,transcriber's ,notes3 ,bold text is surrounded by equal signs and italic text is surrounded by underscores4 ,,outline ,,studies ,,in ,,the ,,old ,,testament ,,for ,,bible ,,teachers ,by ,,jesse ,l4 ,,hurlbut1 ,d4,d4 ,illustration ,,new ,,york3 ,,eaton ,,mains ,,cincinnati3 ,,jennings ,,graham ,copyright1 #aije1 by ,,eaton ,,mains ,,prefatory ,,this book has been prepared at the request of the ,new ,york ,state ,sunday ,school ,association1 through its ,normal ,committee4 ,the desire was expressed for a teacher-training course to include two years in the ,bible3 one year upon subjects contained in the ,old ,testament1 taking the historical point of view1 and presenting with the history the lands and the ,israelite people1 their institutions of worship2 and a second year upon the ,new ,testament1 following the same plan4 ,those who have studied ,revised ,normal ,lessons and ,studies in ,old ,testament ,history will find most of these ,outline ,studies familiar2 for it has not been my purpose1 as it was not the desire of the committee1 to furnish a series of new lessons1 but to have the subjects of ,old ,testament study brought together in one volume4 ,each subject1 however1 has been studied anew1 and the results of recent knowledge1 especially in the chronology1 have been incorporated in this revision4 ,at the request of the committee new lessons on ,the ,old ,testament as ,literature and ,how ,we ,got ,our ,bible have been added4 ,it is my earnest desire that through these studies the ,bible may be better understood and more thoroughly taught by the ,sunday school teachers of our land4 ,,jesse ,l4 ,,hurlbut4 ,south ,orange1 ,new ,jersey1 ,september1 #aije4 ,,contents ,,page ,,prefatory #c ,i4 ,,the ,,old ,,testament ,,world #g ,,ii4 ,,old ,,testament ,,history #ab ,,iii4 ,,the ,,beginnings ,,of ,,bible ,,history #ba ,,iv4 ,,the ,,wandering ,,in ,,the ,,wilderness #bf ,v4 ,,institutions ,,of ,,israelite ,,worship #cc ,,vi4 ,,the ,,land ,,of ,,palestine #da ,,vii4 ,,the ,,conquest ,,of ,,canaan #df ,,viii4 ,,the ,,age ,,of ,,the ,,heroes #ea ,,ix4 ,,the ,,rise ,,of ,,the ,,israelite ,,empire #eg ,x4 ,,the ,,reign ,,of ,,solomon #fc ,,xi4 ,,the ,,temple ,,on ,,mount ,,moriah #fi ,,xii4 ,,the ,,kingdom ,,of ,,israel #ge ,,xiii4 ,,the ,,kingdom ,,of ,,judah #ha ,,xiv4 ,,the ,,captivity ,,of ,,judah #hd ,,xv4 ,,the ,,jewish ,,province #ib ,,xvi4 ,,the ,,old ,,testament ,,as ,,literature #ii ,,xvii4 ,,how ,,we ,,got ,,our ,,bible #ajd ,outline ,studies in the ,old ,testament ,,first ,,study ,the ,old ,testament ,world ,the ,bible is primarily a book of history1 and without some knowledge of its historical contents no one can rightly understand its revelation of divine truth4 ,but in order to know the history contained in the ,old ,testament we must obtain a view of the lands in which that history was wrought4 ,we therefore study first of all the ,old ,testament ,world4 ,i4 ,location and ,extent4 ,the history of the ,old ,testament was enacted upon a field less than half the area of the ,united ,states4 ,it extended from the river ,nile to the lands east of the ,per'sian ,gulf and from the northern part of the ,red ,sea to the southern part of the ,cas'pi-an4 ,the world of ,old ,testament history was thus #a1djj miles long from east to west and #ijj miles wide from north to south1 and it aggregated #a1aaj1jjj square miles1 exclusive of large bodies of water4 ,,ii4 ,let us begin the construction of the map by drawing upon its borders ,six ,seas1 four of which are named in the ,old ,testament4 #a4 ,the ,cas'pi-an ,sea1 of which only the southern portion appears in the northeastern corner of our map4 #b4 ,the ,per'sian ,gulf1 south of the ,cas'pi-an1 on the southeast4 #c4 ,the ,red ,sea1 on the southwest 7,exod4 #ae4 #d2 ,num4 #cc4 #aj2 #a ,kings #i4 #bf74 #d4 ,the ,med-i-ter-ra'ne-an ,sea1 on the central west4 ,note its names in ,josh4 #a4 #d and ,deut4 #cd4 #b4 #e4 ,the ,dead ,sea1 north of the eastern arm of the ,red ,sea 7,gen4 #ad4 #c2 ,deut4 #d4 #di2 ,joel #b4 #bj2 ,ezek4 #dg4 #ah74 #f4 ,lake ,chin'ne-reth 7ch pronounced as k71 the name in the ,old ,testament for the ,sea of ,gal'i-lee 7,num4 #cd4 #aa2 ,josh4 #ac4 #bg74 ,,iii4 ,next we indicate the ,mountain ,ranges1 most of which1 though important as boundaries1 are not named in the ,bible4 #a4 ,we find the nucleus of the mountain system in ,mount ,ar'a-rat1 a range in the central north 7,gen4 #h4 #d74 ,from this great range three great rivers rise and four mountain chains branch forth4 #b4 ,the ,cas'pi-an ,range extends from ,ar'a-rat eastward around the southern shore of the ,cas'pi-an ,sea4 ,illustration3 ,,map ,,of ,,the ,,old ,,testament ,,world4 #c4 ,the ,za'gros ,range extends from ,ar'a-rat southeasterly to the ,per'sian ,gulf1 which it follows on the eastern border4 #d4 ,the ,leb'a-non ,range extends from ,ar'a-rat in a southwesterly direction toward the ,red ,sea4 ,mount ,her'mon1 the mountain region of ,pal'es-tine1 ,mount ,se'ir1 on the south of the ,dead ,sea1 and even ,mount ,si'nai1 all belong to this chain 7,deut4 #c4 #be2 ,josh4 #ac4 #e2 #a ,kings #e4 #f74 #e4 ,the ,tau'rus ,range1 from ,ar'a-rat westward1 following the northern shore of the ,med-i-ter-ra'ne-an4 ,,iv4 ,the ,rivers1 for the most part1 follow the lines of the mountain ranges4 #a4 ,the ,a-rax'es1 from ,ar'a-rat eastward into the ,cas'pi-an ,sea1 may be taken as the northern boundary of the ,old ,testament world4 #b4 ,the ,ti'gris1 called in the ,bible ,hid'de-kel1 flows from ,ar'a-rat1 on the southwestern slope of the ,za'gros mountains1 in a southeasterly direction into the ,per'sian ,gulf 7,gen4 #b4 #ad2 ,dan4 #aj4 #d74 #c4 ,the ,eu-phra'tes1 the great river of the ,bible world1 rises on the northern slope of ,ar'a-rat1 flows westward to the ,tau'rus1 then southward1 following ,leb'a-non1 then southeasterly through the great plain1 and finally unites with the ,ti'gris 7,gen4 #b4 #ad2 #ae4 #ah2 ,josh4 #a4 #d2 #bd4 #b74 #d4 ,the ,jor'dan flows between two parallel chains of the ,leb'a-non range southward into the ,dead ,sea 7,gen4 #ac4 #aj2 ,num4 #bb4 #a2 ,judg4 #h4 #d74 #e4 ,the ,nile1 in ,af'ri-ca1 flows northward into the ,med-i-ter-ra'ne-an ,sea 7,gen4 #da4 #a2 ,exod4 #b4 #b74 ,v4 ,the ,old ,testament world has three ,natural ,divisions1 somewhat analogous to those of the ,united ,states4 #a4 ,the ,eastern ,slope1 from the ,za'gros mountains eastward to the great desert4 #b4 ,the ,central ,plain1 between the ,za'gros and ,leb'a-non mountains1 the larger portion a desert4 #c4 ,the ,western ,slope1 between ,leb'a-non and the ,med-i-ter-ra'ne-an ,sea4 ,,vi4 ,we arrange the ,lands according to the natural divisions1 giving locations1 and not boundaries1 as these changed in every age4 #a4 ,on the eastern slope lie3 #a47 ,ar-me'ni-a 7,rev4 ,ver41 ,ar'a-rat71 between ,mount ,ar'a-rat and the ,cas'pi-an ,sea 7#b ,kings #ai4 #cg74 #b47 ,me'di-a1 south of the ,cas'pi-an ,sea 7#b ,kings #ag4 #f2 ,isa4 #ba4 #b74 #c47 ,per'sia1 south of ,me'di-a and north of the ,per'sian ,gulf 7,ezra #a4 #a2 ,dan4 #e4 #bh74 #b4 ,in the central plain we find3 7a7 ,between ,mount ,za'gros and the river ,ti'gris3 #d47 ,as-syr'i-a1 on the north 7#b ,kings #ae4 #ai2 #ag4 #c74 #e47 ,e'lam1 on the south 7,gen4 #aj4 #bb2 #ad4 #a74 7b7 ,between the rivers ,ti'gris and ,eu-phra'tes3 #f47 ,mes-o-po-ta'mi-a1 on the north 7,gen4 #bd4 #aj2 ,deut4 #bc4 #d74 #g47 ,chal-de'a1 on the south 7,jer4 #ea4 #bd2 ,ezra #e4 #ab74 7c7 ,between the river ,eu-phra'tes and the ,leb'a-non range3 #h47 ,the great desert of ,a-ra'bi-a 7#b ,chron4 #ag4 #aa2 #bf4 #g74 #c4 ,on the western slope we find3 #i47 ,syr'i-a1 extending from the ,eu-phra'tes to ,pal'es-tine 7#b ,sam4 #h4 #f2 #a ,kings #bb4 #a74 #aj47 ,phoe-ni'cia1 a narrow strip between ,mount ,leb'a-non and the sea1 north of ,pal'es-tine4 #aa47 ,pal'es-tine1 the ,holy ,land1 south of ,syr'i-a and north of the ,si-na-it'ic wilderness4 ,note its ancient name in ,gen4 #ab4 #e4 #ab47 ,the ,wilderness1 a desert south of ,pal'es-tine1 between the two arms of the ,red ,sea 7,exod4 #ac4 #ah2 ,deut4 #a4 #ai74 #ac47 ,e'gypt1 on the northeast corner of ,af'ri-ca 7,gen4 #ab4 #aj2 #cg4 #bh74 ,,vii4 ,in these lands out of many ,places we name and locate only the most important4 #a4 ,e'den1 the original home of the human race1 probably at the junction of the ,ti'gris and ,eu-phra'tes 7,gen4 #b4 #h74 #b4 ,shu'shan1 or ,su'sa1 the capital of the ,per'sian empire1 in the province of ,e'lam 7,esth4 #a4 #b74 #c4 ,bab'y-lon1 the capital of ,chal-de'a1 on the ,eu-phra'tes 7,gen4 #aj4 #aj2 #b ,kings #be4 #a74 #d4 ,nin'e-veh1 the capital of ,as-syr'i-a1 on the ,ti'gris 7,gen4 #aj4 #aa2 ,jonah #c4 #c74 #e4 ,ha'ran1 a home of ,a'bra-ham1 in ,mes-o-po-ta'mi-a 7,gen4 #aa4 #ca74 #f4 ,da-mas'cus1 the capital of ,syr'i-a1 in the southern part of that province 7,gen4 #ae4 #b74 #g4 ,tyre1 the commercial metropolis of ,phoe-ni'cia 7,ezek4 #bg4 #c74 #h4 ,je-ru'sa-lem1 the capital of ,pal'es-tine 7,judg4 #a4 #h74 #i4 ,mem'phis1 the early capital of ,e'gypt1 on the ,nile 7,hos4 #i4 #f74 ,other names of places might be given indefinitely1 but it is desirable not to require the student to burden his memory with lists of names1 and therefore the most important only are given4 ,hints to the ,teacher ,have a good blackboard for the map drawing1 and see that each scholar is supplied with a tablet or pad of paper4 #a4 ,let the teacher first draw on the board in presence of the class the boundaries of the ,seas1 and require the class to draw them also on tablet or pad1 holding the pad so that its longest side will be from right to left4 ,inspect each pupil's design1 and see that it is fairly correct1 but do not seek for finished drawing4 ,a rough sketch is all that should be desired4 #b4 ,next draw the lines representing ,mountain ,ranges1 and require the class to do the same4 ,review the names of the ,seas1 and also of the ,mountain ,ranges4 #c4 ,place on the board the lines representing the ,rivers1 and let the pupils do the same1 and review ,seas1 ,mountains1 and ,rivers4 #d4 ,show the three ,natural ,divisions2 indicate on the map the ,lands in the order given1 and let the pupils do the same4 ,see that the pupils know the name and location of each ,land1 and review ,seas1 ,mountains1 ,rivers1 and ,lands4 #e4 ,indicate on the blackboard the ,places named in the lesson1 and have the pupils also locate and name them4 ,review ,seas1 ,mountains1 ,rivers1 ,lands1 and ,places4 #f4 ,let the pupils redraw the map at home from copy1 and at the next session of the class call upon five pupils to go in turn to the board--the first to draw the ,seas1 and then receive criticism from the class1 the second the ,mountains1 the third the ,rivers1 the fourth the ,lands1 and the fifth the ,places4 #g4 ,if another review could be given it would be an excellent plan to call for the reading of the ,bible references in the lesson1 and require a student to name and locate on the blackboard the ,sea or ,mountain or ,river or ,land or ,place named in the reference4 ,it will abundantly reward the teacher to occupy three or four sessions of the class on this map and its reviews4 #h4 ,let the pupils read all the facts of the lesson from the hints given in the following ,blackboard ,outline and answer all the ,review ,questions4 ,blackboard ,outline ,i4 ,loc4 ,ex4 ,n4--,p4 ,g4 ,r4 ,s4--,cas4 #a1djj4 #ijj4 #a1aaj1jjj4 ,,ii4 ,se4 ,cas4 ,per4 ,g4 ,r4 ,s4 ,med4 ,s4 ,d4 ,s4 ,l4 ,ch4 ,,iii4 ,mtn4 ,ran4 ,ar4 ,cas4 ,zag4 ,leb4 ,tau4 ,,iv4 ,riv4 ,ar4 ,tig4 ,eup4 ,jor4 ,ni4 ,v4 ,nat4 ,div4 ,ea4 ,sl4 ,cen4 ,pl4 ,wes4 ,sl4 ,,vi4 ,la4 #a4 ,ar4 ,me4 ,per4 #b4 ,ass4 ,el4 ,mes4 ,chal4 ,ar4 #c4 ,syr4 ,phoe4 ,pal4 ,wil4 ,eg4 ,,vii4 ,pla4 ,ed4 ,sh4 ,bab4 ,nin4 ,har4 ,dam4 ,ty4 ,jer4 ,mem4 ,review ,questions ,how large was the ,old ,testament world8 ,between what bodies of water was it located8 ,what were its dimensions8 ,name its six important bodies of water4 ,locate each of these bodies of water4 ,name and describe its mountain ranges4 ,name and locate its five important rivers4 ,state and describe its three natural divisions4 ,name and locate the lands of the eastern slope4 ,name and locate the lands of the central plain4 ,name and locate the lands of the western slope4 ,name its nine important places4 ,locate each of the nine places4 ,,second ,,study ,old ,testament ,history ,the divine revelation which the ,bible contains is given in the form of a history4 ,god revealed his plan of saving men not in a system of doctrine1 but in the record of his dealings with the world at large1 and especially with one people4 ,to understand this revelation it is necessary for us to view the great stream of history contained in the ,bible4 ,our study on this subject will include the principal events from the creation of man1 at a date unknown1 to the birth of ,christ4#a ,,part ,,one ,we begin by dividing the entire field of time to the opening of the ,new ,testament into five periods4 ,each of these we write at the head of a column4 7,see the ,blackboard ,outline47 ,i4 ,the ,period of the ,human ,race4 ,,ii4 ,the ,period of the ,chosen ,family4 ,,iii4 ,the ,period of the ,is'ra-el-ite ,people4 ,,iv4 ,the ,period of the ,is'ra-el-ite ,kingdom4 ,v4 ,the ,period of the ,jew'ish ,province4 ,i4 ,we find in the opening of the ,bible that the ,human ,race is the subject of the history4 ,this theme extends through the first eleven chapters of ,genesis1 which narrate the history of much more than half of the time included in the ,bible4 ,during this long period no one tribe or nation or family is selected2 but the story of all mankind is related by the historian4 #a4 ,this period begins with the ,creation of ,man 7not the creation of the world71 at some unknown time which scholars have not been able to fix2 and it ends with the ,call of ,a'bra-ham1 also at a date uncertain1 though given with some doubt at about ,b4 ,c4 #bbhj4 ,with this event ,bible history properly begins4 #b4 ,through this period it would appear that ,god dealt with each person directly1 without mediation or organized institutions4 ,we read of neither priest nor ruler1 but we find ,god speaking individually with men4 7,see ,gen4 #c4 #i2 #d4 #f2 #e4 #bb2 #f4 #ac2 and let the class find other instances47 ,we call this1 therefore1 the period of ,direct ,administration4 #c4 ,all the events of this period may be connected with three epochs3 #a47 ,the ,fall 7,gen4 #c4 #f71 which brought sin into the world 7,rom4 #e4 #ab71 and resulted in universal wickedness 7,gen4 #f4 #e74 #b47 ,the ,deluge 7,gen4 #g4 #aa1 #ab74 ,by this destruction the entire population of the world1 probably confined to the ,eu-phra'tes valley1 was swept away 7,gen4 #g4 #bc71 and opportunity was given for a new race under better conditions 7,gen4 #i4 #ah1 #ai74 #c47 ,the ,dispersion 7,gen4 #aj4 #be74 ,hitherto the race had massed itself in one region1 and hence the righteous families were overwhelmed by their evil surroundings4 ,but after the deluge an instinct of migration took possession of families1 and soon the whole earth was overspread4 #d4 ,in this period we call attention to three of its most important ,persons3 #a47 ,ad'am1 the first man 7,gen4 #e4 #a1 #b74 ,his creation1 fall1 and history are briefly narrated4 #b47 ,e'noch1 who walked with ,god 7,gen4 #e4 #bd71 and was translated without dying4 #c47 ,no'ah1 the builder of the ark 7,gen4 #f4 #i71 and the father of a new race4 ,hints to the ,teacher ,let the teacher place the outline of the period on the blackboard1 point by point1 as the lesson proceeds1 and let the class do the same on paper or in notebooks4 ,let every ,scripture text be read in the class by a student1 and let its bearing be shown4 ,call upon members of the class to give more complete account of the events and the persons named1 and for this purpose let the first eleven chapters of ,genesis be assigned in advance as a reading lesson4 ,blackboard ,outline ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,i4 ,per4 ,hu4 ,ra4,,ii4 ,per4 ,,iii4 ,per4 ,,iv4 ,per4 ,v4 ,per4 ,ch4 ,fam4 ,is4 ,peo4 ,is4 ,kin4 ,je4 ,prov4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,c4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 --------------- ,dir4 ,adm4 --------------- ,fa4 ,del4 ,dis4 --------------- ,a4 ,e4 ,n4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,review ,questions ,what is the central theme of the ,bible8 ,how is this theme presented in the ,bible8 ,why should we study the history in the ,bible8 ,what are the five periods of ,old ,testament history8 ,what is the subject of the history during the first period8 ,with what events does the first period begin and end8 ,what is said concerning the dates of early events8 ,what kind of divine government in relation to men is shown in the first period8 ,into what epochs is the first period subdivided8 ,what results followed the first man's falling into sin8 ,where was the population of the world confined up to the time of the flood8 ,how did the flood become a benefit to the world8 ,what new instinct came to the human family after the flood8 ,name three important persons in the first period8 ,state a fact for which each of these three men is celebrated4 ,,part ,,two ,,ii4 ,a new chapter in ,bible history opens at ,gen4 #ab4 #a4 ,here we find one family of the race is selected and made the subject of the divine revelation4 ,this was not because ,god loved one family more than others1 but because the world's salvation was to be wrought through that family 7,gen4 #ab4 #b1 #c74 ,hence we call this the ,period of the ,chosen ,family4 #a4 ,this period extends from the ,call of ,a'bra-ham 7,gen4 #ab4 #a71 ,b4 ,c4 #bbhj81 to the ,exodus from ,e'gypt1 ,b4 ,c4 #abgj84 #b4 ,in this period we notice the recognition of the family4 ,god deals with each family or clan through its head1 who is at once the priest and the ruler 7,gen4 #ag4 #g2 #ah4 #ai2 #ce4 #b74 ,we call this period1 therefore1 that of the ,patriarchal ,administration4 #c4 ,we subdivide this period into three epochs3 #a47 ,the ,journeyings of the ,patriarchs 7,gen4 #ab4 #e2 #ac4 #ag1 #ah2 #bj4 #a1 etc474 ,as yet the chosen family had no dwelling place1 but lived in tents1 moving throughout the land of promise4 #b47 ,the ,sojourn in ,e'gypt4 ,in the lifetime of the patriarch ,ja'cob1 but at a date unknown1 the ,is'ra-el-ite family went down to ,e'gypt1 not for a permanent home1 but a sojourn1 which lasted1 however1 many centuries 7,gen4 #df4 #e-g2 #ej4 #bd74 #c47 ,the ,oppression of the ,is'ra-el-ites4 ,toward the close of the sojourn the ,is'ra-el-ite family1 now grown into a multitude 7,exod4 #a4 #g71 endured cruel bondage from the ,e-gyp'tians 7,exod4 #a4ac1 #ad74 ,this was overruled to promote ,god's design1 and led to their departure from ,e'gypt1 which is known as the exodus1 or going out4 #d4 ,from the names of men in this period we select the following3 #a47 ,a'bra-ham1 the friend of ,god 7,james #b4 #bc74 #b47 ,ja'cob1 the prince of ,god 7,gen4 #cb4 #bh74 #c47 ,jo'seph1 the preserver of his people 7,gen4 #de4 #e74 ,blackboard ,outline ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,i4 ,per4 ,hu4 ,,ii4 ,per4 ,,iii4 ,per4 ,,iv4 ,per4 ,v4 ,per4 ,ra4 ,ch4 ,fam4 ,is4 ,peo4 ,is4 ,kin4 ,je4 ,prov4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,c4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 ,c4 ,a4 ,e4 ,e4 ------------------------ ,dir4 ,adm4 ,patr4 ,adm4 ------------------------ ,fa4 ,jou4 ,pat4 ,del4 ,soj4 ,eg4 ,dis4 ,opp4 ,isr4 ------------------------ ,a4 ,e4 ,n4 ,a4 ,j4 ,j4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,review ,questions ,what is the name of the second period8 ,why is it so named8 ,with what events does the second period begin and end8 ,what kind of divine administration do we notice in the second period8 ,into what three epochs is the second period divided8 ,what were the beneficial results of the bondage in ,e'gypt upon the ,is'ra-el-ites8 ,name three persons of the second period8 ,for what fact or trait is each of these three persons distinguished8 ,,part ,,three ,,iii4 ,when the ,is'ra-el-ites went out of ,e'gypt a nation was born1 and the family became a state1 with all the institutions of government4 ,therefore we call this the ,period of the ,is'ra-el-ite ,people4 #a4 ,it opens with the ,exodus from ,e'gypt1 ,b4 ,c4 #abgj8 7,exod4 #ab4 #dj-db71 and closes with the ,coronation of ,saul1 ,b4 ,c4 #ajej84 #b4 ,during this period the government of the ,is'ra-el-ites was peculiar4 ,the ,lord was their only ,king 7,judg4 #h4 #bc71 but there was a priestly order for religious service 7,exod4 #bh4 #a71 and from time to time men were raised up by a divine appointment to rule1 who were called judges 7,judg4 #b4 #af74 ,this constituted the ,theocratic ,administration1 or a government by ,god4 #c4 ,we subdivide this period as follows3 #a47 ,the ,wandering in the ,wilderness4 ,this was a part of ,god's plan1 and trained the ,is'ra-el-ites for the conquest of their land 7,exod4 #ac4 #ag1 #ah74 ,it lasted for forty years 7,deut4 #h4 #b74 #b47 ,the ,conquest of ,ca'naan1 which immediately followed the crossing of the ,jordan 7,josh4 #c4 #ad-ag74 ,the war was vigorously carried on for a few years1 but the land was only seemingly conquered1 for the native races remained upon the soil1 and in some places were dominant until the time of ,da'vid4 #c47 ,the ,rule of the ,judges4 ,from the death of ,josh'u-a1 ,b4 ,c4 #abjj81 the people were directed by fifteen judges1 not always in direct succession4 #d4 ,this period has been justly called the ,age of the ,heroes2 and from many great men we choose the following3 #a47 ,mo'ses1 the founder of the nation 7,deut4 #cd4 #aj-ab74 #b47 ,josh'u-a1 the conqueror of ,ca'naan 7,josh4 #aa4 #bc74 #c47 ,gid'e-on1 the greatest of the judges 7,judg4 #h4 #bh74 #d47 ,sam'u-el1 the last of the judges 7#a ,sam4 #ab4 #a1 #b74 ,blackboard ,outline ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,i4 ,per4 ,hu4 ,ra4,,ii4 ,per4 ,,iii4 ,per4 ,,iv4 ,per4 ,v4 ,per4 ,ch4 ,fam4 ,is4 ,peo4 ,is4 ,kin4 ,je4 ,prov4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,c4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 ,e4 ,e4 ,c4 ,a4 ,e4 ,e4 ,c4 ,s4 --------------------------------------- ,dir4 ,adm4 ,patr4 ,adm4 ,the4 ,adm4 --------------------------------------- ,fa4 ,jou4 ,pat4 ,wan4 ,wil4 ,del4 ,soj4 ,eg4 ,con4 ,can4 ,dis4 ,opp4 ,isr4 ,ru4 ,jud4 --------------------------------------- ,a4 ,e4 ,n4 ,a4 ,j4 ,j4 ,m4 ,j4 ,g4 ,s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,review ,questions ,what is the third period of ,bible history called8 ,with what events did it begin and end8 ,how was ,is'ra-el governed during this period8 ,what are its subdivisions8 ,how many judges governed the ,is'ra-el-ites after ,josh'u-a8 ,name four important persons of the third period4 ,state for what each of these persons was distinguished4 ,,part ,,four ,,iv4 ,with the reign of the first king a new period opens4 ,we now study the history of the ,is'ra-el-ite ,kingdom4 ,the kingdom was divided after the reign of three kings1 but even after the division it was regarded as one kingdom1 though in two parts4 #a4 ,this period extends from the ,coronation of ,saul1 ,b4 ,c4 #ajej8 7#a ,sam4 #aa4 #ae71 to the ,captivity of ,bab'y-lon1 ,b4 ,c4 #ehg4 #b4 ,during this period the chosen people were ruled by kings2 hence this is named the ,regal ,administration4 ,the king of ,is'ra-el was not a despot1 however1 for his power was limited1 and he was regarded as the executive of a theocratic government 7#a ,sam4 #aj4 #be74 #c4 ,this period is divided into three epochs1 as follows3 #a47 ,the ,age of ,unity1 under three kings1 ,saul1 ,da'vid1 and ,sol'o-mon1 each reigning about forty years4 ,in ,da'vid's reign1 about ,b4 ,c4 #a1jjj1 the kingdom became an empire1 ruling all the lands from ,e'gypt to the ,eu-phra'tes4 #b47 ,the ,age of ,division4 ,the division of the kingdom took place ,b4 ,c4 #icd1 when two rival principalities1 ,is'ra-el and ,ju'dah1 succeeded the united empire1 and all the conquests of ,da'vid were lost 7#a ,kings #ab4 #af1 #ag74 ,the kingdom of ,is'ra-el was governed by nineteen kings1 and ended with the fall of ,sa-ma'ria1 ,b4 ,c4 #gba1 when the ,ten ,tribes were carried into captivity in ,as-syr'i-a 7#b ,kings #ag4 #f7 and became extinct4 #c47 ,the ,age of ,decay4 ,after the fall of ,is'ra-el1 ,ju'dah remained as a kingdom for one hundred and thirty-four years1 though in a declining condition4 ,it was ruled by twenty kings1 and was finally conquered by the ,chal-de'ans4 ,the ,jews were carried captive to ,bab'y-lon in ,b4 ,c4 #ehg 7#b ,chron4 #cf4 #af-bj74 #d4 ,the following may be regarded as the representative ,persons of his period1 one from each epoch3 #a47 ,da'vid1 the great king 7#b ,sam4 #bc4 #a71 and the true founder of the kingdom4 #b47 ,e-li'jah1 the great prophet 7#a ,kings #ah4 #cf74 #c47 ,hez-e-ki'ah1 the good king 7#b ,kings #ah4 #a-f74 ,blackboard ,outline ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,i4 ,per4 ,hu4 ,,ii4 ,per4 ,ch4 ,,iii4 ,per4 ,is4 ,,iv4 ,per4 ,is4 ,v4 ,per4 ,je4 ,ra4 ,fam4 ,peo4 ,kin4 ,prov4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,c4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 ,e4 ,e4 ,c4 ,s4 ,c4 ,a4 ,e4 ,e4 ,c4 ,s4 ,c4 ,b4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,dir4 ,adm4 ,patr4 ,adm4 ,the4 ,adm4 ,reg4 ,adm4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,fa4 ,jou4 ,pat4 ,wan4 ,wil4 ,ag4 ,un4 ,del4 ,soj4 ,eg4 ,con4 ,can4 ,ag4 ,div4 ,dis4 ,opp4 ,isr4 ,ru4 ,jud4 ,ag4 ,dec4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,a4 ,e4 ,n4 ,a4 ,j4 ,j4 ,m4 ,j4 ,g4 ,s4 ,d4 ,e4 ,h4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,review ,questions ,what is the fourth period called8 ,with what events did it begin and end8 ,what were the dates of these two events8 ,how were the people governed during this period8 ,what were the three subdivisions of this period8 ,under whom did the kingdom become an empire8 ,what was the extent of its empire8 ,when did the division of the kingdom take place8 ,what was the result of the division8 ,how many were the kings of the ,ten ,tribes8 ,with what event1 and at what date1 did the kingdom of ,is'ra-el end8 ,how long did ,ju'dah last after the fall of ,is'ra-el8 ,how many kings reigned in ,ju'dah8 ,by what people was ,ju'dah conquered8 ,to what city were the ,jews carried captive8 ,name three representative persons of the period of the kingdom4 ,,part ,,five ,v4 ,in the closing period of ,old ,testament history we find the tribe of ,ju'dah alone remaining1 and during most of the time under foreign rule2 so we name this the ,period of the ,jew'ish ,province4 #a4 ,it extends from the beginning of the ,captivity at ,bab'y-lon1 ,b4 ,c4 #ehg1 to the ,birth of ,christ1 ,b4 ,c4 #d4b #b4 ,during this period ,ju-de'a was a subject land1 except for a brief epoch4 ,this may be called1 therefore1 the ,foreign ,administration1 as the rule was through the great empires in succession4 #c4 ,this period may be subdivided into five epochs4 ,for the first and a part of the second we have the ,old ,testament as our source of history2 all the rest fall in the four centuries of silence between the ,old and the ,new ,testament4 #a47 ,the ,chal-de'an ,supremacy4 ,fifty years from the captivity1 ,b4 ,c4 #ehg1 to the conquest of ,bab'y-lon by ,cy'rus1 ,b4 ,c4 #ecf1 by which the ,chal-de'an empire was ended1 and the ,jews were permitted to return to their land 7,ezra #a4 #a-c74 #b47 ,the ,per'sian ,supremacy4 ,about two hundred years from the fall of ,bab'y-lon1 ,b4 ,c4 #ecf1 to the battle of ,ar-be'la1 ,b4 ,c4 #ccj1 by which ,al-ex-an'der the ,great won the ,per'sian empire4 ,during this epoch the ,jews were