,hegel's ,philosophy ( ,m9d ,by ,georg ,wilhelm ,fri$ri* ,hegel ,translat$ ,f ,! ,encyclopa$ia ( ! ,philosophical ,sci5ces ,) ,five ,introductory ,essays ,by ,william ,wallace1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d4 ,fell[ ( ,m]ton ,college1 & ,:yte's ,pr(essor ( ,moral ,philosophy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d ,ox=d ,cl>5don ,press #ahid ,,cont5ts ,preface4 ,five ,introductory ,essays ,9 ,psy*ology ,& ,e?ics4 ,essay ,i4 ,on ,! ,scope ,( ,a ,philosophy ,( ,m9d4 ,essay ,,ii4 ,aims ,& ,me?ods ,( ,psy*ology4 ,essay ,,iii4 ,on ,"s ,psy*ological ,aspects ,( ,e?ics4 ,essay ,,iv4 ,psy*o-,g5esis4 ,essay ,v4 ,e?ics ,& ,politics4 ,introduction4 ,section ,i4 ,m9d ,subjective4 ,sub-,section ,a4 ,an?ropology4 ,! ,s\l4 ,sub-,section ,b4 ,ph5om5ology ,( ,m9d4 ,consci\sness4 ,sub-,section ,c4 ,psy*ology4 ,m9d4 ,section ,,ii4 ,m9d ,objective4 ,di/ribution4 ,sub-,section ,a4 ,law4 ,sub-,section ,b4 ,! ,morality ,( ,consci5ce4 ,sub-,section ,c4 ,! ,moral ,life1 ,or ,social ,e?ics4 ,section ,,iii4 ,absolute ,m9d4 ,sub-,section ,a4 ,art4 ,sub-,section ,b4 ,reveal$ ,religion4 ,sub-,section ,c4 ,philosophy4 ,index4 ,footnotes ,,preface4 ,i "h (f] a translation ( ! ?ird or la/ "p ( ,hegel's encyclopa$ic sket* ( philosophy1--! ,philosophy ( ,m9d4 ,! volume1 l its subject1 /&s complete 9 itself4 ,b x may also be reg>d$ z a supplem5t or cont9uation ( ! "w begun 9 my v]sion ( 8 ,logic4 ,i h n v5tur$ ^u ! ,philosophy ( ,nature :i* lies betwe5 ^! two4 ,t is a prov9ce1 to p5etrate into :i* w\ld require an equipm5t ( le>n+ ,i make no claim to1--a prov9ce1 also1 ( :i* ! pres5t-day int]e/ w\ld be l>gely hi/orical1 or at lea/ b\nd up ) hi/orical circum/ances4 ,! translation is made f ! ,g]man text giv5 9 ! ,second ,"p ( ! ,sev5? ,volume ( ,hegel's ,collect$ ,works1 occasionally correct$ by comp>ison ) t f\nd 9 ! second & ?ird editions 7( #ahbg & #ahcj7 publi%$ by ! au?or4 ,i h reproduc$ only ,hegel's own p>agraphs1 & entirely omitt$ ! ,zustze ( ! editors4 ,^! add5da--:i* are 9 orig9 lecture-notes--to ! p>agraphs are1 9 ! text ( ! ,collect$ ,works1 giv5 = ! fir/ section only4 ,! psy*ological "p :i* !y accompany has be5 b>ely treat$ else:]e by ,hegel3 b a good popul> exposition ( x w be f\nd 9 ,erdmann's ,psy*ologis*e ,briefe4 ,! second section 0 dealt ) at great] l5g? by ,hegel himself 9 8 ,philosophy ( ,law 7#ahbj74 ,! topics ( ! ?ird section are l>gely cov]$ by 8 lectures on ,art1 ,religion1 & ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy4 ,i d n conceal f myself t ! text (f]s a h>d nut to crack4 ,yet "h & !re1 ev5 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! translation1 ,i ?9k "s light _c fail to come to an e>ne/ /ud5t4 ,occasionally1 too1 z1 = in/ance1 9 #djf1 #dei1 #edi1 & /ill m 9 #eeb1 #egc1 at ! close ( :i* might /& ! words ,lib]avi animam meam1 ! writ] really 8lets himself g10 & gives 8 m9d freely on que/ions :]e speculation comes closely 9 t\* ) life4 ,9 ! ,five ,introductory ,essays ,i h tri$ sometimes to put toge!r1 & sometimes to provide ) collat]al elucidation1 "s po9ts 9 ! ,m5tal ,philosophy4 ,i %all n attempt to ju/ify ! selection ( subjects = special treatm5t fur!r ?an to hope t !y =m a m or less connect$ gr\p1 & to ref] = a /udy ( "s g5]al que/ions ( sy/em & me?od to my ,prolegom5a to ! ,/udy ( ,hegel's ,philosophy :i* appe> almo/ simultane\sly ) ?is volume4 ,,ox=d1 ,decemb]1 #ahic4 ,,five ,,introductory ,,essays ,,9 ,,psy*ology ,,& ,,e?ics4 ,essay ,i4 ,on ,! ,scope ,( ,a ,philosophy ,( ,m9d4 ,! art ( f9d+ titles1 & ( /rik+ out head+s :i* cat* ! eye or e>1 & lead ! m9d by easy pa?s ( association to ! subject "u exposition1 0 n "o ( ,hegel's gifts4 ,a /irr+ phrase1 a vivid or picturesque turn ( words1 he (t5 has4 ,b 8 li/s ( cont5ts1 :5 !y cease to be commonplace1 are apt to run into ! biz>re & ! grotesque4 ,g5]ally1 inde$1 8 rubrics are ! old & 7z we may be tempt$ to call !m7 insignificant t]ms ( ! text-books4 ,b1 9 ,hegel's use ( !m1 ^! conv5tional designations are *>g$ ) a highly individualis$ mean+4 ,!y may mean m--!y may mean less--?an !y habitually pass =3 b !y unque/ionably specify _! mean+ ) a unique & almo/ p]sonal flav\r4 ,& ?is c h>dly fail to create & to disappo9t undue expectations4 7i47 ,philosophy & its ,p>ts4 ,ev5 ! ma9 divisions ( 8 sy/em %[ ?is cons]vatism 9 t]m9ology4 ,! names ( ! ?ree p>ts ( ! ,encyclopa$ia are1 we may say1 non-significant ( _! peculi> cont5ts4 ,& t = a good reason4 ,:at ,hegel proposes to give is no novel or special doctr9e1 b ! univ]sal philosophy :i* has pass$ on f age to age1 "h n>r[$ & !re wid5$1 b /ill ess5tially ! same4 ,x is consci\s ( its cont9uity & pr\d ( its id5tity ) ! tea*+s ( ,plato & ,ari/otle4 ,! e>lie/ attempts ( ! ,greek philosoph]s to pres5t philosophy 9 a complete & articulat$ ord]--attempts g5]ally attribut$ to ! ,/oics1 ! s*oolm5 ( antiquity--made x a trip>tite :ole4 ,^! ?ree p>ts 7 ,logic1 ,physics1 & ,e?ics4 ,9 _! entirety !y 7 meant to =m a cycle ( unifi$ k1 satisfy+ ! ne$s ( !ory z well z practice4 ,z "t w5t on1 h[ev]1 ! situation *ang$3 & if ! old names rema9$1 _! scope & value suff]$ _m *anges4 ,new int]e/s & curiosities1 due to alt]$ circum/ances1 br\ght o!r dep>tm5ts ( reality "u ! focus ( inve/igation besides ^? :i* _h be5 prim>ily discuss$ "u ! old names4 ,inquiries became m specialis$1 & ea* t5d$ to segregate itself f ! re/ z an indep5d5t field ( sci5ce4 ,! result 0 t 9 mod]n times ! t]ritory /ill m>k$ by ! anci5t titles _h %runk to a m]e phantom ( its =m] bulk4 ,almo/ inde$ ?+s _h come to su* a pass t ! "t-hon\r$ figures _h sunk into ! mis]y ( rois fa9ants2 :ile ! real bus9ess ( k 0 dis*>g$ by ! y\ng] & less conv5tional l9es ( rese>* :i* ! ne$s & fa%ions ( ! "t _h call$ up4 ,?us ,logic1 9 ! n>r[ =mal s5se1 0 turn$ into an 8art0 ( argum5tation & a sy/em ( te*nical rules = ! analysis & syn!sis ( academical discussion4 ,physics or ,natural ,philosophy re/rict$ itself to ! elaboration ( "s metaphysical po/ulates or hypo!ses reg>d+ ! g5]al modes ( physical op]ation4 ,& ,e?ics came to be a v unpractical discussion ( subtleties reg>d+ moral faculty & moral /&>d4 ,mean:ile a !ory ( sci5tific me?od & ( ! laws gov]n+ ! gr[? ( intellig5ce & =mation ( ideas grew up1 & left ! old] logic to p]i% ( =mality & inanition4 ,! successive dep>tm5ts ( physical sci5ce1 ea* 9 turn ass]t+ its indep5d5ce1 f9ally left ,natural ,philosophy no alt]native betwe5 cl++ to its outworn hypo!ses & ab/ract g5]alities1 or id5tify+ itself 7z ,newton 9 8 great book put x7 ) ! ,pr9cipia ,ma!matica ( ! physical sci5ces4 ,e?ics1 9 its turn1 saw itself1 on "o h&1 replac$ by psy*ological inquiries into ! relations betwe5 ! feel+s & ! w & ! intellig5ce2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 a ho/ ( social1 hi/orical1 economical1 & o!r rese>*es cut x (f f ! real facts ( human life1 & left x no m ?an ! endless debates on ! logical & metaphysical issues involv$ 9 free-w & consci5ce1 duty & m]it4 ,x has sometimes be5 said t ,kant settl$ ?is controv]sy betwe5 ! old dep>tm5ts ( philosophy & ! new bran*es ( sci5ce4 ,& ! settlem5t1 x is impli$1 consi/$ 9 assign+ to ! philosoph] a sort ( police & patrol duty 9 ! commonweal? ( sci5ce4 ,he 0 to see t b\nd>ies 7 duly respect$1 & t ea* sci5ce kept /rictly to its own bus9ess4 ,= ?is purpose ea* bran* ( philosophy 0 b\nd to conv]t itself into a dep>tm5t ( criticism--an exam9ation ( fir/ pr9ciples 9 ! sev]al prov9ces ( reality or exp]i5ce--) a view to get a di/9ct conception ( :at !y 71 & ?us def9e exactly ! l9es on :i* ! /ructures ( m detail$ sci5ce c\ld be put up solidly & safely4 ,?is plan (f]$ tempt+ l9es to rese>*1 & s\nd$ well4 ,b on fur!r reflection !re em]ge "o or two difficulties1 h>d to get ov]4 ,p>adoxical ?\gh x may seem1 "o _c rightly e/imate ! capacity & range ( f\ndations1 be=e "o has _h "s famili>ity ) ! build+s erect$ ^u !m4 ,?us y are involv$ 9 a circle3 a circle :i* is probably inevitable1 b :i* = t reason x is well to recognise at once4 ,!n--:at is only ano!r way ( say+ ! same ?+--x is impossible to draw an inflexible l9e betwe5 premises ( pr9ciple & conclusions ( detail4 ,!re is no spot at :i* criticism c /op1 &1 hav+ done its bus9ess well1 h& on ! rema9+ task to dogmatic sy/em4 ,x 0 an in/9ctive feel+ ( ?is implication ( sy/em 9 :at pr(ess$ only to be criticism :i* l$ ! ag$ ,kant to ignore 8 own previ\s pr(essions t he (f]$ z yet no sy/em1 & :5 ,fi*te ma9ta9$ himself to be erect+ ! fabric = :i* ,kant _h prep>$ ! gr\nd1 to reply by ! c\nt]-decl>ation t ! criticism 0 ! sy/em--t 8! curta9 0 ! picture40 ,! ,hegelian philosophy is an attempt to comb9e criticism ) sy/em1 & ?us realise :at ,kant _h at lea/ =etold4 ,x is a sy/em :i* is self-critical1 & sy/ematic only ?r\gh ! absolut5ess ( its criticism4 ,9 ,hegel's own phrase1 x is an imman5t & an incessant dialectic1 :i* f fir/ to la/ all[s f9ality to no dogmatic re/1 b c>ries out ,kant's description ( an ,age ( ,criticism1 9 :i* no?+1 h[ev] maje/ic & sacr$ its au?ority1 c plead = exception f ! all-te/+ ,el5*us4 ,!n1 on ! o!r h&1 ,hegel refuses to re/rict philosophy & its bran*es to any?+ %ort ( ! totality4 ,he takes 9 its full s5se t (t5-us$ phrase--! ,unity ( ,k4 ,logic becomes ! all-embrac+ rese>* ( 8fir/ pr9ciples10--! pr9ciples :i* regulate physics & e?ics4 ,! old divisions betwe5 logic & metaphysic1 betwe5 induction & d$uction1 betwe5 !ory ( reason+ & !ory ( k1--divisions :i* ^? :o mo/ employ$ !m 7 nev] able to %[ ! reason & purpose (--because inde$ !y _h gr[n up at v>i\s times & by 8natural selection0 ?r\gh a va/ mass ( incid5ts3 ^! are sup]s$$ & m]g$ 9 "o cont9u\s !ory ( real k consid]$ "u its ab/ract or =mal aspect1--( organis$ & kn[n reality 9 its und]ly+ ?\ght-sy/em4 ,b ^! fir/ pr9ciples 7 only an ab/raction f complete reality--! reality :i* nature has :5 unifi$ by m9d--& !y presuppose ! total f :i* !y are d]iv$4 ,! realm ( pure ?\ght is only ! gho/ ( ! ,idea--( ! unity & reality ( k1 & x mu/ be re9du$ ) its fle% & blood4 ,! logical _w is 79 ,kantian phrase7 only ! possibility ( ,nature & ,m9d4 ,x comes fir/--because x is a sy/em ( ,fir/ ,pr9ciples3 b ^! fir/ pr9ciples c\ld only be elicit$ by a philosophy :i* has realis$ ! mean+ ( a m5tal exp]i5ce1 ga!r$ by int]pret+ ! facts ( ,nature4 ,natural ,philosophy is no long]--accord+ to ,hegel's view ( x--m]ely a s*eme ( ma!matical gr\nd-"w4 ,t may be its fir/ /ep4 ,b its scope is a complete unity 7:i* is n a m]e aggregate7 ( ! bran*es ( natural k1 explor+ bo? ! inorganic & ! organic _w4 ,9 deal+ ) ?is endless problem1 philosophy seems to be baulk$ by an impregnable ob/acle to its progress4 ,e day ! advance ( specialisation r5d]s any compreh5sive or synoptic view ( ! totality ( sci5ce m & m impossible4 ,no d\bt we talk readily en\gh ( ,sci5ce4 ,b "h1 if any:]e1 we may say !re is no ,sci5ce1 b only sci5ces4 ,! g5]ality ( sci5ce is a pr\d fiction or a gorge\s dream1 v>i\sly told & int]pret$ accord+ to ! v>y+ int]e/ & proclivity ( ! sci5ti/4 ,! sci5ces1 or ^? :o specially exp\nd !m1 "k ( no unity1 no philosophy ( sci5ce4 ,!y are cont5t to rem>k t 9 ^! days ! ?+ is impossible1 & to pick out ! faults 9 any attempts 9 t direction t are made outside _! pale4 ,un=tunately = ?is cont5tion1 ! ?+ is done by u all1 &1 inde$1 has to be done4 ,if n z m5 ( sci5ce1 yet z m5--z human be+s--we h to put toge!r ?+s & =m "s total e/imate ( ! drift ( developm5t1 ( ! unity ( nature4 ,to get a notion1 n m]ely ( ! g5]al me?ods & pr9ciples ( ! sci5ces1 b ( _! results & tea*+s1 & to get ?is n z a m]e lot ( fragm5ts1 b ) a sy/ematic unity1 is indisp5sable 9 "s degree = all rational life4 ,! life n f\nd$ on sci5ce is n ! life ( man4 ,b he w n f9d :at he wants 9 ! text-books ( ! speciali/1 :o is oblig$ to treat 8 subject1 z ,plato says1 8"u ! pressure ( necessity10 & :o d>e n look on x 9 its quality 8to draw ! s\l t[>ds tru?1 & to =m ! philosophic intellect s z to uplift :at we n[ unduly keep d[n7#a740 ,if ! philosoph] 9 ?is prov9ce does 8 "w b badly1 he may plead ! novelty ( ! task to :i* he comes z a pione] or ev5 an ar*itect4 ,he f9ds little t he c directly utilise4 ,! mat]ials h be5 ga!r$ & prep>$ = v special aims2 & ! great aim ( sci5ce--t human life may be made a high]1 an ampl]1 & happi] ?+1--has h>dly be5 kept 9 view at all1 except 9 its m mat]iali/ic aspects4 ,to ! philosoph] ! supreme int]e/ ( ! physical sci5ces is t man also belongs to ! physical univ]se1 or t ,m9d & ,matt] z we "k !m are 79 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s language7 8at once anti!tical & insep>able40 ,he wants to f9d ! place ( ,man1--b ( ,man z ,m9d--9 ,nature4 ,if ! scope ( ,natural ,philosophy be ?us exp&$ to make x ! unity & m ?an ! syn!tic aggregate ( ! sev]al physical sci5ces--to make x ! :ole :i* surpasses ! addition ( all _! fragm5ts1 ! purpose ( ,e?ics has n less to be deep5$ & wid5$4 ,e?ics1 "u t title1 ,hegel kn[s n4 ,& = ^? :o _c recognise any?+ unless x be cle>ly labell$1 x comes natural to record _! c5sure ( ,hegelianism = ignor+ or disp>ag+ e?ical /udies4 ,b if we take ! ^w 9 t wide s5se :i* common usage r ju/ifies ?an adopts1 we may say t ! :ole philosophy ( ,m9d is a moral philosophy4 ,its subject is ! moral z oppos$ to ! physical aspect ( reality3 ! inn] & ideal life z oppos$ to ! m]ely ext]nal & real mat]ials ( x3 ! _w ( intellig5ce & ( humanity4 ,x displays ,man 9 ! sev]al /ages ( t process by :i* he expresses ! full mean+ ( nature1 or dis*>ges ! burd5 ( t task :i* is implicit 9 him f ! fir/4 ,x traces ! /eps ( t gr[? by :i* :at 0 no bett] ?an a fragm5t ( nature--an intellig5ce locat$ 7z x seem$7 9 "o piece ( matt]--comes to realise ! tru? ( x & ( himself4 ,t tru? is 8 ideal & 8 obligation3 b x is also--su* is ! my/]y ( 8 bir?right--8 idea & possession4 ,he--l ! natural univ]se--is 7z ! ,logic has %[n7 a pr9ciple ( unification1 organisation1 idealisation3 & 8 hi/ory 79 its ideal complet5ess7 is ! hi/ory ( ! process by :i* he1 ! typical man1 works ! fragm5ts ( reality 7& su* m]e reality mu/ be always a collection ( fragm5ts7 into ! p]fect unity ( a _m-sid$ "*4 ,?us ! philosophy ( m9d1 beg9n+ ) man z a s5ti5t organism1 ! focus 9 :i* ! univ]se gets its fir/ dim confus$ expression ?r\gh m]e feel+1 %[s h[ he 8erects himself above himself0 & realises :at anci5t ?9k]s call$ 8 k9dr$ ) ! div9e4 ,9 t total process ( ! m9d's lib]ation & self-realisation ! portion specially call$ ,morals is b "o1 ?\gh a necess>y1 /age4 ,!re are1 said ,porphyry & ! lat] ,platoni/s1 f\r degrees 9 ! pa? ( p]fection & self-accompli%m5t4 ,& fir/1 !re is ! c>e] ( hone/y & worldly prud5ce1 :i* makes ! duty ( ! citiz54 ,secondly1 !re is ! progress 9 purity :i* ca/s e>?ly ?+s beh9d1 & rea*es ! angelic height ( passionless s]5ity4 ,& ! ?ird /ep is ! div9e life :i* by intellectual en]gy is turn$ to behold ! tru? ( ?+s4 ,la/ly1 9 ! f\r? grade1 ! m9d1 free & sublime 9 self-su/a9+ wisdom1 makes itself an 8exempl>0 ( virtue1 & is ev5 a 8fa!r ( ,gods40 ,ev5 s1 x may be said1 ! human m9d is ! subject ( a complicat$ ,teleology1--! field rul$ by a multif>i\s ,ought1 psy*ological1 ae/hetical1 social & religi\s4 ,to adju/ _! sev]al claims _c be ! object ( any sci5ce1 if adju/m5t means to supply a guide 9 practice4 ,b x is ! purpose ( su* a teleology to %[ t social requirem5ts & moral duty z ord9>ily conceiv$ d n exhau/ ! range ( obligation1--( ! supreme e?ical ,ought4 ,h[ t c be/ be done is h[ev] a "q ( "s difficulty4 ,= ! ends "u exam9ation d n fall completely into a s]ial ord]1 nor does "o involve o!rs 9 su* a way z to de/roy _! indep5d5ce4 ,y _c absolve psy*ology z if x /ood indep5d5t ( e?ics or religion1 nor c ae/hetic consid]ations m]ely sup]v5e on moral4 ,/ill1 x may be said1 ! ord] foll[$ by ,hegel seems on ! :ole liable to few] objections ?an o!rs4 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ! only ,engli% philosoph] :o has ev5 attempt$ a ,sy/em ( ,philosophy1 may 9 ?is po9t be comp>$ ) ,hegel4 ,he also beg9s ) a ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1--a "w :i*1 l ,hegel's ,logic1 />ts by pres5t+ ,philosophy z ! supreme arbit] betwe5 ! subord9ate pr9ciples ( ,religion & ,sci5ce1 :i* are 9 x 8necess>y correlatives40 ,! positive task ( philosophy is 7) "s inconsi/5cy or vagu5ess7 pres5t$1 9 ! next place1 z a 8unification ( k40 ,su* a unification has to make explicit ! implicit unity ( kn[n reality3 because 8e ?\ght involves a :ole sy/em ( ?\ghts40 ,& su* a programme might aga9 sugge/ ! ,logic4 ,b un=tunately ,mr4 ,sp5c] does n 7& he has ,francis ,bacon to ju/ify him "h7 ?9k x wor? 8 :ile to toil up ! we>y1 b necess>y1 m\nt ( ,purgatory :i* is kn[n to u z ,logic4 ,) a nave realism1 he builds on ,cause & ,p[]1 & above all on ,=ce1 t 8,ultimate ( ,ultimates10 :i* seems to be1 h[ev] m>vell\sly1 a d5iz5 bo? ( ! ,kn[n & ! ,unkn[able _w4 ,9 ! kn[n _w ?is ,ultimate appe>s "u two =ms1 matt] & motion1 & ! problem ( sci5ce & philosophy is to lay d[n 9 detail & 9 g5]al ! law ( _! cont9u\s r$i/ribution1 ( ! segregation ( motion f matt]1 & ! inclusion ( motion into matt]4 ,( ?is process1 :i* has no beg9n+ & no end1--! rhy?m ( g5]ation & corruption1 attraction & repulsion1 x may be said t x is prop]ly n a fir/ pr9ciple ( all k1 b ! g5]al or fundam5tal portion ( ,natural ,philosophy to :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] next proce$s4 ,su* a philosophy1 h[ev]1 he gives only 9 "p3 viz4 z a ,biology1 deal+ ) organic 7& at a fur!r /age & "u o!r names1 ) supra-organic7 life4 ,& t ! ,philosophy ( ,nature %\ld take ?is =m1 & c>ry bo? ! ,fir/ ,pr9ciples & ! lat] portions ( ! sy/em ) x1 z p>ts ( a philosophy ( evolution1 is :at we %\ld h expect$ f ! contemporane\s int]e/s ( sci5ce7#b74 ,ev5 a "o-sid$ attempt to give speculative unity to ^? rese>*es1 :i* get--= reasons ! sci5tific speciali/ seldom asks--! title ( biological1 is h[ev] wor? not+ z a recognition ( ! necessity ( a ,natur-philosophie1--a speculative sci5ce ( ,nature4 ,! ?ird "p ( ! ,hegelian ,sy/em corresponds to :at 9 ! ,syn!tic ,philosophy is kn[n z ,psy*ology1 ,e?ics1 & ,sociology4 ,& "h ,mr4 ,sp5c] recognises t some?+ new has turn$ up4 ,psy*ology is 8unique0 z a sci5ce3 x is a 8d\ble sci5ce10 & z a :ole q sui g5]is4 ,:e!r p]haps all ^! epi!ts w\ld n1 mutatis mut&is1 h to be appli$ also to ,e?ics & ,sociology1 if ^! are to d _! full "w1 he does n say4 ,9 :at ?is d\bl5ess consi/s he ev5 f9ds x some:at difficult to %[4 ,=1 z 8 fundam5tal philosophy does n on ?is po9t g beyond not+ "s pairs ( v]bal anti!ses1 & has no s5se ( unity except 9 ! imp]fect %ape ( a 8relation7#c70 betwe5 two ?+s :i* are 8anti!tical & insep>able10 he is p]plex$ by phrases su* z 890 & 8out (0 consci\sness1 & /umbles ov] ! equivocal use ( 8inn]0 to d5ote bo? m5tal 7or non-spatial7 9 g5]al1 & locally sub-cuticul> 9 special4 ,/ill1 he gets s f> z to see t ! law ( consci\sness is t 9 x nei!r feel+s nor relations h indep5d5t subsi/5ce1 & t ! unit ( m9d does n beg9 till :at he calls two feel+s are made "o4 ,! phraseology may be faulty1 b x %[s an inkl+ ( ! a priori4 ,un=tunately x is app>5tly =gott52 & ! language too (t5 rev]ts into ! habit ( :at he calls ! 8objective10 i4e4 purely physical1 sci5ces4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s conception ( ,psy*ology re/ricts x to ! m g5]al physics ( ! m9d4 ,= its m concrete life he ref]s u to ,sociology4 ,b 8 ,sociology is yet unf9i%$3 & f ! plan ( its inception1 & ! imp]fect conception ( ! ends & means ( its inve/igation1 h>dly admits ( completion 9 any sy/ematic s5se4 ,to t incipi5cy is no d\bt due its excess 9 hi/orical or anecdotal detail--detail1 h[ev]1 too mu* segregat$ f its social context1 & 9 g5]al its t5d5cy to neglect normal & c5tral !ory = incid5tal & p]iph]al facts4 ,"h1 too1 !re is a weakness 9 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples & a love ( cat*words1 :i* goes along ) ! fallacy t illu/ration is pro(4 ,above all1 x is evid5t t ! great fact ( religion ov]hangs ,mr4 ,sp5c] ) ! attraction ( an unsolv$ & unacceptable problem4 ,he _c get ! religi\s ideas ( m5 into co-ord9ation ) _! sci5tific1 ae/hetic1 & moral doctr9es2 & only betrays 8 s5se ( ! high importance ( ! =m] by plac+ !m 9 ! =efront ( inquiry1 z due to ! inexp]i5ce & limitations ( ! s-call$ primitive man4 ,t is h>dly adequate recognition ( ! religi\s pr9ciple3 & ! defect w make itself s]i\sly felt1 %\ld he ev] come to c>ry out ! fur!r /age ( 8 prospectus deal+ ) 8! gr[? & correlation ( language1 k1 morals1 & ae/hetics40 7ii47 ,m9d & ,morals4 ,a ,m5tal ,philosophy--if we s put :at might also be r5d]$ a ,spiritual ,philosophy1 or ,philosophy ( ,_s--may to an ,engli% read] sugge/ some?+ mu* n>r[] ?an x actually conta9s4 ,a ,philosophy ( ! ,human ,m9d--if we consult ,engli% specim5s--w\ld n imply mu* m ?an a psy*ology1 & probably :at is call$ an inductive psy*ology4 ,b z ,hegel und]/&s x1 x cov]s an unexpect$ly wide range ( topics1 ! :ole range f ,nature to ,_s4 ,besides ,subjective ,m9d1 :i* w\ld seem on fir/ ?\ghts to exhau/ ! topics ( psy*ology1 x goes on to ,m9d z ,objective1 & f9ally to ,absolute m9d4 ,& su* comb9ations ( words may s\nd ei!r self-contradictory or mean+less4 ,! fir/ ,section deals ) ! range ( :at is usually t]m$ ,psy*ology4 ,t t]m inde$ is employ$ by ,hegel1 9 a re/rict$ s5se1 to d5ote ! la/ ( ! ?ree sub-sections 9 ! discussion ( ,subjective ,m9d4 ,! ,m9d1 :i* is ! topic ( psy*ology prop]1 _c be assum$ z a ready-made object1 or datum4 ,a ,self1 a self-consci\sness1 an intellig5t & volitional ag5t1 if x be ! bir?right ( man1 is a bir?right :i* he has to realise = himself1 to e>n & to make 8 own4 ,to trace ! /eps by :i* m9d 9 its /rict] acceptation1 z w & intellig5ce1 em]ges f ! g5]al animal s5sibility :i* is ! cr[n+ phase ( organic life1 & ! f9al problem ( biology1 is ! "w ( two prelim9>y sub-sections--! fir/ entitl$ ,an?ropology1 ! second ! ,ph5om5ology ( ,m9d4 ,! subject ( ,an?ropology1 z ,hegel und]/&s x1 is ! ,s\l--! raw mat]ial ( consci\sness1 ! basis ( all high] m5tal life4 ,?is is a bord]l&1 :]e ! gr\nd is /ill debateable betwe5 ,nature & ,m9d3 x is ! region ( feel+1 :]e ! s5sibility has n yet be5 diff]5tiat$ to intellig5ce4 ,s\l & body are "h1 z ! phrase goes1 9 communion3 ! inw>d life is /ill imp]fectly dis5gag$ f its natural co-physical sett+4 ,/ill "o ) nature1 x submits to natural influ5ces & natural vicissitudes3 is n z yet ma/] ( itself1 b ! half-passive receptacle ( a =eign life1 ( a g5]al vitality1 ( a common s\l n yet fully diff]5tiat$ into individuality4 ,b x is awak+ to self-activity3 x is em]g+ to ,consci\sness1--to di/+ui% itself1 z aw>e & consci\s1 f ! facts ( life & s5ti5cy ( :i* x is aw>e4 ,f ?is region ( psy*ical physiology or physiological psy*ology1 ,hegel 9 ! second sub-section ( 8 fir/ "p takes u to ! 8,ph5om5ology ( ,m9d10--to ,consci\sness4 ,! s5ti5t s\l is also consci\s--b 9 a loos] s5se ( t ^w7#d73 x has feel+s1 b c sc>cely be said itself to "k t x has !m4 ,z consci\sness1 ! ,s\l has come to sep>ate :at x is f :at x feels4 ,! di/9ction em]ges ( a subject :i* is consci\s1 & an object ( :i* x is consci\s4 ,& ! ma9 ?+ is obvi\sly ! relation%ip betwe5 ! two1 or ! ,consci\sness itself1 z t5d+ to di/+ui% itself alike f its subject & its object4 ,h5ce1 p]haps1 may be ga!r$ :y x is call$ ,ph5om5ology ( ,m9d4 ,m9d z yet is n yet m ?an em]g5t or app>5t3 nor yet self-possess$ & self-c]tifi$4 ,no long]1 h[ev]1 "o ) ! circumambi5t nature :i* x feels1 x sees itself set aga9/ x1 b only z a passive recipi5t ( x1 a tabula rasa on :i* ext]nal nature is reflect$1 or to :i* ph5om5a are pres5t$4 ,no long]1 on ! o!r h&1 a m]e passive in/rum5t ( sugge/ion f )\t1 its in/9ct ( life1 its nisus ( self-ass]tion is develop$1 ?r\gh antagonism to a l nisus1 into ! consci\sness ( self-hood1 ( a ,me & ,m9e z set aga9/ a ,!e & ,?9e4 ,b j 9 proportion z x is s develop$ 9 opposition to & recognition ( o!r equally self-c5tr$ selves1 x has pass$ beyond ! n>r[] *>act]i/ic ( ,consci\sness prop]4 ,x is no long] m]e intellig5t p]ception or reproduction ( a _w1 b x is life1 ) p]ception 7or app]ception7 ( t life4 ,x has return$ 9 a way to its orig9al unity ) nature1 b x is n[ ! s5se ( its self-hood--! consci\sness ( itself z ! focus 9 :i* subjective & objective are at "o4 ,or1 to put x 9 ! language ( ! great *ampion ( ,realism7#e71 ! /&po9t ( ,reason or full-gr[n ,m9d is ?is3 8,! _w :i* appe>s to u is our p]cept1 !re=e 9 u4 ,! real _w1 out ( :i* we expla9 ! ph5om5on1 is our ?\ght3 !re=e 9 u40 ,! ?ird sub-section ( ! !ory ( ,subjective ,m9d--! ,psy*ology prop]--deals ) ,m9d4 ,?is is ! real1 indep5d5t ,psy*--h5ce ! special appropriation ( ! t]m ,psy*ology4 8,! ,s\l10 says ,h]b>t1 8no d\bt dwells 9 a body3 !re are1 moreov]1 correspond+ /ates ( ! "o & ! o!r3 b no?+ corporeal occurs 9 ! ,s\l1 no?+ purely m5tal1 :i* we c\ld reckon to our ,ego1 occurs 9 ! body3 ! affections ( ! body are no repres5tations ( ! ,ego1 & our pleasant & unpleasant feel+s d n imm$iately lie 9 ! organic life !y fav\r or h9d]40 ,su* a ,s\l1 s conceiv$1 is an intellig5t & volitional self1 a be+ ( intellectual & 8active0 p[]s or ph5om5a3 x is a ,m9d4 ,& 8,m9d10 adds ,hegel7#f71 8is j ?is elevation above ,nature & physical modes & above ! complication ) an ext]nal object40 ,no?+ is ext]nal to x3 x is r ! int]nalis+ ( all ext]nality4 ,9 ?is psy*ology prop]1 we are out ( any imm$iate connexion ) physiology4 8,psy*ology z su*10 rem>ks ,h]b>t1 8has its que/ions common to x ) ,idealism0--) ! doctr9e t all reality is m5tal reality4 ,x traces1 9 ,hegel's exposition ( x1 ! /eps ( ! way by :i* m9d realises t indep5d5ce :i* is its *>act]i/ic /&-po9t4 ,on ! intellectual side t indep5d5ce is assur$ 9 language1--! sy/em ( signs by :i* ! intellig5ce /amps ext]nal objects z its own1 made "p ( its inn] _w4 ,a sci5ce1 "s "o has said1 is aft] all only une langue bi5 faite4 ,s1 rev]s+ ! say+1 we may note t a language is an inw>dis$ & m9d-appropriat$ _w4 ,on ! active side1 ! indep5d5ce ( m9d is se5 9 self-enjoym5t1 9 happ9ess1 or self-cont5t1 :]e impulse & volition h atta9$ satisfaction 9 equilibrium1 & ! s\l possesses itself 9 fullness4 ,su* a m9d7#g71 :i* has made ! _w its c]tifi$ possession 9 language1 & :i* enjoys itself 9 self-possession ( s\l1 call$ happ9ess1 is a free ,m9d4 ,& t is ! highe/ :i* ,subjective ,m9d c rea*4 ,at ?is po9t1 p]haps1 hav+ r\nd$ (f by a lib]al sweep ! scope ( psy*ology1 ! ord9>y m5tal philosophy w\ld /op4 ,hegel1 in/ead ( f9i%+1 n[ goes on to ! field ( :at he calls ,objective ,m9d4 ,= z yet x has be5 only ! /ory ( a prep>ation1 an inw>d adorn+ & equipm5t1 & we h yet to see :at is to come ( x 9 actuality4 ,or r1 we h yet to consid] ! social =ms on :i* ?is prep>ation re/s4 ,! m9d1 self-possess$ & sure ( itself or free1 is s only ?r\gh ! objective %ape :i* its ma9 developm5t runs p>allel )4 ,an intellig5t ,w1 or a practical reason1 0 ! la/ ^w ( ! psy*ological developm5t4 ,b a reason :i* is practical1 or a volition :i* is intellig5t1 is realis$ by action :i* takes regul> %apes1 & by practice :i* trans=ms ! _w4 ,! !ory ( ,objective ,m9d del9eates ! new =m :i* nature assumes "u ! sway ( intellig5ce & w4 ,t intellectual _w realises itself by trans=m+ ! physical into a social & political _w1 ! giv5 natural conditions ( exi/5ce into a freely-in/itut$ sy/em ( life1 ! primitive /ruggle ( k9ds = subsi/5ce into ! ord9ances ( ! social /ate4 ,giv5 man z a be+ possess$ ( w & intellig5ce1 ?is inw>d faculty1 :atev] be its degree1 w try to impress itself on nature & to reproduce itself 9 a legal1 a moral1 & social _w4 ,! k+dom ( de$ replaces1 or rises on ! f\ndation (1 ! k+dom ( ^w3 & in/ead ( ! equilibrium ( a well-adju/$ s\l comes ! h>moni\s life ( a social organism4 ,we are1 9 %ort1 9 ! sph]e ( ,e?ics & ,politics1 ( ,jurisprud5ce & ,morals1 ( ,law & ,consci5ce4 ,"h1--z always 9 ,hegel's sy/em--!re is a triad ( /eps4 ,fir/ ! prov9ce ( ,law or ,"r4 ,b if we call x ,law1 we mu/ keep out ( sight ! idea ( a special law-giv]1 ( a consci\s imposition ( laws1 above all by a political sup]ior4 ,& if we call x ,"r1 we mu/ rememb] t x is neutral1 inhuman1 ab/ract "r3 ! "r ^: pr9ciple is imp>tial & impassive uni=mity1 equality1 ord]2--n moral "r1 or ! equity :i* takes cognisance ( circum/ances1 ( p]sonal claims1 & provides aga9/ its own h>dness4 ,! intellig5t w ( ,man1 ?r[+ itself ^u ! m]e gifts ( nature z _! appo9t$ ma/]1 creates ! _w ( ,prop]ty--( ?+s in/rum5tal1 & reg>d$ z adjectival1 to ! human p]sonality4 ,b ! autonomy ( ,reason 7:i* is lat5t 9 ! w7 c>ries ) x c]ta9 consequ5ces4 ,z x acts1 x also1 by its inh]5t quality ( uni=mity or univ]sality1 enacts = itself a law & laws1 & creates ! realm ( =mal equality or ord]-giv+ law4 ,b ?is is a m]e equality3 :i* is n inconsi/5t ) :at 9 o!r respects may be excess ( inequality4 ,:at "o does1 if x is really to be treat$ z done1 o!rs may or ev5 mu/ d3 ea* act creates an expectation ( cont9uance & uni=mity ( behavi\r4 ,! do] is b\nd by x1 & o!rs are entitl$ to d ! l4 ,! mat]ial :i* ! p]son appropriates creates a sy/em ( obligation4 ,?us is con/itut$--9 ! natural give & take ( rational ,wills--9 ! inevitable c\rse ( human action & reaction1--a sy/em ( rights & duties4 ,?is law ( equality--! basis ( ju/ice1 & ! se$ ( b5evol5ce--is ! scaffold+ or p]haps r ! rudim5t>y framework ( society & moral life4 ,or x is ! b>e skeleton :i* is to be clo!d ^u by ! s(t] & full] outl9es ( ! social tissues & ! e?ical organs4 ,& ?us ! fir/ range ( ,objective ,m9d po/ulates ! second1 :i* ,hegel calls 8,morality40 ,! ^w is to be tak5 9 its /rict s5se z a prote/ aga9/ ! quasi-physical ord] ( law4 ,x is ! morality ( consci5ce & ( ! good w1 ( ! inn] rectitude ( s\l & purpose1 z all-suffici5t & supreme4 ,"h is br\ght out ! complem5t>y factor 9 social life3 ! elem5t ( lib]ty1 spontaneity1 self-consci\sness4 ,! motto ( m]e inw>d morality 7z oppos$ to ! _s ( legality7 is 79 ,kant's words73 8,!re is no?+ )\t qualification good1 9 heav5 or e>?1 b only a good w40 ,! ess5tial condition ( goodness is t ! action be done ) purpose & intellig5ce1 & 9 full p]suasion ( its goodness by ! consci5ce ( ! ag5t4 ,! *>act]i/ic ( ,morality ?us describ$ is its ess5tial inw>dness1 & ! sov]eignty ( ! consci5ce ov] all het]onomy4 ,its ju/ification is t x prote/s aga9/ ! au?ority ( a m]e ext]nal or objective ord]1 subsi/+ & rul+ 9 sep>ation f ! subjectivity4 ,its defect is ! turn x gives to ?is ass]tion ( ! rights ( subjective consci5ce3 briefly 9 ! circum/ance t x t5ds to set up a m]e individualism aga9/ a m]e univ]salism1 in/ead ( realis+ ! unity & ess5tial int]dep5d5ce ( ! two4 ,! ?ird sub-section ( ! !ory ( ,objective ,m9d describes a /ate ( affairs 9 :i* ?is anti!sis is explicitly ov]come4 ,?is is ! moral life 9 a social community4 ,"h law & usage prevail & provide ! fix$ p]man5t s*eme ( life3 b ! law & ! usage are1 9 _! true or ideal conception1 only ! un=c$ expression ( ! m9d & w ( ^? :o live "u !m4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 ! m9d & w ( ! individual memb]s ( su* a community are p]vad$ & animat$ by its univ]sal _s4 ,9 su* a community1 & s con/itut+ x1 ! individual is at once free & equal1 & t because ( ! _s ( frat]nity1 :i* =ms its spiritual l9k4 ,9 ! _w suppos$ to be gov]n$ by m]e legality ! idea ( "r is exclusively prom95t2 & :5 t is ! case1 x may (t5 happ5 t summum jus summa injuria4 ,9 m]e morality1 ! /ress falls exclusively on ! idea ( inw>d fre$om1 or ! necessity ( ! h>mony ( ! judgm5t & ! w1 or ! dep5d5ce ( conduct ^u consci5ce4 ,9 ! union ( ! two1 9 ! moral community z normally con/itut$1 ! m]e idea ( "r is replac$1 or controll$ & modifi$1 by ! idea ( equity--a balance z x 7 betwe5 ! two prec$+1 inasmu* z motive & purpose are employ$ to modify & int]pret /rict "r4 ,b ?is effect--?is h>monisation--is br\ght ab\t by ! pr$om9ance ( a new idea--! pr9ciple ( b5evol5ce1--a pr9ciple h[ev] :i* is itself modifi$ by ! fundam5tal idea ( "r or law7#h7 into a wise or regulat$ k9dl9ess4 ,b :at ,hegel *iefly deals ) "u ?is head is ! int]dep5d5ce ( =m & cont5t1 ( social ord] & p]sonal progress4 ,9 ! picture ( an e?ical organisation or h>moni\sly-alive moral community he %[s u p>tly ! und]ly+ idea :i* gave room = ! anti!sis betwe5 law & consci5ce1 & p>tly ! outl9es ( ! ideal 9 :i* t conflict becomes only ! in/rum5t ( progress4 ,?is organisation has ?ree grades or ?ree typical aspects4 ,^! are ! ,family1 ,civil ,society1 & ! ,/ate4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 ! ,family1 mu/ be tak5 to include ^? prim>y unities ( human life :]e ! natural aff9ity ( sex & ! natural ties ( p>5tage are ! prepond]ant influ5ce 9 =m+ & ma9ta9+ ! social gr\p4 ,?is1 z x 71 is ! s\l-nucleus ( social organisation3 :]e ! pr9ciple ( unity is an in/9ct1 a feel+1 an absorb+ solid>ity4 ,next comes :at ,hegel has call$ ,civil ,society1--mean+ h[ev] by civil ! anti!sis to political1 ! society ( ^? :o may be /yl$ b\rgeois1 n citoy5s3--& mean+ by society ! anti!sis to community4 ,!re are o!r natural influ5ces b9d+ m5 toge!r besides ^? :i* =m ! close unities ( ! family1 g5s1 tribe1 or clan4 ,economical ne$s associate human be+s )9 a mu* l>g] radius--9 ways capable ( almo/ indef9ite expansion--b also 9 a way mu* less int5se & deep4 ,civil ,society is ! m or less loosely organis$ aggregate ( su* associations1 :i*1 if1 on "o h&1 !y keep human life f /agnat+ 9 ! m]e family1 on ano!r1 acc5tuate m %>ply ! t5d5cy to competition & ! /ruggle = life4 ,la/ly1 9 ! ,political ,/ate comes ! syn!sis ( family & society4 ,( ! family2 9 s f> z ! ,/ate t5ds to develope itself on ! nature-giv5 unit ( ! ,nation 7an ext5d$ family1 supplem5t+ z ne$ arises real desc5t by fictiti\s incorporations71 & has app>5tly nev] p]man5tly ma9ta9$ itself except on ! basis ( a pr$om9ant common nationality4 ,( society2 9 s f> z ! ext5sion & disp]sion ( family ties h left free room = ! diff]5tiation ( _m o!r sides ( human int]e/ & action1 & giv5 gr\nd = ! full developm5t ( individuality4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 ! ,/ate 7& su* a /ate z ,hegel describes is ess5tially ! idea or ideal ( ! mod]n ,/ate77#i7 has a c]ta9 artificial air ab\t x4 ,x c only be ma9ta9$ by ! free action ( intellig5ce3 x mu/ make its laws public3 x mu/ br+ to consci\sness ! pr9ciples ( its con/itution1 & create ag5cies = keep+ up unity ( organisation ?r\gh ! sev]al sep>ate prov9ces or cont5d+ social int]e/s1 ea* ( :i* is incl9$ to insi/ on ! "r ( home mis-rule4 ,! ,/ate--:i* 9 its actuality mu/ always be a quasi-national /ate--is ?us ! supreme unity ( ,nature & ,m9d4 ,its natural basis 9 l&1 language1 blood1 & ! _m ties :i* spr+ !refrom1 has to be con/antly rais$ into an intellig5t unity ?r\gh univ]sal int]e/s4 ,b ! elem5ts ( race & ( culture h no ess5tial connexion1 & !y p]petually incl9e to wr5* !mselves asund]4 ,blood & judgm5t are = ev] at w> 9 ! /ate z 9 ! individual7#aj73 ! cosmopolitan int]e/1 to :i* ! maxim is ,ubi b5e1 ibi patria1 resi/s ! national1 :i* adopts ! patriotic wat*word ( ,hector7#aa74 ,! ,/ate h[ev] has ano!r s\rce ( dang] 9 ! v pr9ciple t gave x bir?4 ,x arose ?r\gh antagonism3 x 0 baptis$ on ! battlefield1 & x only lives z x is able to ass]t itself aga9/ a =eign foe4 ,& ?is circum/ance t5ds to int5sify & ev5 p]v]t its natural basis ( nationality3--t5ds to give ! v conception ( ! political a negative & sup]ficial look4 ,b1 not)/&+ all ^! drawbacks1 ! ,/ate 9 its ,idea is entitl$ to ! "n ,hobbes gave x1--! ,mortal ,god4 ,"h 9 a way culm9ates ! obvi\sly objective1--we may almo/ say1 visible & tangible--developm5t ( ,man & ,m9d4 ,"h x atta9s a c]ta9 complet5ess--a union ( reality & ( ideality3 a quasi-immortality1 a quasi-univ]sality4 ,:at ! individual p]son c\ld n d unaid$1 he c d 9 ! /r5g? ( 8 commonweal?4 ,mu* t 9 ! solit>y 0 b implicit or pot5tial1 is 9 ! ,/ate actualis$4 ,b ! ,god ( ! ,/ate is a mortal ,god4 ,x is b a national & a limit$ m9d4 ,to be actual1 "o mu/ at lea/ beg9 by re/rict+ oneself4 ,or1 r actuality is rational1 b always ) a condition$ & a relative rationality7#ab73 x is 9 ! realm ( action & re-action1--9 ! realm ( *ange & nature4 ,x has w>r+ =ces outside x1--w>r+ =ces inside x4 ,its unity is nev] p]fect3 because x nev] produces a true id5tity ( int]e/s )91 or ma9ta9s an absolute indep5d5ce )\t4 ,?us ! true & real ,/ate--! ,/ate 9 its ,idea--! realisation ( concrete humanity1--( ,m9d z ! fullness & unity ( nature--is n rea*$ 9 any s+le or hi/orical ,/ate3 b floats away1 :5 we try to seize x1 into ! endless progress ( hi/ory4 ,always inde$ ! ,/ate1 ! hi/orical & objective1 po9ts beyond itself4 ,x does s fir/ 9 ! succession ( times4 ,die ,weltges*i*te i/ das ,weltg]i*t47#ac7 ,& 9 t doom ( ! _w ! et]nal bla/ sweeps along ! successive g5]ations ( ! temporal1 "o expell+ ano!r f ! /age ( "t--ea* because x is inadequate to ! ,idea :i* x tri$ to express1 & has succumb$ to an enemy f )\t because x 0 n a real & true unity )94 ,b if temporal flees away be=e ano!r temporal1 x abides 9 s f> z x has1 h[ev] inadequately1 giv5 expression & visible reality--z x po9ts inw>d & upw>d--to ! et]nal4 ,! e>?ly /ate is also ! city ( ,god2 & if ! republic ( ,plato seems to f9d scant admission into ! reality ( fle% & blood1 x /&s et]nal z a witness 9 ! heav5 ( idea4 ,beh9d ! fleet+ succession ( consulates & dictatures1 ( ari/ocracy & empire1 feuds ( plebeian ) patrician1 9 t app>5t an>*y ( p[]s :i* ! s-call$ ,roman con/itution is to ! sup]ficial obs]v]1 !re is ! et]nal ,rome1 "o1 /rong1 victori\s1 semp] eadem3 ! ,rome ( ,virgil & ,ju/9ian1 ! gho/ :]e( /ill haunts ) memories ! sev5-hill$ city1 b :i* ) full spiritual pres5ce lives 9 ! law1 ! lit]ature1 ! mann]s ( ! mod]n _w4 ,to f9d fitt] expression = ?is ,absolute ,m9d ?an x has 9 ! ,e?ical community--to rea* t reality ( :i* ! moral _w is b "o-sid$ly repres5tative--is ! "w ( ,art1 ,religion1 & ,philosophy4 ,& to deal ) ^! ef=ts to f9d ! tru? & ! unity ( ,m9d & ,nature is ! subject ( ,hegel's ?ird ,section4 7iii47 ,religion & ,philosophy4 ,x may be well at ?is po9t to gu>d aga9/ a misconception ( ?is s]ial ord] ( exposition7#ad74 ,z /age is se5 to foll[ /age1 ! hi/orical imag9ation1 :i* gov]ns our ord9>y curr5t ( ideas1 turns ! logical dep5d5ce into a "t-sequ5ce4 ,b x is ( c\rse n meant t ! lat] /age foll[s ! e>li] 9 hi/ory4 ,! lat] is ! m real1 & !re=e ! m fundam5tal4 ,b we c only und]/& by ab/ract+ & !n transc5d+ our ab/ractions1 or r by %[+ h[ ! ab/raction implies relations :i* =ce u to g fur!r & beyond our arbitr>y arre/4 ,ea* /age !re=e ei!r /&s to t prec$+ x z an anti!sis1 :i* inevitably dogs its /eps z an accus+ _s1 or x is ! conjunction ( ! orig9al !sis ) ! anti!sis1 9 a union :i* %\ld n be call$ syn!sis because x is a clos] fusion & true m>riage ( m9ds4 ,a tru? & reality1 ?\gh fundam5tal1 is only appreciat$ at its true value & se5 9 all its =ce :]e x appe>s z ! reconciliation & reunion ( p>tial & oppos+ po9ts ( view4 ,?us1 e4g41 ! full significance ( ! ,/ate does n em]ge s long z we view x 9 isolation z a suppos$ s+le /ate1 b only z x is se5 9 ! conflict ( hi/ory1 9 its actual 8en]gy0 z a _w-p[] among p[]s1 always po9t+ beyond itself to a some?+ univ]sal :i* x fa9 w\ld be1 & yet _c be4 ,or1 aga91 !re nev] 0 a civil or economic society :i* exi/$ save "u ! w+ ( a /ate1 or 9 "o-sid$ assumption ( /ate p[]s to itself3 & a family is no isolat$ & indep5d5t unit belong+ to a suppos$ patri>*al age1 b 0 always mix$ up )1 & 9 manifold dep5d5ce ^u1 political & civil comb9ations4 ,! true family1 inde$1 f> f prec$+ ! /ate 9 "t1 presupposes ! political p[] to give x its precise sph]e & its social /ability3 z is well illu/rat$ by t typical =m ( x pres5t$ 9 ! ,roman /ate4 ,s1 aga91 religion does n sup]v5e ^u an already exi/+ political & moral sy/em & inve/ x ) an additional sanction4 ,! true ord] w\ld be bett] describ$ z ! rev]se4 ,! real basis ( social life1 & ev5 ( intellig5ce1 is religion4 ,z "s ?9k]s qua9tly put x1 ! kn[n re/s & lives on ! bosom ( ! ,unkn[able4 ,b :5 we say t1 we mu/ at once gu>d aga9/ a misconception4 ,!re are religions ( all sorts2 & "s ( !m :i* are mo/ he>d ( 9 ! mod]n _w only exi/ or survive 9 ! %ape ( a traditional "n & v5]at$ cre$ :i* has lo/ its p[]4 ,nor is a religion necess>ily committ$ to a def9ite conception ( a sup]natural--( a p]sonal p[] outside ! ord] ( ,nature4 ,b 9 all cases1 religion is a fai? & a !ory :i* gives unity to ! facts ( life1 & gives x1 n because ! unity is 9 detail prov$ or detect$1 b because life & exp]i5ce 9 _! deepe/ reality inexorably dem& & ev9ce su* a unity to ! he>t4 ,! religion ( a "t is n its nom9al cre$1 b its dom9ant conviction ( ! mean+ ( reality1 ! pr9ciple :i* animates all its be+ & all its /riv+1 ! fai? x has 9 ! laws ( nature & ! purpose ( life4 ,dimly or cle>ly felt & p]ceiv$1 religion has = its pr9ciple 7"o _c well say1 its object7 n ! unkn[able1 b ! inn] unity ( life & k1 ( act & consci\sness1 a unity :i* is c]tifi$ 9 its e k1 b is nev] fully demon/rable by ! summation ( all its asc]ta9$ items4 ,z su* a felt & believ$ syn!sis ( ! _w & life1 religion is ! unity :i* gives /ability & h>mony to ! social sph]e2 j z morality 9 its turn gives a p>tial & practical realisation to ! ideal ( religion4 ,b religion does n m]ely e/abli% & sanction morality2 x also frees x f a c]ta9 n>r[ness x always has1 z ( ! e>?4 ,or1 o!rwise put1 morality has to ! ke5] inspection some?+ 9 x :i* is m ?an ! m]e moral injunction at fir/ indicates4 ,beyond ! moral1 9 its /rict] s5se1 z ! obligatory duty & ! ob$i5ce to law1 rises & exp&s ! beautiful & ! good3 a beautiful :i* is dis9t]e/$ly lov$1 & a goodness :i* has ?r[n (f all utilit>ian relativity1 & become a free self-enhanc+ joy4 ,! true _s ( religion sees 9 ! div9e judgm5t n a m]e f9al sanction to human morality :i* has fail$ ( its e>?ly close1 n ! re-adju/m5t ( social & political judgm5ts 9 accordance ) our m consci5ti\s inn] /&>ds1 b a c]ta91 ?\gh1 = our "p-by-"p vision1 incalculable proportion betwe5 :at is done & suff]$4 ,& 9 ?is lib]ation ( ! moral f its re/rictions1 ,art r5d]s no slight aid4 ,?us 9 diff]5t ways1 religion presupposes morality to fill up its vacant =m1 & morality presupposes religion to give its laws an ultimate sanction1 :i* at ! same "t po9ts beyond _! limitations4 ,b art1 religion1 & philosophy /ill re/ on ! national culture & on ! individual m9d4 ,h[ev] mu* !y rise 9 ! heights ( ! ideal _w1 !y nev] leave ! reality ( life & circum/ance beh9d1 & float 9 ! free empyrean4 ,yet !re are degrees ( univ]sality1 degrees 9 :i* !y rea* :at !y promis$4 ,z ! v>i\s psy*ical nuclei ( an individual consci\sness t5d ?r\gh ! c\rse ( exp]i5ce to ga!r r\nd a c5tral idea & by fusion & assimilation =m a complete m5tal organisation2 s1 ?r\gh ! m>* ( hi/ory1 !re gr[s up a complication & a fusion ( national ideas & aspirations1 :i*1 ?\gh /ill reta9+ ! individuality & re/riction ( a concrete national life1 ultimately pres5t an organisation social1 ae/hetic1 & religi\s :i* is a type ( humanity 9 its univ]sality & complet5ess4 ,always mov+ 9 ! measure & on ! l9es ( ! real developm5t ( its social organisation1 ! art & religion ( a nation t5d to give expression to :at social & political actuality at its be/ b imp]fectly sets 9 exi/5ce4 ,!y come m & m to be1 n m]e compet+ fragm5ts z set side by side ) ^? ( o!rs1 b comp>atively equal & complete repres5tations ( ! _m-sid$ & _m-voic$ reality ( man & ! _w4 ,yet always !y live & fl\ri% 9 reciprocity ) ! fullness ( practical in/itutions & individual "*4 ,an ab/ractly univ]sal art & religion is a delusion--until all div]sities ( geography & climate1 ( language & temp]am5t1 h be5 made to disappe>4 ,if ^! en]gies are 9 p[] & reality & n m]ely 9 "n1 !y _c be appli$ l a panacea or put on l a suit ( ready-made clo!s4 ,if alive1 !y gr[ ) individualis$ type out ( ! social situation3 & !y c only atta9 a vulg> & visible univ]sality1 s f> z !y atta* !mselves to "s simple & uni=m aspects1--a "p tol]ably id5tical ev]y:]e--9 human nature 9 all times & races4 ,art1 accord+ to ,hegel's acc\nt1 is ! fir/ ( ! ?ree expressions ( ,absolute ,m9d4 ,b ! key-note to ! :ole is to be f\nd 9 ,religion7#ae73 or ,religion is ! g5]ic description ( t phase ( m9d :i* has f\nd re/ 9 ! fullness ( atta9m5t & is no long] a /ruggle & a w>f>e1 b a fruition4 8,x is ! conviction ( all nations10 he says7#af71 8t 9 ! religi\s consci\sness !y hold _! tru?2 & !y h always reg>d$ religion z _! dignity & z ! ,sunday ( _! life4 ,:atev] excites our d\bts & al>ms1 all grief & all anxiety1 all t ! petty fields ( f9itude c (f] to attract u1 we leave beh9d on ! %oals ( "t3 & z ! travell] on ! highe/ peak ( a m\nta9 range1 remov$ f e di/9ct view ( ! e>?'s surface1 quietly lets 8 vision neglect all ! re/rictions ( ! l&scape & ! _w2 s 9 ?is pure region ( fai? man1 lift$ above ! h>d & inflexible reality1 sees x ) 8 m9d's eye reflect$ 9 ! rays ( ! m5tal sun to an image :]e its discords1 its lights & %ades1 are s(t5$ to et]nal calm4 ,9 ?is region ( m9d fl[ ! wat]s ( =getfulness1 f :i* ,psy*e dr9ks1 & 9 :i* %e dr[ns all h] pa93 & ! d>knesses ( ?is life are "h s(t5$ to a dream-image1 & transfigur$ into a m]e sett+ = ! spl5d\rs ( ! ,et]nal4'0 ,if we take ,religion1 9 ?is ext5d$ s5se1 we f9d x is ! s5se1 ! vision1 ! fai?1 ! c]ta9ty ( ! et]nal 9 ! *angeable1 ( ! inf9ite 9 ! f9ite1 ( ! reality 9 appe>ance1 ( ! tru? 9 error4 ,x is fre$om f ! di/ractions & pre-occupations ( ! p>ticul> details ( life2 x is ! s5se ( p]man5ce1 repose1 c]ta9ty1 r\nd+ (f1 ton+ d[n & absorb+ ! vicissitude1 ! re/lessness1 ! d\bts ( actual life4 ,su* a victory ov] palpable reality has no d\bt its orig9--its embryology--9 phases ( m9d :i* h be5 already discuss$ 9 ! fir/ section4 ,religion w v>y enorm\sly accord+ to ! grade ( national mood ( m9d & social developm5t 9 :i* x em]ges4 ,b :atev] be ! peculi>ities ( its orig9al swaddl+-clo!s1 its c>d9al note w be a s5se ( dep5d5ce on1 & indep5d5ce 91 some?+ m p]man5t1 m augu/1 m ( a surety & /ay ?an visible & v>iable nature & man1--some?+ also :i* :e!r ,god or devil1 or bo? 9 "o1 holds ! keys ( life & dea?1 ( weal & woe1 & holds !m f "s safe vantage-gr\nd above ! l[] realms ( *ange4 ,by ?is c5tral be+ ! outw>d & ! inw>d1 pa/ & pres5t & to come1 are made "o4 ,& z already indicat$1 ,religion1 em]g+1 z x does1 f social man1 f m9d e?ical1 w reta9 traces ( ! two foci 9 society3 ! individual subjectivity & ! objective community4 ,reta9 !m h[ev] only z traces1 :i* /ill %[ 9 ! actually envisag$ reconciliation4 ,= t is :at religion does to morality4 ,x c>ries a /ep high] ! unity or r comb9ation ga9$ 9 ! ,/ate3 x is ! full] h>mony ( ! individual & ! collectivity4 ,! moral consci5ce re/s 9 c]ta9ty & fixity on ! religi\s4 ,b ,religion 7?us widely und]/ood z ! fai? 9 sempit]nal & all-expla9+ reality7 at fir/ appe>s "u a guise ( ,art4 ,! poem & ! pyramid1 ! temple-image & ! pa9t+1 ! drama & ! fairy leg5d1 ^! are religion3 b !y are1 p]haps1 religion z ,art4 ,& t means t !y pres5t ! et]nal "u s5sible repres5tations1 ! "w ( an arti/1 & 9 a p]i%able mat]ial ( limit$ range4 ,yet ev5 ! c>v]s ( a long-pa/ day ^: works h be5 dis9t]r$ f ! plateaux ( ,auv]gne knew t !y gave to ! p]i%able life ar\nd !m a quasi-immortality3 & ! my?-tell] ( a savage tribe elevat$ ! incid5t ( a season into a p]5nial p[] ( love & fe>4 ,! cynic may rem9d u t f ! f9e/ picture ( ! arti/1 readily 8,we turn ,to yond] girl t =ds ! burn40 ,& yet x may be said 9 reply to ! cynic t1 _h x n be5 = ! deep-impr9t$ lesson ( ! arti/1 x w\ld h be5 b a brutal in/9ct t w\ld h drawn our eyes4 ,! arti/1 ! poet1 ! musician1 reveal ! mean+1 ! tru?1 ! reality ( ! _w3 !y tea* u1 !y help u1 backw>d y\ng] bro!rs1 to see1 to he>1 to feel :at our rude s5ses _h fail$ to detect4 ,!y enact ! miracle ( ! loaves & fi%es1 aga9 & aga93 out ( ! common limit$ ?+s ( e day !y produce a bread ( life 9 :i* ! g5]ations cont9ue to f9d n\ri%m5t4 ,b if ,art embodies = u ! unse5 & ! et]nal1 x embodies x 9 ! /one1 ! col\r1 ! tone1 & ! ^w3 & ^! are by !mselves only dead matt]4 ,to ! untutor$ eye & ta/e ! f9e/ picture-gall]y is only a we>9ess3 :5 ! national life has drift$ away1 ! sacr$ book & ! image are b idols & enigmas4 8,! /atues are n[ corpses f :i* ! vivify+ s\l has fl$1 & ! hymns are words :5ce fai? has dep>t$3 ! tables ( ! ,gods are )\t spiritual meat & dr9k1 & games & fea/s no long] af=d ! m9d its joyful union ) ! be+ ( be+4 ,! works ( ! ,muse lack t intellectual =ce :i* knew itself /rong & real by cru%+ gods & m5 9 its w9epress4 ,!y are n[ 79 ?is iron age7 :at !y are = u1--fair fruits brok5 f ! tree1 & h&$ to u by a k9dly de/9y4 ,b ! gift is l ! fruits :i* ! girl 9 ! picture pres5ts3 %e does n give ! real life ( _! exi/5ce1 n ! tree :i* bore !m1 n ! e>? & ! elem5ts :i* ent]$ into _! sub/ance1 nor ! climate :i* =m$ _! quality1 nor ! *ange ( seasons :i* gov]n$ ! process ( _! gr[?4 ,l h]1 ,de/9y 9 giv+ u ! works ( anci5t art does n give u _! _w1 n ! spr+ & summ] ( ! e?ical life 9 :i* !y blossom$ & rip5$1 b solely a memory & a sugge/ion ( ?is actuality4 ,our act 9 enjoy+ !m1 !re=e1 is n a ,div9e s]vice3 7 x s1 our m9d w\ld a*ieve its p]fect & satisfy+ tru?4 ,all t we d is a m]e ext]nalism1 :i* f ^! fruits wipes (f "s ra9-drop1 "s speck ( du/1 & :i*1 9 place ( ! inw>d elem5ts ( moral actuality t creat$ & inspir$ !m1 tries f ! dead elem5ts ( _! ext]nal reality1 su* z language & hi/orical allusion1 to set up a t$i\s mass ( scaffold+1 n 9 ord] to live ourselves into !m1 b only to =m a picture ( !m 9 our m9ds4 ,b z ! girl :o pr(f]s ! pluck$ fruits is m & nobl] ?an ! natural elem5t ) all its details ( tree1 air1 light1 c4 :i* fir/ yield$ !m1 because %e ga!rs all ?is toge!r1 9 a nobl] way1 into ! glance ( ! consci\s eye & ! ge/ure :i* pr(f]s !m2 s ! _s ( de/9y :i* (f]s u ^? works ( art is m ?an ! e?ical life & actuality ( ! anci5t p3 = x is ! inw>dis+ ( t m9d :i* 9 !m 0 /ill self-e/rang$ & self-dispossess$3--x is ! _s ( tragic de/9y1 ! de/9y :i* collects all ^? individualis$ gods & attributes ( sub/ance into ! "o ,pan!on4 ,& t temple ( all ! gods is ,m9d consci\s ( itself z m9d7#ag740 ,religion ent]s into its m adequate =m :5 x ceases to appe> 9 ! guise ( ,art & realises t ! k+dom ( ,god is )91 t ! tru? mu/ be felt1 ! et]nal inw>dly reveal$1 ! holy "o appreh5d$ by fai?7#ah71 n by outw>d vision4 ,eye ha? n se51 nor e> he>d1 ! ?+s ( ,god4 ,!y _c be pres5t$1 or del9eat$3 !y come only 9 ! witness ( ! _s4 ,! human s\l itself is ! only wor?y temple ( ! ,mo/ ,high1 :om heav51 & ! heav5 ( heav5s1 _c conta94 ,"h 9 tru? ,god has come d[n to dwell ) m52 & ! ,son ( ,man1 caught up 9 ! effusion ( ! ,_s1 c 9 all assurance & all humility claim t he is div9ifi$4 ,"h app>5tly ,absolute ,m9d is rea*$3 ! s\l kn[s no limitation1 no /ruggle3 9 "t x is already et]nal4 ,yet1 !re is1 accord+ to ,hegel1 a flaw1--n 9 ! ess5ce & ! matt]1 b 9 ! mann] & mode 9 :i* ! ord9>y religi\s consci\sness repres5ts to itself1 or pictures t unification :i* x feels & exp]i5ces4 8,9 religion !n ?is unification ( ultimate ,be+ ) ! ,self is implicitly rea*$4 ,b ! religi\s consci\sness1 if x has ?is symbolic idea ( its reconciliation1 /ill has x z a m]e symbol or repres5tation4 ,x atta9s ! satisfaction by tack+ on to its pure negativity1 & t ext]nally1 ! positive signification ( its unity ) ! ultimate ,be+3 its satisfaction rema9s !re=e ta9t$ by ! anti!sis ( ano!r _w4 ,its own reconciliation1 !re=e1 is pres5t$ to its consci\sness z some?+ f> away1 some?+ f> away 9 ! future3 j z ! reconciliation :i* ! o!r ,self accompli%$ appe>s z a f>-away ?+ 9 ! pa/4 ,! "o ,div9e ,man _h b an implicit fa!r & only an actual "m2 conv]sely ! univ]sal div9e man1 ! community1 has its own de$ & k = its fa!r1 b = its "m only ! et]nal ,love1 :i* x only feels1 b does n behold 9 its consci\sness z an actual imm$iate object4 ,its reconciliation !re=e is 9 its he>t1 b /ill at v>iance ) its consci\sness1 & its actuality /ill has a flaw4 ,9 its field ( consci\sness ! place ( implicit reality or side ( pure m$iation is tak5 by ! reconciliation t lies f> away beh9d3 ! place ( ! actually pres5t1 or ! side ( imm$iacy & exi/5ce1 is fill$ by ! _w :i* has /ill to wait = its transfiguration to glory4 ,implicitly no d\bt ! _w is reconcil$ ) ! et]nal ,be+2 & t ,be+1 x is well kn[n1 no long] looks ^u ! object z ali5 to x1 b 9 its love sees x z l itself4 ,b = self-consci\sness ?is imm$iate pres5ce is n yet set 9 ! full light ( m9d4 ,9 its imm$iate consci\sness accord+ly ! _s ( ! community is p>t$ f its religi\s3 = :ile ! religi\s consci\sness decl>es t !y are implicitly n p>t$1 ?is implicitness is n rais$ to reality & n yet gr[n to absolute self-c]ta9ty7#ai740 ,religion !re=e1 :i* z x fir/ appe>$ 9 art-wor%ip _h yet to realise its ess5tial inw>dness or spirituality1 s has n[ to ov]come ! anti!sis 9 :i* its 7! religi\s7 consci\sness /&s to ! secul>4 ,= ! peculi>ly religi\s type ( m9d is di/+ui%$ by an indiff]5ce & ev5 ho/ility1 m or less veil$1 to art1 to morality & ! civil /ate1 to sci5ce & to nature4 ,/rong 9 ! c]ta9ty ( fai?1 or ( its implicit re/ 9 ,god1 x res5ts too curi\s inquiry into ! c5tral my/]y ( its union1 & 9 its di/9ct] consci\sness sets ! f\ndation ( fai? on ! evid5ce ( a fact1 :i*1 h[ev]1 x 9 ! same brea? decl>es to be unique & miracul\s1 ! c5tral ev5t ( ! ages1 po9t+ back 9 its ref]5ce to ! fir/ days ( humanity1 & =w>d 9 ! future to ! w9d+-up ( ! bus9ess ( t]re/rial life4 ,philosophy1 accord+ to ,hegel's conception ( x1 does b draw ! conclusion suppli$ by ! premisses ( religion3 x supplem5ts & r\nds (f into coh]5ce ! religi\s implications4 ,! unique ev5ts 9 ,judea ne>ly n9ete5 c5turies ago are = x also ! fir/ /ep 9 a new revelation ( man's relation%ip to ,god3 b :ile x ackn[l$ges ! transc5d5t int]e/ ( t age1 x lays ma9 /ress on ! p]man5t tru? !n reveal$1 & x insi/s on ! duty ( c>ry+ out ! pr9ciple !re awak5$ to all ! dep? & bread? ( its explication4 ,its task--its supreme task--is to explicate religion4 ,b to d s is to %[ t religion is no exotic1 & no m]e revelation f an ext]nal s\rce4 ,x is to %[ t religion is ! tru?1 ! complete reality1 ( ! m9d t liv$ 9 ,art1 t f\nd$ ! /ate & s\ght to be dutiful & upright3 ! tru?1 ! cr[n+ fruit ( all sci5tific k1 ( all human affections1 ( all secul> consci\sness4 ,its lesson ultimately is t !re is no?+ ess5tially common or unclean3 t ! holy is n p>t$ (f f ! true & ! good & ! beautiful4 ,religion ?us exp&$ desc5ds f its ab/ract or 8intelligible0 _w1 to :i* x _h retir$ f art & sci5ce1 & ! affairs ( ord9>y life4 ,its ,god--z a true ,god--is n ( ! dead alone1 b also ( ! liv+3 n a f>-(f supreme & ultimate ,be+1 b also a man among m54 ,philosophy ?us has to break d[n ! middle p>tition-wall ( life1 ! f5ce betwe5 secul> & sacr$4 ,x is b religion come to its maturity1 made at home 9 ! _w1 & no long] a /rang] & a wond]4 ,religion has pron\nc$ 9 its inmo/ he>t & fai? ( fai?1 t ! e>? is ! ,"l's1 & t day unto day %[s =? ! div9e h&iwork4 ,b ! he>t ( unbelief1 ( little fai?1 has h>dly utt]$ ! ^w1 ?an x =gets its assurance & leans to ! conviction t ! pr9ce ( ?is _w is ! ,_s ( ,evil4 ,! mood ( ,?odice is also--b ) a diff]5ce--! mood ( philosophy4 ,x ass]ts ! ways ( ,provid5ce3 b its provid5ce is n ! ,god ( ! ,morali/1 or ! ideal ( ! ,arti/1 or r is n ^! only1 b also ! ,law ( ,nature1 & m ?an t4 ,its aim is ! ,unity ( ,hi/ory4 ,! words h sometimes be5 lightly us$ to mean t ev5ts run on 9 "o cont9u\s fl[1 & t !re are no abrupt1 no ultimate beg9n+s1 p>t+ age f age4 ,b ! ,unity ( ,hi/ory 9 its full s5se is beyond hi/ory3 x is hi/ory 8r$uc$0 f ! expanses ( "t to ! et]nal pres5t3 its ?\s& ye>s made "o day1--made ev5 ! glance ( a mom5t4 ,! !me ( ! ,unity ( ,hi/ory--9 ! full dep? ( unity & ! full expanse ( hi/ory--is ! !me ( ,hegelian philosophy4 ,x traces ! process 9 :i* ,m9d has to be all-inclusive1 self-uphold+1 "o ) ! ,et]nal reality4 8,t process ( ! m9d's self-realisation0 says ,hegel 9 ! close ( 8 ,ph5om5ology1 8exhibits a l+]+ movem5t & succession ( m9ds1 a gall]y ( images1 ea* ( :i*1 equipp$ ) ! complete weal? ( m9d1 only seems to l+] because ! ,self has to p5etrate & to dige/ ?is weal? ( its ,sub/ance4 ,z its p]fection consi/s 9 com+ completely to "k :at x is 7its sub/ance71 ?is k is its self-involution 9 :i* x des]ts its outw>d exi/5ce & surr5d]s its %ape to recollection4 ,?us self-involv$1 x is sunk 9 ! night ( its self-consci\sness3 b 9 t night its vani%$ be+ is pres]v$1 & t be+1 ?us 9 idea pres]v$1--old1 b n[ new-born ( ! _s1--is ! new sph]e ( be+1 a new _w1 a new phase ( m9d4 ,9 ?is new phase x has aga9 to beg9 afre% & f ! beg9n+1 & aga9 nurture itself to maturity f its own res\rces1 z if = x all t prec$$ 7 lo/1 & x _h le>n$ no?+ f ! exp]i5ce ( ! e>li] m9ds4 ,yet is t recollection a pres]vation ( exp]i5ce3 x is ! qu9tess5ce1 & 9 fact a high] =m1 ( ! sub/ance4 ,if !re=e ?is new m9d appe>s only to c\nt on its own res\rces1 & to />t q fre% & blank1 x is at ! same "t on a high] grade t x />ts4 ,! intellectual & spiritual realm1 :i* is ?us con/ruct$ 9 actuality1 =ms a succession 9 "t1 :]e "o m9d reliev$ ano!r ( its wat*1 & ea* took ov] ! k+dom ( ! _w f ! prec$+4 ,! purpose ( t succession is to reveal ! dep?1 & t dep? is ! absolute compreh5sion ( m9d3 ?is revelation is !re=e to uplift its dep?1 to spread x out 9 bread?1 s negativ+ ?is self-involv$ ,ego1 :]e9 x is self-dispossess$ or r$uc$ to sub/ance4 ,b x is also its "t3 ! c\rse ( "t %[s ?is dispossession itself dispossess$1 & ?us 9 its ext5sion x is no less 9 its dep?1 ! self4 ,! way to t goal1--absolute self-c]ta9ty--or ! m9d kn[+ itself z m9d--is ! inw>dis+ ( ! m9ds1 z !y sev]ally are 9 !mselves1 & z !y accompli% ! organisation ( _! realm4 ,_! cons]vation1--reg>d$ on ! side ( its free & app>5tly cont+5t succession ( fact--is hi/ory3 on ! side ( _! compreh5d$ organisation1 aga91 x is ! sci5ce ( m5tal ph5om5ology3 ! two toge!r1 compreh5d$ hi/ory1 =m at once ! recollection & ! grave-y>d ( ! absolute ,m9d1 ! actuality1 tru?1 & c]titude ( 8 ?rone1 ap>t f :i* he 7 lifeless & alone40 ,su* 9 brief outl9e--l+]+ mo/ on ! po9ts :]e ,hegel has "h be5 briefe/--is ! range ( ! ,philosophy ( ,m9d4 ,its aim is to compreh5d1 n to expla93 to put toge!r 9 intellig5t unity1 n to analyse into a s]ies ( elem5ts4 ,= x psy*ology is n an analysis or description ( m5tal ph5om5a1 ( laws ( association1 ( ! gr[? ( c]ta9 p[]s & ideas1 b a 8compreh5d$ hi/ory0 ( ! =mation ( subjective m9d1 ( ! intellig5t1 feel+1 will+ self or ego4 ,= x ,e?ics is "p & only "p ( ! great s*eme or sy/em ( self-developm5t2 b cont9u+ into great] concret5ess ! normal end[m5t ( ! individual m9d1 & b prep>+ ! gr\nd on :i* religion may be mo/ effectively cultivat$4 ,& f9ally ,religion itself1 releas$ f its isolation & o!r-_w sacrosanctity1 is %[n to be only ! cr[n ( life1 ! ripe/ gr[? ( actuality1 & %[n to be s by philosophy1 :il/ x is made cle> t religion is ! basis ( philosophy1 or t a philosophy c only g z f> z ! religi\s /&-po9t all[s4 ,! hi]>*y1 if s x be call$1 ( ! spiritual =ces is "o :]e none c /& alone1 or claim an ab/ract & indep5d5t supremacy4 ,! tru? ( egoism is ! tru? ( altruism3 ! truly moral is ! truly religi\s3 & ea* is n :at x pr(esses to be unless x anticipate ! lat]1 or include ! e>li]4 7iv47 ,m9d or ,_s4 ,x may be said1 h[ev]1 t = su* a range ( subjects ! t]m ,m9d is wret*$ly inadequate & common-place1 & t ! bett] r5d]+ ( ! title w\ld be ,philosophy ( ,_s4 ,x may be admitt$ t ,m9d is n all t c\ld be wi%$4 ,b nei!r is ,_s blameless4 ,&1 x may be add$1 ,hegel's own t]m ,gei/ has to be unduly /ra9$ to cov] s wide a region4 ,x s]ves--& 0 no d\bt meant to s]ve--z a sign ( ! con=mity ( 8 sy/em ) ! religion :i* sees 9 ,god no o!r-_w be+1 b our v self & m9d1 & :i* wor%ips him 9 _s & 9 tru?4 ,& if ! use ( a ^w l ?is c\ld allay ! 8anci5t v>iance0 betwe5 ! religi\s & ! philosophic mood1 x w\ld be b *urli% p]haps to refuse ! sign ( compliance & compromise4 ,b :atev] may be ! case 9 ,g]man1--& ev5 !re ! new w9e 0 dang]\s to ! old w9e-sk9--x is c]ta9 t to av]age ,engli% e>s ! ^w ,spiritual w\ld c>ry u ov] ! m$ium l9e into ! prop] l& ( religiosity4 ,& to d t1 z we h se51 is to s9 aga9/ ! c5tral idea3 ! idea t religion is ( "o blood ) ! :ole m5tal family1 ?\gh ! mo/ graci\sly complete ( all ! si/]s4 ,yet1 h[ev] ! ^w may be *os51 ! philosophy ( ,hegel1 l ! augu/ lady :o appe>$ 9 vision to ! emprison$ ,bo?ius1 has on h] g>m5t a sign :i* 8signifies ! life :i* is on e>?10 z also a sign :i* signifies ! 8"r law ( heav502 if h] "r-h& holds ! 8book ( ! ju/ice ( ! ,k+ omnipot5t10 ! sceptre 9 h] left is 8corporal judgm5t aga9/ s97#bj740 ,!re is inde$ no suffici5t reason = contemn+ ! t]m ,m9d4 ,if ,inductive ,philosophy ( ! ,human ,m9d has--p]haps to a da9ty ta/e--made ! ^w unsav\ry1 t is no reason = refus+ to give x all ! weal? ( s\l & he>t1 ( intellect & w4 ,! m5s aet]na :i*1 if we he> ,tacitus1 express$ ! ,hebrew conception ( ! spirituality ( ,god1 & ! :i* ,ari/otelianism set supreme 9 ! ,s\l1 are n ! m]e or ab/ract intellig5ce1 :i* late-acquir$ habits ( ab/raction h made out ( !m4 ,if ! read] w adopt ! t]m 79 want ( a bett]7 9 its wide/ scope1 we may %elt] ourselves "u ! example ( ,wordswor?4 ,8 !me is--z he describes x 9 ! ,recluse--8! ,m9d & ,man03 8 8voice proclaims ,h[ exquisitely ! individual ,m9d 7,& ! progressive p[]s p]haps no less ,( ! :ole species7 to ! ext]nal ,_w ,is fitt$2--& h[ exquisitely too ,! ext]nal ,_w is fitt$ to ! ,m9d2 ,& ! creation 7by no l[] "n ,c x be call$7 :i* !y ) bl5d$ might ,accompli%40 ,! v]se :i* exp\nds t 8high argum5t0 speaks 8,( ,tru?1 ( ,gr&eur1 ,beauty1 ,love & ,hope ,& melan*oly ,fe> subdu$ by ,fai?40 ,& ! poet adds3 8,z we look ,into our ,m9ds1 into ! ,m9d ( ,man-- ,my haunt1 & ! ma9 region ( my song2 ,beauty--a liv+ ,pres5ce ( ! e>? ,surpass+ ! mo/ fair ideal =ms 444 waits ^u my /eps40 ,! reality duly se5 9 ! spiritual vision 8,t inspires ,! human ,s\l ( univ]sal e>? ,dream+ ( ?+s to come0 w be a great] glory ?an ! ideals ( imag9ative fiction ev] fanci$3 8,= ! disc]n+ intellect ( ,man1 ,:5 w$d$ to ?is goodly univ]se ,9 love & holy passion1 %all f9d ^! ,a simple produce ( ! common day40 ,if ,wordswor?1 ?us1 z x 71 e*o+ ! great conception ( ,francis ,bacon1 8,w\ld *ant1 9 lonely peace1 ! sp\sal v]se ,( ?is great consummation10 p]haps ! poet & ! essayi/ may help u ) ,hegel to rate ! ,m9d--! ,m9d ( ,man--at its highe/ value4 ,essay ,,ii4 ,aims ,& ,me?ods ,( ,psy*ology4 ,x is n go+ too f> to say t 9 common e/imation psy*ology has z yet h>dly rea*$ :at ,kant has call$ ! /eady walk ( sci5ce--d] si*]e ,gang d] ,wiss5s*aft4 ,to ass]t ?is is n1 ( c\rse1 to ?r[ any d\bts on ! importance ( ! problems1 or on ! intr9sic value ( ! results1 9 ! /udies :i* h be5 prosecut$ "u t "n4 ,x is only to note ! obvi\s fact t a numb] ( inquiries ( some:at discrepant tone1 me?od1 & t5d5cy h all at diff]5t times cov]$ !mselves "u ! common title ( psy*ological1 & t ! "w ( ori5tation is z yet incomplete4 ,su* a de/9y seems inevitable1 :5 a "n is co9$ r z ! title ( an unexplor$ t]ritory1 ?an fix$ on to describe an accompli%$ fact4 7i47 ,psy*ology z a ,sci5ce & z a ,"p ( ,philosophy4 ,! ,de ,anima ( ,ari/otle1 ga!r+ up into "o ! "w ( ,plato & 8 pr$ecessors1 may be said to lay ! f\ndation ( psy*ology4 ,b ev5 9 x1 we c already see t !re are two elem5ts or aspects /ruggl+ = ma/]y3 two elem5ts n unrelat$ or indep5d5t1 b h>d to keep fairly & fully 9 unity4 ,on "o h& !re is ! conception ( ,s\l z a "p ( ,nature1 z a grade ( exi/5ce 9 ! physical or natural univ]se1--9 ! univ]se ( ?+s :i* suff] gr[? & *ange1 :i* are nev] entirely 8)\t matt]10 & are always atta*$ to or pres5t 9 body4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ,ari/otle urg$ t a s\nd & reali/ic psy*ology mu/1 e4g4 9 its def9ition ( a passion1 give ! prom95t place to its physical 7or mat]ial7 expression1 & n to its m5tal =m or significance4 ,x mu/ rememb]1 he said1 t ! ph5om5a or 8accid5ts0 are :at really ?r[ light on ! nature or ! 8sub/ance0 ( ! ,s\l4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are two po9ts to be consid]$4 ,!re is1 fir/ ( all1 ! c\nt]pois+ rem>k t ! conception ( ,s\l z su*1 z a unity & common *>act]i/ic1 w be det]m9ative ( ! ph5om5a or 8accid5ts10--w settle1 z x 71 :at we are to obs]ve & look =1 & h[ we are to describe our obs]vations4 ,& by ! conception ( ,s\l1 is meant n a s\l1 z a ?+ or ag5t 7subject7 :i* has prop]ties atta*+ to x2 b s\l1 z ! g5]ic feature1 ! univ]sal1 :i* is set z a /amp on ev]y?+ t claims to be psy*ical4 ,9 o!r words1 ,s\l is "o1 n z a s+le ?+ contra/$ ) its attributes1 activities1 or ex]cises ( =ce 7su* s+le ?+ w be %[n by logic to be a metaphysical fiction72 b z ! unity ( =m & "*1 ! compreh5sive & id5tical feature1 :i* is pres5t 9 all its manife/ations & ex]cises4 ,b !re is a second consid]ation4 ,! "q is ask$ by ,ari/otle :e!r x is completely & /rictly accurate to put ,s\l "u ! category ( natural objects4 ,!re is 9 x1 or ( x1 p]haps1 some?+1 & some?+ ess5tial to x1 :i* belongs to ! ord] ( ! et]nal & self-active3 some?+ :i* is 8=m0 & 8en]gy0 q unaffect$ by & sep>ate f 8matt]40 ,h[ ?is is relat$ to ! realm ( ! p]i%able & *angeable is a problem on :i* ,ari/otle has be5 (t5 7& ) "s reason7 believ$ to be obscure1 if n ev5 inconsi/5t7#ba74 ,9 ^! div]g5t elem5ts :i* come to ! =e 9 ,ari/otle's treatm5t we h ! appe>ance ( a radical diff]5ce ( conception & purpose z to psy*ology4 ,he himself does a good deal to keep !m bo? 9 view4 ,b x is evid5t t "h already we h ! contra/ betwe5 a purely physical or 79 ! n>r[] s5se7 8sci5tific0 psy*ology1 empirical & reali/ic 9 treatm5t1 & a m philosophical--:at 9 c]ta9 qu>t]s w\ld be call$ a speculative or metaphysical--conception ( ! problem4 ,!re is also 9 ,ari/otle ! anti!sis ( a popul> or sup]ficial1 & an accurate or analytic1 psy*ology4 ,! =m] is ( a c]ta9 use 9 deal+1 say1 ) que/ions ( practical e?ics & education3 ! latt] is ( m /rictly sci5tific int]e/4 ,bo? ( ^! di/9ctions--t betwe5 a speculative & an empirical1 & t betwe5 a sci5tific & a popul> treatm5t--affect ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ! /udy4 ,psy*ology is sometimes und]/ood to mean ! results ( casual obs]vation ( our own m9ds by :at is t]m$ introspection1 & by ! int]pretation ( :at we may obs]ve 9 o!rs4 ,su* obs]vations are 9 ! fir/ place c>ri$ on "u ! guidance ( di/9ctions or po9ts ( view suppli$ by ! names 9 common use4 ,we int]rogate our own consci\sness z to :at facts or relations ( facts correspond to ! t]ms ( our national language4 ,or we attempt--:at is really an inexhau/ible que/--to get def9ite divisions betwe5 !m1 & cle>-cut def9itions4 ,inquiries l ^! :i* />t f popul> di/9ctions fall a long way %ort ( sci5ce3 & ! inquir] w f9d t accid5tal & ess5tial prop]ties are giv5 9 ! same h&ful ( conclusions4 ,yet !re is always mu* value 9 ^! attempts to get our m9ds cle>$3 & x is indisp5sable = all inquiries t all alleg$ or report$ facts ( m9d %\ld be realis$ & reproduc$ 9 our own m5tal exp]i5ce4 ,& ?is is especially ! case 9 psy*ology1 j because "h we _c get ! object outside u1 we _c get or make a diagram1 & unless we give x reality by re-con/ruct+ x1--by re-int]rogat+ our own exp]i5ce1 our k ( x w be b wood5 & me*anical4 ,& ! t]m introspection ne$ n be too s]i\sly tak53 x means mu* m ?an wat*+ passively an int]nal drama2 & is q z well describable z m5tal projection1 sett+ out :at 0 )91 & s z x 7 hidd5 & involv$1 be=e ourselves 9 ! field ( m5tal vision4 ,"h1 z always1 ! ess5tial po9t is to get ourselves well out ( ! way ( ! object obs]v$1 & to /&1 figuratively speak+1 q on "o side4 ,b ev5 at ! be/1 su* a popul> or empirical psy*ology has no special claim to be rank$ z sci5ce4 ,x may no d\bt be said t at lea/ x collects1 describes1 or notes d[n facts4 ,b ev5 ?is is n s c]ta9 z x seems4 ,its s-call$ facts are v l>gely fictions1 or s l>gely int]polat$ ) error1 t !y _c be safely us$ = con/ruction4 ,if psy*ology is to accompli% any?+ valuable1 x mu/ g m radically to "w4 ,x mu/--at lea/ 9 a measure--disc>d f its prelim9>y view ! data ( common & curr5t di/9ctions1 & try to get at some?+ m prim>y or ultimate z its />t+-po9t4 ,& ?is x may d 9 two ways4 ,x may1 9 ! "o case1 foll[ ! example ( ! physical sci5ces4 ,9 ^! x is ! univ]sal practice to assume t ! explanation ( complex & concrete facts is to be atta9$ by 7a7 po/ulat+ c]ta9 simple elem5ts 7:i* we may call atoms1 molecules1 & p]haps units or monads71 :i* are suppos$ to be cle>ly conceivable & to ju/ify !mselves by intr9sic intelligibility1 & by 7b7 assum+ t ^! elem5ts are comp\nd$ & comb9$ accord+ to laws :i* aga9 are 9 ! la/ resort self-evid5t1 or su* t !y seem to h an obvi\s & palpable lucidity4 ,fur!r1 su* laws be+ always axioms or pla9 po/ulates ( me*anics 7= ^! alone possess ?is feature ( self-evid5t intelligibility71 !y are subject to & invite all ! aids & ref9em5ts ( ! high] ma!matical calculus4 ,:at ! prim>y & self-explicative bits ( psy*ical reality may be1 is a fur!r "q on :i* !re may be "s dispute4 ,!y may be1 s to say1 tak5 9 a m physical or 9 a m metaphysical way3 i4e4 m z units ( n]ve-function or m z elem5ts ( ideative-function4 ,& !re may be diff]5ces z to h[ f> & 9 :at prov9ces ! ma!matical calculus may be applicable4 ,b1 9 any case1 !re w be a /rong t5d5cy 9 psy*ology1 work$ on ?is plan1 to foll[1 mutatis mut&is1 & at "s di/ance p]haps1 ! analogy ( mat]ial physics4 ,9 bo? ! ju/ification ( ! po/ulat$ units & laws w be _! ability to describe & sy/ematise ! obs]v$ ph5om5a 9 a uni=m & consi/5t way4 ,! o!r way 9 :i* psy*ology gets a f\ndation & ult]ior c]ta9ty is diff]5t1 & goes deep]4 ,aft] all1 ! 8sci5tific0 me?od is only a way 9 :i* ! facts ( a giv5 sph]e are pres5t$ 9 ?or\ghgo+ int]connexion1 ea* r$uc$ to an exact multiple or fraction ( "s o!r1 by an inimitably cont9u$ subtraction & addition ( an assum$ homog5e\s elem5t1 f\nd or assum$ to be p]fectly imag9able 7conceivable74 ,b we may also consid] ! prov9ce 9 relation to ! :ole sph]e ( reality1 may ask :at is its place & mean+ 9 ! :ole1 :at reality is 9 ! end driv+ at or com+ to be1 & h[ f> ?is special prov9ce contributes to t end4 ,if we d ?is1 we atta* psy*ology to philosophy1 or1 if we pref] s to call x1 to metaphysics1 z 9 ! =m] way we e/abli%$ x on ! pr9ciples g5]ally receiv$ z gov]n+ ! me?od ( ! physical sci5ces4 ,?is--! relation ( psy*ology to fundam5tal philosophy--is a "q :i* also turns up 9 deal+ ) ,e?ics4 ,!re is on ! "p ( ^? engag$ 9 ei!r ( ^! inquiries a c]ta9 impati5ce aga9/ ! int]m$dl+ 7:i* is held to be only muddl+7 ( metaphysics ) !m4 ,x is cle> t 9 a v decid$ way bo? psy*ology & e?ics c1 up to "s ext5t at lea/1 be treat$ z :at is call$ empirical 7or1 to use ! m ,engli% phrase1 inductive7 sci5ces4 ,on _m h&s !y are actually s treat$3 & n )\t result4 ,consid]+ ! t5d5cy ( metaphysical inquiries1 x may be urg$ t x is well to avoid prelim9>y criticism ( ! curr5t conceptions & beliefs ab\t reality :i* ^! sci5ces imply4 ,yet su* beliefs are und\bt$ly pres5t & effective4 ,s*op5hau] has popul>is$ ! pr9ciple t ! pure empirici/ is a fiction1 t man is a radically metaphysical animal1 & t he inevitably turns :at he receives into a "p ( a dogmatic cre$--a conviction h[ ?+s ought to be4 ,almo/ )\t ef=t !re gr[s up 9 him1 or fl[s 9 ^u him1 a belief & a sy/em ( beliefs z to ! ord] & values ( ?+s4 ,e judgm5t1 ev5 9 logic1 re/s on su* an ord] ( tru?4 ,he ne$ n be able to =mulate 8 cre$3 x w influ5ce him none ! less3 nay1 8 fai? w probably seem m a "p ( ! solid e>? & common reality1 ! less x has be5 r$uc$ to a det]m9ate cre$ or to a code ( pr9ciples4 ,= su* =mulation presupposes d\bt & scepticism1 :i* x beats back by m]e ass]tion4 ,ea* human be+ has su* a backgr\nd ( convictions :i* gov]n 8 actions & conceptions1 & ( :i* x s />tles him to sugge/ ! possibility ( a d\bt1 t he turns away 9 dogmatic horror4 ,su* rul+ ideas v>y1 f man to man1 & f man to woman--if we consid] !m 9 all _! m9ut5ess4 ,b above all !y con/itute !mselves 9 a diff]5tly organis$ sy/em or aggregate accord+ to ! social & educational /ratum to :i* an individual belongs4 ,ea* gr\p1 engag$ 9 a common task1 x may be 9 ! /udy ( a "p ( nature1 is ideally b\nd & oblig$ by a common language1 & special /&>ds ( tru? & reality = its own4 ,su* a gr\p ( ideas is :at ,bacon w\ld h call$ a sci5tific feti* or idolum !atri4 ,a sci5tific idolum is a traditional belief or dogma z to pr9ciples1 values1 & me?ods1 :i* has s ?or\ghly p]vad$ ! m9ds ( ^? engag$ 9 a bran* ( inquiry1 t !y no long] recognise its hypo!tical "*1--its relation ( means to ! ma9 end ( _! function4 ,su* a collect$ & unit$ !ory ( reality 7x is :at ,hegel has designat$ ! ,idea7 is :at is und]/ood by a natural metaphysic4 ,x has no?+ necess>ily to d ) a sup]s5sible or a sup]natural1 if ^! words mean a gho/ly1 mat]ialis$1 b sup]-f9ely-mat]ialis$ nature1 above & beyond ! pres5t4 ,b t !re is a p]si/5t t5d5cy to conceive ! unity & coh]5ce1 ! !oretic idea ( reality1 9 ?is pseudo-s5su\s 7i4e4 sup]-s5su\s7 =m1 is ( c\rse a well-kn[n fact4 ,= ! pres5t1 h[ev]1 ?is ab]ration--?is idol ( ! tribe--may be left out ( sight4 ,by a metaphysic or fundam5tal philosophy1 is1 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 meant a sy/em ( fir/ pr9ciples--a secul> & cosmic cre$3 a belief 9 ends & values1 a belief 9 tru?--aga9 premis+ t ! sy/em 9 "q is1 = mo/1 a rudely organis$ & almo/ in>ticulate mass ( belief & hope1 conviction & impression4 ,x is1 9 %ort1 a natural metaphysic3 a metaphysic1 t is1 :i* has b an imp]fect coh]5ce1 :i* imp]fectly realises bo? its nature & its limits4 ,9 c]ta9 p>ts1 h[ev]1 x is m & bett] ?an ?is crude backgr\nd ( belief4 ,ea* sci5ce--or at lea/ e gr\p ( sci5ces--has a m def9ite sy/em or aggregate ( fir/ pr9ciples1 axioms1 & conceptions belong+ to x4 ,x has1 t is1--& "h 9 a mu* di/9ct] way--its special /&>d ( reality1 its peculi> =ms ( conceiv+ ?+s1 its di/9ctions betwe5 ! actual & ! app>5t1 c4 ,"h aga9 x w probably be f\nd t ! sci5tific speciali/ is h>dly consci\s t ^! are pr9ciples & concepts3 on ! contr>y1 !y w be suppos$ self-evid5t & ultimate facts1 f\ndations ( be+4 ,in/ead ( be+ treat$ z modes ( conception1 m or less ju/ifi$ by _! use & _! results1 ^! categories w be reg>d$ z fundam5tal facts1 ess5tial conditions ( all reality4 ,l popul> ?\ght 9 its +ra9$ categories1 ! speciali/ _c und]/& ! possibility ( any limitation to 8 radical ideas ( reality4 ,to him !y are n hypo!ses1 b pr9ciples4 ,! sci5tific speciali/ may be z conv9c$ ( ! univ]sal application ( 8 peculi> categories1 z ! ,*9ese or ! ,eskimo t 8 /&>ds are natural & f9al4 ,"u su* metaphysical or extra-empirical presuppositions all inve/igation1 :e!r x be crudely empirical or 79 ! physical s5se7 sci5tific1 is c>ri$ on4 ,& :5 s c>ri$ on1 x is said to be prosecut$ ap>t f any int]f]5ce f metaphysic4 ,su* a nave or natural metaphysic1 n rais$ to explicit consci\sness1 n foll[$ z an impos$ rule1 b gov]n+ ) ! /r5g? ( an imman5t fai?1 does n c\nt = ^? :o live "u x z a metaphysic at all4 ,m4 ,j\rda9 0 amaz$ sudd5ly to le>n he _h be5 speak+ prose = =ty ye>s )\t kn[+ x4 ,b 9 ! pres5t case !re is some?