan 9 "s tw5ty ye>s or m f ! "t ( its conception1 b ! execution 0 s brok5 9 ^u by political ev5ts1 & s complicat$ ) o!r lab\rs1 t its /ages c h>dly be foll[$ )\t "s previ\s und]/&+ ( ! relations ( ! p>ts ( ! s*eme1 z !re is reason to believe !y 7 sket*$ out f ! beg9n+4 ,8 s*eme 0 fir/ to "w out1 9 a sep>ate treatise ,de corpore1 a sy/ematic doctr9e ( ,body1 %[+ h[ physical ph5om5a 7 univ]sally explicable 9 t]ms ( motion1 z motion or me*anical action 0 !n 7?r\gh ,galileo & o!rs7 und]/ood--! !ory ( motion be+ appli$ 9 ! light ( ma!matical sci5ce1 aft] quantity1 ! subject-matt] ( ma!matics1 _h be5 duly consid]$ 9 its place among ! fundam5tal conceptions ( philosophy1 & a cle> indication _h be5 giv51 at fir/ />t+1 ( ! logical gr\nd & me?od ( all philosophical inquiry4 ,he w\ld !n s+le out ,man f ! realm ( nature1 &1 9 a treatise ,de hom9e1 %[ :at specific bodily motions 7 involv$ 9 ! production ( ! peculi> ph5om5a ( s5sation & k1 z also ( ! affections & passions !nce result+1 :]eby man came into relation ) man4 ,f9ally he w\ld consid]1 9 a cr[n+ treatise ,de cive1 h[ m51 be+ naturally rivals or foes1 7 mov$ to ent] into ! bett] relation ( ,society1 & demon/rate h[ ?is gr& product ( human wit mu/ be regulat$ if m5 7 n to fall back into bruti%ness & mis]y4 ,?us he propos$ to unite 9 "o coh]5t :ole ! sep>ate ph5om5a ( ,body1 ,man & ! ,/ate4 ,hobbes came home1 9 #afcg1 to a c\ntry see?+ ) discont5t4 ,! reign ( ,?or\gh 0 collaps+1 & ! =ces p5t up s9ce #afbi 7 soon to r5d ! fabric ( ! /ate4 ,by ^! ev5ts ,hobbes 0 di/ract$ f ! ord]ly execution ( 8 philosophic plan4 ,! ,%ort ,p>liam5t1 z he tells u at a lat] "t 7,e4,w4 iv4 #dad71 0 n dissolv$ be=e he _h ready a little treatise 9 ,engli%1 9 :i* he s\ght to prove t ! po9ts ( ! royal pr]ogative :i* ! memb]s 7 det]m9$ to dispute be=e grant+ supplies 7 insep>ably annex$ to ! sov]eignty :i* !y did n !n d5y to be 9 ! k+4 ,n[ x c be prov$ t at ?is "t he _h writt5 n only 8 ,human ,nature b also 8 ,de corpore politico1 ! two treatises 7?\gh publi%$ sep>ately t5 ye>s lat]7 hav+ be5 compos$ z p>ts ( "o "w2#d & !re _c be ! lea/ "q t toge!r !y make ! little treatise j m5tion$4 ,we are !re=e to und]/&1 fir/1 t he wrote ! e>lie/ draft ( 8 political !ory "s ye>s be=e ! outbreak ( ! ,civil ,w>1 &1 secondly1 t ?is e>lie/ draft 0 n writt5 till1 9 accordance ) 8 philosophical conception1 he _h e/abli%$ ! gr\nds ( polity 9 human nature4 ,! fir/ po9t is to be not$1 because x has (t5 be5 suppos$ t ,hobbes's political doctr9e took its peculi> complexion f 8 revulsion aga9/ ! /ate ( an>*y be=e 8 eyes1 z he wrote dur+ ! progress ( ! ,civil ,w>4 ,! second po9t mu/ be ma9ta9$ aga9/ 8 own impli$1 if n express1 /atem5t "s ye>s lat]1 :5 publi%+ 8 ,de cive 7,l4,w4 ii4 #aea71 t he wrote ?is ?ird "p ( 8 sy/em be=e he _h be5 able to set d[n any f9i%$ repres5tation ( ! fundam5tal doctr9es :i* x presuppos$4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( #afdj1 !re=e1 he _h writt5 out 8 doctr9e ( ,man at lea/1 ) almo/ z mu* elaboration z x ev] receiv$ f him4 ,9 ,p>is4 ,9 ,novemb] #afdj ! ,long ,p>liam5t succe$$ to ! ,%ort1 & s5t ,laud & ,/raf=d to ! ,t[]1 & ,hobbes1 :o _h become1 or ?\ght he _h become1 a m>k$ man by ! circulation ( 8 treatise 7( :i*1 ?\gh n pr9t$1 _m g5tlem5 _h copies71 ha/5$ to ,p>is1 ! fir/ ( all t fl$4 ,he 0 n[ = ! f\r? & la/ "t abroad1 & did n return = elev5 ye>s4 ,app>5tly he rema9$ ! great] "p ( ! "t 9 or ab\t ,p>is4 ,he 0 welcom$ back into ! sci5tific cot]ie ab\t ,m]s5ne1 & =?) _h ! task assign$ him ( criticiz+ ! ,m$itations ( ,desc>tes1 :i* _h be5 s5t f ,holl&1 be=e publication1 to ,m]s5ne ) ! au?or's reque/ = criticism f ! mo/ diff]5t po9ts ( view4 ,hobbes 0 soon ready ) ! rem>ks t 7 pr9t$ z ,?ird among ! six 7lat] sev57 sets ( ,objections app5d$1 ) ,replies f ,desc>tes1 to ! ,m$itations1 :5 publi%$ %ortly aft]w>ds 9 #afda 7repr9t$ 9 ,l4,w4 v4 #bdi-bgd74 ,ab\t ! same "t also ,m]s5ne s5t to ,desc>tes1 z if !y came f a fri5d 9 ,engl&1 ano!r set ( objections :i* ,hobbes _h to (f] on v>i\s po9ts 9 ! sci5tific treatises1 especially ! ,dioptrics1 app5d$ by ,desc>tes to 8 ,disc\rse on ,me?od 9 #afcg2 to :i* ,desc>tes repli$ )\t suspect+ ! common au?or%ip ( ! two sets4 ,! result 0 to keep ! two ?9k]s ap>t r ?an br+ !m toge!r4 ,hobbes 0 m eag] to br+ =w>d 8 own philosophical & physical ideas ?an c>eful to ent] into ! full mean+ ( ano!r's ?\ght2 & ,desc>tes 0 too jeal\s1 & too confid5t 9 8 conclusions to be> ) ?is k9d ( criticism4 ,he 0 v curt 9 8 replies to ,hobbes's philosophical objections1 & broke (f all correspond5ce on ! physical que/ions1 writ+ privately to ,m]s5ne t he _h grave d\bts ( ! ,engli%man's good fai? 9 draw+ him into controv]sy 7,l4,w4 v4 #bgg-cjg74 ,mean:ile ,hobbes _h 8 ?\ghts too full ( ! political !ory :i* ! ev5ts ( ! la/ ye>s _h rip5$ )9 him to settle1 ev5 9 ,p>is1 to ! ord]ly composition ( 8 works4 ,?\gh connect$ 9 8 own m9d ) 8 view ( human nature & ( nature g5]ally1 ! political !ory1 z he always decl>$1 c\ld /& by itself4 ,also1 :ile he may h hop$ at ?is "t to be able to add mu* 7?\gh he nev] did7 to ! sket* ( 8 doctr9e ( ,man conta9$ 9 ! unpubli%$ little treatise1 he might ext5d1 b c\ld h>dly o!rwise modify1 ! sket* he _h !re giv5 ( 8 c>efully articulat$ !ory ( ,body ,politic4 ,possibly1 inde$1 be=e t sket* 0 writt5 e>ly 9 #afdj1 he may1 "u pressure ( ! political excitem5t1 h advanc$ no small way 9 ! actual composition ( ! treatise ,de ,cive1 ! ?ird section ( 8 project$ sy/em4 ,9 any case1 x 0 ^u ?is section1 be=e ! o!rs1 t he set to "w 9 ,p>is2 & be=e ! end ( #afda ! book1 z we "k f ! date ( ! d$ication 7,novemb] #a71 0 f9i%$4 ,?\gh x 0 =?) pr9t$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye> #afdb1 he 0 cont5t to circulate a limit$ numb] ( copies privately#e2 & :5 he f\nd 8 "w receiv$ ) applause 7x 0 prais$ ev5 by ,desc>tes71 he seems to h tak5 ?is recognition ( 8 philosophical a*ievem5t z an additional reason = def]r+ publication till ! e>li] works ( ! sy/em 7 complet$4 ,accord+ly1 = ! next ?ree or f\r ye>s1 he rema9$ /eadily at "w1 & no?+ appe>$ f him 9 public except a %ort treatise on optics 7,tractatus opticus1 ,l4,w4 v4 #bag-bdh7 includ$ 9 ! collection ( sci5tific tracts publi%$ by ,m]s5ne "u ! title ,cogitata physico-ma!matica 9 #afdd1 & a highly compress$ /atem5t ( 8 psy*ological application ( ! doctr9e ( motion 7,l4,w4 v4 #cji-cah71 incorporat$ ) ,m]s5ne's ,balli/ica1 publi%$ 9 ! same ye>4 ,?us or o!rwise he _h become suffici5tly kn[n by #afde to be *os5 z a ref]ee1 ) ,desc>tes1 ,rob]val & o!rs1 9 ! fam\s controv]sy betwe5 ,john ,pell 7q4v47 & ! ,dane ,longomontanus 7q4v47 ov] t problem ( ! squ>+ ( ! circle :i* 0 se5 lat] on to h su* a fatal *>m = himself4 ,b ?\gh ab\t ?is "t he _h got ready all or mo/ ( ! mat]ials = 8 fundam5tal "w on ,body1 n ev5 n[ 0 he able to make way ) its composition1 & :5 he return$ to x aft] a numb] ( ye>s1 he return$ a diff]5t man4 ,levia?an4 ,! ,civil ,w> _h brok5 out 9 #afdb1 & ! royali/ cause began to decl9e f ! "t ( ! defeat at ,m>/on ,moor1 9 ! middle ( #afdd4 ,!n comm5c$ an exodus ( ! k+'s fri5ds4 ,newca/le himself1 :o 0 a c\s9 ( ,hobbes's late patron & to :om he d$icat$ ! little treatise ( #afdj1 f\nd 8 way to ,p>is1 & 0 foll[$ by a /ream ( fugitives1 _m ( :om 7 kn[n to ,hobbes4 ,! sight ( ^! exiles made ! political int]e/ once m pr$om9ant 9 ,hobbes1 & be=e long ! reviv$ feel+ issu$ 9 ! =mation ( a new & important design4 ,x fir/ %[$ itself 9 ! publication ( ! ,de cive1 ( :i* ! fame1 b only ! fame1 _h ext5d$ beyond ! inn] circle ( fri5ds & critics :o _h copies ( ! orig9al impression4 ,hobbes n[ entru/$ x1 e>ly 9 #afdf1 to 8 admir]1 ! ,fr5*man ,samuel de ,sorbi]e1 by :om x 0 se5 ?r\gh ! ,elzevir press at ,am/]dam 9 #afdg--;hav+ previ\sly ins]t$ a numb] ( notes 9 reply to objections1 & also a /rik+ preface1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* he expla9$ its relation to ! o!r p>ts ( ! sy/em n yet =?com+1 & ! 7political7 occasion ( its hav+ be5 compos$ & be+ n[ publi%$ be=e !m4#f ,s hopeless1 mean:ile1 0 he gr[+ ( be+ able to return home t1 lat] on 9 ! ye>1 he 0 on ! po9t ( leav+ ,p>is to take up 8 abode 9 ! s\? ) a ,fr5* fri5d1#g :5 he 0 engag$ by ! mon? z ma!matical in/ructor to ! "y pr9ce ( ,wales1 :o _h come ov] f ,j]sey ab\t ! mon? ( ,july4 ,?is engagem5t la/$ nom9ally f #afdf to #afdh :5 ,*>les w5t to ,holl&4 ,?us ?r[n m ?an ev] into ! company ( ! exil$ royali/s1 x 0 !n1 if n e>li]1 t he conceiv$ 8 new design ( br++ all 8 p[]s ( ?\ght & expression to be> ^u ! production ( an ,engli% book t %\ld set =? 8 :ole !ory ( civil gov]nm5t 9 relation to ! political crisis result+ f ! w>4 ,! ,de cive1 pres5tly to be publi%$1 0 writt5 9 ,lat9 = ! le>n$1 & gave ! political !ory )\t its f\ndation 9 human nature4 ,! unpubli%$ treatise ( #afdj conta9$ all or ne>ly all t he _h to tell conc]n+ human nature1 b 0 writt5 be=e ! t]rible ev5ts ( ! la/ ye>s _h disclos$ h[ m5 might /ill be urg$ by _! anti-social passions back into ! abyss ( an>*y4 ,!re 0 ne$ ( an exposition at once compreh5sive1 incisive & popul>4 ,! ,/ate1 x n[ seem$ to ,hobbes1 might be reg>d$ z a great artificial man or mon/] 7,levia?an71 compos$ ( m51 ) a life t might be trac$ f its g5]ation ?r\gh human reason "u pressure ( human ne$s to its dissolution ?r\gh civil /rife proce$+ f human passions4 ,?is1 we may suppose1 0 ! presid+ conception f ! fir/1 b ! design may h be5 v>i\sly modifi$ 9 ! ?ree or f\r ye>s ( its execution4 ,be=e ! end1 9 #afej-afea1 x is pla9 t he wrote 9 direct ref]5ce to ! greatly *ang$ aspect ( affairs 9 ,engl&4 ,! k+ be+ dead1 & ! royali/ cause appe>+ to be hopelessly lo/1 he did n scruple1 9 clos+ ! "w ) a g5]al ,review & ,conclusion1 to raise ! "q ( ! subject's "r to *ange allegiance :5 a =m] sov]eign's p[] to protect 0 irrecov]ably gone4 ,also he took advantage ( ! rule ( ! ,commonweal? to indulge mu* m freely ?an he might h o!rwise d>$ 9 rationali/ic criticism ( religi\s doctr9es2 :ile1 amid ! turmoil ( sects1 he c\ld ! m =cibly urge t ! pres]vation ( social ord]1 :5 aga9 firmly re/or$1 mu/ dep5d on ! assumption by ! civil p[] ( ! "r to wield all sanctions1 sup]natural z well z natural1 aga9/ ! pret5sions ( any cl]gy1 ,ca?olic1 ,anglican or ,presbyt]ian1 to ! ex]cise ( an imp]ium 9 imp]io4 ,we "k ! ,levia?an only z x f9ally em]g$ f ,hobbes's p54 ,dur+ ! ye>s ( its composition he rema9$ 9 or ne> ,p>is1 at fir/ 9 att5dance on 8 royal pupil1 ) :om he became a great fav\rite4 ,9 #afdg ,hobbes 0 ov]tak5 by a s]i\s illness :i* disabl$ him = six mon?s4 ,m]s5ne begg$ him n to die outside ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 b ,hobbes said t he _h already consid]$ ! matt] suffici5tly & aft]w>ds took ! sacram5t accord+ to ! rites ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,on recov]+ f ?is illness1 :i* ne>ly prov$ fatal1 he resum$ 8 lit]>y task1 & c>ri$ x /eadily =w>d to completion by ! ye> #afej1 hav+ also )9 ! same "t translat$ into ,engli%1 ) *>act]i/ic =ce ( expression1 8 ,lat9 treatise4 ,o!rwise ! only ?+ kn[n 7f "o or two lett]s7 ( 8 life 9 ^? ye>s is t f ! ye> #afdh he _h begun to ?9k ( return+ home2 he 0 !n sixty & might well be we>y ( exile4 ,:5 #afej came1 z if to prep>e ! way = ! reception ( 8 magnum opus1 he all[$ ! publication ( 8 e>lie/ treatise1 divid$ into two sep>ate small volumes 7,human ,nature1 or ! ,fundam5tal ,elem5ts ( ,policy1 ,e4,w4 iv4 #a-gf1 & ,de ,corpore ,politico1 or ! ,elem5ts ( ,law1 ,moral & ,politic1 pp4 #gg-bbh74h ,9 #afeai he publi%$ 8 translation ( ! ,de ,cive "u ! title ( ,philosophical ,rudim5ts conc]n+ ,gov]nm5t & ,society 7,e4,w4 ii474 ,mean:ile ! pr9t+ ( ! great] "w 0 proce$+1 & f9ally x appe>$ ab\t ! middle ( ! same ye>1 #afea1 "u ! title ( ,levia?an1 or ! ,matt]1 ,=m & ,p[] ( a ,commonweal?1 ,ecclesia/ical & ,civil 7,e4,w4 iii471 ) a qua9t frontispiece 9 :i*1 f beh9d hills ov]look+ a fair l&scape ( t[n & c\ntry1 !re t[]$ ! body 7above ! wai/7 ( a cr[n$ giant1 made up ( t9y figures ( human be+s & be>+ sword & crozi] 9 ! two h&s4 ,x appe>$1 & soon its au?or 0 m laud$ & decri$ ?an any o!r ?9k] ( 8 "t2 b ! fir/ effect ( its publication 0 to sev] 8 connexion ) ! exil$ royali/ p>ty1 & to ?r[ him = protection on ! revolution>y ,gov]nm5t4 ,no soon] did copies ( ! book rea* ,p>is ?an he f\nd himself %unn$ by 8 =m] associates1 & ?\gh he 0 himself s little consci\s ( disloyalty t he 0 =w>d to pres5t a manuscript copy engross$ 9 vellum 9 a m>vell\s fair h&#aj to ! "y k+ ( ! ,scots 7:o1 aft] ! defeat at ,worce/]1 escap$ to ,p>is ab\t ! end ( ,octob]71 he 0 d5i$ ! royal pres5ce :5 he s\ght x %ortly aft]w>ds4 ,/raightway1 !n1 he saw himself expos$ to a d\ble p]il4 ,! exiles _h among !m desp]adoes :o c\ld slay2 &1 besides excit+ ! enmity ( ! ,anglican cl]gy ab\t ! k+1 :o bitt]ly res5t$ ! secul>i/ _s ( 8 book1 he _h compromis$ himself ) ! ,fr5* au?orities by 8 elaborate attack on ! papal sy/em4 ,9 ! circum/ances1 no res\rce 0 left him b secret flight4 ,travell+ ) :at spe$ he c\ld 9 ! dep?s ( a sev]e w9t] & "u ! effects ( a rec5t 7second7 illness1 he manag$ to rea* ,london1 :]e1 s5d+ 9 8 submission to ! c\ncil ( /ate1 he 0 all[$ to subside into private life4 ,return to ,london4 ,controv]sy ) ,bramhall4 ,?\gh ,hobbes came back1 aft] 8 elev5 ye>s' abs5ce1 )\t hav+ z yet publicly prov$ 8 title to rank ) ! natural philosoph]s ( ! age1 he 0 suffici5tly consci\s ( :at he _h be5 able to a*ieve 9 ,levia?an2 & x 0 9 no humble mood t he n[1 at ! age ( sixty-f\r1 turn$ to complete ! fundam5tal treatise ( 8 philosophical sy/em4 ,nei!r ^? :om 8 ma/]piece soon r\s$ to en?usiasm1 nor ^? :om x mov$ to indignation1 7 likely to be indiff]5t to any?+ he %\ld n[ write1 :e!r x lay ne> to or f> f ! region ( practice4 ,tak+ up 8 abode 9 ,fett] ,lane1 ,london1 on 8 return1 & cont9u+ to reside !re = ! sake ( intellectual society1 ev5 aft] r5ew+ 8 old ties ) ! e>l ( ,devon%ire1 :o liv$ 9 ! c\ntry till ! ,re/oration1#aa he work$ s /eadily z to be pr9t+ ! ,de corpore 9 ! ye> #afed4 ,circum/ances 7( :i* m pres5tly71 h[ev]1 kept ! book back till ! foll[+ ye>1 & mean:ile ! read]s ( ,levia?an _h a diff]5t excitem5t4 ,9 #afed a small treatise1 ,( ,lib]ty & ,necessity 7,e4,w4 iv4 #bbi-bgh71 issu$ f ! press1 claim+ to be an answ] to a disc\rse on ! same subject by ,bi%op ,bramhall ( ,londond]ry 7aft]w>ds ar*bi%op ( ,armagh1 d4 #affc71 address$ by ,hobbes to ! m>quis ( ,newca/le4#ab ,x _h gr[n out ( an oral discussion betwe5 ,hobbes & ,bramhall 9 ! m>quis's pres5ce at ,p>is 9 #afdf4 ,bramhall1 a /rong ,arm9ian1 _h aft]w>ds writt5 d[n 8 views & s5t !m to ,newca/le to be answ]$ 9 ?is =m by ,hobbes4 ,hobbes duly repli$1 b n = publication1 because he ?\ght ! subject a delicate "o4 ,b x happ5$ t ,hobbes _h all[$ a ,fr5* acqua9tance to h a private translation ( 8 reply made by a "y ,engli%man1 :o secretly took a copy ( ! orig9al = himself2 & n[ x 0 ?is unnam$ purlo9] :o1 9 #afed1 :5 ,hobbes _h become fam\s & fe>$1 gave x to ! _w ( 8 own motion1 ) an extravagantly laudatory epi/le to ! read] 9 its front4 ,^u ,hobbes himself ! publication came z a surprise1 b1 aft] 8 pla9 speak+ 9 ,levia?an1 !re 0 no?+ 9 ! piece t he ne$ scruple to h made kn[n1 & he seems to h condon$ ! act4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,bramhall1 suppos+ ,hobbes privy to ! publication1 res5t$ ! mann] ( x1 especially z no m5tion 0 made ( 8 rejo9d]4 ,accord+ly1 9 #afee1 he pr9t$ ev]y?+ t _h pass$ betwe5 !m 7"u ! title ( ,a ,def5ce ( ! ,true ,lib]ty ( ,human ,actions f ,antec$5t or ,extr9sic ,necessity71 ) l\d compla9t aga9/ ! treatm5t he _h receiv$1 & ! promise add$ t1 9 default ( o!rs1 he himself w\ld /& =w>d to expose ! deadly pr9ciples ( ,levia?an4 ,ab\t ?is "t ,hobbes _h begun to be h>d press$ by o!r foes1 &1 be+ nev] m sure ( himself ?an ^u ! "q ( ! w1 he appe>s to h welcom$ ! opportunity ?us giv5 him ( %[+ 8 /r5g?4 ,by #afef he 0 ready ) 8 ,que/ions conc]n+ ,lib]ty1 ,necessity & ,*ance 7,e4,w4 v471 9 :i* he repli$ ) a/oni%+ =ce to ! bi%op's rejo9d] po9t by po9t1 besides expla9+ ! occasion & circum/ances ( ! :ole debate1 & reproduc+ 7z ,bramhall _h done7 all ! pieces f ! beg9n+4 ,z p]haps ! fir/ cle> exposition & def5ce ( ! psy*ological doctr9e ( det]m9ism1 ,hobbes's own two pieces mu/ ev] reta9 a classical importance 9 ! hi/ory ( ! free-w controv]sy2 :ile ,bramhall's are /ill wor? /udy z specim5s ( s*ola/ic f5ce4 ,! bi%op1 x %\ld be add$1 return$ to ! *>ge 9 #afeh ) pond]\s ,ca/igations ( ,mr ,hobbes's ,animadv]sions1 & also made good 8 previ\s ?reat 9 a bulky app5dix entitl$ ,! ,cat*+ ( ,levia?an ! ,great ,:ale4 ,hobbes nev] took any notice ( ! ,ca/igations1 b t5 ye>s lat] repli$ to ! *>ges ( a!ism1 c41 made 9 ! non-political "p ( ! app5dix1 ( :i* he says he !n he>d = ! fir/ "t 7,e4,w4 iv4 #bgi-chd74 ,?is ,answ] 0 fir/ publi%$ aft] ,hobbes's dea?4#ac ,controv]sy ) ,wallis & ,w>d4 ,we may n[ foll[ out ! m tr\blesome conflict1 or r s]ies ( conflicts1 9 :i* ,hobbes became entangl$ f ! "t ( publi%+ 8 ,de corpore 9 #afee1 & :i* *eck]$ all 8 rema9+ ye>s4 ,9 ,levia?an he _h vehem5tly assail$ ! sy/em ( ! univ]sities1 z orig9ally f\nd$ = ! support ( ! papal aga9/ ! civil au?ority1 & z /ill work+ social mis*ief by adh]5ce to ! old le>n+4 ,! attack 0 duly not$ at ,ox=d1 :]e "u ! ,commonweal? a new _s ( sci5tific activity _h begun to /ir4 ,9 #afed ,se? ,w>d 7#afag-afhi71 ! ,savilian pr(essor ( a/ronomy1 reply+ 9 8 ,v9diciae academi>um to "s o!r assaults 7especially aga9/ ,john ,web/]'s ,exam5 ( ,academies7 on ! academic sy/em1 retort$ ^u ,hobbes t1 s f> f ! univ]sities be+ n[ :at he _h kn[n !m 9 8 y\?1 he w\ld f9d 8 geometrical pieces1 :5 !y appe>$1 bett] und]/ood !re ?an he %\ld l4 ,?is 0 said 9 ref]5ce to ! boa/s 9 :i* ,hobbes seems to h be5 freely indulg+ ( hav+ squ>$ ! circle & accompli%$ o!r su* feats2 &1 :5 a ye> lat] ! ,de corpore 7,l4,w4 i47 f9ally appe>$1 x 0 se5 h[ ! ?ru/ _h gone home4 ,9 ! *apt] 7xx47 ( t "w :]e ,hobbes dealt ) ! fam\s problem ^: solution he ?\ght he _h f\nd1 !re 7 left expressions aga9/ ,v9dex 7,w>d7 at a "t :5 ! solutions /ill seem$ to him good2 b ! solutions !mselves1 z pr9t$1 7 all[$ to be all 9 diff]5t ways halt+1 z he naively confess$ he _h discov]$ only :5 he _h be5 driv5 by ! insults ( malevol5t m5 to exam9e !m m closely ) ! help ( 8 fri5ds4 ,a /range conclusion ?is1 & rea*$ by a pa? n less /range1 z 0 n[ to be disclos$ by a rel5tless h&4 ,w>d's colleague1 ! m fam\s ,john ,wallis 7q4v471 ,savilian pr(essor ( geometry f #afdi1 _h be5 privy to ! *all5ge ?r[n out 9 #afed1 & x 0 arrang$ t !y %\ld critically dispose ( ! ,de corpore betwe5 !m4 ,w>d 0 to occupy himself ) ! philosophical & physical sections1 :i* he did 9 leisurely fa%ion1 br++ out 8 criticism 9 ! c\rse ( next ye> 7,9 ,?4 ,hobbii philosophiam ex]citatio epi/olica74 ,wallis 0 to conf9e himself to ! ma!matical *apt]s1 & set to "w at once ) *>act]i/ic en]gy4 ,obta9+ an unb\nd copy ( ! ,de corpore1 he saw by ! mutilat$ appe>ance ( ! %eets t ,hobbes _h repeat$ly alt]$ 8 demon/rations be=e he issu$ !m at la/ 9 _! actual =m1 grotesque z x 01 r ?an delay ! book long]4 ,obta9+ also a copy ( ! "w z x _h be5 pr9t$ be=e ,hobbes _h any d\bt ( ! validity ( 8 solutions1 ,wallis 0 able to track 8 :ole c\rse f ! "t ( ,w>d's provocation--8 passage f exultation to d\bt1 f d\bt to confess$ impot5ce1 yet /ill )\t ab&on+ ! old assumption ( confid5t /r5g?2 & all 8 turn+s & w9d+s 7 n[ laid b>e 9 "o ( ! mo/ tr5*ant pieces ( controv]sial writ+ ev] p5n$4 ,wallis's ,el5*us geometriae ,hobbianae1 publi%$ 9 #afee ab\t ?ree mon?s aft] ! ,de corpore1 conta9$ also an elaborate criticism ( ,hobbes's :ole attempt to relay ! f\ndations ( ma!matical sci5ce 9 its place )9 ! g5]al body ( reason$ k--a criticism :i*1 if x fail$ to all[ = ! m]it ( ! conception1 expos$ only too effectually ! utt] inadequacy ( ! result4 ,tak+ up ma!matics :5 n only 8 m9d 0 already =m$ b 8 ?\ghts 7 cry/alliz+ into a philosophical sy/em1 ,hobbes _h1 9 fact1 nev] put himself to s*ool & s\ght to "w up gradually to ! be/ k ( ! "t1 b _h be5 m anxi\s f ! fir/ to become himself an innovator ) :atev] insuffici5t means4 ,! consequ5ce 0 t1 :5 n sp5d+ himself 9 va9 attempts to solve ! impossible problems t h always waylaid ! fancy ( self-suffici5t beg9n]s1 he took an int]e/ only 9 ! elem5ts ( geometry1 & nev] _h any notion ( ! full scope ( ma!matical sci5ce1 und]go+ z x !n 0 7& n lea/ at ! h&s ( ,wallis7 ! extraord9>y developm5t :i* made x be=e ! end ( ! c5tury ! pot5t in/rum5t ( physical discov]y :i* x became 9 ! h&s ( ,newton4 ,he 0 ev5 unable1 9 deal+ ) ! elem5t>y conceptions ( geometry1 to "w out ) any consi/5cy ! few orig9al ?\ghts he _h1 & ?us became ! easy sport ( ,wallis4 ,at 8 advanc$ age1 h[ev]1 & ) ! s5se he _h ( 8 p[]s1 he 0 n likely to be br\ght to a bett] m9d by s insult+ an oppon5t4 ,he did inde$1 be=e all[+ an ,engli% translation ( ! ,de corpore 7,e4,w4 i47 to appe> 9 #afef1 take c>e to remove "s ( ! wor/ mi/akes expos$ by ,wallis1 &1 :ile leav+ out all ! ref]5ces to ,v9dex1 n[ pr(ess to make1 9 alt]$ =m1 a s]ies ( m]e attempts at quadrature2 b he 0 f> f yield+ ! gr\nd to ! enemy4 ,) ! translation1#ad 9 ! spr+ ( #afef1 he _h ready ,six ,lessons to ! ,pr(essors ( ,ma!matics1 "o ( ,geometry1 ! o!r ( ,a/ronomy1 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d 7,e4,w4 vii4 #aha-cef71 9 :i*1 aft] reass]t+ 8 view ( ! pr9ciples ( geometry 9 opposition to ,euclid's1 he proce$$ to repel ,wallis's objections ) no lack ( dialectical skill1 & ) an unres]ve equal to ,wallis's own4 ,he did n scruple1 9 ! ard\r ( conflict1 ev5 to ma9ta9 positions t he _h resign$ 9 ! translation1 & he 0 n afraid to assume ! (f5sive by a c\nt] criticism ( ?ree ( ,wallis's works !n publi%$4 ,:5 he _h ?us dispos$ ( ! ,p>alogisms ( 8 m =midable antagoni/ 9 ! fir/ five lessons1 he end$ ) a lesson on ,mann]s to ! two pr(essors toge!r1 & set himself gravely at ! close to %[ t he too c\ld be abusive4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> "p ( 8 task1 x mu/ be all[$1 he succe$$ v well2 8 criticism ( ,wallis's works1 especially ! great treatise ,ari?metica inf9itorum 7#afee71 only %[$ h[ little able he 0 to ent] into ! mean+ ( ! mod]n analysis4 ,wallis1 on 8 side1 0 n less ready to keep up ! game 9 ,engli% ?an he _h be5 to beg9 x 9 ,lat94 ,swift z be=e to /rike1 9 ?ree mon?s' "t he _h deftly turn$ 8 own ^w aga9/ ! w\ld-be ma/] by adm9i/]+ ,due ,correction = ,mr ,hobbes1 or ,s*ool ,discipl9e = n say+ 8 ,lessons "r1 9 a piece t diff]$ f ! ,el5*us only 9 be+ m bit+ & unre/ra9$4 ,hav+ an easy task 9 def5d+ himself aga9/ ,hobbes's trivial criticism1 he seiz$ ! opportunity giv5 him by ! ,engli% translation ( ! ,de corpore to track ,hobbes aga9 /ep by /ep ov] ! :ole c\rse1 & n[ to confront him ) 8 incr$ible inconsi/5cies multipli$ by e new utt]ance4 ,b x 0 no long] a fight ov] ma!matical que/ions only4 ,wallis hav+ be5 betray$ orig9ally by 8 fatal clev]ness into ! pettie/ c>p+ at words1 ,hobbes _h retort$ 9 k9d1 & !n x became a high duty 9 ! o!r to def5d 8 ,lat9 ) great p>ade ( le>n+ & give fre% provocation4 ,"o ( ,wallis's r\gh sallies 9 ?is k9d sugge/$ to ,hobbes ! title ( ! next rejo9d] ) :i*1 9 #afeg1 he s\ght to close ! unseemly wrangle4 ,argu+ 9 ! ,lessons t a ma!matical po9t mu/ h quantity1 ?\gh ?is 7 n reckon$1 he _h expla9$ ! ,greek ^w ,greek3 /igme1 us$ = a po9t1 to mean a visible m>k made ) a hot iron2 :]eupon he 0 *>g$ by ,wallis ) gross ignorance = conf\nd+ ,greek3 /igme & ,greek3 /igma4 ,h5ce ! title ( 8 new piece3 ,greek3 ,/igmai ageometrias1 agroikias1 antipoliteias1 ama!ias1 or ,m>ks ( ! ,absurd ,geometry1 ,rural ,language1 ,scotti% ,*ur* ,politics1 & ,b>b>isms ( ,john ,wallis1 ,pr(essor ( ,geometry & ,doctor ( ,div9ity 7,e4,w4 vii4 #ceg-djj74 ,he n[ attack$ m 9 detail b n m happily ?an be=e ,wallis's great "w1 :ile h>dly attempt+ any fur!r def5ce ( 8 own positions2 also he repell$ ) "s =ce & dignity ! insults t _h be5 heap$ ^u him1 & f\ght ! v]bal po9ts1 b c\ld n leave ! field )\t mak+ political ins9uations aga9/ 8 adv]s>y1 q irrelevant 9 !mselves & only notewor?y z evid5ce ( 8 own resignation to ,cromwell's rule4 ,! ?ru/s 7 easily & nimbly p>ri$ by ,wallis 9 a reply 7,hobbiani puncti dispunctio1 #afeg7 occupi$ ma9ly ) ! v]bal que/ions4 ,irritat+ z x 01 x did n avail to %ake ,hobbes's det]m9ation to rema9 sil5t2 & ?us at la/ !re 0 peace = a "t4 ,be=e ! /rife flam$ up aga91 ,hobbes _h publi%$1 9 #afeh1 ! out/&+ section ( 8 philosophical sy/em1 & ?us complet$1 aft] a fa%ion1 ! s*eme he _h plann$ m ?an tw5ty ye>s be=e4 ,s f> z ! treatise ,de hom9e 7,l4,w4 ii4 #aa-cb7 0 conc]n$1 ! completion 0 m 9 "n ?an 9 fact4 ,x consi/$ = ! mo/ "p ( an elaborate !ory ( vision :i*1 ?\gh v cr$itable to ,hobbes's sci5tific insight1 0 out ( place1 or at lea/ out ( proportion1 9 a philosophical consid]ation ( human nature g5]ally4 ,! rema9d] ( ! treatise1 deal+ cursorily ) "s ( ! topics m fully treat$ 9 ! ,human ,nature & ! ,levia?an1 has all ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5 tagg$ 9 ha/e to ! optical *apt]s 7compos$ ye>s be=e7#ae z a make%ift = ! prop] transition requir$ 9 ! sy/em f que/ions ( ,body ,natural to que/ions ( ,body ,politic4 ,hobbes _h 9 fact sp5t himself 9 8 e>li] con/ructive ef=ts1 & at ! age ( sev5ty1 hav+ no?+ to add to 8 doctr9e ( ,man z x 0 already 9 "o =m or ano!r be=e ! _w1 0 cont5t ) any?+ t might /& = ! fulfilm5t ( 8 philosophical purpose4 ,b he _h /ill 9 him m ?an tw5ty ye>s ( vigor\s vitality1 &1 n consci\s to himself ( any %ortcom+1 look$ =w>d1 n[ 8 h&s 7 free1 to do+ battle = 8 doctr9es4 ,r ?an rema9 quiet1 on f9d+ no notice tak5 ( 8 late/ production1 he w\ld himself =ce on a new conflict ) ! enemy4 ,wallis hav+ mean:ile publi%$ o!r works & especially a compreh5sive treatise on ! g5]al pr9ciples ( calculus 7,ma!sis univ]salis1 #afeg71 he might take ?is occasion ( expos+ afre% ! new-fangl$ me?ods ( ma!matical analysis & reass]t+ 8 own e>li] positions4 ,accord+ly1 by ! spr+ ( #affj1 he _h manag$ to put 8 criticism & ass]tions into five dialogues "u ! title ,exam9atio et em5datio ma!maticae hodi]nae qualis explicatur 9 libris ,johannis ,wallisii1 ) a six? dialogue s call$1 consi/+ almo/ entirely ( sev5ty or m propositions on ! circle & cycloid4#af ,wallis1 h[ev]1 w\ld n take ! bait4 ,hobbes !n tri$ ano!r tack4 ,next ye>1 hav+ solv$1 z he ?\ght1 ano!r anci5t crux1 ! duplication ( ! cube1 he _h 8 solution br\ght out anonym\sly at ,p>is 9 ,fr5*1 s z to put ,wallis & o!r critics (f ! sc5t & extort a judgm5t t might be )held f a "w ( 84 ,! artifice 0 successful1 & no soon] _h ,wallis publicly refut$ ! solution ?an ,hobbes claim$ ! cr$it ( x1 & w5t m wond]fully ?an ev] a/ray 9 its def5ce4 ,he pres5tly republi%$ x 79 modifi$ =m71 ) 8 rem>ks1 at ! end ( a new ,lat9 dialogue :i* he _h mean:ile writt5 9 def5ce ( ano!r "p ( 8 philosophical doctr9e4 ,?is 0 ! ,dialogus physicus1 sive ,de natura a]is 7,l4,w4 iv4 #bcc-bif71 fulm9at$ 9 #affa aga9/ ,boyle & o!r fri5ds ( ,wallis :o1 z he fanci$1 "u ! influ5ce ( t malevol5t _s1 7 n[ 9 ,london1 aft] ! ,re/oration1 =m+ !mselves into a society 7incorporat$ z ! ,royal ,society 9 #affb7 = exp]im5tal rese>*1 to ! exclusion ( himself p]sonally1 & 9 direct contrav5tion ( ! me?od ( physical inquiry enjo9$ 9 ! ,de corpore4#ag ,all ! labori\s manipulation record$ 9 ,boyle's ,new ,exp]im5ts t\*+ ! ,spr+ ( ! ,air 7#affj71 :i* ,hobbes *ose1 )\t ! lea/ w>rant1 to take z ! manife/o ( ! new academicians1 seem$ to him only to confirm ! conclusions he _h reason$ out ye>s be=e f speculative pr9ciples1 & he w>n$ !m t if !y 7 n cont5t to beg9 :]e he _h left (f _! "w w\ld come to n\ght4 ,to z mu* ( ?is diatribe z conc]n$ himself ,boyle quickly repli$ ) =ce & dignity1 b x 0 f ,hobbes's old enemy t retribution came1 9 ! sca?+ satire ,hobbius heauton-timorum5os 7#affb74 ,wallis1 :o _h deftly /e]$ 8 c\rse amid all ! political *anges ( ! previ\s ye>s1 manag+ ev] to be on ! side ( ! rul+ p[]1 0 n[ app>5tly /ung to fury by a wanton allusion 9 ,hobbes's late/ dialogue to a passage ( 8 =m] life 78 deciph]+ = ! p>liam5t ! k+'s pap]s tak5 at ,naseby71 :]e( he _h once boa/$ b aft] ! ,re/oration c\ld n speak or he> too little4 ,! rev5ge he took 0 cru%+4 ,pr(ess+ to be r\s$ by ! attack on 8 fri5d ,boyle1 :5 he _h scorn$ to lift a f+] 9 def5ce ( himself aga9/ ! e>li] dialogues1 he tore !m all to %r$s ) an art ( :i* no g5]al description c give an idea4 ,he got1 h[ev]1 ^u m dang]\s gr\nd :51 pass+ :olly by ! political ins9uation aga9/ himself1 he r\ndly *>g$ ,hobbes ) hav+ writt5 ,levia?an 9 support ( ,oliv]'s title1 & des]t$ 8 royal ma/] 9 di/ress4 ,hobbes seems to h be5 fairly bewild]$ by ! ru% & :irl ( s>casm ) :i* ,wallis drove him anew f e ma!matical position he _h ev] tak5 up1 & did n v5ture =? into ! field ( sci5tific controv]sy aga9 = "s ye>s1 :5 he _h once foll[$ up ! physical dialogue ( #affa by sev5 %ort] ones1 ) ! inevitable app5dix1 entitl$ ,problemata physica1 una cum magnitud9e circuli 7,l4,w4 iv4 #big-chd71 9 #affb4ah ,b all ! m eag]ly did he take advantage ( ,wallis's loose calumny to /rike :]e he felt himself safe4 ,8 answ] to ! p]sonal *>ges took ! =m ( a lett] ab\t himself 9 ! ?ird p]son address$ to ,wallis 9 #affb1 "u ! title ( ,consid]ations ^u ! ,reputation1 ,loyalty1 ,mann]s & ,religion ( ,?omas ,hobbes 7,e4,w4 iv4 #dji-ddj74 ,9 ?is piece1 :i* is ( great biographical value1 he told 8 own & ,wallis's little /ories dur+ ! "t ( ! late rebellion ) su* effect t ,wallis1 l a wise man1 attempt$ no fur!r reply4 ,?us end$ ! second b\t4 ,aft] a "t ,hobbes took he>t aga9 & began a ?ird p]iod ( controv]sial activity1 :i* did n end1 on 8 side1 till 8 n9etie? ye>4 ,little ne$ be add$ to ! simple catalogue ( ! untir+ old man's lab\rs 9 ?is la/ /age ( 8 life4 ,! fir/ piece1 publi%$ 9 #afff1 ,de pr9cipiis et ratioc9atione geometr>um 7,l4,w4 iv4 #che-dhd71 0 design$1 z ! sub-title decl>$1 to l[] ! pride ( geometrical pr(essors by %[+ t !re 0 no less unc]ta9ty & error 9 _! works ?an 9 ^? ( physical or e?ical writ]s4 ,wallis repli$ %ortly 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions 7,augu/ #afff74 ,?ree ye>s lat] he br\ght 8 ?ree great a*ievem5ts toge!r 9 comp5di\s =m1 ,quadratura circuli1 ,cubatio spha]ae1 ,duplicatio cubi1 & z soon z !y 7 once m refut$ by ,wallis1 repr9t$ !m ) an answ] to ! objections1 9 complim5t to ! gr&-duke ( ,tuscany1 :o paid him att5tions on a visit to ,engl& 9 #affi 7,l4,w4 iv4 #dhe-ebb74 ,wallis1 :o _h promis$ to leave him alone h5ce=w>d1 refut$ him aga9 be=e ! ye> 0 out4 ,9 #afga he work$ up 8 propositions ov] aga9 9 ,rosetum geometricum 7,l4,w4 v4 #a-ej71 z a fragrant (f]+ to ! geometrical read]1 app5d+ a criticism 7,c5sura brevis1 pp4 #ej-hh7 on ! fir/ "p ( ,wallis's treatise ,de motu1 publi%$ 9 #affi2 also he s5t ,?ree ,pap]s to ! ,royal ,society on select$ po9ts treat$ v briefly1 & :5 ,wallis1 /ill n we>y ( confut+1 %ortly repli$1 publi%$ !m sep>ately ) triumphant ,consid]ations on ,dr ,wallis's ,answ] to !m 7,e4,w4 vii4 #dbi-ddh74 ,next ye> 7#afgb71 hav+ n[1 z he believ$1 e/abli%$ himself ) ! ,royal ,society1 he proce$$ to complete ! discomfiture ( ,wallis by a public address to ! ,society on all ! po9ts at issue betwe5 !m f ! beg9n+1 ,lux ,ma!matica excussa collisionibus ,johannis ,wallisii et ,?omae ,hobbesii 7,l4,w4 v4 #hi-aej71 ! light1 z ! au?or ,r4 ,r4 7,roseti ,rep]tor7 add$1 be+ "h increas$ by _m v brilliant rays4 ,wallis repli$ 9 ! ,transactions1 & !n f9ally held 8 h&4 ,hobbes's en]gy 0 n yet exhau/$4 ,9 #afgd1 at ! age ( eighty-six1 he publi%$ 8 ,pr9cipia et problemata aliquot geometrica1 ante desp]ata nunc brevit] explicata et demon/rata 7,l4,w4 v4 #aej-bad71 conta9+ 9 ! *apt]s deal+ ) que/ions ( pr9ciple n a few /rik+ obs]vations1 :i* ought n to be ov]look$ 9 ! /udy ( 8 philosophy4 ,8 la/ piece ( all1 ,decam]on physiologicum 7,e4,w4 vii4 #fi-ahj71 9 #afgh1 0 a new set ( dialogues on physical que/ions1 mo/ ( :i* he _h treat$ 9 a simil> fa%ion be=e2 b n[1 9 deal+ ) gravitation1 he 0 able to fire a p>t+ %ot at ,wallis2 & "o m demon/ration ( ! equality ( a /raight l9e to ! arc ( a circle1 ?r[n 9 at ! end1 appropriately clos$ ! /range/ w>f>e 9 :i* p]v]se ?9k] ev] engag$4#ai ,lat] ,ye>s4 ,we mu/ n[ turn back to trace ! =tunes ( ,hobbes & 8 o!r do+s 9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s ( 8 life4 ,all ^! controv]sial writ+s on ma!matics & physics repres5t b "o half ( 8 activity aft] ! age ( sev5ty2 ?\gh1 z reg>ds ! o!r half1 x is n possible1 = a reason t w be se51 to say z def9itely 9 :at ord] ! works belong+ to ! p]iod 7 produc$4 ,f ! "t ( ! ,re/oration he acquir$ a new prom95ce 9 ! public eye4 ,no ye> _h pass$ s9ce ! appe>ance ( ,levia?an )\t "s indignant prote/ aga9/ ! influ5ce :i* its tr5*ant doctr9e 0 calculat$ to produce ^u m9ds long+ above ev]y?+ = civil repose2 b aft] ! ,re/oration ,hobbism became a fa%ionable cre$1 :i* x 0 ! duty ( e lov] ( true morality & religion to d5\nce4 ,two or ?ree days aft] ,*>les's arrival 9 ,london1 ,hobbes drew 9 ! /reet ! notice ( 8 =m] pupil1 & 0 at once receiv$ into fav\r4 ,! "y k+1 if he _h ev] himself res5t$ ! app>5t disloyalty ( ! ,conclusion ( ,levia?an1 _h n reta9$ ! feel+ long1 & c\ld appreciate ! pr9ciples ( ! great book :5 ! application ( !m happ5$1 z n[1 to be turn$ 9 8 own fav\r4 ,he _h1 besides1 a reli% = ,hobbes's wit 7z he us$ to say1 ,"h comes ! be> to be bait$71 & did n l ! old man ! less because 8 pres5ce at c\rt sc&aliz$ ! bi%ops or ! prim virtue ( ,*ancellor ,hyde4 ,he ev5 w5t ! l5g? ( be/[+ on ,hobbes 7b n always pay+7 a p5sion ( ,l#ajj1 & _h 8 portrait hung up 9 ! royal closet4 ,^! m>ks ( fav\r1 naturally1 did n less5 ,hobbes's self-e/eem1 & p]haps !y expla91 9 8 lat] writ+s1 a c]ta9 slavi%ness t[>d ! regal au?ority1 :i* is :olly abs5t f 8 rational demon/ration ( absolutism 9 ! e>li] works4 ,at all ev5ts ,hobbes 0 satisfi$ ) ! rule ( a k+ :o _h appreciat$ ! au?or ( ,levia?an1 & protect$ him :51 aft] a "t1 protection 9 a v real s5se became necess>y4 ,8 eag]ness to def5d himself aga9/ ,wallis's imputation ( disloyalty1 & 8 apologetic d$ication ( ! ,problemata physica to ! k+1 are evid5ce ( ! ho/ility ) :i* he 0 be+ press$ z e>ly z #affb2 b x 0 n till #afff t he felt himself s]i\sly 9 dang]4 ,9 t ye> ! ,great ,fire ( ,london1 foll[+ on ! ,great ,plague1 r\s$ ! sup]/iti\s fe>s ( ! p1 & ! ,h\se ( ,commons embodi$ ! g5]al feel+ 9 a bill aga9/ a!ism & pr(an5ess4 ,on ! #ag? ( ,octob] x 0 ord]$ t ! committee to :i* ! bill 0 ref]r$ %\ld be emp[]$ to receive in=mation t\*+ su* books z t5d to a!ism1 blasphemy & pr(an5ess1 or aga9/ ! ess5ce & attributes ( ,god1 & 9 p>ticul> ! book publi%$ 9 ! "n ( "o ,:ite1#bj & ! book ( ,mr ,hobbes call$ ! ,levia?an1 & to report ! matt] ) _! op9ion to ! ,h\se4 ,hobbes1 !n v]g+ ^u eighty1 0 t]rifi$ at ! prospect ( be+ treat$ z a h]etic1 & proce$$ to burn su* ( 8 pap]s z he ?\ght might compromise him4 ,at ! same "t he set himself1 ) a v *>act]i/ic det]m9ation1 to inquire into ! actual /ate ( ! law ( h]esy4 ,! results ( 8 inve/igation 7 fir/ ann\nc$ 9 ?ree %ort ,dialogues add$ 79 place ( ! old ,review & ,conclusion1 = :i* ! day _h pass$7 z an ,app5dix to 8 ,lat9 translation ( ,levia?an 7,l4,w4 iii471 includ$ ) ! g5]al collection ( 8 works publi%$ at ,am/]dam 9 #affh4 ,9 ?is app5dix1 z also 9 ! po/hum\s tract1 publi%$ 9 #afhj1 ,an ,hi/orical ,n>ration conc]n+ ,h]esy & ! ,puni%m5t !re( 7,e4,w4 iv4 #che-djh71 he aim$ at %[+ t1 s9ce ! ,high ,c\rt ( ,commission _h be5 put d[n1 !re rema9$ no c\rt ( h]esy at all to :i* he 0 am5able1 & t ev5 :5 x /ood no?+ 0 to be decl>$ h]esy b :at 0 at v>iance ) ! ,nic5e ,cre$1 z he ma9ta9$ ! doctr9e ( ,levia?an 0 n4 ,! only consequ5ce t came ( ! p>liam5t>y sc>e 0 t ,hobbes c\ld nev] aft]w>ds get p]mission to pr9t any?+ on subjects relat+ to human conduct4 ,! collect$ edition ( 8 ,lat9 works 79 two qu>to volumes7 appe>$ at ,am/]dam 9 #affh1 because he c\ld n obta9 ! c5sor's lic5ce = its publication at ,london1 ,ox=d or ,cambridge4 ,o!r writ+s :i* he _h f9i%$1 or on :i* he mu/ h be5 engag$ ab\t ?is "t1 7 n made public till aft] 8 dea?--! k+ app>5tly hav+ made x ! price ( 8 protection t no fre% provocation %\ld be (f]$ to ! popul> s5tim5t4 ,! mo/ important ( ! works compos$ t[>ds #afgj1 & ?us kept back1 is ! extremely spirit$ dialogue to :i* he gave ! title ,behemo?3 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,causes ( ! ,civil ,w>s ( ,engl& & ( ! ,c\nsels & ,artifices by :i* !y 7 c>ri$ on f ! ye> #afdj to ! ye> #affj4ba ,to ! same p]iod probably belongs ! unf9i%$ ,dialogue betwe5 a ,philosoph] & a ,/ud5t ( ! ,common ,laws ( ,engl& 7,e4,w4 vi4 #a-afj71 a tr5*ant criticism ( ! con/itutional !ory ( ,engli% gov]nm5t z upheld by ,coke4 ,aubrey takes cr$it = hav+ tri$ to induce ,hobbes to write ^u ! subject 9 #affd by pres5t+ him ) a copy ( ,bacon's ,elem5ts ( ! ,laws ( ,engl&1 & ?\gh ! attempt 0 !n unsuccessful1 ,hobbes lat] on took to /udy+ ! /atute-book1 ) ,coke ^u ,littleton4 ,"o o!r po/hum\s production also 7besides ! tract on ,h]esy be=e m5tion$7 may be ref]r$ to ?is1 if n1 z ,aubrey sugge/s1 an e>li] "t--! two ?\s& & odd elegiac v]ses 9 :i* he gave 8 view ( ecclesia/ical encroa*m5t on ! civil p[]2 ! qua9t v]ses1 dispos$ 9 8 n[ fav\rite dialogue-=m1 7 fir/ publi%$1 n9e ye>s aft] 8 dea?1 "u ! title ,hi/oria ecclesia/ica 7,l4,w4 v4 #cda-djh71 ) a preface by ,?omas ,rym]4 ,= "s "t ,hobbes 0 n ev5 all[$ to utt] a ^w ( prote/1 :atev] might be ! occasion t 8 enemies took to triumph ov] him4 ,9 #affi an unwor?y foll[]--,daniel ,sc>gil by "n1 a fell[ ( ,corpus ,*ri/i ,college1 ,cambridge--_h to recant publicly & confess t 8 evil life _h be5 ! result ( ,hobbi/ doctr9es4 ,9 #afgd ,john ,fell1 ! dean ( ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 :o bore ! *>ges ( ! ,lat9 translation ( ,an?ony ,wood's ,hi/ory & ,antiquities ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d 7#afgj71 /ruck out all ! complim5t>y epi!ts 9 ! acc\nt ( 8 life1 & sub/itut$ v diff]5t ones2 b ?is "t ! k+ did suff] him to def5d himself by publi%+ a dignifi$ lett] 7,vit4 ,auct4 pp4 xlvii4-l471 to :i* ,fell repli$ by add+ to ! translation :5 x appe>$ a note full ( ! grosse/ insults4 ,&1 amid all 8 tr\bles1 ,hobbes 0 n )\t 8 consolations4 ,no ,engli%man ( t day /ood 9 ! same repute abroad1 & =eign]s1 noble or le>n$1 :o came to ,engl&1 nev] =got to pay _! respects to ! old man1 ^: vig\r & fre%ness ( intellect no progress ( ! ye>s seem$ able to qu5*4 ,among ^! 0 ! gr&-duke ( ,tuscany 7,f]d9& ,,ii471 :o took away "s works & a portrait to adorn ! ,m$icean libr>y4 ,8 pa/imes 9 ! late/ ye>s 7 z s+ul> z 8 lab\rs4 ,! autobiography 9 ,lat9 v]se1 ) its playful hum\r1 occasional pa?os & sublime self-complac5cy1 0 ?r[n (f at ! age ( eighty-f\r4 ,at eighty-five1 9 ! ye> #afgc1 he s5t =? a translation ( f\r books ( ! ,odyssey 7ix4-xii47 9 rugg$ b n seldom happily turn$ ,engli% rhymes2 &1 :5 he f\nd ?is ,voyage ( ,ulysses eag]ly receiv$1 he _h ready by #afge a complete translation ( bo? ,iliad & ,odyssey 7,e4,w4 x471 prefac$ by a lively diss]tation ,conc]n+ ! ,virtues ( an ,h]oic ,poem1 %[+ 8 unabat$ int]e/ 9 que/ions ( lit]>y /yle4 ,aft] #afge1 he pass$ 8 "t at 8 patron's seats 9 ,d]by%ire1 occupi$ to ! la/ ) intellectual "w 9 ! e>ly morn+ & 9 ! aft]noon h\rs1 :i* x _h long be5 8 habit to devote to ?9k+ & to writ+4 ,ev5 z late z ,augu/ #afgi he 0 promis+ 8 publi%] some:at to pr9t 9 ,engli%4 ,! end came v soon aft]w>ds4 ,a suppression ( ur9e 9 ,octob]1 9 spite ( :i* he insi/$ ^u be+ convey$ ) ! family f ,*atswor? to ,h>dwick ,hall t[>ds ! end ( ,novemb]1 0 foll[$ by a p>alytic /roke1 "u :i* he sank on ! #d? ( ,decemb]1 9 8 n9ety-second ye>4 ,he lies buri$ 9 ! neighb\r+ *ur* ( ,ault ,hucknall4 ,p]sonal *>act]i/ics4 ,he 0 tall & erect 9 figure1 & liv$ on ! :ole a temp]ate life1 ?\gh he us$ to say t he _h be5 drunk ab\t a hundr$ times4 ,8 fav\rite ex]cise 0 t5nis1 :i* he play$ regul>ly ev5 aft] ! age ( sev5ty4 ,socially he 0 g5ial & c\rte\s1 ?\gh 9 argum5t he occasionally lo/ 8 temp]4 ,z a fri5d he 0 g5]\s & loyal4 ,intellectually bold 9 ! extreme1 he 0 curi\sly timid 9 ord9>y life1 & is said to h _h a horror ( gho/s4 ,he read little1 & (t5 boa/$ t he w\ld h kn[n z little z o!r m5 if he _h read z mu*4 ,he appe>s to h _h an illegitimate daught] = :om he made g5]\s provision4 ,9 ! ,national ,portrait ,gall]y !re is a portrait ( him by ,j4 ,m4 ,wright1 & two o!rs are 9 ! possession ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,place 9 ,engli% ?\ght4 ,z already sugge/$1 x _c be all[$ t ,hobbes falls into any regul> succession f ,bacon2 nei!r c x be said t he h&$ on ! tor* to ,locke4 ,he 0 ! "o ,engli% ?9k] ( ! fir/ rank 9 ! long p]iod ( two g5]ations sep>at+ ,locke f ,bacon1 b1 save 9 ! *ronological s5se1 !re is no true relation ( succession among ! ?ree4 ,x w\ld be difficult ev5 to prove any gr\nd ( aff9ity among !m beyond a desposition to take s5se z a prime factor 9 ! acc\nt ( subjective exp]i5ce3 _! common int]e/ 9 physical sci5ce 0 %>$ equally by rationali/ ?9k]s ( ! ,c>tesian s*ool1 & 0 inde$ begott5 ( ! "t4 ,backw>ds1 ,hobbes's relations are r ) ,galileo & ! o!r inquir]s :o1 f ! beg9n+ ( ! #ag? c5tury1 occupi$ !mselves ) ! physical _w 9 ! mann] t has come lat] to be di/+ui%$ by ! "n ( sci5ce 9 opposition to philosophy4 ,b ev5 m ?an 9 ext]nal nature1 ,hobbes 0 int]e/$ 9 ! ph5om5a ( social life1 pres5t+ !mselves s impressively 9 an age ( political revolution4 ,s x came to pass t1 :ile he 0 unable1 by reason ( imp]fect tra9+ & too t>dy developm5t1 ) all 8 pa9s1 to make any contribution to physical sci5ce or to ma!matics z in/rum5tal 9 physical rese>*1 he attempt$ a task :i* no o!r adh]5t ( ! new me*anical philosophy conceiv$--no?+ less ?an su* a univ]sal con/ruction ( human k z w\ld br+ ,society & ,man 7at once ! matt] & mak] ( ,society7 )9 ! same pr9ciples ( sci5tific explanation z 7 f\nd applicable to ! _w ( ,nature4 ,! con/ruction 01 ( c\rse1 utt]ly premature1 ev5 suppos+ x 7 inh]5tly possible2 b x is ,hobbes's di/9ction1 9 8 c5tury1 to h conceiv$ x1 & he is !reby lift$ f among ! sci5tific work]s ) :om he associat$ to ! rank ( ^? philosophical ?9k]s :o h s\ght to ord] ! :ole doma9 ( human k4 ,! effects ( 8 philosophical endeav\r may be trac$ on a v>iety ( l9es4 ,^u e subject t came )9 ! sweep ( 8 sy/em1 except ma!matics & physics1 8 ?\ghts h be5 productive ( ?\ght4 ,:5 ! fir/ /orm ( opposition f small] m5 _h begun to die d[n1 ?9k]s ( real weight1 beg9n+ ) ,cumb]l& & ,cudwor?1 7 mov$ by _! av]sion to 8 analysis ( ! moral nature ( man to probe anew ! "q ( ! natural spr+s & ! rational gr\nds ( human action2 & ?us x may be said t ,hobbes gave ! fir/ impulse to ! :ole ( t movem5t ( e?ical speculation t1 9 mod]n times1 has be5 c>ri$ on ) su* rem>kable cont9uity 9 ,engl&4 ,9 politics ! revulsion f 8 p>ticul> conclusions did n prev5t ! m cle>-sight$ ( 8 oppon5ts f recogniz+ ! =ce ( 8 supreme demon/ration ( ! practical irresponsibility ( ! sov]eign p[]1 :]ev] seat$1 9 ! /ate2 &1 :5 9 a lat] age ! f\ndations ( a positive !ory ( legislation 7 laid 9 ,engl&1 ! s*ool ( ,b5?am--,james ,mill1 ,grote1 ,moleswor?--br\ght aga9 into g5]al notice ! writ+s ( ! great publici/ ( ! #ag? c5tury1 :o1 h[ev] he might1 by ! =ce ( temp]am5t1 himself pref] ! rule ( "o1 bas$ 8 :ole political sy/em ^u a rational reg>d to ! common weal4 ,f9ally1 ! psy*ology ( ,hobbes1 ?\gh too undevelop$ to guide ! ?\ghts or ev5 p]haps arre/ ! att5tion ( ,locke1 :5 essay+ ! sci5tific analysis ( k1 came 9 c\rse ( "t 7*iefly ?r\gh ,james ,mill7 to be connect$ ) ! !ory ( associationism develop$ f )9 ! s*ool ( ,locke1 9 diff]5t ways1 by ,h>tley & ,hume2 nor is x surpris+ t ! lat] associationi/s1 f9d+ _! pr9ciple m di/9ctly =mulat$ 9 ! e>li] ?9k]1 %\ld sometimes h be5 betray$ into affiliat+ !mselves to ,hobbes r ?an to ,locke4 ,= 8 e?ical !ories see ,e?ics4 ,suffici5t in=mation is giv5 9 ! ,vitae ,hobbianae auct>ium 7,l4,w4 i4 p4 lxv4 ff47 conc]n+ ! frequ5t e>ly editions ( ,hobbes's sep>ate works1 & also conc]n+ ! works ( ^? :o wrote aga9/ him1 to ! end ( ! #ag? c5tury4 ,9 ! #ah? c5tury1 aft] ,cl>ke's ,boyle ,lectures ( #agjd-agje1 ! opposition 0 less express4 ,9 #agej ,! ,moral & ,political ,works 7 collect$1 ) life1 c41 by ,dr ,campbell1 9 a folio edition1 includ+ 9 ord]1 ,human ,nature1 ,de corpore politico1 ,levia?an1 ,answ] to ,bramhall's ,cat*+ ( ! ,levia?an1 ,n>ration conc]n+ ,h]esy1 ,( ,lib]ty & ,necessity1 ,behemo?1 ,dialogue ( ! ,common ,laws1 ! ,introduction to ! ,?ucydides1 ,lett] to ,dav5ant & two o!rs1 ! ,preface to ! ,hom]1 ,de mirabilibus ,pecci 7) ,engli% translation71 ,consid]ations on ! ,reputation1 41 ( ,t4 ,h4 ,9 #ahab ! ,human ,nature & ! ,lib]ty & ,necessity 7) supplem5t>y extracts f ! ,que/ions ( #afef7 7 repr9t$ 9 a small edition ( #bej copies1 ) a m]itori\s memoir 7bas$ on ,campbell7 & d$ication to ,horne ,tooke1 by ,philip ,mallet4 ,moleswor?'s edition 7#ahci-ahde71 d$icat$ to ,grote1 has be5 ref]r$ to 9 a =m] note4 ,( translations may be m5tion$ ,les ,elem5s philosophiques du citoy5 7#afdi7 & ,le ,corps politique 7#afeb71 bo? by ,s4 de ,sorbi]e1 conjo9$ ) ,le ,traite de la nature huma9e1 by d',holba*1 9 #aghg1 "u ! g5]al title ,les ,oeuvres philosophiques et politiques de ,?omas ,hobbes2 a translation ( ! fir/ section1 ,computatio sive logica1 ( ! ,de corpore1 includ$ by ,de/utt de ,tracy ) 8 ,elem5s d'ideologie 7#ahjd72 a translation ( ,levia?an into ,dut* 9 #afgh1 & ano!r 7anonym\s7 into ,g]man--,des ,engl&]s ,?omas ,hobbes ,levia?an od] d] kir*li*e und burg]li*e ,/aat 7,halle1 #agid1 #b vols472 a translation ( ! ,de cive by ,j4 ,h4 v4 ,kir*mann--,t4 ,hobbes3 ,abh&lung ub] d5 ,burg]1 c4 7,leipzig1 #ahgc74 ,important lat] editions are ^? ( ,f]d9& ,tonnies1 ,behemo? 7#ahhi71 on :i* see ,croom ,rob]tson's ,philosophical ,rema9s 7#ahid71 p4 #dea2 ,elem5ts ( ,law 7#ahhi74 ,biographical & ,critical ,works4--,!re are ?ree acc\nts ( ,hobbes's life1 fir/ publi%$ toge!r 9 #afha1 two ye>s aft] 8 dea?1 by ,r4 ,b4 7,ri*>d ,blackb\rne1 a fri5d ( ,hobbes's admir]1 ,john ,aubrey71 & repr9t$1 ) complim5t>y v]ses by ,c[ley & o!rs1 at ! beg9n+ ( ,sir ,w4 ,moleswor?'s collection ( ! ,lat9 ,works3 7#a7 ,t4 ,h4 ,malmesb4 vita 7pp4 xiii4-xxi471 writt5 by ,hobbes himself1 or 7z also report$7 by ,t4 ,rym]1 at 8 dictation2 7#b7 ,vitae ,hobbianae auct>ium 7pp4 xxii4-lxxx471 turn$ into ,lat9 f ,aubrey's ,engli%2 7#c7 ,t4 ,h4 ,malmesb4 vita c>m9e expressa 7pp4 lxxxi4-xcix471 writt5 by ,hobbes at ! age ( eighty-f\r 7fir/ publi%$ by itself 9 #afhj74 ,! ,life ( ,mr ,t4 ,h4 ( ,malmesburie1 pr9t$ among ! ,lives ( ,em95t ,m51 9 #ahac1 f ,aubrey's pap]s 9 ! ,bodleian1 c4 7vol4 ii4 pt4 ii4 pp4 #eic-fcg71 conta9s "s int]e/+ p>ticul>s n f\nd 9 ! ,auct>ium4 ,all t is ( any importance = ,hobbes's life is conta9$ 9 ,g4 ,croom ,rob]tson's ,hobbes 7#ahhf7 9 ,blackwood's ,philosophical ,classics1 & ,sir ,leslie ,/eph5's ,hobbes 7#aijd7 9 ! ,engli% ,m5 ( ,lett]s s]ies1 bo? ( :i* deal fully ) 8 philosophy also4 ,see also ,f4 ,tonnies1 ,hobbes ,leb5 und ,lehre 7#ahif71 ,hobbes-,analekt5 7#aijd foll472 ,g4 ,z>t1 ,e9fluss d] englis*5 ,philosophie seit ,bacon auf die deuts*e ,philosophie des #aht5 ,jahrh4 7,b]l91 #ahha72 ,g4 ,br&t1 ,?omas ,hobbes3 ,grundl9i5 se9] ,philosophie 7#ahie72 ,g4 ,lyon1 ,la ,philos4 de ,hobbes 7#ahic72 ,j4 ,m4 ,rob]tson1 ,pione] ,humani/s 7#aijg72 ,j4 ,rickaby1 ,free ,w & ,f\r ,engli% ,philosoph]s 7#aijf71 pp4 #a-gb2 ,j4 ,watson1 ,h$oni/ic ,!ories 7#ahie72 ,w4 ,graham1 ,engli% ,political ,philosophy f ,hobbes to ,ma9e 7#ahii72 ,w4 ,j4 ,h4 ,campion1 ,outl9es ( ,lectures on ,political ,sci5ce 7#ahie74 7,g4 ,c4 ,r42 ,x47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,! translation1 "u ! title ,eight ,books ( ! ,peloponnesian ,w>1 writt5 by ,?ucydides ! son ( ,olorus1 int]pret$ ) fai? & dilig5ce imm$iately out ( ! ,greek by ,?omas ,hobbes1 secret>y to ! late ,e>l ( ,devon%ire1 appe>$ 9 #afbh 7or #afbi71 aft] ! dea? ( ! e>l1 to :om t\*+ ref]5ce is made 9 ! d$ication4 ,x reappe>$ 9 #afcd1 ) ! date ( ! d$ication alt]$1 z if !n newly writt54 ,?\gh ,hobbes claims to h p]=m$ 8 "w ) mu* m dilig5ce ?an elegance1 8 v]sion is rem>kable z a piece ( ,engli% writ+1 b is by no means accurate4 ,x fills vols4 viii4 & ix4 9 ,moleswor?'s collection 7#aa vols41 includ+ index vol47 ( ,hobbes's ,engli% ,works 7,london1 ,bohn1 #ahci-ahde74 ,! volumes ( ?is collection w "h be cit$ z ,e4 ,w4 ,moleswor?'s collection ( ! ,lat9 ,op]a philosophica 7#e vols41 #ahci-ahde7 w be cit$ z ,l4,w4 ,! five hundr$ & odd ,lat9 hexamet]s "u ! title ,de mirabilibus ,pecci 7,l4,w4 v4 #cbc-cdj71 giv+ an acc\nt ( a %ort excursion f ,*atswor? to view ! sev5 wond]s ( ! ,d]by%ire ,peak1 7 writt5 be=e #afbh 79 #afbf or #afbg71 ?\gh n publi%$ till #afcf4 ,x 0 a ,new ,ye>'s pres5t to 8 patron1 :o gave him ,l#e 9 return4 ,a lat] edition1 9 #afgh1 includ$ an ,engli% v]sion by ano!r h&4 #b ,hobbes1 9 m9or works deal+ ) physical que/ions 7,l4,w4 iv4 #caf2 ,e4,w4 vii4 #aab71 makes two incid5tal ref]5ces to ,bacon's writ+s1 b nev] m5tions ,bacon z he m5tions ,galileo1 ,kepl]1 ,h>vey1 & o!rs 7,de corpore1 ep4 d$471 among ! lights ( ! c5tury4 ,! ^w ,induction1 :i* occurs 9 only ?ree or f\r passages ?r\gh\t all 8 works 7& ^! aga9 m9or ones71 is nev] us$ by him ) ! fa9te/ rem9isc5ce ( ! import assign$ to x by ,bacon2 &1 z w be se51 he _h no?+ b scorn = exp]im5tal "w 9 physics4 #c ,! free ,engli% ab/ract ( ,ari/otle's ,rhetoric1 publi%$ 9 #afha1 aft] ,hobbes's dea?1 z ,! ,:ole ,art ( ,rhetoric 7,e4,w4 vi4 #dbc-eaj71 corresponds ) a ,lat9 v]sion dictat$ to 8 "y pupil4 ,among ,hobbes's pap]s pres]v$ at ,h>dwick1 :]e he di$1 !re rema9s ! boy's dictation-book1 int]sp]s$ ) head+s1 examples1 c4 9 ,hobbes's h&4 #d ,among ! ,h>dwick pap]s !re is pres]v$ a ,,ms4 copy ( ! "w1 "u ! title ,elem5tes ( ,law ,naturall & ,politique1 ) ! d$ication to ! e>l ( ,newca/le1 writt5 9 ,hobbes's own h&1 & dat$ ,may #i1 #afdj4 ,?is d$ication 0 prefix$ to ! fir/ ?irte5 *apt]s ( ! "w :5 pr9t$ by !mselves1 "u ! title ,human ,nature 9 #afej4 #e ,! book1 ( :i* ! copies are r>e 7"o 9 ,dr ,williams's libr>y 9 ,london & "o 9 ! ,bodleian71 0 pr9t$ 9 qu>to size 7,p>is1 #afdb71 ) a pictorial title-page 7n aft]w>ds reproduc$7 ( sc5es & figures illu/rat+ its ?ree divisions1 ,lib]tas1 ,imp]ium1 ,religio4 ,! title ,elem5torum philosophiae sectio t]tia1 ,de ,cive1 expresses its relation to ! unwritt5 sections1 :i* also comes out 9 "o or two back-ref]5ces 9 ! text4 #f ,l4,w4 ii4 #acc-acd4 ,9 ?is fir/ public edition 7#abmo71 ! title 0 *ang$ to ,elem5ta philosophica de cive1 ! ref]5ces 9 ! text to ! previ\s sections be+ omitt$4 ,! date ( ! d$ication to ! "y e>l ( ,devon%ire 0 alt]$ f #afda to #afdf4 #g ,describ$ z nobilis ,langu$ocianus 9 ,vit42 d\btless ! same ) ! ,dom9us ,v]dusius1 nobilis ,aquitanus1 to :om 0 d$icat$ ! ,exam4 et em5d4 ma?4 hod4 7,l4,w4 iv47 9 #affj4 ,du ,v]dus 0 "o ( ,hobbes's pr(\nde/ admir]s & mo/ frequ5t correspond5ts 9 lat] ye>s2 !re are _m ( 8 lett]s among ,hobbes's pap]s at ,h>dwick4 #h ,! ,human ,nature corresponds ) cc4 i4-xiii4 ( ! fir/ "p ( ! orig9al treatise4 ,! rema9+ six *apt]s ( ! "p /& n[ z ,"p ,i4 ( ! ,de ,corpore ,politico4 ,"p ,,ii4 ( ! ,d4,c4,p4 corresponds ) ! orig9al second "p ( ! :ole "w4 #i ,at ! beg9n+ ( ?is ye> he wrote & publi%$ 9 ,p>is a lett] on ! nature & conditions ( poetry1 *iefly epic1 9 answ] to an appeal to 8 judgm5t made 9 ! preface to ,sir ,w4 ,dav5ant's h]oic poem1 ,gondib]t 7,e4,w4 iv4 #dda-deh74 ,! lett] is dat$ ,jan4 #aj1 #afej 7#afej_/a74 #aj ,?is pres5tation copy1 s describ$ by ,cl>5don 7,survey ( ! ,levia?an1 #afgf1 p4 #h71 is d\btless ! beautifully writt5 & f9ely b\nd ,,ms4 n[ to be f\nd 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,eg]ton ,,mss4 #aiaj74 #aa ,dur+ all ! "t he 0 abroad he _h cont9u$ to receive f 8 patron a ye>ly p5sion ( ,l#hj1 & !y rema9$ 9 /eady1 correspond5ce4 ,! e>l1 hav+ sid$ ) ! k+ 9 #afdb1 0 decl>$ unfit to sit 9 ! ,h\se ( ,pe]s1 & ?\gh1 by submission to ,p>liam5t1 he recov]$ 8 e/ates :5 !y 7 seque/]$ lat] on1 he did n sit aga9 till #affj4 ,among ,hobbes's fri5ds at ?is "t are specially m5tion$ ,john ,seld5 & ,william ,h>vey1 :o left him a legacy ( ,l#aj4 ,accord+ to ,aubrey1 ,seld5 left him an equal beque/1 b ?is seems to be a mi/ake4 ,h>vey 7n ,bacon7 is ! only ,engli%man he m5tions 9 ! d$icatory epi/le prefix$ to ! ,de corpore1 among ! f\nd]s1 be=e himself1 ( ! new natural philosophy4 #ab ,! treatise bore ! date1 ,r\51 ,aug4 #bj1 #afeb1 b x %\ld h be5 #afdf1 z aft]w>ds expla9$ by ,hobbes himself 7,e4,w4 v4 #be74 #ac ,! ,vit4 auct4 ref]s to #afgf1 a ',lett] to ,william duke ( ,newca/le on ! ,controv]sy ab\t ,lib]ty & ,necessity1 held ) ,b5jam9 ,laney1 bi%op ( ,ely4' ,9 t ye> !re did appe> a 7confus$7 little tract writt5 by ,laney aga9/ ,hobbes's conclud+ /atem5t ( 8 own ',op9ion' 9 ! ',lib]ty & ,necessity' ( #afed 7#afdf71 b ,i c f9d no trace ( any fur!r writ+ by ,hobbes on ! subject 7,g4 ,croom ,rob]tson1 ,hobbes1 p4 #bjb74 #ad ,?is translation1 ,conc]n+ ,body1 ?\gh n made by ,hobbes1 0 revis$ by him2 b x is f> f accurate1 & n seldom1 at critical places 7e4g4 c4 vi4 ,s #b71 q mislead+4 ,philosophical citations f ! ,de corpore %\ld always be made 9 ! orig9al ,lat94 ,moleswor? repr9ts ! ,lat91 n f ! fir/ edition ( #afee1 b f ! modifi$ edition ( #affh--modifi$1 9 ! ma!matical *apt]s1 9 g5]al 7n exact7 keep+ ) ! ,engli% edition ( #afef4 ,! ,v9dex episode1 ref]r$ to 9 ! ,six ,lessons1 becomes intelligible only by go+ beyond ,moleswor? to ! orig9al ,lat9 edition ( #afee4 #ae ,!y 7 compos$ orig9ally1 9 a some:at diff]5t & r m ext5d$ =m1 z ! second "p ( an ,engli% treatise on ,optics1 complet$ by ! ye> #afdf4 ,( ?is treatise1 pres]v$ 9 ,h>leian ,,mss4 #ccfj1 ,moleswor? o!rwise pr9ts ! d$ication to ! m>quis ( ,newca/le1 & ! conclud+ p>agraphs 7,e4,w4 vii4 #dfg-dga74 #af ,l4,w4 iv4 #a-bcb4 ,! propositions on ! circle1 =ty-six 9 numb] 7%att]$ by ,wallis 9 #affb71 7 omitt$ by ,hobbes :5 he republi%$ ! ,dialogues 9 #affh1 9 ! collect$ edition ( 8 ,lat9 works f :i* ,moleswor? repr9ts4 ,9 ! "p omitt$1 at p4 #aed ( ! orig9al edition1 ,hobbes ref]s to 8 fir/ introduction to ,euclid1 9 a way t confirms ! /ory 9 ,aubrey quot$ 9 an e>li] p>agraph4 #ag ,rema9+ at ,ox=d1 ,wallis1 9 fact1 took no active "p 9 ! con/itution ( ! new society1 b he _h be51 f #afde1 "o ( ! orig9ators ( an e>li] association 9 ,london1 ?us cont9u$ or reviv$4 ,?is e>li] society _h be5 cont9u$ also at ,ox=d aft] ! ye> #afdi1 :5 ,wallis & o!rs ( its memb]s receiv$ appo9tm5ts !re4 #ah ,! ,problemata physica 0 at ! same "t put into ,engli% 7) "s *anges & omission ( "p ( ! ma!matical app5dix71 & pres5t$ to ! k+1 to :om ! "w 0 d$icat$ 9 a rem>kable lett] apologiz+ = ,levia?an4 ,9 its ,engli% =m1 z ,sev5 ,philosophical ,problems & ,two ,propositions ( ,geometry 7,e4,w4 vii4 #a-fh71 ! "w 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 #afhb1 aft] ,hobbes's dea?4 #ai ,wallis's pieces 7 exclud$ f ! collect$ edition ( 8 works 7#afic-afig71 & h become extremely r>e4 #bj ,! ,de m$io anim>um /atu ( ,?omas ,:ite1 a het]odox ,ca?olic prie/1 :o conte/$ ! natural immortality ( ! s\l4 ,:ite 7:o di$ #afgf7 & ,hobbes 7 fri5ds4 #ba ,e4,w4 vi4 #afa-dah4 ,?\gh ,behemo? 0 kept back at ! k+'s express desire1 x saw ! light1 )\t ,hobbes's leave1 9 #afgi1 be=e 8 dea?4 ,,hobby1 a small horse1 probably f e>ly quotations1 ( ,iri% bre$1 tra9$ to an easy gait s t rid+ 0 n fatigu+4 ,! common use ( ! ^w is = a fav\rite pursuit or occupation1 ) ! idea ei!r ( excessive devotion or ( abs5ce ( ult]ior motive or ( pr(it1 c41 outside ! occupation itself4 ,?is use is probably n d]iv$ f ! easy ambl+ gait ( ! ,iri% hobby1 b f ! hobby-horse1 ! mock horse ( ! old morris-dances1 made ( a pa9t$ wood5 horse's head & tail1 ) a framework cas+ = an actor's body1 8 legs be+ cov]$ by a clo? made to repres5t ! h\s+s ( ! m$ieval tilt+-horse4 ,a hobby or hobby-horse is ?us a toy1 a div]sion4 ,! ,o4 ,fr4 hob91 or hobi1 ,mod4 aub91 & ,ital4 ub9a are probably adaptations ( ! ,engli%1 accord+ to ! ,new ,engli% ,diction>y4 ,! ,o4 ,fr4 hob]1 to move1 :i* is (t5 tak5 to be ! orig9 ( all ^! words1 is ! s\rce ( a use ( hobby = a small k9d ( falcon1 falco subbuteo1 us$ 9 hawk+4 ,,hobh\se1 ,,ar?ur ,,hobh\se1 #a,,/ ,,b>on 7#ahai-aijd71 ,engli% judge1 f\r? son ( ,h5ry ,hobh\se1 p]man5t "u-secret>y ( /ate 9 ! ,home ,(fice1 0 born at ,hadsp51 ,som]set1 on ! #aj? ( ,novemb] #ahai4 ,educat$ at ,eton & ,balliol1 he 0 call$ to ! b> at ,l9coln's ,inn 9 #ahde1 & rapidly acquir$ a l>ge practice z a conveyanc] & equity draftsman2 he became ,q4,c4 9 #ahfb1 & practis$ 9 ! ,rolls ,c\rt1 retir+ 9 #ahff4 ,he 0 an active memb] ( ! *>ity commission & urg$ ! appropriation ( pi\s beque/s to educational & o!r purposes4 ,9 #ahgb he began a five ye>s' t]m ( s]vice z legal memb] ( ! c\ncil ( ! gov]nor-g5]al ( ,india1 8 s]vices be+ ackn[l$g$ by a ,k4,c4,s4,i42 & 9 #ahha he 0 appo9t$ a memb] ( ! judicial committee ( ! privy c\ncil1 on :i* he s]v$ = tw5ty ye>s4 ,he 0 made a pe] 9 #ahhe1 & consi/5tly support$ ! ,lib]al p>ty 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords4 ,he di$ on ! #f? ( ,decemb] #aijd1 leav+ no heir to ! b>ony4 ,8 pap]s read be=e ! ,social ,sci5ce ,association on ! subject ( prop]ty 7 collect$ 9 #ahhj "u ! title ( ,! ,dead ,h&4 ,,hobok51 a small t[n ( ,belgium on ! "r bank ( ! ,s*eldt ab\t #d m4 above ,antw]p4 ,x is only important on acc\nt ( ! %ipbuild+ y>d :i* ! ,cock]ill firm ( ,s]a+ has e/abli%$ at ,hobok54 ,_m weal?y ,antw]p m]*ants h villas "h1 & x is ! headqu>t]s ( sev]al ( ! lead+ r[+ clubs on ! ,s*eldt4 ,pop4 7#aijd7 #ab1haf4 ,,hobok51 a city ( ,hudson c\nty1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,u4,s4,a41 on ! ,hudson riv]1 adjo9+ ,j]sey ,city on ! ,s4 & ,w4 & opposite ,new ,york city1 ) :i* x is connect$ by f]ries & by two subway l9es ?r\gh tunnels "u ! riv]4 ,pop4 7#ahij7 #dc1fdh2 7#aijj7 #ei1cfd1 ( :om #ba1chj 7 =eign-born1 #aj1hdc be+ natives ( ,g]many2 7#aiaj c5sus7 #gj1cbd4 ,( ! total population 9 #aijj1 #dh1cdi _h ei!r "o or bo? p>5ts =eign-born1 ,g]man be+ ! pr9cipal racial elem5t4 ,! city is s]v$ by ! ,we/ ,%ore1 & ! ,delaw>e1 ,lackawanna ,we/]n railways1 be+ ! ea/]n t]m9us ( ! latt]1 & is connect$ by electric railway ) ! neighb\r+ cities ( nor?-ea/]n ,new ,j]sey4 ,9 ,hobok5 are ! pi]s ( ! ,nor? ,g]man ,lloyd1 ! ,hamburg ,am]ican1 ! ,ne!rl&s ,am]ican1 ! ,sc&9avian & ! ,pho5ix /eam%ip l9es4 ,hobok5 occupies a little m ?an #a sq4 m4 & lies ne> ! foot ( ! ,new ,j]sey ,palisades1 :i* rise bo? on ! ,w4 & ,n4 to a height ( ne>ly #bjj ft4 ,mu* ( its surface has _h to be fill$ 9 to raise x above high tide1 b ,ca/le ,po9t1 9 ! ,n4,e41 rises f ! g5]ally l[ level ab\t #ajj ft4 ,on ?is ,po9t are ! resid5ce & private e/ate ( ! f\nd] ( ! city1 ,john ,/ev5s 7#agdi-ahch71 ,hudson ,p>k1 & fac+ x ! ,/ev5s ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 an excell5t s*ool ( me*anical eng9e]+ end[$ by ,edw9 ,a4 ,/ev5s 7#agie-ahfh71 son ( ,john ,/ev5s1 op5$ 9 #ahga1 & hav+ 9 #aiji-aiaj #cd in/ructors & #cij /ud5ts4 ,! in/itute owes mu* to its fir/ presid5t1 ,h5ry ,morton 7#ahcf-aijb71 a di/+ui%$ sci5ti/1 ^: aim 0 to (f] a c\rse ( in/ruction 9 :i* !ory & practice 7 c>efully balanc$ & ?or\ghly comb9$1 & :o gave to ! in/itute sums aggregat+ #age1jjj 7see ,morton ,memorial1 ,hi/ory ( ,/ev5s ,in/itute1 ed4 by ,furman1 #aije74 ,9 connexion ) ! in/itute !re is a prep>atory dep>tm5t1 ! ,/ev5s ,s*ool 7#ahgj74 ,! city ma9ta9s a tea*]s' tra9+ s*ool4 ,among ! city's prom95t build+s are ! ,delaw>e1 ,lackawanna ,we/]n /ation1 ! ,hobok5 ,academy 7#ahfj71 f\nd$ by ,g]man ,am]icans1 & ! public libr>y4 ,! city has an ext5sive coal trade & num]\s manufactures1 among :i* are lead p5cils1 lea!r goods1 silk goods1 wall-pap] & caskets4 ,! value ( ! manufactur$ product increas$ f #g1aea1cia 9 #ahij to #ab1jib1hgb 9 #aijj1 or #fi4a4 ,! factory product 9 #aije 0 valu$ at #ad1jgg1cje1 an increase ( #cd4c ov] t = #aijj4 ,! site ( ,hobok5 7orig9ally ,hobocanhack+h1 ! place ( ! tobacco pipe7 0 occupi$ ab\t #afdj z a ,dut* f>m1 b 9 #afdc ! /ock & all ! build+s except a brew-h\se 7 de/roy$ by ! ,indians4 ,9 #agaa title to ! place 0 acquir$ by ,samuel ,bay>d1 a ,new ,york m]*ant1 :o built on ,ca/le ,po9t 8 summ] resid5ce4 ,dur+ ! ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce 8 desc5dant1 ,william ,bay>d1 0 a loyali/1 & 8 home 0 burn$ & 8 e/ate confiscat$4 ,9 #aghd ! prop]ty 0 pur*as$ by ,john ,/ev5s1 ! inv5tor1 :o 9 #ahjd laid x out z a t[n4 ,= ! next ?irty-five ye>s its ,elysian ,fields 7 a fam\s pleasure resort ( ,new ,york ,city4 ,hobok5 0 incorporat$ z a t[n 9 #ahdi & z a city 9 #ahee4 ,on ! #cj? ( ,june #aijj ! :>ves ( ! ,nor? ,g]man ,lloyd ,/eam%ip ,company & ?ree ( its ocean l9]s 7 almo/ completely de/roy$ by a fire1 :i* caus$ a loss ( m ?an #bjj lives & ov] #e1jjj1jjj4 ,,hobson',s ,,*oice1 i4e4 ?is or no?+1 an expression t arose f ! fact t ! ,cambridge-,london c>ri]1 ,?omas ,hobson 7#aedd-afcj71 refus$1 :5 lett+ 8 horses on hire1 to all[ any animal to leave ! /able out ( its turn4 ,among o!r beque/s made by ,hobson1 & commemorat$ by ,milton1 0 a conduit = ! ,cambridge m>ket-place1 = :i* he provid$ ! p]petual ma9t5ance4 ,see ,spectator1 ,no4 #eji 7#ad? ( ,octob] #agab74 ,,hoby1 ,,sir ,,?omas 7#aecj-aeff71 ,engli% diplomati/ & translator1 son ( ,william ,hoby ( ,leom9/]1 0 born 9 #aecj4 ,he ent]$ ,/ ,john's ,college1 ,cambridge1 9 #aede1 b 9 #aedg he w5t to ,/rassburg1 :]e he 0 ! gue/ ( ,m>t9 ,buc]1 ^: ,gratulation 444 unto ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&e = ! re/itution ( ,*ri/es ,religion he translat$ into ,engli%4 ,he !n proce$$ to ,italy1 visit+ ,padua & ,v5ice1 ,flor5ce & ,si5a1 & 9 ,may #aeej he _h settl$ at ,rome1 :5 he 0 summon$ by 8 half-bro!r1 ,sir ,philip ,hoby 7#aeje-aeeh71 !n ambassador at ! emp]or's c\rt1 to ,augsburg4 ,! bro!rs return$ to ,engl& at ! end ( ! ye>1 & ,?omas atta*$ himself to ! s]vice ( ! m>quis ( ,nor?ampton1 :om he accompani$ to ,france on an embassy to arrange a m>riage betwe5 ,edw>d ,,vi4 & ! pr9cess ,elizabe?4 ,%ortly aft] he return$ to ,engl& he />t$ once m = ,p>is1 & 9 #aeeb he 0 engag$ on 8 translation ( ,! ,c\rty] ( ,c\nt ,baldess> ,ca/ilio4 ,8 "w 0 probably complet$ 9 #aeed1 & ! fre$om ( ! allusions to ! ,roman *ur* probably acc\nts = ! fact t x 0 )held f publication until #aefa4 ,! ,cortegiano ( ,baldass>e ,ca/iglione1 :i* ,dr ,johnson call$ ! be/ book t ev] 0 writt5 ^u good bre$+1 is a book z entirely typical ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance z ,ma*iavelli's ,pr9ce 9 ano!r direction4 ,x ex]cis$ an imm5se influ5ce on ! /&>ds ( *ivalry ?r\gh\t ,europe1 & 0 long ! recogniz$ au?ority = ! education ( a nobleman4 ,! accession ( ,m>y made x desirable = ! ,hobys to rema9 abroad1 & !y 7 9 ,italy until ! end ( #aeee4 ,?omas ,hoby m>ri$ 9 #aeeh ,elizabe?1 ! le>n$ daught] ( ,sir ,an?ony ,cook1 :o wrote a ,lat9 epitaph on h] husb&4 ,he 0 knight$ 9 #aeff by ,elizabe?1 & 0 s5t to ,france z ,engli% ambassador4 ,he di$ on ! #ac? ( ,july 9 ! same ye> 9 ,p>is1 & 0 buri$ 9 ,bi%am ,*ur*4 ,8 son1 ,,sir ,,edw>d ,,hoby 7#aefj-afag71 enjoy$ ,elizabe?'s fav\r1 & he 0 employ$ on v>i\s confid5tial missions4 ,he 0 con/able ( ,que5bor\gh ,ca/le1 ,k5t1 :]e he di$ on ! #a/ ( ,m>* #afag4 ,he took "p 9 ! religi\s controv]sies ( ! "t1 publi%+ _m pamphlets aga9/ ,!ophilus ,higgons & ,john ,fludd or ,floyd4 ,he translat$1 f ! ,fr5* ( ,ma?ieu ,coignet1 ,politique ,disc\rses on ,true? & ,ly+ 7#aehf74 ,! au?ority = ,?omas ,hoby's biography is a ,,ms4 ,booke ( ! ,travaile & lief ( me ,?omas ,hoby1 ) div]se ?+s wor? ! not+4 ,?is 0 edit$ = ! ,royal ,hi/orical ,society by ,edg> ,p[ell 9 #aijb4 ,hoby's translation ( ,! ,c\rty] 0 edit$ 7#aijj7 by ,pr(essor ,walt] ,raleigh = ! ,tudor ,translations s]ies4 ,,ho*e1 ,,laz>e 7#agfh-agig71 ,fr5* g5]al1 0 born ( poor p>5ts ne> ,v]sailles on ! #bd? ( ,june #agfh4 ,at sixte5 ye>s ( age he enli/$ z a private soldi] 9 ! ,g>des francaises4 ,he sp5t 8 entire leisure 9 e>n+ extra pay by civil "w1 8 object be+ to provide himself ) books1 & ?is love ( /udy1 :i* 0 comb9$ ) a /rong s5se ( duty & p]sonal c\rage1 soon l$ to 8 promotion4 ,:5 ! ,g>des francaises 7 brok5 up 9 #aghi he 0 a corporal1 & !reaft] he s]v$ 9 v>i\s l9e regim5ts up to ! "t ( 8 receiv+ a commission 9 #agib4 ,9 ! def5ce ( ,?ionville 9 t ye> ,ho*e e>n$ fur!r promotion1 & he s]v$ ) cr$it 9 ! op]ations ( #agib-agic on ! nor!rn fronti] ( ,france4 ,at ! battle ( ,ne]w9d5 he 0 aide-de-camp to ,g5]al le ,v5eur1 & :5 ,dum\riez des]t$ to ! ,au/rians1 ,ho*e1 along ) le ,v5eur & o!rs1 fell "u suspicion ( treason2 b aft] be+ kept "u arre/ & unemploy$ = "s mon?s he took "p 9 ! def5ce ( ,dunkirk1 & 9 ! same ye> 7#agic7 he 0 promot$ successively *ef de brigade1 g5]al ( brigade1 & g5]al ( division4 ,9 ,octob] #agic he 0 provisionally appo9t$ to comm& ! ,army ( ! ,moselle1 & )9 a few weeks he 0 9 ! field at ! head ( 8 army 9 ,lorra9e4 ,8 fir/ battle 0 t ( ,kais]slaut]n 7#bh?-#cj? ( ,novemb]7 aga9/ ,prussians4 ,! ,fr5* 7 defeat$1 b ev5 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,t]ror ! ,committee ( ,public ,safety cont9u$ ,ho*e 9 8 comm&4 ,p]t9acity & fi]y en]gy 9 _! eyes outweigh$ ev]y?+ else1 & ,ho*e soon %[$ t he possess$ ^! qualities4 ,on ! #bbnd ( ,decemb] he /orm$ ! l9es ( ,fros*weil]1 & ! repres5tatives ( ! ,conv5tion ) 8 army at once add$ ! ,army ( ! ,rh9e to 8 sph]e ( comm&4 ,on ! #bf? ( ,decemb] ! ,fr5* c>ri$ by assault ! fam\s l9es ( ,weiss5burg1 & ,ho*e pursu$ 8 success1 sweep+ ! enemy be=e him to ! middle ,rh9e 9 f\r days4 ,he !n put 8 troops into w9t] qu>t]s4 ,be=e ! foll[+ campaign op5$1 he m>ri$ ,anne ,adelaide ,de*aux at ,?ionville 7,m>* #aa?1 #agid74 ,b t5 days lat] he 0 sudd5ly arre/$1 *>ges ( treason hav+ be5 pref]r$ by ,pi*egru1 ! displac$ comm&] ( ! ,army ( ! ,rh9e1 & by 8 fri5ds4 ,ho*e escap$ execution1 h[ev]1 ?\gh imprison$ 9 ,p>is until ! fall ( ,robespi]re4 ,%ortly aft] 8 release he 0 appo9t$ to comm& aga9/ ! ,v5deans 7#ba/ ( ,augu/ #agid74 ,he complet$ ! "w ( 8 pr$ecessors 9 a few mon?s by ! peace ( ,jaunaye 7#ae? ( ,febru>y #agie71 b soon aft]w>ds ! w> 0 r5ew$ by ! ,royali/s4 ,ho*e %[$ himself equal to ! crisis & inflict$ a cru%+ bl[ on ! ,royali/ cause by defeat+ & captur+ de ,sombreuil's exp$ition at ,quib]on & ,p5?ievre 7#af?-#ba/ ( ,july #agie74 ,!reaft]1 by means ( mobile columns 7:i* he kept "u good discipl9e7 he succe$$ be=e ! summ] ( #agif 9 pacify+ ! :ole ( ! we/1 :i* _h = m ?an ?ree ye>s be5 ! sc5e ( a pitiless civil w>4 ,aft] ?is he 0 appo9t$ to organize & comm& ! troops de/9$ = ! invasion ( ,irel&1 & he />t$ on ?is ent]prise 9 ,decemb] #agif4 ,a tempe/1 h[ev]1 sep>at$ ,ho*e f ! exp$ition1 & aft] v>i\s adv5tures ! :ole fleet return$ to ,bre/ )\t hav+ effect$ its purpose4 ,ho*e 0 at once transf]r$ to ! ,rh9e fronti]1 :]e he defeat$ ! ,au/rians at ,neuwi$ 7,april71 ?\gh op]ations 7 soon aft]w>ds br\ght to an end by ! ,prelim9>ies ( ,leob54 ,lat] 9 #agig he 0 m9i/] ( w> = a %ort p]iod1 b 9 ?is position he 0 surr\nd$ by obscure political intrigues1 &1 f9d+ himself ! dupe ( ,b>ras & te*nically guilty ( violat+ ! con/itution1 he quickly laid d[n 8 (fice1 return+ to 8 comm& on ! ,rh9e fronti]4 ,b 8 heal? grew rapidly worse1 & he di$ at ,wetzl> on ! #ai? ( ,septemb] #agig ( consumption4 ,! belief 0 widely spread t he _h be5 poison$1 b ! suspicion seems to h be5 )\t f\ndation4 ,he 0 buri$ by ! side ( 8 fri5d ,m>ceau 9 a =t on ! ,rh9e1 amid/ ! m\rn+ n only ( 8 army b ( all ,france4 ,see ,privat1 ,notions hi/oriques sur la vie morale1 politique et militaire du g5]al ,ho*e 7,/rassburg1 #agih72 ,daun\1 ,eloge du g5]al ,ho*e 7#agih71 deliv]$ on behalf ( ! ,in/itut at ,ho*e's fun]al2 ,r\ssel91 ,vie de ,laz>e ,ho*e1 g5]al des armees de la republique francaise 7,p>is1 #agih2 ?is "w 0 pr9t$ at ! public exp5se & di/ribut$ to ! s*ools72 ,dubroca1 ,eloge funebre du g5]al ,ho*e 7,p>is1 #ahjj72 ,vie et p5sees du g5]al ,ho*e 7,b]n72 ,*amprob]t1 ,notice hi/orique sur ,laz>e ,ho*e1 le pacificateur de la ,v5dee 7,p>is1 #ahdj72 ,d\rille1 ,hi/oire de ,laz>e ,ho*e 7,p>is1 #ahdd72 ,desprez1 ,laz>e ,ho*e d'apres sa correspondance 7,p>is1 #aheh2 new ed41 #ahhj72 ,b]g\ni\x1 ,essai sur la vie de ,laz>e ,ho*e 7#aheb72 ,e4 de ,bonne*ose1 ,laz>e ,ho*e 7#ahfg72 ,h4 ,m>t91 ,ho*e et ,bonap>te 7#ahge72 ,dutemple1 ,vie politique et militaire du g5]al ,ho*e 7#ahgi72 ,escaude1 ,ho*e en ,irl&e 7#ahhh72 ,cuneo d',ornano1 ,ho*e 7#ahib72 ,a4 ,*uquet1 ,ho*e et la lutte p\r l',alsace 7a volume ( ?is au?or's s]ies on ! campaigns ( ! ,revolution1 #ahic72 ,e4 ,*>av>ay1 ,le ,g5]al ,ho*e 7#ahic72 ,a4 ,duruy1 ,ho*e et ,m>ceau 7#ahhe74 ,,ho*heim1 a t[n ( ,g]many1 9 ! ,prussian prov9ce ( ,hesse-,nassau1 situat$ on an elevation n f> f ! "r bank ( ! ,ma91 #c m4 above its influx into ! ,rh9e & #c m4 ,e4 ( ,ma9z by ! railway f ,cassel to ,frank=t-on-,ma94 ,pop4 7#aije7 #cggi4 ,x has an ,evangelical & a ,roman ,ca?olic *ur*1 & c>ries on an ext5sive trade 9 w9e1 ! ,engli% ^w ,hock1 ! g5]ic t]m = ,rh9e w9e1 be+ d]iv$ f its "n4 ,ho*heim is m5tion$ 9 ! *ronicles z e>ly z ! #g? c5tury4 ,x is also memorable z ! sc5e ( a victory ga9$ "h1 on ! #g? ( ,novemb] #ahac by ! ,au/rians ov] ! ,fr5*4 ,see ,s*ul]1 ,ges*i*te d] ,/adt ,ho*heim am ,ma9 7,ho*heim1 #ahhh74 ,,ho*/1 a t[n ( ,g]many1 9 ! ,prussian prov9ce ( ,hesse-,nassau on ! ,ma91 #f m4 by rail ,w4 ( ,frank=t-on-,ma94 ,pop4 7#aije7 #ad1aba4 ,x is a busy indu/rial t[n ) l>ge dye-works & manufactures ( ma*9]y1 snuff1 tobacco1 waxclo?1 gelat9e1 furniture & biscuits4 ,brew+ is c>ri$ on & !re is a consid]able riv] trade4 ,! ,roman ,ca?olic *ur* ( ,/ ,ju/9us is a f9e basilica orig9ally built 9 ! #i? c5tury2 x has be5 re/or$ sev]al times1 & a ,go?ic *oir 0 add$ 9 ! #ae? c5tury4 ,! t[n has also an ,evangelical *ur* & a synagogue1 & a /atue ( ,bism>ck by ,alois ,may]4 ,ho*/ belong$ =m]ly to ! electors ( ,ma9z :o _h a palace "h2 ?is 0 de/roy$ 9 #afcd ) ! exception ( "o f9e t[] :i* /ill rema9s4 ,9 #afbb ,*ri/ian1 duke ( ,brunswick1 0 defeat$ "h by ,c\nt ,tilly1 & 9 #agie ! ,au/rians ga9$ a victory "h ov] ! ,fr5*4 ,ho*/ is also ! "n ( a small t[n 9 ,hesse4 ,?is has "s manufactures1 & 0 =m]ly ! seat ( a ,b5$ict9e mona/]y4 ,,ho*/adt1 a t[n ( ,bav>ia1 ,g]many1 9 ! di/rict ( ,swabia1 on ! left bank ( ! ,danube1 #cd m4 ,n4,e4 ( ,ulm by rail4 ,pop4 7#aije7 #bcje4 ,x has ?ree ,roman ,ca?olic *ur*es1 a ca/le flank$ by walls & t[]s & "s small indu/ries1 includ+ malt+ & brew+4 ,ho*/adt1 :i* came into ! possession ( ,bav>ia 9 #abff1 has be5 a place ( battles4 ,"h ,fr$]ick ( ,hoh5/auf51 viceg]5t ( ! ,empire = ,h5ry ,,iv41 0 defeat$ by ,h5ry's rival1 ,h]mann ( ,luxemburg1 9 #ajha2 9 #agjc ! ,imp]iali/s 7 r\t$ "h by ,m>%al ,vill>s 9 comm& ( ! ,fr5*2 9 ,augu/ #agjd ,m>lbor\gh & ,pr9ce ,eug5e defeat$ ! ,fr5* & ,bav>ians comm&$ by ,max ,emanuel1 ! elector ( ,bav>ia & ,m>%al ,tall>d1 ?is battle be+ usually kn[n z t ( ,bl5heim2 & 9 ,june #ahjj an engagem5t took place "h betwe5 ! ,au/rians & ! ,fr5*4 ,!re is ano!r small t[n 9 ,bav>ia nam$ ,ho*/adt4 ,pop4 #bjjj4 ,?is is on ! riv] ,ais*1 n f> f ,bamb]g1 to :i* bi%opric x belong$ f #aaeg to #ahjb1 :5 x 0 c$$ to ,bav>ia4 ,,ho*/ett]1 ,,f]d9& ,,*ri/ian ,,von1 ,,b>on 7#ahbi-ahhd71 ,au/rian geologi/1 0 born at ,essl+51 ,wurtemb]g1 on ! #cj? ( ,april #ahbi4 ,he 0 ! son ( ,*ri/ian ,f]d9& ,ho*/ett] 7#aghg-ahfj71 a cl]gyman & pr(essor at ,brunn1 :o 0 also a botani/ & m9]alogi/4 ,hav+ receiv$ 8 e>ly education at ! evangelical sem9>y at ,maulbronn1 he proce$$ to ! univ]sity ( ,tub+52 !re "u ,f4 ,a4 ,qu5/$t ! int]e/ he already felt 9 geology became p]man5tly fix$1 & !re he obta9$ 8 doctor's degree & a travell+ s*ol>%ip4 ,9 #aheb he jo9$ ! /aff ( ! ,imp]ial ,geological ,survey ( ,au/ria & 0 engag$ until #ahef 9 p>ts ( ,bohemia1 especially 9 ! ,bohm]wald1 & 9 ! ,fi*tel & ,k>lsbad m\nta9s4 ,8 excell5t reports e/abli%$ 8 reputation4 ,?us he came to be *os5 z geologi/ to ! ,nov>a exp$ition 7#aheg-ahei71 & made num]\s valuable obs]vations 9 ! voyage r\nd ! _w4 ,9 #ahei he 0 engag$ by ! gov]nm5t ( ,new ,zeal& to make a rapid geological survey ( ! isl&s4 ,on 8 return he 0 appo9t$ 9 #ahfj pr(essor ( m9]alogy & geology at ! ,imp]ial ,polyte*nic ,in/itute 9 ,vi5na1 & 9 #ahgf he 0 made sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,imp]ial ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum4 ,9 ^! lat] ye>s he explor$ portions ( ,turkey & ea/]n ,russia1 & he publi%$ pap]s on a v>iety ( geological1 palaeontological & m9]alogical subjects4 ,he di$ at ,vi5na on ! #ah? ( ,july #ahhd4 ,,publications4--,k>lsbad1 se9e geogno/is*5 ,v]haltnisse und se9e ,quell5 7#aheh72 ,neu-,seel& 7#ahfc72 ,geological & ,topographical ,atlas ( ,new ,zeal& 7#ahfd72 ,leitfad5 d] ,m9]alogie und ,geologie 7) ,a4 ,bis*+7 7#ahgf1 ed4 #h1 #ahij74 ,,hockey 7possibly d]iv$ f ! hook$ /ick ) :i* x is play$2 cf4 ,o4 ,fr4 hoquet1 %eph]d's crook71 a game play$ ) a ball or "s simil> object by two oppos+ sides1 us+ hook$ or b5t /icks1 ) :i* ea* side attempts to drive x into ! o!r's goal4 ,9 "o or m ( its v>iations ,hockey 0 kn[n to mo/ nor!rn peoples 9 bo? ,europe & ,asia1 & ! ,romans possess$ a game ( simil> nature4 ,x 0 play$ indiscrim9ately on ! froz5 gr\nd or ! ice 9 w9t]4 ,9 ,scotl& x 0 call$ %9ty1 & 9 ,irel& hurley1 & 0 usually play$ on ! h>d1 s&y sea-%ore ) num]\s play]s on ea* side4 ,! rules 7 simple & ! play v r\gh4 ,mod]n ,hockey1 prop]ly s call$1 is play$ dur+ ! cold season on ! h>d turf1 & owes its rec5t vogue to ! =mation ( ,! ,m5's ,hockey ,association 9 ,engl& 9 #ahge4 ,! rules drawn up by ! ,wimbl$on ,club 9 #ahhc /ill obta9 9 all ess5tials4 ,s9ce #ahie int]national mat*es at hockey h be5 play$ annually betwe5 ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 ,irel& & ,wales2 & 9 #aijg a mat* 0 play$ betwe5 ,engl& & ,france1 won by ,engl& by #ad goals to nil4 ,9 #ahij ,divisional ,association mat*es 7,nor?1 ,s\?1 ,we/1 ,midl&s7 & int]-univ]sity mat*es 7,ox=d & ,cambridge7 7 inaugurat$1 & h s9ce be5 play$ annually4 ,c\nty mat*es are also n[ regul>ly play$ 9 ,engl&1 tw5ty-six c\nties compet+ 9 #aijg4 ,( o!r hockey clubs play+ regul> mat*es 9 #aijg1 !re 7 eighty-"o 9 ! ,london di/rict1 & fifty-n9e 9 ! prov9ces4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ( ,hockey ,field4 ,g1 ,goal4 ,,rw1 ,"r ,w+4 ,,rb1 ,"r ,back4 ,,ri1 ,inside ,"r4 ,,lb1 ,left ,back4 ,,cf1 ,c5tre ,=w>d4 ,,rh1 ,"r ,half4 ,,li1 ,inside ,left4 ,,*1 ,c5tre ,half4 ,,lw1 ,left ,w+4 ,,lh1 ,left ,half4 ,! game is play$ by teams ( elev5 play]s on a gr\nd #ajj yds4 long & #ej to #fj yds4 wide4 ,! goals are 9 ! c5tre ( ea* end-l9e1 & consi/ ( two uprights #g ft4 high surm\nt$ by a horizontal b>1 enclos+ a space #ab ft4 wide4 ,9 front ( ea* goal is a space enclos$ by a curv$ l9e1 its greate/ diamet] f ! goal-l9e be+ #ae ft41 call$ ! /rik+-circle4 ,! positions ( ! play]s on ea* side may be se5 on ! accompany+ diagram4 ,two umpires1 "o on ea* side ( ! c5tre-l9e1 (ficiate4 ,! ball is an ord9>y cricket-ball pa9t$ :ite4 ,! /ick has a h>d-wood curv$ head1 & a h&le ( cork or wrapp$ cane4 ,x mu/ n exce$ #b 94 9 diamet] nor #bh oz4 9 weight4 ,at ! />t ( ! game1 :i* consi/s ( two ?irty or ?irty-five m9ute p]iods1 ! two c5tre-=w>ds bully (f ! ball 9 ! middle ( ! field4 ,9 bully+ (f ea* c5tre mu/ /rike ! gr\nd on 8 own side ( ! ball ?ree times ) 8 /ick & /rike 8 oppon5t's /ick ?ree times alt]nately2 aft] :i* ei!r may /rike ! ball4 ,ea* side !n endeav\rs1 by means ( /rik+1 pass+ & dribbl+1 to drive ! ball into its oppon5ts' goal4 ,a play] is (f side if he is ne>] ! enemy's goal ?an "o ( 8 own side :o /rikes ! ball1 & he may n /rike ! ball himself until x has be5 t\*$ by "o ( ! oppos+ side4 ,! ball may be caught 7b n held7 or /opp$ by any "p ( ! body1 b may n be pick$ up1 c>ri$1 kick$1 ?r[n or knock$ except ) ! /ick4 ,an oppon5t's /ick may be hook$1 b n an oppon5t's p]son1 :i* may n be ob/ruct$ 9 any way4 ,no left-h&$ play is all[$4 ,p5alties = infr++ rules are ( two classes2 free hits & p5alty bullies1 to be tak5 :]e ! f\l occurr$4 ,= flagrant f\ls p5alty goals may also be aw>d$4 ,a corn] occurs :5 ! ball goes beh9d ! goal-l9e1 b n into goal4 ,if x is hit by ! attack+ side1 or un9t5tionally by ! def5d]s1 x mu/ be br\ght out #be yds41 9 a direction at "r angles to ! goal-l9e f ! po9t :]e x cross$ ! l9e1 & !re bulli$4 ,b if ! ball is driv5 f )9 ! #be-yd4 l9e un9t5tionally beh9d ! goal-l9e by ! def5d]s1 a memb] ( ! attack+ side is giv5 a free hit f a po9t )9 #c yds4 ( a corn] flag1 ! memb]s ( ! def5d+ side rema9+ beh9d _! goal-l9e4 ,if ! ball is hit int5tionally beh9d ! goal-l9e by ! attack+ side1 ! free hit is tak5 f ! po9t :]e ! ball w5t ov]4 ,no goal c be scor$ f a free hit directly4 ,ice ,hockey 7or ,b&y1 to give x its orig9al "n7 is f> m popul> ?an ord9>y ,hockey 9 c\ntries :]e !re is mu* ice2 9 fact 9 ,am]ica ,hockey means ,ice ,hockey1 :ile ! l& game is call$ ,field ,hockey4 ,ice ,hockey 9 its simple/ =m ( driv+ a ball across a giv5 limit ) a /ick or club has be5 play$ = c5turies 9 nor!rn ,europe1 atta9+ its greate/ popul>ity 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 & !re are _m #af?- & #ag?