permitted to govern themselves under the general control of the ,per'sian kings4 #c47 ,the ,greek ,supremacy4 ,al-ex-an'der's empire lasted only ten years1 but was succeeded by ,greek kingdoms1 under whose rule the ,jews lived in ,pal'es-tine for about one hundred and sixty years4 #d47 ,the ,mac-ca-be'an ,independence4 ,about ,b4 ,c4 #afh the tyranny of the ,greek king of ,syr'i-a drove the ,jews to revolt4 ,two years later they won their liberty under ,ju'das ,mac-ca-be'us1 and were ruled by a line of princes called ,as-mo-ne'ans1 or ,mac-ca-be'ans1 for one hundred and twenty-six years4 #e47 ,the ,ro'man ,supremacy4 ,this came gradually1 but began officially in the year ,b4 ,c4 #dj1 when ,her'od the ,great received the title of king from the ,ro'man senate4 ,thenceforth the ,jew'ish province was reckoned a part of the ,ro'man empire4 #d4 ,in each epoch of this period we select one important ,person4 #a47 ,in the ,chal-de'an supremacy1 ,dan'iel1 the prophet and prince 7,dan4 #b4 #dh2 #e4 #ab74 #b47 ,in the ,per'sian supremacy1 ,ez'ra the scribe1 the framer of the ,scripture canon and the reformer of the ,jews 7,ezra #g4 #f1 #aj74 #c47 ,in the ,greek supremacy1 ,si'mon the ,just1 a distinguished high priest and ruler4 #d47 ,in the ,mac-ca-be'an independence1 ,ju'das ,mac-ca-be'us1 the liberator of his people4 #e47 ,in the ,ro'man supremacy1 ,her'od the ,great1 the ablest but most unscrupulous statesman of his age4 ,this ,ro'man supremacy lasted until ,a4 ,d4 #gj1 when ,je-ru'sa-lem was destroyed by ,ti'tus1 and the ,jew'ish state was extinguished by the emperor of ,rome4 ,blackboard ,outline ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,i4 ,per4 ,hu4 ,,ii4 ,per4 ,ch4 ,,iii4 ,per4 ,is4 ,,iv4 ,per4 ,is4 ,v4 ,per4 ,je4 ,ra4 ,fam4 ,peo4 ,kin4 ,prov4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,c4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 ,e4 ,e4 ,c4 ,s4 ,c4 ,b4 ,c4 ,a4 ,e4 ,e4 ,c4 ,s4 ,c4 ,b4 ,bi4 ,ch4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,dir4 ,adm4 ,patr4 ,adm4 ,the4 ,adm4 ,reg4 ,adm4 ,for4 ,adm4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,fa4 ,jou4 ,pat4 ,wan4 ,wil4 ,ag4 ,un4 ,ch4 ,sup4 ,del4 ,soj4 ,eg4 ,con4 ,can4 ,ag4 ,div4 ,per4 ,sup4 ,dis4 ,opp4 ,isr4 ,ru4 ,jud4 ,ag4 ,dec4 ,gk4 ,sup4 ,mac4 ,ind4 ,rom4 ,sup4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,a4 ,e4 ,n4 ,a4 ,j4 ,j4 ,m4 ,j4 ,g4 ,s4 ,d4 ,e4 ,h4 ,d4 ,e4 ,s4 ,j4 ,h4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,review ,questions ,what is the closing period of ,old ,testament history called8 ,with what events and dates did it begin and end8 ,how were the ,jews governed during most of this time8 ,name its five epochs4 ,under whom did the ,jews obtain independence8 ,name one person in each epoch of the fifth period1 and for what he is distinguished4 ,,third ,,study ,the ,beginnings of ,bible ,history ,having taken a general view of ,bible history from the creation to the coming of ,christ1 we now turn again to the record for a more careful study of each epoch4 ,the aim will be not to give a mere catalogue of facts1 but as far as possible to show the relation of cause and effect1 and to unfold the development of the divine purpose which is manifested through all the history in the ,bible4 ,i4 ,we begin with the ,deluge as the starting point of history4 ,back of that event there may be studied biography1 but not history2 for history deals less with individuals than with nations1 and we know of no nations before the flood4 ,with regard to the deluge we note3 #a4 ,the fact of a deluge is stated in ,scripture 7,gen4 #g71 and attested by the traditions of nearly all nations4 #b4 ,its cause was the wickedness of the human race 7,gen4 #f4 #e-g74 ,before this event all the population of the world was massed together1 forming one vast family and speaking one language4 ,under these conditions the good were overborne by evil surroundings1 and general corruption followed4 #c4 ,its extent was undoubtedly not the entire globe1 but so much of it as was occupied by the human race 7,gen4 #g4 #bc71 probably the ,eu-phra'tes valley4 ,many ,christian scholars1 however1 hold to the view that the book of ,genesis relates the history of but one family of races1 and not all the race2 consequently that the flood may have been partial1 as far as mankind is concerned4 #d4 ,its purpose was3 #a47 ,to destroy the evil in the world4 #b47 ,to open a new epoch under better conditions for social1 national1 and individual life4 ,,ii4 ,the ,dispersion of the ,races4 #a4 ,very soon after the deluge a new instinct1 that of migration1 took possession of the human family4 ,hitherto all mankind had lived together2 from this time they began to scatter4 ,as a result came tribes1 nations1 languages1 and varieties of civilization4 ,the confusion of tongues was not the cause1 but the result1 of this spirit1 and may have been not sudden1 but gradual 7,gen4 #aa4 #b1 #g74 #b4 ,evidences of this migration are given3 #a47 ,in the ,bible 7,gen4 #i4 #ai2 #aa4 #h74 #b47 ,the records and traditions of nearly all nations point to it4 #c47 ,language gives a certain proof2 for example1 showing that the ancestors of the ,eng'lish1 ,greeks1 ,ro'mans1 ,medes1 and ,hin'dus--races now widely dispersed--once slept under the same roof4 ,at an early period streams of migration poured forth from the highlands of ,a'sia in every direction and to great distances4 ,,iii4 ,the ,rise of the ,empires4 ,in the ,bible world four centers of national life arose1 not far apart in time1 each of which became a powerful kingdom1 and in turn ruled all the ,oriental lands4 ,the strifes of these nations1 the rise and fall1 constitute the matter of ancient ,oriental history1 which is closely connected with that of the ,bible4 ,these four centers were3 #a4 ,e'gypt1 in the ,nile valley1 founded not far from ,b4 ,c4 #ejjj1 and in the early ,bible history having its capital at ,mem'phis4 #b4 ,bab-y-lo'ni-a1 called also ,shi'nar and ,chal-de'a1 on the plain between the ,ti'gris and ,eu-phra'tes ,rivers1 near the ,per'sian ,gulf1 where a kingdom arose about ,b4 ,c4 #dejj2 of which ,ba'bel or ,bab'y-lon was the greatest1 though not the earliest1 capital4 #c4 ,as-syr'i-a1 of which the capital was ,nin'e-veh 7,gen4 #aj4 #aa74 #d4 ,phoe-ni'cia1 on the ,med-i-ter-ra'ne-an seacoast1 north of ,pal'es-tine1 having ,si'don for its earlier and ,tyre for its later capital1 and holding its empire not on the land1 but on the sea1 as its people were sailors and merchants4 ,,iv4 ,the ,migration of ,a'bra-ham1 ,b4 ,c4 #bbhj84 ,no other journey in history has the importance of that transfer of the little clan of ,a'bra-ham from the plain of ,bab-y-lo'ni-a to the mountains of ,pal'es-tine in view of its results to the world4 ,compare with it the voyage of the ,mayflower4 ,its causes were3 #a4 ,probably the migratory instinct of the age1 for it was the epoch of tribal movements4 #b4 ,the political cause may have been the desire for liberty from the rule of the ,ac-ca'di-an dynasty that had become dominant in ,chal-de'a4 #c4 ,but the deepest motive was religious1 a purpose to escape from the idolatrous influences of ,chal-de'a1 and to find a home for the worship of ,god in what was then the new ,west1 where population was thin4 ,it was by the call of ,god that ,a'bra-ham set forth on his journey 7,gen4 #ab4 #a-c74 ,v4 ,the ,journeys of the ,patriarchs4 ,for two centuries the little clan of ,a'bra-ham's family lived in ,pal'es-tine as strangers1 pitching their tents in various localities1 wherever pasturage was abundant1 for at this time they were shepherds and herdsmen 7,gen4 #ac4 #b2 #df4 #cd74 ,their home was most of the time in the southern part of the country1 west of the ,dead ,sea2 and their relations with the ,am'o-rites1 ,ca'naan-ites1 and ,phi-lis'tines on the soil were generally friendly4 ,illustration ,,vi4 ,the ,sojourn in ,e'gypt4 ,after three generations the branch of ,a'bra-ham's family belonging to his grandson ,ja'cob1 or ,is'ra-el1 removed to ,e'gypt 7,deut4 #bf4 #e71 where they remained more than four hundred years4 ,this stay in ,e'gypt is always called the sojourn4 ,the event which led directly to the descent into ,e'gypt was the selling of ,jo'seph 7,gen4 #cg4 #bh74 ,but we can trace a providential purpose in the transfer4 ,its objects were3 #a4 ,preservation4 ,the frequent famines in ,pal'es-tine 7,gen4 #ab4 #aj2 #bf4 #a2 #db4 #a-c7 showed that as shepherds the ,is'ra-el-ites could not be supported in the land4 ,on the fertile soil of ,e'gypt1 with three crops each year1 they would find food in abundance4 #b4 ,growth4 ,at the end of the stay in ,ca'naan the ,is'ra-el-ites counted only seventy souls 7,gen4 #df4 #bg72 but at the close of the sojourn in ,e'gypt they had increased to nearly two millions 7,exod4 #ab4 #cg2 ,num4 #a4 #de1 #df74 ,the hot climate and cheap food of ,e'gypt have always caused an abundant population4 ,in ,e'gypt1 ,is'ra-el grew from a family to a nation4 #c4 ,isolation4 ,there was great danger to the morals and religion of the ,is'ra-el-ites in the land of ,ca'naan4 ,a'bra-ham had sent to his own relatives at ,ha'ran for a wife for ,i'saac 7,gen4 #bd4 #c1 #d7 in order to keep both the race and the faith pure4 ,one of ,i'saac's sons married ,ca'naan-ite wives1 and as a result his descendants1 the ,e'dom-ites1 lost the faith and became idolaters 7,gen4 #bf4 #cd1 #ce74 ,ja'cob sought his wives among his own relatives 7,gen4 #bh4 #a1 #b74 ,we note a dangerous tendency in ,ja'cob's family to ally themselves with the ,ca'naan-ites 7,gen4 #cd4 #h-aj2 #ch4 #a1 #b74 ,if they had stayed in ,ca'naan the chosen family would have become lost among the heathen4 ,but in ,e'gypt they lived apart1 and were kept by the caste system from union with the people 7,gen4 #df4 #cd2 #dc4 #cb74 ,it was a necessary element in the divine plan that ,is'ra-el should dwell apart from other nations 7,num4 #bc4 #i74 #d4 ,civilization4 ,the ,e-gyp'tians were in advance of other nations of that age in intelligence1 in the organization of society1 and in government4 ,though the ,is'ra-el-ites lived apart from them1 they were among them and learned much of their knowledge4 ,whatever may have been their condition at the beginning of the sojourn1 at the end of it they had a written language 7,exod4 #bd4 #g71 a system of worship 7,exod4 #ai4 #bb2 #cc4 #g71 and a leader who had received the highest culture of his age 7,acts #g4 #bb74 ,as one result of the sojourn the ,is'ra-el-ites were transformed from shepherds and herdsmen to tillers of the soil--a higher manner of living4 ,hints to the ,teacher #a4 ,let the map of the ,old ,testament world be drawn by a pupil on the blackboard1 and let all the lands and places referred to in this lesson be noted upon it4 ,indicate on this map the regions of the deluge1 the four empires1 the journey of ,a'bra-ham1 and the route of the ,is'ra-el-ites to ,e'gypt4 #b4 ,let the references be read and their connection with the lesson be shown by the students4 #c4 ,place on the board 7and in the scholar's notebook7 the outline of the lesson1 and let additional details from the book of ,genesis be given4 #d4 ,see that each pupil can read the ,blackboard ,outline and answer the ,review ,questions given below4 ,blackboard ,outline ,i4 ,del4 #a4 ,fac4 ,scrip4 trad4 #b4 ,cau4 wick4 rac4 #c4 ,ext4 #d4 ,pur4 #a47 ,des4 ev4 #b47 ,new ep4 ,,ii4 ,disp4 ,rac4 #a4 ,inst4 mig4 #b4 ,evid4 #a47 ,bib4 #b47 ,trad4 #c47 ,lang4 ,,iii4 ,rise ,emp4 #a4 ,eg4 #b4 ,chal4 #c4 ,ass4 #d4 ,sid4 and ,tyr4 ,,iv4 ,mig4 ,abr4 ,causes4 #a4 ,mig4 inst4 #b4 ,pol4 cau4 #c4 ,rel4 mot4 ,v4 ,jour4 ,patr4 ,str4 in ,pal4 ,shep4 ,hom4 ,relat4 ,,vi4 ,soj4 in ,eg4 ,obj4 #a4 ,pres4 #b4 ,gro4 #c4 ,isol4 #d4 ,civ4 ,review ,questions ,at what point does history begin8 ,name the six great events in early ,bible history8 ,how is the fact of a deluge attested8 ,what was the moral cause of the flood8 ,what was its extent8 ,what was its purpose in the plan of ,god8 ,what new spirit took possession of men soon after the flood8 ,to what results did this lead8 ,what was the relation of this fact to the confusion of tongues8 ,what evidences of these migrations are found8 ,what were the four great centers of national life in the ,oriental world8 ,what was the most important journey1 in its results1 in all history8 ,what three causes are given for this migration8 ,what was especially the religious motive of this journey8 ,how long did ,a'bra-ham's descendants remain in ,pal'es-tine8 ,in what part of the country did they live8 ,what were their relations with the native peoples in ,pal'es-tine8 ,what is meant by the sojourn8 ,what was its immediate cause8 ,what four providential results came to ,is'ra-el through this sojourn8 ,how long was the time of the sojourn8 ,how were the ,is'ra-el-ites protected from corruption through this sojourn8 ,what was the effect of the sojourn upon their civilization8 ,,fourth ,,study ,the ,wandering in the ,wilderness ,,part ,,one ,i4 ,preliminary ,events4 ,as preparatory to the wilderness stage in the history of ,is'ra-el certain events and processes are to be noted4 #a4 ,the ,oppression of the ,is'ra-el-ites 7,exod4 ,i4 #h-ac74 ,if the ,is'ra-el-ites had been prosperous and happy in ,e'gypt they would have remained there1 and the destiny of the chosen people would have been forgotten4 ,therefore1 when ,e'gypt had given to ,is'ra-el all that it could the wrath of man was made to praise ,god2 and by suffering the ,is'ra-el-ites were made willing to leave the land of their sojourn and seek the land of promise4 ,the nest was stirred up1 and the young eaglet was compelled to fly 7,deut4 #cb4 #aa1 #ab74 ,the ,pha'raoh of the oppression is generally identified with ,ram'e-ses ,,ii1 who was reigning about ,b4 ,c4 #acbj4 #b4 ,the ,training of ,mo'ses4 ,therein was another element of preparation4 ,no common man could have wrought the great work of liberation1 of legislation1 and of training which ,is'ra-el needed4 #c4 ,the ,ten ,plagues4 ,but if it was needful to make the ,is'ra-el-ites willing to depart it was also needful to make the ,e-gyp'tian king and his people willing to let them depart2 and this was accomplished by the plagues which fell upon ,e'gypt1 showing ,is'ra-el as under ,god's peculiar care and the gods of ,e'gypt powerless to protect their people4 #d4 ,the ,passover 7,exod4 #ab4 #ba-bh74 ,this service represented three ideas3 #a47 ,it was the springtide festival4 #b47 ,it commemorated the sudden departure from ,e'gypt1 when there was not even time to raise the bread before leaving 7,exod4 #ab4 #cd-ci74 #c47 ,it was an impressive prophecy of ,christ1 the slain ,lamb of ,god 7,exod4 #ab4 #ba1 #bb74 #e4 ,the ,exodus 7,exod4 #ab4 #dj1 #da74 ,the word means going out4 ,this was the birthday of a nation1 the hour when the ,is'ra-el-ites rose from being merely a mass of men to become a people4 ,the date of the exodus is uncertain1 but the best scholars have concluded that it took place in the reign of the ,king ,me-neph'thah 7or ,me-re-neph'thah71 who may have reigned about ,b4 ,c4 #abgj4 ,illustration3 ,,journeys ,,of ,,the ,,israelites ,,ii4 ,in order to follow the journeys of the ,is'ra-el-ites we must draw a map of the ,wilderness of the ,wandering4 #a4 ,draw the coast lines1 and note three ,seas4 #a47 ,the great sea1 or ,med-i-ter-ra'ne-an 7,josh4 #a4 #d74 #b47 ,the ,red ,sea 7,exod4 #ac4 #ah71 7,gulfs of ,su-ez' and ,ak'a-ba74 #c47 ,the ,dead ,sea4 #b4 ,draw the mountain ranges1 and note five ,deserts4 #a47 ,the ,desert of ,shur 7,exod4 #ae4 #bb71 between ,go'shen and ,ca'naan4 #b47 ,the ,desert of ,pa'ran1 in the center of the ,si-na-it'ic triangle 7,num4 #aj4 #ab74 ,this is the wilderness in which thirty-eight of the forty years were passed 7,deut4 #a4 #ai74 #c47 ,the ,desert of ,e'tham 7,num4 #cc4 #h71 on the shore of the ,gulf of ,su-ez'4 #d47 ,the ,desert of ,sin1 near ,mount ,si'nai 7,exod4 #af4 #a74 #e47 ,the ,desert of ,zin1 the desolate valley between the ,gulf of ,ak'a-ba and the ,dead ,sea1 now called the ,ar'a-bah 7,num4 #ac4 #ba74 #c4 ,locate also the five ,lands of this region4 #a47 ,go'shen1 the land of the sojourn 7,exod4 #i4 #bf74 #b47 ,mid'i-an1 the land of ,mo'ses' shepherd life 7,exod4 #b4 #ae71 on both sides of the ,gulf of ,ak'a-ba4 #c47 ,e'dom1 the land of ,e'sau's descendants1 south of the ,dead ,sea 7,num4 #ba4 #d74 #d47 ,mo'ab1 the land of ,lot's descendants1 east of the ,dead ,sea 7,num4 #ba4 #ac74 #e47 ,ca'naan1 the land of promise 7,gen4 #ab4 #g74 #d4 ,fix also the location of three ,mountains4 #a47 ,mount ,si'nai1 where the law was given 7,exod4 #ai4 #bj74 #b47 ,mount ,hor1#c where ,aar'on died 7,num4 #bj4 #bc-bh74 #c47 ,mount ,ne'bo 7,pis'gah71 where ,mo'ses died 7,deut4 #cd4 #a74 #e4 ,notice also seven ,places1 some of which are clearly1 others not so definitely1 identified4 #a47 ,ram'e-ses1 the starting point of the ,is'ra-el-ites 7,exod4 #ab4 #cg74 #b47 ,ba'al-ze'phon1 the place of crossing the ,red ,sea 7,exod4 #ad4 #b74 #c47 ,ma'rah1 where the bitter waters were sweetened 7,exod4 #ae4 #bb-be74 #d47 ,e'lim1 the place of rest 7,exod4 #ae4 #bg74 #e47 ,reph'i-dim1 the place of the first battle1 near ,mount ,si'nai 7,exod4 #ag4 #h-af74 #f47 ,ka'desh-bar'ne-a1 whence the spies were sent forth 7,num4 #ac4 #bf74 #g47 ,ja'haz1 in the land of ,mo'ab1 south of the brook ,ar'non1 where a victory was won over the ,am'or-ites 7,num4 #ba4 #bc1 #bd74 ,blackboard ,outline ,i4 ,pre4 ,even4 #a4 ,opp4 ,isr4 #b4 ,tra4 ,mos4 #c4 ,ten ,pla4 #d4 ,pass4 #e4 ,exod4 ,,ii4 ,wil4 ,wan4 #a4 ,seas4 #a47 ,m4 ,s4 #b47 ,r4 ,s4 ,g4 ,s41 ,g4 ,a4 #c7 ,d4 ,s4 #b4 ,des4 #a47 ,d4 ,sh4 #b47 ,d4 ,par4 #c47 ,d4 ,eth4 #d47 ,d4 ,si4 #e47 ,d4 ,zi4 #c4 ,lan4 #a47 ,gos4 #b47 ,mid4 #c47 ,ed4 #d47 ,mo4 #e47 ,can4 #d4 ,mts4 #a47 ,mt4 ,sin4 #b47 ,mt4 ,h4 #c47 ,mt4 ,neb4 #e4 ,pla4 #a47 ,ram4 #b47 ,b4-zep4 #c47 ,mar4 #d47 ,el4 #e47 ,rep4 #f47 ,kad4-bar4 #g47 ,jah4 ,review ,questions ,name five events which were preparatory to the wandering4 ,what made the ,is'ra-el-ites willing to leave ,e'gypt8 ,what three ideas were connected with the passover8 ,what is meant by the exodus8 ,what are the three seas of the map illustrating the wandering8 ,name five deserts of this region8 ,in which desert were the most years passed8 ,what were the two deserts on the shore of the ,red ,sea8 ,where was the ,desert of ,zin8 ,which desert was between ,e'gypt and ,pal'es-tine8 ,name and locate five lands of this region4 ,which land was nearest to ,e'gypt8 ,which land was on the eastern arm of the ,red ,sea8 ,which land lay east of the ,dead ,sea8 ,which land was south of the ,dead ,sea8 ,name three mountains in this region4 ,what event took place on each of these mountains8 ,name two places between ,e'gypt and the ,red ,sea4 ,name three places on the route between the ,red ,sea1 and an event at each place4 ,what place was south of ,ca'naan and near it8 ,what events occurred at this place8 ,what two places were battlefields8 ,,part ,,two ,,iii4 ,on our map we indicate the ,journeys of the ,is'ra-el-ites1 and at the same time note the principal events of the wandering4 #a4 ,from ,ram'e-ses to the ,red ,sea 7,exod4 #ab4 #cg2 #ad4 #i74 ,with this note3 #a47 ,the crossing of the ,red ,sea4 #b4 ,from the ,red ,sea to ,mount ,si'nai4 ,events3 #b47 ,the waters of ,ma'rah 7,exod4 #ae4 #bc-bf74 #c47 ,the repulse of the ,am'a-lek-ites 7,exod4 #ag4 #h-af74 #d47 ,the giving of the law at ,mount ,si'nai4 ,here the camp was kept for a year1 and the organization of the people was effected4 #c4 ,from ,mount ,si'nai to ,ka'desh-bar'ne-a4 ,at the latter place occurred3 #e47 ,the sending out of the spies and their return 7,num4 #ac4 #a-bf74 #f47 ,the defeat at ,hor'mah1 north of ,ka'desh-bar'ne-a 7,num4 #ad4 #dj-de74 ,it was the purpose of ,mo'ses to lead the people at once from ,ka'desh up to ,ca'naan4 ,but their fear of the ,ca'naan-ite and ,am'or-ite inhabitants made them weak2 they were defeated and driven back into the ,desert of ,pa'ran1 where they wandered thirty-eight years1 until the generation of slavish souls should die off1 and a new ,is'ra-el1 the young people1 trained in the spirit of ,mo'ses and ,josh'u-a and fitted for conquest1 should arise in their places4 #d4 ,from ,ka'desh-bar'ne-a through the ,desert of ,pa'ran and ,return4 ,this was the long wandering of thirty-eight years4 ,we trace the route from ,ka'desh1 around the ,desert of ,pa'ran1 to ,mount ,hor1 to ,e'zi-on-ge'ber at the head of the ,gulf of ,ak'a-ba1 and at last to ,ka'desh once more 7,num4 #bj4 #a74 ,there occurred3 #g47 ,the water from the rock at ,ka'desh and ,mo'ses's disobedience 7,num4 #bj4 #aj-ab74 #h47 ,the repulse by ,a'rad 7,num4 #ba4 #a74 ,it would seem that the ,is'ra-el-ites made a second attempt to enter ,ca'naan on the south1 and were again defeated1 though not so severely as before4 #e4 ,from ,ka'desh-bar'ne-a around ,e'dom to the ,river ,jor'dan4 ,after this second defeat ,mo'ses desired to lead the people through the land of the ,e'dom-ites1 and to enter ,ca'naan by crossing the ,jor'dan 7,num4 #bj4 #ad74 ,but the ,e'dom-ites refused to permit such an army to pass through their land 7,num4 #bj4 #ah-ba74 ,hence the ,is'ra-el-ites were compelled to go down the ,desert of ,zin1 past ,e'dom1 as far as the ,red ,sea1 then east of ,e'dom--a very long and toilsome journey 7,num4 #ba4 #d74 ,note with this journey3 #i47 ,the brazen serpent 7,num4 #ba4 #f-i2 ,john #c4 #ad1 #ae74 #aj47 ,the victory over the ,am'or-ites 7,num4 #ba4 #bc1bd74 ,this victory gave to the ,is'ra-el-ites control of the country from ,ar'non to ,jab'bok1 and was the first campaign of the conquest4 ,the long journey was now ended in the encampment of the ,is'ra-el-ites at the foot of ,mount ,ne'bo1 on the eastern bank of the ,jor'dan1 near the head of the ,dead ,sea4 #aa47 ,the last event of the period was the death of ,mo'ses1 ,b4 ,c4 #adea 7,deut4 #cd4 #e-h74 ,,iv4 ,the ,results of the ,wandering4 ,these forty years of wilderness life made a deep impress upon the ,is'ra-el-ite people1 and wrought great changes in their character4 #a4 ,it gave them certain ,institutions4 ,from the wilderness they brought their tabernacle and all its rites and services1 out of which grew the magnificent ritual of the temple4 ,the ,feast of ,passover commemorated the exodus1 the ,feast of ,pentecost the giving of the law1 the ,feast of ,tabernacles 7during which for a week the people lived in huts and booths7 the outdoor life in the desert4 #b4 ,another result was ,national ,unity4 ,when the ,is'ra-el-ites left ,e'gypt they were twelve unorganized tribes1 without a distinct national life4 ,forty years in the wilderness1 meeting adversities together1 fighting enemies1 marching as one host1 made them a nation4 ,they emerged from the wilderness a distinct people1 with one hope and aim1 with patriotic self-respect1 ready to take their place among the nations of the earth4 #c4 ,individual ,liberty4 ,they had just been set free from the tyranny of the most complete governmental machine on the face of the earth4 ,in ,e'gypt the man was nothing2 the state was everything4 ,the ,is'ra-el-ite system was an absolute contrast to the ,e-gyp'tian4 ,for centuries after the exodus the ,is'ra-el-ites lived with almost no government1 each man doing what was right in his own eyes4 ,they were the freest people on earth1 far more so than the ,greeks or the ,ro'mans during their republican epochs4 ,mo'ses trained them not to look to the government for their care1 but to be a self-reliant people1 able to take care of themselves4 ,if they had passed this initial stage of their history surrounded by kingdoms they would have become a kingdom4 ,but they learned their first lessons of national life in the wilderness1 untrammeled by environment and under a wise leader1 who sought to train up a nation of kings instead of a kingdom4 #d4 ,military ,training4 ,we trace in the history of those forty years a great advance in military discipline4 ,after crossing the ,red ,sea1 ,mo'ses did not wish to lead them by the direct route to ,ca'naan lest they should see war 7,exod4 #ac4 #ag1 #ah74 ,attacked by the ,am'a-lek-ites soon after the exodus1 the ,is'ra-el-ites were almost helpless 7,exod4 #ag4 #h-af2 ,deut4 #be4 #ag-ai74 ,a year later they were the easy prey of the ,ca'naan-ites at ,hor'mah 7,num4 #ad4 #dj-de74 ,forty years after they crossed the ,jor'dan1 and entered ,ca'naan a drilled and trained host1 a conquering army4 ,this discipline and spirit of conquest they gained under ,mo'ses and ,josh'u-a in the wilderness4 #e4 ,religious ,education4 ,this was the greatest of all the benefits gained in the wilderness4 ,they were brought back from the idolatries of ,e'gypt to the faith of their fathers4 ,they received ,god's law1 the system of worship1 and the ritual which brought them by its services into a knowledge of ,god4 ,moreover1 their experience of ,god's care taught them to trust in ,je-ho'vah1 who had chosen them for his own people4 ,even though the mass of the people might worship idols1 there was always from this time an ,is'ra-el of the heart that sought and obeyed ,god4 ,blackboard ,outline ,,iii4 ,jour4 and ,even4 ,jour4 #a4 ,ram4--,r4 ,s4 #a47 ,cr4 ,r4 ,s4 ,jour4 #b4 ,r4 ,s4--,mt4 ,sin4 #b47 ,wat4 ,mar4 #c47 ,rep4 ,am4 #d47 ,giv4 #a4 ,jour4 #c4 ,mt4 ,sin4--,kad4-bar4 #e47 ,sen4 sp4 #f47 ,def4 ,hor4 ,jour4 #d4 ,kad4-bar4--,des4 ,par4--,ret4 #g47 ,wat4 roc4 ,kad4 #h47 ,rep4 ,ar4 ,jour4 #e4 ,kad4-bar4--,ed4--,riv4 ,jor4 #i47 ,bra4 ser4 #aj47 ,vic4 ov4 ,amo4 #aa47 ,dea4 ,mos4 ,,iv4 ,res4 ,wan4 #a4 ,ins4 #b4 ,nat4 ,un4 #c4 ,ind4 ,lib4 #d4 ,mil4 ,tra4 #e4 ,rel4 ,ed4 ,review ,questions ,state the route of the first journey4 ,what was the great event of this journey8 ,what was the second journey8 ,what events are named with this journey8 ,what was the third journey8 ,what two events took place with this journey8 ,what was the longest journey8 ,name four places of this journey8 ,name two events near its close4 ,what was the last journey8 ,what events took place at this time8 ,where was the last encampment of the ,is'ra-el-ites8 ,what institutions originated during this period8 ,what was the political effect of this epoch upon the people8 ,how did it give them liberty8 ,what was the influence in military affairs8 ,what were its results upon the religion of the people8 ,,fifth ,,study ,institutions of ,israelite ,worship ,,part ,,one ,in the ,old ,testament we note certain forms and institutions for worship1 and as some of these received their shaping during the wilderness life of the ,is'ra-el-ites1 we give a brief account of such institutions at this place in the history4 ,i4 ,earliest of all institutions for worship we find the ,altar1 and throughout the ,old ,testament the altar worship stands prominent4 #a4 ,its ,principle1 the root idea underlying the altar1 was of a meeting between ,god and man4 ,as the subject always came to his ruler with a gift in his hands1 so the worshiper brought his offering to his god1 whether ,je-ho'vah1 the ,god of ,is'ra-el1 or ,ba'al1 the divinity of the ,ca'naan-ites4 #b4 ,its ,origin is unknown1 but it was early sanctioned by a divine approval of the worship connected with it 7,gen4 #d4 #c1 #d2 #h4 #bj2 #ab4 #h74 #c4 ,its ,universality4 ,there was scarcely a people in the ancient world without an altar4 ,we find that the worship of every land and every religion was associated with altars4 7,see allusions in ,isa4 #fe4 #c2 #b ,kings #af4 #aj2 ,acts #ag4 #bc1 to altars outside of the ,is'ra-el-ite faith47 #d4 ,its ,material4 ,among the ,is'ra-el-ites it was of earth or unhewn stone4 ,where metal or wood was used it was merely for a covering1 the true altar being of earth inside4 ,the laws of ,is'ra-el forbade any