,transcrib]'s ,note3    ,e ef=t has  
be5 made to replicate ?is text z        
fai?fully z   possible1 includ+         
inconsi/5cies 9 spell+ & hyph5ation4 ,"s
   corrections ( spell+ & punctuation h 
be5 made4 ,!y are   li/$ at ! end ( !   
text4    ,italic text has be5 m>k$ )    
und]scores4   ,bold text has be5 m>k$ ) 
equals signs4   ,text m>k$ ?us 0        
sup]script$4   ,illu/ration      ,,!    
,,sun   *anges its position 9 space1    
!re=e  x _c be reg>d$ z be+  9 a        
condition ( re/4   ,si conc$imus1 eos1  
qui corpora 9 mundi  spatio mov]i       
eademque non mov]i  posse dicunt1       
insulsa loqui1 praesum]e  non licet     
hom9em a/ronomum talem  s5t5tiam        
elocuturum utque eam demon/r>et  op]am  
daturum esse4   ,by  ,augu/ ,tis*n]4    
,leipzig1  ,gu/av ,fock4  #ahhc4        
,d$icat$  to all fri5ds ( ,rational     
,a/ronomy4   ,illu/ration3 ,nicolaus    
,cop]nicus4  ,t]rae motor1 solis /ator4 
,! sy/em ( ,cop]nicus is ! only possible
 sy/em2 x is !      et]nal base ( all   

a/ronomical progress1 ) ?is sy/em !     
sci5ce ( ,a/ronomy /&s & falls1 & )\t x 
we mu/ give      up all explication z   
well z e sci5tifically f\nd$            
pr$ication4 ,h5ce x is cle> t an        
a/ronom] ( ! pres5t      day _c ent] ^u 
any o!r sy/em1 ev5 by way ( trial4      
,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,ma$l]4 ,popul4 ,a/r4      
#ahfa4 p4p4 #dh4 #ed4 #fb4       ,an    
army ( philosoph]s w n suffice to *ange 
! nature (      an error & to conv]t x  
into tru?4 ,ebn-,ro%d 7,av]rhoes71      
,arabian philosoph] ( ! ,,xii? c5tury4  
,a/ronomical sci5ce1 at ! pres5t day    
insi/s ^u ! sy/em ( ,cop]nicus1 :i*1 z  
is well kn[n1 is bas$ ^u ! !ory ( a fix$
 sun1 & rema9s conv9c$ ( !              
incontrov]tible tru? & importance ( ?is 
sy/em1 ev5 aft] x has become an         
inconte/able fact1 t ! sun *anges its   
position2 endeav\r+ to expla9 away ?is  
discrepancy by ! sophism1 t ! sun may be
 consid]$ z 9 a condition ( re/4 ,b !   
smalle/ movem5t ( ! sun ov]?r[s ! entire
 fabric ( ,cop]nicus4 ,unless we take   

into acc\nt ! obs]vations1 made = ! la/ 
#cjjj ye>s1 respect+ ! movem5t ( ! sun 9
 space1 x is impossible to compreh5d !  
sol> sy/em & its movem5ts4 ,!ory mu/    
take notice ( ! ph5om5a ( ! sun's own   
movem5t & d>e n cloak x "u imag9>y      
causes2 = s long z ! motion ( ! sun is  
ignor$1 x is impossible to "k ?or\ghly !
 motion ( ! e>? :i* foll[s x1 & if !    
motion ( ! e>? be n kn[n1 x is also     
impossible to "k ! motion ( ! o!r       
heav5ly bodies1 belong+ to ! sol> sy/em1
 z se5 f ! e>?4 ,9 a ^w1 ! a/ronomical  
!ory1 z x is n[ g5]ally accept$ &       
believ$ to be ! only & d\btless true1 is
 :olly unt5able1 requir+ a total &      
ess5tial re=mation2 a/ronomical au?ors  
cl+ to ,j4 ,h4 ,ma$l]'s ass]tion1 t e   
body w und]/& ! impossibility = an      
a/ronom] ( our "t to ent] ^u any o!r    
sy/em ev5 by way ( trial4  ,if ?is !ory 
be conv]t$ into a dogma1 /agnation mu/  
comm5ce & all progress becomes          
impossible4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce & its  
advance1 we f9d t !re h be5 at all times

