file which includes the original illustrations4 ,see #cijjj-;h4htm or #cijjj-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/cache_/epu b_/#cijjj_/pg#cijjj-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/files_/#ci jjj_/cijjj-;h4zip7 ,the ,art and ,life ,library ,edited by ,,walter ,,shaw ,,sparrow4 ,,volume ,i4 ,the ,british ,home of ,to-day ,a ,,book ,,of ,,modern ,,domestic ,,architecture ,,and ,,the ,,applied ,,arts4 7,published ,june1 #aijd4 ,out of ,print74 ,,volume ,,ii4 ,the ,gospels in ,art ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,christ ,,by ,,great ,,painters ,,from ,,fra ,,angelico ,,to ,,holman ,,hunt4 7,published ,november1 #aijd74 ,,volume ,,iii4 ,women ,painters of the ,world ,,from ,,the ,,time ,,of ,,caterina ,,vigri 7#adac-adfc7 ,,to ,,rosa ,,bonheur ,,and ,,the ,,present ,,day4 ,,dedicated ,,to ,,her ,,majesty ,,queen ,,alexandra4 7,published ,march1 #aije74 ,hodder ,stoughton1 #bg1 ,paternoster ,row1 ,london4 ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school1 #aija ,,joy ,,and ,,the ,,labourer4 ,,reproduced ,,from ,,the ,,original ,,picture ,,in ,,the ,,collection ,,of ,w4 ,a4 ,,cadbury1 ,,esq4 ,mrs4 ,mary ,young ,hunter1 ,painter ,women ,painters of the ,world from the time of ,caterina ,vigri #adac-adfc to ,rosa ,bonheur and the ,present ,day ,edited by ,walter ,shaw ,sparrow ,the ,art and ,life ,library ,h,s #aije ,hodder ,stoughton #bg ,paternoster ,row-,london ,,dedicated ,,by ,,graciovs ,,permission ,,to ,,her ,,majesty ,,qveen ,,alexandra ,,in ,,this ,,year ,,of ,,ovr ,,lord ,,one ,,thovsand ,,nine ,,hvndred ,,five ,printed by ,percy ,lund1 ,humphries ,co41 ,ltd4 ,the ,country ,press1 ,bradford4 ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school1 #ahgd ,,missed6 ,,reproduced ,,by ,,permission ,,of ,,charles ,,cheston1 ,,esq41 ,,from3 ,,the ,,original ,,water-,,colour ,,dated #ahgd1 ,,the ,,year ,,in ,,which ,,the ,,painter',s ,,famous ,,roll-,,call ,,was ,,purchased ,,by ,,queen ,,victoria ,,at ,,the ,,royal ,,academy4 ,lady ,elizabeth ,butler1 ,painter ,,preface ,what is genius8 ,is it not both masculine and feminine8 ,are not some of its qualities instinct with manhood1 while others delight us with the most winning graces of a perfect womanhood8 ,does not genius make its appeal as a single creative agent with a two-fold sex8 ,but if genius has its ,mirandas and its ,regans no less than its infinite types of men1 ranging from ,prospero and ,ferdinand to ,caliban and ,trinculo1 its union of the sexes does not remain always at peace within the sphere of art4 ,sometimes1 in the genius of men1 the female characteristics gain mastery over the male qualities2 at other times the male attributes of woman's genius win empire and precedence over the female2 and whenever these things happen1 the works produced in art soon recede from the world's sympathies1 losing all their first freshness4 ,they may guide us1 perhaps1 as finger-posts in history1 pointing the way to some movement of interest2 but their first popularity as art is never renewed4 ,style is the man in the genius of men1 style is the woman in the genius of the fair4 ,no male artist1 however gifted he may be1 will ever be able to experience all the emotional life to which women are subject2 and no woman of abilities1 how much soever she may try1 will be able to borrow from men anything so invaluable to art as her own intuition and the prescient tenderness and grace of her nursery-nature4 ,thus1 then1 the bisexuality of genius has limits in art1 and those limits should be determined by a worker's sex4 ,as examples in art of complete womanliness1 mention may be made of two exquisite portraits by ,madame ,le ,brun1 in which1 whilst representing her little daughter and herself1 the painter discloses the inner essence and the life of maternal love1 and discloses them with a caressing playfulness of passion unattainable by men1 and sometimes unappreciated by men4 ,here1 indeed1 we have the poetry of universal motherhood1 common to the household hearts of good women the wide world over4 ,such pictures may not be the highest form of painting1 but highest they are in their own realm of human emotion2 and they recall to one's memory that truth in which ,napoleon the ,great ranked the gentler sex as the most potent of all creative artists4 ,the future destiny of children1 said he1 is always the work of mothers4 ,but some persons may answer3 ,yes1 but the achievements of women painters have been second-rate4 ,where is there a woman artist equal to any man among the greatest masters8 ,persons who do not think are constantly asking that question4 ,the greatest geniuses were all hustled and moulded into shape by the greatest epochs of ambition in the lives of nations1 just as the mountains of ,switzerland were thrown up to their towering heights by tremendous forces underground2 and1 as the ,alps do not repeat themselves1 here and there1 for the pleasure of tourists1 so the greatest geniuses do not reappear for the pleasure of critics or of theorists4 ,and this is not all4 ,why compare the differing genius of women and men8 ,there is room in the garden of art for flowers of every kind and for butterflies and birds of every species2 and why should anyone complain because a daisy is not a rose1 or because nightingales and thrushes1 despite their family resemblance1 have voices of their own1 dissimilar in compass and in quality8 ,the present book1 then1 is a history of woman's garden in the art of painting1 and its three hundred pictures show what she has grown in her garden during the last four centuries and a half4 ,the ,editor has tried to free his mind of every bias1 so that this book1 within the limits of #ccb pages1 might be as varied as the subject4 ,the choice of pictures has not been easy1 and a few disappointments have attended the many communications with the owners of copyrights2 but only two invited artists have declined to contribute4 ,it is not often that so much willing and generous help has come to an ,editor from so many countries2 and it is with gratitude that ,i acknowledge the assistance received from the contributors of to-day4 ,seven pictures are reproduced in colour-facsimile1 thanks to the courtesy of the following artists and collectors3 ,mrs4 ,allingham1 ,miss ,ann ,macbeth1 ,mr4 ,james ,orrock1 ,r4,i41 ,mr4 ,w ,a4 ,cadbury1 ,mr4 ,charles ,cheston1 ,mr4 ,klackner1 and ,mr4 ,charles ,dowdeswell4 ,the ,dedication ,page1 the ,initials ,letters1 the ,end ,papers1 are all designs by ,miss ,ethel ,larcombe1 while the ,title ,page and the ,cover are the work of ,mr4 ,david ,veazey4 ,the silhouettes by ,mlle4 ,nelly ,bodenheim1 used as tail-pieces1 are published by permission of ,s4 ,l4 van ,looy1 ,amsterdam4 ,this volume being the first illustrated history of the ,women ,painters of the ,world1 ,her ,majesty ,queen ,alexandra has honoured it by graciously accepting the ,dedication2 and in this encouraging act is revealed the untiring interest and solicitude with which ,her ,majesty has ever followed the progress of women's work4 ,,the ,,editor4 ,illustration3 ,,silhouette ,,by ,,nelly ,,bodenheim1 ,,holland4 ,illustration3 ,,school ,,of ,,british ,,water-,,colour1 ,,contemporary ,,an ,,english ,,hebe4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,drawing ,h4,r4,h4 ,the ,princess ,louise1 ,duchess of ,argyll ,,contents ,preface3 ,,on ,,the ,,scope ,,of ,,the ,,present ,,volume4 ,by the ,editor4 ,chapter ,i3 ,,women ,,painters ,,in ,,italy ,,since ,,the ,,fifteenth ,,century4 ,by ,walter ,shaw ,sparrow ,chapter ,,ii3 ,,early ,,british ,,women ,,painters4 ,by the ,editor4 ,chapter ,,iii3 ,,modern ,,british ,,women ,,painters4 ,by ,ralph ,peacock4 ,chapter ,,iv3 ,,women ,,painters ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,of ,,america4 ,by the ,editor4 ,chapter ,v3 ,,of ,,women ,,painters ,,in ,,france4 ,by ,leonce ,benedite4 ,translated into ,english by ,edgar ,preston4 ,chapter ,,vi3 ,,women ,,painters ,,in ,,belgium ,,and ,,in ,,holland4 ,by ,n4 ,jany4 ,translated into ,english by ,edgar ,preston4 ,chapter ,,vii3 ,,women ,,painters ,,in ,,germany ,,and ,,austria1 ,,in ,,russia1 ,,switzerland ,,and ,,spain4 ,by ,wilhelm ,schoelermann4 ,translated into ,english by ,wilfrid ,sparroy4 ,chapter ,,viii3 ,,some ,,finnish ,,women ,,painters4 ,by ,helena ,westermarck4 ,,facsimile ,,plates ,,in ,,colour #a4 ,mrs4 ,mary ,young ,hunter4 ,,joy ,,and ,,the ,,labourer ,frontispiece ,,page #b4 ,lady ,elizabeth ,butler 7,elizabeth ,thompson74 ,,missed6 #i #c4 ,h4,i4,m4 ,the ,empress ,frederick of ,germany 7#ahdj-ahia74 ,,the ,,akropolis1 ,,athens3 ,,from ,,the ,,balcony ,,of ,,the ,,crown ,,prince',s ,,house #ef #d4 ,miss ,eleanor ,fortescue ,brickdale1 ,a4,r4,w4,s4 ,,youth ,,and ,,the ,,lady #gc #e4 ,miss ,ann ,macbeth4 ,,elspeth #ig #f4 ,mrs4 ,helen ,allingham1 ,r4,w4,s4 ,a ,,cottage ,,near ,,crocken ,,hill #aji #g4 ,helen ,hyde4 ,,day ,,dreams #ade ,,rembrandt ,,photogravures #a4 ,rosalba ,carriera4 ,,portrait ,,of ,a ,,lady ,,unknown #bj #b4 ,madame ,vigee ,le ,brun4 ,,herself ,,and ,,her ,,daughter #aff #c4 ,madame ,adele ,romany4 ,,portrait ,,of ,,gaetano ,,apollino ,,baldassare ,,vestris1 ,,dancer #aga #d4 ,mademoiselle ,marie ,amelie ,cogniet4 ,,portrait ,,of ,,madame ,,adelaide ,d',,orleans #ahi #e4 ,rosa ,bonheur4 ,,shepherd ,,watching ,,his ,,sheep #bje #f4 ,francine ,charderon4 ,,sleep #bbi ,,monochrome ,,plates #a4 ,h4,r4,h4 the ,princess ,louise1 ,duchess of ,argyll4 ,,an ,,english ,,hebe4 #ac #b4 ,sophonisba ,anguisciola4 ,,her ,,three ,,sisters ,,playing ,,at ,,chess #be #c4 ,artemisia ,gentileschi4 ,,mary ,,magdalene #ca #d4 ,rosalba ,carriera4 ,,charity ,,and ,,justice #cg #e4 ,elisabetta ,sirani4 ,,the ,,dream ,,of ,,st4 ,,anthony ,,of ,,padua #dc #f4 ,signorina ,elisa ,koch4 ,,the ,,little ,,sister #di #g4 ,catharine ,read4 ,,the ,,lady ,,georgiana ,,spencer #fa #h4 ,angelica ,kauffman1 ,r4,a4 ,,the ,,sibyl #fg #i4 ,mrs4 ,stanhope ,forbes1 ,a4,r4,w4,s4 ,,the ,,fisher ,,wife #he #aj4 ,mrs4 ,william ,de ,morgan 7,evelyn ,pickering74 ,,flora #ia #aa4 ,miss ,eleanor ,fortescue ,brickdale1 ,a4,r4,w4,s4 ,,to-,,day ,,for ,,me #ajc #ab4 ,miss ,cecilia ,beaux4 ,,mother ,,and ,,child #aba #ac4 ,miss ,kate ,greenaway4 ,a4 ,,for ,,apple ,,pie3 ,e4 ,,eat ,,it #abg #ad4 ,mrs4 ,annie ,l4 ,swynnerton4 ,,the ,,sense ,,of ,,sight #acc #ae4 ,mrs4 ,anna ,lea ,merritt1 ,r4,b4,a4 ,,love ,,locked ,,out #aci #af4 ,miss ,cornelia ,w4 ,conant4 ,,the ,,end ,,of ,,the ,,story #aea #ag4 ,mary ,cassatt4 ,,baby',s ,,toilette #aeg #ah4 ,helen ,hyde4 ,,the ,,bamboo ,,fence #afc #ai4 ,madame ,vigee ,le ,brun4 ,,herself ,,and ,,her ,,daughter #agg #bj4 ,berthe ,morisot4 ,,portrait ,,of ,a ,,young ,,woman ,,seated #baa #ba4 ,madame ,jacqueline ,comerre-,paton4 ,,mistletoe #bag #bb4 ,madame ,eva ,gonzales4 ,,portrait ,,of ,a ,,lady #bbc #bc4 ,madame ,fanny ,fleury4 ,,the ,,pathway ,,to ,,the ,,village ,,church #bce #bd4 ,madame ,vallet-,bisson4 ,,the ,,departure #bda #be4 ,mlle4 ,consuelo ,fould4 ,,will ,,you ,,buy8 #bdg #bf4 ,judith ,leyster4 ,,the ,,merry ,,young ,,man #beg #bg4 ,mevrouw ,bilders van ,bosse4 ,,landscape ,,near ,,oosterbeek #bfg #bh4 ,mlle4 ,therese ,schwartze4 ,,the ,,children ,,of ,,mr4 ,a4 ,,may1 ,,amsterdam #bgc #ci4 ,madame ,henriette ,ronner4 ,,the ,,last ,,move #bgi #cj4 ,mlle4 ,marie ,bashkirtseff4 ,a ,,meeting #bic #ca4 ,mlle4 ,ottilie ,roederstein4 ,,le ,,mois ,,de ,,marie #caa #cb4 ,antonia de ,banuelos4 ,,the ,,little ,,fishers #cba #cc4 ,mary ,cassatt4 ,,childhood ,,in ,a ,,garden #cbg #cd4 ,mary ,cassatt4 ,,mother ,,and ,,two ,,children #cbg ,,duplex ,,plates #a4 ,mrs4 ,marianne ,stokes4 ,,the ,,queen ,,and ,,the ,,page4 ,duplex ,plate #gi #b4 ,miss ,lucy ,kemp-,welch1 ,r4,b4,a4 ,,labourers ,,of ,,the ,,night4 ,duplex ,plate #aae #c4 ,madame ,benoits4 ,,marie ,,pauline1 ,,princesse ,,borghese4 ,duplex ,plate #ahc #d4 ,rosa ,bonheur4 ,,study ,,of ,a ,,bull4 ,duplex ,plate #aie ,owing to various reasons1 the work of several well-known painters could not be obtained until this book had passed through the press1 and a supplement of pictures has therefore been placed between page #cbd and page #cbe4 ,it includes work by ,lady ,alma-,tadema1 ,mrs4 ,seymour ,lucas1 ,mrs4 ,marrable1 ,miss ,maud ,earl1 ,miss ,julia ,b4 ,folkard1 ,miss ,maude ,goodman1 ,miss ,flora ,m4 ,reid1 ,miss ,blanche ,jenkins1 and ,madame ,arsene ,darmesteter4 ,it is hoped that the ,women ,painters of ,to-day may be studied again in a second volume4 ,in the present book1 dealing with #dej years of work1 the living painters could not be fully represented1 for there are thousands of ladies who now win a place in the art exhibitions of ,europe and ,america4 ,,women ,,painters ,,represented ,,page ,abbema1 ,mlle4 ,louise #bcg ,abran1 ,madame #bdc ,allingham1 ,mrs4 ,helen1 ,r4,w4,s4 #aji1 #acg ,alma-,tadema1 ,miss ,anna #aef ,anderson1 ,mrs4 ,sophie #aje ,angell1 ,mrs4 ,coleman #ajb ,anguisciola1 ,sophonisba #be1 #cf1 #ci ,angus1 ,christine #fd ,art1 ,mlle4 ,berthe #bgf ,bakhuyzen1 ,mme4 ,c4 ,j4 van de ,sande #bff ,banuelos1 ,antonia de #cbj1 #cba ,barton1 ,miss ,rose1 ,a4,r4,w4,s4 #adc ,bashkirtseff1 ,mlle4 ,marie #bic1 #cae ,bauck1 ,jeanna #cjj1 #cja ,bauerle1 ,miss ,a41 ,a4,r4,e4 #acb ,beale1 ,mary #ha ,beauclerk1 ,lady ,diana #hb ,beaux1 ,miss ,cecilia #aba1 #afb ,benoits1 ,madame #ahc ,bilders van ,bosse1 ,mme4 #bfg1 #bfi1 #bgb ,bisschop-,robertson1 ,mme4 ,suse #bgh ,blatherwick1 ,lily 7,mrs4 ,a4 ,s4 ,hartrick7 #aee ,blau-,lang1 ,frau ,tina #cjf1 #cjh ,bodenheim1 ,mlle4 ,nelly #ab1 #gb1 #bib1 #ccb ,bonheur1 ,rosa #aie1 #bje1 #bji1 #baj1 #bad1 #bae ,bouillier1 ,mlle4 #aid ,bourbon1 de1 ,infante ,paz #cah1 #cbj ,bovi1 ,madame #ij ,boznauska1 de1 ,olga #caf ,breslau1 ,mlle4 ,louise #cjd1 #cad ,brickdale1 ,miss ,e4 ,fortescue1 ,a4,r4,w4,s4 #gc1 #ajc1 #aad1 #abf1 #ada1 #adb ,brockmann1 ,dona ,elena #cai ,brownscombe1 ,miss ,jennie #afa ,butler1 ,lady ,elizabeth #i1 #aed ,byrne1 ,anne ,frances #id ,cameron1 ,miss ,katharine #abd ,cameron1 ,miss ,margaret #aca1 #aee ,capet1 ,marie ,gabrielle #aig ,carpenter1 ,mrs4 ,margaret #if1 #ajj ,carpentier1 ,madeleine #bdd ,carriera1 ,rosalba #bj1 #cg1 #dh1 #ea ,cassatt1 ,miss ,mary #aeg1 #cbg ,cazin1 ,madame ,marie #bbg1 #bci ,charderon1 ,francine #bbi ,chase1 ,miss ,marian1 ,r4,i4 #acj ,chatillon1 de1 ,mme4 ,laure #bai ,chaudet1 ,elisabeth #bjb ,cheviot1 ,miss ,lilian #adc ,claudie1 ,mlle4 #beb ,cogniet1 ,mlle4 ,marie ,amelie #ahi ,colin-,libour1 ,madame #cbe ,comerre-,paton1 ,mme4 ,j4 #bag ,conant1 ,miss ,cornelia #aea ,cool1 de1 ,mme4 ,delphine #bcb ,coomans1 ,mlle4 ,diana #bbh ,cosway1 ,maria #if ,curran1 ,miss ,a4 #ij ,danse1 ,mlle4 ,louise #bgh ,davids1 ,fraeulein #cjj ,davin1 ,madame #bjg ,dealy1 ,jane ,m4 7,mrs4 ,lewis7 #add ,demont-,breton1 ,madame #bbf1 #bcc ,de ,morgan1 ,mrs4 ,evelyn #ia1 #aag1 #abc ,destree-,danse1 ,madame #bhb ,dieksee1 ,miss ,margaret ,isabel #aab ,dolci1 ,agnese #dg ,dubos1 ,mlle4 ,angele #baf ,dubourg1 ,mme4 ,victoria #bdj ,dufau1 ,mlle4 #bca1 #bdj1 #bdc ,duffield1 ,mrs4 ,william #aah ,ellenrieder1 ,anna ,marie #bih ,empress ,frederick of ,germany #ef ,enault1 ,madame ,alix #bbe ,fanner1 ,miss ,alice #ace1 #aef ,fanshawe1 ,catherine ,maria #hi ,fautin-,latour1 ,mme4 7,victoria ,dubourg7 #bdj ,fichel1 ,mme4 ,jeanne #baf ,filleul1 ,madame #ahf1 #ahg ,fleury1 ,mme4 ,fanny #bce ,fontana1 ,lavinia #ci1 #dj1 #da ,forbes1 ,mrs4 ,stanhope #he1 #adg1 #adi ,fould1 ,mlle4 ,achille #bej ,fould1 ,mlle4 ,consuelo #bdg ,frampton1 ,mrs4 ,george #acf ,gardner1 ,elizabeth #bcd1 #bch ,gentileschi1 ,artemisia #ca1 #db1 #de ,ghisi1 ,diana #ci ,gilsoni-,hoppe1 ,madame #bff ,godefroid1 ,mlle4 ,marie ,e4 #bjc ,gonzales1 ,eva #bbc1 #bca ,gow1 ,miss ,mary ,l41 ,r4,i4 #ajg ,granby1 ,marchioness of #adb ,greenaway1 ,miss ,kate #aai1 #abg ,gutti1 ,rosina ,m4 #ec ,guyard1 ,madame #ahe1 #ahh ,hammond1 ,miss ,g4 ,demain1 ,r4,i4 #ace ,hart1 ,miss ,emily #aac ,havers1 ,miss ,alice #ajh ,heitland1 ,miss ,ivy #ajg ,hemessen1 ,catharina van #bfc ,heming1 ,mrs4 ,matilda #ie ,herford1 ,mrs4 ,john #ie ,herland1 ,mlle4 ,e4 #bdi ,hilda1 ,mlle4 ,e4 #bde ,hitz1 ,dora #cjb1 #cjc ,hobson1 ,miss ,a4 ,m41 ,r4,i4 #aah ,hogendorp1 ,baronne van #bff ,holroyd1 ,lady #aej ,hotham1 ,amelia #hh ,houdon1 ,mlle4 ,m4 ,j4 ,a4 #bjb ,houssay1 ,mlle4 ,josephine #bea ,houten1 ,mme4 ,mesdag van #bfi ,houten1 ,mlle4 ,barbara van #bgj1 #bge ,how1 ,miss ,beatrice #adb1 #adh ,hunter1 ,mrs4 ,mary ,v41 ,frontispiece1 #abf1 #acj ,hyde1 ,miss ,helen #ade1 #afc ,jensen1 ,frau ,marie #cjc ,jopling1 ,mrs4 ,louisa1 ,r4,b4,a4 #abj ,kauffman1 ,angelica1 ,r4,a4 #fg1 #hc1 #hg ,kemp-,welch1 ,miss ,l4 ,e41 ,r4,b4,a4 #aae1 #abe ,king1 ,miss ,jessie ,m4 #aei ,koch1 ,elisa #di ,kollwitz1 ,fraeulein ,kaethe #cjb ,laucota1 ,fraeulein ,herstine #cjg ,larcombe1 ,miss ,ethel1 ,dedication ,page1 ,end-papers1 ,initial ,letters ,le ,brun1 ,madame ,vigee #aff1 #agg1 #aia1 #aib1 #aic1 #aih1 #bjj1 #bja1 #bjd ,leleux1 ,madame ,armand #bbj ,le ,roy1 ,madame #beb ,lescot1 ,madame ,haudebourt #bjh ,leyster1 ,judith #beg1 #bfd ,longhi1 ,barbara #da ,louise1 ,h4,r4,h4 ,princess1 ,duchess of ,argyll #ac ,lucas-,robiquet1 ,mme4 #bea ,macbeth1 ,miss ,ann #ig ,macdonald1 ,miss ,biddie #abc ,macgregor1 ,miss ,jessie #adh ,marcotte1 ,mlle4 ,e4 #bgb ,martineau1 ,miss ,edith1 ,a4,r4,w4,s4 #aaa ,maupeou1 ,caroline von #bii ,mayer1 ,constance #aii ,mee1 ,mrs4 ,anne #ic ,meen1 ,mrs4 ,margaret #id ,merian1 ,maria ,s4 #bie1 #bif ,merritt1 ,mrs4 ,anna ,lea1 ,r4,b4,a4 #aci ,meunier1 ,mlle4 ,georgette #bhb ,morin1 ,eulalie #ahg ,morisot1 ,berthe #baa1 #bac ,moser1 ,mary1 ,r4,a4 #id ,nicolas1 ,mlle4 ,marie #bbb ,normand1 ,mrs4 7,henrietta ,rae7 #aec ,offor1 ,b4 7,mrs4 ,f4 ,littler7 #afj ,oppenheim1 ,mlle4 ,a4 #bdf ,parlaghy1 ,frau ,vilms #caf ,paymal-,amouroux1 ,mme4 #bcb ,petiet1 ,mlle4 ,marie #bai ,phillott1 ,miss ,constance1 ,a4,r4,w4,s4 #ach ,prestel1 ,maria ,c4 #big ,real del ,sarte1 ,mme4 #cea ,ragnoni1 ,barbara #ce ,read1 ,catharine #fa1 #hd ,reis1 ,maria ,g4 ,silva #cja ,robertson1 ,mrs4 ,j4 #ic ,roederstein1 ,mlle4 ,ottilie #cje1 #caa ,romani1 ,juana #ed ,romany1 ,mme4 ,adele #aga ,rongier1 ,mlle41 ,jeanne #cbj ,ronner1 ,mme4 ,henriette #bgi1 #bha ,rothschild1 de1 ,baroness ,lambert #bgg ,rude1 ,mme4 ,sophie #bjg ,ruysch1 ,rachel #bfe ,salanson1 ,mlle4 ,eugenie #bbh ,salles-,wagner1 ,adelaide #bii ,sawyer1 ,miss ,amy #aei ,schjerfbeck1 ,helene #caj1 #cac ,schurman1 ,anna ,maria #bif ,schneider1 ,mme4 ,felicie #bbb ,schwartze1 ,therese #bgj1 #bga1 #bgc1 #bge ,sindici1 ,dona ,stuart #cag ,sirani1 ,elisabetta #dc1 #df ,sister ,a1 ,sienese ,nun #cd1 #ce ,sister ,b1 ,sienese ,nun #cd ,smythe1 ,miss ,minnie1 ,a4,r4,w4,s4 #aej ,sonrel1 ,elisabeth #bcg ,spencer1 ,lavinia1 ,countess #ij ,staples1 ,mrs4 7,m4 ,e4 ,edwards7 #abj ,starr1 ,louisa 7,mme4 ,canziana7 #ajf ,stokes1 ,mrs4 ,marianne #gi1 #abi ,strong1 ,mrs4 ,elizabeth #aac ,subleyras1 ,maria ,tibaldi #eb ,swon1 ,mrs4 ,j4 ,m4 #aei ,swynnerton1 ,mrs4 ,a4 ,l4 #acc ,tavernier1 de1 ,mme4 ,e4 #bbg ,templetown1 ,viscountess #id ,thesleff1 ,ellen #cad ,valory1 de1 ,mme4 ,caroline #aib ,vallet-,bisson1 ,mme4 #bda ,vanteuil1 de1 ,mlle4 #ahe ,vigri1 ,caterina #cc ,waterford1 ,louisa ,lady #ii1 #aja ,waternau1 ,mlle4 ,hermine #bba ,watson1 ,caroline #hi ,wentworth1 ,mrs4 ,cecilia #afj ,wesmael1 ,mlle4 ,e4 #bhc ,white1 ,miss ,florence #abd ,wiik1 ,maria #cji1 #cac ,wolfthorn1 ,frau ,julie #cjd ,wytsman1 ,mme4 ,juliette #bhd ,youngman1 ,miss ,a4 ,m41 ,r4,i4 #aah1 #aai ,zappi1 ,lavinia ,fontana #ci1 #dj1 #da ,zillhardt1 ,mlle4 ,jenny #bba ,illustration3 ,,venetian ,,school4 #afge-ageg ,portrait of a ,lady unknown4 ,after the pastel in the ,musee de ,chantilly1 from a ,photograph by ,braun1 ,clement ,co41 ,paris ,rosalba ,carriera1 ,pastellist #afge-ageg ,women ,painters in ,italy since the ,fifteenth ,century ,by ,walter ,shaw ,sparrow ,older than the authenticated history of ,greek art is a tradition that connects a girl's name with the discovery of a great craft1 the craft of modelling portraits in relief4 ,kora1 known as the virgin of ,corinth1 and daughter of a potter named ,butades1 sat one evening with her betrothed in her father's house2 a torch burned1 a fire of wood bickered in a brasier1 throwing on the wall in shadow a clear silhouette of the young man's profile2 and ,kora1 moved by a sudden impulse1 took from the hearth a charred piece of wood and outlined the shadow4 ,when the girl's father1 ,butades1 saw the sketch which she had made1 he filled in the outline with his potters' clay1 forming the first medallion4 ,it is a pretty1 chivalrous tradition1 and it recalls to one's memory the fact that the ancient ,greeks had really some women artists of note1 like ,aristarete1 daughter and pupil of ,nearchus1 celebrated for her picture of ,aesculapius2 or like ,anaxandra 7about ,b4,c4 #bbh71 daughter of the painter ,nealces1 or like ,helena1 who painted the battle of ,issus1 about ,b4,c4 #ccc4 ,passing from ,greece to ancient ,rome1 we find only one woman painter1 ,lala by name1 and she was a ,greek by birth and education4 ,lala lived and laboured in the first century before the birth of ,christ4 ,she went to ,rome during the last days of the republic1 and won for herself a great reputation by her miniature portraits of ladies4 ,as the early ,christians turned away from all luxury and adornment1 the influence of ,christ's life was very slow in gaining its benign ascendency in the arts2 but among the civilisations which were founded on the ruins of ,rome's decline and fall1 there were some women who still deserve to be remembered for their patronage of art4 ,amalasontha1 daughter of ,theodoric the ,great1 ,theodelinda1 ,queen of the ,lombards1 ,hroswitha1 in her convent at ,gandershein1 and ,ava1 the first ,german poetess1 these ladies1 and many others1 made colonising names1 names that visited distant lands and gave ambition to other women4 ,briefly1 the ,renaissance was heralded by a long1 troubled dawn2 but it came at last1 and its effects on the destinies of women were immediate and far-reaching4 ,in ,italy1 one by one1 the ,universities were opened to the fair1 that of ,bologna leading the way in the #acth century1 when ,betisia ,gozzadini studied there with success1 dressed as a boy1 like ,plato's pupil1 ,axiothea4 ,and a line of girl graduates connects ,betisia ,gozzadini with the women lecturers who became so famous at ,bologna in the #ahth century3 ,anna ,manzolini1 ,laura ,bassi1 ,clotilde ,tambroni1 ,maria ,agnesi1 and ,maria ,dalle-,donne4 ,it is not easy to explain why the ,italian towns and universities gave so much encouragement to the higher aspirations of girls4 ,in poetry1 in art1 in learning1 that encouragement was equally remarkable1 and ,i am tempted to assign its origin to the martial temper of the ,middle ,ages1 which drew many young men from the universities to take part in the exercises of the tilt-yard or in the perils of the battlefield1 leaving the fields of learning in need of zealous labourers4 ,women1 on the other hand1 exposed their hearts1 but not their lives1 to the hazards of duels1 tournaments and wars2 they lived longer than men1 as a rule1 and hence it was worth while to encourage publicly those gifts of the female mind and spirit which had long been cultivated privately for the benefit of peaceful nunneries4 ,still1 whatever the origin of it may have been1 the pride taken by the ,italians in their gifted women is among the most important facts in the history of their ,renaissance4 ,but for that pride1 the scores of ladies who became noted in the arts would have remained unknown in their homes1 and the story of those times would lack in its social life a counterpart of that radiant chivalry that cast so much tenderness and sanctity about the ,motherhood of ,mary and the ,infancy of ,jesus ,christ4 ,as this chapter is nothing more than a brief introduction to the study of a very important subject1 ,i can say only a few words about the different groups of painters into which the women artists of ,italy are divided1 beginning with the early nuns1 whose art was not so much a craft as a confession of faith4 ,caterina ,vigri was the earliest of these nuns1 and the picture by which she is represented on page #cc1 ,st4 ,ursula and her ,maidens1 was painted in the year #adef4 ,not only is it typical of the young ,bolognese school1 but1 despite the primitiveness of the drawing1 it has two qualities in which the swift temperaments of women1 so truth-telling in their emotions1 commonly manifest themselves in art3 the first is a certain naturalness of gesture and of pose2 the second is an evident wish to impart life and liveliness to the faces1 even although that liveliness and life may not accord with the subject in its higher spiritual significance4 ,it is this natural wish of women to be homely and attractive that so frequently brings their art nearer to the people's sympathies than the work done by men2 and if we study the four illustrations on pages #cd and #ce1 representing pictures by the ,sienese nuns of ,santa ,marta1 we shall see how motherly in tenderness was the feminine ideal of ,christ's infancy4 ,i can gain no information about ,barbara ,ragnoni and the two other sister nuns1 whose names have passed into ,time's limbo of forgotten things1 and whom ,i have ventured to describe as ,sister ,a4 and ,sister ,b4 ,they were true artists1 each one having a sweet graciousness of her own1 playful1 yet devout and reverent1 devotional but not austere4 ,in these pictures the maternal instincts are at play2 the painters are so happy in their subject that their whole womanhood responds to it1 making it a holy experience of their own glad hearts4 ,there is much to admire also in the way in which the figures are grouped and co-ordinated2 and how charming is that glympse of country painted by ,barbara ,ragnoni in her ,adoration of the ,shepherds4 ,these were not the only gifted and gracious nuns in the early history of ,italian art4 ,there was ,plautilla ,nelli1 who formed her style on that of ,fra ,bartolommeo2 she became prioress of a convent in ,florence1 the convent of ,st4 ,catherine1 and died in #aehh1 aged sixty-five4 ,barbara ,longhi of ,ravenna1 another painter of the same period1 was not a nun1 but ,i mention her now in order that attention may be drawn to a painter having a genuine sympathy and style 7see page #da74 ,we pass on to a little bevy of emigrants1 women painters who visited foreign courts where they met with great successes4 ,sophonisba ,anguisciola1 born of a noble family in ,cremona1 was enriched by ,philip ,,ii4 of ,spain2 ,artemesia ,gentileschi came to ,london with her father and found a patron in ,charles ,i42 ,maria ,la ,caffa 7#agth century71 a flower painter1 came upon her ,maecenas in the ,court of ,tyrol2 it was in ,german ,courts that ,isabella del ,pozzo 7#agth century71 like ,felicita ,sartori 7#ahth century71 plucked bay leaves and laurels2 and ,violanta ,beatrice ,siries1 after making for herself a name in ,paris1 returned home to ,florence and painted many famous persons of the #ahth century4 ,then we have ,rosalba ,carriera1 whose career ended in blindness and loss of reason1 and whose whole life is a touching story4 ,as a child she made ,point of ,venice lace2 at the age of fourteen or fifteen she painted snuff boxes with flowers and pretty faces2 then miniatures of well-known persons kept her brushes busy2 but this minute art tried her eyes so seriously that ,rosalba adopted pastels instead1 and soon became the most famous pastellist of her period4 ,she journeyed pretty well all over the ,continent1 winning an extraordinary success wherever she went1 as well as a place in all the ,academies of note1 from the ,clementina at ,bologna to the ,royal ,academy at ,paris4 ,rosalba ,carriera arrived in ,paris in ,april #agbj2 she kept a diary of her experiences1 and students of ,french history should read it in the edition annotated by ,alfred ,sensier4 ,but here we are concerned with the art alone of ,rosalba ,carriera1 an art rich in colour1 swift and nervous in drawing1 full of character1 and modelled always with vigour and with ease4 ,returning now to an earlier traveller1 ,sophonisba ,anguisciola1 we meet with another portraitist of real merit1 more self-contained than ,rosalba1 less impetuous1 but fresh1 witty1 sincere and charming4 ,it is probable that she was born in #aecc4 ,after studying for some time at ,cremona1 under ,bernardino ,campi1 ,sophonisba ,anguisciola began to make fun of the little girls of the period4 ,vasari set the greatest store by one of these satirical sketches1 representing a boy with a lobster clawed to his finger1 and a small girl laughing at his nimbleness4 ,the subject of another skit was an old woman studying the ,alphabet1 much to the amusement of a baby girl4 ,illustration3 ,,school ,,of ,,cremona1 ,,xvi ,,century ,,three ,,sisters ,,of ,,sophonisba ,,anguisciola ,,playing ,,at ,,chess4 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,hanfstaengl ,,after ,,the ,,painting ,,in ,,the ,,raczynski ,,collection4 ,,vasari ,,saw ,,this ,,picture ,,and ,,said ,,that ,,the ,,figures ,,wanted ,,only ,,voice ,,to ,,be ,,alive4 ,sophonisba ,anguisciola or ,angussola1 ,painter #aecc787-afbf ,that ,sophonisba ,anguisciola was very young when she first attracted notice from the great1 is proved by the fact that she sent a likeness of herself--a likeness now at ,vienna--to ,pope ,julius ,,iii41 who died in #aeee4 ,it was in her twenty-seventh year that she made her way1 with ten attendants1 to the ,spanish ,court1 there to paint a history in admired portraits of the great age of the auto-da-fe3 a history which tempus edax has devoured1 leaving us only those works which ,sophonisba turned out in her native country1 far away from the dark tragedies of the ,escorial4 ,philip the ,second married his protegee to a wealthy ,sicilian noble1 ,don ,fabrizio de ,moncada1 giving her a huge dowry of #ab1jjj ducats1 a pension of #a1djj scudi1 and a dress loaded with pearls1 besides other presents4 ,sophonisba retired with her husband to ,palermo1 where she soon became a widow4 ,then ,philip and his ,queen wished her to return to ,madrid2 but the artist pleaded an excuse1 the excuse of homesickness1 and set sail for ,italy4 ,the captain of the galley of war1 ,orazio ,lomellini1 was a handsome man of good family1 a native of ,genoa2 his gallantry had suffered a sea-change1 was altogether breezy1 sailor-like1 delightful2 and ,sophonisba not only fell in love with him1 she took him at a leap-year advantage1 and soon changed her weeds for a bridal dress4 ,when ,van ,dyck met her at ,genoa 7#afbb71 and painted several members of her husband's family1 ,sophonisba was upwards of eighty-seven years old1 and quite blind2 but the blithe old lady still went on painting so well in her familiar conversations that ,van ,dyck said he had learnt more from her talk than from his other teachers4 ,had ,steele an inkling of this magnificent compliment when he said that to love the ,lady ,elizabeth ,hastings was a liberal education8 ,addison may have heard of it in ,italy1 and in turning over his thoughts before ,master ,richard1 may have dropped it generously4 ,but1 however this may be1 ,stirling gives too much point to ,van ,dyck's words2 for he says boldly1 in ,the ,annals of the ,artists of ,spain1 that my painter's portraits are little inferior to those by ,titian4 ,of this evidence is afforded1 says he1 by that beautiful portrait of her1 which is now no mean gem of the galleries and libraries of ,althorp4 ,perhaps one may defy critics to name a single latter-day realist among the fair who has attained to ,artemisia ,gentileschi's masterful and singular ruthlessness1 as in the several pictures of ,judith that she painted4 ,one of these pictures will be found on page #de4 ,it is the least relentless of the series1 but it shows clearly enough the grip of ,artemisia's hand in tragedy4 ,curiously1 the suave ,guido was ,artemisia's first teacher1 but she learnt more from ,domenichino1 and more still from the years she passed at ,naples1 then known as the sink of all iniquity4 ,but ,artemisia ,gentileschi is sometimes kind in her work1 and gentle2 she does not always remind us of that ,artemisia who fought so well at ,salamis1 causing ,xerxes to cry3 ,behold6 the men behave like women1 and the women like men6 ,in her excellent portraits1 and in pictures like the ,mary ,magdalene1 on page #ca1 she blends some graciousness of thought with vigour and variety of technique4 ,lavinia ,fontana and ,elisabetta ,sirani were the ablest women painters whose travels did not extend beyond ,italy4 ,the first was a member of the old ,roman ,academy1 and ,pope ,gregory ,,xiii4 made her his portraitist in ordinary4 ,she was born of good family in ,bologna1 anno #aeeb4 ,it was her father that shaped the laggard talents of ,lodovico ,carracci1 and from him came the girl's first lessons in drawing4 ,lavinia spent most of her life in ,rome1 where1 for close on two generations1 she held society by the austere truth of her portraiture4 ,ladies of high rank vied with one another to become her sitters1 and a long red line of cardinals sat to her4 ,pope ,paul the ,fifth was among ,lavinia's models2 very high prices were paid readily for her work1 and not a few noblemen wished to marry her2 but the artist remained true to the young ,count of ,imola1 ,giovanni ,paolo ,zappi1 a good1 kind1 simple-hearted fellow1 an aristocratic ,barnaby ,rudge4 ,him she married1 and it was her ill-hap to see his simplicity repeat itself in one of their two sons1 a lad who kept the ,pope's antechamber merry4 ,my artist's style1 though modelled to some extent on that of the ,carracci1 has a distinction of its own4 ,even the arid ,kuegler gives ,lavinia his rare good word1 reckoning her a better artist than her father1 and adding3 ,her work is clever and bold1 and in portraiture1 especially1 she has left good things4 ,does ,elisabetta ,sirani take precedence of ,lady ,waterford8 ,perhaps they may be regarded as two equal queens in the world of woman's art1 each with a beautiful artistic intellect4 ,even at the age of nineteen1 as old ,bartsch admits1 ,elisabetta etched exquisite plates2 and1 before she was twenty-three1 her paintings were sought after by all the patron-critics of her country4 ,yet her male rivals hinted that she was dishonest1 that she did not paint her own pictures1 but had ghosts to win fame and fortune for her--especially her father1 a poor ghost1 afflicted with inherited gout4 ,elisabetta happily soon turned the sneer against her rivals4 ,this she did by working before an audience of distinguished persons1 like ,cosimo1 ,crown ,prince of ,tuscany1 who on ,may #acth1 #affd1 stood by whilst she painted a likeness of his uncle1 the ,prince ,leopold4 ,malvasia gives in his spirited monograph a list of #aej pictures by ,elisabetta ,sirani2 and ,lanzi deemed it marvellous that one who died so young should yet have brought to completion so many hopeful efforts of real genius4 ,the brilliant girl painted with great rapidity4 ,one of her finest achievements--the ,baptism of ,christ--is a very large picture1 and the story of its conception is noteworthy4 ,elisabetta was little more than twenty at the time1 and the clergy who had been sent to order the work for the ,church of the ,certosini at ,bologna1 looked on whilst she1 radiant with inspiration1 made her first impulsive sketch in pen-and-ink4 ,the beholders were enchanted1 and the huge picture1 differing little in essentials from the sketch1 was painted almost as rapidly as ,dumas repeopled the distant past4 ,in brief1 ,elisabetta ,sirani1 like all women of genius1 worked under an intuitive rather than technical guidance2 and in her art1 consequently1 as in ,lady ,waterford's1 we find those blemishes and beauties which belong to a native habit of spontaneous workmanship4 ,as to her private life1 it is full of heroic virtues4 ,the noble girl kept the whole family3 her mother1 who was stricken with paralysis2 her father1 who suffered intolerably from the gout2 and her two sisters1 whom she educated with a large class of girl art-students4 ,then ,cupid came1 saw1 and was overcome1 and ,elisabetta1 by way of celebrating this unkind victory1 painted the little god in the act of crowning his victor4 ,but the pity of it all was this3 the girl had so many taut strings to her bow that the frail bow could not but break4 ,elisabetta's health gave way1 a painful disease of the stomach assailed her2 and yet to the last day but one of her short life--i4e41 ,august #bgth1 #affe--she remained true to her colours1 and was one of art's truest soldiers4 ,the best way not to feel pain is not to think of it1 said she1 and then went slowly back to her studio4 ,the present book contains adequate examples of the work of ,elisabetta ,sirani1 of ,lavinia ,fontana ,zappi1 of ,artemisia ,gentileschi1 of ,sophonisba ,anguisciola1 of ,rosalba ,carriera2 and there is a good drawing by ,diana ,ghisi1 the painter-engraver1 an excellent copy by ,maria ,tibaldi ,subleyras1 and two characteristic pictures by ,agnese ,dolci1 sister of ,carlo ,dolci and his equal in talent4 ,these painters and the early nuns1 ,caterina ,vigri and the three sisters of ,santa ,marta1 ,siena1 are enough to represent the old ,italian schools2 while three characteristic pictures by ,elisa ,koch1 ,juana ,romani1 and ,rosina ,gutti1 unite the present with the far-distant past1 a past separated from the present day by four hundred and fifty years4 ,,walter ,,shaw ,,sparrow4 ,illustration3 ,,bolognese ,,school1 ,,xvii ,,century ,,mary ,,magdalene4 ,,after ,,the ,,painting ,,in ,,the ,,pitti ,,gallery ,,florence4 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,anderson1 ,,rome ,artemisia ,lomi1 called ,artemisia ,gentileschi1 ,painter #aeij-afdb ,illustration3 ,,bolognese ,,school1 ,,xv ,,century ,,saint ,,ursula ,,and ,,her ,,maidens4 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,alinari ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,picture ,,in ,,the ,,royal ,,academy ,,of ,,fine ,,arts1 ,,venice ,santa ,caterina ,vigri di ,bologna1 ,painter #adac-adfc ,illustration3 ,,sienese ,,school1 ,,xvi ,,century ,,adoration ,,of ,,the ,,shepherds4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,picture ,,at ,,siena ,,in ,,the ,,provincial ,,institute ,,of ,,fine ,,arts ,sister ,a41 ,convent of ,santa ,marta1 ,siena1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,the ,,holy ,,family ,,with ,,john ,,the ,,baptist4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,picture ,,at ,,siena ,,in ,,the ,,provincial ,,institute ,,of ,,fine ,,arts ,sister ,b41 ,convent of ,santa ,marta1 ,siena1 ,painter ,about #aejj ,illustration3 ,,sienese ,,school1 ,,xvi ,,century ,,the ,,adoration ,,of ,,the ,,shepherds4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,picture ,,at ,,siena ,,in ,,the ,,provincial ,,institute ,,of ,,fine ,,arts ,sister ,barbara ,ragnoni1 ,painter ,about #aejj ,illustration3 ,,madonna ,,and ,,child1 ,,with ,,st ,,catharine ,,and ,,other ,,saints4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,picture ,,at ,,siena ,,in ,,the ,,provincial ,,institute ,sister ,a41 ,convent of ,santa ,marta1 ,siena1 ,painter ,about #aejj ,illustration3 ,,school ,,of ,,cremona1 ,,xvi ,,century ,,portrait 7,,painted ,,by ,,herself7 ,,of ,,sophonisba ,,anguisciola ,,or ,,angussola1 ,,far-,,famed ,,in ,,her ,,time ,,as ,,one ,,of ,,the ,,leading ,,italian ,,artists2 ,,she ,,did ,,much ,,work ,,for ,,philip ,,ii4 ,,of ,,spain4 ,,when ,,she ,,was ,,very ,,old ,,and ,,blind1 ,,van ,,dyck ,,met ,,her ,,at ,,genoa1 ,,and ,,said ,,that ,,he ,,had ,,learnt ,,more ,,from ,,her ,,talk ,,than ,,from ,,his ,,other ,,teachers4 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,anderson1 ,,rome1 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,,at ,,milan ,,in ,,the ,,poldi-,,pezzoli ,,collection ,sophonisba ,auguisciola or ,angussola1 ,painter #aecc787-afbf ,illustration3 ,,venetian ,,school1 ,,xviii ,,century ,,charity ,,and ,,justice4 ,,after ,,the ,,pastel ,,in ,,the ,,royal ,,gallery ,,dresden4 ,,from ,a ,,carbon ,,print ,,by ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co41 ,,paris ,rosalba ,carriera1 ,pastellist #afge-ageg ,illustration3 ,,italian ,,school ,,xvi ,,century ,,marriage ,,of ,,st4 ,,catharine1 ,,after ,,an ,,etching ,,by ,n4 ,,muxel ,lavinia ,fontana ,zappi1 ,painter #aeeb-afad787 ,illustration3 ,,portrait ,,of ,a ,,lady4 ,,after ,,an ,,etching ,,by ,n4 ,,muxel ,sophonisba ,anguisciola1 ,painter #aecc-787afbf ,illustration3 ,a ,,victor ,,in ,,his ,,triumphal ,,chariot4 ,,after ,,the ,,drawing ,,in ,,the ,,print ,,room ,,of ,,the ,,british ,,museum1 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,w4 ,e4 ,,gray ,diana ,ghisi1 called ,mantuana1 ,painter-,engraver #aecj-aeij ,illustration3 ,,bolognese ,,school1 ,,xvi ,,century ,,portrait 7,,executed ,,by ,,herself7 ,,of ,,lavinia ,,fontana ,,zappi1 ,,painter ,,in ,,ordinary ,,to ,,pope ,,gregory ,,xiii4 ,,from ,a ,,carbon ,,print ,,by ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co41 ,,paris1 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,,in ,,the ,,uffizi ,,gallery1 ,,florence ,lavinia ,fontana ,zappi1 ,painter #aeeb-afad787 ,illustration3 ,,bolognese ,,school1 ,,xvi ,,century ,,jesus ,,christ ,,talking ,,with ,,the ,,woman ,,of ,,samaria4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,,in ,,the ,,national ,,museum1 ,,naples4 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,alinari ,lavinia ,fontana ,zappi1 ,painter #aeeb-afad787 ,illustration3 ,,mary ,,and ,,the ,,child ,,jesus ,,in ,,the ,,act ,,of ,,crowning ,a ,,saint4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,,in ,,the ,,louvre1 ,,paris1 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,messrs4 ,w4 ,a4 ,,mansell ,,co4 ,barbara ,longhi1 ,painter ,end of #afth ,century ,illustration3 ,,bolognese ,,school1 ,,xvii ,,century ,,portrait3 7,,executed ,,by ,,herself7 ,,of ,,artemisia ,,gentileschi1 ,,who ,,lived ,,for ,a ,,time ,,in ,,england ,,and ,,worked ,,for ,,charles ,,the ,,first4 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,hanfstaengl ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,,in ,,earl ,,spencer',s ,,collection ,artemisia ,lomi1 called ,artemisia ,gentileschi1 ,painter #aeij-afdb ,illustration3 ,,bolognese ,,school1 ,,xvii ,,century ,,the ,,dream ,,of ,,saint ,,anthony ,,of ,,padua4 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,anderson1 ,,rome1 ,,after ,,the ,,painting ,,in ,,the ,,pinacoteca ,,in ,,bologna ,elisabetta ,sirani1 ,painter #afch-affe ,illustration3 ,,bolognese ,,school1 ,,xvii ,,century ,,judith ,,and ,,her ,,maid ,,with ,,the ,,head ,,of ,,holofernes4 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,alinari ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,,in ,,the ,,pitti ,,gallery1 ,,florence ,artemisia ,lomi1 called ,artemisia ,gentileschi1 ,painter #aeij-afdb ,illustration3 ,,bolognese ,,school1 ,,xvii ,,century ,,the ,,madonna ,,weeping4 ,,from ,,an ,,original ,,etching ,,dated #afeg1 ,,in ,,the ,,british ,,museum ,elisabetta ,sirani1 ,painter-,etcher #afch-affe ,illustration3 ,,the ,,flight ,,into ,,egypt4 ,,from ,,the ,,original ,,etching ,,in ,,the ,,british ,,museum ,elisabetta ,sirani1 ,painter-,etcher #afch-affe ,illustration3 ,,florentine ,,school1 ,,xvii ,,century ,,mary ,,and ,,the ,,child ,,jesus4 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co41 ,,paris1 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,,in ,,the ,,besancon ,,museum ,,jesus ,,took ,,bread ,,and ,,blessed ,,it444 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,braun ,,clement ,,co41 ,,paris1 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,,in ,,the ,,louvre ,agnese ,dolci ,painter ,died about #afhf ,illustration3 ,,venetian ,,school1 ,,xviii ,,century ,,portrait ,,study ,,of ,a ,,lady ,,with ,,her ,,pet ,,monkey4 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,levy ,,sons ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,pastel ,,in ,,the ,,louvre1 ,,paris ,,portrait ,,study ,,of ,,cardinal ,,de ,,polignac4 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,anderson ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,pastel ,,in ,,venice ,rosalba ,carriera1 ,pastellist #afge-ageg ,illustration3 ,,italian ,,school1 ,,about #ahhi ,,the ,,little ,,sister4 ,,reproduced ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,permission ,,of ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co41 ,,paris ,signorina ,elisa ,koch ,painter ,illustration3 ,,venetian ,,school1 ,,xviii ,,century ,,portrait ,,study ,,of ,a ,,girl4 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,levy ,,sons1 ,,paris1 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,pastel ,,in ,,the ,,louvre ,,portrait ,,of ,,rosalba ,,carriera1 ,,the ,,most ,,famous ,,pastellist ,,of ,,her ,,time4 ,,from ,,anderson',s ,,photograph ,,of ,,the ,,original ,,pastel ,,in ,,rome ,rosalba ,carriera1 ,pastellist #afge-ageg ,illustration3 ,,roman ,,school1 ,,xviii ,,century ,,mary ,,magdalene ,,at ,,the ,,feet ,,of ,,jesus ,,christ ,,in ,,the ,,house ,,of ,,simon ,,the ,,pharisee4 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,alinari ,,after ,,the ,,painting ,,in ,,rome ,,in ,,the ,,galleria ,,capitolina4 ,,it ,,is ,a ,,copy ,,after ,a ,,picture ,,by ,,the ,,artist',s ,,husband1 ,,pierre ,,subleyras1 ,a ,,picture ,,now ,,in ,,the ,,louvre1 ,,paris4 ,,maria ,,tibaldi ,,subleyras ,,presented ,,this ,,copy ,,to ,,pope ,,benedict ,,xiv1 ,,who ,,sent ,,her ,a ,,thousand ,,scudi1 ,,and ,,placed ,,her ,,work ,,in ,,his ,,collection ,,at ,,the ,,capitol ,maria ,tibaldi ,subleyras1 ,painter ,born #agjg ,illustration3 ,,italian ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,,the ,,peacemaker4 ,,reproduced ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,drawing ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,the ,,autotype ,,co41 ,,new ,,oxford ,,street1 ,,london ,rosina ,mantovani ,gutti1 ,artist ,illustration3 ,,italian ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,,study ,,from ,a ,,model4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co41 ,,paris ,juana ,romani1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,school ,,of ,,english ,,water ,,colour1 ,,xix4 ,,century ,,the ,,akropolis1 ,,athens3 ,,from ,,the ,,balcony ,,of ,,the ,,crown ,,prince',s ,,house4 ,,from ,,the ,,water-,,colour ,,drawing ,,in ,,the ,,collection ,,of ,,james ,,orrock1 ,,esq41 ,r4,i4 ,h4,i4,m4 ,the ,empress ,frederick of ,germany1 ,r4,i4 #ahdj-aija ,early ,british ,women ,painters ,everybody knows that it has fallen to ,england's lot to gem the remote seas with shining repetitions of herself4 ,but everybody does not remember that she has done this quite at haphazard1 just as the winds carry seeds from a garden to a waste ground4 ,in herself1 with fitful moments of purposeful energy1 ,england has been self-critical and self-distrustful1 disinclined to value her own doings or to take precautions when in the midst of dangers4 ,but for the individual enterprise of her children1 which she has often disowned and punished1 her colonies would have been the ,isle of ,man and the ,isle of ,wight4 ,and it is singular to note also that the history of ,england's genius in art has followed the traditional character of her devious makeshifts in commerce and in war4 ,despite all inherent weaknesses1 she has achieved at random a recognised greatness in art1 and is so surprised at it that she hesitates always to encourage the gifts of her own craftsmen1 preferring rather to have confidence in the work which she can buy from men of genius in other countries4 ,from the time of ,henry ,,viii4 to the coming of the school of ,reynolds1 she allowed her own painters to starve in order that she might employ strangers2 and to-day1 as in the past1 she butterflies from foreign school to foreign school and treats her own native arts to side-glances and half-friendly nods4 ,now1 as this has ever been ,england's disposition1 it is not surprising to find that ,englishwomen1 as well as ,englishmen1 long hesitated to follow the arts professionally4 ,at a time when ,italy and ,france had scores of women painters1 ,england had scarcely one4 ,perhaps the earliest of any note1 if we except ,susannah ,penelope ,gibson1 a miniature painter1 was ,mrs4 ,mary ,beale1 daughter of a ,suffolk clergyman named ,cradock4 ,she lived between the years #afcb and #afig4 ,after modelling her style on that of ,lely1 she worked with great courage1 showing much real talent1 particularly in quiet portraiture4 ,she painted broadly and well1 drew with force and discrimination1 and although she told the truth plainly at a time when other painters flattered and fawned1 she yet achieved success1 and was encouraged by the highest in the land1 from ,king ,charles the ,second to ,archbishop ,tillotson4 ,time has robbed her colour of its first freshness1 but the character remains1 and the portraits on page #ha represent ,mary ,beale in a characteristic manner4 ,the next ,english women painters in order of merit were ,lady ,diana ,beauclerk1 an amateur with much untutored talent1 and ,catharine ,read1 a distinguished professional artist of the ,reynolds period4 ,that she was appreciated in her day is proved by the fact that her portraits were engraved1 side by side with those of ,reynolds and ,gainsborough4 ,to-day she is forgotten1 and very little can be learnt about her life or about the present owners of her pictures4 ,catharine ,read lived near ,st4 ,james's and sent frequently to the exhibitions4 ,in #aggj she went to the ,east ,indies1 but in a few years returned to ,london1 where she died in or about the year #aghf4 ,angelica ,kauffman1 ,r4,a41 though born at ,coire1 the capital of the ,grisons1 belongs to the ,british school1 and holds in the early history of that school a position similar to that which has been assigned in ,france to ,madame ,vigee ,le ,brun4 ,the art of the two ladies differs widely to be sure1 that of ,angelica ,kauffman having less mirth1 less wit1 less sprightliness and homeful sincerity2 it is quite artificial in spirit1 with a strong bias towards the sentimental2 but it has for all that considerable charm and ability1 qualities1 let us remember1 that won the admiration of ,reynolds and of ,goethe4 ,turner1 also1 possessed two of her drawings1 as ,i am told by his descendant1 ,mr ,charles ,mallord ,w4 ,turner4 ,but in recent times ,angelica ,kauffman has been remembered for the romance of her personal life and treated with cool contempt in all that appertains to her work4 ,critics have searched in her pictures for manly qualities1 and finding there the temperament of a sentimental woman1 their judgment has failed them4 ,the very men who would be astonished beyond measure if a prima donna sang to them in a voice like the leading tenor's1 do not hesitate to complain when the voice in a woman's painting is one filled with womanhood4 ,in ,england1 at the close of the #ahth century1 quite a number of ladies came to the front in art1 like ,caroline ,watson1 the admirable stipple engraver 7page #hi71 or like ,catherine ,maria ,fanshawe1 a painter-etcher who could put a body into a peasant's smock and could show in a rustic figure the mingled influences of ,morland and ,gainsborough1 while keeping a tender sympathy of her own 7page #hi74 ,amelia ,hotham1 too1 in the native art of water-colour1 attained to a broad and vigorous style in landscape1 while taking far too many hints from the scenic pomp that ,francis ,nicholson made popular in outdoor scenes 7page #hh74 ,nevertheless1 ,amelia ,hotham's work has interest in the history of ,british water-colour1 like that of three other ladies who followed her1 the ,viscountess ,templetown 7page #id71 ,matilda ,heming and ,mrs4 ,john ,herford1 the grandmother of ,mrs4 ,allingham4 ,matilda ,heming's picture on page #ie1 ,backwater1 ,weymouth1 ,dorset1 is weak in the drawing of the hills1 but the rest of the design is quite admirable1 the boats particularly being very well drawn4 ,we see1 then1 that during the last decades of the #ahth century1 and at the beginning of the nineteenth1 a little band of ,englishwomen studied landscape painting seriously2 and this fact is worth remembering1 as women have seldom been drawn in art to nature in the woods and fields4 ,the gentler sex1 as a rule1 has not appreciated landscapes4 ,on the other hand1 they have shown in art a great love for the beauty of flowers1 the colour and the forms of insects1 and the other-naturalness of