carving of the stone which might lead to idol worship 7,exod4 #bj4 #bd1 #be74 #e4 ,its ,limitation4 ,in the patriarchal age the chief of the clan was the priest1 the altar stood before his tent1 and there was but one altar for the clan1 which thus represented one family4 ,when ,is'ra-el became a nation only one altar was allowed by the law1 carrying out the idea that all the ,twelve ,tribes were one family 7,deut4 #ab4 #ac1 #ad2 ,josh4 #bb4 #af74 ,yet the law1 if known to the ,is'ra-el-ites1 was constantly ignored by the prophets 7#a ,sam4 #g4 #i2 #a ,kings #ah4 #ca1 #cb74 #f4 ,its ,prophetic ,purpose1 as revealed in the ,new ,testament1 was to prefigure the cross whereon ,christ died 7,john #a4 #bi2 ,heb4 #i4 #bb2 #a ,pet4 #c4 #ah74 ,,ii4 ,the ,offerings1 as fully developed and named in the law1 were of five kinds1 as follows3 #a4 ,the ,sin ,offering4 #a47 ,this regarded the worshiper as a sinner1 and expressed the means of his reconciliation with ,god4 #b47 ,the offering consisted of an animal4 #c47 ,the animal was slain and burned without the camp4 #d47 ,its blood was sprinkled on the altar of incense in the ,holy ,place 7,lev4 #d4 #c-g74 #b4 ,the ,burnt ,offering4 #a47 ,this regarded the worshiper as already reconciled1 and expressed his consecration to ,god4 #b47 ,it consisted of an animal1 varied according to the ability of the worshiper4 #c47 ,the animal was slain and burned on the altar4 #d47 ,its blood was poured out on the altar1 a token that the life of the worshiper was given to ,god 7,lev4 #a4 #b-i74 #c4 ,the ,trespass ,offering4#d #a47 ,this represented the divine forgiveness of an actual transgression1 whether against ,god or man1 as distinguished from the condition of a sinner represented in the sin offering4 #b47 ,the offering consisted of an animal1 generally a ram1 though a poor person might bring some flour4 #c47 ,the animal was slain and burned on the altar4 #d47 ,the blood was poured out at the base of the altar 7,lev4 #e4 #a-aj74 #d4 ,the ,meat ,offering4#e #a47 ,this expressed the simple idea of thanksgiving to ,god4 #b47 ,it consisted of vegetable food4 #c47 ,the offering was divided between the altar and the priest2 one part was burned on the altar1 the other presented to the priest to be eaten by him as food 7,lev4 #b4 #a-c74 #e4 ,the ,peace ,offering4 #a47 ,this expressed fellowship with ,god in the form of a feast4 #b47 ,it consisted of both animal and vegetable food4 #c47 ,the offering was divided into three parts1 one part burned upon the altar1 a second eaten by the priest1 a third part eaten by the worshiper and his friends as a sacrificial supper4 ,thus ,god1 the priest1 and the worshiper were all represented as taking a meal together4 ,blackboard ,outline ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,i4 ,alt4 #a4 ,prin4 #b4 ,orig4 #c4 ,univ4 #d4 ,mat4 #e4 ,lim4 #f4 ,proph4 ,pur4 ,,ii4 ,off4 #a4 ,si4 ,off4 ,sin4 rec4 ,g4,an4 ,sl4 bur4 ,spr4 alt4 inc4 #b4 ,bu4 ,off4 ,con4 ,g4 ,an4 ,sl4 bur4 ,pou4 alt4 #c4 ,tre4 ,off4,for4 trans4 ,an4 ,sl4 bur4 ,pou4 ba4 alt4 #d4 ,me4 ,off4 ,tha4 ,gd4 ,veg4 ,alt4 pri4 #e4 ,pea4 ,off4,fel4 ,g4 ,an4 veg4,alt4 pri4 wor4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,review ,questions ,what two institutions of the ,old ,testament are here presented8 ,what shows the universality of the altar in connection with worship8 ,what is said of the origin of the altar8 ,of what material were the earliest altars made8 ,what was the religious idea in the altar8 ,what prophetic purpose did the altar have8 ,name the five kinds of offerings4 ,how did the sin offering regard the worshiper8 ,what did the sin offering express8 ,of what did the sin offering consist8 ,what was done with the offering8 ,what was done with the blood8 ,what was the design of the burnt offering8 ,of what did the burnt offering consist8 ,what was done with the animal8 ,what was done with the blood in the burnt offering8 ,wherein did the trespass offering differ from the sin offering8 ,of what did the trespass offering consist8 ,what was done with the sacrifice8 ,what did the meat offering express8 ,of what did it consist8 ,how was the meat offering used8 ,what was expressed by the peace offering8 ,of what did it consist8 ,what was done with the peace offering8 ,,part ,,two ,the ,tabernacle #a4 ,when the family of ,a'bra-ham grew into a people its unity was maintained by regarding the altar--and but one altar for all the ,twelve ,tribes--as the religious center of the nation4 #b4 ,to the thought of the altar as the meeting place with ,god was added the conception of ,god dwelling among his people in a sanctuary and receiving homage as the ,king of ,is'ra-el 7,exod4 #be4 #h74 #c4 ,thus the altar grew into the ,tabernacle1 which was the sanctuary where ,god was supposed to dwell in the midst of the camp4 ,as was necessary among a wandering people1 it was constructed of such materials as could be easily taken apart and carried on the march through the wilderness4 ,in considering the ,tabernacle and its furniture we notice the following particulars3 ,i4 ,the ,court1 an open square surrounded by curtains1 #aej by #ge feet in extent1 and occupying the center of the camp of ,is'ra-el 7,exod4 #bg4 #i-ac74 ,in this stood the ,altar1 the ,laver1 and the ,tabernacle itself4 ,,ii4 ,the ,altar of ,burnt ,offerings stood within the court1 near its entrance4 ,it was made of wood plated with brass 7which is supposed to mean copper71 was #ga_/b feet square and #da_/b feet high4 ,on this all the burnt sacrifices were offered 7,exod4 #bg4 #a2 #dj4 #bi71 except the sin offering4 ,,iii4 ,the ,laver contained water for the sacrificial purifyings4 ,it stood at the door of the tent1 but its size and form are unknown 7,exod4 #cj4 #ag-ba74 ,,iv4 ,the ,tabernacle itself was a tent #de feet long1 #ae feet wide4 ,its walls were of boards1 plated with gold1 standing upright2 its roof of three curtains1 one laid above another4 ,whether there was a ridge-pole or not is uncertain4 ,it was divided1 by a veil across the interior1 into two apartments1 the ,holy ,place and the ,holy of ,holies 7,exod4 #cf4 #h-ch74 ,v4 ,the ,holy ,place was the larger of the two rooms into which the tent was divided1 being #cj feet long by #ae wide4 ,into this the priests entered for the daily service4 ,it contained the ,candlestick1 the ,table1 and the ,altar of ,incense 7,heb4 #i4 #b74 ,illustration3 ,,diagram ,,showing ,,location ,,of ,,the ,,objects ,,within ,,the ,,tabernacle ,,court4 ,,vi4 ,the ,candlestick 7more correctly1 lampstand7 stood on the left side of one entering the ,holy ,place2 made of gold1 and bearing seven branches1 each branch holding a lamp 7,exod4 #be4 #ca-cg74 ,,vii4 ,the ,table stood on the right of one entering the ,holy ,place2 made of wood1 covered with gold2 #c feet long1 #aa_/b feet wide1 #ba_/d feet high2 contained #ab loaves of bread1 called the bread of the presence 7,exod4 #cg4 #aj1 #aa74 ,,viii4 ,the ,altar of ,incense stood at the inner end of the ,holy ,place1 near the veil2 made of wood1 covered with gold2 #aa_/b feet square and #c feet high4 ,on it the incense was lighted by fire from the ,altar of ,burnt ,offerings 7,exod4 #cj4 #a1 #b74 ,,ix4 ,the ,holy of ,holies was the innermost and holiest room in the ,tabernacle1 into which the high priest alone entered on one day in each year 7the ,day of ,atonement72 in form a cube of #ae feet4 ,it contained only the ,ark of the ,covenant 7,heb4 #i4 #c74 ,x4 ,the ,ark of the ,covenant was a chest containing the stone tablets of the ,commandments2 made of wood1 covered on the outside and inside with gold2 #c feet #i inches long1 #b feet #c inches wide and high4 ,through gold rings on the sides were thrust the staves by which it was borne on the march4 ,its lid1 on which stood two figures of the cherubim1 was called the mercy seat4 ,on this the high priest sprinkled the blood on the ,day of ,atonement 7,exod4 #be4 #ag1 #ah2 ,heb4 #i4 #g74 ,blackboard ,outline ,,the ,,tabernacle ,i4 ,cou4 sq4 #aej4 #ge4 7,al4 ,lav4 ,tab47 ,,ii4 ,alt4 woo4 br4 #ga_/b4 #da_/b4 ,,iii4 ,lav4 do4 ten4 ,,iv4 ,tab4 #de4 #ae4 bds4 cur4 7,h4,p4 ,h4,h47 ,v4 ,ho4 ,pl4 #cj4 #ae4 7,can4 ,tab4 ,alt4 ,inc47 ,,vi4 ,can4 go4 #g bran4 ,,vii4 ,tab4 #c4 #aa_/b4 #ba_/d4 #ab loa4 ,,viii4 ,alt4 ,inc4 woo4 gol4 #aa_/b4 #c4 ,,ix4 ,ho4 ,hol4 #ae4 #ae4 #ae4 7,ar4 ,cov47 ,x4 ,ar4 ,cov4 wo4 go4 #c1i4 #b1c4 mer4 se4 ,review ,questions ,how was the unity of the ,is'ra-el-ite people maintained8 ,what was the conception or thought in the ,tabernacle8 ,why was it constructed of such material8 ,what was the court of the ,tabernacle8 ,what were the dimensions of the court8 ,what stood in the court8 ,what were the materials of the ,altar of ,burnt ,offerings8 ,what was the size of this altar8 ,what was the laver1 and where did it stand8 ,what was the ,tabernacle itself8 ,into what rooms was it divided8 ,how was it covered8 ,what were the dimensions of the ,holy ,place8 ,what did the ,holy ,place contain8 ,what was the form of the candlestick8 ,where did the candlestick stand8 ,of what was the ,altar of ,incense made8 ,what were its dimensions8 ,for what was this altar used8 ,what were the dimensions of the ,holy of ,holies8 ,what did the ,holy of ,holies contain8 ,who alone entered this room1 and how often8 ,what was the ,ark of the ,covenant8 ,what was the mercy seat8 ,,part ,,three ,the ,sacred ,year ,i4 ,among the ,is'ra-el-ites certain institutions of worship were observed at regular intervals of time which have been called the ,periodical ,institutions4 ,these were3 #a4 ,the ,sabbath1 observed one day in seven2 of which the root idea is the giving to ,god a portion of our time4 7,see references in the ,old ,testament3 ,gen4 #b4 #c2 ,exod4 #bj4 #h-aa2 ,isa4 #ef4 #b2 #eh4 #ac47 ,in the ,new ,testament we find the first day of the week gradually taking its place among the early ,christians 7,acts #bj4 #g2 #a ,cor4 #bf4 #b2 ,rev4 #a4 #aj74 #b4 ,the ,new ,moon1 which was the opening day of each month2 regarded as a sacred day1 and celebrated with religious services 7,num4 #aj4 #aj2 #b ,kings #d4 #bc74 #c4 ,the ,seven ,annual ,solemnities1 the important occasions of the year1 six feasts and one fast day4 #d4 ,the ,sabbatical ,year4 ,one year in every seven was to be observed as a year of rest1 and the ground was not to be tilled 7,lev4 #be4 #b-g74 #e4 ,the ,year of ,jubilee4 ,once in fifty years the ,is'ra-el-ites were commanded to give liberty to slaves1 freedom to debtors1 and general restitution of alienated inheritances 7,lev4 #be4 #i1 #aj74 ,how far the ,sabbatical ,year and the ,year of ,jubilee were actually kept among the ,is'ra-el-ites we have no means of knowing2 but the commands concerning them were given in the law4 ,,ii4 ,we take for special notice among these periodical institutions the ,seven ,annual ,solemnities of the ,sacred ,year4 ,most of these were instituted in the time of ,mo'ses1 but two of them arose later4 ,we consider them all1 however1 in this place1 rather than at the closing of the history1 where two of the feasts properly belong4 ,these may be classified as3 #a4 ,the ,three ,great ,feasts3 ,passover1 ,pentecost1 and ,tabernacles2 all observed at the capital1 and requiring the people to make annual pilgrimages to ,je-ru'sa-lem4 #b4 ,the ,annual ,fast3 the ,day of ,atonement4 #c4 ,the ,three ,lesser ,feasts3 ,trumpets1 ,dedication1 ,purim4 ,these were observed throughout the land1 as well as in ,je-ru'sa-lem4 ,with regard to each of these we will note3 #a47 ,its time4 #b47 ,the event which it commemorated4 #c47 ,how it was observed4 #a4 ,the ,feast of ,passover 7,luke #bb4 #a74 #a47 ,was held in the spring1 on the fourteenth of the month ,abib1 or ,nisan1 corresponding to parts of ,march and ,april 7,exod4 #ab4 #ah74 #b47 ,commemorated the exodus from ,e'gypt 7,exod4 #ab4 #db74 #c47 ,observed with the eating of unleavened bread and the slain lamb 7,exod4 #ab4 #ai-ba74 #b4 ,the ,feast of ,pentecost 7,acts #b4 #a74 #a47 ,was held early in the summer1 on the fiftieth day after ,passover1 in the month ,sivan1 corresponding to ,may and ,june4 #b47 ,commemorated the giving of the law4#f 7,see ,exod4 #ai4 #a1 #aa47 #c47 ,observed by first fruits laid on the altar1 with special sacrifices 7,lev4 #bc4 #ae-ba74 #c4 ,the ,feast of ,tabernacles 7,john #g4 #b1 #aj74 #a47 ,held in the fall1 after the ingathering of crops1 from the #aeth to the #bast of the seventh month1 ,ethanim1 corresponding to ,september and ,october 7,lev4 #bc4 #cd74 #b47 ,commemorated the outdoor life of the wilderness 7,lev4 #bc4 #dc74 #c47 ,observed by living in huts or booths1 and by special sacrifices 7,lev4 #bc4 #ce-db74 #d4 ,the ,day of ,atonement1 the only fast required by the ,jew'ish law4 #a47 ,held in the fall1 on the tenth day of the month ,ethanim 7,lev4 #bc4 #bg71 five days before the ,feast of ,tabernacles4 #b47 ,showing the sinner's reconciliation with ,god4 #c47 ,on this day only in the year the high priest entered the ,holy of ,holies 7,exod4 #cj4 #aj74 #e4 ,the ,feast of ,trumpets4 #a47 ,held on the first day of the seventh month1 ,ethanim1 corresponding to ,september or ,october 7,lev4 #bc4 #bd74 #b47 ,this feast recognized the ,new ,year ,day of the civil year4#g #c47 ,it was observed with the blowing of trumpets all through the land4 #f4 ,the ,feast of ,dedication1 not named in the ,old ,testament4 7,see ,john #aj4 #bb47 #a47 ,this was held in the winter1 on the #beth of the month ,chisleu 7,december71 and for eight days thereafter4 #b47 ,it commemorated the reconsecration of the ,temple by ,ju'das ,mac'ca-be'us1 ,b4 ,c4 #aff1 after its defilement by the ,syr'i-ans4 #c47 ,it was observed by a general illumination of ,je-ru'sa-lem2 hence often called the feast of lights4 #g4 ,the ,feast of ,purim1 not named in the ,new ,testament1 unless it be referred to in ,john #e4 #a4 #a47 ,held in the early spring1 the #adth and #aeth of the month ,adar 7,march7 7,esth4 #i4 #ba74 #b47 ,commemorating ,queen ,esther's deliverance of the ,jew'ish people 7,esth4 #i4 #bb-bf74 #c47 ,observed with general feasting and rejoicing4 ,blackboard ,outline ,i4 ,per4 ,inst4 #a4 ,sab4 #b4 ,ne4 ,mo4 #c4 ,sev4 ,ann4 ,sol4 #d4 ,sab4 ,ye4 #e4 ,ye4 ,jub4 ,,ii4 ,sac4 ,yea4 #a4 ,pass4 spr4 ex4 ,eg4 sla4 la4 #a4 ,gr4 ,fe4 #b4 ,pen4 sum4 giv4 la4 fir4 fru4 #c4 ,tab4 fal4 lif4 wil4 liv4 huts4 #b4 ,ann4 ,fa4 #d4 ,day4 ,at4 fal4 sin4 rec4 pr4 ,h4 ,hol4 #e4 ,trum4 fal4 ,n4 ,ye4 bl4 trum4 #c4 ,les4 ,fe4 #f4 ,ded4 win4 rec4 ,tem4 ill4 ,jer4 #g4 ,pur4 spr4 ,esth4 del4 fea4 rej4 ,review ,questions ,what is meant by ,periodical ,institutions8 ,name the five general periodical institutions of the ,is'ra-el-ites4 ,what did the ,sabbath commemorate8 ,what were the new moons8 ,how many times in the year were observed by the ,is'ra-el-ites8 ,what was the ,sabbatical ,year8 ,what was the ,year of ,jubilee8 ,name the three great feasts4 ,when was each great feast observed8 ,what did each feast commemorate8 ,how was each feast observed8 ,what took place on the ,day of ,atonement8 ,what did the ,day of ,atonement represent8 ,what were the three lesser feasts8 ,when was each observed8 ,what did each lesser feast commemorate8 ,how were these feasts observed8 ,,sixth ,,study ,the ,land of ,palestine ,,part ,,one ,we have followed the history of the ,is'ra-el-ites to their encampment on the border of their promised land4 ,before taking up the study of their conquest of ,ca'naan let us obtain some conception of the country with which the greater part of ,bible history is connected--the land of ,pal'es-tine4 ,i4 ,let us notice its ,names at different periods3 #a4 ,the earliest name was ,ca'naan1 lowland1 referring only to the section between the river ,jor'dan and the ,med-i-ter-ra'ne-an ,sea1 of which the inhabitants most widely known were the ,ca'naan-ites1 dwelling on the lowland plains 7,gen4 #ab4 #e74 ,illustration3 ,,palestine #b4 ,after the conquest by ,josh'u-a it was called ,is'ra-el1 though in later times of ,old ,testament history the name referred only to the northern portion1 the southern kingdom being called ,ju'dah 7,judg4 #ah4 #a2 #a ,kings #ab4 #bj74 #c4 ,in the ,new ,testament period its political name was ,ju-de'a1 which was also the name of its most important province 7,mark #a4 #e74 #d4 ,its modern name is ,pal'es-tine1 a form of the word ,phi-lis'tine1 the name of a heathen race which in early times occupied its southwestern border 7,isa4 #ad4 #bi74 ,,ii4 ,the following are the principal ,dimensions of ,pal'es-tine3 #a4 ,ca'naan1 or western ,pal'es-tine1 has an area of about #f1fjj square miles1 a little less than ,massachusetts4 #b4 ,pal'es-tine ,proper1 the domain of the ,twelve ,tribes1 embraces #ab1jjj square miles1 about the area of ,massachusetts and ,connecticut4 #c4 ,the ,coast ,line1 from ,ga'za1 the southernmost town1 to ,tyre1 on the north1 is not far from #adj miles long4 #d4 ,the ,jor'dan is distant from the coast at ,tyre about #be miles2 and the ,dead ,sea1 in a line due east from ,ga'za1 about #fj miles4 #e4 ,the ,jor'dan ,line1 from ,dan1 one of the sources of the ,jor'dan1 to the southern end of the ,dead ,sea1 is #aee miles4 ,,iii4 ,the most important ,waters of ,pal'es-tine are3 #a4 ,the ,med-i-ter-ra'ne-an ,sea1 which bounds the land on the west 7,josh4 #a4 #d2 ,exod4 #bc4 #ca2 ,deut4 #aa4 #bd74 #b4 ,the ,river ,jor'dan1 rising in three sources in ,mount ,her'mon1 and emptying into the ,dead ,sea in a direct line #aje miles long1 but by its windings over #bjj miles 7,deut4 #i4 #a2 ,josh4 #d4 #a2 #b ,sam4 #ag4 #bb74 #c4 ,lake ,me'rom1 now called ,hu'leh1 a triangular sheet of water1 #c miles across1 in a swamp in northern ,gal'i-lee 7,josh4 #aa4 #e74 #d4 ,the ,sea of ,gal'i-lee1#h a pear-shaped lake1 #ad miles long by #i wide1 and nearly #gjj feet below the sea level4 7,note other names in ,josh4 #ac4 #bg2 #aa4 #b2 ,luke #e4 #a2 ,john #f4 #a47 #e4 ,the ,dead ,sea1 #dg miles long by #aj wide1 and #a1cjj feet below the sea level 7,gen4 #ad4 #c2 ,deut4 #d4 #di2 ,joel #b4 #bj74 ,,iv4 ,the land of ,pal'es-tine lies in five ,natural ,divisions1 nearly parallel3 #a4 ,the ,maritime ,plain1 or sandy flat1 extending along the ,med-i-ter-ra'ne-an ,sea1 from #h to #bj miles wide4 #b4 ,the ,sheph'e-lah1 or foothills1 from #cjj to #ejj feet high and very fertile4 #c4 ,the ,mountain ,region1 the backbone of the land1 consisting of mountains from #b1ejj to #d1jjj feet high4 #d4 ,the ,jor'dan ,valley1 a deep ravine1 the bed of the river and its three lakes1 from #ejj to #a1bjj feet below the level of the sea1 and from #b to #ad miles wide4 #e4 ,the ,eastern ,table-land1 a region of lofty and precipitous mountains1 from whose summit a plain stretches away to the ,a-ra'bi-an ,desert on the east4 ,hints to the ,teacher #a4 ,let the map be drawn by the teacher in presence of the class1 and each part carefully taught1 while the class also draw the map in their notebooks4 #b4 ,then erase the map from the board1 and call upon one scholar1 in presence of the class1 to draw the lines representing natural divisions3 another the river and lakes1 etc41 etc4 #c4 ,if chalk of different colors can be used for the different departments of the map1 coast line and ,jordan line one color1 mountain lines another1 it will add to the interest4 ,blackboard ,outline ,i4 ,na4 ,ca4 ,isr4 ,jud4 ,pal4 ,,ii4 ,dim4 ,ca4 #f1fjj4 ,pal4 #ab1jjj4 ,c4 ,l4 #adj4 ,to ,jor4 #be4 ,to ,d4 ,s4 #fj4 ,jor4 ,l4 #aee4 ,,iii4 ,wat4 ,med4 ,jor4 ,l4 ,me4 ,s4 ,gal4 ,d4 ,s4 ,,iv4 ,nat4 ,div4 ,m4 ,p4 ,sh4 ,m4 ,r4 ,j4 ,v4 ,e4 ,t4-,l4 ,review ,questions ,why is a knowledge of the land of ,pal'es-tine important8 ,give and explain the four different names of this land4 ,what is meant by ,ca'naan proper8 ,how large is ,ca'naan8 ,how large was the domain of the ,twelve ,tribes8 ,how long is the coast line8 ,how far is the ,jor'dan distant from the coast near its source8 ,how far is the ,dead ,sea from the coast8 ,what is meant by the ,jor'dan line8 ,how long is the ,jor'dan line8 ,name the most important waters of ,pal'es-tine4 ,describe the river ,jor'dan1 sources1 elevations1 length1 etc4 ,describe and locate ,lake ,me'rom4 ,describe the ,sea of ,gal'i-lee4 ,describe the ,dead ,sea4 ,what are the five natural divisions of ,pal'es-tine8 ,,part ,,two ,v4 ,pal'es-tine is a land of ,mountains1 among which we notice only a few of the most important1 beginning in the north4 #a4 ,mount ,her'mon1 is near the source of the ,jor'dan1 on the east1 and is the highest mountain in ,pal'es-tine4 #b4 ,mount ,leb'a-non1 west of ,her'mon1 was famous for its cedars 7#a ,kings #e4 #f2 ,psa4 #bi4 #e74 #c4 ,mount ,ta'bor1 the place of ,deb'o-rah's victory1 is southwest of the ,sea of ,gal'i-lee 7,judg4 #d4 #f74 #d4 ,mount ,gil-bo'a1 where ,king ,saul was slain1 is south of ,ta'bor 7#a ,sam4 #ca4 #a2 #b ,sam4 #a4 #ba74 #e4 ,mount ,car'mel1 the place of ,e-li'jah's sacrifice1 is on the ,med-i-ter-ra'ne-an1 due west of the ,sea of ,gal'i-lee 7#a ,kings #ah4 #bj1 #db2 ,isa4 #ce4 #b74 #f4 ,mount ,e'bal1 the mount of cursing1 lies in the center of the land 7,deut4 #aa4 #bf74 #g4 ,mount ,ger'i-zim1 the mount of blessing1 is south of ,e'bal 7,josh4 #h4 #cc2 ,john #d4 #bj74 #h4 ,mount ,zi'on1 on which ,je-ru'sa-lem stood and still stands1 is due west of the head of the ,dead ,sea4 #i4 ,mount ,ne'bo1 where ,mo'ses died1 is directly opposite ,zi'on1 on the east of the ,dead ,sea 7,deut4 #cd4 #a74 ,,vi4 ,we note a few of the most important places1 selecting only those connected with ,old ,testament history2 and we arrange them according to the natural divisions of the land4 #a4 ,on the ,seacoast ,plain were3 #a47 ,ga'za1 on the south1 the scene of ,sam'son's exploits and death 7,judg4 #af4 #ba74 #b47 ,jop'pa1 principal seaport of ,pal'es-tine 7#b ,chron4 #b4 #af2 ,jonah #a4 #c74 #c47 ,tyre1 just beyond the northern boundary of ,pa'les-tine1 a great commercial city of the ,phoe-ni'cians 7,josh4 #ai4 #bi74 #b4 ,in the ,mountain ,region were3 #a47 ,be'er-she'ba1 in the southern limit of the land 7,gen4 #ba4 #ca1 #cc2 #a ,sam4 #c4 #bj2 #a ,kings #ai4 #c74 #b47 ,he'bron1 burial place of the patriarchs 7,gen4 #bc4 #ai2 #di4 #bi-ca74 #c47 ,beth'le-hem1 the birthplace of ,da'vid 7#a ,sam4 #ag4 #ab74 #d47 ,je-ru'sa-lem1 the city of the great king1 which stands due west of the northern point of the ,dead ,sea 7#b ,sam4 #e4 #f-i74 #e47 ,beth'el1 nine miles north of ,je-ru'sa-lem1 the place of ,ja'cob's vision 7,gen4 #bh4 #ai74 #f47 ,she'chem1 between the twin mountains ,ger'i-zim and ,e'bal1 in the center of the land 7#a ,kings #ab4 #a74 #g47 ,sa-ma'ri-a1 the capital of the ,ten ,tribes 7#a ,kings #af4 #bd74 #c4 ,in the ,jor'dan ,valley were3 #a47 ,jer'i-cho1 near the head of the ,dead ,sea 7#a ,kings #af4 #cd74 #b47 ,dan1 at one of the sources of the ,jor'dan1 the northernmost place in the land 7,judg4 #ah4 #bh2 #bj4 #a74 ,blackboard ,outline ,i4 ,na4 ,ca4 ,isr4 ,jud4 ,pal4 ,,ii4 ,dim4 ,ca4 #f1fjj4 ,pal4 #ab1jjj4 ,c4 ,l4 #adj4 ,to ,jor4 #be4 ,to ,d4 ,s4 #fj4 ,jor4 ,l4 #aee4 ,,iii4 ,wat4 ,med4 ,jor4 ,l4 ,me4 ,s4 ,gal4 ,d4 ,s4 ,,iv4 ,nat4 ,div4 ,m4 ,p4 ,sh4 ,m4 ,r4 ,j4 ,v4 ,e4 ,t4-,l4 ,v4 ,mtns4 ,her4 ,leb4 ,tab4 ,gil4 ,car4 ,eb4 ,ger4 ,zi4 ,ne4 ,,vi4 ,pla4 #a4 ,sea4 ,pl4 ,ga4 ,jop4 ,ty4 #b4 ,mtn4 ,reg4 ,beer4 ,heb4 ,beth4 ,jer4 ,bet4 ,she4 ,sam4 #c4 ,jor4 ,val4 ,jer4 ,da4 ,review ,questions ,name nine mountains on the map of ,pal'es-tine4 ,state the location of each mountain4 ,state a fact for which each mountain is celebrated4 ,name and locate three places on the ,maritime ,plain4 ,name and locate seven places in the ,mountain ,region4 ,name and locate two places in the ,jor'dan ,valley4 ,,seventh ,,study ,the ,conquest of ,canaan ,i4 ,let us notice the ,ca'naan-ites1 the peoples who were dispossessed by the ,is'ra-el-ites4 #a4 ,they were of one stock1 according to the ,scriptures1 belonging to the ,ham'ite race1 and all descended from the family of ,ca'naan 7,gen4 #aj4 #ae-ai74 #b4 ,they were divided into various tribes1 from seven to ten nations1 arranged mainly as follows3 #a47 ,on the seacoast plain1 the ,phi-lis'tines on the south1 the ,ca'naan-ites in the middle1 and the ,phoe-ni'cians1 or ,zi-do'ni-ans1 on the north of ,mount ,car'mel4 #b47 ,in the mountain region1 the ,am'or-ites in the south1 the ,jeb'u-sites around ,je-ru'sa-lem1 the ,hi'vites in the center of the land1 and the ,hit'tites in the north4 #c47 ,the ,jor'dan valley was held by the ,ca'naan-ites4 #d47 ,on the eastern table-land1 the ,mo'ab-ites east of the ,dead ,sea1 the ,am'or-ites east of the ,jor'dan1 and the ,ba'shan-ites in the north4 #c4 ,their government was local4 ,not only was each tribe independent1 but each little locality1 often each city1 had its own king1 or chief4 ,there was no unity of government1 and scarcely any combination to resist the invasion of ,is'ra-el1 a fact which made the conquest far less difficult4 #d4 ,they were idolatrous and1 as a result1 grossly immoral4 ,idolatry is always associated with immorality2 for the worship of idols is a deification of sensuality4 ,ba'al and ,ash'e-rah 7plural ,ash'to-reth7 were the male and female divinities worshiped by most of these races 7,judg4 #b4 #ac74 #e4 ,they had been weakened before the coming of the ,is'ra-el-ites either by war or by pestilence4 ,the allusions in ,exod4 #bc4 #bh2 ,deut4 #g4 #bj2 and ,josh4 #bd4 #ab1 have been referred to an invasion before that of ,israel1 or to some plague1 which destroyed the native races4 ,,ii4 ,the ,campaigns of the ,conquest4 ,these may be divided as follows3 #a4 ,the ,campaigns ,east of the ,jor'dan4 ,these were during the lifetime of ,mo'ses1 and gained for ,is'ra-el all the territory south of ,mount ,her'mon4 ,illustration3 ,,campaigns ,,of ,,the ,,conquest #a47 ,the conquest of ,gil'e-ad was made at the battle of ,ja'haz1 near the brook ,ar'non 7,num4 #ba4 #ba-ca74 ,in one battle the ,is'ra-el-ites gained the land of ,gil'e-ad east of the ,jor'dan4 #b47 ,the conquest of ,ba'shan was completed at the battle of ,ed're-i1 in the mountainous region 7,num4 #ba4 #cc-ce74 #c47 ,the conquest of ,mid'i-an 7,num4 #ca4 #a-h7 was led by the warrior-priest ,phin'e-has1 and by smiting the tribes on the east protected the frontier toward the desert4 ,the land won by these three campaigns became the territory of the tribes of ,reu'ben1 ,gad1 and the half tribe of ,ma-nas'seh 7,deut4 #cb74 #b4 ,the ,campaigns ,west of the ,jor'dan were led by ,josh'u-a1 and showed great tactical skill and resistless energy of action4 ,josh'u-a led his people across the ,jor'dan and established a fortified camp1 the center of operations during all his campaigns1 at ,gil'gal 7,josh4 #d4 #ai74 #a47 ,the first invasion was of ,central ,pal'es-tine1 beginning with ,jer'i-cho 7,josh4 #f71 taking ,a'i on the way 7,josh4 #h71 and ending with ,she'chem1 which apparently fell without resistance 7,josh4 #h4 #cj-cc74 ,this campaign gave to ,is'ra-el the center of the land and divided their enemies into two sections4 #b47 ,next came the campaign against ,southern ,pal'es-tine4 ,at this time was fought the battle of ,beth-ho'ron 7,josh4 #aj4 #aj71 the most momentous in its results in all history1 and one over which1 if ever1 the sun and moon might well stand still 7,josh4 #aj4 #ab1 #ac74i ,after this great victory ,josh'u-a pursued his enemies and took the towns as far south as ,he'bron and ,de'bir 7,josh4 #aj4 #bi-ci74 #c47 ,lastly1 ,josh'u-a conquered ,northern ,pal'es-tine 7,josh4 #aa74 ,the battle in this campaign was near ,lake ,me'rom 7,josh4 #aa4 #g71 and1 as before1 it was followed by the capture of many cities in the north4 ,thus in those marches ,josh'u-a won all the mountain region of western ,pal'es-tine4 #c4 ,there were certain supplementary campaigns1 partly in ,josh'u-a's time1 partly afterward4 #a47 ,caleb's capture of ,he'bron1 which had been reoccupied by the ,am'or-ites 7,josh4 #ad2 ,judg4 #a4 #aj-ae74 #b47 ,the ,ju'dah-ites' capture of ,be'zek1 an unknown place between ,je-ru'sa-lem and the ,phi-lis'tine plain 7,judg4 #a4 #a-h74 #c47 ,the ,dan'ites' capture of ,la'ish1 in the extreme north1 which afterward bore the name of ,dan 7,judg4 #ah74 ,but1 after all these campaigns1 a large part of the land was still unsubdued1 and the war of the conquest did not end until the days of ,da'vid by whom every foe was finally placed under foot4 ,,iii4 ,general ,aspects of ,is'ra-el at the ,close of the ,conquest4 #a4 ,with regard to the native races4 ,they were not destroyed nor driven away1 as had been commanded4#aj ,they remained as subject people in some places1 as the ruling race on the seacoast and in the ,jor'dan valley4 ,we see their influence1 always injurious1 throughout all ,is'ra-el's history 7,exod4 #bc4 #ca-cc2 ,deut4 #g4 #a-e72 and some think that the present inhabitants of the country belong to the original ,ca'naan-ite stock4 #b4 ,the ,is'ra-el-ites did not occupy all the country4 ,they possessed most of the mountain region1 but none of the seacoast plain on the ,jor'dan valley4 ,they were like the ,swiss in modern times1 living among the mountains4 ,even in the ,new ,testament period the lowlands were occupied mainly by ,gen'tiles4 #c4 ,the landed system was peculiar4 ,estates were inalienable4 ,they might be leased1 but not sold2 and on the year of jubilee 7every fiftieth year7 all land reverted to the family originally owning it4 ,thus every family had its ancestral home1 the poor were protected1 and riches were kept within bounds4 #d4 ,the government was a republic of families without an executive head1 except when a judge was raised up to meet special needs4 ,each tribe had its own rulers1 but there was no central authority after ,josh'u-a 7,judg4 #ba4 #be74 ,this had its evils1 for it led to national weakness2 but it had its benefits3 #a47 ,it kept ,is'ra-el from becoming a great worldly kingdom like ,e'gypt and ,as-syr'i-a1 which would have thwarted the divine purpose4 #b47 ,it promoted individuality and personal energy of character4 ,there would have been no ,age of ,heroes if ,is'ra-el had been a kingdom like ,e'gypt4 #e4 ,the religious system was simple4 ,there was but one altar at ,shi'loh for all the land and for all the tribes1 and the people were required to visit it for the three great feasts 7,deut4 #ab4 #aa1 #ad2 ,josh4 #ah4 #a74 ,this was the religious bond which united the people4 ,if it had been maintained they would have needed no other constitution1 and even its partial observance kept the people one nation4 #f4 ,the character of the people was diverse4 ,throughout the history we trace the working of two distinct elements3 ,there was the true ,is'ra-el--the earnest1 religious1 ,god-worshiping section1 the ,is'ra-el of ,josh'u-a and ,gid'e-on and ,sam'u-el4 ,then there was the underlying mass of the people--secular1 ignorant1 prone to idolatry1 the ,is'ra-el that worshiped ,ba'al and ,ash'to-reth1 and sought alliance with the heathen4 ,one element was the hope of the nation2 the other was its bane4 ,we shall constantly see the evidences of these two elements in the story of the ,is'ra-el-ites4 ,blackboard ,outline ,i4 ,can4 #a4 ,one st4 #b4 ,var4 tri4 #a47 ,s4 ,p4 ,phil4 ,can4 ,phoe4 #b47 ,m4 ,r4 ,am4 ,je4 ,hiv4 ,hitt4 #c47 ,j4 ,v4 ,can4 #d47 ,e4 ,t4-,l4 ,mo4 ,am4 ,bash4 #c4 ,gov4 loc4 #d4 ,idol4 imm4 #e4 ,weak4 ,,ii4 ,camp4 ,conq4 #a4 ,camp4 ,eas4 ,jor4 #a47 ,gil4 ,jah4 #b47 ,bash4 ,ed4 #c47 ,mid4 #b4 ,camp4 ,wes4 ,jor4 #a47 ,cent4 ,pal4 ,jer4 ,ai4 ,she4 #b47 ,sou4 ,pal4 ,beth-hor4 #c47 ,nor4 ,pal4 ,l4 ,mer4 #c4 ,supp4 ,camp4 #a47 ,cal4 cap4 ,heb4 #b47 ,jud4 cap4 ,bez4 #c47 ,dan4 cap4 ,lai4 ,,iii4 ,gen4 ,asp4 ,isr4 at ,clo4 ,conq4 #a4 ,nat4 rac4 sub4 #b4 ,isr4 in mtn4 reg4 #c4 ,land4 sys4 #d4 ,gov4 rep4 fam4 #e4 ,rel4 sys4 #f4 ,char4 peo4 ,questions for ,review ,to what race did the ,ca'naan-ite tribes belong8 ,what were their tribes1 and where located8 ,what was their government8 ,what was their worship8 ,what was the effect of their worship on their character8 ,what had taken place shortly before the coming of the ,is'ra-el-ites8 ,what campaigns of conquest were made before the death of ,mo'ses8 ,what battles were fought in these campaigns8 ,what tribes took possession of this territory8 ,on which side of the ,jor'dan were ,josh'u-a's campaigns8 ,what traits as a military leader did he show8 ,what places were captured on the first of ,josh'u-a's campaigns8 ,what was the effect of this campaign on the enemies8 ,against what section was ,josh'u-a's second campaign8 ,where was the great battle fought8 ,what is said to have taken place at this battle8 ,what cities were captured at this time8 ,where was the third campaign of ,josh'u-a directed8 ,where was the battle fought in this campaign8 ,what were the three supplementary campaigns8 ,what city was conquered by ,ca'leb8 ,what city was occupied by the tribe of ,dan8 ,what king1 long after ,josh'u-a1 completed the conquest of ,ca'naan8 ,what was the condition of the native races after the conquest8 ,what was the result of their continuance in the land8 ,what portion of the country was occupied by the ,is'ra-el-ites8 ,what modern analogy is given to them8 ,what was the system of land tenure among the ,is'ra-el-ites8 ,what were some of its benefits8 ,what was the form of government8 ,wherein was the system defective8 ,what were its excellences8 ,what was the religious system of the ,is'ra-el-ites8 ,what was the effect of this system8 ,what was the religious character of the people8 ,what was the condition of the mass of the ,is'ra-el-ites8 ,,eighth ,,study ,the ,age of the ,heroes ,from the death of ,josh'u-a to the coronation of ,saul the ,twelve ,tribes of ,is'ra-el were without a central government1 except as from time to time men of ability rose up among them4 ,it was not1 as some have supposed1 an age of anarchy1 for anarchy is confusion2 and during most of the time there were peace and order in ,is'ra-el4 ,it was rather an age of heroes1 for its rulers were neither hereditary nor elective1 but men called forth by the needs of the hour and their own qualities of leadership4 ,i4 ,the ,condition of ,is'ra-el during ,this ,period4 ,this was partly favorable and partly unfavorable4 ,the favorable elements were3 #a4 ,the ,mountain ,location of ,is'ra-el4 ,the tribes were perched like ,switzerland in the ,alps4 ,there was a desert on the south and on the east1 while on the west lay the plain by the sea1 the great route of travel between ,e'gypt and the ,eu-phra'tes4 ,great armies passed and repassed over this plain1 and great battles were fought by ,e-gyp'tians1 ,hit'tites1 and ,as-syr'i-ans1 while ,is'ra-el on her mountain peaks was unmolested4 ,this mountain home left ,is'ra-el generally unnoticed1 and1 when attacked1 almost inaccessible4 #b4 ,the ,racial ,unity of ,is'ra-el4 ,the two finest races of the world1 the ,greek and the ,is'ra-el-ite1 were both of pure blood4 ,the ,is'rael-ites were one in origin1 in language1 in traditions1 in aspirations4 ,this national unity often brought the tribes together in times of distress1 though not always when the union was needed4 #c4 ,the ,religious ,institutions4 ,in ,greece every town had its own god and its own religion2 hence the many parties and petty nationalities4 ,but in ,is'ra-el there was in theory but one altar1 one house of ,god1 one system of worship1 with its annual pilgrimage to the religious capital 7#a ,sam4 #a4 #c74 ,just to the measure in which these institutions were observed ,is'ra-el was strong against all foes1 and as they were neglected the land became the prey of oppressors 7,judg4 #b4 #g-ad2 #a ,sam4 #g4 #c74 ,but there were also unfavorable elements in the condition of ,is'ra-el1 which threatened its very existence4 ,these were3 #a4 ,the ,native ,races4 ,these were of two kinds3 the subject people left on the soil1 more or less under the domination of the conquerors2 and the surrounding nations1 ,am'mon1 ,mo'ab1 ,syr'i-a1 and the ,phi-lis'tines4 ,there was danger from their enmity1 a rebellion of the subject tribes1 allied with the enemies around1 for the destruction of ,is'ra-el4 ,and there was far greater danger from their friendship1 which would lead to intermarriage1 to idolatry1 to corruption of morals1 and to ruin 7,judg4 #c4 #a-g74 #b4 ,lack of a ,central ,government4 ,is'ra-el was in the condition of the ,united ,states at the close of the ,revolution1 from #aghc to #aghi1 a loose confederation with no central authority4 ,there were twelve tribes1 but each governed itself4 ,only under some great chieftain like ,gid'e-on or ,sam'u-el were all the twelve tribes united4 ,most of the judges ruled only over their own district of a few adjoining tribes4 ,often the northern tribes were in peril1 but we never read of ,ju'dah going to their assistance2 and in ,ju'dah's wars with the ,phi-lis'tines the northern tribes stood aloof4 #c4 ,tribal ,jealousy4 ,until the establishment of the ,american republic the world never saw1 for any length of time1 a league of states on an equal footing4 ,in ,greece the strongest state claimed the hegemony1 or leadership1 and oppressed its allies4 ,in ,italy the ,ro'mans reduced all their neighbors to subjection4 ,in ,europe it now requires an army of more than a million men to maintain the balance of power4 ,so in ,is'ra-el there was a constant struggle for the leadership between the two great tribes of ,ju'dah and ,e'phra-im4 ,during the period of the judges ,e'phra-im was constantly asserting its rights to rule the other tribes 7,judg4 #h4 #a-c2 #ab4 #a-f74 ,we trace this rivalry through all the reign of ,da'vid2 and at last it led to the division of the empire under ,re-ho-bo'am4 #d4 ,idolatrous ,tendencies4 ,we note constantly the two ,is'ra-els--a spiritual minority and an irreligious1 idolatrous mass4 ,for many centuries the greatest evil of ,is'ra-el-ite history was the tendency to the worship of idols4 ,causes which operated to promote it were3 #a47 ,the natural craving for a visible object of worship1 not altogether eradicated from even the ,christian heart2 for example1 ,ro'mish images and the use of the crucifix4 #b47 ,the association of ,is'ra-el with idolaters on the soil or as neighbors4 #c47 ,the opportunity which idol worship gives to gratify lust under the guise of religion4 ,as a result of these forces we find idol worship the crying sin of the ,is'ra-el-ites down to the captivity in ,bab'y-lon4 ,,ii4 ,the ,judges of ,is'ra-el4 ,these were the heroes of that age1 the men who in turn led the tribes1 freed them from their enemies1 and restored them to the service of ,god4 #a4 ,their ,office4 ,it was not generally to try legal cases between man and man or between tribe and tribe4 ,it might be regarded as a military dictatorship blended with a religious authority4 ,the judge was a union of the warrior and the religious reformer4 #b4 ,their ,appointment1 not by election1 nor the votes of the people4 ,the ,orientals have never chosen their rulers by suffrage4 ,the judges were men whom the people recognized as called of ,god to their office 7,judg4 #b4 #af2 #c4 #i2 #f4 #aa-ac74 #c4 ,their authority rested not on law1 nor on armies1 but on the personal elements of integrity and leadership in the men1 and on the general belief in their inspiration4 ,they spoke to the people with the authority of a messenger from ,god4 ,they arose in some hour of great need1 and after the immediate danger was over held their power until the end of their lives4 #d4 ,the ,extent of ,their ,rule was generally local1 over a few tribes in one section4 ,deb'o-rah ruled in the north 7,judg4 #e4 #ad-ah72 ,jeph'thah governed only the east of the ,jor'dan 7,judg4 #aa4 #bi74 ,often more than one judge was ruling at the same time2 probably ,sam'son and ,e'li were contemporaneous4 ,gid'e-on and ,sam'u-el alone ruled all the twelve tribes4 ,blackboard ,outline ,i4 ,cond4 ,isr4 ,fav4 #a4 ,mtn4 ,loc4 #b4 ,rac4 ,un4 #c4 ,rel4 ,inst4 ,unfav4 #a4 ,nat4 ,rac4 #b4 ,lac4 ,cent4 ,gov4 #c4 ,tri4 ,jeal4 #d4 ,idol4 ,ten4 ,,ii4 ,jud4 ,isr4 #a4 ,off4 #b4 ,app4 #c4 ,auth4 #d4 ,ex4 ,ru4 ,review ,questions ,between what events was this period8 ,what were its traits8 ,what were the conditions favorable to ,is'ra-el during this period8 ,how did their location aid the ,is'ra-el-ites8 ,wherein were the ,is'ra-el-ites one people8 ,how did their religious institutions keep them together8 ,what were the unfavorable and dangerous elements in the condition of ,is'ra-el8 ,how were they in danger from the native races8 ,what was lacking in the government of ,is'ra-el8 ,what two tribes were in rivalry8 ,what was the effect of this jealousy8 ,what analogy is found in ancient history8 ,how was the same principle illustrated in modern times8 ,what evil tendency was manifested in ,is'ra-el through nearly all its history8 ,what causes are assigned for this tendency8 ,what was the office of a judge in ,is'ra-el8 ,how were the judges appointed8 ,what was their authority8 ,how widely did their rule extend8 ,,iii4 ,the ,oppressions and ,deliverers4 ,during these centuries the influences already named brought ,is'ra-el many times under the domination of foreign power4 ,the story was always the same3 forsaking ,god1 following idols1 subjection1 reformation1 victory1 and temporary prosperity4 ,we notice the seven oppressions4 ,some of these were undoubtedly contemporaneous4 #a4 ,the ,mes-o-po-ta'mi-an ,oppression 7,judg4 #c4 #g-aa74 ,probably this was over the southern portion1 and the invaders came by the east and around the ,dead ,sea1 as earlier invaders from the same land had come 7,gen4 #ad4 #a-g74 ,the deliverer was ,oth'ni-el1 the first judge1 and the only judge of the tribe of ,ju'dah4 #b4 ,the ,mo'ab-ite ,oppression 7,judg4 #c4 #ab-cj74 ,over the eastern and central section1 including ,e'phra-im 7verse #bg72 deliverer1 ,e'hud1 the second judge2 battle fought at the ford of the river ,jor'dan 7verse #bh74 #c4 ,the ,early ,phi-lis'tine ,oppression 7,judg4 #c4 #ca74 ,over the southwest1 on the frontier of ,ju'dah2 deliverer1 ,sham'gar4 #d4 ,the ,ca'naan-ite ,oppression 7,judg4 #d74 ,over the northern tribes2 deliverer1 ,deb'o-rah1 the woman judge2 battle at ,mount ,ta'bor4 #e4 ,the ,mid'i-an-ite ,oppression 7,judg4 #f4 #a-f74 ,over the northern center1 especially ,ma-nas'seh1 east2 the most severe of all2 deliverer1 ,gid'e-on1 the greatest of the judges 7,judg4 #f4 #aa1 #ab72 battle1 on ,mount ,gil-bo'a 7,judg4 #g71 followed by other victories 7,judg4 #h74 #f4 ,,the ,,am',,mon-,,ite ,,oppression 7,judg4 #aj4 #g-i74 ,note an alliance between the ,am'o-rites and ,phi-lis'tines1 which is suggestive2 mainly over the tribes on the east of ,jor'dan2 deliverer1 ,jeph'thah#aa 7,judg4 #aa72 victory at ,a-ro'er 7verse #cc74 #g4 ,,the ,,phi-,,lis',,tine ,,oppression 7,judg4 #ac74 ,this was the most protracted of all1 for it extended1 with intervals of freedom1 for a hundred years2 embraced all the land1 but was most heavily felt south of ,mounts ,car'mel and ,gil-bo'a4 ,the liberation was begun by ,sam'son 7,judg4 #ac4 #e71 but he was led astray by sensual lusts and became a failure4 ,freedom was later won by ,sam'u-el at the battle of ,eb-en-e'zer 7#a ,sam4 #g4 #g-ad72 but the oppression was renewed in the time of ,saul1 and became heavier than ever 7#a ,sam4 #ac4 #ag-bj74 ,finally the yoke was broken by ,da'vid1 in a succession of victories1 ending with the capture of ,gath1 the ,phi-lis'tine capital 7#b ,sam4 #e4 #ag-be2 #a ,chron4 #ah4 #a74 ,note with each oppression3 #a47 ,the oppressor4 #b47 ,the section oppressed4 #c47 ,the deliverer4 #d47 ,the battlefield4 ,,iv4 ,the ,general ,aspects of the ,period4 #a4 ,it was an age of individuality4 ,there was no strong government to oppress the people1 to concentrate all the life of the nation at the court1 and to repress individuality4 ,contrast ,per'sia with ,greece2 ,rome under the emperors with ,rome as a republic4 ,as men were needed they were raised up1 for there was opportunity for character4 ,hence it was an age of heroes--,oth'ni-el1 ,e'hud1 ,sham'gar1 ,gid'e-on1 ,jeph'thah1 ,sam'son1 ,sam'u-el1 etc4 ,free institutions bring strong men to the front4 #b4 ,it was an age of neglect of the law4 ,during all this period there is no allusion to the law of ,mo'ses4 ,its regulations were ignored1 except so far as they belonged to the common law of conscience and right4 ,the laws of ,mo'ses were not deliberately disobeyed1 but were ignorantly neglected4 ,even good men1 as ,gid'e-on and ,sam'u-el1 built altars and offered sacrifices 7,judg4 #f4 #bd2 #a ,sam4 #g4 #i7 contrary to the letter of the law of ,mo'ses1 but obeying its spirit4 #c4 ,nevertheless1 it was an age of progress4 ,there were alternate advancements and retrogressions2 yet we see a people with energy1 rising in spite of their hindrances4 ,by degrees government became more settled 7#a ,sam4 #g4 #ae-ag71 foreign relations arose 7#a ,sam4 #g4 #ad2 ,ruth #a4 #a71 and the people began to look toward a more stable system 7#a ,sam4 #h4 #d-f74 ,hints to the ,teacher #a4 ,see that the outline is thoroughly committed to memory1 and test the pupil's knowledge by calling upon him to read at sight the ,blackboard ,outline below4 #b4 ,draw on the board an outline map of ,pal'es-tine1 and indicate upon it in succession the portions occupied in each of the oppressions4 ,blackboard ,outline ,i4 ,cond4 ,isr4 ,fav4 #a4 ,mtn4 ,loc4 #b4 ,rac4 ,un4 #c4 ,rel4 ,ins4 ,unfav4 #a4 ,nat4 ,rac4 #b4 ,lac4 ,cent4 ,gov4 #c4 ,tri4 ,jeal4 #d4 ,idol4 ,ten4 ,,ii4 ,jud4 ,isr4 #a4 ,off4 #b4 ,app4 #c4 ,auth4 #d4 ,ext4 ,ru4 ,,iii4 ,opp4 and ,deliv4 ,opp4 ,sec4 ,deliv4 ,batt4-fie4 #a4 ,mes4 ,sou4 ,oth4 #b4 ,moab4 ,ea4 cen4 ,ehu4 ,for4 ,jor4 #c4 ,ea4 ,phil4 ,so4-wes4 ,sham4 #d4 ,can4 ,nor4 ,deb4 ,mt4 ,tab4 #e4 ,mid4 ,nor4 cen4 ,gid4 ,mt4 ,gil4 #f4 ,amm4 ,east4 ,jeph4 ,aro4 #g4 ,phil4 ,all4 ,sams4 ,saml4 ,eben4 ,dav4 ,gath4 ,,iv4 ,gen4 ,asp4 ,per4 #a4 ,ind4 #b4 ,neg4 ,law4 #c4 ,prog4 ,review ,questions ,what resulted from these evil tendencies in ,is'ra-el8 ,how many oppressors were there8 ,who were the first oppressors8 ,over what part of the country was the first oppression8 ,who delivered ,is'ra-el from it8 ,what was the second oppression8 ,what part of the country suffered from it8 ,who was the deliverer8 ,where was the battle fought8 ,what was the third oppression1 and where8 ,who delivered ,is'ra-el8 ,what was the fourth oppression8 ,where was it8 ,who was the deliverer8 ,where was the victory won8 ,what was the fifth oppression8 ,over what part of the country was it8 ,who delivered ,is'ra-el from it8 ,what was the sixth oppression8 ,over what part of the land was it8 ,who delivered from it8 ,what was the last oppression8 ,how did it differ from the others8 ,what three names are associated in the deliverance from its power8 ,what are the three general aspects of this period8 ,,ninth ,,study ,the ,rise of the ,israelite ,empire ,,part ,,one ,the coronation of ,saul marks an epoch in the history of ,is'ra-el4 ,from that point1 for five hundred years1 the chosen people were under the rule of kings4 ,i4 ,the ,causes ,leading to the ,monarchy4 ,the kingdom was not an accidental nor a sudden event4 ,there had been a gradual preparation for it through all the period of the judges4 #a4 ,notice the tendency toward settled government4 ,in the time of ,gid'e-on the people desired him to become a king 7,judg4 #h4 #bb1 #bc74 ,his son attempted to make himself a king1 but failed 7,judg4 #i74 ,we find judges setting up a semi-royal state1 and making marriages for their children outside of their tribe 7,judg4 #ab4 #i1 #ac1 #ad72 and associating their sons with themselves 7,judg4 #aj4 #d2 #a ,sam4 #h4 #a1 #b74 ,all these show a monarchical trend in the time4 #b4 ,another cause was the consolidation of the surrounding nations4 ,in the days of the conquest there were few kings in the lands neighboring ,pa'les-tine4 ,we read of lords and elders1 but no kings1 among the ,phi-lis'tines1 the ,mo'ab-ites1 the ,am'mon-ites1 and the ,phoe-ni'cians 7,judg4 #c4 #c2 #a ,sam4 #e4 #h2 ,num4 #bb4 #g74 ,but a wave of revolution swept over all those lands1 and very soon we find that every nation around ,is'ra-el had its king 7#a ,sam4 #ba4 #aj2 #ab4 #ab2 #bb4 #c2 #b ,sam4 #e4 #aa74 ,the movement of ,is'ra-el toward monarchy was in accordance with this spirit4 #c4 ,there was a danger of invasion1 which impelled the ,is'ra-el-ites to seek for a stronger government 7#a ,sam4 #ab4 #ab74 ,they felt themselves weak1 while other nations were organized for conquest1 and desired a king for leader in war4 #d4 ,then1 too1 the rule of ,sam'u-el led the ,is'ra-el-ites to desire a better organization of the government4 ,for a generation they had enjoyed the benefit of a wise1 strong1 and steady rule4 ,they felt unwilling to risk the dangers of tribal dissension after the death of ,sam'u-el1 and therefore they sought for a king4 #e4 ,but underlying all was the worldly ambition of the people4 ,they were not willing to remain the people of ,god and work out a peculiar destiny4 ,they wished to be like the nations around1 to establish a secular state1 to conquer an empire for themselves 7#a ,sam #h4 #e-bj74 ,it was this worldly spirit1 whose results ,sam'u-el saw1 which made him unwilling to accede to the wish of the ,is'ra-el-ites4 ,but the very things against which he warned them 7#a ,sam4 #h4 #aa-ah7 were just what they desired4 ,,ii4 ,the ,character of the ,is'ra-el-ite ,kingdom4 ,when men change their plans ,god changes his4 ,he desired ,is'ra-el to remain a republic1 and not to enter into worldly relations and aims4 ,when1 however1 the ,is'ra-el-ites were determined ,god gave them a king 7#a ,sam4 #h4 #bb72 but his rule was not to be like that of the nations around ,is'ra-el4 ,we ascertain the divine ideal of a kingdom for his chosen people3 #a4 ,it was a theocratic kingdom4 ,that is1 it recognized ,god as the supreme ruler1 and the king as his representative1 to rule in accordance with his will1 and not by his own right4 ,only as people and king conformed to this principle could the true aims of the kingdom be accomplished 7#a ,sam4 #ab4 #ac-ae74 ,and if the king should deviate from this order he should lose his throne4 ,disobedience to the divine will caused the kingdom to pass from the family of ,saul to that of ,da'vid 7#a ,sam4 #ac4 #ac1 #ad2 #ae4 #bf74 #b4 ,it was a constitutional kingdom4 ,the rights of the people were carefully guaranteed1 and there was a written constitution 7#a ,sam4 #aj4 #be74 ,nearly all the ,oriental countries have always been governed by absolute monarchs1 but ,is'ra-el was an exception to this rule4 ,the people could demand their rights from ,re-ho-bo'am 7#a ,kings #ab4 #c1 #d74 ,a'hab could not take away nor even buy ,na'both's vineyard against its owner's will 7#a ,kings #ba4 #a-c74 ,no doubt the rights of the people were often violated1 but the violation was contrary to the spirit of the monarchy4 #c4 ,it was regulated by the prophets4 ,the order of prophets had a regular standing in the ,is'ra-el-ite state4 ,the prophet was a check upon the power of the king1 as a representative both of ,god's will and the people's rights4 ,he spoke not only of his own opinions1 but by the authority of ,god4 ,notice instances of the boldness of prophets in rebuking kings 7#a ,sam4 #ae4 #af-bc2 #b ,sam4 #ab4 #a-g2 #a ,kings #ac4 #a-f2 #ag4 #a2 #bb4 #g-ag74 ,the order of prophets was like the ,house of ,commons1 between the king and the people4 ,,iii4 ,the ,reign of ,saul4 #a4 ,this may be divided into two parts3 #a47 ,a period of prosperity1 during which ,saul ruled well1 and freed ,is'ra-el from its oppressors on every side 7#a ,sam4 #ad4 #dg1 #dh74 #b47 ,then a period of decline1 in which ,saul's kingdom seems to be falling in pieces1 and only preserved by the prowess and ability of ,da'vid4 ,after ,da'vid's exile the ,phi-lis'tines again overran ,is'ra-el1 and ,saul's reign ended in defeat and death4 #b4 ,we observe that ,saul's reign was a failure1 and left the tribes in worse condition than it found them4 #a47 ,he failed in uniting the tribes2 for tribal jealousies continued 7#a ,sam4 #aj4 #bg71 and at the close of his reign broke out anew in the establishment of rival thrones 7#b ,sam4 #b4 #d1 #h1 #i74 #b47 ,he failed in making friends4 ,he alienated ,sam'u-el1 and with him the order of prophets 7#a ,sam4 #ae4 #ce72 he alienated ,da'vid1 the ablest young man of his age and the rising hope of ,is'ra-el1 and drove him into exile 7#a ,sam4 #ba4 #aj72 he alienated the entire order of the priests1 and caused many of them to be massacred 7#a ,sam4 #bb4 #ah74 #c47 ,he failed to advance religion1 left the tabernacle in ruins1 left the ark in seclusion1 broke up the service1 and drove the priests whom he did not murder into exile 7#a ,sam4 #bb4 #bj-bc74 #d47 ,he failed to liberate ,is'ra-el2 at his death the yoke of the ,phi-lis'tines was more severe than ever before 7#a ,sam4 #ca4 #a-g74 ,the most charitable view of ,saul was that he was insane during the latter years of his life4 ,the cause of his failure was a desire to reign as an absolute monarch1 and an unwillingness to submit to the constitution of the realm4 ,for ,blackboard ,outline and ,review ,questions see end of the lesson4 ,,part ,,two ,,iv4 ,the ,reign of ,da'vid4 ,this was a brilliant period2 for it was led by a great man1 in nearly every respect the greatest1 after ,mo'ses1 in ,is'ra-el-ite history4 #a4 ,notice the condition of ,is'ra-el at his accession4 ,this will throw into relief the greatness of his character and his achievements4 #a47 ,it was a subject people4 ,under ,phi-lis'tine yoke2 its warriors slain1 many of its cities deserted2 ,da'vid himself probably at first tributary to the king of ,gath4 #b47 ,it was a disorganized people4 ,the tribes were divided2 national unity was lost2 and two thrones were set up1 one at ,he'bron1 the other at ,ma-ha-na'-im 7#b ,sam4 #b4 #d-i74 ,illustration3 ,,empire ,,of ,,david #c47 ,it was a people without religion4 ,the tabernacle was gone2 the ark was in neglect2 there was no altar and no sacrifice2 the priests had been slain4 ,we can scarcely imagine ,is'ra-el at a lower ebb than when ,da'vid was called to the throne4 #b4 ,we ascertain ,da'vid's achievements1 the results of his reign4 #a47 ,he united the tribes4 ,at first crowned king by ,ju'dah only1 later he was made king over all the tribes1 by the desire of all 7#b ,sam4 #e4 #a-e74 ,during his reign we find but little trace of the old feud between ,e'phra-im and ,ju'dah1 though it was not dead1 and destined yet to rend the kingdom asunder4 #b47 ,he subjugated the land4 ,the conquest of ,pal'es-tine1 left incomplete by ,josh'u-a1 and delayed for nearly three hundred years1 was finished at last by ,da'vid in the capture of ,je'bus1 or ,je-ru'sa-lem 7#b ,sam4 #e4 #f1 #g71 in the overthrow of the ,phi-lis'tines 7#b ,sam4 #e4 #ag-be71 and in the final capture of their capital city 7#a ,chron4 #ah4 #a74 ,at last ,is'ra-el was possessor of its own land4 #c47 ,he organized the government4 ,he established a capital 7#b ,sam4 #e4 #i74 ,he built a palace 7#b ,sam4 #e4 #aa72 notice that the builders were from ,tyre1 showing that the ,is'ra-el-ites were not advanced in the arts4 ,he established a system of government1 with officers in the court and throughout the realm 7#a ,chron4 #bg4 #be-cd74 ,contrast all this with ,saul1 who ruled from his tent1 like a ,bed'ou-in sheik4 #d47 ,he established an army4 ,there was a royal bodyguard1 probably of foreigners1 like that of many ,european kings in modern times 7#b ,sam4 #h4 #ah2 #ae4 #ah74 ,there was a band of heroes1 like ,arthur's ,round ,table 7#b ,sam4 #bc4 #h-ci74 ,there was the host1 the available military force1 divided into twelve divisions1 one on duty each month 7#a ,chron4 #bg4 #a-ae74 #e47 ,he established religion4 ,no sooner was ,da'vid on the throne than he brought the ark out of its hiding place1 and gave it a new home in his capital 7#a ,chron4 #af4 #a74 ,the priesthood was organized1 and divided into courses for the service of the tabernacle 7#a ,chron4 #bc4 #bg-cb2 #bd4 #a-ai74 ,he wrote many psalms1 and caused others to be written1 for the worship of ,god4 ,two prophets stood by his throne 7#a ,chron4 #bi4 #bi71 and two high priests stood by the altar 7#a ,chron4 #bd4 #c74 ,this organization and uplifting of the public worship had a great effect upon the kingdom4 #f47 ,he conquered all the surrounding nations4 ,these wars were largely forced upon ,da'vid by the jealousy of the neighboring kingdoms4 ,in turn his armies conquered and annexed to his dominions the land of the ,phi-lis'tines 7#a ,chron4 #ah4 #a71 ,mo'ab 7#b ,sam4 #h4 #b71 ,syr'i-a1 even to the great river ,eu-phra'tes 7#b ,sam4 #h4 #c-f72 ,e'dom 7#b ,sam4 #h4 #ad71 ,am'mon1 and the country east of ,pal'es-tine 7#b ,sam4 #aj4 #a-ad2 #ab4 #bf-ca74 ,the empire of ,da'vid thus extended from the frontier of ,e'gypt to the ,eu-phra'tes ,river1 fulfilling the promise of ,josh4 #a4 #d4 ,it was at least six times the area of the twelve tribes4 #g47 ,we may add that he reigned as a theocratic king4 ,he realized more than any other monarch the divine ideal of a ruler1 and so was the man after ,god's own heart 7#a ,sam4 #ac4 #ad72 if not altogether in personal character1 yet in the principles of his government4 ,he respected the rights of his subjects1 had a sympathy for all people1 obeyed the voice of the prophets1 and sought the interests of ,god's cause4#ab ,blackboard ,outline ,i4 ,cau4 ,lea4 ,mon4 #a4 ,ten4 tow4 set4 gov4 #b4 ,con4 sur4 nat4 #c4 ,dan4 inv4 #d4 ,ru4 ,sam4 #e4 ,wor4 am4 peo4 ,,ii4 ,char4 ,isr4 ,kin4 #a4 ,theo4 kin4 #b4 ,cons4 kin4 #c4 ,reg4 by pro4 ,,iii4 ,rei4 ,sau4 #a4 ,pros4 and dec4 #b4 ,fai4 #a47 ,un4 tri4 #b47 ,mak4 fri4 #c47 ,adv4 rel4 #d47 ,lib4 ,isr4 ,,iv4 ,rei4 ,dav4 #a4 ,con4 ,isr4 acc4 #a47 ,sub4 #b47 ,dis4 #c47 ,wit4 rel4 #b4 ,dav4 achiev4 #a47 ,uni4 tri4 #b47 ,sub4 la4 #c47 ,org4 gov4 #d47 ,est4 ar4 #e47 ,est4 rel4 #f47 ,conq4 surr4 nat4 #g47 ,rei4 theo4 kin4 ,questions for ,review ,what event marks an epoch in ,is'ra-el-ite history8 ,what were the causes leading to the monarchy8 ,what events in the period of the judges show a tendency toward settled government8 ,what changes in government in the surrounding nations helped to bring on the monarchy in ,is'ra-el8 ,from what source did external danger lead the ,is'ra-el-ites to desire a king8 ,how had ,sam'u-el unconsciously helped to prepare the way for a kingdom8 ,what worldly spirit promoted the same result8 ,what kind of a kingdom did ,god intend for ,is'ra-el8 ,what is a theocratic kingdom8 ,wherein was ,is'ra-el an exception among ,oriental kingdoms8 ,by what institutions was the kingdom regulated8 ,name some instances of prophets rebuking kings4 ,into what two parts may ,saul's reign be divided8 ,wherein was ,saul a failure8 ,how did he fail in gaining and holding friends8 ,what was the condition of ,is'ra-el when ,da'vid came to the throne8 ,what were the achievements of ,da'vid8 ,what great incomplete work did ,da'vid finish8 ,what did he do in the organization of his kingdom8 ,what was the arrangement of his army8 ,what were his services to the cause of religion8 ,what nations did he conquer8 ,what was the extent of his empire8 ,in what spirit did he rule8 ,,tenth ,,study ,the ,reign of ,solomon ,,part ,,one ,the reign of ,sol'o-mon may be regarded as the culminating period in the history of ,is'ra-el4 ,but1 strictly speaking1 the latter part of ,da'vid's reign and only the former part of ,sol'o-mon's constitute the golden age of ,is'ra-el2 for ,sol'o-mon's later years manifested a decline1 which after his death rapidly grew to a fall4 ,i4 ,sol'o-mon's ,empire embraced all the lands from the ,red ,sea to the ,eu-phra'tes1 and from the ,med-i-ter-ra'ne-an to the ,syr'i-an desert1 except ,phoe-ni'cia1 which was isolated by the ,leb'a-non mountains4 #a4 ,besides ,pal'es-tine1 he ruled over ,e'dom1 ,mo'ab1 ,am'mon1 ,syr'i-a 7here referring to the district having ,da-mas'cus as its capital71 ,zo'bah1 and ,ha'math4 #b4 ,on the ,gulf of ,ak'a-ba1 ,e'zi-on-ge'ber was his southern port 7#a ,kings #i4 #bf72 on the ,med-i-ter-ra'ne-an1 ,ga'za 7,az'zah7 was his limit2 in the extreme north1 ,tiph'sah1 by the ,eu-phra'tes 7#a ,kings #d4 #bd72 in the desert1 ,tad'mor1 afterward ,pal-my'ra 7#a ,kings #i4 #ah74 ,,ii4 ,his ,foreign ,relations were extensive1 for the first and only time in the history of ,is'ra-el4 #a4 ,his earliest treaty was with ,tyre 7,phoe-ni'cia71 whose king had been his father's friend 7#a ,kings #e4 #a74 7,what this alliance brought to ,sol'o-mon see #a ,kings #e4 #f-aj2 #b ,chron4 #b4 #c-ad47 #b4 ,his relations with ,e'gypt3 in commerce 7#a ,kings #aj4 #bh1 #bi72 in marriage1 a bold departure from ,is'ra-el-ite customs 7#a ,kings #c4 #a74 ,perhaps ,psalm #de was written upon this event4 #c4 ,with ,a-ra'bi-a1 the land bordering on the southern end of the ,red ,sea 7#a ,kings #aj4 #a-aj1 #ad4 #ae74 #d4 ,with the ,far ,east1 perhaps ,india1 referred to in #a ,kings #i4 #ba-bh4 #e4 ,with the ,west1 perhaps as far as ,spain1 the ,tar'shish of #a ,kings #aj4 #bb4 ,,iii4 ,his ,buildings4 ,no king of ,is'ra-el ever built so many and so great public works as did ,sol'o-mon4 ,among these are named3 #a4 ,the temple1 on ,mount ,mo-ri'ah1 to be described later4 ,illustration3 ,,plan ,,of ,,solomon',s ,,palace4 7,according to ,stade47 ,reprinted from ,kent's ,history of the ,hebrew ,people1 from the ,settlement in ,canaan to the ,division of the ,kingdom4 ,copyrighted1 #ahif1 by ,charles ,scribner's ,sons4 #b4 ,his own palace1 south of the temple precincts1 on the slope of ,o'phel and ,mo-ri'ah4 ,this consisted of several buildings1 as follows3 #a47 ,the ,house of the ,forest of ,leb'a-non1 so called because of its many columns of cedar2 this was the forecourt1 or entrance4 #b47 ,the ,porch to the ,palace4 #c47 ,the ,throne ,hall4 #d47 ,the ,king's ,palace4 #e47 ,the ,queen's ,palace1 or ,harem4 #c4 ,his fortified cities1 forming a cordon around his kingdom4 7,see the lists of these in #a ,kings #i4 #ag-ai47 #d4 ,his aqueducts1 some of which may still be seen 7,eccl4 #b4 #d-f74 ,,iv4 ,but all was not bright in the reign of ,sol'o-mon4 ,we must notice also ,his ,sins1 for they wrought great results of evil in the after years4 #a4 ,that which led to all his other sins was his foreign marriages 7#a ,kings #aa4 #a-d74 ,these were the natural and inevitable results of his foreign relations1 and were probably effected for political reasons as well as to add to the splendor of his court4 #b4 ,his toleration of idolatry1 perhaps actual participation in it 7#a ,kings #aa4 #e-h74 ,we cannot overestimate the harm of ,sol'o-mon's influence in this direction4 ,at once it allied him with the lower and evil elements in the nation1 and lost to him the sympathy of all the earnest souls4#ac #c4 ,another of ,sol'o-mon's sins1 not named in ,scripture1 but referred to in many legends of the ,east1 may have been a devotion to magical arts4 ,he appears in ,oriental traditions as the great master of forces in the invisible world1 engaging in practices forbidden by the law of ,mo'ses 7,lev4 #ai4 #ca2 ,deut4 #ah4 #aj1 #aa74 ,blackboard ,outline ,i4 ,sol4 ,emp4 ,pal4 ,ed4 ,mo4 ,amm4 ,syr4 ,zob4 ,ham4 ,e4-,g4 ,g4 ,t4 ,t4 ,,ii4 ,for4 ,rel4 ,ty4 ,eg4 ,ar4 ,f4 ,e4 ,w4 ,,iii4 ,buil4 #a4 ,tem4 #b4 ,pal4 #a47 ,h4 ,f4 ,l4 #b47 ,p4 #c47 ,t4 ,h4 #d47 ,k4 ,p4 #e47 ,q4 ,p4 ,,iv4 ,sins4 #a4 ,for4 mar4 #b4 ,tol4 idol4 #c4 ,mag4 ,review ,questions ,what is the reign of ,sol'o-mon called8 ,how far is that a correct title8 ,what lands were included in ,sol'o-mon's empire8 ,what cities were on its boundaries8 ,with what countries did ,sol'o-mon have treaties and foreign relations8 ,how was ,sol'o-mon connected with the court of ,e'gypt8 ,what were some of ,sol'o-mon's buildings8 ,name the various parts of his palace4 ,what were the sins of ,sol'o-mon8 ,,part ,,two ,v4 ,general ,aspects of ,is'ra-el in the ,reign of ,sol'o-mon4 #a4 ,it was a period of peace4 ,for sixty years there were no wars ,this gave opportunity for development1 for wealth1 and for culture4 #b4 ,it was a period of strong government4 ,the age of individual and tribal energy was ended1 and now all the life of the nation was gathered around the throne4 ,all the tribes were held under one strong hand2 tribal lines were ignored in the government of the empire2 every department was organized4 #c4 ,it was a period of wide empire4 ,it was ,is'ra-el's opportunity for power in the ,east2 for the old ,chal-de'an empire had broken up1 the new ,as-syr'i-an empire had not arisen1 and ,e'gypt was passing through a change of rulers and was weak4 ,for one generation ,is'ra-el held the supremacy in the ,oriental world4 #d4 ,it was a period of abundant wealth 7#a ,kings #c4 #ab1 #ac2 #d4 #bj2 #aj4 #bc1 #bg74 ,the sources of this wealth were3 #a47 ,the conquests of ,da'vid1 who had plundered many nations and left his accumulated riches to ,sol'o-mon 7#a ,chron4 #bb4 #ad-af74 #b47 ,the tribute of the subject kingdoms1 doubtless heavy 7#a ,kings #aj4 #be74 #c47 ,commerce with foreign countries 7,e'gypt1 ,a-ra'bi-a1 ,tar'shish1 and ,o'phir7 in ancient times was not carried on by private enterprise1 but by the government4 ,the trade of the ,east from ,e'gypt and ,tyre passed through ,sol'o-mon's dominions1 enriching the land4 #d47 ,there were also taxes laid upon the people 7#a ,kings #d4 #g-ai2 #ab4 #d74 #e47 ,the erection of public buildings must have enriched many private citizens and made money plenty4 #e4 ,it was a period of literary activity4 ,the books written during this epoch were ,sam'u-el1 ,psalms 7in part71 ,prov'erbs 7in part71 and perhaps ,ec-cle-si-as'tes and ,sol'o-mon's ,song4 ,not all the writings of ,sol'o-mon have been preserved 7#a ,kings #d4 #cb1 #cc74 ,,vi4 ,dangers of the ,period4 ,there was an ,a-ra'bi-an tradition that in ,sol'o-mon's staff1 on which he leaned1 there was a worm secretly gnawing it asunder4 ,so there were elements of destruction under all the splendor of ,sol'o-mon's throne4 #a4 ,the absolute power of the king4 ,da'vid had maintained the theocratic constitution of the state2 ,sol'o-mon set it aside and ruled with absolute power in all departments4 ,he assumed priestly functions 7#a ,kings #h4 #bb1 #ed1 #fd72 he abolished tribal boundaries in his administration 7#a ,kings #d4 #g-ai72 he ignored both priests and prophets1 and concentrated all rule in his own person4 #b4 ,the formal character of the worship4 ,there was a magnificent temple and a gorgeous ritual1 but none of the warmth and personal devotion which characterized the worship of ,da'vid4 ,the fervor of the ,da-vid'ic ,psalms is wanting in the literature of ,sol'o-mon's age4 #c4 ,luxury and corruption of morals4 ,these are the inevitable results of abundant riches and worldly association4 ,we do not need the warnings of ,prov4 #b4 #af-ai2 #e4 #c-f1 etc41 to know what a flood of immorality swept over ,je-ru'sa-lem and ,is'ra-el4 #d4 ,the burden of taxation4 ,with a splendid court1 an immense harem1 and a wealthy nobility came high prices and high taxes2 the rich growing richer rapidly1 the poor becoming poorer4 ,the events of the next reign show how heavy and unendurable these burdens grew4 #e4 ,heathen customs4 ,with the foreign peoples came the toleration of idolatry1 its encouragement1 and all the abominations connected with it4 ,jer-o-bo'am could not have established his new religion 7#a ,kings #ab4 #bh7 if ,sol'o-mon had not already patronized idol worship4 #f4 ,underlying all was the old tribal jealousy of ,e'phra-im and ,ju'dah1 fostered by an able leader 7#a ,kings #ab4 #bf71 ready to break out in due time and destroy the empire4 ,blackboard ,outline ,v4 ,gen4 ,asp4 ,isr4 #a4 ,pea4 #b4 ,str4 gov4 #c4 ,wi4 emp4 #d4 ,abun4 weal4 #a47 ,conq4 #b47 ,trib4 #c47 ,com4 #d47 ,tax4 #e47 ,pub4 build4 #e4 ,lit4 act4 ,,vi4 ,dan4 ,per4 #a4 ,abs4 pow4 #b4 ,for4 wor4 #c4 ,lux4 cor4 mor4 #d4 ,bur4 tax4 #e4 ,hea4 cus4 #f4 ,tri4 jeal4 ,questions for ,review ,name five general aspects of ,is'ra-el in ,sol'o-mon's reign8 ,what were the benefits of the peace at that time8 ,what was the characteristic of ,sol'o-mon's administration8 ,what opportunity did the age give to a great empire for ,is'ra-el8 ,what were the sources of the wealth in ,sol'o-mon's age8 ,how was it a period of literary activity8 ,what ancient legend illustrates the dangers of ,sol'o-mon's age8 ,what were some of the dangers8 ,wherein did ,sol'o-mon set aside the ,is'ra-el-ite constitution8 ,what was the defect in the religion of ,sol'o-mon's time8 ,what evils resulted from the wealth of that time8 ,what caused heavy taxation8 ,what heathen customs were introduced8 ,what showed that tribal jealousy was still existing8 ,hints to the ,teacher and ,class #a4 ,see that the outline of the lesson is learned1 with all its divisions and subdivisions4 ,let a scholar place each division of the outline on the blackboard in the form given in the ,blackboard ,outline1 and then let another scholar read it to the class4 #b4 ,have a map of ,sol'o-mon's empire drawn1 with each of the subject lands shown upon it4 ,bound the empire2 that is1 name the countries surrounding it4 #c4 ,let the diagram of buildings on ,mount ,mo-ri'ah and ,o'phel be drawn by one pupil1 and explained by another4 #d4 ,let the ,review ,questions be studied until they can be answered correctly4 ,,eleventh ,,study ,the ,temple on ,mount ,moriah ,the most famous of all the buildings erected by ,sol'o-mon1 though by no means the largest1 was the temple4 ,it is so frequently mentioned in the ,bible1 and was so closely connected with the religious and secular history1 both in the ,old ,testament and the ,new1 that a detailed study of it is needed4 ,i4 ,the ,three ,temples4 ,all these stood in succession upon the same site1 and were arranged upon the same general plan4 #a4 ,sol'o-mon's ,temple4 ,built about ,b4 ,c4 #igj1 and standing until ,b4 ,c4 #ehg1 when it was destroyed by the ,bab-y-lo'ni-ans 7#b ,kings #be4 #h1 #i74 #b4 ,ze-rub'ba-bel's ,temple4 ,after lying desolate more than fifty years the second temple was begun about ,b4 ,c4 #ecd1 under ,ze-rub'ba-bel1 the ruler of the exiles returned from ,bab'y-lon 7,ezra #c4 #h74 ,this temple was far inferior in splendor to the first1 but soon became the object of pilgrimage to ,jews from all lands and the center of ,jew'ish national and religious life4 #c4 ,her'od's ,temple4 ,the second temple having become dilapidated1 ,her'od the ,great undertook its restoration on a magnificent scale4 ,the work was begun about ,b4 ,c4 #bj and was not completed until ,a4 ,d4 #fd4 ,in the lifetime of ,je'sus it was not yet finished 7,john #b4 #bj74 ,this temple was destroyed by the ,ro'mans under ,ti'tus1 ,a4 ,d4 #gj4 ,its site is now occupied partially by the ,dome of the ,rock1 miscalled the ,mosque of ,o'mar1 in ,je-ru'sa-lem4 ,illustration ,,ii4 ,the ,situation4 ,the city of ,je-ru'sa-lem stood upon hills separated by three valleys radiating in a fanlike order1 from a point at the southeast4 ,northward runs the valley of the ,kid'ron2 northwest the valley of the ,ty-ro'poe-on1 now almost obliterated2 almost westward1 with a curve northward1 the valley of ,hin'nom4 ,between the valley of the ,kid'ron and the valley of the ,ty-ro'poe-on were two hills--on the north ,mount ,mo-ri'ah1 and a little to the south a spur of lower elevation known as ,o'phel4 ,on ,mount ,mo-ri'ah stood the temple1 on ,o'phel the buildings of ,sol'o-mon's palace4 ,later the temple area was enlarged to include both these hills4 ,west of ,mo-ri'ah1 across the ,ty-ro'poe-on valley1 was ,mount ,zi'on1 upon which the principal part of the city stood4 ,,iii4 ,the ,house of the ,lord4 ,this was a building not large1 but magnificent and costly2 made of stone and cedar1 and decorated lavishly with gold and precious stones4 ,it consisted of four parts3 #a4 ,the ,porch1 a lofty tower facing the east4 ,two pillars1 either in the tower at the entrance or standing apart before it1 are named 7#a ,kings #g4 #ba74 ,the interior dimensions of the porch were about #cj feet from north to south1 and #ae feet east and west#ad 7#a ,kings #f4 #c74 #b4 ,the ,holy ,place was west of the porch1 and was a chamber #fj feet long by #cj wide1 and perhaps #cj feet high4 ,in it stood1 on the north1 the table for the showbread--that is1 the twelve loaves shown before the ,lord2 on the south1 the golden candlestick1 or lampstand#ae2 and at the western end the golden altar of incense4 #c4 ,the ,holy of ,holies1 or the oracle 7#a ,kings #f4 #ai1 #bj71 was a cube1 each dimension being #cj feet4 ,it had no windows1 but received a dim light through the veil which separated it from the adjoining room4 ,this place was entered by the high priest only1 and on but one day in the year1 the day of atonement4 ,the only article of furniture in the room was the ,ark of the ,covenant1 containing the two stone tables of the law4 ,the ,ark doubtless was destroyed with the first temple1 and in the second and third temples its place was indicated by a marble block1 upon which the blood was sprinkled4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,temple #d4 ,the ,chambers were rooms for the priests1 situated around the house1 with entrance from without4 ,they were in three stories1 and were set apart for the residence of the priests while employed in the services of the temple4 ,each priest served two weeks in the year2 not1 however1 two weeks in succession1 but six months apart1 and lived at his home for the rest of the time4 ,in similar chambers around the old tabernacle ,e'li and ,sam'u-el slept 7#a ,sam4 #c4 #b1 #c74 ,,iv4 ,the ,court of the ,priests was an open1 unroofed quadrangle surrounding the ,house of the ,lord1 but mainly in front1 toward the east4 ,it was about #bjj feet wide1 north and south1 by #bge feet long1 east and west1 a few feet lower in elevation than the floor of the temple proper4 ,here stood the great ,altar of ,burnt ,offering1 upon which the daily sacrifice was offered1 its site now shown under the ,dome of the ,rock2 and near the door to the house the ,laver for washing the sacrifices4 ,sol'o-mon built also a great ,sea1 or reservoir of water1 standing on the backs of twelve oxen1 all of brass1 probably copper 7#a ,kings #g4 #bc-bf74 ,this was broken up by the ,bab-y-lo'ni-ans1 ,b4 ,c4 #ehg 7#b ,kings #be4 #ac71 and was not replaced in the later temples4 ,v4 ,around the ,court of the ,priests was another and larger corridor1 the ,court of ,is'ra-el1 or the men's court4 ,in the later temples this was #cbj by #bdj feet in dimensions1 #bf feet wide on the north and south1 #bd feet wide on the east and west4 ,the size of this court in ,sol'o-mon's temple is not given1 but was probably the same as in later times4 ,this was the standing place of the worshipers 7exclusively men7 as they witnessed the service4 ,,vi4 ,these were the only courts around the first temple1 as the space to the south of the last-named court was occupied by ,sol'o-mon's palaces1 from which a magnificent flight of steps ascended to the temple area 7#a ,kings #aj4 #e74 ,after these buildings were destroyed the latest temple1 that of ,her'od1 included their site in additional courts and buildings for the worship4 ,east of the ,court of ,is'ra-el1 and a little lower1 stood the ,court of the ,women1 #bjj feet square1 having a lattice gallery on the western side1 from which the women could look on the services of the altar4 ,this court was also called the ,treasury 7,john #h4 #bj7 from the gift boxes fastened upon the wall 7,mark #ab4 #da1 #db74 ,in each corner of this court was a room said to be #fj feet square1 with an open roof4 ,,vii4 ,around all these buildings and courts1 with ,her'od's temple1 but not with ,sol'o-mon's1 was the ,court of the ,gen'tiles1 an irregular quadrangle of about #a1jjj feet on each side 7north #iij1 east #a1jjj1 south #ifj1 west #a1jfj74 ,the wall on the east was surmounted by a double row of columns1 and called ,sol'o-mon's ,porch 7,john #aj4 #bc2 ,acts #c4 #ab74 ,the ,beautiful ,gate was from the ,court of the ,gen'tiles to the eastern side of the ,court of the ,women 7,acts #c4 #a71 through which the people passed on their way to the public worship4 ,the narrow corridor extending entirely around the ,court of the ,women and the ,court of ,is'ra-el was called ,chel--that is1 the sacred inclosure--and no one except an ,is'ra-el-ite was permitted to enter it4 ,the ,court of the ,gen'tiles was not regarded by the ,jews as sacred1 since foreigners were allowed within it1 and in its area had grown up a market for the sale of animals for sacrifice and tables for the exchanging of foreign money4 ,twice this court was purged of these desecrations by ,je'sus 7,john #b4 #ac-ag2 ,matt4 #ba4 #ab1 #ac74 ,the principal access to the temple in the time of ,christ was a bridge over the ,ty-ro'poe-on valley from ,mount ,zi'on4 ,of this bridge a fragment of one arch still remains1 known as ,rob'in-son's ,arch4 ,the immediate surroundings of the temple1 in the ,new ,testament period1 were the following3 #a4 ,on the north stood the ,castle or ,tower of ,an-to'ni-a1 erected by the ,ro'mans for the control of the temple area4 #b4 ,on the east was the valley of the ,kid'ron4 #c4 ,on the south and west lay the curving valley of the ,ty-ro'poe-on4 ,blackboard ,outline ,i4 ,thr4 ,tem4 #a4 ,sol4 #igj-ehg4 #b4 ,zer4 #ecd4 #c4 ,her4 ,b4 ,c4 #bj4 ,a4 ,d4 #gj4 ,,ii4 ,situa4 ,vall4 ,kid4 ,tyr4 ,hin4 ,mts4 ,mor4 ,oph4 ,zi4 ,,iii4 ,hou4 ,lor4 #a4 ,por4 #cjx#ae4 #b4 ,h4 ,p4 #cjx#fj4 #c4 ,h4 ,h4 #cjx#cj4 #d4 ,chamb4 ,,iv4 ,cou4 ,pri4 #bjjx#bge4 ,alt4 ,lav4 ,sea4 ,v4 ,cou4 ,isr4 #bdjx#cbj4 ,,vi4 ,cou4 ,wom4 #bjjx#bjj4 ,treas4 ,rooms4 ,,vii4 ,cou4 ,gen4 #a1jjj4 ,chel4 ,market4 ,bridge4 ,hints to the ,teacher and the ,class ,let each pupil in turn draw on the blackboard one of the departments or courts of the temple1 state its dimensions1 and explain its uses4 ,let a pupil recite the history of each temple4 ,let one pupil state in what parts of the temple ,je'sus walked and taught1 and another events in the life of ,saint ,paul connected with the temple4 ,review ,questions ,who built the first temple1 how long did it stand1 and by whom was it destroyed8 ,who built the second temple1 and at what time8 ,who built the third temple8 ,when was it begun1 finished1 and destroyed8 ,what building now stands on the site of the temple8 ,between what three valleys was ,je-ru'sa-lem situated8 ,give a description of each valley4 ,where were ,mo-ri'ah1 ,o'phel1 and ,zi'on located8 ,into what four parts was the ,house of the ,lord1 or temple proper1 divided8 ,what were the dimensions and what was the location of the ,porch8 ,describe the ,holy ,place and its contents4 ,describe the ,holy of ,holies4 ,what took the place of the ,ark in the later temples8 ,what were the ,chambers1 and where were they situated8 ,where was the ,court of the ,priests8 ,what were its dimensions8 ,what stood in this court8 ,where was the ,court of ,is'ra-el8 ,what were its dimensions and uses8 ,what stood outside the ,court of ,is'ra-el adjoining ,sol'o-mon's temple8 ,where was the ,court of the ,women in the latest temple8 ,describe this court and its uses8 ,what was the exterior court to the temple in the time of ,christ8 ,what were the dimensions of this court8 ,where was the ,beautiful ,gate8 ,where was the ,chel8 ,where was ,sol'o-mon's ,porch8 ,how was this court used by the ,jews8 ,what did ,je'sus do in this court8 ,what was the principal means of access to the temple8 ,what were the immediate surroundings of the temple8 ,,twelfth ,,study ,the ,kingdom of ,israel ,,part ,,one ,the splendors of ,sol'o-mon's reign passed away even more suddenly than they arose4 ,in less than a year after his death his empire was broken up1 and two quarreling principalities were all that was left of ,is'ra-el4 ,i4 ,let us ascertain the ,causes of the ,division of ,is'ra-el4 ,these were3 #a4 ,the oppressive government of ,sol'o-mon 7#a ,kings #ab4 #c1 #d74 ,how far the complaints of the people were just1 and to what degree they were the pretexts of an ambitious demagogue1 we have no means of knowing4 ,but it is evident that the government of ,sol'o-mon1 with its courts1 its palaces1 its buildings1 and its splendor1 must have borne heavily upon the people4 ,probably1 also1 the luxury of living among the upper classes1 so suddenly introduced1 led to financial crises and stringency of money1 for which the government was held responsible by the discontented people4 #b4 ,the opposition of the prophets 7#a ,kings #aa4 #aa-ac1 #bi-cc74 ,it is a suggestive fact that the prophets were opposed to ,sol'o-mon and friendly to ,jer-o-bo'am4 ,their reason was a strong resentment to the foreign alliances1 foreign customs1 and especially to the foreign idolatries which ,sol'o-mon introduced4 #c4 ,foreign intrigues1 especially in ,e'gypt4 ,the old kingdoms were not friendly to this ,is'ra-el-ite empire1 which loomed up so suddenly1 and threatened to conquer all the ,east4 ,sol'o-mon's attempt to win the favor of ,e'gypt by a royal marriage 7#a ,kings #c4 #a7 was a failure1 for two enemies of ,sol'o-mon1 driven out of his dominions1 found refuge in ,e'gypt1 were admitted to the court1 married relatives of the king1 and stirred up conspiracies against ,sol'o-mon's throne 7#a ,kings #aa4 #ad-bb1 #dj74 ,another center of conspiracy was ,da-mas'cus1 where ,re'zon kept up a semi-independent relation to ,sol'o-mon's empire 7#a ,kings #aa4 #bc-be74 #d4 ,tribal jealousy2 the old sore broken out again4 ,notice that ,jer-o-bo'am belonged to the haughty tribe of ,e'phra-im 7#a ,kings #aa4 #bf71 always envious of ,ju'dah1 and restless under the throne of ,da'vid4 ,the kingdom of the ten tribes was established mainly through the influence of this tribe4 #e4 ,the ambition of ,jer-o-bo'am was another force in the disruption4 ,it was unfortunate for ,sol'o-mon's kingdom that the ablest young man of that time in ,is'ra-el1 a wily political leader and an unscrupulous partisan1 belonged to the tribe of ,e'phra-im1 and from his environment was an enemy of the then existing government4 ,the fact that he was sent for from ,e'gypt to the assembly at ,she'chem showed collusion and preparation of the scheme 7#a ,kings #ab4 #b1 #c74 #f4 ,but all these causes might have been insufficient but for the folly of ,re-ho-bo'am 7#a ,kings #ab4 #ac1 #ad74 ,if ,da'vid had been on the throne that day an empire might have been saved4 ,but ,re-ho-bo'am1 brought up in the purple1 was without sympathy with the people1 tried to act the part of a tyrant1 and lost his ancestral realm 7#a ,kings #ab4 #af74 ,,ii4 ,the ,results of the ,division4 ,these were partly political1 partly religious1 and were neither of unmixed good nor unmixed evil4 #a4 ,the political results were3 #a47 ,the entire disruption of ,sol'o-mon's empire4 ,five kingdoms took the place of one3 ,syr'i-a on the north1 ,is'ra-el in the center1 ,ju'dah west of the ,dead ,sea1 ,mo'ab east of the ,dead ,sea1 and ,e'dom on the extreme south4 ,mo'ab was nominally subject to ,is'ra-el1 and ,e'dom to ,ju'dah2 but only strong kings1 like ,a'hab in ,is'ra-el and ,je-hosh'a-phat in ,ju'dah1 could exact the tribute 7#b ,kings #c4 #d2 #a ,kings #bb4 #dg74 #b47 ,with the loss of empire came rivalry1 and consequent weakness4 ,for fifty years ,is'ra-el and ,ju'dah were at war1 and spent their strength in civil strife1 while ,syr'i-a was growing powerful1 and in the far northeast ,as-syr'i-a was threatening4 #c47 ,as a natural result came at last foreign domination4 ,both ,is'ra-el and ,ju'dah fell under the power of other nations and were swept into captivity1 as the final result of the disruption wrought by ,jer-o-bo'am4 #b4 ,the religious results of the division were more favorable4 ,they were3 #a47 ,preservation of the true religion4 ,a great empire would inevitably have been the spiritual ruin of ,is'ra-el1 for it must have been worldly1 secular1 and1 in the end1 idolatrous4 ,the disruption broke off relation with the world1 put an end to schemes of secular empire1 and placed ,is'ra-el and ,ju'dah once more alone among their mountains4 ,in this sense the event was from the ,lord1 who had higher and more enduring purposes than an earthly empire 7#a ,kings #ab4 #ae-bd74 #b47 ,protection of the true religion4 ,is'ra-el on the north stood as a buffer1 warding off the world from ,ju'dah on the south4 ,it was neither wholly idolatrous nor wholly religious1 but was a debatable land for centuries4 ,it fell at last1 but it saved ,ju'dah2 and in ,ju'dah was the unconscious hope of the world4 #c47 ,concentration of the true religion4 ,the departure of ,is'ra-el from the true faith led to the gathering of the priests1 ,le'vites1 and worshiping element of the people in ,ju'dah 7#b ,chron4 #aa4 #ac-af74 ,thus the ,jew'ish kingdom was far more devoted to ,je-ho'vah than it might otherwise have been4 ,blackboard ,outline ,i4 ,cau4 ,div4 #a4 ,opp4 gov4 #b4 ,opp4 pro4 #c4 ,for4 int4 #d4 ,tri4 jeal4 #e4 ,am4 ,jer4 #f4 ,fol4 ,re4 ,,ii4 ,res4 ,div4 #a4 ,pol4 res4 #a47 ,dis4 emp4 #b47 ,riv4 and weak4 #c47 ,for4 dom4 #b4 ,rel4 res4 #a47 ,pres4 rel4 #b47 ,pro4 rel4 #c47 ,conc4 rel4 ,review ,questions ,what causes may be assigned for the division of ,is'ra-el8 ,how far was ,sol'o-mon's government responsible8 ,what was the relation of the prophets to the revolution8 ,what foreign intrigues contributed to break up the kingdom8 ,who were connected with these intrigues8 ,what ancient jealousy aided1 and how8 ,what man led in the breaking up of the kingdom8 ,whose folly enabled the plot to succeed8 ,what were the political results of the division8 ,what were its religious results8 ,how was this event from the ,lord8 ,part ,two ,,iii4 ,the ,kingdom of ,is'ra-el4 ,from the division the name ,is'ra-el was applied to the northern kingdom and ,ju'dah to the southern4 ,we notice the general aspects of ,is'ra-el during its history1 from ,b4 ,c4 #icd to #gba4 #a4 ,its extent4 ,it embraced all the territory of the twelve tribes except ,ju'dah and a part of ,ben'ja-min 7#a ,kings #ab4 #ai-ba71 held a nominal supremacy over ,mo'ab east of the ,dead ,sea1 and embraced about #i1cge square miles1 while ,ju'dah included only #c1dce4 ,is'ra-el was about equal in area to ,massachusetts and ,rhode ,island together4 #b4 ,its capital was first at ,she'chem1 in the center of the land 7#a ,kings #ab4 #be72 then1 during several reigns1 at ,tir'zah 7#a ,kings #ae4 #cc2 #af4 #bc72 then at ,sa-ma'ri-a 7#a ,kings #af4 #bd71 where it remained until the end of the kingdom4 ,that city after a time gave its name to the kingdom 7#a ,kings #ba4 #a71 and after the fall of the kingdom to the province in the center of ,pal'es-tine 7,john #d4 #c1 #d74 #c4 ,its religion4 #a47 ,very soon after the institution of the new kingdom ,jer-o-bo'am established a national religion1 the worship of the calves 7#a ,kings #ab4 #bf-cc74 ,this was not a new form of worship1 but had been maintained in ,is'ra-el ever since the exodus 7,exod4 #cb4 #a-d74 ,in character it was a modified idolatry1 halfway between the pure religion and the abominations of the heathen4 #b47 ,a'hab and his house introduced the ,phoe-ni'cian worship of ,ba'al1 an idolatry of the most abominable and immoral sort 7#a ,kings #af4 #cj-cc71 but it never gained control in ,is'ra-el1 and was doubtless one cause of the revolution which placed another family on the throne4 #c47 ,through the history of ,is'ra-el there remained a remnant of worshipers of ,je-ho'vah1 who were watched over by a noble array of prophets1 and though often persecuted remained faithful 7#a ,kings #ai4 #ad1 #ah74 #d4 ,its rulers4 ,during two hundred and fifty years ,is'ra-el was governed by nineteen kings1 with intervals of anarchy4 ,five houses in turn held sway1 each established by a usurper1 generally a soldier1 and each dynasty ending in a murder4 #a47 ,the ,house of ,jer-o-bo'am1 with two kings1 followed by a general massacre of ,jer-o-bo'am's family 7#a ,kings #ae4 #bi1 #cj74 #b47 ,the ,house of ,ba'a-sha1 two kings1 followed by a civil war 7#a ,kings #af4 #af-bb74 #c47 ,the ,house of ,om'ri1 four kings1 of whom ,om'ri and ,a'hab were the most powerful4 ,this was the age of the prophet ,e-li'jah and the great struggle between the worship of ,je-ho'vah and of ,ba'al 7#a ,kings #ah4 #d-ba74 #d47 ,the ,house of ,je'hu1 five kings1 under whom were great changes of fortune4 ,the reign of ,je-ho'a-haz saw ,is'ra-el reduced to a mere province of ,syr'i-a 7#b ,kings #ac4 #a-i74 ,his son ,jo'ash threw off the ,syr'i-an yoke1 and his son1 ,jer-o-bo'am ,,ii1 raised ,is'ra-el almost to its condition of empire in the days of ,sol'o-mon 7#b ,kings #ad4 #bc-bi74 ,his reign is called the ,indian summer of ,is'ra-el4 #e47 ,the ,house of ,men'a-hem1 two reigns4 ,is'ra-el had by this time fallen under the power of ,as-syr'i-a1 now dominant over the ,east1 and its history is the story of kings rising and falling in rapid succession1 with long intervals of anarchy4 ,from the fall of this dynasty there was only the semblance of a state until the final destruction of ,sa-ma'ri-a1 ,b4 ,c4 #gba4 #e4 ,its foreign relations4 ,during the period of the ,is'ra-el-ite kingdom we see lands struggling for the dominion of the ,east4 ,the history of ,is'ra-el is interwoven with that of ,syr'i-a and ,as-syr'i-a1 which may now be read from the monuments4 #a47 ,there was a ,period of ,division4 ,during the reign of the houses of ,jer-o-bo'am and ,ba'a-sha there were constant wars between ,is'ra-el1 ,syr'i-a1 and ,ju'dah2 and as a result all were kept weak1 and a balance of power was maintained4 #b47 ,then followed a ,period of ,alliance--that is1 between ,is'ra-el and ,ju'dah1 during the sway of the ,house of ,om'ri4 ,the two lands were in friendly relations1 and the two thrones were connected by marriages4 ,as a result both ,is'ra-el and ,ju'dah were strong1 ,mo'ab and ,e'dom were kept under control1 and ,syr'i-a was held in check4 #c47 ,next came the ,period of ,syr'i-an ,ascendency4 ,during the first two reigns of the ,house of ,je'hu1 ,syr'i-a rose to great power under ,haz'a-el1 and overran both ,is'ra-el and ,ju'dah4 ,at one time ,is'ra-el was in danger of utter destruction1 but was preserved4 ,near the close of these periods the dying prophecy of ,e-li'sha was uttered 7#b ,kings #ac4 #ad-be74 #d47 ,the ,period of ,is'ra-el-ite ,ascendency4 ,is'ra-el under ,jer-o-bo'am ,,ii took its turn of power1 and for a brief period was again dominant to the ,eu-phra'tes1 as in the days of ,sol'o-mon4 #e47 ,the ,period of ,as-syr'i-an ,ascendency4 ,but its glory soon faded away before that of ,as-syr'i-a1 which was now rapidly becoming the empire of the ,east4 ,its rise meant the fall of ,is'ra-el2 and under the unfortunate ,ho-she'a1 ,sa-ma'ri-a was taken1 what was left of the ten tribes were carried captive1 and the kingdom of ,is'ra-el was extinguished 7#b ,kings #ag4 #a-f74 ,,iv4 ,the ,fate of the ,ten ,tribes4 ,there has been much idle discussion over this subject and some absurd claims set up2 for example1 that the ,anglo-,saxon race are descended from the ten lost tribes--a statement opposed to all history1 to ethnology1 and to every evidence of language4 #a4 ,after their deposition nearly all the ,is'ra-el-ites1 having lost their national religion and having no bond of union1 mingled with the ,gen'tiles around them and lost their identity1 just as hundreds of other races have done4 ,the only bond which will keep a nation long alive is that of religion4 #b4 ,some remained in ,pal'es-tine1 others returned thither and formed the nucleus of the ,sa-mar'i-tan people1 a race of mingled origin 7#b ,kings #ag4 #bd-bi74 #c4 ,some of those who remained in the ,east retained their religion1 or were revived in it1 and later became a part of the ,jews of the dispersion2 though the dispersion was mainly ,jew'ish1 and not ,is'ra-el-ite4 #d4 ,a few families united with the ,jews1 returned with them to ,pal'es-tine after the exile1 yet retained their tribal relationship2 for example1 ,an'na 7,luke #b4 #cf74 ,blackboard ,outline ,,iii4 ,kin4 ,isr4 #a4 ,ext4 #i1cge4 #b4 ,cap4 #a47 ,sh4 #b47 ,tir4 #c47 ,sam4 #c4 ,rel4 #a47 ,wor4 cal4 #b47 ,wor4 ,ba4 #c47 ,wor4 ,jeh4 #d4 ,rul4 #a47 ,hou4 ,jer4 #b47 ,hou4 ,ba4 #c47 ,hou4 ,om4 #d47 ,hou4 ,je4 #e47 ,hou4 ,men4 #e4 ,for4 ,rel4 #a47 ,per4 ,div4 #b47 ,per4 ,all4 #c47 ,per4 ,syr4 ,asc4 #d47 ,per4 ,isr4 ,asc4 #e47 ,per4 ,ass4 ,asc4 ,,iv4 ,fat4 ,ten4 ,tri4 #a4 ,min4 ,gen4 #b4 ,sam4 ,peo4 #c4 ,disp4 #d4 ,jews4 ,review ,questions ,how long did the new kingdom of ,is'ra-el last8 ,what was its extent8 ,what were its three successive capitals8 ,what three forms of religion were found in it8 ,who was the first king of the ten tribes8 ,what family introduced foreign idolatry8 ,how many kings ruled over the ten tribes8 ,what were the five royal houses8 ,which house raised ,is'ra-el almost to its ancient power8 ,what is this period of prosperity called8 ,who was the greatest king of ,is'ra-el8 ,with what other history is that of ,is'ra el interwoven8 ,what were the five periods in the foreign relations of ,is'ra-el8 ,by what kingdom was ,is'ra-el destroyed8 ,who was its last king8 ,what finally became of the ten tribes8 ,,thirteenth ,,study ,the ,kingdom of ,judah ,i4 ,general ,aspects of the ,kingdom of ,ju'dah4 #a4 ,its territory4 ,it embraced the mountain portion of the tribe of ,ju'dah1 from the ,dead ,sea to the ,phi-lis'tine plain2 a part of ,ben'ja-min1 in which tribe the larger part of ,je-ru'sa-lem stood2 and also a part of ,dan 7,chron4 #aa4 #aj74 ,sim'e-on was nominally within its border1 but was practically given up to the ,a-ra'bi-ans of the desert2 ,e'dom was tributary1 though often in rebellion1 and finally independent 7#a ,kings #bb4 #dg2 #b ,kings #h4 #bj72 ,phi-lis'ti-a was outside of its boundary4 ,its extent was about #c1dce square miles1 about half the area of ,massachusetts4 #b4 ,its government was a monarchy1 with but one family on the throne1 the line of ,da'vid1 in direct succession1 with the exception of ,ath-a-li'ah's usurpation 7#b ,kings #aa4 #a-c71 through nineteen reigns4 #c4 ,its religion4 ,through all the history we find two forms of worship strongly opposed to each other1 yet both rooted in the nation4 #a47 ,the worship of ,je-ho'vah through the temple1 the priesthood1 and the prophets4 #b47 ,but side by side with this pure religion was the worship of idols upon high places1 probably begun as a form of worshiping ,je-ho'vah1 but degenerating into gross and immoral idolatry4 ,there was a struggle going on constantly between these two elements in the state1 the spiritual and the material4 ,notwithstanding the efforts of reforming kings like ,je-hosh'a-phat1 ,hez-e-ki'ah1 and ,jo-si'ah1 the general tendency was downward4 ,,ii4 ,the ,duration of the ,kingdom4 ,the kingdom lasted from ,b4 ,c4 #icd to #ehg--more than one hundred and thirty years longer than ,is'ra-el4 ,reasons for its endurance may have been3 #a4 ,its retired situation3 hemmed in by mountains and deserts2 at a distance from the ordinary lines of travel2 not in the direct path of conquest from any other nation4 ,ju'dah had few foreign wars as compared with ,is'ra-el4 #b4 ,the unity of its people4 ,they were not ten tribes loosely connected1 but one tribe1 with a passionate love of their nation and a pride in their blood4 #c4 ,its concentration at ,je-ru'sa-lem4 ,through all its history there was but one capital1 where the palace of the king and the temple of the ,lord were standing together4 #d4 ,the reverence for the ,house of ,da'vid also kept the people together4 ,there was no change in dynasty1 and the loyalty of the people grew stronger through the generations toward the family on the throne4 ,there being no usurpers1 the throne was permanent until destroyed by foreign power4 #e4 ,the purity of its religion tended to keep the nation united and to keep it in existence4 ,no bond of self-interest or of blood will hold a people together as strongly as the tie of religion4 ,ju'dah's strength was in the measure of her service of ,god1 and when she renounced ,je-ho'vah her doom came speedily4 ,,iii4 ,periods in the ,history4 ,though ,ju'dah was not without political contact with other nations1 yet its history is the record of internal events rather than external relations4 ,we may divide its history into four epochs4 #a4 ,the first decline and revival4 #a47 ,the reigns of ,re-ho-bo'am and ,a-bi'jah marked a decline indicated by the ,e-gyp'tian invasion and the growth of idolatry4 #b47 ,the reign of ,a'sa and ,je-hosh'a-phat showed a revival in reformation1 progress1 and power4 ,under ,je-hosh'a-phat1 ,ju'dah was at the height of prosperity4 ,this was the time of peace with ,is'ra-el and of strength at home and abroad 7#b ,chron4 #ag4 #e2 #bj4 #cj74 #b4 ,the second decline and revival4 #a47 ,for nearly two hundred years after the death of ,je-hosh'a-phat the course of ,ju'dah was downward4 ,e'dom was lost under ,je-ho'ram 7#b ,chron4 #ba4 #h72 the ,ba'al-ite idolatry was introduced by the usurping queen1 ,ath-a-li'ah 7#b ,kings #aa4 #ah72 the land was again and again invaded under ,jo'ash and ,am-a-zi'ah1 and ,je-ru'sa-lem itself was taken and plundered4 #b47 ,but a great reformation was wrought under ,hez-e-ki'ah1 who was the best and wisest of the kings of ,ju'dah1 and the kingdom again rose to power1 even daring to throw off the ,as-syr'i-an yoke and defy the anger of the mightiest king then on the earth4 ,at this time came the great event of the destruction of the ,as-syr'i-an host 7#b ,kings #ai4 #ce74 #c4 ,the third decline and revival4 #a47 ,the reforms of ,hez-e-ki'ah were short-lived1 for his son ,ma-nas'seh was both the longest in reigning and the wickedest of the kings1 and his late repentance did not stay the tide of corruption which he had let loose 7#b ,kings #ba4 #aj-ag2 #b ,chron4 #cc4 #a-ah74 ,the wickedness of ,ma-nas'seh's reign was the great moral cause of the kingdom's destruction1 for from it no reform afterward could lift the mass of the people4 #b47 ,jo-si'ah1 the young reformer1 attempted the task1 but his efforts1 though earnest1 were only measurably successful1 and after his untimely death the kingdom hastened to its fall 7#b ,kings #bc4 #bi74 #d4 ,the final decline and fall4 #a47 ,the political cause of the destruction of the kingdom was the rise of ,bab'y-lon4 ,the old ,as-syr'i-an empire went down about ,b4 ,c4 #fbe1 and a struggle followed between ,bab'y-lon and ,e'gypt for the supremacy4 ,ju'dah took the side of ,e'gypt1 which proved to be the losing side4 #b47 ,after several chastisements and repeated rebellions ,je-ru'sa-lem was finally destroyed by ,neb-u-chad-nez'zar1 king of ,bab'y-lon1 and the kingdom of ,ju'dah was extinguished1 ,b4 ,c4 #ehg4 ,blackboard ,outline ,i4 ,gen4 ,asp4 ,kin4 ,jud4 #a4 ,terr4 ,tri4 ,jud4 #c1dce m4 #b4 ,gov4 mon4 #c4 ,rel4 #a47 ,jeh4 #b47 ,idol4 ,,ii4 ,dur4 ,kin4 #a4 ,ret4 sit4 #b4 ,un4 peo4 #c4 ,conc4 ,jer4 #d4 ,rev4 ,ho4 ,dav4 #e4 ,pur4 rel4 ,,iii4 ,per4 ,hist4 #a4 ,fir4 dec4 rev4 #a47 ,dec4 ,reho4 ,abi4 #b47 ,rev4 ,as4 ,jehosh4 #b4 ,sec4 dec4 rev4 #a47 ,dec4 #bjj y4 #b47 ,rev4 ,hez4 #c4 ,thi4 dec4 rev4 #a47 ,dec4 ,man4 #b47 ,rev4 ,jos4 #d4 ,fin4 dec4 fal4 #a47 ,ris4 ,bab4 #b47 ,des4 ,jer4 ,review ,questions ,what was embraced in the kingdom of ,ju'dah8 ,what was its area8 ,how was it governed8 ,what was its religion8 ,what was associated with the worship of ,je-ho'vah8 ,what was the religious tendency of the people8 ,how long did the kingdom of ,ju'dah last8 ,what were the causes of this duration8 ,what were the periods in its history8 ,under what kings was the first decline8 ,who led in a revival and reformation8 ,who was the greatest of the kings of ,ju'dah8 ,what took place during the second decline8 ,who was the usurping queen8 ,what did this queen try to do8 ,who wrought the second great reformation8 ,what was the character of this king8 ,what great destruction of ,ju'dah's enemies took place at this time8 ,which reign was both longest1 wickedest1 and most evil in its results8 ,who attempted a third reformation8 ,what was the result of his endeavor8 ,what was the political cause of the fall of ,ju'dah8 ,by what nation and by what king was ,je-ru'sa-lem finally destroyed8 ,,fourteenth ,,study ,the ,captivity of ,judah ,,part ,,one ,i4 ,we must distinguish between the ,captivity of ,is'ra-el and that of ,ju'dah4 #a4 ,the captivity of ,is'ra-el took place ,b4 ,c4 #gba1 that of ,ju'dah ,b4 ,c4 #ehg4 ,the southern kingdom lasted one hundred and thirty-four years longer than the northern4 #b4 ,is'ra-el was taken captive by the ,as-syr'i-ans under ,sar'gon2 ,ju'dah by the ,chal-de'ans under ,neb-u-chad-nez'zar4 #c4 ,is'ra-el was taken to the lands south of the ,cas'pi-an ,sea 7#b ,kings #ag4 #f72 ,ju'dah to ,chal-de'a1 by the river ,eu-phra'tes 7,psa4 #acg4 #a74 #d4 ,is'ra-el never returned from its captivity1 which was the end of its history2 but ,ju'dah was brought back from its captivity and again became a flourishing state1 though subject to foreign nations during most of its after history4 ,,ii4 ,there were ,three ,captivities of ,ju'dah1 all in one generation and all under one ,chal-de'an king1 ,neb-u-chad-nez'zar3 #a4 ,je-hoi'a-kim's captivity1 ,b4 ,c4 #fjg4 ,je-hoi'a-kim was the son of ,jo-si'ah1 placed upon the throne after the battle of ,me-gid'do1 in which ,jo-si'ah perished 7#b ,kings #bc4 #cd74 ,for three years ,je-hoi'a-kim obeyed ,neb-u-chad-nez'zar2 then he rebelled1 but was speedily reduced to subjection1 and many of the leading people among the ,jews were carried captive to ,bab'y-lon 7#b ,kings #bd4 #a1 #b74 ,among these captives was ,dan'iel the prophet 7,dan4 #a4 #a-f74 ,from this event the seventy years of the captivity were dated 7,jer4 #bg4 #bb2 #bi4 #aj71 though the kingdom of ,ju'dah remained for twenty years longer4 #b4 ,je-hoi'a-chin's captivity1 ,b4 ,c4 #eih4 ,je-hoi'a-chin was the son of ,je-hoi'a-kim 7called ,jec-o-ni'ah1 #a ,chron4 #c4 #af2 ,jer4 #bd4 #a2 and ,co-ni'ah1 ,jer4 #bb4 #bd74 ,he reigned only three months1 and then was deposed by ,neb-u-chad-nez'zar and carried to ,bab'y-lon4 ,with the young king and the royal family were taken thousands of the people of the middle classes1 whom the land could ill spare 7#b ,kings #bd4 #h-af74 ,among these captives was ,e-ze'ki-el1 the prophet-priest 7,ezek4 #a4 #a-ac74 #c4 ,zed-e-ki'ah's captivity1 ,b4 ,c4 #ehg4 ,he was the uncle of ,je-hoi'a-chin and the son of the good ,jo-si'ah 7#b ,kings #bd4 #ag71 and had been made king by ,neb-u-chad-nez'zar4 ,but he too rebelled against his master1 to whom he had taken a solemn oath of fidelity 7#b ,chron4 #cf4 #ac74 ,the ,chal-de'ans were greatly incensed by these frequent insurrections1 and determined upon a final destruction of the rebellious city4 ,after a long siege ,je-ru'sa-lem was taken1 and the king was captured while attempting flight4 ,he was blinded and carried away to ,bab'y-lon1 the city was destroyed1 and nearly all the people left alive were also taken to the land of ,chal-de'a 7#b ,kings #be4 #a-aa74 ,after this captivity the city lay desolate for fifty years1 until the conquest of ,bab'y-lon by ,cy'rus1 ,b4 ,c4 #ecf4 ,,iii4 ,let us ascertain the ,causes of the ,captivity--why the ,jews were taken up bodily from their own land and deported to a distant country4 #a4 ,such deportations were a frequent policy of ,oriental conquerors4 ,the ,orientals had three ways of dealing with a conquered people3 that of extermination1 or wholesale butchery1 which is frequently described upon the ,as-syr'i-an monuments2 that of leaving them in the land under tribute1 as subjects of the conqueror2 and that of deporting them en masse to a distant land4 ,frequently1 when the interests of the empire would be served by changing the population of a province1 this plan was carried out4 ,thus the ten tribes were carried to a land near the ,cas'pi-an ,sea1 and other people were brought to ,sa-ma'ri-a in their place 7#b ,kings #ag4 #f1 #bd74 ,a similar plan regarding ,ju'dah was proposed by ,sen-nach'e-rib 7#b ,kings #ah4 #ca1 #cb71 but was thwarted by the destruction of the ,as-syr'i-an host4 #b4 ,we have already noticed another cause of the captivity in the frequent rebellions of the kings of ,ju'dah against the authority of ,bab'y-lon4 ,the old spirit of independence1 which had made ,ju'dah the leader of the twelve tribes1 was still strong1 and it was fostered by the hope of universal rule1 which had been predicted through centuries1 even while the kingdom was declining4 ,the prophets1 however1 favored submission to ,bab'y-lon2 but the nobles urged rebellion and independence4 ,their policy was pursued1 and the unequal strife was taken up more than once4 ,the rebellions always failed2 but after several attempts the patience of ,neb-u-chad-nez'zar was exhausted1 and the destruction of the rebellious city and the deportation of the population were ordered4 #c4 ,but underneath was another and a deeper cause--in the rivalry of ,e'gypt and ,bab'y-lon4 ,pal'es-tine stood on the border of the ,as-syr'i-an empire toward ,e'gypt2 and in ,pal'es-tine there were two parties1 the ,as-syr'i-an and the ,e-gyp'tian3 one counseling submission to ,as-syr'i-a1 the other seeking alliance with ,e'gypt against ,as-syr'i-a 7,isa4 #ca4 #a-c2 #cg4 #f74 ,after ,bab'y-lon took the place of ,nin'e-veh the ,chal-de'an party took the place of the ,as-syr'i-an1 as the ,chal-de'an empire was the successor of the ,as-syr'i-an empire4 ,the prophets1 led by ,jer-e-mi'ah1 always counseled submission to ,bab'y-lon1 and warned against trusting to ,e'gypt1 which had never given anything more than promises2 but the nobles were of the ,e-gyp'tian party1 and constantly influenced the kings to renounce the yoke of ,bab'y-lon and to strike for independence by the aid of ,e'gypt4 ,the necessity of making the frontier of the ,chal-de'an empire safe on the side toward ,e'gypt was the political cause for the deportation of the tribe of ,ju'dah4 #d4 ,there was underlying all these political reasons a moral cause in the divine purpose to discipline the nation4 ,the captivity was a weeding-out process1 to separate the precious from the vile1 the false from the true1 the remnant from the mass4 ,there had always been two distinct elements in ,is'ra-el and ,ju'dah--the spiritual1 ,god-fearing few1 and the worldly1 idol-worshiping many4 ,the worldly and irreligious took part in the resistance to the king of ,bab'y-lon1 and the worshipers of ,je-ho'vah1 led by the prophets1 urged submission4 ,as a result the nobles and the warriors1 for the most part1 perished2 while the better part1 the strength and hope of the nation1 were carried away captive4 ,notice that the captives were mainly of the middle class1 the working element 7#b ,kings #bd4 #ad-af74 ,those who had submitted to the ,chal-de'ans were also taken away 7#b ,kings #be4 #aa74 ,the prophet expressed greater hope for those taken away than for those left behind 7,jer4 #bd4 #a-aj74 ,the captives were the root of ,ju'dah1 out of which in due time a new nation should rise2 and1 as we shall see1 the captivity in ,bab'y-lon proved to be the most benign experience in all the history of ,god's chosen people4 ,blackboard ,outline ,i4 ,cap4 ,isr4 ,jud4 #a4 ,isr4 #gba4 ,jud4 #ehg4 #b4 ,ass4 ,sar4--,chal4 ,neb4 #c4 ,cas4 ,sea4--,riv4 ,eup4 #d4 ,nev4 ret4--,bro4 b4 ,,ii4 ,thr4 ,cap4 ,jud4 #a4 ,jeh4 cap4 #fjg4 #b4 ,jehn4 cap4 #eih4 #c4 ,zed4 cap4 #ehg4 ,,iii4 ,caus4 ,cap4 #a4 ,pol4 ,or4 conq4 #b4 ,reb4 kgs4 ,jud4 #c4 ,riv4 ,eg4 ,bab4 #d4 ,div4 pur4 dis4 ,review ,questions ,from what earlier captivity must that of ,ju'dah be distinguished8 ,what were the dates of these two captivities8 ,by whom was each nation taken captive8 ,where was each nation carried captive8 ,what followed the captivity in each nation8 ,what were the three captivities of ,ju'dah8 ,what were the events of the first captivity of ,ju'dah8 ,who were carried away at this time8 ,what date is connected with this captivity8 ,what were the events of the second captivity of ,ju'dah8 ,who were then taken away8 ,what were the events of the third captivity8 ,how long was ,je-ru'sa-lem left in ruins8 ,by whom and when were the ,jews permitted to return from captivity8 ,what causes may be assigned for the carrying away of the ,jews8 ,what were the customs of ancient ,oriental conquerors8 ,how did the conduct of the kings of ,ju'dah bring on the captivity8 ,what rivalry between nations was a cause of the captivity8 ,what were the two parties in the kingdom of ,ju'dah8 ,how was the carrying away of the ,jews a political necessity8 ,what was the moral cause of the captivity8 ,,part ,,two ,,iv4 ,the ,condition of the ,captives in ,chal-de'a was far better than we are apt to suppose4 #a4 ,they received kind treatment2 were regarded not as slaves or prisoners1 but as colonists4 ,at a later captivity by the ,ro'mans the ,jews were sold as slaves and dispersed throughout the empire4 ,such wholesale enslavement was common after a conquest4 ,for some reason the ,chal-de'ans did not enslave the ,jews at the time of their conquest1 but colonized them as free people4 ,this may have been because the captives as a class were of the ,chal-de'an party among the ,jews1 and hence were treated in a measure as friends4 ,the letter of ,jer-e-mi'ah to the exiles 7,jer4 #bi4 #a-g7 shows that they were kindly dealt with in ,chal-de'a4 ,some of them were received at the court and rose to high station in the realm 7,dan4 #a4 #a-f74 #b4 ,their organization was maintained4 ,the exiles were not merged into the mass of the people where they were living1 but retained their own system and were recognized as a separate colony4 ,their dethroned kings had a semi-royal state and at death an honorable burial 7,jer4 #eb4 #ca-cd2 #cd4 #d1 #e74 ,the captives were governed by elders1 rulers of their own nation 7,ezek4 #h4 #a2 #ad4 #a2 #bj4 #a74 ,there was a prince of ,ju'dah at the close of the captivity 7,ezra #a4 #h74 ,this fact of national organization was a fortunate one for the exiles4 ,if they had been dispersed as slaves throughout the empire1 or even had been scattered as individuals1 they would soon have been merged among the ,gen'tiles1 and would have lost their identity as a people4 ,but being maintained as a separate race1 and in ,jew'ish communities1 they were readily gathered for a return to their own land when the opportunity came4 #c4 ,their law and worship were observed4 ,there were no sacrifices1 for these could be offered only at ,je-ru'sa-lem in the temple4 ,but the people gathered for worship and for the study of the law far more faithfully than before the exile2 for adversity is a school of religious character far more than prosperity4 ,the exile would naturally exert an influence in the direction of religion4 ,while the irreligious and idolatrous among the captives would soon drop out of the nation and be lost among the ,gen'tiles1 