 new !ories prop\nd$1 :i* _h (t5 to be  
*ang$ lat] on1 or ev5 set aside by o!rs 
diametrically opposite4 ,! pr9cipal     
circum/ance :i* r5d]s ! sy/em (         
,cop]nicus impossible1 is t ! orbits ( !
 planets are consid]$ z clos$ curves    
ar\nd ! sun4 ,?is view has frequ5tly be5
 attack$2 b x is ma9ta9$ by a/ronom]s1 z
 x is requisite = ! elucidation ( !     
sy/em4 ,/ill x is evid5t t if ! c5tre ( 
attraction moves =w>d ! bodies attract$ 
by x _c move ar\nd x4  ,let u exam9e !  
sy/em ( ,cop]nicus4 ,ptolemaeus fir/    
introduc$ 8 sy/em among ! anci5ts4 ,!   
e>? 0 ! fix$ c5tre ( ! _w & ar\nd x mov$
 ! moon1 ! sun1 ! planets & ! />s4 ,?is 
sy/em la/$ = ,,xv c5turies4  ,!         
,ptolemaic sy/em 0 modifi$ by           
,cop]nicus1 & ! sy/em ( ,cop]nicus 0    
simply ! inv]sion ( ! ,ptolemaic4 ,! sun
 took ! place ( ! e>?4 ,9 ! c5tre 0 a   
fix$ po9t 7e>? or sun71 ar\nd :i* !     
planets mov$ 9 l>g] or small] orbits4   
,! ma9 feature ( bo? sy/ems is t "o ( ! 
heav5ly bodies is /ation>y1 9 ord] t !  

o!rs may travel r\nd x4  ,cop]nicus     
makes ! sun to be motionless1 & !       
sci5tific _w b[s be=e 8 au?ority4 ,!n we
 h ! recurr5t curves1 clos$ orbits 7or  
ellipses7 ) _! axes & _! inv>iable      
pla9s2 = ! planets move r\nd ! c5tre ( !
 fix$ sun4  ,:il/ h[ev] le>n$ m5 7 /riv+
 ) fev]i% ard\r to confirm ! sy/em (    
,cop]nicus2 :il/ !y 7 endeav\r+ to      
demon/rate 9 e possible way & by v>i\s  
means cle>ly1 t ! sun is immoveable3 !re
 came ! discov]y t ! sun moves4  ,!     
a/ronom]s ( ! pa/ c5tury prov$ t ! sun n
 only has ! app>5t motion1 :i* e "o     
sees2 b t x also has a motion prop] to  
itself4 ,h]s*el comm5c$ def9+ ! c\rse & 
direction ( x1 & n[-a-days no "o d\bts !
 tru? ( ?is fact1 x be+ ! g5]al op9ion t
 n only ! sun moves itself1 b t no?+ at 
all 9 ! _w is 9 a /ate ( re/4           
,a/ronom]s1 h[ev]1 are ( op9ion t ?is   
discov]y is ( no consequ5ce :atev] z    
reg>ds ! sy/em ( ,cop]nicus1 :i* is /ill
 consid]$ by !m to be ! mo/ correct (   
all & ! only possible "o4 ,= m ?an a    

c5tury !re has n be5 f\nd a s+le        
a/ronom] or sci5tific man1 to :om x has 
occurr$ t ! motion prop] to ! sun1 might
 h1 9 "s way or ano!r1 an influ5ce on ! 
pres5t /ate ( !oretical sci5ce4 ,!y all 
seem to reg>d ?is fact z an accid5t1    
involv+ no consequ5ces & q incapable (  
di/ract+ !m f _! lab\rs1 :i* !y cont9ue 
to "w 9 ! same mann] z is indicat$ 9 !  
sy/em ( ,cop]nicus4  ,if an advanc+     
motion is admitt$ to be ! motion prop]  
to ! sun1 ! orbits trav]s$ by ! planets 
_c be clos$4  ,b ! "q may be ask$3 is x 
true t sci5ce contradicts itself 9 ?is  
way8 ,we reply3 ,yes6 a/ronomical       
obs]vation has ov]tak5 !oretical or     
explicative sci5ce4 ,!ory has /ood /ill4
  ,9 ord] to set _! m9ds at re/1 le>n$  
m5 expla9 :at !y wi% to expla91 & j z   
heav5ly ph5om5a 7 acc\nt$ = accord+ !   
sy/ems ( ,ptolemaeus1 ( ,cop]nicus & (  
,ty*o de ,brahe1 s too !re w be no lack 
( good reasons to acc\nt = ! motion     
prop] to ! sun2 only hi/ory w tell u t !
 a/ronom]s ( ! la/ b "o dec5nium ( !    

