,,an ,,introduction ,,to ,,ma*9e ,,draw+ ,,& ,,design ,,by ,,david ,,allan ,,l[ 7,,:itwor? ,,s*ol>71 ,m4 ,,in/4 ,m4,e4 ,,head ,,ma/] ,,( ,,! ,,p',s ,,palace ,,te*nical ,,s*ools1 ,,london ,,au?or ,,( ',a ,,text-,,book ,,on ,,practical ,,solid ,,or ,,descriptive ,,geometry' ',,an ,,elem5t>y ,,text-,,book ,,( ,,appli$ ,,me*anics' ,,etc4 ,illu/ration ,,f\r? ,,edition ,,london ,,longmans1 ,,gre51 ,,& ,,co4 ,,& ,,new ,,york3 #ae ,,ea/ #af? ,,/reet #ahij ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,spottiswoode ,,& ,,co41 ,,new-,,/reet ,,squ>e ,,london ,,preface4 ,x is n[ g5]ally recognis$ t ! old-fa%ion$ me?od ( tea*+ ma*9e draw+ is v unsatisfactory4 ,9 tea*+ by ?is me?od an undim5sion$ scale draw+1 (t5 ( a v elaborate description1 is plac$ be=e ! /ud5t1 :o is requir$ to copy x4 ,v (t5 ! /ud5t succe$s 9 mak+ a good copy ( ! draw+ plac$ be=e him )\t le>n+ v mu* ab\t ! object repres5t$ by x1 & ?is /ate ( matt]s is sometimes n mu* improv$ by ! pres5ce ( ! tea*]1 :o is (t5 simply an art ma/]1 kn[+ no?+ ab\t ma*9e design4 ,x is relat$ ( "o s*ool t a pupil1 aft] mak+ a copy ( a p>ticul> draw+1 _h a discussion ) 8 tea*] z to :e!r ! object repres5t$ 0 a sew+ ma*9e or an electrical ma*9e4 ,evid5tly ! publi%] ( ! draw+ example 9 ?is case did n adopt ! precaution :i* a backw>d /ud5t us$ at an exam9ation 9 ma*9e design3 he put on a full title above 8 draw+1 = ! in=mation ( 8 exam9]4 ,n[1 if ma*9e draw+ is to be ( practical use to any "o1 he mu/ be able to und]/& ! =m & arrangem5t ( ! p>ts ( a ma*9e f an inspection ( suitable draw+s ( !m )\t see+ ! p>ts !mselves4 ,also he ought to be able to make suitable draw+s ( a ma*9e or p>ts ( a ma*9e f ! ma*9e or ! p>ts !mselves4 ,9 produc+ ?is "w ! au?or has aim$ at plac+ be=e "y eng9e]s & o!rs1 :o wi% to acquire ! skill & k necess>y = mak+ ! simpl] work+ draw+s su* z are produc$ 9 eng9e]s' draw+ (fices1 a numb] ( good ex]cises 9 draw+1 suffici5t = "o session's "w1 & at ! same "t a correspond+ am\nt ( in=mation on ! design ( ma*9e details g5]ally4 ,! ex]cises set are ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,9 ! fir/ & simple/ c]ta9 views ( "s ma*9e detail are giv51 g5]ally drawn to a small scale1 :i* ! /ud5t is ask$ to reproduce to dim5sions m>k$ on ^! views1 & he is expect$ to keep to ^! dim5sions1 & n to measure any?+ f ! giv5 illu/rations4 ,9 ! second k9d ( ex]cise ! /ud5t is ask$ to reproduce c]ta9 views %[n to dim5sions giv5 9 words or 9 tabul> =m4 ,9 ! ?ird k9d ( ex]cise ! /ud5t is requir$ to make1 9 addition to c]ta9 views %[n to giv5 dim5sions1 o!rs :i* he c only draw correctly if he ?or\ghly und]/&s ! design be=e him4 ,9 ! f\r? k9d ( ex]cise ! /ud5t is ask$ to make ! necess>y work+ draw+s = "s "p ( a ma*9e :i* has be5 previ\sly describ$ & illu/rat$1 ! dim5sions to be calculat$ by rules giv5 9 ! text4 ,! illu/rations = ?is "w are all new1 & h be5 specially prep>$ by ! au?or f work+ draw+s1 & he believes t !y w be f\nd to repres5t ! be/ mod]n practice4 ,z ex]cises 9 draw+1 ^? giv5 9 ?is book are n numb]$ exactly 9 _! ord] ( difficulty1 b unless on ! recomm5dation ( a tea*]1 ! /ud5t %\ld take !m up 9 ! ord] giv51 omitt+ ! foll[+3--#bf1 #bg1 #bh1 #ce1 #dj1 #db1 #dc1 #de1 #di1 #ej1 #ed1 #fj1 #fa1 z he comes to !m1 until he has be5 "r ?r\gh ! book2 aft]w>ds he %\ld "w out ^? :i* he omitt$ on fir/ go+ ov] ! book4 ,9 addition to ! ex]cises giv5 9 ?is "w ! /ud5t %\ld practise mak+ freeh& sket*es ( ma*9e details f actual ma*9es or good models ( !m4 ,^u ^! sket*es he %\ld put ! prop] dim5sions1 got by direct measurem5t f ! ma*9e or model by himself4 ,^! sket*es %\ld be made 9 a note-book kept = ! purpose1 & no opportunity %\ld be lo/ ( ins]t+ a sket* ( any design :i* may be new to ! /ud5t1 always putt+ on ! dim5sions if possible4 ,^! sket*es =m excell5t examples f :i* to make work+ draw+s4 ,! /ud5t %\ld also note any rules :i* he may meet ) = proportion+ ma*9es1 tak+ c>e1 h[ev]1 9 ea* case to /ate ! s\rce ( su* in=mation = 8 future guidance & ref]5ce4 ,z ma*9e draw+ is simply ! application ( ! pr9ciples ( descriptive geometry to ! repres5tation ( ma*9es1 ! /ud5t ( ! =m] subject1 if he is n already acqua9t$ ) ! latt]1 %\ld comm5ce to /udy x at once4 ,d4 ,a4 ,l4 ,,glasg[3 ,m>* #ahhg4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,?ird ,,edition4 ,to ?is edition ano!r *apt] has be5 add$1 conta9+ a numb] ( miscellane\s ex]cises1 :i* x is hop$ w add to ! usefulness ( ! "w z a text-book 9 sci5ce classes4 ,! late/ exam9ation pap] 9 ma*9e draw+ by ! ,sci5ce & ,art ,dep>tm5t has also be5 add$ to ! ,app5dix4 ,d4 ,a4 ,l4 ,,london3 ,augu/ #ahhh4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,i4 ,,introduction #a ,,ii4 ,,rivet$ ,,jo9ts #f ,,iii4 ,,screws1 ,,bolts1 ,,& ,,nuts #ad ,,iv4 ,,keys #bb ,v4 ,,%aft+ #bd ,,vi4 ,,%aft ,,c\pl+s #be ,,vii4 ,,be>+s ,,= ,,%afts #cj ,,viii4 ,,pulleys #cf ,,ix4 ,,too!d ,,:eels #ci ,x4 ,,cranks ,,& ,,crank$ ,,%afts #dc ,,xi4 ,,ecc5trics #dg ,,xii4 ,,connect+ ,,rods #di ,,xiii4 ,,cross-,,heads #ef ,,xiv4 ,,pi/ons #eg ,,xv4 ,,/uff+-,,boxes #fc ,,xvi4 ,,valves #fh ,,xvii4 ,,mat]ials ,,us$ ,,9 ,,ma*9e ,,con/ruction #gf ,,xviii4 ,,miscellane\s ,,ex]cises #ha ,,app5dix ,a #ii ,,app5dix ,b #ajb ,,index #aac ,,an ,,introduction ,,to ,,ma*9e ,,draw+ ,,& ,,design4 ,i4 ,,introduction4 ,draw+ ,in/rum5ts4--,= work+ ! ex]cises 9 ?is book ! /ud5t %\ld be provid$ ) ! foll[+3--,a well-season$ yell[ p9e draw+-bo>d1 #bd in*es long1 #ag in*es wide1 & #c_/h in* or #a_/b in* ?ick1 provid$ ) cross-b>s on ! back to give x /r5g? & to prev5t w>p+4 ,a ,t squ>e1 ) a blade #bd in*es long atta*$ p]man5tly to ! /ock1 b n sunk into x4 ,"o #de deg4 & "o #fj deg4 set squ>e4 ,! %ort edges ( ! =m] may be ab\t #f in*es & ! %ort edge ( ! latt] ab\t #e in*es long4 ,a pair ( compasses ) p5 & p5cil atta*m5ts1 & hav+ legs f #e in*es to #f in*es long4 ,a pair ( divid]s1 ) screw adju/m5t if possible4 ,a pair ( small /eel spr+ p5cil b[s = draw+ small circles1 & a pair ( small /eel spr+ p5 b[s = ink+ 9 ! same4 ,a draw+ p5 = ink+ 9 /raight l9es4 ,all compasses %\ld h r\nd po9ts1 & if possible ne$le po9ts4 ,a piece ( india-rubb] w also be requir$1 besides two p5cils1 "o m>k$ ,h or ,,hh & "o m>k$ ,,hb or ,f2 ! latt] to be us$ = l9+ 9 a draw+ :i* is n to be ink$ 91 or = freeh& "w4 ,p5cils = me*anical draw+ %\ld be %>p5$ ) a *isel po9t1 & ^? = freeh& "w ) a r\nd po9t4 ,d n wet ! p5cil1 z ! l9es aft]w>ds made ) x are v difficult to rub out4 ,draw+-pap] = work+ draw+s may be secur$ to ! bo>d by draw+-p9s1 b ! pap] = f9i%$ draw+s or draw+s ^u :i* !re is to be a l>ge am\nt ( col\r+ %\ld be /ret*$ ^u ! bo>d4 ,! /ud5t %\ld get ! be/ in/rum5ts he c af=d to buy1 & he %\ld r h a few good in/rum5ts ?an a l>ge box ( inf]ior ones4 ,draw+-pap]4--,! names & sizes ( ! %eets ( draw+ pap] are giv5 9 ! foll[+ table3-- ,in*es ,demy #bj x #ae ,m$ium #bb x #ag ,royal #bd x #ai ,imp]ial #cj x #bb ,atlas #cd x #bf ,d\ble ,elephant #dj x #bg ,antiqu>ian #eb x #ca ,! above sizes mu/ n be tak5 z exact4 ,9 practice !y w be f\nd to v>y 9 "s cases z mu* z an in*4 ,c>tridge-pap] is made 9 %eets ( v>i\s sizes1 & also 9 rolls4 ,h&-made pap] is ! be/1 b x is exp5sive4 ,good c>tridge-pap] is q suitable = ord9>y draw+s4 ,c5tre ,l9es4--,draw+s ( mo/ p>ts ( ma*9es w be f\nd to be symmetrical ab\t c]ta9 l9es call$ c5tre l9es4 ,^! l9es %\ld be drawn fir/ ) great c>e4 ,on a p5cil draw+ c5tre l9es %\ld be ?9 cont9u\s l9es2 9 ?is book !y are %[n ?us -- - -- - --4 ,aft] draw+ ! c5tre l9e ( any "p ! dim5sions ( t "p mu/ be m>k$ (f f ! c5tre l9e1 s z to insure t x really is ! c5tre l9e ( t "p3 ?us 9 mak+ a draw+ ( a rivet1 su* z is %[n at 7a7 fig4 #a1 aft] draw+ ! c5tre l9e1 half ! diamet] ( ! rivet w\ld be m>k$ (f on ea* side ( t l9e1 9 ord] to det]m9e ! l9es = ! sides ( ! rivet4 ,ink+4--,= ink+ 9 draw+s ! be/ ,indian ink %\ld be us$1 & n common writ+ ink4 ,common ink does n dry quick en\gh1 & rapidly corrodes ! draw+ p5s4 ,! p5 %\ld be fill$ by means ( a bru% or a n>r[ /rip ( pap]1 & n by dipp+ ! p5 into ! ink4 ,9 cases :]e !re are /raight l9es & arcs ( circles t\*+ "o ano!r ink 9 ! arcs fir/1 !n ! /raight l9es2 9 ?is way x is easi] to hide ! jo9ts4 ,col\r+4--,camel's-hair or sable bru%es %\ld be us$2 ! latt] are ! be/1 b are mu* m exp5sive ?an ! =m]4 ,! col\r %\ld be rubb$ d[n 9 a di%1 & ! t9t %\ld be light4 ,! mi/ake :i* a beg9n] inv>iably makes is 9 hav+ ! col\r ( too d>k a t9t4 ,fir/ g ov] ! "p to be col\r$ ) ! bru% & clean wat] = ! purpose ( damp+ x4 ,next dry ) clean blott+-pap] to take (f any sup]flu\s wat]4 ,!n take ano!r bru% ) ! col\r1 & beg9n+ at ! top1 "w f left to "r & d[nw>ds4 ,if x is necess>y to recol\r any "p let ! fir/ coat+ dry be=e beg9n+4 ,eng9e]s h adopt$ c]ta9 col\rs to repres5t p>ticul> mat]ials2 ^! are giv5 9 ! foll[+ table3-- ,table %[+ ,col\rs us$ to repres5t ,diff]5t ,mat]ials4 ,,mat]ial ,,col\r ,ca/ iron ,payne's grey or neutral t9t4 ,wr\ght iron ,prussian blue4 ,/eel ,purple 7mixture ( ,prussian blue & crimson lake74 ,brass ,gamboge ) a little si5na or a v little r$ add$4 ,copp] ,a mixture ( crimson lake & gamboge1 ! =m] col\r pr$om9at+4 ,lead ,light ,indian ink ) a v little indigo add$4 ,brickwork ,crimson lake & burnt si5na4 ,firebrick ,yell[ & ,v&yke br[n4 ,grey/ones ,light sepia or pale ,indian ink1 ) a little ,prussian blue add$4 ,br[n free/one ,mixture ( pale ,indian ink1 burnt si5na1 & c>m9e4 ,s(t woods ,= gr\nd "w1 pale t9t ( si5na4 ,h>d woods ,= gr\nd "w1 pale t9t ( si5na ) a little r$ add$4 ,= gra9+ woods use d>k] t9t ) a great] proportion ( r$4 ,pr9t+4--,a good draw+ %\ld h its title pr9t$1 a pla9 /yle ( lett] be+ us$ = ?is purpose1 su* z ! foll[+3-- ,illu/ration3 ,,abcdefghijklmnopqr/ ,,uvwxyz #abcdefghij ,illu/ration3 ,,abcdefghijklmnopqr ,,/uvwxyz #abcdefghij ,! foll[+ lett]s look well if !y are well made1 b !y are mu* m difficult to draw4 ,illu/ration3 ,,abcdefghijklmnop ,,qr/uvwxyz #abcdefghij ,= rem>ks on a draw+ ! foll[+ /yle is mo/ suitable3-- ,illu/ration3 abcdefghijklmnopqr/uvwxyz ,all pr9t+ %\ld be done by freeh&4 ,bord] l9es are seldom put on eng9e]+ draw+s4 ,work+ ,draw+s4--,a good work+ draw+ %\ld be prep>$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,x mu/ fir/ be c>efully outl9$ 9 p5cil & !n ink$ 94 ,aft] ?is all p>ts cut by planes ( section %\ld be col\r$1 ! col\rs us$ indicat+ ! mat]ials ( :i* ! p>ts are made4 ,p>ts :i* are r\nd may also be lightly %ad$ ) ! bru% & col\rs to suit ! mat]ials4 ,! c5tre l9es are n[ ink$ 9 ) r$ or blue ink4 ,! r$ ink may be prep>$ by rubb+ d[n ! cake ( crimson lake1 & ! blue ink 9 l mann] f ! cake ( ,prussian blue4 ,next come ! di/ance or dim5sion l9es1 :i* %\ld be put 9 ) blue or r$ ink1 dep5d+ on :i* col\r 0 us$ = ! c5tre l9es4 ,dim5sion l9es & c5tre l9es are be/ put 9 ( diff]5t col\r4 ,! arr[-heads at ! ends ( ! dim5sion l9es are n[ put 9 ) black ink1 & s are ! figures = ! dim5sions4 ,! arr[-heads & ! figures %\ld be made ) a common writ+ p54 ,! dim5sions %\ld be put on neatly4 ,_m a good draw+ has its appe>ance spoil$ ?r\gh be+ slov5ly dim5sion$4 ,we may "h po9t out ! importance ( putt+ ! dim5sions on a work+ draw+4 ,if ! draw+ is n dim5sion$1 ! workman mu/ get 8 sizes f ! draw+ by apply+ 8 rule or a suitable scale4 ,n[ ?is op]ation takes "t1 & is v liable to result 9 error4 ,"t is !re=e sav$1 & ! *ance ( error r$uc$1 by m>k+ ! sizes 9 figures4 ,9 practice x is n usual to s5d orig9al draw+s f ! draw+ (fice to ! work%op1 b copies only4 ,! copies may be produc$ by v>i\s 'processes1' or !y may be trac+s drawn by h&4 ,_m eng9e]s d n ink 9 _! orig9al draw+s1 b leave !m 9 p5cil2 especially is ?is ! case if ! draw+s are n likely to be mu* us$4 ,scales4--,! be/ scales are made ( ivory1 & are twelve in*es long4 ,boxwood scales are mu* *eap]1 al?\gh n s durable z ^? made ( ivory4 ,if ! /ud5t does n c>e to g to ! exp5se ( ivory or boxwood scales1 he c get pap] ones v *eap1 :i* w be q suffici5t = 8 purpose4 ,! divisions ( ! scale %\ld be m>k$ d[n to its edge1 s t measurem5ts may be made by apply+ ! scale directly to ! draw+4 ,= work+ su* ex]cises z are 9 ?is book ! /ud5t %\ld be provid$ ) ! foll[+ scales3-- ,a scale ( #a1 or #ab in*es to a foot4 #a_/b #f #a_/c #d #a_/d #c #a_/f #b ,a scale ( #a is spok5 ( z 'full size1' & a scale ( #a_/b z 'half size4' ,eng9e]s 9 ?is c\ntry /ate dim5sions ( ma*9es 9 feet1 in*es1 & fractions ( an in*1 ! latt] be+ ! #a_/b1 #a_/d1 #a_/h1 #a_/af1 c4 ,9 mak+ calculations x is g5]ally m conv5i5t to use decimal fractions1 & !n sub/itute = ! results ! equival5t fractions 9 eigh?s1 sixte5?s1 c4 ,! foll[+ table w be f\nd useful = ?is purpose3-- ,decimal ,equival5ts ( ,fractions ( an ,in*4 ------------------------------ ,fraction ,decimal ,equival5t ------------------------------ #a_/cb 4#jcabe #a_/af 4#jfbe #c_/cb 4#jicge #a_/h 4#abe #e_/cb 4#aefbe #c_/af 4#ahge #g_/cb 4#bahge #a_/d 4#be #i_/cb 4#bhabe #e_/af 4#cabe #aa_/cb 4#cdcge #c_/h 4#cge #ac_/cb 4#djfbe #g_/af 4#dcge #ae_/cb 4#dfhge #a_/b 4#e #ag_/cb 4#ecabe #i_/af 4#efbe #ai_/cb 4#eicge #e_/h 4#fbe #ba_/cb 4#fefbe #aa_/af 4#fhge #bc_/cb 4#gahge #c_/d 4#ge #be_/cb 4#ghabe #ac_/af 4#habe #bg_/cb 4#hdcge #g_/h 4#hge #bi_/cb 4#ijfbe #ae_/af 4#icge #ca_/cb 4#ifhge #a #a4j ------------------------------ ,eng9e]s use a s+le acc5t 7'7 to d5ote feet1 & a d\ble acc5t 77 to d5ote in*es4 ,?us #b' #i reads two feet n9e in*es4 ,,ii4 ,,rivet$ ,,jo9ts4 ,two plates or pieces to be rivet$ toge!r h holes pun*$ or drill$ 9 !m 9 su* a mann] t "o may be made to ov]lap ! o!r s t ! holes 9 ! "o may be opposite ! holes 9 ! o!r4 ,! rivets1 :i* are r\nd b>s ( iron1 or /eel1 or o!r metal1 are heat$ to r$ness & ins]t$ 9 ! holes2 ! head already =m$ on ! rivet1 & call$ ! tail1 is !n held up1 & ! po9t is hamm]$ or press$ s z to =m ano!r head4 ,?is process ( =m+ ! second head on ! rivet is kn[n z rivet+1 & may be done by h&-hamm]+ or by a ma*9e4 ,=ms ( ,rivet ,heads4--,9 fig4 #a are %[n f\r diff]5t =ms ( rivet heads3 7a7 is a snap head1 7b7 a conical head 7c7 a pan head1 & 7d7 a c\nt]sunk head4 ,proportions ( ,rivet ,heads4--,! diamet] ( ! snap head is ab\t #a4g times ! diamet] ( ! rivet1 & its height ab\t 4#f ( ! diamet] ( ! rivet4 ,! conical head has a diamet] twice & a height ?ree qu>t]s ( ! rivet diamet]4 ,! greate/ diamet] ( ! pan head is ab\t #a4f1 & its height 4#g ( ! rivet diamet]4 ,! greate/ diamet] ( ! c\nt]sunk head may be "o & a half1 & its dep? a half ( ! diamet] ( ! rivet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,9 fig4 #a at 7a7 & 7b7 are %[n geometrical con/ructions devis$ by ! au?or = draw+ ! snap & conical head = any size ( rivet1 ! proportions be+ ne>ly ! same z ^? giv5 above4 ,geometrical ,con/ruction = ,proportion+ ,snap ,heads4--,) c5tre ,a1 & radius equal to half diamet] ( rivet1 describe a circle cutt+ ! c5tre l9e ( ! rivet at ,b & ,c4 ,) c5tre ,b & radius ,,bc describe ! arc ,,cd4 ,make ,,be equal to ,,ad4 ,) c5tre ,e & radius ,,ed describe ! arc ,,dfh4 ,con/ruction = ,conical ,head4--,) c5tre ,k1 & radius equal to diamet] ( rivet1 describe ! semicircle ,,lmn1 cutt+ ! side ( ! rivet at ,m4 ,) c5tre ,m & radius ,,mn describe ! arc ,,np to cut ! c5tre l9e ( rivet at ,p4 ,jo9 ,,pl & ,,pn4 ,:5 a numb] ( rivets ( ! same diamet] h to be %[n on ! same draw+ ! above con/ructions ne$ only be p]=m$ on "o rivet4 ,aft] ! po9t ,e has be5 discov]$ ! di/ance ,,ae may be measur$ (f on all ! o!r rivets1 & ! arcs correspond+ to ,,dfh drawn ) radii equal to ,,ed4 ,9 l mann] ! height ,,kp ( ! conical head may be m>k$ (f on all rivets ( ! same diamet] ) conical heads4 ,caulk+4--,9 ord] to make rivet$ jo9ts /eam- or wat]-tight ! edges ( ! plates & ! edges ( ! heads ( ! rivets are burr$ d[n by a blunt *isel or caulk+ tool z %[n at ,q & ,r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,ex]cise #a3 ,=ms ( ,rivets4--,draw1 full size1 ! rivets & rivet heads %[n 9 fig4 #a4 ,! diamet] ( ! rivet 9 ea* case to be #a-a_/h in*es1 & ! ?ickness ( ! plates #g_/h in*4 ,,ex]cise #b3 ,s+le ,rivet$ ,lap ,jo9t4--,draw1 full size1 ! plan & sectional elevation ( ! s+le rivet$ lap jo9t %[n 9 fig4 #b4 ,table %[+ ! ,proportions ( ,s+le ,rivet$ ,lap ,jo9ts = v>i\s ,?icknesses ( ,plates4 7,plates & ,rivets ,wr\ght ,iron47 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,?ickness ( ,diamet] ( ,pit* ( ,wid? ( lap plates rivets rivets ---------------------------------------- ----------- #a_/d #i_/af #a-e_/h #a-c_/d #e_/af #e_/h #a-c_/d #b #c_/h #aa_/af #a-g_/h #b-a_/d #g_/af #c_/d #b #b-a_/b #a_/b #ac_/af #b-a_/h #b-c_/d #i_/af #g_/h #b-a_/d #b-g_/h #e_/h #ae_/af #b-e_/af #c #aa_/af #a #b-c_/h #c-a_/h #c_/d #a-a_/af #b-a_/b #c-a_/d ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,all ! dim5sions are 9 in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,,ex]cise #c4--;,draw1 half size1 a plan & section ( a s+le rivet$ lap jo9t = plates #c_/d ?ick to ! dim5sions giv5 9 ! above table4 ,,ex]cise #d3 ,d\ble ,rivet$ ,lap ,jo9t4--,draw1 full size1 ! two views ( ! d\ble rivet$ lap jo9t %[n 9 fig4 #c4 ,table %[+ ! ,proportions ( ,d\ble ,rivet$ ,lap ,jo9ts = v>i\s ,?icknesses ( ,plates4 7,plates & ,rivets ,wr\ght ,iron47 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,?ickness ,diamet] ( ,pit* ( ,di/ance betwe5 ,wid? ( ( plates rivets rivets r[s ( rivets lap ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #c_/h #aa_/af #b-a_/b #a-a_/h #c-a_/b #g_/af #c_/d #b-e_/h #a-a_/d #c-c_/d #a_/b #ac_/af #b-c_/d #a-c_/h #d #i_/af #g_/h #b-g_/h #a-g_/af #d-a_/d #e_/h #ae_/af #c #a-i_/af #d-a_/b #aa_/af #a #c-a_/h #a-c_/d #d-c_/d #c_/d #a-a_/af #c-a_/d #a-g_/h #e #ac_/af #a-a_/af #c-c_/h #a-g_/h #e #g_/h #a-a_/h #c-a_/b #a-ae_/af #e-a_/d #ae_/af #a-a_/h #c-e_/h #a-ae_/af #e-a_/d #a #a-c_/af #c-c_/d #b #e-a_/b ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,,ex]cise #e4--;,draw1 half size1 a plan & section ( a d\ble rivet$ lap jo9t = plates #g_/h in* ?ick to ! dim5sions giv5 9 ! above table4 ,,ex]cise #f3 ,s+le ,rivet$ ,butt ,jo9ts4--,9 fig4 #d are %[n s+le rivet$ butt jo9ts4 ,"o ( ! sectional views %[s a butt jo9t ) "o cov] plate or butt /rap2 ! o!r sectional view %[s ! same jo9t ) two cov] plates2 ! ?ird view is a plan ( bo? arrangem5ts4 ,draw all ^! views full size4 ,,ex]cise #g4--;,fig4 #e %[s a plan & sectional elevation ( ! connection ( ?ree plates toge!r1 :i* are 9 ! same plane1 by means ( s+le rivet$ butt jo9ts & s+le cov] plates4 ,! butt /raps :]e !y ov]lap are =g$ s z to fit "o ano!r z %[n1 & ?us =m a close jo9t4 ,draw ^! views to ! scale ( #f in*es to a foot4 ,! plates are #a_/b in* ?ick & ! butt /raps #i_/af in* ?ick4 ,all o!r dim5sions mu/ be d$uc$ f ! table = s+le rivet$ lap jo9ts4 ,,ex]cise #h4--,! connection ( ?ree plates by s+le rivet$ lap jo9ts is %[n 9 fig4 #f4 ,to make ! jo9t close "o plate has a portion ( its edge ?9n$ out1 & ! plate above x is set up at ?is "p s z to lie close to ! =m]4 ,draw ! ?ree views %[n 9 fig4 #f to ! same scale z ! la/ ex]cise4 ,! plates are #g_/af in* ?ick4 ,all o!r dim5sions to be obta9$ f table = s+le rivet$ lap jo9ts4 ,,ex]cise #i3 ,corn] ( ,wr\ght-iron ,tank4--,?is ex]cise is to illu/rate ! connection ( plates :i* are at "r angles to "o ano!r by means ( angle irons4 ,fig4 #g is a plan & elevation ( ! corn] ( a wr\ght-iron tank4 ,! sides ( ! tank are rivet$ to a v]tical angle iron1 ! cross section ( :i* is cle>ly %[n 9 ! plan4 ,ano!r angle iron ( ! same dim5sions is us$ 9 ! same way to connect ! sides ) ! bottom4 ,! sides d n come q up to ! corn] ( ! v]tical angle iron1 except+ at ! bottom :]e ! horizontal angle iron comes 94 ,at ?is po9t ! v]tical plates meet "o ano!r1 & ! edge =m$ is r\nd$ ov] to fit ! int]ior ( ! b5d ( ! horizontal angle iron s z to make ! jo9t tight4 ,draw half size4 ,! dim5sions are z foll[s3 angle irons #b-a_/b in*es x #b-a_/b in*es x #c_/h in*2 plates #c_/h in* ?ick2 rivets #aa_/af in* diamet] & #b in*es pit*4 ,,ex]cise #aj3 ,gusset ,/ay4--,9 ord] t ! flat ends ( a /eam boil] may n be bulg$ out by ! pressure ( ! /eam !y are /r5g!n$ by means ( /ays4 ,"o =m ( boil] /ay1 call$ a 'gusset /ay1' is %[n 9 fig4 #h4 ,?is /ay consi/s ( a /rip ( wr\ght-iron plate :i* passes 9 a diagonal direction f ! flat end ( ! boil] to ! cyl9drical %ell4 ,"o end ( ?is plate is plac$ betwe5 & rivet$ to two angle irons :i* are rivet$ to ! %ell ( ! boil]4 ,a simil> arrangem5t connects ! o!r end ( ! /ay plate to ! flat end ( ! boil]4 ,9 ?is example ! /ay or gusset plate is #c_/d ( an in* ?ick2 ! angle irons are #d in*es broad & #a_/b in* ?ick4 ,! rivets are #a in* 9 diamet]4 ,! same figure also illu/rates ! mo/ common me?od ( connect+ ! ends ( a boil] to ! %ell4 ,! end plates are flang$ or b5t ov] at "r angles & rivet$ to ! %ell z %[n4 ,! radius ( ! inside curve at ! angle ( ! flange is #a-a_/d in*es4 ,draw ?is example to a scale ( #c in*es to #a foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,,iii4 ,,screws1 ,,bolts1 ,,& ,,nuts4 ,screw ,?reads4--,! v>i\s =ms ( screw ?reads us$ 9 ma*9e con/ruction are %[n 9 fig4 #i4 ,! ,:itwor? ,v ?read is %[n at 7a74 ,?is is ! /&>d =m ( triangul> ?read us$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! angle betwe5 ! sides ( ! ,v is #ee deg41 & "o-six? ( ! total dep? is r\nd$ (f bo? at ! top & bottom4 ,at 7b7 is %[n ! ,sell]s ,v ?read1 :i* is ! /&>d triangul> ?read us$ by eng9e]s 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 ?is =m ( ?read ! angle betwe5 ! sides ( ! ,v is #fj deg41 & "o-eigh? ( ! total dep? is cut squ>e (f at ! top & bottom4 ,! ,squ>e ?read is %[n at 7c74 ,?is =m is pr9cipally us$ = transmitt+ motion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,comp>+ ! triangul> & squ>e ?reads1 ! =m] is ! /rong] ( ! two2 b ow+ to ! normal pressure on ! ,v ?read be+ incl9$ to ! axis ( ! screw1 t pressure mu/ be great] ?an ! pressure :i* is be+ transmitt$ by ! screw2 & !re=e1 see+ t ! normal pressure on ! squ>e ?read is p>allel1 & !re=e equal to ! pressure transmitt$ 9 ! direction ( ! axis ( ! screw1 ! friction ( ! ,v ?read mu/ be great] ?an ! friction ( ! squ>e ?read4 ,9 ! case ( ! triangul> ?read !re is also a t5d5cy ( ! pressure to bur/ ! nut4 ,! ,buttress ?read %[n at 7e7 is design$ to comb9e ! advantages ( ! ,v & squ>e ?reads1 b x only has ^! advantages :5 ! pressure is transmitt$ 9 "o direction2 if ! direction ( ! pressure be rev]s$1 ! friction & bur/+ action on ! nut are ev5 great] ?an ) ! ,v ?read1 because ( ! great] incl9ation ( ! slant side ( ! buttress ?read4 ,! angles ( ! squ>e ?read are frequ5tly r\nd$ to a great] or less ext5t to r5d] !m less easily damag$4 ,if ?is r\nd+ is c>ri$ to excess we get ! ,knuckle ?read %[n at 7d74 ,! r\nd+ ( ! angles increases bo? ! /r5g? & ! friction4 ,,ex]cise #aa3 ,=ms ( ,screw ,?reads4--,draw to a scale ( ?ree times full size ! sections ( screw ?reads z %[n 9 fig4 #i4 ,! pit* = ! ,:itwor?1 ,sell]s1 & buttress ?reads to be #c_/h in*1 & ! pit* ( ! squ>e & knuckle ?reads to be #a_/b in*4 ,dim5sions ( ,:itwor? ,screws4 ----------------------------------- ,diamet] ,numb] ,diamet] ( screw ( ?reads at bottom p] in* ( ?read --------------------------------- #a_/h #dj 4#jic #c_/af #bd 4#acd #a_/d #bj 4#ahf #e_/af #ah 4#bda #c_/h #af 4#bie #g_/af #ad 4#cdf #a_/b #ab 4#cic #e_/h #aa 4#ejh #c_/d #aj 4#fbb #g_/h #i 4#gcc #a #h 4#hdj #a-a_/h #g 4#idb #a-a_/d #g #a4jfg #a-c_/h #f #a4afb #a-a_/b #f #a4bhf #a-e_/h #e #a4cfi #a-c_/d #e #a4did #a-g_/h #d-a_/b #a4eij #b #d-a_/b #a4gae #b-a_/d #d #a4icj #b-a_/b #d #b4ahj #b-c_/d #c-a_/b #b4chd #c #c-a_/b #b4fcd #c-a_/d #c-a_/d #b4hef #c-a_/b #c-a_/d #c4ajf #c-c_/d #c #c4cbc #d #c #c4egc #d-a_/d #b-g_/h #c4hje #d-a_/b #b-g_/h #d4jee #d-c_/d #b-c_/d #d4bhd #e #b-c_/d #d4ecd #e-a_/d #b-e_/h #d4gfb #e-a_/b #b-e_/h #e4jab #e-c_/d #b-a_/b #e4bch #f #b-a_/b #e4dhh ----------------------------------- ,gas ,?reads#a 7,:itwor? ,/&>d74 #a ,us$ = wr\ght-iron & brass tubes4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,diamet] ( ,screw #a_/h #a_/d #c_/h #a_/b #e_/h #c_/d #a ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,numb] ( ?reads p] in* #bh #ai #ai #ad #ad #ad #aa ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,diamet] ( ,screw #a-a_/d #a-a_/b #a-c_/d #b ---------------------------------------- ----- ,numb] ( ?reads p] in* #aa #aa #aa #aa ---------------------------------------- --------- ,repres5tation ( ,screws4--,! correct me?od ( repres5t+ screw ?reads involves consid]able tr\ble1 & is seldom adopt$ by eng9e]s = work+ draw+s4 ,= an explanation ( ! me?od see ! au?or's ,text-book on ,practical ,solid ,geometry1 ,"p ,,ii41 problem #acd4 ,a me?od v (t5 adopt$ on work+ draw+s is %[n 9 fig4 #ae2 "h ! ?9 l9es repres5t ! po9ts1 & ! ?ick l9es ! roots ( ! ?reads4 ,at fig4 #af is %[n a m complete me?od4 ,! simple/ me?od is illu/rat$ by figs4 #aj1 #aa1 #ac1 & #ad4 ,"h dott$ l9es are drawn p>allel to ! axis ( ! screw z f> z x ext5ds1 & at a di/ance f "o ano!r equal to ! diamet] ( ! screw at ! bottom ( ! ?read4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,=ms ( ,nuts4--,! mo/ common =m ( nut is ! hexagonal %[n 9 figs4 #aj1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 & #af2 next to ?is comes ! squ>e nut %[n 9 fig4 #aa4 ,! me?od ( draw+ ^! nuts w be und]/ood by ref]5ce to ! figures2 ! small circles indicate ! c5tres1 & ! incl9$ l9es pass+ ?r\gh !m ! radii ( ! curves :i* repres5t ! *amf]$ or bevell$ edge ( ! nut4 ,9 all ! figures b ! fir/ ! *amf] is j suffici5t to t\* ! middle po9ts ( ! sides1 & 9 ^! cases ! draw+ ( ! nut is simpl]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,=ms ( ,bolts4--,at 7a71 fig4 #ab1 is %[n a bolt ) a squ>e head & a squ>e neck4 ,if ?is =m ( bolt is pass$ ?r\gh a squ>e hole ! squ>e neck prev5ts ! bolt f turn+ :5 ! nut is be+ screw$ up4 ,in/ead ( a squ>e neck a snug may be us$ = ! same purpose1 z %[n on ! cup-head$ bolt at 7b74 ,! snug fits into a %ort groove cut 9 ! side ( ! hole ?r\gh :i* ! bolt passes4 ,at 7a7 ! diagonal l9es are us$ to di/+ui% ! flat side ( ! neck f ! r\nd "p ( ! bolt above x4 ,at 7c7 is %[n a tee-head$ bolt1 & at 7d7 an eye-bolt4 ,fig4 #ac repres5ts a hook bolt4 ,a bolt ) a c\nt]sunk head is %[n 9 fig4 #aa4 ,if ! c\nt]sunk head be l5g!n$ s z to take up ! :ole ( ! unscrew$ "p ( ! bolt1 we get ! tap] bolt %[n 9 fig4 #ad1 :i* is (t5 us$ 9 ! c\pl+s ( ! screw %afts ( /eam%ips4 ,! tap] bolt has ! advantage ( hav+ no project+ head1 & x may also be made a tight fit 9 ! hole ) less tr\ble ?an a p>allel bolt4 ,bolts may also h hexagonal heads4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af ,/uds1 or /ud bolts1 are %[n 9 figs4 #ae & #af2 t 9 fig4 #ae is a pla9 /ud1 :ile t 9 fig4 #af has an int]m$iate coll> =g$ ^u x1 & is !re=e call$ a coll>$ /ud4 ,proportions ( ,nuts & ,bolt-heads4--,9 ! hexagonal nut ! diamet] ,d across ! flats is #a-a_/b;d #a_/h1 :]e d is ! diamet] ( ! bolt4 ,! same rule gives ! wid? ( a squ>e nut across ! flats4 ,a rule v commonly us$ 9 mak+ draw+s ( hexagonal nuts is to make ! diamet] ,d1 across ! angles equal to #b;d4 ,h1 ! height ( ! nut1 is equal to ! diamet] ( ! bolt4 ,9 squ>e & hexagonal head$ bolts ! height ( ! head v>ies f d to #b_/c;d2 ! o!r dim5sions are ! same z = ! correspond+ nuts4 ,wa%]s are flat1 circul>1 wr\ght-iron plates1 hav+ holes 9 _! c5tres ( ! same diamet] z ! bolts on :i* !y are us$4 ,! object ( ! wa%] is to give a smoo? be>+ surface = ! nut to turn ^u1 & x is us$ :5 ! surfaces ( ! pieces to be connect$ are r\gh1 or :5 ! bolt passes ?r\gh a hole l>g] ?an itself1 z %[n 9 fig4 #aj4 ,! diamet] ( ! wa%] is a little m ?an ! diamet] ( ! nut across ! angles1 & its ?ickness ab\t #a_/h ( ! diamet] ( ! bolt4 ,,ex]cise #ab4--;,draw1 full size1 ! views %[n 9 fig4 #aj ( an hexagonal nut & wa%] = a bolt #a-a_/d in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! bolt passes ?r\gh a hole #a-c_/d x #a-a_/d4 ,all ! dim5sions are to be calculat$ f ! rules :i* h j be5 giv54 ,,ex]cise #ac4--;,draw1 full size1 ! plan & elevation ( ! squ>e nut & bolt ) c\nt]sunk head %[n 9 fig4 #aa1 to ! dim5sions giv54 ,,ex]cise #ad4--;,draw1 full size1 ! elevation ( ! hook bolt ) hexagonal nut %[n 9 fig4 #ac to ! dim5sions giv51 & %[ also a plan4 ,,ex]cise #ae4--;,draw1 to a scale ( #d in*es to a foot1 ! conical bolt = a m>9e %aft c\pl+ %[n 9 fig4 #ad4 ,all ! p>ts are ( wr\ght iron4 ,,ex]cise #af4--;,fig4 #ae is a section ( ! m\? ( a small /eam-eng9e cyl9d]1 %[+ h[ ! cov] is atta*$2 draw ?is full size4 ,,ex]cise #ag4--;,fig4 #af %[s ! c5tral portion ( ! india-rubb] disc valve :i* is describ$ on page #fh4 ,a is ! c5tral boss ( ! grat+1 into :i* is screw$ ! /ud ,b1 ^u :i* is =g$ ! coll> ,c4 ,! upp] "p ( ! /ud is screw$1 & c>ries ! gu>d ,d & an hexagonal nut ,e4 ,f is ! india-rubb]4 ,! grat+ & gu>d are ( brass4 ,! /ud & nut are ( wr\ght iron4 ,draw full size ! view %[n4 ,lock ,nuts4--,9 ord] t a nut may turn freely ^u a bolt1 !re is always a v small cle>ance space betwe5 ! ?reads ( ! nut & ^? ( ! bolt4 ,?is cle>ance is %[n exagg]at$ at 7a71 fig4 #ag1 :]e ,a is a portion ( a bolt )9 a nut ,b4 ,suppose t ! bolt is /ret*$ by a =ce ,w4 ,:5 ! nut ,b is screw$ up1 ! upp] surfaces ( ! project+ ?reads ( ! nut w press on ! "u surfaces ( ! ?reads ( ! bolt ) a =ce ,p equal & opposite to ,w1 z %[n at 7b71 fig4 #ag4 ,:5 9 ?is condition ! nut has no t5d5cy to slack5 back1 because ( ! friction due to ! pressure on ! nut4 ,n[ suppose t ! t5sion ,w on ! bolt is mom5t>ily dim9i%$1 !n ! friction :i* opposes ! turn+ ( ! nut may be s mu* dim9i%$ t a vibration may cause x to slack5 back ?r\gh a small angle4 ,if ?is is repeat$ a great _m times ! nut may slack5 back s f> z to become useless4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,a v common arrangem5t = lock+ a nut is %[n at 7a71 fig4 #ah4 ,c is an ord9>y nut1 & ,b "o hav+ half ! ?ickness ( ,c4 ,b is fir/ screw$ up tight s z to act on ! bolt1 z %[n at 7b71 fig4 #ag4 ,c is !n screw$ on top ( ,b4 ,:5 ,c is almo/ z tight z x c be made1 x is held by "o spann]1 :ile ,b is turn$ back ?r\gh a small angle ) ano!r4 ,! action ( ! nuts ^u ! bolt & ^u "o ano!r is n[ z %[n at 7b71 fig4 #ah4 ,x w be se5 t ! nuts are w$g$ tight on to ! bolt1 & t ?is action is indep5d5t ( ! t5sion ,w 9 ! bolt4 ,! nuts w1 !re=e1 rema9 tight aft] ! t5sion 9 ! bolt is remov$4 ,x is evid5t t if ! nuts are screw$ up 9 ! mann] expla9$1 ! out] nut ,c w c>ry ! :ole load on ! bolt2 h5ce ,c %\ld be ! ?ick] ( ! two nuts4 ,9 practice1 ! ?9 nut1 call$ ! lock nut1 is (t5 plac$ on ! outside1 = ! reason t ord9>y spann]s are too ?ick to act on ! ?9 nut :5 plac$ "u ! o!r4 ,ano!r v common arrangem5t = lock+ a nut is %[n 9 fig4 #ai4 ,a is ! bolt & ,b ! nut1 ! l[] "p ( :i* is turn$ circul>4 ,a groove ,c is also turn$ on ! nut at ?is "p4 ,! circul> "p ( ! nut fits into a circul> recess 9 "o ( ! p>ts connect$ by ! bolt4 ,?r\gh ?is "p passes a set screw ,d1 ! po9t ( :i* c be made to press on ! nut at ! bottom ( ! groove ,c4 ,d is turn$ back :5 ! nut ,b is be+ mov$1 & :5 ,b is tight5$ up1 ! set screw is screw$ up s z to press h>d on ! bottom ( ! groove ,c4 ,! nut ,b is ?us prev5t$ f slack5+ back4 ,! screw ?read is turn$ (f ! set screw at ! po9t :]e x ent]s ! groove on ! nut4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai ,! use ( ! groove = receiv+ ! po9t ( ! set screw is ?is3 ,! po9t ( ! set screw ind5ts ! nut & raises a bur :i* w\ld int]f]e ) ! free turn+ ( ! nut 9 ! recess if ! bur 0 n at ! bottom ( a groove4 ,additional security is obta9$ by drill+ a hole ?r\gh ! po9t ( ! bolt1 & fitt+ x ) a split p9 ,e4 ,lock+ arrangem5ts = nuts are exce$+ly num]\s1 & _m ( !m are v +5i\s1 b want ( space prev5ts u describ+ !m4 ,we may po9t out1 h[ev]1 t _m v good lock+ arrangem5ts h ! defect ( only lock+ ! nut at c]ta9 po9ts ( a revolution1 say at e #cj deg44 ,x w be notic$ t ! two arrangem5ts :i* we h describ$ are n op5 to ?is objection4 ,,ex]cise #ah4--;,draw1 full size1 a plan1 front elevation1 & side elevation ( ! arrangem5t ( nuts %[n 9 fig4 #ah1 = a bolt #g_/h in* diamet]4 ,,ex]cise #ai4--;,draw ! plan & elevation ( ! nut & lock+ arrangem5t %[n 9 fig4 #ai4 ,make also an elevation look+ 9 ! direction ( ! arr[4 ,scale #f in*es to a foot4 ,,iv4 ,,keys4 ,keys are w$ges1 g5]ally rectangul> 9 section1 b sometimes circul>2 !y are made ( wr\ght iron or /eel1 & are us$ = secur+ :eels1 pulleys1 cranks1 c41 to %afts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,v>i\s sections ( keys are %[n 9 fig4 #bj4 ,at 7a7 is ! holl[ or saddle key4 ,) ?is =m ( key x is n necess>y to cut ! %aft 9 any way1 b its hold+ p[] is small1 & x is !re=e only us$ = light "w4 ,at 7b7 is ! key on a flat1 sometimes call$ a flat key4 ,! hold+ p[] ( ?is key is mu* great] ?an t ( ! saddle key4 ,at 7c7 is ! sunk key1 a v secure & v common =m4 ,! "p ( ! %aft ^u :i* a key re/s is call$ ! key b$ or key way1 & ! recess 9 ! boss ( ! :eel or pulley into :i* ! key fits is call$ ! key way2 bo? are also call$ key seats4 ,) saddle1 flat1 & sunk keys ! key b$ is p>allel to ! axis ( ! %aft2 b ! key way is deep] at "o end ?an ! o!r to accommodate ! tap] ( ! key4 ,! sides ( ! key are p>allel4 ,! r\nd key or tap] p9 %[n at 7d7 is 9 g5]al only us$ = :eels or cranks :i* h be5 previ\sly %runk on to _! %afts or =c$ on by great pressure4 ,aft] ! :eel or crank has be5 %runk on1 a hole is drill$1 half into ! %aft & half into ! :eel or crank1 to receive ! p94 ,:5 ! po9t ( a key is inaccessible ! o!r end is provid$ ) a gib head z %[n at 7e71 to enable ! key to be )drawn4 ,a slid+ or fea!r key secures a piece to a %aft s f> z to prev5t ! "o f rotat+ )\t ! o!r1 b all[s ( relative motion 9 ! direction ( ! axis ( ! %aft4 ,?is =m ( key has no tap]1 & x is secur$ to ! piece c>ri$ by ! %aft1 b is made a slid+ fit 9 ! key way ( ! %aft4 ,9 "o =m ( fea!r key ! "p )9 ! piece c>ri$ by ! %aft is dovetail$ z %[n at 7f74 ,9 ano!r =m ! key has a r\nd project+ p9 =g$ ^u x1 :i* ent]s a correspond+ hole z %[n at 7g74 ,! fea!r key may also be secur$ to ! piece c>ri$ by ! %aft by means ( "o or m screws z %[n at 7h74 ,! key way 9 ! %aft is made long en\gh to p]mit ( ! necess>y slid+ motion4 ,cone ,keys4--,^! are sometimes fitt$ to pulleys1 & are %[n 9 fig4 #cb1 page #ch4 ,9 ?is case ! eye ( ! pulley is tap]$ & is l>g] ?an ! %aft4 ,! space betwe5 ! %aft & ! boss ( ! pulley is fill$ ) ?ree saddle or cone keys4 ,^! keys are made ( ca/ iron & are all ca/ toge!r1 & be=e be+ divid$ ! ca/+ is bor$ to fit ! %aft & turn$ to fit ! eye ( ! pulley4 ,by ?is arrangem5t ( keys ! same pulley may be fix$ on %afts ( diff]5t diamet]s by us+ keys ( diff]5t ?icknesses2 also ! pulley may be bor$ out l>ge en\gh to pass ov] any boss :i* may be =g$ on ! %aft4 ,proportions ( ,keys4--,! foll[+ rules are tak5 f ,unw9's ',ma*9e ,design1' pp4 #adb-dc4 ,diamet] ( eye ( :eel1 or boss ( %aft d4 ,wid? ( key #c_/d;d #a_/h4 ,mean ?ickness ( sunk key #a_/h;d #a_/h4 key on flat #a_/af;d #a_/af4 ,! foll[+ table gives dim5sions agree+ ) av]age practice4 ,dim5sions ( ,keys4 ,d diamet] ( %aft4 ,b bread? ( key4 ,t ?ickness ( sunk key4 ,t#a ?ickness ( flat key1 also ?ickness ( saddle key4 ,tap] ( key #a_/h in* p] foot ( l5g?1 i4e4 #a 9 #if4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,d #c_/d #a #a-a_/d #a-a_/b #a-c_/d #b #b-a_/d #b-a_/b ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,b #e_/af #c_/h #g_/af #a_/b #i_/af #e_/h #aa_/af #aa_/af ,t #a_/d #a_/d #a_/d #e_/af #e_/af #e_/af #c_/h #c_/h ,t#a #c_/af #c_/af #c_/af #c_/af #a_/d #a_/d #a_/d #e_/af ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,d #b-c_/d #c #c-a_/b #d #d-a_/b #e #e-a_/b #f ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,b #c_/d #g_/h #a #a-a_/h #a-a_/d #a-c_/h #a-a_/b #a-e_/h ,t #c_/h #g_/af #a_/b #a_/b #i_/af #e_/h #aa_/af #c_/d ,t#a #e_/af #e_/af #c_/h #g_/af #a_/b #a_/b #i_/af #e_/h ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,d #g #h #i #aj #aa #ab ---------------------------------------- --------- ,b #a-g_/h #b-a_/h #b-c_/h #b-e_/h #b-g_/h #c-a_/h ,t #ac_/af #ae_/af #a #a-a_/af #a-c_/af #a-a_/d ,t#a #aa_/af #c_/d #g_/h #ae_/af #a-a_/af #a-a_/h ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,v4 ,,%aft+4 ,%aft+ is ne>ly always cyl9drical & made ( wr\ght iron or /eel4 ,ca/ iron is r>ely us$ = %aft+4 ,axles are %afts :i* are subject$ to b5d+ )\t twi/+4 ,! p>ts ( a %aft or axle :i* re/ ^u ! be>+s or supports are call$ j\rnals1 pivots1 or coll>s4 ,9 j\rnals ! support+ pressure is at "r angles to ! axis ( ! %aft1 :ile 9 pivots & coll>s ! pressure is p>allel to t axis4 ,%afts may be solid or holl[4 ,holl[ %afts are /rong] ?an solid %afts = ! same weight ( mat]ial4 ,?us a holl[ %aft hav+ an ext]nal diamet] ( #aj-a_/d in*es & an int]nal diamet] ( #g in*es w\ld h ab\t ! same weight z a solid %aft ( ! same mat]ial #g-a_/b in*es 9 diamet]1 b ! =m] w\ld h ab\t d\ble ! /r5g? ( ! latt]4 ,holl[ %afts are also /iff] & yield less to b5d+ action ?an solid %afts1 :i* 9 "s cases1 z 9 propell] %afts1 is an objection4 ,,vi4 ,,%aft ,,c\pl+s4 ,= conv5i5ce ( mak+ & h&l+1 %afts us$ = transmitt+ p[] are g5]ally made 9 l5g?s n exce$+ #cj feet4 ,^! l5g?s are connect$ by c\pl+s1 ( :i* we give sev]al examples4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #ba & #bb4 ,solid1 ,box1 or ,muff ,c\pl+s4--,"o =m ( box c\pl+ is %[n 9 fig4 #ba4 ,"h ! ends ( ! %afts to be connect$ butt aga9/ "o ano!r1 meet+ at ! c5tre ( ! box1 :i* is made ( ca/ iron4 ,! %afts are made to rotate z "o by be+ secur$ to ! box by two wr\ght-iron or /eel keys1 bo? driv5 f ! same end ( ! box4 ,a cle>ance space is left betwe5 ! head ( ! =w>d key & ! po9t ( ! h9d "o1 to facilitate ! driv+ ( !m out1 z !n only "o key ne$s to be />t$ at a "t4 ,sometimes a s+le key ! :ole l5g? ( ! box is us$1 9 :i* case x is necess>y t ! key ways 9 ! %afts be ( exactly ! same dep?4 ,! half-lap c\pl+1 introduc$ by ,sir ,william ,fairbairn1 is %[n 9 fig4 #bb4 ,9 ?is =m ( box c\pl+ ! ends ( ! %afts ov]lap )9 ! box4 ,x is evid5t t "o %aft _c rotate )\t ! o!r z long z ! box rema9s ov] ! lap4 ,to keep ! box 9 its place x is fitt$ ) a saddle key4 ,x w be notic$ t ! lap jo9t is slop$ 9 su* a way z to prev5t ! two l5g?s ( %aft f be+ pull$ asund] by =ces act+ 9 ! direction ( _! l5g?4 ,half-lap c\pl+s are n us$ = %afts above #e in*es 9 diamet]4 ,x may "h be po9t$ out t ! half-lap c\pl+ is exp5sive to make1 & is n[ n mu* us$4 ,z %afts are weak5$ by cutt+ key ways 9 !m1 v (t5 ! ends :i* c>ry c\pl+s are enl>g$ 9 diamet]1 z %[n 9 fig4 #ba1 by an am\nt equal to ! ?ickness ( ! key4 ,an objection to ?is enl>gem5t is t :eels & pulleys require ei!r t _! bosses be bor$ out l>ge en\gh to pass ov] x1 or t !y be split into halves1 :i* are bolt$ toge!r aft] be+ plac$ on ! %aft4 ,dim5sions ( ,box ,c\pl+s4 ,d diamet] ( %aft4 ,t ?ickness ( metal 9 box4 ,l l5g? ( box = butt c\pl+4 ,l#a l5g? ( box = lap c\pl+4 l l5g? ( lap4 ,d#a diamet] ( %aft at lap4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,d #a-a_/b #b #b-a_/b #c #c-a_/b #d ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,t #a-a_/h #a-e_/af #a-a_/b #a-c_/d #a-ae_/af #b-a_/h ,l #e-c_/d #g #h-a_/d #i-a_/b #aj-c_/d #ab ,l#a #d-a_/h #e-a_/d #f-c_/h #g-a_/b #h-e_/h #i-c_/d l #a-g_/af #a-g_/h #b-e_/af #b-c_/d #c-c_/af #c-e_/h ,d#b #b-e_/af #c #c-aa_/af #d-c_/h #e-a_/af #e-c_/d ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------ ,d #d-a_/b #e #e-a_/b #f ---------------------------------------- -- ,t #b-e_/af #b-a_/b #b-c_/d #b-ae_/af ,l #ac-a_/d #ad-a_/b #ae-c_/d #ag ,l#a #aj-g_/h #ab -- -- l #d-a_/af #d-a_/b -- -- ,d#b #f-g_/af #g-a_/h -- -- ---------------------------------------- ------ ,slope ( lap #a 9 #ab4 ,,ex]cise #bj3 ,solid ,butt ,c\pl+4--,f ! above table ( dim5sions make a longitud9al & a transv]se section ( a solid butt c\pl+ = a %aft #b-a_/b in*es 9 diamet]4 ,scale #f in*es to a foot4 ,,ex]cise #ba3 ,fairbairn's ,half-,lap ,c\pl+4--,make ! same views z 9 ! la/ ex]cise ( a half-lap c\pl+ = a #c-;in* %aft to ! dim5sions 9 ! above table4 ,scale #f in*es to a foot4 ,flange ,c\pl+s4--,! =m ( c\pl+ us$ = ! %afts ( m>9e eng9es is %[n 9 fig4 #bc4 ,! ends ( ! diff]5t l5g?s ( %aft h flanges =g$ on !m1 :i* are turn$ along ) ! %aft4 ,^! flanges butt aga9/ "o ano!r1 & are connect$ by bolts4 ,^! bolts may be p>allel or tap]$2 g5]ally !y are tap]$4 ,a p>allel bolt mu/ h a head1 b a tap]$ bolt w act )\t "o4 ,9 fig4 #bc ! bolts are tap]$1 & also provid$ ) heads4 ,9 fig4 #ad1 page #ag1 is %[n a tap]$ bolt )\t a head4 ,! v>iation ( diamet] 9 tap]$ bolts is #c_/h ( an in* p] foot ( l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,sometimes a projection is =m$ on ! c5tre ( "o flange :i* fits into a correspond+ recess 9 ! c5tre ( ! o!r1 = ! purpose ( ensur+ ! %afts be+ 9 l9e4 ,occasionally a cross-key is fitt$ 9 betwe5 ! flanges1 be+ sunk half into ea*1 = ! purpose ( dim9i%+ ! %e>+ action on ! bolts4 ,,ex]cise #bb3 ,m>9e ,c\pl+4--,draw ! elevation & section ( ! c\pl+ %[n 9 fig4 #bc2 also an elevation look+ 9 ! direction ( ! arr[4 ,scale #c in*es to a foot4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! dim5sions ( a few m>9e c\pl+s tak5 f actual practice4 ,examples ( ,m>9e ,c\pl+s4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,diamet] ( %aft #b-c_/h #i-c_/d #ab-g_/h #af-a_/b #bb-a_/b #bc ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,diamet] ( flange #f #ai #bd #cb #ce #ch ,?ickness ( flange #a #b-c_/d #c-a_/h #d-a_/d #f #e ,diamet] ( bolts #c_/d #b-c_/d #b-aa_/af #c-a_/b #d-a_/d #d-a_/d ,numb] ( bolts #c #f #f #h #i #h ,diamet] ( bolt circle #d-a_/h #ad-a_/hah-ac_/af #be #bh-c_/d #cj-c_/h ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,all ! above dim5sions are 9 in*es4 ,,ex]cise #bc4--,select "o ( ! c\pl+s f ! above table1 & make ! necess>y work+ draw+s = x to a suitable scale4 ,! ca/-iron flange c\pl+ is %[n 9 fig4 #bd4 ,9 ?is k9d ( c\pl+ a ca/-iron c5tre or boss provid$ ) a flange is secur$ to ! end ( ea* %aft by a sunk key driv5 f ! face ( ! flange4 ,^! flanges are !n connect$ by bolts & nuts z 9 ! m>9e c\pl+4 ,to ensure ! %afts be+ 9 l9e ! end ( "o projects into ! flange ( ! o!r4 ,9 ord] t ! face ( ea* flange may be exactly p]p5dicul> to ! axis ( ! %aft !y %\ld be 'fac$' 9 ! la!1 aft] be+ key$ on to ! %aft4 ,if ! c\pl+ is 9 an expos$ position1 :]e ! nuts & bolt-heads w\ld be liable to cat* ! clo!s ( workm5 or an idle driv+ b& :i* might come 9 ! way1 ! flanges %\ld be made ?ick]1 & be provid$ ) recesses = ! nuts & bolt-heads4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,dim5sions ( ,ca/-iron ,flange ,c\pl+s4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,diamet] ,dep? ,diamet],diamet] ,diamet] ( ,?ickness,diamet] at ,numb] ( ( bolt ( %aft flange ( flange ( boss boss ( bolts circle ,d ,f ,t ,b ,l bolts d ,c ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #a-a_/b #g-a_/d #g_/h #c-a_/b #b-e_/h #c #e_/h #e-a_/b #b #h-g_/h #a-a_/af #d-c_/h #c-c_/af #d #c_/d #f-c_/d #b-a_/b #aj-e_/h #a-a_/d #e-e_/af #c-c_/d #d #g_/h #h-a_/h #c #ab-c_/h #a-g_/af #f-a_/d #d-e_/af #d #a #i-a_/b #c-a_/b #ac-a_/h #a-e_/h #g-a_/h #d-g_/h #d #a #aj-e_/af #d #ad #a-c_/d #h #e-g_/af #f #a #aa-a_/d #d-a_/b #ae-e_/h #b #h-g_/h #f #f #a-a_/h #ab-a_/b #e #ag-c_/h #b-a_/h #i-ac_/aff-e_/h #f #a-a_/dac-ac_/af #e-a_/b #ah-a_/d #b-e_/af #aj-c_/d #g-a_/d #f #a-a_/d #ad-c_/d #f #ai-g_/h #b-a_/b #aa-e_/h #g-c_/d #f #a-c_/h #af ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,! projection ( ! %aft p v>ies f #a_/d in* 9 ! small %afts to #a_/b in* 9 ! l>ge ones4 ,,ex]cise #bd3 ,ca/-iron ,flange ,c\pl+4--,draw ! views %[n 9 fig4 #bd ( a ca/-iron flange c\pl+1 = a %aft #d-a_/b in*es 9 diamet]1 to ! dim5sions giv5 9 ! above table4 ,scale #d in*es to a foot4 ,,vii4 ,,be>+s ,,= ,,%afts4 ,an example ( a v simple =m ( be>+ is %[n 9 fig4 #be1 :i* repres5ts a brake %aft c>ri] ( a locomotive t5d]4 ,! be>+ 9 ?is example is made ( ca/ iron & 9 "o piece4 ,?r\gh ! oval-%ap$ flange two bolts pass = atta*+ ! be>+ to ! wr\ght-iron fram+ ( ! t5d]4 ,) ?is =m ( be>+ !re is no adju/m5t = we>1 s t :5 x becomes worn x mu/ be r5ew$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,,ex]cise #be3 ,brake ,%aft ,c>ri]4--,draw ! elevation & sectional plan ( ! be>+ %[n 9 fig4 #be4 ,draw also a v]tical section ?r\gh ! axis4 ,! latt] view to be project$ f ! fir/ elevation4 ,scale #f in*es to a foot4 ,pill[ ,block1 ,plumm] ,block1 or ,p$e/al4--,! ord9>y =m ( plumm] block is repres5t$ 9 fig4 #bf4 ,a is ! block prop]1 ,b ! sole ?r\gh :i* pass ! hold+-d[n bolts4 ,c is ! cap4 ,betwe5 ! block & ! cap is ! brass bu%1 :i* is 9 halves1 call$ brasses or /eps4 ,! b$ = ! /eps 9 ?is example is cyl9drical1 & is prep>$ by ! easy process ( bor+4 ,! /eps are n support$ ?r\gh\t _! :ole l5g?1 b at _! ends only :]e fitt+ /rips are provid$ z %[n4 ,z ! we> on a /ep is g5]ally greate/ at ! bottom1 x is made ?ick] !re ?an at ! sides1 except :]e ! fitt+ /rips come 94 ,to prev5t ! /eps turn+ )9 ! block !y are g5]ally furni%$ ) lugs1 :i* ent] correspond+ recesses 9 ! block & cov]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf ,9 ! block illu/rat$ ! j\rnal is lubricat$ by a ne$le lubricator2 ?is consi/s ( an inv]t$ glass bottle fitt$ ) a wood /opp]1 ?r\gh a hole 9 :i* passes a piece ( wire1 :i* has "o end 9 ! oil )9 ! bottle1 & ! o!r re/+ on ! j\rnal ( ! %aft4 ,! wire or ne$le does n fill ! hole 9 ! /opp]1 b if ! ne$le is kept f vibrat+ ! oil does n escape ow+ to capill>y attraction4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! %aft rotates1 ! ne$le beg9s to vibrate1 & ! oil runs d[n sl[ly on to ! j\rnal2 oil is !re=e only us$ :5 ! %aft is runn+4 ,,ex]cise #bf3 ,pill[ ,block = a ,f\r-in* ,%aft4--,draw ! views %[n ( ?is block 9 fig4 #bf4 ,make also sep>ate draw+s1 full size1 ( "o ( ! /eps4 ,scale #f in*es to a foot4 ,proportions ( ,pill[ ,blocks4--,! foll[+ rules may be us$ = proportion+ pill[ blocks = %afts up to #h in*es diamet]4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! proportions us$ by diff]5t mak]s v>y consid]ably1 b ! foll[+ rules repres5t av]age practice4 ,diamet] ( j\rnal d4 ,l5g? ( j\rnal l4 ,height to c5tre #a4je;d 4#e4 ,l5g? ( base #c4f;d #e4 ,wid? ( base 4#hl4 block 4#gl4 ,?ickness ( base 4#c;d 4#c4 cap 4#c;d 4#d4 ,diamet] ( bolts 4#be;d 4#be4 ,di/ance betwe5 c5tres ( cap bolts #a4f;d #a4e4 base bolts #b4g;d #d4b4 ,?ickness ( /ep at bottom t 4#ji;d 4#ae4 sides #c_/d t4 ,! l5g? ( ! j\rnal v>ies v mu* 9 diff]5t cases1 & dep5ds ^u ! spe$ ( ! %aft1 ! load :i* x c>ries1 ! workman%ip ( ! j\rnal & be>+1 & ! me?od ( lubrication4 ,= ord9>y %aft+ "o rule is to make l d #a4 ,"s mak]s use ! rule l #a4e;d2 o!rs make l #b;d4 ,,ex]cise #bg3 ,design = ,pill[ ,block4--,make ! necess>y work+ draw+s = a pill[ block = a %aft #e in*es 9 diamet]1 & hav+ a j\rnal #g in*es long4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,brackets4--,:5 a pill[ block has to be fix$ to a wall or column a bracket su* z t %[n 9 figs4 #bg & #bh may be us$4 ,! pill[ block re/s betwe5 ! joggles ,a ,a1 & is bolt$ d[n to ! bracket & secur$ 9 addition ) keys at ! ends ( ! base ( ! block1 9 ! same mann] z is %[n1 = ! atta*m5t ( ! bracket to ! column4 ,,ex]cise #bh3 ,pill> ,bracket4--,fig4 #bg %[s a side elevation & "p horizontal section1 & fig4 #bh %[s an end elevation ( a pill> bracket = c>ry+ a pill[ block = a #c-;in* %aft4 ,draw ^! views prop]ly project$ f "o ano!r1 %[+ ! pill[ block1 :i* is to be proportion$ by ! rules giv5 on page #cb4 ,draw also a plan ( ! :ole4 ,scale #d in*es to a foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,hang]s4--,:5 a %aft is susp5d$ f a ceil+ x is c>ri$ by hang]s1 "o =m ( :i* is %[n 9 fig4 #bi1 & :i* w be readily und]/ood4 ,! cap ( ! be>+1 x w be notic$1 is secur$ by means ( a bolt1 & also by a squ>e key4 ,,ex]cise #bi3 ,%aft ,hang]4--,draw ! two elevations %[n 9 fig4 #bi1 & also a sectional plan4 ,! section to be tak5 at a po9t #e in*es above ! c5tre ( ! %aft4 ,scale #f in*es to a foot4 ,wall ,boxes4--,9 pass+ f "o "p ( a build+ to ano!r a %aft may h to pass ?r\gh a wall4 ,9 t case a neat appe>ance is giv5 to ! op5+ & a suitable support obta9$ = a pill[ block by build+ into ! wall a wall box1 "o =m ( :i* is %[n 9 fig4 #cj4 ,,ex]cise #cj3 ,wall ,box4--,draw ! views ( ! wall box %[n 9 fig4 #cj1 & also a sectional plan2 ! plane ( section to pass ?r\gh ! box a little above ! joggles = ! pill[ block4 ,scale #c in*es to a foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,,viii4 ,,pulleys4 ,velocity ,ratio 9 ,belt ,ge>+4--,let two pulleys ,a & ,b be connect$ by a belt1 & let _! diamet]s be ,d#a & ,d#b2 & let _! spe$s1 9 revolutions p] m9ute1 be ,n#a & ,n#b respectively4 ,if !re is no slipp+1 ! spe$s ( ! rims ( ! pulleys w be ! same z t ( ! belt1 & w !re=e be equal4 ,n[ ! spe$ ( ! rim ( ,a is evid5tly ,d#a x #c4adaf x ,n#a2 :ile ! spe$ ( ! rim ( ,b is ,d#b x #c4adaf x ,n#b4 ,h5ce ,d#a x #c4adaf x ,n#a ,d#b x #c4adaf x ,n#b1 & !re=e ,n#a ,d#b ----- -----4 ,n#b ,d#a ,pulleys = ,flat ,b&s4--,9 cross section ! rim ( a pulley = c>ry+ a flat b& is g5]ally curv$ z %[n 9 figs4 #ca & #cb1 b v (t5 ! cross section is /raight4 ,! curv$ cross section ( ! rim t5ds to keep ! b& f com+ (f z long z ! pulley is rotat+4 ,sometimes ! rim ( ! pulley is provid$ ) flanges :i* keep ! b& f fall+ (f4 ,pulleys are g5]ally made entirely ( ca/ iron1 b a great _m