-c5tury pa9t+s extant :i* repres5t games ( ,b&y1 ! play]s us+ an implem5t =m$ mu* l a golf club4 ,9 ,engl& ,b&y is controll$ by ! ,national ,b&y ,association4 ,a team consi/s ( elev5 play]s1 we>+ skates1 & ! prop] space = play is #bjj yds4 by #ajj yds4 9 ext5t4 ,! ball is ( solid india-rubb]1 betwe5 #b7a_/d7 & #b7c_/d7 94 9 diamet]4 ,! b&ies are #b 94 9 diamet] & ab\t #d ft4 long4 ,! goals1 plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ea* goal-l9e1 consi/ ( two upright po/s #g ft4 high & #ab ft4 ap>t1 connect$ by a la?4 ,a mat* is begun by ! ref]ee ?r[+ up ! ball 9 ! c5tre ( ! field1 aft] :i* x mu/ n be t\*$ o!r ?an ) ! b&y until a goal is scor$ or ! ball passes ! b\nd>ies ( ! c\rse1 9 :i* case x is hit into ! field 9 any direction except+ =w>d f ! po9t :]e x w5t out by ! play] :o t\*$ x la/4 ,if ! ball is hit across ! goal-l9e b n into a goal1 x is hit out by "o ( ! def5d]s f ! po9t :]e x w5t ov]1 ! oppon5ts n be+ all[$ to approa* ne>] ?an #be yds4 f ! goal-l9e :ile ! hit is made4 ,illu/ration3 ,hockey ,/ick4 ,9 ,am]ica ! developm5t ( ! mod]n game is due to ! ,victoria ,hockey ,club & ,mc,gill ,univ]sity 7,montreal74 ,ab\t #ahha ! secret>y ( ! =m] club made ! fir/ ef=ts t[>ds draw+ up a recogniz$ code ( laws1 & = "s "t aft]w>ds play+ rules 7 agre$ ^u f "t to "t :5ev] an important mat* 0 play$1 ! *ief teams be+1 besides ^? already m5tion$1 ! ,ottawa1 ,quebec1 ,cry/al & ,montreal ,hockey ,clubs1 ! fir/ g5]al t\rnam5t tak+ place 9 #ahhd4 ,?ree ye>s lat] ! ,amateur ,hockey ,association ( ,canada 0 =m$1 & a def9ite code ( rules drawn up4 ,soon aft]w>ds1 9 consequ5ce ( exhibitions giv5 by ! be/ ,canadian teams 9 "s ( ! l>g] cities ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! new game 0 tak5 up by ,am]ican s*ools1 colleges & a?letic clubs1 & became ne>ly z popul> 9 ! nor!rn /ates z 9 ! ,dom9ion4 ,! rules diff] widely f ^? ( ,engli% ,b&y4 ,! r9k mu/ be at lea/ #aab ft4 long by #eh ft4 wide1 & sev5 play]s =m a side4 ,! goals are #f ft4 wide & #d ft4 high & are provid$ ) goal-nets4 ,in/ead ( ! ,engli% pa9t$ cricket-ball a puck is us$1 made ( vulcaniz$ rubb] 9 ! =m ( a draught-/one1 #a 94 ?ick1 & #c 94 9 diamet]4 ,! /icks are made ( "o piece ( h>d wood1 & may n be m ?an #c 94 wide at any "p4 ,! game is play$ = two half-h\r or tw5ty-m9ute p]iods ) an int]mission ( t5 m9utes4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( a mat*1 & also :5 a goal has be5 made1 ! puck is fac$1 i4e4 x is plac$ 9 ! middle ( ! r9k betwe5 ! /icks ( ! two left-c5tres1 & ! ref]ee calls play4 ,:i*ev] side !n secures ! ball endeav\rs by means ( pass+ & dribbl+ to get ! puck into a position f :i* a goal may be %ot4 ,! puck may be /opp$ by any "p ( ! p]son b n c>ri$ or knock$ except ) ! /ick4 ,no /ick may be rais$ above ! %\ld] except :5 actually /rik+ ! puck4 ,:5 ! puck is driv5 (f ! r9k or beh9d ! goal1 or a f\l has be5 made beh9d ! goal1 x is fac$ #e yds4 inside ! r9k4 ,! goal-keep] mu/ ma9ta9 a /&+ position4 ,!re are a numb] ( ,hockey organizations 9 ,am]ica1 all "u ! jurisdiction ( ! ,am]ican ,amateur ,hockey ,league 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! ,canadian ,amateur ,a?letic ,league 9 ,canada4 ,ice ,polo1 a w9t] sport simil> to ,ice ,hockey1 is almo/ exclusively play$ 9 ! ,new ,engl& /ates4 ,a rubb]-cov]$ ball is us$ & ! /ick is heavi] ?an t us$ 9 ,ice ,hockey4 ,! radical diff]5ce betwe5 ! two games is t1 9 ,ice ,polo1 !re is no /rict (f-side rule1 s t passes & %ots at goal may come f any & (t5 ! mo/ unexpect$ direction4 ,five m5 con/itute a team3 a goal-t5d1 a half-back1 a c5tre & two ru%]s4 ,! ru%]s mu/ be rapid skat]s1 adepts 9 dribbl+ & pass+ & good goal %ots4 ,! c5tre supports ! ru%]s1 pass+ ! ball to !m or try+ = goal himself4 ,! half-back is ! fir/ def5ce & ! goal-t5d ! la/4 ,! r9k is #aej ft4 long4 ,r+ ,hockey may be play$ on ! floor ( any gymnasium or l>ge room by teams ( six1 compris+ a goal-keep]1 a qu>t]1 ?ree =w>ds & a c5tre4 ,! goals consi/ ( two uprights #c ft4 high & #d ft4 ap>t4 ,! r+1 :i* takes ! place ( ! ball or puck1 is made ( flexible rubb]1 & is #e 94 9 diamet] ) a #c-;94 op5+ ?r\gh ! c5tre4 ,x weighs betwe5 #ab & #af oz4 ,! /ick is a w& ( light b t\gh wood1 betwe5 #cf & #dj 94 long1 ab\t #c_/d 94 9 diamet]1 provid$ ) a #e-;94 gu>d #bj 94 f ! l[] end4 ,! me?od ( %oot+ is to ins]t ! end ( ! /ick 9 ! hole ( ! r+ & drive x t[>ds ! goal4 ,a goal %ot f ! field c\nts "o po9t1 a goal f a f\l #a_/b po9t4 ,:5 a f\l is call$ by ! ref]ee a play] ( ! oppos+ side is all[$ a free %ot = goal f any po9t on ! qu>t] l9e4 ,roll] ,polo1 play$ ext5sively dur+ ! w9t] mon?s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is practically ,ice ,polo adapt$ to ! floors ( gymnasiums & halls1 ! play]s1 five on a side1 we>+ roll]-skates4 ,! fir/ pr(essional league 0 organiz$ 9 #ahhc4 ,,hock-,,tide1 an anci5t g5]al holiday 9 ,engl&1 celebrat$ on ! second ,monday & ,tuesday aft] ,ea/] ,sunday4 ,hock-,tuesday 0 an important t]m day1 r5ts be+ !n payable1 = ) ,mi*aelmas x divid$ ! rural ye> into its w9t] & summ] halves4 ,! d]ivation ( ! ^w is disput$3 any analogy ) ,g]4 ho*1 high1 be+ g5]ally d5i$4 ,no trace ( ! ^w is f\nd 9 ,old ,engli%1 & hock-day1 its e>lie/ use 9 composition1 appe>s fir/ 9 ! #ab? c5tury4 ,! *>act]i/ic pa/ime ( hock-tide 0 call$ b9d+4 ,on ,monday ! wom51 on ,tuesday ! m51 /opp$ all pass]s ( ! opposite sex & b\nd !m ) ropes till !y b\ght _! release ) a small paym5t1 or a rope 0 /ret*$ across ! highroads1 & ! pass]s 7 oblig$ to pay toll4 ,! money ?us collect$ seems to h gone t[>ds p>i% exp5ses4 ,_m entries are f\nd 9 p>i% regi/]s "u ,hocktyde money4 ,! hock-tide celebration became obsolete 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! #ah? c5tury4 ,at ,cov5try !re 0 a play call$ ,! ,old ,cov5try ,play ( ,hock ,tuesday4 ,?is1 suppress$ at ! ,re=mation ow+ to ! incid5tal disord]1 & reviv$ z "p ( ! fe/ivities on ,que5 ,elizabe?'s visit to ,k5ilwor? 9 ,july #aege1 depict$ ! /ruggle betwe5 ,saxons & ,danes1 & has giv5 col\r to ! sugge/ion t hock-tide 0 orig9ally a commemoration ( ! massacre ( ! ,danes on ,/ ,brice's ,day1 ! #ac? ( ,novemb] ,a4,d4 #ajjb1 or ( ! rejoic+s at ! dea? ( ,h>dicanute on ! #h? ( ,june #ajdb & ! expulsion ( ! ,danes4 ,b ! dates ( ^! anniv]s>ies d n be> ?is out4 ,,hocus1 a %ort5$ =m ( hocus pocus1 us$ 9 ! #ag? c5tury 9 ! s5se ( to play a trick on any "o1 to hoax1 :i* is g5]ally tak5 to be a d]ivative4 ,hocus pocus appe>s to h be5 a mock ,lat9 expression fir/ us$ z ! "n ( a juggl] or conjur]4 ,?us 9 ,ady's ,c&le 9 ! ,d>k 7#afee71 quot$ 9 ! ,new ,engli% ,diction>y1 ,i w speak ( "o man 444 t w5t ab\t 9 ,k+ ,james 8 "t 444 :o call$ himself1 ,! ,k+s ,maje/ies mo/ excell5t ,hocus ,pocus1 & s 0 call$1 because t at ! play+ ( e ,trick1 he us$ to say1 ,hocus pocus1 tontus talontus1 vade cel]it] jubeo1 a d>k composure ( words1 to bl9de ! eyes ( ! behold]s1 to make 8 ,trick pass ! m currantly )\t discov]y4 ,tillotson's guess 7,s]mons1 xxvi47 t ! phrase 0 a corruption ( hoc e/ corpus & allud$ to ! words ( ! ,eu*>i/1 9 ridicul\s imitation ( ! prie/s ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome 9 _! trick ( ,transub/antiation1 has frequ5tly be5 accept$ z a s]i\s d]ivation1 b has no f\ndation4 ,a connexion ) a suppos$ demon ( ,sc&9avian my?ology1 call$ ,o*us ,bo*us1 is equally unw>rant$4 ,hocus is us$ z a v]b1 mean+ to drug1 /upefy ) opium1 c41 = a crim9al purpose4 ,?is use dates f ! beg9n+ ( ! #ai? c5tury4 ,,hodd5 7a ^w ( unkn[n orig971 a co>se k9d ( clo? made ( undy$ wool1 =m]ly mu* worn by ! peasantry ( ,scotl&4 ,x 0 usually made on small h&-looms by ! peasants !mselves4 ,grey hodd5 0 made by mix+ black & :ite fleeces toge!r 9 ! proportion ( "o to twelve :5 weav+4 ,,hoddesdon1 an urban di/rict 9 ! ,h]t=d p>liam5t>y division ( ,h]t=d%ire1 ,engl&1 ne> ! riv] ,lea1 #ag m4 ,n4 f ,london by ! ,great ,ea/]n railway 7,broxb\rne & ,hoddesdon /ation on ! ,cambridge l9e74 ,pop4 7#aija71 #dgaa4 ,?is is ! nor!rnmo/ ( a s]ies ( popul\s t[n%ips ext5d+ f ! suburbs ( ,london along ! ,lea valley z f> z its junction ) ! ,/ort1 :i* is close to ,hoddesdon4 ,!y are 9 ! ma9 resid5tial4 ,hoddesdon 0 a fam\s coa*+ /ation on ! ,old ,nor? ,road2 & ! ,bull po/+-h\se is m5tion$ 9 ,mat!w ,prior's ,d[n ,hall4 ,! ,lea has be5 a fav\rite resort ( angl]s 7ma9ly = co>se fi% 9 ?is "p7 f ! "t ( ,izaak ,walton1 9 ^: book ,hoddesdon is specifically nam$4 ,! *ur* ( ,/ ,augu/9e1 ,broxb\rne1 is a f9e example ( ,p]p5dicul> "w1 & conta9s int]e/+ monum5ts1 includ+ an alt> tomb ) enamell$ brasses ( #adgc4 ,hoddesdon probably cov]s ! site ( a ,romano-,briti% village4 ,,hod$a 7,hodeida1 ,had$a71 a t[n 9 ,arabia situat$ on ! ,r$ ,sea coa/ #ad deg4 #dh' ,n4 & #db deg4 #eg' ,e4 ,x lies on a bea* ( muddy s& expos$ to ! s\!rly & we/]ly w9ds4 ,/eam]s an*or m ?an a mile f %ore1 & m]*&ize has to be tran%ipp$ by means ( sambuks or native boats4 ,b ,hod$a has become ! *ief c5tre ( ! m>itime trade ( ,turki% ,yem51 & has sup]s$$ ,mokha z ! great port ( export ( ,s\? ,arabian c(fee4 ,! t[n is compos$ ( /one-built h\ses ( sev]al /oreys1 & is surr\nd$1 except on ! sea face1 by a =tifi$ ence9te4 ,! population is e/imat$ at #cc1jjj1 & conta9s1 besides ! ,arab inhabitants & ! ,turki% (ficials & g>rison1 a consid]able =eign elem5t1 ,greeks1 ,indians & ,african trad]s f ! opposite coa/4 ,!re are consulates ( ,great ,brita91 ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,italy & ,greece4 ,! /eam tonnage ent]+ & cle>+ ! port 9 #aijd am\nt$ to #gh1gjj tons1 ! highe/ hi!rto record$4 ,regul> s]vices are ma9ta9$ ) ,ad51 & ) ,suez1 ,mass[a & ! o!r ,r$ ,sea ports4 ,l>ge dh[s br+ dates f ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 & occasional /eam]s f ,bombay call on _! way to ,jidda ) c>goes ( gra94 ,! imports = #aijd am\nt$ 9 value to ,l#dfg1jjj1 ! *ief items be+ piece goods1 food gra9s & sug>2 ! exports am\nt$ to ,l#dea1jjj1 includ+ c(fee valu$ at ,l#bbi1jjj4 ,,hod5+1 an anci5t ,*ri/mas cu/om /ill surviv+ 9 ,wales1 ,k5t1 ,lanca%ire & else:]e4 ,a horse's skull or a wood5 imitation on a pole is c>ri$ r\nd by a p>ty ( y\?s1 "o ( :om conceals himself "u a :ite clo? to simulate ! horse's body1 hold+ a light$ c&le 9 ! skull4 ,!y make a h\se-to-h\se visitation1 begg+ gratuities4 ,! ,p5it5tial ( ,ar*bi%op ,!odore 7d4 #fij7 speaks ( any :o1 on ! kal&s ( ,janu>y1 clo! !mselves ) ! sk9s ( cattle & c>ry heads ( animals4 ,?is1 c\pl$ ) ! fact t among ! primitive ,sc&9avians ! horse 0 (t5 ! sacrifice made at ! w9t] sol/ice to ,od9 = success 9 battle1 has be5 ?\ght to ju/ify ! !ory t hod5+ is a corruption ( ,od9+4 ,,hodge1 ,,*>les 7#agig-ahgh71 ,am]ican !ologian1 0 born 9 ,philadelphia1 ,p5nsylvania1 on ! #bh? ( ,decemb] #agig4 ,he graduat$ at ! ,college ( ,new ,j]sey 7n[ ,pr9ceton7 9 #ahae1 & 9 #ahai at ! ,pr9ceton ,!ological sem9>y1 :]e he became an in/ructor 9 #ahbj1 & ! fir/ pr(essor ( ,ori5tal & ,biblical lit]ature 9 #ahbb4 ,mean:ile1 9 #ahba1 he _h be5 orda9$ z a ,presbyt]ian m9i/]4 ,f #ahbf to #ahbh he /udi$ "u de ,sacy 9 ,p>is1 "u ,ges5ius & ,?oluck 9 ,halle1 & "u ,h5g/5b]g1 ,ne&] & ,humboldt 9 ,b]l94 ,9 #ahdj he 0 transf]r$ to ! *air ( exegetical & didactic !ology1 to :i* subjects t ( polemic !ology 0 add$ 9 #ahed1 & ?is (fice he held until 8 dea?4 ,9 #ahbe he e/abli%$ ! qu>t]ly ,biblical ,rep]tory1 ! title ( :i* 0 *ang$ to ,biblical ,rep]tory & ,!ological ,review 9 #ahcj & to ,biblical ,rep]tory & ,pr9ceton ,review 9 #ahcg4 ,) x1 9 #ahdj1 0 m]g$ ! ,lit]>y & ,!ological ,review ( ,new ,york1 & 9 #ahgb ! ,am]ican ,presbyt]ian ,review ( ,new ,york1 ! title becom+ ,presbyt]ian ,qu>t]ly & ,pr9ceton ,review 9 #ahgb & ,pr9ceton ,review 9 #ahgg4 ,he secur$ = x ! position ( !ological organ ( ! ,old ,s*ool division ( ! ,presbyt]ian *ur*1 & cont9u$ its pr9cipal editor & contributor until #ahfh1 :5 ! ,rev4 ,lyman ,h4 ,atwat] became 8 colleague4 ,8 m important essays 7 republi%$ "u ! titles ,essays & ,reviews 7#aheg71 ,pr9ceton ,!ological ,essays1 & ,discussions 9 ,*ur* ,polity 7#ahgh74 ,he 0 mod]ator ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly 7,o4,s47 9 #ahdf1 a memb] ( ! committee to revise ! ,book ( ,discipl9e ( ! ,presbyt]ian *ur* 9 #aheh1 & presid5t ( ! ,presbyt]ian ,bo>d ( ,=eign ,missions 9 #ahfh-ahgj4 ,! #bd? ( ,april #ahgb1 ! fiftie? anniv]s>y ( 8 election to 8 pr(essor%ip1 0 obs]v$ 9 ,pr9ceton z 8 jubilee by betwe5 #djj & #ejj repres5tatives ( 8 #bgjj pupils1 & #ej1jjj 0 rais$ = ! end[m5t ( 8 *air4 ,he di$ at ,pr9ceton on ! #ai? ( ,june #ahgh4 ,hodge 0 "o ( ! greate/ ( ,am]ican !ologians4 ,besides 8 articles 9 ! ,pr9ceton ,review1 he publi%$ a ,comm5t>y on ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans 7#ahce1 abridg$ #ahcf1 rewritt5 & enl>g$ #ahfd1 new ed4 #ahhf71 ,con/itutional ,hi/ory ( ! ,presbyt]ian ,*ur* 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7#b vols41 #ahci-ahdj72 ,! ,way ( ,life 7#ahda72 ,comm5t>ies on ,ephesians 7#ahef72 #a ,cor9?ians 7#aheg72 #b ,cor9?ians 7#ahei72 ,sy/ematic ,!ology 7#c vols41 #bbjj pp41 #ahga-ahgc71 probably ! be/ ( all mod]n expositions ( ,calv9i/ic dogmatic2 & ,:at is ,d>w9ism8 7#ahgd71 9 :i* he oppos$ ,a!i/ic ,evolutionism4 ,aft] 8 dea? a volume ( ,conf]5ce ,pap]s 7#ahgi7 0 publi%$4 ,8 life1 by 8 son1 0 publi%$ 9 #ahhj4 ,8 son1 ,,ar*ibald ,,alex&] ,,hodge 7#ahbc-ahhf71 also fam\s z a ,presbyt]ian !ologian1 0 born at ,pr9ceton on ! #ah? ( ,july #ahbc4 ,he graduat$ at ! ,college ( ,new ,j]sey 9 #ahda1 & at ! ,pr9ceton ,!ological sem9>y 9 #ahdf1 & 0 orda9$ 9 #ahdg4 ,f #ahdg to #ahej he 0 a mission>y at ,allahabad1 ,india1 & 0 !n pa/or ( *ur*es successively at ,l[] ,we/ ,nott+ham1 ,m>yl& 7#ahea-ahee72 at ,fr$]icksburg1 ,virg9ia 7#ahee-ahfa71 & at ,wilkes-,b>re1 ,p5nsylvania 7#ahfa-ahfd74 ,f #ahfd to #ahgg he 0 pr(essor ( didactic & polemical !ology 9 ! ,allegh5y ,!ological sem9>y at ,allegh5y1 ,p5nsylvania1 :]e he 0 also f #ahff to #ahgg pa/or ( ! ,nor? ,*ur* 7,presbyt]ian74 ,9 #ahgh he succe$$ 8 fa!r z pr(essor ( didactic !ology at ! ,pr9ceton sem9>y4 ,he di$ on ! #aa? ( ,novemb] #ahhf4 ,besides writ+ ! biography ( 8 fa!r1 he 0 ! au?or ( ,outl9es ( ,!ology 7#ahfj1 new ed4 #ahge2 enl>g$1 #ahgi72 ,! ,atonem5t 7#ahfg72 ,exposition ( ! ,confession ( ,fai? 7#ahfi72 & ,popul> ,lectures on ,!ological ,!mes 7#ahhg74 ,see ,c4 ,a4 ,salmond's ,*>les & ,a4 ,a4 ,hodge 7,new ,york1 #ahhh74 ,,hodgk91 ,,?omas 7#ahca- 71 ,briti% hi/orian1 son ( ,john ,hodgk9 7#ahjj-ahge71 b>ri/]1 0 born 9 ,london on ! #bi? ( ,july #ahca4 ,hav+ be5 educat$ z a memb] ( ! ,society ( ,fri5ds & tak5 ! degree ( ,b4,a4 at ,london ,univ]sity1 he became a p>tn] 9 ! bank+ h\se ( ,hodgk91 ,b>nett ,co41 ,newca/le-on-,tyne1 a firm aft]w>ds amalgamat$ ) ,lloyds' ,bank4 ,:ile cont9u+ 9 bus9ess z a bank]1 ,hodgk9 devot$ a good deal ( "t to hi/orical /udy1 & soon became a lead+ au?ority on ! hi/ory ( ! e>ly middle ages1 8 books be+ indisp5sable to all /ud5ts ( ?is p]iod4 ,8 *ief works are1 ,italy & h] ,invad]s 7#h vols41 ,ox=d1 #ahhj-ahii72 ,! ,dyna/y ( ,!odosius 7,ox=d1 #ahhi72 ,!odoric ! ,go? 7,london1 #ahia72 & an introduction to ! ,lett]s ( ,cassiodorus 7,london1 #ahhf74 ,he also wrote a ,life ( ,*>les ! ,great 7,london1 #ahig72 ,life ( ,george ,fox 7,bo/on1 #ahif72 & ! op5+ volume ( ,longman's ,political ,hi/ory ( ,engl& 7,london1 #aijf74 ,,hodgk9son1 ,,eaton 7#aghi-ahfa71 ,engli% eng9e]1 ! son ( a f>m]1 0 born at ,&]ton ne> ,nor?wi*1 ,*e%ire1 on ! #bf? ( ,febru>y #aghi4 ,aft] att5d+ s*ool at ,nor?wi*1 he began to help 8 wid[$ "m on ! f>m1 b to escape f t uncong5ial occupation he p]suad$ h] 9 #ahaa to remove to ,man*e/] & />t a pawnbrok+ bus9ess4 ,!re he made ! acqua9tance ( ,john ,dalton1 & began ^? inquiries into ! /r5g? ( mat]ials :i* =m$ ! "w ( 8 life4 ,he 0 associat$ ) ,sir ,william ,fairbairn 9 an important s]ies ( exp]im5ts on ca/ iron1 & 8 help 0 s\ght by ,rob]t ,/eph5son 9 reg>d to ! =ms & dim5sions ( ! tubes = ! ,britannia bridge4 ,a pap] :i* he communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society on ,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es on ! ,/r5g? ( ,pill>s ( ,ca/ ,iron & o!r ,mat]ials1 9 #ahdj ga9$ him a ,royal m$al 9 #ahda1 & he 0 also elect$ a fell[4 ,9 #ahdg he 0 appo9t$ pr(essor ( ! me*anical pr9ciples ( eng9e]+ 9 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london1 & at ! same "t he 0 employ$ z a memb] ( ! ,royal ,commission appo9t$ to inquire into ! application ( iron to railway /ructures4 ,9 #ahdh he 0 *os5 presid5t ( ! ,man*e/] ,philosophical ,society1 ( :i* he _h be5 a memb] s9ce #ahbf1 & to :i*1 bo? previ\sly & subsequ5tly1 he contribut$ _m ( ! m important results ( 8 discov]ies4 ,= sev]al ye>s he took an active "p 9 ! discussions ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 ( :i* he 0 elect$ an honor>y memb] 9 #ahea4 ,he di$ at ,eaglesfield ,h\se1 ne> ,man*e/]1 on ! #ah? ( ,june #ahfa4 ,,hodgson1 ,,brian ,,h\ghton 7#ahjj-ahid71 ,engli% adm9i/rator1 e?nologi/ & naturali/1 0 born at ,l[] ,bee*1 ,pre/bury1 ,*e%ire1 on ! #a/ ( ,febru>y #ahjj4 ,8 fa!r1 ,brian ,hodgson1 came ( a family ( c\ntry g5tlem51 & 8 "m 0 a daught] ( ,william ,h\ghton ( ,man*e/]4 ,9 #ahaf he obta9$ an ,ea/ ,indian writ]%ip4 ,aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! usual c\rse at ,haileybury1 he w5t out to ,india 9 #ahah1 & aft] a brief s]vice at ,kumaon z assi/ant-commission] 0 9 #ahbj appo9t$ assi/ant to ! ,resid5t at ,katm&u1 ! capital ( ,nepal4 ,9 #ahbc he obta9$ an "u-secret>y%ip 9 ! =eign dep>tm5t at ,calcutta1 b 8 heal? fail$1 & 9 #ahbd he return$ to ,nepal1 to :i* ! :ole ( 8 life1 :e!r 9 or out ( ,india1 may be said to h be5 !nce=? giv54 ,he devot$ himself p>ticul>ly to ! collection ( ,sanskrit ,,mss4 relat+ to ,buddhism1 & h>dly less s to ! natural hi/ory & antiquities ( ! c\ntry1 & by #ahci _h contribut$ eighty-n9e pap]s to ! ,transactions ( ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,b5gal4 ,8 inve/igations ( ! e?nology ( ! aborig9al tribes 7 especially important4 ,9 #ahcc he became ,resid5t 9 ,nepal1 & pass$ _m /ormy ye>s 9 conflict ) ! cruel & fai?less c\rt to :i* he 0 accr$it$4 ,he succe$$1 nev]!less1 9 conclud+ a satisfactory treaty 9 #ahci2 b 9 #ahdb 8 policy1 :i* involv$ an imp]i\s attitude t[>ds ! native gov]nm5t1 0 upset by ! int]f]5ce ( ,"l ,ell5bor\gh1 b j arriv$ 9 ,india & n unnaturally anxi\s to avoid tr\ble 9 ,nepal dur+ ! conflict 9 ,afghani/an4 ,hodgson took ^u himself to disobey 8 in/ructions1 a brea* ( discipl9e ju/ifi$ to 8 own m9d by 8 sup]ior k ( ! situation1 b :i* ! gov]nor-g5]al c\ld h>dly be expect$ to ov]look4 ,he 01 nev]!less1 cont9u$ 9 (fice = a "t1 b 0 recall$ 9 #ahdc1 & resign$ ! s]vice4 ,9 #ahde he return$ to ,india & settl$ at ,d>jeel+1 :]e he devot$ himself entirely to 8 fav\rite pursuits1 becom+ ! greate/ au?ority on ! ,buddhi/ religion & on ! flora ( ! ,himalayas4 ,x 0 he :o e>ly sugge/$ ! recruit+ ( ,gurkhas = ! ,indian army1 & :o influ5c$ ,sir ,jung ,bahadur to l5d 8 assi/ance to ! ,briti% dur+ ! mut9y 9 #aheg4 ,9 #aheh he return$ to ,engl&1 & liv$ successively 9 ,*e%ire & ,gl\ce/]%ire1 occupi$ ) 8 /udies to ! la/4 ,he di$ at 8 seat at ,ald]ley ,grange 9 ! ,cotswold ,hills on ! #bcrd ( ,may #ahid4 ,no man has done s mu* to ?r[ light on ,buddhism z x exi/s 9 ,nepal1 & 8 collections ( ,sanskrit manuscripts1 pres5t$ to ! ,ea/ ,india ,(fice1 & ( natural hi/ory1 pres5t$ to ! ,briti% ,museum1 are unique z ga!r+s f a s+le c\ntry4 ,he wrote altoge!r #ahd philological & e?nological & #abg sci5tific pap]s1 z well z "s valuable pamphlets on native education1 9 :i* he took great int]e/4 ,8 pr9cipal "w1 ,illu/rations ( ! ,lit]ature & ,religion ( ,buddhi/s 7#ahda71 0 republi%$ ) ! mo/ important ( 8 o!r writ+s 9 #ahgb-ahhj4 ,8 life 0 writt5 by ,sir ,w4 ,w4 ,hunt] 9 #ahif4 ,,hodmezo-,,vas>hely1 a t[n ( ,hung>y1 9 ! c\nty ( ,csongrad1 #ace m4 ,s4,e4 ( ,budape/ by rail4 ,pop4 7#aijj7 #fj1hbd ( :i* ab\t two-?irds are ,prote/ants4 ,! t[n1 situat$ on ,lake ,hod1 n f> f ! "r bank ( ! ,tisza1 has a mod]n aspect4 ,! soil ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 ( :i* #chc sq4 m4 belong to ! municipality1 is exce$+ly f]tile1 ! *ief products be+ :eat1 mangcorn1 b>ley1 oats1 millet1 maize & v>i\s descriptions ( fruit1 especially melons4 ,ext5sive v9ey>ds1 yield+ l>ge quantities ( bo? :ite & r$ grapes1 skirt ! t[n1 & ! horn$ cattle & horses ( ,hodmezo-,vas>hely h a good reputation2 %eep & pigs are also ext5sively re>$4 ,! commune is protect$ f inundations ( ! ,tisza by an enorm\s dike1 b ! t[n1 nev]!less1 sometimes suff]s consid]able damage dur+ ! spr+ floods4 ,,hodograph 7,gr4 ,greek3 hodos1 a way1 & ,greek3 graphe91 to write71 a curve ( :i* ! radius vector is proportional to ! velocity ( a mov+ p>ticle4 ,x appe>s to h be5 us$ by ,james ,bradley1 b = its practical developm5t we are ma9ly indebt$ to ,sir ,william ,r[an ,hamilton1 :o publi%$ an acc\nt ( x 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,iri% ,academy1 #ahdf4 ,if a po9t be 9 motion 9 any orbit & ) any velocity1 & if1 at ea* in/ant1 a l9e be drawn f a fix$ po9t p>allel & equal to ! velocity ( ! mov+ po9t at t in/ant1 ! extremities ( ^! l9es w lie on a curve call$ ! hodograph4 ,let ,,pp#a,p#b be ! pa? ( ! mov+ po9t1 & let ,,ot1 ,,ot#a1 ,,ot#b1 be drawn f ! fix$ po9t ,o p>allel & equal to ! velocities at ,p1 ,p#a1 ,p#b respectively1 !n ! locus ( ,t is ! hodograph ( ! orbits describ$ by ,p 7see figure74 ,f ?is def9ition we h ! foll[+ important fundam5tal prop]ty :i* belongs to all hodographs1 viz4 t at any po9t ! tang5t to ! hodograph is p>allel to ! direction1 & ! velocity 9 ! hodograph equal to ! magnitude ( ! resultant accel]ation at ! correspond+ po9t ( ! orbit4 ,?is w be evid5t if we consid] t1 s9ce radii vectores ( ! hodograph repres5t velocities 9 ! orbit1 ! elem5t>y arc betwe5 two consecutive radii vectores ( ! hodograph repres5ts ! velocity :i* mu/ be comp\nd$ ) ! velocity ( ! mov+ po9t at ! beg9n+ ( any %ort int]val ( "t to get ! velocity at ! end ( t int]val1 t is to say1 repres5ts ! *ange ( velocity = t int]val4 ,h5ce ! elem5t>y arc divid$ by ! elem5t ( "t is ! rate ( *ange ( velocity ( ! mov+-po9t1 or 9 o!r words1 ! velocity 9 ! hodograph is ! accel]ation 9 ! orbit4 ,illu/ration ,analytically ?us 7,?omson & ,tait1 ,nat4 ,phil473--,let x1 y1 z be ! coord9ates ( ,p 9 ! orbit1 xi1 eta1 zeta ^? ( ! correspond+ po9t ,t 9 ! hodograph1 !n xi dx_/dt1 eta dy_/dt1 zeta dz_/dt2 !re=e dxi deta dzeta ---------- ----------- ----------- 7#a74 7d#bx_/dt#b7 7d#by_/dt#b7 7d#bz_/dt#b7 ,also1 if s be ! arc ( ! hodograph1 ds _/ _/dxi#b _/deta#b _/dzeta#b -- v _/ 7 ----- 7 7 ------ 7 7 ------- 7 dt _/ dt _/ dt _/ dt _/ _/ _/d#bx#b _/d#by#b _/d#bz#b _/ 7 --- 7 7 --- 7 7 --- 7 7#b74 _/ dt#b_/ dt#b_/ dt#b_/ ,equation 7#a7 %[s t ! tang5t to ! hodograph is p>allel to ! l9e ( resultant accel]ation1 & 7#b7 t ! velocity 9 ! hodograph is equal to ! accel]ation4 ,e orbit mu/ cle>ly h a hodograph1 &1 conv]sely1 e hodograph a correspond+ orbit2 &1 !oretically speak+1 x is possible to d$uce ! "o f ! o!r1 hav+ giv5 ! o!r circum/ances ( ! motion4 ,= applications ( ! hodograph to ! solution ( k9ematical problems see ,,me*anics4 ,,hodson1 ,,william ,,/eph5 ,,raikes 7#ahba-aheh71 kn[n z ,hodson ( ,hodson's ,horse1 ,briti% lead] ( light cavalry dur+ ! ,indian ,mut9y1 ?ird son ( ! ,rev4 ,george ,hodson1 aft]w>ds ar*deacon ( ,/af=d & canon ( ,li*field1 0 born on ! #ai? ( ,m>* #ahba at ,maisemore ,c\rt1 ne> ,gl\ce/]4 ,he 0 educat$ at ,rugby & ,cambridge1 & accept$ a cadet%ip 9 ! ,indian army at ! advanc$ age = ^? days ( tw5ty-?ree4 ,jo9+ ! #bnd ,b5gal ,gr5adi]s he w5t ?r\gh ! fir/ ,sikh ,w>1 & 0 pres5t at ! battles ( ,moodkee1 ,f]oze%ah & ,sobraon4 ,9 "o ( 8 lett]s home at ?is p]iod he calls ! campaign a tissue ( mismanagem5t1 blund]s1 errors1 ignorance & arrogance1 & outspok5 criticism su* z ?is br\ght him _m bitt] enemies ?r\gh\t 8 c>e]1 :o made ! mo/ ( und5iable faults ( "*4 ,9 #ahdg1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,sir ,h5ry ,lawr5ce1 he 0 appo9t$ adjutant ( ! corps ( ,guides1 & 9 #aheb 0 promot$ to ! comm& ( ! ,guides ) ! civil *>ge ( ,yusafzai4 ,b 8 brusque & haughty demean\r to 8 equals made him _m enemies4 ,9 #ahee two sep>ate *>ges 7 br\ght aga9/ him4 ,! fir/ 0 t he _h arbitr>ily imprison$ a ,pa?an *ief nam$ ,khad> ,khan1 on suspicion ( be+ conc]n$ 9 ! murd] ( ,colonel ,mackeson4 ,! man 0 acquitt$1 & ,"l ,dalh\sie remov$ ,hodson f 8 civil functions & rem&$ him to 8 regim5t on acc\nt ( 8 lack ( judgm5t4 ,! second *>ge 0 m s]i\s1 am\nt+ to an accusation ( malv]sation 9 ! funds ( 8 regim5t4 ,he 0 tri$ by a c\rt ( inquiry1 :o f\nd t 8 conduct to natives _h be5 unju/ifiable & oppressive1 t he _h us$ abusive language to 8 native (fic]s & p]sonal viol5ce to 8 m51 & t 8 sy/em ( acc\nts 0 calculat$ to scre5 peculation & fraud4 ,subsequ5tly ano!r inquiry 0 c>ri$ out by ,major ,reynell ,taylor1 :i* dealt simply ) ,hodson's acc\nts & f\nd !m to be an hone/ & correct record 444 irregul>ly kept4 ,at ?is "t ! ,guides 7 split up into num]\s deta*m5ts1 & !re 0 a sy/em ( advances :i* made ! acc\nts v complicat$4 ,! v]dicts ( ! two inquiries may be set aga9/ ea* o!r1 & ?is p>ticul> *>ge decl>$ n prov54 ,x is possible t ,hodson 0 c>eless & extravagant 9 money matt]s r ?an actually di%one/2 b !re 7 sev]al simil> *>ges aga9/ him4 ,dur+ a t\r ?r\gh ,ka%mir ) ,sir ,h5ry ,lawr5ce he kept ! purse & ,sir ,h5ry c\ld nev] obta9 an acc\nt f him2 subsequ5tly ,sir ,george ,lawr5ce accus$ him ( embezzl+ ! funds ( ! ,lawr5ce ,asylum at ,kasauli2 :ile ,sir ,neville ,*amb]la9 9 a publi%$ lett] says ( ! ?ird bro!r1 ,"l ,lawr5ce1 ,i am b\nd to say t ,"l ,lawr5ce _h no op9ion ( ,hodson's integrity 9 money matt]s4 ,he has (t5 discuss$ ,hodson's "* 9 talk+ to me1 & x 0 to him a regret t a man possess+ s _m f9e gifts %\ld h be5 want+ 9 a moral quality :i* made him untru/wor?y4 ,f9ally1 on "o occasion ,hodson sp5t ,l#ejj ( ! pay due to ,lieut5ant ,godby1 & "u ?reat ( exposure 0 oblig$ to borr[ ! money f a native bank] ?r\gh "o ( 8 (fic]s nam$ ,bi%>at ,ali4 ,x 0 j at ! "t :5 ,hodson's c>e] seem$ ru9$ t ! ,indian ,mut9y broke out1 & he obta9$ ! opportunity ( rehabilitat+ himself4 ,at ! v outset ( ! campaign he made 8 "n by rid+ ) despat*es f ,g5]al ,anson at ,k>nal to ,me]ut & back aga91 a di/ance ( #aeb m4 9 all1 9 sev5ty-two h\rs1 ?r\gh a c\ntry sw>m+ ) ! rebel cavalry4 ,?is feat s pleas$ ! comm&]-9-*ief t he emp[]$ him to raise a regim5t ( #bjjj irregul> horse1 :i* became kn[n to fame z ,hodson's ,horse1 & plac$ him at ! head ( ! ,intellig5ce ,dep>tm5t4 ,9 8 d\ble role ( cavalry lead] & intellig5ce (fic]1 ,hodson play$ a l>ge "p 9 ! r$uction ( ,delhi & consequ5tly 9 sav+ ,india = ! ,briti% empire4 ,he 0 ! f9e/ swordsman 9 ! army1 & possess$ t d>+ recklessness :i* is ! mo/ useful quality ( lead]%ip aga9/ ,asiatics4 ,9 explanation ( ! fact t he nev] receiv$ ! ,victoria ,cross x 0 said ( him t x 0 because he e>n$ x e day ( 8 life4 ,b he also _h ! defects ( 8 qualities1 & c\ld display on occasion a c]ta9 cruelty & call\sness ( disposition4 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to ,bi%>at ,ali1 :o _h l5t ,hodson money4 ,dur+ ! siege ( ,delhi ano!r native1 said to be an enemy ( ,bi%>at ,ali's1 in=m$ ,hodson t he _h turn$ rebel & _h j rea*$ ,khurkh\da1 a village ne> ,delhi4 ,hodson !reupon took out a body ( 8 s[>s1 attack$ ! village1 & %ot ,bi%>at ,ali & sev]al ( 8 relatives4 ,g5]al ,craw=d ,*amb]la9 /ates t ?is 0 ,hodson's way ( wip+ out ! debt4 ,aga91 aft] ! fall ( ,delhi1 ,hodson obta9$ f ,g5]al ,wilson p]mission to ride out ) fifty horsem5 to ,humayun's tomb1 #f m4 out ( ,delhi1 & br+ 9 ,bahadur ,%ah1 ! la/ ( ! ,moguls4 ,?is he did ) safety 9 ! face ( a l>ge & ?reat5+ cr[d1 & ?us dealt ! mut9e]s a heavy bl[4 ,on ! foll[+ day ) #ajj horsem5 he w5t out to ! same tomb & obta9$ ! unconditional surr5d] ( ! ?ree pr9ces1 :o _h be5 left beh9d on ! previ\s occasion4 ,a cr[d ( #fjjj p]sons ga!r$1 & ,hodson ) m>vell\s coolness ord]$ !m to dis>m1 :i* !y proce$$ to d4 ,he s5t ! pr9ces on ) an escort ( t5 m51 :ile ) ! rema9+ n9ety he collect$ ! arms ( ! cr[d4 ,on gallop+ aft] ! pr9ces he f\nd ! cr[d once m press+ on ! escort & ?reat5+ an attack2 & fe>+ t he w\ld be unable to br+ 8 prison]s into ,delhi he %ot !m ) 8 own h&4 ,?is is ! mo/ bitt]ly criticiz$ action 9 8 c>e]1 b no "o b ! man on ! spot c judge h[ x is necess>y to h&le a cr[d2 & 9 addition "o ( ! pr9ces1 ,abu ,bukt1 heir-app>5t to ! ?rone1 _h made himself notori\s = cutt+ (f ! arms & legs ( ,engli% *ildr5 & p\r+ ! blood into _! mo!rs' m\?s4 ,consid]+ ! circum/ances ( ! mom5t1 ,hodson's act at ! wor/ 0 "o ( irregul> ju/ice4 ,a m unpleasant side to ! "q is t he gave ! k+ a safe conduct1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds se5 by ,sir ,donald ,/ew>t1 be=e he left ! palace1 & presumably = a bribe2 & he took an armlet & r+s f ! bodies ( ! pr9ces4 ,he 0 freely accus$ ( loot+ at ! "t1 & ?\gh ?is *>ge1 l t ( peculation1 is matt] = controv]sy1 x is v /rongly support$4 ,g5]al ,pelham ,burn said t he saw loot 9 ,hodson's boxes :5 he accompani$ him f ,fatehg>h to take "p 9 ! siege ( ,luckn[1 & ,sir ,h5ry ,daly said t he f\nd loads ( loot 9 ,hodson's boxes aft] 8 dea?1 & also a file ( docum5ts relat+ to ! ,guides case1 :i* _h be5 /ol5 f him & ( :i* ,hodson d5i$ all k4 ,on ! o!r h& ! ,rev4 ,g4 ,hodson /ates 9 8 book t he obta9$ ! inv5tory ( 8 bro!r's possessions made by ! ,committee ( ,adju/m5t & x conta9$ no articles ( loot1 & ,sir ,*>les ,g\gh1 presid5t ( ! committee1 confirm$ ?is evid5ce4 ,?is /atem5t is totally incompatible ) ,sir ,h5ry ,daly's & is only "o ( _m contradictions 9 ! case4 ,sir ,h5ry ,norman /at$ t to 8 p]sonal k ,hodson remitt$ sev]al ?\s& p\nds to ,calcutta :i* c\ld only h be5 obta9$ by loot+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 aga91 ,hodson di$ a poor man1 8 effects 7 sold = ,l#agj1 8 wid[ 0 dep5d5t on *>ity = h] passage home1 0 giv5 ap>tm5ts by ! que5 at ,hampton ,c\rt1 & left only ,l#djj at h] dea?4 ,hodson 0 kill$ on ! #aa? ( ,m>* #aheh 9 ! attack on ! ,begum ,kotee at ,luckn[4 ,he _h j arriv$ on ! spot & met a man go+ to fet* p[d] to bl[ 9 a door2 in/ead ,hodson1 ) 8 usual recklessness1 ru%$ into ! doorway & 0 %ot4 ,on ! :ole1 x c h>dly be d\bt$ t he 0 some:at unscrupul\s 9 8 private "*1 b he 0 a spl5did soldi]1 & r5d]$ ine/imable s]vices to ! empire4 ,! controv]sy relat+ to ,hodson's moral "* is v complicat$ & unpleasant4 ,^u ,hodson's side see ,rev4 ,g4 ,hodson1 ,hodson ( ,hodson's ,horse 7#ahhc71 & ,l4 ,j4 ,trott]1 ,a ,lead] ( ,light ,horse 7#aija72 aga9/ him1 ,r4 ,boswor? ,smi?1 ,life ( ,"l ,lawr5ce1 app5dix to ! #f? edition ( #ahhe2 ,t4 ,r4 ,e4 ,holmes1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,indian ,mut9y1 app5dix ,n to ! #e? edition ( #ahih1 & ,f\r ,fam\s ,soldi]s by ! same au?or1 #ahhi2 & ,g5]al ,sir ,craw=d ,*amb]la91 ,rem>ks on ,capta9 ,trott]'s ,biography ( ,major ,w4 ,s4 ,r4 ,hodson 7#aija74 ,,hody1 ,,humphrey 7#afei-agjg71 ,engli% div9e1 0 born at ,odcombe 9 ,som]set%ire 9 #afei4 ,9 #afgf he ent]$ ,wadham ,college1 ,ox=d1 ( :i* he became fell[ 9 #afhe4 ,9 #afhd he publi%$ ,contra hi/oriam ,ari/eae de ,,lxx4 int]pretibus diss]tatio1 9 :i* he %[$ t ! s-call$ lett] ( ,ari/eas1 conta9+ an acc\nt ( ! production ( ! ,septuag9t1 0 ! late =g]y ( a ,hell5i/ ,jew orig9ally circulat$ to l5d au?ority to t v]sion4 ,! diss]tation 0 g5]ally reg>d$ z conclusive1 al?\gh ,isaac ,vossius publi%$ an angry & scurril\s reply to x 9 ! app5dix to 8 edition ( ,pomponius ,mela4 ,9 #afhi ,hody wrote ! ,prolegom5a to ! ,greek *ronicle ( ,john ,malalas1 publi%$ at ,ox=d 9 #afia4 ,! foll[+ ye> he became *apla9 to ,edw>d ,/ill+fleet1 bi%op ( ,worce/]1 & = 8 support ( ! rul+ p>ty 9 a controv]sy ) ,h5ry ,dodwell reg>d+ ! non-jur+ bi%ops he 0 appo9t$ *apla9 to ,ar*bi%op ,tillotson1 an (fice :i* he cont9u$ to hold "u ,t5ison4 ,9 #afih he 0 appo9t$ regius pr(essor ( ,greek at ,ox=d1 & 9 #agjd 0 made ar*deacon ( ,ox=d4 ,9 #agja he publi%$ ,a ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,c\ncils & ,convocations1 & 9 #agjc 9 f\r volumes ,de ,bibliorum textis orig9alibus1 9 :i* he includ$ a revision ( 8 "w on ! ,septuag9t1 & publi%$ a reply to ,vossius4 ,he di$ on ! #bj? ( ,janu>y #agjg4 ,a "w1 ,de ,graecis ,illu/ribus1 :i* he left 9 manuscript1 0 publi%$ 9 #agdb by ,samuel ,jebb1 :o prefix$ to x a ,lat9 life ( ! au?or4 ,,hoe1 ,,ri*>d ,,m>* 7#ahab-ahhf71 ,am]ican inv5tor1 0 born 9 ,new ,york ,city on ! #ab? ( ,septemb] #ahab4 ,he 0 ! son ( ,rob]t ,hoe 7#aghd-ahcc71 an ,engli%-born ,am]ican me*anic1 :o ) 8 bro!rs-9-law1 ,pet] & ,mat!w ,smi?1 e/abli%$ 9 ,new ,york ,city a manufactory ( pr9t+ presses1 & us$ /eam to run 8 ma*9]y4 ,ri*>d ent]$ 8 fa!r's manufactory at ! age ( fifte5 & became head ( ! firm 7,rob]t ,hoe ,company7 on 8 fa!r's dea?4 ,he _h consid]able inv5tive g5ius & set himself to secure great] spe$ = pr9t+ presses4 ,he disc>d$ ! old flat-b$ model & plac$ ! type on a revolv+ cyl9d]1 a model lat] develop$ into ! well-kn[n ,hoe rot>y or lightn+ press1 pat5t$ 9 #ahdf1 & fur!r improv$ "u ! "n ( ! ,hoe web p]fect+ press 7see ,,pr9t+74 ,he di$ 9 ,flor5ce1 ,italy1 on ! #g? ( ,june #ahhf4 ,see ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ! ,pr9t+ ,press 7,new ,york1 #aijb7 by 8 nephew ,rob]t ,hoe 7#ahci-aiji71 :o 0 responsible = fur!r improvem5ts 9 pr9t+1 & 0 an indefatigable work] 9 support ( ! ,new ,york ,metropolitan ,museum4 ,,hoe 7?r\gh ,fr4 h\e f ,o4,h4,g4 h\wa1 mod4 ,g]4 ,haue2 ! root is se5 9 hew1 to cut1 cleave2 ! ^w mu/ be di/+ui%$ f hoe1 promontory1 tongue ( l&1 se5 9 place names1 e4g4 ,mor?oe1 ,luton ,hoo1 ! ,hoe at ,plym\?1 c42 ?is is ! same z ,nor!rn ,engli% heugh & is connect$ ) hang71 an agricultural & g>d5+ implem5t us$ = extirpat+ we$s1 = /irr+ ! surface-soil 9 ord] to break ! capill>y *annels & s prev5t ! evaporation ( moi/ure1 = s+l+ out turnips & o!r root-crops & simil> purposes4 ,among common =ms ( hoe are ! ord9>y g>d5-hoe 7numb]$ #a 9 fig4 #a71 :i* consi/s ( a flat blade set transv]sely 9 a long wood5 h&le2 ! ,dut* or ?ru/-hoe 7#b71 :i* has ! blade set into ! h&le aft] ! fa%ion ( a spade2 & ! swan-neck hoe 7#c71 ! be/ manual hoe = agricultural purposes1 :i* has a long curv$ neck to atta* ! blade to ! h&le2 ! soil falls back ov] ?is1 block+ is ?us avoid$ & a long] /roke obta9$4 ,sev]al types ( horse-drawn hoe capable ( work+ "o or m r[s at a "t are us$ among root & gra9 crops4 ,! illu/rations %[ two =ms ( ! implem5t1 ! blades ( :i* diff] 9 %ape f ^? ( ! g>d5-hoe4 ,fig4 #b is 9 ord9>y use = hoe+ betwe5 two l9es ( beans or turnips or o!r roots4 ,fig4 #c is adapt$ = ! n>r[ r[s ( gra9 crops & is also conv]tible into a root-hoe4 ,9 ! lev]-hoe1 :i* is l>gely us$ 9 gra9 crops1 ! blades may be rais$ & l[]$ by means ( a lev]4 ,! horse-drawn hoe is /e]$ by means ( h&les 9 ! re>1 b its successful work+ dep5ds on accurate drill+ ( ! se$1 because unless ! r[s are p>allel ! roots ( ! plants are liable to be cut & ! foliage injur$4 ,?us ,je?ro ,tull 7#ag? c5tury71 ) ^: "n ! beg9n+ ( ! practice ( horse-hoe+ is pr9cipally connect$1 us$ ! drill :i* he inv5t$ z an ess5tial adjunct 9 ! s-call$ ,horse-hoe+ ,husb&ry 7see ,,agriculture74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,?ree ,=ms ( ,manual ,hoe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,m>t9's ,"o-,r[ ,horse ,hoe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,m>t9's ,g5]al ,purpose ,/e]age ,horse ,hoe4 ,,hoefnagel1 ,,joris 7#aede-afja71 ,dut* pa9t] & engrav]1 ! son ( a diamond m]*ant1 0 born at ,antw]p4 ,he travell$ abroad1 mak+ draw+s f ar*aeological subjects1 & 0 a pupil ( ,jan ,bol at ,me*l94 ,he 0 aft]w>ds patroniz$ by ! elector ( ,bav>ia at ,muni*1 :]e he /ay$ eight ye>s1 & by ! ,emp]or ,rudolph at ,prague4 ,he di$ at ,vi5na 9 #afja4 ,he is fam\s = 8 m9iature "w1 especially on a missal 9 ! imp]ial libr>y at ,vi5na2 he pa9t$ animals & plants to illu/rate works on natural hi/ory2 & 8 engrav+s 7especially = ,braun's ,civitates orbis t]r>um1 #aegb1 & ,ortelius's ,!atrum orbis t]r>um1 #aegj7 give him an int]e/+ place among e>ly topographical draughtsm54 ,,h(1 a t[n ( ,g]many1 9 ! ,bav>ian prov9ce ( ,upp] ,franconia1 beautifully situat$ on ! ,saale1 on ! nor?-ea/]n spurs ( ! ,fi*telgebirge1 #ajc m4 ,s4,w4 ( ,leipzig on ! ma9 l9e ( railway to ,reg5sburg & ,muni*4 ,pop4 7#ahhe7 #bb1beg2 7#aije7 #cf1cdh4 ,x has "o ,roman ,ca?olic & ?ree ,prote/ant *ur*es 7among ! latt] t ( ,/ ,mi*ael1 :i* 0 re/or$ 9 #ahhd71 a t[n hall ( #aefc1 a gymnasium ) an ext5sive libr>y1 a comm]cial s*ool & a hospital f\nd$ 9 #abfb4 ,x is ! seat ( v>i\s fl\ri%+ indu/ries1 notably wooll51 cotton & jute sp9n+1 jute weav+1 & ! manufacture ( cotton & half-wooll5 fabrics4 ,x has also dye-works1 fl\r-mills1 saw-mills1 brew]ies1 iron-works1 & manufactures ( ma*9]y1 iron & t9 w>es1 *emicals & sug>4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood !re are l>ge m>ble qu>ries & ext5sive iron m9es4 ,h(1 orig9ally call$ ,regnitzh(1 0 built ab\t #ajhj4 ,x 0 held = "s "t by ! dukes ( ,m]an1 & 0 sold 9 #acgc to ! burgraves ( ,nuremb]g4 ,! clo? manufacture introduc$ into x 9 ! #ae? c5tury1 & ! manufacture ( veils begun 9 ! #af? c5tury1 greatly promot$ its prosp]ity1 b x suff]$ sev]ely 9 ! ,alb]t9e & ,hussite w>s z well z 9 ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>4 ,9 #agib x came into ! possession ( ,prussia2 9 #ahjf x fell to ,france2 & 9 #ahaj x 0 incorporat$ ) ,bav>ia4 ,9 #ahbc ! great] "p ( ! t[n 0 de/roy$ by fire4 ,see ,ern/1 ,ges*i*te und ,bes*reibung des ,bezirks und d] ,/adt ,h( 7#ahff72 ,tillmann1 ,die ,/adt ,h( und ihre ,umgebung 7,h(1 #ahii71 & ,c4 ,mey]1 ,quell5 zur ,ges*i*te d] ,/adt ,h( 7#ahid-ahif74 ,,h(]1 ,,&reas 7#agfg-ahaj71 ,tirolese patriot1 0 born on ! #bbnd ( ,novemb] #agfg at ,/ ,leonh>d1 9 ! ,passei] valley4 ,!re 8 fa!r kept an inn kn[n z am ,s&1 :i* ,h(] inh]it$1 & on t acc\nt he 0 popul>ly kn[n z ! ,s&wir?4 ,9 addition to ?is he c>ri$ on a trade 9 w9e & horses ) ! nor? ( ,italy1 acquir+ a high reputation = intellig5ce & hone/y4 ,9 ! w>s aga9/ ! ,fr5* f #agif to #ahje he took "p1 fir/ z a %>p-%oot] & aft]w>ds z a capta9 ( militia4 ,by ! treaty ( ,pressburg 7#ahje7 ,tirol 0 transf]r$ f ,au/ria to ,bav>ia1 & ,h(]1 :o 0 almo/ fanatically devot$ to ! ,au/rian h\se1 became conspicu\s z a lead] ( ! agitation aga9/ ,bav>ian rule4 ,9 #ahjh he =m$ "o ( a deputation :o w5t to ,vi5na1 at ! invitation ( ! ar*duke ,john1 to conc]t a ris+2 & :5 9 ,april #ahji ! ,tirolese rose 9 arms1 ,h(] 0 *os5 comm&] ( ! cont+5t f 8 native valley1 & inflict$ an ov]:elm+ defeat on ! ,bav>ians at ,/]z+ 7,april #aa74 ,?is victory1 :i* result$ 9 ! tempor>y reoccupation ( ,innsbruck by ! ,au/rians1 made ,h(] ! mo/ conspicu\s ( ! insurg5t lead]s4 ,! rapid advance ( ,napoleon1 inde$1 & ! defeat ( ! ma9 ,au/rian army "u ! ar*duke ,*>les1 once m expos$ ,tirol to ! ,fr5* & ,bav>ians1 :o reoccupi$ ,innsbruck4 ,! )drawal ( ! bulk ( ! troops1 h[ev]1 gave ! ,tirolese _! *ance aga92 aft] two battles f\ght on ! ,iselb]g 7,may #be & #bi7 ! ,bav>ians 7 aga9 =c$ to evacuate ! c\ntry1 & ,h(] ent]$ ,innsbruck 9 triumph4 ,an autograph lett] ( ! emp]or ,francis 7,may #bi7 assur$ him t no peace w\ld be conclud$ by :i* ,tirol w\ld aga9 be sep>at$ f ! ,au/rian mon>*y1 & ,h(]1 believ+ 8 "w accompli%$1 return$ to 8 home4 ,!n came ! news ( ! armi/ice ( ,znaim 7,july #ab71 by :i* ,tirol & ,vor>lb]g 7 surr5d]$ by ,au/ria unconditionally & giv5 up to ! v5geance ( ! ,fr5*4 ,! c\ntry 0 n[ aga9 invad$ by #dj1jjj ,fr5* & ,bav>ian troops1 & ,innsbruck fell2 b ! ,tirolese once m organiz$ resi/ance to ! ,fr5* a!i/s & freemasons1 &1 aft] a tempor>y hesitation1 ,h(]--on ^: head a price _h be5 plac$--?rew himself into ! movem5t4 ,on ! #ac? ( ,augu/1 9 ano!r battle on ! ,iselb]g1 ! ,fr5* "u ,m>%al ,lefebvre 7 r\t$ by ! ,tirolese peasants1 & ,h(] once m ent]$ ,innsbruck1 :i* he _h "s difficulty 9 sav+ f sack4 ,h(] 0 n[ elect$ ,ob]komm&ant ( ,tirol1 took up 8 qu>t]s 9 ! ,h(burg at ,innsbruck1 & = two mon?s rul$ ! c\ntry 9 ! emp]or's "n4 ,he pres]v$ ! habits ( a simple peasant1 & 8 adm9i/ration 0 *>act]iz$ 9 "p by ! peasant's %rewd common s5se1 b yet m by a pi\s solicitude = ! m9ute/ details ( fai? & morals4 ,on ! #bi? ( ,septemb] ,h(] receiv$ f ! emp]or a *a9 & m$al ( hon\r1 :i* enc\rag$ him 9 ! belief t ,au/ria did n int5d aga9 to des]t him2 ! news ( ! conclusion ( ! treaty ( ,s*onbrunn 7,octob] #ad71 by :i* ,tirol 0 aga9 c$$ to ,bav>ia1 came ^u him z an ov]:elm+ surprise4 ,! ,fr5* 9 ov]p[]+ =ce at once pu%$ into ! c\ntry1 &1 an amne/y hav+ be5 /ipulat$ 9 ! treaty1 ,h(] & 8 companions1 aft] "s hesitation1 gave 9 _! submission4 ,on ! #ab? ( ,novemb]1 h[ev]1 urg$ on by ! hott] heads among ! peasant lead]s & deceiv$ by false reports ( ,au/rian victories1 ,h(] aga9 issu$ a proclamation call+ ! m\nta9e]s to arms4 ,! summons met ) little response2 ! enemy advanc$ 9 irresi/ible =ce1 & ,h(]1 a price once m set on 8 head1 _h to take refuge 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,8 hid+-place 0 betray$ by "o ( 8 neighb\rs1 nam$ ,josef ,raffl1 & on ! #bg? ( ,janu>y #ahaj he 0 captur$ by ,italian troops & s5t 9 *a9s to ,mantua4 ,!re he 0 tri$ by c\rt-m>tial1 & on ! #bj? ( ,febru>y 0 %ot1 tw5ty-f\r h\rs aft] 8 condemnation4 ,?is crime1 :i* 0 believ$ to be due to ,napoleon's direct ord]s1 caus$ an imm5se s5sation ?r\gh\t ,g]many & did mu* to inflame popul> s5tim5t aga9/ ! ,fr5*4 ,at ! c\rt ( ,au/ria1 too1 :i* 0 accus$ ( hav+ cynically sacrific$ ! h]o1 x produc$ a pa9ful impression1 & ,mett]ni*1 :5 he visit$ ,p>is on ! occasion ( ! m>riage ( ! ar*du*ess ,m>ie ,l\ise to ,napoleon1 0 *>g$ to remon/rate ) ! emp]or4 ,napoleon express$ 8 regret1 /at+ t ! execution _h be5 c>ri$ out aga9/ 8 wi%es1 hav+ be5 hurri$ on by ! zeal ( 8 g5]als4 ,9 #ahbc ,h(]'s rema9s 7 remov$ f ,mantua to ,innsbruck1 :]e !y 7 int]r$ 9 ! ,franciscan *ur*1 & 9 #ahcd a m>ble /atue 0 erect$ ov] 8 tomb4 ,9 #ahic a bronze /atue ( him 0 also set up on ! ,iselb]g4 ,at ,m]an 8 patriotic de$s ( h]oism are ! subject ( a fe/ival play celebrat$ annually 9 ! op5 air4 ,9 #ahah ! pat5t ( nobility be/[$ ^u him by ! ,au/rian emp]or 9 #ahji 0 conf]r$ ^u 8 family4 ,see ,leb5 und ,?at5 des ehemalig5 ,tyrol] ,insurg5t5-,*efs ,&r4 ,h(] 7,b]l91 #ahaj72 ,&r4 ,h(] und die ,tyrol] ,insurrection im ,jahre #ahji 7,muni*1 #ahaa72 ,hormayr1 ,ges*i*te ,&r4 ,h(]'s ,s&wir?s auf ,passeyr 7,leipzig1 #ahde72 ,b4 ,web]1 ,das ,?al ,passeyr und se9e ,bewohn] mit besond]] ,rucksi*t auf ,&reas ,h(] und das ,jahr #ahji 7,innsbruck1 #ahea72 ,rapp1 ,tirol im ,jahr #ahji 7,innsbruck1 #aheb72 ,weid+]1 ,&reas ,h(] und se9e ,kampfg5oss5 7#crd ed41 ,leipzig1 #ahfa72 ,heigel1 ,&reas ,h(] 7,muni*1 #ahgd72 ,/ampf]1 ,s&wirt ,&reas ,h(] 7,freiburg1 #ahgd72 ,s*molze1 ,&reas ,h(] und se9e ,kampfg5oss5 7,innsbruck1 #aijj74 ,8 hi/ory has suppli$ ! mat]ials = trag$ies to ,b4 ,au]ba* & ,imm]mann1 & = num]\s ballads1 ( :i* "s rema9 v popul> 9 ,g]many 7see ,franke1 ,&reas ,h(] im ,li$e1 ,innsbruck1 #ahhd74 ,,h(fd+1 ,,h>ald 7#ahdc- 71 ,dani% philosoph]1 0 born & educat$ 9 ,cop5hag54 ,he became a s*oolma/]1 & ultimately 9 #ahhc pr(essor 9 ! univ]sity ( ,cop5hag54 ,he 0 mu* influ5c$ by ,sor5 ,ki]kega>d 9 ! e>ly developm5t ( 8 ?\ght1 b lat] became a positivi/1 reta9+1 h[ev]1 & comb9+ ) x ! _s & me?od ( practical psy*ology & ! critical s*ool4 ,8 be/-kn[n "w is p]haps 8 ,d5 ny]e ,filos(is ,hi/orie 7#ahid71 translat$ into ,engli% f ! ,g]man edition 7#ahie7 by ,b4 ,e4 ,mey] z ,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,philosophy 7#b vols41 #aijj71 a "w int5d$ by him to supplem5t & correct t ( ,hans ,bro*n]1 to :om x is d$icat$4 ,8 ,psy*ology1 ! ,problems ( ,philosophy 7#aije7 & ,philosophy ( ,religion 7#aijf7 also h appe>$ 9 ,engli%4 ,among ,h(fd+'s o!r writ+s1 practically all ( :i* h be5 translat$ into ,g]man1 are3 ,d5 engelske ,filos(i i vor ,tid 7#ahgd72 ,etik 7#ahgf2 ed4 #ahgi72 ,psy*ologi i ,omrids paa ,grundlag ( ,erf>+ 7ed4 #ahib72 ,psykologiske ,und]sogels] 7#ahhi72 ,*>les ,d>w9 7#ahhi72 ,kont9uitet5 i ,kants filos(iske ,udvikl+sgang 7#ahic72 ,det psykologiske ,grundlag = logiske ,domme 7#ahii72 ,r\sseau und se9e ,philosophie 7#aija72 ,m9dre ,arbejd] 7#ahii74 ,,h(fmann1 ,,augu/ ,,he9ri* 7#agih-ahgd71 kn[n z ,,h(fmann ,,von ,,fall]sleb51 ,g]man poet1 philologi/ & hi/orian ( lit]ature1 0 born at ,fall]sleb5 9 ! du*y ( ,luneburg1 ,hanov]1 on ! #bnd ( ,april #agih1 ! son ( ! mayor ( ! t[n4 ,he 0 educat$ at ! classical s*ools ( ,helm/$t & ,brunswick1 & aft]w>ds at ! univ]sities ( ,gott+5 & ,bonn4 ,8 orig9al int5tion 0 to /udy !ology1 b he soon devot$ himself entirely to lit]ature4 ,9 #ahbc he 0 appo9t$ cu/odian ( ! univ]sity libr>y at ,breslau1 a po/ :i* he held till #ahch4 ,he 0 also made extraord9>y pr(essor ( ! ,g]man language & lit]ature at t univ]sity 9 #ahcj1 & ord9>y pr(essor 9 #ahce2 b he 0 depriv$ ( 8 *air 9 #ahdb 9 consequ5ce ( 8 ,unpolitis*e ,li$] 7#ahdj-ahda71 :i* gave mu* (f5ce to ! au?orities 9 ,prussia4 ,he !n travell$ 9 ,g]many1 ,switz]l& & ,italy1 & liv$ = two or ?ree ye>s 9 ,meckl5burg1 ( :i* he became a naturaliz$ citiz54 ,aft] ! revolution ( #ahdh he 0 enabl$ to return to ,prussia1 :]e he 0 re/or$ to 8 rights1 & receiv$ ! ,w>tegeld--! sal>y atta*$ to a promis$ (fice n yet vacant4 ,he m>ri$ 9 #ahdi1 & dur+ ! next t5 ye>s liv$ fir/ 9 ,b+]bruck1 aft]w>ds 9 ,neuwi$1 & !n 9 ,weim>1 :]e toge!r ) ,osk> ,s*ade 7#ahbf-aijf7 he edit$ ! ,weim>is*e ,jahrbu* 7#ahed-aheg74 ,9 #ahfj he 0 appo9t$ libr>ian to ! ,duke ( ,ratibor at ! mona/]ial ca/le ( ,corvey ne> ,hoxt] on ! ,wes]1 :]e he di$ on ! #ai? ( ,janu>y #ahgd4 ,fall]sleb5 0 "o ( ! be/ popul> poets ( mod]n ,g]many4 ,9 politics he ard5tly sympa?iz$ ) ! progressive t5d5cies ( 8 "t1 & he 0 among ! e>lie/ & mo/ effective ( ! political poets :o prep>$ ! way = ! outbreak ( #ahdh4 ,z a poet1 h[ev]1 he acquir$ di/9ction *iefly by ! ease1 simplicity & grace ) :i* he gave expression to ! passions & aspirations ( daily life4 ,al?\gh he _h n be5 sci5tifically tra9$ 9 music1 he compos$ melodies = _m ( 8 songs1 & a consid]able numb] ( !m are sung by all classes 9 e "p ( ,g]many4 ,among ! be/ kn[n is ! patriotic ,deuts*l&1 ,deuts*l& ub] ,alles1 compos$ 9 #ahda on ! isl& ( ,heligol&1 :]e a monum5t 0 erect$ 9 #ahia to 8 memory 7subsequ5tly de/roy$74 ,! be/ ( 8 poetical writ+s is 8 ,g$i*te 7#ahbg2 #i? ed41 ,b]l91 #ahhg72 b !re is great m]it also 9 8 ,alemannis*e ,li$] 7#ahbf2 #e? ed41 #ahdc71 ,soldat5li$] 7#ahea71 ,soldat5leb5 7#aheb71 ,rhe9leb5 7#ahfe71 & 9 8 ,funfzig ,k9d]li$]1 ,funfzig neue ,k9d]li$]1 & ,alte und neue ,k9d]li$]4 ,8 ,unpolitis*e ,li$]1 ,deuts*e ,li$] aus d] ,s*weiz & ,/reifli*t] are n )\t poetical value1 b !y are ma9ly int]e/+ 9 relation to ! movem5ts ( ! age 9 :i* !y 7 writt54 ,z a /ud5t ( anci5t ,teutonic lit]ature ,h(fmann von ,fall]sleb5 ranks among ! mo/ p]sev]+ & cultivat$ ( ,g]man s*ol>s1 "s ( ! *ief results ( 8 lab\rs be+ embodi$ 9 8 ,horae ,belgicae1 ,fundgrub5 fur ,ges*i*te deuts*] ,spra*e und ,lit]atur1 ,altdeuts*e ,blatt]1 ,sp5d5 zur deuts*5 ,lit]aturges*i*te & ,f9dl+e4 ,among 8 editions ( p>ticul> works may be nam$ ,re9eke ,vos1 ,monum5ta ,elnon5sia & ,!ophilus4 ,die deuts*e ,philologie im ,grundriss 7#ahcf7 0 at ! "t ( its publication a valuable contribution to philological rese>*1 & hi/orians ( ,g]man lit]ature /ill atta* importance to 8 ,ges*i*te des deuts*5 ,kir*5li$es bis auf ,lu!r 7#ahcb2 #crd ed41 #ahfa71 ,uns]e volk/umli*5 ,li$] 7#crd ed41 #ahfi7 & ,die deuts*5 ,gesells*aftsli$] des #af4 und #ag4 ,jahrh4 7#bnd ed41 #ahfj74 ,9 #ahfh-ahgj ,h(fmann publi%$ 9 #f vols4 an autobiography1 ,me9 ,leb53 ,aufzei*nung5 und ,er9n]ung5 7an abbreviat$ ed4 9 #b vols41 #ahid74 ,8 ,gesammelte ,w]ke 7 edit$ by ,h4 ,g]/5b]g 9 #h vols4 7#ahia-ahid72 8 ,ausgewahlte ,w]ke by ,h4 ,b5zmann 7#aije1 #d vols474 ,see also ,briefe von ,h(fmann von ,fall]sleb5 und ,moritz ,haupt an ,f]d9& ,wolf 7#ahgd72 ,j4 ,m4 ,wagn]1 ,h(fmann von ,fall]sleb51 #ahah-ahfh 7#ahfi-ahgj71 & ,r4 von ,gotts*all1 ,portrats und ,/udi5 7vol4 v41 #ahgf74 ,,h(fmann1 ,,ern/ ,,!odor ,,wilhelm 7#aggf-ahbb71 ,g]man romance-writ]1 0 born at ,konigsb]g on ! #bd? ( ,janu>y #aggf4 ,= ! "n ,wilhelm he himself sub/itut$ ,amadeus 9 homage to ,moz>t4 ,8 p>5ts liv$ unhappily toge!r1 & :5 ! *ild 0 only ?ree !y sep>at$4 ,8 br++ up 0 left to an uncle :o _h nei!r und]/&+ nor sympa?y = 8 dreamy & wayw>d temp]am5t4 ,h(fmann %[$ m tal5t = music & draw+ ?an = books4 ,9 #agib1 :5 little ov] sixte5 ye>s old1 he ent]$ ! univ]sity ( ,konigsb]g1 ) a view to prep>+ himself = a legal c>e]4 ,! *ief features ( int]e/ 9 8 /ud5t ye>s 7 an intimate fri5d%ip = ,!odor ,gottlieb von ,hippel 7#agge-ahdc71 a nephew ( ! noveli/ ,hippel1 & an unhappy passion = a lady to :om he gave music lessons2 ! latt] f\nd its outlet1 n m]ely 9 music1 b also 9 two novels1 nei!r ( :i* he 0 able to h publi%$4 ,9 ! summ] ( #agie he began 8 practical c>e] z a juri/ 9 ,konigsb]g1 b 8 "m's dea? & ! complications 9 :i* 8 love-affair ?reat5$ to involve him made him decide to leave 8 native t[n & cont9ue 8 legal appr5tice%ip 9 ,glogau4 ,9 ! autumn ( #agih he 0 transf]r$ to ,b]l91 :]e ! beg9n+s ( ! new ,romantic movem5t 7 9 ! air4 ,music1 h[ev]1 _h /ill ! fir/ place 9 8 he>t1 & ! ,b]l9 op]a h\se 0 ! *ief c5tre ( 8 int]e/s4 ,9 #ahjj fur!r promotion br\ght him to ,pos51 :]e he gave himself up entirely to ! pleasures ( ! h\r4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 8 brilliant p[]s ( c>icature br\ght him into ill od\r1 & in/ead ( receiv+ ! hop$-= pref]m5t 9 ,pos5 itself1 he f\nd himself virtually bani%$ to ! little t[n ( ,plozk on ! ,vi/ula4 ,be=e leav+ ,pos5 he m>ri$1 & 8 dome/ic happ9ess alleviat$ to "s ext5t ! monotony ( ! two ye>s' exile4 ,8 leisure 0 sp5t 9 lit]>y /udies & musical composition4 ,9 #ahjd he 0 transf]r$ to ,w>saw1 :]e1 ?r\gh ,j4 ,e4 ,hitzig 7#aghj-ahdi71 he 0 introduc$ to ,za*>ias ,w]n]1 & began to take an int]e/ 9 ! lat] ,romantic lit]ature2 n[1 = ! fir/ "t1 he discov]$ h[ writ]s l ,novalis1 ,tieck1 & especially ,wack5rod]1 _h spok5 out ( 8 own he>t4 ,b 9 spite ( ?is lit]>y /imulus1 8 leisure 9 ,w>saw 0 ma9ly occupi$ by composition2 he wrote music to ,br5tano's ,lu/ige ,musikant5 & ,w]n]'s ,kreuz an d] ,o/see1 & also an op]a ,liebe und ,eif]su*t1 bas$ on ,cald]on's drama ,la ,b&a y la ,flor4 ,! arrival ( ! ,fr5* 9 ,w>saw & ! consequ5t political *anges put an end to ,h(fmann's cong5ial life !re1 & a "t ( tribulation foll[$4 ,a position :i* he obta9$ 9 #ahjh z musical director ( a new !atre 9 ,bamb]g avail$ him little1 z )9 a v %ort "t ! !atre 0 bankrupt & ,h(fmann aga9 r$uc$ to de/itution4 ,b ^! mis=tunes induc$ him to turn to lit]ature 9 ord] to eke out ! mis]able livelihood he e>n$ by compos+ & giv+ music lessons4 ,! editor ( ! ,allgeme9e musikalis*e ,zeitung express$ 8 will+ness to accept contributions f ,h(fmann1 & "h appe>$ = ! fir/ "t "s ( ! musical sket*es :i* ultimately pass$ ov] into ! ,phantasie/ucke 9 ,callots ,mani]4 ,?is "w appe>$ 9 f\r volumes 9 #ahad & laid ! f\ndation ( 8 fame z a writ]4 ,mean:ile1 ,h(fmann _h aga9 be5 = "s "t atta*$1 9 ! capacity ( musical director1 to a !atrical company1 ^: headqu>t]s 7 at ,dresd54 ,9 #ahad he gladly embrac$ ! opportunity t 0 (f]$ him ( resum+ 8 legal pr(ession 9 ,b]l91 & two ye>s lat] he 0 appo9t$ c\ncillor ( ! ,c\rt ( ,appeal 7,kamm]g]i*t74 ,h(fmann _h ! reputation ( be+ an excell5t juri/ & a consci5ti\s (ficial2 he _h leisure = lit]>y pursuits & 0 on ! be/ ( t]ms ) ! circle ( ,romantic poets & noveli/s :o ga!r$ r\nd ,f\que1 ,*amisso & 8 old fri5d ,hitzig4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 ! habits ( intemp]ance :i*1 9 e>li] ye>s1 _h ?r[n a %ad[ ov] 8 life1 grew ^u him1 & 8 heal? 0 spe$ily und]m9$ by ! nights he sp5t 9 ! w9e-h\se1 9 company unwor?y ( him4 ,he 0 /ruck d[n by locomotor ataxy1 & di$ on ! #bd? ( ,july #ahbb4 ,! ,phantasie/ucke1 :i* _h be5 publi%$ ) a comm5datory preface by ,jean ,paul1 7 foll[$ 9 #ahaf by ! gruesome novel--to "s ext5t inspir$ by ,lewis's ,monk--,die ,elixi]e des ,teufels1 & ! ev5 m gruesome & grotesque /ories :i* make up ! ,na*t/ucke 7#ahag1 #b vols474 ,! full range ( ,h(fmann's p[]s is fir/ cle>ly display$ 9 ! collection ( /ories 7#d vols41 #ahai-ahba7 ,die ,s]apionsbrud]1 ?is be+ ! "n ( a small club ( ,h(fmann's m intimate lit]>y fri5ds4 ,die ,s]apionsbrud] includes n m]ely /ories 9 :i* ,h(fmann's love = ! my/]i\s & ! sup]natural is to be se51 b novels 9 :i* he draws on 8 own e>ly rem9isc5ces 7,rat ,krespel1 ,f]mate71 f9ely outl9$ pictures ( old ,g]man life 7,d] ,artu%(1 ,mei/] ,m>t9 d] ,kufn] und se9e ,gesell571 & vivid & picturesque incid5ts f ,italian & ,fr5* hi/ory 7,doge und ,dog>essa1 ! /ory ( ,m>9o ,fali]o1 & ,das ,fraule9 von ,scud]i74 ,! la/-m5tion$ /ory is usually reg>d$ z ,h(fmann's ma/]piece4 ,two long] works also belong to ,h(fmann's lat] ye>s & display to advantage 8 p[]s z a humori/2 ^! are ,kle9 ,za*es1 g5annt ,z9nob] 7#ahai71 & ,leb5sansi*t5 des ,kat]s ,murr1 neb/ fragm5t>is*] ,biographie des ,kapellmei/]s ,johannes ,kreisl] 7#ahba-ahbb74 ,h(fmann is "o ( ! ma/] noveli/s ( ! ,romantic movem5t 9 ,g]many4 ,he comb9$ ) a hum\r t rem9ds u ( ,jean ,paul ! w>m sympa?y = ! arti/'s /&po9t t[>ds life1 :i* 0 enunciat$ by e>ly ,romantic lead]s l ,tieck & ,wack5rod]2 b he 0 sup]ior to all 9 ! almo/ clairvoyant p[]s ( 8 imag9ation4 ,8 works ab\nd 9 grotesque & gruesome sc5es--9 ?is respect !y m>k a desc5t f ! high ideals ( ! ,romantic s*ool2 b ! gruesome 0 only "o outlet = ,h(fmann's g5ius1 & ev5 "h ! secret ( 8 p[] lay n 9 8 *oice ( subjects1 b 9 ! wond]fully vivid & reali/ic pres5tation ( !m4 ,e l9e he wrote leaves ! impression beh9d x t x expresses some?+ felt or exp]i5c$2 e sc5e1 vision or "* he describ$ seems to h be5 real & liv+ to him4 ,x is ?is realism1 9 ! be/ s5se ( ! ^w1 t made him ! great arti/ he 01 & gave him s extraord9>y a p[] ov] 8 contempor>ies4 ,! fir/ collect$ edition ( ,h(fmann's works appe>$ 9 t5 volumes 7,ausgewahlte ,s*rift51 #ahbg-ahbh72 to ^! 8 wid[ add$ five volumes 9 #ahci 7includ+ ! #crd edition ( ,j4 ,e4 ,hitzig's ,aus ,h(fmanns ,leb5 und ,na*lass1 #ahbc74 ,o!r editions ( 8 works appe>$ 9 #ahdd-ahde1 #ahga-ahgc1 #ahgi-ahhc1 &1 mo/ complete ( all1 ,samtli*e ,w]ke1 edit$ by ,e4 ,griseba*1 9 #ae vols4 7#aijj74 ,!re are _m editions ( selections1 z well z *eap repr9ts ( ! m popul> /ories4 ,all ,h(fmann's important works--except ,kle9 ,za*es & ,kat] ,murr--h be5 translat$ into ,engli%3 ,! ,devil's ,elixir 7#ahbd71 ,! ,gold5 ,pot by ,c>lyle 79 ,g]man ,romance1 #ahbg71 ,! ,s]apion ,bre?r5 by ,a4 ,ew+ 7#ahhf-ahib71 c4 ,9 ,france ,h(fmann 0 ev5 m popul> ?an 9 ,engl&4 ,cp4 ,g4 ,?urau1 ,h(fmanns ,erzahlung5 9 ,frankrei* 7#ahif74 ,an edition ( 8 ,oeuvres completes appe>$ 9 #ab vols4 9 ,p>is 9 #ahcj4 ,! be/ monograph on ,h(fmann is by ,g4 ,ell+]1 ,e4 ,t4 ,a4 ,h(fmann 7#ahid72 see also ,o4 ,kl9ke1 ,h(fmanns ,leb5 und ,w]ke vom ,/&punkte e9es ,irr5>ztes 7#aijc72 & ! exhau/ive bibliography 9 ,go$eke's ,grundriss zur ,ges*i*te d] deuts*5 ,di*tung1 #bnd ed41 vol4 viii4 pp4 #dfh ff4 7#aije74 7,j4 ,g4 ,r47 ,,h(fmann1 ,,francois ,,b5oit 7#agfj-ahbh71 ,fr5* dramati/ & critic1 0 born at ,nancy on ! #aa? ( ,july #agfj4 ,he /udi$ law at ! univ]sity ( ,/rassburg1 b a slight hesitation 9 8 spee* preclud$ success at ! b>1 & he ent]$ a regim5t on s]vice 9 ,corsica4 ,he s]v$1 h[ev]1 = a v %ort "t1 &1 return+ to ,nancy1 he wrote "s poems :i* br\ght him into notice at ! little c\rt ( ,luneville ov] :i* ! m>quise de ,b\ffl]s !n presid$4 ,9 #aghd he w5t to ,p>is1 & two ye>s lat] produc$ ! op]a ,ph$re4 ,8 op]a ,adri5 7#agib7 0 object$ to by ! gov]nm5t on political gr\nds1 & ,h(fmann1 :o refus$ to make ! *anges propos$ to him1 ran consid]able risk "u ! revolution>y gov]nm5t4 ,8 lat] op]as1 :i* 7 num]\s1 7 produc$ at ! ,op]a ,comique4 ,9 #ahjg he 0 invit$ by ,eti5ne to contribute to ! ,j\rnal de l',empire 7aft]w>ds ! ,j\rnal des debats74 ,h(fmann's wide read+ qualifi$ him to write on all sorts ( subjects1 & he turn$1 app>5tly ) no difficulty1 f review+ books on m$ic9e to viol5t attacks on ! ,jesuits4 ,8 sev]e criticism ( ,*ateaubri&'s ,m>tyrs l$ ! au?or to make "s *anges 9 a lat] edition4 ,he _h ! reputation ( be+ an absolutely consci5ti\s & incorruptible critic & ?us ex]cis$ wide influ5ce4 ,h(fmann di$ 9 ,p>is on ! #be? ( ,april #ahbh4 ,among 8 num]\s plays %\ld be m5tion$ an excell5t "o-act com$y1 ,le ,roman d'une heure 7#ahjc71 & an amus+ "o-act op]a ,les ,r5dez-v\s b\rgeois4 ,see ,sa9te-,beuve1 ,m4 de ,feletz et la critique litt]aire s\s l',empire 9 ,caus]ies du lundi1 vol4 i4 ,,h(fmann1 ,,fri$ri* 7#affj-agdb71 ,g]man physician1 a memb] ( a family t _h be5 connect$ ) m$ic9e = #bjj ye>s be=e him1 0 born at ,halle on ! #ai? ( ,febru>y #affj4 ,at ! gymnasium ( 8 native t[n he acquir$ t ta/e = & skill 9 ma!matics to :i* he attribut$ mu* ( 8 aft] success4 ,at ! age ( eighte5 he w5t to /udy m$ic9e at ,j5a1 :5ce 9 #afhj he pass$ to ,erfurt1 9 ord] to att5d ,kasp] ,cram]'s lectures on *emi/ry4 ,next ye>1 return+ to ,j5a1 he receiv$ 8 doctor's diploma1 &1 aft] publi%+ a !sis1 0 p]mitt$ to tea*4 ,con/ant /udy !n began to tell on 8 heal?1 & 9 #afhb1 leav+ 8 already num]\s pupils1 he proce$$ to ,m9d5 9 ,we/phalia to recruit himself1 at ! reque/ ( a relative :o held a high position 9 t t[n4 ,aft] practis+ at ,m9d5 = two ye>s1 ,h(fmann made a j\rney to ,holl& & ,engl&1 :]e he =m$ ! acqua9tance ( _m illu/ri\s *emi/s & physicians4 ,t[>ds ! end ( #afhd he return$ to ,m9d51 & dur+ ! next ?ree ye>s he receiv$ _m flatt]+ appo9tm5ts4 ,9 #afhh he remov$ to ! m promis+ sph]e ( ,halb]/adt1 ) ! title ( physician to ! pr9cipality ( ,halb]/adt2 & on ! f\nd+ ( ,halle univ]sity 9 #afic1 8 reputation1 :i* _h be5 /eadily increas+1 procur$ = him ! prim>ius *air ( m$ic9e1 :ile at ! same "t he 0 *>g$ ) ! responsible duty ( fram+ ! /atutes = ! new m$ical faculty4 ,he fill$ also ! *air ( natural philosophy4 ,) ! exception ( f\r ye>s 7#agjh-agab71 :i* he pass$ at ,b]l9 9 ! capacity ( royal physician1 ,h(fmann sp5t ! re/ ( 8 life at ,halle 9 in/ruction1 practice & /udy1 int]rupt$ n[ & aga9 by visits to diff]5t c\rts ( ,g]many1 :]e 8 s]vices procur$ him hon\rs & rew>ds4 ,8 fame became ,european4 ,he 0 enroll$ a memb] ( _m le>n$ societies 9 diff]5t =eign c\ntries1 :ile 9 8 own he became privy c\ncillor4 ,he di$ at ,halle on ! #ab? ( ,novemb] #agdb4 ,( 8 num]\s writ+s a catalogue is to be f\nd 9 ,hall]'s ,biblio!ca m$ic9ae practicae4 ,! *ief is ,m$ic9a rationalis sy/ematica1 und]tak5 at ! age ( sixty1 & publi%$ 9 #agcj4 ,x 0 translat$ into ,fr5* 9 #agci1 "u ! title ( ,m$ec9e raisonnee d',h(fmann4 ,a complete edition ( ,h(fmann's works1 ) a life ( ! au?or1 0 publi%$ at ,g5eva 9 #agdj1 to :i* supplem5ts 7 add$ 9 #agec & #agfj4 ,editions appe>$ also at ,v5ice 9 #agde & at ,naples 9 #agec & #agic4 7,see also ,,m$ic9e47 ,,h(fmann1 ,,johann ,,joseph 7#ahje-ahgh71 ,g]man s*ol>1 0 born at ,wurzburg on ! #af? ( ,febru>y #ahje4 ,aft] /udy+ at ,wurzburg he w5t on ! /age 9 #ahbe2 b ow+ to an accid5tal meet+ ) ! ,g]man travell]1 ,dr ,philipp ,franz von ,siebold 7#agif-ahff71 9 ,july #ahcj1 8 int]e/ 0 div]t$ to ,ori5tal philology4 ,f ,siebold he acquir$ ! rudim5ts ( ,japanese1 & 9 ord] to take advantage ( ! in/ructions ( ,ko-*+-*ang1 a ,*9ese tea*] :om ,siebold _h br\ght home ) him1 he made himself acqua9t$ ) ,malay1 ! only language except ,*9ese :i* ! ,*9aman c\ld und]/&4 ,9 a few ye>s he 0 able to supply ! translations = ,siebold's ,nippon2 & ! high "* ( 8 "w soon attract$ ! att5tion ( old] s*ol>s4 ,/anislas ,juli5 invit$ him to ,p>is2 & he w\ld probably h accept$ ! invitation1 z a disagreem5t _h brok5 out betwe5 him & ,siebold1 _h n ,m4 ,baud1 ! ,dut* colonial m9i/]1 appo9t$ him ,japanese translator ) a sal>y ( #ahjj flor9s 7,l#aej74 ,! ,dut* au?orities 7 sl[ 9 giv+ him fur!r recognition2 & he 0 too mode/ a man successfully to urge 8 claims4 ,x 0 n till aft] he _h receiv$ ! (f] ( ! pr(essor%ip ( ,*9ese 9 ,k+'s ,college1 ,london1 t ! au?orities made him pr(essor at ,leid5 & ! k+ all[$ him a ye>ly p5sion4 ,9 #ahge he 0 decorat$ ) ! ord] ( ! ,ne!rl&s ,lion1 & 9 #ahgg he 0 elect$ correspond+ memb] ( ! ,b]l9 ,academy4 ,he di$ at ! ,hague on ! #bcrd ( ,janu>y #ahgh4 ,h(fmann's *ief "w 0 8 unf9i%$ ,japanese ,diction>y1 begun 9 #ahci & aft]w>ds cont9u$ by ,l4 ,s]ruri]4 ,unable at fir/ to procure ! necess>y type1 he set himself to ! cutt+ ( pun*es1 & ev5 :5 ! prop] f\nts 7 obta9$ he _h to act z 8 own compositor z f> z ,*9ese & ,japanese 7 conc]n$4 ,8 ,japanese gramm> 7,japanis*e ,spra*lehre7 0 publi%$ 9 ,dut* & ,engli% 9 #ahfg1 & 9 ,engli% & ,g]man 9 #ahgf4 ,( 8 miscellane\s productions x is en\gh to m5tion ,japans ,bezuge mit d] korais*5 ,halb9sel und mit ,s*9a 9 ,nippon1 vii42 ,yo-,san-fi-,rok1 ,l',art d'elev] les v]s a soie au ,japon1 p> ,ouckaki ,m\rik\ni 7,p>is1 #ahdh72 ,die ,heilkunde 9 ,japan 9 ,mit!il4 d4 deuts*4 ,gesells*4 fur ,natur- und ,volk]k4 ,o/-,asi5s 7#ahgc-ahgd72 & ,japanis*e ,/udi5 7#ahgh74 ,,h(mann1 ,,augu/ ,,wilhelm ,,von 7#ahah-ahib71 ,g]man *emi/1 0 born at ,giess5 on ! #h? ( ,april #ahah4 ,n int5d+ orig9ally to devote himself to physical sci5ce1 he fir/ took up ! /udy ( law & philology at ,gott+51 & ! g5]al culture he ?us ga9$ /ood him 9 good /ead :5 he turn$ to *emi/ry1 ! /udy ( :i* he began "u ,liebig4 ,:51 9 #ahde1 a s*ool ( practical *emi/ry 0 />t$ 9 ,london1 "u ! /yle ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,*emi/ry1 ,h(mann1 l>gely ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! ,pr9ce ,consort1 0 appo9t$ its fir/ director4 ,x 0 ) "s natural hesitation t he1 !n a ,privatdoz5t at ,bonn1 accept$ ! position1 :i* may well h seem$ r a prec>i\s "o2 b ! difficulty 0 remov$ by 8 appo9tm5t z extraord9>y pr(essor at ,bonn1 ) leave ( abs5ce = two ye>s1 s t he c\ld resume 8 c>e] 9 ,g]many if 8 ,engli% "o prov$ unsatisfactory4 ,=tunately ! college 0 m or less successful1 ow+ l>gely to 8 en?usiasm & en]gy1 & _m ( ! m5 :o 7 tra9$ !re subsequ5tly made _! m>k 9 *emical hi/ory4 ,b 9 #ahfd he return$ to ,bonn1 & 9 ! succe$+ ye> he 0 select$ to succe$ ,e4 ,mits*]li* z pr(essor ( *emi/ry & director ( ! laboratory 9 ,b]l9 ,univ]sity4 ,9 leav+ ,engl&1 ( :i* he us$ to speak z 8 adopt$ c\ntry1 ,h(mann 0 probably influ5c$ by a comb9ation ( causes4 ,! public support ext5d$ to ! college ( *emi/ry _h be5 dw9dl+ = "s ye>s1 & be=e he left x _h ceas$ to h an indep5d5t exi/5ce & _h be5 absorb$ into ! ,s*ool ( ,m9es4 ,?is ev5t he mu/ h look$ ^u z a curtailm5t ( its possibilities ( usefulness4 ,b1 9 addition1 !re is only too mu* reason to suppose t he 0 disappo9t$ at ! g5]al apa?y ) :i* 8 sci5ce 0 reg>d$ 9 ,engl&4 ,no man ev] realiz$ m fully ?an he h[ entirely dep5d5t on ! advance ( sci5tific k is ! cont9uation ( a c\ntry's mat]ial prosp]ity1 & no s+le *emi/ ev] ex]cis$ a great] or m direct influ5ce ^u indu/rial developm5t4 ,9 ,engl&1 h[ev]1 p c>$ = none ( ^! ?+s1 & 7 bl9d to ! comm]cial pot5tialities ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,! college to :i* ,h(mann devot$ ne>ly tw5ty ( ! be/ ye>s ( 8 life 0 />v$2 ! coal-t> indu/ry1 :i* 0 really br\ght into exi/5ce by 8 "w & t ( 8 pupils "u 8 direction at t college1 & :i* ) a little intellig5t =e?\ght might h be5 reta9$ 9 ,engl&1 0 all[$ to slip into ! h&s ( ,g]many1 :]e x is n[ wor? millions ( p\nds annually2 & ,h(mann himself 0 compell$ to return to 8 native l& to f9d due appreciation z "o ( ! =emo/ *emi/s ( 8 "t4 ,! re/ ( 8 life 0 sp5t 9 ,b]l91 & !re he di$ on ! #e? ( ,may #ahib4 ,t city possesses a p]man5t memorial to 8 "n 9 ,h(mann ,h\se1 ! home ( ! ,g]man ,*emical ,society 7( :i* he 0 ! f\nd]71 :i* 0 =mally op5$ 9 #aijj1 appropriately en\gh ) an acc\nt ( t great triumph ( ,g]man *emical ent]prise1 ! indu/rial manufacture ( syn!tical indigo4 ,h(mann's "w cov]$ a wide range ( organic *emi/ry1 ?\gh ) inorganic bodies he did b little4 ,8 fir/ rese>*1 c>ri$ out 9 ,liebig's laboratory at ,giess51 0 on coal-t>1 & 8 inve/igation ( ! organic bases 9 coal-gas naph?a e/abli%$ ! nature ( anil9e4 ,?is sub/ance he us$ to ref] to z 8 fir/ love1 & x 0 a love to :i* he rema9$ fai?ful ?r\gh\t 8 life4 ,8 p]ception ( ! analogy betwe5 x & ammonia l$ to 8 fam\s "w on ! am9es & ammonium bases & ! alli$ organic phosphorus comp\nds1 :ile 8 rese>*es on rosanil9e1 :i* he fir/ prep>$ 9 #aheh1 =m$ ! fir/ ( a s]ies ( inve/igations on col\r+ matt]s :i* only end$ ) qu9ol9e r$ 9 #ahhg4 ,b 9 addition to ^! & numb]less o!r inve/igations = :i* he 0 responsible ! influ5ce he ex]cis$ ?r\gh 8 pupils mu/ also be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,z a tea*]1 besides ! p[] ( accurately gaug+ ! "* & capabilities ( ^? :o /udi$ "u him1 he _h ! faculty ( infect+ !m ) 8 own en?usiasm1 & ?us ( /imulat+ !m to put =w>d _! be/ ef=ts4 ,9 ! lecture-room he laid great /ress on ! importance ( exp]im5tal demon/rations1 pay+ p>ticul> att5tion to _! selection & arrangem5t1 ?\gh1 s9ce he himself 0 a some:at clumsy manipulator1 _! actual exhibition 0 g5]ally entru/$ to 8 assi/ants4 ,he 0 ! possessor ( a cle> & graceful1 if some:at florid1 /yle1 :i* %[$ to special advantage 9 8 num]\s obitu>y notices or encomiums 7collect$ & publi%$ 9 ?ree volumes ,zur ,er9n]ung an vorangegang5e ,freunde1 #ahhh74 ,he also excell$ z a speak]1 p>ticul>ly at ga!r+s ( an int]national "*1 = 9 addition to 8 native ,g]man he c\ld speak ,engli%1 ,fr5* & ,italian ) flu5cy4 ,see ,memorial ,lectures deliv]$ be=e ! ,*emical ,society1 #ahic-aijj 7,london1 #aija74 ,,h(mann1 ,,johann ,,*ri/ian ,,konrad ,,von 7#ahaj-ahgg71 ,lu!ran !ologian & hi/orian1 0 born on ! #ba/ ( ,decemb] #ahaj at ,nuremb]g1 & /udi$ !ology & hi/ory at ! univ]sity ( ,erlang54 ,9 #ahbi he w5t to ,b]l91 :]e ,s*lei]ma*]1 ,h5g/5b]g1 ,ne&]1 ,ranke & ,raum] 7 among 8 tea*]s4 ,9 #ahcc he receiv$ an appo9tm5t to tea* ,hebrew & hi/ory 9 ! gymnasium ( ,erlang54 ,9 #ahce he became ,repet5t1 9 #ahch ,privatdoz5t & 9 #ahda pr(essor extraord9>ius 9 ! !ological faculty at ,erlang54 ,9 #ahdb he became pr(essor ord9>ius at ,ro/ock1 b 9 #ahde return$ once m to ,erlang5 z ! successor ( ,gottlieb ,*ri/oph ,adolf von ,h>less 7#ahjf-ahgi71 f\nd] ( ! ,zeits*rift fur ,prote/antismus und ,kir*e1 ( :i* ,h(mann became "o ( ! editors 9 #ahdf1 ,j4 ,f4 ,h(l+ 7#ahjb-ahec7 & ,gottfri$ ,?omasius 7#ahjb-ahge7 be+ 8 collaborators4 ,he 0 a cons]vative 9 !ology1 b an en?usia/ic adh]5t ( ! progressive p>ty 9 politics1 & sat z memb] = ,erlang5 & ,fur? 9 ! ,bav>ian second *amb] f #ahfc to #ahfh4 ,he di$ on ! #bj? ( ,decemb] #ahgg4 ,he wrote ,die siebzig ,jahre des ,j]emias u4 die siebzig ,jahrwo*5 des ,daniel 7#ahcf72 ,ges*i*te des ,aufruhrs 9 d5 ,cev5n5 7#ahcg72 ,lehrbu* d] ,weltges*i*te fur ,gymnasi5 7#ahci71 :i* became a text-book 9 ! ,prote/ant gymnasia ( ,bav>ia2 ,weissagung u4 ,erfullung im alt5 u4 neu5 ,te/am5te 7#ahda-ahdd2 #bnd ed41 #aheg-ahfj72 ,d] ,s*riftbeweis 7#aheb-ahef2 #bnd ed41 #aheg-ahfj72 ,die heilige ,s*rift des neu5 ,te/am5ts zusamm5hang5d unt]su*t 7#ahfb-ahge72 ,s*utzs*rift5 7#ahef-ahei71 9 :i* he def5ds himself aga9/ ! *>ge ( d5y+ ! ,atonem5t2 & ,!ologis*e ,e?ik 7#ahgh74 ,8 mo/ important works are ! five la/ nam$4 ,9 !ology1 z 9 ecclesia/ical polity1 ,h(mann 0 a ,lu!ran ( an extreme type1 al?\gh ! /rongly m>k$ individuality ( "s ( 8 op9ions laid him op5 to repeat$ accusations ( het]odoxy4 ,he 0 ! head ( :at has be5 call$ ! ,erlang5 ,s*ool1 & 9 8 day he 0 unque/ionably ! *ief glory ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,erlang5 7,li*t5b]g]74 ,see ! articles 9 ,h]zog-,hauck's ,real5cyklopadie & ! ,allgeme9e deuts*e ,biographie2 & cf4 ,f4 ,li*t5b]g]1 ,hi/ory ( ,g]man ,!ology 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury 7#ahhi7 pp4 #ddf-deh4 ,,h(mann1 ,,mel*ior 7c4 #adih-aedc-d71 anabapti/1 0 born at ,hall1 9 ,swabia1 be=e #aejj 7,zur ,l9d5 sugge/s #adih74 ,8 biograph]s usually give 8 surname z above2 9 8 pr9t$ works x is ,h(fman1 9 8 manuscripts ,h(fmann4 ,he 0 )\t s*ol>ly tra9+1 & fir/ appe>s z a furri] at ,livl&4 ,attract$ by ,lu!r's doctr9e1 he came =w>d z a lay prea*]1 comb9+ bus9ess travels ) a religi\s mission4 ,accompani$ by ,mel*ior ,r9ck1 also a sk9n] or furri]1 & a religi\s en?usia/1 he made 8 way to ,sw$54 ,jo9$ by ,b]n>d ,knipp]doll+1 ! p>ty rea*$ ,/ockholm 9 ! autumn ( #aebd4 ,_! f]vid attacks on image wor%ip l$ to _! expulsion4 ,by way ( ,livonia1 ,h(mann arriv$ at ,dorpat 9 ,novemb] #aebd1 b 0 driv5 !nce 9 ! foll[+ ,janu>y4 ,mak+ 8 way to ,riga1 & !nce to ,witt5b]g1 he f\nd fav\r ) ,lu!r2 8 lett] ( ! #bbnd ( ,june #aebe appe>s 9 a tract by ,lu!r ( t ye>4 ,he 0 aga9 at ,dorpat 9 ,may #aebf2 lat] at ,magdeburg4 ,return+ to ,witt5b]g1 he 0 coldly receiv$2 he wrote !re 8 exposition ( ,daniel xii4 7#aebg74 ,repair+ to ,hol/e91 he got into ! good graces ( ,fr$]ick ,i4 ( ,d5m>k1 & 0 appo9t$ by royal ord9ance to prea* ! ,gospel at ,kiel4 ,he 0 extravagant 9 d5unciation1 & develop$ a ,zw+lian view ( ! ,eu*>i/4 ,lu!r 0 al>m$4 ,at a colloquy ( prea*]s 9 ,fl5sburg 7#h? ,april #aebi7 ,h(mann1 ,john ,campanus & o!rs 7 put on _! def5ce4 ,h(mann ma9ta9$ 7aga9/ ! magic ( ! ,lu!rans7 t ! function ( ! ,eu*>i/1 l t ( prea*+1 is an appeal = spiritual union ) ,*ri/4 ,refus+ to retract1 he 0 bani%$4 ,at ,/rassburg to :i* he n[ turn$1 he 0 well receiv$ 7#aebi7 till 8 anabapti/ developm5t became app>5t4 ,he 0 9 relations ) ,s*w5kfeld & ) ,c>l/adt1 b assum$ a prophetic role ( 8 own4 ,j\rney+ to ,ea/ ,friesl&1 7#aecj7 he f\nd$ a community at ,emd5 7#aecb71 secur+ a l>ge foll[+ ( artisans4 ,despite ! w>n+ ( ,john ,trypmak]1 :o prophesi$ = him six mon?s 9 prison1 he return$ 9 ! spr+ ( #aecc to ,/rassburg1 :]e we he> ( 8 wife & *ild4 ,he ga!r$ f ! ,apocalypse a vision ( resurrections ( apo/olic ,*ri/ianity1 fir/ "u ,john ,hus1 & n[ "u himself4 ,! ye> #aecc 0 to inaugurate ! new era2 ,/rassburg 0 to be ! seat ( ! ,new ,j]usalem4 ,9 ,may #aecc he & o!rs 7 arre/$4 ,"u exam9ation1 he d5i$ t he _h made common cause ) ! anabapti/s & claim$ to be no prophet1 a m]e witness ( ! ,mo/ ,high1 b refus$ ! articles ( fai? propos$ to him by ! prov9cial synod4 ,h(mann & ,claus ,frey1 an anabapti/1 7 deta9$ 9 prison1 a measure due to ! t]ror excit$ by ! ,mun/] episode ( #aecc-aecd4 ,! synod1 9 #aeci1 made fur!r ef=t to reclaim him4 ,! la/ notice ( 8 imprisonm5t is on ! #ai? ( ,novemb] #aedc2 he probably di$ soon aft]4 ,two ( 8 publications1 ) simil> titles1 9 #aecj1 are notewor?y z hav+ influ5c$ ,m5no ,simons & ,david ,joris 7,weissagung vsz heilig] gotli*] ges*rifft1 & ,prophecey od] ,weissagung vsz w>] heilig] gotli*] s*rifft74 ,bock treats him z an antitr9it>ian1 on gr\nds :i* ,wallace rightly deems inconclusive4 ,) bett] reason ,tre*sel includes him among pione]s ( "s ( ! positions ( ,s]vetus4 ,8 ,*ri/ology 0 ,val5t9ian4 ,:ile all are elect$ to salvation1 only ! reg5]ate may receive baptism1 & ^? :o s9 aft] reg5]ation s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/1 & _c be sav$4 ,8 foll[]s 7 kn[n z ,h(mannites or ,mel*iorites4 ,see ,g4 ,h]rmann1 ,essai sur la vie et les ecrits de ,m4 ,h(mann 7#aheb72 ,f4 ,o4 zur ,l9d51 ,m4 ,h(mann1 e9 ,prophet d] ,wi$]tauf] 7#ahhe72 ,h4 ,holtzmann1 9 ,allgeme9e deuts*e ,biographie 7#ahhj72 ,hegl] 9 ,hauck's ,real5cyklopadie 7#aijj72 ,bock1 ,hi/4 ,antitr94 7#aggf71 ii42 ,wallace1 ,antitr94 ,biography 7#ahej7 iii41 app4 iii42 ,tre*sel1 ,prot4 ,antitr94 vor ,f4 ,soc9 7#ahci7 i42 ,b>clay1 ,inn] ,life ( ,rel4 ,societies 7#ahgf74 ,an alleg$ portrait1 f an engrav+ ( #afjh1 is reproduc$ 9 ! app5dix to ,a4 ,ross1 ,pansebeia 7#afee74 7,a4 ,g4997 ,,h(mei/]1 ,,wilhelm ,,fri$ri* ,,b5$ict 7#ahbd-ahgg71 ,g]man botani/1 0 born at ,leipzig on ! #ah? ( ,may #ahbd4 ,he came ( a family engag$ 9 trade1 & aft] be+ educat$ at ! ,reals*ule ( ,leipzig he ent]$ bus9ess z a music-deal]4 ,mu* ( 8 botanical "w 0 done :ile he 0 s employ$1 till 9 #ahfc he 0 nom9at$1 )\t int]m$iate academic /eps1 to ! *air 9 ,heidelb]g2 !nce he 0 transf]r$ 9 #ahgb to ,tub+51 9 succession to ,h4 von ,mohl4 ,8 fir/ "w 0 on ! di/ribution ( ! ,conif]ae 9 ! ,himalaya1 b 8 att5tion 0 v soon devot$ to /udy+ ! sexuality & orig9 ( ! embryo ( ,phan]ogams4 ,8 contributions on ?is subject ext5d$ f #ahdg till #ahfj1 & !y f9ally settl$ ! "q ( ! orig9 ( ! embryo f an ovum1 z aga9/ ! preval5t poll5-tube !ory ( ,m4 ,j4 ,s*leid51 = he %[$ t ! poll5-tube does n itself produce ! embryo1 b only /imulates ! ovum already pres5t 9 ! ovule4 ,he soon turn$ 8 att5tion to ! embryology ( ,bryophytes & ,pt]idophytes1 & gave cont9u\s acc\nts ( ! g]m9ation ( ! spores & f]tilization 9 ,pilul>ia1 ,salv9ia1 ,selag9ella4 ,"s ( ! ma9 facts ( ! life ( f]ns & mosses 7 already kn[n2 ^!1 toge!r ) 8 own wid] obs]vations1 7 work$ into t great g5]al pron\ncem5t publi%$ 9 #ahea "u ! title1 ,v]glei*5de ,unt]su*ung5 d] ,keimung1 ,entfaltung und ,fru*tbildung koh]] ,kryptogam5 und d] ,sam5bildung d] ,conif]54 ,?is "w w always /& 9 ! fir/ rank ( botanical books4 ,x ant$at$ ! ,orig9 ( ,species by eight ye>s1 b conta9$ facts & comp>isons :i* c\ld only become intelligible on "s !ory ( desc5t4 ,! plan ( life-/ory common to !m all1 involv+ two alt]nat+ g5]ations1 0 demon/rat$ = ,liv]worts1 ,mosses1 ,f]ns1 ,equiseta1 ,rhizoc>ps1 ,lycopodiaceae1 & ev5 ,gymnosp]ms1 ) a complet5ess & c]ta9ty :i* mu/ /ill surprise ^? :o "k ! botanical lit]ature ( ! au?or's "t4 ,! conclusions ( ,h(mei/] rema9 9 _! broad outl9es un%ak51 b r /r5g!n$ by lat]-acquir$ details4 ,9 ! light ( ! !ory ( desc5t ! common plan ( life-hi/ory 9 plants app>5tly s div]se z ^? nam$ acquires a special significance2 b x is "o ( ! rem>kable features ( ?is great "w t ! writ] himself does n !orize--) an un]r+ insight he po9ts out 8 comp>isons & /ates 8 homologies1 b does n indulge 9 explanatory surmises4 ,x is ! typical "w ( an h]oic age ( plant-morphology4 ,f #aheg till #ahfb ,h(mei/] wrote occasionally on physiological subjects1 su* z ! asc5t ( sap1 & curvatures ( gr[+ p>ts1 b x 0 9 morphology t he f\nd 8 natural sph]e4 ,9 #ahfa1 9 conjunction ) o!r botani/s1 a plan 0 drawn up ( a h&book ( physiological botany1 ( :i* ,h(mei/] 0 to be editor4 ,?\gh ! orig9al s*eme 0 nev] complet$1 ! editor himself contribut$ two notable p>ts1 ,die ,lehre von d] ,pflanz5zelle 7#ahfg7 & ,allgeme9e ,morphologie d] ,gewa*se 7#ahfh74 ,! =m] gives an excell5t summ>y ( ! /ructure & relations ( ! vegetable cell z !n kn[n1 b x did n greatly modify curr5t views4 ,! latt] 0 notable = its refutation ( ! spiral !ory ( leaf arrangem5t 9 plants1 f\nd$ by ,c4 ,f4 ,s*imp] & ,a4 ,braun4 ,h(mei/] transf]r$ ! discussion f ! m]e /udy ( mature =m to ! obs]vation ( ! developm5t ( ! p>ts1 & sub/itut$ = ! spiral t5d5cy a me*anical !ory bas$ ^u ! obs]v$ fact t new bran*+s appe> ov] ! wide/ gaps :i* exi/ betwe5 next old] bran*+s ( l nature4 ,) ?is important "w ,h(mei/]'s p]iod ( active production clos$2 he fell into ill-heal?1 & retir$ f 8 academic duties "s "t be=e 8 dea? at ,l9d5au1 ne> ,leipzig1 on ! #ab? ( ,janu>y #ahgg4 7,f4 ,o4 ,b47 ,,h(meyr1 ,,jan ,,h5drik 7#ahde-aiji71 ,s\? ,african politician1 0 born at ,cape ,t[n on ! #d? ( ,july #ahde4 ,he 0 educat$ at ! ,s\? ,african ,college1 & at an e>ly age turn$ 8 att5tion to politics1 fir/ z a j\rnali/4 ,he 0 editor ( ! ,zuid ,afrikaan till its incorporation ) ,ons ,l&1 & ( ! ,zuid ,afrikaans*e ,tijds*rift4 ,by bir?1 education & sympa?ies a typical ,dut* ,afrik&]1 he set himself to organize ! political p[] ( 8 fell[-c\ntrym54 ,?is he did v effectively1 & :5 9 #ahgi he ent]$ ! ,cape p>liam5t z memb] = ,/ell5bos*1 he became ! real lead] ( ! ,dut* p>ty4 ,yet he only held (fice = six mon?s--z m9i/] )\t portfolio 9 ! ,scanl5 m9i/ry f ,may to ,novemb] #ahha4 ,he held no subsequ5t (ficial po/ 9 ! colony1 ?\gh he %>$ ) ,sir ,?omas ,up+ton & ,sir ,*>les ,mills ! hon\r ( repres5t+ ! ,cape at ! int]colonial conf]5ce ( #ahhg4 ,"h he support$ ! proposal = entru/+ ! def5ce ( ,simon's ,t[n to ,cape ,colony1 leav+ only ! armam5t to be provid$ by ! imp]ial gov]nm5t1 oppos$ trans-oceanic p5ny po/age1 & mov$ a resolution 9 fav\r ( an imp]ial cu/oms union4 ,at ! colonial conf]5ce ( #ahid at ,ottawa he 0 aga9 "o ( ! ,cape repres5tatives4 ,9 #ahhh & 9 #ahhi he 0 a memb] ( ! ,s\? ,african cu/oms conf]5ce4 ,8 *ief importance z a public man 01 h[ev]1 d]iv$ f 8 p[] ov] ! ,dut* 9 ,cape ,colony1 & 8 control ( ! ,afrik&] ,bond4 ,9 #ahgh he _h himself f\nd$ ! ,f>m]s' ,association1 & z ! ,cape f>m]s 7 almo/ entirely ,dut* ! ,association became a c5tre ( ,dut* influ5ce4 ,:5 ! ,bond 0 =m$ 9 #ahhb1 ) purely political aims1 ,h(meyr made ha/e to obta9 control ( x1 & 9 #ahhc amalgamat$ ! ,f>m]s' ,association ) x4 ,"u 8 direction ! con/itution ( ! ,bond 0 modifi$ by ! elim9ation ( ! provisions inconsi/5t ) loyalty to ! ,briti% cr[n4 ,b x rema9$ an organization = obta9+ ! political supremacy ( ! ,cape ,dut*4 7,see ,,cape ,,colony3 ,hi/ory47 ,8 control ov] ! ,bond enabl$ him = _m ye>s1 :ile free f ! responsibilities ( (fice1 to make & unmake m9i/]s at 8 w1 & e>n$ = him ! "n ( ,cab9et-mak] ( ,s\? ,africa4 ,al?