,,xix? c5tury h taught by writ+ & speak+
 9 _! s*ools1 t ! sun is at ! same "t   
mov+ & n mov+4  ,a sci5ce :i* _c make   
any use ( ?is imm5se discov]y1 nor d$uce
 any application f x1 does n possess any
 vital p[]2 x is a dead sci5ce1 x is    
/rangl$ by ^? ^: duty is to keep x      
alive1 to lead x onw>ds to p]fection4   
,a/ronom]s ass]t t ! sun conducts its   
sy/em ) himself 9 mundane space1 b 9 !  
same brea? !y add3 ) ref]5ce h[ev] to ! 
planets x may be reg>d$ z 9 a /ate (    
re/4  ,h5ce a/ronom]s h discov]$ a      
motion :i* is at re/4  ,if ! sun is n   
fix$1 ! sy/em ( ,cop]nicus falls to     
gr\nd4 ,ei!r ! sun moves1 or does n2 a  
mov+ sun 9 a condition ( re/1 is an     
impossibility4  ,if ! sun moves1 !re is 
no fix$ c5tre1 !re are no clos$ or      
recurr5t curves & no pla9s ( orbits4 ,if
 ^! mu/ be obta9$ at any price1 ! sun   
mu/ be def9itively fix$1 x _c be p]mitt$
 to move onw>ds & yet at ! same "t n to 
move4  ,! fact t ! sun moves1 _c n[ be  
alt]$ & _c be any long] ignor$2 & if    

ma!maticians & a/ronom]s d not)/&+      
ass]t1 t ! sun may ) ref]5ce to its own 
planet>y sy/em be reg>d$ z fix$1 or 9 a 
condition ( re/1 9 t ! sy/em moves z a  
:ole )\t any *ange tak+ place 9 !       
relative position ( ! planets to ea*    
o!r1 or 9 _! relation to ! sun2 9 fact  
)\t any alt]ation tak+ place 9 !        
configuration ( ! sy/em--we reply1 ?is  
is "o ( ^? mean+less phrases1 :i* %\ld  
f9d no place 9 a sci5tific discussion4  
,a body :i* is 9 motion _c be 9 any way 
reg>d$ z be+ motionless1 x w\ld be j z  
reasonable to say t a locomotive1 dragg+
 a tra9 ( c>riages full ( pass5g]s1 c\ld
 ) ref]5ce to ! latt] be reg>d$ z       
motionless4  ,! actual mean+ ( su* an   
ass]tion is t ! planets are atta*$ to ! 
sun 9 su* a mann]1 t !y c nei!r approa* 
to1 nor rec$e f x1 b mu/ foll[ x        
:i!rsoev] x goes4  ,we may 9 ?\ght      
pursue a tra9 ( hypo!ses & suppositions1
 b !y d n !reby acquire reality2 /ill1 9
 a normal condition ( ! human intellect1
 x is impossible to conceive t any ?+ c 

exi/ & n exi/ at ! same "t4  ,f ?is     
confusion ( ideas1 x might seem z if    
!oretical a/ronomy _h got into an       
unt5able position :i* is irreconcilable 
) sci5ce & ought !re=e to endeav\r to   
ent] ^u a bett] /ate1 z soon z possible4
 ,!ory ought !re=e1 ei!r to h accept$ z 
a fact1 ! motion prop] to ! sun ) all   
its inevitable consequ5ces1 or else1 to 
h d5i$ ?is motion altoge!r4 ,b !        
a/ronom]s ignore ?is alt]native1 !y h   
decid$1 once = all & irrevocably t ! sun
 moves & t at ! same "t x %all be       
motionless4 ,9 ?is mann] sci5ce loses   
its reputation & all le>n$ly te*nical   
expressions & =mulas are n suffici5t to 
cov] ! weak "p4 ,! sun _c be r5d]$      
motionless1 & if a/ronom]s & m5 ( sci5ce
 ( ! pres5t day cont9ue to ignore ?is   
fact1 !y ne$ n be surpris$ at !         
inevitable consequ5ces ( _! own acts4   
,! sy/em ( ,cop]nicus presupposes !     
fixity ( ! sun1 z a conditio s9e qua    
non4 ,! mo/ ab/ruse inve/igations into !
 cele/ial me*anism c\ld n be made )\t   