pulleys are n[ made 9 :i* ! c5tre or nave only is ( ca/ iron1 ! arms be+ ( wr\ght iron ca/ into ! nave1 :ile ! rim is ( wr\ght %eet iron4 ,! arms ( pulleys :5 made ( wr\ght iron are inv>iably /raight1 b :5 made ( ca/ iron !y are v (t5 curv$4 ,9 fig4 #ca1 :i* %[s an arrangem5t ( two ca/-iron pulleys1 ! arms are /raight2 :ile 9 fig4 #cb1 :i* %[s ano!r ca/-iron pulley1 ! arms are curv$4 ,?r\gh unequal cool+1 & !re=e unequal contraction ( a ca/-iron1 pulley 9 ! m\ld1 ! arms are g5]ally 9 a /ate ( t5sion or compression2 & if ! arms are /raight !y are v unyield+1 s t ! result ( ?is initial /ress is (t5 ! break+ ( an arm1 or ( ! rim :]e x jo9s an arm4 ,) ! curv$ arm1 h[ev]1 its %ape p]mits x to yield1 & ?us cause a dim9ution ( ! /ress due to unequal contraction4 ,! cross section ( ! arms ( ca/-iron pulleys is g5]ally elliptical4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,,ex]cise #ca3 ,fa/ & ,loose ,pulleys4--,fig4 #ca %[s an arrangem5t ( fa/ & loose pulleys4 ,a is ! fa/ pulley1 secur$ to ! %aft ,c by a sunk key2 ,b is ! loose pulley1 :i* turns freely ^u ! %aft4 ,! loose pulley is prev5t$ f com+ (f by a coll> ,d1 :i* is secur$ to ! %aft by a tap]$ p9 z %[n4 ,! nave or boss ( ! loose pulley is "h fitt$ ) a brass l9]1 :i* may be r5ew$ :5 x becomes too mu* worn4 ,draw ! elevations %[n1 complet+ ! left-h& "o4 ,scale #f in*es to a foot4 ,by ! above arrangem5t ( pulleys a ma*9e may be /opp$ or set 9 motion at pleasure4 ,:5 ! driv+ b& is on ! loose pulley ! ma*9e is at re/1 & :5 x is on ! fa/ pulley ! ma*9e is 9 motion4 ,! driv+ b& is %ift$ f ! "o pulley to ! o!r by press+ on t side ( ! b& :i* is advanc+ t[>ds ! pulleys4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,,ex]cise #cb3 ,ca/-iron ,pulley ) ,curv$ ,arms & ,cone ,keys4--,draw a complete side elevation & a complete cross section ( ! pulley repres5t$ 9 fig4 #cb to a scale ( #c in*es to a foot4 ,9 draw+ ! side elevation ( ! arms fir/ draw ! c5tre l9es z %[n2 next draw ?ree circles = ea* arm1 "o at ea* end & "o 9 ! middle2 ! c5tres ( ^! circles be+ on ! c5tre l9e ( ! arm1 & _! diamet]s equal to ! wid?s ( ! arm at ! ends & at ! middle respectively4 ,arcs ( circles are !n drawn to t\* ^! ?ree circles4 ,! c5tres & radii ( ^! arcs may be f\nd by trial4 ,! cone keys = secur+ ! pulley to ! %aft 7 describ$ on p4 #bc4 ,pulleys = ,ropes4--,ropes made ( hemp are n[ ext5sively us$ = transmitt+ p[]4 ,^! ropes v>y 9 diamet] f #a in* to #b in*es1 & are run at a spe$ ( ab\t #d1ejj feet p] m9ute4 ,! pulleys = ^! ropes are made ( ca/ iron1 & h _! rims groov$ z %[n 9 fig4 #cc1 :i* is a cross section ( ! rim ( a pulley c>ry+ ?ree ropes4 ,! angle ( ! ,v is usually #de deg41 & ! rope re/s on ! sides ( ! groove1 & n on ! bottom1 s t x is w$g$ 91 & has !re=e a good hold ( ! pulley4 ,! diamet] ( ! pulley %\ld n be less ?an #cj times ! diamet] ( ! rope4 ,two pulleys connect$ by ropes %\ld n be less ?an ?irty feet ap>t f c5tre to c5tre1 b ?is di/ance may be z mu* z #ajj feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4 ,,ex]cise #cc3 ,section ( ,rim ( ,rope ,pulley4--,draw1 half size1 ! section ( ! rim ( a rope pulley %[n 9 fig4 #cc4 ,,ix4 ,,too!d ,,:eels4 ,pit* ,surfaces ( ,spur ,:eels4--,let two smoo? roll]s be plac$ 9 contact ) _! axes p>allel1 & let "o ( !m rotate ab\t its axis2 !n if !re is no slipp+ ! o!r roll] w rotate 9 ! opposite direction ) ! same surface velocity2 & if ,d#a1 ,d#b be ! diamet]s ( ! roll]s1 & ,n#a1 ,n#b _! spe$s 9 revolutions p] m9ute1 x foll[s z 9 belt ge>+ t-- ,n#a ,d#b ----- -----4 ,n#b ,d#a ,if !re be consid]able resi/ance to ! motion ( ! foll[] slipp+ may take place1 & x may /op4 ,to prev5t ?is ! roll]s may be provid$ ) tee?2 !n !y become spur :eels2 & if ! tee? be s %ap$ t ! ratio ( ! spe$s ( ! too!d roll]s at any in/ant is ! same z t ( ! smoo? roll]s1 ! surfaces ( ! latt] are call$ ! pit* surfaces ( ! =m]4 ,pit* ,circle4--,a section ( ! pit* surface ( a too!d :eel by a plane p]p5dicul> to its axis is a circle1 & is call$ a pit* circle4 ,we may also say t ! pit* circle is ! edge ( ! pit* surface4 ,! pit* circle is g5]ally trac$ on ! side ( a too!d :eel1 & is r ne>] ! po9ts ( ! tee? ?an ! roots4 ,pit* ( ,tee?4--,! di/ance f ! c5tre ( "o too? to ! c5tre ( ! next1 or f ! front ( "o to ! front ( ! next1 measur$ at ! pit* circle1 is call$ ! pit* ( ! tee?4 ,if ,d be ! diamet] ( ! pit* circle ( a :eel1 n ! numb] ( tee?1 & p ! pit* ( ! tee?1 !n ,d x #c4adaf n x p4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,by ! diamet] ( a :eel is meant ! diamet] ( its pit* circle4 ,=m & ,proportions ( ,tee?4--,! ord9>y =m ( :eel tee? is %[n 9 fig4 #cd4 ,! curves ( ! tee? %\ld be cycloidal curves1 al?\gh !y are g5]ally drawn 9 z arcs ( circles4 ,x does n fall )9 ! scope ( ?is "w to discuss ! correct =ms ( :eel tee?4 ,! /ud5t w f9d ! !ory ( ! tee? ( :eels cle>ly & fully expla9$ 9 ,goodeve's ',elem5ts ( ,me*anism1' & 9 ,unw9's ',ma*9e ,design4' ,! foll[+ proportions = ! tee? ( ord9>y too!d :eels may be tak5 z repres5t+ av]age practice3-- ,pit* ( tee? p arc a b c 7fig4 #cd74 ,?ickness ( too? b c 4#dhp4 ,wid? ( space a b 4#ebp4 ,total height ( too? h 4#gp4 ,height ( too? above pit* l9e k 4#cp4 ,dep? ( too? bel[ pit* l9e l 4#dp4 ,wid? ( too? #bp to #cp4 ,,ex]cise #cd3 ,spur ,:eel4--,fig4 #ce %[s ! elevation & sectional plan ( a portion ( a ca/-iron spur :eel4 ,! diamet] ( ! pit* circle is #bc-g_/h in*es1 & ! pit* ( ! tee? is #a-a_/b in*es1 s t !re w be #ej tee? 9 ! :eel4 ,! :eel has six arms4 ,draw a complete elevation ( ! :eel & a half sectional plan1 also a half-plan )\t any section4 ,draw also a cross section ( "o arm4 ,scale #d in*es to a foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4 ,mortise ,:eels4--,:5 two :eels ge>+ toge!r run at a high spe$ ! tee? ( "o are made ( wood4 ,^! tee?1 or cogs1 z !y are g5]ally call$1 h t5ons =m$ on !m1 :i* fit into mortises 9 ! rim ( ! :eel4 ,?is :eel ) ! wood5 tee? is call$ a mortise :eel4 ,an example ( a mortise :eel is %[n 9 fig4 #cf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,bevil ,:eels4--,9 bevil :eels ! pit* surfaces are p>ts ( cones4 ,bevil :eels are us$ to connect %afts :i* are incl9$ to "o ano!r1 :]eas spur :eels are us$ to connect p>allel %afts4 ,9 fig4 #cf is %[n a pair ( bevil :eels 9 ge>1 "o ( !m be+ a mortise :eel4 ,at 7a7 is a sep>ate draw+1 to a small] scale1 ( ! pit* cones4 ,! pit* cones are %[n on ! draw+ ( ! complete :eels by dott$ l9es4 ,! diamet]s ( bevil :eels are ! diamet]s ( ! bases ( _! pit* cones4 ,,ex]cise #ce3 ,pair ( ,bevil ,:eels4--,draw ! sectional elevation ( ! bevil :eels %[n 9 ge> 9 fig4 #cf4 ,comm5ce by draw+ ! c5tre l9es ( ! %afts1 :i* 9 ?is example are at "r angles to "o ano!r2 !n draw ! pit* cones %[n by dott$ l9es4 ,next put 9 ! tee? :i* come into ! plane ( ! section1 !n complete ! sections ( ! :eels4 ,! p9ion or small] :eel has #be tee?1 & ! :eel has #ej tee?1 :i* makes ! pit* a little ov] #c in*es4 ,ea* too? ( ! mortise :eel is secur$ z %[n by an iron p9 #e_/af in* diamet]4 ,scale #c in*es to a foot4 ,x4 ,,cranks ,,& ,,crank$ ,,%afts4 ,! mo/ important application ( ! crank is 9 ! /eam-eng9e1 :]e ! reciprocat+ rectil9eal motion ( ! pi/on is conv]t$ into ! rot>y motion ( ! crank-%aft by means ( ! crank & connect+ rod4 ,at "o "t /eam-eng9e cranks 7 l>gely made ( ca/ iron1 n[ !y are always made ( wr\ght iron or /eel4 ,! crank is ei!r =g$ 9 "o piece ) ! %aft1 or x is made sep>ately & !n key$ to x4 ,ov]hung ,crank4--,fig4 #cg %[s a wr\ght-iron ov]hung crank4 ,a is ! crank-%aft1 ,b ! crank arm1 provid$ at "o end ) a boss ,c1 :i* is bor$ out to fit ! %aft2 at ! o!r end ( ! crank arm is a boss ,d1 :i* is bor$ out to receive ! crank-p9 ,e1 :i* works 9 "o end ( ! connect+ rod4 ,! crank is secur$ to ! %aft by ! sunk key ,f4 ,x is also good practice to %r9k ! crank on to ! %aft4 ,! process ( %r9k+ consi/s ( bor+ out ! crank a little small] ?an ! %aft1 & !n heat+ x1 :i* causes x to exp& suffici5tly to g on to ! %aft4 ,z ! crank cools1 x %r9ks & grips ! %aft firmly4 ,! crank may also be %runk on to ! crank-p91 ! latt] be+ !n rivet$ ov] z %[n 9 fig4 #cg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,a good plan to adopt 9 pref]5ce to ! %r9k+ process is to =ce ! p>ts toge!r by hydraulic pressure4 ,?is me?od is adopt$ = plac+ locomotive :eels on _! axles1 & = putt+ 9 crank-p9s4 ,z to ! am\nt ( pressure to be us$1 ! practice is to all[ a =ce ( #aj tons = e in* ( diamet] ( ! p91 axle1 or %aft4 ,in/ead ( be+ rivet$ 91 ! crank p9 may be prolong$ & screw$1 & fitt$ ) a nut4 ,ano!r plan is to put a cott] ?r\gh ! crank & ! crank-p94 ,! di/ance f ! c5tre ( ! crank-%aft to ! c5tre ( ! crank-p9 is call$ ! radius ( ! crank4 ,! ?r[ ( ! crank is twice ! radius4 ,9 a direct-act+ eng9e ! ?r[ ( ! crank is equal to ! /roke ( ! pi/on4 ,,ex]cise #cf3 ,wr\ght-iron ,ov]hung ,crank4--,draw ! two elevations %[n 9 fig4 #cg1 also a plan4 ,scale #a-a_/b in*es to a foot4 ,proportions ( ,ov]hung ,cranks4 ,d diamet] ( %aft4 d crank-p94 ,l5g? ( l>ge boss 4#i ,d4 ,diamet] #a4h ,d4 ,l5g? ( small boss #a4a d4 ,diamet] #a4h d4 ,wid? ( crank arm at c5tre ( %aft #a4c ,d4 crank-p9 #a4e d4 ,! ?ickness ( ! crank arm may be r\ghly tak5 z 4#g ,d4 ,,ex]cise #cg4--;,design a wr\ght-iron crank = an eng9e hav+ a /roke ( #d feet4 ,! crank-%aft is #i in*es 9 diamet]1 & ! crank-p9 is #d-c_/d in*es 9 diamet] & #f-a_/b in*es long4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4 ,locomotive ,crank$ ,axle4--,z an example ( a crank$ %aft we take ! crank$ axle = a locomotive ) inside cyl9d]s %[n 9 fig4 #ch2 "h ! crank & %aft or axle are =g$ 9 "o piece4 ,a is ! :eel seat1 ,b ! j\rnal1 ,c ! crank-p91 & ,d & ,e ! crank arms4 ,only "o half ( ! axle is %[n 9 fig4 #ch1 b ! o!r half is exactly ! same4 ,! cranks on ! two halves are1 h[ev]1 at "r angles to "o ano!r4 ,! ends ( ! crank arms are turn$ 9 ! la!1 ! crank-p9 ends be+ turn$ at ! same "t z ! axle1 & ! o!r ends at ! same "t z ! crank-p94 ,?is consid]ation det]m9es ! c5tres = ! arcs %[n 9 ! end view4 ,,ex]cise #ch4--;,draw to a scale ( #b in*es to a foot ! side & end elevations ( ! locomotive crank$ axle p>tly %[n 9 fig4 #ch4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! c5tre l9es ( ! cyl9d]s is #b feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4 ,built-up ,cranks4--,! =m ( crank$ %aft %[n 9 fig4 #ch is l>gely us$ = m>9e eng9es1 b = ! v p[]ful eng9es n[ fitt$ 9 l>ge %ips ?is design ( %aft is v unreliable1 ! built-up crank %[n 9 fig4 #ci be+ pref]r$1 al?\gh x is mu* heavi] ?an ! o!r4 ,x w be se5 f ! figure t ! %aft1 crank arms1 & crank-p9 are made sep>ately4 ,! arms are %runk on to ! p9 & ! %aft1 & secur$ to ! latt] by sunk keys4 ,^! heavy %afts & cranks are g5]ally made ( /eel4 ,,ex]cise #ci4--,keep+ to ! dim5sions m>k$ 9 fig4 #ci1 draw ! views !re %[n ( a built-up crank-%aft = a m>9e eng9e4 ,scale #c_/d in* to a foot4 ,,xi4 ,,ecc5trics4 ,! ecc5tric is a p>ticul> =m ( crank1 be+ a crank 9 :i* ! crank-p9 is l>ge en\gh to embrace ! crank-%aft4 ,9 ! ecc5tric :at corresponds to ! crank-p9 is call$ ! %eave or pulley4 ,! advantage :i* an ecc5tric possesses ov] a crank is t ! %aft does n require to be divid$ at ! po9t :]e ! ecc5tric is put on4 ,! crank1 h[ev]1 has ?is advantage ov] ! ecc5tric1 namely1 t x c be us$ = conv]t+ circul> into reciprocat+ motion1 or vice v]sa1 :ile ! ecc5tric c only be us$ = conv]t+ circul> into reciprocat+ motion4 ,?is is ow+ to ! great lev]age at :i* ! friction ( ! ecc5tric acts4 ,! *ief application ( ! ecc5tric is 9 ! /eam-eng9e1 :]e x is us$ = work+ ! valve ge>4 ,to p]mit ( ! %eave be+ plac$ on ! %aft )\t go+ ov] ! end 7:i* c\ld n be done at all 9 ! case ( a crank$ axle1 & w\ld be a tr\blesome op]ation 9 mo/ cases7 x is g5]ally made 9 two pieces1 z %[n 9 fig4 #dj1 :i* repres5ts "o ( ! ecc5trics ( a locomotive4 ,! two p>ts ( ! %eave are connect$ by two cott] bolts4 ,! "p :i* embraces ! %eave is call$ ! ecc5tric /rap1 & corresponds to1 & is1 9 fact1 a connect+ rod end3 ! rod proce$+ f ?is is call$ ! ecc5tric rod4 ,! di/ance f ! c5tre ( ! %eave to ! c5tre ( ! %aft is call$ ! radius or ecc5tricity ( ! ecc5tric4 ,! ?r[ is twice ! ecc5tricity4 ,! %eave is g5]ally made ( ca/ iron4 ,! /rap may be ( brass1 ca/ iron1 or wr\ght iron2 :5 ! /rap is made ( wr\ght iron x is commonly l9$ ) brass4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4 ,,ex]cise #dj3 ,locomotive ,ecc5tric4--,9 fig4 #dj ,d ,e is ! %eave1 ,f ,h ! /rap1 & ,k ! ecc5tric rod4 ,! %eave & /rap are made ( ca/ iron1 & ! ecc5tric rod is made ( wr\ght iron4 7a7 is a v]tical cross section ?r\gh ! oil-box ( ! /rap2 7b7 is a plan ( ! end ( ! ecc5tric rod & "p ( ! /rap4 ,all ! nuts are lock$ by means ( cott]s4 ,draw fir/ ! elevation1 p>tly 9 section z %[n4 ,next draw two end elevations1 "o look+ ea* way4 ,aft]w>ds draw a horizontal section ?r\gh ! c5tre1 & also a plan4 ,scale #d in*es to a foot4 ,,xii4 ,,connect+ ,,rods4 ,! mo/ famili> example ( ! use ( a connect+ rod is 9 ! /eam-eng9e1 :]e x is us$ to connect ! rotat+ crank ) ! reciprocat+ pi/on4 ,! rod itself is made ( wr\ght iron or /eel1 & is g5]ally circul> or rectangul> 9 section4 ,! ends ( ! rod are fitt$ ) /eps1 :i* are held toge!r 9 a v>iety ( ways4 ,/rap ,end4--,a =m ( connect+ rod end1 :i* is n s common z x us$ to be1 is %[n 9 fig4 #da4 ,at 7a7 is %[n a longitud9al section ) all ! p>ts put toge!r1 :ile at 7b71 7c71 7d7 & 7e7 ! details are %[n sep>ately4 ,a ,b is ! end ( ! rod :i* butts aga9/ ! brass bu% ,c ,d1 :i* is 9 two pieces4 ,a /rap ,e passes r\nd ! bu% & on to ! end ( ! rod z %[n4 ,! arms ( ! /rap h rectangul> holes 9 !m1 :i* are n q opposite a simil> hole 9 ! rod :5 ! p>ts are put toge!r4 ,if a w$ge or cott] ,f be driv5 into ^! ?ree holes !y w t5d to come into l9e1 & ! p>ts ( ! bu% w be press$ toge!r4 ,to prev5t ! cott] op5+ out ! /rap1 & to increase ! slid+ surface1 a gib ,h is introduc$4 ,! gib is provid$ ) horns at its ends to keep x 9 its place4 ,sometimes two gibs are us$1 "o on ea* side ( ! cott]2 ?is makes ! slid+ surface on bo? sides ( ! cott] ! same4 ,! cott] is secur$ by a set screw ,k4 ,! unsection$ portion ( fig4 7a7 to ! "r ( ! gib1 or to ! left ( ! cott]1 is call$ ! cle>ance or draught4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4 ,,ex]cise #da3 ,connect+ ,rod ,end4--,make ! foll[+ views ( ! connect+ rod end illu/rat$ by fig4 #da4 ,fir/1 a v]tical section1 ! same z %[n at 7a74 ,second1 a horizontal section4 ,?ird1 side elevation4 ,f\r?1 a plan4 ,or ! fir/ & ?ird views may be comb9$ 9 a half v]tical section & half elevation2 & ! second & f\r? views may be comb9$ 9 a half horizontal section & half plan4 ,all ! dim5sions are to be tak5 f ! detail draw+s 7b71 7c71 7d71 & 7e71 b ! details ne$ n be drawn sep>ately4 ,! brass bu% is %[n at 7d7 by half elevation1 half v]tical section1 half plan1 & half horizontal section4 ,! draught or cle>ance is #g-af?s ( an in*4 ,box ,end4--,at 7a71 fig4 #db1 is %[n :at is kn[n z a box end = a connect+ rod4 ,! "p :i* corresponds to ! loose /rap 9 ! la/ example is "h =g$ 9 "o piece ) ! connect+ rod4 ,9 ?is =m ! brass bu% is provid$ ) a flange all r\nd on "o side1 b on ! opposite side ! flange is omitt$ except at "o end2 ?is is to all[ ( ! bu% be+ plac$ )9 ! end ( ! rod4 ,! con/ruction ( ! bu% w be und]/ood by ref]5ce to ! sket* %[n at 7b74 ,! bu% is 9 two p>ts1 :i* are press$ tightly toge!r by means ( a cott]4 ,?is cott] is prev5t$ f slack5+ back by two set screws4 ,ea* set screw is cut (f squ>e at ! po9t1 & presses on ! flat bottom ( a v %all[ groove cut on ! side ( ! cott]4 ,! top1 bottom1 & ends ( ?is box end are turn$ 9 ! la! at ! same "t z ! rod itself2 ?is acc\nts = ! curv$ sections ( ^! p>ts4 ,x is cle> f ! con/ruction ( a box end t x is only suitable = an ov]hung crank4 ,,ex]cise #db3 ,locomotive ,connect+ ,rod4--,9 fig4 #db is %[n a connect+ rod = an outside cyl9d] locomotive4 7a7 is ! crank-p9 end1 & 7c7 ! cross-head end4 ,! end 7a7 has j be5 describ$ "u ! head 'box end4' ,we may j add t 9 ?is p>ticul> example ! brass bu% is l9$ ) :ite metal z %[n1 & t ! con/ruction ( ! oil-box is ! same z t on ! c\pl+ rod end %[n 9 fig4 #dd4 ,! end 7c7 is =k$1 & ?r\gh ! prongs ( ! =k passes ! cross-head p91 ( :i* a sep>ate dim5sion$ draw+ is %[n at 7d74 ,obs]ve t ! tap]$ p>ts ,a & ,b ( ?is p9 are p>ts ( ! same cone4 ,! rotation ( ! p9 is prev5t$ by a small key z %[n4 ,! cross-head p9 ne$ n be drawn sep>ately1 & ! isometric projection ( ! bu% at 7b7 may be omitt$1 b all ! o!r views %[n are to be drawn to a scale ( #f in*es to a foot4 ,m>9e ,connect+ ,rod4--,! =m ( connect+ rod %[n 9 fig4 #dc is t us$ 9 m>9e eng9es1 b x is also us$ ext5sively 9 l& eng9es4 ,a ,b is ! crank-p9 end1 & ,c ! cross-head end4 ,! end ,a ,b is =g$ 9 "o piece1 & aft] x is turn$1 plan$1 & bor$ x is slott$ across1 s z to cut (f ! cap ,a4 ,! p>ts ,a & ,b are held toge!r by two bolts z %[n4 ,?is end ( ! rod is fitt$ ) brass /eps1 :i* are l9$ ) :ite metal4 ,! cross-head end is =k$1 & ?r\gh ! prongs ( ! =k passes a p9 ,d1 :i* also passes ?r\gh ! cross-head1 :i* is =g$ on to ! pi/on rod or atta*$ to x 9 "s o!r way4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4 ,,ex]cise #dc3 ,m>9e ,connect+ ,rod4--,draw all ! views %[n 9 fig4 #dc ( "o =m ( m>9e connect+ rod4 ,= detail draw+s ( ! lock+ arrangem5t = ! nuts see fig4 #ai1 page #ba4 ,scale #d in*es to a foot4 ,c\pl+ ,rods4--,a rod us$ to transmit ! motion ( "o crank to ano!r is call$ a c\pl+ rod4 ,a famili> example ( ! use ( c\pl+ rods w be f\nd 9 ! locomotive4 ,c\pl+ rods are made ( wr\ght iron or /eel1 & are g5]ally ( rectangul> section4 ,! ends are n[ g5]ally made solid & l9$ ) solid brass bu%es1 )\t any adju/m5t = we>4 ,?is =m ( c\pl+ rod end is f\nd to answ] v well 9 locomotive practice :]e ! workman%ip & arrangem5ts = lubrication are excell5t4 ,:5 ! brass bu% becomes worn x is replac$ by a new "o4 ,fig4 #dd %[s an example ( a locomotive c\pl+ rod end = an outside cyl9d] eng9e4 ,9 ?is case x is desirable to h ! crank-p9 be>+s = ! c\pl+ rods z %ort z possible1 = a connect+ rod & c\pl+ rod 9 ?is k9d ( eng9e "w side by side on ! same crank-p91 :i*1 be+ ov]hung1 %\ld be z %ort z conv5i5t = ! sake ( /r5g?4 ,! requisite be>+ surface is obta9$ by hav+ a p9 ( l>ge diamet]4 ,! brass bu% is prev5t$ f rotat+ by means ( ! squ>e key %[n4 ,! oil-box is cut out ( ! solid1 & has a wr\ght-iron cov] slightly dovetail$ at ! edges4 ,?is cov] fits into a *eck r\nd ! top inn] edge ( ! box1 :i* is orig9ally p>allel1 b is made to close on ! dovetail$ edges ( ! cov] by rivet+4 ,a hole 9 ! c5tre ( ?is cov]1 :i* gives access to ! oil-box1 is fitt$ ) a screw$ brass plug4 ,! brass plug has a screw$ hole 9 ! c5tre1 ?r\gh :i* oil may be introduc$ to ! box4 ,du/ is kept out ( ! oil-box by screw+ into ! hole 9 ! brass plug a common cork4 ,! oil is c>ri$ sl[ly b regul>ly f ! oil-box ov] to ! be>+ by a piece ( cotton wick4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4 ,,ex]cise #dd3 ,c\pl+ ,rod ,end4--,draw fir/ ! side elevation & plan1 ea* p>tly 9 section z %[n 9 fig4 #dd4 ,!n in/ead ( ! view to ! left1 :i* is an end elevation p>tly 9 section1 draw a complete end elevation look+ to ! "r1 & also a complete v]tical cross section ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! be>+4 ,scale #f in*es to a foot4 ,,xiii4 ,,cross-,,heads4 ,an example ( a /eam-eng9e cross-head is %[n 9 fig4 #de4 ,a is ! end ( ! pi/on rod :i* has =g$ ^u x ! cross-head ,b4 ,! cross-head p9 %[n at 7d71 fig4 #db1 & to :i* ! connect+ rod is atta*$1 works 9 ! be>+ ,c4 ,project+ pieces ,d1 =g$ on ! top & bottom ( ! cross-head1 c>ry ! slide blocks ,e :i* "w on ! slide b>s1 & ?us guide ! motion ( ! pi/on rod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4 ,,ex]cise #de3 ,locomotive ,cross-head4--,9 fig4 #de are %[n side & end elevations1 p>tly 9 section1 ( ! cross-head & slide blocks = an outside cyl9d] locomotive4 ,draw ^! views half size1 %[+ also on ! end elevation ! cross-head p9 & a v]tical section ( ! connect+ rod end f fig4 #db4 ,! bu% 9 ! cross-head :i* =ms ! be>+ = ! cross-head p9 is ( wr\ght iron1 case-h>d5$1 & is prev5t$ f rotat+ by ! key %[n4 ,! cross-head is ( wr\ght iron1 & ! slide blocks are ( ca/ iron1 & are fitt$ ) :ite metal /rips z %[n4 ,a %ort brass tube leads oil f ! upp] slide block into a hole 9 ! cross-head z %[n1 :i* c>ries x to a slot 9 ! bu% :i* di/ributes x ov] ! cross-head p94 ,,xiv4 ,,pi/ons4 ,a pi/on is g5]ally a cyl9drical piece :i* slides backw>ds & =w>ds inside a holl[ cyl9d]4 ,! pi/on may be mov$ by ! action ( fluid pressure ^u x z 9 a /eam-eng9e1 or x may be us$ to give motion to a fluid z 9 a pump4 ,a pi/on is usually atta*$ to a rod1 call$ a pi/on rod1 :i* passes ?r\gh ! end ( ! cyl9d] inside :i* ! pi/on works1 & :i* s]ves to transmit ! motion ( ! pi/on to "s piece outside ! cyl9d]1 or vice v]sa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4 ,a plung] is a pi/on made 9 "o piece ) its pi/on rod1 ! pi/on & ! rod be+ ( ! same diamet]4 ,a pi/on :i* is provid$ ) "o or m valves :i* all[ ! fluid to pass ?r\gh x f "o side to ! o!r is call$ a bucket4 ,simple ,pi/on4--,! simple/ =m ( pi/on is a pla9 cyl9d] fitt+ accurately ano!r1 inside :i* x moves4 ,su* a pi/on works ) v little friction1 b z !re is no adju/m5t = we>1 su* a pi/on is n suitable = a high fluid pressure if x has to "w con/antly4 ,?is simple =m ( pi/on is us$ 9 ! /eam-eng9e indicator1 & also 9 pumps4 ,fig4 #df %[s ! pi/on ( ! circulation pump ( a m>9e eng9e4 ,a is ! ca/-iron cas+ or b>rel ( ! pump2 ,b is a brass l9] fitt+ tightly into ! =m] at its ends1 & secur$ by eight screw$ ,muntz metal p9s ,c1 f\r at ea* end2 ,d is ! pi/on1 :i* is made ( brass1 & is atta*$ to a ,muntz metal pi/on rod ,e4 ,! l9] is bor$ out smoo? & true f end to end1 & ! pi/on is turn$ s z to be a slid+ fit to ! l9]4 ,! we> 9 ?is =m ( pi/on is dim9i%$ by mak+ ! rubb+ surface l>ge4 ,,ex]cise #df3 ,pi/on = ,circulat+ ,pump4--,draw ! v]tical sectional elevation ( ! pi/on1 c41 %[n 9 fig4 #df1 also a half plan & half horizontal section ?r\gh ! c5tre4 ,scale #d in*es to a foot4 ,pump ,bucket4--,! next =m ( pi/on :i* we illu/rate is %[n 9 fig4 #dg4 ,?is repres5ts ! air-pump bucket ( a m>9e eng9e4 ,! bucket is made ( brass1 & is provid$ ) six india-rubb] disc valves4 ,! rod is 9 ?is case made ( ,muntz metal4 ,air-pump rods = m>9e eng9es are v (t5 made ( wr\ght iron cas$ ) brass4 ,x w be obs]v$ t !re is a wide groove ar\nd ! bucket1 :i* is fill$ ) hemp5 rope or gasket4 ,?is gasket =ms an ela/ic pack+ :i* prev5ts leakage4 ,?is is an old-fa%ion$ =m ( pack+1 & is n[ only us$ = pump buckets4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4 ,,ex]cise #dg3 ,air-pump ,bucket4--,draw ! sectional elevation ( ! air-pump bucket %[n 9 fig4 #dg4 ,also draw a half plan look+ d[nw>ds & a half plan look+ upw>ds4 ,scale #d in*es to a foot4 ,ramsbottom's ,pack+4--,! =m ( pack+ us$ 9 ! air-pump bucket1 fig4 #dg1 is n suitable = /eam pi/ons4 ,= ! latt] ! pack+ is n[ always metallic4 ,! simple/ =m ( metallic pack+ is t kn[n z ,ramsbottom's4 ,?is =m is v l>gely us$ = locomotive pi/ons1 & = small pi/ons 9 _m k9ds ( eng9es besides4 ,a locomotive pi/on = an #ah-;in* cyl9d] ) ,ramsbottom's pack+ is %[n 9 fig4 #dh4 ,! p>ticul> pi/on !re illu/rat$ is made ( brass1 & is secur$ to a wr\ght-iron pi/on rod by a brass nut4 ,two circumf]5tial grooves ( rectangul> section are turn$ out ( ! pi/on1 & into ^! fit two correspond+ r+s1 :i* may be ( brass1 ca/ iron1 or /eel4 ,9 ?is example ! r+s are ( ca/ iron4 ,^! r+s are fir/ turn$ a little l>g] 9 diamet] ?an ! bore ( ! cyl9d] 79 ?is example #a_/b in*71 & !n sprung ov] ! pi/on into ! groves prep>$ = !m4 ,_! own ela/icity causes ! r+s to press outw>ds on ! cyl9d]4 ,at ! po9t :]e a r+ is split a leakage ( /eam w take place1 b ) quick-runn+ pi/ons ?is leakage is unimportant4 ,! po9ts :]e ! r+s are cut %\ld be plac$ diametrically opposite1 s z to dim9i% ! leakage ( /eam4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4 ,,ex]cise #dh3 ,locomotive ,pi/on4--,a "p elevation & "p section ( a locomotive pi/on1 = a cyl9d] hav+ a bore #ah in*es 9 diamet]1 is %[n 9 fig4 #dh4 ,draw ?is1 & also a view look+ on ! nut 9 ! direction ( ! axis ( ! pi/on rod4 ,scale #f in*es to a foot4 ,note4--,! reason :y ! "p ( ! pi/on rod )9 ! pi/on has su* a quick tap] is t ! pi/on has to be tak5 (f ! rod :ile x is 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,! cross-head be+ =g$ on ! end ( ! pi/on rod prev5ts ! pi/on & pi/on rod be+ )drawn toge!r4 ,l>ge ,pi/ons4--,pi/ons ( l>ge diamet] are g5]ally provid$ ) two ca/-iron pack+ r+s plac$ )9 ! same groove4 ,^! r+s are press$ outw>ds aga9/ ! cyl9d]1 & also aga9/ ! sides ( ! groove by "o or m spr+s4 ,"o =m ( ?is pack+ 7,lanca/]'s7 is %[n 9 fig4 #di4 ,"h "o spr+ only is us$1 & x is fir/ made a /raight spiral spr+1 & !n b5t r\nd & its ends unit$4 ,! action ( ! spr+ w be cle>ly und]/ood f ! illu/ration4 ,= ! purpose ( admitt+ ! pack+ r+s ! pi/on is divid$ into two p>ts1 "o ! pi/on prop]1 & ! o!r ! junk r+4 ,9 fig4 #di1 ,a is ! junk r+1 :i* is secur$ to ! pi/on by means ( bolts z %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4 ,,ex]cise #di3 ,m>9e ,eng9e ,pi/on4--,! pi/on illu/rat$ by fig4 #di is = ! high-pressure cyl9d] ( a m>9e eng9e4 ,! pi/on1 junk r+1 & pack+ r+s are ( ca/ iron4 ,! pi/on rod & nut are ( wr\ght iron1 s also are ! junk r+ bolts4 ,! nuts = ! latt] are ( brass4 ,! spiral spr+ is made f /eel wire #c_/h in* diamet]4 ,an enl>g$ section ( "o ( ! pack+ r+s is %[n at 7a74 ,a front elevation ( ! lock+ arrangem5t = ! pi/on rod nut is %[n at 7b74 ,a sectional plan ( "o ( ! nuts = ! junk r+ bolts is %[n at 7c74 ,fir/ draw ! v]tical section ( ?is pi/on1 next draw a plan1 "o-?ird ( :i* is to %[ ! pi/on complete1 "o-?ird to %[ ! junk r+ remov$1 & ! rema9+ ?ird to be a horizontal section ?r\gh betwe5 ! pack+ r+s4 ,! details 7a7 & 7c7 ne$ n be drawn sep>ately4 ,scale #c in*es to a foot4 ,proportions ( ,m>9e ,eng9e ,pi/ons4--,mr4 ,seaton1 9 8 ',manual ( ,m>9e ,eng9e]+1' gives ! foll[+ rules = design+ m>9e eng9e pi/ons3-- ,d diamet] ( pi/on 9 in*es4 p effective pressure 9 lbs4 p] squ>e in*4 x ,d_/#ej x sqrt 7p7 #a4 ,?ickness ( front ( pi/on ne> boss #j4b x x4 rim #j4ag x x4 back ( pi/on #j4ah x x4 boss ar\nd rod #j4c x x4 flange inside pack+ r+ #j4bc x x4 at edge #j4be x x4 junk r+ at edge #j4bc x x4 inside pack+ r+4 #j4ba x x4 at bolt-holes #j4ce x x4 metal ar\nd pi/on edge #j4be x x4 ,bread? ( pack+ r+ #j4fc x x4 ,dep? ( pi/on at c5tre #a4d x x4 ,lap ( junk r+ on pi/on #j4de x x4 ,space betwe5 pi/on body & pack+ r+ #j4c x x4 ,diamet] ( junk-r+ bolts #j4a x x 4#be in*4 ,pit* ( junk-r+ bolts #aj diamet]s4 ,numb] ( webs 9 pi/on 7,d #bj7_/ab4 ,?ickness #j4ah x x4 ,,ex]cise #ej3 ,design = ,m>9e ,eng9e ,pi/on4--,calculate by ,seaton's rules ! dim5sions = a m>9e eng9e pi/on #dj in*es 9 diamet]1 & subject$ to an effective pressure ( #cf lbs4 p] squ>e in*4 ,!n make ! necess>y work+ draw+s = ?is pi/on to a scale (1 say1 #c in*es to a foot4 ,note4--,take ! dim5sions got by calculation to ! ne>e/ #a-af? ( an in*4 ,,xv4 ,,/uff+-,,boxes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4 ,9 fig4 #ej is %[n a gl& & /uff+-box = ! pi/on rod ( a v]tical eng9e4 ,a ,b is ! pi/on rod1 ,c ,d a portion ( ! cyl9d] cov]1 & ,e ,f ! /uff+-box4 ,fitt+ into ! bottom ( ! /uff+-box is a brass bu% ,h4 ,! space ,k ar\nd ! rod ,a ,b is fill$ ) pack+1 ( :i* !re is a v>iety ( k9ds1 ! simple/ be+ greas$ hemp5 rope4 ,! pack+ is compress$ by screw+ d[n ! ca/-iron gl& ,l ,m1 :i* is l9$ ) a brass bu% ,n4 ,9 ?is case ! gl& is screw$ d[n by means ( ?ree /ud-bolts ,p1 :i* are screw$ into a flange ca/ on ! /uff+-box4 ,surr\nd+ ! rod on ! top ( ! gl& !re is a recess ,r = hold+ ! lubricant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4 ,! object ( ! gl& & /uff+-box is to all[ ! pi/on rod to move backw>ds & =w>ds freely )\t any leakage ( /eam4 ,fig4 #ea %[s a gl& & /uff+-box = a horizontal rod4 ,! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ?is example & ! la/ is 9 ! mode ( lubrication4 ,! gl& flange has ca/ )9 x an oil-box :i* is cov]$ by a lid2 ?is lid is kept %ut or op5 by ! action ( a small spr+ z %[n4 ,a piece ( cotton wick 7n %[n 9 ! figure7 has "o end trail+ 9 ! oil 9 ! oil-box1 :ile ! o!r is c>ri$ ov] & pass$ d[n ! hole ,a ,b4 ,! wick acts z a siphon1 & drops ! oil gradually on to ! rod4 ,9 ?is example only two bolts are us$ = screw+ 9 ! gl&2 & ! flanges ( ! gl& & /uff+-box are n circul>1 b oval-%ap$4 ,9 ! case ( small rods ! gl& is made entirely ( brass1 & no l9] is !n necess>y4 ,fig4 #eb %[s a =m ( gl& & /uff+-box sometimes us$ = small rods4 ,! /uff+-box is screw$ ext]nally1 & c>ries a nut ,a ,b :i* moves ! gl&4 ,,ex]cise #ea3 ,gl& & ,/uff+-box = a ,v]tical ,rod4--,draw ! views %[n 9 fig4 #ej to ! dim5sions giv54 ,scale #f in*es to a foot4 ,,ex]cise #eb3 ,gl& & ,/uff+-box = a ,horizontal ,rod4--,fig4 #ea %[s a plan1 half 9 section1 & an elevation half ( :i* is a section ?r\gh ! gl& flange4 ,draw ^! to a scale ( #f in*es to a foot1 us+ ! dim5sions m>k$ 9 ! figure4 ,,ex]cise #ec3 ,screw$ ,gl& & ,/uff+-box4--,draw1 full size1 ! views %[n 9 fig4 #eb to ! giv5 dim5sions4 ,a m elaborate =m ( gl& & /uff+-box is %[n 9 fig4 #ec4 ,?is is = a l>ge m>9e eng9e ) inv]t$ cyl9d]s1 su* z is us$ on bo>d l>ge ocean /eam]s4 ,! /uff+-box is ca/ sep>ate f ! cyl9d] cov] to :i* x is aft]w>ds bolt$4 ,! lubricant is fir/ introduc$ to ! oil-boxes m>k$ ,a1 f :i* x passes to ! recess ,b1 :]e x comes 9 contact ) ! pi/on rod4 ,to prev5t ! lubricant f be+ wa/$ by runn+ d[n ! rod1 ! ma9 gl& is provid$ ) a %all[ gl& & /uff+-box :i* is fill$ ) s(t cotton pack+1 :i* soaks up ! lubricant4 ,! ma9 gl& is screw$ up by means ( six bolts1 & to prev5t ! gl& f lock+ itself 9 ! /uff+-box1 x is necess>y t ! nuts %\ld be turn$ toge!r4 ,?is is done 9 a simple & +5i\s mann]4 ,"o-half ( ea* nut is provid$ ) tee?1 & ^! ge> ) a too!d :eel :i* has a rim only2 ?is rim is held up by a r+ ,c4 ,:5 "o nut is turn$1 all ! re/ foll[ 9 ! same direction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4 ,,ex]cise #ed3 ,gl& & ,/uff+-box = ,pi/on ,rod ( ,l>ge ,inv]t$ ,cyl9d] ,eng9e4--,! l[] view 9 fig4 #ec is a half plan look+ upw>ds1 & a half section ( ! gl& look+ d[nw>ds4 ,! upp] view is a v]tical section4 ,complete all ^! views & add an elevation4 ,scale #c in*es to a foot4 ,note4--,! l>ge nuts1 ! :eel1 ! support+ r+1 & small gl& are made ( brass4 ,dim5sions ( ,/uff+-boxes & ,gl&s4 d diamet] ( rod4 t#a ?ickness ( d#a diamet] ( box 7inside74 /uff+-box flange4 l l5g? ( /uff+-box t#b ?ickness ( gl& bu%4 flange4 l#a l5g? ( pack+ space4 t#c ?ickness ( bu%es 9 l#b l5g? ( gl&4 box & gl&4 t ?ickness ( metal 9 d#b diamet] ( gl& bolts4 /uff+-box4 n numb] ( bolts4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ d d#a l l#a l#b t t#a ---------------------------------------- ------------ #a #a-c_/d #c_/d #b #a-a_/b #g_/af #a_/b #a-a_/b #b-a_/b #a-a_/d #b-e_/h #b #i_/af #aa_/af #b #c-a_/b #a-c_/d #c-a_/d #b-a_/b #aa_/af #g_/h #b-a_/b #d-a_/h #b-a_/d #c-g_/h #b-g_/h #ac_/af #a-a_/af #c #d-c_/d #b-c_/d #d-a_/b #c-a_/d #ae_/af #a-a_/d #c-a_/b #e-a_/d #c #e-a_/h #c-e_/h #a #a-c_/h #d #e-g_/h #c-a_/d #e-c_/d #d #a #a-c_/h #d-a_/b #f-c_/h #c-a_/b #f-c_/h #d-c_/h #a-a_/af #a-i_/af #e #g #c-c_/d #g #d-e_/h #a-a_/af #a-i_/af #f #h #d-a_/d #h-a_/d #e #a-a_/h #a-aa_/af ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ---------------------------------------- --------- d t#b t#c d#b n ---------------------------------------- ----- #a t#bt #c_/af #g_/af #b #a-a_/b :5 gl& #a_/d #e_/h #b #b flange is #e_/af #c_/d #b #b-a_/b made ( ca/ #e_/af #g_/h #b #c iron & #c_/h #a #b #c-a_/b t#bt#a #c_/h #a #b #d :5 gl& #g_/af #a #b #d-a_/b flange is #g_/af #g_/h #d #e made ( #g_/af #a #d #f brass4 #a_/b #a-a_/d #d ---------------------------------------- --------- ,! proportions ( gl&s & /uff+-boxes v>y consid]ably b ! above table repres5ts av]age practice4 ,,ex]cise #ee3--,make ! necess>y work+ draw+s = a gl& & /uff+-box = a locomotive eng9e pi/on rod #b-a_/b in*es 9 diamet]1 to ! dim5sions giv5 9 ! table4 ,,xvi4 ,,valves4 ,pr(essor ,unw9 divides valves1 accord+ to _! con/ruction into ?ree classes z foll[s3--7#a7 flap valves1 :i* bond or turn ^u a h+e2 7#b7 lift valves1 :i* rise p]p5dicul>ly to ! seat2 7#c7 slid+ valves1 :i* move p>allel to ! seat4 ,examples ( flap valves are %[n 9 figs4 #ed & #ee2 two =ms ( lift valves are %[n 9 figs4 #ef & #eg1 & 9 figs4 #eh & #ei are %[n two =ms ( slide valve4 ,! slide valve %[n 9 fig4 #eh moves 9 a /raight l9e1 :ile t %[n 9 fig4 #ei 7call$ a cock7 moves 9 circle4 ,india-rubb] ,valves4--,9 india-rubb] valves !re is a grat+ cov]$ by a piece ( india-rubb]1 :i* may be rectangul>1 b is g5]ally circul>1 & :i* is held d[n along "o edge if rectangul>1 