many kinds of animals4 ,maria ,sibylla ,merian1 ,rachel ,ruysch1 ,rosa ,bonheur1 ,fidelia ,bridges1 ,mrs4 ,coleman ,angell1 ,madame ,ronner1 ,mlle4 ,e4 ,hilda1 ,miss ,lucy ,kemp-,welch--these ladies will not be forgotten1 let us hope1 as long as there are students who take delight in plants1 flowers1 birds and animals4 ,among the flower and fruit painters in ,england1 during the #ahth century and the first few decades of the nineteenth1 conspicuous places must be assigned to ,mary ,moser1 ,r4,a41 ,mrs4 ,margaret ,meen1 and ,anne ,frances ,byrne1 illustrations of whose pictures will be found on page #id2 and the reader will do well to compare this early work with that of ,mrs4 ,coleman ,angell1 the female counterpart of ,william ,hunt 7page #ajb74 ,whilst these flower-painters were busy1 another small group of ladies won considerable popularity by their little figure-subjects1 such as the ,countess ,spencer's drawing on page #ij1 or again1 like the fanciful miniatures by ,mrs4 ,mee or the sentimental portraits by ,mrs4 ,j4 ,robertson1 types of which are given on page #ic4 ,miss ,curran's portrait of ,shelley is a valuable portrait-sketch historically 7page #ij71 and it has something of the charm that distinguishes the able portraits drawn to-day by the ,marchioness of ,granby4 ,what can be said about ,mrs4 ,margaret ,carpenter8 ,is she not to be placed among those quiet1 unpretentious portrait-painters whose thoughts are so wrapped up in their determination to be true that they never think of striving after exhibition-room effects8 ,margaret ,carpenter gives us the character of her sitters1 and not technical displays of her own cleverness4 ,born at ,salisbury1 in #agic1 the daughter of ,captain ,geddes1 this able painter came to ,london in #ahad1 and married1 in #ahag1 ,william ,carpenter1 who for many years was ,keeper of the ,print ,room in the ,british ,museum4 ,she exhibited often at the ,royal ,academy until #ahfd1 and made a great reputation by her portraits4 ,she died in #ahgb1 leaving a son1 ,william ,carpenter 7#ahai-ahii71 to continue the art tradition which she had herself carried on in her family4 ,illustration3 ,,english ,,school1 ,,xviii ,,century ,,portrait ,,of ,,the ,,lady ,,georgiana ,,spencer4 ,,after ,,the ,,painting ,,in ,,the ,,collection ,,of ,,earl ,,spencer4 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,hanfstaengl ,catharine ,read1 ,painter ,died about #aghf ,some may think that ,margaret ,carpenter began the modern history of women painters in ,england2 others may grant that distinction to the intuitive and radiant work of ,lady ,waterford1 that most gifted of all amateurs4 ,it seems truer to say that ,margaret ,carpenter is best described as a connecting-link between the old and the new1 and that ,lady ,waterford is not only so faithful to herself but so spontaneous1 that her good gifts belong to no particular school or period4 ,they certainly owed much to the colour of the ,venetian ,school1 far more to that old source of inspiration than to any influence of the #aith century4 ,but the main characteristics of ,lady ,waterford's appeal come to us from the painter's own heart and beautiful aesthetic intellect4 ,the ease with which she composed1 and the charming animation of all her designs1 these were natural qualities uninfluenced by any teaching2 and they won the ardent admiration of the late ,mr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,watts4 ,it is the spirit alone of ,lady ,waterford's art that we should admire2 we must not look closely at the drawing1 for ,lady ,waterford neither tried nor wished to perfect her faulty technical equipment4 ,most of her art-work was done after a day spent in other charities4 ,it was ,lady ,waterford's joy to dole out alms herself1 and it never occurred to her that she might do such good actions by proxy1 just as ,queen ,charlotte picked up five old books in the booths of ,holywell ,street4 ,the truth is that ,lady ,waterford valued practicalness more than imagination1 as do the great majority of women2 she longed to see the good she did1 and she could not realise to herself that art has a permanent ethical influence4 ,closing her eyes to this truth1 ,lady ,waterford wrote as follows to one of her friends3-- ,i could never attain to even one work that ,i see in my mind's eye1 and if ,i could it would be less than those of the great men of old1 whose greatest works have not quelled evil or taught good4444 ,i could not live for art--it would not be what ,i am put in the world to do4 ,i do not despise art1 but ,i should feel that it was not given for that4 ,two homes have been given me1 and it is to try to do what ,i can in them that they are given for brief life4 ,is not that pathetic8 ,is it not the very music of a woman's rationalism8 ,what has quelled evil8 ,but if our hearts and minds rise to an entire sympathy with ,lady ,waterford's sketches1 we shall certainly feel that a noble spirit in art does indeed teach good1 is a spiritual almsgiving for all time1 a charity that goes on ministering1 through long generations1 to that which is best in human nature4 ,,walter ,,shaw ,,sparrow4 ,illustration3 ,,design ,,by ,,christine ,,angus4 ,modern ,british ,women ,painters ,by ,ralph ,peacock ,it is the privilege of man1 in his youth1 to ignore his limitations4 ,for this ignorance he pays in failure the price of a possible success4 ,in his wiser middle age he does not repent1 he finds that it is only by some sort of an attack on his limitations that apparent results are attained1 and he learns to take on faith the difference there is in fact between the attainment and the attempt4 ,the experience of a woman is1 ,i take it1 very similar4 ,it follows in no way that1 because her limitations are different from1 and in a physical sense greater than1 man's1 the brutal laws which go to produce results are in her case different4 ,she is marching along the same road1 and though she may have other stopping places by the way and perhaps may take up more modest quarters in the end1 it is a journey and an arrival1 an effort and a result1 and the things seen by the wayside become of significance to her as the painted banners under which she seeks her way4 ,englishwomen do not seem to have done much in painting before the generation or two that are just past4 ,public opinion was against them4 ,the early ,victorian conditions under which a woman like ,charlotte ,bronte produced her great results in another art are more or less familiar to all1 and in the matter of painting the voice of prejudice has had still more to say4 ,by these days it has croaked itself into the feeble hoarseness of a respectable and decent old age1 and we can already look back to a succession of women painters who seem to have been conscious at first of their leading-strings1 but who have shown a development more than corresponding to that of the conditions under which they worked4 ,kate ,greenaway1 who died only a few years ago1 was no doubt a good example of the charming results to be obtained in leading-strings4 ,to compare her with an artist who works in a similar field to-day is to note an advance1 not only of a generation1 but of the changing educational conditions within the generation4 ,it is a far cry from ,kate ,greenaway to ,miss ,alice ,woodward1 for instance1 and it is difficult to imagine that another age will say anything more1 or less1 of ,miss ,woodward than that she was a most distinguished artist4 ,the leading-strings are gone4 ,it will always be a special field for women1 the production of work in the first place for children1 and it is unnecessary to spend time in emphasising or over-emphasising its importance4 ,art itself reckons little with motives and much with results4 ,in a more general view it would1 perhaps1 be better to start this small article with some notice of the women painters of the seventeenth1 eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries4 ,there is ,mrs4 ,mary ,beale1 who was a child when ,cromwell was ,lord ,protector1 and who later on painted a most excellent portrait of ,charles ,,ii4 ,there is some work of hers in the ,national ,portrait ,gallery1 ,london1 work of the quiet1 genuine kind1 and better than most of the painting that came for some time afterwards4 ,then there is ,angelica ,kauffman1 ,r4,a41 who provides us with perhaps the only well-known name of the early periods1 and there are some portrait-painters of interest1 like ,miss ,catharine ,read1 of ,reynolds' time1 or like ,mrs4 ,anne ,mee1 of the early part of last century4 ,but it must be confessed that it would be a sorry list for a couple of centuries if it were a fact that women had had the same opportunities and no greater disabilities than the men of the period4 ,it is not indeed until we reach such painters as ,margaret ,carpenter1 the portrait painter1 ,mrs4 ,matilda ,heming1 the landscapist1 and ,lady ,waterford1 that more than charming amateur who might have done so much1 that we begin to feel we have a reasonable genesis of the worker of to-day4 ,these painters show to us now rather the influences of their time or the limitations of their opportunities1 than personalities which are outside such considerations1 but they nevertheless provide us with evidence of a very genuine and lively activity4 ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school1 ,,xviii ,,century ,,the ,,sibyl4 ,,after ,,the ,,picture ,,in ,,the ,,royal ,,gallery1 ,,dresden4 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co41 ,,paris ,maria ,angelica ,kauffman1 ,r4,a41 ,painter #agda-ahjg ,the work of ,mrs4 ,heming is interesting in a rather more special way4 ,it is distinctly rare to find the ordinary landscapist of her time working with an eye to truth rather than to the making of a so-called composition of the period1 rare enough in fact to place her quite above the ordinary4 ,it is at first sight a curious thing that more women painters have not even in these days been attracted by pure landscape4 ,it is strange in the sense that they have among them such painters as ,lady ,butler and ,miss ,lucy ,kemp-,welch4 ,but no branch of art is more that of the specialists than landscape4 ,it developed later in history than any other1 and it calls to those who would tire of the didactic in human thought and who might find in the study of any obviously human affair something to remind them of a phase of experience they would1 in paint1 avoid4 ,no doubt the ,empress ,frederick turned to landscape as an occupation of relief from the pressing human affairs in which her life was involved1 and it is just in such a way that the natural landscapist turns from the human side of life to the more abstract emotions he finds in the garden of the ,great ,spirit4 ,women1 ,i believe1 are more held by the personal than the abstract4 ,mrs4 ,allingham may be one of the exceptions4 ,in any case ,mrs4 ,allingham claims quite a special place for herself in any sketch-survey of the work of ,english women painters4 ,few women have shown a more definitely ,english sympathy in landscape than she has4 ,her method is simple1 obvious and plain for all to see4 ,for that reason it would fail to appeal in any way to the ,eclectics1 or to those among them1 at any rate1 who1 in the words of a subtle ,eclectic1 confound the natural with the commonplace4 ,a distinctly home-bred feeling1 such as ,mrs4 ,allingham has among women1 or1 in the grand manner1 ,fred ,walker among men1 is however a very rare thing and is becoming rarer4 ,how far it may1 in individual cases1 change to other things may be seen in some of the more modern painters1 in the remarkably strong work of ,miss ,margaret ,cameron1 ,miss ,biddie ,macdonald1 ,miss ,alice ,fanner1 and ,miss ,beatrice ,how4 ,this latter painter has not merely been affected in matters of technique1 but gives us1 most delightfully1 the very sentiment of the country people she paints4 ,it is quite a little miracle of transplanted adaptability4 ,it has been said that every good woman has in her marching outfit a supply of adaptability which1 in sum total1 accounts for most of the happiness enjoyed by the human race at large4 ,if so1 it may be added that in its superior manifestations the affair is sub-conscious1 artistic1 most natural and not at all one of the commonplaces of life4 ,it perhaps explains1 or rather is illustrated by1 the number of painters in the very first rank among women who have shown in their work the influence of some near relative4 ,in any case1 ,lady ,alma-,tadema for one has produced work so extraordinarily good in itself that it is easy to believe the similarity of her technique to that of ,sir ,laurence ,alma-,tadema to be merely one of the happy chances of her life4 ,a very similar thought arises in connection with the work of the late ,miss ,margaret ,dicksee4 ,it is easy to influence technique1 but first causes are not set in action by human hands4 ,if one who did not know her may say so1 there is written on the canvases that ,miss ,dicksee has left behind the evidence of a most lovable nature4 ,mrs4 ,stanhope ,forbes1 ,miss ,lucy ,kemp-,welch and ,lady ,granby are isolated examples whose work has no connection in itself and shows very little affinity1 beneath the surface1 with the special influences of their time4 ,the strong brushwork of ,mrs4 ,stanhope ,forbes1 it is true1 may be said to have arrived by way of ,newlyn1 but the fanciful sentiment underlying her work has an arrival quite of its own4 ,miss ,lucy ,kemp-,welch has made1 and deserved1 a place for herself the last few years1 and she stands alone among women as an animal painter of power4 ,lady ,granby1 who is an amateur1 is also an artist4 ,magna est ars et prevalet4 ,ave6 ,miss ,mary ,gow1 the late ,alice ,havers1 ,miss ,jessie ,macgregor1 ,miss ,anna ,alma-,tadema1 ,miss ,lily ,blatherwick1 ,miss ,amy ,sawyer1 and ,louisa ,starr 7,madame ,canziana7 also make a special appeal1 each in her own way4 ,mrs4 ,swynnerton is a lady who has given us a great deal of work of a very high order indeed4 ,in the first place she has always something to say that is worth saying4 ,her work is exuberant with the joy of life1 the joy of colour4 ,her very brush is surcharged with a high and lavish spirit4 ,blue eyes look out1 so blue1 from happy sunburnt faces1 so sunburnt1 that take their places on her canvases as in a drama to tell us something of her thoughts and of themselves4 ,mrs4 ,swynnerton1 plus her faults1 is genuine through and through4 ,the work of another painter1 ,mrs4 ,de ,morgan1 naturally comes into consideration when we turn to symbolism4 ,more tenaciously in earnest and more austere in every way than ,mrs4 ,swynnerton1 her work is as the poles apart4 ,the one romps1 if the term be allowed1 in a flower-spangled meadow1 the other's province is the study2 and1 as is the way with students1 her mind is often on the thought of the past rather than with affairs of the present4 ,before one of ,mrs4 ,de ,morgan's pictures one thinks through1 by way of ,burne-,jones1 to ,botticelli and the great ancestors of art1 and it is saying a very great deal for ,mrs4 ,de ,morgan that in such case one can bless the passive hand that gives and the hand that receives4 ,her work may very well lead us to a small band of artists1 not definitely connected in themselves1 but allied with each other in the sense that they work for somewhat similar ends3 ,mrs4 ,marianne ,stokes1 ,miss ,eleanor ,fortescue ,brickdale and ,mrs4 ,young ,hunter4 ,to these1 perhaps1 may one day be added a name very little known at present1 ,miss ,milicent ,e4 ,gray4 ,it is not unusual in speaking of the work of either of these first three artists1 and more especially of ,miss ,eleanor ,brickdale1 to refer to the pre-,raphaelite influence in art4 ,it is1 however1 extremely probable that the influence takes direct effect in these days more as a method than as a conviction4 ,the great conviction itself has leavened ,art1 and the individualities of these painters are so strong that it becomes in their case a nearer interest to ignore all potters and regard the clay4 ,mrs4 ,young ,hunter has a quaint flitting fancy that wanders over hill and dale and seizes from life subtle little touches that are full of the elusiveness of tales told after school hours4 ,mrs4 ,marianne ,stokes is made of sterner stuff4 ,she has worked of late in that most stern and stubborn medium1 tempera1 and small things of hers in various exhibitions attract one always with the desire to know more of her most attractive work4 ,miss ,eleanor ,brickdale works1 or plays1 always with an idea4 ,and the idea she is not satisfied to leave until it has taken on for other eyes a most cunning and beautiful bodily shape1 in line1 in form1 in colour--above all in line4 ,she is probably1 without knowing it1 as good an antithesis as may be found of the ,impressionist1 so-called4 ,the ,impressionist is the incarnation of the abstract in terms of paint1 the ,symbolist uses the material to convey definite abstractions in thought4 ,it is1 by contrast with music1 the motive of symphony as compared to the motive of ,oratorio or opera1 and the apposite methods may be equally well1 or badly1 used or abused4 ,abuse may lead the militant ,impressionist to an impasse of assertive agnosticism as pedantic in its way as the lucubrations of the most literary pedant in paint4 ,on the other side of the lantern you may have ,watts1 and the painted canvases of a ,whistler4 ,so be it4 ,art is a long lane with many turnings1 and down each there may be found a little house with a fireside and human hearts thereby4 ,,ralph ,,peacock4 ,illustration3 ,,silhouette ,,by ,,nelly ,,bodenheim ,illustration3 ,,school ,,of ,,british ,,water-,,colour1 #aijj4 ,,youth ,,and ,,the ,,lady4 ,,reproduced ,,from ,,the ,,original ,,water-,,colour1 ,,by ,,kind ,,permission ,,of ,,charles ,,dowdeswell1 ,,esq41 ,,the ,,owner ,,of ,,the ,,picture ,,and ,,its ,,copyright4 ,miss ,eleanor ,fortescue ,brickdale1 ,painter ,women ,painters in the ,united ,states of ,america ,during the #aith century1 in the ,united ,states of ,america1 there came slowly into existence a new school of painting--new often in temper rather than in manner1 for its followers usually came to ,europe for their methods4 ,race1 climate1 religion1 commerce1 social life1 influence art1 and the painters of the ,united ,states reveal in their work all the characteristics for which their country has long been famous3 vivacity1 invention1 constant enterprise1 a democratic enthusiasm1 a love of truth 7truth often united with romance or else with sensationalism71 and last1 but not least1 a rare felicity in transforming borrowed knowledge into something quite original4 ,it is not often that a civilisation embodies itself in the genius of one man1 giving an epitome of all its dominant qualities2 but in ,mr4 ,john ,s4 ,sargent1 ,r4,a41 we recognise a painter of tremendous gifts who does for the ,united ,states what the manly1 swaggering ,rubens did for ,flanders1 symbolising a people and a civilisation4 ,one sign of the democratic spirit in the progress of ,american ,art is to be noticed in the fact that women have participated largely in the honours gained by the pioneers4 ,it is noteworthy1 for instance1 that the first book on ,women ,painters should have been written by an ,american lady1 ,mrs ,ellet1 as far back as #ahei4 ,mrs4 ,ellet showed great industry1 but following a custom rashly encouraged by writers on art1 she believed that she could teach painting and sculpture by the use of words alone1 in recording biographical facts1 and in offering criticisms on work that her readers could not see in illustrations4 ,written history is the phonograph of all past centuries1 but the understanding of art owes little to its words4 ,still1 the enthusiasm that fired ,mrs4 ,ellet was shared by many of her countrywomen1 and to it we owe some truly clever artists1 like the four sculptors1 ,harriet ,hosmer1 ,florence ,freeman1 ,edmonia ,lewis and ,emma ,stebbins1 or like the following painters3 ,emily ,sartain 7portraits and genre71 ,sara ,m4 ,peale 7portraits71 ,mrs4 ,j4 ,w4 ,dewing 7portraits1 subject pictures1 flowers and still-life71 ,annie ,c4 ,shaw 7cattle and landscapes71 ,mrs4 ,adele ,fassett 7portraits7 ,mrs4 ,elisa ,greatorex 7landscapes71 ,mrs4 ,henry ,a4 ,loop 7portraits71 ,ella ,a4 ,moss 7portraits71 ,jennie ,brownscombe 7subject pictures71 ,may ,alcott 7copies after ,j4 ,m4 ,w4 ,turner and still-life71 ,elizabeth ,boott 7figure subjects71 ,charlotte ,b4 ,coman 7landscapes in the manner of ,corot71 and that delicate recorder of pleasant secrets learnt from nature in the fields1 ,fidelia ,bridges4 ,the very titles of this lady's pictures have the fragrance of field flowers or else they glow with the plumage of birds4 ,it has been said of ,fidelia ,bridges that her art sings little pastoral lyrics1 and her art is certainly very fresh and sweet1 charmed with much sympathetic appreciation of nature in some of her unnumbered smiling moods4 ,for ,fidelia ,bridges1 like ,birket ,foster1 paints as though the year were all springtime1 a series of twelve ,may months1 all full of gaiety and bounty4 ,she seldom takes heed of that eternal warfare which accompanies ,nature's bountifulness1 filling the seed-carrying winds with the presence of death1 and setting every living thing to prey upon another4 ,to this part of ,nature's life ,fidelia ,bridges usually shuts her eyes1 unlike ,miss ,e4 ,m4 ,carpenter1 whose landscape art reveals at times the menacing suggestion of great rivers and of high solitary mountains4 ,it would serve no useful purpose to enumerate all the earlier women painters of the ,united ,states4 ,they worked bravely and well1 and if their doings are now forgotten or undervalued1 it is only because the harvest sowed by them is being reaped by the present generation4 ,to-day the names of at least two ,american women painters1 ,mary ,cassatt and ,cecilia ,beaux1 are known in every country where good art is studied4 ,mary ,cassatt1 the only pupil of ,degas1 is bracketed always with ,berthe ,morisot1 for both ladies became ,impressionists at about the same time1 adding the charm of their personalities to a rugged revolt in art4 ,the work of each has great interest1 but that of ,mary ,cassatt is the more attractive and the more enduring4 ,it is not overburdened with a heavy adherence to methods originated by men2 and it is richer with the emotions of the painter's own heart4 ,to ,mary ,cassatt1 ,impressionism is a chosen dialect1 a means by which she can express herself in colour and form2 to ,berthe ,morisot1 on the other hand1 it was in itself the final word in painting4 ,so1 mistaking the clay of art for the finished statue1 she obeyed the methods of a school with so much zeal and so much self-sacrifice that her own nature became enslaved to the difficulties of technique4 ,compare ,berthe ,morisot's able study 7page #baa7 with the charming homeliness of ,mary ,cassatt's picture 7page #aeg71 and you will see at a glance how wide is the difference between the emotional and aesthetic value of the subjects represented4 ,berthe ,morisot remains a student1 while ,mary ,cassatt passes beyond technique to a universal delight in childhood4 ,she feels both the pathos and the humour of the beginnings of our life1 and she makes infancy welcome in art because she understands it and shows no maudlin sentiment4 ,something of the same kind is done by ,miss ,cornelia ,conant1 in her domestic picture called ,the ,end of the ,story 7page #aea72 and another view of child-life1 delightfully rendered by ,helen ,hyde1 may be seen in colour on page #ade4 ,the pictures by which ,miss ,cecilia ,beaux is represented in this book show very clearly that her genius has dramatic strength1 sustention1 and flexibility4 ,the portrait on page #ahb is handled with a sculptural vigour that responds admirably to the character of the sitter1 while the ,mother and ,child 7page #aba7 has a quietness of tone1 a reserved simplicity of style1 a permeating suggestion of pathos1 having much in common with ,whistler's portrait of his mother4 ,miss ,cecilia ,beaux is a dramatist in her studies of character1 and her art is probably more subtle and more various than that of any woman painter who has devoted her life to portraiture4 ,the reader will do well to contrast her style with that of ,mrs4 ,anna ,lea ,merritt1 the first woman painter whose work was purchased by the ,chantrey ,fund1 ,london 7page #aci74 ,it is fitting now that a list should be given of other leading artists of the ,united ,states1 though their work is not represented here1 owing to the adventures in delays that attend a despatch of letters from ,london to ,america4 #a4 ,sarah ,c4 ,sears 7,mrs4 ,j4 ,montgomery ,sears71 pupil of ,turner1 ,brush and ,tarbell2 prizes at ,new ,york1 #ahic1 ,chicago1 #ahic1 ,paris1 #aijj1 ,buffalo1 #aija1 ,charleston1 #aijb4 #b4 ,miss ,mary ,l4 ,macomber1 pupil of ,boston ,museum2 prizes at ,boston1 #ahie1 ,atlanta1 #ahie1 ,national ,academy of ,design1 #ahig1 ,pittsburgh1 #aija4 #c4 ,miss ,katherine ,abbot1 bronze medal at ,paris1 #aijj4 #d4 ,miss ,elizabeth ,f4 ,bonsall1 pupil of ,howard ,pyle1 prize winner at ,philadelphia1 #ahhe1 #ahhh1 #ahig4 #e4 ,miss ,matilda ,browne1 pupil of ,dewey and ,bisbing1 medals at ,chicago1 #ahij1 ,national ,academy of ,design1 #ahii and #aija4 #f4 ,miss ,maria ,brooks1 pupil of the ,royal ,academy ,schools1 ,london4 #g4 ,mrs4 ,brewster ,sewell1 pupil of ,duran in ,paris1 of ,chase in ,new ,york2 winner of several prizes1 as at ,charleston in #aijb4 #h4 ,rosina ,emmet ,sherwood1 pupil of ,chase and of ,julian's ,school1 ,paris2 prizes in ,paris1 #ahhi1 ,chicago1 #ahic1 ,buffalo1 #aija4 #i4 ,mrs4 ,emily ,m4 ,scott1 prizes at ,buffalo1 #aija1 ,new ,york1 #aijb4 #aj4 ,miss ,rhoda ,h4 ,nicolls1 born in ,england and studied in ,england2 a frequent prize-winner4 #aa4 ,edith ,m4 ,prellwitz1 a frequent prize-winner and a pupil of ,brush1 in ,new ,york1 of ,julian1 in ,paris4 #ab4 ,lydia ,field ,emmet1 pupil of ,bouguereau1 in ,paris1 of ,chase1 in ,new ,york2 prizes at ,chicago1 #ahic1 ,atlanta1 #ahie1 ,buffalo1 #aija4 #ac4 ,mrs4 ,kenyon ,cox1 pupil of the ,national ,academy of ,design2 prize-winner at ,paris1 #aijj1 at ,buffalo1 #aija4 #ad4 ,emma ,l4 ,cooper1 ,medals at ,chicago1 #ahic1 ,atlanta1 #ahie4 #ae4 ,mrs4 ,charlotte ,b4 ,comans1 ,medal at ,san ,francisco1 #ahid4 #af4 ,miss ,clara ,s4 ,mac,chesney2 and last1 but not least1 ,miss ,mary ,f4 ,mac,monnies4 ,w4 ,s4 ,s4 ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,,the ,,queen ,,and ,,the ,,page4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting1 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,dixon ,,son1 ,,london ,mrs4 ,marianne ,stokes1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school1 ,,xvii ,,century ,,portrait ,,of ,,the ,,english ,,poet1 ,,abraham ,,cowley 7#afah-affg74 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,w4 ,a4 ,,mansell ,,co41 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,,in ,,the ,,national ,,portrait ,,gallery1 ,,london ,mrs4 ,mary ,beale1 born ,cradock1 ,painter #afcb-afig ,illustration3 ,,portrait ,,of ,,king ,,charles ,,ii ,,of ,,england4 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,w4 ,a4 ,,mansell ,,co41 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,,in ,,the ,,national ,,portrait ,,gallery1 ,,london ,mrs4 ,mary ,beale1 born ,cradock1 ,painter #afcb-afig ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school1 ,,xviii ,,century ,,caricature ,,of ,,edward ,,gibbon1 ,,historian4 ,,in ,,the ,,print ,,room1 ,,the ,,british ,,museum ,lady ,diana ,beauclerk1 ,amateur #agcd-ahjh ,illustration3 ,,cupids4 ,,after ,,an ,,engraving ,,by ,f4 ,,bartolozzi1 ,r4,a4 ,lady ,diana ,beauclerk1 ,amateur #agcd-ahjh ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school1 ,,xviii ,,century ,,ariadne4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,,in ,,the ,,dresden ,,gallery1 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,v4 ,a4 ,,bruckmann1 ,,munich ,maria ,angelica ,kauffman4 ,r4,a41 ,painter #agda-ahjg ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school1 ,,xviii ,,century ,,portrait ,,of ,,miss ,,harriot ,,powell4 ,,from ,a ,,mezzotint ,,by ,,richard ,,houston4 ,,the ,,proof ,,lent ,,by ,,mr4 ,,alfred ,,davis ,miss ,catharine ,read1 ,painter ,died about #aghf ,illustration3 ,,portrait ,,of ,,miss ,,jones4 ,,from ,,an ,,engraving ,,by ,j4 ,,watson1 ,,dated #agfg4 ,,the ,,print ,,lent ,,by ,,mr4 ,,alfred ,,davis ,miss ,catharine ,read1 ,painter ,died about #aghf ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,,the ,,fisher ,,wife4 ,,after ,,the ,,drawing ,,in ,,water-,,colour ,,and ,,crayon1 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,w4 ,e4 ,,gray1 ,,london ,mrs4 ,stanhope ,forbes1 ,a4,r4,w4,s41 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school1 ,,xviii ,,century ,,portrait 7,,painted ,,by ,,herself7 ,,of ,,angelica ,,kauffman1 ,r4,a41 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,picture ,,in ,,the ,,uffizi ,,gallery4 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,alinari ,illustration3 ,,the ,,vestal ,,virgin4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,picture ,,in ,,the ,,royal ,,gallery1 ,,dresden1 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,hanfstaengl ,maria ,angelica ,kauffman1 ,r4,a41 ,painter #agda-ahjg ,illustration3 ,,school ,,of ,,british ,,water-,,colour1 #agic ,,riverside ,,landscape ,,with ,a ,,castle ,,in ,,the ,,distance4 ,,painted ,,in #agic1 ,,when ,,turner ,,and ,,girtin ,,were ,,only ,,eighteen4 ,,the ,,breadth ,,and ,,manner ,,of ,,this ,,drawing ,,are ,,therefore ,,remarkable1 ,,especially ,,as ,,coming ,,from ,a ,,lady ,,of ,,that ,,time4 ,,the ,,scenic ,,pomp ,,of ,,the ,,design ,,points ,,to ,,the ,,influence ,,of ,,francis ,,nicholson4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,water-,,colour 7#ai-e_/h ,,inches ,,by #bf-c_/d ,,inches7 ,,in ,,the ,,print ,,room ,,of ,,the ,,british ,,museum1 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,w4 ,e4 ,,gray ,amelia ,hotham1 ,painter ,end of #ahth ,century ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school1 ,,end ,,of ,,xviii ,,century ,,and ,,beginning ,,of ,,xix ,,century ,a ,,country ,,boy4 ,,reproduced ,,from ,,an ,,original ,,soft-,,ground ,,etching ,,that ,,shows ,,the ,,mingled ,,influences ,,of ,,gainsborough ,,and ,,morland ,catherine ,maria ,fanshawe1 ,painter-,etcher #agfe-ahcd ,illustration3 ,,portrait ,,of ,,sarah1 ,,countess ,,of ,,kinnoull1 ,,from ,a ,,stipple ,,engraving ,,after ,a ,,miniature ,,by ,,samuel ,,shelley ,caroline ,watson1 ,engraver to ,queen ,caroline #agfj787-ahad ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school1 ,,early ,,xix ,,century ,a ,,pinch ,,of ,,snuff4 ,,after ,,an ,,engraving ,,by ,,madame ,,bovi1 ,a ,,pupil ,,of ,f4 ,,bartolozzi1 ,r4,a4 ,,the ,,print ,,lent ,,by ,,mr4 ,,alfred ,,davis ,lavinia ,countess ,spencer1 ,amateur ,died #ahca ,illustration3 ,,portrait ,,of ,,percy ,,bysshe ,,shelley 7#agib-ahbb74 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,drawing ,,in ,,the ,,national ,,portrait ,,gallery1 ,,london4 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,j4 ,,caswall ,,smith ,miss ,a4 ,curran1 ,amateur ,died #ahdg ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,,flora4 ,,reproduced ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,of ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,miss ,evelyn ,pickering 7,mrs4 ,william ,de ,morgan71 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school1 ,,early ,,xix ,,century ,,portrait ,,of ,,mrs4 ,,stuart ,,from ,a ,,mezzotint ,,by ,s4 ,w4 ,,reynolds1 ,,kindly ,,lent ,,by ,,mr4 ,,alfred ,,davis ,mrs4 ,j4 ,robertson1 ,painter ,worked #ahbd to #ahdd ,illustration3 ,,portrait ,,of ,,lady ,,dalrymple ,,hamilton1 ,,daughter ,,of ,,admiral ,,lord ,,duncan ,,from ,,an ,,engraving ,,by ,j4 ,,agar ,mrs4 ,anne ,mee1 born ,foldsone1 ,painter ,died very old in #ahea ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school #agfd ,,to #ahbf ,,vase ,,of ,,flowers4 ,,painted ,,in #agfd ,,and ,,formerly ,,in ,,the ,,collection ,,of ,,queen ,,charlotte4 ,,after ,,the ,,tempera ,,painting ,,at ,,south ,,kensington ,mary ,moser1 ,r4,a4 7,mrs4 ,hugh ,lloyd7 #agdd-ahai ,illustration3 ,,group ,,of ,,flowers ,,in ,a ,,jar4 ,,painted ,,in #ahjf ,,for ,,princess ,,elizabeth1 ,,daughter ,,of ,,george ,,iii4 ,,after ,,the ,,water-,,colour ,,at ,,south ,,kensington ,mrs4 ,margaret ,meen1 ,painter ,worked #agge to #ahaj ,illustration3 ,,flowers ,,and ,,grapes4 ,,painted ,,in #ahbf4 ,,after ,,the ,,water-,,colour ,,at ,,south ,,kensington ,miss ,anne ,frances ,byrne1 ,painter #agge-ahcg ,illustration3 ,,wood ,,scene4 ,,after ,,the ,,drawing ,,in ,,india ,,ink ,,on ,a ,,water-,,colour ,,tint ,,at ,,south ,,kensington ,viscountess ,templetown1 ,amateur ,died #ahbd ,illustration3 ,,school ,,of ,,british ,,water-,,colour1 ,,early ,,xix4 ,,century ,,backwater1 ,,weymouth1 ,,dorset4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,water-,,colour ,,in ,,the ,,british ,,museum ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,w4 ,e4 ,,gray1 ,,london ,mrs4 ,matilda ,heming1 born ,lowry1 ,painter #ahjh-ahee ,illustration3 ,,landscape ,,at ,,kenilworth ,,after ,,an ,,original ,,water-,,colour ,,by ,,the ,,grandmother ,,of ,,mrs4 ,,helen ,,allingham1 ,r4,w4,s4 ,mrs4 ,john ,herford1 ,amateur ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school1 ,,early ,,xix ,,century ,,portrait ,,of ,,henrietta ,,shuckburgh1 ,,after ,,the ,,water-,,colour ,,in ,,the ,,british ,,museum ,mrs4 ,margaret ,carpenter1 born ,geddes1 ,painter #agic-ahgb ,illustration3 ,,portrait ,,of ,,margaret ,,carpenter4 ,,after ,,the ,,water-,,colour ,,in ,,the ,,british ,,museum ,mrs4 ,margaret ,carpenter1 born ,geddes1 ,painter #agic-ahgb ,illustration3 ,,lodona4 ,,from ,,pope',s ,,windsor ,,forest4 ,,from ,,the ,,engraving ,,by ,f4 ,,bartolozzi1 ,r4,a4 ,mrs4 ,maria ,cosway1 born ,hadfield1 ,painter #agei-ahch ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,,elspeth4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,portrait ,,in ,,body-,,colour1 ,,by ,,kind ,,permission ,,of ,,mrs4 ,j4 ,m4 ,,currie1 ,,london ,miss ,ann ,macbeth1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,school ,,of ,,british ,,water-,,colour1 ,,xix ,,century ,,palm ,,branches4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,drawing ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,j4 ,,caswall ,,smith1 ,,london ,louisa ,marchioness of ,waterford1 ,painter #ahah-ahia ,illustration3 ,,spring4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,drawing ,,in ,,water-,,colour ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,j4 ,,caswall ,,smith ,louisa ,marchioness of ,waterford1 ,painter #ahah-ahia ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school1 ,,xix ,,century ,,portrait ,,of ,,john ,,gibson1 ,r4,a41 ,,sculptor 7#agia-ahff74 ,,after ,,the ,,painting ,,in ,,the ,,national ,,portrait ,,gallery1 ,,london1 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,w4 ,a4 ,,mansell ,,co4 ,mrs4 ,margaret ,carpenter1 born ,geddes1 ,painter #agic-ahgb ,illustration3 ,,portrait ,,of ,r4 ,p ,,bonington1 ,,painter 7#ahja-ahbh74 ,,after ,,the ,,painting ,,in ,,the ,,national ,,portrait ,,gallery1 ,,london1 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,w4 ,a4 ,,mansell ,,co4 ,mrs4 ,margaret ,carpenter1 born ,geddes1 ,painter #agic-ahgb ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school1 ,,xix ,,century ,,jesus ,,christ ,,among ,,the ,,doctors ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,water-,,colour ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,j4 ,,caswall ,,smith ,louisa ,marchioness of ,waterford1 ,painter #ahah-ahia ,illustration3 ,,school ,,of ,,british ,,water-,,colour1 ,,xix ,,century ,,study ,,of ,a ,,bird',s ,,nest4 ,,reproduced ,,from ,,the ,,original ,,drawing ,,in ,,water-,,colour ,,by ,,permission ,,of ,,messrs4 ,,brown ,,phillips ,mrs4 ,helen ,cordelia ,angell1 born ,coleman1 ,painter #ahdg-ahhd ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school1 #aija ,,to-,,day ,,for ,,me4 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,h4 ,,dixon ,,son1 ,,after ,,the ,,water-,,colour ,,in ,,the ,,collection ,,of ,,miss ,,evans ,miss ,eleanor ,fortescue ,brickdale1 ,a4,r4,w4,s41 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school1 #ahga ,,elaine4 ,,reproduced ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,of ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,,by ,,permission ,,of ,,the ,,arts ,,committee1 ,,the ,,walker ,,art ,,gallery1 ,,liverpool ,mrs4 ,sophie ,anderson1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school1 #ahgc ,,sintram ,,and ,,his ,,mother 7,,vide ,,de ,,la ,,motte ,,fouque74 ,,reproduced ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,permission ,,of ,,the ,,arts ,,committee1 ,,the ,,walker ,,gallery1 ,,liverpool ,louisa ,starr 7,madame ,canziana71 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,school ,,of ,,british ,,water-,,colour1 #ahge-ahie ,,through ,,the ,,wood4 ,,reproduced ,,from ,,the ,,original ,,water-,,colour ,,at ,,south ,,kensington ,miss ,ivy ,heitland1 ,painter #ahge-ahie ,illustration3 ,,mother ,,and ,,child4 ,,dated #ahid4 ,,from ,,the ,,water-,,colour ,,in ,,the ,,ionides ,,collection ,,at ,,south ,,kensington ,miss ,mary ,l4 ,gow1 ,r4,i41 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school1 #ahhj ,,blanchisseuses4 ,,reproduced ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,of ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,,by ,,permission ,,of ,,the ,,arts ,,committee1 ,,the ,,walker ,,art ,,gallery1 ,,liverpool ,miss ,alice ,havers1 ,painter ,died #ahij ,illustration3 ,,school ,,of ,,british ,,water-,,colour1 ,,contemporary ,a ,,cottage ,,near ,,crocken ,,hill ,,from ,,the ,,original ,,water-,,colour ,mrs4 ,helen ,allingham1 ,r4,w4,s41 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,school ,,of ,,british ,,water-,,colour1 #ahhh ,,the ,,potato ,,harvest4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,water-,,colour1 ,,dated #ahhh1 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,kindly ,,lent ,,by ,,the ,,artist ,miss ,edith ,martineau1 ,a4,r4,w4,s41 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school1 #ahij ,,in ,,memoriam4 ,,after ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,henry ,,dixon ,,son1 ,,by ,,kind ,,permission ,,of ,,miss ,,mary ,a4 ,,dicksee ,,and ,,frank ,,dicksee1 ,,esq41 ,r4,a4 ,miss ,margaret ,isabel ,dicksee1 ,painter #aheh-aijc ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school1 #ahhg ,,and #ahij ,,good ,,friends4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting1 ,,dated #ahhg1 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,newidein1 ,,paris ,mrs4 ,elizabeth ,strong1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,the ,,end ,,of ,a ,,story4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co41 ,,paris ,miss ,emily ,hart1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school1 #aijj ,,sleep1 ,,that ,,knits ,,up ,,the ,,ravell',d ,,sleave ,,of ,,care4 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,dixon ,,son1 ,,london1 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,water-,,colour ,,in ,,the ,,collection ,,of ,,miss ,,evans ,miss ,eleanor ,fortescue ,brickdale1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,,labourers ,,of ,,the ,,night4 ,,from ,,the ,,study ,,in ,,oil-,,colour ,,on ,,drawing ,,paper ,miss ,lucy ,e4 ,kemp-,welch1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,,study ,,from ,,the ,,life4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,chalk ,,drawing ,evelyn ,pickering 7,mrs4 ,william ,de ,morgan71 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,,yellow ,,roses4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,water-,,colour ,mrs4 ,william ,duffield1 ,r4,i4 ,,from ,a ,,neapolitan ,,villa4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,water-,,colour ,miss ,a4 ,m4 ,youngman1 ,r4,i4 ,illustration3 ,,room ,,at ,,leicester ,,in ,,which ,,shakespeare ,,is ,,said ,,to ,,have ,,acted ,,before ,,queen ,,elizabeth4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,sketch ,,in ,,water-,,colour ,,dated #aijc ,miss ,alice ,m4 ,hobson1 ,r4,i41 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,a ,,for ,,apple-,,pie3 ,e ,,eat ,,it4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,drawing ,,in ,,the ,,collection ,,of ,,john ,,greenaway1 ,,esq4 ,,reproduced ,,by ,,permission ,,of ,,frederick ,,warne ,,co4 ,miss ,kate ,greenaway1 ,illustrator #ahdf-aija ,illustration3 ,,who ,,loves ,a ,,garden ,,loves ,a ,,greenhouse ,,too ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,picture ,,exhibited ,,at ,,the ,,royal ,,institute ,,of ,,water-,,colour ,,in #aijd ,miss ,a4 ,m4 ,youngman1 ,r4,i4 ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,,st4 ,,bridget4 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,r4 ,j4 ,w4 ,,haines ,mrs4 ,louise ,jopling1 ,r4,b4,a41 ,painter ,,waifs ,,from ,,the ,,great ,,city4 ,,copyright ,,reserved ,,by ,,the ,,artist ,mrs4 ,staples 7,m4 ,ellen ,edwards71 ,illustrator ,illustration3 ,,united ,,states ,,of ,,america1 ,,contemporary ,,mother ,,and ,,child ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,miss ,cecilia ,beaux1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,,drapery ,,study4 ,,reproduced ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,of ,,the ,,original ,,drawing ,evelyn ,pickering 7,mrs4 ,william ,de ,morgan7 ,illustration3 ,,portrait ,,of ,,the ,,lady ,,alix4 ,,egerton1 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,of ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,miss ,biddie ,macdonald1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,,white ,,treasures ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,the ,,autotype ,,co4 ,,new ,,oxford ,,street1 ,,london ,miss ,florence ,white1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,hush6 ,,remind ,,not ,,eros ,,of ,,his ,,wings4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,water-,,colour ,miss ,katharine ,cameron1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school1 #aijd ,,after ,,work ,a ,,study ,,in ,,lead ,,pencil ,miss ,lucy ,kemp-,welch1 ,artist ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,,olivia4 ,,reproduced ,,from ,,the ,,original ,,drawing ,,by ,,permission ,,of ,,messrs4 ,,brown ,,phillips1 ,,london ,mrs4 ,mary ,young ,hunter1 ,illustrator ,illustration3 ,,he ,,married ,a ,,wife4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,water-,,colour ,,in ,,the ,,collection ,,of ,,miss ,,evans ,miss ,eleanor ,fortescue ,brickdale1 ,a4,r4,w4,s41 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school1 ,,xix ,,century ,a4 ,,for ,,apple ,,pie3 ,c4 ,,cut ,,it4 ,,after ,,the ,,water ,,colour ,,drawing ,,in ,,the ,,collection ,,of ,,john ,,greenaway1 ,,esq41 ,,reproduced ,,by ,,permission ,,of ,,messrs4 ,,frederick ,,warne ,,co41 ,,owners ,,of ,,the ,,copyright ,miss ,kate ,greenaway1 ,designer #ahdf-aija ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,,portrait ,,of ,,the ,,hon ,,mrs4 ,,walter ,,james4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,picture ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,messrs4 ,,dixon ,,son1 ,,london ,mrs4 ,marianne ,stokes1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,,an ,,interesting ,,story ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,water-,,colour ,miss ,marian ,chase1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,where ,,shall ,,wisdom ,,be ,,found8 ,,after ,,an ,,original ,,picture ,,painted ,,in #aijb ,mrs4 ,mary ,young ,hunter1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school1 #aijd ,,portrait ,,of ,,mrs4 ,,blair ,,with ,,her ,,dogs4 ,,after ,,an ,,original ,,painting ,,that ,,gained ,a ,,mention ,,honorable ,,in ,,the ,,salon ,,of #aijd ,miss ,margaret ,cameron1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,a ,,song ,,of ,,the ,,sea ,,from ,,the ,,original ,,etching ,miss ,amelia ,bauerle1 ,painter-,etcher ,illustration3 ,,fauns ,,from ,,the ,,original ,,etching ,miss ,amelia ,bauerle1 ,painter-,etcher ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school1 #ahie ,,the ,,sense ,,of ,,sight4 ,,reproduced ,,from ,,the ,,painting ,,in ,,the ,,walker ,,gallery1 ,,liverpool1 ,,by ,,permission ,,of ,,the ,,arts ,,committee ,mrs4 ,annie ,l4 ,swynnerton1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,,riverside ,,landscape ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,miss ,alice ,fanner1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,memories4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,water-,,colour ,,exhibited ,,in #aijd ,,at ,,the ,,royal ,,institute ,,of ,,painters ,,in ,,water-,,colour ,miss ,gertrude ,demain ,hammond1 ,r4,i41 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school1 #aijc ,,bluebells ,,from ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,,the ,,royal ,,academy1 #aijc ,miss ,christabel ,a4 ,cockerell 7,mrs4 ,geo4 ,frampton71 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,school ,,of ,,british ,,water-,,colour1 #aijd ,,ponte ,,widman1 ,,venice4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,out-,,door ,,sketch ,,in ,,water-,,colour ,mrs4 ,helen ,allingham1 ,r4,w4,s41 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,campanile ,,san ,,stefano1 ,,venice4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,out-,,door ,,sketch ,,in ,,water-,,colour ,mrs4 ,helen ,allingham1 ,r4,w4,s41 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school1 #aijd ,,the ,,herdsman ,,of ,,admetus ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,picture ,,exhibited ,,in #aijd ,,at ,,the ,,royal ,,society ,,of ,,painters ,,in ,,water-,,colours4 ,,copyright ,,reserved ,miss ,constance ,phillott1 ,a4,r4,w4,s41 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,united ,,states ,,of ,,america1 #ahij ,,love ,,locked ,,out4 ,,after ,,the ,,painting ,,in ,,the ,,chantrey ,,collection ,,in ,,the ,,tate ,,gallery1 ,,london1 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,hanfstaengl ,mrs4 ,anna ,lea ,merritt1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,miss ,eleanor ,fortescue ,brickdale1 ,illustrator ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,,reproduced ,,from ,,the ,,original ,,drawing ,,in ,,crayons4 ,miss ,e4 ,fortescue ,brickdale1 ,illustrator ,,le ,,repas4 ,,exhibited ,,at ,,the ,,paris ,,salon ,,in #aijc ,miss ,beatrice ,how1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,the ,,late ,,cecil ,,rhodes4 ,,after ,,the ,,pencil ,,drawing ,,the ,,late ,,lord ,,salisbury4 ,,after ,,the ,,pencil ,,drawing ,the ,marchioness of ,granby1 ,portraitist ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,,on ,,the ,,way ,,to ,,the ,,horse ,,fair4 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,the ,,autotype ,,co41 ,,new ,,oxford ,,street ,,london ,miss ,lilian ,cheviot1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,almond ,,blossom ,,in ,,london ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,water-,,colour ,miss ,rose ,barton1 ,a4,r4,w4,s41 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,,day-,,dreams4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,picture ,,in ,,water-,,colour ,jane ,m4 ,dealy 7,mrs4 ,lewis71 ,r4,i41 ,painter ,,baby4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,portrait ,,in ,,water ,,colour ,jane ,m4 ,dealy 7,mrs4 ,lewis71 ,r4,i41 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,united ,,states ,,of ,,america1 ,,contemporary ,,day ,,dreams4 ,,from ,,the ,,coloured ,,woodcut ,,in ,,the ,,japanese ,,manner4 ,,printed ,,in ,,japan ,,by ,,native ,,workmen ,,under ,,the ,,supervision ,,of ,,the ,,artist4 ,,reproduced ,,by ,,permission ,,of ,,mr4 ,c4 ,,klacker4 #ab1 ,,haymarket1 ,,london4 ,,copyright ,,in ,,all ,,countries ,miss ,helen ,hyde1 ,designer and ,painter ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school ,,of ,,water-,,colour1 ,,contemporary ,,in ,,with ,,you6 ,,reproduced ,,from ,,the ,,original ,,picture ,,in ,,body-,,colour ,illustration3 ,,cuckoo4 ,,reproduced ,,from ,,the ,,original ,,picture ,,in ,,body-,,colour ,mrs4 ,stanhope ,forbes1 ,a4,r4,w4,s41 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,,in ,,the ,,reign ,,of ,,terror4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting1 ,,dated #ahia1 ,,in ,,the ,,walker ,,gallery1 ,,liverpool ,miss ,jessie ,macgregor1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,in ,a ,,dutch ,,cottage4 ,,after ,,an ,,original ,,painting ,,exhibited ,,at ,,the ,,paris ,,salon ,,in #aijd ,miss ,beatrice ,how1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school ,,of ,,water-,,colour1 #aijd ,,may ,,evening ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,picture ,mrs4 ,e4 ,stanhope ,forbes1 ,a4,r4,w4,s41 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,a ,,cottage ,,girl4 ,,reproduced ,,from ,,the ,,original ,,water-,,colour ,miss ,minnie ,smythe1 ,a4,r4,w4,s41 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,portrait ,,of ,,sir ,,charles ,,holroyd4 ,,reproduced ,,from ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,lady ,holroyd1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,united ,,states ,,of ,,america1 #ahhj ,,the ,,end ,,of ,,the ,,story4 ,,reproduced ,,from ,a ,,copyright ,,photograph ,,by ,,permission ,,of ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co41 ,,paris ,cornelia ,w4 ,conant1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school1 #ahij ,,ophelia3 ,,there',s ,,rue ,,for ,,you4 ,,reproduced ,,by ,,kind ,,permission ,,of ,,the ,,arts ,,committee1 ,,the ,,walker ,,art ,,gallery1 ,,liverpool ,mrs4 ,e4 ,normand 7,henrietta ,rae71 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school1 #ahig ,,steady ,,the ,,drums ,,and ,,fifes6 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,of ,,the ,,original ,,picture1 ,,by ,,kind ,,permission ,,of ,,lady ,,elizabeth ,,butler ,,and ,,of ,,messrs4 ,,goupil ,,co41 ,,london ,,and ,,paris1 ,,publishers ,,of ,,the ,,large ,,reproduction ,,recently ,,issued ,lady ,elizabeth ,butler1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,,after ,,the ,,bull-,,fight ,,from ,,the ,,original ,,picture ,miss ,margaret ,cameron1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,wintry ,,weather ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,picture ,lily ,blatherwick 7,mrs4 ,a4 ,s4 ,hartrick71 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,a ,,yorkshire ,,trout ,,stream4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,picture ,miss ,alice ,fanner1 ,painter ,,portrait ,,of ,,miss ,,anna ,,alma-,,tadema4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,miss ,anna ,alma-,tadema1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,united ,,states ,,of ,,america1 ,,contemporary ,,baby',s ,,toilette4 ,,reproduced ,,from ,,the ,,original ,,pastel1 ,,by ,,permission ,,of ,,messrs4 ,,durand-,,ruel ,,sons1 ,,paris ,,the ,,owners ,,of ,,the ,,copyright4 ,miss ,mary ,cassatt1 ,pastellist and ,painter ,illustration3 ,,british ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,,from ,,the ,,original ,,pen-,,drawing ,miss ,jessie ,m4 ,king1 ,illustrator ,illustration3 ,,the ,,music ,,lesson ,mrs4 ,j4 ,m4 ,swan1 ,painter ,,panel ,,of ,a ,,screen ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,miss ,amy ,sawyer1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,british ,,and ,,american ,,schools1 ,,contemporary4 ,,ophelia4 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,the ,,autotype ,,co41 ,,new ,,oxford ,,street1 ,,london ,miss ,offor 7,mrs4 ,f4 ,littler71 ,painter1 ,england4 ,illustration3 ,,prayer4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,picture1 ,,from ,a ,,carbon-,,print ,,photograph ,,by ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co41 ,,paris ,mrs4 ,cecilia ,wentworth1 ,painter1 ,u4,s4,a41 ,america4 ,illustration3 ,,united ,,states ,,of ,,america1 ,,contemporary ,,the ,,peace ,,ball ,,after ,,the ,,declaration ,,of ,,independence3 ,,the ,,french ,,officers1 ,,lafayette ,,and ,,rochambeau1 ,,being ,,introduced ,,to ,,washington',s ,,mother4 ,,reproduced ,,by ,,permission ,,of ,c4 ,,klackner1 ,,haymarket1 ,,london ,miss ,jennie ,brownscombe1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,united ,,states ,,of ,,america1 ,,contemporary4 ,,portrait4 ,,reproduced ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,of ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,,kindly ,,lent ,,by ,,the ,,artist4 ,miss ,cecilia ,beaux1 ,painter4 ,illustration3 ,,united ,,states ,,of ,,america1 ,,contemporary ,,the ,,bamboo ,,fence4 ,,from ,a ,,woodcut ,,designed ,,in ,,the ,,japanese ,,manner ,,and ,,printed ,,in ,,colours ,,by ,,japanese ,,workmen4 ,,reproduced ,,by ,,permission ,,of ,c4 ,,klackner1 ,,new ,,york1 ,u4,s4,a41 ,,and #ab1 ,,haymarket1 ,,london4 ,,date ,,of ,,copyright1 #aijd ,miss ,helen ,hyde1 ,designer ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 #agee-ahdb ,portrait of ,madame ,vigee ,le ,brun and her ,daughter4 ,after the painting in the ,louvre1 from a ,photograph by ,braun1 ,clement ,co41 ,paris ,madame ,elisabeth ,louise ,vigee ,le ,brun1 ,painter #agee-ahdb ,of ,women ,painters in ,france ,by ,leonce ,benedite4 ,translated into ,english by ,edgar ,preston ,woman in ,art is a fruitful subject4 ,it is both psychological and aesthetic1 involving as it does a question of paramount interest4 ,at the same time it includes a special up-to-date character1 by virtue of the grave questions arising from the position of woman in our social system of to-day4 ,it is1 indeed1 the position of woman which has for so long a period set limits to her production of creations of the mind1 and her position has had a distinct bearing on her inspiration4 ,thus it will be grasped1 in these times of ours when the movement for the total emancipation of woman has commenced1 and when the first franchises granted to her have already borne conclusive results1 how it is that our honoured colleague1 the editor of this book1 has been led1 both as an artist and as a writer on art1 to conduct a sort of historical examination enabling one to understand the position woman has won in the realms of art in the past1 and permitting one to foresee the place she is called upon to occupy in the future4 ,with regard to the productions of the mind1 it becomes necessary to establish a well-defined distinction1 at least in so far as the past1 anterior to the #aith century1 is concerned1 between the position of women artists and that of literary women4 ,the literary woman1 like the man of letters1 was not subjected to any special obligation beyond the official sanction granting her the privilege of publication--a sanction which bore only on the question of morals and religion4 ,every woman was free to write without let or hindrance1 without any preliminary education1 and even without going through the formalities of publication or the necessities of printing1 since a famous woman like ,madame de ,sevigne owed her celebrity to letters which were not destined to be made public4 ,this explains the number of charming writers among women who have added lustre to ,french literature by their novels1 stories1 or simply by their letters1 and enables one to realise how these women authors are1 in contradistinction to women artists1 persons of high standing4 ,the chronicles of the ,hotel de ,rambouillet constitute an interesting little chapter in the history of letters in ,france1 just as the ,precieuses ,ridicules or the ,femmes ,savantes of ,moliere reveal to us the defects and eccentricities into which the literary pretensions of the feminine world had fallen in the #agth century4 ,it cannot1 however1 be denied that the fair sex freely infused into the literature of that period spontaneity1 life and spirit1 piquancy1 affectation1 and the delicate sentiments inherent to its nature1 and that it had its share of influence on ,french taste at that time4 ,altogether different is the position of their sisters1 the women-painters4 ,let us first look into that of the men4 ,painters formerly were part of a ,guild such as that of the ,drapers1 ,bakers and ,butchers1 and in their case it was a ,guild which was far from occupying the first place in the hierarchy of ,guilds4 ,the ,butchers were beyond doubt higher up in the scale than the painters4 ,the painters were subjected to narrow and despotic regulations2 rigorous conditions governed both apprenticeship and mastership1 conditions hardly encouraging to those who had a vocation1 more especially in the case of women1 ill-protected by the weakness of their sex1 by prevalent custom1 and ill-adapted for the struggle4 ,the regime of the ,academies1 which followed that of the ,guilds1 did not bring in its wake conditions in any degree profitable to womankind4 ,the ,academie de ,saint-,luc1 while pretending to safeguard the professional interests of artists1 displayed such tyrannical pretensions that a certain number of artists rose in revolt against it1 and appealed to the ,royal power1 which1 approached by its chief painter1 ,charles ,le ,brun1 came to their rescue1 by helping them to found the celebrated ,academie ,royale de ,peinture et de ,sculpture 7#afff74 ,the ,academie ,royale proved itself somewhat more liberal4 ,it set no limits to the reception of those who seemed worthy of its suffrages2 we know that it welcomed into its bosom a number of strangers of merit1 and that it opened its doors to women4 ,therein lies a victory of appreciable importance1 if one considers the energy and the talent which women artists were compelled to display1 in order to conquer ancient prejudices in so signal a fashion4 ,henceforth a place was assigned in art to women1 a place still hedged in with limitations1 and which could be attained only by the few privileged ones4 ,for1 in its turn1 the ,academie served the purpose of a few1 but not that of the many4 ,the ,academie reserved the monopoly of exhibitions exclusively for its members2 and artists who did not1 in one way or other1 belong to this congregation1 were allowed to exhibit their works in public only once a year4 ,it was on the one day of the ,octave of ,corpus ,christi1 for a space of two hours1 in the open air1 and within the circumference of the ,place ,dauphine4 ,all great artists had to submit to this treatment1 ere they could force the portals of the ,academie4 ,but times have changed6 ,our contemporaries1 so inconstant1 so impatient1 who wear out the attention of the public by the excessive multiplicity of their exhibitory manifestations1 should occasionally think of the conditions under which their forerunners laboured4 ,imagine a woman placed in the midst of these quarrels and struggles of rival ,academies1 with men in strong and often fierce antagonism on all sides of her2 picture not only these general difficulties1 but those of a more particular sort which arise from the disabilities of her sex1 her subordinate state2 think of the drawbacks--the prejudices1 the convenances to be considered1 and then the embarrassing promiscuity of life in studio and school1 particularly as regards the study from the living model--and one can realise how brave1 how energetic1 or how ambitious must be the woman who would win the title of ,artist4 ,it is clear that the ,royal ,academy's liberal measure in opening its doors to women of talent was an event of some importance1 from the moral point of view at any rate4 ,it was the public recognition of woman's capacity in matters of art1 the official consecration of merit which might come to light2 also it afforded a goal to strive for--a goal hard to reach and very remote1 doubtless1 but still a goal possible of attainment to the most courageous and the most hopeful among women4 ,the real1 as distinct from the moral1 advantages were1 however1 rather limited4 ,from #affc1 the date which marks the admission of the first woman artist1 to #aghc1 when the last was admitted--that is to say during a period of eighty years--exactly fifteen women painters were elected1 and among them were three foreigners4 ,in #aggj1 indeed1 on the nomination of ,mlle4 ,giroust1 wife of ,roslin1 the painter1 it was decided that1 as there were already in the company two other women previously elected1 there must not be more than four women in all within the ,academy4 ,this measure of restriction was renewed in #aghc and ratified by ,royal ordinance on the election of ,mme4 ,vigee ,le ,brun4 ,nevertheless there was an appreciable number of women artists in ,france throughout the course of the #ahth century4 ,their social rank was strictly confined4 ,there were no women of quality1 such as were to be found in the world of letters1 no representatives of the bourgeoisie even4 ,the women artists1 with very rare exceptions1 all belonged to artist families4 ,they were the wives1 the daughters1 the sisters or the nieces of artists1 and this tradition1 as we shall see1 even continued long into the #aith century4 ,catherine ,duchemin1 the first woman elected to the ,academy1 was the wife of the sculptor1 ,girardon1 while ,genevieve and ,madelaine ,boulogne1 both academicians1 were related to distinguished painters of that name4 ,mlle4 ,reboul was ,mme4 ,vien1 and ,mme4 ,labille des ,vertus became ,mme4 ,vincent on her second marriage4 ,then we have ,mlle4 ,natoire1 sister of the director of the ,academy of ,france1 ,catherine van ,loo1 one of the innumerable family of ,van ,loo1 ,mme4 de ,valsaureaux1 nee ,parrocel1 of the no less numerous family of ,parrocel1 ,mme4 ,therbouch1 nee ,liscewska1 all this family1 father1 mother1 and daughters alike1 being painters2 and ,mme4 ,vigee herself1 who married the picture dealer ,le ,brun1 was the daughter of a portrait painter4 ,during the #agth and #ahth centuries these great artist families intermarried to such an extent as to form a series of veritable dynasties--for instance1 those of the ,coypels1 the ,coustous1 the ,van ,loos1 the ,boulognes1 the ,parrocels1 and the ,vernets1 to name but a few of the most renowned4 ,artist families became allied just as do those of lawyers and merchants4 ,thus their social life grew more limited1 each category more and more distinct and apart1 for these artist families rarely strayed beyond their own milieu4 ,and those very circumstances which tended to retard the development of the artistic calling in woman exerted their influence over the inspiration of the female artist4 ,the impossibility of pursuing very far the study of anatomical drawing1 owing to the nudity of the model1 diverted them almost entirely to the studies of observation and of imitation1 to portrait work1 and flowers and animals and still-life4 ,later1 when they obtained greater liberty1 they devoted themselves to genre of a size and kind demanding less substantial preparation4 ,but as for composition1 they never touched history1 as it was termed--that is1 lofty1 heroic or allegorical subjects--and if there should chance to have been any exception to this rule1 it was simply in the direction of religious motifs4 ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 ,,about #agic-ahbd ,portrait of ,gaetano ,apollino ,baldassare ,vestris1 ,dancer 7#agbi-ahjh74 ,reproduced from a ,photograph by permission of ,braun1 ,clement ,co41 ,paris ,madame ,adele ,romany1 nee de ,romance1 ,painter exhibited from #agic to #ahbd ,further1 they long affected what may be called medium processes3 pastel1 water-colour1 miniature1 all kinds of work offering opportunity of finish and eclat4 ,they showed a partiality for oil painting after the manner of the smaller ,dutch masters1 who had no more faithful imitators in all ,france4 ,mme4 ,vien1 ,mme4 de ,valsaureaux1 nee ,parrocel1 and particularly ,mme4 ,vallayer ,coster--femme qui fut un habile homme1 according to the verses written in her honour--excelled in this style4 ,some of the ,academistes--to use the old ,french expression--won real celebrity1 but few there were who achieved lasting glory4 ,in the reign of ,louis ,,xiv1 the woman artist whose reputation shone with the clearest lustre was ,elisabeth ,sophie ,cheron1 who excelled in all the arts--for she was a clever painter1 a consummate musician1 a poet of merit and femme d'esprit into the bargain4 ,following the general rule she belonged to one of the numerous artist families4 ,daughter of a painter 7,louis ,cheron71 she was also sister of a painter4 ,this latter1 who was her junior1 had talent1 but not to the extent of the elder4 ,elisabeth ,sophie ,cheron was of ,huguenot family1 as was frequently the case among the ,academicians1 although1 from what absurd prejudice ,i know not1 the reformes were regarded as less artistic than other folk4 ,but in #affh1--she was twenty then--terrified no doubt by the ever-increasing persecution of the ,protestants--a persecution which was soon to result in the ,edict of ,nantes--she1 like her sister1 abjured her faith1 whereas her brother1 remaining true to the family faith1 was forced to take refuge in ,london1 where he died4#a #a ,several ,academiciens of the reformed religion were excluded1 or obliged to submit to the ,catholic religion4 ,sophie translated into ,french the ,psalms of ,david1 which her brother illustrated admirably1 and she has left at least one important engraved work1 but above all1 she has left a number of portraits of well-known people of her time1 portraits that the sitters made her copy four and even five times4 ,among other ,academistes1 interesting if not so well known1 was that sister of the ,visitandine order1 ,anne ,marie ,tresor1 who decorated with religious subjects the church of the monastery of the ,dames de ,ste4 ,marie de ,chaillot4 ,she was received by the ,academy in #afgf1 and the choice of the ,academy showed1 as its accepted members were of such different views1 that the body was after all somewhat broad in character4 ,another proof of this liberal spirit is to be found in the fact that the ,academy received foreign artists within its body4 ,there were three of them2 the first was ,mlle4 ,haverman1 of ,dutch origin1 who was1 however1 excluded shortly after her election--she attempted to justify her election by sending in a painting which was not her own1 but the work of her master1 ,van ,huysum4 ,the second foreign ,academiste was specially illustrious and worthy of the honour conferred on her4 ,she was ,rosalba ,carriera1 a ,venetian1 a woman who was really original1 and whose reputation has lived through the centuries1 but about whom1 in this chapter devoted to ,france1 ,i must not speak at length4 ,the last of the three was ,mme4 ,terbouche1 or1 more exactly1 ,therbousch1 who1 although born in #agbh at ,berlin1 was numbered by our old museum catalogues in the ranks of the ,french ,school4 ,may #cast1 #aghc1 was an exceptionally important date for the ,academy1 in respect of women artists4 ,on that day were received ,mme4 ,vigee ,le ,brun and ,mme4 ,adelaide ,labille ,guyard 7or ,guiard74 ,one may say that at that very hour began officially the rivalry which constantly existed between the two women1 both of real merit1 throughout their careers--a rivalry which has been maintained in the preference shown for one or the other1 after death1 by their historians4 ,mme4 ,vigee ,le ,brun was the more celebrated of the two1 and rightly so1 for one might say that of all the women painters of her time she had a personality quite her own1 quite feminine1 rich in grace1 ease1 variety of attitude1 gesture and composition1 discreet and delicate affectedness1 freshness and brightness4 ,mme4 ,vigee ,le ,brun was the daughter of a somewhat mediocre painter1 and the wife of a well-known picture dealer1 whom she married when quite young4 ,she had lessons from ,doyen1 ,greuze and ,joseph ,vernet1 and her success was quickly achieved4 ,mlle4 ,adelaide ,labille des ,vertus1 the daughter of a mercer1 was married to a certain ,guyard1 a neighbour4 ,she did not live long with him1 and had lessons from an old friend1 the painter ,vincent 7the father71 and afterwards from ,la ,tour4 ,while ,mme4 ,le ,brun1 whose work was admired by ,marie ,antoinette1 was supported by the ,court1 ,mme4 ,guyard secretly made friends in the body of the ,academy itself1 painting the portraits of first one member and then another4 ,on the day of the election1 she seemed to be overcoming her rival1 whom her friends succeeded in putting on one side because the rules of the ,academy forbade the traffic in pictures4 ,mme4 ,le ,brun was received only by order of the ,king4 ,her own autobiography1 as well as the pamphlets of the time1 depict for us the powerful rivalry which existed1 and also the many calumnies with which the three women painters were attacked 7there was a third candidate1 ,mme4 ,vallayer ,coster71 even in their private life1 the persecution of offensive insinuations1 and the existence of the accusation so often levelled against women painters1 that their work is not their own4 ,posterity has reconciled the rivals on the walls of our galleries4 ,if ,mme4 ,vigee ,le ,brun certainly holds pride of place1 ,mme4 ,guyard1 by her more solid talent1 perhaps more characteristic1 has an enviable position at her side4 ,by the side of these celebrated women there are a few others of whom the recollection is not quite so keen1 but who were not without a touching grace1 though they lived their life within the sphere of their masters' influence1 illuminated by the renown of these masters and breathing their atmosphere4 ,it would not be right to say that these women artists copied their masters1 or slavishly imitated them1 but they transposed their qualities1 elevated them by feminising them4 ,of these1 ,i may mention ,mlle4 ,ledoux1 who followed in the wake of ,greuze2 ,mlle4 ,marguerite ,gerard1 who lived under the shadow of ,fragonard2 and that exquisite and sorrowful figure1 ,mlle4 ,constance ,mayer1 whose devotion for her master ,prudhon found its supreme expression in her tragic end4 ,less brilliant1 rather hidden in the twilight of history1 these women yet exercise on our thoughts an influence more subtle and delicate1 and more penetrating4 ,the approach of the great national crisis1 and even the worst days of that period1 at the same time glorious yet barbaric1 did not extinguish the zeal of the women painters4 ,it seems rather as though they shut themselves up in the study of their art so as to secure a refuge for their hopes and their dreams4 ,in the first ,salons of the century1 one is surprised to find works by a comparatively large number of women painters4 ,in #ahjj1 of #ahj exhibitors they number #be2 eight years later1 in the ,salon of #ahjh1 they are #df out of #caa4 ,the difficulties set up by the ,academy were overcome1 the liberty to exhibit was a fresh encouragement1 even an exceptional stimulus4 ,the figures1 therefore1 rise still further in the first quarter of the century1 so that in #ahca the women number #adi out of #hgc exhibitors4 ,the staff1 so to speak1 of the women artists of that day1 surrounding ,mme4 ,vigee ,le ,brun1 whose glorious and somewhat chequered career did not close till #ahdb1 included a number of distinguished women1 such as ,mlle4 ,bevic and ,mlle4 ,capet1 pupils of ,mme4 ,guyard2 ,mme4 ,chaudet1 the wife of the sculptor2 ,mlle4 ,eulalie ,morin2 ,mme4 ,adele ,romance1 who also signed ,romany1 or ,romany de ,romance2 the good ,mlle4 ,godefroid1 pupil of ,baron ,gerard1 who helped him in so many of the portraits of contemporary cosmopolitan people of distinction1 commissions for which rained in the master's studio1 after the entry of the allied forces into ,paris4 ,later on1 we have ,mlle4 ,cogniet2 ,mme4 ,filleul2 ,mme4 ,rude1 the wife of the great sculptor1 who had a severe yet confident talent4 ,lastly1 there was the woman artist who benefited by all the advantages of fashion1 ,mme4 ,haudebourt-,lescot4 ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 #agee-ahdb ,,madame ,,vigee ,,le ,,brun ,,and ,,her ,,daughter4 ,,after ,,the ,,painting ,,in ,,the ,,louvre1 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co41 ,,paris ,madame ,elisabeth ,louise ,vigee ,le ,brun1 ,painter #agee-ahdb ,mlle4 ,lescot1 wife of ,haudebourt1 the architect1 and pupil of ,lethiere--mischievous tongues1 of course1 declared that he painted her pictures--was a strange creature1 who1 at the start1 owed the popularity she obtained as much to her personal charm as to her real talent4 ,her first success was in the drawing-room1 where people admired her dances4 ,she was1 says a writer1 ugly and captivating1 with crooked eyes and a charming expression1 her mouth ill-shaped1 but tender and inviting1 such as ,ingres represented her in one of his finest pencil drawings4 ,hitherto1 women had certainly banished themselves into the domain of portrait or still-life painting1 that is to say1 they had done little that was not sheer copying4 ,but1 little by little1 under the influence of the lesser ,dutch masters1 who had been passionately appreciated since the close of the previous reign1 and thanks to the opening of the ,royal ,collections at the ,luxembourg ,palace1 where they could be studied and copied1 the women-painters1 following the example of the masters who gained inspiration therefrom1 began to devote themselves to landscape and to genre4 ,they sought out little touching subjects1 which very frequently bordered on the ridiculous4 ,for example1 the child's bed catches fire through the carelessness of the nurse who has fallen asleep1 and the dog attempts to waken her4 ,mlle4 ,lescot cut herself adrift from all these insipidities4 ,the opportunity came for her to spend several years in ,rome4 ,she was struck by the popular customs of the country1 by its colour and that singular and picturesque charm which ,granet had been the first to discover--the charm which1 after her own time1 was to be made further known by the paintings of the well-known ,leopold ,robert4 ,as a matter of fact1 she was practically the creator of the type of exotic subjects borrowed from ,italy1 to which numerous artists in ,france devoted themselves--,hebert1 ,bonnat and ,jules ,lefebvre1 to name but a few of the most important of them4 ,in choosing her motifs she displayed wit and inventiveness1 and at times a delicate grace1 notably in her first pictures1 before the desire to satisfy a daily increasing connection had driven her into unduly hurried work4 ,her technique1 too1 was brisk1 yet careful1 as it should be in small works such as hers4 ,her lightly-touched lithographs1 together with those which she did after her own pictures1 contributed to popularise her special subjects and her name4 ,the novelty of these paintings1 devoted to the cult of local colour1 caused them to be adopted as romantic4 ,it was the same with ,schnetz and ,leopold ,robert1 who shared the popularity4 ,but the real ,young romantic among artists was ,mlle4 de ,fauveau4 ,what one discovers with regard to her is that she is not a painter but a sculptor4 ,the ,royal ,academy of the #agth century had already boasted certain wood carvings by la demoiselle ,masse4 ,also1 there was ,mme4 ,falconet4 ,but the great and austere art was cultivated only as a rare exception by woman4 ,mlle4 ,felicie de ,fauveau was the first pre-,raphaelite1 although the return to the primitive ,italian masters of the #afth century dates further back1 but with cropped head under a velvet toque1 after the style of ,raphael himself1 she unceasingly uttered curses against that noble personality1 whose brush produced the highest incarnation of the art of painting4 ,but the naturalist movement it was that witnessed the development of the greatest artistic personality in the feminine world of to-day--,rosa ,bonheur4 ,the role played by ,rosa ,bonheur is important from the feminine point of view1 for the reason that she broke away from ancient traditions4 ,she revealed what woman was capable of in the matter of energy1 of continuity of purpose1 of method1 of scientific direction1 in a word1 in the indispensable impetus of inspiration4 ,before her day1 the woman-painter had always been looked upon rather as a phenomenon1 or her place in the domain of art was conceded to her on the grounds that she was indulging in an elevating and tasteful pastime1 coming under the category of accomplishments4 ,rosa ,bonheur gave to woman a position equal to that of man4 ,she won for herself unanimous admiration1 based1 not on the singularity of her life1 not on looseness of morals1 not on social triumphs1 not on friends at ,court1 but on her robust1 virile1 observant and well-considered talent1 which in its turn was based on a primary study of anatomy and osteology1 developed by a continuous observation of the constitution and the life of the animal world4 ,her long life was crowned with glory4 ,she held an exceptional place in art1 akin to that of ,george ,sand in the world of letters4 ,from that day forth1 there appeared a new phase in the artistic life of woman4 ,art became for her1 not merely an intellectual pastime1 but a vocation and a career4 ,rosa ,bonheur lived nearly to the close of the nineteenth century1 seeing many revolutions both in ,french life and in ,french art1 but remaining always quite true to herself4 ,perhaps the most uncertain period of all1 historically1 so far as women were concerned1 was that period of wave-like fluctuation in ,french art that occurred in the seventies and eighties1 reflecting itself in the work of such women painters as ,angele ,dubos1 ,jeanne ,fichel1 ,marie ,petiet1 ,laure de ,chatillon1 ,felicie ,schneider1 ,eva ,gonzales1 ,marie ,nicolas1 and ,rosa ,bonheur's successor--her heiress1 so to speak--,madame ,virginie ,demont-,breton1 the daughter1 wife and niece of a family of distinguished artists4 ,she has achieved a well-deserved popularity with her subjects of popular and rustic life1 and1 like ,rosa ,bonheur1 has attained the rank of officer of the ,legion of ,honour4 ,two other feminine personalities have attracted the attention of both public and artists1 the one1 the sister-in-law of ,manet1 the delightful ,mademoiselle ,morisot1 who has1 so to speak1 improved on the refinement of her master2 the other1 that strange and alluring young ,russian girl1 who adopted ,france as her ,fatherland1 and whom ,france adopted as artist4 ,marie ,bashkirtseff1 struck down by a cruel and premature death1 at the age of twenty-three1 revealed something far more than mere happy gifts4 ,one is surprised at the amount of studies produced by the unfortunate and beautiful creature in the short space allotted to her for her life-work4 ,we now enter upon the present