the earnest1 the spiritual1 and the ,god-fearing would grow more intense in their devotion4 #d4 ,they were instructed by prophets and teachers4 ,jer-e-mi'ah lived for some time after the beginning of the captivity1 made a visit to ,bab'y-lon1 and wrote at least one letter to the exiles 7,jer4 #ac4 #d-g2 #bi4 #a-c74 ,dan'iel lived during the captivity1 and1 though in the court1 maintained a deep interest in his people1 and comforted them by his prophecies4 ,e-ze'ki-el was himself one of the captives1 and all his teachings were addressed to them 7,ezek4 #a4 #a-c74 ,many evangelical and eminent ,bible scholars are of the opinion that the latter part of ,i-sa'iah1 from the fortieth chapter to the end1 was given by a later ,i-sa'iah during the exile2 but whether written at that time or earlier1 it must have circulated among the captives and given them new hope and inspiration4 ,the radical change in the character of the ,jews which took place during this period shows that a great revival swept over the captive people and brought them back to the earnest religion of their noblest ancestors4 #e4 ,their literature was preserved and enlarged4 ,internal evidence shows that the books of the ,kings were finished and the books of the ,chronicles written at this time or soon afterward2 the teachings of ,dan'iel1 ,e-ze'ki-el1 ,ha-bak'kuk1 and other of the minor prophets were given2 and a number of the best psalms were composed during this epoch1 as such poems are likely to be written in periods of trial and sorrow4 ,out of many psalms we cite ,psa4 #abd1 #abf1 #abi1 #acj1 #acg1 as manifestly written during the captivity4 ,the exile was an age of life and vigor to ,he'brew literature4 ,v4 ,the ,results of the ,captivity4 ,in the year ,b4 ,c4 #ecf the city of ,bab'y-lon was taken by ,cy'rus1 king of the combined ,medes and ,per'sians4 ,one of his first acts was to issue an edict permitting the exiled ,jews to return to their own country and rebuild their city4 ,not all the ,jews availed themselves of this privilege1 for many were already rooted in their new homes1 where they had been for two generations4 ,but a large number returned 7,ezra #b4 #fd71 and reestablished the city and state of the ,jews4 ,the captivity1 however1 left its impress upon the people down to the end of their national history1 and even to the present time4 #a4 ,there was a change in language1 from ,he'brew to ,ar-a-ma'ic1 or ,chal-da'ic4 ,the books of the ,old ,testament written after the restoration are in a different dialect from the earlier writings4 ,after the captivity the ,jews needed an interpreter in order to understand their own earlier ,scriptures4 ,allusion to this fact is given in ,neh4 #h4 #g4 ,the ,chal'dee of ,bab'y-lon and the ,he'brew were sufficiently alike to cause the people during two generations to glide imperceptibly from one to the other1 until the knowledge of their ancient tongue was lost to all except the scholars4 #b4 ,there was a change in habits4 ,before the captivity the ,jews were a secluded people1 having scarcely any relation with the world4 ,the captivity brought them into contact with other nations1 and greatly modified their manner of living4 ,hitherto they had been mostly farmers1 living on their own fields2 now they became merchants and traders1 and filled the world with their commerce4 ,rarely now do we find a ,jew who cultivates the ground for his support4 ,they are in the cities1 buying and selling4 ,this tendency began with the ,bab-y-lo'ni-an captivity1 and has since been strengthened by the varied experiences1 especially by the persecutions1 of the ,jews during the centuries4 #c4 ,there was a change in character4 ,this was the most radical of all4 ,before the captivity the crying sin of ,ju'dah1 as well as of ,is'ra-el1 was its tendency to idolatry4 ,every prophet had warned against it and rebuked it1 reformers had risen up1 kings had endeavored to extirpate it2 but all in vain--the worshipers of ,god were the few2 the worshipers of idols were the many4 ,after the captivity there was a wonderful transformation4 ,from that time we never read of a ,jew bowing his knee before an idol4 ,the entire nation was a unit in the service of ,je-ho'vah4 ,among all the warnings of the later prophets1 and the reforms of ,ez'ra and ,ne-he-mi'ah1 there is no allusion to idolatry4 ,that crime was utterly and forever eradicated2 from the captivity until to-day the ,jews have been the people of the one1 invisible ,god1 and intense in their hatred of idols4 #d4 ,there were new institutions as the result of the captivity4 ,two great institutions arose during the captivity3 #a47 ,the synagogue1 which grew up among the exiles1 was carried back to ,pal'es-tine1 and was established throughout the ,jew'ish world4 ,this was a meeting of ,jews for worship1 for reading the law1 and for religious instruction4 ,it had far greater influence than the temple after the captivity2 for while there was but one temple in all the ,jewish world1 there was a synagogue in every city and village where ,jews lived2 and while the temple was the seat of a priestly and ritualistic service1 the synagogue promoted freedom of religious thought and utterance4 ,out of the synagogue1 far more than the temple1 grew the ,christian church4 #b47 ,the order of scribes was also a result of the captivity4 ,the days of direct inspiration through prophets were passing away1 and those of the written ,scripture1 with a class of men to study and interpret it1 came in their place4 ,during the captivity the devout ,jews studied the books of their literature1 the law1 the psalms1 the histories1 and the prophets4 ,after the captivity arose a series of scholars who were the expounders of the ,scriptures4 ,their founder was ,ez'ra1 at once a priest1 a scribe1 and a prophet 7,ezra #g4 #a-aj71 who arranged the books and in a measure completed the canon of ,old ,testament ,scripture4 #e4 ,there was a new hope1 that of a ,mes-si'ah4 ,from the time of the captivity the ,jew'ish people looked forward with eager expectation to the coming of a ,deliverer1 the ,consolation of ,is'ra-el1 the ,anointed ,one 7the word ,mes-si'ah means anointed71 who should lift up his people from the dust1 exalt the throne of ,da'vid1 and establish an empire over all the nations4 ,this had been promised by prophets for centuries before the exile1 but only then did it begin to shine as the great hope of the people4 ,it grew brighter with each generation1 and finally appeared in the coming of ,je'sus ,christ1 the ,king of ,is'ra-el4 #f4 ,from the captivity there were two parts of the ,jew'ish people3 the ,jews of ,pal'es-tine1 and the ,jews of the dispersion1 #a47 ,the ,jews of ,pal'es-tine1 sometimes called ,he'brews 7,acts #f4 #a71 were the lesser in number1 who lived in their own land and maintained the ,jew'ish state4 #b47 ,the ,jews of the dispersion were the descendants of those who did not return after the decree of ,cy'rus 7,ezra #a4 #a71 but remained in foreign lands and gradually formed ,jew'ish quarters in all the cities of the ancient world4 ,they were the larger in number1 and later were called ,gre'cian ,jews1 or ,hellenists1 from the language which they used 7,acts #f4 #a74 ,between these two bodies there was a close relation4 ,the ,jews of the dispersion had synagogues in every city 7,acts #ae4 #f71 were devoted to the law1 made constant pilgrimages to ,je-ru'sa-lem1 and were recognized as having one hope with the ,jews of ,pal'es-tine4 ,the traits of the two bodies were different1 but each contributed its own elements toward the making of a great people4 ,blackboard ,outline ,,iv4 ,con4 ,cap4 #a4 ,kin4 tre4 #b4 ,org4 main4 #c4 ,la4 wor4 obs4 #d4 ,ins4 pro4 tea4 #e4 ,lit4 pre4 enl4 ,v4 ,res4 ,cap4 #a4 ,ch4 ,ian4 #b4 ,ch4 hab4 #c4 ,ch4 char4 #d4 ,ne4 ins4 7syn4 scr47 #e4 ,hop4 ,mess4 #f4 ,two4 par4 peo4 ,review ,questions ,how were the captive ,jews treated8 ,what evidences show that their national organization was continued during the captivity8 ,why was this fact a fortunate one for the exiles8 ,what customs of the ,jews were observed during the captivity8 ,what instructors did the ,jews have during this period8 ,what was the condition of ,jew'ish literature during the captivity8 ,what events followed the decree of ,cy'rus8 ,did all the exiles of the ,jews return8 ,what change in language was wrought by the captivity8 ,what change in habits followed the captivity8 ,what great change in religion came as the result of the captivity8 ,how can that change be accounted for8 ,what two institutions arose during the captivity8 ,what new hope arose at this time8 ,how were the ,jews divided after the captivity8 ,,fifteenth ,,study ,the ,jewish ,province ,,part ,,one ,from the return of the exiles1 ,b4 ,c4 #ecf1 to the final destruction of the ,jew'ish state by the ,ro'mans1 ,a4 ,d4 #gj1 the history of the chosen people is closely interwoven with that of the ,east in general4 ,during most of this time ,ju-de'a was a subject province1 belonging to the great empires which rose and fell in succession4 ,for a brief but brilliant period it was an independent state1 with its own rulers4 ,as most of this period comes between the ,old and ,new ,testaments its events are less familiar to ,bible readers than the other portions of ,is'ra-el-ite history4 ,we therefore give more space than usual to the facts1 selecting only the most important1 and omitting all that have no direct relation with the development of the divine plan in the ,jewish people4 ,i4 ,the history divides itself into ,four ,periods1 as follows3 #a4 ,the ,per'sian period1 ,b4 ,c4 #ecf to #ccj1 from ,cy'rus to ,al-ex-an'der1 while the ,jew'ish province was a part of the ,per'sian empire4 ,very few events of these two centuries have been recorded1 but it appears to have been a period of quiet prosperity and growth4 ,the ,jews were governed by their high priests under the general control of the ,per'sian government4 ,the principal events of this period were3 #a47 ,the second temple1 ,b4 ,c4 #ece-eae4 ,this was begun soon after the return from exile 7,ezra #c4 #a1 #b1 #h71 but was not completed until twenty-one years afterward 7,ezra #f4 #ae1 #af74 ,it was smaller and less splendid than that of ,sol'o-mon1 but was built upon the same plan4 #b47 ,ez'ra's reformation1 ,b4 ,c4 #dej4 ,the coming to ,je-ru'sa-lem of ,ez'ra the scribe was a great event in ,is'ra-el-ite history2 for1 aided by ,ne-he-mi'ah1 he led in a great reformation of the people4 ,he found them neglecting their law and following foreign customs4 ,he awakened an enthusiasm for the ,mo-sa'ic law1 aroused the patriotism of the people1 and renewed the ancient faith4 ,his work gave him the title of the second founder of ,is'ra-el4 #c47 ,the separation of the ,sa-mar'i-tans1 ,b4 ,c4 #dji4 7,for the origin of the ,sa-mar'i-tans see #b ,kings #ag4 #bb-cd47 ,they were a mingled people1 both in race and religion2 but until the captivity were permitted to worship in the temple at ,je-ru'sa-lem4 ,after the return from ,bab'y-lon the ,sa-mar'i-tans and the ,jews grew farther and farther apart4 ,the ,sa-mar'i-tans opposed the rebuilding of the temple 7,ezra #d4 #i-bd71 and delayed it for many years2 and a century later strove to prevent ,ne-he-mi'ah from building the wall of ,je-ru'sa-lem 7,neh4 #d4 #b74 ,finally they established a rival temple on ,mount ,ger'i-zim1 and thenceforth the two races were in bitter enmity 7,john #d4 #i74 #d47 ,the completion of the ,old ,testament canon4 ,the prophets after the restoration were ,hag'ga-i1 ,zech-a-ri'ah1 and ,mal'a-chi2 but the author or editor of most of the latest books was ,ez'ra1 who also arranged the ,old ,testament nearly1 perhaps fully1 in its present form4 ,thenceforward no more books were added1 and the scribe or interpreter took the place of the prophet4 #b4 ,the ,greek period1 ,b4 ,c4 #ccj-aff4 ,in the year ,b4 ,c4 #ccj ,al-ex-an'der the ,great won the empire of ,per'sia in the great battle of ,ar-be'la1 by which the sovereignty of the ,east was transferred from ,a'sia to ,eu'rope1 and a new chapter in the history of the world was opened4 ,al-ex-an'der died at the hour when his conquests were completed1 and before they could be organized and assimilated2 but the kingdoms into which his empire was divided were all under ,greek kings1 and were all ,greek in language and civilization4 ,ju-de'a was on the border between ,syr'i-a and ,e'gypt1 and belonged alternately to each kingdom4 ,we divide this period into three subdivisions3 #a47 ,the reign of ,al-ex-an'der1 ,b4 ,c4 #ccj-cba4 ,the ,jews had been well treated by the ,per'sian kings and remained faithful to ,da-ri'us1 the last king of ,per'sia1 in his useless struggle4 ,al-ex-an'der marched against ,je-ru'sa-lem1 determined to visit upon it heavy punishment for its opposition1 but 7according to tradition7 was met by ,jad-du'a1 the high priest1 and turned from an enemy to a friend of the ,jews4 #b47 ,the ,e-gyp'tian supremacy1 ,b4 ,c4 #caa-aih4 ,in the division of ,al-ex-an'der's conquests ,ju-de'a was annexed to ,syr'i-a1 but it soon fell into the hands of ,e'gypt1 and was governed by the ,ptol'e-mies 7,greek kings of ,e'gypt7 until ,b4 ,c4 #aih4 ,the only important events of this period were the rule of ,si'mon the ,just1 an exceptionally able high priest1 about ,b4 ,c4 #cjj1 and the translation of the ,old ,testament into the ,greek language for the use of the ,jews of ,al-ex-an'dri-a1 who had lost the use of ,he'brew or ,chal'dee4 ,this translation was made about ,b4 ,c4 #bhf1 according to ,jew'ish tradition1 and is known as the ,septuagint version4 #c47 ,the ,syr'i-an supremacy1 ,b4 ,c4 #aih-aff4 ,about the year ,b4 ,c4 #aih ,ju-de'a fell into the hands of the ,syr'i-an kingdom1 also ruled by a ,greek dynasty1 the ,se-leu'ci-dae1 or descendants of ,se-leu'cus4 ,this change of rulers brought to the ,jews a change of treatment4 ,hitherto they had been permitted to live undisturbed upon their mountains1 and to enjoy a measure of liberty1 both in civil and ecclesiastical matters4 ,but now the ,syr'i-an kings not only robbed them of their freedom1 but also undertook to compel them to renounce their religion by one of the most cruel persecutions in all history4 ,the temple was desecrated and left to ruin1 and the worshipers of ,je-ho'vah were tortured and slain1 in the vain endeavor to introduce the ,greek and ,syr'i-an forms of idolatry among the ,jews4 ,heb4 #aa4 #cc-dj is supposed to refer to this persecution4 ,when ,an-ti'o-chus1 the ,syr'i-an king1 found that the ,jews could not be driven from their faith1 he deliberately determined to exterminate the whole nation4 ,uncounted thousands of ,jews were slaughtered1 other thousands were sold as slaves1 ,je-ru'sa-lem was well-nigh destroyed1 the temple was dedicated to ,ju'pi-ter ,o-lym'pus1 and the orgies of the ,bacchanalia were substituted for the ,feast of ,tabernacles4 ,the religion of ,je-ho'vah and the race of the ,jews seemed on the verge of utter annihilation in their own land4 ,blackboard ,outline #a4 ,four ,per4 #a4 ,per4 per4 #a47 ,sec4 tem4 #b47 ,ez4 ref4 #c47 ,sep4 ,sam4 #d47 ,com4 ,o4 ,t4 can4 #b4 ,gk4 per4 #a47 ,rei4 ,alex4 #b47 ,eg4 sup4 #c47 ,syr4 sup4 ,review ,questions ,with what history is that of the ,jews interwoven during this period8 ,what was the political condition of the ,jews at this time8 ,what are the four periods of this history8 ,who were the rulers of the ,jews during the first period8 ,what building was erected after the return from captivity8 ,what great deliverance was effected by a woman8 ,what great reforms were effected by a scribe8 ,what title has been given to him8 ,what were the events connected with the separation of the ,sa-mar'i-tans8 ,who were the prophets of the restoration8 ,by whom was the ,old ,testament canon arranged8 ,what brought on the ,greek period8 ,what events of ,jew'ish history were connected with ,al-ex-an'der the ,great8 ,under what people did the ,jews fall afterward8 ,what were the events of the ,e-gyp'tian rule8 ,what is the ,septuagint8 ,how was its translation regarded by the ,jews of ,pal'es-tine8 ,in what kingdom1 after ,e'gypt1 did ,ju-de'a fall8 ,how was it governed by its new masters8 ,who instituted a great persecution8 ,,part ,,two #c4 ,the ,mac-ca-be'an period1 ,b4 ,c4 #aff-dj4 ,but the darkest hour precedes the day2 the cruelties of the ,syr'i-ans caused a new and splendid epoch to rise upon ,is'ra-el4 #a47 ,the revolt of ,mat-ta-thi'as4 ,in the year ,b4 ,c4 #agj an aged priest1 ,mat-ta-thi'as1 unfurled the banner of independence from the ,syr'i-an yoke4 ,he did not at first aim for political freedom1 but religious liberty2 but after winning a few victories over the ,syr'i-an armies he began to dream of a free ,jew'ish state4 ,he died in the beginning of the war1 but was succeeded by his greater son1 ,ju'das ,mac-ca-be'us4 #b47 ,ju'das ,mac-ca-be'us gained a greater success than had been dreamed at the beginning of the revolt4 ,within four years the ,jews recaptured ,je-ru'sa-lem and reconsecrated the temple4 ,the anniversary of this event was ever after celebrated in the ,feast of ,dedication 7,john #aj4 #bb74 ,ju'das ranks in history as one of the noblest of the ,jew'ish heroes1 and deserves a place beside ,josh'u-a1 ,gid'e-on1 and ,sam'u-el as a liberator and reformer4 #c47 ,the ,mac-ca-be'an dynasty4 ,ju'das refused the title of king1 but his family established a line of rulers who by degrees assumed a royal state1 and finally the royal title4 ,in the year ,b4 ,c4 #adc ,jew'ish liberty was formally recognized1 and the ,mac-ca-be'an princes ruled for a time over an independent state4 ,between ,b4 ,c4 #acj and #aaj ,e'dom1 ,sa-ma'ri-a1 and ,gal'i-lee were added to ,ju-de'a4 ,the latter province had been known as ,gal'i-lee of the ,gen'tiles 7,isa4 #i4 #a72 but by degrees the foreigners withdrew1 and the province was occupied by ,jews who were as devoted and loyal as those of ,je-ru'sa-lem4 #d47 ,the rise of the sects4 ,about ,b4 ,c4 #ajj the two sects1 or schools of thought1 the ,phar'i-sees and ,sad'du-cees1 began to appear1 though their principles had long been working4 ,the ,phar'i-sees 7separatists7 sought for absolute separation from the ,gen'tile world and a strict construction of the law of ,mo'ses1 while the ,sad'du-cees moralists7 were liberal in their theories and in their lives4 #d4 ,the ,ro'man period1 ,b4 ,c4 #dj to ,a4 ,d4 #gj4 ,it is not easy to name a date for the beginning of the ,ro'man supremacy in ,pal'es-tine4 ,it began in ,b4 ,c4 #fc1 when ,pom'pey the ,great 7afterward the antagonist of ,ju'li-us ,cae'sar7 was asked to intervene between two claimants for the ,jew'ish throne1 ,hyr-ca'nus and ,ar-is-to-bu'lus4 ,pom'pey decided for ,hyr-ca'nus1 and aided him by a ,ro'man army4 ,in his interest he besieged and took ,je-ru'sa-lem1 and then placed ,hyr-ca'nus in power1 but without the title of king4 ,from this time the ,ro'mans were practically1 though not nominally1 in control of affairs4 #a47 ,her'od the ,great4 ,we assign as the date of the ,ro'man rule ,b4 ,c4 #dj1 when ,her'od 7son of ,an-tip'a-ter1 an ,e'dom-ite1 who had been the general of ,hyr-ca'nus7 received the title of king from the ,ro'man ,senate4 ,from this time ,pal'es-tine was regarded as a part of the ,ro'man empire4 ,her'od was the ablest man of his age and one of the most unscrupulous4 ,he ruled over all ,pal'es-tine1 ,i-du-me'a 7ancient ,e'dom71 and the lands south of ,da-mas'cus4 #b47 ,her'od's temple4 ,her'od was thoroughly hated by the ,jews1 less for his character than for his foreign birth4 ,to gain their favor he began rebuilding the temple upon a magnificent scale4 ,it was not completed until long after his death1 which took place at ,jer'i-cho about the time when ,je'sus ,christ1 the true ,king of the ,jews1 was born 7,matt4 #b4 #a1 #b74 #c47 ,the tetrarchies4 ,by ,her'od's will his dominions were divided into four tetrarchies 7quarter-rulings1 a title for a fourth part of a kingdom74 ,three of these were in ,pal'es-tine3 ,ar-che-la'us receiving ,ju-de'a1 ,i-du-me'a1 and ,sa-ma'ri-a2 ,an'ti-pas 7the ,her'od of ,luke #c4 #a2 #i4 #g2 #bc4 #g-aa7 receiving ,gal'i-lee and ,pe-re'a2 and ,phil'ip 7,luke #c4 #a7 having the district of ,ba'shan4 ,about ,a4 ,d4 #f ,ar-che-la'us was deposed1 and a ,ro'man1 ,co-po'ni-us1 was appointed the first procurator of ,ju-de'a1 which was made a part of the prefecture of ,syr'i-a4 ,the rest of ,jew'ish annals belongs properly to the ,new ,testament history4 ,,ii4 ,through these periods we notice the gradual ,preparation for the ,gospel1 which was steadily advancing4 #a4 ,there was a political preparation4 ,six centuries before ,christ the world around the ,med-i-ter-ra'ne-an was divided into states1 whose normal condition was war4 ,at no time was peace prevalent over all the world at once4 ,if ,christ had come at that time it would have been impossible to establish the gospel except through war and conquest4 ,but kingdoms were absorbed into empires1 empires rose and fell by turns1 each with a larger conception of the nation than its predecessor4 ,from the crude combination of undigested states in the ,as-syr'i-an empire to the orderly1 assimilated1 systematic condition of the ,ro'man world was a great advance4 ,christ appeared at the only point in the world's history when the great nations of the world were under one government1 with a system of roads such that a traveler could pass from ,mes-o-po-ta'mi-a to ,spain and could sail the ,med-i-ter-ra'ne-an ,sea in perfect safety4 #b4 ,there was a preparation of language4 ,the conquests of ,al-ex-an'der1 though accomplished in ten years1 left a deeper impress upon the world than any other two centuries of history4 ,they gave to the whole of that world one language1 the noblest tongue ever spoken by human lips1 a language fit for the gods1 as men said4 ,through ,al-ex-an'der1 ,greek cities were founded everywhere in the ,east1 ,greek kingdoms were established1 the ,greek literature and ,greek civilization covered all the lands4 ,that was the language in which ,paul preached the gospel1 and in which the ,new ,testament was written--the only language of the ancient world in which the thoughts of the gospel could be readily expressed4 ,while each land had its own tongue1 the ,greek tongue was common in all lands4 #c4 ,while these preparations were going on there was another in progress at the same time1 the preparation of a race4 ,we might point to the history of the ,is'ra-el-ites from the migration of ,a'bra-ham as a training2 but we refer now to their special preparation for their mission after the restoration1 ,b4 ,c4 #ecf4 ,there was a divine purpose in the division of ,ju'da-ism into two streams3 one a little fountain in ,pal'es-tine1 the other a river dispersed over all the lands4 ,each branch had its part in the divine plan4 ,one was to concentrate its energies upon the divine religion1 to study the sacred books1 to maintain a chosen people1 whose bigotry1 narrowness1 and intolerance kept them from destruction2 the other branch was out in the world1 where every ,jew'ish synagogue in a heathen city kept alive the knowledge of ,god and disseminated that knowledge1 drawing around it the thoughtful1 spiritual minds who were looking for something better than heathenism4 ,pal'es-tine gave the gospel1 but the ,jews of the dispersion carried it to the ,gen'tiles1 and in many places synagogues in the foreign world became the nucleus of a ,christian church1 where for the first time ,jew and ,gen'tile met as equals4 #d4 ,finally1 there was the preparation of a religion4 ,the gospel of ,christ was not a new religion2 it was the new development of an old religion4 ,as we study the ,old ,testament we see that each epoch stands upon a higher religious plane4 ,there is an enlargement of spiritual being between ,a'bra-ham and ,mo'ses1 between ,mo'ses and ,da'vid1 between ,da'vid and ,i-sa'iah1 between ,i-sa'iah and ,john the ,bap'tist4 ,phar'i-see and ,sad'du-cee each held a share of the truth which embraced the best thoughts of both sects4 ,the work of many scribes prepared the way for the coming of the ,lord1 and just when revelation was brought up to the highest level1 when a race was trained to apprehend and proclaim it1 when a language had been created and diffused to express it1 when the world was united in one great brotherhood of states1 ready to receive it--then1 in the fullness of times1 the ,christ was manifested1 who is over all1 ,god blessed forever4 ,blackboard ,outline ,i4 ,four ,per4 7,cont47 #c4 ,macc4 per4 #a47 ,rev4 ,mat4 #b47 ,jud4 ,macc4 #c47 ,macc4 dyn4 #d47 ,ri4 sec4 #d4 ,rom4 per4 #a47 ,her4 ,gr4 #b47 ,her4 tem4 #c47 ,tetr4 ,,ii4 ,prep4 ,gosp4 #a4 ,pol4 prep4 #b4 ,prep4 lan4 #c4 ,prep4 rac4 #d4 ,prep4 rel4 ,review ,questions ,what was the effect of the ,syr'i-an persecution8 ,who led the ,jews in revolt8 ,what great hero arose at this time8 ,what line of rulers came from his family8 ,what was the growth of the ,jew'ish state at that time8 ,what sects of the ,jews arose8 ,how did ,ju-de'a fall under the ,ro'man power8 ,whom did the ,ro'mans establish as king8 ,what were his dominions8 ,what building did he erect8 ,how was his kingdom divided after his death8 ,what finally became of ,ju-de'a8 ,name five ways in which there was a preparation for the gospel during this period4 ,what was the political preparation8 ,how was a language prepared for preaching the gospel to the world8 ,what race was prepared1 and how8 ,what part had each of the two divisions of the ,jew'ish race in the divine plan8 ,what was the preparation of a religion for the world8 ,,sixteenth ,,study ,the ,old ,testament as ,literature#af ,,part ,,one #a4 ,importance4 ,in order rightly to understand the ,bible we must not only study it as a book of history1 as a book of morals or ethics1 as a book of doctrine1 and as a book of devotion2 we must also examine it as literature1 and ascertain the different types of forms of literature shown in its pages4 ,the literary study of the ,bible is often of the highest importance4 ,for example1 the incident narrated in ,josh4 #aj4 #ab-ad1 printed as prose in most of our ,bibles1 is shown as poetry in the ,revised ,version2 and we all know that poetry is to be interpreted upon principles different from prose4 ,,ii4 ,difficulties4 ,in the study of the ,bible as literature two difficulties arise and must be overcome3 #a4 ,the division into chapters and verses1 and the printing of the ,bible throughout in the form of prose1 forms an obstacle to the student of the ,bible as literature4 ,suppose that every history of ,england1 the poetry of ,milton1 the dramas of ,shakespeare1 and the romances of ,scott were printed in the form of our ,bibles--broken up into short paragraphs--what a hindrance that would prove to the understanding and the enjoyment of these works6 ,except in the ,revised ,version of ,england and ,america1 that is the condition in which we read our ,bibles4 ,only in the ,revised ,version can the ,bible be read as literature4 #b4 ,another obstacle is in the fact that in the ,bible all the different forms of literature are mingled together4 ,the prose has poetry here and there2 history1 personal narrative1 drama1 and lyric are all united in the same writings4 ,we have ,scott's prose and his poetry separate1 ,matthew ,arnold's poems and his essays in separate volumes2 but in the ,old ,testament all these forms of literature are found together1 and generally more than one form in the same book4 ,there are few books in the ,old ,testament that are either all prose or all poetry4 ,,iii4 ,classification4 ,we may arrange the different kinds of literature found in the ,old ,testament under six classes1 as