+ worse ?an amazem5t sure to be excit$ by ! news4 ,= ! critic :o ?us reveals ! secrets ( ! sci5ti/'s he>t is pretty sure to g on to say t a good deal ( ?is nave unconsci\s metaphysic is incoh]5t1 contradictory1 ev5 bad3 t x requires correction1 revision1 & readju/m5t1 & has by criticism to be made "o & h>moni\s4 ,t readju/m5t or criticism :i* %all elim9ate contradiction & produce unity1 is ! aim ( ! sci5ce ( metaphysic--! sci5ce ( ! meta-physical elem5t 9 physical k3 :at ,hegel has *os5 to call ! ,sci5ce ( ,logic 79 ! wide s5se ( ! t]m74 ,?is high] ,logic1 ?is sci5ce ( metaphysic1 is ! process to revise & h>monise 9 sy/ematic complet5ess ! imp]fect or mislead+ & p>tial e/imates ( reality :i* are to be f\nd 9 popul> & sci5tific ?\ght4 ,9 ! case ( ! run ( physical sci5ces ?is revision is less necess>y2 & = no v recondite reason4 ,e sci5ce by its v nature deals ) a special1 a limit$ topic4 ,x is conf9$ to a "p or aspect ( reality4 ,its propositions are n complete tru?s2 !y apply to an artificial _w1 to a "p expressly cut (f f ! concrete reality4 ,its pr9ciples are g5]ally cut accord+ to _! clo?1--accord+ to ! range 9 :i* !y apply4 ,! only dang] t c well arise is if ^! categories are transplant$ )\t due res]vations1 & made ( univ]sal application1 i4e4 if ! sci5ti/ elects on 8 speciality to pron\nce de omnibus rebus4 ,b 9 ! case ( psy*ology & e?ics ! h>mlessness ( natural metaphysics w be less c]ta94 ,"h a g5]al human or univ]sal int]e/ is almo/ an inevitable coeffici5t3 especially if !y really rise to ! full sweep ( ! subject4 ,= z su* !y bo? seem to deal n ) a "p ( reality1 b ) ! v c5tre & purpose ( all reality4 ,9 !m we are n deal+ ) topics ( second>y int]e/1 b ) ! v he>t ( ! human problem4 ,"h ! que/ions ( reality & ideals1 ( unity & div]sity1 & ( ! evaluation ( exi/5ce1 come di/9ctly to ! =e4 ,if psy*ology is to answ] ! "q1 ,:at am ,i8 & e?ics ! "q1 ,:at ought ,i to d8 !y c h>dly "w )\t "s =mulat$ cre$ ( metaphysical "*1 )\t "s prelim9>y criticisms ( curr5t fir/ pr9ciples4 7ii47 ,h]b>t4 ,! ,g]man ?9k]1 :o has giv5 p]haps ! mo/ fruitful /imulus to ! sci5tific /udy ( psy*ology 9 mod]n times--,johann ,fri$ri* ,h]b>t--is aft] all ess5tially a philosoph]1 & n a m]e sci5ti/1 ev5 9 8 psy*ology4 ,8 psy*ological inquiry1 t is1 /&s 9 intimate connexion ) ! la/ que/ions ( all intellig5ce1 ) metaphysics & e?ics4 ,! bus9ess ( philosophy1 says ,h]b>t1 is to t\* up & f9i% (f conceptions 7,be>beitung d] ,begriffe77#bb74 ,x f9ds1 z x sup]v5es ^u ! unphilosophical _w1 t m]e & pure facts 7if !re ev] are or 7 su* purisms7 h be5 envelop$ 9 a cl\d ( !ory1 h be5 con/ru$ into "s =m ( unity1 b h be5 imp]fectly1 inadequately con/ru$3 & t ! exi/+ concepts 9 curr5t use ne$ to be correct$1 supplem5t$ & readju/$4 ,x has1 accord+ly1 = its "w to 8reconcile exp]i5ce ) itself7#bc710 & to elicit 8! hidd5 pre-suppositions )\t :i* ! fact ( exp]i5ce is un?9kable40 ,psy*ology1 !n1 z a bran* ( ?is philosophic ent]prise1 has to readju/ ! facts discov]$ 9 inn] exp]i5ce4 ,= m]e uncritical exp]i5ce or m]ely empirical k only (f]s problems2 x sugge/s gaps1 :i* inde$ fur!r reflection s]ves at fir/ only to deep5 into contradictions4 ,su* a psy*ology is 8speculative03 i4e4 x is n cont5t to accept ! m]e giv51 b goes =w>d & backw>d to f9d some?+ t w make ! fact intelligible4 ,x employs totally diff]5t me?ods f ! 8classification1 induction1 analogy0 famili> to ! logic ( ! empirical sci5ces4 ,its 8pr9ciples10 !re=e1 are n giv5 facts3 b facts :i* h be5 manipulat$ & adju/$ s z to lose _! self-contradictory quality3 !y are facts 8r$uc$10 by introduc+ ! omitt$ relation%ips :i* !y po/ulate if !y are to be true & self-consi/5t7#bd74 ,:ile x is f> f reject+ or ignor+ exp]i5ce1 !re=e1 psy*ology _c /rictly be said to build ^u x alone4 ,x uses exp]im5tal fact z an unf9i%$ datum1--or x sees 9 exp]i5ce a torso :i* betrays its imp]fection1 & sugge/s complet+4 ,! />t+-po9t1 x may be said1 ( ,h]b>t's psy*ology is a "q :i* to ! ord9>y psy*ologi/ 7& to ! s-call$ sci5tific psy*ologi/7 has a second>y1 if x h any int]e/4 ,x 01 he says1 ! problem ( ,p]sonality1 ! problem ( ! ,self or ,ego1 :i* fir/ l$ to 8 *>act]i/ic conception ( psy*ological me?od4 8,my fir/ discov]y10 he tells u7#be71 80 t ! ,self 0 nei!r primitive nor indep5d5t1 b mu/ be ! mo/ dep5d5t & mo/ condition$ ?+ "o c imag9e4 ,! second 0 t ! elem5t>y ideas ( an intellig5t be+1 if !y 7 ev] to rea* ! pit* ( self-consci\sness1 mu/ be ei!r all1 or at lea/ 9 "p1 oppos$ to ea* o!r1 & t !y mu/ *eck or block "o ano!r 9 consequ5ce ( ?is opposition4 ,?\gh held 9 *eck1 h[ev]1 ^! ideas 7 n to be suppos$ lo/3 !y subsi/ z endeav\rs or t5d5cies to return into ! position ( actual idea1 z soon z ! *eck became1 = any reason1 ei!r 9 :ole or 9 "p inop]ative4 ,?is *eck c\ld & mu/ be calculat$1 & ?us x 0 cle> t psy*ology requir$ a ma!matical z well z a metaphysical f\ndation40 ,! place ( ! conception ( ! ,ego 9 ,kant's & ,fi*te's !ory ( k is well kn[n4 ,equally well kn[n is ,kant's treatm5t ( ! s\l-reality or s\l-sub/ance 9 8 exam9ation ( ,rational ,psy*ology4 ,:]eas ! 7logical7 unity ( consci\sness1 or 8syn!tic unity ( app]ception10 is assum$ z a fundam5tal />t+-po9t 9 explanation ( our objective judgm5ts1 or ( our k ( objective exi/5ce1 its real 7z oppos$ to its =mal7 f\ndation 9 a 8sub/antial0 s\l is set aside z an illegitimate int]pretation (1 or inf]5ce f1 ! facts ( inn] exp]i5ce4 ,! belief 9 ! sep>ate unity & p]si/5ce ( ! s\l1 said ,kant1 is n a sci5tifically-w>rant$ conclusion4 ,its true place is z an ineffaceable po/ulate ( ! fai? :i* inspires human life & action4 ,h]b>t did n re/ cont5t ) ei!r ( ^!--z he believ$--dogmatic assumptions ( 8 ma/]4 ,he did n fall 9 *e]fully ) ! idealism :i* seem$ ready to disp5se ) a s\l1 or :i* ju/ifi$ its acceptance ( empirical reality by ref]r+ to ! fundam5tal unity ( ! function ( judgm5t4 ,) a /rong b5t t[>ds fully-diff]5tiat$ & individualis$ exp]i5ce ,h]b>t conjo9$ a conviction ( ! ne$ ( logical analysis to prev5t u be+ c>ri$ away by ! fir/-come & inadequate g5]alities4 ,! ,ego :i*1 9 its extreme/ ab/raction1 he f\nd def9$ z ! unity ( subject & object1 did n seem to him to (f] ! prop] gu>antees ( reality3 x 0 itself a problem1 full ( contradictions1 wait+ = solution4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! real ,ego1 or self ( concrete exp]i5ce1 is v mu* m ?an ?is logical ab/ract1 & diff]s widely f individual to individual1 & app>5tly f "t to "t ev5 9 ! same individual4 ,our self1 ( :i* we talk s flu5tly1 z "o & ! self-same--h[ f> does x really possess ! cont9uity & id5tity ) :i* we cr$it x8 ,does x n r seem to be an ideal :i* we gradually =m & set be=e ourselves z ! /&>d = measur+ our atta9m5ts ( ! mom5t1--! p]fect fulfilm5t ( t on5ess ( be+ & purpose & k :i* we nev] rea*8 ,sometimes ev5 x seems no bett] ?an a "n :i* we move along ! v>y+ ph5om5a ( our inn] life1 at "o "t id5tify+ x ) ! p[] :i* has ga9$ ! victory 9 a moral /ruggle1 at ano!r ) t :i* has be5 defeat$7#bf71 accord+ z ! attitude ( ! mom5t makes u ?r[ n[ "o1 n[ ano!r1 aspect ( m5tal activity 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,! o!r--or logical ,ego--! m]e id5tity ( subject & object1--:5 tak5 9 its utt] ab/ractness & simplicity1 %rivels up to some?+ v small inde$--to a some?+ :i* is little bett] ?an no?+4 ,! m]e ,i :i* is n contra-di/+ui%$ by a ,?\ & a ,he--:i* is )\t all def9it5ess ( pr$ication 7! ,i,i ( ,fi*te & ,s*ell+7--is only z x 7 a po9t ( be+ cut (f f all its connexions 9 reality1 & treat$ z if x 7 or c\ld be entirely indep5d5t4 ,x is an id5tity 9 :i* subject & object h n yet appe>$3 x is n a real ,i1 ?\gh we may /ill reta9 ! "n4 ,x is--z ,hegel's ,logic w tell u--exactly def9able z ,be+1 :i* is z yet ,no?+3 ! impossible edge ( ab/raction on :i* we try--& 9 va9--to /eady ourselves at ! initial po9t ( ?\ght4 ,& to rea* or /& at t intangible1 ungraspable po9t1 :i* slips away z we approa*1 & transmutes itself z we hold x1 is n ! natural beg9n+1 b ! result ( introspection & reflection on ! concrete self4 ,b ) ?is aspect ( ! "q we are n n[ conc]n$4 ,t ! unity ( ! ,self z an intellig5t & moral be+1 t ! ,ego ( self-consci\sness 0 an ideal & a product ( developm5t1 0 :at ,h]b>t soon became conv9c$ (4 ,! unity ( ,self is ev5 z giv5 9 mature exp]i5ce an imp]fect fact4 ,x is a fact1 t is1 :i* does n come up to :at x promis$1 & :i* requires to be supplem5t$1 or philosophically ju/ifi$4 ,"h & ev]y:]e ! cu/om ( life c>ries u ov] gaps :i* yawn deep to ! eye ( philosophic reflection3 ev5 ?\gh accid5t & illness =ce !m n unfrequ5tly ev5 ^u ! bl9de/4 ,to trace ! process ( unification t[>ds ?is unity--to trace1 if y l1 ev5 ! =mation ( ! concept ( su* unity1 z a gov]n+ & guid+ pr9ciple 9 life & conduct1 comes to be ! problem ( ! psy*ologi/1 9 ! l>ge/ s5se ( t problem4 ,f ,s\l 7,seele7 to ,m9d or ,_s 7,gei/7 is = ,h]b>t1 z = ,hegel1 ! c\rse ( psy*ology7#bg74 ,! gr[? & developm5t ( m9d1 ! =mation ( a self1 ! realisation ( a p]sonality1 is = bo? ! !me :i* psy*ology has to exp\nd4 ,& ,h]b>t1 n less ?an ,hegel1 _h to be> ! c5sure t su* a conception ( m5tal reality z a gr[? w\ld de/roy p]sonality7#bh74 ,b ) s mu* common 9 ! g5]al plan1 ! two ?9k]s diff] pr(\ndly 9 _! special mode ( c>ry+ out ! task4 ,or1 r1 !y turn _! /r5g? on diff]5t dep>tm5ts ( ! :ole4 ,h]b>t's great practical int]e/ _h be5 ! !ory ( education3 8pa$agogic0 is ! subject ( 8 fir/ important writ+s4 ,! inn] hi/ory ( ideas--! processes :i* are bas$ on ! int]action ( elem5ts 9 ! individual s\l--are :at he specially traces4 ,hegel's int]e/s1 on ! contr>y1 are m t[>ds ! great] process1 ! unities ( hi/orical life1 & ! correlations ( ! p[]s ( art1 religion1 & philosophy t "w !re94 ,he turns to ! macrocosm1 almo/ z naturally z ,h]b>t does to ! microcosm4 ,?us1 ev5 9 ,e?ics1 :ile ,h]b>t gives a delicate analysis ( ! di/9ct aspects or elem5ts 9 ! ,e?ical idea1--! div]se head+s "u :i* ! dis9t]e/$ spectator )9 ! brea/ measures ) purely ae/hetic eye 8 approa* to unity & /r5g? ( purpose1 ,hegel seems to hurry away f ! field ( moral s5se or consci5ce to ?r[ himself on ! social & political organisation ( ! moral life4 ,! ,g5]al ,pa$agogic ( ,h]b>t has its p5dant 9 ,hegel's ,philosophy ( ,law & ( ,hi/ory4 ,at an e>ly p]iod ,h]b>t _h become impress$ ) ! necessity ( apply+ ma!matics to psy*ology7#bi74 ,to ! usual objection1 t psy*ical facts d n admit ( measurem5t1 he _h a ready reply4 ,we c calculate ev5 on hypo!tical assumptions3 inde$1 c\ld we measure1 we %\ld sc>cely take ! tr\ble to calculate7#cj74 ,to calculate 7i4e4 to d$uce ma!matically7 is to p]=m a g5]al exp]im5t1 & to p]=m x 9 ! m$ium :]e !re is lea/ likelihood ( error or di/urbance4 ,!re may be anomalies en\gh app>5t 9 ! m5tal life3 !re may be ! great anomalies ( ,g5ius & ( ,fre$om ( ,w2 b ! ,newton & ! ,kepl] ( psy*ology w %[ by calculation on assum$ conditions ( psy*ic nature t ^! ab]rations c be expla9$ by me*anical laws4 8,! human ,s\l is no puppet-!atre3 our wi%es & resolutions are no m>ionettes3 no juggl] /&s beh9d2 b our true & prop] life lies 9 our volition1 & ?is life has its rule n outside1 b 9 itself3 x has its own purely m5tal rule1 by no means borr[$ f ! mat]ial _w4 ,b ?is rule is 9 x sure & fix$2 & on acc\nt ( ?is its fix$ quality x has m simil>ity to 7:at is o!rwise het]og5e\s7 ! laws ( impact & pressure ?an to ! m>vels ( an alleg$ inexplicable fre$om7#ca740 ,psy*ology !n deals ) a real1 :i* exhibits ph5om5a analog\s 9 sev]al respects to ^? discuss$ by /atics & me*anics4 ,its f\ndation is a /atics & me*anics ( ! ,s\l1--z ?is real is call$4 ,we beg9 by presuppos+ z ! ultimate reality1 und]ly+ ! factiti\s & g5]ally imp]fect unity ( self-consci\sness & m9d1 an ess5tial & prim>y unity--! unity ( an absolutely simple or individual po9t ( be+--a real po9t :i* among/ o!r po9ts ass]ts itself1 ma9ta9s itself4 ,x has a "* ( its own1 b t "* x only %[s 9 & ?r\gh a developm5t condition$ by ext]nal influ5ces4 ,! specific nature ( ! s\l-reality is to be repres5tative1 to produce1 or manife/ itself 91 ideas 7,vor/ellung574 ,b ! "* only em]ges into actuality 9 ! conflict ( ! s\l-atom ) o!r ultimate realities 9 ! congregation ( ?+s4 ,a s\l p] se or isolat$ is n possess$ ( ideas4 ,x is m]ely blank1 undevelop$1 =mal unity1 ( :i* no?+ c be said4 ,b l o!r realities x def9es & *>act]ises itself by anti!sis1 by resi/ance3 x %[s :at x is by its behavi\r 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,x acts 9 self-def5ce3 & its peculi> /yle or weapon ( self-def5ce is an idea or repres5tation4 ,! way ! ,s\l ma9ta9s itself is by turn+ ! assailant into an idea7#cb73 & ea* idea is !re=e a ,selb/]haltung ( ! ,s\l4 ,! ,s\l is ?us enri*$--to appe>ance or incid5tally3 & ! assailant is annex$4 ,9 ?is way ! "o ,s\l may develop or evolve or express an innum]able v>iety ( ideas3 = 9 response to :atev] x meets1 ! liv+ & active ,s\l ideates1 or gives rise to a repres5tation4 ,?us1 :ile ! s\l is "o1 its ideas or repres5tations are _m4 ,tak5 sep>ately1 !y ea* express ! psy*ic self-cons]vation4 ,b br\ght 9 relation ) ea* o!r1 z s _m acts or self-affirmations ( ! "o s\l1 !y behave z =ces1 & t5d to ?w>t or *eck ea* o!r4 ,x is z =ces1 z reciprocally arre/+ or fo/]+ ea* o!r1 t ideas are objects ( sci5ce4 ,:5 a repres5tation is ?us held 9 *eck1 x is r$uc$ to a m]e endeav\r or active t5d5cy to repres5t4 ,?us !re arises a di/9ction betwe5 repres5tations prop]1 & ^? imp]fect /ates or acts :i* are p>tly or :olly held 9 abeyance4 ,b ! lat5t phase ( an idea is z ess5tial to a ?or\gh und]/&+ ( x z :at appe>s4 ,x is ! great blund] ( empirical psy*ology to ignore :at is sunk bel[ ! surface ( consci\sness4 ,& to ,h]b>t consci\sness is n ! condition b r ! product ( ideas1 :i* are prim>ily =ces4 ,b repres5tations are n m]ely 9 opposition1--imp++ & resi/+4 ,! same reason :i* makes !m resi/1 viz4 t !y are or w\ld fa9 be acts ( ! "o s\l1 b are m or less incompatible1 leads !m 9 o!r circum/ances to =m comb9ations ) ea* o!r4 ,^! comb9ations are ( two sorts4 ,!y are1 fir/1 complications1 or 8complexions03 a numb] ( ideas comb9e by quasi-addition & juxtaposition to =m a total4 ,second1 !re is fusion3 ideas pres5t+ c]ta9 degrees ( contra/ ent] into a union :]e ! p>ts are no long] sep>ately p]ceptible4 ,x is easy to see h[ ! problems ( psy*ology n[ assume ! =m ( a /atics & me*anics ( ! m9d4 ,quantitative data are to be s\ght 9 ! /r5g? ( ea* sep>ate s+le idea1 & ! degree 9 :i* two or m ideas block ea* o!r3 9 ! degree ( comb9ation betwe5 ideas1 & ! numb] ( ideas 9 a comb9ation3 & 9 ! t]ms ( relation betwe5 ! memb]s ( a s]ies ( ideas4 ,a /atical !ory has to %[ ! conditions requir$ = :at we may call ! ideal /ate ( equilibrium ( ! 8idea-=ces03 to det]m9e1 t is1 ! ultimate degree ( obscuration suff]$ by any two ideas ( diff]5t /r5g?1 & ! conditions ( _! p]man5t comb9ation or fusion4 ,a me*anics ( ! m9d w1 on ! contr>y1 deal ) ! rate at :i* ^! processes are br\ght ab\t1 ! velocity ) :i* 9 ! movem5t ( m9d ideas are obscur$ or reawak5$1 c4 ,x is =tunately unnecess>y1 "h1 to g fur!r into details4 ,:at ,h]b>t proposes is n a me?od = ! ma!matical measurem5t ( psy*ic facts3 x is a !ory ( me*anics & /atics specially adapt$ to ! peculi>ities ( psy*ical ph5om5a1 :]e ! =ces are giv5 ) no s9e or cos9e1 :]e in/ead ( gravitation we h ! con/ant ef=t 7z x 7 ela/icity7 ( ea* idea to rev]t to its un*eck$ /ate4 ,he claims--9 %ort--practically to be a ,kepl] & ,newton ( ! m9d1 & 9 s do+ to ju/ify ! vague pr(essions ( m ?an "o writ] on m9d--above all1 p]haps ( ,david ,hume1 :o goes beyond m]e pr(essions--to make m5tal sci5ce foll[ ! example ( physics4 ,& a ma9 argum5t 9 fav\r ( 8 ent]prise is ! decl>ation ( ,kant t no body ( k c claim to be a sci5ce except 9 su* proportion z x is ma!matical4 ,& ! peculi>ity ( ?is ent]prise is t self-consci\sness1 ! ,ego1 is n all[$ to int]f]e ) ! free play ( psy*ic =ces4 ,! ,ego is--psy*ologically--! result1 ! product1 & ! v>y+ product ( t play4 ,! play ( =ces is no d\bt a unity3 b its unity lies n 9 ! syn!sis ( consci\sness1 b 9 ! ess5tial unity ( ,s\l4 ,& ,s\l is 9 its ess5ce nei!r consci\sness1 nor self-consci\sness1 nor m9d3 b some?+ on ! basis ( ^: unity ^! are built up & develop$7#cc74 ,! m]e 8repres5tation0 does n include ! fur!r sup]v5i5ce ( consci\sness3 x repres5ts1 b x is n z yet necess>y t we %\ld also be consci\s t !re is repres5tation4 ,x is1 9 ! phrase ( ,leibniz1 p]ception3 b n app]ception4 ,x is m]e /raight-out1 n z yet reflect$1 repres5tation4 ,gradually !re em]ges ?r\gh ! op]ation ( me*anical psy*ics a nucleus1 a float+ unity1 a fix$ or def9ite c5tral aggregate4 ,! sugge/ion ( ma!matical me?od has be5 tak5 up by subsequ5t inquir]s 7z x 0 pursu$ ev5 be=e ,h]b>t's "t71 b n 9 ! s5se he meant4 ,exp]im5tation has n[ tak5 a prom95t place 9 psy*ology4 ,b 9 proportion z x has done s1 psy*ology has lo/ its native "*1 & ?r[n itself into ! arms ( physiology4 ,:at ,h]b>t calculat$ 7 actions & reactions ( idea-=ces3 :at ! mod]n exp]im5tal s*ool proposes to measure are to a l>ge ext5t ! velocities ( c]ta9 physiological processes1 ! num]ical specification ( c]ta9 facts4 ,su* asc]ta9m5ts are unque/ionably useful2 z num]ical precision is 9 o!r dep>tm5ts4 ,b1 tak5 9 !mselves1 !y d n c>ry u "o bit fur!r on ! way to sci5ce4 ,z exp]im5ts1 fur!r1--to note a po9t discuss$ else:]e7#cd7--_! value dep5ds on ! po9t ( view1 on ! !ory :i* has l$ to !m1 on ! value ( ! g5]al s*eme = :i* !y are int5d$ to provide a special new det]m9ation4 ,9 _m cases !y s]ve to give a vivid reality to :at 0 veil$ "u a g5]al phrase4 ,! tru? looks s mu* m real :5 x is put 9 figures3 z ! size ( a huge tree :5 set aga9/ a rock2 or z :5 ,milton bodies out 8 fall5 angel by sett+ =? ! ratio betwe5 8 spe> & ! talle/ ,norway p9e4 ,b until ! g5]al relation%ip betwe5 s\l & body is m cle>ly =mulat$1 su* /ati/ics w h b a value ( curiosity4 7iii47 ,! ,faculty-,psy*ology & its ,critics4 ,:at ,h]b>t 7z well z ,hegel7 f9ds p]petual gr\nd = object+ to is ! talk ab\t m5tal faculties4 ,?is objection is "p ( a g5]al *>act]i/ic ( all ! high] philosophy2 & ! recurr5ce ( x gives an illu/ration ( h[ h>d x is = any class ( m5 to see !mselves z o!rs see !m4 ,if !re be any?+ ! vulg> believe to be true ( philosophy1 x is t x deals 9 di/ant & ab/ruse g5]alities1 t x neglects ! %ades ( individuality & reality1 & laun*es out into unsub/antial g5]al ideas4 ,b x w\ld be easy to ga!r f ! great ?9k]s an an?ology ( passages 9 :i* !y hold x =? z ! great "w ( philosophy to rescue our conceptions f ! indef9it5ess & g5]ality ( popul> conception1 & to give !m real1 z oppos$ to a m]ely nom9al1 individuality4 ,! ,wolffian s*ool1 :i* ,h]b>t 7n less ?an ,kant7 f\nd 9 possession ( ! field1 & :i* 9 ,g]many may be tak5 to repres5t only a slight v>iant ( ! half-&-half attitude ( vulg> ?\ght1 0 entr5*$ 9 ! psy*ology ( faculties4 ,empirical psy*ology1 said ,wolff7#ce71 tells ! numb] & "* ( ! s\l's faculties3 rational psy*ology w tell :at !y 8prop]ly0 are1 & h[ !y subsi/ 9 s\l4 ,x is assum$ t !re are g5]al receptacles or t5d5cies ( m5tal op]ation :i* 9 c\rse ( "t get fill$ or qualifi$ 9 a c]ta9 way3 & t :5 ?is "q is dispos$ (1 x /ill rema9s to fix on ! metaphysical bases ( ^! facts4 ,t a doctr9e ( faculties %\ld fix itself 9 psy*ology is n s wond]ful4 ,9 ! non-psy*ical _w objects are easily discrim9at$ 9 space1 & ! individual ?+ la/s ?r\gh a "t4 ,b a phase ( m9d is z su* fleet+ & indet]m9ate3 its individual features :i* come f its 8object0 t5d soon to vani% 9 memory3 all fre%ness ( def9ite *>act]s we>s (f1 & !re is left beh9d only a vague 8recept0 ( ! "o & same 9 _m1 a sort ( hypo/atis$ repres5tative1 fa9t b p]si/5t1 ( :at 9 exp]i5ce 0 an ev]-v>y+ succession4 ,we g5]alise "h z else:]e3 b else:]e ! _m s+ul>s rema9 to confront u m effectually4 ,b 9 ,m9d ! imm5se v>iety ( real imag9ation1 memory1 judgm5t is =gott51 & ! "n 9 ea* case r$uc$ to a meagre ab/ract4 ,?us ! id5tity 9 "* & op]ation1 hav+ be5 cut (f f ! *ang+ elem5ts 9 its real action1 is transmut$ into a sub/antial some:at1 a subsi/5t faculty4 ,! relation%ip ( "o to ano!r ( ! p[]s ?us by ab/raction & fancy creat$ becomes a problem ( consid]able mom5t1 _! causal relations 9 p>ticul>3 till 9 ! end !y /& outside & indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 engag$1 z ,h]b>t says1 9 a v]itable bellum omnium contra omnes4 ,b ?is hypo/atis+ ( faculties becomes a s\rce ( /ill fur!r difficulties :5 x is tak5 9 connexion ) ! hypo/asis ( ! ,s\l or ,self or ,ego4 ,to ,ari/otle ! ,s\l 9 its g5]al aspect is ,en]gy or ,ess5ce2 & its individual phases are en]gies4 ,b 9 ! h&s ( ! untra9$ ^! conceptions came to be consid]ably displac$4 ,ess5ce or ,sub/ance came to be und]/ood 7z may be se5 9 ,locke1 & /ill m 9 loose talk7 z a some?+1--a sub/ratum1--or peculi> nature--7( :i* 9 itself no?+ fur!r c\ld be said7#cf7 b :i* not)/&+ 0 p]man5t & p]haps imp]i%able73 ?is some?+ subsi/5t exhibit$ c]ta9 prop]ties or activities4 ,!re ?us arose1 on "o h&1 ! ,s\l-?+1--a sub/ance misund]/ood & s5sualis$ ) a sup]natural s5su\sness1--a d5iz5 ( ! transc5d5tal or ev5 ( ! transc5d5t _w3 &1 on ! o!r h&1 /ood ! actual manife/ations1 ! sev]al exhibitions ( ?is =ce1 ! assignable & describable psy*ic facts4 ,we are accord+ly br\ght be=e ! problem ( h[ ?is "o sub/ance or ess5ce /&s to ! sev]al entities or hypo/ases kn[n z faculties4 ,& we /ill h 9 ! re> ! fur!r problem ( h[ ^! ab/ract entities /& to ! real & concrete s+le acts & /ates ( s\l & m9d4 ,?is hypo/atis+ ( faculties1 & ?is di/9ction ( ! 8,sub/antial0 s\l f its 8accid5tia0 or ph5om5a1 _h gr[n--?r\gh ! mat]iali/ic proclivities ( popul> conception--f ! indications f\nd 9 ,ari/otle4 ,x atta9$ its climax1 p]haps 9 ! ,wolffian s*ool 9 ,g]many1 b x has be5 ! resort ( sup]ficial psy*ology 9 all ages4 ,= :ile x1 on "o h&1 seem$ to save ! sub/antial ,s\l on ^: incorruptibility great issues 7 believ$ to h+e1 x held out1 on ! o!r1 an op5 h& to ! exp]im5tal inquir]1 :om x bade freely to se>* among/ ! ph5om5a4 ,b if x 0 ! refuge ( pusillanimity1 x 0 also ! p]petual object ( c5sure f all ! great] & bold] spirits4 ,?us1 ! psy*ology ( ,hobbes may be ha/y & crude1 b x is at lea/ animat$ by a belief t ! m5tal life is cont9u\s1 & n cut (f by abrupt divisions sev]+ ! m5tal faculties4 ,! 8image0 7accord+ to 8 mat]iali/ically col\r$ psy*ology7 :i*1 :5 x is a /rong motion1 is call$ s5se1 passes1 z x becomes weak] or decays1 into imag9ation1 & gives rise1 by its v>i\s complications & associations ) o!rs1 to rem9isc5ce1 exp]i5ce1 expectation4 ,simil>ly1 ! volunt>y motion :i* is an effect or a phase ( imag9ation1 beg9n+ at fir/ 9 small motions--call$ by !mselves 8endeav\rs10 & 9 relation to _! cause 8appetites0 or 8desires7#cg70--leads on cumulatively to ,w1 :i* is ! 8la/ appetite 9 delib]at+40 ,sp9oza1 8 contempor>y1 speaks 9 ! same /ra97#ch74 8,faculties ( intellect1 desire1 love1 c41 are ei!r utt]ly fictiti\s1 or no?+ b metaphysical entities1 or univ]sals :i* we are 9 ! habit ( =m+ f p>ticul>s4 ,w & intellect are ?us suppos$ to /& to ?is or t idea1 ?is or t volition1 9 ! same way z /on9ess to ?is or t /one1 or z man to ,pet] or ,paul40 ,!y are suppos$ to be a g5]al some?+ :i* gets def9$ & deta*$4 ,b1 9 ! m9d1 or 9 ! cogitant s\l1 !re are no su* ?+s4 ,!re are only ideas3 & by an 8idea0 we are to und]/& n an image on ! ret9a or 9 ! bra91 n a 8dumb some?+1 l a pa9t+ on a panel7#ci710 b a mode ( ?9k+1 or ev5 ! act ( intellection itself4 ,! ideas are ! m9d3 m9d does n h ideas4 ,fur!r1 e 8idea10 z su*1 8involves affirmation or negation10--is n an image1 b an act ( judgm5t--conta9s1 z we %\ld say1 an implicit ref]5ce to actuality1--a ref]5ce :i* 9 volition is made explicit4 ,?us 7concludes ! coroll>y ( ,e?4 ii4 #di7 8,w & ,intellect are "o & ! same40 ,b 9 any case ! 8faculties0 z su* are no bett] ?an entia rationis 7i4e4 auxili>y modes ( repres5t+ facts74 ,leibniz speaks no less di/9ctly & sanely 9 ?is direction4 8,true p[]s are nev] m]e possibilities3 !y are always t5d5cy & action40 ,! 8,monad0--t is ! quasi-intellig5t unit ( exi/5ce1--is ess5tially activity1 & its actions are p]ceptions & appetitions1 i4e4 t5d5cies to pass f "o p]ceptive /ate or act to ano!r4 ,x is out ( ! v>iety1 ! complication1 & relations ( ^! m9iature or little p]ceptions & appetitions1 t ! conspicu\s ph5om5a ( consci\sness are to be expla9$1 & n by suppos+ !m due to "o or o!r faculty4 ,! s\l is a unity1 a self-develop+ unity1 a unity :i* at ea* /age ( its exi/5ce %[s itself 9 a p]ception or idea1--ea* su* p]ception h[ev] be+1 to repeat ! (t quot$ phrase1 ple9 de l'av5ir et *>g du pass3--ea*1 9 o!r words1 is n /ation>y1 b active & urg5t1 a progressive =ce1 z well z a repres5tative elem5t4 ,above all1 ,leibniz has ! view t ! s\l gives rise to all its ideas f itself3 t its life is its own production1 n a m]e inh]itance ( ideas :i* x has f bir? & nature1 nor a m]e importation into an empty room f )\t1 b a necess>y result ( its own con/itution act+ 9 necess>y 7pr$et]m9$7 reciprocity & h>mony ) ! re/ ( ! univ]se4 ,b ,hobbes1 ,sp9oza1 & ,leibniz1 7 mo/ att5tively he>d 9 ! passages :]e !y fav\r$ or combatt$ ! dom9ant social & !ological prepossessions4 ,_! glimpses ( tru] insight & ev5 _! palpable contributions 9 ! l9e ( a true psy*ology 7 ignor$ or =gott54 ,m att5tion1 p]haps1 0 attract$ by an attempt ( a v diff]5t /yle4 ,?is 0 ! sy/em ( ,condillac1 :o1 z ,hegel says 7p4 #fa71 made an unmi/akable attempt to %[ ! necess>y int]connexion ( ! sev]al modes ( m5tal activity4 ,9 8 ,trait des ,s5sations 7#aged71 foll[+ on 8 ,essai sur l'orig9e des connaissances huma9es 7#agdf71 he tri$ to c>ry out sy/ematically ! d$uction or d]ivation ( all our ideas f s5se1 or to trace ! filiation ( all our faculties f s5sation4 ,giv5 a m9d ) no o!r p[] ?an s5sibility1 ! problem is to %[ h[ x acquires all its o!r faculties4 ,let u !n suppose a s5ti5t animal to :i* is (f]$ a s+le s5sation1 or "o s5sation /&+ out above ! o!rs4 ,9 su* circum/ances ! s5sation 8becomes0 7devi5t7 att5tion3 or a s5sation 8is0 7e/7 att5tion1 ei!r because x is alone1 or because x is m lively ?an all ! re/4 ,aga93 be=e su* a be+1 let u set two s5sations3 to p]ceive or feel 7ap]cevoir ou s5tir7 ! two s5sations is ! same ?+ 7c'e/ la mme *ose74 ,if "o ( ! s5sations is n pres5t1 b a s5sation made already1 !n to p]ceive x is memory4 ,memory1 !n1 is only 8trans=m$ s5sation0 7s5sation trans=me74 ,fur!r1 suppose we att5d to bo? ideas1 ?is is 8! same ?+0 z to comp>e !m4 ,& to comp>e !m we mu/ see diff]5ce or resemblance4 ,?is is judgm5t4 8,?us s5sation becomes successively att5tion1 comp>ison1 judgm5t40 ,&--by fur!r /eps ( ! equat+ process--x appe>s t s5sation aga9 8becomes0 an act ( reflection4 ,& ! same may be said ( imag9ation & reason+3 all are trans=m$ s5sations4 ,if ?is is s ) ! intellig5ce1 x is equally ! case ) ! ,w4 ,to feel & n feel well or ill is impossible4 ,c\pl+ !n ?is feel+ ( pleasure or pa9 ) ! s5sation & its trans=mations1 we get ! s]ies ( phases rang+ f desire1 to passion1 hope1 w4 8,desire is only ! action ( ! same faculties z are attribut$ to ! und]/&+40 ,a lively desire is a passion3 a desire1 accompani$ ) a belief t no?+ /&s 9 its way1 is a volition4 ,b comb9e ^! affective ) ! intellectual processes already notic$1 & y h ?9k+ 7p5s]77#dj74 ,?us ?\ght 9 its entirety is1 only & always1 trans=m$ s5sation4 ,some?+ n unlike ?is1 ?\gh sc>cely s simply & directly doctr9aire1 is famili> to u 9 "s ,engli% psy*ology1 notably ,james ,mill's7#da74 ,tak5 9 _! lit]al baldness1 ^! id5tifications may s\nd /ra9$1--or trifl+4 ,b if we look beyond ! words1 we c detect a g5u9e in/9ct = ma9ta9+ & display+ ! unity & cont9uity ( m5tal life ?r\gh all its modifications1--c\pl$ un=tunately ) a bias sometimes 9 fav\r ( r$uc+ high] or m complex /ates ( m9d to a m]e prolongation ( l[] & begg>ly rudim5ts4 ,b o!rwise su* analyses are useful z aids aga9/ ! t5d5cy ( in]t ?\ght to take e "n 9 ?is dep>tm5t z a di/+ui%able reality3 ! t5d5cy to "p w f ?\ght--ideas f emotion--& ev5 imag9ation f reason1 z if ei!r c\ld be :at x pr(ess$ )\t ! o!r4 7iv47 ,me?ods & ,problems ( ,psy*ology4 ,! difficulties ( mod]n psy*ology p]haps lie 9 o!r directions1 b !y are n less wor? gu>d+ aga9/4 ,!y proce$ ma9ly f failure or inability to grasp ! c5tral problem ( psy*ology1 & a disposition to let ! p5 7if x be a book on ! subject7 w&] freely ?r\gh ! almo/ illimitable range ( in/ance1 illu/ration1 & application4 ,?\gh x is true t ! prop] /udy ( mank9d is man1 x is h>dly possible to say :at might n be br\ght "u ?is head4 ,homo sum1 nihil a me ali5um puto1 x might be urg$4 ,plac$ 9 a sort ( middle gr\nd betwe5 physiology 7summ+ up all ! results ( physical sci5ce7 & g5]al hi/ory 7includ+ ! contributions ( all ! bran*es ( sociology71 ! psy*ologi/ ne$ n want = mat]ial4 ,he c w&] into e?ics1 ae/hetic1 & logic1 into epi/emology & metaphysics4 ,& x _c be said ) any conviction t he is actually trespass+1 s long z ! gr\nd rema9s s ill-f5c$ & vaguely enclos$4 ,a desultory collection ( obs]vations on traits ( "*1 anecdotes ( m5tal ev5ts1 mix$ up ) hypo!tical descriptions ( h[ a normal human be+ may be suppos$ to develop 8 s-call$ faculties1 & includ+ "s diction>y-l v]bal di/9ctions1 may make a n un9t]e/+ & possibly bulky "w entitl$ ,psy*ology4 ,x is p>tly a desire ( keep+ up to date :i* is responsible = ! copi\s extracts or ab/racts f treatises on ! anatomy & functions ( ! n]ve-sy/em1 :i*1 accompani$ p]haps by a diagram ( ! bra91 (t5 =m ! op5+ *apt] ( a "w on psy*ology4 ,ev5 if ^! rese>*es _h a*iev$ a l>g] numb] ( au!nticat$ results ?an !y z yet h1 !y w\ld only =m an app5dix & an illu/ration to ! prop] subject7#db74 ,z !y /&1 & s long z !y rema9 l>gely hypo!tical1 ! use ( !m 9 psy*ology only fo/]s ! common delusion t1 :5 we c picture out 9 mat]ial outl9es a !ory o!rwise unsupport$1 x has ga9$ "s fur!r witness 9 its fav\r4 ,x is q arguable inde$ t x may be useful to cut out a section f g5]al human biology :i* %\ld include ! p>ts ( x t 7 specially int]e/+ 9 connexion ) ! expression or g5]ation ( ?\ght1 emotion1 & desire4 ,b 9 t case1 !re is a blund] 9 s+l+ out ! bra9 alone1 & especially ! organs ( s5se & volunt>y motion1--except = ! reason t ?is prov9ce ( psy*o-physics alone has be5 fairly mapp$ out4 ,! prepond]ant half ( ! s\l's life is l9k$ to o!r p>ts ( ! physical sy/em4 ,emotion & volition1 & ! g5]al tone ( ! tra9 ( ideas1 if !y are to be connect$ ) _! expression & physical accompanim5t 7or aspect71 w\ld require a sket* ( ! he>t & lungs1 z well z ! dige/ive sy/em 9 g5]al4 ,nor ^! alone4 ,n]ve analysis 7especially conf9$ to ! l>g] sy/em71 ?\gh mo/ mod]n1 is n alone important1 z ,plato & ,ari/otle well saw4 ,s t if biology is to be adapt$ = psy*ological use 7& if psy*ology deals ) m ?an cognitive processes71 a lib]al am\nt ( physiological in=mation seems requir$4 ,exp]im5tal psy*ology is a t]m us$ ) a consid]able laxity ( cont5t2 & s too is t ( physiological psy*ology1 or psy*o-physics4 ,& ! laxity ma9ly arises because !re is an unc]ta9ty z to :at is pr9cipal & :at second>y 9 ! inquiry4 ,exp]im5t is obvi\sly a help to obs]vation3 & s f> z ! latt] is practicable1 ! =m] w\ld seem to h a *ance ( introduction4 ,b 9 any case1 exp]im5t is only a means to an end & only practicable "u ! guidance ( hypo!sis & !ory4 ,its ma9 value w\ld be 9 case ! sph]e ( psy*ology 7 completely p>allel$ ) "o prov9ce ( physiology4 ,x 0 long ago ma9ta9$ by ,sp9oza & 79 a way by7 ,leibniz1 t !re is no m5tal ph5om5on )\t its bodily equival5t1 p5dant1 or correspond5t4 ,! ordo r]um 7! molecul> sy/em ( movem5ts7 is1 he held1 ! same z ! ord] ( ideas4 ,b x is only at int]vals1 "u special conditions1 or :5 !y rea* a c]ta9 magnitude1 t ideas em]ge into full consci\sness4 ,z consci\sness pres5ts !m1 !y are (t5 discont9u\s1 & abrupt3 & !y d n always c>ry ) !m _! own explanation4 ,h5ce if we are conf9$ to ! l>g] ph5om5a ( consci\sness alone1 our sci5ce is imp]fect3 _m ?+s seem anomal\s2 above all1 p]haps1 w1 att5tion1 & ! l4 ,we h se5 h[ ,h]b>t 7p>tly foll[+ ! h9ts ( ,leibniz71 attempt$ to get ov] ?is difficulty by ! hypo!sis ( idea-=ces :i* g5]ate ! =ms & matt] ( consci\sness by _! mutual impact & resi/ance4 ,physiological psy*ology sub/itutes = ,h]b>t's reals & 8 idea-=ces a m mat]iali/ic sort ( reality2 p]haps functions ( n]ve-cells1 or o!r analog\s entities4 ,!re1 x hopes "o day to discov] ! und]ly+ cont9uity ( ev5t :i* 9 ! upp] range ( consci\sness is (t5 obscur$1 & !n ! process w\ld be1 z ! phrase goes1 expla9$3 we %\ld be able to picture x out )\t a gap4 ,^! l>ge hopes may h a c]ta9 fulfilm5t4 ,!y may lead to ! )drawal ( "s ( ! fictiti\s m5tal processes :i* are /ill describ$ 9 works ( psy*ology4 ,b on ! :ole !y c only h a negative & auxili>y value4 ,! value1 t is1 ( help+ to confute feign$ connexions & to sugge/ tru]4 ,!y w be valid aga9/ ! mode ( ?\ght :i*1 :5 ,psy* fails u = an explanation1 turns to body1 & int]polates s\l betwe5 ! /ates ( body3 ! mode :i*1 9 an old] phraseology1 jumps f f9al causes to physical1 & f physical 7or effici5t7 to f9al4 ,"h1 z else:]e1 ! physical has its place3 & "h1 m ?an 9 _m places1 ! physical has be5 unfairly treat$4 ,b ! :ole subject requires a discussion ( ! s-call$ 8relations0 ( s\l & body3 a subject on :i* popul> conceptions & s-call$ sci5ce are radically obscure4 8,b ! dang] :i* ?reat5s exp]im5tal psy*ology10 says ,mn/]b]g1 8is t1 9 inve/igat+ details1 ! connexion ) que/ions ( pr9ciple may be s lo/ sight ( t ! inve/igation f9ally l&s at objects sci5tifically q wor?less7#dc74 ,psy*ology =gets only too easily t all ^? num]ical /ati/ics :i* exp]im5t all[s u to =m are only means = psy*ological analysis & int]pretation1 n ends 9 !mselves4 ,x piles up numb]s & numb]s1 & fails to ask :e!r ! results s =m$ h any !oretical value :atev]3 x seeks answ]s be=e a "q has be5 cle>ly & di/9ctly fram$2 :]eas ! value ( exp]im5tal answ]s always dep5ds on ! exactitude ) :i* ! "q is put4 ,let me rem9d ! read]1 h[ "o inquir] aft] ano!r made _m ?\s& exp]im5ts on ! e/imation ( small int]vals ( "t1 )\t a s+le "o ( !m rais+ ! "q :at ! precise po9t 0 :i* ^! exp]im5ts s\ght to measure1 :at 0 ! psy*ological occurr5ce 9 ! case1 or :at psy*ological ph5om5a 7 employ$ z ! /&>d ( "t-int]vals4 ,& s ea* _h 8 own arbitr>y /&>d ( measurem5t1 ea* ( !m pil$ up m\nta9s ( numb]s1 ea* demon/rat$ t 8 pr$ecessor 0 wrong2 b nei!r ,e/el nor ,mehn] h c>ri$ ! problem ( ! "t-s5se a s+le /ep fur!r4 8,?is mu/ be all *ang$1 if we are n to drift into ! b>r5e/ s*ola/ic4444 ,ev]y:]e out ( ! correct p]ception t problems ( pr9ciple dem& ! inve/igation ( detail$ ph5om5a1 & t ! latt] inve/igation mu/ proce$ 9 comp>ative indep5d5ce ( ! "q ( pr9ciples1 !re has gr[n ! false belief t ! description ( detail ph5om5a is ! ultimate aim ( sci5ce4 ,& s1 side by side ) details :i* are ( importance to pr9ciples1 we h o!rs1 utt]ly indiff]5t & !oretically wor?less1 treat$ ) ! same zeal4 ,to ! solution ( _! b>r5 problems ! old ,s*oolm5 appli$ a c]ta9 acut5ess2 b 9 ord] to turn out masses ( numb]s f b>r5 exp]im5ts1 all t is ne$$ is a c]ta9 ins5sibility to fits ( ennui4 ,let numb]s be less collect$ = _! own sake3 & in/ead1 let ! problems be s br\ght to a po9t t ! answ]s may possess ! "* ( pr9ciples4 ,let ea* exp]im5t be f\nd$ on f> m !oretical consid]ations1 !n ! numb] ( ! exp]im5ts may be l>gely dim9i%$7#dd740 ,:at is ?us said ( a special gr\p ( inquiries by "o ( ! =emo/ ( ! y\ng] psy*ologi/s1 is n )\t its be>+s on all ! dep>tm5ts 9 :i* psy*ology c le>n4 ,= physiological1 or :at is te*nically call$ psy*ological1 exp]im5t1 is co-ord9ate ) _m o!r s\rces ( in=mation4 ,mu*1 = in/ance1 is to be le>nt by a c>eful /udy ( language by ^? :o comb9e s\nd l+ui/ic k ) psy*ological tra9+4 ,x is 9 language1 spok5 & writt51 t we f9d at once ! great in/rum5t & ! great docum5t ( ! di/9ctively human progress f a m]e ,psy*e to a mature ,n\s1 f ,s\l to ,m9d4 ,:e!r we look at ! v>ieties ( its /ructure "u diff]5t e?nological influ5ces1 or at ! /ages ( its gr[? 9 a nation & an individual1 we get light f language on ! diff]5tiation & consolidation ( ideas4 ,b "h aga9 x is easy to lose oneself 9 ! _w ( etymology1 or to be c>ri$ away into ! entic+ que/ions ( real & ideal philology4 8,! human be+ ( ! psy*ologi/10 says ,h]b>t7#de71 8is ! social & civilis$ human be+ :o /&s on ! apex ( ! :ole hi/ory ?r\gh :i* 8 race has pass$4 ,9 him is f\nd visibly toge!r all ! multiplicity ( elem5ts1 :i*1 "u ! "n ( m5tal faculties1 are reg>d$ z a univ]sal inh]itance ( humanity4 ,:e!r !y are orig9ally 9 conjunction1 :e!r !y are orig9ally a multiplicity1 is a po9t on :i* ! facts are sil5t4 ,! savage & ! new-born *ild give u f> less occasion to admire ! range ( _! m9d ?an d ! nobl] animals4 ,b ! psy*ologi/s get out ( ?is difficulty by ! unw>rant$ assumption t all ! high] m5tal activities exi/ pot5tially 9 *ildr5 & savages--?\gh n 9 ! animals--z a rudim5t>y pr$isposition or psy*ical end[m5t4 ,( su* a nasc5t intellect1 a nasc5t reason1 & nasc5t moral s5se1 !y f9d recognisable traces 9 ! scanty simil>ities :i* ! behavi\r ( *ild or savage (f]s to ^? ( civilis$ man4 ,we _c fail to note t 9 _! descriptions !y h be=e !m a special /ate ( man1 & "o :i*1 f> f accurately def9$1 m]ely foll[s ! g5]al impression made ^u u by ^? be+s we "n civilis$4 ,an extremely fluctuat+ "* inevitably m>ks ?is total impression4 ,= !re are no g5]al facts3--! g5u9e psy*ological docum5ts lie 9 ! mom5t>y /ates ( individuals3 & !re is an immeasurably long way f ^! to ! height ( ! univ]sal concept ( man 9 g5]al40 ,& yet ,man 9 g5]al1--,man z man & !re=e z m9d--! concept ( ,man--normal & ideal man--! complete & adequate ,idea ( man--is ! true t]m9us ( ! psy*ological process2 & :atev] be ! difficulties 9 ! way1 x is ! only prop] goal ( ! sci5ce4 ,only x has to be built up1 con/ruct$1 evolv$1 develop$1--& n assum$ z a datum ( popul> imag9ation4 ,we want a concept1 concrete & real1 ( ,man & ( ,m9d1 :i* %all give its prop] place to ea* ( ! elem5ts t1 9 ! sev]al examples op5 to detail$ obs]vation1 are pres5t$ ) unfair or exagg]at$ prom95ce4 ,! savage & ! *ild are n to be left out z free f contribut+ to =m ! ideal3 virtues "h are n m important ?an vices1 & are c]ta9ly n likely to be s in=m+3 ev5 ! insane & ! idiot %[ u :at human intellig5ce is & requires3 & ! animals are also )9 ! sweep ( psy*ology4 ,man is n its !atre to ! exclusion ( woman2 if x records ! results ( introspection ( ! ,me1 x w f9d va/ & copi\s qu>ries 9 ! v>i\s modes 9 :i* an individual id5tifies himself ) o!rs z ,we4 ,& ev5 ! social & civilis$ man gets 8 designation1 z usual1 a potiori4 ,he is m civilis$ & social ?an o!rs3 p]haps r m civilis$ ?an n4 ,b always1 9 "s measure1 he is at ! same "t unsocial or anti-social1 & uncivilis$4 ,ea* unit 9 ! society ( civilisation has to ! outside obs]v]--& sometimes ev5 to 8 own self-deta*$ & imp>tial survey--a c]ta9 oddity or fixity1 a gleam ( irrationality1 :i* %[s him to fall %ort ( complete sanity or limpid & mobile intellig5ce4 ,he has n :olly put (f ! savage1--lea/ ( all1 says ! cynic1 9 8 relations ) ! o!r sex4 ,he c>ries ) him ev5 to ! grave "s gra9s ( ! recklessness & petulance ( *ildhood4 ,& r>ely1 if ev]1 c x be said ( him t he has completely let ! ape & tig] die4 ,b t is only "o way ( look+ at ! matt]--& "o :i*1 p]haps1 is m becom+ to ! pa?ologi/ & ! cynic1 ?an to ! psy*ologi/4 ,ea* ( ^! /ages ( psy*ical developm5t1 ev5 if t developm5t be obvi\sly describable z deg5]ation1 has some?+ :i*1 duly adju/$1 has its place & function 9 ! !ory ( ! normally-complete human m9d4 ,! animal1 ! savage1 & ! *ild1--ea* has its "p !re4 ,x is a mutilat$1 "o-sid$ & sup]ficial advance 9 socialisation :i* cuts (f ! civilis$ creature f ! natural /em ( 8 ance/ry1 f ! l>ge fre$om1 ! imm5se ins\ciance1 ! *ildlik5ess ( 8 fir/ e/ate4 ,!re is some?+1 aga91 want+ 9 ! man :o utt]ly lacks ! individualis+ realism & t5d]ness ( ! woman1 z 9 ! woman :o c %[ no compreh5sion ( view or brav]y ( ent]prise4 ,ev5 pa?ological /ates ( m9d are n m]e anomalies & m]e deg5]ations4 ,nature p]haps kn[s no prop] deg5]ations1 b only by-ways & intricacies 9 ! c\rse ( developm5t4 ,/ill less is ! va/ enormity or irregul>ity ( g5ius to be ignor$4 ,x is all--to ! philosophic m9d--a "q ( degree & proportion1--?\gh (t5 ! proportion seems to exce$ ! scale ( our cu/om>y d5om9ators4 ,if an elem5t is lat5t or quiesc5t 79 arre/71 t is no index to its absolute am\nt3 8we "k n :at's resi/$40 ,let u by all means keep pr\dly to our happy m$iocrity ( faculty1 & /ep cle> ( insanity or idiotcy on "o h&1 & f g5ius or h]oism on ! o!r4 ,b ! c>eful obs]v] w not)/&+ note h[ delicately grad$ & h[ intricately comb9$ are ! /eps :i* connect extremes s t]ribly disp>ate4 ,x is only vulg> ignorance :i* turns away 9 ho/ility or contempt f ! imbecile & ! d]ang$1 & only a worse ?an vulg> sciolism :i* sees 9 g5ius & ! h]o no?+ b an ab]ration f its mu*-priz$ av]age4 ,crim9ali/ic an?ropology1 or ! psy*ology ( ! crim9al1 may h indulg$ 9 mu* frantic exagg]ation z to ! doom :i* nature & h]$ity h pron\nc$ ov] ! fruit ( ! womb ev5 be=e x ent]$ ! %ores ( light3 yet !y h at lea/ s]v$ to discr$it ! free & easy assumption ( ! ab/ract av]agi/1 & %[n h[ little ! p5alties ( an unb5d+ law meet ! requirem5ts ( social well-be+4 ,yet1 if psy*ology be will+ to le>n 9 all ^! & o!r prov9ces ( ! e/ate ( man1 x mu/ rememb] t1 once x goes beyond ! n>r[ range 9 :i* ! int]pretations ( symbol & expression h become famili>1 x is con/antly liable to blund] 9 ! inevitable ef=t to translate obs]vation into !ory4 ,! happy mean betwe5 mak+ too mu* ( palpable diff]5ces & hurry+ on to a simil> r5d]+ ( simil> signs is ! r>e/ ( gifts4 ,or1 p]haps1 x 7 tru] to say x is ! late/ & mo/ h>dly won ( acquirem5ts4 ,to le>n to obs]ve--obs]ve ) m9d--is n a small ?+4 ,!re are rules = x--bo? rules ( g5]al scope &1 above all1 rules 9 ea* special dep>tm5t4 ,b l all 8major premisses0 9 practice1 ev]y?+ dep5ds on ! p[] ( judgm5t1 ! tact1 ! skill1 ! 8gift0 ( apply+ !m4 ,!y "w n z m]e rules to be conn$ by rote1 b z pr9ciples assimilat$ into con/itu5ts ( ! m5tal life-blood3 rules :i* s]ve only z cond5s$ rem9d]s & h9ts ( habits ( ?\ght & me?ods ( rese>* :i* h gr[n up 9 action & reflection4 ,to obs]ve we mu/ compreh5d3 yet we c only compreh5d by obs]v+4 ,we all "k h[ un9telligible--save = epo*s ( ampl] reciprocity1 & x may be ev5 ( acquir$ unity ( int]e/--! two sexes are = ea* o!r4 ,p>5ts c rememb] h[ my/]i\sly m9d$ !y f\nd _! own eld]s2 & 9 mo/ cases !y h to exp]i5ce ! dep? ( ! gulf :i* 9 c]ta9 directions p>ts !m f _! *ildr5's he>ts4 ,ev5 9 civilis$ ,europe1 ! ord9>y memb] ( ea* nation has an und]ly+ conviction 7:i* at mom5ts ( passion or surprise w rise & f9d h>% utt]ance7 t ! =eign] is que]1 irrational1 & absurd4 ,if ! =eign]1 fur!r1 be s f> remov$ z a ,*9aman 7or an ,au/ralian 8black071 !re is h>dly any?+ too vile1 mean+less1 or inhuman :i* ! ,european w n readily believe 9 ! case ( "o :o1 x may be1 9 turn describes him z a 8=eign devil40 ,x c only be 9 a fit ( noble *ivalry t ! ,briti% rank & file c s f> temporise ) its insul> prejudice z to admit ( 8,fuzzy-wuzzy0 t 8,he's a poor b5ight$ 'ea!n--b a fir/-class fight9' man40 ,n e "o is an obs]v] :o *ooses to dub himself s1 nor is x 9 a %ort lapse ( "t & ) condesc5sion = =eign habits1 t any obs]v] :atev] c become a tru/wor?y report] ( ! ideas "s b>b>ian tribe holds conc]n+ ! ?+s ( e>? & air1 & ! hidd5 ?+s ( spirits & gods4 ,! 8int]view]0 no d\bt is a useful be+ :5 x is necess>y to f9d 8copy10 or :5 %>p-drawn *>act]s & picturesque incid5ts are ne$$ to /imulate an in]t public1 ev] op5 to be int]e/$ 9 "s new ?+4 ,b he is a poor contributor to ! /or$ mat]ials ( sci5ce4 ,x is ( o!r /uff t true sci5ce is made4 ,& if ev5 ye>s ( nom9al int]c\rse & spatial juxtaposition sometimes leave human be+s1 z reg>ds _! inn] selves1 9 ! position ( /rang]s /ill1 :at %all be said ( ! attempt to disc]n ! psy*ic life ( animals8 ,w ! t\* ( curiosity :i* prompts u to wat* ! proce$+s ( ! /range creatures1--w a c\rse ( exp]im5tation on _! behavi\r "u artificial conditions1--ju/ify u 9 draw+ lib]al conclusions z to :y !y s behav$1 & :at !y ?\ght & felt ab\t x8 ,x is necess>y 9 ! fir/ place to "k :at to obs]ve1 & h[1 & above all :at =4 ,b t presum$1 we mu/ fur!r live ) ! animals n only z _! ma/]s & _! exam9]s1 b z _! fri5ds & fell[-creatures2 we mu/ be able--& s lightly t no ef=t is disc]nable--to lay aside ! burd5 & g>b ( civilisation2 we mu/ possess t /amp ( sympa?y & simil>ity :i* invites confid5ce1 & breaks d[n ! res]ve :i* our poor relations1 :e!r human or o!rs1 (f] to ! fir/ approa*es ( a /range sup]ior4 ,x is probable t 9 t case we %\ld h less occasion to wond] at _! oddities or to admire _! sagacity4 ,b a high] & m philosophical wond] might1 z 9 o!r cases :5 we get inside ! he>t ( our subject1 take ! place ( ! *eap & *ildi% love ( m>vels1 or ( ! vulg> /ra9+ aft] comic traits4 ,( all ?is mass ( mat]ials ! psy*ologi/ prop] c directly make only a sp>+ use4 ,ev5 z illu/rations1 8 data mu/ n be pres5t$ too (t5 9 all _! crude & undige/$ individuality1 or he runs ! risk ( leav+ "o-sid$ impressions4 ,e s+le in/ance1 individualis$ & hi/orical1--unless x be exhibit$ by t true art ( g5ius :i* we _c expect 9 ! av]age psy*ologi/--n>r[s1 ev5 ?\gh x be b slightly1 ! complete & all-sid$ tru?4 ,anecdotes are good1 & to ! wise !y convey a _w ( mean+1 b to less] m9ds !y sometimes sugge/ any?+ b ! po9ts !y %\ld acc5tuate4 ,)\t ! detail ( individual reali/ic /udy !re is no psy*ology wor? ! "n4 ,hi/ory1 /ory1 we mu/ h3 b at ! same "t1 ) ! philosoph]1 we mu/ say1 ,i don't give mu* weight to /ories4 ,& ?is is :at w always--except 9 r>e in/ances :]e some?+ l g5ius is conjo9$ ) x--make esot]ic sci5ce h>d & unpopul>4 ,x d>e n--if x is true to its idea--re/ on any am\nt ( m]e in/ances1 z isolat$1 unr$uc$ facts4 ,yet x c only h real p[] s f> z x conc5trates into itself ! life-blood ( _m in/ances1 & inde$ extracts ! pi? & unity ( all in/ances4 ,nor1 on ! o!r h&1 c x turn itself too directly & int5tly t[>ds practical applications4 ,all ?is !ory ( m5tal progress f ! animate s\l to ! fullness ( religion & sci5ce deals solely ) ! univ]sal process ( education3 8! education ( humanity0 we may call x3 ! way 9 :i* m9d is made true & real7#df74 ,x is !re=e a "q ( intricacy & ( "t h[ to c>ry ov] ?is g5]al !ory into ! ar5a ( education z artificially direct$ & plann$4 ,to try to d s at a s+le /ep w\ld be to repeat ! mi/ake ( ,plato1 if ,plato may be tak5 to suppose 7:i* seems incr$ible7 t a !oretical /udy ( ! dialectics ( tru? & goodness w\ld enable 8 rul]s1 )\t ! tra9+ ( special exp]i5ce1 to und]take ! supreme tasks ( legislation or adm9i/ration4 ,all politics1 l all education1 re/s on ^! pr9ciples ( ! means & conditions ( m5tal gr[?3 b ! s*ool+ ( concrete life1 ?\gh x may n develop ! faculty ( =mulat+ g5]al laws1 w (t5 tra9 bett] = ! managem5t ( ! relative ?an a m]e logical ,s*ola/ic 9 fir/ or absolute pr9ciples4 ,9 conclusion1 !re are "o or two po9ts :i* seem ( c>d9al importance = ! progress ( psy*ology4 7#a7 ,its diff]5ce f ! physical sci5ces has to be set out3 9 o!r words1 ! peculi>ity ( psy*ical fact4 ,x w n d m]ely to say t exp]i5ce m>ks out ^! b\nd>ies ) suffici5t cle>ness4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! t]ms consci\sness1 feel+1 m9d1 c41 are evid5tly to _m psy*ologi/s m]e names4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ! habits ( physical rese>* :5 introduc$ into m5tal /udy lead to a good deal ( :at c only be call$ my?ology4 7#b7 ,!re %\ld be a cle>] recognition ( ! problem ( ! relations ( m5tal unity to m5tal elem5ts4 ,b to get t1 a m ?or\gh logical & metaphysical prep>ation is ne$$ ?an is usually suppos$ necess>y4 ,! doctr9e ( id5tity & necessity1 ( univ]sal & individual1 has to be fac$1 h[ev] t$i\s4 7#c7 ,! di/9ction betwe5 fir/-grade & second-grade elem5ts & factors 9 ! m5tal life has to be realis$4 ,! m]e idea z pres5tative or imm$iate has to be kept cle> ( ! m logico-reflective1 or normative ideas1 :i* belong to judgm5t & reason+4 ,& ! numb] ( ^! grades 9 m5tal developm5t seems endless4 7#d7 ,b1 also1 a sep>ation is requir$--7 x b tempor>y--betwe5 :at may be call$ pr9ciples1 & :at is detail4 ,at pres5t1 9 psy*ology1 8pr9ciples0 is a ^w almo/ )\t mean+4 ,a complete all-expla9+ sy/em is ( c\rse impossible at pres5t & may always be s4 ,yet if an ef=t ( ?\ght c\ld be conc5trat$ on c>d9al issues1 & less padd+ ( conv5tional & traditional detail 7 foi/$ 91 mu* might !reby be done to make detail$ rese>* fruitful4 7#e7 ,& f9ally1 p]haps1 if psy*ology be a philosophical /udy1 "s h9t z to its purpose & problem w\ld be desirable4 ,if x is only an ab/ract bran* ( sci5ce1 ( c\rse1 no su* h9t is 9 place4 ,essay ,,iii4 ,on ,"s ,psy*ological ,aspects ,( ,e?ics4 ,allusion has already be5 made to ! "q ( ! b\nd>ies betwe5 logic & psy*ology1 betwe5 logic & e?ics1 e?ics & psy*ology1 & psy*ology & epi/emology4 ,ea* ( ^! occasionally comes to cov] gr\nd t seems m appropriate to ! o!rs4 ,logic is sometimes re/rict$ to d5ote ! /udy ( ! conditions ( d]ivative k1 ( ! canons ( inf]5ce & ! modes ( pro(4 ,if tak5 m widely z ! sci5ce ( ?\ght-=m1 x is suppos$ to imply a _w ( fix$ or /]eotyp$ relations betwe5 ideas1 a sy/em ( /able ?\ghts gov]n$ by inflexible laws 9 an absolute ord] ( immemorial or et]nal tru?4 ,z aga9/ su* fixity1 psy*ology is suppos$ to deal ) ^! same ideas z products--z gr[+ out ( a liv+ process ( ?\ght--hav+ a hi/ory beh9d !m & p]haps a prospect ( fur!r *ange4 ,! g5esis s giv5 may be ei!r a m]e *ronicle-hi/ory1 or x may be a philosophical developm5t4 ,9 ! =m] case1 x w\ld note ! occasions ( incid5t & circum/ance1 ! reactions ( m9d & environm5t1 "u :i* ! ideas 7 =m$4 ,su* a psy*ological g5esis ( sev]al ideas is f\nd 9 ! ,second ,book ( ,locke's ,essay4 ,9 ! latt] case1 ! acc\nt w\ld be m conc]n$ ) ! inn] movem5t1 ! action & reaction 9 ideas !mselves1 consid]$ n z due to casual occurr5ces1 b z self-develop+ by an organic gr[?4 ,b 9 ei!r case1 ideas w\ld be %[n n to be ready-made & indep5d5tly exi/+ k9ds 9 a _w ( idea-?+s1 & n to =m an un*ang+ diagram or framework1 b to be a gr[?1 to h a hi/ory1 & a developm5t4 ,psy*ology 9 ?is s5se w\ld be a dynamical1 z oppos$ to ! suppos$ /atical1 treatm5t ( ideas & concepts 9 logic4 ,b x may be d\bt$ h[ f> x is well to call ?is psy*ology3 unless psy*ology deals ) ! cont5ts ( ! m5tal life1 9 _! mean+ & purpose1 in/ead (1 z seems prop]1 m]ely 9 _! "* ( psy*ic ev5ts4 ,su* psy*ology is r an evolutioni/ logic1--a dialectic process m ?an an analytic ( a datum4 ,9 ! same way1 e?ics may be br\ght into "o k9d ( contact ) psy*ology4 ,e?ics1 l logic1 may be suppos$ to presuppose & to deal ) a c]ta9 inflexible s*eme ( requirem5ts1 a _w ( moral ord] gov]n$ by inv>iable or univ]sal law2 an et]nal k+dom ( "r1 exi/+ indep5d5tly ( human wills1 b to be le>n$ & foll[$ out 9 uncompromis+ ob$i5ce4 ,z aga9/ ?is suppos$ absolute ord]1 psy*ology may be said to %[ ! g5esis ( ! idea ( obligation & duty1 ! gr[? ( ! au?ority ( consci5ce1 ! =mation ( ideals1 ! relativity ( moral ideas4 ,"h also x may rea* ?is conclusion1 by a m ext]nal or a m int]nal mode ( argum5t4 ,x may try to %[1 9 o!r words1 t circum/ances give rise to ^! =ms ( e/imat+ conduct1 or x may argue t !y are a necess>y developm5t 9 ! human be+1 con/itut$ z he is4 ,x may aga9 be d\bt$ :e!r ?is is prop]ly call$ psy*ology4 ,yet its purport seems ultimately to be t ! objective ord] is misconceiv$ :5 x is reg>d$ z an ext]nal or quasi-physical ord]3 z a law writt5 up & sanction$ ) an ext]nal au?ority--z1 9 ,kant's words1 a het]onomy4 ,if t ord] is objective1 x is s because x is also 9 a s5se subjective3 if x is above ! m]e individuality ( ! individual1 x is /ill 9 a way id5tical ) 8 true or univ]sal self-hood4 ,?us 8psy*ological0 "h means ! recognition t ! logical & ! moral law is an autonomy3 t x is n giv51 b ?\gh necess>y1 necess>y by ! inw>d movem5t ( ! m9d4 ,! metaphor ( law is1 9 brief1 mislead+4 ,=1 accord+ to a common1 ?\gh probably an errone\s1 analysis ( t t]m1 ! ess5ce ( a law 9 ! political sph]e is to be a species ( comm&4 ,& t is r a "o-sid$ly practical or ae/hetic way ( look+ at x4 ,! ess5ce ( law 9 g5]al1 & ! precondition ( e law 9 special1 is r uni=mity & univ]sality1 self-consi/5cy & abs5ce ( contradiction3 or1 9 o!r words1 rationality4 ,its ess5tial opposite--or its contradiction 9 ess5ce--is a privilege1 an attempt at isolat+ a case f o!rs4 ,x ne$ n inde$ always require b>e uni=mity--require i4e4 ! same act to be done by diff]5t p3 b x mu/ always require t e ?+ )9 its op]ation %all be treat$ on pr9ciples ( utt] & ?or\gh h>mony & consi/5cy4 ,x requires ea* ?+ to be treat$ on public pr9ciples & ) publicity3 no?+ ap>t & m]e s+ul>1 z a m]e incid5t or z a _w by itself4 ,diff]5tly x may be treat$1 b always on gr\nds ( common well-be+1 z "p ( an embrac+ sy/em4 ,!re is probably ano!r s5se1 h[ev]1 9 :i* psy*ology comes into close relation ) e?ics4 ,if we look on man z a microcosm1 8 inn] sy/em w m or less reproduce ! sy/em ( ! l>g] _w4 ,! old] psy*ology us$ to di/+ui% an upp] or sup]ior ord] ( faculties f a l[] or inf]ior4 ,?us 9 ! intellectual sph]e1 ! intellect1 judgm5t1 & reason 7 set above ! s5ses1 imag9ation1 & memory4 ,among ! active p[]s1 reasonable w1 practical reason & consci5ce 7 rank$ z p>am\nt ov] ! appetites & desires & emotions4 ,& ?is use ( ! ^w 8faculty0 is z old z ,plato1 :o reg>ds sci5ce z a sup]ior faculty to op9ion or imag9ation4 ,b ?is application--:i* seems a p]fectly legitimate "o--does n1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 belong to psy*ology at all4 ,no d\bt x is psy*ically pres5t$3 b x has an o!r s\rce4 ,x spr+s f an appreciation1 a judgm5t ( ! comp>ative tru? or reality ( :at ! s-call$ psy*ical act means or expresses4 ,su* faculties are p[]s 9 a hi]>*y ( means & ends & presuppose a normative or critical function :i* has classifi$ reality4 ,psy*ically1 ! elem5ts :i* ent] into k are n o!r ?an ^? :i* belong to op9ion3 b !y are ne>] an adequate r5d]+ ( reality1 !y are tru]1 or ne>] ! ,idea4 ,& 9 ! ma9 we may say1 t is tru] or m real :i* succe$s 9 m completely organis+ & unify+ elem5ts--:i* rises m & m above ! selfi% or isolat$ "p into ! ?or\gh unity ( all p>ts4 ,! sup]ior faculty is !re=e ! m ?or\gh organisation ( t :i* is else:]e less h>moni\sly sy/ematis$4 ,op9ion is fragm5t>y & p>tial3 x beg9s abruptly & casually f ! unkn[n1 & runs (f no less abruptly into ! unkn[n4 ,k1 on ! contr>y1 is unifi$3 & its unity gives x its /r5g? & sup]iority4 ,! p[]s :i* ?us exi/ are ! subjective c\nt]p>ts ( objectively valuable products4 ,?us1 reason is ! subjective c\nt]p>t ( a _w 9 :i* all ! con/itu5ts are h>monis$ & fall into due relation%ip4 ,x is a product or result1 :i* is n psy*ologically1 b logically or morally important4 ,x is a faculty1 because x means t actually its possessor has ord]$ & sy/ematis$ 8 life or 8 ideas ( ?+s4 ,psy*ologically1 x1 l unreason1 is a comp\nd ( elem5ts3 b 9 ! case ( reason ! composition is un5d+ly & inf9itely consi/5t2 x is k completely unifi$4 ,! di/9ction !n is n 9 ! /ricte/ s5se psy*ological3 = x has an ae/hetic or normative "*2 x is logical or e?ical3 x d5otes t ! idea or ! act is an approa* to tru? or goodness4 ,& s1 :5 ,butl] or ,plato di/+ui%es reason or reflection f appetites & affections1 & ev5 f self-love or f ! he>t :i* loves & hates1 ?is is n exactly a psy*ological division 9 ! n>r[] s5se4 ,t is to say3 ^! are1 9 ,plato's words1 n m]ely 8p>ts10 b q z mu* 8k9ds0 & 8=ms0 ( s\l4 ,!y d5ote degrees 9 t h>monisation ( m9d & s\l :i* reproduces ! p]man5t & complete tru? ( ?+s4 ,= example1 self-love1 z ,butl] describes x1 has b a p>tial & n>r[$ view ( ! wor? ( acts3 x is engross+ & self-involv$3 x _c take 9 ! full dep5d5ce ( ! n>r[] int]e/ on ! l>g] & et]nal self4 ,s1 9 ,plato1 ! man ( he>t is b a nature :i* by fits & />ts1 or ) /eady b limit$ vision1 realises ! l>g] life4 ,^! p>ts or k9ds are n sep>ate & co-exi/5t faculties3 b grades 9 ! co-ord9ation & unification ( ! same "o human nature4 7i47 ,psy*ology & ,epi/emology4 ,psy*ology h[ev] 9 ! /rict s5se is extremely difficult to def9e4 ,^? :o describe x z ! 8sci5ce ( m9d10 ! 8ph5om5ology ( consci\sness10 seem to give x a wid] scope ?an !y really mean4 ,! psy*ologi/ ( ! /rait] sect t5ds1 on ! o!r h&1 to c>ry u beyond m9d & consci\sness altoge!r4 ,81 x has be5 said1 is a psy*ology )\t a ,psy*4 ,= him ,m9d1 ,s\l1 & ,consci\sness are only curr5t & conv5i5t names to designate ! field1 ! gr\nd on :i* ! ph5om5a he obs]ves are suppos$ to transact !mselves4 ,b !y mu/ n on any acc\nt int]f]e ) ! op]ations2 any m ?an ,nature 9 g5]al may int]f]e ) /rictly physical inquiries1 or ,life & vital =ce ) ! !ories ( biology4 ,! s-call$ ,m9d is only to be reg>d$ z a /age on :i* c]ta9 ev5ts repres5t !mselves4 ,9 ?is field1 or on ?is /age1 !re are c]ta9 relatively ultimate elem5ts1 v>i\sly call$ ideas1 pres5tations1 feel+s1 or /ates ( consci\sness4 ,b ^! elem5ts1 ?\gh call$ ideas1 mu/ n be suppos$ m ?an me*anical or dynamical elem5ts2 consci\sness is r _! product1 a product :i* presupposes c]ta9 op]ations & relations betwe5 !m4 ,if we are to be /rictly sci5tific1 we mu/1 x is urg$1 treat ! factors ( consci\sness z n !mselves consci\s3 we mu/ reg>d !m z quasi-objective1 or 9 ab/raction f ! consci\sness :i* surveys !m4 ,! ,ego mu/ s9k into a m]e receptacle or ar5a ( psy*ic ev5t2 its indep5d5t mean+ or purport is to be ignor$1 z beside ! "q4 ,:5 ?is l9e is once fix$ ^u1 x seems inevitable to g f>!r4 ,comte 0 incl9$ to treat psy*ology z fall+ betwe5 two /ools3 x mu/1 he ?\ght1 draw all its cont5t ei!r f physiology on ! "o h&1 or f social factors on ! o!r4 ,! dom9ant or exp]im5tal psy*ology ( ! pres5t day seems incl9$1 )\t h[ev] =mulat+ any v def9ite /atem5t1 to pron\nce = ! =m] alt]native4 ,x does n inde$ adopt ! mat]iali/ic view t m9d is only a function ( matt]4 ,its /&po9t r is t ! psy*ical pres5ts itself ev5 to unskill$ obs]vation z dep5d5t on 7i4e4 n indep5d5t (7 or z concomitant ) c]ta9 physical or corporeal facts4 ,x adds t ! m accurately tra9$ ! obs]v] becomes1 ! m he comes to discov] a corporeal aspect ev5 :]e orig9ally he _h n surmis$ its exi/5ce1 & to conclude t ! two cycles ( psy*ical & physical ev5t nev] int]f]e ) ea* o!r3 t s\l does n int]v5e 9 bodily process1 nor body take up & c>ry on psy*ical4 ,if x is said t ! w moves ! limbs1 he replies t ! w :i* moves is really c]ta9 =m]ly unnotic$ movem5ts ( n]ve & muscle :i* are felt or int]pret$ z a dis*>ge ( p[]4 ,if ! ocul> impression is said to cause an impression on ! m9d1 he replies t any fact hidd5 "u t phrase ref]s to a *ange 9 ! molecules ( ! bra94 ,he w !re=e conclude t = ! /udy ( psy*ical ph5om5a ! physical basis1 z x may be call$1 is all important4 ,only s c obs]vation really deal ) fact capable ( description & measurem5t4 ,?us psy*ology1 x may be said1 t5ds to become a dep>tm5t ( physiology4 ,f ano!r /&po9t1 biology may be said to receive its completion 9 psy*ology4 ,h[ mu* ei!r phrase means1 h[ev]1 w dep5d on ! e/imate we =m ( biology4 ,if biology is only ! /udy ( me*anical & *emical ph5om5a on ! peculi> field kn[n z an organism1 & if t organism is only treat$ z an environm5t :i* may be ignor$1 !n psy*ology1 put on ! same level1 is n ! full sci5ce ( m9d1 any m ?an ! o!r is ! full /udy ( life4 ,!y bo? h n>r[$ _! subject to suit ! ab/ract s*eme ( ! laboratory1 :]e ! victim ( exp]im5t is ei!r alt]$ by mutilation & artificial re/rictions1 or is dead4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 biology has a sub/antial unity ( its own to :i* me*anical & *emical consid]ations are subord9ate & in/rum5tal1 psy*ology may ev5 take "p ) physiology )\t los+ its ess5tial rank4 ,b 9 t case1 we mu/1 z ,sp9oza said7#dg71 ?9k less me*anically ( ! animal frame1 & recognise 7aft] ! example ( ,s*ell+7 some?+ truly inw>d 7i4e4 n m]ely locally inside ! sk97 z ! supreme phase or *>act]i/ic ( life4 ,we mu/1 9 %ort1 recognise s5sibility z ! culm9ation ( ! physiological & ! beg9n+ ( ! psy*ological4 ,to ! /rictly sci5tific psy*ologi/1 z has be5 not$--or to ! psy*ology :i* imitates optical & electrical sci5ce--ideas are only psy*ical ev5ts3 !y are n ideas ( any?+1 relative1 i4e4 to some?+ else2 !y h no mean+1 & no ref]5ce to a reality beyond !mselves4 ,!y are pres5tations2--n repres5tations ( some?+ outside consci\sness4 ,!y are appe>ances3 b n appe>ances ( some?+3 !y d n reveal any?+ beyond !mselves4 ,!y are1 we may almo/ say1 a unique k9d ( physical ph5om5a4 ,if we say !y are pres5tations ( some?+1 we only mean t 9 ! pres5t$ some?+1 9 ! felt some?+1 ! wi%$ some?+1 we sep>ate ! quality or =m or aspect ( pres5tativ5ess1 ( feltness1 ( wi%$ness1 & consid] ?is aspect by itself4 ,!re are grades1 relations1 complications1 ( su* pres5tations or 9 su* pres5t$ness3 & ) ! description & explanation ( ^!1 psy*ology is conc]n$4 ,!y are fa9t] or /rong]1 m or less correlat$ & anti!tical4 ,pres5tation 7or ideation71 9 %ort1 is ! "n ( a tra9 ( ev5t1 :i* has its peculi>ities1 its laws1 its sy/ems1 its hi/ory4 ,all reality1 x may be said1 subsi/s 9 su* pres5tation2 x is = a consci\sness1 or 9 a consci\sness4 ,all esse1 9 its wide/ s5se1 is p]cipi4 ,& yet1 x seems b ! commone/ ( exp]i5ces to say t all t is pres5t$ is n reality4 ,x is1 x has a sort ( be+1--is someh[ presum$ to exi/3 b x is n reality4 ,& ?is ref]5ce & anti!sis to :at is pres5t$ is impli$ 9 all su* t]ms z 8ideas10 8feel+s10 8/ates ( consci\sness03 !y are di/+ui%$ f & relat$ to objects ( s5se or ext]nal facts1 to some?+1 z x is call$1 outside consci\sness4 ,?\ghts & ideas are set aga9/ ?+s & realities4 ,9 _! primitive /age bo? ! *ild & ! savage seem to recognise no su* diff]5ce4 ,:at !y imag9e is1 z we might say1 on ! same plane ) :at !y t\* & feel4 ,!y d n1 z we reproa*fully rem>k1 recognise ! diff]5ce betwe5 fact & fiction4 ,all ( u inde$ are liable to lapses into ! same condition4 ,a /rong passion1 a ke5 hope or fe>1 z we say1 inve/s its objects ) reality3 ev5 a sangu9e mom5t pres5ts z fact :at calm] reflection disall[s z fancy4 ,) natural & sane intellig5ces1 h[ev]1 ! recrudesc5ce ( b>b>\s imag9ation is soon dispell$1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 halluc9ations & realities is e/abli%$4 ,) ! utt]ly wreck$ 9 m9d1 ! reality ( halluc9ations becomes a p]man5t or habitual /ate4 ,) ! *ild & ! untra9$ x is a recurr5t & a di/urb+ influ5ce3 & x ne$ h>dly be add$ t ! circle ( ^! decepti deceptores--p ) ! 8lie 9 ! ,s\l0--is a l>ge "o4 ,!re ?us em]ges a di/9ction ( va/ importance1 t ( tru? & falsehood1 ( reality & unreality1 or betwe5 repres5tation & reality4 ,!re arise two worlds1 ! _w ( ideas1 & ! _w ( reality :i* x is suppos$ to repres5t1 &1 9 _m cases1 to repres5t badly4 ,) ?is di/9ction we are br\ght across ! problem sometimes call$ ,epi/emological4 ,/rictly speak+1 x is really "p ( a l>g] problem3 ! problem ( :at--if ,greek comp\nds mu/ be us$--may be /yl$ ,ale!iology--! !ory ( tru? & reality3 :at ,hegel call$ ,logic1 & :at _m o!rs h call$ ,metaphysics4 ,z x is ord9>ily tak5 up1 8ideas0 are believ$ to be some?+ 9 u :i* is repres5tative or symbolical ( some?+ truly real outside u4 ,?is inw>d some?+ is said to be ! fir/ & imm$iate object ( k7#dh71 & gives u--9 a my/]i\s way we ne$ n "h discuss--! m$iate k ( ! reality1 :i* is sometimes said to cause x4 ,ideas 9 ! ,m9d1 or 9 ! ,subject1 or 9 u1 be> witness to some?+ outside ! m9d1--trans-subjective--beyond u4 ,! ,m9d1 ,subject1 or ,ego1 9 ?is p>allelism is evid5tly 9 "s way id5tifi$ ) our corporeal organism3 p]haps ev5 locat$1 & provid$ ) a 8seat10 9 "s def9$ space ( t organism4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ! />t+-po9t ( ! :ole di/9ction t ideas d n1 no less ?an !y d1 con=m or correspond to ?is supra-consci\s or extra-consci\s _w ( real ?+s4 ,tru? or falsehood arises1 accord+ to ^! assumptions1 accord+ z psy*ical image or idea corresponds or n to physical fact4 ,b h[1 unless by "s miracul\s second-sight1 :]e ! supreme consci\sness1 directly contemplat+ by intuition ! true & indep5d5t reality1 turns to comp>e ) ?is imm$iate vision ! results ( ! m$iate processes conduct$ along ! organs ( s5se1--h[ ?is agreem5t or disagreem5t ( copy & orig9al1 ( idea & reality1 c be detect$1 x is impossible to say4 ,z has be5 already not$1 ! mis*ief lies 9 ! hypo/atisation ( ideas z some?+ exi/+ 9 ab/raction f ?+s--&1 ( ?+s1 9 ab/raction f ideas4 ,!y are two ab/ractions1 ! fir/ by ! reali/1 ! second by ! ideali/ call$ subjective & psy*ological4 ,to ! reali/1 ?+s exi/ by !mselves1 & !y manage to produce a copy ( !mselves 7m or less exact1 or symbolical7 9 our m9d1 i4e4 9 a mat]iali/ically-spiritual or a spirituali/ically-mat]ial locus :i* holds 8images0 & ideas4 ,to ! psy*ological ideali/1 ideas h a sub/antive & prim>y "r to exi/5ce1 !m alone d we really "k1 & f !m we m or less legitimately are said 7b probably no "o takes ?is s]i\sly7 to inf] or po/ulate a _w ( p]man5t ?+s4 ,n[ ideas h no sub/antive exi/5ce z a sort ( ?+s1 or ev5 images ( ?+s any:]e4 ,all ?is is pure my?ology4 ,x is said by comp>ative my?ologi/s t 9 "s cases ! epi!t or quality ( "s deity has be5 sub/antialis$ 7hypo/atis$7 into a sep>ate god1 :o1 h[ev] 7s /ill to keep up ! unity71 is reg>d$ z a relative1 a son1 or daught]1 ( ! orig9al4 ,s ! phrase 8ideas ( ?+s0 has be5 tak5 lit]ally z if x 0 d\ble4 ,b to h an idea ( a ?+ m]ely means t we "k x1 or ?9k x4 ,an idea is n giv53 x is a ?+ :i* is giv5 9 ! idea4 ,an idea is n an additional & int]v5+ object ( our k or suppos$ k4 ,t a ?+ is our object ( ?\ght is ano!r ^w = its be+ our idea1 & t means we "k x4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 tru? & falsehood1 betwe5 reality & appe>ance1 is n arriv$ at by comp>+ :at we h be=e u 9 our m9d ) "s inaccessible reality beyond4 ,x is a di/9ction t gr[s up ) ! gr[? & organisation ( our pres5tations--) _! gradual sy/ematisation & unification 9 "o consci\sness4 ,b ?is consci\sness :i* ?9ks1 i4e4 judges & reasons1 is some?+ sup]ior to ! contra/ ( physical & psy*ical3 sup]ior1 i4e4 9 s f> z x includes & surveys ! anti!sis1 )\t sup]s$+ x4 ,x is ! 8transc5d5tal unity ( consci\sness0 ( ,kant--8 syn!tic unity ( app]ception4 ,x means t all ideas ultimately d]ive _! reality f _! coh]5ce ) ea* o!r 9 an all-embrac+ or inf9ite idea4 ,real 9 a s5se ideas always are1 b ) an imp]fect reality4 ,?us ! education to tru? is n--su* a ?+ w\ld be mean+less--end$ by a r\gh & ready recomm5dation to comp>e our ideas ) facts3 x mu/ tea* ! art :i* discov]s facts4 ,& ! tea*+ may h to g ?r\gh _m grades or prov9ces3 9 ea* ( :i* x is possible to acquire a c]ta9 virtuoso%ip )\t be+ necess>ily an adept 9 ano!r4 ,x is ?r\gh :at is call$ ! developm5t ( intellect1 judgm5t1 & reason+ t ! faculty ( tru?-detect+ or tru?-select+ comes4 ,& ! common feature ( all ( ^! is1 s to say1 _! sup]iority to ! psy*ological me*anism1 n 9 ! s5se ( work+ )\t x & directly1 b ( be+ ! organis+ unity or unifi] & controll] & judge ( t me*anism4 ,! c]ta9ty & necessity ( tru? & k d n come f a con/ra9t f ! ext]nal ?+ :i* =ces ! inn] idea into submission2 !y come f ! inn] necessity ( con=mity & coh]5ce 9 ! organism ( exp]i5ce4 ,we 9 fact _h bett] speak ( ideas z exp]i5ce--z felt reality3 a reality h[ev] :i* has its degrees & p]haps ev5 its prov9ces4 ,all tru? comes ) ! reason$ judgm5t1 i4e4 ! syllogism--i4e4 ) ! in/itution or discov]y ( relations ( fact or elem5t to fact or elem5t1 imm$iate or d]ivative1 p>tial & less p>tial1 up to its ideal coh]5ce 9 "o ,idea4 ,x is because ?is coh]5ce is s imp]fectly e/abli%$ 9 _m human be+s t _! k is s indi/+ui%able f op9ion1 & t !y sep>ate s loosely tru? f error4 ,!y h n work$ _! way into a def9itely articulat$ sy/em1 :]e !re are no gaps1 no abrupt transitions3 _! m5tal ord] is s loosely put toge!r t div]g5ces & contradictions :i* vex ano!r drop (f ineffectual f !m4 7ii47 ,kant1 ,fi*te1 & ,hegel4 ,?is 0 ! idealism :i* ,kant taught & ,fi*te promot$4 ,( ! o!r idealism !re are no d\bt abundant traces 9 ! language ( ,kant3 & !y 7 gre$ily fa/5$ on by ,s*op5hau]4 ,to him ! doctr9e1 t ! _w is my idea1 is adequately repres5t$ :5 x is translat$ into ! phrase t ! _w is a phantasmagoria ( my bra92 & escape f ! subjective idealism ?us initiat$ is f\nd by him only ?r\gh a suppos$ revelation ( imm$iate be+ communicat$ 9 ! exp]i5ce ( w4 ,b accord+ to ! m consi/5tly int]pret$ ,kant1 ! problem ( philosophy consi/s 9 lay+ b>e ! supreme law or conditions ( consci\sness on :i* dep5d ! validity ( our k1 our e/imates ( conduct1 & our ae/hetic /&>ds4 ,& ^! roots ( reality are = ,kant 9 ! m9d--or1 %\ld we r say--9 m9d--9 8,consci\sness 9 ,g5]al40 ,9 ! ,criticism ( ,pure ,reason ! g5]al drift ( 8 exam9ation is to %[ t ! great ?+s or f9al realities :i* are popul>ly suppos$ to /& 9 self-subsi/5t be+1 z ultimate & all-compreh5sive objects set up = k1 are n 8?+s0 z popul>ly suppos$1 b imp]ative & inevitable ideas4 ,!y are n objects to be kn[n--7^! are always f9ite73 b r ! unification1 ! basis1 or condition1 & ! completion ( all k4 ,to "k !m--9 ! ord9>y petty s5se ( k--is z absurd & impossible z x w\ld be1 9 ! ,platonic s*eme ( reality1 to "k ! idea ( good :i* is 8on ! fur!r side ( k & be+40 ,god & ! ,s\l--& ! same w\ld be true ( ! ,_w 7?\gh mod]n speculators sometimes talk z if !y _h x at lea/ )9 _! grasp7--are n m]e objects ( k4 ,x w\ld be tru] to say !y are t by :i* we "k1 & !y are :at 9 u kn[s3 !y make k possible1 & actual4 ,kant has sometimes spok5 ( !m z ! objects ( a fai? ( reason4 ,:at he means is t reason only issues 9 k because ( & ?r\gh ?is inevitable law ( reason bidd+ u g on = ev] 9 our se>*1 because !re c be no?+ isolat$ & n[h]e any ne plus ultra 9 sci5ce1 :i* is inf9ite & yet only ju/ifi$ z x po/ulates or comm&s unity4 ,kant's c5tral idea is t tru?1 beauty1 goodness1 are n dep5d5t on "s qualities ( ! object1 b on ! univ]sal nature or law ( consci\sness4 ,beauty is n an attribute ( ?+s 9 _! ab/ractness3 b ( ?+s z ideas ( a subject1 & dep5ds on ! proportion & symmetry 9 ! play ( human faculty4 ,goodness is n con=mity to an outw>d law1 b is obligatory on u ?r\gh t high] nature :i* is our tru] be+4 ,tru? is n con=mity ( ideas ) suppos$ trans-subjective ?+s1 b coh]5ce & /ability 9 ! sy/em ( ideas4 ,! really inf9ite _w is n out !re1 b 9 "h--9 consci\sness 9 g5]al1 :i* is ! d5ial ( all limitation1 ( all f9ality1 ( all isolation4 ,god is ! ess5tial & inh]5t unity & unifi] ( _s & nature--! surety t ! _w 9 all its diff]5tiations is "o4 ,! ,s\l is n an ess5tial entity1 b ! inf9ite fruitfulness & fre%ness ( m5tal life1 :i* =bids u /opp+ at any?+ %ort ( complete cont9uity & unity4 ,! ,k+dom ( ,god--! ,s\l--! moral law--is )9 u3 )9 u1 z supreme1 supra-p]sonal & inf9ite intellig5ces1 ev5 amid all our littl5ess & f9itude4 ,ev5 happ9ess :i* we /ret* our arms aft] is n really beyond u1 b is ! ess5tial self :i* inde$ we c only rea* 9 detail4 ,x is s bo? 9 k & 9 action4 ,ea* k & enjoym5t 9 reality is limit$ & p>tial1 b x is made /able1 & x gets a t\* ( inf9itude1 by ! l>g] idea :i* x helps to realise4 ,only inde$ 9 t anti!sis betwe5 ! f9ite & ! inf9ite does ! real live4 ,e piece ( k is real1 only because x assumes pro tempore c]ta9 premisses :i* are giv53 e actual beauty is set 9 "s defect ( ae/hetic complet5ess3 e actually good de$ has to get its foil 9 surr\nd+ badness4 ,! real is always p>tial & incomplete4 ,b x has ! basis or condition ( its reality 9 an idea--9 a transc5d5tal unity ( consci\sness1 :i* is s to say a law1 or a sy/em & an ord]1 :i* imposes ^u x ! condition ( con=mity & coh]5ce2 b a con=mity :i* is ess5tial & implicit 9 x4 ,fi*te has call$ 8 sy/em a ,wiss5s*aftslehre--a !ory ( k4 ,mod]n ,g]man us$ ! ^w ,wiss5s*aft1 z mod]n ,engli% uses ! ^w ,sci5ce1 to d5ote ! c]tifi$ k ( piecemeal fact1 ! p>tial unification ( elem5ts /ill kept asund]4 ,b by ,wiss51 z oppos$ to ,erk5n51 is meant ! ,i "k1 am aw>e & sure1 am 9 contact ) reality1 z oppos$ to ! d]ivative & conditional ref]5ce ( some?+ to some?+ else :i* expla9s x4 ,! =m] is a wid] t]m3 x d5otes all consci\sness ( objective tru?1 ! c]ta9ty :i* claims to be necess>y & univ]sal1 :i* pl$ges its :ole self = its ass]tion4 ,fi*te ?us unifies & acc5tuates ! common elem5t 9 ! ,kantian criticisms4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! ,kant _h begun by expla9+ ! nature & limitation ( empirical sci5ce4 ,x 0 ess5tially condition$ by ! giv5 s5sation--dep5d5t i4e4 on an unexpla9$ & prelim9>y elem5t4 ,?is is :at makes x sci5ce 9 ! /rict or n>r[ s5se ( ! t]m3 its be+ set1 z x 71 9 ! unkn[n1 ! felt1 ! s5se-datum4 ,! side ( reality is ?us ! side ( limitation & ( presupposition4 ,b :at makes x tru? & k 9 g5]al1 on ! o!r h&1--z di/9ct f a tru? 7i4e4 p>tial tru?7 & a k1--is ! ideal elem5t--! ma!matical1 ! logical1 ! rational law1--or 9 "o ^w1 ! univ]sal & =mal "*4 ,s too e real action is on "o h& ! product ( an impulse1 a d>k1 m]ely giv51 imm$iate t5d5cy to be1 & )\t t w\ld be no?+3 b on ! o!r h& x is only an intellig5t & moral action 9 s f> z x has its con/itution f an intellig5ce1 a =mal sy/em1 :i* det]m9e its place & function4 ,x is on ! latt] or ideal elem5t t ,kant makes ! emphasis increas+ly turn4 ,n tru?s1 duties1 beauties1 b tru?1 duty1 beauty1 =m 8 !me4 ,! =mal elem5t--! logical or epi/emological condition ( k & morality & ( beauty--is :at he 7& /ill m ,fi*te7 consid]s ! prime "q ( fundam5tal philosophy4 ,8 philosophy is an attempt to get at ! organism ( our fundam5tal belief--! con/ruction1 f ! v base1 ( our conception ( reality1 ( our prim>y c]ta9ty4 ,9 te*nical language1 he describes our ess5tial nature z a ,subject-object4 ,x is ! unity ( an ,i am :i* is also ,i "k t ,i am3 an ,i w :i* is also ,i am consci\s ( my w7#di74 ,"h !re is a radical disunion & a sup]session ( t disunion4 ,action & contemplation are cont9ually outrunn+ ea* o!r4 ,! ,i w re/s ^u "o ,i "k1 & works up to ano!r3 ! ,i "k reflects ^u an ,i w1 & includes x z an elem5t 9 its idea4 ,kant _h br\ght into use ! t]m ,d$uction1 & ,fi*te foll[s him4 ,! t]m leads to "s confusion3 = 9 ,engli%1 by its mod]n anti!sis to induction1 x sugge/s a priori me?ods 9 all _! iniquity4 ,x means a k9d ( juggl]y :i* br+s an endless s]ies out ( "o small t]m4 ,kant has expla9$ t he uses x 9 ! lawy]'s s5se 9 :i* a claim is ju/ifi$ by be+ trac$ /ep by /ep back to "s ackn[l$g$ & accept$ "r7#ej74 ,x is a regressive me?od :i* %[s u t if ! orig9al datum is to be accept$ x c>ries along ) x ! legitimation ( ! consequ5ce4 ,?is me?od ,fi*te applies to psy*ology4 ,beg91 he says l ,condillac1 ) ! b>e/ nucleus ( s\l-life2 ! m]e s5ti5cy1 or feel+3 ! contact1 z x 71 ) be+1 at a s+le po9t4 ,b su* a m]e po9t is un?9kable4 ,y f9d1 z ,mr4 ,sp5c] says1 t 8,?