?is axiom be grant$4 ,! ma!matician mu/ 
h a fix$ po9t1 a fix$ c5tral po9t (     
action = 8 coord9ates1 he wants fix$    
inv>iable pla9s & clos$ curves1 a radius
 vector describ+ pla9s1 he wants axes & 
poles = ! orbits1 9 ord] t !y may       
describe c]ta9 figures 9 ! heav51 & t ! 
pla9s ( ! orbits may move1--"o ( ! o!r4 
,naturally a/ronom]s & m5 ( sci5ce h    
nev] ask$ !mselves ! "q1 h[ a heav5ly   
body c\ld be fix$ 9 space4  ,:5 an      
a/ronom] ass]ts t ! ,cop]nician sy/em is
 ! only possible1 he believes t x is    
impossible = ! sun to h any motion ( its
 own2 :5 he at ! same "t ass]ts t all   
a/ronomy /&s or falls ) ?is sy/em1 he   
believes t no a/ronomical k exi/$ be=e !
 discov]y ( ! ,cop]nician sy/em1 & ) !  
fall ( ! sy/em all a/ronomical k w cease
 to exi/2 he believes moreov] true      
a/ronomy to be t1 :i* m5 ( sci5ce h     
imag9$ to be ! tru? reg>d+ ! heav5 & !  
causes ( ! ph5om5a we see4  ,if         
a/ronom]s _h m]ely pres5t$ _! ideas &   
op9ions to ! _w z su*1 & no m1 no "o    

c\ld raise any objection2 b !y lay d[n  
_! op9ions 9 words & on pap] z a        
positive sci5ce1 !y give _! view z      
incontrov]sible tru?s1 & ?is fact alt]s 
! situation1 = we _c admit t sci5ce is a
 m]e b>ge to be tak5 9 t[ by !          
imag9ation4  ,! fundam5tal axiom (      
a/ronomical !ory1 su* z ! ,cop]nician   
sy/em1 ,kepl]'s & ,newton's laws1 are n 
d]iv$ f a k ( fact1 !y are ! op9ions1   
views1 ideas & suppositions (           
individuals1 :i* h be5 adapt$ to !      
heav51 & z !y 7 g5]ally accept$1 ! "q 0 
nev] rais$ :e!r ! op9ions ( an organic  
creature--h[ev] intellig5t x might      
be--are really & truly t :i* we t]m     
p5etrat+ beh9d ! veil ( nature &        
compell+ x to yield up its secrets4 ,!  
fact ( no o!r ideas be+ at h& :i* seem$ 
to be bett]1 suffic$ to trans=m ^!      
op9ions into rules & to cause !m to be  
accept$ z ! only admissible & correct   
tru?s4  ,! op9ions set =? by ,cop]nicus1
 ,kepl] & ,newton are design$ by        
a/ronom]s ( ! pres5t day "u ! collective