follows3 #a4 ,the larger portion of the ,old ,testament belongs to the department of ,history4 ,in its books we trace the early history of the world and the history through two thousand years of the ,is'ra-el-ite people4 ,this history may be classified as3 #a47 ,primitive history1 in the book of ,gen'e-sis4 #b47 ,constitutional history1 or the record of laws and institutions1 in ,ex'o-dus1 ,le-vit'i-cus1 ,num'bers4 #c47 ,national history1 or historical events1 in ,josh'u-a1 ,judg'es1 ,sam'u-el1 ,kings1 and ,ez'ra4 ,although in some of these books are many narratives more biographical than historical1 yet nearly all these stories have a bearing upon the national history4 #d47 ,ecclesiastical history1 in the books of ,chron'i-cles1 which tell the story of the kingdom of ,ju'dah from a priestly point of view4 #b4 ,next to the history comes ,personal ,narrative as a literary form in the ,bible2 such stories as those of ,jo'seph1 ,ba'laam1 ,ruth1 ,da'vid1 ,e-li'jah1 ,e-li'sha1 ,jo'nah1 and ,es'ther2 not historical1 as the story of the nations1 but personal1 as the record of individuals4 ,these narratives belong to the class called by scholars prose epics1 an epic being a work of narration1 generally in poetry1 as the epics of ,homer1 ,dante1 and ,milton4 ,the epics in the ,bible are poetic in their thought1 but prose in their form4 ,blackboard ,outline ,i4 ,imp4 ,the ,bible as ,hist4 ,eth4 ,doc4 ,dev4 ,lit4 ,illust4 ,,ii4 ,diff4 #a4 ,div4 chap4 ver4 #b4 ,lit4 ming4 ,,iii4 ,class4 #a4 ,hist4 #a47 ,prim4 #b47 ,const4 #c47 ,nat4 #d47 ,eccl4 #b4 ,per4 narr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,r4 ,d4 ,e4 ,e4 ,j4 ,e4 ,review ,questions ,with what various purposes may the ,bible be studied8 ,what is meant by the study of the ,bible as literature8 ,give an instance showing that this study is important for the right interpretation of the ,bible4 ,how does the form in which our ,bibles are printed hinder in the study of it as literature8 ,what other difficulty is met in the literary study of the ,bible8 ,how many classes of literature are found in the ,bible8 ,what is the department of literature most prominent in the ,bible8 ,name four kinds of history in the ,bible1 define each kind1 and give an example of it4 ,to what class of literature do the stories of the ,bible belong8 ,what are the subjects of some of these stories8 ,what is an epic8 ,name some great epics in literature8 ,wherein do these differ from the epics in the ,bible8 ,,part ,,two ,review ,i1 ,,ii1 and parts #a and #b of ,,iii4 #c4 ,far more of the ,old ,testament belongs to the department of ,poetry than appears in the ,authorized ,version1 the ,bible in common use4 ,the ,he'brew mind was poetic rather than prosaic1 and the thought of this people naturally fell into the form of poetry4 ,but there is a great difference between our poetry or verse and that of the ,he'brews4 ,with us there is apt to be rhyme1 never sought by the ,bible poet2 or else a certain measure in length of line or emphasis on certain vowel sounds1 the feet or meter1 in the verse1 equally unknown in the ,bible4 ,he'brew verse consists in a peculiar symmetry and balance of clauses1 which is called parallelism1 for instance3 ,he will not suffer thy foot to be moved3 ,he that keepeth thee will not slumber4 ,behold1 he that keepeth ,is'ra-el ,shall neither slumber nor sleep 7,psa4 #aba4 #c1 #d74 ,poetry is to be found in nearly all parts of the ,old ,testament4 ,there are3 #a47 ,odes1 as the song of ,mir'i-am 7,exod4 #ae71 of ,deb'o-rah 7,judg4 #e71 and the book of ,lam-en-ta'tions4 ,in the latter book there is an acrostical arrangement1 each stanza beginning in the original text with a letter of the ,he'brew alphabet1 and arranged in their order4 #b47 ,lyric poems1 songs of emotion or feeling1 as most of the ,psalms4 #c47 ,dramatic poems1 illustrative of action1 as ,job and the ,song of ,sol'o-mon4 #d4 ,oratory figures extensively in the ,old ,testament1 as we should expect to find in the literature of any ,oriental people1 among whom the public speaker exercises a mighty influence4 ,the orations or discourses of the ,bible are sometimes in prose1 sometimes in poetry1 sometimes in both forms of expression4 ,the speeches in the book of ,job1 ,sol'o-mon's dedicatory prayer 7#b ,chron4 #f71 almost the entire book of ,deu-ter-on'o-my1 the opening chapters of ,prov'erbs1 and many of the discourses of the prophets belong to this department4 ,note how readily the passage in ,deut4 #h4 #g-i falls into verse3 ,for the ,lord thy ,god bringeth thee into a good land1 ,a land of brooks of water1 ,of fountains and depths1 ,springing forth in valleys and hills2 ,a land of wheat and barley1 ,and vines and fig trees and pomegranates2 ,a land of oil olives and honey1 etc4 7,rev4 ,ver47 #e4 ,philosophy1 or wisdom-literature1 is also found in the ,old ,testament4 ,the book of ,prov'erbs is a collection of the sayings of the sages among the ,is'ra-el-ites2 while ,ec-cle-si-as'tes is a series of connected essays on human life4 #f4 ,prophecy is a distinct form of literature in the ,bible4 ,the word prophecy in the ,scriptures means not foretelling1 or prediction1 but forthtelling1 speaking under a divine power1 whether of past1 present1 or future4 ,it is not to be forgotten that the books of ,josh'u-a1 ,judg'es1 ,sam'u-el1 and ,kings were called by the ,jews the former prophets1 and were all regarded as prophetic1 although they contained history4 ,the prophets used freely either the prose form or verse form in their messages4 ,their writings may be classified under3 #a47 ,prophetic ,discourse1 the message of the ,lord concerning nations1 often called the burden1 the counterpart of the modern sermon1 as in ,isa4 #a4 #a-ca2 ,ezek4 #cd4 #b47 ,lyric prophecy1 in the form of song1 as in ,zeph-a-ni'ah1 ,isa4 #i4 #h to #aj4 #d1 and many other instances4 #c47 ,symbolic prophecy1 or the use of emblems1 as ,jer-e-mi'ah's girdle 7,jer4 #ac71 the potter's wheel 7,jer4 #ah71 or ,e-ze'ki-el's tile 7,ezek4 #d74 #d47 ,the prophecy of ,vision1 of which instances are3 ,i-sa'iah's call 7,isa4 #f72 ,jer-e-mi'ah's vision 7,jer4 #a4 #aa-af72 ,e-ze'ki-el's vision of the cherubim 7,ezek4 #a72 the valley of dry bones 7,ezek4 #cg72 and ,zech-a-ri'ah's vision of the candlestick 7,zech4 #d74 #e47 ,the prophecy of ,parable1 as the vineyard 7,isa4 #e71 also in ,ezek4 #ae2 the eagle 7,ezek4 #ag74 ,there are many parables in the ,old ,testament1 but the master in this form of teaching was the ,prophet of ,gal'i-lee in the gospels4 #f47 ,the prophecy of ,dialogue1 either between the prophet and ,je-ho'vah or more frequently between the prophet and the people1 as in the book of ,mal'a-chi4 #g47 ,dramatic prophecy1 in which ,je-ho'vah himself is represented as speaking1 generally introduced by the words ,thus saith ,je-ho'vah4 ,a close analysis will perhaps show other forms of prophetic teaching1 as ,the ,doom ,song and ,the ,prophetic ,rhapsody2 but in our judgment these also may be included in the classification given above4 7,see footnote with the opening of this lesson47 ,blackboard ,outline ,i4 ,imp4 ,the ,bible as ,hist4 ,eth4 ,doc4 ,dev4 ,lit4 ,illust4 ,,ii4 ,diff4 #a4 ,div4 chap4 ver4 #b4 ,lit4 ming4 ,,iii4 ,class4 #a4 ,hist1 #a47 ,prim4 #b47 ,const4 #c47 ,nat4 #d47 ,eccl4 #b4 ,per4 ,narr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,r4 ,d4 ,e4 ,e4 ,j4 ,e4 #c4 ,poet4 ,heb4 ver4 #a47 ,od4 #b47 ,lyr4 #c47 ,dram4 #d4 ,orat4 ,sol4 ,deut4 ,prov4 ,proph4 #e4 ,phil4 ,wis4-,lit4 ,prov4 ,eccl4 #f4 ,proph4 ,forthtell4 ,for4 proph4 #a47 ,pro4 ,disc4 #b47 ,lyr4 pro4 #c47 ,sym4 pro4 #d47 ,pro4 ,vis4 #e47 ,pro4 ,par4 #f47 ,pro4 ,dia4 #g47 ,dram4 pro4 ,review ,questions ,review the questions with ,,part ,,one of this lesson4 ,what are the first and second classes of literature in the ,bible8 ,what is the third class8 ,wherein does ,he'brew poetry differ from ,eng'lish verse8 ,what three kinds of poetry are found in the ,old ,testament8 ,give examples under each kind4 ,what is the fourth class of literature in the ,bible8 ,name some instances under this class4 ,are the discourses of the ,bible in prose or in poetry8 ,what is the fifth class of biblical literature8 ,by what other name is this class known8 ,give two examples of this class1 and state the differences between them4 ,what is the sixth literary department in the ,bible8 ,what is the meaning of the word prophecy8 ,in what form1 prose or poetry1 did the prophets speak8 ,what are the seven kinds of prophecy found in the ,bible8 ,define each kind4 ,give illustrations of each class4 ,,seventeenth ,,study ,how ,we ,got ,our ,bible ,,part ,,one ,i4 ,name4 ,here is a volume which we call ,the ,holy ,bible4 ,the word bible means books--biblia1 plural of ,greek biblion1 book4 ,so the ,bible is ,the ,sacred ,book1 and by its very name calls attention to the fact that it is not one book1 but many3 #ci books in the ,old ,testament1 #bg in the ,new--#ff books in the ,bible4 ,its composite nature is not less important for us to keep in mind than its unity4 ,especially is this true of the ,old ,testament1 of which we speak mainly in this lesson4 ,,ii4 ,origin4 ,how came these books into being8 ,this is a question of the higher criticism--that is1 the study of subjects back of and above those belonging to the meaning of the text2 not higher because more important1 but higher because pertaining to an earlier period4 ,certain conclusions1 however1 may be accepted4 #a4 ,much of the contents of the ,bible1 especially of the ,old ,testament1 was given orally1 through stories1 songs1 and poems recited1 through prophetic discourses1 and through traditions handed down from generation to generation--a method of instruction universal before books were printed4 #b4 ,these oral teachings were written1 some at the time when they were given1 others later1 sometimes after generations of oral repetition4 ,the writing of different portions of the ,bible was carried on at various times1 in various places1 and by various writers2 perhaps through #a1fjj years1 and by more than #dj writers1 most of whom have remained unknown4 ,in the writing and rewriting ,he'brew scholars of ,old ,testament times did not hesitate to modify the older works as they saw reasons for so doing4 ,we respect the works of authors1 and would not alter the language of ,chaucer or ,milton or ,macaulay2 but ,he'brew prophets and scribes in early times cared more for the contents than for the authorship of their sacred books4 #c4 ,as long as there were prophets in ,is'ra-el and ,ju'dah to declare the will of the ,lord the need of a written and authoritative ,scripture was scarcely recognized4 ,but prophecy ceased about ,b4 ,c4 #dej1 and then began the work of the great scribes1 of whom ,ez'ra was the chief1 in bringing together1 editing1 and copying the sacred books4 ,perhaps about ,b4 ,c4 #djj the ,old ,testament was practically complete4 ,but it is evident that the precise text was not fixed for centuries afterward1 as the earliest translation 7the ,septuagint2 see below7 shows that a text was followed different from that now read4 ,the text of the ,he'brew ,bible was not finally adopted until later than ,a4 ,d #bjj4 ,,iii4 ,language4 #a4 ,nearly all the ,old ,testament was written in ,he'brew1 the language of the ,is'ra-el-ites1 called by the ,as-syr'i-ans on their monuments the tongue of the west country1 in the ,bible the lip of ,ca'naan 7,isa4 #ai4 #ah7 or the ,jews' language 7#b ,kings #ah4 #bf74 #b4 ,certain parts of ,dan'iel and ,ez'ra and one verse of ,jer-e-mi'ah 7,jer4 #aj4 #aa7 were written in ,ar-a-ma'ic 7#b ,kings #ah4 #bf1 ,syr'i-an language71 often1 though inaccurately1 called ,chal'dee4 ,,iv4 ,form4 #a4 ,the books of the ,old ,testament were written upon parchment1 the prepared skins of animals4 ,the letters were large1 and a manuscript roll embraced generally only one book2 and several rolls were needed for the longer books4 #b4 ,their use was almost entirely limited to the synagogue1 and few copies were ever owned by private persons4 ,after touching the roll of an inspired book one must wash his hands in running water before touching anything else4 #c4 ,when the synagogue rolls were well worn they were cut up into smaller pieces for use in the schools1 where the ,bible was the only text-book4 ,when worn out they were burned or buried4 ,the ,jews did not preserve ancient writings1 which is one reason why all the manuscripts of the ,bible are of comparatively modern date4 ,blackboard ,outline ,i4 ,name4 ,h4 ,b4 ,biblia4 #ci4 #bg4 #ff4 ,,ii4 ,orig4 ,hi4 ,crit4 #a4 ,ora4 ,st4 so4 po4 pro4 trad4 #b4 ,writ4 #a1fjj y4 #dj wri4 ,works of authors4 #c4 ,work of scr4 ,b4,c4 #djj4 ,text not uniform4 ,,iii4 ,lang4 #a4 ,heb4 #b4 ,aram4 ,,iv4 ,form4 #a4 ,writ4 parch4 #b4 ,use in syn4 #c4 ,use in sch4 ,review ,questions ,what is the origin and meaning of the word ,bible8 ,what does this word suggest as to the books of the ,bible8 ,how many books does the ,bible contain8 ,what is meant by the higher criticism8 ,how was much of the ,bible given8 ,how and when were the books written8 ,how long was the writing in progress8 ,did the writers of the ,bible change the documents as they wrote them8 ,how long was there little need of a written revelation8 ,when were the writings of the ,old ,testament brought together8 ,name the leader in this work4 ,at what time was the ,old ,testament completed8 ,was the precise text of the ,bible fixed at that time8 ,what evidence is there of more than one accepted text8 ,in what language was most of the ,old ,testament written8 ,what other language was also used8 ,what parts of the ,old ,testament were in this other language8 ,in what form were the books of the ,old ,testament preserved8 ,what was their principal use8 ,what hindered the private ownership of the books8 ,what use was made of the old rolls of the ,scriptures8 ,how were they finally disposed of8 ,,part ,,two ,v4 ,early ,versions4 ,the captivity of the ,jews in ,bab-y-lo'ni-a led to a change in their spoken language1 so that they could no longer understand the ancient ,hebrew of the ,bible1 and translations1 or versions1 became necessary4 ,note that in ,ez'ra's ,bible class 7,neh4 #h4 #g7 translators were employed1 and their names are given4 #a4 ,the ,targums4 ,these translations from the ,hebrew to the vernacular1 or common speech1 of the ,jews were called ,targums4 ,men were trained to give them1 as the sacred text was read1 sentence by sentence1 in the synagogue4 ,this translator was called a meturgeman4 ,for centuries these translations1 or ,targums1 remained unwritten1 were handed down orally1 and were jealously guarded4 ,not until after ,a4 ,d4 #bjj was the writing of the ,targums authorized by ,jewish custom4 #b4 ,the ,septuagint4 ,the conquests of ,al-ex-an'der1 ,b4 ,c4 #ccj1 made the ,greek language dominant in all the lands of the east1 and the ,jews dispersed among these countries needed their writings in the ,greek tongue1 which was used almost everywhere in the synagogues outside of ,ju-de'a4 ,to meet this need the ,septuagint version arose in ,al-ex-an'dri-a1 beginning about ,b4 ,c4 #bhe4 ,the name ,septuagint1 meaning seventy1 arose from a legend that the version was made by seventy men1 each in a separate room1 translating all the books2 and the result showed the rendering alike1 word for word6 ,the ,septuagint became the current ,bible of the ,jews in all lands except1 perhaps1 ,pal'es-tine4 #c4 ,the ,vulgate4 ,after ,rome became the world's capital1 and the ,latin language came into general use1 especially west of ,al-ex-an'dri-a1 in the ,christian churches came a demand for the ,bible in ,latin4 ,many versions of certain books were made1 but the one that at last superseded all the earlier translations was that prepared by ,jerome1 about ,a4 ,d4 #djj4 ,this was called the ,vulgate1 from the ,latin vulgus1 the common people4 ,this was the ,bible in general use until the ,reformation4 ,but as the ,latin language in its turn ceased to be spoken the ,bible was lost to the common people throughout ,europe1 and was known only to scholars1 mostly in the monasteries4 ,,vi4 ,modern ,versions4 ,of these multitudes have been made2 but we will notice only a few of the most important in the line of succession leading to our ,english ,bible4 #a4 ,wyclif's ,bible4 ,john ,wyclif was ,the ,morning ,star of the ,reformation1 preaching in ,england one hundred and fifty years before ,luther in ,germany4 ,finding the ,latin ,bible inaccessible to the common people1 he prepared a version in the ,english of his time1 aided by other scholars4 ,the ,new ,testament was first translated1 beginning with the book of ,revelation1 in #aceg1 and nearly all the ,old ,testament was translated by #achb1 two years before ,wyclif died4 ,this translation was made from the ,vulgate1 not from the original ,hebrew and ,greek4 ,as printing had not yet been invented it was circulated in manuscript only1 yet was read widely4 #b4 ,tyndale's ,bible4 ,after the invention of printing and the great ,reformation there was an awakened interest in the ,bible4 ,william ,tyndale1 a scholar in ,hebrew and ,greek1 gave his life to the translation of the ,scriptures1 was exiled1 and was martyred in #aecf on account of it4 ,his ,new ,testament in #aebe was the first printed in ,english1 and it was followed by the ,pentateuch in #aecj4 ,no one man ever made a better translation than ,tyndale1 which has been followed in many renderings by nearly all the later versions4 #c4 ,the ,great ,bible4 ,omitting the versions of ,coverdale1 ,matthew1 and ,taverner1 we come to the first authorized version1 made under the direction of the ,english prime minister1 ,thomas ,cromwell1 edited by ,miles ,coverdale1 and published in #aeci4 ,it received its name from its size1 and from the fact that a copy of it was required to be placed in every church in ,england4 #d4 ,the ,geneva ,bible was translated by a company of ,english exiles in ,switzerland1 and appeared in #aefj4 ,it was more convenient in form than the earlier editions1 was divided into verses1 and printed in ,roman letters--traits which made it popular1 especially among the nonconformists in ,england4 #e4 ,the ,bishops' ,bible was prepared under the direction of ,matthew ,parker1 archbishop under ,queen ,elizabeth1 by eight bishops of the ,church of ,england1 and appeared in #aegb4 ,it had a limited circulation1 because it was really not quite as good as the ,geneva ,bible2 but it was the official version in ,england from #aegb to #afaa4 #f4 ,the ,douai ,bible4 ,all the above-named versions1 and many others1 were the work of ,protestants4 ,the ,roman ,catholics of ,england found a version of their own a necessity2 and1 as they were not allowed to prepare and publish one in ,england1 the task was undertaken by exiled ,roman ,catholics on the ,continent4 ,the ,new ,testament was published at ,rheims1 in ,france1 in #aehb2 the ,old ,testament at ,douai1 in ,belgium1 in #afaj4 ,this translation was made from the ,latin ,bible of ,jerome1 and its marginal notes set forth the ,roman ,catholic views4 ,it is still the ,english ,bible of the ,roman ,catholic ,church4 #g4 ,the ,king ,james ,version4 ,in the reign of ,james ,i of ,england many versions were in circulation1 and for the sake of uniformity a new translation was ordered by the king4 ,this was made by forty-seven scholars1 occupying about three years1 and was issued in #afaa4 ,it became by degrees the standard ,english ,bible1 ,the ,authorized ,version1 as it is called4 ,it is the ,bible which is still circulated by the million every year1 the ,bible familiar to every reader4 #h4 ,the ,revised ,version4 ,the advance in scholarship1 the increasing knowledge of the ancient world1 and the discovery of old manuscripts unknown to earlier translators1 caused a demand1 not for a new ,bible1 but for a revision of the text and of the translation in common use4 ,the ,church of ,england led in the movement1 but invited the cooperation of scholars in every denomination of ,great ,britain and ,america4 ,in #ahha the ,new ,testament appeared1 and in #ahhe the entire ,bible4 ,students everywhere recognized the ,revised ,version as a great improvement upon the ,authorized ,version1 but it comes very slowly into use by the people4 #i4 ,the ,american ,revised ,version4 ,in the preparation of the ,revised ,version of #ahhe the ,american scholars proposed more radical changes than the ,english revisers would admit4 ,it was arranged that the ,americans should have their list of proposed changes published at the end of the version1 but they should not publish any ,bible containing them in the text until #aijj4 ,the ,american revisers continued their organization1 and1 aided by experience1 made a new revision throughout1 which was published both in ,england and ,america as ,the ,american ,revised ,version1 in #aija4 ,this work is by most students regarded as1 upon the whole1 better than the ,revised ,version of #ahhe and the best translation of the ,bible that has yet appeared4 ,blackboard ,outline ,i4 ,name4 ,h4 ,b4 ,biblia4 #ci4 #bg4 #ff4 ,,ii4 ,orig4 ,hi4 ,crit4 #a4 ,ora4 ,st4 so4 po4 pro4 trad4 #b4 ,writ4 #a1fjj y4 #dj wri4 ,works of authors4 #c4 ,work of scr4 ,b4 ,c4 #djj4 ,text not uniform4 ,,iii4 ,lang4 #a4 ,heb4 #b4 ,aram4 ,,iv4 ,form4 #a4 ,writ4 parch4 #b4 ,use in syn4 #c4 ,use in sch4 ,v4 ,ear4 ,ver4 #a4 ,tar4 #b4 ,sept4 #c4 ,vul4 ,,vi4 ,mod4 ,ver4 #a4 ,wyc4 #achb4 #b4 ,tyn4 #aebe1 #aecj4 #c4 ,gr4 ,bib4 #aeci4 #d4 ,gen4 ,bib4 #aefj4 #e4 ,bish4 ,bib4 #aegb4 #f4 ,dou4 ,bib4 #aehb1 #afaj4 #g4 ,k4 ,jam4 ,ver4 #afaa4 #h4 ,rev4 ,ver4 #ahha1 #ahhe4 #i4 ,am4 ,rev4 ,ver4 #aija4 ,review ,questions ,review and answer again the questions on ,sections ,i1 ,,ii1 ,,iii1 ,,iv of this lesson4 ,what is meant by versions8 ,how did versions of the ,old ,testament become necessary to the ,jews8 ,what were these versions called1 and how did they arise8 ,how were they preserved8 ,what called forth the ,septuagint ,version8 ,in what language was it8 ,when was it prepared8 ,what was the ,jewish legend concerning it8 ,how did the ,vulgate arise8 ,who made it8 ,why did it receive that name8 ,what did the ,vulgate become8 ,repeat the names of the three most important early versions4 ,name the nine most important modern versions4 ,who was ,wyclif8 ,when did he live8 ,when did his translation of the ,bible appear8 ,how was it circulated8 ,what two events in modern times increased the desire for the ,bible in the language of the people8 ,what is said of ,tyndale's version8 ,what was the ,great ,bible8 ,who directed its preparation8 ,who edited it8 ,when was it published8 ,what was the ,geneva ,bible8 ,wherein did it differ from earlier ,bibles8 ,give the facts concerning the ,bishops' ,bible--originator1 translators1 date1 characteristics4 ,what was the history of the ,douai ,bible8 ,where is that ,bible used8 ,tell the facts about the ,authorized ,version4 ,how did the ,revised ,version arise8 ,how was it prepared8 ,what new version has recently appeared1 and how is it regarded8 ,,footnotes3 #a ,the chronology of the ,bible is not a matter of the divine revelation1 and scholars are not agreed with respect to the dates of early ,scripture history4 ,the system of chronology commonly found in reference ,bibles is that of ,archbishop ,usher1 who lived #aehj-afef1 long before the modern period of investigation in ,bible lands4 ,according to this chronology ,a'dam was created ,b4 ,c4 #djjd1 the flood took place ,b4 ,c4 #bcdh1 and the call of ,a'bra-ham was ,b4 ,c4 #aibh4 ,but it is now an attested and recognized fact that kingdoms were established in the ,eu-phra'tes valley and beside the ,nile more than #djjj years before ,christ4 ,all of ,usher's dates earlier than the captivity of the ,jews in ,bab'y-lon are now discarded by scholars4 ,we give in these lessons no dates earlier than the call of ,a'bra-ham1 which is doubtfully placed at ,b4 ,c4 #bbhj1 and regard none as certain before ,b4 ,c4 #ajjj4 #b ,when the birth of ,christ was adopted as an era of chronology1 about ,a4 ,d4 #djj a mistake of four years was made by the historian who first fixed it4 ,hence the year in which ,christ was born was in reality ,b4 ,c4 #d4 #c ,we give ,mount ,hor the traditional location1 east of the ,desert of ,zin2 but there is strong reason for finding it west of the ,desert of ,zin1 near ,ka'desh-bar'ne-a4 #d ,called in the ,revised ,version guilt offering4 #e ,this is called in the ,revised ,version the meal offering2 that is1 the offering to ,god of a meal to be eaten4 ,it might be called food offering4 #f ,according to ,josephus2 the fact is not stated in the ,bible4 #g ,the ecclesiastical year began with the month ,abib1 or ,nisan1 in the spring3 the civil year with the month ,ethanim in the fall4 #h ,the ,old ,testament name for the ,sea of ,gal'i-lee is ,chin'ne-reth 7ch as k71 a word meaning harp-shaped4 #i ,the account of the sun and moon standing still is an extract from an ancient poem1 and is so printed in the ,revised ,version4 ,the subject is discussed in ,geikie's ,hours with the ,bible1 footnote with chapter #ac4 #aj ,with regard to the destruction of the ,ca'naan-ites3 #a4 ,such destruction was the almost universal custom of the ancient world4 #b4 ,it was observed by the ,ca'naan-ites1 who were among the most wicked of ancient peoples4 #c4 ,it was necessary if ,is'ra-el was to be kept from the corruption of their morals1 and upon ,is'ra-el's character depended the world in after ages4 #d4 ,as a result of failing to extirpate the ,ca'naan-ites a vastly greater number of the ,is'ra-el-ites were destroyed during the succeeding centuries4 #aa ,with ,jeph'thah is associated the only instance of human sacrifice offered to ,je-ho'vah in all ,bible history2 and this was by an ignorant freebooter1 in a part of the land farthest from the instructions of the tabernacle and the priesthood4 ,when we consider that the practice of human sacrifice was universal in the ancient world1 and that not only captives taken in war1 but also the children of the worshipers1 were offered 7#b ,kings #c4 #bf1 #bg2 ,mic4 #f4 #g71 this fact is a remarkable evidence of the elevating power of the ,is'ra-el-ite worship4 #ab ,with regard to ,da'vid's crimes against ,u-ri'ah and his wife1 note that no other ancient monarch would have hesitated to commit such an act1 or would have cared for it afterward2 while ,da'vid submitted to the prophet's rebuke1 publicly confessed his sin1 and showed every token of a true repentance4 #ac ,notice that while the prophets had been friendly to ,da'vid1 they were strongly opposed to ,sol'o-mon1 and gave aid to his enemy ,jer-o-bo'am 7#a ,kings #aa4 #bi-ci74 #ad ,the dimensions as given in the ,bible are all in cubits1 a measure of uncertain length1 which ,i have estimated at eighteen inches2 consequently all the figures given in this study are to be regarded as approximate1 not exact4 #ae ,there is no mention of either the table or the candlestick in ,sol'o-mon's temple1 but instead ten tables and ten candlesticks in the ,holy ,place 7#b ,chron4 #d4 #g1 #h74 ,the table and candlestick were in the tabernacle1 and were also in the second and third temples2 but it is uncertain whether they actually stood in the temple of ,sol'o-mon4 #af ,nearly all the material in this lesson is drawn in an abbreviated form from ,the ,literary ,study of the ,bible1 by ,richard ,g4 ,moulton 7,boston ,d4 ,c4 ,heath ,co471 a masterpiece on this subject1 strongly recommended to the student4 ,i have1 however1 ventured to vary from ,dr4 ,moulton's classification on some minor points--,j4 ,l4 ,h4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,obvious punctuation errors repaired4