,,smithsonian ,,institution ,illustration ,,united ,,states ,,national ,,museum ,,bulletin #bca ,,washington1 ,d4,c4 #aifd ,publications of the ,united ,states ,national ,museum ,the scholarly publications of the ,united ,states ,national ,museum include two series1 ,proceedings of the ,united ,states ,national ,museum and ,united ,states ,national ,museum ,bulletin4 ,in these series are published original articles and monographs dealing with the collections and work of the ,museum and setting forth newly acquired facts in the fields of anthropology1 biology1 geology1 history1 and technology4 ,copies of each publication are distributed to libraries and scientific organizations and to specialists and others interested in the various subjects4 ,the ,proceedings1 begun in #ahgh1 are intended for the publication1 in separate form1 of shorter papers4 ,these are gathered in volumes1 octavo in size1 with the publication date of each paper recorded in the table of contents of the volume4 ,in the ,bulletin series1 the first of which was issued in #ahge1 appear longer1 separate publications consisting of monographs 7occasionally in several parts7 and volumes in which are collected works on related subjects4 ,bulletins are either octavo or quarto in size1 depending on the needs of the presentation4 ,since #aijb papers relating to the botanical collections of the ,museum have been published in the ,bulletin series under the heading ,contributions from the ,united ,states ,national ,herbarium4 ,,frank ,a4 ,,taylor1 ,director1 ,united ,states ,national ,museum4 ,for sale by the ,superintendent of ,documents1 ,u4,s4 ,government ,printing ,office ,washington1 ,d4,c41 #bjdjb--,price #a4jj 7,paper ,cover7 ,illustration3 ,frontispiece4--,washington as a ,surveyor4 ,engraving reproduced from ,washington ,irving's ,life of ,george ,washington 7,new ,york3 #aheg1 vol4 #a74 ,,early ,,american ,,scientific ,,instruments and ,their ,makers ,,silvio ,a4 ,,bedini ,curator of ,mechanical and ,civil ,engineering ,,museum ,,of ,,history ,,and ,,technology ,,smithsonian ,,institution ,,washington1 #aifd ,contents ,page ,acknowledgments ix ,preface xi ,,the ,,tools ,,of ,,science #c ,philosophical and ,practical ,instruments #c ,the ,need for ,instruments #f ,colonial ,training in ,instrument ,making #h ,,the ,,mathematical ,,practitioners #ae ,the ,rittenhouse ,brothers #ae ,andrew ,ellicott #ai ,owen ,biddle #ba ,benjamin ,banneker #bb ,joel ,baily #bd ,reverend ,john ,prince #bd ,amasa ,holcomb #bf ,,instruments ,,of ,,metal #bg ,pre-,revolutionary ,immigrant ,makers #bg ,post-,revolutionary ,immigrant ,makers #cj ,native ,american ,makers #cc ,new ,hampshire #cd ,vermont #cd ,massachusetts #cf ,rhode ,island #dc ,connecticut #de ,ohio #di ,new ,york #ea ,new ,jersey #ec ,delaware #ed ,maryland and ,virginia #ed ,pennsylvania #eh ,,instruments ,,of ,,wood #fe ,the ,use of ,wood #fe ,surviving ,instruments #fi ,compass ,cards #ge ,trade ,signs #ge ,the ,makers #hj ,joseph ,halsy #hj ,james ,halsy ,,ii #hd ,thomas ,greenough #he ,william ,williams #ic ,samuel ,thaxter #ig ,john ,dupee #ajd ,jere ,clough #aje ,andrew ,newell #ajf ,aaron ,breed #ajg ,charles ,thacher #ajg ,benjamin ,king ,hagger #aji ,benjamin ,warren #aab ,daniel ,burnap #aag ,gurdon ,huntington #aah ,jedidiah ,baldwin #abc ,thomas ,salter ,bowles #abd ,,the ,,new ,,era #acj ,,the ,,national ,,collection #aca ,appendix #aec ,surviving ,wooden ,surveying ,compasses #aec ,mathematical ,practitioners and ,instrument ,makers #aee ,bibliography #agb ,index #agg ,acknowledgments ,the writer wishes to acknowledge his great indebtedness to the various compilations relating to clockmakers and instruments which have been consulted in the preparation of this work1 and which have provided an invaluable basis for it4 ,he is especially grateful for the generous and interested assistance of the many who have cooperated in making this work possible4 ,particular credit must be given to ,mrs4 ,h4 ,ropes ,cabot of the ,bostonian ,society2 ,mrs4 ,mary ,w4 ,phillips of the ,department of ,science and ,technology of the ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum2 ,prof4 ,derek ,j4 de ,solla ,price1 ,avalon ,professor of the ,history of ,science at ,yale ,university2 ,mr4 ,stephen ,t4 ,riley1 ,director of the ,massachusetts ,historical ,society2 and ,mr4 ,charles ,e4 ,smart of ,troy1 ,new ,york4 ,preface ,within recent years fairly exhaustive studies have been made on many aspects of ,american science and technology4 ,for example1 there have been numerous works relating to clocks and clockmakers1 so that the collector and horological student have a number of useful sources on which to rely4 ,more recently there has been a series of publications on the development of ,american tools and their makers4 ,until now1 however1 no systematic study has been attempted of the scientific instruments used in the ,united ,states from its colonial beginnings4 ,while several useful regional lists of instrument makers in early ,america have been compiled from advertisements in contemporary newspapers and published as short articles1 these1 however1 are fragmentary1 and are inadequate to the need for documentation in this field4 ,with the rapidly growing interest in the history of science1 it becomes necessary to have a more complete background for the student and the historian alike4 ,it is desirable to have a more comprehensive picture of the work of the scientific practitioners of the earlier periods of ,american scientific development1 and of their tools4 ,at the same time it is essential to have a history of the development and distribution and use of scientific instruments by others than the practitioners and teachers4 ,the role of the instrument maker in the ,american ,colonies was an important one--as it was in each epoch of the history of science in ,europe--and it deserves to be reported4 ,to make a comprehensive study of ,american scientific instruments and instrument makers in the ,american ,colonies is no simple matter1 partly because of an indifference to the subject in the past1 and partly because of the great volume of sources that must be sifted to accomplish it4 ,such a project would require an organized search of all published reference works relating to the field and associated topics1 of all contemporary newspapers for advertisements and notices1 of civil records filed in state and community archives1 of business account-books and records that have been preserved1 and of business directories of the period under consideration4 ,in addition1 such a study would require the compilation of an inventory of all surviving instruments in private and public collections1 and a correlation of all the data that could be assembled from these sources4 ,the present study attempts only in part to accomplish this aim1 being no more than a preliminary compilation of the scientific instruments known to have been used during the first two centuries of ,american colonial existence4 ,it merely attempts to assemble all the data that is presently available in scattered sources1 and to organize it in a usable form for the student and historian of ,american science4 ,a supplement relating to #aith-century instruments and instrument makers is in progress4 ,the most that is hoped for the present work is that it will be of temporary assistance1 serving to bring forth additional information on the subject from sources not previously available or known4 ,february #a1 #aifd ,s4,a4,b4 ,,early ,,american ,,scientific ,,instruments and ,their ,makers ,the ,tools of ,science ,philosophical and ,practical ,instruments ,development of the sciences in the ,american ,colonies was critically dependent upon the available tools--scientific instruments--and the men who made and used them4 ,these tools may be separated into two groups4 ,the first group consists of philosophical instruments and scientific teaching apparatus produced and employed for experimentation and teaching in educational institutions4 ,the second includes the so-called mathematical instruments of practical use1 which were employed by mathematical practitioners and laymen alike for the mensural and nautical needs of the ,colonies4 ,it is particularly with this second group that the present study is concerned4 ,it has been generally assumed that scientific instruments1 as well as the instrument makers1 of the first two centuries of ,american colonization were imported from ,england1 and that the movement declined by the beginning of the #aith century with the development of skilled native craftsmen4#a ,this assumption is basically true for those instruments grouped under philosophical and scientific apparatus for experimentation and teaching4 ,almost all of these items were in fact imported from ,england and ,france until well into the #aith century4 ,likewise1 the very earliest examples of mathematical instruments for surveying and navigation in the ,colonies were imported with the settlers from ,england4 ,it was not long after the establishment of the first settlements1 however1 that the settlers1 and later the first generation of native ,americans1 began to produce their own instruments4 ,records derived from historical archives and from the instruments themselves reveal that a considerable number of the instruments available and used in the ,colonies before #ahjj were of native production4 ,apparently1 relatively few instrument makers immigrated to the ,american continent before the end of the ,revolutionary ,war4 ,later1 with the beginning of the #aith century1 makers of and dealers in instruments in ,england and ,france became aware of the growing new market1 and emigrated in numbers to establish shops in the major cities of commerce in the ,united ,states4 ,quite possibly the few instrument makers trained in ,england who immigrated to the ,colonies in the early epoch of ,colonial development may have in turn trained others in their communities1 although no evidence has yet been found4 ,perhaps more data on this aspect of the subject will eventually come to light4 ,there is reason to believe that a few mathematical practitioners and instrument makers lived and worked in the ,new ,england colonies as early as the first century of colonization4 ,the evidence1 frankly meager1 consists of two items4 ,the first is a reference relating to ,james ,halsie of ,boston4 ,in a land deed made out to him in #afgd he was referred to as a ,mathematician4#b ,halsie was listed as a freeman of the ,massachusetts ,bay ,colony in #afij4 ,he apparently was the forbear of the several members of the ,halsy family of instrument makers of ,boston of the #ahth century1 mentioned later in this study4 ,it is uncertain whether the use of the term mathematician in this connection meant an artisan1 but if not it may be inferred that ,halsie was a practitioner4 ,the second piece of evidence is even more slender2 it consists of an inscription upon a dialing rule 7fig4 #a7 for making sundials and charts4 ,the instrument is of cast brass1 #bj-g_/af inches long and #a-aa_/af inches wide4 ,the date #afgd is inscribed on the rule together with the name of its original owner1 ,arthur ,willis4 ,the instrument almost certainly was produced by the school of ,henry ,sutton1 the notable ,english instrument maker who worked in ,threadneedle ,street in ,london from about #afcg through #affe4 ,the name and date inscriptions are consistent and contemporary with the workmanship of the rule1 and were probably inscribed by the maker for the original owner4 ,it is conceivable that ,arthur ,willis was an ,englishman and that the rule was brought into this country even in relatively recent times4 ,however1 it is claimed that the rule was owned and used by ,nathaniel ,footes1 surveyor of ,springfield1 ,massachusetts4 ,nathaniel ,footes1 believed to have been originally from ,salem1 subsequently moved from ,springfield to ,wethersfield1 ,conn4 ,the instrument was later owned and used in ,connecticut not later than the early #aith century#c by the forbears of ,mr4 ,newton ,c4 ,brainard of ,hartford1 ,connecticut4 ,if records relating to ,willis as a resident of the ,new ,england colonies can be recovered1 it may then be possible to establish whether he worked in the ,colonies as a mathematical practitioner in the #agth century4 ,his name is included on a tentative basis4 ,illustration3 ,figure #a4--;,dialing rule made of brass and inscribed with the name ,arthur ,willis and the date #afgd4 ,allegedly used by ,nathaniel ,footes1 surveyor of ,springfield1 ,massachusetts4 ,photo courtesy ,newton ,c4 ,brainard1 ,hartford1 ,connecticut1 and the ,connecticut ,historical ,society4 ,the ,need for ,instruments ,the production and use of scientific instruments in the ,american ,colonies reflected colonial development in education and in territorial and economic expansion1 and closely paralleled the same development in ,england1 where the first mathematical practitioners were the teachers of navigational and commercial arithmetic and the surveyors employed in the redistribution of land following the dissolution of the monasteries4 ,as the communities became established and the settlers gained a foothold on the soil1 their attention naturally turned to improving their lot by expanding the land under cultivation and by trading their products for other needs4 ,the growth of the communities became increasingly rapid from the end of the #agth century1 and the land expansion closely paralleled the development of trade4 ,the educational institutions placed greater emphasis on the sciences as their curriculums developed4 ,particularly there was a greater preoccupation with the sciences on the part of the layman because of the need for knowledge of surveying and navigation4 ,the colonial school curriculum was accordingly designed from the practical point of view to emphasize practical mathematics1 and there was an increasing demand for instruction in all aspects of the subject4 ,one of the earliest advertisements of this nature appeared in ,the ,boston ,gazette in ,march #agai4 ,in the issue of ,february #ai to ,march #g the advertisement stated that3 ,this day ,mr4 ,samuel ,grainger opens his school at the ,house formerly ,sir ,charles ,hobby's1 where will be taught ,grammar ,writing after a free and easy manner in all the usual ,hands1 ,arithmetick in a concise and ,practical ,method1 ,merchants ,accompts1 and the ,mathematicks4 ,he hopes that more thinking ,people will in no wise be discouraged from sending their children thither1 on the account of the reports newly reviv'd1 because these dancing ,phaenomena's were never seen nor heard of in ,school ,hours4 ,the advertisement was further amplified in its second appearance1 in the issue of ,march #ba-bb1 #agai3 ,at the house formerly ,sir ,charles ,hobby's are taught grammar1 writing1 after a free easy manner in all hands usually practiced1 ,arithmetick ,vulgar and ,decimal in a concise and ,practical ,method1 ,merchants ,accompts1 ,geometry1 ,algebra1 ,mensuration1 ,geography1 ,trigonometry1 ,astronomy1 ,navigation and other parts of the ,mathematicks1 with the use of the ,globes and other ,mathematical ,instruments1 by ,samuel ,grainger4 ,they whose business won't permit 'em to attend the usual ,school ,hours1 shall be carefully attended and ,instructed in the ,evenings4 ,r4 ,f4 ,seybold#d has noted that3 ,in advertisements of #agec and #aged1 ,john ,lewis1 of ,new ,york ,city1 announced ',what is called a ,new ,method of ,navigation1 is an excellent ,method of ,trigonometry here particularly applied to ,navigation2 ,but it is of great use in all kinds of measuring and in solving many ,arithmetical ,questions4' ,james ,cosgrove1 of ,philadelphia1 in #agee1 taught 'geometry1 trigonometry1 and their application in surveying1 navigation1 etc41' and ,alexander ,power1 in #agff1 ',with their ,application to ,surveying1 ,navigation1 ,geography1 and ,astronomy'4 ,these subjects were featured also in the evening schools of the colonial period1 maintained by private schoolmasters in some of the larger communities for the education of those who could not attend school in the daytime4 ,according to ,seybold1 surveying and navigation were the most popular mathematical subjects taught4 ,some explanation is to be derived from the statement by ,schoen#e that3 ,in the days when the 'bounds' of great wilderness tracts were being marked off by deep-cut blazes in the trees along a line1 a knowledge of land surveying was a useful skill1 and many a boy learned its elements by following the 'boundsgoer' in his work of 'running the line4' ,and those who did not actually take part in running the line must have attended many a gay springtime 'processioning' when neighbors made a festive occasion out of 'perambulating the bounds'4 ,vague land grants and inaccurate surveys1 he adds1 made the subject of boundary lines a prime issue in the everyday life of colonial homes4 ,at the same time there was interest in the other aspects of the mathematical sciences4 ,as early as #agdc1 for instance1 a ,harvard mathematician named ,nathan ,prince advertised in ,boston that if he were given suitable ,encouragement he would establish a school to teach ,geography and ,astronomy1 ,with the ,use of the ,globes1 and the several kinds of ,projecting the ,sphere among other things4#f ,a decade later1 ,theophilus ,grew1 professor in the academy at ,philadelphia which has become the ,university of ,pennsylvania1 published a treatise on globes1 with the title3 ,the ,description and ,use of the ,globes1 ,celestial and ,terrestrial2 ,with ,variety for ,examples for the ,learner's ,exercises3 ,intended for the ,use of ,such ,persons as would attain to the ,knowledge of those ,instruments2 ,but ,chiefly designed for the ,instruction of the young ,gentlemen at the ,academy in ,philadelphia4 ,to which is added ,rules for working all the ,cases in ,plain and ,spherical ,triangles without a ,scheme4 ,by ,theophilus ,grew1 ,mathematical ,professor4 ,germantown1 ,printed by ,christopher ,sower1 #agec4g ,thus1 the need for practical mathematical instruments for the surveyor and navigator became critical in proportion to the need for men to make and use them1 and it is not surprising to discover that the majority of the instruments produced and advertised by early ,american makers were for surveying1 with nautical instruments in second place4 ,generally1 the surveyors were not professionals2 they were farmers1 tradesmen1 or craftsmen with a sound knowledge of basic arithmetic and occasionally with some advanced study of the subject as taught in the evening schools4 ,the surveying of provincial and intercolonial boundaries required greater skill1 however1 as well as a knowledge of astronomy1 and this work was relegated to the scientific men of the period4 ,as the increasing preoccupation with subdivision of land and with surveying led to a greater demand for suitable instruments1 it was the skilled craftsmen of the community1 such as the clockmaker and the silversmith1 that were called upon to produce them4 ,superb examples also were produced by the advanced scientific men1 or mathematical practitioners1 of the period4 ,colonial ,training in ,instrument ,making ,one may well ask1 where did these native craftsmen acquire the knowledge that enabled them to produce so skillfully the accurate and often delicate mathematical instruments8 ,there were a number of possible sources for this knowledge4 ,the first source lies in ,england1 where some of these craftsmen could have studied or served apprenticeships4 ,after completing their apprenticeship with ,english mathematical practitioners1 they may have immigrated to the ,colonies and taught the craft to others4 ,this seems to be entirely plausible1 and was probably true1 for example1 of ,thomas ,harland the clockmaker1 ,anthony ,lamb1 and perhaps several others4 ,however1 these were the exceptions instead of the rule1 since a biographical study of the instrument makers in general reveals that they were for the most part native to ,america4 ,it is not likely that the one or two isolated practitioners that had been trained in ,england could have taught so many others who worked in the same epoch4 ,illustration3 ,figure #b4--,title page of ,the ,surveyor by ,aaron ,rathborne1 published in ,london in #afaf4 ,the book was one of the sources of information for ,american makers of mathematical instruments4 ,another source for this knowledge of instrument making was probably the reference works on the subject that had been published in ,england and in ,france4 ,as an example1 ,nicolas ,bion's ,traite de la ,construction et des ,principaux ,usages des ,instruments de ,mathematique1 which had been first published in #afhf1 was translated into ,english by ,edmund ,stone in #agbc1 and went into several ,english editions4 ,copies of this work in ,english undoubtedly found their way to ,america soon after publication4 ,other popular works were ,aaron ,rathbone's ,the ,surveyor1 which appeared in ,london in #afaf 7see fig4 #b72 ,william ,leybourn's ,the ,compleat ,surveyor1 in #afec2 and ,george ,atwell's ,faithfull ,surveyour1 in #affb4 ,other works popular in the ,colonies were ,r4 ,norwood's ,epitome1 or ,the ,doctrine of ,triangles 7,london1 #afei7 and ,j4 ,love's ,geodasia1 or the ,art of ,surveying 7,london1 #afhh74 ,these works undoubtedly inspired similar publications in ,america1 for many books on surveying and navigation appeared there before the beginning of the #aith century4 ,chief among them were ,s4 ,moore's ,an ,accurate ,system of ,surveying 7,litchfield1 ,conn41 #agif71 ,z4 ,jess's ,a ,compendious ,system of ,practical ,surveying 7,wilmington1 #agii71 ,abel ,flint's ,surveying 7,hartford1 #ahjd71 and ,j4 ,day's ,principles of ,navigation and ,surveying 7,new ,haven1 #ahag74 ,the published works were unquestionably responsible for much of the training in the making of mathematical instruments in ,america1 although no documentary evidence has yet been recovered to prove it4 ,another important influence on early ,american instrument-making which must be noted was that of the clockmaker as an artisan4 ,a comprehensive study of surviving instruments and related records has revealed that only a few of the many clockmakers working in the ,american ,colonies in the #ahth century made mathematical instruments4 ,yet1 a large proportion of the surviving surveying and nautical instruments produced before #ahjj were the work of clockmakers4 ,classic among these must be noted the instruments produced by the brothers ,david and ,benjamin ,rittenhouse 7see p4 #ae and figs4 #c and #d71 as well as the fine surveying instruments made by four separate members of the ,chandlee family1 whose clockmaking traditions began early in the #agth century 7see p4 #ed74 ,illustration3 ,figure #c4--,transit telescope made by ,david ,rittenhouse and used by him for the observation of the transit of ,venus in #agfi4 ,brass1 #cc-a_/b-;in4 tube on a #be-;in4 axis1 with an aperture of #a-c_/d in4 and a focal length of #cb in4 ,photo courtesy the ,american ,philosophical ,society4 ,illustration3 ,figure #d4--,surveying compass marked ,potts and ,rittenhouse4 ,believed to be the work of ,david ,rittenhouse in partnership with ,thomas ,potts4 ,photo courtesy the ,american ,philosophical ,society4 ,finally1 one must not overlook the fact that examples of ,english and other ,european instruments were available in the ,colonies1 and that at least some of the early colonial makers undoubtedly copied them4 ,it is apparent from some surviving early ,american instruments that the materials1 designs1 dimensions1 and details of ,european prototypes had been deliberately copied4 ,it is possible to see in public collections1 for instance1 a ,davis quadrant of ,english manufacture exhibited beside a later example1 signed by a ,new ,england maker1 which comes extraordinarily close to duplicating it in every feature4 ,as with the presumed influence of published works1 the practice of copying imported instruments cannot be documented1 but it must have been engaged in by many of the unschooled ,new ,england instrument makers4 ,by this means some may even have profited to the degree that they became professional craftsmen without benefit of formal apprenticeship4 ,yet it is remarkable that although numerous instruments were produced by native artisans1 in addition to the substantial number which were imported before the end of the #ahth century1 relatively few specimens have survived in public collections as well as in private hands4 ,despite the exhaustive combing of attics and barns throughout the country by dealers in antiques and by avid collectors during the past several decades1 the number of surviving instruments now known is incredibly small in comparison with the numbers known to have been made locally or imported before the beginning of the #aith century4 ,since instruments are not items which would ordinarily be deliberately discarded or destroyed1 or melted down for the recovery of the metal1 this small percentage of survival presents a puzzle which has not been resolved4 ,illustration3 ,figure #e4--;,david ,rittenhouse4 ,engraving from portrait by ,charles ,wilson ,peale4 ,the ,mathematical ,practitioners ,the ,rittenhouse ,brothers ,notable among the ,american practitioners was ,david ,rittenhouse 7#agcb-agif7 of ,norristown and ,philadelphia1 ,pennsylvania1 who was established as a clockmaker and surveyor in ,philadelphia by #agdi4 ,he surveyed the boundary between ,pennsylvania and ,delaware in #agfc with instruments of his own design and construction4 ,six years later1 in #agfi1 he successfully calculated the transit of ,venus and later observed that planet with astronomical instruments he had constructed himself4 ,in the following year1 #aggj1 he built the first ,american astronomical observatory1 in ,philadelphia4 ,two orreries that he designed and built--at the ,university of ,pennsylvania and at ,princeton ,university--survive as outstanding examples of ,american craftsmanship4#h ,several of his surveying and astronomical instruments are exhibited in the collections of the ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,david ,rittenhouse is credited with being the originator of a declination arc on the surveying compass1 a feature to be copied by a number of later instrument makers4 ,david's brother1 ,benjamin ,rittenhouse 7#agdj-;c4#ahbj71 served in the ,revolution and was wounded at ,brandywine4 ,he superintended the ,government's gunlock factory at ,philadelphia in #aggh and achieved recognition as a maker of clocks and surveying instruments 7see fig4 #h74i ,during one period of his career he worked in partnership with his brother ,david4 ,an interesting advertisement appeared in the ,may #ad1 #aghe1 issue of ,the ,pennsylvania ,packet3 ,,wanted1 ,an ingenious ,lad not exceeding #ad years of age1 of a reputable family1 as an ,apprentice to learn the ,art and ,mistery of making ,clocks and ,surveying ,instruments4 ,any lad inclining to go an apprentice to the above ,trade1 the terms on which he will be taken may be known by enquiring of ,mr4 ,david ,rittenhouse1 in ,philadelphia1 or at the subscriber's house in ,worcester township1 ,montgomery county4 ,benjamin ,rittenhouse4 ,illustration3 ,figure #f4--;,astronomical clock made by ,david ,rittenhouse for his observatory at ,norristown1 ,pa41 and used by him for the observation of the transit of ,venus in #agfi4 ,unembellished pine case #hc-a_/b in4 high1 #ac-a_/d in4 wide at the waist with a silvered brass dial #aj-e_/h in4 diameter4 ,photo courtesy the ,american ,philosophical ,society4 ,illustration3 ,figure #g4--,orrery built by ,david ,rittenhouse for the ,university of ,pennsylvania4 ,the center section shows the motions of the planets and their satellites and the right-hand section the eclipses of the ,sun and ,moon4 ,the case1 considered to be an outstanding example of colonial cabinet-work1 was made by ,john ,folwell4 ,illustration3 ,figure #h4--;,brass surveying compass inscribed ,made by ,benjamin ,rittenhouse1 #aghg4 ,photo courtesy ,ohio ,state ,museum1 ,columbus1 ,ohio4 ,illustration3 ,figure #i4--,portrait of ,andrew ,ellicott 7#aged-ahbj7 by unknown artist4 ,andrew ,ellicott ,a name closely associated with that of the ,rittenhouse brothers was that of ,andrew ,ellicott 7#aged-ahbj7 of ,solebury1 ,pennsylvania1 and ,ellicotts ,mills1 ,maryland4 ,andrew was the son of ,joseph ,ellicott1 the clockmaker and pioneer industrialist who founded ,ellicotts ,mills4 ,although a ,quaker1 ,andrew 7fig4 #i7 served in the ,revolution1 and he became one of the most distinguished engineers of the new republic4 ,he worked as a clockmaker and instrument maker from #aggd to #aghj4 ,in #aghd he ran the boundary between ,virginia and ,pennsylvania and in the following year he was a member of the survey that continued ,mason and ,dixon's line4 ,in #aghe and #aghf he served on the ,pennsylvania commissions that surveyed the western and northern boundaries of the state1 and in #aghi he served on the commission that fixed the boundary between ,new ,york and ,pennsylvania4 ,between #agia and #agic he surveyed the site of the city of ,washington1 ,d4,c41 and redrew ,l',enfant's plan for the city4 ,in early #agic ,ellicott was appointed commissioner by the ,commonwealth of ,pennsylvania for the project of viewing and locating a road from ,reading to ,presque ,isle1 now ,erie4 ,it was an extremely difficult undertaking1 but ,ellicott completed the work by the autumn of #agif1 including laying out the towns of ,erie1 ,warren1 and ,franklin4 ,in ,may #agif ,ellicott was commissioned by ,president ,washington to survey and mark the boundary line between the ,united ,states and the ,spanish ,province of ,florida in accordance with the provisions of the ,pinkney-,godoy ,treaty of ,october #bg1 #agie4 ,this line was to begin at the point where the #cast parallel of north latitude intersected the ,mississippi ,river1 and to proceed thence along that parallel eastward to the ,appalachicola ,river for about #djj miles4 ,in #ahja ,ellicott was offered the position of surveyor general of the ,united ,states by ,president ,jefferson4 ,ellicott declined1 but subsequently accepted the secretaryship of the land office of ,pennsylvania1 a post he held until #ahjh4 ,in #ahaa ,ellicott became commissioner to represent ,georgia in locating the ,georgia-,north ,carolina boundary1 a project on which he was engaged for the major part of the following year4 ,in #ahae ,president ,madison appointed ,ellicott professor of mathematics at ,west ,point1 with the rank of major4 ,this is an appointment he kept until his death in #ahbj4 ,it was interrupted in #ahag when the ,government required his services as astronomer to locate a portion of the ,united ,states-,canadian boundary in accordance with the fifth article of the ,treaty of ,ghent4 ,illustration3 ,figure #aj4--,transit and equal-altitude instrument 7left7 made by ,ellicott in #aghi and used by him in the survey of the boundary between the ,united ,states and ,florida and in other surveys4 ,,usnm #aebjhj4 ,illustration3 ,figure #aa4--,zenith sector with focal length of #f ft41 made by ,david ,rittenhouse and revised by ,andrew ,ellicott4 ,described in ,journal of ,andrew ,ellicott 7,philadelphia1 #ahjc74 ,,usnm #aebjgh4 ,ellicott was a member of a number of learned societies1 including the ,american ,philosophical ,society1 the ,society for the ,promotion of ,useful ,arts of ,albany1 and of the ,national ,institute of ,france4 ,ellicott constructed a number of instruments for surveying and astronomical observation1 and he designed and used others that were produced by his friend ,david ,rittenhouse#aj 7see figs4 #aj1 #aa74 ,of particular interest in connection with ,ellicott's career as a clockmaker and instrument maker are two advertisements that appeared in the ,baltimore newspapers4 ,the first one was in the ,maryland ,journal and ,baltimore ,daily ,advertiser on ,april #g1 #aggh3 ,ellicott's ,upper ,mills1 ,april #d1 #aggh4 ,wanted1 a person acquainted with the ,clock-,making business1 and able to work by directions4 ,such a person will meet with good encouragement by applying to ,andrew ,ellicott1 sen4 ,the second advertisement1 in the same vein1 appeared in the ,may #af1 #aghj1 issue of the ,maryland ,journal3 ,good ,encouragement will be given to either ,clock or ,mathematical instrument makers1 by the subscriber1 living in ,baltimore-,town4 ,andrew ,ellicott4 ,owen ,biddle ,another mathematical practitioner associated with ,david ,rittenhouse in his observations of the transit of ,venus was ,owen ,biddle 7#agcg-agii7 of the ,north ,ward1 ,philadelphia4 ,in early life ,biddle was an apothecary and a clock and watchmaker4 ,in his shop next door to ,roberts warehouse he sold clock and watch parts and tools4 ,from #agfd to #aggj he advertised himself as ,clockmaker1 and scientist1 statesman and patriot4 ,as a ,quaker1 he participated actively in civic and patriotic affairs of ,philadelphia4 ,during the ,american ,revolution1 in spite of his religious affiliation1 he fought for the defense of the ,colonies and was appointed ,deputy ,commissioner of ,forage4 ,evidencing sincere repentance1 he was permitted to rejoin the ,society of ,friends4 ,in #agfi ,biddle took an active part in the preparations made by the ,american ,philosophical ,society for the observation of the transit of ,venus4 ,with ,joel ,baily he was sent to ,cape ,henlopen1 ,delaware1 with a large reflecting telescope borrowed from the ,library ,company4 ,the expedition was described in the ,transactions of the ,american ,philosophical ,society in #agga in an article entitled ,an ,account of the ,transit of ,venus1 over the ,sun's ,disk1 as observed near ,cape ,henlopen1 on ,delaware ,bay1 ,june #crd1 #agfi by ,owen ,biddle1 ,joel ,baily and 7,richard ,thomas7 ,drawn by ,owen ,biddle4 ,in addition to his trade in clocks and watches1 ,biddle also made mathematical instruments and was well known in his native city as a merchant1 inventor1 and ironmaster4 ,benjamin ,banneker ,a name that is too often ignored in the history of science in colonial ,america is that of a free ,negro1 ,benjamin ,banneker 7c4 #agcd-ahjf7 of ,baltimore4 ,a farmer by occupation1 ,banneker was the son of a native ,african slave and a free mulatto woman4 ,in his spare time he attended the school of a ,quaker farmer2 the only book he owned was the ,bible4 ,when he was a young man he acquired a watch from a trader1 and from it he developed his love of science and instruments4 ,although he had never seen a clock1 he constructed one based on drawings he made from the watch4 ,banneker was called upon to assist in the construction of the mills for the ,ellicotts1 and it was natural that his clock1 which was the marvel of the ,negro settlement1 should come to the attention of ,joseph ,ellicott4 ,ellicott became interested in ,banneker's thirst for knowledge and allowed him the use of his tools1 scientific instruments1 and technical books4 ,among the books were ,mayer's ,tables1 ,james ,ferguson's ,astronomy1 and ,leadbeater's ,lunar ,tables4 ,banneker absorbed these and other works that he borrowed and went on to explore the wonderful new world they opened up for him4 ,he pursued astronomical studies1 and within three years he began to make calculations 7fig4 #ab7 for an almanac4 ,after completing the calculations for the year #agia1 he went on to produce a set of calculations for #agib4 ,during this period he mastered the use of surveying instruments and made a firsthand study of tides in the region4 ,his great opportunity came when ,andrew ,ellicott was chosen to make a survey for the city of ,washington and hired ,banneker as an assistant4 ,while thus employed1 ,banneker completed his almanac and gave it to ,george ,ellicott1 ,andrew's cousin1 as a subject of possible interest4 ,apparently ,george ,ellicott turned it over to the ,honorable ,james ,mc,henry of ,baltimore1 who in turned submitted it to the ,philadelphia firm of ,goddard ,angell1 who published it 7fig4 #ac74 ,banneker mailed a copy of his ,benjamin ,banneker's ,pennsylvania1 ,delaware1 ,virginia ,and ,maryland ,almanac and ,ephemeris ,for the ,year of ,our ,lord1 #agib to ,thomas ,jefferson1 who was so impressed with it that he forwarded it to the ,marquis de ,condorcet1 secretary of the ,french ,academy of ,sciences4 ,after his work with ,ellicott had been completed1 ,banneker retired to his farm to produce almanacs annually until #ahjb4 ,when he died in #ahjf he was eulogized before the ,french ,academy by the ,marquis de ,condorcet1 and ,william ,pitt placed his name in the records of the ,english ,parliament4#aa ,illustration3 ,figure #ab4--,letter from ,benjamin ,banneker to ,george ,ellicott dated ,october #ac1 #aghi1 regarding astronomical data for the compilation of ,banneker's almanac4 ,photo courtesy ,maryland ,historical ,society4 ,joel ,baily ,still another #ahth-century practitioner was ,joel ,baily 7#agcb-agig71 a ,quaker of ,west ,bradford1 ,pennsylvania4 ,in addition to his trade as a clockmaker and gunsmith1 ,baily achieved local eminence as an astronomer1 mathematician1 and surveyor4#ab ,in #agfd1 at the time that ,charles ,mason and ,jeremiah ,dixon established their headquarters near his farm1 ,baily was the local surveyor4 ,obtaining employment with the expedition1 he worked with ,mason and ,dixon until the completion of their survey in #agfh4 ,baily was subsequently employed by ,mason and ,dixon to build pine frames for carrying the #bj-;foot rods to be used in the second measurement of courses from the ,stargazers' ,stone southward4 ,in #agfi ,baily was appointed by the ,american ,philosophical ,society to work with ,owen ,biddle in setting up the station at ,cape ,henlopen for observation of the transit of ,venus4 ,in #aggj he again worked with ,biddle in taking the courses and distances from the ,new ,castle ,court ,house to the ,state ,house ,observatory in ,philadelphia for determining the latitude and longitude of each4 ,in the same year ,baily was elected a member of the ,american ,philosophical ,society4 ,reverend ,john ,prince ,another noteworthy mathematical practitioner of the period was the ,reverend ,john ,prince 7#agea-ahcf7 of ,salem1 ,massachusetts4 ,the son of a hatter and mechanic1 ,prince studied natural philosophy under ,john ,winthrop at ,harvard and received his ,b4,a4 degree in #aggf4 ,he was a student of divinity under ,samuel ,williams and was ordained in #aggi at the ,first ,church in ,salem4 ,although an amateur of the sciences1 ,prince became a skilled maker of scientific instruments4 ,he made1 sold1 and repaired instruments for the use of numerous colleges1 schools1 and academies1 including ,brown1 ,dartmouth1 ,rutgers1 ,harvard1 ,union1 ,amherst1 and ,williams4 ,among other accomplishments1 he effected improvements on the lucernal microscope and the air pump4#ac ,illustration3 ,figure #ac4--,title page of one of ,banneker's almanacs4 ,the portrait of ,banneker was made by ,timothy ,woods in #agic for the publisher and reproduced by woodcut4 ,banneker's first almanac was published in ,philadelphia in #agib4 ,amasa ,holcomb ,although he was born in the #ahth century1 ,amasa ,holcomb 7#aghg-ahge7 properly belongs to a later period4 ,an astronomer and telescope maker of ,southwick1 ,massachusetts1 ,holcomb became a surveyor in #ahjh4 ,an autobiographical sketch noted that he manufactured about this time a good many sets of surveyors instruments--compasses1 chains1 scales1 protractors and dividers1 some for his pupils and some for others4#ad ,instruments of ,metal ,pre-,revolutionary ,immigrant ,makers ,according to present evidence1 only a few makers of metal instruments emigrated from ,england to the ,colonies before the beginning of the ,revolutionary ,war4 ,a slightly larger number emigrated after the war had ended4 ,in almost every instance1 the immigrant instrument makers settled in the major cities1 which were the shipping centers of the new country4 ,the reason is obvious3 in these cities there was the greatest demand for nautical and other instruments4 ,one of the earliest immigrant instrument makers arrived in ,boston in #agci4 ,according to an advertisement that appeared in ,the ,boston ,gazette in the issue of ,july #af-bc1 #agci1 there had ,arriv'd here by ,capt4 ,gerry from ,london ,john ,dabney1 junr4 who serv'd his time to ,mr4 ,jonathan ,sisson1 ,mathematical ,instrument ,maker to his ,royal ,highness1 the ,prince of ,wales4 ,makes and sells all sorts of ,mathematical ,instruments1 in ,silver1 ,brass1 or ,ivory1 at ,reasonable ,rates1 at ,mr4 ,rowland ,houghton's ,shop the north side of the ,town ,huse in ,boston4 ,n4,b4 ,said ,dabney1 sets ,loadstones to a greater ,perfection than any heretofore4 ,dabney's master1 ,jonathan ,sisson 7#afid-agdi7 originally of ,lincolnshire1 with a shop in the ,strand1 ,london1 was a well-known maker of optical and mathematical instruments in the early decades of the #ahth century4 ,he was particularly noted for the exact division of scales1 and examples of his work are to be found in the major collections4 ,dabney's name appeared again several years later1 in the ,supplement to the ,boston ,evening ,post for ,december #ab1 #agdc1 and again in the ,boston ,evening ,post for ,december #ai of the same year1 with the following advertisement3 ,to be shown by ,john ,dabney1 ,mathematical ,instrument maker1 in ,milk ,street1 ,boston1 on ,monday1 ,tuesday and ,thursday ,evenings1 from five to eight o'clock1 for the ,entertainment of the ,curious1 the ,magic ,lanthorn an ,optick ,machine1 which exhibits a great ,number of wonderful and surprising ,figures1 prodigious large1 and vivid1 at ,half a ,crown each1 ,old ,tenor4 ,in ,new ,york ,city1 one of the earliest immigrant instrument makers was ,charles ,walpole1 who established a shop at a corner in ,wall ,street1 according to a notice in the ,may #bf1 #agdf1 issue of the ,new ,york ,evening ,post4 ,the announcement stated that ,walpole was a citizen of ,london and that at his shop all sorts of ,mathematical ,instruments1 whether in silver or brass1 are made and mended4444 ,in the ,may #ba1 #agec1 issue of ,the ,new ,york ,gazette or ,the ,weekly ,post ,boy there was an announcement by the widow of ,balthaser ,sommer who lived on ,pot-,baker's ,hill in ,smith ,street in ,new ,york ,city and who advertised herself as a grinder of all sorts of optic glasses1 spying glasses1 of all lengths1 spectacles1 reading glasses for near-sighted people or others2 also spying glasses of #c feet long which are to set on a common ,walking-,cane and yet be carried as a ,pocket-,book4 ,john ,benson emigrated from ,birmingham1 ,england1 and established a lapidary and optical store in ,may #agic at #ab ,princess ,street in ,new ,york1 where he produced miniatures1 lockets1 rings1 glasses1 as well as ,spectacles1 single reading and burning glasses1 and where he also polished scratch'd glasses4 ,in ,july #agig he moved to #ajf ,pearl ,street where he sold green goggles1 thermometers1 and opera and spy glasses1 in addition to an assortment of jewelry4 ,in ,september #agih he was established at a new location1 #adg ,pearl ,street1 ,at the sign of ,the ,green ,spectacles where he specialized in optical goods4 ,he featured for rent or sale a ,portable ,camera ,obscura for the use of artists in drawing landscapes4 ,his advertisements chronicled each change in location in the issues of ,the ,new ,york ,daily ,advertiser4 ,a craftsman whose name is well known in scientific circles was ,anthony ,lamb1 who advertised in #agec as a mathematical instrument maker living on ,hunter's ,key1 ,new ,york4 ,he claimed that he could furnish ,godfrey's newly invented quadrant1 for taking the latitude or other altitudes at sea2 hydrometers for trying the exact strength of spirits1 large surveying instruments in a more curious manner than usual2 which may be used in any weather without exception1 small ditto which may be fixed on the end of a walking stick1 and lengthened to a commodious height1 gauging instruments as now in use1 according to an act of assembly with all other mathematical instruments for sea or land1 by wholesale or retail at reasonable rates4#ae ,lamb had served an apprenticeship with ,henry ,carter1 a mathematical instrument maker in ,london4 ,in ,july #agbd he became an accomplice of ,jack ,sheppard1 a notorious burglar1 and was arrested and sentenced to the gallows in #agbd4 ,as he was awaiting execution on the gallows at ,tyburn1 his sentence was commuted to transportation to ,virginia for a period of seven years1 inasmuch as this was his first offence4 ,after he had completed his term of seven years in ,virginia he moved to ,philadelphia1 where he opened a shop as an instrument maker and a private school for teaching technical subjects4 ,the curriculum included surveying1 navigation1 and mathematics4 ,although his enterprises prospered1 he moved to ,new ,york4 ,there he married a ,miss ,ham and established himself in a respectable position4 ,lamb's first advertisement in ,new ,york appeared on ,january #bc1 #agdi4 ,he died on ,december #aa1 #aghd1 at the age of #ha1 and two days later he was eulogized in ,the ,new ,york ,packet where he was mentioned as a steady friend to the liberties of ,america4 ,john ,lamb 7#agce-ahjj71 ,anthony's son1 learned and practiced his father's craft for a time and worked as a partner in the firm of ,a4 ,lamb ,son4 ,he subsequently became a wine and sugar merchant1 achieved considerable wealth1 married well1 and was accepted by the gentry of the city4 ,he was a firm patriot and from #agfe he was active as the leader of the ,sons of ,liberty4 ,he served in several major engagements in the ,american ,revolution and in #aghc was brevetted a brigadier-general4#af ,the immigrant instrument makers were not confined to those working in glass1 however4 ,one of the earlier immigrant craftsmen was ,charles ,blundy1 a ,london watchmaker who established himself on ,church ,street in ,charleston1 ,south ,carolina1 in #agec4 ,he notified the public that in addition to watches he sold thermometers of all sizes and types4 ,presumably his merchandise was imported from ,england4#ag ,he was absent from the city between #agec and #agfj but returned and continued in business in the latter year4 ,another pre-,revolution immigrant was ,thomas ,harland 7#agce-ahjg71 a clock maker who settled in ,norwich1 ,connecticut1 in #aggc4 ,it is claimed that he sailed from ,england on one of the ships carrying the tea destroyed by the ,boston ,tea ,party4 ,over the course of the years his business prospered to such a degree that he hired from ten to twelve apprentices at one time4 ,some of the leading ,american #ahth-century clockmakers served apprenticeships with ,harland4 ,in #ahjb his newspaper notice stated that he had for sale ,surveyors ,compasses1 with agate centre needles2 chains and ,protractors 444#ah ,a most interesting instrument that has recently come to light is a brass sundial made in ,philadelphia in #agfd4 ,the dial1 about #aj-a_/b inches in diameter1 is signed by the maker1 ,daniel ,jay ,philada4 fecit4 ,it is dated #agfd and inscribed with the name of the person for whom it was made1 ,james ,pemberton4 ,in the center is ,lat4 #dj1 which coincides with the latitude for ,philadelphia4 ,the style of the dial is very much in the ,english tradition of the period1 indicating that ,jay was probably an emigrant trained in ,england4 ,post-,revolutionary ,immigrant ,makers ,a large proportion of the ,english craftsmen who came to the ,american ,colonies after the ,revolution settled in ,philadelphia1 ,there was ,john ,gould for instance1 a mathematical instrument maker from ,london who had opened a shop at #dg ,water ,street by #agid4 ,he sold nautical1 surveying1 and optical instruments as well as mirrors1 presumably all imported from ,england4 ,he moved to #gj ,south ,front ,street ,at the ,sign of the ,quadrant in #agif4 ,he was succeeded in business in #agih by ,thomas ,whitney1 another emigrant from ,london4 ,whitney made and sold instruments 7see fig4 #he7 in ,gould's former shop1 and featured also a vast array of department store merchandise4 ,john ,whitney1 who may have been his son1 was listed at the same address in the ,philadelphia directory of #ahja as a ,mathematical ,instrument ,maker and ,optician4#ai ,in the ,philadelphia directory and register for #ahba ,thomas ,whitney advertised that he 444 presents his sincere thanks to his friends and the public and respectfully soliciting the continuation of their favors1 wishes to inform them that he has devoted his attention principally to the making of surveying compasses for #af years past1 and has made #ejj of them2 the good qualities of which are well known to many surveyors1 in at least #af of the ,states and ,territories of the ,union 444 he also makes many other instruments1 protractors1 gunner's ,calibers and quadrants1 etc4 ,george ,evans was another instrument maker who arrived from ,london after the end of the ,revolution4 ,he established himself in a shop at #cc ,north ,front ,street in #agif1 where he sold imported instruments as well as stationery1 ,bibles1 and cloth4 ,he died in #agih4bj ,thomas ,dring1 who migrated from ,england1 settled in ,westtown ,township of ,chester ,county1 ,pennsylvania1 where he was first noted in the tax records of #aghf4 ,he married ,hanna ,griffith1 a native of the region1 and their son1 ,jeptha ,dring1 subsequently was mentioned as a carpenter by trade1 and a vagrant by inclination1 who could quote ,shakespeare from memory4 ,according to local legend1 ,dring raised money from a number of townspeople for the purpose of purchasing clocks for them in ,england4 ,he set sail for his homeland in about #agih and never returned4 ,although the tax records for #agif described ,dring as an ,optician he was also a clockmaker and maker of scientific instruments4 ,at least three of his tall-case clocks have survived1 and a stick type of barometer which he made for ,edward and ,hannah ,hicks in #agif4 ,the instrument is now in the collection of the ,chester ,county ,historical ,society4 ,it measures #ci inches in height1 and is signed on the thermometer dial ,,thomas ,,dring_/,west ,chester4 ,this instrument 7fig4 #ad7 is one of the very rare barometers produced in ,america in the #ahth century4 ,another craftsman who emigrated from ,england was ,robert ,clark1 who opened a shop at #e-a_/b ,church ,street in ,charleston1 ,south ,carolina1 in #aghe4 ,in that year he announced himself as a ,math41 ,optical and ,philosophical ,instruments maker and ,clockmaker from ,london 444 ,as the ,advertiser has lately had an opportunity of working and receiving instruction under the first masters in the above branches in ,great ,britain1 flatters himself that he shall give satisfaction to those who may be pleased to favor him with their orders 444 for ,surveyors compasses1 ,quadrants1 ,telescopes1 ,microscopes1 ,spirit ,levels1 etc4#ba ,w4 ,fosbrook was another craftsman originally from ,london4 ,he was a cutler and maker of surgical instruments1 with a shop in ,beekman's ,slip in ,new ,york ,city in #aghf or earlier4 ,he specialized in leg irons and rupture trusses1 and he made instruments and files for setting the teeth as well as standard items for surgeons4#bb ,illustration3 ,figure #ad4--;,barometer made in #agif by ,thomas ,dring of ,west ,chester1 ,pa41 for ,edward and ,hannah ,hicks4 ,photo courtesy the ,chester ,county ,historical ,society4 ,several immigrant instrument makers established themselves in ,philadelphia during the same period4 ,john ,denegan 7or ,donegan71 stated to have been late from ,italy1 moved his shop in ,march #aghg to the corner of ,race and ,fourth ,streets at the sign of the ,seven ,stars4#bc ,there he made barometers and thermometers as well as glasses for philosophical experiments4 ,it seems too much of a coincidence that in ,october #aghg an instrument maker named ,joseph ,donegany established a shop at #ed ,smith ,street in ,new ,york ,city1#bd where--according to an advertisement in the ,october #ag1 #aghg1 issue of ,the ,new ,york ,daily ,advertiser--he made thermometers1 barometers and sold hydrostatic ,bubbles and hygrometers for proving spirits1 and also 444 glasses for experimental purposes4 ,it is probable that ,denegan and ,donegany were one and the same2 since ,denegan was stated to have been of ,italian origin1 the name may originally have been ,de ,negani4 ,joseph ,gatty advertised himself as an ,artist from ,italy with a shop at #cda ,pearl ,street in ,new ,york ,city where he made and sold every simple and compound form of barometer and thermometer as well as curious ,hygrometers for assaying spirits which show the actual strength with the greatest precision and are not liable to be corroded1 in addition to several new ,philosophical ,instruments of his own invention1 and all types of artificial fireworks4#be ,by #agif ,gatty 7or ,gatti87 had moved to ,philadelphia where he had a shop at #gi ,south ,front ,street and advertised the same items that had appeared in his advertisements in ,new ,york4 ,the ,philadelphia directory for #ahjj listed ,gatty as a ,weather ,glass ,maker4#bf ,native ,american ,makers ,comparatively speaking1 the greater proportion of the early ,american instrument makers were native born4 ,among these were to be found a substantial number of artisans trained as clockmakers who subsequently produced scientific instruments to meet the surveying and nautical needs of their communities4 ,together with the other craftsmen throughout the colonies who established and advertised themselves specifically as instrument makers1 they produced a large number of the mathematical instruments used in the ,american ,colonies in the #ahth century4 ,a careful study of their regional distribution reveals that most of them were concentrated in the major coastal cities of commerce4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ae4--;,james ,wilson1 first ,american maker of globes4 ,from a sketch by ,john ,ross ,dix in ,ballou's ,pictorial ,drawing ,room ,companion 7,boston1 #aheg71 vol4 #ab1 p4 #aef4 ,new ,hampshire ,among the artisans who combined clockmaking with instrument making before the beginning of the #aith century was ,benjamin ,c4 ,gilman 7#agfc-ahce7 of ,exeter1 ,new ,hampshire4 ,he made mathematical instruments and clocks in addition to working as a silversmith1 clockmaker1 and hydraulic engineer4 ,vermont ,a ,new ,england instrument maker who had a most unusual career was ,james ,wilson 7#agfc-ahee7 of ,bradford1 ,vermont4 ,he was a native of ,francestown1 ,new ,hampshire1 where he was born in a log cabin and brought up on a farm4 ,in #agif he purchased his own farm1 at ,bradford4 ,illustration3 ,figure #af4--;,globe made by ,james ,wilson 7#agfc-ahee7 of ,bradford1 ,vermont4 ,diameter is #ac in4 ,photo courtesy ,houghton ,library1 ,harvard ,university4 ,when a young man of #cf he saw a pair of globes at ,dartmouth ,college in neighboring ,hanover and tried to duplicate them4 ,he made balls of wood turned from solid blocks1 covered them with paper1 and finished them off with lines and drawings4 ,he later improved this method by coating the wooden balls thickly with layers of paper pasted together4 ,he then cut the globes into hemispheres1 removed the wooden molds1 and joined the paper shells to make the globes4 ,wilson next proceeded to procure copper plates of the necessary sizes for his globes1 and he projected his maps on them in sections4 ,he received a few lessons in engraving from ,amos ,doolittle of ,new ,haven1 but he was otherwise completely self-taught4 ,wilson exhibited the first edition of his globes in ,boston in #ahad4 ,they created a sensation1 and many persons asked to see the maker1 but ,wilson was reluctant to come forward because of his coarse clothing and rustic manners4 ,he was greatly encouraged1 however1 by the public interest in his work1 and he continued to make globes in ,bradford 7see fig4 #af74 ,in about #ahae ,wilson and his three sons1 all of whom were as ingenious as the father1 formed a company to manufacture globes in ,albany4 ,there they produced terrestrial and celestial globes1 the latter showing as many as #e1jjj stars4 ,wilson produced a new set of plates in #ahbf and made globes in several sizes4 ,even after he had reached the age of #hc years he constructed an excellent planetarium1 engraving the large copperplate himself4 ,wilson was married three times and was the father of #ad children4 ,he died at the age of #ib in ,march #ahee at ,bradford4#bg ,massachusetts ,a surprisingly small number of the ,massachusetts craftsmen working before the end of the #ahth century produced scientific instruments4 ,among the very earliest were several members of the ,king family of ,salem4 ,daniel ,king 7#agjd-agij7 was born in ,salem on ,november #ag1 #agjd4 ,at the time of his death ,rev4 ,william ,bentley spoke of him as a maker of ,mathematical ,instruments and a teacher of ,mathematics4#bh ,illustration3 ,figure #ag4--;,brass surveying compass made by ,stephen ,greenleaf 7fl4 #agde7 of ,boston4 ,photo courtesy ,new ,hampshire ,historical ,society1 ,concord4 ,following ,daniel's death1 his business in instruments was inherited by his son ,benjamin ,king 7#agdj-ahjd71 of ,salem4 ,benjamin specialized in producing nautical instruments1 and several of his ,davis quadrants have survived in public collections4 ,when he died on ,december #bf1 #ahjd1 ,reverend ,bentley wrote that ,king was 444 a ,mathematical ,instrument maker1 in that branch which immediately regarded practical navigation by quadrant and compass4 ,he supported a very good character through life was much esteemed4#bi ,another of the very early mathematical instrument makers in ,massachusetts was ,stephen ,greenleaf 7see fig4 #ag71 who kept a shop on ,queen ,street opposite the prison in ,boston where ,he makes and ,mends all ,sorts of ,mathematical ,instruments1 as ,theodolites1 ,spirit ,levels1 ,semicircles1 ,circumferences1 and ,protractors1 ,horizontal and ,equinoctial ,sun ,dials1 ,azimuth and ,amplitude ,compasses1 ,elliptical and ,triangular ,compasses1 and all sorts of ,common ,compasses 444 ,n4,b4 ,he sets ,load ,stones on ,silver or ,brass1 after the best manner4#cj ,jonathan ,dakin worked as a mathematical balance-maker at the ,sign of the ,hand ,beam1 opposite to ,dr4 ,colman's ,meeting ,house where he made a variety of scale beams in #agde4ca ,an interesting advertisement by ,rowland ,houghton appeared in the ,january #ag-bd1 #agcg1 issue of the ,boston ,gazette4 ,houghton announced that he had lately improv'd on his new ,theodolite1 by which the ,art of ,surveying is rendered more plain easy than heretofore4 ,houghton was active in the political scene in ,boston1 as evidenced by the fact that in various issues of the ,boston ,gazette for ,january and ,february #agci he is listed variously as ,commissioner1 ,proprietors' ,clerk and as ,collector4 ,isaac ,greenwood1 ,jr4 7#agcj-ahjc71 was born at ,cambridge1 where he married ,mary ,i'ams in #ageg4 ,he maintained a shop where he combined the business of mathematical instrument maker and ivory turner1 and also imported hardware4 ,after the ,revolution1 he engaged in dentistry1 specializing in making artificial teeth and in the manufacture of umbrilloes4 ,paul ,revere apparently did printing for him on five different occasions between #agfb and #aggd1 and in about #agga engraved his trade card1 which read3 ,,isaac ,,greenwood1 ,ivory ,turner ,next door to ,doctor ,john ,clark's at the ,north ,end ,boston4 ,turns all sorts of work in ,ivory1 ,silver1 ,brass1 ,iron1 ,horn1 ,wood1 etc4 ,such as ,billiard ,balls1 ,tea ,boards1 ,scallopd and ,plain ,salvers1 ,decanters 444#cb ,isaac's father1 ,isaac ,greenwood1 ,sr41 was ,professor of ,mathematicks and ,natural and ,experimental ,philosophy at ,harvard4 ,in the ,boston ,gazette for ,february #ai-bf1 #agbh1 there appeared the following notice of his installation3 ,on the #acth of this ,month at ,ten in the ,morning1 ,the ,honorable ,reverend ,overseers of the ,college at ,cambridge1 met the ,corporation in the ,college ,hall1 to ,inaugurate ,mr4 ,isaac ,greenwood into the ,office of ,professor of the ,mathematicks1 and ,natural and ,experimental ,philosophy1 lately founded by that great and living ,benefactor to this ,society1 ,mr4 ,thomas ,hollis of ,london ,merchant4 ,the ,rev4 ,president being detain'd by illness1 ,mr4 ,flint the ,senior ,fellow perform'd the part of ,moderator1 began with ,prayer1 and then ,pronounc'd a ,latin ,oration proper to the ,occasion3 ,mr4 ,wiggleworth ,divinity ,professor1 read the ,founders ,instructions4 ,mr4 ,greenwood took the ,oaths and made the ,declarations required in them3 and pronounc'd a ,latin ,oration4 ,the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,appleton ,pray'd3 and ,singing part of the #ajd ,psalm concluded the ,solemnity4 ,after which the ,overseers ,corporation repair'd to the ,library2 till the ,publick ,dinner in the ,hall was ready1 where all the ,gentlemen ,spectators of the ,solemnity were hansomely ,entertained4 ,greenwood continued to teach privately for a decade4 ,in various issues of ,the ,boston ,gazette of #agch and #agci he featured an advertisement1 the text of which always stated3 ,such as are desirous of learning any ,part of ,practical or ,theoretical ,mathematics may be taught by ,isaac ,greenwood1 ,a4,m4 c4 in ,clark's ,square1 near the ,north ,meeting ,house1 where ,attendance will be given between the ,hours of #i and #ab in the ,forenoon1 and #b and #e in the ,afternoons4 ,n4,b4 ,instructions may also be had in any ,branch of ,natural ,philosophy1 when there is a sufficient ,number to attend4#cc ,john ,bailey ,,ii 7#ageb-ahbc7 of ,hanover and ,lynn1 ,massachusetts worked as a clockmaker from about #aggj4 ,his father1 ,john ,bailey ,i1 and his brothers ,calvin and ,lebbeus also were clockmakers4 ,bailey married ,mary ,hall of ,berwick1 ,maine1 and settled in ,hanover where he made scientific instruments and clocks4 ,a brass surveying compass in the collection of the ,new ,york ,historical ,society is inscribed ,j4 ,,bailey ,,hanover #ahjd4cd ,undoubtedly the best known instrument maker in ,massachusetts was ,joseph ,pope 7#agej-ahbf71 of ,boston1 who was described by contemporaries as the local mathematician1 watch-maker and mechanical genius4 ,in #aghg he completed the construction of a gear-driven orrery displaying the motions of the solar system in a horizontal plane with eccentric and inclined orbits4 ,at each of the twelve corners were mounted cast bronze figures1 claimed to have been carved in wood by ,simeon ,skillin and cast in bronze by ,paul ,revere4 ,although the instrument was made for ,harvard1 the university lacked funds for its purchase4 ,accordingly1 it held a public lottery which realized a substantial sum in excess of the ,l#dej4c4j paid to ,pope1 and the orrery was delivered in ,december #aghh4ce ,the orrery 7fig4 #ah7 has survived and is part of the collection of historical scientific instruments at ,harvard ,university4 ,according to a statement in the ,boston ,gazette for ,february #af1 #aghi1 an apparatus for displaying planets in their proper orbits by means of wires was made and exhibited in ,boston by ,bartholomew ,burges4 ,mention must also be made of several members of the ,folger family of ,nantucket1 ,massachusetts4 ,peter ,folger 7#afag-afij71 founder of the ,american branch of the family1 emigrated from ,norfolk1 ,england1 in #afce and occupied himself in ,nantucket as blacksmith1 schoolmaster1 watchmaker1 and surveyor4 ,he was a grandfather of ,benjamin ,franklin4 ,another notable descendant was ,maria ,mitchell 7#ahah-ahhi71 professor of astronomy and director of the observatory at ,vassar ,college4 ,the best known member of the family was ,walter ,folger1 ,jr4 7#agfe-ahdi71 a self-taught clockmaker and watchmaker with great interest in the sciences4 ,a telescope that he produced about #ahah was considered to be the finest in the country at that time4 ,his greatest achievement was a tall case astronomical clock that he devised and constructed2 it was completed in #agij and is considered to be the most complicated domestic clock on record4#cf ,folger also produced quadrants and compasses1 and made astronomical observations4 ,his observations of the solar eclipse of ,september #ag1 #ahaa1 were published in #ahae in ,memoirs of the ,academy of ,arts and ,sciences4 ,probably one of the most significant of the surviving early ,american scientific instruments is a pair of gunners' calipers made and used by ,,paul ,,revere 7#agce-ahah7 of ,boston4 ,the calipers are made of incised brass1 measuring #g inches in length and #a-c_/d inches in width4 ,they are signed on the reverse side with the name ,revere in the style of script signature used by this maker in many of his engravings4 ,the design of the instrument is substantially different from that which is commonly found in ,english1 ,french1 and ,german gunners' calipers of the period1 and was probably ,revere's own4 7,see figs4 #ai1 #bj47 ,illustration3 ,figure #ah4--,orrery by ,joseph ,pope completed in #aghg for ,harvard ,university4 ,engraved plates and bronze figures were made by ,paul ,revere4 ,the orrery is #f-a_/b ft4 in diameter and #f-a_/b ft4 high4 ,the twelve figures at the corners are said to have been carved in wood by ,simeon ,skillin and cast in bronze by ,paul ,revere4 ,photo courtesy ,harvard ,university4 ,it is believed that these calipers1 which are preserved in the collection of the ,bostonian ,society in ,boston1 were probably used by ,revere in #agge-aggf4 ,this was the period during which he was in charge of ordnance repairs for the ,continental ,army1 and involved in various ventures for the manufacture of gunpowder and the casting of cannon4 ,there is no evidence of other scientific instruments made by ,revere1 lending some weight to the belief that these calipers were made for his own use4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ai4--;,brass gunnery calipers made and probably used by ,paul ,revere 7#agce-ahah74 ,the calipers are #g in4 long and #a-c_/d in4 wide4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bj4--,reverse side of gunnery calipers1 showing the inscribed signature4 ,photos courtesy the ,bostonian ,society1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,other ,massachusetts instrument makers include ,gideon ,fairman 7#aggd-ahbg7 of ,newburyport who was a partner of ,william ,hooker in the firm of ,hooker ,fairman1 which dealt in mathematical instruments before #ahaj4cg ,fairman later moved to ,philadelphia1 where he was associated with the engraving firm of ,draper1 ,murray ,fairman4 ,at the end of the #ahth century ,samuel ,emery was making mathematical instruments in ,salem1 at the same time that ,john ,jayne was engaged in the same work in that community4#ch ,john ,potter of ,brookfield1 ,massachusetts1 produced surveying instruments in the last quarter of the #ahth century4 ,a graphometer signed with his name and dated #aghe is in the collection of the firm of ,w4 ,l4 ,e4 ,gurley in ,troy1 ,new ,york4 ,rhode ,island ,one of the earliest and most important of the instrument makers of ,rhode ,island was ,benjamin ,king 7#agjg-aghf71 of ,newport4 ,he was the son of ,capt4 ,samuel ,king of ,salem1 ,massachusetts1 where he was born and baptized on ,march #ac1 #agjg4 ,he was a brother of ,daniel ,king of ,salem4 ,benjamin eventually moved to ,newport1 where he married ,mary ,hagger in ,july #agdb4 ,they had four children3 ,benjamin1 ,mehitable1 ,samuel1 and ,mary4 ,he established himself as a respectable businessman in the community1 and in #agei or #agfj he became the senior partner in the importing and retailing firm of ,king ,hagger1 near the sign of ,mr4 ,pitt1 dealing in general merchandise1 mathematical and nautical instruments1 and stationery4 ,william ,hagger was probably the junior partner1 and may have been ,king's brother-in-law4 ,king began making his own instruments for sale1 surviving examples dated as early as #agfb4 ,the partnership was dissolved early in the #agfj's4 ,in #agff ,benjamin ,king was importing1 making1 and selling quadrants and other instruments ,at the ,sign of the ,mathematical ,instruments next to the ,golden ,eagle on ,thames ,street4 ,his son ,samuel ,king occupied the same premises1 where he dealt in paints and artists supplies4 ,when the ,british occupied ,newport1 ,king moved to ,north ,kingstown1 but he returned after the ,british vacated the city4 ,he was #gi when he died in #aghf1 and his son ,samuel ,king succeeded him in business4#ci ,william ,guyse ,hagger 7c4 #agdd-ahcj871 born in ,newport1 is believed to have been the son of ,william ,hagar and ,mary ,knowlton4 ,he was a quadrant maker 7see fig4 #ba74 ,in #aggd he headed a household that consisted of his wife1 five children1 and a colored servant4 ,whether it was he or his father who was the partner of ,benjamin ,king cannot be determined with certainty4 ,when ,newport was occupied by the ,british1 ,hagger moved to ,cranston1 where he joined the ,pawtuxet ,rangers and served as a sentinel at ,pawtuxet ,fort in #aggh4 ,no members of the ,hagger family appear in the #agij census of ,newport1 but a ,william ,hager is reported as having died in ,boston in #ahcj at the age of #hb4 ,it seems likely from the age and dates that it was ,william ,hagger the elder who worked as a partner in the firm of ,king ,hagger1 which was established in #agei or #agfj4dj ,illustration3 ,figure #ba4--;,davis quadrant or backstaff made and signed by ,william ,guyse ,hagger of ,newport1 ,rhode ,island1 about #agfj-aggj4 ,,usnm #caijbi4 ,another instrument maker of ,rhode ,island was ,william ,hamlin 7#aggb-ahfi74 ,he had established himself in ,providence by the beginning of the #aith century in the manufacturing and repairing of mathematical and nautical instruments1 for which there was an active market in that city4 ,hamlin was one of the first engravers in ,america and the first in ,rhode ,island4 ,he designed and engraved banknotes for many banks in the ,state and for other institutions4 ,at the same time he carried on a general trade in the sale of musical instruments4 ,hamlin moved his shop several times1 but from #ahdg until his death he worked at ,the ,sign of the ,quadrant 7see fig4 #bb7 at #aca ,south ,water ,street4 ,he was equally interested in optics and astronomy1 and it has been claimed that he constructed the first telescope in ,america4 ,it is well established that he worked for many years to perfect a reflecting telescope for his own use4#da ,instruments were made also by ,paul ,pease1 who may have been the husband of the daughter of ,nathaniel ,folger of ,nantucket4 ,this ,elizabeth ,folger ,pease1 wife of a ,paul ,pease1 was born in #agbj and died in #agie4 ,little is known about ,pease except for the name ,paul ,pease #agej inscribed on a quadrant in the collection of the ,rhode ,island ,historical ,society4#db ,connecticut ,the clockmakers who worked in ,connecticut during the span of the #ahth century numbered almost a hundred4 ,yet only a half dozen appear on record to have made or sold instruments in addition to clocks4 ,among these were several members of the ,doolittle family1 including ,isaac ,doolittle 7#agba-ahjj7 of ,new ,haven4 ,in #agfc he advertised that he sold surveying compasses in addition to clocks1 watches1 bar iron1 and chocolate4#dc ,his son ,isaac ,doolittle1 ,jr4 7#agei-ahba71 also of ,new ,haven1 established a shop of his own1 which he advertised in #agha as having ,compasses of all kinds1 both for sea and land1 surveyors scales1 and protractors1 gauging rods1 walking sticks1 silver and plated buttons1 turned upon horn2 also clocks and watches made and repaired 444#dd ,although not very active as a clockmaker1 ,isaac ,jr4 appears to have specialized more in the production of surveying and nautical instruments4 ,he took over his father's business just before the latter's death1 and in #agii he advertised#de3 ,illustration3 ,figure #bb4--,trade cards of ,william ,hamlin 7#aggb-ahfi71 engraver and instrument maker of ,providence1 ,rhode ,island4 ,in collection of ,rhode ,island ,historical ,society1 ,providence4 ,the subscriber having commenced business at the shop lately occupied by ,mr4 ,isaac ,doolittle1 in ,chapel ,street1 where he repairs watches1 makes and repairs ,surveyors ,compasses and ,chains1 ,brass ,amplitude1 plain brass and common ,ship's ,compasses1 ,gauging ,rods1 ,quadrants1 repair'd c4 every favor gratefully received by the public's humble servant1 ,isaac ,doolittle1 jun4 ,enos ,doolittle 7#agea-ahjf71 a nephew of ,isaac ,doolittle1 ,sr41 made1 sold1 cleaned1 and repaired clocks and surveying and marine compasses from #aggb through #aghh at his shop in ,hartford4 ,he also sold these items through agents in ,saybrook and ,middleton4#df ,one of the best known of the ,connecticut clockmakers was ,peregrine ,white 7#agdg-ahcd71 of ,woodstock4 ,white was a descendant of the first ,pilgrim child1 and a native of ,boston4 ,after serving an apprenticeship1 he worked as a clockmaker and silversmith in ,boston4 ,he was accused of forging silver spoons and left the city to settle in ,woodstock4 ,he established his own shop west of ,muddy ,brook ,village4#dg ,in addition to fine tall-case clocks1 for which he was noted1 ,white also produced surveying compasses1 one of which is in the collection of the ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum 7fig4 #bc74 ,a similar specimen in ,old ,sturbridge ,village is reputed to have been used for surveying the town of ,southbridge1 ,mass4 ,benjamin ,hanks 7#agee-ahbd71 of ,mansfield and ,litchfield1 inserted a notice in a newspaper in #ahjh to notify the public that he and his son ,truman ,hanks1 in partnership1 had surveyors compasses upon the ,rittenhouse improved plan in addition to such other commodities as brass cannon1 bells from their own foundry1 clocks1 goldsmith's items1 and stocking looms4#dh ,ziba ,blakslee 7#agfh-ahcd71 of ,newton1 worked as a clockmaker1 goldsmith1 and bell founder and he advertised that he made and sold surveying instruments4#di ,in ,new ,haven1 ,clark ,sibley and ,simeon ,marble organized the firm of ,sibley ,marble and advertised that in addition to repairing swords and cutlasses1 clocks and watches1 they also repaired mathematical and surgical instruments4#ej ,illustration3 ,figure #bc4--;,brass surveying compass made about #agij by ,peregrine ,white 7#agdg-ahcd7 of ,woodstock1 ,connecticut4 ,,usnm #chhiic4 ,one of the instrument makers of ,new ,england who has remained relatively unknown was ,benjamin ,platt 7#ageg-ahcc71 who was born in ,danbury1 ,connecticut1 on ,january #c1 #ageg4ea ,he married ,adah ,fairchild of the same city in #aggf1 and it is believed that he must have completed his apprenticeship by that date inasmuch as apprentices usually were not allowed to marry4 ,it is not known how long ,platt worked in his native city1 but by #aghj he had moved to ,litchfield1 where he worked in gold1 silver1 and brass4 ,he became established as a clockmaker and produced tall case clocks and other types4 ,in #aghg he was in ,new ,milford1 a town adjacent to ,danbury1 where he produced surveying compasses 7see fig4 #bd74 ,three years later1 in #agij1 he was at ,milford1 where he invented a ,compass for measuring distance in hilly country4 ,in #agic he returned to ,new ,milford1 where he made a clock to order for ,eli ,todd1 and by #ahjj he had moved to ,lanesboro1 ,massachusetts4 ,ohio ,benjamin ,platt was the migratory type4 ,in #ahag he migrated from ,lanesboro to ,columbus1 ,ohio4 ,his son1 ,augustus ,platt 7#agic-ahhf71 also made mathematical instruments 7see fig4 #be7 in ,columbus4 ,in #ahji a grandson1 named ,william ,augustus ,platt was born4 ,when the child's mother died1 ,benjamin and ,adah ,platt adopted the boy1 and when he came of age he went into the watchmaking trade4 ,william ,platt married ,fanny ,hayes1 sister of ,president ,hayes4#eb ,his shop was listed in the #ahdc city directory2 it was the first jewelry and clock and watch store in the community4 ,an interesting account of instrument making in ,ohio is found in the report of a missionary1 ,john ,heckewelder4 ,he mentioned the brothers ,joseph and ,francois ,devacht who worked as watchmakers and instrument makers in ,gallipolis1 ,ohio4 ,writing in #agib1 ,heckewelder stated that the most interesting shops of the ,workmen in ,gallipolis were those of the ,goldsmiths and ,watchmakers4 ,they showed us work on watches1 compasses1 sundials finer than ,i have ever beheld4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,figure #bd4--;,brass surveying compass made by ,benjamin ,platt 7#ageg-ahcc7 of ,new ,milford1 ,connecticut1 about #agie-ahjj4 ,shown in original wooden case and separately 7opposite page74 ,photos courtesy ,ohio ,state ,museum4 ,new ,york ,there were relatively few makers of mathematical instruments in ,new ,york ,city before the end of the #ahth century4 ,perhaps the earliest was ,john ,bailey1 who moved from ,fredericksburg1 ,virginia1 to ,fishkill1 ,new ,york1 in #aggh4 ,he was a cutler by trade1 and he made and sold surgical instruments4#ec ,bulmain ,dennies at #ei ,water ,street in ,new ,york were the appointed agents to sell the ,perpetual ,log or ,distance ,clock to find a ship's way at sea4 ,the device had been patented in the ,united ,states1 and one of the instruments was displayed at the bar of the ,tontine ,coffee ,house1 according to an advertisement in the ,july #bc1 #agii1 issue of the ,new ,york ,gazette and ,general ,advertiser4 ,h4 ,caritat1 at #aec ,broadway in ,new ,york1 imported and sold ,the ,planispherical ,planetarium4 ,this item was described in an advertisement#ed as a graphic representation of the earth1 in twelve particular positions during its revolutionary course around the sun1 as also of the ,moon's revolution around the earth1 together with literal description of parts and motions1 etc4 ,the advertisement also stated that ,caritat sold ,carey's newly improved ,terrestrial and ,celestial ,globes which omitted the ,constellary ,configurations4 ,illustration3 ,figure #be4--,surveying theodolite made by ,augustus ,platt 7#agic-ahhf7 of ,columbus1 ,ohio1 in the early #aith century4 ,photo courtesy ,ohio ,state ,museum4 ,in #aghe ,m4 ,morris of ,new ,york ,city made and sold his own invention of a ,nautical ,protractor for the price of ,one ,dollar4 ,in an advertisement in ,the ,independent ,journal or the ,general ,advertiser of ,may #be1 #aghe1 he explained that the device was for use in the construction of globular maps and ,mercator charts4 ,he also made another protractor for attaching to the end of a ruler for measuring distances on charts4 ,he planned to publish a treatise on the subject of his inventions4 ,james ,youle1 a cutler and mechanician with a shop located first on ,fly ,street and then at #fd ,water ,street at the ,sign of the ,cross-,knives and ,gun1 sold a large variety of cutlery and hardware for gun repair4 ,he also made surgical instruments4 ,he died in ,february #aghf at the age of #df as the result of an injury to his chest from a breaking grindstone while working in his shop4 ,he was survived by a widow and nine children and was succeeded in business by his son ,john ,youle4#ee ,new ,jersey ,one of the few instrument makers known to have worked in ,new ,jersey was ,aaron ,miller of ,elizabeth-town4 ,he was first noted in the ,new ,york newspapers in #agdh when he notified the public that1 in addition to clocks1 he made compasses1 chains for surveyors1 and church bells1 for which he maintained his own foundry4 ,when he died in #agga he left all his tools to a son-in-law1 ,isaac ,brokaw4#ef ,another craftsman who is entitled to being included as an instrument maker was ,richard ,wistar4 ,when ,casper ,wistar died in #ageb1 his son ,richard succeeded him as owner of the famous glass works4 ,in addition to window glass and glassware1 ,richard ,wistar also produced such special products as retorts for use in chemistry and electerizing globes and tubes1 as well as bottles for ,leyden jars that ,benjamin ,franklin had urged him to attempt in the early #agej's4#eg ,delaware ,george ,crow 7ca4 #agbe-agga_/gb7 of ,wilmington1 ,delaware1 was apparently well established as a clockmaker in the community by the time of his marriage in #agdf to ,mary ,laudonet4 ,they had four children1 and ,crow's two sons followed his trade4 ,george ,crow was active in civic affairs1 and in addition to clocks1 he produced surveying compasses1 several of which have survived4#eh ,maryland and ,virginia ,brief mention has already been made of the ,chandlee family of clockmakers and instrument makers of the #ahth century4 ,the founder of the line and first of interest was ,benjamin ,chandlee1 ,sr41 who migrated in #agjb from ,ireland to ,philadelphia1 where he was apprenticed to ,abel ,cottey1 clockmaker1 and eventually married his daughter4 ,his son ,benjamin ,chandlee1 ,jr4 7#agbc-agia71 worked as a clockmaker in ,nottingham1 ,maryland1 where he produced instruments as well as clocks4 ,a fine example of a brass surveying compass--inscribed with his name1 and which is believed to have been made for the ,gilpin family in about #agfa--;is on exhibition in the ,chester ,county ,historical ,society4 ,he had four sons1 and a few years before his death he established the firm of ,chandlee ,sons1 the name of which was changed to ,ellis ,chandlee ,brothers a year before he died4 ,the oldest of ,benjamin ,jr4's four sons was ,goldsmith ,chandlee 7c4#agdf-ahba74 ,after serving an apprenticeship with his father1 ,goldsmith moved to ,virginia and worked near ,stephensburg 7now ,stephens ,city74 ,he eventually established himself at ,winchester and built a brass foundry and a shop where he produced clocks1 surveying compasses1 sundials1 apothecary and money scales1 surgical instruments1 compasses1 telescopes1 and other items in metal4 ,numerous examples of his clocks and instruments have survived4 ,their fine quality attests to the claim that he was one of the foremost craftsmen of the #ahth century4 ,several of his surveying compasses exist in modern collections4 ,an instrument 7fig4 #bf7 that he made about #agid for a surveyor named ,robert ,lyle is in the writer's collection2 an almost identical instrument that ,chandlee made for ,lawrence ,augustine ,washington1 ,george ,washington's nephew1 is exhibited in the library at ,mount ,vernon1 ,virginia4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bf4--,the label of ,goldsmith ,chandlee4 ,in the collection of ,ohio ,historical ,society1 ,ohio ,state ,museum4 ,ellis ,chandlee 7#agee-ahaf7 also was apprenticed to his father1 and he worked with his brothers in the shop4 ,he established the firm of ,ellis ,chandlee ,brothers1 in #agij1 shortly before his father's death4 ,the firm was dissolved in #agig when the youngest brother1 ,john ,chandlee1 left the firm4 ,ellis continued in partnership with his other brother1 ,isaac ,chandlee 7#agfj-ahac71 until about #ahjd1 producing clocks1 surveying instruments1 and other metal articles4 ,their products were signed ,ellis and ,isaac ,chandlee1 ,nottingham1 or1 in the case of a surveying compass in the collection of the ,chester ,county ,historical ,society1 ,e4 ,i4 ,chandlee1 ,nottingham4 ,isaac ,chandlee also produced clocks and instruments under his own name only1 for there are a number of surviving clocks and surveying compasses signed in such manner 7see fig4 #bh74ei ,illustration3 ,figure #bg4--;,brass surveying compass with outkeeper made by ,goldsmith ,chandlee 7c4 #agdf-ahba7 of ,winchester1 ,virginia1 for ,robert ,lyle4 ,over-all length1 #ad-a_/b in42 diameter1 #g in4 ,instrument1 in original wooden case1 bears ink signature of ,robert ,lyle4 ,in collection of the writer4 ,one of the most important craftsmen of ,maryland was ,frederick ,a4 ,heisely 7#agei-ahci74 ,a native of ,lancaster1 ,pennsylvania1 he served an apprenticeship there with ,john ,hoff1 the master clockmaker1 from #aggg to #aghc4 ,heisely served in the ,revolution4 ,in #aghc1 presumably upon the completion of his apprenticeship1 he married ,catherine ,hoff1 the clockmaker's daughter4 ,he moved to ,frederick1 ,maryland1 where he established his own clockmaking shop and where he specialized in making mathematical instruments4 ,a tower clock made in ,frederick is in the collection of the ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,heisely returned to ,lancaster to become ,hoff's partner1 and worked with him until #ahjb4 ,he then moved his shop to ,harrisburg and worked there until #ahbj4 ,he moved once more1 this time to ,pittsburgh where he advertised himself as a ,clock1 ,watch and ,instrument ,maker1 with a shop at ,no4 #f ,st4 ,clair ,street4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bh4--;,brass surveying compass made by ,goldsmith ,chandlee for ,laurence ,augustine ,washington in about #agie4 ,in the library at ,mount ,vernon4 ,photo courtesy the ,mount ,vernon ,ladies ,association of the ,union4 ,george ,heisely 7#aghi-ahhj71 ,frederick's son1 who was born at ,frederick1 ,maryland1 achieved note in his own right as a maker of clocks and instruments4 ,he worked at ,second and ,walnut ,streets in ,harrisburg4 ,he is credited with being the person who selected the melody of ,to ,anacreon in ,heaven for ,the ,star-,spangled ,banner1 while he was serving as a member of the ,pennsylvania ,state ,militia4#fj ,pennsylvania ,a number of instrument makers worked in ,philadelphia1 which was one of the important shipping centers during the #ahth century and consequently one of the important markets for nautical instruments4 ,probably the earliest ,philadelphia instrument maker of record was ,thomas ,godfrey 7#agjd-agdi7 who was born in ,bristol ,township4 ,after serving an apprenticeship1 ,godfrey developed his own business as a glazier and plumber4 ,he is stated to have done the major part of the glazing of the ,state ,house in #agcb1 as well as similar work on ,christ ,church4 ,he also worked for ,andrew ,hamilton and for ,james ,logan4 ,godfrey had a natural inclination and interest in science and mathematics1 which may have been further encouraged by his friendship with ,benjamin ,franklin1 who resided in the same house4 ,godfrey was also a fellow member of ,franklin's ,junto4 ,in #agcj ,godfrey invented an improved backstaff or ,davis quadrant1 and loaned the instrument to ,joshua ,fisher to be used in the latter's survey of ,delaware ,bay4 ,it is claimed that the location of ,cape ,henlopen was established on ,fisher's map 7published in ,london in #agef7 by means of ,godfrey's instrument4 ,james ,logan became interested in the improved backstaff invented by ,godfrey and at ,logan's request1 the instrument was taken on a voyage to the ,west ,indies by a ,captain ,wright for the purpose of testing it4#fa ,at the same time ,logan sent a description of the instrument to ,london to the ,royal ,astronomer1 ,edmund ,halley4 ,no acknowledgment was made1 and in #agcd ,logan sent a second description to ,sir ,hans ,sloane and to ,peter ,collison for forwarding to the ,royal ,society4 ,the arrival of this description coincided with the submission of the description of a similar instrument to the ,society by its vice president1 ,james ,hadley4 ,the ,royal ,society decided in favor of both inventors1 and ,godfrey was awarded the equivalent of #bjj pounds in household furniture4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bi4--;,brass surveying compass made by ,isaac ,chandlee 7#agfj-ahac7 of ,nottingham1 ,maryland4 ,photo courtesy ,ohio ,state ,museum4 ,godfrey is often confused with his son1 also named ,thomas ,godfrey 7#agcf-agfc71 who worked as a watchmaker in ,philadelphia1 and subsequently became active in literary arts4 ,benjamin ,condy 7fl4 #agef-agib1 d4 #agih7 was an instrument maker with a shop on ,south ,front ,street in ,philadelphia4 ,as early as #agef he worked for most of the merchant shippers of the port1 supplying them with a considerable number of sand glasses that ranged from the quarter-minute to the two-hour varieties4 ,although he made his own mathematical instruments1 it is likely that he imported the sand glasses4 ,according to ,customs ,house clearances of #aghi1 he had imported from ,london on the ship ,pigou three cases of merchandise valued at ,l#afj_/ag_/f with a duty of #cb4ai1 which may have included sand glasses4#fb ,when ,condy retired in #agib he was succeeded in business by ,thomas ,biggs at the same address4 ,biggs had originally served an apprenticeship with ,condy1 and then fought for the ,american cause in the ,revolution for five years4 ,following the termination of his military service he had engaged in instrument making in ,new ,york for eight years before returning to ,philadelphia1 his native city4 ,biggs prospered and his advertisements continued until early in #agie4 ,thomas ,pryor made instruments in a shop on ,chestnut ,street in #aggh1 but he evidently retired from business in the #agij's because the city directory of #agie listed him merely as gentleman4 ,he is reported to have been one of those who1 from the ,state ,house ,yard1 witnessed the transit of ,venus4#fc ,among the early makers of mathematical instruments in ,philadelphia was ,william ,dean 78-#agig71 who is believed to have been working in that city as early as #aggh4 ,his name first appears in local directories in ,june #agib1 where his shop address was listed as ,no4 #dc ,south ,front ,street4 ,later he advertised that he made and sold ,surveying instruments--,telescopes1 ,sextants1 ,quadrants--and every article requisite for navigation1 surveying1 levelling1 c4444 ,according to details which were noted in his last will1 which was dated ,june #a1 #agig1 and filed and proved in the following month1 ,dean's death appears to have been preceded by a long illness4 ,he designated his two sisters as his executrices1 and the fact that his will specified the appointment of a ,mr4 ,thomas ,yardley1 ,jr41 as guardian of his three children indicates that he may have been a widower at the time of his death4 ,a surveying compass by this maker was recently brought to light in1 the ,clark ,county ,historical ,society1 ,springfield1 ,ohio1 by ,dr4 ,donald ,a4 ,hutzlar of the ,ohio ,state ,museum4 ,the instrument is a plain compass in brass without levels1 #ac-a_/b inches in length1 and with a #e-;inch needle4 ,the dial is marked ,,dean ,,philada4 ,the wooden cover for the instrument is marked with the names of previous owners and dates1 as follows3 ,jno4 ,c4 ,symes1 ,aug4 #aj1 #aggh ,i4 ,ludlow1 #agia ,henry ,donnel1 ,july #bd1 #agid ,jonathan ,donnel1 #agif ,john ,dyherty ,thomas ,j4 ,kizer1 #ahch ,david ,j4 ,kizer1 '#gh4 ,a description of this instrument in ,the ,history of ,clark ,county1 ,ohio by ,a4 ,p4 ,steele1 published in #ahha by the ,w4 ,h4 ,beers ,co4 of ,chicago1 adds considerably to its interest as a historical record of ,american scientific instruments and their use3 ,col4 ,thomas ,kizer1 the veteran surveyor1 has in his possession a compass made by ,dean of ,philadelphia2 this instrument was owned and used by his father1 ,david ,kizer1 who obtained it from ,john ,dougherty about #ahac2 ,dougherty got it from ,jonathan ,donnel4 ,this relic is marked ,i4 ,ludlow1 #agia2 ,henry ,donnel1 #agid2 ,j4 ,donnel1 #agif1 ,john ,dougherty1 #agii2 these marks are rudely scratched upon the cover of the instrument1 and bear every evidence of being genuine2 there is no doubt but that this old compass was used in making the first surveys in this county1 or that it is the identical instrument used by ,john ,dougherty1 in laying off ,demint's first plat of ,springfield1 and by ,jonathan ,donnel on the survey of ',new ,boston4' ,it is to be noted that some discrepancies exist in the listing of names and dates of the previous owners between ,steele's ,history and those which actually appear on the cover of the instrument4 ,steele apparently made the changes he deemed necessary in his account of the instrument4 ,between #agia and #agie the same address was also occupied by a cooper named ,michael ,davenport1 and from #agig to #ahja by the ,widow ,davenport1 presumably widow of ,michael4 ,from #ahjb to #ahjd the same address is listed for ,william ,davenport1 ,mathematical ,instrument ,maker1 apprentice to ,william ,dean1 and believed to be the son of ,michael4 ,during the next ten years ,davenport's address was #de ,south ,front ,street1 and then1 to #ahbj1 was #be ,south ,front ,street4#fd ,several brass surveying compasses bearing his name have survived4 ,another maker of mathematical instruments about whom nothing further is known is ,charles ,taws1 who was listed in this manner in the ,philadelphia directory of #agie4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cj4--;,brass surveying compass marked ,f4 ,heisely ,fred399town4 ,in collection of ,ohio ,historical ,society1 ,ohio ,state ,museum4 ,the making of instruments in glass appears to have been a specialized business in the ,colonies1 because those who worked in this field do not appear to have produced instruments in other materials4 ,one of these makers of glass instruments--specifically barometers1 thermometers and ,glass ,bubbles to prove spirits1 of different kinds--was ,alloysius ,ketterer4 ,he maintained a shop in the house of a ,charles ,kugler at the sign of the ,seven ,stars1 corner of ,race and ,fourth ,streets in ,philadelphia1 in #aghi4 ,he moved to another address in ,race ,street in #agij and was eventually succeeded in business by ,martin ,fisher1 who increased the number of types of glass instruments made and sold at the shop4#fe ,henry ,voight 7#agch-ahad7 was a man with a varied career4 ,of ,german ancestry1 he was trained as a clock-and watchmaker1 and he was a skilled mechanic4 ,he operated a wire mill in ,reading1 ,pennsylvania1 in #aghj and moved shortly thereafter to ,philadelphia1 where he established a clockmaker's shop on ,second ,street4 ,he became a close friend of the inventor ,john ,fitch in about #aghf1 and in the following year he became a shareholder in ,fitch's company for producing steamboats4 ,in #agib he entered into a short-lived partnership with ,fitch to manufacture steam engines4 ,in #agic he invented a process for making steel from bar iron4 ,in the same year ,president ,washington appointed ,voight to the position of chief coiner of the ,philadelphia ,mint1 and he continued in that position until his death in #ahad4 ,he was closely associated with ,david ,rittenhouse1 ,andrew ,ellicott1 ,edward ,duffield1 and others4 ,although there is no record of ,voight's career as an instrument maker1 there is nevertheless some evidence that he worked in that field4 ,in the collection of the ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum there is a brass equal-altitude telescope 7fig4 #ca7 made about #agij1 that is signed ,henry ,voigt4 ,his name was spelled ,voigt and ,voight interchangeably4 ,henry's son ,thomas ,voight worked as a clockmaker on ,north ,seventh ,street in ,philadelphia around #ahaa4 ,he was the maker of a tall case clock1 ordered by ,thomas ,jefferson1 that ,jefferson's daughter presented in #ahbf to her father's physician1 ,dr4 ,dunglison1 for settlement of medical services4#ff ,there were several instrument makers in provincial ,pennsylvania1 but the majority of such craftsmen worked in ,philadelphia4 ,dr4 ,christopher ,witt 7#afge-agfe71 an emigrant from ,england1 worked in ,germantown from about #agaj to #agfe4 ,he was well known locally as a medical doctor1 scientist1 hexmeister1 clockmaker1 and teacher4 ,it is traditionally claimed that he produced mathematical instruments in addition to timepieces4 ,he described the great comet of #agdc and built his own #h-;foot telescope4 ,one of his apprentices may have been ,christopher ,sower 7#afic-agdj71 of ,germantown and ,philadelphia1 who achieved renown as a doctor1 farmer1 author1 printer1 papermaker1 and clockmaker4 ,he also produced mathematical instruments4#fg ,george ,wall1 ,jr41 of ,bucks ,county1 was the author of a pamphlet on the subject of a newly invented ,surveying ,instrument1 called the ,trigonometer4 ,the instrument was described and illustrated in the pamphlet1 which was published in ,philadelphia in #aghh4 ,washington's own copy1 bearing the inscription ,to the ,president of the ,united ,states from the ,author is in the collection of the ,boston ,athenaeum4 ,george ,ford of ,lancaster maintained a shop on ,west ,king ,street1 probably from the end of the #ahth century until #ahdj4 ,there he made tall case and other clocks1 surveying compasses1 and other instruments for the retail trade4 ,however1 he did not push the business of ,watchmaking and ,clockmaking so hard1 for the manufacture of nautical instruments and surveyors instruments was a more important part of his business4#fh ,upon his death in #ahdb he was succeeded by his son ,george ,ford ,,ii4 ,thomas ,mendenhall repaired clocks and mathematical instruments in a shop on ,king and ,queen ,streets in the borough of ,lancaster in #agge4fi ,john ,wood of ,philadelphia was a wholesale supplier of parts for clockmakers and watchmakers4 ,according to a notice in the ,may #g1 #agij1 issue of ,pennsylvania ,packet1 he had pocket compasses1 steel magnets1 ,surveying compass needles1 surveyors chains1 etc4 ,since no mention was made of making or mending instruments1 it is probable that ,wood was merely importer and wholesaler4 ,another instrument maker of ,philadelphia about whom little is known is ,bryan ,gilmur1 who worked at the close of the #ahth century making instruments and1 possibly1 clocks4#gj ,james ,jacks 7also listed as ,james ,jack7 first worked as clockmaker and watchmaker in ,charleston1 ,south ,carolina1 in the #aghj's2 he later moved to ,philadelphia where he maintained a shop on ,market ,street where he sold a variety of instruments4 ,in the ,june #e1 #agig1 issue of ,the ,federal ,gazette he announced that1 in addition to jewelry1 clocks and watches1 he also had for sale mathematical instruments in cases very compleat2 ,surveyors ,compasses and ,theodolites2 ship's ,quadrants2 ,fishing ,rods and ,reels2 ,billiard ,balls and sheet ivory2 silver and plated coach1 chaise and chair ,whips4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ca4--;,equal altitude telescope1 #ag in4 long1 made and signed by ,henry ,voight 7#agch-ahad7 of ,philadelphia4 ,,usnm #caaggb4 ,instruments of ,wood ,the ,use of ,wood ,an interesting fact concerning the instruments produced by #ahth-century craftsmen is the relatively high incidence of instruments constructed of wood instead of brass or other metals4 ,a significant reference to this use of wood is found in ,alexander ,hamilton's ,report on the ,subject of ,manufactures1 published in #ahba1ga which refers to such items of wood as ,ships1 cabinet-wares and turnery1 wool and cotton cards1 and other machinery for manufactures and husbandry1 mathematical instruments1 444 and coopers' wares of every kind4 ,most common of these mathematical instruments is the surveying compass1 possibly the instrument most needed and produced in ,america4 ,recorded in public and private collections are #ca known examples of such compasses made of wood1 a rather large number4 ,furthermore1 a substantial number of these were being produced simultaneously by skilled craftsmen who at the same time were making similar instruments in brass4 ,finally1 from a study of the surviving examples of wooden surveying compasses comes the interesting and perhaps significant fact that all the known makers were from ,new ,england4 ,the towns and cities in which they worked were ,boston and ,plymouth in ,massachusetts1 ,windsor and ,new ,milford in ,connecticut1 and ,walpole and ,portsmouth in ,new ,hampshire4 ,a careful study of the advertisements and works of the instrument makers in the other large cities of the ,colonies1 such as ,new ,york1 ,baltimore1 and ,philadelphia1 reveals no examples of wooden scientific instruments4 ,excluded1 of course1 are those instruments normally made of wood1 such as the octant and the mariners quadrant4 ,two possible exceptions are instrument makers of ,new ,york ,city4 ,the first is ,james ,ham1 a maker of mathematical instruments at the house wherein the ,widow ,ratsey lately lived near the ,old ,dutch ,church on ,smith ,street who advertised in the ,may #bg1 #aged1 issue of ,the ,new ,york ,mercury that he made and sold mathematical instruments in wood1 brass1 or ivory1 theodolites1 circumferentors1 sectors1 parallel rules1 protractors1 plain scales1 and dividers1 the late instrument called an ,octant1 ,davis' quadrants1 gauging rods1 sliding and gunter's scales1 amplitude wood box and hanging and pocket compasses1 surveying chains1 japanned telescopes1 dice and dice boxes1 mariners compasses and kalenders1 etc4#gb ,ham subsequently moved his business to ,philadelphia where he first advertised in #agfd1 stating that he worked at the sign of ,hadley's ,quadrant at ,front and ,water ,streets in ,philadelphia and sold all forms of instruments in silver1 brass1 and ivory as well as large brass pocket dials1 fitted to the latitude of ,philadelphia4 ,in #aghj his son ,james ,ham1 ,jr41 advertised from the same address as a maker of mathematical instruments1 specializing in ,hadley and ,davis ,quadrants4#gc ,the second exception is ,william ,hinton1 who advertised in ,the ,new ,york ,gazette and the ,weekly ,mercury of ,may #d1 #aggb1 as follows3 ,,william ,,hinton1 ,mathematical ,instrument ,maker1 at ,hadley's ,quadrant1 facing the ,east ,side of the ,new ,coffee ,house1 ,makes and sells all sorts of ,mathematical ,instruments1 in ,silver1 ,brass1 ,ivory or ,wood1 viz4 ,hadley's ,quadrants1 ,davis's do4 ,crostaf's ,nocturnals1 ,gunters ,scales1 ,plotting do4 ,cases of ,instruments1 ,surveyors ,chains1 ,dividers with and without ,points1 ,protractors1 paralelled ,rulers1 ,rods for ,guaging1 ,amplitude1 hanging and common ,wood ,compasses1 ,pocket do4 three ,foot ,telescopes1 ,pocket do4 ,backgammon ,tables1 ,dice and ,dice ,boxes1 ,billiard ,balls and ,tacks1 ,violin ,bows and ,bridges2 with a ,variety of other ,articles too tedious to mention3 ,and as he is a young ,beginner1 he flatters himself1 he shall meet with ,encouragement2 and all those who please to favour him with their ,custom1 may depend upon having their ,work done in the neatest and best ,manner1 and at reasonable ,rates4 ,it is mentioned that both ,ham and ,hinton worked in wood in addition to other materials1 but it appears very likely that the use of wood referred specifically to those instruments normally made of wood1 such as quadrants and octants1 and not to other instruments4 ,any attempt to relate the making of wooden scientific instruments with the production of wooden clocks in ,new ,england has no conclusive result1 yet there appears to be some relationship between the two4 ,wooden clocks were made as early as the #agth century in ,germany and ,holland1 and they were known in ,england in the early #ahth century4 ,in the ,colonies the wooden clock was first produced in ,connecticut1 and the earliest type was associated with ,hartford ,county4 ,this form was quite common in ,east ,hartford in #agfa1 and its first production may have had some association with ,ebenezer ,parmele 7#afij-aggg71 since an association between ,parmele and all of the earliest makers of wooden clocks can be traced4#gd ,little is known about ,parmele4 ,his father was a cabinetmaker in ,guilford1 ,connecticut1 and ,ebenezer practiced the same craft1 in addition to being a boat builder4 ,he was a man of means1 held various town offices1 and served as town treasurer4 ,for a while he operated a cargo sloop on ,long ,island ,sound4 ,in #agbf he built the first tower clock in ,connecticut for the ,guilford meeting house4 ,he was a versatile worker in wood1 and it is believed that he served an apprenticeship in ,new ,york ,city with a ,dutch clockmaker from #agje to #agaj1 where he may have learned to make wooden clocks4 ,this early type of wooden clock is associated with ,benjamin ,cheney 7#agbe-ahae71 a clockmaker of ,east ,hartford4 ,the early or ,cheney type of wooden clock was produced in ,connecticut as late as #ahab4 ,a later form of the wooden movement began to appear about #agij1 and was probably introduced by ,gideon ,roberts 7#agdi-ahac7 of ,bristol4 ,roberts had lived in the ,wyoming ,valley of ,pennsylvania before #agij1 and it is conjectured that he became familiar with the wooden clocks produced by the ,german settlers of that region4#ge ,it is not surprising that the wooden clock had its colonial origins in ,connecticut1 so completely was it adaptable to the pioneer conditions in that colony4 ,the materials were the abundant native woods-cherry1 apple1 oak1 and laurel4 ,the parts were made with simple carpenter tools and a wooden foot lathe1 using the methods of the cabinetmaker4 ,although it has been suggested that some relationship may have existed between the makers of wooden instruments in ,england1 and the makers of wooden clocks and scientific instruments in the ,new ,england ,colonies1#gf a careful study has failed to reveal any connection1 and there appears to be little if any parallel between the two groups4 ,basically1 the use of wood for making some mathematical instruments in ,new ,england resulted from the native familiarity with this material1 which was also employed to a considerable degree for the construction of domestic and agricultural implements1 and from the fact that many of the early clockmakers had been trained as or by cabinet makers1 carpenters1 and even dish turners4 ,random examples of a few of the more prominent clockmakers are ,joseph ,hopkins1 a wood turner2 ,chauncey ,jerome1 who had been apprenticed to a wood turner2 and ,silas ,hoadley1 who had worked with a cabinet maker4 ,perhaps a basis for the prevalence of wood in these trades is to be found in the lines from a familiar poem3 ,the ,yankee boy1 before he's sent to school1 ,knows well the mystery of that magic tool1 ,the ,pocket knife4#gg ,but1 from the technical point of view1 it should be noted that those craftsmen who produced clocks and instruments and did not have their own brass foundries probably found that a good piece of straight-grained hardwood was as stable for holding its dimensions with the grain as a piece of brass4 ,shrinkage was at right angles to the grain2 hence1 for fixed linear stability wood was as good as brass4 ,for rigidity per unit weight1 wood was better than brass2 and for availability and ease of working1 wood was superior to brass4 ,it has often been ventured that wooden clocks were first produced in ,connecticut1 because of the scarcity of brass for this purpose during the years between the beginning of the ,revolution to the end of the ,war of #ahab4 ,the claim is made that brass was not being produced in the ,colonies and that it was imported exclusively from ,england during this period4 ,certainly1 the wholesale price index of metal and metal products shows a steady increase during this period1 and a considerable jump during the period of the ,war of #ahab1 making brass an extremely expensive material4 ,this may explain why the makers of clocks and instruments who made and sold brass clocks and instruments were producing the same products at the same time in wood which1 as we have seen1 was both plentiful and a satisfactory substitute4 ,it can be surmised1 therefore1 that surveying instruments1 as well as instruments for other purposes1 were produced in both brass and wood simultaneously by many of the ,new ,england makers in order to provide suitable instruments in a flexible price range to meet the demands of the trade4 ,whereas today modern manufacturing methods make it possible to produce instruments in a wide variety1 both in quality and price1 to suit the needs and capabilities of every prospective purchaser1 the production facilities of the #ahth century were much more limited4 ,the constant factor of skilled hand labor was costly4 ,metal was expensive4 ,as evidenced in the records of ,daniel ,burnap1 for instance1 it was possible to produce surveying compasses in brass in two grades1 presumably one more elaborate than the other4 ,yet ,burnap's prices ranged between six pounds and four pounds for the metal instruments1 making them still well out of reach of many of the would-be surveyors4 ,accordingly1 ,burnap--and presumably numerous other instrument makers of the period--produced from wood an economy model that sold for not more than two pounds1 thus placing the item within the reach of the nonprofessional surveyor4 ,this theory is supported amply by the discovery that several of the instrument makers who worked in brass also made instruments of wood during the same periods4 ,in addition to the evidence in the records of ,daniel ,burnap1 there are the surviving surveying instruments in brass and wood made by ,samuel ,thaxter1 ,thomas ,greenough1 and ,john ,dupee1 leaving little if any doubt that the reason for producing surveying compasses and similar items of wood during the #ahth century was to satisfy the need for reasonably accurate yet inexpensive instruments4 ,surviving ,instruments ,the fact that the surviving examples of the wooden instruments were produced only in ,new ,england seems to indicate merely that the ,new ,england instrument makers were more familiar with the use of wood as a material1 and had greater facility in working with it4 ,undoubtedly other instruments produced by the #ahth-century ,american makers have survived in addition to those already found4 ,quite likely examples of these wooden instruments still remain hidden in unexplored attics and other repositories4 ,yet1 if the few thus far discovered is any criterion1 the number ultimately recoverable will probably be but a fraction of the great number produced by the #ahth-century makers during the half century or more in which they worked4 ,even allowing for those probably destroyed in the natural course of events1 one cannot help but wonder what has happened to the remainder4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cb4--,wooden graphometer used by ,rev4 ,eleazar ,wheelock 7#agaa-aggi7 about #agfi for surveying the area of ,dartmouth ,college in ,hanover1 ,new ,hampshire4 ,the hardwood block is covered with a brass plate with brass sighting bars mounted on a swivel and a spirit level under a brass strip on edge of instrument4 ,the instrument is #h-e_/h in4 long1 #d-e_/h in4 wide1 and #g_/af in4 thick4 ,in collection of ,dartmouth ,college ,museum4 ,a list of the surviving wooden instruments is given in the ,appendix 7p4 #aec74 ,many of these wooden instruments bear signatures or other marks that permit identification of their makers1 but a number of specimens have been found that are not signed4 ,in most instances they show evidence of professional workmanship1 and they may have been the work of known craftsmen4 ,one or two examples are obviously homemade by unskilled amateur practitioners4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cc4--,wooden surveying instrument1 maker not known4 ,compass dial is of metal1 painted green1 with degrees marked to #ij deg4 with metal punches and the letter ,n to designate the north point4 ,the instrument is #ab in4 long2 diameter is #h in4 ,in collection of ,dartmouth ,college ,museum4 ,several unsigned wooden instruments of professional quality are in the collection of the ,dartmouth ,college ,museum4 ,of particular interest is a semicircumferentor 7fig4 #cb7 that belonged to the ,reverend ,eleazar ,wheelock 7#agaa-aggi7 who founded ,moor's ,indian ,charity ,school at ,lebanon1 ,connecticut1 which subsequently developed into ,dartmouth ,college4 ,it is claimed that it was with this instrument that the area of the college was surveyed when it moved to ,hanover1 ,n4,h4 ,the instrument is actually a graphometer consisting of a block of hard wood faced with a brass plate with a trough compass2 it is tentatively dated about #agfi4 ,the identity of the maker is unknown1 but it may have been the product of ,hagger1 who made a similar instrument1 illustrated here1 or it may have been produced by any one of the other makers noted4 ,the type of instrument is an old one4 ,it is described in ,john ,love's ,geodaesia1 ,or the ,art of ,surveying and ,measuring ,land1 published in ,london in #afhh4 ,abel ,flint#gh also commented on this semicircle as being sometime used1 as well as the plane table and perambulator-- 444 but of these instruments very little use is made in ,new ,england2 and they are not often to be met with4 ,for general practice none will be found more useful than a common chain and a compass upon ,rittenhouse's construction4 ,another of the unusual wooden surveying instruments in the collection of the ,dartmouth ,college ,museum is a wooden surveying compass 7fig4 #cc7 in which the sighting bars appear relatively close to the dial4 ,a metal plate1 painted green1 is stamped with the degrees marked to #ij deg44 ,a single ,n for the north point is stamped into it1 presumably with steel punches4 ,the instrument is relatively primitive1 and is sufficiently different from the other examples noted to merit mention4 ,there is no maker's name1 nor any clue to the date or place or period of origin4 ,an unsigned semicircumferentor made of wood is owned by ,mr4 ,roleigh ,lee ,stubbs of ,charleston1 ,west ,virginia4 ,the instrument measures #c-c_/d in4 by #g-a_/b in4 by #a in41 and there are sighting bars #c in4 high on a swinging brass bar pinned at the center of the base4 ,it has a trough compass1 and the gradations around the edge of the semicircle are marked with tiny brass pins4 ,the date #aghd is stamped into the wood with the same type of figures as appear in the degree markings1 probably with small steel punches4 ,a surveying compass of the conventional type1 also made of wood1 is in ,the ,farmer's ,museum at ,cooperstown1 ,new ,york4 ,the wood is ash or oak1 #ab-c_/d in4 long and #f-a_/b in4 in diameter1 with the sighting bars #e in4 high4 ,the compass card consists of cut-out printed letters pasted upon a printed compass rose1 and the fleur-de-lis at ,north is inked-in by hand4 ,this may be a homemade replacement of the original card4 ,the instrument is believed to date between #agfj-agge4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cd4--ahth-century semicircumferentor4 ,inscribed brass plate is mounted on a mahogany block2 brass sighting bars are mounted on a swivelling bar4 ,the trough compass is on a silvered dial4 ,in collection of the writer4 ,of equal interest is a large semicircumferentor made by an unknown ,american instrument maker in the second half of the #ahth century4 ,the instrument 7fig4 #cd7 consists of a plate of hammered brass attached to a quarter circle block of mahogany1 with a glass covered trough compass within a silvered opening1 and the gradations stamped into the brass4 ,the brass sighting bars are attached to a swivelling bar that can be fixed in place with a set screw