 title ( ! ,cop]nician sy/em1 & !y      
believe t ^! ?ree dogmas1 sy/ems & laws1
 di/9ct z !y are f ea* o!r1 proce$      
consequ5tially "o f ! o!r1 t !y mutually
 supplem5t ea* ! o!r1 & ?us =m a        
h>moni\s :ole4 ,t n "o ( ^! ?+s re/s ^u 
actual obs]vation or ev5 probable &     
p]ceptible facts1 & f9ally1 t none ( !m 
c be obs]v$ or v]ifi$1 b t !y are all   
?ree creations ( ! imag9ation1 mu/ be   
cle>ly evid5t to any "o :o occupies     
himself at all ) ! /udy ( nature & m    
especially ) ! /udy ( ! heav5ly ph5om5a4
  ,:5 we say t a/ronomy is an e>?ly     
sci5ce1 we mean to imply t ! heav5 & !  
ph5om5a !re app>5t _c be /udi$ o!rwise  
?an z se5 f ! e>?4 ,!re=e a/ronomy is n 
a heav5ly sci5ce1 x consi/s solely ( su*
 ideas z we are able to =m1 t :i* we see
 on ! heav54  ,x is n a/ronomy t is gr&1
 comp>$ ) ! va/ objects ) :i* x deals x 
dw9dles to insignificance1 & we may say 
t to speak ( x z be+ a sci5ce ( !       
heav5ly me*anism1 nay m ( ! laws ( !    
univ]se1 is %e] nons5se4 ,! univ]se mu/ 

be = u a m]e t]m1 :i* does n convey any 
tangible idea to our m9ds4  ,z only a v 
small portion ( ! heav5ly space & its   
cont5ts is visible to our eyes1         
a/ronomy--:atev] may be ! magnify+ p[]  
plac$ at its disposal--mu/ be conf9$ )9 
! limits ( our vision & c !re=e be no m 
?an a small fragm5t4  ,9 ! positive s5se
 ( ! ^w1 a/ronomy is m especially a     
sci5ce ( obs]vation1 :i* is its only1 b 
real & successful p[]4 ,x may be said t 
a/ronomy has rais$ obs]vation to a      
sci5ce1 & its imm5se importance becomes 
m & m prom95t z ! explicative sci5ce    
loses 9 value2 :i* is ! m easily acc\nt$
 = by ! fact t obs]vation w f9ally br+  
ab\t ! ov]?r[ ( all unt5able !ories4    
,we see ! heav5 z we fly along1 ! e>?   
:irls u ) itself ?r\gh space1 h5ce      
a/ronomy _c make any draw+ room         
exp]im5t1 x _c reproduce any ( ! heav5ly
 ph5om5a1 x c d no?+ b obs]ve4 ,if !re=e
 ! sci5ce ( a/ronomy be m especially an 
obs]vative sci5ce1 t :i* x does n & _c  
obs]ve1 mu/ be = x z good z n exi/5t4 ,b

 a/ronomy may1 9 addition1 be designat$ 
! sci5ce ( obs]vation ( ! app>5t ?+s1   
?+s z !y seem to be1 = x is unable to   
see or reg>d ! heav5ly ph5om5a o!rwise  
?an !y pres5t !mselves to x4 ,a/ronomy  
is n p]mitt$ to obs]ve realities4  ,if  
!re=e obs]vation is itself a sci5ce1 x  
mu/ necess>ily be ! basis ( !ory2       
obs]vation may be set aside--:i* is :at 
is actually done--9 ?is way we may plod 
on1 we may t]m our lab\r :at we please2 
b :atev] is produc$ 9 ?is way is n      
a/ronomy4  ,b t glori\s sci5ce ^:       
sublime object is alone able to unfett] 
! m9d ( poor humanity--,a/ronomy--has a 
future be=e x4 ,any su* z feel !mselves 
call$ ^u to /udy s]i\sly ! ph5om5a (    
nature1 may set ab\t ! task4 ,! sun is a
 sure guide4  ,! great mass (           
a/ronomical obs]vations are almo/       
exclusively ( ,european orig91 ^? :i* 9 
lat] times h be5 made 9 o!r p>ts ( !    
e>?1 are ( a special "*--!y ref] = ! mo/
 "p to ! />s & are n num]\s en\gh to    
furni% any g5]al view1 b "h ! "q is (   