period of woman's artistic life1 the active period1 let us call it4 ,we no longer trouble about her place at our exhibitions1 since she has nowadays her own exhibition1 or rather exhibitions proper to herself4 ,among the many youthful amateurs who constitute the bulk of feminine artists1 one finds a number of true artists4 ,to name a few3 ,mademoiselle ,louise ,abbema1 ,madame ,madeleine ,lemaire1 ,madame ,nanny ,adam1 ,mlle4 ,fierard1 ,mme4 ,vallet-,bisson1 ,madame ,chatrousse1 ,madame ,darmesteter1 ,mme4 ,delacroix-,garnier1 ,mme4 ,baury-,saurel1 and many others1 as this book proves4 ,several women-artists have won their place in the ,national ,museum1 wherein first rank is held1 after ,rosa ,bonheur and ,mme4 ,demont-,breton1 by ,madame ,marie ,cazin1 painter and sculptor1 ,madame ,victoria ,dubourg 7widow of ,fantin-,latour71 ,mlle4 ,dufau1 who has just been commissioned to execute some important decorations for the ,sorbonne1 ,mlle4 ,delasalle1 ,mlle4 ,marie ,gautier1 ,senora ,eva ,gonzales1 and a couple of semi-naturalised foreigners1 ,miss ,mary ,cassatt1 an ,american1 and ,mlle4 ,breslau1 a ,swiss--both dames of the ,legion of ,honour4 ,to conclude1 women are proving just now not only that the domain of art should be open to them as freely as it is to men1 on the grounds of right and reason1 but also that they are specially gifted by their delicate sensitiveness1 their quickness of comprehension1 their initiative faculty1 and lastly1 by all the phases of their natural temperament1 and by their intelligence to endow art with the elements of expression and beauty proper to womankind4 ,,leonce ,,benedite4 ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 #agfh-ahbf ,,portrait ,,of ,,marie ,,pauline1 ,,princesse ,,borghese4 ,,after ,,the ,,painting ,,at ,,versailles1 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,newidein1 ,,paris ,madame ,marie ,guilhelmine ,benoits1 ,painter #agfh-ahbf ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 ,,xvii ,,and ,,xviii ,,centuries ,,portrait ,,of ,,madame ,,victoire ,,de ,,france4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,,at ,,versailles1 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,braun ,,clement ,,and ,,co41 ,,paris ,madame ,guyard1 nee ,labille des ,vertus1 ,painter #agdi-ahjc ,illustration3 ,,portrait ,,of ,,marie ,,de ,,rabutin-,,chantal1 ,,marquise ,,de ,,sevigne 7#afbf-afif7 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,,at ,,versailles1 ,,from ,a ,,copyright ,,photograph ,,by ,,newidein1 ,,paris ,mademoiselle de ,vanteuil1 ,painter #agth ,century ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 ,,xviii ,,century ,,the ,,sons ,,of ,,charles ,x4 ,,of ,,france4 ,,after ,,an ,,original ,,picture ,,in ,,the ,,musee ,,de ,,versailles1 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,newidein1 ,,paris ,madame ,anna ,rosalie ,filleul1 nee ,bocquet1 ,painter ,died #agid ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 ,,xviii ,,century ,,portrait ,,of ,,the ,,duc ,d',,angouleme1 ,,son ,,of ,,charles ,x ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co41 ,,paris1 ,,after ,,an ,,original ,,pastel ,,at ,,versailles ,madame ,filleul1 nee ,bocquet1 ,pastellist ,died #agid ,illustration3 ,,portrait ,,of ,,madame ,,recamier ,,in ,,the ,,year #agii4 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co41 ,,after ,,an ,,original ,,painting ,,at ,,versailles ,madame ,eulalie ,morin1 ,painter ,late #ahth ,century ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 ,,xviii ,,century ,,portrait ,,of ,,elisabeth ,,of ,,france1 ,,duchess ,,of ,,parma4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,,at ,,versailles ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,newidein1 ,,paris ,madame ,adelaide ,guyard1 nee ,labille des ,vertus1 ,painter ,in second marriage ,mme4 ,f4 ,a4 ,vincent #agdi-ahjc ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 ,,xix ,,century ,portrait of ,madame ,adelaide ,d',orleans 7#aggg-ahdg74 ,after the painting at ,chantilly1 from a ,photograph by ,braun1 ,clement ,co41 ,paris ,mademoiselle ,marie ,amelie ,cogniet1 ,painter #agih-ahfi ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 ,,xviii ,,and ,,xix ,,centuries ,,portrait ,,of ,,queen ,,marie ,,antoinette ,,and ,,her ,,children4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,,at ,,versailles1 ,,from ,a ,,carbon ,,print ,,by ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co41 ,,paris ,madame ,elisabeth ,louise ,vigee ,le ,brun1 ,painter #agee-ahdb ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 ,,between #agib ,,and #ahbj ,,portrait ,,in ,,the ,,pinacoteca ,,at ,,turin ,,dated #agib4 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,alinari ,madame ,elisabeth ,louise ,vigee ,le ,brun1 ,painter #agee-ahdb ,illustration3 ,,the ,,miniature4 ,,from ,,the ,,painting ,,in ,,the ,,glasgow ,,gallery ,,after ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,hanfstaengl ,madame ,caroline de ,valory1 ,pupil of ,greuze1 ,painter ,early #aith ,century ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 ,,xviii ,,and ,,xix ,,centuries ,,portrait ,,of ,,madame ,,le ,,brun1 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,,in ,,the ,,national ,,gallery1 ,,london1 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,hanfstaengl ,,portrait ,,of ,,louise ,,marie ,,adelaide ,,de ,,bourbon 7#agec-ahba74 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,,at ,,versailles1 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,newidein1 ,,paris ,madame ,elisabeth ,louise ,vigee ,le ,brun1 ,painter #agee-ahdb ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 ,,early ,,xix ,,century ,,portrait ,,of ,,an ,,actress1 ,,probably ,,mlle4 ,,belier4 ,,reproduced ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,of ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,,by ,,permission ,,of ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co41 ,,paris ,mademoiselle ,bouilliar1 ,painter ,early #aith ,century ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 ,,xix ,,century ,,study ,,of ,a ,,bull ,,reproduced ,,from ,a ,,photograph1 ,,by ,,permission ,,of ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co41 ,,paris1 ,,owners ,,of ,,the ,,copyright ,mademoiselle ,rosa ,bonheur1 ,painter #ahbb-ahii ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 ,,early ,,xix ,,century ,,portrait ,,of ,,dame ,,de ,,longrois 7#agfc-ahbf74 ,,after ,,the ,,pastel ,,in ,,the ,,trocadero ,,from ,a ,,carbon ,,print ,,by ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co41 ,,paris ,mlle4 ,marie ,gabrielle ,capet1 ,pupil of ,madame ,guyard1 ,painter #agfa-ahah ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 ,,xviii ,,and ,,xix ,,centuries ,,madame ,,vigee ,,le ,,brun ,,at ,,her ,,easel4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,,in ,,the ,,uffizi1 ,,florence1 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,w4 ,a4 ,,mansell ,,co4 ,madame ,elisabeth ,louise ,vigee ,le ,brun1 ,painter #agee-ahdb ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 #aggh-ahba ,,the ,,happy ,,mother4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,,in ,,the ,,louvre1 ,,paris1 ,,from ,a ,,copyright ,,photograph ,,by ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co4 ,mademoiselle ,marie ,francoise ,constance ,mayer1 ,painter #aggh-7;committed suicide7#ahba ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 ,,xviii ,,and ,,xix ,,centuries ,,portrait ,,of ,,marie ,,antoinette1 ,,queen ,,of ,,france 7#agee-agic74 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,,at ,,versailles ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co41 ,,paris ,madame ,elisabeth ,louise ,vigee ,le ,brun1 ,painter #agee-ahdb ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 ,,xviii ,,and ,,xix ,,centuries ,,portrait ,,of ,,the ,,duchess ,,of ,,polignac4 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co41 ,,paris ,madame ,elisabeth ,louise ,vigee ,le ,brun1 ,painter #agee-ahdb ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 #agfg ,,to #ahcj ,,portrait ,,of ,,madame ,,villot1 ,,nee ,,barbier4 ,,from ,a ,,carbon ,,print ,,by ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co41 ,,paris ,mme4 ,jeanne ,elisabeth ,chaudet1 nee ,gabiou1 ,painter #agfg-ahcj ,illustration3 ,,portrait ,,of ,,marguerite ,j4 ,a4 ,,houdon1 ,,first ,,cousin ,,of ,,houdon ,,the ,,sculptor4 ,,photograph ,,by ,,braun ,,clement ,,co4 ,mlle4 ,marguerite ,j4 ,a4 ,houdon1 ,painter #agga-agie ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 #aggh-ahdi ,,portrait ,,of ,,madame ,,de ,,stael 7#agff-ahag74 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,,at ,,versailles1 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,newidein ,,portrait ,,of ,,charles ,,maurice1 ,,prince ,,of ,,talleyrand-,,perigord 7#aged-ahch74 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,newidein1 ,,after ,,the ,,painting ,,at ,,versailles ,mademoiselle ,marie ,eleonore ,godefroid1 ,painter #aggh-ahdi ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 ,,xviii ,,and ,,xix ,,centuries ,,portrait ,,of ,,madame ,,mole-,,raymond1 ,,actress ,,of ,,the ,,comedie-,,francaise4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,,in ,,the ,,louvre1 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co4 ,madame ,elisabeth ,louise ,vigee ,le ,brun1 ,painter #agee-ahdb ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 ,,xix ,,century ,shepherd ,watching his ,sheep4 ,after the picture in the ,musee de ,chantilly1 from a ,copyright ,photograph by ,braun1 ,clement ,co41 ,paris ,rosa ,bonheur1 ,painter #ahbb-ahii ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 ,,xix ,,century ,,portrait ,,of ,,marshal ,,lefevre1 ,,duke ,,of ,,dantzic4 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,newidein ,,after ,,the ,,painting ,,at ,,versailles ,madame ,c4 ,h4 ,f4 ,davin1 nee ,mirvault1 ,painter #aggc-ahdd ,illustration3 ,,portrait 7,,painted ,,by ,,herself7 ,,of ,,madame ,,rude1 ,,pupil ,,of ,,david4 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,newidein1 ,,paris1 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,,at ,,dijon ,madame ,sophie ,rude1 nee ,fremiet1 ,painter #agig-ahfg ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 ,,early ,,xix ,,century ,a ,,good ,,daughter4 ,,reproduced ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,picture1 ,,from ,,an ,,engraving ,,by ,s4 ,w4 ,,reynolds ,madame ,antoinette ,cecile ,haudebourt ,lescot1 ,painter #aghd-ahde ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 #ahdg ,,ploughing ,,in ,,the ,,nivernais4 ,,dated #ahdg4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,,in ,,the ,,musee ,,du ,,luxembourg1 ,,from ,a ,,carbon ,,print ,,by ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co4 ,mademoiselle ,rosa ,bonheur1 ,painter #ahbb-ahii ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 ,,xix ,,century ,,the ,,horse ,,fair4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,picture ,,in ,,the ,,tate ,,gallery1 ,,london1 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,the ,,autotype ,,company1 ,,new ,,oxford ,,street1 ,,london ,mademoiselle ,rosa ,bonheur1 ,painter #ahbb-ahii ,illustration3 ,,french ,,impressionist ,,school1 ,,xix ,,century ,,portrait ,,of ,a ,,young ,,woman ,,seated4 ,,reproduced ,,from ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,,by ,,permission ,,of ,,messrs4 ,,durand-,,ruel ,,sons1 ,,paris ,,and ,,new ,,york ,berthe ,morisot1 ,painter #ahdj-ahie ,illustration3 ,,french ,,impressionist ,,school1 ,,xix ,,century ,,the ,,jetty4--,,an ,,outdoor ,,impression4 ,,reproduced ,,from ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,,by ,,permission ,,of ,,messrs4 ,,durand-,,ruel ,,sons1 ,,paris ,,and ,,new ,,york ,berthe ,morisot1 ,painter #ahdj-ahie ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 #ahgi ,,the ,,king ,,of ,,the ,,desert4 ,,from ,,an ,,original ,,painting ,,in ,,the ,,prado1 ,,madrid1 ,,dated #ahgi4 ,,after ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,j4 ,,laurent ,,co41 ,,madrid ,mademoiselle ,rosa ,bonheur1 ,painter #ahbb-ahii ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 ,,about #ahgi ',,brisco1' ,a ,,shepherd',s ,,dog4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,,in ,,the ,,wallace ,,collection1 ,,london1 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,w4 ,a4 ,,mansell ,,co4 ,mademoiselle ,rosa ,bonheur1 ,painter #ahbb-ahii ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 #ahgh ,,and #ahgi ,a ,,new ,,song4 ,,from ,,the ,,original ,,painting1 ,,dated #ahgi1 ,,after ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co4 ,mademoiselle ,angele ,dubos1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,the ,,bouquet4 ,,from ,,the ,,original ,,painting1 ,,dated #ahgh1 ,,after ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co41 ,,paris ,madame ,jeanne ,fichel1 nee ,samson1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,,mistletoe4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,messrs4 ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co41 ,,paris ,madame ,jacqueline ,comerre-,paton1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 #ahgh ,,and #ahha ,,the ,,knitter ,,asleep4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,picture1 ,,dated #ahha1 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co41 ,,paris ,mademoiselle ,marie ,petiet1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,a ,,young ,,adolescent4 ,,from ,a ,,picture ,,exhibited ,,at ,,the ,,salon ,,in #ahgh1 ,,after ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co4 ,madame ,laure de ,chatillon1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 #ahhj ,,private ,,and ,,confidential4 ,,after ,,an ,,original ,,picture ,,exhibited ,,at ,,the ,,paris ,,salon ,,in #ahhj ,madame ,armand ,emilie ,leleux1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,sitting ,,for ,a ,,portrait ,,in #ahjf4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,picture ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co41 ,,paris ,mademoiselle ,jeanne ,rongier1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 ,,about #ahha ,,regalez-,,vous1 ,,mesdames6 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting1 ,,dated #ahha1 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co4 ,mlle4 ,jenny ,zillhardt1 ,painter ,,by ,,the ,,bank ,,of ,a ,,stream4 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co41 ,,paris ,mlle4 ,hermine ,waternau4 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 #ahhb ,,father ,,ricard4 ,,after ,a ,,painting ,,exhibited ,,at ,,the ,,salon ,,in #ahhb1 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co4 ,mlle4 ,marie ,nicolas1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,the ,,last ,,survivors ,,of ,a ,,family4 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,of ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,,by ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co41 ,,paris ,madame ,felicie ,schneider1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 ,,xix ,,century ,,portrait ,,of ,a ,,lady ,,seated4 ,,after ,,the ,,pastel ,,in ,,the ,,musee ,,du ,,luxembourg1 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,newidein1 ,,paris ,madame ,eva ,gonzales1 ,pastellist #ahdi-ahhc ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 ,,between #ahhb ,,and #ahih ,,charity4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co41 ,,paris ,madame ,uranie ,colin-,libour1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,fleurs ,,de ,,serre4 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,of ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,,by ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co41 ,,paris ,madame ,alix ,enault1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 #ahhc ,,on ,,the ,,sea-,,shore4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,,in ,,the ,,luxembourg1 ,,paris1 ,,dated #ahhc1 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,messrs4 ,,levy ,,sons1 ,,paris ,madame ,virginie ,demont-,breton1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 #ahhg ,,to ,,about #ahib ,,before ,,the ,,dance4 ,,after ,,an ,,original ,,painting ,,dated #ahhg1 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,newidein1 ,,paris ,madame ,e4 de ,tavernier1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,desolation4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,study ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,lent ,,by ,,the ,,artist ,madame ,marie ,cazin1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 #ahhe ,,and #ahij ,,in ,,the ,,gynaeceum4 ,,dated #ahhe4 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,of ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,,by ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co41 ,,paris ,mlle4 ,diana ,coomans1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,at ,,low ,,tide4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,picture1 ,,dated #ahij4 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co4 ,mlle4 ,eugenie ,salanson1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,sleep4 ,reproduced from a ,photograph by permission of ,braun1 ,clement ,co41 the ,owners of the ,copyright4 ,francine ,charderon1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 ,,from #ahhj ,,to ,,the ,,present ,,day ,,the ,,fruit ,,girl4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,picture ,,by ,,permission ,,of ,,messrs4 ,,durand-,,ruel ,,sons1 ,,paris ,madame ,eva ,gonzales1 ,painter #ahdi-ahhc ,illustration3 ,,study ,,from ,a ,,model4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,lent ,,by ,,the ,,artist ,mademoiselle ,dufau1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 #ahhj ,,and #ahid ,a ,,good ,,cigarette4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting1 ,,dated #ahhj1 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co4 ,madame ,delphine de ,cool1 nee ,fortin1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,a ,,holiday ,,at ,,sosthene4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting1 ,,dated #ahid1 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co4 ,madame ,blanche ,paymal-,amouroux1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 #ahid ,,stella ,,maris4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting1 ,,dated #ahid1 ,,and ,,exhibited ,,at ,,the ,,salon ,,in #ahie1 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,newidein1 ,,paris ,madame ,virginie ,demont-,breton1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,,maternal ,,love4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co41 ,,paris ,elizabeth ,gardner 7,madame ,w4 ,a4 ,bouguereau71 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,,the ,,pathway ,,to ,,the ,,village ,,church4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co41 ,,paris ,madame ,fanny ,fleury1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,,the ,,goddesses ,,before ,,paris4 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co4 ,elisabeth ,sonrel1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,winter4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co4 ,mlle4 ,louise ,abbema1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,,the ,,judgment ,,of ,,paris4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,picture ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co4 ,elizabeth ,gardner 7,madame ,w4 ,a4 ,bouguereau71 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,,mother ,,and ,,child ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,picture ,madame ,marie ,cazin1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,the ,,shepherd ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,madame ,marie ,cazin1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,,impression ,,of ,a ,,city4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,mademoiselle ,dufau1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,a ,,basket ,,of ,,flowers4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,madame ,victoria ,dubourg 7,fantin-,latour71 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,,the ,,departure4 ,,reproduced ,,by ,,permission ,,after ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co41 ,,paris ,madame ,vallet-,bisson1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,,character ,,in ,,spain ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,study ,mademoiselle ,dufau1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,study ,,of ,,tigers4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,madame ,abran1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,,les ,,chandelles4 ,,after ,,an ,,original ,,painting ,,exhibited ,,at ,,the ,,salon ,,in #ahif1 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,newidein1 ,,paris ,madeleine ,carpentier1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,,in ,,search ,,of ,,prey4 ,,after ,,an ,,original ,,picture ,,exhibited ,,at ,,the ,,paris ,,salon ,,in #aijj1 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,newidein ,mademoiselle ,e4 ,hilda1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,,romeo ,,and ,,juliet4 ,,after ,,an ,,original ,,painting ,,exhibited ,,at ,,the ,,paris ,,salon ,,in #aijj1 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,newidein ,mademoiselle ,a4 ,oppenheim1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 ,,about #ahib4 ,,will ,,you ,,buy8 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,messrs4 ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co41 ,,paris ,mademoiselle ,consuelo ,fould1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,,children ,,eating ,,soup ,,in ,a ,,charity ,,school4 ,,from ,,an ,,original ,,picture ,,exhibited ,,at ,,the ,,paris ,,salon ,,in #aija4 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,newidein ,mademoiselle ,e4 ,herland1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,,courtship ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,of ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,,by ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co41 ,,paris ,mdlle4 ,achille-,fould1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,,bebe ,,et ,,zizon4 ,,reproduced ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,newidein ,madame ,lucas-,robiquet1 ,painter ,,do ,,you ,,want ,a ,,model8 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,newidein ,madame ,real del ,sarte1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,the ,,lesson4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,braun ,,clement ,,co4 ,mlle4 ,josephine ,houssay1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,french ,,school1 #aijc ,,and #aijd ,,portrait4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting1 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co41 ,,paris ,madame ,le ,roy1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,flora4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting1 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co41 ,,paris ,mademoiselle ,claudie1 ,painter ,women ,painters in ,belgium and in ,holland ,by ,n4 ,jany4 ,translated by ,edgar ,preston ,as far as we are able to ascertain1 the history of the present subject takes us back to the time of ,hubert and ,jean ,van ,eyck1 whose sister ,marguerite made a name for herself in art4 ,in the important volume by ,m4 ,j4 du ,jardin1 ,l',art ,flamand1 there is reproduced a drawing after a miniature by ,marguerite ,van ,eyck1 representing ,st4 ,catherine and ,st4 ,agnes1 but we read elsewhere that no work can with certainty be attributed to her4 ,among women workers a century later1 we find3 ,clara de ,keyzer1 ,suzanne ,horebout and ,anna ,smyters1 all three of ,ghent4 ,clara de ,keyzer1 who flourished about #aecj1 visited ,germany1 ,italy1 ,france and ,spain4 ,suzanne ,horebout 7#aejc-aede7 was the daughter of ,gerard ,horebout1 a painter of ,ghent1 who betook himself to ,england1 and became painter to ,henry ,,viii4 ,duerer knew him at ,antwerp1 in #aeba1 and there paid homage to the skill of his daughter1 who was then barely #ah years of age4 ,she accompanied her father to ,england1 and was there received with the utmost favour2 she made a rich marriage with ,john ,parcker 7or ,parker71 one of the ,king's archers1 and died full of honours in her adopted country4 ,anne ,smyters who flourished about #aedj1 is named in words of praise by ,van ,mander1 ,vaernewyck and ,guicciardini4 ,she married the celebrated sculptor1 ,jean de ,heere1 and was the mother of ,luc de ,heere1 the painter1 who made a long stay in ,england1 where1 among other works of importance1 he did a series of decorative paintings for the ,earl of ,lincoln4 ,siret's ,dictionnaire tells us that in #ahfh1 ,m4 ,lescart1 a barrister of ,mons1 was the possessor of the only known picture by ,catherine van ,hemessen4 ,this is a half-length study of the ,virgin fondling the infant ,christ1 with a background of landscape wherein one perceives snow4 ,it is painted on wood1 and bears the signature3 ',caterina de ,hemessen pingebat4' ,but there is in ,london an interesting portrait of a man1 by her1 dated #aeeb1 and an illustration of it will be found on page #bfc4 ,then comes a series of daughters 7and a sister7 of famous painters1 viz3 ,justine van ,dyck2 ,gertrude van ,veen2 ,catherine ,pepyn2 ,catherine ,peeters2 ,anne-,marie1 ,francoise-,catherine and ,marie-,therese van ,thielen2 and ,laurence-,catherine ,ykens4 ,the daughter of ,antony van ,dyck was born in ,london1 in #afda4 ,she was wedded at the age of #ab1 says ,siret's ,dictionnaire1 to ,sir ,john ,stepney de ,prendergast1 and abjured ,protestantism at ,antwerp on the #aith of ,august1 #affj4 ,left a widow1 she made a second marriage with ,martin de ,carbonell4 ,van ,dyck's daughter was unfortunate1 for she found herself compelled to ask the ,king for a pension1 which she obtained4 ,the daughter of ,otto van ,veen1 known as ,venius1 the teacher of ,rubens1 was born at ,antwerp in #afjb4 ,she was a pupil of her father1 and married ,louis ,malo4 ,the ,brussels gallery contains a portrait of her father1 from her brush4 ,she died in #afdc4 ,the daughter of ,martin ,pepyn lived in ,antwerp about #afai4 ,she specialised in portrait work1 and was received