\ght0 7or ,consci\sness7 8_c be fram$ out ( "o t]m only40 8,e s5sation to be kn[n z "o mu/ be p]ceiv$40 ,su* is ! nature ( ! ,ego--a subject :i* insi/s on ea* "p be+ qualifi$ by ! :ole & s trans=m$4 ,z ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 aga91 puts x1 ! m9d n m]ely t5ds to revive1 to associate1 to assimilate1 to repres5t its own pres5tations1 b x c>ries on ?is process inf9itely & 9 ev] high] multiples4 ,ideas z x 7 are gr[+ 9 complexity by re-pres5t+3 i4e4 by embrac+ & envelop+ elem5ts :i* _c be f\nd exi/+ 9 sep>ation4 ,9 ! m9d !re is no m]e pres5tation1 no b>e s5sation4 ,su* a unit is a fiction or hypo!sis we employ1 l ! atom1 = purposes ( explanation4 ,! pure s5sation !re=e--:i* y admit because y mu/ h some?+ to beg9 )1 n a m]e no?+1 b some?+ s simple t x seems to /& out cle> & indisputable--?is pure s5sation1 :5 y ?9k ( x1 =ces y to g a good deal fur!r4 ,ev5 to be itself1 x mu/ be m ?an itself4 ,x is l ! pure or m]e be+ ( ! logicians4 ,admit ! simple s5sation--& y h admitt$ ev]y?+ :i* is requir$ to make s5sation a possible reality4 ,b y d n--9 ! s5se ( vulg> logic--d$uce :at foll[s out ( ! beg9n+4 ,f t1 tak5 by itself1 y w get only itself3 m]e be+ w give y only no?+1 to ! end ( ! *apt]4 ,b1 z ! phrase is1 s5sation is an elem5t 9 a consci\sness3 x is1 :5 y ?9k ( x1 always m ?an y call$ x3 !re is a curi\s 8cont9uity0 ab\t ! ph5om5a1 :i* makes real isolation impossible4 ,( c\rse ?is 8d$uction0 is n hi/ory3 x is logic4 ,x says1 if y posit s5sation1 !n 9 do+ s1 y posit a good deal m4 ,y h imag9ation1 reason1 & _m m1 all involv$ 9 y\r orig9al assumption4 ,& !re is a fur!r po9t to be not$4 ,y _c really /op ev5 at reason1 at intellig5ce & w1 if y take ^! 9 ! full s5se4 ,y mu/ realise t ^! only exi/ z "p & p>cel ( a reasonable _w4 ,an individual intellig5ce presupposes a society ( intellig5ces4 ,! successive /eps 9 ?is argum5t are pres5t$ by ,fi*te 9 ! *ief works ( 8 e>li] p]iod 7#agid-ih74 ,! works ( t p]iod =m a k9d ( trilogy ( philosophy1 by :i* ! fa9t outl9es ( ! absolute selfhood is %[n acquir+ def9ite consi/5cy 9 ! moral organisation ( society4 ,fir/ comes ! 8,f\ndation = ! collective philosophy40 ,x %[s h[ our conception ( reality & our psy*ical organisation are inevitably presuppos$ 9 ! b>e/ function ( intellig5ce1 9 ! ab/racte/ =ms ( logical law4 ,beg9 :]e y l1 ) ! mo/ ab/ract & =mal po9t ( consci\sness1 y are =c$1 z y dwell ^u x 7y id5tify+ y\rself ) ! ?\ght y realise71 to g /ep by /ep on till y accept z a self-consi/5t & self-explanatory unity all t y\r cognitive & volitional nature claims to own z its bir?right4 ,only 9 su* an intellig5t w is p]ception & s5sation possible4 ,next came ! 8,f\ndation ( ,natural ,law1 on ! pr9ciples ( ! g5]al !ory40 ,"h ! process ( d$uction is c>ri$ a /ep fur!r4 ,if man is to realise himself z an intellig5ce ) an inh]5t b5t to action1 !n he mu/ be conceiv$ z a p]son among p]sons1 z possess$ ( rights1 z incapable ( act+ )\t at ! same mom5t claim+ = 8 acts recognition1 g5]ality1 & logical consecution4 ,! ref]5ce1 :i* 9 ! conception ( a practical intellig5ce 0 implicit1--! ref]5ce to fell[-ag5ts1 to a _w 9 :i* law rules--is ?us1 by ! explicit recognition ( ^! ref]5ces1 made a fact pat5t & positive--gesetzt1--expressly in/itut$ 9 ! way t ! nature & condition ( ?+s po/ulates4 ,b ?is is n all3 we /ep f ! =mal & absolute into ! mat]ial & relative4 ,if man is to be a real intellig5ce1 he mu/ be an intellig5ce s]v$ by organs4 8,! rational be+ _c realise its effici5t individuality1 unless x ascribes to itself a mat]ial body03 a body1 moreov]1 9 :i* ,fi*te believes he c %[ t ! details ( /ructure & organs are equally ) ! g5]al corporeity pr$et]m9$ by reason7#ea74 ,9 ! same way x is %[n t ! social & political organisation is requir$ = ! realisation--! mak+ positive & yet coh]5t--( ! rights ( all individuals4 ,y d$uce society by %[+ x is requir$ to make a g5u9e individual man4 ,?irdly came ! 8,sy/em ( ,e?ics40 ,"h x is fur!r argu$ t1 at lea/ 9 a c]ta9 respect7#eb71 9 spite ( my absolute reason & my absolute fre$om1 ,i c only be fully real z a "p ( ,nature3 t my reason is realis$ 9 a creature ( appetite & impulse4 ,f fir/ to la/ ?is d$uction is "o process :i* may be said to h = its object to det]m9e 8! conditions ( self-hood or egoity40 ,x is ! d$uction ( ! concrete & empirical moral ag5t--! actual ego ( actual life--f ! ab/ract1 uncondition$ ego1 :i* 9 ord] to be actual mu/ condesc5d to be at once det]m9+ & det]m9$4 ,9 all ( ?is ,fi*te makes--especially =mally--a decid$ advance ^u ,kant4 ,9 ,e?ics ,kant 9 p>ticul>1 7--especially = read]s :o nev] got beyond ! beg9n+ ( 8 moral treatise & 7 ov]p[]$ by ! categorical imp]ative ( duty7 _h f\nd ! moral initiative or dynamic app>5tly 9 ! o!r _w4 ,! voice ( duty seem$ to speak f a region outside & beyond ! individual consci5ce4 ,9 a s5se x mu/ d s3 b x comes f a consci\sness :i* is1 & yet is m ?an1 ! individual4 ,x is inde$ true t appe>ances "h are deceptive3 & t ! idea ( autonomy1 ! self-legislation ( reason1 is try+ to become ! c5tral conception ( ,kant's ,e?ics4 ,/ill x is ,fi*te's m]it to h se5 ?is cle>ly1 to h held x 9 view unfalt]+ly1 & to h c>ri$ x out 9 undeviat+ sy/em or d$uction4 ,man1 intellig5t1 social1 e?ical1 is a be+ all ( "o piece & to be expla9$ entirely imman5tly1 or f himself4 ,law & e?ics are no accid5t ei!r to s5se or to intellig5ce--no?+ impos$ by m]e ext]nal or sup]nal au?ority7#ec74 ,society is n a br&-new ord] ( ?+s sup]v5+ ^u & sup]s$+ a /ate ( nature1 :]e ! individual 0 entirely self-support+4 ,morals1 law1 society1 are all necess>y /eps 7necess>y i4e4 9 logic1 & h5ce 9 ! long run also inevitable 9 c\rse ( "t7 to complete ! full evolution or realisation ( a human be+4 ,! same conditions z make man intellig5t make him social & moral4 ,he does n proce$ s f> z to become intellig5t & practical1 "u t]ms ( natural & logical developm5t1 !n to fall into ! h&s ( a =eign influ5ce1 an accid5t ab extra1 :i* causes him to become social & moral4 ,r he is intellig5t1 because he is a social ag5t4 ,h5ce1 9 ,fi*te1 ! abs5ce ( ! ascetic elem5t s (t5 /amp+ its "* on e?ics1 & repres5t+ ! moral life z ! enemy ( ! natural1 or z ma9ly a /ruggle to subdue ! s5sibility & ! fle%4 ,) ,kant1--z becomes 8 position ( m]e inquir]--! s5sibility has ! place ( a pr$om9ant & p]man5t =egr\nd4 ,reason1 to 8 way ( talk+1 is always some?+ ( an intrud]1 a /rang] f a f>-(f _w1 to be fe>$ ev5 :5 obey$3 sublime1 r ?an beautiful4 ,f ! l& ( s5se :i* we habitually occupy1 ! l& ( reason is a c\ntry we c only behold f af>3 or if we c be said to h a /&po9t 9 x1 t is only a figurative way ( say+ t ?\gh x is really ov] ! bord]1 we c act--x w\ld sometimes seem by a sort ( make-believe--z if we 7 already !re4 ,b ^! mom5ts ( high en?usiasm are r>e2 & ,kant comm5ds sobriety & w>ns aga9/ high-m9d$ ,s*wrm]ei1 or ov]-/ra9$ ,my/icism4 ,= u x is res]v$ to /ruggle ) a recalcitrant selfhood1 a grovell+ s5sibility3 x 7 only fanta/ic extravagance1 fit = 8fair s\ls0 :o un=tunately (t5 lapse into 8fair s9n]s10 %\ld we fancy ourselves already an*or$ 9 ! hav5 ( untempt$ re/ & peace4 ,:5 we come to ,fi*te1 we f9d ano!r _s brea?+4 ,we h pass$ f ! age ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great to ! age ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution2 & ! breeze t bur/ 9 ! ,w> ( ,lib]ation is already beg9n+ to fre%5 ! air4 ,boldly he pron\nces ! primacy ( t fai? ( reason :]eby n m]ely ! j b all %all live4 ,y\r w %all %[ y :at y really are4 ,y are ess5tially a rational w1 or a w-reason4 ,y\r s5su\s nature1 ( impulse & appetite1 f> f be+ ! giv5 & f\nd ob/acle to ! realisation ( reason1--:i* ,kant /rictly int]pret$ might sometimes seem to imply--7& 9 ?is po9t ,s*op5hau] c>ries out ! implications ( ,kant7--is really ! condition or mode ( be+ :i* reason assumes1 or rises up to1 9 ord] to be a practical or moral be+4 ,f> f ! body & ! s5sible ne$s be+ a /umbl+-block to hamp] ! free fullness ( rationality & morality1 ! tru? r is t x is only by body & s5se1 by fle% & blood1 t ! full moral & rational life c be realis$7#ed74 ,or1 to put x o!rwise1 if human reason 7intellig5ce & w7 is to be m ?an a m]e & empty inn] possibility1 if man is to be a real & concrete cognitive & volitional be+1 he mu/ be a memb] ( an e?ical & actual society1 :i* lives by bread1 & :i* m>ries & has *ildr54 7iii47 ,psy*ology 9 ,e?ics4 ,9 ?is way1 = ,fi*te1 & ?r\gh ,fi*te /ill m decid$ly = ,hegel1 bo? psy*ology & e?ics brea! an op5] & ampl] air ?an !y (t5 enjoy4 ,psy*ology ceases to be a m]e description ( psy*ic ev5ts1 & becomes ! hi/ory ( ! self-organis+ process ( human reason4 ,e?ics loses its cloi/]$1 negative1 unnatural aspect1 & becomes a "n = "s fur!r conditions ( ! same developm5t1 ess5tially po/ulat$ to complete or supplem5t its %ortcom+s4 ,psy*ology--tak5 9 ?is high philosophical acceptation--?us leads on to ,e?ics2 & ,e?ics is p>t$ by no impassable l9e f ,psy*ology4 ,t1 at lea/1 is :at mu/ happ5 if !y are /ill to reta9 a place 9 philosophy3 =1 z ,kant says7#ee71 8"u ! gov]nm5t ( reason our cognitions _c =m a rhapsody1 b mu/ con/itute a sy/em1 9 :i* alone c !y support & fur!r its ess5tial aims40 ,z p>ts ( su* a sy/em1 !y c>ry out _! special "w 9 subord9ation to1 & 9 ! realisation (1 a s+le ,idea--& !re=e 9 ess5tial int]connexion4 ,f t int]connect+ b& we may h[ev] 9 detail-enquiry disp5se ourselves2 & !n we h ! empirical or inductive sci5ces ( psy*ology & e?ics4 ,b ev5 ) ^!1 ! necessity ( ! situation is su* t x is only a "q ( degree h[ f> we lose sight ( ! philosophical horizon1 & entr5* ourselves 9 special enquiry4 ,some?+ ( ! philosophic l>g5ess mu/ always guide u2 ev5 :51 to fur!r ! int]e/s ( ! :ole1 x is necess>y = ! special enquir] to bury himself entirely 9 8 "p4 ,s long z ea* "p is s9c]ely & ?or\ghly pursu$1 & no "p is neglect$1 !re is an indwell+ reason 9 ! p>ts :i* w 9 ! long run t5d to con/itute ! total4 ,a philosophical psy*ology w %[ u h[ ! sane intellig5ce & ! rational w are1 at lea/ approximately1 built up out ( elem5ts1 & ?r\gh /ages & processes1 :i* modify & complem5t1 z !y may also arre/ & p]plex1 ea* o!r4 ,! unity1 coh]5ce1 & complet5ess ( ! intellig5t self is n1 z vulg> irreflectiv5ess supposes & some:at angrily ma9ta9s1 a full-gr[n ?+ or ag5t1 ( ^: actions & modes ( behavi\r ! psy*ologi/ has to n>rate ! hi/ory1--a hi/ory :i* is too apt to deg5]ate into ! anecdotal & ! m]ely int]e/+4 ,?is unity ( self has to be 8d$uc$10 z ,fi*te w\ld say3 x has to be %[n z ! necess>y result :i* c]ta9 elem5ts 9 a c]ta9 ord] w lead to7#ef74 ,a normal m9d1 self-possess$1 develop$ & articulat$1 yet ?or\ghly "o1 a real microcosm1 or true & full monad1 :i* "u ! mode ( its individuality /ill repres5ts ! univ]se3 t is1 :at psy*ology has to %[ z ! product ( factors & processes4 ,& x is cle>ly some?+ great & good1 some?+ valuable1 & already possess+1 by implication we may say1 an e?ical "*4 ,9 philosophy1 at lea/1 x is difficult1 or r impossible to draw a h>d & fa/ l9e :i* %all dem>cate e?ical f non-e?ical *>act]s1--to sep>ate !m f o!r intellectual & reasonable motives4 ,kant1 z we "k1 attempt$ to d s3 b ) ! result t he 0 =c$ to add a d\bt :e!r a purely moral act c\ld ev] be said to exi/7#eg72 or r to express ! c]ta9ty t if x did x 0 = ev] inaccessible to obs]vation4 ,all su* designations ( ! sev]al 8factors0 or 8mom5ts0 9 reality1 z has be5 h9t$1 are only a potiori4 ,b !y are misus$ :5 x is suppos$ t !y connote abrupt & total discont9uity4 ,& ,kant1 aft] all1 only repeat$ 9 8 own t]m9ology an old & invet]ate habit ( ?\ght3--! habit :i* 9 ,/oicism seem$ to see sage & fooli% utt]ly sep>at$1 & :i* 9 ! /rait] sects ( ,*ri/5dom f5c$ (f sa9t absolutely f s9n]4 ,x is a habit to :i* ,hegel1 & ev5 8 imm$iate pr$ecessors1 are radically oppos$4 ,) ,h]d]1 he might say1 8,e?ics is only a high] physics ( ! m9d7#eh740 ,?is--! tru? 9 ,sp9ozism--no d\bt dem&s "s emphasis on ! ^w 8high]03 & x requires u to read e?ics 7or some?+ l x7 into physics2 b x is a /ep on ! "r road1--! /ep :i* ,utilit>ianism & ,evolutionism _h 7h[ev] awkw>dly7 got _! foot ^u1 & :i* 8transc5d5t0 e?ics seems unduly afraid ( committ+ itself to4 ,let u say1 if we l1 t ! m9d is m ?an m]e nature1 & t x is no prop] object ( a m]ely natural sci5ce4 ,b let u rememb] t a m]ely natural sci5ce is only a fragm5t ( sci5ce3 let u add t ! m]ely natural is an ab/raction :i* 9 "p d5aturalises & mutilates ! l>g] nature--a nature :i* includes ! natural m9d1 & _c altoge!r exclude ! e?ical4 ,:at h be5 call$ 8=mal duties7#ei70 seem to fall "u ?is range--! prov9ce ( a philosophical psy*ology :i* unveils ! conditions ( p]sonality4 ,"u t head+ may be put self-control1 consi/5cy1 resolution1 en]gy1 =e?\ght1 prud5ce1 & ! l4 ,! due proportion ( faculty1 ! correspond5ce ( head & he>t1 ! vivacity & quickness ( sympa?y1 ! ease & simplicity ( m5tal tone1 ! due vig\r ( memory & ! grace ( imag9ation1 sweetness ( temp]1 & ! l1 are p>ts ( ! same gr\p7#fj74 ,!y are lovely1 & ( good report3 !y are praise & virtue4 ,if x be urg$ t !y are only natural gifts & graces1 t objection cuts two ways4 ,! objector may ( c\rse be rem9d$ t religion tones d[n ! self-complac5cy ( morality4 ,yet1 fir/1 ev5 ap>t f t1 x may be said t ( virtues1 :i* /& indep5d5t ( natural conditions--( ext]nal supply ( means 7z ,ari/otle w\ld say7--no?+ c be kn[n & no?+ ne$ be said4 ,& secondly1 none ( ^! qualities are m]e gifts2--all require ex]cise1 habituation1 en]gis+1 to get & keep !m4 ,h[ mu* & h[ little 9 ea* case is nature's & h[ mu* ours is a problem :i* has "s p]sonal int]e/--due p]haps to a r selfi% & envi\s curiosity4 ,b on ! broad field ( exp]i5ce & hi/ory we may p]haps accept !--app>5tly "o-sid$--prov]b t 8,ea* man is ! ar*itect ( 8 own =tune40 ,be ?is z x may1 x w n d to d5y ! e?ical "* ( ^! 8=mal duties0 on ! gr\nd e4g4 t self-control1 prud5ce1 & ev5 sweetness ( temp] may be us$ = evil ends1--t "o may smile & smile1 & yet be a villa94 ,t--let u reply1--on "o h&1 is a fault 7if fault x be7 incid5tal to all virtues 9 detail 7= e s+le quality has its defect73 nay x may be a limitation atta*+ to ! :ole e?ical sph]e3 &1 secondly1 its inevitable limitation does n r5d] ! virtue 9 any case "o :it less g5u9e s f> z x goes4 ,& yet ( su* virtues x may be said1 z ,hume7#fa7 w\ld say 7:o calls !m 8natural10 z oppos$ to ! m artificial m]its ( ju/ice & its k971 t !y please 9 !mselves1 or 9 ! m]e contemplation1 & )\t any reg>d to _! social effects4 ,b !y please z ent]+ into our idea ( complete human nature1 ( m9d & _s z w & intellect4 ,! morali/s ( la/ c5tury sometimes divid$ ! field ( e?ics by assign+ to man ?ree grades or k9ds ( duty3 duties to himself1 duties to society1 & duties to ,god4 ,= ! di/9ction !re is a good deal to be said3 !re are also faults to be f\nd ) x4 ,x may be said1 among/ o!r ?+s1 t to speak ( duties to self is a metaphorical way ( talk+1 & t ,god lies out ( ! range ( human duty altoge!r1 except 9 s f> z religi\s s]vice =ms a "p ( social obligation4 ,x may be urg$ t man is ess5tially a social be+1 & t x is only 9 8 relations to o!r su* be+s t 8 morality c f9d a sph]e4 ,! sph]e ( morality1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,ba91 embraces :atev] 8society has se5 fit to en=ce ) all ! rig\r ( positive inflictions4 ,positive good de$s & self-sacrifice 444 transc5d ! region ( morality prop] & occupy a sph]e ( _! own7#fb740 ,& !re is little d\bt t ?is re/riction is 9 accordance ) a ma9 curr5t ( usage4 ,x may ev5 be said t !re are t5d5cies t[>ds a n>r[] usage /ill1 :i* w\ld re/rict ! t]m to que/ions affect+ ! relations ( ! sexes4 ,b1 )\t go+ s f>1 we may accept ! /&po9t :i* f9ds 9 ! phrase 8popul> or social0 sanction1 z equival5t to ! moral sanction1 a description ( ! av]age level ( common op9ion on ! topic4 ,! morality ( an age or c\ntry ?us d5otes1 fir/1 ! av]age requirem5t 9 act & behavi\r impos$ by g5]al cons5t on ! memb]s ( a community1 & secondly1 ! av]age p]=mance ( ! memb]s 9 response to ^! requirem5ts4 ,g5]ally speak+ ! two w be pretty mu* ! same4 ,if ! society is 9 a /ate ( equilibrium1 !re w be a palpable agreem5t betwe5 :at all sev]ally expect & :at all sev]ally p]=m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z no society is ev] 9 complete equilibrium1 ?is h>mony w nev] be p]fect & may (t5 be widely dep>t$ f4 ,9 :at is call$ a s+le community1 if x rea* a consid]able bulk1 !re are 79 o!r words7 (t5 a numb] ( m9or societies1 m or less ?w>t+ & modify+ ea* o!r2 & diff]5t obs]v]s1 :o belong 9 ! ma9 to "o or o!r ( ^! subord9ate gr\ps1 may elicit f ! facts be=e !m a some:at diff]5t social code1 & a diff]5t grade ( social obs]vance4 ,/ill1 ) :atev] div]sity ( detail1 ! important feature ( su* social e?ics is t ! /ress is laid on ! p]=mance ( c]ta9 acts1 9 accordance ) ! organisation ( society4 ,s long z ! requir$ compliance is giv51 public op9ion is satisfi$1 & morality has got its due4 ,b 9 two directions ?is conception ( morality ne$s to be supplem5t+4 ,!re is1 on "o h&1 :at is call$ duty to ,god4 ,! phrase is n altoge!r appropriate3 = x foll[s too closely ! analogy ( social requirem5t1 & treats ,deity z an additional & social au?ority1--a "l p>am\nt ov] m]ely human sov]eigns4 ,b ?\gh !re may be "s use 9 ! analogy1 to press ! conception is s]i\sly to n>r[ ! div9e "* & ! scope ( religion4 ,z 9 simil> cases1 we _c *ange "o t]m )\t alt]+ its correlative4 ,& !re=e to describe our relation to ,god "u ! "n ( duty is to n>r[ & falsify t relation4 ,! ^w is no long] applicable 9 ?is connexion )\t a /ra91 & :]e x exi/s x indicates ! survival ( a conception ( !ocracy3 ( ,god reg>d$ z a glorification ( ! magi/rate1 z k+ ( k+s & "l ( lords4 ,x is ! social _w--& inde$ we may say ! outside ( ! social _w--t is ! sph]e ( duties4 ,duty is /ill ) ^! r$uctions a great augu/ "n3 b 9 lit]al /rictness x only rules ov] ! m$ial sph]e ( life1 ! sph]e :i* lies betwe5 ! individual z su* & 8 univ]sal humanity7#fc74 ,beyond duty1 lies ! sph]e ( consci5ce & ( religion4 ,& t is n ! m]e insi/5ce by ! individual to h a voice & a vote 9 det]m9+ ! social ord]4 ,x is ! s5se t ! social ord]1 h[ev] omnipot5t x may seem1 is limit$ & f9ite1 & t man has 9 him a k9dr$ ) ! ,et]nal4 ,x is n v satisfactory1 ei!r1 z ,ari/otle & o!rs h po9t$ out1 to speak ( man's duties to himself4 ,! phrase is analogical1 l ! o!r4 ,b x has ! m]it1 l t ( duty to ,god1 ( rem9d+ u t ! ord9>y latitude occupi$ by morality is n all t comes "u ! l>g] scope ( e?ics4 ,! 8e?ics ( individual life0 is a subject :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] has t\*$ ^u3 & by ?is title1 he means t1 besides 8 g5]al relation%ip to o!rs1 a human be+ has to m9d 8 own heal?1 food1 & amusem5t1 & has duties z husb& & p>5t4 ,b1 aft] all1 ^! are n matt]s ( peculi>ly individual int]e/4 ,!y r ref] to po9ts :i* society at c]ta9 epo*s leaves to ! common s5se ( ! ag5t1--app>5tly on an assumption t he is ! p]son *iefly int]e/$4 ,& ^! po9ts--z ! ,greeks taught long ago--are ( fundam5tal importance3 !y are ! v bases ( life4 ,yet ! comp>ative neglect 9 :i* s-call$ civilis$ societies7#fd7 hold ! precepts ( wisdom 9 relation to bodily heal? & vig\r1 9 reg>d to m>riage & prog5y1 s]ve to illu/rate ! doctr9e ( ! anci5t ,/oics t 1 or ! mod]n ideali/ utt]ance t ! ,_w is my idea4 ,m & m z civilisation succe$s 9 its disruption ( man f nature1 x %[s him gov]n$ n by b>e facts & isolat$ exp]i5ces1 b by ! sy/ematic idea "u :i* all ?+s are subsum$4 ,he loses ! navet ( ! natural man1 :i* takes ea* fact z x came1 all alike good3 he becomes s5tim5tal1 & artificial1 sees ?+s "u a conv5tional po9t ( view1 & w\ld r die ?an n be 9 ! fa%ion4 ,& ?is t5d5cy is app>5tly irresi/ible4 ,yet ! mi/ake lies 9 ! "o-sid$ness ( s5tim5t & conv5tion4 ,n ! dom9ation ( ! idea is evil2 b ! dom9ation ( a p>tial & fragm5t>y idea3 & ?is is :at con/itutes ! evil ( artificiality4 ,& ! correction mu/ lie n 9 a return to nature1 b 9 ! recon/ruction ( a wid] & m compreh5sive idea3 an idea :i* %all be ! unity & sy/em ( all nature2 n a fanta/ic idealism1 b an attempt to d ju/ice to ! m reali/ z well z ! ideali/ sides ( life4 ,!re is h[ev] ano!r side ( individuali/ e?ics :i* ne$s ev5 m especial en=cem5t4 ,x is ! =mation ( 8,! reason firm1 ! temp]ate w1 ,endurance1 =esight1 /r5g? & skill30 ! heal?y m9d 9 a heal?y body4 ,e?ics is only too apt to suppose t w & intellig5ce are assumptions :i* ne$ no special ju/ification4 ,b ! tru? is t !y v>y f individual to individual 9 degree & /ructure4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( e?ical psy*ology to give to ^! vague attributions ! def9it5ess ( a normal /&>d3 to %[ :at proportions are requir$ to ju/ify ! prop] title ( reason & w--to %[ :at reason & w really are if !y d :at !y are enc\rag$ or expect$ to d4 ,x talks ( ! diseases ( w & p]sonality3 x mu/ also set =? _! educational ideal4 ,! fir/ problem ( ,e?ics1 x may be said1 is ! "q ( ! w & its fre$om4 ,b to say ?is is ( c\rse n to say t1 unless fre$om ( w be und]/ood 9 "s special s5se1 e?ics becomes impossible4 ,if ! moral law is ! ratio cognosc5di ( fre$om1 !n mu/ our conception ( morality & ( fre$om hang toge!r4 ,& x w cle>ly be indisp5sable to beg9 by "s attempt to discov] 9 :at s5se man may be 9 ! mo/ g5]al way describ$ z a moral ag5t--z an intellig5t w1 or 7m briefly1 yet synonym\sly7 z a w4 8,! soil ( law & morality10 says ,hegel7#fe71 8is ! intellig5t life3 & its m precise place & />t+-po9t ! w1 :i* is free1 9 ! s5se t fre$om is its sub/ance & *>act]i/ic1 & ! sy/em ( law ! realm ( fre$om realis$1 ! _w ( intellig5ce produc$ out ( itself z a second nature40 ,su* a fre$om is a fre$om made & acquir$1 ! "w ( ! m9d's self-realisation1 n to be tak5 z a giv5 fact ( consci\sness :i* mu/ be believ$7#ff74 ,to h a w--9 o!r words1 to h fre$om1 is ! consummation--& let u add1 only ! =mal or ideal consummation--( a process by :i* man raises himself out ( 8 absorption 9 s5sation & impulse1 e/abli%es )9 himself a m5tal realm1 an organism ( ideas1 a self-consci\sness1 & a self4 ,! vulg> appreh5sion ( ^! ?+s seems to assume t we h by nature1 or are born )1 a g5]al faculty or set ( g5]al faculties1 :i* we subsequ5tly fill up & embody by ! aid ( exp]i5ce4 ,we possess--!y seem to imply--s _m 8=ms0 & 8categories0 lat5t 9 our m9ds ready to hold & conta9 ! raw mat]ials suppli$ f )\t4 ,accord+ to ?is view we h all a w & an intellig5ce3 ! diff]5ce only is t "s put m into !m1 & "s put less4 ,b su* a sep>ation ( ! g5]al =m f its cont5ts is a piece ( pure my?ology4 ,x is p]haps true & safe to say t ! human be+ is ( su* a "* t w & intellig5ce are 9 ! ord9>y c\rse inevitably produc$4 ,b ! =ms :i* gr[ up are ! m & m def9ite & sy/ematic organisation ( a grad$ exp]i5ce1 ( s]ies ( ideas1 work+ !mselves up aga9 & aga9 9 repres5tative & re-repres5tative degree1 till !y con/itute a m5tal or inn] _w ( _! own4 ,! w is ?us ! title appropriate to ! f9al /age ( a process1 by :i* s5sation & impulse h poli%$ & p]fect$ !mselves by union & opposition1 by diff]5tiation & accompany+ r$9tegration1 till !y assume *>act]s q unsurmis$ 9 _! e>lie/ aspects1 & yet only ! consolidation or self-realisation ( implications4 ,?us ! m5tal faculties are ess5tially acquir$ p[]s1--acquir$ n f )\t1 b by action :i* g5]ates ! faculties x seems to imply4 ,! process ( m9d is a process :i* creates individual c5tres1 raises !m to complet] indep5d5ce2--:i* produces an inn] life m & m self-c5t]$ & also m & m equal to ! univ]se :i* x has embodi$4 ,& w & intellig5ce are an important /age 9 t process4 ,h]b>t 7z 0 briefly h9t$ at 9 ! fir/ essay7 has analys$ e?ical appreciation 7:i* may or may n be accompani$ by approbation7 into five di/9ct /&>d ideas4 ,^! are ! ideas ( inw>d lib]ty1 ( p]fection1 ( "r1 b5evol5ce1 & equity4 ,l ,hume1 he reg>ds ! moral judgm5t z 9 its purity a k9d ( ae/hetic pron\ncem5t on ! agreem5t or proportion ( c]ta9 activities 9 relations to ea* o!r4 ,two ( ^! /&>d ideas1--t ( inw>d lib]ty & ( p]fection--seem to belong to ! sph]e at pres5t "u review4 ,!y em]ge z conditions det]m9+ ! normal developm5t ( human nature to an intellig5t & matur$ p]sonality4 ,by inw>d fre$om ,h]b>t means ! h>mony betwe5 ! w & ! intellect3 :at ,ari/otle has nam$ 8practical tru? or reality10 & :at he describes 9 8 conception ( wisdom or moral intellig5ce1--! p[] ( disc]n+ ! "r pa? & ( pursu+ x ) w & temp]3 ! unity1 cle> b indissoluble1 ( w & disc]nm5t4 ,by ! idea ( p]fection ,h]b>t means ! s5se ( proportion & ( propriety :i* is awak5$ by comp>+ a progress 9 developm5t or an increase 9 /r5g? ) its e>li] /ages ( promise & imp]fection4 ,! pleasure su* p]ception af=ds works 9 two ways3 x is a satisfaction 9 a*ievem5t pa/1 & a /imulus to a*ievem5t yet to come4 ,su* ideas ( inw>d lib]ty & ( gr[? 9 ability or 9 p]=mance gov]n 7at lea/ 9 "p7 our judgm5t ( ! individual1 & h an e?ical significance4 ,inde$1 if ! c>d9al feature ( ! e?ical s5tim5t be ! inw>dness & indep5d5ce ( its approbation & obligation1 ^! ideas lie at ! root ( all true morality4 ,inw>d h>mony & inw>d progress1 lucidity ( consci5ce & ! resolution :i* kn[s no f9ality ( ef=t1 are ! v ess5ce ( moral life4 ,yet1 if e?ics is to include 9 ! fir/ in/ance social relation%ips & ext]nal utilities & sanctions1 ^! conditions ( true life mu/ r be describ$ z pre-e?ical4 ,! tru? seems to be t "h we get to a range ( e?ics :i* is f> wid] ?an :at is ord9>ily call$ practice & conduct4 ,at ?is /age logic1 ae/hetic1 & e?ic1 are yet "o3 ! true1 ! good1 & ! beautiful are /ill held 9 _! fundam5tal unity4 ,an e?ics ( wide pr9ciple prec$es its n>r[] social application2 & :]eas 9 ord9>y usage ! social prov9ciality is all[$ to prevail1 "h ! high] e?ics em]ge cle> & imp]ial above ! limitations ( local & temporal duty4 ,& ?\gh x is easy to /ep into exagg]ation1 x is /ill well to emphasise ?is l>g] conception ( e?ics4 ,! moral pr9ciple ( ! 8maximis+ ( life10 z x has be5 call$7#fg71 may be op5 to misconception 7--s1 un=tunately are all moral pr9ciples :5 /at$ 9 ! effront]y ( isolation73 b x has its tru? 9 ! conviction t all moral evil is m>k$ by a t5d5cy to l[] or less5 ! total vitality4 ,s too ,fri$ri* ,nietzs*e's maxim1 ,sei vornehm7#fh71 ensue di/9ction1 & above all ?+s be n common or vulg> 7geme971 w easily l5d itself to di/ortion4 ,b x is good advice = all t1 ev5 ?\gh x may be difficult to def9e 9 a g5]al =mula :]e9 di/9ction consi/s1 to m>k ! b\nd>y betwe5 self-respect & vanity or ob/9acy1 or to say :]e9 lies ! beauty & dignity ( human nature4 ,kant has laid x d[n z ! pr9ciple ( duty to ask ourselves if 9 our act we are prep>$ to univ]salise ! maxim impli$ by our conduct4 ,& t ?is--:i* ess5tially bids u look at an act 9 ! :ole ( its relations & context--is a safegu>d aga9/ "s =ms ( moral evil1 is c]ta94 ,b !re is an opposite--or r an app>5tly opposite--pr9ciple :i* bids u be individual1 be true to our own selves1 & nev] all[ ourselves to be dismay$ f our own unique responsibility4 ,p]haps ! two pr9ciples are n s f> ap>t z !y seem4 ,9 any case true individuality is ! la/ ^w & ! fir/ ^w 9 e?ics2 ?\gh1 x may be add$1 !re is a good deal to be said betwe5 ! two t]m9i4 7iv47 ,an ,excursus on ,greek ,e?ics4 ,x is 9 ^! regions t ,greek e?ics loves to l+]2 on ! duty ( ! individual to himself1 to be p]fectly lucid & true1 & to rise to ev] high] heights ( a*ievem5t4 ,cet]is p>ibus1 !re is felt to be some?+ m]itori\s 9 sup]iority1 some?+ good3--ev5 7 x t y are ma/]1 & ano!r is slave4 ,?us navely speaks ,ari/otle7#fi74 ,to a mod]n1 set amid s _m conflict+ ideals1 p]haps1 ! imm5se possibilities ( yet fur!r gr[? might sugge/ !mselves ) ov]p[]+ =ce4 ,to him ! idea ( p]fection takes ! =m ( an idea ( p]fectibility3 & sometimes x smites d[n 8 conceit 9 :at he has actually done1 & impresses a s5se ( humility 9 comp>ison ) :at yet rema9s unaccompli%$4 ,an anci5t ,greek app>5tly 0 little haunt$ by ^! vi/as ( possibilities ( progress ?r\gh worlds beyond worlds4 ,a comp>atively simple environm5t1 a fix$ & def9ite m5tal horizon1 _h its pla9 & def9ite /&>ds1 or at lea/ seem$ to h su*4 ,!re 7 few] cases ( ! man1 unatta*$ or fa9tly atta*$ to any def9ite pr(ession--mov+ ab\t 9 worlds half realis$--:o has gr[n s common 9 a m develop$ civilisation4 ,! ideals ( ! ,greek 7 cle>ly descri$3 ea* man _h 8 def9ite function or "w to p]=m3 & to d x bett] ?an ! av]age1 or ?an he himself habitually _h done1 t 0 p]fection1 excell5ce1 virtue4 ,= virtue to ! ,greek is ess5tially ability & respectability3 promise ( excell5t p]=mance3 capacity to d bett] ?an o!rs4 ,virtue is praisewor?y or m]itori\s "* & quality3 x is a*ievem5t at a high] rate1 z set aga9/ "o's pa/ & aga9/ o!rs' av]age4 ,! ,greek morali/s sometimes di/+ui% & sometimes comb9e moral virtue & wisdom1 & 3 capacity to p]=m1 & wisdom to guide t capacity4 ,to ! ord9>y ,greek p]haps ! emphasis fell on ! =m]1 on ! atta9m5t ( all recognis$ good quality :i* became a man1 all t 0 beautiful & hon\rable1 all t 0 appropriate1 glori\s1 & fame-giv+2 & t n = any special ref]5ce to its utilit>ian qualities4 ,useful1 ( c\rse1 su* qualities 73 b t 0 n 9 "q at ! "t4 ,9 ! m lib]al commonweal?s ( anci5t ,greece !re 0 little or no anxi\s c>e to control ! education ( its citiz5s1 s z to get direct s]vice1 ov]t contribution to ! public good4 ,a suspici\s ,sp>tan legislation might claim to d t4 ,b 9 ! free air ( ,a!ns all t 0 requir$ 0 loyalty1 good-w----to ! common weal2 x might be ev5 a s5tim5t ( human k9dl9ess1 ( frat]nity ( _s & purpose4 ,ev]y?+ beyond & ^u t basis 0 left to free developm5t4 ,let ea* c>ry out to ! full ! developm5t ( 8 p[]s 9 ! l9e :i* national e/imation po9ts out4 ,he is--nature & hi/ory alike emphasise t fact beyond ! rea* ( d\bt1 = all except ! outlaw & ! casual /rang]--a memb] ( a community1 & z su* has a gov]n+ in/9ct & ideal :i* animates him4 ,b he is also a self-c5t]$ individual1 ) special end[m5ts ( nature1 9 8 own p]son & 9 ! mat]ial objects :i* are 84 ,a purely individuali/ or selfi% use ( !m is n--to ! normal ,greek--ev5 dream$ (4 ,he is too deeply root$ 9 ! sub/ance ( 8 community = t3 or x is on ! gr\nd & 9 ! atmosph]e ( an assur$ community t 8 individuality is to be made to fl\ri%4 ,nature has secur$ t 8 individuality %all re/ securely 9 ! presupposition ( 8 citiz5%ip4 ,x seems1 !re=e1 z if he 7 left free & indep5d5t 9 8 p]sonal se>* = p]fection1 = di/9ction4 ,8 place is fix$ = him3 ,sp>tam nactus es2 hanc orna3 8 duty is 8 virtue4 ,t duty1 z ,plato expresses x1 is to d 8 own de$s--& n m$dle ) o!rs4 ,nature & hi/ory h arrang$ t o!rs1 9 o!r po/s1 %all d !irs3 t all sev]ally %all en]gise _! function4 ,! v ^w 8duty0 seems out ( place2 if1 at lea/1 duty sugge/s ext]nal obligation1 an ord] impos$ & a debt to be dis*>g$4 ,if !re be a task-ma/] & a cr$itor1 x is ! inflexible ord] ( nature & hi/ory3--or1 to be m accurate1 ( nature1 ! indwell+ & p]man5t reality ( ?+s4 ,b ! obligation to foll[ nature is sc>cely felt z a yoke ( con/ra9t4 ,a man's virtue is to p]=m 8 "w & to p]=m x well3 to d :at he is specially capable ( do+1 & !re=e specially *>g$ to d4 ,n[h]e has ?is "* ( ,greek e?ics receiv$ m classical expression ?an 9 ! ,republic ( ,plato4 ,9 ! prelude to 8 subject--:i* is ! nature ( ,"r & ,morality--,plato has t\*$ briefly on c]ta9 popul> & inadequate views4 ,!re is ! view t ,"r has its prov9ce 9 p]=mance ( c]ta9 s+le & ext]nal acts--9 bus9ess hone/y & comm]cial /raight=w>dness4 ,!re is ! view t x is r5d]+ to ea* :at is due to him2 t x consi/s 9 ! prop] reciprocity ( s]vices1 9 ! balance ( social give & take4 ,!re is ! critical or hyp]-critical view :i*1 f see+ s mu* t is call$ ju/ice to be 9 h>mony ) ! int]e/ ( ! pr$om9ant social ord]1 bluntly id5tifies m]e =ce or /r5g? z ! gr\nd ( "r4 ,& !re are views :i* reg>d x z due to social conv5tions & artifices1 to ! influ5ce ( education1 to political arrangem5ts & ! op]ation ( irrational prejudices4 ,to all ^! views ,plato objects3 n because !y are false--= !y are all 9 "p1 (t5 9 l>ge "p1 true--b because !y are inadequate & d n g to ! root ( ! matt]4 ,! f\ndations ( "r lie1 he says1 n 9 ext]nal act1 b 9 ! inn] man3 n 9 conv5tion1 b 9 nature3 n 9 relation to o!rs1 b 9 ! con/itution ( ! s\l itself4 ,t e?ical idea--! idea ( "r--:i* seems mo/ obvi\sly to h its c5tre outside ! individual1 to live & gr[ only 9 ! relations betwe5 individuals1 ,plato selects 9 ord] to %[ ! indep5d5t royalty ( ! s+le human s\l4 ,! _w1 z ,hume aft]w>ds1 call$ ju/ice artificial3 ,plato w prove x natural4 ,9 a way he jo9s company ) ^? :o bid u drive out ! spectre ( duty1 ( obligation com+ ^u ! s\l f social au?ority1 f traditional idea1 f religi\s sanctions4 ,he prea*es--or he is ab\t to prea*--! autonomy ( ! w4 ,! f\r c>d9al virtues ( ,plato's li/ are ! qualities :i* g to make a heal?y1 normal1 natural human s\l1 fit = all activity1 equipp$ ) all arms = ! battle ( life4 ,!y tell u :at su* a s\l is1 n :at x does4 ,!y are ! qualities :i* unless a s\l has1 & has !m ea* p]fect1 yet all co-op]ant1 its m]e outw>d & s+le acts h no virtue or m]it1 b are only lucky accid5ts at ! be/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if a man has ^! con/itutive qualities1 he w act 9 ! social _w1 & act well4 ,plato has said scornful ?+s ( m]e outw>d & v]bal tru?fulness1 & has set at ! v l[e/ pit* ( degradation ! 8lie 9 ! s\l40 ,8 8temp]ance0 or 8self-re/ra9t10 if x be f> f brea?+ any sugge/ion ( self-suppression or self-ass]tion1 is /ill f>!r f any suspicion ( asceticism1 or w> aga9/ ! fle%4 ,x is ! noble h>mony ( ! rul+ & ! rul$1 :i* makes ! latt] a p>tn] ( ! sov]eign1 & takes f ! dictates ( ! rul] any t\* ( co]cion4 ,x is lit]ally sanity ( s\l1 integrity & purity ( _s2 x is :at has be5 sometimes call$ ! beautiful s\l--! indisc]ptible unity ( reason & impulse4 ,plato's brav]y1 aga91 is =titude & consi/5cy ( s\l1 ! full-blood$ he>t :i* is fix$ 9 reason1 ! zeal :i* is accord+ to k1 unfl9*+ loyalty to ! idea1 ! _s :i* burns 9 ! m>tyrs to tru? & humanity3 yet )al ) g5tl5ess & c\rtesy & noble urbanity 9 its imm$iate tra94 ,& 8 tru?fulness is t inn] lucidity :i* _c be self-deceiv$1 ! _s :i* is a safegu>d aga9/ fanaticism & hypocrisy1 ! sunlike w>m? ( intellig5ce )\t :i* ! he>t is a d>kness full ( unclean ?+s4 ,! full developm5t & cr[n+ grace ( su* a manly nature ,ari/otle has tri$ to pres5t 9 ! "* ( ! ,great-s\l$ man--him :om ,plato has call$ ! true k+ by div9e "r1 or ! autocrat by ! pat5t ( nature4 ,l all su* attempts to del9eate a type 9 ! t]ms necess>ily s+le & successive ( ab/ract analysis1 x t5ds occasionally to run into c>icature1 & to give p>tial aspects an absurd prom95cy4 ,only ! greate/ ( arti/s c\ld cope ) su* a task1 ?\gh t arti/ may be f\nd p]haps class$ among ! hi/orians4 ,yet x is possible to =m "s conception ( ! ideal :i* ,ari/otle w\ld set be=e u4 ,! ,great-s\l$ man is great1 & he d>e n d5y ! witness ( 8 _s4 ,he is "o :o does n quail be=e ! ang] & seek ! applause ( popul> op9ion3 he holds 8 head z 8 own1 & z high z 8 undimm$ self-consci\sness %[s x is wor?4 ,!re has be5 said to him by ! reason )9 him ! ^w t ,virgil ere:ile address$ to ,dante3 8,lib]o1 dritto1 e sano il tuo arbitrio ,e fallo =a non f>e a suo c5no2 ,p] *' io te sopra te corono e mitrio40 ,he is 8 own ,emp]or & 8 own ,pope4 ,he is ! p]fect$ man1 9 :om is no d>kness1 ^: s\l is utt] cle>ness1 & complete h>mony4 ,calm 9 self-possess$ maje/y1 he /&s1 if ne$ be1 contra mundum3 b r1 ) ! _w b5ea? 8 feet4 ,! *att] ( p]sonality has no int]e/ = him4 ,b5t ^u ! be/1 less] competitions = di/9ction h no attraction = him4 ,to ! vulg> he w seem cold1 self-conf9$3 9 8 ap>tness & di/9ction !y w see ! signs ( a 8prig40 ,8 look w be t ( "o :o pities m5--r ?an loves !m3 & %\ld he speak ill ( a foe1 x is r out ( pride ( he>t & unbrok5 _s ?an because ^! ?+s t\* him4 ,su* an "o1 9 _m ways1 0 ! ,flor5t9e poet himself4 ,if ! ,greek _w 9 g5]al ?us conceiv$ z ! full bloom ( manly excell5ce 7we all "k h[ slightly--witness ! rem>ks 9 ! ,p]iclean oration--,greeks1 9 _! public & (ficial utt]ances1 rat$ womanl9ess71 ! philosoph]s _h a fur!r po9t to emphasise4 ,t 0 :at !y v>i\sly call$ k1 prud5ce1 reason1 insight1 intellig5ce1 wisdom1 tru?4 ,f ,socrates to ,ari/otle1 f ,ari/otle to ! ,/oics & ,epicureans1 & f ! ,/oics to ! ,neo-,platoni/s1 ?is is ! common !me3 ! supremacy ( k1 its c5tral & ess5tial relation to virtue4 ,!y may diff]--p]haps n s widely z curr5t prejudice w\ld suppose--z to h[ ?is k is to be def9$1 :at k9d ( k x is1 h[ acquir$ & ma9ta9$1 & s on4 ,b 9 ess5tials !y are at "o4 ,none ( !m1 ( c\rse1 mean t 9 ord] to "r conduct no?+ m is ne$$ ?an to le>n & rememb] :at is "r1 ! precepts & comm&m5ts ( ord9>y morality4 ,memory is n k1 especially :5 x is out ( m9d4 ,ev5 an anci5t philosoph] 0 n :olly devoid ( common s5se4 ,!y held--:at !y suppos$ 0 a fact ( obs]vation & reflection--t all action 0 prompt$ by feel+s ( ! values ( ?+s1 by a desire ( some?+ good or pleas+ to self1 & aim$ at self-satisfaction & self-realisation1 b t !re 0 great mi/ake 9 :at ?us af=d$ satisfaction4 ,p *ose to act wrongly or errone\sly1 because !y 71 fir/1 mi/ak5 ab\t !mselves & :at !y want$1 &1 secondly1 mi/ak5 9 ! means :i* w\ld give !m satisfaction4 ,b ?is second po9t 0 second>y4 ,! ma9 ?+ 0 to "k y\rself1 :at y really 72 9 ,plato's words1 to 8see ! s\l z x is1 & "k :e!r x h "o =m only or _m1 or :at its nature is2 to look ^u x ) ! eye ( reason 9 its orig9al purity40 ,self-deception1 confusion1 t wor/ ignorance :i* is unaw>e ( itself1 false e/imation--^! are ! radical evils ( ! natural man4 ,to ^! critics ! te/imony ( consci\sness 0 wor?less1 unless corroborat$4 ,to cure ?is m5tal confusion1 ?is bl9dness ( w & judgm5t1 is ! task set = philosophy3 to give inw>d light1 to tea* true self-measurem5t4 ,9 "o passage1 mu* misund]/ood1 ,plato has call$ ?is philosophic art ! due measurem5t ( pleasures & pa9s4 ,x %\ld sc>cely h be5 possible to mi/ake ! mean+4 ,b1 ) ! cat*words ( ,utilit>ianism r++ 9 _! e>s1 ! comm5tators ran /raight contr>y to ! true tea*+ ( ! ,protagoras1 cons5ti5t z x is ) t ( ! ,pha$o & ! ,philebus4 ,to measure1 "o mu/ h a /&>d3 & if ,plato has "o lesson always = u1 x is t a sure /&>d ! multitude h n1 b only confusion4 ,! s-call$ pleasures & pa9s ( ! _w's exp]i5ces are s entitl$ = diff]5t reasons1 = contr>y aims1 & ) no unity or h>mony ( judgm5t4 ,!y are--n a fact to be accept$1 b--a problem = inve/igation3 _! reality is 9 "q1 _! g5u95ess1 solidity & purity3 & till y h settl$ t1 y _c measure1 = y may be measur+ vacuity "u ! idea t !re is sub/ance4 ,y h /ill to get at ! unit--i4e4 ! reality ( pleasure4 ,x 0 n ,plato's view t pleasure 0 a sep>ate & indep5d5t entity3 t x 0 exactly z x 0 felt4 ,ea* pleasure is dep5d5t = its pleasurable quality on ! consci\sness x belongs to1 & has only a relative tru? & reality4 ,b5?am has writt5 ab\t comput+ ! value ( a 8lot0 ( pleasures & pa9s4 ,b ,plato _h 8 m9d on an e>li] & m fundam5tal problem1 :at is ! tru? & reality ( pleasure2 & 8 fulle/ b n 8 only essay t[>ds det]m9+ ! value or e/imat+ ! mean+ ( pleasure 9 ! scale ( be+ is t giv5 9 ! ,philebus4 ,?is !n is ! k :i* ,greek philosophy meant3 n m]e intellect--?\gh1 ( c\rse1 !re is always a dang] ( !oretical inquiry deg5]at+ into ab/ract & =mal dogma4 ,b ( ! mean+ !re c be no s]i\s d\bt4 ,x is a k1 says ,plato1 to :i* ! me?od ( ma!matical sci5ce--! mo/ p]fect he c f9d ackn[l$g$--is only an ouv]ture1 or p]haps1 only ! prelim9>y tun+ ( ! /r+s4 ,x is a k n et]nally hypo!tical--a sy/em ( sequ5ces :i* h no sure f\ndation4 ,x is a k :i* re/s ^u ! conviction & belief ( ! 8idea ( good03 a k9d ( k :i* does n come by direct tea*+1 :i* is n m]e !ory1 b implies a lively conviction1 a p]sonal appreh5sion1 a crisis :i* is a k9d ( 8conv]sion10 or 8inspiration40 ,x is z x 7 ! prize ( a great conte/1 9 :i* ! sword t conqu]s is ! sword ( dialectic3 a sword :]e( ! prop]ty is1 l t ( ,i?uriel's spe>1 to lay b>e all deceptions & illusions ( life4 ,or1 to v>y ! metaphor3 ! son ( man is l ! pr9ce 9 ! fairy tale :o goes =? to w9 ! true que52 b !re are _m false pret5d]s deck$ out to deceive 8 unw>y eyes & fooli% he>t4 ,yet 9 himself !re is a p[] ( disc]nm5t3 !re is some?+ k9dr$ ) ! tru?3--! witness ( ! ,_s--& all t education & discipl9e c d is to remove ob/acles1 especially ! ob/acles )9 ! self :i* p]turb ! sight & mislead ! judgm5t4 ,7 n ! s\l orig9ally possess$ ( & dom9at$ by ! idea ( good1 x c\ld nev] disc]n x else:]e4 ,on ?is orig9al k9dr$ dep5ds all ! process ( education2 ! influ5ce ( :i* !re=e is prim>ily negative or auxili>y4 ,?us ! process ( hi/ory & exp]i5ce1--:i* ! "w ( education only reproduces 9 an accel]at$ tempo--s]ves b to br+ out ! implicit reason )9 into explicit con=mity ) ! rationality ( ! _w4 ,k1 !n1 9 ?is e?ical sph]e means ! h>mony ( w1 emotion1 intellect3 x means ! cle> light :i* has no illusions & no deceptions4 ,& to ^? :o feel t mu* ( _! life & ( ! common life is f\nd$ on prejudice & illusion1 su* :ite light w occasionally seem h>d & /eely4 ,at its approa* !y fe> ! loss ( ! *>m ( t twilight h\r ere ! day has yet begun1 or be=e ! d>kness has fully settl$ d[n4 ,?us ! he>t & feel+s look ^u ! intellect z an enemy ( s5tim5t4 ,& ,plato himself is n )\t anticipations ( su* an issue4 ,yet p]haps we may add t ! dang] is 9 "p an imag9>y "o1 & only arises because intellig5ce takes its task too lightly1 & encroa*es beyond its prop] gr\nd4 ,philosophy1 9 o!r words1 mi/akes its place :5 x sets itself up z a dogmatic sy/em ( life4 ,its function is to compreh5d1 & f compreh5sion to criticise1 & ?r\gh criticis+ to unify4 ,x has no positive & additional tea*+ ( its own3 no addition to ! burd5 ( life & exp]i5ce4 ,& exp]i5ce x mu/ respect4 ,its "w is to ma9ta9 ! organic or sup]-organic int]connexion betwe5 all ! sph]es ( life & all ! =ms ( reality4 ,x has to prev5t /agnation & absorption ( dep>tm5ts--to keep ea* 9 its prop] place1 b n m ?an its place1 & yet to %[ h[ ea* is n indep5d5t ( ! o!rs4 ,& ?is is :at ! philosoph] or anci5t sage w\ld be4 ,if he is passionless1 x is n t he has no passions1 b t !y no long] p]turb & mislead4 ,if 8 controll+ _s be reason1 x is n ! reason ( ! s-call$ 8rationali/10 b ! reason :i* seeks 9 pati5ce to compreh5d1 & to be at home 91 a _w x at fir/ f9ds /range4 ,& if he is critical ( o!rs1 he is /ill m critical ( himself3 critical h[ev] n = criticism's sake 7:i* is b a poor ?+71 b because ?r\gh criticism ! fai? ( reason may be m fully ju/ifi$4 ,to ! la/1 if he is true to 8 mission & fai?ful to 8 loyalty to reality1 he w h ! simplicity ( ! *ild4 ,:e!r !re=e we agree or n ) ,plato's r$uction ( ,"r & ,duty to self-actualisation1 we may at lea/ admit t 9 ! idea ( p]fection or excell5ce1 comb9$ ) ! idea ( k or inw>d lucidity1 he has got ! fundam5tal ideas on :i* fur!r e?ical developm5t mu/ build4 ,self-control1 self-k1 int]nal h>mony1 are good3 & s are ! developm5t ( our sev]al faculties & ( ! totality ( !m to ! fulle/ pit* ( excell5ce4 ,b _! value does n lie entirely 9 !mselves1 or r !re is implicit 9 !m a ref]5ce to some?+ beyond !mselves4 ,!y take = grant$ some?+ :i*1 because x is s tak51 may also be ignor$ & neglect$1 j because x seems s obvi\s4 ,& t implication is ! social humanity 9 :i* !y are ! spirits ( light & lead+4 ,to lay ! /ress on or excell5ce t5ds to leave out ( sight ! =ce ( duty2 & to emphasise k is all[$ to disp>age ! he>t & feel+s4 ,! m9d--ev5 ( a philosoph]--f9ds a difficulty 9 hold+ v diff]5t po9ts ( view 9 "o1 & :]e x is =c$ f "o to ano!r1 t5ds to =get ! e>li] altoge!r4 ,?us :5 ! e?ical philosoph]1 presuppos+ z an absolute or unque/ionable fact t man ! individual 0 root$ 9 ! community1 proce$$ to discuss ! problem ( ! be/ & complete/ individual e/ate1 he 0 easily l$ to lose sight ( ! fundam5tal & gov]n+ condition altoge!r4 ,f ! mom5t t ,ari/otle lays d[n ! !sis t man is naturally social1 to ! mom5t :5 he asks h[ ! b>e ideal ( excell5ce 9 "* & life c become an actuality1 ! community 9 :i* man lives has retir$ out ( sight away into ! backgr\nd4 ,& x only comes 91 z x fir/ appe>s1 z ! pa$agogue to br+ u to morality4 ,& ,plato1 ?\gh pr(ess$ly he is speak+ ( ! community1 & is well aw>e t ! individual c only be sav$ by ! salvation ( ! community1 is con/antly fall+ back into ano!r problem--! developm5t ( an individual s\l4 ,he feels ! /r5g? ( ! egoi/ic ef=t aft] p]fection1 & 8 essay 9 ! end t5ds to lose sight altoge!r ( its second !me4 ,in/ead ( a man he gives u a m]e philosoph]1 a man1 t is1 n liv+ ) 8 c\ntry's life1 in/9ct ) ! he>t & feel+ ( humanity1 inspir$ by art & religion1 b a be+ set ap>t & exalt$ above 8 fell[s1--*>g$ no d\bt 9 !ory ) ! duty ( sav+ !m1 ( act+ vic>i\sly z ! m$iator betwe5 !m & ! absolute tru?--b really t5d+ m & m to seclude himself on ! edita templa ( ! _w1 on ! high-t[]s ( speculation4 ,& :at ,plato & ,ari/otle did1 s to speak1 aga9/ _! express purpose & ef=t1 yet did1 because ! =ce ( contempor>y t5d5cy 0 irresi/ible--t ! ,/oa & ,epicurus did m op5ly & pr(ess$ly4 ,) a diff]5ce 9 !ory1 x is true1 ow+ to ! diff]5ce 9 ! surr\nd+s4 ,virtue 9 ! old] day ( ! free & glori\s commonweal? _h meant physical & intellectual a*ievem5t1 acts done 9 ! public eye1 & ( c\rse = ! public good--a good ) :i* ! ag5t 0 id5tifi$ at lea/ 9 he>t & s\l1 if n 9 8 explicit consci\sness4 ,9 lat] & worse days1 :5 ! political _w1 ) ! _w div9e1 _h )drawn f actual id5tity ) ! c5tral he>t ( ! individual1 & /ood ov]-aga9/ him z a /range p[] & little bett] ?an a nuisance1 virtue came to be c\nt$ z endurance1 indiff]5ce1 negative indep5d5ce aga9/ a cold & a p]plex+ _w4 ,b ev5 /ill1 virtue is excell5ce3 x is to rise above ! ignoble level3 to ass]t self-lib]ty aga9/ accid5t & circum/ance--to atta9 self-controll$1 self-satisfy+ indep5d5ce--& to become ,god-l 9 its seclusion4 ,yet 9 two directions ev5 x _h to ackn[l$ge some?+ beyond ! individual4 ,! ,epicurean--foll[+ out a sugge/ion ( ,ari/otle--recognis$ ! help :i* ! free society ( fri5ds gave to ! full developm5t ( ! s+le seek] aft] a self-satisfy+ & complete life4 ,! ,/oic1 n altoge!r refus+ su* help1 t5d$ r to re/ 8 s+le self on a fell[%ip ( ideal sort1 on ! great city ( gods & m51 ! civitas ,dei4 ,?us1 9 sep>ate halves1 ! two s*ools1 into :i* ,greek e?ics 0 divid$1 gave expression to ! s5se t a new & high] community 0 ne$$--to ! s5se t ! visible actual community no long] realis$ its lat5t idea4 ,! ,/oic emphasis$ ! all-embrac+ necessity1 ! absolute compreh5siv5ess ( ! moral k+dom4 ,! ,epicurean saw m cle>ly t1 if ! ev]la/+ city came f heav51 x c\ld only visibly arise by initiation ^u ! e>?4 ,*ri/ianity--9 its be/ "w--0 a conjunction ( ! lib]ty ) ! necessity1 ( ! human ) ! div9e4 ,m int]e/+1 p]haps1 x is to note ! misconception ( reason & k :i* grew up4 ,k came m & m to be id5tifi$ ) ! reflective & critical consci\sness1 :i* is outside reality & life1 & judges x f a /&po9t ( its own4 ,x came to be e/eem$ only 9 its =mal & ab/ract %ape1 & at ! exp5se ( ! he>t & feel+s4 ,! anti!sis ( philosophy 7or k /rictly s call$7 accord+ to ,plato 0 m]e op9ion1 accid5tal & imp]fect k4 ,! k :i* is truly valuable is a k :i* presupposes ! full reality ( life1 & is ! m & m completely articulat$ !ory ( x z a :ole4 ,x is--ab/ractly tak5--a m]e =m ( unity :i* has no value except 9 unit+3 x is--tak5 concretely--! matt]1 we may say1 9 complete unity4 ,x is ideal & p]fect h>mony ( ?\ght1 appetite1 & emotion3 or putt+ x o!rwise1 ! philosoph] is "o :o is n m]ely a creature ( appetite & production1 n m]ely a creature ( feel+ & practical en]gy1 b a creature1 :o to bo? ( ^! sup]adds an intellig5ce :i* sets eyes 9 ! bl9d =ehead ( ^! o!r p[]s1 & ?us1 f> f sup]s$+ !m altoge!r1 only raises !m into complet5ess1 & realises all t is wor?y 9 _! implicit natures4 ,always ^! two impulsive t5d5cies ( our nature are guid$ by "s sort ( ideas & intellig5ce1 by beliefs & op9ions4 ,b !y1 l _! guides1 are sporadically em]g5t1 unconnect$1 & !re=e apt to be contradictory4 ,x is to su* erratic & occasional ideas1 half-tru?s & deceptions1 t philosophy is oppos$4 ,un=tunately = all p>ties1 ! anti!sis is c>ri$ f>!r4 ,philosophy & ! philosoph] are fur!r set 9 opposition to ! fai? ( ! he>t1 ! intimacy & int5sity ( feel+1 ! dep? ( love & tru/1 :i* 9 practice (t5 g along ) imp]fect ideas4 ,! philosoph] is made "o :o has emancipat$ himself f ! he>t & feel+s1--a pure intellig5ce1 :o is set above all cre$s1 contemplat+ all1 & hold+ none4 ,consi/5cy & cle>ness become 8 idol1 to be wor%ipp$ at any co/1 save "o sacrifice3 & t "o sacrifice is ! sacrifice ( 8 own self-conceit4 ,= consi/5cy g5]ally means t all is made to h>monise ) "o assum$ /&po9t1 & t :atev] pres5ts discrepancies ) ?is alleg$ /&>d is ru?lessly ?r[n away4 ,su* a philosophy mi/akes its function1 :i* is n1 z ,he9e sc(fs1 to make an intelligible sy/em by reject+ ! discordant fragm5ts ( life1 b to foll[ rev]5tly1 if sl[ly1 9 ! wake ( exp]i5ce4 ,su* a 8p]fect sage10 ) 8 p>ade ( reasonabl5ess1 may (t5 assume ! po/ ( a dictator4 ,&1 above all1 intellig5ce is only half itself :5 x is n also w4 ,& bo? are m ?an m]e consci\sness4 ,plato--:om we ref] to1 because he is ! coryphaeus ( all ! div]se ho/ ( ,greek philosophy--seems to ov]e/imate or r to misconceive ! place ( k4 ,t x is ! supreme & cr[n+ grace ( ! s\l1 he sees4 ,b he t5ds to id5tify x ) ! supreme or high] s\l3--z ,ari/otle did aft] him1 to be foll[$ by ! ,/oics & ,neo-,platoni/s4 ,= !m ! supreme1 or almo/ supreme reality is ! intellig5ce or reason3 ! s\l is only on a second grade ( reality1 on ! bord]s ( ! natural or physical _w4 ,:5 ,plato takes t l9e1 he turns t[>ds ! pa? ( asceticism1 & treats ! philosophic life z a prep>ation = t tru] life :5 intellig5ce %all be all 9 all1 = t bett] l& :]e 8div9e dialogues0 %all =m ! /aple & sub/ance ( spiritual exi/5ce4 ,ari/otle1--:o less (t5 treads ^! solitudes1--/ill extols ! !oretic life1 :5 ! body & its ne$s tr\ble no m1 :5 ! activity ( reason--! !ory ( !ory--is atta9$ at lea/ z entirely z mortal conditions all[ man to be deifi$4 ,( ! 8apa?y0 & ! reasonable con=mity ( ! ,/oics1 or ( ! purely negative "* ( ,epicurean happ9ess 7! excision ( all t pa9$7 we ne$ n "h speak4 ,& 9 ,plot9us & ,proclus ! deification ( m]e reason is at any rate ! dom9ant note2 :atev] prote/s ! l>g] ,greek nature 9 ! =m] may f "t to "t (f]4 ,! tru? :i* philosophy %\ld h taught 0 t ,m9d or intellig5ce 0 ! elem5t :]e ! inn] life culm9at$ & exp&$ & fl\ri%$3 ! error :i* x (t5 t5d$ to spread 0 t intellig5ce 0 ! high] life ( :i* all o!r 0 a deg5]ate %ortcom+1 & some?+ valuable on its own acc\nt4 ,x may be t ?us to int]pret ,plato is to d him an inju/ice4 ,x has be5 sometimes said t 8 division ( p>ts or k9ds ( s\l--or 8 di/9ction betwe5 its fight+ horses--t5ds to de/roy ! unity ( m5tal life4 ,b p]haps ?is 0 exactly :at he want$ to convey4 ,!re are--we may p>aphrase 8 mean+--?ree k9ds ( human be+1 ?ree types ( human life4 ,!re is ! man or ! life ( appetite & ! fle%3 !re is ! man ( noble emotion & en]getic dep? ( s\l3 !re is ! life ( reasonable pursuits & organis$ pr9ciple4 ,or1 we may take 8 mean+ to be t !re are ?ree elem5ts or prov9ces ( m5tal life1 :i* 9 all except a few are b imp]fectly coh]5t & d n rea* a true or complete unity4 ,"s unity !re always is3 b 9 ! life ( m]e appetite & impulse1 ev5 :5 ^! impulses are our nobl] s5tim5ts ( love & hatr$1 ! unity falls v f> %ort4 ,or1 z he puts ! !me else:]e1 ! s\l has a passion = self-completion1 a love ( beauty1 :i* 9 mo/ is b a mislead+ lu/4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( ! philosophic life to re-create or to fo/] ?is unity3 or philosophy is ! p]si/5t se>* ( ! s\l = its lo/ unity1 ! se>* to see t unity :i* is always its animat+ pr9ciple1 its inn] fai?4 ,:5 ! s\l has rea*$ ?is ideal--if x c be suppos$ to atta9 x 7& ( ?is ! /rong-s\l$ anci5t philosoph]s feel no d\bt71--!n a *ange mu/ take place4 ,! love ( beauty is n suppress$2 x is only made self-assur$ & its object fre$ f all imp]fection4 ,x is n t passion has ceas$2 b its nature is s transfigur$1 t x seems wor?y ( a nobl] "n1 :i* yet we _c give4 ,to su* a life1 :]e battle & conflict are z su* unkn[n1 we _c long] give ! title ( life3 & we say t philosophy is 9 life a rehe>sal ( dea?7#gj74 ,& yet if !re be no battle1 !re is n = t reason m]e inaction4 ,h5ce1 z ! ,republic concludes1 ! true philosoph] is ! complete man4 ,he is ! tru? & reality :i* ! appetitive & emotional man 7 seek+ aft] & fail$ to realise4 ,x is true !y at fir/ w n see ?is4 ,b ! :ole long process ( philosophy is ! means to induce ?is conviction4 ,& = ,plato x rema9s cle> t ?r\gh exp]i5ce1 ?r\gh wisdom1 & ?r\gh ab/ract d$uction1 ! philosoph] w ju/ify 8 claim to him :o ha? e>s to he> & he>t to und]/&4 ,if t be s1 ! asceticism ( ,plato is n a m]e w> ^u fle% & s5se z su*1 b ^u fle% & s5se z imp]fect tru?1 fragm5t>y reality1 :i* suppose !mselves complete1 ?\gh !y are aga9 & aga9 confut$ by exp]i5ce1 by wisdom1 & by m]e calculation1--a w> aga9/ _! bl9dness & %ortsight$ness4 ,essay ,,iv4 ,psy*o-,g5esis4 8,! key10 says ,c>us1 8= ! asc]ta9m5t ( ! nature ( ! consci\s psy*ical life lies 9 ! region ( ! unconsci\s7#ga740 ,! view :i* ^! words take is at lea/ z old z ! days ( ,leibniz4 ,x means t ! m5tal _w does n abruptly em]ge a full-gr[n intellig5ce1 b has a g5esis1 & foll[s a law ( developm5t3 t its life may be describ$ z ! diff]5tiation 7) integration7 ( a simple or indiff]5tiat$ mass4 ,! t]ms consci\s & unconsci\s1 inde$1 ) _! lax popul> uses1 leave ! door wide op5 = misconception4 ,b !y may s]ve to m>k t ! m9d is to be und]/ood only 9 a c]ta9 relation 7p>tly ( anti!sis7 to nature1 & ! s\l only 9 ref]5ce to ! body4 ,! s-call$ 8sup]ior faculties0--specially *>act]i/ic ( humanity--are f\nd$ ^u1 & d n abruptly sup]s$e1 ! l[] p[]s :i* are suppos$ to be specially obvi\s 9 ! animals7#gb74 ,! individual & specific ph5om5a ( consci\sness1 :i* ! psy*ologi/ is g5]ally suppos$ to /udy1 re/ ^u a deep]1 less explicat$1 m indef9ite1 life ( s5sibility1 :i* 9 its turn fades away by immeasurable gradations into some?+ irresponsive to ! ord9>y te/s = s5sation & life4 ,& yet ! mom5t we attempt to leave ! daylight ( consci\sness = ! d>k] sides ( sub-consci\s life1 ! risks ( mis9t]pretation multiply4 ,! problem is to "s ext5t ! same z confronts ! /ud5t ( ! ideas & pr9ciples ( primitive races4 ,!re1 ! temptation ( see+ ?+s ?r\gh ! 8spectacles ( civilisation0 is almo/ irresi/ible4 ,s 9 psy*ology we are apt to import into ! life ( s5sation & feel+ ! di/9ctions & relations ( subsequ5t intellection4 ,nor is ! difficulty less5$ by ,hegel's me?od :i* deals ) s\l1 s5ti5cy1 & consci\sness z grades or g5]al *>act]i/ics 9 a developm5tal advance4 ,he borr[s 8 illu/rations f _m qu>t]s1 f morbid & anomal\s /ates ( consci\sness1--less f ! cases ( savages1 *ildr5 & animals4 ,^! illu/rations may be call$ a loose induction4 ,b x requires a mu* m p[]ful in/rum5t ?an m]e induction to build up a sci5tific sy/em2 a framework ( g5]al pr9ciple or !ory is ! only basis on :i* to build !ory by ! allegation ( facts1 h[ev] num]\s4 ,yet 9 philosophic sci5ce1 :i* is sy/ematis$ k1 all facts /rictly s describ$ w f9d _! place & be e/imat$ at _! prop] value4 7i47 ,primitive ,s5sibility4 ,psy*ology 7) ,hegel7 takes up ! "w ( sci5ce f biology4 ,! m9d comes be=e x z ! supreme product ( ! natural _w1 ! f9e/ fl[] ( organic life1 ! 8tru?0 ( ! physical process4 ,z su* x is call$ by ! "t-hon\r$ "n ( ,s\l4 ,if we fur!r g on to say t ! s\l is ! pr9ciple ( life1 we mu/ n und]/& ?is vital pr9ciple to be some?+ ov] & above ! life ( :i* x is ! pr9ciple4 ,su* a locally-sep>able pr9ciple is an addition :i* is due to ! analogy ( me*anical movem5t1 :]e a deta*$ ag5t sets 9 motion & directs ! ma*9]y4 ,b 9 ! organism ! pr9ciple is n ?us deta*able z a ?+ or ag5t4 ,by call+ ,s\l ! pr9ciple ( life we r mean t 9 ! vital organism1 s f> z x lives1 all ! real v>iety1 sep>ation1 & discont9uity ( p>ts mu/ be r$uc$ to unity & id5tity1 or z ,hegel w\ld say1 to ideality4 ,to live is ?us to keep all diff]5ces fluid & p]meable 9 ! fire ( ! life-process4 ,or to use a famili> t]m ( logic1 ! ,s\l is ! concept or intelligible unity ( ! organic body4 ,b to call x a concept might sugge/ t x is only ! conception ?r\gh :i* we repres5t to ourselves ! v>iety 9 unity ( ! organism4 ,! s\l1 h[ev]1 is m ?an a m]e concept3 & life is m ?an a m]e mode ( description = a gr\p ( movem5ts =m+ an objective unity4 ,x is a unity1 subjective & objective4 ,! organism is "o life1 controll+ diff]5ce3 & x is also "o by our ef=t to compreh5d x4 ,! ,s\l !re=e is 9 ,hegelian language describ$ z ! ,idea r ?an ! concept ( ! organic body4 ,life is ! g5]ic title = ?is subject-object3 b ! life may be m]ely physical1 or x may be intellectual & practical1 or x may be absolute1 i4e4 w & "k all t x is1 & be all t x kn[s & wills4 ,up to ?is po9t ! _w is :at is call$ an ext]nal1 :i* is "h tak5 to mean 7n a _w ext]nal to ! individual1 b7 a self-ext]nalis$ _w4 ,t is to say1 x is ! obs]v] :o has hi!rto by 8 int]pretation ( 8 p]ceptions suppli$ ! 8,_s 9 ,nature40 ,9 itself ! ext]nal _w has no inside1 no c5tre3 x is we :o read into x ! conception ( a life-hi/ory4 ,we are l$ to believe t a pr9ciple ( unity is always at "w ?r\gh\t ! physical _w--ev5 9 ! ma!matical laws ( natural op]ation4 ,x is only intelligible & cr$ible to u z a sy/em1 a cont9u\s & regul> developm5t4 ,b t sy/em is only a hypo!tical idea1 ?\gh x is held to be a conclusion to :i* all ! evid5ce seems unequivocally to po9t4 ,&1 ev5 9 organic life1 ! unity1 ?\gh m p]fect & palpable ?an 9 ! me*anical & inorganic _w1 is only a p]ception1 a vision1--a necess>y mode ( realis+ ! unity ( ! facts4 ,! ph5om5on ( life reveals z 9 a picture & an ocul> demon/ration ! con=mity ( inw>d & outw>d1 ! id5tity ( :ole & p>ts1 ( p[] & utt]ance4 ,b x is /ill outside ! obs]v]4 ,9 ! function ( s5sibility & s5ti5cy1 h[ev]1 we /& z x 7 on ! bord]-l9e betwe5 biology & psy*ology4 ,at "o /ep we h be5 br\ght )9 ! h>mony1 & are no long] m]e obs]v]s & reflect]s4 ,! s5ti5t n m]ely is1 b is aw>e t x is4 ,hi!rto z life1 x only is ! unity 9 div]sity1 & div]sity 9 unity1 = ! outsid]1 i4e4 only implicitly3 n[ x is s = itself1 or consci\sly4 ,& 9 ! fir/ /age x does n "k1 b feels or is s5ti5t4 ,"h1 = ! fir/ "t1 is creat$ ! di/9ction ( inw>d & outw>d4 ,loosely inde$ we may1 l ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 speak ( outw>d & inw>d 9 physiology3 b /rictly speak+1 :at ,goe! says is true1 ,natur hat w$] ,k]n no* ,s*aale7#gc74 ,nature 9 ! n>r[] s5se kn[s no di/9ction ( ! inw>d & outw>d 9 its ph5om5a3 x is a purely sup]ficial ord] & succession ( appe>ance & ev5t4 ,! ,idea :i* has be5 visible to an intellig5t p]cipi5t 9 ! types & laws ( ! natural _w1 n[ is1 actually is--is 9 & = itself--b at fir/ 9 a m9imum ( cont5t1 a m]e po9t ( light1 or r ! dawn :i* has yet to exp& into ! full day4 ,sp9oza has ass]t$ t 8all individual bodies are animate1 ?\gh 9 diff]5t degrees7#gd740 ,n[ x is to a great ext5t ?is div]sity ( degree on :i* ! ma9 int]e/ turns4 ,yet x is well to rememb] t ! abrupt & tr5*ant sep>ations :i* popul> practice loves are ov]ridd5 to a deep] view by an ess5tial unity ( idea1 r$uc+ !m to indiff]5ce4 ,if1 t is1 we take s]i\sly ! ,sp9ozi/ unity ( ,sub/ance1 & ! cont9ual correlation 7to call x no m7 ( ext5sion & consci\sness !re91 we _c avoid ! conclusion :i* ev5 ,bacon w\ld admit ( some?+ describable z attraction & p]ception1 some?+ subdu+ div]sity to unity4 ,b :e!r x be well to "n ?is s\l or life is a diff]5t matt]4 ,x may inde$ only be tak5 to mean t all true be+ mu/ be look$ on z a real unity & individuality1 mu/1 t is1 be conceiv$ z manife/+ itself 9 organisation1 mu/ be ref]r$ to a self-c5tr$ & self-develop+ activity4 ,b ?is--:i* is ! fundam5tal !sis ( idealism--is h>dly all t is meant4 ,r ,sp9oza w\ld imply t all ?+s :i* =m a real unity mu/ h life--mu/ h inn] pr9ciple & unify+ reality3 & :at he tea*es is closely ak9 to ! ,leibnitian doctr9e t e sub/antial exi/5ce reposes ^u a monad1 a unity :i* is at once bo? a =ce & a cognition1 a 8repres5tation0 & an appetite or nisus to act4 ,:5 ,fe*n] 9 a s]ies ( works7#ge7 exp\nds & def5ds ! hypo!sis t plants & planets are n de/itute ( s\l1 any m ?an man & animals1 he only gives a m pron\nc$ expression to ?is idealisation or spiritualisation ( ! natural _w4 ,b = ! mom5t ! po9t to be not$ is t all ( ?is ideali/ic doctr9e is an inf]5ce1 or a developm5t :i* f9ds its po9t d'appui 9 ! fact ( s5sation4 ,& ! problem ( ! ,philosophy ( ,m9d is j to trace ! process :]eby a m]e %ock ( s5sation has gr[n into a conception & a fai? 9 ! goodness1 beauty & intellig5ce ( ! _w4 ,s*op5hau] has put ! po9t ) 8 usual picturesqu5ess4 ,outw>d nature pres5ts no?+ b a play ( =ces4 ,at fir/1 h[ev]1 ?is =ce %[s m]ely ! me*anical ph5om5a ( pressure & impact1 & its !ory is suffici5tly describ$ by ma!matical physics4 ,b 9 ! process ( nature =ce assumes high] types1 types :]e x loses a c]ta9 am\nt ( its ext]nality7#gf71 till 9 ! organic _w x acquires a peculi> phase :i* ,s*op5hau] calls ,w1 mean+ by t1 h[ev]1 an organis+ & controll+ p[]1 a t5d5cy or nisus to be & live1 :i* is p]si/5t & pot5t1 b )\t consci\sness4 ,?is bl9d =ce1 :i* h[ev] has a c]ta9 coh]5ce & purposiv5ess1 is 9 ! animal organism end[$ ) a new "*1 9 consequ5ce ( ! em]g5ce ( a new organ4 ,?is organ1 ! bra9 & n]v\s sy/em1 causes ! evolution into cle> day ( an elem5t :i* has be5 gr[+ m & m urg5t4 ,! ga!r+ t5d5cy ( =ce to return into itself is n[ complete3 ! cycle ( op]ation is =m$3 & ! junction ( ! two curr5ts issues 9 ! sp>k ( s5sation4 ,! bl9d =ce n[ becomes see+4 ,b at fir/--& ?is is ! po9t we h to emphasise--its p[]s ( vision are limit$4 ,s5sibility is ei!r a local & re/rict$ ph5om5on3 or1 9 s f> z x is n local1 x is vague & indef9ite1 & h>dly entitl$ to ! "n ( s5sibility4 ,ei!r x is a dim1 b f>-rea*+1 sympa?y ) environ+ exi/5ce1 & 9 t case only s-call$ bl9d w or feel+3 or if x is cle>1 is locally conf9$1 & at fir/ )9 v n>r[ limits4 ,nei!r ( ^! po9ts mu/ be lo/ sight (4 ,on ! "o h& feel+ has to be reg>d$ z ! dull & confus$ /irr+ ( an almo/ inf9ite sympa?y ) ! _w--a pulse :i* has come f ! f>-di/ant movem5ts ( ! univ]se1 & be>s ) x1 if b z a possibility1 ! weal? ( an inf9ite message4 ,on ! o!r h&1 feel+ at fir/ only becomes real1 9 ?is b\ndless ideality to :i* its possibilities ext5d1 by re/rict+ itself to "o little po9t & f sev]al po9ts organis+ itself to a unity ( bodily feel+1 till x c g on f !nce to embrace ! univ]se 9 di/9ct & articulate compreh5sion4 ,s\l1 says ,hegel1 is n a sep>ate & additional some?+ ov] & above ! re/ ( nature3 x is r nature's 8'univ]sal immat]ialism1 & simple ideal life7#gg740 ,!re 7 anci5t philosoph]s :o spoke ( ! s\l z a self-adju/+ numb]1--z a h>mony1 or equilibrium7#gh7--;& ! mod]ns h add$ consid]ably to ! li/ ( ^! analogical def9itions4 ,z def9itions !y obvi\sly fall %ort4 ,yet ^! ?+s give1 z x 71 by anticipation1 an image ( s\l1 z ! 8ideality10 :i* r$uces ! manifold to unity4 ,! adhesions & cohesions ( matt]1 its gravitat+ attractions1 its *emical aff9ities & electrical pol>ities1 ! intricate out-&-9 ( organic /ructure1 are all preludes to ! true incorporat+ unity :i* is ! ev]-imman5t sup]session ( ! endless self-ext]nalism & successionalism ( physical reality4 ,b 9 s5ti5cy1 feel+1 or s5sibility1 ! unity :i* all ( ^! imply )\t rea*+1 is explicitly pres5t4 ,x is implicitly an all-embrac+ unity3 an inf9ite1--:i* has no doors & no w9d[s1 = ! good reason t x ne$s none1 because x has no?+ outside x1 because x 8expresses0 & 8envelopes0 7h[ev] confus$ly at fir/7 ! :ole univ]se4 ,?us1 ev5 if1 ) localis+ phraseology1 we may describe m9d1 :]e x appe>s em]g+ 9 ! natural _w1 z a m]e feeble & incid5tal outbur/1--a rebellion break+ out z 9 "s petty prov9ce or isolat$ region aga9/ ! great law ( ! physical realm--we are 9 s speak+ tak+ only an ext]nal /&po9t4 ,b ) ! rise ( m9d 9 nature ! bond ( ext]nalism is implicitly ov]come4 ,to x1 & :]e x really is1 !re is no?+ outside1 no?+ transc5d5t4 ,ev]y?+ :i* is said to be outside m9d is only outside a localis$ & limit$ m9d--outside a m9d :i* is imp]fectly & ab/ractly realis$--n outside m9d absolutely4 ,m9d is ! absolute negation ( ext]nality3 n a m]e relative negative1 z ! organism may be biologically describ$ z inn] 9 respect ( ! environm5t4 ,to accompli% ?is negation 9 actuality1 to br+ ! multiplicity & ext]nality ( ?+s into ! unity & id5tity ( "o ,idea1 is ! process ( developm5t ( m9d f animal s5sibility to philosophic k1 f appetite to art1--! process ( culture ?r\gh ! social /ate "u ! influ5ce ( religion4 ,s5ti5cy or psy*ic matt] 7m9d-/uff71 to beg9 )1 is 9 "s respects l ! tabula rasa ( ! empirici/s4 ,x is ! possibility--b ! real possibility--( intellig5ce r ?an intellig5ce itself4 ,x is ! monoton\s undiff]5tiat$ inw>dness--a fa9t self-aw>5ess & self-realisation ( ! mat]ial _w1 b at fir/ a m]e vague psy*ical protoplasm & )\t def9$ nucleus1 )\t p]ceptible organisation or sep>ation ( /ructures4 ,if !re is self-aw>5ess1 x is n yet discrim9at$ into a di/9ct & unifi$ self1 n yet diff]5tiat$ & integrat$1--s\l 9 ! condition ( a m]e 8,is10 :i*1 h[ev]1 is no?+ det]m9ate4 ,x is v mu* 9 ! situation ( ,condillac's /atue-man--une /atue organise intrieurem5t comme n\s1 et anime d'un esprit priv de t\te espce d'ides3 alike at lea/ s f> t ! rigid uni=mity ( ! latt]'s envelope prev5ts all articulat$ organisation ( its faculties4 ,! f\ndation "u all ! div]sity & individuality 9 ! concrete intellig5t & volitional life is a common feel+1--a s5sus communis--a g5]al & indet]m9ate susceptibility to influ5ce1 a sympa?y responsive1 b responsive vaguely & equivocally1 to all ! /imuli ( ! physical environm5t4 ,!re 0 once a "t1 accord+ to primitive leg5d1 :5 man und]/ood ! language ( bea/ & bird1 & ev5 surpris$ ! secret conv]se ( trees & fl[]s4 ,su* fancies are b ! exagg]ation ( a solid>ity ( consci\s life :i* seems to spread f> 9 ! sub-consci\s realm1 & to n>r[ ! individual's s\l into limit$ *annels z x rises into cle> self-p]ception1 8,z ?ro' ! frame t b9ds him 9 ,8 isolation gr[s def9$40 ,x may be a m]e dream t1 z ,goe! feigns ( ,mak>ia 9 8 romance7#gi71 !re are m5 & wom5 9 sympa?y ) ! vicissitudes ( ! />ry regions3 & hypo!ses ( lun> influ5ce1 or dogmas ( a/rological de/9y1 may c\nt to ! pres5t gu>dians ( ! sci5ces z vision>y sup]/itions4 ,yet sci5ce 9 ^! regions has no reason to be dogmatic2 h] function hi!rto c only be critical2 & ev5 = t1 h] data are scanty & h] pr9ciples extremely g5]al4 ,! influ5ces on ! m5tal mood & faculty1 produc$ by climate & seasons1 by local environm5t & national type1 by individual peculi>ities1 by ! diff]5ces ( age & sex1 & by ! alt]nation ( night & day1 ( sleep & wak+1 are less que/ionable4 ,x is easy no d\bt to ignore or =get !m3 easy to rem>k h[ indef9able & incalculable !y are4 ,b t does n less5 _! radical & inevitable impress 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! :ole "*4 8,! sum ( our exi/5ce1 divid$ by reason1 nev] comes out exact1 b always leaves a m>vell\s rema9d]7#hj740 ,irrational ?is residue is1 9 ! s5se t x is inexplicable1 & incomm5surable ) ! well-kn[n quantities ( consci\s & volunt>ily organis$ life4 ,b a sci5tific psy*ology1 :i* is adequate to ! real & concrete m9d1 %\ld nev] lose sight ( ! fact t e "o ( its propositions 9 reg>d to ! m advanc$ phases ( intellectual developm5t is ?or\ghly & 9 indef9able ways modifi$ by ^! preconditions4 ,:5 t is rememb]$1 x w be obvi\s h[ complicat$ is ! problem ( adapt+ psy*ology = ! application to education1 & h[ dep5d5t ! solution ( t problem is ^u an exp]i5tial famili>ity ) ! data ( individual & national temp]am5t & "*4 ,! fir/ /age 9 m5tal developm5t is ! e/abli%m5t ( regul> & uni=m relations betwe5 s\l & body3 x is ! diff]5tiation ( organs & ! integration ( function3 ! balance betwe5 s5sation & movem5t1 betwe5 ! aff]5t & eff]5t processes ( s5sitivity4 ,giv5 a pot5tial s\l1 ! problem is to make x actual 9 an individual body4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( a physical psy*ology to describe 9 detail ! /eps by :i* ! body we are atta*$ to is made inw>d z our idea ?r\gh ! sev]al organs & _! n]v\s appurt5ances3 :]eas a psy*ical physiology w\ld conv]sely expla9 ! correspond+ processes = ! expression ( ! emotions & = ! objectification ( ! volitions4 ,?us s\l inw>dises 7er9n]t7 or envelops body3 :i* body 8expresses0 or develops s\l4 ,! actual s\l is ! unity ( bo?1 is ! p]cipi5t individual4 ,! solid>ity or 8communion0 ( body & s\l is "h ! dom9ant fact3 ! s\l s5ti5t ( *anges 9 its p]iph]al organs1 & transmitt+ emotion & volition into physical effect4 ,x is on ?is psy*ical unity1--! unity :i* is ! s\l ( ! div]sity ( body--t all ! subsequ5t developm5ts ( m9d re/4 ,s5sation is ?us ! prius--or basis--( all m5tal life3 ! organisation ( s\l 9 body & ( body 9 s\l4 ,x is ! process :i* hi/orically has be5 prep>$ 9 ! evolution ( animal life f ^? undiff]5tiat$ =ms :]e specialis$ organs are yet unkn[n1 & :i* ea* individual has fur!r to realise & complete = himself1 by le>n+ to see & he>1 & use 8 limbs4 ,at fir/1 moreov]1 x beg9s f _m sep>ate c5tres & only ?r\gh mu* collision & mutual compliance arrives at comp>ative uni=mity & c5tralisation4 ,! common basis ( unit$ s5sibility suppli$ by ! "o organism has to be made real & effective1 & x is s at fir/ by sporadic & comp>atively indep5d5t developm5ts4 ,if self-hood means ref]5ce to self ( :at is prima facie n self1 & projection ( self !re91 !re is 9 primitive s5sibility only ! g]m or possibility ( self-hood4 ,9 ! e>ly phases ( psy*ic developm5t ! c5tre is fluctuat+ & ill-def9$1 & x takes "t & tr\ble to co-ord9ate or unify ! v>i\s />t+-po9ts ( s5sibility7#ha74 ,?is consolidation ( inw>d life may be look$ at ei!r =mally or concretely4 ,"u ! fir/ head1 x means ! gr[? ( a c5tral unity ( app]ception4 ,9 ! second case1 x means a peculi> aggregate ( ideas & s5tim5ts4 ,!re is gr[+ up )9 him :at we may call ! individuality ( ! individual1--an irrational1 i4e4 n consci\sly intellig5t1 ne!r-self or inn] s\l1 a firm aggregation ( hopes & wi%es1 ( views & feel+s1 or r ( t5d5cies & temp]am5t1 ( "* h]$it>y & acquir$4 ,x is ! law ( ! natural w or "* :i* f an inaccessible backgr\nd dom9ates our action1--:i*1 because x is n realis$ & =mulat$ 9 consci\sness1 behaves l a gu>dian _s1 or g5ius1 or de/9y )9 u4 ,?is g5ius is ! sub-consci\s unity ( ! s5sitive life--! mann] ( man :i* unkn[n to ourselves we are1--& :i* influ5ces u aga9/ our nom9al or =mal purposes4 ,s f> z ?is pr$om9ates1 our ends1 r\gh hew !m h[ we w1 are giv5 by a =ce :i* is n really1 i4e4 ) full consci\sness1 ours3 by a mass ( +ra9$ prejudice & unreason$ sympa?ies1 ( in/9cts & passions1 ( fancies & feel+s1 :i* h cond5s$ & organis$ !mselves into a natural p[]4 ,z ! *ild 9 ! "m's womb is responsive to h] psy*ic influ5ces1 s ! developm5t ( a man's psy*ic life is guid$ by feel+s c5tr$ 9 objects & ag5ts ext]nal to him1 :o =m ! g5ius presid+ ov] 8 developm5t4 ,8 s\l1 to t ext5t1 is really 9 ano!r3 he himself is selfless1 & :5 8 /ay is remov$ ! pr9ciple ( 8 life is gone7#hb74 ,he is b a bundle ( impressions1 held toge!r by influ5ces & ties :i* 9 ye>s be=e consci\sness prop] began made him :at he is4 ,su* is ! involunt>y adaptation to example & environm5t1 :i* e/abli%es 9 ! dep?s bel[ p]sonality a self :i* becomes h]eaft] ! det]m9ant ( action4 ,e>ly ye>s1 9 :i* ! human be+ is naturally susceptible1 build up by imitation1 by pliant ob$i5ce1 an image1 a sy/em1 reproduc+ ! imm$iate surr\nd+s4 ,! s\l1 z yet selfless1 & ready to accept any impr9t1 readily m\lds itself into ! lik5ess ( an au?oritative influ5ce4 ,! /ep by :i* ! univ]sality or unity ( ! self is realis$ 9 ! v>iety ( its s5sation is ,habit4 ,habit gives u a def9ite /&+-gr\nd 9 ! flux ( s+le impressions3 x is ! id5tification ( ourselves ) :at is mo/ cu/om>y & famili>3 an id5tification :i* takes place by practice & repetition4 ,if x circumscribes u to "o little prov9ce ( be+1 x on ! o!r frees u f ! vague indet]m9at5ess :]e we are at ! m]cy ( e pass+ mood4 ,x makes ?us mu* ( our pot5tial selves our v own1 our acquisition & p]man5t possession4 ,x1 above all1 makes u free & at "o ) our bodily "p1 s t h5ce=? we />t z a subjective unit ( body & s\l4 ,we h n[ z ! result ( ! an?ropological process a self or ego1 an individual consci\sness able to reflect & comp>e1 sett+ itself on "o side 7a s\l 9 bodily organisation71 & on ! o!r sett+ an object ( consci\sness1 or ext]nal _w1 a _w ( o!r ?+s4 ,all ?is presupposes t ! s\l has actualis$ itself by appropriat+ & acquir+ z its expression & organ ! physical s5sibility :i* is its body4 ,by re/rict+ & e/abli%+ itself1 x has ga9$ a fix$ /&po9t4 ,no d\bt x has localis$ & conf9$ itself1 b x is no long] at ! disposal ( ext]nals & accid5t3 x has laid ! f\ndation = high] developm5ts4 7ii47 ,anomalies ( ,psy*ical ,life4 ,psy*ology1 z we h se51 goes = in=mation reg>d+ ! e>li] /ages ( m5tal gr[? to ! *ild & ! animal1--p]haps also to ! savage4 ,s too sociology f\nds c]ta9 conclusions ^u ! obs]vations ( savage cu/oms & in/itutions1 or on ! e>li] records ( ! race4 ,9 bo? cases ) a limitation caus$ by ! ext]nality & fragm5t>9ess ( ! facts & ! ne$ ( int]pret+ !m ?r\gh our own consci\s exp]i5ces4 ,!re is h[ev] ano!r direction 9 :i* correspond+ inquiries may be pursu$2 & :]e ! dang] ( ! conclusions arriv$ at1 ?