e/abli%+ a univ]sal a/ronomy available =
 ! :ole e>?1 :i*1 f\nd$ on ! actual type
 ( ! ph5om5a1 w become ! result (       
sci5ce4  ,) respect to a/ronomical k &  
its dissem9ation1 ! discov]y & prov+ (  
?is type ( ! ph5om5a is ( ! greate/     
importance1 !y mu/ be f\nd out n by     
calculation1 b by actual obs]vation4 ,:5
 discov]$1 a l>ge numb] ( important &   
/ill undecid$ problems w be advanc$     
t[>ds solution4  ,x may be ask$3 h[ &   
:]e %all we h[ev] f9d ?is orig9al type8 
& ! e>? itself supplies ! answ] by means
 ( its--,equator4 ,no obs]v]1 plac$ ei!r
 nor? or s\? ! equator1 c see ! two     
poles ( ! heav5 at once1 he _c see !    
:ole heav5ly sph]e2 at ! equator !      
entire spl5d\r ( ! firmam5t passes be=e 
8 eyes dur+ ! space (--#ab h\rs4  ,!    
equator ( ! e>? is always turn$ t[>ds ! 
sun1 & x ?us indicates ! direction tak5 
by our planet2 !re=e we mu/ be able to  
f9d ?is type at ! equator4 ,ei!r x is   
!re1 or x is n[h]e else1 & x is         
indisp5sably necess>y t a/ronomical     

obs]vations made else:]e %\ld be repeat$
 at ! equator ?us z x 7 confirm$4  ,!   
erection ( small1 simple & deta*$       
obs]vations along ! l9e ( ! e>?'s       
equator1 at c]ta9 di/ances f ea* o!r1 & 
! subdivision ( ! "w among/ ! v>i\s     
obs]v]s1 accord+ ! objects1 w\ld be (   
incalculable consequ5ce1 & w\ld 9 !     
c\rse ( a few ye>s %$ m light ^u        
a/ronomical k ?an all t has hi!rto be5  
done at hap-haz>d & )\t any plan4 ,an   
int]national sci5tific society c\ld take
 ! matt] 9 h&4 ,in/rum5ts ( ! mo/       
excell5t k9d are to be _h 9 pl5ty1 & !re
 is no lack ( "y & intellig5t m54       
,moreov]1 ev] s9ce #ahgd !re has be5    
e/abli%$ at ,quito1 ! ,obs]vatorio de   
,collegio ,nacional1 ! director ( :i*   
,mr4 ,g4 ,b4 ,m5ton might sup]9t5d !    
prelim9>y op]ations until su* "t z ! "w 
c\ld be prosecut$ ) great] res\rces &   
accord+ to a well consid]$ plan4 ,su* m5
 z ,lick1 ,bis*(f%eim1 ,remeis etc41 :o 
are will+ to make suffici5t sacrifices 9
 ord] to e/abli% ?is glori\s sci5ce ^u m

 solid f\ndations1 :i* d n re/ on an    
imag9>y & unt5able !ory1 b on actual    
obs]vation1 w surely be f\nd4 ,success  
_c be d\btful4 ,w\ld n ! ,am]icans1 :o  
appreciate e ?+ on a gr& scale & are n  
afraid ( any exp5se 9 _! und]tak+s1 d   
all 9 _! p[] to fur!r & promote ?is     
spl5did "w8#a  ,if--z is well           
kn[n--matt]s are n z !y are assum$ to   
be1 to :at purpose h be5 & are ^!       
labori\s works prosecut$ & ! undy+ works
 writt58 ,if ! imag9>y is pref]r$ to    
reality1 we set up an imag9>y sci5ce1   
)\t kn[+ any?+ ab\t ! heav51 & ! sci5ce 
?us set up w become ! play?+ ( fancy4   
,if !y inquire1 :y !ory d5ies reality--!
 motion ( ! sun--we %all f9d t x is     
because x pref]s ! imag9>y4 ,! sun 9    
motion de/roys ! f\nd illusions ( !     
a/ronom]s1 ?is !y w n submit to1 _!     
unt5able !ory mu/ cont9ue to be look$ ^u
 z unadult]ate/ tru?1 & ! consequ5ce is 
t ! manife/ations ( ! gr& & sublime     
,nature are put d[n z lies4  ,?is idea (
 a fix$ sun has tak5 su* a firm hold (  