underneath the block4 ,the instrument1 which is in the collection of the writer1 is not signed with a maker's name4 ,its workmanship is excellent1 and professional4 ,on the basis of a comparison of these instruments with those produced by known professional makers1 it becomes apparent that all of them were made professionally4 ,the possibility that some of these wooden surveying compasses may have been produced by the farmer or local surveyor for his own use is extremely unlikely4 ,homemade instruments such as those described below were unquestionably the exception instead of the rule4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ce4--;,homemade wooden surveying compass carved from block of maple entirely with a jackknife2 painted in red4 ,in collection of ,preston ,r4 ,bassett1 ,ridgefield1 ,connecticut4 ,an exception to this generalization1 and an extremely fine example of the whittler's art1 is a surveying compass 7fig4 #ce7 in the collection of ,mr4 ,preston ,r4 ,bassett of ,ridgefield1 ,connecticut4 ,this is a comparatively small instrument made of maple2 the body was painted red4 ,it is carved entirely by means of a jackknife1 and the sighting bars are also whittled to shape and mortised permanently into the frame4 ,a lid covering the dial is carved from soft pine4 ,the compass dial is handdrawn in black ink1 and the ,north point is painted in the form of a decorative fleur-de-lis in red and green4 ,a homemade ring of pewter surrounds the compass rose at needle level4 ,this is graduated in degrees1 with every #aj deg4 marked1 stamped with steel punches4 ,the ring is set into the base by means of wooden pegs4 ,the steel needle is nicely cut1 and it is probably the only part purchased by the maker4 ,this is unquestionably a homemade instrument produced by a skillful whittler early in the #ahth century4 ,compass ,cards ,a fact that becomes apparent in a comparison of the surviving examples of wooden surveying compasses made in ,new ,england is the similarity of the compass cards used by makers in the seaport cities 7see fig4 #cf74 ,the compass card in each of these instances is the type designed for a mariner's compass1 bearing a star of #cb rays to mark the #cb points of the heavens4 ,the ,north point is designated with an elaborate fleur-de-lis1 and the ,east is emphasized with scrollwork4 ,these are features which were not designed primarily for land surveying4 ,presumably1 these makers had a quantity of engraved or printed compass cards that they used in both marine and land surveying compasses4 ,this is true in the case of the compasses made by ,james and ,joseph ,halsy1 ,greenough1 ,clough1 ,warren1 ,thaxter1 ,dupee1 ,breed1 and ,bowles4 ,on the other hand1 the dial of ,huntington's compass was painted directly on the wood1 and the semicircumferentors do not utilize the marine compass card4 ,obviously these makers resorted to this practice for reasons of economy--to reduce costs of engraving and printing1 and using the same card for both types of instruments that they produced4 ,trade ,signs ,an interesting sidelight in the study of the makers of scientific instruments is the advertising they used1 particularly the design of their signboards4 ,the most popular symbol appears to have been the quadrant1 as the phrase ,at the ,sign of the ,quadrant is found repeatedly in advertising in several of the seaport cities of the #ahth century4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cf4--,unsigned wooden surveying compass1 with an interesting example of a mariner's compass card4 ,in ,providence1 ,william ,hamlin used the designation in the first part of the #aith century1 while ,philadelphian ,john ,gould featured the sign at the end of the #ahth century4 ,during an even earlier period1 ,william ,hinton designated his address to be ,at ,hadley's ,quadrant in ,new ,york ,city4 ,both ,gould and ,hinton were ,english1 which may have had some bearing on their selection of the quadrant as a symbol of their merchandise4 ,other signboards were as colorful1 such as ,jonathan ,dakin's ,sign of the ,hand and ,beam1 ,james ,youle's ,sign of the ,cross-,knives and ,gun1 and ,charles ,kugler's house in ,philadelphia with its ,sign of the ,seven ,stars 7that is1 ,great ,bear71 which housed the shops of several instrument makers4 ,the two most interesting and significant of the instrument makers' trade signs were those advertising the shop of ,samuel ,thaxter4 ,the first of these was the carved wooden figure of ,the ,little ,admiral1 which was a favorite landmark at ,no4 #a ,long ,wharf in ,boston for almost a century and a half4 ,it was the handiwork of ,john ,skillin1 the #ahth-century woodcarver of ,boston1 upon whose death on ,january #bd1 #ahjj1 the ,chronicle commented that he was for many years the most eminent of his profession4 ,john ,skillin and his brother ,simeon worked in ,boston from about #aggg and produced most of the figureheads that issued from that port during that period1 as well as a number of other notable ornamental wooden figures4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cg4--,the ,little ,admiral1 trade sign used for almost a century and a half in ,boston1 first by ,william ,williams and later by ,samuel ,thaxter4 ,reputed to have been carved by ,john ,skillin of ,boston4 ,in collection of the ,bostonian ,society4 ,according to ,mrs4 ,h4 ,ropes ,cabot of the ,bostonian ,society1 the figure of ,the ,little ,admiral 7fig4 #cg7 had been carved for ,william ,williams1 who brought it with him to ,boston from ,marblehead in #aggj when he established his shop4 ,the figure was installed in front of the ,crown ,coffee ,house1 and ,williams's shop was thereafter designated by this symbol4 ,the trade sign survived through the years of the ,revolutionary ,war4 ,when the original building of the ,coffee ,house was burned1 the carving was saved and installed on the new building erected in its place4 ,in an account of ,boston landmarks1 ,porter#gi related the figure to the ,admiral ,vernon ,tavern at the eastern corner of ,merchants ,row4 ,he was proved to have been in error1 however1 since the trade sign of that public-house was a portrait bust of ,admiral ,vernon and the place was known as the ,vernon ,head ,tavern for half a century1 even after the end of the ,revolution4 ,when ,samuel ,thaxter purchased the business from ,williams's estate he acquired the figure as well1 and he moved it to each new location for his shop4 ,the figure of ,the ,little ,admiral continued to designate the firm even after ,thaxter's death1 until the firm finally went out of existence at the beginning of the #bjth century4 ,when the old store was torn down in #aija1 the figure was preserved1 presumably by the last owner's family4 ,in #aiaf it was acquired for the ,bostonian ,society by several of its members1 and the figure has been preserved in the ,society's ,council ,chamber since that time4 ,the other interesting trade sign utilized by ,samuel ,thaxter is a carved figure of ,father ,time that is credited to ,john ,skillin 7see fig4 #ch74 ,the figure is believed to have been commissioned by ,thaxter during the last decade of the #ahth century and installed by him in the interior of his shop4 ,it is an important example of the ,american woodcarver's art1 and is equivalent to the best work of the ,skillin brothers4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ch4--;,father ,time trade sign used by ,samuel ,thaxter in his shop in #ahth and #aith centuries4 ,made of wood1 it was carved by ,john ,skillin of ,boston4 ,in collection of the ,bostonian ,society4 ,the ,makers ,surprisingly1 the names of the craftsmen who produced wooden instruments are not noted among the instrument makers4 ,with only one or two exceptions1 their names are hitherto unknown in the history of ,american science1 and for that reason it has been considered advisable to present all available information that could be accumulated about them4 ,joseph ,halsy ,the earliest known maker of wooden scientific instruments of ,boston was ,joseph ,halsy4 ,he appears to have been one of the sons of the ,james ,halsie ,i1 who was mentioned in a land deed of #afgd as a mathematician4#hj ,the land records indicate that ,james ,i was the father of several children1 including ,rebecca1 a spinster2 ,john ,halsey1 a mariner who died before #agaf2 ,sarah1 who later became ,mrs4 ,dorsan2 another daughter1 name unknown1 who became the wife of a ,joseph ,gilbert and the mother of two daughters and a son who inherited her share of her father's estate2 ,nathaniel ,halsie2 and probably ,joseph ,halsy4 ,james ,halsie ,i appears to have owned property consisting of land1 a wooden house1 and wharves on the ,north ,end1 on ,north ,street between ,sun ,court and ,fleet ,street4#ha ,the date of birth of ,joseph ,halsy of ,boston has not been found1 but mention is made of the fact that on ,january #bi1 #afig1 he was married to ,elizabeth ,eldridge1 the daughter of a mariner named ,joseph ,eldridge1 and that five children resulted from the marriage1 three sons and two daughters4#hb ,one son1 ,joseph1 died in infancy and a daughter1 ,elizabeth1 died at an early age4 ,on ,february #bf1 #agjd_/e ,halsy purchased from ,rebecca ,halsey1 the spinster daughter of ,james1 her share in the house and land of her late father on ,north ,street between ,sun ,court and ,fleet ,street4 ,on ,april #ai1 #agad1 ,halsy and his wife deeded a house and land on ,north ,end1 at the corner of ,hanover and ,salutation ,streets1 to a shipwright named ,joseph ,hood4 ,two years later1 on ,march #b1 #agaf1 he purchased from ,jane1 his sister-in-law1 who was the widow of the mariner ,john ,halsy1 her share of the house and land of ,james ,halsie1 being the same property on ,north ,street4 ,on ,march #bg of the same year he purchased the share in the same property belonging to ,sarah ,dorsan1 his widowed sister4 ,in ,august #agai he was forced to mortgage some of the property to a merchant named ,john ,frizell1 but the mortgage was cancelled in #agda4 ,halsy was married for a second time on ,january #aj1 #agca1 to ,mrs4 ,anna ,lloyd1 a widow4#hc ,illustration3 ,figure #ci4--,wooden surveying compass ,made and sold by ,joseph ,halsy1 ,boston1 ,new ,england4 ,the instrument1 made of maple1 is #aa in4 long and has a diameter of #e-c_/d in4 ,in the collection of ,new ,hampshire ,historical ,society1 ,concord4 ,during the #agcj's1 ,halsy continued to buy out the heirs of ,james ,halsie4 ,on ,march #f1 #agcj1 he acquired the share of ,mary ,gilbert1 a granddaughter1 and on the same date he purchased from the ,james ,halsey heirs their inheritance part to land1 wharf1 house1 shop and buildings on ,north ,street4 ,other heirs remained1 for in ,june #i1 #agcb1 he bought out the share of ,marty ,partridge1 another granddaughter1 and on ,june #bg the share of ,joseph ,gilbert1 ,jr41 a grandson4 ,in ,october #agdj he was forced to mortgage as security to ,james ,bowdoin a house and land on the southwest side of ,north ,street1 but this was cancelled when on ,august #bf1 #agea1 ,joseph ,halsey and his wife1 ,anna1 deeded to ,james ,noble the land1 wooden house1 and wharves near ,fish ,street on ,north ,street between ,sun ,court and ,fleet ,street1 which apparently was formerly the property of ,james ,halsey that ,joseph had acquired with so much trouble over a period of #dj years4#hd ,the following advertisement relating to instruments sold by ,halsy appeared in the issues of ,the ,boston ,gazette for the months of ,september and ,october #agch3 ,made and sold by ,joseph ,halsey jun4 ,hadley's ,new ,invented ,quadrant or ,octant the best and exacted ,instrument for taking the ,latitude or ,other ,altitudes at ,sea1 as ever yet ,invented4#he ,the last dated record relating to ,joseph ,halsy which has been found is a letter dated ,february #c1 #agfb1 that he wrote to ,robert ,treat ,paine concerning legal matters4 ,only one complete instrument produced by ,joseph ,halsy appears to have survived--an especially fine wooden surveyors compass 7fig4 #ci7 in the collection of the ,new ,hampshire ,historical ,society4 ,it is made of maple4 ,the compass card1 probably the most interesting of any found in the wooden instruments1 is hand-colored in black1 blue1 red1 and gold4 ,a fleur-de-lis marks the ,north point1 and triangular pointers indicate the other compass directions4 ,inside the pointers are crudely painted female figures representing the seven arts3 ,,nw1 ,grammar2 ,w1 ,logick2 ,,sw1 ,geometry2 ,s1 ,arithmetick2 ,,se1 ,astronomy2 ,e1 ,rhetorick2 and ,,ne1 ,musick4 ,within a medallion at the center of the compass card is depicted a sailing vessel at sea2 surrounding the medallion is a riband inscribed ,made and ,sold by ,,joseph ,,halsy ,boston--,new ,england4#hf ,another1 but much less elaborate1 compass card used by ,joseph ,halsy1 is an engraved example 7fig4 #dj7 found glued in ,thomas ,paine's own manuscript copy of ,charles ,morton's ,compendium ,physicae1 which is preserved in the collection of the ,massachusetts ,historical ,society4 ,john ,halsy 7fl4 #agjj-agej71 also a mathematical instrument maker1 had a shop on ,green ,street1 in ,boston1 according to the ,record ,commissioner's ,report of the ,city of ,boston4 ,he was married on ,december #aj1 #agjj1 by the ,reverend ,cotton ,mather4 ,he probably was a brother of ,joseph ,halsy who worked in the same period4 ,john ,halsy subsequently abandoned his instrument-making business to become a pirate4 ,he went out to ,madagascar1 where it is reported that he died in his own bed4 ,he was buried with the rites of the ,church of ,england in his own watermelon patch4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dj4--;,compass card of ,joseph ,halsy found glued into ,thomas ,paine's personal copy of ,charles ,morton's ,compendium ,physicae4 ,in collection of ,massachusetts ,historical ,society4 ,james ,halsy ,,ii ,james ,halsy ,,ii 7#afie-agfg71 a mathematical instrument maker1 was born in ,boston on ,april #aj1 #afie1 the son of ,nathaniel and ,hannah 7,gross7 ,halsie4 ,the parents had been married by the ,reverend ,cotton ,mather in ,june #afic4hg ,in #agaf young ,james ,halsy was a member of the ,artillery ,company1 and by #agbj he had the rating of #dth sergeant4 ,he held town offices and was one of the founders of the ,new ,brick ,church of ,boston4 ,on ,may #cj1 #agag1 he married ,anna ,gutridge 7,goodrich74 ,ten years later1 on ,september #bb1 #agbg1 he bought a house and land on ,north ,bennett and ,tileston ,streets from ,hugh ,hall1 a merchant2 at the same time he deeded to ,hall some land and a house adjacent to the latter on the southwest side of ,green ,street4 ,on ,january #e1 #ahcg1 he deeded to his aunt7871 a single woman named ,huldah ,gross1 a house and land on ,ann ,street that he had inherited from ,thomas ,gross1 his grandfather4 ,several more real estate negotiations were recorded in the course of the next few years4 ,in ,october #agdj he purchased a house and land on the north side of ,north ,bennet ,street from ,john ,endicott2 in ,january #agda land on the east side of ,north ,bennett ,street2 and in ,november #agdh half of the house and land of ,edward ,pell1 adjacent to ,huldah ,gross1 on ,cross ,street2 finally1 in ,october #agec1 he purchased land on ,tileston and ,north ,bennett ,streets from ,john ,grant4#hh ,halsy died on ,january #b1 #agfg1 at the age of #gb4 ,in his will dated ,may #a1 #agff1 and probated ,january #b1 #agfg1 by which his wife ,anna was the executrix of his estate1 he left her the income of his real and personal estate4 ,he apparently was survived by three daughters and a son1 also named ,james ,halsy4 ,he divided his real estate in ,boston amongst his daughters1 and to his son he left land in ,new ,hampshire4#hi ,the only known surviving instrument bearing ,james ,halsy's name is a wooden surveying compass 7fig4 #da7 in the collection of the ,peabody ,museum in ,salem4 ,the engraved compass card is quite similar to the one used by ,thomas ,greenough4 ,in the central medallion is an elaborate royal crown1 and in the circle around the medallion is inscribed ,made and ,sold by ,,james ,,halsy near ,ye ,draw ,bridge in ,boston4#ij ,illustration3 ,figure #da4--,wooden surveying compass made by ,james ,halsy 7#afie-agfg7 of ,boston4 ,the instrument is #aa in4 long4 ,in collection of ,east ,india ,marine ,hall1 ,peabody ,museum1 ,salem1 ,massachusetts4 ,thomas ,greenough ,contemporary with ,james ,halsy ,,ii was ,thomas ,greenough 7#agaj-aghe71 who was born in ,boston in #agaj1 the son of ,john and ,elizabeth 7,gross7 ,greenough4 ,his father was a shipwright in the ,north ,end of ,boston1 and one of ,thomas's brothers1 ,newman ,greenough1 became a sailmaker4 ,thomas also had a sister named ,jerusha1 who later figured in his real estate negotiations4 ,the earliest known record relating to ,greenough is of his marriage in #agcd to ,martha ,clarke1 daughter of ,william and ,sarah ,clarke of ,boston4 ,nine children resulted from this marriage over the course of the next #af years2 four of these were sons4 ,on ,january #bg of the year of his marriage he purchased a house on the northwest side of ,north ,street1 between ,mill ,creek and ,union ,street1 from ,john ,white and ,nathaniel ,roberts4 ,on ,august #a1 #agcf1 ,greenough purchased the house and land of his father-in-law1 ,william ,clarke1 on the south side of ,portland ,street4 ,on ,october #bh he mortgaged to his mother his house on ,ann ,street 7which appears to have been the house he had purchased on ,north ,street71 and at the same time he deeded to his brother ,newman all his right and title in his father's estate at the ,north ,end4 ,greenough was only #bd at the time of his marriage1 and he apparently became involved in real estate1 by choice or by necessity1 to a considerable degree4 ,greenough1 in #agdd1 was a member of a militia company in ,boston1#ia and three years later1 in #agdg1 he was listed as third sergeant4 ,he was a firm patriot1 held a town office1 and was a founder and deacon of the ,new ,brick ,church in ,boston4 ,greenough had a substantial interest in the holdings of his late father-in-law4 ,for example1 on ,august #aa1 #agdd1 he and his wife deeded to a merchant named ,james ,pitts the seawall1 or new wharf1 before the ,town of ,boston in the front and rear lying to the northward of ,king ,street ,pier1 ,north ,wharf and flats of ,james ,bowdoin1 all of which was part of the estate of his deceased father-in-law that apparently had been inherited by his wife4 ,in the following year1 on ,november #a1 #agde1 he purchased a house and land on ,portland ,street from his widowed mother-in-law and then on ,march #ca1 #agdf1 he and his wife deeded the same house and land to a merchant named ,stephen ,hall4 ,numerous other negotiations of the same nature are on record4 ,at some time between #agdh and #agej ,greenough's first wife1 ,martha1 died1 and in #agej he married ,sarah ,stoddard4 ,three more children1 all sons1 resulted from this second marriage4 ,his real estate negotiations continued full pace during the second marriage as during the first4#ib ,greenough's second wife preceded him in death1 and ,greenough died in #aghe at the age of #ge4 ,his will1 probated on ,august #bc1 #aghe1 had been made on ,may #ba1 #aghb2ic it contained some interesting bequests3 ,executors3 my two sons1 ,david ,s4 and ,william ,greenough4 ,legatees3 to the children of my son ,thomas1 deceased1 ,rachel1 ,ann1 and ,sally ,greenough1 ,l#ac4f4h each4 ,to their sister ,betty ,l#e4 ,to the children of my son ,john deceased1 #bjj acres of land4 ,i also give his eldest son ,john my silver can1 fellow to the one ,i gave his father4 ,to his sons ,wm4 and ,david1 and to his daughters1 ,sarah1 ,abigail1 and ,mehitible ,l#e each and the house they live in4 ,my daughter1 ,sarah ,edwards1 ,l#aj and a silver chafing dish4 ,my daughter ,martha ,stone all my lands in the ,county of ,york1 ,cape ,porpoise1 and ,wells1 and my silver salver1 and her son ,thomas ,l#e and a silver porringer4 ,my daughter ,elizabeth ,brooks ,l#aj and a silver tea pot4 ,my daughter ,mary ,savage ,l#dj and to her son ,thomas one silver porringer4 ,to the children of my daughter ,jerusha1 deceased1 ,martha ,clark ,lepear and ,sally ,lepear each of them1 ,l#ej1 and a pair of salt shovels1 and a pepper box1 silver4 ,all the rest of my estate to my two sons1 ,david ,stoddard ,greenough1 and ,wm4 ,greenough4 ,the late ,shute ,shrimpton ,yeoman1 ,esq41 left an estate to my late spouse ,sarah1 and to her children1 in the ,island of ,antigua4 ,in case my son ,david should have a legal possession of same1 and ,wm4 no part1 in that case ,i give my son ,david ,l#ajj and sundry pieces as per schedule amount to ,l#fc4aa4c4 ,all the rest of my estate to my son1 ,william ,greenough4 ,of particular interest with relation to ,greenough's business in instruments is the following advertisement that appeared on ,may #aa1 #agdb1 in ,the ,boston ,gazette3 ,to be sold by ,capt4 ,cyprian ,southack at his ,house near the ,orange ,tree and at ,mr4 ,tho4 ,greenough's ,mathematical ,instrument ,maker near the ,draw ,bridge1 said ,southack's ,charts of the ,coast from ,sandy ,point of ,new ,york to ,canso4 ,invaluable for this study are ,thomas ,greenough's manuscript accounts that have survived in the collections of the ,massachusetts ,historical ,society4 ,the following itemized entries are selected from ,greenough's business accounts over a period of two decades to provide data on the prices current in the second half of the #ahth century for new instruments and for repairing others3 ,in ,account with ,thomas ,james ,gruchy3 #aged1 ,april #bg3 #a ,compass for the ,schooner ,sea ,flour ,l#j4h4j4 #ageh1 ,nov4 #bh3 #a ,spyglass ,l#a4ac4h4 #agei1 ,jan4 #be3 ,mending #c ,compasses for the ,schooner ,susanna ,l#j4f4j4 ,in ,account with ,nathaniel ,bethune3 #agfj1 ,august3 ,a gauging rod ,l#j4f4j4 ,mending a telescope ,l#j4c4j4 ,in ,account with ,captain ,mc,andrew ,mirick of ,nantucket3 #aggb1 ,march #ba3 ,for #b compasses1 #a leaded ,l#j4af4h4 ,in ,account with ,captain ,roberson ,crockett3 #aggc1 ,april3 ,for mending #b ,compasses ,l#j4f4b4 ,for mending #a ,hanging ,compass ,l#j4c4b4 ,in ,account with ,captain ,reworth of the ,brig ,fortune3 #aggd1 ,march #cj3 ,for mending #b compasses ,glasses ,l#j4g4j4 ,in ,account with ,captain ,thomas ,godfrey3 #aggd1 ,april #g3 ,for #a ,telescope ,l#j4h4j4 ,other documents in the same collection indicate that ,greenough's business interests were substantial and not limited merely to the construction of instruments4 ,on ,july #ca1 #agfi1 ,greenough's name appeared on the ,boston ,citizens' ,non-,importation ,agreement4 ,subsequently1 on ,december #ad1 #aggd1 there is ,greenough's signed receipt1 with the amount left blank1 stating that he had ,,rec',d4 of ,capt4 ,thomas ,godfrey the ,sum of ---- in full for my ,negro man ,cuffes ,shair in the ,whaling ,voige ----4 ,illustration3 ,figure #db4--;,brass surveying compass made by ,thomas ,greenough 7#agaj-aghe7 of ,boston4 ,compass face is mounted on main blade with two copper rivets4 ,screws for vanes and tripod mounting are hand cut1 with wing nut ends4 ,sighting bars are #a_/af in4 wide and #e-a_/d in4 high2 over-all length is #aa-g_/h in4 and diameter is #e-a_/d in4 ,owned by ,greenough family of ,boston4 ,photo courtesy of ,dr4 ,thomas ,greenough4 ,greenough apparently was succeeded in business by his son ,william ,greenough4 ,mr4 ,lawrence ,b4 ,romaine of ,middleboro1 ,massachusetts1 in #aici described a wooden surveying compass with its own hand-whittled tripod made of oak which bore a compass card inscribed ,made by ,william ,greenough1 ,boston1 ,n4,e4#id ,the compass was protected by a pine cover that fitted closely between the sights4 ,the present location of this instrument is not known1 but it appears to be the only known example by ,william ,greenough made of wood4#ie ,illustration3 ,figure #dc4--,wooden surveying compass1 made and sold by ,thomas ,greenough4 ,the instrument is made of gumwood and has a paper compass card2 it is #ac-a_/d in4 long and has a diameter of #e-c_/d in4 ,in collection of ,franklin ,institute1 ,philadelphia4 ,in the ,greenough family at the present time is a brass surveying compass 7fig4 #db7 of fine quality and of the period before or during the ,american ,revolution4 ,the dial is finely engraved with a ,tudor rose at its center1 and around it is the inscription ,,thomas ,,greenough ,,boston ,fecit4 ,the compass face is mounted to the main blade with two copper rivets4 ,the holding screws for the vane and tripod mounting are rather crudely hand cut with wing-nut ends4#if ,illustration3 ,figure #dd4--,wooden surveying compass made and sold by ,thomas ,greenough4 ,made of hickory1 it is #aa in4 long and has a diameter of #e-a_/b in4 ,compass card is of paper4 ,allegedly1 this compass was used by ,joseph ,frye for surveying his land grant in what is now ,fryeburg1 ,maine1 in #agfb4 ,loaned to the ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum by ,laurits ,c4 ,eichner of ,clifton1 ,new ,jersey4 ,,usnm #caejja4 ,five other surveying compasses made by ,thomas ,greenough are known1 and all are made of wood3 the one in the ,franklin ,institute is made of gum 7fig4 #dc71 one in ,old ,sturbridge is made of maple1 one in the ,bucks ,county ,historical collection at the ,mercer ,museum is made of cherry1 one owned by this writer is made of basswood1 and one on loan to the ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum from ,mr4 ,laurits ,c4 ,eichner is made of hickory 7fig4 #dd74 ,the compass at the ,mercer ,museum forms part of the surveyor's gear used to lay out the town of ,weymouth1 ,massachusetts4 ,the example in hickory on loan to the ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum1 as is usually the case with the compass cards of the ,thomas ,greenough instruments1 has the central ring printed in gilt1 and the inscription has turned black1 making the inscription almost illegible4 ,this specimen was owned by ,joseph ,frye1 who was given a land grant in what is now ,fryeburg1 ,maine1 in #agfb4 ,he allegedly used this compass for surveying that land4 ,in #aghc he assembled a manuscript book of tables 7see fig4 #de7 for use in surveying for his son ,joseph ,frye1 ,jr4 ,this manuscript also is part of the loan to the ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum4#ig ,illustration3 ,figure #de4--,pages from a booklet of ,tables ,useful in ,surveying ,land1 ,made and presented by ,joseph ,frye to his son1 ,joseph ,frye1 ,jr41 ,november #ah1 ,a4,d4 #aghc4 ,loaned to the ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum by ,laurits ,c4 ,eichner of ,clifton1 ,n4,j4 ,,usnm #caejfb4 ,illustration3 ,figure #df4--;,compass card from a wooden surveying compass ,made by ,thomas ,greenough1 ,boston1 ,new ,england4 ,in collection of the writer4 ,the compass card in each of these five instruments is identical1 designed for use in the mariner's compass 7see fig4 #df74 ,a gentleman in the dress of about #agdj stands on the shore using a ,davis quadrant4 ,offshore in the harbor is a schooner of the #agej period4 ,minor features of the scene are touched up in red1 presumably printed1 since they are consistent in all of the cards4 ,william ,williams ,although not one of the earliest instrument makers in ,boston1 but certainly one of the more significant1 was ,william ,williams 7#agcg_/h-agib74 ,he was the son of ,capt4 ,john ,williams1 a shopkeeper who died on ,march #bb1 #agdh1 at the age of #da1 and who was buried in ,king's ,chapel ,burial ,ground4#ih ,william ,williams was born in #agcg or #agch4 ,he was ten years of age when his father died1 and he had two brothers and two sisters4 ,his father left a substantial estate of ,l#f1ege1 of which ,l#d1edd_/i_/d was for the inventory of the shop merchandise4 ,one of the appraisers for his estate1 ,jotham ,maverick1 married the widowed ,mrs4 ,williams less than a year later1 on ,january #bj1 #agdh_/i4ii ,in #aggj ,william ,williams established himself as a mathematical instrument maker and clockmaker at ,no4 #a ,long ,wharf1 at the ,crown ,coffee ,house1 as it was then known4 ,the shop was located on the corner of ,state and ,chatham ,streets1 on premises owned by ,robert ,shillcock4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dg4--,quadrant1 showing signature of ,thomas ,greenough4 ,photo courtesy ,connecticut ,historical ,society1 ,hartford4 ,williams may have worked as an instrument maker in ,marblehead before returning to his native ,boston4 ,according to ,felt1#ajj an instrument maker named ,william ,williams at ,marblehead advertised in the ,salem newspapers in the early #aggj's4 ,however1 in #agfh ,williams was producing instruments from an address in ,king ,street1 ,boston4 7,see figure #dh47 ,an advertisement inserted by ,williams appeared in the ,march #ab1 #aggj1 issue of ,the ,boston ,gazette4 ,it was this same issue that reported the ,boston ,massacre4 ,one of the victims was ,williams' step-brother ,samuel ,maverick1 the son of his stepfather ,jotham ,maverick by a first marriage4 ,in #aggc ,williams married ,joyce ,shillcock1 the daughter of his landlord4 ,during the ,revolutionary ,war1 ,williams saw active service as a private in ,captain ,mills' company1 of ,col4 ,jeduthan ,baldwin's regiment of artificers1 during the years #aggg-aggi4 ,in #aghj he served in ,captain ,pattin's company of ,general ,knox's artillery1 which was stationed at ,west ,point4#aja ,with the conclusion of the war ,williams returned to the craft of instrument-making in his shop1 at ,no4 #a ,long ,wharf4 ,in #aghb his wife1 ,joyce1 inherited the property from her mother1 the widow ,hannah ,shillcock1 following the latter's death in that year4 ,in the following ,may it is recorded that ,williams purchased the warehouse and land on the north side of ,state ,street from ,benjamin ,brown1 a trader4 ,by a separate deed1 he and his wife released to ,brown the warehouse and land which had been the property of his father-in-law in exchange for a clear title to one-half share of the store and land under it which is next to the street called ,king ,street4 ,on ,february #g1 #aghd1 he bought a share of the lower division at ,long ,wharf1 ,no4 #g1 from ,arnold ,welles4 ,on ,may #ag of the same year he succeeded in buying out ,brown's half share of the lower division of ,long ,wharf at ,nos4 #a and #g1 and at the same time he deeded to ,brown one-half share of ,no4 #g ,long ,wharf1 together with all its dockage and wharfage4 ,finally1 on ,january #bj1 #aghe1 ,williams and his wife deeded to ,brown all rights to land of ,no4 #g ,long ,wharf1 reserving for himself his rights in the flats1 wharfage1 and dockage4 ,on ,march #bc1 #aghg1 ,williams deeded to ,joseph ,helyer1 a blockmaker1 the store and land under same1 and half the wharfage properly belonging to ,lot ,no4 #a4 ,on ,october #bj of the same year he sold to ,brown a part or share of ,no4 #g ,long ,wharf1 and on ,march #bd1 #aghh1 he purchased land with a wooden store at ,state ,street and ,long ,wharf from ,benjamin ,brown4 ,on ,june #bf he bought the land and store of ,joseph ,helyer on the north side of ,long ,wharf4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dh4--;,advertisement of ,william ,williams in ,the ,boston ,gazette1 ,march #ab1 #aggj4 ,photo courtesy ,harvard ,university ,library4 ,williams engaged in only two more transactions before his death4 ,on ,march #bh1 #agij1 he mortgaged to ,joseph ,greene1 a merchant1 the land with wooden store at the head of ,long ,wharf on the northeast side of ,state ,street2 this mortgage was cancelled on ,may #bi1 #agic4 ,on ,october #a1 #agia1 he deeded to ,benjamin ,brown a one-half share or #a_/dhth of all the dockage and wharfage of ,long ,wharf that appertained to one-half of ,lot ,no4 #a1 which he had previously purchased from ,welles as noted1 as well as #a_/dhth of the proprietor's purchase of ,gordon's lands and buildings adjoining the ,wharf4 ,williams died on ,january #ae1 #agib1 at age #dd4 ,the administrator of his estate was a merchant named ,abraham ,quincy4 ,by order of the ,supreme ,court1 in order to settle his estate1 ,williams' store building at ,no4 #a ,long ,wharf was ordered sold at public auction4 ,although on the site of the ,crown ,coffee ,house1 it was a new building erected in #aghj after the ,coffee ,house had burned4 ,the purchaser appears to have been ,john ,osborn1 a merchant1 because on ,may #aj1 #agic1 ,quincy1 ,williams' administrator1 deeded to ,osborn the land with wooden store at ,long ,wharf on ,state ,street4#ajb ,the only instrument made by ,williams which appears to have survived is a ,davis backstaff 7fig4 #di7 marked ,by ,wm4 ,williams1 ,king ,street1 ,boston1 for ,malachi ,allen1 #agfh2 this instrument is now in the collection of the ,peabody ,museum in ,salem1 ,massachusetts4 ,it is to be noted from this inscription that this instrument was an early example of ,williams' work1 produced at the age of #bj1 prior to the opening of his shop at the ,crown ,coffee ,house4 ,in #aggj1 when ,williams opened his shop1 the carved sign of ,the ,little ,admiral 7fig4 #cg7 was installed in front of the ,crown ,coffee ,house1 and ,williams' establishment was thereafter designated by this symbol4#ajc ,in his shop at ,no4 #a ,long ,wharf1 ,williams exercised his crafts of instrument-and clockmaking1 and he made and sold a large assortment of instruments1 as well as time glasses which measured from one quarter minute to two hours4 ,illustration3 ,figure #di4--;,detail of wooden ,davis quadrant inscribed ,made by ,william ,williams in ,king ,street ,boston for ,malachi ,allen #agfh4 ,in collection of ,east ,india ,marine ,hall1 ,peabody ,museum1 ,salem1 ,massachusetts4 ,the name of ,williams appears also in the ,day ,books of ,paul ,revere4 ,under date of ,april #af1 #agib1 there is the following entry3 ,mr4 ,william ,williams ,dr ,to ,engravg plate for hatt bills #j-ah-j ,to #b hund prints #j-f-j4 ,from ,june #bd1 #agib1 to ,january #bh1 #agig1 ,revere entered #ab charges against ,williams for #h1ejj hat bills for the total amount of ,l#ad_/ae_/j4ajd ,samuel ,thaxter ,closely associated with the name of ,william ,williams is that of another instrument maker of ,boston1 ,samuel ,thaxter 7#agfi-ahdb74 ,thaxter was born in ,hingham1 ,massachusetts1 on ,december #ac1 #agfi1 the son of ,samuel and ,bathsheba 7,lincoln7 ,thaxter4 ,his father1 who had been born in ,hingham in #agdd1 was married on ,december #bg1 #agfh1 and he became the father of six children1 of whom ,samuel was the eldest4 ,samuel ,thaxter1 ,sr41 was apparently a man of means1 for he is listed as a ,gentleman and a loyal subject of ,king ,george4 ,he resided on ,north ,street in ,hingham1 near ,ship ,street4 ,he died on the island of ,campobello at the age of #dd years on ,may #bg1 #aghh4aje ,samuel ,thaxter1 as well as several generations of his family before him1 was born in the old ,thomas ,thaxter mansion that was built by the settler of that name in #afeb4 ,during the ,revolution ,samuel's father1 ,maj4 ,samuel ,thaxter1 concealed ,tories from the ,committee of ,safety in a blind passage with a secret door in the old house4 ,from there he smuggled them to ,boston4 ,at the massacre of ,fort ,william1 ,major ,thaxter was one of those captured by the ,indians4 ,while tied to a tree1 he saw two ,french officers1 and demanded whether this was the treatment they gave to commissioned officers4 ,they allowed him to go free and he dragged himself to ,fort ,edward4 ,meanwhile1 his comrades had reported him missing in action1 and ,dr4 ,gay preached his funeral sermon in ,hingham shortly before ,thaxter's return4 ,the old ,thaxter mansion was torn down in #ahfd4ajf ,young ,samuel ,thaxter moved from ,hingham to ,boston1 where he is first heard of in #agib4 ,on ,june #ad1 #agib1 ,thaxter married ,polly ,helyer1 the niece of ,william ,williams4 ,within a month after the sale of ,williams' property at public auction1 ,thaxter acquired the instrument-making business4 ,apparently the new owner of the premises required the business to move1 and ,thaxter established himself at ,no4 #i ,butler's ,row4 ,a month after the ,williams auction ,thaxter announced his new location in an advertisement 7fig4 #ej7 in ,the ,columbia ,centinel of ,may #bb1 #agic4 ,thaxter's new location was a wooden store structure1 on the north side of ,butler's ,row that was owned by ,andrew ,hall and ,eunice ,fitch in #agih4 ,it was in the rear of the north side of ,state ,street1 running from ,merchants ,row to the water4 ,by #agif ,thaxter had moved from this location to ,no4 #di ,state ,street1 on the north side opposite to ,broad ,street1 a brick store owned by ,joseph ,lovering ,sons1 tallow chandlers4 ,he continued to do business at this address until #ahae1 when he moved to #bg ,state ,street1 on the opposite side of the street4 ,the new location was in a brick dwelling1 opposite ,merchants ,row1 that was owned by ,joseph ,clough1 a housewright4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ej4--;,advertisement of ,samuel ,thaxter in ,the ,columbia ,centinel1 ,may #bb1 #agic4 ,photo courtesy ,harvard ,university ,library4 ,in about #ahbe ,thaxter moved his business once more1 to #abe ,state ,street1 the east corner of ,broad ,street4 ,this building was occupied by ,charles ,stimpson1 ,jr41 a stationer who was one of the publishers of the ,boston ,annual ,advertiser1 which was annexed to the ,boston ,directory of #ahbf4 ,the building was owned by ,jonathan ,phillips1 the first mayor of ,boston4 ,in the cellar of the building was a victualler named ,augustus ,adams4#ajg ,the dominating feature of ,thaxter's shop from the time it was opened was the carved figure of ,the ,little ,admiral1 the trade sign first used by ,williams4 ,the firm of ,samuel ,thaxter eventually became ,samuel ,thaxter ,son1 and it continued with that name until past the middle of the #aith century4 ,samuel ,thaxter died in ,april #ahdb at the age of #gb years4 ,the entry for the firm in the #ahdc ,city ,directory listed ,s4 ,t4 ,cushing as the new owner4 ,from the initials1 it seems likely that his full name was ,samuel ,thaxter ,cushing1 and that he was the grandson of the original ,samuel ,thaxter4 ,s4 ,t4 ,cushing continued to be listed as the owner of the firm until #ahii1 when he was succeeded by ,a4 ,t4 ,cushing1 presumably a son of the former4 ,the old store was finally demolished in #aija4ajh ,comparison of a photograph of the building just before its demolition with a copy of ,thaxter's trade card 7fig4 #ea7 of the mid-#aith century shows that the building underwent little change in the period4 ,the ,little ,admiral is barely visible in both views4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ea4--aith-century trade card in collection of the ,bostonian ,society4 ,illustration3 ,figure #eb4--,mahogany surveying compass made by ,samuel ,thaxter of ,boston4 ,length1 #ac in42 diameter1 #g-a_/b in4 ,wooden frame slides off to permit removal of glass and adjustment of needle4 ,sighting bars are of boxwood4 ,in collection of the writer4 ,in #agif1 shortly after his marriage1 ,thaxter made his home on ,fish ,street 7now ,north ,street71 but in #ahjj he was living at #ed ,middle ,street 7,hanover ,street74 ,by #ahjg he had moved to a new home on ,fleet ,street4 ,his last home address1 at the time of his death1 was #da ,pinckney ,street4#aji ,illustration3 ,figure #ec4--;,compass card from earlier form of wooden surveying compass made by ,samuel ,thaxter of ,boston4 ,from an instrument in the collection of the writer4 ,in the collection of the ,massachusetts ,historical ,society there is a receipted bill 7fig4 #ee7 from ,samuel ,thaxter dated ,july #a1 #ahja1 to ,sam ,brown1 for touching up and repairing nine compasses for the ,french corvelle ,berceau4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ed4--;,brass surveying compass made and sold by ,s4 ,thaxter ,son1 ,boston1 in late #ahth or early #aith century4 ,over-all length1 #ad in42 diameter of dial1 #f in42 length of needle1 #e-a_/h in42 height of sighting bars1 #f-a_/b in4 ,in collection of the writer4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ee4--,receipted bill from ,samuel ,thaxter to ,sam ,brown1 ,boston1 ,august #d1 #ahja4 ,in collection of ,massachusetts ,historical ,society4 ,john ,dupee ,john ,dupee of ,boston apparently was another instrument maker of the pre-,revolutionary period actively engaged in producing wooden surveying compasses4 ,three wooden instruments with his compass card exist in private and public collections4 ,the instruments are quite similar3 the wood in each case is walnut or applewood1 with an engraved paper mariner's compass card2 a schooner at sea is figured within the central medallion1 and inscribed within the riband enclosing it are the words ,made and ,sold by ,,john ,,dupee ,ye ,north ,side of ,swing ,bridge ,boston ,new ,eng4 ,one of the instruments is owned by the ,south ,natick ,massachusetts ,historical ,society2 a second example is in the collection of the ,bostonian ,society2 and a third is owned by a private collector4 ,there is no record of a maker of scientific instruments or clocks by the name of ,dupee1 although the name ,john ,dupee occurs in the city records of ,boston during the early decades of the #ahth century4 ,an advertisement in the ,february #i1 #agfa1 issue of ,the ,boston ,gazette states that ,,isaac ,,dupee1 ,carver1 ,advertises his ,customers and others1 that since the late ,fire 7on ,dock ,square7 he has opened a shop the ,north side of the ,swing-,bridge1 opposite to ,thomas ,tyler's1 ,esq42 where ,business will be carried on as usual with ,fidelity and ,dispatch4 ,the natural assumption would be that the three instruments were produced in ,isaac ,dupee's shop after #agfa1 perhaps by the carver's son4 ,the use of an engraved compass card indicates that the instruments were not unique1 and that a number of others were produced or contemplated4 ,on the other hand1 it is likely that the maker produced other types of instruments utilizing such a card1 such as mariner's compasses4 ,jere ,clough ,another instrument maker1 presumably of ,boston1 is ,jere ,clough4 ,the only instrument bearing his name known at present is a surveying compass 7fig4 #ef71 made of wood1 in the ,streeter ,collection of ,weights and ,measures at ,yale ,university4 ,clough's name does not appear on any of the lists of instrument makers or clockmakers1 yet it is a name that is fairly prevalent in ,boston4 ,in #agda1 for instance1 one ,joseph ,clough of ,boston was a maker of bellows4 ,he produced bellows of all types--for furnaces1 refiners1 blacksmiths1 braziers1 and goldsmiths4#aaj ,illustration3 ,figure #ef4--,wooden instrument made by ,jere ,clough4 ,in ,streeter ,collection of ,weights and ,measures1 ,yale ,university4 ,illustration3 ,figure #eg4--,wooden surveying compass made by ,andrew ,newell 7#agdi-agih7 of ,boston4 ,it is made of mahogany1 is #aa-a_/b in4 long1 and has a diameter of #e in4 ,the engraved compass card is signed by ,nathaniel ,hurd1 goldsmith1 silversmith1 and engraver of ,boston4 ,in collection of ,yale ,university ,art ,gallery4 ,andrew ,newell ,an instrument of considerable significance is another wooden surveyor's compass1 in the collection of the ,yale ,university ,art ,gallery4 ,this compass 7fig4 #eg7 is made of rich brown ,san ,domingo mahogany with sighting bars of boxwood4 ,a mariner's card1 set into the opening with a metal vernier scale1 is in the usual form of the mariner's compass card of the #ahth century2 it is executed as a line engraving4 ,a ship and the ,boston harbor lighthouse are featured in the central medallion4 ,on a riband encircling the medallion is the inscription ,made by ,,andw4 ,,newell ,east ,end of the ,,market ,,boston1 ,engraved in script at the southern tip of the star is the signature ,n4 ,hurd ,sct4 ,relatively little is known about ,andrew ,newell 7#agdi-agih7 except that he was a maker of mathematical instruments4 ,an entry in the first ,boston directory1 in #aghi1 listed ,andrew ,newell1 instrument maker1 #fa ,state ,street4 ,the directory of #agif mentioned ,newell as having a shop on the ,east side of the ,market1 the address that appears on the surveying compass4 ,two years later the ,boston directory listed ,andrew ,newell and ,son1 and in #ahjj the listing included only the name of ,joseph ,newell1 who may have been the son4 ,another mathematical instrument maker named ,charles ,newell may have been another son of ,andrew ,newell2 his name does not appear in the city ,directory until in the #aith century4 ,an instrument with the signature ,newell ,son1 ,makers1 ,east ,end of ,faneuil ,hall1 ,boston is in the collection of the ,bostonian ,society4 ,an important feature of the ,newell instrument is the fact that the engraver of the compass card was ,nathaniel ,hurd 7#agbi-aggg71 the peer of goldsmiths and engravers of the colonial period4 ,this compass card is a previously unrecorded example of ,hurd's work1 and constitutes a work of art1 making the compass a historic scientific instrument4#aaa ,the compass was presented to the ,yale ,university ,art ,gallery by a ,yale alumnus1 ,mr4 ,henry ,g4 ,schiff of ,new ,york ,city4 ,no other examples have thus far been found4 ,aaron ,breed ,aaron ,breed 7#agia-ahfa7 is a relatively unknown maker of mathematical instruments who worked in ,boston into the #aith century4 ,he specialized in nautical1 mathematical and optical instruments1 with an address at #agc ,broad ,street1 and another at ,no4 #b ,rowe's ,wharf1 ,at the ,sign of the ,quadrant4 ,breed made surveying instruments in brass and in wood4 ,a brass instrument is in the ,henry ,ford ,museum1 and a wooden instrument is in the collection of ,old ,sturbridge ,village4 ,the latter is fashioned from walnut with an engraved compass card inscribed ,aaron ,breed ,boston4 ,charles ,thacher ,the name of ,charles ,thacher appears on the compass card of a wooden surveying compass 7fig4 #eh7 in the collection of the ,mariners' ,museum1 ,norfolk1 ,virginia4 ,no record of this maker has been found1 but the engraved compass card indicates that he probably worked in ,new ,england4 ,illustration3 ,figure #eh4--,wooden surveying compass made by ,charles ,thacher4 ,it is made of cherry or maple2 sighting bars are of oak4 ,over-all length1 #ac-e_/h in4 ,photos courtesy ,mariners ,museum1 ,newport ,news1 ,virginia4 ,benjamin ,king ,hagger ,benjamin ,king ,hagger 7c4 #agfi-ahcd7 was the scion of two well-known families of instrument makers in ,new ,england1 so it is not surprising that he worked in the same craft4 ,it is believed that ,hagger was born in ,newport1 ,rhode ,island1 about #agfi1 the son of ,william ,guyse ,hagger and of a sister of ,benjamin ,king4 ,although his father made instruments--at first in partnership with ,benjamin ,king1 and then working alone--in ,newport at least as late as #aggf1 the family appears to have moved after the ,revolution4 ,william ,guyse ,hagger's name did not appear in the #agij census of ,newport1 and it is presumed that he moved with his family to ,boston4 ,benjamin ,king ,hagger was listed in the first city directory of ,boston in #aghi as a mathematical instrument maker with an address on ,ann ,street2 he was only #bj years of age at this time4 ,on ,november #aj1 #agic1 ,benjamin ,king ,hagger1 mathematical instrument maker1 purchased land with buildings on ,prince ,street near ,snow ,hill ,street from one ,peter ,greene4 ,two years later1 on ,december #a1 #agie1 ,hagger1 now listed simply as a merchant1 purchased a brick house1 a wooden house1 and a shed with land from ,william ,ballard1 a tailor of ,framingham and an heir of ,samuel ,ballard4 ,the property was located on the east side of ,north ,street1 south of ,mill ,creek4 ,at the time of purchase1 ,hagger mortgaged the property to ,ballard1 and also mortgaged to him the house and land previously purchased from ,greene4 ,hagger was listed as a ship chandler in the following year when on ,march #bd1 #agif1 he deeded part of his land on ,prince ,street to ,william and ,george ,hillman1 minors4 ,on ,june #bb1 #agif1 three months later1 ,hagger1 now listed as mathematical instrument maker1 and ship-chandler deeded to a mariner named ,thomas ,wallis a house and land that formed part of his original purchase near ,copp's ,hill from ,peter ,greene4 ,then on ,july #ba1 #agif1 he purchased from ,william ,ballard all his right to the brick house and land on ,north ,street 7,ann ,street71 at the same time mortgaging the property to ,william ,ballard1 ,jr41 of ,framingham4 ,this mortgage was cancelled on ,april #aa1 #agih4aab ,these negotiations took place before marriage4 ,a report of the ,record ,commissioners of ,boston1 states that ,william ,king ,hagger of ,boston and ,mehitable ,ballard of ,framingham were married ,october #f1 #agif4 ,the entry appears to be in error because the marriage intentions had read ,benjamin ,king ,hagger4 ,it is presumed that ,mehitable was the daughter of ,william ,ballard1 the tailor of ,framingham1 from whom ,hagger had bought his house on ,ann ,street1 south of ,mill ,creek4#aac ,benjamin ,king ,hagger is listed in the city directory of ,boston for #agih as a mathematical instrument maker on ,ann ,street4 ,this1 however1 is the last listing for his name in ,boston1 as his name does not appear in the #ahjc or subsequent directories4 ,shortly after #agih ,hagger appears to have left ,boston together with his wife1 and it is probable that he established himself as an instrument maker in another ,massachusetts community1 at present unknown4 ,in about #ahaf ,hagger moved with his family to ,baltimore and continued his instrument-making business4 ,the records of the #ahej ,federal census of ,baltimore indicate that two of ,hagger's sons1 ,john ,w4 and ,william ,g4 ,hagger1 had been born in #ahjj and #ahjf respectively1 in ,massachusetts1 presumably in the community to which ,hagger had moved from ,boston before moving once more to ,baltimore4 ,according to ,matchett's ,baltimore directory for #ahbd1 ,hagger was a mathematical and optical instrument maker with a shop at #eg ,south ,street4 ,his advertisement in the directory stated that he ,respectfully acquaints his fellow citizens that he executes all orders in the line of his business with punctuality and confidently professes to give satisfaction to his employers1 from the experience of a regular apprenticeship and #cg years practice4 ,this indicates that ,hagger completed his apprenticeship in #aghg1 when he was #ah1 and since then had been established in his own business or had worked for another as a journeyman instrument maker4 ,his first advertisement in the ,boston directory appeared in #aghi1 wherein his shop was listed as being on ,ann ,street4 ,hagger died in ,baltimore on ,november #h1 #ahcd1 at the age of #fe1 after a residence of #ah years in that city4#aad ,thus far only one instrument by ,hagger has been found--a wooden surveying instrument or semicircumferentor 7fig4 #ei74 ,it is in the possession of the writer4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ei4--,wooden graphometer made by ,benjamin ,king ,hagger 7c4 #agfi-ahcd7 of ,boston and ,baltimore4 ,made of yellow birch1 with the name and gradations and lines incised into the wood by means of tiny punches1 and filled4 ,trough compass2 sighting bars mounted on a swivelling brass bar2 collapsible tripod made of maple4 ,in collection of the writer4 ,benjamin ,warren ,illustration3 ,figure #fj4--;,an advertisement of ,benjamin ,warren in ,the ,plymouth ,journal ,massachusetts ,advertiser4 ,photos courtesy ,the ,american ,antiquarian ,society1 ,worcester1 ,massachusetts4 ,production of wooden surveying compasses was not limited to ,boston4 ,another instrument maker who produced them was ,benjamin ,warren 7c4 #agdj-87 of ,plymouth1 ,massachusetts4 ,the name of ,benjamin ,warren was a fairly common one in ,plymouth1 being a name handed down in the family from father to son for at least five generations before #ahjj4 ,the first ,benjamin ,warren at ,plymouth was married in #afig1 and his son ,benjamin 7#b7 was born in #afih4 ,benjamin 7#b7 was married in due course1 and his son ,benjamin 7#c7 was born in #agdj4 ,the third ,benjamin was the father of ,benjamin 7#d71 who was born in #agff4 ,in #aghi ,benjamin 7#d7 married ,sarah ,young1 the daughter of ,daniel ,young1 and their son ,benjamin 7#e7 was born in #agib4 ,the ,benjamin ,warren who operated the shop in ,plymouth probably was ,benjamin ,warren 7#c71 who was then about #de years of age4#aae ,a search of ,the ,plymouth ,journal ,massachusetts ,advertiser has revealed several advertisements and notices 7fig4 #fj7 about ,benjamin ,warren from which some information can be derived about the man and his business during this period4 ,the first known notice dated ,march #ai1 #aghe1 probably is the most important one4 ,later in the same year1 on ,august #af1 #aghe1 ,warren published the following notice3 ,,whereas on ,friday ,morning of the #eth inst4 eloped from the ,house of the subscriber1 ,inholder in ,plymouth1 ,,john ,,morey1 of ,,norton1 of tall stature1 round shoulder'd4 ,had on when he absconded1 a shabby claret coloured coat1 adorned with patches1 and a pair of dirty smoak'd coloured breeches2 without knee-buckles2 and an old flopped hatt1 defaced with grease4 ,as he appeared to be an enterprising genius1 without abilities1 politeness or honesty1 and went off in an abrupt and clandestine manner2 a reward of ,sixpence will be paid1 to any person or persons1 who will persuade or induce the said ,morey to make his appearance once more to the subscriber4 ,it is obvious that ,warren was not considerably concerned about the return of ,john ,morey1 for the reward offered was scarcely conducive to obtain the public's cooperation4 ,warren's first ventures with public sales must have been successful1 for early in the next year1 in the issue of ,january #c1 #aghf1 he announced that ,benjamin ,warren1 ,,proposes to open a convenient ,,auction-,,room1 over the ,shop he now trades in1 next week4 ,any ,gentlemen that will furnish him with goods of any kind for ,public or ,private sale1 on ,commission1 shall be served with fidelity1 and the smallest favours in that way gratefully acknowledged4 ,the next notice of the auction-room appeared on ,february #ba1 #aghf1 when the newspaper advertised that ,to-morrow will be ,,sold1 by ,public ,vendue1 ,at ,,warren',s ,auction ,room1 ,a ,,variety of articles1 viz4 ,nails1 ,bar ,lead1 ,glass ,pewter1 ,buttons1 ,buckles1 ,chairs1 ,stands1 c1 c1 c4 999999 ,the ,,sale to begin at #aj o',clock1 ,a4,m4 ,no other notices of public sales appeared in the ,journal for the next several months4 ,the last notice of this period was another announcement of a sale1 which was published in the issue of ,may #cj1 #aghf3 ,publick ,vendue1 ,at ,,warren's ,auction ,room1 in ,,plymouth3 at ,ten o'clock this morning4 ,,will be ,sold1 a quantity of bar lead1 boxes of glass1 #f x #h4 ,english ,shovels and ,tongs1 bridle-,bits1 and a variety of other articles of ,hard-,ware4 ,also1 a few ,anvils at private sale4 ,only one instrument signed by ,warren is known to survive2 it is a wooden surveying compass 7fig4 #fa7 in the ,streeter ,collection of ,weights and ,measures at ,yale ,university4 ,the instrument1 which appears to have been made from walnut1 has a compass card with the following inscription around the central medallion3 ,made and sold by ,,benjamin ,,warren ,plymouth ,new ,engd4 ,illustration3 ,figure #fa4--,wooden surveying compass made by ,benjamin ,warren 7c4 #agdj-;c4 #ahjj7 of ,plymouth1 ,massachusetts1 and detail of the compass card4 ,the compass1 made of cherry wood1 is #ab in4 long and has a diameter of #f in4 ,in ,streeter ,collection of ,weights and ,measures1 ,yale ,university4 ,illustration3 ,figure #fb4--;,detail of card1 ,warren surveying compass shown in figure #fa4 ,the medallion 7fig4 #fb7 encloses a harbor scene with a brigantine of the #agdj period off a promontory on which is prominently situated a lighthouse with a smaller building partly visible at the left4 ,the lighthouse is unusual in construction in that it features twin towers rising from a large rectangular wooden building4 ,as far as can be determined from available records1 the only lighthouse in ,america of this period having such construction was the noted ,gurnet ,light1 which was built at the tip of ,duxbury ,beach in ,plymouth ,bay in #agfh4 ,d4 ,alan ,stevenson#aaf relates that the ,governor's ,council of ,massachusetts1 when it decided in #agfh to erect the ,gurnet ,lighthouse at ,plymouth1 adopted a novel plan to distinguish it from other ,american lighthouses4 ,this consisted of double lights set horizontally in the same structure4 ,a timber house built at a cost of ,l#ffj1 #cj' long and #bj' high1 had a lanthorn at each end to contain two four-wick lamps4 ,in #ahjb fire destroyed the house but the merchants of the town promptly subscribed to replace it by temporary lights1 as the ,government had no immediate funds at its disposal4 ,an ,act of ,congress of #ahjb allotted #bejj for building another set of twin lights and reimbursing the merchants for their expenditure4 ,though the idea of twin lights at ,plymouth seemed an excellent distinction from a single navigation light shown at ,barnstable harbor in the vicinity1 they proved not entirely advantageous and a sea captain blamed them for causing his shipwreck4 ,he had seen the light from only one tower and identified it with confidence as the ,barnstable light2 apparently1 from a particular direction one tower hid the other4 ,but local prejudice in favor of retaining the twin lights as a distinction prevailed until #aibd when1 at last1 opposition ceased to the recommendation which the ,lighthouse ,board expressed frequently that a single light would be preferable4 ,it seems quite likely that the compass card bears one of the very few surviving contemporary representations of the first ,gurnet ,light in ,plymouth ,bay4 ,a search of the archives of the historical societies in ,plymouth1 ,boston1 and ,worcester and the files of the ,u4,s4 ,national ,archives has failed to reveal any illustration of this famous lighthouse4 ,quite by coincidence1 the name of ,benjamin ,warren was discovered among the entries of the day books of ,paul ,revere1 the famous patriot1 silversmith1 and engraver4 ,the entry#aag 7fig4 #fc7 appears as follows3 #aghf ,march #ac4 ,benjm ,warren ,dr4 ,plimouth ,to printing one hundred ,compass ,cards #j-ah-j4 ,whether the compass card on the ,warren instrument was produced by ,revere is difficult to determine4 ,authorities on ,revere's engravings agree that it could have been engraved by ,revere but are unable to state it positively4 ,it has been suggested that the entry in ,revere's day book indicates that he merely printed the compass cards for ,warren and that he did not engrave a plate4 ,the charge for the work bears out this supposition2 and furthermore1 ,revere's bills seemed to make a definite distinction between the engraving of plates and actual prints4 ,whether or not ,revere was responsible for making the original engraving remains to be determined1 but it is very probable that he printed the compass card of the instrument in the ,streeter ,collection of ,weights and ,measures at ,yale4 ,illustration3 ,figure #fc4--,page from the day books of ,paul ,revere with entry for the printing of compass cards for ,benjamin ,warren of ,plymouth4 ,in collection of ,massachusetts ,historical ,society1 ,boston4 ,daniel ,burnap ,one of the best known and most respected names among ,connecticut clockmakers is that of ,daniel ,burnap 7#agei-ahch7 of ,east ,windsor4 ,burnap was born in ,coventry in #agei and served an apprenticeship with ,thomas ,harland1 clockmaker of ,norwich4 ,in about #aghj ,burnap opened his own establishment1 where he combined the crafts of clockmaking1 cabinetmaking1 and engraving of brass1 in all of which he was greatly skilled4 ,one of his apprentices was ,eli ,terry1 who later achieved fame in the craft in his own right4#aah ,burnap's business included clients in ,windsor1 ,hartford1 and ,coventry1 as well as some of the leading merchants and cabinetmakers of the nearby cities and towns4 ,although clockmaking was the primary business in which ,burnap engaged1 he also had a large trade for his surveying instruments1 silver spoons1 gold beads1 harness and saddlery hardware1 and shoe buckles4 ,burnap prospered1 and in about #ahjj he moved back to his native town1 ,coventry4 ,there he purchased a large farm and erected a shop and a sawmill1 and in due course became the leading citizen of the community4 ,he died in #ahch1 leaving a valuable technological record in the completeness of his journals and account books4 ,a study of the entries of his day books and ledgers 7see fig4 #fd7 reveals that ,burnap did a substantial amount of business in surveying compasses1 chains1 and protractors4 ,among his shop equipment after his death there was found an unfinished protractor1 but no examples of his instruments are known except for a compass dial1 inscribed with his name1 that was discovered recently in the collection of a midwestern historical society4#aai ,it is significant to note that ,burnap made instruments of varying quality4 ,for instance1 he charged three different prices for his surveyor's compasses4 ,the highest-priced compasses cost ,l#f2 they were made of brass1 and were of the more elaborate conventional type used by surveyors4 ,a few examples that appeared in his records cost ,l#d2 these also were made of brass1 but probably were of a simpler form4 ,several entries list surveying compasses priced at ,l#b and ,l#b_/h4 ,one of these was made for ,capt4 ,solomon ,dewie 7#agej-ahac7 in ,september #agij for ,l#b_/h4 ,at the same time1 ,burnap charged him ,l#j_/a_/f for touching the needle of another compass4#abj ,the entries in ,burnap's account books do not state that these inexpensive compasses were constructed of wood1 but it seems to be sufficiently conclusive that they were4 ,gurdon ,huntington ,gurdon ,huntington 7#agfc-ahjd7 was not primarily a maker of scientific instruments1 but he was established as a goldsmith and clockmaker4 ,he was born in ,windham1 ,connecticut1 on ,april #cj1 #agfc1 the son of ,hezekiah and ,submit 7,murdock7 ,huntington4#aba ,illustration3 ,figure #fd4--;,entry in the manuscript ledgers of ,daniel ,burnap 7#agei-ahch7 of ,east ,windsor and ,coventry1 ,connecticut1 for sale of surveying compass in #agij4 ,reproduced from the ,burnap shop records in the collection of ,connecticut ,historical ,society1 ,hartford4 ,the ,huntington family was one of the most important in ,connecticut colonial history4 ,gurdon's father1 ,hezekiah1 was in service during the ,revolutionary ,war1 going to ,boston as a major with the first troops raised in ,connecticut4 ,when in ,boston he witnessed the miserable condition of the arms then in the hands of the soldiers4 ,major ,huntington went immediately to ,philadelphia1 where ,congress was in session1 and proposed to the ,congress that he would return to his home in ,windham and that there he would open a manufactory for repairing muskets and other arms4 ,he claimed to have been the first man to have made a gun in the ,colonies4 ,gurdon was too young to have served in the ,revolution1 but he undoubtedly worked in his father's gun manufactory as a boy4 ,in due course he learned the trades of goldsmith and clockmaker and established his own shop in ,windham1 which1 according to an advertisement 7fig4 #fe7 in ,the ,connecticut ,gazette of ,june #aa1 #aghd1 was a few rods north of ,major ,ebenezer ,backus' store4 ,on ,christmas ,day1 #aghe1 ,gurdon was married in ,new ,london to ,temperance ,williams of ,groton4 ,in #aghi their first child1 ,marvin1 was born1 and in ,october of the same year the ,huntingtons moved from ,windham to ,walpole1 ,new ,hampshire4 ,no reason can be found for the move1 other than the possibility that ,gurdon might have anticipated greater opportunity in the new community4 ,there he applied himself to his trade as goldsmith and clockmaker1 but apparently he was not very successful4 ,his family grew1 and by the time of his death there were eight children4 ,possibly in an effort to supplement his income1 ,huntington served as postmaster of the community4 ,in about #agig1 seven or eight years after he had moved to ,walpole1 his father and mother joined him there1 and it is believed that ,major ,hezekiah may have worked as a gunsmith during that period4 ,eventually the senior ,huntington returned to ,windham1 ,connecticut1 where he died in #ahjg4abb ,meanwhile ,gurdon ,huntington struggled on until his death on ,july #bf1 #ahjd4 ,he died insolvent1 which created a considerable problem in view of the large family he left behind him4 ,huntington's estate was administered by ,asa ,sibley1 a clockmaker in ,walpole4 ,sibley had moved to ,walpole from his home in ,woodstock1 ,connecticut1 in the #agij's and he remained there until #ahjh1 when he again returned to ,woodstock4 ,gurdon ,huntington's widow removed to ,bloomfield1 ,ohio1 with her children1 and she died there on ,may #be1 #ahbc4 ,most of her children settled in ,bloomfield1 but several of them moved to ,new ,hartford1 ,new ,york4 ,illustration3 ,figure #fe4--;,advertisement of ,gurdon ,huntington 7#agfc-ahjd7 in ,the ,connecticut ,gazette1 ,june #aa1 #aghd4 ,in collection of ,connecticut ,historical ,society1 ,hartford4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ff4--,views of wooden surveying compass made by ,gurdon ,huntington1 clockmaker in ,walpole1 ,new ,hampshire1 between #aghi-ahjd4 ,made of cherry with folding brass sighting bars1 the instrument is #ad in4 long and #e-a_/b in4 wide4 ,in collection of the writer4 ,several examples of ,huntington's clocks are known to exist in private collections in the ,united ,states4 ,however1 only one example of his scientific instruments appears to have survived4 ,this is a surveying compass 7fig4 #ff7 made of wood1 with brass sighting bars and a painted dial under glass with a steel needle4 ,the dial is inscribed ,g4 ,,huntington_/,,walpole4 ,the instrument1 which is in the collection of the writer1 is made of cherry wood1 with a riveted ball-and-socket joint of brass for insertion on a tripod4 ,illustration ,jedidiah ,baldwin ,jedidiah ,baldwin 7fl4 #agij's7 was another early ,new ,england clock and instrument maker1 but little is known of his early life4 ,he was a brother of ,jabes ,baldwin 7c4 #aggg-ahbi71 who worked as a clockmaker in ,salem and ,boston after serving an apprenticeship with ,thomas ,harland in ,norwich1 ,connecticut4 ,jedidiah ,baldwin also served an apprenticeship with ,harland4 ,in #agia he was working in ,northampton1 ,massachusetts1 as a member of the firm of ,stiles and ,baldwin1 and from #agib to #agid he was a member of the firm of ,stiles and ,storrs1 in partnership with ,nathan ,storrs4#abc ,in about #agid ,baldwin moved to ,hanover1 ,new ,hampshire1 where he became the local postmaster1 and where ,dartmouth ,college records his death4 ,only one existing instrument is known to have been made by ,baldwin2 it is a wooden surveying compass with a brass dial having two scales1 one for degrees and one for eight divisions per #ij deg44 ,the dial is inscribed ,,jed ,,baldwin_/,,hanover4 ,according to its present owner1 ,mr4 ,worth ,shampeny of ,rochester1 ,vermont1 the compass was used for surveying in ,vermont during the early #ahjj's4 ,another ,jedidiah ,baldwin worked as a clockmaker in ,morrisville1 ,new ,york1 from #ahah-ahbj and then in ,fairfield1 ,new ,york2 he appears also in the city directory of ,rochester1 ,new ,york1 as a clockmaker during the years #ahcd-ahdd4 ,he may have been a son or grandson of the first ,jedidiah1 or a nephew4 ,thomas ,salter ,bowles ,thomas ,salter ,bowles 7c4 #agfe-87 is another elusive ,new ,england instrument maker about whom little information is available4 ,he is believed to have been the son of ,deacon ,samuel and ,hannah 7,salter7 ,bowles1 born in ,portsmouth1 ,new ,hampshire1 probably between #agfe and #aggj4 ,his father was born in #agci2 his mother1 who was the daughter of ,captain ,titus ,salter1 was born in #agdh and died in #ahca4abd ,deacon ,bowles was clerk of the ,brick ,market in ,portsmouth from #ahja to the time of his death1 ,november #c1 #ahjb4 ,there is a minimum of information available from church and city records in the community1 but it is believed that he was a member of one of the offshoots of the established ,puritan ,church1 and hence he would not appear in its records4 ,he kept the lower school in the ,brick ,school ,house on ,state ,street for a number of years4 ,it is believed that the ,bowles family first came to ,portsmouth during the few years immediately before the beginning of the ,revolutionary ,war4 ,it is known that a ,thomas ,bowles and a ,samuel ,bowles both signed the ,association ,test on ,august #ad1 #aggf1 promising to oppose the hostile proceedings of the ,british fleets and armies4 ,furthermore1 one of the principal taxpayers in ,portsmouth in #aggj was a firm named ,griffith and ,bowles1 which paid ,l#ag in taxes in #aggj4 ,the name of the ,bowles who formed part of this firm is not known1 but it was either ,samuel or the first ,thomas ,bowles4 ,the other partner was ,nathaniel ,s4 ,griffith1 a watchmaker4 ,it is possible that a tradition of instrument making existed in the ,bowles family even then4#abe ,on file in the office of the ,city ,clerk in ,portsmouth are two certificates of marriage made out by ,thomas ,salter ,bowles4 ,the first is for his marriage to ,hannah ,ham1 a ceremony performed on ,september #ba1 #ahji1 by ,joseph ,walton1 one of the pastors of a church dissenting from the ,puritan regime4 ,hannah was the daughter of ,william ,ham1 a brother of ,supply ,ham 7#aghh-ahfb71 a noted local clockmaker4 ,bowles may have served an apprenticeship in that shop before he married ,hannah4 ,two other members of the ,ham family--,george ,ham and ,henry ,h4 ,ham--worked as watchmakers in ,portsmouth in the same period4 ,a search of the cemeteries has indicated that ,hannah ,ham ,bowles died in #ahaa1 age #bj4 ,she is buried with her infant son in ,north ,cemetery4#abf ,thomas ,bowles's second marriage certificate in ,portsmouth is for his marriage on ,september #bi1 #ahac--two years after ,hannah's death--to ,abiah ,emerly ,bradley of ,haverhill1 ,massachusetts4 ,little is known about the work of ,bowles as an instrument maker except through a few of his instruments4 ,he is listed in the first ,portsmouth directory1 of #ahba1 as a mathematical instrument maker with a place of business on ,daniel ,street2 his home was given as ,austin ,street in ,portsmouth4 ,he did not appear in the city's directories of #ahbg and #ahcd4 ,it is assumed that he may have left ,portsmouth in the interim1 possibly to settle in his wife's home town of ,haverhill4 ,three instruments signed by ,bowles have survived1 and all show signs of considerable wear4 ,they are surveying compasses made of walnut1 having maple sighting bars and a silvered brass vernier set under the glass4 ,two examples1 one in the ,streeter ,collection of ,weights and ,measures at ,yale ,university and one owned by this writer are almost identical in size1 form1 and details4 ,the only variation is that the ,yale example 7fig4 #fg7 has a bubble level under a brass strip set into one end1 an item lacking in the other example 7fig4 #fh74 ,the compass card1 made from a line engraving1 is identical in each of the three examples4 ,a floriated fleur-de-lis on the ,north point has a compass and square at its base1 and the name ,t4 ,s4 ,,bowles is on a riband over it4 ,adorning the ,east point is an ,american eagle bearing a shield with stars and stripes and clutching arrows in one claw and a laurel twig in the other4 ,in a ring within the central medallion is inscribed 7see fig4 #fh71 99 ,t4 ,s4 ,,bowles 99 ,,portsmouth1 ,n4,h4 99 ,illustration3 ,figure #fg4--,wooden surveying compass made by ,thomas ,salter ,bowles of ,portsmouth1 ,new ,hampshire4 ,with spirit level4 ,made of birch1 the compass is #ac in4 long and has a diameter of #f in4 ,in the ,streeter ,collection of ,weights and ,measures1 ,yale ,university4 ,the most interesting of the three instruments was acquired by the ,dartmouth ,museum as part of a collection of the late ,frank ,c4 ,churchill1 an inspector in the ,indian ,service4 ,the instrument 7fig4 #fi7 is a quarter circle with a compass in its center and sighting bars mounted on a swinging arm that reads the angle of the brass scale on the arc by means of a vernier4 ,it is mounted on a wooden tripod with the customary ball-and-socket joint1 which permits it to be placed on a vertical plane4 ,a built-in plumb bob at the side helps to establish the vertical4#abg ,interesting features of this instrument are two inscriptions engraved on the brass strip on the top of the dial4 ,one states that it was ,,invented ,,by ,p4 ,,merrill ,,esq4 and the other relates that it was ,,made ,,by ,,john ,,kennard ,,newmarket4 ,no information about ,p4 ,merrill has been found1 and it is presumed that it was he who conceived the idea of combining the various elements into a single instrument and that it was made under his direction by ,kennard4 ,illustration3 ,figure #fh4--,wooden surveying compass made by ,thomas ,salter ,bowles 7#agfe_/gj-post #ahba7 of ,portsmouth1 ,new ,hampshire4 ,made of walnut1 it is #ab in4 long and has a diameter of #e-c_/h in4 ,with walnut sighting bars4 ,in collection of writer4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,figure #fi4--,wooden surveying instrument inscribed ,invented by ,p4 ,merrill1 ,esq4 and ,made by ,john ,kennard1 ,newmarket4 ,made of walnut1 #g-c_/d in4 long2 in its original pine case1 with cover4 ,the compass card and dial 7see opposite7 were made by ,thomas ,salter ,bowles of ,portsmouth4 ,in ,frank ,c4 ,churchill ,collection1 ,dartmouth ,college ,museum1 ,hanover1 ,new ,hampshire4 ,some data on ,kennard is available in a history of ,newfields 7formerly ,newmarket7 by ,reverend ,fitts4 ,john ,kennard was born in ,kittery1 ,maine1 in #aghb4 ,he learned the trade of clockmaker in ,portsmouth1 ,new ,hampshire1 presumably working with the members of the ,ham family or others4 ,on ,july #c1 #ahjf1 he married ,sarah ,ewer4 ,he lived for various periods in ,nashua and ,concord before moving to ,newfields in #ahab4 ,he lived in the ,palmer house 7which was burned in ,september #ahii71 and he kept a store in the little community and also served as its postmaster from #ahbb to #ahbd4 ,the post office was the only public office in the town until the cotton mills were built on the ,lamprey ,river in #ahbc4 ,kennard later built and occupied the ,kennard house on ,piscassic ,street1 which was subsequently owned by ,jeremiah ,towle and has since been burned4 ,in ,december #ahcj he established an iron foundry together with ,temple ,paul and the ,drake family1 but in #ahcd he sold his interest to ,amos ,paul and others4 ,he was the father of six children and he died in #ahfa4 ,during his lifetime he had specialized in making tall case and banjo clocks4#abh ,the ,new ,era ,the beginning of the #aith century saw increased trading and shipping resulting from the economic development of the new republic1 and the westward surge brought increased preoccupation with the settlement of communities and the development of land areas4 ,as a consequence1 the demand for instruments likewise increased4 ,whereas during the #ahth century and until some time after the end of the ,revolutionary ,war probably not more than a dozen instrument makers and dealers are known to have emigrated from ,england or elsewhere to make their homes and careers in the ,american ,colonies1 the beginning of the #aith century saw substantial numbers of ,english and ,french instrument makers and dealers immigrate to the ,united ,states1 to establish shops in the major centers of trade4 ,and whereas the names of scarcely a hundred mathematical-instrument makers who worked in the ,american ,colonies during the #ahth century are known today1 the names of hundreds of similar #aith-century craftsmen and dealers are to be found4 ,as ,derek ,price#abi has so cogently stated3 ,for scientific instrument makers1 one need only examine the nineteenth century city directories of ,boston1 ,philadelphia and ,new ,york to find hundreds of names of craftsmen and firms4 ,it is1 to be sure1 an antiquarian research1 for one does not expect to find great discoveries coming from these people4 ,but just as in ,europe1 it is a populous trade1 influential in the growth of science and highly effective in spreading and intensifying the itch