\gh (ficially ! t]m ,afrik&] 0 expla9$ by ,h(meyr to include :ite m5 ( :atev] race1 yet 9 practice ! influ5ce ( ! ,bond 0 always ex]t$ 9 fav\r ( ! ,dut*1 & its p[] 0 drawn f ! ,dut* di/ricts ( ,cape ,colony4 ,! sympa?ies ( ! ,bond 7 ?us always /rongly ) ! ,transvaal1 z ! *ief c5tre ( ,dut* influ5ce 9 ,s\? ,africa2 & ,h(meyr's position might 9 _m respects be comp>$ ) t ( ,p>nell at ! head ( ! ,iri% ,nationali/ p>ty 9 ,great ,brita94 ,9 ! ,be*uanal& difficulty ( #ahhd ,h(meyr ?rew all ! influ5ce ( ! ,bond into ! scale 9 fav\r ( ! ,transvaal4 ,b 9 ! c\rse ( ! next few ye>s he began to drift away f ,presid5t ,krug]4 ,he res5t$ ! reckless disreg>d ( ,cape int]e/s involv$ 9 ,krug]'s fiscal policy2 he fe>$ t ! ,transvaal1 aft] its sudd5 leap into prosp]ity ^u ! gold discov]ies ( #ahhf1 might ov]%ad[ all o!r ,dut* influ5ces 9 ,s\? ,africa2 above all he 0 conv9c$1 z he %[$ by 8 action at ! ,london conf]5ce1 t ! protection ( ! ,briti% navy 0 indisp5sable to ,s\? ,africa1 & he set 8 face aga9/ ,krug]'s intrigues ) ,g]many1 & 8 av[$ int5tion ( acquir+ an outlet to ! sea 9 ord] to get into t\* ) =eign p[]s4 ,9 #ahij ,h(meyr jo9$ =ces ) ,cecil ,rhodes1 :o became premi] ( ,cape ,colony ) ! support ( ! ,bond4 ,h(meyr's influ5ce 0 a p[]ful factor 9 ! conclusion ( ! ,swazil& conv5tion ( #ahij1 z well z 9 /opp+ ! trek to ,banyail& 7,rhodesia7 9 #ahia--;a notable rev]sal ( ! policy he _h pursu$ sev5 ye>s be=e4 ,b ! reaction>y elem5ts 9 ! ,bond grew al>m$ at ,rhodes's imp]ialism1 & 9 #ahie ,h(meyr resign$ 8 seat 9 p>liam5t & ! presid5cy ( ! ,bond4 ,!n came ! ,jameson ,raid1 & 9 its wake !re roll$ ov] ,s\? ,africa a wave ( ,dut* & anti-,briti% feel+ su* z _h n be5 kn[n s9ce ! days ( ,majuba4 7,! proclamation issu$ by ,sir ,h]cules ,rob9son disav[+ ,jameson 0 sugge/$ by ,h(meyr1 :o help$ to draw up its t]ms47 ,once m ,h(meyr became presid5t ( ! ,bond4 ,by an alt]ation ( ! prov9cial con/itution1 all p[] 9 ! ,cape bran* ( ! ,bond 0 ve/$ 9 ! h&s ( a vigilance committee ( ?ree1 ( :om ,h(meyr & 8 bro!r 7 two4 ,z ! recogniz$ lead] ( ! ,cape ,dut*1 he prote/$ aga9/ su* abuses z ! dynamite monopoly 9 ! ,transvaal1 & urg$ ,krug] ev5 at ! elev5? h\r to grant reasonable concessions r ?an plunge into a w> t might involve ,cape ,afrik&]dom & ! ,transvaal 9 a common ru94 ,9 ,july #ahii he j\rney$ to ,pretoria1 & va9ly support$ ! proposal ( a satisfactory fran*ise law1 comb9$ ) a limit$ repres5tation ( ! ,uitl&]s 9 ! ,volksraad1 & 9 ,septemb] urg$ ! ,transvaal to acc$e to ! propos$ jo9t inquiry4 ,dur+ ! negotiations ( #ahii1 & aft] ! outbreak ( w>1 ! (ficial organ ( ! ,bond1 ,ons ,l&1 0 conspicu\s = its anti-,briti% attitude1 & its viol5ce =c$ ,"l ,rob]ts to suppress x 9 ! ,cape ,colony di/rict "u m>tial law4 ,h(meyr nev] associat$ himself publicly ) ! op9ions express$ by ,ons ,l&1 b nei!r did he repudiate !m4 ,! tide ( race sympa?y among 8 ,dut* support]s made 8 position "o ( great difficulty1 & %ortly aft] ! outbreak ( w> he )drew to ,europe1 & refus$ to act z a memb] ( ! ,conciliation ,committee :i* came to ,engl& 9 #aija 9 ! int]e/s ( ! ,bo] republics4 ,t[>ds ! close ( ! w> ,h(meyr return$ to ,s\? ,africa & organiz$ ! ,bond =ces = ! g5]al election held 9 ,cape ,colony at ! beg9n+ ( #aijd1 :i* result$ 9 ! defeat ( ! ,bond p>ty4 ,h(meyr reta9$ 8 asc5dancy ov] ! ,cape ,dut*1 b n[ began to f9d himself some:at out ( sympa?y ) ! l>g] outlook on ,s\? ,african affairs tak5 by ! y\ng] lead]s ( ! ,bo]s 9 ! ,transvaal4 ,dur+ #aijf he gave (f5ce to ! extreme section ( ! ,bond by "s criticisms ( ! taal & 8 use ( ,engli% 9 public spee*es4 ,at ! g5]al election 9 #aijh ! ,bond1 /ill l>gely "u 8 direction1 ga9$ a victory at ! polls1 b ,h(meyr himself 0 n a c&idate4 ,9 ! r5ew$ movem5t = ! clos] union ( ! ,s\? ,african colonies he advocat$ f$]ation z oppos$ to unification4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! unification proposals 7 ratifi$ by ! ,cape p>liam5t1 ,h(meyr procur$ 8 nom9ation z "o ( ! ,cape delegates to ,engl& 9 ! summ] ( #aiji to submit ! draft act ( union to ! imp]ial gov]nm5t4 ,he att5d$ ! conf]5ces ) ! (ficials ( ! ,colonial ,(fice = ! prep>ation ( ! draft act1 & aft] ! bill _h become law w5t to ,g]many = a cure4 ,he return$ to ,london 9 ,octob] #aiji1 :]e he di$ on ! #af? ( t mon?4 ,8 body 0 tak5 to ,cape ,t[n = burial4 ,,h(/$e ,,de ,,groot1 ,,petrus 7#ahjb-ahhf71 ,dut* !ologian1 0 born at ,le] 9 ,ea/ ,friesl&1 ,prussia1 on ! #h? ( ,octob] #ahjb1 & 0 educat$ at ! ,gymnasium & univ]sity ( ,gron+54 ,= ?ree ye>s 7#ahbf-ahbi7 he 0 pa/or ( ! ,re=m$ ,*ur* at ,ulrum1 & !n ent]$ ^u 8 lifelong duties z pr(essor ( !ology at ,gron+54 ,) 8 colleagues ,l4 ,g4 ,p>eau1 ,j4 ,f4 van ,vordt1 & ,w4 ,muurl+ he edit$ f #ahcg to #ahgb ! ,wa>heid 9 ,liefde4 ,9 ?is review & 9 8 num]\s books he vigor\sly upheld ! or?odox fai? aga9/ ! ,dut* mod]n !ology movem5t4 ,_m ( 8 works 7 writt5 9 ,lat91 includ+ ,disputatio1 qua ep4 ad ,hebraeos cum ,paul94 epi/olis comp>atur 7#ahbf71 ,in/itutiones hi/oriae ecclesiae 7#ahce71 ,in/itutio !ologiae naturalis 7#ahdb71 ,encyclopa$ia !ologi *ri/iani 7#ahdd74 ,o!rs1 9 ,dut*1 73 ,! ,div9e ,education ( ,humanity up to ! ,com+ ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 7#c vols41 #ahdf71 ,! ,nature ( ! ,gospel ,m9i/ry 7#aheh71 ,! ,mod]n ,!ology ( ! ,ne!rl&s 7#ahfi71 ,! ,old ,ca?olic ,movem5t 7#ahgg74 ,he became pr(essor em]itus 9 #ahgb1 & di$ at ,gron+5 on ! #e? ( ,decemb] #ahhf4 ,,hog>?1 ,,william 7#afig-agfd71 ! great ,engli% pa9t] & pictorial satiri/1 0 born at ,b>?olomew ,close 9 ,london on ! #aj? ( ,novemb] #afig1 & baptiz$ on ! #bh? 9 ! *ur* ( ,/ ,b>?olomew ! ,great4 ,he _h two y\ng] si/]s1 ,m>y1 born 9 #afii1 & ,ann1 born 9 #agja4 ,8 fa!r1 ,ri*>d ,hog>?1 :o di$ 9 #agah1 0 a s*oolma/] & lit]>y hack1 :o _h come to ! metropolis to seek t =tune :i* _h be5 d5i$ to him 9 8 native ,we/morl&4 ,! son seems to h be5 e>ly di/+ui%$ by a tal5t = draw+ & an active p]ceptive faculty r ?an by any close att5tion to ! le>n+ :i* he 0 soon %rewd en\gh to see _h n made 8 p>5t prosp]4 ,%[s ( all sorts gave me uncommon pleasure :5 an infant1 he says1 & mimicry1 common to all *ildr51 0 rem>kable 9 me4444 ,my ex]cises :5 at s*ool 7 m rem>kable = ! ornam5ts :i* adorn$ !m ?an = ! ex]cise itself4 ,?is be+ ! case1 x is no wond] t1 by 8 own desire1 he 0 appr5tic$ to a silv]-plate engrav]1 ,mr ,ellis ,gamble1 at ! sign ( ! ,gold5 ,angel 9 ,cranb\rne ,/reet or ,alley1 ,leice/] ,fields4 ,= ?is ma/] he engrav$ a %op-c>d :i* is /ill extant4 ,:5 8 appr5tice%ip began is n record$2 b x mu/ h be5 conclud$ be=e ! beg9n+ ( #agbj1 = 9 ,april ( t ye> he appe>s to h set up z engrav] on 8 own acc\nt4 ,8 desires1 h[ev]1 7 n limit$ to silv]-plate engrav+4 ,engrav+ on copp] 01 at tw5ty ye>s ( age1 my utmo/ ambition4 ,= ?is he lack$ ! ne$ful skill z a draughtsman2 & 8 acc\nt ( ! means :i* he took to supply ?is want1 )\t too mu* int]f]+ ) 8 pleasure1 is ?or\ghly *>act]i/ic1 ?\gh x c sc>cely be recomm5d$ z an example4 ,lay+ x d[n1 he says1 fir/ z an axiom1 t he :o c\ld by any means acquire & reta9 9 8 memory1 p]fect ideas ( ! subjects he meant to draw1 w\ld h z cle> a k ( ! figure z a man :o c write freely ha? ( ! tw5ty-f\r lett]s ( ! alphabet & _! inf9ite comb9ations 7ea* ( ^! be+ compos$ ( l9es71 & w\ld consequ5tly be an accurate design]1 444 ,i !re=e endeav\r$ to habituate myself to ! ex]cise ( a sort ( te*nical memory1 & by repeat+ 9 my own m9d1 ! p>ts ( :i* objects 7 compos$1 ,i c\ld by degrees comb9e & put !m d[n ) my p5cil4 ,?is acc\nt1 x is possible1 has some?+ ( ! complac5cy ( ! old age 9 :i* x 0 writt52 b !re is little d\bt t 8 m>vell\s p[] ( seiz+ expression ow$ less to pati5t academical /udy ?an to 8 unexampl$ eye-memory & t5acity ( m9or detail4 ,b he 0 n entirely )\t te*nical tra9+1 s9ce1 by 8 own %[+1 he occasionally took ! life to correct 8 memories1 & is kn[n to h /udi$ at ,sir ,james ,?ornhill's !n rec5tly op5$ art s*ool4 ,8 fir/ employm5t 7i4e4 aft] he set up = himself7 seems1 says ,john ,ni*ols1 9 8 ,anecdotes1 to h be5 ! engrav+ ( arms & %op bills4 ,aft] ?is he 0 employ$ 9 design+ plates = booksell]s4 ,( ^! e>ly & mo/ly insignificant works we may pass ov] ,! ,lott]y1 an ,emblematic ,pr9t on ! ,s\? ,sea ,s*eme1 & "s book illu/rations1 to pause at ,masqu]ades & ,op]as 7#agbd71 ! fir/ plate he publi%$ on 8 own acc\nt4 ,?is is a clev] little satire on contempor>y follies1 su* z ! masqu]ades ( ! ,swiss adv5tur] ,heidegg]1 ! popul> ,italian op]a-s+]s1 ,ri*'s pantomimes at ,l9coln's ,inn ,fields1 & la/1 b by no means lea/1 ! exagg]at$ popul>ity ( ,"l ,burl+ton's protege1 ! ar*itect pa9t] ,william ,k5t1 :o is "h repres5t$ on ! summit ( ,burl+ton ,gate1 ) ,raphael & ,mi*elangelo = support]s4 ,?is wor?y1 ,hog>? _h d\btless n le>n$ to despise less 9 ! s*ool ( 8 rival ,sir ,james ,?ornhill4 ,inde$ almo/ ! next ( ,hog>?'s important pr9ts 0 aim$ at ,k5t alone1 be+ t memorable burlesque ( ! un=tunate alt>piece design$ by ! latt] = ,/ ,clem5t ,danes1 :i*1 9 def]5ce to ! ridicule ( ! p>i%ion]s1 ,bi%op ,gibson took d[n 9 #agbe4 ,hog>?'s squib1 :i* appe>$ subsequ5tly1 exhibits x z a v ma/]piece ( confusion & bad draw+4 ,9 #agbf he prep>$ twelve l>ge engrav+s = ,butl]'s ,hudibras4 ,^! he himself valu$ highly1 & !y are ! be/ ( 8 book illu/rations4 ,b he 0 f> too individual to be ! pati5t int]pret] ( o!r m5's ?\ghts1 & x is n 9 ?is direction t 8 successes are to be s\ght4 ,to #agbg-agbh belongs "o ( ^? r>e occurr5ces :i* h surviv$ z contributions to 8 biography4 ,he 0 engag$ by ,jo%ua ,morris1 a tape/ry work]1 to prep>e a design = ! ,elem5t ( ,e>?4 ,morris1 h[ev]1 hav+ he>d t he 0 an engrav]1 & no pa9t]1 decl9$ ! "w :5 complet$1 & ,hog>? accord+ly su$ him = ! money 9 ! ,we/m9/] ,c\rt1 :]e1 on ! #bh? ( ,may #agbh1 ! case 0 decid$ 9 8 7,hog>?'s7 fav\r4 ,x may h be5 ! asp]sion ?us e>ly ca/ on 8 skill z a pa9t] 7c\pl$ p]haps ) ! unsatisfactory /ate ( pr9t-sell+1 ow+ to ! uncontroll$ circulation ( piratical copies7 t induc$ him ab\t ?is "t to turn 8 att5tion to ! production ( small conv]sation pieces 7i4e4 gr\ps 9 oil ( full-l5g? portraits f #ab to #ae 94 high71 _m ( :i* are /ill pres]v$ 9 diff]5t collections4 ,?is1 he says1 hav+ novelty1 succe$$ = a few ye>s4 ,among 8 o!r ef=ts 9 oil betwe5 #agbh & #agcb 7 ,! ,wan/ead ,conv]sation1 ,! ,h\se ( ,commons exam9+ ,bambridge1 an infam\s w>d5 ( ! ,fleet1 & sev]al pictures ( ! *ief actors 9 ,gay's popul> ,begg>'s ,op]a4 ,on ! #bcrd ( ,m>* #agbi he 0 m>ri$ at old ,padd+ton *ur* to ,jane ,?ornhill1 ! only daught] ( ,k5t's rival above m5tion$4 ,! mat* 0 a cl&e/9e "o1 al?\gh ,lady ,?ornhill appe>s to h fav\r$ x4 ,we next he> ( him 9 lodg+s at ,s\? ,lambe?1 :]e he r5d]$ "s assi/ance to ! !n well-kn[n ,jona?an ,ty]s1 :o op5$ ,vauxhall 9 #agcb ) an ent]ta9m5t /yl$ a ridotto al fresco4 ,= ^! g>d5s ,hog>? pa9t$ a poor picture ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 & ,anne ,boleyn1 & he also p]mitt$ ,hayman to make copies ( ! lat] s]ies ( ! ,f\r ,times ( ! ,day4 ,9 return1 ! grateful ,ty]s pres5t$ him ) a gold pass ticket ,9 p]petuam ,b5eficii ,memoriam4 ,x 0 long ?\ght t ,hog>? design$ ?is himself4 ,mr ,w>wick ,wro? 7,numismatic ,*ronicle1 vol4 xviii47 d\bts ?is1 al?\gh he ?9ks x probable t ,hog>? design$ "s ( ! silv] ,vauxhall passes :i* are figur$ 9 ,wilk9son's ,lond9a illu/rata4 ,! only engrav+s betwe5 #agbf & #agcb :i* ne$ be ref]r$ to are ! ,l>ge ,masqu]ade ,ticket 7#agbg71 ano!r satire on masqu]ades1 & ! pr9t ( ,burl+ton ,gate 7#agca71 evok$ by ,pope's ,epi/le to ,"l ,burl+ton1 & def5d+ ,"l ,*&os1 :o is !re9 satiriz$4 ,?is pr9t gave great (f5ce1 & 01 x is said1 suppress$4 ,by #agca ,hog>? mu/ h complet$ ! e>lie/ ( ! s]ies ( moral works :i* fir/ gave him 8 position z a great & orig9al g5ius4 ,?is 0 ,a ,h>lot's ,progress1 ! pa9t+s = :i*1 if we may tru/ ! date 9 ! la/ ( ! pictures1 7 f9i%$ 9 t ye>4 ,almo/ imm$iately aft]w>ds he mu/ h begun to engrave !m--a task he _h at fir/ int5d$ to leave to o!rs4 ,f an adv]tisem5t 9 ! ,c\ntry ,j\rnal2 or1 ! ,craftsman1 #bi? ( ,janu>y #agcb1 ! pictures 7 !n be+ engrav$1 & f lat] ann\ncem5ts x seems cle> t !y 7 deliv]$ to ! subscrib]s e>ly 9 ! foll[+ ,april1 on ! #ba/ ( :i* mon? an unau?oriz$ prose description ( !m 0 publi%$4 ,we h no record ( ! p>ticul> tra9 ( ?\ght :i* prompt$ ^! /ory-pictures2 b x may p]haps be fairly assum$ t ! necessity = creat+ "s l9k ( int]e/ betwe5 ! p]sonages ( ! little conv]sation pieces above ref]r$ to1 l$ to ! fur!r idea ( connect+ sev]al gr\ps or sc5es s z to =m a sequ5t n>rative4 ,i wi%$1 says ,hog>?1 to compose pictures on canvas1 simil> to repres5tations on ! /age4 ,i h endeav\r$1 he says aga91 to treat my subject z a dramatic writ]2 my picture is my /age1 & m5 & wom5 my play]s1 :o by means ( c]ta9 actions & ge/ures are to exhibit a dumb %[4 ,!re 0 nev] a m eloqu5t dumb %[ ?an ?is ( ! ,h>lot's ,progress4 ,9 six sc5es ! mis]able c>e] ( a woman ( ! t[n is trac$ out remorselessly f its fir/ facile beg9n+ to its %ameful & degrad$ end4 ,no?+ ( ! detail is s(t5$ or abat$2 ! :ole is act$ out coram populo1 ) ! h>d1 uncompassionate morality ( ! age ! pa9t] liv$ 91 :ile ! introduction "h & !re ( "o or two well-kn[n *>act]s su* z ,colonel ,*>t]is & ,ju/ice ,gonson give a vivid reality to ! satire4 ,x _h an imm$iate success4 ,to say no?+ ( ! fact t ! tal5t ( ! pa9t+s completely reconcil$ ,sir ,james ,?ornhill to ! son-9-law he _h hi!rto refus$ to ackn[l$ge1 m ?an twelve hundr$ names ( subscrib]s to ! engrav+s 7 ent]$ 9 ! arti/'s book4 ,on ! appe>ance ( plate iii4 ! lords ( ! treasury troop$ to ! pr9t %op = ,sir ,john ,gonson's portrait :i* x conta9$4 ,! /ory 0 made into a pantomime by ,!ophilus ,cibb]1 & by "s "o else into a ballad op]a2 & x gave rise to num]\s pamphlets & poems4 ,x 0 pa9t$ on fan-m\nts & transf]r$ to cups & sauc]s4 ,la/ly1 x 0 freely pirat$4 ,!re c\ld be no sur] te/imony to its popul>ity4 ,f ! ,,mss4 ( ,george ,v]tue 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,add4 ,,mss4 #bcjfi-ih7 x seems t dur+ ! progress ( ! plates1 ,hog>? 0 domicil$ ) 8 fa!r-9-law1 ,sir ,james ,?ornhill1 9 ! ,middle ,piazza1 ,cov5t ,g>d5 7! second h\se ea/w>d f ,james ,/reet71 & x mu/ h be5 !nce t set out ! hi/orical exp$ition f ,london to ,%e]ness ( :i* ! orig9al record /ill exi/s at ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,?is is an oblong ,,ms4 volume entitl$ ,an ,acc\nt ( :at seem'd mo/ ,rem>kable 9 ! ,five ,days' ,p]egr9ation ( ! ,five ,foll[+ ,p]sons1 vizt41 ,messieurs ,to?all1 ,scott1 ,hog>?1 ,?ornhill & ,=re/4 ,begun on ,saturday ,may #bg? #agcb & ,f9i%'d ,on ! #ca/ ( ! ,same ,mon?4 ,abi tu et fac similit]4 ,inscription on ,dulwi* ,college ,por*4 ,! j\rnal1 :i* is writt5 by ,eb5ez]1 ! fa!r ( ,g>rick's fri5d ,!odosius ,=re/1 gives a good idea ( :at a frisk--z ,johnson call$ x--0 9 ^? days1 :ile ! illu/rations 7 by ,hog>? & ,samuel ,scott ! l&scape pa9t]4 ,john ,?ornhill1 ,sir ,james's son1 made ! map4 ,?is v]sion 79 prose7 0 subsequ5tly run into rhyme by "o ( ,hog>?'s fri5ds1 ! ,rev4 ,wm4 ,go/l+ ( ,cant]bury1 & aft] ! arti/'s dea? bo? v]sions 7 publi%$4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( o!r biographical detail1 !y are ( consid]able int]e/ to ! /ud5t ( ,hog>?4 ,9 #agcc ,hog>? mov$ into ! ,gold5 ,head 9 ,leice/] ,fields1 :i*1 ) occasional abs5ces at ,*iswick1 he cont9u$ to occupy until 8 dea?4 ,by ,decemb] ( ?is ye> he 0 already engag$ ^u ! engrav+s ( a second ,progress1 t ( a ,rake4 ,x 0 n z successful z its pr$ecessor4 ,x 0 9 eight plates 9 lieu ( six4 ,! /ory is unequal2 b !re is no?+ f9] ?an ! figure ( ! desp]ate h]o 9 ! ,cov5t ,g>d5 gam+-h\se1 or ! admirable sc5es 9 ! ,fleet prison & ,b$lam1 :]e at la/ 8 headlong c>e] comes to its tragic t]m9ation4 ,! plates ab\nd ) allusive sugge/ion & cov]t hum\r2 b x is impossible to attempt any detail$ description ( !m "h4 ,a ,rake's ,progress 0 dat$ ,june #be1 #agce1 & ! engrav+s be> ! words accord+ to ,act ( ,p>liam5t4 ,?is 0 an act 7#h ,geo4 ,,ii4 cap4 #ac7 :i* ,hog>? _h be5 in/rum5tal 9 obta9+ f ! legislature1 be+ /irr$ !reto by ! %ameless piracies ( rival pr9tsell]s4 ,al?\gh loosely drawn1 x s]v$ its purpose2 & ! pa9t] commemorat$ 8 success by a long inscription on ! plate entitl$ ,cr[ns1 ,mitres1 c41 aft]w>ds us$ z a subscription ticket to ! ,election s]ies4 ,^! subscription tickets to 8 engrav+s1 let u add1 are among ! brighte/ & mo/ vivaci\s ( ! arti/'s productions4 ,t to ! ,h>lot's ,progress 0 entitl$ ,boys peep+ at ,nature1 :ile ! ,rake's ,progress 0 h]ald$ by ! delightful et*+ kn[n z ,a ,pleas$ ,audi5ce at a ,play1 or ,! ,laugh+ ,audi5ce4 ,we mu/ pass m briefly ov] ! pr9ts :i* foll[$ ! two ,progresses1 not+ fir/ ,a ,mod]n ,midnight ,conv]sation1 an admirable dr9k+ sc5e :i* comes betwe5 !m 9 #agcc1 & ! bright little plate ( ,s\?w>k ,fair1 :i*1 al?\gh dat$ #agcc1 0 publi%$ ) ,a ,rake's ,progress 9 #agce4 ,betwe5 ^! & ,m>riage a la mode1 ^u ! pictures ( :i* ! pa9t] mu/ h be5 n long aft] at "w1 come ! small pr9ts ( ! ,consultation ( ,physicians & ,sleep+ ,congregation 7#agcf71 ! ,s*ol>s at a ,lecture 7#agcg72 ! ,f\r ,times ( ! ,day 7#agch71 a s]ies ( pictures ( #ah? c5tury life1 ! e>li] designs = :i* h be5 already ref]r$ to2 ! ,/roll+ ,actresses dress+ 9 a ,b>n 7#agch71 :i* ,walpole held to be1 = wit & imag9ation1 )\t any o!r end1 ! be/ ( all ! pa9t]'s works2 & f9ally ! admirable plates ( ! ,di/re/ ,poet pa9fully compos+ a poem on ,ri*es 9 a g>ret1 & ! ,enrag$ ,musician fulm9at+ f 8 p>l\r w9d[ ^u a discordant or*e/ra ( knife-gr9d]s1 milk-girls1 ballad-s+]s & ! re/ ^u ! pavem5t outside4 ,^! are dat$ respectively #agcf & #agda4 ,to ?is p]iod also 7i4e4 ! p]iod prec$+ ! production ( ! plates ( ,m>riage a la mode7 belong two ( ^? hi/ory pictures to :i*1 9 emulation ( ! ,haymans & ,?ornhills1 ! arti/ 0 cont9ually attract$4 ,! ,pool ( ,be!sda & ! ,good ,sam>itan1 ) figures sev5 feet high1 7 pa9t$ circa #agcf1 & pres5t$ by ! arti/ to ,/ ,b>?olomew's ,hospital1 :]e !y rema94 ,!y 7 n ma/]pieces2 & x is pleasant] to ?9k ( 8 connexion ) ,capta9 ,coram's rec5tly e/abli%$ ,f\ndl+ ,hospital 7#agci71 :i* he aid$ ) 8 money1 8 grav] & 8 bru%1 & = :i* he pa9t$ t admirable portrait ( ! good old philan?ropi/ :i* is /ill1 & des]v$ly1 "o ( its *ief ornam5ts4 ,9 ,a ,h>lot's ,progress ,hog>? _h n /ray$ mu* beyond ! l[] walks ( society1 & al?\gh1 9 ,a ,rake's ,progress1 8 h]o 0 tak5 f ! middle classes1 he c sc>cely be said to h quitt$ ^? fields ( obs]vation :i* are common to e spectator4 ,x is !re=e m rem>kable1 look+ to 8 education & antec$5ts1 t 8 ma/]piece1 ,m>riage a la mode1 %\ld successfully depict1 z ! adv]tisem5t has x1 a v>iety ( mod]n occurr5ces 9 high life4 ,yet1 z an accurate del9eation ( upp] class #ah? c5tury society1 8 ,m>riage a la mode has nev]1 we believe1 be5 s]i\sly assail$4 ,! c\ntess's b$room1 ! e>l's ap>tm5t ) its lavi% coronets & old ma/]s1 ! gr& saloon ) its m>ble pill>s & grotesque ornam5ts1 are fully z true to nature z ! fr[sy *amb] 9 ! ,turk's ,head ,bagnio1 ! quack-doctor's museum 9 ,/ ,m>t9's ,lane1 or ! mean opul5ce ( ! m]*ant's h\se 9 ! city4 ,& :at /ory c\ld be m vividly1 m p]spicu\sly1 m p[]fully told ?an ?is godless alliance ( sacs et p>*em9s--?is mis]able trag$y ( an ill-assort$ m>riage8 ,!re is no defect ( inv5tion1 no sup]fluity ( detail1 no purposeless /roke4 ,x has ! m]it ( a "w by a great ma/] ( fiction1 ) ! additional advantages :i* result f ! pictorial fa%ion ( ! n>rative2 & x is matt] = congratulation t x is /ill to be se5 by all ! _w 9 ! ,national ,gall]y 9 ,london1 :]e x c tell its own tale bett] ?an pages ( comm5t>y4 ,! engrav+s ( ,m>riage a la mode 7 dat$ ,april #agde4 ,al?\gh by ?is "t ! pa9t] f\nd a ready m>ket = 8 engrav+s1 he does n appe> to h be5 equally successful 9 sell+ 8 pictures4 ,! p b\ght 8 pr9ts2 b ! ri*] & n num]\s connoisseurs :o pur*as$ pictures 7 :olly 9 ! h&s ( ! import]s & manufactur]s ( old ma/]s4 ,9 ,febru>y #agde ! orig9al oil pa9t+s ( ! two ,progresses1 ! ,f\r ,times ( ! ,day & ! ,/roll+ ,actresses 7 /ill unsold4 ,on ! la/ day ( t mon? ,hog>? dispos$ ( !m by an ill-devis$ k9d ( auction1 ! details ( :i* may be read 9 ,ni*ols's ,anecdotes1 = ! paltry sum ( ,l#dbg1 #gs4 ,no bett] fate att5d$ ,m>riage a la mode1 :i* six ye>s lat] became ! prop]ty ( ,mr ,lane ( ,hill+don = #abj gu9eas1 be+ !n 9 ,c>lo ,m>atti frames :i* _h co/ ! arti/ f\r gu9eas a piece4 ,some?+ ( ?is 0 no d\bt due to ,hog>?'s impracticable arrangem5ts1 b ! fact %[s conclusively h[ completely bl9d 8 contempor>ies 7 to 8 m]its z a pa9t]1 & h[ hopelessly 9 bondage to ! all-p[]ful picture-deal]s4 ,( ^! latt] ! pa9t] himself gave a graphic picture 9 a lett] address$ by him "u ! pseudonym ( ,britophil to ! ,/ ,james's ,ev5+ ,po/1 9 ,june #agcg4 ,b if ,hog>? 0 n successful ) 8 dramas on canvas1 he occasionally %>$ ) 8 contempor>ies 9 ! popul>ity ( portrait pa9t+4 ,= a picture1 execut$ 9 #agdf1 ( ,g>rick z ,ri*>d ,,iii4 he 0 paid ,l#bjj1 :i* 0 m1 says he1 ?an any ,engli% arti/ ev] receiv$ = a s+le portrait4 ,9 ! same ye> a sket* ( ,simon ,fras]1 ,"l ,lovat1 aft]w>ds behead$ on ,t[] ,hill1 _h an exceptional success4 ,we mu/ cont5t ourselves ) a brief enum]ation ( ! mo/ important ( 8 rema9+ works4 ,^! are ,! ,/age ,coa* or ,c\ntry ,inn ,y>d 7#agdg72 ! s]ies ( twelve plates entitl$ ,indu/ry & ,idl5ess 7#agdg71 depict+ ! c>e] ( two ,london appr5tices2 ! ,gate ( ,calais 7#agdi71 :i* _h its orig9 9 a r un=tunate visit paid to ,france by ! pa9t] aft] ! peace ( ,aix-la-,*apelle2 ! ,m>* to ,f9*ley 7#agej72 ,be] ,/reet1 ,g9 ,lane & ! ,f\r ,/ages ( ,cruelty 7#agea72 ! admirable repres5tations ( election hum\rs 9 ! days ( ,sir ,rob]t ,walpole1 entitl$ ,f\r ,pr9ts ( an ,election 7#agee-ageh72 & ! plate ( ,cr$ulity1 ,sup]/ition & ,fanaticism1 a ,m$ley 7#agfb71 adapt$ f an e>li] unpubli%$ design call$ ,en?usiasm ,del9eat$4 ,besides ^! mu/ be *ronicl$ ?ree m essays 9 ! great /yle ( hi/ory pa9t+1 viz4 ,paul be=e ,felix1 ,moses br\ght to ,ph>aoh's ,daught] & ! ,alt>piece = ,/ ,m>y ,r$cliffe at ,bri/ol4 ,! fir/ two 7 engrav$ 9 #agea-ageb1 ! la/ 9 #agid4 ,a subscription ticket to ! e>li] pictures1 entitl$ ,paul be=e ,felix ,burlesqu$1 _h a popul>ity f> great] ?an t ( ! pr9ts !mselves4 ,9 #agde ,hog>? pa9t$ t admirable portrait ( himself ) 8 dog ,trump1 :i* is n[ 9 ! ,national ,gall]y4 ,9 a corn] ( ?is he _h drawn on a palette a s]p5t9e curve ) ! words ,! ,l9e ( ,beauty4 ,mu* inquiry ensu$ z to ! mean+ ( ?is hi]oglyphic2 & 9 an unpropiti\s h\r ! pa9t] resolv$ to expla9 himself 9 writ+4 ,! result 0 ! well-kn[n ,analysis ( ,beauty 7#agec71 a treatise to fix ! fluctuat+ ideas ( ,ta/e1 o!rwise a desultory essay hav+ = pretext ! precept attribut$ to ,mi*elangelo t a figure %\ld be always ,pyramidall1 ,s]p5t l & multipli$ by "o two & ?ree4 ,! fate ( ! book 0 :at might h be5 expect$4 ,by ! pa9t]'s adh]5ts x 0 prais$ z a f9al deliv]ance ^u ae/hetics2 by 8 enemies & pr(essional rivals1 its obscurities1 & ! m9or errors :i*1 not)/&+ ! b5evol5t ef=ts ( lit]>y fri5ds1 ! "w _h n escap$1 7 made ! subject ( endless ridicule & c>icature4 ,x add$ little to its au?or's fame1 & x is p]haps to be regrett$ t he ev] und]took x4 ,moreov]1 !re 7 fur!r humiliations 9 /ore = him4 ,9 #agei ! success ( a little picture call$ ,! ,lady's ,la/ ,/ake1 pa9t$ = ,"l ,*>lemont1 procur$ him a commission f ,sir ,ri*>d ,grosv5or to pa9t ano!r picture ^u ! same t]ms4 ,unhappily on ?is occasion he des]t$ 8 own field ( g5re & social satire1 to select ! /ory f ,boccaccio 7or r ,dryd57 ( ,sigismunda weep+ ov] ! he>t ( h] murd]$ lov] ,guisc>do1 be+ ! subject ( a picture 9 ,sir ,luke ,s*aub's collection by ,fur9i :i* _h rec5tly be5 sold = ,l#djj4 ,! picture1 ov] :i* he sp5t mu* "t & pati5ce1 0 n reg>d$ z a success2 & ,sir ,ri*>d r meanly %uffl$ out ( 8 b>ga9 ^u ! plea t ! con/antly hav+ x be=e "o's eyes1 w\ld be too (t5 occasion+ melan*oly ideas to arise 9 "o's m9d4 ,sigismunda1 !re=e1 mu* to ! arti/'s mortification1 & ! delight ( ! malici\s1 rema9$ ^u 8 h&s4 ,z1 by h] husb&'s desire1 8 wid[ valu$ x at ,l#ejj1 x f\nd no pur*as] until aft] h] dea?1 :5 ! ,boydells b\ght x = #ef gu9eas4 ,x 0 exhibit$1 ) o!rs ( ,hog>?'s pictures1 at ! ,spr+ ,g>d5s exhibition ( #agfa1 = ! catalogue ( :i* ,hog>? engrav$ a ,head-piece & a ,tail-piece :i* are /ill ! delight ( collectors2 & f9ally1 by ! beque/ ( ,mr ,j4 ,h4 ,&]don1 x pass$ 9 #ahgi to ! ,national ,gall]y1 :]e1 9 spite ( !atrical treatm5t & a repulsive !me1 x /ill comm&s admiration = its col\r1 draw+ & expression4 ,9 #agfa ,hog>? 0 sixty-five ye>s ( age1 & he _h b ?ree ye>s m to live4 ,^! ?ree ye>s 7 embitt]$ by an unhappy qu>rel ) 8 quondam fri5ds1 ,john ,wilkes & ,*ur*ill ! poet1 ov] :i* mo/ ( 8 biograph]s are cont5t$ to pass rapidly4 ,hav+ succe$$ ,john ,?ornhill 9 #ageg z s]jeant pa9t] 7to :i* po/ he 0 reappo9t$ at ! accession ( ,george ,,iii471 an evil g5ius prompt$ him 9 #agfb to d "s tim$ ?+ 9 ! m9i/]ial int]e/1 & he accord+ly publi%$ ! indiff]5t satire ( ,! ,times1 plate i4 ,?is at once br\ght him into collision ) ,wilkes & ,*ur*ill1 & ! imm$iate result 0 a viol5t attack ^u him1 bo? z a man & an arti/1 9 ! opposition ,nor? ,briton1 ,no4 #ag4 ,! alleg$ decay ( 8 p[]s1 ! misc>riage ( ,sigismunda1 ! cobbl$ composition ( ! ,analysis1 7 all discuss$ ) scurril\s malignity by ^? :o _h kn[n 8 dome/ic life & le>n$ 8 weaknesses4 ,! old arti/ 0 deeply w\nd$1 & 8 heal? 0 fail+4 ,e>ly 9 ! next ye>1 h[ev]1 he repli$ by t portrait ( ,wilkes :i* w = ev] c>ry 8 squ9t+ features to po/]ity4 ,*ur*ill retaliat$ 9 ,july by a savage ,epi/le to ,william ,hog>?1 to :i* ! arti/ rejo9$ by a pr9t ( ,*ur*ill z a be>1 9 torn b&s & ruffles1 n ! mo/ successful ( 8 works4 ,! pleasure1 & pecuni>y advantage1 writes ,hog>? manfully1 :i* ,i d]iv$ f ^! two engrav+s 7( ,wilkes & ,*ur*ill71 toge!r ) occasionally rid+ on horseback1 re/or$ me to z mu* heal? z c be expect$ at my "t ( life4 ,he produc$ b "o m pr9t1 t ( ,f9is1 or ,! ,ba?os1 ,m>* #agfd1 a /range jumble ( fag ends1 int5d$ z a tail-piece to 8 collect$ pr9ts2 & on ! #bf? ,octob] ( ! same ye> he di$ ( an aneurism at 8 h\se 9 ,leice/] ,squ>e4 ,8 wife1 to :om he left 8 plates z a *ief s\rce ( income1 surviv$ him until #aghi4 ,he 0 buri$ 9 ,*iswick *ur*y>d1 :]e a tomb 0 erect$ to him by 8 fri5ds 9 #agga1 ) an epitaph by ,g>rick4 ,n f> (f1 on ! road to ,*iswick ,g>d5s1 /ill /&s ! little r$-brick ,georgian villa 9 :i* f ,septemb] #agdi until 8 dea? he sp5t ! summ] seasons4 ,aft] _m vicissitudes & *anges ( own]%ip x 0 pur*as$ 9 #aijb by ,lieut4-,colonel ,%ipway ( ,*iswick1 :o turn$ x into a ,hog>? museum & pres]v$ x to ! nation4 ,f su* records ( him z survive1 ,hog>? appe>s to h be5 mu* :at f 8 portrait "o might suppose him to h be5--a blue-ey$1 hone/1 combative little man1 ?or\ghly insul> 9 8 prejudices & antipa?ies1 fond ( flatt]y1 s5sitive l mo/ satiri/s1 a good fri5d1 an intractable enemy1 ambiti\s1 z he some:]e says1 9 all ?+s to be s+ul>1 & n always accurately e/imat+ ! ext5t ( 8 p[]s4 ,) ! art connoisseur%ip ( 8 day he 0 :olly at w>1 because1 z he believ$1 x fav\r$ =eign m$iocrity at ! exp5se ( native tal5t2 & 9 ! heat ( argum5t he w\ld probably1 z he admits1 (t5 come to utt] blasphem\s expressions aga9/ ! div9ity ev5 ( ,raphael ,urb9o1 ,correggio & ,mi*elangelo4 ,b x 0 r aga9/ ! ?ird-rate copies ( ?ird-rate arti/s--! %ip-loads ( dead ,*ri/s1 ,holy ,families & ,madonnas--t 8 indignation 0 direct$2 & 9 speak+ ( 8 attitude ) reg>d to ! great ma/]s ( art1 x is well to rememb] 8 words to ,mrs ,piozzi3--,! connoisseurs & ,i are at w>1 y "k2 & because ,i hate !m1 !y ?9k ,i hate ,titian--& let !m6 ,b no d\bt x 0 9 a measure ow+ to ?is ho/ile attitude ( 8 t[>ds ! all-p[]ful picture-brok]s t 8 contempor>ies fail$ to recognize adequately 8 m]its z a pa9t]1 & p]si/$ 9 reg>d+ him z an +5i\s humori/ alone4 ,"t has rev]s$ t unju/ s5t5ce4 ,he is n[ held to h be5 a spl5did pa9t]1 pure & h>moni\s 9 8 col\r+1 wond]fully dext]\s & direct 9 8 h&l+1 & 9 8 composition leav+ little or no?+ to be desir$4 ,z an engrav] 8 "w is m conspicu\s = its vig\r1 _s & intelligibility ?an = f9i% & beauty ( l9e4 ,he desir$ t x %\ld tell its own tale pla9ly1 & be> ! di/9ct impress ( 8 individuality1 & 9 ?is he ?or\ghly succe$$4 ,z a draughtsman 8 skill has sometimes be5 debat$1 & 8 "w at times und\bt$ly be>s m>ks ( ha/e1 & ev5 c>elessness4 ,if1 h[ev]1 he is judg$ by 8 be/ in/ead ( 8 wor/1 he w n be f\nd want+ 9 ?is respect4 ,b x is n aft] all z a draughtsman1 an engrav] or a pa9t] t he claims 8 unique position among ,engli% arti/s--x is z a humori/ & a satiri/ ^u canvas4 ,reg>d$ 9 ?is light he has nev] be5 equall$1 :e!r = 8 vig\r ( realism & dramatic p[]1 8 fancy & inv5tion 9 ! decoration ( 8 /ory1 or 8 m]ciless anatomy & exposure ( folly & wick$ness4 ,if we reg>d him--z he lov$ to reg>d himself--z au?or r ?an arti/1 8 place is ) ! great ma/]s ( lit]ature--) ! ,?ack]ays & ,field+s1 ! ,c]vantes & ,moli]es4 ,,au?orities4--,! ma9 body ( ,hog>? lit]ature is to be f\nd 9 ! autobiographical ,memor&a publi%$ by ,john ,irel& 9 #agih1 & 9 ! successive ,anecdotes ( ! antiqu>y ,john ,ni*ols4 ,mu* m9ute in=mation has also be5 collect$ 9 ,f4 ,g4 ,/eph5s's ,catalogue ( ! ,satirical ,pr9ts & ,draw+s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,b a copi\s bibliography ( books1 pamphlets1 c41 relat+ to ,hog>?1 toge!r ) detail$ catalogues ( 8 pa9t+s & pr9ts1 w be f\nd 9 ! ,memoir ( ,hog>? by ,au/9 ,dobson4 ,fir/ issu$ 9 #ahgi1 ?is 0 repr9t$ & exp&$ 9 #ahia1 #ahig1 #aijb & f9ally 9 #aijg4 ,pictures by ,hog>? f private collections are con/antly to be f\nd at ! annual exhibitions ( ! ,old ,ma/]s at ,burl+ton ,h\se2 b mo/ ( ! be/-kn[n works h p]man5t homes 9 public gall]ies4 ,m>riage a la mode4 ,sigismunda1 ,lav9ia ,f5ton1 ! ,%rimp ,girl1 ! ,gate ( ,calais1 ! portraits ( himself1 8 si/] & 8 s]vants1 are all 9 ! ,national ,gall]y2 ! ,rake's ,progress & ! ,election ,s]ies1 9 ! ,soane ,museum2 & ! ,m>* to ,f9*ley & ,capta9 ,coram 9 ! ,f\ndl+4 ,!re are also notable pictures 9 ! ,fitzwilliam ,museum at ,cambridge & ! ,national ,portrait ,gall]y4 ,at ! ,pr9t ,room 9 ! ,briti% ,museum !re is also a v int]e/+ set ( sixte5 designs = ! s]ies call$ ,indu/ry & ,idl5ess1 ! majority ( :i* =m]ly belong$ to ,horace ,walpole4 7,a4 ,d47 ,,hogg1 ,,james 7#aggj-ahce71 ,scotti% poet1 kn[n z ! ,ettrick ,%eph]d1 0 baptiz$ at ,ettrick 9 ,selkirk%ire on ! #i? ( ,decemb] #aggj4 ,8 ance/ors _h be5 %eph]ds = c5turies4 ,he receiv$ h>dly any s*ool tra9+1 & seems to h _h difficulty 9 gett+ books to read4 ,aft] sp5d+ 8 e>ly ye>s h]d+ %eep = diff]5t ma/]s1 he 0 engag$ z %eph]d by ,mr ,laidlaw1 t5ant ( ,blackh\se1 9 ! p>i% ( ,y>r[1 f #agij till #agii4 ,he 0 treat$ ) great k9dness1 & _h access to a l>ge collection ( books4 ,:5 ?is 0 exhau/$ he subscrib$ to a circulat+ libr>y 9 ,peebles4 ,:ile att5d+ to 8 flock1 he sp5t a great deal ( "t 9 read+4 ,he pr(it$ by ! company ( 8 ma/]'s sons1 ( :om ,william ,laidlaw is kn[n z ! fri5d ( ,scott & ! au?or ( ,lucy's ,flitt9'4 ,hogg's fir/ pr9t$ piece 0 ,! ,mi/akes ( a ,night 9 ! ,scots ,magaz9e = ,octob] #agid1 & 9 #ahja he publi%$ 8 ,scotti% ,pa/orals4 ,9 #ahjb ,hogg became acqua9t$ ) ,sir ,walt] ,scott1 :o 0 !n collect+ mat]ials = 8 ,bord] ,m9/relsy4 ,on ,scott's recomm5dation ,con/able publi%$ ,hogg's miscellane\s poems 7,! ,m\nta9 ,b>d7 9 #ahjg4 ,by ?is "w1 & by ,! ,%eph]d's ,guide1 be+ a ,practical ,treatise on ! ,diseases ( ,%eep1 ,hogg realiz$ ab\t ,l#cjj4 ,) ?is money he un=tunately emb>k$ 9 f>m+ 9 ,dumfries%ire1 & 9 ?ree ye>s 0 utt]ly ru9$1 hav+ to ab&on all 8 effects to 8 cr$itors4 ,he return$ to ,ettrick1 only to f9d t he c\ld n ev5 obta9 employm5t z a %eph]d2 s he set (f 9 ,febru>y #ahaj to pu% 8 =tune 9 ,ed9burgh z a lit]>y adv5tur]4 ,9 ! same ye> he publi%$ a collection ( songs1 ,! ,=e/ ,m9/rel1 to :i* he 0 ! l>ge/ contributor4 ,?is book1 be+ d$icat$ to ! c\ntess ( ,dalkei? 7aft]w>ds du*ess ( ,buccleu*71 & recomm5d$ to h] notice by ,scott1 0 rew>d$ ) a pres5t ( #ajj gu9eas4 ,he !n began a weekly p]iodical1 ,! ,spy1 :i* he cont9u$ f ,septemb] #ahaj till ,augu/ #ahaa4 ,! appe>ance ( ,! ,que5's ,wake 9 #ahac e/abli%$ ,hogg's reputation z a poet2 ,byron recomm5d$ x to ,john ,murray1 :o br\ght out an ,engli% edition4 ,! sc5e ( ! poem is laid 9 #aefa2 ! que5 is ,m>y ,/u>t2 & ! wake provides a simple framework = sev5te5 poems sung by rival b>ds4 ,x 0 foll[$ by ! ,pilgrims ( ! ,sun 7#ahae71 & ,mador ( ! ,moor 7#ahaf74 ,! du*ess ( ,buccleu*1 on h] dea?-b$ 7#ahad71 _h ask$ h] husb& to d some?+ = ! ,ettrick b>d2 & ! duke gave him a lease = life ( ! f>m ( ,altrive 9 ,y>r[1 consi/+ ( ab\t #gj acres ( moorl&1 on :i* ! poet built a h\se & sp5t ! la/ ye>s ( 8 life4 ,9 ord] to obta9 money to /ock 8 f>m ,hogg ask$ v>i\s poets to contribute to a volume ( v]se :i* %\ld be a k9d ( poetic b5efit = himself4 ,fail+ 9 8 applications he wrote a volume ( p>odies1 publi%$ 9 #ahaf1 z ,! ,poetic ,mirror1 or ! ,liv+ ,b>ds ( ,great ,brita94 ,he took possession ( 8 f>m 9 #ahag2 b 8 lit]>y ex]tions 7 nev] relax$4 ,be=e #ahbj he _h writt5 ! prose tales ( ,! ,br[nie ( ,bodsbeck 7#ahah7 & two volumes ( ,w9t] ,ev5+ ,tales 7#ahbj71 besides collect+1 edit+ & writ+ "p ( two volumes ( ,! ,jacobite ,relics ( ,scotl& 7#ahai-ahba71 & contribut+ l>gely to ,blackwood's ,magaz9e4 ,! ,*aldee ,,ms41 :i* appe>$ 9 ,blackwood's ,magaz9e 7,octob] #ahag71 & gave su* (f5ce t x 0 imm$iately )drawn1 0 l>gely ,hogg's "w4 ,9 #ahbj he m>ri$ ,m>g>et ,phillips1 a lady ( a good ,ann&ale family1 & f\nd himself possess$ ( ab\t ,l#ajjj1 a good h\se & a well-/ock$ f>m4 ,hogg's connexion ) ,blackwood's ,magaz9e kept him cont9ually be=e ! public2 8 contributions1 :i* include ! be/ ( 8 prose works1 7 collect$ 9 ! ,%eph]d's ,cal5d> 7#ahbi74 ,! wit & mis*ief ( "s ( 8 lit]>y fri5ds made free ) 8 "n z ! ,%eph]d ( ! ,noctes ,ambrosianae1 & repres5t$ him 9 ludicr\s & grotesque aspects2 b ! effect ( ! :ole 0 fav\rable to 8 popul>ity4 ,:atev] may be ! m]its ( ! picture ( ! ,%eph]d 9 ! ,noctes ,ambrosianae--& no "o w d5y its p[] & g5ius1 writes ,pr(essor ,veit*--x is true1 all ! same1 t ?is ,%eph]d 0 n ! ,%eph]d ( ,ettrick or ! man ,james ,hogg4 ,he 0 nei!r a ,socrates nor a ,fal/aff1 nei!r to be cr$it$ ) ! wisdom & l(ty idealiz+s ( ! "o1 nor ) ! *>act]i/ic hum\r & co>s5ess ( ! o!r4 ,! ,?ree ,p]ils ( ,woman 7#ahbj71 & ,! ,?ree ,p]ils ( ,man 7#ahbb71 7 foll[$ 9 #ahbe by an epic poem1 ,que5 ,hynde1 :i* 0 unfav\rably receiv$4 ,he visit$ ,london 9 #ahcb1 & 0 mu* lioniz$4 ,on 8 return a public d9n] 0 giv5 to him 9 ,peebles1--,pr(essor ,wilson 9 ! *air1--& he ackn[l$g$ t he _h at la/ f\nd fame4 ,8 heal?1 h[ev]1 0 s]i\sly impair$4 ,) 8 p5 9 8 h& to ! la/1 ,hogg 9 #ahcd publi%$ a volume ( ,lay ,s]mons1 & ,! ,dome/ic ,mann]s & ,private ,life ( ,sir ,walt] ,scott1 a book :i* ,lockh>t reg>d$ z an infr+em5t on 8 rights4 ,9 #ahce appe>$ ?ree volumes ( ,tales ( ! ,w>s ( ,montrose4 ,hogg di$ on ! #ba/ ( ,novemb] #ahce1 & 0 buri$ 9 ! *ur*y>d ( 8 native p>i% ,ettrick4 ,8 fame _h seem$ to fill ! :ole di/rict1 & 0 brighte/ at its close2 8 pres5ce 0 associat$ ) all ! bord] sports & fe/ivities2 & z a man ,james ,hogg 0 ev] frank1 joy\s & *>itable4 ,x is ma9ly z a great peasant poet t he lives 9 lit]ature4 ,"s ( 8 lyrics & m9or poems--8 ,skyl>k1 ,:5 ! ,kye comes ,hame1 8 v]ses on ! ,comet & ,ev5+ ,/>1 & 8 ,address to ,lady ,ann ,scott--are exquisite4 ,! ,que5's ,wake unites 8 *>act]i/ic excell5ces--8 comm& ( ! old romantic ballad /yle1 8 graceful fairy my?ology & 8 a]ial flights ( imag9ation4 ,9 ! fairy /ory ( ,kilm5y 9 ?is "w ,hogg seems completely trans=m$2 he is absorb$ 9 ! ideal & sup]natural1 & writes "u direct & imm$iate inspiration4 ,see ,hogg's ,memoir ( ! ,au?or's ,life1 writt5 by himself1 prefix$ to ! #crd edition 7#ahba7 ( ,! ,m\nta9 ,b>d1 also ,memorials ( ,james ,hogg1 ! ,ettrick ,%eph]d1 edit$ by 8 daught]1 ,mrs ,m4 ,g4 ,g>d5 7enl>g$ edition ) preface by ,pr(essor ,veit*1 #aijc71 & ,sir ,g4 ,b4 ,s4 ,d\glas1 ,james ,hogg 7#ahii7 9 ! ,fam\s ,scots s]ies2 also ,! ,poems ( ,james ,hogg1 select$ by ,william ,wallace 7#aijc74 ,john ,wilson 7,*ri/oph] ,nor?7 _h a real affection = ,hogg1 b = "s reason or o!r made no use ( ! mat]ials plac$ 9 8 h&s = a biography ( ! poet4 ,! memoir m5tion$ on ! title-page ( ! ,works 7#ahch-ahdj7 nev] appe>$1 & ! memoir prefix$ to ! edition ( ,hogg's works publi%$ by ,blackie ,co4 7#ahfe7 0 writt5 by ! ,rev4 ,?omas ,?ompson4 ,see also ,wilson's ,noctes ,ambrosianae2 ,mrs ,oliphant's ,annals ( a ,publi%+ ,h\se1 vol4 i4 *ap4 vii42 ,gilfillan's ,fir/ ,gall]y ( ,lit]>y ,portraits2 ,cunn+ham's ,biog4 & ,crit4 ,hi/4 ( ,lit42 & ! g5]al index to ,blackwood's ,magaz9e4 ,a collect$ edition ( ,hogg's ,tales appe>$ 9 #ahcg 9 #f vols41 & a second 9 #ahea2 8 ,poetical ,works 7 publi%$ 9 #ahbb1 #ahch-ahdj & #ahfe-ahff4 ,= an admirable acc\nt ( ! social ent]ta9m5ts ,hogg us$ to give 9 ,ed9burgh1 see ,memoir ( ,rob]t ,*amb]s 7#ahgd71 by ,dr ,william ,*amb]s1 pp4 #bfc-bgj4 ,,hogg1 ,,?omas ,,jeff]son 7#agib-ahfb71 ,engli% man ( lett]s1 0 born at ,norton1 ,durham1 on ! #bd? ( ,may #agib4 ,he 0 educat$ at ,durham gramm> s*ool & at ,univ]sity ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,"h he became ! intimate fri5d ( ! poet ,%elley1 ) :om 9 #ahaa he 0 expell$ f ! univ]sity = refus+ to disclaim connexion ) ! au?or%ip ( ! pamphlet ,! ,necessity = ,a!ism4 ,he 0 !n s5t to /udy law at ,york1 :]e he rema9$ = six mon?s4 ,hogg's behavi\r to ,h>riet ,%elley int]rupt$ 8 relations ) h] husb& = "s "t1 b 9 #ahac ! fri5d%ip 0 r5ew$ 9 ,london4 ,9 #ahag ,hogg 0 call$ to ! b>1 & became lat] a revis+ b>ri/]4 ,9 #ahdd he inh]it$ ,l#bjjj "u ,%elley's w1 & 9 #ahee1 9 accordance ) ! wi%es ( ! poet's family1 began to write ,%elley's biography4 ,! fir/ two volumes ( x 7 publi%$ 9 #aheh1 b !y prov$ to be f> m an autobiography ?an a biography1 & ,%elley's repres5tatives refus$ ,hogg fur!r access to ! mat]ials necess>y = its completion4 ,hogg di$ on ! #bg? ( ,augu/ #ahfb4 ,,hogmanay1 ! "n 9 ,scotl& & "s p>ts ( ! nor? ( ,engl& = ,new ,ye>'s ,eve1 z also = ! cake !n giv5 to ! *ildr54 ,on ! morn+ ( ! #ca/ ( ,decemb] ! *ildr5 9 small b&s g f door to door s++3 ,hogmanay ,trollolay ,gie's o' y\r :ite bread & nane o' y\r grey2 & begg+ = small gifts or alms4 ,^! usually take ! =m ( an oat5 cake4 ,! d]ivation ( ! t]m has be5 mu* disput$4 ,cotgrave 7#afaa7 says3 ,x is ! voice ( ! c\ntry folks begg+ small pres5ts or ,new ,ye>'s gifts 444 an anci5t t]m ( rejoic+ d]iv$ f ! ,druids1 :o 7 wont ! fir/ ( ea* ,janu>y to g into ! woods1 :]e1 hav+ sacrific$ & banquett$ toge!r1 !y ga!r$ mi/letoe1 e/eem+ x excell5t to make bea/s fruitful & mo/ sov]ayne aga9/ all poyson4 ,& he connects ! ^w1 ?r\gh su* ,norman ,fr5* =ms z hogu9ane1 ) ! old ,fr5* aguilanneuf1 :i* he expla9s z au gui-l'an-neuf1 to ! mi/letoe6 ! ,new ,ye>6--?is be+ 7on 8 int]pretation7 ! ,druidical salutation to ! com+ ye> z ! revell]s issu$ f ! woods arm$ ) b\ghs ( mi/letoe4 ,b ?\gh ?is explanation may be accept$ z conta9+ ! tru? 9 ref]r+ ! ^w to a ,fr5* orig9al1 ,cotgrave's detail$ etymology is n[ repudiat$ by sci5tific philologi/s1 & ! id5tical ,fr5* aguilanneuf rema9s1 l x1 9 obscurity4 ,,hog%ead1 a cask = hold+ liquor or o!r commodities1 su* z tobacco1 sug>1 molasses1 c42 also a liquid measure ( capacity1 v>y+ ) ! cont5ts4 ,z a measure = be]1 cid]1 c41 x equals #ed gallons4 ,a /atute ( ,ri*>d ,,iii4 7#adhc7 fix$ ! hog%ead ( w9e at #fc w9e-gallons1 i4e4 #eb7a_/b7 imp]ial gallons4 ,! etymology ( ! ^w has be5 mu* discuss$4 ,accord+ to ,skeat1 ! orig9 is to be f\nd 9 ! "n = a cask or liquid measure appe>+ 9 v>i\s =ms 9 sev]al ,teutonic languages1 9 ,dut* oxho(t 7mod]n ok%o(d71 ,dan4 oxehov$1 ,o4 ,sw$4 oxhufvod1 c4 ,! ^w %\ld !re=e be oxhead1 & hog%ead is a m]e corruption4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! "n arose f ! br&+ ( su* a measure ) ! head ( an ox 7see ,notes & ,qu]ies1 s]ies iv4 #b1 #df1 note by ,h4 ,ti$eman74 ,! ,new ,engli% ,diction>y does n attempt any explanation ( ! t]m1 & takes hog%ead z ! orig9al =m1 f :i* ! =ms 9 o!r languages h be5 corrupt$4 ,! e>li] ,dut* =ms huke%ovet & hoek%oot are ne>] to ! ,engli% =m1 &1 fur!r1 ! ,dut* = ox is os4 ,,hoh5asp]g1 an anci5t =tress ( ,g]many1 9 ! k+dom ( ,wurttemb]g1 #aj m4 ,n4 ( ,/uttg>t1 is situat$ on a conical hill1 #aajj ft4 high1 ov]look+ ! t[n ( ,asp]g4 ,x 0 =m]ly /rongly =tifi$ & 0 long ! /ate prison ( ! k+dom ( ,wurttemb]g4 ,among ! _m :o h be5 int]n$ "h may be m5tion$ ! notori\s ,jew f9anci]1 ,joseph ,suss-,opp5heim] 7#afib-agch7 & ! poet ,c4 ,f4 ,d4 ,s*ub>t 7#agci-agia74 ,x is n[ a re=matory4 ,hoh5asp]g orig9ally belong$ to ! c\nts ( ,calw2 x next pass$ to ! c\nts palat9e ( ,tub+5 & f !m 0 acquir$ 9 #acjh by ,wurttemb]g4 ,9 #aece ! =tifications 7 ext5d$ & /r5g!n$1 & 9 #afce ! t[n 0 tak5 by ! ,imp]iali/s1 :o occupi$ x until #afdi4 ,see ,s*on1 ,die ,/aatsgefang55 von ,hoh5asp]g 7,/uttg>t1 #ahii72 & ,biff>t1 ,ges*i*te d] ,wurttemb]gis*5 ,fe/e ,hoh5asp]g 7,/uttg>t1 #aheh74 ,,hoh5fri$b]g1 or ,,hoh5fri$eb]g1 a village ( ,silesia1 ab\t #f m4 f ! small t[n ( ,/riegau4 ,x gives its "n to a battle 7also call$ ! battle ( ,/riegau7 9 ! ,w> ( ! ,au/rian ,succession1 f\ght on ! #crd ( ,june #agde betwe5 ! ,prussians "u ,fr$]ick ! ,great & ! ,au/rians & ,saxons comm&$ by ,pr9ce ,*>les ( ,lorra9e4 ,9 ,may ! k+1 ^: army _h occupi$ ext5d$ w9t] qu>t]s 9 ,silesia1 _h drawn x toge!r into a position ab\t ,neisse :5ce he c\ld manoeuvre aga9/ ! ,au/rians1 :e!r !y invad$ ,silesia by ,troppau or ,glatz1 or jo9$ _! allies 7:o1 "u ! duke ( ,weiss5fels1 7 on ! upp] ,elbe71 & made _! advance on ,s*weidnitz1 ,breslau or ,liegnitz4 ,on ! ,au/rians conc5trat+ t[>ds ! ,elbe1 ,fr$]ick gradually drew 8 army nor?-we/w>d along ! edge ( ! m\nta9 c\ntry until on ! #a/ ( ,june x 0 ne> ,s*weidnitz4 ,at t date ! ,au/ro-,saxons 7 advanc+ 7v sl[ly ow+ to ! poorness ( ! roads & ! dilator9ess ( ! ,saxon artill]y tra97 f ,wald5burg & ,l&%ut ?r\gh ! m\nta9s1 head+ = ,/riegau4 ,aft] a few m9or skirmi%es at ! end ( ,may1 ,fr$]ick _h made up 8 m9d to (f] no opposition to ! passage ( ! ,allies1 b to fall ^u !m z !y em]g$1 & ! ,prussian army 0 !re=e kept conc5trat$ out ( sight1 :ile only select$ (fic]s & patrols wat*$ ! deb\*es ( ! m\nta9s4 ,on ! o!r h& ! ,allies _h no int5tion ( deliv]+ battle1 b meant only1 on em]g+ f ! m\nta9s1 to take up a suitable camp+ position & !nce to int]pose betwe5 ,breslau & ! k+1 believ+ t ! k+ 0 at 8 wits' end1 &1 once ! army really began its retreat on ,breslau1 !re w\ld be frightful con/]nation 9 its ranks4 ,b 9 fact1 z ev5 ! coole/ obs]v]s notic$1 ! ,prussian army 0 9 excell5t spirits & eag] = ! decisive affair promis$ by ! k+4 ,on ! #crd ( ,june1 wat*$ by ! invisible patrols1 ! ,au/rians & ,saxons em]g$ f ! hills at ,hoh5fri$b]g ) b&s play+ & col\rs fly+4 ,_! advanc$ gu>d ( infantry & cavalry spread out into ! pla91 mak+ = a l9e ( hills spread+ nor?-we/ f ,/riegau1 :]e ! army 0 to encamp4 ,b ! ma9 body mov$ sl[ly1 & at la/ ,pr9ce ,*>les & ,weiss5fels decid$ to put (f ! occupation ( ! l9e ( hills till ! morr[4 ,! army biv\ack$ !re=e 9 two sep>ate w+s1 ! ,saxons 7) a few ,au/rian regim5ts7 betwe5 ,gun!rsdorf & ,pilgram%a91 ! ,au/rians ne> ,hausdorf4 ,!y 7 ab\t #gj1jjj /rong1 ,fr$]ick #fe1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,hoh5fri$b]g1 ,june #d1 #agde4 ,! k+ _h made 8 arrangem5ts 9 good "t1 aid$ by ! enemy's sl[ness1 & 9 ! ev5+ he issu$ simple ord]s to move4 ,ab\t #i ,p4,m4 ! ,prussians m>*$ (f f ,alt-,jau]nigk t[>ds ,/riegau1 ! guns on ! road1 ! infantry & cavalry1 9 long op5 columns ( companies & squadrons1 ov] ! fields on ei!r side--a night m>* well rememb]$ by contra/ ) o!rs z hav+ be5 execut$ 9 p]fect ord]4 ,mean:ile ,g5]al ,dum\l91 :o comm&$ an advanc$ deta*m5t betwe5 ,/riegau & ,/an[itz1 broke camp sil5tly & mov$ into position bel[ ! hill nor?-we/ ( ,/riegau1 :i* 0 f\nd to be occupi$ by ,saxon light infantry outpo/s4 ,! k+'s ord]s 7 = ,dum\l9 & ! "r w+ ( ! ma9 army to deploy & advance t[>ds ,hasli*t aga9/ ! ,saxons1 & = ! left w+ infantry to prolong ! l9e f ! m>% to ,gun!rsdorf1 cov]$ by ! left-w+ cavalry on ! pla9 ne> ,?omaswaldau4 ,on ! side ( ! ,au/rians1 ! outly+ huss>s are said to h notic$ & report$ ! k+'s movem5t1 = ! night 0 cle> & />lit1 b _! report1 if made1 0 ignor$4 ,at #d ,a4,m4 ,dum\l9 advanc$ on ,pilgram%a91 neglect+ ! fire ( ! ,saxon outpo/ on ! ,spitzb]g1 :]eupon ?is promptly retir$ 9 ord] to avoid be+ surr\nd$4 ,dum\l9 !n po/$ artill]y on ! slope ( ! hill & deploy$ 8 six gr5adi] battalions fac+ ! village4 ,! lead+ cavalry ( ! ma9 army came up & deploy$ on ,dum\l9's left front 9 op5 roll+ gr\nd4 ,meantime ! duke ( ,weiss5fels _h improvis$ a l9e ( def5ce1 po/+ 8 infantry 9 ! m>%y gr\nd & ab\t ,pilgram%a91 & 8 cavalry1 p>tly 9 front ( ,pilgram%a9 & p>tly on ! int]v5+ space1 opposite t ( ! ,prussians4 ,b be=e ! m>%y gr\nd 0 effectively occupi$ by ! duke's infantry1 8 cavalry _h be5 fir/ %ak5 by ! fire ( ,dum\l9's guns on ! ,spitzb]g & a heavy batt]y t 0 br\ght up on to ! ,grab5] ,fu*sb]g1 & !n *>g$ by ! ,prussian "r-w+ cavalry1 & 9 ! melee ! ,allies 7 gradually driv5 9 confusion (f ! battlefield4 ,! cavalry battle 0 end$ by #f4cj ,a4,m41 by :i* "t ,dum\l9's gr5adi]s1 /iff5$ by ! l9e regim5t ,anhalt 7! ,old ,dessau]'s own71 7 vigor\sly attack+ ! g>d5 h$ges & walls ( ,pilgram%a91 & ! ,saxon & ,au/rian infantry 9 ! m>% 0 be+ attack$ by ,pr9ce ,dietri* ( ,dessau ) ! "r w+ ( ! k+'s infantry4 ,! l9e infantry ( ^? days1 h[ev]1 did n "w easily 9 bad gr\nd1 & ! ,saxons 7 /eady & well drill$4 ,aft] an h\r's fight1 well support$ by ! guns & cont9ually re9=c$ z ! re/ ( ! army clos$ up1 ! pr9ce expell$ ! enemy f ! m>%1 :ile ,dum\l9 drove ! light troops out ( ,pilgram%a94 ,by #g ,a4,m4 ! ,saxons1 =m+ ! left w+ ( ! alli$ army1 7 9 full retreat4 ,:ile 8 allies 7 be+ defeat$1 ,pr9ce ,*>les ( ,lorra9e _h done no?+1 believ+ t ! cannonade 0 m]ely an outpo/ affair = ! possession ( ! ,spitzb]g4 ,8 g5]als inde$ _h drawn out _! respective comm&s 9 ord] ( battle1 ! infantry s\? ( ,gun!rsdorf1 ! cavalry ne> ,?omaswaldau1 b !y _h no au?ority to advance )\t ord]s1 & /ood inactive1 :ile1 #a m4 away1 ! ,prussian columns 7 defil+ ov] ! ,/riegau ,wat]4 ,?is phase ( ! k+'s advance 0 ! mo/ delicate ( all1 & ! mom5t t he he>d f ,pr9ce ,dietri* t ! m>% 0 captur$ he /opp$ ! nor?w>d fl[ ( 8 battalions & swung !m we/w>d1 ! left w+ cavalry hav+ to cov] _! deploym5t4 ,b :5 "o-?ird ( ?is cavalry only _h cross$ at ,tei*au ! bridge broke4 ,= a "t ! advanc$ squadrons 7 9 great dang]4 ,b !y *>g$ boldly1 & a disjo9t$ cavalry battle began1 dur+ :i* 7,zie!n's huss>s hav+ discov]$ a =d7 ! re/ ( ! left-w+ cavalry 0 able to cross4 ,at la/ #be intact squadrons "u ,lieut4-,g5]al von ,nassau *>g$ & drove ! ,au/rians 9 disord] t[>ds ,hoh5fri$b]g4 ,?is action 0 ! m cr$itable to ! victors 9 t #de squadrons 9 #c sep>ate fractions defeat$ a mass ( #fj squadrons t /ood already deploy$ to meet !m4 ,mean:ile ! ,prussian infantry columns ( ! c5tre & left _h cross$ ,/riegau ,wat] & deploy$ to _! left1 & by #h4cj !y 7 advanc+ on ,gun!rsdorf & ! ,au/rian infantry s\? ( t place4 ,fr$]ick's purpose 0 to roll up ! enemy f _! inn] flank1 & :ile ,pr9ce ,dietri*1 ) mo/ ( ! troops t _h =c$ ! ,saxons out ( ! m>%1 pursu$ ,weiss5fels1 two regim5ts ( 8 & "o ( ,dum\l9's 7 br\ght ov] to ! left w+ & s5t aga9/ ! nor? side ( ,gun!rsdorf4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! g5]al =w>d movem5t1 :i* 0 made 9 :at 0 = ^? days a v irregul> l9e1 a wide gap op5$ up betwe5 ! c5tre & left1 beh9d :i* #aj squadrons ( ! ,bayreu? dragoon regim5t1 ) ,lieut4-,g5]al von ,gessl]1 took up _! position4 ,?us ! l9e advanc$4 ,! gr5adi]s on ! extreme left cle>$ ,?omaswaldau1 & _! fire gall$ ! ,au/rian squadrons engag$ 9 ! cavalry battle to ! s\?4 ,!n ,gun!rsdorf1 attack$ on ?ree sides1 0 also evacuat$ by ! enemy4 ,b al?\gh ,fr$]ick rode back f ! front say+ ! battle is won1 ! ,prussian infantry1 9 spite ( its sup]ior fire discipl9e1 fail$ = "s "t to ma/] ! def5ce1 & suff]$ heavily f ! eight close-range volleys !y receiv$1 "o or two regim5ts los+ #dj & #ej ( _! /r5g?4 ,! ,au/rians1 h[ev]1 suff]$ /ill m2 feel+ !mselves isolat$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! victori\s enemy1 !y began to wav]1 & at ! psy*ological mom5t ,gessl] & ! ,bayreu? dragoons *>g$ into _! ranks & broke ! equilibrium4 ,^! #aejj sabres scatt]$ tw5ty battalions ( ! enemy & br\ght 9 #bejj prison]s & #ff ,au/rian col\rs1 & 9 ?is a/\nd+ *>ge !y !mselves lo/ no m ?an #id m54 ,by n9e o'clock ! battle 0 ov]1 & ! wrecks ( ! ,au/ro-,saxon army 7 retreat+ to ! m\nta9s4 ,! ,prussians1 :o _h be5 m>*+ all night1 7 too f> sp5t to pursue4 ,! loss ( ! allies 0 9 all #ae1bbd1 #gihe kill$ & w\nd$1 & #gbci prison]s1 z well z #gb guns & #hc /&>ds & col\rs4 ,! ,prussians lo/ #dfff kill$ & w\nd$1 #ga miss+4 ,,hoh5heim1 a village ( ,g]many1 9 ! k+dom ( ,wurttemb]g1 #g m4 ,s4 ( ,/uttg>t by rail4 ,pop4 #cjj4 ,x came 9 #agfh f ! c\nts ( ,hoh5heim to ! dukes ( ,wurttemb]g1 & 9 #aghe ,duke ,k>l ,eug5 built a c\ntry h\se "h4 ,?is h\se ) gr\nds is n[ ! seat ( ! mo/ important agricultural college 9 ,g]many2 x 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahag1 0 rais$ to ! position ( a high s*ool 9 #ahfe1 & n[ ranks z a te*nical high s*ool ) univ]sity /atus4 ,see ,frohli*1 ,das ,s*loss und die ,akademie ,hoh5heim 7,/uttg>t1 #ahgj74 ,,hoh5limburg1 a t[n ( ,g]many1 on ! ,l5ne1 9 ! ,prussian prov4 ( ,we/phalia1 #cj m4 by rail ,s4,e4 ( ,dortmund4 ,pop4 7#aije7 #ab1gij4 ,x has two ,evangelical *ur*es1 a ,roman ,ca?olic *ur* & a synagogue4 ,! t[n is ! seat ( v>i\s iron & metal indu/ries1 :ile dye+1 clo?-mak+ & l95-weav+ are also c>ri$ on "h4 ,x is ! *ief t[n ( ! c\nty ( ,limburg1 & =m]ly belong$ to ! c\nts ( ,limburg1 a family :i* became ext9ct 9 #aejh4 ,lat] x pass$ to ! c\nts ( ,b5!im-,teckl5burg4 ,! ca/le ( ,hoh5limburg1 :i* ov]looks ! t[n1 is n[ ! resid5ce ( ,pr9ce ,adolf ( ,b5!im-,teckl5burg4 ,,hoh5lohe1 a ,g]man pr9cely family :i* took its "n f ! di/rict ( ,hoh5lohe 9 ,franconia4 ,at fir/ a c\nt%ip1 its two bran*es 7 rais$ to ! rank ( pr9cipalities ( ! ,empire 9 #agdd & #agfd respectively2 9 #ahjf !y lo/ _! indep5d5ce & _! l&s n[ =m "p ( ! k+doms ( ,bav>ia & ( ,wurttemb]g4 ,at ! "t ( ! m$iatization ! area ( ,hoh5lohe 0 #fhj sq4 m4 & its e/imat$ population 0 #ajh1jjj4 ,! family is fir/ m5tion$ 9 ! #ab? c5tury z possess+ ! ca/le ( ,hoh5lo*1 or ,hoh5lohe1 ne> ,uff5heim1 & its influ5ce 0 soon p]ceptible 9 sev]al ( ! ,franconian valleys1 includ+ ^? ( ! ,ko*]1 ! ,jag/ & ! ,taub]4 ,h5ry ,i4 7d4 #aahc7 0 ! fir/ to take ! title ( c\nt ( ,hoh5lohe1 & 9 #abcj 8 gr&sons1 ,gottfri$ & ,conrad1 support]s ( ! emp]or ,fr$]ick ,,ii41 f\nd$ ! l9es ( ,hoh5lohe-,hoh5lohe & ,hoh5lohe-,brauneck1 names tak5 f _! respective ca/les4 ,! latt] became ext9ct 9 #acij1 its l&s pass+ lat] to ,br&5burg1 :ile ! =m] 0 divid$ into sev]al bran*es1 only two ( :i*1 h[ev]1 ,hoh5lohe-,weik]%eim & ,hoh5lohe-,uff5heim-,speckfeld1 ne$ be m5tion$ "h4 ,hoh5lohe-,weik]%eim1 desc5d$ f ,c\nt ,kraft ,i4 7d4 #acac71 also und]w5t sev]al divisions1 t :i* took place aft] ! dea?s ( ,c\nts ,alb]t & ,george 9 #aeea be+ specially important4 ,at ?is "t ! l9es ( ,hoh5lohe-,neu5/e9 & ,hoh5lohe-,wald5burg 7 f\nd$ by ! sons ( ,c\nt ,george4 ,mean:ile1 9 #adab1 ! family ( ,hoh5lohe-,uff5heim-,speckfeld _h become ext9ct1 & its l&s _h pass$ ?r\gh ! m>riages ( its heiresses into o!r families4 ,! exi/+ bran*es ( ! ,hoh5lohe family are desc5d$ f ! l9es ( ,hoh5lohe-,neu5/e9 & ,hoh5lohe-,wald5burg1 e/abli%$ 9 #aeea4 ,! =m] ( ^! became ,prote/ant1 :ile ! latt] rema9$ ,ca?olic4 ,( ! family ( ,hoh5lohe-,neu5/e91 :i* und]w5t sev]al p>titions & inh]it$ ,glei*5 9 #afca1 ! s5ior l9e became ext9ct 9 #ahje1 :ile 9 #agja ! junior l9e divid$ itself into ?ree bran*es1 ^? ( ,lang5burg1 ,+elf+5 & ,kir*b]g4 ,kir*b]g di$ out 9 #ahfa1 b memb]s ( ! families ( ,hoh5lohe-,lang5burg & ,hoh5lohe-,+elf+5 are /ill alive1 ! latt] be+ repres5t$ by ! bran*es ( ,hoh5lohe-,+elf+5 & ,hoh5lohe-,ohr+54 ,! ,roman ,ca?olic family ( ,hoh5lohe-,wald5burg 0 soon divid$ into ?ree bran*es1 b two ( ^! _h di$ out by #agbi4 ,! surviv+ bran*1 t ( ,s*ill+sfur/1 0 divid$ into ! l9es ( ,hoh5lohe-,s*ill+sfur/ & ,hoh5lohe-,b>t5/e92 o!r divisions foll[$1 & ! f\r exi/+ l9es ( ?is bran* ( ! family are ^? ( ,wald5burg1 ,s*ill+sfur/1 ,jag/b]g & ,b>t5/e94 ,! family ( ,hoh5lohe-,s*ill+sfur/ possesses ! du*ies ( ,ratibor & ( ,corbie inh]it$ 9 #ahbd4 ,! pr9cipal memb]s ( ! family are dealt ) bel[4 ,i4 ,,fri$ri* ,,ludwig1 pr9ce ( ,hoh5lohe-,+elf+5 7#agdf-ahah71 ,prussian g5]al1 0 ! elde/ son ( ,pr9ce ,johann ,fri$ri* 7d4 #agif7 ( ,hoh5lohe-,+elf+51 & began 8 milit>y c>e] z a boy1 s]v+ aga9/ ! ,prussians 9 ! la/ ye>s ( ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>4 ,ent]+ ! ,prussian army aft] ! peace 7#agfh71 he 0 on acc\nt ( 8 rank at once made major1 & 9 #agge he became lieut5ant-colonel2 9 #aggh he took "p 9 ! ,w> ( ! ,bav>ian ,succession & ab\t ! same "t 0 made a colonel4 ,%ortly be=e ! dea? ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great he 0 promot$ to ! rank ( major-g5]al & appo9t$ *ief ( a regim5t4 ,= "s ye>s ! pr9ce did g>rison duty at ,breslau1 until 9 #agia he 0 made gov]nor ( ,b]l94 ,9 #agid he comm&$ a corps 9 ! ,prussian army on ! ,rh9e & di/+ui%$ himself greatly 9 _m engagem5ts1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! battle ( ,kais]slaut]n on ! #bj? ( ,septemb]4 ,he 0 at ?is "t ! mo/ popul> soldi] 9 ! ,prussian army4 ,blu*] wrote ( him t he 0 a lead] ( :om ! ,prussian army might well be pr\d4 ,he succe$$ 8 fa!r 9 ! pr9cipality1 & acquir$ additional l&s by 8 m>riage ) a daught] ( ,c\nt von ,hoym4 ,9 #ahjf ,hoh5lohe1 n[ a g5]al ( infantry1 0 appo9t$ to comm& ! left-w+ army ( ! ,prussian =ces oppos+ ,napoleon1 hav+ "u him ,pr9ce ,l\is ,f]d9& ( ,prussia2 b1 feel+ t 8 c>e] _h be5 t ( a pr9ce & n t ( a sci5tific soldi]1 he all[$ 8 qu>t]ma/]-g5]al ,mass5ba* to influ5ce him unduly4 ,disputes soon broke out betwe5 ,hoh5lohe & ! comm&]-9-*ief1 ! duke ( ,brunswick1 ! armies m>*$ hi!r & ?i!r )\t effective results1 & f9ally ,hoh5lohe's army 0 almo/ de/roy$ by ,napoleon at ,j5a 7see ,,napoleonic ,,campaigns74 ,! pr9ce display$ 8 usual p]sonal brav]y 9 ! battle1 & manag$ to rally a portion ( 8 corps ne> ,erfurt1 :5ce he retir$ into ,prussia4 ,b ! pursu]s foll[$ him up closely1 &1 /ill act+ "u ,mass5ba*'s advice1 he surr5d]$ ! remnant ( 8 army at ,pr5zlau on ! #bh? ( ,octob]1 a =tnight aft] ,j5a & ?ree weeks aft] ! beg9n+ ( ho/ilities4 ,hoh5lohe's =m] popul>ity & influ5ce 9 ! army _h n[ ! wor/ possible effect1 = ! comm&ants ( g>risons ev]y:]e lo/ he>t & foll[$ 8 example4 ,aft] two ye>s sp5t z a prison] ( w> 9 ,france ,hoh5lohe retir$ to 8 e/ates1 liv+ 9 self-impos$ obscurity until 8 dea? on ! #ae? ( ,febru>y #ahah4 ,he _h1 9 ,augu/ #ahjf1 j be=e ! outbreak ( ! ,fr5* ,w>1 resign$ ! pr9cipality to 8 elde/ son1 n be+ will+ to become a m$iatiz$ rul] "u ,wurttemb]g suz]a9ty4 ,,ii4 ,,ludwig ,,aloysius1 pr9ce ( ,hoh5lohe-,wald5burg-,b>t5/e9 7#agfe-ahbi71 m>%al & pe] ( ,france1 0 born on ! #ah? ( ,augu/ #agfe4 ,9 #aghd he ent]$ ! s]vice ( ! ,palat9ate1 :i* he quitt$ 9 #agib 9 ord] to take ! comm& ( a regim5t rais$ by 8 fa!r = ! s]vice ( ! emigrant pr9ces ( ,france4 ,he greatly di/+ui%$ himself "u ,conde 9 ! campaigns ( #agib-agic1 especially at ! /orm+ ( ! l9es ( ,weiss5burg4 ,subsequ5tly he ent]$ ! s]vice ( ,holl&1 &1 :5 almo/ surr\nd$ by ! army ( ,g5]al ,pi*egru1 conduct$ a ma/]ly retreat f ! isl& ( ,bommel4 ,f #agid to #agii he s]v$ z colonel 9 ! ,au/rian campaigns2 9 #agii he 0 nam$ major-g5]al by ! ar*duke ,*>les2 & aft] obta9+ ! rank ( lieut5ant-g5]al he 0 appo9t$ by ! emp]or gov]nor ( ! two ,galicias4 ,napoleon (f]$ to re/ore to him 8 pr9cipality on condition t he adh]$ to ! conf$]ation ( ! ,rh9e1 b z he refus$1 x 0 unit$ to ,wurttemb]g4 ,aft] ,napoleon's fall 9 #ahad he ent]$ ! ,fr5* s]vice1 & 9 #ahae he held ! comm& ( a regim5t rais$ by himself1 ) :i* he took "p 9 ! ,spani% campaign ( #ahbc4 ,9 #ahbg he 0 creat$ m>%al & pe] ( ,france4 ,he di$ at ,luneville on ! #cj? ( ,may #ahbi4 ,,iii4 ,,alex&] ,,leopold ,,franz ,,emm]i*1 pr9ce ( ,hoh5lohe-,wald5burg-,s*ill+sfur/ 7#agid-ahdi71 prie/ & reput$ miracle-work]1 0 born at ,kupf]zell1 ne> ,wald5burg1 on ! #ag? ( ,augu/ #agid4 ,by 8 "m1 ! daught] ( an ,hung>ian nobleman1 he 0 f infancy de/9$ = ! *ur*2 & %e entru/$ 8 e>ly education to ! ex-,jesuit ,riel4 ,9 #ahjd he ent]$ ! ,!resianum at ,vi5na1 9 #ahjh ! academy at ,b]n1 9 #ahaj ! ar*iepiscopal sem9>y at ,vi5na1 & aft]w>ds he /udi$ at ,tyrnau & ,ellwang54 ,he 0 orda9$ prie/ 9 #ahae1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> he w5t to ,rome1 :]e he ent]$ ! society ( ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,sacr$ ,he>t4 ,subsequ5tly1 at ,muni* & ,bamb]g1 he 0 blam$ = ,jesuit & obscuranti/ t5d5cies1 b obta9$ consid]able reputation z a prea*]4 ,8 fir/ co-call$ miracul\s cure 0 effect$1 9 conjunction ) a peasant1 ,m>t9 ,mi*el1 on a pr9cess ( ,s*w>z5b]g :o _h be5 = "s ye>s p>alytic4 ,imm$iately he acquir$ su* fame z a p]=m] ( miracul\s cures t multitudes f v>i\s c\ntries flock$ to p>take ( ! b5eficial influ5ce ( 8 suppos$ sup]natural gifts4 ,ultimately1 on acc\nt ( ! int]f]5ce ( ! au?orities ) 8 op]ations1 he w5t 9 #ahba to ,vi5na & !n to ,hung>y1 :]e he became canon at ,grossw>de9 & 9 #ahdd titul> bi%op ( ,s>dica4 ,he di$ at ,voslau ne> ,vi5na on ! #ag? ( ,novemb] #ahdi4 ,he 0 ! au?or ( a numb] ( ascetic & controv]sial writ+s1 :i* 7 collect$ & publi%$ 9 "o edition by ,s4 ,brunn] 9 #ahea4 ,,iv4 ,,kraft1 pr9ce ( ,hoh5lohe-,+elf+5 7#ahbg-ahib71 soldi] & milit>y writ]1 son ( ,pr9ce ,adolf ( ,hoh5lohe-,+elf+5 7#agig-ahgc71 0 born at ,kos*5t9 9 ,upp] ,silesia4 ,he 0 a nephew ( ! ,pr9ce ,hoh5lohe notic$ above1 :o comm&$ ! ,prussians at ,j5a4 ,educat$ ) great rig\r1 ow+ to ! impov]i%m5t ( ! family e/ates dur+ ! ,napoleonic w>s1 he 0 s5t into ! ,prussian army1 & commission$ to ! artill]y at ! lea/ exp5sive arm ( ! s]vice4 ,he jo9$ ! ,prussian ,gu>d artill]y 9 #ahde1 & x 0 soon discov]$ t he _h unusual aptitudes z an artill]y (fic]4 ,= a "t 8 bro!r (fic]s res5t$ ! pres5ce ( a pr9ce1 until x 0 f\nd t he made no attempt to use 8 social position to secure advancem5t4 ,aft] s]v+ z a milit>y atta*e 9 ,vi5na & on ! ,transylvanian fronti] dur+ ! ,crimean ,w>1 he 0 made a capta9 on ! g5]al /aff1 & 9 #ahef p]sonal aide-de-camp to ! k+1 rema9+1 h[ev]1 9 close t\* ) ! artill]y4 ,9 #ahfd1 hav+ become 9 ! mean:ile successively major & lieut4-colonel1 he resign$ ! /aff appo9tm5ts to become comm&] ( ! new ,gu>d ,field ,artill]y regim5t & 9 ! foll[+ ye> he became colonel4 ,9 #ahff he saw 8 fir/ real active s]vice4 ,9 ! bold advance ( ! ,gu>d corps on ! ,au/rian "r w+ at ,koniggratz 7see ,,sev5 ,,weeks' ,,w>71 he l$ ! ,gu>d res]ve artill]y ) ! greate/ da% & success1 & aft] ! %ort w> end$ he turn$ 8 en]gies1 n[ =tifi$ by exp]i5ce1 to ! bett] tactical tra9+ ( ! ,prussian artill]y4 ,9 #ahfh he 0 made a major-g5]al & assign$ to comm& ! ,gu>d artill]y brigade4 ,9 ?is capacity he ga9$ great di/9ction dur+ ! ,franco-,g]man w> & especially at ,gravelotte & ,s$an2 he 0 9 control ( ! artill]y attack on ! =tifications ( ,p>is4 ,9 #ahgc he 0 plac$ 9 comm& ( an infantry division1 & ?ree ye>s lat] 0 promot$ lieut5ant-g5]al4 ,he retir$ 9 #ahgi1 0 made g5]al ( infantry 9 #ahhc & g5]al ( artill]y 9 #ahhi4 ,8 milit>y writ+s 7 num]\s1 & among/ !m sev]al h become classics4 ,^! are ,briefe ub] ,artill]ie 7,eng4 trans4 ,lett]s on ,artill]y1 #ahhg72 ,briefe ub] ,/rategie 7#ahgg2 ,eng4 trans4 ,lett]s on ,/rategy1 #ahih72 & ,gespra*e ub] ,reit]ei 7#ahhg2 ,eng4 trans4 ,conv]sations on ,cavalry74 ,! ,briefe ub] ,infant]ie & ,briefe ub] ,kavall]ie 7translat$ into ,engli%1 ,lett]s on ,infantry1 ,lett]s on ,cavalry1 #ahhi7 are ( less importance1 ?\gh int]e/+ z a reflection ( prevail+ ,g]man ideas4 ,8 memoirs 7,aus me9em ,leb57 7 prep>$ 9 retirem5t ne> ,dresd51 & ! fir/ volume 7#ahig7 creat$ su* a s5sation t eight ye>s 7 all[$ to elapse be=e ! publication 0 cont9u$4 ,pr9ce ,kraft di$ ne> ,dresd5 on ! #af? ( ,janu>y #ahib4 7,c4 ,f4 ,a47 ,v4 ,,*lodwig ,,k>l ,,victor1 pr9ce ( ,hoh5lohe-,s*ill+sfur/ 7#ahai-aija71 /atesman1 0 born on ! #ca/ ( ,m>* #ahai at ,s*ill+sfur/ 9 ,bav>ia4 ,8 fa!r1 ,pr9ce ,franz ,joseph 7#aghg-ahda71 0 a ,ca?olic1 8 "m1 ,pr9cess ,kon/anze ( ,hoh5lohe-,lang5burg1 a ,prote/ant4 ,9 accordance ) ! compromise cu/om>y at ! "t1 ,pr9ce ,*lodwig & 8 bro!rs 7 br\ght up 9 ! religion ( _! fa!r1 :ile 8 si/]s foll[$ t ( _! "m4 ,9 spite ( ! diff]5ce ( cre$ ! family 0 v unit$1 & x 0 to ! _s t r5d]$ ?is possible t ! pr9ce ow$ 8 lib]al & tol]ant po9t ( view1 :i* 0 to ex]cise an important influ5ce on 8 political activity4 ,z ! y\ng] son ( a cadet l9e ( 8 h\se x 0 necess>y = ,pr9ce ,*lodwig to foll[ a pr(ession4 ,= a :ile he ?\ght ( obta9+ a commission 9 ! ,briti% army ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( 8 aunt1 ,pr9cess ,feodora ( ,hoh5lohe-,lang5burg 7nee pr9cess ( ,le9+571 ,que5 ,victoria's half-si/]4 ,he decid$1 h[ev]1 to ent] ! ,prussian diplomatic s]vice4 ,8 application to be excus$ ! prelim9>y /eps1 :i* involv$ sev]al ye>s' "w 9 subord9ate positions 9 ! ,prussian civil s]vice1 0 refus$ by ,fr$]ick ,william ,,iv41 & ! pr9ce1 ) great good s5se1 decid$ to sacrifice 8 pride ( rank & to accept ! k+'s conditions4 ,z auscultator 9 ! c\rts at ,cobl5z he acquir$ a ta/e = jurisprud5ce1 became a ,ref]5d> 9 ,septemb] #ahdc1 & aft] "s mon?s ( travel 9 ,france1 ,switz]l& & ,italy w5t to ,potsdam z a civil s]vant 7,may #ac1 #ahdd74 ,^! e>ly ye>s 7 invaluable1 n only z giv+ him exp]i5ce ( practical affairs b z af=d+ him an insight into ! /r5g? & weakness ( ! ,prussian sy/em4 ,! imm$iate result 0 to confirm 8 ,lib]alism4 ,! ,prussian pr9ciple ( propagat+ enlight5m5t ) a /ick did n appeal to him2 he recogniz$ ! confusion & want ( cle> ideas 9 ! highe/ circles1 ! t5d5cy to make agreem5t ) ! views ( ! gov]nm5t ! te/ ( loyalty to ! /ate2 & he not$ 9 8 j\rnal 7,june #be1 #ahdd7 f\r ye>s be=e ! revolution ( '#dh1 a slight cause & we %all h a ris+4 ,! free press1 he notes on ano!r occasion1 is a necessity1 progress ! condition ( ! exi/5ce ( a /ate4 ,if he 0 an ard5t advocate ( ,g]man unity1 & saw 9 ,prussia ! in/rum5t = its atta9m5t1 he 0 ?r\gh\t oppos$ to ! ,prussification ( ,g]many1 & ultimately x 0 he :o made ! unification ( ,g]many possible by insi/+ at once on ! pr9ciple ( union ) ! ,nor? ,g]man /ates & at ! same "t on ! pres]vation ( ! individuality ( ! /ates ( ! ,s\?4 ,on ! #ab? ( ,novemb] #ahcd ! l&grave ,viktor ,amadeus ( ,hesse-,rot5burg di$1 leav+ to 8 nephews1 ! pr9ces ,viktor & ,*lodwig ,hoh5lohe1 8 allodial e/ates3 ! du*y ( ,ratibor 9 ,silesia1 ! pr9cipality ( ,corvey 9 ,we/phalia1 & ! lord%ip ( ,treffurt 9 ! ,prussian gov]nm5tal di/rict ( ,erfurt4 ,on ! dea? ( ,pr9ce ,franz ,joseph on ! #ad? ( ,janu>y #ahda x 0 decid$ t ! pr9cipality ( ,s*ill+sfur/ %\ld pass to ! ?ird bro!r1 ,philipp ,ern/1 z ! two eld] sons1 ,viktor & ,*lodwig1 7 provid$ = already "u _! uncle's w1 ! "o ) ! du*y ( ,ratibor1 ! o!r ) ,corvey & ,treffurt4 ,! y\nge/ son1 ,gu/av 7b4 ,febru>y #bh1 #ahbc71 ! future c>d9al1 0 de/9$ = ! ,*ur*4 ,on ! dea? ( ,pr9ce ,philipp ,ern/ 7,may #c1 #ahde7 a new arrangem5t 0 made3 ,pr9ce ,*lodwig became pr9ce ( ,s*ill+sfur/1 :ile ,corvey 0 assign$ to ! duke ( ,ratibor2 ,treffurt 0 subsequ5tly sold by ,pr9ce ,*lodwig1 :o pur*as$ ) ! price l>ge e/ates 9 ,pos54 ,?is involv$ a complete *ange 9 ,pr9ce ,*lodwig's c>e]4 ,8 new position z a reign+ pr9ce & h]$it>y memb] ( ! ,bav>ian ,upp] ,h\se 0 incompatible ) t ( a ,prussian (ficial4 ,on ! #ah? ( ,april #ahdf he took 8 seat z a memb] ( ! ,bav>ian ,rei*sra?1 & on ! #bf? ( ,june receiv$ 8 =mal dis*>ge f ! ,prussian s]vice4 ,save = ! int]lude ( #ahdh ! political life ( ,pr9ce ,hoh5lohe 0 = ! next eighte5 ye>s n ev5tful4 ,dur+ ! revolution>y ye>s 8 sympa?ies 7 ) ! ,lib]al idea ( a unit$ ,g]many1 & he compromis$ 8 *ances ( fav\r f ! k+ ( ,bav>ia by accept+ ! task 7,novemb] #a1 #ahdh7 ( ann\nc+ to ! c\rts ( ,rome1 ,flor5ce & ,a!ns ! accession to (fice ( ! ,ar*duke ,john ( ,au/ria z reg5t ( ,g]many4 ,b he 0 too %rewd an obs]v] to hope mu* f a national p>liam5t :i* wa/$ "t 9 idle babble1 or f a democratic victory :i* _h /unn$ b n de/roy$ ! ,g]man milit>y p[]s4 ,on ! #af? ( ,febru>y #ahdg he _h m>ri$ ! ,pr9cess ,m>ie ( ,sayn-,wittg5/e9-,b]leburg1 ! heiress to va/ e/ates 9 ,russia4#a ,?is l$ to a prolong$ visit to ,w]ki 9 ,li?uania 7#ahea-ahec7 9 connexion ) ! managem5t ( ! prop]ty1 a visit repeat$ 9 #ahfj4 ,9 g5]al ?is p]iod ( ,hoh5lohe's life 0 occupi$ 9 ! managem5t ( 8 e/ates1 9 ! sessions ( ! ,bav>ian ,rei*sra? & 9 travels4 ,9 #ahef he visit$ ,rome1 dur+ :i* he not$ ! baneful influ5ce ( ! ,jesuits4 ,9 #ahei he 0 /udy+ ! political situation at ,b]l91 & 9 ! same ye> he paid a visit to ,engl&4 ,! m>riage ( 8 bro!r ,kon/ant9 9 #ahei to ano!r pr9cess ( ,sayn-,wittg5/e9-,b]leburg l$ also to frequ5t visits to ,vi5na4 ,?us ,pr9ce ,hoh5lohe 0 br\ght into close t\* ) all ! mo/ notable p 9 ,europe4 ,at ! same "t1 dur+ ?is p]iod 7#ahej-ahff7 he 0 endeav\r+ to get into relations ) ! ,bav>ian gov]nm5t1 ) a view to tak+ a m active "p 9 affairs4 ,t[>ds ! ,g]man "q 8 attitude at ?is "t 0 t5tative4 ,he _h little hope ( a practical realization ( a unit$ ,g]many1 & incl9$ t[>ds ! trip>tite divisions "u ,au/ria1 ,prussia & ,bav>ia--! s-call$ ,trias4 ,he att5d$ ! ,fur/5tag at ,frank=t 9 #ahfc1 & 9 ! ,s*leswig-,hol/e9 "q 0 a support] ( ! pr9ce ( ,augu/5burg4 ,x 0 at ?is "t t1 at ! reque/ ( ,que5 ,victoria1 he began to s5d h] regul> reports on ! political condition ( ,g]many4 ,pr9ce ,hoh5lohe's importance 9 hi/ory1 h[ev]1 beg9s ) ! ye> #ahff4 ,9 8 op9ion ! w> 0 a bless+4 ,x _h demon/rat$ ! insignificance ( ! small & middle /ates1 a mis=tune = ! dyna/ies--) ^: feel+s a m$iatiz$ pr9ce c\ld sc>cely be expect$ to be ov]-sympa!tic--b ! be/ possible good =tune = ! ,g]man nation4 ,9 ! ,bav>ian ,rei*sra? ,hoh5lohe n[ began to make 8 voice he>d 9 fav\r ( a clos] union ) ,prussia2 cle>ly1 if su* a union 7 desirable1 he 0 ! man 9 e way be/ fitt$ to prep>e ! way = x4 ,"o ( ! ma9 ob/acles 9 ! way 0 ! temp]am5t ( ,l\is ,,ii4 ( ,bav>ia1 ^: ideas ( k+%ip 7 v remote f ^? ( ! ,hoh5zoll]ns1 ^: pride revolt$ f any concession to ,prussian sup]iority1 & :o--ev5 dur+ ! crisis ( #ahff--0 m absorb$ 9 op]as ?an 9 affairs ( /ate4 ,=tunately ,ri*>d ,wagn] 0 a politician z well z a compos]1 & equally =tunately ,hoh5lohe 0 a man ( culture capable ( appreciat+ ! ma/]'s g5ius4 ,x 0 ,wagn]1 app>5tly1 :o p]suad$ ! k+ to place ,hoh5lohe at ! head ( 8 gov]nm5t 7,d5kwurdigkeit51 i4 #agh1 #baa71 & on ! #ca/ ( ,decemb] #ahff ! pr9ce 0 duly appo9t$ m9i/] ( ! royal h\se & ( =eign affairs & presid5t ( ! c\ncil ( m9i/]s4 ,z head ( ! ,bav>ian gov]nm5t ,hoh5lohe's pr9cipal task 0 to discov] "s basis = an effective union ( ! ,s\? ,g]man /ates ) ! ,nor? ,g]man ,conf$]ation1 & dur+ ! ?ree critical ye>s ( 8 t5ure ( (fice he 01 next to ,bism>ck1 ! mo/ important /atesman 9 ,g]many4 ,he c>ri$ out ! reorganization ( ! ,bav>ian army on ! ,prussian model1 br\ght ab\t ! milit>y union ( ! s\!rn /ates1 & took a lead+ %>e 9 ! creation ( ! cu/oms p>liam5t 7,zollp>lam5t71 ( :i* on ! #bh? ( ,april #ahfh he 0 elect$ a vice-presid5t4 ,dur+ ! agitation t arose 9 connexion ) ! summon+ ( ! ,vatican c\ncil ,hoh5lohe took up an attitude ( /rong opposition to ! ultramontane position4 ,9 common ) 8 bro!rs1 ! duke ( ,ratibor & ! c>d9al1 he believ$ t ! policy ( ,pius ,,ix4--inspir$ by ! ,jesuits 7t devil's society1 z he once call$ x7--( sett+ ! ,*ur* 9 opposition to ! mod]n ,/ate w\ld prove ru9\s to bo?1 & t ! def9ition ( ! dogma ( papal infallibility1 by rais+ ! pron\ncem5ts ( ! ,syllabus ( #ahfd into articles ( fai?1 w\ld commit ! ,*ur* to ?is policy irrevocably4 ,?is view he embodi$ into a circul> note to ! ,ca?olic p[]s 7,april #i1 #ahfi71 drawn up by ,doll+]1 invit+ !m to ex]cise ! "r ( s5d+ ambassadors to ! c\ncil & to comb9e to prev5t ! def9ition ( ! dogma4 ,! great] p[]s1 h[ev]1 7 = "o reason or ano!r unwill+ to int]v5e1 & ! only practical outcome ( ,hoh5lohe's action 0 t 9 ,bav>ia ! p[]ful ultramontane p>ty comb9$ aga9/ him ) ! ,bav>ian patriots :o accus$ him ( b>t]+ away ,bav>ian indep5d5ce to ,prussia4 ,! comb9ation 0 too /rong = him2 a bill :i* he br\ght 9 = curb+ ! influ5ce ( ! ,*ur* ov] education 0 defeat$1 ! elections ( #ahfi w5t aga9/ him1 & 9 spite ( ! cont9u$ support ( ! k+ he 0 =c$ to resign 7,m>* #g1 #ahgj74 ,?\gh out ( (fice1 8 p]sonal influ5ce cont9u$ v great bo? at ,muni* & ,b]l9 & _h n a little to d ) fav\rable t]ms ( ! treaty ( ! ,nor? ,g]man ,conf$]ation ) ,bav>ia1 :i* embodi$ 8 views1 & ) its acceptance by ! ,bav>ian p>liam5t4#b ,elect$ a memb] ( ! ,g]man ,rei*/ag1 he 0 on ! #bcrd ( ,m>* #ahga *os5 "o ( its vice-presid5ts1 & 0 in/rum5tal 9 f\nd+ ! new gr\ps :i* took ! "n ( ! ,lib]al ,imp]ial p>ty 7,lib]ale ,rei*sp>tei71 ! objects ( :i* 7 to support ! new empire1 to secure its int]nal developm5t on ,lib]al l9es1 & to oppose cl]ical aggression z repres5t$ by ! ,ca?olic ,c5tre4 ,l ! duke ( ,ratibor1 ,hoh5lohe 0 f ! fir/ a /r5u\s support] ( ,bism>ck's anti-papal policy1 ! ma9 l9es ( :i* 7prohibition ( ! ,society ( ,jesus1 c47 he himself sugge/$4 ,?\gh sympa?iz+ ) ! motives ( ! ,old ,ca?olics1 h[ev]1 he realiz$ t !y 7 doom$ to s9k into a p[]less sect1 & did n jo9 !m1 believ+ t ! only hope = a re=m ( ! ,*ur* lay 9 ^? :o desir$ x rema9+ 9 h] communion4#c ,9 #ahgb ,bism>ck propos$ to appo9t ,c>d9al ,hoh5lohe ,prussian envoy at ! ,vatican1 b 8 views 7 too mu* 9 h>mony ) ^? ( 8 family1 & ! pope refus$ to receive him 9 ?is capacity4#d ,9 #ahgc ,bism>ck *ose ,pr9ce ,hoh5lohe to succe$ ,c\nt ,h>ry ,arnim z ambassador 9 ,p>is1 :]e he rema9$ = sev5 ye>s4 ,9 #ahgh he att5d$ ! congress ( ,b]l9 z ?ird ,g]man repres5tative1 & 9 #ahhj1 on ! dea? ( ,b]nh>dt ,ern/ von ,bul[ 7,octob] #bj71 secret>y ( /ate = =eign affairs1 he 0 call$ to ,b]l9 z tempor>y head ( ! ,=eign ,(fice & repres5tative ( ,bism>ck dur+ 8 abs5ce ?r\gh illness4 ,9 #ahhe he 0 *os5 to succe$ ,manteuffel z gov]nor ( ,alsace-,lorra9e4 ,9 ?is capacity he _h to c>ry out ! co]cive measures introduc$ by ! *ancellor 9 #ahhg-ahhh1 ?\gh he l>gely disapprov$ ( !m2#e 8 conciliatory disposition1 h[ev]1 did mu* to reconcile ! ,alsace-,lorra9]s to ,g]man rule4 ,he rema9$ at ,/rassburg till ,octob] #ahid1 :51 at ! urg5t reque/ ( ! emp]or1 he cons5t$1 9 spite ( 8 advanc$ ye>s1 to accept ! *ancellor%ip 9 succession to ,caprivi4 ,! ev5ts ( 8 *ancellor%ip belong to ! g5]al hi/ory ( ,g]many 7q4v472 z reg>ds ! inn] hi/ory ( ?is "t ! editor ( 8 memoirs has v prop]ly suppress$ ! great] "p ( ! detail$ comm5ts :i* ! pr9ce left beh9d him4 ,9 g5]al1 dur+ 8 t]m ( (fice1 ! p]sonality ( ! *ancellor 0 less conspicu\s 9 public affairs ?an 9 ! ease ( ei!r ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,8 appe>ances 9 ! ,prussian & ,g]man p>liam5ts 7 r>e1 & great indep5d5ce 0 left to ! secret>ies ( /ate4 ,:at influ5ce ! tact & exp]i5ce ( ,hoh5lohe ex]cis$ beh9d ! sc5es on ! ma/]ful w & impulsive "* ( ! emp]or _c z yet be g5]ally kn[n4 ,pr9ce ,hoh5lohe resign$ ! *ancellor%ip on ! #ag? ( ,octob] #aijj1 & di$ at ,ragaz on ! #f? ( ,july #aija4 ,on ! #af? ( ,febru>y #ahig he _h celebrat$ 8 gold5 w$d+2 on ! #ba/ ( ,decemb] ( ! same ye> ! pr9cess di$4 ,!re 7 six *ildr5 ( ! m>riage3 ,elizabe? 7b4 #ahdg72 ,/ephanie 7b4 #ahea72 ,philipp ,ern/1 reign+ pr9ce ( ,hoh5lohe-,s*ill+sfur/ 7b4 #ahec71 :o m>ri$ ,pr9cess ,*>ielee ,ypsilanti2 ,alb]t 7#aheg-ahff72 ,moritz & ,alex&]1 tw9s 7b4 #ahfb74 ,all o!r au?orities = ! life ( ,pr9ce ,hoh5lohe h be5 sup]s$$ by ! ,d5kwurdigkeit5 7#b vols41 ,/uttg>t & ,leipzig1 #aijf74 ,) ! exception not$ above ^! are s+ul>ly full & outspok51 ! latt] quality caus+ no little sc&al 9 ,g]many & br++ d[n on ,pr9ce ,alex&]1 :o 0 responsible = _! publication1 ! disfav\r ( ! emp]or4 ,!y =m n only ! record ( a s+ul>ly full & v>i$ life1 b are invaluable to ! hi/orian = ! weal? ( mat]ial !y conta9 & = appreciations ( m5 & ev5ts by an obs]v] :o _h ! be/ opportunities = =m+ a judgm5t4 ,! pr9ce himself !y reveal n only z a capable man ( affairs1 ?\gh fall+ %ort ( greatness1 b z a p]sonality ( s+ul> *>m1 t5aci\s ( 8 pr9ciples1 tol]ant1 broad-m9d$1 & possess$ ( a l>ge measure ( ! sav+ grace ( hum\r4 ,see g5]ally ,a4 ,f4 ,fis*]1 ,ges*i*te des ,hauses ,hoh5lohe 7#ahff-ahga72 ,k4 ,well]1 ,hoh5lohis*es ,urkund5bu*1 #aaec-acej 7,/uttg>t1 #ahii-aija71 & ,ges*i*te des ,hauses ,hoh5lohe 7,/uttg>t1 #aijd74 7,w4 ,a4 ,p42 ,c4 ,f4 ,a47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,?r\gh h] "m1 nee ,pr9cess ,/ephanie ,radziwill 7d4 #ahcb74 ,be=e ,pr9ce ,wittg5/e9's dea? 7#ahhg7 a new law _h =bidd5 =eign]s to hold l& 9 ,russia4 ,pr9ce ,hoh5lohe appe>s1 h[ev]1 to h sold "o ( 8 wife's e/ates & to h secur$ c]ta9 privileges f ! ,russian c\rt = ! re/4 #b ,spee* ( ,decemb] #cj1 #ahgj1 9 ! ,rei*sra?4 ,d5kwurdigkeit51 ii4 #cf4 #c ,if ,i wi%$ to leave ! ,*ur* because ( all ! sc&al\s occurr5ces 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 ,i %\ld h _h to sec$e :ile /udy+ ,*ur* hi/ory1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ib4 #d ,dr ,johann ,fri$ri* 7q4v471 aft]w>ds "o ( ! ,old ,ca?olic lead]s1 0 8 secret>y at ! "t ( ! ,vatican c\ncil1 & suppli$ hi/orical & !ological mat]ial to ! opposition bi%ops4 #e ,he prote/$ aga9/ ! passport sy/em z likely to lead to a w> ) ,france1 = :i* he pref]r$ n to be responsible 7,lett] to ,wilm[ski1 ,d5kw4 ii4 #dcc71 b on ! *ancellor tak+ full responsibility cons5t$ to reta9 (fice4 ,,hoh5/auf51 ! "n ( a village & ru9$ ca/le ne> ,lors* 9 ,swabia1 n[ 9 ! k+dom ( ,wurttemb]g1 :i* gave its "n to a celebrat$ ,swabian family1 memb]s ( :i* 7 emp]ors or ,g]man k+s f #aach to #abjh1 & aga9 f #abad to #abed4 ,! e>lie/ kn[n ance/or 0 ,fr$]ick1 c\nt ( ,bur5 7d4 #ajid71 ^: son ,fr$]ick built a ca/le at ,/auf51 or ,hoh5/auf51 & call$ himself by ?is "n4 ,he 0 a firm support] ( ! emp]or ,h5ry ,,iv41 :o rew>d$ 8 fidelity by grant+ him ! duk$om ( ,swabia 9 #ajgi1 & giv+ him 8 daught] ,agnes 9 m>riage4 ,9 #ajha he rema9$ 9 ,g]many z ,h5ry's repres5tative1 b only secur$ possession ( ,swabia aft] a /ruggle la/+ tw5ty ye>s4 ,9 #aaje ,fr$]ick 0 succe$$ by 8 son ,fr$]ick ,,ii41 call$ ! ,"o-ey$1 :o1 toge!r ) 8 bro!r ,conrad1 aft]w>ds ! ,g]man k+ ,conrad ,,iii41 held s\?-we/ ,g]many = _! uncle ! emp]or ,h5ry ,v4 ,fr$]ick inh]it$ ! e/ates ( ,h5ry ,v4 9 #aabe1 b fail$ to secure ! ?rone1 & took up an attitude ( ho/ility t[>ds ! new emp]or1 ,lo?air ! ,saxon1 :o claim$ "s ( ! e/ates ( ! late emp]or z cr[n prop]ty4 ,a w> broke out & end$ 9 ! complete submission ( ,fr$]ick at ,bamb]g4 ,he reta9$1 h[ev]1 8 duk$om & e/ates4 ,9 #aach ,conrad ( ,hoh5/auf5 0 elect$ ,g]man k+1 & 0 succe$$ 9 #aaeb1 n by 8 son b by 8 nephew ,fr$]ick ,b>b>ossa1 son ( 8 bro!r ,fr$]ick 7d4 #aadg74 ,conrad's son ,fr$]ick inh]it$ ! du*y ( ,franconia :i* 8 fa!r _h receiv$ 9 #aaae1 & ?is 0 reta9$ by ! ,hoh5/auf5 until ! dea? ( ,duke ,conrad ,,ii4 9 #aaif4 ,9 #aaeb ,fr$]ick receiv$ ! du*y ( ,swabia f 8 c\s9 ! ,g]man k+ ,fr$]ick ,i41 & on 8 dea? 9 #aafg x pass$ successively to ,fr$]ick's ?ree sons ,fr$]ick1 ,conrad & ,philip4 ,! second ,hoh5/auf5 emp]or 0 ,fr$]ick ,b>b>ossa's son1 ,h5ry ,,vi41 aft] ^: dea? a /ruggle = ! ?rone took place betwe5 ,h5ry's bro!r ,philip1 duke ( ,swabia1 & ,otto ( ,brunswick1 aft]w>ds ! emp]or ,otto ,,iv4 ,rega9$ = ! ,hoh5/auf5 by ,h5ry's son1 ,fr$]ick ,,ii41 9 #abad1 ! ,g]man k+dom pass$ to 8 son1 ,conrad ,,iv41 & :5 ,conrad's son ,conrad9 0 behead$ 9 ,italy 9 #abfh1 ! male l9e ( ! ,hoh5/auf5 became ext9ct4 ,daught]s ( ,philip ( ,swabia m>ri$ ,f]d9& ,,iii41 k+ ( ,ca/ile & ,leon1 & ,h5ry ,,ii41 duke ( ,brabant1 & a daught] ( ,conrad1 bro!r ( ! emp]or ,fr$]ick ,i41 m>ri$ into ! family ( ,guelph4 ,! ca/le ( ,hoh5/auf5 0 de/roy$ 9 ! #af? c5tury dur+ ! ,peasants' ,w>1 & only a few fragm5ts n[ rema94 ,see ,f4 von ,raum]1 ,ges*i*te d] ,hoh5/auf5 und ihr] ,zeit 7,leipzig1 #ahgh72 ,b4 ,f4 ,w4 ,zimm]mann1 ,ges*i*te d] ,hoh5/auf5 7,/uttg>t1 #a/ ed41 #ahch2 #bnd ed41 #ahfe72 ,f4 ,w4 ,s*irrma*]1 ,die letzt5 ,hoh5/auf5 7,gott+51 #ahga74 ,,hoh5/e9 7,hoh5/e9-,ern/?al71 a t[n ( ,g]many1 9 ! k+dom ( ,saxony1 on ! slopes ( ! ,erzgebirge1 & on ! railway ,rei*5ba*-,*emnitz1 #ab m4 ,n4,e4 ( ,zwickau4 ,pop4 7#aije7 #ac1ijc4 ,hoh5/e9 possesses two f9e ,evangelical *ur*es1 a t[n hall1 re/or$ 9 #ahgf1 & sev]al monum5ts to fam\s m54 ,! pr9cipal indu/ries are ! sp9n+ & weav+ ( cotton1 ! manufacture ( ma*9es1 /ock+s1 gloves & wooll5 & silk fabrics1 cotton pr9t+ & dye+4 ,_m ( ! inhabitants are also employ$ 9 ! neighb\r+ copp] & ars5ic m9es4 ,n f> f ,hoh5/e9 !re is a m9]al spr+1 connect$ ) :i* !re are v>i\s k9ds ( ba?s4 ,hoh5/e9 is ! bir?place ( ! physici/ ,g4 ,h4 von ,s*ub]t & ( ,c4 ,g4 ,s*rot] 7#afii-aghb71 "o ( ! inv5tors ( ! pian(orte4 ,hoh5/e9 consi/s ( two t[ns1 ,hoh5/e9 & ,ern/?al1 :i* 7 unit$ 9 #ahih4 ,ano!r place ( ! same "n is a t[n 9 ,ea/ ,prussia4 ,pop4 7#aijj7 #bdfg4 ,?is ,hoh5/e91 :i* 0 f\nd$ by ! ,teutonic ,ord] 9 #acei1 has a ,roman ,ca?olic & an ,evangelical *ur*1 a synagogue & sev]al educational e/abli%m5ts4 ,,hoh5zoll]n1 ! "n ( a ca/le :i* /ood on ! hill ( ,zoll]n ab\t #a7a_/b7 m4 s\? ( ,he*+51 & gave its "n to ! family to :i* ! pres5t ,g]man emp]or belongs4 ,a vague tradition connects ! h\se ) ! ,colonna family ( ,rome1 or ! ,colalto family ( ,lomb>dy2 b "o m def9ite unites ! ,hoh5zoll]ns ) ! ,burkh>d+]s1 :o 7 c\nts 9 ,raetia dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! #aj? c5tury1 & two ( :om became dukes ( ,swabia4 ,tassilo1 a memb] ( ?is family1 is said to h built a ca/le at ,zoll]n e>ly 9 ! #i? c5tury2 b ! fir/ hi/orical m5tion ( ! "n is 9 ! ,*ronicon ( a c]ta9 ,b]?old 7d4 #ajhh71 :o ref]s to ,burkh>d & ,wezil1 or ,w]n]1 ( ,zoll]n1 or ,zolor94 ,^! m5 appe> to h be5 c\nts ( ,zoll]n1 & to h met _! dea? 9 #ajfa4 ,! family ( ,wezil di$ out 9 #aaid1 & ! exi/+ bran*es ( ! ,hoh5zoll]ns are desc5d$ f ,burkh>d & 8 son ,fr$]ick1 ^: elde/ son1 ,fr$]ick ,,ii41 0 9 great fav\r ) ! ,g]man k+s1 ,lo?air ! ,saxon & ,conrad ,,iii4 ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 di$ ab\t #aade1 & 8 son & successor1 ,fr$]ick ,,iii41 0 a con/ant support] ( ! ,hoh5/auf54 ,?is c\nt m>ri$ ,sophia1 daught] & heiress ( ,conrad1 burgrave ( ,nuremb]g1 & ab\t #aaib he succe$$ 8 fa!r-9-law z burgrave1 obta9+ also "s l&s 9 ,au/ria & ,franconia4 ,he di$ ab\t #abjj1 & 8 sons1 ,conrad & ,fr$]ick1 rul$ _! l&s 9 common until #abbg1 :5 an important division took place4 ,conrad became burgrave ( ,nuremb]g1 &1 receiv+ ! l&s :i* _h come into ! family ?r\gh 8 "m1 f\nd$ ! ,franconian bran* ( ! family1 :i* became ! m important ( ! two2 :ile ,fr$]ick1 receiv+ ! c\nty ( ,zoll]n & ! old] possessions ( ! family1 0 ! ance/or ( ! ,swabian bran*4 ,e>ly 9 ! #ab? c5tury ,burkh>d1 a y\ng] son ( ,fr$]ick ,i41 secur$ ! c\nty ( ,hoh5b]g1 & ?is di/rict rema9$ 9 ! possession ( ! ,hoh5zoll]ns until ! dea? ( ,c\nt ,sigismund 9 #adhf4 ,its rul]s1 h[ev]1 ) ! exception ( ,c\nt ,alb]t ,,ii4 7d4 #abih71 play$ an unimportant "p 9 ,g]man hi/ory4 ,alb]t1 :o 0 a ,m9nes+]1 0 loyal to ! decl9+ =tunes ( ! ,hoh5/auf51 & aft]w>ds support$ 8 bro!r-9-law1 ,rudolph ( ,habsburg1 9 8 ef=ts to obta9 ! ,g]man ?rone4 ,he %>$ 9 ! campaigns ( ,rudolph & fell 9 battle 9 #abih1 dur+ ! /ruggle betwe5 ,adolph ( ,nassau & ,alb]t ( ,habsburg 7aft]w>ds ,k+ ,alb]t ,i474 ,:5 ?is family became ext9ct 9 #adhf ,hoh5b]g pass$ to ! ,habsburgs4 ,! ,franconian bran* ( ! ,hoh5zoll]ns 0 repres5t$ 9 #abbg by ,conrad1 burgrave ( ,nuremb]g1 :om ! emp]or ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 appo9t$ gu>dian ( 8 son ,h5ry1 & adm9i/rator ( ,au/ria4 ,aft] a %ort apo/asy1 dur+ :i* he support$ ,h5ry ,raspe1 l&grave ( ,?ur+ia1 ,conrad return$ to ! side ( ! ,hoh5/auf5 & aid$ ,conrad ,,iv4 ,he di$ 9 #abfa1 :5 8 son & successor1 ! burgrave ,fr$]ick ,,iii41 _h already obta9$ ,bayreu? ?r\gh 8 m>riage ) ,elizabe?1 daught] ( ,otto ( ,m]an 7d4 #abcd74 ,fr$]ick took a lead+ "p 9 ,g]man affairs1 & x is int]e/+ to note t he _h a consid]able %>e 9 secur+ ! election ( 8 uncle1 ,rudolph ( ,habsburg1 z ,g]man k+ 9 #abgc4 ,he di$ 9 #abig & 0 succe$$ by 8 son1 ,fr$]ick ,,iv4 ,?is burgrave f\ght = ,k+ ,alb]t ,i4 9 ,?ur+ia1 & support$ ,h5ry ,,vii4 9 8 ef=ts to secure ,bohemia = 8 son ,john2 b 9 #acad1 =sak+ 8 fa!r's policy1 he fav\r$ ,l\is1 aft]w>ds ! emp]or ,l\is ,,iv41 9 8 /ruggle ) ,fr$]ick1 duke ( ,au/ria1 & by 8 conduct at ! battle ( ,muhldorf 9 #acbb & else:]e e>n$ ! designation ( savi\r ( ! empire4 ,fr$]ick1 h[ev]1 did n neglect 8 h]$it>y l&s4 ,he did some?