into the ,corporation of ,st4 ,luke1 of that city1 in #afej1 by virtue of being a daughter of the master4 ,the success obtained by the flower-paintings of ,seghers and ,breughel suddenly caused a great development of this special branch of art1 to which1 moreover1 the celebrated ,dutchman ,jean-,david de ,heem1 then domiciled in ,antwerp1 was a notable contributor4 ,among the women who became inspired by their example and followed their technique may be mentioned3 ,catherine ,peeters1 and the three daughters1 pupils of the painter1 ,jean-,philippe van ,thielen 7himself a direct disciple of ,seghers71 and ,laurence-,catherine ,ykens4 ,the registers of the ,antwerp ,academy for #aghd contain the name of ,marie ,baesten1 nee ,ommeganck4 ,siret's ,dictionnaire also mentions 7at ,bruges71 the daughter of ,louis de ,deyster1 the painter4 ,anne de ,deyster 7#afij-agdg7 attracted notice by the perfection with which she copied her father's pictures4 ,gertrude de ,pelichy1 of ,utrecht 7#agdc-ahbe71 was appointed an honorary member of the ,imperial and ,royal ,academy of ,painting in ,vienna1 and at ,bruges she painted the portrait of the ,emperor ,joseph ,,ii41 and that of the ,empress ,maria-,theresa4 ,at the opening of the #aith ,century1 the ,art of the ,miniature was cultivated--as they expressed it in those days--by ,marie-,josephe ,dargent of ,liege1 a daughter and pupil of ,michel ,dargent1 the elder1 ,hortense van ,baerlen1 and ,amelie van ,assche1 whose sister1 ,isabelle ,catherine1 a pupil of her uncle1 ,henry van ,assche1 had devoted herself to landscape painting4 ,siret's dictionary then notices a large number of women painters both historical and genre4 ,marie-,adelaide ,kindt of ,brussels1 who was a pupil of ,david and of ,navez1 and visited ,germany and ,france2 ,julie-,anne-,marie ,noel1 wife of the painter1 ,j4 ,b4 van ,eycken1 of ,brussels2 ,mme4 ,isabelle-,marie-,francoise ,geefs1 nee ,corr1 of ,brussels1 a pupil of ,navez2 ,mme4 de ,keyzer1 nee ,marie ,isabelle ,telghuis1 wife of the former director of the ,antwerp ,academy1 ,nicaise de ,keyzer4 ,as to ,mme4 ,o',connel1 nee ,frederique ,miethe1 of ,berlin1 a pupil of ,begas and of ,gallait1 there is 7writes ,c4 ,lemonnier in his ',histoire des ,beaux ,arts en ,belgique'71 in her wild paintings1 as it were1 a reflection of ,rubens4 ,mlle4 ,c4 de ,vrient1 of ,ghent1 sister of the painters ,albert and ,julien1 was a flower painter of distinction1 like ,mlle4 ,renoz1 ,mlle4 de ,franchimont1 ,mlle4 ,f4 ,capesius and ,mlle4 ,e4 de ,vigne4 ,marie ,ommeganck1 a sister of the renowned ,balthazar ,ommeganck1 surnamed the ,racine des ,moutons1 painted several landscapes in the manner of her brother2 ,mlle4 ,euphrosine ,beernaert1 of ,ostend1 a pupil of ,l4 ,kuhnen1 painted landscapes characteristic of ,zeeland and the ,campine4 ,the ,brussels ,gallery has several of her works1 including ,les ,vieux ,chenes1 ile de ,walcheren1 and a ,lisiere de ,bois en ,hollande4 ,before citing the names of the professional women painters who continue to contribute to the fame of the ,belgian ,school1 let me say a word in admiration of the talent of sundry amateurs 7as they are called1 to distinguish them from the others71 chief among whom is ,h4,r4,h4 the ,comtesse de ,flandre4 ,the small-sized portraits in oils painted by the ,duchesse d',ursel are restrained in manner and full of charm4 ,furthermore1 the pastel portraits by the ,baroness ,lambert de ,rothschild attract attention by the richness of their colouring and their firm drawing1 while those of the ,comtesse ,ghislaine de ,caraman impress one by their distinction and their style4 ,madame ,philippson1 who is at present devoting herself specially to sculpture1 has exhibited oil paintings1 boldly handled and decorative in effect1 and ,madame ,rolin-,jacquemyns has engraved in most skilful fashion several etchings representing ,the ,desolate ,spots of the ,campine4 ,the most notable of the women-painters of the ,belgian ,school to-day is certainly ,madame ,marie ,collart1 who with rare skill1 has chosen a path to herself whereon she walks alone with an admirable instinct for intimate rusticity1 showing much deep feeling4 ,the painting of ,mlle4 ,anna ,boch1 on the other hand1 is bright and gay4 ,she formed one of the famous group of the ,,xx41 and following the example of several of its members1 she has now turned her attention to the special study of light in the open air4 ,mlle4 ,louise ,heger1 after painting the lonely dunes of ,flanders1 and the ,campine1 has been studying and skilfully representing the slaty tints of the high plateau of the ,ardennes4 ,the most interesting of the ,menages d'artistes existing at present in the ,belgian ,school is that of the ,wytsmans4 ,while ,rodolph ,wytsman seeks out the characteristic aspects of the landscapes of ,brabant and the silent spots among the ,flemish towns1 ,mme4 ,juliette ,wytsman1 for her part represents1 so to speak1 the floral life of the sites chosen by her husband4 ,she has indeed created a genre in which she is without a rival4 ,the daughters of the ,german engraver1 ,hoppe1 one of whom has married ,bernier1 the animal painter1 and the other the landscapist1 ,gilsoul1 have likewise attained celebrity4 ,illustration3 ,,dutch ,,school1 ,,xvii ,,century ,,the ,,merry ,,young ,,man4 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,hanfstaengl ,,after ,,the ,,painting ,,in ,,the ,,rijksmuseum ,,amsterdam4 ,judith ,leyster1 ,painter #afjj787-affj ,the daughters and granddaughters of famous artists form yet another section4 ,mlle4 ,alice ,ronner1 of ,brussels1 daughter of ,mme4 ,henriette ,ronner1 is beyond dispute the foremost painter of still-life in ,belgium to-day4 ,her technical qualities are of the highest order1 her mise-en-page1 her draughtsmanship and her colour are in the grand style1 and her works one and all have a really masterly air4 ,mlle4 ,marguerite ,verboeckhoven1 the granddaughter of the famous animal painter1 has set herself to study the delicate gradations of colour seen on the ,belgian littoral4 ,mlle4 ,verwee1 daughter of the painter of the ,beau ,pays de ,flandre1 exhibits portraits1 which display the wealth of her palette2 and the still-life subjects by ,mlle4 ,georgette ,meunier1 daughter of the engraver1 ,jean ,baptiste1 and niece of the great ,constantin ,meunier1 are delicate both in design and in colouring4 ,she is a pupil of ,alfred ,stevens4 ,mme4 ,destree-,danse and ,mlle4 ,louise ,danse1 daughters of ,auguste ,danse1 the engraver1 have revealed themselves worthy of their father's high gifts4 ,mlle4 ,wesmael1 in some remarkable landscapes1 and ,mme4 ,marie ,durand1 who has done some interesting heads1 both prove that in ,auguste ,danse the teacher is fully worthy of the artist4 ,with regard to ,mlle4 ,alix d',anethan1 ,c4 ,lemonnier1 in his ,history of ,belgian ,fine ,art1 writes in the following terms3--,in the ,antwerp ,salon of #ahhb were two canvases by ,mlle4 d',anethan1 ,l'affiche and ,l',enfant malade1 which had the freshness and the limpidity of ,chardin1 with a grace1 a delicacy of touch1 a feminine sense revealing the teaching of that most imperious of masters1 ,alfred ,stevens4 ,mlle4 ,berthe ,art1 too1 followed this prodigious master painter4 ,she has made her position by means of pastels which1 while preserving their natural charm1 have all the solidity of oil-paintings4 ,mlle4 ,marie ,antoinette ,marcotte at first devoted herself to the representation of the life of the poor4 ,since then1 however1 she has created an altogether original genre1 which has won for her many a success--the painting of glass-house interiors4 ,she was coached by ,emile ,claus1 the landscapist1 among whose pupils were ,mme4 de ,weert and ,mlle4 ,montigny4 ,the number of women painters is ever on the increase4 ,there were as many as thirty-nine represented at the ,brussels ,salon of #ahdh1 while at the last ,brussels ,salon in #aijc1 they were more than a hundred2 and to close this rapid survey of feminine art in ,belgium1 ,i may record a success of another kind4 ,in #aijd1 ,mlle4 ,l4 ,brohee1 after the various eliminating trials1 found herself among the half-dozen artists permitted to take part in the final examination for the ,prix de ,rome4 ,machteld van ,lichtenberg1 wife of ,egbert van ,boecop1 is the first name of a ,dutch woman painter given in ,siret's ,historical ,dictionary4 ,she was born at ,utrecht1 of noble family1 and made a speciality in portrait painting4 ,her name is mentioned by ,j4 van ,beverwyck4 ,her daughter ,cornelie also took up painting1 and died at a great age in #afbi4 ,marguerite ,godewyck1 of ,dordrecht 7#afbg-afgg71 was styled a second ,anne ,schurman4 ,she was one of the most learned women of her time1 and was further surnamed ,la ,perle de la ,jeunesse de ,dordrecht1 and ,la ,fleur du ,paradis des ,arts et des ,sciences4 ,she specialised in portrait painting4 ,judith ,leyster1 of ,haarlem1 likewise enjoyed great fame4 ,from the year #afac she was a member of the ,guild of ,st4 ,luke1 of ,haarlem4 ,in #afce she had a pupil1 ,guillaume ,wauters by name1 who on leaving her entered the studio of ,franz ,hals4 ,she was married at ,heemstede on the #ast of ,june1 #afcf1 to the painter ,jean ,molenaer1 also a native of ,haarlem4 ,she is eulogistically mentioned by ,th4 ,schrevelius1 the historian of ,haarlem1 who describes her as a famous woman1 justly1 as he remarks1 called the true guide in the arts--7de ,ware ,leyster in de ,konst71 her name ,leyster signifying ',guide4' ,she died in #affj4 ,the most celebrated of the ,dutch women painters of the #ahth century was ,rachel ,ruysch1 of ,haarlem4 ,her flowers and fruit1 painted with keen spirit and with extraordinary firmness1 are extremely rich and varied in their arrangement4 ,she was a pupil of ,guillaume ,aelst4 ,in #afie she married ,jurian ,pool1 and was admitted into the ,hague ,corporation of ,painters in #agja1 the same year as her husband4 ,without neglecting her duties as a mother 7she had ten children7 she was constantly devoted to her art4 ,in #agjh she was appointed ,court ,painter of the ,elector ,palatine4 ,poets have sung the virtues and the gifts of this renowned woman4 ,agathe and ,cornelie van der ,myn1 sister and daughter of ,herman van der ,myn1 accompanied the latter when he settled in ,london4 ,notable work was produced by three miniaturists3 ,henriette van ,pee1 wife of ,herman ,wolters1 was born at ,amsterdam1 in #afib1 and became her father's pupil4 ,peter the ,great and the ,king of ,prussia visited her studio1 which had a high reputation1 and the customary poets wrote the customary verses in her honour4 ,caroline-,petronille van ,cuyck was made an honorary member of the ,pictura of the ,hague1 in #aggg4 ,anne ,folkema1 who lived between #afie and #agfh1 was an active assistant of her brother1 ,jacques1 in his numerous works4 ,nor must one forget ,alida ,carre1 who confined herself1 for the most part1 to painting fans2 ,mlle4 ,van ,kooten1 whose name was inscribed in #agfe on the registers of the ,confrerie de ,st4 ,luc1 at ,utrecht2 ,marguerite ,wulfraat1 of ,arnhem 7#afgh-agch71 and ,elisabeth ,gertrude ,wassenberg1 of ,groningue1 7#agbf-aghb71 who painted genre and portraits4 ,at the opening of the #aith century the women painters of still-life1 flowers and fruit1 were still in large numbers4 ,an interesting figure who has left a poetical memory is ,cornelie ,lamme1 of ,dordrecht1 who married ,j4 ,b4 ,scheffer1 and was the mother of the celebrated painters ,henry and ,ary1 who belong to the ,french ,school4 ,after the death of her husband she settled in ,paris1 and there ended her days4 ,her attainments1 her wit1 her eminent merits1 made her one of the most remarkable women of her day4 ,she was a draughtsman and an engraver4 ,the name of ,henriette ,ronner is one of great popularity4 ,this indefatigable artist is known as the painter of cats1 and she has charmingly hit off both the heavy laziness of the mature animal1 and the frolicsomeness of the kitten4 ,the flower pictures by ,mme4 van de ,sande-,bakhuyzen1 of the ,hague1 so well known1 tempted that excellent engraver1 ,philippe ,zilcken1 who has translated with marvellous success their freshness and their eclat4 ,mme4 ,bilders van ,bosse1 of the ,hague1 is well known by her skilfully drawn and powerfully painted landscapes1 and ,mlle4 ,therese ,schwartze1 of ,amsterdam1 a painter of high merit1 has the art of giving character to a portrait2 and knows how to group her figures and paint them in strong and sombre tones4 ,mme4 ,mesdag van ,houten1 of the ,hague1 wife of the famous marine painter1 affects the landscape at dark1 and realises fully the melancholy tenderness of the hour4 ,it may be interesting now to name a truly remarkable artist who never exhibits--,mlle4 ,barbara van ,houten1 niece of ,mme4 ,mesdag van ,houten4 ,she is an excellent painter of figure pictures and still-life2 her etchings are of the highest quality1 and embrace a large number of subjects--interiors with lamp effects1 children's heads1 landscapes1 dead birds1 bouquets of enormous sunflowers and gaudy tulips4 ,further1 she has interpreted in masterly fashion1 ,eugene ,delacroix1 ,jules ,dupre1 ,gustave ,courbet and other great masters of the ,french ,school4 ,mention must be made of ,mme4 ,bisschop-,robertson1 who paints popular subjects with astounding vigour2 ,mme4 ,marie ,heyermans1 whose pictures deal with the life and surroundings of the poor2 ,mlles4 ,anna ,abrahams and ,anna ,kerling1 whose charming still-life pieces are coloured now in bright1 now in sombre1 tones2 ,mme4 la baronne ,hogendorp ,s' ,jacob1 of the ,hague1 who has turned her attention to flower painting2 ,mlle4 ,nelly ,bodenheim1 who does some very clever comic scenes1 for the benefit of children2 and ,mlle4 ,wally ,moes1 of ,amsterdam1 a painter of portraits and peasant subjects4 ,last we come to ,mlle4 ,marius1 whose fair-tinted and most distinguished still-life works have been seen and admired4 ,she is an excellent art critic1 and is now publishing an important work on ,dutch painting of the #aith century4 ,n4 ,,jany4 ,illustration3 ,,flemish ,,school1 #aeeb ,,portrait ,,of ,a ,,flemish ,,gentleman4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,,in ,,the ,,national ,,gallery1 ,,london1 ,,from ,a ,,carbon ,,print ,,by ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co41 ,,paris ,catharina van ,hemessen1 ,painter #afth ,century ,illustration3 ,,dutch ,,school1 ,,xvii ,,century ,,young ,,man ,,encouraging ,a ,,girl ,,to ,,smoke ,,and ,,drink4 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,w4 ,a4 ,,mansell ,,co41 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,picture ,,in ,a ,,private ,,collection ,judith ,leyster1 ,painter #afjj787-affj ,illustration3 ,,dutch ,,school1 ,,xvii ,,and ,,xviii ,,centuries ,,picture ,,of ,,fruit ,,with ,,insects ,,and ,,lizards4 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,anderson ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,masterpiece ,,in ,,the ,,pitti ,,gallery1 ,,florence ,rachel ,ruysch1 ,painter #affd-agej ,illustration3 ,,dutch ,,and ,,flemish ,,schools1 ,,late ,,xix ,,century ,,after ,a ,,photograph ,,of ,,the ,,original ,,painting4 ,mme4 ,gilsoul-,hoppe1 ,painter ,belgium ,illustration3 ,,after ,a ,,photograph ,,of ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,baronne van ,hogendorp1 ,painter ,holland ,illustration3 ,,study ,,of ,,still ,,life3 ,,roses ,,in ,a ,,basket4 ,,from ,a ,,translator',s-,,etching ,,by ,p4 ,,zilcken ,madame ,g4 ,j4 van de ,sande ,bakhuyzen1 ,painter ,holland1 #ahbf-ahie ,illustration3 ,,dutch ,,school1 ,,between #ahhj-ahij ,,landscape ,,near ,,oosterbeek ,,from ,,the ,,original ,,chalk ,,drawing ,mevrouw ,marie ,philippine ,bilders van ,bosse1 ,painter #ahcg-aijj ,illustration3 ,,dutch ,,school1 ,,late ,,xix ,,century ,a ,,bleak ,,pastoral ,,scene ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,water-,,colour ,madame ,mesdag van ,houten1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,windmill ,,at ,,heelsum ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,oil ,,painting ,madame ,marie ,philippine ,bilders van ,bosse1 ,painter #ahcg-aijj ,illustration3 ,,dutch ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,,portrait ,,study ,,of ,a ,,girl ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,picture ,mlle4 ,barbara van ,houten1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,orphans4 ,,from ,a ,,photogravure ,,of ,,the ,,original ,,picture ,,painted ,,in #ahhg ,mlle4 ,therese ,schwartze1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,dutch ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,,portrait ,,of ,,mlle4 ,,therese ,,schwartze4 ,,painted ,,by ,,herself ,,for ,,the ,,uffizi ,,gallery1 ,,florence1 ,,by ,,request ,,of ,,the ,,italian ,,government4 ,,reproduced ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,brogi ,mlle4 ,therese ,schwartze1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,dutch ,,and ,,flemish ,,schools1 ,,contemporary ,a ,,pool ,,near ,,oosterbeek4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,madame ,bilders van ,bosse1 ,painter #ahcg-aijj ,illustration3 ,,with ,,the ,,poor ,,at ,,home4 ,,reproduced ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,of ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,mademoiselle ,e4 ,marcotte1 ,painter ,belgium ,illustration3 ,,dutch ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,,portraits ,,of ,,the ,,children ,,of ,,mr ,a4 ,,may1 ,,amsterdam4 ,,reproduced ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,of ,,the ,,original ,,pastel ,mademoiselle ,therese ,schwartze1 ,painter and ,pastellist ,illustration3 ,,dutch ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,,loutje4 ,,from ,a ,,sketch ,mlle4 ,barbara van ,houten1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,portrait ,,of ,a4 ,g4 ,c4 ,,van ,,duyl1 ,,author4 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,of ,,the ,,original ,,pastel ,mlle4 ,therese ,schwartze1 ,pastellist and ,painter ,illustration3 ,,flemish ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,,study ,,of ,,still ,,life3 ,,grapes ,,and ,,partridges4 ,,after ,a ,,photograph ,,of ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,mademoiselle ,berthe ,art1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,flemish ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,,portrait ,,study ,,of ,,the ,,countess ,,florence ,,fabbricotti ,baroness ,lambert de ,rothschild1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,portrait ,,of ,,monsieur ,,gevaert4 ,,reproduced ,,from ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,baroness ,lambert de ,rothschild1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,flemish ,,and ,,dutch ,,schools1 ,,contemporary ,,portrait ,,of ,,mlle4 ,,dethier4 ,,after ,a ,,proof ,,of ,,the ,,original ,,etching ,mlle4 ,louise ,danse1 ,painter-,etcher ,belgium ,illustration3 ,a ,,dutch ,,peasant ,,woman4 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,of ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,madame ,suse ,bisschop-,robertson1 ,painter ,holland ,illustration3 ,,flemish ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,,the ,,last ,,move4 ,,reproduced ,,from ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,,by ,,permission ,,of ,,messrs4 ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co41 ,,paris1 ,,owners ,,of ,,the ,,copyright ,madame ,henriette ,ronner1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,flemish ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,,new ,,tenants--,,nouveaux ,,locataires4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,picture1 ,,from ,a ,,carbon ,,print ,,by ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co41 ,,paris1 ,,owners ,,of ,,the ,,copyright ,madame ,henriette ,ronner1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,flemish ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,,study ,,of ,a ,,heron4 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,of ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,mlle4 ,georgette ,meunier1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,the ,,massacre ,,of ,,the ,,innocents4 ,,after ,,matteo ,,di ,,giovanni ,,da ,,siena ,madame ,marie ,destree-,danse1 ,etcher ,illustration3 ,,flemish ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,a ,,sunset ,,in ,,the ,,campine4 ,,reproduced ,,by ,,permission ,,from ,,an ,,etching ,,after ,,the ,,painting ,,by ,,joseph ,,coosemans ,,in ,,the ,,brussels ,,museum ,mademoiselle ,e4 ,wesmael1 ,etcher ,illustration3 ,,flemish ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,,lilies ,,in ,,the ,,courtyard ,,of ,a ,,house ,,of ,,rest ,,at ,,bruges4 ,,after ,a ,,photograph ,,of ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,madame ,juliette ,wytsman1 ,painter ,in ,germany and ,austria1 in ,russia1 ,switzerland and ,spain ,by ,wilhelm ,schoelermann4 ,translated into ,english by ,wilfrid ,sparroy ,when we look into the past history of the present subject1 the first ,german name we come upon is that of the ,nun of ,nuremberg1 ,sister ,margareta1 who worked from #adei to #adgj1 and who copied many religious works4 ,a century later1 at ,udina1 in ,italy1 ,irene von ,spilimberg was born1 descending from a noble ,german family2 and although ,irene died at the age of nineteen1 she yet lived long enough to win the hearty admiration of her great master1 ,titian4 ,as a picture by ,irene von ,spilimberg could not be obtained for this book1 the editor has begun the ,german section with ,anna ,maria ,schurman and with ,maria ,sibylla ,merian4 ,the first was a clever painter-etcher as well as the most learned lady of her time2 the second was the daughter of ,matthew ,merian1 and the exquisite studies she made1 in water-colour1 of insects and of plants and flowers1 have never been excelled in their own line4 ,from ,maria ,sibylla ,merian 7#afdg-agag7 we pass on to an admirable mezzotint1 after ,morland1 by ,maria ,prestel1 who died in #agid2 and then we are brought into the heart of the #aith century by the searching industry and skill of ,anna ,maria ,ellenrieder1 a very capable painter-etcher1 who lived between the years #agia and #ahfc4 ,ellenrieder looked to the past for her inspiration1 going to the art of the early ,dutch masters4 ,she has little or nothing in common with the other ,german women artists of her time4 ,how different is her ideal1 for instance1 from that of the well-known painter of historical subjects1 the ,baroness ,hermione von ,preuschen1 whose dramatic and sensational spirit appeals so strongly to the great public1 as in that canvas in which is represented the ,corpse of ,irene von ,spilimberg1 young and beautiful1 lying in state in her ,venetian gondola1 draped with black and covered with flowers4 ,artists do not often care for pictures of this romantic type2 and they find higher and more subtle qualities in the quiet wisdom of ,julie ,wolfthorn1 a ,berlin painter of note1 and a follower of the modern school of psychological portraiture4 ,julie ,wolfthorn combines depth of feeling and refinement of taste with keenness of penetration into the mystery of individual character4 ,her portrait of a young sculptor1 given in the illustration on page #cjd1 is a good example of the painter's methods4 ,another ,berlin artist of note is ,fraeulein ,kaethe ,kollwitz1 whose principal field of artistic expression has hitherto been restricted to the burin and copper plate4 ,she has studied etching almost entirely by herself1 and by dint of persistent courage and skill has developed her gifts in a direction all her own4 ,the subjects that appeal most forcibly to her mind are taken with scarcely an exception from the darkest and most painful sides of social life and social unrest4 ,take a glance at the father1 mother1 and child1 reproduced on page #cjb1 and entitled ,destitution and ,despair4 ,are you not inclined to marvel1 almost1 how a woman had the courage to depict1 without flinching1 the sad truths of such bitter poverty8 ,can you not fancy that you hear the moan of misery1 the shrill scream of starvation1 the cries of rebellion and death1 as when1 on the outbreak of the strike1 the bulk of the working classes casts itself upon the streets8 ,such masses in motion have been made real to us in her series of plates from the ,peasants' ,war4 ,an artist of considerable versatility and intuition is ,dora ,hitz1 of ,berlin4 ,born at ,altdorf1 near ,nuernberg1 she began her studies at ,munich1 afterwards continuing them at intervals in ,paris4 ,in #ahgh she acted upon the invitation of ,carmen ,silva1 the ,poet-,queen of ,roumania1 and executed a series of decorative panels for the royal castle of ,petes1 at ,sinaivo1 the pictorial subjects of which were chosen from the literary works of her ,majesty4 ,four years later she settled in ,paris1 and there she remained till #ahia4 ,during all that time her industry never flagged1 and she was much indebted to the friendly interest which ,eugene ,carriere took in her work4 ,the portrait of a little girl which may be seen here on page #cjc1 belongs to the modern collection in the ,berlin ,national ,gallery4 ,our next lady painter1 though of ,german descent1 her grandfather being a native of ,hamburg1 was herself born in ,sweden4 ,her name is ,jeanna ,bauck4 ,when she was twenty-three years of age she saw the fulfilment of her life-long yearning to go to ,germany for the purpose of studying painting1 and there1 with a few short breaks1 she has remained ever since1 first in ,dresden and ,duesseldorf1 and then at ,munich1 where she has now taken up her abode4 ,she was also in ,paris for a while1 for the sake of study4 ,at first exclusively a landscapist1 she afterwards turned to portrait painting1 an example of which may be found on page #cjj4 ,for seven years 7#ahig-aijd7 she lived in ,berlin1 and painted landscapes and portraits alternately1 whilst superintending a flourishing school of art for ladies4 ,in drawing your attention to her landscape on page #cja1 ,i should like to add that ,jeanna ,bauck takes rank among the most serious women painters of to-day4 ,there is yet another portrait painter who deserves a memory for the sake of