or at ! c5tre if circul>4 ,wat] or o!r fluid c pass freely upw>ds ?r\gh ! grat+1 b :5 x attempts to return ! ela/icity ( ! india-rubb]1 & ! pressure ( ! wat] ^u x1 cause x to lie close on ! grat+1 & ?us prev5t ! return ( ! wat]4 ,! india-rubb] is prev5t$ f ris+ too high by a p]=at$ gu>d4 ,9 fig4 #ed is %[n an example ( an india-rubb] disc valve4 ,a is ! grat+1 ,b ! india-rubb]1 ,c ! gu>d secur$ to ! grat+ or seat by ! /ud ,d & nut ,e4 ,! grat+ is held 9 position by bolts & nuts ,f4 ,! grat+ & gu>d are g5]ally ( brass4 ,india-rubb] disc valves are also %[n on ! air-pump bucket1 fig4 #dg4 ,,ex]cise #ef3 ,india-rubb] ,disc ,valve4--,fig4 #ed %[s a v]tical section & a plan ( an india-rubb] disc valve4 ,9 ! plan "o-half ( ! gu>d & india-rubb] are suppos$ to be remov$ s z to %[ ! grat+ or seat4 ,draw ^! views1 & also an elevation4 ,a detail draw+ ( ! c5tral /ud is %[n 9 fig4 #af1 page #ah4 ,9 fig4 #ed ! elevation ( ! gu>d is drawn z x is usually drawn 9 practice1 b if ! /ud5t has a suffici5t k ( descriptive geometry he %\ld draw ! elevation completely %[+ ! p]=ations4 ,scale #f in*es to a foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4 ,k+horn's ,metallic ,valve4--,! action ( ?is valve is ! same z t ( an india-rubb] valve1 b a ?9 %eet ( metal 7phosphor bronze7 takes ! place ( ! india-rubb]4 ,?is valve is n[ l>gely us$ 9 ! pumps ( m>9e eng9es1 & is %[n 9 fig4 #ee z appli$ to an air-pump bucket4 ,?ree valves l ! "o %[n are arrang$ r\nd ! bucket4 ,,ex]cise #eg3 ,k+horn's ,metallic ,valve4--,fig4 #ee %[s an elevation & plan ( "o =m ( ?is valve4 ,9 ! plan "o-half ( ! gu>d & metal %eet are suppos$ to be remov$1 s z to %[ ! grat+1 :i* 9 ?is case is "p ( an air-pump bucket4 ,draw ! views %[n1 & also a v]tical section ( ! gu>d ?r\gh ! c5tres ( ! bolts4 ,all ! p>ts are ( brass except ! valve prop]1 :i* is ( phosphor bronze4 ,scale #f in*es to a foot4 ,conical ,disc ,valves4--,a v common =m ( valve is t %[n 9 figs4 #ef & #eg4 ,?is =m ( valve consi/s ( a disc1 ! edge ( :i* 7call$ ! face7 is conical4 ,! conical edge ( ?is disc fits accurately on a correspond+ seat4 ,! angle :i* ! valve face makes ) its axis is g5]ally #de deg44 ,if ! disc is rais$1 ei!r by ! action ( ! fluid z 9 ! india-rubb] valve1 or by o!r means1 an op5+ is =m$ ar\nd ! disc ?r\gh :i* ! fluid c pass4 ,! valve is guid$ 9 ris+ & fall+ ei!r by ?ree fea!rs und]nea? x1 z 9 fig4 #ef1 or by a c5tral sp9dle :i* moves freely ?r\gh a hole 9 ! c5tre ( a bridge :i* /ret*es across ! seat1 z 9 fig4 #eg4 ,! lift ( ! valve is limit$ by a /op above x1 :i* =ms "p ( ! cas+ conta9+ ! valve4 ,! lift %\ld 9 no case exce$ "o-f\r? ( ! diamet] ( ! valve1 & x is g5]ally mu* less ?an ?is4 ,! guid+ fea!rs 7fig4 #ef7 are not*$ imm$iately "u ! disc = ! purpose ( mak+ available ! full circumf]5tial op5+ ( ! valve = ! passage ( ! fluid4 ,^! not*es also prev5t ! fea!rs f int]f]+ ) ! turn+ or scrap+ ( ! valve face4 ,conical disc valves & _! seats are ne>ly always made ( brass4 ,,ex]cise #eh3 ,conical ,disc ,valves4--,draw1 half size1 ! plans & elevations %[n 9 figs4 #ef & #eg4 ,9 fig4 #eg ! valve is %[n op5 9 ! elevation1 & 9 ! plan x is remov$ altoge!r 9 ord] to %[ ! seat ) its guide bridge4 ,illu/ration3 ,plan ( ,valve4 ,,fig4 #ef4 ,illu/ration3 ,plan ( ,seat4 ,,fig4 #eg4 ,simple ,slide ,valve4--,! =m ( valve %[n 9 fig4 #eh1 (t5 call$ ! locomotive slide valve1 is v l>gely us$ 9 all classes ( /eam-eng9es = di/ribut+ ! /eam 9 ! /eam cyl9d]s4 ,! valve is %[n sep>ately at 7d71 7e71 & 7f71 :ile at 7a71 7b71 & 7c7 is %[n its connection ) ! /eam cyl9d]4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! valve itself is 9 ! %ape ( a box ) "o side op51 ! edges ( ! op5 side be+ flang$4 ,:5 ! valve is 9 its middle position1 z %[n at 7a71 two ( ^! flang$ edges completely cov] two rectangul> op5+s ,s#a & ,s#b1 call$ /eam ports1 :ile ! holl[ "p ( ! valve is opposite to a ?ird port ,e1 call$ ! exhau/ port4 ,z %[n at 7a7 ! pi/on ,p w\ld be mov+ upw>ds & ! valve d[nw>ds4 ,by ! "t ! pi/on has rea*$ ! top ( its /roke ! valve w h mov$ s f> d[n z to p>tly uncov] ! /eam port ,s#a1 & admit /eam f ! valve cas+ ,c ?r\gh ,s#a & ! passage ,p#a to ! top ( ! pi/on4 ,! pressure ( ?is /eam on ! top ( ! pi/on w =ce ! latt] d[n4 ,:ile ! above action has be5 go+ on1 ! port ,s#b w h become uncov]$1 & ! holl[ "p ( ! valve w be opposite bo? ! /eam port ,s#b & ! exhau/ port ,e1 s t ! /eam f ! "u side ( ! pi/on1 & :i* =c$ ! pi/on up1 c n[ escape by ! passage ,p#b1 ! /eam port ,s#b1 & ! exhau/ port ,e to ! exhau/ outlet ,o1 & !nce into ! atmosph]e1 if x is a non-cond5s+ eng9e1 or into ! cond5s] if x is a cond5s+ eng9e1 or into ano!r cyl9d] if x is a comp\nd eng9e4 ,aft] ! pi/on has p]=m$1 a c]ta9 "p ( its d[nw>d /roke1 ! valve1 :i* has be5 mov+ d[nw>ds1 w comm5ce to move upw>ds1 & :5 x has rea*$ a c]ta9 po9t x w cov] ! port ,s#a1 & %ut (f ! supply ( /eam to ! top ( ! pi/on4 ,x is g5]ally arrang$ t ! /eam %all be cut (f be=e ! pi/on rea*es ! end ( ! /roke4 ,:5 ! pi/on rea*es ! bottom ( its /roke ! valve has mov$ f> en\gh up to uncov] ! port ,s#b & admit /eam to ! bottom ( ! pi/on1 & to uncov] ! port ,s#a & all[ ! /eam to escape f ! top ( ! pi/on ?r\gh ! passage ,p#a1 ! port ,s#a1 ! port ,e1 & outlet ,o4 ,9 ?is way ! pi/on is mov$ up & d[n 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,! valve is atta*$ to a valve sp9dle ,s by nuts z %[n1 ! hole 9 ! valve ?r\gh :i* ! sp9dle passes be+ oval-%ap$ to p]mit ( ! valve adju/+ itself s z to always press on its seat4 ,:5 ! valve is 9 its middle position x g5]ally m ?an cov]s ! /eam ports4 ,! am\nt :i* ! valve projects ov] ! /eam port on ! outside1 ! valve be+ 9 its middle position1 is call$ ! outside lap ( ! valve1 & ! am\nt :i* x projects on ! inside is call$ ! inside lap4 ,:5 ! t]m lap is us$ )\t any qualification1 outside lap is to be und]/ood4 ,9 fig4 #eh x w be se5 t ! valve has no inside lap1 & t ! outside lap is ?ree-eigh?s ( an in*4 ,! inside lap is g5]ally small comp>$ ) ! outside lap4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4 ,:5 ! pi/on is at ! beg9n+ ( its /roke ! /eam port is g5]ally op5 by a small am\nt call$ ! lead ( ! valve4 ,! reciprocat+ motion ( ! slide valve is ne>ly always d]iv$ f an ecc5tric fix$ on ! crank-%aft ( ! eng9e4 ,slide valves are g5]ally made ( brass1 bronze1 or ca/ iron4 ,,ex]cise #ei3 ,simple ,slide ,valve4--,at 7d71 fig4 #eh1 is %[n a sectional elevation ( a simple slide valve = a /eam-eng9e1 ! section be+ tak5 ?r\gh ! c5tre l9e ( ! valve sp9dle1 :ile at 7e7 is %[n a cross section & elevation1 & at 7f7 a plan ( ! same4 ,draw all ^! views full size1 & also a sectional elevation at ,a ,b4 ,! valve is made ( brass1 & ! valve sp9dle & nuts ( wr\ght iron4 ,,ex]cise #fj3 ,slide ,valve ,cas+1 c41 = ,/eam-eng9e4--,draw1 half size1 ! views %[n at 7a71 7b71 & 7c71 fig4 #eh2 also a sectional plan at ,l ,m4 7b7 is an elevation ( ! valve cas+ ) ! cov] & ! valve remov$4 7a7 is a sectional elevation1 ! section be+ tak5 ?r\gh ! axes ( ! /eam cyl9d] & valve sp9dle4 7c7 is a sectional plan1 ! section be+ a horizontal "o ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! exhau/ port4 ,! inlet & outlet = ! /eam are cle>ly %[n 9 ! sectional plan3 9 ! sectional elevation _! positions are %[n by dott$ circles4 ,! /roke ( ! pi/on is 9 ?is case #ab in*es1 s t f ! dim5sions giv5 at 7a7 x mu/ come )9 a qu>t] ( an in* ( ea* end ( ! cyl9d]2 ?is is call$ ! cyl9d] cle>ance4 ,! pi/on has ?ree ,ramsbottom r+s1 a qu>t] ( an in* wide & a qu>t] ( an in* ap>t4 ,! /eam cyl9d] & valve cas+ are made ( ca/ iron4 ,cocks4--,a cock consi/s ( a slightly conical plug :i* fits into a correspond+ cas+ ca/ on a pipe4 ,?r\gh ! plug is a hole :i* may be made by turn+ ! plug to =m a cont9uation ( ! hole 9 ! pipe1 & ?us all[ ! fluid to pass1 or x may be turn$ r\nd s t ! solid "p ( ! plug lies across ! hole 9 ! pipe1 & ?us prev5t ! fluid f pass+4 ,z ! /ud5t w be q famili> ) ! common wat] cock or tap su* z is us$ 9 dwell+-h\ses we ne$ n illu/rate x "h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4 ,fig4 #ei %[s a cock ( consid]able size1 :i* may be us$ = wat] or /eam "u high pressure4 ,! plug 9 ?is example is holl[1 & is prev5t$ f com+ out by a cov] :i* is secur$ to ! cas+ by f\r /ud bolts4 ,an annul> ridge ( rectangul> section project+ f ! "u side ( ! cov]1 & fitt+ into a correspond+ recess on ! top ( ! cas+1 s]ves to ensure t ! cov] & plug are conc5tric1 & prev5ts leakage4 ,leakage at ! neck ( ! plug is prev5t$ by a gl& & /uff+-box4 ,! top end ( ! plug is made squ>e to receive a h&le = turn+ x4 ,! size ( a cock is tak5 f ! bore ( ! pipe 9 :i* x is plac$2 ?us fig4 #ei %[s a #b-a_/d-;in* cock4 ,,ex]cise #fa3 #b-a_/d-;in* ,/eam or ,wat] ,cock4--,fir/ draw ! views ( ?is cock %[n 9 fig4 #ei1 !n draw a half end elevation & half cross section ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! plug4 ,scale #f in*es to a foot4 ,in/ead ( draw+ ! p>ts ( ! pipe on ! two sides ( ! plug 9 ! same /raight l9e z 9 fig4 #ei1 "o may be %[n proce$+ f ! bottom ( ! cas+1 s t ! fluid w h to pass ?r\gh ! bottom ( ! plug & ?r\gh "o side4 ,?is is a common arrangem5t4 ,all ! p>ts ( ! valve & cas+ 9 ?is example are made ( brass4 ,,xvii4 ,,mat]ials ,,us$ ,,9 ,,ma*9e ,,con/ruction4 ,ca/ ,iron4--,! ess5tial con/itu5ts ( ca/ iron are iron & c>bon1 ! latt] =m+ f #b to #e p] c5t4 ( ! total weight4 ,ca/ iron1 h[ev]1 usually conta9s v>y+ small am\nts ( silicon1 sulphur1 phosphorus1 & manganese4 ,9 ca/ iron ! c>bon may exi/ p>tly 9 ! free /ate & p>tly 9 *emical comb9ation ) ! iron4 ,9 :ite ca/ iron ! :ole ( ! c>bon is 9 *emical comb9ation ) ! iron1 :ile 9 grey ca/ iron ! c>bon is pr9cipally 9 ! free /ate1 t is1 simply mix$ me*anically ) ! iron4 ,x is ! free c>bon :i* gives ! grey iron its d>k appe>ance4 ,a mixture ( ! :ite & grey v>ieties ( ca/ iron :5 melt$ produces mottl$ ca/ iron4 ,! great] ! am\nt ( c>bon *emically comb9$ ) ! iron1 ! :it]1 h>d]1 & m brittle does x become4 ,! :ite ca/ iron is /rong] ?an ! grey1 b be+ m brittle x is n s suitable = resi/+ sudd5ly appli$ loads4 ,:ite iron melts at a l[] temp]ature ?an grey iron1 b aft] melt+ x does n fl[ s well1 or is n s liquid z ! grey iron4 ,:ite iron contracts :ile grey iron exp&s on solidify+4 ,! grey iron1 !re=e1 makes f9] ca/+s ?an ! :ite4 ,ca/+s aft] solidify+ contract 9 cool+ ab\t #a_/h ( an in* p] foot4 ,ca/+s possess+ v>i\s degrees ( /r5g? & h>dness are produc$ by melt+ mixtures ( v>i\s proportions ( :ite & grey ca/ irons4 ,:ite ca/ iron has a high] specific gravity ?an grey ca/ iron4 ,ca/ iron gives little or no w>n+ be=e break+4 ,! ?ickness ( ! metal ?r\gh\t a ca/+ 9 ca/ iron %\ld be z uni=m z possible1 s t x may cool & !re=e contract uni=mly ?r\gh\t2 o!rwise "s p>ts may be 9 a /ate ( initial /ra9 aft] ! ca/+ has cool$1 & w !re=e be easi] to fracture4 ,re-entrant angles %\ld be avoid$2 su* %\ld be r\nd$ out ) fillets4 ,! pres5ce ( phosphorus 9 ca/ iron makes x m fusible1 & also m brittle4 ,! pres5ce ( sulphur dim9i%es ! /r5g? consid]ably4 ,! grey v>ieties ( ca/ iron are call$ f\ndry irons or f\ndry pigs1 :ile ! :ite v>ieties are call$ =ge irons or =ge pigs1 f ! fact t !y are us$ = conv]sion into wr\ght iron4 ,among/ iron manufactur]s ! diff]5t v>ieties ( ca/ iron are designat$ by ! numb]s #a1 #b1 #c1 c41 ! l[e/ numb] be+ appli$ to ! greye/ v>iety4 ,*ill$ ,ca/+s4--,:5 grey ca/ iron is melt$ a portion ( ! free c>bon comb9es *emically ) ! iron2 ?is1 h[ev]1 sep>ates out aga9 if ! iron is all[$ to cool sl[ly2 b if x is sudd5ly cool$ a great] am\nt ( ! c>bon rema9s 9 *emical comb9ation1 & a :it] & h>d] iron is produc$4 ,advantage is tak5 ( ?is 9 mak+ *ill$ ca/+s4 ,9 ?is process ! :ole or a "p ( ! m\ld is l9$ ) ca/ iron1 :i*1 be+ a comp>atively good conductor ( heat1 *ills a portion ( ! melt$ metal next to x1 *ang+ x into a h>d :ite iron to a dep? v>y+ f #a_/h to #a_/b an in*4 ,to protect ! ca/-iron l9+ ( ! m\ld f ! molt5 metal x is pa9t$ ) loam4 ,malleable ,ca/ ,iron4--,?is is prep>$ by imb$d+ a ca/+ 9 p[d]$ r$ hematite 7an oxide ( iron71 & keep+ x at a bright r$ heat = a l5g? ( "t v>y+ f sev]al h\rs to sev]al days accord+ to ! size ( ! ca/+4 ,by ?is process a portion ( ! c>bon 9 ! ca/+ is remov$1 & ! /r5g? & t\ghness ( ! latt] become m l ! /r5g? & t\ghness ( wr\ght or malleable iron4 ,wr\ght or ,malleable ,iron4--,?is is ne>ly pure iron1 & is made f ca/ iron by ! puddl+ process1 :i* consi/s *iefly ( rais+ ! ca/ iron to a high temp]ature 9 a rev]b]atory furnace 9 ! pres5ce ( air1 :i* unites ) ! c>bon & passes (f z gas4 ,9 o!r words ! c>bon is burn$ out4 ,! iron is remov$ f ! puddl+ furnace 9 s(t spongy masses call$ blooms1 :i* are subject$ to a process ( squeez+ or hamm]+ call$ %+l+4 ,^! %+l$ blooms /ill conta9 en\gh heat to enable !m to be roll$ into r\gh puddl$ b>s4 ,^! puddl$ b>s are ( v inf]ior quality1 hav+ less ?an half ! /r5g? ( good wr\ght iron4 ,! puddl$ b>s are cut into pieces :i* are pil$ toge!r1 reheat$1 & aga9 roll$ into b>s1 :i* are call$ m]*ant b>s4 ,?is process ( pil+1 reheat+1 & re-roll+ may be repeat$ sev]al times1 dep5d+ on ! quality ( iron requir$4 ,up to a c]ta9 po9t ! quality ( ! iron is improv$ by reheat+ & roll+ or hamm]+1 b beyond t a repetition ( ! process dim9i%es ! /r5g? ( ! iron4 ,! process ( pil+ & roll+ gives wr\ght iron a fibr\s /ructure4 ,:5 subject$ to vibrations = a long "t1 ! /ructure becomes cry/all9e & ! iron brittle4 ,! cry/all9e /ructure induc$ 9 ?is way may be remov$ by ! process ( anneal+1 :i* consi/s 9 heat+ ! iron 9 a furnace1 & !n all[+ x to cool sl[ly4 ,=g+ & ,weld+4--,! process ( press+ or hamm]+ wr\ght iron :5 at a r$ or :ite heat into any desir$ %ape is call$ =g+4 ,if at a :ite heat two pieces ( wr\ght iron be br\ght toge!r1 _! surfaces be+ clean1 !y may be press$ or hamm]$ toge!r1 s z to =m "o piece4 ,?is is call$ weld+1 & is a v valuable prop]ty ( wr\ght iron4 ,/eel4--,?is is a comp\nd ( iron ) a small p]-c5tage ( c>bon1 & is made ei!r by add+ c>bon to wr\ght iron1 or by remov+ "s ( ! c>bon f ca/ iron4 ,9 ! cem5tation process1 b>s ( wr\ght iron are imb$d$ 9 p[d]$ *>coal 9 a fireclay tr\gh1 & kept at a high temp]ature 9 a furnace = sev]al days4 ,! iron comb9es ) a portion ( ! c>bon to =m bli/] /eel1 s nam$ because ( ! bli/]s :i* are f\nd on ! surface ( ! b>s :5 !y are remov$ f ! furnace4 ,! b>s ( bli/] /eel are brok5 into pieces ab\t #ah in*es long1 & ti$ toge!r 9 bundles by /rong /eel wire4 ,^! bundles are rais$ to a weld+ heat 9 a furnace1 & !n hamm]$ or roll$ into b>s ( %e> /eel4 ,to =m ca/ /eel ! b>s ( bli/] /eel are brok5 into pieces & melt$ into crucibles4 ,9 ! ,siem5s-,m>t9 process = mak+ /eel1 ca/ & wr\ght iron are melt$ toge!r on ! he>? ( a reg5]ative gas-furnace4 ,bessem] /eel is made by p\r+ melt$ ca/ iron into a vessel call$ a conv]t]1 ?r\gh :i* a bla/ ( air is !n urg$4 ,by ?is means ! c>bon is burn$ out1 & comp>atively pure iron rema9s4 ,to ?is is add$ a c]ta9 quantity ( 'spiegeleis51' :i* is a comp\nd ( iron1 c>bon1 & manganese4 ,h>d5+ & ,temp]+ ( ,/eel4--,/eel1 if heat$ to r$ness & cool$ sudd5ly1 z by imm]sion 9 wat]1 is h>d5$4 ,! degree ( h>dness produc$ v>ies ) ! rate ( cool+2 ! m rapidly ! heat$ /eel is cool$1 ! h>d] does x become4 ,h>d5$ /eel is s(t5$ by ! process ( anneal+1 :i* consi/s 9 heat+ ! h>d5$ /eel to r$ness1 & !n all[+ x to cool sl[ly4 ,h>d5$ /eel is temp]$1 or has its degree ( h>dness l[]$1 by be+ heat$ to a temp]ature consid]ably bel[ t ( a r$ heat1 & !n cool+ sudd5ly4 ,! high] ! temp]ature ! h>d5$ /eel is rais$ to1 ! l[] does its 'temp]' become4 ,case-h>d5+4--,?is is ! "n giv5 to ! process by :i* ! surfaces ( articles made ( wr\ght iron are conv]t$ into /eel1 & consi/s 9 heat+ ! articles 9 contact ) sub/ances ri* 9 c>bon1 su* z bone-du/1 horn %av+s1 or yell[ prussiate ( pota%4 ,?is process is g5]ally appli$ to ! articles aft] !y are completely f9i%$ by ! ma*9e tools or by h&4 ,! coat+ ( /eel produc$ on ! article by ?is process is h>d5$ by cool+ ! article sudd5ly 9 wat]4 ,copp]4--,?is metal has a r$di% br[n col\r1 & :5 pure is v malleable & ductile1 ei!r :5 cold or hot1 s t x may be roll$ or hamm]$ into ?9 plates1 or drawn into wire4 ,slight traces ( impurities cause brittl5ess1 al?