+ = ! ma9t5ance ( peace & ! security ( trad]s1 gave corporate privileges to villages1 & took ! ,jews "u 8 protection4 ,8 s]vices to ,l\is 7 rew>d$ 9 v>i\s ways1 &1 us+ "p ( 8 weal? to increase ! area ( 8 possessions1 he b\ght ! t[n & di/rict ( ,ansba* 9 #acca4 ,dy+ 9 #accb1 ,fr$]ick 0 succe$$ by 8 son1 ,john ,,ii41 :o1 aft] "o ( 8 bro!rs _h di$ & two o!rs _h ent]$ ! *ur*1 rul$ 8 l&s 9 common ) 8 bro!r ,alb]t4 ,ab\t #acch ,john b\ght ,culmba* & ,plass5burg1 & on ! /r5g? ( a privilege grant$ to him 9 #acdg he seiz$ _m robb]-=tresses & held ! surr\nd+ l&s z imp]ial fiefs4 ,9 g5]al he cont9u$ 8 fa!r's policy1 & :5 he di$ 9 #aceg 0 succe$$ by 8 son1 ,fr$]ick ,v41 :o1 aft] ! dea? ( 8 uncle ,alb]t 9 #acfa1 became sole rul] ( ,nuremb]g1 ,ansba* & ,bayreu?4 ,fr$]ick liv$ 9 close fri5d%ip ) ! emp]or ,*>les ,,iv41 :o =mally inve/$ him ) ,ansba* & ,bayreu? & made him a pr9ce ( ! empire 9 #acfc4 ,9 spite ( ! tr\bl$ times 9 :i* he liv$1 ,fr$]ick 0 a successful rul]1 & introduc$ a regul> sy/em ( public f9ance into 8 l&s4 ,9 #acig he divid$ 8 t]ritories betwe5 8 sons ,john & ,fr$]ick1 & di$ 9 ! foll[+ ye>4 ,8 eld] son1 ,john ,,iii41 :o _h m>ri$ ,m>g>et1 a daught] ( ! emp]or ,*>les ,,iv41 0 frequ5tly 9 ! company ( 8 bro!rs-9-law1 ! ,g]man k+s ,w5ceslaus & ,sigismund4 ,he di$ )\t sons 9 #adbj4 ,s9ce #acig ! (fice ( burgrave ( ,nuremb]g _h be5 held by ,john's bro!r1 ,fr$]ick1 :o 9 #adae receiv$ ,br&5burg f ,k+ ,sigismund1 & became m>grave ( ,br&5burg z ,fr$]ick ,i4 7q4v474 ,on 8 bro!r's dea? 9 #adbj he reunit$ ! l&s ( 8 bran* ( ! family1 b 9 #adbg he sold 8 rights z burgrave to ! t[n ( ,nuremb]g4 ,! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ?is bran* ( ! ,hoh5zoll]ns is id5tifi$ ) t ( ,br&5burg f #adae to #agja1 & ) t ( ,prussia s9ce ! latt] date1 z 9 ?is ye> ! elector ,fr$]ick ,,iii4 became k+ ( ,prussia4 ,9 #ahga ,william1 ! sev5? k+1 took ! title ( ,g]man emp]or4 ,:ile ! electorate ( ,br&5burg pass$ accord+ to ! rule ( primog5iture1 ! ,franconian possessions ( ! ,hoh5zoll]ns1 ,ansba* & ,bayreu?1 7 giv5 z appanages to y\ng] sons1 an arrangem5t :i* 0 confirm$ by ! dispositio ,a*illea ( #adgc4 ,^! pr9cipalities 7 rul$ by ! sons & desc5dants ( ! elector ,alb]t ,a*illes f #adhf to #afjc2 &1 aft] rev]t+ to ! elector ( ,br&5burg1 by ! desc5dants ( ! elector ,john ,george f #afjc to #agia4 ,9 #agia ,pr9ce ,*>les ,alex&] 7d4 #ahjf71 :o _h inh]it$ bo? di/ricts1 sold 8 l&s to ,prussia4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ,swabian bran* ( ! ,hoh5zoll]ns 0 weak5$ by sev]al p>titions ( its l&s2 b e>ly 9 ! #af? c5tury x rose to "s em95ce ?r\gh ,c\nt ,eitel ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 7d4 #aeab71 a fri5d & advis] ( ! emp]or ,maximilian ,i4 ,eitel receiv$ f ?is emp]or ! di/rict ( ,haig]lo*1 & 9 #aecd 8 gr&son ,*>les 7d4 #aegf7 0 grant$ ! c\nties ( ,sigm>+5 & ,vohr+5 by ! emp]or ,*>les ,v4 ,9 #aegf ! sons ( ,*>les divid$ _! l&s1 & f\nd$ ?ree bran*es ( ! family1 "o ( :i* is /ill fl\ri%+4 ,eitel ,fr$]ick ,,iv4 took ,hoh5zoll]n ) ! title ( ,hoh5zoll]n-,he*+52 ,*>les ,,ii4 ,sigm>+5 & ,vohr+5 & ! title ( ,hoh5zoll]n-,sigm>+52 & ,*ri/oph] took ,haig]lo*4 ,*ri/oph]'s family di$ out 9 #afcd1 b ! rema9+ l9es are ( "s importance4 ,c\nt ,john ,george ( ,hoh5zoll]n-,he*+5 0 made a pr9ce 9 #afbc1 & ,john ( ,hoh5zoll]n-,sigm>+5 soon receiv$ ! same hon\r4 ,9 #afie ^! two bran*es ( ! family ent]$ conjo9tly into an agreem5t ) ,br&5burg1 :i* provid$ t1 9 case ( ! ext9ction ( ei!r ( ! ,swabian bran*es1 ! rema9+ bran* %\ld inh]it its l&s2 & if bo? bran*es became ext9ct ! pr9cipalities %\ld rev]t to ,br&5burg4 ,dur+ ! #ag? & #ah? c5turies & dur+ ! p]iod ( ! ,napoleonic w>s ! hi/ory ( ^! l&s 0 v simil> to t ( ! o!r small e/ates ( ,g]many4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! political tr\bles ( #ahdh ,pr9ces ,fr$]ick ,william ( ,hoh5zoll]n-,he*+5 & ,*>les ,anton ( ,hoh5zoll]n-,sigm>+5 resign$ _! pr9cipalities1 & accord+ly ^! fell to ! k+ ( ,prussia1 :o took possession on ! #ab? ( ,m>* #ahej4 ,by a royal decree ( ! #bj? ( ,may foll[+ ! title ( highness1 ) ! pr]ogatives ( y\ng] sons ( ! royal h\se1 0 conf]r$ on ! two pr9ces4 ,! proposal to raise ,pr9ce ,leopold ( ,hoh5zoll]n-,sigm>+5 7#ahce-aije7 to ! ,spani% ?rone 9 #ahgj 0 ! imm$iate cause ( ! w> betwe5 ,france & ,g]many4 ,9 #aijh ! head ( ?is bran* ( ! ,hoh5zoll]ns1 ! only "o exi/+ besides ! imp]ial h\se1 0 ,leopold's son ,william 7b4 #ahfd71 :o1 ow+ to ! ext9ction ( ! family ( ,hoh5zoll]n-,he*+5 9 #ahfi1 0 call$ simply pr9ce ( ,hoh5zoll]n4 ,9 #ahff ,pr9ce ,*>les ( ,hoh5zoll]n-,sigm>+5 0 *os5 pr9ce ( ,rumania1 becom+ k+ 9 #ahha4 ,! mod]n ,prussian prov9ce ( ,hoh5zoll]n is a long1 n>r[ /rip ( t]ritory b\nd$ on ! ,s4,w4 by ,bad5 & 9 o!r directions by ,wurttemb]g4 ,x 0 divid$ into two pr9cipalities1 ,hoh5zoll]n-,sigm>+5 & ,hoh5zoll]n-,he*+51 until #ahej1 :5 ^! 7 unit$4 ,!y n[ =m ! gov]nm5t ( ,sigm>+5 7q4v474 ,! ca/le ( ,hoh5zoll]n 0 de/roy$ 9 #adbc1 b x has be5 re/or$ sev]al times4 ,"s rema9s ( ! old build+ may /ill be se5 adjo9+ ! pres5t ca/le1 :i* 0 built by ,k+ ,fr$]ick ,william ,,iv4 ,see ,monum5ta ,zoll]ana1 edit$ by ,r4 von ,/illfri$ & ,t4 ,m>k] 7,b]l91 #aheb-ahij72 ,quell5 und ,unt]su*ung5 zur ,ges*i*te des ,hauses ,hoh5zoll]n1 edit$ by ,e4 ,b]n] 7,b]l91 #aija fol472 ,r4 von ,/illfri$1 ,alt]tum] und ,kun/d5kmale des erlau*t5 ,hauses von ,hoh5zoll]n 7,b]l91 #aheb-ahfg7 & ,/ammtafeln des ,gesam?auses ,hoh5zoll]n 7,b]l91 #ahfi72 ,l4 ,s*mid1 ,die alte/e ,ges*i*te des erlau*t5 ,gesam?auses d] konigli*5 und fur/li*5 ,hoh5zoll]n 7,tub+51 #ahhd-ahhh72 ,e4 ,s*w>tz1 ,/ammtafel des preussis*5 ,konig%auses 7,breslau #ahih72 ,hoh5zoll]ns*e ,=s*ung51 ,jahrbu* fur die ,ges*i*te d] ,hoh5zoll]n1 edit$ by ,c4 ,mey] 7,b]l91 #ahia-aijb72 ,hoh5zoll]n ,jahrbu*1 ,=s*ung5 und ,abbildung5 zur ,ges*i*te d] ,hoh5zoll]n 9 ,br&5burg-,freuss51 edit$ by ,seidel 7,leipzig1 #ahig-aijc71 & ,t4 ,c>lyle1 ,hi/ory ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great 7,london1 #ahgb-ahgc74 7,a4 ,w4 ,h4997 ,,hokkaido1 ! ,japanese "n = ! nor!rn division ( ! empire 7,hoku nor?1 kai sea1 & d road71 includ+ ,yezo1 ! ,kuriles & _! adjac5t islets4 ,,hokusai 7#agfj-ahdi71 ! greate/ ( all ! ,japanese pa9t]s ( ! ,popul> ,s*ool 7,ukiyo-ye71 0 born at ,y$o 7,tokyo7 9 ! #i? mon? ( ! #aj? ye> ( ! p]iod ,horeki1 i4e4 ,octob]-,novemb] #agfj4 ,he came ( an artisan family1 8 fa!r hav+ be5 a mirror-mak]1 ,nakajima ,issai4 ,aft] "s practice z a wood-engrav] he1 at ! age ( eighte51 ent]$ ! /udio ( ,katsugawa ,%un%o1 a pa9t] & design] ( col\r-pr9ts ( consid]able importance4 ,8 disreg>d = ! arti/ic pr9ciples ( 8 ma/] caus$ 8 expulsion 9 #aghe2 & !reaft]--al?\gh f "t to "t ,hokusai /udi$ v>i\s /yles1 includ+ especially t ( ,%iba ,gokan1 f :om he ga9$ "s fragm5t>y k ( ,european me?ods--he kept 8 p]sonal indep5d5ce4 ,= a "t he liv$ 9 extreme pov]ty1 &1 al?\gh he mu/ h ga9$ sums = 8 "w :i* might h secur$ him com=t1 he rema9$ poor1 & to ! end ( 8 life pr\dly describ$ himself z a peasant4 ,he illu/rat$ l>ge numb]s ( books1 ( :i* ! _w-fam\s ,mangwa1 a pictorial encyclopa$ia ( ,japanese life1 appe>$ 9 fifte5 volumes f #ahab to #ahge4 ,( 8 col\r-pr9ts ! ,?irty-six ,views ( ,m\nt ,fuji 7! :ole set consi/+ ( =ty-six pr9ts7 7 made betwe5 #ahbc & #ahbi2 ,views ( ,fam\s ,bridges 7#aa71 ,wat]falls 7#h71 & ,views ( ! ,lu-*u ,isl&s 7#h71 are ! be/ kn[n ( ^? issu$ 9 s]ies2 b ,hokusai also design$ "s sup]b broad%eets publi%$ sep>ately1 & 8 surimono 7small pr9ts made = special occasions & c]emonies7 are unequall$ = delicacy & beauty4 ,! ,hundr$ ,views ( ,m\nt ,fuji 7#ahcd-ahce71 #c vols41 9 mono*rome1 are ( extraord9>y orig9ality & v>iety4 ,z a pa9t] & draughtsman ,hokusai is n held by ,japanese critics to be ( ! fir/ rank1 b ?is v]dict has nev] be5 accept$ by ,europeans1 :o place him among ! greate/ arti/s ( ! _w4 ,he possess$ great p[]s ( obs]vation & *>act]ization1 a s+ul> te*nical skill1 an unfail+ gift ( good hum\r1 & untir+ indu/ry4 ,he 0 an eag] /ud5t to ! end ( 8 long life1 & on 8 dea?-b$ said1 ,if ,heav5 _h l5t me b five ye>s m1 ,i %\ld h become a great pa9t]4 ,he di$ on ! #aj? ( ,may #ahdi4 ,see ,e4 de ,gonc\rt1 ,hok\sai 7#ahif72 ,m4 ,revon1 ,etude sur ,hokusai 7#ahif72 ,e4 ,f4 ,f5ollosa1 ,catalogue ( ! ,exhibition ( ,pa9t+s by ,hokusai at ,tokyo 7#aija72 ,e4 ,f4 ,/range1 ,hokusai 7#aijf74 7,e4 ,f4 ,s47 ,,holba*1 ,,paul ,,he9ri* ,,dietri*1 ,,b>on ,d' 7#agbc-aghi71 ,fr5* philosoph] & man ( lett]s1 ( ,g]man orig91 0 born at ,heidel%eim 9 ! palat9ate 9 #agbc4 ,( 8 family little is kn[n2 accord+ to ,j4 ,j4 ,r\sseau 8 fa!r 0 a ri* p>v5u1 :o br\ght 8 son at an e>ly age to ,p>is1 :]e ! latt] sp5t mo/ ( 8 life4 ,mu* ( ,holba*'s fame is due to 8 intimate connexion ) ! brilliant cot]ie ( bold ?9k]s & poli%$ wits ^: cre$1 ! new philosophy1 is conc5trat$ 9 ! fam\s ,encyclop$ie4 ,possess$ ( easy means & be+ ( hospitable disposition1 he kept op5 h\se = ,helvetius1 ,d',alemb]t1 ,did]ot1 ,condillac1 ,turgot1 ,buffon1 ,grimm1 ,hume1 ,g>rick1 ,wilkes1 ,/]ne1 & = a "t ,j4 ,j4 ,r\sseau1 gue/s :o1 :ile enjoy+ ! intellectual pleasure ( _! ho/'s conv]sation1 7 n ins5sible to 8 excell5t cuis9e & co/ly w9es4 ,= ! ,encyclop$ie he compil$ & translat$ a l>ge numb] ( articles on *emi/ry & m9]alogy1 *iefly f ,g]man s\rces4 ,he attract$ m att5tion1 h[ev]1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( philosophy4 ,9 #agfg ,*ri/ianisme devoile appe>$1 9 :i* he attack$ ,*ri/ianity & religion z ! s\rce ( all human evils4 ,?is 0 foll[$ up by o!r works1 & 9 #aggj by a /ill m op5 attack 9 8 mo/ fam\s book1 ,le ,sy/eme de la nature1 9 :i* x is probable he 0 assi/$ by ,did]ot4 ,d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( a deity1 & refus+ to admit z evid5ce all a priori argum5ts1 ,holba* saw 9 ! univ]se no?+ save matt] 9 spontane\s movem5t4 ,:at m5 call _! s\ls become ext9ct :5 ! body dies4 ,happ9ess is ! end ( mank9d4 ,x w\ld be useless & almo/ unju/ to insi/ ^u a man's be+ virtu\s if he _c be s )\t be+ unhappy4 ,s long z vice r5d]s him happy1 he %\ld love vice4 ,! re/ra9ts ( religion 7 to be replac$ by an education develop+ an enlight5$ self-int]e/4 ,! /udy ( sci5ce 0 to br+ human desires into l9e ) _! natural surr\nd+s4 ,n less direct & tr5*ant are 8 attacks on political gov]nm5t1 :i*1 int]pret$ by ! light ( aft] ev5ts1 s\nd l ! fir/ di/ant mutt]+s ( revolution4 ,holba* expos$ ! logical consequ5ces ( ! !ories ( ! ,encyclopa$i/s4 ,voltaire ha/ily seiz$ 8 p5 to refute ! philosophy ( ! ,sy/eme 9 ! article ,dieu 9 8 ,dictionnaire philosophique1 :ile ,fr$]ick ! ,great also drew up an answ] to x4 ,?\gh vigor\s 9 ?\ght & 9 "s passages cle> & eloqu5t1 ! /yle ( ! ,sy/eme is diffuse & declamatory1 & ass]ts r ?an proves its /atem5ts4 ,its pr9ciples are summ$ up 9 a m popul> =m 9 ,bon ,s5s1 ou idees naturelles opposees aux idees surnaturelles 7,am/]dam1 #aggb74 ,9 ! ,sy/eme social 7#aggc71 ! ,politique naturelle 7#aggc-aggd7 & ! ,morale univ]selle 7#aggf7 ,holba* attempts to re> a sy/em ( morality 9 place ( ! "o he _h s fi]cely attack$1 b ^! lat] writ+s _h n a ti! ( ! popul>ity & influ5ce ( 8 e>li] "w4 ,he publi%$ 8 books ei!r anonym\sly or "u borr[$ names1 & 0 =c$ to h !m pr9t$ out ( ,france4 ,! uprightness & s9c]ity ( 8 "* won ! fri5d%ip ( _m to :om 8 philosophy 0 repugnant4 ,j4 ,j4 ,r\sseau is suppos$ to h drawn 8 portrait 9 ! virtu\s a!i/ ,wolm> ( ! ,n\velle ,heloise4 ,he di$ on ! #ba/ ( ,janu>y #aghi4 ,holba* is also ! au?or ( ! foll[+ & o!r works3 ,esprit du cl]ge 7#agfg72 ,de l'impo/ure sac]dotale 7#agfg72 ,pretres demasques 7#agfh72 ,exam5 critique de la vie et des ouvrages de ,/ ,paul 7#aggj72 ,hi/oire critique de ,jesus-,*ri/ 7#aggj71 & ,e?ocratie 7#aggf74 ,= fur!r p>ticul>s z to 8 life & doctr9es see ,grimm's ,correspondance litt]aire1 c4 7#ahac72 ,r\sseau's ,confessions2 ,morellet's ,memoires 7#ahba72 ,madame de ,g5lis1 ,les ,d9]s du ,b>on ,holba*2 ,madame d',ep9ay's ,memoires2 ,avezac-,lavigne1 ,did]ot et la societe du ,b>on d',holba* 7#ahge71 & ,morley's ,did]ot 7#ahgh74 ,,holbea*1 a m>ket t[n 9 ! ,holl& or ,spald+ p>liam5t>y division ( ,l9coln%ire1 ,engl&1 on ! ,midl& & ,great ,nor!rn jo9t railway1 #bc7a_/b7 m4 ,n4,e4 ( ,pet]bor\gh4 ,pop4 ( urban di/rict 7#aija71 #dgee4 ,all ,sa9ts' ,*ur*1 ) a l(ty spire1 is a f9e specim5 ( late ,decorat$ "w4 ,! gramm> s*ool1 f\nd$ 9 #affi1 occupies a build+ erect$ 9 #ahgg4 ,o!r public build+s are ! assembly rooms & a m>ket h\se4 ,roman & ,saxon rema9s h be5 f\nd1 & ! m>ket dates f ! #ac? c5tury4 ,,holbe91 ,,hans1 ! eld] 7c4 #adfj-aebd71 belong$ to a celebrat$ family ( pa9t]s 9 practice at ,augsburg & ,basel f ! close ( ! #ae? to ! middle ( ! #af? c5tury4 ,?\gh closely connect$ ) ,v5ice by h] comm]cial relations1 & geographically ne>] to ,italy ?an to ,fl&]s1 ,augsburg at ! "t ( ,maximilian cultivat$ art aft] ! fa%ion ( ! ,flem+s1 & felt ! influ5ce ( ! s*ools ( ,bruges & ,brussels1 :i* _h bran*es at ,cologne & 9 _m cities ab\t ! headwat]s ( ! ,rh9e4 ,x 0 n till aft] ! op5+ ( ! #af? c5tury1 & betwe5 t & ! era ( ! ,re=mation1 t ,italian example mitigat$ to "s ext5t ! asp]ity ( ,s\? ,g]man pa9t+4 ,flemi% & ,g]man art 0 fir/ temp]$ ) ,italian elem5ts at ,augsburg by ,hans ,holbe9 ! eld]4 ,hans fir/ appe>s at ,augsburg z p>tn] to 8 bro!r ,sigismund1 :o surviv$ him & di$ 9 #aedj at ,b]ne4 ,sigismund is describ$ z a pa9t]1 b 8 works h n come d[n to u4 ,hans _h ! lead ( ! p>tn]%ip at ,augsburg1 & sign$ all ! pictures :i* x produc$4 ,9 common ) ,h]l51 ,s*ongau]1 & o!r ma/]s ( ,s\? ,g]many1 he fir/ cultivat$ a /yle ak9 to t ( ,meml9c & o!r foll[]s ( ! s*ools ( ,brussels & ,bruges1 b he probably modifi$ ! sy/ems ( ^? s*ools by /udy+ ! works ( ! ma/]s ( ,cologne4 ,z ^! e>ly impressions wan$1 !y 7 replac$ by o!rs less fav\rable to ! expansion ( ! ma/]'s fame2 & z 8 cu/om increas$ betwe5 #adii & #aejf1 we f9d him rely+ less ^u ! tea*+ ( ! s*ools ?an ^u a m]e obs]vation & reproduction ( ! qua9tnesses ( local passion plays4 ,mo/ ( 8 e>ly works inde$ are tak5 f ! ,passion1 & 9 ^! he obvi\sly m>%all$ 8 figures ) ! %all[ /age effect ( ! plays1 copy+ _! artificial sy/em ( gr\p+1 c>eless to "s ext5t ( proportion 9 ! human %ape1 he$less ( any b ! co>s] =ms ( expression1 & te*nically satisfi$ ) ! simple/ me?ods ( execution4 ,if 9 any bran* ( 8 art he c be said to h _h a consci5ce at ?is p]iod1 we %\ld say t he %[$ x 9 8 portrait draw+s4 ,x is seldom t we f9d a pa9t$ lik5ess wor?y ( ! "n4 ,! draw+s ( :i* numb]s are /ill pres]v$ 9 ! gall]ies ( ,basel1 ,b]l9 & ,cop5hag5 %[ extraord9>y quickness & delicacy ( h&1 & a wond]ful facility = seiz+ "*2 & ?is happily is "o ( ! features :i* ,holbe9 bequea!d to 8 m fam\s son1 ,hans ! y\ng]4 ,x is betwe5 #aeab & #aebb t ,holbe9 temp]$ ! ,g]man quality ( 8 /yle ) "s ,nor? ,italian elem5ts4 ,a pur] ta/e & m pleas+ realism m>k 8 "w1 :i* 9 drap]y1 dress & tone is z mu* m agreeable to ! eye z 9 respect ( modell+ & f9i% x is smoo!r & m c>efully r\nd$4 ,co/ume1 ar*itecture1 ornam5t & col\r are appli$ ) "s k ( ! high] canons ( art4 ,"h1 too1 advantage accru$ to ,hans ! y\ng]1 ^: indep5d5t c>e] ab\t ?is "t began4 ,! date ( ! eld] ,holbe9's bir? is unkn[n4 ,b 8 "n appe>s 9 ! books ( ! tax-ga!r]s ( ,augsburg 9 #adid1 sup]s$+ t ( ,mi*ael ,holbe91 :o is suppos$ to h be5 8 fa!r4 ,previ\s to t date1 & z e>ly z #adic1 he 0 a pa9t] ( "n1 & he execut$ 9 t ye>1 x is said1 = ! abbey at ,we+>t51 ! w+s ( an alt>piece repres5t+ ,joa*im's ,(f]+1 ! ,nativity ( ! ,virg91 ,m>y's ,pres5tation 9 ! ,temple1 & ! ,pres5tation ( ,*ri/1 :i* n[ hang 9 sep>ate panels 9 ! ca!dral ( ,augsburg4 ,9 ^! pieces & o!rs ( ! same p]iod1 = in/ance 9 two ,madonnas 9 ! ,moritz *apel & ca/le ( ,nuremb]g1 we m>k ! cle> impress ( ! s*ools ( ,van d] ,weyd5 & ,meml9c2 :il/ 9 lat] works1 su* z ! ,basilica ( ,/ ,paul 7#aejd7 9 ! gall]y ( ,augsburg1 ! wane ( ,flemi% influ5ce is app>5t4 ,b ?is alt>piece1 ) its qua9t illu/rations ( ,/ ,paul's life & m>tyrdom1 is n alone ( int]e/ because its execution is *>act]i/ic ( old ,holbe94 ,x is equally s because x conta9s portraits ( ! ma/] himself1 accompani$ by 8 two sons1 ! pa9t]s ,ambrose 7c4 #adid-;c4 #aeai7 & ,hans ! y\ng]4 ,lat] pictures1 su* z ! ,passion s]ies 9 ! ,fur/5b]g gall]y at ,donaues*+51 or ! ,m>tyrdom ( ,/ ,seba/ian 9 ! ,muni* ,p9ako!k1 conta9 simil> portraits1 ! orig9al draw+s ( :i* are f\nd 9 old ,holbe9's sket*-book at ,b]l91 or 9 /ray leaves l ^? possess$ by ! duke ( ,aumale 9 ,p>is4 ,n "o ( ^! fails to give u an insight into ! "*1 or a reflex ( ! features1 ( ! memb]s ( ?is celebrat$ family4 ,old ,holbe9 seems to ape ,leon>do1 all[+ 8 hair & be>d to gr[ wildly1 except on ! upp] lip4 ,hans ! y\ng] is a pla9-look+ boy4 ,b 8 fa!r po9ts to him ) 8 f+]1 & h9ts t ?\gh b a *ild he is cle>ly a prodigy4 ,aft] #aeaf ,hans ,holbe9 ! eld] appe>s z a default] 9 ! regi/]s ( ! tax-ga!r]s at ,augsburg2 b he will+ly accepts commissions abroad4 ,at ,iss5heim 9 ,alsace1 :]e ,grunewald 0 employ$ 9 #aeaf1 old ,holbe9 also f9ds patrons1 & contracts to complete an alt>piece4 ,b mis=tune or a bailiff pursues him1 & he leaves ,iss5heim1 ab&on+ 8 "w & tools4 ,accord+ to ,s&r>t1 he w&]s to ,basel & takes ! fre$om ( its gild4 ,8 bro!r ,sigismund & o!rs are f\nd su+ him = debt be=e ! c\rts ( ,augsburg4 ,:]e he liv$ :5 he execut$ ! alt>piece1 ( :i* two w+s ) ! date ( #aebb are 9 ! gall]y ( ,c>lsruhe1 is unc]ta92 :]e he di$ two ye>s lat] is unkn[n4 ,he sl9ks f k5 at ! close ( a long life1 & disappe>s at la/ he$$ by none b 8 own son1 :o claims 8 bru%es & pa9ts f ! monks ( ,iss5heim )\t mu* *ance ( obta9+ !m4 ,8 "n is /ruck (f ! books ( ! ,augsburg gild 9 #aebd4 ,! eld] ,holbe9 0 a prolific arti/1 :o left _m pictures beh9d him4 ,e>li] ?an ! ,basilica ( ,/ ,paul1 already m5tion$1 is ! ,basilica ( ,/ ,m>y ,maggiore1 & a ,passion 9 elev5 pieces1 9 ! ,augsburg gall]y1 bo? execut$ 9 #adii4 ,ano!r ,passion1 ) ! root ( ,jesse & a tree ( ! ,dom9icans1 is t pres]v$ 9 ! ,/a$el1 ,saalh(1 & *ur* ( ,/ ,leon>d at ,frank=t4 ,x 0 execut$ 9 #aeja4 ,! ,passion ( ,donaues*+5 0 f9i%$ aft] #aejb1 9 :i* ye> 0 complet$ ! ,passion ( ,kai%eim1 a conglom]ate ( tw5ty-sev5 panels1 n[ divid$ among/ ! gall]ies ( ,muni*1 ,nuremb]g1 ,augsburg & ,s*leis%eim4 ,an alt>piece ( ! same class1 commission$ = ! mona/]y ( ,/ ,moritz at ,augsburg 9 #aejd-aejh1 has be5 disp]s$ & lo/4 #aeab is ! date ( a ,conception 9 ! ,augsburg gall]y1 long assign$1 9 consequ5ce ( a =g$ inscription1 to ,hans ,holbe9 ! y\ng]4 ,a dipty*1 ) a ,virg9 & ,*ild1 & a portrait ( an old man1 dat$ #aeac1 came 9 sep>ate p>ts into ! collections ( ,mr ,posonyi & ,c\nt ,lanckoronski at ,vi5na4 ,! sket*-books ( ,b]l91 ,cop5hag5 & ,augsburg give a lively picture ( ! =ms & dress ( ,augsburg resid5ts at ! beg9n+ ( ! #af? c5tury4 ,!y comprise portraits ( ! emp]or ,maximilian1 ! future ,*>les ,v41 ,kunz von d] ,ros51 ! fool ( ,maximilian1 ! ,fugg]s1 fri>s1 m]*ants1 & at r>e int]vals ladies4 ,see also ! biography by ,/odtn] 7,b]l91 #ahif74 ,,holbe91 ,,hans1 ! y\ng] 7#adig-aedc71 ,g]man pa9t]1 fav\rite son ( ,hans ,holbe9 ! eld]1 0 probably born at ,augsburg ab\t ! ye> #adig4 ,?\gh ,s&r>t & ,van ,m&] decl>e t !y d n "k :o gave him ! fir/ lessons1 he d\btless receiv$ an arti/'s education f 8 fa!r4 ,ab\t #aeae he left ,augsburg ) ,ambrose1 8 eld] bro!r1 to seek employm5t z an illu/rator ( books at ,basel4 ,8 fir/ patron is said to h be5 ,erasmus1 = :om1 %ortly aft] 8 arrival1 he illu/rat$ ) p5-&-ink sket*es an edition ( ! ,encomium ,moriae1 n[ 9 ! museum ( ,basel4 ,b 8 *ief occupation 0 t ( draw+ titlepage-blocks & initials = new editions ( ! ,bible & classics issu$ f ! presses ( ,frob5 & o!r publi%]s4 ,8 leisure h\rs1 x is suppos$1 7 devot$ to ! production ( r\gh pa9t]'s "w1 a s*oolma/]'s sign 9 ! ,basel collection1 a table ) pictures ( ,/ ,nobody 9 ! libr>y ( ! univ]sity at ,zuri*4 ,9 contra/ ) ^! co>se productions1 ! portraits ( ,jacob ,mey] & 8 wife 9 ! ,basel museum1 "o ( :i* purports to h be5 f9i%$ 9 #aeaf1 are miracles ( workman%ip4 ,x has always seem$ difficult inde$ to ascribe su* excell5t creations to ,holbe9's n9ete5? ye>2 & x is h>dly cr$ible t he %\ld h be5 ask$ to d ?+s ( ?is k9d s e>ly1 especially :5 x is rememb]$ t nei!r he nor 8 bro!r ,ambrose 7 !n all[$ to matriculate 9 ! guild ( ,basel4 ,n till #aeag did ,ambrose1 ^: life o!rwise rema9s obscure1 jo9 t corporation2 ,hans1 n ov]burd5$ ) practice1 w&]$ into ,switz]l&1 :]e 7#aeag7 he 0 employ$ to pa9t 9 ! h\se ( ,jacob ,h]t5/e9 at ,luc]ne4 ,9 #aeai ,holbe9 reappe>$ at ,basel1 :]e he matriculat$ &1 !re is e reason to ?9k1 m>ri$4 ,:e!r1 previ\s to ?is "t1 he took advantage ( 8 vic9ity to ! ,italian bord] to cross ! ,alps is unc]ta94 ,van ,m&] says t he nev] 0 9 ,italy2 yet ! l>ge wall-pa9t+s :i* he execut$ aft] #aeai at ,basel1 & ! s]ies ( 8 sket*es & pictures :i* is /ill extant1 might lead to ! belief t ,van ,m&] 0 mis9=m$4 ,! _s ( ,holbe9's compositions = ! ,basel t[n hall1 ! sc5]y & ar*itecture ( 8 num]\s draw+s1 & ! ca/ ( =m 9 "s ( 8 imag9ative portraits1 make x m likely t he %\ld h felt ! direct influ5ce ( ,nor? ,italian pa9t+ ?an t he %\ld h tak5 ,italian elem5ts f import$ works or pr9ts4 ,! ,swiss at ?is p]iod w&]$ 9 ?\s&s to swell ! ranks ( ! ,fr5* or imp]ial armies fight+ on ,italian soil1 & ! road !y took may h be5 foll[$ by ,hans on a m peaceful mission4 ,he %[s himself at all ev5ts famili> ) ,italian examples at v>i\s p]iods ( 8 c>e]2 & if we accept z e>ly works ! ,flagellation1 & ! ,la/ ,supp] at ,basel1 co>se z !y are1 !y %[ "s acqua9tance ) ,lomb>d me?ods ( pa9t+1 :il/ 9 o!r pieces1 su* z ! s]ies ( ! ,passion 9 oil 9 ! same collection1 ! modes ( ,hans ,holbe9 ! eld] are agreeably comm+l$ ) a m mod]n1 x may be said ,italian1 poli%4 ,aga91 look+ at ! ,virg9 & ,man ( ,sorr[s 9 ! ,basel museum1 we %all be /ruck by a se>*+ metallic /yle ak9 to t ( ! ,f]r>ese2 & ! ,lais or ! ,v5us & ,amor ( ! same collection rem9ds u ( ! ,leon>desques ( ! s*ool ( ,milan4 ,:5 ,holbe9 settl$ d[n to an ext5sive practice at ,basel 9 #aeai1 he decorat$ ! walls ( ! h\se ,zum ,tanz ) simulat$ ar*itectural features ( a florid "* aft] ! fa%ion ( ! ,v]onese2 & 8 wall pa9t+s 9 ! t[n-hall1 if we c truly judge ( !m by copies1 reveal an arti/ n unfamili> ) ,nor? ,italian composition1 di/ribution1 action1 ge/ure & expression4 ,9 8 draw+s too1 p>ticul>ly 9 a set repres5t+ ! ,passion at ,basel1 ! arrangem5t1 & also ! p]spective1 =m & decorative ornam5t1 are 9 ! _s ( ! s*ool ( ,mantegna4 ,contempor>y ) ^!1 h[ev]1 & almo/ inexplicably 9 contra/ ) !m z reg>ds h&l+1 are portrait-draw+s su* z ! lik5esses ( ,jacob ,mey]1 & 8 wife1 :i* are f9i%$ ) ,g]man delicacy1 & ) a p[] & subtlety ( h& seldom rivall$ 9 any s*ool4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ! same contra/ may be obs]v$ betwe5 pa9t$ compositions & pa9t$ portraits4 ,! ,bonifacius ,am]ba* ( #aeai at ,basel is ackn[l$g$ to be "o ( ! mo/ complete examples ( smoo? & transp>5t h&l+ t ,holbe9 ev] execut$4 ,8 v]satility at ?is p]iod is %[n by a dead ,*ri/ 7#aeba71 a corpse 9 pr(ile on a dissect+ table1 & a set ( figures 9 c\ples2 ! ,madonna & ,/ ,pantalus1 & ,kais] ,h5ry ) ! ,empress ,kunigunde 7#aebb71 orig9ally compos$ = ! organ l(t ( ! ,basel ca!dral1 n[ 9 ! ,basel museum4 ,equally rem>kable1 b m attractive1 ?\gh injur$1 is ! ,virg9 & ,*ild betwe5 ,/ ,ursus & ,/ ,ni*olas 7n ,/ ,m>t97 giv+ alms to a begg>1 9 ! gall]y ( ,solo?urn4 ,?is rem>kable picture is dat$ #aebb1 & seems to h be5 ord]$ = an alt> 9 ! m9/] ( ,/ ,ursus ( ,solo?urn by ,ni*olas ,conrad1 a capta9 & /atesman ( ! #af? c5tury1 ^: family all[$ ! preci\s heirloom to fall into decay 9 a *apel ( ! neighb\r+ village ( ,gr5*54 ,num]\s draw+s 9 ! _s ( ?is picture1 & probably ( ! same p]iod 9 8 c>e]1 might h l$ ,holbe9's contempor>ies to believe t he w\ld make 8 m>k 9 ! annals ( ,basel z a model = pa9t]s ( alt>pieces z well z a model = pictorial composition & portrait4 ,! promise :i* he gave at ?is "t 0 imm5se4 ,he 0 ga9+ a fre$om 9 draughtsman%ip t gave him facility to deal ) any subject4 ,?\gh a reali/1 he 0 s5sible ( ! dignity & sev]ity ( religi\s pa9t+4 ,8 col\r _h almo/ all ! ri*ness & sweetness ( ! ,v5etians4 ,b he _h fall5 on evil times1 z ! next few ye>s und\bt$ly %[$4 ,among/ ! portraits :i* he execut$ 9 ^! ye>s are ^? ( ,frob51 ! publi%]1 kn[n only by copies at ,basel & ,hampton ,c\rt1 & ,erasmus1 :o sat 9 #aebc1 z he likewise did 9 #aecj1 9 v>i\s positions1 %[+ 8 face ?reequ>t]s z at ,long=d1 ,basel1 ,tur91 ,p>ma1 ! ,hague & ,vi5na1 & 9 pr(ile z 9 ! ,l\vre or at ,hampton ,c\rt4 ,besides ^!1 ,holbe9 made designs = glass w9d[s1 & = woodcuts1 includ+ subjects ( e sort1 f ! ,virg9 & ,*ild ) sa9ts ( ! old "t to ! ,dance ( ,dea?1 f gospel incid5ts extract$ f ,lu!r's ,bible to satirical pieces illu/rat+ ! sale ( indulg5ces & o!r abuses d5\nc$ by ,re=m]s4 ,holbe91 9 ?is way1 0 c>ri$ irresi/ibly ) ! /ream ( ! ,re=mation1 9 :i*1 x mu/ n[ be admitt$1 ! old traditions ( religi\s pa9t+ 7 wreck$1 leav+ no?+ beh9d b unpictorial elem5ts :i* ,crana* & 8 s*ool va9ly us$ = pictorial purposes4 ,once only1 aft] #aebf1 & aft] he _h produc$ ! ,lais & ,v5us & ,amor1 did ,holbe9 ) imp>tial _s give 8 s]vices & p5cil to ! ,roman ,ca?olic cause4 ,! burgoma/] ,mey]1 ^: patronage he _h already enjoy$1 n[ ask$ him to repres5t himself & 8 wives & *ildr5 9 pray] be=e ! ,virg92 & ,holbe9 produc$ ! celebrat$ alt>piece n[ 9 ! palace ( ,pr9ce ,william ( ,hesse at ,d>m/adt1 ! %ape & composition ( :i* are kn[n to all ! _w by its copy 9 ! ,dresd5 museum4 ,! draw+s = ?is ma/]piece are among/ ! mo/ preci\s relics 9 ! museum ( ,basel4 ,! "t n[ came :5 art began to suff] f unavoidable depression 9 all c\ntries nor? ( ! ,alps4 ,holbe91 at ,basel1 0 r$uc$ to accept ! smalle/ commissions--ev5 = scut*eons4 ,!n he saw t 8 *ances 7 dw9dl+ to no?+1 & tak+ a bold resolution1 arm$ ) lett]s ( introduction f ,erasmus to ,m1 he cross$ ! ,*annel to ,engl&1 :]e 9 ! "o-sid$ bran* ( portrait pa9t+ he f\nd an endless circle ( cli5ts4 ,eighty-sev5 draw+s by ,holbe9 9 ,w9dsor ,ca/le1 conta9+ an equal numb] ( portraits1 ( p]sons *iefly ( high quality1 te/ify to 8 indu/ry 9 ! ye>s :i* divide #aebh f #aedc4 ,!y are all orig9als ( pictures t are /ill extant1 or sket*es = pictures t 7 lo/ or nev] c>ri$ out4 ,sir ,?omas ,m1 ) :om he seems to h _h a v fri5dly connexion1 sat to him = lik5esses ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,! draw+ ( 8 head is at ,w9dsor4 ,a p5-&-ink sket*1 9 :i* we see ,m surr\nd$ by all ! memb]s ( 8 family1 is n[ 9 ! gall]y ( ,basel1 & num]\s copies ( a picture f x prove h[ popul> ! lo/ orig9al mu/ once h be54 ,at ! same p]iod 7 execut$ ! portraits ( ,w>ham 7,lambe? & ,l\vre71 ,wyatt 7,l\vre71 ,sir ,h5ry ,guild=d & 8 wife 7,w9dsor71 all f9i%$ 9 #aebg1 ! a/ronom] ,ni*olas ,kratz] 7,l\vre71 ,?omas ,godsalve 7,dresd571 & ,sir ,bryan ,tuke 7,muni*7 9 #aebh4 ,9 ?is ye>1 #aebh1 ,holbe9 return$ to ,basel1 tak+ to ,erasmus ! sket* ( ,m's family4 ,) money :i* he br\ght f ,london he pur*as$ a h\se at ,basel :]e9 to lodge 8 wife & *ildr51 ^: portraits he n[ pa9t$ ) all ! c>e ( a husb& & fa!r 7#aebh74 ,he !n witness$ ! flight ( ,erasmus & ! fury ( ! iconocla/s1 :o de/roy$ 9 "o day almo/ all ! religi\s pictures at ,basel4 ,! municipality1 unwill+ t he %\ld suff] aga9 f ! depression caus$ by evil times1 ask$ him to f9i% ! frescoes ( ! t[n-hall1 & ! sket*es f ^! lo/ pictures are /ill be=e u to %[ t he _h n lo/ ! _s ( 8 e>li] days1 & 0 /ill capable z a compos]4 ,8 ,rehoboam receiv+ ! ,israelite ,envoys1 & ,saul at ! ,head ( 8 ,array meet+ ,samuel1 te/ify to ,holbe9's p[] & 8 w1 also prov$ at a lat] p]iod by ! ,triumphs ( ,ri*es & ,pov]ty1 execut$ = ! ,/eely>d 9 ,london 7b n[ lo/71 to pref] ! fame ( a pa9t] ( hi/ory to t ( a pa9t] ( portraits4 ,b ! re=m+ times /ill rema9$ unfav\rable to art4 ,) ! exception ( a portrait ( ,melan*?on 7,hanov]7 :i* he n[ complet$1 ,holbe9 f\nd little to d at ,basel4 ,! ye> #aecj1 !re=e1 saw him aga9 on ! move1 & he l&$ 9 ,engl& = ! second "t ) ! prospect ( bett]+ 8 =tunes4 ,"h inde$ political *anges _h robb$ him ( 8 e>li] patrons4 ,! circle ( ,m & ,w>ham 0 gone4 ,b t ( ! m]*ants ( ! ,/eely>d took its place1 = :om ,holbe9 execut$ ! long & important s]ies ( portraits t lie scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! gall]ies & collections ( ,engl& & ! ,cont95t1 & be> date aft] #aecb4 ,!n came aga9 ! *ance ( practice 9 m fa%ionable circles4 ,9 #aecc ! ,ambassadors 7,national ,gall]y71 & ! ,triumphs ( ,weal? & ,pov]ty 7 execut$1 !n ! portraits ( ,lel& & ,wyatt 7,long=d71 & 7#aecd7 ! portrait ( ,?omas ,cromwell4 ,?r\gh ,cromwell ,holbe9 probably became atta*$ to ! c\rt1 9 ! pay ( :i* he appe>s p]man5tly aft] #aecg4 ,f t "t onw>ds he 0 connect$ ) all t 0 highe/ 9 ! society ( ,london4 ,h5ry ,,viii4 invit$ him to make a family picture ( himself1 8 fa!r & family1 :i* obta9$ a po/ ( hon\r at ,:itehall4 ,! beautiful c>toon ( a "p ( ?is f9e piece at ,h>dwicke ,hall enables u to gauge its beauty be=e ! fire :i* de/roy$ x 9 ! #ag? c5tury4 ,!n ,holbe9 pa9t$ ,jane ,seym\r 9 /ate 7,vi5na71 employ+ "s ,engli% h& p]haps to make ! replicas at ! ,hague1 ,sion ,h\se & ,woburn2 he f9i%$ ! ,s\?well ( ! ,uffizi 7copy at ! ,l\vre71 ! jewell] ,morett at ,dresd51 & la/1 n lea/1 ,*ri/9e ( ,d5m>k1 :o gave sitt+s at ,brussels 9 #aech4 ,dur+ ! j\rney :i* ?is "w involv$ ,holbe9 took ! opportunity ( revisit+ ,basel1 :]e he made 8 appe>ance 9 silk & sat91 & pro =ma only accept$ ! (fice ( t[n pa9t]4 ,he _h be5 liv+ long & cont9u\sly away f home1 n inde$ obs]v+ due fidelity to 8 wife1 :o /ill resid$ at ,basel1 b fairly p]=m+ ! duties ( keep+ h] 9 com=t4 ,8 return to ,london 9 autumn enabl$ him to d homage to ! k+ 9 ! way famili> to arti/s4 ,he pres5t$ to ,h5ry at ,*ri/mas a portrait ( ,pr9ce ,edw>d4 ,aga9 abroad 9 ! summ] ( #aeci1 he pa9t$ ) great fidelity ! pr9cess ,anne ( ,cleves1 at ,dur5 ne> ,cologne1 ^: =m we /ill see depict$ 9 ! great picture ( ! ,l\vre4 ,t he c\ld r5d] ! features ( 8 sitt] )\t flatt]y is pla9 f ?is "o example4 ,inde$1 habitual flatt]y 0 contr>y to 8 habits4 ,8 portraits up to ?is "t all display t uncommon facility = seiz+ "* :i* 8 fa!r enjoy$ be=e him1 & :i* he _h inh]it$ 9 an exp&$ =m4 ,no am\nt ( lab\r1 no labori\sness ( f9i%--& ( bo? he 0 ev] prodigal--betray$ him into loss ( resemblance or expression4 ,no pa9t] 0 ev] quick] at not+ peculi>ities ( physiognomy1 & x may be obs]v$ t 9 none ( 8 faces1 z inde$ 9 none ( ! faces "o sees 9 nature1 are ! two sides alike4 ,yet he 0 n a *ild ( ! #af? c5tury1 z ! ,v5etians 71 9 sub/itut+ t\* = l9e4 ,we mu/ n look 9 8 works = modulations ( surface or subtle contra/s ( col\r 9 juxtaposition4 ,8 me?od 0 to ! v la/ delicate1 f9i%$ & smoo?1 z became a pa9t] ( ! old s*ool4 ,among/ ! m important creations ( ,holbe9's lat] "t we %\ld note 8 ,duke ( ,norfolk at ,w9dsor1 ! h&s ( :i* are s p]fectly pres]v$ z to comp5sate = ! %rivel t n[ disfigures ! head4 ,two o!r portraits ( #aeda 7,b]l9 & ,vi5na71 ! ,falcon] at ! ,hague1 & ,john ,*amb]s at ,vi5na 7#aedb71 are noble specim5s ( portrait art2 mo/ int]e/+ & ( ! same ye> are ! lik5esses ( ,holbe9 himself1 ( :i* sev]al examples are extant--"o p>ticul>ly good at ,fahna1 ! seat ( ! ,/ackelb]g family ne> ,riga1 & ano!r at ! ,uffizi 9 ,flor5ce4 ,"h ,holbe9 appe>s to u z a man ( regul> features1 ) hair j turn+ grey1 b heal?y 9 col\r & %ape1 & evid5tly well to d 9 ! _w4 ,yet a few mon?s only sep>at$ him !n f 8 dea?-b$4 ,he 0 busy pa9t+ a picture ( ,h5ry ! ,,viii4 confirm+ ! ,privileges ( ! ,b>b] ,surgeons 7,l9coln's ,inn ,fields71 :5 he sick5$ ( ! plague & di$ aft] mak+ a w ab\t ,novemb] #aedc4 ,8 loss mu/ h be5 s]i\sly felt 9 ,engl&4 ,_h he liv$ 8 la/ ye>s 9 ,g]many1 he w\ld n h *ang$ ! curr5t :i* decid$ ! fate ( pa9t+ 9 t c\ntry2 he w\ld b h %>$ ! fate ( ,dur] & o!rs :o m]ely prolong$ ! agony ( art amid/ ! tr\bles ( ! ,re=mation4 7,j4 ,a4 ,c47 ,! e>ly au?orities are ,k>el ,van ,m&]'s ,het ,s*ild] ,boek 7#afjd71 & ,j4 von ,s&r>t1 ,accademia ,todesca 7#afge74 ,see also ,r4 ,n4 ,wornum1 ,life & ,"w ( ,holbe9 7#ahfg72 ,h4 ,knackfuss1 ,holbe9 7#ahii72 ,g4 ,s4 ,davies1 ,holbe9 7#aijc72 ,a4 ,f4 ,g4 ,a4 ,woltmann1 ,holbe9 und se9e ,zeit 7#ahgf74 ,,holb]g1 ,,ludvig ,,holb]g1 ,,b>on 7#afhd-aged71 ! great ,sc&9avian writ]1 0 born at ,b]g51 9 ,norway1 on ! #crd ( ,decemb] #afhd4 ,bo? ,holb]g's p>5ts di$ 9 8 *ildhood1 8 fa!r fir/1 leav+ a consid]able prop]ty2 & 9 8 elev5? ye> he lo/ 8 "m also4 ,be=e ! latt] ev5t1 h[ev]1 ! family _h be5 s]i\sly impov]i%$ by a great fire1 :i* de/roy$ sev]al valuable build+s1 b not)/&+ ?is1 ! "m left to ea* ( h] six *ildr5 "s little =tune4 ,9 #afie ! boy ,holb]g 0 tak5 into ! h\se ( 8 uncle1 ,p$] ,lem1 :o s5t him to ! ,lat9 s*ool1 & prep>$ him = ! pr(ession ( a soldi]2 b soon aft] ?is he 0 adopt$ by 8 c\s9 ,otto ,mun!1 & w5t to him up 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,8 great desire = in/ruction1 h[ev]1 at la/ induc$ 8 family to s5d him back to ,b]g51 to 8 uncle1 & !re he rema9$1 eag]ly /udy+1 until ! de/ruction ( t city by fire 9 #agjb1 :5 he 0 s5t to ! univ]sity ( ,cop5hag54 ,b he soon exhau/$ 8 res\rces1 &1 hav+ no?+ to live ^u1 0 glad to hurry back to ,norway1 :]e he accept$ ! position ( tutor 9 ! h\se ( a rural dean at ,voss4 ,he soon return$ to ,cop5hag51 :]e 9 #agjd he took 8 degree1 & work$ h>d at ,fr5*1 ,engli% & ,italian4 ,b he _h to ga9 8 liv+1 & accord+ly he accept$ ! po/ ( tutor once m1 ?is "t 9 ! h\se ( ,dr ,smi?1 vice-bi%op ( ,b]g54 ,! good doctor _h travell$ mu*1 & ! read+ ( 8 it9]>ies & note-books awak5$ su* a long+ = travel 9 ! "y ,holb]g t at la/1 at ! close ( #agjd1 hav+ scrap$ toge!r #fj doll>s1 he w5t on bo>d a %ip b\nd = ,holl&4 ,he proce$$ z f> z ,aix-la-,*apelle1 :]e he fell sick ( a fev]1 & suff]$ s mu* f weakness & pov]ty1 t he made 8 way on foot to ,am/]dam1 & came back to ,norway4 ,a%am$ to be se5 s soon 9 ,b]g51 he /opp$ at ,*ri/ianss&1 :]e he liv$ ?r\gh ! w9t]1 support+ himself by giv+ lessons 9 ,fr5*4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #agjf he travell$1 9 company ) a /ud5t nam$ ,brix1 ?r\gh ,london to ,ox=d1 :]e he /udi$ = two ye>s1 ga9+ 8 livelihood by giv+ lessons on ! viol9 & ! flute4 ,he m5tions1 ) gratitude1 ! valuable libr>ies ( ,ox=d1 & x is pleasant to record t x 0 :ile he 0 !re t x fir/ occurr$ to him1 z he says1 h[ spl5did & glori\s a ?+ x w\ld be to take a place among ! au?ors4 ,?r\gh ,london & ,els9ore he rea*$ ,cop5hag5 a ?ird "t1 & began to lecture at ! univ]sity2 8 lectures 7 att5d$1 b he got no money4 ,he 0 ask$ 9 #agji to conduct a ri* "y g5tleman to ,dresd51 & on 8 return j\rney he lectur$ at ,leipzig1 ,halle & ,hamburg4 ,once m 9 ,cop5hag51 he und]took to tea* ! *ildr5 ( ,admiral ,g$de4 ,we>y ) ?is "w1 he took a po/ at ,bor* ,college 9 #agaj1 :]e he wrote1 & pr9t$ 9 #agaa1 8 fir/ "w1 ,an ,introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,nations ( ,europe1 & 0 p]mitt$ to pres5t to ,k+ ,fr$]ick ,,iv4 two manuscript essays on ,*ri/ian ,,iv4 & ,fr$]ick ,,iii4 ,! k+ soon aft] pres5t$ him ) ! title ( ,pr(essor1 & ) ! ,ros5krantz grant ( #ajj doll>s = f\r ye>s1 ! hold] ( :i* 0 expect$ to travel4 ,holb]g accord+ly />t$ 9 #agad1 & visit$1 *iefly on foot1 a great portion ( ,europe4 ,f ,am/]dam he walk$ ?r\gh ,rott]dam to ,antw]p1 took a boat to ,brussels1 & on foot aga9 rea*$ ,p>is4 ,walk+ & skat+1 he proce$$ 9 ! dep? ( w9t] to ,m>seilles1 & on by sea to ,g5oa4 ,on ! la/-m5tion$ voyage he caught a fev]1 & ne>ly di$ 9 t city4 ,on 8 recov]y he pu%$ on to ,civita ,vec*ia & ,rome4 ,:5 ! spr+ _h come1 be+ /ill v poor & 9 feeble heal?1 he />t$ homew>ds on foot by ,flor5ce1 across ! ,ap5n9es1 ?r\gh ,bologna1 ,p>ma1 ,piac5za1 ,tur91 ov] ! ,alps1 ?r\gh ,savoy & ,dauph9e to ,lyons1 & f9ally to ,p>is1 :]e he arriv$ 9 excell5t heal?4 ,aft] sp5d+ a mon? 9 ,p>is1 he walk$ on to ,am/]dam1 took sail to ,hamburg1 & s w5t back to ,d5m>k 9 #agaf4 ,he sp5t ! next two ye>s 9 extreme pov]ty1 & publi%$ 8 ,introduction to ,natural & ,popul> ,law4 ,b at la/1 9 #agah1 8 tal5ts 7 recogniz$ by 8 appo9tm5t z pr(essor ( metaphysics at ! univ]sity ( ,cop5hag52 & 9 #agbj he 0 promot$ to ! lucrative *air ( public eloqu5ce1 :i* gave him a seat 9 ! consi/ory4 ,8 pecuni>y tr\bles 7 n[ at an end4 ,hi!rto he _h writt5 only on law1 hi/ory & philology1 al?\gh 9 a ,lat9 controv]sy ) ! juri/ ,&reas ,hoj] ( ,fl5sborg 8 satirical g5ius _h fla%$ out4 ,b n[1 & until #agbh1 he creat$ an entirely new class ( humor\s lit]ature "u ! pseudonym ( ,hans ,mikkels54 ,! s]io-comic epic ( ,p$] ,pa>s1 ! e>lie/ ( ! great classics ( ! ,dani% language1 appe>$ ,9 #agai4 ,?is poem 0 a brilliant satire on contempor>y mann]s1 & enjoy$ an extraord9>y success4 ,b ! au?or _h (f5d$ 9 x sev]al p[]ful p]sons :o ?reat5$ 8 life1 & if ,c\nt ,danneskjold _h n p]sonally int]e/$ ! k+ 9 him1 ,holb]g's c>e] might h _h an untimely close4 ,dur+ ! next two ye>s he publi%$ five %ort] satires1 all ( :i* 7 well receiv$ by ! public4 ,! great ev5t ( #agba 0 ! erection ( ! fir/ ,dani% !atre 9 ,gronnegade1 ,cop5hag52 ,holb]g took ! direction ( ?is h\se1 9 :i* 0 play$1 9 ,septemb] #agbb1 a ,dani% translation ( ,l',av>e4 ,until ?is "t no plays _h be5 act$ 9 ,d5m>k except 9 ,fr5* & ,g]man1 b ,holb]g n[ det]m9$ to use 8 tal5t 9 ! con/ruction ( ,dani% com$y4 ,! fir/ ( 8 orig9al pieces p]=m$ 0 ,d5 politiske ,k&e/ob] 7,! ,pewt]] turn$ ,politician72 he wrote o!r com$ies ) miracul\s rapidity1 & be=e #agbb 0 clos$1 !re _h be5 p]=m$ 9 succession1 & ) imm5se success1 ,d5 ,vaegels9d$e 7,! ,wav]]71 ,jean de ,france1 ,jeppe paa ,bj]get1 & ,g]t ! ,we/phalian4 ,( ^! five plays1 f\r at lea/ are ma/]pieces2 & !y 7 almo/ imm$iately foll[$ by o!rs4 ,holb]g took no re/1 & be=e ! end ( #agbc ! com$ies ( ,b>sel/u5 7,! ,ly+-9 ,room71 ,! ,elev5? ( ,july1 ,jakob von ,?yboe1 ,d5 ,bundeslose 7,! ,fidget71 ,erasmus ,montanus1 ,don ,ranudo1 ,ulysses ( ,i?aca1 ,)\t ,head or ,tail1 ,wit*craft & ,melampe _h all be5 writt51 & "s ( !m act$4 ,9 #agbd ! mo/ fam\s com$y t ,holb]g produc$ 0 ,h5rik & ,p]nille4 ,b 9 spite ( ?is unprec$5t$ blaze ( dramatic g5ius ! !atre fell into pecuni>y difficulties1 & _h to be clos$1 ,holb]g compos+ = ! la/ night's p]=mance1 9 ,febru>y #agbg1 a ,fun]al ( ,dani% ,com$y4 ,all ?is excessive lab\r = ! /age _h und]m9$ ! great poet's heal?1 & 9 #agbe he _h det]m9$ to take ! ba?s at ,aix-la-,*apelle2 b in/ead ( go+ ?i!r he w&]$ ?r\gh ,belgium to ,p>is1 & sp5t ! w9t] !re4 ,9 ! spr+ he return$ to ,cop5hag5 ) recov]$ heal? & spirits1 & work$ quietly at 8 protean lit]>y lab\rs until ! great fire ( #agbh4 ,9 ! p]iod ( national pov]ty & depression t foll[$ ?is ev5t1 a puritanical _s came into vogue :i* 0 little 9 sympa?y ) ,holb]g's dramatic or satiric g5ius4 ,he !re=e clos$ 8 c>e] z a dramatic poet by publi%+ 9 #agca 8 act$ com$ies1 ) ! addition ( five :i* he _h no opportunity ( putt+ on ! /age4 ,) *>act]i/ic v]satility1 he adopt$ ! s]i\s tone ( ! new age1 & busi$ himself = ! next tw5ty ye>s ) hi/orical1 philosophical & /ati/ical writ+s4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod he publi%$ 8 poetical satire call$ ,metamorphosis 7#agbf71 8 ,epi/olae ad virum p]illu/rem 7#agbg71 8 ,description ( ,d5m>k & ,norway 7#agbi71 ,hi/ory ( ,d5m>k1 ,univ]sal ,*ur* ,hi/ory1 ,biographies ( ,fam\s ,m51 ,moral ,reflections1 ,description ( ,b]g5 7#agcg71 ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,jews1 & o!r le>n$ & labori\s compilations4 ,! only poem he publi%$ at ?is "t 0 ! fam\s ,nicolai ,klimii it] subt]raneum 7#agda71 aft]w>ds translat$ into ,dani% by ,bagges54 ,:5 ,*ri/ian ,,vi4 di$ 9 #agdg1 pietism lo/ its sway2 ! !atre 0 reop5$ & ,holb]g 0 appo9t$ director1 b he soon resign$ ?is ardu\s po/4 ,! six com$ies he wrote 9 8 old age did n add to 8 reputation4 ,8 la/ publi%$ "w 0 8 ,epi/les1 9 #e vols4 ! la/ ( !m po/hum\s 7#aged74 ,9 #agdg he 0 creat$ by ! new k+ ,b>on ( ,holb]g4 ,9 ,augu/ #agec he took to 8 b$1 & he di$ at ,cop5hag5 on ! #bh? ( ,janu>y #aged1 9 ! sev5tie? ye> ( 8 age4 ,he 0 buri$ at ,soro1 9 ,zeal&4 ,he _h nev] m>ri$1 & he bequea!d all 8 prop]ty1 :i* 0 consid]able1 to ,soro ,college4 ,holb]g 0 n only ! f\nd] ( ,dani% lit]ature & ! greate/ ( ,dani% au?ors1 b he 01 ) ! exception ( ,voltaire1 ! fir/ writ] 9 ,europe dur+ 8 own g5]ation4 ,nei!r ,pope nor ,swift1 :o p]haps excell$ him 9 p>ticul> bran*es ( lit]>y production1 approa*$ him 9 range ( g5ius1 or 9 encyclopa$ic v]satility4 ,holb]g f\nd ,d5m>k provid$ ) no books1 & he wrote a libr>y = h]4 ,:5 he arriv$ 9 ! c\ntry1 ! ,dani% language 0 nev] he>d 9 a g5tleman's h\se4 ,polite ,danes 7 wont to say t a man wrote ,lat9 to 8 fri5ds1 talk$ ,fr5* to ! ladies1 call$ 8 dogs 9 ,g]man1 & only us$ ,dani% to swe> at 8 s]vants4 ,! s+le g5ius ( ,holb]g revolutioniz$ ?is sy/em4 ,he wrote poems ( all k9ds 9 a language hi!rto employ$ only = ballads & hymns2 he in/itut$ a !atre1 & compos$ a ri* collection ( com$ies = x2 he fill$ ! %elves ( ! citiz5s ) works 9 _! own tongue on hi/ory1 law1 politics1 sci5ce1 philology & philosophy1 all writt5 9 a true & manly /yle1 & repres5t+ ! extreme atta9m5t ( ,european culture at ! mom5t4 ,p]haps no au?or :o ev] liv$ has _h s va/ an influ5ce ov] 8 c\ntrym51 an influ5ce t is /ill at "w aft] #bjj ye>s4 ,! editions ( ,holb]g's works are legion4 ,complete editions ( ! ,com$ies are too num]\s to be quot$2 ! be/ is t br\ght out 9 #c vols4 by ,f4 ,i4 ,li*t5b]g1 9 #ahgj4 ,( ,p$] ,pa>s !re exi/ at lea/ tw5ty-?ree editions1 besides translations 9 ,dut*1 ,g]man & ,sw$i%4 ,! ,it] subt]raneum has be5 ?ree sev]al times translat$ into ,dani%1 t5 times into ,g]man1 ?rice into ,sw$i%1 ?rice into ,dut*1 ?rice into ,engli%1 twice into ,fr5*1 twice into ,russian & once into ,hung>ian4 ,! life ( ,holb]g 0 writt5 by ,welhav5 9 #aheh & by ,georg ,br&es 9 #ahhd4 ,among works on 8 g5ius by =eign]s may be m5tion$ an exhau/ive /udy by ,rob]t ,prutz 7#aheg71 & ,holb]g consid]e comme imitateur de ,moli]e1 by ,a4 ,legrelle 7,p>is1 #ahfd74 7,e4 ,g47 ,,holborn1 a c5tral metropolitan bor\gh ( ,london1 ,engl&1 b\nd$ ,n4,w4 by ,/ ,pancras1 ,n4,e4 by ,f9sbury1 ,s4,e4 by ! ,city ( ,london1 ,s4 & ,w4 by ! ,city ( ,we/m9/] & ,/ ,m>ylebone4 ,pop4 7#aija71 #ei1dje4 ,area #dje4a acres4 ,its ma9 ?or\ghf>e is t runn+ ,e4 & ,w4 "u ! names ( ,holborn ,viaduct1 ,high ,holborn & ,new ,ox=d ,/reet4 ,! "n ( ,holborn 0 =m]ly d]iv$ f ,old ,b\rne1 a tribut>y ( ! ,fleet1 ! valley ( :i* is cle>ly se5 :]e ,holborn ,viaduct crosses ,f>r+don ,/reet4 ,( ! exi/5ce ( ?is tribut>y1 h[ev]1 !re is no evid5ce1 & ! orig9 ( ! "n is f\nd 9 ,hole-b\rne1 ! /ream 9 ! holl[1 9 allusion to ! ,fleet itself4 ,! fall & rise ( ! road across ! valley be=e ! con/ruction ( ! viaduct 7#ahfi7 0 abrupt & inconv5i5t4 ,9 e>li] times a bridge "h cross$ ! ,fleet1 lead+ f ,newgate1 :ile a qu>t] ( a mile we/ ( ! viaduct is ! site ( ,holborn ,b>s1 at ! entrance to ! ,city1 :]e tolls 7 levi$4 ,! bett] resid5tial di/rict ( ,holborn1 :i* ext5ds nor?w>d to ,eu/on ,road 9 ! bor\gh ( ,/ ,pancras1 is ma9ly )9 ! p>i% ( ,/ ,george1 ,bloomsbury4 ,! "n ( ,bloomsbury is commonly d]iv$ f ,william ,blemund1 a "l ( ! manor 9 ! #ae? c5tury4 ,a dyke call$ ,blemund's ,dit*1 ( unkn[n orig91 b\nd$ x on ! s\?1 :]e ! l& 0 m>%y4 ,dur+ ! #ah? c5tury ,bloomsbury 0 a fa%ionable & weal?y resid5tial qu>t]4 ,! reputation ( ! di/rict imm$iately to ! s\?1 embrac$ 9 ! p>i% ( ,/ ,giles 9 ! ,fields1 0 f> diff]5t4 ,f ! #ag? c5tury until mod]n times ?is 0 notori\s z a home ( crime & pov]ty4 ,"h occurr$ "s ( ! e>lie/ cases ( ! plague :i* spread ov] ,london 9 #affd-affe4 ,! op5+ ( ! ?or\ghf>es ( ,new ,ox=d ,/reet 7#ahdj7 & ,%aftesbury ,av5ue 7#ahee7 by no means :olly de/roy$ ! "* ( ! di/rict4 ,! circus ( ,sev5 ,dials1 ea/ ( ,%aftesbury ,av5ue1 af=ds a typical "n 9 connexion ) ! l[e/ aspect ( life 9 ,london4 ,a simil> notoriety atta*$ to ,saffron ,hill on ! ea/]n conf9es ( ! bor\gh4 ,by a s+ul> contra/1 ! neighb\r+ ?or\ghf>e ( ,hatton ,g>d51 lead+ nor? f ,holborn ,circus1 is a c5tre ( ! diamond trade4 ,( ! ecclesia/ical build+s ( ,holborn t ( fir/ int]e/ is ! *apel ( ,/ ,e!ldr$a 9 ,ely ,place1 op5+ f ,holborn ,circus4 ,ely ,place takes its "n f a palace ( ! bi%ops ( ,ely1 :o held l& "h z e>ly z ! #ac? c5tury4 ,"h di$ ,john ( ,gaunt 9 #acii4 ,! prop]ty 0 acquir$ by ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,hatton1 ,"l ,*ancellor "u ,que5 ,elizabe?1 aft] :om ,hatton ,g>d5 is nam$2 ?\gh ! bi%opric kept "s hold ^u x until ! #ah? c5tury4 ,! *apel1 ! only remnant ( ! palace1 is a beautiful ,decorat$ /ructure ) a vault$ crypt1 itself above gr\nd-level4 ,bo? are us$ = wor%ip by ,roman ,ca?olics1 by :om ! *apel 0 acquir$ 9 #ahgd & op5$ five ye>s lat] aft] c>eful re/oration4 ,! pres5t p>i% *ur* ( ,/ ,giles 9 ! ,fields1 betwe5 ,%aftesbury ,av5ue & ,new ,ox=d ,/reet1 dates f #agcd1 b "h 0 situat$ a lep]'s hospital f\nd$ by ,matilda1 wife ( ,h5ry ,i41 9 #aaja4 ,its *apel became ! p>i% *ur* on ! suppression ( ! mona/]ies4 ,! *ur* ( ,/ ,&rew1 ! p>i% ( :i* ext5ds into ! ,city1 /&s ne> ,holborn ,viaduct4 ,x is by ,wr51 b !re are traces ( ! previ\s ,go?ic edifice 9 ! t[]4 ,sa*ev]ell 0 among its rectors 7#agac-agbd71 & ,?omas ,*att]ton 7#aggj7 0 int]r$ 9 ! adjac5t burial gr\nd1 no long] extant1 ( ,%oe ,lane ,workh\se2 ! regi/] record+ 8 ,*ri/ian "n z ,william4 ,close to ?is *ur* ,is ! ,city ,temple 7,congregational74 ,two ( ! f\r ,inns ( ,c\rt1 ,l9coln's ,inn & ,gray's ,inn1 lie )9 ! bor\gh4 ,( ! fir/ ! ,tudor gateway op5s ^u ,*anc]y ,lane4 ,! *apel1 hall & resid5tial build+s surr\nd+ ! squ>es )91 are picturesque1 b ( lat] date4 ,to ! we/ lie ! f9e squ>e1 ) public g>d5s1 /ill call$1 f its orig9al "*1 ,l9coln's ,inn ,fields4 ,gray's ,inn1 betwe5 ,high ,holborn & ,!obald's ,road1 & we/ ( ,gray's ,inn ,road1 is ( simil> arrangem5t4 ,! fabric ( ! small *apel is app>5tly ( ! #ad? c5tury1 & may h be5 atta*$ to ! manor h\se ( ,portpool1 held at t p]iod by ! ,lords ,grey ( ,wilton4 ,( ! =m] ,inns ( ,*anc]y atta*$ to ^! ,inns ( ,c\rt ! mo/ notewor?y build+s rema9+ are ^? ( ,/aple ,inn1 ( :i* ! timb]$ & gabl$ ,elizabe?an front ^u ,high ,holborn is a unique survival ( its "* 9 a ,london ?or\ghf>e2 & ( ,b>n>d's ,inn1 occupi$ by ! ,m]c]'s ,s*ool4 ,bo? ^! 7 atta*$ to ,gray's ,inn4 ,( ,furnival's & ,?avies ,inns1 atta*$ to ,l9coln's ,inn1 only ! names rema94 ,! site ( ! fir/ is cov]$ by ! f9e r$ brick build+s ( ! ,prud5tial ,assurance ,company1 ,holborn ,viaduct4 ,among o!r in/itutions 9 ,holborn1 ! ,briti% ,museum1 nor? ( ,new ,ox=d ,/reet1 is pre-em95t4 ,! v>i$ collections ( ,sir ,john ,soane1 accumulat$ at 8 h\se 9 ,l9coln's ,inn ,fields1 are op5 to view z ! ,soane ,museum4 ,!re may also be m5tion$ ! ,royal ,college ( ,surgeons1 ,l9coln's ,inn ,fields1 ) museum2 ! ,royal ,colleges ( ,organi/s1 & ( ,vet]9>y ,surgeons1 ! ,college ( ,preceptors1 ! ,jews' ,college1 & ! ,metropolitan ,s*ool ( ,%or?&4 ,among hospitals are ! ,italian1 ! ,homoeopa?ic1 ! ,national = ! p>alys$ & epileptic1 ! ,alex&ra = *ildr5 ) hip disease1 & ! ,hospital = sick *ildr54 ,! ,f\ndl+ ,hospital1 ,guil=d ,/reet1 0 f\nd$ by ,?omas ,coram 9 #agci4 ,,holcr(t1 ,,?omas 7#agde-ahji71 ,engli% dramati/ & miscellane\s writ]1 0 born on ! #aj? ( ,decemb] #agde 7old /yle7 9 ,orange ,c\rt1 ,leice/] ,fields1 ,london4 ,8 fa!r1 besides hav+ a %oemak]'s %op1 kept rid+ horses = hire2 b hav+ fall5 into difficulties 0 r$uc$ ultimately to ! necessity ( hawk+ p$l>y4 ,! son accompani$ 8 p>5ts 9 _! tramps1 & succe$$ 9 procur+ ! situation ( /able boy at ,newm>ket1 :]e he sp5t 8 ev5+s *iefly 9 miscellane\s read+ & ! /udy ( music4 ,gradually he obta9$ a k ( ,fr5*1 ,g]man & ,italian4 ,at ! end ( 8 t]m ( engagem5t z /able boy he return$ to assi/ 8 fa!r1 :o _h aga9 resum$ 8 trade ( %oemak] 9 ,london2 b aft] m>ry+ 9 #agfe1 he became a tea*] 9 a small s*ool 9 ,liv]pool4 ,he fail$ 9 an attempt to set up a private s*ool1 & became prompt] 9 a ,dubl9 !atre4 ,he act$ 9 v>i\s /roll+ companies until #aggh1 :5 he produc$ ,! ,crisis2 or1 ,love & ,fam9e1 at ,drury ,lane4 ,duplicity foll[$ 9 #agha4 ,two ye>s lat] he w5t to ,p>is z correspond5t ( ! ,morn+ ,h]ald4 ,"h he att5d$ ! p]=mances ( ,beaum>*ais's ,m>iage de ,fig>o until he _h memoriz$ ! :ole4 ,! translation ( x1 ) ! title ,! ,follies ( ! ,day1 0 produc$ at ,drury ,lane 9 #aghd4 ,! ,road to ,ru91 8 mo/ successful melodrama1 0 produc$ 9 #agib4 ,a revival 9 #ahgc ran = #aah nights4 ,holcr(t di$ on ! #bcrd ( ,m>* #ahji4 ,he 0 a memb] ( ! ,society = ,con/itutional ,in=mation1 & on t acc\nt 01 9 #agid1 indict$ ( high treason1 b 0 dis*>g$ )\t a trial4 ,among 8 novels may be m5tion$ ,alwyn 7#aghj71 an acc\nt1 l>gely autobiographical1 ( a /roll+ com$ian1 & ,hugh ,trevor 7#agid-agig74 ,he also 0 ! au?or ( ,travels f ,hamburg ?r\gh ,we/phalia1 ,holl& & ! ,ne!rl&s to ,p>is1 ( "s volumes ( v]se & ( translations f ! ,fr5* & ,g]man4 ,8 ,memoirs writt5 by ,himself & cont9u$ d[n to ! ,"t ( 8 ,dea?1 f 8 ,di>y1 ,notes & o!r ,pap]s1 by ,william ,hazlitt1 appe>$ 9 #ahaf1 & 0 repr9t$1 9 a slightly abridg$ =m1 9 #aheb4 ,,hold51 ,,hub]t ,,a%ton 7#ahbb-ahif71 ,engli% classical s*ol>1 came ( an old ,/af=d%ire family4 ,he 0 educat$ at ,k+ ,edw>d's s*ool1 ,birm+ham1 & ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge 7s5ior classic1 #ahde2 fell[1 #ahdg74 ,he 0 vice-pr9cipal ( ,*elt5ham ,college 7#ahec-aheh71 & headma/] ( ,que5 ,elizabe?'s s*ool1 ,ipswi* 7#aheh-ahhc74 ,he di$ 9 ,london on ! #a/ ( ,decemb] #ahif4 ,9 addition to sev]al s*ool editions ( portions ( ,cic]o1 ,?ucydides1 ,x5ophon & ,plut>*1 he publi%$ an expurgat$ text ( ,ari/ophanes ) a useful onoma/icon 7re-issu$ sep>ately1 #aijb7 & l>g] editions ( ,cic]o's ,de (ficiis 7revis$ ed41 #ahih7 & ( ! ,octavius ( ,m9ucius ,felix 7#ahec74 ,8 *ief works1 h[ev]1 7 8 ,foliorum silvula 7#aheb71 a collection ( ,engli% extracts = translation into ,greek & ,lat9 v]se2 ,folia silvulae 7translations ( ! same72 & ,foliorum c5turiae1 a companion volume ( extracts = ,lat9 prose translation4 ,9 ,engli% s*ools ^! books h be5 widely us$ = ! tea*+ ( ,lat9 & ,greek composition4 ,,hold51 ,,sir ,,isaac1 ,,b>t4 7#ahjg-ahig71 ,engli% inv5tor & manufactur]1 0 ! son ( ,isaac ,hold51 a native ( ,cumb]l&1 & 0 born at ,hurlet1 a village betwe5 ,paisley & ,glasg[1 on ! #g? ( ,may #ahjg4 ,8 e>ly life 0 pass$ 9 v /rait5$ circum/ances1 b 8 fa!r sp>$ no pa9s to give him z mu* elem5t>y education z possible4 ,at ! age ( t5 he began to "w z weav]'s draw-boy1 & aft]w>ds 0 employ$ 9 a cotton mill4 ,mean:ile 8 education 0 cont9u$ at ! night s*ools1 & f "t to "t1 z funds all[$1 he 0 tak5 f "w & s5t to ! gramm>-s*ool1 to :i* he at la/ w5t regul>ly = a ye> or two until he 0 fifte51 :5 8 fa!r remov$ to ,paisley & appr5tic$ him to an uncle1 a %awl-weav] !re4 ,?is prov+ too mu* = 8 /r5g?1 9 #ahbc he became assi/ant tea*] 9 a s*ool at ,paisley1 & 9 #ahbh he 0 appo9t$ ma!matical tea*] 9 ! ,que5's ,squ>e ,academy1 ,le$s4 ,at ! end ( six mon?s he 0 transf]r$ to ,l+>d's gramm> s*ool1 ne> ,hudd]sfield1 & %ortly aft]w>ds became classical ma/] at ,ca/le ,/reet ,academy1 ,read+4 ,x 0 "h t 9 #ahbi he inv5t$ a lucif] mat* by adopt+ sulphur z ! m$ium betwe5 ! explosive mat]ial & ! wood1 b he refus$ to pat5t ! inv5tion4 ,9 #ahcj 8 heal? aga9 fail$1 & he return$ to ,scotl&1 :]e a ,glasg[ fri5d set up a s*ool = him4 ,aft] six mon?s1 h[ev]1 he 0 recomm5d$ = ! po/ ( bookkeep] to ,messrs4 ,t[n5d ,bro!rs1 wor/$ manufactur]s1 ( ,cull+wor?1 :]e 8 int]e/ 9 ma*9]y soon l$ to 8 transf] f ! c\nt+-h\se to ! mill4 ,!re 8 exp]im5ts l$ him to ! inv5tion ( 8 squ>e motion wool-comb] & ( a process = mak+ g5appe y>ns1 a pat5t = :i* 0 tak5 out by him 9 conjunction ) ,s4 ,c4 ,li/] 7,"l ,ma%am7 9 #ahdg4 ,! firm ( ,li/] ,hold51 :i* e/abli%$ a factory ne> ,p>is 9 #ahdh1 c>ri$ on a successful bus9ess1 & 9 #ahei1 :5 ,li/] retir$1 0 succe$$ by ,isaac ,hold5 & ,sons1 :i* became ! l>ge/ wool-comb+ bus9ess 9 ! _w1 employ+ upw>ds ( #djjj workpeople4 ,9 #ahfe ,hold5's m$ical advis]s insi/$ on complete *ange ( occupation1 & he ent]$ p>liam5t z ,lib]al memb] = ,kn>esbor\gh4 ,f #ahfh to #ahhb he 0 )\t a seat1 b 9 ! latt] ye> he 0 elect$ = ! nor!rn division ( ! ,we/ ,rid+1 & 9 #ahhe = ,keighley4 ,he 0 creat$ a b>onet 9 #ahic1 & di$ sudd5ly at ,oakwor? ,h\se1 ne> ,keighley1 on ! #ac? ( ,augu/ #ahig4 ,8 son & heir1 ,sir ,angus ,hold51 0 9 #aijh creat$ a pe] ) ! title ( ,b>on ,hold5 ( ,al/on4 ,,hold]l91 ,,johann ,,*ri/ian ,,fri$ri* 7#aggj-ahdc71 ,g]man poet1 0 born on ! #bj? ( ,m>* #aggj1 at ,lauff5 on ! ,neck>4 ,8 "m remov+1 aft] a second m>riage1 to ,nurt+51 he began 8 education at ! classical s*ool !re4 ,he 0 de/9$ by 8 relations = ! *ur*1 & ) ?is view 0 lat] admitt$ to ! sem9>ies at ,d5k5dorf & ,maulbronn4 ,at ! age ( eighte5 he ent]$ z a /ud5t ( !ology ! univ]sity ( ,tub+51 :]e he rema9$ till #agic4 ,he 0 already ! writ] ( occasional v]ses1 & _h begun to sket* 8 novel ,hyp]ion1 :5 he 0 introduc$ 9 ?is ye> to ,s*ill]1 & obta9$ ?r\gh him ! po/ ( tutor to ! "y son ( ,*>lotte von ,kalb4 ,a ye> lat] he left ?is situation to att5d ,fi*te's lectures1 & to be ne> ,s*ill] 9 ,j5a4 ,! latt] recogniz$ 9 ! "y poet some?+ ( 8 own g5ius1 & enc\rag$ him by publi%+ "s ( 8 e>ly writ+s 9 8 p]iodicals ,die neue ,?alia & ,die ,hor54 ,9 #agif ,hold]l9 obta9$ ! po/ ( tutor 9 ! family ( ! bank] ,j4 ,f4 ,gont>d 9 ,frank=t-on-,ma94 ,= ,gont>d's beautiful & gift$ wife1 ,susette1 ! ,diotima ( 8 ,hyp]ion1 he conceiv$ a viol5t passion2 & %e became at once 8 inspiration & 8 ru94 ,at ! end ( two ye>s1 dur+ :i* "t ! fir/ volume ( ,hyp]ion 0 publi%$ 7#agig71 a crisis appe>s to h occurr$ 9 _! relations1 = ! "y poet sudd5ly left ,frank=t4 ,9 spite ( ill-heal?1 he n[ complet$ ,hyp]ion1 ! second volume ( :i* appe>$ 9 #agii1 & began a trag$y1 ,d] ,tod des ,emp$okles1 a fragm5t ( :i* is publi%$ among 8 works4 ,8 fri5ds became al>m$ at ! alt]nate depression & n]v\s irritability f :i* he suff]$1 & he 0 induc$ to g to ,switz]l&1 z tutor 9 a family at ,hauptwill4 ,!re 8 heal? improv$2 & sev]al ( 8 poems1 among :i* are ,d] bl9de ,sang]1 ,an die ,h(fnung & ,di*t]mut1 7 writt5 at ?is "t4 ,9 #ahja he return$ home to arrange = ! publication ( a volume ( 8 poems2 b1 on ! failure ( ?is ent]prise1 he 0 oblig$ to accept a tutor%ip at ,bordeaux4 ,diotima di$ a ye> lat]1 9 ,june #ahjb1 & ! news is suppos$ to h rea*$ ,hold]l9 %ortly aft]w>ds1 = 9 ! foll[+ mon? he sudd5ly left ,bordeaux1 & travell$ homew>ds on foot ?r\gh ,france1 arriv+ at ,nurt+5 de/itute & insane4 ,k9d treatm5t gradually alleviat$ 8 condition1 & 9 lucid int]vals he occupi$ himself by writ+ v]ses & translat+ ,greek plays4 ,two ( ^! translations--! ,antigone & ,o$ipus rex ( ,sophocles--appe>$ 9 #ahjd1 & sev]al ( 8 %ort poems 7 publi%$ by ,franz ,k4 ,l4 von ,seck5dorff 9 8 ,mus5almana*1 #ahjg & #ahjh4 ,9 #ahjd ,hold]l9 obta9$ ! s9ecure po/ ( libr>ian to ! l&grave ,fr$]ick ,v4 ( ,hesse-,homburg1 & w5t to live 9 ,homburg "u ! sup]vision ( fri5ds2 b two ye>s lat] becom+ irrem$iably b h>mlessly insane1 he 0 tak5 9 ! summ] ( #ahjg to ,tub+51 :]e he rema9$ till 8 dea? on ! #g? ( ,june #ahdc4 ,hold]l9's writ+s are ! production ( a beautiful & s5sitive m9d2 b !y are int5sely1 almo/ morbidly1 subjective1 & !y lack real human /r5g?4 ,p]haps 8 /ronge/ *>act]i/ic 0 8 passion = ,greece1 ! result ( :i* 0 t he almo/ entirely disc>d$ rhyme 9 fav\r ( ! anci5t v]se measures4 ,8 poems are all %ort pieces2 ( 8 trag$y only a fragm5t 0 writt54 ,hyp]ion1 od] d] ,eremit 9 ,grie*5l& 7#agig-agii71 is a romance 9 lett]s1 9 :i* ! /ormy f]v\r ( ! ,/urm und ,drang is comb9$ ) a romantic en?usiasm = ,greek antiquity4 ,! int]e/ c5tres n 9 ! /ory1 = ! novel has little or none--,hyp]ion is a "y ,greek :o takes "p 9 ! ris+ ( 8 p aga9/ ! ,turks 9 #aggj--;b 9 its lyric subjectivity & ! di?yrambic beauty ( its language4 ,hold]l9's lyrics1 ,lyris*e ,g$i*te1 7 edit$ by ,l4 ,uhl& & ,g4 ,s*wab 9 #ahbf4 ,a complete edition ( 8 works1 ,samtli*e ,w]ke1 ) a biography by ,c4 ,t4 ,s*wab1 appe>$ 9 #ahdf2 also ,di*tung5 by ,k4 ,ko/l9 7,tub+51 #ahhd71 & 7! be/ edition7 ,gesammelte ,di*tung5 by ,b4 ,litzmann 7#b vols41 ,/uttg>t1 #ahig74 ,= biography & criticism1 see ,c4 ,c4 ,t4 ,litzmann1 ,f4 ,hold]l9s ,leb5 7,b]l91 #ahij71 ,a4 ,wilbr&t1 ,hold]l9 7#bnd ed41 ,b]l91 #ahia71 & ,c4 ,mull]1 ,fri$ri* ,hold]l91 se9 ,leb5 und se9 ,di*t5 7,brem51 #ahid74 ,,hold]nesse1 ,,e>l ,,(1 an ,engli% title borne by ,sir ,john ,ramsay & lat] by ! family ( ,d>cy4 ,john ,ramsay 7c4 #aehj-afbf71 a memb] ( ! ,scotti% family ( ,ramsay ( ,dalh\sie1 0 knight$ = 8 %>e 9 rescu+ ,james ,,vi4 f ! h&s ( ,john ,ru?v51 e>l ( ,g[rie1 9 ,augu/ #afjj4 ,9 #afjf ! k+ creat$ him ,visc\nt ,hadd+ton & ,"l ,ramsay ( ,b>ns1 & 9 #afba made him an ,engli% pe] z e>l ( ,hold]nesse4 ,ramsay di$ )\t surviv+ issue 9 ,febru>y #afbf1 :5 8 titles became ext9ct4 ,9 #afdd ,*>les ,i4 creat$ 8 nephew1 ,pr9ce ,rup]t1 e>l ( ,hold]nesse1 b :5 ! pr9ce di$ unm>ri$ 9 ,novemb] #afhb ! e>ldom aga9 became ext9ct4 ,cony]s ,d>cy 7#aeii-afhi71 :o 0 made e>l ( ,hold]nesse 9 #afhb only a few days aft] ! dea? ( ,rup]t1 0 ! son & heir ( ,cony]s ,d>cy1 ,"l ,d>cy & ,cony]s 7c4 #aega-afed71 & succe$$ 8 fa!r 9 ^! b>onies 9 ,m>* #afed4 ,he 0 succe$$ z #bnd e>l by 8 only son ,cony]s 7c4 #afbj-afib71 :o 0 memb] ( p>liam5t = ,york%ire dur+ ! reign ( ,*>les ,,ii4 ,9 8 turn he 0 succe$$ by 8 gr&son ,rob]t 7#afha-agbb74 ,rob]t's only son1 ,rob]t ,d>cy1 #d? e>l ( ,hold]nesse 7#agah-aggh71 0 a diplomati/ & a politician4 ,f #agdd to #agdf he 0 ambassador at ,v5ice & f #agdi to #agea he repres5t$ 8 c\ntry at ! ,hague4 ,9 #agea he became "o ( ! secret>ies ( /ate1 & he rema9$ 9 (fice until ,m>* #agfa1 :5 he 0 dismiss$ by ,george ,,iii4 ,f #agga to #aggf he act$ z gov]nor to two ( ! k+'s sons1 a solemn phantom z ,horace ,walpole calls him4 ,he left no sons1 & all 8 titles became ext9ct except ! b>ony ( ,cony]s1 :i* _h be5 creat$ by writ 9 #aeji 9 fav\r ( 8 ance/or ,sir ,william ,cony]s 7d4 #aebe74 ,?is desc5d$ to 8 only daught] ,amelia 7#aged-aghd71 ! wife ( ,francis ,osborne1 aft]w>ds #e? duke ( ,le$s1 & :5 ! #g? duke ( ,le$s di$ 9 #ahei x pass$ to 8 nephew1 ,sackville ,george ,lane-,fox 7#ahbg-ahhh71 fall+ into abeyance on 8 dea?4 ,hornby ca/le 9 ,york%ire1 n[ ! pr9cipal seat ( ! dukes ( ,le$s1 came to !m ?r\gh m>riage ( ! #e? duke ) ! heiress ( ! families ( ,cony]s & ( ,d>cy4 ,,holdheim1 ,,samuel 7#ahjf-ahfj71 ,jewi% rabbi1 a lead] ( re=m 9 ! ,g]man ,synagogue1 0 born 9 ,pos5 9 #ahjf & di$ 9 ,b]l9 9 #ahfj4 ,9 #ahcf he 0 appo9t$ rabbi at ,frank=t-on-!-,od]1 9 #ahdj he 0 transf]r$ to ! rabb9ate ( ,meckl5burg-,s*w]94 ,he !n became prom95t z an advocate on ! "o h& ( religi\s fre$om 7mu* trammell$ at ! "t by ,prussian /ate laws7 & on ! o!r ( re=m )9 ! ,jewi% community4 ,v>i\s rabb9ical conf]5ces 7 held1 at ,brunswick 7#ahdd71 ,frank=t-on-!-,ma9 7#ahde7 & ,breslau 7#ahdf74 ,at all ( ^! ,holdheim 0 a /rong support] ( ! policy ( modify+ ritual 7especially ) reg>d to ,sabba? obs]vance1 m>riage laws & liturgical cu/oms74 ,9 #ahdf he 0 *os5 ,rabbi ( ! new ,b]l9 congregation & !re ex]cis$ consid]able influ5ce on ! c\rse ( ,jewi% re=m4 ,see ,i4 ,h4 ,ritt] 9 ! ,jewi% ,qu>t]ly ,review1 i4 #bjb4 ,! same au?ority has writt5 ! life ( ,holdheim 9 vol4 iii4 ( 8 ,ges*i*te d] judis*5 ,re=mation 7,b]l91 #ahfe74 ,graetz 9 8 ,hi/ory passes an unfav\rable judgm5t on ,holdheim1 & !re 7 admitt$ly gr\nds = opposition to ,holdheim's attitude4 ,a mod]ate criticism is conta9$ 9 ,dr ,d4 ,philipson's ,hi/ory ( ! ,re=m ,movem5t 9 ,judaism 7,london1 #aijf74 ,,holgu91 a t[n ( ! high plateau c\ntry 9 ! int]ior ( ,ori5te prov9ce1 ,cuba1 ab\t #fe m4 ,n4,w4 ( ,santiago de ,cuba4 ,pop4 7#aijg7 #geib4 ,! t[n is ne> ! ,m>anon & ,jigue riv]s1 on a pla9 f :i* hills rise on all sides except ! ,e41 on :i* side x is op5 to ! w9ds ( ! plateau4 ,holgu9 0 long ! pr9cipal acclimatization /ation = ,spani% troops4 ,! olde/ public build+s are two *ur*es built 9 #ahjj & #ahji respectively4 ,holgu9 has trade 9 cab9et woods1 tobacco1 ,indian corn & cattle products1 :i* x exports ?r\gh its port ,gib>a1 ab\t #be m4 ,n4,n4,e41 ) :i* x is connect$ by railway4 ,holgu9 0 settl$ ab\t #agbj & became a ciudad 7city7 9 #agea4 ,9 ! ,t5 ,ye>s' ,w> ( #ahfh-gh & 9 ! revolution ( #ahie-ih ,holgu9 0 an insurg5t c5tre4 ,,holiday1 orig9ally ! holy day1 a fe/ival set ap>t = religi\s obs]vances z a memorial ( "s sacr$ ev5t or sacr$ p]son2 h5ce a day on :i* ! ord9>y "w or bus9ess ceases4 ,= ! religi\s s5se see ,,fea/s ,,& ,,fe/ivals1 & ,,sunday4 ,ap>t f ! use ( ! t]m = a s+le day ( re/ or enjoym5t1 x is commonly us$ 9 ! plural = a recogniz$ & regul> p]iod 7z at s*ools1 c47 ( abs5ce f "w4 ,x is unnecess>y "h to deal ) :at may be reg>d$ z private holidays1 :i* are matt]s ( agreem5t betwe5 employ] & employ$ or betwe5 ! au?orities ( ?is or t in/itution & ^? :o att5d x4 ,9 rec5t ye>s !re has be5 a notable t5d5cy 9 mo/ occupations to %ort5 ! h\rs ( lab\r1 & make holidays m regul>4 ,x w suffice to deal "h ) public holidays1 ! obs]vance ( :i* is prescrib$ by ! /ate4 ,9 "o respect ^! h be5 dim9i%$1 9 s f> z sa9ts' days are no long] reg>d$ z entail+ non-att5dance at ! gov]nm5t (fices 9 ,engl&1 z 0 ! case at ! beg9n+ ( ! #ai? c5tury4 ,b :ile ! influ5ce ( religion 9 det]m9+ su* holidays has wan$1 ! importance ( mak+ "s compulsory provision = social recreation has made itself felt4 ,9 ,engl& f\r days1 kn[n z ,bank ,holidays 7q4v471 are set ap>t by /atute to be obs]v$ z g5]al holidays1 :ile ! sov]eign may by proclamation appo9t any day to be simil>ly obs]v$4 ,endeav\rs h be5 made f "t to "t to get additional days recogniz$ z g5]al holidays1 su* z ,empire ,day 7,may #bd?71 ,arbor ,day1 c4 ,9 ! ,briti% colonies !re is no uni=m practice4 ,9 ,canada eight days are g5]ally obs]v$ z public holidays3 ,new ,ye>'s ,day1 ,good ,friday1 ,ea/] ,monday1 ,*ri/mas ,day1 ! bir?day ( ! sov]eign1 ,victoria ,day1 ,dom9ion ,day & ,lab\r ,day4 ,"s ( ! prov9ces h foll[$ ! ,am]ican example by add+ an ,arbor ,day4 ,alb]ta & ,saskat*ewan obs]ve ,a% ,w$nesday4 ,9 ,quebec1 :]e ! majority ( ! population is ,roman ,ca?olic1 ! holy days are also holidays1 namely1 ! ,fe/ival ( ! ,epiphany1 ,a% ,w$nesday1 ,good ,friday1 ,ea/] ,monday1 ! ,asc5sion1 ,all ,sa9t's ,day1 ,conception ,day1 ,*ri/mas ,day4 ,9 #ahig ,lab\r ,day 0 add$4 ,9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ! #a/ ( ,janu>y1 ,good ,friday1 ,ea/] ,eve1 ,ea/] ,monday1 ! bir?day ( ! sov]eign1 ! #a/ ( ,augu/1 ! bir?day ( ! pr9ce ( ,wales1 ,*ri/mas ,day & ! #bf? ( ,decemb]1 are obs]v$ z holidays4 ,9 ,victoria !re are ?irte5 public holidays dur+ ! ye>1 & 9 ,que5sl& f\rte54 ,9 ,new ,zeal& ! public holidays are conf9$ to f\r1 ,*ri/mas ,day1 ,new ,ye>'s ,day1 ,good ,friday & ,lab\r ,day4 ,9 mo/ ( ! o!r ,briti% colonies ! usual numb] ( public holidays is f six to eight4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !re is no legal holiday 9 ! s5se ( ! ,engli% bank holidays4 ,a legal holiday is dep5d5t ^u /ate & t]ritorial legislation4 ,x is usual = ! presid5t to proclaim ! la/ ,?ursday 9 ,novemb] z a day ( ?anksgiv+2 ?is makes x only a legal holiday 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 & 9 ! t]ritories1 b mo/ /ates make x a g5]al holiday4 ,indep5d5ce ,day 7,july #d?7 & ,lab\r ,day 7fir/ ,monday 9 ,septemb]7 are legal holidays 9 mo/ /ates4 ,!re are o!r days :i*1 9 connexion ) p>ticul> ev5ts or 9 remembrance ( p>ticul> p]sons1 h be5 made legal holidays by p>ticul> /ates4 ,= example1 ,l9coln's bir?day1 ,wa%+ton's bir?day1 ,memorial ,day 7,may #cj?71 ,patriots' ,day 7,april #ai?1 ,ma9e & ,mass471 ,r4 ,e4 ,lee's bir?day 7,jan4 #ai?1 ,ala41 ,fla41 ,ga41 ,va471 ,pione]s' ,day 7,july #bd?1 ,utah71 ,colorado ,day 7,aug4 #a/71 ,battle ( ,new ,orleans 7,jan4 #h?1 ,la471 ,b5n+ton ,battle ,day 7,aug4 #af?1 ,vt471 ,def5d]'s ,day 7,sept1 #ab?1 ,md471 ,arbor ,day 7,april #bbnd1 ,nebraska2 second ,friday 9 ,may ,r4,i41 c471 ,admission ,day 7,septemb] #i?1 ,cal42 ,oct4 #ca/1 ,nev471 ,conf$]ate ,memorial ,day 7,april #bf?1 ,ala41 ,fla41 ,ga41 ,miss41 ,may #aj?1 ,n4 ,s4 ,c>41 ,june #crd1 ,la41 ,miss41 ,texas71 c4 ,see ,m',curdy1 ,bibliography ( ,articles relat+ to ,holidays 7,bo/on1 #aije74 7,t4 ,a4 ,i47 ,,hol9%$ 7or ,,holl+%ead71 ,,raphael 7d4 c4 #aehj71 ,engli% *ronicl]1 belong$ probably to a ,*e%ire family1 & accord+ to ,an?ony ,wood 0 educat$ at "o ( ! ,engli% univ]sities1 aft]w>ds becom+ a m9i/] ( ,god's ,^w4 ,! au!nticity ( ^! facts is d\btful1 al?\gh x is possible t ,raphael 0 ! ,hol9%$ :o matriculat$ f ,*ri/'s ,college1 ,cambridge1 9 #aedd4 ,ab\t #aefj he came to ,london & 0 employ$ z a translator by ,reg9ald or ,reyn] ,wolfe1 to :om he says he 0 s+ul>ly behold54 ,wolfe 0 already engag$ 9 ! prep>ation ( a univ]sal hi/ory1 & ,hol9%$ work$ = "s ye>s on ?is und]tak+2 b aft] ,wolfe's dea? 9 #aegc ! scope ( ! "w 0 abridg$1 & x appe>$ 9 #aegh z ! ,*ronicles ( ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 & ,irel&4 ,! "w 0 9 two volumes1 :i* 7 illu/rat$1 & al?\gh ,hol9%$ did a great deal ( ! "w he receiv$ valuable assi/ance f ,william ,h>rison 7#aecd-aeic7 & o!rs1 :ile ! "p deal+ ) ! hi/ory ( ,scotl& is ma9ly a translation ( ,hector ,boece's ,scotorum hi/oriae4 ,aft]w>ds1 z is %[n by 8 w1 ,hol9%$ s]v$ z /ew>d to ,?omas ,burdet ( ,bramcott1 ,w>wick%ire1 & di$ ab\t #aehj4 ,a second edition ( ! ,*ronicles1 enl>g$ & improv$ b )\t illu/rations1 :i* appe>$ 9 #aehg1 conta9$ /atem5ts :i* 7 (f5sive to ,que5 ,elizabe? & h] advis]s1 & imm$iately aft] publication "s ( ! pages 7 excis$ by ord] ( ! privy c\ncil4 ,^! excisions 7 publi%$ sep>ately 9 #agbc4 ,an edition ( ! ,*ronicles1 9 accordance ) ! orig9al text1 0 publi%$ 9 six volumes 9 #ahjh4 ,! "w conta9s a l>ge am\nt ( in=mation1 & %[s t its compil]s 7 m5 ( great indu/ry2 b its *ief int]e/ lies 9 ! fact t x 0 l>gely us$ by ,%akespe>e & o!r ,elizabe?an dramati/s2 ,%akespe>e1 :o probably us$ ! edition ( #aehg1 obta9+ f ! ,*ronicles mat]ial = mo/ ( 8 hi/orical plays1 & also = ,macbe?1 ,k+ ,le> & "p ( ,cymbel9e4 ,a s+le manuscript by ,hol9%$ is kn[n to be extant4 ,?is is a translation ( ,flor5ce ( ,worce/]1 & is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,see ,w4 ,g4 ,boswell-,/one1 ,%aksp]e's ,hol9%$4 ,! ,*ronicle & ! hi/orical plays comp>$ 7,london1 #ahif74 ,,holk>1 ! family "n ( ! ,mahratta rul] ( ,indore 7q4v471 :i* has be5 adopt$ z a dyna/ic title4 ,! t]m9ation -k> implies t ! f\nd] ( ! family came f ! village ( ,hol ne> ,poona4 ,,holl1 ,,frank 7#ahde-ahhh71 ,engli% pa9t]1 0 born 9 ,london on ! #d? ( ,july #ahde1 & 0 educat$ *iefly at ,univ]sity ,college ,s*ool4 ,he 0 a gr&son ( ,william ,holl1 an engrav] ( note1 & ! son ( ,francis ,holl1 ,a4,r4,a41 ano!r engrav]1 ^: pr(ession he orig9ally int5d$ to foll[4 ,ent]+ ! ,royal ,academy s*ools z a probation] 9 pa9t+ 9 #ahfj1 he rapidly progress$1 w9n+ silv] & gold m$als1 & mak+ 8 debut z an exhibitor 9 #ahfd ) ,a ,portrait1 & ,turn$ out ( ,*ur*1 a subject picture4 ,a ,f]n ,ga!r] 7#ahfe72 ,! ,ordeal 7#ahff72 ,convalesc5t 7! some:at grim pa?os ( :i* attract$ mu* att5tion71 & ,faces 9 ! ,fire 7#ahfg71 succe$$4 ,holl ga9$ ! travell+ /ud5t%ip 9 #ahfh2 ! successful "w 0 *>act]i/ic ( ! "y pa9t]'s mood1 be+ ,! ,"l gave1 & ! ,"l ha? tak5 away4 ,8 insatiable zeal = "w ( all k9ds began e>ly to und]m9e ! arti/'s heal?1 b 8 position 0 assur$ by ! /ud5t%ip picture1 :i* creat$ a sort ( furore1 al?\gh1 z ) mo/ ( 8 works1 ! blackness ( its coloration1 probably due to 8 tra9+ z an engrav]1 0 ev5 m decid$ly aga9/ x ?an ! sadness ( its !me4 ,o!rwise1 ?is pa9t+ exhibit$ ne>ly all ! be/ te*nical qualities to :i* he ev] atta9$1 except high f9i% & cle>ness1 & a v s9c]e ve9 ( pa?os4 ,holl 0 mu* bel[ ,millais ,9 portraiture1 & f> inf]ior ,9 all ! high] ways ( design2 9 te*nical res\rces1 relatively speak+1 he 0 b scantily provid$4 ,! range ( 8 /udies & ! mann] ( 8 pa9t+ 7 n>r[] ?an ^? ( ,josef ,israels1 ) :om1 except z a portrait-pa9t]1 he may bett] be comp>$ ?an ) ,millais4 ,9 #ahgj he pa9t$ ,bett] is a ,d9n] ( ,h]bs :]e ,love is1 ?an a ,/all$ ,ox & ,hatr$ !re)2 ,no ,tid+s f ! ,sea1 a sc5e 9 a fi%]man's cottage1 9 #ahga--;a /ory told ) brea?-cat*+ pa?os & p[]2 ,i am ! ,resurrection & ! ,life 7#ahgb72 ,leav+ ,home 7#ahgc71 ,des]t$ 7#ahgd71 bo? ( :i* _h great success2 ,h] ,fir/-born1 girls c>ry+ a baby to ! grave 7#ahgf72 & ,go+ ,home 7#ahgg74 ,9 #ahgg he pa9t$ ! two pictures ,hu% & ,hu%$4 ,newgate1 ,committ$ = ,trial1 a v sad & tell+ piece1 fir/ atte/$ ! break+ d[n ( ! pa9t]'s heal? 9 #ahgh4 ,9 ?is ye> he 0 elect$ ,a4,r4,a41 & exhibit$ ,! ,gifts ( ! ,fairies1 ,! ,daught] ( ! ,h\se1 ,abscond$1 & a v f9e portrait ( ,samuel ,c\s9s1 ! mezzot9t engrav]4 ,?is la/ canvas is a ma/]piece1 & des]v$ ! success :i* att5d$ ! pr9t engrav$ f x4 ,holl 0 ov]:elm$ ) commissions1 :i* he w\ld n decl9e4 ,! consequ5ces ( ?is /ra9 ^u a con/itution :i* 0 nev] /rong 7 m or less1 ?\gh unequally1 manife/ 9 ,ord]$ to ! ,front1 a soldi]'s dep>ture 7#ahhj72 ,home ,aga91 its sequel1 9 #ahhc 7aft] :i* he 0 made ,r4,a474 ,9 #ahhf he produc$ a portrait ( ,millais z 8 diploma "w1 b 8 heal? rapidly decl9$ & he di$ at ,hamp/ead1 on ! #ca/ ( ,july #ahhh4 ,holl's bett] portraits1 be+ ( m5 ( r>e importance1 atte/ ! comm&+ position he occupi$ 9 ! bran* ( art he s unfl9*+ly foll[$4 ,!y include lik5esses ( ,"l ,rob]ts1 pa9t$ = que5 ,victoria 7#ahhb72 ! pr9ce ( ,wales1 ,"l ,duff]91 ! duke ( ,clevel& 7#ahhe72 ,"l ,ov]/one1 ,mr ,bright1 ,mr ,glad/one1 ,mr ,*amb]la91 ,sir ,j4 ,t5niel1 ,e>l ,sp5c]1 ,visc\nt ,cranbrook1 & a score ( o!r important subjects4 7,f4 ,g4 ,s47 ,,holl&1 ,,*>les 7#agcc-agfi71 ,engli% actor1 0 born 9 ,*iswick1 ! son ( a bak]4 ,he made 8 fir/ appe>ance on ! /age 9 ! title role ( ,oroonoko at ,drury ,lane 9 #agee1 ,john ,palm]1 ,ri*>d ,yates & ,mrs ,cibb] be+ 9 ! ca/4 ,he play$ "u ,g>rick1 & 0 ! orig9al ,florizel 9 ! latt]'s adaptation ( ,%akespe>e's ,w9t]'s ,tale4 ,g>rick ?\ght highly ( him1 & wrote a eulogi/ic epitaph = 8 monum5t 9 ,*iswick *ur*4 ,8 nephew1 ,*>les ,holl& 7#agfh-ahdi7 0 also an actor1 :o play$ ) ,mrs ,siddons & ,kean4 ,,holl&1 ,,sir ,,h5ry1 ,,b>t4 7#aghh-ahgc71 ,engli% physician & au?or1 0 born at ,knuts=d1 ,*e%ire1 on ! #bg? ( ,octob] #aghh4 ,8 mat]nal gr&mo!r 0 ! si/] ( ,josiah ,w$gwood1 ^: gr&son 0 ,*>les ,d>w92 & 8 pat]nal aunt 0 ! "m ( ,mrs ,gaskell4 ,aft] sp5d+ "s ye>s at a private s*ool at ,knuts=d1 he 0 s5t to a s*ool at ,newca/le-on-,tyne1 :5ce aft] f\r ye>s he 0 transf]r$ to ,dr ,j4 ,p4 ,e/l9's s*ool ne> ,bri/ol4 ,!re he at once took ! position ( head boy1 9 succession to ,john ,cam ,hobh\se1 aft]w>ds ,"l ,br\ghton1 an hon\r :i* requir$ to be ma9ta9$ by physical pr[ess4 ,on leav+ s*ool he became articl$ cl]k to a m]cantile firm 9 ,liv]pool1 b1 z ! privilege 0 res]v$ to him ( pass+ two sessions at ,glasg[ univ]sity1 he at ! close ( 8 second session s\ght relief f 8 articles1 & 9 #ahjf began ! /udy ( m$ic9e 9 ! univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh1 :]e he graduat$ 9 #ahaa4 ,aft] sev]al ye>s sp5t 9 =eign travel1 he began practice 9 #ahaf z a physician 9 ,london--accord+ to 8 own /atem5t1 ) a fair augury ( success spe$ily & completely fulfill$4 ,?is success1 he adds1 0 mat]ially aid$ by visits = f\r successive ye>s to ,spa1 at ! close ( t :i* is call$ ! ,london season4 ,x mu/ also1 h[ev]1 be 9 a great degree attribut$ to 8 happy temp]am5t & 8 gifts z a conv]sationali/--qualities ! influ5ce ( :i*1 9 ! majority ( cases belong+ to 8 class ( practice1 is (t5 ( m importance ?an direct m$ical treatm5t4 ,9 #ahaf he 0 elect$ ,f4,r4,s41 & 9 #ahbh ,f4,r4,c4,s4 ,he became physician 9 ord9>y to ,pr9ce ,alb]t 9 #ahdj1 & 0 appo9t$ 9 #aheb physician 9 ord9>y to ! que54 ,9 ,april #ahec he 0 creat$ a b>onet4 ,he 0 also a ,d4,c4,l4 ( ,ox=d & a memb] ( ! pr9cipal le>n$ societies ( ,europe4 ,he 0 twice m>ri$1 8 second wife be+ a daught] ( ,sydney ,smi?1 a lady ( consid]able lit]>y tal5t1 :o publi%$ a biography ( h] fa!r4 ,sir ,h5ry ,holl& at an e>ly p]iod ( 8 practice resolv$ to devote to 8 pr(essional duties no m ( 8 "t ?an 0 necess>y to secure an income ( ,l#ejjj a ye>1 & also to sp5d two mon?s ( e ye> solely 9 =eign travel4 ,by ! =m] resolution he secur$ leisure = a wide acqua9tance ) g5]al lit]ature1 & = a m ?an sup]ficial cultivation ( sev]al bran*es ( sci5ce2 & ! latt] enabl$ him1 besides visit+1 & mo/ ( !m repeat$ly1 e c\ntry ( ,europe1 to make ext5sive t\rs 9 ! o!r ?ree cont95ts1 j\rney+ (t5 to places little frequ5t$ by ,european travell]s4 ,z1 moreov]1 he procur$ an introduction to ne>ly all ! em95t p]sonages 9 8 l9e ( travel1 & knew _m ( !m 9 8 capacity ( physician1 8 acqua9tance ) m5 & cities 0 ( a species )\t a p>allel4 ,! ,london ,m$ical ,record1 9 notic+ 8 dea?1 :i* took place on 8 eighty-fif? bir?day1 ,octob] #bg1 #ahgc1 rem>k$ t x _h occurr$ "u circum/ances highly *>act]i/ic ( 8 rem>kable c>e]4 ,on 8 return f a j\rney 9 ,russia he 0 pres5t1 on ,friday1 ,octob] #bd?1 at ! trial ( ,m>%al ,baza9e 9 ,p>is1 d9+ ) "s ( ! judges 9 ! ev5+4 ,he rea*$ ,london on ! ,saturday1 took ill ! foll[+ day1 & di$ quietly on ! ,monday aft]noon4 ,sir ,h5ry ,holl& 0 ! au?or ( ,g5]al ,view ( ! ,agriculture ( ,*e%ire 7#ahjg72 ,travels 9 ! ,ionian ,isles1 ,albania1 ,!ssaly & ,greece 7#ahab-ahac1 #bnd ed41 #ahai72 ,m$ical ,notes & ,reflections 7#ahci72 ,*apt]s on ,m5tal ,physiology 7#aheb72 ,essays on ,sci5tific & o!r ,subjects contribut$ to ! ,ed9burgh & ,qu>t]ly ,reviews 7#ahfb72 & ,recollections ( ,pa/ ,life 7#ahgb74 ,,holl&1 ,,h5ry ,,fox1 #a,,/ ,,b>on 7#agje-aggd71 ,engli% /atesman1 second son ( ,sir ,/eph5 ,fox1 0 born on ! #bh? ( ,septemb] #agje4 ,inh]it+ a l>ge %>e ( ! ri*es :i* 8 fa!r _h accumulat$1 he squ&]$ x soon aft] atta9+ 8 majority1 & w5t to ! ,cont95t to escape f 8 cr$itors4 ,!re he made ! acqua9tance ( a c\ntrywoman ( =tune1 :o became 8 patroness & 0 s lavi% ) h] purse t1 aft] sev]al ye>s' abs5ce1 he 0 9 a position to return home &1 9 #agce1 to ent] p>liam5t z memb] = ,h9don 9 ,wilt%ire4 ,he became ! fav\rite pupil & devot$ support] ( ,sir ,rob]t ,walpole1 a*iev+ unequall$ & un5viable pr(ici5cy 9 ! wor/ political arts ( 8 ma/] & model4 ,z a speak] he 0 flu5t & self-possess$1 imp]turbable "u attack1 audaci\s 9 exposition or retort1 & able to hold 8 own aga9/ ,pitt himself4 ,?us he made himself a p[] 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons & an indisp5sable memb] ( sev]al adm9i/rations4 ,he 0 surveyor-g5]al ( works f #agcg to #agdb1 0 memb] = ,w9dsor f #agda to #agfa2 "l ( ! treasury 9 #agdc1 secret>y at w> & memb] ( ! privy c\ncil 9 #agdf1 & 9 #agee became lead] ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 secret>y ( /ate & a memb] ( ! cab9et "u ! duke ( ,newca/le4 ,9 #ageg1 9 ! re>rangem5ts ( ! gov]nm5t1 ,fox 0 ultimately exclud$ f ! cab9et1 & giv5 ! po/ ( payma/] ( ! =ces4 ,dur+ ! w>1 :i* ,pitt conduct$ ) extraord9>y vig\r1 & 9 :i* ! nation 0 intoxicat$ ) glory1 ,fox devot$ himself ma9ly to accumulat+ a va/ =tune4 ,9 #agfb he aga9 accept$ ! lead]%ip ( ! ,h\se1 ) a seat 9 ! cab9et1 "u ! e>l ( ,bute1 & ex]cis$ 8 skill 9 cajol]y & corruption to induce ! ,h\se ( ,commons to approve ( ! treaty ( ,p>is ( #agfc2 z a recomp5se1 he 0 rais$ to ! ,h\se ( ,lords ) ! title ( ,b>on ,holl& ( ,foxley1 ,wilt%ire1 on ! #af? ( ,april #agfc4 ,9 #agfe he 0 =c$ to resign ! payma/] g5]al%ip1 & f\r ye>s lat] a petition ( ! liv]y ( ! city ( ,london aga9/ ! m9i/]s ref]r$ to him z ! public default] ( unacc\nt$ millions4 ,! proce$+s br\ght aga9/ him 9 ! c\rt ( ex*equ] 7 /ay$ by a royal w>rant2 & 9 a /atem5t publi%$ by him he prov$ t 9 ! delays 9 mak+ up ! acc\nts ( 8 (fice he _h transgress$ nei!r ! law nor ! cu/om ( ! "t4 ,f ! int]e/ on ! out/&+ balances he _h1 none ! less1 amass$ a pr9cely =tune4 ,he /rove1 b 9 va91 to obta9 promotion to ! dignity ( an e>l1 a dignity ^u :i* he _h set 8 he>t1 & he di$ at ,holl& ,h\se1 ,k5s+ton1 on ! #a/ ( ,july #aggd1 a sorely disappo9t$ man1 ) a reputation = cunn+ & unscrupul\sness :i* _c easily be mat*$1 & ) an unpopul>ity :i* ju/ifies ! conclusion t he 0 ! mo/ ?or\ghly hat$ /atesman ( 8 day4 ,"l ,holl& m>ri$ 9 #agdd ,lady ,georg9a ,c>ol9e ,l5nox1 daught] ( ! duke ( ,ri*mond1 :o 0 creat$ ,b>oness ,holl&1 ( ,holl&1 ,l9coln%ire1 9 #agfb4 ,!re 7 f\r sons ( ! m>riage3 ,/eph51 #bnd ,"l ,holl& 7d4 #aggd72 ,h5ry 7d4 an infant72 ,*>les ,james 7! celebrat$ /atesman72 & ,h5ry ,edw>d 7#agee-ahaa71 soldi] & diplomati/4 ,see ,walpole's & o!r memoirs ( ! "t1 also ! article ,,fox1 ,,*>les ,,james4 ,,holl&1 ,,h5ry ,,ri*1 #a,,/ ,,e>l ,,( 7#aeij-afdi71 #bnd son ( ,rob]t1 #a/ e>l ( ,w>wick1 & ( ,p5elope1 ,sir ,philip ,sidney's ,/ella1 daught] ( ,walt] ,dev]eux1 #a/ e>l ( ,essex1 0 baptiz$ on ! #ai? ( ,augu/ #aeij1 educat$ at ,emmanuel ,college1 ,cambridge1 knight$ on ! #crd ( ,june #afaj1 & return$ to p>liam5t = ,leice/] 9 #afaj & #afad4 ,9 #afaj he 0 pres5t at ! siege ( ,juli]s4 ,fav\rs 7 %[]$ ^u him by ,james ,i4 ,he 0 made g5tleman ( ! b$*amb] to ,*>les1 pr9ce ( ,wales1 & capta9 ( ! yeom5 ( ! gu>d2 & on ! #h? ( ,m>* #afbc he 0 rais$ to ! pe]age z ,b>on ,k5s+ton4 ,9 #afbd he 0 s5t to ,p>is to negotiate ! m>riage treaty betwe5 ,*>les & ,h5rietta ,m>ia4 ,on ! #ae? ( ,septemb] he 0 creat$ e>l ( ,holl&1 & 9 #afbe 0 s5t on two fur!r missions1 fir/ to ,p>is to arrange a treaty betwe5 ,l\is ,,xiii4 & ! ,hugu5ots1 & lat] to ! ,ne!rl&s 9 company ) ,buck+ham4 ,9 ,octob] #afbg he 0 giv5 comm& ( ! troops s5t to re9=ce ,buck+ham at ,rhe1 b ?r\gh delay 9 />t+ only met ! defeat$ troops on _! return4 ,he succe$$ ,buck+ham z *ancellor ( ,cambridge ,univ]sity2 0 ma/] ( ! horse 9 #afbh1 & 0 appo9t$ con/able ( ,w9dsor & high /ew>d to ! que5 9 #afbi4 ,he int]e/$ himself1 l 8 eld] bro!r1 ,"l ,w>wick1 9 ! plantations2 & 0 ! fir/ gov]nor ( ! ,provid5ce company 9 #afcj1 & "o ( ! proprietors ( ,newf\ndl& 9 #afcg4 ,9 #afca he 0 made *ief-ju/ice-9-eyre s\? ( ! ,tr5t1 & 9 ?is capacity 0 responsible = ! unpopul> revival ( ! obsolete =e/ laws4 ,he intrigu$ at c\rt aga9/ ,portl& & aga9/ ,/raf=d1 :o express$ = him ! greate/ contempt4 ,9 #afcf he 0 disappo9t$ at n obta9+ ! great (fice ( "l high admiral1 b 0 made in/ead groom ( ! /ole4 ,9 #afci he 0 appo9t$ g5]al ( ! horse1 & drew ridicule ^u himself by ! fiasco at ,kelso4 ,9 ! second w> aga9/ ! ,scots he 0 sup]s$$ 9 fav\r ( ,conway4 ,he oppos$ ! dissolution ( ! ,%ort ,p>liam5t1 jo9$ ! pe]s :o support$ ! p>liam5t>y cause1 & gave evid5ce aga9/ ,/raf=d4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 won back to ! k+'s side by ! que51 & on ! #af? ( ,april #afda made capta9 g5]al nor? ( ! ,tr5t4 ,dissatisfi$1 h[ev]1 ) ,*>les's refusal to grant him ! nom9ation ( a new b>on1 he aga9 ab&on$ him1 refus$ ! summons to ,york1 & 0 depriv$ ( 8 (fice z groom ( ! /ole at ! in/ance ( ! que51 :o greatly res5t$ 8 +ratitude4 ,he 0 *os5 by ! p>liam5t 9 ,m>* & ,july #afdb to communicate its votes to ,*>les1 :o receiv$ him1 mu* to 8 indignation1 ) /udi$ coldness4 ,he 0 appo9t$ "o ( ! committee ( safety 9 ,july2 made zeal\s spee*es on behalf ( ! p>liam5t>y cause to ! ,london citiz5s2 & jo9$ ,essex's army at ,twick5ham1 :]e1 x is said1 he p]suad$ him to avoid a battle4 ,9 #afdc he appe>$ z a peacemak]1 & aft] fail+ to br+ ov] ,essex1 he return$ to ! k+4 ,8 reception1 h[ev]1 0 n a cordial "o1 & he 0 n re9/at$ 9 8 (fice ( groom ( ! /ole4 ,aft]1 !re=e1 accompany+ ! k+ to ,gl\ce/] & tak+ "p 9 ! fir/ battle ( ,newbury1 he once m return$ to ! p>liam5t1 decl>+ t ! c\rt 0 too mu* b5t on cont9u+ ho/ilities1 & ! influ5ce ( ! papi/s too /rong = 8 patriotism4 ,he 0 re/or$ to 8 e/ates1 b ! ,commons oblig$ ! ,lords to exclude him f ! upp] h\se1 & 8 petition 9 #afde = comp5sation = 8 losses & = a p5sion 0 refus$4 ,8 hopes be+ 9 ?is qu>t] also disappo9t$1 he once aga9 r5ew$ 8 allegiance to ! k+'s cause2 & aft] endeav\r+ to promote ! negotiations = peace 9 #afde & #afdg he took up arms 9 ! second ,civil ,w>1 receiv$ a commission z g5]al1 & put himself at ! head ( #fjj m5 at ,k+/on4 ,he 0 defeat$ on ! #g? ( ,july #afdg1 captur$ at ,/ ,neots %ortly aft]w>ds1 & imprison$ at ,w>wick ,ca/le4 ,he 0 tri$ be=e a high c\rt ( ju/ice on ! #crd ( ,febru>y #afdi1 & 9 spite ( 8 plea t he _h receiv$ qu>t] 0 s5t5c$ to dea?4 ,he 0 execut$ toge!r ) ,hamilton & ,capel on ! #i? ( ,m>*4 ,cl>5don /yles him a v well-br$ man & a f9e g5tleman 9 good times4#a ,he 0 evid5tly a man ( %all[ "*1 devoid ( ability1 rais$ f> above 8 m]its & hopelessly unfit = ! great times 9 :i* he liv$4 ,"l ,holl& m>ri$ ,elizabe?1 daught] & heiress ( ,sir ,walt] ,cope ( ,k5s+ton1 &1 besides sev]al daught]s1 _h f\r sons1 ( :om ! elde/1 ,rob]t1 succe$$ him z #bnd e>l ( ,holl&1 & inh]it$ ! e>ldom ( ,w>wick 9 #afgc4 ,,footnote3 #a ,hi/4 ( ! ,rebellion1 xi4 #bfc4 ,,holl&1 ,,h5ry ,,ri*>d ,,vassall ,,fox1 #c,,rd ,,b>on 7#aggc-ahdj71 0 ! son ( ,/eph5 ,fox1 #bnd ,b>on ,holl&1 8 "m1 ,lady ,m>y ,fitzpatrick1 be+ ! daught] ( ! e>l ( ,upp] ,ossory4 ,he 0 born at ,w9t]sl[ ,h\se 9 ,wilt%ire1 on ! #ba/ ( ,novemb] #aggc1 & 8 fa!r di$ 9 ! foll[+ ye>4 ,he 0 educat$ at ,eton & at ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 ,ox=d1 :]e he became ! fri5d ( ,cann+1 ( ,hookham ,fr]e1 & ( o!r wits ( ! "t4 ,"l ,holl& did n take ! same political side z 8 fri5ds 9 ! conflicts ( ! revolution>y epo*4 ,he 0 f 8 boyhood deeply atta*$ to 8 uncle1 ,c4 ,j4 ,fox1 & rema9$ /eadily loyal to ! ,:ig p>ty4 ,9 #agia he visit$ ,p>is & became acqua9t$ ) ,lafayette & ,talleyr&1 & 9 #agic he aga9 w5t abroad to travel 9 ,france & ,italy4 ,at ,flor5ce he met ) ,lady ,web/]1 wife ( ,sir ,godfrey ,web/]1 ,b>t41 :o left h] husb& = him4 ,%e 0 by bir? ,elizabe? ,vassall 7#aggj-ahde71 daught] ( ,ri*>d ,vassall1 a plant] 9 ,jamaica4 ,a son 0 born ( _! irregul> union1 a ,*>les ,ri*>d ,fox 7#agif-ahgc71 :o aft] "s s]vice 9 ! navy ent]$ ! ,gr5adi]s1 & 0 kn[n 9 lat] life z a collector ( ,greek co9s4 ,8 collection 0 b\ght = ! royal museum ( ,b]l9 :5 he di$ 9 #ahgc4 ,he m>ri$ ,lady ,m>y ,fitzcl>5ce1 a daught] ( ,william ,,iv4 by ,mrs ,jordan4 ,sir ,godfrey ,web/] hav+ obta9$ a divorce1 ,"l ,holl& 0 enabl$ to m>ry on ! #f? ( ,july #agig4 ,he _h tak5 8 seat 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords on ! #e? ( ,octob] #agif4 ,dur+ sev]al ye>s he may be said almo/ to h con/itut$ ! ,:ig p>ty 9 ! ,upp] ,h\se4 ,8 prote/s aga9/ ! measures ( ! ,tory m9i/]s 7 collect$ & publi%$1 z ! ,op9ions ( ,"l ,holl& 7#ahda71 by ,dr ,moylan ( ,l9coln's ,inn4 ,9 #ahjj he 0 au?oriz$ to take ! "n ( ,vassall1 & aft] #ahjg he sign$ himself ,vassall ,holl&1 ?