\gh n p]haps less real1 is c]ta9ly ( a diff]5t k9d4 ,9 sociology we c obs]ve--& almo/ exp]im5t ^u--! ph5om5a ( ! laps$1 deg5]ate & crim9al classes4 ,! advantage ( su* obs]vation is t ! object ( /udy c be made to ?r[ great] light on 8 own inn] /ates4 ,he is a little ( ! *ild & a little ( ! savage1 b ^! aspects co-exi/ ) o!r features :i* put him m on a level ) ! intellig5t obs]v]4 ,simil> pa?ological regions are op5 to u 9 ! case ( psy*ology4 ,!re ! anomal\s & morbid conditions ( m9d co-exi/ ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( mature consci\sness4 ,s pres5t$1 !y are ?r[n out into relief4 ,!y =m ! negative in/ances :i* s]ve to corroborate our positive inductions4 ,! regul>ly concat5at$ & solid /ructure ( normal m9d is "u abnormal & d]ang$ conditions ?r[n into disord]1 & its con/itu5ts are pres5t$ 9 _! sev]al isolation4 ,su* ph5om5a are relapses into m rudim5t>y grades3 b ) ! diff]5ce t !y are set 9 ! mid/ ( a m advanc$ phase ( intellectual life4 ,ev5 among/ c&id & hone/-m9d$ /ud5ts ( psy*ology !re is a c]ta9 reluctance to dabble 9 rese>*es into ! night-side ( ! m5tal range4 ,h]b>t is an in/ance ( ?is %r9k+4 ,! region ( ! ,unconsci\s seem$--& to _m /ill seems--a region 9 :i* ! *>latan & ! dupe c & mu/ play into ea* o!r's h&s4 ,once 9 ! :irl ( spirituali/ & crypto-psy*ical inquiry y c\ld n tell h[ f> y might be c>ri$4 ,! facts moreov] 7 ( a peculi> type4 ,dep5d5t z !y seem$ to be on ! frame ( m9d ( obs]v]s & obs]v$1 !y defi$ ! ord9>y crit]ia ( deta*$ & ab/ract obs]vation4 ,y c only obs]ve !m1 x is urg$1 :5 y believe2 scepticism de/roys !m4 ,n[ !re is a widespread natural impati5ce aga9/ :at ,bacon has call$ 8monodical0 ph5om5a1 ph5om5a i4e4 :i* claim to come "u a special law ( _! own1 or to h a private & privileg$ sph]e4 ,& ?is impati5ce cuts ! ,gordian knot by a det]m9ation to treat all in/ances :i* oppose its hi!rto asc]ta9$ laws z due to deception & fraud1 or1 at ! be/1 to incompet5t obs]vation1 confusions ( memory1 & sup]/itions ( ignorance4 ,above all1 great int]e/s ( religion & p]sonality seem$ to connect !mselves ) ^! revelations--int]e/s1 at any rate1 to :i* our common humanity ?rills2 x seem$ z if1 9 ?is region beyond ! cu/om>y range ( ! consci\s & ! se51 "o might le>n some?+ ( ! deep] realities :i* lie 9 ! unse54 ,b to feel t s mu* 0 at /ake 0 naturally unfav\rable to purely dispassionate obs]vation4 ,! philosoph]s 7 f\nd--z might h be5 expect$--among/ ^? mo/ /rongly attract$ by ^! problems4 ,ev5 ,kant _h be5 fasc9at$ by ! spiritualism ( ,sw$5borg1 ?\gh he f9ally turn$ away sceptical4 ,at lea/ z e>ly z #ahjf ,s*ell+ _h be5 int]e/$ by ,ritt]'s rese>*es into ! "q ( telepa?y1 or ! p[] ( ! human w to produce )\t me*anical means ( conveyance an effect at a di/ance4 ,he 0 look+ =w>d to ! rise ( a ,physica coele/is1 or ,new ,cele/ial ,physics1 :i* %\ld ju/ify ! old magic4 ,ab\t ! same date 8 bro!r ,k>l publi%$ an essay on ,animal ,magnetism4 ,! novel ph5om5a ( galvanism & its cong5]s sugge/$ va/ possibilities 9 ! range ( ! physical p[]s1 especially ( ! physical p[]s ( ! human psy*e z a natural ag5t4 ,! div9+-rod 0 reviv$4 ,clairvoyance & somnambulism 7 c>efully /udi$1 & ! curative p[]s ( animal magnetism f\nd _m advocates7#hc74 ,int]e/ 9 ^! que/ions w5t naturally ) ! new conception ( ! place ( ,man 9 ,nature1 & ( ,nature z ! matrix ( m9d7#hd74 ,b x _h be5 acutely /imulat$ by ! p]=mances & pr(essions ( ,mesm] at ,vi5na & ,p>is 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,^!--?\gh by no means really novel--_h =c$ ! artificial _w ( sci5ce & fa%ion to discuss ! claim advanc$ = a new =ce :i*1 among/ o!r ?+s1 c\ld cure ailm5ts t baffl$ ! ord9>y practition]4 ,?is new =ce--ma9ly because ( ! rec5t int]e/ 9 ! rem>kable advances ( magnetic & electrical rese>*--0 conceiv$ z a fluid1 & call$ ,animal ,magnetism4 ,at "o "t inde$ ,mesm] actually employ$ a magnet 9 ! manipulation by :i* he induc$ ! peculi> condition 9 8 pati5ts4 ,! accompanim5ts ( 8 proc$ure 7 9 _m respects ^? ( ! quack-doctor2 & ) ! quack inde$ he 0 (t5 class$4 ,a ,fr5* commission ( inquiry appo9t$ to exam9e into 8 p]=mances report$ 9 #aghd t1 :ile !re 0 no d\bt z to ! reality ( _m ( ! ph5om5a1 & ev5 ( ! cures1 !re 0 no evid5ce = ! alleg$ new physical =ce1 & decl>$ ! effects to be ma9ly attributable to ! influ5ce ( imag9ation4 ,& ) ! m5tion ( ?is famili> phrase1 fur!r explanation 0 suppos$ to be r5d]$ sup]flu\s4 ,9 ,france political excitem5t all[$ ! mesm]ic !ory & practice to drop out ( notice till ! fall ( ! fir/ ,empire4 ,b 9 ,g]many !re 0 a consid]able am\nt ( inve/igations & hypo!ses into ^! my/ical ph5om5a1 ?\gh r>ely by ! ord9>y r\t9e work]s 9 ! sci5tific field4 ,! ph5om5a :]e !y 7 discuss$ 7 /udi$ & int]pret$ 9 two directions4 ,"s !ori/s1 l ,jung-,/ill+1 ,es*5may]1 ,s*ub]t1 & ,k]n]1 took ! m metaphysici/ & spirituali/ic view3 !y saw 9 !m ! witness to a high] tru?1 to ! pres5ce & op]ation 9 ?is l[] _w ( a high] & spiritual matt]1 a s-call$ e!r4 ,?us ,animal ,magnetism suppli$ a sort ( physical !ory ( ! o!r _w & ! o!r life4 ,jung-,/ill+1 e4g4 9 8 8,!ory ( ,_s-lore40 7#ahjh71 reg>d$ ! spirituali/ic ph5om5a z a ju/ification (--:at he believ$ to be--! ,kantian doctr9e t 9 ! truly real & p]si/5t _w space & "t are no m4 ,! o!r direction ( inquiry kept m to ! physical field4 ,ritt] 7^: rese>*es int]e/$ bo? ,s*ell+ & ,hegel7 suppos$ he _h detect$ ! new =ce und]ly+ mesm]ism & ! l1 & gave to x ! "n ( ,sid]ism 7#ahjh72 :ile ,amoretti ( ,milan nam$ ! object ( 8 exp]im5ts ,animal ,electrometry 7#ahaf74 ,kies]7#he71 aga9 7#ahbf7 spoke ( ,tellurism1 & connect$ animal magnetism ) ! play ( g5]al t]re/rial =ces 9 ! human be+4 ,at a lat] date 7#aheg7 ,s*9dl]1 9 8 8,magical ,_s-life10 exp\nd$ a !ory ( m5tal pol>ity4 ,! psy*ical life has two poles or c5tres1--its day-pole1 ar\nd :i* revolves our ord9>y & sup]ficial curr5t ( ideas1 & its night-pole1 r\nd :i* ga!rs ! sub-consci\s & deep] gr\p ( beliefs & s5tim5ts4 ,ei!r life has a memory1 a consci\sness1 a _w ( its own3 & !y fl\ri% to a l>ge ext5t inv]sely to ea* o!r4 ,! day-_w has = its organs ( receiv+ in=mation ! ord9>y s5ses4 ,b ! magical or night-_w ( ! s\l has its feel]s also1 :i* set m5 directly 9 telepa?ic rapport ) influ5ces1 h[ev] di/ant1 ex]t$ by ! :ole _w3 & ?r\gh ?is 8inn] s5se0 :i* s]ves to conc5trate 9 itself all ! telluric =ces 7--a s5se :i* 9 its v>i\s aspects we "n in/9ct1 pres5tim5t1 consci5ce7 is con/ruct$ ! fabric ( our sub-consci\s sy/em4 ,?r\gh x man is a sort ( rsum ( all ! cosmic life1 9 secret aff9ity & sympa?y ) all natural processes2 & by ! w :i* /&s 9 response !re) he c ex]cise a directly creative action on ext]nal nature4 ,9 normal & heal?y conditions ! two curr5ts ( psy*ic life run on h>moni\s b indep5d5t4 ,b 9 ! ph5om5a ( somnambulism1 clairvoyance1 & delirium1 ! magic region becomes prepond]ant1 & comes into collision ) ! o!r4 ,! d>k-_w em]ges into ! realm ( day z a port5t\s p[]3 & !re is ! feel+ ( a d\ble p]sonality1 or ( an indwell+ g5ius1 famili> _s1 or demon4 ,to ! ord9>y physici/ ! s-call$ ,actio 9 di/ans 0 a hopeless /umbl+-block4 ,if he did n compreh5d ! transmission 7z x is call$7 ( =ce :]e !re 0 imm$iate contact1 he 0 at lea/ p]fectly famili> ) ! out] aspect ( x z a condition ( 8 limit$ exp]i5ce4 ,x ne$$ "o beyond ! m]e hodman ( sci5ce to say ) ,laplace3 8,we are s f> f kn[+ all ! ag5ts ( nature1 t x w\ld be v unphilosophical to d5y ! exi/5ce ( ph5om5a solely because !y are inexplicable 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k40 ,accord+ly mesm]ism & its alli$ manife/ations 7 g5]ally ab&on$ to ! bohemians ( sci5ce1 & to inve/igators ) dogmatic bias4 ,x 0 /ill employ$ z a treatm5t = c]ta9 ailm5ts3 & philosoph]s1 z diff]5t z ,fi*te & ,s*op5hau]7#hf71 wat*$ its fate ) att5tion4 ,b ! h]d ( pr(essional sci5ti/s f\ght %y ( x4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,braid at ,man*e/] 9 #ahda gradually help$ to give rese>* into ! subject a new "*4 ,"u ! "n ( ,hypnotism 7or1 r at fir/ ,neuro-hypnotism7 he describ$ ! ph5om5a ( ! magnetic sleep 7induc$ ?r\gh prolong$ />+ at a bright object71 su* z abnormal rigidity ( body1 p]v]t$ s5sibility1 & ! rem>kable ob$i5ce ( ! subject to ! comm& or sugge/ions ( ! op]ator4 ,?irty ye>s aft]w>ds1 ! matt] became an object ( consid]able exp]im5tal & !oretic "w 9 ,france1 at ! rival s*ools ( ,p>is & ,nancy2 & ! "q1 ma9ly "u ! title ( hypnotism1 ?\gh ! old] "n is /ill occasionally he>d1 has be5 = sev]al ye>s br\ght prom95tly "u public notice4 ,x _c be said t ! net results ( ^! obs]vations & hypo!ses are ( a v def9itive "*4 ,:ile a l>ge am\nt ( controv]sy has be5 wag$ on ! comp>ative importance ( ! sev]al me?ods & in/rum5ts by :i* ! hypnotic or mesm]ic trance may be induc$1 & a sc>cely less wide range ( div]g5ce prevails ) reg>d to ! physiological & pa?ological conditions 9 connexion ) :i* x has be5 mo/ conspicu\sly manife/$1 !re has be5 less anxiety %[n to det]m9e its precise psy*ical nature1 or its significance 9 m5tal developm5t4 ,& yet ! bett] und]/&+ ( ^! aspects may ?r[ light on sev]al po9ts connect$ ) primitive religion & ! hi/ory ( e>ly civilisation1 inde$ ov] ! :ole range ( :at is call$ ,vlk]psy*ologie4 ,inde$ ?is is "o ( ! po9ts :i* may be said to em]ge out ( ! confusion ( dispute4 ,ph5om5a at lea/ analog\s to ^? /yl$ hypnotic h a wide range 9 ! an?ropological sph]e7#hg73 & ! prop] *>act]s :i* belong to !m w only be caught by an obs]v] :o exam9es !m 9 ! wide/ v>iety ( examples4 ,ano!r feature :i* has be5 put 9 prom95ce is :at has be5 call$ 8psy*ological automatism40 ,& 9 ?is "n two po9ts seem to des]ve note4 ,! fir/ is ! spontane\s & z x 7 me*anical consecution ( m5tal /ates 9 ! s\l :5ce ! int]f]+ effect ( volunt>y consci\sness has be5 remov$4 ,& ! second is ! unfail+ or accurate regul>ity1 s contr>y to ! hesitat+ & unc]ta9 proc$ure ( our consci\s & reason$ action1 :i* s (t5 is se5 9 ! unreflect+ & unreason$ movem5ts4 ,to ?is inv>iable sequ5ce ( psy*ical movem5t ! sup]ior control & direction by ! intellig5t self has to adapt itself1 j z x respects ! ord] ( physical laws4 ,b1 p]haps1 ! *ief conclusion to be d]iv$ f hypnotic exp]i5ce is ! value ( sugge/ion or sugge/ibility4 ,ev5 cool ?9k]s l ,kant h recognis$ h[ mu* m]e m5tal control has to d ) bodily /ate1--h[ ea* ( u1 9 ?is way1 is (t5 = good or = ill 8 own physician4 ,an idea is a =ce1 & is only inactive 9 s f> z x is held 9 *eck by o!r ideas4 8,!re is no su* ?+ z hypnotism10 says "o3 8!re are only diff]5t degrees ( sugge/ibility40 ,?is may be to exagg]ate3 yet x s]ves to impress ! comp>atively second>y "* ( _m ( ! circum/ances on :i* ! specially mesm]ic or hypnotic exp]im5tali/ is apt to lay exclusive /ress4 ,! me?ods may probably v>y accord+ to circum/ances4 ,b ! ess5ce ( !m all is to get ! pati5t out ( ! g5]al frame & sy/em ( ideas & p]ceptions 9 :i* 8 ord9>y individuality is encas$4 ,consid]+ h[ = all ( u ! reality ( concrete life is b\nd up ) our visual p]ceptions1 h[ l>gely our sanity dep5ds ^u ! spatial idea1 & h[ t dep5ds on free ocul> range1 we c und]/& t d>kness & tempor>y loss ( vision are p[]ful auxili>ies 9 ! hypnotic process1 z 9 magical & sup]/iti\s rites4 ,b a great deal %ort ( ?is may s]ve to e/abli% influ5ce4 ,! m9d ( ! majority ( human be+s1 b especially ( ! "y1 may be comp>$ to a vacant seat wait+ = "s "o to fill x4 ,9 ,hegel's view hypnotic ph5om5a produce a k9d ( tempor>y & artificial atavism4 ,me*anical or *emical means1 or morbid conditions ( body1 may cause ev5 = ! intellig5t adult a relapse into /ates ( m9d closely resembl+ ^? exhibit$ by ! primitive or ! infantile s5sibility4 ,! intellig5t p]sonality1 :]e p[]s are b\nd up ) limitations & op]ate ?r\gh a *a9 ( means & ends1 is r$uc$ to its primitively undiff]5tiat$ condition4 ,n t x is re/or$ to its infantile simplicity2 b t all subsequ5t acquirem5ts op]ate only z a conc5trat$ individuality1 or mass ( w & "*1 releas$ f ! control ( ! self-possess$ m9d1 & inve/$ 7by ! latt]'s )drawal7 ) a new quasi-p]sonality ( _! own4 ,) ! loss ( ! _w ( outw>d ?+s1 !re may g1 x is suppos$1 a cle>] p]ception ( ! inw>d & p>ticul>ly ( ! organic life4 ,! ,s\l conta9s ! =m ( unity :i* o!r exp]i5ces _h impress$ ^u x3 b ?is =m avails 9 its subt]ranean exi/5ce :]e x creates a sort ( inn] self4 ,& ?is inn] self is no long]1 l ! embodi$ self ( ord9>y consci\sness1 an intellig5ce s]v$ by organs1 & proce$+ by induction & inf]5ce4 ,its k is n m$iat$ or c>ri$ along specific *annels3 x does n build up1 piecemeal1 by successive /eps ( syn!sis & analysis1 by gradual idealisation1 ! organis$ totality ( its intellectual _w4 ,! somnambuli/ & ! clairvoyant see )\t eyes1 & c>ry _! vision directly into regions :]e ! wak+ consci\sness ( ord]ly intellig5ce _c ent]4 ,b t region is n ! _w ( our high] ideas1--( art1 religion1 & philosophy4 ,x is /ill ! s5sitivity--t realm ( s5sitivity :i* is ord9>ily cov]$ by unconsci\sness4 ,su* s5sitive clairvoyants may1 z x 71 he> !mselves gr[+2 !y may disc]n ! hidd5 quiv]s & pulses ( blood & tissue1 ! seats ( secret pa9 & all ! unreveal$ work+s 9 ! d>k *amb]s ( ! fle%4 ,b always _! vision seems conf9$ to t region1 & w fall %ort ( ! _w ( light & ideal tru?4 ,x is t[>ds ! nature-bond ( s5sitive solid>ity ) e>?1 & fl[]s1 & trees1 ! life t 8rolls ?r\gh all ?+s10 n t[>ds ! spiritual unity :i* broods ov] ! _w & 8impels all ?9k+ ?+s10 t ^! imm]sions 9 ! selfless univ]se lead u4 ,:at ,hegel *iefly sees 9 ^! ph5om5a is _! indication1 ev5 on ! natural side ( man1 ( t ideality ( ! mat]ial1 :i* x is ! "w ( intellig5ce to produce 9 ! m spiritual life1 9 ! fully-develop$ m9d4 ,! latt] is ! supreme ov]-s\l1 t ,absolute ,m9d :i* 9 our highe/ moods1 ae/hetic & religi\s1 we approximate to4 ,b m9d1 z x t5ds t[>ds ! high] end to 8m]ge itself 9 light10 to id5tify itself yet n :olly lo/1 b reta9$1 9 ! fullness ( undivid$ intellectual be+1 s at ! l[] end x spr+s f a natural & und]ly+ unity1 ! imm5se solid>ity ( ne!r-s\l1 ! great ,s\l ( ,nature--! 8,sub/ance0 :i* is to be rais$ into ! 8,subject0 :i* is true div9ity4 ,betwe5 ^! two unities1 ! nature-giv5 ne!r-s\l & ! _s-won ov]-s\l1 lies ! consci\s life ( man3 a process ( diff]5tiation :i* n>r[s & ( r$9tegration :i* enl>ges1--:i* alt]nately builds up an isolat$ p]sonality & dissolves x 9 a common intellig5ce & sympa?y4 ,x is because m5tal or tacit 8sugge/ion07#hh7 7i4e4 w-influ5ce ex]cis$ )\t ^w or sign1 or o!r s5sible mode ( connexion71 ?\ght-transf]5ce1 or ?\ght-read+ 7:i* is m ?an dext]\s appreh5sion ( delicate muscul> signs71 ext]iorisation or transposition ( s5sibility into objects prim>ily non-s5sitive1 clairvoyance 7i4e4 ! p[] ( describ+1 z if f direct p]ception1 objects or ev5ts remov$ 9 space beyond ! recognis$ limits ( s5sation71 & somnambulism1 s f> z x implies lucid vision ) seal$ eyes1--x is because ^! ?+s seem to %[ ! ess5tial ideality ( matt]1 t ,hegel is int]e/$ 9 !m4 ,! ord9>y conditions ( consci\sness & ev5 ( practical life 9 society are a d]ivative & second>y /ate2 a product ( processes ( individualism1 :i* h[ev] are nev] complet$1 & leave a l>ge m>g9 = idealis+ intellig5ce to fulfil4 ,f a /ate :i* is n yet p]sonality to a /ate :i* is m ?an c be describ$ z p]sonality--lies ! m5tal movem5t4 ,s ,fi*te1 too1 _h reg>d$ ! p[] ( ! somnambuli/ z lay+ op5 a _w und]ly+ ! developm5t ( egoity & self-consci\sness7#hi73 8! m]ely s5su\s man is /ill 9 somnambulism10 only a somnambulism ( wak+ h\rs3 8! true wak+ is ! life 9 ,god1 to be free 9 him1 all else is sleep & dream40 8,egoity10 he adds1 8is a m]ely =mal pr9ciple1 utt]ly1 & nev] qualitative 7i4e4 ! ess5ce & univ]sal =ce740 ,= ,s*op5hau]1 too1 ! exp]i5ces ( animal magnetism _h seem$ to prove ! absolute sup]natural p[] ( ! radical w 9 its sup]iority to ! intellectual categories ( space1 "t1 & causal sequ5ce3 to prove ! reality ( ! metaphysical :i* is at ! basis ( all consci\s divisions4 7iii47 ,! ,developm5t ( ,inn] ,fre$om4 ,! result ( ! fir/ range 9 ! process ( psy*o-g5esis 0 to make ! body a sign & utt]ance ( ! ,s\l1 ) a fix$ & det]m9ate type4 ,! 8an?ropological process0 has def9$ & settl$ ! m]e g5]al s5ti5cy ( s\l into an individualis$ %ape1 a localis$ & limit$ self1 a bundle ( habits4 ,x has made ! s\l an ,ego or self3 a p[] :i* looks out ^u ! _w z a spectator1 lift$ above imman5ce 9 ! g5]al tide ( be+1 b only s lift$ because x has made itself "o 9 ! _w ( objects1 a ?+ among ?+s4 ,! ,m9d has rea*$ ! po9t ( view ( reflection4 ,in/ead ( a g5]al id5tifiability ) all nature1 x has encas$ itself 9 a limit$ range1 f :i* x looks =? on :at is n[ o!r ?an itself4 ,if previ\sly x 0 m]e inw>d s5sibility1 x is n[ s5se1 p]ceptive ( an object "h & n[1 ( an ext]nal _w4 ,! /ep has involv$ "s price3 & t price is1 t x has atta9$ indep5d5ce & self-hood at ! co/ ( surr5d]+ ! cont5t x _h hi!rto held 9 "o ) itself4 ,x is n[ a blank receptivity1 op5 to ! impressions ( an outside _w3 & ! *anges :i* take place 9 its process ( appreh5sion seem to x to be giv5 f outside4 ,! _w x p]ceives is a _w ( isolat$ & indep5d5t objects3 & x takes !m z !y are giv54 ,b a clos] insi/ance on ! p]ception develops ! implicit intellig5ce1 :i* makes x possible4 ,! p]cipi5t m9d is no m]e recipi5cy or susceptibility ) its =ms ( "t & space3 x is spontane\sly active1 x is ! s\rce ( categories1 or is an app]ceptive p[]1--an und]/&+4 ,consci\sness1 ?us discov]$ to be a creative or con/ructive faculty1 is /rictly speak+ self-consci\sness7#ij74 ,self-consci\sness appe>s at fir/ 9 ! selfi% or n>r[ly egoi/ic =m ( appetite & impulse4 ,! intellig5ce :i* claims to m\ld & con/rue ! _w ( objects--:i*1 9 ,kant's phrase1 pr(esses to give u nature--is implicitly ! "l ( t _w4 ,& t supremacy x c>ries out z appetite--z de/ruction4 ,! self is b a bundle ( wants--its supremacy ov] ?+s is really subjection to !m3 ! satisfaction ( appetite is baffl$ by a new desire :i* leaves x z x 0 be=e4 ,! developm5t ( self-consci\sness to a m adequate %ape is repres5t$ by ,hegel z tak+ place ?r\gh ! social /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,human be+s1 too1 are 9 ! fir/ in/ance to ! un9/ruct$ appetite or ! primitive self-consci\sness 7:i* is simply a succession ( individual desires = satisfaction ( natural want7 only ?+s1--adjectival to t self's individual exi/5ce4 ,to !m1 too1 8 prim>y relation is to appropriate & ma/] !m4 ,might prec$es "r4 ,b ! social /ruggle = exi/5ce =ces him to recognise some?+ o!r :i* is k9dr$ to himself1--a limit+ pr9ciple1 ano!r self :i* has to =m an elem5t 9 8 calculations1 n to be neglect$4 ,& gradually1 we may suppose1 ! result is ! division ( humanity into two levels1 a rul+ lordly class1 & a class ( slaves1--a /ate ( inequality 9 :i* ea* kn[s t 8 appetite is 9 "s measure *eck$ by a m or less p]man5t o!r4 ,la/ly1 p]haps soone/ 9 ! inf]ior ord]1 !re is fa%ion$ ! p]ception t its self-seek+ 9 its isolat$ appetites is subject to an abid+ au?ority1 a cont9u+ consci\sness4 ,!re gr[s up a social self--a s5se ( g5]al humanity & solid>ity ) o!r be+s--a l>g] self ) :i* ea* id5tifies himself1 a common gr\nd4 ,und]/&+ 0 selfi% intellig5ce3 practical 9 ! egoi/ic s5se4 ,9 ! altrui/ic or univ]sal s5se practical1 a pr9ciple social & unify+ "*1 intellig5ce is ,reason4 ,?us1 ,man1 beg9n+ z a p]cipi5t consci\sness1 appreh5d+ s+le objects 9 space & "t1 & z an appetitive self b5t ^u s+le gratifications1 has end$ z a rational be+1--a consci\sness purg$ ( its selfi%ness & isolation1 look+ =w>d op5ly & imp>tially on ! univ]se ( ?+s & be+s4 ,he has ceas$ to be a m]e animal1 swall[$ up 9 ! mom5t & ! individual1 us+ 8 intellig5ce only 9 selfi% satisfactions4 ,he is no long] b\nd d[n by ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 look+ on ev]y?+ z a m]e ?+1 a m]e means4 ,he has erect$ himself above himself & above 8 environm5t1 b t because he occupies a po9t ( view at :i* he & 8 environm5t are no long] purely anti!tical & exclusive7#ia74 ,he has rea*$ :at is really ! moral /&po9t3 ! po9t i4e4 at :i* he is inspir$ by a univ]sal self-consci\sness1 & lives 9 t peaceful _w :]e ! anti!ses ( individualities & ( outw>d & inw>d h ceas$ to tr\ble4 8,! natural man10 says ,hegel7#ib71 8sees 9 ! woman fle% ( 8 fle%3 ! moral & spiritual man sees _s ( 8 _s 9 ! moral & spiritual be+ & by its means40 ,hi!rto we h be5 deal+ ) some?+ fall+ bel[ ! full tru? ( m9d3 ! region ( imm$iate s5sibility ) its ?or\gh imm]sion ( m9d 9 body1 fir/ ( all1 & secondly its gradual progress to a g5]al /&po9t4 ,x is only 9 ! ?ird "p ( ,subjective m9d t we are deal+ ) ! psy*ology ( a be+ :o 9 ! human s5se kn[s & wills1 i4e4 appreh5ds g5]al tru?1 & c>ries out ideal purposes4 ,?us1 = ! ?ird "t1 b n[ on a high] plane1 t ( intellig5ce & rationality1 is trac$ ! process ( developm5t or realisation by :i* reason becomes reason$ k & rational w1 a free or autonom\s intellig5ce4 ,&1 z be=e1 ! />t+-po9t1 alike 9 !oretical & practical m9d1 is feel+--or imm$iate k & imm$iate s5se ( ,ought4 ,! basis ( ?\ght is an imm$iate p]ception--a s5su\s affection or giv5 some?+1 & ! basis ( ! idea ( a g5]al satisfaction is ! natural claim to det]m9e ! outw>d exi/5ce con=mably to individual feel+4 ,9 intellig5t p]ception or intuition ! important factor is att5tion1 :i* raises x above m]e passive acceptance & aw>5ess ( a giv5 fact4 ,att5tion ?us involves on "o h& ! ext]nality ( its object1 & on ! o!r affirms its dep5d5ce on ! act ( ! subject3 x sets ! objects be=e & out ( itself1 9 space & "t1 b yet 9 s do+ x %[s itself ma/] ( ! objects4 ,if p]ception presuppose att5tion1 9 %ort1 !y cease to be :olly outw>d3 we make !m ours1 & ! space & "t !y fill are project$ by u4 ,s att5d$ to1 !y are appropriat$1 inw>dis$ & recollect$3 !y take _! place 9 a m5tal place & m5tal "t3 !y receive a g5]al or de-individualis$ "* 9 ! memory-image4 ,^! are reta9$ z m5tal prop]ty1 b reta9$ actually only 9 s f> !y are revivable & reviv$4 ,su* revival is ! "w ( imag9ation work+ by ! s-call$ laws ( association4 ,b ! possession ( its ideas ?us inw>dis$ & recollect$ by ! m9d is l>gely a matt] ( *ance4 ,! m9d is n really fully ma/] ( !m until x has be5 able to give !m a c]ta9 objectivity1 by replac+ ! m5tal image by a vocal1 i4e4 a s5sible sign4 ,by means ( words1 intellig5ce turns its ideas or repres5tations into quasi-realities3 x creates a sort ( sup]ior s5se-_w1 ! _w ( language1 :]e ideas live a pot5tial1 :i* is also an actual1 life4 ,words are s5sibles1 b !y are s5sibles :i* completely lose !mselves 9 _! mean+4 ,z s5sibles1 !y r5d] possible t v]bal memory :i* is ! h&maid ( ?\ght3 b :i* also z m]ely me*anical c leave ?\ght altoge!r out ( acc\nt4 ,x is ?r\gh words t ?\ght is made possible3 = x alone p]mits ! movem5t ?r\gh ideas )\t be+ di/ract$ ?r\gh a multitude ( associations4 ,9 !m ?\ght has an in/rum5t completely at its own level1 b /ill only a ma*9e1 & 9 memory ! work+ ( t ma*9e4 ,we ?9k 9 names1 n 9 g5]al images1 b 9 t]ms :i* only s]ve z vehicles = m5tal syn!sis & analysis4 ,x is z su* a ?9k+ be+--a be+ :o c use language1 & manipulate g5]al concepts or take compreh5sive views1 t man is a rational w4 ,a concept ( some?+ to be done--a feel+ ev5 ( "s end m or less compreh5sive 9 its quality1 is ! implication ( :at c be call$ w4 ,at fir/ inde$ its mat]ial may be f\nd z imm$iately giv5 & all its volitionality may lie 9 ! circum/ance t ! intellig5t be+ sets ?is =w>d z a gov]n+ & controll+ ,ought4 ,its vehicle1 9 %ort1 may be m]e impulse1 or incl9ation1 & ev5 passion3 b x is ! *oice & ! purposive adoption ( means to ! giv5 end4 ,gradually x atta9s to ! idea ( a g5]al satisfaction1 or ( happ9ess4 ,& ?is end seems positive & def9ite4 ,x soon turns out h[ev] to be little b a prud5t & self-d5y+ sup]iority to p>ticul> passions & incl9ations 9 ! int]e/ ( a compreh5sive ideal4 ,! free w or intellig5ce has s f> only a negative & =mal value3 x is ! p]fection ( an autonom\s & freely self-develop+ m9d4 ,su* a m9d1 :i* 9 language has acquir$ ! means ( realis+ an intellectual sy/em ( ?+s sup]ior to ! re/rictions ( s5se1 & :i* has emancipat$ reason f ! position ( slave to incl9ation1 is endu$ ) ! =mal conditions ( moral conduct4 ,su* a m9d w trans=m its own prim>ily physical dep5d5ce into an image ( ! law ( reason & create ! e?ical life3 & 9 ! /r5g? ( t e/abli%m5t w g =? to conqu] ! _w into a m & m adequate realisation ( ! et]nal ,idea4 ,essay ,v4 ,e?ics ,& ,politics4 8,9 deal+10 says ,hegel1 8) ! ,idea ( ! ,/ate1 we mu/ n h be=e our eyes a p>ticul> /ate1 or a p>ticul> in/itution3 we mu/ r /udy ! ,idea1 ?is actual ,god1 on 8 own acc\nt4 ,e ,/ate1 h[ev] bad we may f9d x accord+ to our pr9ciples1 h[ev] defective we may discov] ?is or t feature to be1 /ill conta9s1 p>ticul>ly if x belongs to ! mature /ates ( our "t1 all ! ess5tial factors ( its exi/5ce4 ,b z x is easi] to discov] faults ?an to compreh5d ! affirmative1 p easily fall into ! mi/ake ( lett+ individual aspects obscure ! intr9sic organism ( ! ,/ate itself4 ,! ,/ate is no ideal "w ( art3 x /&s 9 ! ev]yday _w1 9 ! sph]e1 t is1 ( arbitr>y act1 accid5t1 & error1 & a v>iety ( faults may m> ! regul>ity ( its traits4 ,b ! uglie/ man1 ! crim9al1 a sick man & a cripple1 is aft] all a liv+ man2 ! affirmative1 ,life1 subsi/s 9 spite ( ! defect3 & ?is affirmative is "h ! !me7#ic740 8,x is ! !me ( philosophy10 he adds1 8to asc]ta9 ! sub/ance :i* is imman5t 9 ! %[ ( ! temporal & transi5t1 & ! et]nal :i* is pres5t40 7i47 ,hegel z a ,political ,critic4 ,b if ?is is true1 x is also to be rememb]$ t ! philosoph] is1 l o!r m51 ! son ( 8 age1 & e/imates ! value ( reality f preconceptions & aspirations due to 8 g5]ation4 ,! hi/orical circum/ances ( 8 nation z well z ! p]sonal exp]i5ces ( 8 life help to det]m9e 8 horizon1 ev5 9 ! ef=t to discov] ! hidd5 pulse & movem5t ( ! social organism4 ,?is is specially obvi\s 9 political philosophy4 ,! conception ( e?ics & politics :i* is pres5t$ 9 ! ,encyclopa$ia 0 9 #ahbj produc$ ) m detail z ! ,grundl9i5 d] ,philosophie des ,re*ts4 ,appe>+1 z x did1 two ye>s aft] 8 appo9tm5t to a pr(essor%ip at ,b]l91 & 9 ! mid/ ( a political /ruggle betwe5 ! v>i\s revolution>y & cons]vative p[]s & p>ties ( ,g]many1 ! book became1 & long rema9$1 a t>get = embitt]$ criticism4 ,! s-call$ ,w> ( ,lib]ation or national movem5t to %ake (f ! ,fr5* yoke 0 due to a coalition ( p>ties1 & _h naturally be5 9 "p support$ by t5d5cies & aims :i* w5t f> beyond ! o/5sive purpose ei!r ( lead]s or ( combatants4 ,aspirations aft] a fre] /ate 7 entw9$ ) radical & sociali/ic designs to re=m ! political hi]>*y ( ! ,fa!rl&3 high ideals & l[ vulg>ities 7 closely int]mix$3 & ! noble en?usiasm ( y\? 0 occasionally play$ on by crim9al & an>*ic intrigu]s4 ,9 a /rong & wise & unit$ ,g]many "s ( ^! s*emes might h be5 tol]at$4 ,b /r5g?1 wisdom1 & unity 7 abs5t4 ,9 ! exi/+ t5sion betwe5 ,au/ria & ,prussia = ! lead]%ip1 9 ! ill-adapt$ & effete con/itutions ( ! sev]al pr9cipalities :i* 7 yet expect$ to realise ! advance :i* _h tak5 place 9 society & ideas dur+ ! la/ ?irty ye>s1 ! outlook on e h& seem$ d>k] & m ?reat5+ ?an x might h o!rwise done4 ,gov]nm5ts1 :i* _h lo/ t\* ) _! peoples1 suspect$ conspiracy & treason3 & a p>ty 9 ! nation cr$it$ _! rul]s ) gratuit\s designs aga9/ private lib]ty & rights4 ,!re 0 a va/ b ill-def9$ en?usiasm 9 ! brea/s ( ! y\ng] _w1 & x 0 %>$ by _m ( _! tea*]s4 ,x seem$ to _! imm5se aspirations t ! w> ( lib]ation _h fail$ ( its true object & left ?+s mu* z !y 74 ,! volunte]s _h n f\ght = ! political sy/ems ( ,au/ria or ,prussia1 or = ! ?ree-&-?irty pr9ces ( ,g]many3 b = ideas1 vague1 beautiful1 /imulat+4 ,to su* a mood ! cont9uance ( ! old sy/em 0 felt z a cruel deception & a reaction4 ,! gov]nm5ts on _! "p _h n realis$ ! full importance ( ! _s t _h be5 ar\s$1 & c\ld n at a mom5t's notice set _! h\se 9 ord]1 ev5 _h !re be5 a cle>] outlook = re=m ?an 0 (f]$4 ,!y too _h suff]$1 & _h realis$ _! insecurity3 & 7 h>dly 9 a mood to op5 _! gates to ! enemy4 ,com+ on su* a situation ( affairs1 ,hegel's book w\ld h be5 likely 9 any case to provoke criticism4 ,= x took up a l9e ( political !ory :i* 0 little 9 accord ) ! temp] ( ! age4 ,! conception ( ! /ate :i* x exp\nd$ is n f> remov$ 9 ess5tials f ! conception :i* n[ dom9ates ! political life ( ! *ief ,european nations4 ,b 9 8 own "t x came ^u e>s :i* 7 naturally dispos$ to misconceive x4 ,x 0 unacceptable to ! adh]5ts ( ! anci5 rgime1 z mu* z to ! lib]als4 ,x 0 decl>$ by "o p>ty to be a glorification ( ! ,prussian /ate3 by ano!r to rationalise ! sanctities ( au?ority4 ,x 0 po9t$ out t ! new pr(essor 0 a fav\rite ( ! lead+ m9i/]1 t 8 influ5ce 0 dom9ant 9 s*ola/ic appo9tm5ts1 & t occasional gratuities f ! cr[n prov$ 8 acceptability4 ,a contempor>y pr(essor1 ,fries1 rem>k$ t ,hegel's !ory ( ! /ate _h gr[n 8n 9 ! g>d5s ( sci5ce b on ! dung-hill ( s]vility40 ,hegel himself 0 aw>e t he _h plant$ a bl[ 9 ! face ( a 8%all[ & pret5ti\s sect10 & t 8 book _h 8giv5 great (f5ce to ! demagogic folk40 ,alike 9 religi\s & political life he 0 impati5t ( s5tim5talism1 ( rhetorical feel+1 ( wordy en?usiasm4 ,a positive /orm ( scorn bur/ f him at mu*-promis+ & little-conta9+ declamation t appeal$ to ! pa?os ( ideas1 )\t s5se ( ! complex "w ( con/ruction & ! sy/em ( pr9ciples :i* 7 ne$$ to give !m reality4 ,8 impati5ce ( demagogic gu% l$ him 79 ! preface7 into a tactless attack on ,fries1 :o 0 at ! mom5t 9 disgrace = 8 p>ticipation 9 ! demon/ration at ! ,w>tburg4 ,x l$ him to an attack on ! bumpti\sness ( ^? :o held t consci5ti\s conviction 0 ample ju/ification = any proce$+3--an attack :i* oppon5ts 7 n unwill+ to repres5t z direct$ aga9/ ! pr9ciple ( consci5ce itself4 ,yet ,hegel's views on ! nature ( political unity 7 n new4 ,_! nucleus _h be5 =m$ ne>ly tw5ty ye>s be=e4 ,9 ! ye>s t imm$iately foll[$ ! ,fr5* revolution he _h gone ?r\gh ! usual an>*ic /age ( intellig5t y\?4 ,he _h wond]$ :e!r humanity might n h _h a nobl] de/9y1 _h fate giv5 supremacy to "s h]esy r ?an ! or?odox cre$ ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,he _h se5 religion 9 ! pa/ 8tea*+ :at despotism wi%$1--contempt ( ! human race1 its incapacity = any?+ good7#id740 ,b 8 e>lie/ reflections on political p[] belong to a lat] date1 & are inspir$1 n s mu* by ! vague ideals ( humanit>ianism1 z by ! _s ( national patriotism4 ,!y are f\nd 9 a 8,criticism ( ! ,g]man ,con/itution0 app>5tly dat+ f ! ye> #ahjb7ie74 ,x is writt5 aft] ! peace ( ,lunville _h seal$ = ,g]many ! loss ( h] prov9ces we/ ( ! ,rh9e1 & subsequ5t to ! disa/]s ( ! ,g]man arms at ,hoh5l9d5 & ,m>5go4 ,x is almo/ contemporane\s ) ! measures ( #ahjc & #ahjd1 :i* affirm$ ! dissolution ( ! 8,holy ,roman ,empire0 ( ,g]man "n4 ,! writ] ( ?is unpubli%$ pamphlet sees 8 c\ntry 9 a situation almo/ id5tical ) t :i* ,mac*iavelli saw ar\nd him 9 ,italy4 ,x is abus$ by petty despots1 di/ract$ by mean p>ticul>i/ ambitions1 at ! m]cy ( e =eign p[]4 ,x 0 su* a sc5e :i*1 z ,hegel recalls1 _h prompt$ & ju/ifi$ ! dra/ic measures propos$ 9 ! ,pr9ce1--measures :i* h be5 ill-judg$ by ! closet morali/1 b ev9ce ! high /atesman%ip ( ! ,flor5t9e4 ,9 ! ,pr9ce1 an intellig5t read] c see 8! en?usiasm ( patriotism und]ly+ ! cold & dispassionate doctr9es40 ,mac*iavelli d>$ to decl>e t ,italy mu/ become a /ate1 & to ass]t t 8!re is no high] duty = a /ate ?an to ma9ta9 itself1 & to puni% rel5tlessly e au?or ( an>*y1--! supreme1 & p]haps sole political crime40 ,& l tea*+1 ,hegel adds1 is ne$$ = ,g]many4 ,only1 he concludes1 no m]e demon/ration ( ! insanity ( utt] sep>ation ( ! p>ticul> f 8 k9 w ev] succe$ 9 conv]t+ ! p>ticul>i/s f _! conviction ( ! absolut5ess ( p]sonal & private rights4 8,insight & intellig5ce always excite s mu* di/ru/ t =ce alone avails to ju/ify !m2 !n man yields !m ob$i5ce7#if740 8,! ,g]man political edifice10 says ! writ]1 8is no?+ else b ! sum ( ! rights :i* ! s+le p>ts h )drawn f ! :ole2 & ?is ju/ice1 :i* is ev] on ! wat* to prev5t ! /ate hav+ any p[] left1 is ! ess5ce ( ! con/itution40 ,! ,peace ( ,we/phalia _h b s]v$ to con/itute or /]eotype an>*y3 ! ,g]man empire _h by t in/rum5t dive/$ itself ( all rights ( political unity1 & ?r[n itself on ! goodwill ( its memb]s4 ,:at !n1 x may be ask$1 is1 9 ,hegel's view1 ! indisp5sable m9imum ess5tial to a /ate8 ,& ! answ] w be1 organis$ /r5g?1--a c5tral & unit$ =ce4 8,! /r5g? ( a c\ntry lies nei!r 9 ! multitude ( its inhabitants & fight+ m51 nor 9 its f]tility1 nor 9 its size1 b solely 9 ! way its p>ts are by reasonable comb9ation made a s+le political =ce enabl+ ev]y?+ to be us$ = ! common def5ce40 ,hegel speaks scornfully ( 8! philan?ropi/s & morali/s :o decry politics z an endeav\r & an art to seek private utility at ! co/ ( "r03 he tells !m t 8x is fooli% to oppose ! int]e/ or 7z x is express$ by ! m morally-obnoxi\s ^w7 ! utility ( ! /ate to its "r03 t ! 8rights ( a /ate are ! utility ( ! /ate z e/abli%$ & recognis$ by compacts03 & t 8w>0 7:i* !y w\ld fa9 aboli% or moralise7 8has to decide n :i* ( ! rights ass]t$ by ei!r p>ty is ! true "r 7--= bo? p>ties h a true "r71 b :i* "r has to give way to ! o!r40 ,x is evid5t f ^! propositions t ,hegel takes t view ( political supremacy :i* has be5 associat$ ) ! "n ( ,hobbes4 ,b 8 views also reproduce ! ,platonic k+ ( m51 8:o c rule & d>e n lie40 8,all /ates10 he decl>es1 8are f\nd$ by ! sublime =ce ( great m51 n by physical /r5g?4 ,! great man has some?+ 9 8 features :i* o!rs w\ld gladly call _! "l4 ,!y obey him aga9/ _! w4 ,_! imm$iate w is 8 w1 b _! consci\s w is o!rwise4444 ,?is is ! pr]ogative ( ! great man to asc]ta9 & to express ! absolute w4 ,all ga!r r\nd 8 bann]4 ,he is _! ,god40 8,! /ate10 he says aga91 8is ! self-c]ta9 absolute m9d :i* recognises no def9ite au?ority b its own3 :i* ackn[l$ges no ab/ract rules ( good & bad1 %ameful & mean1 craft & deception40 ,s also ,hobbes describes ! pr]ogatives ( ! sov]eign ,levia?an4 ,b ! ,hegelian ,god imman5t 9 ! /ate is a high] p[] ?an ,hobbes kn[s3 he is no mortal1 b 9 8 tru? an immortal ,god4 ,he speaks by 7:at 9 ?is e>ly essay is call$7 ! ,absolute ,gov]nm5t7#ig73 ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,law--! true imp]sonal sov]eign1--di/9ct alike f ! s+le rul] & ! multitude ( ! rul$4 8,x is absolutely only univ]sality z aga9/ p>ticul>4 ,z ?is absolute1 ideal1 univ]sal1 comp>$ to :i* ev]y?+ else is a p>ticul>1 x is ! ph5om5on ( ,god4 ,its words are 8 decision1 & x c appe> & exi/ "u no o!r =m4444 ,! ,absolute gov]nm5t is div9e1 self-sanction$ & n made7#ih740 ,! real /r5g?--! real connect+-mean :i* gives life to sov]eign & to subject--is intellig5ce free & entire1 indep5d5t bo? ( :at individuals feel & believe & ( ! quality ( ! rul]4 8,! spiritual bond10 he says 9 a l[] =m ( spee*1 8is public op9ion3 x is ! true legislative body1 national assembly1 decl>ation ( ! univ]sal w :i* lives 9 ! execution ( all comm&s40 ,?is /ill small voice ( public op9ion is ! true & real p>liam5t3 n lit]ally mak+ laws1 b reveal+ !m4 ,if we ask1 :]e does ?is public op9ion appe> & h[ does x dis5gage itself f ! masses ( p>tisan judgm5t8 ,hegel answ]s1--& to ! surprise ( ^? :o h n ent]$ into ! _s ( 8 age7#ii7--;x is embodi$ 9 ! ,ag$ & ! ,prie/s4 ,bo? ( ^! h ceas$ to live 9 ! real _w3 !y are by nature & function dis5gag$ f ! /ruggles ( p>ticul> exi/5ce1 h ris5 above ! div]g5cies ( social classes4 ,!y brea! ! e!r ( pure contemplation4 8,! sunset ( life gives !m my/ical lore10 or at lea/ removes f old age ! di/raction ( selfi%ness3 :ile ! prie/ is by function set ap>t f ! divisions ( human int]e/4 ,und]/ood 9 a l>ge s5se1 ,hegel's view is t ! real voice ( exp]i5ce is elicit$ ?r\gh ^? :o h atta9$ indiff]5ce to ! di/ort+ influ5ce ( human p>ties1 & :o see life /eadily & :ole4 ,if ?is utt]ance %[s ! little belief ,hegel _h 9 ! ord9>y me?ods ( legislation ?r\gh 8repres5tative0 bodies1 & h9ts t ! real sub/ance ( political life is deep] ?an ! ov]t ma*9]y ( political op]ation1 x is evid5t t ?is !ory ( 8div9e "r0 is ( a diff]5t /amp f :at us$ to g "u t "n4 ,&1 aga91 ?\gh ! p[] ( ! c5tral /ate is indisp5sable1 he is f> f agree+ ) ! s-call$ bureaucratic view t 8a /ate is a ma*9e ) a s+le spr+ :i* sets 9 motion all ! re/ ( ! ma*9]y40 8,ev]y?+10 he says1 8:i* is n directly requir$ to organise & ma9ta9 ! =ce = giv+ security )\t & )9 mu/ be left by ! c5tral gov]nm5t to ! fre$om ( ! citiz5s4 ,no?+ ought to be s sacr$ 9 ! eyes ( a gov]nm5t z to leave alone & to protect1 )\t reg>d to utilities1 ! free action ( ! citiz5s 9 su* matt]s z d n affect its fundam5tal aim3 = ?is fre$om is itself sacr$7#ajj740 ,he is no fri5d ( pat]nal bureaucracy4 8,! p$antic crav+ to settle e detail1 ! mean jeal\sy aga9/ e/ates & corporations adm9i/rat+ & direct+ _! own affairs1 ! base fault-f9d+ ) all indep5d5t action on ! "p ( ! citiz5s1 ev5 :5 x has no imm$iate be>+ on ! ma9 political int]e/1 has be5 deck$ out ) reasons to %[ t no p5ny ( public exp5diture1 made = a c\ntry ( tw5ty or ?irty millions' population1 c be laid out1 )\t fir/ be+1 n p]mitt$1 b comm&$1 controll$ & revis$ by ! supreme gov]nm5t40 ,y c see1 he rem>ks1 9 ! fir/ village aft] y ent] ,prussian t]ritory ! lifeless & wood5 r\t9e :i* prevails4 ,! :ole c\ntry suff]s also f ! way religion has be5 mix$ up ) political rights1 & a p>ticul> cre$ pron\nc$ by law indisp5sable bo? = sov]eign & full-privileg$ subject4 ,9 a ^w1 ! unity & vig\r ( ! /ate is q compatible ) consid]able latitude & div]g5ce 9 laws & judicature1 9 ! imposition & levy+ ( taxes1 9 language1 mann]s1 civilisation & religion4 ,equality 9 all ^! po9ts is desirable = social unity3 b x is n indisp5sable = political /r5g?4 ,?is decid$ pref]5ce = ! unity ( ! /ate aga9/ ! sy/em ( *ecks & c\nt]*ecks1 :i* sometimes goes by ! "n ( a con/itution1 came out cle>ly 9 ,hegel's attitude 9 discuss+ ! dispute betwe5 ! ,wrtemb]g]s & _! sov]eign 9 #ahae-af4 ,wrtemb]g1 ) its complicat$ aggregation ( local laws1 _h always be5 a p>adise ( lawy]s1 & ! feudal rights or privileges ( ! local olig>*ies--! s-call$ 8good old law0--7 ! boa/ ( ! c\ntry4 ,all ?is _h h[ev] be5 aggravat$ by ! increase ( t]ritory receiv$ 9 #ahje3 & ! k+1 foll[+ ! examples set by ,france & ev5 by ,bav>ia1 promulgat$ ( 8 own grace a 8con/itution0 remodell+ ! electoral sy/em ( ! c\ntry4 ,imm$iately an outcry bur/ out aga9/ ! attempt to de/roy ! anci5t lib]ties4 ,uhl& tun$ 8 lyre to ! popul> cry3 ,rck]t sang on ! k+'s side4 ,to ,hegel ! conte/ pres5t$ itself z a /ruggle betwe5 ! atta*m5t to traditional rights1 m]ely because !y are old1 & ! resolution to c>ry out reasonable re=m :e!r x be agreeable to ! re=m$ or n3 or r he saw 9 x resi/ance ( p>ticul>ism1 ( sep>ation1 cl++ to use & wont1 & bas+ itself on =mal pettifogg+ objections1 aga9/ ! _s ( organisation4 ,any?+ m he decl9$ to see4 ,& probably he 0 "r 9 ascrib+ a l>ge "p ( ! opposition to in]tia1 to vanity & self-int]e/1 comb9$ ) ! want ( political p]ception ( ! ne$s ( ,wrtemb]g & ,g]many4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 he fail$ to rememb] ! insecurity & dang] ( su* 8gifts ( ! ,danai03 he =got ! s5se ( free-born m5 t a con/itution is n some?+ to be grant$ 7octroy7 z a grace1 b some?+ t mu/ come by ! spontane\s act ( ! inn]mo/ self ( ! community4 ,he dealt r ) ! =mal argum5ts :i* 7 us$ to refuse progress1 ?an ) ! und]ly+ _s :i* prompt$ ! opposition7#aja74 ,! philosoph] lives 7z ,plato has well rem9d$ u7 too exclusively )9 ! ideal4 ,b5t on ! ess5tial nucleus ( in/itutions1 he atta*es b slight importance to ! v>iety ( ext]nals1 & fails to realise ! practice ( ! law-c\rts4 ,he =gets t :at weighs lightly 9 logic1 may turn ! scale 9 real life & exp]i5ce4 ,= feel+ & s5tim5t he has b scant respect3 he is brusque & uncompromis+3 & _c realise all ! difficulties & dang]s t beset ! ,idea 9 ! mazes ( ! _w1 & may ultimately q alt] a plan :i* at fir/ seem$ indep5d5t ( petty details4 ,bett] ?an o!r m5 p]haps he recognises 9 !ory h[ ! m]e univ]sal only exi/s complete 9 an individual %ape3 b m ?an o!r m5 he =gets ^! tru?s ( insight1 :5 ! bus9ess ( life calls = action or = judgm5t4 ,he _c at a mom5t's notice rememb] t he is1 if n1 z ,cic]o says1 9 faece ,romuli1 ! memb] ( a deg5]ate commonweal?1 at lea/ liv+ 9 a _w :]e good & evil are n1 z logic presupposes1 %>ply divid$ b intricately int]tw9$4 7ii47 ,! ,e?ics & ,religion ( ! ,/ate4 ,?is idealism ( political !ory is illu/rat$ by ! sket* ( ! ,e?ical ,life :i* he drew up ab\t #ahjb4 ,"u ! "n ( 8,e?ical ,sy/em0 x pres5ts 9 conc5trat$ or undevelop$ %ape ! doctr9e :i* subsequ5tly swell$ into ! 8,philosophy ( ,m9d40 ,at a lat] date he work$ out m c>efully z introduction ! psy*ological g5esis ( moral & intellig5t man1 & he sep>at$ out m di/9ctly z a sequel ! univ]sal p[]s :i* give to social life its high] *>act]s4 ,9 ! e>li] sket* ! ,e?ical ,"p /&s by itself1 ) ! consequ5ce t ,e?ics be>s a mean+ f> exce$+ all t _h be5 lately call$ moral4 ,! ^w 8moral0 itself he avoids7#ajb74 ,x sav\rs ( excessive subjectivity1 ( /ruggle1 ( duty & consci5ce4 ,x has an ascetic r+ ab\t x--an aspect ( negation1 :i* seeks = ab/ract hol9ess1 & turns its back on human nature4 ,kant's words oppos+ duty to incl9ation1 & imply+ t moral goodness involves a /ruggle1 an antagonism1 a victory1 seem to him 7& to 8 "t7 "o-sid$4 ,t aspect ( negation accord+ly :i* ,kant c]ta9ly began )1 & :i* ,s*op5hau] magnifi$ until x became ! all-9-all ( ,e?ics1 ,hegel entirely subord9ates4 ,equally little does he l ! emphasis on ! supremacy ( insight1 int5tion1 consci5ce3 !y lead1 he ?9ks1 to a view :i* holds ! m]e fact ( conviction to be all-important1 z if x matt]$ n :at we ?\ght & believ$ & did1 s long z we 7 s9c]e 9 our belief4 ,all ?is emphasis on ! good-w1 on ! imp]ative ( duty1 on ! rights ( consci5ce1 has1 he admits1 its ju/ification 9 c]ta9 circum/ances1 z aga9/ m]e legality1 or m]e natural in/9ctive goodness2 b x has be5 ov]done4 ,above all1 x errs by an excess ( individualism4 ,x spr+s f an attitude ( reflection1--9 :i* ! individual1 isolat$ 9 8 consci\s & sup]ficial individuality1 yet tries--b probably tries 9 va9--to get some:at 9 t\* ) a univ]sal :i* he has all[$ to slip outside him1 =gett+ t x is ! he>t & sub/ance ( 8 life4 ,kant1 inde$1 h>dly falls "u ?is condemnation4 ,= he aims at %[+ t ! rational w inevitably creates z rational a law or univ]sal2 t ! individual act becomes self-regulative1 & takes its "p 9 con/itut+ a sy/em or realm ( duty4 ,/ill1 on ! :ole1 8morality0 9 ?is n>r[] s5se belongs to an age ( reflection1 & is =mal or nom9al goodness r ?an ! g5u9e & full reality4 ,x is ! prote/ aga9/ m]e in/9ctive or cu/om>y virtue1 :i* is b compliance ) traditional au?ority1 & compliance ) x z if x 7 a sort ( quasi-natural law4 ,moralis+ reflection is ! awak5+ ( subjectivity & ( a deep] p]sonality4 ,! age :i* ?us prec$es morality is n an age 9 :i* k9dness1 or love1 or g5]osity is unkn[n4 ,& if ,hegel says t 8,morality10 /rictly s call$1 began ) ,socrates1 he does n !reby accuse ! pre-,socratic ,greeks ( inhumanity4 ,b :at he does say is t su* e?ical life z exi/$ 0 9 ! ma9 a ?+ ( cu/om & law3 ( law1 moreov]1 :i* 0 n set objectively =w>d1 b left /ill 9 ! /age ( uncontradict$ usage1 a cu/om :i* 0 a second nature1 "p ( ! ess5tial & quasi-physical ord9ance ( life4 ,! individual _h n yet le>n$ to set 8 self-consci\sness aga9/ ^! usages & ask = _! ju/ification4 ,^! are l ! s-call$ law ( ! ,m$es & ,p]sians :i* alt]s n3 cu/oms ( immemorial antiquity & unque/ionable sway4 ,!y are "p ( a sy/em ( ?+s ) :i* = good or evil ! individual is utt]ly id5tifi$1 b\nd z x 7 h& & foot4 ,^! are1 z a travell] says7#ajc71 8oral & unwritt5 traditions :i* tea* t c]ta9 rules ( conduct are to be obs]v$ "u c]ta9 p5alties2 & )\t ! aid ( fix$ records1 or ! int]v5tion ( a succession ( au?oris$ deposit>ies & exp\nd]s1 ^! laws h be5 transmitt$ to fa!r & son1 ?r\gh unkn[n g5]ations1 & are fix$ 9 ! m9ds ( ! p z sacr$ & unalt]able40 ,! anti!sis !n 9 ,hegel1 z 9 ,kant1 is betwe5 ,law & ,morality1 or r ,legality & ,morality1--two ab/ractions to :i* human developm5t is alt]nately prone to atta* supreme importance4 ,! fir/ /age 9 ! objectivation ( intellig5ce or 9 ! evolution ( p]sonality is ! con/itution ( m]e1 ab/ract1 or /rict "r4 ,x is ! creation ( in/itutions & uni=mities1 i4e4 ( laws1 or rights1 :i* express def9ite & /]eotyp$ modes ( behavi\r4 ,or1 if we look at x f ! individual's /&po9t1 we may say 8 consci\sness awakes to f9d ! _w p>cell$ out "u c]ta9 rules & divisions1 :i* h objective validity1 & gov]n him ) ! same absolute au?ority z d ! circum/ances ( physical nature4 ,"u _! influ5ce e rank & individual is alike =c$ to b[3 to ea* 8 place & function is assign$ by an ord] or sy/em :i* claims an inviolable & et]nal supremacy4 ,x is n ! same place & function = ea*3 b = ea* ! position & duties are pr$et]m9$ 9 ?is metaphysically-physical ord]4 ,! situation & its duties h be5 creat$ by sup]-human & natural ord9ance4 ,z ! ,platonic my? puts x1 ea* ord] 9 ! social hi]>*y has be5 fram$ und]gr\nd by p[]s t turn$ out m5 ( gold1 & silv]1 & bas] metal3 or z ! ,norse leg5d tells1 !y are ! successive (fspr+ ( ! :ite ,god1 ,heimdal1 9 8 deal+s ) womank9d4 ,! c5tral idea ( ! e>li] social _w is ! supremacy ( rights--b n ( "r4 ,! sum 7= x _c be prop]ly call$ a sy/em7 ( rights is a self-subsi/5t _w1 to :i* man is b a s]vant2 & a second peculi>ity ( x is its inequality4 ,if all are equal be=e ! laws1 ?is only means "h t ! laws1 ) _! absolute & ?or\gh inequality1 are indiff]5t to ! real & p]sonal div]sities ( individuals4 ,ev5 ! s-call$ equality ( primitive law is ( ! 8,eye-=-eye1 ,too?-=-too?0 k9d2 x takes no note ( special circum/ances2 x looks ab/ractly & rudely at facts1 & ma9ta9s a h>d & fa/ uni=mity1 :i* seems ! height ( unfairness4 ,rule /&s by rule1 usage beside usage1--a m]e aggregate or multitude ( petty tyrants1 r$uc$ to no unity or sy/em1 & ea* press+ ) all ! weight ( an absolute m&ate4 ,! pettie/ bit ( c]emonial law is "h ( equal dignity ) ! mo/ f>-rea*+ pr9ciple ( political obligation4 ,9 ! essay already ref]r$ to1 ,hegel has designat$ some?+ analog\s to ?is z ,natural or ,physical ,e?ics1 or z ,e?ics 9 its relative or comp>ative /age4 ,"h ,man fir/ %[s 8 sup]iority to nature1 or ent]s on 8 prop]ly e?ical function1 by trans=m+ ! physical _w into 8 possession4 ,he makes himself ! "l ( natural objects--/amp+ !m z 81 & n _! own1 mak+ !m 8 p]man5t prop]ty1 8 tools1 8 in/rum5ts ( ex*ange & production4 ,! fundam5tal e?ical act is appropriation by lab\r1 & ! fir/ e?ical _w is ! creation ( an economic sy/em1 ! in/itution ( prop]ty4 ,= prop]ty1 or at lea/ possession & appropriation1 is ! dom9ant idea1 ) its collat]al & sequ5t pr9ciples4 ,& at fir/1 ev5 human be+s are treat$ on ! same me?od z o!r ?+s3 z objects 9 a _w ( objects or aggregate ( ?+s3 z ?+s to be us$ & acquir$1 z means & in/rum5ts1--n 9 any s5se z ends 9 !mselves4 ,x is a _w 9 :i* ! relation ( ma/] & slave is dom9ant1--:]e own] & employ] is set 9 anti!sis aga9/ 8 tools & *attels4 ,b ! ,nemesis ( 8 act issues 9 mak+ ! individual ! s]vant ( 8 s-call$ prop]ty4 ,he has become an objective p[] by submitt+ himself to objectivity3 he has lit]ally put himself into ! object he has wr\ght1 & is n[ a ?+ among ?+s3 = :at he owns1 :at he has appropriat$1 det]m9es :at he is4 ,! real p[]s 9 ! _w ?us e/abli%$ are ! laws ( possession-hold+3 ! laws dom9ate man3 & he is only fre$ f dep5d5ce on casual ext]nals1 by mak+ himself ?or\ghly ! s]vant ( 8 possessions4 ,! only salvation1 & x is b imp]fect1 t c be rea*$ on ?is /age is by ! family union4 ,! sexual tie1 is at fir/ entirely on a level ) ! o!r arrangem5ts ( ! sph]e4 ,! man or woman is b a *attel & a tool2 a casual appropriation :i* gradually is trans=m$ into a p]man5t possession & a p]man5t bond7#ajd74 ,b1 z ! family con/itut$ itself1 x help$ to af=d a promise ( bett] ?+s4 ,an ideal int]e/--! religion ( ! h\sehold--ext5d+ beyond ! individual1 & beyond ! mom5t1--b9d+ pa/ & pres5t1 & p>5ts to (fspr+1 gave a new "* to ! relation ( prop]ty4 ,p>5ts & *ildr5 =m a unity1 :i* ov]rides & ess5tially p]meates _! 8diff]5ce0 f ea* o!r3 !re is no ex*ange1 no contract1 nor1 9 ! /rict] s5se1 prop]ty betwe5 ! memb]s4 ,9 ! prop]ty-idea !y are lift$ out ( _! isolation1 & 9 ! cont9uity ( family life !re is a c]ta9 analogue ( immortality4 ,b1 says ,hegel1 8?\gh ! family be ! highe/ totality ( :i* ,nature is capable1 ! absolute id5tity is 9 x /ill inw>d1 & is n in/itut$ 9 absolute =m2 & h5ce1 too1 ! reproduction ( ! totality is an appe>ance1 ! appe>ance ( ! *ildr57#aje740 8,! p[] & ! intellig5ce1 ! #8diff]5ce' ( ! p>5ts1 /&s 9 inv]se proportion to ! y\? & vig\r ( ! *ild3 & ^! two sides ( life flee f & are sequ5t on ea* o!r1 & are reciprocally ext]nal7#ajf740 ,or1 z we may put x1 ! god ( ! family is a dep>t$ ance/or1 a gho/ 9 ! l& ( ! dead3 x has n really a cont9u\s & unifi$ life4 ,9 su* a /ate ( society--a /ate ( nature--& 9 its supreme =m1 ! family1 !re is no adequate pr9ciple :i* ?\gh real %all /ill give ideality & unity to ! self-isolat+ aspects ( life4 ,!re is want$ some?+ :i* %all give expression to its 8indiff]5ce10 :i* %all control ! t5d5cy ( ?is p>tial moralisation to s9k at e mom5t into individuality1 & lift x f its imm]sion 9 nature4 ,family life & economic gr\ps 7--= ^! two1 :i* ,hegel subsequ5tly sep>ates1 are "h kept close toge!r7 ne$ an ampl] & wid] life to keep !m f /agnat+ 9 _! sev]al selfi%nesses4 ,?is fre%5+ & corrective influ5ce !y get 9 ! fir/ in/ance f de$s ( viol5ce & crime4 ,"h is ! 8negative unsettl+0 ( ! n>r[ fixities1 ( ! det]m9ate conditions or relation%ips into :i* ! prec$+ processes ( lab\r & acquisition h t5d$ to /]eotype life4 ,! h>% re/riction br+s ab\t its own undo+4 ,man may subject natural objects to 8 =mative p[]1 b ! wild rage ( s5seless deva/ation aga9 & aga9 bur/s =? to re/ore ! orig9al =mlessness4 ,he may build up 8 own pile ( weal?1 /ore up 8 private goods1 b ! ?ief & ! robb] ) ! in/9cts ( b>b>ian socialism tread on 8 /eps3 & e /age ( appropriation has = its sequel a crop ( acts ( dispossession4 ,he may secure by accumulation 8 future life2 b ! murd]] = ga9's sake cuts x %ort4 ,& out ( all ?is z a necess>y consequ5ce /&s av5g+ ju/ice4 ,& 9 ! natural _w ( e?ics--:]e true moral life has n yet aris5--?is is m]e retaliation or ! lex talionis2--! beg9n+ ( an endless s]ies ( v5geance & c\nt]-v5geance1 ! blood-feud4 ,puni%m5t1 9 ! /rict] s5se ( ! t]m1--:i* looks bo? to antec$5ts & effects 9 "*--_c yet come into exi/5ce2 = to puni% !re mu/ be some?+ sup]ior to individualities1 an e?ical idea embodi$ 9 an in/itution1 to :i* ! injur] & ! injur$ alike belong4 ,b z yet puni%m5t is only v5geance1 ! p]sonal & natural equival5t1 ! physical reaction aga9/ injury1 p]haps regulat$ & =mulat$ by cu/om & usage1 b n ess5tially alt]$ f its purely retaliatory "*4 ,^! crimes--or transgressions--are ?us by ,hegel qua9tly conceiv$ z /orms :i* cle> ! air--:i* %ake ! individuali/ out ( 8 slumb]4 ,! sc5e 9 :i* transgression ?us acts is t ( ! s-call$ /ate ( nature1 :]e p>ticul>ism 0 rampant3 :]e moral "r 0 n1 b only ! "r ( nature1 ( pre-occupation1 ( ! /rong]1 ( ! fir/ mak] & discov]]4 ,crime is ?us ! 8dialectic0 :i* %akes ! fixity ( practical arrangem5ts1 & calls = some?+ 9 :i* ! idea ( a high] unity1 a p]man5t sub/ance ( life1 %all f9d realisation4 ,! 8positive sup]session7#ajg70 ( individualism & naturalism 9 e?ics is by ,hegel call$ 8,absolute ,e?ics40 ,"u ?is title he describes ! e?ics & religion ( ! /ate--a religion :i* is imman5t 9 ! community1 & an e?ics :i* rises sup]ior to p>ticul>ity4 ,! picture he draws is a romance fa%ion$ ^u ! model ( ! ,greek commonweal? z t _h be5 idealis$ by ,greek lit]ature & by ! long+s ( lat] ages = a fre] life4 ,x is b "o ( ! _m modes 9 :i* ,hel5a--to quote ,goe!--has fasc9at$ ! ,g]man ,fau/4 ,he dreams himself away f ! prosaic worldl9ess ( a ,g]man municipality to ! unfad+ spl5d\r ( ! ,greek city ) its imag9$ co9cid5ce ( individual w ) univ]sal purpose4 ,!re is 9 su* a commonweal? no pa9 ( surr5d] & ( sacrifice1 & no subsequ5t comp5sation3 =1 at ! v mom5t ( resign+ self-w to common aims1 he enjoys x reta9$ ) ! add$ ze/ ( self-expansion4 ,he is n s left to himself z to feel f beyond ! re/ra9t ( a law :i* controls--ev5 if x wisely & well controls--individual ef=t4 ,!re is = 8 happy circum/ances no possibility ( do+ o!rwise4 ,or1 x may be1 ,hegel has rem9isc5ces f ! ideals ( o!r nations ?an ! ,greek4 ,he recalls ! ,israelite depict$ by ! ,law-ador+ psalmi/1 ^: delight is to d ! w ( ! ,"l1 :om ! zeal ( ,god's h\se has consum$1 ^: :ole be+ runs on 9 "o pellucid /ream ) ! univ]sal & et]nal /ream ( div9e comm&m5t4 ,su* a frame ( _s1 :]e ! empirical consci\sness ) all its s\l & /r5g? & m9d id5tifies its mission into con=mity ) ! absolute ord]1 is ! mood ( absolute ,e?ics4 ,x is :at "s h spok5 ( z ! ,true life1 z ! ,et]nal life2 9 x1 says ,hegel1 ! individual exi/s auf ewige ,weise7#ajh71 z x 7 sub specie aet]nitatis3 8 life is hid ) 8 fell[s 9 ! common life ( 8 p4 ,8 e act1 & ?\ght1 & w1 get _! be+ & significance f a reality :i* is e/abli%$ 9 him z a p]man5t _s4 ,x is !re t he1 9 ! full] s5se1 atta9s 1 or f9ds himself no long] a m]e "p1 b an ideal totality4 ,?is totality is realis$ "u ! p>ticul> =m ( a ,nation 7,volk71 :i* 9 ! visible sph]e repres5ts 7or r is1 z a p>ticul>7 ! absolute & inf9ite4 ,su* a unity is nei!r ! m]e sum ( isolat$ individuals1 nor a m]e majority rul+ by numb]s3 b ! frat]nal & organic commonweal? :i* br+s all classes & all rights f _! p>ticul>i/ic indep5d5ce into an ideal id5tity & indiff]5ce7#aji74 ,"h all are n m]ely equal be=e ! laws3 b ! law itself is a liv+ & organic unity1 self-correct+1 subord9at+ & organis+1 & no long] m]ely def9+ individual privileges & s-call$ lib]ties4 8,9 su* conjunction ( ! univ]sal ) ! p>ticul>ity lies ! div9ity ( a nation3 or1 if we give ?is univ]sal a sep>ate place 9 our ideas1 x is ! ,god ( ! nation40 ,b 9 ?is complete accordance betwe5 concept & intuition1 betwe5 visible & invisible1 :]e symbol & significate are "o1 religion & e?ics are indi/+ui%able4 ,x is ! old conception 7& 9 its highe/ s5se7 ( ,!ocracy7#aaj74 ,god is ! national head & ! national life3 & 9 him all individuals h _! 8diff]5ce0 r5d]$ 8indiff]5t40 8,su* an e?ical life is absolute tru?1 = untru? is only 9 ! fixture ( a s+le mode3 b 9 ! ev]la/+ be+ ( ! nation all s+l5ess is sup]s$$4 ,x is absolute culture2 = 9 ! et]nal is ! real & empirical annihilation & prescription ( all limit$ modality4 ,x is absolute dis9t]e/$ness3 = 9 ! et]nal !re is no?+ private & p]sonal4 ,x1 & ea* ( its movem5ts1 is ! highe/ beauty3 = beauty is b ! et]nal made actual & giv5 concrete %ape4 ,x is )\t pa91 & bless$3 = 9 x all diff]5ce & all pa9 is sup]s$$4 ,x is ! div9e1 absolute1 real1 exi/+ & be+1 "u no veil2 nor ne$ "o fir/ raise x up into ! ideality ( div9ity1 & extract x f ! appe>ance & empirical intuition2 b x is1 & imm$iately1 absolute intuition7#aaa740 ,if we comp>e ?is language ) ! /atem5t ( ! ,encyclopa$ia we c see h[ = ! mom5t ,hegel's eye is engross$ ) ! glory ( ! ideal nation4 ,9 x1 ! moral life embraces & is co-ext5sive ) religion1 art & sci5ce3 practice & !ory are at "o3 life 9 ! idea kn[s none ( ^? diff]5ces :i*1 9 ! un-ideal _w1 make art & morality (t5 anti!tical1 & set religion at v>iance ) sci5ce4 ,x is1 z we h said1 a memory ( ,greek & p]haps ,hebrew ideals4 ,or r x is by ! help ( su* memories ! affirmation ( ! ess5tial unity ( life--! true1 complete1 _m-sid$ life--:i* is ! presupposition & idea t culture & morals re/ ^u & f :i* !y get _! supreme sanction1 i4e4 _! con/itutive pr9ciple & unity4 ,ev5 9 ! ,encyclopa$ia7#aab7 ,hegel endeav\rs to gu>d aga9/ ! sev]ance ( morality & art & philosophy :i* may be ra%ly inf]r$ 9 consequ5ce ( 8 s]ial ord] ( treatm5t4 8,religion10 he rem>ks1 8is ! v sub/ance ( ! moral life itself & ( ! /ate4444 ,! e?ical life is ! div9e _s indwell+ 9 consci\sness1 z x is actually pres5t 9 a nation & its individual memb]s40 ,yet1 z we see1 !re is a di/9ction4 ,! process ( hi/ory c>ries out a judgm5t on nation aft] nation1 & reveals ! div9e z n only imman5t 9 ! e?ical life b z ev] exp&+ ! limit$ national _s till x become a _s ( univ]sal humanity4 ,/ill--& ?is is p]haps = ea* "t always ! m important--! national unity--n inde$ z a multitude1 nor z a majority--is ! supreme real appe>ance ( ! ,et]nal & ,absolute4 ,hav+ ?us describ$ ! nation z an organic totality1 he goes on to po9t out t ! political con/itution %[s ?is "* by =m+ a triplicity ( political ord]s4 ,9 "o ( ^! !re is b a sil5t1 practical id5tity1 9 fai? & tru/1 ) ! totality3 9 ! second !re is a ?or\gh disruption ( int]e/ into p>ticul>ity3 & 9 ! ?ird1 !re is a liv+ & intellectual id5tity or indiff]5ce1 :i* comb9es ! wide/ range ( individual developm5t ) ! complete/ unity ( political loyalty4 ,?is la/ ord] is t :i* lives 9 consci\s id5tification ( private ) public duty3 all t x does has a univ]sal & public function4 ,su* a body is ! ideal ,nobility--! nobility :i* is ! s]vus s]vorum ,dei1 ! supreme s]vant ( humanity4 ,its function is to ma9ta9 g5]al int]e/s1 to give ! o!r ord]s 7peasantry & indu/rials7 security1--receiv+ 9 return f ^! o!rs ! means ( subsi/5ce4 ,noblesse oblige gives ! dea?-bl[ to p>ticul> int]e/s1 & imposes ! duty ( exhibit+1 9 ! cle>e/ =m1 ! supreme reality ( absolute morality1 & ( be+ to ! re/ an unp]turb$ ideal ( ae/hetic1 e?ical1 religi\s1 & philosophical complet5ess4 ,x is "h alone1 9 ?is e/ate :i* is absolutely dis9t]e/$1 t ! virtues appe> 9 _! true light4 ,to ! ord9>y moralis+ /&po9t !y seem sev]ally to be1 9 _! sep>ation1 *>g$ ) indep5d5t value4 ,b f ! high] po9t ( view ! exi/5ce1 & /ill m ! acc5tuation ( s+le virtues1 is a m>k ( incomplet5ess4 ,ev5 quality1 x has be5 said1 involves its defects3 x c only %9e by eclips+ or reflect+ some?+ else4 ,! completely moral is n ! sum ( ! sev]al virtues1 b ! r$uction ( !m to indiff]5ce4 ,x is ?us t :5 ,plato tries to get at ! unity ( virtue1 _! aspect ( diff]5ce t5ds to be subord9at$4 8,! movem5t ( absolute morality runs ?r\gh all ! virtues1 b settles fix$ly 9 none40 ,x is m ?an love to fa!rl&1 & nation1 & laws3--t /ill implies a relation to some?+ & involves a diff]5ce4 ,= love--! mortal passion1 :]e 8self is n annull$0--is ! process ( approximation1 :ile unity is n yet atta9$1 b wi%$ & aim$ at3 & :5 x is complete--& become 8su* love z spirits "k7#aac70--;x gives place to a calm] re/ & an active imman5ce4 ,! absolute morality is life 9 ! fa!rl& & = ! nation4 ,9 ! individual h[ev] x is ! process upw>d & inw>d t we see1 n ! consummation4 ,!n ! id5tity appe>s z an ideal1 z a t5d5cy n yet accompli%$ to its end1 a possibility n yet made fully actual4 ,at bottom--9 ! div9e sub/ance 9 :i* ! individual inh]es--! id5tity is pres5t3 b 9 ! appe>ance1 we h only ! passage f possible to actual1 a passage :i* has ! aspect ( a /ruggle4 ,h5ce ! moral act appe>s z a virtue1 ) m]it or des]t4 ,x is accord+ly ! v *>act]i/ic ( virtue to signalise its own incomplet5ess3 x em]ges into actuality only ?r\gh antagonism1 & ) a ta9t ( imp]fection cl++ to x4 ,?us1 9 ! field ( absolute morality1 if ! virtues appe>1 x is only 9 _! transi5cy4 ,if !y 7 undisput$ly real 9 morality1 !y w\ld n sep>ately %[4 ,to feel t y h done well implies t y h n done :olly well3 self-gratulation 9 m]itori\s de$ is ! re-action f ! %udd] at feel+ t ! self 0 n :olly good4 ,! ess5tial unity ( virtue--its negative "* z reg>ds all ! empirical v>iety ( virtues--is se5 9 ! excell5ces requir$ by ! ne$s ( w>4 ,^! milit>y requirem5ts demon/rate ! m]e relativity & !re=e non-virtu\sness ( ! special virtues4 ,!y equally prote/ aga9/ ! common beliefs 9 ! supreme dignity ( lab\r & its utilities4 ,b if brav]y or soldi]like virtue be ess5tially a virtue ( virtues1 x is only a negative virtue aft] all4 ,x is ! bla/ ( ! univ]sal sweep+ away all ! habitations & fix$ /ructures ( p>ticul>i/ life4 ,if x is a unity ( virtue1 x is only a negative unity--an indiff]5ce4 ,if x avoid ! p>cell+ ( virtue into a numb] ( imp]fect & sometimes contradictory p>ts1 x does s only to pres5t a b>e negation4 ,! soldi]1 !re=e1 if 9 pot5tiality ! unity ( all ! virtues1 may t5d 9 practice to repres5t ! ability to d )\t any ( !m7#aad74 ,! home ( ^! 8relative0 virtues--( morality 9 ! ord9>y s5se--is ! life ( ! second ord] 9 ! commonweal?3 ! ord] ( indu/ry & comm]ce4 ,9 ?is sph]e ! idea ( ! univ]sal is gradually lo/ to view3 x becomes1 says ,hegel1 only a ?\ght or a creature ( ! m9d1 :i* does n affect practice4 ,! mat]iali/ic work] ( civilisation does n see fur!r ?an ! empirical exi/5ce ( individuals3 8 horizon is limit$ by ! family1 & 8 f9al ideal is a compet5cy ( com=t 9 possessions & rev5ues4 ,! supreme univ]sal to :i* he atta9s z ! climax ( 8 evolution is only money4 ,b x is only ) ! va/] developm5t ( comm]ce t ?is t]rible consequ5ce ensues4 ,at fir/ z a m]e individual1 he has high] aims1 ?\gh n ! highe/4 ,he has a limit$ ideal det]m9$ by 8 special sph]e ( "w4 ,to w9 respect--! "* = a limit$ tru?fulness & hone/y & skilful "w--is 8 ambition4 ,he lives 9 a conceit ( 8 p]=mance--8 utility--! e/eem ( 8 special circle4 ,to 8 comm]cial s\l ! milit>y ord] is a sc>ecr[ & a nuisance3 milit>y hon\r is b tra%4 ,yet if 8 range ( idea is n>r[ & engross+ 9 details1 8 aim is to get wor%ip1 to be recognis$ z ! be/ 9 8 little sph]e4 ,b ) ! gr[? ( ! trad+ _s 8 "* *anges3 he becomes ! m]e capitali/1 is d5ationalis$1 has no def9ite "w & c claim no individualis$ function4 ,money n[ measures all ?+s3 x is ! sole ultimate reality4 ,x trans=ms ev]y?+ into a relation ( contract3 ev5 v5geance is equat$ 9 t]ms ( money4 ,its motto is1 ,! ,ex*anges mu/ be hon\r$1 ?\gh hon\r & morality may g to ! dogs4 ,s f> z x is conc]n$1 !re is no nation1 b a f$]ation ( %opkeep]s4 ,su* an "o is ! b\rgeois 7! ,brg]1 z di/9ct f ! peasant or ,bau] & ! ,adel74 ,z an artisan--i4e4 a m]e indu/rial1 he kn[s no c\ntry1 b at be/ ! reputation & int]e/ ( 8 own guild-union ) its p>tial object4 ,he is n>r[1 b hone/ & respectable4 ,z a m]e comm]cial ag5t1 he kn[s no c\ntry3 8 field is ! _w1 b ! _w n 9 its concret5ess & v>iety1 b 9 ! ab/ract aspect ( a money-bag & an ex*ange4 ,! l>g] totality is inde$ n altoge!r out ( sight4 ,b if he contribute to ! ne$y1 ei!r 8 sacrifice is lifeless 9 proportion z x becomes g5]al1 or loses g5]ality z x becomes lively4 ,z reg>ds 8 g5]al s]vices to ! great life ( 8 national /ate7#aae71 !y are un9tellig5tly & p]haps grudg+ly r5d]$4 ,( ! peasant ord] ,hegel has less to say4 ,on "o side ! 8c\ntry0 z oppos$ to ! 8t[n0 has a clos] natural sympa?y ) ! common & g5]al int]e/3 & ! peasantry is ! undiff]5tiat$1 solid & s\nd1 basis ( ! national life4 ,x =ms ! subm]g$ mass1 out ( :i* ! be/ soldi]s are made1 & :i* out ( ! dep?s ( e>? br+s =w>d n\ri%m5t z well z all ! mat]ials ( elem5t>y necessity4 ,fai?fulness & loyalty are its virtues3 b x is p]sonal allegiance to a comm&+ sup]ior1--n to a law or a g5]al view--= ! peasant is weak 9 compreh5sive intellig5ce1 ?\gh %rewd 9 detail$ obs]vation4 ,( ! purely political function ( ! /ate ,hegel 9 ?is sket* says almo/ no?+4 ,b "u ! head ( ! g5]al gov]nm5t ( ! /ate he deals ) its social functions4 ,= a mom5t he ref]s to ! well-kn[n di/9ction ( ! legislative1 judicial & executive p[]s4 ,b x is only to rem>k t 89 e gov]nm5tal act all ?ree are conjo9$4 ,!y are ab/ractions1 none ( :i* c get a reality ( its own1--:i*1 9 o!r words1 _c be con/itut$ & organis$ z p[]s4 ,legislation1 judicature1 & executive are some?+ completely =mal1 empty1 & cont5tless4444 ,:e!r ! o!rs are or are n b>e ab/ractions1 empty activities1 dep5ds entirely on ! executive p[]2 & ?is is absolutely ! gov]nm5t7#aaf740 ,treat+ gov]nm5t z ! organic movem5t by :i* ! univ]sal & ! p>ticul> 9 ! commonweal? come into relations1 he f9ds t x pres5ts ?ree =ms1 or gives rise to ?ree sy/ems4 ,! highe/ & la/ ( ^! is ! 8educational0 sy/em4 ,by ?is he und]/&s all t activity by :i* ! intellig5ce ( ! /ate tries directly to m\ld & guide ! "* & =tunes ( its memb]s3 all ! means ( culture & discipl9e1 :e!r 9 g5]al or = individuals1 all tra9+ to public function1 to tru?fulness1 to good mann]s4 ,"u ! same head come conque/ & colonisation z /ate ag5cies4 ,! second sy/em is ! judicial1 :i* in/ead (1 l ! =m]1 aim+ at ! =mation or re=mation ( its memb]s is satisfi$ by subject+ individual transgression to a process ( rectification by ! g5]al pr9ciple4 ,) reg>d to ! sy/em ( judicature1 ,hegel argues = a v>iety ( proc$ure to suit diff]5t ranks1 & = a correspond+ modification ( p5alties4 8,=mal rigid equality is j :at does n sp>e ! "*4 ,! same p5alty :i* 9 "o e/ate br+s no infamy causes 9 ano!r a deep & irrem$iable hurt40 ,& ) reg>d to ! aft] life ( ! transgressor :o has borne 8 p5alty3 8,puni%m5t is ! reconciliation ( ! law ) itself4 ,no fur!r reproa* = 8 crime c be address$ to ! p]son :o has und]gone 8 puni%m5t4 ,he is re/or$ to memb]%ip ( 8 e/ate7#aag740 ,9 ! fir/ ( ! ?ree sy/ems1 ! economic sy/em1 or 8,sy/em ( wants10 ! /ate seems at fir/ h>dly to appe> 9 its univ]sal & controll+ function at all4 ,"h ! individual dep5ds = ! satisfaction ( 8 physical ne$s on a bl9d1 unconsci\s de/9y1 on ! obscure & incalculable prop]ties ( supply & dem& 9 ! :ole int]connexion ( commodities4 ,b ev5 ?is is n all4 ,) ! accumulation ( weal? 9 inequality1 & ! gr[? ( va/ capitals1 !re is sub/itut$ = ! dep5d5ce ( ! individual on ! g5]al resultant ( a va/ numb] ( ag5cies a dep5d5ce on "o enorm\sly ri* individual1 :o c control ! physical de/9ies ( a nation4 ,b a nation1 truly speak+1 is !re no m4 ,! indu/rial ord] has p>t$ into a m]e ab/ract workman on "o h&1 & ! gr&e ri*esse on ! o!r4 8,x has lo/ its capacity ( an organic absolute intuition & ( respect = ! div9e--ext]nal ?\gh its div9ity be3 & !re sets 9 ! be/iality ( contempt = all t is noble4 ,! m]e wisdomless univ]sal1 ! mass ( weal?1 is ! ess5tial3 & ! e?ical pr9ciple1 ! absolute bond ( ! nation1 is vani%$2 & ! nation is dissolv$7#aah740 ,x w\ld be a long & complicat$ task to sift1 9 ^! ill-dige/$ b pr(\nd sugge/ions1 ! real mean+ f ! =mal /atem5t4 ,!y are1 l ,utopia1 beyond ! range ( practical politics4 ,! mod]n read]1 ^: political conceptions are limit$ by contempor>y circum/ance1 may f9d !m ar*aic1 m$ieval1 quixotic4 ,b = ^? :o beh9d ! words & =ms c see ! sub/ance & ! idea1 !y w p]haps come ne>] ! conception ( ideal commonweal? ?an _m re=m+ programmes4 ,comp>$ ) ! matur] /atem5ts ( ! ,philosophy ( ,law1 !y h ! faults ( ! ,romantic age to :i* _! inception belongs4 ,yet ev5 9 t lat] exposition !re is upheld ! doctr9e ( ! supremacy ( ! et]nal ,/ate aga9/ ev]y?+ p>ticul>1 class-l1 & tempor>y2 a doctr9e :i* has made ,hegel--z x made ,fi*te--a voice 9 t 8pr(essorial socialism0 :i* is at lea/ z old z ,plato4 ,,introduction4 #cgg4 ,! k ( ,m9d is ! highe/ & h>de/1 j because x is ! mo/ 8concrete0 ( sci5ces4 ,! significance ( t 8absolute0 comm&m5t1 ,"k ?yself--:e!r we look at x 9 itself or "u ! hi/orical circum/ances ( its fir/ utt]ance--is n to promote m]e self-k 9 respect ( ! p>ticul> capacities1 "*1 prop5sities1 & foibles ( ! s+le self4 ,! k x comm&s means t ( man's g5u9e reality--( :at is ess5tially & ultimately true & real--( m9d z ! true & ess5tial be+4 ,equally little is x ! purport ( m5tal philosophy to tea* :at is call$ k ( m5--! k ^: aim is to detect ! peculi>ities1 passions1 & foibles ( o!r m51 & lay b>e :at are call$ ! recesses ( ! human he>t4 ,in=mation ( ?is k9d is1 = "o ?+1 mean+less1 unless on ! assumption t we "k ! univ]sal--man z man1 &1 t always mu/ be1 z m9d4 ,& = ano!r1 be+ only engag$ ) casual1 insignificant & untrue aspects ( m5tal life1 x fails to rea* ! und]ly+ ess5ce ( !m all--! m9d itself4 #cgh4 ,pneumatology1 or1 z x 0 also call$1 ,rational ,psy*ology1 has be5 already allud$ to 9 ! ,introduction to ! ,logic z an ab/ract & g5]alis+ metaphysic ( ! subject4 ,empirical 7or inductive7 psy*ology1 on ! o!r h&1 deals ) ! 8concrete0 m9d3 &1 aft] ! revival ( ! sci5ces1 :5 obs]vation & exp]i5ce _h be5 made ! di/9ctive me?ods = ! /udy ( concrete reality1 su* psy*ology 0 work$ on ! same l9es z o!r sci5ces4 ,9 ?is way x came ab\t t ! metaphysical !ory 0 kept outside ! inductive sci5ce1 & s prev5t$ f gett+ any concrete embodim5t or detail3 :il/ at ! same "t ! inductive sci5ce clung to ! conv5tional common-s5se metaphysic1 ) its analysis into =ces1 v>i\s activities1 c41 & reject$ any attempt at a 8speculative0 treatm5t4 ,! books ( ,ari/otle on ! ,s\l1 along ) 8 discussions on its special aspects & /ates1 are = ?is reason /ill by f> ! mo/ admirable1 p]haps ev5 ! sole1 "w ( philosophical value on ?is topic4 ,! ma9 aim ( a philosophy ( m9d c only be to re-introduce unity ( idea & pr9ciple into ! !ory ( m9d1 & s re-int]pret ! lesson ( ^? ,ari/otelian books4 #cgi4 ,ev5 our own s5se ( ! m9d's liv+ unity naturally prote/s aga9/ any attempt to break x up into diff]5t faculties1 =ces1 or1 :at comes to ! same ?+1 activities1 conceiv$ z indep5d5t ( ea* o!r4 ,b ! crav+ = a compreh5sion ( ! unity is /ill fur!r /imulat$1 z we soon come across di/9ctions betwe5 m5tal fre$om & m5tal det]m9ism1 anti!ses betwe5 free psy*ic ag5cy & ! corporeity t lies ext]nal to x1 :il/ we equally note ! intimate int]dep5d5ce ( ! "o ^u ! o!r4 ,9 mod]n times especially ! ph5om5a ( animal magnetism h giv51 ev5 9 exp]i5ce1 a lively & visible confirmation ( ! und]ly+ unity ( s\l1 & ( ! p[] ( its 8ideality40 ,be=e ^! facts1 ! rigid di/9ctions ( practical common s5se 7 /ruck ) confusion2 & ! necessity ( a 8speculative0 exam9ation ) a view to ! removal ( difficulties 0 m directly =c$ ^u ! /ud5t4 #chj4 ,! 8concrete0 nature ( m9d involves = ! obs]v] ! peculi> difficulty t ! sev]al grades & special types :i* develop its intelligible unity 9 detail are n left /&+ z s _m sep>ate exi/5ces confront+ its m advanc$ aspects4 ,x is o!rwise 9 ext]nal nature4 ,!re1 matt] & movem5t1 = example1 h a manife/ation all _! own--x is ! sol> sy/em2 & simil>ly ! diff]5tiae ( s5se-p]ception h a sort ( e>li] exi/5ce 9 ! prop]ties ( bodies1 & /ill m indep5d5tly 9 ! f\r elem5ts4 ,! species & grades ( m5tal evolution1 on ! contr>y1 lose _! sep>ate exi/5ce & become factors1 /ates & features 9 ! high] grades ( developm5t4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ?is1 a l[] & m ab/ract aspect ( m9d betrays ! pres5ce 9 x1 ev5 to exp]i5ce1 ( a high] grade4 ,"u ! guise ( s5sation1 e4g41 we may f9d ! v highe/ m5tal life z its modification or its embodim5t4 ,& s s5sation1 :i* is b a m]e =m & vehicle1 may to ! sup]ficial glance seem to be ! prop] seat &1 z x 71 ! s\rce ( ^? moral & religi\s pr9ciples ) :i* x is *>g$2 & ! moral & religi\s pr9ciples ?us modifi$ may seem to call = treatm5t z species ( s5sation4 ,b at ! same "t1 :5 l[] grades ( m5tal life are "u exam9ation1 x becomes necess>y1 if we desire to po9t to actual cases ( !m 9 exp]i5ce1 to direct att5tion to m advanc$ grades = :i* !y are m]e =ms4 ,9 ?is way subjects w be treat$ ( by anticipation :i* prop]ly belong to lat] /ages ( developm5t 7e4g4 9 deal+ ) natural awak+ f sleep we speak by anticipation ( consci\sness1 or 9 deal+ ) m5tal d]angem5t we mu/ speak ( intellect74 ,:at ,m9d 7or ,_s7 is4 #cha4 ,f our po9t ( view ,m9d has = its presupposition ,nature1 ( :i* x is ! tru?1 & = t reason its absolute prius4 ,9 ?is its tru? ,nature is vani%$1 & m9d has result$ z ! 8,idea0 ent]$ on possession ( itself4 ,"h ! subject & object ( ! ,idea are "o--ei!r is ! intellig5t unity1 ! notion4 ,?is id5tity is absolute negativity--= :]eas 9 ,nature ! intellig5t unity has its objectivity p]fect b ext]nalis$1 ?is self-ext]nalisation has be5 nullifi$ & ! unity 9 t way be5 made "o & ! same ) itself4 ,?us at ! same "t x is ?is id5tity only s f> z x is a return out ( nature4 #chb4 ,= ?is reason ! ess5tial1 b =mally ess5tial1 feature ( m9d is ,lib]ty3 i4e4 x is ! notion's absolute negativity or self-id5tity4 ,consid]$ z ?is =mal aspect1 x may )draw itself f ev]y?+ ext]nal & f its own ext]nality1 its v exi/5ce2 x c ?us submit to inf9ite pa91 ! negation ( its individual imm$iacy3 9 o!r words1 x c keep itself affirmative 9 ?is negativity & possess its own id5tity4 ,all ?is is possible s long z x is consid]$ 9 its ab/ract self-conta9$ univ]sality4 #chc4 ,?is univ]sality is also its det]m9ate sph]e ( be+4 ,hav+ a be+ ( its own1 ! univ]sal is self-p>ticul>is+1 :il/ x /ill rema9s self-id5tical4 ,h5ce ! special mode ( m5tal be+ is 8manife/ation40 ,! _s is n "s "o mode or mean+ :i* f9ds utt]ance or ext]nality only 9 a =m di/9ct f itself3 x does n manife/ or reveal some?+1 b its v mode & mean+ is ?is revelation4 ,& ?us 9 its m]e possibility ,m9d is at ! same mom5t an inf9ite1 8absolute10 actuality4 #chd4 ,revelation1 tak5 to mean ! revelation ( ! ab/ract ,idea1 is an unm$iat$ transition to ,nature :i* comes to be4 ,z ,m9d is free1 its manife/ation is to set =? ,nature z its _w2 b because x is reflection1 x1 9 ?us sett+ =? its _w1 at ! same "t presupposes ! _w z a nature indep5d5tly exi/+4 ,9 ! intellectual sph]e to reveal is ?us to create a _w z its be+--a be+ 9 :i* ! m9d procures ! affirmation & tru? ( its fre$om4 ,! ,absolute is ,m9d 7,_s7--?is is ! supreme def9ition ( ! ,absolute4 ,to f9d ?is def9ition & to grasp its mean+ & bur!n 01 we may say1 ! ultimate purpose ( all education & all philosophy3 x 0 ! po9t to :i* turn$ ! impulse ( all religion & sci5ce3 & x is ?is impulse t mu/ expla9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,! ^w 8,m9d0 7,_s7--& "s glimpse ( its mean+--0 f\nd at an e>ly p]iod3 & ! spirituality ( ,god is ! lesson ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,x rema9s = philosophy 9 its own elem5t ( intelligible unity to get hold ( :at 0 ?us giv5 z a m5tal image1 & :at implicitly is ! ultimate reality3 & t problem is n g5u9ely1 & by rational me?ods1 solv$ s long z lib]ty & intelligible unity is n ! !me & ! s\l ( philosophy4 ,subdivision4 #che4 ,! developm5t ( ,m9d 7,_s7 is 9 ?ree /ages3-- 7#a7 ,9 ! =m ( self-relation3 )9 x x has ! ideal totality ( ! ,idea--i4e4 x has be=e x all t its notion conta9s3 its be+ is to be self-conta9$ & free4 ,?is is ,m9d ,subjective4 7#b7 ,9 ! =m ( reality3 realis$1 i4e4 9 a _w produc$ & to be produc$ by x3 9 ?is _w fre$om pres5ts itself "u ! %ape ( necessity4 ,?is is ,m9d ,objective4 7#c7 ,9 t unity ( m9d z objectivity &1 ( m9d z ideality & concept1 :i* ess5tially & actually is & = ev] produces itself1 m9d 9 its absolute tru?4 ,?is is ,m9d ,absolute4 #chf4 ,! two fir/ p>ts ( ! doctr9e ( ,m9d embrace ! f9ite m9d4 ,m9d is ! inf9ite ,idea2 ?us f9itude "h means ! disproportion betwe5 ! concept & ! reality--b ) ! qualification t x is a %ad[ ca/ by ! m9d's own light--a %[ or illusion :i* ! m9d implicitly imposes z a b>ri] to itself1 9 ord]1 by its removal1 actually to realise & become consci\s ( fre$om z its v be+1 i4e4 to be fully manife/$4 ,! sev]al /eps ( ?is activity1 on ea* ( :i*1 ) _! semblance ( be+1 x is ! function ( ! f9ite m9d to l+]1 & ?r\gh :i* x has to pass1 are /eps 9 its lib]ation4 ,9 ! full tru? ( t lib]ation is giv5 ! id5tification ( ! ?ree /ages--f9d+ a _w presuppos$ be=e u1 g5]at+ a _w z our own creation1 & ga9+ fre$om f x & 9 x4 ,to ! inf9ite =m ( ?is tru? ! %[ purifies itself till x becomes a consci\sness ( x4 ,a rigid application ( ! category ( f9itude by ! ab/ract logician is *iefly se5 9 deal+ ) ,m9d & reason3 x is held n a m]e matt] ( /rict logic1 b treat$ also z a moral & religi\s conc]n1 to adh]e to ! po9t ( view ( f9itude1 & ! wi% to g fur!r is reckon$ a m>k ( audacity1 if n ( insanity1 ( ?\ght4 ,:]eas 9 fact su* a mode/y ( ?\ght1 z treats ! f9ite z some?+ altoge!r fix$ & absolute1 is ! wor/ ( virtues2 & to /ick to a po/ :i* has no s\nd gr\nd 9 itself is ! mo/ uns\nd sort ( !ory4 ,! category ( f9itude 0 at a mu* e>li] p]iod elucidat$ & expla9$ at its place 9 ! ,logic3 an elucidation :i*1 z 9 logic = ! m specific ?