m5's m9ds t !re is no =ce 9 nature      
capable ( ex]cis+ suffici5t p[] to      
eradicate x1 ! sun may move z x pleases1
 & :il/ ! :i!r & rapidity ( its motion  
are dilig5tly /udi$1 m5's m9ds are      
occupi$ ) its fixity1 & ^! inve/igations
 & inquiries are prosecut$ )\t any      
consequ5ces be+ !refrom d$uc$4 ,directly
 a !ory or a law is to be set up1 ! sun 
is at once v firmly fix$ on--e!r4       
,a/ronomical writ]s consid] t !y h done 
q en\gh1 :5 !y h accord$ honorable      
m5tion to ! motion ( ! sun1 b _!        
d$uctions1 conclusions1 !ories1 pro(s & 
laws are all bas$ on ! immobility ( !   
sun1 accord+ ! sy/em ( ,cop]nicus4  ,!  
idea t ! motion ( ! sun does n          
necessitate any alt]ation 9 ! sy/em (   
,cop]nicus leads u to ! utmo/ absurdity4
 ,if ! e>? is to move 9 ! inv>iable pla9
 ( its recurr5t & clos$ ellipse1 x /&s  
to reason1 x _c foll[ ! sun1 & !        
circulation ar\nd ! c5tre at once falls 
to ! gr\nd4  ,x is a v rem>kable fact1 t
 ! a/ronom]s ( ! by-gone c5tury c\ld1 & 

^? ( ! pres5t c5tury c believe1 su* z   
,cop]nicus1 ,kepl] & ,newton1 _h !y be5 
aw>e ( ! motion ( ! sun1 w\ld h set up !
 same sy/em1 ! same laws & !ories1 z !y 
bas$ exclusively on ! !ory ( its be+    
immoveable4 ,?is fact is "o ( :i* we are
 "r to be a%am$4  ,! a/ronom]s hug      
!mselves1 ) great complac5cy1 ) !       
idea--:i* gradually becomes a delici\s  
c]ta9ly--t !y h mapp$ out ! heav5 v     
well1 & t any *ange 9 ! arrangem5t is a 
?+ n to be ?\ght (4 ,if !re=e any "o (  
_! fell[s %\ld get up--:i* has sometimes
 occurr$--& say3 x is high "t t we %\ld 
cle> up ! sci5ce & subject ?is unt5able 
!ory to a /rict exam9ation & te/1 !     
imm5se majority ( faculti/s & au?orities
 proclaim unanim\sly non possumus1 :i*  
is aft] all b a l+ual v]ification ( !   
fir/ law ( ! nature#b4         99       
99       99       99       99  ,:y is x 
t ! a/ronom]s ( ! pres5t day are unwill+
 to take into consid]ation & to /udy !  
consequ5ces aris+ f ! motion prop] to ! 
sun1 ) ref]5ce to its own sy/em8  ,:y is

 x t !y are unwill+ to recognise or r to
 grasp prop]ly & to expla9 !            
app]ceivable ph5om5a1 :i* ! motion prop]
 to ! sun1 z se5 f ! surface ( ! e>?1   
mu/ produce on ! app>5tly holl[ sph]e ( 
! heav58       ,mont] d'une e*oppe a un 
palais1 c'e/ r>e et beau2 mont] de      
l'erreur a la v]ite1 c'e/ plus r>e et   
c'e/ plus beau4                         
,victor ,hugo4       ,il arrive         
frequemm5t que la croyance univ]selle   
d'un siecle1      croyance dont il      
n'etait donne a p]sonne de s'affran*ir a
 mo9s      d'un ef=t extraord9aire de   
g5ie et de c\rage1 devi5t p\r un        
autre siecle une absurdite si palpable  
qu'on n'a plus qu'a      s'etonn]       
qu'elle ait pu jamais prevaloir4        
,n4 ,ts*]ny*ewsky4     ,litt]ature4     
#a4 ,/a1 sol1 ne move>e4 ,augu/ ,tis*n]4
 ,leipzig #ahha-ahhb4      ,gu/av ,fock4
    #b4 ,groesse1 ,entf]nung und ,masse 
d] ,sonne4 ,augu/ ,tis*n]4      ,leipzig
 #ahhb4 ,gu/av ,fock4    #c4 ,die ,sonne
 und die ,a/ronomie4 ,k4 ,nagy4 ,leipzig