\gh ! "n 0 no "p ( 8 title4 ,9 #ahjj ,"l & ,lady ,holl& w5t abroad & rema9$ 9 ,france & ,spa9 till #ahje1 visit+ ,p>is dur+ ! ,peace ( ,ami5s1 & be+ well receiv$ by ,napoleon4 ,lady ,holl& always pr(ess$ a pr(\nd admiration ( ,napoleon1 ( :i* %e made a !atrical display aft] 8 fall1 & he left h] a gold snuff-box by 8 w4 ,9 public life ,"l ,holl& took a %>e proportionate to 8 bir? & opportunities4 ,he 0 appo9t$ to negotiate ) ! ,am]ican envoys1 ,monroe & ,w4 ,p9kney1 0 admitt$ to ! privy c\ncil on ! #bg? ( ,augu/ #ahjf1 & on ! #ae? ( ,octob] ent]$ ! cab9et ( all ! tal5ts z "l privy seal1 retir+ ) ! re/ ( 8 colleagues 9 ,m>* #ahjg4 ,he l$ ! opposition to ! ,reg5cy bill 9 #ahaa1 & he attack$ ! ord]s 9 c\ncil & o!r /rong measures ( ! gov]nm5t tak5 to c\nt]act ,napoleon's ,b]l9 decrees4 ,he 0 9 fact 9 politics a consi/5t ,:ig1 & 9 t "* he d5\nc$ ! treaty ( #ahac ) ,sw$5 :i* b\nd ,engl& to cons5t to ! =cible union ( ,norway1 & he resi/$ ! bill ( #ahaf = conf9+ ,napoleon 9 ,/ ,hel5a4 ,8 loyalty z a ,:ig secur$ recognition :5 8 p>ty triumph$ 9 ! /ruggle = p>liam5t>y re=m1 by 8 appo9tm5t z *ancellor ( ! du*y ( ,lanca/] 9 ! cab9et ( ,"l ,grey & ,"l ,melb\rne1 & he 0 /ill 9 (fice :5 he di$ on ! #bbnd ( ,octob] #ahdj4 ,"l ,holl& is notable1 n = 8 some:at insignificant political c>e]1 b z a patron ( lit]ature1 z a writ] on 8 own acc\nt1 & because 8 h\se 0 ! c5tre & ! headqu>t]s ( ! ,:ig political & lit]>y _w ( ! "t2 & ,lady ,holl& 7:o di$ on ! #af? ( ,novemb] #ahde7 succe$$ 9 tak+ ! sort ( place 9 ,london :i* _h be5 fill$ 9 ,p>is dur+ ! #ah? c5tury by ! society ladies :o kept salons4 ,"l ,holl&'s ,=eign ,rem9isc5ces 7#ahej7 conta9 mu* amus+ gossip f ! ,revolution>y & ,napoleonic era4 ,8 ,memoirs ( ! ,:ig ,p>ty 7#aheb7 is an important contempor>y au?ority4 ,8 small "w on ,lope de ,vega 7#ahjf7 is /ill ( "s value4 ,holl& _h two legitimate sons1 ,/eph51 :o di$ 9 #ahjj1 & ,h5ry ,edw>d1 :o became #d? ,"l ,holl&4 ,:5 ?is pe] di$ 9 ,decemb] #ahei ! title became ext9ct4 ,see ,! ,j\rnal ( ,elizabe?1 ,lady ,holl&1 edit$ by ! e>l ( ,il*e/] 7#aijh72 & ,lloyd ,s&]s1 ,! ,holl& ,h\se ,circle 7#aijh74 ,,holl&1 ,,josiah ,,gilb]t 7#ahai-ahha71 ,am]ican au?or & editor1 0 born 9 ,bel*]t[n1 ,massa*usetts1 on ! #bd? ( ,july #ahai4 ,he graduat$ 9 #ahdc at ! ,b]k%ire ,m$ical ,college 7no long] 9 exi/5ce7 at ,pittsfield1 ,mass41 & aft] practis+ m$ic9e 9 #ahdd-ahdg1 & mak+ an unsuccessful attempt1 ) ,*>les ,rob9son 7#ahah-ahid71 lat] fir/ gov]nor ( ! /ate ( ,kansas1 to e/abli% a hospital = wom51 he taught = a brief p]iod 9 ,ri*mond1 ,virg9ia1 & 9 #ahdh 0 sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools 9 ,vicksburg1 ,mississippi4 ,9 #ahdi he became assi/ant editor "u ,samuel ,b[les1 & ?ree ye>s lat] "o ( ! own]s1 ( ! ,spr+field 7,massa*usetts7 ,republican1 ) :i* he reta9$ 8 connexion until #ahfg4 ,he !n travell$ = "s "t 9 ,europe1 & 9 #ahgj remov$ to ,new ,york1 :]e he help$ to e/abli% & became editor & "o-?ird own] ( ,scribn]'s ,mon?ly 7! title ( :i* 0 *ang$ 9 #ahha to ,! ,c5tury71 :i* absorb$ ! p]iodicals ,h\rs at ,home1 ,putnam's ,magaz9e & ! ,riv]side ,magaz9e4 ,he rema9$ editor ( ?is magaz9e until 8 dea?4 ,dr ,holl&'s books long enjoy$ a wide popul>ity4 ,! e>li] ones 7 publi%$ ov] ! pseudonym ,timo?y ,titcomb4 ,8 writ+s fall into f\r classes3 hi/ory & biography1 repres5t$ by a ,hi/ory ( ,we/]n ,massa*usetts 7#ahee71 & a ,life ( ,abraham ,l9coln 7#ahfe72 fiction1 ( :i* ,miss ,gilb]t's ,c>e] 7#ahfj7 & ,! ,/ory ( ,sev5oaks 7#ahge7 rema9 fai?ful pictures ( village life 9 ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates2 poetry1 ( :i* ,bitt]-,sweet 7#aheh7 & ,ka?r9a1 ,h] ,life & ,m9e 7#ahfg7 7 widely read2 & a s]ies ( homely essays on ! art ( liv+1 ( :i* ! mo/ *>act]i/ic 7 ,lett]s to ,"y ,p1 ,s+le & ,m>ri$ 7#aheh71 ,gold ,foil1 hamm]$ f ,popul> ,prov]bs 7#ahei71 ,lett]s to ! ,jonses 7#ahfc71 & ,e-,day ,topics 7#b s]ies1 #ahgf & #ahhb74 ,:ile a resid5t ( ,new ,york1 :]e he di$ on ! #ab? ( ,octob] #ahha1 he id5tifi$ himself ) measures = good gov]nm5t & s*ool re=m1 & 9 #ahgb became a memb] & = a %ort "t 9 #ahgc 0 presid5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education4 ,see ,mrs ,h4 ,m4 ,plunkett's ,josiah ,gilb]t ,holl& 7,new ,york1 #ahid74 ,,holl&1 ,,philemon 7#aeeb-afcg71 ,engli% s*ol>1 ! translator-g5]al 9 8 age1 0 born at ,*elms=d 9 ,essex4 ,he 0 ! son ( a cl]gyman1 ,john ,holl&1 :o _h be5 oblig$ to take refuge 9 ,g]many & ,d5m>k ) ,miles ,cov]dale dur+ ! ,m>ian p]secution4 ,hav+ become a fell[ ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge1 & tak5 ! degree ( ,m4,a41 he 0 incorporat$ at ,ox=d 7,july #aa?1 #aehe74 ,hav+ subsequ5tly /udi$ m$ic9e1 ab\t #aeie he settl$ z a doctor 9 ,cov5try1 b *iefly occupi$ himself ) translations4 ,9 #afbh he 0 appo9t$ headma/] ( ! free s*ool1 b1 ow+ probably to advanc+ age1 he held (fice = only elev5 mon?s4 ,8 latt] days 7 oppress$ by pov]ty1 p>tly reliev$ by ! g5]osity ( ! common c\ncil ( ,cov5try1 :i* 9 #afcb assign$ him ,l#c1 #fs4 #h;d4 = ?ree ye>s1 if he %\ld live s long4 ,he di$ on ! #i? ( ,febru>y1 #afcf-afcg4 ,8 fame is due solely to 8 translations1 :i* includ$ ,livy1 ,pl9y's ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,plut>*'s ,morals1 ,suetonius1 ,ammianus ,m>cell9us & ,x5ophon's ,cyropa$ia4 ,he publi%$ also an ,engli% v]sion1 ) additions1 ( ,camd5's ,britannia4 ,8 ,lat9 translation ( ,brice ,baud]on's ,ph>macopaea & 8 ,regim5 sanitatis ,sal]ni 7 publi%$ aft] 8 dea? by 8 son1 ,,h5ry ,,holl& 7#aehc-8afej71 :o became a ,london booksell]1 & is kn[n to bibliograph]s = 8 ,baziliomegalogia2 a ,booke ( ,k+s1 bee+ ! true & liuely ,effigies ( all our ,engli% ,k+s f ! ,conque/ 7#afah71 & 8 ,h]omegaologia ,anglica 7#afbj74 ,,holl&1 ,,ri*>d1 or ,,ri*>d ,,de ,,hol&e 7fl4 #adej71 ,scotti% writ]1 au?or ( ! ,buke ( ! ,h[lat1 0 secret>y or *apla9 to ! e>l ( ,moray 7#adej7 & rector ( ,halkirk1 ne> ,?urso4 ,he 0 aft]w>ds rector ( ,abbreo*y1 ,lo* ,ness1 & lat] held a *antry 9 ! ca!dral ( ,norway4 ,he 0 an ard5t p>tisan ( ! ,d\glases1 & on _! ov]?r[ retir$ to ,orkney & lat] to ,%etl&4 ,he 0 employ$ by ,edw>d ,,iv4 9 8 attempt to r\se ! ,we/]n ,isles ?r\gh ,d\glas ag5cy1 & 9 #adhb 0 exclud$ f ! g5]al p>don grant$ by ,james ,,iii4 to ^? :o w\ld r5\nce _! fealty to ! ,d\glases4 ,! poem1 entitl$ ! ,buke ( ! ,h[lat1 writt5 ab\t #adej1 %[s 8 devotion to ! h\se ( ,d\glas3-- ,on ilk beugh till embrace ,writt9 9 a bill 0 ,o ,d[glass1 ,o ,d[glass ,t5d] & trewe6 7ii4 #djj-djc74 & is d$icat$ to ! wife ( a ,d\glas-- ,?us = ane ,d[ ( ,dunb> drew ,i ?is ,dyte1 ,d[it ) ane ,d[glass1 & boi? w> !i d[is4 b all !ories ( its be+ a political allegory 9 fav\r ( t h\se may be disc>d$4 ,sir ,walt] ,scott's judgm5t t ! ,buke is a poetical apologue 444 )\t any view :atev] to local or natural politics is c]ta9ly ! mo/ reasonable4 ,! poem1 :i* ext5ds to #ajja l9es writt5 9 ! irregul> allit]ative rhym$ /anza1 is a bird-allegory1 ( ! type famili> 9 ! ,p>lem5t ( ,f\les4 ,x has ! incid5tal int]e/ ( %[+ 7especially 9 /anzas #fb & #fc7 ! antipa?y ( ! ,+lis-speak+ ,scot to ! ,scots-speak+ ,gael ( ! we/1 z is also %[n 9 ,dunb>'s ,flyt+ ) ,k5n$y4 ,! text ( ! poem is pres]v$ 9 ! ,asloan & ,bannatyne ,,mss4 ,fragm5ts ( an e>ly #af? c5tury black-lett] edition1 discov]$ by ,d4 ,la+1 are reproduc$ 9 ! ,adv]s>ia ( ! ,bannatyne ,club4 ,! poem has be5 frequ5tly repr9t$1 by ,p9k]ton1 9 8 ,scotti% ,poems 7#agib72 by ,d4 ,la+ 7,bannatyne ,club #ahbc2 repr9t$ 9 ,new ,club s]ies1 ,paisley1 #ahhb72 by ! ,hunt]ian ,club 9 _! edition ( ! ,bannatyne ,,ms41 & by ,a4 ,diebl] 7,*emnitz1 #ahic74 ,! late/ edition is t by ,f4 ,j4 ,am\rs 9 ,scotti% ,allit]ative ,poems 7,scotti% ,text ,society1 #ahig71 pp4 #dg-ha4 7,see also ,introduction pp4 xx4-xxxiv47 ,,holl&1 (ficially ! k+dom ( ! ,ne!rl&s 7,kon+rijk d] ,n$]l&571 a m>itime c\ntry 9 ! nor?-we/ ( ,europe4 ,! "n ,holl& is t ( ! =m] c\nt%ip1 :i* =ms "p ( ! political1 z well z ! geographical c5tre ( ! k+dom 7see ! next article74 ,topography4--,holl& is b\nd$ on ! ,e4 by ,g]many1 on ! ,s4 by ,belgium1 on ! ,w4 & ,n4 by ! ,nor? ,sea1 & at ! ,n4,e4 corn] by ! ,doll>t4 ,f ,/ev5swe]t s\?w>d to ! extreme corn] ( ,limburg ! b\nd>y l9e is =m$ by ! riv] ,maas or ,meuse4#a ,on ! ea/ a natural geographical b\nd>y 0 =m$ by ! long l9e ( m>%y f5s ext5d+ along ! bord]s ( ,ov]ysel1 ,dr5te & ,gron+54 ,! k+dom ext5ds f #ec deg4 #cb' #ba 7,gron+5 ,cape on ,rottum ,isl&7 to #ej deg4 #de' #di ,n4 7,mes* 9 ! prov9ce ( ,limburg71 & f #c deg4 #bc' #bg 7,sluis 9 ! prov9ce ( ,zeel&7 to #g deg4 #ab' #bj ,e4 7,langakk]s*ans 9 ! prov9ce ( ,gron+574 ,! greate/ l5g? f nor? to s\?1 viz4 t f ,rottum ,isl& to ,eisd5 ne> ,maa/ri*t is #afd m41 & ! greate/ bread? f s\?-we/ to nor?-ea/1 or f ,zw9 ne> ,sluis to ,loss] 9 ,ov]ysel1 #add m4 ,! area is subject to p]petual v>iation ow+1 on ! "o h&1 to ! erosion ( ! coa/s1 &1 on ! o!r1 to reclamation ( l& by means ( endik+ & dra9age op]ations4 ,9 #ahhi ! total area 0 calculat$ at #ab1eeh sq4 m41 &1 includ+ ! ,zuid] ,zee & ! ,wadd5 7#bjej sq4 m47 & ! ,dut* portion ( ! ,doll>t 7#bc sq4 m471 #ad1fac sq4 m4 ,9 no c\ntry 9 ,europe has ! "* ( ! t]ritory ex]cis$ s great an influ5ce on ! inhabitants z 9 ! ,ne!rl&s2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 no p has s ext5sively modifi$ ! condition ( its t]ritory z ! ,dut*4 ,! greate/ importance atta*es !re=e to ! physical con=mation ( ! c\ntry4 ,coa/4 ,! coa/-l9e ext5ds 9 a d\ble curve f s\?-we/ to nor?-ea/1 & is =m$ by a r[ ( s& dunes1 #aga m4 9 l5g?1 fr+$ by a broad s&y bea* desc5d+ v gradually into ! sea4 ,9 ! nor? & s\?1 h[ev]1 ?is l9e is brok5 by ! inlets ( ! sea :i* =m ! ,frisian & ! ,s\? ,holl& & ,zeel& isl&s respectively2 b ! dunes !mselves are f\nd cont9u$ along ! seaw>d side ( ^! isl&s1 ?us indicat+ ! orig9al cont9uity ( ! coa/-l9e4 ,! bread? ( ! dunes naturally v>ies greatly1 ! maximum wid? ( ab\t #dcge yds4 be+ f\nd at ,s*oorl1 nor?-we/ ( ,alkma>4 ,! av]age height ( ! individual dune-tops is n above #cc ft41 b atta9s a maximum ( #aig ft4 at ! ,high ,bl9k]t1 ne> ,ha>lem4 ,! /eepness ( ! dunes on ! side t[>ds ! sea is caus$ by ! cont9ual erosion1 probably traceable1 9 "p at lea/1 to ! *annel curr5t 7:i* at mean tide has a velocity ( #ad or #ae 94 p] second71 & to ! /rong we/ or nor?-we/ w9ds :i* c>ry (f l>ge quantities ( mat]ial4 ,?is alt]ation ( coa/-l9e appe>s at ,loosdu951 :]e ! moor or f5l& =m]ly develop$ beh9d ! dunes n[ crops out on ! %ore amid ! s&1 be+ press$ to ! compactness ( lignite by ! weight ( ! s& drift$ ov] x4 ,aga91 ! rema9s ( ! ,roman camp ,britt5burg or ,huis te ,britt51 :i* orig9ally lay )9 ! dunes &1 aft] be+ cov]$ by !m1 em]g$ aga9 9 #aebj1 71 9 #afid1 #afjj paces out to sea1 opposite ,katwijk2 :ile1 besides ,katwijk itself1 sev]al o!r villages ( ! we/ coa/1 z ,domburg1 ,s*ev5+51 ,egmond1 h be5 remov$ fur!r inl&4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! dunes to drift (f on ! l&w>d side is prev5t$ by ! plant+ ( b5t-grass 7,arundo ar5>ia71 ^: long roots s]ve to b9d ! s& toge!r4 ,x mu/ be fur!r rem>k$ t bo? ! dune-pans1 or depressions1 :i* are naturally m>%y ?r\gh _! defective dra9age1 & ! gee/ gr\nds--t is1 ! gr\nds along ! foot ( ! d[ns--h be5 9 v>i\s places ei!r plant$ ) wood or turn$ into arable & pa/ure l&2 :ile ! num]\s spr+s at ! base ( ! dunes are ( ! utmo/ value to ! great cities situat$ on ! m>%y soil inl&1 ! example set by ,am/]dam 9 #ahec 9 supply+ itself ) ?is wat] hav+ be5 readily foll[$ by ,leid51 ! ,hague1 ,flu%+1 c4 ,z already rem>k$1 ! coa/-l9e ( ,holl& breaks up into a s]ies ( isl&s at its nor!rn & s\!rn extremities4 ,! pr9cipal sea-inlets 9 ! nor? are ! ,texel ,gat or ,m>sdiep & ! ,vlie1 :i* lead pa/ ! *a9 ( ! ,frisian ,isl&s into ! l>ge inl& sea or gulf call$ ! ,zuid] ,zee1 & ! ,wadd5 or %all[s1 :i* ext5d along ! %ores ( ,friesl& & ,gron+5 z f> z ! ,doll>t & ! m\? ( ! ,ems4 ,! inl& sea-bo>d ?us =m$ consi/s ( l[ coa/s ( sea-clay protect$ by dikes1 & ( "s high diluvial /rata :i* rise f> en\gh above ! level ( ! sea to make dikes unnecess>y1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,gooi hills betwe5 ,na>d5 & ! ,eem1 ! ,veluwe hills betwe5 ,nyk]k & ,elburg1 & ! /eep cliffs ( ! ,gaa/]l& betwe5 ,oude ,mirdum & ,/avor54 ,! ,doll>t 0 =m$ 9 #abgg by ! inundation ( ! ,ems bas91 m ?an ?irty villages be+ de/roy$ at once4 ,! ,zuid] ,zee & ! bay 9 ! ,frisian coa/ kn[n z ! ,lauw]s ,zee also gradually came into exi/5ce 9 ! #ac? c5tury4 ,! ext5sive sea-arms =m+ ! ,s\? ,holl& & ,zeel& ar*ipelago are ! ,hont or ,we/ ,s*eldt1 ! ,ea/ ,s*eldt1 ! ,grevel+5 7communicat+ ) ,kramm] & ! ,volk]ak7 & ! ,h>+vliet1 :i* aft] be+ jo9$ by ! ,volk]ak is kn[n z ! ,holl&s* ,diep4 ,^! inlets 7 =m]ly ( mu* great] ext5t ?an n[1 b are gradually clos+ up ow+ to ! accumulation ( mud deposits1 & no long] h ! same fre$om ( communication ) "o ano!r4 ,at ! head ( ! ,holl&s* ,diep is ! celebrat$ railway bridge ( ! ,mo]dyk 7#ahfh-ahga7 #afjg yds4 9 l5g?2 & above ?is bridge lies ! ,biesbos* 7re$ =e/71 a gr\p ( m>%y isl&s =m$ by a disa/r\s inundation 9 #adba1 :5 sev5ty-two villages & upw>ds ( #ajj1jjj lives 7 de/roy$4 ,relief & levels4 ,besides ! dunes ! only hilly regions ( ,holl& are ! s\!rn half ( ! prov9ce ( ,limburg1 ! neighb\rhood ( ,nijmweg51 ! hills ( ,utre*t1 includ+ ! ,gooi hills1 ! ,veluwe region 9 ,geld]l&1 ! isolat$ hills 9 ! middle & ea/ ( ,ov]ysel & ! ,hondsrug range 9 ,dr5te4 ,! rema9d] ( ! c\ntry is flat1 & %[s a regul> d[nw>d slope f s\?-ea/ to nor?-we/1 9 :i* direction ! riv]s ma9ly fl[4 ,! elevation ( ! surface ( ! c\ntry ranges betwe5 ! extreme height ( #ajeg ft4 ne> ,vaals 9 ! f>!/ corn] ( ,limburg1 & #af-bj ft4 bel[ ! ,am/]dam z]o#b 9 "s ( ! dra9$ l&s 9 ! we/]n half ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 fact1 "o qu>t] ( ! :ole k+dom1 consi/+ ( ! prov9ces ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,holl&1 ! we/]n portion ( ,utre*t z f> z ! ,va>t ,rh9e1 ,zeel&1 except ! s\!rn "p ( ,zeel&-,fl&]s1 & ! nor?-we/ "p ( ,nor? ,brabant1 lies bel[ ! ,am/]dam z]o2 & altoge!r #ch ( ! c\ntry1 or all t "p ly+ we/ ( a l9e drawn ?r\gh ,gron+51 ,utre*t & ,antw]p1 lies )9 "o metre above ! ,am/]dam z]o & w\ld be subm]g$ if ! sea broke d[n ! b>ri] ( dunes & dikes4 ,?is diff]5ce betwe5 ! ea/]n & we/]n divisions ( ,holl& has its c\nt]p>t 9 ! l&scape & ! nature ( ! soil4 ,! we/]n division consi/s ( l[ f5 or clay soil & pres5ts a monoton\s expanse ( ri* mead[-l&1 c>efully dra9$ 9 regul> l9es ( canals bord]$ by /unt$ will[s1 & dott$ ov] ) w9dmills1 ! sails ( canal craft & ! clumps ( elm & popl> :i* surr\nd ea* isolat$ f>m-h\se4 ,! l&scape ( ! ea/]n division is consid]$ less typical4 ,"h ! soil consi/s ma9ly ( s& & gravel1 & ! prevail+ sc5]y is =m$ ( wa/e hea?s & pat*es ( wood1 :ile "h & !re f]tile mead[s ext5d along ! banks ( ! /reams1 & ! l& is laid out 9 ! highly regul> mann] *>act]i/ic ( f5 reclamation 7see ,,dr5te74 ,riv]s4 ,! entire dra9age ( ,holl& is into ! ,nor? ,sea4 ,! ?ree pr9cipal riv]s are ! ,rh9e1 ! ,maas 7,meuse7 & ! ,s*eldt 7,s*elde71 & all ?ree h _! orig9 outside ! c\ntry1 :il/ ! ,s*eldt has its m\? only 9 ,holl&1 giv+ its "n to ! two broad inlets ( ! sea :i* b\nd ! ,zeel& isl&s4 ,! ,rh9e 9 its c\rse ?r\gh ,holl& is m]ely ! p>5t /ream ( sev]al important bran*es1 splitt+ up into ,rh9e & ,waal1 ,rh9e & ,ysel1 ,crook$ ,rh9e & ,lek 7:i* takes two-?irds ( ! wat]s71 & at ,utre*t into ,old ,rh9e & ,ve*t1 f9ally rea*+ ! sea ?r\gh ! sluices at ,katwijk z little m ?an a dra9age canal4 ,! ,ysel & ! ,ve*t fl[ to ! ,zuid] ,zee2 ! o!r bran*es to ! ,nor? ,sea4 ,! ,maas1 ^: c\rse is almo/ p>allel to t ( ! ,rh9e1 foll[s 9 a wide curve ! g5]al slope ( ! c\ntry1 receiv+ ! ,ro]1 ! ,m>k & ! ,aa4 ,t[>ds its m\? its wat]s f9d _! way into all ! *annels int]sect+ ! ,s\? ,holl& ar*ipelago4 ,! ma9 /ream jo9+ ! ,waal at ,gor9*em fl[s on to ,dordre*t z ! ,m]w$e1 & is cont9u$ !nce to ! sea by ! ,old ,maas1 ! ,nor?1 & ! ,new ,maas1 ! ,new ,maas be+ =m$ by ! junction ( ! ,lek & ! ,nor?4 ,f ,gor9*em ! ,new ,m]w$e 7con/ruct$ 9 ! second half ( ! #ai? c5tury7 ext5ds betwe5 dykes ?r\gh ! m>%es ( ! ,biesbos* to ! ,holl&s* ,diep4 ,^! great riv]s r5d] v important s]vice z wat]ways4 ,! mean velocity ( _! fl[ seldom exce$s #d4i ft41 b rises to #f4d ft4 :5 ! riv] is high4 ,9 ! l[] rea*es ( ! /reams ! velocity & slope are ( c\rse affect$ by ! tides4 ,9 ! ,waal ord9>y high wat] is p]ceptible z f> up z ,zalt ,bommel 9 ,geld]l&1 9 ! ,lek ! maximum limits or ord9>y & spr+ tides are at ,vian5 & ,kuil5burg respectively1 9 ! ,ysel above ! ,kat]ve] at ! junction ( ! ,willemsva>t & pa/ ,wyhe midway betwe5 ,zwolle & ,dev5t]2 & 9 ! ,maas ne> ,heusd5 & at ,well 9 ,limburg4 ,into ! ,zuid] ,zee !re also fl[ ! ,ku9d]1 ! ,zw>te ,wat]1 ) its tribut>y ! ,ve*t1 & ! ,eem4 ,! total l5g? ( navigable *annels is ab\t #aaej m41 b s& banks & %all[s n infrequ5tly imp$e ! %ipp+ traffic at l[ wat] dur+ ! summ]4 ,! small] /reams are (t5 ( great importance4 ,except :]e !y rise 9 ! f5s !y call into life a /rip ( f]tile grassl& 9 ! mid/ ( ! b>r5 s&1 & are responsible = ! exi/5ce ( _m villages along _! banks4 ,foll[+ ! example ( ! great ,kamp5 irrigation canal 9 ,belgium1 artificial irrigation is also practis$ by means ( "s ( ! small] /reams1 especially 9 ,nor? ,brabant1 ,dr5te & ,ov]ysel1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( /reams1 canals & sluices are sometimes specially con/ruct$ to p]=m ! same s]vice4 ,! l[-ly+ spaces at ! conflu5ces ( ! riv]s1 be+ readily laid "u wat]1 h be5 n infrequ5tly *os5 z sites = =tresses4 ,z a matt] ( c\rse1 ! /reams are also turn$ to acc\nt 9 connexion ) ! canal sy/em--! ,dommel1 ,b]kel1 ,ve*t1 ,regge1 ,holl& ,ysel1 ,g\we1 ,rotte1 ,s*ie1 ,spa>ne1 ,zaan1 ,am/el1 ,dieze1 ,am]1 ,m>k1 ,zw>te ,wat]1 ,ku9d] & ! num]\s ,aas 9 ,dr5te & ,gron+5 be+ ! mo/ important 9 ?is respect4 ,lakes4 ,x is unnecess>y to m5tion ! names ( ! num]\s m>%y lakes :i* exi/1 especially 9 ,friesl& & ,gron+51 & are connect$ ) riv]s or /reamlets4 ,^? ( ,friesl& are ( note = ! abundance ( _! fi% & _! beauty ( situation1 on :i* la/ acc\nt ! ,uddel]me] 9 ,geld]l& is also celebrat$4 ,! ,rockanje ,lake ne> ,brielle is rem>kable = ! /rong salty solution :i* cov]s ev5 ! gr[+ re$s ) a h>d cru/4 ,_m ( ! lakes are no?+ m ?an deep pits or m>%es f :i* ! peat has be5 extract$4 ,illu/ration3 ,holl& ,map4 ,dikes4--,! circum/ance t s mu* ( ,holl& is bel[ ! sea-level necess>ily ex]cises a v important influ5ce on ! dra9age1 ! climate & ! sanit>y conditions ( ! c\ntry1 z well z on its def5ce by means ( inundation4 ,! endik+ ( l[ l&s aga9/ ! sea :i* _h be5 quietly proce$+ dur+ ! fir/ elev5 c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 receiv$ a fre% impetus 9 ! #ab? & #ac? c5turies f ! fact t ! level ( ! sea !n became high] 9 relation to t ( ! l&4 ,?is fact is illu/rat$ by ! broad5+ ( riv] m\?s & e/u>ies at ?is "t1 & ! beg9n+ ( ! =mation ( ! ,zuid] ,zee4 ,a new feature 9 dik+ 0 ! con/ruction ( dams or sluices across ! m\?s ( riv]s1 sometimes ) important consequ5ces = ! villages situat$ on ! spot4 ,?us ! dam on ! ,am/el 7#abeg7 0 ! orig9 ( ,am/]dam1 & ! dam on ! ,ye gave rise to ,edam4 ,b ,holl&'s *ief protection aga9/ inundation is its long l9e ( s& dunes1 9 :i* only two real brea*es h be5 effect$ dur+ ! c5turies ( erosion4 ,^! are repres5t$ by ! fam\s sea dikes call$ ! ,we/kapelle dike & ! ,hondsboss*e ,zeew]+1 or sea-def5ce1 :i* 7 begun respectively 9 ! fir/ & second halves ( ! #ae? c5tury4 ,! fir/ ext5ds = a di/ance ( ov] #djjj yds4 betwe5 ! villages ( ,we/kapelle & ,domburg 9 ! isl& ( ,wal*]52 ! second is ab\t #dijj yds4 long1 & ext5ds f ,kamp]du9 to ne> ,pett51 :5ce x is cont9u$ = ano!r #aajj yds4 by ! ,pettem] dike4 ,^! two sea dikes 7 recon/ruct$ by ! /ate at great exp5se betwe5 ! ye> #ahfj & #ahhd1 hav+ consi/$ be=e t "t ( little m ?an a protect$ s& dike4 ,! e>!n dikes are protect$ by /one-slopes & by piles1 & at ! m dang]\s po9ts also by z9k/ukk5 7s9k+ pieces71 artificial /ructures ( bru%wood lad5 ) /ones1 & measur+ "s #djj yds4 9 circuit1 by means ( :i* ! curr5t is to "s ext5t turn$ aside4 ,! ,we/kapelle dike1 #ab1dfh ft4 long1 has a seaw>d slope ( #cjj ft41 & is protect$ by r[s ( piles & basalt blocks4 ,on its ridge1 #ci ft4 broad1 !re is n only a roadway b a s]vice railway4 ,! co/ ( its upkeep is m ?an ,l#fjjj a ye>1 & ( ! ,hondsboss*e ,zeew]+ ,l#bjjj a ye>4 ,:5 x is rememb]$ t ! woodwork is infe/$ by ! pile worm 7,t]$o navalis71 ! ravages ( :i* 7 discov]$ 9 #agca1 ! lab\r & exp5se incurr$ 9 ! con/ruction & ma9t5ance ( ! sea dikes n[ exi/+ may be imag9$4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ! coa/ ! dunes1 ?\gh n pi]c$ ?r\gh1 h become s wa/$ by erosion z to require artificial /r5g!n+4 ,?is is af=d$1 ei!r by means ( a s-call$ sleep+ dike 7slap]dyk7 beh9d ! weak spot1 z1 = in/ance1 betwe5 ,kadz& & ,bresk5s 9 ,zeel&-,fl&]s1 & aga9 betwe5 's ,grav5z&e & ,loosdu952 or by means ( pi]s or breakwat]s 7ho(d51 heads7 project+ at int]vals into ! sea & compos$ ( piles1 or bru%wood & /ones4 ,! fir/ ( su* breakwat]s 0 t con/ruct$ 9 #aheg at ! nor? end ( ! isl& ( ,go]ee1 & ext5ds ov] #ajj yds4 into ! sea at l[ wat]4 ,simil> con/ructions are to be f\nd on ! seaw>d side ( ! isl&s ( ,wal*]51 ,s*\w5 & ,voorne1 & betwe5 's ,grav5z&e & ,s*ev5+51 & ,katwijk & ,noordwijk4 ,ow+ to ! ob/ruction :i* !y (f] to drift+ s&s1 artificial dunes are 9 c\rse ( "t =m$ ab\t !m1 & 9 ?is way !y become at once m effective & less co/ly to ma9ta94 ,! firm & regul> dunes :i* n[ run f ,pett5 to ,kallantsoog 7=m]ly an isl&71 & !nce nor?w>ds to ,huisdu951 7 ?us =m$ ab\t ! ,zyp] 7#afag7 & ,koegras 7#afaj7 dikes respectively4 ,f ,huisdu95 to ,nieuw$iep ! dunes are replac$ by ! fam\s ,held] sea-wall4 ,! %ores ( ! ,zuid] ,zee & ! ,wadd51 & ! ,frisian & ,zuid] ,zee isl&s1 are also p>tially protect$ by dikes4 ,9 m ?an "o qu>t] ! dikes h be5 repeat$ly ext5d$ s z to enclose l& conqu]$ f ! sea1 ! "w ( reclamation be+ aid$ by a natural process4 ,lay] ^u lay] ( clay is deposit$ by ! sea 9 front ( ! dikes1 until a new fr+e has be5 add$ to ! coa/-l9e on :i* sea-grasses grasses beg9 to gr[4 ,^u ^! clay-l&s 7kweld]s7 horses1 cattle & %eep are at la/ able to pa/ure at l[ tide1 & 9 c\rse ( "t !y are 9 turn endik$4 ,riv] dikes are z necess>y z sea dikes1 elevat$ banks be+ f\nd only 9 a few places1 z on ! ,l[] ,rh9e4 ,ow+ to ! unsuitability ( ! f\ndations1 ,dut* dikes are usually m>k$ by a great wid?1 :i* at ! cr[n v>ies betwe5 #ac & #bf ft4 ,! height ( ! dike ranges to #dj 94 above high wat]-level4 ,betwe5 ! dikes & ! /ream lie =el&s 7int]wa>d571 :i* are usually subm]g$ 9 w9t]1 & frequ5tly lie #a or #b yds1 high] ?an ! c\ntry )9 ! dikes4 ,^! =el&s also (f] 9 c\rse ( "t an opportunity = endik+ & reclamation4 ,9 ?is way ! t[ns ( ,rott]dam1 ,s*i$am1 ,vla>d+5 & ,maasluis h all gradually ext5d$ ov] ! ,maas dike 9 ord] to keep 9 t\* ) ! riv]1 & ! small t[n ( ,delft%av5 is built altoge!r on ! out] side ( ! same dike4 ,impold]+4--,! fir/ /ep 9 ! reclamation ( l& is to impold] x1 or conv]t x into a pold] 7i4e4 a section ( artificially dra9$ l&71 by surr\nd+ x ) dikes or quays = ! two-fold purpose ( protect+ x f all fur!r inundation f outside & ( controll+ ! am\nt ( wat] inside4 ,impold]+ = its own sake or on a l>ge scale 0 impossible z long z ! means ( dra9age 7 re/rict$4 ,b 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! #ae? c5tury new possibilities 7 reveal$ by ! adaptation ( ! w9dmill to ! purpose ( pump+ wat]4 ,x 0 gradually recogniz$ t ! masses ( wat] :i* collect$ :]ev] peat-digg+ _h be5 c>ri$ on 7 an unnecess>y m5ace to ! neighb\r+ l&s1 & also t a m endur+ s\rce ( pr(it lay 9 ! b$ ( ! f]tile sea-clay "u ! peat4 ,x became usual1 !re=e1 to make ! subsequ5t dra9age ( ! l& a condition ( ! extraction ( peat f x1 ?is condition be+ e/abli%$ by proclamation 9 #aeie4 ,dra9age4--,x has be5 %[n t ! we/]n prov9ces ( ,holl& may be broadly def9$ z ly+ bel[ sea-level4 ,9 fact ! surface ( ! sea-clay 9 ^! prov9ces is f #aa7a_/b7 to #af7a_/b7 ft4 bel[ ! ,am/]dam z]o4 ,! gr\nd-wat] is1 !re=e1 relatively v high & ! capacity ( ! soil = fur!r absorption proportionately l[4 ,to increase ! res]voir capacity ( ! pold]1 z well z to conduct ! wat] to ! w9dmills or eng9es1 x is int]sect$ by a network ( dit*es cut at "r angles to ea* o!r1 ! am\nt ( dit*+ requir$ be+ usually "o-twelf? ( ! area to be dra9$4 ,9 mod]n times pump+ eng9es h replac$ w9dmills1 & ! typical old ,dut* l&scape ) its c\ntless hood$ heads & sw++ arms has be5 greatly trans=m$ by ! adv5t ( ! *imney /acks ( ! pump+-/ations4 ,! p[] ( ! pump+-eng9es is tak5 on ! basis ( #ab h4p4 p] #ajjj hect>es = e metre t ! wat] has to be rais$1 or /at$ 9 ano!r =m1 ! eng9es mu/ be capable ( rais+ ne>ly #i lb4 ( wat] ?r\gh #a yd4 p] acre p] m9ute4 ,! ma9 dit*es1 or canals1 aft]w>ds also s]ve z a means ( navigation4 ,! level at :i* x is desir$ to keep ! wat] 9 ^! dit*es con/itutes ! unit ( wat] measurem5t = ! pold]1 & is call$ ! pold]'s zom] peil 7,z4,p47 or summ] wat]-level4 ,9 pa/ure-pold]s 7koepold]s7 ,z4,p4 is #a to #a7a_/b7 ft4 bel[ ! level ( ! pold]1 & 9 agricultural pold]s #b7a_/b7 to #c7a_/b7 ft4 bel[4 ,ow+ to ! %r9kage ( ! soil 9 reclaim$ l&s1 h[ev]1 t is1 l&s :i* h be5 dra9$ aft] f5 or o!r reclamation1 ! sides ( ! pold] are (t5 high] ?an ! middle1 & x is necess>y by means ( small dams or sluices to make sep>ate wat]-tight comp>tm5ts 7afpold]+571 ea* hav+ its own unit ( measurem5t4 ,"s pold]s also h a w9t] peil z a precaution aga9/ ! increas$ fall ( wat] 9 t season4 ,! summ] wat]-level ( ! pa/ure pold]s s\? ( ! =m] ,y is ab\t #d to #h ft4 bel[ ! ,am/]dam z]o1 b 9 ! ,noord]kw>ti] to ! nor?1 x rea*es #aj7a_/b7 ft4 bel[ ,a4 ,p4 9 ! ,bes*otel pold]1 & 9 reclaim$ l&s 7droogmak]ij57 may be /ill l[]1 ?us 9 ! ,reeuwyk pold] nor? ( ,g\da x is #ba7a_/d7 ft4 bel[4 ,! dra9age ( ! c\ntry is effect$ by natural or artificial means1 accord+ to ! slope ( ! gr\nd4 ,ne>ly all ! pold]s ( ,zeel& & ,s\? ,holl& are able to dis*>ge naturally into ! sea at av]age l[ wat]1 self-regulat+ sluices be+ us$4 ,b 9 ,nor? ,holl& & ,utre*t on ! contr>y ! pold] wat] has g5]ally to be rais$4 ,9 "s deep pold]s & dra9$ l&s :]e ! wat] _c be br\ght to ! requir$ height at once1 w9dmills are f\nd at two or ev5 ?ree diff]5t levels4 ,! f9al removal ( pold] wat]1 h[ev]1 is only truly effect$ ^u its dis*>ge into ! out] wat]s ( ! c\ntry1 t is1 ! sea itself or ! l>ge riv]s freely communicat+ ) x2 & ?is happ5s ) b a small proportion ( ,dut* pold]s1 su* z ^? ( ,zeel&1 ! ,holl& ,ysel & ! ,noord]kw>ti]4 ,z ! sy/em ( impold]+ ext5d$1 ! small sluggi% riv]s 7 gradually cut (f by dikes f ! m>%y l&s ?r\gh :i* !y fl[$1 & by sluices f ! wat]s ) :i* !y communicat$4 ,_! level ranges f ab\t #a7a_/b7 to #d ft4 above t ( ! pa/ure pold]s4 ,9 addition1 v>i\s k9ds ( canals & endik$ or embank$ lakes _h come into exi/5ce1 =m+ altoge!r a va/ network ( m or less /agnant wat]s4 ,^! wat]s are utiliz$ z ! tempor>y res]voirs ( ! sup]flu\s pold] wat]1 ea* sy/em ( res]voirs be+ t]m$ a boezem 7bosom or bas971 & all l&s wat]+ into ! same boezem be+ consid]$ z belong+ to x4 ,! l>ge/ boezem is t ( ,friesl&1 :i* embraces ne>ly ! :ole prov9ce4 ,x sometimes happ5s t a pold] is n 9 direct contact ) ! boezem to :i* x belongs1 b fir/ dra9s into an adjac5t pold]1 f :i* ! wat] is aft]w>ds remov$4 ,9 ! same way1 "s boezems dis*>ge fir/ into o!rs1 :i* !n dis*>ge into ! sea or riv]s4 ,?is is usually ! case :]e !re is a great diff]5ce 9 height betwe5 ! surface ( ! boezem & ! out] wat]s1 & may be illu/rat$ by ! ,alblass]wa>d & ! ,rotte boezems 9 ! prov9ces ( ,s\? & ,nor? ,holl& respectively4 ,9 "t ( dr\ght ! wat] 9 ! canals & boezems is all[$ to run back into ! pold]s1 & s s]ve a d\ble purpose z wat]-res]voirs4 ,boezems1 l pold]s1 h a /&>d wat]-level :i* may hot be exce$$1 & z 9 ! pold] ?is level may v>y 9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( an ext5d$ boezem4 ,! height ( ! boezem peil ranges betwe5 #a7a_/c7 ft4 above to #a7e_/f7 ft4 bel[ ! ,am/]dam z]o1 ?\gh ! av]age is ab\t #a to #a7b_/c7 ft4 bel[4 ,"s boezems1 aga91 :i* are less easily controll$1 h a dang] wat]-level at :i* !y refuse to receive any m wat] f ! surr\nd+ pold]s4 ,! ,s*ie or ,delfl&s boezem ( ,s\? ,holl& is ( ?is k9d1 & su* a boezem is t]m$ beslot5 or seque/]$1 9 contradi/9ction to a free boezem4 ,a ?ird k9d ( boezem is ! res]ve or b]g-boezem1 :i* 9 summ] may be made dry & us$ = agriculture1 :ile 9 w9t] x s]ves z a special res]ve4 ,! c5turies ( lab\r & self-sacrifice involv$ 9 ! mak+ ( ?is complete & h>moni\s sy/em ( comb9$ def5ce & reclamation are bett] imag9$ ?an describ$1 & ev5 at ! pres5t day ! evid5ces ( ! /ruggle are f> less app>5t ?an real4 ,geology4--,except 9 ,limburg1 :]e1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,maa/ri*t1 ! upp] lay]s ( ! *alk are expos$ & foll[$ by ,oligoc5e & ,mioc5e b$s1 ! :ole ( ,holl& is cov]$ by rec5t deposits ( consid]able ?ickness1 b5ea? :i* deep bor+s h reveal$ ! exi/5ce ( ,plioc5e b$s simil> to ! ,crags ( ,ea/ ,anglia4 ,!y are divid$ into ! ,die/i51 correspond+ 9 "p ) ! ,engli% ,corall9e ,crag1 ! ,scaldisi5 & ,po$]li5 correspond+ ) ! ,walton ,crag1 & ! ,am/eli5 correspond+ ) ! ,r$ ,crag ( ,suffolk4 ,9 ! s\? ( ,holl& ! total ?ickness ( ! ,plioc5e s]ies is only ab\t #bjj ft41 & !y are cov]$ by ab\t #ajj ft4 ( ,quat]n>y deposits2 b t[>ds ! nor? ! b$s s9k d[n & at ! same "t increase consid]ably 9 ?ickness1 s t at ,utre*t a deep bor+ rea*$ ! top ( ! ,plioc5e at a dep? ( #eac ft4 & at #aaih ft4 x _h n t\*$ ! bottom4 ,at ,am/]dam ! top ( ! ,plioc5e lay #fbe ft4 bel[ ! surface1 b ! bor+1 #ajih ft4 deep1 did n rea* ! base ( ! upp]mo/ division ( ! ,plioc5e1 viz4 ! ,am/eli54 ,ea/w>d & we/w>d ( ,am/]dam1 z well z s\?w>d1 ! ,plioc5e b$s rise sl[ly to ! surface1 & gradually decrease 9 ?ickness4 ,!y 7 laid d[n 9 a broad bay :i* cov]$ ! ea/ ( ,engl& & ne>ly ! :ole ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 & 0 op5 to ! ,nor? ,sea4 ,!re is evid5ce t ! sea gradually retreat$ nor?w>ds dur+ ! deposition ( ^! b$s1 until at l5g? ! ,rh9e fl[$ ov] to ,engl& & ent]$ ! sea nor? ( ,crom]4 ,! appe>ance ( nor!rn %ells 9 ! upp] divisions ( ! ,plioc5e s]ies indicates ! approa* ( ! ,glacial p]iod1 & glacial drift conta9+ ,sc&9avian b\ld]s n[ cov]s mu* ( ! c\ntry ea/ ( ! ,zuid] ,zee4 ,! m mod]n deposits ( ,holl& consi/ ( alluvium1 w9d-bl[n s&s & peat4#c ,climate4--,situat$ 9 ! temp]ate zone betwe5 #ej deg4 & #ec deg4 ,n4 ! climate ( ,holl& %[s a diff]5ce 9 ! l5g?s ( day & night ext5d+ 9 ! nor? to n9e h\rs1 & !re is a correspond+ly wide range ( temp]ature2 x also belongs to ! region ( v>iable w9ds4 ,on an av]age ( fifty ye>s ! mean annual temp]ature 0 #di4h deg4 ,fahr42 ! maximum1 #ic4i deg4 ,fahr42 ! m9imum1 -#e4h deg4 ,fahr4 ,! mean annual b>ometric height is #bi4ic 942 ! mean annual moi/ure1 #ha2 ! mean annual ra9fall1 #bg4ii 94 ,! mean annual numb] ( days ) ra9 is #bjd1 ) sn[ #ai1 & ) ?und]-/orms #ah4 ,! increas$ ra9fall f ,july to ,decemb] 7! summ] & autumn ra9s71 & ! increas$ evaporation 9 spr+ & summ] 7#e4b 94 m ?an ! ra9fall71 are ( importance z reg>ds pold]+ & dra9+ op]ations4 ,! preval5ce ( s\?-we/ w9ds dur+ n9e mon?s ( ! ye> & ( nor?-we/ dur+ ?ree 7,april-,june7 has a /rong influ5ce on ! temp]ature & ra9fall1 tides1 riv] m\?s & outlets1 & also1 geologically1 on dunes & s& drifts1 & on f5s & ! accumulation ( clay on ! coa/4 ,! we/ w9ds ( c\rse increase ! moi/ure1 & mod]ate bo? ! w9t] cold & ! summ] heat1 :ile ! ea/ w9ds bl[+ ov] ! cont95t h an opposite influ5ce4 ,x _c be said t ! climate is p>ticul>ly good1 ow+ to ! *angeabl5ess ( ! wea!r1 :i* may alt] completely )9 a s+le day4 ,! heavy atmosph]e likewise1 & ! necessity ( liv+ )9 doors or 9 conf9$ localities1 _c b ex]cise an influ5ce on ! "* & temp]am5t ( ! inhabitants4 ,only ( c]ta9 di/ricts1 h[ev]1 c x be said t !y are positively unheal?y2 to ?is category belong "s p>ts ( ! ,holl& prov9ces1 ,zeel&1 & ,friesl&1 :]e ! inhabitants are expos$ to ! exhalations f ! m>%y gr\nd1 & ! atmosph]e is (t5 burd5$ ) sea-fogs4 ,fauna4--,9 ! d5sely populat$ ,ne!rl&s1 ) no ext5sive =e/s1 ! fauna does n pres5t any unusual v>ieties4 ,! ott]1 m>t9 & badg] may be m5tion$ among ! r>] wild animals1 & ! weasel1 erm9e & pole-cat among ! m common4 ,9 ! #ah? c5tury wolves /ill roam$ ! c\ntry 9 su* l>ge numb]s t hunt+ p>ties 7 organiz$ aga9/ !m2 n[ !y are unkn[n4 ,roebuck & de] are f\nd 9 a wild /ate 9 ,geld]l& & ,ov]ysel1 foxes are pl5tiful 9 ! dry wood$ regions on ! bord]s ( ! c\ntry1 & h>es & rabbits 9 ! dunes & o!r s&y /ret*es4 ,among birds may be reckon$ ab\t two hundr$ & =ty diff]5t k9ds :i* are regul> inhabitants1 al?\gh ne>ly two hundr$ ( ^! are migratory4 ,! woodcock1 p>tridge1 hawk1 wat]-ousel1 magpie1 jay1 rav51 v>i\s k9ds ( owls1 wood-pigeon1 gold5-cre/$ wr51 tuft$ l>k & titm\se are among ! birds :i* bre$ "h4 ,birds ( passage include ! buzz>d1 kite1 quail1 wild f[l ( v>i\s k9ds1 gold5 ?ru%1 wagtail1 l9net1 f9* & night+ale4 ,/orks are pl5tiful 9 summ] & might almo/ be consid]$ ! mo/ *>act]i/ic feature ( ! prevail+ l&scape4 ,flora4--,! flora may be mo/ conv5i5tly dealt ) 9 ! f\r physiographical divisions to :i* x belongs4 ,^! are1 namely1 ! hea?-l&s1 pa/ure-l&s1 dunes & coa/s4 ,hea? 7,erica tetralix7 & l+ 7,calluna vulg>is7 cov] all ! wa/e s&y regions 9 ! ea/]n division ( ! c\ntry4 ,! vegetation ( ! mead[-l&s is monoton\s4 ,9 ! m damp & m>%y places ! bottom is cov]$ ) m>% trefoil1 c>ex1 smoo? equisetum1 & ru%4 ,9 ! dit*es & pools common yell[ & :ite wat]-lilies are se51 z well z wat]-soldi] 7,/ratiotes aloides71 great & less] re$-mace1 sweet flag & bur-re$4 ,! plant =ms ( ! dunes are /unt$ & meagre z comp>$ ) ! same =ms else:]e4 ,! mo/ common plant "h is ! /iff s&-re$ 7,arundo ar5>ia71 call$ s&-oats 9 ,dr5te & ,ov]ysel1 :]e x is mu* us$ = mak+ mats4 ,l ! s&-re$1 ! dewb]ry bramble & ! %rub ( ! buck?orn 7,hippophae rhamnoides7 p]=m a useful s]vice 9 help+ to b9d ! s& toge!r4 ,furze & ! common junip] are regul> dune plants1 & may also be f\nd on ! hea?s ( ,dr5te1 ,ov]ysel & ,geld]l&4 ,?yme & ! small :ite dune-rose 7,rosa pimp9ellifolia7 also gr[ 9 ! dunes1 & wall-pepp] 7,s$um acre71 field fev]-wort1 re9de] moss1 common asp>agus1 %eep's fescue grass1 ! pretty ,solomon-seal 7,polygonatum (fic9ale71 & ! broad-leav$ or m>% or*is 7,or*is latifolia74 ,! sea-plants :i* fl\ri% on ! s& & mud-banks along ! coa/s greatly assi/ ! process ( littoral deposits & are specially cultivat$ 9 places4 ,sea-a/] fl\ri%es 9 ! ,wadd5 ( ,friesl& & ,gron+51 ! ,doll>t & ! ,zeel& e/u>ies1 giv+ place ne>] ! %ore to s&spurry 7,sp]gul>ia71 or sea-poa or float+ mead[ grass 7,glyc]ia m>itima71 :i* gr[s up to ! dikes1 & af=ds pa/ure = cattle & %eep4 ,along ! coa/ ( ,ov]ysel & 9 ! ,biesbos* lake club-ru%1 or scirpus1 is plant$ 9 consid]able quantities = ! hat-mak+ indu/ry1 & common sea-wrack 7,zo/]a m>9a7 is f\nd 9 l>ge pat*es 9 ! nor!rn half ( ! ,zuid] ,zee1 :]e x is ga!r$ = trade purposes dur+ ! mon?s ( ,june1 ,july & ,augu/4 ,except = ! will[-plots f\nd along ! riv]s on ! clay l&s1 ne>ly all ! wood is conf9$ to ! s& & gravel soils1 :]e copses ( bir* & ald] are common4 ,population4--,! foll[+ table %[s ! area & population 9 ! elev5 prov9ces ( ! ,ne!rl&s3-- ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,area 9,population ,population ,d5sity p] ,prov9ce sq4 m4 #ahij4 #aijj4 sq4 m4 9 #aijj4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,nor? ,brabant #a1ihj #eji1fbh #eec1hdb #bhj ,geld]l& #a1ife #eab1bjb #eff1edi #bhh ,s\? ,holl& #a1aff #idi1fda #a1add1ddh #iha ,nor? ,holl& #a1jgj #hbi1dhi #ifh1aca #ije ,zeel& #fij #aii1bcd #baf1bie #cac ,utre*t #ecd #bba1jjg #bea1jcd #dgj ,friesl& #a1bhb #cce1eeh #cdj1bfb #bfe ,ov]ysel #a1bia #bie1dde #ccc1cch #beh ,gron+5 #gij #bgb1ghf #bii1fjb #cgi ,dr5te #a1jcj #acj1gjd #adh1edd #add ,limburg #hej #bee1gba #bha1icd #ccb ---------------------------------------- ,total #ab1fdh #d1eaa1dae #e1ajd1acg99 #djd ---------------------------------------- -------------- 99 ,?is total includes #aeh p]sons assign$ to no prov9ce4 ,! extremes ( d5sity ( population are f\nd 9 ! prov9ces ( ,nor? ,holl& & ,s\? ,holl& on ! "o h&1 & ,dr5te on ! o!r4 ,?is div]g5ce is p>tly expla9$ by ! diff]5ce ( soil--:i* 9 ,dr5te comprises ! maximum ( wa/e l&s1 & 9 ,s\? ,holl& ! m9imum--& p>tly also by ! great] facilities :i* ! seaw>d prov9ces enjoy ( e>n+ a subsi/5ce1 & ! great] v>iety ( _! indu/ries4 ,! l>ge/ t[ns are ,am/]dam1 ,rott]dam1 ! ,hague1 ,utre*t1 ,gron+51 ,ha>lem1 ,arnhem1 ,leid51 ,nijmweg51 ,tilburg4 ,o!r consid]able t[ns are ,dordre*t1 ,maa/ri*t1 ,leeuw>d51 ,zwolle1 ,delft1 's ,h]tog5bos*1 ,s*i$am1 ,dev5t]1 ,br$a1 ,apeldoorn1 ,held]1 ,ens*$e1 ,g\da1 ,za&am1 ,kamp51 ,hilv]sum1 ,flu%+1 ,am]sfoort1 ,middelburg1 ,zutph5 & ,alkma>4 ,_m ( ! small] t[ns1 su* z ,ass51 ,ens*$e1 ,helmond1 ,h5gelo1 ,tiel1 ,v5lo1 ,vla>d+51 ,za&am1 ,y]seke1 %[ a great developm5t1 & x is a notewor?y fact t ! rural di/ricts1 tak5 z a :ole1 h borne an equal %>e 9 ! g5]al increase ( population4 ,?is1 tak5 9 conjunction ) ! advance 9 trade & %ipp+1 ! dim9ution 9 emigration1 & ! prosp]ity ( ! sav+s banks1 po9ts to a fav\rable /ate 9 ! condition ( ! p4 ,roads4 ,communications4--,! roads are divid$ into national or royal roads1 plac$ directly "u ! control ( ! wat]-/aat & support$ by ! /ate2 prov9cial roads1 "u ! direct control ( ! /ates ( ! prov9ces1 & almo/ all support$ by ! prov9cial treasuries2 communal & pold] roads1 ma9ta9$ by ! communal au?orities & ! pold] bo>ds2 & f9ally1 private roads4 ,! sy/em ( national roads1 ma9ly con/ruct$ betwe5 #ahba & #ahbg1 b /ill 9 process ( ext5sion1 br+s into connexion ne>ly all ! t[ns4 ,canals4 ,! canal sy/em ( ,holl& is peculi>ly complete & ext5ds into e "p ( ! c\ntry1 giv+ to _m inl& t[ns almo/ a m>itime appe>ance4 ,! unit$ l5g? ( ! canals exce$s #aejj m4 ,z a matt] ( c\rse ! small] /reams h be5 l>gely utiliz$ 9 _! =mation1 :ile ! necessity = a compreh5sive dra9age sy/em has also contribut$ 9 no small degree4 ,dur+ ! ye>s #ahae-ahcj a l>ge "p ( ! ext5sive s*eme ( con/ruction inaugurat$ by ,k+ ,william ,i4 0 c>ri$ out1 ! foll[+ canals1 among o!rs1 com+ into exi/5ce 9 t p]iod3 ! ,nor? ,holl& %ip canal 7dep?1 #af7a_/b7 ft47 f ,am/]dam to d5 ,held]1 ! ,grift canal betwe5 ,apeldoorn & ,hattem1 ! ,willemsva>t connect+ ,zwolle ) ! ,ysel1 ! ,zuid ,willemsva>t1 or ,s\? ,william's canal 7#f7a_/b7 ft471 f 's ,h]tog5bos* to ,maa/ri*t1 & ! ,t]nuz5-,gh5t %ip canal4 ,aft] #ahdi ! canal programme 0 aga9 tak5 up by ! /ate1 :i* alone or 9 conjunction ) ! prov9cial au?orities con/ruct$ ! ,apeldoorn-,di]5 canal 7#ahei-ahfi71 ! dra9age canals ( ! ,peel m>% 9 ,nor? ,brabant1 & ( ! ea/]n prov9ces1 namely1 ! ,deurne canal 7#ahgf-ahib7 f ! ,maas to ,hel5ave51 ! ,almelo 7#ahea-aheh7 & ,ov]ysel 7#ahhd-ahhh7 canals f ,zwolle1 ,dev5t] & ,almelo to ,koevord51 & ! ,/ieltjes 7#ahhj-ahhd71 & ,orange 7#ahec-aheh & #ahha-ahhi7 canals 9 ,dr5te1 ! ,nor? ,williams canal 7#ahef-ahfb7 betwe5 ,ass5 & ,gron+51 ! ,ems 7#ahff-ahgf7 %ip canal f ,gron+5 to ,delfzyl1 & ! ,new ,m]w$e1 & enl>g$ ! canal f ,h>l+5 by way ( ,leeuw>d5 to ! ,lauw>s ,zee4 ,! l>ge %ip canals to ,rott]dam & ,am/]dam1 call$ ! ,new ,wat]way & ! ,nor? ,sea canal respectively1 7 con/ruct$ 9 #ahff-ahgb & #ahfe-ahgf at a co/ ( #b7a_/b7 & #c million p\nds /]l+1 ! =m] by wid5+ ! *annel ( ! ,s*eur nor? ( ,roz5burg1 & cutt+ across ! ,hook ( ,holl&1 ! latt] by utiliz+ ! b$ ( ! ,y & cutt+ ?r\gh ! dunes at ,ymuid54 ,9 #ahgf an agreem5t 0 arriv$ at ) ,g]many = connect+ ! important dra9age canals 9 ,ov]ysel1 ,dr5te & ,gron+5 ) ! ,ems canal sy/em1 z a result ( :i* ! ,almelo-,noordhorn 7#ahhd-ahhh7 & o!r canals came into exi/5ce4 ,! canals diff] 9 "* 9 ! diff]5t prov9ces4 ,9 ,zeel& !y connect ! t[ns ( ! int]ior ) ! sea or ! riv] m\?s2 = example1 ! "o f ,middelburg to ,ve]e & ,flu%+ 7#ahff-ahgh71 f ,goes to ! ,ea/ ,s*eldt1 & f ,zi]ikzee also to ! ,ea/ ,s*eldt4 ,! ,s\? ,bevel& 7#ahfb-ahff7 canal connects ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,s*eldt2 simil>ly 9 ,s\? ,holl& ! ,voorne canal unites ! ,h>+vliet ) ! ,new ,maas1 :i* does n all[ ! passage ( l>ge vessels above ,brielle2 :il/ ow+ lo ! banks & %all[s 9 front ( ,hellevoetsluis ! ,new ,wat]way 0 cut to ,rott]dam4 ,( ano!r "* is ! ,z$]ik canal1 :i* unites ! pr9cipal riv] ( c5tral ,holl&1 ! ,lek1 at ,vian5 by means ( ! ,l+e ) ! ,m]w$e at ,gorkum4 ,am/]dam is connect$ ) ! ,lek & ! ,z$]ik canal via ,utre*t by ! ,ve*t & ! ,va>t ,rh9e 7#ahha-ahic2 dep? #aj4b ft474 ,aga91 a totally diff]5t "* belongs to ! canals 9 ,nor? ,brabant1 & ! ea/ & nor?-ea/ ( ,holl& :]e1 9 ! abs5ce ( great riv]s1 !y =m ! only wat]ways :i* r5d] possible ! dra9age ( ! f5s & ! export ( peat2 & unite ! less] /reams ) ea* o!r4 ,?us 9 ,ov]ysel1 9 addition to ! canals already m5tion$1 ! ,d$emsva>t connects ! ,ve*t ) ! ,zw>te ,wat] ne> ,hasselt2 9 ,dr5te ! ,smild]va>t & ,dr5ts*e ,ho(dva>t unites ,ass5 ) ,meppel1 & receives on ! ea/]n side ! dra9age canals ( ! ,dr5te f5s1 namely1 ! ,orange canal & ! ,hoogeve5 ,va>t 7#ahej-ahfj2 #ahhj-ahic74 ,gron+5 communicates ) ! ,lauw]s ,zee by ! ,reitdiep 7#ahgc-ahgf71 :ile ! canal to ,w9s*ot5 & ! ,/adskanaal1 or ,/ate canal 7#ahgg-ahhj71 br+ x into connexion ) ! fl\ri%+ f5 colonies 9 ! ea/ ( ! prov9ce & 9 ,dr5te4 ,9 ,friesl&1 f9ally1 besides ! %ip canal f ,h>l+5 to ! ,lauw]s ,zee !re are canals f ,leeuw>d5 to ! ,lemm]1 :5ce !re is a busy traffic ) ,am/]dam2 & ! ,casp> ,robles or ,kolonels ,diep1 & ! ,ho5diep connect x ) ,gron+54 ,railways4 ,! con/ruction ( railways 0 long def]r$ & sl[ly accompli%$4 ,! fir/ l9e 0 t betwe5 ,am/]dam & ,ha>lem1 op5$ 9 #ahci by ! ,holl& railway company 7,holl&s* ,yz]5 ,spoorweg ,maats*appij74 ,9 #ahde ! /ate und]took to develop ! railway sy/em1 & a company ( private individuals 0 =m$ to adm9i/] x "u ! title ( ! ,maats*appij tot ,exploitatie van ,/aatspoorweg54 ,9 #ahfj1 h[ev]1 ! total l5g? ( railways 0 only #bjh m41 & 9 t ye> a p>liam5t>y bill embody+ a compreh5sive s*eme ( con/ruction 0 adopt$4 ,by #ahgb ?is programme 0 ne>ly complet$1 & #edb m4 ( new railway _h be5 add$4 ,9 #ahgc & #ahge a second & a ?ird bill provid$ = ! ext5sion ( ! railway sy/em at ! co/ ( ! /ate1 &1 9 #ahgf1 #ahhb & #ahij laws 7 introduc$ readju/+ ! control ( ! v>i\s l9es1 "s ( :i* 7 transf]r$ to ! ,holl& railway4 ,! /ate railway sy/em 0 complet$ 9 #ahib1 & s9ce t "t ! utmo/ t ! /ate has done has be5 to subsidize new und]tak+s4 ,^! include v>i\s local l9es su* z ! l9e ,alkma>-,hoorn 7#ahih71 ,ede-,b>neveld-,nyk]k1 ,ens*$e-,ahaus 9 ,g]many 7#aijb71 ,leeuw>d5 to ,franek]1 ,h>l+5 & ,dokkum1 & ! l9e ,zwolle-,almelo 7junction at ,m>i5b]g7 ,koevord5-,/adskanal-,ve5dam-,delfzyl1 connect+ all ! f5 c\ntries on ! ea/]n bord]s4 ,! electric railway ,am/]dam-,z&voort 0 op5$ 9 #aijd4 ,! frame ^u :i* ! :ole network ( ! ,dut* railways may be said to dep5d is =m$ ( two ma9 l9es f nor? & s\? & f\r transv]se l9es f we/ to ea/4 ,! two longitud9al l9es are ! railway d5 ,held] via ,ha>lem 7#ahfb-ahfg71d ,rott]dam 7#ahci-ahdg71 & ,zwaluwe 7#ahfi-ahgg7 to ,antw]p 7#aheb-ahee71 belong+ to ! ,holl& railway company1 & ! ,/ate railway f ,leeuw>d5 & ,gron+5 7#ahgj7 7junction at ,meppel1 #ahfg7 ,zwolle 7#ahff7--;,arnhem 7#ahfe7--,nijmweg5 7#ahgi7--,v5lo 7#ahhc7--,maa/ri*t 7#ahfe74 ,! f\r transv]se l9es belong to ! ,/ate & ,holl& railways alt]nately & are1 beg9n+ ) ! ,/ate railway3 7#a7 ! l9e ,flu%+ 7#ahgb7--,roz5daal 7#ahfj7--,tilburg 7#ahfc7--;,bok/el 7:5ce !re is a bran* l9e belong+ to ! ,nor? ,brabant & ,g]many railway company via ,ve*el to ,go* 9 ,g]many1 op5$ 9 #ahgc7--;,e9dhov5--,v5lo & across ,prussian bord] 7#ahff72 7#b7 ! l9e ,hook ( ,holl&--,rott]dam 7#ahic7--;,dordre*t 7#ahgb-ahgg7--;,el/ 7#ahhb-ahhe7--,nijmweg5 7#ahgi7--;,cleves1 ,g]many 7#ahfe72 7#c7 ! l9e ,rott]dam--,utre*t 7#ahff-ahfi7 & ,am/]dam--,utre*t--,arnhem 7#ahdc-ahde7 to ,emm]i* 9 ,g]many 7#ahef73 ?is l9e =m]ly belong$ to ! ,ne!rl&s-,rh9e railway company1 b 0 b\ght by ! /ate 9 #ahij2 & f9ally 7#d7 ! l9e ,am/]dam--,hilv]sum--,am]sfoort--,apeldo orn 7#ahge71 :5ce x is cont9u$ 7a7 via ,dev5t]1 ,almelo & ,h5gelo to ,salzb]g51 ,g]many 7#ahfe72 7b7 via ,zutph51 ,h5gelo 7#ahfe71 ,ens*$e 7#ahff7 to ,gronau1 ,g]many2 7c7 via ,zutph5 7#ahgf7 & ,ruurlo to ,w9t]swyk 7#ahgh74 ,( ^! 7#a7 & 7#b7 =m ! ma9 transcont95tal r\tes 9 connexion ) ! /eamboat s]vice to ,engl& 7ports ( ,que5bor\gh & ,h>wi* respectively74 ,two o!r l9es ( railway1 bo? belong+ to ! /ate1 also trav]se ! c\ntry we/ to ea/1 namely1 ! l9e ,roz5daal--'s ,h]tog5bos* 7#ahij7--,nijmweg51 & 9 ! extreme nor?1 ! l9e f ,h>l+5 ?r\gh ,leeuw>d5 7#ahfc7 & ,gron+5 7#ahff7 to ! bord] at ,nieuwe ,s*ans 7#ahfi71 :5ce x 0 connect$ ) ! ,g]man railways 9 #ahgf4 ,! nor!rn & s\!rn prov9ces are fur!r connect$ by ! l9es ,am/]dam--,za&am 7#ahgh7--;,enkhuiz5 7#ahhe71 :5ce !re is a /eam f]ry across ! ,zuid] ,zee to ,/avor51 f :]e ! railway is cont9u$ to ,leeuw>d5 7#ahhc-ahhe72 ! ,ne!rl&s ,c5tral railway1 ,utre*t--,am]sfoort--,zwoole--,kamp5 7#ahfc72 & ! l9e ,utre*t--'s ,h]tog5bos* 7#ahfh-ahfi7 :i* is cont9u$ s\?w>d into ,belgium by ! l9es b\ght 9 #ahih f ! ,gr& ,c5tral ,beige railway1 namely1 via ,tilburg to ,turnh\t 7#ahfg71 & via ,e9dhov5 7#ahff7 to ,hasselt4 ,9 #ahib ,gre5wi* mean "t 0 adopt$ on ! railways & 9 ! po/-(fices1 mak+ a diff]5ce ( tw5ty m9utes ) mean ,am/]dam "t4 ,tramways4 ,s9ce #ahgg railway communication has be5 l>gely supplem5t$ by /eam-tramways1 :i* ei!r run along ! ma9 roads or across ! c\ntry on special embankm5ts1 :ile "o ( !m is c>ri$ across ! riv] ,ysel at ,doesburg on a pontoon bridge4 ,! /ate fir/ began to enc\rage ! con/ruction ( ^! local light railways by means ( subsidies 9 #ahic1 s9ce :5 "s ( ! mo/ prom95t l9es h come into exi/5ce1 su* z ,purm]5d--,alkma> 7#ahih71 ,zutph5--,emm]i* 7#aijb71 along ! ,d$emsva>t 9 ,ov]ysel 7#aijb71 f 's ,h]tog5bos* via ,utre*t & ,e9dhov5 to ,turnh\t 9 ,belgium 7#ahih71 & especially ^? connect+ ! ,s\? ,holl& & ,zeel& isl&s ) ! railway1 namely1 betwe5 ,rott]dam & ,numansdorp on ! ,holl&s* ,diep 7#ahih71 & f ,br$a or ,b]g5-op-,zoom1 via ,/e5b]g5 to ,/ ,philipsl&1 ,zi]ikzee & ,br\w]%av5 7#aijj74 ,an electric tramway connects ,ha>lem & ,z&voort4 ,! numb] ( pass5g]s c>ri$ by ! /eam-tramways is relatively high] ?an t ( ! railways4 ,! value ( ! goods traffic is n s high1 ow+1 pr9cipally1 to ! want ( int]communication betwe5 ! v>i\s l9es on acc\nt ( diff]5ces 9 ! wid? ( ! gauge4 ,agriculture4--,wa/e l&s are *iefly compos$ ( ! b>r5 /ret*es ( hea?s f\nd 9 ,dr5te1 ,ov]ysel1 ,geld]l& & ,nor? ,brabant4 ,!y =m]ly s]v$ to support l>ge flocks ( %eep & "s cattle1 b are gradually trans=m$ by ! plant+ ( woods1 z well z by /r5u\s ef=ts at cultivation4 ,zeel& & ,gron+5 are ! two pr9cipal agricultural prov9ces1 & aft] !m foll[ ,limburg1 ,nor? ,brabant1 ,geld]l& & ,s\? ,holl&4 ,! *ief products ( cultivation on ! heavy clay soil are oats1 b>ley & :eat1 & on ! s&-gr\nds rye1 buck:eat & potatoes4 ,flax & beetroot are also cultivat$ on ! clay l&s4 ,tobacco1 hemp1 hops1 colza & *icory =m special cultures4 ,) ! possible exception ( oats1 ! c]eals d n suffice = home consumption1 & maize is import$ 9 l>ge quantities = cattle-fe$+1 & b>ley = ! di/ill]ies & brew]ies4 ,horticulture & m>ket-g>d5+ are ( a high ord]1 & fl\ri% especially on ! l[ f5 soil & gee/ gr\nds along ! foot ( ! dunes 9 ! prov9ces ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,holl&4 ,! pr9cipal m>ket products are caulifl[]1 cabbage1 onions1 asp>agus1 gh]k9s1 cucumb]s1 beans1 peas1 c4 ,! pr9cipal fl[]s are hyac9?s1 tulips1 crocuses1 n>cissus & o!r bulb\s plants1 ! total export ( :i* is e/imat$ at ov] ,l#bjj1jjj4 ,fruit is ev]y:]e gr[n1 & !re is a special cultivation ( grapes & figs 9 ! ,we/l& ( ,s\? ,holl&4 ,! woods1 or r ! plantations1 cov]+ #f1 consi/ ( 7#a7 ! s-call$ =e/ timb] 7opga&h\t2 ,fr4 arbres de haute futaie71 includ+ ! bee*1 oak1 elm1 popl>1 bir*1 a%1 will[ & conif]\s trees2 & 7#b7 ! copse wood 7akk]maal or hakh\t71 embrac+ ! eld]1 will[1 bee*1 oak1 c4 ,?is =ms no unimportant bran* ( ! national weal?4 ,live/ock4 ,) ne>ly #ce ( ! total surface ( ! c\ntry "u p]man5t pa/ure1 cattle-bre$+ =ms "o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic indu/ries ( ! c\ntry4 ,! prov9ces ( ,friesl&1 ,nor? & ,s\? ,holl&1 & ,utre*t take ! lead z reg>ds bo? quality & numb]s4 ,a small]1 h>di] k9d ( cattle & l>ge numb]s ( %eep are kept ^u ! hea?-l&s 9 ! ea/]n prov9ces1 :i* also fav\r ! re>+ ( pigs & bee-culture4 ,horse-bre$+ is mo/ important 9 ,friesl&1 :i* produces ! well-kn[n black bre$ ( horse commonly us$ 9 fun]al processions4 ,goats are mo/ num]\s 9 ,geld]l& & ,nor? ,brabant4 ,p\ltry1 especially f[ls1 are g5]ally kept4 ,/ock-bre$+1 l agriculture1 has consid]ably improv$ "u ! c>e ( ! gov]nm5t 7/ate & prov9cial71 :i* grants subsidies = bre$+1 irrigation ( pa/ure-l&s1 ! importation ( f9] bre$s ( cattle & horses1 ! erection ( factories = dairy produce1 s*ools1 c4 ,fi%]ies4--,! fi%+ indu/ry ( ! ,ne!rl&s may be said to h be5 9 exi/5ce already 9 ! #ac? c5tury1 & 9 ! foll[+ c5tury receiv$ a consid]able impetus f ! discov]y h[ to cure h]r+ by ,william ,beukelszoon1 a ,zeel& fi%]man4 ,x /eadily decl9$ dur+ ! #ag? & #ah? c5turies1 h[ev]1 b aga9 began to revive 9 ! la/ half ( ! #ai? c5tury4 ,! fi%]ies are commonly divid$ into f\r p>ticul> fi%+ areas1 namely1 ! deep-sea fi%]y ( ! ,nor? ,sea1 & ! inn] 7b9n5gaats*7 fi%]ies ( ! ,wadd51 ! ,zuid] ,zee1 & ! ,s\? ,holl& & ,zeel& wat]s4 ,! deep-sea fi%]y may be f>!r divid$ into ! s-call$ great or salt-h]r+ fi%]y1 ma9ly c>ri$ on f ,vla>d+5 & ,maasluis dur+ ! summ] & autumn1 & ! fre%-h]r+ fi%]y1 *iefly pursu$ at ,s*ev5+51 ,katwijk & ,noordwijk4 ,! value ( ! h]r+ fi%]ies is enhanc$ by ! c>eful me?ods ( smok+ & salt+1 ! export ( salt$ fi% be+ consid]able4 ,9 ! w9t] ! l>ge/ boats are laid up & ! rema9d] take to l9e-fi%+4 ,middelh>nis1 ,p]nis & ,zw>tewaal are ! c5tres ( ?is bran* ( fi%]y1 :i* yields halibut1 cod1 l+ & haddock4 ,! trawl fi%]ies ( ! coa/ yield sole1 plaice1 turbot1 brill1 skate1 c41 ( :i* a l>ge "p is br\ght alive to ! m>ket4 ,9 ! ,zuid] ,zee small h]r+1 flat fi%1 an*ovies & %rimps are caught1 ! *ief fi%+ c5tres be+ ! isl&s ( ,texel1 ,urk & ,wi]+51 & ! coa/ t[ns ( ,held]1 ,buns*ot51 ,huiz51 ,enkhuiz51 ,voll5dam1 ,kamp51 ,h>d]wyk1 ,voll5hove4 ,! an*ovy fi%+ :i* takes place 9 ,may1 ,june & ,july sometimes yields v productive results4 ,oy/]s & mussels are obta9$ on ! ,ea/ ,s*eldt1 & an*ovies at ,b]g5-op-,zoom2 :ile salmon1 p]* & pike are caught 9 ! ,maas1 ! ,lek & ! ,new ,m]w$e4 ,! oy/]-b$s & salmon fi%]ies are l>gely 9 ! h&s ( ! /ate1 :i* lets !m to ! highe/ bidd]4 ,l>ge quantities ( eels are caught 9 ! ,frisian lakes4 ,! fi%]ies n only supply ! great local dem&1 b all[ ( l>ge exports4 ,manufactur+ ,indu/ries4--,! m9]al res\rces ( ,holl& give no enc\ragem5t to indu/rial activity1 ) ! exception ( ! coal-m9+ 9 ,limburg1 ! smelt+ ( iron ore 9 a few furnaces 9 ,ov]ysel & ,geld]l&1 ! use ( /one & gravel 9 ! mak+ ( dikes & roads1 & ( clay 9 brickworks & pott]ies1 ! qu>ry+ ( /one at ,/ ,piet]sb]g1 c4 ,nev]!less ! indu/ry ( ! c\ntry has develop$ 9 a rem>kable mann] s9ce ! sep>ation f ,belgium4 ,! greate/ activity is %[n 9 ! cotton indu/ry1 :i* fl\ri%es especially 9 ! ,tw5te di/rict ( ,ov]ysel1 :]e jute is also work$ into sacks4 ,9 ! manufacture ( wooll5 & l95 goods ,tilburg ranks fir/1 foll[$ by ,leid51 ,utre*t & ,e9dhov52 t ( half-wooll5s is be/ develop$ at ,ro]mond & ,helmond4 ,o!r bran*es ( indu/ry include c>pet-weav+ at ,dev5t]1 ! di/illation ( br&y1 g9 & liqueurs at ,s*i$am1 ,rott]dam & ,am/]dam1 & be]-brew+ 9 mo/ ( ! pr9cipal t[ns2 %oe-mak+ & lea!r-tann+ 9 ! ,lang/raat di/rict ( ,nor? ,brabant2 pap]-mak+ at ,apeldoorn1 on ! ,zaan1 & 9 ,limburg2 ! manufacture ( e>!nw>e & fai5ce at ,maa/ri*t1 ! ,hague & ,delft1 z well z at ,utre*t1 ,purm]5d & ,makkum2 clay pipes & /e>9e c&les at ,g\da2 m>g>9e at ,os*2 *ocolate at ,weesp & on ! ,zaan2 mat-plait+ & broom-mak+ at ,g5emuid5 & ,blokzyl2 diamond-cutt+ & ! manufacture ( qu99e at ,am/]dam2 & ! mak+ ( cig>s & snuff at ,e9dhov51 ,am/]dam1 ,utre*t1 ,kamp51 c4 ,%ipbuild+ is ( no small importance 9 ,holl&1 n only 9 ! great]1 b also 9 ! small] t[ns along ! riv]s & canals4 ,! pr9cipal %ipbuild+ y>ds are at ,am/]dam1 ,k9d]dijk1 ,rott]dam & at ,flu%+1 :]e !re is a gov]nm5t docky>d = build+ w>%ips4 ,trade & ,%ipp+4--,to obta9 a correct idea ( ! trade ( ,holl&1 great] att5tion ?an w\ld be requisite 9 ! case ( o!r c\ntries mu/ be paid to ! inl& traffic4 ,x is impossible to /ate ! value ( ?is 9 def9ite figures1 b an e/imate may be =m$ ( its ext5t f ! numb] ( %ips :i* x employs 9 ! riv]s & canals1 & f ! quantity ( produce br\ght to ! public m>ket4 ,9 connexion ) ?is traffic !re is a l>ge fleet ( tug boats2 b /eam- or petroleum-propell$ b>ges are becom+ m common4 ,"s ( ! light]s us$ 9 ! ,rh9e transport trade h a capacity ( #cjjj tons4 ,a great "p ( ! comm]cial bus9ess at ,rott]dam belongs to ! commission & transit trade4 ,! o!r pr9cipal ports are ,flu%+1 ,t]neuz5 7= ,belgium71 ,h>l+51 ,delfzyl1 ,dordre*t1 ,za&am1 ,s*i$am1 ,gron+51 d5 ,held]1 ,middelburg1 ,vla>d+54 ,among ! national mail /eam%ip s]vices are ! l9es to ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,indies1 ,africa & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,an exam9ation ( its li/s ( exports & imports w %[ t ,holl& receives f its colonies its spic]ies1 c(fee1 sug>1 tobacco1 indigo1 c9namon2 f ,engl& & ,belgium its manufactur$ goods & coals2 petroleum1 raw cotton & c]eals f ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 gra9 f ! ,baltic prov9ces1 ,ar*angel1 & ! ports ( ! ,black ,sea2 timb] f ,norway & ! bas9 ( ! ,rh9e1 y>n f ,engl&1 w9e f ,france1 hops f ,bav>ia & ,alsace2 iron-ore f ,spa92 :ile 9 its turn x s5ds its colonial w>es to ,g]many1 its agricultural produce to ! ,london m>ket1 its fi% to ,belgium & ,g]many1 & its *eese to ,france1 ,belgium & ,hamburg1 z well z ,engl&4 ,! bulk ( trade is c>ri$ on ) ,g]many & ,engl&2 !n foll[ ,java1 ,belgium1 ,russia1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 c4 ,9 ! la/ half ( ! #ai? c5tury ! total value ( ! =eign comm]ce 0 m ?an trebl$4 ,con/itution & ,gov]nm5t4--,! gov]nm5t ( ! ,ne!rl&s is regulat$ by ! con/itution ( #ahae1 revis$ 9 #ahdh & #ahhg1 "u :i* ! sov]eign's p]son is inviolable & ! m9i/]s are responsible4 ,! age ( majority ( ! sov]eign is eighte54 ,! cr[n is h]$it>y 9 bo? ! male & ! female l9e accord+ to primog5iture2 b x is only 9 default ( male heirs t females c come to ! ?rone4 ,! cr[n pr9ce or heir app>5t is ! fir/ subject ( ! sov]eign1 & be>s ! title ( ! pr9ce ( ,orange4 ,! sov]eign alone has executive au?ority4 ,to him belong ! ultimate direction ( =eign affairs1 ! p[] to decl>e w> & peace1 to make treaties & alliances1 & to dissolve "o or bo? *amb]s ( p>liam5t1 ! supreme comm& ( ! army & navy1 ! supreme adm9i/ration ( ! /ate f9ances & ( ! colonies & o!r possessions ( ! k+dom1 & ! pr]ogative ( m]cy4 ,by ! provisions ( ! same con/itution he e/abli%es ! m9i/]ial dep>tm5ts1 & %>es ! legislative p[] ) ! fir/ & second *amb]s ( p>liam5t1 :i* con/itute ! /ates-g5]al & sit at ! ,hague4 ,! heads ( ! dep>tm5ts to :om ! especial executive functions are entru/$ are eight 9 numb]--m9i/]s respectively ( ! int]ior1 ( wat]-/aat1 trade & indu/ry 7t is1 ( public works1 includ+ railways1 po/-(fice1 c471 ( ju/ice1 ( f9ance1 ( w>1 ( m>9e1 ( ! colonies & ( =eign affairs4 ,!re is a dep>tm5t ( agriculture1 b )\t a m9i/] at its head4 ,! heads ( dep>tm5ts are appo9t$ & dismiss$ at ! pleasure ( ! sov]eign1 usually det]m9$1 h[ev]1 z 9 all con/itutional /ates1 by ! w ( ! nation z indicat$ by its repres5tatives4 ,! numb] ( memb]s 9 ! fir/ *amb] is #ej1 ,s\? ,holl& s5d+ #aj1 ,nor? ,holl& #i1 ,nor? ,brabant & ,geld]l& ea* #f1 ,friesl& #d1 ,ov]ysel1 ,limburg & ,gron+5 ea* #c1 ,zeel&1 ,utre*t & ,dr5te ea* #b4 ,accord+ to ! fundam5tal law 7,grondwet7 ( #ahhg1 !y are *os5 by ! prov9cial /ates1 n only f among/ ^? :o be> ! greate/ burd5 ( direct taxation 9 ea* prov9ce1 b also f among/ great function>ies & p]sons ( high rank4 ,^? deputies :o are n resid5t 9 ! ,hague are entitl$ to receive #afs4 #h;d4 a day dur+ ! session4 ,! duration ( p>liam5t is n9e ye>s1 a ?ird ( ! memb]s retir+ e ?ree ye>s4 ,! retir+ memb]s are eligible = re-election4 ,! memb]s ( ! second *amb] are *os5 9 ! electoral di/ricts by all capable male citiz5s n "u #bc ye>s ( age1 :o pay "o or m direct taxes1 rang+ f a m9imum ( "o guild] 7#as4 #h;d47 t[>ds ! income tax4 ,! numb] ( memb]s is #ajj1 ,am/]dam return+ #i1 ,rott]dam #e1 ! ,hague #c1 ,gron+5 & ,utre*t #b memb]s ea*4 ,memb]s mu/ be at lea/ ?irty ye>s old1 & receive an annual all[ance ( ,l#aff1 besides travell+ exp5ses4 ,!y only1 & ! gov]nm5t1 h ! "r ( initiat+ bus9ess1 & ( propos+ am5dm5ts4 ,_! t]m is f\r ye>s1 b !y are re-eligible4 ,all communications f ! sov]eign to ! /ates-g5]al & f ! /ates to ! sov]eign1 z well z all measures relat+ to int]nal adm9i/ration or to =eign possessions1 are fir/ submitt$ to ! consid]ation ( ! c\ncil ( /ate1 :i* consi/s ( #ad memb]s appo9t$ by ! sov]eign1 :o is ! presid5t4 ,! /ate c\ncil also has ! "r ( mak+ sugge/ions to ! sov]eign 9 reg>d to subjects ( legislation & adm9i/ration4 ,! prov9cial adm9i/ration is entru/$ to ! prov9cial /ates1 :i* are return$ by direct election by ! same electors z vote = ! second *amb]4 ,! t]m is = six ye>s1 b "o-half ( ! memb]s retire e ?ree ye>s subject to re-election or r5ewal4 ,! presid5t ( ! assembly is ! royal commission] = ! prov9ce4 ,z ! prov9cial /ates only meet a few times 9 ! ye>1 !y "n a committee ( deputy-/ates :i* manages curr5t g5]al bus9ess1 & at ! same "t ex]cises ! "r ( control ov] ! affairs ( ! communes4 ,at ! head ( e commune /&s a communal c\ncil1 ^: memb]s mu/ be n "u #bc ye>s ( age4 ,!y are elect$ = six ye>s 7"o-?ird ( ! c\ncil retir+ e two ye>s7 by ! same vot]s z = ! prov9cial /ates4 ,communal fran*ise is fur!r re/rict$1 h[ev]1 to ^? electors :o pay a c]ta9 sum to ! communal rates4 ,! numb] ( c\ncillors v>ies accord+ to ! population betwe5 #g & #de4 ,"o ( ! special duties ( ! c\ncil is ! sup]vision ( education4 ,! presid5t ( ! communal c\ncil is ! burgoma/]1 :o is nam$ by ! sov]eign 9 e in/ance = six ye>s1 & receives a sal>y v>y+ f ,l#dj to ov] ,l#fjj4 ,provision is made = pay+ ! c\ncillors a c]ta9 fee--call$ pres5ce-money--:5 requir$4 ,! burgoma/] has ! p[] to susp5d any ( ! c\ncil's decrees = #cj days4 ,! executive p[] is ve/$ 9 a college =m$ by ! burgoma/] & two1 ?ree or f\r magi/rates 7we?\d]s7 to be *os5 by & f ! memb]s ( ! c\ncil4 ,! prov9ces are elev5 9 numb]4 ,national ,def5ce4--,! home def5ce sy/em ( ,holl& is a militia ) /rong cadres bas$ on univ]sal s]vice4 ,s]vice 9 ! militia or #a/ l9e =ce is = #h ye>s1 9 ! #bnd l9e = #g4 ,e ye> 9 ! drill season cont+5ts ( militiam5 are call$ up = long or %ort p]iods ( tra9+1 & ! maximum peace /r5g? "u arms 9 ! summ] is ab\t #ce1jjj1 ( :om half are p]man5t cadres & half militiam54 ,9 #aijh #ab1cjj ( ! ye>'s cont+5t 7 tra9$ = eight mon?s & m1 & #ebjj = f\r mon?s4 ,! w> /r5g? ( ! militia is #aje1jjj1 t ( ! second l9e or res]ve #gj1jjj4 ,! def5ce ( ! c\ntry is bas$ on ! hi/oric pr9ciple ( conc5trat+ ! p & _! res\rces 9 ! he>t ( ! c\ntry1 cov]$ by a wide belt ( inundations4 ,! *os5 l9e ( def5ce is m>k$ by a s]ies ( =ts :i* control ! sluices1 ext5d+ f ,am/]dam1 ?r\gh ,muid51 !nce along ! ,ve*t & ?r\gh ,utre*t to ,gor9*em 7,gorkum7 on ! ,waal4 ,! l9e cont9ues !nce by ! ,holl&s*e ,diep & ,volk]ak to ! sea1 & ! coa/ also is =tifi$4 ,! army 9 ! colonies numb]s 9 all ab\t #bf1jjj1 all p]man5t troops & = ! mo/ "p volunt>ily enli/$ ,european regul>s4 ,! milit>y exp5diture 9 #aijh 0 ,l#b1cca1bee4 ,! ,dut* navy at home & 9 ,indian wat]s consi/s 7#aiji7 ( #i small battle%ips1 #f small cruis]s & #hj o!r vessels1 mann$ by #hfjj (fic]s & m5 ( ! navy & ab\t #bbej m>9es4 ,recruit+ is by volunt>y enli/m5t1 ) cont+5t p[]s ( conscription among/ ! m>itime population4 ,ju/ice4--,! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice is entru/$ 7#a7 to ! high c\ncil 7hooge raad7 at ! ,hague1 ! supreme c\rt ( ! :ole k+dom1 & ! tribunal = all high gov]nm5t (ficials & = ! memb]s ( ! /ates-g5]al2 7#b7 to ! five c\rts ( ju/ice e/abli%$ at ,am/]dam1 ! ,hague1 ,arnhem1 ,leeuw>d5 & 's ,h]tog5bos*2 7#c7 to tribunals e/abli%$ 9 ea* arrondissem5t2 7#d7 to cantonal judges appo9t$ ov] a gr\p ( communes1 ^: jurisdiction is re/rict$ to claims ( small am\nt 7"u #bjj guild]s71 & to brea*es ( police regulations1 & :o at ! same "t look aft] ! int]e/ ( m9ors4 ,! high c\ncil is compos$ ( #ab to #ad c\ncillors1 a procureur-g5]al & ?ree advocates-g5]al4 ,crim9al & correctional proc$ure 7 =m]ly divid$ betwe5 ! c\rts ( ju/ice & ! arrondissem5t tribunals2 b ?is di/9ction 0 suppress$ by ! p5al code ( #ahhf1 !reby increas+ ! importance ( ! arrondissem5t c\rts1 :i* also act z c\rt ( appeal ( ! cantonal c\rts4 ,besides ! prisons1 :i* include "o built on ! cellul> pr9ciple at ,br$a1 ! /ate supports ?ree p5al workh\ses = drunk>ds & begg>s4 ,!re are also ! p5al colonies at ,ve5huiz5 9 ,dr5te1 :i* 7 br\ght f ! ,society ( ,*>ity 7,maats*appij van ,weldadigkeid7 9 #ahei4 ,! inmates practise agriculture1 z well z v>i\s indu/ries = supply+ all ! requirem5ts ( ! colony4 ,! objection rais$ aga9/ ^! e/abli%m5ts is t ! prison]s d n repres5t ! real vagabondage ( ! c\ntry1 b a class ( m or less volunt>y inmates4 ,*ildr5 "u #af ye>s ( age are plac$ 9 ! ?ree /ate re=matories1 & !re is an in/itution = vagabond wom5 at ,rott]dam4 ,*>itable & o!r ,in/itutions4--,private *>ities h always occupi$ a di/+ui%$ position 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 & ! pr9ciple ( ! law ( #ahed conc]n+ ! relief ( ! poor is1 t ! /ate %all only int]f]e :5 private *>ity fails4 ,all private & religi\s in/itutions h to be inscrib$ be=e !y c collect public funds4 ,9 "s cases ^! in/itutions are organiz$ & adm9i/]$ conjo9tly ) ! civil au?orities4 ,at ! head ( ! *>itable in/itutions /& ! agricultural colonies belong+ to ! ,society ( ,*>ity 7see ,,dr5te74 ,( ! num]\s in/itutions = ! enc\ragem5t ( ! sci5ces & ! f9e arts1 ! foll[+ are /rictly national--! ,royal ,academy ( ,sci5ces 7#ahee71 ! ,royal ,ne!rl&s ,meteorological ,in/itute 7#ahed71 ! ,national ,academy ( ! ,pla/ic ,arts1 ! ,royal ,s*ool ( ,music1 ! ,national ,ar*ives1 besides v>i\s o!r national collections & museums4 ,prov9cial sci5tific societies exi/ at ,middelburg1 ,utre*t1 's ,h]tog5bos* & ,leeuw>d51 & !re are private & municipal associations1 in/itutions & collections 9 a l>ge numb] ( ! small] t[ns4 ,among societies ( g5]al utility are ! ,society = ,public ,welf>e 7,maats*appij tot nut van't algeme51 #aghe71 ^: ef=ts h be5 ma9ly 9 ! direction ( educational re=m2 ! ,geographical ,society at ,am/]dam 7#ahgc72 ,teyl]'s ,/i*t+ or f\ndation at ,ha>lem 7#aggh71 & ! societies = ! promotion ( indu/ry 7#aggg71 & ( sci5ces 7#ageb7 9 ! same t[n2 ! ,in/itute ( ,languages1 ,geography & ,e?nology ( ! ,dut* ,indies 7#ahea71 & ! ,indian ,society at ! ,hague1 ! ,royal ,in/itute ( ,eng9e]s at ,delft 7#ahdh71 ! ,association = ! ,enc\ragem5t ( ,music at ,am/]dam1 c4 ,religion4--,religi\s conviction is "o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic traits ( ! ,dut* p1 & f9ds expression 9 a l>ge numb] ( indep5d5t religi\s congregations4 ,! bond betwe5 *ur* & /ate :i* _h be5 e/abli%$ by ! synod ( ,dort 7#afah7 & ! organization ( ! ,l[-,dut* ,re=m$ ,*ur* 7,n$]l&s*e ,h]vormde ,k]k7 z ! national ,prote/ant *ur*1 practically came to an end 9 ! revolution ( #agie1 & 9 ! revision ( ! ,con/itution 9 #ahdh ! complete religi\s lib]ty & equality ( all p]sons & congregations 0 gu>ante$4 ,! pres5t organization ( ! ,re=m$ ,*ur* dates f #aheb4 ,x is gov]n$ by a g5]al assembly or synod ( deputies f ! pr9cipal judicatures1 sitt+ once a ye>4 ,! prov9ces are subdivid$ into classes1 & ! classes aga9 into circles 7r+571 ea* circle compris+ f #e to #be congregations1 & ea* congregation be+ gov]n$ by a *ur* c\ncil or session4 ,! prov9cial synods are compos$ ( m9i/]s & eld]s deput$ by ! classes2 & ^! are compos$ ( ! m9i/]s belong+ to ! p>ticul> class & an equal numb] ( eld]s appo9t$ by ! local sessions4 ,! meet+s ( ! circles h no adm9i/rative "*1 b are m]e bro!rly conf]5ces4 ,! f9ancial managem5t 9 ea* congregation is entru/$ to a special c\rt 7k]k-voogdij7 compos$ ( notables & *ur* w>d5s4 ,9 e prov9ce !re is besides1 9 ! case ( ! ,re=m$ ,*ur*1 a prov9cial committee ( sup]vision = ! ecclesia/ical adm9i/ration4 ,= ! :ole k+dom ?is sup]vision is entru/$ to a common collegium or committee ( sup]vision1 :i* meets at ! ,hague1 & consi/s ( #aa memb]s nam$ by ! prov9cial committee & #c nam$ by ! synod4 ,"s congregations h )drawn f prov9cial sup]vision1 & h ?us free control ( _! own f9ancial affairs4 ,! olde/ secession f ! ,or?odox ,*ur* is t ( ! ,remon/rants1 :o /ill repres5t ! mo/ lib]al ?\ght 9 ! c\ntry1 & h _! own tra9+ college at ,leid54 ,t[>ds #ahdj a new congregation call+ itself ! ,*ri/ian ,re=m$ ,*ur* 7,*ri/elijke ,g]e=me]de ,k]k7 arose z a prote/ aga9/ ! gov]nm5t & ! mod]n t5d5cies ( ! ,re=m$ ,*ur*2 & = ! same reason ^? :o _h f\nd$ ! ,free ,univ]sity ( ,am/]dam 7#ahhj7 =m$ !mselves 9 #ahhf into an indep5d5t body call$ ! ,n$]l&s*e ,g]e=me]de ,k]k4 ,9 #ahib ^! two *ur*es unit$ "u ! "n ( ! ,re=m$ ,*ur*es 7,g]e=me]de ,k]k57 ) ! doctr9e & discipl9e ( ,dort4 ,!y h a !ological sem9>y at ,kamp54 ,o!r ,prote/ant bodies are ! ,walloons1 :o1 ?\gh possess+ an indep5d5t *ur* gov]nm5t1 are atta*$ to ! ,l[-,dut* ,re=m$ ,*ur*2 ! ,lu!rans1 divid$ into ! ma9 body ( ,evangelical ,lu!rans & a small] division call+ !mselves ! ,re-e/abli%$ or ,old ,lu!rans 7,h]/elde ,lu!rs*57 :o sep>at$ 9 #agia 9 ord] to keep m /rictly to ! ,augsburg confession2 ! ,m5nonites f\nd$ by ,m5no ,simons ( ,friesl&1 ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! #af? c5tury2 ! ,bapti/s1 ^: only c5tral au?ority is ! ,g5]al ,bapti/ ,society f\nd$ at ,am/]dam 9 #ahaa2 ! ,evangelical ,bro!rhood ( ,h]nhutt]s or ,moravians1 :o h *ur*es & s*ools at ,zei/ & ,ha>lem2 & a ,ca?olic ,apo/olic ,*ur* 7#ahfg7 at ! ,hague4 ,!re are congregations ( ,engli% ,episcopalians at ! ,hague1 ,am/]dam & ,rott]dam1 & ,g]man ,evangelicals at ! ,hague 7#aheg7 & ,rott]dam 7#ahfa74 ,9 #ahec ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 :i* be=e _h be5 a mission 9 ! h&s ( papal legates & vic>s1 0 rais$ into an indep5d5t ecclesia/ical prov9ce ) five dioceses1 namely1 ! ar*bi%opric ( ,utre*t1 & ! suffragan bi%oprics ( ,ha>lem1 ,br$a1 's ,h]tog5bos* & ,ro]mond1 ea* ) its own sem9>y4 ,side by side ) ! ,roman ,ca?olic hi]>*y are ! congregations ( ! ,old ,ca?olics or ,old ,episcopalian ,*ur* 7,oud ,biss*oppelijke ,cl]ezie71 & ! ,jans5i/s 7see ,,jans5ism74 ,! ,old ,ca?olics1 ) :om ! ,jans5i/s are frequ5tly confus$1 date f ! #ag? c5tury4 ,besides an ar*bi%op at ,utre*t1 ! ,old ,ca?olics h bi%ops at ,dev5t] & ,ha>lem1 & a tra9+ college at ,am]sfoort4 ,!y numb]$ 9 #aije ab\t #ijjj 7see ,,utre*t74 ,! l>ge ,jewi% population 9 ,holl& _h its orig9 9 ! :olesale influx ( ,portuguese ,jews at ! end ( ! #af?1 & ( ,g]man ,jews 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! #ag? c5tury4 ,9 #ahgj !y 7 reorganiz$ "u ! c5tral au?ority ( ! ,ne!rl&s ,israelite ,*ur*1 & divid$ into head & r+ synagogues & associat$ *ur*es4 ,! ,roman ,ca?olic elem5t prepond]ates 9 ! s\!rn prov9ces ( ,limburg1 & ,nor? ,brabant1 b 9 ,friesl&1 ,gron+5 & ,dr5te ! ,bapti/s & ,*ri/ian ,re=m$ are mo/ num]\s4 ,education4--,e grade ( education 9 ! ,ne!rl&s is "u ! control & sup]vision ( ! /ate1 be+ adm9i/]$ by a special dep>tm5t "u ! m9i/ry = ! int]ior4 ,9 #ahhi ! /ate recogniz$ private d5om9ational s*ools1 & 9 #aijj pass$ a law ( compulsory att5dance4 ,infant s*ools1 :i* are g5]ally 9 ! h&s ( private societies or ! municipal au?orities1 are n int]f]$ ) by ! /ate4 ,accord+ to ! law ( #ahhi prim>y education is c>ri$ on 9 ! ord9>y & 9 cont9uation s*ools = boys & girls 7co-education hav+ be5 long 9 vogue74 ,^! s*ools are e/abli%$ 9 e commune1 ! /ate contribut+ aid at ! rate ( #be ( ! total exp5diture4 ,! age ( admission is six2 & ! c\rse is = six ye>s1 #g-ac be+ ! legal age limits2 ! fee1 f :i* pov]ty exempts1 is almo/ nom9al4 ,nature-/udy1 cont9u$ 9 ! second>y s*ools1 is an ess5tial "p 9 ! curriculum ( ^! s*ools1 & elem5t>y g5]al hi/ory1 ,engli%1 ,fr5* & ,g]man are among ! optional subjects4 ,:ile ! boys are in/ruct$ 9 woodwork1 ne$lework is taught to ! girls1 its introduction 9 #ahhi hav+ be5 ! fir/ recognition ( practical in/ruction 9 any =m4 ,cont9uation s*ools 7h]hal+ss*ol57 mu/ be organiz$ :]ev] requir$1 & are g5]ally op5 = six mon?s 9 w9t]1 pupils ( twelve to f\rte5 or sixte5 att5d+4 ,second>y s*ools 7 e/abli%$ by ! law ( #ahfc & mu/ be provid$ by e commune ( #aj1jjj inhabitants2 !y comprise ! ,burgh]-,day-&-,ev5+ s*ools & ! ,high]-,burgh] s*ools4 ,! fir/ nam$ s*ools be+ ma9ly int5d$ = ^? engag$ 9 indu/rial or agricultural pursuits1 ! day classes gradually fell into disuse4 ,! l5g? ( ! c\rse z prescrib$ by law is two ye>s1 b x is usually ext5d$ to ?ree or f\r ye>s1 & ! in/ruction1 ?