\gh /ill simple ?\ght-=ms ( f9itude1 s 9 ! re/ ( philosophy = ! concrete =ms1 has m]ely to %[ t ! f9ite is n1 i4e4 is n ! tru?1 b m]ely a transition & an em]g5ce to some?+ high]4 ,?is f9itude ( ! sph]es s f> exam9$ is ! dialectic t makes a ?+ h its cessation by ano!r & 9 ano!r3 b ,_s1 ! intellig5t unity & ! implicit ,et]nal1 is itself j ! consummation ( t int]nal act by :i* nullity is nullifi$ & vanity is made va94 ,& s1 ! mode/y allud$ to is a ret5tion ( ?is vanity--! f9ite--9 opposition to ! true3 x is itself !re=e vanity4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! m9d's developm5t we %all see ?is vanity appe> z wick$ness at t turn+-po9t at :i* m9d has rea*$ its extreme imm]sion 9 its subjectivity & its mo/ c5tral contradiction4 ,,section ,i4 ,,m9d ,,subjective4 #chg4 ,m9d1 on ! ideal /age ( its developm5t1 is m9d z cognitive3 ,cognition1 h[ev]1 be+ tak5 "h n z a m]ely logical category ( ! ,idea 7 #bbc71 b 9 ! s5se appropriate to ! concrete m9d4 ,subjective m9d is3-- 7,a7 ,imm$iate or implicit3 a s\l--! ,_s 9 ,nature--! object treat$ by ,an?ropology4 7,b7 ,m$iate or explicit3 /ill z id5tical reflection into itself & into o!r ?+s3 m9d 9 correlation or p>ticul>isation3 consci\sness--! object treat$ by ! ,ph5om5ology ( ,m9d4 7,c7 ,m9d def9+ itself 9 itself1 z an indep5d5t subject--! object treat$ by ,psy*ology4 ,9 ! ,s\l is ! awak+ ( ,consci\sness3 ,consci\sness sets itself up z ,reason1 awak+ at "o b\nd to ! s5se ( its rationality3 & ?is ,reason by its activity emancipates itself to objectivity & ! consci\sness ( its intellig5t unity4 ,= an intelligible unity or pr9ciple ( compreh5sion ea* modification x pres5ts is an advance ( developm5t3 & s 9 m9d e "* "u :i* x appe>s is a /age 9 a process ( specification & developm5t1 a /ep =w>d t[>ds its goal1 9 ord] to make itself into1 & to realise 9 itself1 :at x implicitly is4 ,ea* /ep1 aga91 is itself su* a process1 & its product is t :at ! m9d 0 implicitly at ! beg9n+ 7& s = ! obs]v]7 x is = itself--= ! special =m1 viz4 :i* ! m9d has 9 t /ep4 ,! ord9>y me?od ( psy*ology is to n>rate :at ! m9d or s\l is1 :at happ5s to x1 :at x does4 ,! s\l is presuppos$ z a ready-made ag5t1 :i* displays su* features z its acts & utt]ances1 f :i* we c le>n :at x is1 :at sort ( faculties & p[]s x possesses--all )\t be+ aw>e t ! act & utt]ance ( :at ! s\l is really inve/s x ) t "* 9 our conception & makes x rea* a high] /age ( be+ ?an x explicitly _h be=e4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 di/+ui% & keep ap>t f ! progress "h /udi$ :at we call education & in/ruction4 ,! sph]e ( education is ! individual's only3 & its aim is to br+ ! univ]sal m9d to exi/ 9 !m4 ,b 9 ! philosophic !ory ( m9d1 m9d is /udi$ z self-in/ruction & self-education 9 v ess5ce2 & its acts & utt]ances are /ages 9 ! process :i* br+s x =w>d to itself1 l9ks x 9 unity ) itself1 & s makes x actual m9d4 ,sub-,section ,a4 ,an?ropology4 ,! ,s\l4 #chh4 ,_s 7,m9d7 came into be+ z ! tru? ( ,nature4 ,b n m]ely is x1 z su* a result1 to be held ! true & real fir/ ( :at w5t be=e3 ?is becom+ or transition be>s 9 ! sph]e ( ! notion ! special mean+ ( 8free judgm5t40 ,m9d1 ?us come into be+1 means !re=e t ,nature 9 its own self realises its untru? & sets itself aside3 x means t ,m9d presupposes itself no long] z ! univ]sality :i* 9 corporal individuality is always self-ext]nalis$1 b z a univ]sality :i* 9 its concretion & totality is "o & simple4 ,at su* a /age x is n yet m9d1 b s\l4 #chi4 ,! s\l is no sep>ate immat]ial entity4 ,:]ev] !re is ,nature1 ! s\l is its univ]sal immat]ialism1 its simple 8ideal0 life4 ,s\l is ! sub/ance or 8absolute0 basis ( all ! p>ticul>is+ & individualis+ ( m9d3 x is 9 ! s\l t m9d f9ds ! mat]ial on :i* its "* is wr\ght1 & ! s\l rema9s ! p]vad+1 id5tical ideality ( x all4 ,b z x is /ill conceiv$ ?us ab/ractly1 ! s\l is only ! sleep ( m9d--! passive ( ,ari/otle1 :i* is pot5tially all ?+s4 ,! "q ( ! immat]iality ( ! s\l has no int]e/1 except :]e1 on ! "o h&1 matt] is reg>d$ z some?+ true1 & m9d conceiv$ z a ?+1 on ! o!r4 ,b 9 mod]n times ev5 ! physici/s h f\nd matt]s gr[ ?9n] 9 _! h&s3 !y h come ^u impond]able matt]s1 l heat1 light1 c41 to :i* !y might p]haps add space & "t4 ,^! 8impond]ables10 :i* h lo/ ! prop]ty 7peculi> to matt]7 ( gravity &1 9 a s5se1 ev5 ! capacity ( (f]+ resi/ance1 h /ill1 h[ev]1 a s5sible exi/5ce & outness ( "p to "p2 :]eas ! 8vital0 matt]1 :i* may also be f\nd enum]at$ among !m1 n m]ely lacks gravity1 b ev5 e o!r aspect ( exi/5ce :i* might lead u to treat x z mat]ial4 ,! fact is t 9 ! ,idea ( ,life ! self-ext]nalism ( nature is implicitly at an end3 subjectivity is ! v sub/ance & conception ( life--) ?is proviso1 h[ev]1 t its exi/5ce or objectivity is /ill at ! same "t =feit$ to ! sway ( self-ext]nalism4 ,x is o!rwise ) ,m9d4 ,!re1 9 ! intelligible unity :i* exi/s z fre$om1 z absolute negativity1 & n z ! imm$iate or natural individual1 ! object or ! reality ( ! intelligible unity is ! unity itself2 & s ! self-ext]nalism1 :i* is ! fundam5tal feature ( matt]1 has be5 completely dissipat$ & transmut$ into univ]sality1 or ! subjective ideality ( ! conceptual unity4 ,m9d is ! exi/5t tru? ( matt]--! tru? t matt] itself has no tru?4 ,a cognate "q is t ( ! community ( s\l & body4 ,?is community 7int]dep5d5ce7 0 assum$ z a fact1 & ! only problem 0 h[ to compreh5d x4 ,! usual answ]1 p]haps1 0 to call x an incompreh5sible my/]y2 &1 inde$1 if we take !m to be absolutely anti!tical & absolutely indep5d5t1 !y are z imp5etrable to ea* o!r z "o piece ( matt] to ano!r1 ea* be+ suppos$ to be f\nd only 9 ! pores ( ! o!r1 i4e4 :]e ! o!r is n3 :5ce ,epicurus1 :5 attribut+ to ! gods a resid5ce 9 ! pores1 0 consi/5t 9 n impos+ on !m any connexion ) ! _w4 ,a some:at diff]5t answ] has be5 giv5 by all philosoph]s s9ce ?is relation came to be expressly discuss$4 ,desc>tes1 ,malebran*e1 ,sp9oza1 & ,leibnitz h all indicat$ ,god z ?is nexus4 ,!y meant t ! f9itude ( s\l & matt] 7 only ideal & unreal di/9ctions2 &1 s hold+1 ^! philosoph]s took ,god1 n1 z s (t5 is done1 m]ely z ano!r ^w = ! incompreh5sible1 b r z ! sole true id5tity ( f9ite m9d & matt]4 ,b ei!r ?is id5tity1 z 9 ! case ( ,sp9oza1 is too ab/ract1 or1 z 9 ! case ( ,leibnitz1 ?\gh 8 ,monad ( monads br+s ?+s into be+1 x does s only by an act ( judgm5t or *oice4 ,h5ce1 ) ,leibnitz1 ! result is a di/9ction betwe5 s\l & ! corporeal 7or mat]ial71 & ! id5tity is only l ! copula ( a judgm5t1 & does n rise or develop into sy/em1 into ! absolute syllogism4 #cij4 ,! ,s\l is at fir/-- 7a7 ,9 its imm$iate natural mode--! natural s\l1 :i* only is4 7b7 ,secondly1 x is a s\l :i* feels1 z individualis$1 ent]s into correlation ) its imm$iate be+1 &1 9 ! modes ( t be+1 reta9s an ab/ract indep5d5ce4 7c7 ,?irdly1 its imm$iate be+--or corporeity--is m\ld$ into x1 & ) t corporeity x exi/s z actual s\l4 7a7 ,! ,physical ,s\l7#aai74 #cia4 ,! s\l univ]sal1 describ$1 x may be1 z an anima mundi1 a _w-s\l1 mu/ n be fix$ on t acc\nt z a s+le subject2 x is r ! univ]sal sub/ance :i* has its actual tru? only 9 individuals & s+le subjects4 ,?us1 :5 x pres5ts itself z a s+le s\l1 x is a s+le s\l :i* is m]ely3 its only modes are modes ( natural life4 ,^! h1 s to speak1 beh9d its ideality a free exi/5ce3 i4e4 !y are natural objects = consci\sness1 b objects to :i* ! s\l z su* does n behave z to some?+ ext]nal4 ,^! features r are physical qualities ( :i* x f9ds itself possess$4 77 ,physical ,qualities7#abj74 #cib4 ,:ile /ill a 8sub/ance0 7i4e4 a physical s\l7 ! m9d 7#a7 takes "p 9 ! g5]al planet>y life1 feels ! diff]5ce ( climates1 ! *anges ( ! seasons & ! p]iods ( ! day1 c4 ,?is life ( nature = ! ma9 %[s itself only 9 occasional /ra9 or di/urbance ( m5tal tone4 ,9 rec5t times a good deal has be5 said ( ! cosmical1 sid]eal1 & telluric life ( man4 ,9 su* a sympa?y ) nature ! animals ess5tially live3 _! specific *>act]s & _! p>ticul> phases ( gr[? dep5d1 9 _m cases completely1 & always m or less1 ^u x4 ,9 ! case ( man ^! po9ts ( dep5d5ce lose importance1 j 9 proportion to 8 civilisation1 & ! m 8 :ole frame ( s\l is bas$ ^u a sub/ructure ( m5tal fre$om4 ,! hi/ory ( ! _w is n b\nd up ) revolutions 9 ! sol> sy/em1 any m ?an ! de/9ies ( individuals ) ! positions ( ! planets4 ,! diff]5ce ( climate has a m solid & vigor\s influ5ce4 ,b ! response to ! *anges ( ! seasons & h\rs ( ! day is f\nd only 9 fa9t *anges ( mood1 :i* come expressly to ! =e only 9 morbid /ates 7includ+ insanity7 & at p]iods :5 ! self-consci\s life suff]s depression4 ,9 nations less intellectually emancipat$1 :i* !re=e live m 9 h>mony ) nature1 we f9d amid _! sup]/itions & ab]rations ( imbecility a few real cases ( su* sympa?y1 & on t f\ndation :at seems to be m>vell\s prophetic vision ( com+ conditions & ( ev5ts aris+ !refrom4 ,b z m5tal fre$om gets a deep] hold1 ev5 ^! few & slight susceptibilities1 bas$ ^u p>ticipation 9 ! common life ( nature1 disappe>4 ,animals & plants1 on ! contr>y1 rema9 = ev] subject to su* influ5ces4 #cic4 7#b7 ,accord+ to ! concrete diff]5ces ( ! t]re/rial globe1 ! g5]al planet>y life ( ! nature-gov]n$ m9d specialises itself & breaks up into ! sev]al nature-gov]n$ m9ds :i*1 on ! :ole1 give expression to ! nature ( ! geographical cont95ts & con/itute ! div]sities ( race4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! e>?'s poles1 ! l& t[>ds ! nor? pole be+ m aggregat$ & prepond]ant ov] sea1 :]eas 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e x runs out 9 %>p po9ts1 widely di/ant f ea* o!r1 introduces into ! diff]5ces ( cont95ts a fur!r modification :i* ,treviranus 7,biology1 ,"p ,,ii7 has exhibit$ 9 ! case ( ! flora & fauna4 #cid4 ,?is div]sity desc5ds into specialities1 t may be t]m$ local m9ds--%[n 9 ! outw>d modes ( life & occupation1 bodily /ructure & disposition1 b /ill m 9 ! inn] t5d5cy & capacity ( ! intellectual & moral "* ( ! sev]al peoples4 ,back to ! v beg9n+s ( national hi/ory we see ! sev]al nations ea* possess+ a p]si/5t type ( its own4 #cie4 7#c7 ,! s\l is fur!r de-univ]salis$ into ! individualis$ subject4 ,b ?is subjectivity is "h only consid]$ z a diff]5tiation & s+l+ out ( ! modes :i* nature gives2 we f9d x z ! special temp]am5t1 tal5t1 "*1 physiognomy1 or o!r disposition & idiosyncrasy1 ( families or s+le individuals4 77 ,physical ,alt]ations4 #cif4 ,tak+ ! s\l z an individual1 we f9d its div]sities1 z alt]ations 9 x1 ! "o p]man5t subject1 & z /ages 9 its developm5t4 ,z !y are at once physical & m5tal div]sities1 a m concrete def9ition or description ( !m w\ld require u to anticipate an acqua9tance ) ! =m$ & matur$ m9d4 ,! 7#a7 fir/ ( ^! is ! natural lapse ( ! ages 9 man's life4 ,he beg9s ) ,*ildhood--m9d wrapt up 9 itself4 ,8 next /ep is ! fully-develop$ anti!sis1 ! /ra9 & /ruggle ( a univ]sality :i* is /ill subjective 7z se5 9 ideals1 fancies1 hopes1 ambitions7 aga9/ 8 imm$iate individuality4 ,& t individuality m>ks bo? ! _w :i*1 z x exi/s1 fails to meet 8 ideal requirem5ts1 & ! position ( ! individual himself1 :o is /ill %ort ( indep5d5ce & n fully equipp$ = ! "p he has to play 7,y\?74 ,?irdly1 we see man 9 8 true relation to 8 environm5t1 recognis+ ! objective necessity & reasonabl5ess ( ! _w z he f9ds x1--a _w no long] incomplete1 b able 9 ! "w :i* x collectively a*ieves to af=d ! individual a place & a security = 8 p]=mance4 ,by 8 %>e 9 ?is collective "w he fir/ is really somebody1 ga9+ an effective exi/5ce & an objective value 7,manhood74 ,la/ ( all comes ! f9i%+ t\* to ?is unity ) objectivity3 a unity :i*1 :ile on its reali/ side x passes into ! in]tia ( dead5+ habit1 on its ideali/ side ga9s fre$om f ! limit$ int]e/s & entanglem5ts ( ! outw>d pres5t 7,old ,age74 #cig4 7#b7 ,next we f9d ! individual subject to a real anti!sis1 lead+ x to seek & f9d itself 9 ano!r individual4 ,?is--! sexual relation--on a physical basis1 %[s1 on its "o side1 subjectivity rema9+ 9 an in/9ctive & emotional h>mony ( moral life & love1 & n pu%+ ^! t5d5cies to an extreme univ]sal phase1 9 purposes political1 sci5tific or arti/ic2 & on ! o!r1 %[s an active half1 :]e ! individual is ! vehicle ( a /ruggle ( univ]sal & objective int]e/s ) ! giv5 conditions 7bo? ( 8 own exi/5ce & ( t ( ! ext]nal _w71 c>ry+ out ^! univ]sal pr9ciples into a unity ) ! _w :i* is 8 own "w4 ,! sexual tie acquires its moral & spiritual significance & function 9 ! family4 #cih4 7#c7 ,:5 ! individuality1 or self-c5tralis$ be+1 di/+ui%es itself f its m]e be+1 ?is imm$iate judgm5t is ! wak+ ( ! s\l1 :i* confronts its self-absorb$ natural life1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 z "o natural quality & /ate confronts ano!r /ate1 viz4 sleep4--,! wak+ is n m]ely = ! obs]v]1 or ext]nally di/9ct f ! sleep3 x is itself ! judgm5t 7prim>y p>tition7 ( ! individual s\l--:i* is self-exi/+ only z x relates its self-exi/5ce to its m]e exi/5ce1 di/+ui%+ itself f its /ill undiff]5tiat$ univ]sality4 ,! wak+ /ate includes g5]ally all self-consci\s & rational activity 9 :i* ! m9d realises its own di/9ct self4--,sleep is an invigoration ( ?is activity--n z a m]ely negative re/ f x1 b z a return back f ! _w ( specialisation1 f disp]sion into phases :]e x has gr[n h>d & /iff1--a return into ! g5]al nature ( subjectivity1 :i* is ! sub/ance ( ^? specialis$ en]gies & _! absolute ma/]4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 sleep & wak+ is "o ( ^? pos]s1 z !y may be call$1 :i* are (t5 address$ to philosophy3--,napoleon1 e4g41 on a visit to ! ,univ]sity ( ,pavia1 put ?is "q to ! class ( ideology4 ,! *>act]isation giv5 9 ! section is ab/ract2 x prim>ily treats wak+ m]ely z a natural fact1 conta9+ ! m5tal elem5t implicite b n yet z inve/$ ) a special be+ ( its own4 ,if we are to speak m concretely ( ?is di/9ction 79 fundam5tals x rema9s ! same71 we mu/ take ! self-exi/5ce ( ! individual s\l 9 its high] aspects z ! ,ego ( consci\sness & z intellig5t m9d4 ,! difficulty rais$ an5t ! di/9ction ( ! two /ates prop]ly arises1 only :5 we also take into acc\nt ! dreams 9 sleep & describe ^! dreams1 z well z ! m5tal repres5tations 9 ! sob] wak+ consci\sness1 "u "o & ! same title ( m5tal repres5tations4 ,?us sup]ficially classifi$ z /ates ( m5tal repres5tation ! two co9cide1 because we h lo/ sight ( ! diff]5ce2 & 9 ! case ( any assignable di/9ction ( wak+ consci\sness1 we c always return to ! trivial rem>k t all ?is is no?+ m ?an m5tal idea4 ,b ! concrete !ory ( ! wak+ s\l 9 its realis$ be+ views x z consci\sness & intellect3 & ! _w ( intellig5t consci\sness is some?+ q diff]5t f a picture ( m]e ideas & images4 ,! latt] are 9 ! ma9 only ext]nally conjo9$1 9 an un9tellig5t way1 by ! laws ( ! s-call$ ,association ( ,ideas2 ?\gh "h & !re ( c\rse logical pr9ciples may also be op]ative4 ,b 9 ! wak+ /ate man behaves ess5tially z a concrete ego1 an intellig5ce3 & because ( ?is intellig5ce 8 s5se-p]ception /&s be=e him z a concrete totality ( features 9 :i* ea* memb]1 ea* po9t1 takes up its place z at ! same "t det]m9$ ?r\gh & ) all ! re/4 ,?us ! facts embodi$ 9 8 s5sation are au!nticat$1 n by 8 m]e subjective repres5tation & di/9ction ( ! facts z some?+ ext]nal f ! p]son1 b by virtue ( ! concrete int]connexion 9 :i* ea* "p /&s ) all p>ts ( ?is complex4 ,! wak+ /ate is ! concrete consci\sness ( ?is mutual corroboration ( ea* s+le factor ( its cont5t by all ! o!rs 9 ! picture z p]ceiv$4 ,! consci\sness ( ?is int]dep5d5ce ne$ n be explicit & di/9ct4 ,/ill ?is g5]al sett+ to all s5sations is implicitly pres5t 9 ! concrete feel+ ( self4--,9 ord] to see ! diff]5ce ( dream+ & wak+ we ne$ only keep 9 view ! ,kantian di/9ction betwe5 subjectivity & objectivity ( m5tal repres5tation 7! latt] dep5d+ ^u det]m9ation ?r\gh categories73 rememb]+1 z already not$1 t :at is actually pres5t 9 m9d ne$ n be !re=e explicitly realis$ 9 consci\sness1 j z little z ! exaltation ( ! intellectual s5se to ,god ne$ /& be=e consci\sness 9 ! %ape ( pro(s ( ,god's exi/5ce1 al?\gh1 z be=e expla9$1 ^! pro(s only s]ve to express ! net wor? & cont5t ( t feel+4 77 ,s5sibility7#aba74 #cii4 ,sleep & wak+ are1 prim>ily1 x is true1 n m]e alt]ations1 b alt]nat+ conditions 7a progression 9 inf9itum74 ,?is is _! =mal & negative relation%ip3 b 9 x ! affirmative relation%ip is also involv$4 ,9 ! self-c]tifi$ exi/5ce ( wak+ s\l its m]e exi/5ce is implicit z an 8ideal0 factor3 ! features :i* make up its sleep+ nature1 :]e !y are implicitly z 9 _! sub/ance1 are f\nd by ! wak+ s\l1 9 its own self1 &1 be x not$1 = itself4 ,! fact t ^! p>ticul>s1 ?\gh z a mode ( m9d !y are di/+ui%$ f ! self-id5tity ( our self-c5tr$ be+1 are yet simply conta9$ 9 its simplicity1 is :at we call s5sibility4 #djj4 ,s5sibility 7feel+7 is ! =m ( ! dull /irr+1 ! in>ticulate brea?+1 ( ! _s ?r\gh its unconsci\s & un9tellig5t individuality1 :]e e def9ite feature is /ill 8imm$iate10--nei!r specially develop$ 9 its cont5t nor set 9 di/9ction z objective to subject1 b treat$ z belong+ to its mo/ special1 its natural peculi>ity4 ,! cont5t ( s5sation is ?us limit$ & transi5t1 belong+ z x does to natural1 imm$iate be+1--to :at is !re=e qualitative & f9ite4 ,ev]y?+ is 9 s5sation 7feel+73 if y w1 ev]y?+ t em]ges 9 consci\s intellig5ce & 9 reason has its s\rce & orig9 9 s5sation2 = s\rce & orig9 j means ! fir/ imm$iate mann] 9 :i* a ?+ appe>s4 ,let x n be en\gh to h pr9ciples & religion only 9 ! head3 !y mu/ also be 9 ! he>t1 9 ! feel+4 ,:at we m]ely h 9 ! head is 9 consci\sness1 9 a g5]al way3 ! facts ( x are objective--set ov] aga9/ consci\sness1 s t z x is put 9 me 7my ab/ract ego7 x c also be kept away & ap>t f me 7f my concrete subjectivity74 ,b if put 9 ! feel+1 ! fact is a mode ( my individuality1 h[ev] crude t individuality be 9 su* a =m3 x is ?us treat$ z my v own4 ,my own is some?+ insep>ate f ! actual concrete self3 & ?is imm$iate unity ( ! s\l ) its und]ly+ self 9 all its def9ite cont5t is j ?is insep>ability2 :i* h[ev] yet falls %ort ( ! ego ( develop$ consci\sness1 & /ill m ( ! fre$om ( rational m9d-life4 ,x is ) a q diff]5t int5sity & p]man5cy t ! w1 ! consci5ce1 & ! "*1 are our v own1 ?an c ev] be true ( feel+ & ( ! gr\p ( feel+s 7! he>t73 & ?is we ne$ no philosophy to tell u4 ,no d\bt x is correct to say t above ev]y?+ ! he>t mu/ be good4 ,b feel+ & he>t is n ! =m by :i* any?+ is legitimat$ z religi\s1 moral1 true1 j1 c41 & an appeal to he>t & feel+ ei!r means no?+ or means some?+ bad4 ,?is %\ld h>dly ne$ en=c+4 ,c any exp]i5ce be m trite ?an t feel+s & he>ts are also bad1 evil1 godless1 mean1 c48 ,t ! he>t is ! s\rce only ( su* feel+s is /at$ 9 ! words3 8,f ! he>t proce$ evil ?\ghts1 murd]1 adult]y1 =nication1 blasphemy1 c40 ,9 su* times :5 8sci5tific0 !ology & philosophy make ! he>t & feel+ ! crit]ion ( :at is good1 moral1 & religi\s1 x is necess>y to rem9d !m ( ^! trite exp]i5ces2 j z x is n[adays necess>y to repeat t ?9k+ is ! *>act]i/ic prop]ty by :i* man is di/+ui%$ f ! bea/s1 & t he has feel+ 9 common ) !m4 #dja4 ,:at ! s5ti5t s\l f9ds )9 x is1 on "o h&1 ! naturally imm$iate1 z 8ideally0 9 x & made its own4 ,on ! o!r h& & conv]sely1 :at orig9ally belongs to ! c5tral individuality 7:i* z fur!r deep5$ & enl>g$ is ! consci\s ego & free m9d7 get ! features ( ! natural corporeity1 & is s felt4 ,9 ?is way we h two sph]es ( feel+4 ,"o1 :]e :at at fir/ is a corporeal affection 7e4g4 ( ! eye or ( any bodily "p :atev]7 is made feel+ 7s5sation7 by be+ driv5 inw>d1 memoris$ 9 ! s\l's self-c5tr$ "p4 ,ano!r1 :]e affections orig9at+ 9 ! m9d & belong+ to x1 are 9 ord] to be felt1 & to be z if f\nd1 inve/$ ) corporeity4 ,?us ! mode or affection gets a place 9 ! subject3 x is felt 9 ! s\l4 ,! detail$ specification ( ! =m] bran* ( s5sibility is se5 9 ! sy/em ( ! s5ses4 ,b ! o!r or inw>dly orig9at$ modes ( feel+ no less necess>ily sy/ematise !mselves2 & _! corporisation1 z put 9 ! liv+ & concretely develop$ natural be+1 works itself out1 foll[+ ! special "* ( ! m5tal mode1 9 a special sy/em ( bodily organs4 ,s5sibility 9 g5]al is ! heal?y fell[%ip ( ! individual m9d 9 ! life ( its bodily "p4 ,! s5ses =m ! simple sy/em ( corporeity specifi$4 7a7 ,! 8ideal0 side ( physical ?+s breaks up into two--because 9 x1 z imm$iate & n yet subjective ideality1 di/9ction appe>s z m]e v>iety--! s5ses ( def9ite light1 #bhg--;& ( s\nd1 #cjj4 ,! 8real0 aspect simil>ly is ) its diff]5ce d\ble3 7b7 ! s5ses ( smell & ta/e1 #cba1 #cbb2 7c7 ! s5se ( solid reality1 ( heavy matt]1 ( heat & %ape4 ,ar\nd ! c5tre ( ! s5ti5t individuality ^! specifications arrange !mselves m simply ?an :5 !y are develop$ 9 ! natural corporeity4 ,! sy/em by :i* ! int]nal s5sation comes to give itself specific bodily =ms w\ld des]ve to be treat$ 9 detail 9 a peculi> sci5ce--a psy*ical physiology4 ,some:at po9t+ to su* a sy/em is impli$ 9 ! feel+ ( ! appropriat5ess or inappropriat5ess ( an imm$iate s5sation to ! p]si/5t tone ( int]nal s5sibility 7! pleasant & unpleasant73 z also 9 ! di/9ct p>allelism :i* und]lies ! symbolical employm5t ( s5sations1 e4g4 ( col\rs1 tones1 smells4 ,b ! mo/ int]e/+ side ( a psy*ical physiology w\ld lie 9 /udy+ n ! m]e sympa?y1 b m def9itely ! bodily =m adopt$ by c]ta9 m5tal modifications1 especially ! passions or emotions4 ,we %\ld h1 e4g41 to expla9 ! l9e ( connexion by :i* ang] & c\rage are felt 9 ! brea/1 ! blood1 ! 8irritable0 sy/em1 j z ?9k+ & m5tal occupation are felt 9 ! head1 ! c5tre ( ! 's5sible' sy/em4 ,we %\ld want a m satisfactory explanation ?an hi!rto ( ! mo/ famili> connexions by :i* te>s1 & voice 9 g5]al1 ) its v>ieties ( language1 laught]1 sighs1 ) _m o!r specialisations ly+ 9 ! l9e ( pa?ognomy & physiognomy1 are =m$ f _! m5tal s\rce4 ,9 physiology ! visc]a & ! organs are treat$ m]ely z p>ts subs]vi5t to ! animal organism2 b !y =m at ! same "t a physical sy/em = ! expression ( m5tal /ates1 & 9 ?is way !y get q ano!r int]pretation4 #djb4 ,s5sations1 j because !y are imm$iate & are f\nd exi/+1 are s+le & transi5t aspects ( psy*ic life1--alt]ations 9 ! sub/antiality ( ! s\l1 set 9 its self-c5tr$ life1 ) :i* t sub/ance is "o4 ,b ?is self-c5tr$ be+ is n m]ely a =mal factor ( s5sation3 ! s\l is virtually a reflect$ totality ( s5sations--x feels 9 itself ! total sub/antiality :i* x virtually is--x is a s\l :i* feels4 ,9 ! usage ( ord9>y language1 s5sation & feel+ are n cle>ly di/+ui%$3 /ill we d n speak ( ! s5sation1--b ( ! feel+ 7s5se7 ( "r1 ( self2 s5tim5tality 7s5sibility7 is connect$ ) s5sation3 we may !re=e say s5sation emphasises r ! side ( passivity--! fact t we f9d ourselves feel+1 i4e4 ! imm$iacy ( mode 9 feel+--:]eas feel+ at ! same "t r notes ! fact t x is we ourselves :o feel4 7b7 ,! ,feel+ ,s\l4--7,s\l z ,s5ti5cy477#abb7 #djc4 ,! feel+ or s5ti5t individual is ! simple 8ideality0 or subjective side ( s5sation4 ,:at x has to d1 !re=e1 is to raise its sub/antiality1 its m]ely virtual fill+-up1 to ! "* ( subjectivity1 to take possession ( x1 to realise its ma/]y ov] its own4 ,z s5ti5t1 ! s\l is no long] a m]e natural1 b an inw>d1 individuality3 ! individuality :i* 9 ! m]ely sub/antial totality 0 only =mal to x has to be lib]at$ & made indep5d5t4 ,n[h]e s mu* z 9 ! case ( ! s\l 7& /ill m ( ! m9d7 if we are to und]/& x1 mu/ t feature ( 8ideality0 be kept 9 view1 :i* repres5ts x z ! negation ( ! real1 b a negation1 :]e ! real is put pa/1 virtually reta9$1 al?\gh x does n exi/4 ,! feature is "o ) :i* we are famili> 9 reg>d to our m5tal ideas or to memory4 ,e individual is an inf9ite treasury ( s5sations1 ideas1 acquir$ lore1 ?\ghts1 c42 & yet ! ego is "o & uncomp\nd$1 a deep featureless *>act]less m9e1 9 :i* all ?is is /or$ up1 )\t exi/+4 ,x is only :5 ,i call to m9d an idea1 t ,i br+ x out ( t int]ior to exi/5ce be=e consci\sness4 ,sometimes1 9 sickness1 ideas & in=mation1 suppos$ to h be5 =gott5 ye>s ago1 because = s long !y _h n be5 br\ght into consci\sness1 once m come to light4 ,!y 7 n 9 our possession1 nor by su* reproduction z occurs 9 sickness d !y = ! future come into our possession2 & yet !y 7 9 u & cont9ue to be 9 u /ill4 ,?us a p]son c nev] "k h[ mu* ( ?+s he once le>n$ he really has 9 him1 %\ld he h once =gott5 !m3 !y belong n to 8 actuality or subjectivity z su*1 b only to 8 implicit self4 ,& "u all ! sup]/ructure ( specialis$ & in/rum5tal consci\sness t may subsequ5tly be add$ to x1 ! individuality always rema9s ?is s+le-s\l$ inn] life4 ,at ! pres5t /age ?is s+l5ess is1 prim>ily1 to be def9$ z "o ( feel+--z embrac+ ! corporeal 9 itself3 ?us d5y+ ! view t ?is body is some?+ mat]ial1 ) p>ts outside p>ts & outside ! s\l4 ,j z ! numb] & v>iety ( m5tal repres5tations is no argum5t = an ext5d$ & real multeity 9 ! ego2 s ! 8real0 outness ( p>ts 9 ! body has no tru? = ! s5ti5t s\l4 ,z s5ti5t1 ! s\l is *>act]is$ z imm$iate1 & s z natural & corporeal3 b ! outness ( p>ts & s5sible multiplicity ( ?is corporeal c\nts = ! s\l 7z x c\nts = ! intelligible unity7 n z any?+ real1 & !re=e n z a b>ri]3 ! s\l is ?is intelligible unity 9 exi/5ce1--! exi/5t speculative pr9ciple4 ,?us 9 ! body x is "o simple1 omnipres5t unity4 ,z to ! repres5tative faculty ! body is b "o repres5tation1 & ! inf9ite v>iety ( its mat]ial /ructure & organisation is r$uc$ to ! simplicity ( "o def9ite conception3 s 9 ! s5ti5t s\l1 ! corporeity1 & all t outness ( p>ts to p>ts :i* belongs to x1 is r$uc$ to ideality 7! tru? ( ! natural multiplicity74 ,! s\l is virtually ! totality ( nature3 z an individual s\l x is a monad3 x is itself ! explicitly put totality ( its p>ticul> _w1--t _w be+ includ$ 9 x & fill+ x up2 & to t _w x /&s b z to itself4 #djd4 ,z individual1 ! s\l is exclusive & always exclusive3 any diff]5ce !re is1 x br+s )9 itself4 ,:at is diff]5tiat$ f x is z yet no ext]nal object 7z 9 consci\sness71 b only ! aspects ( its own s5ti5t totality1 c4 ,9 ?is p>tition 7judgm5t7 ( itself x is always subject3 its object is its sub/ance1 :i* is at ! same "t its pr$icate4 ,?is sub/ance is /ill ! cont5t ( its natural life1 b turn$ into ! cont5t ( ! individual s5sation-lad5 s\l2 yet z ! s\l is 9 t cont5t /ill p>ticul>1 ! cont5t is its p>ticul> _w1 s f> z t is1 9 an implicit mode1 includ$ 9 ! ideality ( ! subject4 ,by itself1 ?is /age ( m9d is ! /age ( its d>kness3 its features are n develop$ to consci\s & intellig5t cont5t3 s f> x is =mal & only =mal4 ,x acquires a peculi> int]e/ 9 cases :]e x is z a =m & appe>s z a special /ate ( m9d 7 #cej71 to :i* ! s\l1 :i* has already advanc$ to consci\sness & intellig5ce1 may aga9 s9k d[n4 ,b :5 a tru] phase ( m9d ?us exi/s 9 a m subord9ate & ab/ract "o1 x implies a want ( adaptation1 :i* is disease4 ,9 ! pres5t /age we mu/ treat1 fir/1 ( ! ab/ract psy*ical modifications by !mselves1 secondly1 z morbid /ates ( m9d3 ! latt] be+ only explicable by means ( ! =m]4 77 ,! ,feel+ ,s\l 9 its ,imm$iacy4 #dje4 77 ,?\gh ! s5sitive individuality is und\bt$ly a monadic individual1 x is because imm$iate1 n yet z its self n a true subject reflect$ into itself1 & is !re=e passive4 ,h5ce ! individuality ( its true self is a diff]5t subject f x--a subject :i* may ev5 exi/ z ano!r individual4 ,by ! self-hood ( ! latt] x--a sub/ance1 :i* is only a non-indep5d5t pr$icate--is !n set 9 vibration & controll$ )\t ! lea/ resi/ance on its "p4 ,?is o!r subject by :i* x is s controll$ may be call$ its g5ius4 ,9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature ?is is ! condition ( ! *ild 9 its "m's womb3--a condition nei!r m]ely bodily nor m]ely m5tal1 b psy*ical--a correlation ( s\l to s\l4 ,"h are two individuals1 yet 9 undivid$ psy*ic unity3 ! "o z yet no self1 z yet no?+ imp5etrable1 incapable ( resi/ance3 ! o!r is its actuat+ subject1 ! s+le self ( ! two4 ,! "m is ! g5ius ( ! *ild2 = by g5ius we commonly mean ! total m5tal self-hood1 z x has exi/5ce ( its own1 & con/itutes ! subjective sub/antiality ( "s "o else :o is only ext]nally treat$ z an individual & has only a nom9al indep5d5ce4 ,! und]ly+ ess5ce ( ! g5ius is ! sum total ( exi/5ce1 ( life1 & ( "*1 n z a m]e possibility1 or capacity1 or virtuality1 b z effici5cy & realis$ activity1 z concrete subjectivity4 ,if we look only to ! spatial & mat]ial aspects ( ! *ild's exi/5ce z an embryo 9 its special integum5ts1 & z connect$ ) ! "m by means ( umbilical cord1 plac5ta1 c41 all t is pres5t$ to ! s5ses & reflection are c]ta9 anatomical & physiological facts--ext]nalities & in/rum5talities 9 ! s5sible & mat]ial :i* are insignificant z reg>ds ! ma9 po9t1 ! psy*ical relation%ip4 ,:at ought to be not$ z reg>ds ?is psy*ical tie are n m]ely ! /rik+ effects communicat$ to & /amp$ ^u ! *ild by viol5t emotions1 injuries1 c4 ( ! "m1 b ! :ole psy*ical judgm5t 7p>tition7 ( ! und]ly+ nature1 by :i* ! female 7l ! monocotyl$ons among vegetables7 c suff] disruption 9 twa91 s t ! *ild has n m]ely got communicat$ to x1 b has orig9ally receiv$ morbid dispositions z well z o!r pre-dispositions ( %ape1 temp]1 "*1 tal5t1 idiosyncrasies1 c4 ,sporadic examples & traces ( ?is magic tie appe> else:]e 9 ! range ( self-possess$ consci\s life1 say betwe5 fri5ds1 especially female fri5ds ) delicate n]ves 7a tie :i* may g s f> z to %[ 8magnetic0 ph5om5a71 betwe5 husb& & wife & betwe5 memb]s ( ! same family4 ,! total s5sitivity has its self "h 9 a sep>ate subjectivity1 :i*1 9 ! case cit$ ( ?is s5ti5t life 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature1 is visibly pres5t z ano!r & a diff]5t individual4 ,b ?is s5sitive totality is meant to elevate its self-hood out ( itself to subjectivity 9 "o & ! same individual3 :i* is !n its indwell+ consci\sness1 self-possess$1 intellig5t1 & reasonable4 ,= su* a consci\sness ! m]ely s5ti5t life s]ves z an und]ly+ & only implicitly exi/5t mat]ial2 & ! self-possess$ subjectivity is ! rational1 self-consci\s1 controll+ g5ius !re(4 ,b ?is s5sitive nucleus includes n m]ely ! purely unconsci\s1 cong5ital disposition & temp]am5t1 b )9 its envelop+ simplicity x acquires & reta9s also 79 habit1 z to :i* see lat]7 all fur!r ties & ess5tial relation%ips1 =tunes1 pr9ciples--ev]y?+ 9 %ort belong+ to ! "*1 & 9 ^: elaboration self-consci\s activity has mo/ effectively p>ticipat$4 ,! s5sitivity is ?us a s\l 9 :i* ! :ole m5tal life is cond5s$4 ,! total individual "u ?is conc5trat$ aspect is di/9ct f ! exi/+ & actual play ( 8 consci\sness1 8 secul> ideas1 develop$ int]e/s1 incl9ations1 c4 ,z contra/$ ) ?is loos] aggregate ( means & me?ods ! m int5sive =m ( individuality is t]m$ ! g5ius1 ^: decision is ultimate :atev] may be ! %[ ( reasons1 int5tions1 means1 ( :i* ! m public consci\sness is s lib]al4 ,?is conc5trat$ individuality also reveals itself "u ! aspect ( :at is call$ ! he>t & s\l ( feel+4 ,a man is said to be he>tless & unfeel+ :5 he looks at ?+s ) self-possession & acts accord+ to 8 p]man5t purposes1 be !y great sub/antial aims or petty & unju/ int]e/s3 a good-he>t$ man1 on ! o!r h&1 means r "o :o is at ! m]cy ( 8 individual s5tim5t1 ev5 :5 x is ( n>r[ range & is :olly made up ( p>ticul>ities4 ,( su* good nature or goodness ( he>t x may be said t x is less ! g5ius itself ?an ! indulg]e g5io4 #djf4 77 ,! s5sitive life1 :5 x becomes a =m or /ate ( ! self-consci\s1 educat$1 self-possess$ human be+ is a disease4 ,! individual 9 su* a morbid /ate /&s 9 direct contact ) ! concrete cont5ts ( 8 own self1 :il/ he keeps 8 self-possess$ consci\sness ( self & ( ! causal ord] ( ?+s ap>t z a di/9ct /ate ( m9d4 ,?is morbid condition is se5 9 magnetic somnambulism & cognate /ates4 ,9 ?is summ>y encyclopa$ic acc\nt x is impossible to supply a demon/ration ( :at ! p>agraph /ates z ! nature ( ! rem>kable condition produc$ *iefly by animal magnetism--to %[1 9 o!r words1 t x is 9 h>mony ) ! facts4 ,to t end ! ph5om5a1 s complex 9 _! nature & s v diff]5t "o f ano!r1 w\ld h fir/ ( all to be br\ght "u _! g5]al po9ts ( view4 ,! facts1 x might seem1 fir/ ( all call = v]ification4 ,b su* a v]ification w\ld1 x mu/ be add$1 be sup]flu\s = ^? on ^: acc\nt x 0 call$ =3 = !y facilitate ! inquiry = !mselves by decl>+ ! n>ratives--inf9itely num]\s ?\gh !y be & accr$it$ by ! education & "* ( ! witnesses--to be m]e deception & impo/ure4 ,! a priori conceptions ( ^! inquir]s are s root$ t no te/imony c avail aga9/ !m1 & !y h ev5 d5i$ :at !y _h se5 ) _! own eyes4 ,9 ord] to believe 9 ?is dep>tm5t ev5 :at "o sees ) ^! eyes1 & /ill m to und]/& x1 ! fir/ requisite is n to be 9 bondage to ! h>d & fa/ categories ( ! practical intellect4 ,! *ief po9ts on :i* ! discussion turns may "h be giv53 77 ,to ! concrete exi/5ce ( ! individual belongs ! aggregate ( 8 fundam5tal int]e/s1 bo? ! ess5tial & ! p>ticul> empirical ties :i* connect him ) o!r m5 & ! _w at l>ge4 ,?is totality =ms 8 actuality1 9 ! s5se t x lies 9 fact imman5t 9 him2 x has already be5 call$ 8 g5ius4 ,?is g5ius is n ! free m9d :i* wills & ?9ks3 ! =m ( s5sitivity1 9 :i* ! individual "h appe>s imm]s$1 is1 on ! contr>y1 a surr5d] ( 8 self-possess$ intellig5t exi/5ce4 ,! fir/ conclusion to :i* ^! consid]ations lead1 ) ref]5ce to ! cont5ts ( consci\sness 9 ! somnambuli/ /age1 is t x is only ! range ( 8 individually m\ld$ _w 7( 8 private int]e/s & n>r[ relation%ips7 :i* appe> !re4 ,sci5tific !ories & philosophic conceptions or g5]al tru?s require a diff]5t soil1--require an intellig5ce :i* has ris5 out ( ! in>ticulate mass ( m]e s5sitivity to free consci\sness4 ,x is fooli% !re=e to expect revelations ab\t ! high] ideas f ! somnambuli/ /ate4 77 ,:]e a human be+'s s5ses & intellect are s\nd1 he is fully & intellig5tly alive to t reality ( 8 :i* gives concrete fill+ to 8 individuality3 b he is awake to x 9 ! =m ( int]connexion betwe5 himself & ! features ( t reality conceiv$ z an ext]nal & a sep>ate _w1 & he is aw>e t ?is _w is 9 itself also a complex ( int]connexions ( a practically intelligible k9d4 ,9 8 subjective ideas & plans he has also be=e him ?is causally connect$ s*eme ( ?+s he calls 8 _w & ! s]ies ( means :i* br+ 8 ideas & 8 purposes into adju/m5t ) ! objective exi/5ces1 :i* are also means & ends to ea* o!r4 ,at ! same "t1 ?is _w :i* is outside him has its ?reads 9 him to su* a degree t x is ^! ?reads :i* make him :at he really is3 he too w\ld become ext9ct if ^! ext]nalities 7 to disappe>1 unless by ! aid ( religion1 subjective reason1 & "*1 he is 9 a rem>kable degree self-support+ & indep5d5t ( !m4 ,b1 !n1 9 ! latt] case he is less susceptible ( ! psy*ical /ate "h spok5 (4--,z an illu/ration ( t id5tity ) ! surr\nd+s may be not$ ! effect produc$ by ! dea? ( belov$ relatives1 fri5ds1 c4 on ^? left beh9d1 s t ! "o dies or p9es away ) ! loss ( ! o!r4 7,?us ,cato1 aft] ! d[nfall ( ! ,roman republic1 c\ld live no long]3 8 inn] reality 0 nei!r wid] ?an high] ?an x47 ,comp>e home-sickness1 & ! l4 77 ,b :5 all t occupies ! wak+ consci\sness1 ! _w outside x & its relation%ip to t _w is "u a veil1 & ! s\l is ?us sunk 9 sleep 79 magnetic sleep1 9 catalepsy1 & o!r diseases1 e4g4 ^? connect$ ) female developm5t1 or at ! approa* ( dea?1 c471 !n t imman5t actuality ( ! individual rema9s ! same sub/antial total z be=e1 b n[ z a purely s5sitive life ) an inw>d vision & an inw>d consci\sness4 ,& because x is ! adult1 =m$1 & develop$ consci\sness :i* is degrad$ into ?is /ate ( s5sitivity1 x reta9s along ) its cont5t a c]ta9 nom9al self-hood1 a =mal vision & aw>5ess1 :i* h[ev] does n g s f> z ! consci\s judgm5t or disc]nm5t by :i* its cont5ts1 :5 x is heal?y & awake1 exi/ = x z an outw>d objectivity4 ,! individual is ?us a monad :i* is inw>dly aw>e ( its actuality--a g5ius :i* beholds itself4 ,! *>act]i/ic po9t 9 su* k is t ! v same facts 7:i* = ! heal?y consci\sness are an objective practical reality1 & to "k :i*1 9 its sob] moods1 x ne$s ! intellig5t *a9 ( means & conditions 9 all _! real expansion7 are n[ imm$iately kn[n & p]ceiv$ 9 ?is imman5ce4 ,?is p]ception is a sort ( clairvoyance2 = x is a consci\sness liv+ 9 ! undivid$ sub/antiality ( ! g5ius1 & f9d+ itself 9 ! v he>t ( ! int]connexion1 & s c disp5se ) ! s]ies ( conditions1 ext]nal "o to ano!r1 :i* lead up to ! result1--conditions :i* cool reflection has 9 succession to trav]se & 9 s do+ feels ! limits ( its own individual ext]nality4 ,b su* clairvoyance--j because its dim & turbid vision does n pres5t ! facts 9 a rational int]connexion--is = t v reason at ! m]cy ( e private cont+5cy ( feel+ & fancy1 c4--n to m5tion t =eign sugge/ions 7see lat]7 intrude into its vision4 ,x is ?us impossible to make out :e!r :at ! clairvoyants really see prepond]ates ov] :at !y deceive !mselves 94--,b x is absurd to treat ?is vision>y /ate z a sublime m5tal phase & z a tru] /ate1 capable ( convey+ g5]al tru?s7#abc74 77 ,an ess5tial feature ( ?is s5sitivity1 ) its abs5ce ( intellig5t & volitional p]sonality1 is ?is1 t x is a /ate ( passivity1 l t ( ! *ild 9 ! womb4 ,! pati5t 9 ?is condition is accord+ly made1 & cont9ues to be1 subject to ! p[] ( ano!r p]son1 ! magnetis]2 s t :5 ! two are ?us 9 psy*ical rapport1 ! selfless individual1 n really a 8p]son10 has = 8 subjective consci\sness ! consci\sness ( ! o!r4 ,?is latt] self-possess$ individual is ?us ! effective subjective s\l ( ! =m]1 & ! g5ius :i* may ev5 supply him ) a tra9 ( ideas4 ,t ! somnambuli/ p]ceives 9 himself ta/es & smells :i* are pres5t 9 ! p]son ) :om he /&s en rapport1 & t he is aw>e ( ! o!r inn] ideas & pres5t p]ceptions ( ! latt] z if !y 7 8 own1 %[s ! sub/antial id5tity :i* ! s\l 7:i* ev5 9 its concret5ess is also truly immat]ial7 is capable ( hold+ ) ano!r4 ,:5 ! sub/ance ( bo? is ?us made "o1 !re is only "o subjectivity ( consci\sness3 ! pati5t has a sort ( individuality1 b x is empty1 n on ! spot1 n actual3 & ?is nom9al self accord+ly d]ives its :ole /ock ( ideas f ! s5sations & ideas ( ! o!r1 9 :om x sees1 smells1 ta/es1 reads1 & he>s4 ,x is fur!r to be not$ on ?is po9t t ! somnambuli/ is ?us br\ght into rapport ) two g5ii & a tw(old set ( ideas1 8 own & t ( ! magnetis]4 ,b x is impossible to say precisely :i* s5sations & :i* visions he1 9 ?is nom9al p]ception1 receives1 beholds & br+s to k f 8 own inw>d self1 & :i* f ! sugge/ions ( ! p]son ) :om he /&s 9 relation4 ,?is unc]ta9ty may be ! s\rce ( _m deceptions1 & acc\nts among o!r ?+s = ! div]sity t inevitably %[s itself among somnambuli/s f diff]5t c\ntries & "u rapport ) p]sons ( diff]5t education1 z reg>ds _! views on morbid /ates & ! me?ods ( cure1 or m$ic9es = !m1 z well z on sci5tific & intellectual topics4 77 ,z 9 ?is s5sitive sub/antiality !re is no contra/ to ext]nal objectivity1 s )9 itself ! subject is s entirely "o t all v>ieties ( s5sation h disappe>$1 & h5ce1 :5 ! activity ( ! s5se-organs is asleep1 ! 8common s5se10 or 8g5]al feel+0 specifies itself to sev]al functions2 "o sees & he>s ) ! f+]s1 & especially ) ! pit ( ! /oma*1 c4 ,to compreh5d a ?+ means 9 ! language ( practical intellig5ce to be able to trace ! s]ies ( means int]v5+ betwe5 a ph5om5on & "s o!r exi/5ce on :i* x dep5ds1--to discov] :at is call$ ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature1 9 compliance ) ! laws & relations ( ! intellect1 e4g4 causality1 reasons1 c4 ,! purely s5sitive life1 on ! contr>y1 ev5 :5 x reta9s t m]e nom9al consci\sness1 z 9 ! morbid /ate allud$ to1 is j ?is =m ( imm$iacy1 )\t any di/9ctions betwe5 subjective & objective1 betwe5 intellig5t p]sonality & objective _w1 & )\t ! a=em5tion$ f9ite ties betwe5 !m4 ,h5ce to und]/& ?is intimate conjunction1 :i*1 ?\gh all-embrac+1 is )\t any def9ite po9ts ( atta*m5t1 is impossible1 s long z we assume indep5d5t p]sonalities1 indep5d5t "o ( ano!r & ( ! objective _w :i* is _! cont5t--s long z we assume ! absolute spatial & mat]ial ext]nality ( "o "p ( be+ to ano!r4 77 ,self-feel+ 7,s5se ( ,self77#abd74 #djg4 77 ,! s5sitive totality is1 9 its capacity ( individual1 ess5tially ! t5d5cy to di/+ui% itself 9 itself1 & to wake up to ! judgm5t 9 itself1 9 virtue ( :i* x has p>ticul> feel+s & /&s z a subject 9 respect ( ^! aspects ( itself4 ,! subject z su* gives ^! feel+s a place z its own 9 itself4 ,9 ^! private & p]sonal s5sations x is imm]s$1 & at ! same "t1 because ( ! 8ideality0 ( ! p>ticul>s1 x comb9es itself 9 !m ) itself z a subjective unit4 ,9 ?is way x is self-feel+1 & is s at ! same "t only 9 ! p>ticul> feel+4 #djh4 77 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! imm$iacy1 :i* /ill m>ks ! self-feel+1 i4e4 9 consequ5ce ( ! elem5t ( corporeality :i* is /ill undeta*$ f ! m5tal life1 & z ! feel+ too is itself p>ticul> & b\nd up ) a special corporeal =m1 x foll[s t al?\gh ! subject has be5 br\ght to acquire intellig5t consci\sness1 x is /ill susceptible ( disease1 s f> z to rema9 fa/ 9 a special phase ( its self-feel+1 unable to ref9e x to 8ideality0 & get ! bett] ( x4 ,! fully-furni%$ self ( intellig5t consci\sness is a consci\s subject1 :i* is consi/5t 9 itself accord+ to an ord] & behavi\r :i* foll[s f its individual position & its connexion ) ! ext]nal _w1 :i* is no less a _w ( law4 ,b :5 x is engross$ ) a s+le phase ( feel+1 x fails to assign t phase its prop] place & due subord9ation 9 ! individual sy/em ( ! _w :i* a consci\s subject is4 ,9 ?is way ! subject f9ds itself 9 contradiction betwe5 ! totality sy/ematis$ 9 its consci\sness1 & ! s+le phase or fix$ idea :i* is n r$uc$ to its prop] place & rank4 ,?is is ,insanity or m5tal ,d]angem5t4 ,9 consid]+ insanity we mu/1 z 9 o!r cases1 anticipate ! full-gr[n & intellig5t consci\s subject1 :i* is at ! same "t ! natural self ( self-feel+4 ,9 su* a phase ! self c be liable to ! contradiction betwe5 its own free subjectivity & a p>ticul>ity :i*1 in/ead ( be+ 8idealis$0 9 ! =m]1 rema9s z a fix$ elem5t 9 self-feel+4 ,m9d z su* is free1 & !re=e n susceptible ( ?is malady4 ,b 9 old] metaphysics m9d 0 treat$ z a s\l1 z a ?+2 & x is only z a ?+1 i4e4 z some?+ natural & exi/5t1 t x is liable to insanity--! settl$ fixture ( "s f9ite elem5t 9 x4 ,insanity is !re=e a psy*ical disease1 i4e4 a disease ( body & m9d alike3 ! comm5cem5t may appe> to />t f "o m ?an o!r1 & s also may ! cure4 ,! self-possess$ & heal?y subject has an active & pres5t consci\sness ( ! ord]$ :ole ( 8 individual _w1 into ! sy/em ( :i* he subsumes ea* special cont5t ( s5sation1 idea1 desire1 incl9ation1 c41 z x arises1 s z to ins]t !m 9 _! prop] place4 ,he is ! dom9ant g5ius ov] ^! p>ticul>ities4 ,betwe5 ?is & insanity ! diff]5ce is l t betwe5 wak+ & dream+3 only t 9 insanity ! dream falls )9 ! wak+ limits1 & s makes "p ( ! actual self-feel+4 ,error & t sort ( ?+ is a proposition consi/5tly admitt$ to a place 9 ! objective int]connexion ( ?+s4 ,9 ! concrete1 h[ev]1 x is (t5 difficult to say :]e x beg9s to become d]angem5t4 ,a viol5t1 b gr\ndless & s5seless outbur/ ( hatr$1 c41 may1 9 contra/ to a presuppos$ high] self-possession & /ability ( "*1 make its victim seem to be beside himself ) fr5zy4 ,b ! ma9 po9t 9 d]angem5t is ! contradiction :i* a feel+ ) a fix$ corporeal embodim5t sets up aga9/ ! :ole mass ( adju/m5ts =m+ ! concrete consci\sness4 ,! m9d :i* is 9 a condition ( m]e be+1 & :]e su* be+ is n r5d]$ fluid 9 its consci\sness1 is diseas$4 ,! cont5ts :i* are set free 9 ?is rev]sion to m]e nature are ! self-seek+ affections ( ! he>t1 su* z vanity1 pride1 & ! re/ ( ! passions--fancies & hopes--m]ely p]sonal love & hatr$4 ,:5 ! influ5ce ( self-possession & ( g5]al pr9ciples1 moral & !oretical1 is relax$1 & ceases to keep ! natural temp] "u lock & key1 ! e>?ly elem5ts are set free--t evil :i* is always lat5t 9 ! he>t1 because ! he>t z imm$iate is natural & selfi%4 ,x is ! evil g5ius ( man :i* ga9s ! upp] h& 9 insanity1 b 9 di/9ction f & contra/ to ! bett] & m intellig5t "p1 :i* is !re also4 ,h5ce ?is /ate is m5tal d]angem5t & di/ress4 ,! "r psy*ical treatm5t !re=e keeps 9 view ! tru? t insanity is n an ab/ract loss ( reason 7nei!r 9 ! po9t ( intellig5ce nor ( w & its responsibility71 b only d]angem5t1 only a contradiction 9 a /ill subsi/+ reason2--j z physical disease is n an ab/ract1 i4e4 m]e & total1 loss ( heal? 7if x 7 t1 x w\ld be dea?71 b a contradiction 9 x4 ,?is humane treatm5t1 no less b5evol5t ?an reasonable 7! s]vices ( ,p9el t[>ds :i* des]ve ! highe/ ackn[l$gm5t71 presupposes ! pati5t's rationality1 & 9 t assumption has ! s\nd basis = deal+ ) him on ?is side--j z 9 ! case ( bodily disease ! physician bases 8 treatm5t on ! vitality :i* z su* /ill conta9s heal?4 77 ,habit7#abe74 #dji4 ,self-feel+1 imm]s$ 9 ! detail ( ! feel+s 79 simple s5sations1 & also desires1 in/9cts1 passions1 & _! gratification71 is undi/+ui%$ f !m4 ,b 9 ! self !re is lat5t a simple self-relation ( ideality1 a nom9al univ]sality 7:i* is ! tru? ( ^! details73 & z s univ]sal1 ! self is to be /amp$ ^u1 & made appe> 91 ?is life ( feel+1 yet s z to di/+ui% itself f ! p>ticul> details1 & be a realis$ univ]sality4 ,b ?is univ]sality is n ! full & /]l+ tru? ( ! specific feel+s & desires2 :at !y specifically conta9 is z yet left out ( acc\nt4 ,& s too ! p>ticul>ity is1 z n[ reg>d$1 equally =mal2 x c\nts only z ! p>ticul> be+ or imm$iacy ( ! s\l 9 opposition to its equally =mal & ab/ract realisation4 ,?is p>ticul> be+ ( ! s\l is ! factor ( its corporeity2 "h we h x break+ ) ?is corporeity1 di/+ui%+ x f itself1--itself a simple be+1--& becom+ ! 8ideal10 subjective sub/antiality ( x1--j z 9 its lat5t notion 7 #cei7 x 0 ! sub/ance1 & ! m]e sub/ance1 ( x4 ,b ?is ab/ract realisation ( ! s\l 9 its corporeal vehicle is n yet ! self--n ! exi/5ce ( ! univ]sal :i* is = ! univ]sal4 ,x is ! corporeity r$uc$ to its m]e ideality2 & s f> only does corporeity belong to ! s\l z su*4 ,t is to say1 z space & "t--! ab/ract "o-outside-ano!r1 z1 9 %ort1 empty space & empty "t--are only subjective =m--pure act ( intuition2 s t pure be+ 7:i* ?r\gh ! sup]session 9 x ( ! p>ticul>ity ( ! corporeity1 or ( ! imm$iate corporeity z su* has realis$ itself7 is m]e intuition & no m1 lack+ consci\sness1 b ! basis ( consci\sness4 ,& consci\sness x becomes1 :5 ! corporeity1 ( :i* x is ! subjective sub/ance1 & :i* /ill cont9ues to exi/1 & t z a b>ri] = x1 has be5 absorb$ by x1 & x has be5 inve/$ ) ! "* ( self-c5tr$ subject4 #daj4 ,! s\l's mak+ itself an ab/ract univ]sal be+1 & r$uc+ ! p>ticul>s ( feel+s 7& ( consci\sness7 to a m]e feature ( its be+ is ,habit4 ,9 ?is mann] ! s\l has ! cont5ts 9 possession1 & conta9s !m 9 su* mann] t 9 ^! features x is n z s5ti5t1 nor does x /& 9 relation%ip ) !m z di/+ui%+ itself f !m1 nor is absorb$ 9 !m1 b has !m & moves 9 !m1 )\t feel+ or consci\sness ( ! fact4 ,! s\l is fre$ f !m1 s f> z x is n int]e/$ 9 or occupi$ ) !m3 & :il/ exi/+ 9 ^! =ms z its possession1 x is at ! same "t op5 to be o!rwise occupi$ & engag$--say ) feel+ & ) m5tal consci\sness 9 g5]al4 ,?is process ( build+ up ! p>ticul> & corporeal expressions ( feel+ into ! be+ ( ! s\l appe>s z a repetition ( !m1 & ! g5]ation ( habit z practice4 ,=1 ?is be+ ( ! s\l1 if 9 respect ( ! natural p>ticul> phase x be call$ an ab/ract univ]sality to :i* ! =m] is transmut$1 is a reflexive univ]sality 7 #age72 i4e4 ! "o & ! same1 t recurs 9 a s]ies ( units ( s5sation1 is r$uc$ to unity1 & ?is ab/ract unity expressly /at$4 ,habit1 l memory1 is a difficult po9t 9 m5tal organisation3 habit is ! me*anism ( self-feel+1 z memory is ! me*anism ( intellig5ce4 ,! natural qualities & alt]ations ( age1 sleep & wak+1 are 8imm$iately0 natural3 habit1 on ! contr>y1 is ! mode ( feel+ 7z well z intellig5ce1 w1 c41 s f> z !y belong to self-feel+7 made into a natural & me*anical exi/5ce4 ,habit is rightly call$ a second nature2 nature1 because x is an imm$iate be+ ( ! s\l2 a second nature1 because x is an imm$iacy creat$ by ! s\l1 impress+ & m\ld+ ! corporeality :i* ent]s into ! modes ( feel+ z su* & into ! repres5tations & volitions s f> z !y h tak5 corporeal =m 7 #dja74 ,9 habit ! human be+'s mode ( exi/5ce is 8natural10 & = t reason n free2 b /ill free1 s f> z ! m]ely natural phase ( feel+ is by habit r$uc$ to a m]e be+ ( 81 & he is no long] involunt>ily attract$ or repell$ by x1 & s no long] int]e/$1 occupi$1 or dep5d5t 9 reg>d to x4 ,! want ( fre$om 9 habit is p>tly m]ely =mal1 z habit m]ely atta*es to ! be+ ( ! s\l2 p>tly only relative1 s f> z x /rictly speak+ arises only 9 ! case ( bad habits1 or s f> z a habit is oppos$ by ano!r purpose3 :]eas ! habit ( "r & goodness is an embodim5t ( lib]ty4 ,! ma9 po9t ab\t ,habit is t by its means man gets emancipat$ f ! feel+s1 ev5 9 be+ affect$ by !m4 ,! diff]5t =ms ( ?is may be describ$ z foll[s3 77 ,! imm$iate feel+ is negat$ & treat$ z indiff]5t4 ,"o :o gets inur$ aga9/ ext]nal s5sations 7fro/1 heat1 we>9ess ( ! limbs1 c41 sweet ta/es1 c471 & :o h>d5s ! he>t aga9/ mis=tune1 acquires a /r5g? :i* consi/s 9 ?is1 t al?\gh ! fro/1 c4--or ! mis=tune--is felt1 ! affection is depos$ to a m]e ext]nality & imm$iacy2 ! univ]sal psy*ical life keeps its own ab/ract indep5d5ce 9 x1 & ! self-feel+ z su*1 consci\sness1 reflection1 & any o!r purposes & activity1 are no long] bo!r$ ) x4 77 ,!re is indiff]5ce t[>ds ! satisfaction3 ! desires & impulses are by ! habit ( _! satisfaction dead5$4 ,?is is ! rational lib]ation f !m2 :]eas mona/ic r5unciation & =cible int]f]5ce d n free f !m1 nor are !y 9 conception rational4 ,( c\rse 9 all ?is x is assum$ t ! impulses are kept z ! f9ite modes !y naturally are1 & t !y1 l _! satisfaction1 are subord9at$ z p>tial factors to ! reasonable w4 77 ,9 habit reg>d$ z aptitude1 or skill1 n m]ely has ! ab/ract psy*ical life to be kept intact p] se1 b x has to be impos$ z a subjective aim1 to be made a p[] 9 ! bodily "p1 :i* is r5d]$ subject & ?or\ghly p]vi\s to x4 ,conceiv$ z hav+ ! inw>d purpose ( ! subjective s\l ?us impos$ ^u x1 ! body is treat$ z an imm$iate ext]nality & a b>ri]4 ,?us comes out ! m decid$ rupture betwe5 ! s\l z simple self-conc5tration1 & its e>li] naturalness & imm$iacy2 x has lo/ its orig9al & imm$iate id5tity ) ! bodily nature1 & z ext]nal has fir/ to be r$uc$ to t position4 ,specific feel+s c only get bodily %ape 9 a p]fectly specific way 7 #dja72 & ! imm$iate portion ( body is a p>ticul> possibility = a specific aim 7a p>ticul> aspect ( its diff]5tiat$ /ructure1 a p>ticul> organ ( its organic sy/em74 ,to m\ld su* an aim 9 ! organic body is to br+ out & express ! 8ideality0 :i* is implicit 9 matt] always1 & especially s 9 ! specific bodily "p1 & ?us to enable ! s\l1 "u its volitional & conceptual *>act]s1 to exi/ z sub/ance 9 its corporeity4 ,9 ?is way an aptitude %[s ! corporeity r5d]$ completely p]vi\s1 made into an in/rum5t1 s t :5 ! conception 7e4g4 a s]ies ( musical notes7 is 9 me1 !n )\t resi/ance & ) ease ! body gives !m correct utt]ance4 ,! =m ( habit applies to all k9ds & grades ( m5tal action4 ,! mo/ ext]nal ( !m1 i4e4 ! spatial direction ( an individual1 viz4 8 upright po/ure1 has be5 by w made a habit--a position tak5 )\t adju/m5t & )\t consci\sness--:i* cont9ues to be an affair ( 8 p]si/5t w2 = ! man /&s only because & 9 s f> z he wills to /&1 & only s long z he wills x )\t consci\sness4 ,simil>ly our eyesight is ! concrete habit :i*1 )\t an express adju/m5t1 comb9es 9 a s+le act ! sev]al modifications ( s5sation1 consci\sness1 intuition1 intellig5ce1 c41 :i* make x up4 ,?9k+1 too1 h[ev] free & active 9 its own pure elem5t x becomes1 no less requires habit & famili>ity 7?is impromptuity or =m ( imm$iacy71 by :i* x is ! prop]ty ( my s+le self :]e ,i c freely & 9 all directions range4 ,x is ?r\gh ?is habit t ,i come to realise my exi/5ce z a ?9k+ be+4 ,ev5 "h1 9 ?is spontaneity ( self-c5tr$ ?\ght1 !re is a p>tn]%ip ( s\l & body 7h5ce1 want ( habit & too-long-cont9u$ ?9k+ cause heada*e72 habit dim9i%es ?is feel+1 by mak+ ! natural function an imm$iacy ( ! s\l4 ,habit on an ampl] scale1 & c>ri$ out 9 ! /rictly intellectual range1 is recollection & memory1 :]e( we %all speak lat]4 ,habit is (t5 spok5 ( disp>ag+ly & call$ lifeless1 casual & p>ticul>4 ,& x is true t ! =m ( habit1 l any o!r1 is op5 to any?+ we *ance to put into x2 & x is habit ( liv+ :i* br+s on dea?1 or1 if q ab/ract1 is dea? itself3 & yet habit is indisp5sable = ! exi/5ce ( all intellectual life 9 ! individual1 enabl+ ! subject to be a concrete imm$iacy1 an 8ideality0 ( s\l--enabl+ ! matt] ( consci\sness1 religi\s1 moral1 c41 to be 8 z ?is self1 ?is s\l1 & no o!r1 & be nei!r a m]e lat5t possibility1 nor a transi5t emotion or idea1 nor an ab/ract inw>dness1 cut (f f action & reality1 b "p & p>cel ( 8 be+4 ,9 sci5tific /udies ( ! s\l & ! m9d1 habit is usually pass$ ov]--ei!r z some?+ contemptible--or r = ! fur!r reason t x is "o ( ! mo/ difficult que/ions ( psy*ology4 7c7 ,! ,actual ,s\l47#abf7 #daa4 ,! ,s\l1 :5 its corporeity has be5 m\ld$ & made ?or\ghly its own1 f9ds itself !re a s+le subject2 & ! corporeity is an ext]nality :i* /&s z a pr$icate1 9 be+ relat$ to :i*1 x is relat$ to itself4 ,?is ext]nality1 9 o!r words1 repres5ts n itself1 b ! s\l1 ( :i* x is ! sign4 ,9 ?is id5tity ( int]ior & ext]ior1 ! latt] subject to ! =m]1 ! s\l is actual3 9 its corporeity x has its free %ape1 9 :i* x feels itself & makes itself felt1 & :i* z ! ,s\l's "w ( art has human pa?ognomic & physiognomic expression4 ,"u ! head ( human expression are includ$1 e4g41 ! upright figure 9 g5]al1 & ! =mation ( ! limbs1 especially ! h&1 z ! absolute in/rum5t1 ( ! m\?--laught]1 weep+1 c41 & ! note ( m5tality diffus$ ov] ! :ole1 :i* at once ann\nces ! body at ! ext]nality ( a high] nature4 ,?is note is s slight1 indef9ite1 & inexpressible a modification1 because ! figure 9 its ext]nality is some?+ imm$iate & natural1 & c !re=e only be an indef9ite & q imp]fect sign = ! m9d1 unable to repres5t x 9 its actual univ]sality4 ,se5 f ! animal _w1 ! human figure is ! supreme phase 9 :i* m9d makes an appe>ance4 ,b = ! m9d x is only its fir/ appe>ance1 :ile language is its p]fect expression4 ,& ! human figure1 ?\gh its proximate phase ( exi/5ce1 is at ! same "t 9 its physiognomic & pa?ognomic quality some?+ cont+5t to x4 ,to try to raise physiognomy & above all cranioscopy 7phr5ology7 to ! rank ( sci5ces1 0 !re=e "o ( ! va9e/ fancies1 /ill va9] ?an a signatura r]um1 :i* suppos$ ! %ape ( a plant to af=d indication ( its m$ic9al virtue4 #dab4 ,implicitly ! s\l %[s ! untru? & unreality ( matt]2 = ! s\l1 9 its conc5trat$ self1 cuts itself (f f its imm$iate be+1 plac+ ! latt] ov] aga9/ x z a corporeity incapable ( (f]+ resi/ance to its m\ld+ influ5ce4 ,! s\l1 ?us sett+ 9 opposition its be+ to its 7consci\s7 self1 absorb+ x1 & mak+ x its own1 has lo/ ! mean+ ( m]e s\l1 or ! 8imm$iacy0 ( m9d4 ,! actual s\l ) its s5sation & its concrete self-feel+ turn$ into habit1 has implicitly realis$ ! 'ideality' ( its qualities2 9 ?is ext]nality x has recollect$ & inw>dis$ itself1 & is inf9ite self-relation4 ,?is free univ]sality ?us made explicit %[s ! s\l awak+ to ! high] /age ( ! ego1 or ab/ract univ]sality 9 s f> z x is = ! ab/ract univ]sality4 ,9 ?is way x ga9s ! position ( ?9k] & subject--specially a subject ( ! judgm5t 9 :i* ! ego excludes f itself ! sum total ( its m]ely natural features z an object1 a _w ext]nal to x1--b ) su* respect to t object t 9 x x is imm$iately reflect$ into itself4 ,?us s\l rises to become ,consci\sness4 ,sub-,section ,b4 ,ph5om5ology ,( ,m9d4 ,consci\sness4 #dac4 ,consci\sness con/itutes ! reflect$ or correlational grade ( m9d3 ! grade ( m9d z appe>ance4 ,ego is inf9ite self-relation ( m9d1 b z subjective or z self-c]ta9ty4 ,! imm$iate id5tity ( ! natural s\l has be5 rais$ to ?is pure 8ideal0 self-id5tity2 & :at ! =m] conta9$ is = ?is self-subsi/5t reflection set =? z an object4 ,! pure ab/ract fre$om ( m9d lets g f x its specific qualities1--! s\l's natural life--to an equal fre$om z an indep5d5t object4 ,x is ( ?is latt]1 z ext]nal to x1 t ! ego is 9 ! fir/ in/ance aw>e 7consci\s71 & z su* x is ,consci\sness4 ,ego1 z ?is absolute negativity1 is implicitly ! id5tity 9 ! o!rness3 ! ego is itself t o!r & /ret*es ov] ! object 7z if t object 7 implicitly cancell$7--x is "o side ( ! relation%ip & ! :ole relation%ip--! light1 :i* manife/s itself & some?+ else too4 #dad4 ,! self-id5tity ( ! m9d1 ?us fir/ made explicit z ! ,ego1 is only its ab/ract =mal id5tity4 ,z s\l x 0 "u ! phase ( sub/antial univ]sality2 n[1 z subjective reflection 9 itself1 x is ref]r$ to ?is sub/antiality z to its negative1 some?+ d>k & beyond x4 ,h5ce consci\sness1 l reciprocal dep5d5ce 9 g5]al1 is ! contradiction betwe5 ! indep5d5ce ( ! two sides & _! id5tity 9 :i* !y are m]g$ into "o4 ,! m9d z ego is ess5ce2 b s9ce reality1 9 ! sph]e ( ess5ce1 is repres5t$ z 9 imm$iate be+ & at ! same "t z 8ideal10 x is z consci\sness only ! appe>ance 7ph5om5on7 ( m9d4 #dae4 ,z ! ego is by itself only a =mal id5tity1 ! dialectical movem5t ( its intelligible unity1 i4e4 ! successive /eps 9 fur!r specification ( consci\sness1 does n to x seem to be its own activity1 b is implicit1 & to ! ego x seems an alt]ation ( ! object4 ,consci\sness consequ5tly appe>s diff]5tly modifi$ accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( ! giv5 object2 & ! gradual specification ( consci\sness appe>s z a v>iation 9 ! *>act]i/ics ( its objects4 ,ego1 ! subject ( consci\sness1 is ?9k+3 ! logical process ( modify+ ! object is :at is id5tical 9 subject & object1 _! absolute int]dep5d5ce1 :at makes ! object ! subject's own4 ,! ,kantian philosophy may be mo/ accurately describ$ z hav+ view$ ! m9d z consci\sness1 & z conta9+ ! propositions only ( a ph5om5ology 7n ( a philosophy7 ( m9d4 ,! ,ego ,kant reg>ds z ref]5ce to some?+ away & beyond 7:i* 9 its ab/ract description is t]m$ ! ?+-at-itself72 & x is only f ?is f9ite po9t ( view t he treats bo? intellect & w4 ,?\gh 9 ! notion ( a p[] ( reflective judgm5t he t\*es ^u ! ,idea ( m9d--a subject-objectivity1 an intuitive intellect1 c41 & ev5 ! ,idea ( ,nature1 /ill ?is ,idea is aga9 depos$ to an appe>ance1 i4e4 to a subjective maxim 7 #eh74 ,re9hold may !re=e be said to h correctly appreciat$ ,kantism :5 he treat$ x z a !ory ( consci\sness 7"u ! "n ( 8faculty ( ideation074 ,fi*te kept to ! same po9t ( view3 8 non-ego is only some?+ set ov] aga9/ ! ego1 only def9$ z 9 consci\sness3 x is made no m ?an an inf9ite 8%ock10 i4e4 a ?+-9-itself4 ,bo? sy/ems !re=e h cle>ly n rea*$ ! intelligible unity or ! m9d z x actually & ess5tially is1 b only z x is 9 ref]5ce to some?+ else4 ,z aga9/ ,sp9ozism1 aga91 x is to be not$ t ! m9d 9 ! judgm5t by :i* x 8con/itutes0 itself an ego 7a free subject contra/$ ) its qualitative affection7 has em]g$ f sub/ance1 & t ! philosophy1 :i* gives ?is judgm5t z ! absolute *>act]i/ic ( m9d1 has em]g$ f ,sp9ozism4 #daf4 ,! aim ( consci\s m9d is to make its appe>ance id5tical ) its ess5ce1 to raise its self-c]ta9ty to tru?4 ,! exi/5ce ( m9d 9 ! /age ( consci\sness is f9ite1 because x is m]ely a nom9al self-relation1 or m]e c]ta9ty4 ,! object is only ab/ractly *>act]is$ z its2 9 o!r words1 9 ! object x is only z an ab/ract ego t ! m9d is reflect$ into itself3 h5ce its exi/5ce !re has /ill a cont5t1 :i* is n z its own4 #dag4 ,! grades ( ?is elevation ( c]ta9ty to tru? are ?ree 9 numb]3 fir/ 7a7 consci\sness 9 g5]al1 ) an object set aga9/ x2 7b7 self-consci\sness1 = :i* ego is ! object2 7c7 unity ( consci\sness & self-consci\sness1 :]e ! m9d sees itself embodi$ 9 ! object & sees itself z implicitly & explicitly det]m9ate1 z ,reason1 ! notion ( m9d4 7a7 ,consci\sness ,prop]7#abg74 77 ,s5su\s consci\sness4 #dah4 ,consci\sness is1 fir/1 imm$iate consci\sness1 & its ref]5ce to ! object accord+ly ! simple & und]iv$ c]ta9ty ( x4 ,! object simil>ly1 be+ imm$iate1 an exi/5t1 reflect$ 9 itself1 is fur!r *>act]is$ z imm$iately s+ul>4 ,?is is s5se-consci\sness4 ,consci\sness--z a case ( correlation--comprises only ! categories belong+ to ! ab/ract ego or =mal ?9k+2 & ^! x treats z features ( ! object 7 #dae74 ,s5se-consci\sness !re=e is aw>e ( ! object z an exi/5t1 a some?+1 an exi/+ ?+1 a s+ul>1 & s on4 ,x appe>s z weal?ie/ 9 matt]1 b z poore/ 9 ?\ght4 ,t weal? ( matt] is made out ( s5sations3 !y are ! mat]ial ( consci\sness 7 #dad71 ! sub/antial & qualitative1 :at ! s\l 9 its an?ropological sph]e is & f9ds 9 itself4 ,?is mat]ial ! ego 7! reflection ( ! s\l 9 itself7 sep>ates f itself1 & puts x fir/ "u ! category ( be+4 ,spatial & temporal ,s+ul>ness1 "h & n[ 7! t]ms by :i* 9 ! ,ph5om5ology ( ! ,m9d 7,w4 ,,ii4 p4 #gc71 ,i describ$ ! object ( s5se-consci\sness7 /rictly belongs to intuition4 ,at pres5t ! object is at fir/ to be view$ only 9 its correlation to consci\sness1 i4e4 a some?+ ext]nal to x1 & n yet z ext]nal on its own "p1 or z be+ beside & out ( itself4 #dai4 ,! s5sible z some:at becomes an o!r3 ! reflection 9 itself ( ?is some:at1 ! ?+1 has _m prop]ties2 & z a s+le 7?+7 9 its imm$iacy has sev]al pr$icates4 ,! mu*ness ( ! s5se-s+ul> ?us becomes a bread?--a v>iety ( relations1 reflectional attributes1 & univ]salities4 ,^! are logical t]ms introduc$ by ! ?9k+ pr9ciple1 i4e4 9 ?is case by ! ,ego1 to describe ! s5sible4 ,b ! ,ego z itself app>5t sees 9 all ?is *>act]isation a *ange 9 ! object2 & self-consci\sness1 s con/ru+ ! object1 is s5se-p]ception4 77 ,s5se-p]ception7#abh74 #dbj4 ,consci\sness1 hav+ pass$ beyond ! s5sibility1 wants to take ! object 9 its tru?1 n z m]ely imm$iate1 b z m$iat$1 reflect$ 9 itself1 & univ]sal4 ,su* an object is a comb9ation ( s5se qualities ) attributes ( wid] range by :i* ?\ght def9es concrete relations & connexions4 ,h5ce ! id5tity ( consci\sness ) ! object passes f ! ab/ract id5tity ( 8,i am sure0 to ! def9ite id5tity ( 8,i "k1 & am aw>e40 ,! p>ticul> grade ( consci\sness on :i* ,kantism conceives ! m9d is p]ception3 :i* is also ! g5]al po9t ( view tak5 by ord9>y consci\sness1 & m or less by ! sci5ces4 ,! s5su\s c]titudes ( s+le app]ceptions or obs]vations =m ! />t+-po9t3 ^! are suppos$ to be elevat$ to tru?1 by be+ reg>d$ 9 _! be>+s1 reflect$ ^u1 & on ! l9es ( def9ite categories turn$ at ! same "t into some?+ necess>y & univ]sal1 viz4 exp]i5ces4 #dba4 ,?is conjunction ( individual & univ]sal is admixture--! individual rema9s at ! bottom h>d & unaffect$ by ! univ]sal1 to :i* h[ev] x is relat$4 ,x is !re=e a tissue ( contradictions--betwe5 ! s+le ?+s ( s5se app]ception1 :i* =m ! alleg$ gr\nd ( g5]al exp]i5ce1 & ! univ]sality :i* has a high] claim to be ! ess5ce & gr\nd--betwe5 ! individuality ( a ?+ :i*1 tak5 9 its concrete cont5t1 con/itutes its indep5d5ce & ! v>i\s prop]ties :i*1 free f ?is negative l9k & f "o ano!r1 are indep5d5t univ]sal matt]s 7 #abc74 ,?is contradiction ( ! f9ite :i* runs ?r\gh all =ms ( ! logical sph]es turns out mo/ concrete1 :5 ! some:at is def9$ z object 7 #aid seqq474 77 ,! ,intellect7#abi74 #dbb4 ,! proximate tru? ( p]ception is t x is ! object :i* is an appe>ance1 & t ! object's reflection 9 self is on ! contr>y a self-subsi/5t inw>d & univ]sal4 ,! consci\sness ( su* an object is intellect4 ,?is inw>d1 z we call$ x1 ( ! ?+ is on "o h& ! suppression ( ! multiplicity ( ! s5sible1 &1 9 t mann]1 an ab/ract id5tity3 on ! o!r h&1 h[ev]1 x also = t reason conta9s ! multiplicity1 b z an int]ior 8simple0 diff]5ce1 :i* rema9s self-id5tical 9 ! vicissitudes ( appe>ance4 ,?is simple diff]5ce is ! realm ( ! laws ( ! ph5om5a--a copy ( ! ph5om5on1 b br\ght to re/ & univ]sality4 #dbc4 ,! law1 at fir/ /at+ ! mutual dep5d5ce ( univ]sal1 p]man5t t]ms1 has1 9 s f> z its di/9ction is ! inw>d "o1 its necessity on its own "p2 ! "o ( ! t]ms1 z n ext]nally diff]5t f ! o!r1 lies imm$iately 9 ! o!r4 ,b 9 ?is mann] ! int]ior di/9ction is1 :at x is 9 tru?1 ! di/9ction on its own "p1 or ! di/9ction :i* is none4 ,) ?is new =m-*>act]i/ic1 on ! :ole1 consci\sness implicitly vani%es3 = consci\sness z su* implies ! reciprocal indep5d5ce ( subject & object4 ,! ego 9 its judgm5t has an object :i* is n di/9ct f x1--x has itself4 ,consci\sness has pass$ into self-consci\sness4 7b7 ,self-consci\sness7#acj74 #dbd4 ,self-consci\sness is ! tru? ( consci\sness3 ! latt] is a consequ5ce ( ! =m]1 all consci\sness ( an o!r object be+ z a matt] ( fact also self-consci\sness4 ,! object is my idea3 ,i am aw>e ( ! object z m9e2 & ?us 9 x ,i am aw>e ( me4 ,! =mula ( self-consci\sness is ,i ,i3--ab/ract fre$om1 pure 8ideality40 ,9 s f> x lacks 8reality03 = z x is its own object1 !re is /rictly speak+ no object1 because !re is no di/9ction betwe5 x & ! object4 #dbe4 ,ab/ract self-consci\sness is ! fir/ negation ( consci\sness1 & = t reason x is burd5$ ) an ext]nal object1 or1 nom9ally1 ) ! negation ( x4 ,?us x is at ! same "t ! antec$5t /age1 consci\sness3 x is ! contradiction ( itself z self-consci\sness & z consci\sness4 ,b ! latt] aspect & ! negation 9 g5]al is 9 ,i ,i pot5tially suppress$2 & h5ce z ?is c]titude ( self aga9/ ! object x is ! impulse to realise its implicit nature1 by giv+ its ab/ract self-aw>5ess cont5t & objectivity1 & 9 ! o!r direction to free itself f its s5su\sness1 to set aside ! giv5 objectivity & id5tify x ) itself4 ,! two processes are "o & ! same1 ! id5tification ( its consci\sness & self-consci\sness4 77 ,appetite or ,in/9ctive ,desire7#aca74 #dbf4 ,self-consci\sness1 9 its imm$iacy1 is a s+ul>1 & a desire 7appetite71--! contradiction impli$ 9 its ab/raction :i* %\ld yet be objective1--or 9 its imm$iacy :i* has ! %ape ( an ext]nal object & %\ld be subjective4 ,! c]titude ( "o's self1 :i* issues f ! suppression ( m]e consci\sness1 pron\nces ! object null3 & ! outlook ( self-consci\sness t[>ds ! object equally qualifies ! ab/ract ideality ( su* self-consci\sness z null4 #dbg4 ,self-consci\sness1 !re=e1 kn[s itself implicit 9 ! object1 :i* 9 ?is outlook is con=mable to ! appetite4 ,9 ! negation ( ! two "o-sid$ mom5ts by ! ego's own activity1 ?is id5tity comes to be = ! ego4 ,to ?is activity ! object1 :i* implicitly & = self-consci\sness is self-less1 c make no resi/ance3 ! dialectic1 implicit 9 x1 t[>ds self-suppression exi/s 9 ?is case z t activity ( ! ego4 ,?us :ile ! giv5 object is r5d]$ subjective1 ! subjectivity dive/s itself ( its "o-sid$ness & becomes objective to itself4 #dbh4 ,! product ( ?is process is ! fa/ conjunction ( ! ego ) itself1 its satisfaction realis$1 & itself made actual4 ,on ! ext]nal side x cont9ues1 9 ?is return ^u itself1 prim>ily describable z an individual1 & ma9ta9s itself z su*2 because its be>+ ^u ! self-less object is purely negative1 ! latt]1 !re=e1 be+ m]ely consum$4 ,?us appetite 9 its satisfaction is always de/ructive1 & 9 its cont5t selfi%3 & z ! satisfaction has only happ5$ 9 ! individual 7& t is transi5t7 ! appetite is aga9 g5]at$ 9 ! v act ( satisfaction4 #dbi4 ,b on ! inn] side1 or implicitly1 ! s5se ( self :i* ! ego gets 9 ! satisfaction does n rema9 9 ab/ract self-conc5tration or 9 m]e individuality2 on ! contr>y1--z negation ( imm$iacy & individuality ! result involves a "* ( univ]sality & ( ! id5tity ( self-consci\sness ) its object4 ,! judgm5t or diremption ( ?is self-consci\sness is ! consci\sness ( a 8free0 object1 9 :i* ego is aw>e ( itself z an ego1 :i* h[ev] is also /ill outside x4 77 ,self-consci\sness ,recognitive7#acb74 #dcj4 ,"h !re is a self-consci\sness = a self-consci\sness1 at fir/ imm$iately z "o ( two ?+s = ano!r4 ,9 t o!r z ego ,i behold myself1 & yet also an imm$iately exi/+ object1 ano!r ego absolutely indep5d5t ( me & oppos$ to me4 7,! suppression ( ! s+l5ess ( self-consci\sness 0 only a fir/ /ep 9 ! suppression1 & x m]ely l$ to ! *>act]isation ( x z p>ticul>47 ,?is contradiction gives ei!r self-consci\sness ! impulse to %[ itself z a free self1 & to exi/ z su* = ! o!r3--! process ( recognition4 #dca4 ,! process is a battle4 ,i _c be aw>e ( me z myself 9 ano!r individual1 s long z ,i see 9 t o!r an o!r & an imm$iate exi/5ce3 & ,i am consequ5tly b5t ^u ! suppression ( ?is imm$iacy ( 84 ,b 9 l measure ,i _c be recognis$ z imm$iate1 except s f> z ,i ov]come ! m]e imm$iacy on my own "p1 & ?us give exi/5ce to my fre$om4 ,b ?is imm$iacy is at ! same "t ! corporeity ( self-consci\sness1 9 :i* z 9 its sign & tool ! latt] has its own s5se ( self1 & its be+ = o!rs1 & ! means = ent]+ into relation ) !m4 #dcb4 ,! fight ( recognition is a life & dea? /ruggle3 ei!r self-consci\sness imp]ils ! o!r's l1 & incurs a l p]il = its own--b only p]il1 = ei!r is no less b5t on ma9ta9+ 8 life1 z ! exi/5ce ( 8 fre$om4 ,?us ! dea? ( "o1 ?\gh by ! ab/ract1 !re=e rude1 negation ( imm$iacy1 x1 f "o po9t ( view1 solves ! contradiction1 is yet1 f ! ess5tial po9t ( view 7i4e4 ! outw>d & visible recognition71 a new contradiction 7= t recognition is at ! same "t undone by ! o!r's dea?7 & a great] ?an ! o!r4 #dcc4 ,b because life is z requisite z lib]ty to ! solution1 ! fight ends 9 ! fir/ in/ance z a "o-sid$ negation ) inequality4 ,:ile ! "o combatant pref]s life1 reta9s 8 s+le self-consci\sness1 b surr5d]s 8 claim = recognition1 ! o!r holds fa/ to 8 self-ass]tion & is recognis$ by ! =m] z 8 sup]ior4 ,?us arises ! /atus ( ma/] & slave4 ,9 ! battle = recognition & ! subjugation "u a ma/]1 we see1 on _! ph5om5al side1 ! em]g5ce ( man's social life & ! comm5cem5t ( political union4 ,=ce1 :i* is ! basis ( ?is ph5om5on1 is n on t acc\nt a basis ( "r1 b only ! necess>y & legitimate factor 9 ! passage f ! /ate ( self-consci\sness sunk 9 appetite & selfi% isolation into ! /ate ( univ]sal self-consci\sness4 ,=ce1 !n1 is ! ext]nal or ph5om5al comm5cem5t ( /ates1 n _! und]ly+ & ess5tial pr9ciple4 #dcd4 ,?is /atus1 9 ! fir/ place1 implies common wants & common conc]n = _! satisfaction1--= ! means ( ma/]y1 ! slave1 mu/ likewise be kept 9 life4 ,9 place ( ! rude de/ruction ( ! imm$iate object !re ensues acquisition1 pres]vation1 & =mation ( x1 z ! in/rum5tality 9 :i* ! two extremes ( indep5d5ce & non-indep5d5ce are weld$ toge!r4 ,! =m ( univ]sality ?us aris+ 9 satisfy+ ! want1 creates a p]man5t means & a provision :i* takes c>e = & secures ! future4 #dce4 ,b secondly1 :5 we look to ! di/9ction ( ! two1 ! ma/] beholds 9 ! slave & 8 s]vitude ! supremacy ( 8 s+le self-hood1 & t by ! suppression ( imm$iate self-hood1 a suppression1 h[ev]1 :i* falls on ano!r4 ,?is o!r1 ! slave1 h[ev]1 9 ! s]vice ( ! ma/]1 works (f 8 individuali/ self-w1 ov]comes ! inn] imm$iacy ( appetite1 & 9 ?is dive/m5t ( self & 9 8! fe> ( 8 "l0 makes 8! beg9n+ ( wisdom0--! passage to univ]sal self-consci\sness4 77 ,univ]sal ,self-consci\sness4 #dcf4 ,univ]sal self-consci\sness is ! affirmative aw>5ess ( self 9 an o!r self3 ea* self z a free individuality has 8 own 8absolute0 indep5d5ce1 yet 9 virtue ( ! negation ( its imm$iacy or appetite )\t di/+ui%+ itself f t o!r4 ,ea* is ?us univ]sal self-consci\s & objective2 ea* has 8real0 univ]sality 9 ! %ape ( reciprocity1 s f> z ea* kn[s itself recognis$ 9 ! o!r freeman1 & is aw>e ( ?is 9 s f> z x recognises ! o!r & kn[s him to be free4 ,?is univ]sal re-appe>ance ( self-consci\sness--! notion :i* is aw>e ( itself 9 its objectivity z a subjectivity id5tical ) itself & = t reason univ]sal--is ! =m ( consci\sness :i* lies at ! root ( all true m5tal or spiritual life--9 family1 fa!rl&1 /ate1 & ( all virtues1 love1 fri5d%ip1 val\r1 hon\r1 fame4 ,b ?is appe>ance ( ! und]ly+ ess5ce may be sev]$ f t ess5tial1 & be ma9ta9$ ap>t 9 wor?less hon\r1 idle fame1 c4 #dcg4 ,?is unity ( consci\sness & self-consci\sness implies 9 ! fir/ in/ance ! individuals mutually ?r[+ light ^u ea* o!r4 ,b ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^? :o are ?us id5tifi$ is m]e vague div]sity--or r x is a diff]5ce :i* is none4 ,h5ce its tru? is ! fully & really exi/5t univ]sality & objectivity ( self-consci\sness1--:i* is ,reason4 ,reason1 z ! ,idea 7 #bac7 z x "h appe>s1 is to be tak5 z mean+ t ! di/9ction betwe5 notion & reality :i* x unifies has ! special aspect ( a di/9ction betwe5 ! self-conc5trat$ notion or consci\sness1 & ! object subsi/+ ext]nal & oppos$ to x4 7c7 ,reason7#acc74 #dch4 ,! ess5tial & actual tru? :i* reason is1 lies 9 ! simple id5tity ( ! subjectivity ( ! notion1 ) its objectivity & univ]sality4 ,! univ]sality ( reason1 !re=e1 :il/ x signifies t ! object1 :i* 0 only giv5 9 consci\sness qu consci\sness1 is n[ itself univ]sal1 p]meat+ & encompass+ ! ego1 also signifies t ! pure ego is ! pure =m :i* ov]laps ! object1 & encompasses x )\t x4 #dci4 ,self-consci\sness1 ?us c]tifi$ t its det]m9ations are no less objective1 or det]m9ations ( ! v be+ ( ?+s1 ?an !y are its own ?\ghts1 is ,reason1 :i* z su* an id5tity is n only ! absolute sub/ance1 b ! tru? t kn[s x4 ,= tru? "h has1 z its peculi> mode & imman5t =m1 ! self-c5tr$ pure notion1 ego1 ! c]titude ( self z inf9ite univ]sality4 ,tru?1 aw>e ( :at x is1 is m9d 7_s74 ,sub-,section ,c4 ,psy*ology4 ,m9d7#acd74 #ddj4 ,m9d has def9$ itself z ! tru? ( s\l & consci\sness1--! =m] a simple imm$iate totality1 ! latt] n[ an inf9ite =m :i* is n1 l consci\sness1 re/rict$ by t cont5t1 & does n /& 9 m]e correlation to x z to its object1 b is an aw>5ess ( ?is sub/antial totality1 nei!r subjective nor objective4 ,m9d1 !re=e1 />ts only f its own be+ & is 9 correlation only ) its own features4 ,psy*ology accord+ly /udies ! faculties or g5]al modes ( m5tal activity qu m5tal--m5tal vision1 ideation1 rememb]+1 c41 desires1 c4--ap>t bo? f ! cont5t1 :i* on ! ph5om5al side is f\nd 9 empirical ideation1 9 ?9k+ also & 9 desire & w1 & f ! two =ms 9 :i* ^! modes exi/1 viz4 9 ! s\l z a physical mode1 & 9 consci\sness itself z a sep>ately exi/5t object ( t consci\sness4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n an arbitr>y ab/raction by ! psy*ologi/4 ,m9d is j ?is elevation above nature & physical modes1 & above ! complication ) an ext]nal object--9 "o ^w1 above ! mat]ial1 z its concept has j %[n4 ,all x has n[ to d is to realise ?is notion ( its fre$om1 & get rid ( ! =m ( imm$iacy ) :i* x once m beg9s4 ,! cont5t :i* is elevat$ to intuitions is its s5sations3 x is its intuitions also :i* are transmut$ into repres5tations1 & its repres5tations :i* are transmut$ aga9 into ?\ghts1 c4 #dda4 ,! s\l is f9ite1 s f> z its features are imm$iate or con-natural4 ,consci\sness is f9ite1 9 s f> z x has an object4 ,m9d is f9ite1 9 s f> z1 ?\gh x no long] has an object1 x has a mode 9 its k2 i4e41 x is f9ite by means ( its imm$iacy1 or1 :at is ! same ?+1 by be+ subjective or only a notion4 ,& x is a matt] ( no consequ5ce1 :i* is def9$ z its notion1 & :i* z ! reality ( t notion4 ,say t its notion is ! utt]ly inf9ite objective reason1 !n its reality is k or intellig5ce3 say t k is its notion1 !n its reality is t reason1 & ! realisation ( k consi/s 9 appropriat+ reason4 ,h5ce ! f9itude ( m9d is to be plac$ 9 ! 7tempor>y7 failure ( k to get hold ( ! full reality ( its reason1 or1 equally1 9 ! 