 #ahff4 ,f4 ,a4      ,brockhaus4    #d4 
,memoire sur le sy/eme solaire et sur   
l'explication des ph5om5es      cele/es4
 ,*>les ,nagy4 ,p>is #ahfb4 ,leibn]4    
#e4 ,consid]ation sur les cometes1      
elem5ts de ,cometologie4 ,*>les         
,nagy4 ,p>is #ahfb4 ,leibn]4    #f4     
,sy/eme solaire d'apres la m>*e reelle  
du ,soleil4 ,e4 ,g4      ,fahrn]4 ,p>is 
#bme ed4 #ahfi4    #g4 ,das wahre       
,sonn5sy/em4 ,bewegung und ,bahn5 d]    
,ge/irne na*      e9] neu5 ,auffassung  
ueb] dieselb5 im ,himmelsraume1 und zw> 
wel*e ni*t 9 ,ellips5 /att hat4 ,james  
,h]mann ,milb]g4      ,mu5*5 #ahfb4     
#h4 ,die wahre ,ge/alt d] ,planet5- und 
,komet5bahn54 ,fri$rick      ,c>l ,gu/av
 ,/ieb]4 ,dresd5 #ahfd4    #i4 ,die     
,sonne bewegt si*4 ,folg]ung5 aus dies] 
,lehre 9 ,bezug auf      die ,fix/]ne   
und ,planet54 ,c4 ,r47ohrba*74 ,b]l9    
#aheb4   #aj4 ,ueb]                     
,v]ans*auli*ungsmittel fu] ma!matis*e   
,geographie4      ,erlaeut]nde ,beigabe 
zu neu con/ruirt5                       

,v]ans*auli*ungsapp>at5      fu]        
,volkss*ul5 und hoeh]e                  
,unt]ri*tsan/alt54 ,f4 ,a4              
,pues*mann1 ,sem9>ob]lehr]1 ,grimma4    
#aa4 ,d] ,himmels-,me*anik ga5zli*e     
,re=m auf ,grund d] inductiv5           
,logik mit d] /r5gb]e*tigt5             
philosophis*5 und ma!matis*5            
,na*weisung4 ,v4 ,p4 ,kluk-,kluczycky4  
#ahhj4    ,g4 ,,kreys+1 ,,leipzig4      
,illu/ration  ,,footnotes3  #a ,moreov]1
 o!r1 small] deta*$ obs]vatories1 might 
be erect$ on ! ea/ & we/ coa/s ( ,am]ica
 & ,africa1 on ! isl&s ( ,sumatra1      
,borneo1 ,celebes & ,gilolo1 on "o ( !  
isl&s ( ,gilb]t's ar*ipelago & ^u "o ( !
 ,gallopagos isl&s1 if x be consid]$    
wor? ! ef=t to acquire "s real k z to ! 
movem5t 9 space ( ! lead] ( our planet>y
 sy/em & ! bodies p]ta9+ to x4  #b      
,in]tia is ! mo/ simple & mo/ natural   
7sic7 law ( nature :i* c be imag9$4     
,laplace ,i p4 #d4        ,! foll[+ is a
 li/ ( *anges made to ! orig9al4   ,!   
fir/ l9e is ! orig9al l9e1 ! second !   

*ang$ "o4    ,cop]nicus makes ! sun to  
be moti5less1   ,cop]nicus makes ! sun  
to be motionless1    maun] z is indicat$
 9 ! sy/em (   mann] z is indicat$ 9 !  
sy/em (    ideas be+ at h& :i* seem$ be 
to bett]1   ideas be+ at h& :i* seem$ to
 be bett]1    p[]4 ,if may be said t    
a/ronomy has   p[]4 ,x may be said t    
a/ronomy has    ^u to sludy s]i\sly !   
ph5om5a (   ^u to /udy s]i\sly ! ph5om5a
 (    = ! :ole e>?1 :i*1 f\nd$ ( !   = !
 :ole e>?1 :i*1 f\nd$ on !    & !       
subdivision ( ! "w amang/ !   & !       
subdivision ( ! "w among/ !    ,if !    
imag9>y is pref]$ to reality1 we   ,if !
 imag9>y is pref]r$ to reality1 we      
,celebes & ,gilolo1 on "o ( ! isl&s ol  
,gilb]t's   ,celebes & ,gilolo1 on "o ( 
! isl&s ( ,gilb]t's    or r to graph    
prop]y & to expla9   or r to grasp      
prop]ly & to expla9