\gh ma9ly !oretical1 has reg>d to ! special local indu/ries2 ! fees1 if any1 may n exce$ "o p\nd /]l+ p] annum4 ,special m5tion mu/ be made 9 ?is connexion ( ! s*ool ( eng9e]+ 9 ,am/]dam 7#ahgh7 & ! ,academy ( ,pla/ic ,arts at ,rott]dam4 ,! high]-burgh] s*ools h ei!r a ?ree or a five ye>s' c\rse1 & ! fees v>y f ,l#b1 #ajs4 to ,l#e a ye>4 ,! in/ruction giv5 is ess5tially non-classical & sci5tific4 ,9 bo? s*ools c]tificates are aw>d$ at ! end ( ! c\rse1 t ( ! high]-burgh] s*ools admitt+ to ! natural sci5ce & m$ical bran*es ( univ]sity education1 a supplem5t>y exam9ation 9 ,greek & ,lat9 be+ requir$ = o!r bran*es4 ,! gymnasia1 or classical s*ools1 fall legally speak+ "u ! head ( high] education4 ,by ! law ( #ahgf1 e t[n ( #bj1jjj inhabitants1 unless specially exempt$1 mu/ provide a gymnasium4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ^! s*ools are subsidiz$ by ! /ate to ! ext5t ( half _! net co/4 ,! curriculum is classical & philological1 b 9 ! two upp] classes !re is a bifurcation 9 fav\r ( sci5tific subjects = ^? :o wi%4 ,! fees v>y f ,l#e to ,l#h a ye>1 b1 ow+ to ! abs5ce ( s*ol>%ips & burs>ies1 are sometimes remitt$1 z 9 ! case ( ! high]-burgh] s*ools4 ,among ! s*ools :i* give specializ$ in/ruction1 m5tion mu/ be made ( ! admirable trade s*ools 7amba*tss*ol57 e/abli%$ 9 #ahfa1 & ! correspond+ indu/rial s*ools = girls2 ! fi%]y s*ools & s*ools ( navigation2 ! _m private s*ools ( dome/ic sci5ce1 & ( comm]ce & indu/ry1 among :i* ! municipal s*ool at ,ens*$e 7#ahhf7 des]ves special m5tion2 & ! s*ool ( social "w1 ,das ,huis1 at ,am/]dam 7#aijj74 ,= ! education ( m$ical practition]s1 civil & milit>y1 ! m important in/itutions are ! ,national ,ob/etrical ,college at ,am/]dam1 ! ,national ,vet]9>y ,s*ool at ,utre*t1 ! ,national ,college = ,milit>y ,physicians at ,am/]dam & ! e/abli%m5t at ,utre*t = ! tra9+ ( milit>y apo!c>ies = ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,indies4 ,! organization ( agricultural education "u ! /ate is v complete1 & includes a /ate pr(essor ( agriculture = e prov9ce 7z well z pr(essors ( horticulture 9 sev]al cases71 w9t] s*ools ( agriculture & horticulture1 & a /ate agricultural college at ,wag5+5 7#ahgf7 ) c\rses 9 home & colonial agriculture4 ,! total fees at ?is college1 includ+ bo>d & lodg+1 are ab\t ,l#ej a ye>4 ,accord+ to ! law ( #ahih1 ! /ate also ma9ta9s or subsidizes exp]im5tal or te/+-/ations4 ,o!r s*ools ( ! same class are ! ,g]>d ,adriaan van ,swiet5 s*ools ( agriculture1 g>d5+ & =e/ry 9 ,dr5te1 ! s*ool ( in/ruction 9 butt] & *eese mak+ 7zuivelb]eid+7 at ,bolsw>d & ! /ate vet]9>y college at ,utre*t4 ,!re are ?ree /ate univ]sities 9 ,holl&1 namely1 ,leid5 7#aege71 ,gron+5 7#aehe7 & ,utre*t 7#afcd74 ,! anci5t a!naeums ( ,franek] 7#aehe7 & ,h>d]wyk 7#afjc7 7 clos$ 9 #ahaa1 b t ( ,am/]dam 0 conv]t$ into a municipal univ]sity 9 #ahgg4 ,9 ea* ( ^! univ]sities !re are five faculties1 namely1 law1 !ology1 m$ic9e1 sci5ce & ma!matics1 & lit]ature & philosophy1 ! c\rses = :i* are respectively f\r1 five1 eight1 & six or sev5 ye>s = ! two la/ nam$4 ,! fees am\nt to #bjj flor9s 7,l#af1 #acs4 #d;d47 p] annum & are payable = f\r ye>s4 ,two k9ds ( degrees are conf]r$1 namely1 ! ord9>y 7c&idaats7 & ! doctor's degrees4 ,pupils f ! high]-burgh] s*ools are only eligible = ! fir/4 ,!re is also a free 7,calv9i/ic7 univ]sity at ,am/]dam f\nd$ 9 #ahhj & enjoy+1 s9ce #aije1 ! "r ( conf]r+ degrees4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 no faculties ( law or sci5ce4 ,! /ate polyte*nic s*ool at ,delft 7#ahfd7 = ! /udy ( eng9e]+ 9 all its bran*es1 ar*itecture & naval con/ruction1 has a nom9al c\rse ( f\r ye>s1 & conf]s ! degree ( eng9e]4 ,! fees are ! same z ^? ( ! univ]sities1 & z at ! univ]sities !re are burs>ies4 ,a national in/itution at ,leid5 = ! /udy ( languages1 geography & e?nology ( ! ,dut* ,indies has giv5 place to communal in/itutions ( ! same nature at ,delft & at ,leid51 f\nd$ 9 #ahfd & #ahgg4 ,! c5tre ( ,dut* univ]sity life1 :i* is non-resid5tial1 is ! /ud5ts' corps1 at ! head ( :i* is a s5ate1 elect$ annually f among ! /ud5ts ( f\r ye>s' /&+4 ,memb]%ip ( ! corps is ga9$ aft] a some:at try+ novitiate1 b is ! only passport to ! v>i\s social & sports societies4 ,all tea*]s 9 ! ,ne!rl&s mu/ qualify = _! pr(ession by exam9ation4 ,"u ! act ( #ahih !y are tra9$ ei!r 9 ! /ate tra9+-colleges1 or 9 /ate-aid$ municipal1 & private d5om9ational colleges2 or else by means ( /ate or private /ate-aid$ c\rses ( in/ruction4 ,! age ( admission to ?is class ( tra9+ is f #ad to #ah1 & ! c\rse is = f\r ye>s4 ,9 ! la/ ye> practice 9 tea*+ is obta9$ at ! prim>y practice s*ool atta*$ to ea* college1 & /ud5ts are also taught to make models explanatory ( ! v>i\s subjects ( in/ruction aft] ! mann] ( ! ,sw$i% ,sloyd 7,slojd7 sy/em4 ,assi/ant-tea*]s wi%+ to qualify z head-tea*]s mu/ h _h two ye>s' practical exp]i5ce4 ,pupil-tea*]s c only give in/ruction "u ! sup]vision ( a c]tificat$ tea*]4 ,! m9imum sal>y ( tea*]s is det]m9$ by law4 ,! tea*+1 :i* foll[s ! s-call$ ,heuri/ic me?od1 & ! equipm5t ( s*ools ( e description1 are admirable4 ,f9ance4--,! foll[+ /atem5t %[s ! rev5ue & exp5diture ( ! k+dom = ! ye>s #ahhi1 #aijj-aija & #aije3-- ,rev5ue4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,s\rce4 #ahhi4 #aija4 #aije4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,l ,l ,l ,excise #c1fgh1jge #d1jdb1ejj #d1ead1iih ,direct taxation #b1cjj1hfe #b1ijj1age #c1ace1ffe ,indirect taxation #b1jjd1gde #a1hje1ehc #a1idf1fff ,po/ ,(fice #eci1dje #hfe1gej #a1ajc1ccc ,gov]nm5t telegraphs #ajf1igj #ahg1cge #baa1ccc ,export & ,import duties #ddj1bdg #hja1ejj #icj1iab ,/ate doma9s #bac1ahf #adg1jjj #aci1jjj ,pilot dues #ajf1jgi #aia1ffg #bjj1jjj ,/ate lott]ies #ed1fji #ed1bej #eb1fff ,game & ,fi%]ies #aa1ffj #aa1jjj #aa1gej ,railways 44 #cfa1eab #cdi1jaa ,"p paid by ,ea/ ,indies on acc\nt ( int]e/ & r$emption ( public debt 44 44 #cba1iaf ,ne!rl& ,bank contribution 44 44 #afj1ejj ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,total99 #i1dge1ccg #aa1cid1bbj #ad1jag1jgi ---------------------------------------- ------------------ 99 ,includ+ v>i\s miscellane\s items n specifi$ 9 detail4 ,exp5diture4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,object4 #ahhi4 #aija4 #aije4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,l ,l ,l ,national ,debt #b1gbg1eia #b1ijf1bad #b1hii1ggj ,dep>tm5t ( ,w> #a1gjh1fih #a1hic1jcf #b1dgd1jaa ,wat]/aat #a1gij1bia #b1ddh1cci #b1hfi1iea ,f9ance #a1ecg1djd #b1jib1cdc #b1big1ahj ,m>9e #a1jch1ecf #a1chh1ada #a1cif1acg ,int]ior #hae1ahh #a1ccj1efc #a1fac1acd ,ju/ice #dbf1cdc #ebi1aei #eib1jgc ,colonies #ic1hbi #aji1gfh #bea1aej ,dept4 ( ,=eign ,affairs #eg1cab #ga1aja #hb1djc ,royal ,h\sehold #ed1aff #ff1ffg #ff1fff ,sup]ior ,au?orities ( ! ,/ate #eb1dgf #ef1gib #eh1bea ,un=ese5 ,exp5diture #a1gde #d1aff #d1aff ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,total99 #aj1cic1egi #ab1hif1bhi #ad1ijg1gha ---------------------------------------- ------------------ 99 ,includ+1 besides ! ord9>y budget1 ! outlays 9 paym5t ( annuities1 9 fund+ & dis*>g+ debt1 9 railway ext5sion1 c4 ,! total debt 9 #aije am\nt$ to ,l#if1gfd1bff1 ! annual int]e/ am\nt$ to ,l#c1cif1eij4 ,dur+ ! ye>s #ahej-aije1 ,l#bg1daf1fea has be5 devot$ to ! r$emption ( ! public debt4 ,! total weal? ( ! k+dom is e/imat$ at #ijj millions /]l+4 ,! v>i\s prov9ces & communes h sep>ate budgets4 ,! foll[+ table gives a /atem5t ( ! prov9cial & communal f9ances3-- ,rev5ue4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- #ahhi4 #aijj4 #aije4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,l ,l ,l ,prov9cial #gbb1ehc #dde1ccc #gah1aii ,communal #f1acb1jjj #i1caa1fff #ab1gej1jhc ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,exp5diture4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- #ahhi4 #aijj4 #aije4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,l ,l ,l ,prov9cial #gdj1ccc #dde1ccc #gjb1gah ,communal #e1fhc1hjj #h1ejc1bej #ab1jhe1bej ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,colonies4--,! ,dut* colonies 9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago h an area ( #fjj1jjj sq4 m41 ) a population ( #bc1jjj1jjj1 among :i* are #ce1jjj ,europeans1 #cai1jjj ,*9ese1 #ae1jjj ,arabs1 & #aj1jjj o!r immigrant ,asiatics4 ,! ,we/ ,indian possessions ( ,holl& include ,dut* ,guiana or ! gov]nm5t ( ,sur9am1 & ! ,dut* ,antilles or ! gov]nm5t ( ,curacoa & its dep5d5cies 7,/ ,eu/atius1 ,saba1 ! s\!rn half ( ,/ ,m>t91 ,curacoa1 ,bonaire & ,aruba71 a total area ( #fj1jjj sq4 m41 ) #ij1jjj inhabitants1 ( :om a small portion are ,europeans1 & ! re/ negroes & o!r p ( col\r1 & ,*9ese4 ,,bibliography4--,! *ief place is due to ! foll[+ geographical publications3--,dr ,h4 ,bl9k1 ,n$]l& en zijne ,bewon]s 7,am/]dam1 #ahhh-ahib71 conta9+ a copi\s bibliography2 ,teg5woordige ,/aat van ,n$]l& 7,am/]dam1 #ahig72 ,r4 ,s*uil+1 ,a>drijkskunde van ,n$]l& 7,zwolle1 #ahhd72 ,a4 ,a4 ,beekman1 ,de ,/rijd om het ,be/aan 7,zutph51 #ahhg71 a manual on ! *>act]i/ic hydrography ( ! ,ne!rl&s2 & ,e4 ,reclus' ,n\velle geographie univ]selle 7#ahgi2 vol4 iv474 ,! ,g$5boek uitgev5 t] geleg5heid van het fijftig-j>ig be/aan van het ,kon9klijk ,in/ituut van ,+5ieurs1 #ahdg-ahig 7's ,grav5hage1 #ahih71 is an excell5t aid 9 /udy+ te*nically ! rem>kable works on ,dut* riv]s1 canals1 sluices1 railways & h>b\rs1 & dra9age & irrigation works4 ,! ,a>drijkskundig ,woord5boek van ,n$]l&1 by ,p4 ,h4 ,witkamp 7,arnhem1 #ahie71 is a complete gazette] ) hi/orical notes1 & ,nom9a ,geographica ,ne]l&ica1 publi%$ by ! ,ne!rl&s ,geographical ,society 7,am/]dam1 #ahhe1 c471 conta9s a hi/ory ( geographical names4 ,ges*i$5is van d5 ,bo]ea/& en d5 l&b\w 9 ,n$]l&1 ,h4 ,bl9k 7,gron+51 #aijb71 & ! report on agriculture1 publi%$ at ! ,hague by ! ,royal ,commission appo9t$ 9 #ahif1 furni% special in=mation 9 connexion ) ?is subject4 ,( m g5]al int]e/ are3 ,e5e halve ,eeuw1 #ahdh-ahih1 edit$ by ,dr ,p4 ,h4 ,ritt] 7,am/]dam1 #ahih71 conta9+ a s]ies ( articles on all subjects connect$ ) ! k+dom dur+ ! second half ( ! #ai? c5tury1 writt5 by speciali/s2 & ,les ,pays ,bas 7,leid51 #ahii71 & ,la ,holl&e geographique1 e?nologique1 politique1 c4 7,p>is1 #aijj71 bo? works ( ! same class z ! prec$+4 ,books ( travel include "s ( consid]able topographical z well z lit]>y int]e/1 f ,lodovico ,guicci>d9i 7#aefg7 d[n to ,edmondo de ,amicis 7,holl&1 translat$ f ! ,italian1 ,london1 #ahhc72 ,h4 ,hav>d1 ,dead ,cities ( ! ,zuid] ,zee1 c4 7translat$ f ! ,fr5*1 ,london #ahgf71 & ,d4 ,s4 ,meldrum1 ,holl& & ! ,holl&]s 7,london1 #ahii7 9 ! #ai? c5tury4 ,m5tion may also be made ( ,old ,dut* ,t[ns & ,villages ( ! ,zuid] ,zee1 by ,w4 ,j4 ,tuyn 7translat$ f ! ,dut*1 ,london1 #aija71 ,nieuwe ,w&el+5 door ,n$]l&1 by ,j4 ,cra&ijk & ,p4 ,a4 ,s*ipp]us 7,ha>lem1 #ahhh72 ,friesl& ,m]es & ?r\gh ! ,ne!rl&s1 by ,h4 ,m4 ,d\ghty 7,london1 #ahhg72 ,on ,dut* ,wat]ways1 by ,g4 ,c4 ,davis 7,london1 #ahhg72 ,holl&e et holl&ais1 by ,h4 ,dur& 7,p>is1 #ahic72 & ,holl& & ,belgium by ,pr(essor ,n4 ,g4 van ,kamp5 7translat$ f ! ,dut*1 ,london1 #ahfj71 ! la/ ?ree be+ *iefly rem>kable = _! f9e illu/rations4 ,works ( hi/orical & antiqu>ian int]e/ ( a high ord] are ,m]kwa>dige ,ka/eel5 9 ,n$]l&1 by ,j4 van ,l5nep & ,w4 ,j4 ,h(dyk 7,leid51 #ahha-ahhd72 ,noord-,holl&s*e ,oudh$51 by ,g4 van ,arkel & ,a4 ,w4 ,weisman1 publi%$ by ! ,royal ,antiqu>ian ,society 7,am/]dam1 #ahia72 & ,oud ,holl&1 edit$ by ,a4 ,d4 de ,vries & ,n4 de ,roev] 7,am/]dam1 #ahhc-ahhf71 conta9+ miscellane\s contributions to ! hi/ory ( anci5t ,dut* art1 crafts & lett]s4 ,natural hi/ory is cov]$ by v>i\s p]iodical publications ( ! ,royal ,zoological ,society ,natura ,artis ,magi/ra at ,am/]dam1 & ! ,natuurlijke ,hi/orie van ,n$]l& 7,ha>lem1 #ahef-ahfc7 writt5 by speciali/s1 & includ+ e?nology & flora4 ,milit>y & naval def5ce may be /udi$ 9 ,de ve/+ ,holl&1 by ,a4 ,l4 ,w4 ,seijff>dt 7,utre*t1 #ahhg71 & ! ,h&book ( ! ,dut* ,army1 by ,major ,w4 ,l4 ,:ite1 ,r4,a4 7,london1 #ahif72 ecclesia/ical hi/ory 9 ,! ,*ur* 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 by ,p4 ,h4 ,dit*field 7,london1 #ahic72 & education 9 vol4 viii4 ( ! ,special ,reports on ,educational ,subjects issu$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,education1 ,london4 ,/ati/ics are furni%$ by ! annual publication ( ! ,society = ,/ati/ics 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 ,am/]dam4 ,,hi/ory ,,f #aegi ,,to ,,mod]n ,,times#e ,consequ5ces ( ! ,union ( ,utre*t4 ,sov]eignty (f]$ to ! ,duke ( ,anj\4 ,! ,ban aga9/ ,william ( ,orange4 ,! ,act ( ,abjuration4 ,! ,apology4 ,! political compact kn[n z ! ,union ( ,utre*t diff]$ f its imm$iate pr$ecessors1 ! ,pacification ( ,gh5t1 ! ,union ( ,brussels & ! ,p]petual ,edict1 9 its p]man5ce4 ,! conf$]acy ( ! nor!rn prov9ces ( ! ,ne!rl&s :i* 0 effect$ 7#bi? ( ,janu>y #aegi7 by ! ex]tions ( ,john ( ,nassau1 0 de/9$ to be ! beg9n+ ( a new national life4 ,! f\ndation 0 laid on :i* ! ,republic ( ! ,unit$ ,ne!rl&s 0 to be rais$4 ,its imm$iate results 7 f> f promis+4 ,! fall+ away ( ! ,walloon prov9ces & ! ,ca?olic nobles f ! patriot cause ?reat5$ x ) ru94 ,no?+ b ! /rong p]sonal influ5ce & indefatigable lab\rs ( ! pr9ce ( ,orange /ood 9 ! way ( a m g5]al defection4 ,ev]y:]e1 save 9 /aun* & /eadfa/ ,holl& & ,zeel&1 a feel+ ( wav]+ & hesitation 0 spread+ ?r\gh ! l&4 ,9 ,holl& & ,zeel& ,william 0 supreme1 b else:]e 8 aims & 8 pr9ciples 7 misrepres5t$ & misund]/ood4 ,he saw t unaid$ ! patriotic p>ty c\ld n hope to resi/ ! p[] ( ,philip ,,ii41 & he _h !re=e resolv$ to ga9 ! support ( ,france by ! (f] ( ! sov]eignty ( ! ,ne!rl&s to ! duke ( ,anj\4 ,b ,anj\ 0 a ,ca?olic1 & ?is fact ar\s$ among ! ,prote/ants a feel+ t !y 7 be+ betray$4 ,b ! pr9ce p]si/$ 9 ! policy he felt to be a necessity1 & 7#bcrd ( ,jan4 #aeha7 a treaty 0 conclud$ ) ! duke1 by :i* he1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 agre$ to accept ! sov]eignty ( ! ,ne!rl&s prov9ces1 except ,holl& & ,zeel&4 ,^! two prov9ces 7 unwill+ to h any sov]eign b ,william himself1 & aft] consid]able hesitation he agre$ to become _! ,c\nt 7#bd? ( ,july #aeha74 ,he felt t he 0 ju/ifi$ 9 tak+ ?is /ep because ( ! ,ban :i* ,philip _h publi%$ on ! #ae? ( ,m>* #aeha1 9 :i* ,orange _h be5 proclaim$ a traitor & miscreant1 & a rew>d (f]$ to any "o :o w\ld take 8 life4 ,8 practical answ] to ! k+ 0 ! act ( ,abjuration1 by :i* at 8 p]suasion ! repres5tatives ( ! prov9ces ( ,brabant1 ,fl&]s1 ,holl&1 ,zeel&1 ,geld]l& & ,utre*t1 assembl$ at ! ,hague1 decl>$ t ,philip _h =feit$ 8 sov]eignty ov] !m1 & t !y held !mselves h5ce=? absolv$ f _! allegiance to him4 ,9 a writt5 def5ce1 ! fam\s ,apology1 publi%$ lat] 9 ! ye>1 ,william repli$ at great l5g? to ! *>ges t _h be5 br\ght aga9/ him1 & c>ry+ ! w> into ! enemy's camp1 endeav\r$ to prove t ! c\rse he _h pursu$ 0 ju/ifi$ by ! crimes & tyranny ( ! k+4 ,attempt on ! ,life ( ,orange by ,jean ,jaureguy4 ,! ,fr5* ,fury4 ,assass9ation ( ,william ! ,sil5t4 ,! duke ( ,anj\ 0 solemnly inaugurat$ z duke ( ,brabant 7,febru>y #aehb71 & %ortly aft]w>ds z duke ( ,geld]l&1 c\nt ( ,fl&]s & "l ( ,friesl&4 ,william _h tak5 up 8 resid5ce at ,antw]p 9 ord] to give ! ,fr5* pr9ce 8 /ronge/ p]sonal support1 & :ile !re a s]i\s attempt 0 made ^u 8 life 7,m>* #ah?7 by a y\? nam$ ,jean ,jaureguy4 ,he fir$ a pi/ol at ! pr9ce close to 8 head1 & ! ball pass$ "u ! "r e> & out at ! left jaw4 ,x 0 a t]rible w\nd1 b =tunately n fatal4 ,mean:ile ,anj\ soon grew tir$ ( 8 dep5d5t position & ( ! limitations plac$ ^u 8 sov]eignty4 ,he resolv$ by a secret & sudd5 attack 7#ag? ( ,janu>y #aehc7 to make himself ma/] ( ,antw]p & ( ! p]son ( ,orange4 ,! assault 0 made1 b x prov$ an utt] failure4 ,! citiz5s resi/$ /\tly beh9d b>ricades1 & ! ,fr5* 7 r\t$ ) heavy loss4 ,! ,fr5* ,fury z x 0 call$1 r5d]$ ! position ( ,anj\ 9 ! ,ne!rl&s impossible1 & made ,william himself unpopul> 9 ,brabant4 ,he accord+ly )drew to ,delft4 ,9 ! mid/ ( 8 fai?ful ,holl&]s he felt t he c\ld /ill organize resi/ance1 & /em ! progress made by ,spani% arms & ,spani% influ5ce "u ! able lead]%ip ( ,alex&] ( ,p>ma4 ,antw]p1 ) ,/ ,aldegonde z its burgoma/]1 0 /ill 9 ! h&s ( ! patriots & b>r$ ! way to ! sea1 & cov]$ ,zeel& f invasion4 ,nev] = "o mom5t did ,william lose he>t or relax 8 ef=ts & vigilance2 he felt t ) ! two m>itime prov9ces secure ! national cause ne$ n be despair$ (4 ,b 8 own days _h n[ drawn to _! end4 ,! failure ( ,jaureguy did n det] a "y ,ca?olic zealot1 by "n ,bal?az> ,g]>d1 f attempt+ to assass9ate ! man :om he look$ ^u z ! ar*-enemy ( ,god & ! k+4 ,"u ! pretext ( seek+ a passport1 ,g]>d p5etrat$ into ! ,pr9s5h( at ,delft1 & fir+ po9t blank at ,william z he left ! d9+ hall1 mortally w\nd$ him 7#aj? ( ,july #aehd74 ,amid/ g5]al lam5tations ! ,fa!r ( 8 ,c\ntry1 z he 0 call$1 0 buri$ ) great /ate 9 ! ,nieuwe ,k]k at ,delft at ! public *>ge4 ,maurice ( ,nassau4 ,! ,sov]eignty (f]$ to ,h5ry ,,iii4 & decl9$4 ,leice/] ,gov]nor-g5]al4 ,b ?\gh ! great lead] 0 dead1 he _h n /riv5 or work$ 9 va94 ,! situation 0 critical1 b !re 0 no panic4 ,?r\gh\t ! revolt$ prov9ces !re 0 a g5]al det]m9ation to cont9ue ! /ruggle to ! bitt] end4 ,to make head1 h[ev]1 aga9/ ! victori\s advance ( ,p>ma1 be=e ^: arms all ! *ief t[ns ( ,brabant & ,fl&]s1 ,bruges1 ,gh5t1 ,brussels & la/ly--aft] a valiant def5ce--,antw]p itself _h fall51 x 0 necess>y to look = ! protection ( a =eign rul]4 ,! gov]nm5t1 n[ t ! comm&+ p]sonal influ5ce ( ,william 0 no m1 0 )\t any c5tral au?ority :i* c\ld claim ob$i5ce4 ,! ,/ates-,g5]al 7 b ! delegates ( a numb] ( sov]eign prov9ces1 & among/ ^! ,holl& by its size & weal? 7aft] ! occupation by ! ,spani>ds ( ,brabant & ,fl&]s7 0 pr$om9ant4 ,maurice ( ,nassau1 ,william's second son1 _h inde$ on 8 fa!r's dea? be5 appo9t$ capta9 & admiral-g5]al ( ! ,union1 presid5t ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,/ate1 & /adhold] ( ,holl& & ,zeel&1 b he 0 z yet too "y1 only sev5te51 to take a lead+ "p 9 affairs4 ,c\nt ,hoh5loo took ! comm& ( ! troops ) ! title ( lieut5ant-g5]al4 ,two devot$ adh]5ts ( ,william ( ,orange1 ,paul ,buys1 advocate ( ,holl&1 & ,johan van ,old5b>neveldt1 p5sion>y ( ,rott]dam1 7 ! /atesm5 :o at ?is difficult juncture took ! =emo/ "p 9 direct+ ! policy ( ! conf$]acy4 ,!y turn$ fir/ to ,france4 ,! sov]eignty ( ! prov9ces 0 (f]$ to ,h5ry ,,iii41 b ! k+1 h>ass$ by civil discords 9 8 own c\ntry1 decl9$ ! dang]\s hon\r 7#aehe74 ,repell$ 9 ?is direction1 ! ,/ates-,g5]al next turn$ !mselves to ,engl&4 ,elizabe? 0 al>m$ by ! successes ( ! ,spani% arms1 & especially by ! fall ( ,antw]p2 &1 ?\gh refus+ ! sov]eignty1 %e agre$ to s5d a =ce ( #ejjj foot & #ajjj horse to ! aid ( ! ,prov9ces "u ! comm& ( ! e>l ( ,leice/]1 h] exp5ses be+ gu>ante$ by ! h&+ ov] to h] ! t[ns ( ,flu%+1 ,brill & ,rammek5s z pl$ges 7#aj? ( ,augu/ #aehe74 ,leice/]1 on l&+ 9 ,holl&1 0 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,/ates-,g5]al & ( ,maurice ( ,nassau inve/$ ) ! title ( gov]nor-g5]al & practically sov]eign p[]s 7,febru>y #aehf74 ,failure & )drawal ( ,leice/]4 ,! new gov]nor _h great difficulties to cont5d )4 ,he knew no?+ ( ! language or ! "* ( ! p he 0 call$ ^u to gov]n2 8 own abilities bo? z g5]al & /atesman 7 m$iocre2 & he 0 hamp]$ con/antly 9 8 ef=ts by ! nigg>dl9ess & *ang+ :ims ( 8 royal mi/ress4 ,9 try+ to consolidate ! =ces ( ! ,prov9ces = unit$ action & to c5tralize its gov]nm5t1 he und\bt$ly did 8 be/1 accord+ to 8 lights1 = ! national cause4 ,b he 0 too ha/y & ov]be>+4 ,8 edict prohibit+ all comm]cial int]c\rse ) ! enemy at once ar\s$ aga9/ him ! bitt] ho/ility ( ! m]*ants ( ,holl& & ,zeel&1 :o ?riv$ by su* traffic4 ,8 attempts to pack ! c\ncil ( ,/ate1 on :i* already two ,engli%m5 _h seats1 ) p]sonal adh]5ts & to ov]ride ! opposition ( ! prov9cial /ates ( ,holl& to 8 arbitr>y acts1 at la/ made 8 position impossible4 ,! traitor\s surr5d] ( ,dev5t] & ,zutph5 by _! ,engli% gov]nors1 ,/anley & ,york1 bo? ,ca?olics1 r5d]$ all ,engli%m5 suspect4 ,! ,/ates ( ,holl& "u ! lead]%ip ( ,johan van ,old5b>neveldt1 took up an attitude ( resolute ho/ility to him1 & ! ,/ates ( ,holl& dom9at$ ! ,/ates-,g5]al4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ^! divid$ c\ncils ! important seaport ( ,sluis 0 tak5 by ,p>ma4 ,utt]ly discr$it$1 ,leice/] 7#f? ( ,augu/ #aehg7 ab&on$ ! task1 9 :i* he _h met ) no?+ b failure1 & return$ to ,engl&4 ,johan van ,old5b>neveldt4 ,maurice ( ,nassau4 ,no?+ c\ld h be5 worse ?an ! position ( ! ,/ates at ! beg9n+ ( #aehh4 ,_h ,p>ma _h a free h&1 9 all probability he w\ld h cru%$ out ! revolt & reconqu]$ ! nor!rn ,ne!rl&s4 ,b ! att5tion ( ! ,spani% k+ 0 at ?is "t conc5trat$ ^u ! success ( ! ,inv9cible ,armada4 ,! army ( ,p>ma 0 held 9 read9ess = ! invasion ( ,engl&1 & ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces _h a respite4 ,!y 7 =tunately able to avail !mselves ( x4 ,! comm&+ abilities ( ,old5b>neveldt1 n[ advocate ( ,holl&1 gradually ga!r$ into 8 h&s ! entire adm9i/ration ( ! ,republic4 ,he became indisp5sable &1 z 8 influ5ce grew1 m & m did ! policy ( ! prov9ces acquire unity & consi/5cy ( purpose4 ,at ! same "t ,maurice ( ,nassau1 n[ gr[n to man's e/ate1 began to display ^? milit>y tal5ts :i* 7 to ga9 = him ! fame ( be+ ! fir/ g5]al ( 8 "t4 ,b ,maurice 0 no politician4 ,he _h implicit tru/ 9 ! advocate1 8 fa!r's fai?ful fri5d & c\nsellor1 & = _m ye>s to come ! /atesman & ! soldi] work$ 9 h>mony toge!r = ! be/ int]e/s ( _! c\ntry 7see ,,old5b>neveldt1 & ,,maurice1 pr9ce ( ,orange74 ,at ! side ( ,maurice1 z a wise advis]1 /ood 8 c\s9 ,william ,l\is1 /adhold] ( ,friesl&1 a tra9$ soldi] & good comm&] 9 ! field4 ,campaign ( #aeia4 ,dea? ( ,p>ma4 ,new prov9ce ( ,/adt en ,l&54 ,aft] ! de/ruction ( ! ,armada1 ,p>ma _h be5 occupi$ ) campaigns on ! s\!rn fronti] aga9/ ! ,fr5*1 & ! ,ne!rl&]s _h be5 cont5t to /& on gu>d aga9/ attack4 ,! surprise ( ,br$a by a /ratagem 7#h? ( ,m>* #aeij7 0 ! only milit>y ev5t ( importance up to #aeia4 ,b ! two /adhold]s _h n wa/$ ! "t4 ,! ,/ates' =ces _h be5 reorganiz$ & br\ght to a high /ate ( milit>y discipl9e & tra9+4 ,9 #aeia ! ,/ates-,g5]al1 aft] consid]able hesitation1 7 p]suad$ by ,maurice to sanction an (f5sive campaign4 ,x 0 att5d$ by m>vell\s success4 ,zutph5 0 captur$ on ! #bj? ( ,may1 ,dev5t] on ! #bj? ( ,june4 ,p>ma1 :o 0 besieg+ ! =t ( ,knods5burg1 0 =c$ to retire ) loss4 ,hul/ fell aft] a ?ree days' inve/m5t1 & f9ally ,nymeg5 0 tak5 on ! #ba/ ( ,octob]4 ,! fame ( ,maurice1 a consummate g5]al at ! e>ly age ( tw5ty-f\r1 0 on all m5's lips4 ,! foll[+ campaign 0 signaliz$ by ! capture ( ,/e5wyk & ,koevord54 ,on ! #h? ( ,decemb] #aeib ,p>ma di$1 & ! ,/ates 7 deliv]$ f _! mo/ r$\btable adv]s>y4 ,9 #aeic ! leagu] ( ,ge]truid5burg put ! seal on ,maurice's reputation z an inv9cible besieg]4 ,! t[n fell aft] an inve/m5t ( ?ree mon?s4 ,gron+5 0 ! *ief fruit ( ! campaign ( #aeid4 ,) its dep5d5t di/rict x 0 =m$ into a new prov9ce "u ! "n ( ,/adt en ,l&54 ,william ,l\is became ! /adhold] 7see ,,gron+574 ,! soil ( ! nor!rn ,ne!rl&s 0 at la/ practically free f ! pres5ce ( ,spani% g>risons4 ,triple ,alliance ( ,france1 ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces4 ,! gr[+ importance ( ! new /ate 0 signaliz$ by ! conclusion1 9 #aeif1 ( a triple alliance betwe5 ,engl&1 ,france & ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces4 ,x 0 ( %ort duration & pur*as$ by h>d conditions1 b x impli$ ! recognition by ,h5ry ,,iv4 & ,elizabe? ( ! ,/ates-,g5]al1 z a sov]eign p[]1 ) :om treaties c\ld be conclud$4 ,su* a recognition 0 ju/ifi$ by ! brilliant successes ( ! campaign ( #aeig4 ,x began ) ! complete r\t ( a ,spani% =ce ( #dejj m5 at ,turnh\t 9 ,janu>y1 ) sc>cely any loss to ! victors4 ,!n 9 a succession ( sieges ,rhe9b]g1 ,meurs1 ,gro5lo1 ,br$evoort1 ,ens*$e1 ,ootm>sum1 ,old5zaal & ,l+5 fell into ! h&s ( ,maurice4 ,alb]t & ,isabel1 ,sov]eigns ( ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,! relations ( ! ,ne!rl&s to ,spa9 7 9 #aeih completely *ang$4 ,philip ,,ii4 feel+ dea? approa*+1 resolv$ to m>ry 8 eld] daught]1 ! ,infanta ,isabel ,cl>a ,eug5ia1 to h] c\s91 ! ,c>d9al ,ar*duke ,alb]t ( ,au/ria1 :o _h be5 gov]nor-g5]al ( ! ,ne!rl&s s9ce #aeif1 & to erect ! ,prov9ces into an indep5d5t sov]eignty "u _! jo9t rule4 ,! in/rum5t 0 execut$ 9 ,may2 ,philip di$ 9 ,septemb]2 ! m>riage took place 9 ,novemb]4 ,9 case ! m>riage %\ld h no issue1 ! sov]eignty ( ! ,ne!rl&s 0 to rev]t to ! k+ ( ,spa94 ,! ar*dukes 7su* 0 _! (ficial title7 did n make _! joyeuse entree into ,brussels until ! close ( #aeii4 ,! /ep 0 tak5 too late to effect a reconciliation ) ! rebel prov9ces4 ,peace ov]tures 7 made1 b ! conditions 7 unacceptable4 ,! ,/ates-,g5]al nev] s]i\sly consid]$ ! "q ( giv+ 9 _! submission to ! new sov]eigns4 ,! trad]s ( ,holl& & ,zeel& _h ?riv5 mightily by ! w>4 ,_! %ips _h p5etrat$ to ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,indies1 & 7 to be f\nd 9 e sea4 ,! ye> #afjj saw ! f\ndation ( ! ,*>t]$ ,ea/ ,india ,company 7see ,,dut* ,,ea/ ,,india ,,company74 ,! "q ( fre$om ( trade ) ! ,indies _h become no less vital to ! ,dut* p ?an fre$om ( religi\s wor%ip4 ,to bo? ^! concessions ,spani% policy 0 irreconcilably oppos$4 ,! ,battle ( ,nieuport4 ,siege ( ,o/5d4 ,dunkirk1 z a ne/ ( freeboot]s :o prey$ ^u ,dut* comm]ce1 0 made ! objective ( a d>+ (f5sive campaign 9 #afjj by ! ord]s ( ! ,/ates-,g5]al "u ! influ5ce ( ,old5b>neveldt 9 ! tee? ( ! opposition ( ! /adhold]s ,maurice & ,william ,l\is4 ,by a bold m>* across ,fl&]s1 ,maurice rea*$ ,nieuport on ! #a/ ( ,july1 & proce$$ to inve/ x4 ,! ar*duke ,alb]t1 h[ev]1 foll[$ h>d on 8 /eps ) an army ( season$ troops1 & ,maurice1 ) 8 communications cut1 0 =c$ to fight = 8 exi/5ce4 ,a desp]ate combat took place on ! dunes betwe5 =ces ( equal /r5g? & val\r4 ,only by call+ up 8 la/ res]ves did victory decl>e = ,maurice4 ,! ar*duke _h to fly = 8 life4 ,five ?\s& ,spani>ds 7 kill$2 sev5 hundr$ tak51 & "o hundr$ & five /&>ds4 ,to h ?us wor/$ ! dread$ ,spani% infantry 9 op5 fight 0 a great triumph = ! ,/ates troops & _! g5]al1 b x 0 b>r5 ( results4 ,maurice refus$ to run fur!r risks & l$ back 8 army to ,holl&4 ,= ! foll[+ ?ree ye>s all ! en]gies alike ( ! ar*dukes & ! ,/ates-,g5]al 7 conc5trat$ on ! siege ( ,o/5d 7#ae? ( ,july #afja-bj? ( ,sept4 #afjd71 ! solit>y possession ( ! ,dut* 9 ,fl&]s4 ,! h]oic ob/9acy ( ! def5ce 0 equall$ by ! p]sev]ance ( ! attack1 & !re 0 a va/ exp5diture1 especially on ! side ( ! ,spani>ds1 ( blood & treasure4 ,at la/ :5 r$uc$ to a heap ( ru9s1 ,o/5d fell be=e ! resolution ( ,ambrosio de ,sp9ola1 a ,g5oese bank]1 to :om ! comm& ( ! besieg]s _h be5 entru/$ 7see ,,sp9ola74 ,a mon? be=e ! surr5d]1 h[ev]1 ano!r & m commodi\s seaport1 ,sluis1 _h fall5 into ! possession ( ! ,/ates army "u ,maurice1 & ?us ! loss ( ,o/5d 0 disc\nt$4 ,negotiations = ,peace4 ,! ,twelve ,ye>s' ,truce4 ,sp9ola prov$ himself to be a g5]al ( a high ord]1 & ! campaigns ( #afjf & #afjg resolv$ !mselves into a duel ( skill betwe5 him & ,maurice )\t mu* advantage accru+ to ei!r side4 ,b ! ar*dukes' treasury 0 n[ empty1 & _! cr$it exhau/$2 bo? sides 7 we>y ( fight+1 & s]i\s negotiations = peace 7 set on foot4 ,! disposition ( ! ,spani>ds to make concessions 0 fur!r quick5$ by ! de/ruction ( _! fleet at ,gibralt> by ! ,dut* admiral ,heemsk]k1 7,april #afjg74 ,b !re 7 _m difficulties 9 ! way4 ,! peace p>ty 9 ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces head$ by ,old5b>neveldt 0 oppos$ by ! /adhold]s ,maurice & ,william ,l\is1 ! great majority ( ! milit>y & naval (fic]s1 ! ,calv9i/ prea*]s & _m lead+ m]*ants4 ,! ,spani>ds on _! side 7 obdurate on ! subjects ( fre$om ( trade 9 ! ,indies & ( fre$om ( religi\s wor%ip4 ,at la/1 aft] ! negotiations _h be5 repeat$ly on ! po9t ( break+ (f1 a compromise 0 effect$ by ! m$iation ( ! envoys ( ,france & ,engl&4 ,on ! #i? ( ,april #afji a truce = twelve ye>s 0 agre$ ^u4 ,on all po9ts ! ,dut* dem&s 7 grant$4 ,! treaty 0 conclud$ ) ! ,prov9ces1 9 ! quality ( free ,/ates ov] :om ! ar*dukes made no pret5tions4 ,! uti possidetis z reg>ds t]ritorial possession 0 recogniz$4 ,nei!r ! grant+ ( fre$om ( wor%ip to ,roman ,ca?olics nor ! ^w ,indies 0 m5tion$1 b 9 a secret treaty ,k+ ,philip und]took to place no h9drance 9 ! way ( ,dut* trade1 :]ev] c>ri$ on4 ,!ological /rife 9 ,holl&4 ,arm9ius & ,gom>us4 ,remon/rants & ,contra-,remon/rants4 ,wa>d-geld]s4 ,old5b>neveldt execut$4 ,"o ( ! imm$iate results ( ?is triumph ( 8 policy 0 ! increase ( ,old5b>neveldt's influ5ce & au?ority 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,republic4 ,b ?\gh ,maurice & 8 o!r oppon5ts _h reluctantly yield$ to ! advocate's skilful diplomacy & p]suasive argum5ts1 a sor5ess rema9$ betwe5 ! /atesman & ! /adhold] :i* 0 de/9$ nev] to be heal$4 ,! c\ntry 0 no soon] reliev$ f ! pressure ( ext]nal w> ?an x 0 torn by int]nal discords4 ,aft] a brief int]f]5ce 9 ! affairs ( ,g]many1 :]e ! intricate "q ( ! ,cleves-,juli* succession 0 already prep>+ ! way = ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>1 ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces became imm]s$ 9 a hot & absorb+ !ological /ruggle ) :i* 7 mix$ up important political issues4 ,! prov9ce ( ,holl& 0 ! ar5a 9 :i* x 0 f\ght out4 ,two pr(essors ( !ology at ,leid51 ,jacobus ,arm9ius 7see ,,arm9ius7 & ,franciscus ,gom>us1 became ! lead]s ( two p>ties1 :o diff]$ f "o ano!r ^u c]ta9 t5ets ( ! ab/ruse doctr9e ( pr$e/9ation4 ,gom>us support$ ! or?odox ,calv9i/ view2 ,arm9ius assail$ x4 ,! ,arm9ians appeal$ to ! ,/ates ( ,holl& 7#afaj7 9 a ,remon/rance 9 :i* _! !ological position 0 def9$4 ,!y 7 h5ce=? kn[n z ,remon/rants2 _! oppon5ts 7 /yl$ ,contra-,remon/rants4 ,! advocate & ! ,/ates ( ,holl& took sides ) ! ,remon/rants1 ,maurice & ! majority ( ! ,/ates-,g5]al 7f\r prov9ces out ( sev57 support$ ! ,contra-,remon/rants4 ,x became a "q ( ! ext5t ( ! rights ( sov]eign pr9ces "u ! ,union4 ,! ,/ates-,g5]al wi%$ to summon a national synod1 ! ,/ates ( ,holl& refus$ _! ass5t1 & made levies ( local militia 7wa>d-geld]s7 = ! ma9t5ance ( ord]4 ,! ,/ates-,g5]al 7#i? ( ,july #afah7 took up ! *all5ge1 & ! pr9ce ( ,orange1 z capta9-g5]al1 0 plac$ at ! head ( a commission to g 9 ! fir/ place to ,utre*t1 :i* support$ ,old5b>neveldt1 & !n to ! v>i\s cities ( ,holl& to insi/ on ! disb&+ ( ! wa>d-geld]s4 ,on ! side ( ,maurice1 :om ! army obey$1 0 ! p[] ( ! sword4 ,! opposition collaps$2 ! recalcitrant prov9cial /ates 7 purg$2 & ! lead]s ( ! p>ty ( /ate rights--! advocate himself1 ,hugo de ,groot 7see ,,grotius71 p5sion>y ( ,rott]dam1 & ,hoog]beets1 p5sion>y ( ,leid51 7 arre/$ & ?r[n into prison4 ,! :ole proce$+s 7 illegal1 & ! illegality 0 consummat$ by ! prison]s be+ br\ght be=e a special tribunal ( #bd judges1 ne>ly all ( :om 7 p]sonal enemies ( ! accus$4 ,! trial 0 m]ely a prelim9>y to condemnation4 ,! advocate 0 s5t5c$ to dea?1 & execut$ 7#ac? ( ,may #afai7 9 ! ,b9n5h( at ! ,hague4 ,! s5t5ces ( ,grotius & ,hoog]beets 7 commut$ to p]petual imprisonm5t4 ,synod ( ,dort4 ,mean:ile ! ,national ,synod _h be5 summon$ & _h met at ,dort on ! #ac? ( ,novemb] #afah4 ,"o hundr$ memb]s1 _m ( !m =eign div9es1 compos$ ?is great assembly1 :o aft] #aed sitt+s gave _! seal to ! doctr9es ( ! ,ne!rl&s ,confession & ! ,heidelb]g ,cate*ism4 ,! ,arm9ians 7 condemn$1 _! prea*]s depriv$1 & ! ,remon/rant p>ty plac$ "u a ban 7#f? ( ,may #afai74 ,r5ewal ( ! w>4 ,dea? ( ,maurice4 ,! p]iod ( ,fr$]ick ,h5ry4 ,! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,india ,companies4 ,9 #afba ! ,twelve ,ye>s' ,truce came to an end1 & w> broke out once m ) ,spa94 ,maurice1 aft] ! dea? ( ,old5b>neveldt1 0 supreme 9 ! l&1 b he miss$ sorely ! wise c\nsels ( ! old /atesman ^: tragic end he _h be5 s l>gely in/rum5tal 9 br++ ab\t4 ,he & ,sp9ola f\nd !mselves once m at ! head ( ! armies 9 ! field1 b ! heal? ( ! /adhold] 0 und]m9$1 & 8 milit>y g5ius 0 "u a cl\d4 ,deeply mortifi$ by 8 failure to relieve ,br$a1 :i* 0 blockad$ by ,sp9ola1 ,maurice fell s]i\sly ill1 & di$ on ! #bcrd ( ,april #afbe4 ,he 0 succe$$ 9 8 dignities by 8 y\ng] bro!r ,fr$]ick ,h5ry 7see ,,fr$]ick ,,h5ry1 pr9ce ( ,orange71 :o 0 appo9t$ /adhold] ( ,holl&1 ,zeel&1 ,utre*t1 ,ov]yssel & ,geld]l&1 capta9 & adjutant-g5]al ( ! ,union & head ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,/ate4 ,fr$]ick ,h5ry 0 z a g5]al sc>cely inf]ior to ,maurice1 & a f> m able /atesman4 ,! mod]ation ( 8 views & 8 conciliatory temp] did mu* to heal ! w\nds left by civil & religi\s /rife1 & dur+ 8 "t ! p[] & influ5ce ( ! /adhold]ate atta9$ _! highe/ po9t4 ,su* 0 8 popul>ity & ! confid5ce he inspir$ t 9 #afca 8 great (fices ( /ate 7 decl>$ h]$it>y1 9 fav\r ( 8 five-ye>-old son1 by ! ,acte de ,survivance4 ,he did mu* to ju/ify ! tru/ plac$ 9 him1 = ! p]iod ( ,fr$]ick ,h5ry is ! mo/ brilliant 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,dut* ,republic4 ,dur+ 8 "t ! ,ea/ ,india ,company1 :i* _h f\nd$ ! t[n ( ,batavia 9 ,java z _! adm9i/rative capital1 "u a succession ( able gov]nor-g5]als almo/ monopoliz$ ! trade ( ! entire ,ori5t1 made _m conque/s & e/abli%$ a network ( factories & trade po/s /ret*+ f ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope to ,japan 7see ,,dut* ,,ea/ ,,india ,,company74 ,! ,we/ ,india ,company1 erect$ 9 #afba1 ?\gh fram$ on ! same model1 aim$ r at wag+ w> on ! enemies' comm]ce ?an 9 develop+ _! own4 ,_! fleets = "s ye>s br\ght va/ booty into ! company's c(f]s4 ,! ,mexican treasure %ips fell into ! h&s ( ,piet ,heyn1 ! bolde/ ( _! admirals1 9 #afbh2 & !y 7 able to s5d armies across ! ocean1 conqu] a l>ge "p ( ,brazil1 & set up a fl\ri%+ ,dut* dom9ion 9 ,s\? ,am]ica 7see ,dut* ,we/ ,india ,company74 ,! op]ations ( ^! two great *>t]$ companies occupy a place among memorable ev5ts ( ,fr$]ick ,h5ry's /adhold]ate2 !y are !re=e m5tion$ "h1 b = fur!r details ! special articles mu/ be consult$4 ,policy ( ,fr$]ick ,h5ry4 ,:5 ,fr$]ick ,h5ry /epp$ into 8 bro!r's place1 he f\nd ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces 9 a position ( great dang] & ( critical importance4 ,! ,prote/ants ( ,g]many 7 on ! po9t ( be+ cru%$ by ! =ces ( ! ,au/rian ,habsburgs & ! ,ca?olic ,league4 ,x lay ) ! ,ne!rl&s to create a div]sion 9 ! fav\r ( _! co-religioni/s by keep+ ! =ces ( ! ,spani% ,habsburgs fully occupi$4 ,b to d s ) _! flank expos$ to imp]iali/ attack f ! ea/1 0 a task involv+ grave risks & possible disa/]4 ,9 ^! circum/ances1 ,fr$]ick ,h5ry saw ! necessity ( secur+ ,fr5* aid4 ,x 0 secur$ by ! skilful diplomacy ( ,francis van ,a>ss5s 7q4v47 b on h>d conditions4 ,ri*elieu requir$ ! assi/ance ( ! ,dut* fleet to enable him to ov]come ! resi/ance ( ! ,hugu5ot /ronghold ( ,la ,ro*elle4 ,! f>-sight$ /adhold]1 despite popul> opposition1 by 8 p[]ful p]sonal influ5ce induc$ ! ,/ates-,g5]al to grant ! naval aid1 & ?us obta9 ! ,fr5* alliance on :i* ! safety ( ! republic dep5d$4 ,sieges ( ,h]tog5bos* & ,mae/ri*t4 ,dea? ( ! ,infanta ,isabel4 ,! fir/ great milit>y success ( ,fr$]ick ,h5ry 0 9 #afbi4 ,8 capture ( ,h]tog5bos* 7,bois-le-duc71 hi!rto suppos$ to be impregnable1 aft] a siege ( five mon?s 0 a triumph ( eng9e]+ skill4 ,wesel also 0 tak5 by surprise ?is same ye>4 ,9 #afca a l>ge ,spani% fleet c>ry+ a pick$ =ce ( #fjjj soldi]s1 = ! invasion ( ,zeel&1 0 completely de/roy$ by ! ,dut* 9 ! ,slaak & ! troops made prison]s4 ,! campaign ( ! foll[+ ye> 0 made memorable by ! siege ( ,mae/ri*t4 ,?is important fronti] t[n ly+ on bo? sides ( ! riv] ,meuse 0 tak5 by ! pr9ce ( ,orange 9 ! tee? ( two reliev+ armies1 ,spani% & ,imp]iali/1 ^: unit$ =ces 7 f> l>g] ?an 8 own4 ,?is brilliant feat ( arms 0 ! prelude to peace negotiations1 :i* l$ to a l5g?y ex*ange ( diplomatic notes4 ,no agreem5t1 h[ev]1 0 rea*$4 ,! dea? ( ! ,infanta ,isabel 9 ,novemb] #afcc1 & ! rev]sion ( ! ,ne!rl&s to ! sov]eignty ( ! k+ ( ,spa91 r5d]$ all ef=ts to end ! w>1 = ! "t be+1 fruitless4 ,alliance ) ,france4 ,capture ( ,br$a4 ,battle ( ! ,d[ns4 ,at ?is juncture a /r5g!n+ ( ! ,fr5* alliance seem$ to ! pr9ce n m]ely exp$i5t1 b necess>y4 ,he _h to cont5d aga9/ a /rong peace p>ty 9 ,holl& head$ by ! p5sion>y ,pauw1 b ) ! aid ( ! diplomatic skill ( ,a>ss5s all opposition 0 ov]come4 ,pauw 0 replac$ z p5sion>y by ,jacob ,cats1 & ! objections ( ,ri*elieu 7 met & satisfi$4 ,a def5sive & (f5sive alliance ) ,france 0 conclud$ e>ly 9 #afce aga9/ ! k+ ( ,spa91 & ea* p>ty b\nd itself n to make a peace or truce )\t ! ass5t ( ! o!r4 ,a l>ge ,fr5* =ce 0 s5t into ! ,ne!rl&s & plac$ "u ! comm& ( ! pr9ce ( ,orange4 ,! milit>y results ( ! alliance 7 dur+ ! fir/ two campaigns inconsid]able4 ,! ,c>d9al ,infant ,f]d9& _h be5 appo9t$ gov]nor ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 & he prov$ himself an excell5t g5]al1 & !re 7 diss5sions 9 ! c\ncils ( ! allies4 ,9 #afcg ! /adhold] 0 able to add to 8 fame z an inv9cible besieg] ( cities4 ,8 failure to relieve ,br$a _h ha/5$ ! dea? ( ,maurice4 ,x fell 9 #afbe into ! h&s ( ,sp9ola aft] a blockade ( elev5 mon?s2 x 0 n[ retak5 by ,fr$]ick ,h5ry aft] a siege ( elev5 weeks1 9 ! face ( imm5se difficulties4 ,! reluctance ( ! ,/ates ( ,holl&1 & ( ,am/]dam 9 p>ticul>1 to grant adequate supplies caus$ ! campaigns ( #afch & #afci to be 9 ! ma9 def5sive & dilatory4 ,an attempt$ attack on ,antw]p 0 foil$ by ! vigilance ( ! ,c>d9al ,infant4 ,a body ( #fjjj m5 "u ,c\nt ,william ( ,nassau 7 surpris$ & utt]ly cut to pieces4 ,! ye> #afci1 :i* _h begun ) abortive negotiations1 & 9 :i* ! activity ( ! /adhold] _h be5 mu* hamp]$ by ill-heal?1 0 n to end1 h[ev]1 )\t a signal triumph ( ! ,dut* arms1 b x 0 to be on sea & n on l&4 ,a magnific5t ,spani% armada consi/+ ( #gg vessels1 mann$ by #bd1jjj soldi]s & sailors "u ! comm& ( ,admiral ,oqu5do1 7 s5t to ! ,*annel 9 ,septemb] ) ord]s to drive ! ,dut* f ! n>r[ seas & l& a l>ge body ( troops at ,dunkirk4 ,attack$ by a small ,dut* fleet "u ,admiral ,m>t5 ,tromp1 ! ,spani>ds %elt]$ !mselves "u ! ,engli% ,d[ns by ! side ( an ,engli% squadron4 ,tromp kept wat* ov] !m until he _h receiv$ l>ge re9=cem5ts1 & !n 7#ba/ ( ,octob]7 boldly attack$ !m z !y lay 9 ,engli% wat]s4 ,oqu5do himself ) sev5 vessels escap$ "u cov] ( a fog2 all ! re/ ( ! fleet 0 de/roy$4 ,?is cru%+ victory assur$ to ! ,dut* ! comm& ( ! sea dur+ ! re/ ( ! w>4 ,! naval p[] ( ,spa9 nev] 9 fact recov]$ f ! bl[4 ,engli% & ,dut* ,comm]cial ,rivalry4 ,m>riage ( ,william & ,m>y4 ,! triumph ( ,tromp _h1 h[ev]1 a bad effect on public feel+ 9 ,engl&4 ,! circum/ances "u :i* ! battle ( ! ,d[ns 0 won 7 gall+ to ! pride ( ! ,engli% p1 & int5sifi$ ! gr[+ unfri5dl9ess betwe5 two nations1 "o ( :om possess$ & ! o!r claim$ supremacy ^u ! seas4 ,! prosp]ity ( ! _w-wide ,dut* comm]ce 0 look$ ^u ) eyes ( jeal\sy across ! ,*annel4 ,disputes _h be5 con/antly recurr+ betwe5 ,dut* & ,engli% trad]s 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies & else:]e1 & ! se$s 7 already s[n ( t /]n rivalry :i* 0 to issue 9 a s]ies ( fi]cely conte/$ w>s4 ,b 9 #afci-afdj civil discords 9 ,engl& /ood 9 ! way ( a /rong =eign policy1 & ! adroit ,a>ss5s 0 able s to sweet5 ! bitt]ness ( ! pill z to br+ ,k+ ,*>les n m]ely to ov]look ! sc&al ( ! ,d[ns1 b to cons5t to ! m>riage ( ! pr9cess royal ) ,william1 ! only son ( ! /adhold]4 ,! w$d+ ( ! y\?ful c\ple 7ag$ respectively #ad & #aj ye>s7 took place on ! #ab? ( ,may #afda 7see ,,william ,,ii41 ,,pr9ce ,,( ,,orange74 ,?is royal alliance gave add$ influ5ce & position to ! h\se ( ,orange-,nassau4 ,*ang$ relations ( ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces ) ,france & ,spa94 ,ab\t ?is "t v>i\s causes br\ght ab\t a *ange 9 ! feel+s :i* _h hi!rto prev5t$ any possibility ( peace betwe5 ,spa9 & ! ,unit$ ,ne!rl&s4 ,! revolt ( ,portugal 7,decemb] #afdj7 weak5$ ! ,spani% p[]1 & involv$ ! loss to ,spa9 ( ! ,portuguese colonies4 ,b x 0 9 ! ,portuguese colonies t ! conque/s ( ! ,dut* ,ea/ & ,we/ ,india ,companies _h be5 made1 & ! "q ( ! ,indies z betwe5 ,ne!rl&] & ,spani>d assum$ h5ce=? q a diff]5t complexion4 ,a>ss5s1 ! /ronge/ advocate ( ! ,fr5* alliance1 pass$ away 9 #afda1 & 8 dea? 0 quickly foll[$ by ^? ( ,ri*elieu & ,l\is ,,xiii4 ,! victory ( ,conde at ,rocroy op5$ ! eyes ( ,fr$]ick ,h5ry to ! dang] ( a ,fr5* conque/ ( ! ,belgian prov9ces2 &1 feel+ 8 heal? gr[+ enfeebl$1 ! pr9ce became anxi\s be=e 8 dea? to obta9 peace & security = 8 c\ntry by means ( an accommodation ) ,spa94 ,9 #afdc negotiations 7 op5$ :i*1 aft] _m delays & 9 ! face ( c\ntless difficulties1 7 at l5g?1 f\r ye>s lat]1 to t]m9ate successfully4 ,dea? ( ,fr$]ick ,h5ry--8 la/ campaigns4 ,! c\rse ( ! p\rp>l]s w\ld d\btless h run m smoo?ly b = ! infirm heal? & f9ally ! dea? ( ! pr9ce ( ,orange himself4 ,fr$]ick ,h5ry expir$ on ! #ad? ( ,m>* #afdg1 & 0 buri$ by ! side ( 8 fa!r & bro!r 9 ,delft4 ,9 8 la/ campaigns he _h complet$ ) signal success ! task :i*1 z a milit>y comm&]1 he _h set himself1--( giv+ to ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces a ?or\ghly def5sible fronti] ( b>ri] =tresses4 ,9 #afdd he captur$ ,sas de ,gh5t2 9 #afde ,hul/4 ,t portion ( ,fl&]s :i* skirts ! s\? bank ( ! ,s*eldt ?us pass$ into ! possession ( ! ,/ates1 & ) x ! complete control ( all ! wat]ways to ! sea4 ,! ,peace ( ,mun/]4 ,complete triumph ( ! ,dut*4 ,! dea? ( ! great /adhold] did n1 h[ev]1 long delay ! c>ry+ out ( ! policy on :i* he _h set 8 he>t1 ( conclud+ a sep>ate peace ) ,spa9 beh9d ! back ( ,france1 not)/&+ ! compact ( #afce ) t p[]4 ,a provisional draft ( a treaty _h already be5 drawn up be=e ! demise ( ,fr$]ick ,h5ry1 & aft]w>ds1 despite ! /r5u\s opposition ( ! new pr9ce ( ,orange 7:o1 "u ! ,acte de ,survivance1 _h inh]it$ all 8 fa!r's (fices & dignities7 & ( two ( ! prov9ces1 ,zeel& & ,utre*t1 ! negotiations 7 by ! p[]ful support ( ! ,/ates ( ,holl& & ( ! majority ( ! ,/ates-,g5]al1 quickly br\ght to a successful issue4 ,! treaty 0 sign$ at ,mun/] on ! #cj? ( ,janu>y #afdh4 ,x 0 a peace practically dictat$ by ! ,dut*1 & involv$ a complete surr5d] ( ev]y?+ = :i* ,spa9 _h s long f\ght4 ,! ,unit$ ,prov9ces 7 recogniz$ z free & indep5d5t1 & ,spa9 dropp$ all h] claims2 ! uti possidetis basis 0 adopt$ 9 respect to all conque/s2 ! ,s*eldt 0 decl>$ entirely clos$--a clause :i* meant ! ru9 ( ,antw]p = ! pr(it ( ,am/]dam2 ! "r to trade 9 ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,indies 0 grant$1 & all ! conque/s made by ! ,dut* f ! ,portuguese 7 c$$ to !m2 ! two contract+ p>ties agre$ to respect & keep cle> ( ea* o!r's trad+ gr\nds2 ea* 0 to pay 9 ! ports ( ! o!r only su* tolls z natives paid4 ,?us1 triumphantly = ! revolt$ prov9ces1 ! eighty ye>s' w> came to an end4 ,at ?is mom5t ! republic ( ! ,unit$ ,ne!rl&s t\*$1 p]haps1 ! topmo/ po9t ( its prosp]ity & greatness4 ,! =m ( ,gov]nm5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces4 ,! position ( ,holl& & ,am/]dam4 ,no soon] 0 peace conclud$ ?an bitt] disputes arose betwe5 ! prov9cial ,/ates ( ,holl& & ! pr9ce ( ,orange1 support$ by ! o!r six prov9ces1 ^u ! "q ( ! disb&+ ( ! milit>y =ces4 ,william 0 a "y man 7he 0 tw5ty-"o at ! "t ( 8 fa!r's dea?7 ( ! highe/ abilities & ( so>+ ambition4 ,he 0 totally oppos$ to ! peace ) ,spa91 & wi%$ to br+ ab\t a spe$y resumption ( ! w>4 ,) ?is view he ent]$ into secret negotiations = a ,fr5* alliance :i*1 z f> z c be ga!r$ f extant records1 _h = its objects ! conque/ & p>tition by ! allies ( ! ,belgic prov9ces1 & jo9t action 9 ,engl& on behalf ( ,*>les ,,ii4 ,z a prelim9>y /ep ,william aim$ at a c5tralization ( ! p[]s ( gov]nm5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces 9 8 own p]son4 ,he saw cle>ly ! inh]5t defects ( ! exi/+ f$]ation1 & he wi%$ to rem$y a sy/em :i* 0 s complicat$ z to be at times almo/ unworkable4 ,! ,/ates-,g5]al 7 b ! delegates1 ! /adhold]s ! s]vants1 ( a numb] ( sov]eign prov9ces1 ea* ( :i* _h diff]5t hi/orical traditions & a diff]5t =m ( gov]nm5t1 & "o ( :i*--,holl&--9 weal? & importance outweigh$ ! o!r six tak5 toge!r4 ,betwe5 ! ,/ates ( ,holl& & ! ,/ates-,g5]al !re 0 con/ant jeal\sy & friction4 ,& yet /rangely en\gh ! ,/ates ( ,holl& !mselves 7 n really repres5tative ( ! p ( t prov9ce1 b only ( ! limit$1 self-coopt+ burgh] ari/ocracies ( c]ta9 t[ns1 ea* ( :i* ) its rights & lib]ties _h a quasi-indep5d5ce ( its own4 ,=emo/ among ^! 0 ! great comm]cial capital1 ,am/]dam1 ^: ri* burgh] patriciate did n scruple on occasion to defy ! au?ority ( ! ,/ates-,g5]al1 ! /adhold] & ev5 ( ! ,/ates ( ,holl& !mselves4 ,! position 9 #afej4 ,! "q ( disb&+ ! =ces4 ,! ,prison]s ( ,loev5/e94 ,sudd5 ,dea? ( ,william ,,ii4 ,! ,/ates ( ,holl& _h1 9 ! ye>s t foll[$ ! truce ( #afji1 measur$ _! /r5g? ) t ( ! ,/ates-,g5]al1 b ! issue _h be5 decid$ conclusively 9 fav\r ( ! f$]al au?ority by ! sword ( ,maurice4 ,! p>ty & ! pr9ciples ( ,old5b>neveldt1 h[ev]1 ?\gh cru%$1 7 n ext+ui%$1 & ?\gh ,fr$]ick ,h5ry by 8 p]sonal influ5ce & prud5t /atesman%ip _h be5 able to surm\nt ! difficulties plac$ 9 8 way1 he _h _h to enc\nt] at times /rong opposition1 & _h be5 mu* hamp]$ 9 ! conduct bo? ( 8 campaigns & ( 8 policy4 ,) ! conclusion ( ! peace ( ,mun/] & ! dea? ( ! vet]an /adhold] ! /ruggle = pr$om9ance 9 ! ,union betwe5 ! ,orange-f$]ali/ & ! ,holl&] ,/ates-rights p>ties 0 c]ta9 to be r5ew$4 ,! mom5t seem$ to be fav\rable = ! ass]tion ( prov9cial sov]eignty because ( ! y\? & inexp]i5ce ( ! new pr9ce ( ,orange4 ,b ,william ,,ii41 ?\gh little m ?an a boy1 0 end[$ ) s+ul> capacity & great /r5g? ( w1 & he 0 int5t ^u ambiti\s projects1 ! scope ( :i* has be5 already indicat$4 ,! collision came1 :i* 0 p]haps inevitable4 ,! ,/ates-,g5]al 9 ! disb&+ ( ! =ces wi%$ to reta9 ! cadres ( ! regim5ts complete 9 case ( a r5ewal ( ! w>4 ,! ,/ates ( ,holl& object$1 &1 al?\gh ! army 0 a f$]al =ce1 gave ord]s = ! g5]al disb&+ ( ! troops 9 ! pay ( ! prov9ce4 ,! (fic]s refus$ to obey any ord]s b ^? ( ! c\ncil ( ,/ate ( ! ,union4 ,! prov9cial /ates1 on _! "p1 ?reat5$ !m ) loss ( pay4 ,at ?is juncture ! ,/ates-,g5]al1 z 9 #afah1 appo9t$ a commission head$ by ! pr9ce ( ,orange to visit ! t[ns ( ,holl&1 & provide = ! ma9t5ance ( ord] & ! uphold+ ( ! ,union4 ,bo? p>ties put !mselves 9 ! wrong1 ! prov9ce by refus+ its quota to ! f$]al w>-%eet1 ! g5]ality by deal+ ) individual t[ns in/ead ( ) ! /ates ( ! prov9ce4 ,! visitation 0 a failure4 ,! t[n c\ncils1 ?\gh mo/ ( !m will+ to receive ,william 9 8 capacity z /adhold]1 decl9$ to give a he>+ to ! commission4 ,am/]dam refus$ absolutely to admit ei!r /adhold] or commission4 ,9 ^! circum/ances ,william resolv$ ^u /rong measures4 ,six lead+ memb]s ( ! ,/ates ( ,holl& 7 seiz$ 7#cj? ( ,july #afej7 & imprison$ 9 ,loev5/e9 ,ca/le1 & troops "u ! comm& ( ,william ,fr$]ick1 /adhold] ( ,friesl&1 7 s5t to surprise ,am/]dam4 ,b ! t[n c\ncil _h be5 w>n$1 & ! gates 7 %ut & gu>d$4 ,! c\p d'etat nev]!less 0 completely successful4 ,! anti-,orange p>ty1 rememb]+ ! fate ( ,old5b>neveldt1 7 /rick5 ) panic at ! imprisonm5t ( _! lead]s4 ,! ,/ates ( ,holl& & ! t[n c\ncil ( ,am/]dam gave 9 _! submission4 ,! prison]s 7 releas$1 & public ?anks 7 r5d]$ to ! pr9ce by ! v>i\s prov9cial /ates = 8 great tr\ble1 c>e & prud5ce4 ,william appe>$ to be ma/] ( ! situation b 8 plans = future action 7 nev] to be c>ri$ into effect4 ,busily engag$ 9 secret negotiations ) ,france1 he _h retir$ to 8 hunt+ seat at ,di]51 :5 he fell ill ) smallpox on ! #bg? ( ,octob]4 ,a few days lat] he expir$ at ! ,hague 7#f? ( ,novemb]71 ag$ b tw5ty-f\r ye>s4 ,a week aft] 8 dea?1 8 wid[1 ! pr9cess ,m>y ( ,engl&1 gave bir? to a son :o1 z ,william ,,iii41 0 to give add$ lu/re to ! h\se ( ,orange4 ,! ,gr& ,assembly4 ,! anti-,orange p>ticul>i/ p>ty1 :i* _h j suff]$ decisive defeat1 n[ lift$ up its head aga94 ,at ! in/ance ( ,holl& a ,gr& ,assembly 0 summon$1 consi/+ ( delegates f all ! prov9ces1 to consid] ! /ate ( ! ,union1 ! army & religion4 ,x met at ! ,hague on ! #ah? ( ,janu>y #afea4 ,! conclusions arriv$ at 7 t all sov]eign p[]s resid$ 9 ! prov9ces1 & t to !m sev]ally1 ea* )9 its own bord]s1 belong$ ! control ( ! milit>y =ces & ( religion4 ,!re 0 to be no capta9-g5]al ( ! ,union4 ,all ! prov9ces1 except ,friesl& & ,gron+51 :i* rema9$ true to ,william ,fr$]ick ( ,nassau-,dietz1 agre$ to leave ! (fice ( /adhold] vacant4 ,! practical result 0 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! hegemony ( ,holl& 9 ! ,union1 & ! h&+ ov] ( ! control ( its policy to ! patrician olig>*ies :o =m$ ! t[n c\ncils ( t prov9ce4 ,! (fice ( ,gr& ,p5sion>y4 ,john de ,witt4 ,su* a sy/em w\ld h be5 unworkable b = ! fact t ) ! revival ( ! political pr9ciples ( ,old5b>neveldt1 !re 0 f\nd a /atesman ( comm&+ ability to fill ! (fice 9 :i* ! fam\s advocate ( ,holl& _h = s _m ye>s be5 m9i/] ( all affairs 9 ! =m+ /ate4 ,! title ( advocate _h inde$ be5 replac$ by t ( gr& p5sion>y 7,raad ,p5sion>is71 b ! duties assign$ to ! (fice rema9$ ! same1 ! only *ange ( importance be+ t ! advocate 0 appo9t$ = life1 ! gr& p5sion>y = a t]m ( five ye>s4 ,! gr& p5sion>y 0 nom9ally ! paid s]vant ( ! ,/ates ( ,holl&1 b 8 functions 7 su* z to p]mit a man ( tal5t & indu/ry 9 ! /adhold]less republic to ex]cise control 9 all dep>tm5ts ( policy & ( gov]nm5t4 ,all correspond5ce pass$ ?r\gh 8 h&s1 he wrote all despat*es1 conduct$ ! debates ov] :i* he presid$1 kept ! m9utes1 draft$ ! resolutions1 & 0 ex (ficio ! lead] & spokesman ( ! delegates :o repres5t$ ! ,prov9ce ( ,holl& 9 ! ,/ates-,g5]al4 ,su* 0 ! position to :i* ,john de ,witt1 a "y man ( tw5ty-eight ye>s ( age1 belong+ to "o ( ! mo/ influ5tial patrician families ( ,dordre*t 78 fa!r1 ,jacob de ,witt1 0 "o ( ! prison]s ( ,loev5/e97 0 appo9t$ 9 #afec4 ,f t date until #afgb x 0 8 bra9 & 8 w t guid$ ! affairs ( ! ,unit$ ,ne!rl&s4 ,he 0 supreme 9 ! ,/ates ( ,holl&1 & ,holl& 0 dom9ant 9 ! ,/ates-,g5]al 7see ,,john ,,de ,,witt74 ,disputes betwe5 ,engli% & ,dut* ,trad]s4 ,naval /ruggle ) ,engl&4 ,peace ( ,we/m9/]4 ,act ( ,seclusion4 ,! dea? ( ,william ,,ii4 _h left ! ,dut* republic at ! v highe/ po9t ( comm]cial prosp]ity1 bas$ ^u an almo/ univ]sal c>ry+ trade1 & ! /ricte/ sy/em ( monopoly4 ,friction & disputes _h frequ5tly aris5 betwe5 ! ,dut* & ! ,engli% trad]s 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 & especially 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 culm9at+ 9 ! s-call$ ,massacre ( ,amboyna2 & ! /ra9$ relations betwe5 ! two nations w\ld1 b = ! civil discords 9 ,engl&1 h probably l$ to active ho/ilities dur+ ! reign ( ,*>les ,i4 ,) ! accession ( ,cromwell to p[] ! brea* 0 wid5$4 ,a /rong p>ty 9 ! ,prov9ces 7 unfri5dly to ! ,commonweal?1 & insults 7 (f]$ 9 ! ,hague to ! ,engli% envoys4 ,! p>liam5t repli$ by pass+ ! memorable ,navigation ,act 7,oct4 #afea71 :i* /ruck a deadly bl[ at ! ,dut* c>ry+ trade4 ,x 0 ! beg9n+ ( t /ruggle = supremacy ^u ! seas :i* 0 to end1 aft] ?ree great w>s1 9 ! defeat ( ! weak] c\ntry4 ,! fir/ ,engli% w> la/$ f ,may #afeb to ,april #afed1 & )9 fifte5 mon?s twelve sea-fights took place1 :i* 7 desp]ately conte/$ & ) v>y+ success4 ,! lead]s on bo? sides--! ,ne!rl&]s ,tromp 7kill$ 9 action on ! #aj? ( ,augu/ #afec7 & de ,ruyt]1 ! ,engli%m5 ,blake & ,monk--cov]$ !mselves ) equal glory4 ,b ! losses to ,dut* trade 7 s s]i\s t negotiations = peace 7 set on foot by ! burgh] p>ty ( ,holl&1 & ,cromwell be+ n unwill+1 an agreem5t 0 rea*$ 9 ! ,treaty ( ,we/m9/]1 sign$ on ! #e? ( ,april #afed4 ,! ,dut* conc$$ ! /rik+ ( ! flag & comp5sation = ,engli% claims aga9/ ! ,dut* 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies & else:]e4 ,! act ( ,seclusion1 :i* b>r$ ! "y pr9ce ( ,orange f hold+ ! (fice ( /adhold] & ( capta9-g5]al1 _h be5 "o ( ! conditions on :i* ,cromwell _h insi/$4 ,! cons5t ( ! ,/ates-,g5]al 0 refus$1 b by a secret treaty ,holl&1 "u ! influ5ce ( de ,witt1 accept$ x 9 _! own "n z a sov]eign prov9ce4 ,! popul> feel+ ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces 0 /rongly antagoni/ic to ! act ( ,seclusion1 by :i* at ! dictation ( a =eign p[] a ban ( exclusion 0 pron\nc$ aga9/ ! h\se ( ,orange-,nassau1 to :i* ! republic ow$ its indep5d5ce4 ,w> ) ,sw$54 ,9 #afeh1 ! ,/ates-,g5]al int]f]$ to save ! ,danes f ,*>les ,gu/avus ( ,sw$54 ,9 #afei a treaty ( peace 0 conclud$ betwe5 ,france1 ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces ) a view to ! settlem5t ( ! ,dano-,sw$i% "q1 :i* end$ 9 secur+ a nor!rn peace 9 #affj1 & 9 keep+ ! ,baltic op5 = ,dut* trade4 ,! =eign affairs ( ! republic 7 ?r\gh\t ^! ye>s ably conduct$ by de ,witt1 & ! position ( ,dut* colonial expansion 9 ! ,ea/]n seas made secure & firm4 ,an advantage\s peace ) ,portugal 0 made 9 #affb4 ,second ,engli% w>4 ,peace ( ,br$a4 ,! ,triple ,alliance4 ,mean:ile ! ,commonweal? 9 ,engl& _h be5 foll[$ 9 #affj by ! re/oration ( ! mon>*y4 ,to conciliate ! new k+ ! act ( ,seclusion 0 repeal$1 & ! education ( ! "y pr9ce ( ,orange 0 und]tak5 by ! ,/ates ( ,holl& "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( de ,witt4 ,b ,*>les ow$ a grudge aga9/ ,holl&1 & he 0 det]m9$ to gratify x4 ,! ,navigation ,act 0 re-enact$1 old grievances reviv$1 & f9ally ! ,dut* colony ( ,new ,ne!rl& 0 seiz$ 9 "t ( peace 7#affd7 & its capital1 ,new ,am/]dam1 r5am$ ,new ,york4 ,w> broke out 9 #affe1 & 0 m>k$ by a s]ies ( t]rific battles4 ,on ! #ac? ( ,june #affe ! ,dut* admiral ,obdam 0 completely defeat$ by ! ,engli% "u ! duke ( ,york4 ,! f\r days' fight 7#aa?-#ad? ( ,june #afff7 end$ 9 a h>d-won victory by de ,ruyt] ov] ,monk1 b lat] 9 ?is ye> 7,augu/ #crd7 de ,ruyt] 0 beat5 by ,ayscue & =c$ to take refuge 9 ! ,dut* h>b\rs4 ,he _h 8 rev5ge1 = on ! #bbnd ( ,june #affg ! ,dut* fleet "u de ,ruyt] & ,cornelius de ,witt made _! way up ! ,m$way z f> z ,*a?am & burnt ! ,engli% fleet z x lay at an*or4 ,negotiations betwe5 ! two c\ntries 7 already 9 progress & ?is ev5t ha/5$ a settlem5t4 ,! peace ( ,br$a 0 sign$ 7#ca/ ( ,july #affg7 on t]ms on ! :ole fav\rable to ! ,dut*4 ,new ,ne!rl& 0 reta9$ by ,engl& 9 ex*ange = ,sur9ame4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> by ! ef=ts ( ,sir ,william ,temple ! mu* vaunt$ ,triple ,alliance 0 conclud$ betwe5 ,great ,brita91 ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces & ,sw$5 to *eck ! ambiti\s designs ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,! in/ability ( ,*>les ,,ii41 :o sold himself to ,l\is by ! treaty ( ,dov] 7#afgj71 spe$ily r5d]$ x ( no effect1 & left ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces to face unaid$ ! v5geance ( ! ,fr5* k+4 ,! ,fr5* invasion4 ,william ,,iii4 ,/adhold] & ,capta9-g5]al4 ,! ?ird ,engli% w>4 ,murd] ( ! ,bro!rs de ,witt4 ,f #affh to #afgb ,l\is made ready to de/roy ! ,dut*1 & s well _h 8 diplomacy s]v$ him t !y 7 left )\t a fri5d 9 ,europe4 ,9 #afgb ! /orm broke3 ! ,engli% )\t a decl>ation ( w> tri$1 unsuccessfully1 to int]cept ! ,dut* ,m$it]ranean fleet2 & ! ,fr5* at ! same "t set =? 9 app>5tly irresi/ible /r5g? to ov]come ! despis$ trad]s ( ,holl&4 ,! ,/ates 7 ill-prep>$ on l& ?\gh _! fleet 0 /rong & ready2 p>ty _s _h become int5sely bitt] z ! pr9ce ( ,orange 7see ,,william ,,iii47 grew to man's e/ate1 & ! rul+ burgh] p>ty1 kn[+ h[ great 0 ! popul>ity ( ,william1 especially 9 ! army1 _h purposely neglect$ _! l& =ces4 ,t[n aft] t[n fell be=e ! ,fr5* armies1 & to de ,witt & 8 support]s !re seem$ to be no?+ left b to make submission & accept ! be/ t]ms t ,l\is ,,xiv4 w\ld grant4 ,! "y pr9ce alone rose to ! height ( ! occasion1 & set 8 face aga9/ su* c[>dly c\nsels1 & he _h ! en?usia/ic support ( ! great majority ( ! p4 ,amid/ g5]al acclamation ,william 0 elect$ /adhold]1 fir/ ( ,zeel&1 !n ( ,holl&1 & 0 appo9t$ capta9-g5]al ( ! ,union 7,june #afgb74 ,mean:ile ! fleet "u de ,ruyt] _h enc\nt]$ a comb9$ ,engli% & ,fr5* =ce 9 ,solebay 7#g? ( ,june71 & aft] a desp]ate fight1 9 :i* ! ,fr5* _h b slackly support$ _! allies1 _h m !n held its own4 ,william1 9 8 turn1 ) an army :olly insuffici5t to meet ! ,fr5* 9 ! op5 field1 0 able to p]suade 8 c\ntrym5 to op5 ! dikes & by flood+ ! l& to prev5t its occupation by ! enemy4 ,! c\rage & res\rcefulness ( _! y\?ful lead] inspir$ ! p to make h]oic sacrifices = _! indep5d5ce1 b un=tunately su* 0 ! revulsion ( feel+ aga9/ ! gr& p5sion>y1 t he himself & 8 bro!r ,cornelius 7 torn 9 pieces by an infuriat$ mob at ! ,hague 7#bj? ( ,augu/74 ,peace ( ,we/m9/]4 ,! w> ) ,france4 ,dea? ( de ,ruyt]4 ,peace ( ,nymweg54 ,william1 n[ supreme 9 ! ,/ates1 :ile on l& /ruggl+ ) *equ]$ success aga9/ ! sup]ior =ces ( ! ,fr5*1 /rove by 8 diplomacy1 & n 9 va91 to ga9 allies = ! republic4 ,! gr[+ p[] ( ,france caus$ al>m to h] neighb\rs1 & ,sw$51 ,d5m>k1 ,spa9 & ! emp]or l5t a will+ e> to ! p]suasions ( ! /adhold] & 7 ready to aid 8 ef=ts to curb ! ambition ( ,l\is4 ,on sea 9 #afgc de ,ruyt]1 9 a s]ies ( fi]cely conte/$ battles1 successfully ma9ta9$ 8 /r5u\s & dogg$ conflict aga9/ ! unit$ ,engli% & ,fr5* fleets4 ,9 ,engl& ! w> 0 exce$+ly unpopul>1 & public op9ion =c$ ,*>les ,,ii4 to conclude peace4 ,! treaty ( ,we/m9/]1 :i* provid$ t all conque/s %\ld be re/or$1 0 sign$ on ! #ad? ( ,febru>y #afgd4 ,! ,fr5* n[ f\nd !mselves ?reat5$ on _m sides1 & 7 r$uc$ to ! def5sive4 ,! pr9ce1 h[ev]1 suff]$ a defeat at ,s5eff1 & 0 9 #afgd prev5t$ f invad+ ,france4 ,! w>1 nev]!less1 dur+ ! foll[+ ye>s 0 on ! :ole advantage\s to ! ,dut*4 ,9 #afgf a ,dut* squadron f\ght two h>d b indecisive battles ) a sup]ior ,fr5* =ce1 (f ,/romboli 7#h? ( ,janu>y7 & (f ,mess9a 7#bbnd ( ,april74 ,9 ! la/-nam$ fight ,admiral de ,ruyt] 0 badly w\nd$ & di$ 7#bi? ( ,april74 ,9 #afgg negotiations = peace w5t on1 & 7 =w>d$ by ! m>riage1 at ! close ( ! ye>1 ( ,william ( ,orange ) 8 c\s9 ! pr9cess ,m>y1 daught] ( ! duke ( ,york4 ,at la/ 7,augu/ #afgh7 a peace 0 conclud$ at ,nymweg5 by :i* ! ,dut* secur$ ! integrity & indep5d5ce ( _! c\ntry4 ,all ! conque/s made by ! ,fr5* 7 giv5 up4 ,league ( ,augsburg4 ,revolution ( #afhh4 ,! ,gr& ,alliance4 ,william & ,he9sius4 ,! aggressive policy ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 9 ! ye>s t foll[$ ! peace ( ,nymweg5 enabl$ ,william to lay ! f\ndations ( ! fam\s conf$]acy :i* *ang$ ! :ole aspect ( ,european politics4 ,! league ( ,augsburg 7#afhf71 :i* foll[$ ! revocation ( ! edict ( ,nantes1 plac$ ,orange at ! head ( ! resi/ance to ,fr5* dom9ation4 ,! league 0 =m$ by ! emp]or1 ,spa91 ,sw$51 ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces & by sev]al ,g]man /ates4 ,9 ,engl& ,william & ,m>y 7 look$ ^u z ! natural successors to ! ?rone on ! dea? ( ,james ,,ii41 & ,william kept up close relations ) ! malcont5ts 9 ,*ur* & ,/ate1 :o dislik$ ! arbitr>y & papi/ical policy ( 8 fa!r-9-law4 ,b ) ! bir? ( a pr9ce ( ,wales ! situation 0 *ang$1 & ,william det]m9$ to int]v5e actively 9 ,engli% affairs4 ,8 opportunity came :5 ,l\is ,,xiv41 hav+ decl>$ w> aga9/ ! ,empire1 _h invad$ ! ,palat9ate4 ,! opposition ( ,am/]dam to an ,engli% exp$ition1 9 ! abs5ce ( dang] f ! side ( ,france1 0 ov]come4 ,! ,revolution ( #afhh ensu$1 & ,engl& became1 "u ,william's /rong rule1 ! *ief memb] ( ! ,great ,coalition aga9/ ,fr5* aggression4 ,9 ! ,gr& ,alliance ( #afhi-afij he 0 accus$ ( sacrific+ ,dut* to ,engli% int]e/s1 b !re c be no d\bt t ,william lov$ 8 native c\ntry bett] ?an 8 adopt$ "o1 & 0 a true patriot4 ,if ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces suff]$ 9 prosp]ity ?r\gh _! close relations ) & subord9ation to ,great ,brita9 dur+ a long s]ies ( ye>s1 x 0 due n to ! policy ( ,william1 b to ! fact t ! t]ritory ( ! republic 0 small1 op5 to attack by great milit>y p[]s1 & devoid ( natural res\rces4 ,! /adhold]'s au?ority & popul>ity cont9u$ unimpair$1 despite ( 8 frequ5t abs5ces 9 ,engl&4 ,he _h to cont5d1 l 8 pr$ecessors1 ) ! p]5nial ho/ility ( ! burgh] ari/ocracy ( ,am/]dam1 & at times ) o!r refractory t[n c\ncils1 b 8 p[] 9 ! ,/ates dur+ 8 life 0 almo/ autocratic4 ,8 task 0 r5d]$ light] by ! influ5ce & ability ( ,he9sius1 ! gr& p5sion>y ( ,holl&1 a wise & prud5t /atesman1 ^: tact & mod]ation 9 deal+ ) ! details & difficulties ( int]nal adm9i/ration 7 conspicu\s4 ,! /adhold] gave to ,he9sius 8 fulle/ confid5ce1 & ! p5sion>y on 8 "p loyally support$ ,william's policy & plac$ 8 s]vices ungrudg+ly at 8 disposal 7see ,,he9sius74 ,w> ) ,france4 ,peace ( ,ryswick4 ,dea? ( ,william ,,iii4 ,! conduct ( ! w> by ! allies 0 f> f successful4 ,9 #afij 7,july #a/7 ,waldeck 0 defeat$ by ,luxemburg at ,fleurus2 & ! ,anglo-,dut* fleet 0 s sev]ely h&l$ by ,t\rville 7#aj? ,july7 (f ,bea*y ,head t = two ye>s ! comm& ( ! sea rema9$ 9 ! possession ( ! ,fr5*4 ,a /rik+ victory (f ,cape la ,hogue 7#bi? ( ,may #afib7 re/or$1 h[ev]1 supremacy to ! allies4 ,on l& ! comb9$ armies f>$ ill4 ,9 #afia ! ,fr5* took ,mons1 & 9 #afib ,namur1 9 :i* ye> aft] a h>d-f\ght battle ,william 0 defeat$ at ,/e5kirk & 9 #afic at ,ne]w9d54 ,b ,william's milit>y g5ius nev] %one s brightly z 9 ! h\r ( defeat2 he nev] knew :at x 0 to be beat51 & 9 #afie 8 recapture ( ,namur 0 a real triumph ( skill & resolution4 ,at la/1 aft] long negotiations1 exhau/ion compell$ ! ,fr5* k+ to sign ! peace ( ,ryswick 9 #afig1 9 :i* ,william 0 recogniz$ by ,france z k+ ( ,engl&1 ! ,dut* obta9+ a fav\rable comm]cial treaty1 & ! "r to g>rison ! ,ne!rl& b>ri] t[ns4 ,?is peace1 h[ev]1 did no m ?an af=d a brea?+ space dur+ :i* ,l\is ,,xiv4 prep>$ = a r5ewal ( ! /ruggle4 ,! great "q ( ! ,spani% succession 0 loom+ 9 all m5's eyes1 & ?\gh p>tition treaties betwe5 ! int]e/$ p[]s 7 conclud$ 9 #afih & #agjj1 x is practically c]ta9 t ! ,fr5* k+ held himself little b\nd by !m4 ,9 #agja he elb[$ ! ,dut* troops out ( ! b>ri] t[ns2 he defi$ ,engl& by recogniz+ ,james ,,iii4 on ! dea? ( 8 fa!r2 & x 0 cle> t ano!r w> 0 imm95t :5 ,william ,,iii4 di$ 9 #agjb4 ,/adhold]less ,gov]nm5t4 ,9 #afgb ! /adhold]%ip 9 five prov9ces _h be5 made h]$it>y 9 ! family ( ! pr9ce ( ,orange1 b ,william di$ *ildless1 & ! republican burgh] p>ty 0 /rong en\gh to prev5t ! po/s be+ fill$ up4 ,william _h wi%$ t 8 c\s91 ,c\nt ,john ,william ,friso ( ,nassau1 /adhold] ( ,friesl& & ,gron+51 %\ld succe$ him1 b 8 extreme y\? & ! jeal\sy ( ,holl& aga9/ a ,frisian /ood 9 ! way ( 8 election4 ,! result 0 a want ( unity 9 c\nsel & action among ! prov9ces1 ,friesl& & ,gron+5 /&+ alo( f ! o!r five1 :ile ,holl& & ,zeel& _h to pay = _! pr$om9ance 9 ! ,union by be+ left to be> ! bulk ( ! *>ges4 ,=tunately !re 0 no break ( cont9uity 9 ! policy ( ! ,/ates1 ! *ief conduct ( affairs rema9+1 until 8 dea? 9 #agbj1 9 ! capable & tri$ h&s ( ! gr& p5sion>y ,he9sius1 :o _h at 8 side a numb] ( exceptionally exp]i5c$ & wise c\nsellors--among ^! ,simon van ,sl+el&1 = =ty-five ye>s 7#afhj-agbe7 secret>y ( ! c\ncil ( /ate1 & aft]w>ds gr& p5sion>y ( ,holl& 7#agbg-agcf71 & ,francis ,fagel1 :o succe$$ 8 fa!r 9 #afii z record] 7,griffi]7 ( ! ,/ates-,g5]al1 & held t important (fice = fifty ye>s4 ,! tradition ( ,william ,,iii4 0 ?us pres]v$1 b ) ! loss ( ! firm h& & /rong p]sonality ( t great rul] ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces 7 relegat$ to a subord9ate place 9 ! c\ncils ( ! nations1 & ) ! gradual decad5ce ( its navy ! ,dut* republic ceas$ to rank z a p[] to be reckon$ )4 ,w> ( ! ,spani% ,succession4 ,treaty ( ,utre*t4 ,9 ! ,w> ( ! ,spani% ,succession1 :i* broke out 9 #agjb1 ,dut* troops took "p 9 ! campaigns ( ,m>lbor\gh & ,eug5e1 & _h _! %>e 9 w9n+ ! great victories ( ,bl5heim 7#agjd71 ,ramillies 7#agjf71 ,oud5>de 7#agjh7 & ,malplaquet 7#agji74 ,at ! peace ( ,utre*t1 conclud$ 9 #agac1 ! int]e/s ( ! ,ne!rl&s 7 b half-he>t$ly support$ by ! ,engli% pl5ipot5ti>ies1 & ! ,fr5* 7 able to obta9 f> m fav\rable t]ms ?an !y _h ! p[] to exact4 ,b !y 7 compell$ to ab&on all claim to ! ,spani% ,ne!rl&s1 :i* 7 =mally h&$ ov] to ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces1 z tru/ees1 to be by !m1 aft] ! conclusion ( a satisfactory b>ri] treaty1 giv5 up to ! emp]or1 & be kn[n h5ce=? z ! ,au/rian ,ne!rl&s4 ,! peace ( ,utre*t taught ! ,dut* t ! great p[]s ar\nd !m1 :ile ready to use _! res\rces = w>1 w\ld n scruple to ab&on !m :5 !y want$ peace2 !y1 !re=e1 det]m9$ h5ce=? to /& cle> ( all =eign complications4 ,) #agac ! influ5ce ( ! ,unit$ ,ne!rl&s ^u ,european politics comes almo/ to an end4 ,peace policy4 ,o/5d ,ea/ ,india ,company4 ,w> ( ! ,au/rian ,succession4 ,revolution ( #agdg4 ,william ,,iv4 ,! rul+ p>ty 9 ! ,/ates took an active "p 9 secur+ ,george ,i4 on ! ?rone ( ,engl&2 & !y succe$$ 9 com+ to an agreem5t bo? ) ,france & ) ,au/ria ov] ! difficulties connect$ ) ! b>ri] t[ns1 & 7 ?us able 9 tranquillity to conc5trate _! en]gies ^u fur!r+ ! int]e/s ( _! trade4 ,"u ! close olig>*ical rule ( ! patrician families1 :o fill$ all (fices 9 ! t[n c\ncils1 ! ,/ates ( ,holl&1 9 :i* ! influ5ce ( ,am/]dam 0 dom9ant1 & :i* 9 _! turn ex]cis$ pr$om9ance 9 ! ,/ates-,g5]al1 became m & m an assembly ( %opkeep]s ^: policy 0 to ma9ta9 peace = ! sake ( ! comm]ce on :i* !y ?riv$4 ,= ?irty ye>s aft] ! peace ( ,utre*t ! ,prov9ces kept !mselves free f entanglem5t 9 ! qu>rels ( _! neighb\rs4 ,! f\ndation ( ! ,o/5d ,ea/ ,india ,company 7see ,,o/5d ,,company71 h[ev]1 by ! emp]or ,joseph ,,ii4 9 #agbc1 at once ar\s$ ! /rong opposition ( ! ,am/]dam m]*ants :o look$ ^u ?is invasion ( _! monopoly ) al>m1 & decl>$ t ! ,o/5d ,company _h be5 set up 9 contrav5tion to ! t]ms ( ,article ,v4 ( ! treaty ( ,mun/]4 ,9 ma9ta9+ ?is position ! ,/ates _h ! support ( ,engl&1 b x 0 n until #agca t !y succe$$ 9 obta9+ ! suppression ( ! company by cons5t+ to gu>antee ! ,pragmatic ,sanction ( ,*>les ,,vi4 ,?is /ep l$ 9 #agdc to _! be+ involv$ 9 ! ,w> ( ! ,au/rian ,succession1 & ?us be+ drawn into ho/ilities ) ,france1 :i* invad$ ! b>ri] c\ntry4 ,9 #agdd !y =m$ ) ,great ,brita91 ,au/ria & ,saxony1 a ,quadruple ,alliance1 & put a cont+5t ( troops 9 ! field4 ,! ,dut* took an active "p 9 ! campaign ( #agde & suff]$ heavily at ,font5oy1 aft] :i* battle ,m>%al ,saxe ov]ran ! ,au/rian ,ne!rl&s4 ,! ,fr5* captur$ all ! b>ri] t[ns1 & 9 #agdg ent]$ ,dut* ,fl&]s & made an easy conque/4 ,! ,unit$ ,prov9ces1 z 9 #afgb1 seem$ to lie at ! m]cy ( _! enemies1 & z 9 t ev5tful ye>1 popul> feel+ broke d[n ! opposition ( ! burgh] olig>*ies1 & turn$ to ,william ,,iv41 pr9ce ( ,orange1 z ! savi\r ( ! /ate4 ,john ,william ,friso _h di$ "y 9 #agaa1 leav+ a po/hum\s son1 ,william ,*>les ,h5ry ,friso1 :o 0 duly elect$ /adhold] by ! two prov9ces1 ,friesl& & ,gron+51 :i* 7 always fai?ful to 8 family1 & 9 #agbb he became also1 ?\gh ) v limit$ p[]s1 /adhold] ( ,geld]l&4 ,! o!r prov9ces1 h[ev]1 "u pressure f ,holl&1 b\nd !mselves n to elect /adhold]s1 & !y refus$ to revive ! (fice ( capta9-g5]al ( ! ,union4 ,by ! conque/ ( ,dut* ,fl&]s ,zeel& 0 ?reat5$1 & ! /ates ( t prov9ce1 9 :i* !re 7 always _m ,orange p>tisans1 elect$ 7,april #agdg7 ,william /adhold]1 capta9-g5]al & admiral ( ,zeel&4 ,! example once giv5 0 infecti\s1 & 0 foll[$ 9 rapid succession by ,holl&1 ,utre*t & ,ov]ysel4 ,f9ally ! ,/ates-,g5]al 7,may #d7 appo9t$ ! pr9ce1 :o 0 ! fir/ memb] ( 8 family to be /adhold] ( all ! sev5 prov9ces1 capta9 & admiral-g5]al ( ! ,union1 & a little lat] ^! (fices 7 decl>$ h]$it>y 9 bo? ! male & female l9es4 ,peace ( ,aix-la-,*apelle4 ,dea? ( ,william ,,iv4 ,anne ( ,engl& ,reg5t4 ,william ,,iv41 ?\gh n a man ( great ability1 0 s9c]ely anxi\s to d 8 utmo/ = secur+ ! ma9t5ance ( peace1 & ! developm5t ( ! res\rces & comm]cial prosp]ity ( ! c\ntry1 & 8 p[]ful dyna/ic connexions 7he _h m>ri$ ,anne1 elde/ daught] ( ,george ,,ii47 gave him weight 9 ! c\ncils ( ,europe4 ,! peace ( ,aix-la-,*apelle1 9 #agdh1 9 :i* ! influ5ce ( ,great ,brita9 0 ex]t$ on behalf ( ! ,/ates1 ?\gh x nom9ally re/or$ ! old condition ( ?+s1 left ! ,prov9ces crippl$ by debt1 & fall5 l[ f _! old position among ! nations4 ,at fir/ ! /adhold]'s ef=ts to promote ! trade & welf>e ( ! c\ntry 7 hamp]$ by ! di/ru/ & opposition ( ,am/]dam1 & o!r /rongholds ( anti-,orange feel+1 & j z 8 good int5tions 7 becom+ m g5]ally recogniz$1 ,william un=tunately di$1 on ! #bbnd ( ,octob] #agea1 ag$ =ty ye>s1 leav+ 8 ?ree-ye>-old son1 ,william ,v41 heir to 8 dignities4 ,! pr9cess ,anne ( ,engl& became reg5t1 b %e _h a difficult "p to play1 & on ! outbreak ( ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w> 9 :i* ! ,prov9ces 7 det]m9$ to ma9ta9 neutrality1 h] ,engli% lean+s br\ght mu* unpopul>ity ^u h]4 ,%e di$ 9 #agei1 & = ! next sev5 ye>s ! reg5cy pass$ into ! h&s ( ! ,/ates1 & ! gov]nm5t 0 practically /adhold]less4 ,william ,v4 ,! ,arm$ ,neutrality4 ,w> ) ,engl&4 ,peace ( ,p>is4 ,9 #agff ,william ,v4 0 decl>$ to be ( age2 & 8 accession to p[] 0 g5]ally welcom$4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 a weak man1 )\t en]gy or resolution1 & he all[$ himself to be entirely l$ by 8 old gu>dian ! duke ( ,brunswick1 & by 8 wife ,fr$]ica ,wilhelm9a ( ,prussia1 a woman ( m>k$ ability1 to :om he entirely def]r$4 ,9 ! ,am]ican ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce ,william's sympa?ies 7 /rongly on ! ,engli% side1 :ile ^? ( ! majority ( ! ,dut* p 7 ) ! revolt$ colonies4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 t no?+ w\ld h driv5 ! ,prov9ces to take "p 9 ! w> b = ! ov]be>+ attitude ( ! ,briti% gov]nm5t ) reg>d to ! "r ( neutral %ipp+ ^u ! seas1 & ! heavy losses su/a9$ by ,dut* comm]ce at ! h&s ( ,briti% private]s4 ,! fam\s agreem5t1 kn[n z ! ,arm$ ,neutrality1 ) :i* 9 #aghj ! ,/ates ( ! cont95t at ! in/igation ( ,ca!r9e ,,ii4 ( ,russia repli$ to ! m>itime claims put =w>d by ,great ,brita9 drew ! ,prov9ces once m into ! ar5a ( ,european politics4 ,e ef=t 0 made by ! ,engli% to prev5t ! ,dut* f jo9+ ! league1 & 9 ?is !y 7 assi/$ by ! /adhold]1 b at la/ ! ,/ates-,g5]al1 ?\gh only by ! b>e majority ( f\r prov9ces aga9/ ?ree1 det]m9$ to ?r[ 9 _! lot ) ! oppon5ts ( ,engl&4 ,no?+ c\ld h be5 m un=tunate1 = ! c\ntry 0 n ready = w>1 & p>ty _s 0 too /rong = unit$ action to be tak5 or vigor\s prep>ations to be made4 ,:5 w> broke out ,dut* comm]ce 0 de/roy$1 & ! ,dut* colonies 7 at ! m]cy ( ! ,engli% fleet )\t ! possibility ( a bl[ be+ /ruck 9 _! def5ce4 ,an indecisive1 b bravely f\ght action ) ,admiral ,p>k] at ! ,dogg] ,bank %[$1 h[ev]1 t ! ,dut* seam5 _h lo/ none ( _! old dogg$ c\rage1 & did mu* to soo! ! national s5se ( humiliation4 ,9 ! negotiations ( ! ,treaty ( ,p>is 7#aghc7 ! ,dut* f\nd !mselves ab&on$ by _! allies1 & compell$ to accept ! disadvantage\s b n ung5]\s t]ms accord$ to !m by ,great ,brita94 ,!y _h to sacrifice "s ( _! ,ea/ ,indian possessions & to conc$e to ! ,engli% fre$om ( trade 9 ! ,ea/]n seas4 ,! ,patriot ,p>ty4 ,int]v5tion ( ! ,k+ ( ,prussia4 ,difficulty ) ! ,emp]or4 ,prussian ,invasion4 ,re/oration to p[] ( ,william ,v4 ,"o result ( ?is humiliat+ & disa/r\s w> 0 ! /r5g!n+ ( ! h&s ( ! anti-,orange burgh]-reg5ts1 :o _h n[ arrogat$ to !mselves ! "n ( patriots4 ,x 0 !y1 & n ! /adhold]1 :o _h be5 ma9ly responsible = ! ,prov9ces jo9+ ! ,arm$ ,neutrality1 b ! consequ5ces ( ! w>1 9 :i* ?is act _h involv$ !m1 0 l>gely visit$ ^u ! pr9ce ( ,orange4 ,! patriot p>ty did _! utmo/ to curtail 8 pr]ogatives1 & h>ass him ) petty insults1 & at la/ ! ,prussian k+ 0 oblig$ to int]f]e to save 8 niece1 :o 0 ev5 m unpopul> ?an h] weak husb&1 f be+ driv5 f ! c\ntry4 ,9 #aghd ! emp]or ,joseph ,,ii4 took advantage ( ! diss5sions 9 ! ,prov9ces to raise ! "q ( ! op5+ ( ! ,s*eldt4 ,he himself 01 h[ev]1 no m prep>$ = attack ?an ! ,republic = def5ce1 b ! ,dut* _h already sunk s l[1 t !y agre$ to pay a heavy indemnity to induce ! ,au/rians to drop a dem& !y 7 unable to en=ce4 ,to hold ! m\? ( ! ,s*eldt & prev5t at all co/s a revival ( ,antw]p z a comm]cial port _h be5 = two c5turies a c>d9al po9t ( ,dut* policy4 ,?is difficulty remov$1 ! agitation ( ! patriots aga9/ ! /adhold]ate =m ( gov]nm5t increas$ 9 viol5ce1 & ,william spe$ily f\nd 8 position unt5able4 ,an insult (f]$ to ! pr9ce ( ,orange 9 #aghg l$ to an invasion ( ! c\ntry by a ,prussian army4 ,am/]dam capitulat$1 ! c\ntry 0 occupi$1 & ! patriot lead]s decl>$ incapable ( hold+ any (fice4 ,! ,orange p>ty 0 completely triumphant1 & ,william ,v41 "u ! protection ( ,prussia & ,engl&1 ) :i* /ates ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces 7 compell$ to ally !mselves1 0 re/or$ to p[]4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 impossible to make ! complicat$ & creak+ ma*9]y ( ! con/itution ( ! worn-out republic ( ! ,unit$ ,ne!rl&s "w smoo?ly1 & 9 all probability x w\ld h be5 )9 a v %ort "t replac$ by an h]$it>y mon>*y1 _h n ! cataclysm ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution swept x away f its pa?1 nev] to be reviv$4 ,! ,fr5* invade ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,ov]?r[ ( ! ,/adhold]ate4 ,flight ( ,william ,v4 ,! ,batavian ,republic4 ,*anges ( ,gov]nm5t4 ,:5 w> broke out betwe5 ! ,fr5* revolution>y gov]nm5t & ! coalition ( k+s1 ! ,prov9ces rema9$ neutral z long z !y c\ld4 ,x 0 n till ,dum\riez _h ov]run all ! ,au/rian ,ne!rl&s 9 #agib1 & _h ?r[n op5 ! passage ( ! ,s*eldt1 t !y 7 drawn into ! w>4 ,! patriot p>ty sid$ ) ! ,fr5*1 b = v>i\s reasons ! conque/ ( ! c\ntry 0 delay$ until #agie4 ,9 ! clos+ mon?s ( #agid ,pi*egru1 at ! head ( a l>ge & victori\s army1 invad$ ! ,prov9ces4 ,! v sev]e fro/ ( t w9t] gave 8 troops an easy passage ov] all ! riv]s & l[-ly+ l&s2 t[n aft] t[n fell be=e him2 he occupi$ ,am/]dam1 & cross+ ! ice ) 8 cavalry took ! ,dut* fleet1 z x lay fro/-b\nd at ! ,texel4 ,! /adhold] & 8 family fl$ to ,engl&1 & ! disorganiz$ remnants ( ! alli$ =ces "u ! duke ( ,york retreat$ into ,g]many4 ,! patriots1 z ! anti-,orange republicans /ill /yl$ !mselves1 receiv$ ! ,fr5* ) op5 arms & public rejoic+s1 & ! gov]nm5t 0 reorganiz$ s z to br+ x into close h>mony ) t ( ,p>is4 ,! /adhold]ate1 ! (fices ( capta9 & admiral-g5]al1 & all ! anci5t organization ( ! ,unit$ ,ne!rl&s 7 aboli%$1 & 7 trans=m$ into ! ,batavian ,republic1 9 close alliance ) ,france4 ,b ! ,dut* _h soon cause to regret _! revolution>y ard\r4 ,fr5* alliance meant ,fr5* dom9ation1 & p>ticipation 9 ! w>s ( ! ,revolution4 ,its consequ5ces 7 ! total ru9 ( ,dut* comm]ce1 & ! seizure ( all ! ,dut* colonies by ! ,engli%4 ,int]nally "o *ange ( gov]nm5t succe$$ ano!r2 aft] ! ,/ates-,g5]al came a national conv5tion2 !n 9 #agih a con/itu5t assembly ) an executive directory2 !n *amb]s ( repres5tatives2 !n a return to ! e>li] sy/ems "u ! names ( ! eight prov9cial & "o c5tral ,commissions 7#ahja74 ,^! *anges 7 ! outcome ( a gradual reaction 9 a cons]vative direction4 ,con/itution ( #ahje4 ,l\is ,bonap>te ,k+ ( ,holl&4 ,! ,sov]eign ,pr9ce4 ,creation ( ! ,k+dom ( ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,! ,hundr$ ,days4 ,william ,i4 cr[n$ at ,brussels4 ,con/itution ( ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,! peace ( ,ami5s gave ! c\ntry a little re/1 & ! ,dut* got back ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope & _! ,we/ ,indian colonies2 x 01 h[ev]1 b ! brief & deceptive int]lude betwe5 two /orms2 :5 w> began aga9 ,engl& once m took possession ( all %e _h re/or$4 ,9 #ahje ! autocratic w ( ,napoleon ,bonap>te impos$ ^u !m a new con/itution1 & ,rutg] ,jan ,s*immelp5n9ck 7#agfe-ahbe7 0 made1 "u ! anci5t title ( gr& p5sion>y1 head ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,9 ! next ye> ! ,fr5* emp]or add$ ,holl&1 z ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces 7 n[ nam$1 to ! r+ ( dep5d5t sov]eignties1 by means ( :i* he s\ght to build up a univ]sal empire1 & he =c$ 8 bro!r ,l\is to be ! unwill+ k+ ( an unwill+ p4 ,! new k+ 0 a man ( excell5t int5tions & did 8 be/ to promote ! int]e/ ( 8 subjects1 b f9d+ himself unable to protect !m f ! despotic ov]lord%ip ( 8 bro!r1 aft] a f\r ye>s' reign1 ,l\is abdicat$4 ,9 #ahaj ! ,nor!rn ,ne!rl&s by decree ( ,napoleon 7 incorporat$ 9 ! ,fr5* empire1 & _h to be> ! burd5s ( conscription & ( a cru%+ weight ( taxation4 ,! defeat ( ,leipzig 9 #ahac 0 ! signal = a g5]al revolt 9 ! ,ne!rl&s2 ! pr9ce ( ,orange 7son ( ,william ,v47 0 recall$1 & amid/ g5]al rejoic+ accept$ at ,am/]dam ! (f] ( ! sov]eignty "u a free con/itution 7,dec4 #a1 #ahac71 ) ! title ( sov]eign pr9ce4 ,on ! d[nfall ( ,napoleon ! great p[]s det]m9$ to create 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries a p[]ful /ate1 & by ! treaty ( ,london 7,june #ad1 #ahad7 ! ,belgians 7 unit$ ) ! ,dut* prov9ces to =m ! k+dom ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 :i* 0 also to include ! bi%opric ( ,liege & ! du*y ( ,b\illon1 & ! pr9ce ( ,orange 0 plac$ ^u ! ?rone on ! #ae? ( ,m>* #ahae z ,william ,i41 k+ ( ! ,ne!rl&s 7see ,,william ,i41 k+ ( ! ,ne!rl&s74 ,! ance/ral possessions ( ! ,h\se ( ,nassau 7 ex*ang$ = ,luxemburg1 ( :i* t]ritory ,k+ ,william 9 8 p]sonal capacity became gr& duke4 ,! c>ry+ out ( ! treaty 0 delay$ by ! ,hundr$ ,days' campaign1 :i* = a %ort "t ?reat5$ its v exi/5ce4 ,! d>+ invasion ( ,napoleon1 h[ev]1 af=d$ ! ,dut* & ,belgian cont+5ts ( ! alli$ army ! opportunity to fight side by side "u ! comm& ( ,william1 pr9ce ( ,orange1 elde/ son ( ! new k+1 :o highly di/+ui%$ himself by 8 gallantry at ,quatre ,bras1 & aft]w>ds at ,wat]loo :]e he 0 w\nd$ 7see ,,william ,,ii41 k+ ( ! ,ne!rl&s74 ,! ,congress ( ,vi5na confirm$ ! arrangem5ts made by ! treaty ( ,london1 & ,william ,i4 0 cr[n$ k+ ( ! ,ne!rl&s at ,brussels on ! #bg? ( ,septemb] #ahae4 ,"u ! con/itution ! k+1 z h]$it>y sov]eign1 possess$ full executive p[]s1 & ! initiative 9 propos+ laws4 ,he _h ! p[] ( appo9t+ 8 own c\ncil ( /ate4 ,! legislative body bore ! "t-hon\r$ title ( ,/ates-,g5]al1 & 0 divid$ into an ,upp] ,*amb] nom9at$ by ! k+1 & a ,l[] ,*amb] elect$ by ! p4 ,fre$om ( wor%ip1 fre$om ( ! press1 & political equality 7 pr9ciples ( ! con/itution1 gu>ante$ to all4 ,diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,dut* & ,belgic prov9ces4 ,! ,belgian ,revolution4 ,reign ( ,william ,,ii4 ,accession ( ,william ,,iii4 ,! ,con/itution ( #ahdh4 ,political p>ties 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,! union ( ! ,dut* & ,belgian prov9ces1 l s _m ( ! t]ritorial arrangem5ts ( ! ,congress ( ,vi5na1 0 an attempt to create a /rong /ate out ( div]se & j>r+ elem5ts4 ,x 0 an artificial union1 :i* no?+ b consummate tact & /atesman%ip c\ld h r5d]$ p]man5t & solid4 ,nor? & s\? 7 divid$ f "o ano!r by religi\s belief1 by laws & usages1 by mat]ial int]e/s1 & by two c5turies & a half ( widely sev]$ national life4 ,! ,belgians 7 /rict ,ca?olics1 ! ,dut* ,calv9i/ic ,prote/ants4 ,! ,dut* 7 *iefly a comm]cial & seaf>+ p1 ) int]e/s 9 di/ant l&s & colonial possessions2 ! ,belgians 7 agriculturi/s1 except :]e _! abundance ( m9]als made !m manufactur]s4 ,! national traits ( ! ,dut* 7 a bl5d ( ,g]man & ,engli%1 ! national lean+ ( ! ,belgians 0 t[>ds ,france & ,fr5* ideals4 ,nev]!less ! mat]ials 7 !re out ( :i* a really broad-m9d$ & conciliatory h&l+ ( religion & racial difficulties might h gradually built up a ,ne!rl& nation able to hold f its population & res\rces a consid]able place among ,european p[]s4 ,= x mu/ n be =gott5 t "s two-?irds ( ! ,belgian p are by orig9 & language ( ! same race z ! ,dut*4 ,b :5 difficulties & diff]5ces arose betwe5 ,nor? & ,s\?1 z !y 7 sure to arise1 !y 7 n dealt ) wisely4 ,! k+ _h good int5tions1 b 8 m9d 0 w>p$ by ,dut* prejudices1 & he 0 ill-advis$ & act$ unadvis$ly4 ,! consequ5ces 7 ! ,belgian ,revolution ( #ahcj1 :i* end$ 9 ! int]v5tion ( ! great p[]s1 & ! sett+ up1 9 #ahca1 ( ,belgium z an indep5d5t k+dom4 ,! f9al settlem5t ( out/&+ que/ions betwe5 ! two c\ntries 0 n rea*$ till #ahci 7= an acc\nt ( ! ,belgian ,revolution1 see ,,belgium74 ,k+ ,william ,i4 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 hav+ become unpopul> ?r\gh 8 resi/ance to re=m1 resign$ 8 cr[n to 8 son ,william ,,ii41 :o reign$ 9 peace till 8 dea? 9 #ahdi1 :5 he 0 succe$$ by 8 elde/ son ,william ,,iii4 7see ,,william ,,iii41 k+ ( ! ,ne!rl&s74 ,8 accession m>k$ ! beg9n+ ( con/itutional gov]nm5t 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,william ,i4 _h be5 to a l>ge ext5t a p]sonal rul]1 b ,william ,,ii41 ?\gh = a "t foll[+ 9 8 fa!r's /eps1 _h be5 mov$ by ! revolution>y outbreaks ( #ahdh to conc$e a revision ( ! con/itution4 ,! fundam5tal law ( #ahdh enact$ t ! fir/ *amb] ( ! ,/ates-,g5]al %\ld be elect$ by ! ,prov9cial ,e/ates in/ead ( be+ appo9t$ by ! k+1 & t ! second *amb] %\ld be elect$ directly by all p]sons pay+ a c]ta9 am\nt 9 taxation4 ,m9i/]s 7 decl>$ responsible to ! ,/ates-,g5]al1 & a lib]al measure ( self-gov]nm5t 0 also grant$4 ,dur+ ! long reign ( ,william ,,iii4 7#ahdi-ahij7 ! *ief /ruggles ( p>ties 9 ! ,ne!rl&s c5tr$ r\nd religi\s education4 ,on ! "o side are ! lib]als1 divid$ into mod]ates & progressives1 ! repres5tatives to a l>ge ext5t ( ! comm]cial t[ns4 ,oppos$ to !m is ! coalition ( ! or?odox ,prote/ant cons]vatives1 /yl$ anti-revolution>ies1 support$ by ! ,calv9i/ic peasantry1 & ! ,ca?olics1 :o repres5t ab\t "o-?ird ( ! population & h _! headqu>t]s 9 ,dut* ,brabant1 ,dut* ,fl&]s & ,limburg4 ,!re is also 9 ! ,ne!rl&s a small1 b v /r5u\s sociali/ p>ty1 :i* 0 f\nd$ by ! active propag&a ( an ex-pa/or ,domela-,nieuw5huis4 ,x draws its *ief /r5g? f ,am/]dam & c]ta9 c\ntry di/ricts ( ,friesl&4 ,religi\s education4 ,! lib]als 7 9 p[] f #ahga to #ahhh cont9u\sly1 b a ,ca?olic-anti-revolution>y m9i/ry "u ,b>on ,mackay held (fice f #ahhh to #ahia1 & aga9 a coalition m9i/ry 0 =m$ 9 #aija ) ,dr ,kuyp] at its head4 ,f #ahid to #ahig a m9i/ry ( mod]ate lib]als support$ by a l>ge "p ( ! ,ca?olic & anti-revolution>y p>ties 7 9 p[]4 ,! con/itution ( #ahdh made x ! duty ( ! /ate to provide free prim>y secul> education1 b x all[$ to memb]s ( all cre$s ! lib]ty ( e/abli%+ private s*ools1 & ?is 0 c>ri$ into effect by a law pass$ 9 #aheg by ! jo9t ef=ts ( ! lib]als & ,ca?olics aga9/ ! opposition ( ! or?odox ,calv9i/s4 ,b ! long lib]al asc5dancy clos$ ! ranks ( ! ,ca?olic-,calv9i/ coalition1 & unit$ !m aga9/ ! neutral s*ools1 & 9 #ahhi !y 7 able to pass a law enabl+ n only ! unsect>ian public s*ools1 b all private s*ools organiz$ by societies & bodies recogniz$ by ! law to receive subv5tions f ! /ate4 ,9 #ahij !re 7 #cjjj public s*ools ) #dej1jjj s*ol>s & #acjj private s*ools ) #aie1jjj s*ol>s4 ,ext5sion ( ! suffrage4 ,milit>y s]vice4 ,! subject ( ! ext5sion ( ! fran*ise has also be5 ! cause ( viol5t p>ty /rife & controv]sy4 ,x 0 tak5 9 h& z e>ly z #ahgb1 b z a revision ( ! con/itution 0 necess>y1 no *ange 0 actually c>ri$ out till #ahhg4 ,! law ( t ye> l[]$ ! qualification ( ! pay] ( a direct tax to #aj fl4 ,votes 7 giv5 to all h\sehold]s pay+ a c]ta9 m9imum h\se duty1 & to all lodg]s :o _h = a giv5 "t paid a m9imum ( r5t1 also to all :o possess$ c]ta9 educational & social qualifications1 ^: def9ition 0 left to be specifi$ by a lat] law4 ,! pass+ ( su* a law 0 def]r$ by ! coalition 7,ca?olic-,or?odox7 m9i/ry ( #ahhh-ahia4 ,! lib]al m9i/ry ( #ahia attempt$ to deal ) ! "q1 & a proposal 0 made by ! m9i/] ,tak van ,poortvliet1 :i* almo/ am\nt$ to univ]sal suffrage4 ,! educational qualification 0 to be able to write1 ! social t ( n receiv+ *>itable relief4 ,?is proposal caus$ a cleavage "r ?r\gh all p>ties4 ,x 0 support$ by ! radical left1 by a l>ge portion ( ! ,or?odox-,calv9i/s "u ,dr ,kuyp]1 & by "s ,ca?olics2 x _h aga9/ x ! mod]ate lib]als1 ! ari/ocratic section ( ! ,or?odox-,calv9i/s1 ! bulk ( ! ,ca?olics1 & a few radicals "u an influ5tial lead] van ,h\t54 ,aft] a fi]ce electoral fight ! ,takkians 7 victors at ! fir/ polls1 b 7 beat5 at ! second ballots4 ,( ! #df ,takkians1 #ce 7 lib]als2 ( ! #ed anti-,takkians1 #bd 7 ,ca?olics4 ,a mod]ate lib]al m9i/ry 0 =m$ 7#ahid7 & 9 #ahif c>ri$ into law :at 0 kn[n z ! van ,h\t5 project4 ,x gave ! "r ( vot+ to all ,dut*m5 ov] tw5ty-five ye>s ( age1 :o paid #a fl4 9 direct taxation2 7 h\sehold]s or lodg]s z def9$ 9 #ahhg1 or t5ants ( a vessel (1 at lea/1 #bd tons2 7 ! recipi5ts ( c]ta9 sal>ies or _h c]ta9 deposits 9 ! public funds or sav+s banks4 ,by ?is re=m ! numb] ( electors1 :i* _h be5 rais$ 9 #ahhg f #adj1jjj to #cjj1jjj1 0 augm5t$ to #gjj1jjj4 ,! "q ( univ]sal milit>y s]vice has also divid$ p>ties4 ,! pr9ciple ( p]sonal s]vice has be5 /rongly oppos$ by ! ,ca?olics & cons]vatives1 b became ! law ( ! l& 9 #ahih1 ?