7tempor>y7 failure ( reason to atta9 full manife/ation 9 k4 ,reason at ! same "t is only inf9ite s f> z x is 8absolute0 fre$om2 s f>1 t is1 z presuppos+ itself = its k to "w ^u1 x !reby r$uces itself to f9itude1 & appe>s z ev]la/+ movem5t ( sup]s$+ ?is imm$iacy1 ( compreh5d+ itself1 & be+ a rational k4 #ddb4 ,! progress ( m9d is developm5t1 9 s f> z its exi/5t phase1 viz4 k1 involves z its intr9sic purpose & burd5 t utt] & complete autonomy :i* is rationality2 9 :i* case ! action ( translat+ ?is purpose into reality is /rictly only a nom9al passage ov] into manife/ation1 & is ev5 !re a return into itself4 ,s f> z k :i* has n %ak5 (f its orig9al quality ( m]e k is only ab/ract or =mal1 ! goal ( m9d is to give x objective fulfilm5t1 & ?us at ! same "t produce its fre$om4 ,! developm5t "h meant is n t ( ! individual 7:i* has a c]ta9 an?ropological "*71 :]e faculties & =ces are reg>d$ z successively em]g+ & pres5t+ !mselves 9 ext]nal exi/5ce--a s]ies ( /eps1 on ! asc]ta9m5t on :i* !re 0 = a long "t great /ress laid 7by ! sy/em ( ,condillac71 z if a conjectural natural em]g5ce c\ld exhibit ! orig9 ( ^! faculties & expla9 !m4 ,9 ,condillac's me?od !re is an unmi/akable int5tion to %[ h[ ! sev]al modes ( m5tal activity c\ld be made intelligible )\t los+ sight ( m5tal unity1 & to exhibit _! necess>y int]connexion4 ,b ! categories employ$ 9 do+ s are ( a wret*$ sort4 ,_! rul+ pr9ciple is t ! s5sible is tak5 7& ) ju/ice7 z ! prius or ! initial basis1 b t ! lat] phases t foll[ ?is />t+-po9t pres5t !mselves z em]g+ 9 a solely affirmative mann]1 & ! negative aspect ( m5tal activity1 by :i* ?is mat]ial is transmut$ into m9d & de/roy$ z a s5sible1 is misconceiv$ & ov]look$4 ,z ! !ory ( ,condillac /ates x1 ! s5sible is n m]ely ! empirical fir/1 b is left z if x 7 ! true & ess5tial f\ndation4 ,simil>ly1 if ! activities ( m9d are treat$ z m]e manife/ations1 =ces1 p]haps 9 t]ms /at+ _! utility or suitability = "s o!r int]e/ ( head or he>t1 !re is no indication ( ! true f9al aim ( ! :ole bus9ess4 ,t c only be ! intelligible unity ( m9d1 & its activity c only h itself z aim2 i4e4 its aim c only be to get rid ( ! =m ( imm$iacy or subjectivity1 to rea* & get hold ( itself1 & to lib]ate itself to itself4 ,9 ?is way ! s-call$ faculties ( m9d z ?us di/+ui%$ are only to be treat$ z /eps ( ?is lib]ation4 ,& ?is is ! only rational mode ( /udy+ ! m9d & its v>i\s activities4 #ddc4 ,z consci\sness has = its object ! /age :i* prec$$ x1 viz4 ! natural s\l 7 #dac71 s m9d has or r makes consci\sness its object3 i4e4 :]eas consci\sness is only ! virtual id5tity ( ! ego ) its o!r 7 #dae71 ! m9d realises t id5tity z ! concrete unity :i* x & x only kn[s4 ,its productions are gov]n$ by ! pr9ciple ( all reason t ! cont5ts are at once pot5tially exi/5t1 & are ! m9d's own1 9 fre$om4 ,?us1 if we consid] ! initial aspect ( m9d1 t aspect is tw(old--z be+ & z its own3 by ! "o1 ! m9d f9ds 9 itself some?+ :i* is1 by ! o!r x affirms x to be only its own4 ,! way ( m9d is !re=e 7a7 to be !oretical3 x has to d ) ! rational z its imm$iate affection :i* x mu/ r5d] its own3 or x has to free k f its pre-suppos$ness & !re=e f its ab/ractness1 & make ! affection subjective4 ,:5 ! affection has be5 r5d]$ its own1 & ! k consequ5tly *>act]is$ z free intellig5ce1 i4e4 z hav+ its full & free *>act]isation 9 itself1 x is 7b7 ,w3 practical m9d1 :i* 9 ! fir/ place is likewise =mal--i4e4 its cont5t is at fir/ only its own1 & is imm$iately will$2 & x proce$s next to lib]ate its volition f its subjectivity1 :i* is ! "o-sid$ =m ( its cont5ts1 s t x 7c7 confronts itself z free m9d & ?us gets rid ( bo? its defects ( "o-sid$ness4 #ddd4 ,! !oretical z well z ! practical m9d /ill fall "u ! g5]al range ( ,m9d ,subjective4 ,!y are n to be di/+ui%$ z active & passive4 ,subjective m9d is productive3 b x is a m]ely nom9al productivity4 ,inw>ds1 ! !oretical m9d produces only its 8ideal0 _w1 & ga9s ab/ract autonomy )92 :ile ! practical1 :ile x has to d ) autonom\s products1 ) a mat]ial :i* is its own1 has a mat]ial :i* is only nom9ally su*1 & !re=e a re/rict$ cont5t1 = :i* x ga9s ! =m ( univ]sality4 ,outw>ds1 ! subjective m9d 7:i* z a unity ( s\l & consci\sness1 is ?us also a reality1--a reality at once an?ropological & con=mable to consci\sness7 has = its products1 9 ! !oretical range1 ! ^w1 & 9 ! practical 7n yet de$ & action1 b7 enjoym5t4 ,psy*ology1 l logic1 is "o ( ^? sci5ces :i* 9 mod]n times h yet d]iv$ lea/ pr(it f ! m g5]al m5tal culture & ! deep] conception ( reason4 ,x is /ill extremely ill (f4 ,! turn :i* ! ,kantian philosophy has tak5 has giv5 x great] importance3 x has1 & t 9 its empirical condition1 be5 claim$ z ! basis ( metaphysics1 :i* is to consi/ ( no?+ b ! empirical appreh5sion & ! analysis ( ! facts ( human consci\sness1 m]ely z facts1 j z !y are giv54 ,?is position ( psy*ology1 mix+ x up ) =ms belong+ to ! range ( consci\sness & ) an?ropology1 has l$ to no improvem5t 9 its own condition3 b x has _h ! fur!r effect t1 bo? = ! m9d z su*1 & = metaphysics & philosophy g5]ally1 all attempts h be5 ab&on$ to asc]ta9 ! necessity ( ess5tial & actual reality1 to get at ! notion & ! tru?4 7a7 ,!oretical m9d4 #dde4 ,intellig5ce7#ace7 f9ds itself det]m9$3 ?is is its app>5t aspect f :i* 9 its imm$iacy x />ts4 ,b z k1 intellig5ce consi/s 9 treat+ :at is f\nd z its own4 ,its activity has to d ) ! empty =m--! pret5ce ( f9d+ reason3 & its aim is to realise its concept or to be reason actual1 along ) :i* ! cont5t is realis$ z rational4 ,?is activity is cognition4 ,! nom9al k1 :i* is only c]titude1 elevates itself1 z reason is concrete1 to def9ite & conceptual k4 ,! c\rse ( ?is elevation is itself rational1 & consi/s 9 a necess>y passage 7gov]n$ by ! concept7 ( "o grade or t]m ( intellig5t activity 7a s-call$ faculty ( m9d7 into ano!r4 ,! refutation :i* su* cognition gives ( ! semblance t ! rational is f\nd1 />ts f ! c]titude or ! fai? ( intellig5ce 9 its capability ( rational k1 & 9 ! possibility ( be+ able to appropriate ! reason1 :i* x & ! cont5t virtually is4 ,! di/9ction ( ,intellig5ce f ,w is (t5 incorrectly tak5 to mean t ea* has a fix$ & sep>ate exi/5ce ( its own1 z if volition c\ld be )\t intellig5ce1 or ! activity ( intellig5ce c\ld be )\t w4 ,! possibility ( a culture ( ! intellect :i* leaves ! he>t unt\*$1 z x is said1 & ( ! he>t )\t ! intellect--( he>ts :i* 9 "o-sid$ way want intellect1 & he>tless intellects--only proves at mo/ t bad & radically untrue exi/5ces occur4 ,b x is n philosophy :i* %\ld take su* untru?s ( exi/5ce & ( m]e imag9+ = tru?--take ! wor?less = ! ess5tial nature4 ,a ho/ ( o!r phrases us$ ( intellig5ce1 e4g4 t x receives & accepts impressions f outside1 t ideas arise ?r\gh ! causal op]ations ( ext]nal ?+s ^u x1 c41 belong to a po9t ( view utt]ly ali5 to ! m5tal level or to ! position ( philosophic /udy4 ,a fav\rite reflectional =m is t ( p[]s & faculties ( s\l1 intellig5ce1 or m9d4 ,faculty1 l p[] or =ce1 is ! fix$ quality ( any object ( ?\ght1 conceiv$ z reflect$ into self4 ,=ce 7 #acf7 is no d\bt ! inf9ity ( =m--( ! inw>d & ! outw>d3 b its ess5tial f9itude involves ! indiff]5ce ( cont5t to =m 7ib4 note74 ,9 ?is lies ! want ( organic unity :i* by ?is reflectional =m1 treat+ m9d z a 8lot0 ( =ces1 is br\ght into m9d1 z x is by ! same me?od br\ght into nature4 ,any aspect :i* c be di/+ui%$ 9 m5tal action is /]eotyp$ z an indep5d5t entity1 & ! m9d ?us made a skeleton-l me*anical collection4 ,x makes absolutely no diff]5ce if we sub/itute ! expression 8activities0 = p[]s & faculties4 ,isolate ! activities & y simil>ly make ! m9d a m]e aggregate1 & treat _! ess5tial correlation z an ext]nal incid5t4 ,! action ( intellig5ce z !oretical m9d has be5 call$ cognition 7k74 ,yet ?is does n mean intellig5ce int] alia kn[s1--besides :i* x also intuites1 conceives1 rememb]s1 imag9es1 c4 ,to take up su* a position is 9 ! fir/ in/ance "p & p>cel ( t isolat+ ( m5tal activity j c5sur$2 b x is also 9 addition connect$ ) ! great "q ( mod]n times1 z to :e!r true k or ! k ( tru? is possible1--:i*1 if answ]$ 9 ! negative1 mu/ lead to ab&on+ ! ef=t4 ,! num]\s aspects & reasons & modes ( phrase ) :i* ext]nal reflection swells ! bulk ( ?is "q are cle>$ up 9 _! place3 ! m ext]nal ! attitude ( und]/&+ 9 ! "q1 ! m diffuse x makes a simple object4 ,at ! pres5t place ! simple concept ( cognition is :at confronts ! q g5]al assumption tak5 up by ! "q1 viz4 ! assumption t ! possibility ( true k 9 g5]al is 9 dispute1 & ! assumption t x is possible = u at our w ei!r to prosecute or to ab&on cognition4 ,! concept or possibility ( cognition has come out z intellig5ce itself1 z ! c]titude ( reason3 ! act ( cognition itself is !re=e ! actuality ( intellig5ce4 ,x foll[s f ?is t x is absurd to speak ( intellig5ce & yet at ! same "t ( ! possibility or *oice ( kn[+ or n4 ,b cognition is g5u9e1 j s f> z x realises itself1 or makes ! concept its own4 ,?is nom9al description has its concrete mean+ exactly :]e cognition has x4 ,! /ages ( its realis+ activity are intuition1 conception1 memory1 c43 ^! activities h no o!r imman5t mean+3 _! aim is solely ! concept ( cognition 7 #dde note74 ,if !y are isolat$1 h[ev]1 !n an impression is impli$ t !y are useful = some?+ else ?an cognition1 or t !y sev]ally procure a cognitive satisfaction ( _! own2 & t leads to a glorification ( ! delights ( intuition1 remembrance1 imag9ation4 ,x is true t ev5 z isolat$ 7i4e4 z non-intellig5t71 intuition1 imag9ation1 c4 c af=d a c]ta9 satisfaction3 :at physical nature succe$s 9 do+ by its fundam5tal quality--its out-(-selfness1--exhibit+ ! elem5ts or factors ( imman5t reason ext]nal to ea* o!r1--t ! intellig5ce c d by volunt>y act1 b ! same result may happ5 :]e ! intellig5ce is itself only natural & untra9$4 ,b ! true satisfaction1 x is admitt$1 is only af=d$ by an intuition p]meat$ by intellect & m9d1 by rational conception1 by products ( imag9ation :i* are p]meat$ by reason & exhibit ideas--9 a ^w1 by cognitive intuition1 cognitive conception1 c4 ,! tru? ascrib$ to su* satisfaction lies 9 ?is1 t intuition1 conception1 c4 are n isolat$1 & exi/ only z 8mom5ts0 9 ! totality ( cognition itself4 77 ,intuition 7,intellig5t ,p]ception77#acf74 #ddf4 ,! m9d :i* z s\l is physically condition$1--:i* z consci\sness /&s to ?is condition on ! same t]ms z to an outw>d object1--b :i* z intellig5ce f9ds itself s *>act]is$--is 7#a7 an in>ticulate embryonic life1 9 :i* x is to itself z x 7 palpable & has ! :ole mat]ial ( its k4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! imm$iacy 9 :i* x is ?us orig9ally1 x is 9 ?is /age only z an individual & possesses a vulg> subjectivity4 ,x ?us appe>s z m9d 9 ! guise ( feel+4 ,if feel+ =m]ly turn$ up 7 #cii7 z a mode ( ! s\l's exi/5ce1 ! f9d+ ( x or its imm$iacy 0 9 t case ess5tially to be conceiv$ z a cong5ital or corporeal condition2 :]eas at pres5t x is only to be tak5 ab/ractly 9 ! g5]al s5se ( imm$iacy4 #ddg4 ,! *>act]i/ic =m ( feel+ is t ?\gh x is a mode ( "s 8affection10 ?is mode is simple4 ,h5ce feel+1 ev5 %\ld its import be mo/ /]l+ & true1 has ! =m ( casual p>ticul>ity1--n to m5tion t its import may also be ! mo/ scanty & mo/ untrue4 ,x is commonly en\gh assum$ t m9d has 9 its feel+ ! mat]ial ( its ideas1 b ! /atem5t is m usually und]/ood 9 a s5se ! opposite ( t :i* x has "h4 ,9 contra/ ) ! simplicity ( feel+ x is usual r to assume t ! prim>y m5tal phase is judgm5t g5]ally1 or ! di/9ction ( consci\sness into subject & object2 & ! special quality ( s5sation is d]iv$ f an indep5d5t object1 ext]nal or int]nal4 ,) u1 9 ! tru? ( m9d1 ! m]e consci\sness po9t ( view1 z oppos$ to true m5tal 8idealism10 is swall[$ up1 & ! matt] ( feel+ has r be5 suppos$ already z imman5t 9 ! m9d4--,x is commonly tak5 = grant$ t z reg>ds cont5t !re is m 9 feel+ ?an 9 ?\ght3 ?is be+ specially affirm$ ( moral & religi\s feel+s4 ,n[ ! mat]ial1 :i* ! m9d z x feels is to itself1 is "h ! result & ! mature result ( a fully organis$ reason3 h5ce "u ! head ( feel+ is compris$ all rational & inde$ all spiritual cont5t :atev]4 ,b ! =m ( selfi% s+l5ess to :i* feel+ r$uces ! m9d is ! l[e/ & wor/ vehicle x c h--"o 9 :i* x is n f\nd z a free & inf9itely univ]sal pr9ciple1 b r z subjective & private1 9 cont5t & value entirely cont+5t4 ,tra9$ & /]l+ feel+ is ! feel+ ( an educat$ m9d :i* has acquir$ ! consci\sness ( ! true diff]5ces ( ?+s1 ( _! ess5tial relation%ips & real *>act]s2 & x is ) su* a m9d t ?is rectifi$ mat]ial ent]s into its feel+ & receives ?is =m4 ,feel+ is ! imm$iate1 z x 7 ! close/1 contact 9 :i* ! ?9k+ subject c /& to a giv5 cont5t4 ,aga9/ t cont5t ! subject re-acts fir/ ( all ) its p>ticul> self-feel+1 :i* ?\gh x may be ( m /]l+ value & ( wid] range ?an a onesid$ intellectual /&po9t1 may j z likely be n>r[ & poor2 & 9 any case is ! =m ( ! p>ticul> & subjective4 ,if a man on any topic appeals n to ! nature & notion ( ! ?+1 or at lea/ to reasons--to ! g5]alities ( common s5se--b to 8 feel+1 ! only ?+ to d is to let him alone1 because by 8 behavi\r he refuses to h any lot or "p 9 common rationality1 & %uts himself up 9 8 own isolat$ subjectivity--8 private & p>ticul> self4 #ddh4 7#b7 ,z ?is imm$iate f9d+ is brok5 up into elem5ts1 we h ! "o factor 9 ,att5tion--! ab/ract id5tical direction ( m9d 79 feel+1 z also 9 all o!r m advanc$ developm5ts ( x7--an active self-collection--! factor ( fix+ x z our own1 b ) an z yet only nom9al autonomy ( intellig5ce4 ,ap>t f su* att5tion !re is no?+ = ! m9d4 ,! o!r factor is to inve/ ! special quality ( feel+1 z contra/$ ) ?is inw>dness ( m9d1 ) ! "* ( some?+ exi/5t1 b z a negative or z ! ab/ract o!rness ( itself4 ,intellig5ce ?us def9es ! cont5t ( s5sation z some?+ t is out ( itself1 projects x into "t & space1 :i* are ! =ms 9 :i* x is intuitive4 ,to ! view ( consci\sness ! mat]ial is only an object ( consci\sness1 a relative o!r3 f m9d x receives ! rational *>act]i/ic ( be+ its v o!r 7 #adg1 #bed74 #ddi4 7#c7 ,:5 intellig5ce rea*es a concrete unity ( ! two factors1 t is to say1 :5 x is at once self-collect$ 9 ?is ext]nally exi/+ mat]ial1 & yet 9 ?is self-collect$ness sunk 9 ! out-(-selfness1 x is ,intuition or ,m5tal ,vision4 #dej4 ,at & t[>ds ?is its own out-(-selfness1 intellig5ce no less ess5tially directs its att5tion4 ,9 ?is its imm$iacy x is an awak+ to itself1 a recollection ( itself4 ,?us intuition becomes a concretion ( ! mat]ial ) ! intellig5ce1 :i* makes x its own1 s t x no long] ne$s ?is imm$iacy1 no long] ne$s to f9d ! cont5t4 77 ,repres5tation 7or ,m5tal ,idea77#acg74 #dea4 ,repres5tation is ?is recollect$ or inw>dis$ intuition1 & z su* is ! middle betwe5 t /age ( intellig5ce :]e x f9ds itself imm$iately subject to modification & t :]e intellig5ce is 9 its fre$om1 or1 z ?\ght4 ,! repres5tation is ! prop]ty ( intellig5ce2 ) a prepond]at+ subjectivity1 h[ev]1 z its "r ( prop]ty is /ill condition$ by contra/ ) ! imm$iacy1 & ! repres5tation _c z x /&s be said to be4 ,! pa? ( intellig5ce 9 repres5tations is to r5d] ! imm$iacy inw>d1 to inve/ itself ) intuitive action 9 itself1 & at ! same "t to get rid ( ! subjectivity ( ! inw>dness1 & inw>dly dive/ itself ( x2 s z to be 9 itself 9 an ext]nality ( its own4 ,b z repres5tation beg9s f intuition & ! ready-f\nd mat]ial ( intuition1 ! intuitional contra/ /ill cont9ues to affect its activity1 & makes its concrete products /ill 8syn!ses10 :i* d n gr[ to ! concrete imman5ce ( ! notion till !y rea* ! /age ( ?\ght4 77 ,recollection7#ach74 #deb4 ,intellig5ce1 z x at fir/ recollects ! intuition1 places ! cont5t ( feel+ 9 its own inw>dness--9 a space & a "t ( its own4 ,9 ?is way t cont5t is 7#a7 an image or picture1 lib]at$ f its orig9al imm$iacy & ab/ract s+l5ess among/ o!r ?+s1 & receiv$ into ! univ]sality ( ! ego4 ,! image loses ! full complem5t ( features prop] to intuition1 & is arbitr>y or cont+5t1 isolat$1 we may say1 f ! ext]nal place1 "t1 & imm$iate context 9 :i* ! intuition /ood4 #dec4 7#b7 ,! image is ( itself transi5t1 & intellig5ce itself is z att5tion its "t & also its place1 its :5 & :]e4 ,b intellig5ce is n only consci\sness & actual exi/5ce1 b qu intellig5ce is ! subject & ! pot5tiality ( its own specialisations4 ,! image :5 ?us kept 9 m9d is no long] exi/5t1 b /or$ up out ( consci\sness4 ,to grasp intellig5ce z ?is night-l m9e or pit 9 :i* is /or$ a _w ( inf9itely _m images & repres5tations1 yet )\t be+ 9 consci\sness1 is f ! "o po9t ( view ! univ]sal po/ulate :i* bids u treat ! notion z concrete1 9 ! way we treat e4g4 ! g]m z affirmatively conta9+1 9 virtual possibility1 all ! qualities t come into exi/5ce 9 ! subsequ5t developm5t ( ! tree4 ,inability to grasp a univ]sal l ?is1 :i*1 ?\gh intr9sically concrete1 /ill cont9ues simple1 is :at has l$ p to talk ab\t special fibres & areas z receptacles ( p>ticul> ideas4 ,x 0 felt t :at 0 div]se %\ld 9 ! nature ( ?+s h a local habitation peculi> to itself4 ,b :]eas ! rev]sion ( ! g]m f its exi/+ specialisations to its simplicity 9 a purely pot5tial exi/5ce takes place only 9 ano!r g]m1--! g]m ( ! fruit2 intellig5ce qu intellig5ce %[s ! pot5tial com+ to free exi/5ce 9 its developm5t1 & yet at ! same "t collect+ itself 9 its inw>dness4 ,h5ce f ! o!r po9t ( view intellig5ce is to be conceiv$ z ?is sub-consci\s m9e1 i4e4 z ! exi/5t univ]sal 9 :i* ! diff]5t has n yet be5 realis$ 9 its sep>ations4 ,& x is inde$ ?is pot5tiality :i* is ! fir/ =m ( univ]sality (f]$ 9 m5tal repres5tation4 #ded4 7#c7 ,an image ?us ab/ractly treasur$ up ne$s1 if x is to exi/1 an actual intuition3 & :at is /rictly call$ ,remembrance is ! ref]5ce ( ! image to an intuition1--& t z a subsumption ( ! imm$iate s+le intuition 7impression7 "u :at is 9 po9t ( =m univ]sal1 "u ! repres5tation 7idea7 ) ! same cont5t4 ,?us intellig5ce recognises ! specific s5sation & ! intuition ( x z :at is already its own1--9 !m x is /ill )9 itself3 at ! same "t x is aw>e t :at is only its 7prim>ily7 int]nal image is also an imm$iate object ( intuition1 by :i* x is au!nticat$4 ,! image1 :i* 9 ! m9e ( intellig5ce 0 only its prop]ty1 n[ t x has be5 endu$ ) ext]nality1 comes actually into its possession4 ,& s ! image is at once r5d]$ di/+ui%able f ! intuition & sep>able f ! blank night 9 :i* x 0 orig9ally subm]g$4 ,intellig5ce is ?us ! =ce :i* c give =? its prop]ty1 & disp5se ) ext]nal intuition = its exi/5ce 9 x4 ,?is 8syn!sis0 ( ! int]nal image ) ! recollect$ exi/5ce is repres5tation prop]3 by ?is syn!sis ! int]nal n[ has ! qualification ( be+ able to be pres5t$ be=e intellig5ce & to h its exi/5ce 9 x4 77 ,imag9ation7#aci74 #dee4 7#a7 ,! intellig5ce :i* is active 9 ?is possession is ! reproductive imag9ation1 :]e ! images issue f ! inw>d _w belong+ to ! ego1 :i* is n[ ! p[] ov] !m4 ,! images are 9 ! fir/ in/ance ref]r$ to ?is ext]nal1 imm$iate "t & space :i* is treasur$ up along ) !m4 ,b x is solely 9 ! consci\s subject1 :]e x is treasur$ up1 t ! image has ! individuality 9 :i* ! features compos+ x are conjo9$3 :]eas _! orig9al concretion1 i4e4 at fir/ only 9 space & "t1 z a unit ( intuition1 has be5 brok5 up4 ,! cont5t reproduc$1 belong+ z x does to ! self-id5tical unity ( intellig5ce1 & an out-put f its univ]sal m9e1 has a g5]al idea 7repres5tation7 to supply ! l9k ( association = ! images :i* accord+ to circum/ances are m ab/ract or m concrete ideas4 ,! s-call$ laws ( ! association ( ideas 7 objects ( great int]e/1 especially dur+ t outbur/ ( empirical psy*ology :i* 0 contemporane\s ) ! decl9e ( philosophy4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is n ,ideas 7prop]ly s call$7 :i* are associat$4 ,secondly1 ^! modes ( relation are n laws1 j = ! reason t !re are s _m laws ab\t ! same ?+1 z to sugge/ a caprice & a cont+5cy oppos$ to ! v nature ( law4 ,x is a matt] ( *ance :e!r ! l9k ( association is some?+ pictorial1 or an intellectual category1 su* z lik5ess & contra/1 reason & consequ5ce4 ,! tra9 ( images & repres5tations sugge/$ by association is ! sport ( vacant-m9d$ ideation1 :]e1 ?\gh intellig5ce %[s itself by a c]ta9 =mal univ]sality1 ! matt] is entirely pictorial4--,image & idea1 if we leave out ( acc\nt ! m precise def9ition ( ^? =ms giv5 above1 pres5t also a di/9ction 9 cont5t4 ,! =m] is ! m consci\sly-concrete idea1 :]eas ! idea 7repres5tation71 :atev] be its cont5t 7f image1 notion1 or idea71 has always ! peculi>ity1 ?\gh belong+ to intellig5ce1 ( be+ 9 respect ( its cont5t giv5 & imm$iate4 ,x is /ill true ( ?is idea or repres5tation1 z ( all intellig5ce1 t x f9ds its mat]ial1 z a matt] ( fact1 to be s & s2 & ! univ]sality :i* ! a=esaid mat]ial receives by ideation is /ill ab/ract4 ,m5tal repres5tation is ! mean 9 ! syllogism ( ! elevation ( intellig5ce1 ! l9k betwe5 ! two significations ( self-relat$ness--viz4 be+ & univ]sality1 :i* 9 consci\sness receive ! title ( object & subject4 ,intellig5ce complem5ts :at is m]ely f\nd by ! attribution ( univ]sality1 & ! int]nal & its own by ! attribution ( be+1 b a be+ ( its own in/itution4 7,on ! di/9ction ( repres5tations & ?\ghts1 see ,introd4 to ! ,logic1 #bj note47 ,ab/raction1 :i* occurs 9 ! ideational activity by :i* g5]al ideas are produc$ 7& ideas qu ideas virtually h ! =m ( g5]ality71 is frequ5tly expla9$ z ! incid5ce ( _m simil> images "o ^u ano!r & is suppos$ to be ?us made intelligible4 ,if ?is sup]-impos+ is to be no m]e accid5t & )\t pr9ciple1 a =ce ( attraction 9 l images mu/ be assum$1 or some?+ ( ! sort1 :i* at ! same "t w\ld h ! negative p[] ( rubb+ (f ! dissimil> elem5ts aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,?is =ce is really intellig5ce itself1--! self-id5tical ego :i* by its int]nalis+ recollection gives ! images ipso facto g5]ality1 & subsumes ! s+le intuition "u ! already int]nalis$ image 7 #dec74 #def4 ,?us ev5 ! association ( ideas is to be treat$ z a subsumption ( ! individual "u ! univ]sal1 :i* =ms _! connect+ l9k4 ,b "h intellig5ce is m ?an m]ely a g5]al =m3 its inw>dness is an int]nally def9ite1 concrete subjectivity ) a sub/ance & value ( its own1 d]iv$ f "s int]e/1 "s lat5t concept or ,ideal pr9ciple1 s f> z we may by anticipation speak ( su*4 ,intellig5ce is ! p[] :i* wields ! /ores ( images & ideas belong+ to x1 & :i* ?us 7#b7 freely comb9es & subsumes ^! /ores 9 ob$i5ce to its peculi> t5or4 ,su* is creative imag9ation7#adj7--symbolic1 allegoric1 or poetical imag9ation--:]e ! intellig5ce gets a def9ite embodim5t 9 ?is /ore ( ideas & in=ms !m ) its g5]al tone4 ,^! m or less concrete1 individualis$ creations are /ill 8syn!ses03 = ! mat]ial1 9 :i* ! subjective pr9ciples & ideas get a m5tally pictorial exi/5ce1 is d]iv$ f ! data ( intuition4 #deg4 ,9 creative imag9ation intellig5ce has be5 s f> p]fect$ z to ne$ no helps = intuition4 ,its self-sprung ideas h pictorial exi/5ce4 ,?is pictorial creation ( its intuitive spontaneity is subjective--/ill lacks ! side ( exi/5ce4 ,b z ! creation unites ! int]nal idea ) ! vehicle ( mat]ialisation1 intellig5ce has !re9 implicitly return$ bo? to id5tical self-relation & to imm$iacy4 ,z reason1 its fir/ />t 0 to appropriate ! imm$iate datum 9 itself 7 #dde1 #dee71 i4e4 to univ]salise x2 & n[ its action z reason 7 #deh7 is f ! pres5t po9t direct$ t[>ds giv+ ! "* ( an exi/5t to :at 9 x has be5 p]fect$ to concrete auto-intuition4 ,9 o!r words1 x aims at mak+ itself be & be a fact4 ,act+ on ?is view1 x is self-utt]+1 intuition-produc+3 ! imag9ation :i* creates signs4 ,productive imag9ation is ! c5tre 9 :i* ! univ]sal & be+1 "o's own & :at is pick$ up1 int]nal & ext]nal1 are completely weld$ into "o4 ,! prec$+ 8syn!ses0 ( intuition1 recollection1 c41 are unifications ( ! same factors1 b !y are 8syn!ses02 x is n till creative imag9ation t intellig5ce ceases to be ! vague m9e & ! univ]sal1 & becomes an individuality1 a concrete subjectivity1 9 :i* ! self-ref]5ce is def9$ bo? to be+ & to univ]sality4 ,! creations ( imag9ation are on all h&s recognis$ z su* comb9ations ( ! m9d's own & inw>d ) ! matt] ( intuition2 :at fur!r & m def9ite aspects !y h is a matt] = o!r dep>tm5ts4 ,= ! pres5t ?is int]nal /udio ( intellig5ce is only to be look$ at 9 ^! ab/ract aspects4--,imag9ation1 :5 reg>d$ z ! ag5cy ( ?is unification1 is reason1 b only a nom9al reason1 because ! matt] or !me x embodies is to imag9ation qu imag9ation a matt] ( indiff]5ce2 :il/ reason qu reason also insi/s ^u ! tru? ( its cont5t4 ,ano!r po9t call+ = special notice is t1 :5 imag9ation elevates ! int]nal mean+ to an image & intuition1 & ?is is express$ by say+ t x gives ! =m] ! "* ( an exi/5t1 ! phrase mu/ n seem surpris+ t intellig5ce makes itself be z a ?+2 = its ideal import is itself1 & s is ! aspect :i* x imposes ^u x4 ,! image produc$ by imag9ation ( an object is a b>e m5tal or subjective intuition3 9 ! sign or symbol x adds intuitability prop]2 & 9 me*anical memory x completes1 s f> z x is conc]n$1 ?is =m ( be+4 #deh4 ,9 ?is unity 7initiat$ by intellig5ce7 ( an indep5d5t repres5tation ) an intuition1 ! matt] ( ! latt] is1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 some?+ accept$1 some:at imm$iate or giv5 7e4g4 ! col\r ( ! cockade1 c474 ,b 9 ! fusion ( ! two elem5ts1 ! intuition does n c\nt positively or z repres5t+ itself1 b z repres5tative ( some?+ else4 ,x is an image1 :i* has receiv$ z its s\l & mean+ an indep5d5t m5tal repres5tation4 ,?is intuition is ! ,sign4 ,! sign is "s imm$iate intuition1 repres5t+ a totally diff]5t import f :at naturally belongs to x2 x is ! pyramid into :i* a =eign s\l has be5 convey$1 & :]e x is cons]v$4 ,! sign is diff]5t f ! symbol3 = 9 ! symbol ! orig9al *>act]s 79 ess5ce & conception7 ( ! visible object are m or less id5tical ) ! import :i* x be>s z symbol2 :]eas 9 ! sign1 /rictly s-call$1 ! natural attributes ( ! intuition1 & ! connotation ( :i* x is a sign1 h no?+ to d ) ea* o!r4 ,intellig5ce !re=e gives pro( ( wid] *oice & ampl] au?ority 9 ! use ( intuitions :5 x treats !m z designatory 7significative7 r ?an z symbolical4 ,9 logic & psy*ology1 signs & language are usually foi/$ 9 some:]e z an app5dix1 )\t any tr\ble be+ tak5 to display _! necessity & sy/ematic place 9 ! economy ( intellig5ce4 ,! "r place = ! sign is t j giv53 :]e intellig5ce--:i* z intuit+ g5]ates ! =m ( "t & space1 b is app>5tly recipi5t ( s5sible matt]1 out ( :i* x =ms ideas--n[ gives its own orig9al ideas a def9ite exi/5ce f itself1 treat+ ! intuition 7or "t & space z fill$ full7 z its own prop]ty1 delet+ ! connotation :i* prop]ly & naturally belongs to x1 & conf]r+ on x an o!r connotation z its s\l & import4 ,?is sign-creat+ activity may be di/9ctively nam$ 8productive0 ,memory 7! prim>ily ab/ract 8,mnemosyne072 s9ce memory1 :i* 9 ord9>y life is (t5 us$ z int]*angeable & synonym\s ) remembrance 7recollection71 & ev5 ) conception & imag9ation1 has always to d ) signs only4 #dei4 ,! intuition--9 its natural phase a some?+ giv5 & giv5 9 space--acquires1 :5 employ$ z a sign1 ! peculi> *>act]i/ic ( exi/+ only z sup]s$$ & sublimat$4 ,su* is ! negativity ( intellig5ce2 & ?us ! tru] phase ( ! intuition us$ z a sign is exi/5ce 9 "t 7b its exi/5ce vani%es 9 ! mom5t ( be+71 & if we consid] ! re/ ( its ext]nal psy*ical quality1 its in/itution by intellig5ce1 b an in/itution gr[+ out ( its 7an?ropological7 own naturalness4 ,?is in/itution ( ! natural is ! vocal note1 :]e ! inw>d idea manife/s itself 9 adequate utt]ance4 ,! vocal note :i* receives fur!r articulation to express specific ideas--spee* &1 its sy/em1 language--gives to s5sations1 intuitions1 conceptions1 a second & high] exi/5ce ?an !y naturally possess1--inve/s !m ) ! "r ( exi/5ce 9 ! ideational realm4 ,language "h comes "u discussion only 9 ! special aspect ( a product ( intellig5ce = manife/+ its ideas 9 an ext]nal m$ium4 ,if language _h to be treat$ 9 its concrete nature1 x w\ld be necess>y = its vocabul>y or mat]ial "p to recall ! an?ropological or psy*o-physiological po9t ( view 7 #dja71 & = ! gramm> or =mal portion to anticipate ! /&po9t ( analytic und]/&+4 ,) reg>d to ! elem5t>y mat]ial ( language1 :ile on "o h& ! !ory ( m]e accid5t has disappe>$1 on ! o!r ! pr9ciple ( imitation has be5 re/rict$ to ! slight range x actually cov]s--t ( vocal objects4 ,yet "o may /ill he> ! ,g]man language prais$ = its weal?--t weal? consi/+ 9 its special expression = special s\nds--,raus*51 ,saus51 ,kn>r51 c42--!re h be5 collect$ m ?an a hundr$ su* words1 p]haps3 ! hum\r ( ! mom5t creates fre% ones :5 x pleases4 ,su* sup]abundance 9 ! realm ( s5se & ( triviality contributes no?+ to =m ! real weal? ( a cultivat$ language4 ,! /rictly raw mat]ial ( language itself dep5ds m ^u an inw>d symbolism ?an a symbolism ref]r+ to ext]nal objects2 x dep5ds1 i4e4 on an?ropological articulation1 z x 7 ! po/ure 9 ! corporeal act ( oral utt]ance4 ,= ea* v[el & consonant accord+ly1 z well z = _! m ab/ract elem5ts 7! po/ure ( lips1 palate1 tongue 9 ea*7 & = _! comb9ations1 p h tri$ to f9d ! appropriate signification4 ,b ^! dull sub-consci\s beg9n+s are depriv$ ( _! orig9al importance & prom95ce by new influ5ces1 x may be by ext]nal ag5cies or by ! ne$s ( civilisation4 ,hav+ be5 orig9ally s5su\s intuitions1 !y are r$uc$ to signs1 & ?us h only traces left ( _! orig9al mean+1 if x be n altoge!r ext+ui%$4 ,z to ! =mal elem5t1 aga91 x is ! "w ( analytic intellect :i* in=ms language ) its categories3 x is ?is logical in/9ct :i* gives rise to gramm>4 ,! /udy ( languages /ill 9 _! orig9al /ate1 :i* we h fir/ really begun to make acqua9tance ) 9 mod]n times1 has %[n on ?is po9t t !y conta9 a v elaborate gramm> & express di/9ctions :i* are lo/ or h be5 l>gely oblit]at$ 9 ! languages ( m civilis$ nations4 ,x seems z if ! language ( ! mo/ civilis$ nations has ! mo/ imp]fect gramm>1 & t ! same language has a m p]fect gramm> :5 ! nation is 9 a m uncivilis$ /ate ?an :5 x rea*es a high] civilisation4 7,cf4 ,w4 von ,humboldt's ,essay on ! ,dual47 ,9 speak+ ( vocal 7:i* is ! orig9al7 language1 we may t\*1 only 9 pass+1 ^u writt5 language1--a fur!r developm5t 9 ! p>ticul> sph]e ( language :i* borr[s ! help ( an ext]nally practical activity4 ,x is f ! prov9ce ( imm$iate spatial intuition to :i* writt5 language proce$s t x takes & produces ! signs 7 #ded74 ,9 p>ticul>1 hi]oglyphics uses spatial figures to designate ideas2 alphabetical writ+1 on ! o!r h&1 uses !m to designate vocal notes :i* are already signs4 ,alphabetical writ+ ?us consi/s ( signs ( signs1--! words or concrete signs ( vocal language be+ analys$ into _! simple elem5ts1 :i* sev]ally receive designation4--,leibnitz's practical m9d misl$ him to exagg]ate ! advantages :i* a complete writt5 language1 =m$ on ! hi]oglyphic me?od 7& hi]oglyphics are us$ ev5 :]e !re is alphabetic writ+1 z 9 our signs = ! numb]s1 ! planets1 ! *emical elem5ts1 c471 w\ld h z a univ]sal language = ! int]c\rse ( nations & especially ( s*ol>s4 ,b we may be sure t x 0 r ! int]c\rse ( nations 7z 0 probably ! case 9 ,pho5icia1 & /ill takes place 9 ,canton--see ,mac>tney's ,travels by ,/aunton7 :i* occasion$ ! ne$ ( alphabetical writ+ & l$ to its =mation4 ,at any rate a compreh5sive hi]oglyphic language = ev] complet$ is impracticable4 ,s5sible objects no d\bt admit ( p]man5t signs2 b1 z reg>ds signs = m5tal objects1 ! progress ( ?\ght & ! cont9ual developm5t ( logic lead to *anges 9 ! views ( _! int]nal relations & ?us also ( _! nature2 & ?is w\ld involve ! rise ( a new hi]oglyphical d5otation4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( s5se-objects x happ5s t _! names1 i4e4 _! signs 9 vocal language1 are frequ5tly *ang$1 z e4g4 9 *emi/ry & m9]alogy4 ,n[ t x has be5 =gott5 :at names prop]ly are1 viz4 ext]nalities :i* ( !mselves h no s5se1 & only get signification z signs1 & n[ t1 in/ead ( names prop]1 p ask = t]ms express+ a sort ( def9ition1 :i* is frequ5tly *ang$ caprici\sly & =tuit\sly1 ! d5om9ation1 i4e4 ! composite "n =m$ ( signs ( _! g5]ic *>act]s or o!r suppos$ *>act]i/ic prop]ties1 is alt]$ 9 accordance ) ! diff]5ces ( view ) reg>d to ! g5us or o!r suppos$ specific prop]ty4 ,x is only a /ation>y civilisation1 l ! ,*9ese1 :i* admits ( ! hi]oglyphic language ( t nation2 & its me?od ( writ+ moreov] c only be ! lot ( t small "p ( a nation :i* is 9 exclusive possession ( m5tal culture4--,! progress ( ! vocal language dep5ds mo/ closely on ! habit ( alphabetical writ+2 by means ( :i* only does vocal language acquire ! precision & purity ( its articulation4 ,! imp]fection ( ! ,*9ese vocal language is notori\s3 numb]s ( its words possess sev]al utt]ly diff]5t mean+s1 z _m z t5 & tw5ty1 s t1 9 speak+1 ! di/9ction is made p]ceptible m]ely by acc5t & int5sity1 by speak+ l[ & s(t or cry+ out4 ,! ,european1 le>n+ to speak ,*9ese1 falls into ! mo/ ridicul\s blund]s be=e he has ma/]$ ^! absurd ref9em5ts ( acc5tuation4 ,p]fection "h consi/s 9 ! opposite ( t p>l] sans acc5t :i* 9 ,europe is ju/ly requir$ ( an educat$ speak]4 ,! hi]oglyphic mode ( writ+ keeps ! ,*9ese vocal language f rea*+ t objective precision :i* is ga9$ 9 articulation by alphabetic writ+4 ,alphabetic writ+ is on all acc\nts ! m intellig5t3 9 x ! ^w--! mode1 peculi> to ! intellect1 ( utt]+ its ideas mo/ wor?ily--is br\ght to consci\sness & made an object ( reflection4 ,engag+ ! att5tion ( intellig5ce1 z x does1 x is analys$2 ! "w ( sign-mak+ is r$uc$ to its few simple elem5ts 7! prim>y po/ures ( articulation7 9 :i* ! s5se-factor 9 spee* is br\ght to ! =m ( univ]sality1 at ! same "t t 9 ?is elem5t>y phase x acquires complete precision & purity4 ,?us alphabetic writ+ reta9s at ! same "t ! advantage ( vocal language1 t ! ideas h names /rictly s call$3 ! "n is ! simple sign = ! exact idea1 i4e4 ! simple pla9 idea1 n decompos$ into its features & comp\nd$ out ( !m4 ,hi]oglyphics1 in/ead ( spr++ f ! direct analysis ( s5sible signs1 l alphabetic writ+1 arise f an antec$5t analysis ( ideas4 ,?us a !ory readily arises t all ideas may be r$uc$ to _! elem5ts1 or simple logical t]ms1 s t f ! elem5t>y signs *os5 to express ^! 7z1 9 ! case ( ! ,*9ese ,k\a1 ! simple /raight /roke1 & ! /roke brok5 into two p>ts7 a hi]oglyphic sy/em w\ld be g5]at$ by _! composition4 ,?is feature ( hi]oglyphic--! analytical designations ( ideas--:i* misl$ ,leibnitz to reg>d x z pref]able to alphabetic writ+ is r 9 antagonism ) ! fundam5tal desid]atum ( language1--! "n4 ,to want a "n means t = ! imm$iate idea 7:i*1 h[ev] ample a connotation x may include1 is /ill = ! m9d simple 9 ! "n71 we require a simple imm$iate sign :i* = its own sake does n sugge/ any?+1 & has = its sole function to signify & repres5t s5sibly ! simple idea z su*4 ,x is n m]ely ! image-lov+ & image-limit$ intellig5ce t l+]s ov] ! simplicity ( ideas & r$9tegrates !m f ! m ab/ract factors into :i* !y h be5 analys$3 ?\ght too r$uces to ! =m ( a simple ?\ght ! concrete connotation :i* x 8resumes0 & reunites f ! m]e aggregate ( attributes to :i* analysis has r$uc$ x4 ,bo? alike require su* signs1 simple 9 respect ( _! mean+3 signs1 :i* ?\gh consi/+ ( sev]al lett]s or syllables & ev5 decompos$ into su*1 yet d n exhibit a comb9ation ( sev]al ideas4--,:at has be5 /at$ is ! pr9ciple = settl+ ! value ( ^! writt5 languages4 ,x also foll[s t 9 hi]oglyphics ! relations ( concrete m5tal ideas to "o ano!r mu/ necess>ily be tangl$ & p]plex$1 & t ! analysis ( ^! 7& ! proximate results ( su* analysis mu/ aga9 be analys$7 appe>s to be possible 9 ! mo/ v>i\s & div]g5t ways4 ,e div]g5ce 9 analysis w\ld give rise to ano!r =mation ( ! writt5 "n2 j z 9 mod]n times 7z already not$1 ev5 9 ! region ( s5se7 muriatic acid has und]gone sev]al *anges ( "n4 ,a hi]oglyphic writt5 language w\ld require a philosophy z /ation>y z is ! civilisation ( ! ,*9ese4 ,:at has be5 said %[s ! ine/imable & n suffici5tly appreciat$ educational value ( le>n+ to read & write an alphabetic "*4 ,x leads ! m9d f ! s5sibly concrete image to att5d to ! m =mal /ructure ( ! vocal ^w & its ab/ract elem5ts1 & contributes mu* to give /ability & indep5d5ce to ! inw>d realm ( m5tal life4 ,acquir$ habit subsequ5tly effaces ! peculi>ity by :i* alphabetic writ+ appe>s1 9 ! int]e/ ( vision1 z a r\ndab\t way to ideas by means ( audibility2 x makes !m a sort ( hi]oglyphic to u1 s t 9 us+ !m we ne$ n consci\sly realise !m by means ( tones1 :]eas p unpractis$ 9 read+ utt] al\d :at !y read 9 ord] to cat* its mean+ 9 ! s\nd4 ,?us1 :ile 7) ! faculty :i* trans=m$ alphabetic writ+ into hi]oglyphics7 ! capacity ( ab/raction ga9$ by ! fir/ practice rema9s1 hi]oglyphic read+ is ( itself a deaf read+ & a dumb writ+4 ,x is true t ! audible 7:i* is 9 "t7 & ! visible 7:i* is 9 space71 ea* h _! own basis1 "o no less au?oritative ?an ! o!r4 ,b 9 ! case ( alphabetic writ+ !re is only a s+le basis3 ! two aspects occupy _! rightful relation to ea* o!r3 ! visible language is relat$ to ! vocal only z a sign1 & intellig5ce expresses itself imm$iately & unconditionally by speak+4--,! in/rum5tal function ( ! comp>atively non-s5su\s elem5t ( tone = all ideational "w %[s itself fur!r z peculi>ly important 9 memory :i* =ms ! passage f repres5tation to ?\ght4 #dfj4 ,! "n1 comb9+ ! intuition 7an intellectual production7 ) its signification1 is prim>ily a s+le transi5t product2 & conjunction ( ! idea 7:i* is inw>d7 ) ! intuition 7:i* is outw>d7 is itself outw>d4 ,! r$uction ( ?is outw>dness to inw>dness is 7v]bal7 ,memory4 77 ,memory7#ada74 #dfa4 ,"u ! %ape ( memory ! c\rse ( intellig5ce passes ?r\gh ! same inw>dis+ 7recollect+7 functions1 z reg>ds ! intuition ( ! ^w1 z repres5tation 9 g5]al does 9 deal+ ) ! fir/ imm$iate intuition 7 #dea74 7#a7 ,mak+ its own ! syn!sis a*iev$ 9 ! sign1 intellig5ce1 by ?is inw>dis+ 7memoris+7 elevates ! s+le syn!sis to a univ]sal1 i4e4 p]man5t1 syn!sis1 9 :i* "n & mean+ are = x objectively unit$1 & r5d]s ! intuition 7:i* ! "n orig9ally is7 a repres5tation4 ,?us ! import 7connotation7 & sign1 be+ id5tifi$1 =m "o repres5tation3 ! repres5tation 9 its inw>dness is r5d]$ concrete & gets exi/5ce = its import3 all ?is be+ ! "w ( memory :i* reta9s names 7ret5tive ,memory74 #dfb4 ,! "n is ?us ! ?+ s f> z x exi/s & c\nts 9 ! ideational realm4 7#b7 ,9 ! "n1 ,reproductive memory has & recognises ! ?+1 & ) ! ?+ x has ! "n1 ap>t f intuition & image4 ,! "n1 z giv+ an exi/5ce to ! cont5t 9 intellig5ce1 is ! ext]nality ( intellig5ce to itself2 & ! inw>dis+ or recollection ( ! "n1 i4e4 ( an intuition ( intellectual orig91 is at ! same "t a self-ext]nalisation to :i* intellig5ce r$uces itself on its own gr\nd4 ,! association ( ! p>ticul> names lies 9 ! mean+ ( ! features s5sitive1 repres5tative1 or cogitant1--s]ies ( :i* ! intellig5ce trav]ses z x feels1 repres5ts1 or ?9ks4 ,giv5 ! "n lion1 we ne$ nei!r ! actual vision ( ! animal1 nor its image ev53 ! "n alone1 if we und]/& x1 is ! unimag$ simple repres5tation4 ,we ?9k 9 names4 ,! rec5t attempts--already1 z !y des]v$1 =gott5--to rehabilitate ! ,mnemonic ( ! anci5ts1 consi/ 9 trans=m+ names into images1 & ?us aga9 depos+ memory to ! level ( imag9ation4 ,! place ( ! p[] ( memory is tak5 by a p]man5t tableau ( a s]ies ( images1 fix$ 9 ! imag9ation1 to :i* is !n atta*$ ! s]ies ( ideas =m+ ! composition to be le>n$ by rote4 ,consid]+ ! het]og5eity betwe5 ! import ( ^! ideas & ^? p]man5t images1 & ! spe$ ) :i* ! atta*m5t has to be made1 ! atta*m5t _c be made o!rwise ?an by %all[1 silly1 & utt]ly accid5tal l9ks4 ,n m]ely is ! m9d put to ! torture ( be+ worri$ by idiotic /uff1 b :at is ?us le>nt by rote is j z quickly =gott51 see+ t ! same tableau is us$ = gett+ by rote e o!r s]ies ( ideas1 & s ^? previ\sly atta*$ to x are effac$4 ,:at is mnemonically impress$ is n l :at is reta9$ 9 memory really got by he>t1 i4e4 /rictly produc$ f )9 outw>ds1 f ! deep pit ( ! ego1 & ?us recit$1 b is1 s to speak1 read (f ! tableau ( fancy4--,mnemonic is connect$ ) ! common prepossession ab\t memory1 9 comp>ison ) fancy & imag9ation2 z if ! latt] 7 a high] & m intellectual activity ?an memory4 ,on ! contr>y1 memory has ceas$ to deal ) an image d]iv$ f intuition1--! imm$iate & incomplete mode ( intellig5ce2 x has r to d ) an object :i* is ! product ( intellig5ce itself1--su* a )\t book7#adb7 z rema9s lock$ up 9 ! )9-book7#adc7 ( intellig5ce1 & is1 )9 intellig5ce1 only its outw>d & exi/+ side4 #dfc4 7#c7 ,z ! int]connexion ( ! names lies 9 ! mean+1 ! conjunction ( _! mean+ ) ! reality z names is /ill an 7ext]nal7 syn!sis2 & intellig5ce 9 ?is its ext]nality has n made a complete & simple return into self4 ,b intellig5ce is ! univ]sal1--! s+le pla9 tru? ( its p>ticul> self-dive/m5ts2 & its consummat$ appropriation ( !m aboli%es t di/9ction betwe5 mean+ & "n4 ,?is extreme inw>dis+ ( repres5tation is ! supreme self-dive/m5t ( intellig5ce1 9 :i* x r5d]s itself ! m]e be+1 ! univ]sal space ( names z su*1 i4e4 ( mean+less words4 ,! ego1 :i* is ?is ab/ract be+1 is1 because subjectivity1 at ! same "t ! p[] ov] ! diff]5t names1--! l9k :i*1 hav+ no?+ 9 itself1 fixes 9 itself s]ies ( !m & keeps !m 9 /able ord]4 ,s f> z !y m]ely are1 & intellig5ce is "h itself ?is be+ ( !irs1 its p[] is a m]ely ab/ract subjectivity1--memory2 :i*1 on acc\nt ( ! complete ext]nality 9 :i* ! memb]s ( su* s]ies /& to "o ano!r1 & because x is itself ?is ext]nality 7subjective ?\gh t be71 is call$ me*anical 7 #aie74 ,a composition is1 z we "k1 n ?or\ghly conn$ by rote1 until "o atta*es no mean+ to ! words4 ,! recitation ( :at has be5 ?us got by he>t is !re=e ( c\rse acc5tless4 ,! correct acc5t1 if x is introduc$1 sugge/s ! mean+3 b ?is introduction ( ! signification ( an idea di/urbs ! me*anical nexus & !re=e easily ?r[s out ! recit]4 ,! faculty ( conn+ by rote s]ies ( words1 ) no pr9ciple gov]n+ _! succession1 or :i* are sep>ately mean+less1 e4g4 a s]ies ( prop] names1 is s supremely m>vell\s1 because x is ! v ess5ce ( m9d to h its wits ab\t x2 :]eas 9 ?is case ! m9d is e/rang$ 9 itself1 & its action is l ma*9]y4 ,b x is only z unit+ subjectivity ) objectivity t ! m9d has its wits ab\t x4 ,:]eas 9 ! case be=e u1 aft] x has 9 intuition be5 at fir/ s ext]nal z to pick up its facts ready-made1 & 9 repres5tation inw>dises or recollects ?is datum & makes x its own1--x proce$s z memory to make itself ext]nal 9 itself1 s t :at is its own assumes ! guise ( some?+ f\nd4 ,?us "o ( ! two dynamic factors ( ?\ght1 viz4 objectivity1 is "h put 9 intellig5ce itself z a quality ( x4--,x is only a /ep fur!r to treat memory z me*anical--! act imply+ no intellig5ce--9 :i* case x is only ju/ifi$ by its uses1 its indisp5sability p]haps = o!r purposes & functions ( m9d4 ,b by s do+ we ov]look ! prop] signification x has 9 ! m9d4 #dfd4 ,if x is to be ! fact & true objectivity1 ! m]e "n z an exi/5t requires some?+ else1--to be int]pret$ by ! repres5t+ intellect4 ,n[ 9 ! %ape ( me*anical memory1 intellig5ce is at once t ext]nal objectivity & ! mean+4 ,9 ?is way intellig5ce is explicitly made an exi/5ce ( ?is id5tity1 i4e4 x is explicitly active z su* an id5tity :i* z reason x is implicitly4 ,memory is 9 ?is mann] ! passage into ! function ( ?\ght1 :i* no long] has a mean+1 i4e4 its objectivity is no long] sev]$ f ! subjective1 & its inw>dness does n ne$ to g outside = its exi/5ce4 ,! ,g]man language has etymologically assign$ memory 7,g$*tni71 ( :i* x has become a =egone conclusion to speak contemptu\sly1 ! high position ( direct k9dr$ ) ?\ght 7,g$anke74--,x is n matt] ( *ance t ! "y h a bett] memory ?an ! old1 nor is _! memory solely ex]cis$ = ! sake ( utility4 ,! "y h a good memory because !y h n yet rea*$ ! /age ( reflection2 _! memory is ex]cis$ ) or )\t design s z to level ! gr\nd ( _! inn] life to pure be+ or to pure space 9 :i* ! fact1 ! implicit cont5t1 may reign & unfold itself ) no anti!sis to a subjective inw>dness4 ,g5u9e ability is 9 y\? g5]ally comb9$ ) a good memory4 ,b empirical /atem5ts ( ?is sort help little t[>ds a k ( :at memory intr9sically is4 ,to compreh5d ! position & mean+ ( memory & to und]/& its organic int]connexion ) ?\ght is "o ( ! h>de/ po9ts1 & hi!rto "o q unreg>d$ 9 ! !ory ( m9d4 ,memory qu memory is itself ! m]ely ext]nal mode1 or m]ely exi/5tial aspect ( ?\ght1 & ?us ne$s a complem5t>y elem5t4 ,! passage f x to ?\ght is to our view & implicitly ! id5tity ( reason ) ?is exi/5tial mode3 an id5tity f :i* x foll[s t reason only exi/s 9 a subject1 & z ! function ( t subject4 ,?us active reason is ,?9k+4 77 ,?9k+7#add74 #dfe4 ,intellig5ce is recognitive3 x cognises an intuition1 b only because t intuition is already its own 7 #ded72 & 9 ! "n x re-discov]s ! fact 7 #dfb73 b n[ x f9ds its univ]sal 9 ! d\ble signification ( ! univ]sal z su*1 & ( ! univ]sal z imm$iate or z be+1--f9ds i4e4 ! g5u9e univ]sal :i* is its own unity ov]lapp+ & includ+ its o!r1 viz4 be+4 ,?us intellig5ce is explicitly1 & on its own "p cognitive3 virtually x is ! univ]sal1--its product 7! ?\ght7 is ! ?+3 x is a pla9 id5tity ( subjective & objective4 ,x kn[s t :at is ?\ght1 is1 & t :at is1 only is 9 s f> z x is a ?\ght 7 #eba72 ! ?9k+ ( intellig5ce is to h ?\ghts3 ^! are z its cont5t & object4 #dff4 ,b cognition by ?\ght is /ill 9 ! fir/ in/ance =mal3 ! univ]sality & its be+ is ! pla9 subjectivity ( intellig5ce4 ,! ?\ghts !re=e are n yet fully & freely det]m9ate1 & ! repres5tations :i* h be5 inw>dis$ to ?\ghts are s f> /ill ! giv5 cont5t4 #dfg4 ,z deal+ ) ?is giv5 cont5t1 ?\ght is 77 und]/&+ ) its =mal id5tity1 work+ up ! repres5tations1 t h be5 memoris$1 into species1 g5]a1 laws1 =ces1 c41 9 %ort into categories1--?us indicat+ t ! raw mat]ial does n get ! tru? ( its be+ save 9 ^! ?\ght-=ms4 ,z intr9sically inf9ite negativity1 ?\ght is 77 ess5tially an act ( p>tition1--judgm5t1 :i* h[ev] does n break up ! concept aga9 into ! old anti!sis ( univ]sality & be+1 b di/+ui%es on ! l9es suppli$ by ! int]connexions peculi> to ! concept4 ,?irdly 771 ?\ght sup]s$es ! =mal di/9ction & in/itutes at ! same "t an id5tity ( ! diff]5ces1--?us be+ nom9al reason or inf]5tial und]/&+4 ,intellig5ce1 z ! act ( ?\ght1 cognises4 ,& 77 und]/&+ out ( its g5]alities 7! categories7 expla9s ! individual1 & is !n said to compreh5d or und]/& itself3 77 9 ! judgm5t x expla9s ! individual to be an univ]sal 7species1 g5us74 ,9 ^! =ms ! cont5t appe>s z giv53 77 b 9 inf]5ce 7syllogism7 x *>act]ises a cont5t f itself1 by sup]s$+ t =m-diff]5ce4 ,) ! p]ception ( ! necessity1 ! la/ imm$iacy /ill atta*+ to =mal ?\ght has vani%$4 ,9 ,logic !re 0 ?\ght1 b 9 its implicitness1 & z reason develops itself 9 ?is di/9ction-lack+ m$ium4 ,s 9 consci\sness ?\ght occurs z a /age 7 #dcg note74 ,"h reason is z ! tru? ( ! anti!tical di/9ction1 z x _h tak5 %ape )9 ! m9d's own limits4 ,?\ght ?us recurs aga9 & aga9 9 ^! diff]5t p>ts ( philosophy1 because ^! p>ts are diff]5t only ?r\gh ! m$ium !y are 9 & ! anti!sis !y imply2 :ile ?\ght is ?is "o & ! same c5tre1 to :i* z to _! tru? ! anti!sis return4 #dfh4 ,intellig5ce :i* z !oretical appropriates an imm$iate mode ( be+1 is1 n[ t x has complet$ tak+ possession1 9 its own prop]ty3 ! la/ negation ( imm$iacy has implicitly requir$ t ! intellig5ce %all itself det]m9e its cont5t4 ,?us ?\ght1 z free notion1 is n[ also free 9 po9t ( cont5t4 ,b :5 intellig5ce is aw>e t x is det]m9ative ( ! cont5t1 :i* is its mode no less ?an x is a mode ( be+1 x is ,w4 7b7 ,m9d ,practical7#ade74 #dfi4 ,z w1 ! m9d is aw>e t x is ! au?or ( its own conclusions1 ! orig9 ( its self-fulfilm5t4 ,?us fulfill$1 ?is indep5d5cy or individuality =m ! side ( exi/5ce or ( reality = ! ,idea ( m9d4 ,z w1 ! m9d /eps into actuality2 :]eas z cognition x is on ! soil ( notional g5]ality4 ,supply+ its own cont5t1 ! w is self-possess$1 & 9 ! wide/ s5se free3 ?is is its *>act]i/ic trait4 ,its f9itude lies 9 ! =malism t ! spontaneity ( its self-fulfilm5t means no m ?an a g5]al & ab/ract ownness1 n yet id5tifi$ ) matur$ reason4 ,x is ! function ( ! ess5tial w to br+ lib]ty to exi/ 9 ! =mal w1 & x is !re=e ! aim ( t =mal w to fill itself ) its ess5tial nature1 i4e4 to make lib]ty its p]vad+ "*1 cont5t1 & aim1 z well z its sph]e ( exi/5ce4 ,! ess5tial fre$om ( w is1 & mu/ always be1 a ?\ght3 h5ce ! way by :i* w c make itself objective m9d is to rise to be a ?9k+ w1--to give itself ! cont5t :i* x c only h z x ?9ks itself4 ,true lib]ty1 9 ! %ape ( moral life1 consi/s 9 ! w f9d+ its purpose 9 a univ]sal cont5t1 n 9 subjective or selfi% int]e/s4 ,b su* a cont5t is only possible 9 ?\ght & ?r\gh ?\ght3 x is no?+ %ort ( absurd to seek to bani% ?\ght f ! moral1 religi\s1 & law-abid+ life4 #dgj4 ,practical m9d1 consid]$ at fir/ z =mal or imm$iate w1 conta9s a d\ble ought--7#a7 9 ! contra/ :i* ! new mode ( be+ project$ outw>d by ! w (f]s to ! imm$iate positivity ( its old exi/5ce & condition1--an antagonism :i* 9 consci\sness gr[s to correlation ) ext]nal objects4 7#b7 ,t fir/ self-det]m9ation1 be+ itself imm$iate1 is n at once elevat$ into a ?9k+ univ]sality3 ! latt]1 !re=e1 virtually con/itutes an obligation on ! =m] 9 po9t ( =m1 z x may also con/itute x 9 po9t ( matt]2--a di/9ction :i* only exi/s = ! obs]v]4 77 ,practical ,s5se or ,feel+7#adf74 #dga4 ,! autonomy ( ! practical m9d at fir/ is imm$iate & !re=e =mal1 i4e4 x f9ds itself z an individuality det]m9$ 9 its inw>d nature4 ,x is ?us 8practical feel+10 or in/9ct ( action4 ,9 ?is phase1 z x is at bottom a subjectivity simply id5tical ) reason1 x has no d\bt a rational cont5t1 b a cont5t :i* z x /&s is individual1 & = t reason also natural1 cont+5t & subjective1--a cont5t :i* may be det]m9$ q z mu* by m]e p]sonalities ( want & op9ion1 c41 & by ! subjectivity :i* selfi%ly sets itself aga9/ ! univ]sal1 z x may be virtually 9 con=mity ) reason4 ,an appeal is sometimes made to ! s5se 7feel+7 ( "r & morality1 z well z ( religion1 :i* man is alleg$ to possess1--to 8 b5evol5t dispositions1--& ev5 to 8 he>t g5]ally1--i4e4 to ! subject s f> z ! v>i\s practical feel+s are 9 x all comb9$4 ,s f> z ?is appeal implies 7#a7 t ^! ideas are imman5t 9 8 own self1 & 7#b7 t :5 feel+ is oppos$ to ! logical und]/&+1 x1 & n ! p>tial ab/ractions ( ! latt]1 may be ! totality--! appeal has a legitimate mean+4 ,b on ! o!r h& feel+ too may be onesid$1 uness5tial & bad4 ,! rational1 :i* exi/s 9 ! %ape ( rationality :5 x is appreh5d$ by ?\ght1 is ! same cont5t z ! good practical feel+ has1 b pres5t$ 9 its univ]sality & necessity1 9 its objectivity & tru?4 ,?us x is on ! "o h& silly to suppose t 9 ! passage f feel+ to law & duty !re is any loss ( import & excell5ce2 x is ?is passage :i* lets feel+ fir/ rea* its tru?4 ,x is equally silly to consid] intellect z sup]flu\s or ev5 h>mful to feel+1 he>t1 & w2 ! tru? &1 :at is ! same ?+1 ! actual rationality ( ! he>t & w c only be at home 9 ! univ]sality ( intellect1 & n 9 ! s+l5ess ( feel+ z feel+4 ,if feel+s are ( ! "r sort1 x is because ( _! quality or cont5t1--:i* is "r only s f> z x is intr9sically univ]sal or has its s\rce 9 ! ?9k+ m9d4 ,! difficulty = ! logical intellect consi/s 9 ?r[+ (f ! sep>ation x has arbitr>ily impos$ betwe5 ! sev]al faculties ( feel+ & ?9k+ m9d1 & com+ to see t 9 ! human be+ !re is only "o reason1 9 feel+1 volition1 & ?\ght4 ,ano!r difficulty connect$ ) ?is is f\nd 9 ! fact t ! ,ideas :i* are ! special prop]ty ( ! ?9k+ m9d1 viz4 ,god1 law & morality1 c also be felt4 ,b feel+ is only ! =m ( ! imm$iate & peculi> individuality ( ! subject1 9 :i* ^! facts1 l any o!r objective facts 7:i* consci\sness also sets ov] aga9/ itself71 may be plac$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is suspici\s or ev5 worse to cl+ to feel+ & he>t 9 place ( ! intellig5t rationality ( law1 "r & duty2 because all t ! =m] holds m ?an ! latt] is only ! p>ticul> subjectivity ) its vanity & caprice4 ,= ! same reason x is out ( place 9 a sci5tific treatm5t ( ! feel+s to deal ) any?+ beyond _! =m1 & to discuss _! cont5t2 = ! latt]1 :5 ?\ght1 is precisely :at con/itutes1 9 _! univ]sality & necessity1 ! rights & duties :i* are ! true works ( m5tal autonomy4 ,s long z we /udy practical feel+s & dispositions specially1 we h only to deal ) ! selfi%1 bad1 & evil2 x is ^! alone :i* belong to ! individuality :i* reta9s its opposition to ! univ]sal3 _! cont5t is ! rev]se ( rights & duties1 & precisely 9 t way d !y--b only 9 anti!sis to ! latt]--reta9 a speciality ( _! own4 #dgb4 ,! 8,ought0 ( practical feel+ is ! claim ( its ess5tial autonomy to control "s exi/+ mode ( fact--:i* is assum$ to be wor? no?+ save z adapt$ to t claim4 ,b z bo?1 9 _! imm$iacy1 lack objective det]m9ation1 ?is relation ( ! requirem5t to exi/5t fact is ! utt]ly subjective & sup]ficial feel+ ( pleasant or unpleasant4 ,delight1 joy1 grief1 c41 %ame1 rep5tance1 cont5tm5t1 c41 are p>tly only modifications ( ! =mal 8practical feel+0 9 g5]al1 b are p>tly diff]5t 9 ! features t give ! special tone & "* mode to _! 8,ought40 ,! celebrat$ "q z to ! orig9 ( evil 9 ! _w1 s f> at lea/ z evil is und]/ood to mean :at is disagreeable & pa9ful m]ely1 arises on ?is /age ( ! =mal practical feel+4 ,evil is no?+ b ! incompatibility betwe5 :at is & :at ought to be4 8,ought0 is an ambigu\s t]m1--inde$ inf9itely s1 consid]+ t casual aims may also come "u ! =m ( ,ought4 ,b :]e ! objects s\ght are ?us casual1 evil only executes :at is rightfully due to ! vanity & nullity ( _! plann+3 = !y !mselves 7 radically evil4 ,! f9itude ( life & m9d is se5 9 _! judgm5t3 ! contr>y :i* is sep>at$ f !m !y also h z a negative 9 !m1 & ?us !y are ! contradiction call$ evil4 ,9 ! dead !re is nei!r evil nor pa93 = 9 inorganic nature ! intelligible unity 7concept7 does n confront its exi/5ce & does n 9 ! diff]5ce at ! same "t rema9 its p]man5t subject4 ,:]eas 9 life1 & /ill m 9 m9d1 we h ?is imman5t di/9ction pres5t3 h5ce arises ! ,ought3 & ?is negativity1 subjectivity1 ego1 fre$om are ! pr9ciples ( evil & pa94 ,jacob ,bhme view$ egoity 7selfhood7 z pa9 & torm5t1 & z ! f\nta9 ( nature & ( _s4 77 ,! ,impulses & ,*oice7#adg74 #dgc4 ,! practical ought is a 8real0 judgm5t4 ,w1 :i* is ess5tially self-det]m9ation1 f9ds 9 ! con=mity--z imm$iate & m]ely f\nd to h&--( ! exi/+ mode to its requirem5t a negation1 & some?+ inappropriate to x4 ,if ! w is to satisfy itself1 if ! implicit unity ( ! univ]sality & ! special mode is to be realis$1 ! con=mity ( its inn] requirem5t & ( ! exi/5t ?+ ought to be its act & in/itution4 ,! w1 z reg>ds ! =m ( its cont5t1 is at fir/ /ill a natural w1 directly id5tical ) its specific mode3--natural impulse & incl9ation4 ,%\ld1 h[ev]1 ! totality ( ! practical _s ?r[ itself into a s+le "o ( ! _m re/rict$ =ms ( impulse1 ea* be+ always 9 conflict to ano!r1 x is passion4 #dgd4 ,incl9ations & passions embody ! same con/itu5t features z ! practical feel+4 ,?us1 :ile on "o h& !y are bas$ on ! rational nature ( ! m9d2 !y on ! o!r1 z "p & p>cel ( ! /ill subjective & s+le w1 are infect$ ) cont+5cy1 & appe> z p>ticul> to /& to ! individual & to ea* o!r 9 an ext]nal relation & ) a necessity :i* creates bondage4 ,! special note 9 passion is its re/riction to "o special mode ( volition1 9 :i* ! :ole subjectivity ( ! individual is m]g$1 be ! value ( t mode :at x may4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is =malism1 passion is nei!r good nor bad2 ! title only /ates t a subject has ?r[n 8 :ole s\l1--8 int]e/s ( intellect1 tal5t1 "*1 enjoym5t1--on "o aim & object4 ,no?+ great has be5 & no?+ great c be accompli%$ )\t passion4 ,x is only a dead1 too (t51 inde$1 a hypocritical moralis+ :i* inveighs aga9/ ! =m ( passion z su*4 ,b ) reg>d to ! incl9ations1 ! "q is directly rais$1 ,:i* are good & bad8--,up to :at degree ! good cont9ue good2--& 7z !re are _m1 ea* ) its private range7 ,9 :at way h !y1 be+ all 9 "o subject & h>dly all1 z exp]i5ce %[s1 admitt+ ( gratification1 to suff] at lea/ reciprocal re/riction8 ,&1 fir/ ( all1 z reg>ds ! numb]s ( ^! impulses & prop5sities1 ! case is mu* ! same z ) ! psy*ical p[]s1 ^: aggregate is to =m ! m9d !oretical1--an aggregate :i* is n[ increas$ by ! ho/ ( impulses4 ,! nom9al rationality ( impulse & prop5sity lies m]ely 9 _! g5]al impulse n to be subjective m]ely1 b to get realis$1 ov]com+ ! subjectivity by ! subject's own ag5cy4 ,_! g5u9e rationality _c reveal its secret to a me?od ( out] reflection :i* pre-supposes a numb] ( indep5d5t innate t5d5cies & imm$iate in/9cts1 & !re=e is want+ 9 a s+le pr9ciple & f9al purpose = !m4 ,b ! imman5t 8reflection0 ( m9d itself c>ries x beyond _! p>ticul>ity & _! natural imm$iacy1 & gives _! cont5ts a rationality & objectivity1 9 :i* !y exi/ z necess>y ties ( social relation1 z rights & duties4 ,x is ?is objectification :i* ev9ces _! real value1 _! mutual connexions1 & _! tru?4 ,& ?us x 0 a true p]ception :5 ,plato 7especially includ+ z he did ! m9d's :ole nature "u its "r7 %[$ t ! full reality ( ju/ice c\ld be exhibit$ only 9 ! objective phase ( ju/ice1 viz4 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ,/ate z ! e?ical life4 ,! answ] to ! "q1 !re=e1 ,:at are ! good & rational prop5sities1 & h[ !y are to be co-ord9at$ ) ea* o!r8 resolves itself into an exposition ( ! laws & =ms ( common life produc$ by ! m9d :5 develop+ itself z objective m9d--a developm5t 9 :i* ! cont5t ( autonom\s action loses its cont+5cy & optionality4 ,! discussion ( ! true intr9sic wor? ( ! impulses1 incl9ations1 & passions is ?us ess5tially ! !ory ( legal1 moral1 & social duties4 #dge4 ,! subject is ! act ( satisfy+ impulses1 an act ( 7at lea/7 =mal rationality1 z x translates !m f ! subjectivity ( cont5t 7:i* s f> is purpose7 into objectivity1 :]e ! subject is made to close ) itself4 ,if ! cont5t ( ! impulse is di/+ui%$ z ! ?+ or bus9ess f ?is act ( c>ry+ x out1 & we reg>d ! ?+ :i* has be5 br\ght to pass z conta9+ ! elem5t ( subjective individuality & its action1 ?is is :at is call$ ! int]e/4 ,no?+ !re=e is br\ght ab\t )\t int]e/4 ,an action is an aim ( ! subject1 & x is 8 ag5cy too :i* executes ?is aim3 unless ! subject 7 9 ?is way 9 ! mo/ dis9t]e/$ action1 i4e4 unless he _h an int]e/ 9 x1 !re w\ld be no action at all4--,! impulses & incl9ations are sometimes depreciat$ by be+ contra/$ ) ! baseless *im]a ( a happ9ess1 ! free gift ( nature1 :]e wants are suppos$ to f9d _! satisfaction )\t ! ag5t do+ any?+ to produce a con=mity betwe5 imm$iate exi/5ce & 8 own inn] requirem5ts4 ,!y are sometimes contra/$1 on ! :ole to _! disadvantage1 ) ! morality ( duty = duty's sake4 ,b impulse & passion are ! v life-blood ( all action3 !y are ne$$ if ! ag5t is really to be 9 8 aim & ! execution !re(4 ,! morality conc]ns ! cont5t ( ! aim1 :i* z su* is ! univ]sal1 an inactive ?+1 t f9ds its actualis+ 9 ! ag5t2 & f9ds x only :5 ! aim is imman5t 9 ! ag5t1 is 8 int]e/ &--%\ld x claim to engross 8 :ole effici5t subjectivity--8 passion4 #dgf4 ,! w1 z ?9k+ & implicitly free1 di/+ui%es itself f ! p>ticul>ity ( ! impulses1 & places itself z simple subjectivity ( ?\ght above _! div]sifi$ cont5t4 ,x is ?us 8reflect+0 w4 #dgg4 ,su* a p>ticul>ity ( impulse has ?us ceas$ to be a m]e datum3 ! reflective w n[ sees x z its own1 because x closes ) x & ?us gives itself specific individuality & actuality4 ,x is n[ on ! /&po9t ( *oos+ betwe5 incl9ations1 & is option or *oice4 #dgh4 ,w z *oice claims to be free1 reflect$ into itself z ! negativity ( its m]ely imm$iate autonomy4 ,h[ev]1 z ! cont5t1 9 :i* its =m] univ]sality concludes itself to actuality1 is no?+ b ! cont5t ( ! impulses & appetites1 x is actual only z a subjective & cont+5t w4 ,x realises itself 9 a p>ticul>ity1 :i* x reg>ds at ! same "t z a nullity1 & f9ds a satisfaction 9 :at x has at ! same "t em]g$ f4 ,z ?us contradictory1 x is ! process ( di/ract+ & susp5d+ "o desire or enjoym5t by ano!r1--& "o satisfaction1 :i* is j z mu* no satisfaction1 by ano!r1 )\t end4 ,b ! tru? ( ! p>ticul> satisfactions is ! univ]sal1 :i* "u ! "n ( happ9ess ! ?9k+ w makes its aim4 77 ,happ9ess7#adh74 #dgi4 ,9 ?is idea1 :i* reflection & comp>ison h educ$1 ( a univ]sal satisfaction1 ! impulses1 s f> z _! p>ticul>ity goes1 are r$uc$ to a m]e negative2 & x is held t 9 "p !y are to be sacrific$ to ea* o!r = ! beho( t aim1 p>tly sacrific$ to t aim directly1 ei!r altoge!r or 9 "p4 ,_! mutual limitation1 on "o h&1 proce$s f a mixture ( qualitative & quantitative consid]ations3 on ! o!r h&1 z happ9ess has its sole affirmative cont5ts 9 ! spr+s ( action1 x is on !m t ! decision turns1 & x is ! subjective feel+ & good pleasure :i* mu/ h ! ca/+ vote z to :]e happ9ess is to be plac$4 #dhj4 ,happ9ess is ! m]e ab/ract & m]ely imag9$ univ]sality ( ?+s desir$1--a univ]sality :i* only ought to be4 ,b ! p>ticul>ity ( ! satisfaction :i* j z mu* is z x is aboli%$1 & ! ab/ract s+l5ess1 ! option :i* gives or does n give itself 7z x pleases7 an aim 9 happ9ess1 f9d _! tru? 9 ! intr9sic univ]sality ( ! w1 i4e4 its v autonomy or fre$om4 ,9 ?is way *oice is w only z pure subjectivity1 :i* is pure & concrete at once1 by hav+ = its cont5ts & aim only t inf9ite mode ( be+--fre$om itself4 ,9 ?is tru? ( its autonomy1 :]e concept & object are "o1 ! w is an actually free w4 ,free ,m9d7#adi74 #dha4 ,actual free w is ! unity ( !oretical & practical m9d3 a free w1 :i* realises its own fre$om ( w n[ t ! =malism1 =tuit\sness1 & contract$ness ( ! practical cont5t up to ?is po9t h be5 sup]s$$4 ,by sup]s$+ ! adju/m5ts ( means !re9 conta9$1 ! w is ! imm$iate individuality self-in/itut$1--an individuality1 h[ev]1 also purifi$ ( all t int]f]es ) its univ]salism1 i4e4 ) fre$om itself4 ,?is univ]salism ! w has z its object & aim1 only s f> z x ?9ks itself1 kn[s ?is its concept1 & is w z free intellig5ce4 #dhb4 ,! m9d :i* kn[s itself z free & wills itself z ?is its object1 i4e4 :i* has its true be+ = *>act]i/ic & aim1 is 9 ! fir/ in/ance ! rational w 9 g5]al1 or implicit ,idea1 & because implicit only ! notion ( absolute m9d4 ,z ab/ract ,idea aga91 x is exi/5t only 9 ! imm$iate w--x is ! exi/5tial side ( reason1--! s+le w z aw>e ( ?is its univ]sality con/itut+ its cont5ts & aim1 & ( :i* x is only ! =mal activity4 ,if ! w1 !re=e1 9 :i* ! ,idea ?us appe>s is only f9ite1 t w is also ! act ( develop+ ! ,idea1 & ( inve/+ its self-unfold+ cont5t ) an exi/5ce :i*1 z realis+ ! idea1 is actuality4 ,x is ?us 8,objective0 ,m9d4 ,no ,idea is s g5]ally recognis$ z indef9ite1 ambigu\s1 & op5 to ! greate/ misconceptions 7to :i* !re=e x actually falls a victim7 z ! idea ( ,lib]ty3 none 9 common curr5cy ) s little appreciation ( its mean+4 ,rememb]+ t free m9d is actual m9d1 we c see h[ misconceptions ab\t x are ( trem5d\s consequ5ce 9 practice4 ,:5 individuals & nations h once got 9 _! heads ! ab/ract concept ( full-bl[n lib]ty1 !re is no?+ l x 9 its uncontrollable /r5g?1 j because x is ! v ess5ce ( m9d1 & t z its v actuality4 ,:ole cont95ts1 ,africa & ! ,ea/1 h nev] _h ?is idea1 & are )\t x /ill4 ,! ,greeks & ,romans1 ,plato & ,ari/otle1 ev5 ! ,/oics1 did n h x4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y saw t x is only by bir? 7z e4g4 an ,a!nian or ,sp>tan citiz571 or by /r5g? ( "*1 education1 or philosophy 7--! sage is free ev5 z a slave & 9 *a9s7 t ! human be+ is actually free4 ,x 0 ?r\gh ,*ri/ianity t ?is idea came into ! _w4 ,accord+ to ,*ri/ianity1 ! individual z su* has an inf9ite value z ! object & aim ( div9e love1 de/9$ z m9d to live 9 absolute relation%ip ) ,god himself1 & h ,god's m9d dwell+ 9 him3 i4e4 man is implicitly de/9$ to supreme fre$om4 ,if1 9 religion z su*1 man is aw>e ( ?is relation%ip to ! absolute m9d z 8 true be+1 he has also1 ev5 :5 he /eps into ! sph]e ( secul> exi/5ce1 ! div9e m9d pres5t ) him1 z ! sub/ance ( ! /ate ( ! family1 c4 ,^! in/itutions are due to ! guidance ( t _s1 & are con/itut$ aft] its measure2 :il/ by _! exi/5ce ! moral temp] comes to be indwell+ 9 ! individual1 s t 9 ?is sph]e ( p>ticul> exi/5ce1 ( pres5t s5sation & volition1 he is actually free4 ,if to be aw>e ( ! idea--to be aw>e1 i4e4 t m5 are aw>e ( fre$om z _! ess5ce1 aim1 & object--is matt] ( speculation1 /ill ?is v idea itself is ! actuality ( m5--n some?+ :i* !y h1 z m51 b :i* !y are4 ,*ri/ianity 9 its adh]5ts has realis$ an ev]-pres5t s5se t !y are n & _c be slaves2 if !y are made slaves1 if ! decision z reg>ds _! prop]ty re/s ) an arbitr>y w1 n ) laws or c\rts ( ju/ice1 !y w\ld f9d ! v sub/ance ( _! life outrag$4 ,?is w to lib]ty is no long] an impulse :i* dem&s its satisfaction1 b ! p]man5t "*--! spiritual consci\sness gr[n into a non-impulsive nature4 ,b ?is fre$om1 :i* ! cont5t & aim ( fre$om has1 is itself only a notion--a pr9ciple ( ! m9d & he>t1 int5d$ to develope into an objective phase1 into legal1 moral1 religi\s1 & n less into sci5tific actuality4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,,m9d ,,objective4 #dhc4 ,! objective ,m9d is ! absolute ,idea1 b only exi/+ 9 posse3 & z x is ?us on ! t]ritory ( f9itude1 its actual rationality reta9s ! aspect ( ext]nal app>5cy4 ,! free w f9ds itself imm$iately confront$ by diff]5ces :i* arise f ! circum/ance t fre$om is its inw>d function & aim1 & is 9 relation to an ext]nal & already subsi/+ objectivity1 :i* splits up into diff]5t heads3 viz4 an?ropological data 7i4e4 private & p]sonal ne$s71 ext]nal ?+s ( nature :i* exi/ = consci\sness1 & ! ties ( relation betwe5 individual wills :i* are consci\s ( _! own div]sity & p>ticul>ity4 ,^! aspects con/itute ! ext]nal mat]ial = ! embodim5t ( ! w4 #dhd4 ,b ! purposive action ( ?is w is to realise its concept1 ,lib]ty1 9 ^! ext]nally-objective aspects1 mak+ ! latt] a _w m\ld$ by ! =m]1 :i* 9 x is ?us at home ) itself1 lock$ toge!r ) x3 ! concept accord+ly p]fect$ to ! ,idea4 ,lib]ty1 %ap$ into ! actuality ( a _w1 receives ! =m ( ,necessity ! deep] sub/antial nexus ( :i* is ! sy/em or organisation ( ! pr9ciples ( lib]ty1 :il/ its ph5om5al nexus is p[] or au?ority1 & ! s5tim5t ( ob$i5ce awak5$ 9 consci\sness4 #dhe4 ,?is unity ( ! rational w ) ! s+le w 7?is be+ ! peculi> & imm$iate m$ium 9 :i* ! =m] is actualis$7 con/itutes ! simple actuality ( lib]ty4 ,z x 7& its cont5t7 belongs to ?\ght1 & is ! virtual univ]sal1 ! cont5t has its "r & true "* only 9 ! =m ( univ]sality4 ,:5 inve/$ ) ?is "* = ! intellig5t consci\sness1 or in/itut$ z an au?oritative p[]1 x is a ,law7#aej74 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 ! cont5t is fre$ f ! mix$ness & =tuit\sness1 atta*+ to x 9 ! practical feel+ & 9 impulse1 & is set & graft$ 9 ! individual w1 n 9 ! =m ( impulse1 b 9 its univ]sality1 s z to become its habit1 temp] & "*1 x exi/s z mann] & cu/om1 or ,usage7#aea74 #dhf4 ,?is 8reality10 9 g5]al1 :]e free w has exi/5ce1 is ! ,law 7,"r71--! t]m be+ tak5 9 a compreh5sive s5se n m]ely z ! limit$ juri/ic law1 b z ! actual body ( all ! conditions ( fre$om4 ,^! conditions1 9 relation to ! subjective w1 :]e !y1 be+ univ]sal1 ought to h & c only h _! exi/5ce1 are its ,duties2 :]eas z its temp] & habit !y are ,mann]s4 ,:at is a "r is also a duty1 & :at is a duty1 is also a "r4 ,= a mode ( exi/5ce is a "r1 only z a consequ5ce ( ! free sub/antial w3 & ! same cont5t ( fact1 :5 ref]r$ to ! w di/+ui%$ z subjective & individual1 is a duty4 ,x is ! same cont5t :i* ! subjective consci\sness recognises z a duty1 & br+s into exi/5ce 9 ^! sev]al wills4 ,! f9itude ( ! objective w ?us creates ! semblance ( a di/9ction betwe5 rights & duties4 ,9 ! ph5om5al range "r & duty are correlata1 at lea/ 9 ! s5se t to a "r on my "p corresponds a duty 9 "s "o else4 ,b1 9 ! light ( ! concept1 my "r to a ?+ is n m]ely possession1 b z possession by a p]son x is prop]ty1 or legal possession1 & x is a duty to possess ?+s z prop]ty1 i4e4 to be z a p]son4 ,translat$ into ! ph5om5al relation%ip1 viz4 relation to ano!r p]son--?is gr[s into ! duty ( "s "o else to respect my "r4 ,9 ! morality ( ! consci5ce1 duty 9 g5]al is 9 me--a free subject--at ! same "t a "r ( my subjective w or disposition4 ,b 9 ?is individuali/ moral sph]e1 !re arises ! division betwe5 :at is only inw>d purpose 7disposition or int5tion71 :i* only has its be+ 9 me & is m]ely subjective duty1 & ! actualisation ( t purpose3 & ) ?is division a cont+5cy & imp]fection :i* makes ! inadequacy ( m]e individuali/ic morality4 ,9 social e?ics ^! two p>ts h rea*$ _! tru?1 _! absolute unity2 al?\gh ev5 "r & duty return to "o ano!r & comb9e by means ( c]ta9 adju/m5ts & "u ! guise ( necessity4 ,! rights ( ! fa!r ( ! family ov] its memb]s are equally duties t[>ds !m2 j z ! *ildr5's duty ( ob$i5ce is _! "r to be educat$ to ! lib]ty ( manhood4 ,! p5al judicature ( a gov]nm5t1 its rights ( adm9i/ration1 c41 are no less its duties to puni%1 to adm9i/]1 c42 z ! s]vices ( ! memb]s ( ! ,/ate 9 dues1 milit>y s]vices1 c41 are duties & yet _! "r to ! protection ( _! private prop]ty & ( ! g5]al sub/antial life 9 :i* !y h _! root4 ,all ! aims ( society & ! ,/ate are ! private aim ( ! individuals4 ,b ! set ( adju/m5ts1 by :i* _! duties come back to !m z ! ex]cise & enjoym5t ( "r1 produces an appe>ance ( div]sity3 & ?is div]sity is increas$ by ! v>iety ( %apes :i* value assumes 9 ! c\rse ( ex*ange1 ?\gh x rema9s intr9sically ! same4 ,/ill x holds fundam5tally good t he :o has no rights has no duties & vice v]sa4 ,di/ribution4 #dhg4 ,! free w is ,a4 itself at fir/ imm$iate1 & h5ce z a s+le be+--! p]son3 ! exi/5ce :i* ! p]son gives to its lib]ty is prop]ty4 ,! ,"r z "r 7law7 is =mal1 ab/ract "r4 ,b4 ,:5 ! w is reflect$ into self1 s z to h its exi/5ce inside x1 & to be ?us at ! same "t *>act]is$ z a p>ticul>1 x is ! "r ( ! subjective w1 morality ( ! individual consci5ce4 ,c4 ,:5 ! free w is ! sub/antial w1 made actual 9 ! subject & con=mable to its concept & r5d]$ a totality ( necessity1--x is ! e?ics ( actual life 9 family1 civil society1 & /ate4 ,sub-,section ,a4 ,law47#aeb7 7a7 ,prop]ty4 #dhh4 ,m9d1 9 ! imm$iacy ( its self-secur$ lib]ty1 is an individual1 b "o t kn[s its individuality z an absolutely free w3 x is a p]son1 9 :om ! inw>d s5se ( ?is fre$om1 z 9 itself /ill ab/ract & empty1 has its p>ticul>ity & fulfilm5t n yet on its own "p1 b on an ext]nal ?+4 ,?is ?+1 z some?+ devoid ( w1 has no rights aga9/ ! subjectivity ( intellig5ce & volition1 & is by t subjectivity made adjectival to x1 ! ext]nal sph]e ( its lib]ty2--possession4 #dhi4 ,by ! judgm5t ( possession1 at fir/ 9 ! outw>d appropriation1 ! ?+ acquires ! pr$icate ( 8m9e40 ,b ?is pr$icate1 on its own acc\nt m]ely 8practical10 has "h ! signification t ,i import my p]sonal w into ! ?+4 ,z s *>act]is$1 possession is prop]ty1 :i* z possession is a means1 b z exi/5ce ( ! p]sonality is an end4 #dij4 ,9 8 prop]ty ! p]son is br\ght into union ) itself4 ,b ! ?+ is an ab/ractly ext]nal ?+1 & ! ,i 9 x is ab/ractly ext]nal4 ,! concrete return ( me into me 9 ! ext]nality is t ,i1 ! inf9ite self-relation1 am z a p]son ! repulsion ( me f myself1 & h ! exi/5ce ( my p]sonality 9 ! be+ ( o!r p]sons1 9 my relation to !m & 9 my recognition by !m1 :i* is ?us mutual4 #dia4 ,! ?+ is ! mean by :i* ! extremes meet 9 "o4 ,^! extremes are ! p]sons :o1 9 ! k ( _! id5tity z free1 are simultane\sly mutually indep5d5t4 ,= !m my w has its def9ite recognisable exi/5ce 9 ! ?+ by ! imm$iate bodily act ( tak+ possession1 or by ! =mation ( ! ?+ or1 x may be1 by m]e designation ( x4 #dib4 ,! casual aspect ( prop]ty is t ,i place my w 9 ?is ?+3 s f> my w is arbitr>y1 ,i c j z well put x 9 x z n1--j z well )draw x z n4 ,b s f> z my w lies 9 a ?+1 x is only ,i :o c )draw x3 x is only ) my w t ! ?+ c pass to ano!r1 ^: prop]ty x simil>ly becomes only ) 8 w3--,contract4 7b7 ,contract4 #dic4 ,! two wills & _! agreem5t 9 ! contract are z an int]nal /ate ( m9d diff]5t f its realisation 9 ! p]=mance4 ,! comp>atively 8ideal0 utt]ance 7( contract7 9 ! /ipulation conta9s ! actual surr5d] ( a prop]ty by ! "o1 its *ang+ h&s1 & its acceptance by ! o!r w4 ,! contract is ?us ?or\ghly b9d+3 x does n ne$ ! p]=mance ( ! "o or ! o!r to become s--o!rwise we %\ld h an inf9ite regress or inf9ite division ( ?+1 lab\r1 & "t4 ,! utt]ance 9 ! /ipulation is complete & exhau/ive4 ,! inw>dness ( ! w :i* surr5d]s & ! w :i* accepts ! prop]ty is 9 ! realm ( ideation1 & 9 t realm ! ^w is de$ & ?+ 7 #dfb7--! full & complete de$1 s9ce "h ! consci5ti\sness ( ! w does n come "u consid]ation 7z to :e!r ! ?+ is meant 9 e>ne/ or is a deception71 & ! w ref]s only to ! ext]nal ?+4 #did4 ,?us 9 ! /ipulation we h ! sub/antial be+ ( ! contract /&+ out 9 di/9ction f its real utt]ance 9 ! p]=mance1 :i* is br\ght d[n to a m]e sequel4 ,9 ?is way !re is put into ! ?+ or p]=mance a di/9ction betwe5 its imm$iate specific quality & its sub/antial be+ or value1 mean+ by value ! quantitative t]ms into :i* t qualitative feature has be5 translat$4 ,"o piece ( prop]ty is ?us made comp>able ) ano!r1 & may be made equival5t to a ?+ :i* is 79 quality7 :olly het]og5e\s4 ,x is ?us treat$ 9 g5]al z an ab/ract1 univ]sal ?+ or commodity4 #die4 ,! contract1 z an agreem5t :i* has a volunt>y orig9 & deals ) a casual commodity1 involves at ! same "t ! giv+ to ?is 8accid5tal0 w a positive fixity4 ,?is w may j z well n be con=mable to law 7"r71 &1 9 t case1 produces a wrong3 by :i* h[ev] ! absolute law 7"r7 is n sup]s$$1 b only a relation%ip orig9at$ ( "r to wrong4 7c7 ,"r v]sus ,wrong4 #dif4 ,law 7"r7 consid]$ z ! realisation ( lib]ty 9 ext]nals1 breaks up into a multiplicity ( relations to ?is ext]nal sph]e & to o!r p]sons 7 #dia1 #dic seqq474 ,9 ?is way !re are 7#a7 sev]al titles or gr\nds at law1 ( :i* 7see+ t prop]ty bo? on ! p]sonal & ! real side is exclusively individual7 only "o is ! "r1 b :i*1 because !y face ea* o!r1 ea* & all are inve/$ ) a %[ ( "r1 aga9/ :i* ! =m] is def9$ z ! intr9sically "r4 #dig4 ,n[ s long z 7comp>$ aga9/ ?is %[7 ! "o intr9sically "r1 /ill presum$ id5tical ) ! sev]al titles1 is affirm$1 will$1 & recognis$1 ! only div]sity lies 9 ?is1 t ! special ?+ is subsum$ "u ! "o law or "r by ! p>ticul> w ( ^! sev]al p]sons4 ,?is is nave1 non-malici\s wrong4 ,su* wrong 9 ! sev]al claimants is a simple negative judgm5t1 express+ ! civil suit4 ,to settle x !re is requir$ a ?ird judgm5t1 :i*1 z ! judgm5t ( ! intr9sically "r1 is dis9t]e/$1 & a p[] ( giv+ ! "o "r exi/5ce z aga9/ t semblance4 #dih4 ,b 7#b7 if ! semblance ( "r is will$ z su* aga9/ "r intr9sical by ! p>ticul> w1 :i* ?us becomes wick$1 !n ! ext]nal recognition ( "r is sep>at$ f ! "r's true value2 & :ile ! =m] only is respect$1 ! latt] is violat$4 ,?is gives ! wrong ( fraud--! inf9ite judgm5t z id5tical 7 #agc71--:]e ! nom9al relation is reta9$1 b ! /]l+ value is let slip4 #dii4 7#c7 ,f9ally1 ! p>ticul> w sets itself 9 opposition to ! intr9sic "r by negat+ t "r itself z well z its recognition or semblance4 ,"h !re is a negatively inf9ite judgm5t 7 #agc7 9 :i* !re is d5i$ ! class z a :ole1 & n m]ely ! p>ticul> mode--9 ?is case ! app>5t recognition4 ,?us ! w is viol5tly wick$1 & commits a crime4 #ejj4 ,z an outrage on "r1 su* an action is ess5tially & actually null4 ,9 x ! ag5t1 z a volitional & intellig5t be+1 sets up a law--a law h[ev] :i* is nom9al & recognis$ by him only--a univ]sal :i* holds good = him1 & "u :i* he has at ! same "t subsum$ himself by 8 action4 ,to display ! nullity ( su* an act1 to c>ry out simultane\sly ?is nom9al law & ! intr9sic "r1 9 ! fir/ in/ance by means ( a subjective individual w1 is ! "w ( ,rev5ge4 ,b1 rev5ge1 />t+ f ! int]e/ ( an imm$iate p>ticul> p]sonality1 is at ! same "t only a new outrage2 & s on )\t end4 ,?is progression1 l ! la/1 aboli%es itself 9 a ?ird judgm5t1 :i* is dis9t]e/$--puni%m5t4 #eja4 ,! in/rum5tality by :i* au?ority is giv5 to intr9sic "r is 77 t a p>ticul> w1 t ( ! judge1 be+ con=mable to ! "r1 has an int]e/ to turn aga9/ ! crime 7--:i* 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 9 rev5ge1 is a matt] ( *ance71 & 77 t an executive p[] 7also 9 ! fir/ in/ance casual7 negates ! negation ( "r t 0 creat$ by ! crim9al4 ,?is negation ( "r has its exi/5ce 9 ! w ( ! crim9al2 & consequ5tly rev5ge or puni%m5t directs itself aga9/ ! p]son or prop]ty ( ! crim9al & ex]cises co]cion ^u him4 ,x is 9 ?is legal sph]e t co]cion 9 g5]al has possible scope1--compulsion aga9/ ! ?