\gh f #b to #d p] c5t4 ( phosphorus increases its t5acity & fluidity4 ,copp] is a good conductor ( heat & ( electricity4 ,copp] is l>gely us$ = mak+ alloys4 ,alloys4--,brass conta9s two p>ts by weight ( copp] to "o ( z9c4 ,muntz metal consi/s ( ?ree p>ts ( copp] to two ( z9c4 ,alloys consi/+ ( copp] & t9 are call$ bronze or gun-metal4 ,bronze is h>d] ! great] ! proportion ( t9 :i* x conta9s2 five p>ts ( copp] to "o ( t9 produce a v h>d bronze1 & t5 ( copp] to "o ( t9 is ! composition ( a s(t bronze4 ,phosphor bronze conta9s copp] & t9 ) a little phosphorus2 x has ?is advantage ov] ord9>y bronze1 t x may be remelt$ )\t det]iorat+ 9 quality4 ,?is alloy also has ! advantage t x may be made to possess great /r5g? accompani$ ) h>dness1 or less /r5g? ) a high degree ( t\ghness4 ,wood4--,9 ! e>ly days ( ma*9es wood 0 l>gely us$ 9 _! con/ruction1 b x is n[ us$ to a v limit$ ext5t 9 t direction4 ,bee* & hornbeam are us$ = ! cogs ( mortise :eels4 ,yell[ p9e is mu* us$ by patt]n-mak]s4 ,box1 a heavy1 h>d1 yell[-col\r$ wood1 is us$ = ! %eaves ( pulley blocks1 & sometimes = be>+s 9 ma*9es4 ,lignum-vitae is a v h>d d>k-col\r$ wood1 & rem>kable = its high specific gravity1 be+ #a-a_/c times ! weight ( ! same volume ( wat]4 ,?is wood is mu* us$ = be>+s ( ma*9es :i* are "u wat]4 ,,xviii4 ,,miscellane\s ,,ex]cises4 ,! illu/rations 9 ?is *apt] are 9 mo/ cases n drawn to scale2 !y are also 9 "s p>ts incomplete1 & 9 o!rs "s ( ! l9es are purposely drawn wrong4 ,! /ud5t mu/ keep to ! dim5sions m>k$ on ! draw+s1 & :]e no sizes are giv5 he mu/ use 8 own judgm5t 9 proportion+ ! p>ts4 ,all errors mu/ be correct$1 & any details requir$1 b n %[n completely 9 ! illu/rations1 mu/ be fill$ 94 ,,ex]cise #fb3 ,s+le ,rivet$ ,butt ,jo9t ) ,tee-iron ,cov] ,/rap4--,two views1 "o a side elevation & ! o!r a sectional elevation1 ( a rivet$ jo9t are %[n 9 fig4 #fj4 ,draw ^! views1 & also a plan project$ f "o ( !m4 ,%[ ! rivets completely 9 all ! views4 ,scale #d in*es to a foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4 ,,ex]cise #fc3 ,gird] ,/ay = ,/eam ,boil]4--,! flat cr[n ( ! fire-box ( locomotive & m>9e boil]s is g5]ally support$ or /ay$ by means ( gird] /ays1 an example ( :i* is %[n 9 fig4 #fa4 ,a ,b is ! side elevation ( a portion ( "o ( ^! gird]s4 ,ea* gird] is support$ at its ends by ! plates =m+ ! v]tical sides ( ! fire-box4 ,! flat cr[n is bolt$ to ! gird]s z %[n4 ,obs]ve t ! gird]s are 9 contact ) ! cr[n only 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! bolts4 ,consid] c>efully ?is "p ( ! design1 & !n answ] ! foll[+ que/ions3 7#a7 ,:at objections are !re to support+ ! gird]s at ! ends only )\t ! contact pieces at ! bolts8 7#b7 ,:at objections are !re to hav+ ! gird]s 9 contact ) ! cr[n plate ( ! fire-box ?r\gh\t _! :ole l5g?8 ,draw ! views %[n 9 fig4 #fa1 & f ! "r-h& "o project a plan4 ,scale #d in*es to a foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4 ,,ex]cise #fd3 ,end ( ,b> ,/ay = ,/eam ,boil]4--,on page #ab "o =m ( /ay = support+ ! flat end ( a /eam boil] is describ$4 ,ano!r =m ( /ay = ! same purpose is %[n 9 fig4 #fb4 ,a ,b is a portion ( ! end ( a /eam boil]4 ,c ,d is "o end ( a b> :i* ext5ds f "o end ( ! boil] to ! o!r4 ,! ends ( ?is b> are screw$1 & :5 ! b> is ( wr\ght iron ! screw$ p>ts are g5]ally l>g] 9 diamet] ?an ! re/ ( ! b>4 ,:5 made ( /eel ! b> is g5]ally ( uni=m diamet] ?r\gh\t4 ,9 ! case ( wr\ght-iron b> /ays ! enl>g$ ends are weld$ on to ! small] p>ts4 ,weld+ is n s reliable ) /eel z ) wr\ght iron4 ,write out answ]s to ! foll[+ que/ions3 7#a7 ,:at is ! advantage ( hav+ ! screw$ "p ( ! b> l>g] 9 diamet] ?an ! re/8 7#b7 ,:y are /eel b> /ays n g5]ally enl>g$ at _! screw$ ends8 ,draw ! views %[n 9 fig4 #fb1 & project f "o ( !m a ?ird view4 ,scale #d in*es to a foot4 ,,ex]cise #fe3 ,knuckle ,jo9t4--,draw ! plan & elevation ( ?is jo9t %[n 9 fig4 #fc1 & also draw an end elevation look+ 9 ! direction ( ! arr[4 ,! p>ts at ,a & ,b are octagonal 9 cross section4 ,scale #d in*es to a foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4 ,,ex]cise #ff3 ,locomotive ,c\pl+ ,rod ,ends4--,a =m ( knuckle jo9t us$ on locomotive c\pl+ rods is %[n 9 fig4 #fd4 ,9 ?is case two rods meet & "w on ! same p91 z %[n at 7a7 fig4 #fd4 ,draw1 9 addition to ! views %[n 9 fig4 #fd1 a plan & a v]tical section ?r\gh ! axis ( ! p94 ,scale #f in*es to a foot4 ,w\ld x be practicable to replace ! two rods ,a ,b & ,b ,c by a s+le rod work+ on ! crank p9s at ,a1 ,b1 & ,c8 ,give reasons = y\r answ]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4 ,,ex]cise #fg3 ,bell ,crank ,lev]4--,draw ! plan & elevation ( ! lev] %[n 9 fig4 #fe4 ,scale #f in*es to a foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4 ,,ex]cise #fh3 ,back ,/ay = ,la!4--,draw a plan & two elevations ( ! /ay %[n 9 fig4 #ff4 ,make all necess>y corrections & %[ all ! details 9 ea* view4 ,scale full size4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4 ,,ex]cise #fi3 ,conical ,disc ,valve & ,cas+4--,draw1 half size1 ! views %[n 9 fig4 #fg ( ! conical disc valve & cas+1 & also add an elevation look+ 9 ! direction ( ! arr[4 ,,ex]cise #gj3 ,connect+ ,rod ,end4--,! /ud5t %\ld c>efully comp>e ?is connect+ rod end 7fig4 #fh7 ) ^? illu/rat$ on pages #ej & #eb4 ,! l[] "p ( fig4 #fh is a half plan & half horizontal section1 & ! upp] "p is a half side elevation & half v]tical section4 ,draw ^! views & also an end elevation4 ,scale #f in*es to a foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4 ,,ex]cise #ga3 ,eng9e ,cross-head4--,! cross-head %[n 9 fig4 #fi is = an inv]t$ cyl9d] m>9e eng9e4 ,a is ! pi/on rod1 & ,b ,b are p9s1 =g$ 9 "o piece ) ,c1 to :i* ! =k$ end ( ! connect+ rod is atta*$4 ,draw ! upp] view ) ! c5tral "p 9 section z %[n4 ,make ! "r-h& half ( ! l[] view a plan )\t any section1 & make ! left-h& half a horizontal section ?r\gh ! axis ( ! p9s ,b ,b4 ,scale #d in*es to a foot4 ,,ex]cise #gb3 ,rat*et ,lev]4--,! lev] %[n 9 fig4 #gj is us$ = turn+ ! horizontal screw ( a trav]s+ screw jack4 ,draw ! two views %[n1 & f "o ( !m project a plan4 ,scale full size4 ,,ex]cise #gc3 ,/eam ,:i/le4--,draw1 full size1 ! elevation & section ( ! /eam :i/le %[n 9 fig4 #ga4 ,draw also horizontal sections at ,a ,b1 ,c ,d1 & ,e ,f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4 ,,ex]cise #gd3 ,screw ,c\pl+ = ,railway ,c>riages4--,draw ! ?ree views ( ! screw c\pl+ %[n 9 fig4 #gb4 ,scale #f in*es to a foot4 ,if ! l9k ,a is fix$1 ?r\gh :at di/ance w ! l9k ,b move = two turns ( ! lev]8 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4 ,,ex]cise #ge3 ,loose ,head/ock = a #f-;in* ,la!4--,two views ( ?is head/ock are %[n 9 fig4 #gc4 ,on "o ( ^! views a few ( ! *ief dim5sions are m>k$4 ,! details1 fully dim5sion$1 are %[n sep>ately 9 figs4 #gd1 #ge1 & #gf4 ,expla9 cle>ly h[ ! c5tre is mov$ backw>ds & =w>ds1 & also h[ ! sp9dle conta9+ x is lock$ :5 x is n requir$ to move4 ,draw1 half-size1 ! views %[n 9 fig4 #gc1 & f ! left-h& view project a plan4 ,draw also ! detail ( ! lock+ arrangem5t %[n 9 fig4 #gd4 ,,app5dix ,a4 ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,art ,,dep>tm5t1 ,,s\? ,,k5s+ton4 ,,syllabus4 ,,subject ,,ii4--,,ma*9e ,,con/ruction ,,& ,,draw+4 ,x is assum$ t ! /ud5t has already le>nt to draw to scale1 & t he c draw two or m views ( ! same object 9 simple or or?ographic projection4 ,to pass 9 ma*9e con/ruction & draw+1 he mu/ be able to apply ?is k to ! repres5tation ( ma*9]y4 ,he mu/ be acqua9t$ ) ! =m & purpose ( ! simpl] p>ts ( :i* ma*9es are built up & mu/ h _h "s practice 9 draw+ !m4 ,to te/ 8 k1 r\gh dim5sion$ sket*es1 m or less incomplete1 ( simple ma*9e details w be giv5 him1 & he w be requir$ to produce a complete draw+ 9 p5cil to a giv5 scale4 ,two or m views ( at lea/ "o subject w be requir$1 & ^! mu/ be s drawn z to be prop]ly project$ "o f ! o!r1 9 ord] to %[ t ! /ud5t appreciates t he is produc+ a repres5tation ( a solid piece ( ma*9]y1 & n m]ely copy+ a sket*4 ,no cr$it w be giv5 unless "s k ( projection is %[n4 ,! c5tre l9es ( ! draw+s %\ld be %[n1 & p>ts cut by planes ( section %\ld be indicat$ by diagonal %ad+4 ,bolts & o!r fa/5+s %\ld be c>efully %[n :]e requir$4 ,any indication t a c&idate has m]ely copi$ ! sket*es giv51 )\t und]/&+ ! "p repres5t$1 w invalidate 8 exam9ation4 ,,fir/ ,,/age ,,or ,,elem5t>y ,,c\rse4 ,9 ! elem5t>y /age1 a k is requir$ ( ! simple p>ts only ( ma*9es 9 common use4 ,"s ( ^! are enum]at$ 9 ! foll[+ li/4 ,! /ud5t %\ld be practis$ 9 draw+ !m till he recognises _! =ms1 & ! object ( ! arrangem5t %\ld be expla9$ to him4 ,he %\ld also "k ! simple te*nical t]ms us$ 9 describ+ !m4 ,a few v simple que/ions relat+ to ! arrangem5t1 proportions1 & /r5g? ( ! simple/ ma*9e details w be set 9 ! exam9ation pap]4 ,9 draw+ ! examples set to te/ a /ud5t's k & skill 9 ma*9e draw+1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t only a limit$ "t is available4 ,x is only possible to set an example to be drawn 9 p5cil1 & ! po9ts :i* w receive att5tion are 7#a7 accuracy ( scale & projection2 7#b7 p[] ( read+ a draw+1 %[n by ! ability to transf] portions ( ! me*anism & dim5sions f "o view to ano!r2 7#c7 k ( ma*9es1 z %[n by ! ability to fill 9 small details1 su* z nuts1 keys1 etc41 omitt$ 9 ! sket*es giv54 ,be>+ 9 m9d ! limit$ "t available1 ! /ud5t %\ld try to make 8 outl9e cle> & decisive & complete4 ,b ! diagonal l9es necess>y = sectional p>ts may be done rapidly1 ?\gh neatly1 by freeh& if necess>y4 ,rivet$ ,jo9ts4--,=ms ( rivets & arrangem5t ( rivets 9 lap & butt jo9ts ) s+le & d\ble rivet+4 ,junction ( plates by angle & ,t-irons4 ,bolts1 ,/uds1 & ,set ,screws4--,=ms ( ^! fa/5+s4 ,=ms & proportions ( nuts & bolt-heads4 ,arrangem5t ( flanges = bolt+4 ,p9s1 ,keys1 & ,cott]s4--,=m ( ord9>y knuckle jo9t4 ,use ( split p9s4 ,connection ( p>ts by a key4 ,connection ( p>ts by a cott]4 ,gib & cott]4 ,pipes & ,cyl9d]s4--,=ms ( ord9>y pipes & cyl9d]s & _! flanges & cov]s4 ,%aft+4--,=ms ( %afts & axles & ( j\rnals & pivots4 ,use ( coll>s & bosses4 ,half-lap c\pl+4 ,box c\pl+4 ,flange c\pl+4 ,p$e/als & ,plumm] ,blocks4--,simple/ =ms ( p$e/als & hang]s = %afts4 ,=m & arrangem5t ( brass /eps4 ,arrangem5ts = fix+ p$e/als & = neutralis+ ! effects ( we>4 ,too!d ,ge>+4--,=ms ( ord9>y spur & bevil :eels4 ,mean+ ( ! t]ms pit*1 bread? ( face1 ?ickness ( too?1 pit* l9e1 rim1 nave1 arm4 ,mode ( draw+ bevil :eels 9 section4 ,belt ,pulleys4--,=ms ( belt pulleys = flat & r\nd belts4 ,/epp$ spe$ cones4 ,draw+ ( pulleys ) curv$ arms4 ,cranks & ,lev]s4--,=ms ( ord9>y ca/-iron & wr\ght-iron cranks & lev]s4 ,modes ( fix+ crank p94 ,modes ( fix+ crank %aft4 ,d\ble cranks4 ,=m ( ecc5trics4 ,l9ks4--,mo/ simple =ms ( connect+ rod ends1 op5 or clos$4 ,use ( /eps 9 connect+ rods4 ,use ( cott]s to tight5 ! /eps4 ,pi/ons4--,simple =ms ( pi/on4 ,use ( pi/on pack+4 ,modes ( atta*+ pi/on rod4 ,/uff+-,boxes4--,simple =m ( /uff+-box & gl&4 ,use ( pack+4 ,mode ( tight5+ gl&4 ,valves4--,simple conical ( puppet valve4 ,simple slide valve4 ,cock or conical slid+ valve4 ,,app5dix ,b4 ,,exam9ation ,,pap]s ,,set ,,by ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,art ,,dep>tm5t4 ,,subject ,,ii4--,,ma*9e ,,con/ruction ,,& ,,draw+4 ,exam9]s1 ,,pr(4 ,t4 ,a4 ,,he>son1 ,m4,in/4,c4,e41 & ,j4 ,,h>rison1 ,,esq41 ,m4,in/4,m4,e4 ,,g5]al ,,in/ructions4 ,if ! rules are n att5d$ to1 ! pap] w be cancell$4 ,y may take ! ,elem5t>y1 or ! ,advanc$1 or ! ,hon\rs pap]1 b y mu/ conf9e y\rself to "o ( !m4 ,put ! numb] ( ! "q be=e y\r answ]4 ,y are expect$ to prove y\r k ( ma*9]y z well z y\r p[] ( draw+ neatly to scale4 ,y are !re=e to supply details omitt$ 9 ! sket*es1 to fill 9 p>ts left incomplete1 & to indicate1 by diagonal l9es1 p>ts cut by planes ( section4 ,no cr$it w be giv5 unless "s k ( projection is %[n1 s t at lea/ two views ( "o ( ! examples w be requir$ prop]ly project$ "o f ! o!r4 ,! c5tre l9es %\ld be cle>ly drawn4 ,! figur$ dim5sions ne$ n be ins]t$4 ,y\r answ]s %\ld be cle>ly & cleanly drawn 9 p5cil4 ,no extra m>ks w be all[$ = ink+ 94 ,all figures mu/ be drawn on ! s+le %eet ( pap] suppli$1 = no second %eet w be all[$4 ,! value atta*$ to ea* "q is %[n 9 brackets aft] ! "q4 ,b a full & correct answ] to an easy "q w 9 all cases secure a l>g] numb] ( m>ks ?an an incomplete or inexact answ] to a m difficult "o4 ,y\r "n is n giv5 to ! ,exam9]1 & y are =bidd5 to write to him ab\t y\r answ]s4 ,y are to conf9e y\r answ]s /rictly to ! que/ions propos$4 ,a s+le acc5t 7'7 signifies feet2 a d\ble acc5t 77 in*es4 ,! exam9ation 9 ?is subject la/s = f\r h\rs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,fir/ ,/age or ,elem5t>y ,exam9ation4 #ahhe4 ,,in/ructions4 ,read ! ,g5]al ,in/ructions above4 ,answ] briefly any ?ree1 b n m ?an ?ree1 ( ! foll[+ que/ions1 & draw two1 b n m ?an two1 ( ! examples4 ,que/ions4 7a47 ,%[ two me?ods by :i* a cott] may be prev5t$ f slack+ back4 7#f47 7b47 ,sket* ! brasses = a be>+1 & %[ h[ !y are prev5t$ f turn+ 9 ! p$e/al4 7#f47 7c47 ,expla9 ! object ( ! con/ruction ( ! connect+ rod end %[n 9 fig4 #gh4 ,describe h[ ! adju/m5t mu/ be made & h[ x is lock$4 7#aj47 7d47 ,%[ ! =m ( ! ,:itwor? screw ?read by draw+ to scale a "p section ( two or ?ree ?reads tak+ a pit* ( #a-a_/b in*es4 ,figure ! dim5sions on ! sket*4 ,h[ _m ?reads to ! in* are us$ on an in* bolt8 7#aj47 7e47 ,make a sket* %[+ h[ ! adju/m5t is made 9 ! slid+ p>ts ( ma*9e tools3 z1 = example1 9 ! slide re/ ( a la!4 7#aj47 7f47 ,describe ) sket*es two me?ods by :i* ! jo9ts are made 9 connect+ l5g?s ( ca/-iron pipes4 7#f47 ,examples to be drawn4 #a4 ,jaw = f\r-screw dog *uck = #e la!4 ,draw ! two views z %[n 7fig4 #gg74 ,scale full size4 7,note4--,! o!r ?ree jaws ( ! *uck are n to be drawn47 7#ce47 #b4 ,connect+ rod end4 ,draw ! two views z %[n1 p>tly 9 section 7fig4 #gh74 ,draw full size4 7#ce47 #c4 ,hooke's c\pl+4 ,draw ! ?ree views %[n 7fig4 #gi71 add+ any omitt$ l9es :]e ! views are incomplete4 ,draw to scale ( #a_/d full size4 7#ce47 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #gg ,,& #gh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,fir/ ,/age or ,elem5t>y ,exam9ation4 #ahhf4 ,,in/ructions4 ,read ! ,g5]al ,in/ructions 7page #ajb74 ,answ] briefly any ?ree1 b n m ?an ?ree1 ( ! foll[+ que/ions1 & draw two1 b n m ?an two1 ( ! examples4 ,que/ions4 7a47 ,give sket*es %[+ h[ ! cutt+ tool ( a la! or o!r ma*9e is secur$ 9 place4 7#f47 7b47 ,make a sket* ( a /ud1 describe h[ x is screw$ into place1 & /ate "s circum/ances "u :i* x is us$ 9 pref]5ce to a bolt4 7#f47 7c47 ,give sket*es %[+ "o me?od ( atta*+ ! valve rod to an ord9>y slide valve4 7#f47 7d47 ,sket* a connect+ rod end1 ) /rap1 gib1 & cott]4 ,expla9 ! use ( ! gib4 7#aj47 7e47 ,expla9 ! use ( ! quadrant = *ange :eels = a screw-cutt+ la! %[n 9 ,example #a1 fig4 #hj1 by mak+ a sket* %[+ x 9 place on a la! ) :eels 9 ge>4 7#aj47 7f47 ,sket* "o =m ( hang] suitable = support+ mill-%aft+4 7#aj47 ,examples to be drawn4 #a4 ,quadrant = *ange :eels = screw-cutt+ la!4 ,draw ! two views %[n 7fig4 #hj74 ,scale half-size4 7#ce47 #b4 ,crank-%aft4 ,draw ! two views z %[n1 p>tly 9 section 7fig #ha74 ,scale #a_/h full size4 7#ce47 #c4 ,ball be>+ = tricycle4 ,draw ! two views z %[n1 p>tly 9 section 7fig4 #hb74 ,draw full size4 7#ce47 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #hj ,,& #ha4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,fir/ ,/age or ,elem5t>y ,exam9ation4 #ahhg4 ,,in/ructions4 ,read ! ,g5]al ,in/ructions 7page #ajb74 ,answ] briefly any ?ree1 b n m ?an ?ree1 ( ! foll[+ que/ions1 & draw two1 b n m ?an two1 ( ! examples4 ,que/ions4 7a47 ,expla9 h[ ! pi/on r+s 9 ,example #a1 fig4 #hd1 are made s t ! pi/on may "w /eam-tight 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,h[ are ^! r+s got into place8 7#h47 7b47 ,give two views ( a d\ble rivet$ lap jo9t = boil]-plates4 7#h47 7c47 ,%[ by sket*es h[ a :eel is fix$ on a %aft by means ( a sunk key4 ,expla9 h[ ! key may be )drawn :5 x _c be driv5 f ! po9t end4 7#h47 7d47 ,give sket*es %[+ ! con/ruction ( a conical metal lift or puppet valve & seat+4 7#aj47 7e47 ,) ! aid ( sket*es expla9 h[ a pi/on rod is made to "w /eam-tight ?r\gh ! end ( ! cyl9d]4 7#aj47 7f47 ,expla9 h[ ! slott+ ma*9e ram ( ,example #h1 fig4 #he1 may be made to move up & d[n :5 at "w4 ,h[ is ! l5g? ( ! /roke alt]$1 & :at is ! object ( ! slotway 9 ! upp] "p ( ! ram8 7#aj47 ,examples to be drawn4 #a4 ,pi/on = /eam-eng9e4 ,draw & complete ! two views %[n 7fig4 #hd71 ! top half ( ! left-h& view to be 9 section4 ,scale #a_/b size4 7#cj47 #b4 ,plan & sectional elevation ( a foot/ep be>+ = an upright %aft 7fig4 #hc74 ,draw & complete ^! views4 ,scale #a_/d size4 7#ce47 #c4 ,ram ( slott+ ma*9e4 ,draw & complete ! two elevations %[n 7fig4 #he74 ,! tool-hold]s mu/ be drawn 9 _! prop] positions 9 ! ram1 & n sep>ate z 9 ! diagram4 ,scale #a_/d size4 7#ce47 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #hc ,,& #hd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #he4 99 99 99 99 99 ,fir/ ,/age or ,elem5t>y ,exam9ation4 #ahhh4 ,,in/ructions4 ,read ! ,g5]al ,in/ructions on p4 #ajb4 ,answ] briefly any ?ree1 b n m ?an ?ree1 ( ! foll[+ que/ions1 & draw two1 b n m ?an two1 ( ! examples4 ,que/ions4 7a47 ,give sket*es %[+ h[ ! sep>ate l5g?s ( a l9e ( %aft+ may be connect$ toge!r4 7#h47 7b47 ,:at is ! object ( us+ *ipp+ or fac+ /rips 9 fitt+ up ma*9e p>ts8 ,give "o or two examples4 7#h47 7c47 ,give sket*es %[+ h[ y w\ld grip & drive a r\nd iron b> = ! purpose ( turn+ x betwe5 ! c5tres ( a la!4 7#aj47 7d47 ,expla9 ! action ( ! gov]nor %[n 9 ,example #a 7fig4 #hf74 7#aj47 7e47 ,describe 9 detail h[ ! mud-hole door 9 ,example #b 7fig4 #hh7 is remov$ = ! purpose ( clean+ ! boil] & h[ x is replac$ & ! jo9t made /eam-tight4 7#aj47 7f47 ,describe h[ ! p>ts ( ! spur :eel 9 ,example #c 7fig4 #hg7 are put toge!r1 & expla9 :y ! :eel is made 9 segm5ts4 7#aj47 ,examples to be drawn4 #a4 ,load$ gov]nor = small gas eng9e4 ,draw & complete ! two views1 p>tly 9 section z %[n 7fig4 #hf74 ,scale full size4 7#ce47 #b4 ,mud-hole m\?