for ingenious instruments and devices4 ,it is by these men that the basic skills of the ,industrial ,revolution were populated4444 ,by such means did ,american science and technology come of age4 ,the ,national ,collection ,early ,american ,scientific ,instruments and ,related ,materials in the ,united ,states ,national ,museum1 ,listed by ,makers and ,users ,,adams1 ,,george2 ,fleet ,street1 ,london4 7,see ,ellicott1 ,andrew2 ,surveying ,instrument47 ,,bardin1 ,w4 ,t4 ,m42 #af ,salisbury ,square1 ,fleet ,street1 ,london4 7,see ,priestley1 ,joseph3 ,globes47 ,,bennet1 ,n4 7fl4 #aggg72 ,middleboro1 ,mass41 or ,middleboro1 ,pa4 ,alidade1 plane table1 scale #g-g_/h in4 radius1 compass #e-c_/h in4 long4 ,brass scale and sights with compass in wooden box4 ,instrument inscribed ,n4 ,bennet--,middlebor #aggg4 ,although the name of this instrument maker does not appear on list of ,english or ,american makers1 it is believed that he was ,american4 ,,usnm #caijgf4 ,,ellicott1 ,,andrew 7#aged-ahbj72 ,baltimore1 ,md4 ,instrument ,box for astronomical instruments4 ,made of rosewood1 with a hinged top1 green felt underlining1 brass lock1 size #c in4 by #c in4 by #aa in4 ,owned and used by ,andrew ,ellicott for storage and transportation of small astronomical equipment4 ,gift of ,john ,e4 ,reynolds1 ,ellicott's great-grandson1 of ,meadville1 ,pa41 in #aicb4 ,,usnm #cajdah4 ,journal and ,astronomical ,notebook1 manuscript written by ,andrew ,ellicott while locating the ,u4,s4 boundary line between the ,united ,states and the ,spanish territory of ,florida1 #agig-ahja4 ,contains day-by-day entries of experiences1 field notes1 and calculations made by ,ellicott4 ,the major part of the manuscript was published in ,the ,journal of ,andrew ,ellicott4#acj ,bound volume with brown leather covers1 end opening1 marked ,and4 ,ellicott1 #f-a_/b in4 by #h in4 by #b in4 ,first page has signature ,andrew ,ellicott #aghh4 ,illustration3 ,figure #gj4--,pages from manuscript ,journal and ,astronomical ,notebook 7,,usnm #cajdag7 written by ,andrew ,ellicott while locating the boundary between the ,united ,states and the ,spanish territory of ,florida4 ,these pages relate to the observations made in #agii at the cord of the guide line on ,mobile ,river for determining the latitude4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ga4--;,folding plate from ,andrew ,ellicott's ,journal and ,astronomical ,notebook 7,,usnm #cajdag71 relating the results of observations made in ,february #ahjj with the large and small sectors for determining ,ellicott's position on ,st4 ,mary's ,river4 ,formerly the property of ,ellicott's eldest daughter1 ,jane ,judith ,ellicott1 from whom it passed to her youngest son1 ,william ,reynolds4 ,it was inherited by the latter's son1 ,john ,reynolds of ,meadville1 ,pa41 who presented it as a gift to the ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum in #aicb4 ,,usnm #cajdag4 ,,figures #gj1 #ga4 ,pocket ,slate #g-a_/d in4 long and #d in4 wide1 with wooden frame #g-a_/d in4 long and #d in4 wide4 ,slate #e-c_/d in4 long and #b-a_/b in4 wide4 ,part of field equipment used by ,ellicott4 ,gift of ,charles ,ellicott of ,dansville1 ,n4,y41 in #aifj4 ,,usnm #cahbib4 ,quadrant of brass made and used by ,ellicott4 ,quadrant has a radius of #ab in41 is on a stand #ag in4 high1 and has the original lenses4 ,simple construction with easy adjustment1 accomplished by means of two plumb lines4 ,a tangent screw for slow motions was designed and added in #ahhe by ,andrew ,ellicott ,douglass1 ,ellicott's grandson4 ,instrument was made by ,ellicott about #agij and was used in running the southern boundary of the ,united ,states in #agif and #ahjj1 and on other surveys4 ,deposit of ,andrew ,ellicott ,douglass of ,tucson1 ,ariz41 in #aica4 ,,usnm #aebjha4 ,,figure #gb4 ,surveying ,instrument1 with brass disk #aj-a_/b in4 in diameter laid off in degrees1 minutes1 and seconds with vernier points4 ,two telescopes1 one fixed and the other revolving4 ,the instrument is mounted on a tripod or ,jacob's staff by means of a socket on the underside4 ,complete with original painted pine case4 ,the name of the maker1 ,g4 ,adams ,london1 is engraved on the dial4 ,george ,adams 7#agjd-aggc7 was mathematical instrument maker to ,king ,george ,,iii4 ,after serving an apprenticeship from #agah1 he made instruments for the ,east ,india ,company in #agce and #agcf1 and established a shop at ,tycho ,brahe's ,head at the corner of ,raquet ,court1 ,fleet ,street4 ,he specialized in terrestrial and celestial globes and microscopes4 ,following his death he was succeeded in business by his son ,george ,adams the ,younger 7#agej-agie71 who also served as mathematical-instrument maker to the king4 ,this instrument is believed by the donor to have been used by either ,andrew ,ellicott or by his son-in-law ,david ,bates ,douglass4 ,gift of ,charles ,b4 ,curtis of ,litchfield1 ,conn41 in #aide4 ,,usnm #cabicb4 ,illustration3 ,figure #gb4--;,brass quadrant made by ,andrew ,ellicott about #agij and used for running the southern boundary of the ,united ,states about #agif and #ahjj1 and on later surveys4 ,,usnm #aebjha4 ,telescope1 consisting of a brass tube #c-a_/b in4 long with an aperture of #b-c_/d in42 on its original brass tripod1 with a serviceable altazimuth mounting4 ,late #ahth century4 ,made by ,w4 ,s4 ,jones_/#ace ,holborn_/,london4 ,the firm of ,w4 ,s4 ,jones was a partnership of two brothers1 ,samuel and ,william ,jones1 opticians1 who worked at #cj ,lower ,holborn and at #ace ,holborn in ,london1 from #agic4 ,they bought the copyright to the books of ,george ,adams1 and subsequently largely carried on the original business of the ,adams instrument makers4 ,in ,the ,journal of ,andrew ,ellicott its author describes this instrument as the first of ,two ,acromatic ,telescopes for ,taking signals1 with sliding tubes1 one of them drew out to upwards of #d feet1 and the other to about #ae inches1 the latter for its length is remarkably good1 it shows the satellites of ,jupiter very distinctly4 ,deposit of ,andrew ,ellicott ,douglass of ,tucson1 ,ariz41 in #ahii4 ,,usnm #aebjhb4 ,,figure #gc4 ,telescope1 draw type1 made of brass with acromatic lens1 length #aa in4 ,incomplete1 and maker not known4 ,the second of the instruments described in ,the ,journal of ,andrew ,ellicott as an acromatic telescope4 ,used for taking signals1 with sliding tubes1 which draw out to about #ae in4 ,it was considered to be remarkably good for its length1 and showed the satellites of ,jupiter very distinctly4 ,gift of ,andrew ,ellicott ,douglass of ,flagstaff1 ,ariz41 in #aica4 ,,usnm #aebjhe4 ,transit and ,equal ,altitude ,instrument1 made entirely of brass1 with original lens now broken4 ,the instrument is described by ,ellicott in the following extract from ,the ,journal of ,andrew ,ellicott3 ,preparatory to beginning the ten mile square of ,washington a ,meridian was traced at ,jones' ,point on the ,west of the ,potomac4 ,from this ,meridian an angle of #de degrees was laid off ,north ,westerly and a straight line continued in that direction ten miles4444 ,from the termination of this second line a third making a right angle with it was carried ,south-,easterly ten miles3 and from the beginning on ,jones' ,point a fourth was carried ten miles to the termination of the third4 ,these lines were measured with a chain which was examined and corrected daily1 and plumbed whenever the ground was uneven1 and traced with a transit and equal altitude instrument which ,i constructed and executed in #aghi and used in running the ,western boundary of the ,state of ,new ,york4 ,this instrument was similar to that described by ,le ,monnier in his preface to the ,french ,histoire ,celeste4 444 ,all the lines in this city in which ,i have been concerned were traced with the same instrument which ,i used on the lines of the ten mile square but as the ,northern part was not finished when ,i left that place1 ,i cannot pretend to say what method has since been pursued4 ,deposit of ,andrew ,ellicott ,douglass of ,flagstaff1 ,ariz41 in #aica4 ,,usnm #aebjhj4 ,,figure #aj4 ,illustration3 ,figure #gc4--,telescope used by ,andrew ,ellicott for his survey of the boundary between the ,united ,states and the ,spanish territory of ,florida4 ,the instrument is signed ,w4 ,s4 ,jones1 #ace ,holborn1 ,london4 ,,usnm #aebjhb4 ,,ellis1 ,,orange ,,warner 7#ahth century74 ,theodolite1 about #aghj1 brass2 horizontal circle #e in41 vertical circle #e in41 telescope #g-a_/b in41 compass #c in42 spirit level set into compass card2 spirit level attached to telescope2 fixed vertical circle2 unsigned4 ,used by ,orange ,warner ,ellis about #aghj in the surveying of the boundary between the ,united ,states and ,canada1 the area which is now ,vermont4 ,acquired from ,miss ,mary ,n4 ,ellis of ,chicago1 ,ill41 in #aibi4 ,,usnm #cjieif4 ,,figure #gd4 ,,frye1 ,,joseph 7fl4 #agfb-aghc71 ,fryeburg1 ,maine4 ,manuscript ,booklet of ,tables ,useful in ,surveying ,land1 made and presented by ,joseph ,frye to his son1 ,joseph ,frye1 ,jr41 ,november #ah1 ,a4 ,d4 #aghc4 ,size #f-a_/d in4 by #c-g_/h in41 #af pages1 paper covers1 marked ,fryeburg ,joseph ,frye ,,ad ,,mdcclxxxiii4 ,loan from ,laurits ,c4 ,eichner of ,clifton1 ,new ,jersey1 in #aieg4 ,,usnm #caejfb4 ,,figure #de4 7,see ,greenough1 ,thomas1 for surveying compass used by ,joseph ,frye47 ,illustration3 ,figure #gd4--,theodolite used by ,orange ,warner ,ellis about #aghj for surveying boundary between the ,united ,states and ,canada in the area which is now ,vermont4 ,,usnm #cjieif4 ,,greenough1 ,,thomas 7#agaj-aghe71 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,surveying ,compass1 made of hickory with engraved paper compass card4 ,over-all length #aa ft42 dial #e-a_/b in4 in diameter4 ,central medallion on card depicts man along shoreline using a ,davis quadrant with a schooner offshore1 with touches of red4 ,inscribed in gilt in band around central medallion3 ,made and ,sold by ,,thomas ,,greenough1 ,boston1 ,new ,eng4 ,used by ,joseph ,frye in #agfb for surveying his land grant in what is now ,fryeburg1 ,maine4 ,loan from ,laurits ,c4 ,eichner1 ,clifton1 ,n4,j41 in #aieg4 ,,usnm #caejja4 ,,figure #dd4 7,see also1 ,frye1 ,joseph1 manuscript booklet of ,tables ,useful for ,surveying ,land 4447 ,,hagger1 ,,william ,,guyse1 7,c4 #agdh8-ahcj871 ,newport1 ,r4,i4 ,backstaff1 or ,davis ,quadrant1 about #agfj-aggj1 made of dark wood with scales and sights of boxwood1 #be in4 long1 #ad in4 wide at large arc and #e in4 wide at small arc4 ,inscribed as follows3 ,wm ,g4 ,hagger ,newpt ,r4 ,island_/,for ,mr----4 ,the name of the original owner has been blocked out by the insertion of a piece of ivory4 ,this quadrant was acquired from ,mrs4 ,carola ,paine of ,bethel1 ,conn41 in #aifa4 ,,usnm #caijbi4 ,,figure #ei4 ,davis quadrants signed by ,hagger are in the ,comstock ,memorial ,collection of the ,rhode ,island ,historical ,society 7dated #aggf72 in the ,shepley ,library in ,providence1 ,r4,i4 7dated #agfh72 and in the ,peabody ,museum at ,salem1 ,mass4 7dated #agge74 ,also in the ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum is an unsigned quadrant 7,,usnm #aghige7 that is almost identical in detail to the one signed by ,hagger4 ,it is the gift of ,a4 ,r4 ,crittenden1 ,middletown1 ,conn4 ,another almost identical instrument1 in the collection of the ,franklin ,institute1 is signed ,c4 ,elliott1 ,new ,london1 #agfd2 it differs from the other two only in that a lens is combined in the middle sight4 ,,holbecher1 ,,john1 7fl4 #agch74 ,backstaff1 or ,davis ,quadrant1 of dark wood with boxwood scales and vanes4 ,length #be-a_/b in42 large arc #ae in4 ,inscribed ,made by ,john ,holbecher_/ ,for ,capt4 ,joseph ,swan--#agch4 ,holbecher is not listed as an ,english or ,american instrument maker1 but it is believed that the instrument is ,american4 ,acquired from ,bern ,c4 ,ritchie ,co41 ,chicago1 ,ill41 in #aifj4 ,,usnm #cahdci4 ,,johnson1 ,,john1 ,surveyor1 #ahah4 7,see ,rittenhouse ,evans1 surveying compass47 ,,jones1 ,w4 ,s41 #ace ,holborn1 ,london4 7,see ,ellicott1 ,andrew1 telescope47 ,,pierce1 ,,abner1 7c4 #agij74 ,surveying ,compass with ,jacob's staff4 ,made of brass2 #ab in4 long2 #e in4 in diameter2 with needle lift4 ,jacob's staff #d ft4 high and with wood shaft about #a-a_/b in42 brass head4 ,unsigned4 ,used about #agij by ,abner ,pierce1 who built ,pierce's ,mill in ,rock ,creek1 ,district of ,columbia4 ,gift of ,mrs4 ,francis ,d4 ,shoemaker of ,washington1 ,d4,c41 in #aicj4 ,,usnm #cjihbf4 ,,priestley1 ,,joseph 7#agcc-ahjd71 ,northumberland1 ,pa4 ,chemical ,apparatus that formed part of the laboratory of ,joseph ,priestley at his home4 ,it includes the following specimens3 #c chemical retorts1 #f bell jars1 #a gas collecting flask1 #f flasks1 #d funnels1 #bc miscellaneous metal and glass objects1 and #a eudiometer4 ,a special exhibition of some of this chemical apparatus was held in the ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum in #aieh 7see fig4 #fi74 ,gift of ,miss ,frances ,d4 ,priestley of ,northumberland1 ,pa41 in #aieh4 ,,usnm #caecda-caeceh4 ,,figure #ge4 ,globes1 one terrestrial 7fig4 #gf7 and one celestial 7fig4 #gg71 that formed part of the equipment used by ,dr4 ,joseph ,priestley4 ,the terrestrial globe1 of #bf in4 diameter1 has a ,sheraton mahogany tripod stand and is inscribed-- ,to the ,rt4 ,honorable_/,sir ,joseph ,banks1 ,bart4 ,k4,b4_/,president of the ,royal ,society_/containing all the latest ,discoveries and ,communications from the most_/correct surveys to the year #agih_/;by ,capt4 ,cook and more recent ,navigators4 ,engraved upon an accurate degree by ,mr4 ,arrowsmith1 ,geographer_/,respectfully ,dedicated_/by his most obedient servant_/,w4 ,t4 ,m4 ,bardin_/,manufactured and ,sold ,wholesale and ,retail by ,w4 ,t4 ,m4 ,bardin_/#af ,salisbury ,square_/,fleet ,street1 ,london4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ge4--,special exhibition of chemical laboratory apparatus used by ,dr4 ,joseph ,priestley4 ,,usnm #caecda-ceaceh4 ,illustration3 ,figure #gf4--,terrestrial globe made by ,w4 ,t4 ,m4 ,bardin of ,london and used by ,dr4 ,joseph ,priestley4 ,diameter1 #bf in4 ,,usnm #ecbec4 ,the celestial globe1 also with a ,sheraton mahogany tripod stand1 has a diameter of #bc in4 and is inscribed-- ,to the ,rev4_/,nevil ,maskelyne1 ,d4 ,d4 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4_/,astronomer ,royal_/,this ,new ,british ,celestial ,globe_/containing the positions of nearly #f1jjj stars1 clusters1 nebulae1 ,planetary ,nebulae_/ correctly computed laid down for the year #ahjj from the latest observations and discoveries by ,dr4 ,maskelyne1 ,dr4 ,herschel1 the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,wollaston1 etc41 etc4_/,is respectfully dedicated by his most obedient hmbl ,servants ,w4 ,t4 ,m4 ,bardin1 ,manufactured and sold ,wholesale ,retail by ,w4 ,t4 ,m4 ,bardin_/#af ,salisbury ,square_/,fleet ,street1 ,london4 ,gifts of ,mrs4 ,eliza ,r4 ,lyon of ,williamsport1 ,pa41 in #ahic4 ,,usnm #ecbec1 #ecbed4 ,,figures #gf1 #gg4 ,orrery1 mounted on three legs #ca in4 high1 round top #bb-a_/b in4 in diameter4 ,the planets shown are ,mercury1 ,venus1 ,mars1 ,earth1 ,jupiter1 and ,saturn4 ,the base is not original4 ,maker not known2 ,english1 #ahth century4 ,gift of ,miss ,frances ,priestley of ,northumberland1 ,pa41 in #aieh4 ,,usnm #caecec4 ,,figures #gf1 #gg4 ,,rittenhouse1 ,,benjamin 7#agdj-;c4 #ahbj74 ,surveying ,compass1 about #agif1 of brass1 #ac-a_/b in4 long over-all and #f-a_/b in4 diameter4 ,supported on a tripod by means of a ball-and-socket joint and screw-tightening device4 ,the name ,a4 ,ellicott is inscribed on one arm outside the bezel of the dial1 and the name ,b4 ,rittenhouse is inscribed on the other arm4 ,the number #aj is marked on the reverse of this instrument1 which is listed in the ,journal of ,andrew ,ellicott as ,item #i3 ,a ,surveying ,compass made by ,mr4 ,benjamin ,rittenhouse upon the newest and most approved plans4 ,gift of ,henry ,b4 ,douglass of ,newton1 ,n4,j41 in #aicd4 ,,usnm #cajhae4 ,,figure #gh4 ,,rittenhouse1 ,,david 7#agcb-agif71 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,surveying ,compass1 brass1 over-all length #ad in41 diameter #f-a_/b in41 silvered dial marked with eight-pointed star indicating the cardinal and intermediate points1 glazed4 ,inscribed ,rittenhouse1 ,philadelphia4 ,fitted with a ball-and-socket joint for mounting on a tripod1 and complete with wooden field case4 ,illustration3 ,figure #gg4--;,celestial globe made by ,w4 ,t4 ,m4 ,bardin of ,london and used by ,dr4 ,joseph ,priestley4 ,diameter1 #bc in4 ,,usnm #ecbed4 ,illustration3 ,figure #gh4--;,brass surveying compass made by ,benjamin ,rittenhouse for ,andrew ,ellicott and inscribed with both names4 ,the instrument is described in ,journal of ,andrew ,ellicott 7,philadelphia1 #ahjc74 ,,usnm #cajhae4 ,stated to have been used by ,general ,washington for laying out the estate of ,mount ,vernon1 according to family manuscripts4 ,it was made by ,david ,rittenhouse and presented by him to ,general ,washington1 who subsequently gave it to ,capt4 ,samuel ,duvall4 ,a manuscript consisting of #ad letters relating to the surveying compass is filed in the ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum 7,,usnm #ibedb74 ,the letters were written in #ahea and #aheb by ,george ,washington ,parke ,custis1 ,anthony ,kimmel1 and other ,washington descendants4 ,gift of ,anthony ,kimmel to the ,u4,s4 ,government1 and transferred to the ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum in #ahhc4 ,,usnm #ibech4 ,,figure #gi4 ,zenith ,sector for measuring the angle between a star at its zenith and the vertical4 ,made of brass1 with focal length of #f ft4 and an aperture of #b-a_/b in4 ,the original lens was made in ,london about #aghj4 ,the instrument was made in the old pattern with brass tube and mountings and a wooden supporting post4 ,the tube is suspended by trunnions at the top and swings against a graduated arc extending north and south for measuring zenith distances in the meridian4 ,it is adjusted in the vertical by a plumb line whose errors are eliminated by reversing the whole mounting about the supporting post4 ,constructed principally by ,david ,rittenhouse1 with some modifications by ,andrew ,ellicott4 ,illustration3 ,figure #gi4--,surveying compass made by ,david ,rittenhouse for ,gen4 ,george ,washington1 inscribed ,rittenhouse1 ,philadelphia4 ,this instrument was used by ,washington in making a complete survey of his estate at ,mount ,vernon1 #agif-agii4 ,the survey was assisted by ,capt4 ,samuel ,duval1 surveyor of ,frederick ,county1 ,maryland4 ,washington gave the instrument to ,captain ,duval1 from whom it descended to the ,hon4 ,anthony ,kimmel1 who donated it to the ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,,usnm #ibech4 ,in the ,journal of ,andrew ,ellicott its author referred to this sector as follows3 ,the boundary line to the ,north of ,pennsylvania was fixed by ,dr4 ,rittenhouse and ,captain ,holland in the year #aggd and completed in #aghf and #aghg4 ,we commenced operations by running a guide line west from the point mentioned on the ,delaware #bj-a_/d miles and there corrected by the following ,zenith distances taken at its ,west termination by a most excellent sector constructed and executed by ,dr4 ,rittenhouse4 ,the zenith sector is again mentioned in the appendix of the ,journal3 ,one ,zenith ,sector of nearly six feet radius similar to the one made by ,mr4 ,george ,graham for ,dr4 ,bradley and ,mr4 ,molyneux1 with which the aberrations of the stars and mutation of the earth's axis were discovered1 and the quantities determined4 ,gift of ,andrew ,ellicott ,douglass1 ,tucson1 ,ariz41 in #aica4 ,,usnm #aebjgh4 ,,figure #aa4 ,zenith ,sector1 made of brass1 original lens broken4 ,constructed by ,david ,rittenhouse with some additions made by ,andrew ,ellicott4 ,in ,the ,journal of ,andrew ,ellicott the instrument is described as a ,zenith ,sector of #ai inches radius to be used when the utmost accuracy was not necessary1 and where the transportation of the large one could not be effected without great expense and difficulty4 ,these instruments were principally executed by my late worthy and ingenious friend1 ,mr4 ,rittenhouse1 except some additions which ,i have made myself4 ,the plumb lines of both ,sectors are suspended from a notch above the axis of the instruments in the manner described by the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,maskelyne1 the present ,astronomer ,royal at ,greenwich1 in the introduction to the first volume of his ,astronomical ,observations4 ,a particular description of those instruments is rendered unnecessary by being accurately done in a number of scientific works1 particularly by ,m4 de ,maupertius in his account of the measurement of a degree of the meridian under the ,arctic ,circle--,the ,sector is of all instruments the best calculated for measuring zenith distances which come within its arc4 ,the large one above mentioned large ,zenith ,sector extends to #e degrees ,north1 and ,south of the ,zenith4 ,stars when so near the ,zenith are insensibly affected by the different refractive powers of the ,atmosphere arising from its different degrees of density4 ,add to this that the error of the visual axis is completely corrected by taking the ,zenith distances of the stars with the plane1 or face of the instrument both ,east and ,west4 ,,usnm #aebjgi4 ,,figure #hj4 ,,rittenhouse ,,evans1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 #ahth century4 ,surveying ,compass1 about #aghj1 made of brass1 overall length #ac-c_/d in41 diameter of dial #e-a_/d in41 silvered bubble level1 vernier on alidade4 ,the glazed dial1 engraved ,rittenhouse ,evans1 is fitted with a brass cover4 ,this instrument was made during a brief partnership between ,david ,rittenhouse and ,david ,evans1 a clock- and watchmaker of ,philadelphia and ,baltimore4 ,it was one of several owned and used by ,john ,johnson in #ahah for surveying the boundaries between ,canada and ,maine4 ,the survey1 made in compliance with the ,treaty of ,ghent1 is described in ,the ,collections of the ,maine ,historical ,society 7,portland3 ,hoyt1 ,fogg ,donham1 #ahha1 vol4 #h1 p4 #bj73 ,thomas ,barclay1 of whom we have heard more than once before1 as a ,commissioner under the treaty1 on the part of ,great ,britain1 and ,cornelius ,p4 ,van ,ness1 on the part of the ,united ,states1 were appointed ,commissioners to ascertain and run the line4 ,an actual survey was arranged1 and surveyors appointed1 to wit3 ,charles ,turner1 ,jr41 on the part of the ,united ,states1 and ,colin ,campbell on the part of ,great ,britain4 ,about twenty miles of the line was surveyed1 then the work was discontinued1 never to be resumed2 but an exploring survey was commenced by ,colonel ,bouchette1 on the part of ,great ,britain1 and ,john ,johnson1 on the part of the ,united ,states4 ,these gentlemen made an exploring line in #ahag1 extending ninety-nine miles from the monument at the head of the river ,st4 ,croix1 and made separate reports of their doings4 ,in #ahah ,mr4 ,johnson1 with ,mr4 ,odell1 who had taken the place of ,col4 ,bouchette1 finished running the exploring line to the ,beaver or ,metis ,river4444 ,illustration3 ,figure #hj4--,zenith sector1 with a radius of #ai in41 constructed by ,david ,rittenhouse for ,andrew ,ellicott4 ,,usnm #aebjgi4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ha4--;,brass surveying compass marked ,rittenhouse ,evans1 about #aghj4 ,over-all length1 #ac-c_/d in42 diameter of dial1 #e-a_/d in4 ,this instrument1 made about #aghj1 was owned and used by ,john ,johnson in #ahah for surveying the boundaries between ,canada and ,maine4 ,,usnm #cjiedc4 ,gift of ,john ,johnson ,allen of ,burlington1 ,vt41 in #aibg4 ,,usnm #cjiedc4 ,,figure #ha4 ,,thompson1 ,captain ,,samuel ,,rowland 7#ahth century72 ,lewes1 ,del4 ,octant made of dark wood and with lignum vitae2 brass fittings4 ,this harbormaster's instrument1 used by ,captain ,thompson during the second half of the #ahth century1 is without numerical designations on the arc4 ,the eighth part of a circle is connected to an apex by two side pieces with a swinging arm hinged at the apex1 with a blade at its end that moves along a checkered scale on the arc4 ,gift of ,george ,andrews ,thompson of ,baltimore1 ,md41 in #aibf4 ,,usnm #cjhdgc4 ,,voight1 ,,henry 7#agch-ahad71 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,equal ,altitude ,telescope of brass1 #ag in4 long1 on wooden tripod about #df in4 high4 ,objective lens is missing4 ,signed ,henry ,voigt4 ,made about #agij and used for determining meridian lines and time observation of the sun's noon transit4 ,this form of instrument was originally invented about #agaf by ,roger ,cotes1 professor of astronomy at ,cambridge1 as a simple instrument for the determination of time4 ,deposited in the ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum by the ,smithsonian ,institution in #aici4 ,,usnm #caaggb4 ,,figure #ca4 ,,washington1 ,,general ,,george 7#agcb-agii71 ,mount ,vernon1 ,va4 ,compass ,sundial described by the donor as having been presented to ,gen4 ,george ,washington by ,general ,braddock on the retreat through ,paris ,gap1 ,fairfax ,county1 ,va4 ,gift of ,samuel ,keese in #aijb4 ,,usnm #ihdb4 ,field ,glass1 brass tube in three sections1 length closed #i in41 opened #bb-a_/b in4 ,diameter of object lens #a-c_/d in41 of ocular lens #a-a_/h in4 ,with original case of russet leather1 which is #i-a_/b in4 long and #b-a_/b in4 in diameter4 ,maker not known4 ,stated to have been used by ,washington during the ,revolutionary ,war at the campaign of ,valley ,forge4 ,according to related correspondence1 when not in use the instrument was carried by the ,general's body servant1 ,billy ,lee4 ,the ,general presented the field glass to ,major ,lawrence ,lewis1 his favorite nephew1 in #agii1 the last year of his life4 ,purchased by the ,u4,s4 ,government from the ,lewis heirs in #ahgh and transferred to the ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum in #ahhc4 ,,usnm #ibdbd1 #ibdbe4 ,,figure #hb4 ,spyglass or ,telescope1 made of wood1 #i-sided1 wrapped throughout with twine1 #fb in4 long4 ,brass mountings for object and ocular lenses made by ,cole1 ,fleet ,street1 ,london4 ,diameter of object lens #b-c_/d in41 diameter of ocular lens #a in4 ,illustration3 ,figure #hb4--;,brass field glass in case of russet leather1 stated to have been used by ,general ,george ,washington at ,valley ,forge4 ,,usnm #ibdbd1 #ibdbe4 ,the maker1 ,benjamin ,cole 7#agbe-ahac71 was the third generation of instrument makers of the same name4 ,other instruments by this maker are in the ,national ,maritime ,museum and the ,whipple ,museum1 ,cambridge4 ,illustration3 ,figure #hc4--,telescope1 #fb in4 long1 made of wood wrapped with twine4 ,it was made by ,benjamin ,cole of ,london and was owned and used by ,gen4 ,george ,washington at ,mount ,vernon4 ,,usnm #ibdbc4 ,this telescope1 used by ,general ,washington at ,mount ,vernon1 was kept behind the hall door and his favorite amusement was to look out over the river with it4 ,according to ,mrs4 ,lewis1 the ,general used it to observe life on the river and especially to discover guests approaching ,mount ,vernon1 as many of their visitors arrived by boat4 ,benjamin ,latrobe1 the architect1 on a visit to ,mount ,vernon made an amusing sketch of his host looking anxiously up the stream for some belated dinner guests4 ,part of the collection purchased from the ,lewis heirs in #ahgh by the ,u4,s4 ,government and transferred to the ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum in #ahhc4 ,,usnm #ibdbc4 ,,figure #hc4 ,survey of ,land1 drawn and documented by ,george ,washington on ,april #b1 #agea for ,thomas ,loftan of ,frederick ,county1 ,va4 ,paper1 #ab in4 wide by #g-c_/d in4 high4 ,this survey was made by ,washington when he was #ai years of age1 and it is believed to be the only such document relating to his earliest period as a surveyor4 ,washington was licensed as a surveyor by the ,president and ,masters of ,william and ,mary ,college in #agdi4 ,on ,july #bjth of the same year he was appointed surveyor in ,culpepper ,county1 ,va41 by ,governor ,dinwiddie4 ,acquired in #aifa4 ,,usnm #bchcfg4 ,,figure #hd4 ,,white1 ,,peregrine 7#agdg-ahcd71 ,woodstock1 ,conn4 ,surveying ,compass1 about #agij1 made of brass1 complete with original case1 tripod1 and gunter's chain4 ,the instrument measures #ab-a_/d in4 overall4 ,the dial1 with a diameter of #e-e_/h in4 and a pewter vernier ring1 is inscribed ,,peregrine ,,white_/,woodstock4 ,tripod is #eg-a_/b in4 long and has walnut legs and a brass universal socket joint4 ,gift of ,dr4 and ,mrs4 ,arthur ,m4 ,greenwood4 ,,usnm #chhiic4 ,,figure #bc4 ,illustration3 ,figure #hd4--,survey of land drawn and documented by ,george ,washington for ,thomas ,loftan of ,frederick ,county1 ,va41 in #agea4 ,size3 #ab in4 wide1 #g-c_/d in4 high4 ,,usnm #bchcfg4 ,,whitney1 ,,thomas 7fl4 #agih-ahba71 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,pocket ,compass of brass encased in brassbound mahogany box with separate carrying case4 ,paper dial is inscribed ,t4 ,whitney_/ ,phila4 ,carried by ,capt4 ,william ,clark on the ,lewis and ,clark ,expedition to the ,pacific ,coast in #ahjc-ahjf4 ,,usnm #chcff4 ,,figure #he4 ,illustration3 ,figure #he4--,pocket compass made and signed by ,thomas ,whitney of ,philadelphia4 ,with original carrying case4 ,carried by ,capt4 ,william ,clark on the ,lewis and ,clark expedition to the ,pacific ,coast1 #ahjc-ahjf4 ,,usnm #chcff4 ,appendix ,,surviving ,,wooden ,,surveying ,,compasses 7,asterisk denotes information unavailable7 ,length ,height of ,maker ,collection ,type ,length ,width of bars needle and of 7in47 7in47 7in47 7in47 period wood ,preston ,r4 ,maple #i #e #c-a_/d 99 ,unsigned 7#ahth ,bassett century7 ,bucks ,county ,cherry #aa #e-a_/b #f-e_/h #b-c_/h ,thomas ,greenough ,historical of ,boston ,society 7#agaj-aghe7 ,bostonian ,apple or #ac-g_/h 99 99 #d-c_/d ,john ,dupee of ,society walnut ,boston 7after #agfa7 ,dartmouth ,walnut #g-c_/d 99 99 99 ,thomas ,s4 ,bowles ,college ,museum of ,portsmouth1 ,n4,h4 7c4 #agfe-ahba7 99 #ab #h 99 99 ,unsigned 7#ahth century7 99 #h-c_/h #d-e_/h 99 99 ,unsigned 7#ahth century7 ,l4 ,c4 ,eichner ,hickory #aa #e-a_/b #c #d ,thomas ,greenough 7,u4,s4 ,national of ,boston ,museum7 7#agaj-aghe7 ,farmer's ,museum ,oak #ab-c_/d #f-a_/b #e 99 ,unsigned 7#ahth century7 ,franklin ,gum #ac-c_/d #e-c_/d #d #e ,thomas ,greenough ,institute of ,boston 7#agaj-aghe7 ,mariner's 99 99 99 99 99 ,charles ,thacher ,museum 7#ahth century7 ,old ,sturbridge ,maple #ac #d 99 99 ,unsigned 7#ahth century7 ,maple #aa-e_/h #e-g_/h 99 99 ,thomas ,greenough of ,boston 7#agaj-aghe7 ,walnut #ah #h 99 99 ,aaron ,breed of ,boston 7#agia-ahfa7 ,new ,hampshire ,maple #aa #e-c_/d #b-a_/b #d-e_/h ,joseph ,halsy of ,historical ,boston 7fl4 ,society #afig-agfb7 ,n4 ,parker ,walnut #ac-a_/b #d-g_/h #e 99 ,john ,dupee of ,boston 7after #agfa7 ,peabody ,museum 99 #aa 99 99 #c ,james ,halsy ,,ii of ,boston 7#afie-agfg7 ,worth ,shampeny 99 99 99 99 99 ,jedidiah ,baldwin of ,hanover1 ,n4,h4 7c4 #aggg-ahbi7 ,south ,natick ,apple or #ac-af 99 99 #d-g_/h ,john ,dupee of ,historical walnut ,boston 7after ,society #agfa7 ,streeter ,coll41 ,birch #ac #f 99 #d ,thomas ,s4 ,bowles ,yale ,university of ,portsmouth1 ,n4,h4 7c4#agfe-ahba7 ,cherry #aa-e_/f #f #d 99 ,jere ,clough of ,boston 7#ahth century7 ,cherry #ab #f #c-a_/b 99 ,benjamin ,warren of ,plymouth1 ,mass4 7fl4 #agdj-agij7 ,roleigh ,l4 ,cherry #g-a_/b #c-c_/d #c 99 ,unsigned ,stubbs ,silvio ,a4 ,walnut #ab #e-c_/h #e #d ,thomas ,s4 ,bowles ,bedini of ,portsmouth1 ,n4,h4 7c4 #agfe-ahba7 ,pine #e-c_/d #c-a_/b #b-a_/b 99 ,unsigned 7#ahth century7 ,mahogany 99 99 99 99 ,unsigned 7#ahth century7 ,basswood #ab #e-c_/d #b-c_/d #d ,thomas ,greenough of ,boston 7#agaj-aghe7 ,birch #ah #g-a_/b #g-a_/b #f ,samuel ,thaxter of ,boston 7#agfi-ahdb7 ,mahogany #ac #g-a_/d #d-a_/d #f ,samuel ,thaxter of ,boston 7#agfi-ahdb7 ,yellow #h-a_/d #d 99 #d-a_/d ,benjamin ,k4 ,hagger birch of ,boston and ,baltimore 7c4 #agfi-ahcd7 ,cherry #ad #e-a_/b #f-c_/h #d-c_/d ,gurdon ,huntington of ,windham1 ,conn4 and ,walpole1 ,n4,h4 7#agfc-ahjd7 ,yale ,gallery ,mahogany #aa-a_/b #e 99 99 ,andrew ,newell of of ,fine ,art ,boston 7#agdi-;c4 #agih7 ,,mathematical ,,practitioners ,,and ,,instrument ,,makers ,alphabetical ,list 7,asterisk denotes information unavailable47 ,name ,period ,place ,types of instruments ,bailey1 ,john fl4 #aggh ,fishkill1 ,n4 ,y4 ,surveying2 surgical ,bailey1 ,john1 ,,ii #ageb-ahbc ,hanover and ,lynn1 ,surveying ,mass4 ,baily1 ,joel #agcb-agig ,west ,bradford1 7practitioner7 ,pa4 ,baldwin1 ,jedidiah c4 #aggg-ahbi ,salem1 ,boston1 ,surveying and ,northampton1 ,mass42 ,hanover1 ,n4 ,h4 ,banneker1 ,benjamin c4 #agcd-ahjf ,baltimore 7practitioner7 ,benson1 ,john fl4 #agic-agig 99 ,optical ,biddle1 ,owen #agcg-agii ,philadelphia 7practitioner7 ,biggs1 ,thomas fl4 #agib-agie ,new ,york and ,surveying ,philadelphia ,blakslee1 ,ziba #agfh-ahcd ,newtown1 ,conn4 ,surveying ,blundy1 ,charles fl4 #agec ,charleston1 ,s4 ,c4 ,thermometric2 watches ,bowles1 ,thomas ,s4 c4 #agfe-ahba ,portsmouth1 ,n4 ,h4 ,surveying ,breed1 ,aaron #agia-ahfa ,boston ,surveying ,brokaw1 ,isaac fl4 #agga ,philadelphia 99 ,bulmain ,dennies fl4 #agii ,new ,york ,nautical ,burges1 ,bartholomew fl4 #aghi ,boston ,scientific ,burnap1 ,daniel #agei-ahch ,east ,windsor and ,surveying2 clocks ,coventry1 ,conn4 ,caritat1 ,h4 fl4 #agii ,new ,york ,astronomical ,chandlee1 ,benjamin1 #agbc-agia ,nottingham1 ,md4 ,surveying2 clocks ,jr4 ,chandlee ,bros4 fl4 #agij-agia ,nottingham1 ,md4 ,clocks2 surveying ,chandlee1 ,ellis #agee-ahaf ,nottingham1 ,md4 ,surveying2 clocks ,chandlee1 ,ellis fl4 #agia-agig ,nottingham1 ,md4 ,clocks2 surveying ,bros4 ,chandlee1 ,goldsmith c4 #agea-ahba ,winchester1 ,va4 ,surveying2 astronomical2 clocks ,chandlee1 ,isaac #agfj-ahac ,nottingham1 ,md4 ,surveying2 clocks ,clark1 ,robert fl4 #aghe ,charleston1 ,s4,c4 ,nautical2 surveying optical ,clough1 ,jere #ahth century ,boston ,surveying ,condy1 ,benjamin fl4 #agef-agih1 ,philadelphia ,mathematical2 sand d4 #agih glasses ,crow1 ,george c4 #agbf-aggb ,wilmington1 ,del4 ,surveying2 clocks ,dabney1 ,john1 ,jr4 fl4 #agci ,boston ,mathematical ,dakin1 ,jonathan fl4 #agde ,boston ,mathematical2 balances ,davenport1 ,william #aggh-ahbi ,philadelphia ,mathematical2 surveying ,dean1 ,william 78-#agig7 ,philadelphia ,surveying2 nautical ,devacht1 ,joseph and fl4 #agib ,gallipolis1 ,ohio ,watches2 compasses2 ,francois sundials ,donegan 7or fl4 #aghg ,new ,york ,glass2 ,denegan71 ,john philosophical ,donegany1 ,john 7see ,donegan7 ,doolittle1 ,enos #agea-ahjf ,hartford1 ,conn4 ,surveying2 clocks nautical2 ,doolittle1 ,isaac #agba-ahjj ,new ,haven1 ,conn4 ,clocks2 scientific ,doolittle1 ,isaac1 #agei-ahba ,new ,haven1 ,conn4 ,surveying2 clocks ,jr4 ,dupee1 ,john fl4 after #agfa ,boston ,surveying ,ellicott1 ,andrew #aged-ahbj ,baltimore ,surveying2 7also practitioner7 astronomical ,emery1 ,samuel #aghg-ahhb ,salem1 ,mass4 ,mathematical ,evans1 ,george fl4 #agif2 d4 ,philadelphia ,mathematical #agih ,fairman1 ,gideon #aggd-ahbg ,newburyport1 ,mathematical 7,see ,hooker and ,mass4 ,fairman7 ,fisher1 ,martin fl4 #agij ,philadelphia ,glass ,folger1 ,peter #afag-afij ,nantucket 7practitioner87 ,folger1 ,walter1 ,jr4 #agfe-ahdi ,nantucket ,astronomical2 surveying ,ford1 ,george fl4 late #ahth ,lancaster1 ,pa4 ,surveying2 nautical century to #ahdb ,ford1 ,george1 ,,ii fl4 #ahdb ,lancaster1 ,pa4 ,surveying2 nautical ,fosbrook1 ,w4 fl4 #aghf or ,new ,york ,surgical2 dental earlier ,gatty1 ,joseph fl4 #agid ,new ,york and ,glass2 ,philadelphia philosophical ,gilman1 ,benjamin ,c4 #agfc-ahce ,exeter1 ,n4,h4 ,mathematical2 clocks ,gilmur1 ,bryan fl4 end of ,philadelphia ,mathematical2 #ahth century clocks ,godfrey1 ,thomas #agjd-agdi ,philadelphia ,improved reflecting backstaff ,gould1 ,john fl4 #agid ,philadelphia ,nautical2 surgical2 optical ,grainger1 ,samuel fl4 #agai ,boston 7practitioner7 ,greenleaf1 ,stephen #agjd-agie ,boston ,mathematical ,greenough1 ,thomas #agaj-aghe ,boston ,mathematical2 surveying2 nautical2 astronomical ,greenough1 ,william fl4 #aghe ,boston ,surveying ,greenwood1 ,isaac1 fl4 #agbf ,boston ,surveying ,sr4 7practitioner7 ,greenwood1 ,isaac1 #agcj-ahjc ,boston ,mathematical ,jr4 ,grew1 ,theophilus fl4 #agec ,philadelphia 7practitioner7 ,hagger1 ,benjamin c4 #agfi-ahcd ,boston and ,mathematical2 ,king ,baltimore surveying ,hagger1 ,william c4 #agdd-ahcj8 ,newport1 ,r4,i4 ,nautical ,guyse ,halsie1 ,james1 ,i fl4 #afgd ,boston 7practitioner7 ,halsy1 ,james1 ,,ii #afie-agfg ,boston ,mathematical2 surveying ,halsy1 ,john fl4 #agjj ,boston ,mathematical ,halsy1 ,joseph fl4 #afig-agfb ,boston ,surveying2 nautical ,ham1 ,james fl4 #aged-agfd ,new ,york and ,mathematical ,philadelphia ,ham1 ,james1 ,jr4 fl4 #aghj ,philadelphia ,mathematical ,hamlin1 ,william #aggb-ahfi ,providence1 ,r4 ,i4 ,mathematical2 nautical2 astronomical ,hanks1 ,benjamin #agee-ahbd ,mansfield and ,surveying ,litchfield1 ,conn4 ,hanks1 ,truman fl4 #ahjh ,mansfield and ,surveying ,litchfield1 ,conn4 ,harland1 ,thomas #agce-ahjg ,norwich1 ,conn4 ,surveying2 clocks ,heisely1 ,frederick #agei-ahci ,frederick1 ,md42 ,mathematical2 ,a4 ,lancaster1 surveying2 clocks ,harrisburg1 and ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,heisely1 ,george #aghi-ahhj ,harrisburg1 ,pa4 ,clocks2 mathematical ,hinton1 ,william fl4 #aggb ,new ,york ,mathematical ,hoff1 ,george #agdj-ahaf ,lancaster1 ,pa4 ,clocks2 surveying ,holcomb1 ,amasa #aghg-ahge ,southwick1 ,mass4 ,surveying2 7also practitioner7 astronomical ,hooker ,fairman before #ahaj ,newburyport1 ,mathematical 7,william ,hooker and ,mass4 ,gideon ,fairman7 ,houghton1 ,rowland c4 #afgh-agdd ,boston ,surveying ,huntington1 ,gurdon #agfc-ahjd ,windham1 ,conn41 ,surveying and and ,walpole1 ,n4,h4 other2 clocks ,jacks1 ,james fl4 #aghj's ,charleston1 ,s4,c4 ,mathematical2 surveying ,jayne1 ,john late #ahth ,salem1 ,mass4 ,mathematical century ,kennard1 ,john #aghb-ahfa ,newmarket1 ,n4,h4 ,surveying2 clocks ,ketterer1 ,alloysius fl4 #aghi ,philadelphia ,glass ,king ,hagger #agei or #agfj ,newport1 ,r4,i4 ,mathematical2 7,benjamin ,king and until early nautical ,william ,guyse #agfj's ,hagger7 ,king1 ,benjamin #agjg-aghf ,newport1 ,r4,i4 ,mathematical2 nautical ,king1 ,benjamin #agdj-ahjd ,salem1 ,mass4 ,nautical ,king1 ,daniel #agjd-agij ,salem1 ,mass4 ,mathematical ,king1 ,samuel #agdh-ahai ,newport1 ,r4,i4 ,mathematical ,lamb1 ,a4 ,son #aghj's ,new ,york ,mathematical ,lamb1 ,anthony #agjc-aghd ,england2 ,mathematical2 ,virginia2 surveying2 nautical ,philadelphia2 ,new ,york2 ,hunter's ,key1 ,n4,y4 ,lamb1 ,john #agce-ahjj ,new ,york ,mathematical ,mendenhall1 ,thomas fl4 #agge ,lancaster1 ,pa4 ,mathematical2 clocks ,miller1 ,aaron fl4 #agdh-agga ,elizabethtown1 ,surveying2 clocks2 ,n4,j4 compasses ,morris1 ,m4 fl4 #aghe ,new ,york ,protractors ,newell1 ,andrew #agdi-agih ,boston ,mathematical2 compasses ,newell1 ,joseph fl4 #ahjj-ahac ,boston ,surveying ,pease1 ,paul fl4 #agej ,probably ,rhode ,quadrant ,island ,platt1 ,augustus #agic-ahhf ,columbus1 ,ohio ,mathematical2 surveying ,platt1 ,benjamin #ageg-ahcc ,danbury1 ,compasses2 ,litchfield1 and surveying2 clocks ,new ,milford1 ,conn42 ,lanesboro1 ,mass42 ,columbus1 ,ohio ,pope1 ,joseph #agej-ahbf ,boston ,scientific2 clocks ,potter1 ,john fl4 #agdf-ahah ,brookfield1 ,mass4 ,surveying ,potts1 ,w4 ,l4 late #ahth ,bucks ,county1 ,pa4 ,surveying century ,prince1 ,john #agea-ahcf ,salem1 ,mass4 ,scientific 7practitioner7 ,prince1 ,nathan fl4 #agdc ,boston 7practitioner7 ,pryor1 ,thomas fl4 #aggh ,philadelphia ,mathematical ,revere1 ,paul #agce-ahah ,boston ,gunnery ,rittenhouse1 #agdj-;c4#ahbj ,philadelphia ,astronomical2 ,benjamin surveying ,rittenhouse1 ,david #agcb-agif ,philadelphia and ,astronomical2 7practitioner7 ,norriton1 ,pa4 surveying ,rittenhouse ,evans fl4 #aggj's ,philadelphia ,surveying ,sibley ,marble late #ahth ,new ,haven1 ,conn4 ,mathematical2 7,clark ,sibley and century clocks2 watches ,simeon ,marble7 ,smith1 ,cordial fl4 #agge ,connecticut ,surveying ,sommer1 widow fl4 #agec ,new ,york ,optical ,balthaser ,sower1 ,christopher c4 #agbd-agdj ,germantown and ,mathematical2 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 clocks ,stiles ,baldwin fl4 #agia ,northampton1 ,surveying 7,jedidiah ,baldwin7 ,mass4 ,stiles ,storrs fl4 #agib ,northampton1 ,surveying 7,nathan ,storrs and ,mass4 ,jedidiah ,baldwin7 ,taws1 ,charles fl4 #agie ,philadelphia ,mathematical ,thacher1 ,charles #ahth century ,probably ,boston ,surveying ,thaxter1 ,samuel #agfi-ahdb ,boston ,nautical2 mathematical surveying ,voight1 ,henry #agch-ahad ,philadelphia ,astronomical2 clocks2 watches ,wall1 ,george1 ,jr4 fl4 #aghh ,bucks ,county1 ,pa4 ,surveying ,walpole1 ,charles fl4 #agdf ,new ,york ,mathematical ,warren1 ,benjamin fl4 #agdj-agij ,plymouth1 ,mass4 ,surveying2 nautical ,white1 ,peregrine #agdg-ahcd ,woodstock1 ,conn4 ,surveying2 clocks ,whitney1 ,john fl4 #ahja ,philadelphia ,mathematical2 optical ,whitney1 ,thomas fl4 #agih-ahbc ,philadelphia ,mathematical2 optical2 surveying ,williams1 ,william #agcg or ,boston ,mathematical2 #agch-agib nautical ,willis1 ,arthur fl4 #afgd ,possibly 7practitioner7 ,massachusetts ,wilson1 ,james #agfc-ahee ,bradford1 ,vt4 ,globes ,wistar1 ,richard fl4 #ageb ,wistarburg1 ,n4,j4 ,glass ,witt1 ,christopher fl4 #agaj-agfe ,germantown1 ,pa4 ,mathematical2 7practitioner7 clocks ,wood1 ,john fl4 #agij ,philadelphia ,compasses ,youle1 ,james #agdj-aghf ,new ,york ,surgical ,youle1 ,john fl4 #aghf ,new ,york ,surgical ,,mathematical ,,practitioners ,,and ,,instrument ,,makers ,geographical ,listing ,,connecticut ,coventry3 ,daniel ,burnap 7#agei-ahch72 surveying instruments and clocks4 ,danbury3 ,benjamin ,platt 7#ageg-ahcc72 compasses and clocks4 ,east ,windsor3 ,daniel ,burnap 7#agei-ahch72 surveying instruments and clocks4 ,hartford3 ,enos ,doolittle 7#agea-ahjf72 surveying and navigational instruments1 compasses1 and clocks4 ,litchfield3 ,benjamin ,hanks 7#agee-ahbd72 surveying instruments and clocks4 ,truman ,hanks 7fl4 #ahjh72 surveying instruments4 ,benjamin ,platt 7#ageg-ahcc72 compasses and clocks4 ,mansfield3 ,benjamin ,hanks 7#agee-ahbd72 surveying instruments4 ,truman ,hanks 7fl4 #ahjh72 surveying instruments4 ,new ,haven3 ,isaac ,doolittle 7#agba-ahjj72 clocks and scientific instruments4 ,isaac ,doolittle1 ,jr4 7#agei-ahba72 surveying instruments and clocks4 ,sibley ,marble 7late #ahth century72 clocks and mathematical instruments4 ,new ,milford3 ,benjamin ,platt 7#ageg-ahcc72 compasses and clocks4 ,newtown3 ,ziba ,blakeslee 7#agfh-ahcd72 surveying instruments4 ,norwich3 ,thomas ,harland 7#agce-ahjg72 surveying instruments and clocks4 ,windham3 ,gurdon ,huntington 7#agfc-ahjd72 clocks and surveying and other instruments4 ,woodstock3 ,peregrine ,white 7#agdg-ahcd72 surveying instruments and clocks4 ----3 ,smith1 ,cordial 7fl4 #agge72 surveying instruments4 ,,delaware ,wilmington3 ,george ,crow 7c4 #agbf-aggb72 surveying instruments and clocks4 ,,maryland ,baltimore3 ,benjamin ,banneker 7c4 #agcd-ahjf71 practitioner4 ,andrew ,ellicott 7#aged-ahbj71 practitioner2 surveying and astronomical instruments4 ,benjamin ,k4 ,hagger 7c4 #agfi-ahcd72 mathematical and surveying instruments4 ,frederick3 ,frederick ,a4 ,heisely 7#agei-ahci72 clocks and mathematical instruments4 ,nottingham3 ,benjamin ,chandlee1 ,jr4 7#agbc-agia72 clocks and surveying instruments4 ,chandlee ,bros4 7fl4 #agij-agia72 clocks and surveying instruments4 ,ellis ,chandlee 7#agee-ahaf72 surveying instruments and clocks4 ,ellis ,chandlee ,bros4 7fl4 #agia-agig72 clocks and surveying instruments4 ,isaac ,chandlee 7#agfj-ahac72 surveying instruments and clocks4 ,,massachusetts ,boston3 ,jedidiah ,baldwin 7c4 #aggg-ahbi72 surveying instruments4 ,aaron ,breed 7#agia-ahfa72 surveying instruments4 ,bartholomew ,burges 7fl4 #aghi72 scientific instruments4 ,jere ,clough 7#ahth century72 surveying instruments4 ,john ,dabney1 ,jr4 7fl4 #agci72 mathematical instruments4 ,jonathan ,dakin 7fl4 #agde72 mathematical instruments and balances4 ,john ,dupee 7fl4 after #agfa72 surveying instruments4 ,samuel ,grainger 7fl4 #agai71 practitioner4 ,stephen ,greenleaf 7#agjd-agie72 mathematical instruments4 ,thomas ,greenough 7#agaj-aghe72 mathematical1 surveying1 astronomical1 and nautical instruments4 ,william ,greenough 7fl4 #aghe72 surveying instruments4 ,isaac ,greenwood1 ,sr4 7c4#agbe-agej71 practitioner4 ,isaac ,greenwood1 ,jr4 7#agcj-ahjc72 mathematical instruments4 ,benjamin ,k4 ,hagger 7c4 #agfi-ahcd72 mathematical and surveying instruments4 ,james ,halsie ,i 7fl4 #afgd71 practitioner4 ,james ,halsy ,,ii 7#afie-agfg72 mathematical and surveying instruments4 ,john ,halsy 7fl4 #agjj72 mathematical instruments4 ,joseph ,halsy 7fl4 #afig-agfb72 surveying instruments4 ,rowland ,houghton 7#afgh-agdd72 surveying instruments4 ,andrew ,newell 7#agdi-agih72 surveying instruments4 ,joseph ,newell 7fl4 #ahjj-ahac72 surveying instruments4 ,joseph ,pope 7#agej-ahbf72 scientific instruments and clocks4 ,nathan ,prince 7fl4 #agdc71 practitioner2 scientific instruments4 ,paul ,revere 7#agce-ahah72 gunnery instruments4 ,charles ,thacher 7#ahth century72 surveying instruments4 ,samuel ,thaxter 7#agfi-ahdb72 surveying1 nautical1 and mathematical instruments4 ,william ,williams 7#agcg_/h-agib72 mathematical and nautical instruments4 ,brookfield3 ,john ,potter 7#agdf-ahah72 surveying instruments4 ,hanover3 ,john ,bailey ,,ii 7#ageb-ahbc72 surveying instruments4 ,lanesboro3 ,benjamin ,platt 7#ageg-ahcc72 surveying instruments1 clocks1 and compasses4 ,lynn3 ,john ,bailey ,,ii 7#ageb-ahbc72 surveying instruments4 ,nantucket3 ,peter ,folger 7#afag-afij71 practitioner7874 ,walter ,folger 7#agfe-ahdi71 practitioner2 clocks and astronomical instruments4 ,newburyport3 ,gideon ,fairman 7#aggd-ahbg72 mathematical instruments4 ,hooker ,fairman 7before #ahaj72 mathematical instruments4 ,northampton3 ,jedidiah ,baldwin 7c4#aggg-ahbi72 surveying instruments4 ,stiles ,baldwin 7fl4#agia72 surveying instruments4 ,stiles ,storrs 7fl4#agib72 surveying instruments4 ,plymouth3 ,benjamin ,warren 7fl4#agdj-agij72 surveying and nautical instruments4 ,salem3 ,jedidiah ,baldwin 7c4#aggg-ahbi72 surveying instruments4 ,samuel ,emery 7#aghg-ahhb72 mathematical instruments4 ,john ,jayne 7late #ahth century72 mathematical instruments4 ,benjamin ,king 7#agdj-ahjd72 nautical instruments4 ,daniel ,king 7#agjd-agij72 mathematical instruments4 ,john ,prince 7#agea-ahcf71 practitioner2 scientific instruments4 ,southwick3 ,amasa ,holcomb 7#aghg-ahge72 surveying and mathematical instruments4 ,,new ,,hampshire ,exeter3 ,benjamin ,c4 ,gilman 7#agfc-ahce72 mathematical instruments and clocks4 ,hanover3 ,jedidiah ,baldwin 7c4#aggg-ahbi72 surveying instruments4 ,newmarket3 ,john ,kennard 7#aghb-ahfa72 surveying instruments4 ,portsmouth3 ,thomas ,s4 ,bowles 7c4#agfe-ahba72 surveying instruments4 ,walpole3 ,gurdon ,huntington 7#agfc-ahjd72 clocks and surveying and other instruments4 ,,new ,,jersey ,elizabeth3 ,aaron ,miller 7fl4 #agdh-agga72 surveying instruments1 clocks1 and compasses4 ,wistarburg3 ,richard ,wistar 7fl4 #ageb72 glass and thermometric instruments4 ,,new ,,york ,fishkill3 ,john ,bailey 7fl4 #aggh72 surveying and surgical instruments4 ,new ,york3 ,thomas ,biggs 7fl4 #agib72 surveying instruments4 ,bulmain ,dennies 7fl4 #agii72 nautical instruments4 ,h4 ,caritat 7fl4 #agii72 astronomical prints4 ,john ,donegan 7fl4 #aghg72 barometers1 thermometers1 and philosophical instruments4 ,w4 ,fosbrook 7fl4 #aghf72 surgical and dental instruments4 ,joseph ,gatty 7fl4 #agid72 barometers1 thermometers and philosophical instruments4 ,james ,ham 7fl4 #aged-agfd72 mathematical instruments4 ,william ,hinton 7fl4 #aggb72 mathematical instruments4 ,a4 ,lamb ,son 7fl4 late #ahth century72 mathematical instruments4 ,anthony ,lamb 7#agjc-aghd72 mathematical instruments4 ,john ,lamb 7#agce-ahjj72 mathematical instruments4 ,m4 ,morris 7fl4 #aghe72 protractors4 ,widow ,balthaser ,sommer 7fl4 #agec72 optical instruments4 ,charles ,walpole 7fl4 #agdf72 mathematical instruments4 ,james ,youle 7#agdj-aghf72 surgical instruments4 ,john ,youle 7fl4 #aghf72 surgical instruments4 ,,ohio ,columbus3 ,augustus ,platt 7#agic-ahhf72 mathematical instruments4 ,benjamin ,platt 7#ageg-ahcc72 surveying instruments and clocks4 ,gallipolis3 ,joseph 7fl4 #agib7 and ,francois ,devacht2 watches1 compasses1 and sundials4 ,,pennsylvania ,bucks ,county3 ,w4 ,l4 ,potts 7late #ahth century72 surveying instruments4 ,george ,wall1 ,jr4 7fl4 #aghh72 surveying instruments4 ,germantown3 ,christopher ,sower 7c4 #agbd-agdj72 mathematical instruments and clocks4 ,christopher ,witt 7fl4 #agaj-agfe72 mathematical instruments and clocks4 ,harrisburg3 ,frederick ,a4 ,heisely 7#agei-ahci72 clocks and mathematical instruments4 ,george ,heisely 7#aghi-ahhj72 clocks and mathematical instruments4 ,lancaster3 ,george ,ford 7late #ahth century to #ahdb72 surveying and nautical instruments4 ,george ,ford ,,ii 7fl4 #ahdb72 surveying and nautical instruments4 ,frederick ,a4 ,heisely 7#agei-ahci72 clocks and mathematical instruments4 ,george ,hoff 7#agdj-ahaf72 clocks1 surveying instruments4 ,thomas ,mendenhall 7fl4 #agge72 mathematical instruments and clocks4 ,norristown3 ,david ,rittenhouse 7#agcb-agif71 practitioner2 astronomical and surveying instruments4 ,philadelphia3 ,owen ,biddle 7#agcg-agii71 practitioner4 ,thomas ,biggs 7fl4 #agib-agie72 surveying instruments4 ,isaac ,brokaw 7fl4 #agga74 ,benjamin ,condy 7fl4 #agef1 d4 #agih72 mathematical instruments and sand glasses4 ,william ,davenport 7#aggh-ahbi72 surveying and mathematical instruments4 ,william ,dean 78-#agig72 surveying and nautical instruments4 ,george ,evans 7fl4 #agif1 d4 #agih72 mathematical instruments4 ,martin ,fisher 7fl4 #agij72 glass instruments4 ,joseph ,gatty 7fl4 #agid72 barometers1 thermometers1 and philosophical instruments4 ,bryan ,gilmur 7end of #ahth century72 mathematical instruments and clocks4 ,thomas ,godfrey 7#agjd-agdi72 improved reflecting backstaff4 ,john ,gould 7fl4 #agid72 nautical1 surveying1 and optical instruments4 ,theophilus ,grew 7fl4 #agec71 practitioner4 ,james ,ham 7fl4 #aged-agfd72 mathematical instruments4 ,james ,ham1 ,jr4 7fl4 #aghj72 mathematical instruments4 ,alloysius ,ketterer 7fl4 #aghi72 glass instruments4 ,anthony ,lamb 7#agjc-aghd72 mathematical instruments4 ,thomas ,pryor 7fl4 #aggh72 mathematical instruments4 ,benjamin ,rittenhouse 7#agdj-;c4#ahbj72 surveying and astronomical instruments4 ,david ,rittenhouse 7#agcb-agif71 practitioner2 astronomical and surveying instruments4 ,christopher ,sower ,sauer 7c4 #agbd-agdj72 mathematical instruments and clocks4 ,charles ,taws 7fl4 #agie72 mathematical instruments4 ,henry ,voight 7#agch-ahad72 clocks1 watches1 and astronomical instruments4 ,john ,whitney 7fl4 #ahja72 mathematical and optical instruments4 ,thomas ,whitney 7fl4 #agih-ahbc72 mathematical and optical instruments4 ,john ,wood 7fl4 #agij72 compasses4 ,pittsburgh3 ,frederick ,a4 ,heisely 7#agei-ahci72 clocks and mathematical instruments4 ,west ,bradford3 ,joel ,baily 7#agcb-agig71 practitioner4 ,,rhode ,,island ,newport3 ,william ,g4 ,hagger 7c4#agdd-ahcj872 quadrants4 ,king ,hagger 7#agei_/fj72 mathematical and nautical instruments4 ,benjamin ,king 7#agjg-aghf72 mathematical and nautical instruments4 ,samuel ,king 7#agdh-ahai72 mathematical instrument4 ,paul ,pease 7fl4 #agej72 quadrants4 ,providence3 ,william ,hamlin 7#aggb-ahfi72 mathematical1 astronomical1 and nautical instruments4 ,,south ,,carolina ,charleston3 ,charles ,blundy 7fl4 #agec72 thermometric instruments4 ,robert ,clark 7fl4 #aghe72 nautical1 surveying1 and optical instruments4 ,james ,jacks 7fl4 #aghj's72 mathematical and surveying instruments4 ,,vermont ,bradford3 ,james ,wilson 7#agfc-ahee72 globes4 ,,virginia ,winchester3 ,goldsmith ,chandlee 7c4#agdf-ahba72 surveying and astronomical instruments and clocks4 ,anthony ,lamb 7#agjc-aghd72 mathematical instruments4 ,,types ,,of ,,instruments ,,and ,,their ,,makers 7,categories based on specific designations noted in advertisements7 ,,astronomical ,caritat1 ,h4 7fl4 #agii71 ,new ,york4 ,chandlee1 ,goldsmith 7c4#agdf-ahba71 ,winchester1 ,va42 also made surveying instruments and clocks4 ,ellicott1 ,andrew 7#aged-ahbj71 ,baltimore2 also made surveying instruments4 ,folger1 ,walter1 ,jr4 7#agfe-ahdi71 ,nantucket1 ,mass42 also made surveying instruments4 ,greenough1 ,thomas 7#agaj-aghe71 ,boston2 also made mathematical1 surveying1 and nautical instruments4 ,hamlin1 ,william 7#aggb-ahfi71 ,providence1 ,r4,i42 also made mathematical and nautical instruments4 ,holcomb1 ,amasa 7#aghg-ahge71 ,southwick1 ,mass42 also made surveying instruments4 ,rittenhouse1 ,benjamin 7#agdj-;c4#ahbj71 ,philadelphia2 also made surveying instruments4 ,rittenhouse1 ,david 7#agcb-agif71 ,philadelphia and ,norristown1 ,pa42 also made surveying instruments4 ,voight1 ,henry 7#agch-ahad71 ,philadelphia2 also made clocks and watches4 ,,glass ,,and ,,thermometric ,blundy1 ,charles 7fl4 #agec71 ,charleston1 ,s4,c42 also made watches4 ,donegan1 ,joseph 7fl4 #aghg71 ,new ,york and ,philadelphia2 also made philosophical instruments4 ,fisher1 ,martin 7fl4 #agij71 ,philadelphia4 ,gatty1 ,joseph 7fl4 #agid71 ,new ,york and ,philadelphia2 also made philosophical instruments4 ,ketterer1 ,alloysius 7fl4 #aghi71 ,philadelphia4 ,wistar1 ,richard 7fl4 #ageb71 ,wistarburg1 ,n4,j4 ,,horological ,blundy1 ,charles 7fl4 #agec71 ,charleston1 ,s4,c42 also made thermometric instruments4 ,burnap1 ,daniel 7#agei-ahch71 ,east ,windsor and ,coventry1 ,conn42 also made surveying instruments4 ,chandlee1 ,benjamin 7#agbc-agia71 ,nottingham1 ,md42 also made surveying instruments4 ,chandlee ,bros4 7fl4 #agij-agia71 ,nottingham1 ,md42 also made surveying instruments4 ,chandlee1 ,ellis 7#agee-ahaf71 ,nottingham1 ,md42 also made surveying instruments4 ,chandlee1 ,goldsmith 7#agea-ahba71 ,winchester1 ,va42 also made astronomical and surveying instruments4 ,chandlee1 ,isaac 7#agfj-ahac71 ,nottingham1 ,md42 also made surveying instruments4 ,crow1 ,george 7c4#agbf-aggb71 ,philadelphia2 also made surveying instruments4 ,de,vacht1 ,joseph and ,francois 7fl4 #agib71 ,gallipolis1 ,ohio2 also made compasses and sundials4 ,doolittle1 ,enos 7#agea-ahjf71 ,hartford1 ,conn42 also made surveying and nautical instruments4 ,doolittle1 ,isaac 7#agba-ahjj71 ,new ,haven1 ,conn42 also made scientific instruments4 ,doolittle1 ,isaac ,jr4 7#agei-ahba71 ,new ,haven1 ,conn42 also made surveying instruments4 ,gilman1 ,benjamin ,c4 7#agfc-ahce71 ,exeter1 ,n4,h42 also made mathematical instruments4 ,gilmur1 ,bryan 7fl4 end of #ahth century71 ,philadelphia2 also made mathematical instruments4 ,harland1 ,thomas 7#agce-ahjg71 ,norwich1 ,conn42 also made surveying instruments4 ,heisely1 ,frederick ,a4 7#agei-ahci71 ,frederick1 ,md42 also made mathematical and surveying instruments4 ,heisely1 ,george 7#aghi-ahhj71 ,harrisburg1 ,pa42 also made mathematical instruments4 ,hoff1 ,george 7#agdj-ahaf71 ,lancaster1 ,pa42 also made surveying instruments4 ,huntington1 ,gurdon 7#agfc-ahjd71 ,windham1 ,conn41 and ,walpole1 ,n4,h42 also made surveying and other instruments4 ,kennard1 ,john 7#aghb-ahfa71 ,newmarket1 ,n4,h42 also made surveying instruments4 ,mendenhall1 ,thomas 7fl4 #agge71 ,lancaster1 ,pa42 also made mathematical instruments4 ,miller1 ,aaron 7fl4 #agdh-agga71 ,elizabethtown1 ,n4,j42 also made compasses and surveying instruments4 ,platt1 ,benjamin 7#ageg-ahcc71 ,danbury1 ,litchfield1 and ,new ,milford1 ,conn42 ,lanesboro1 ,mass42 ,columbus1 ,ohio2 also made compasses and surveying instruments4 ,pope1 ,joseph 7#agej-ahbf71 ,boston2 also made scientific instruments4 ,sibley ,marble 7,clark ,sibley and ,simeon ,marble7 7late #ahth century71 ,new ,haven1 ,conn42 also made mathematical instruments4 ,sower1 ,christopher 7c4 #agbd-agdj71 ,germantown and ,philadelphia1 ,pa42 also made mathematical instruments4 ,voigt1 ,henry 7#agch-ahad71 ,philadelphia2 also made astronomical instruments4 ,white1 ,peregrine 7#agdg-ahcd71 ,woodstock1 ,conn42 also made surveying instruments4 ,witt1 ,christopher 7practitioner7 7fl4 #agaj-agfe71 ,germantown1 ,pa42 also made mathematical instruments4 ,,mathematical 7,,general7 ,condy1 ,benjamin 7fl4 #agef-agib1 d4 #agih71 ,philadelphia4 ,dabney1 ,john1 ,jr4 7fl4 #agci71 ,boston4 ,dakin1 ,jonathan 7fl4 #agde71 ,boston2 also made balances4 ,davenport1 ,william 7fl4 #ahjj-ahbj71 ,philadelphia2 also made surveying instruments4 ,doolittle1 ,isaac 7#agba-ahjj71 ,new ,haven1 ,conn42 also made clocks4 ,emery1 ,samuel 7late #ahth century71 ,salem1 ,mass4 ,evans1 ,george 7fl4 #agif1 d4 #agih71 ,philadelphia4 ,fairman1 ,gideon 7#aggd-ahbg71 ,newburyport1 ,mass4 ,gilman1 ,benjamin ,c4 7#agfc-ahce71 ,exeter1 ,n4,h42 also made clocks4 ,gilmur1 ,bryan 7end of #ahth century71 ,philadelphia2 also made clocks4 ,greenleaf1 ,stephen 7fl4 #agde71 ,boston4 ,greenough1 ,thomas 7#agaj-aghe71 ,boston2 also made surveying1 astronomical1 and nautical instruments4 ,greenwood1 ,isaac1 ,jr4 7#agcj-ahjc71 ,boston4 ,hagger1 ,benjamin ,k4 7c4#agfi-ahcd71 ,boston and ,baltimore2 also made surveying instruments4 ,halsy1 ,james1 ,,ii 7#afie-agfg71 ,boston2 also made surveying instruments4 ,halsy1 ,john 7fl4 #agjj71 ,boston4 ,ham1 ,james 7fl4 #aged-agfd71 ,new ,york and ,philadelphia4 ,ham1 ,james1 ,jr4 7fl4 #aghj71 ,philadelphia4 ,hamlin1 ,william 7#aggb-ahfi71 ,providence1 ,r4,i42 also made nautical and astronomical instruments4 ,heisely1 ,frederick 7#agei-ahci71 ,frederick1 ,md41 and ,lancaster1 ,harrisburg1 and ,pittsburgh1 ,pa42 also made clocks and surveying instruments4 ,heisely1 ,george 7#aghi-ahhj71 ,harrisburg1 ,pa42 also made clocks4 ,hinton1 ,william 7fl4 #aggb71 ,new ,york4 ,hooker ,fairman 7before #ahaj71 ,newburyport1 ,mass4 ,jacks1 ,james 7fl4 #aghj's71 ,charleston1 ,s4,c42 also made surveying instruments4 ,jayne1 ,john 7late #ahth century71 ,salem1 ,mass4 ,king ,hagger 7#agei_/fj to early #agfj's71 ,newport1 ,r4,i42 also made nautical instruments4 ,king1 ,benjamin 7#agjg-aghf71 ,newport1 ,r4,i42 also made nautical instruments4 ,king1 ,daniel 7#agjd-agij71 ,salem1 ,mass4 ,king1 ,samuel 7fl4 #aghf71 ,newport1 ,r4,i4 ,lamb1 ,a4 ,son 7#aghj's71 ,new ,york4 ,lamb1 ,anthony 7#agjc-aghd71 ,virginia1 ,philadelphia1 ,new ,york1 and ,hunter's ,key1 ,n4,y42 also made surveying and nautical instruments4 ,lamb1 ,john 7#agce-ahjj71 ,new ,york2 also made nautical and surveying instruments4 ,mendenhall1 ,thomas 7fl4 #agge71 ,lancaster1 ,pa42 also made clocks4 ,newell1 ,andrew 7#agdi-agih71 ,boston2 also made compasses and surveying instruments4 ,platt1 ,augustus 7#ahji-ahhf71 ,columbus1 ,ohio2 also made surveying instruments4 ,pryor1 ,thomas 7fl4 #aggh71 ,philadelphia4 ,revere1 ,paul 7#agce-ahah71 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,sibley ,marble 7late #ahth century71 ,new ,haven1 ,conn42 also made clocks and watches4 ,sower1 ,christopher 7c4 #agbd-agdj71 ,germantown and ,philadelphia1 ,pa42 also made clocks4 ,taws1 ,charles 7fl4 #agie71 ,philadelphia4 ,thaxter1 ,samuel 7#agfi-ahdb71 ,boston2 also made surveying and nautical instruments4 ,walpole1 ,charles 7fl4 #agdf71 ,new ,york4 ,whitney1 ,john 7fl4 #ahja71 ,philadelphia2 also made optical instruments4 ,whitney1 ,thomas 7fl4 #agih-ahba71 ,philadelphia2 also made optical and surveying instruments4 ,williams1 ,william 7#agcg_/ch-agib71 ,boston2 also made nautical instruments4 ,witt1 ,christopher 7fl4 #agaj-agfe71 ,germantown1 ,pa42 also made clocks4 ,,nautical ,bulmain ,dennies 7fl4 #agii71 ,new ,york4 ,clark1 ,robert 7fl4 #aghe71 ,charleston1 ,s4,c42 also made surveying and optical instruments4 ,condy1 ,benjamin 7fl4 #agef-ib1 d4 #agih71 ,philadelphia2 also made mathematical instruments4 ,davenport1 ,william 7fl4 #ahjj-ahbj71 ,philadelphia2 also made mathematical and surveying instruments4 ,dean1 ,william 78-#agig71 ,philadelphia2 also made surveying instruments4 ,doolittle1 ,enos 7#agea-ahjf71 ,hartford1 ,conn42 also made surveying instruments1 directional compasses and clocks4 ,emery1 ,samuel 7#aghg-ahhb71 ,salem1 ,mass4 ,fairman1 ,gideon 7#aggd-ahbg71 ,newburyport1 ,mass42 also made mathematical instruments4 ,ford1 ,george1 ,i 7late #ahth century to #ahdj71 ,lancaster1 ,pa42 also made surveying instruments4 ,ford1 ,george1 ,,ii 7fl4 #ahdb71 ,lancaster1 ,pa42 also made surveying instruments4 ,godfrey1 ,thomas 7#agjd-agdi71 ,philadelphia4 ,gould1 ,john 7fl4 #agid71 ,philadelphia2 also made surveying and optical instruments4 ,greenough1 ,thomas 7#agaj-aghe71 ,boston2 also made mathematical and surveying instruments4 ,hagger1 ,william ,g4 7c4#agdd-ahcj871 ,newport1 ,r4,i4 ,ham1 ,james 7fl4 #aged-fd71 ,new ,york and ,philadelphia2 also made mathematical instruments4 ,ham1 ,james1 ,jr4 7fl4 #aghj71 ,philadelphia2 also made mathematical instruments4 ,hamlin1 ,william 7#aggb-ahfi71 ,providence1 ,r4,i42 also made mathematical instruments4 ,jayne1 ,john 7late #ahth century71 ,salem1 ,mass42 also made mathematical instruments4 ,king ,hagger 7#agei_/fj to early #agfj's71 ,newport1 ,r4,i42 also made mathematical instruments4 ,king1 ,benjamin 7#agjg-aghf71 ,newport1 ,r4,i42 also made mathematical instruments4 ,king1 ,benjamin 7#agdj-ahjd71 ,salem1 ,mass4 ,king1 ,daniel 7#agjd-agij71 ,salem1 ,mass42 also made mathematical instruments4 ,king1 ,samuel 7fl4 #aghf71 ,newport1 ,r4,i42 also made mathematical instruments4 ,lamb1 ,a41 ,son 7#aghj's71 ,new ,york2 also made mathematical instruments4 ,lamb1 ,anthony 7#agjc-aghd71 ,virginia1 ,philadelphia1 ,new ,york1 and ,hunter's ,key1 ,n4,y42 also made mathematical and surveying instruments4 ,lamb1 ,john 7#agce-ahjj71 ,new ,york2 also made surveying and mathematical instruments4 ,newell1 ,andrew 7#agdi-agih71 ,boston2 also made mathematical instruments4 ,pease1 ,paul 7fl4 #agej71 probably ,rhode ,island4 ,thaxter1 ,samuel 7#agfi-ahdb71 ,boston2 also made mathematical and surveying instruments4 ,warren1 ,benjamin 7fl4 #agdj-agij71 ,plymouth1 ,mass42 also made surveying instruments4 ,williams1 ,william 7#agcg_/ch-agib71 ,boston2 also made mathematical instruments4 ,,optical ,benson1 ,john 7fl4 #agic-agig74 ,clark1 ,robert 7fl4 #aghe71 ,charleston1 ,s4,c42 also made nautical and surveying instruments4 ,sommer1 ,widow ,balthaser 7fl4 #agec71 ,new ,york4 ,whitney1 ,john 7fl4 #ahja71 ,philadelphia2 also made mathematical instruments4 ,whitney1 ,thomas 7fl4 #agih-ahba71 ,philadelphia2 also made mathematical and surveying instruments4 ,,surgical ,bailey1 ,john 7fl4 #aggh71 ,fishkill1 ,n4,y42 also made surveying instruments4 ,fosbrook1 ,w4 7fl4 #aghf71 ,new ,york2 also made dental instruments4 ,youle1 ,james 7#agdj-aghf71 ,new ,york4 ,youle1 ,john 7fl4 #aghf71 ,new ,york4 ,,surveying ,bailey1 ,john 7fl4 #aggh71 ,fishkill1 ,n4,y42 also made surgical instruments4 ,bailey1 ,john1 ,,ii 7#ageb-ahbc71 ,hanover and ,lynn1 ,mass4 ,baldwin1 ,jedidiah 7c4 #aggg-ahbi71 ,salem1 ,boston1 and ,northampton1 ,mass41 and ,hanover1 ,n4,h4 ,biggs1 ,thomas 7fl4 #agib-agie71 ,new ,york and ,philadelphia4 ,blakeslee1 ,ziba 7#agfh-ahcd71 ,newtown1 ,conn4 ,bowles1 ,thomas ,s4 7c4 #agfe-ahba871 ,portsmouth1 ,n4,h4 ,breed1 ,aaron 7late #ahth to mid-#aith centuries71 ,boston4 ,burnap1 ,daniel 7#agei-ahch71 ,east ,windsor and ,coventry1 ,conn42 also made clocks4 ,chandlee1 ,benjamin1 ,jr4 7#agbc-agia71 ,nottingham1 ,md42 also made clocks4 ,chandlee ,bros4 7fl4 #agij-agia71 ,nottingham1 ,md42 also made clocks4 ,chandlee1 ,ellis 7#agee-ahaf71 ,nottingham1 ,md42 also made clocks4 ,chandlee1 ,ellis ,bros4 7fl4 #agia-agig71 ,nottingham1 ,md42 also made clocks4 ,chandlee1 ,goldsmith 7c4#agdf-ahba71 ,winchester1 ,va42 also made clocks and sundials4 ,chandlee1 ,isaac 7#agfj-ahac71 ,nottingham1 ,md42 also made clocks4 ,clark1 ,robert 7fl4 #aghe71 ,charleston1 ,s4,c42 also made nautical and optical instruments4 ,clough1 ,jere 7#ahth century71 ,boston4 ,crow1 ,george 7fl4 #aged-aggb71 ,wilmington1 ,del42 also made clocks4 ,davenport1 ,william 7fl4 #ahjj-ahbj71 ,philadelphia2 also made mathematical instruments4 ,dean1 ,william 78-#agig71 ,philadelphia2 also made nautical instruments4 ,doolittle1 ,enos 7#agea-ahjf71 ,hartford1 ,conn42 also made nautical instruments and clocks4 ,doolittle1 ,isaac1 ,jr4 7#agei-ahba71 ,new ,haven1 ,conn42 also made clocks4 ,dupee1 ,john 7after #agfa71 ,boston4 ,ellicott1 ,andrew 7#aged-ahbj71 ,baltimore2 also made astronomical instruments4 ,ford1 ,george1 ,i 7late #ahth century to #ahdj71 ,lancaster1 ,pa42 also made nautical instruments4 ,ford1 ,george1 ,,ii 7fl4 #ahdb71 ,lancaster1 ,pa42 also made nautical instruments4 ,gould1 ,john 7fl4 #agid71 ,philadelphia2 also made nautical and optical instruments4 ,greenough1 ,thomas 7#agaj-aghe71 ,boston1 also made nautical and mathematical instruments4 ,greenough1 ,william 7fl4 #aghe71 ,boston4 ,halsy1 ,james1 ,,ii 7#afie-agfg71 ,boston2 also made mathematical instruments4 ,halsy1 ,joseph 7fl4 #afig-agfb71 ,boston4 ,hagger1 ,benjamin ,k4 7c4 #agfi-ahcd71 ,boston and ,baltimore2 also made mathematical instruments4 ,hanks1 ,benjamin 7#agee-ahbd71 ,mansfield and ,litchfield1 ,conn4 ,hanks1 ,truman 7fl4 #ahjh71 ,mansfield and ,litchfield1 ,conn4 ,harland1 ,thomas 7#agce-ahjg71 ,norwich1 ,conn42 also made clocks4 ,heisely1 ,frederick ,a4 7#agei-ahci71 ,frederick1 ,md41 and ,lancaster1 ,harrisburg1 and ,pittsburgh1 ,pa42 also made clocks and mathematical instruments4 ,heisely1 ,george 7#aghi-ahhj71 ,harrisburg1 ,pa42 also made clocks and mathematical instruments4 ,holcomb1 ,amasa 7#aghe-ahge71 ,southwick1 ,mass42 also made astronomical instruments4 ,houghton1 ,rowland 7c4 #afgh-agdd71 ,boston4 ,huntington1 ,gurdon 7#agfc-ahjd71 ,windham1 ,conn41 and ,walpole1 ,n4,h42 also made clocks and other scientific instruments4 ,jacks1 ,james 7fl4 #aghj's71 ,charleston1 ,s4,c42 also made mathematical instruments4 ,kennard1 ,john 7#aghb-ahfa71 ,newmarket1 ,n4,h42 also made clocks4 ,lamb1 ,a41 ,son 7#aghj's71 ,new ,york2 also made mathematical and nautical instruments4 ,lamb1 ,anthony 7#agjc-aghd71 ,new ,york2 also made mathematical and nautical instruments4 ,lamb1 ,john 7#agce-ahjj71 ,new ,york2 also made mathematical and nautical instruments4 ,miller1 ,aaron 7fl4 #agdh-agga71 ,elizabeth1 ,n4,j42 also made clocks and directional compasses4 ,newell1 ,andrew 7#agdi-agih71 ,boston2 also made mathematical instruments and directional compasses4 ,platt1 ,augustus 7#ahji-ahhf71 ,columbus1 ,ohio2 also made mathematical and surveying instruments4 ,platt1 ,benjamin 7#ageg-ahcc71 ,danbury1 ,litchfield1 and ,new ,milford1 ,conn42 ,lanesboro1 ,mass42 and ,columbus1 ,ohio2 also made directional compasses and clocks4 ,potter1 ,john 7fl4 #aghe71 ,brookfield1 ,mass4 ,rittenhouse1 ,benjamin 7#agdj-;c4 #ahbj71 ,philadelphia2 also made astronomical instruments4 ,rittenhouse1 ,david 7#agcb-agif71 ,philadelphia2 also made astronomical instruments4 ,rittenhouse ,evans 7fl4 #aggj's71 ,philadelphia4 ,stiles ,baldwin 7fl4 #agia71 ,northampton1 ,mass4 ,stiles ,storrs 7fl4 #agib71 ,northampton1 ,mass4 ,thacher1 ,charles1 probably ,boston4 ,thaxter1 ,samuel 7#agfi-ahdb71 ,boston2 also made nautical and mathematical instruments4 ,wall1 ,george ,jr4 7fl4 #aghh71 ,bucks ,county1 ,pa4 ,warren1 ,benjamin 7fl4 #agdj-agij71 ,plymouth1 ,mass42 also made nautical instruments4 ,white1 ,peregrine 7#agdg-ahcd71 ,woodstock1 ,conn42 also made clocks4 ,whitney1 ,thomas 7fl4 #agih-ahba71 ,philadelphia2 also made mathematical and optical instruments4 ,williams1 ,william 7#agcg_/ch-agib71 ,boston2 also made nautical instruments4 ,bibliography of ,published ,sources ,,adams1 ,,george4 ,mathematical and geographical essays4 ,london1 #agia4 ,,abbott1 ,,katherine ,m4 ,old paths and legends of ,new ,england4 ,new ,york3 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons1 #aiji4 ,,babb1 ,,maurice ,j4 ,david ,rittenhouse4 ,the ,pennsylvania ,magazine of ,history and ,biography 7,july #aicb71 vol4 #ef1 no4 #bbc1 pp4 #aic-bbd4 ,,barton1 ,,william4 ,memoirs of the life of ,david ,rittenhouse1 ,l4,l4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,philadelphia1 #ahac4 ,,bedini1 ,,silvio ,a4 ,a compass card by ,paul ,revere 7874 ,yale ,library ,gazette 7,july #aifb71 vol4 #cg1 no4 #a1 pp4 #cf-ch4 ,,bedini1 ,,silvio ,a4 ,ridgefield in review4 ,new ,haven3 ,walker-,rackliffe ,co41 #aieh4 ,,bentley1 ,,william4 ,the diary of ,william ,bentley1 ,d4,d4 ,salem1 ,mass41 #aije4 ,,bion1 ,,nicolas4 ,traite de la construction et des principaux usages des instruments de mathematiques4 ,paris1 #agji4 ,transl4 ,edmund ,stone1 ,london1 #agbd4 ,,branch1 ,w4 ,j4 ,v41 and ,,brook-,,williams1 ,capt4 ,e4 ,a short history of navigation4 ,annapolis1 ,md43 ,weems ,system of ,navigation1 #aidb4 ,,brewster1 ,,charles ,w4 ,rambles about ,portsmouth4 ,ser4 #a4 ,portsmouth1 ,n4,h43 ,l4 ,w4 ,brewster1 #ahei4 ----4 ,rambles about ,portsmouth4 ,ser4 #b4 ,portsmouth1 ,n4,h43 ,l4 ,w4 ,brewster1 #ahfi4 ,,bridenbaugh1 ,,carl4 ,the colonial craftsman4 ,new ,york3 ,n4,y4 ,university ,press1 #aiej4 ---- and ,,bridenbaugh1 ,j4 ,rebels and gentlemen3 ,philadelphia in the age of ,franklin4 ,new ,york3 ,reynals and ,hitchcock1 #aidb4 ,,brigham1 ,,clarence ,s4 ,paul ,revere's engravings4 ,worcester1 ,mass43 ,american ,antiquarian ,society1 #aied4 ,,cajori1 ,f4 ,the teaching and history of mathematics in the ,united ,states4 7,bureau of ,education ,circular of ,information #c47 ,washington3 ,bureau of ,education1 #ahij4 ----4 ,the early mathematical sciences in ,north and ,south ,america4 ,boston3 ,badger1 #aibh4 ,,chandlee1 ,,edward ,e4 ,six ,quaker clockmakers4 ,philadelphia3 ,pennsylvania ,historical ,society1 #aidc4 ,,chapin1 ,,howard ,m4 ,davis quadrants4 ,antiques 7,november #aibg71 vol4 #ab14 no4 #e1 pp4 #cig-cii4 ,,conrad1 ,,henry ,c4 ,old ,delaware clockmakers4 ,the ,historical and ,biographical ,papers of the ,historical ,society of ,delaware 7#ahig71 vol4 #c1 chapt4 #bj4 ,,cohen1 ,i4 ,,bernard4 ,some early tools of ,american science4 ,cambridge3 ,harvard ,university ,press1 #aiej4 ,,davis1 ,h4 ,s4 ,david ,rittenhouse4 ,popular ,astronomy 7,july #ahif71 vol4 #d1 no4 #a1 pp4 #a-ab4 ,,davis1 ,,william ,t4 ,ancient landmarks of ,plymouth4 ,boston3 ,a4 ,williams ,co41 #ahhc4 ,,day1 ,j4 ,principles of navigation and surveying4 ,new ,haven1 ,conn41 #ahag4 ,,dow1 ,,george ,,francis4 ,the arts and crafts in ,new ,england #agjd-agge4 ,topsfield1 ,mass43 ,the ,wayside ,press1 #aibg4 ,,dyer1 ,,walter ,a4 ,early ,american craftsmen4 ,new ,york3 ,century ,co41 #aiae4 ,,eckhardt1 ,,george ,h4 ,pennsylvania clocks and clockmakers4 ,new ,york3 ,devin-,adair ,co41 #aiee4 ,,ellicott1 ,,andrew4 ,the journal of ,andrew ,ellicott1 late ,commissioner on behalf of the ,united ,states during part of the year #agif1 the years #agig1 #agih1 #agii1 and part of the year #ahjj for determining the boundary between the ,united ,states and the possessions of his ,catholic ,majesty in ,america4 ,philadelphia3 ,budd and ,barton1 #ahjc4 ,,evans1 ,,george4 ,illustrated history of the ,united ,states mint4 ,philadelphia3 ,evans1 #ahij4 ,,felt1 ,,joseph ,b4 ,annals of ,salem4 ,salem1 ,mass41 #ahbg4 ,,fitts1 ,,rev4 ,james ,hill4 ,history of ,newfields1 ,new ,hampshire1 #afch-aiaa4 ,concord3 ,rumford ,press1 #aiab4 ,,flint1 ,,abel4 ,system of geometry and trigonometry1 together with a treatise of surveying4 ,hartford3 ,olive ,d4 ,cook1 #ahjd4 ,,forbes1 ,,esther4 ,paul ,revere and the world he lived in4 ,boston3 ,houghton1 ,mifflin ,co41 #aidb4 ,,frederick ,a4 ,heisely1 watch and clockmaker and his recorded years1 #agei-ahci4 ,timepieces ,quarterly 7,november #aidh71 vol4 #a1 no4 #a1 p4 #cc4 ,,gardner1 ,,will1 ,the clock that talks and what it tells4 ,nantucket3 ,nantucket ,whaling ,museum1 #aied4 ,,gillingham1 ,,harrold ,e4 ,some early ,philadelphia instrument makers4 ,the ,pennsylvania ,magazine of ,history and ,biography 7#aibg71 vol4 #ea1 no4 #c1 pp4 #bhi-cjh4 ----4 ,the first orreries in ,america4 ,journal of the ,franklin ,institute 7#aidj71 vol4 #bbi1 pp4 #ha-ii4 ,,gottesman1 ,,rita1 ,the arts and crafts in ,new ,york1 #agbf-aggf4 ,new ,york3 ,n4 ,y4 ,historical ,society1 #aich4 ----4 ,the arts and crafts in ,new ,york1 #aggg-agii4 ,new ,york3 ,n4 ,y4 ,historical ,society1 #aied4 ,,greenwood1 ,,isaac ,j4 ,the ,greenwood family4 ,privately printed1 #aicd4 ,,hamilton1 ,,alexander4 ,official reports on publick credit1 a national bank1 manufactures and a mint4 ,philadelphia3 ,wm4 ,mc,kean1 #ahba4 ,,hindle1 ,,brooke4 ,the pursuit of science in revolutionary ,america #agce-aghi4 ,chapel ,hill3 ,university of ,north ,carolina ,press1 #aief4 ,history of ,hingham1 ,mass4 ,hingham1 #ahic4 ,,hocker1 ,,edward ,w4 ,a doctor of colonial ,germantown1 ,christopher ,witt1 physician1 mystic and seeker after the truth4 ,germantown1 ,pa43 ,germantown ,historical ,society1 #aidh4 ,,hoopes1 ,,penrose ,r4 ,connecticut clockmakers of the eighteenth century4 ,new ,york3 ,dodd ,mead ,co41 #aicj4 ----4 ,early clockmaking in ,connecticut4 ,new ,haven3 ,yale ,university ,press1 #aicd4 ----4 ,shop records of ,daniel ,burnap1 clockmaker4 ,hartford1 ,conn43 ,connecticut ,historical ,society1 #aieh4 ,,hunter1 ,,frederick ,w4 ,stiegel glass4 ,boston3 ,houghton ,mifflin ,co41 #aiad4 ,huntington1 ,memoirs of the ,huntington ,family ,association1 ,hartford1 ,conn43 privately printed1 #aiae4 ,,jaffe1 ,,bernard4 ,men of science in ,america4 ,new ,york3 ,simon ,schuster1 #aidd4 ,,james1 ,,arthur ,e4 ,chester ,county clocks and their makers4 ,west ,chester1 ,pa41 #aidg4 ,,karpinski1 ,l4 ,c4 ,bibliography of mathematical works printed in ,america through #ahej4 ,ann ,arbor1 ,mich43 ,university of ,michigan ,press1 #aidj4 ,,kiely1 ,,edmond ,r4 ,surveying instruments1 their history and classroom use4 ,new ,york3 ,teachers ,college1 ,columbia ,university1 #aidg4 ,,kimball1 ,,leroy ,e4 ,james ,wilson of ,vermont1 ,america's first globe maker4 ,proceedings of the ,american ,antiquarian ,society 7,april #aich71 new ser41 vol4 #dh1 no4 #a1 pp4 #bi-dh4 ,,king1 ,,rufus4 ,pedigree of ,king of ,lynn4 ,salem1 ,mass41 #ahia4 ,,kingman1 ,e4 ,d4 ,roger ,sherman1 colonial surveyor4 ,civil ,engineering 7,august #aidj71 vol4 #aj1 no4 #h1 pp4 #ead-eae4 ,,lane1 ,,gladys ,r4 ,rhode ,island's earliest engraver4 ,antiques 7,march #aibe71 vol4 #g1 no4 #c1 pp4 #acc-acg4 ,,latrobe1 ,,john ,h4 ,b4 ,memoir of ,benjamin ,banneker4 ,maryland ,colonization ,journal 7,may #ahde74 ,,leake1 ,,isaac ,q4 ,memoir of the life and times of ,general ,john ,lamb4 ,albany3 ,munsell1 #ahej4 ,,lephillips1 ,,philip4 ,the ,negro1 ,benjamin ,benneker4 ,records of the ,columbia ,historical ,society 7#aiaf71 vol4 #bj1 pp4 #aad-abj4 ,,leybourn1 ,,william4 ,the compleat surveyor4 ,london1 #afec4 ,,love1 ,,john4 ,geodasia1 or the art of surveying4 ,london1 #afhh4 ,,lownes1 ,a4 ,e4 ,the #agfi transit of ,venus and its relation to early ,american astronomy4 ,sky and ,telescope 7#aidc71 vol4 #b4 ,,magee1 ,d4 ,f4 ,grandfather's clocks3 ,their making and their makers in ,lancaster ,county4 ,paper read before the ,lancaster 7,pa47 ,historical ,society1 #aiag4 ,,mathews1 ,,catherine ,,van ,,cortlandt4 ,andrew ,ellicott1 his life and letters4 ,new ,york3 ,grafton ,press1 #aijh4 ,,mccabe1 ,,william4 ,benjamin ,platt of ,new ,fairfield1 ,connecticut4 ,timepieces ,quarterly 7,november #aidh71 vol4 #a1 no4 #a1 pp4 #bf-bi4 ,,milham1 ,,willis ,i4 ,early ,american observatories4 ,popular ,astronomy 7,november and ,december #aicg71 vol4 #ad1 nos4 #i and #aj4 ----4 ,the history of astronomy in ,williams ,college and the founding of ,hopkins ,observatory4 ,williamstown1 ,mass43 ,williams ,college1 #aicg4 ----4 ,early ,american observatories3 ,which was the first astronomical observatory in ,america8 ,williamstown1 ,mass43 ,williams ,college1 #aich4 ,,mitchell1 ,,edwin ,,valentine4 ,the romance of ,new ,england antiques4 ,new ,york1 ,a4 ,a4 ,wyn1 #aiej4 ,,moore1 ,s4 ,an accurate system of surveying4 ,litchfield1 ,conn43 ,t4 ,collier1 #agif4 ,,multhauf1 ,,robert ,p4 ,early instruments in the history of surveying3 ,their use and invention4 ,surveying and ,mapping 7,october-,december1 #aieh71 pp4 #cii-dae4 ----4 ed4 ,holcomb1 ,fitz and ,peate1 three #aith-century ,american telescope makers4 ,paper #bf in ,contributions from the ,museum of ,history and ,technology ,papers #ai-cj 7,u4,s4 ,national ,museum ,bulletin #bbh71 ,washington3 ,smithsonian ,institution1 #aifb4 ,,palmer1 ,,brooks4 ,the book of ,american clocks4 ,new ,york3 ,macmillan ,co41 #aiej4 ,,phillips1 ,,john ,m4 ,an unrecorded engraving by ,nathaniel ,hurd4 ,bulletin of the ,associates in ,fine ,arts at ,yale ,university 7,june #aicf71 vol4 #g1 no4 #b1 pp4 #bf-bg4 ,,price1 ,,derek ,j4 ,,de ,,solla4 ,science since ,babylon4 ,new ,haven3 ,yale ,university ,press1 #aifa4 ,,prime1 ,,alfred ,,coxe4 ,the arts and crafts of ,philadelphia1 ,maryland and ,south ,carolina1 #agba-aghe4 ,ser4 #a4 ,topsfield1 ,mass43 ,walpole ,society1 #aibi4 ----4 ,the arts and crafts of ,philadelphia1 ,maryland and ,south ,carolina1 #aghf-ahjj4 ,ser4 #b4 ,topsfield1 ,mass43 ,walpole ,society1 #aibi4 ,,rathborne1 ,,aaron4 ,the surveyor2 in four bookes4 ,london3 ,w4 ,standsby1 #afaf4 ,,rayner1 ,w4 ,h4 ,from ,columbus' compass to the first transit4 ,civil ,engineering 7#aici71 vol4 #i1 no4 #aa1 pp4 #ffa-ffd4 ,report of the ,committee on the ,rooms4 ,proceedings of the ,bostonian ,society 7#aiag71 vol4 #dj1 no4 #a1 pp4 #ad-af4 ,,savage1 ,,james4 ,a genealogical dictionary of the first settlers of ,new ,england4 #b vols4 ,boston1 #ahfj4 ,,schoen1 ,h4 ,h4 ,the making of maps and charts4 ,in ,ninth ,yearbook of the ,council for ,social ,studies4 ,cambridge3 ,harvard ,university ,press1 #aich4 ,,seybold1 ,r4 ,f4 ,the evening school in colonial ,america4 ,university of ,illinois ,bureau of ,educational ,research1 ,bulletin #ca4 #aibe4 ,,steele1 ,a4 ,p4 ,the history of ,clark ,county1 ,ohio4 ,chicago3 ,w4 ,h4 ,beers ,co41 #ahha4 ,,stevenson1 ,d4 ,,alan4 ,the world's lighthouses before #ahbj4 ,london3 ,oxford ,university ,press1 #aiei4 ,,stretch1 ,,carolyn ,,wood4 ,early colonial clockmakers in ,philadelphia4 ,pennsylvania ,magazine of ,history and ,biography 7,july #aicb71 vol4 #ef1 no4 #bbc1 p4 #fff4 ,,struik1 ,,dirk ,j4 ,yankee science in the making4 ,boston3 ,little ,brown ,co41 #aidh4 ,,taylor1 ,e4 ,g4 ,r4 ,the mathematical practitioners of ,tudor and ,stuart ,england4 ,cambridge ,university ,press1 #aied4 ,,thompson1 ,,sylvanus4 ,the rose of the winds4 ,proceedings of the ,british ,academy1 #aiac-ad1 #ajth ,annual ,conference1 pp4 #agi-baa4 ,,upham1 ,c4 ,w4 ,memoir of the ,reverend ,john ,prince4 ,american ,journal of ,science 7#ahcg71 vol4 #ca1 pp4 #bja-bbb4 ,,whittlesey1 ,c4 ,origin of the ,american system of land surveys4 ,journal of the ,association of ,engineering ,societies 7,july #ahhc71 vol4 #c4 ,,wienberger1 ,,bernard ,w4 ,introduction to the history of dentistry4 ,st4 ,louis3 ,mosby ,co41 #aidh4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,,derek ,j4 ,,de ,,solla ,,price1 ,science ,since ,babylon 7,new ,haven3 ,yale ,university ,press1 #aifa71 pp4 #fb-fd4 #b ,,james ,,savage1 ,a ,genealogical ,dictionary of the ,first ,settlers of ,new ,england 7,boston1 #ahfj71 vol4 #b1 p4 #cda4 #c ,the ,chronicle 7,early ,american ,industries ,association71 ,march #aicf1 vol4 #a1 no4 #af1 p4 #h2 and personal correspondence with ,mr4 ,william ,l4 ,warren1 ,connecticut ,historical ,society4 #d ,r4 ,f4 ,,seybold1 ,the ,evening ,school in ,colonial ,america1 ,bureau of ,educational ,research1 ,bulletin #ca 7,university of ,illinois1 #aibe71 p4 #bh4 #e ,h4 ,h4 ,,schoen1 ,the ,making of ,maps and ,charts1 ,ninth ,yearbook of the ,council for the ,social ,studies 7,cambridge1 #aich71 p4 #hc2 also ,,edmond ,r4 ,,kiely1 ,surveying ,instruments3 ,their ,history and ,classroom ,use 7,new ,york3 ,teachers ,college1 ,columbia ,university1 #aidg71 pp4 #bci-bej4 #f ,,brooke ,,hindle1 ,the ,pursuit of ,science in ,revolutionary ,america #agce-aghi 7,chapel ,hill1 ,n4,c43 ,university of ,north ,carolina ,press1 #aief71 pp4 #ccg-cch4 #g ,,leroy ,e4 ,,kimball1 ,james ,wilson of ,vermont1 ,america's ,first ,globe ,maker1 ,proceedings of the ,american ,antiquarian ,society 7,april #aich71 p4 #ca4 #h ,,hindle1 op4 cit4 7footnote #f74 #i ,,george ,h4 ,,eckhardt1 ,pennsylvania ,clocks and ,clockmakers 7,new ,york3 ,devin-,adair ,co41 #aiee71 p4 #aij4 #aj ,,catherine ,,van ,c4 ,,mathews1 ,andrew ,ellicott1 ,his ,life and ,letters 7,new ,york1 #aijh74 #aa ,,john ,h4 ,b4 ,,latrobe1 ,memoir of ,benjamin ,banneker1 ,maryland ,colonization ,journal 7,baltimore1 ,may #ahde72 ,,philip ,,lephillips1 ,the ,negro1 ,benjamin ,benneker1 ,records of the ,columbia ,historical ,society 7#aiaf71 vol4 #bj4 #ab ,,arthur ,e4 ,,james1 ,chester ,county ,clocks and ,their ,makers 7,west ,chester1 ,pa43 ,chester ,historical ,society1 #aidg71 pp4 #bi-ci2 ,transactions of the ,american ,philosophical ,society1 ser4 ,i1 vol4 #a1 pp4 #he-ig4 #ac ,,dirk ,j4 ,,struik1 ,yankee ,science in the ,making 7,boston3 ,little ,brown ,co41 #aidh71 pp4 #dg1 #gj-ga4 #ad ,,robert ,p4 ,,multhauf1 ed41 ,holcomb1 ,fitz1 and ,peate2 ,three #aith ,century ,american ,telescope ,makers 7paper #bf in ,contributions from the ,museum of ,history and ,technology1 ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum ,bulletin #bbh1 ,washington1 #aifb71 p4 #afb4 #ae ,new ,york ,gazette1 ,revived in the ,weekly ,post-,boy1 ,january #bc1 #agdi4 #af ,,carl ,,bridenbaugh1 ,the ,colonial ,craftsman 7,new ,york3 ,new ,york ,university ,press1 #aiej71 pp4 #afj-afa2 ,,isaac ,q4 ,,leake1 ,memoir of the ,life and ,times of ,general ,john ,lamb 7,albany3 ,munsell1 #ahej72 ,,silvio ,a4 ,,bedini1 ,ridgefield in ,review 7,new ,haven3 ,walker-,rackliffe1 #aieh71 pp4 #ga1 #hd4 #ag ,,alfred ,,coxe ,,prime1 ,the ,arts and ,crafts of ,philadelphia1 ,maryland and ,south ,carolina1 #aghf-ahjj 7,the ,walpole ,society1 #aibi71 p4 #bcj4 #ah ,,penrose ,r4 ,,hoopes1 ,connecticut ,clockmakers of the ,eighteenth ,century 7,new ,york3 ,dodd ,mead ,co41 #aicj71 p4 #hf2 ,the ,norwich ,courier1 ,february #aj1 #ahjb4 #ai ,,harrold ,e4 ,,gillingham1 ,some ,early ,philadelphia ,instrument ,makers1 ,the ,pennsylvania ,magazine of ,history and ,biography 7#aibg71 vol4 #ea1 no4 #c1 p4 #cjc-cje4 #bj ,ibid41 p4 #cjd4 #ba ,charleston ,evening ,gazette1 ,july #bd1 #aghe2 ,,prime1 op4 cit4 7footnote #ag71 p4 #bcd4 #bb ,,rita ,s4 ,,gottesman1 ,the ,arts and ,crafts in ,new ,york1 #aggg-agii 7,new ,york3 ,new ,york ,historical ,society1 #aied71 pp4 #bbj-bba4 #bc ,the ,pennsylvania ,evening ,herald1 ,march #ag1 #aghg4 #bd ,,gottesman1 op cit4 7footnote #bb71 pp4 #caa-cab4 #be ,the ,diary1 or ,evening ,register1 ,november #c1 #agid4 #bf ,,gillingham1 op4 cit4 7footnote #bf71 p4 #cjf4 #bg ,,edwin ,,valentine ,,mitchell1 ,the ,romance of ,new ,england ,antiques 7,new ,york3 ,a4 ,a4 ,wyn1 #aiej71 pp4 #beg-afj2 ,,kimball op4 cit4 7footnote #g74 #bh ,,william ,,bentley1 ,diary of ,william ,bentley1 ,d4 ,d4 7,salem1 ,mass43 #aije71 vol4 #a1 p4 #ahb1 vol4 #b1 p4 #dad4 #bi ,ibid41 vol4 #c1 p4 #acj4 #cj ,boston ,gazette1 ,june #ah1 #agde4 #ca ,ibid41 ,november #ab1 #agde4 #cb ,,clarence ,s4 ,,brigham1 ,paul ,revere's ,engravings 7,worcester1 ,mass43 ,american ,antiquarian ,society1 #aied71 p4 #aah2 ,,bernard ,w4 ,,wienberger1 ,introduction to the ,history of ,dentistry 7,st4 ,louis1 ,mosby ,co41 #aidh71 #b vols41 vol4 #b1 pp4 #aai-acd2 ,,isaac ,j4 ,,greenwood1 ,the ,greenwood ,family1 #aicd1 pp4 #fh-gh4 #cc ,boston ,gazette1 ,november #f-ac and ,november #bj-bg1 #agch1 ,march #bf-;,april #b and ,april #b-i1 #agci4 #cd ,,brooks ,,palmer1 ,the ,book of ,american ,clocks 7,new ,york3 ,macmillan ,co41 #aiej71 pp4 #ada-adb4 #ce ,massachusetts ,magazine 7#aghi71 vol4 #a1 pp4 #cf1 #cg2 ,boston ,gazette1 ,january #ab1 #aghi2 ,i4 ,,bernard ,,cohen1 ,some ,early ,tools of ,american ,science1 7,cambridge3 ,harvard ,university ,press1 #aiej71 pp4 #fdfe1 #aeg2 ,,harrold ,e4 ,,gillingham1 ,the ,first ,orreries ,in ,america1 ,journal of the ,franklin ,institute 7#aidj71 vol4 #bbi1 pp4 #ib-ig4 #cf ,,will ,,gardner1 ,the ,clock that ,talks and ,what ,it ,tells 7,nantucket ,whaling ,museum1 #aied71 pp4 #cd-dj1 #ig1 #ajf4 #cg ,,palmer1 op4 cit4 7footnote #cd71 p4 #aij4 #ch ,,joseph ,b4 ,,felt1 ,annals of ,salem 7,salem1 ,mass43 ,ives1 #ahbg71 vol4 #b1 p4 #agc4 #ci ,,howard ,m4 ,,chapin1 ,davis ,quadrants1 ,antiques 7,november #aibg71 vol4 #ab1 no4 #e1 pp4 #cig-cii2 also ,,rufus ,,king1 ,pedigree of ,king of ,lynn 7,salem1 ,mass41 #ahia74 #dj ,,chapin1 op4 cit4 7footnote #ci71 pp4 #cih-cii4 #da ,,gladys ,r4 ,,lane1 ,rhode ,island's ,earliest ,engraver1 ,antiques 7,march #aibe71 pp4 #acc-acg4 #db ,,chapin1 op4 cit4 7footnote #ci71 p4 #cii4 #dc ,,hoopes1 op4 cit4 7footnote #ah71 pp4 #gj-gb4 #dd ,the ,connecticut ,journal1 ,june #g1 #agha4 #de ,ibid41 ,may #bb1 #agii4 #df ,the ,connecticut ,courant1 ,december #ae1 #aggb1 and ,october #bb1 #aghg2 ,,hoopes1 op4 cit4 7footnote #ah71 pp4 #ff-gj4 #dg ,,hoopes1 op4 cit4 7footnote #ah71 p4 #abb4 #dh ,ibid41 pp4 #gi-hc4 #di ,,palmer1 op4 cit4 7footnote #cd71 p4 #aei4 #ej ,,penrose ,r4 ,,hoopes1 ,early ,clockmaking in ,connecticut 7,new ,haven3 ,yale ,university ,press1 #aicd71 pp4 #h-i4 #ea ,,william ,,mccabe1 ,benjamin ,platt of ,new ,fairfield1 ,connecticut1 ,timepieces ,quarterly 7,november #aidh71 vol4 #a1 no4 #a1 pp4 #bf-bh4 #eb ,ibid4 #ec ,new ,york ,packet1 ,may #ad1 #aggh4 #ed ,,gottesman1 op4 cit4 7footnote #bb71 p4 #bgj4 #ee ,new ,york ,packet1 ,february #c1 #aghe1 and ,february #bg1 #aghf1 and ,new ,york ,daily ,advertiser1 ,february #h1 #aghg4 #ef ,the ,new ,york ,gazette ,revived in ,the ,weekly ,post-,boy1 ,january #d1 #agdh4 #eg ,,bridenbaugh op4 cit4 7footnote #af71 p4 #fc2 ,,frederick ,w4 ,,hunter1 ,stiegel ,glass 7,boston3 ,houghton ,mifflin1 #aiad71 pp4 #aeg-afa4 #eh ,,henry ,c4 ,,conrad1 ,old ,delaware ,clockmakers1 ,the ,historical and ,biographical ,papers of the ,historical ,society of ,delaware 7#ahig71 vol4 #c1 chap4 #bj1 pp4 #d-cd4 #ei ,,edward ,e4 ,,chandlee1 ,six ,quaker ,clockmakers 7,philadelphia3 ,historical ,society of ,pennsylvania1 #aidc71 pp4 #gj1 #aic1 #bab1 #bbj-bbc4 #fj ,frederick ,a4 ,heisely1 ,watch and ,clockmaker and ,his ,recorded ,years1 #agei-ahci1 ,timepieces ,quarterly 7,november #aidh71 vol4 #a1 no4 #a1 p4 #cc4 #fa ,,hindle1 op4 cit4 7footnote #f71 pp4 #bb1 #fh4 #fb ,,gillingham1 op4 cit4 7footnote #ai71 pp4 #bic-bid4 #fc ,ibid41 p4 #cjc2 ,royal ,pennsylvania ,gazette1 ,april #ai1 #aggh4 #fd ,,gillingham1 op4 cit4 7footnote #ai71 p4 #cjb4 #fe ,ibid41 pp4 #cje-cjf4 #ff ,,eckhardt1 op4 cit4 7footnote #i71 p4 #aie2 ,,george ,,evans1 ,illustrated ,history of the ,united ,states ,mint 7,philadelphia3 ,evans1 #ahij71 p4 #aad4 #fg ,,carolyn ,,wood ,,stretch1 ,early ,colonial ,clockmakers in ,philadelphia1 ,pennsylvania ,magazine 7,july #aicb71 vol4 #ef1 pp4 #bbe1 #bce2 ,,eckhardt1 op4 cit4 7footnote #i71 pp4 #ah1 #bd1 #aih4 #fh ,d4 ,f4 ,,magee1 ,grandfather's ,clocks3 ,their ,making and ,their ,makers in ,lancaster ,county1 ,papers read before the ,lancaster 7,pa47 ,historical ,society1 #aiag1 pp4 #fc-gg4 #fi ,,prime1 op4 cit4 7footnote #ag71 p4 #bfj4 #gj ,,palmer1 op4 cit4 7footnote #cd71 p4 #bjj4 #ga ,,alexander ,,hamilton1 ,official ,reports on ,publick ,credit1 ,a ,national ,bank1 ,manufactures and a ,mint 7,philadelphia3 ,wm4 ,mc,kean1 #ahba71 pp4 #bjh-bji4 #gb ,,rita ,,gottesman1 ,the ,arts and ,crafts in ,new ,york1 #agbf-aggf 7,new ,york3 ,new ,york ,historical ,society1 #aich71 p4 #cjg4 #gc ,,gillingham1 op4 cit4 7footnote #ce71 p4 #bie4 #gd ,,hoopes1 op4 cit4 7footnote #ej71 p4 #c2 and ,,hoopes1 op4 cit4 7footnote #bd71 pp4 #aja-ajc4 #ge ,,hoopes1 op4 cit4 7footnote #ai71 pp4 #ajf-ajg4 #gf ,e4 ,g4 ,r4 ,,taylor1 ,the ,mathematical ,practitioners of ,tudor and ,stuart ,england 7,cambridge3 ,cambridge ,university ,press1 #aied71 pp4 #ahe-bib4 #gg ,,john ,,pierpont1 ,whittling1 ,a ,yankee ,portrait4 #gh ,,abel ,,flint1 ,system of ,geometry and ,trigonometry together with a ,treatise of ,surveying 7,hartford3 ,olive ,d4 ,cooke1 #ahjd71 p4 #hf4 #gi ,report of the ,committee on the ,rooms1 ,proceedings of the ,bostonian ,society 7#aiag71 no4 #a1 p4 #af4 #hj ,,savage1 op4 cit4 7footnote #b71 vol4 #b1 p4 #cda4 #ha ,james ,halsy1 in ,thwing ,catalogue1 ,massachusetts ,historical ,society4 #hb ,,savage1 op4 cit4 7footnote #b71 vol4 #b1 p4 #cda4 #hc ,ibid4 #hd ,joseph ,halsy1 in ,thwing ,catalogue1 ,massachusetts ,historical ,society4 #he ,boston ,gazette1 ,september #ah-be1 ,october #b-i1 and ,october #af-bc1 #agch4 #hf ,description courtesy of ,mr4 ,philip ,n4 ,guyol1 director1 ,new ,hampshire ,historical ,society4 #hg ,,savage1 op4 cit4 7footnote #b71 vol4 #b1 p4 #cda2 ,joseph ,halsy1 in ,thwing ,catalogue1 and ,cotton ,mather in ,record of ,marriages1 ,massachusetts ,historical ,society4 #hh ,land deeds listed in ,thwing ,catalogue1 ,massachusetts ,historical ,society4 #hi ,massachusetts ,historical ,society1 ,inventory ,l4#dej1 ,s4,p4,r4 #ib4eje4 #ij ,description courtesy of ,mr4 ,m4 ,v4 ,brewington1 ,peabody ,museum1 ,salem1 ,mass4 #ia ,called the r r ,co41 which has not been further identified but is believed to have been one of the many militia companies that were formed in ,boston during this period4 #ib ,thomas ,greenough1 in ,thwing ,catalogue1 ,massachusetts ,historical ,society4 #ic ,m4,s4 identified as ,folio #die1 ,massachusetts ,historical ,society4 #id ,the ,chronicle 7,early ,american ,industries ,association71 ,december #aici1 vol4 #b1 no4 #ab1 p4 #if4 #ie ,ibid4 #if ,description courtesy of ,dr4 ,thomas ,greenough1 ,cooperstown1 ,n4 ,y4 #ig ,,robert ,p4 ,,multhauf1 ,early ,instruments in the ,history of ,surveying3 ,their ,use and ,invention1 ,surveying and ,mapping 7,october-,december #aieh71 pp4 #dja1 #djc4 #ih ,report of the ,committee on the ,rooms1 ,proceedings of the ,bostonian ,society 7#aiag71 no4 #a1 p4 #ad4 #ii ,ibid41 p4 #ae4 #ajj ,,felt1 op4 cit4 7footnote #ch71 p4 #agc4 #aja ,william ,williams1 in ,thwing ,catalogue1 ,massachusetts ,historical ,society4 #ajb ,land record data from ,thwing ,catalogue1 ,massachusetts ,historical ,society4 #ajc ,report of the ,committee on the ,rooms1 ,proceedings of the ,bostonian ,society 7#aiag71 no4 #a1 p4 #af4 #ajd ,,brigham1 op4 cit4 7footnote #cb71 p4 #aba4 #aje ,history of ,hingham ,massachusetts1 ,hingham n4 d41 vol4 #c1 p4 #bcf4 #ajf ,,katherine ,m4 ,,abbott1 ,old ,paths and ,legends of ,new ,england 7,new ,york3 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons1 #aiji71 pp4 #cda-cdb4 #ajg ,proceedings of the ,bostonian ,society loc4 cit4 7footnote #ajc74 #ajh ,photograph and records in the collection of the ,bostonian ,society4 #aji ,land records1 ,massachusetts ,historical ,society4 #aaj ,,george ,,francis ,,dow1 ,the ,arts and ,crafts in ,new ,england #agjd-agge 7,topsfield1 ,mass43 ,the ,wayside ,press1 #aibg71 p4 #bef4 #aaa ,,john ,m4 ,,phillips1 ,an ,unrecorded ,engraving by ,nathaniel ,hurd1 ,bulletin of the ,associates in ,fine ,arts at ,yale ,university 7,june #aicf71 vol4 #g1 no4 #b1 pp4 #bf-bg4 #aab ,land records on ,benjamin ,king ,hagger listed in ,thwing ,catalogue1 ,massachusetts ,historical ,society4 #aac ,marriage ,document no4 #aja1 ,report of the ,record ,commissioners of ,boston1 p4 #bih4 #aad ,the ,baltimore ,american and ,commercial ,advertiser1 ,november #i1 #ahcd4 #aae ,,silvio ,a4 ,,bedini1 ,a ,compass ,card by ,paul ,revere 7871 ,yale ,library ,gazette 7,july #aifb71 no4 #b4 pp4 #cf-ch2 ,,william ,t4 ,,davis1 ,ancient ,landmarks of ,plymouth 7,boston3 ,a4 ,williams ,co41 #ahhc74 #aaf ,d4 ,,alan ,,stevenson1 ,the ,world's ,lighthouses before #ahbj 7,london3 ,oxford ,university ,press1 #aiei71 p4 #agi4 #aag ,,paul ,,revere1 ,day ,books1 ,,ms41 ,massachusetts ,historical ,society4 #aah ,,hoopes1 op4 cit4 7footnote #ej71 pp4 #g-h4 #aai ,information from ,mr4 ,c4 ,e4 ,smart1 of ,w4 ,l4 ,e4 ,gurley1 ,troy1 ,new ,york4 #abj ,,penrose ,r4 ,,hoopes1 ,shop ,records of ,daniel ,burnap1 ,clockmaker1 7,hartford3 ,connecticut ,historical ,society1 #aieh71 pp4 #fc-ff4 #aba ,,hoopes1 op4 cit4 7footnote #ah71 pp4 #ib-ic4 #abb ,memoirs of the ,huntington ,family ,association 7,hartford1 ,conn41 #aiae71 ,index no4 #a4c4d4d4b4d4 #abc ,,palmer1 op4 cit4 7footnote #cd71 p4 #adc4 #abd ,correspondence with ,mr4 ,ray ,brighton1 ,portsmouth1 ,n4 ,h4 #abe ,,charles ,w4 ,,brewster1 ,rambles about ,portsmouth 7,portsmouth1 ,n4 ,h43 ,l4 ,w4 ,brewster1 #ahei1 #ahgc71 ser4 #a1 pp4 #afe1 #cbi4 #abf ,,charles ,w4 ,,brewster1 ,rambles about ,portsmouth 7,portsmouth1 ,n4 ,h43 ,l4 ,w4 ,brewster1 #ahfi71 ser4 #b1 pp4 #bg1 #ij1 #ic1 #acf1 #bcc1 #bfc1 #bgg1 #caf1 #cbb1 #cfg4 #abg ,information from ,prof4 ,alfred ,f4 ,whiting1 ,dartmouth ,college ,museum4 #abh ,,rev4 ,,james ,,hill ,,fitts1 ,history of ,newfields1 ,new ,hampshire1 #afch-aiaa1 7,concord3 ,rumford ,press1 #aiab74 #abi ,,price1 op4 cit4 7footnote #a71 p4 #fd4 #acj ,the full title is ,the ,journal of ,andrew ,ellicott1 ,late ,commissioner on behalf of the ,united ,states ,during ,part of the ,year #agif1 the ,years #agig1 #agih1 #agii and ,part of the ,year #ahjj ,for ,determining the ,boundary ,between the ,united ,states and the ,possessions of ,his ,catholic ,majesty in ,america4 ,it was published by ,budd and ,barton for ,thomas ,dobson at the ,stone ,house1 ,no4 #da ,south ,second ,street in ,philadelphia in #ahjc4 ,index ,abbott1 ,katherine ,m41 #ih ,adams1 ,augustus1 #ii ,adams1 ,george1 #aca1 #acd1 #acf ,allen1 ,john ,johnson1 #adh almanac1 #bb1 #bd1 #be ,american ,antiquarian ,society1 #ch1 #aab ,american ,philosophical ,society1 #aa1 #ab1 #af1 #ba1 #bb1 #bd ,amherst ,college1 #bf ,annals of ,salem1 #dc ,antiques1 #dc1 #de apparatus1 scientific teaching1 #c astronomical observatory1 #ae1 #bd ,atwell1 ,george1 #aj backstaff1 #eh1 #if1 #aci ,backus1 ,ebenezer1 #abj ,bailey1 ,calvin1 #ci ,bailey1 ,john1 #ci1 #ea1 #aee1 #afb1 #afi1 #agj ,john ,,ii1 #ci1 #aee1 #afa1 #agj ,lebbeus1 #ci ,baily1 ,joel1 #ba1 #bb1 #bd1 #aee1 #afd ,baldwin1 ,jabes1 #abc ,jedidiah1 #abc1 #abd1 #aed1 #aee1 #afj1 #afb1 #agj ,jeduthan1 #id ,ballard1 ,mehitable1 #aji1 #aaj ,samuel1 #aji ,william1 #aji1 #aaj ,baltimore ,american ,commercial ,advertiser1 #aaj ,banks1 ,sir ,joseph1 #adj ,banneker1 ,benjamin1 #bb1 #bc1 #bd1 #be1 #aee1 #afj ,barclay1 ,thomas1 #adf ,bardin1 ,w4 ,t4 ,m41 #aca1 #ada1 #adb1 #adc barometer1 #ca1 #cb1 #cc ,bassett1 ,preston ,r41 #gd1 #ge1 #aec ,bedini1 ,silvio ,a41 #bi1 #aac ,banneker's 444 ,almanac and ,ephemeris1 ,for 444 #agib1 #bd1 #be ,bennet1 ,n41 #aca ,benson1 ,john1 #bh1 #aee1 #afi ,bentley1 ,william1 #cf1 #cg ,bethune1 ,nathaniel1 #hg ,biddle1 ,owen1 #ba1 #bb1 #bd1 #aee1 #afc ,biggs1 ,thomas1 #ei1 #aee1 #afb1 #afc1 #agj ,bion1 ,nicolas1 #aj ,blakslee1 ,ziba1 #dg1 #aee1 #afj1 #agj ,blundy1 ,charles1 #bi1 #aee1 #afe1 #aff ,boston ,annual ,advertiser1 #ii ,boston ,evening ,post1 #bg ,boston ,gazette1 ,the1 #f1 #bg1 #ch1 #ci1 #dj1 #hb1 #hg1 #ie1 #aje ,bostonian ,society1 #db1 #gg1 #gh1 #gi1 #ii1 #ajj1 #aja1 #aje1 #aec ,bouchette1 ,col41 #adf1 #adh boundsgoer1 #g ,bowdoin1 ,james1 #ha1 #hf ,bowles1 ,hannah1 #abd ,samuel1 #abd ,thomas ,salter1 #ge1 #abd1 #abe1 #abf1 #abg1 #abi1 #aec1 #aed1 #aee1 #afb1 #agj ,braddock1 ,gen41 #adi ,bradley1 ,abiah ,emerly1 #abe ,brainard1 ,newton ,c41 #e1 #f ,breed1 ,aaron1 #ge1 #ajg1 #aec1 #aee1 #afj1 #agj ,brewington1 ,m4 ,v41 #he ,brewster1 ,charles ,w41 #abe ,bridenbaugh1 ,carl1 #bi1 #ec ,brigham1 ,clarence ,s41 #ch1 #ig ,brighton1 ,ray1 #abd ,brokaw1 ,isaac1 #ec1 #aee1 #afc ,brown1 ,benjamin1 #id1 #if ,sam1 #ajb1 #ajd ,brown ,university1 #bf ,bucks ,county ,historical ,society1 #ij1 #aec ,bulmain ,dennies1 #ea1 #aee1 #afb1 #afh ,burges1 ,bartholomew1 #dj1 #aee1 #afj ,burnap1 ,daniel1 #fi1 #aag1 #aah1 #aai1 #aee1 #afj1 #aff1 #agj ,cabot1 ,mrs4 ,h4 ,ropes1 ix camera obscura1 #bh ,campbell1 ,colin1 #adf ,cape ,henlopen1 #ba1 #bb1 #bd1 #eh ,carey1 ,w41 #ea ,caritat1 ,h41 #ea1 #aee1 #afb1 #afe ,carter1 ,henry1 #bh ,chandlee1 ,benjamin1 ,jr41 #ed1 #aee1 #afa1 #aff1 #agj ,benjamin1 ,sr41 #ed ,edward ,e41 #ee ,ellis1 #ee1 #aee1 #afa1 #aff1 #agj ,ellis1 ,bros41 #ed1 #ee1 #aee1 #afa1 #agj ,goldsmith1 #ed1 #ee1 #ef1 #eg1 #aee1 #afe1 #aff1 #agj ,isaac1 #ee1 #ei1 #aee1 #afa1 #agj ,john1 #ee ,chandlee ,bros4 ,john and ,isaac ,chandlee1 #afa1 #aff1 #agj ,chandlee ,benjamin1 ,jr4 ,sons1 #ed ,chapin1 ,howard ,m41 #dc1 #dd1 #de ,charleston ,evening ,gazette1 #ca ,cheney1 ,benjamin1 #fg ,chester ,county ,historical ,society1 #bd1 #ca1 #cb1 #ed1 #ee ,chronicle ,e4,a4,i4,a41 #f ,churchill1 ,frank ,c41 #abf1 #abi ,clark1 ,robert1 #ca1 #afe1 #afh1 #afi1 #agj ,william1 #aeb ,clark ,county ,historical ,society1 #fj ,clarke1 ,martha1 #he ,sarah1 #he ,william1 #he clockmaker1 #aj1 #aa1 #ae1 #af1 #ai1 #ba1 #bd1 #bi1 #cj1 #ca1 #cd1 #ci1 #dj1 #de1 #dg1 #di1 #ed1 #eg1 #ei1 #fb1 #fc1 #fg1 #aag1 #aah1 #abc1 #abd1 #abe1 #abi1 #adf ,clough1 ,jere1 #ge1 #aje1 #aed1 #aee1 #afa1 #agj ,joseph1 #ii1 #aje ,cohen1 ,i4 ,bernard1 #dj ,cole1 ,benjamin1 #adi1 #aej ,collison1 ,peter1 #eh ,columbia ,centinel1 #ih1 #ii compass1 #ec1 #ed1 #fc1 #aeb compass card1 #ge1 #gf1 #hb1 #hc1 #ij1 #ib1 #ajb1 #ajd1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #aac1 #aae ,comstock ,memorial ,collection1 #aci ,condorcet1 ,marquis de1 #bd ,condy1 ,benjamin1 #ei1 #aee1 #afc1 #afg1 #afh ,connecticut ,courant1 #dg ,connecticut ,gazette1 #abj1 #aba ,connecticut ,historical ,society1 #e1 #f1 #ic1 #aah1 #aai1 #aba ,connecticut ,journal1 #de ,conrad1 ,henry ,c41 #ed ,cosgrove1 ,james1 #g ,cotes1 ,roger1 #adi ,crittenden1 ,a4 ,r41 #aci ,crockett1 ,roberson1 #hg ,crow1 ,george1 #ed1 #aee1 #afj1 #aff1 #agj ,curtis1 ,charles ,b41 #acd ,cushing1 ,a4 ,t41 #aja ,s4 ,t41 #ii1 #aja ,custis1 ,george ,washington ,parke1 #add ,dabney1 ,john1 ,jr41 #bg1 #aef1 #afa1 #afg ,dakin1 ,jonathan1 #ch1 #gf1 #aef1 #afa1 #afg ,dartmouth ,college1 #bf1 #cf1 #gb1 #abd ,museum1 #gj1 #ga1 #gb1 #abf1 #abi1 #aec ,davenport1 ,michael1 #fa ,william1 #fa1 #aef1 #afd1 #afg1 #afh1 #agj ,davis1 ,william ,t41 #aac ,davis quadrant1 #ac1 #cg1 #dd1 #eh1 #ff1 #ib1 #ig1 #aci ,day1 ,j41 #aj ,dean1 ,william1 #fj1 #fa1 #aef1 #afd1 #afh1 #agj ,denegan1 ,john1 #cc ,de ,negani1 #cc ,devacht1 ,francois1 #di1 #aef1 #afc1 #aff ,joseph1 #di1 #aef1 #afc1 #aff ,dewie1 ,captain ,solomon1 #aah dialing rule1 #d1 #e ,diary1 or ,evening ,register1 #cc ,dinwiddie1 ,gov41 #aej ,dix1 ,john ,ross1 #cd ,dixon1 ,jeremiah1 #bd ,donegan1 or ,denegan ,john1 #cc1 #aef1 #afb1 #aff ,donegany1 ,joseph1 #cc1 #aef1 #afb1 #aff ,donnel1 ,henry1 #fj ,jonathan1 #fj1 #fa ,doolittle1 ,amos1 #cf ,enos1 #dg1 #aef1 #afj1 #aff1 #afh1 #agj ,isaac1 #de1 #dg1 #aef1 #afj1 #aff1 #afg ,isaac1 ,jr41 #de1 #aef1 #afj1 #aff1 #agj ,dorsan1 ,sarah ,halsy1 #hj1 #ha ,dougherty1 ,john1 #fj1 #fa ,douglass1 ,andrew ,ellicott1 #acd1 #acf1 #ade ,david ,bates1 #acd ,henry ,b41 #adb ,dow1 ,george ,francis1 #ajf ,draper1 ,murray ,fairman1 #dc ,dring1 ,jeptha1 #ca ,thomas1 #ca1 #cb ,duffield1 ,edward1 #fb ,dunglison1 ,dr41 #fb ,dupee1 ,isaac1 #aje ,john1 #fi1 #ge1 #ajd1 #aje1 #aec1 #aed1 #aef1 #afa1 #agj ,duvall1 ,samuel1 #add1 #ade ,dyherty1 ,john1 #fj ,early ,american ,industries ,association1 #f1 #hi ,eckhardt1 ,george ,h41 #ae1 #fb1 #fc ,eichner1 ,laurits ,c41 #ij1 #ia1 #acg1 #ach1 #aec ,eldridge1 ,elizabeth1 #hj ,joseph1 #hj ,ellicott1 ,andrew1 #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 #bb1 #bd1 #fb1 #aca1 #acb1 #acc1 #acd1 #ace1 #acg1 #aci1 #adb1 #add1 #ade1 #adg1 #aef1 #afj1 #afe1 #agj ,charles1 #acd ,george1 #bb1 #bc ,jane ,judith1 #acd ,joseph1 #ai1 #bb ,ellicotts ,mills1 #ai1 #ba ,ellis1 ,mary ,n41 #acg ,orange ,warner1 #acg1 #ach ,emery1 ,samuel1 #dc1 #aef1 #afd1 #afg1 #afh ,endicott1 ,john1 #hd equal altitude instrument1 #bj ,evans1 ,david1 #adf ,george1 #ca1 #fb1 #aef1 #afc1 #afg ,ewer1 ,sarah1 #abi ,fairchild1 ,adah1 #di ,fairman1 ,gideon1 #db1 #aef1 #aeg1 #afb1 #afg1 #afh 7see also ,hooker and ,fairman7 ,farmer's ,museum1 #gc1 #aec ,felt1 ,joseph ,b41 #dc1 #id ,ferguson1 ,james1 #bb ,fisher1 ,joshua1 #eh ,martin1 #fb1 #aef1 #afd1 #aff ,fitch1 ,eunice1 #ih ,john1 #fb ,fitts1 ,rev4 ,james ,hill1 #abi ,flint1 ,abel1 #aj1 #gb ,folger1 ,nathaniel1 #de ,peter1 #dj1 #aef1 #afb ,walter1 ,jr41 #dj1 #aef1 #afb1 #afe ,folwell1 ,john1 #af ,footes1 ,nathaniel1 #d1 #e ,ford1 ,george1 #fc1 #aef1 #afc1 #afh1 #agj ,george1 ,,ii1 #fc1 #aef1 #afc1 #afh1 #agj ,fosbrook1 ,w41 #ca1 #aef1 #afb1 #afi ,franklin1 ,benjamin1 #dj1 #ec1 #eh ,franklin ,institute1 #dj1 #hi1 #ij1 #aci1 #aec ,frizell1 ,john1 #ha ,frye1 ,joseph1 #ij1 #ia1 #acg1 #ach1 #aci ,joseph1 ,jr41 #ia1 #acg ,fryeburg1 #ij1 #acg1 #ach ,gardner1 ,will1 #dj ,gatty1 ,joseph1 #cc1 #aef1 #afb1 #afd1 #aff ,gerry1 ,capt41 #bg ,gilbert1 ,joseph1 #hj1 #ha ,mary1 #ha ,gillingham1 ,harold ,e41 #cj1 #cc1 #ei1 #fa1 #ff ,gilman1 ,benjamin ,c41 #cd1 #aef1 #afb1 #aff1 #afg ,gilmur1 ,bryan1 #fc1 #aef1 #afd1 #aff1 #afg ,gilpin family1 #ed glass and thermometric instruments1 #ec1 #ei1 #fb globes1 #h1 #cd1 #ce1 #cf1 #ec1 #aca1 #adj1 #adb1 #adc ,goddard ,angell1 #bb ,godfrey1 ,thomas1 #eh1 #ei1 #hh1 #aef1 #afd1 #afh ,godfrey's quadrant1 #bh ,gottesman1 ,rita ,s41 #cc1 #ea1 #ff ,gould1 ,john1 #cj1 #gf1 #aef1 #afd1 #afh1 #agj ,graham1 ,george1 #ade ,grainger1 ,samuel1 #f1 #aef1 #afa ,greene1 ,joseph1 #if ,peter1 #aji ,greenleaf1 ,stephen1 #cg1 #ch1 #aeg1 #afa1 #afg ,greenough1 ,david1 #hf ,elizabeth1 #he ,jerusha1 #he ,john1 #he ,newman1 #he ,thomas1 #fi1 #ge1 #he1 #hf1 #hg1 #hh1 #hi1 #ij1 #ib1 #ic1 #acg1 #ach1 #aec1 #aeg1 #afj1 #afe1 #afg1 #afi1 #agj ,thomas1 ,dr41 #hh1 #hi ,william1 #hf1 #hg1 #hh1 #hi1 #aeg1 #afa1 #agj ,greenwood1 ,dr4 ,mrs4 ,arthur1 #aej ,isaac1 ,jr41 #ch1 #aeg1 #afa1 #afg ,isaac1 ,sr41 #ch1 #ci1 #aeg1 #afa ,grew1 ,theophilus1 #h1 #aeg1 #afd ,griffith1 ,nathaniel ,s41 #abe ,griffith ,bowles1 #abd ,gross1 ,huldah1 #hd ,thomas1 #hd ,gruchy1 ,thomas ,james1 #hg gunnery calipers1 #dj ,gurley1 ,w4 ,l4 ,e41 #dc1 #aah ,gurnet lighthouse1 #aae1 #aaf ,gutridge1 ,anna1 #hd ,guyol1 ,philip ,n41 #hb ,hadley1 ,james1 #eh ,hadley quadrant1 #ff1 #hb ,hagger1 ,benjamin ,king1 #aji1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aed1 #aeg1 #afj1 #afa1 #afg1 #agj ,john ,w41 #aaj ,mary1 #dc ,william ,guyse1 #dc1 #dd1 #gb1 #aji1 #aaj1 #aci1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #afd1 #afi ,william ,king1 #aji ,hall1 ,andrew1 #ih ,stephen1 #hf ,halley1 ,edmond1 #eh ,halsie1 ,hannah1 #hd ,james1 ,i1 #d1 #hj1 #ha1 #aeg1 #afa ,nathaniel1 #hj1 #hd ,halsy1 ,anna1 #ha ,james1 ,,ii1 #ge1 #hj1 #ha1 #hb1 #hd1 #he1 #aed1 #aeg1 #afa1 #afg1 #agj ,john1 #hj1 #ha1 #hb1 #aeg1 #afg ,joseph1 #ge1 #hj1 #ha1 #hb1 #hc1 #aec1 #aeg1 #afa1 #agj ,rebecca1 #hj ,sarah1 #hj ,ham1 ,george1 #abe ,hannah1 #abe ,henry1 #abe ,james1 #fe1 #aeg1 #afc1 #afd1 #afg1 #afi ,james1 ,jr41 #ff1 #afd1 #afg1 #afi ,supply1 #abe ,william1 #abe ,hamilton1 ,alexander1 #eh1 #fe ,hamlin1 ,william1 #dd1 #de1 #df1 #gf1 #aeg1 #afd1 #afe1 #afg1 #afi ,hanks1 ,benjamin1 #dg1 #aeg1 #afj1 #agj ,truman1 #dg1 #aeg1 #afj1 #agj ,harland1 ,thomas1 #aj1 #bi1 #cj1 #aag1 #abc1 #aeg1 #afj1 #aff1 #agj ,harvard ,university1 #h1 #bf1 #ce1 #dj1 #da1 #ie1 #ii ,hayes1 ,fanny1 #di ,rutherford ,b41 #di ,heckewelder1 ,john1 #di ,heisely1 ,frederick ,a41 #eg1 #eh1 #fa1 #aeg1 #afj1 #afc1 #aff1 #afg1 #agj ,george1 #eg1 #aeg1 #afc1 #aff1 #afg1 #agj ,helyer1 ,joseph1 #id1 #if ,polly1 #ih ,henry ,ford ,museum1 #ajg ,hicks1 ,edward1 #ca1 #cb ,hannah1 #ca1 #cb ,hillman1 ,george1 #aji ,william1 #aji ,hindle1 ,brooke1 #h1 #ae1 #eh ,hinton1 ,william1 #ff1 #gf1 #aeg1 #afc1 #afg ,historical ,society of ,pennsylvania1 #ee ,hoadley1 ,silas1 #fh ,hobby1 ,sir ,charles1 #f ,hoff1 ,catherine1 #eg ,george1 #afc1 #aff ,john1 #eg1 #aeg ,holbecher1 ,john1 #aci ,holcomb1 ,amasa1 #bf1 #aeg1 #afb1 #afe1 #aga ,holland1 ,captain1 #ade ,hood1 ,joseph1 #hj ,hooker1 ,william1 #db1 #aeg ,hooker ,fairman ,william ,hooker and ,gideon ,fairman1 #db1 #aeg1 #afb1 #afg ,hoopes1 ,penrose ,r41 #cj1 #de1 #dg1 #fg1 #aag1 #aah1 #abj ,hopkins1 ,joseph1 #fh ,houghton1 ,rowland1 #bg1 #ch1 #aeg1 #afa1 #aga ,houghton ,library1 #ce ,hunter1 ,frederick ,w41 #ec ,huntington1 ,gurdon1 #ge1 #aah1 #abj1 #aba1 #abb1 #aed1 #aeg1 #afj1 #afb1 #aff1 #aga ,hezekiah1 #abj ,submit1 #abj ,hurd1 ,nathaniel1 #ajf1 #ajg ,hutzlar1 ,dr4 ,donald ,a41 #fj hydrometer1 #bh hygrometer1 #cc ,independent ,journal1 or ,the ,general ,advertiser1 #ec ,irving1 ,washington1 iv ,jacks1 ,james1 #fc1 #aeh1 #afe1 #afg1 #aga ,james1 ,arthur ,e41 #bd ,jay1 ,daniel1 #cj ,jayne1 ,john1 #dc1 #aeh1 #afb1 #afg1 #afi ,jefferson1 ,thomas1 #ai1 #bd1 #fb ,jerome1 ,chauncey1 #fh ,jess1 ,z41 #aj ,johnson1 ,john1 #aci1 #adf1 #adh ,jones1 ,samuel1 #ace ,william1 #ace ,w4 ,s41 #ace1 #acg1 #aci ,journal of ,andrew ,ellicott1 #bj1 #aca1 #acb1 #acc1 #acf1 #adb1 #add1 #ade ,keese1 ,samuel1 #adi ,kennard1 ,john1 #abf1 #abi1 #aeh1 #afb1 #aff1 #aga ,ketterer1 ,alloysius1 #fa1 #aeh1 #afd1 #aff ,kiely1 ,edmond ,r41 #g ,kimball1 ,le,roy ,e41 #h1 #cf ,kimmel1 ,anthony1 #add1 #ade ,king1 ,benjamin1 ,i1 #cg1 #dc1 #dd1 #aji1 #aeh1 #afi ,benjamin1 ,,ii1 #dc1 #aeh1 #afb1 #afd1 #afg1 #afi ,daniel1 #cf1 #dc1 #aeh1 #afb1 #afh1 #afi ,mary1 #dc ,mehitable1 #dc ,rufus1 #dc ,samuel1 #dc1 #aeh1 #afd1 #afh1 #afi ,king ,hagger ,benjamin ,king and ,william ,guyse ,hagger1 #dc1 #dd1 #aeh1 #afd1 #afg1 #afi ,kizer1 ,david ,j41 #fj ,thomas ,j41 #fj ,knowlton1 ,mary1 #dc ,kugler1 ,charles1 #fb1 #gf ,lamb1 ,a41 ,son1 #bi1 #aeh1 #afc1 #afh1 #afi1 #aga ,anthony1 #aj1 #bh1 #aeh1 #afc1 #afd1 #afe1 #afh1 #afi1 #aga ,john1 #bi1 #aeh1 #afc1 #afh1 #afi1 #aga ,lane1 ,gladys ,r41 #de ,latrobe1 ,benjamin1 #aej ,john ,h4 ,b41 #bd ,laudonet1 ,mary1 #ed ,leadbeater1 #bb ,leake1 ,isaac ,q41 #bi ,lee1 ,billy1 #adi ,l',enfant1 ,pierre ,charles1 #ai ,le,phillips1 ,philip1 #bd ,lewis1 ,john1 #g ,lawrence1 #adi ,leybourn1 ,william1 #aj ,library ,company of ,philadelphia1 #ba-bb ,lloyd1 ,anna1 #ha loadstones1 #bg1 #ch ,loftan1 ,thomas1 #aej1 #aea ,logan1 ,james1 #eh ,love1 ,j41 #aj1 #gb ,lovering ,sons1 ,joseph1 #ih ,ludlow1 ,i41 #fj ,lyle1 ,robert1 #ed1 #ef ,lyon1 ,mrs4 ,eliza ,r41 #adb ,madison1 ,james1 #ai ,magee1 ,d4 ,f41 #fc magic lantern1 #bg magnets1 #fc maps1 #g1 #ec ,mariner's ,museum1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #aec ,maryland ,historical ,society1 #bc ,maryland ,journal and ,baltimore ,daily ,advertiser1 #ba ,maskelyne1 ,nevil1 #adb1 #adf ,mason1 ,charles1 #bd ,mason-,dixon ,line1 #ai ,massachusetts ,historical ,society1 #hj1 #hb1 #hc1 #hd1 #hf1 #hg1 #id1 #if1 #ajb1 #ajd1 #aji1 #aaf1 #aag ,massachusetts ,magazine1 #dj ,matchett's ,baltimore ,directory1 #aaj ,mather1 ,rev4 ,cotton1 #hb1 #hd ,mathews1 ,catherine ,van ,c41 #ba ,maupertius1 de1 #adf ,maverick1 ,jotham1 #ic1 #id ,samuel1 #id ,mayer's ,tables1 #bb ,mc,cabe1 ,william1 #di ,mc,henry1 ,james1 #bb ,memoirs of the ,academy of ,arts and ,sciences1 #dj ,mendenhall1 ,thomas1 #fc1 #aeh1 #afc1 #aff1 #afh ,mercer ,museum1 #ij1 #aec ,merrill1 ,p41 ,esq41 #abf1 #abi ,miller1 ,aaron1 #ec1 #aeh1 #afb1 #aff1 #aga ,mirick1 ,mc,andrew1 #hg ,mitchell1 ,edwin ,valentine1 #cf ,maria1 #dj ,moore1 ,s41 #aj ,moor's ,indian ,charity ,school1 #gb ,morey1 ,john1 #aac ,morris1 ,m41 #ec1 #aeh1 #afc ,morton1 ,charles1 #hb1 #hc ,mount ,vernon1 #ed1 #eg1 #add ,mount ,vernon ,ladies ,association of the ,union1 #eg ,nantucket1 #dj ,national ,maritime ,museum1 #aej ,newell1 ,andrew1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #aed1 #aeh1 #afa1 #afh1 #afi1 #aga ,charles1 #ajg1 #afa ,joseph1 #ajg1 #afa ,new ,hampshire ,historical ,society1 #ha1 #hb1 #aec ,new ,york ,daily ,advertiser1 #bh1 #cc1 #ec ,new ,york ,gazette1 #bh1 #ea1 #ec1 #ff ,new ,york ,historical ,society1 #cc1 #ci1 #ff ,new ,york ,mercury1 #ff ,new ,york ,packet1 #bi1 #ea1 #ec ,noble1 ,james1 #ha ,norwich ,courier1 #cj ,norwood1 ,r41 #aj ,odell1 #adf ,ohio ,historical ,society1 #ee1 #fa ,ohio ,state ,museum1 #af1 #ea1 #eb1 #ee1 #ei1 #fj1 #fa ,old ,sturbridge1 #ij1 #ajg1 #aec optical instruments1 #bf1 #bh orrery1 #ae1 #af1 #ci1 #dj1 #da ,osborn1 ,john1 #if ,paine1 ,robert ,treat1 #hb ,thomas1 #hb1 #hc ,palmer1 ,brooks1 #ci1 #dg1 #fc1 #abc ,parker1 ,n41 #aec ,parmele1 ,ebenezer1 #fg ,partridge1 ,marty1 #ha ,paul1 ,amos1 #abi ,temple1 #abi ,peabody ,museum1 #he1 #if1 #ig1 #aci1 #aec ,peale1 ,charles ,wilson1 #ad ,pease1 ,elizabeth ,folger1 #de ,paul1 #de1 #aeh1 #afd1 #afi ,pell1 ,edward1 #hd ,pemberton1 ,james1 #cj ,pennsylvania ,evening ,herald1 #cc ,pennsylvania ,magazine1 #cj ,pennsylvania ,packet1 ,the1 #ae ,pennsylvania1 ,university of1 #h1 #ae1 #af perpetual log1 #ea ,phillips1 ,john ,m41 #ajg ,jonathan1 #ii ,mrs4 ,mary ,w41 ix ,pierce1 ,abner1 #aci ,pierpont1 ,john1 #fh ,pitt1 ,william1 #bd ,pitts1 ,james1 #hf planetarium1 #cf planisphere1 #ea ,platt1 ,adah1 #di ,augustus1 #di1 #eb1 #aeh1 #afc1 #afh1 #aga ,benjamin1 #di1 #ea1 #aeh1 #afj1 #afb1 #afc1 #afg1 #aga ,william ,augustus1 #di ,plymouth ,journal ,massachusetts ,advertiser1 #aab1 #aac ,pope1 ,joseph1 #ci1 #da1 #aeh1 #afa1 #afg ,potter1 ,john1 #dc1 #aeh1 #afa1 #aga ,potts1 ,thomas1 #ab ,w4 ,l41 #aeh1 #afc ,power1 ,alexander1 #g ,price1 ,derek ,j4 de ,solla1 ix1 #c1 #acj ,priestley1 ,frances ,d41 #adj1 #adb ,dr4 ,joseph1 #aca1 #adj1 #ada1 #adc ,prime1 ,alfred ,coxe1 #bi1 #ca1 #fc ,prince1 ,john1 #bd1 #aeh1 #afa1 #afb ,nathan1 #h1 #aeh ,princeton ,university1 #ae ,pryor1 ,thomas1 #ei1 #aei1 #afd1 #afh ,quincy1 ,abraham1 #if ,rathborne1 ,aaron1 #i1 #aj ,ratsey1 ,widow1 #fe ,revere1 ,paul1 #ch1 #ci1 #dj1 #da1 #db1 #ig1 #aac1 #aaf1 #aag1 #aei1 #afa1 #afh ,reynolds1 ,john ,e41 #aca1 #acd ,william1 #acd ,reworth1 ,captain1 #hg ,rhode ,island ,historical ,society1 #de1 #df1 #aci ,riley1 ,stephen ,t41 ix ,ritchie ,co41 ,bern ,c41 #aci ,rittenhouse1 ,benjamin1 #aa1 #ae1 #af1 #adb1 #add1 #aei1 #afd1 #afe1 #aga ,david1 #aa1 #ab1 #ad1 #ae1 #af1 #bj1 #ba1 #dg1 #fb1 #adb1 #add1 #ade1 #adf1 #adg1 #aei1 #afc1 #afd1 #afe1 #aga ,rittenhouse ,evans ,david ,rittenhouse ,david ,evans1 #aci1 #adf1 #adh1 #aei1 #aga ,roberts1 ,gideon1 #fg ,nathaniel1 #he ,romaine1 ,lawrence1 #hh ,royal ,pennsylvania ,gazette1 #ei ,royal ,society of ,london1 #eh ,rutgers ,university1 #bf ,salter1 ,titus1 #abd sand glasses1 #ei ,savage1 ,james1 #d1 #hj1 #hd ,schiff1 ,henry ,g41 #ajg ,schoen1 ,h4 ,h41 #g ,seybold1 ,r4 ,f41 #g ,shampeny1 ,worth1 #aec ,shepley ,library1 #aci ,sheppard1 ,jack1 #bi ,shillcock1 ,hannah1 #id ,joyce1 #id ,robert1 #ic ,shoemaker1 ,mrs4 ,francis ,d41 #adj ,shrimpton1 ,shute1 #hg ,sibley1 ,asa1 #abj1 #aba ,sibley ,marble ,clark ,sibley and ,simeon ,marble1 #dg1 #aei1 #afj1 #afg1 #afh ,sign of the ,cross-,knives and ,gun1 ,at the1 #ec1 #gf ,sign of ,hadley's ,quadrant1 ,at the1 #ff1 #gf ,sign of the ,hand ,beam1 ,at the1 #ch1 #gf ,sign of the ,mathematical ,instruments1 ,at the1 #dc ,sign of the ,quadrant1 ,at the1 #cj1 #de1 #gf1 #ajg ,sign of the ,seven ,stars1 ,at the1 #fb1 #gf ,sission1 ,jonathan1 #bg ,skillin1 ,john1 #gg1 #gh1 #gi ,simeon1 #ci1 #da1 #gh ,sloane1 ,sir ,hans1 #eh ,smart1 ,c4 ,e41 ix1 #aah ,smith1 ,cordial1 #aei1 #afj ,society for the ,promotion of ,useful ,arts of ,albany1 #ba ,solebury1 #ai ,sommer1 ,widow ,balthaser1 #bh1 #aei1 #afc1 #afi ,south ,natick ,historical ,society1 #ajd1 #aec ,sower1 ,christopher1 #fc1 #aei1 #afc1 #afd1 #afg1 #afh ,stargazers' ,stone1 #bd ,steele1 ,a4,p41 #fj1 #fa ,stevenson1 ,d4 ,alan1 #aae ,stiles ,storrs ,nathan ,storrs and ,jedidiah ,baldwin1 #abc1 #aei1 #afb1 #aga ,stiles ,baldwin ,jedidiah ,baldwin1 #abc1 #aei1 #afb1 #aga ,stimpson1 ,charles ,jr41 #ii ,stoddard1 ,sarah1 #hf ,stone1 ,edmund1 #aj ,storrs1 ,nathan1 #abc ,streeter ,collection of ,weights and ,measures ,yale ,university1 #aje1 #aad1 #aae1 #aag1 #abe1 #abf1 #aec ,stretch1 ,carolyn ,wood1 #fc ,struik1 ,dirk ,j41 #bf ,stubbs1 ,roleigh ,l4 #gb1 #aec sundial1 #d1 #ch1 #di1 #ed1 #adi surgical instruments1 #ca1 #dg1 #ea1 #ec1 #ed ,sutton1 ,henry1 #d ,swan1 ,joseph1 #aci ,symes1 ,jno4 ,c41 #fj ,taws1 ,charles1 #fa1 #aei1 #afd1 #afh ,taylor1 ,e4 ,g4 ,r41 #fg telescope1 #aa1 #ba1 #dj1 #de1 #ed1 #fj1 #fb1 #fd1 #acf1 #acg1 #adh1 #adi1 #aej ,terry1 ,eli1 #aag ,thacher1 ,charles1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #aec1 #aei1 #afa1 #aga ,thaxter1 ,bathsheba1 #ig ,samuel1 #fi1 #ge1 #gf1 #gg1 #gh1 #gi1 #ig1 #ih1 #ii1 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajd1 #aed1 #aei1 #afa1 #afh1 #afi1 #aga ,samuel1 ,sr41 #ih ,thomas1 #ih ,thaxter ,son1 ,s41 #ajc theodolite1 #ch1 #eb1 #fd1 #acg1 #ach thermometer1 #bh1 #bi1 #cc ,thomas1 ,richard1 #bb ,thompson1 ,george ,andrews1 #adh ,samuel ,rowland1 #adh ,thwing ,catalogue1 #hj1 #hb1 #hd1 #hf1 #id1 #if1 #aji ,todd1 ,eli1 #di ,towle1 ,jeremiah1 #abi trade cards1 #df1 #ajj trade signs1 #cj1 #ch1 #dc1 #de1 #ec1 #fb1 #ff1 #ge1 #gf1 #gg1 #gh1 #gi1 #if1 #ii1 #aja1 #ajg 7see also under ,sign7 transit of ,venus1 #aa1 #ae1 #af1 #ba1 #bb1 #bd1 #ei ,turner1 ,charles ,jr41 #adf ,tyler1 ,thomas1 #aje ,union ,college1 #bf ,united ,states ,national ,archives1 #aaf ,united ,states ,national ,museum1 #ae1 #eg1 #fb1 #ij1 #ia1 #acd1 #aci1 #adj1 #add1 #adi ,van ,ness1 ,cornelius ,p41 #adf ,vassar ,college1 #dj ,voight1 ,henry1 #fb1 #fd1 #adh1 #aei1 #afd1 #afe1 #afg ,wall1 ,george1 ,jr41 #fc1 #aei1 #afc1 #aga ,wallis1 ,thomas1 #aji ,walpole1 ,charles1 #bh1 #aei1 #afc1 #afh ,walton1 ,joseph1 #abe ,warren1 ,benjamin1 #ge1 #aab1 #aad1 #aae1 #aaf1 #aed1 #aei1 #afb1 #afi1 #aga ,william ,l41 #f ,washington1 ,george1 iv1 #ai1 #ed1 #fb1 #fc1 #adb1 #add1 #ade1 #adi1 #aej1 #aea ,lawrence ,augustine1 #ed1 #eg weather glass1 #cc ,welles1 ,arnold1 #id ,wienberger1 ,bernard ,w41 #ch ,wheelock1 ,rev4 ,eleazar1 #gj1 #gb ,whipple ,museum1 #aej ,white1 ,john1 #he ,peregrine1 #dg1 #dh1 #aej1 #aei1 #afj1 #afg1 #aga ,whiting1 ,alfred ,f41 #abf ,whitney1 ,john1 #cj1 #aei1 #afd1 #afh1 #afi ,thomas1 #cj1 #aeb1 #aei1 #afh1 #afi1 #aga ,william ,mary ,college1 #aej ,williams1 ,john1 #ic ,marvin1 #abj ,samuel1 #bf ,temperance1 #abj ,william1 #gg1 #gh1 #ic1 #id1 #ie1 #if1 #ig1 #ih1 #aei1 #afa1 #afh1 #afi1 #aga ,williams ,college1 #bf ,willis1 ,arthur1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #aei ,wilson1 ,james1 #h1 #cd1 #ce1 #aei1 #afe ,winthrop1 ,john1 #bf ,wistar1 ,casper1 #ec ,wistar1 ,richard1 #ec1 #aei1 #afb1 #aff ,witt1 ,christopher1 #fb1 #aei1 #afc1 #afg1 #afh ,wollaston1 ,rev41 #adb ,wood1 ,john1 #fc1 #aei1 #afd ,woods1 ,timothy1 #be ,wright1 ,captain1 #eh ,yale ,university1 #aje1 #aad1 #abe1 #abf ,art ,gallery1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #aec ,streeter ,collection of ,weights and ,measures1 #aje1 #aad1 #aae1 #aag1 #abe1 #abf1 #aec ,yardley1 ,thomas1 ,jr41 #fj ,youle1 ,james1 #ec1 #gf1 #aei1 #afc1 #afi ,john1 #ec1 #aei1 #afc1 #afi ,young1 ,daniel1 #aac ,sarah1 #aac zenith sector1 #aad1 #ade1 #adf1 #adg ,transcriber's ,notes ,clear punctuation errors such as missing periods at the ends of sentences have been silently corrected4 ,hyphenation has not been standardized1 for instance1 ,elizabeth-town1 watch-maker1 and over-all4 ,the spelling of proper names has not been standardized1 for instance1 ,blakslee and ,blakeslee1 ,appalachicola and ,apalachicola4 ,figure #g caption - make replaced with made ,page #ch - ,eliptical replaced with ,elliptical ,page #ch - ,guaging replaced with ,gauging ,page #ih - ,samue replaced with ,samuel ,page #adf - worth replaced with worthy ,page #adf - ,federick replaced with ,frederick ,page #afb - ,philadephia replaced with ,philadelphia ,page #afb - ,ephermeris replaced with ,ephemeris