+1 9 seiz+ & ma9ta9+ x aga9/ ano!r's seizure3 = 9 ?is sph]e ! w has its exi/5ce imm$iately 9 ext]nals z su*1 or 9 corporeity1 & c be seiz$ only 9 ?is qu>t]4 ,b m ?an possible compulsion is n1 s long z ,i c )draw myself z free f e mode ( exi/5ce1 ev5 f ! range ( all exi/5ce1 i4e4 f life4 ,x is legal only z aboli%+ a fir/ & orig9al compulsion4 #ejb4 ,a di/9ction has ?us em]g$ betwe5 ! law 7"r7 & ! subjective w4 ,! 8reality0 ( "r1 :i* ! p]sonal w 9 ! fir/ in/ance gives itself 9 imm$iate wise1 is se5 to be due to ! in/rum5tality ( ! subjective w1--^: influ5ce z on "o h& x gives exi/5ce to ! ess5tial "r1 s may on ! o!r cut itself (f f & oppose itself to x4 ,conv]sely1 ! claim ( ! subjective w to be 9 ?is ab/raction a p[] ov] ! law ( "r is null & empty ( itself3 x gets tru? & reality ess5tially only s f> z t w 9 itself realises ! reasonable w4 ,z su* x is morality7#aec7 prop]4 ,! phrase 8,law ( ,nature10 or ,natural ,"r7#aed71 9 use = ! philosophy ( law involves ! ambiguity t x may mean ei!r "r z some?+ exi/+ ready-=m$ 9 nature1 or "r z gov]n$ by ! nature ( ?+s1 i4e4 by ! notion4 ,! =m] us$ to be ! common mean+1 accompani$ ) ! fiction ( a /ate ( nature1 9 :i* ! law ( nature %\ld hold sway2 :]eas ! social & political /ate r requir$ & impli$ a re/riction ( lib]ty & a sacrifice ( natural rights4 ,! real fact is t ! :ole law & its e article are bas$ on free p]sonality alone1--on self-det]m9ation or autonomy1 :i* is ! v contr>y ( det]m9ation by nature4 ,! law ( nature--/rictly s call$--is = t reason ! pr$om9ance ( ! /rong & ! reign ( =ce1 & a /ate ( nature a /ate ( viol5ce & wrong1 ( :i* no?+ tru] c be said ?an t "o ought to dep>t f x4 ,! social /ate1 on ! o!r h&1 is ! condition 9 :i* alone "r has its actuality3 :at is to be re/rict$ & sacrific$ is j ! wilfulness & viol5ce ( ! /ate ( nature4 ,sub-,section ,b4 ,! ,morality ,( ,consci5ce7#aee74 #ejc4 ,! free individual1 :o1 9 m]e law1 c\nts only z a p]son1 is n[ *>act]is$ z a subject1 a w reflect$ into itself s t1 be its affection :at x may1 x is di/+ui%$ 7z exi/+ 9 x7 z its own f ! exi/5ce ( fre$om 9 an ext]nal ?+4 ,because ! affection ( ! w is ?us inw>dis$1 ! w is at ! same "t made a p>ticul>1 & !re arise fur!r p>ticul>isations ( x & relations ( ^! to "o ano!r4 ,?is affection is p>tly ! ess5tial & implicit w1 ! reason ( ! w1 ! ess5tial basis ( law & moral life3 p>tly x is ! exi/5t volition1 :i* is be=e u & ?r[s itself into actual de$s1 & ?us comes into relation%ip ) ! =m]4 ,! subjective w is morally free1 s f> z ^! features are its inw>d in/itution1 its own1 & will$ by x4 ,its utt]ance 9 de$ ) ?is fre$om is an action1 9 ! ext]nality ( :i* x only admits z its own1 & all[s to be imput$ to x1 s mu* z x has consci\sly will$4 ,?is subjective or 8moral0 fre$om is :at a ,european especially calls fre$om4 ,9 virtue ( ! "r !reto a man mu/ possess a p]sonal k ( ! di/9ction betwe5 good & evil 9 g5]al3 e?ical & religi\s pr9ciples %all n m]ely lay _! claim on him z ext]nal laws & precepts ( au?ority to be obey$1 b h _! ass5t1 recognition1 or ev5 ju/ification 9 8 he>t1 s5tim5t1 consci5ce1 intellig5ce1 c4 ,! subjectivity ( ! w 9 itself is its supreme aim & absolutely ess5tial to x4 ,! 8moral0 mu/ be tak5 9 ! wid] s5se 9 :i* x does n signify ! morally good m]ely4 ,9 ,fr5* le moral is oppos$ to le physique1 & means ! m5tal or intellectual 9 g5]al4 ,b "h ! moral signifies volitional mode1 s f> z x is 9 ! int]ior ( ! w 9 g5]al2 x ?us includes purpose & int5tion1--& also moral wick$ness4 a4 ,purpose7#aef74 #ejd4 ,s f> z ! action comes into imm$iate t\* ) exi/5ce1 my "p 9 x is to ?is ext5t =mal1 t ext]nal exi/5ce is also indep5d5t ( ! ag5t4 ,?is ext]nality c p]v]t 8 action & br+ to light some?+ else ?an lay 9 x4 ,n[1 ?\gh any alt]ation z su*1 :i* is set on foot by ! subject's action1 is its de$7#aeg71 /ill ! subject does n = t reason recognise x z its action7#aeh71 b only admits z its own t exi/5ce 9 ! de$ :i* lay 9 its k & w1 :i* 0 its purpose4 ,only = t does x hold itself responsible4 b4 ,int5tion & ,welf>e7#aei74 #eje4 ,z reg>ds its empirically concrete cont5t 7#a7 ! action has a v>iety ( p>ticul> aspects & connexions4 ,9 po9t ( =m1 ! ag5t mu/ h kn[n & will$ ! action 9 its ess5tial feature1 embrac+ ^! individual po9ts4 ,?is is ! "r ( int5tion4 ,:ile purpose affects only ! imm$iate fact ( exi/5ce1 int5tion reg>ds ! und]ly+ ess5ce & aim !re(4 7#b7 ,! ag5t has no less ! "r to see t ! p>ticul>ity ( cont5t 9 ! action1 9 po9t ( its matt]1 is n some?+ ext]nal to him1 b is a p>ticul>ity ( 8 own1--t x conta9s 8 ne$s1 int]e/s1 & aims4 ,^! aims1 :5 simil>ly compreh5d$ 9 a s+le aim1 z 9 happ9ess 7 #dgi71 con/itute 8 well-be+4 ,?is is ! "r to well-be+4 ,happ9ess 7good =tune7 is di/+ui%$ f well-be+ only 9 ?is1 t happ9ess implies no m ?an "s sort ( imm$iate exi/5ce1 :]eas well-be+ reg>ds x z also ju/ifi$ z reg>ds morality4 #ejf4 ,b ! ess5tiality ( ! int5tion is 9 ! fir/ in/ance ! ab/ract =m ( g5]ality4 ,reflection c put 9 ?is =m ?is & t p>ticul> aspect 9 ! empirically-concrete action1 ?us mak+ x ess5tial to ! int5tion or re/rict+ ! int5tion to x4 ,9 ?is way ! suppos$ ess5tiality ( ! int5tion & ! real ess5tiality ( ! action may be br\ght into ! greate/ contradiction--e4g4 a good int5tion 9 case ( a crime4 ,simil>ly well-be+ is ab/ract & may be set on ?is or t3 z app]ta9+ to ?is s+le ag5t1 x is always some?+ p>ticul>4 c4 ,goodness & ,wick$ness7#afj74 #ejg4 ,! tru? ( ^! p>ticul>ities & ! concrete unity ( _! =malism is ! cont5t ( ! univ]sal1 ess5tial & actual1 w1--! law & und]ly+ ess5ce ( e phase ( volition1 ! ess5tial & actual good4 ,x is ?us ! absolute f9al aim ( ! _w1 & duty = ! ag5t :o ought to h insight into ! good1 make x 8 int5tion & br+ x ab\t by 8 activity4 #ejh4 ,b ?\gh ! good is ! univ]sal ( w--a univ]sal det]m9$ 9 itself1--& ?us includ+ 9 x p>ticul>ity1--/ill s f> z ?is p>ticul>ity is 9 ! fir/ in/ance /ill ab/ract1 !re is no pr9ciple at h& to det]m9e x4 ,su* det]m9ation !re=e />ts up also outside t univ]sal2 & z het]onomy or det]m9ance ( a w :i* is free & has rights ( its own1 !re awakes "h ! deepe/ contradiction4 77 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! indet]m9ate det]m9ism ( ! good1 !re are always sev]al sorts ( good & _m k9ds ( duties1 ! v>iety ( :i* is a dialectic ( "o aga9/ ano!r & br+s !m into collision4 ,at ! same "t because good is "o1 !y ought to /& 9 h>mony2 & yet ea* ( !m1 ?\gh x is a p>ticul> duty1 is z good & z duty absolute4 ,x falls ^u ! ag5t to be ! dialectic :i*1 sup]s$+ ?is absolute claim ( ea*1 concludes su* a comb9ation ( !m z excludes ! re/4 #eji4 77 ,to ! ag5t1 :o 9 8 exi/5t sph]e ( lib]ty is ess5tially z a p>ticul>1 8 int]e/ & welf>e mu/1 on acc\nt ( t exi/5t sph]e ( lib]ty1 be ess5tially an aim & !re=e a duty4 ,b at ! same "t 9 aim+ at ! good1 :i* is ! n-p>ticul> b only univ]sal ( ! w1 ! p>ticul> int]e/ ought n to be a con/itu5t motive4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is indep5d5cy ( ! two pr9ciples ( action1 x is likewise an accid5t :e!r !y h>monise4 ,& yet !y ought to h>monise1 because ! ag5t1 z individual & univ]sal1 is always fundam5tally "o id5tity4 77 ,b ! ag5t is n only a m]e p>ticul> 9 8 exi/5ce2 x is also a =m ( 8 exi/5ce to be an ab/ract self-c]ta9ty1 an ab/ract reflection ( fre$om into himself4 ,he is ?us di/9ct f ! reason 9 ! w1 & capable ( mak+ ! univ]sal itself a p>ticul> & 9 t way a semblance4 ,! good is ?us r$uc$ to ! level ( a m]e 8may happ50 = ! ag5t1 :o c !re=e resolve itself to some:at opposite to ! good1 c be wick$4 #eaj4 77 ,! ext]nal objectivity1 foll[+ ! di/9ction :i* has aris5 9 ! subjective w 7 #ejc71 con/itutes a peculi> _w ( its own1--ano!r extreme :i* /&s 9 no rapport ) ! int]nal w-det]m9ation4 ,x is ?us a matt] ( *ance1 :e!r x h>monises ) ! subjective aims1 :e!r ! good is realis$1 & ! wick$1 an aim ess5tially & actually null1 nullifi$ 9 x3 x is no less matt] ( *ance :e!r ! ag5t f9ds 9 x 8 well-be+1 & m precisely :e!r 9 ! _w ! good ag5t is happy & ! wick$ unhappy4 ,b at ! same "t ! _w ought to all[ ! good action1 ! ess5tial ?+1 to be c>ri$ out 9 x2 x ought to grant ! good ag5t ! satisfaction ( 8 p>ticul> int]e/1 & refuse x to ! wick$2 j z x ought also to make ! wick$ itself null & void4 #eaa4 ,! all-r\nd contradiction1 express$ by ?is repeat$ ought1 ) its absolut5ess :i* yet at ! same "t is n--conta9s ! mo/ ab/ract 'analysis' ( ! m9d 9 itself1 its deepe/ desc5t into itself4 ,! only relation ! self-contradictory pr9ciples h to "o ano!r is 9 ! ab/ract c]ta9ty ( self2 & = ?is inf9itude ( subjectivity ! univ]sal w1 good1 "r1 & duty1 no m exi/ ?an n4 ,! subjectivity alone is aw>e ( itself z *oos+ & decid+4 ,?is pure self-c]titude1 ris+ to its pit*1 appe>s 9 ! two directly int]-*ang+ =ms--( ,consci5ce & ,wick$ness4 ,! =m] is ! w ( goodness2 b a goodness :i* to ?is pure subjectivity is ! non-objective1 non-univ]sal1 ! unutt]able2 & ov] :i* ! ag5t is consci\s t he 9 8 individuality has ! decision4 ,wick$ness is ! same aw>5ess t ! s+le self possesses ! decision1 s f> z ! s+le self does n m]ely rema9 9 ?is ab/raction1 b takes up ! cont5t ( a subjective int]e/ contr>y to ! good4 #eab4 ,?is supreme pit* ( ! 8ph5om5on0 ( w1--sublimat+ itself to ?is absolute vanity--to a goodness1 :i* has no objectivity1 b is only sure ( itself1 & a self-assurance :i* involves ! nullification ( ! univ]sal--collapses by its own =ce4 ,wick$ness1 z ! mo/ intimate reflection ( subjectivity itself1 9 opposition to ! objective & univ]sal1 7:i* x treats z m]e %am17 is ! same z ! good s5tim5t ( ab/ract goodness1 :i* res]ves to ! subjectivity ! det]m9ation !re(3--! utt]ly ab/ract semblance1 ! b>e p]v]sion & annihilation ( itself4 ,! result1 ! tru? ( ?is semblance1 is1 on its negative side1 ! absolute nullity ( ?is volition :i* w\ld fa9 hold its own aga9/ ! good1 & ( ! good1 :i* w\ld only be ab/ract4 ,on ! affirmative side1 9 ! notion1 ?is semblance ?us collaps+ is ! same simple univ]sality ( ! w1 :i* is ! good4 ,! subjectivity1 9 ?is its id5tity ) ! good1 is only ! inf9ite =m1 :i* actualises & developes x4 ,9 ?is way ! /&po9t ( b>e reciprocity betwe5 two indep5d5t sides1--! /&po9t ( ! ought1 is ab&on$1 & we h pass$ into ! field ( e?ical life4 ,sub-,section ,c4 ,! ,moral ,life1 ,or ,social ,e?ics7#afa74 #eac4 ,! moral life is ! p]fection ( _s objective--! tru? ( ! subjective & objective _s itself4 ,! failure ( ! latt] consi/s--p>tly 9 hav+ its fre$om imm$iately 9 reality1 9 some?+ ext]nal !re=e1 9 a ?+1--p>tly 9 ! ab/ract univ]sality ( its goodness4 ,! failure ( _s subjective simil>ly consi/s 9 ?is1 t x is1 z aga9/ ! univ]sal1 ab/ractly self-det]m9ant 9 its inw>d individuality4 ,:5 ^! two imp]fections are suppress$1 subjective fre$om exi/s z ! cov]tly & ov]tly univ]sal rational w1 :i* is s5sible ( itself & actively dispos$ 9 ! consci\sness ( ! individual subject1 :il/ its practical op]ation & imm$iate univ]sal actuality at ! same "t exi/ z moral usage1 mann] & cu/om1--:]e self-consci\s lib]ty has become nature4 #ead4 ,! consci\sly free sub/ance1 9 :i* ! absolute 8ought0 is no less an 8is10 has actuality z ! _s ( a nation4 ,! ab/ract disruption ( ?is _s s+les x out into p]sons1 ^: indep5d5ce x h[ev] controls & entirely dom9ates f )94 ,b ! p]son1 z an intellig5t be+1 feels t und]ly+ ess5ce to be 8 own v be+--ceases :5 s m9d$ to be a m]e accid5t ( x--looks ^u x z 8 absolute f9al aim4 ,9 its actuality he sees n less an a*iev$ pres5t1 ?an some:at he br+s x ab\t by 8 action1--yet some:at :i* )\t all "q is4 ,?us1 )\t any selective reflection1 ! p]son p]=ms its duty z 8 own & z some?+ :i* is2 & 9 ?is necessity he has himself & 8 actual fre$om4 #eae4 ,because ! sub/ance is ! absolute unity ( individuality & univ]sality ( fre$om1 x foll[s t ! actuality & action ( ea* individual to keep & to take c>e ( 8 own be+1 :ile x is on "o h& condition$ by ! pre-suppos$ total 9 ^: complex alone he exi/s1 is on ! o!r a transition into a univ]sal product4--,! social disposition ( ! individuals is _! s5se ( ! sub/ance1 & ( ! id5tity ( all _! int]e/s ) ! total2 & t ! o!r individuals mutually "k ea* o!r & are actual only 9 ?is id5tity1 is confid5ce 7tru/7--! g5u9e e?ical temp]4 #eaf4 ,! relations betwe5 individuals 9 ! sev]al situations to :i* ! sub/ance is p>ticul>is$ =m _! e?ical duties4 ,! e?ical p]sonality1 i4e4 ! subjectivity :i* is p]meat$ by ! sub/antial life1 is virtue4 ,9 relation to ! b>e facts ( ext]nal be+1 to de/9y1 virtue does n treat !m z a m]e negation1 & is ?us a quiet repose 9 itself3 9 relation to sub/antial objectivity1 to ! total ( e?ical actuality1 x exi/s z confid5ce1 z delib]ate "w = ! community1 & ! capacity ( sacrific+ self !reto2 :il/ 9 relation to ! incid5tal relations ( social circum/ance1 x is 9 ! fir/ in/ance ju/ice & !n b5evol5ce4 ,9 ! latt] sph]e1 & 9 its attitude to its own visible be+ & corporeity1 ! individuality expresses its special "*1 temp]am5t1 c4 z p]sonal virtues4 #eag4 ,! e?ical sub/ance is ,,aa4 z 8imm$iate0 or natural m9d1--! ,family4 ,,bb4 ,! 8relative0 totality ( ! 8relative0 relations ( ! individuals z indep5d5t p]sons to "o ano!r 9 a =mal univ]sality--,civil ,society4 ,,cc4 ,! self-consci\s sub/ance1 z ! m9d develop$ to an organic actuality--! ,political ,con/itution4 ,,aa4 ,! ,family4 #eah4 ,! e?ical _s1 9 its imm$iacy1 conta9s ! natural factor t ! individual has its sub/antial exi/5ce 9 its natural univ]sal1 i4e4 9 its k9d4 ,?is is ! sexual tie1 elevat$ h[ev] to a spiritual significance1--! unanimity ( love & ! temp] ( tru/4 ,9 ! %ape ( ! family1 m9d appe>s z feel+4 #eai4 7#a7 ,! physical diff]5ce ( sex ?us appe>s at ! same "t z a diff]5ce ( intellectual & moral type4 ,) _! exclusive individualities ^! p]sonalities comb9e to =m a s+le p]son3 ! subjective union ( he>ts1 becom+ a 8sub/antial0 unity1 makes ?is union an e?ical tie--,m>riage4 ,! 'sub/antial' union ( he>ts makes m>riage an indivisible p]sonal bond--monogamic m>riage3 ! bodily conjunction is a sequel to ! moral atta*m5t4 ,a fur!r sequel is community ( p]sonal & private int]e/s4 #ebj4 7#b7 ,by ! community 9 :i* ! v>i\s memb]s con/itut+ ! family /& 9 ref]5ce to prop]ty1 t prop]ty ( ! "o p]son 7repres5t+ ! family7 acquires an e?ical int]e/1 z d also its indu/ry1 lab\r1 & c>e = ! future4 #eba4 ,! e?ical pr9ciple :i* is conjo9$ ) ! natural g5]ation ( ! *ildr51 & :i* 0 assum$ to h prim>y importance 9 fir/ =m+ ! m>riage union1 is actually realis$ 9 ! second or spiritual bir? ( ! *ildr51--9 educat+ !m to indep5d5t p]sonality4 #ebb4 7#c7 ,! *ildr51 ?us inve/$ ) indep5d5ce1 leave ! concrete life & action ( ! family to :i* !y prim>ily belong1 acquire an exi/5ce ( _! own1 de/9$ h[ev] to f\nd anew su* an actual family4 ,m>riage is ( c\rse brok5 up by ! natural elem5t conta9$ 9 x1 ! dea? ( husb& & wife3 b ev5 _! union ( he>ts1 z x is a m]e 8sub/antiality0 ( feel+1 conta9s ! g]m ( liability to *ance & decay4 ,9 virtue ( su* =tuit\sness1 ! memb]s ( ! family take up to ea* o!r ! /atus ( p]sons2 & x is ?us t ! family f9ds introduc$ into x = ! fir/ "t ! elem5t1 orig9ally =eign to x1 ( legal regulation4 ,,bb4 ,civil ,society7#afb74 #ebc4 ,z ! sub/ance1 be+ an intellig5t sub/ance1 p>ticul>ises itself ab/ractly into _m p]sons 7! family is only a s+le p]son71 into families or individuals1 :o exi/ indep5d5t & free1 z private p]sons1 x loses its e?ical "*3 = ^! p]sons z su* h 9 _! consci\sness & z _! aim n ! absolute unity1 b _! own petty selves & p>ticul> int]e/s4 ,?us arises ! sy/em ( atomi/ic3 by :i* ! sub/ance is r$uc$ to a g5]al sy/em ( adju/m5ts to connect self-subsi/+ extremes & _! p>ticul> int]e/s4 ,! develop$ totality ( ?is connective sy/em is ! /ate z civil society1 or /ate ext]nal4 a4 ,! ,sy/em ( ,wants7#afc74 #ebd4 77 ,! p>ticul>ity ( ! p]sons includes 9 ! fir/ in/ance _! wants4 ,! possibility ( satisfy+ ^! wants is "h laid on ! social fabric1 ! g5]al /ock f :i* all d]ive _! satisfaction4 ,9 ! condition ( ?+s 9 :i* ?is me?od ( satisfaction by indirect adju/m5t is realis$1 imm$iate seizure 7 #dhh7 ( ext]nal objects z means !reto exi/s b>ely or n at all3 ! objects are already prop]ty4 ,to acquire !m is only possible by ! int]v5tion1 on "o h&1 ( ! possessors' w1 :i* z p>ticul> has 9 view ! satisfaction ( _! v>i\sly def9$ int]e/s2 :ile on ! o!r h& x is condition$ by ! ev] cont9u$ production ( fre% means ( ex*ange by ! ex*ang]s' own lab\r4 ,?is in/rum5t1 by :i* ! lab\r ( all facilitates satisfaction ( wants1 con/itutes ! g5]al /ock4 #ebe4 77 ,! glimm] ( univ]sal pr9ciple 9 ?is p>ticul>ity ( wants is f\nd 9 ! way intellect creates diff]5ces 9 !m1 & ?us causes an indef9ite multiplication bo? ( wants & ( means = _! diff]5t phases4 ,bo? are ?us r5d]$ m & m ab/ract4 ,?is 8morcellem5t0 ( _! cont5t by ab/raction gives rise to ! division ( lab\r4 ,! habit ( ?is ab/raction 9 enjoym5t1 in=mation1 feel+ & demean\r1 con/itutes tra9+ 9 ?is sph]e1 or nom9al culture 9 g5]al4 #ebf4 ,! lab\r :i* ?us becomes m ab/ract t5ds on "o h& by its uni=mity to make lab\r easi] & to increase production1--on ano!r to limit ea* p]son to a s+le k9d ( te*nical skill1 & ?us produce m unconditional dep5d5ce on ! social sy/em4 ,! skill itself becomes 9 ?is way me*anical1 & gets ! capability ( lett+ ! ma*9e take ! place ( human lab\r4 #ebg4 77 ,b ! concrete division ( ! g5]al /ock--:i* is also a g5]al bus9ess 7( ! :ole society7--into p>ticul> masses det]m9$ by ! factors ( ! notion1--masses ea* ( :i* possesses its own basis ( subsi/5ce1 & a correspond+ mode ( lab\r1 ( ne$s1 & ( means = satisfy+ !m1 besides ( aims & int]e/s1 z well z ( m5tal culture & habit--con/itutes ! diff]5ce ( ,e/ates 7ord]s or ranks74 ,individuals apportion !mselves to ^! accord+ to natural tal5t1 skill1 option & accid5t4 ,z belong+ to su* a def9ite & /able sph]e1 !y h _! actual exi/5ce1 :i* z exi/5ce is ess5tially a p>ticul>2 & 9 x !y h _! social morality1 :i* is hone/y1 _! recognition & _! hon\r4 ,:]e civil society1 & ) x ! ,/ate1 exi/s1 !re arise ! sev]al e/ates 9 _! diff]5ce3 = ! univ]sal sub/ance1 z vital1 exi/s only s f> z x organically p>ticul>ises itself4 ,! hi/ory ( con/itutions is ! hi/ory ( ! gr[? ( ^! e/ates1 ( ! legal relation%ips ( individuals to !m1 & ( ^! e/ates to "o ano!r & to _! c5tre4 #ebh4 ,to ! 8sub/antial10 natural e/ate ! fruitful soil & gr\nd supply a natural & /able capital2 its action gets direction & cont5t ?r\gh natural features1 & its moral life is f\nd$ on fai? & tru/4 ,! second1 ! 8reflect$0 e/ate has z its allotm5t ! social capital1 ! m$ium creat$ by ! action ( middlem51 ( m]e ag5ts1 & an ensemble ( cont+5cies1 :]e ! individual has to dep5d on 8 subjective skill1 tal5t1 intellig5ce & indu/ry4 ,! ?ird1 8?9k+0 e/ate has = its bus9ess ! g5]al int]e/s2 l ! second x has a subsi/5ce procur$ by means ( its own skill1 & l ! fir/ a c]ta9 subsi/5ce1 c]ta9 h[ev] because gu>ante$ ?r\gh ! :ole society4 b4 ,adm9i/ration ( ,ju/ice7#afd74 #ebi4 ,:5 matur$ ?r\gh ! op]ation ( natural ne$ & free option into a sy/em ( univ]sal relation%ips & a regul> c\rse ( ext]nal necessity1 ! pr9ciple ( casual p>ticul>ity gets t /able articulation :i* lib]ty requires 9 ! %ape ( =mal "r4 7#a7 ,! actualisation :i* "r gets 9 ?is sph]e ( m]e practical intellig5ce is t x be br\ght to consci\sness z ! /able univ]sal1 t x be kn[n & /at$ 9 its specificality ) ! voice ( au?ority--! ,law7#afe74 ,! positive elem5t 9 laws conc]ns only _! =m ( publicity & au?ority--:i* makes x possible = !m to be kn[n by all 9 a cu/om>y & ext]nal way4 ,_! cont5t p] se may be reasonable--or x may be unreasonable & s wrong4 ,b :5 "r1 9 ! c\rse ( def9ite manife/ation1 is develop$ 9 detail1 & its cont5t analyses itself to ga9 def9it5ess1 ?is analysis1 because ( ! f9itude ( its mat]ials1 falls into ! falsely inf9ite progress3 ! f9al def9it5ess1 :i* is absolutely ess5tial & causes a break 9 ?is progress ( unreality1 c 9 ?is sph]e ( f9itude be atta9$ only 9 a way t sav\rs ( cont+5cy & arbitr>9ess4 ,?us :e!r ?ree ye>s1 t5 ?al]s1 or only #b-a_/b1 #b-c_/d1 #b-d_/e ye>s1 & s on ad inf9itum1 be ! "r & j ?+1 c by no means be decid$ on intelligible pr9ciples1--& yet x %\ld be decid$4 ,h5ce1 ?\gh ( c\rse only at ! f9al po9ts ( decid+1 on ! side ( ext]nal exi/5ce1 ! 8positive0 pr9ciple naturally ent]s law z cont+5cy & arbitr>9ess4 ,?is happ5s & has f ( old happ5$ 9 all legislations3 ! only ?+ want$ is cle>ly to be aw>e ( x1 & n be misl$ by ! talk & ! pret5ce z if ! ideal ( law 71 or c\ld be1 to be1 at e po9t1 det]m9$ ?r\gh reason or legal intellig5ce1 on purely reasonable & intellig5t gr\nds4 ,x is a futile p]fectionism to h su* expectations & to make su* requirem5ts 9 ! sph]e ( ! f9ite4 ,!re are "s :o look ^u laws z an evil & a pr(anity1 & :o reg>d gov]n+ & be+ gov]n$ f natural love1 h]$it>y1 div9ity or nobility1 by fai? & tru/1 z ! g5u9e ord] ( life1 :ile ! reign ( law is held an ord] ( corruption & inju/ice4 ,^! p =get t ! />s--& ! cattle too--are gov]n$ & well gov]n$ too by laws2--laws h[ev] :i* are only int]nally 9 ^! objects1 n = !m1 n z laws set to !m3--:]eas x is man's privilege to "k 8 law4 ,!y =get !re=e t he c truly obey only su* kn[n law1--ev5 z 8 law c only be a j law1 z x is a kn[n law2--?\gh 9 o!r respects x mu/ be 9 its ess5tial cont5t cont+5cy & caprice1 or at lea/ be mix$ & pollut$ ) su* elem5ts4 ,! same empty requirem5t ( p]fection is employ$ = an opposite !sis--viz4 to support ! op9ion t a code is impossible or impracticable4 ,9 ?is case !re comes 9 ! additional absurdity ( putt+ ess5tial & univ]sal provisions 9 "o class ) ! p>ticul> detail4 ,! f9ite mat]ial is def9able on & on to ! false inf9ite3 b ?is advance is n1 z 9 ! m5tal images ( space1 a g5]ation ( new spatial *>act]i/ics ( ! same quality z ^? prec$+ !m1 b an advance into great] & ev] great] speciality by ! acum5 ( ! analytic intellect1 :i* discov]s new di/9ctions1 :i* aga9 make new decisions necess>y4 ,to provisions ( ?is sort "o may give ! "n ( new decisions or new laws2 b 9 proportion to ! gradual advance 9 specialisation ! int]e/ & value ( ^! provisions decl9es4 ,!y fall )9 ! already subsi/+ 8sub/antial10 g5]al laws1 l improvem5ts on a floor or a door1 )9 ! h\se--:i* ?\gh some?+ new1 are n a new h\se4 ,b !re is a contr>y case4 ,if ! legislation ( a rude age began ) s+le provisos1 :i* g on by _! v nature always increas+ _! numb]1 !re arises1 ) ! advance 9 multitude1 ! ne$ ( a simpl] code1--! ne$ i4e4 ( embrac+ t lot ( s+ul>s 9 _! g5]al features4 ,to f9d & be able to express ^! pr9ciples well beseems an intellig5t & civilis$ nation4 ,su* a ga!r+ up ( s+le rules into g5]al =ms1 fir/ really des]v+ ! "n ( laws1 has lately be5 begun 9 "s directions by ! ,engli% ,m9i/] ,peel1 :o has by s do+ ga9$ ! gratitude1 ev5 ! admiration1 ( 8 c\ntrym54 #ecj4 7#b7 ,! positive =m ( ,laws--to be promulgat$ & made kn[n z laws--is a condition ( ! ext]nal obligation to obey !m2 inasmu* z1 be+ laws ( /rict "r1 !y t\* only ! ab/ract w1--itself at bottom ext]nal--n ! moral or e?ical w4 ,! subjectivity to :i* ! w has 9 ?is direction a "r is "h only publicity4 ,?is subjective exi/5ce is z exi/5ce ( ! ess5tial & develop$ tru? 9 ?is sph]e ( ,"r at ! same "t an ext]nally objective exi/5ce1 z univ]sal au?ority & necessity4 ,! legality ( prop]ty & ( private transactions conc]n$ !re)--9 consid]ation ( ! pr9ciple t all law mu/ be promulgat$1 recognis$1 & ?us become au?oritative--gets its univ]sal gu>antee ?r\gh =malities4 #eca4 7#c7 ,legal =ms get ! necessity1 to :i* objective exi/5ce det]m9es itself1 9 ! judicial sy/em4 ,ab/ract "r has to exhibit itself to ! c\rt--to ! individualis$ "r--z prov53--a process 9 :i* !re may be a diff]5ce betwe5 :at is ab/ractly "r & :at is provably "r4 ,! c\rt takes cognisance & action 9 ! int]e/ ( "r z su*1 deprives ! exi/5ce ( "r ( its cont+5cy1 & 9 p>ticul> trans=ms ?is exi/5ce1--z ?is exi/s z rev5ge--into puni%m5t 7 #ejj74 ,! comp>ison ( ! two species1 or r two elem5ts 9 ! judicial conviction1 be>+ on ! actual /ate ( ! case 9 relation to ! accus$1--7#a7 accord+ z t conviction is bas$ on m]e circum/ances & o!r p's witness alone1--or 7#b7 9 addition requires ! confession ( ! accus$1 con/itutes ! ma9 po9t 9 ! "q ( ! s-call$ jury-c\rts4 ,x is an ess5tial po9t t ! two +r$i5ts ( a judicial cognisance1 ! judgm5t z to ! /ate ( ! fact1 & ! judgm5t z application ( ! law to x1 %\ld1 z at bottom diff]5t sides1 be ex]cis$ z diff]5t functions4 ,by ! said in/itution !y are allott$ ev5 to bodies diff]5tly qualifi$1--f ! "o ( :i* individuals belong+ to ! (ficial judici>y are expressly exclud$4 ,to c>ry ?is sep>ation ( functions up to ?is sep>ation 9 ! c\rts re/s r on extra-ess5tial consid]ations3 ! ma9 po9t rema9s only ! sep>ate p]=mance ( ^! ess5tially diff]5t functions4--,x is a m important po9t :e!r ! confession ( ! accus$ is or is n to be made a condition ( p5al judgm5t4 ,! in/itution ( ! jury-c\rt loses sight ( ?is condition4 ,! po9t is t on ?is gr\nd c]ta9ty is completely insep>able f tru?3 b ! confession is to be reg>d$ z ! v acm ( c]ta9ty-giv+ :i* 9 its nature is subjective4 ,! f9al decision !re=e lies ) ! confession4 ,to ?is !re=e ! accus$ has an absolute "r1 if ! pro( is to be made f9al & ! judges to be conv9c$4 ,no d\bt ?is factor is incomplete1 because x is only "o factor2 b /ill m incomplete is ! o!r :5 no less ab/ractly tak51--viz4 m]e circum/antial evid5ce4 ,! jurors are ess5tially judges & pron\nce a judgm5t4 ,9 s f>1 !n1 z all !y h to g on are su* objective pro(s1 :il/ at ! same "t _! defect ( c]ta9ty 7incomplete 9 s f> z x is only 9 !m7 is admitt$1 ! jury-c\rt %[s traces ( its b>b>ic orig9 9 a confusion & admixture betwe5 objective pro(s & subjective or s-call$ 8moral0 conviction4--,x is easy to call extraord9>y puni%m5ts an absurdity2 b ! fault lies r ) ! %all[ness :i* takes (f5ce at a m]e "n4 ,mat]ially ! pr9ciple involves ! diff]5ce ( objective probation accord+ z x goes ) or )\t ! factor ( absolute c]tification :i* lies 9 confession4 #ecb4 ,! function ( judicial adm9i/ration is only to actualise to necessity ! ab/ract side ( p]sonal lib]ty 9 civil society4 ,b ?is actualisation re/s at fir/ on ! p>ticul> subjectivity ( ! judge1 s9ce "h z yet !re is n f\nd ! necess>y unity ( x ) "r 9 ! ab/ract4 ,conv]sely1 ! bl9d necessity ( ! sy/em ( wants is n lift$ up into ! consci\sness ( ! univ]sal1 & work$ f t p]iod ( view4 c4 ,police & ,corporation7#aff74 #ecc4 ,judicial adm9i/ration naturally has no conc]n ) su* "p ( actions & int]e/s z belongs only to p>ticul>ity1 & leaves to *ance n only ! occurr5ce ( crimes b also ! c>e = public weal4 ,9 civil society ! sole end is to satisfy want--& t1 because x is man's want1 9 a uni=m g5]al way1 s z to secure ?is satisfaction4 ,b ! ma*9]y ( social necessity leaves 9 _m ways a casualness ab\t ?is satisfaction4 ,?is is due to ! v>iability ( ! wants !mselves1 9 :i* op9ion & subjective good-pleasure play a great "p4 ,x results also f circum/ances ( locality1 f ! connexions betwe5 nation & nation1 f errors & deceptions :i* c be foi/$ ^u s+le memb]s ( ! social circulation & are capable ( creat+ disord] 9 x1--z also & especially f ! unequal capacity ( individuals to take advantage ( t g5]al /ock4 ,! onw>d m>* ( ?is necessity also sacrifices ! v p>ticul>ities by :i* x is br\ght ab\t1 & does n itself conta9 ! affirmative aim ( secur+ ! satisfaction ( individuals4 ,s f> z conc]ns !m1 x may be f> f b5eficial3 yet "h ! individuals are ! morally-ju/ifiable end4 #ecd4 ,to keep 9 view ?is g5]al end1 to asc]ta9 ! way 9 :i* ! p[]s compos+ t social necessity act1 & _! v>iable +r$i5ts1 & to ma9ta9 t end 9 !m & aga9/ !m1 is ! "w ( an in/itution :i* assumes on "o h&1 to ! concrete ( civil society1 ! position ( an ext]nal univ]sality4 ,su* an ord] acts ) ! p[] ( an ext]nal /ate1 :i*1 9 s f> z x is root$ 9 ! high] or sub/antial /ate1 appe>s z /ate 8police40 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ?is sph]e ( p>ticul>ity ! only recognition ( ! aim ( sub/antial univ]sality & ! only c>ry+ ( x out is re/rict$ to ! bus9ess ( p>ticul> bran*es & int]e/s4 ,?us we h ! corporation1 9 :i* ! p>ticul> citiz5 9 8 private capacity f9ds ! secur+ ( 8 /ock1 :il/ at ! same "t he 9 x em]ges f 8 s+le private int]e/1 & has a consci\s activity = a comp>atively univ]sal end1 j z 9 8 legal & pr(essional duties he has 8 social morality4 ,,cc4 ,! ,/ate4 #ece4 ,! ,/ate is ! self-consci\s e?ical sub/ance1 ! unification ( ! family pr9ciple ) t ( civil society4 ,! same unity1 :i* is 9 ! family z a feel+ ( love1 is its ess5ce1 receiv+ h[ev] at ! same "t ?r\gh ! second pr9ciple ( consci\s & spontane\sly active volition ! =m ( consci\s univ]sality4 ,?is univ]sal pr9ciple1 ) all its evolution 9 detail1 is ! absolute aim & cont5t ( ! kn[+ subject1 :i* ?us id5tifies itself 9 its volition ) ! sy/em ( reasonabl5ess4 #ecf4 ,! /ate is 77 its inw>d /ructure z a self-relat+ developm5t--con/itutional 7inn]-/ate7 law3 77 a p>ticul> individual1 & !re=e 9 connexion ) o!r p>ticul> individuals1--int]national 7out]-/ate7 law2 77 b ^! p>ticul> m9ds are only /ages 9 ! g5]al developm5t ( m9d 9 its actuality3 univ]sal hi/ory4 4 ,con/itutional ,law7#afg74 #ecg4 ,! ess5ce ( ! /ate is ! univ]sal1 self-orig9at$ & self-develop$1--! reasonable _s ( w2 b1 z self-kn[+ & self-actualis+1 %e] subjectivity1 &--z an actuality--"o individual4 ,its "w g5]ally--9 relation to ! extreme ( individuality z ! multitude ( individuals--consi/s 9 a d\ble function4 ,fir/ x ma9ta9s !m z p]sons1 ?us mak+ "r a necess>y actuality1 !n x promotes _! welf>e1 :i* ea* orig9ally takes c>e ( = himself1 b :i* has a ?or\ghly g5]al side2 x protects ! family & guides civil society4 ,secondly1 x c>ries back bo?1 & ! :ole disposition & action ( ! individual--^: t5d5cy is to become a c5tre ( 8 own--into ! life ( ! univ]sal sub/ance2 &1 9 ?is direction1 z a free p[] x int]f]es ) ^? subord9ate sph]es & reta9s !m 9 sub/antial imman5ce4 #ech4 ,! laws express ! special provisions = objective fre$om4 ,fir/1 to ! imm$iate ag5t1 8 indep5d5t self-w & p>ticul> int]e/1 !y are re/rictions4 ,b1 secondly1 !y are an absolute f9al end & ! univ]sal "w3 h5ce !y are a product ( ! 8functions0 ( ! v>i\s ord]s :i* p>cel !mselves m & m out ( ! g5]al p>ticul>is+1 & are a fruit ( all ! acts & private conc]ns ( individuals4 ,?irdly1 !y are ! sub/ance ( ! volition ( individuals--:i* volition is !reby free--& ( _! disposition3 be+ z su* exhibit$ z curr5t usage4 #eci4 ,z a liv+ m9d1 ! /ate only is z an organis$ :ole1 diff]5tiat$ into p>ticul> ag5cies1 :i*1 proce$+ f ! "o notion 7?\gh n kn[n z notion7 ( ! reasonable w1 cont9ually produce x z _! result4 ,! con/itution is ?is articulation or organisation ( /ate-p[]4 ,x provides = ! reasonable w1--9 s f> z x is 9 ! individuals only implicitly ! univ]sal w1--com+ to a consci\sness & an und]/&+ ( itself & be+ f\nd2 also = t w be+ put 9 actuality1 ?r\gh ! action ( ! gov]nm5t & its sev]al bran*es1 & n left to p]i%1 b protect$ bo? aga9/ _! casual subjectivity & aga9/ t ( ! individuals4 ,! con/itution is exi/5t ju/ice1--! actuality ( lib]ty 9 ! developm5t all its reasonable provisions4 ,lib]ty & ,equality are ! simple rubrics into :i* is frequ5tly conc5trat$ :at %\ld =m ! fundam5tal pr9ciple1 ! f9al aim & result ( ! con/itution4 ,h[ev] true ?is is1 ! defect ( ^! t]ms is _! utt] ab/ractness3 if /uck to 9 ?is ab/ract =m1 !y are pr9ciples :i* ei!r prev5t ! rise ( ! concret5ess ( ! /ate1 i4e4 its articulation into a con/itution & a gov]nm5t 9 g5]al1 or de/roy !m4 ,) ! /ate !re arises inequality1 ! diff]5ce ( gov]n+ p[]s & ( gov]n$1 magi/racies1 au?orities1 directories1 c4 ,! pr9ciple ( equality1 logically c>ri$ out1 rejects all diff]5ces1 & ?us all[s no sort ( political condition to exi/4 ,lib]ty & equality are inde$ ! f\ndation ( ! /ate1 b z ! mo/ ab/ract also ! mo/ sup]ficial1 & = t v reason naturally ! mo/ famili>4 ,x is important !re=e to /udy !m clos]4 ,z reg>ds1 fir/1 ,equality1 ! famili> proposition1 ,all m5 are by nature equal1 blund]s by confus+ ! 8natural0 ) ! 8notion40 ,x ought r to read3 ,by nature m5 are only unequal4 ,b ! notion ( lib]ty1 z x exi/s z su*1 )\t fur!r specification & developm5t1 is ab/ract subjectivity1 z a p]son capable ( prop]ty 7 #dhh74 ,?is s+le ab/ract feature ( p]sonality con/itutes ! actual equality ( human be+s4 ,b t ?is fre$om %\ld exi/1 t x %\ld be man 7& n z 9 ,greece1 ,rome1 c4 "s m57 t is recognis$ & legally reg>d$ z a p]son1 is s little by nature1 t x is r only a result & product ( ! consci\sness ( ! deepe/ pr9ciple ( m9d1 & ( ! univ]sality & expansion ( ?is consci\sness4 ,t ! citiz5s are equal be=e ! law conta9s a great tru?1 b :i* s express$ is a tautology3 x only /ates t ! legal /atus 9 g5]al exi/s1 t ! laws rule4 ,b1 z reg>ds ! concrete1 ! citiz5s--besides _! p]sonality--are equal be=e ! law only 9 ^! po9ts :5 !y are o!rwise equal outside ! law4 ,only t equality :i* 79 :atev] way x be7 !y1 z x happ5s1 o!rwise h 9 prop]ty1 age1 physical /r5g?1 tal5t1 skill1 c4--or ev5 9 crime1 c & ought to make !m des]ve equal treatm5t be=e ! law3--only x c make !m--z reg>ds taxation1 milit>y s]vice1 eligibility to (fice1 c4--puni%m5t1 c4--equal 9 ! concrete4 ,! laws !mselves1 except 9 s f> z !y conc]n t n>r[ circle ( p]sonality1 presuppose unequal conditions1 & provide = ! unequal legal duties & appurt5ances result+ !refrom4 ,z reg>ds ,lib]ty1 x is orig9ally tak5 p>tly 9 a negative s5se aga9/ arbitr>y intol]ance & lawless treatm5t1 p>tly 9 ! affirmative s5se ( subjective fre$om2 b ?is fre$om is all[$ great latitude bo? z reg>ds ! ag5t's self-w & action = 8 p>ticul> ends1 & z reg>ds 8 claim to h a p]sonal intellig5ce & a p]sonal %>e 9 g5]al affairs4 ,=m]ly ! legally def9$ rights1 private z well z public rights ( a nation1 t[n1 c4 7 call$ its 8lib]ties40 ,really1 e g5u9e law is a lib]ty3 x conta9s a reasonable pr9ciple ( objective m9d2 9 o!r words1 x embodies a lib]ty4 ,no?+ has become1 on ! contr>y1 m famili> ?an ! idea t ea* mu/ re/rict 8 lib]ty 9 relation to ! lib]ty ( o!rs3 t ! /ate is a condition ( su* reciprocal re/riction1 & t ! laws are re/rictions4 ,to su* habits ( m9d lib]ty is view$ z only casual good-pleasure & self-w4 ,h5ce x has also be5 said t 8mod]n0 nations are only susceptible ( equality1 or ( equality m ?an lib]ty3 & t = no o!r reason ?an t1 ) an assum$ def9ition ( lib]ty 7*iefly ! p>ticipation ( all 9 political affairs & actions71 x 0 impossible to make ends meet 9 actuality--:i* is at once m reasonable & m p[]ful ?an ab/ract presuppositions4 ,on ! contr>y1 x %\ld be said t x is j ! great developm5t & maturity ( =m 9 mod]n /ates :i* produces ! supreme concrete inequality ( individuals 9 actuality3 :ile1 ?r\gh ! deep] reasonabl5ess ( laws & ! great] /ability ( ! legal /ate1 x gives rise to great] & m /able lib]ty1 :i* x c )\t incompatibility all[4 ,ev5 ! sup]ficial di/9ction ( ! words lib]ty & equality po9ts to ! fact t ! =m] t5ds to inequality3 :]eas1 on ! contr>y1 ! curr5t notions ( lib]ty only c>ry u back to equality4 ,b ! m we =tify lib]ty1--z security ( prop]ty1 z possibility = ea* to develop & make ! be/ ( 8 tal5ts & good qualities1 ! m x gets tak5 = grant$3 & !n ! s5se & appreciation ( lib]ty especially turns 9 a subjective direction4 ,by ?is is meant ! lib]ty to attempt action on e side1 & to ?r[ oneself at pleasure 9 action = p>ticul> & = g5]al intellectual int]e/s1 ! removal ( all *ecks on ! individual p>ticul>ity1 z well z ! inw>d lib]ty 9 :i* ! subject has pr9ciples1 has an insight & conviction ( 8 own1 & ?us ga9s moral indep5d5ce4 ,b ?is lib]ty itself on "o h& implies t supreme diff]5tiation 9 :i* m5 are unequal & make !mselves m unequal by education2 & on ano!r x only gr[s up "u conditions ( t objective lib]ty1 & is & c\ld gr[ to su* height only 9 mod]n /ates4 ,if1 ) ?is developm5t ( p>ticul>ity1 !re be simultane\s & endless increase ( ! numb] ( wants1 & ( ! difficulty ( satisfy+ !m1 ( ! lu/ ( argum5t & ! fancy ( detect+ faults1 ) its insatiate vanity1 x is all b "p ( t indiscrim9at+ relaxation ( individuality 9 ?is sph]e :i* g5]ates all possible complications1 & mu/ deal ) !m z x c4 ,su* a sph]e is ( c\rse also ! field ( re/rictions1 because lib]ty is !re "u ! ta9t ( natural self-w & self-pleas+1 & has !re=e to re/rict itself3 & t1 n m]ely ) reg>d to ! naturalness1 self-w & self-conceit1 ( o!rs1 b especially & ess5tially ) reg>d to reasonable lib]ty4 ,! t]m political lib]ty1 h[ev]1 is (t5 us$ to mean =mal p>ticipation 9 ! public affairs ( /ate by ! w & action ev5 ( ^? individuals :o o!rwise f9d _! *ief function 9 ! p>ticul> aims & bus9ess ( civil society4 ,& x has 9 "p become usual to give ! title con/itution only to ! side ( ! /ate :i* conc]ns su* p>ticipation ( ^! individuals 9 g5]al affairs1 & to reg>d a /ate1 9 :i* ?is is n =mally done1 z a /ate )\t a con/itution4 ,on ?is use ( ! t]m1 ! only ?+ to rem>k is t by con/itution mu/ be und]/ood ! det]m9ation ( rights1 i4e4 ( lib]ties 9 g5]al1 & ! organisation ( ! actualisation ( !m2 & t political fre$om 9 ! above s5se c 9 any case only con/itute a "p ( x4 ,( x ! foll[+ p>agraphs w speak4 #edj4 ,! gu>antee ( a con/itution 7i4e4 ! necessity t ! laws be reasonable1 & _! actualisation secur$7 lies 9 ! collective _s ( ! nation1--especially 9 ! specific way 9 :i* x is itself consci\s ( its reason4 7,religion is t consci\sness 9 its absolute sub/antiality47 ,b ! gu>antee lies also at ! same "t 9 ! actual organisation or developm5t ( t pr9ciple 9 suitable in/itutions4 ,! con/itution presupposes t consci\sness ( ! collective _s1 & conv]sely t _s presupposes ! con/itution3 = ! actual _s only has a def9ite consci\sness ( its pr9ciples1 9 s f> z x has !m actually exi/5t be=e x4 ,! "q--,to :om 7to :at au?ority & h[ organis$7 belongs ! p[] to make a con/itution8 is ! same z ! "q1 ,:o has to make ! _s ( a nation8 ,sep>ate our idea ( a con/itution f t ( ! collective _s1 z if ! latt] exi/s or has exi/$ )\t a con/itution1 & y\r fancy only proves h[ sup]ficially y h appreh5d$ ! nexus betwe5 ! _s 9 its self-consci\sness & 9 its actuality4 ,:at is ?us call$ 8mak+0 a 8con/itution10 is--j because ( ?is insep>ability--a ?+ t has nev] happ5$ 9 hi/ory1 j z little z ! mak+ ( a code ( laws4 ,a con/itution only develops f ! national _s id5tically ) t _s's own developm5t1 & runs ?r\gh at ! same "t ) x ! grades ( =mation & ! alt]ations requir$ by its concept4 ,x is ! indwell+ _s & ! hi/ory ( ! nation 7&1 be x add$1 ! hi/ory is only t _s's hi/ory7 by :i* con/itutions h be5 & are made4 #eda4 ,! really liv+ totality1--t :i* pres]ves1 9 o!r words cont9ually produces ! /ate 9 g5]al & its con/itution1 is ! gov]nm5t4 ,! organisation :i* natural necessity gives is se5 9 ! rise ( ! family & ( ! 'e/ates' ( civil society4 ,! gov]nm5t is ! univ]sal "p ( ! con/itution1 i4e4 ! "p :i* int5tionally aims at pres]v+ ^? p>ts1 b at ! same "t gets hold ( & c>ries out ^? g5]al aims ( ! :ole :i* rise above ! function ( ! family & ( civil society4 ,! organisation ( ! gov]nm5t is likewise its diff]5tiation into p[]s1 z _! peculi>ities h a basis 9 pr9ciple2 yet )\t t diff]5ce los+ t\* ) ! actual unity !y h 9 ! notion's subjectivity4 ,z ! mo/ obvi\s categories ( ! notion are ^? ( univ]sality & individuality & _! relation%ip t ( subsumption ( individual "u univ]sal1 x has come ab\t t 9 ! /ate ! legislative & executive p[] h be5 s di/+ui%$ z to make ! =m] exi/ ap>t z ! absolute sup]ior1 & to subdivide ! latt] aga9 into adm9i/rative 7gov]nm5t7 p[] & judicial p[]1 accord+ z ! laws are appli$ to public or private affairs4 ,! division ( ^! p[]s has be5 treat$ z ! condition ( political equilibrium1 mean+ by division _! indep5d5ce "o ( ano!r 9 exi/5ce1--subject always h[ev] to ! above-m5tion$ subsumption ( ! p[]s ( ! individual "u ! p[] ( ! g5]al4 ,! !ory ( su* 8division0 unmi/akably implies ! elem5ts ( ! notion1 b s comb9$ by 8und]/&+0 z to result 9 an absurd collocation1 in/ead ( ! self-r$9tegration ( ! liv+ _s4 ,! "o ess5tial canon to make lib]ty deep & real is to give e bus9ess belong+ to ! g5]al int]e/s ( ! /ate a sep>ate organisation :]ev] !y are ess5tially di/9ct4 ,su* real division mu/ be3 = lib]ty is only deep :5 x is diff]5tiat$ 9 all its fullness & ^! diff]5ces manife/$ 9 exi/5ce4 ,b to make ! bus9ess ( legislation an indep5d5t p[]--to make x ! fir/ p[]1 ) ! fur!r proviso t all citiz5s %all h "p !re91 & ! gov]nm5t be m]ely executive & dep5d5t1 presupposes ignorance t ! true idea1 & !re=e ! liv+ & spiritual actuality1 is ! self-r$9tegrat+ notion1 9 o!r words1 ! subjectivity :i* conta9s 9 x univ]sality z only "o ( its mom5ts4 7,a mi/ake /ill great]1 if x goes ) ! fancy t ! con/itution & ! fundam5tal laws 7 /ill "o day to make1--9 a /ate ( society1 :i* includes an already exi/+ developm5t ( diff]5ces47 ,individuality is ! fir/ & supreme pr9ciple :i* makes itself fall ?r\gh ! /ate's organisation4 ,only ?r\gh ! gov]nm5t1 & by its embrac+ 9 itself ! p>ticul> bus9esses 7includ+ ! ab/ract legislative bus9ess1 :i* tak5 ap>t is also p>ticul>71 is ! /ate "o4 ,^!1 z always1 are ! t]ms on :i* ! diff]5t elem5ts ess5tially & alone truly /& t[>ds ea* o!r 9 ! logic ( 8reason10 z oppos$ to ! ext]nal foot+ !y /& on 9 'und]/&+1' :i* nev] gets beyond subsum+ ! individual & p>ticul> "u ! univ]sal4 ,:at disorganises ! unity ( logical reason1 equally disorganises actuality4 #edb4 ,9 ! gov]nm5t--reg>d$ z organic totality--! sov]eign p[] 7pr9cipate7 is 7a7 subjectivity z ! inf9ite self-unity ( ! notion 9 its developm5t2--! all-su/a9+1 all-decree+ w ( ! /ate1 its highe/ peak & all-p]vasive unity4 ,9 ! p]fect =m ( ! /ate1 9 :i* ea* & e elem5t ( ! notion has rea*$ free exi/5ce1 ?is subjectivity is n a s-call$ 8moral p]son10 or a decree issu+ f a majority 7=ms 9 :i* ! unity ( ! decree+ w has n an actual exi/5ce71 b an actual individual1--! w ( a decree+ individual1--mon>*y4 ,! mon>*ical con/itution is !re=e ! con/itution ( develop$ reason3 all o!r con/itutions belong to l[] grades ( ! developm5t & realisation ( reason4 ,! unification ( all concrete /ate-p[]s into "o exi/5ce1 z 9 ! patri>*al society1--or1 z 9 a democratic con/itution1 ! p>ticipation ( all 9 all affairs--impugns ! pr9ciple ( ! division ( p[]s1 i4e4 ! develop$ lib]ty ( ! con/itu5t factors ( ! ,idea4 ,b no :it less mu/ ! division 7! work+ out ( ^! factors ea* to a free totality7 be r$uc$ to 8ideal0 unity1 i4e4 to subjectivity4 ,! mature diff]5tiation or realisation ( ! ,idea means1 ess5tially1 t ?is subjectivity %\ld gr[ to be a real 8mom5t10 an actual exi/5ce2 & ?is actuality is n o!rwise ?an z ! individuality ( ! mon>*--! subjectivity ( ab/ract & f9al decision exi/5t 9 "o p]son4 ,all ^? =ms ( collective decree+ & will+1--a common w :i* %all be ! sum & ! resultant 7on ari/ocratical or democratical pr9ciples7 ( ! atomi/ic ( s+le wills1 h on !m ! m>k ( ! unreality ( an ab/raction4 ,two po9ts only are all-important1 fir/ to see ! necessity ( ea* ( ! notional factors1 & secondly ! =m 9 :i* x is actualis$4 ,x is only ! nature ( ! speculative notion :i* c really give light on ! matt]4 ,t subjectivity--be+ ! 8mom5t0 :i* emphasises ! ne$ ( ab/ract decid+ 9 g5]al--p>tly leads on to ! proviso t ! "n ( ! mon>* appe> z ! bond & sanction "u :i* ev]y?+ is done 9 ! gov]nm5t2--p>tly1 be+ simple self-relation1 has atta*$ to x ! *>act]i/ic ( imm$iacy1 & !n ( nature--:]eby ! de/9ation ( individuals = ! dignity ( ! pr9cely p[] is fix$ by inh]itance4 #edc4 7b7 ,9 ! p>ticul> gov]nm5t-p[] !re em]ges1 fir/1 ! division ( /ate-bus9ess into its bran*es 7o!rwise def9$71 legislative p[]1 adm9i/ration ( ju/ice or judicial p[]1 adm9i/ration & police1 & its consequ5t di/ribution betwe5 p>ticul> bo>ds or (fices1 :i* hav+ _! bus9ess appo9t$ by law1 to t end & = t reason1 possess indep5d5ce ( action1 )\t at ! same "t ceas+ to /& "u high] sup]vision4 ,secondly1 too1 !re arises ! p>ticipation ( sev]al 9 /ate-bus9ess1 :o toge!r con/itute ! 8g5]al ord]0 7 #ebh7 9 s f> z !y take on !mselves ! *>ge ( univ]sal ends z ! ess5tial function ( _! p>ticul> life2--! fur!r condition = be+ able to take individually "p 9 ?is bus9ess be+ a c]ta9 tra9+1 aptitude1 & skill = su* ends4 #edd4 ,! e/ates-collegium or prov9cial c\ncil is an in/itution by :i* all su* z belong to civil society 9 g5]al1 & are to t degree private p]sons1 p>ticipate 9 ! gov]nm5tal p[]1 especially 9 legislation--viz4 su* legislation z conc]ns ! univ]sal scope ( ^? int]e/s :i* d n1 l peace & w>1 involve !1 z x 71 p]sonal int]f]5ce & action ( ! ,/ate z "o man1 & !re=e d n belong specially to ! prov9ce ( ! sov]eign p[]4 ,by virtue ( ?is p>ticipation subjective lib]ty & conceit1 ) _! g5]al op9ion1 c %[ !mselves palpably efficaci\s & enjoy ! satisfaction ( feel+ !mselves to c\nt = some?+4 ,! division ( con/itutions into democracy1 ari/ocracy & mon>*y1 is /ill ! mo/ def9ite /atem5t ( _! diff]5ce 9 relation to sov]eignty4 ,!y mu/ at ! same "t be reg>d$ z necess>y /ructures 9 ! pa? ( developm5t1--9 %ort1 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,/ate4 ,h5ce x is sup]ficial & absurd to repres5t !m z an object ( *oice4 ,! pure =ms--necess>y to ! process ( evolution--are1 9 s f> z !y are f9ite & 9 c\rse ( *ange1 conjo9$ bo? ) =ms ( _! deg5]ation1--su* z o*locracy1 c41 & ) e>li] transition-=ms4 ,^! two =ms are n to be confus$ ) ^? legitimate /ructures4 ,?us1 x may be--if we look only to ! fact t ! w ( "o individual /&s at ! head ( ! /ate--ori5tal despotism is includ$ "u ! vague "n mon>*y1--z also feudal mon>*y1 to :i* inde$ ev5 ! fav\rite "n ( 8con/itutional mon>*y0 _c be refus$4 ,! true diff]5ce ( ^! =ms f g5u9e mon>*y dep5ds on ! true value ( ^? pr9ciples ( "r :i* are 9 vogue & h _! actuality & gu>antee 9 ! /ate-p[]4 ,^! pr9ciples are ^? exp\nd$ e>li]1 lib]ty ( prop]ty1 & above all p]sonal lib]ty1 civil society1 ) its indu/ry & its communities1 & ! regulat$ effici5cy ( ! p>ticul> bureaux 9 subord9ation to ! laws4 ,! "q :i* is mo/ discuss$ is 9 :at s5se we are to und]/& ! p>ticipation ( private p]sons 9 /ate affairs4 ,= x is z private p]sons t ! memb]s ( bodies ( e/ates are prim>ily to be tak51 be !y treat$ z m]e individuals1 or z repres5tatives ( a numb] ( p or ( ! nation4 ,! aggregate ( private p]sons is (t5 spok5 ( z ! nation3 b z su* an aggregate x is vulgus1 n populus3 & 9 ?is direction1 x is ! "o sole aim ( ! /ate t a nation %\ld n come to exi/5ce1 to p[] & action1 z su* an aggregate4 ,su* a condition ( a nation is a condition ( lawlessness1 demoralisation1 bruti%ness3 9 x ! nation w\ld only be a %apeless1 wild1 bl9d =ce1 l t ( ! /ormy1 elem5tal sea1 :i* h[ev] is n self-de/ructive1 z ! nation--a spiritual elem5t--w\ld be4 ,yet su* a condition may be (t5 he>d describ$ z t ( true fre$om4 ,if !re is to be any s5se 9 emb>k+ ^u ! "q ( ! p>ticipation ( private p]sons 9 public affairs1 x is n a bruti% mass1 b an already organis$ nation--"o 9 :i* a gov]nm5tal p[] exi/s--:i* %\ld be presuppos$4 ,! desirability ( su* p>ticipation h[ev] is n to be put 9 ! sup]iority ( p>ticul> intellig5ce1 :i* private p]sons are suppos$ to h ov] /ate (ficials--! contr>y may be ! case--nor 9 ! sup]iority ( _! good w = ! g5]al be/4 ,! memb]s ( civil society z su* are r p :o f9d _! ne>e/ duty 9 _! private int]e/ & 7z especially 9 ! feudal society7 9 ! int]e/ ( _! privileg$ corporation4 ,take ! case ( ,engl& :i*1 because private p]sons h a pr$om9ant %>e 9 public affairs1 has be5 reg>d$ z hav+ ! free/ ( all con/itutions4 ,exp]i5ce %[s t t c\ntry--z comp>$ ) ! o!r civilis$ /ates ( ,europe--is ! mo/ backw>d 9 civil & crim9al legislation1 9 ! law & lib]ty ( prop]ty1 9 arrangem5ts = art & sci5ce1 & t objective fre$om or rational "r is r sacrific$ to =mal "r & p>ticul> private int]e/2 & t ?is happ5s ev5 9 ! in/itutions & possessions suppos$ to be d$icat$ to religion4 ,! desirability ( private p]sons tak+ "p 9 public affairs is p>tly to be put 9 _! concrete1 & !re=e m urg5t1 s5se ( g5]al wants4 ,b ! true motive is ! "r ( ! collective _s to appe> z an ext]nally univ]sal w1 act+ ) ord]ly & express efficacy = ! public conc]ns4 ,by ?is satisfaction ( ?is "r x gets its own life quick5$1 & at ! same "t brea!s fre% life 9 ! adm9i/rative (ficials2 :o ?us h x br\ght home to !m t n m]ely h !y to en=ce duties b also to h reg>d to rights4 ,private citiz5s are 9 ! /ate ! incomp>ably great] numb]1 & =m ! multitude ( su* z are recognis$ z p]sons4 ,h5ce ! w-reason exhibits its exi/5ce 9 !m z a prepond]at+ majority ( freem51 or 9 its 8reflectional0 univ]sality1 :i* has its actuality v\*saf$ x z a p>ticipation 9 ! sov]eignty4 ,b x has already be5 not$ z a 8mom5t0 ( civil society 7 #ebg1 #ecd7 t ! individuals rise f ext]nal into sub/antial univ]sality1 & =m a p>ticul> k9d1--! ,e/ates3 & x is n 9 ! inorganic =m ( m]e individuals z su* 7aft] ! democratic fa%ion ( election71 b z organic factors1 z e/ates1 t !y ent] ^u t p>ticipation4 ,9 ! /ate a p[] or ag5cy mu/ nev] appe> & act z a =mless1 inorganic %ape1 i4e4 bas+ itself on ! pr9ciple ( multeity & m]e numb]s4 ,assemblies ( ,e/ates h be5 wrongly designat$ z ! legislative p[]1 s f> z !y =m only "o bran* ( t p[]1--a bran* 9 :i* ! special gov]nm5t-(ficials h an ex (ficio %>e1 :ile ! sov]eign p[] has ! privilege ( f9al decision4 ,9 a civilis$ /ate moreov] legislation c only be a fur!r modification ( exi/+ law1 & s-call$ new laws c only deal ) m9utiae ( detail & p>ticul>ities 7cf4 #ebi1 note71 ! ma9 drift ( :i* has be5 already prep>$ or prelim9>ily settl$ by ! practice ( ! law-c\rts4 ,! s-call$ f9ancial law1 9 s f> z x requires ! ass5t ( ! e/ates1 is really a gov]nm5t affair3 x is only improp]ly call$ a law1 9 ! g5]al s5se ( embrac+ a wide1 inde$ ! :ole1 range ( ! ext]nal means ( gov]nm5t4 ,! f9ances deal ) :at 9 _! nature are only p>ticul> ne$s1 ev] newly recurr+1 ev5 if !y t\* on ! sum total ( su* ne$s4 ,if ! ma9 "p ( ! requirem5t 7--z x v likely is--reg>d$ z p]man5t1 ! provision = x w\ld h m ! nature ( a law3 b to be a law1 x w\ld h to be made once = all1 & n be made ye>ly1 or e few ye>s1 afre%4 ,! "p :i* v>ies accord+ to "t & circum/ances conc]ns 9 reality ! smalle/ "p ( ! am\nt1 & ! provisions ) reg>d to x h ev5 less ! "* ( a law3 & yet x is & may be only ?is slight v>iable "p :i* is matt] ( dispute1 & c be subject$ to a v>y+ ye>ly e/imate4 ,x is ?is la/ !n :i* falsely be>s ! high-s\nd+ "n ( ! 8,grant0 ( ! ,budget1 i4e4 ( ! :ole ( ! f9ances4 ,a law = "o ye> & made ea* ye> has ev5 to ! pla9 man some?+ palpably absurd3 = he di/+ui%es ! ess5tial & develop$ univ]sal1 z cont5t ( a true law1 f ! reflectional univ]sality :i* only ext]nally embraces :at 9 its nature is _m4 ,to give ! "n ( a law to ! annual fix+ ( f9ancial requirem5ts only s]ves--) ! presuppos$ sep>ation ( legislative f executive--to keep up ! illusion ( t sep>ation hav+ real exi/5ce1 & to conceal ! fact t ! legislative p[]1 :5 x makes a decree ab\t f9ance1 is really engag$ ) /rict executive bus9ess4 ,b ! importance atta*$ to ! p[] ( f "t to "t grant+ 8supply10 on ! gr\nd t ! assembly ( e/ates possesses 9 x a *eck on ! gov]nm5t1 & ?us a gu>antee aga9/ inju/ice & viol5ce1--?is importance is 9 "o way r plausible ?an real4 ,! f9ancial measures necess>y = ! /ate's subsi/5ce _c be made conditional on any o!r circum/ances1 nor c ! /ate's subsi/5ce be put ye>ly 9 d\bt4 ,x w\ld be a p>allel absurdity if ! gov]nm5t 7 e4g4 to grant & arrange ! judicial in/itutions always = a limit$ "t m]ely2 & ?us1 by ! ?reat ( susp5d+ ! activity ( su* an in/itution & ! fe> ( a consequ5t /ate ( brig&age1 res]ve = itself a means ( co]c+ private individuals4 ,!n aga91 ! pictures ( a condition ( affairs1 9 :i* x might be useful & necess>y to h 9 h& means ( compulsion1 are p>tly bas$ on ! false conception ( a contract betwe5 rul]s & rul$1 & p>tly presuppose ! possibility ( su* a div]g5ce 9 _s betwe5 ^! two p>ties z w\ld make con/itution & gov]nm5t q out ( ! "q4 ,if we suppose ! empty possibility ( gett+ help by su* compulsive means br\ght into exi/5ce1 su* help w\ld r be ! d]angem5t & dissolution ( ! /ate1 9 :i* !re w\ld no long] be a gov]nm5t1 b only p>ties1 & ! viol5ce & oppression ( "o p>ty w\ld only be help$ away by ! o!r4 ,to fit toge!r ! sev]al p>ts ( ! /ate into a con/itution aft] ! fa%ion ( m]e und]/&+--i4e4 to adju/ )9 x ! ma*9]y ( a balance ( p[]s ext]nal to ea* o!r--is to contrav5e ! fundam5tal idea ( :at a /ate is4 #ede4 ,! f9al aspect ( ! /ate is to appe> 9 imm$iate actuality z a s+le nation m>k$ by physical conditions4 ,z a s+le individual x is exclusive aga9/ o!r l individuals4 ,9 _! mutual relations1 wayw>dness & *ance h a place2 = ea* p]son 9 ! aggregate is autonom\s3 ! univ]sal ( law is only po/ulat$ betwe5 !m1 & n actually exi/5t4 ,?is indep5d5ce ( a c5tral au?ority r$uces disputes betwe5 !m to t]ms ( mutual viol5ce1 a /ate ( w>1 to meet :i* ! g5]al e/ate 9 ! community assumes ! p>ticul> function ( ma9ta9+ ! /ate's indep5d5ce aga9/ o!r /ates1 & becomes ! e/ate ( brav]y4 #edf4 ,?is /ate ( w> %[s ! omnipot5ce ( ! /ate 9 its individuality--an individuality t goes ev5 to ab/ract negativity4 ,c\ntry & fa!rl& !n appe> z ! p[] by :i* ! p>ticul> indep5d5ce ( individuals & _! absorption 9 ! ext]nal exi/5ce ( possession & 9 natural life is convict$ ( its own nullity1--z ! p[] :i* procures ! ma9t5ance ( ! g5]al sub/ance by ! patriotic sacrifice on ! "p ( ^! individuals ( ?is natural & p>ticul> exi/5ce1--s mak+ nugatory ! nugator9ess t confronts x4 4 ,ext]nal ,public ,law7#afh74 #edg4 ,9 ! game ( w> ! indep5d5ce ( ,/ates is at /ake4 ,9 "o case ! result may be ! mutual recognition ( free national individualities 7 #dcj73 & by peace-conv5tions suppos$ to be = ev]1 bo? ?is g5]al recognition1 & ! special claims ( nations on "o ano!r1 are settl$ & fix$4 ,ext]nal /ate-rights re/ p>tly on ^! positive treaties1 b to t ext5t conta9 only rights fall+ %ort ( true actuality 7 #ede73 p>tly on s-call$ int]national law1 ! g5]al pr9ciple ( :i* is its presuppos$ recognition by ! sev]al ,/ates4 ,x ?us re/ricts _! o!rwise un*eck$ action aga9/ "o ano!r 9 su* a way t ! possibility ( peace is left2 & di/+ui%es individuals z private p]sons 7non-bellig]5ts7 f ! /ate4 ,9 g5]al1 int]national law re/s on social usage4 4 ,univ]sal ,hi/ory7#afi74 #edh4 ,z ! m9d ( a special nation is actual & its lib]ty is "u natural conditions1 x admits on ?is nature-side ! influ5ce ( geographical & climatic qualities4 ,x is 9 "t2 & z reg>ds its range & scope1 has ess5tially a p>ticul> pr9ciple on ! l9es ( :i* x mu/ run ?r\gh a developm5t ( its consci\sness & its actuality4 ,x has1 9 %ort1 a hi/ory ( its own4 ,b z a re/rict$ m9d its indep5d5ce is some?+ second>y2 x passes into univ]sal _w-hi/ory1 ! ev5ts ( :i* exhibit ! dialectic ( ! sev]al national m9ds1--! judgm5t ( ! _w4 #edi4 ,?is movem5t is ! pa? ( lib]ation = ! spiritual sub/ance1 ! de$ by :i* ! absolute f9al aim ( ! _w is realis$ 9 x1 & ! m]ely implicit m9d a*ieves consci\sness & self-consci\sness4 ,x is ?us ! revelation & actuality ( its ess5tial & complet$ ess5ce1 :]eby x becomes to ! outw>d eye a univ]sal _s--a _w-m9d4 ,z ?is developm5t is 9 "t & 9 real exi/5ce1 z x is a hi/ory1 its sev]al /ages & /eps are ! national m9ds1 ea* ( :i*1 z s+le & endu$ by nature ) a specific "*1 is appo9t$ to occupy only "o grade1 & accompli% "o task 9 ! :ole de$4 ,! presupposition t hi/ory has an ess5tial & actual end1 f ! pr9ciples ( :i* c]ta9 *>act]i/ic results logically fl[1 is call$ an a priori view ( x1 & philosophy is reproa*$ ) a priori hi/ory-writ+4 ,on ?is po9t1 & on hi/ory-writ+ 9 g5]al1 ?is note mu/ g into fur!r detail4 ,t hi/ory1 & above all univ]sal hi/ory1 is f\nd$ on an ess5tial & actual aim1 :i* actually is & w be realis$ 9 x--! plan ( ,provid5ce2 t1 9 %ort1 !re is ,reason 9 hi/ory1 mu/ be decid$ on /rictly philosophical gr\nd1 & ?us %[n to be ess5tially & 9 fact necess>y4 ,to presuppose su* aim is blamewor?y only :5 ! assum$ conceptions or ?\ghts are arbitr>ily adopt$1 & :5 a det]m9$ attempt is made to =ce ev5ts & actions into con=mity ) su* conceptions4 ,= su* a priori me?ods ( treatm5t at ! pres5t day1 h[ev]1 ^? are *iefly to blame :o pr(ess to be purely hi/orical1 & :o at ! same "t take opportunity expressly to raise _! voice aga9/ ! habit ( philosophis+1 fir/ 9 g5]al1 & !n 9 hi/ory4 ,philosophy is to !m a tr\blesome neighb\r3 = x is an enemy ( all arbitr>9ess & ha/y sugge/ions4 ,su* a priori hi/ory-writ+ has sometimes bur/ out 9 qu>t]s :]e "o w\ld lea/ h expect$ x1 especially on ! philological side1 & 9 ,g]many m ?an 9 ,france & ,engl&1 :]e ! art ( hi/orical writ+ has gone ?r\gh a process ( purification to a firm] & matur] "*4 ,fictions1 l t ( a primitive age & its primitive p1 possess$ f ! fir/ ( ! true k ( ,god & all ! sci5ces1--( sac]dotal races1--&1 :5 we come to m9utiae1 ( a ,roman epic1 suppos$ to be ! s\rce ( ! leg5ds :i* pass curr5t = ! hi/ory ( anci5t ,rome1 c41 h tak5 ! place ( ! pragmatis+ :i* detect$ psy*ological motives & associations4 ,!re is a wide circle ( p]sons :o seem to consid] x incumb5t on a le>n$ & +5i\s hi/orian draw+ f ! orig9al s\rces to concoct su* baseless fancies1 & =m bold comb9ations ( !m f a le>n$ rubbi%-heap ( out-(-!-way & trivial facts1 9 defiance ( ! be/-accr$it$ hi/ory4 ,sett+ aside ?is subjective treatm5t ( hi/ory1 we f9d :at is prop]ly ! opposite view =bidd+ u to import into hi/ory an objective purpose4 ,?is is aft] all synonym\s ) :at seems to be ! /ill m legitimate dem& t ! hi/orian %\ld proce$ ) imp>tiality4 ,?is is a requirem5t (t5 & especially made on ! hi/ory ( philosophy3 :]e x is insi/$ !re %\ld be no prepossession 9 fav\r ( an idea or op9ion1 j z a judge %\ld h no special sympa?y = "o ( ! cont5d+ p>ties4 ,9 ! case ( ! judge x is at ! same "t assum$ t he w\ld adm9i/] 8 (fice ill & fooli%ly1 if he _h n an int]e/1 & an exclusive int]e/ 9 ju/ice1 if he _h n t = 8 aim & "o sole aim1 or if he decl9$ to judge at all4 ,?is requirem5t :i* we may make ^u ! judge may be call$ p>tiality = ju/ice2 & !re is no difficulty "h 9 di/+ui%+ x f subjective p>tiality4 ,b 9 speak+ ( ! imp>tiality requir$ f ! hi/orian1 ?is self-satisfi$ insipid *att] lets ! di/9ction disappe>1 & rejects bo? k9ds ( int]e/4 ,x dem&s t ! hi/orian %all br+ ) him no def9ite aim & view by :i* he may sort out1 /ate & criticise ev5ts1 b %all n>rate !m exactly 9 ! casual mode he f9ds !m1 9 _! incoh]5t & un9tellig5t p>ticul>ity4 ,n[ x is at lea/ admitt$ t a hi/ory mu/ h an object1 e4g4 ,rome & its =tunes1 or ! ,decl9e ( ! gr&eur ( ! ,roman empire4 ,b little reflection is ne$$ to discov] t ?is is ! presuppos$ end :i* lies at ! basis ( ! ev5ts !mselves1 z ( ! critical exam9ation into _! comp>ative importance1 i4e4 _! ne>] or m remote relation to x4 ,a hi/ory )\t su* aim & su* criticism w\ld be only an imbecile m5tal divagation1 n z good z a fairy tale1 = ev5 *ildr5 expect a motif 9 _! /ories1 a purpose at lea/ dimly surmiseable ) :i* ev5ts & actions are put 9 relation4 ,9 ! exi/5ce ( a nation ! sub/antial aim is to be a /ate & pres]ve itself z su*4 ,a nation ) no /ate =mation1 7a m]e nation71 has /rictly speak+ no hi/ory1--l ! nations :i* exi/$ be=e ! rise ( /ates & o!rs :i* /ill exi/ 9 a condition ( savag]y4 ,:at happ5s to a nation1 & takes place )9 x1 has its ess5tial significance 9 relation to ! /ate3 :]eas ! m]e p>ticul>ities ( individuals are at ! greate/ di/ance f ! true object ( hi/ory4 ,x is true t ! g5]al _s ( an age leaves its impr9t 9 ! "* ( its celebrat$ individuals1 & ev5 _! p>ticul>ities are b ! v di/ant & ! dim m$ia ?r\gh :i* ! collective light /ill plays 9 fa9t] col\rs4 ,ay1 ev5 su* s+ul>ities z a petty occurr5ce1 a ^w1 express n a subjective p>ticul>ity1 b an age1 a nation1 a civilisation1 9 /rik+ portraiture & brevity2 & to select su* trifles %[s ! h& ( a hi/orian ( g5ius4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ma9 mass ( s+ul>ities is a futile & useless mass1 by ! pa9/ak+ accumulation ( :i* ! objects ( real hi/orical value are ov]:elm$ & obscur$4 ,! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( ! _s & its age is always conta9$ 9 ! great ev5ts4 ,x 0 a correct in/9ct :i* s\ght to bani% su* portraiture ( ! p>ticul> & ! glean+ ( insignificant traits1 into ! ,novel 7z 9 ! celebrat$ romances ( ,walt] ,scott1 c474 ,:]e ! picture pres5ts an uness5tial aspect ( life x is c]ta9ly 9 good ta/e to conjo9 x ) an uness5tial mat]ial1 su* z ! romance takes f private ev5ts & subjective passions4 ,b to take ! individual pett9esses ( an age & ( ! p]sons 9 x1 &1 9 ! int]e/ ( s-call$ tru?1 weave !m into ! picture ( g5]al int]e/s1 is n only aga9/ ta/e & judgm5t1 b violates ! pr9ciples ( objective tru?4 ,! only tru? = m9d is ! sub/antial & und]ly+ ess5ce1 & n ! trivialities ( ext]nal exi/5ce & cont+5cy4 ,x is !re=e completely indiff]5t :e!r su* insignificancies are duly v\*$ = by docum5ts1 or1 z 9 ! romance1 inv5t$ to suit ! "* & ascrib$ to ?is or t "n & circum/ances4 ,! po9t ( int]e/ ( ,biography--to say a ^w on t "h--appe>s to run directly c\nt] to any univ]sal scope & aim4 ,b biography too has = its backgr\nd ! hi/orical _w1 ) :i* ! individual is intimately b\nd up3 ev5 purely p]sonal orig9ality1 ! freak ( hum\r1 c4 sugge/s by allusion t c5tral reality & has its int]e/ height5$ by ! sugge/ion4 ,! m]e play ( s5tim5t1 on ! contr>y1 has ano!r gr\nd & int]e/ ?an hi/ory4 ,! requirem5t ( imp>tiality address$ to ! hi/ory ( philosophy 7& also1 we may add1 to ! hi/ory ( religion1 fir/ 9 g5]al1 & secondly1 to *ur* hi/ory7 g5]ally implies an ev5 m decid$ b> aga9/ presupposition ( any objective aim4 ,z ! ,/ate 0 already call$ ! po9t to :i* 9 political hi/ory criticism _h to ref] all ev5ts1 s "h ! 8,tru?0 mu/ be ! object to :i* ! sev]al de$s & ev5ts ( ! _s w\ld h to be ref]r$4 ,:at is actually done is r to make ! contr>y presupposition4 ,hi/ories ) su* an object z religion or philosophy are und]/ood to h only subjective aims = _! !me1 i4e4 only op9ions & m]e ideas1 n an ess5tial & realis$ object l ! tru?4 ,& t ) ! m]e excuse t !re is no tru?4 ,on ?is assumption ! sympa?y ) tru? appe>s z only a p>tiality ( ! usual sort1 a p>tiality = op9ion & m]e ideas1 :i* all alike h no /uff 9 !m1 & are all treat$ z indiff]5t4 ,9 t way hi/orical tru? means b correctness--an accurate report ( ext]nals1 )\t critical treatm5t save z reg>ds ?is correctness--admitt+1 9 ?is case1 only qualitative & quantitative judgm5ts1 no judgm5ts ( necessity or notion 7cf4 notes to #agb & #age74 ,b1 really1 if ,rome or ! ,g]man empire1 c4 are an actual & g5u9e object ( political hi/ory1 & ! aim to :i* ! ph5om5a are to be relat$ & by :i* !y are to be judg$2 !n 9 univ]sal hi/ory ! g5u9e _s1 ! consci\sness ( x & ( its ess5ce1 is ev5 9 a high] degree a true & actual object & !me1 & an aim to :i* all o!r ph5om5a are ess5tially & actually subs]vi5t4 ,only !re=e ?r\gh _! relation%ip to x1 i4e4 ?r\gh ! judgm5t 9 :i* !y are subsum$ "u x1 :ile x inh]es 9 !m1 h !y _! value & ev5 _! exi/5ce4 ,x is ! _s :i* n m]ely broods ov] hi/ory z ov] ! wat]s1 b lives 9 x & is alone its pr9ciple ( movem5t3 & 9 ! pa? ( t _s1 lib]ty1 i4e4 a developm5t det]m9$ by ! notion ( _s1 is ! guid+ pr9ciple & only its notion its f9al aim1 i4e4 tru?4 ,= ,_s is consci\sness4 ,su* a doctr9e--or 9 o!r words t ,reason is 9 hi/ory--w be p>tly at lea/ a plausible fai?1 p>tly x is a cognition ( philosophy4 #eej4 ,?is lib]ation ( m9d1 9 :i* x proce$s to come to itself & to realise its tru?1 & ! bus9ess ( s do+1 is ! supreme "r1 ! absolute ,law4 ,! self-consci\sness ( a p>ticul> nation is a vehicle = ! contempor>y developm5t ( ! collective _s 9 its actual exi/5ce3 x is ! objective actuality 9 :i* t _s = ! "t inve/s its w4 ,aga9/ ?is absolute w ! o!r p>ticul> natural m9ds h no rights3 t nation dom9ates ! _w3 b yet ! univ]sal w /eps onw>d ov] its prop]ty = ! "t be+1 z ov] a special grade1 & !n deliv]s x ov] to its *ance & doom4 #eea4 ,to su* ext5t z ?is bus9ess ( actuality appe>s z an action1 & !re=e z a "w ( individuals1 ^! individuals1 z reg>ds ! sub/antial issue ( _! lab\r1 are in/rum5ts1 & _! subjectivity1 :i* is :at is peculi> to !m1 is ! empty =m ( activity4 ,:at !y p]sonally h ga9$ !re=e ?r\gh ! individual %>e !y took 9 ! sub/antial bus9ess 7prep>$ & appo9t$ indep5d5tly ( !m7 is a =mal univ]sality or subjective m5tal idea--,fame1 :i* is _! rew>d4 #eeb4 ,! national _s conta9s nature-necessity1 & /&s 9 ext]nal exi/5ce 7 #dbc73 ! e?ical sub/ance1 pot5tially inf9ite1 is actually a p>ticul> & limit$ sub/ance 7 #edi1 #eej72 on its subjective side x lab\rs "u cont+5cy1 9 ! %ape ( its unreflective natural usages1 & its cont5t is pres5t$ to x z some?+ exi/+ 9 "t & ti$ to an ext]nal nature & ext]nal _w4 ,! _s1 h[ev]1 7:i* ?9ks 9 ?is moral organism7 ov]rides & absorbs )9 itself ! f9itude atta*+ to x z national _s 9 its /ate & ! /ate's temporal int]e/s1 9 ! sy/em ( laws & usages4 ,x rises to appreh5d itself 9 its ess5tiality4 ,su* appreh5sion1 h[ev]1 /ill has ! imman5t limit$ness ( ! national _s4 ,b ! _s :i* ?9ks 9 univ]sal hi/ory1 /ripp+ (f at ! same "t ^? limitations ( ! sev]al national m9ds & its own temporal re/rictions1 lays hold ( its concrete univ]sality1 & rises to appreh5d ! absolute m9d1 z ! et]nally actual tru? 9 :i* ! contemplative reason enjoys fre$om1 :ile ! necessity ( nature & ! necessity ( hi/ory are only m9i/rant to its revelation & ! vessels ( its hon\r4 ,! /rictly te*nical aspects ( ! ,m9d's elevation to ,god h be5 spok5 ( 9 ! ,introduction to ! ,logic 7cf4 especially #ea1 note74 ,z reg>ds ! />t+-po9t ( t elevation1 ,kant has on ! :ole adopt$ ! mo/ correct1 :5 he treats belief 9 ,god z proce$+ f ! practical ,reason4 ,= t />t+-po9t conta9s ! mat]ial or cont5t :i* con/itutes ! cont5t ( ! notion ( ,god4 ,b ! true concrete mat]ial is nei!r ,be+ 7z 9 ! cosmological7 nor m]e action by design 7z 9 ! physico-!ological pro(7 b ! ,m9d1 ! absolute *>act]i/ic & function ( :i* is effective reason1 i4e4 ! self-det]m9+ & self-realis+ notion itself1--,lib]ty4 ,t ! elevation ( subjective m9d to ,god :i* ^! consid]ations give is by ,kant aga9 depos$ to a po/ulate--a m]e 8ought0--is ! peculi> p]v]sity1 =m]ly notic$1 ( calmly & simply re9/at+ z true & valid t v anti!sis ( f9itude1 ! sup]session ( :i* into tru? is ! ess5ce ( t elevation4 ,z reg>ds ! 8m$iation0 :i*1 z x has be5 already %[n 7 #aib1 cf4 #bjd note71 t elevation to ,god really involves1 ! po9t specially call+ = note is ! 8mom5t0 ( negation ?r\gh :i* ! ess5tial cont5t ( ! />t+-po9t is purg$ ( its f9itude s z to come =? free4 ,?is factor1 ab/ract 9 ! =mal treatm5t ( logic1 n[ gets its mo/ concrete int]pretation4 ,! f9ite1 f :i* ! />t is n[ made1 is ! real e?ical self-consci\sness4 ,! negation ?r\gh :i* t consci\sness raises its _s to its tru?1 is ! purification1 actually accompli%$ 9 ! e?ical _w1 :]eby its consci5ce is purg$ ( subjective op9ion & its w fre$ f ! selfi%ness ( desire4 ,g5u9e religion & g5u9e religiosity only issue f ! moral life3 religion is t life ris+ to ?9k1 i4e4 becom+ aw>e ( ! free univ]sality ( its concrete ess5ce4 ,only f ! moral life & by ! moral life is ! ,idea ( ,god se5 to be free _s3 outside ! e?ical _s !re=e x is va9 to seek = true religion & religiosity4 ,b--z is ! case ) all speculative process--?is developm5t ( "o ?+ out ( ano!r means t :at appe>s z sequel & d]ivative is r ! absolute prius ( :at x appe>s to be m$iat$ by1 & :at is "h 9 m9d kn[n z its tru?4 ,"h !n is ! place to g m deeply into ! reciprocal relations betwe5 ! /ate & religion1 & 9 do+ s to elucidate ! t]m9ology :i* is famili> & curr5t on ! topic4 ,x is evid5t & app>5t f :at has prec$$ t moral life is ! /ate retract$ into its inn] he>t & sub/ance1 :ile ! /ate is ! organisation & actualisation ( moral life2 & t religion is ! v sub/ance ( ! moral life itself & ( ! /ate4 ,at ?is rate1 ! /ate re/s on ! e?ical s5tim5t1 & t on ! religi\s4 ,if religion !n is ! consci\sness ( 8absolute0 tru?1 !n :atev] is to rank z "r & ju/ice1 z law & duty1 i4e4 z true 9 ! _w ( free w1 c be s e/eem$ only z x is p>ticipant 9 t tru?1 z x is subsum$ "u x & is its sequel4 ,b if ! truly moral life is to be a sequel ( religion1 !n p]=ce religion mu/ h ! g5u9e cont5t2 i4e4 ! idea ( ,god x kn[s mu/ be ! true & real4 ,! e?ical life is ! div9e _s z indwell+ 9 self-consci\sness1 z x is actually pres5t 9 a nation & its individual memb]s4 ,?is self-consci\sness retir+ ^u itself out ( its empirical actuality & br++ its tru? to consci\sness1 has 9 its fai? & 9 its consci5ce only :at x has consci\sly secur$ 9 its spiritual actuality4 ,! two are insep>able3 !re _c be two k9ds ( consci5ce1 "o religi\s & ano!r e?ical1 diff]+ f ! =m] 9 body & value ( tru?4 ,b 9 po9t ( =m1 i4e4 = ?\ght & k--7& religion & e?ical life belong to intellig5ce & are a ?9k+ & kn[+7--! body ( religi\s tru?1 z ! pure self-subsi/+ & !re=e supreme tru?1 ex]cises a sanction ov] ! moral life :i* lies 9 empirical actuality4 ,?us = self-consci\sness religion is ! 8basis0 ( moral life & ( ! /ate4 ,x has be5 ! mon/r\s blund] ( our times to try to look ^u ^! insep>ables z sep>able f "o ano!r1 & ev5 z mutually indiff]5t4 ,! view tak5 ( ! relation%ip ( religion & ! /ate has be5 t1 :]eas ! /ate _h an indep5d5t exi/5ce ( its own1 spr++ f "s =ce & p[]1 religion 0 a lat] addition1 some?+ desirable p]haps = /r5g!n+ ! political bulw>ks1 b purely subjective 9 individuals3--or x may be1 religion is treat$ z some?+ )\t effect on ! moral life ( ! /ate1 i4e4 its reasonable law & con/itution :i* are bas$ on a gr\nd ( _! own4 ,z ! insep>ability ( ! two sides has be5 indicat$1 x may be wor? :ile to note ! sep>ation z x appe>s on ! side ( religion4 ,x is prim>ily a po9t ( =m3 ! attitude :i* self-consci\sness takes to ! body ( tru?4 ,s long z ?is body ( tru? is ! v sub/ance or indwell+ _s ( self-consci\sness 9 its actuality1 !n self-consci\sness 9 ?is cont5t has ! c]ta9ty ( itself & is free4 ,b if ?is pres5t self-consci\sness is lack+1 !n !re may be creat$1 9 po9t ( =m1 a condition ( spiritual slav]y1 ev5 ?\gh ! implicit cont5t ( religion is absolute _s4 ,?is great diff]5ce 7to cite a specific case7 comes out )9 ! ,*ri/ian religion itself1 ev5 ?\gh "h x is n ! nature-elem5t 9 :i* ! idea ( ,god is embodi$1 & ?\gh no?+ ( ! sort ev5 ent]s z a factor into its c5tral dogma & sole !me ( a ,god :o is kn[n 9 _s & 9 tru?4 ,& yet 9 ,ca?olicism ?is _s ( all tru? is 9 actuality set 9 rigid opposition to ! self-consci\s _s4 ,&1 fir/ ( all1 ,god is 9 ! 8ho/0 pres5t$ to religi\s adoration z an ext]nal ?+4 7,9 ! ,lu!ran ,*ur*1 on ! contr>y1 ! ho/ z su* is n at fir/ consecrat$1 b 9 ! mom5t ( enjoym5t1 i4e4 9 ! annihilation ( its ext]nality1 & 9 ! act ( fai?1 i4e4 9 ! free self-c]ta9 _s3 only !n is x consecrat$ & exalt$ to be pres5t ,god47 ,f t fir/ & supreme /atus ( ext]nalisation fl[s e o!r phase ( ext]nality1--( bondage1 non-spirituality1 & sup]/ition4 ,x leads to a laity1 receiv+ its k ( div9e tru?1 z well z ! direction ( its w & consci5ce f )\t & f ano!r ord]--:i* ord] aga9 does n get possession ( t k 9 a spiritual way only1 b to t end ess5tially requires an ext]nal consecration4 ,x leads to ! non-spiritual /yle ( pray+--p>tly z m]e mov+ ( ! lips1 p>tly 9 ! way t ! subject =egoes 8 "r ( directly address+ ,god1 & prays o!rs to pray--address+ 8 devotion to miracle-work+ images1 ev5 to bones1 & expect+ miracles f !m4 ,x leads1 g5]ally1 to ju/ification by ext]nal works1 a m]it :i* is suppos$ to be ga9$ by acts1 & ev5 to be capable ( be+ transf]r$ to o!rs4 ,all ?is b9ds ! _s "u an ext]nalism by :i* ! v mean+ ( _s is p]v]t$ & misconceiv$ at its s\rce1 & law & ju/ice1 morality & consci5ce1 responsibility & duty are corrupt$ at _! root4 ,along ) ?is pr9ciple ( spiritual bondage1 & ^! applications ( x 9 ! religi\s life1 !re c only g 9 ! legislative & con/itutional sy/em a legal & moral bondage1 & a /ate ( lawlessness & immorality 9 political life4 ,ca?olicism has be5 l\dly prais$ & is /ill (t5 prais$--logically en\gh--z ! "o religion :i* secures ! /ability ( gov]nm5ts4 ,b 9 reality ?is applies only to gov]nm5ts :i* are b\nd up ) in/itutions f\nd$ on ! bondage ( ! _s 7( t _s :i* %\ld h legal & moral lib]ty71 i4e4 ) in/itutions t embody inju/ice & ) a morally corrupt & b>b>ic /ate ( society4 ,b ^! gov]nm5ts are n aw>e t 9 fanaticism !y h a t]rible p[]1 :i* does n rise 9 ho/ility aga9/ !m1 only s long z & only on condition t !y rema9 sunk 9 ! ?raldom ( inju/ice & immorality4 ,b 9 m9d !re is a v diff]5t p[] available aga9/ t ext]nalism & dismemb]m5t induc$ by a false religion4 ,m9d collects itself into its inw>d free actuality4 ,philosophy awakes 9 ! _s ( gov]nm5ts & nations ! wisdom to disc]n :at is ess5tially & actually "r & reasonable 9 ! real _w4 ,x 0 well to call ^! products ( ?\ght1 & 9 a special s5se ,philosophy1 ! wisdom ( ! _w7#agj72 = ?\ght makes ! _s's tru? an actual pres5t1 leads x into ! real _w1 & ?us lib]ates x 9 its actuality & 9 its own self4 ,?us set free1 ! cont5t ( religion assumes q ano!r %ape4 ,s long z ! =m1 i4e4 our consci\sness & subjectivity1 lack$ lib]ty1 x foll[$ necess>ily t self-consci\sness 0 conceiv$ z n imman5t 9 ! e?ical pr9ciples :i* religion embodies1 & ^! pr9ciples 7 set at su* a di/ance z to seem to h true be+ only z negative to actual self-consci\sness4 ,9 ?is unreality e?ical cont5t gets ! "n ( ,hol9ess4 ,b once ! div9e _s introduces itself into actuality1 & actuality emancipates itself to _s1 !n :at 9 ! _w 0 a po/ulate ( hol9ess is supplant$ by ! actuality ( moral life4 ,in/ead ( ! v[ ( *a/ity1 m>riage n[ ranks z ! e?ical relation2 &1 !re=e1 z ! highe/ on ?is side ( humanity /&s ! family4 ,in/ead ( ! v[ ( pov]ty 7muddl$ up into a contradiction ( assign+ m]it to :osoev] gives away goods to ! poor1 i4e4 :osoev] enri*es !m7 is ! precept ( action to acquire goods ?r\gh "o's own intellig5ce & indu/ry1--( hone/y 9 comm]cial deal+1 & 9 ! use ( prop]ty1--9 %ort moral life 9 ! socio-economic sph]e4 ,& in/ead ( ! v[ ( ob$i5ce1 true religion sanctions ob$i5ce to ! law & ! legal arrangem5ts ( ! /ate--an ob$i5ce :i* is itself ! true fre$om1 because ! /ate is a self-possess$1 self-realis+ reason--9 %ort1 moral life 9 ! /ate4 ,?us1 & ?us only1 c law & morality exi/4 ,! precept ( religion1 8,give to ,caes> :at is ,caes>'s & to ,god :at is ,god's0 is n en\gh3 ! "q is to settle :at is ,caes>'s1 :at belongs to ! secul> au?ority3 & x is suffici5tly notori\s t ! secul> no less ?an ! ecclesia/ical au?ority h claim$ almo/ ev]y?