\gh exemptions 7 conc$$ 9 fav\r ( ecclesia/ics & c]ta9 classes ( /ud5ts4 ,! ,a*9 w>4 ,! long-cont9u$ & co/ly w>s ) ! sultan ( ,a*9 h dur+ a s]ies ( ye>s be5 a s\rce ( tr\ble to ,dut* m9i/ries4 ,9 #ahga-ahgb ,great ,brita91 9 ex*ange = c]ta9 possessions ( ,holl& on ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea1 agre$ to recognize ! "r ( ! ,dut* to occupy ! nor? ( ,sumatra4 ,! sultan ( ,a*9 oppos$ by =ce ( arms ! ef=ts ( ! ,dut* to make _! occupation effective1 & has succe$$ 9 ma9ta9+ a vigor\s resi/ance1 ! ,dut* colonial troops suff]+ sev]ely f ! effects ( ! insalubri\s climate4 ,until #ahga ! surplus d]iv$ f ! colonial budget _h be5 turn$ into a deficit1 & ! necessity ( impos+ fre% taxes to meet ! w> exp5ses has l$ to ! d[nfall bo? ( individual m9i/ries & ( cab9ets4 ,que5 ,wilhelm9a4 ,william ,,iii4 dy+ 9 #ahij 0 succe$$ by 8 only surviv+ *ild1 ,wilhelm9a4 ,! new que5 be+ a m9or1 h] "m1 ! que5-d[ag] ,emma1 became reg5t4 ,"o effect ( ! accession ( ,que5 ,wilhelm9a 0 ! sev]ance ( ! bond betwe5 ! ,ne!rl&s & ,luxemburg4 ,! gr& du*y1 be+ h]$it>y only 9 ! male l9e1 pass$ to ! ne>e/ agnate1 ! duke ( ,nassau4 ,9 #ahih ! que51 hav+ rea*$ ! age ( eighte51 assum$ ! gov]nm5t4 ,%e m>ri$ 9 #aija ,pr9ce ,h5ry ( ,meckl5burg4 ,! outbreak ( ! ,bo] ,w> 9 #ahii l$ to a /rong outbur/ ( sympa?y among ! ,dut* on behalf ( _! k9sm5 9 ,s\? ,africa1 & !re 7 times dur+ ! w>1 especially aft] ,presid5t ,krug] _h fl$ f ! ,transvaal 9 a ,dut* w> vessel & _h settl$ 9 ,holl&1 :5 x 0 a task ( "s difficulty = ! ,dut* gov]nm5t to prev5t ! relations betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & ! ,ne!rl&s f becom+ /ra9$4 ,! m9i/ry1 h[ev]1 "u ,dr ,kuyp] 7 able to keep ! popul> feel+ 9 fav\r ( ! ,bo]s 9 re/ra9t1 & to ma9ta9 t[>ds ,great ,brita9 a correct attitude ( /rict neutrality4 ,9 #aijc ! gov]nm5t took /rong measures to prev5t a ?reat5$ g5]al /rike ( railway employees1 ! milit>y 7 call$ out1 & occupi$ ! /ations4 ,a bill 0 pass$ by ! ,/ates-,g5]al decl>+ railway /rikes illegal4 ,! elections ( #aije = ! ,second ,*amb] gave ! lib]als a n>r[ majority ( f\r4 ,dr ,kuyp] accord+ly resign$1 & a mod]ate lib]al cab9et 0 =m$ by ,?4 ,h4 de ,mee/]4 ,! fact t up to #aijh ! que5 _h n become a "m gradually caus$ "s public conc]n z to ! succession2 b 9 #aiji ,que5 ,wilhelm9a1 amid national rejoic+s1 gave bir? to a pr9cess4 ,,bibliography4--,see 7= ! g5]al hi/ory7 ,j4 ,wag5a>1 ,vad]l&s*e hi/orie1 to #agea 7#ba vols41 #agdi-agei72 cont9uation by ,az4 ,p4 ,loosjes1 f #agea-ahaj 7#dh vols41 #aghf-ahaa72 ,w4 ,bild]dijk1 ,ges*i$5is d] ,vad]l&s 7#ac vols41 #ahcb-ahec72 ,gro5 ,g4 van ,pr9/]]1 ,h&boek d] ,ges*i$5is van het ,vad]l& 7#f? ed41 #ahie72 7= p>ticul> p]iods73 ,l4 ab ,aitzema1 ,sak5 van spaet en oorlogh 9 ende om tr5t de ,v]e5igde ,n$]l&5 7#afba-affh7 7#ae vols41 #afeg-afga72 cont9uation by ,lamb]t van d5 ,bos 7,lamb]tus ,sylvius7 7#d vols41 #afhe-afii74 ,! "w ( ,aitzema conta9s a l>ge numb] ( important diplomatic & o!r docum5ts2 ,a4 de ,wicque=t1 ,hi/oire des prov9ces des ,pays-,bas depuis la paix de ,mun/] 7#afdh-afeh7 7#b vols41 #agai-agdc72 9 ^! volumes w be also f\nd a ri* collection ( orig9al docum5ts2 ,r4 ,fru91 ,ti5 j>5 uit d5 tactig j>ig5 oorlog 7#aehh-aeih71 7#f? ed41 #aije71 a /&>d "w2 ,j4 ,l4 ,motley1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,ne!rl&s 7#aehd-afji71 7#d vols41 #ahfj-ahfh72 ,p4 ,j4 ,blok1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,p ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 vol4 iii4 7#aefh-afba7 7trans4 by ,ru? ,putnam1 #aijj72 ,cambridge ,mod]n ,hi/ory1 vol4 iii4 *4 xix4 & vol4 iv4 *4 xxv4 7see ! bibliographies72 ,ant4 ,l4 ,pontales1 ,v+t annees de republique p>lem5taire au #agme siecle4 ,jean de ,witt1 gr& p5sionnaire de ,holl&e 7#ahhd72 ,e4 ,c4 de ,g]la*e1 ,hi/oire du royaume des ,pays-,bas #ahad-ahcj 7#c vols41 #ahei72 ,bos* ,j4 de ,kemp]1 ,ges*i$5is van ,n$]l& na #ahcj 7#e vols41 #ahgc-ahhb72 also ! foll[+ important works3 ,gro5 ,g4 van ,pr9/]]1 ,ar*ives ou correspondance in$ite de la maison d',orange-,nassau1 #b;e s]ie 7#aehd-afhh7 7#e vols41 #aheg-ahfj72 ,j4 de ,witt1 ,briev5 7#afeb-affi7 7#f vols41 #agbc-agbe72 ,a4 ,kluit1 ,hi/orie d] ,holl&s*e ,/aatsreg]+ tot #agie 7#e vols41 #ahjb-ahje72 ,g4 ,w4 ,vre$e1 ,inleid+ tot e5e ges*i$5is d] ,n$]l&s*e diplomatic 7#f vols41 #ahej-ahfe72 ,j4 ,c4 de ,jonge1 ,ges*i$5is van het ,n$]l&s*e ,zeewes51 7#f vols41 #ahcc-ahdh72 ,e4 ,luzac1 ,holl&'s ,rijkdom 7#d vols41 #agha72 ,r4 ,fru91 ,ges*i$5is d] ,/aats9/ell+5 9 ,n$]l& tot d5 val d] ,republick1 edn4 ,col5br&] 7#aija72 ,n4 ,g4 van ,kamp51 ,ges*i$5is d] ,n$]l&]s buit5 ,europa 7#d vols41 #ahcc72 ,w4 ,j4 ,a4 ,jonckbloet1 ,ges*i$5is d] ,n$]l&s*e ,lett]kunde 7#b vols4 #ahha72 ,c4 ,busk5 ,huet1 ,het ,l& van ,rembr&t-/udi5 ov] de ,nordn$]l&s*e bes*av+ 9 de #ag;e eeuw 7#b vols41 #ahhf72 ,l4 ,d4 ,petit1 ,rep]torium d] v]h&el+5 en bijdrag5 betreff5de de ges*i$5is des ,vat]l&s 9 tijds*rift5 en m5gel w]k5 tot op #aijj v]s*551 #b p>ts 7#aije72 o!r p>ts ( ?is valuable rep]torium are 9 c\rse ( publication4 7,g4 ,e47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,at ,maa/ri*t1 h[ev]1 a portion lies on ! left bank ( ! riv]1 measur$1 accord+ to ! treaty ) ,belgium1 #ai? ( ,april #ahci1 art4 #d1 by an av]age radius ( #abjj ,dut* fa?oms 7#ghgd ft47 f ! out] glacis ( ! =tress4 #b ,! datum plane1 or basis ( ! measurem5t ( heights1 is ?r\gh\t ,holl&1 & also 9 "s ( ! bord] di/ricts ( ,g]many1 ! ,am/]dams* ,peil 7,a4,p471 or ,am/]dam wat]-level1 & repres5ts ! av]age high wat]-level ( ! ,y at ,am/]dam at ! "t :5 x 0 /ill op5 to ! ,zuid] ,zee4 ,local & prov9cial peils are1 h[ev]1 also 9 use on "s wat]ways4 #c ,see ,j4 ,lorie1 ,contributions a la geologie des ,pays-bas 7#ahhe-ahie71 ,ar*ives du ,mus4 ,teyl] 7,ha>lem71 s]4 #b1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #aji-bdj1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #a-afj1 #cge-dfa1 vol4 iv4 pp4 #afe-cji & ,bull4 soc4 belge geol4 vol4 iii4 7#ahhi72 ,mem4 pp4 #dji-ddi2 ,f4 ,w4 ,h>m]1 ,on ! ,plioc5e ,deposits ( ,holl&1 c41 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc41 ,london1 vol4 lii4 7#ahif7 pp4 #gdh-gha1 pls4 xxxiv41 xxxv4 #d ,! dates indicate ! p]iod ( con/ruction ( ! diff]5t sections4 #e ,= ! hi/ory ( ! ,ne!rl&s previ\s to ! conf$]acy ( ! nor!rn prov9ces 9 #aegi see ,,ne!rl&s4 ,,holl&1 ,,c\nty ,,& ,,prov9ce ,,(4--,! fir/ m5tion ( ,holl& 9 any docum5t is f\nd 9 an imp]ial gift brief dat$ ,may #bnd1 #ajfd4 ,9 ?is ! phrase omnis comitatus 9 ,holl&t occurs1 b )\t any fur!r description ( ! locality indicat$4 ,a comp>ison ) o!r docum5t>y evid5ce1 h[ev]1 leads to ! id5tification ( ,holl& ) ! =e/um ,m]w$a1 or ! bu%-gr[n f5l& ly+ betwe5 ! ,waal1 ! old ,meuse & ! ,m]we4 ,x is ! di/rict surr\nd+ ! t[n ( ,dordre*t4 ,a portion ( ! orig9al ,holl& 0 subm]g$ by a great inundation 9 #adba1 & its mod]n appellation ( ,biesbos* 7re$-=e/7 is descriptive ( :at mu/ h be5 ! condition ( ! entire di/rict 9 e>ly times4 ,! ^w ,holl& is inde$ by _m au?orities ?\ght to be a corruption ( ,holt-l& 7x 0 sometimes s spelt by #ac?-c5tury writ]s7 & to signify wood-l&4 ,! e>lie/ spell+ is1 h[ev]1 ,holl&1 & x is m probable t x means l[ly+-l& 7hol holl[71 a d]ivation :i* is equally applicable to ! di/rict 9 ,l9coln%ire :i* be>s ! same "n4 ,! fir/ ,c\nt ( ,holl&4 ,! title c\nt ( ,holl& appe>s to h be5 fir/ borne by ! ,frisian c\nt ,dirk ,,iii41 :o f\nd$ ,dordre*t 7ab\t #ajae7 & made x 8 resid5ce 7see bel[74 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 till late 9 ! #aa? c5tury t 8 successors adopt$ ! /yle ,holl&5sis comes z _! t]ritorial designation 7x is f\nd = ! fir/ "t on a seal ( ,dirk ,v4 #ajhc71 & t ! "n ,holl& became gradually ext5d$ nor?w>ds to connote all ! l& subject to ! rule ( ! c\nts betwe5 ,texel & ! ,maas4 ,dirk ,i4 ,dirk ,,ii4 ,ext5t ( 8 dom9ions4 ,arnulf4 ,dirk ,,iii4 ,f\ndation ( ,dordre*t4 ,defeat ( ,godfrey ( ,lorra9e4 ,beg9n+ ( ! ,c\nty ( ,holl&4 ,! beg9n+s ( ! hi/ory ( ?is feudal /ate 7! lat] ,holl&7 c5tre r\nd ! abbey ( ,egmont 9 ^: ar*ives its records h be5 pres]v$4 ,9 #ibb ,*>les ! ,simple gave 9 full possession to a c\nt 9 ,frisia1 ,dirk by "n 7a %ort5$ =m ( ,di$]ic1 ,lat9 ,!odoricus71 ! *ur* ( ,egmont ) all t belong$ to x f ,s)>de%age to ,k9hem4 ,?is man1 usually kn[n z ,dirk ,i41 di$ ab\t #ici & 0 succe$$ by 8 son ( ! same "n4 ,among ! records ( ! abbey ( ,egmont is a docum5t by :i* ! emp]or ,arnulf gave to a c]ta9 c\nt ,g]olf ! same l& betwe5 ,s)>de%age & ,k9hem1 aft]w>ds held by ,dirk ,i4 ,x is g5]ally assum$ t ?is ,g]olf 0 8 fa!r1 o!rwise _! de$ ( gift w\ld n h be5 pres]v$ among ! family pap]s4 ,dirk ,,ii4 0 ! f\nd] ( ! abbey ( ,egmont4 ,8 y\ng] son ,egb]t became ar*bi%op ( ,treves4 ,8 eld] son ,arnulf m>ri$ ,liutg>dis1 daught] ( ,siegfri$ ( ,luxemburg & si/]-9-law ( ! emp]or ,h5ry ,,ii4 ,he obta9$ f ! emp]or ,otto ,,iii41 ) :om he 0 9 great fav\r 9 #ihc1 a consid]able ext5sion ( t]ritory1 t n[ cov]$ by ! ,zuid] ,zee & s\?w>d d[n to ,nijmweg54 ,9 ! de$ ( gift he is spok5 ( z hold+ ! ?ree c\nt%ips ( ,maasl&1 ,k9hem or ,k5nem]l& & ,texla or ,texel2 9 o!r words 8 rule ext5d$ ov] ! :ole c\ntry f ! "r bank ( ! ,maas or ,meuse to ! ,vlie4 ,he appe>s also to h ex]cis$ au?ority at ,gh5t4 ,he di$ 9 #ihh4 ,arnulf 0 c\nt till #iic1 :5 he 0 sla9 9 battle aga9/ ! we/ ,frisians1 & 0 succe$$ by 8 twelve-ye>-old son ,dirk ,,iii4 ,dur+ ! gu>dian%ip ( 8 "m1 ,liutg>dis1 ! boy 0 despoil$ ( almo/ all 8 possessions1 except ,k5nem]l& & ,maasl&4 ,b no soon] 0 he arriv$ at man's e/ate ?an ,dirk turn$ ^u 8 enemies ) c\rage & vig\r4 ,he wag$ w>1 successfully ) ,adelbold1 ! p[]ful bi%op ( ,utre*t1 & made himself ma/] n only ( 8 ance/ral possessions1 b ( ! di/rict on ! ,meuse kn[n z ! ,bu%l& ( ,m]w$a 7=e/um ,m]w$a71 hi!rto subject to ! see ( ,utre*t4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ?is m>%y tract1 at a po9t comm&+ ! c\rses ( ! ,meuse & ! ,waal1 he built a ca/le 7ab\t #ajae7 & began to levy tolls4 ,ar\nd ?is ca/le sprang up ! t[n ( ,?ur$re*t or ,dordre*t4 ,! possession ( ?is /ronghold 0 s injuri\s to ! comm]ce ( ,tiel1 ,cologne & ! ,rh5i% t[ns ) ,engl& t compla9ts 7 made by ! bi%op ( ,utre*t & ! ar*bi%op ( ,cologne to ! emp]or4 ,h5ry ,,ii4 took ! "p ( ! compla9ants & commission$ ,duke ,godfrey ( ,lorra9e to *a/ise ! "y ,frisian c\nt4 ,duke ,godfrey invad$ ,dirk's l&s ) a l>ge army1 b !y 7 imp$$ by ! swampy nature ( ! c\ntry & totally defeat$ ) heavy loss 7,july #bi1 #ajah74 ,! duke 0 himself tak5 prison]4 ,! result 0 t ,dirk 0 n m]ely confirm$ 9 8 possession ( ,dordre*t & ! ,m]w$a ,bu%l& 7! lat] ,holl&7 b also ( ! t]ritory ( a vassal ( ! ,utre*t see1 ,dirk ,bavo by "n1 :i* he conqu]$4 ,?is victory ( #ajah is (t5 reg>d$ z ! true />t+-po9t ( ! hi/ory ( ! c\nty ( ,holl&4 ,hav+ ?us e/abli%$ 8 rule 9 ! s\?1 ,dirk next proce$$ to br+ into subjection ! ,frisians 9 ! nor?4 ,he appo9t$ 8 bro!r ,siegfrid or ,sikka z gov]nor ov] !m4 ,9 8 lat] ye>s ,dirk w5t ^u a pilgrimage to ! ,holy ,l& f :i* he return$ 9 #ajcd2 & rul$ 9 peace until 8 dea? 9 #ajci4 ,dirk ,,iv4 ,qu>rel ) ,fl&]s ab\t ,zeel&4 ,8 son1 ,dirk ,,iv41 0 "o ( ! mo/ ent]pris+ ( 8 w>like & /r5u\s race4 ,he began ! long /rife ) ! c\nts ( ,fl&]s1 z to ! lord%ip ov] ,wal*]5 & o!r isl&s ( ,zeel&2 ! qu>rel 0 important1 z deal+ ) ! bord]l& betwe5 ,fr5* & ,g]man ov]lord%ip4 ,?is /rife1 :i* la/$ #djj ye>s1 did n at fir/ break out into actual w>f>e1 because bo? ,dirk & ,baldw9 ,v4 ( ,fl&]s _h a common dang] 9 ! emp]or ,h5ry ,,iii41 :o 9 #ajdf occupi$ ! l&s 9 dispute4 ,dirk alli$ himself ) ,godfrey ! ,be>d$ ( ,lorra9e1 :o 0 at w> ) ! emp]or1 & 8 t]ritory 0 invad$ by a p[]ful imp]ial fleet & army 7#ajdg74 ,b ,dirk entr5*$ himself 9 8 /ronghold at ,vla>d+51 & :5 w9t] came on he surr\nd$ & cut (f ) 8 light boats a numb] ( ! enemy's %ips1 & de/roy$ a l>ge "p ( _! army z !y made _! way amid/ ! m>*es1 :i* imp$$ _! retreat4 ,he 0 able to recov] :at he _h lo/ & to make peace on 8 own t]ms4 ,two ye>s lat] he 0 aga9 assail$ by a coalition head$ by ! ar*bi%op ( ,cologne & ! bi%op ( ,utre*t4 ,!y avail$ !mselves ( a v h>d w9t] to p5etrate into ! l& ov] ! froz5 wat]4 ,dirk (f]$ a /\t resi/ance1 b1 accord+ to ! mo/ tru/wor?y acc\nt1 0 entic$ into an ambuscade & 0 kill$ 9 ! fight 7#ajdi74 ,he di$ unm>ri$ & 0 succe$$ by 8 bro!r ,floris ,i4 ,floris ,i4 ,dirk ,v4 ,rob]t ! ,frisian gu>dian to 8 /epson ,godfrey ! ,hun*back ( ,lorra9e conqu]s ,holl&4 ,! ,bi%op ( ,utre*t surr5d]s x to ,dirk ,v4 ,floris ,,ii4 ,dirk ,,vi4 ,floris1 l 8 pr$ecessors1 0 h>d-fight+ & t5aci\s4 ,he gradually recov]$ possession ( 8 ance/ral l&s4 ,he f\nd a =midable adv]s>y 9 ! able & w>like ,william1 :o1 becom+ bi%op ( ,utre*t 9 #ajed1 0 det]m9$ to recov] ! lo/ possessions ( 8 see2 & 9 #ajeh1 9 alliance ) ,hanno1 ar*bi%op ( ,cologne1 ,egb]t1 m>grave ( ,br&5burg1 ! bi%op ( ,liege & o!rs1 invad$ ! ,frisian t]ritory4 ,at fir/ success att5d$ ! invad]s & _m places fell into _! h&s1 b f9ally !y 7 surpris$ & defeat$ ne> ,dordre*t4 ,! c\nts ( ,gueld]s & ,l\va9 7 among ! prison]s t fell into ! h&s ( ,floris4 ,! attack 0 r5ew$ 9 #ajfa4 ,9 a battle at ,n$]hem]t ,floris met ) 8 dea? 9 ! h\r ( victory4 ,he is said to h be5 kill$ z1 we>i$ ) pursu+1 he lay asleep "u a tree4 ,he 0 succe$$ by 8 son1 ,dirk ,v41 a *ild1 "u ! gu>dian%ip ( 8 "m1 ,g]trude ( ,saxony4 ,bi%op ,william seems n[ to h seiz$ 8 opportunity & occupi$ all ! t]ritory t he claim$4 ,9 ?is he 0 confirm$ by two *>t]s ( ! emp]or ,h5ry ,,iv4 7,april #cj & ,may #b1 #ajfd74 ,among ! possessions ?us assign$ to him is f\nd comitatus omnis 9 ,holl&t cum omnibus ad bannum regalem p]t95tibus4 ,an exam9ation ( ^! docum5ts %[s ! possessions ( ,dirk z 9 ,we/fl+e et circa oras ,rh5i1 i4e4 we/ ( ! ,vlie & ar\nd ! m\?s ( ! ,rh9e4 ,g]trude & h] son appe> to h )drawn to ! isl&s ( ,frisia 7,zeel&71 leav+ ,william 9 undi/urb$ occupation ( ! disput$ l&s4 ,9 #ajfc ,g]trude contract$ a m>riage ) ,rob]t1 ! second son ( ,baldw9 ,v4 ( ,fl&]s1 a man fam\s = 8 adv5tur\s c>e] 7see ,,fl&]s74 ,on 8 m>riage 8 fa!r inve/$ him ) ,imp]ial ,fl&]s1 z an apanage includ+ ! isl&s ( ,frisia 7,zeel&7 we/ ( ! ,s*eldt4 ,he n[ became gu>dian to 8 /epson1 9 ^: inh]itance lay ! isl&s ea/ ( ! ,s*eldt4 ,rob]t ?us1 9 8 own "r & t ( ,dirk1 0 rul] ( all ,frisia 7,zeel&71 & ?us became kn[n among 8 ,flemi% c\ntrym5 z ,rob]t ! ,frisian4 ,! dea? ( 8 bro!r ,baldw9 ,,vi4 9 #ajgj l$ to civil w> 9 ,fl&]s1 ! claim ( ,rob]t to ! gu>dian%ip ( 8 nephew ,arnulf be+ disput$ by ,ri*ilde1 ! wid[ ( ,baldw94 ,! issue 0 decid$ by ! decisive victory ( ,rob]t at ,cassel 7,febru>y #ajga7 :5 ,arnulf 0 kill$ & ,ri*ilde tak5 prison] 7see ,fl&]s74 ,:ile ,rob]t 0 ?us engag$ 9 ,fl&]s1 an ef=t 0 made to recov] ! ,c\nty ( ,holl& & o!r l&s n[ held by ,william ( ,utre*t4 ,! p rose 9 revolt1 b by comm& ( ! emp]or ,h5ry ,,iv4 7 spe$ily br\ght back "u episcopal rule by an army "u ! comm& ( ,godfrey ! ,hun*back1 duke ( ,l[] ,lorra9e4 ,aga9 9 #ajgf1 at ! reque/ ( ! bi%op1 ,duke ,godfrey visit$ 8 doma9s 9 ! ,frisian bord]l&4 ,at ,delft1 ( :i* t[n tradition makes ,godfrey ! f\nd]1 ! duke 0 trea*]\sly murd]$ 7,febru>y #bf1 #ajgf74 ,william ( ,utre*t di$ on ! #ag? ( ! foll[+ ,april4 ,dirk ,v41 n[ gr[n to man's e/ate1 0 n sl[ to take advantage ( ! fav\rable juncture4 ,) ! help ( ,rob]t 78 /epfa!r7 he rais$ an army1 besieg$ ,conrad1 ! successor ( ,william1 9 ! ca/le ( ,ysselmonde & took him prison]4 ,! bi%op pur*as$ 8 lib]ty by surr5d]+ all claim to ! disput$ l&s4 ,h5ce=? ! ,frisian c\nts became def9itively kn[n z c\nts ( ,holl&4 ,dirk ,v4 di$ 9 #ajia & 0 succe$$ by 8 son ,floris ,,ii4 ! ,fat4 ,?is c\nt _h a peaceful & prosp]\s reign ( ?irty-"o ye>s4 ,aft] 8 dea? 7#aabb7 8 wid[1 ,petronilla ( ,saxony1 gov]n$ 9 ! "n ( ,dirk ,,vi41 :o 0 a m9or4 ,! accession ( h] half-bro!r1 ,lo?aire ( ,saxony1 to ! imp]ial ?rone on ! dea? ( ,h5ry ,v4 greatly /r5g!n$ h] position4 ,! ,ea/ ,frisian di/ricts1 ,oo/]goo & ,we/]goo1 7 by ,lo?aire transf]r$ f ! rule ( ! bi%ops ( ,utre*t to t ( ! c\nts ( ,holl& 7#aabe74 ,^! ,frisians prov$ v tr\blesome subjects to ,dirk ,,vi4 ,9 #aacb !y rose 9 insurrection "u ! lead]%ip ( ,dirk's own bro!r1 ,floris ! ,black4 ,! emp]or ,conrad ,,iii4 7#aach71 :o 0 ( ! rival h\se ( ,hoh5/auf51 gave back ^! ,frisian di/ricts to ! bi%op2 x 0 9 tru? some:at ( an empty gift4 ,! ,frisian peasants & fi%] folk lov$ _! indep5d5ce1 & 7 equally refractory to ! rule ( any di/ant ov]lord1 :e!r c\nt or bi%op4 ,dirk ,,vi4 0 succe$$ 9 #aaeg by ,floris ,,iii4 ,floris ,,iii4 ,dirk ,,vii4 ,william ,i4 ,floris ,,iv4 ,floris ,,iii4 rev]s$ ! traditional policy ( 8 h\se by ally+ himself ) ! ,hoh5/auf5s4 ,he became a devot$ adh]5t & fri5d ( ,fr$]ick ,b>b>ossa4 ,he _h tr\bles ) ,we/ ,friesl& & ,gron+51 & a w> ) ! c\nt ( ,fl&]s conc]n+ _! respective rights 9 ,we/ ,zeel&1 9 :i* he 0 beat54 ,9 #aagj a great flood caus$ imm5se deva/ation 9 ! nor? & help$ to =m ! ,zuid] ,zee4 ,9 #aahi ,floris accompani$ ,fr$]ick ,b>b>ossa ^u ! ?ird ,crusade1 ( :i* he 0 a di/+ui%$ lead]4 ,he di$ 9 #aaij at ,antio* ( pe/il5ce4 ,8 son1 ,dirk ,,vii41 _h a /ormy1 b on ! :ole successful reign4 ,conte/s ) ! ,flem+s 9 ,we/ ,zeel& & ) ! ,we/ ,frisians1 /irr$ up to revolt by 8 bro!r ,william1 end$ 9 8 fav\r4 ,! bro!rs 7 reconcil$ & ,william 0 made c\nt ( ,ea/ ,friesl&4 ,9 #abjb1 h[ev]1 ,dirk 0 defeat$ & tak5 prison] by ! duke ( ,brabant1 & _h to pur*ase peace on humiliat+ t]ms4 ,he only surviv$ 8 defeat a %ort "t & di$ e>ly 9 #abjd1 leav+ z 8 only issue a daught]1 ,ada1 #ag ye>s ( age4 ,! "q ( female succession ?us rais$ 0 n likely to be accept$ )\t a *all5ge by ,william4 ,x _h be5 ! int5tion ( ,dirk ,,vii4 to secure ! recognition ( 8 daught]'s rights by appo9t+ 8 bro!r h] gu>dian4 ,8 wid[ ,alida1 h[ev]1 an ambiti\s woman ( /rong "*1 z soon z h] husb& 0 dead1 hurri$ on a m>riage betwe5 ,ada & ,c\nt ,l\is ( ,loon2 & attempt$ ) ! nobles ( ,holl&1 :o n[ = ! fir/ "t make _! appe>ance z a p[] 9 ! c\ntry1 to oppose ! claim :i* ,william _h made to ! c\nt%ip z heir 9 ! male l9e4 ,a /ruggle ensu$4 ,william 0 support$ by ! ,zeel&]s & ,ada 0 =c$ to fly to ,engl&4 ,william1 by a treaty conclud$ ) ,l\is ( ,loon 9 #abjf1 became undisput$ c\nt4 ,he took an active "p 9 ! ev5ts ( 8 "t4 ,he f\ght by ! side ( ! emp]or ,otto ,,iv4 9 ! great battle ( ,b\v9es 9 #abad 7see ,,philip ,,augu/us71 & 0 tak5 prison]4 ,two ye>s lat] he accompani$ ,l\is1 ! elde/ son ( ,philip ,augu/us1 9 8 exp$ition aga9/ ,k+ ,john ( ,engl&4 ,william is p]haps be/ kn[n 9 hi/ory by 8 tak+ "p 9 ! f\r? ,crusade4 ,he di/+ui%$ himself greatly at ! capture ( ,damietta 7#abai74 ,he did n long survive 8 return home1 dy+ 9 #abbb4 ,! e>lie/ *>t]s convey+ civic privileges 9 ! c\nty ( ,holl& date f 8 reign--^? ( ,ge]truid5b]g 7#abac7 & ( ,dordre*t 7#abbj74 ,8 son ,floris ,,iv41 be+ a m9or1 succe$$ him "u ! gu>dian%ip ( 8 mat]nal uncle1 ,g]>d ,,iii4 ( ,geld]l&4 ,he ma9ta9$ 9 lat] life close relations ( fri5d%ip ) ,g]>d1 & support$ him 9 8 qu>rel ) ! bi%op ( ,utre*t 7#abbd-abbf74 ,floris 0 murd]$ 9 #abce at a t\rnam5t at ,corbie 9 ,pic>dy by ! c\nt ( ,cl]mont4 ,ano!r long m9ority foll[$ 8 dea?1 dur+ :i* 8 bro!r ,otto1 bi%op ( ,utre*t1 act$ z gu>dian to 8 nephew ,william ,,ii4 ,william ,,ii4 ,elect$ ,k+ ( ! ,romans4 ,floris ,v4 ,alliance ) ,edw>d ,i4 ( ,engl&4 ,fir/ ,*>t] to ,am/]dam4 ,murd] ( ,floris ,v4 ,william ,,ii4 became a man ( m>k4 ,pope ,innoc5t ,,iv41 hav+ depos$ ! emp]or ,fr$]ick ,,ii41 aft] sev]al pr9ces _h refus$ to all[ !mselves to be nom9at$ 9 ! place ( ! ,hoh5/auf51 caus$ ! "y c\nt ( ,holl& to be elect$ k+ ( ! ,romans 7#abdg7 by an assembly compos$ *iefly ( ,g]man ecclesia/ics4 ,william took ,aa*5 9 #abdh & 0 !re cr[n$ k+2 & aft] ,fr$]ick's dea? 9 #abej1 he _h a consid]able p>ty 9 ,g]many4 ,he br\ght a w> ) ,m>g>et ( ,fl&]s 7,black ,m>g>et7 to a successful conclusion 7#abec74 ,he 0 on ! po9t ( proce$+ to ,rome to be cr[n$ emp]or1 :5 9 an exp$ition aga9/ ! ,we/ ,frisians he p]i%$1 go+ d[n1 horse & arm\r1 ?r\gh ! ice 7#abef74 ,l s _m ( 8 pr$ecessors he left 8 inh]itance to a *ild4 ,floris ,v4 0 b two ye>s old on 8 fa!r's dea?2 & he 0 de/9$ dur+ a reign ( =ty ye>s to leave a deep] impress ^u ! hi/ory ( ,holl& ?an any o!r ( its c\nts4 ,floris 0 a man ( *ivalr\s "* & high capacity1 & ?r\gh\t 8 reign he prov$ himself an able & b5efic5t rul]4 ,alike 9 8 tr\bles ) 8 turbul5t subjects & 9 ! p]5nial disputes ) 8 neighb\rs he pursu$ a /rong1 f>-sight$ & successful policy4 ,b 8 active int]e/ 9 affairs 0 n limit$ to ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,he alli$ himself closely ) ,edw>d ,i4 ( ,engl& 9 8 /rife ) ,france1 & secur$ f ! ,engli% k+ great trad+ advantages = 8 p2 ! /aple ( wool 0 plac$ at ,dort 7,dordre*t7 & ! ,holl&]s & ,zeel&]s got fi%+ rights on ! ,engli% coa/4 ,s intimate did _! relations become t ,floris s5t 8 son ,john to be educat$ at ! c\rt ( ,edw>d ) a view to 8 m>riage ) an ,engli% pr9cess4 ,to balance ! p[] ( ! nobles he grant$ *>t]s to _m ( ! t[ns4 ,floris made himself ma/] ( ,am/ell& & ,gooil&2 & ,am/]dam1 de/9$ to become ! *ief comm]cial t[n ( ,holl&1 c\nts him ! f\nd] ( its greatness4 ,its e>lie/ extant *>t] dates f #abge4 ,9 #abif ,floris =sook ! alliance ( ,edw>d ,i4 = t ( ,philip ,,iv4 ( ,france1 probably because ,edw>d _h giv5 support to ,guy1 c\nt ( ,fl&]s1 9 8 dyna/ic dispute ) ,john ( ,avesnes1 c\nt ( ,ha9aut1 ,floris's nephew 7see ,,fl&]s74 ,! real motives ( 8 policy w1 h[ev]1 nev] be kn[n1 = %ortly aft]w>ds a conspiracy ( disaffect$ nobles1 head$ by ,gijsbre*t van ,am/el1 ,g]>d van ,velz5 & ,wolf]t van ,borsel51 0 =m$ aga9/ him4 ,he 0 by !m basely murd]$ 9 ! ca/le ( ,muid5 7,june #bg1 #abif74 ,! tragic ev5t has be5 immortaliz$ 9 dramas f ! p5s ( ,holl&'s mo/ fam\s writ]s 7see ,,vondel1 ,,ho(t74 ,! burgh]s & p1 :o knew him to be _! be/ fri5d1 took su* v5geance on 8 slay]s z p]man5tly to r$uce ! p[] ( ! nobles4 ,john ,i4 ,ext9ction ( ! fir/ l9e ( ,c\nts4 ,_! high "*4 ,john ,i41 8 son1 0 9 ,engl& :5 8 fa!r 0 murd]$2 he 0 b #ae ye>s ( age1 feeble 9 body & m9d4 ,he 0 m>ri$ to ,eleanor1 daught] ( ,edw>d ,i4 ,8 reign 0 a /ruggle betwe5 ,john ( ,avesnes1 ! "y c\nt's gu>dian & next heir1 & ,wolf]t van ,borsel51 :o _h a /rong foll[+ 9 ,zeel&4 ,9 #abii van ,borsel5 0 kill$1 & a few mon?s lat] ,john ,i4 di$4 ,john ( ,avesnes 0 at once recogniz$ z 8 successor by ! ,holl&]s4 ,?us ) ,john ,i4 end$ ! fir/ l9e ( c\nts1 aft] a rule ( ne>ly #djj ye>s4 ,europe has p]haps nev] se5 an abl] s]ies ( pr9ces ?an ^! f\rte5 l9eal desc5dants ( ,dirk ,i4 ,except+ ! la/ !re is n a weak man among !m4 ,physically h&some & /rong1 model knights ( ! days ( *ivalry1 h>d fight]s1 wise /atesm51 !y 7 born lead]s ( m52 always ready to advance ! comm]ce ( ! c\ntry1 !y 7 ! support]s ( ! gr[+ t[ns1 & likewise ! pione]s 9 ! task ( conv]t+ a l& ( m>%es & swamps into a f]tile agricultural t]ritory ri* 9 flocks & h]ds4 ,z individuals !y _h _! fail+s1 b "o & all 7 wor?y memb]s ( a high-s\l$ race4 ,john ,,ii4 ( ! ,h\se ( ,avesnes4 ,william ,,iii4 ,william ,,iv4 ,! ,empress ,m>g>et4 ,william ,v4 ( ! ,h\se ( ,bav>ia4 ,alb]t ( ,bav>ia4 ,william ,,vi4 ,jacquel9e ( ,bav>ia4 ,accession ( ! ,burgundian ,dyna/y4 ,philip ! ,good4 ,fl\ri%+ /ate ( ,holl&4 ,*>les ! ,bold4 ,m>y ( ,burgundy4 ,john ( ,avesnes1 :o took ! title ( ,john ,,ii41 0 ! son ( ,john ( ,avesnes1 c\nt ( ,ha9aut1 & ,alida1 si/] ( ,william ,,ii4 ( ,holl&4 ,on 8 succession to ! c\nt%ip ! ,holl&]s 7 will+ to receive him1 b ! ,zeel&]s 7 ho/ile2 & a long /ruggle ensu$ be=e 8 au?ority 0 g5]ally recogniz$4 ,9 #acja ,bi%op ,william ( ,utre*t invad$ ,am/ell&1 b 0 kill$ 9 battle4 ,john made use ( 8 victory to secure ! election ( 8 bro!r ,guy z bi%op 9 8 place4 ,a w> ) ! ,flem+s foll[$1 9 :i* ! ,flem+s 7 at fir/ victori\s1 b aft] a /ruggle ( _m vicissitudes !y 7 at l5g? driv5 out ( ,holl& & ,zeel& ,9 #acjd4 ,john ,,ii4 di$ 9 t ye> & 0 succe$$ by 8 son ,william ,,iii41 surnam$ ! ,good 7#acjd-accg74 ,9 8 reign ! long-/&+ qu>rel ) ,fl&]s1 :i* _h dur+ a c5tury & a half caus$ s _m w>s1 0 f9ally settl$ by ! treaty ( #acbc1 by :i* ! full possession ( ,we/ ,zeel& 0 grant$ to ,william1 :o on 8 "p r5\nc$ all claim 9 ,imp]ial ,fl&]s4 ,! ,am/ell& ) its capital1 ,am/]dam1 :i* _h hi!rto be5 held z a fief ( ,utre*t1 0 by ,william1 on ! dea? ( 8 uncle ,bi%op ,guy1 f9ally annex$ to ,holl&4 ,?is c\nt did mu* to enc\rage civic life & to develop ! res\rces ( ! c\ntry4 ,he _h close relations ?r\gh m>riage ) ! ?ree pr9cipal ,european dyna/ies ( 8 "t4 ,8 wife 0 ,jeanne ( ,valois1 niece ( ! ,fr5* k+2 9 #acbc ! emp]or ,l\is ! ,bav>ian w$d$ 8 daught] ,m>g>et2 & 9 #acbh 8 ?ird daught]1 ,philippa ( ,ha9aut1 0 m>ri$ to ,edw>d ,,iii4 ( ,engl&4 ,by _! alliance ,william ,,iii4 occupi$ a position ( mu* dignity & influ5ce1 :i* he us$ to fur!r ! int]e/s & increase ! welf>e ( 8 h]$it>y l&s4 ,he 0 9 all respects a great pr9ce & a wise & prud5t /atesman4 ,he 0 succe$$ by 8 son1 ,william ,,iv41 :o 0 ! ally ( 8 bro!r-9-law1 ,edw>d ,,iii41 9 8 ,fr5* w>s4 ,he 0 fond ( adv5ture1 & 9 #acdc made a j\rney to ! ,holy ,l& 9 disguise1 & on 8 way took "p 9 an exp$ition ( ! knights ( ! ,teutonic ,ord] aga9/ ! infidel ,w5ds & ,li?uanians4 ,he 0 kill$ 9 battle aga9/ ! ,frisians 9 #acde4 ,he left no *ildr51 & ! "q z to ! succession n[ br\ght on ,holl& a p]iod ( viol5t civil commotions4 ,8 inh]itance 0 claim$ by 8 elde/ si/]1 ! empress ,m>g>et1 z well z by ,philippa ( ,ha9aut1 or 9 o!r words1 by ,edw>d ,,iii4 ( ,engl&4 ,m>g>et came 9 p]son & 0 duly recogniz$ z c\ntess 9 ,holl&1 ,zeel& & ,ha9aut2 b return$ to h] husb& aft] appo9t+ h] second son 7! elde/1 ,l\is1 r5\nc$ 8 rights7 ,duke ,william ( ,bav>ia1 z /adhold] 9 h] place4 ,william 0 b sixte51 & disord] & confusion soon reign$ 9 ! l&4 ,! sudd5 dea? ( ! emp]or 9 #acdg add$ to ! difficulties ( 8 position4 ,9 #acdi ,m>g>et 0 induc$ to resign h] sov]eignty1 & ! /adhold] became c\nt "u ! title ( ,william ,v4 ,?is 0 ! "t ( ! =mation ( ! fam\s p>ties 9 ,holl&1 kn[n z ,kabbeljauws 7,cods7 & ,hoeks 7,hooks72 ! =m]1 ! burgh] p>ty1 7 ! support]s ( ,william 7possibly ! "n 0 d]iv$ f ! light blue1 scaly look+ ,bav>ian coat ( arms71 ! latt] ! p>ty ( ! disaffect$ nobles1 :o want$ to cat* & dev\r ! fat burgh] fi%4 ,9 #acej su* 0 ! disord] 9 ! l& t ,m>g>et1 at ! reque/ ( ! nobles1 came to ,holl& to take into h] own h&s ! re9s ( gov]nm5t4 ,! /ruggle betwe5 ! nobles & ! cities broke out into civil w>4 ,edw>d ,,iii4 came to ,m>g>et's aid1 w9n+ a sea-fight (f ,ve]e 9 #acea2 a few weeks lat] ! ,hooks & _! ,engli% allies 7 defeat$ by ,william & ! ,cods at ,vla>d+5--an ov]?r[ :i* ru9$ ,m>g>et's cause4 ,edw>d ,,iii4 %ortly aft]w>ds *ang$ sides1 & ! empress saw h]self compell$ 7#aced7 to come to an und]/&+ ) h] son1 he be+ recogniz$ z c\nt ( ,holl& & ,zeel&1 %e ( ,ha9aut4 ,m>g>et di$ two ye>s lat]1 leav+ ,william1 :o _h m>ri$ ,matilda ( ,lanca/]1 9 possession ( ! entire ,holl&-,ha9aut inh]itance 7,july #acef74 ,8 t5ure ( p[] 01 h[ev]1 v brief4 ,be=e ! close ( #aceg he %[$ su* m>k$ signs ( insanity t 8 wife1 ) 8 own cons5t & ! support ( bo? p>ties1 invit$ ,duke ,alb]t ( ,bav>ia1 y\ng] bro!r ( ,william ,v41 to be reg5t1 ) ! title ( ,ruw>d 7#aceh74 ,william liv$ 9 conf9em5t = #ca ye>s4 ,alb]t di$ 9 #adjd1 hav+ rul$ ! l& well & wisely = #df ye>s1 fir/ z ,ruw>d1 !n z c\nt4 ,despite outbreaks f "t to "t ( ! ,hook & ,cod tr\bles1 he 0 able to make 8 au?ority respect$1 & to help =w>d 9 _m ways ! social progress ( ! c\ntry4 ,! influ5ce ( ! t[ns 0 /eadily on ! increase1 & _! gov]nm5t began to fall into ! h&s ( ! burgh] patrician class1 :o =m$ ! ,cod p>ty4 ,oppos$ to !m 7 ! nobility & ! l[] classes1 =m+ ! ,hook p>ty4 ,9 ,alb]t's latt] ye>s a fre% outbreak ( civil w> 7#acib-acie7 0 caus$ by ! c\nt's esp\s+ ! side ( ! ,cods1 :ile ! ,hooks _h ! support ( 8 elde/ son1 ,william4 ,alb]t 0 aft]w>ds reconcil$ to 8 son1 :o succe$$ him z ,william ,,vi4 9 #adjd4 ,on 8 accession to p[] ,william upheld ! ,hooks1 & secur$ _! asc5dancy4 ,8 reign 0 mu* tr\bl$ ) civil discords1 b he 0 a brave soldi]1 & 0 g5]ally successful 9 8 ent]prises4 ,he di$ 9 #adag1 leav+ an only *ild1 a daught]1 ,jacquel9e 7or ,jacoba71 :o _h 9 h] e>ly y\? be5 m>ri$ to ,john1 heir to ! ?rone ( ,france4 ,at a ga!r+ held at ! ,hague 7,augu/ #ae1 #adaf7 ! nobles & repres5tatives ( ! cities ( ,holl& & ,zeel& _h promis$ at ,william's reque/ to support 8 daught]'s claims to ! succession4 ,b ,john ( ,france di$ 7,april #adag71 & ,william ,,vi4 ab\t a mon? lat]1 leav+ ! wid[$ ,jacquel9e at #ag ye>s ( age face to face ) a difficult situation4 ,%e 0 at fir/ welcom$ 9 ,holl& & ,zeel&1 b f\nd h] claims oppos$ by h] uncle1 ,john ( ,bav>ia1 support$ by ! ,cod p>ty4 ,e "o f :om %e might h expect$ help betray$ h] 9 turn1 h] second husb& ,john ,,iv4 ( ,brabant1 h] ?ird husb& ,humphrey ( ,gl\ce/]1 h] c\s9 ,philip ! ,good ( ,burgundy1 all behav$ %amefully to h]4 ,h] romantic & sad life has r5d]$ ! c\rage\s & accompli%$ ,jacquel9e ! mo/ picturesque figure 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( ,holl&4 ,%e /ruggl$ long aga9/ h] p[]ful k9sfolk1 nor did %e "k happ9ess till ne> ! end ( h] life1 :5 %e ab&on$ ! unequal /rife1 & f\nd repose ) ,francis ( ,borsel51 ,ruw>d ( ,holl&1 h] f\r? husb&4 ,him ,philip ! ,good1 duke ( ,burgundy1 craftily seiz$2 & !reby 9 #adcc ! ,du*ess ,jacquel9e 0 compell$ to c$e h] rights ov] ! c\nties ( ,holl& & ,ha9aut4 ,consequ5tly at h] dea? 9 #adcf1 z %e left no *ildr51 ,philip succe$$ to ! full & undisput$ possession ( h] l&s4 ,he _h already acquir$ by inh]itance1 pur*ase or =ce almo/ all ! o!r ,ne!rl& /ates2 & n[1 ) ! ext9ction ( ! ,bav>ian l9e ( c\nts1 ,holl& ceas$ to h an indep5d5t exi/5ce & became an outly+ prov9ce ( ! gr[+ ,burgundian p[] 7see ,,burgundy74 ,dur+ ! ye>s t foll[$ ! accession to ! sov]eignty ( ,duke ,philip1 ,holl& plays b an insignificant "p4 ,x 0 gov]n$ by a /adhold]1 & b small respect 0 %[n = its *>t]$ rights & privileges4 ,! qu>rels betwe5 ! ,hook & ,cod factions /ill cont9u$1 b ! outbreaks ( civil /rife 7 quickly repress$ by ! /rong h& ( ,philip4 ,holl& dur+ ?is "t cont5t$ h]self ) gr[+ mat]ial prosp]ity4 ,h] h]r+ fi%]y1 r5d]$ m valuable by ! cur+ process discov]$ or introduc$ by ,b5kelszoon1 br\ght h] increas+ weal?1 & h] fi%]m5 7 already lay+ ! f\ndations ( h] future m>itime greatness4 ,x 0 9 ! days ( ,duke ,philip t ,lor5z ,ko/] ( ,ha>lem contribut$ 8 %>e to ! discov]y ( pr9t+4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ,*>les ! ,bold 7#adfg-adgg7 ! ,holl&]s1 l ! o!r subjects ( t w>like pr9ce1 suff]$ mu* f ! burd5 ( taxation ,an outbreak at ,hoorn 0 by ,*>les /]nly repress$4 ,! ,holl&]s 7 mu* aggriev$ by ! e/abli%m5t ( a high c\rt ( ju/ice = ! entire ,ne!rl&s at ,me*l94 7#adgd74 ,?is 0 reg>d$ z a s]i\s brea* ( _! privileges4 ,! succession ( ,m>y ( ,burgundy l$ to ! grant+ to ,holl& z to ! o!r prov9ces ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 ( ! ,great ,privilege ( ,m>* #adgg1 :i* re/or$ ! mo/ important ( _! anci5t rights & lib]ties 7see ,,ne!rl&s74 ,a high c\rt ( ju/ice 0 e/abli%$ = ,holl&1 ,zeel& & ,friesl&1 & ! use ( ! native language 0 made (ficial4 ,! ,hook & ,cod tr\bles aga9 di/urb$ ! c\ntry4 ,hook upris+s took place at ,leid5 & ,dordre*t & _h to be repress$ by arm$ =ce4 ,maximilian ( ,au/ria4 ,philip ,,ii4 ! ,fair4 ,! ,emp]or ,*>les ,v4 7,*>les ,,iii474 ,philip ,,iii4 ,william ( ,orange ,/adhold]4 ,! revolt ( ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,union ( ,utre*t4 ,abjuration ( ,philip's ,sov]eignty4 ,by ! sudd5 dea? ( ! ,du*ess ,m>y 9 #adhb h] possessions1 includ+ ! c\nty ( ,holl&1 pass$ to h] infant son ,philip1 "u ! gu>dian%ip ( 8 fa!r ! ,ar*duke ,maximilian ( ,au/ria4 ,?us ! ,burgundian dyna/y 0 succe$$ by t ( ! ,habsburgs4 ,dur+ ! reg5cy ( ,maximilian ! turbul5ce ( ! ,hooks caus$ mu* /rife & unre/ 9 ,holl&4 ,_! lead]s4 ,francis ( ,br$]ode & ,john ( ,naaldwijk1 seiz$ ,rott]dam & o!r places4 ,_! ov]?r[ f9ally end$ ! /rife betwe5 ,hooks & ,cods4 ,! ,bread & ,*eese ,w>1 an upris+ ( ! peasants 9 ,nor? ,holl& caus$ by fam9e1 is a pro( ( ! mis]y caus$ by civil discords & oppressive taxation4 ,9 #adid1 ,maximilian hav+ be5 elect$ emp]or1 ,philip 0 decl>$ ( age4 ,8 assumption ( ! gov]nm5t 0 greet$ ) joy 9 ,holl&1 & 9 8 reign ! prov9ce enjoy$ re/ & its fi%]ies b5efit$ f ! comm]cial treaty conclud$ ) ,engl&4 ,! /ory ( ,holl& dur+ ! long reign ( 8 son & successor ,*>les ,,iii4 7#aejf-aeee71 bett] kn[n z ! emp]or ,*>les ,v41 belongs to ! g5]al hi/ory ( ! ,ne!rl&s 7see ,,ne!rl&s74 ,on ! abdication ( ,*>les1 8 son ,philip ,,ii4 ( ,spa9 became ,philip ,,iii41 c\nt ( ,holl&1 ! rul] ^: arbitr>y rule 9 *ur* & /ate br\ght ab\t ! revolt ( ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,8 appo9tm5t ( ,william1 pr9ce ( ,orange1 z /adhold] ( ,holl& & ,zeel& 0 de/9$ to h mom5t\s results to ! future ( ^? prov9ces 7see ,,william ,,! ,,sil5t74 ,! capture ( ,brill & ( ,flu%+ 9 #aegb by ! ,sea-,begg>s l$ to ! submission ( ! great] "p ( ,holl& & ,zeel& to ! au?ority ( ! pr9ce ( ,orange1 :o1 z /adhold]1 summon$ ! /ates ( ,holl& to meet at ,dordre*t4 ,?is act 0 ! beg9n+ ( ,dut* indep5d5ce4 ,f ?is "t =w>d ,william made ,holl& 8 home4 ,x became ! bulw>k ( ! ,prote/ant fai? 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 ! focus ( ! resi/ance to ,spani% tyranny4 ,! sieges ( ,ha>lem1 ,alkma> & ,leid5 sav$ ,holl& f be+ ov]:elm$ by ! armies ( ,alva & ,reques5s & /emm$ ! tide ( ,spani% victory4 ,! act ( f$]ation betwe5 ,holl& & ,zeel& br\ght ab\t by ! influ5ce ( ,william 0 ! g]m ( ! l>g] union ( ,utre*t betwe5 ! sev5 nor!rn prov9ces 9 #aegi4 ,b )9 ! l>g] union ! inn] & clos] union betwe5 ,holl& & ,zeel& cont9u$ to subsi/4 ,9 #aehj1 :5 ! sov]eignty ( ! ,ne!rl&s 0 (f]$ to ! duke ( ,anj\1 ! two m>itime prov9ces refus$ to acquiesce1 & =c$ ,william to accept ! title ( c\nt ( ,holl& & ,zeel&4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> ,william 9 ! "n ( ! two prov9ces solemnly abjur$ ! sov]eignty ( ! ,spani% k+ 7,july #bd74 ,aft] ! assass9ation ( ,william 7#aehd7 ! title ( c\nt ( ,holl& 0 nev] reviv$4 ,gov]nm5t ( ,holl&4 ,johan van ,old5b>neveldt4 ,conte/ betwe5 ! ,pr9ciples ( ,national & ,prov9cial ,sov]eignty4 ,9 ! long /ruggle ( ! unit$ prov9ces ) ,spa91 :i* foll[$ ! dea? ( ,orange1 ! brunt ( ! conflict fell ^u ,holl&4 ,m ?an half ! burd5 ( ! *>ges ( ! w> fell ^u ?is "o prov9ce2 & ) ,zeel& x furni%$ ! fleets :i* =m$ ! *ief def5ce ( ! c\ntry4 ,h5ce ! importance atta*$ to ! vote ( ,holl& 9 ! assembly ( ! ,/ates-,g5]al4 ,t vote 0 giv5 by deputies at ! head ( :om 0 ! advocate 79 lat] times call$ ! gr& p5sion>y7 ( ,holl&1 & :o 7 responsible to1 & ! spokesm5 (1 ! prov9cial /ates4 ,^! /ates1 :i* met at ! ,hague 9 ! same build+ z ! ,/ates-,g5]al1 consi/$ ( repres5tatives ( ! burgh] olig>*ies 7reg5ts7 ( ! pr9cipal t[ns1 toge!r ) repres5tatives ( ! nobles1 :o possess$ "o vote only4 ,! advocate 0 ! paid m9i/] ( ! /ates4 ,he presid$ ov] _! meet+s1 kept _! m9utes & conduct$ all correspond5ce1 &1 z /at$ above1 0 _! spokesman 9 ! ,/ates-,g5]al4 ,! advocate 7or gr& p5sion>y7 ( ,holl& !re=e1 if an able man1 _h opportunities = ex]cis+ a v consid]able influ5ce1 becom+ 9 fact a k9d ( m9i/] ( all affairs4 ,x 0 ?is influ5ce z ex]t$ by ! successive advocates ( ,holl&1 ,paul ,buys & ,johan van ,old5b>neveldt1 :i* r5d]$ abortive ! well-meant ef=ts ( ! e>l ( ,leice/] to c5tralize ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces4 ,aft] 8 dep>ture 7#aehg7 ! advocate ( ,holl&1 ,old5b>neveldt1 became ! indisp5sable /atesman ( ! /ruggl+ republic4 ,! multiplicity ( 8 functions gave to ! advocate an almo/ unlimit$ au?ority 9 ! details ( adm9i/ration1 & = ?irty ye>s ! conduct ( affairs rema9$ 9 8 h&s 7see ,,old5b>neveldt74 ,?is meant ! undisput$ hegemony ( ,holl& 9 ! f$]ation1 9 o!r words ( ! burgh] olig>*ies :o controll$ ! t[n corporations ( ! prov9ce1 & especially ( ,am/]dam4 ,?is au?ority ( ,holl& 01 h[ev]1 m ?an c\nt]balanc$ by ! ext5sive p[]s ) :i* ! /adhold] pr9ces ( ,orange 7 inve/$2 & ! *ief crises 9 ! int]nal hi/ory ( ! ,dut* republic are to be f\nd 9 ! /ruggles = supremacy betwe5 two1 9 reality1 diff]5t pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t4 ,on ! "o side ! pr9ciple ( prov9cial sov]eignty :i* gave to ! voice ( ,holl& a prepond]at+ weight t 0 decisive2 on ! o!r side ! pr9ciple ( national sov]eignty p]sonifi$ 9 ! pr9ces ( ,orange1 to :om ! ,/ates-,g5]al & ! prov9cial /ates delegat$ executive p[]s t 7 little less ?an mon>*ical4 ,maurice ,pr9ce ( ,orange & ,john ( ,old5b>neveldt4 ,fr$]ick ,h5ry ,pr9ce ( ,orange4 ,william ,,ii4 ,pr9ce ( ,orange4 ,john de ,witt4 ,william ,,iii4 ,pr9ce ( ,orange4 ,william ,,iv4 ,pr9ce ( ,orange4 ,! conclusion ( ! twelve ye>s' truce 9 #afji 0 a triumph = ,old5b>neveldt & ! prov9ce ( ,holl& ov] ! opposition ( ,maurice1 pr9ce ( ,orange4 ,9 #afag ! outbreak ( ! religi\s dispute betwe5 ! ,remon/rant & ,contra-remon/rant p>ties br\ght on a life & dea? /ruggle betwe5 ! sov]eign prov9ce ( ,holl& & ! ,/ates-,g5]al ( ! union4 ,! sword ( ,maurice decid$ ! issue 9 fav\r ( ! ,/ates-,g5]al4 ,! claims ( ,holl& 7 ov]?r[n & ! head ( ,old5b>neveldt fell ^u ! scaffold 7#afai74 ,! /adhold]1 ,fr$]ick ,h5ry ( ,orange1 rul$ ) well-nigh mon>*ical au?ority 7#afbe-afdg71 b ev5 he at ! height ( 8 p[] & popul>ity _h always to reckon ) ! opposition ( ! /ates ( ,holl& & ( ,am/]dam1 & _m ( 8 plans ( campaign 7 ?w>t$ by ! refusal ( ! ,holl&]s to furni% supplies4 ,8 son ,william ,,ii4 0 b #ba ye>s ( age on succe$+ to ! /adhold]%ip1 & ! /ates ( ,holl& 7 suffici5tly p[]ful to c>ry ?r\gh ! negotiations = ! peace ( ,mun/] 7#afdh7 9 spite ( 8 opposition4 ,a life & dea? conflict aga9 ensu$1 & once m 9 #afej ! pr9ce ( ,orange by arm$ =ce cru%$ ! opposition ( ! ,holl&]s4 ,! sudd5 dea? ( ,william 9 ! h\r ( 8 triumph caus$ a complete revolution 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! republic4 ,he left no heir b a po/hum\s infant1 & ! p>ty ( ! burgh] reg5ts ( ,holl& 0 once m 9 ! asc5dant4 ,! (fice ( /adhold] 0 aboli%$1 & ,john de ,witt1 ! gr& p5sion>y 7,raad-,p5sion>is7 ( ,holl&1 = two decades held 9 8 h&s all ! ?reads ( adm9i/ration1 & occupi$ ! same position ( undisput$ au?ority 9 ! c\ncils ( ! l& z ,old5b>neveldt _h done at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury4 ,am/]dam dur+ ?is p]iod 0 ! c5tre & head ( ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces4 ,! pr9ciple ( prov9cial sov]eignty 0 c>ri$ to its extreme po9t 9 ! sep>ate treaty conclud$ ) ,cromwell 9 #afed1 9 :i* ! prov9ce ( ,holl& agre$ to exclude = ev] ! pr9ce ( ,orange f ! (fice ( /adhold] ( ,holl& or capta9-g5]al ( ! union4 ,9 #afgb ano!r revolution took place4 ,john de ,witt 0 murd]$1 & ,william ,,iii4 0 call$ to fill ! (fice ( dignity & au?ority :i* _h be5 held by 8 ance/ors ( ! h\se ( ,orange1 & ! /adhold]%ip 0 decl>$ to be h]$it>y 9 8 family4 ,b ,william di$ )\t issue 7see ,,william ,,iii47 & a /adhold]less p]iod1 dur+ :i* ! prov9ce ( ,holl& 0 supreme 9 ! union1 foll[$ till #agcg4 ,?is *ange 0 effect$ smoo?ly1 = ?\gh ,william _h _m diff]5ces ) ,am/]dam1 he _h 9 ,an?ony ,he9sius 7van d] ,heim71 :o 0 gr& p5sion>y ( ,holl& f #afij to 8 dea? 9 #agbj1 a /atesman :om he ?or\ghly tru/$1 :o work$ ) him 9 ! fur!rance ( 8 policy dur+ life & :o cont9u$ to c>ry out t policy aft] 8 dea?4 ,9 #agcg !re 0 once m a rev]sion to ! /adhold]%ip 9 ! p]son ( ,william ,,iv41 ^: p[]s 7 /r5g!n$ & decl>$ h]$it>y bo? 9 ! male & female l9e 9 #agdg4 ,b until ! f9al de/ruction ( ! f$]al republic by ! ,fr5* armies1 ! p]5nial /ruggle w5t on betwe5 ! ,holl& or f$]al p>ty 7,/aatsges9d57 c5tr$ at ,am/]dam--out ( :i* grew ! patriot p>ty "u ,william ,v4--& ! ,orange or unioni/ p>ty 7,oranjeges9d571 :i* 0 /rong 9 ! small] prov9ces & _h mu* popul> support among ! l[] classes4 ,! ,fr5* conque/ swept away ! old condition ( ?+s nev] to reappe>2 b allegiance to ! ,orange dyna/y surviv$1 & 9 #ahac became ! rally+ po9t ( a unit$ ,dut* p4 ,at ! same "t ! lead+ "p play$ by ! prov9ce ( ,holl& 9 ! hi/ory ( ! republic has n be5 unrecogniz$1 = ! c\ntry rul$ ov] by ! sov]eigns ( ! h\se ( ,orange is always popul>ly1 & (t5 (ficially1 kn[n z ,holl&4 ,con/itution ( ! ,/ates ( ,holl&4 ,! ,gr& ,p5sion>y4 ,college ( ,deput$ ,c\ncillors4 ,! full title ( ! /ates ( ,holl& 9 ! #ag? & #ah? c5turies 03 de ,edele ,groot ,mog5de ,he]5 ,/aat5 van ,holl& en ,we/friesl&4 ,aft] #afjh ?is assembly consi/$ ( n9ete5 memb]s1 "o repres5t+ ! nobility 7ridd]s*ap71 & eighte51 ! t[ns4 ,! memb] = ! nobles _h prec$5ce & vot$ fir/4 ,! int]e/s ( ! c\ntry di/ricts 7het platte l&7 7 ! peculi> *>ges ( ! memb] = ! nobles4 ,! nobles also reta9$ ! "r ( appo9t+ repres5tatives to sit 9 ! ,college ( ,deput$ ,c\ncillors1 9 c]ta9 colleges ( ! admiralty1 & ^u ! bo>d ( directors ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company1 & to v>i\s public (fices4 ,! foll[+ eighte5 t[ns s5t repres5tatives3 ,s\? ,qu>t]--7#a7 ,dordre*t1 7#b7 ,ha>lem1 7#c7 ,delft1 7#d7 ,leid51 7#e7 ,am/]dam1 7#f7 ,g\da1 7#g7 ,rott]dam1 7#h7 ,gor9*em1 7#i7 ,s*i$am1 7#aj7 ,s*oonhov51 7#aa7 ,brill2 ,nor? ,qu>t]3--7#ab7 ,alkma>1 7#ac7 ,hoorn1 7#ad7 ,enkhuiz51 7#ae7 ,edam1 7#af7 ,monnik5dam1 7#ag7 ,m$emblik1 7#ah7 ,purm]5d4 ,ea* t[n 7z did also ! nobles7 s5t z _m repres5tatives z !y pleas$1 b ! n9ete5 memb]s _h only "o vote ea*4 ,ea* t[n's deputation 0 head$ by its p5sion>y1 :o 0 ! spokesman on behalf ( ! repres5tatives4 ,c]ta9 que/ions su* z peace & w>1 vot+ ( subsidies1 imposition ( taxation1 *anges 9 ! mode ( gov]nm5t1 c41 requir$ unanimity ( votes4 ,! gr& p5sion>y 7,raad-,p5sion>is7 0 at once ! presid5t & *ief adm9i/rative (fic] ( ! /ates4 ,he presid$ ov] all meet+s1 conduct$ ! bus9ess1 kept ! m9utes1 & 0 *>g$ ) ! ma9t5ance ( ! rights ( ! /ates1 ) ! execution ( _! resolutions & ) ! entire correspond5ce4 ,nor 7 8 functions only prov9cial4 ,he 0 ! head & ! spokesman ( ! deputation ( ! /ates to ! ,/ates-,g5]al ( ! union2 & 9 ! /adhold]less p]iod ! influ5ce ( su* gr& p5sion>ies ( ,holl& z ,john de ,witt & ,an?ony ,he9sius enabl$ ! complicat$ & intricate ma*9]y ( gov]nm5t 9 a conf$]acy ( _m sov]eign & semi-sov]eign au?orities )\t any recogniz$ head ( ! /ate1 to "w ) comp>ative smoo?ness & a rem>kable unity ( policy4 ,?is 0 secur$ by ! indisputable pr$om9ance 9 ! union ( ! prov9ce ( ,holl&4 ,! policy ( ! /ates ( ,holl& sway$ ! policy ( ! g5]ality1 & hi/orical circum/ances decre$ t ! policy ( ! /ates ( ,holl& dur+ long & critical p]iods %\ld be controll$ by a succession ( rem>kable m5 fill+ ! (fice ( gr& p5sion>y4 ,! /ates ( ,holl& sat at ! ,hague 9 ! mon?s ( ,m>*1 ,july1 ,septemb] & ,novemb]4 ,dur+ ! p]iods ( prorogation ! cont9u\s ov]sight ( ! bus9ess & int]e/s ( ! prov9ce 01 h[ev]1 nev] neglect$4 ,?is duty 0 confid$ to a body call$ ! ,college ( ,deput$ ,c\ncillors 7het ,kollegie d] ,gekommitte]de ,rad571 :i* 0 itself divid$ into two sections1 "o = ! s\? qu>t]1 ano!r = ! nor? qu>t]4 ,! m important--t = ! s\? qu>t]--consi/$ ( t5 memb]s1 7#a7 ! s5ior memb] ( ! nobility1 :o sat = life1 7#b7 repres5tatives 7= p]iods ( ?ree ye>s7 ( ! eight t[ns3 ,dordre*t1 ,ha>lem1 ,delft1 ,leid51 ,am/]dam1 ,g\da1 ,rott]dam & ,gor9*em1 ) a t5? memb] 7usually elect$ bi5nially7 = ! t[ns ( ,s*i$am1 ,s*oonhov5 & ,brill conjo9tly4 ,! gr& p5sion>y presid$ ov] ! meet+s ( ! college1 :i* _h ! g5]al *>ge ( ! :ole prov9cial adm9i/ration1 especially ( f9ance1 ! c>ry+ out ( ! resolutions ( ! /ates1 ! ma9t5ance ( def5ces1 & ! uphold+ ( ! privileges & lib]ties ( ! l&4 ,) p>ticul> reg>d to ?is la/-nam$ duty ! college deput$ two ( its memb]s to att5d all meet+s ( ! /ates-g5]al1 to wat* ! proce$+s & report at once any proposals :i* !y held to be contr>y to ! int]e/s or to infr+e ^u ! rights ( ! prov9ce ( ,holl&4 ,! in/itution ( ! ,college ( ,deput$ ,c\ncillors might ?us be describ$ z a vigilance committee ( ! /ates 9 p]petual session4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! college1 ) its _m weighty & important functions1 mu/ nev] be lo/ sight ( by /ud5ts :o desire to h a cle> und]/&+ ( ! rem>kable "p play$ by ! prov9ce ( ,holl& 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,ne!rl&s4 7,g4 ,e47 ,,holl&1 a city ( ,ottawa c\nty1 ,mi*igan1 ,u4,s4,a41 on ,macatawa ,bay 7=m]ly call$ ,black ,lake71 ne> ,lake ,mi*igan1 & #be m4 ,w4,s4,w4 ( ,gr& ,rapids4 ,pop4 7#ahij7 #cide2 7#aijj7 #ggij1 ( :om a l>ge portion 7 ( ,dut* desc5t2 7#aijd7 #hiff2 7#aiaj7 #aj1dij4 ,x is s]v$ by ! ,p]e ,m>quette ,railroad1 by /eamboat l9es to ,*icago & o!r lake ports1 & by electric l9es connect+ ) ,gr& ,rapids1 ,saugatuck1 & ! neighb\r+ summ] resorts4 ,on ,macatawa ,bay are ,ottawa ,bea*1 ,macatawa ,p>k1 ,j5ison ,p>k1 ,c5tral ,p>k1 ,ca/le ,p>k & ,waukezoo4 ,9 ! city itself are ,hope ,college 7co-educational2 f\nd$ 9 #ahea & incorporat$ z a college 9 #ahff71 an in/itution ( ! 7,dut*7 ,re=m$ ,*ur* 9 ,am]ica2 & ! ,we/]n ,!ological ,sem9>y 7#ahfi2 susp5d$ #ahgg-ahhd7 ( ! same d5om9ation4 ,holl& is a gra9 & fruit %ipp+ c5tre1 & among its manufactures are furniture1 lea!r1 gri/ mill products1 iron1 be]1 pickles1 %oes1 beet sug>1 gelat9e1 biscuit 7,holl& rusk71 electric & /eam laun*es1 & pianos4 ,9 #aijh sev5 weekly1 "o daily1 & two mon?ly pap]s 7f\r d5om9ational7 7 publi%$ at ,holl&1 five ( !m 9 ,dut*4 ,! municipality owns its wat]-works & electric-light+ plant4 ,holl& 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahdg by ,dut* settl]s1 "u ! lead]%ip ( ! ,rev4 ,a4 ,c4 ,van ,raalte1 & 0 *>t]$ z a city 9 #ahfg4 ,9 #ahga mu* ( x 0 de/roy$ by a =e/ fire4 ,,holl&1 a clo? s call$ f ! c\ntry :]e x 0 fir/ made4 ,x 0 orig9ally a f9e pla9 l95 fabric ( a br[ni% col\r--unblea*$ flax4 ,sev]al v>ieties are n[ made3 holl&s1 pale holl&s & f9e holl&s4 ,!y are us$ = aprons1 bl9ds1 %irts1 bl\ses & dresses4 ,,holl>1 ,,w5zel or ,,w5ceslaus ,,vaclaf ,,hol> 7#afjg-afgg71 ,bohemian et*]1 0 born at ,prague on ! #ac? ( ,july #afjg1 & di$ 9 ,london1 be+ buri$ at ,/ ,m>g>et's *ur*1 ,we/m9/]1 on ! #bh? ( ,m>* #afgg4 ,8 family 0 ru9$ by ! capture ( ,prague 9 ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>1 & "y ,holl>1 :o _h be5 de/9$ = ! law1 det]m9$ to become an arti/4 ,! e>lie/ ( 8 works t h come d[n to u are dat$ #afbe & #afbf2 !y are small plates1 & "o ( !m is a copy ( a ,virg9 & ,*ild by ,dur]1 ^: influ5ce ^u ,holl>'s "w 0 always great4 ,9 #afbg he 0 at ,frank=t1 work+ "u ,mat!w ,m]ian1 an et*] & engrav]2 !nce he pass$ to ,/rassburg1 & !nce1 9 #afcc1 to ,cologne4 ,x 0 !re t he attract$ ! notice ( ! fam\s amateur ,?omas1 e>l ( ,arundel1 !n on an embassy to ! imp]ial c\rt2 & ) him ,holl> travell$ to ,vi5na & ,prague1 & f9ally came 9 #afcg to ,engl&1 de/9$ to be 8 home = _m ye>s4 ,?\gh he liv$ 9 ! h\sehold ( ,"l ,arundel1 he seems to h work$ n exclusively = him1 b to h begun t slav]y to ! publi%]s :i* 0 aft]w>ds ! normal condition ( 8 life4 ,9 8 fir/ ye> 9 ,engl& he made = ,/5t1 ! pr9tsell]1 ! magnific5t ,view ( ,gre5wi*1 ne>ly a y>d long1 & receiv$ ?irty %ill+s = ! plate1--p]haps a tw5tie? "p ( :at w\ld n[ be paid = a s+le good impression4 ,aft]w>ds we he> ( 8 fix+ ! price ( 8 "w at f\rp5ce an h\r1 & measur+ 8 "t by a s&glass4 ,! ,civil ,w> _h its effect on 8 =tunes1 b none on 8 indu/ry4 ,"l ,arundel left ,engl& 9 #afdb1 & ,holl> pass$ into ! s]vice ( ! duke ( ,york1 tak+ ) him a wife & two *ildr54 ,) o!r royali/ arti/s1 notably ,inigo ,jones & ,fai?orne1 he /ood ! long & ev5tful siege ( ,bas+ ,h\se2 & z we h "s hundr$ plates f 8 h& dat$ dur+ ! ye>s #afdc & #afdd he mu/ h turn$ 8 en=c$ leisure to good purpose4 ,tak5 prison]1 he escap$ or 0 releas$1 & jo9$ ,"l ,arundel at ,antw]p1 & !re he rema9$ eight ye>s1 ! prime ( 8 work+ life1 :5 he produc$ 8 f9e/ plates ( e k9d1 8 noble/ views1 8 miracul\s muffs & %ells1 & ! sup]b portrait ( ! duke ( ,york4 ,9 #afeb he return$ to ,london1 & liv$ = a "t ) ,fai?orne ! engrav] ne> ,temple ,b>4 ,dur+ ! foll[+ ye>s 7 publi%$ _m books :i* he illu/rat$3--,ogilby's ,virgil & ,hom]1 ,/apylton's ,juv5al1 & ,dugdale's ,w>wick%ire1 ,/ ,paul's & ,mona/icon 7"p i474 ,! booksell]s cont9u$ to impose on ! simple-m9d$ =eign]1 pret5d+ to decl9e 8 "w t he might /ill fur!r r$uce ! wret*$ price he *>g$ !m4 ,nor did ! ,re/oration improve 8 position4 ,! c\rt did no?+ = him1 & 9 ! great plague he lo/ 8 "y son1 :o1 we are told1 might h rivall$ 8 fa!r z an arti/4 ,aft] ! great fire he produc$ "s ( 8 fam\s ,views ( ,london2 & x may h be5 ! success ( ^! plates :i* induc$ ! k+ to s5d him1 9 #affh1 to ,tangi]1 to draw ! t[n & =ts4 ,dur+ 8 return to ,engl& occurr$ ! desp]ate & successful engagem5t f\ght by 8 %ip ! ,m>y ,rose1 "u ,capta9 ,kemp?orne1 aga9/ sev5 ,alg]9e m5-(-w>1--a brilliant affair :i* ,holl> et*$ = ,ogilby's ,africa4 ,he liv$ eight ye>s aft] 8 return1 /ill work+ = ! booksell]s1 & reta9+ to ! end 8 wond]ful p[]s2 witness ! l>ge plate ( ,ed9burgh 7dat$ #afgj71 "o ( ! greate/ ( 8 works4 ,he di$ 9 extreme pov]ty1 8 la/ record$ words be+ a reque/ to ! bailiffs t !y w\ld n c>ry away ! b$ on :i* he 0 dy+4 ,holl>'s v>iety 0 b\ndless2 8 plates numb] "s #bgdj1 & include views1 portraits1 %ips1 religi\s subjects1 h]aldic subjects1 l&scapes1 & /ill life 9 a hundr$ diff]5t =ms4 ,no "o t ev] liv$ has be5 able to repres5t fur1 or %ells1 or a butt]fly's w+ z he has done4 ,8 ar*itectural draw+s1 su* z ^? ( ,antw]p & ,/rassburg ca!drals1 & 8 views ( t[ns1 are ma!matically exact1 b !y are pictures z well4 ,he c\ld reproduce ! decorative works ( o!r arti/s q faultlessly1 z 9 ! fam\s *alice aft] ,mantegna's draw+4 ,8 ,!atrum muli]um & simil> collections reproduce = u ) lit]al tru? ! outw>d aspects ( ! p ( 8 day2 & 8 portraits1 a bran* ( art 9 :i* he has be5 unfairly disp>ag$1 are ( extraord9>y ref9em5t & p[]4 ,almo/ complete collections ( ,holl>'s works exi/ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum & 9 ! libr>y at ,w9dsor ,ca/le4 ,two admirable catalogues ( 8 plates h be5 made1 "o 9 #agde 7#bnd ed4 #agei7 by ,george ,v]tue1 & "o 9 #ahec by ,p>!y4 ,! latt]1 publi%$ at ,b]l91 is a model ( ,g]man ?or\ghness & accuracy4 ,,holles1 ,,d5zil ,,holles1 ,,b>on 7#aeii-afhj71 ,engli% /atesman & writ]1 second son ( ,john ,holles1 #a/ e>l ( ,cl>e 7c4 #aefd-afcg71 by ,anne1 daught] ( ,sir ,?omas ,/anhope1 0 born on ! #ca/ ( ,octob] #aeii4 ,! fav\rite son ( 8 fa!r & end[$ ) great natural abilities1 ,d5zil ,holles grew up "u advantage\s circum/ances4 ,de/9$ to become lat] "o ( ! mo/ =midable antagoni/s ( ,k+ ,*>les's arbitr>y gov]nm5t1 he 0 9 e>ly y\? t pr9ce's playmate & intimate companion4 ,! e>l ( ,cl>e 01 h[ev]1 no fri5d to ! ,/u>t adm9i/ration1 be+ especially ho/ile to ! duke ( ,buck+ham2 & on ! accession ( ,*>les to ! ?rone ! k+'s (f]s ( fav\r 7 reject$4 ,9 #afbd ,holles 0 return$ to p>liam5t = ,mit*ell 9 ,cornwall1 & 9 #afbh = ,dor*e/]4 ,he _h f ! fir/ a ke5 s5se ( ! humiliations :i* att5d$ ! =eign policy ( ! ,/u>t k+s4 ,writ+ to ,/raf=d1 8 bro!r-9-law1 on ! #bi? ( ,novemb] #afbg1 he sev]ely c5sures ,buck+ham's conduct ( ! exp$ition to ! ,isle ( ,rhe2 s9ce ,engl& 0 ,engl&1 ! decl>$1 x receiv$ n s di%on\rable a bl[2 & he jo9$ 9 ! dem& = ,buck+ham's impea*m5t 9 #afbh4 ,to ^! discont5ts 7 n[ add$ ! abuses aris+ f ! k+'s arbitr>y adm9i/ration4 ,on ! #bnd ( ,m>* #afbi1 :5 ,sir ,john ,f9*1 ! speak]1 refus$ to put ,sir ,john ,eliot's ,prote/ations & 0 ab\t to adj\rn ! ,h\se by ! k+'s comm&1 ,holles ) ano!r memb] ?ru/ him back into ! *air & swore he %\ld sit /ill till x pleas$ !m to rise4 ,mean:ile ,eliot1 on ! refusal ( ! speak] to read ! ,prote/ations1 _h himself ?r[n !m into ! fire2 ! u%] ( ! black rod 0 knock+ at ! door = admittance1 & ! k+ _h s5t = ! gu>d4 ,b ,holles1 decl>+ t he c\ld n r5d] ! k+ or 8 c\ntry bett] s]vice1 put ! ,prote/ations to ! ,h\se f memory1 all ! memb]s ris+ to _! feet & applaud+4 ,9 consequ5ce a w>rant 0 issu$ = 8 arre/ ) o!rs on ! foll[+ day4 ,!y 7 prosecut$ fir/ 9 ! ,/> ,*amb] & subsequ5tly 9 ! ,k+'s ,b5*4 ,:5 br\ght ^u 8 habeas corpus be=e ! latt] c\rt ,holles (f]$ ) ! re/ to give bail1 b refus$ sureties = good behavi\r1 & argu$ t ! c\rt _h no jurisdiction ov] (f5ces suppos$ to h be5 committ$ 9 p>liam5t4 ,on 8 refusal to plead he 0 s5t5c$ to a f9e ( #ajjj m>ks & to imprisonm5t dur+ ! k+'s pleasure4 ,holles _h at fir/ be5 committ$ & rema9$ = "s "t a close prison] 9 ! ,t[] ( ,london4 ,! close conf9em5t1 h[ev]1 0 soon *ang$ to a safe "o1 ! prison] !n hav+ leave to take ! air & ex]cise1 b be+ oblig$ to ma9ta9 himself at 8 own exp5se4 ,on ! #bi? ( ,octob] ,holles1 ) ,eliot & ,val5t9e1 0 transf]r$ to ! ,m>%alsea4 ,8 resi/ance to ! k+'s tyranny did n prove s /\t z t ( "s ( 8 comrades 9 mis=tune4 ,among ! pap]s ( ! secret>y ,sir ,john ,coke is a petition ( ,holles1 c\*$ 9 humble & submissive t]ms1 to be re/or$ to ! k+'s fav\r2#a hav+ giv5 ! security dem&$ = 8 good behavi\r1 he 0 lib]at$ e>ly 9 #afcj1 & on ! #cj? ( ,octob] 0 all[$ bail4 ,be+ /ill bani%$ f ,london he retir$ to ! c\ntry1 pay+ 8 f9e 9 #afcg or #afch4 ,! f9e 0 repaid by ! p>liam5t 9 ,july #afdd1 & ! judgm5t 0 revis$ on a writ ( error 9 #affh4 ,9 #afch we f9d him1 not)/&+ 8 rec5t exp]i5ces1 "o ( ! *ief lead]s 9 8 c\nty ( ! resi/ance to %ip money1 ?\gh x w\ld appe> t he subsequ5tly made submission4 ,holles 0 a memb] ( ! ,%ort & ,long ,p>liam5ts assembl$ 9 #afdj4 ,accord+ to ,laud he 0 n[ "o ( ! great lead+ m5 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 & 9 ,cl>5don's op9ion he 0 a man ( m accompli%$ p>ts ?an any ( 8 p>ty & ( mo/ au?ority4 ,he 0 n1 h[ev]1 9 ! confid5ce ( ! republican p>ty4 ,?\gh he 0 at fir/ nam$ "o ( ! manag]s = ! impea*m5t ( ,/raf=d1 ,holles _h little %>e 9 8 prosecution4 ,accord+ to ,laud he held out to ,/raf=d hopes ( sav+ 8 life if he w\ld use 8 influ5ce ) ! k+ to aboli% episcopacy1 b ! e>l refus$1 & ,holles advis$ ,*>les t ,/raf=d %\ld dem& a %ort respite1 ( :i* he w\ld take advantage to procure a commutation ( ! dea? s5t5ce4 ,9 ! debate on ! atta9d] he spoke on behalf ( ,/raf=d's family1 & lat] obta9$ "s fav\rs f ! p>liam5t = 8 elde/ son4 ,9 all o!r matt]s 9 p>liam5t ,holles took a pr9cipal "p4 ,he 0 "o ( ! *ief mov]s ( ! ,prote/ation ( ! #crd ( ,may #afda1 :i* he c>ri$ up to ! ,lords1 urg+ !m to give x _! approval4 ,al?\gh1 accord+ to ,cl>5don1 he did n wi% to *ange ! gov]nm5t ( ! *ur*1 he %[$ himself at ?is "t decid$ly ho/ile to ! bi%ops4 ,he took up ! impea*m5t ( ,laud to ! ,h\se ( ,pe]s1 support$ ! ,london]s' petition = ! abolition ( episcopacy & ! ,root & ,bran* ,bill1 & aft]w>ds urg$ t ! bi%ops impea*$ = _! conduct 9 ! affair ( ! late canons %\ld be accus$ ( treason4 ,he %[$ equal en]gy 9 ! affairs ( ,irel& at ! outbreak ( ! rebellion1 support$ /rongly ! indep5d5ce & purity ( ! judicial b5*1 & oppos$ tol]ation ( ! ,roman ,ca?olics4 ,on ! #i? ( ,july #afda he address$ ! ,lords on behalf ( ! que5 ( ,bohemia1 express+ great loyalty to ! k+ & royal family & urg+ ! necessity ( support+ ! ,prote/ant religion ev]y:]e4 ,toge!r ) ,pym1 ,holles drew up ! ,gr& ,remon/rance1 & made a vigor\s spee* 9 its support on ! #bbnd ( ,novemb] #afda1 9 :i* he argu$ = ! "r ( "o ,h\se to make a decl>ation1 & ass]t$3 ,if k+s are misl$ by _! c\nsellors we may1 we mu/ tell !m ( x4 ,on ! #ae? ( ,decemb] he 0 a tell] 9 ! division 9 fav\r ( pr9t+ x4 ,on ! great subject ( ! militia he also %[$ activity4 ,he support$ ,hesilriges' ,militia ,bill ( ! #g? ( ,decemb] #afda1 & on ! #ca/ ( ,decemb] he took up to ! k+ ! ,commons' dem& = a gu>d "u ! comm& ( ,essex4 ,holles's =ce & reputation1 said ,sir ,ralph ,v]ney1 are ! two ?+s t give ! success to all actions4 ,aft] ! failure ( ! attempt by ! c\rt to ga9 ov] ,holles & o!rs by (f]+ !m po/s 9 ! adm9i/ration1 he 0 "o ( ! five memb]s impea*$ by ! k+4#b ,holles at once grasp$ ! full significance ( ! k+'s action1 & aft] ! triumphant return to ! ,h\se ( ! five memb]s1 on ! #aa? ( ,janu>y1 ?rew himself into /ill m pron\nc$ opposition to ! arbitr>y policy ( ! cr[n4 ,he dem&$ t be=e any?+ fur!r 0 done ! memb]s %\ld be cle>$ ( _! impea*m5t2 0 himself lead] 9 ! impea*m5t ( ! duke ( ,ri*mond2 & on ! #ca/ ( ,janu>y1 :5 tak+ up ! militia petition to ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 he adopt$ a v m5ac+ tone1 at ! same "t pres5t+ a petition ( "s ?\s&s ( suppos$ />v+ artific]s ( ,london1 congregat$ r\nd ! ,h\se4 ,on ! #ae? ( ,june he c>ri$ up ! impea*m5t ( ! n9e ,lords :o _h des]t$ ! p>liam5t2 & he 0 "o ( ! committee ( safety appo9t$ on ! #d? ( ,july4 ,on ! outbreak ( ! ,civil ,w> 7see ,,great ,,rebellion7 ,holles1 :o _h be5 made lieut5ant ( ,bri/ol1 0 s5t ) ,b$=d to ! we/ aga9/ ! m>quess ( ,h]t=d1 & took "p 9 ! unsuccessful siege ( ! latt] at ,%]borne ,ca/le4 ,he 0 pres5t at ,edgehill1 :]e 8 regim5t ( ,puritans recruit$ 9 ,london 0 "o ( ! few :i* /ood firm & sav$ ! day = ! p>liam5t4 ,on ! #ac? ( ,novemb] 8 m5 7 surpris$ at ,br5t=d dur+ 8 abs5ce1 & r\t$ aft] a /\t resi/ance4 ,9 ,decemb] he 0 propos$ = ! comm& ( ! =ces 9 ! we/1 an appo9tm5t :i* he appe>s to h refus$4 ,not)/&+ 8 activity 9 ! field = ! cause ( ! p>liam5t1 ! appeal to arms _h be5 di/a/eful to ,holles f ! fir/4 ,z e>ly z ,septemb] he surpris$ ! ,h\se by ! m>k$ abatem5t ( 8 =m] viol5t & fi]y _s1 & 8 *ang$ attitude did n escape ! taunts ( 8 enemies1 :o attribut$ x scornfully to 8 disa/] at ,br5t=d or to 8 new wife4 ,he probably =esaw t1 to :i*ev] side victory fell1 ! /ruggle c\ld only t]m9ate 9 ! suppression ( ! con/itution & ( ! mod]ate p>ty on :i* all 8 hopes 7 bas$4 ,8 feel+s & political op9ions1 too1 7 ess5tially ari/ocratic1 & he reg>d$ ) horror ! transf]5ce ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! /ate f ! k+ & ! rul+ families to ! p>liam5t>y lead]s4 ,he n[ advocat$ peace & a settlem5t ( ! disputes by concessions on bo? sides2 a proposal full ( dang] because impracticable1 & "o !re=e :i* c\ld only weak5 ! p>liam5t>y resi/ance & prolong ! /ruggle4 ,he w>mly support$ ! peace negotiations on ! #ba/ ( ,novemb] & ! #bbnd ( ,decemb]1 & 8 attitude l$ to a brea* ) ,pym & ! m det]m9$ p>ty4 ,9 ,june #afdc he 0 accus$ ( complicity 9 ,wall]'s plot1 b swore to 8 innoc5cy2 & 8 arre/ ) o!rs ( ! peace p>ty 0 ev5 propos$ 9 ,augu/1 :5 ,holles appli$ = a pass to leave ! c\ntry4 ,! k+'s successes1 h[ev]1 = ! mom5t put a /op to all hopes ( peace2 & 9 ,april #afdd ,holles address$ ! citiz5s ( ,london at ! ,guildhall1 call+ ^u !m to jo9 ) _! purses1 _! p]sons1 & _! pray]s toge!r to support ! army ( ,essex4 ,9 ,novemb] ,holles & ,:itelocke head$ ! commission appo9t$ to treat ) ! k+ at ,ox=d4 ,he endeav\r$ to conv9ce ! royali/s ( ! necessity ( yield+ 9 "t1 be=e ! new p>ty ( hot m5 %\ld ga9 ! upp] h&4 ,holles & ,:itelocke _h a private meet+ ) ! k+1 :5 at ,*>les's reque/ !y drew up ! answ] :i* !y advis$ him to return to ! p>liam5t4 ,?is int]view 0 n communicat$ to ! o!r commission]s or to p>liam5t1 & ?\gh d\btless _! motives 7 ?or\ghly patriotic1 _! action 0 sc>cely compatible ) _! position z tru/ees ( ! p>liam5t>y cause4 ,holles 0 also appo9t$ a commission] at ,uxbridge 9 ,janu>y #afde & endeav\r$ to ov]come ! crucial difficulty ( ! militia by po/pon+ its discussion altoge!r4 ,z lead] ( ! mod]ate 7or ,presbyt]ian7 p>ty ,holles n[ came into viol5t antagonism ) ,cromwell & ! army faction4 ,!y hat$ "o ano!r equally2 & ,holles w\ld n all[ any m]it 9 ,cromwell1 accus+ him ( c[>dice & attribut+ 8 successes to *ance & good =tune4 ,) ! support ( ,essex & ! ,scotti% commission]s ,holles endeav\r$ 9 ,decemb] #afdd to procure ,cromwell's impea*m5t z an inc5di>y betwe5 ! two nations1 & passionately oppos$ ! self-d5y+ ord9ance4 ,9 return ,holles 0 *>g$ ) hav+ held secret communications ) ! k+ at ,ox=d & ) a correspond5ce ) ,"l ,digby2 b aft] a long exam9ation by ! ,h\se he 0 pron\nc$ innoc5t on ! #ai? ( ,july #afde4 ,det]m9$ on ,cromwell's de/ruction1 he refus$ to li/5 to ! prud5t c\nsels ( ,sir ,an?ony ,a%ley ,coop]1 :o urg$ t ,cromwell 0 too /rong to be resi/$ or provok$1 & on ! #bi? ( ,m>* #afdg drew up 9 p>liam5t a ha/y proclamation decl>+ ! promot]s ( ! army petition enemies to ! /ate2 9 ,april *all5g+ ,ireton to a duel4 ,! army p>ty 0 n[ ?or\ghly exasp]at$ aga9/ ,holles4 ,!y 7 resolv$ "o way or o!r to be rid ( him1 says ,cl>5don4 ,on ! #af? ( ,june #afdg elev5 memb]s includ+ ,holles 7 *>g$ by ! army ) v>i\s (f5ces aga9/ ! /ate1 foll[$ on ! #bcrd by fre% dem&s = _! impea*m5t & = _! susp5sion1 :i* 0 refus$4 ,on ! #bf?1 h[ev]1 ! elev5 memb]s1 to avoid viol5ce1 ask$ leave to )draw4 ,_! reply to ! *>ges aga9/ !m 0 h&$ into ! ,h\se on ! #ai? ( ,july1 & on ! #bj? ,holles took leave ( ! ,h\se 9 ,a grave & le>n$ spee*4444 ,aft] ! riot ( ! appr5tices on ! #bf?1 = :i* ,holles disclaim$ any responsibility1 ! elev5 memb]s 7 aga9 7#cj? ( ,july7 recall$ to _! seats1 & ,holles 0 "o ( ! committee ( safety appo9t$4 ,on ! flight ( ! speak]1 h[ev]1 & "p ( ! p>liam5t to ! army1 & ! advance ( ! latt] to ,london1 ,holles1 ^: p>ty & policy 7 n[ entirely defeat$1 left ,engl& on ! #bbnd ( ,augu/ = ,sa9te-,m]e ,eglise 9 ,norm&y4 ,on ! #bf? ( ,janu>y #afdh ! elev5 memb]s1 :o _h n appe>$ :5 summon$ to answ] ! *>ges aga9/ !m1 7 expell$4 ,n long aft]w>ds1 h[ev]1 on ! #crd ( ,june1 ^! proce$+s 7 annull$2 & ,holles1 :o _h !n return$ & 0 a prison] 9 ! ,t[] ) ! re/ ( ! elev5 memb]s1 0 dis*>g$4 ,he return$ to 8 seat on ! #ad? ( ,augu/4 ,holles 0 "o ( ! commission]s appo9t$ to treat ) ! k+ at ,newport on ! #ah? ( ,septemb] #afdh4 ,aw>e ( ! plans ( ! extreme p>ty1 ,holles ?rew himself at ! k+'s feet & implor$ him n to wa/e "t 9 useless negotiations1 & he 0 "o ( ^? :o /ay$ beh9d ! re/ 9 ord] to urge ,*>les to compliance4 ,on ! #a/ ( ,decemb] he receiv$ ! ?anks ( ! ,h\se4 ,on ! occasion ( ,pride's ,purge on ! #f? ( ,decemb] ,holles abs5t$ himself & escap$ aga9 to ,france4 ,f 8 retirem5t !re he wrote to ,*>les ,,ii4 9 #afea1 advis+ him to come to t]ms ) ! ,scots z ! only means ( effect+ a re/oration2 b aft] ! alliance he refus$ ,*>les's (f] ( ! secret>y%ip ( /ate4 ,9 ,m>* #afed ,cromwell1 :o 9 al>m at ! plots be+ =m$ aga9/ him 0 attempt+ to reconcile "s ( 8 oppon5ts to 8 gov]nm5t1 s5t ,holles a pass ) notable circum/ances ( k9dness & e/eem4 ,8 subsequ5t movem5ts & ! date ( 8 return to ,engl& are unc]ta91 b 9 #afef ,cromwell's res5tm5t 0 aga9 excit$ aga9/ him z ! suppos$ au?or ( a tract1 really writt5 by ,cl>5don4 ,he appe>s to h be5 imprison$1 = 8 release 0 ord]$ by ! c\ncil on ! #bnd ( ,septemb] #afei4 ,holles took "p 9 ! conf]5ce ) ,monk at ,nor?umb]l& ,h\se1 :5 ! ,re/oration 0 directly propos$1 & ) ! seclud$ memb]s took 8 seat aga9 9 p>liam5t on ! #ba/ ( ,febru>y #affj4 ,on ! #bcrd ( ,febru>y he 0 *os5 "o ( ! c\ncil to c>ry on ! gov]nm5t dur+ ! int]regnum2 on ! #bnd ( ,m>* ! votes pass$ aga9/ him & ! seque/ration ( 8 e/ates 7 repeal$1 & on ! #g? he 0 made cu/os rotulorum = ,dorset%ire4 ,he took a lead+ "p 9 br++ ab\t ! ,re/oration1 0 *airman ( ! committee ( sev5 appo9t$ to prep>e an answ] to ! k+'s lett]1 & z "o ( ! deput$ ,lords & ,commons he deliv]$ at ! ,hague ! invitation to ,*>les to return4 ,he prec$$ ,*>les to ,engl& to prep>e = 8 reception1 & 0 sworn ( ! privy c\ncil on ! #e? ( ,june4 ,he 0 "o ( ! ?irty-f\r commission]s appo9t$ to try ! regicides 9 ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,on ! #bj? ( ,april #affa he 0 creat$ ,b>on ,holles ( ,ifield 9 ,sussex1 & became h5ce=? "o ( ! lead+ memb]s ( ! ,upp] ,h\se4 ,holles1 :o 0 a good ,fr5* s*ol>1 0 s5t z ambassador to ,france on ! #g? ( ,july #affc4 ,he 0 o/5tati\sly ,engli%1 & a zeal\s uphold] ( ! national hon\r & int]e/s2 b 8 position 0 r5d]$ difficult by ! abs5ce ( home support4 ,on ! #bg? ( ,janu>y #afff w> 0 decl>$1 b ,holles 0 n recall$ till ,may4 ,pepys rem>ks on ! #ad? ( ,novemb]3 ,sir ,g4 ,c>t>et tells me t j n[ my ,"l ,holles _h be5 ) him & wept to ?9k 9 :at a condition we are fall54 ,soon aft]w>ds he 0 employ$ on ano!r disagreeable mission 9 :i* ! national hon\r 0 aga9 at /ake1 be+ s5t to ,br$a to make a peace ) ,holl& 9 ,may #affg4 ,he accompli%$ 8 task successfully1 ! articles be+ sign$ on ! #ba/ ( ,june4 ,on ! #ab? ( ,decemb] he prote/$ aga9/ ,"l ,cl>5don's bani%m5t & 0 ne>ly put out ( ! c\ncil 9 consequ5ce4 ,9 #affh he 0 manag] = ! ,lords 9 ! celebrat$ ,sk9n]'s case1 9 :i* 8 k ( prec$5ts 0 ( great s]vice1 & on :i* occasion he publi%$ ! tract ,! ,gr& ,"q conc]n+ ! ,judicature ( ! ,h\se ( ,pe]es 7#affi74 ,holles1 :o 0 hon\rably di/+ui%$ by ,*>les z a /iff & sull5 man1 & z "o :o w\ld n yield to solicitation1 n[ became ) ,halifax & ,%aftesbury a lead] 9 ! resi/ance to ! dome/ic & =eign policy ( ! c\rt4 ,toge!r ) ,halifax he oppos$ bo? ! arbitr>y ,conv5ticle ,act ( #afgj & ! ,te/ ,oa? ( #afge1 8 objection to ! latt] be+ *iefly f\nd$ on ! invasion ( ! privileges ( ! pe]s :i* x involv$2 & he def5d$ ) vig\r ! "r ( ! ,pe]s to record _! prote/s4 ,on ! #g? ( ,janu>y #afgf ,holles ) ,halifax 0 summ>ily dismiss$ f ! c\ncil4 ,on ! occasion ( ! ,commons petition+ ! k+ 9 fav\r ( an alliance ) ! ,dut*1 ,holles address$ a ,lett] to ,van ,beun+h5 at ,am/]dam on ,love to our ,c\ntry & ,hatr$ ( a ,common ,enemy1 enl>g+ ^u ! necessity ( unit+ 9 a common def5ce aga9/ ,fr5* aggression & 9 support ( ! ,prote/ant religion4 ,! ,p are /rong b ! ,gov]nm5t is weak1 he decl>es2 & he attributes ! cause ( weakness to ! transf]5ce ( p[] f ! nobility to ! p1 & to a succession ( ?ree weak pr9ces4 ,save :at 7! ,p>liam5t7 did1 we h n tak5 "o true /ep nor /ruck "o true /roke s9ce ,que5 ,elizabe?4 ,he endeav\r$ to emb>rass ! gov]nm5t ?is ye> 9 8 tract on ,"s ,consid]ations ^u ! ,"q :e!r ! p>liam5t is dissolv$ by its prorogation = #ae mon?s4 ,x 0 held by ! ,lords to be s$iti\s & sc&al\s2 :ile = publi%+ ano!r pamphlet writt5 by ,holles entitl$ ,! ,gr& ,"q conc]n+ ! ,prorogation ( ?is ,p>liam5t 7o!rwise ,! ,long ,p>liam5t dissolv$7 ! corrector ( ! pro( %eets 0 committ$ to ! ,t[] & f9$ ,l#ajjj4 ,9 ord] to br+ ab\t ! d[nfall ( ,danby 7aft]w>ds duke ( ,le$s7 & ! disb&+ ( ! army1 :i* he believ$ to be int5d$ = ! suppression ( ! national lib]ties1 ,holles at ?is "t 7#afgg-afgi7 engag$1 z did _m o!rs1 9 a dang]\s intrigue ) ,c\rt9 & ,b>illon1 ! ,fr5* envoys1 & ,l\is ,,xiv42 he refus$1 h[ev]1 ! latt]'s pres5ts on ! gr\nd t he 0 a memb] ( ! c\ncil1 hav+ be5 appo9t$ to ,sir ,william ,temple's new modell$ cab9et 9 #afgi4 ,b>illon describ$ him z at ?is p]iod 9 8 old age ! man ( all ,engl& = :om ! diff]5t cabals h ! mo/ consid]ation1 & z firmly oppos$ to ! arbitr>y designs ( ! c\rt4 ,he %[$ mod]ation 9 ! ,popi% ,plot1 & on ! "q ( ! exclusion foll[$ ,halifax r ?an ,%aftesbury4 ,8 long & ev5tful c>e] clos$ by 8 dea? on ! #ag? ( ,febru>y #afhj4 ,! "* ( ,holles has be5 drawn by ,burnet1 ) :om he 0 on t]ms ( fri5d%ip4 ,hollis 0 a man ( great c\rage & ( z great pride4444 ,he 0 fai?ful & firm to 8 side & nev] *ang$ ?r\gh ! :ole c\rse ( 8 life4444 ,he argu$ well b too vehem5tly2 = he c\ld n be> contradiction4 ,he _h ! s\l ( an old /ubborn ,roman 9 him4 ,he 0 a fai?ful b a r\gh fri5d1 & a sev]e b fair enemy4 ,he _h a true s5se ( religion2 & 0 a man ( an unblameable c\rse ( life & ( a s\nd judgm5t :5 x 0 n bias$ by passion4#c ,holles 0 ess5tially an ari/ocrat & a ,:ig 9 feel+1 mak+ ,cromwell's suppos$ hatr$ ( ,lords a special *>ge aga9/ him2 reg>d+ ! civil w>s r z a social ?an z a political revolution1 & attribut+ all ! evils ( 8 "t to ! transf]5ce ( political p[] f ! gov]n+ families to ! meane/ ( m54 ,he 0 an au?ority on ! hi/ory & practice ( p>liam5t & ! con/itution1 & besides ! pamphlets already m5tion$ 0 ! au?or ( ,! ,case ,/at$ conc]n+ ! ,judicature ( ! ,h\se ( ,pe]s 9 ! ,po9t ( ,appeals 7#afge72 ,! ,case ,/at$ ( ! ,jurisdiction ( ! ,h\se ( ,lords 9 ! po9t ( ,impositions 7#afgf72 ,lett] ( a ,g5tleman to 8 ,fri5d %[+ t ! ,bi%ops are n to be judges 9 ,p>liam5t 9 ,cases ,capital 7#afgi72 ,"l ,holles 8 ,rema9s1 be+ a #bnd lett] to a ,fri5d conc]n+ ! judicature ( ! ,bi%ops 9 ,p>liam5t4444#d ,he also publi%$ ,a ,true ,relation ( ! unju/ accusation ( c]ta9 ,fr5* g5tlem5 7#afga71 an acc\nt ( ,holles's int]cession on _! behalf & ( 8 dispute ) ,"l ,*ief ,ju/ice ,keel+2 & he left ,memoirs1 writt5 9 exile 9 #afdi1 & d$icat$ to ! unp>allel$ ,c\ple1 ,mr ,oliv] ,/ ,john 444 & ,mr ,oliv] ,cromwell4444 publi%$ 9 #afii & repr9t$ 9 ,b>on ,mas]es's ,select ,tracts relat+ to ! ,civil ,w>s1 i4 #ahi4 ,sev]al spee*es ( ,holles 7 pr9t$ & are extant1 & 8 ,lett] to ,van ,beun+h5 has be5 already quot$4 ,holles m>ri$ 7#a7 9 #afbh ,doro?y1 daught] & heiress ( ,sir ,francis ,a%ley2 7#b7 9 #afdb ,jane1 daught] & co-heiress ( ,sir ,john ,%irley ( ,ifield 9 ,sussex & wid[ ( ,sir ,walt] ,cov]t ( ,sl\gham1 ,sussex2 & 7#c7 9 #afff ,e/h]1 daught] & co-heiress ( ,gideon ,le ,l\ ( ,columbi]s 9 ,norm&y1 wid[ ( ,james ,ri*]4 ,by 8 fir/ wife he left "o son1 ,francis1 :o succe$$ him z #bnd b>on4 ,he _h no *ildr5 by 8 o!r wives1 & ! pe]age became ext9ct 9 ! p]son ( 8 gr&son ,d5zil1 #crd ,b>on ,holles1 9 #afid1 ! e/ates devolv+ on ,john ,holles 7#affb-agaa71 #d? e>l ( ,cl>e & duke ( ,newca/le4 ,holles's bro!r1 ,,john ,,holles1 #bnd e>l ( ,cl>e 7#aeie-afff71 0 memb] ( p>liam5t = ,ea/ ,ret=d 9 ?ree p>liam5ts be=e succe$+ to ! pe]age 9 #afcg4 ,he took "s "p 9 ! ,civil ,w>1 b he 0 v (t5 ( bo? p>ties1 & nev] advantag$ ei!r4 ,! e>ldom ( ,cl>e1 :i* _h be5 grant$ 9 #afbd by ,james ,i4 to 8 fa!r1 ,john ,holles1 9 return = ! paym5t ( ,l#ejjj1 became m]g$ 9 ! duk$om ( ,newca/le 9 #afid1 :5 ,john ,holles1 ! #d? e>l1 0 creat$ duke ( ,newca/le4 ,holles's ,life has be5 writt5 by ,c4 ,h4 ,fir? 9 ! ,diction>y ( ,national ,biography2 by ,horace ,walpole 9 ,royal & ,noble ,au?ors1 ii4 #bh2 by ,guizot 9 ,monk's ,contempor>ies 7,eng4 trans41 #ahea72 & by ,a4 ,coll9s 9 ,hi/orical ,collections ( ,noble ,families 7#ageb71 & 9 ! ,biographia ,britannica4 ,see also ,s4 ,r4 ,g>d9]1 ,hi/ory ( ,engl& 7#ahhc-ahhd71 & ,hi/ory ( ! ,great ,civil ,w> 7#ahic72 ,"l ,cl>5don1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,rebellion1 edit$ by ,w4 ,d4 ,macray2 ,g4 ,burnet1 ,hi/ory ( ,8 ,own ,"t 7#ahcc72 & ,b4 ,:itelock1 ,memorials 7#agcb74 7,p4 ,c4 ,y47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,hi/4 ,,mss4 ,comm41 ,,mss4 ( ,e>l ,c[p]1 i4 #dbb4 #b ,! spee* ( ,janu>y #e attribut$ to him & pr9t$ 9 ,?omason ,tracts1 ,e #aii 7#ee71 is a =g]y4 #c ,burnet's ,hi/ory ( ,8 ,own ,times1 vi4 #beg1 #bfh4 #d ,! r\gh draft1 app>5tly 9 ,holles's h&writ+1 is 9 ,eg]ton ,,mss4 ff4 #acf-adi4 ,,holl[ay1 ,,?omas 7#ahjj-ahhc71 ,engli% pat5t-m$ic9e v5dor & philan?ropi/1 0 born at ,devonport1 on ! #bbnd ( ,septemb] #ahjj1 ( humble p>5ts4 ,until 8 tw5ty-eigh? ye> he liv$ at ,p5zance1 :]e he assi/$ 8 "m & bro!r 9 ! bak]'s %op :i* 8 fa!r1 once a w>rant (fic] 9 a militia regim5t1 _h left !m at 8 dea?4 ,on com+ to ,london he made ! acqua9tance ( ,felix ,alb9olo1 an ,italian1 f :om he obta9$ ! idea = ! o9tm5t :i* 0 to c>ry 8 "n all ov] ! _w4 ,! secret ( 8 enorm\s success 9 bus9ess 0 due almo/ entirely to adv]tisem5t1 9 ! efficacy ( :i* he _h great fai?4 ,he soon add$ ! sale ( pills to t ( ! o9tm5t1 & began to devote ! l>g] "p ( 8 pr(its to adv]tis+4 ,holl[ay's fir/ newspap] ann\ncem5t appe>$ on ! #ae? ( ,octob] #ahcg1 & 9 #ahdb 8 ye>ly exp5ses = publicity _h rea*$ ! sum ( ,l#ejjj2 ?is exp5diture w5t on /eadily increas+ z 8 sales increas$1 until x _h rea*$ ! figure ( ,l#ej1jjj p] annum at ! "t ( 8 dea?4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 *iefly by ! two pr9cely f\ndations--! ,sanatorium & ! ,college = ,wom5 at ,egham 7q4v471 end[$ by ,holl[ay t[>ds ! close ( 8 life--t 8 "n w be p]petuat$1 m ?an a million /]l+ hav+ be5 set ap>t by him = ! erection & p]man5t end[m5t ( ^! in/itutions4 ,9 ! de$ ( gift ( ! college ! f\nd] cr$it$ 8 wife1 :o di$ 9 #ahge1 ) ! advice & c\nsel t l$ him to provide :at he hop$ might ultimately become ! nucleus ( a univ]sity = wom54 ,! philan?ropic & some:at ecc5tric donor 7he _h an unconceal$ prejudice aga9/ doctors1 lawy]s & p>sons7 di$ ( conge/ion ( ! lungs at ,sunn+hill on ! #bf? ( ,decemb] #ahhc4 ,,holly 7,ilex ,aquifolium71 ! ,european repres5tative ( a l>ge g5us ( trees & %rubs ( ! natural ord] ,ilic9eae1 conta9+ ab\t #agj species4 ,! g5us f9ds its *ief developm5t 9 ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica2 is well develop$ 9 ,asia1 especially ! ,*9ese-,japanese area1 & has b few species 9 ,europe1 ,africa & ,au/ralia4 ,9 ,europe1 :]e ,i4 ,aquifolium is ! sole surviv+ species1 ! g5us 0 ri*ly repres5t$ dur+ ! ,mioc5e p]iod by =ms at fir/ ,s\? ,am]ican & ,asiatic1 & lat] ,nor? ,am]ican 9 type 7,s*imp]1 ,paleont4 veget4 iii4 #bjd1 #ahgd74 ,! leaves are g5]ally lea!ry & ev]gre51 & are alt]nate & /alk$2 ! fl[]s are commonly dioeci\s1 are 9 axill>y cymes1 fascicles or umbellules1 & h a p]si/5t f\r- to five-lob$ calyx1 a :ite1 rotate f\r- or r>ely five- or six-cleft corolla1 ) ! f\r or five /am5s adh]5t to its base 9 ! male1 sometimes hypogyn\s 9 ! female fl[]s1 & a two- to twelve-cell$ ov>y2 ! fruit is a globose1 v seldom ovoid1 & usually r$ drupe1 conta9+ two to sixte5 "o-se$$ /ones4 ,illu/ration3 ,ilex ,aquifolium4 ,%oot be>+ leaves & fruit ab\t #a_/b nat4 size4 #a4 ,fl[] ) abortive /am5s4 #b4 ,fl[] ) abortive pi/il4 #c4 ,floral diagram %[+ arrangem5t ( p>ts 9 horizontal section4 #d4 ,fruit4 #e4 ,fruit cut transv]sely %[+ ! f\r "o-se$$ /ones4 ,! common holly1 or ,hulv] 7app>5tly ! ,greek3 kela/ros ( ,!ophra/us2#a ,ang4-,sax4 hol5 or holegn2 ,mid4 ,eng4 holyn or hol91 :5ce holm & holmtree2#b ,wel%1 celyn2 ,g]4 ,/e*palme1 ,hulse1 ,hul/2 ,o4 ,fr4 h\x2 & ,fr4 h\lx71#c ,i4 ,aquifolium1 is an ev]gre5 %rub or l[ tree1 hav+ smoo?1 a%-col\r$ b>k1 & wavy1 po9t$1 smoo? & glossy leaves1 #b to #c 94 long1 ) a sp9\s m>g91 rais$ & c>tilag9\s bel[1 or1 z commonly on ! upp] bran*es ( ! old] trees1 entire--a peculi>ity allud$ to by ,s\!y 9 8 poem ,! ,holly ,tree4 ,! fl[]s1 :i* appe> 9 ,may1 are ord9>ily dioeci\s1 z 9 all ! be/ ( ! cultivat$ v>ieties 9 nurs]ies 7,g>d4 ,*ron41 #ahgg1 i4 #adi74 ,d>w9 7,diff4 ,=ms ( ,fl[41 #ahgg1 p4 #big7 says ( ! holly3 ,dur+ sev]al ye>s ,i h exam9$ _m plants1 b h nev] f\nd "o t 0 really h]maphrodite4 ,%irley ,hibb]d1 h[ev] 7,g>d4 ,*ron41 #ahgg1 ii4 #ggg71 m5tions ! occurr5ce ( fl[]s be>+ globose an!rs well furni%$ ) poll51 & also p]fect ov>ies4 ,9 8 op9ion1 ,i4 ,aquifolium *anges its sex f male to female ) age4 ,9 ! female fl[]s ! /am5s are de/itute ( poll51 ?\gh b slightly or n at all %ort] ?an 9 ! male fl[]s2 ! latt] are m num]\s ?an ! female1 & h a small] ov>y & a l>g] corolla1 to :i* ! filam5ts adh]e = a great] l5g?4 ,! corolla 9 male plants falls (f entire1 :]eas 9 fruit-be>]s x is brok5 into sep>ate segm5ts by ! swell+ ( ! "y ov>y4 ,! holly occurs 9 ,brita91 nor?