her refinement and sensibility4 ,i refer to the wife of ,wilhelm ,jensen1 the historical novelist and poet of ,schleswig-,holstein4 ,now1 ,frau ,marie ,jensen 7,munich71 once a pupil of the late ,emil ,lugo1 devotes herself to her art in private4 ,most of her portraits1 too1 give proof of this same love of retirement1 originating as they do in the family circle 7see page #cjc74 ,the portrait of a lady1 on page #cjj1 is the work of that very gifted portrait painter1 ,fraeulein ,maria ,davids4 ,this capable artist has produced some excellent likenesses2 among others those of the poet ,gustav ,frenssen1 of ,professor ,weber1 of ,freiburg1 of ,fraeulein von ,sydow1 a daughter of the ,minister of ,state1 and of ,frau ,vermehren of ,luebeck4 ,another portrait painter of fame and much power of expression1 is ,frau ,vilma ,parlaghy1 her draughtsmanship being particularly good4 ,hungarian by birth1 she lives and works for the most part in the ,german capital4 ,her handling of the brush is vigorous1 yet sober1 her colouring is warm and harmoniously balanced1 and her insight into character quite strikingly true and convincing4 ,the finest and most successful efforts1 in my opinion1 are the portrait of the aged ,field-marshal ,count von ,moltke1 taken in his eighty-ninth year1 shortly before his death1 and that of ,windhorst1 the ,german statesman4 ,in ,austria1 in the dominions of the ,emperor ,francis ,joseph1 women painters are numerous1 but those of more than average gifts are not perhaps so plentiful as elsewhere4 ,in the ,bohemian capital of ,prague1 ,fraeulein ,hermine ,laucota has worked her way up to a position of distinction quite on her own grounds4 ,leading a most retired life1 devoted chiefly to the pursuit of natural history and art1 she studied first in ,prague1 and then partly at ,antwerp and in ,munich1 but since the year #ahhh she has resided altogether in her native town4 ,it is not in colours so much as in etching on the copper plate that she has found her medium of artistic expression1 and the subjects she has chosen are for the most part of a symbolical character1 as in the distinguished etching on page #cjg4 ,to come to ,vienna1 a couple of names of good repute occur to me3 ,frau ,olga ,wisinger-,florian and ,frau ,tina ,blau-,lang1 the latter a refined landscapist 7see pages #cjf and #cjh74 ,the two views of the ,prater will speak for themselves4 ,with their charming freshness and their genial breadth of handling1 they tell us as plain as words that all's right with the world in the springtime4 ,every touch is so bracing that it needs no praise4 ,frau ,blau-,lang is an optimist beyond a doubt1 and that as much by temperament as by choice of motive4 ,and when we look beyond ,austria and ,germany1 we find everywhere among women the same enthusiasm for art1 and the same unflagging courage in mastering the difficulties that thwart their every effort4 ,that their persistence has been crowned with much success is shown in a very remarkable manner by this present book4 ,how admirable1 for instance1 is the work done in ,finland by ,maria ,wiik and ,helene ,schjerfbeck6 ,in ,switzerland1 too1 if we take a glance at the country where ,anna ,wasser1 at the beginning of the #ahth century1 achieved fame by her paintings--there1 too1 we are welcomed by a particularly interesting painter's painter1 ,mdlle4 ,louise ,breslau1 who1 with her thorough knowledge of modern realism1 never truckles to the taste of the general public2 and there1 also1 we find another woman painter whose art has been inspired on several occasions by the life of ,christ3 a woman painter so much occupied with the conception of her pictures that her technique has a tendency to lag behind the almost literary eloquence of her design4 ,but ,mdlle4 ,ottilie ,roederstein is nevertheless an artist of real ability4 ,from ,switzerland we must turn to ,spain if we would do for ourselves what the accompanying illustrations will do for us in the pleasantest of pleasant ways4 ,take1 for example1 the airy1 fresh1 excellent landscape1 a ,scene at ,comillas1 painted in water-colour by the ,infante ,dona ,paz de ,bourbon4 ,then1 again1 the ,carriage ,race at ,naples1 by ,dona ,stuart ,sindici1 with its splendid dash and dexterity of composition1 and the court outside a ,roman ,hostelry1 by ,elena ,brockmann1 likewise a sunny scene1 simply teem with warmth and colour1 and with life and beauty4 ,not quite so strong and independent are the ,fisher ,boys1 by ,antonia de ,banuelos1 the conception and the execution alike being apparently inspired by that mild and noble master of ,spanish painting1 ,esteban ,murillo4 ,again1 in ,russia1 we meet with a portrait-painter1 ,olga de ,boznanska 7page #caf71 whose work unites a certain independent character of its own with the influences of her ,parisian training3 qualities that marked in a much higher and more perfect degree the pictorial appeals of that young and marvellously spirited genius whose premature death cut short a career of infinite promise3 ,marie ,bashkirtseff1 the friend of ,bastien ,lepage1 and a realist full of subtlety and of penetration4 ,,wilhelm ,,schoelermann4 ,some ,finnish ,women ,painters ,by ,helena ,westermarck1 ,critic and ,painter ,art in ,finland1 pictorial art1 like much else in that country1 is a young growth4 ,it is in the nineteenth century that we are first able to verify its existence1 and it is only in the year #ahdj1 or thereabouts1 that we find any traces of women who seriously devoted themselves to the study of painting4 ,the pioneers in this may be said to be ,mathilda ,rotkirch and ,victoria ,abey4 ,somewhat later1 in or about #ahgj1 ,fanny ,churberg1 after working in ,duesseldorf and ,paris1 evinced much independent and original talent in landscape painting1 her art having also an inaugural character1 in that she was the first who applied herself to the decoration of textile fabrics1 adapting to her purpose the old national ,finnish patterns1 a practice which has since then had a large following in the field of applied design4 ,her career1 unfortunately1 was soon ended by illness and an early death4 ,after her came the generation of women artists who are at present carrying forward a young school of enthusiastic workers4 ,in the sphere of painting1 the women artists of ,finland study under much the same circumstances as their male comrades4 ,the ,schools of ,art subsidized by the ,state are open both to male and to female pupils1 and this applies also to all prizes and rewards of merit4 ,some account of the principal women painters may be of interest4 ,maria ,wiik 7#ahec71 after an apprenticeship in the ,finnish ,schools of ,art and in ,professor ,becker's ,private ,academy1 spent several years of study in ,paris--occasionally moving her easel in the summers to ,brittany1 to ,normandy1 or even to ,st4 ,ives1 in ,england4 ,she has further developed her art in later years by visits to ,holland and to ,italy4 ,her talent lies in the direction of portrait and genre painting and she has now the name of being among the best ,finnish portrait painters4 ,she has executed many public commissions1 such as the portrait of the ,professor at the ,rein ,university in ,helsingfors1 for the ,finnish ,literary ,society1 and that of the poet1 ,z4 ,topelius1 for a large public school for girls4 ,many will remember her portrait of the ,school ,inspector1 ,ohberg1 which now hangs in the ,helsingfors ,board ,school4 ,maria ,wiik has exhibited at the ,paris ,salons1 and at picture exhibitions in ,moscow1 ,copenhagen1 and ,dresden1 and besides the prizes awarded her in her own country1 she has received a bronze medal in ,paris 7#aijj7 for a picture painted in ,st4 ,ives1 called1 ,out into the ,world4 ,helene ,schjerfbeck 7#ahfc71 also a pupil of the ,finnish ,schools of ,art and of ,prof4 ,becker's ,private ,academy1 continued her studies in ,paris and afterwards visited ,brittany1 ,england1 ,austria and ,italy4 ,she has painted some important historical pictures1 taking her subjects from ,finnish and ,swedish history1 as in her two admirable paintings1 ,liukoeping's ,prison in #afjj and ,the ,death of ,w4 v4 ,schwerin4 ,she has also painted a few landscapes and a number of genre pictures1 many of them with subjects taken from ,french and ,english life4 ,helene ,schjerfbeck has exhibited both at home and at the ,paris ,salons1 has twice been awarded the lesser money prize given yearly by the ,finnish ,state 7for the two historical pictures mentioned above71 while at the ,exhibition in ,paris in #ahhi1 she received a bronze medal4 ,she has also held an appointment as teacher in the ,finnish ,academy of ,art1 in the department of painting and in the drawing class from the living model4 ,her many pictures have been among the best that our women artists have produced4 ,venny ,soldan-,brofeldt 7#ahfj7 is another pupil of the ,finnish ,schools of ,art and of ,prof4 ,becker's ,academy1 and has studied later in ,paris1 and in ,spain and ,italy4 ,her best work is in the genre style1 many of her pictures being very characteristic and true scenes of ,finnish peasant life1 such as ,meal time in a ,peasant's ,hut and ,pietists4 ,her landscapes1 too1 are remarkable for a sensitive conception of ,nature2 especially is this true of her pictures of our coast scenery1 with its low granite rocks1 washed over by the sea waves4 ,mrs4 ,soldan-,brofeldt has illustrated also some books for children1 among others a part of a large ,scandinavian edition of ,topelius' ,saga tales for children4 ,at the ,paris ,exhibition of #ahhi1 she received a ,mention ,honorable1 and in #aijj1 a bronze medal4 ,she is the wife of the author1 ,juhani ,aho4 ,brofeldt4 ,mrs4 ,soldan-,brofeldt's work is not illustrated in this book1 as a photograph of her most important picture was broken into fragments in its journey from ,finland to ,london4 ,it is characteristic of all these painters that their artistic bias was determined by their study in ,paris of the ,french naturalists1 who inspired them with a stern respect for drawing1 and taught them to study ,nature seriously4 ,starting from this common standpoint1 they have1 whilst working in their own way1 developed along their own individual lines4 ,many another woman artist deserves mention1 but the limited space at my disposal permits me to give only a list of their names4 ,there is ,ellen ,thesleff1 a figure painter2 there is ,elin ,danielson-,gambogi 7wife of the ,italian painter1 ,r4 ,gambogi71 well-known for her portraits and landscapes2 there is ,julia ,stigzelius de ,cock 7wife of the ,belgian artist1 ,cesare de ,cock71 a clever landscape painter2 there is ,amelie ,lundahl1 figure painter2 and ,ada ,thilen1 with her landscapes2 and ,hanna ,roennberg1 with her subject pictures and outdoor scenes2 and ,anna ,sahlsten1 a figure painter2 and last1 but not least1 ,i name ,annie ,torselles-,schybergson1 a good painter of animals4 ,,helena ,,westermarck4 ,illustration3 ,,silhouette ,,by ,,nelly ,,bodenheim4 ,illustration3 ,,russian ,,school1 #ahhd ,a ,,meeting4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,,in ,,the ,,luxembourg1 ,,paris1 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,levy ,,sons1 ,,paris ,mademoiselle ,marie ,bashkirtseff1 ,painter #ahfj-ahhd ,illustration3 ,,german ,,school1 ,,xvii ,,century ,,plant ,,study ,,painted ,,in ,,water-,,colour ,,on ,,vellum4 ,,after ,,one ,,of ,,the ,,many ,,drawings ,,by ,,the ,,same ,,artist ,,in ,,the ,,british ,,museum4 ,,they ,,once ,,belonged ,,to ,,sir ,,hans ,,sloane1 ,,who ,,purchased ,,them ,,at ,a ,,high ,,price4 ,maria ,sibylla ,merian 7,frau ,graff71 ,painter #afdg-agag ,illustration3 ,,german ,,school1 ,,xvii ,,century ,,portrait ,,etched ,,by ,,herself ,,of ,,anna ,,maria ,,schurman ,,perhaps ,,the ,,most ,,famous ,,linguist ,,of ,,her ,,time ,,in ,,europe ,anna ,maria ,schurman1 ,painter-,etcher #afjg-afgh ,illustration3 ,,plant ,,study ,,painted ,,in ,,water-,,colour ,,on ,,vellum4 ,,reproduced ,,from ,,the ,,original ,,drawing ,,in ,,the ,,british ,,museum ,maria ,sibylla ,merian 7,frau ,graff71 ,painter #afdg-agag ,illustration3 ,,german ,,school1 ,,end ,,of ,,xviii ,,century ,,gypsies ,,on ,a ,,common ,,after ,,george ,,morland ,frau ,maria ,catharina ,prestel1 ,engraver ,died #agid ,illustration3 ,,german ,,school1 #ahag ,,and #ahbj ,,portrait ,,of ,a ,,woman4 ,,from ,,the ,,original ,,etching ,,in ,,the ,,british ,,museum ,illustration3 ,,portrait ,,of ,a ,,man4 ,,reproduced ,,from ,,the ,,original ,,etching ,,in ,,british ,,museum ,anna ,marie ,ellenrieder1 ,painter-,etcher #agia-ahfc ,illustration3 ,,german ,,school1 ,,late ,,xix ,,century ,a ,,girl ,,of ,,bohemia4 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co41 ,,paris ,caroline von ,maupeou1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,breton ,,girl ,,praying4 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co41 ,,paris ,frau ,adelaide ,salles-,wagner1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,german ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,,portrait ,,of ,,fraeulein ,,von ,,sydow4 ,,from ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,fraeulein ,maria ,davids1 ,painter ,,portrait4 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,hanfstaengl ,,kindly ,,lent ,,by ,,the ,,artist ,jeanna ,bauck1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,german ,,and ,,spanish ,,schools1 ,,contemporary ,a ,,woodland ,,lake4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,picture ,jeanna ,bauck1 ,painter1 ,germany ,illustration3 ,,the ,,castle ,,and ,,palace ,,of ,,pena ,,in ,,cintra4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,picture ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,j4 ,,laurent ,,co41 ,,madrid ,maria ,g4 ,silva ,reis1 ,painter1 ,spain ,illustration3 ,,german ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,,motherhood4 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,lent ,,by ,,the ,,artist ,dora ,hitz1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,desolation ,,and ,,despair ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,etching ,fraeulein ,kaethe ,kollwitz1 ,painter-,etcher ,illustration3 ,,german ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,,portrait ,,of ,a ,,little ,,girl4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,picture ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,franz ,,kullrich1 ,,berlin1 ,,lent ,,by ,,the ,,artist ,dora ,hitz1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,portrait ,,of ,,wilhelm ,,jensen1 ,,poet ,,and ,,historical ,,novelist4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,lent ,,by ,,the ,,artist ,frau ,marie ,jensen1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,german ,,and ,,swiss ,,schools1 ,,contemporary ,,portrait ,,of ,a ,,sculptor4 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,franz ,,kullrich ,,kindly ,,lent ,,by ,,the ,,artist ,frau ,julie ,wolfthorn1 ,painter ,germany ,illustration3 ,,anais4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co4 ,mlle4 ,louise ,breslau1 ,painter ,switzerland ,illustration3 ,,swiss ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,,their ,,daily ,,bread4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting1 ,,reproduced ,,by ,,permission ,,from ,a ,,carbon ,,print ,,by ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co4 ,mademoiselle ,ottilie ,roederstein1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,austrian ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,,springtime ,,in ,,the ,,prater1 ,,vienna4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,j4 ,,loewy1 ,,vienna1 ,,kindly ,,lent ,,by ,,the ,,artist ,frau ,tina ,blau-,lang1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,austrian ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,,by ,,the ,,shore ,,of ,,lethe ,,lake ,,after ,a ,,proof ,,of ,,the ,,original ,,etching ,fraeulein ,hermine ,laucota1 ,painter-,etcher ,illustration3 ,,austrian ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,,view ,,in ,,the ,,prater1 ,,vienna4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,picture ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,j4 ,,loewy1 ,,vienna1 ,,kindly ,,lent ,,by ,,the ,,artist ,frau ,tina ,blau-,lang1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,finnish ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,,portrait ,,of ,a ,,lady4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,picture ,maria ,wiik1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,finnish ,,school1 #ahhg ,,the ,,convalescent ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,helene ,schjerfbeck1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,swiss ,,school1 ,,contemporary ,,le ,,mois ,,de ,,marie4 ,,reproduced ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co4 ,mademoiselle ,ottilie ,roederstein1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,finnish ,,school1 ,,from #ahhg ,,to ,,about #ahie ,,preparing ,,to ,,leave ,,home4 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,of ,,the ,,original ,,painting1 ,,dated #ahhg ,maria ,wiik1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,at ,,work4 ,,reproduced ,,from ,a ,,carbon-,,print ,,photograph ,,of ,,the ,,original ,,painting ,helene ,schjerfbeck1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,finnish ,,and ,,swiss ,,schools1 ,,about #aijd ,a ,,finnish ,,peasant ,,girl ,,from ,,the ,,original ,,drawing ,ellen ,thesleff1 ,painter ,finland ,illustration3 ,a ,,portrait-,,group ,,of ,,friends4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,picture ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co ,mlle4 ,louise ,breslau1 ,painter ,switzerland ,illustration3 ,,russian ,,school1 ,,xix ,,century ,,portrait ,,of ,,marie ,,bashkirtseff4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,pastel ,,in ,,the ,,musee ,,du ,,luxembourg1 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,levy ,,sons1 ,,paris ,mlle4 ,marie ,bashkirtseff1 ,pastellist #ahfj-ahhd ,illustration3 ,,portrait ,,of ,,the ,,comtesse ,,de ,,toulouse4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,pastel ,,in ,,the ,,musee ,,du ,,luxembourg1 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,newidein ,mlle4 ,marie ,bashkirtseff1 ,pastellist #ahfj-ahhd ,illustration3 ,,german ,,and ,,russian ,,schools1 #ahgj ,,and #aijc ,,portrait 7,,dated #ahgj7 ,,of ,,the ,,late ,,ludwig ,,windhorst1 ,,german ,,statesman ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,v4 ,a4 ,,bruckmann1 ,,munich ,frau ,vilma ,parlaghy1 ,painter ,germany ,illustration3 ,,portrait ,,of ,a ,,lady 7,,dated #aijc71 ,,recently ,,purchased ,,for ,,the ,,luxembourg1 ,,paris ,mlle4 ,olga de ,boznanska1 ,painter ,russia ,illustration3 ,,spanish ,,school1 #ahge ,a ,,carriage ,,race ,,at ,,naples ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,j4 ,,laurent ,,co41 ,,madrid ,dona ,stuart ,sindici1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,spanish ,,school1 #ahha ,a ,,scene ,,at ,,comillas4 ,,reproduced ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,water-,,colour1 ,,dated #ahha1 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,j4 ,,laurent ,,co41 ,,madrid ,infante ,dona ,paz de ,bourbon1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,spanish ,,school1 #ahhg ,,outside ,a ,,roman ,,hostelry ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,j4 ,,laurent ,,co41 ,,madrid ,dona ,elena ,brockmann1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,spanish ,,school1 #ahha ,,and #ahij ,,my ,,model4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,water-,,colour1 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,laurent1 ,,madrid ,infante ,dona ,paz de ,bourbon1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,study ,,of ,a ,,baby ,,laughing4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,picture1 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,j4 ,,laurent ,,co41 ,,madrid ,antonia de ,banuelos1 ,painter ,illustration3 ,,spanish ,,school1 #ahhc ,,the ,,little ,,fishers4 ,,after ,,the ,,original ,,painting1 ,,from ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,braun1 ,,clement ,,co41 ,,paris ,antonia de ,banuelos1 ,painter ,,index ,,abbema1 ,,mlle4 ,,louise3 ,winter1 #bcg4 ,,abran1 ,,madame3 ,study of ,tigers1 #bdc4 ,,allingham1 ,,mrs4 ,,helen1 ,r4,w4,s43 ,a ,cottage near ,crocken ,hill1 #aji2 ,ponte ,widman1 ,venice1 #acg2 ,campanile ,san ,stefano1 ,venice1 #acg4 ,,alma-,,tadema1 ,,miss ,,anna3 ,portrait of ,miss ,anna ,alma-,tadema1 #aef4 ,,anderson1 ,,mrs4 ,,sophie3 ,elaine1 #aje4 ,,angell1 ,,mrs4 ,,helen ,,cordelia3 ,study of a ,bird's ,nest1 #ajb4 ,,anguisciola1 ,,sophonisba3 ,three ,sisters of ,sophonisba ,anguisciola ,playing at ,chess1 #be2 ,portrait of ,sophonisba ,anguisciola1 #cf2 ,portrait of a ,lady1 #ci4 ,,angus1 ,,christine3 ,design1 #fd4 ,,art1 ,,mlle4 ,,berthe3 ,study of ,still ,life3 ,grapes and ,partridges1 #bgf4 ,,bakhuyzen1 ,,mme4 ,g4 ,j4 ,,van ,,de ,,sande3 ,study of ,still ,life3 ,roses in a ,basket1 #bff4 ,,banuelos1 ,,antonia ,,de3 ,study of a ,baby ,laughing1 #cbj2 ,the ,little ,fishers1 #cba4 ,,barton1 ,,miss ,,rose1 ,a4,r4,w4,s43 ,almond ,blossom in ,london1 #adc4 ,,bashkirtseff1 ,,mlle4 ,,marie3 ,a ,meeting1 #bic2 ,portrait of ,marie ,bashkirtseff1 #cae2 ,portrait of the ,comtesse de ,toulouse1 #cae4 ,,bauck1 ,,jeanna1 ,portrait1 #cjj2 ,a ,woodland ,lake1 #cja4 ,,bauerle1 ,,miss ,a41 ,a4,r4,e43 ,a ,song of the ,sea1 #acb2 ,fauns1 #acb4 ,,beale1 ,,mary3 ,portrait of the ,english ,poet1 ,abraham ,cowley1 #ha2 ,portrait of ,king ,charles ,,ii4 of ,england1 #ha4 ,,beauclerk1 ,,lady ,,diana3 ,caricature of ,edward ,gibbon1 #hb2 ,cupids1 #hb4 ,,beaux1 ,,miss ,,cecilia3 ,mother and ,child1 #aba2 ,portrait1 #afb4 ,,benoits1 ,,madame3 ,portrait of ,marie ,pauline1 ,princesse ,borghese1 #ahc4 ,,bilders ,,van ,,bosse1 ,,mme43 ,landscape near ,oosterbeek1 #bfg2 ,windmill at ,heelsum1 #bfi2 ,a ,pool near ,oosterbeek1 #bgb4 ,,bisschop-,,robertson1 ,,mme4 ,,suse3 ,a ,dutch ,peasant ,woman1 #bgh4 ,,blatherwick1 ,,lily 7,,mrs4 ,a4 ,s4 ,,hartrick73 ,wintry ,weather1 #aee4 ,,blau-,,lang1 ,,frau ,,tina3 ,springtime in the ,prater1 ,vienna1 #cjf2 ,view in the ,prater1 ,vienna1 #cjh4 ,,bodenheim1 ,,mlle4 ,,nelly3 ,silhouettes1 #ab1 #gb1 #bib1 #ccb4 ,,bonheur1 ,,rosa3 ,study of a ,bull1 #aie2 ,shepherd ,watching ,his ,sheep1 #bje2 ,ploughing in the ,nivernais1 #bji2 ,the ,horse ,fair1 #baj2 ,the ,king of the ,desert1 #bad2 ,brisco1 #bae4 ,,bouilliar1 ,,mlle43 ,portrait of an ,actress1 #aid4 ,,bourbon1 ,,de1 ,,infante ,,paz3 ,a ,scene at ,comillas1 #cah2 ,my ,model1 #cbj4 ,,bovi1 ,,madame3 #ij4 ,,boznanska1 ,,de1 ,,olga3 ,portrait of a ,lady1 #caf4 ,,breslau1 ,,mlle4 ,,louise3 ,anais1 #cjd2 ,a ,portrait-,group of ,friends1 #cad4 ,,brickdale1 ,,miss ,,eleanor ,,fortescue1 ,a4,r4,w4,s43 ,youth and the ,lady1 #gc2 ,to-day for ,me1 #ajc2 ,sleep1 that knits up the ,ravell'd ,sleave of ,care1 #aad2 ,he ,married a ,wife1 #abf2 ,designs1 #ada2 ,iseult of ,brittany1 #adb4 ,,brockmann1 ,,dona ,,elena3 ,outside a ,roman ,hostelry1 #cai4 ,,brownscombe1 ,,miss ,,jennie3 ,the ,peace ,ball ,after the ,declaration of ,independence1 #afa4 ,,butler1 ,,lady 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,anna ,maria ,schurman1 #bif4 ,,schneider1 ,,mme4 ,,felicie3 ,the ,last ,survivors of a ,family1 #bbb4 ,,schwartze1 ,,therese3 ,orphans1 #bgj2 ,portrait of ,mlle4 ,therese ,schwartze1 #bga2 ,portraits of the ,children of ,mr4 ,a4 ,may1 #bgc2 ,portrait of ,a4 ,g4 ,c4 van ,duyl1 #bge4 ,,sindici1 ,,dona ,,stuart3 ,a ,carriage ,race at ,naples1 #cag4 ,,sirani1 ,,elisabetta3 ,the ,dream of ,saint ,anthony of ,padua1 #dc2 ,the ,madonna ,weeping1 #df2 ,the ,flight into ,egypt1 #df4 ,,sister ,a41 ,,sienese ,,nun3 ,adoration of the ,shepherds1 #cd2 ,madonna and ,child with ,st4 ,catharine and other ,saints1 #ce4 ,,sister ,b41 ,,sienese ,,nun3 ,the ,holy ,family with ,john the ,baptist1 #cd4 ,,smythe1 ,,miss ,,minnie1 ,a4,r4,w4,s43 ,a ,cottage ,girl1 #aej4 ,,sonrel1 ,,elisabeth3 ,the ,goddesses before ,paris1 #bcg4 ,,spencer1 ,,lavinia1 ,,countess3 ,a ,pinch of ,snuff1 #ij4 ,,staples1 ,,mrs4 7,m4 ,e4 ,,edwards73 ,waifs from the ,great ,city1 #abj4 ,,starr1 ,,louisa 7,,mme4 ,,canziana73 ,sintram and his ,mother1 #ajf4 ,,stokes1 ,,mrs4 ,,marianne3 ,the ,queen and the ,page1 #gi2 ,portrait of the ,hon4 ,mrs4 ,walter ,james1 #abi4 ,,strong1 ,,mrs4 ,,elizabeth3 ,good ,friends1 #aac4 ,,subleyras1 ,,maria ,,tibaldi3 ,mary ,magdalene at the ,feet of ,jesus ,christ1 #eb4 ,,swan1 ,,mrs4 ,j4 ,m43 ,the ,music ,lesson1 #aei4 ,,swynnerton1 ,,mrs4 ,a4 ,l43 ,the ,sense of ,sight1 #acc4 ,,tavernier1 ,,de1 ,,mme4 ,e43 ,before the ,dance1 #bbg4 ,,templetown1 ,,viscountess3 ,wood ,scene1 #id4 ,,thesleff1 ,,ellen3 ,a ,finnish ,peasant ,girl1 #cad4 ,,valory1 ,,de1 ,,mme4 ,,caroline3 ,the ,miniature1 #aib4 ,,vallet-,,bisson1 ,,mme43 ,the ,departure1 #bda4 ,,vanteuil1 ,,de1 ,,mlle43 ,portrait of ,marie de ,rabutin-,chantal1 ,marquise de ,sevigne1 #ahe4 ,,vigri1 ,,caterina3 ,saint ,ursula and her ,maidens1 #cc4 ,,waterford1 ,,louisa ,,marchioness ,,of3 ,palm ,branches1 #ii2 ,spring1 #ii2 ,jesus ,christ among the ,doctors1 #aja4 ,,waternau1 ,,mlle4 ,,hermine3 ,by the ,bank of a ,stream1 #bba4 ,,watson1 ,,caroline3 ,portrait of ,sarah1 ,countess of ,kinnoull1 #hi4 ,,wentworth1 ,,mrs4 ,,cecilia3 ,prayer1 #afj4 ,,wesmael1 ,,mlle4 ,e43 ,a ,sunset in the ,campine1 #bhc4 ,,white1 ,,miss ,,florence3 ,white ,treasures1 #abd4 ,,wiik1 ,,maria3 ,portrait of a ,lady1 #cji2 ,preparing to ,leave ,home1 #cac4 ,,wolfthorn1 ,,frau ,,julie3 ,portrait of a ,sculptor1 #cjd4 ,,wytsman1 ,,mme4 ,,juliette3 ,lilies in the ,courtyard of a ,house of ,rest at ,bruges1 #bhd4 ,,youngman1 ,,miss ,a4 ,m41 ,r4,i43 ,in a ,neapolitan ,villa1 #aah2 ,who ,loves a ,garden loves a ,greenhouse too1 #aai4 ,,zappi1 ,,lavinia ,,fontana3 ,marriage of ,st4 ,catharine1 #ci2 ,portrait of ,lavinia ,fontana ,zappi1 #dj2 ,jesus ,christ ,talking with the ,woman of ,samaria1 #da4 ,,zillhardt1 ,,mlle4 ,,jenny3 ,regalez-vous1 ,mesdames6 #bba4 ,illustration3 ,,silhouette ,,by ,,nelly ,,bodenheim4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's note3 ,archaic and inconsistent punctuation1 spelling and syntax were retained4 ,the original had illustrations imbedded in the index4