+ z _! own4 ,! div9e _s mu/ int]p5etrate ! entire secul> life3 :]eby wisdom is concrete )9 x1 & x c>ries ! t]ms ( its own ju/ification4 ,b t concrete indwell+ is only ! a=esaid e?ical organisations4 ,x is ! morality ( m>riage z aga9/ ! sanctity ( a celibate ord]2--! morality ( economic & indu/rial action aga9/ ! sanctity ( pov]ty & its indol5ce2--! morality ( an ob$i5ce d$icat$ to ! law ( ! /ate z aga9/ ! sanctity ( an ob$i5ce f :i* law & duty are abs5t & :]e consci5ce is enslav$4 ,) ! gr[+ ne$ = law & morality & ! s5se ( ! _s's ess5tial lib]ty1 !re sets 9 a conflict ( _s ) ! religion ( unfre$om4 ,x is no use to organise political laws & arrangem5ts on pr9ciples ( equity & reason1 s long z 9 religion ! pr9ciple ( unfre$om is n ab&on$4 ,a free /ate & a slavi% religion are incompatible4 ,x is silly to suppose t we may try to allot !m sep>ate sph]es1 "u ! impression t _! div]se natures w ma9ta9 an attitude ( tranquillity "o to ano!r & n break out 9 contradiction & battle4 ,pr9ciples ( civil fre$om c be b ab/ract & sup]ficial1 & political in/itutions d$uc$ f !m mu/ be1 if tak5 alone1 unt5able1 s long z ^? pr9ciples 9 _! wisdom mi/ake religion s mu* z n to "k t ! maxims ( ! reason 9 actuality h _! la/ & supreme sanction 9 ! religi\s consci5ce 9 subsumption "u ! consci\sness ( 8absolute0 tru?4 ,let u suppose ev5 t1 no matt] h[1 a code ( law %\ld arise1 s to speak a priori1 f\nd$ on pr9ciples ( reason1 b 9 contradiction ) an e/abli%$ religion bas$ on pr9ciples ( spiritual unfre$om2 /ill1 z ! duty ( c>ry+ out ! laws lies 9 ! h&s ( individual memb]s ( ! gov]nm5t1 & ( ! v>i\s classes ( ! adm9i/rative p]sonnel1 x is va9 to delude ourselves ) ! ab/ract & empty assumption t ! individuals w act only accord+ to ! lett] or mean+ ( ! law1 & n 9 ! _s ( _! religion :]e _! inmo/ consci5ce & supreme obligation lies4 ,oppos$ to :at religion pron\nces holy1 ! laws appe> some?+ made by human h&s3 ev5 ?\gh back$ by p5alties & ext]nally introduc$1 !y c\ld (f] no la/+ resi/ance to ! contradiction & attacks ( ! religi\s _s4 ,su* laws1 h[ev] s\nd _! provisions may be1 ?us f\nd] on ! consci5ce1 ^: _s is diff]5t f ! _s ( ! laws & refuses to sanction !m4 ,x is no?+ b a mod]n folly to try to alt] a corrupt moral organisation by alt]+ its political con/itution & code ( laws )\t *ang+ ! religion1--to make a revolution )\t hav+ made a re=mation1 to suppose t a political con/itution oppos$ to ! old religion c\ld live 9 peace & h>mony ) x & its sanctities1 & t /ability c\ld be procur$ = ! laws by ext]nal gu>antees1 e4g4 s-call$ 8*amb]s10 & ! p[] giv5 !m to fix ! budget1 c4 7cf4 #edd note74 ,at be/ x is only a tempor>y exp$i5t--:5 x is obvi\sly too great a task to desc5d into ! dep?s ( ! religi\s _s & to raise t same _s to its tru?--to seek to sep>ate law & ju/ice f religion4 ,^? gu>antees are b rott5 bulw>ks aga9/ ! consci5ces ( ! p]sons *>g$ ) adm9i/]+ ! laws--among :i* laws ^! gu>antees are includ$4 ,x is inde$ ! height & pr(anity ( contradiction to seek to b9d & subject to ! secul> code ! religi\s consci5ce to :i* m]e human law is a ?+ pr(ane4 ,! p]ception _h dawn$ ^u ,plato ) great cle>ness ( ! gulf :i* 9 8 day _h comm5c$ to divide ! e/abli%$ religion & ! political con/itution1 on "o h&1 f ^? deep] requirem5ts :i*1 on ! o!r h&1 7 made ^u religion & politics by lib]ty :i* _h le>nt to recognise its inn] life4 ,plato gets hold ( ! ?\ght t a g5u9e con/itution & a s\nd political life h _! deep] f\ndation on ! ,idea1--on ! ess5tially & actually univ]sal & g5u9e pr9ciples ( et]nal righte\sness4 ,n[ to see & asc]ta9 :at ^! are is c]ta9ly ! function & ! bus9ess ( philosophy4 ,x is f ?is po9t ( view t ,plato breaks out into ! celebrat$ or notori\s passage :]e he makes ,socrates emphatically /ate t philosophy & political p[] mu/ co9cide1 t ! ,idea mu/ be reg5t1 if ! di/ress ( nations is to see its end4 ,:at ,plato ?us def9itely set be=e 8 m9d 0 t ! ,idea--:i* implicitly inde$ is ! free self-det]m9+ ?\ght--c\ld n get into consci\sness save only 9 ! =m ( a ?\ght2 t ! sub/ance ( ! ?\ght c\ld only be true :5 set =? z a univ]sal1 & z su* br\ght to consci\sness "u its mo/ ab/ract =m4 ,to comp>e ! ,platonic /&po9t 9 all its def9it5ess ) ! po9t ( view f :i* ! relation%ip ( /ate & religion is "h reg>d$1 ! notional diff]5ces on :i* ev]y?+ turns mu/ be recall$ to m9d4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is t 9 natural ?+s _! sub/ance or g5us is diff]5t f _! exi/5ce 9 :i* t sub/ance is z subject3 fur!r t ?is subjective exi/5ce ( ! g5us is di/9ct f t :i* x gets1 :5 specially set 9 relief z g5us1 or1 to put x simply1 z ! univ]sal 9 a m5tal concept or idea4 ,?is additional 8individuality0--! soil on :i* ! univ]sal & und]ly+ pr9ciple freely & expressly exi/s1--is ! intellectual & ?9k+ self4 ,9 ! case ( natural ?+s _! tru? & reality does n get ! =m ( univ]sality & ess5tiality ?r\gh !mselves1 & _! 8individuality0 is n itself ! =m3 ! =m is only f\nd 9 subjective ?9k+1 :i* 9 philosophy gives t univ]sal tru? & reality an exi/5ce ( its own4 ,9 man's case x is o!rwise3 8 tru? & reality is ! free m9d itself1 & x comes to exi/5ce 9 8 self-consci\sness4 ,?is absolute nucleus ( man--m9d intr9sically concrete--is j ?is--to h ! =m 7to h ?9k+7 itself = a cont5t4 ,to ! height ( ! ?9k+ consci\sness ( ?is pr9ciple ,ari/otle asc5d$ 9 8 notion ( ! entele*y ( ?\ght1 7:i* is 71 ?us surm\nt+ ! ,platonic ,idea 7! g5us1 or ess5tial be+74 ,b ?\ght always--& t on acc\nt ( ?is v pr9ciple--conta9s ! imm$iate self-subsi/5ce ( subjectivity no less ?an x conta9s univ]sality2 ! g5u9e ,idea ( ! intr9sically concrete m9d is j z ess5tially "u ! "o ( its t]ms 7subjective consci\sness7 z "u ! o!r 7univ]sality73 & 9 ! "o z 9 ! o!r x is ! same sub/antial cont5t4 ,"u ! subjective =m1 h[ev]1 fall feel+1 intuition1 pictorial repres5tation3 & x is 9 fact necess>y t 9 po9t ( "t ! consci\sness ( ! absolute ,idea %\ld be fir/ rea*$ & appreh5d$ 9 ?is =m3 9 o!r words1 x mu/ exi/ 9 its imm$iate reality z religion1 e>li] ?an x does z philosophy4 ,philosophy is a lat] developm5t f ?is basis 7j z ,greek philosophy itself is lat] ?an ,greek religion71 & 9 fact rea*es its completion by cat*+ & compreh5d+ 9 all its def9ite ess5tiality t pr9ciple ( _s :i* fir/ manife/s itself 9 religion4 ,b ,greek philosophy c\ld set itself up only 9 opposition to ,greek religion3 ! unity ( ?\ght & ! sub/antiality ( ! ,idea c\ld take up none b a ho/ile attitude to an imag9ative poly!ism1 & to ! gladsome & frivol\s hum\rs ( its poetic creations4 ,! =m 9 its inf9ite tru?1 ! subjectivity ( m9d1 broke =? at fir/ only z a subjective free ?9k+1 :i* 0 n yet id5tical ) ! sub/antiality itself1--& ?us ?is und]ly+ pr9ciple 0 n yet appreh5d$ z absolute m9d4 ,?us religion might appe> z fir/ purifi$ only ?r\gh philosophy1--?r\gh pure self-exi/5t ?\ght3 b ! =m p]vad+ ?is und]ly+ pr9ciple--! =m :i* philosophy attack$--0 t creative imag9ation4 ,political p[]1 :i* is develop$ simil>ly1 b e>li] ?an philosophy1 f religion1 exhibits ! onesid$ness1 :i* 9 ! actual _w may infect its implicitly true ,idea1 z demoralisation4 ,plato1 9 common ) all 8 ?9k+ contempor>ies1 p]ceiv$ ?is demoralisation ( democracy & ! defectiv5ess ev5 ( its pr9ciple2 he set 9 relief accord+ly ! und]ly+ pr9ciple ( ! /ate1 b c\ld n "w into 8 idea ( x ! inf9ite =m ( subjectivity1 :i* /ill escap$ 8 intellig5ce4 ,8 /ate is !re=e1 on its own %[+1 want+ 9 subjective lib]ty 7 #ejc note1 #eac1 c474 ,! tru? :i* %\ld be imman5t 9 ! /ate1 %\ld knit x toge!r & control x1 he1 = ^! reasons1 got hold ( only ! =m ( ?\ght-out tru?1 ( philosophy2 & h5ce he makes t utt]ance t 8s long z philosoph]s d n rule 9 ! /ates1 or ^? :o are n[ call$ k+s & rul]s d n s\ndly & compreh5sively philosophise1 s long nei!r ! /ate nor ! race ( m5 c be lib]at$ f evils1--s long w ! idea ( ! political con/itution fall %ort ( possibility & n see ! light ( ! sun40 ,x 0 n v\*saf$ to ,plato to g on s f> z to say t s long z true religion did n spr+ up 9 ! _w & hold sway 9 political life1 s long ! g5u9e pr9ciple ( ! /ate _h n come into actuality4 ,b s long too ?is pr9ciple c\ld n em]ge ev5 9 ?\ght1 nor c\ld ?\ght lay hold ( ! g5u9e idea ( ! /ate1--! idea ( ! sub/antial moral life1 ) :i* is id5tical ! lib]ty ( an indep5d5t self-consci\sness4 ,only 9 ! pr9ciple ( m9d1 :i* is aw>e ( its own ess5ce1 is implicitly 9 absolute lib]ty1 & has its actuality 9 ! act ( self-lib]ation1 does ! absolute possibility & necessity exi/ = political p[]1 religion1 & ! pr9ciples ( philosophy co9cid+ 9 "o1 & = accompli%+ ! reconciliation ( actuality 9 g5]al ) ! m9d1 ( ! /ate ) ! religi\s consci5ce z well z ) ! philosophical consci\sness4 ,self-realis+ subjectivity is 9 ?is case absolutely id5tical ) sub/antial univ]sality4 ,h5ce religion z su*1 & ! /ate z su*1--bo? z =ms 9 :i* ! pr9ciple exi/s--ea* conta9 ! absolute tru?3 s t ! tru?1 9 its philosophic phase1 is aft] all only 9 "o ( its =ms4 ,b ev5 religion1 z x gr[s & exp&s1 lets o!r aspects ( ! ,idea ( humanity gr[ & exp& also 7 #ejj sqq474 ,z x is left !re=e beh9d1 9 its fir/ imm$iate1 & s also "o-sid$ phase1 ,religion may1 or r mu/1 appe> 9 its exi/5ce degrad$ to s5su\s ext]nality1 & ?us 9 ! sequel become an influ5ce to oppress lib]ty ( _s & to deprave political life4 ,/ill ! pr9ciple has 9 x ! inf9ite 8ela/icity0 ( ! 8absolute0 =m1 s z to ov]come ?is deprav+ ( ! =m-det]m9ation 7& ( ! cont5t by ^! means71 & to br+ ab\t ! reconciliation ( ! _s 9 itself4 ,?us ultimately1 9 ! ,prote/ant consci5ce ! pr9ciples ( ! religi\s & ( ! e?ical consci5ce come to be "o & ! same3 ! free _s le>n+ to see itself 9 its reasonabl5ess & tru?4 ,9 ! ,prote/ant /ate1 ! con/itution & ! code1 z well z _! sev]al applications1 embody ! pr9ciple & ! developm5t ( ! moral life1 :i* proce$s & c only proce$ f ! tru? ( religion1 :5 re9/at$ 9 its orig9al pr9ciple & 9 t way z su* fir/ become actual4 ,! moral life ( ! /ate & ! religi\s spirituality ( ! /ate are ?us reciprocal gu>antees ( /r5g?4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,,absolute ,,m9d7#aga74 #eec4 ,! notion ( m9d has its reality 9 ! m9d4 ,if ?is reality 9 id5tity ) t notion is to exi/ z ! consci\sness ( ! absolute ,idea1 !n ! necess>y aspect is t ! implicitly free intellig5ce be 9 its actuality lib]at$ to its notion1 if t actuality is to be a vehicle wor?y ( x4 ,! subjective & ! objective _s are to be look$ on z ! road on :i* ?is aspect ( reality or exi/5ce rises to maturity4 #eed4 ,! absolute m9d1 :ile x is self-c5tr$ id5tity1 is always also id5tity return+ & ev] return$ into itself3 if x is ! "o & univ]sal sub/ance x is s z a _s1 disc]n+ itself into a self & a consci\sness1 = :i* x is z sub/ance4 ,religion1 z ?is supreme sph]e may be 9 g5]al designat$1 if x has on "o h& to be /udi$ z issu+ f ! subject & hav+ its home 9 ! subject1 mu/ no less be reg>d$ z objectively issu+ f ! absolute _s :i* z _s is 9 its community4 ,t "h1 z always1 belief or fai? is n opposite to consci\sness or k1 b r to a sort ( k1 & t belief is only a p>ticul> =m ( ! latt]1 has be5 rem>k$ already 7 #fc note74 ,if n[adays !re is s little consci\sness ( ,god1 & 8 objective ess5ce is s little dwelt ^u1 :ile p speak s mu* m ( ! subjective side ( religion1 i4e4 ( ,god's indwell+ 9 u1 & if t & n ! tru? z su* is call$ =1--9 ?is !re is at lea/ ! correct pr9ciple t ,god mu/ be appreh5d$ z _s 9 8 community4 #eee4 ,! subjective consci\sness ( ! absolute _s is ess5tially & intr9sically a process1 ! imm$iate & sub/antial unity ( :i* is ! ,belief 9 ! witness ( ! _s z ! c]ta9ty ( objective tru?4 ,belief1 at once ?is imm$iate unity & conta9+ x z a reciprocal dep5d5ce ( ^! diff]5t t]ms1 has 9 devotion--! implicit or m explicit act ( wor%ip 7cultus7--pass$ ov] into ! process ( sup]s$+ ! contra/ till x becomes spiritual lib]ation1 ! process ( au!nticat+ t fir/ c]ta9ty by ?is int]m$iation1 & ( ga9+ its concrete det]m9ation1 viz4 reconciliation1 ! actuality ( ! _s4 ,sub-,section ,a4 ,art4 #eef4 ,z ?is consci\sness ( ! ,absolute fir/ takes %ape1 its imm$iacy produces ! factor ( f9itude 9 ,art4 ,on "o h& t is1 x breaks up into a "w ( ext]nal common exi/5ce1 into ! subject :i* produces t "w1 & ! subject :i* contemplates & wor%ips x4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x is ! concrete contemplation & m5tal picture ( implicitly absolute _s z ! ,ideal4 ,9 ?is ideal1 or ! concrete %ape born ( ! subjective _s1 its natural imm$iacy1 :i* is only a sign ( ! ,idea1 is s transfigur$ by ! in=m+ _s 9 ord] to express ! ,idea1 t ! figure %[s x & x alone3--! %ape or =m ( ,beauty4 #eeg4 ,! s5su\s ext]nality atta*+ to ! beautiful1--! =m ( imm$iacy z su*1--at ! same "t qualifies :at x embodies3 & ! ,god 7( art7 has ) 8 spirituality at ! same "t ! /amp ^u him ( a natural m$ium or natural phase ( exi/5ce--,he conta9s ! s-call$ unity ( nature & _s--i4e4 ! imm$iate unity 9 s5su\sly intuitional =m--h5ce n ! spiritual unity1 9 :i* ! natural w\ld be put only z 8ideal10 z sup]s$$ 9 _s1 & ! spiritual cont5t w\ld be only 9 self-relation4 ,x is n ! absolute _s :i* ent]s ?is consci\sness4 ,on ! subjective side ! community has ( c\rse an e?ical life1 aw>e1 z x is1 ( ! spirituality ( its ess5ce3 & its self-consci\sness & actuality are 9 x elevat$ to sub/antial lib]ty4 ,b ) ! /igma ( imm$iacy ^u x1 ! subject's lib]ty is only a mann] ( life1 )\t ! inf9ite self-reflection & ! subjective inw>dness ( consci5ce4 ,^! consid]ations gov]n 9 _! fur!r developm5ts ! devotion & ! wor%ip 9 ! religion ( f9e art4 #eeh4 ,= ! objects ( contemplation x has to produce1 ,art requires n only an ext]nal giv5 mat]ial--7"u :i* are also includ$ subjective images & ideas71 b--= ! expression ( spiritual tru?--mu/ use ! giv5 =ms ( nature ) a significance :i* art mu/ div9e & possess 7cf4 #daa74 ,( all su* =ms ! human is ! highe/ & ! true1 because only 9 x c ! _s h its corporeity & ?us its visible expression4 ,?is disposes ( ! pr9ciple ( ! imitation ( nature 9 art3 a po9t on :i* x is impossible to come to an und]/&+ :ile a di/9ction is left ?us ab/ract1--9 o!r words1 s long z ! natural is only tak5 9 its ext]nality1 n z ! 8*>act]i/ic0 mean+ful nature-=m :i* is significant ( _s4 #eei4 ,9 su* s+le %apes ! 8absolute0 m9d _c be made explicit3 9 & to art !re=e ! _s is a limit$ natural _s ^: implicit univ]sality1 :5 /eps are tak5 to specify its fullness 9 detail1 breaks up into an indet]m9ate poly!ism4 ,) ! ess5tial re/rict$ness ( its cont5t1 ,beauty 9 g5]al goes no fur!r ?an a p5etration ( ! vision or image by ! spiritual pr9ciple1--some?+ =mal1 s t ! ?\ght embodi$1 or ! idea1 c1 l ! mat]ial :i* x uses to "w 91 be ( ! mo/ div]se & uness5tial k9d1 & /ill ! "w be some?+ beautiful & a "w ( art4 #efj4 ,! "o-sid$ness ( imm$iacy on ! "p ( ! ,ideal involves ! opposite "o-sid$ness 7 #eef7 t x is some?+ made by ! arti/4 ,! subject or ag5t is ! m]e te*nical activity3 & ! "w ( art is only !n an expression ( ! ,god1 :5 !re is no sign ( subjective p>ticul>ity 9 x1 & ! net p[] ( ! indwell+ _s is conceiv$ & born into ! _w1 )\t admixture & unspott$ f its cont+5cy4 ,b z lib]ty only goes z f> z !re is ?\ght1 ! action inspir$ ) ! fullness ( ?is indwell+ p[]1 ! arti/'s en?usiasm1 is l a =eign =ce "u :i* he is b\nd & passive2 ! arti/ic production has on its "p ! =m ( natural imm$iacy1 x belongs to ! g5ius or p>ticul> end[m5t ( ! arti/1--& is at ! same "t a lab\r conc]n$ ) te*nical clev]ness & me*anical ext]nalities4 ,! "w ( art !re=e is j z mu* a "w due to free option1 & ! arti/ is ! ma/] ( ! ,god4 #efa4 ,9 "w s inspir$ ! reconciliation appe>s s obvi\s 9 its initial /age t x is )\t m ado accompli%$ 9 ! subjective self-consci\sness1 :i* is ?us self-confid5t & ( good *e]1 )\t ! dep? & )\t ! s5se ( its anti!sis to ! absolute ess5ce4 ,on ! fur!r side ( ! p]fection 7:i* is rea*$ 9 su* reconciliation1 9 ! beauty ( classical art7 lies ! art ( sublimity1--symbolic art1 9 :i* ! figuration suitable to ! ,idea is n yet f\nd1 & ! ?\ght z go+ =? & wre/l+ ) ! figure is exhibit$ z a negative attitude to x1 & yet all ! :ile toil+ to "w itself into x4 ,! mean+ or !me ?us %[s x has n yet rea*$ ! inf9ite =m1 is n yet kn[n1 n yet consci\s ( itself1 z free _s4 ,! arti/'s !me only is z ! ab/ract ,god ( pure ?\ght1 or an ef=t t[>ds him1--a re/less & unappeas$ ef=t :i* ?r[s itself into %ape aft] %ape z x va9ly tries to f9d its goal4 #efb4 ,9 ano!r way ! ,idea & ! s5su\s figure x appe>s 9 are incompatible2 & t is :]e ! inf9ite =m1 subjectivity1 is n z 9 ! fir/ extreme a m]e sup]ficial p]sonality1 b its inmo/ dep?1 & ,god is kn[n n z only seek+ 8 =m or satisfy+ himself 9 an ext]nal =m1 b z only f9d+ himself 9 himself1 & ?us giv+ himself 8 adequate figure 9 ! spiritual _w alone4 ,romantic art gives up ! task ( %[+ him z su* 9 ext]nal =m & by means ( beauty3 x pres5ts him z only condesc5d+ to appe>ance1 & ! div9e z ! he>t ( he>ts 9 an ext]nality f :i* x always dis5gages itself4 ,?us ! ext]nal c "h appe> z cont+5t t[>ds its significance4 ,! ,philosophy ( ,religion has to discov] ! logical necessity 9 ! progress by :i* ! ,be+1 kn[n z ! ,absolute1 assumes full] & firm] features2 x has to note to :at p>ticul> feature ! k9d ( cultus corresponds1--& !n to see h[ ! secul> self-consci\sness1 ! consci\sness ( :at is ! supreme vocation ( man1--9 %ort h[ ! nature ( a nation's moral life1 ! pr9ciple ( its law1 ( its actual lib]ty1 & ( its con/itution1 z well z ( its art & sci5ce1 corresponds to ! pr9ciple :i* con/itutes ! sub/ance ( a religion4 ,t all ^! elem5ts ( a nation's actuality con/itute "o sy/ematic totality1 t "o _s creates & in=ms !m1 is a tru? on :i* foll[s ! fur!r tru? t ! hi/ory ( religions co9cides ) ! _w-hi/ory4 ,z reg>ds ! close connexion ( art ) ! v>i\s religions x may be specially not$ t beautiful art c only belong to ^? religions 9 :i* ! spiritual pr9ciple1 ?\gh concrete & intr9sically free1 is n yet absolute4 ,9 religions :]e ! ,idea has n yet be5 reveal$ & kn[n 9 its free "*1 ?\gh ! crav+ = art is felt 9 ord] to br+ 9 imag9ative visibility to consci\sness ! idea ( ! supreme be+1 & ?\gh art is ! sole organ 9 :i* ! ab/ract & radically indi/9ct cont5t1--a mixture f natural & spiritual s\rces1--c try to br+ itself to consci\sness2--/ill ?is art is defective2 its =m is defective because its subject-matt] & !me is s1--= ! defect 9 subject-matt] comes f ! =m n be+ imman5t 9 x4 ,! repres5tations ( ?is symbolic art keep a c]ta9 ta/elessness & /olidity--= ! pr9ciple x embodies is itself /olid & dull1 & h5ce has n ! p[] freely to transmute ! ext]nal to significance & %ape4 ,beautiful art1 on ! contr>y1 has = its condition ! self-consci\sness ( ! free _s1--! consci\sness t comp>$ ) x ! natural & s5su\s has no /&+ ( its own3 x makes ! natural :olly into ! m]e expression ( _s1 :i* is ?us ! inn] =m t gives utt]ance to itself alone4 ,b ) a fur!r & deep] /udy1 we see t ! adv5t ( art1 9 a religion /ill 9 ! bonds ( s5su\s ext]nality1 %[s t su* religion is on ! decl9e4 ,at ! v "t x seems to give religion ! supreme glorification1 expression & brilliancy1 x has lift$ ! religion away ov] its limitation4 ,9 ! sublime div9ity to :i* ! "w ( art succe$s 9 giv+ expression ! arti/ic g5ius & ! spectator f9d !mselves at home1 ) _! p]sonal s5se & feel+1 satisfi$ & lib]at$3 to !m ! vision & ! consci\sness ( free _s has be5 v\*saf$ & atta9$4 ,beautiful art1 f its side1 has ?us p]=m$ ! same s]vice z philosophy3 x has purifi$ ! _s f its ?raldom4 ,! old] religion 9 :i* ! ne$ ( f9e art1 & j = t reason1 is fir/ g5]at$1 looks up 9 its pr9ciple to an o!r-_w :i* is s5su\s & unmean+3 ! images ador$ by its devotees are hide\s idols reg>d$ z wond]-work+ talismans1 :i* po9t to ! unspiritual objectivity ( t o!r _w1--& bones p]=m a simil> or ev5 a bett] s]vice ?an su* images4 ,b ev5 f9e art is only a grade ( lib]ation1 n ! supreme lib]ation itself4--,! g5u9e objectivity1 :i* is only 9 ! m$ium ( ?\ght1--! m$ium 9 :i* alone ! pure _s is = ! _s1 & :]e ! lib]ation is accompani$ ) rev]5ce1--is /ill abs5t 9 ! s5su\s beauty ( ! "w ( art1 /ill m 9 t ext]nal1 unbeautiful s5su\sness4 #efc4 ,beautiful ,art1 l ! religion peculi> to x1 has its future 9 true religion4 ,! re/rict$ value ( ! ,idea passes utt]ly & naturally into ! univ]sality id5tical ) ! inf9ite =m2--! vision 9 :i* consci\sness has to dep5d ^u ! s5ses passes into a self-m$iat+ k1 into an exi/5ce :i* is itself k1--into revelation4 ,?us ! pr9ciple :i* gives ! ,idea its cont5t is t x embody free intellig5ce1 & z 8absolute0 _s x is = ! _s4 ,sub-,section ,b4 ,reveal$ ,religion7#agb74 #efd4 ,x lies ess5tially 9 ! notion ( religion1--! religion i4e4 ^: cont5t is absolute m9d--t x be reveal$1 &1 :at is m1 reveal$ by ,god4 ,k 7! pr9ciple by :i* ! sub/ance is m9d7 is a self-det]m9+ pr9ciple1 z inf9ite self-realis+ =m1--x !re=e is manife/ation out & out4 ,! _s is only _s 9 s f> z x is = ! _s1 & 9 ! absolute religion x is ! absolute _s :i* manife/s no long] ab/ract elem5ts ( its be+ b itself4 ,! old conception--due to a "o-sid$ survey ( human life--( ,nemesis1 :i* made ! div9ity & its action 9 ! _w only a levell+ p[]1 da%+ to pieces ev]y?+ high & great1--0 confront$ by ,plato & ,ari/otle ) ! doctr9e t ,god is n envi\s4 ,! same answ] may be giv5 to ! mod]n ass]tions t man _c asc]ta9 ,god4 ,^! ass]tions 7& m ?an ass]tions !y are n7 are ! m illogical1 because made )9 a religion :i* is expressly call$ ! reveal$2 = accord+ to !m x w\ld r be ! religion 9 :i* no?+ ( ,god 0 reveal$1 9 :i* he _h n reveal$ himself1 & ^? belong+ to x w\ld be ! hea!n 8:o "k n ,god40 ,if ! ^w ( ,god is tak5 9 e>ne/ 9 religion at all1 x is f ,him1 ! !me & c5tre ( religion1 t ! me?od ( div9e k may & mu/ beg93 & if self-revelation is refus$ ,him1 !n ! only ?+ left to con/itute ,8 nature w\ld be to ascribe envy to ,him4 ,b cle>ly if ! ^w ,m9d is to h a mean+1 x implies ! revelation ( ,him4 ,if we recollect h[ intricate is ! k ( ! div9e ,m9d = ^? :o are n cont5t ) ! homely pictures ( fai? b proce$ to ?\ght1--at fir/ only 8rationalis+0 reflection1 b aft]w>ds1 z 9 duty b\nd1 to speculative compreh5sion1 x may almo/ create surprise t s _m1 & especially !ologians ^: vocation x is to deal ) ^! ,ideas1 h tri$ to get (f _! task by gladly accept+ any?+ (f]$ !m = ?is beho(4 ,& no?+ s]ves bett] to %irk x ?an to adopt ! conclusion t man kn[s no?+ ( ,god4 ,to "k :at ,god z _s is--to appreh5d ?is accurately & di/9ctly 9 ?\ghts--requires c>eful & ?or\gh speculation4 ,x includes1 9 its =e-front1 ! propositions3 ,god is ,god only s f> z he kn[s himself3 8 self-k is1 fur!r1 8 self-consci\sness 9 man1 & man's k ( ,god1 :i* proce$s to man's self-k 9 ,god4--,see ! pr(\nd elucidation ( ^! propositions 9 ! "w f :i* !y are tak53 ,aphorisms on ,kn[+ & ,n-kn[+1 c41 by ,c4 ,f4 ,g--l43 ,b]l9 #ahbi4 #efe4 ,:5 ! imm$iacy & s5su\sness ( %ape & k is sup]s$$1 ,god is1 9 po9t ( cont5t1 ! ess5tial & actual _s ( nature & _s1 :ile 9 po9t ( =m he is1 fir/ ( all1 pres5t$ to consci\sness z a m5tal repres5tation4 ,?is quasi-pictorial repres5tation gives to ! elem5ts ( 8 cont5t1 on "o h&1 a sep>ate be+1 mak+ !m presuppositions t[>ds ea* o!r1 & ph5om5a :i* succe$ ea* o!r2 _! relation%ip x makes a s]ies ( ev5ts accord+ to f9ite reflective categories4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 su* a =m ( f9ite repres5tationalism is also ov]come & sup]s$$ 9 ! fai? :i* realises "o _s & 9 ! devotion ( wor%ip4 #eff4 ,9 ?is sep>at+1 ! =m p>ts f ! cont5t3 & 9 ! =m ! diff]5t functions ( ! notion "p (f into special sph]es or m$ia1 9 ea* ( :i* ! absolute _s exhibits itself2 77 z et]nal cont5t1 abid+ self-c5tr$1 ev5 9 its manife/ation2 77 z di/9ction ( ! et]nal ess5ce f its manife/ation1 :i* by ?is diff]5ce becomes ! ph5om5al _w into :i* ! cont5t ent]s2 77 z inf9ite return1 & reconciliation ) ! et]nal be+1 ( ! _w x gave away--! )drawal ( ! et]nal f ! ph5om5al into ! unity ( its fullness4 #efg4 77 ,"u ! 8mom5t0 ( ,univ]sality1--! sph]e ( pure ?\ght or ! ab/ract m$ium ( ess5ce1--x is !re=e ! absolute _s1 :i* is at fir/ ! presuppos$ pr9ciple1 n h[ev] /ay+ alo( & in]t1 b 7z und]ly+ & ess5tial p[] "u ! reflective category ( causality7 creator ( heav5 & e>?3 b yet 9 ?is et]nal sph]e r only begett+ himself z 8 son1 ) :om1 ?\gh diff]5t1 he /ill rema9s 9 orig9al id5tity1--j z1 aga91 ?is diff]5tiation ( him f ! univ]sal ess5ce et]nally sup]s$es itself1 &1 ?\gh ?is m$iat+ ( a self-sup]s$+ m$iation1 ! fir/ sub/ance is ess5tially z concrete individuality & subjectivity1--is ! ,_s4 #efh4 77 ,"u ! 8mom5t0 ( p>ticul>ity1 or ( judgm5t1 x is ?is concrete et]nal be+ :i* is presuppos$3 its movem5t is ! creation ( ! ph5om5al _w4 ,! et]nal 8mom5t0 ( m$iation--( ! only ,son--divides itself to become ! anti!sis ( two sep>ate worlds4 ,on "o h& is heav5 & e>?1 ! elem5tal & ! concrete nature1--on ! o!r h&1 /&+ 9 action & reaction ) su* nature1 ! _s1 :i* !re=e is f9ite4 ,t _s1 z ! extreme ( inh]5t negativity1 completes its indep5d5ce till x becomes wick$ness1 & is t extreme ?r\gh its connexion ) a confront+ nature & ?r\gh its own naturalness !reby inve/+ x4 ,yet1 amid t naturalness1 x is1 :5 x ?9ks1 direct$ t[>ds ! ,et]nal1 ?\gh1 = t reason1 only /&+ to x 9 an ext]nal connexion4 #efi4 77 ,"u ! 8mom5t0 ( individuality z su*1--( subjectivity & ! notion itself1 9 :i* ! contra/ ( univ]sal & p>ticul> has sunk to its id5tical gr\nd1 ! place ( presupposition 7#a7 is tak5 by ! univ]sal sub/ance1 z actualis$ out ( its ab/raction into an individual self-consci\sness4 ,?is individual1 :o z su* is id5tifi$ ) ! ess5ce1--79 ! ,et]nal sph]e he is call$ ! ,son7--is transplant$ into ! _w ( "t1 & 9 him wick$ness is implicitly ov]come4 ,fur!r1 ?is imm$iate1 & ?us s5su\s1 exi/5ce ( ! absolutely concrete is repres5t$ z putt+ himself 9 judgm5t & expir+ 9 ! pa9 ( negativity1 9 :i* he1 z inf9ite subjectivity1 keeps himself un*ang$1 & ?us1 z absolute return f t negativity & z univ]sal unity ( univ]sal & individual ess5tiality1 has realis$ 8 be+ z ! ,idea ( ! _s1 et]nal1 b alive & pres5t 9 ! _w4 #egj4 7#b7 ,?is objective totality ( ! div9e man :o is ! ,idea ( ! _s is ! implicit presupposition = ! f9ite imm$iacy ( ! s+le subject4 ,= su* subject !re=e x is at fir/ an ,o!r1 an object ( contemplat+ vision1--b ! vision ( implicit tru?1 ?r\gh :i* witness ( ! _s 9 him1 he1 on acc\nt ( 8 imm$iate nature1 at fir/ *>act]is$ himself z n\ght & wick$4 ,b1 secondly1 aft] ! example ( 8 tru?1 by means ( ! fai? on ! unity 79 t example implicitly accompli%$7 ( univ]sal & individual ess5ce1 he is also ! movem5t to ?r[ (f 8 imm$iacy1 8 natural man & self-w1 to close himself 9 unity ) t example 7:o is 8 implicit life7 9 ! pa9 ( negativity1 & ?us to "k himself made "o ) ! ess5tial ,be+4 ,?us ! ,be+ ( ,be+s 7#c7 ?r\gh ?is m$iation br+s ab\t its own indwell+ 9 self-consci\sness1 & is ! actual pres5ce ( ! ess5tial & self-subsi/+ _s :o is all 9 all4 #ega4 ,^! ?ree syllogisms1 con/itut+ ! "o syllogism ( ! absolute self-m$iation ( _s1 are ! revelation ( t _s ^: life is set out z a cycle ( concrete %apes 9 pictorial ?\ght4 ,f ?is its sep>ation into p>ts1 ) a temporal & ext]nal sequ5ce1 ! unfold+ ( ! m$iation contracts itself 9 ! result1--:]e ! _s closes 9 unity ) itself1--n m]ely to ! simplicity ( fai? & devotional feel+1 b ev5 to ?\ght4 ,9 ! imman5t simplicity ( ?\ght ! unfold+ /ill has its expansion1 yet is all ! :ile kn[n z an indivisible coh]5ce ( ! univ]sal1 simple1 & et]nal _s 9 itself4 ,9 ?is =m ( tru?1 tru? is ! object ( philosophy4 ,if ! result--! realis$ ,_s 9 :i* all m$itation has sup]s$$ itself--is tak5 9 a m]ely =mal1 cont5tless s5se1 s t ! _s is n also at ! same "t kn[n z implicitly exi/5t & objectively self-unfold+2--!n t inf9ite subjectivity is ! m]ely =mal self-consci\sness1 kn[+ itself 9 itself z absolute1--,irony4 ,irony1 :i* c make e objective reality n\ght & va91 is itself ! empt9ess & vanity1 :i* f itself1 & !re=e by *ance & its own good pleasure1 gives itself direction & cont5t1 rema9s ma/] ov] x1 is n b\nd by x1--&1 ) ! ass]tion t x /&s on ! v summit ( religion & philosophy1 falls r back into ! vanity ( wilfulness4 ,x is only 9 proportion z ! pure inf9ite =m1 ! self-c5tr$ manife/ation1 ?r[s (f ! "o-sid$ness ( subjectivity 9 :i* x is ! vanity ( ?\ght1 t x is ! free ?\ght :i* has its inf9ite *>act]i/ic at ! same "t z ess5tial & actual cont5t1 & has t cont5t z an object 9 :i* x is also free4 ,?9k+1 s f>1 is only ! =mal aspect ( ! absolute cont5t4 ,sub-,section ,c4 ,philosophy4 #egb4 ,?is sci5ce is ! unity ( ,art & ,religion4 ,:]eas ! vision-me?od ( ,art1 ext]nal 9 po9t ( =m1 is b subjective production & %iv]s ! sub/antial cont5t into _m sep>ate %apes1 & :]eas ,religion1 ) its sep>ation into p>ts1 op5s x out 9 m5tal picture1 & m$iates :at is ?us op5$ out2 ,philosophy n m]ely keeps !m toge!r to make a total1 b ev5 unifies !m into ! simple spiritual vision1 & !n 9 t raises !m to self-consci\s ?\ght4 ,su* consci\sness is ?us ! intelligible unity 7cognis$ by ?\ght7 ( art & religion1 9 :i* ! div]se elem5ts 9 ! cont5t are cognis$ z necess>y1 & ?is necess>y z free4 #egc4 ,philosophy ?us *>act]ises itself z a cognition ( ! necessity 9 ! cont5t ( ! absolute picture-idea1 z also ( ! necessity 9 ! two =ms--on "o h&1 imm$iate vision & its poetry1 & ! objective & ext]nal revelation presuppos$ by repres5tation1--on ! o!r h&1 fir/ ! subjective retreat inw>ds1 !n ! subjective movem5t ( fai? & its f9al id5tification ) ! presuppos$ object4 ,?is cognition is ?us ! recognition ( ?is cont5t & its =m2 x is ! lib]ation f ! "o-sid$ness ( ! =ms1 elevation ( !m into ! absolute =m1 :i* det]m9es itself to cont5t1 rema9s id5tical ) x1 & is 9 t ! cognition ( t ess5tial & actual necessity4 ,?is movem5t1 :i* philosophy is1 f9ds itself already accompli%$1 :5 at ! close x seizes its own notion1--i4e4 only looks back on its k4 ,"h might seem to be ! place to treat 9 a def9ite exposition ( ! reciprocal relations ( philosophy & religion4 ,! :ole "q turns entirely on ! diff]5ce ( ! =ms ( speculative ?\ght f ! =ms ( m5tal repres5tation & 8reflect+0 intellect4 ,b x is ! :ole cycle ( philosophy1 & ( logic 9 p>ticul>1 :i* has n m]ely taught & made kn[n ?is diff]5ce1 b also criticis$ x1 or r has let its nature develop & judge itself by ^! v categories4 ,x is only by an insight into ! value ( ^! =ms t ! true & ne$ful conviction c be ga9$1 t ! cont5t ( religion & philosophy is ! same1--leav+ out1 ( c\rse1 ! fur!r details ( ext]nal nature & f9ite m9d :i* fall outside ! range ( religion4 ,b religion is ! tru? = all m53 fai? re/s on ! witness ( ! _s1 :i* z witness+ is ! _s 9 man4 ,?is witness--! und]ly+ ess5ce 9 all humanity--takes1 :5 driv5 to exp\nd itself1 its fir/ def9ite =m "u ^? acquir$ habits ( ?\ght :i* 8 secul> consci\sness & intellect o!rwise employs4 ,9 ?is way ! tru? becomes liable to ! t]ms & conditions ( f9itude 9 g5]al4 ,?is does n prev5t ! _s1 ev5 9 employ+ s5su\s ideas & f9ite categories ( ?\ght1 f reta9+ its cont5t 7:i* z religion is ess5tially speculative17 ) a t5acity :i* does viol5ce to !m1 & acts inconsi/5tly t[>ds !m4 ,by ?is inconsi/5cy x corrects _! defects4 ,no?+ easi] !re=e = ! 8,rationali/0 ?an to po9t out contradictions 9 ! exposition ( ! fai?1 & !n to prep>e triumphs = its pr9ciple ( =mal id5tity4 ,if ! _s yields to ?is f9ite reflection1 :i* has usurp$ ! title ( reason & philosophy--78,rationalism07--x /rips religi\s tru? ( its inf9ity & makes x 9 reality n\ght4 ,religion 9 t case is completely 9 ! "r 9 gu>d+ h]self aga9/ su* reason & philosophy & treat+ !m z enemies4 ,b x is ano!r ?+ :5 religion sets h]self aga9/ compreh5d+ reason1 & aga9/ philosophy 9 g5]al1 & specially aga9/ a philosophy ( :i* ! doctr9e is speculative1 & s religi\s4 ,su* an opposition proce$s f failure to appreciate ! diff]5ce indicat$ & ! value ( spiritual =m 9 g5]al1 & p>ticul>ly ( ! logical =m2 or1 to be m precise1 /ill f failure to note ! di/9ction ( ! cont5t--:i* may be 9 bo? ! same--f ^! =ms4 ,x is on ! gr\nd ( =m t philosophy has be5 reproa*$ & accus$ by ! religi\s p>ty2 j z conv]sely its speculative cont5t has br\ght ! same *>ges ^u x f a self-/yl$ philosophy--& f a pi?less or?odoxy4 ,x _h too little ( ,god 9 x = ! =m]2 too mu* = ! latt]4 ,! *>ge ( ,a!ism1 :i* us$ (t5 to be br\ght aga9/ philosophy 7t x has too little ( ,god71 has gr[n r>e3 ! m wide-spread gr[s ! *>ge ( ,pan!ism1 t x has too mu* ( him3--s mu* s1 t x is treat$ n s mu* z an imputation1 b z a prov$ fact1 or a %e] fact :i* ne$s no pro(4 ,piety1 9 p>ticul>1 :i* ) its pi\s airs ( sup]iority fancies itself free to disp5se ) pro(1 goes h& 9 h& ) empty rationalism--7:i* means to be s mu* oppos$ to x1 ?\gh bo? repose really on ! same habit ( m9d7--9 ! wanton ass]tion1 almo/ z if x m]ely m5tion$ a notori\s fact1 t ,philosophy is ! ,all-"o doctr9e1 or ,pan!ism4 ,x mu/ be said t x 0 m to ! cr$it ( piety & !ology :5 !y accus$ a philosophical sy/em 7e4g4 ,sp9ozism7 ( ,a!ism ?an ( ,pan!ism1 ?\gh ! =m] imputation at ! fir/ glance looks m cruel & insidi\s 7cf4 #ga note74 ,! imputation ( ,a!ism presupposes a def9ite idea ( a full & real ,god1 & arises because ! popul> idea does n detect 9 ! philosophical notion ! peculi> =m to :i* x is atta*$4 ,philosophy inde$ c recognise its own =ms 9 ! categories ( religi\s consci\sness1 & ev5 its own tea*+ 9 ! doctr9e ( religion--:i* !re=e x does n disp>age4 ,b ! conv]se is n true3 ! religi\s consci\sness does n apply ! criticism ( ?\ght to itself1 does n compreh5d itself1 & is !re=e1 z x /&s1 exclusive4 ,to impute ,pan!ism in/ead ( ,a!ism to ,philosophy is "p ( ! mod]n habit ( m9d--( ! new piety & new !ology4 ,= !m philosophy has too mu* ( ,god3--s mu* s1 t1 if we believe !m1 x ass]ts t ,god is ev]y?+ & ev]y?+ is ,god4 ,?is new !ology1 :i* makes religion only a subjective feel+ & d5ies ! k ( ! div9e nature1 ?us reta9s no?+ m ?an a ,god 9 g5]al )\t objective *>act]i/ics4 ,)\t int]e/ ( its own = ! concrete1 fulfill$ notion ( ,god1 x treats x only z an int]e/ :i* o!rs once _h1 & h5ce treats :at belongs to ! doctr9e ( ,god's concrete nature z some?+ m]ely hi/orical4 ,! indet]m9ate ,god is to be f\nd 9 all religions2 e k9d ( piety 7 #gb7--t ( ! ,h9doo to asses1 c[s1--or to dalai-lamas1--t ( ! ,egyptians to ! ox--is always adoration ( an object :i*1 ) all its absurdities1 also conta9s ! g5]ic ab/ract1 ,god 9 ,g5]al4 ,if ?is !ory ne$s no m ?an su* a ,god1 s z to f9d ,god 9 ev]y?+ call$ religion1 x mu/ at lea/ f9d su* a ,god recognis$ ev5 9 philosophy1 & c no long] accuse x ( ,a!ism4 ,! mitigation ( ! reproa* ( ,a!ism into t ( ,pan!ism has its gr\nd !re=e 9 ! sup]ficial idea to :i* ?is mildness has att5uat$ & empti$ ,god4 ,z t popul> idea cl+s to its ab/ract univ]sality1 f :i* all def9ite quality is exclud$1 all su* def9it5ess is only ! non-div9e1 ! secul>ity ( ?+s1 ?us left /&+ 9 fix$ undi/urb$ sub/antiality4 ,on su* a presupposition1 ev5 aft] philosophy has ma9ta9$ ,god's absolute univ]sality1 & ! consequ5t untru? ( ! be+ ( ext]nal ?+s1 ! he>] cl+s z he did be=e to 8 belief t secul> ?+s /ill keep _! be+1 & =m all t is def9ite 9 ! div9e univ]sality4 ,he ?us *anges t univ]sality into :at he calls ! pan!i/ic3--,ev]y?+ is--7empirical ?+s1 )\t di/9ction1 :e!r high] or l[] 9 ! scale1 are7--all possess sub/antiality2 & s--?us he und]/&s philosophy--ea* & e secul> ?+ is ,god4 ,x is only 8 own /upidity1 & ! falsifications due to su* misconception1 :i* g5]ate ! imag9ation & ! allegation ( su* pan!ism4 ,b if ^? :o give out t a c]ta9 philosophy is ,pan!ism1 are unable & unwill+ to see ?is--= x is j to see ! notion t !y refuse--!y %\ld be=e ev]y?+ h v]ifi$ ! alleg$ fact t any "o philosoph]1 or any "o man1 _h really ascrib$ sub/antial or objective & inh]5t reality to all ?+s & reg>d$ !m z ,god3--t su* an idea _h ev] come into ! h& ( any body b !mselves4 ,?is allegation ,i w fur!r elucidate 9 ?is exot]ic discussion3 & ! only way to d s is to set d[n ! evid5ce4 ,if we want to take s-call$ ,pan!ism 9 its mo/ poetical1 mo/ sublime1 or if y w1 its grosse/ %ape1 we mu/1 z is well kn[n1 consult ! ori5tal poets3 & ! mo/ copi\s del9eations ( x are f\nd 9 ,h9doo lit]ature4 ,among/ ! abundant res\rces op5 to our disposal on ?is topic1 ,i select--z ! mo/ au!ntic /atem5t accessible--! ,bhagavat-,gita1 & among/ its effusions1 prolix & reit]ative ad nauseam1 "s ( ! mo/ tell+ passages4 ,9 ! #aj? ,lesson 79 ,s*legel1 p4 #afb7 ,kri%na says ( himself7#agc73--8;,i am ! self1 seat$ 9 ! he>ts ( all be+s4 ,i am ! beg9n+ & ! middle & ! end also ( all be+s 444 ,i am ! beam+ sun among/ ! %9+ ones1 & ! moon among ! lun> mansions4444 ,among/ ! ,v$as ,i am ! ,sma-,v$a3 ,i am m9d among/ ! s5ses3 ,i am consci\sness 9 liv+ be+s4 ,& ,i am ,sank>a 7,siva7 among ! ,rudras1 444 ,m]u among ! high-topp$ m\nta9s1 444 ! ,himalaya among ! firmly-fix$ 7m\nta9s74444 ,among bea/s ,i am ! "l ( bea/s4444 ,among lett]s ,i am ! lett] ,a4444 ,i am ! spr+ among ! seasons4444 ,i am also t :i* is ! se$ ( all ?+s3 !re is no?+ moveable or immoveable :i* c exi/ )\t me40 ,ev5 9 ^! totally s5su\s del9eations1 ,kri%na 7& we mu/ n suppose !re is1 besides ,kri%na1 /ill ,god1 or a ,god besides2 z he said be=e he 0 ,siva1 or ,indra1 s x is aft]w>ds said t ,brahma too is 9 him7 makes himself out to be--n ev]y?+1 b only--! mo/ excell5t ( ev]y?+4 ,ev]y:]e !re is a di/9ction drawn betwe5 ext]nal1 uness5tial exi/5ces1 & "o ess5tial among/ !m1 :i* he is4 ,ev5 :51 at ! beg9n+ ( ! passage1 he is said to be ! beg9n+1 middle1 & end ( liv+ ?+s1 ?is totality is di/+ui%$ f ! liv+ ?+s !mselves z s+le exi/5ces4 ,ev5 su* a picture :i* ext5ds deity f> & wide 9 its exi/5ce _c be call$ pan!ism3 we mu/ r say t 9 ! inf9itely multiple empirical _w1 ev]y?+ is r$uc$ to a limit$ numb] ( ess5tial exi/5ces1 to a poly!ism4 ,b ev5 :at has be5 quot$ %[s t ^! v sub/antialities ( ! ext]nally-exi/5t d n reta9 ! indep5d5ce entitl+ !m to be nam$ ,gods2 ev5 ,siva1 ,indra1 c4 melt into ! "o ,kri%na4 ,?is r$uction is m expressly made 9 ! foll[+ sc5e 7#g? ,lesson1 p4 #g sqq474 ,kri%na says3 8,i am ! produc] & ! de/roy] ( ! :ole univ]se4 ,!re is no?+ else high] ?an myself2 all ?is is wov5 ^u me1 l numb]s ( pe>ls ^u a ?read4 ,i am ! ta/e 9 wat]2444 ,i am ! light ( ! sun & ! moon2 ,i am #8,om' 9 all ! ,v$as4444 ,i am life 9 all be+s4444 ,i am ! disc]nm5t ( ! disc]n+ ones4444 ,i am also ! /r5g? ( ! /rong40 ,!n he adds3 8,! :ole univ]se delud$ by ^! ?ree /ates ( m9d develop$ f ! qualities sc4 goodness1 passion1 d>kness does n "k me :o am beyond !m & inexhau/ible3 = ?is delusion ( m9e10 ev5 ! ,maya is 81 no?+ indep5d5t1 8develop$ f ! qualities is div9e & difficult to transc5d4 ,^? cross beyond ?is delusion :o resort to me alone40 ,!n ! picture ga!rs itself up 9 a simple expression3 8,at ! end ( _m lives1 ! man possess$ ( k approa*es me1 7believ+7 t ,vasudeva is ev]y?+4 ,su* a high-s\l$ m9d is v h>d to f9d4 ,^? :o are depriv$ ( k by v>i\s desires approa* o!r div9ities444 ,:i*ev] =m ( deity "o wor%ips ) fai?1 f x he obta9s ! b5eficial ?+s he desires really giv5 by me4 ,b ! fruit ?us obta9$ by ^? ( little judgm5t is p]i%able4444 ,! undisc]n+ ones1 n kn[+ my transc5d5t & inexhau/ible ess5ce1 ?an :i* !re is no?+ high]1 ?9k me :o am unp]ceiv$ to h become p]ceptible40 ,?is 8,all10 :i* ,kri%na calls himself1 is n1 any m ?an ! ,eleatic ,"o1 & ! ,sp9ozan ,sub/ance1 ! ,e-?+4 ,?is e-?+1 r1 ! inf9itely-manifold s5su\s manifold ( ! f9ite is 9 all ^! pictures1 b def9$ z ! 8accid5tal10 )\t ess5tial be+ ( its v own1 b hav+ its tru? 9 ! sub/ance1 ! ,"o :i*1 z diff]5t f t accid5tal1 is alone ! div9e & ,god4 ,h9dooism h[ev] has ! high] conception ( ,brahma1 ! pure unity ( ?\ght 9 itself1 :]e ! empirical ev]y?+ ( ! _w1 z also ^? proximate sub/antialities1 call$ ,gods1 vani%4 ,on t acc\nt ,colebrooke & _m o!rs h describ$ ! ,h9doo religion z at bottom a ,mono!ism4 ,t ?is description is n incorrect is cle> f ^! %ort citations4 ,b s little concrete is ?is div9e unity--spiritual z its idea ( ,god is--s p[]less its grip1 s to speak--t ,h9dooism1 ) a mon/r\s inconsi/5cy1 is also ! madde/ ( poly!isms4 ,b ! idolatry ( ! wret*$ ,h9doo1 :5 he adores ! ape1 or o!r creature1 is /ill a long way f t wret*$ fancy ( a ,pan!ism1 to :i* ev]y?+ is ,god1 & ,god ev]y?+4 ,h9doo mono!ism moreov] is itself an example h[ little comes ( m]e mono!ism1 if ! ,idea ( ,god is n deeply det]m9ate 9 itself4 ,= t unity1 if x be intr9sically ab/ract & !re=e empty1 t5ds ( itself to let :atev] is concrete1 outside x--be x z a lot ( ,gods or z secul>1 empirical individuals--keep its indep5d5ce4 ,t pan!ism inde$--on ! %all[ conception ( x--might ) a %[ ( logic z well be call$ a mono!ism3 = if ,god1 z x says1 is id5tical ) ! _w1 !n z !re is only "o _w !re w\ld be 9 t pan!ism only "o ,god4 ,p]haps ! empty num]ical unity mu/ be pr$icat$ ( ! _w3 b su* ab/ract pr$ication ( x has no fur!r special int]e/2 on ! contr>y1 a m]e num]ical unity j means t its cont5t is an inf9ite multeity & v>iety ( f9itudes4 ,b x is t delusion ) ! empty unity1 :i* alone makes possible & induces ! wrong idea ( pan!ism4 ,x is only ! picture--float+ 9 ! indef9ite blue--( ! _w z "o ?+1 ! all1 t c\ld ev] be consid]$ capable ( comb9+ ) ,god3 only on t assumption c\ld philosophy be suppos$ to tea* t ,god is ! _w3 = if ! _w 7 tak5 z x is1 z ev]y?+1 z ! endless lot ( empirical exi/5ce1 !n x w\ld h>dly h be5 ev5 held possible to suppose a pan!ism :i* ass]t$ ( su* /uff t x is ,god4 ,b to g back aga9 to ! "q ( fact4 ,if we want to see ! consci\sness ( ! ,"o--n z ) ! ,h9doos split betwe5 ! featureless unity ( ab/ract ?\ght1 on "o h&1 & on ! o!r1 ! long-w9d$ we>y /ory ( its p>ticul> detail1 b--9 its f9e/ purity & sublimity1 we mu/ consult ! ,mohamm$ans4 ,if e4g4 9 ! excell5t ,jelal$d9-,rumi 9 p>ticul>1 we f9d ! unity ( ! s\l ) ! ,"o set =?1 & t unity describ$ z love1 ?is spiritual unity is an exaltation above ! f9ite & vulg>1 a transfiguration ( ! natural & ! spiritual1 9 :i* ! ext]nalism & transitor9ess ( imm$iate nature1 & ( empirical secul> _s1 is disc>d$ & absorb$7#agd74 ,i refra9 f accumulat+ fur!r examples ( ! religi\s & poetic conceptions :i* x is cu/om>y to call pan!i/ic4 ,( ! philosophies to :i* t "n is giv51 ! ,eleatic1 or ,sp9ozi/1 x has be5 rem>k$ e>li] 7 #ej1 note7 t s f> are !y f id5tify+ ,god ) ! _w & mak+ him f9ite1 t 9 ^! sy/ems ?is 8ev]y?+0 has no tru?1 & t we %\ld r call !m mono!i/ic1 or1 9 relation to ! popul> idea ( ! _w1 acosmical4 ,!y are mo/ accurately call$ sy/ems :i* appreh5d ! ,absolute only z sub/ance4 ,( ! ori5tal1 especially ! ,mohamm$an1 modes ( envisag+ ,god1 we may r say t !y repres5t ! ,absolute z ! utt]ly univ]sal g5us :i* dwells 9 ! species or exi/5ces1 b dwells s pot5tly t ^! exi/5ces h no actual reality4 ,! fault ( all ^! modes ( ?\ght & sy/ems is t !y /op %ort ( def9+ sub/ance z subject & z m9d4 ,^! sy/ems & modes ( pictorial conception orig9ate f ! "o ne$ common to all philosophies & all religions ( gett+ an idea ( ,god1 &1 secondly1 ( ! relation%ip ( ,god & ! _w4 7,9 philosophy x is specially made out t ! det]m9ation ( ,god's nature det]m9es 8 relations ) ! _w47 ,! 8reflective0 und]/&+ beg9s by reject+ all sy/ems & modes ( conception1 :i*1 :e!r !y spr+ f he>t1 imag9ation or speculation1 express ! int]connexion ( ,god & ! _w3 & 9 ord] to h ,god pure 9 fai? or consci\sness1 he is z ess5ce p>t$ f appe>ance1 z inf9ite f ! f9ite4 ,b1 aft] ?is p>tition1 ! conviction arises also t ! appe>ance has a relation to ! ess5ce1 ! f9ite to ! inf9ite1 & s on3 & ?us arises ! "q ( reflection z to ! nature ( ?is relation4 ,x is 9 ! reflective =m t ! :ole difficulty ( ! affair lies1 & t causes ?is relation to be call$ incompreh5sible by ! agno/ic4 ,! close ( philosophy is n ! place1 ev5 9 a g5]al exot]ic discussion1 to wa/e a ^w on :at a 8notion0 means4 ,b z ! view tak5 ( ?is relation is closely connect$ ) ! view tak5 ( philosophy g5]ally & ) all imputations aga9/ x1 we may /ill add ! rem>k t ?\gh philosophy c]ta9ly has to d ) unity 9 g5]al1 x is n h[ev] ) ab/ract unity1 m]e id5tity1 & ! empty absolute1 b ) concrete unity 7! notion71 & t 9 its :ole c\rse x has to d ) no?+ else2--t ea* /ep 9 its advance is a peculi> t]m or phase ( ?is concrete unity1 & t ! deepe/ & la/ expression ( unity is ! unity ( absolute m9d itself4 ,w\ld-be judges & critics ( philosophy might be recomm5d$ to famili>ise !mselves ) ^! phases ( unity & to take ! tr\ble to get acqua9t$ ) !m1 at lea/ to "k s mu* t ( ^! t]ms !re are a great _m1 & t among/ !m !re is great v>iety4 ,b !y %[ s little acqua9tance ) !m--& /ill less take tr\ble ab\t x--t1 :5 !y he> ( unity--& relation ipso facto implies unity--!y r /ick fa/ at q ab/ract indet]m9ate unity1 & lose sight ( ! *ief po9t ( int]e/--! special mode 9 :i* ! unity is qualifi$4 ,h5ce all !y c say ab\t philosophy is t dry id5tity is its pr9ciple & result1 & t x is ! sy/em ( id5tity4 ,/ick+ fa/ to ! undige/$ ?\ght ( id5tity1 !y h laid h&s on1 n ! concrete unity1 ! notion & cont5t ( philosophy1 b r its rev]se4 ,9 ! philosophical field !y proce$1 z 9 ! physical field ! physici/2 :o also is well aw>e t he has be=e him a v>iety ( s5su\s prop]ties & matt]s--or usually matt]s alone1 7= ! prop]ties get trans=m$ into matt]s also = ! physici/7--& t ^! matt]s 7elem5ts7 also /& 9 relation to "o ano!r4 ,b ! "q is1 ,( :at k9d is ?is relation8 ,e peculi>ity & ! :ole diff]5ce ( natural ?+s1 inorganic & liv+1 dep5d solely on ! diff]5t modes ( ?is unity4 ,b in/ead ( asc]ta9+ ^! diff]5t modes1 ! ord9>y physici/ 7*emi/ includ$7 takes up only "o1 ! mo/ ext]nal & ! wor/1 viz4 composition1 applies only x 9 ! :ole range ( natural /ructures1 :i* he ?us r5d]s = ev] inexplicable4 ,! a=esaid %all[ pan!ism is an equally obvi\s inf]5ce f ?is %all[ id5tity4 ,all t ^? :o employ ?is inv5tion ( _! own to accuse philosophy ga!r f ! /udy ( ,god's relation to ! _w is t ! "o1 b only ! "o factor ( ?is category ( relation--& t ! factor ( indet]m9at5ess--is id5tity4 ,!reupon !y /ick fa/ 9 ?is half-p]ception1 & ass]t--falsely z a fact--t philosophy tea*es ! id5tity ( ,god & ! _w4 ,& z 9 _! judgm5t ei!r ( ! two1--! _w z mu* z ,god--has ! same solid sub/antiality z ! o!r1 !y inf] t 9 ! philosophic ,idea ,god is compos$ ( ,god & ! _w4 ,su* !n is ! idea !y =m ( pan!ism1 & :i* !y ascribe to philosophy4 ,unaccu/om$ 9 _! own ?9k+ & appreh5d+ ( ?\ghts to g beyond su* categories1 !y import !m into philosophy1 :]e !y are utt]ly unkn[n2 !y ?us infect x ) ! disease aga9/ :i* !y subsequ5tly raise an outcry4 ,if any difficulty em]ge 9 compreh5d+ ,god's relation to ! _w1 !y at once & v easily escape x by admitt+ t ?is relation conta9s = !m an inexplicable contradiction2 & t h5ce1 !y mu/ /op at ! vague conception ( su* relation1 p]haps "u ! m famili> names (1 e4g4 omnipres5ce1 provid5ce1 c4 ,fai? 9 _! use ( ! t]m means no m ?an a refusal to def9e ! conception1 or to ent] on a clos] discussion ( ! problem4 ,t m5 & classes ( untra9$ intellect are satisfi$ ) su* indef9it5ess1 is :at "o expects2 b :5 a tra9$ intellect & an int]e/ = reflective /udy is satisfi$1 9 matt]s admitt$ to be ( sup]ior1 if n ev5 ( supreme int]e/1 ) indef9ite ideas1 x is h>d to decide :e!r ! ?9k] is really 9 e>ne/ ) ! subject4 ,b if ^? :o cl+ to ?is crude 8rationalism0 7 9 e>ne/1 e4g4 ) ,god's omnipres5ce1 s f> z to realise _! fai? !reon 9 a def9ite m5tal idea1 9 :at difficulties w\ld !y be involv$ by _! belief 9 ! true reality ( ! ?+s ( s5se6 ,!y w\ld h>dly l1 z ,epicurus does1 to let ,god dwell 9 ! int]spaces ( ?+s1 i4e4 9 ! pores ( ! physici/s1--said pores be+ ! negative1 some?+ suppos$ to exi/ beside ! mat]ial reality4 ,?is v 8,beside0 w\ld give _! pan!ism its spatiality1--_! ev]y?+1 conceiv$ z ! mutual exclusion ( p>ts 9 space4 ,b 9 ascrib+ to ,god1 9 8 relation to ! _w1 an action on & 9 ! space ?us fill$ on ! _w & 9 x1 !y w\ld endlessly split up ! div9e actuality into inf9ite mat]iality4 ,!y w\ld really ?us h ! misconception !y call pan!ism or all-"o-doctr9e1 only z ! necess>y sequel ( _! misconceptions ( ,god & ! _w4 ,b to put t sort ( ?+1 ?is /ale gossip ( on5ess or id5tity1 on ! %\ld]s ( philosophy1 %[s su* recklessness ab\t ju/ice & tru? t x c only be expla9$ ?r\gh ! difficulty ( gett+ into ! head ?\ghts & notions1 i4e4 n ab/ract unity1 b ! _m-%ap$ modes specifi$4 ,if /atem5ts z to facts are put =w>d1 & ! facts 9 "q are ?\ghts & notions1 x is indisp5sable to get hold ( _! mean+4 ,b ev5 ! fulfilm5t ( ?is requirem5t has be5 r5d]$ sup]flu\s1 n[ t x has long be5 a =egone conclusion t philosophy is pan!ism1 a sy/em ( id5tity1 an ,all-"o doctr9e1 & t ! p]son !re=e :o might be unaw>e ( ?is fact is treat$ ei!r z m]ely unaw>e ( a matt] ( common notoriety1 or z prev>icat+ = a purpose4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is *orus ( ass]tions1 !n1 ,i h believ$ myself oblig$ to speak at m l5g? & exot]ically on ! outw>d & inw>d untru? ( ?is alleg$ fact3 = exot]ic discussion is ! only me?od available 9 deal+ ) ! ext]nal appreh5sion ( notions z m]e facts1--by :i* notions are p]v]t$ into _! opposite4 ,! esot]ic /udy ( ,god & id5tity1 z ( cognitions & notions1 is philosophy itself4 #egd4 ,?is notion ( philosophy is ! self-?9k+ ,idea1 ! tru? aw>e ( itself 7 #bcf71--! logical sy/em1 b ) ! signification t x is univ]sality approv$ & c]tifi$ 9 concrete cont5t z 9 its actuality4 ,9 ?is way ! sci5ce has gone back to its beg9n+3 its result is ! logical sy/em b z a spiritual pr9ciple3 out ( ! presuppos+ judgm5t1 9 :i* ! notion 0 only implicit & ! beg9n+ an imm$iate1--& ?us out ( ! appe>ance :i* x _h !re--x has ris5 into its pure pr9ciple & ?us also into its prop] m$ium4 #ege4 ,x is ?is appe>+ :i* orig9ally gives ! motive ( ! fur!r developm5t4 ,! fir/ appe>ance is =m$ by ! syllogism1 :i* is bas$ on ! ,logical sy/em z />t+-po9t1 ) ,nature = ! middle t]m :i* c\ples ! ,m9d ) x4 ,! ,logical pr9ciple turns to ,nature & ,nature to ,m9d4 ,nature1 /&+ betwe5 ! ,m9d & its ess5ce1 sund]s itself1 n inde$ to extremes ( f9ite ab/raction1 nor itself to some?+ away f !m & indep5d5t1--:i*1 z o!r ?an !y1 only s]ves z a l9k betwe5 !m3 = ! syllogism is 9 ! ,idea & ,nature is ess5tially def9$ z a transition-po9t & negative factor1 & z implicitly ! ,idea4 ,/ill ! m$iation ( ! notion has ! ext]nal =m ( transition1 & ! sci5ce ( ,nature pres5ts itself z ! c\rse ( necessity1 s t x is only 9 ! "o extreme t ! lib]ty ( ! notion is explicit z a self-amalgamation4 #egf4 ,9 ! second syllogism ?is appe>ance is s f> sup]s$$1 t t syllogism is ! /&po9t ( ! ,m9d itself1 :i*--z ! m$iat+ ag5t 9 ! process--presupposes ,nature & c\ples x ) ! ,logical pr9ciple4 ,x is ! syllogism :]e ,m9d reflects on itself 9 ! ,idea3 philosophy appe>s z a subjective cognition1 ( :i* lib]ty is ! aim1 & :i* is itself ! way to produce x4 #egg4 ,! ?ird syllogism is ! ,idea ( philosophy1 :i* has self-kn[+ reason1 ! absolutely-univ]sal1 = its middle t]m3 a middle1 :i* divides itself into ,m9d & ,nature1 mak+ ! =m] its presupposition1 z process ( ! ,idea's subjective activity1 & ! latt] its univ]sal extreme1 z process ( ! objectively & implicitly exi/+ ,idea4 ,! self-judg+ ( ! ,idea into its two appe>ances 7 #ege1 #egf7 *>act]ises bo? z its 7! self-kn[+ reason's7 manife/ations3 & 9 x !re is a unification ( ! two aspects3--x is ! nature ( ! fact1 ! notion1 :i* causes ! movem5t & developm5t1 yet ?is same movem5t is equally ! action ( cognition4 ,! et]nal ,idea1 9 full fruition ( its ess5ce1 et]nally sets itself to "w1 eng5d]s & enjoys itself z absolute ,m9d4 1 4 1 4 4 4 1 4 1 1 1 2 1 4 4 2 1 2 4 1 2 4 7,,ari/4 ,met4 ,,xi4 #g47 ,,index4 ,absolute 7!71 xlviii1 #g4 ,ab/raction1 #gd4 ,acc5t1 #ha1 #hg4 ,ages ( man1 #ag4 ,alphabets1 #ha4 ,altruism1 #eg4 ,animal magnetism1 clxi1 #e1 #bi seqq4 ,an?ropology1 xxv1 lxxxviii1 #ab seqq4 ,appetite1 #ec4 ,ari/otle1 liii1 cxxxiii1 #d1 #fc1 #afc4 ,art1 xxxix seqq41 #afi seqq4 ,asceticism1 cxv1 cxliii1 clxxxvii1 #aei4 ,association ( ideas1 #gc4 ,a!ism1 #ahc4 ,a!ns1 cxxx4 ,att5tion1 clxxiii1 #fi4 ,automatism 7psy*ological71 clxv4 ,bacon 7,fr471 xxi1 lii1 lix1 clx4 ,ba9 7,a471 cxxi4 ,beauty1 #afi4 ,bhagavat-,gita1 #ahf seqq4 ,biography1 #aea4 ,body & ,s\l 7relations (71 lxxxii1 cxvi1 clvi1 #ac4 ,bo?ius1 l4 ,bhme 7,j471 #ie4 ,braid 7,j471 clxiv4 ,brav]y1 cxcix4 ,budget1 #add4 ,capitalism1 cci seqq4 ,c>d9al virtues1 cxxxii4 ,categories1 lx4 ,ca?olicism1 #aeg4 ,*ildr51 lxxxvii1 cii4 ,*9ese language1 #ha seqq4 ,*oice1 #ih4 ,*ri/ianity1 xliv1 cxli1 clxxix1 #g1 #aja1 #aeg4 ,clairvoyance1 clviii1 clxi1 #cc4 ,cognition1 #fd4 ,comm]cial morality1 cci4 ,comte 7,c471 xcix4 ,condillac1 lxxviii1 #fa4 ,consci5ce1 xxx1 cxxii1 clxxxvii1 #aag1 #aef1 #afa4 ,consci\sness1 xxv1 xcix1 #dg seqq4 ,con/itution ( ! ,/ate1 #acb4 ,contract1 #ajh4 ,corporation1 #acj4 ,crime1 cxciii1 #aji4 ,criticism1 xvi1 cxxxviii1 #adi4 ,cu/om1 clxxxix1 #ajd4 ,dante1 cxxxiv4 ,d$uction 7,kantian & ,fi*tean71 cx seqq4 ,democracy1 #ada4 ,developm5t1 #fj4 ,disease 7m5tal71 #bg1 #cg4 ,duty1 cxiv1 cxix1 cxxi seqq41 cxxxi1 cxxxix1 #ig1 #ajd1 #aaf4 ,economics1 #abb4 ,education1 xcii1 cxxxvii1 #aa4 ,ego 7!71 lxiv seqq41 #dg seqq4 ,egoism1 #ee4 ,eleaticism1 #aij4 ,engl&1 #adc4 ,epicureanism1 cxli1 #aie4 ,epi/emology1 ciii4 ,equality 7political & social71 cxc1 #acc4 ,equity1 xxxi4 ,e/ates1 #abc4 ,e?ics1 xv1 xix1 xxx seqq41 xcv1 cxiii seqq41 cxc seqq41 #aac seqq4 ,exp]i5ce1 #ea4 ,exp]im5tal psy*ology1 lxxxi seqq41 c4 ,expression 7m5tal71 #bc1 #de4 ,faculties ( ,m9d1 lxxiii seqq41 xcvii1 cxxvi1 #eh1 #fe4 ,fai?1 cvii4 ,fai?-cure1 clxi1 #ce4 ,fame1 #aec4 ,family1 xxxii1 cxcii1 #aba4 ,fe*n] 7,g4 ,t471 cli4 ,feel+1 #bb1 #fh1 #ib4 ,fi*te 7,j4 ,g471 cvi1 cix seqq41 clxiv1 clxix1 #di4 ,f9ance1 #add4 ,f9itude1 #h4 ,fraud1 #aaj4 ,fre$om1 cxxv seqq41 clxxv1 #f1 #ii1 #aac1 #acc seqq4 ,fries1 clxxix4 ,g5ius 7!71 clvii1 #bh4 ,g]man language1 #gh1 #hh3 politics1 clxxvii2 empire1 clxxxi4 ,god1 xxxiv1 xli1 cxxii1 #bj1 #aed1 #agf4 ,goe!1 cliv1 clxix4 ,goodness1 #aae4 ,gov]nm5t1 #acg2 =ms (1 #ada4 ,greek e?ics1 cxxix seqq41 cxciv2 religion1 #afd4 ,habit1 clviii1 #ci4 ,happ9ess1 #ii4 ,h]b>t1 lxii seqq41 lxxxv1 cxxvii4 ,hi]oglyphics1 #hj4 ,hi/ory1 xxxiv1 xlvii1 xci1 #adg seqq4 ,hobbes1 lxxvi1 clxxxii4 ,hol9ess1 #aei4 ,hon\r1 #abd4 ,humboldt 7,w4 v471 #gi4 ,hume1 lxxi1 cxx4 ,hypnotism1 clxiv seqq41 #ca seqq4 ,idea 7,platonic71 #afc4 ,idealism1 civ2 political1 clxxxvi4 ,ideality1 clxviii1 #be4 ,ideas1 lxix seqq41 ci seqq4 ,imag9ation1 #gb4 ,immat]ialism1 clii1 #ab1 #de4 ,impulse1 #ie4 ,individuali/ e?ics1 cxx seqq4 ,individuality 9 ! ,/ate1 #aci4 ,indu/rialism1 cc1 #abc4 ,insanity1 #cg4 ,int5tion1 #aad4 ,int]national ,law1 #adg4 ,intuition1 #fg4 ,irony1 #agi4 ,jelal$d9-,rumi1 #ahi4 ,judgm5t1 #hi4 ,judicial sy/em1 #abg4 ,jung-,/ill+1 clxii4 ,juries1 #abh4 ,kant 7,i471 xv1 lxiv1 lxxi1 xcvi1 cvii1 cxxviii1 clxxxviii1 #bj1 #dh1 #ea1 #fc1 #aed4 ,kies]1 clxiii4 ,k1 cv1 cxxxv1 cxli1 #fd4 ,kri%na1 #ahf seqq4 ,lab\r1 #abc4 ,language1 clxxiv1 #gi seqq4 ,laplace1 clxiv4 ,law1 xxix1 xcvi1 cxc1 #ajd1 #abe4 ,legality1 xxx1 clxxxix4 ,legislation1 #abe4 ,leibniz1 lxxii1 lxxvii1 cxlvi1 #ad1 #hj1 #hb4 ,lib]ty1 see ,fre$om4 ,life1 #ac4 ,logic1 xiv1 xvii1 lxi1 xcv1 #aif4 ,lu!ranism1 #aeg4 ,mac*iavelli1 clxxx4 ,magic1 clxi1 #bi4 ,manife/ation1 #g4 ,mann]s1 #ajd4 ,m>riage1 #aba1 #aei4 ,ma/] & slave1 #ef4 ,ma!matics 9 psy*ology1 lxviii4 ,m$ium1 #cd4 ,memory1 clxxiv1 #gj1 #hd4 ,mesm]1 clxi4 ,metaphysic1 lviii seqq4 ,mill 7,james71 lxxix4 ,m9d 7 ,_s71 xlix seqq41 #eh1 #aif4 ,mnemonics1 #he4 ,mon>*y1 #aci4 ,mona/icism1 #aei4 ,mono!ism1 #ahh4 ,morality1 xxx1 xxxviii1 cxxi1 clxxxviii seqq41 cxcviii1 #aac seqq4 ,mn/]b]g 7,h471 lxxxiii4 ,napoleon1 #ai4 ,nationality1 #adb1 #aej1 #aed1 cxcv4 ,natural ,philosophy1 xv1 xvii1 xxii4 ,natural rights1 #aab4 ,nature1 cxx1 cxxiv1 #ab1 #acc1 #aif4 ,nemesis1 #agd4 ,nietzs*e 7,f471 cxxviii4 ,nobility1 cxcvii4 ,obs]vation1 lxxxix4 ,ord]s 7social71 cxcvii seqq41 #abd4 ,ought1 clxxv1 #id1 #aaf4 ,pa91 #f1 #id4 ,pan!ism1 #ahd1 #aid4 ,p>liam5t1 #adb4 ,passion1 #ie4 ,peasantry1 cci4 ,peel 7,sir ,r471 #abg4 ,p]ception1 #fg4 ,p]fection1 cxxvii1 cxxix4 ,p]son1 #ajg1 #aai4 ,p]sonality1 lxiv1 clxvii4 ,philosophy1 xiv1 cxvii1 cxxxviii1 #aei seqq41 #agi seqq4 ,phr5ology1 #ce4 ,physiology1 lxxxi1 c4 ,p9el1 #ci4 ,plato1 xcviii1 cxxxi1 cxxxv1 #cc1 #ig1 #ajb1 #afb4 ,pleasure1 cxxxvi1 #id4 ,plot9us1 cxliv4 ,police1 #acj4 ,porphyry1 xx4 ,positivity ( laws1 #abe4 ,p[]s 7political71 ccii1 #ach4 ,practice1 #ib4 ,prop]ty1 xxix1 cxcii1 #ajg4 ,prote/antism1 #aff4 ,prussia1 clxxviii1 clxxxiv4 ,psy*iatry1 #cc4 ,psy*ology1 xxii1 xxiv1 lii seqq41 lxiii1 lxxxvi1 xcv1 cxvii1 #d1 #eh1 #fc4 ,psy*o-physics1 clvi1 #bc4 ,puni%m5t1 cxciii1 cciii1 #aaa4 ,purpose1 #ig1 #aad4 ,races1 #af4 ,rationalism1 clxv1 #ahc4 ,reason1 cxv1 cxliii1 clxxii1 #eh4 ,recollection1 #gj4 ,re9hold1 #di4 ,religion1 xxxvii seqq41 cxcvi1 #aee seqq41 #afg seqq4 ,repres5tation1 cxi1 #gj2 political1 clxxxiii1 #adb4 ,responsibility1 #aad4 ,revelation1 #g1 #age4 ,"r1 xxix1 #ajd 7see ,law74 ,ritt]1 clxi1 clxiii4 ,romances1 #aea3 romantic art1 #agb4 ,savages1 lxxxvii1 cii4 ,s*ell+1 clxi4 ,s*9dl]1 clxiii4 ,s*op5hau]1 cvi1 cxvi1 cli1 clxiv1 clxix1 clxxxvii4 ,sci5ce1 xviii4 ,scott 7,sir ,w471 #aea4 ,self-consci\sness1 clxxi1 #ec seqq4 ,s5sibility & s5sation1 #bj1 #ej4 ,sex1 #ah4 ,sid]ism1 clxiii1 #ae4 ,signs 79 language71 #gf4 ,skill 7acquir$71 #db4 ,slav]y1 #ef1 #aja4 ,sleep1 #ah4 ,society1 xxxii1 #ef4 ,sociology1 xxiii4 ,somnambulism1 #cj4 ,s\l1 liv1 lxix1 lxxv1 #bf4 ,sp5c] 7,h471 xxi seqq41 cxi1 cxxiii1 cxliv4 ,sp9oza1 lxxvi1 ci1 cxix1 cl1 #ad1 #di1 #ahh4 ,spiritualism1 clxii4 ,/ate1 xxxii seqq41 clxxvi1 clxxxiii1 #aca seqq4 ,/oicism1 cxix1 cxxiv1 cxi1 cxliii4 ,sugge/ion1 clxv seqq41 #cc4 ,sup]/ition1 #aeh4 ,syllogism1 #ij4 ,symbol1 #gg1 #aga4 ,sympa?y1 clv4 ,telepa?y1 clxi1 #cd4 ,tellurism1 clxiii1 #ae4 ,!ology1 #aee4 ,?9k+1 clxxiv1 #hi4 ,?oluck1 #aia4 ,tr9ity1 #agg seqq4 ,tru?1 cv1 #ahb4 ,unconsci\s 7!71 cxlvi4 ,und]/&+1 #eb1 #hi4 ,univ]salis+1 cxxviii4 ,utilit>ianism1 cxxxvi4 ,value1 #aji4 ,virtues1 cxxxi1 cxcviii1 #abj4 ,w>1 cxcix1 #adf4 ,w>tburg1 clxxix4 ,welf>e1 #aad4 ,wick$ness1 #i1 #id1 #aag4 ,w1 xxviii1 cxxv1 clxxv1 #fb1 #ij4 ,wolff1 lxxiii4 ,words1 clxxiv1 #gi4 ,wordswor?1 li1 clxviii4 ,writt5 language1 #ha seqq4 ,wrong1 #aji4 ,wrtemb]g1 clxxxv4 ,,footnotes #a ,plato1 ,rep4 #ebg4 #b ,! prospectus ( ! ,sy/em ( ,syn!tic ,philosophy is dat$ #ahfj4 ,d>w9's ,orig9 ( ,species is #ahei4 ,b su* ideas1 bo? 9 ,mr4 ,sp5c] & o!rs1 are e>li] ?an ,d>w9's book4 #c ,hegel's ,v]hltniss1 ! supreme category ( :at is call$ actuality3 :]e object is necessitat$ by outside object4 #d ,cf4 ,h]b>t1 ,w]ke 7ed4 ,kehrba*71 iv4 #cgb4 ,?is consci\sness prop] is :at ,leibniz call$ ,app]ception1 la connaissance rflexive de l'tat intrieur 7,n\veaux ,essais74 #e ,h]b>t1 ,w]ke1 vi4 #ee 7ed4 ,kehrba*74 #f p4 #ei 7 #ddj74 #g p4 #fc 7 #ddj74 #h ,^! rem>ks ref] to f\r out ( ! five ,h]b>tian e?ical ideas4 ,see also ,leibniz1 :o 79 #afic1 ,de ,notionibus juris et ju/itiae7 _h giv5 ! foll[+ def9itions3 8,c>itas e/ b5evol5tia univ]salis4 ,ju/itia e/ c>itas sapi5tis4 ,sapi5tia e/ sci5tia felicitatis40 ,! jus naturae has ?ree grades3 ! l[e/1 jus /rictum2 ! second1 aequitas 7or c>itas1 9 ! n>r[] s5se72 & ! highe/1 pietas1 :i* is hone/e1 i4e4 pie viv]e4 #i ,to :i* ! ,greek 1 ! ,lat9 civitas or respublica1 7 only approximations4 ,hegel is n writ+ a hi/ory4 ,if he 71 x w\ld be necess>y = him to po9t out h[ f> ! individual in/ance1 e4g4 ,rome1 or ,prussia1 correspond$ to its ,idea4 #aj ,%akespe>e's phrase1 z 9 ,o!llo1 iii4 #b2 ,lov]'s ,compla9t1 v4 #bd4 #aa ,iliad1 xii4 #bdc4 #ab ,see ,hegel's ,logic1 pp4 #beg seq4 #ac ,see p4 #aec 7 #eej74 #ad ,cf4 ,prolegom5a to ! ,/udy ( ,hegel1 *aps4 xviii1 xxvi4 #ae ,z /at$ 9 p4 #afg 7,encycl4 #eed74 ,cf4 ,ph5om4 d4 ,gei/es1 cap4 vii1 :i* includes ! ,religion ( ,art1 & ! same po9t ( view is explicit 9 ! fir/ edition ( ! ,encyclopa$ia4 #af ,philosophie d] ,religion 7,w]ke1 xi4 #e74 #ag ,hegel1 ,ph5om5ologie des ,gei/es 7,w]ke1 ii4 #ede74 ,! meet+-gr\nd ( ! ,greek _s1 z x pass$ ?r\gh ,rome1 ) ,*ri/ianity4 #ah ,ib41 p4 #ehd4 #ai ,ph5om5ologie des ,gei/es 7,w]ke1 ii4 #egb74 ,?us ,hegelian idealism claims to be ! philosophical c\nt]p>t ( ! c5tral dogma ( ,*ri/ianity4 #bj ,f ! old ,prov5al ,lay ( ,bo?ius4 #ba ,x is ! doctr9e ( ! intellectus ag5s1 or 9 actu2 ! actus purus ( ! ,s*oolm54 #bb ,e9leitung 9 die ,philosophie1 #a1 #b4 #bc ,psy*ologie als ,wiss5s*aft1 ,vorr$e4 #bd ,e9leitung 9 die ,philosophie1 #aa1 #ab4 #be ,e9leitung 9 die ,philosophie1 #ah3 cf4 ,w]ke1 ed4 ,kehrba*1 v4 #ajh4 #bf ,cf4 ,plato's rem>ks on ! problem 9 ! ^w ,self-control4 ,republ4 #dcj-a4 #bg ,lehrbu* d] ,psy*ologie1 #bjb1 #bjc4 #bh ,allgeme9e ,metaphysik1 ,vorr$e4 #bi ,hauptpunkte d] ,metaphysik 7#ahjf71 #ac4 #cj ,w]ke1 ed4 ,kehrba* 7,ueb] die ,mgli*keit1 c71 v4 #if4 #ca ,ibid41 p4 #ajj4 #cb ,"o might almo/ fancy ,h]b>t 0 translat+ into a g5]al philosophic !sis ! words 9 :i* ,goe! has describ$ h[ he ov]came a real tr\ble by transmut+ x into an ideal %ape1 e4g4 ,wahrheit und ,di*tung1 cap4 xii4 #cc ,h]b>t's language is almo/ id5tical ) ,hegel's3 ,encycl4 #chi 7p4 #ab74 ,cf4 ,sp5c]1 ,psy*ology1 i4 #aib4 8,feel+s are 9 all cases ! mat]ials out ( :i* ! sup]ior tracts ( consci\sness & intellect are evolv$40 #cd ,prolegom5a to ! ,/udy ( ,hegel1 *4 xvii4 #ce ,psy*ologia ,empirica1 #bi4 #cf ,z is also ! case ) ,h]b>t's metaphysical reality ( ! ,s\l4 #cg ,human ,nature1 vii4 #b4 8,pleasure1 ,love1 & appetite1 :i* is also call$ desire1 are div]s names = div]s consid]ations ( ! same ?+44440 ,delib]ation is 7*4 xii4 #a7 ! 8alt]nate succession ( appetite & fe>s40 #ch ,e?4 ii4 #dh ,s*ol4 #ci ,e?4 ii4 #dc ,s*ol43 cf4 #di ,s*ol4 #dj ,?is wide scope ( ?9k+ 7cogitatio1 p5s]7 is at lea/ z old z ! ,c>tesian s*ool3 & %\ld be kept 9 view1 z aga9/ a t5d5cy to n>r[ its range to ! m]e intellect4 #da e4g4 ,analysis ( ! ,human ,m9d1 *4 xxiv4 8,att5tion is b ano!r "n = ! int]e/+ "* ( ! idea20 *4 xix4 8,desire & ! idea ( a pleasurable s5sation are conv]tible t]ms40 #db ,z ,mr4 ,sp5c] says 7,psy*ology1 i4 #ada71 8,objective psy*ology c h no exi/5ce z su* )\t borr[+ its data f subjective psy*ology40 #dc ,! same failure to note t exp]im5t is valuable only :]e g5]al po9ts ( view are def9$1 is a common fault 9 biology4 #dd ,mn/]b]g1 ,aufgab5 und ,me?od5 d] ,psy*ologie1 p4 #add4 #de ,lehrbu* d] ,psy*ologie1 #ed 7#bnd ed471 or #aa 7#a/ ed474 #df ,see p4 #aa 7 #chg74 #dg ,cf4 ,nietzs*e1 ,also spra* ,z>a?u/ra1 i4 #dc4 8,!re is m reason 9 ?y body ?an 9 ?y be/ wisdom40 #dh ,?is language is v *>act]i/ic ( ! physici/s :o dabble 9 psy*ology & imag9e !y are tread+ 9 ! /eps ( ,kant1 if n ev5 v]ify+ :at !y call 8 guesswork3 cf4 ,zieh51 ,physiol4 ,psy*ologie1 #bnd ed4 p4 #bab4 8,9 e case !re is giv5 u only ! psy*ical s]ies ( s5sations & _! memory-images1 & x is only a univ]sal hypo!sis if we assume beside ?is psy*ical s]ies a mat]ial s]ies /&+ 9 causal relation to x4444 ,! mat]ial s]ies is n giv5 equally orig9ally ) ! psy*ical40 #di ,x is ! same radical feature ( consci\sness :i* is ?us not$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 ,psy*ology1 i4 #dge4 8,p]ception & s5sation are ev] t5d+ to exclude ea* o!r b nev] succe$40 8,cognition & feel+ are anti!tical & insep>able40 8,consci\sness cont9ues only 9 virtue ( ?is conflict40 ,cf4 ,plato's resolution 9 ! ,philebus ( ! conte/ betwe5 intellig5ce & feel+ 7pleasure74 #ej ,x is ! quasi-,ari/otelian 1 def9$ z ! /ep f "o proposition to ano!r1 ! k ( :i* w set ! fir/ proposition 9 a full light4 #ea ,grundlage des ,naturre*ts1 #e4 #eb ,sy/em d] ,sitt5lehre1 #h1 iv4 #ec ,ev5 ?\gh religion 7accord+ to ,kant7 conceive !m z div9e comm&s4 #ed ,cf4 ,hegel's ,w]ke1 vii4 #b1 p4 #bcf 7,lecture-note on #daj74 8,we mu/ treat z utt]ly empty ! fancy ( ^? :o suppose t prop]ly man %\ld h no organic body10 c42 & see p4 #aei ( ! pres5t "w4 #ee ,criticism ( ,pure ,reason1 ,ar*itectonic4 #ef ,sp5c]1 ,psy*ology1 i4 #bia3 8,m9d c be und]/ood only by obs]v+ h[ m9d is evolv$40 #eg ,cf4 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 i4 #cci3 8,! e?ical s5tim5t prop] is1 9 ! great mass ( cases1 sc>cely disc]nible40 #eh ,prolegom5a to ! ,/udy ( ,hegel1 p4 #adc4 #ei ,w9delb& 7,w471 ,prludi5 7#ahhd71 p4 #bhh4 #fj ,cf4 ,plato1 ,republic1 p4 #dhf4 #fa ,human ,nature3 ,morals1 ,"p ,,iii4 #fb ,emotion & ,w1 *4 xv4 #bc4 #fc ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,kantian doctr9e to absolutise ! conception ( ,duty & make x express ! ess5ce ( ! :ole e?ical idea4 #fd ,:i* are /ill1 z ! ,sociali/ ,f\ri] says1 /ates ( social incoh]5ce1 specially fav\rable to falsehood4 #fe ,re*tsphilosophie1 #d4 #ff ,cf4 ,s*ell+1 ii4 #ab3 8,!re are no born sons ( fre$om40 #fg ,simmel 7,g471 ,e9leitung 9 die ,moralwiss5s*aft1 i4 #ahd4 #fh ,j5seits von ,gut und ,bse1 p4 #bbe4 #fi ,ari/ot4 ,polit4 i4 #f4 #gj ,plato1 ,pha$o4 #ga ,c>us1 ,psy*e1 p4 #a4 #gb ,see ,ari/41 ,anal4 ,po/4 ii4 #ai 7ed4 ,b]l4 #ajj1 a4 #aj74 #gc ,cf4 ,! ,logic ( ,hegel1 notes c41 p4 #dba4 #gd 8,omnia individua corpora quamvis div]sis gradibus animata sunt40 ,e?4 ii4 #ac4 s*ol4 #ge ,nanna 7#ahdh73 ,z5dave/a 7#ahea73 ,ueb] die ,seel5frage 7#ahfa74 #gf ,describ$ by ,s4 z ! rise f m]e physical cause to physiological /imulus 7,reiz71 to psy*ical motive4 #gg ,infra1 p4 #ab4 #gh ,ari/ot41 ,de ,anima1 i4 c4 #d1 #e4 #gi ,wilhelm ,mei/]'s ,w&]jahre1 i4 #aj4 #hj ,wilhelm ,mei/]'s ,w&]jahre1 iv4 #ah4 #ha ,works l ,prey]'s ,seele des ,k9des illu/rate ?is aspect ( m5tal evolution2 its acquirem5t ( def9ite & correlat$ functions4 #hb ,cf4 ! end ( ,caleb ,bald]/one 79 ,! ,bride ( ,lamm]moor73 8,) a fidelity sometimes display$ by ! can9e race1 b seldom by human be+s1 he p9$ & di$40 #hc ,see ,w9dis*mann's lett]s 9 ,briefe von und an ,hegel4 #hd ,cf4 ,prolegom5a to ! ,/udy ( ,hegel1 *aps4 xii-xiv4 #he ,kies]'s ,tellurismus is1 accord+ to ,s*op5hau]1 8! fulle/ & mo/ ?or\gh text-book ( ,animal ,magnetism40 #hf ,cf4 ,fi*te1 ,na*gelass5e ,w]ke1 iii4 #bie 7,tagebu* b] d5 animalis*5 ,magnetismus1 #ahac71 & ,s*op5hau]1 ,d] ,wille 9 d] ,natur4 #hg ,b]nheim3 ,la sugge/ion dom9e t\te l'hi/oire de l'humanit4 #hh ,an in/ance f an unexpect$ qu>t]1 9 ,eck]mann's conv]sations ) ,goe!3 8,9 my "y days ,i h exp]i5c$ cases en\gh1 :]e on lonely walks !re came ov] me a p[]ful ye>n+ = a belov$ girl1 & ,i ?\ght ( h] s long till %e actually came to meet me40 7,conv]sation ( ,oct4 #g1 #ahbg47 #hi ,glei*sam 9 e9] ,vorwelt1 e9] diese ,welt s*aff5d5 ,welt 7,na*gelass5e ,w]ke1 iii4 #cba74 #ij ,selb/-bewus/se9 is n self-consci\sness1 9 ! vulg> s5se ( brood+ ov] feel+s & self3 b consci\sness :i* is active & outgo+1 r ?an receptive & passive4 ,x is practical1 z oppos$ to !oretical4 #ia ,! m detail$ exposition ( ?is ,ph5om5ology ( ,m9d is giv5 9 ! book ) t title3 ,hegel's ,w]ke1 ii4 pp4 #ga-caf4 #ib ,sy/em d] ,sittli*keit1 p4 #ae 7see ,essay ,v74 #ic ,hegel's ,w]ke1 viii4 #cac1 & cf4 ! passage quot$ 9 my ,logic ( ,hegel1 notes1 pp4 #chd1 #che4 #id ,hegel's ,briefe1 i4 #ae4 #ie ,kritik d] ,v]fassung ,deuts*l&s1 edit$ by ,g4 ,mollat 7#ahic74 ,p>ts ( ?is 7 already giv5 by ,haym & ,ros5kranz4 ,! same editor has also 9 ?is ye> publi%$1 ?\gh n q 9 full1 ,hegel's ,sy/em d] ,sittli*keit1 to :i* ref]5ce is made 9 :at foll[s4 #if ,9 :i* "s may f9d a prophecy ( ! effects ( 8blood & iron0 9 #ahff4 #ig ,die ,absolute ,regi]ung3 9 ! ,sy/em d] ,sittli*keit1 p4 #cb3 cf4 p4 #ee4 ,hegel himself comp>es x to ,fi*te's ,ephorate4 #ih ,die ,absolute ,regi]ung1 l4c4 pp4 #cg1 #ch4 #ii ,"s idea ( 8 mean+ may p]haps be ga!r$ by comp>ison ) passages 9 ,wilhelm ,mei/]'s ,w&]jahre1 ii4 #a1 #b4 #ajj ,kritik d] ,v]fassung1 p4 #bj4 #aja ,9 "s respects ,bacon's attitude 9 ! /ruggle betwe5 royalty & p>liam5t may be comp>$4 #ajb ,j z ,s*op5hau]1 on ! contr>y1 always says moralis*--nev] sittli*4 #ajc ,grey 7,g471 ,j\rnals ( two ,exp$itions ( ,discov]y 9 ,nor?-,we/ & ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 ii4 #bbj4 #ajd ,) "s v>iation ( own]%ip1 p]haps1 accord+ to ! preval5ce ( s-call$ matri>*al or patri>*al h\seholds4 #aje ,cf4 ! cu/om 9 c]ta9 tribes :i* names ! fa!r aft] 8 *ild3 z if ! son fir/ gave 8 fa!r legitimate position 9 society4 #ajf ,sy/em d] ,sittli*keit1 p4 #h4 #ajg ,aufhebung 7positive7 z giv5 9 absolute ,sittli*keit4 #ajh ,sy/em d] ,sittli*keit1 p4 #ae4 #aji ,?is phraseology %[s ! influ5ce ( ,s*ell+1 ) :om he 0 at ?is epo* associat$4 ,see ,prolegom5a to ! ,/udy ( ,hegel1 *4 xiv4 #aaj ,cf4 ! int]m$iate function assign$ 7see above1 p4 clxxxiii7 to ! prie/s & ! ag$4 #aaa ,sy/em d] ,sittli*keit1 p4 #ai4 #aab ,see infra1 p4 #aef4 #aac ,wordswor?'s ,laodamia4 #aad 8,= x's ,tommy ?is1 an' ,tommy t1 an' #8,*uck him out1 ! brute6' ,b x's #8,savi\r ( 'is c\ntry' :5 ! guns beg9 to %oot40 #aae 8,i c assure y10 said ,w]n] 7! m]*ant71 8t ,i nev] reflect$ on ! ,/ate 9 my life4 ,my tolls1 *>ges & dues ,i h paid = no o!r reason ?an t x 0 e/abli%$ usage40 7,wilh4 ,mei/]s ,lehrjahre1 viii4 #b47 #aaf ,sy/em d] ,sittli*keit1 p4 #dj4 #aag ,sy/em d] ,sittli*keit1 p4 #fe4 #aah ,ibid4 p4 #df4 #aai ,natrli*e ,seele4 #abj ,natrli*e ,qualitt54 #aba ,empf9dung4 #abb ,die fhl5de ,seele4 #abc ,plato _h a bett] idea ( ! relation ( prophecy g5]ally to ! /ate ( sob] consci\sness ?an _m mod]ns1 :o suppos$ t ! ,platonic language on ! subject ( en?usiasm au?oris$ _! belief 9 ! sublimity ( ! revelations ( somnambuli/ic vision4 ,plato says 9 ! ,timaeus 7p4 #ga71 8,! au?or ( our be+ s ord]$ our inf]ior p>ts t !y too might obta9 a measure ( tru?1 & 9 ! liv] plac$ _! oracle 7! p[] ( div9ation by dreams74 ,& h]e9 is a pro( t ,god has giv5 ! art ( div9ation1 n to ! wisdom1 b1 to ! fooli%ness ( man2 = no man :5 9 8 wits atta9s prophetic tru? & inspiration2 b :5 he receives ! inspir$ ^w1 ei!r 8 intellig5ce is en?rall$ by sleep1 or he is dem5t$ by "s di/emp] or possession 7en?usiasm740 ,plato v correctly notes n m]ely ! bodily conditions on :i* su* vision>y k dep5ds1 & ! possibility ( ! tru? ( ! dreams1 b also ! inf]iority ( !m to ! reasonable frame ( m9d4 #abd ,selb/gefhl4 #abe ,gewohnheit4 #abf ,die wirkli*e ,seele4 #abg ,das ,bewutse9 als sol*es3 7a7 ,das s9nli*e ,bewutse94 #abh ,wahrnehmung4 #abi ,d] ,v]/&4 #acj ,selb/bewutse94 #aca ,die ,begi]de4 #acb ,das an]k5n5de ,selb/bewutse94 #acc ,die ,v]nunft4 #acd ,d] ,gei/4 #ace ,die ,intellig5z4 #acf ,ans*auung4 #acg ,vor/ellung4 #ach ,die ,er9n]ung4 #aci ,die ,e9bildungskraft4 #adj ,phantasie4 #ada ,g$*tni4 #adb ,ausw5diges4 #adc ,inw5diges4 #add ,das ,d5k54 #ade ,d] praktis*e ,gei/4 #adf ,d] praktis*e ,gefhl4 #adg ,d] ,triebe und die ,willkhr4 #adh ,die ,glckseligkeit4 #adi ,d] freie ,gei/4 #aej ,gesess4 #aea ,sitte4 #aeb ,das ,re*t4 #aec ,moralitt4 #aed ,naturre*t4 #aee ,moralitt4 #aef ,d] ,vorsatz4 #aeg ,t4 #aeh ,h&lung4 #aei ,die ,absi*t und das ,wohl4 #afj ,das ,gute und das ,bse4 #afa ,die ,sittli*keit4 #afb ,die brg]li*e ,gesells*aft4 #afc ,das ,sy/em d] ,b$rfnisse4 #afd ,die ,re*tspflege4 #afe ,gese4 #aff ,die ,polizei und die ,corporation4 #afg ,inn]es ,/aatsre*t4 #afh ,das uere ,/aatsre*t4 #afi ,die ,weltges*i*te4 #agj ,weltwei%eit4 #aga ,d] absolute ,gei/4 #agb ,die ge(f5b>te ,religion4 #agc ,! citation giv5 by ,hegel f ,s*legel's translation is "h replac$ by ! v]sion 79 "o or two po9ts diff]5t7 9 ! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 viii4 #agd ,9 ord] to give a cle>] impression ( x1 ,i _c refra9 f quot+ a few passages1 :i* may at ! same "t give "s indication ( ! m>vell\s skill ( ,rck]t1 f :om !y are tak51 z a translator4 ,= ,rck]t's v]ses a v]sion is "h sub/itut$ 9 :i* ,i h be5 k9dly help$ by ,miss ,may ,k5dall4 ,,iii4 ,i saw b ,"o ?r\gh all heav5's />ry spaces gleam+3 ,i saw b ,"o 9 all sea bill[s wildly /ream+4 ,i look$ into ! he>t1 a wa/e ( worlds1 a sea1-- ,i saw a ?\s& dreams1--yet ,"o amid all dream+4 ,& e>?1 air1 wat]1 fire1 :5 ?y decree is giv51 ,are molt5 into ,"o3 aga9/ !e none ha? /riv54 ,!re is no liv+ he>t b beats unfail+ly ,9 ! "o song ( praise to !e1 f e>? & heav54 ,v4 ,z "o ray ( ?y light appe>s ! noonday sun1 ,b yet ?y light & m9e et]nally are "o4 ,z du/ b5ea? ?y feet ! heav5 t rolls on high3 ,yet only "o1 & "o = ev]1 ?\ & ,i4 ,! du/ may turn to heav51 & heav5 to du/ decay2 ,yet art ?\ "o ) me1 & %alt be "o = aye4 ,h[ may ! words ( life t fill heav5's utmo/ "p ,re/ 9 ! n>r[ casket ( "o poor human he>t8 ,h[ c ! sun's own rays1 a fair] gleam to fl+1 ,hide 9 a l[ly husk1 ! jewel's cov]+8 ,h[ may ! rose-grove all its glori\s bloom unfold1 ,dr9k+ 9 mire & slime1 & fe$+ on ! m\ld8 ,h[ c ! d>ksome %ell t sips ! salt sea /ream ,fa%ion a %9+ pe>l1 ! sunlight's joy\s beam8 ,oh1 he>t6 %\ld w>m w9ds fan !e1 %\ld'/ ?\ floods endure1 ,"o elem5t are w9d & flood2 b be ?\ pure4 ,,ix4 ,i'll tell !e h[ f out ! du/ ,god m\ld$ man1-- ,because ! brea? ( ,love ,he brea!d into 8 clay3 ,i'll tell !e :y ! sph]es _! :irl+ pa?s began1-- ,!y mirror to ,god's ?rone ,love's glory day by day3 ,i'll tell !e :y ! morn+ w9ds bl[ o'er ! grove1-- ,x is to bid ,love's roses bloom abundantly3 ,i'll tell !e :y ! night broods deep ! e>? above1-- ,love's bridal t5t to deck ) sacr$ canopy3 ,all riddles ( ! e>? do/ ?\ desire to prove8-- ,to e e>?ly riddle is ,love alone ! key4 ,,xv4 ,life %r9ks f ,dea? 9 woe & fe>1 ,?\gh ,dea? ends well ,life's bitt] ne$3 ,s %r9ks ! he>t :5 ,love draws ne>1 ,z ?\gh 'tw]e ,dea? 9 v de$3 ,= :]esoev] ,love f9ds room1 ,!re ,self1 ! sull5 tyrant1 dies4 ,s let him p]i% 9 ! gloom1-- ,?\ to ! dawn ( fre$om rise4 ,9 ?is poetry1 :i* so>s ov] all t is ext]nal & s5su\s1 :o w\ld recognise ! prosaic ideas curr5t ab\t s-call$ pan!ism--ideas :i* let ! div9e s9k to ! ext]nal & ! s5su\s8 ,! copi\s extracts :i* ,?oluck1 9 8 "w ,an?ology f ! ,ea/]n ,my/ics1 gives u f ! poems ( ,jelal$d9 & o!rs1 are made f ! v po9t ( view n[ "u discussion4 ,9 8 ,introduction1 ,h]r ,?oluck proves h[ pr(\ndly 8 s\l has caught ! note ( my/icism2 & !re1 too1 he po9ts out ! *>act]i/ic traits ( its ori5tal phase1 9 di/9ction f t ( ! ,we/ & ,*ri/5dom4 ,) all _! div]g5ce1 h[ev]1 !y h 9 common ! my/ical "*4 ,! conjunction ( ,my/icism ) s-call$ ,pan!ism1 z he says 7p4 #ec71 implies t inw>d quick5+ ( s\l & _s :i* inevitably t5ds to annihilate t ext]nal ,ev]y?+1 :i* ,pan!ism is usually held to adore4 ,b beyond t1 ,h]r ,?oluck leaves matt]s /&+ at ! usual indi/9ct conception ( ,pan!ism2 a pr(\nd] discussion ( x w\ld h _h1 = ! au?or's emotional ,*ri/ianity1 no direct int]e/2 b we see t p]sonally he is c>ri$ away by rem>kable en?usiasm = a my/icism :i*1 9 ! ord9>y phrase1 entirely des]ves ! epi!t ,pan!i/ic4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 he tries philosophis+ 7p4 #ab71 he does n get beyond ! /&po9t ( ! 8rationali/0 metaphysic ) its uncritical categories4