-ea/ ,scotl& except$1 & 9 we/]n & s\!rn ,europe1 f z high z #fb deg4 ,n4 lat4 9 ,norway to ,turkey & ! ,caucasus & 9 we/]n ,asia4 ,x is f\nd g5]ally 9 =e/ glades or 9 h$ges1 & does n fl\ri% "u ! %ade ( o!r trees4 ,9 ,engl& x is usually small1 probably on acc\nt ( its de/ruction = timb]1 b x may atta9 to #fj or #gj ft4 9 height1 & ,l\don m5tions "o tree at ,cl>emont1 9 ,surrey1 ( #hj ft4 ,"s ( ! trees on ,bleak ,hill1 ,%rop%ire1 are ass]t$ to be #ad ft4 9 gir? at "s di/ance f ! gr\nd 7,n4 & ,q41 #e? s]41 xii4 #ejh74 ,! holly is abundant 9 ,france1 especially 9 ,brittany4 ,x w gr[ 9 almo/ any soil n absolutely wet1 b fl\ri%es be/ 9 r dry ?an moi/ s&y loam4 ,beckmann 7,hi/4 ( ,inv5t41 #ahdf1 i4 #aic7 says t ! plant :i* fir/ induc$ ,j4 di ,ca/ro to se>* = alum 9 ,italy 0 ! holly1 :i* is !re /ill consid]$ to indicate t its habitat is alum9if]\s4 ,! holly is propagat$ by means ( ! se$s1 :i* d n normally g]m9ate until _! second ye>1 by :ip-graft+ & budd+1 & by cutt+s ( ! matur$ summ] %oots1 :i*1 plac$ 9 s&y soil & kept "u cov] ( a h&-glass 9 %elt]$ situations1 g5]ally /rike root 9 spr+4 ,transplantation %\ld be p]=m$ 9 damp wea!r 9 ,septemb] & ,octob]1 or1 accord+ to "s writ]s1 9 spr+ or on mild days 9 w9t]1 & c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! roots are n dri$ by exposure to ! air4 ,x is r>ely injur$ by fro/s 9 ,brita91 :]e its foliage & bright r$ b]ries 9 w9t] r5d] x a valuable ornam5tal tree4 ,! yield ( b]ries has be5 notic$ to be less :5 a w>m spr+1 foll[+ on a wet w9t] season1 has promot$ excess ( gr[?4 ,!re are num]\s v>ieties ( ! holly4 ,"s trees h yell[1 & o!rs :ite or ev5 black fruit4 ,9 ! fruitless v>iety laurifolia1 ! mo/ florif]\s ( all hollies 7,hibb]d71 ! fl[]s are highly fragrant2 ! =m kn[n z fem9a is1 on ! o!r h&1 rem>kable = ! numb] ( its b]ries4 ,! leaves 9 ! un>m$ v>ieties aureo-m>g9ata & albo-m>g9ata are ( great beauty1 & 9 f]ox !y are /udd$ ) %>p prickles4 ,! holly is ( importance z a h$ge-plant1 & is pati5t ( clipp+1 :i* is be/ p]=m$ by ! knife4 ,evelyn's holly h$ge at ,say's ,c\rt1 ,dept=d1 0 #djj ft4 long1 #i ft4 high & #e ft4 9 bread?4 ,to =m f5ces1 = :i* ,evelyn recomm5ds ! employm5t ( se$l+s f woods1 ! plants %\ld be #i to #ab 94 9 height1 ) pl5ty ( small fibr\s roots1 & require to be set #a to #a7a_/b7 ft4 ap>t1 9 well-manur$ & we$$ gr\nd & ?or\ghly wat]$4 ,! wood ( ! holly is ev5-gra9$ & h>d1 especially :5 f ! he>twood ( l>ge trees1 & almo/ z :ite z ivory1 except ne> ! c5tre ( old trunks1 :]e x is br[ni%4 ,x is employ$ 9 inlay+ & turn+1 &1 s9ce x /a9s well1 9 ! place ( ebony1 z = teapot h&les4 ,= engrav+ x is inf]ior to box4 ,:5 dry x weighs ab\t #dg7a_/b7 lb4 p] cub4 ft4 ,f ! b>k ( ! holly bird-lime is manufactur$4 ,f ! leaves are obta9able a col\r+ matt] nam$ ilixan?91 ilicic acid1 & a bitt] pr9ciple1 ilic91 :i* has be5 v>i\sly describ$ by diff]5t analytical *emi/s4 ,!y are eat5 by %eep & de]1 & 9 p>ts ( ,france s]ve z a w9t] fodd] = cattle4 ,! b]ries provoke 9 man viol5t vomit+ & purg+1 b are eat5 ) immunity by ?ru%es & o!r birds4 ,! l>vae ( ! mo?s ,sph9x ligu/ri & ,phoxopt]yx naevana h be5 met ) on holly4 ,! leaves are m9$ by ! l>va ( a fly1 ,phytomyza ilicis1 & bo? on !m & ! tops ( ! "y twigs occurs ! plant-l\se ,aphis ilicis 7,kalt5ba*1 ,pflanz5fe9de1 #ahgd1 p4 #dbg74 ,! cu/om ( employ+ holly & o!r plants = decorative purposes at ,*ri/mas is "o ( consid]able antiquity1 & has be5 reg>d$ z a survival ( ! usages ( ! ,roman ,saturnalia1 or ( an old ,teutonic practice ( hang+ ! int]ior ( dwell+s ) ev]gre5s z a refuge = sylvan spirits f ! inclem5cy ( w9t]4 ,a ,bord] prov]b def9es an habitual /ory-tell] z "o t lees nev] b :5 ! holl5 is gre54 ,sev]al popul> sup]/itions exi/ ) respect to holly4 ,9 ! c\nty ( ,rutl& x is deem$ unlucky to introduce x into a h\se be=e ,*ri/mas ,eve4 ,9 "s ,engli% rural di/ricts ! prickly & non-prickly k9ds are di/+ui%$ z he & %e holly2 & 9 ,d]by%ire ! tradition obta9s t accord+ z ! holly br\ght at ,*ri/mas into a h\se is smoo? or r\gh1 ! wife or ! husb& w be ma/]4 ,holly t has adorn$ *ur*es at t season is 9 ,worce/]%ire & ,h]e=d%ire mu* e/eem$ & *]i%$1 ! possession ( a small bran* ) b]ries be+ suppos$ to br+ a lucky ye>2 & ,lonic]us m5tions a notion 9 8 "t vulg>ly preval5t 9 ,g]many t consecrat$ twigs ( ! plant hung ov] a door are a protection aga9/ ?und]4 ,among ! ,nor? ,am]ican species ( ,ilex are ,i4 opaca1 :i* resembles ! ,european tree1 ! ,inkb]ry1 ,i4 7,pr9os7 glabra1 & ! ,am]ican ,black ,ald]1 or ,w9t]b]ry1 ,i4 7,pr9os7 v]ticillata4 ,hook] 7,fl4 ( ,brit4 ,india1 i4 #eih1 #fjf7 enum]ates tw5ty-f\r ,indian species ( ,ilex4 ,! ,japanese ,i4 cr5ata1 & ,i4 latifolia1 a rem>kably h>dy plant1 & ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,i4 ,cass9e1 are among ! species cultivat$ 9 ,brita94 ,! leaves ( sev]al species ( ,ilex are us$ by dy]s4 ,! memb] ( ! g5us mo/ important economically is ,i4 p>agu>i5sis1 ! prep>$ leaves ( :i* con/itute ,p>aguay tea1 or ,,mate 7q4v474 ,knee holly is ,ruscus aculeatus1 or but*]'s broom 7see ,,broom72 sea holly1 ,eryngium m>itimum1 an umbellif]\s plant2 & ! m\nta9 holly ( ,am]ica1 ,nemopan!s canad5sis1 also a memb] ( ! ord] ,ilic9eae4 ,besides ! works above m5tion$1 see ,l\d51 ,arboretum1 ii4 #ejf 7#ahdd74 ,,footnotes3 #a ,hi/4 ,plant4 i4 #i4 #c1 iii4 #c4 #a1 & #d4 #f1 et passim4 ,on ! aquifolium or aquifolia ( ,lat9 au?ors1 commonly reg>d$ z ! holly1 see ,a4 de ,gr&sagne1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 de ,pl9e1 bk4 xvi41 ,notes1 pp4 #aii1 #bjf4 #b ,! t]m holm1 z indicative ( a preval5ce ( holly1 is /at$ to h ent]$ into ! names ( sev]al places 9 ,brita94 ,f its sup]ficial resemblance to ! holly1 ! tree ,qu]cus ,ilex1 ! ev]gre5 oak1 receiv$ ! appellation ( holm-oak4 #c ,skeat 7,etymolog4 ,dict41 #ahgi7 ) ref]5ce to ! ^w holly rem>ks3 ,! =m ( ! base ,,kul 7 ,teutonic ,,hul7 is probably connect$ ) ,lat4 culm51 a peak1 culmus1 a /alk2 p]haps because ! leaves are 'po9t$4' ,grimm 7,deut4 ,wort]b4 ,bd4 iv47 sugge/s t ! t]m ,hul/1 z ! ,o4,h4,g4 ,hulis1 appli$ to ! but*]'s broom1 or knee-holly1 9 ! e>lie/ times us$ = h$ges1 may h ref]5ce to ! holly z a protect+ 7hull5d]7 plant4 ,,hollyhock 7f ,m4,e4 holi--d\btless because br\ght f ! ,holy ,l&1 :]e x is indig5\s 7,w$g47--& ,a4-,s4 hoc1 a mall[71 ,al?aea rosea1 a p]5nial plant ( ! natural ord] ,malvaceae1 a native ( ! ,ea/1 :i* has be5 cultivat$ 9 ,great ,brita9 = ab\t ?ree c5turies4 ,! ord9>y hollyhock is s+le-blossom$1 b ! flori/s' v>ieties h all d\ble fl[]s1 ( :ite1 yell[1 rose1 purple1 violet & o!r t9ts1 "s be+ almo/ black4 ,! plant is 9 its prime ab\t ,augu/1 b by c>eful managem5t examples may be obta9$ 9 blossom f ,july to z late z ,novemb]4 ,hollyhocks are propagat$ f se$1 or by division ( ! root1 or by plant+ out 9 ri* s&y soil1 9 a close frame1 ) a g5tle bottom heat1 s+le eyes f wood%oots1 or cutt+s f outgr[?s ( ! old /ock or ( ! lat]al (fsets ( ! spike4 ,! se$ may be s[n 9 ,octob] "u cov]1 ! plants obta9$ be+ pott$ 9 ,novemb]1 & kept "u glass till ! foll[+ ,april1 or1 if x be late-ga!r$1 9 ,may or ,june1 9 ! op5 gr\nd1 :5ce1 if requir$1 ! plants are be/ remov$ 9 ,octob] or ,april4 ,9 _m g>d5s1 :5 ! plants are n di/urb$1 self-s[n se$l+s come up 9 abundance ab\t ,april & ,may4 ,se$l+s may also be rais$ 9 ,febru>y or ,m>*1 by ! aid ( a g5tle heat1 9 a light & ri* moi/ soil2 !y %\ld n be wat]$ till !y h made _! second leaves1 & :5 l>ge en\gh = h&l+ %\ld be prick$ (f 9 a cold frame2 !y are subsequ5tly transf]r$ to ! fl[]-b$4 ,hollyhocks ?rive be/ 9 a well-tr5*$ & manur$ s&y loam4 ,! spikes z !y gr[ mu/ be /ak$2 & wat] &1 = ! f9e/ blossoms1 liquid manure %\ld be lib]ally suppli$ to ! roots4 ,plants = exhibition require ! side gr[?s to be p9*$ out2 & x is recomm5d$1 9 cold1 bleak or nor!rly localities1 :5 ! fl[]+ is ov]1 & ! /alks h be5 cut (f #d to #f 94 above ! soil1 to e>? up ! cr[ns ) s&4 ,"s ( ! f9e/ d\ble-fl[]$ k9ds ( hollyhock d n bloom well 9 ,scotl&4 ,! plant is susceptible ( great modification "u cultivation4 ,! =ms n[ gr[n are due to ! c>eful selection & cross+ ( v>ieties4 ,x is f\nd t ! mo/ div]se v>ieties may be rais$ ) c]ta9ty f plants gr[+ ne> toge!r4 ,! "y %oots ( ! hollyhock are v liable to ! attacks ( slugs1 & to a disease occasion$ by a fungus1 ,pucc9ia malvace>um1 :i* is a native ( ,*ile1 atta9$ notoriety 9 ! ,au/ralian colonies1 & f9ally1 rea*+ ,europe 9 #ahfi1 ?reat5$ ! ext]m9ation ( ! hollyhock1 ! s(t p>ts ( ! leaves ( :i* x de/roys1 leav+ ! v5ation only rema9+4 ,x has be5 f\nd especially hurtful to ! plant 9 dry seasons4 ,x is also p>asitic on ! wild mall[s4 ,! disease appe>s on ! leaves z m9ute h>d pale-br[n pu/ules1 fill$ ) spores :i* g]m9ate )\t a re/+-p]iod1 b :5 produc$ late 9 ! season may la/ z re/+-spores until next spr+4 ,spray+ e>ly 9 ! season ) ,bordeaux mixture is an effective prev5tive1 b ! be/ means ( treatm5t is to de/roy all leaves z soon z !y %[ signs ( be+ attack$1 & to prev5t ! gr[? ( o!r ho/-plants su* z mall[s1 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,9 hot dry seasons1 r$-spid] injures ! foliage v mu*1 b may be kept at bay by syr++ ! plants frequ5tly ) pl5ty ( clean wat]4 ,,holly ,,spr+s1 a city & ! c\nty-seat ( ,m>%all c\nty1 ,mississippi1 ,u4,s4,a41 9 ! ,n4 "p ( ! /ate1 #de m4 ,s4,e4 ( ,memphis4 ,pop4 7#ahij7 #bbdf2 7#aijj7 #bhae 7#aeei negroes72 7#aiaj7 #baib4 ,holly ,spr+s is s]v$ by ! ,ill9ois ,c5tral & ! ,kansas ,city1 ,memphis ,birm+ham 7,frisco ,sy/em7 railways4 ,! city has broad & well-%ad$ /reets1 & a f9e c\rt-h\se & c\rt-h\se squ>e4 ,x is ! seat ( ,ru/ ,univ]sity 7op5$ 9 #ahfg71 a ,me?odi/ ,episcopal in/itution = negroes2 ( ! ,mississippi ,synodical ,college 7#aije2 ,presbyt]ian71 = :ite girls2 & ( ! ,nor? ,mississippi ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation4 ,! pr9cipal indu/ries are ! g9n+1 compress+ & %ipp+ ( cotton1 & ! manufacture ( cotton-se$ oil1 b ! city also manufactures pott]y & brick f clay obta9$ 9 ! vic9ity1 & has an ice factory1 bottl+ works & m>ble works4 ,! municipality owns & op]ates its wat]-works & electric-light+ plant4 ,holly ,spr+s 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahcg & 0 *>t]$ z a city 9 #ahif4 ,e>ly 9 ,decemb] #ahfb ,g5]al ,grant e/abli%$ "h a l>ge depot ( supplies design$ = ! use ( ! ,f$]al army :ile on its m>* t[>d ,vicksburg1 b ,g5]al ,e>l ,van ,dorn1 ) a brigade ( cavalry1 surpris$ ! po/ at daylight on ! #bj? ( ?is mon?1 burn$ ! supplies & took #aejj prison]s4 ,holly ,spr+s 0 ! home & is ! burial-place ( ,edw>d ,c>y ,wal?all 7#ahca-ahih71 a ,democratic memb] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ate 9 #ahhe-ahid & 9 #ahie-ahih4 ,,holman1 ,,james 7#aghf-aheg71 kn[n z ! ,bl9d ,travell]1 0 born at ,exet] on ! #ae? ( ,octob] #aghf4 ,he ent]$ ! ,briti% navy 9 #agih z fir/-class volunte]1 & 0 appo9t$ lieut5ant 9 ,april #ahjg4 ,9 #ahaj he 0 invalid$ by an illness :i* result$ 9 total loss ( sight4 ,9 consid]ation ( 8 helpless circum/ances he 0 9 #ahab appo9t$ "o ( ! royal knights ( ,w9dsor1 b ! quietness ( su* a life h>moniz$ s ill ) 8 active habits & ke5 int]e/s t he reque/$ leave ( abs5ce to g abroad1 & 9 #ahai1 #ahbj & #ahba j\rney$ ?r\gh ,france1 ,italy1 ,switz]l&1 ! p>ts ( ,g]many bord]+ on ! ,rh9e1 ,belgium & ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,on 8 return he publi%$ ,! ,n>rative ( a ,j\rney ?r\gh ,france1 c4 7,london1 #ahbb74 ,he aga9 set out 9 #ahbb ) ! design ( mak+ ! circuit ( ! _w1 b aft] travell+ ?r\gh ,russia into ,sib]ia1 he 0 suspect$ ( be+ a spy1 0 arre/$ :5 he _h manag$ to p5etrate #ajjj m4 beyond ,smol5sk1 & aft] be+ conduct$ to ! fronti]s ( ,pol&1 return$ home by ,au/ria1 ,saxony1 ,prussia & ,hanov]4 ,he n[ issu$ ,travels ?r\gh ,russia1 ,sib]ia1 c4 7,london1 #ahbe74 ,%ortly aft]w>ds he aga9 set out to accompli% by a some:at diff]5t me?od ! design :i* _h be5 fru/rat$ by ! ,russian au?orities2 & an acc\nt ( 8 rem>kable a*ievem5t 0 publi%$ 9 f\r volumes 9 #ahcd-ahce1 "u ! title ( ,a ,voyage r\nd ! ,_w1 includ+ ,travels 9 ,africa1 ,asia1 ,au/ralasia1 ,am]ica1 c41 f #ahbg to #ahcb4 ,8 la/ j\rneys 7 ?r\gh ,spa91 ,portugal1 ,moldavia1 ,mont5egro1 ,syria & ,turkey2 & he 0 engag$ 9 prep>+ an acc\nt ( ?is t\r :5 he di$ 9 ,london on ! #bi? ( ,july #aheg4 ,,holmes1 ,,oliv] ,,w5dell 7#ahji-ahid71 ,am]ican writ] & physician1 0 born on ! #bi? ( ,augu/ #ahji at ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,8 fa!r1 ,abiel ,holmes 7#agfc-ahcg71 0 a ,calv9i/ cl]gyman1 ! writ] ( a useful hi/ory1 ,annals ( ,am]ica1 & ( mu* v dull poetry4 ,8 "m 7! second wife ( ,abiel7 0 ,s>ah ,w5dell1 ( a di/+ui%$ ,new ,york family4 ,?r\gh h] ,dr ,holmes 0 desc5d$ f ,gov]nors ,?omas ,dudley & ,simon ,brad/reet ( ,massa*usetts1 & f h] he d]iv$ 8 *e]fulness & vivacity1 8 sympa!tic hum\r & wit4 ,f ,phillips 7,&ov]7 ,academy he ent]$ ,h>v>d 9 ! fam\s class ( '#bi1 made fur!r illu/ri\s by ! *>m+ lyrics :i* he wrote = ! anniv]s>y d9n]s f #ahea to #ahhi1 clos+ ) ! t\*+ ,aft] ! ,curfew4 ,aft] graduation he /udi$ law p]functorily = a ye> & dabbl$ 9 lit]ature1 w9n+ ! public e> by a spirit$ lyric call$ =? by ! ord] to de/roy ! old frigate ,con/itution4 ,^! v]ses 7 sung all ov] ! l&1 & induc$ ! ,navy ,dep>tm5t to revoke its ord] & save ! old %ip4 ,turn+ next to m$ic9e1 & conv9c$ by a brief exp]i5ce 9 ,bo/on t he lik$ x1 he w5t to ,p>is 9 ,m>* #ahcc4 ,he /udi$ indu/ri\sly "u ,l\is & o!r fam\s physicians & surgeons 9 ,france1 & 9 8 vacations visit$ ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 ,engl&1 ,scotl& & ,italy4 ,return+ to ,bo/on at ! close ( #ahce1 fill$ ) a high pr(essional ambition1 he s\ght practice1 b a*iev$ only mod]ate success4 ,social1 brilliant 9 conv]sation1 & a writ] ( gay little poems1 he seem$ to ! grave ,bo/onians n suffici5tly s]i\s4 ,he won prizes1 h[ev]1 = pr(essional pap]s1 & lectur$ on anatomy at ,d>tm\? ,college4 ,he wrote two pap]s on homoeopa?y1 :i* he attack$ ) tr5*ant wit2 also a valuable pap] on ! mal>ial fev]s ( ,new ,engl&4 ,9 #ahdc he publi%$ 8 essay on ! ,contagi\sness ( ,pu]p]al ,fev]1 :i* /irr$ up a fi]ce controv]sy & br\ght ^u him bitt] p]sonal abuse2 b he ma9ta9$ 8 position ) dignity1 temp] & judgm5t2 & 9 "t he 0 hon\r$ z ! discov]] ( a b5efic5t tru?4 ,! volume ( 8 m$ical essays holds "s ( 8 mo/ sp>kl+ wit1 8 %rewde/ obs]vation1 8 k9dlie/ humanity4 ,9 #ahdj he m>ri$ ,amelia ,lee ,jackson1 daught] ( ! ,hon4 ,*>les ,jackson 7#agge-ahee71 =m]ly associate ju/ice ( ! ,/ate supreme judicial c\rt1 a lady ( r>e *>m alike ( m9d & "*4 ,%e di$ 9 ! w9t] ( #ahhg-ahhh4 ,_! fir/-born *ild1 ,oliv] ,w5dell ,holmes1 aft]w>ds became *ief ju/ice ( t same b5* on :i* 8 gr&fa!r sat4 ,9 #ahdg ,dr ,holmes 0 appo9t$ pr(essor ( anatomy & physiology ,9 ! ,m$ical ,s*ool ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 ! duties involv+ ! giv+ ( in/ruction also 9 k9dr$ dep>tm5ts1 s t1 z he said1 he occupi$ n a *air1 b a settee 9 ! s*ool4 ,he deliv]$ ! anatomical lectures until ,novemb] #ahhb1 & 9 lat] ye>s ^! 7 8 only l9k ) ! m$ical pr(ession4 ,!y 7 fre%1 witty & lively2 & ! /ud5ts 7 s5t to him at ! end ( ! day1 :5 !y 7 fagg$1 because he alone c\ld keep !m awake4 ,9 lat] ye>s he made few f9i%$ contributions to m$ical k2 8 eag] & impetu\s temp]am5t caus$ him to leave m pati5t inve/igators to pu% to ultimate results ! sugge/ions ?r[n out by 8 f]tile & imag9ative m9d4 ,9 #ahcf1 be+ 9 t ye> ! ,phi ,beta ,kappa poet at ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 he publi%$ 8 fir/ volume ( ,poems1 :i* aft]w>ds rea*$ a second edition4 ,among ^! e>li] lyrics 0 ,! ,la/ ,leaf1 "o ( ! mo/ delicate comb9ations ( pa?os & hum\r 9 lit]ature4 ,8 collect$ poetry fills ?ree volumes4 ,9 #ahef-aheg a ,bo/on publi%+ h\se 7,phillips1 ,sampson1 & ,co47 invit$ ,james ,russell ,l[ell to edit a new magaz9e1 :i* he agre$ to d on condition t he c\ld secure ! assi/ance ( ,dr ,holmes4 ,by ?is urg5t invitation ! ,doctor 0 equally surpris$ & flatt]$1 = h]et(ore he _h /ood r outside ! lit]>y cot]ie ( ,cambridge & ,bo/on4 ,he accept$ ) pleasure1 & at once ?rew himself into ! ent]prise ) zeal4 ,he *ri/5$ x ,! ,atlantic ,mon?ly2 &1 z ,mr ,h[ells aft]w>ds said1 he n only nam$ b made x1 = 9 ea* numb] ( its fir/ volume !re appe>$ "o ( ! pap]s ( ! ,autocrat ( ! ,breakfa/ ,table4 ,! op5+ ( ! ,autocrat--,i 0 j go+ to say :5 ,i 0 int]rupt$--is expla9$ by ! fact t 9 ! old ,new ,engl& ,magaz9e 7#ahca to #ahcc7 ! ,doctor _h publi%$ two ,autocrat pap]s1 :i*1 by 8 wi%1 h nev] be5 repr9t$4 ,9 ! comm]cial panic ( #aheg ! new magaz9e w\ld inevitably h fail$ _h x n be5 = ^! fasc9at+ essays4 ,_! orig9ality ( conception1 _! wit & hum\r1 _! sugge/ions ( :at !n seem$ bold ideas1 & _! expression ( ,new ,engl&ism1 all comb9$ to make !m s popul> t ! mo/ h>ass$ m]*ant 9 t gloomy w9t] pur*as$ !m z a dose ( *e]+ m$ic9e4 ,?us ,dr ,holmes made ,! ,atlantic ,mon?ly1 :i* 9 return made him4 ,a success s imm$iate & s spl5did settl$ ! re/ ( 8 c>e]2 he ceas$ to be a physician & became an au?or4 ,^! twelve pap]s 7 imm$iately 7#aheh7 publi%$ z a volume4 ,no soon] 0 ! ,autocrat sil5t ?an ! ,pr(essor 7#ahei7 succe$$ him at ! breakfa/ table4 ,! ,pr(essor 0 pref]r$ by m ?\ghtful read]s1 ?\gh x has h>dly be5 s widely popul> z ! ,autocrat4 ,its !ology1 :i* seem$ 9 ^? days audaci\s1 fright5$ _m ( ! /rict & old-fa%ion$ religioni/s ( ,new ,engl&1 ?\gh to-day x seems mild en\gh4 ,twelve ye>s lat]1 9 #ahga1 ! ,l&lady _h ano!r bo>d]1 :o took ! vacant *air--! ,poet 7publi%$ #ahgb74 ,b "h ,holmes fell a little %ort4 ,9 ^! ?ree books1 especially 9 ! ,autocrat & ! ,pr(essor1 ! ,doctor wrote z he talk$ at _m a d9n] table 9 ,bo/on1 b less well4 ,! animation & cla% ( talk r\s$ him4 ,! d9n]s ( ! ,saturday ,club are among ,bo/on's pr\de/ traditions1 z !y 7 ! *ief pleasure ( ,dr ,holmes's life4 ,!re he met ,em]son1 ,longfell[1 ,:itti]1 ,l[ell1 ,sumn]1 ,agassiz1 ,motley1 & _m o!r *>m+ talk]s1 & among !m all he 0 admitt$ to be ! be/4 ,!re 7 *>act]s & incid5ts1 b h>dly a /ory1 9 ! ,autocrat & ! ,pr(essor4 ,holmes _h an ambition = m su/a9$ "w1 & 9 #ahfa 8 novel1 ,elsie ,v5n]1 at fir/ call$ ,! ,pr(essor's ,/ory1 0 publi%$4 ,! book 0 illum9at$ ?r\gh\t by admirable pictures ( "* & society 9 ! typical ,new ,engl& t[n4 ,b ! rattlesnake elem5t 0 unduly extravagant1 & 9 o!r respects ! book 0 op5 to criticism z a "w ( art4 ,x 0 writt5 ) ! same purpose :i* in=m$ ! greate/ "p ( ! ,doctor's lit]>y "w1 & :i* _h already be5 sc5t$ & n]v\sly condemn$ by ! religi\s _w4 ,by h]$ity ! ,doctor 0 a !ologian2 no o!r topic en*a9$ him m ?an did ! /]n & m]ciless dogmas ( 8 ,calv9i/ =efa!rs4 ,8 humanity revolt$ aga9/ !m1 8 reason condemn$ !m1 & he set himself to _! de/ruction z 8 task 9 lit]ature4 ,! religi\s _w ( 8 "t 0 /ill s l>gely "u ! control ( old ideas t he 0 assail$ z a free?9k] & a subv]t] ( ,*ri/ianity2 ?\gh be=e 8 dea? op9ions _h s *ang$ t ! bitt]ness ( ! attacks ^u him seem$ incr$ible1 ev5 to "s ( ^? :o _h mo/ vehem5tly made !m4 ,none ! less1 undaunt$ & pr(\ndly e>ne/1 he return$1 six ye>s lat]1 to ! same l9e ( ?\ght 9 8 second novel1 ,! ,gu>dian ,angel 7publi%$ #ahfg74 ,?is1 ?\gh less well kn[n ?an ,elsie ,v5n]1 is 9 _m respects bett]4 ,no m lifelike & *>m+ picture ( ! society ( ! ,new ,engl& c\ntry-t[n ( ! middle ?ird ( ! #ai? c5tury has ev] be5 drawn1 & e page sp>kles ) wit & hum\r4 ,9 #ahhd & #ahhe x 0 foll[$1 /ill 9 ! same l9e1 by ,a ,mortal ,antipa?y1 a production inf]ior to its pr$ecessors4 ,holmes g5]ally held himself alo( f politics1 & f ^? causes ( temp]ance1 abolition & woman's rights :i* en?rall$ mo/ ( 8 contempor>ies 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,! ,civil ,w>1 h[ev]1 ar\s$ him = ! "t2 f9d+ him fir/ a /r5u\s ,unioni/1 x quickly conv]t$ him into an ard5t advocate ( emancipation4 ,8 int]e/ 0 enhanc$ by ! c>e] ( 8 eld] son ,oliv] 7see bel[71 :o 0 ?ree times sev]ely w\nd$1 & f9ally rose to ! rank ( lieut4-colonel 9 ! ,nor!rn army4 ,he wrote "s r++ w> lyrics1 & 9 #ahfc deliv]$ ! ,f\r? ( ,july oration 9 ,bo/on1 :i* %[$ a ma/]ly appreciation ( ! /irr+ public que/ions ( ! day4 ,9 #ahgh ,dr ,holmes wrote a memoir ( ! hi/orian ,john ,lo?rop ,motley1 an affectionate tribute to "o :o _h be5 8 de> fri5d4 ,9 #ahhd he contribut$ ! life ( ,em]son to ! ,am]ican ,m5 ( ,lett]s s]ies4 ,he admir$ ! ,sage ( ,concord1 b 0 n q 9 intellectual sympa?y ) him4 ,bo? 7 ,lib]als 9 ?\ght1 b 9 widely diff]5t ways4 ,b 9 spite ( ?is h&icap ! volume prov$ v popul>4 ,9 #ahhh he began ! pap]s :i* he happily *ri/5$ ,ov] ! ,tea ,cups4 ,z a t\r de =ce on ! "p ( a man ( ne>ly f\rscore ye>s !y are v rem>kable4 ,aft] 8 return f ,p>is 9 #ahce ,dr ,holmes liv$ 9 ,bo/on1 ) summ] soj\rn+s at ,pittsfield & ,bev]ly ,f>ms1 & occasional trips to neighb\r+ cities1 until #ahhf4 ,he !n und]took a f\r mon?s' j\rney 9 ,europe1 & 9 ,engl& _h a sort ( triumphal progress4 ,on 8 return he wrote ,our ,hundr$ ,days 9 ,europe 7#ahhg71 a c\rte\s recognition ( ! hospitality & praise :i* _h be5 accord$ to him4 ,dur+ ?is visit ,cambridge ,univ]sity made him ,doctor ( ,lett]s1 ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity made him ,doctor ( ,laws1 & ,ox=d ,univ]sity made him ,doctor ( ,civil ,law4 ,already1 9 #ahhj1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity _h made him ,doctor ( ,laws4 ,he di$ on ! #g? ( ,octob] #ahid1 & 0 buri$ f ,k+'s ,*apel1 ,bo/on1 9 ! cemet]y ( ,m\nt ,auburn4 ,8 elde/ son ,oliv] ,w5dell 7b4 #ahda71 :o graduat$ f ,h>v>d 9 #ahfa & f\ght 9 ! ,civil ,w>1 retir+ f ! army z brevet lieut4-colonel 9 #ahfd1 took up ! /udy ( law & 0 admitt$ to ! b> 9 ,bo/on 9 #ahff4 ,he 0 = "s ye>s editor ( ! ,am]ican ,law ,review1 & aft] be+ pr(essor 9 ! ,h>v>d ,law ,s*ool 9 #ahhb 0 appo9t$ 9 ! same ye> a judge ( ! ,massa*usetts supreme c\rt1 ris+ to be *ief ju/ice 9 #ahii4 ,9 #aijb he 0 made a judge ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,supreme ,c\rt4 ,8 "w on ,! ,common ,law 7#ahha7 & 8 edition 7#ahgc7 ( ,k5t's ,comm5t>ies are 8 pr9cipal publications2 & he became widely recogniz$ z "o ( ! great juri/s ( 8 day4 ,,bibliography4--,holmes's ,complete ,works1 9 #ac volumes1 7 publi%$ at ,bo/on 9 #ahia4 ,see ,j4 ,t4 ,morse1 ,life & ,lett]s ( ,oliv] ,w5dell ,holmes 7,london1 #ahif72 ,g4 ,b4 ,ives1 ,bibliography 7,bo/on1 #aijg72 & ! bibliography 9 ,p4 ,k4 ,foley's ,am]ican ,au?ors 7,bo/on1 #ahig74 ,an essay by ,sir ,leslie ,/eph5 is prefix$ to ! ,gold5 ,treasury edition 7#aijc7 ( ,! ,autocrat ( ! ,breakfa/ ,table4 ,see also monographs by ,william ,sloane ,k5n$y 7,bo/on1 #ahhb72 ,emma ,e4 ,br[n 7,bo/on1 #ahhd74 7,j4 ,t4 ,mo47 ,,holmfir?1 an urban di/rict 9 ! ,holmfir? p>liam5t>y division ( ! ,we/ ,rid+ ( ,york%ire1 ,engl&1 on & ,holme & ! ,ribble1 #f m4 ,s4 ( ,hudd]sfield1 & on ! ,lanca%ire & ,york%ire railway4 ,pop4 7#aija7 #higg4 ,! valley1 wall$ by bold hills1 is v picturesque4 ,9 #aheb great de/ruction 0 wr\ght 9 ! t[n by ! bur/+ ( a res]voir 9 ! vic9ity4 ,! l>ge indu/rial population is employ$ 9 wooll5 manufactories1 & 9 ! neighb\r+ /one qu>ries4 ,,holocau/ 7,gr4 ,greek3 holokau/on1 or ,greek3 holokauton1 :olly burnt71 /rictly a sacrifice :olly de/roy$ by fire1 su* z ! sacrifices ( ! ,jews1 describ$ 9 ! ,p5tateu* z :ole burnt (f]+s 7see ,,sacrifice74 ,! t]m is n[ (t5 appli$ to a cata/rophe on a l>ge scale1 :e!r by fire or n1 or to a massacre or slaught]4 ,,holoc5e 7f ,gr4 ,greek3 holos1 :ole1 ,greek3 ka9os1 rec5t71 9 geology1 ! "t division :i* embraces ! y\nge/ ( all ! =mations2 x is equival5t to ! ,rec5t ( "s au?ors4 ,! "n 0 propos$ 9 #ahfj by ,p4 ,g]vais4 ,! olde/ deposits t may be includ$ are ^? conta9+ neoli?ic implem5ts2 deposits ( hi/oric times %\ld also be gr\p$ "h2 presumably ! y\nge/ are ^? to be *ronicl$ by ! la/ man4 ,! ,holoc5e =mations obvi\sly include all ! v>ieties ( deposits :i* are accumulat+ at ! pres5t day3 ! gravels & alluvia ( riv]s2 b\ld] clays1 mora9es & fluvio-glacial deposits2 e/u>9e1 coa/al & abyssal deposits ( ! seas1 & _! equival5ts 9 lakes2 screes1 taluses1 w9d-borne du/ & s& & des]t =mations2 *emical deposits f sal9e wat]s2 peat1 diatomite1 m>ls1 =am9if]al & o!r oozes2 coral1 algal & %ell banks1 & o!r organic deposits2 mud1 lava & du/ deposits ( volcanic orig9 & extrusions ( asphalt & pit*2 to all ^! mu/ be add$ ! works ( man4 ,,holroyd1 ,,sir ,,*>les 7#ahfa- 71 ,briti% arti/1 0 born 9 ,le$s on ! #i? ( ,april #ahfa4 ,he receiv$ 8 art education "u ,pr(essor ,legros at ! ,slade ,s*ool1 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london1 :]e he _h a di/+ui%$ c>e]4 ,aft] pass+ six mon?s at ,newlyn1 :]e he pa9t$ 8 fir/ picture exhibit$ 9 ! ,royal ,academy1 ,fi%]m5 ,m5d+ a ,sail 7#ahhe71 he obta9$ a travell+ s*ol>%ip & /udi$ = two ye>s 9 ,italy1 a soj\rn :i* greatly influ5c$ 8 art4 ,at 8 return1 on ! invitation ( ,legros1 he became = two ye>s assi/ant-ma/] at ! ,slade ,s*ool1 & !re devot$ himself to pa9t+ & et*+4 ,among 8 pictures may be m5tion$ ,! ,dea? ( ,torrigiano 7#ahhf71 ,! ,satyr ,k+ 7#ahhi71 ,! ,supp] at ,emmaus1 &1 p]haps 8 be/ picture1 ,pan & ,peasants 7#ahic74 ,= ! *ur* ( ,aveley1 ,essex1 he pa9t$ a tripty* alt>piece1 ,! ,adoration ( ! ,%eph]ds1 ) w+s repres5t+ ,/ ,mi*ael & ,/ ,gabriel1 & design$ z well ! w9d[1 ,! ,resurrection4 ,8 portraits1 su* z t ( ,g4 ,f4 ,watts1 ,r4,a41 9 ! ,legros mann]1 %[ mu* dignity & di/9ction4 ,sir ,*>les ,holroyd has made 8 *ief reputation z an et*] ( exceptional ability1 comb9+ /r5g? ) delicacy1 & a pr(\nd te*nical k ( ! art4 ,among ! be/ kn[n are ! ,monte ,oliveto s]ies1 ! ,ic>us s]ies1 ! ,monte ,subasio s]ies1 & ! ,eve s]ies1 toge!r ) ! plates1 ,! ,flight into ,egypt1 ,! ,prodigal ,son1 ,a ,b>n on ,tadwor? ,common 7et*$ 9 ! op5 air71 & ,! ,/orm4 ,8 et*$ heads ( ,pr(essor ,legros1 ,"l ,c\rtney & ,night1 are admirable alike 9 k & 9 lik5ess4 ,8 pr9cipal dry-po9t is ,! ,ba!r4 ,9 all 8 "w ,holroyd displays an impressive s9c]ity1 ) a f9e s5se ( composition1 & ( /yle1 alli$ to indep5d5t & mod]n feel+4 ,he 0 appo9t$ ! fir/ keep] ( ! ,national ,gall]y ( ,briti% ,art 7,tate ,gall]y71 & on ! retirem5t ( ,sir ,edw>d ,poynt] 9 #aijf he receiv$ ! director%ip ( ! ,national ,gall]y4 ,he 0 knight$ 9 #aijc4 ,8 ,mi*ael ,angelo ,buon>otti 7,london1 ,duckwor?1 #aijc7 is a s*ol>ly "w ( real value4 ,,hol/e91 ,,fri$ri* ,,von 7#ahcg-aiji71 ,g]man /atesman1 = m ?an ?irty ye>s head ( ! political dep>tm5t ( ! ,g]man ,=eign ,(fice4 ,hol/e9's importance began ) ! dismissal ( ,bism>ck 9 #ahij4 ,! new *ancellor1 ,caprivi1 0 ignorant ( =eign affairs2 & ,hol/e91 z ! repository ( ! ,bism>ckian tradition1 became indisp5sable4 ,?is reluctance to em]ge into publicity has be5 ascrib$ to ! "p he _h play$ "u ,bism>ck 9 ! ,arnim affair1 :i* _h made him p[]ful enemies2 x 01 h[ev]1 possibly due to a %r9k+ f ! responsibility ( (fice4 ,yet ! weakness ( 8 position lay j 9 ! fact t he 0 n ultimately responsible4 ,he prote/$ aga9/ ! despat* ( ! ,krug] telegram1 b prote/$ 9 va94 ,on ! o!r h&1 :]e 8 ideas 7 acceptable1 he 0 g5]ally able to realize !m4 ,?us x 0 almo/ entirely due to him t ,g]many acquir$ ,kiao-*au & ass]t$ h] int]e/s 9 ,*9a1 & ! acquisition ( ,samoa 0 also l>gely 8 "w4 ,if ! skill & p]t9acity ) :i* ,hol/e9 c>ri$ ?r\gh 8 plans 9 ^! matt]s 0 le>n$ 9 ! s*ool ( ,bism>ck1 he _h n acquir$ ,bism>ck's faculty = =esee+ _! ult]ior consequ5ces4 ,?is is true ( 8 ,*9ese policy1 & true also ( 8 "p 9 ! ,morocco crisis4 ,! emp]or ,william ,,ii4's j\rney to ,tangi] 0 und]tak5 on 8 advice1 z a prote/ aga9/ ! suppos$ attempt at ! isolation ( ,g]many2 b ( ! lat] developm5ts ( ,g]man policy 9 ! ,morocco "q he did n approve1 on ! gr\nd t ! result w\ld m]ely be to /r5g!n ! ,anglo-,fr5* ent5te2 & f ! #ab? ( ,m>* #aijf onw>ds he took no active "p 9 ! matt]4 ,to ! la/ he believ$ t ! position ( ,g]many w\ld rema9 unsafe until an und]/&+ _h be5 arriv$ at ) ,great ,brita91 & x 0 ?is belief t det]m9$ 8 attitude t[>ds ! "q ( ! fleet1 beside :i*1 he wrote 9 ,febru>y #aiji1 all o!r que/ions are ( less] acc\nt4 ,8 views on ?is "q 7 summ>iz$ 9 a memor&um ( ,decemb] #aijg1 ( :i* ,h]r von ,ra? gives a resume4 ,he object$ to ! programme ( ! ,g]man ,navy ,league on ?ree ma9 gr\nds3 7#a7 ! ill-feel+ likely to be ar\s$ 9 ,s\? ,g]many1 7#b7 ! inevitable dislocation ( ! f9ances ?r\gh ! huge additional *>ges involv$1 7#c7 ! suspicion ( ,g]many's motives 9 =eign c\ntries1 :i* w\ld b9d ,great ,brita9 /ill clos] to ,france4 ,z = ! idea t ,g]many's p[] w\ld be increas$1 ?is--he wrote 9 reply to a lett] f ,admiral ,gal/]--0 a simple "q ( ari?metic2 = h[ w\ld ! sea-p[] ( ,g]many be relatively increas$ if = e new ,g]man %ip ,great ,brita9 built two8 ,h]r von ,hol/e9 retir$ on ! resignation ( ,pr9ce ,bul[1 & di$ on ! #h? ( ,may #aiji4 ,see ,h]mann von ,ra?1 ,er9n]ung5 an ,h]rn von ,hol/e9 9 ! ,deuts*e ,revue = ,octob] #aiji4 ,he is also frequ5tly m5tion$ passim 9 ,pr9ce ,*lodwig ,hoh5lohe's ,memoirs4 ,,hol/e91 =m]ly a du*y ( ,g]many4 ,until ab\t #aaaj ! c\nty ( ,hol/e9 =m$ "p ( ! du*y ( ,saxony1 & x 0 made a du*y 9 #adgb4 ,f #adfj to #ahfd x 0 rul$ by memb]s ( ! h\se ( ,old5burg1 "s ( :om 7 also k+s ( ,d5m>k4 ,x is n[ ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,prussian prov9ce ( ,s*leswig-,hol/e94 7,see ,,s*leswig-,,hol/e91 & = hi/ory ,,s*leswig-,,hol/e9 ,,"q47 ,,hol/51 ,,k>l ,,*ri/ian ,,johann 7#ahbe-ahig71 ,g]man !ologian1 0 born at ,gu/r[1 ,meckl5burg1 on ! #ca/ ( ,m>* #ahbe1 & educat$ at ,leipzig1 ,b]l9 & ,ro/ock1 :]e 9 #aheb he became a tea*] ( religion 9 ! ,gymnasium4 ,9 #ahgj he w5t to ,b]n z pr(essor ( ,new ,te/am5t /udies1 pass+ !nce 9 #ahgf to ,heidelb]g1 :]e he rema9$ until 8 dea? on ! #bf? ( ,janu>y #ahig4 ,hol/5 0 an adh]5t ( ! ,tub+5 s*ool1 & held to ,baur's views on ! alleg$ antagonism betwe5 ,petr9ism & ,paul9ism4 ,among 8 writ+s are ,zum ,evangelium d4 ,paulus und d4 ,petrus 7#ahfg72 ,das ,evangelium des ,paulus d>ge/ellt 7#ahhj72 ,die synoptis*5 ,evangeli5 na* d] ,=m ihres ,inhalts 7#ahhf74 ,,hol/5ius1 ,,lucas1 ! ,lat9iz$ "n ( ,luc ,hol/e 7#aeif-affa71 ,g]man humani/1 geograph] & !ological writ]1 0 born at ,hamburg4 ,he /udi$ at ,leid5 univ]sity1 :]e he became intimate ) ! mo/ fam\s s*ol>s ( ! age--,j4 ,meursius1 ,d4 ,he9sius & ,p4 ,cluv]ius1 :om he accompani$ on 8 travels 9 ,italy & ,sicily4 ,disappo9t$ at 8 failure to obta9 a po/ 9 ! gymnasium ( 8 native t[n1 he left ,g]many = good4 ,hav+ sp5t two ye>s 9 ,ox=d & ,london1 he w5t to ,p>is4 ,"h he obta9$ ! patronage ( ,n4 de ,peiresc1 :o recomm5d$ him to ,c>d9al ,francesco ,b>b]9i1 papal nuncio & ! possessor ( ! mo/ important private libr>y 9 ,rome4 ,on ! c>d9al's return 9 #afbg he took ,hol/5ius to live ) him 9 8 palace & made him 8 libr>ian4 ,al?\gh conv]t$ to ,roman ,ca?olicism 9 #afbe1 ,hol/5ius %[$ 8 lib]al-m9d$ness by /r5u\sly oppos+ ! /rict c5sor%ip ex]cis$ by ! ,congregation ( ! ,index4 ,he 0 appo9t$ libr>ian ( ! ,vatican by ,innoc5t ,x41 & 0 s5t to ,innsbruck by ,alex&] ,,vii4 to receive ,que5 ,*ri/9a's abjuration ( ,prote/antism4 ,he di$ 9 ,rome on ! #bnd ( ,febru>y #affa4 ,hol/5ius 0 a man ( unwe>i$ indu/ry & imm5se le>n+1 b he lack$ ! p]si/5cy to c>ry out ! va/ lit]>y s*emes he _h plann$4 ,he 0 ! au?or ( notes on ,cluvi]'s ,italia antiqua 7#afbd72 an edition ( portions ( ,porphyrius 7#afcj71 ) a diss]tation on 8 life & writ+s1 describ$ z a model ( its k9d2 notes on ,eusebius ,aga9/ ,hi]ocles 7#afbh71 on ! ,say+s ( ! lat] ,py?agoreans 7#afch71 & ! ,de diis et mundo ( ! neo-,platoni/ ,sallu/ius 7#afch72 ,notae et ca/igationes 9 ,/ephani ,bysant9i e?nica 7fir/ publi%$ 9 #afhd72 & ,codex regul>um1 ,collection ( ! ,e>ly ,rules ( ! ,mona/ic ,ord]s 7#affa74 ,8 correspond5ce 7,epi/olae ad div]sos1 ed4 ,j4 ,f4 ,boissonade1 #ahag7 is a valuable s\rce ( in=mation on ! lit]>y hi/ory ( 8 "t4 ,see ,n4 ,wilck5s1 ,leb5 des gelehrt5 ,lucae ,hol/5ii 7,hamburg1 #agbc72 ,johann ,moll]1 ,cimbria lit]ata1 iii4 7#agdd74 ,,hol/]1 a lea!r case to hold a pi/ol1 us$ by a horseman & prop]ly fa/5$ to ! saddle-b[1 b sometimes worn 9 ! belt4 ,! same ^w appe>s 9 ,dut*1 f :i* ! ,engli% ^w probably directly d]ives4 ,! root is hel- or hul- to cov]1 & is se5 9 ! ,o4 ,eng4 heol/]1 a place ( %elt] or concealm5t1 & 9 hull a %ea? or cov]+4 ,! ,g]man ^w = ! same object1 holft]1 is1 accord+ to ! ,new ,engli% ,diction>y1 f a diff]5t root4 ,,holt1 ,,sir ,,john 7#afdb-agaj71 "l *ief ju/ice ( ,engl&1 0 born at ,?ame1 ,ox=d%ire1 on ! #cj? ( ,decemb] #afdb4 ,8 fa!r1 ,sir ,?omas ,holt1 possess$ a small patrimonial e/ate1 b 9 ord] to supplem5t 8 income _h adopt$ ! pr(ession ( law1 9 :i* he 0 n v successful1 al?\gh he became s]geant 9 #afgg1 & aft]w>ds = 8 political s]vices to ! ,tories 0 rew>d$ ) knigh?ood4 ,aft] att5d+ = "s ye>s ! free s*ool ( ! t[n ( ,ab+don1 ( :i* 8 fa!r 0 record]1 "y ,holt 9 8 sixte5? ye> ent]$ ,oriel ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,he is said to h sp5t a v dissipat$ y\?1 & ev5 to h be5 9 ! habit ( tak+ purses on ! highway1 b aft] ent]+ ,gray's ,inn ab\t #affj he appli$ himself ) exempl>y dilig5ce to ! /udy ( law4 ,he 0 call$ to ! b> 9 #affc4 ,an ard5t support] ( civil & religi\s lib]ty1 he di/+ui%$ himself 9 ! /ate trials :i* 7 !n s common by ! able & c\rage\s mann] 9 :i* he support$ ! pleas ( ! def5dants4 ,9 #afhe-afhf he 0 appo9t$ record] ( ,london1 & ab\t ! same "t he 0 made k+'s s]geant & receiv$ ! hon\r ( knigh?ood4 ,8 giv+ a decision adv]se to ! pret5sions ( ! k+ to ex]cise m>tial law 9 "t ( peace l$ to 8 dismissal f ! (fice ( record]1 b he 0 cont9u$ 9 ! (fice ( k+'s s]geant 9 ord] to prev5t him f becom+ c\nsel = accus$ p]sons4 ,hav+ be5 "o ( ! judges :o act$ z assessors to ! pe]s 9 ! ,conv5tion p>liam5t1 he took a lead+ "p 9 arrang+ ! con/itutional *ange by :i* ,william ,,iii4 0 call$ to ! ?rone1 & aft] 8 accession he 0 appo9t$ "l *ief ju/ice ( ! ,k+'s ,b5*4 ,8 m]its z a judge are ! m app>5t & ! m rem>kable :5 contra/$ ) ! qualities display$ by 8 pr$ecessors 9 (fice4 ,9 judicial fairness1 legal k & ability1 cle>ness ( /atem5t & unb5d+ integrity he has _h few if any sup]iors on ! ,engli% b5*4 ,ov] ! civil rights ( 8 c\ntrym5 he ex]cis$ a jeal\s wat*fulness1 m especially :5 presid+ at ! trial ( /ate prosecutions1 & he 0 especially c>eful t all accus$ p]sons %\ld be treat$ ) fairness & respect4 ,he is1 h[ev]1 be/ kn[n = ! firmness ) :i* he upheld 8 own pr]ogatives 9 opposition to ! au?ority ( ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t4 ,on sev]al occasions 8 physical z well z 8 moral c\rage 0 tri$ by extreme te/s4 ,hav+ be5 reque/$ to supply a numb] ( police to help ! soldi]y 9 quell+ a riot1 he assur$ ! mess5g] t if any ( ! p 7 %ot he w\ld h ! soldi]s hang$1 & proce$+ himself to ! sc5e ( riot he 0 successful 9 prev5t+ blood%$4 ,:ile /eadfa/ 9 8 sympa?ies ) ! ,:ig p>ty1 ,holt ma9ta9$ on ! b5* entire political imp>tiality1 & always held himself alo( f political intrigue4 ,on ! retirem5t ( ,som]s f ! *ancellor%ip 9 #agjj he 0 (f]$ ! great seal1 b decl9$ x4 ,8 dea? took place 9 ,london on ! #e? ( ,m>* #agaj4 ,he 0 buri$ 9 ! *ancel ( ,r$grave *ur*4 ,reports ( ,cases det]m9$ by ,sir ,john ,holt 7#afha-agaj7 appe>$ at ,london 9 #agch2 & ,! ,judgm5ts deliv]$ 9 ! case ( ,a%by v4 ,:ite & o!rs1 & 9 ! case ( ,john ,paty & o!rs1 pr9t$ f orig9al ,,mss41 at ,london 7#ahcg74 ,see ,burnet's ,own ,times2 ,tatl]1 ,no4 xiv42 a ,life1 publi%$ 9 #agfd2 ,welsby1 ,lives ( ,em95t ,engli% ,judges ( ! #ag? & #ah? ,c5turies 7#ahdf72 ,campbell's ,lives ( ! ,"l ,*ief ,ju/ices2 & ,foss1 ,lives ( ! ,judges4 ,,holtei1 ,,k>l ,,edu>d ,,von 7#agih-ahhj71 ,g]man poet & actor1 0 born at ,breslau on ! #bd? ( ,janu>y #agih1 ! son ( an (fic] ( ,huss>s4 ,hav+ s]v$ 9 ! ,prussian army z a volunte] 9 #ahae1 he %ortly aft]w>ds ent]$ ! univ]sity ( ,breslau z a /ud5t ( law2 b1 attract$ by ! /age1 he soon =sook academic life & made 8 debut 9 ! ,breslau !atre z ,mortim] 9 ,s*ill]'s ,m>ia ,/u>t4 ,he l$ a w&]+ life = ! next two ye>s1 appe>+ less on ! /age z an actor ?an z a recit] ( 8 own poems4 ,9 #ahba he m>ri$ ! actress ,luise ,rogee 7#ahjj-ahbe71 & 0 appo9t$ !atre-poet to ! ,breslau /age4 ,he next remov$ to ,b]l91 :]e 8 wife fulfill$ an engagem5t at ! ,c\rt !atre4 ,dur+ 8 soj\rn "h he produc$ ! vaudevilles ,die ,wi5] 9 ,b]l9 7#ahbd71 & ,die ,b]l9] 9 ,wi5 7#ahbe71 pieces :i* enjoy$ at ! "t great popul> fav\r4 ,9 #ahbe 8 wife di$2 b soon aft] h] dea? he accept$ an engagem5t at ! ,konigs/adt] !atre 9 ,b]l91 :5 he wrote a numb] ( plays1 notably ,l5ore 7#ahbi7 & ,d] alte ,feldh]r 7#ahbi74 ,9 #ahcj he m>ri$ ,julie ,holzbe*] 7#ahji-ahci71 an actress engag$ at ! same !atre1 & ) h] play$ 9 ,d>m/adt4 ,return+ to ,b]l9 9 #ahca he wrote = ! compos] ,franz ,glas] 7#agih-ahfa7 ! text ( ! op]a ,des ,adl]s ,hor/ 7#ahce71 & = ,ludwig ,devri5t ! drama1 ,d] dumme ,pet] 7#ahcg74 ,9 #ahcc ,holtei aga9 w5t on ! /age & t\r$ ) 8 wife to v>i\s important cities1 ,hamburg1 ,leipzig1 ,dresd51 ,muni* & ,vi5na4 ,9 ! la/ 8 declamatory p[]s z a recit]1 p>ticul>ly ( ,%akespe>e's plays1 made a furore1 & ! poet-actor 0 giv5 ! appo9tm5t ( manag] ( ! ,josef/adt] !atre 9 ! la/-nam$ city4 ,?\gh pr\d ( 8 successes bo? z actor & recit]1 ,holtei left ,vi5na 9 #ahcf1 & f #ahcg to #ahci conduct$ ! !atre 9 ,riga4 ,"h 8 second wife di$1 & aft] w&]+ ?r\gh ,g]many recit+ & accept+ a %ort engagem5t at ,breslau1 he settl$ 9 #ahdg at ,graz1 :]e he devot$ himself to a lit]>y life & produc$ ! novels ,die ,vagabund5 7#ahea71 ,*ri/ian ,lammfell 7#ahec7 & ,d] letzte ,komodiant 7#ahfc74 ,! la/ ye>s ( 8 life 7 sp5t at ,breslau1 :]e be+ 9 poor circum/ances he f\nd a home 9 ! ,klo/] d] b>mh]zig5 ,brud]1 & "h he di$ on ! #ab? ( ,febru>y #ahhj4 ,z a dramati/ ,holtei may be said to h introduc$ ! vaudeville into ,g]many2 z an actor1 al?\gh rema9+ beh9d ! great] arti/s ( 8 "t1 he contriv$ to fasc9ate 8 audi5ce by ! dramatic =ce ( 8 exposition ( "*2 z a recit]1 especially ( ,%akespe>e1 he knew no rival4 ,augu/ ,lewald said ( ,holtei t by ! en]gy ( 8 poetic conception & pla/ic =ce he br\ght 8 audi5ce r\nd to 8 own ideas2 & he add$1 an eloqu5ce su* z 8 ,i h nev] met ) 9 any o!r ,g]man4 ,holtei 0 n only a /age-poet b a lyric-writ] ( great *>m4 ,notable among su* productions are ,s*lesis*e ,g$i*te 7#ahcj2 #bj? ed41 #ahic71 ,g$i*te 7#e? ed41 #ahfa71 ,/imm5 des ,waldes 7#bnd ed41 #ahed74 ,m5tion ought also to be made ( ,holtei's int]e/+ autobiography1 ,vi]zig ,jahre 7#h vols41 #ahdc-ahej2 #crd ed41 #ahfb7 ) ! supplem5t>y volume ,no* e9 ,jahr 9 ,s*lesi5 7#ahfd74 ,holtei's ,!at] appe>$ 9 #f vols4 7#ahfg72 8 ,erzahl5de ,s*rift51 #ci vols4 7#ahfa-ahff74 ,see ,m4 ,kurnick1 ,k>l von ,holtei1 e9 ,leb5sbild 7#ahhj72 ,f4 ,wehl1 ,zeit und ,m5s*5 7#ahhi72 ,o4 ,/or*1 ,k4 von ,holtei 7#ahih74 ,,holty1 ,,ludwig ,,he9ri* ,,*ri/oph 7#agdh-aggf71 ,g]man poet1 0 born on ! #ba/ ( ,decemb] #agdh at ! village ( ,m>i5see 9 ,hanov]1 :]e 8 fa!r 0 pa/or4 ,9 #agfi he w5t to /udy !ology at ,gott+54 ,"h he =m$ a close fri5d%ip ) ,j4 ,m4 ,mill]1 ,j4 ,h4 ,voss1 ,h4 ,boie1 ! bro!rs ,/olb]g & o!rs1 & became "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! fam\s society ( "y poets kn[n z ! ,gott+] ,di*t]bund or ,ha94 ,:5 9 #aggd he left ! univ]sity he _h ab&on$ all int5tion ( becom+ a cl]gyman2 b he 0 n de/9$ to ent] any o!r pr(ession4 ,he di$ ( consumption on ! #a/ ( ,septemb] #aggf at ,hanov]4 ,holty 0 ! mo/ gift$ lyric poet ( ! ,gott+5 circle4 ,he 0 influ5c$ bo? by ,uz & ,klop/ock1 b 8 love = ! ,volksli$ & 8 delight 9 nature pres]v$ him f ! artificiality ( ! "o poet & ! unworldl9ess ( ! o!r4 ,a /ra9 ( melan*oly runs ?r\gh all 8 lyrics4 ,8 ballads are ! pione]s ( ! ri* ballad lit]ature on ,engli% models1 :i* sprang up 9 ,g]many dur+ ! next few ye>s4 ,among 8 mo/ famili> poems may be m5tion$ ,ub' imm] ,treu' und ,r$li*keit1 ,tanzt dem s*on5 ,mai entgeg51 ,ros5 auf dem ,weg ge/reut1 & ,w] wollte si* mit ,grill5 plag58 ,holty's ,g$i*te 7 publi%$ by 8 fri5ds ,c\nt ,fri$ri* ,leopold zu ,/olb]g & ,j4 ,h4 ,voss 7,hamburg1 #aghc72 a new edition1 enl>g$ by ,voss1 ) a biography 7#ahjd72 a m complete b /ill imp]fect edition by ,f4 ,voigts 7,hanov]1 #aheg74 ,! fir/ complete edition 0 t ( ,k>l ,halm 7,leipzig1 #ahgj71 :o _h access to ,,mss4 n hi!rto kn[n4 ,see ,h4 ,ruete1 ,holty1 se9 ,leb5 und ,di*t5 7,gub51 #ahhc71 & ,a4 ,sau]1 ,d] ,gott+] ,di*t]bund1 vol4 ii4 7,/uttg>t1 #ahid71 :]e an excell5t selection ( ,holty's poetry w be f\nd4 ,,holtz5dorff1 ,,joa*im ,,wilhelm ,,franz ,,philipp ,,von 7#ahbi-ahhi71 ,g]man juri/1 born at ,vietmannsdorf1 9 ! ,m>k ( ,br&5burg1 on ! #ad? ( ,octob] #ahbi1 0 desc5d$ f a family ( ! old nobility4 ,he 0 educat$ at ,b]l9 & at ,p=ta1 aft]w>ds /udy+ law at ! univ]sities ( ,bonn1 ,heidelb]g & ,b]l94 ,! /ruggles ( #ahdh inspir$ him ) y\?ful en?usiasm1 & he rema9$ = ! re/ ( 8 life a /rong advocate ( political lib]ty4 ,9 #aheb he graduat$ ,,ll4,d4 at ,b]l92 9 #aheg he became a ,privatdoc5t1 & 9 #ahfj he 0 nom9at$ a pr(essor extraord9>y4 ,! pr$om9ant p>ty 9 ,prussia reg>d$ 8 political op9ions ) mi/ru/1 & he 0 n (f]$ an ord9>y pr(essor%ip until ,febru>y #ahgc1 aft] he _h decid$ to accept a *air at ! univ]sity ( ,muni*4 ,at ,muni* he pass$ ! la/ n9ete5 ye>s ( 8 life4 ,dur+ ! ?irty ye>s t he 0 pr(essor he successively taught sev]al bran*es ( jurisprud5ce1 b he 0 *iefly di/+ui%$ z an au?ority on crim9al & int]national law4 ,he 0 especially well fitt$ = organiz+ collective "w1 & he has associat$ 8 "n ) a s]ies ( publications ( ! fir/ value4 ,:ile act+ z editor he (t5 res]v$ = himself1 among ! indep5d5t monographs ( :i* ! "w 0 compos$1 only ^? on subjects di/a/eful to 8 collaborators on acc\nt ( _! obscurity or lack ( importance4 ,among ! compilations :i* he sup]9t5d$ may be m5tion$ 8 ,encyclopadie d] ,re*tswiss5s*aft 7,leipzig1 #ahgj-ahga1 #b vols472 8 ,h&bu* des deuts*5 ,/rafre*ts 7,b]l91 #ahga-ahgg1 #d vols471 & 8 ,h&bu* des ,volk]re*ts auf ,grundlage europais*] ,/aatspraxis 7,b]l91 #ahhe-ahij1 #d vols474 ,among 8 _m indep5d5t works may be m5tion$3 ,das iris*e ,gefangnissy/em 7,leipzig1 #ahei71 ,franzosis*e ,re*tszu/&e 7,leipzig1 #ahei71 ,die ,deportation als ,/rafmittel 7,leipzig1 #ahei71 ,die ,kurzungsfahigkeit d] ,freiheits/raf5 7,leipzig1 #ahfa71 ,die ,re=m d] ,/aatsanwalts*aft 9 ,deuts*l& 7,b]l91 #ahfd71 ,die ,umge/altung d] ,/aatsanwalts*aft 7,b]l91 #ahfe71 ,die ,pr9cipi5 d] ,politik 7,b]l91 #ahfi71 ,das ,v]bre*5 des ,mordes und die ,todes/rafe 7,b]l91 #ahge71 ,rumani5s ,uf]re*te an d] ,donau 7,leipzig1 #ahhc2 ,fr5* edition1 #ahhd74 ,he also edit$ or assi/$ 9 edit+ a numb] ( p]iodical publications on legal subjects4 ,f #ahff to ! "t ( 8 dea? he 0 associat$ ) ,rudolf ,ludwig ,c>l ,vir*[ 9 edit+ ,sammlung geme9v]/&li*] wiss5s*aftli*] ,vortrage 7,b]l974 ,von ,holtz5dorff di$ at ,muni* on ! #d? ( ,febru>y #ahhi4 ,,holtzmann1 ,,he9ri* ,,julius 7#ahcb- 71 ,g]man ,prote/ant !ologian1 son ( ,k>l ,julius ,holtzmann 7#ahjd-ahgg71 0 born on ! #ag? ( ,may #ahcb at ,k>lsruhe1 :]e 8 fa!r ultimately became prelate & c\nsellor to ! supreme consi/ory4 ,he /udi$ at ,b]l91 & ev5tually 7#ahgd7 0 appo9t$ pr(essor ord9>ius at ,/rassburg4 ,a mod]ately lib]al !ologian1 he became be/ kn[n z a ,new ,te/am5t critic & exegete1 be+ ! au?or ( ! ,comm5t>y on ! ,synoptics 7#ahhi2 #crd ed41 #aija71 ! ,johann9e books 7#ahij2 #bnd ed41 #ahic71 & ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les 7#aija71 9 ! s]ies ,h&komm5t> zum ,neu5 ,te/am5t4 ,on ! "q ( ! relation%ip ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 ,holtzmann 9 8 e>ly "w1 ,die synoptis*5 ,evangeli51 ihr ,ursprung und ges*i*tli*] ,*>akt] 7#ahfc71 pres5ts a view :i* has be5 widely accept$1 ma9ta9+ ! priority ( ,m>k1 d]iv+ ,mat!w 9 its pres5t =m f ,m>k & f ,mat!w's e>li] collection ( ,say+s1 ! ,logia ( ,papias1 & ,luke f ,mat!w & ,m>k 9 ! =m 9 :i* we h !m4 ,o!r notewor?y works are ! ,lehrbu* d] hi/or4-kritis*5 ,e9leitung 9 das ,neue ,te/am5t 7#ahhe1 #crd ed41 #ahib71 & ! ,lehrbu* d] neute/am5tli*5 ,!ologie 7#b vols41 #ahif-ahig74 ,he also collaborat$ ) ,r4 ,zopffel 9 ! prep>ation ( a small ,lexikon fur ,!ologie und ,kir*5wes5 7#ahhb2 #crd ed41 #ahie71 & 9 #ahic became editor ( ! ,!ol4 ,jahresb]i*t4 ,,holub1 ,,emil 7#ahdg-aijb71 ,bohemian travell] 9 s\?-c5tral ,africa1 0 born at ,holitz1 ea/]n ,bohemia1 on ! #g? ( ,octob] #ahdg4 ,he 0 educat$ at ,prague ,univ]sity1 :]e he graduat$ ,m4,d4 ,9 #ahgb he w5t to ! ,kimb]ley diamond-fields1 & ) ! money e>n$ by 8 practice z a surgeon und]took exp$itions into ! nor!rn ,transvaal1 ,ma%onal& & ?r\gh ,be*uanal& to ! ,victoria ,falls1 mak+ ext5sive natural hi/ory collections1 :i* he br\ght to ,europe 9 #ahgi & di/ribut$ among ov] a hundr$ museums & s*ools4 ,9 #ahhc he w5t back to ,s\? ,africa ) 8 wife1 int5d+ to cross ! cont95t to ,egypt4 ,9 ,june #ahhf ! p>ty cross$ ! ,zambezi we/ ( ! ,victoria ,falls1 & explor$ ! !n almo/ unkn[n region betwe5 t riv] & its tribut>y ! ,kafue4 ,:5 beyond ! ,kafue ! camp 0 attack$ by ! ,ma%ukulumbwe1 & ,holub 0 oblig$ to retrace 8 /eps4 ,he return$ to ,au/ria 9 #ahhg ) a collection ( great sci5tific int]e/1 ( ov] #ac1jjj objects1 n[ 9 v>i\s museums4 ,holub di$ at ,vi5na on ! #ba/ ( ,febru>y #aijb4 ,8 pr9cipal works are3 ,e9e ,culturskizze des ,m>utse-,mambunda-rei*s 7,vi5na1 #ahgi72 ,sieb5 ,jahre 9 ,sudafrika1 c4 7#b vols41 ,vi5na1 #ahhj-ahha71 ( :i* an ,engli% translation appe>$2 ,die ,colonisation ,afrikas 7,vi5na1 #ahhb72 & ,von d] ,kap/adt ins ,l& d] ,mas*ukulumbe 7#b vols41 ,vi5na1 #ahah-ahij74 ,,holy1 sacr$1 devot$ or set ap>t = religi\s wor%ip or obs]vance2 a t]m *>act]i/ic ( ! attributes ( p]fection & s9lessness ( ! ,p]sons ( ! ,tr9ity1 z ! objects ( human wor%ip & rev]5ce1 & h5ce transf]r$ to ^? human p]sons :o1 ei!r by _! devotion to a spiritual ascetic life or by _! approximation to moral p]fection1 are consid]$ wor?y ( rev]5ce4 ,! ^w 9 ,old ,engli% 0 halig1 & is common to o!r ,teutonic languages2 cf4 ,g]4 & ,dut* heilig1 ,sw$4 helig1 ,dan4 hellig4 ,x is d]iv$ f hal1 hale1 :ole1 & cognate ) heal?4 ,! ,new ,engli% ,diction>y sugge/s t ! s5se-developm5t may be f :ole1 i4e4 inviolate1 f heal?1 well-be+1 or f good-om51 augury4 ,x is impossible to get beh9d ! ,*ri/ian uses1 9 :i* f ! e>lie/ times x 0 employ$ z ! equival5t ( ! ,lat9 sac] & sanctus4 ,,holy ,,alliance1 ,,!4 ,! fam\s treaty1 or decl>ation1 kn[n by ?is "n 0 sign$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance by ,alex&] ,i41 emp]or ( ,russia1 ,francis ,i41 emp]or ( ,au/ria1 & ,fr$]ick ,william ,,iii41 k+ ( ,prussia1 on ! #bf? ( ,septemb] #ahae1 & 0 proclaim$ by ! emp]or ,alex&] ! same day at a great review ( ! alli$ troops held on ! ,*amp des ,v]tus ne> ,p>is4 ,! ,engli% v]sion ( ! text is z foll[s3-- ,9 ! "n ( ! ,mo/ ,holy & ,indivisible ,tr9ity4 ,holy ,alliance ( ,sov]eigns ( ,au/ria1 ,prussia & ,russia4 ,_! ,maje/ies ! ,emp]or ( ,au/ria1 ! ,k+ ( ,prussia1 & ! ,emp]or ( ,russia1 hav+1 9 consequ5ce ( ! great ev5ts :i* h m>k$ ! c\rse ( ! ?ree la/ ye>s 9 ,europe1 & especially ( ! bless+s :i* x has pleas$ ,div9e ,provid5ce to %[] d[n ^u ^? ,/ates :i* place _! confid5ce & _! hope on x alone1 acquir$ ! intimate conviction ( ! necessity ( settl+ ! /eps to be obs]v$ by ! ,p[]s1 9 _! reciprocal relations1 ^u ! sublime tru?s :i* ! ,holy ,religion ( our ,savi\r tea*es2 ,gov]nm5t & ,political ,relations4 ,!y solemnly decl>e t ! pres5t ,act has no o!r object ?an to publi%1 9 ! face ( ! :ole _w1 _! fix$ resolution1 bo? 9 ! adm9i/ration ( _! respective ,/ates1 & 9 _! political relations ) e o!r ,gov]nm5t1 to take = _! sole guide ! precepts ( t ,holy ,religion1 namely1 ! precepts ( ,ju/ice1 ,*ri/ian ,*>ity & ,peace1 :i*1 f> f be+ applicable only to private conc]ns1 mu/ h an imm$iate influ5ce on ! c\ncils ( ,pr9ces1 & guide all _! /eps1 z be+ ! only means ( consolidat+ human in/itutions & rem$y+ _! imp]fections4 ,9 consequ5ce1 _! ,maje/ies h agre$ on ! foll[+ ,articles3-- ,pr9ciples ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion4 ,art4 ,i4 ,con=mably to ! words ( ! ,holy ,scriptures :i* comm& all m5 to consid] ea* o!r z bre?r51 ! ,?ree contract+ ,mon>*s w rema9 unit$ by ! bonds ( a true & indissoluble frat]nity1 &1 consid]+ ea* o!r z fell[ c\ntrym51 !y w1 on all occasions & 9 all places1 l5d ea* o!r aid & assi/ance2 &1 reg>d+ !mselves t[>ds _! subjects & armies z fa!rs ( families1 !y w lead !m1 9 ! same _s ( frat]nity ) :i* !y are animat$1 to protect ,religion1 ,peace & ,ju/ice4 ,frat]nity & ,affection4 ,art4 ,,ii4 ,9 consequ5ce1 ! sole pr9ciple ( =ce1 :e!r betwe5 ! said ,gov]nm5ts or betwe5 _! ,subjects1 %all be t ( do+ ea* o!r reciprocal s]vice1 & ( te/ify+ by unalt]able good w ! mutual affection ) :i* !y ought to be animat$1 to consid] !mselves all z memb]s ( "o & ! same ,*ri/ian nation2 ! ?ree alli$ ,pr9ces look+ on !mselves z m]ely delegat$ by ,provid5ce to gov]n ?ree bran*es ( ! ,"o family1 namely1 ,au/ria1 ,prussia & ,russia1 ?us confess+ t ! ,*ri/ian _w1 ( :i* !y & _! p =m a "p1 has 9 reality no o!r ,sov]eign ?an ,him to :om alone p[] really belongs1 because 9 ,him alone are f\nd all ! treasures ( love1 sci5ce & inf9ite wisdom1 t is to say1 ,god1 our ,div9e ,savi\r1 ! ,^w ( ! ,mo/ ,high1 ! ,^w ( ,life4 ,_! ,maje/ies consequ5tly recomm5d to _! p1 ) ! mo/ t5d] solicitude1 z ! sole means ( enjoy+ t ,peace :i* arises f a good consci5ce1 & :i* alone is durable1 to /r5g!n !mselves e day m & m 9 ! pr9ciples & ex]cise ( ! duties :i* ! ,div9e ,savi\r has taught to mank9d4 ,accession ( ,=eign ,p[]s4 ,art4 ,,iii4 ,all ! ,p[]s :o %all *oose solemnly to av[ ! sacr$ pr9ciples :i* h dictat$ ! pres5t ,act1 & %all ackn[l$ge h[ important x is = ! happ9ess ( nations1 too long agitat$1 t ^! tru?s %\ld h5ce=? ex]cise ov] ! de/9ies ( mank9d all ! influ5ce :i* belongs to !m1 w be receiv$ ) equal ard\r & affection into ?is ,holy ,alliance4 ,! cr$it = inspir+ ?is s+ul> docum5t 0 claim$ by ! ,b>oness von ,krud5] 7q4v472 9 any case x 0 ! outcome ( ! ts>'s mood ( evangelical exaltation1 & 0 9 its inception p]fectly s9c]e4 ,nei!r ,fr$]ick ,william nor ,francis sign$ will+ly1 ! latt] rem>k+ t if x 0 a "q ( politics1 he mu/ ref] x to 8 *ancellor1 if ( religion1 to 8 confessor4 ,mett]ni* call$ x a l\d-s\nd+ no?+1 ,ca/l]eagh1 a piece ( sublime my/icism & nons5se4 ,none ! less1 9 accordance ) its la/ article1 ! signatures ( all ! ,european sov]eigns 7 invit$ to ! in/rum5t1 ! pope & ! ,ottoman sultan alone be+ except$4 ,! pr9ce reg5t c\rte\sly decl9$ to sign1 on ! con/itutional gr\nd t all acts ( ! ,briti% cr[n requir$ ! c\nt]-signature ( a m9i/]1 b he s5t a lett] express+ 8 entire concurr5ce ) ! pr9ciples laid d[n by ! 'augu/ sov]eigns' & /at+ t x w\ld always be 8 endeav\r to regulate 8 conduct by _! 'sacr$ maxims4' ,) ^! exceptions1 all ! ,european sov]eigns soon] or lat] app5d$ _! names4 ,9 popul> p>lance1 :i* has f\nd its way into ! language ( s]i\s hi/orians1 ! ,holy ,alliance soon became synonym\s ) ! comb9ation ( ! great p[]s by :om ,europe 0 rul$ 9 conc]t dur+ ! p]iod ( ! congresses1 & associat$ ) ! policy ( reaction :i* gradually dom9at$ _! c\nsels4 ,= ! und]/&+ ( ! inn] hi/ory ( ! diplomacy ( ?is p]iod1 h[ev]1 a cle> di/9ction mu/ be drawn betwe5 ! ,holy ,alliance & ! ,gr&1 or ,quadruple 7,qu9tuple7 ,alliance4 ,! ,gr& ,alliance 0 e/abli%$ on def9ite treaties conclud$ = def9ite purposes1 ( :i* ! *ief 0 ! pres]vation ( peace on ! basis ( ! t]ritorial settlem5t ( #ahae4 ,! ,holy ,alliance 0 a g5]al treaty--h>dly inde$ a treaty at all--:i* b\nd its signatories to act on c]ta9 vague pr9ciples = no well-def9$ end2 & 9 its ess5ce x 0 s f> f necess>ily reaction>y t ! emp]or ,alex&] at "o "t decl>$ t x involv$ ! grant ( lib]al con/itutions by pr9ces to _! subjects4 ,its ma9 significance 0 due to ! p]si/5t ef=ts ( ! ts> to make x ! basis ( ! univ]sal union1 or g5]al conf$]ation ( ,europe1 :i* he wi%$ to sub/itute = ! actual committee ( ! great p[]s1 ef=ts :i* 7 fru/rat$ by ! vigor\s diplomacy ( ,ca/l]eagh1 act+ z ! m\?piece ( ! ,briti% gov]nm5t 7see ,,europe3 ,hi/ory2 ,,alex&] ,i4 ( ,russia2 ,,londond]ry1 ,,rob]t ,,/ew>t1 #b,,nd ,,m>quis ,,(74 ,z a diplomatic in/rum5t ! ,holy ,alliance nev]1 z a matt] ( fact1 became effective4 ,none ! less1 its pr9ciples & ! fact ( its signature p[]fully affect$ ! c\rse ( ,european diplomacy dur+ ! #ai? c5tury4 ,x /rongly influ5c$ ! emp]or ,ni*olas ,i4 ( ,russia1 to :om ! bro!rhood ( sov]eigns by div9e "r 0 an article ( fai?1 inspir+ ! pr9ciples ( ! conv5tion ( ,b]l9 7betwe5 ,russia1 ,au/ria & ,prussia7 9 #ahcc1 & ! ts>'s int]v5tion 9 #ahdi to cru% ! ,hung>ian insurrection on behalf ( 8 bro!r ( ,au/ria4 ,t x _h become synonym\s ) a conspiracy aga9/ popul> lib]ties 01 h[ev]1 a m]e accid5t ( ! po9t ( view ( ^? :o int]pret$ its pr9ciples4 ,x 0 capable ( o!r & m noble int]pretations1 & x 0 av[$ly ! inspiration ( ! fam\s rescript ( ! emp]or ,ni*olas ,,ii41 embodi$ 9 ! circul> ( ,c\nt ,muraviev to ! ,european c\rts 7,augu/ #d?1 #ahih71 :i* issu$ 9 ! fir/ int]national peace conf]5ce at ! ,hague 9 #ahii4 7,w4 ,a4 ,p47 ,,holyhead 7,ca]gybi1 ! =t ( ,cybi1 ! sa9t m5tion$ by ,mat!w ,arnold z meet+ ,/ ,seiriol ( ,p5mon1 ,anglesey71 a seaport & m>ket-t[n ( ,anglesey1 ,n4 ,wales1 situat$ on ! small ,holy ,isl&1 at ! we/]n end ( ! c\nty4 ,pop4 ( urban di/rict 7#aija7 #aj1jgi4 ,"h ! ,london & ,nor?-,we/]n railway has a t]m9us1 #bfc7a_/b7 m4 f ,london by rail4 ,holy ,isl& is connect$ ) ,anglesey by an embankm5t1 #c_/d m4 long1 ov] :i* pass ! railway & ma9 road1 ! tide fl[+ fa/ "u ! c5tral pi]s4 ,once a small fi%+ village1 ! t[n has s9ce ,william ,,iv4's reign acquir$ importance z ! ,dubl9 mail /eam /ation4 ,its magnific5t h>b\r ( refuge 0 begun 9 #ahdg & op5$ 9 ,septemb] #ahgc4 ,! ea/ breakwat] s*eme1 :i* w\ld h cov]$ ! ,platt]'s rocks--/ill v tr\blesome--& ! ,sk9n]'s1 0 ab&on$ = buoys :i* m>k ! spots4 ,! nor? breakwat] is #ghfj ft4 long 7in/ead ( #ecfj1 z orig9ally plann$74 ,! road/ead 7#djj acres7 & enclos$ area 7#bfg acres7 toge!r make a magnific5t %elt] = %ipp+4 ,! rubble m\nd ( ! breakwat] 0 v co/ly to ! railway company1 z "t aft] "t x 0 swept away by /orms4 ,on x is a c5tral wall ( "s #ch ft4 above l[ wat]1 & on ! wall a prom5ade %elt]$ by a p>apet4 ,! ligh?\se is at ! end ( ! breakwat]1 ( :i* ! :ole co/ 0 ne>ly #a7a_/b7 million /]l+4 ,additional works1 begun 9 #ahgc by ! company1 to ext5d ! old h>b\r & l5g!n ! quay by #djjj ft41 7 op5$ by ,k+ ,edw>d ,,vii4 7z pr9ce ( ,wales7 9 #ahhj4 ,^! co/ ano!r half million4 ,george ,,iv4 pass$ ?r\gh ,holyhead 9 #ahba on 8 way to ,irel&1 & !re is a commemorative tablet on ! old h>b\r pi]4 ,! *ur* is said to occupy ! site ( ! old mona/]y 7#f? or e>ly #g? c5tury7 ( ,/ ,cybi1 ( :om !re is a rude figure 9 ! por*4 ,! *ur*y>d wall1 #f ft4 ?ick1 is possibly p>tly ,roman4 ,on ! s\? ( ! h>b\r is an obelisk 9 memory ( ,capta9 ,sk9n]1 ( ! /eam packets1 wa%$ ov]bo>d 9 #ahcc4 ,p5 ,ca]gybi rises p]p5dicul>ly f ! sea to ! height ( #gai ft41 at "s #b m4 f ! t[n2 x is a mass ( s]p5t9e rocks1 (f :i* lie ! ,nor? & ,s\? ,/acks1 ea* ) a ligh?\se ) a revolv+ light1 visible = #bj m41 & #aig ft4 above high wat] on ! ,s\? ,/ack4 ,on ! hill are traces ( ,briti% =tification1 includ+ a circul> build+1 probably a ,roman wat*-t[]4 ,coa/+ trade & fi%+1 ) "s %ipbuild+ & ! ,iri% traffic1 occupy mo/ ( ! inhabitants4 ,see ,hon4 ,w4 ,/anley's ,holy ,isl& & ,holyhead4 ,,holy ,,isl&1 or ,,l9disf>ne1 an irregul>ly %ap$ isl& 9 ! ,nor? ,sea1 #b m4 f ! coa/ ( ,nor?umb]l&1 9 :i* c\nty x is includ$4 ,pop4 7#aija7 #dje4 ,x is jo9$ to ! ma9l& at l[ wat] by flat s&s1 ov] :i* a track1 m>k$ by wood5 po/s & practicable = vehicles1 leads to ! isl&4 ,!re is a /ation on ! ,nor?-,ea/]n railway at ,beak #i m4 ,s4,e4 ( ,b]wick1 opposite ! isl&1 b #a7a_/d7 m4 inl&4 ,! isl& measures #c m4 f ,e4 to ,w4 & #a7a_/b7 ,n4 to ,s41 extreme di/ances4 ,its total area is #ajea acres4 ,on ! ,n4 x is s&y & b>r51 b on ! ,s4 v f]tile & "u cultivation4 ,l>ge numb]s ( rabbits h _! w>r5s among ! s&s1 &1 ) fi%1 oy/]s & agricultural produce1 are export$4 ,!re are sev]al fre% spr+s on ! isl&1 & 9 ! nor?-ea/ is a lake ( #f acres4 ,at ! s\?-we/ angle is ! little fi%+ village 7=m]ly mu* l>g]7 :i* is n[ a fav\rite summ] wat]+-place4 ,"h is ! h>b\r1 (f]+ good %elt] to small vessels4 ,holy ,isl& d]ives its "n f a mona/]y f\nd$ on x by ,/ ,aidan1 & re/or$ 9 #ajhb z a cell ( ! ,b5$ict9e mona/]y at ,durham4 ,its ru9s1 /ill ext5sive & c>efully pres]v$1 ju/ify ,scott's description ( x z a solemn1 huge & d>k-r$ pile4 ,an islet1 ly+ (f ! ,s4,w4 angle1 has traces ( a *apel ^u x1 & is believ$ to h (f]$ a retreat to ,/ ,cu?b]t & 8 successors4 ,! ca/le1 situat$ ea/ ( ! village1 on a basaltic rock ab\t #ij ft4 high1 dates f c4 #aejj4 ,:5 ,/ ,aidan came at ! reque/ ( ,k+ ,oswald to prea* to ! ,nor?umbrians he *ose ! isl& ( ,l9disf>ne z ! site ( 8 *ur* & mona/]y1 & made x ! head ( ! diocese :i* he f\nd$ 9 #fce4 ,= "s ye>s ! see cont9u$ 9 peace1 numb]+ among its bi%ops ,/ ,cu?b]t1 b 9 #gic ! ,danes l&$ on ! isl& & burnt ! settlem5t1 kill+ _m ( ! monks4 ,! survivors1 h[ev]1 rebuilt ! *ur* & cont9u$ to live !re until #hhc1 :51 ?r\gh fe> ( a second invasion ( ! ,danes1 !y fl$ inl&1 tak+ ) !m ! body ( ,/ ,cu?b]t & o!r holy relics4 ,! *ur* & mona/]y 7 aga9 de/roy$ & ! bi%op & monks1 on acc\nt ( ! expos$ situation ( ! isl&1 det]m9$ n to return to x1 & settl$ fir/ at ,*e/]-le-,/reet & f9ally at ,durham4 ,) ! fall ( ! mona/]y ! isl& appe>s to h become aga9 unt5ant$1 & probably cont9u$ s until ! prior & conv5t ( ,durham e/abli%$ !re a cell ( monks f _! own h\se4 ,! inhabitants ( ,holy ,isl& 7 gov]n$ by two bailiffs at lea/ z e>ly z ! #ad? c5tury1 &1 accord+ to ,j4 ,ra9e 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,nor? ,durham 7#aheb71 are call$ burgesses or freem5 9 a private pap] dat$ #agbh4 ,9 #acbc ! bailiffs & community ( ,holy ,isl& 7 comm&$ to cause all %ips ( ! bur!n ( ?irty tons or ov] to g to ,ereswell ) _! %ips provision$ = a mon? at lea/ & "u d\ble mann+ to be ready to set out on ! k+s s]vice4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! #af? c5tury ! =t on ,holy ,isl& 0 g>rison$ = fe> ( =eign invasion by ,sir ,william ,read1 :o f\nd x v mu* 9 ne$ ( repair1 ! guns be+ s decay$ t ! gunn]s d>e n give fire b by trayne1 & ! ma/] gunn] _h be5 mis]ably sla9 9 dis*>g+ "o ( !m4 ,dur+ ! ,civil ,w>s ! ca/le 0 held = ! k+ until #afdf1 :5 x 0 tak5 & g>rison$ by ! p>liam5t>ians4 ,! only o!r hi/orical ev5t connect$ ) ! isl& is ! attempt made by two ,jacobites 9 #agae to hold x = ! ,pret5d]4 ,,holyoake1 ,,george ,,jacob 7#ahag-aijf71 ,engli% secul>i/ & co-op]ator1 0 born at ,birm+ham1 on ! #ac? ( ,april #ahag4 ,at an e>ly age he became an ,ow5ite lectur]1 & 9 #ahda 0 ! la/ p]son convict$ = blasphemy 9 a public lecture1 ?\gh ?is _h no !ological "* & ! incrim9at+ words 7 m]ely a reply to a "q address$ to him f ! body ( ! meet+4 ,he nev]!less und]w5t six mon?s' imprisonm5t1 & ^u 8 release inv5t$ ! in(f5sive t]m secul>ism z descriptive ( 8 op9ions1 & e/abli%$ ! ,reason] 9 _! support4 ,he 0 also ! la/ p]son indict$ = publi%+ an un/amp$ newspap]1 b ! prosecution dropp$ ^u ! repeal ( ! tax4 ,8 lat] ye>s 7 *iefly devot$ to ! promotion ( ! co-op]ative movem5t among ! work+ classes4 ,he wrote ! hi/ory ( ! ,ro*dale ,pione]s 7#aheg71 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,co-op]ation 9 ,engl& 7#ahge2 revis$ ed41 #aijf71 & ,! ,co-op]ative ,movem5t ( ,to-day 7#ahia74 ,he also publi%$ 7#ahib7 8 autobiography1 "u ! title ( ,sixty ,ye>s ( an ,agitator's ,life1 & 9 #aije two volumes ( rem9isc5ces1 ,bygones wor? ,rememb]+4 ,he di$ at ,brighton on ! #bbnd ( ,janu>y #aijf4 ,see ,j4 ,mc,cabe1 ,life & ,lett]s ( ,g4 ,j4 ,holyoake 7#b vols41 #aijh72 ,c4 ,w4 ,f4 ,goss1 ,descriptive ,bibliography ( ! ,writ+s ( ,g4 ,j4 ,holyoake 7#aijh74 ,,holyoke1 a city ( ,hampd5 c\nty1 ,massa*usetts1 ,u4,s4,a41 9 a b5d ( ! ,connecticut riv]1 ab\t #h m4 ,n4 ( ,spr+field4 ,pop4 7#ahhj7 #ba1iae2 7#ahij7 #ce1fcg2 7#aijj7 #de1gab2 7#aiaj c5sus7 #eg1gcj4 ,( ! total population 9 #aijj1 #ah1iba 7 =eign-born1 includ+ #fiia ,fr5*-,canadians1 #efej ,iri%1 #afjb ,g]mans & #aaah ,engli%2 & #cc1fbf 7 ( =eign p>5tage 7bo? p>5ts =eign-born71 includ+ #ab1cgj ( ,iri% & #aa1jej ( ,fr5*-,canadian p>5tage4 ,! city's area is ab\t #ag sq4 m4 ,! city is s]v$ by ! ,bo/on ,ma9e1 & ! ,new ,york1 ,new ,hav5 ,h>t=d railways1 & by an int]urban l9e4 ,holyoke is *>act]i/ically an indu/rial & m]cantile city2 x has "s h&some public build+s 7! city hall & ! public libr>y1 f\nd$ 9 #ahgj1 be+ especially notewor?y7 & attractive environs4 ,holyoke is ! railway /ation = ,mt ,holyoke ,college1 9 ,s\? ,hadley1 ab\t #d m4 ,n4 by ,e4 ( ,holyoke2 ! city is connect$ ) ,s\? ,hadley by an electric l9e4 ,j above ,holyoke ! ,connecticut leaves ! rugg$ highl&s ?r\gh a rift betwe5 ,mt ,tom 7#abad ft42 asc5d$ by a m\nta9-railway f ,holyoke7 & ,mt ,holyoke 7#ied ft471 & beg9s a me&]+ valley c\rse1 fall+ 79 ! ,hadley halls7 9 great volume "s #fj ft4 9 ab\t #a7a_/b7 m4 ,! wat]-p[] 0 unutiliz$ until #ahdi1 :5 a great dam 7#ajag ft4 long7 0 complet$1 :i* enabl$ va/ p[] to be develop$ along a s]ies ( canals laid out f ! riv]4 ,?is 01 9 its day1 a colossal und]tak+2 & its success trans=m$ ,holyoke f a f>m+ village into a great manufactur+ c5tre--9 #aijj & #aije ! n9? l>ge/ ( ! commonweal?4 ,9 #aijj a /one dam 7#ajbj ft471 said to be ! second l>ge/ 9 ,new ,engl&1 0 complet$ at a co/ ( ab\t #gej1jjj4 ,cotton manufactures fir/1 & lat] pap] products 7 *ief 9 importance1 & ,holyoke n[ leads all ! cities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! manufacture ( f9e pap]4 ,9 #aije ! total value ( all factory products 0 #cj1gca1ccb1 ( :i* #aj1fbj1bee 7or #cd4f ( ! total7 repres5t$ pap] & wood pulp2 #e1jai1hag1 cotton goods2 #a1cah1dji1 wooll5 goods2 #a1gef1dgc1 book b9d+ & blank books1 & #b1jbb1gei1 f\ndry & ma*9e-%op products4 ,silk & wor/$ goods are o!r important manufactures4 ,opposite ,holyoke1 9 ,hamp%ire c\nty1 is ,s\? ,hadley ,falls4 ,! municipality owns & op]ates ! gas & electric-light+ plants & ! wat] works 7! wat]-supply be+ d]iv$ f natural ponds1 "s ( :i* are outside ! city limits71 & owns & leases 7to ! ,new ,york1 ,new ,hav5 ,h>t=d railroad7 a railway ext5d+ 7#aj4c m47 to ,we/field1 ,mass4 ,holyoke 0 orig9ally a "p ( ,spr+field1 & aft] #aggd ( ,we/ ,spr+field4 ,9 #ahej x 0 incorporat$ z a t[n%ip1 & 9 #ahgc 0 *>t]$ z a city4 ,,holy/one1 a s(t k9d ( s&/one us$ by sailors = scrubb+ & clean+ ! decks ( %ips4 ,! orig9 ( ! ^w is d\btful4 ,"s au?orities hold t x arose f ! g5]al practice ( scrubb+ ! decks = ,sunday s]vice2 :ile o!rs ?9k ! "n arises f ! fact t ! /one s employ$ is naturally por\s & full ( holes4 ,a small fl9t or /one hav+ a natural hole 9 x1 & worn z a *>m1 is also call$ a holy/one4 ,,holy ,,wat]1 te*nically ! wat] ) :i* ,*ri/ian believ]s sign ! cross on _! =eheads on ent]+ or leav+ *ur*4 ,! edict ( ,gratian lays d[n t x %\ld be exorciz$ & bless$ by ! prie/ & spr9kl$ ) exorciz$ salt4 ,?is rite is f\nd 9 ! ,gelasian1 ,gregorian & o!r sacram5t>ies4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ! wat] 0 bless$ once a mon?1 9 ! ,lat9 ,*ur* x is n[ bless$ e ,sunday4 ,9 ! #d? c5tury 9 ! ,ea/ x 0 usual to wa% ! h&s on ent]+ ! *ur* 7see ,,ablution74 ,9 ! e>ly *ur* wat] 0 n expressly consecrat$ = baptisms & o!r lu/rations4 ,wat]1 says ,t]tullian 9 8 tract on baptism1 0 ! abode at ! fir/ ( ! div9e ,_s1 be+ m acceptable !n 7to ,god7 ?an ! o!r elem5ts4 ,he pictures ! _w 9 ! beg9n+3 total d>kness1 =mless z yet1 )\t t5d+ ( />s1 ! melan*oly abyss1 ! e>? unprep>$1 ! heav5 undevelopt4 ,! liquid alone an ev] p]fect mat]ial1 smil+1 simple1 pure 9 its own "r1 z a wor?y vehicle und]lay ! ,god4 ,wat] 0 simil>ly pure 9 itself 9 ! old ,p]sian religion4 ,! ,canons ( ,hippolytus1 or ,egyptian *ur* ord]1 ( ab\t ,a4,d4 #bej1 give no pray] = consecration ( fonts1 b enact t at cock cr[ ! baptismal p>ty %all take _! /& ne> wav+ wat]1 pure1 prep>$1 sacr$1 ( ! sea4 ,! ,tea*+ ( ! ,apo/les1 c4 #ajj1 m]ely insi/s on liv+1 t is1 cle> & runn+ wat]4 ,! anci5t feel+1 especially ,jewi%1 0 t 9 lu/rations ! same wat] mu/ n pass twice ov] ! body4 ,a /agnant pool 0 useless4 ,bubbl+ wat]s too seem$ to h a _s 9 !m4 ,ei!r because runn+ wat] 0 n always at h&1 or z "p ( ! gr[+ t5d5cy ( ! *ur* to multiply c]emonies1 rituals arose late 9 ! #crd c5tury = consecrat+ wat]4 ,! sacram5t>y ( ,s]apion1 c4 #cej1 provides a pray] ask+ t ! div9e ,^w may desc5d into ! wat] & hall[ x1 z ( old x hall[$ ! ,jordan4 ,9 ! ,roman ord] ( baptism ! prie/ prays t ! font may receive ! grace ( ! only begott5 ,son f ! holy ,_s1 & t ! latt] may impregnate ) hidd5 admixture ( ,8 light ?is wat] prep>$ = ! reg5]ation ( mank9d1 to ! end t man ?r\gh a sanctification conceiv$ f ! immaculate womb ( ! div9e font1 may em]ge a heav5ly (fspr+ reborn z a new creature4 ,! wat] is !n exorciz$ & evil spirits w>n$ (f1 & la/ly bless$4 ,dur+ ! pray] ! prie/ twice signs ! wat] ) ! cross1 & once bl[s ^u x4 ,! fir/ m5tion ( a special consecration ( wat] = o!r ends ?an baptism is 9 ! ,acts ( ,?omas 78 ,a4,d4 #bjj72 x is = ! purgation ( a y\? already baptiz$ :o _h kill$ 8 mi/ress because %e w\ld n live *a/ely ) him4 ,! apo/le prays3 ,f\nta9 s5t unto u f ,re/1 ,p[] ( ,salvation f t ,p[] proce$+ :i* ov]comes & subjects all to its own w1 come & dwell )9 ^! wat]s1 t ! ,*>isma 7gift7 ( ! holy ,_s may be fully p]fect$ ?r\gh !m4 ,! y\? !n wa%es 8 h&s1 :i* on t\*+ ! sacram5t _h )]$ up1 & is heal$4 ,! *ur* %>$ ! univ]sal belief t hol9ess or ! holy ,_s is quasi-mat]ial & capable ( be+ held 9 susp5se 9 wat]1 j z s9 is a half mat]ial infection1 absorb$ & c>ri$ away by x4 ,s ,t]tullian writes3 ,! wat] :i* c>ri$ ! ,_s ( ,god 7probably reg>d$ z a %ad[ or reflection-s\l7 borr[$ hol9ess f t :i* 0 c>ri$ ^u x2 = e und]ly+ matt] mu/ ne$s absorb & take up ! quality ( t matt] :i* ov]hangs x2 especially does a corporeal s absorb a spiritual1 z ?is c easily p5etrate & settle into x ow+ to ! subtlety ( its sub/ance4 ,wat]1 he cont9ues1 0 g5]ically hall[$ by ! ,_s ( ,god brood+ ov] x at creation1 & !re=e all special wat]s are holy1 & at once obta9 ! sacram5t ( sanctification :5 ,god is invok$ 7ov] !m47 ,= ! ,_s f heav5 in/antly sup]v5es & is ^u ! wat]s1 hall[+ !m out ( itself1 & be+ s hall[$ !y dr9k up a p[] ( hall[+4 ,:at is done 9 mat]ial semblance1 he !n argues1 is repeat$ 9 ! unse5 m$ium ( ! ,_s4 ,! /a9s ( idolatry1 vice & fraud are n visible on ! fle%1 yet !y resemble real dirt4 ,! wat]s are m$icat$ 9 a mann] ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( ! angel1 & ! ,_s is corporeally wa%$ 9 ! wat] & ! fle% is spiritually purifi$ 9 ! same4 ,t]tullian believ$ t an angel 0 s5t d[n1 :5 ,god 0 invok$1 l t :i* /irr$ ! pool ( ,be!sda4 ,z reg>ds rival ,isiac & ,mi?raic baptisms1 he ass]ts t _! wat]s are de/itute ( div9e p[]2 nay1 are r t5ant$ by ! devil :o 9 ?is matt] sets himself to rival ,god4 ,)\t any religi\s rite at all1 he urges1 unclean spirits brood ^u wat]s1 aspir+ to repeat t primordial ge/ation ( ! div9e ,_s4 ,& he in/ances ! d>kl+ spr+s & lonely riv]s :i* are said to snat*1 to wit by =ce ( a h>mful _s4 ,9 ! sequel he def9es ! role ( ! angel ( baptism :o does n infuse himself 9 wat]s1 already holy f ! fir/2 b m]ely presides ov] ! wa%+ ( ! fai?ful1 & ensures _! be+ made pure = ! reception ( ! holy ,_s 9 ! rite ( confirmation :i* imm$iately foll[s4 ,! devil :o till n[ rul$ ov] u1 we leave beh9d ov]:elm$ 9 ! wat]4 ,f all ?is we conclude t :at is poetry to u--ak9 to ! folk-lore ( wat]-sprites1 naiads1 kelpies1 riv]-gods & wat]-wor%ip 9 g5]al--0 to ,t]tullian & to ! g5]ations ( believ]s :o fa%ion$ ! baptismal rites1 ablutions & beliefs ( ! *ur*1 no?+ less ?an grim reality & unque/ionable fact4 ,see ,john1 m>quess ( ,bute1 & ,e4 ,a4 ,wallis ,budge1 ,! ,bless+ ( ! ,wat]s 7,london1 #aija72 ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture 7,london1 #aijc74 7,f4 ,c4 ,c47 ,,holy ,,week 7,greek3 hebdomas megale1 hagia or ,greek3 ton hagion1 x]ophagias1 apraktos1 also ,greek3 hem]ai pa!maton1 hem]ai /aurosimai3 hebdomas or septimana major1 sancta1 au!ntica i4e4 canonizata1 du ,cange1 ultima1 po5osa1 luctuosa1 nigra1 in(ficiosa1 muta1 crucis1 lam5tationum1 indulg5tiae71 9 ! ,*ri/ian ecclesia/ical ye> ! week imm$iately prec$+ ,ea/]4 ,! e>lie/ allusion to ! cu/om ( m>k+ ?is week z a :ole ) special obs]vances is to be f\nd 9 ! ,apo/olical ,con/itutions 7v4 #ah1 #ai71 dat+ f ! latt] half ( ! #crd c5tury ,a4,d4 ,ab/95ce f w9e & fle% is !re comm&$ = all ! days1 :ile = ! ,friday & ,saturday an absolute fa/ is enjo9$4 ,dionysius ,alex&r9us also1 9 8 canonical epi/le 7#bfj ,a4,d471 ref]s to ! six fa/+ days 7,greek3 hex ton ne/eion hem]ai7 9 a mann] :i* implies t ! obs]vance ( !m _h already become an e/abli%$ usage 9 8 "t4 ,!re is "s d\bt ab\t ! g5u95ess ( an ord9ance attribut$ to ,con/ant9e1 9 :i* ab/95ce f public bus9ess 0 en=c$ = ! sev5 days imm$iately prec$+ ,ea/] ,sunday1 & also = ! sev5 :i* foll[$ x2 ! ,codex ,!odosianus1 h[ev]1 is explicit 9 ord]+ t all actions at law %\ld cease1 & ! doors ( all c\rts ( law be clos$ dur+ ^? fifte5 days 7l4 ii4 tit4 viii474 ,( ! p>ticul> days ( ! great week ! e>lie/ to em]ge into special prom95ce 0 naturally ,good ,friday4 ,next came ! ,sabbatum ,magnum 7,holy ,saturday or ,ea/] ,eve7 ) its vigil1 :i* 9 ! e>ly *ur* 0 associat$ ) an expectation t ! second adv5t w\ld occur on an ,ea/] ,sunday4 ,= details ( ! c]emonial obs]v$ 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* dur+ ?is week1 ref]5ce mu/ be made to ! ,missal & ,brevi>y4 ,9 ! ,ea/]n ,*ur* ! week is m>k$ by simil> practices1 b ) less elaboration & diff]5tiation ( rite4 ,see also ,,ea/]1 ,,good ,,friday1 ,,maundy ,,?ursday1 ,,palm ,,sunday & ,,passion ,,week4 ,,holywell 7,tre'ffynnon1 well-t[n71 a m>ket t[n & contributory p>liam5t>y bor\gh ( ,fl9t%ire1 ,n4 ,wales1 situat$ on a height ne> ! left bank ( ! ,dee e/u>y1 #aif m4 f ,london by ! ,london ,nor?-,we/]n railway 7! /ation be+ #b m4 di/ant74 ,pop4 ( urban di/rict 7#aija7 #bfeb4 ,! p>i% *ur* 7#agfi7 has "s columns ( an e>li] build+1 int]e/+ brasses & /rong embattl$ t[]4 ,! rema9s ( ,bas+w]k ,abbey 7,maes glas1 gre5 field71 p>tly ,saxon & p>tly ,e>ly ,engli%1 are ne> ! /ation4 ,x is ( unc]ta9 orig9 b 0 us$ z a mona/]y be=e #aaai4 ,9 #aaca ,ranulph1 #bnd e>l ( ,*e/]1 introduc$ ! ,ci/]cians4 ,9 #aece1 :5 ,its rev5ues 7 ,l#aej1 #gs4 #c;d41 x 0 dissolv$1 b reviv$ "u ,m>y ,i4 & us$ z a ,roman ,ca?olic burial place 9 #afdg4 ,sc>cely any traces rema9 ( ,bas+w]k ca/le1 an old =t4 ,small up to ! beg9n+ ( ! #ai? c5tury1 ,holywell has increas+ly prosp]$1 ?anks to lime qu>ries1 lead1 copp] & z9c m9es1 smelt+ works1 a %ot manufactory1 copp]1 brass1 iron & z9c works2 brew+1 tann+ & m9]al wat]1 flannel & cem5t works4 ,/ ,w9ifr$'s holy well1 "o ( ! wond]s ( ,wales1 s5ds up wat] at ! rate ( #ba tons a m9ute1 ( an almo/ unv>y+ temp]ature1 high] ?an t ( ord9>y spr+ wat]4 ,to its curative p[]s _m crut*es & ex voto objects1 hung r\nd ! well1 z 9 ! ,l\rdes ,grot1 be> ample witness4 ,! /ones at ! bottom are slightly r$di%1 ow+ to vegetable sub/ances4 ,! well itself is cov]$ by a f9e ,go?ic build+1 said to h be5 erect$ by ,m>g>et1 c\ntess ( ,ri*mond & "m ( ,h5ry ,,vii41 ) "s portions ( e>li] date4 ,! *apel 7re/or$7 is us$ = public s]vice4 ,ca?olics & o!rs visit x 9 great numb]s4 ,!re are swimm+ ba?s = g5]al use4 ,9 #ahgj a hospice = poor] pilgrims 0 erect$4 ,o!r public build+s are ,/ ,w9ifr$'s 7,ca?olic7 *ur* & a conv5t1 a t[n hall & a m>ket-hall4 ,! export trade is exp$it$ by quays on ! ,dee4 ,,holywood1 a seaport ( c\nty ,d[n1 ,irel&1 on ! ea/ %ore ( ,belfa/ ,l\gh1 #d7a_/b7 m4 ,n4,e4 f ,belfa/ by ! ,belfa/ ,c\nty ,d[n railway4 ,its pleasant situation r5d]s x a fav\rite resid5tial locality ( ! weal?i] classes 9 ,belfa/4 ,!re 0 a religi\s settlem5t "h f ! #g? c5tury1 :i* subsequ5tly became a ,franciscan mona/]y4 ,! old *ur* dat+ f ! late #ab? or e>ly #ac? c5tury m>ks its site4 ,a ,solemn ,league & ,cov5ant 0 sign$ "h 9 #afdd = ! def5ce ( ! k+dom1 & ! docum5t is pres]v$ at ,belfa/4 ,,holzm9d51 a t[n ( ,g]many1 9 ! du*y ( ,brunswick1 on ! "r bank ( ! ,wes]1 at ! foot ( ! ,soll+] ,m\nta9s1 at ! junction ( ! railways ,s*]f$e-,holzm9d5 & ,soe/-,borssum1 #ef m4 ,s4,w4 ( ,brunswick4 ,pop4 7#aije7 #iich4 ,x has an ,evangelical & a ,roman ,ca?olic *ur*1 a gymnasium1 an ar*itectural s*ool & a s*ool ( eng9e]+4 ,! prosp]ity ( ! t[n dep5ds *iefly on agriculture & ! manufacture ( iron & /eel w>es1 & ( *emicals1 b weav+ & ! mak+ ( pott]y are also c>ri$ on1 & !re are b>yta mills & poli%+-mills = s&/one4 ,by means ( ! ,wes] x c>ries on a lively trade4 ,holzm9d5 obta9$ municipal rights f ,c\nt ,otto ( ,eb]/e9 9 #abde1 & 9 #adaj x came into ! possession ( ,brunswick4 ,,holztrompete 7,wood5 ,trumpet71 an in/rum5t some:at resembl+ ! ,alp5horn 7q4v47 9 tone-quality1 design$ by ,ri*>d ,wagn] = repres5t+ ! natural pipe ( ! peasant 9 ,tri/an & ,isolde4 ,?is in/rum5t is n unlike ! cor anglais 9 r\gh outl9e1 be+ a conical tube ( approximately ! same l5g?1 t]m9at+ 9 a small globul> bell1 b hav+ nei!r holes nor keys2 x is bl[n ?r\gh a cup-%ap$ m\?piece made ( horn4 ,! ,holztrompete is 9 ! key ( ,c2 ! scale is produc$ by ov]bl[+1 :]eby ! upp] p>tials f ! #bnd to ! #f? are produc$4 ,a s+le pi/on plac$ at a ?ird ( ! di/ance f ! m\?piece to ! bell gives ! notes ,d & ,f4 ,wagn] ins]t$ a note 9 ! score conc]n+ ! cor anglais = :i* ! "p 0 orig9ally scor$1 & advis$ ! use ( oboe or cl>9et to re9=ce ! latt]1 ! effect int5d$ be+ t ( a p[]ful natural in/rum5t1 unless a wood5 in/rum5t ) a natural scale be specially made = ! "p1 :i* w\ld be pref]able4 ,! ,holztrompete 0 us$ at ,muni* = ! fir/ p]=mance ( ,tri/an & ,isolde1 & 0 /ill 9 use !re 9 #ahig4 ,at ,bayreu? x 0 also us$ = ! ,tri/an p]=mances at ! fe/ivals ( #ahhf & #ahhi1 b 9 #ahia ,w4 ,heckel's cl>9a1 an in/rum5t p>tak+ ( ! nature ( bo? oboe & cl>9et1 0 sub/itut$ = ! ,holztrompete & has be5 reta9$ ev] s9ce1 hav+ be5 f\nd m effective4#a 7,k4 ,s47 ,illu/ration3 ,h>monic ,s]ies4 ,,footnote3 #a ,communicat$ by ,madame ,wagn]1 ,decemb] #bh?1 #ahig4 ,,homage 7f homo1 ?r\gh ! ,l[ ,lat4 hom9aticum1 :i* occurs 9 a docum5t ( #ajce71 "o ( ! c]emonies us$ 9 ! grant+ ( a fief1 & indicat+ ! submission ( a vassal to 8 "l4 ,x c\ld be receiv$ only by ! suz]a9 9 p]son4 ,) head uncov]$ ! vassal humbly reque/$ to be all[$ to ent] into ! feudal relation2 he !n laid aside 8 sword & spurs1 ungirt 8 belt1 & kneel+ be=e 8 "l1 & hold+ 8 h&s ext5d$ & jo9$ betwe5 ! h&s ( 8 "l1 utt]$ words to ?is effect3 ,i become y\r man f ?is day =?1 ( life & limb1 & w hold fai? to y = ! l&s ,i claim to hold ( y4 ,! oa? ( fealty1 :i* c\ld be receiv$ by proxy1 foll[$ ! act ( homage2 !n came ! c]emony ( inve/iture1 ei!r directly on ! gr\nd or by ! deliv]y ( a turf1 a h&ful ( e>?1 a /one1 or "s o!r symbolical object4 ,homage 0 done n only by ! vassal to :om feudal l&s 7 fir/ grant$ b by e "o 9 turn by :om !y 7 inh]it$1 s9ce !y 7 n grant$ absolutely b only on condition ( milit>y & o!r s]vice4 ,an infant might d homage1 b he did n ?us ent] into full possession ( 8 l&s4 ,! c]emony 0 ( a prelim9>y nature1 secur+ t ! fief w\ld n be ali5at$2 b ! vassal _h to take ! oa? ( fealty1 & to be =mally inve/$1 :5 he rea*$ 8 majority4 ,! obligations involv$ 9 ! act ( homage 7 m g5]al ?an ^? associat$ ) ! oa? ( fealty1 b !y provid$ a /rong moral sanction = m specific engagem5ts4 ,!y ess5tially resembl$ ! obligations und]tak5 t[>ds a ,teutonic *ief by ! memb]s ( 8 comitatus or gefolge1 "o ( ! in/itutions f :i* feudalism directly sprang4 ,besides homagium ligeum1 !re 0 a k9d ( homage :i* impos$ no feudal duty2 ?is 0 homagium p] p>agium1 su* z ! dukes ( ,norm&y r5d]$ to ! k+s ( ,france1 & z ! dukes ( ,norm&y receiv$ f ! dukes ( ,brittany4 ,! act ( liege homage to a p>ticul> "l did n int]f]e ) ! vassal's allegiance z a subject to 8 sov]eign1 or ) 8 duty to any o!r suz]a9 ( :om he might hold l&s4 ,! ^w is also us$ ( ! body ( t5ants att5d+ a manorial c\rt1 or ( ! c\rt 9 a c\rt b>on 7consi/+ ( ! t5ants t d homage & make inquiries & pres5tm5ts1 t]m$ a homage jury74 ,,homb]g1 ,,wilhelm 7#afeb-agae71 ,dut* natural philosoph]1 0 ! son ( an (fic] ( ! ,dut* ,ea/ ,india ,company1 & 0 born at ,batavia 7,java7 on ! #h? ( ,janu>y #afeb4 ,com+ to ,europe ) 8 family 9 #afgj1 he /udi$ law at ,j5a & ,leipzig1 & 9 #afgd became an advocate at ,magdeburg4 ,9 t t[n he made ! acqua9tance ( ,otto von ,gu]icke1 & "u 8 influ5ce det]m9$ to devote himself to natural sci5ce4 ,he1 !re=e1 travell$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe = /udy1 & aft] graduat+ 9 m$ic9e at ,witt5b]g1 settl$ 9 ,p>is 9 #afhb4 ,f #afhe to #afij he practis$ z a physician at ,rome2 !n return+ to ,p>is 9 #afia1 he 0 elect$ a memb] ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces & appo9t$ director ( its *emical laboratory4 ,subsequ5tly he became tea*] ( physics & *emi/ry 7#agjb71 & private physician 7#agje7 to ! duke ( ,orleans4 ,8 dea? occurr$ at ,p>is on ! #bd? ( ,septemb] #agae4 ,homb]g 0 n free f al*emi/ical t5d5cies1 b he made _m solid contributions to *emical & physical k1 record+ obs]vations on ! prep>ation ( ,kunkel's phosphorus1 on ! gre5 col\r produc$ 9 flames by copp]1 on ! cry/allization ( common salt1 on ! salts ( plants1 on ! saturation ( bases by acids1 on ! freez+ ( wat] & its evaporation 9 vacuo1 c4 ,mu* ( 8 "w 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,recueil de l',academie des ,sci5ces f #afib to #agad4 ,! ,sal ,s$ativum ,homb]gi is boracic acid1 :i* he discov]$ 9 #agjb1 & ,homb]g's phosphorus is prep>$ by fus+ sal-ammoniac ) quick lime4 ,,homburg-,,vor-,,d]-,,hohe1 a t[n & wat]+-place ( ,g]many1 9 ! ,prussian prov9ce ( ,hesse-,nassau1 prettily situat$ at ! s\?-ea/ foot ( ! ,taunus ,m\nta9s1 #ab m4 ,n4 ( ,frank=t-on-,ma91 ) :i* x is connect$ by rail4 ,pop4 7#aije7 #ac1gdj4 ,homburg consi/s ( an old & a new t[n1 ! latt]1 f\nd$ by ! l&grave ( ,hesse-,homburg ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 7d4 #agjh71 be+ regul> & well-built4 ,besides ! palatial edifices erect$ 9 connexion ) ! m9]al wat]-cure1 !re are *ur*es ( v>i\s d5om9ations1 ,lu!ran1 ,roman ,ca?olic1 ,russian-,greek & ,anglican1 s*ools & b5evol5t in/itutions4 ,on a neighb\r+ hill /&s ! palace ( ! =m] l&graves1 built 9 #afhj & subsequ5tly enl>g$ & improv$4 ,! ,:ite ,t[]1 #ahc ft4 9 height1 is said to date f ,roman times1 & c]ta9ly exi/$ "u ! lords ( ,epp/e91 :o held ! di/rict 9 ! #ab? c5tury4 ,! palace is surr\nd$ by ext5sive gr\nds1 laid out 9 ! mann] ( an ,engli% p>k4 ,! eight m9]al spr+s :i* =m ! attraction ( ! t[n to /rang]s belong to ! class ( sal9e acidul\s *alybeates & conta9 a consid]able proportion ( c>bonate ( lime4 ,_! use is b5eficial = diseases ( ! /oma* & inte/9es1 & ext]nally1 = diseases ( ! sk9 & rheumatism4 ,! e/abli%m5ts connect$ ) ! spr+s are arrang$ on a scale ( great magnific5ce1 & include ! ,kurhaus 7built #ahda-ahdc71 ) a !atre1 ! ,kais] ,wilhelmsbad & ! ,kurhausbad4 ,!y lie gr\p$ r\nd a pretty p>k :i* also furni%es ! visitors ) facilities = v>i\s recreations1 su* z lawn t5nis1 croquet1 polo & o!r games4 ,! indu/ries ( ,homburg embrace iron f\nd+ & ! manufacture ( lea!r & hats1 b !y are comp>atively unimportant1 ! prosp]ity ( ! t[n be+ almo/ entirely due to ! annual influx ( visitors1 :i* dur+ ! season f ,may to ,octob] inclusive av]ages #ab1jjj4 ,9 ! beautiful neighb\rhood lies ! anci5t ,roman ca/le ( ,saalburg1 :i* c be rea*$ by an electric tramway4 ,homburg fir/ came into repute z a wat]+-place 9 #ahcd1 & ow+ to its gam+-tables1 :i* 7 set up soon aft]1 x rapidly became "o ( ! fav\rite & mo/ fa%ionable heal?-resorts ( ,europe4 ,9 #ahdi ! t[n 0 occupi$ by ,au/rian troops = ! purpose ( en=c+ ! imp]ial decree aga9/ gambl+ e/abli%m5ts1 b imm$iately on _! )drawal ! bank 0 aga9 op5$1 & play cont9u$ un*eck$ until #ahgb1 :5 ! ,prussian gov]nm5t refus$ to r5ew ! lease = gambl+ purposes1 :i* !n expir$4 ,z ! capital ( ! =m] l&graviate ( ,hesse-,homburg1 ! t[n %>$ ! vicissitudes ( t /ate4 ,homburg is also ! "n ( a t[n 9 ,bav>ia4 ,pop4 7#aijj7 #dghe4 ,x has a ,roman ,ca?olic & an ,evangelical *ur*1 & manufactures ( iron goods4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood are ! ru9s ( ! ca/les ( ,k>lsb]g & ( ,hoh5burg4 ,! family ( ! c\nts ( ,homburg became ext9ct 9 ! #ae? c5tury4 ,! t[n came into ! possession ( ,zweibruck5 9 #agee & lat] into t ( ,bav>ia4 ,see ,supp1 ,bad ,homburg 7#g? ed41 ,homburg1 #aijc72 ,baum/>k1 ,bad ,homburg und se9e ,heilquell5 7,wiesbad51 #aija72 ,s*iek1 ,homburg und ,umgebung 7,homburg1 #ahif72 ,w1 ,d] ,kurort ,homburg1 se9e ,m9]alquell5 7,homburg1 #ahhj72 ,hoeb51 ,bad ,homburg und se9 ,heilapp>at 7,homburg1 #aija72 & ,n4 ,e4 ,yorke-,davies1 ,homburg & its ,wat]s 7,london1 #ahig74 ,,home1 ,,e>ls ,,(4 ,alex&] ,home or ,hume1 #a/ e>l ( ,home 7c4 #aeff-afai71 0 ! son ( ,alex&]1 #e? ,"l ,home 7d4 #aege71 :o f\ght aga9/ ,m>y1 que5 ( ,scots1 at ,c>b]ry ,hill & at ,langside1 b 0 aft]w>ds "o ( h] mo/ /alw>t support]s1 be+ tak5 prison] :5 def5d+ ,ed9burgh ca/le 9 h] int]e/s 9 #aegc & probably dy+ 9 captivity4 ,he belong$ to an old & fam\s bord] family1 an e>ly memb] ( :i*1 ,sir ,alex&] ,home1 0 kill$ at ! battle ( ,v]neuil 9 #adbd4 ,?is ,sir ,alex&] 0 ! fa!r ( ,sir ,alex&] ,home 7d4 #adef71 w>d5 ( ! m>*es & ! f\nd] ( ! family =tunes1 ^: son1 ano!r ,sir ,alex&] 7d4 #adia71 0 creat$ a "l ( p>liam5t z ,"l ,home 9 #adgc1 be+ "o ( ! b& ( nobles :o defeat$ ! =ces ( ,k+ ,james ,,iii4 at ! battle ( ,sau*ieburn 9 #adhh4 ,o!r di/+ui%$ memb]s ( ! family 73 ! fir/ "l's gr&son & successor1 ,alex&]1 #bnd ,"l ,home 7d4 #aejf71 *amb]la9 ( ,scotl&2 & ! latt]'s son1 ,alex&]1 #crd ,"l ,home 7d4 #aeaf71 a p]son ( great importance dur+ ! reign ( ,james ,,iv41 :om he s]v$ z *amb]la94 ,he f\ght at ,flodd51 b be=e ! dea? ( ! k+ he _h l$ 8 m5 away to plund]4 ,dur+ ! m9ority ( ! new k+1 ,james ,v41 he 0 engag$ 9 qu>rell+ ) ! reg5t1 ,john ,/ew>t1 duke ( ,albany1 & 9 intrigu+ ) ,engl&4 ,9 ,septemb] #aeaf he 0 seiz$1 0 *>g$ ) trea*]y & behead$1 8 title & e/ates be+ re/or$ to 8 bro!r ,george 9 #aebb4 ,george1 :o 0 kill$ 9 ,septemb] #aedg dur+ a skirmi% j be=e ! battle ( ,p9kie1 0 ! fa!r ( ,alex&]1 ! #e? "l4 ,alex&] ,home became #f? ,"l ,home on 8 fa!r's dea? 9 ,augu/ #aege1 & took "p 9 _m ( ! turbul5t incid5ts :i* m>k$ ! reign ( ,james ,,vi4 ,he 0 w>d5 ( ! ea/ m>*es1 & 0 (t5 at v>iance ) ! ,hepburns1 a rival bord] family ^: head 0 ! e>l ( ,bo?well2 ! feud betwe5 ! ,homes & ! ,hepburns 0 an old "o1 & x 0 probably ! ma9 reason :y ,home's fa!r1 ! #e? "l1 sid$ ) ! enemies ( ,m>y dur+ ! p]iod ( h] intimacy ) ,bo?well4 ,home accompani$ ,james to ,engl& 9 #afjc & 0 creat$ e>l ( ,home 9 #afje2 he di$ 9 ,april #afai4 ,8 son ,james1 ! #bnd e>l1 di$ *ildless 9 #afcc :5 8 titles pass$ to a di/ant k9sman1 ,sir ,james ,home ( ,cold+kn[s 7d4 #afff71 a desc5dant ( ! #a/ ,"l ,home4 ,?is e>l 0 9 ! ,scotti% ranks at ! battle ( ,pre/on & lo/ 8 e/ates "u ! ,commonweal?1 b ^! 7 re/or$ to him 9 #affa4 ,8 desc5dant1 ,william1 ! #h? e>l 7d4 #agfa7 f\ght on ! ,engli% side at ,pre/onpans1 & f 8 bro!r ,alex&]1 ! #i? e>l 7d4 #aghf71 ! pres5t e>l ( ,home is desc5d$4 ,9 #ahge ,cospatrick ,alex&]1 ! #aa? e>l 7#agii-ahha71 0 creat$ a pe] ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom z ,b>on ,d\glas1 & 8 son ,*>les ,alex&]1 ! #ab? e>l 7b4 #ahcd71 took ! additional "n ( ,d\glas4 ,! pr9cipal /rongholds ( ! ,homes 7 ,d\glas ca/le 9 ,hadd+ton & ,home ca/le 9 ,b]wick%ire4 ,see ,h4 ,drummond1 ,hi/ories ( ,noble ,briti% ,families 7#ahdf74