-piece = ,lanca%ire boil]4 ,draw & complete ! two views %[n 7fig4 #hh74 ,scale #c_/h?s4 7#ce47 #c4 ,po9t = segm5ts ( l>ge spur :eel4 ,draw & complete ! views %[n 7fig4 #hg74 ,scale #c_/af?s4 ,note4--,z ! radius ( ! :eel is too l>ge = y\r in/rum5ts1 ! circumf]5ce at ! jo9t may be set out /raight1 z 9 a rack4 7#ce47 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #hf ,,& #hg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hh4 ,,index ,air-pump bucket1 #eh ,alloys1 #hj ,angle irons1 #ab ,anneal+1 #gi1 #hj ,axles1 #bd ,back /ay = la!1 #hf ,b> /ay1 #hc ,be>+s = %afts1 #cj ,bee*-wood1 #ha ,bell crank lev]1 #hf ,bessem] /eel1 #gi ,bevil :eels1 #dc ,bli/] /eel1 #gi ,blooms1 #gh ,bolt-heads1 proportions (1 #ah ,bolts1 =ms (1 #ag ,bord] l9es1 #d ,box c\pl+s1 #be -- end1 connect+ rod1 #ea ,box-wood1 #ha ,brackets1 #cc ,brake %aft c>ri]1 #cj ,brass1 #hj ,brasses1 #cj ,bucket1 #eh ,built-up cranks1 #df ,bu%1 #cj1 #di1 #ea1 #ed1 #ef1 #fc ,butt jo9ts1 #aj1 #aa -- /rap1 #aj ,buttress screw ?read1 #ae ,case-h>d5+1 #hj ,ca/ iron1 #gf ,ca/ iron flange c\pl+1 #bh1 #bi -- /eel1 #gi ,caulk+1 #h ,cem5tation process1 #gi ,c5tre l9es1 #b1 #d ,*ill$ ca/+s1 #gh ,circulat+ pump pi/on1 #eh ,cle>ance1 cyl9d]1 #gd -- ( cott]1 #di ,cocks1 #gd ,cogs1 #da -- wood =1 #ha ,coll>$ /ud1 #ah ,coll>s1 #bd ,col\r+1 #c ,col\rs = diff]5t mat]ials1 #c ,compasses1 #a ,cone keys1 #bc1 #ch ,conical disc valve1 #gj1 #ga1 #hi -- head1 #g ,connect+ rod1 locomotive1 #ea -- -- m>9e1 #ea -- rods1 #di1 #hi ,con/ruction = rivet heads1 #g ,contraction ( ca/+s1 #gg ,copp]1 #hj ,cott]s1 #dh1 #di ,c\nt]sunk head1 #g1 #ah ,c\pl+ rod ends1 #ee1 #hd -- rods1 #ed -- screw1 #if ,c\pl+s1 %aft1 #be ,cov] plate1 #aj ,crank$ axle1 #de ,cranks1 #dc -- built-up1 #df ,cross-head p91 #ea ,cross-heads1 #ef1 #hi ,cross-key1 #bh ,cup-head$ bolt1 #ag ,decimal equival5ts1 #f ,dim5sion l9es1 #e ,dim5sions1 #e -- ( box c\pl+s1 #bf -- ca/-iron flange c\pl+s1 #bi -- keys1 #bd -- /uff+-boxes & gl&s1 #fg -- ,:itwor? screws1 #ae ,di/ance l9es1 #e ,divid]s1 #a ,draught ( cott]1 #di ,draw+ bo>d1 #a -- in/rum5ts1 #a -- pap]1 #b -- p51 #a -- p9s1 #b ,ecc5trics1 #dg ,exhau/ port1 #ga ,eye-bolt1 #ah ,fairbairn's c\pl+1 #bf ,fa/ & loose pulleys1 #cg ,fea!r key1 #bc ,flange c\pl+s1 #bg ,flap valves1 #fh ,flat key1 #bb ,=ge irons1 #gg ,=g+1 #gi ,=m ( :eel tee?1 #dj ,=ms ( nuts1 #af -- rivet heads1 #g -- screw ?reads1 #ae ,f\ndry irons1 #gg ,gasket1 #eh ,gas ?reads1 #ae ,gib1 #di -- head1 #bc ,gird] /ay1 #ha ,gl&1 #fd ,grey ca/ iron1 #gg ,gun-metal1 #hj ,gusset /ay1 #ab ,half-lap c\pl+1 #bf ,hang]s1 #cd ,h>d5+ ( /eel1 #hj ,head/ock la!1 #if ,hexagonal nut1 #af ,holl[ key1 #bb ,hook bolt1 #ah ,hornbeam1 #ha ,india-rubb] disc valves1 #eh1 #fh ,ink+ draw+s1 #b ,inside lap ( valve1 #gb ,joggles1 #cc ,jo9t1 knuckle1 #hd ,j\rnals1 #bd -- l5g? (1 #cb ,junk r+1 #fa ,keys1 #bb -- proportions (1 #bc ,k+horn's metallic valve1 #gj ,knuckle jo9t1 #hd -- screw ?read1 #ae ,lanca/]'s pi/on pack+1 #fa ,lap jo9ts1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #ab -- ( slide valve1 #gb ,la! head/ock1 #if ,lead ( valve1 #gd ,lev]1 bell crank1 #hf -- rat*et1 #if ,lignum-vitae1 #ha ,lock+ arrangem5ts = nuts1 #ba1 #fb ,lock nuts1 #ai ,locomotive connect+ rod1 #ea -- crank$ axle1 #de -- cross-head1 #ef ,locomotive ecc5tric1 #dg -- pi/on1 #fj ,lubricator1 ne$le1 #cb ,malleable ca/ iron1 #gh -- iron1 #gh ,m>9e connect+ rod1 #ea -- c\pl+1 #bh -- crank-%aft1 #df -- pi/on1 #fa ,m]*ant b>s1 #gh ,mortise :eels1 #da ,mottl$ ca/ iron1 #gg ,muff c\pl+s1 #be ,muntz metal1 #hj ,ne$le lubricator1 #cb ,nuts1 =ms (1 #af -- lock1 #ai -- proportions (1 #ah ,oil-box1 #ed1 #fe ,outside lap ( slide valve1 #gb ,ov]hung crank1 #dc -- cranks1 proportions (1 #de ,pack+1 #fc ,pan head1 #g ,p$e/al1 %aft1 #cj ,p5cils1 draw+1 #a ,phosphor bronze1 #hj ,pill> bracket1 #cd ,pill[ block1 #cj1 #cb ,p91 cross-head1 #ea1 #ed -- split1 #ba ,pi/on rod1 #eg ,pi/ons1 #eg ,pit* circle1 #dj -- ( :eel tee?1 #dj -- surfaces ( :eels1 #ci1 #dc ,pivots1 #bd ,plumm] block1 #cj ,plung]1 #eg ,pr9t+1 #d ,proportions ( bolt-heads1 #ah -- keys1 #bc ,proportions ( lap jo9ts1 #i1 #aj -- m>9e eng9e pi/ons1 #fb -- nuts1 #ah -- ov]hung cranks1 #de -- pill[ blocks1 #cb -- rivet heads1 #g -- :eel tee?1 #dj ,puddl$ b>s1 #gh ,puddl+ process1 #gh ,pulley1 ecc5tric1 #dg ,pulleys1 #cf ,pump bucket1 #eh ,ramsbottom's pack+1 #fj ,rat*et lev]1 #if ,rivet$ jo9ts1 #h ,rivet heads1 =ms (1 #g1 #h -- -- proportions (1 #g ,rivet+1 #g ,rivets1 #f ,rope pulley1 #ci ,r\nd key1 #bc ,saddle key1 #bb ,scales1 #e ,screw c\pl+1 #if ,screw$ gl& & /uff+-box1 #fe ,screw ?reads1 #ad1 #ae ,screws1 repres5tation (1 #af ,sell]s ,v screw ?read1 #ad ,set screw1 #ba1 #di -- squ>es1 #a ,%aft c\pl+s1 #be -- hang]1 #cd ,%aft+1 #bd ,%e> /eel1 #gi ,%eave1 ecc5tric1 #dg ,%+l+1 #gh ,%r9k+1 process (1 #dd ,siem5s-,m>t9 /eel1 #gi ,slide blocks1 #ef -- valves1 #fh1 #ga ,slid+ key1 #bc ,snap head1 #g ,snug1 #ag ,spiegeleis51 #hj ,spr+ b[s1 #a ,spur :eel1 #da ,squ>e nut1 #af -- screw ?read1 #ad ,/ay1 back1 = la!1 #hf -- b>1 #hc -- gird]1 #ha -- gusset1 #ab ,/eam ports1 #ga -- :i/le1 #if ,/eel1 #gi ,/eps1 #cj ,/rap1 #di -- ecc5tric1 #dg -- end ( connect+ rod1 #di ,/ud bolts1 #ah ,/uds1 #ah ,/uff+-boxes1 #fc ,sunk key1 #bb ,tap] bolt1 #ah1 #bg -- p91 #bc ,tee-head$ bolt1 #ah ,tee-iron cov] /rap1 #ha ,tee squ>e1 #a ,tee? ( :eels1 =m & proportions (1 #dj ,tee?1 pit* (1 #dj ,temp]+ ( /eel1 #hj ,?r[ ( crank1 #dd -- ecc5tric1 #dg ,too!d :eels1 #ci ,valve ,k+horn's metallic1 #gj -- slide1 #fh1 #ga ,valves1 #fh -- conical disc1 #gj -- india-rubb]1 #eh1 #fh ,velocity ratio 9 belt ge>+1 #cf ,wall boxes1 #cd ,wa%]s1 #ai ,weld+1 #gi ,:i/le1 /eam1 #if ,:ite ca/ iron1 #gg ,:itwor? screws1 dim5sions (1 #ae -- ,v screw ?read1 #ad ,wood1 #ha ,work+ draw+s1 #d ,wr\ght iron1 #gh ,yell[ p9e1 #ha ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,spottiswoode ,,& ,,co41 ,,new-,,/reet ,,squ>e ,,london 99 99 99 99 99 ,,text-,,books ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,photography4 ,by ,capta9 ,w4 ,,de ,,wiveleslie ,,abney1 ,c4,b4 ,f4,r4,s4 late ,in/ructor 9 ,*emi/ry & ,photography at ! ,s*ool ( ,milit>y ,eng9e]+1 ,*a?am4 ,) #aje ,woodcuts4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 ,! ,,/r5g? ( ,,mat]ials & ,,/ructures2 ! ,/r5g? ( ,mat]ials z dep5d+ on _! quality & z asc]ta9$ by ,te/+ ,app>atus2 ! ,/r5g? ( ,/ructures z dep5d+ on _! =m & arrangem5t1 & on ! mat]ials ( :i* !y are compos$4 ,by ,sir ,j4 ,,&]son1 ,c4,e4 c4 ,) #ff ,woodcuts4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 ,,introduction to ! ,,/udy ( ,,organic ,,*emi/ry2 ! ,,*emi/ry ( ,,c>bon & its ,,comp\nds4 ,by ,,h5ry ,e4 ,,arm/rong ,ph4,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,) #h ,woodcuts4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 ,,elem5ts ( ,,a/ronomy4 ,by ,sir ,r4 ,s4 ,,ball1 ,,ll4,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,&rews ,pr(essor ( ,a/ronomy 9 ! ,univ4 ( ,dubl91 ,royal ,a/ronom] ( ,irel&4 ,) #acf ,woodcuts4 ,price #fs4 ,,railway ,,appliances4 ,a ,description ( ,details ( ,railway ,con/ruction subsequ5t to ! completion ( ,e>?works & ,/ructures1 includ+ a %ort ,notice ( ,railway ,roll+ ,/ock4 ,by ,,john ,,wolfe ,,b>ry1 ,m4,i4,c4,e4 ,) #bjg ,woodcuts4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 ,,sy/ematic ,,m9]alogy4 ,by ,,hil>y ,,bau]man1 ,f4,g4,s4 ,associate ( ! ,royal ,s*ool ( ,m9es4 ,) #cgc ,woodcuts4 ,price #fs4 ,,descriptive ,,m9]alogy4 ,by ,,hil>y ,,bau]man1 ,f4,g4,s4 c4 ,) #bcf ,woodcuts4 ,price #fs4 ,,metals1 _! ,,prop]ties & ,,treatm5t4 ,by ,c4 ,l4 ,,bloxam & ,a4 ,k4 ,,hunt+ton1 ,pr(essors 9 ,k+'s ,college1 ,london4 ,) #acj ,woodcuts4 ,price #es4 ,,practical ,,physics4 ,by ,r4 ,t4 ,,glazebrook1 ,m4,a4 ,f4,r4,s4 & ,w4 ,n4 ,,%aw1 ,m4,a4 ,) #hj ,woodcuts4 ,price #fs4 ,,physical ,,optics4 ,by ,r4 ,t4 ,,glazebrook1 ,m4,a4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,fell[ & ,lectur] ( ,tr94 ,coll4 ,demon/rator ( ,physics at ! ,cav5di% ,laboratory1 ,cambridge4 ,) #ahc ,woodcuts4 ,price #fs4 ,! ,,art ( ,,electro-,,metallurgy1 includ+ all kn[n ,processes ( ,electro-,deposition4 ,by ,g4 ,,gore1 ,,ll4,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,) #ef ,woodcuts4 ,price #fs4 ,,algebra & ,,trigonometry4 ,by ,,william ,,na?aniel ,,griff91 ,b4,d4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 ,,notes ,,on1 ) ,,solutions ( ! m difficult ,,que/ions4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 ,! ,,/eam ,,eng9e4 ,by ,,george ,c4 ,v4 ,,holmes1 ,:itwor? ,s*ol>2 ,secret>y ( ! ,in/itution ( ,naval ,ar*itects1 ,) #bab ,woodcuts4 ,price #fs4 ,,electricity & ,,magnetism4 ,by ,,fleem+ ,,j5k91 ,f4,r4,,ss4 ,l4 ,e4 late ,pr(essor ( ,eng9e]+ 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh4 ,) #agg ,woodcuts4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 ,,!ory ( ,,heat4 ,by ,j4 ,,cl]k ,,maxwell1 ,m4,a4 ,,ll4,d4 ,ed94 ,f4,r4,,ss4 ,l4 ,e4 ,) #da ,woodcuts4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 ,,te*nical ,,ari?metic & ,,m5suration4 ,by ,,*>les ,w4 ,,m]rifield1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 ,,key1 by ! ,rev4 ,,john ,,hunt]1 ,m4,a4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 ,,introduction to ! ,,/udy ( ,,inorganic ,,*emi/ry4 ,by ,,william ,,all5 ,,mill]1 ,m4,d4 ,,ll4,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,) #gb ,woodcuts4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 ,,telegraphy4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,preece1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,m4,i4,c4,e1 & ,j4 ,,sivewright1 ,m4,a4 ,c4,m4,g4 ,) #afj ,woodcuts4 ,price #es4 ,! ,,/udy ( ,,rocks1 an ,,elem5t>y ,text-,book ( ,,petrology4 ,by ,,frank ,,rutley1 ,f4,g4,s4 ( ,h] ,maje/y's ,geological ,survey4 ,) #f ,plates & #hh ,woodcuts4 ,price #ds4 #f;d4 ,,work%op ,,appliances1 includ+ ,descriptions ( "s ( ! ,gaug+ & ,measur+ ,in/rum5ts--,h&-,cutt+ ,tools1 ,la!s1 ,drill+1 ,plan+1 & o!r ,ma*9e ,tools us$ by ,eng9e]s4 ,by ,c4 ,p4 ,b4 ,,%elley1 ,m4,i4,c4,e4 ,) #bia ,woodcuts4 ,price #ds4 #f;d4 ,,/ructural & ,,physiological ,,botany4 ,by ,dr4 ,,otto ,,wilhelm ,,?ome1 ,rector ( ! ,high ,s*ool1 ,cologne1 & ,a4 ,w4 ,,b5nett1 ,m4,a4 ,b4,sc4 ,f4,l4,s4 ,) #fjj ,woodcuts & a ,col\r$ ,map4 ,price #fs4 ,,quantitative ,,*emical ,,analysis4 ,by ,t4 ,e4 ,,?orpe1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,ph4,d4 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry 9 ! ,&]sonian ,univ]sity1 ,glasg[4 ,) #hh ,woodcuts4 ,price #ds4 #f;d4 ,,qualitative ,,analysis & ,,laboratory ,,practice4 ,by ,t4 ,e4 ,,?orpe1 ,ph4,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry 9 ! ,&]sonian ,univ]sity1 ,glasg[1 & ,m4 ,m4 ,,pattison ,,muir1 ,m4,a4 & ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,) ,plate ( ,spectra & #eg ,woodcuts4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 ,,introduction to ! ,,/udy ( ,,*emical ,,philosophy2 ! ,,pr9ciples ( ,,!oretical & ,,sy/ematical ,,*emi/ry4 ,by ,,william ,a4 ,,tild51 ,d4,sc4 ,london1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,) #e ,woodcuts4 ,) or )\t ,answ]s to ,problems1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,elem5ts ( ,,ma*9e ,,design2 an ,introduction to ! ,pr9ciples :i* det]m9e ! ,arrangem5t & ,proportion ( ! ,p>ts ( ,ma*9es1 & a ,collection ( ,rules = ,ma*9e ,design4 ,by ,w4 ,,caw?orne ,,unw91 ,b4,sc4 ,m4,i4,c4,e4 ,) #cbe ,woodcuts4 ,price #fs4 ,,plane & ,,solid ,,geometry4 ,by ,h4 ,w4 ,,watson1 ,m4,a4 =m]ly ,fell[ ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 ,london3 ,,longmans1 ,,gre51 ,,co4 ,,sci5tific ,,class-,,books4 ,,ganot',s ,,natural ,,philosophy = ,,g5]al ,,read]s & ,,"y ,,p]sons3 a ,c\rse ( ,physics dive/$ ( ,ma!matical ,=mulae1 express$ 9 ! language ( daily life4 ,translat$ & edit$1 f ,ganot's ,c\rs ,elem5taire de ,physique1 by ,e4 ,,atk9son1 ,ph4,d4 ,f4,c4,s4 ,six? 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,k5s+ton4 ,,s\nd1 ,,light1 & ,,heat4 ,by ,,m>k ,r4 ,,wright 7,hon4 ,int]4 ,b4,sc4 ,london74 ,) #afj ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,an ,,introduction to ,,ma*9e ,,draw+ & ,,design4 ,by ,,david ,,allan ,,l[4 ,) #fe ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #bs4 ,,text-,,book on ,,practical ,,solid or ,,descriptive ,,geometry4 ,by ,,david ,,allan ,,l[4 ,"p4 ,i4 #bs4 ,"p ,,ii4 #cs4 ,,elem5t>y ,,physiography4 ,by ,j4 ,,?ornton1 ,m4,a4 ,) #aj ,maps & #aej ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,a ,,manual ( ,,me*anics3 an ,elem5t>y ,text-,book = ,/ud5ts ( ,appli$ ,me*anics4 ,) #ach ,illu/rations & ,diagrams1 & #ahh ,examples tak5 f ! ,sci5ce ,dep>tm5t ,exam9ation ,pap]s1 ) ,answ]s4 ,by ,t4 ,m4 ,,goodeve1 ,m4,a4 ,fcp4 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,inorganic ,,*emi/ry1 ,,!oretical & ,,practical4 ,) an ,introduction to ! ,pr9ciples ( ,*emical ,analysis4 ,by ,,william ,,jago4 ,) #di ,woodcuts & ,que/ions & ,ex]cises4 ,fcp4 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,an ,,introduction to ,,practical ,,inorganic ,,*emi/ry4 ,by ,,william ,,jago1 ,f4,c4,s4 ,f4,i4,c4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #as4 #f;d4 ,,practical ,,*emi/ry3 ! ,pr9ciples ( ,qualitative ,analysis4 ,by ,,william ,a4 ,,tild51 ,d4,sc4 ,fcp4 #hvo4 #as4 #f;d4 ,,elem5t>y ,,inorganic ,,*emi/ry4 ,alt]native ,c\rse4 ,by ,w4 ,,furneaux1 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,elem5t>y ,,botany1 ,,!oretical & ,,practical4 ,by ,,h5ry ,,edmonds1 ,b4,sc4 ,london4 ,) #cai ,woodcuts4 ,cr4 #hvo #bs4 #f;d4 ,an ,,elem5t>y ,,c\rse ( ,,ma!matics4 ,specially adapt$ to ! requirem5ts ( ! ,sci5ce & ,art ,dep>tm5t4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,build+ ,,con/ruction4 ,by ,,edw>d ,j4 ,,burrell1 ,tea*] ( ,build+ ,con/ruction at ! ,te*nical ,s*ool ( ! ,p's ,palace1 ,mile ,end4 ,) #cjh ,illu/rations1 c4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,!oretical ,,me*anics4 ,,by ,j4 ,,edw>d ,,taylor1 ,m4,a4 ,lond1 ,) #age ,illu/rations & ,examples & ,answ]s4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,animal ,,physiology4 ,by ,,william ,s4 ,,furneaux1 ,special ,sci5ce ,tea*]1 ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d4 ,) #bah ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,magnetism & ,,electricity4 ,by ,a4,w4 ,,poys]1 ,m4,a4 ,) #bce ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,/eam4 ,by ,,william ,,ripp]1 ,memb] ( ! ,in/itution ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s4 ,) #adb ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,physics3 ,alt]native ,c\rse4 ,by ,,m>k ,r4 ,,wright4 ,) #bdb ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,london3 ,,longmans1 ,,gre51 ,,co4 ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes #a4 ,passages 9 italics are surr\nd$ by und]scores4 #b4 ,mix$ fractions are repres5t$ us+ hyph5 & =w>d sla%4 ,= in/ance1 five & a half is %[n z #e-a_/b4 #c4 ,obvi\s mispr9ts 9 spell+ & punctuation h be5 sil5tly correct$4